title: 1557 influenza pandemic

text:
# 1557 influenza pandemic

In 1557, a pandemic strain of influenza emerged in Asia, then spread to Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. This flu was highly infectious and presented with intense, occasionally lethal symptoms. Medical historians like Thomas Short, Lazare Rivière and Charles Creighton gathered descriptions of catarrhal fevers recognized as influenza by modern physicians attacking populations with the greatest intensity between 1557 and 1559. The 1557 flu saw governments, for possibly the first time, inviting physicians to instill bureaucratic organization into epidemic responses. It is also the first pandemic where influenza is pathologically linked to miscarriages, given its first English names, and is reliably recorded as having spread globally. Influenza caused higher burial rates, near-universal infection, and economic turmoil as it returned in repeated waves.

## Asia

According to a European chronicler surnamed Fonseca who wrote *Disputat. de Garotillo,* the 1557 influenza pandemic first broke out in Asia. The flu spread west along established trade and pilgrimage routes before reaching the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. An epidemic of a flu-like illness is recorded for September 1557 in Portuguese Goa.

## Europe

In the summer of 1557 parts of Europe had just suffered outbreaks of plague, typhus, measles, and smallpox when influenza arrived from the Ottoman Empire and North Africa. The flu spread west through Europe aboard merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea, again taking advantage of trade and pilgrimage routes. Death rates were highest in children, those with preexisting conditions, the elderly, and those who were bled. Outbreaks were particularly severe in communities suffering from food scarcity. The epidemics of fevers and respiratory illness eventually became referred to as the **new sickness** in England, **new acquaintance** in Scotland, and **coqueluche** or simply **catarrh** by medical historians in the rest of Europe. Because it afflicted entire populations at once in mass outbreaks, some contemporary scholars thought the flu was caused by stars, contaminated vapors brought about by damp weather, or the dryness of the air. Ultimately the 1557 flu lasted in varying waves of intensity for around four years in epidemics that increased European death rates, disrupted the highest levels of society, and frequently spread to other continents.

### Ottoman Empire and East Europe

The flu pandemic first reached Europe in 1557 from the Ottoman Empire along trade and shipping routes connected to Constantinople, brought to Asia Minor by infected travelers from the Middle East. At the time, the Ottoman Empire's territory included most of the Balkans and Bulgaria. This gave influenza unrestricted access to Athens, Sofia, and Sarajevo as it spread throughout the empire. Influenza set sail from the capital, Constantinople, into the recently conquered North African territories of Tripoli (1551) and the Habesh (1557), from where it likely ricocheted to Malta from North Africa via merchant ships, as during the pandemic of 1510. On land, influenza spread north from the Ottoman Empire over Wallachia to the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania before moving west into continental Europe.

### Sicily, Italian States, and the Holy Roman Empire

Influenza arrived in the Kingdom of Sicily in June at Palermo, whence it spread across the island. Church services, Sicilian social life, and the economy were disrupted as the flu sickened a large portion of the population. The Sicilian Senate asked a well-known Palermitan physician named Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia to help combat the epidemic in an advisory capacity, which he accepted. Ingrassia approached epidemic responses as a collaboration between healthcare and government officials, and was the first known "health care professional" to propose that a system for monitoring epidemics of contagious catarrhal fevers would aid in early detection and epidemic control.

Flu spread quickly from Sicily into the Kingdom of Naples on the lower part of the Italian Peninsula, moving upward along the coastline. In Urbino, Venetian court poet Bernardo Tasso, his son Torquato, and the occupants of a monastery fell sick "from hand to hand" with influenza for four to five days. Though the epidemic left the entire city of Urbino ill, most individuals recovered without complications. By the time Bernardo had traveled to northern Italy on August 3 the disease had already spread into the rest of Europe. In Lombardy there was an outbreak of "suffocating catarrh" that could quickly become fatal. The symptoms were so severe that some members of the population suspected a mass poisoning had occurred.

Padua began to see cases in August, with sickness lasting into September. German medical historian Justus Hecker writes that the young population of Padua had been reeling from a dual outbreak of measles and smallpox since the spring when a new illness, featuring extreme cough and headache, began to afflict the citizens in late summer. The illness was referred to as *coqueluche.* Switzerland was also reached by the disease in August. "Catarrh" swept through the Swiss plateaus from August to September and almost disrupted the graduate studies of Swiss physician Felix Plater, who was sickened by severe fits of coughing while a candidate for his doctorate.

### Kingdom of France

French physician and medical historian Lazare Rivière documented an anonymous physician's descriptions of a flu outbreak occurring in the Languedoc region of France in July 1557. The disease, often called *coqueluche* by the French, caused a severe outbreak in Nîmes that featured a fast onset of symptoms like headaches, fevers, loss of appetite, fatigue, and intense coughing. Most of those who died from the disease did so on the fourth day, but some succumbed up to 11 days after first symptoms. Across Languedoc influenza had a high mortality rate, with up to 200 people per day dying in Toulouse at the height of the region's epidemic. Italian physician Francisco Vallerioli, known as François Valleriola, was a witness to the epidemic in France and described the 1557 flu's symptoms as featuring a fever, severe headache, intense coughing, shortness of breath, chills, hoarseness, and expulsion of phlegm after 7 to 14 days. French lawyer Étienne Pasquier wrote that the disease began with a severe pain in the head and a 12- to 15-hour fever while sufferers' noses "ran like a fountain." Paris saw its judiciary disrupted when the Paris Law Court suspended its meetings to slow the spread of flu. Medical historian Charles-Jacques Saillant described this influenza as especially fatal to those who were treated with bleeding and very dangerous to children.

### Kingdoms of England and Scotland

The 1557 influenza severely impacted the British Isles. British medical historian Charles Creighton cited a contemporary writer, Wriothesley, who noted in 1557 "this summer reigned in England divers strange and new sicknesses, taking men and women in their heads; as strange agues and fevers, whereof many died." 18th Century physician Thomas Short wrote that those who succumbed to the flu "were let blood of or had unsound viscera." Flu blighted the army of Mary I of England by leaving her government unable to train sufficient reinforcements for Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland to protect Calais from an impending French assault, and by January 1558 the Duke of Guise had claimed the under-protected city in the name of France.

Influenza significantly contributed to England's unusually high death rates for 1557–58: Data compiled on over 100 parishes in England found that the mortality rates increased by up to 60% in some areas during the flu epidemic, even though diseases like true plague were not heavily present in England at the time. Dr. Short found that the number of burials for market towns was much higher than christenings from 1557 to 1562. For example, the annual number of burials in Tonbridge increased from 33 on average in 1556 to 61 in 1557, 105 in 1558, and 94 in 1559. Before the flu epidemic, England had suffered from a poor harvest and widespread famine that medical historian Thomas Short believed made the epidemic more deadly.

Influenza returned in 1558. Contemporary historian John Stow wrote that during "winter the quarterne agues continued in like manner" to 1557's epidemic. On 6 September 1558 the Governor of the Isle of Wight, Lord St. John, wrote in a despatch to Mary I of England about a highly-contagious illness afflicting more than half the people of Southampton, the Isle of Wight, and Portsmouth (places where Lord St. John had stationed troops). A second despatch from 11 P.M. of 6 October indicated "from the mayor of Dover that there is no plague there, but the people that daily die are those that come out of the ships, and such poor people as come out of Calais, of the new sickness." One of the commissioners for the surrender of Calais found Sir William Pickering, former knight-marshal to King Henry VIII, "very sore of this new burning ague. He has had four sore fits, and is brought very low, and in danger of his life if they continue as they have done." Influenza began to move north through England, felling numerous farmers and leaving large quantities of grain unharvested before it reached London around mid-late October. Queen Mary and Archbishop of Canterbury Reginald Pole, who had both been in poor health before flu broke out in London, likely died of influenza within 12 hours of each other on 17 November 1558. Two of Mary's physicians died as well. Ultimately around 8000 other Londoners likely died of influenza during the epidemic, including many elders and parish priests.

New waves of "agues" and fevers were recorded in England into 1559. These repeated outbreaks proved unusually deadly for populations already suffering from extensive rains and poor harvests. From 1557 to 1559 the nation's population contracted by 2%. The sheer numbers of people dying from epidemics and famine in England caused economic inflation to flatten out.

In the late 1550s the English language had not yet developed a proper name for the flu, despite previous epidemics. Thus 1557's epidemic was either described as a "plague" (like many epidemics with notable mortality), "ague" (most generally) or "new disease" in England. "The sweat" was one name used to describe the usually deadly, flu-like fevers and "agues" plaguing the English countryside from 1557 to 1558, despite no reliable records of sweating sickness after 1551. Doctor John Jones, a prominent 16th Century London physician, refers in his book *Dyall of Agues* to a "great sweat" during the reign of Mary I of England. After the 1557 pandemic English nicknames for the flu began to appear in letters, like "the new disease" in England and "the newe acquaintance" in Scotland. When the entire royal court of Mary, Queen of Scots was struck down with influenza in Edinburgh in November 1562, Lord Randolph described the outbreak as "a new disease, that is common in this town, called here 'the newe acquaintance,' which passed also through her whole court, neigh sparing lord, lady, nor damoysell, not so much as either French or English. It is a pain in their heads that have it, and a soreness in their stomachs, with a great cough, that remaineth with some longer with other short time, as it findeth apt bodies for the nature of the disease...There was not an appearance of danger, nor manie that died of the disease, except some old folks." Mary Stuart herself spent six days sick in her bedchambers.

### Habsburg Netherlands

Habsburg Netherlands was also heavily impacted by the flu in October. Dutch historian Petrus Forestus described an outbreak in Alkmaar where 2000 fell sick with flu and 200 perished in a span of three weeks. Forestus himself became sick with the flu and related that it "...began with a slight fever like a common catarrh, and showed its great malignancy only by degrees. Sudden fits of suffocation then came on, and the pain of the chest was so distressing that patients imagined they must die in the paroxysm. The complaint was increased still by a tight, convulsive cough. Death did not take place till the 9th or 14th day." He further observed that the flu was very dangerous to pregnant women, killing at least eight such citizens in Alkmaar who contracted it. Influenza's symptoms came on suddenly and attacked thousands of the city's residents at the same time. Hunger likely contributed to a higher death toll, as the authorities had been struggling to provide food to the needy amid a severe bread shortage during the summer. Attempting to explain the epidemic of fevers and respiratory illness affecting the Low Countries, Flemish physician Rembert Dodoens suggested that the mass outbreaks of illness were caused by a dry, hot summer following a very cold winter.

### Spain and Portugal

Spain was widely and severely impacted by influenza, which chroniclers recognized as a highly contagious catarrhal fever. Influenza likely arrived in Spain around July, with the first cases being reported near Madrid in August. British medical historian Thomas Short wrote that "At Mantua Carpentaria, three miles outside of Madrid, the first cases were reported...There it began with a roughness of the jaws, small cough, then a strong fever with a pain in the head, back, and legs. Some felt as though they were corded over the breast, with a weight at the stomach, all which continued to the third day at the furthest. Then the fever went off, with a sweat of bleeding at the nose. In some few, it turned to a pleurisy of fatal peripneumony." Bloodletting greatly increased the risk of mortality, and it was observed in Mantua Carpentaria that "2000 were let blood of and all died." The flu then entered Spain's capital city, where it rapidly spread to all parts of the Spanish mainland.

Cases expanded exponentially as merchants, pilgrims, and other travelers leaving Madrid transported the virus to cities and towns across the country. According to King Phillip II's doctor Luis de Mercado, "All the population was attacked the same day, and the same time of day. It was catarrh, marked by fever of the double tertian type, with such pernicious symptoms that many died." The season's poor harvests and hunger in the Spanish population, as well as negligent medical care, likely contributed to the severity of the influenza pandemic in Spain. Flu symptoms could be so intense that the region's physicians often distinguished it from other contagious, seasonal pneumonias that spread from East Europe. Sixteenth century Spaniards frequently referred to any mass outbreak of deadly disease generically as a *pestilencia*, and "plagues" are recognized as occurring in Valencia and Granada during the years 1557–59, despite pathological records of true plague (like descriptions of buboes) occurring in the area at the time being scant.

Influenza hit the Kingdom of Portugal at the same time as it spread throughout Spain, with an impact that spread across the Atlantic Ocean. The kingdom had just suffered food shortages due to 1556-57's poor harvest, which would have exacerbated the effects of the flu on hungry patients. A violent storm had just hit Portugal and severely damaged the Palace of Enxobregas, and in following with attributing outbreaks of influenza to the weather Portuguese historians like Ignácio Barbosa-Machado attributed the epidemic in the kingdom to the storm with little opposition. Barbosa-Machado referred to 1557 as the "anno de catarro."

## The Americas

There are records of the New World eventually being reached by the flu in 1557, brought to the Spanish and Portuguese Empires by sailors from Europe. Influenza arrived in Central America in 1557, likely aboard Spanish ships sailing to New Spain. During that year there were epidemics of flu recorded in the south Atlantic states, Gulf area, and Southwest. The Native American Cherokee appear to have been affected during this wave, and it may have spread along newly established trade routes between Spanish colonies in the New World.

The flu also reached South America. Anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns described a 1557 epidemic of influenza in Ecuador in which European and Native populations were both left sick with severe coughing. In Colonial Brazil, Portuguese missionaries did not take breaks from religious activities when they became sick. Missionaries like the Society of Jesus in Brazil founder Manuel da Nóbrega continued to preach, host mass, and baptize converts in the New World even when symptomatic with contagious illnesses like influenza. As a result, flu would have quickly spread through Portuguese colonies due to mandatory church attendance. In 1559 the flu struck colonial Brazil with a wave of illness recorded along the coastal state of Bahia: That February, the region of Espírito Santo was struck by an outbreak of lung infections, dysentery, and "fevers that they say immediately attacked the hearts, and which quickly struck them down." Populations of natives attempted to flee the infection afflicting their communities, spreading influenza northward. European missionaries suspected such severe epidemics among the native populations to be a form of divine punishment, and referred to the outbreaks of pleurisy and dysentery among the natives in Bahia to be "the sword of God's wrath." Missionaries like Francisco Pires took some pity on the sick children of natives, whom they often regarded as innocent, and frequently baptized them during epidemics in the belief they'd "saved" their souls. Baptism rates in native communities were deeply connected with outbreaks of disease, and missionary policies of conducting religious activities while sick likely helped spread the flu.

## Africa

Influenza attacked Africa through the Ottoman Empire, which by 1557 was expanding its territories in the northern and eastern parts of the continent. Egypt, which had been conquered by the Ottoman Empire around 40 years prior, became an access point for influenza to travel south through the Red Sea along shipping routes. The pandemic's most memorable effects on the Ottoman army in Africa are recorded as part of the 1559 wave.

### Abyssinian Empire and Habesh Eyalet

The Kingdom of Portugal had supported the Abyssinian (Ethiopian) Empire in their war against the Ottoman expansion of the Habesh Eyalet and sent aid to their emperor, including a team with Andrés de Oviedo in 1557 who recorded the events. In 1559 the Ottoman Empire struggled with a severe wave of influenza: After the deaths of Emperor Gelawdewos and most of the Portuguese attaché in battle, the flu killed thousands of the Ottoman army's troops occupying the port city of Massawa. Massawa was claimed by the Ottomans from Medri Bahri during their conquest of Habesh in 1557, but the pandemic's 1559 wave challenged their army's hold onto territory around the city after flu cut down a large number of the Ottoman forces. Because of the epidemic Ottoman soldiers were soon recalled back to the ports, even though the emperor had been slain, and shortly afterwards Gelawdewos's brother Menas ascended to the Abyssinian throne and converted from Islam to Christianity.

## Medicine and treatments

Most physicians of the time subscribed to the theory of humorism, and believed the cosmos or climate directly affected the health of entire communities. Physicians treating the flu often used treatments called coctions to remove excess humors they believed to be causing illness. Dr. Thomas Short described treatments for the 1557 influenza as having included gargling "rose water, quinces, mulberries, and sealed earth." "Gentle bleeding" was used on the first day of the infection only, as frequently used medical techniques like bloodletting and purgation were often fatal for influenza. In Urbino, "diet and good governance" were recognized as common ways sufferers managed their illness.

## Identification as influenza

The 1557 pandemic's nature as a worldwide, highly-contagious respiratory disease with fast onset of flu-like symptoms has led many physicians, from medical historians like Charles Creighton to modern epidemiologists, to consider the causative disease as influenza. "Well documented descriptions from medical observers" who witnessed the effects of the pandemic as it spread through populations have been reviewed by numerous medical historians in the centuries since. Contemporary physicians to the 1557 flu, like Ingrassia, Valleriola, Dodoens, and Mercado, described symptoms like severe coughing, fever, myalgia, and pneumonia that all occurred within a short period of time and led to death in days if a case was to be fatal. Infections became so widespread in countries that influences like the weather, stars, and mass poisoning were blamed by observers for the outbreaks, a reoccurring pattern in influenza epidemics that has contributed to the disease's name. Prior to greater research being conducted into influenza in the 19th century, some medical historians considered the descriptions of epidemic "angina" from 1557 to be scarlet fever, whooping cough, and diphtheria. But the most striking features of scarlet fever and diphtheria, like rashes or pseudomembranes, remain unmentioned by any of the 1557 pandemic's observers and the first recognized whooping cough epidemic is a localized outbreak in Paris from 1578. These illnesses can resemble the flu in their early stages but pandemic influenza is distinguished by its fast-moving, unrestricted epidemics of severe respiratory disease affecting all ages with widespread infections and mortalities.

## InfoBox

| 1557 flu pandemic | |
| --- | --- |
| The 1557 flu pandemic spread across Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. | |
| Disease | Influenza |
| Virus strain | unknown |
| Location | Asia, Africa, Europe, Americas |
| Date | 1557–1559 |
| Deaths | unknown |


title: Philippe Derose

abstract: Philippe Derose is the first Haitian-American elected into public office in the United States of America in modern times. In 1993, he was elected as a Councilman of the Village of El Portal, in Miami-Dade County, Florida. In 2000, Derose became the first Haitian-American to be elected mayor in the United States when he was elected Mayor of the Village of El Portal. He served as a Councilman for the City of North Miami Beach between 2003 - 2013 and serves as the President of his own non-profit organization, the Haitian-American Alliance Youth Foundation.

text:
# Philippe Derose

**Philippe Derose** (born November 22, 1952) is the first Haitian-American elected into public office in the United States of America in modern times. In 1993, he was elected as a Councilman of the Village of El Portal, in Miami-Dade County, Florida. In 2000, Derose became the first Haitian-American to be elected mayor in the United States when he was elected Mayor of the Village of El Portal.

He served as a Councilman for the City of North Miami Beach between 2003 - 2013 and serves as the President of his own non-profit organization, the Haitian-American Alliance Youth Foundation.

## Early life and education

Philippe Derose was born in the commune of Liancourt, Haiti on November 22, 1952. He grew up in the town of St. Marc. His father worked in construction, helping to build roads and also worked for the Haitian government in different capacities as a foreman. His mother was a businesswoman who sold cooked food (rice, beans, etc.) that she prepared in the countryside before traveling to big cities like the nation's capital, Port-au-Prince, to sell the food.

Derose is the third child of nine children, with other siblings living in Florida, Haiti, and New York. Desiring to come to America in search of a better life, he moved with his wife, Marie, from Haiti to Brooklyn, New York in 1974. He completed his high school equivalency in 1976 and in 1977-1979 Derose attended York College. He obtained his bachelor's degree in Psychology at California Coast University.

## Personal life

Philippe Derose is married to Marie Derose, and he is the father of three children, all who hold careers in community and/or public service., Sendy Derose is a Registered Nurse in Miami, Florida, James Derose works for the United Nations in Haiti, and Frantzy Derose, a state certified Paramedic, Frantzy also heads his father's non-profit organization serving as the Executive Director for the Haitian-American Alliance Youth Foundation Inc.

Philippe Derose has five grandchildren.

## Political career in El Portal

In 1990, while he was living in the Village of El Portal, Derose noticed at the time that there was a small Haitian community in the area. When he began to attend Homeowner's Association (HOA) Meetings in his residential community, he developed his passion as an advocate for the community and after garnering support from his peers, he became a voice for the community.

In 1990, Philippe Derose ran his first political race, attempting to be elected for the city council of the Village of El Portal. He was unsuccessful. He ran for city council again in 1991 and was unsuccessful for a second time.

With two years of unsuccessful attempts of securing a position in the public office, Derose changed his strategy when he ran for city council for the third time in 1992. In the first two years he had campaigned, he concentrated solely on Haitian-American voters. When he re-developed his campaign strategy in 1992, he realized he needed to gain the support of the Anglo and Hispanic voters, so his new strategy included targeting all ethnic groups.

In 1993, after a strong campaign with this new strategy, he was the 1st place elected (obtaining the most votes) member of the Village of El Portal City Council becoming the first Haitian-American elected into public office in the United States.

After serving as Mayor of the Village of El Portal for one year, Derose voluntarily vacated his seat and was elected to the North Miami Beach City Council.

## Political career in North Miami Beach

As a Councilman for the City of North Miami Beach, one of Derose's major platforms was the beautification of the community, especially the planting and healthy maintenance of trees, shrubs, and greenery. A nature-lover, Derose commemorated Arbor Day by orchestrating community initiatives to plant trees and to distribute seedlings to residents.

Derose served on the North Miami Beach City Council as Councilman between 2003 and 2013.

## Earthquake in Haiti

A catastrophic earthquake (with a Richter score of 7) occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010.

Less than two weeks after this devastating act of nature, Derose traveled on a private plane to his homeland of Haiti with a delegation of government officials, some of which included other notable Haitian-American officials. Upon arrival in Haiti, a sad Derose looked at the unrecognizable places that once appeared familiar and noted, "What man took many years to build, was gone, wiped out in a matter of seconds."

Once the delegation reached the ravaged island-nation, they met with the central government in Haiti, consisting of Haitian and local officials including Parliament.

Also included in this delegation was Patrick Gaspard, the Director of the Office of Political Affairs for President Barack Obama's Administration, and Vice-President of the United States, Joe Biden. Along with these officials, Derose assisted in the expedition of the process to obtain aid for Haiti.

* Miami New Times
* Miami herald
* City of North Miami Beach


title: Portland Grand Prix

abstract: The Portland Grand Prix was a sports car race held at the Portland International Raceway in Portland, Oregon from 1978 until 2006. It began as a round of the IMSA GT Championship, and became an American Le Mans Series race in 1999.

text:
# Portland Grand Prix

The **Portland Grand Prix** was a sports car race held at the Portland International Raceway in Portland, Oregon from 1978 until 2006. It began as a round of the IMSA GT Championship, and became an American Le Mans Series race in 1999.

## Winners

| Date | Overall Winner(s) | Entrant | Car | Distance/Duration | Race Title | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| IMSA GT Championship | | | | | | |
| 1978 | Peter Gregg | Brumos Porsche | Porsche 935/77A | 100 miles (160 km) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1979 | Peter Gregg | Peter Gregg Racing | Porsche 935/79 | 100 miles (160 km) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1980 | John Fitzpatrick | Dick Barbour Racing | Porsche 935 K3/80 | 100 miles (160 km) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1981 | Brian Redman | Kent Cooke/Wood Racing | Lola T600-Chevrolet | 100 miles (160 km) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1982 | John Paul Jr. | JLP Racing | Porsche 935 JLP-4 | 100 miles (160 km) | G.I. Joe's Toyota Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1983 | Al Holbert | Holbert Racing | March 83G-Porsche | 3 hours | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1984 | Randy Lanier
Bill Whittington | Blue Thunder Racing Team | March 84G-Chevrolet | 3 hours | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1985 | Al Holbert | Holbert Racing | Porsche 962 | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1986 | Al Holbert | Holbert Racing | Porsche 962 | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1987 | Chip Robinson | Holbert Racing | Porsche 962 | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1988 | Geoff Brabham | Electramotive Engineering | Nissan GTP ZX-T | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Camel Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1989 | Jan Lammers
Price Cobb | Castrol Jaguar Racing | Jaguar XJR-10 | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Camel Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1990 | Davy Jones | Castrol Jaguar Racing | Jaguar XJR-10 | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Camel Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1991 | Juan Manuel Fangio II | All American Racers | Eagle Mk III-Toyota | 300 km (190 mi) | G.I. Joe's Camel Grand Prix presented by Nissan | *report* |
| 1992 | P. J. Jones | All American Racers | Eagle Mk III-Toyota | 2 hours | G.I. Joe's Camel Grand Prix presented by Nissan | *report* |
| 1993 | Juan Manuel Fangio II | All American Racers | Eagle Mk III-Toyota | 1 hour, 45 minutes | G.I. Joe's/Camel Grand Prix | *report* |
| 1994 | Jeremy Dale | Brix Racing | Spice HC94-Oldsmobile | 2 hours | Grand Prix of Portland | *report* |
| 1995
-
1998 | *Not held* | | | | | |
| American Le Mans Series | | | | | | |
| 1999 | Éric Bernard
David Brabham | Panoz Motor Sports | Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S | 2 hours, 45 minutes | Rose City Grand Prix | *report* |
| 2000 | Rinaldo Capello
Allan McNish | Audi Sport North America | Audi R8 | 2 hours, 45 minutes | Decision Point Applications Rose City Grand Prix | *report* |
| 2001 | David Brabham
Jan Magnussen | Panoz Motor Sports | Panoz LMP-1 Roadster-S | 2 hours, 45 minutes | Grand Prix of Portland | *report* |
| 2002
-
2003 | *Not held* | | | | | |
| 2004 | JJ Lehto
Marco Werner | ADT Champion Racing | Audi R8 | 2 hours, 45 minutes | Portland Grand Prix | *report* |
| 2005 | Frank Biela
Emanuele Pirro | ADT Champion Racing | Audi R8 | 2 hours, 45 minutes | Portland Grand Prix | *report* |
| 2006 | Rinaldo Capello
Allan McNish | Audi Sport North America | Audi R10 TDI | 2 hours, 45 minutes | Tires Les Schwab presents Portland Grand Prix | *report* |

## InfoBox

Portland Grand Prix
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Portland International Raceway |
| First race | 1978 |
| Last race | 2006 |
| Previous names | Rose City Grand Prix |
| Most wins (driver) | Al Holbert (3) |
| Most wins (team) | Holbert Racing (4) |
| Most wins (manufacturer) | Porsche (8) |


title: Boreotrophon clavatus

abstract: Boreotrophon clavatus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae.

text:
# Boreotrophon clavatus

***Boreotrophon clavatus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Boreotrophon clavatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Boreotrophon* |
| Species: | ***B. clavatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Boreotrophon clavatus***
(Sars, 1878) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Trophon clavatus* Sars, 1878
*Trophonopsis clavatus* Sars, GO, 1879 | |


title: Robert G. Clark Jr.

abstract: Robert G. Clark Jr. is an American politician who served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1968 to 2004, representing the 47th district. He was the first African-American member of the Mississippi Legislature since 1894.

text:
# Robert G. Clark Jr.

**Robert G. Clark Jr.** (born October 3, 1928) is an American politician who served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1968 to 2004, representing the 47th district. He was the first African-American member of the Mississippi Legislature since 1894.

## Early life and education

Robert G. Clark was born to a landowning family in Ebenezer, Holmes County, Mississippi; his great-grandfather had first bought land after the American Civil War and his father Robert continued to farm it.

Clark received his undergraduate degree from Jackson State University and a Master's Degree in Administration and Educational Services from Michigan State University, nearly completing his PhD before entering politics. In 1960, some 800 independent black landowners held nearly half the land area of Holmes County, an unusual situation in the state, which along with most of the American South had sharecropping as the predominant agricultural system.

## Civil rights and politics

While working as a teacher in Holmes County, Mississippi, Clark became involved in the civil rights movement, which had been working to register and educate voters since 1963. After the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, he agreed to be a candidate in 1967 of the Freedom Democratic Party (FDP), though he was not a member. Since the assignment of a federal registrar in the county in November 1965, the FDP registered thousands of black voters for the first time since the disfranchisement of their ancestors in 1890.

Clark was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives in 1967 by the black majority of the county, taking his seat on January 2, 1968. He was the first African American elected to the Mississippi State Legislature since the Reconstruction era. Until 1976 he was the only African-American representative in the state house. He repeatedly won re-election and served until 2003.

In 1977, Clark became the first black committee chairman in the Mississippi House of Representatives. He was named to head the "Education Committee, a position he held for ten pivotal years of change and reform in Mississippi's educational system. He was at the helm of the Education Committee when the House passed the highly acclaimed 1982 Education Reform Act, as well as the 1984 Vocational Education Reform Act.

In 1982, he ran for congress and won the Democratic nomination, but did not receive party support and lost the general election.

In January 1992, he was elected as Speaker Pro Tempore. He was re-elected to that position at the start of the 1996 session and again re-elected at the start of the 2000 session. When he retired from the Mississippi House of Representatives in December 2003, he was the longest-serving member in continuous House service. He was succeeded in office by his son, Bryant Clark.

In 2004, Clark became the first African American to have a Mississippi state building named after him. As a legislator Clark was known as a statesman, able to work with all colleagues.

## InfoBox

| Robert G. Clark Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 47th district | |
| **In office**
1968–2003 | |
| Succeeded by | Bryant Clark |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert G. Clark Jr.
(1928-10-03) October 3, 1928
Ebenezer, Mississippi, United States |
| Children | Bryant Clark |
| Alma mater | Jackson State University
Michigan State University |
| Occupation | Politician, teacher, coach |
|  | |


title: Priddy Pools

abstract: Priddy Pools is a 52.7-hectare (130-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Priddy in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, notified in 1972. The pools provided the water supply for the Priddy Mineries which is now a Nature Reserve.

text:
# Priddy Pools

**Priddy Pools** (grid reference ST545510) is a 52.7-hectare (130-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Priddy in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, notified in 1972.

The pools provided the water supply for the Priddy Mineries which is now a Nature Reserve.

## Biological

This site supports a very rich invertebrate and amphibian fauna. A wide range of seminatural habitats are present, including valley mire, open water, swamp and tall fen. These habitats have a restricted distribution in the Mendip Hills. Priddy Pools is situated in the central Mendip lead orefield and the ecology of the area bears the mark of the lead industry. The northern pool was dammed in the 1850s to provide a supply of running water for the sifting and washing of slag. Lead was processed at St Cuthbert's Works until 1908. The hydrology of the site is complex. Nutrient-poor water flows from springs in the north of the site to St Cuthbert's Swallet where it disappears before re-emerging at Wookey Hole. A valley mire has developed in the area immediately to the south of the springs. Sphagnum recurvum and Sphagnum auriculatum are the most frequent mosses, and a range of higher plants can be found. Additional interest lies in the flora that can tolerate high concentrations of lead in the soil such as spring sandwort (*Minuartia verna*) and the moss *Ditrichum plumbicola*.

Priddy Pools supports a very rich fauna. Fifteen species of dragonfly have been recorded; as well as supporting the only population of downy emerald in the Mendips, the site hosts the notable four-spotted chaser (*Libellula quadrimaculata*) and ruddy darter (*Sympetrum sanguineum*). Five British species of amphibian occur and there are good populations of great crested newt (*Triturus cristatus*), smooth newt (*Triturus vulgaris*) and palmate newt (*Triturus helveticus*). Three species of reptile, viviparous lizard (*Lacerta vivipara*), adder (*Vipera berus*), grass snake (*Natrix natrix*), and at least two species of fish; European perch, (*Perca fluviatilis*) and three-spined stickleback (*Gasterosteus aculeatus*) are present. Breeding birds include moorhen (*Gallinula chloropus*), coot (*Fulica atra*), mallard (*Anas platyrhynchos*), reed bunting (*Emberiza schoeniclus*) and sedge warbler (*Acrocephalus schoenobaenus*). Priddy Pools is an important research site. Detailed study of the algae in the northern pool was carried out in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as part of the International Biological Programme.

## Geological

The site contains the entrance to St Cuthbert's Swallet cave, and overlies a large part of the cave complex reached through St Cuthbert's Swallet. This cave is an integral part of the Priddy Caves system which contains over 10 miles of surveyed cave passages divided between two major systems and four minor systems, all interconnected. All the caves are sink hole systems, fed by sink holes at the ground surface, and 3 of them exceed 100 metres in depth; in all the caves the detailed disposition and form of the passages can be seen clearly to have followed marked lines of natural weakness in the rocks. St Cuthbert's Swallet was formed by the erosive action of water flowing beneath the water-table at considerable depth (so called "phreatic development"). St Cuthbert's Swallet is a classic example of a deep phreatic cave system, containing inclined bedding plane mazes at many levels, fault-guided rifts and some significant chambers. Nine successive phases of sediment deposition, stalagmite deposition and stream erosion have been recognised in St Cuthbert's Swallet, providing an exceptional record of environmental change through the warm and cold phases of the Ice Age.

## Use in literature

In his 1995 book "Our Game", John le Carré uses "Priddy Pool" as the site for the drowning of one of his characters.

## InfoBox

Priddy Pools
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Somerset | |
| Location | Somerset |
| Grid reference | ST545510 |
| Coordinates | 51°15′23″N 2°39′12″W / 51.25634°N 2.65340°W / 51.25634; -2.65340 |
| Interest | Biological and Geological |
| Area | 52.7 ha (130 acres) |
| Notification | 1972 (1972) |
| Natural England website | |


title: Sketrick Castle

abstract: Sketrick Castle is a castle situated on Sketrick Island near Whiterock, County Down, Northern Ireland. The castle is estimated to date back to the 12th century. Sketrick Castle tower-house and the passage to spring are State Care Historic Monuments in the townland of Sketrick Island, in the Ards and North Down Borough, at grid ref: J5245 6252.

text:
# Sketrick Castle

54°29′16″N 5°38′55″W / 54.4879°N 5.6485°W / 54.4879; -5.6485

**Sketrick Castle** is a castle situated on Sketrick Island near Whiterock, County Down, Northern Ireland. The castle is estimated to date back to the 12th century. Sketrick Castle tower-house and the passage to spring are State Care Historic Monuments in the townland of Sketrick Island, in the Ards and North Down Borough, at grid ref: J5245 6252.

## History

The castle dates from the late 12th century. In the 14th century it was acquired by Sir Robert Savage. The Annals of the Four Masters record the capture of the castle in 1470 by an army led by the O'Neill to assist the MacQuillans. They took the castle and it was given to MacQuillan for safe keeping. It was intact until 1896 when a storm demolished much of it.

## Features

Sketrick Castle was originally 57 ft high, 51 ft long and 27 ft wide, four storeys high, with a boat bay and a stone subterranean passage discovered in 1957. It has lintels running under the bawn wall to a chamber with a corbel over a fresh water spring. Parts of the bawn wall still survive to the north and east of the castle.


title: 1557 in science

abstract: The year 1557 CE in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

text:
# 1557 in science

The year **1557 CE in science** and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

## Exploration

## Life sciences

## Mathematics

## Medicine

## Metallurgy

## Births

* Cristóbal Lechuga \- soldier and mathematician, known to have published a treaty of artillery and fortification.

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in science (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Philippe Desan

abstract: Philippe Desan is Howard L. Willett Professor of French and History of Culture at the University of Chicago. Originally from France, Desan is among the top Montaigne scholars alive today. He received his PhD from the University of California Davis (1984), and has published widely on several topics pertaining to the literature and culture of the French Renaissance, often in relation to their economic, political and sociological context. At the University of Chicago, he has served as Master of the Humanities Collegiate Division and as Chair of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures. He is the general editor of the Montaigne Studies. He has been awarded numerous honors for his scholarly work, including being named Knight of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (1994) and awarded the Ordre National du Mérite (2004) and the Ordre des Arts et Lettres (2011). He has also received the Prix de l'Académie Française in 2005, the Grand Prix de l'Académie Française for "le rayonnement de la langue et littérature française" in 2015 and the Prix de l'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques for his "Montaigne. Une biographie politique" in 2015.

text:
# Philippe Desan

**Philippe Desan** is Howard L. Willett Professor of French and History of Culture at the University of Chicago. Originally from France, Desan is among the top Montaigne scholars alive today. He received his PhD from the University of California Davis (1984), and has published widely on several topics pertaining to the literature and culture of the French Renaissance, often in relation to their economic, political and sociological context. At the University of Chicago, he has served as Master of the Humanities Collegiate Division and as Chair of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures. He is the general editor of the Montaigne Studies. He has been awarded numerous honors for his scholarly work, including being named Knight of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques (1994) and awarded the Ordre National du Mérite (2004) and the Ordre des Arts et Lettres (2011). He has also received the Prix de l'Académie Française (for the Dictionnaire de Montaigne) in 2005, the Grand Prix de l'Académie Française for "le rayonnement de la langue et littérature française" in 2015 and the Prix de l'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques for his "Montaigne. Une biographie politique" in 2015.

## Bibliography

* *Naissance de la méthode: Machiavel, La Ramée, Bodin, Montaigne, Descartes* (Paris: A.-G. Nizet, 1987),
* *Humanism in Crisis: The Decline of the French Renaissance*, editor (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991),
* *Les Commerces de Montaigne* (Paris: A.-G. Nizet, 1992),
* *Penser l'Histoire à la Renaissance* (Paris: Editions Paradigme, 1993),
* *Montaigne, les Cannibales et les Conquistadores* (Paris: A.-G. Nizet, 1994),
* *Literary Objects: Flaubert* (Chicago, 1996),
* *Montaigne dans tous ses états* (Fasano: Schena Editore, 2001),
* *Reproduction en quadrichromie de l’Exemplaire de Bordeaux des Essais de Montaigne* (Chicago: Montaigne Studies, 2002),
* *L'Imaginaire économique de la Renaissance* (Paris: Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2002),
* *Dictionnaire de Michel de Montaigne*, editor (Paris: H. Champion, 2004, 2007),
* *Reproduction fac-similé de l’édition de 1582 des Essais de Montaigne* (Paris: Société des Textes Français Modernes, 2005),
* *Montaigne politique*, editor (Paris: H. Champion, 2006),
* *Portraits à l'essai: iconographie de Montaigne* (Paris: H. Champion, 2007).
* *Montaigne. Les formes du monde et de l'esprit* (Paris: Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2008).
* *Dieu à nostre commerce et société: Montaigne et la théologie*, editor (Geneva: Droz, 2008).
* *Bibliotheca Desaniana. Catalogue Montaigne* (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2008).
* *Les Chapitres oubliés des Essais*, editor (Paris: H. Champion, 2011).
* *Reproduction fac-similé de l’édition de 1774 du Journal de voyage de Montaigne* (Paris: Société des Textes Français Modernes, 2014),
* *Cités humanistes, cités politiques*, editor with Denis Crouzet and Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan (Paris: Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2014).
* *Montaigne. Une biographie politique* (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2014).
* *Montaigne à l'étranger: voyages avérés, possibles et imaginés*, editor (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2016).
* *Le Texte en scène. Littérature et théâtralité à la Renaissance*, editor with Concetta Cavallini (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2016).
* *Lectures du Troisième Livre des Essais de Montaigne*, editor (Paris: Champion Classiques, 2016).
* *The Oxford Handbook of Montaigne*, editor (New York, Oxford University Press, 2016).
* *Scepticisme et pensée morale de Michel de Montaigne à Stanley Cavell*, editor with Jean-Charles Darmon and Gianni Paganini (Paris: Hermann, 2017).
* *Montaigne. A Life* (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017).
* *Les Biographies littéraires: théories, pratiques, et perspectives nouvelles*, editor with Daniel Desormeaux (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2018).
* *Les Usages philosophiques de Montaigne du XVIe au XXIe siècle*, editor (Paris: Hermann, 2018).
* *Montaigne: penser le social* (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2018).
* *Montaigne: une rhétorique naturalisée*, editor with Blandine Perona and Deborah Knop (Paris: H. Champion, 2019).
* *L'Immoralité littéraire et ses juges*, editor with Jean-Baptiste Amadieu and Jean-Charles Darmon (Paris: Hermann, 2019).
* *L'Humanisme à l'épreuve de l'Europe (XVe-XVIe siècles). Histoire d'une transmutation culturelle*, editor with Denis Crouzet, Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan and Clémence Revest (Ceyzérieu: Champ Vallon, 2019).
* *Editer les œuvres complètes (XVIe et XVIIe siècle)*, editor with Anne Régent-Susini (Paris: Société des Textes Français Modernes, 2020).
* *Penser et agir à la Renaissance/Thought and Action in the Renaissance*, editor with Véronique Ferrer (Geneva: Droz, 2020).
* *Dix études sur Montaigne* (Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2020).
* *Montaigne et le social*, editor (Paris: Hermann, 2022).
* *La Modernité de Montaigne* (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2022).


title: Rudolf Hirzel

abstract:
Rudolf Hirzel was a German classical scholar, and author of a number of major books on Greek law, oaths, dialogues and names.
In Jena Rudolf Hirzel lived in the same house as Gottlob Frege and it has been conjectured that his studies in ancient logic may have influenced him.

text:
# Rudolf Hirzel

**Rudolf Hirzel** (20 March 1846, Leipzig \- 30 December 1917, Jena) was a German classical scholar, and author of a number of major books on Greek law, oaths, dialogues and names. In Jena Rudolf Hirzel lived in the same house as Gottlob Frege and it has been conjectured that his studies in ancient logic may have influenced him.

## Works

* *De Bonis in fine Philebi enumeratis* Dissertatio inauguralis. Leipzig 29.07.1868
* *Untersuchungen zu Cicero's philosophischen Schriften* 3 vols. (1877–1883)
* *De logica Stoicorum*. in: Satura philologa. Hermanno Sauppio obtulit amicorum conlegarum decas. (1879) pp. 61–78.
* *Der Dialog. Ein literarhistorischer Versuch* (1895)
* *Der Eid, ein beitrag zu seiner Geschichte* (1902)
* *Themis, Dike und Verwandtes. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rechtsidee bei den Griechen* (1907)
* *Die Strafe der Steinigung* (1909)
* *Plutarch* (1912)
* *Die Person. Begriff und Name derselben im Altertum* (1914)
* *Der Name. Ein Beitrag zu seiner Geschichte im Altertum und besonders bei den Griechen* (1918)

1. Gabriel G., Huemllser K., Schlotter S., Zur Miete bei Frege - Rudolf Hirzel und die Rezeption der stoischen Logik und Semantik in Jena, *Journal for History and Philosophy of Logic*, Vol. 30, (Nov. 2009), p 369-88


title: Robert Tine

abstract: Robert S. Tine (1954–2019) was an American author of thriller and science fiction novels. He is best known for his pulp post-apocalyptic series "The Outrider", which he published under the pseudonym Richard Harding. He also penned several movie novelizations based on a slew of 80s and 90s blockbusters including Footloose, Basic Instinct and Universal Soldier.

text:
# Robert Tine

**Robert S. Tine** (1954–2019) was an American author of thriller and science fiction novels. He is best known for his pulp post-apocalyptic series "The Outrider", which he published under the pseudonym **Richard Harding**. He also penned several movie novelizations based on a slew of 80s and 90s blockbusters including *Footloose*, *Basic Instinct* and *Universal Soldier*.

## Life

He was born Robert S. Tine in Providence, Rhode Island, and he grew up in Barrington, the Bahamas, Wales, South Africa, Swaziland, and Argentina. He was a graduate of Columbia University in New York. He also lived in Italy in the 1980s, where two of his novels were set: *State of Grace* (1980) and *Black Market* (1992).

In 2005 he moved from New York to Newburyport, Massachusetts, where he died in 2019.

## Work

Throughout his life Tine published six novels of mainstream fiction, the latter of which garnered good reviews—particularly *Black Market*, set during the liberation of Rome in 1944. *Publishers Weekly*, in its review of *Black Market*, called Tine "a genius at characterization."

However, Tine's larger output by far was in the field of novelizations from movies (mostly science fiction, action, and neo-noir, but also four tie-ins to the John Hughes' Beethoven franchise) and TV shows such as *JAG* and *Touched by an Angel*.

### "The Outrider"

Tine is most remembered today for his hard-boiled "Outrider" series, comprising five mass-market survival fiction novels published by Pinnacle in 1984 and 1985 under the pseudonym Richard Harding (not to be confused with author and war reporter *Richard Harding Davis*, 1864–1916).

Heavily inspired by George Miller's 1979 film *Mad Max*, "The Outrider" series is set in what is left of a dystopian United States following a nuclear apocalypse. The hero, the lonesome, rugged survivalist Bonner, is based in the ruins of Chicago, although his adventures take him through much of the ravaged country. He has been compared with other vigilante types such as those in Jerry Ahern's Survivalist and Defender series, James Axler's Deathlands and Outlanders series, and D.B. Drumm's Traveler. Instead of being on the search of loved ones, however, Bonner is "more like the stereotypical retired gunslinger who still finds himself pulled into one job or another." Each story is awash with pulpy clichés, machismo, and gory action scenes. Genre fans hold the series in high regard.

The fifth and last book in the series actually ends with the announcement of a sixth entry, titled *Black Death*. It was never published due to Pinnacle's bankruptcy in 1985.

"The Outrider" series was included as a feature presentation on the January 5th, 2018 episode of the *Library at the End of the World* podcast.

### Partial bibliography

* *State of Grace* (Viking, 1980)
* *Uneasy Lies the Head* (Pinnacle, 1982)
* *Broken Eagle* (Pinnacle, 1985)
* *Midnight City* (New American Library, 1987)
* *Black Market* (St. Martin's, 1992)

#### "The Outrider" series

* *The Outrider* (Pinnacle, 1984)
* *Fire and Ice* (Pinnacle, 1984)
* *Blood Highway* (Pinnacle, 1984)
* *Bay City Burnout* (Pinnacle, 1984)
* *Built to Kill* (Pinnacle, 1985)

#### Movie tie-ins

Robert Tine at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

## InfoBox

| Robert Tine | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1954-12-19)December 19, 1954
Providence, Rhode Island |
| Died | (2019-02-22)February 22, 2019 (aged 64)
Haverhill, Massachusetts |
| Pen name | Richard Harding |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
| Genre | Thriller, Science fiction |
| Notable works | "The Outrider" series |


title: Systèmes d'Information et Management

abstract:
The French Journal of Management Information Systems (SIM) is a French peer-reviewed academic journal, published by Eska (Paris), that covers theoretical and empirical research in the areas of information systems and information technology. Topics include computer science, operations research, design science, organization theory and behavior, knowledge management, enterprise system, cloud computing, IS architecture, IT and health, data analysis and management. The chief editor is Professor Claudio Vitari and it is affiliated with the Association Information & Management. SIM is a French-language journal dedicated to the study of information systems as they pertain to organizational management. Published quarterly, it is affiliated with the AIM scientific association and upholds the ethical standards outlined in the national charter of academic research activities and the policies of the Association for Information Systems.   With a rigorous scientific approach, SIM welcomes submissions in both French and English, adhering to internationally recognized standards of excellence. The journal serves as a platform for scholarly discourse on digital transformation and its managerial implications, focusing on several key objectives:
  - Evaluation and characterization of information systems throughout their lifecycle, from conception to implementation and utilization
  - Examination of the organizational changes brought about by information systems
  - Analysis of emerging business models in the digital age and their evolution
  - Exploration of information processes employed by stakeholders in various activities, including monitoring, communication, knowledge creation, and enrichment.   Within this framework, French Journal of Management Information Systems addresses a range of topics, including information systems strategy, knowledge management, the financial aspects of information technologies, the evolving role of IT within organizations, changes in work processes, organizational transformation, and ethical considerations. The journal also delves into the impact of digital technologies on work, organizational structures, governance, management, and business models.   In line with international standards, French Journal of Management Information Systems embraces a variety of methodological approaches, including quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, action-oriented, clinical, experimental, and simulation-based research. Articles are selected based on their significant contributions to knowledge and their relevance to educators, researchers, and professionals in the field.

text:
# Systèmes d'Information et Management

The ***French Journal of Management Information Systems (SIM)*** is a French peer-reviewed academic journal, published by Eska (Paris), that covers theoretical and empirical research in the areas of information systems and information technology. Topics include computer science, operations research, design science, organization theory and behavior, knowledge management, enterprise system, cloud computing, IS architecture, IT and health, data analysis and management. The chief editor is Professor Claudio Vitari (Aix Marseille University) and it is affiliated with the Association Information & Management.

SIM is a French-language journal dedicated to the study of information systems as they pertain to organizational management. Published quarterly, it is affiliated with the AIM scientific association and upholds the ethical standards outlined in the national charter of academic research activities and the policies of the Association for Information Systems.

With a rigorous scientific approach, SIM welcomes submissions in both French and English, adhering to internationally recognized standards of excellence. The journal serves as a platform for scholarly discourse on digital transformation and its managerial implications, focusing on several key objectives:

* Evaluation and characterization of information systems throughout their lifecycle, from conception to implementation and utilization
* Examination of the organizational changes brought about by information systems
* Analysis of emerging business models in the digital age and their evolution
* Exploration of information processes employed by stakeholders in various activities, including monitoring, communication, knowledge creation, and enrichment.

Within this framework, French Journal of Management Information Systems addresses a range of topics, including information systems strategy, knowledge management, the financial aspects of information technologies, the evolving role of IT within organizations, changes in work processes, organizational transformation, and ethical considerations. The journal also delves into the impact of digital technologies on work, organizational structures, governance, management, and business models.

In line with international standards, French Journal of Management Information Systems embraces a variety of methodological approaches, including quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, action-oriented, clinical, experimental, and simulation-based research. Articles are selected based on their significant contributions to knowledge and their relevance to educators, researchers, and professionals in the field.

## Editors

The following persons are or have been editors-in-chief of the journal:

* Frantz Rowe 1996-2008
* Yves Pigneur 2009-2012
* Régis Meissonier 2013-2018
* François de Corbière 2019-2023
* Claudio Vitari 2024-2026

## Origins

The journal was founded in 1996 under the initiative of Frantz Rowe and Robert Reix, and it is published by the Eska publishing house. The journal is produced by an editor-in-chief, an editorial board, a scientific committee, and a publication committee. It receives support from the Association Information et Management (AIM).

## Thematic

The journal focuses on theoretical and empirical research in the fields of information systems and information technology. Topics covered include computer science, operations research, design science, organizational theory and behavior, knowledge management, enterprise systems, cloud computing, and information systems architecture.

## InfoBox

*French Journal of Management Information Systems*
| Discipline | Information technology |
| --- | --- |
| Language | French |
| Edited by | Claudio Vitari (Aix Marseille University) |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1996-present |
| Publisher | Eska (France) |
| Frequency | Quarterly |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Syst. Inf. Manag.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1260-4984
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Premchand Rangashala

abstract: The Premchand Rangashala is a theater located in Patna, Bihar, India. It is situated in Rajendra Nagar.

text:
# Premchand Rangashala

The **Premchand Rangashala** is a theater located in Patna, Bihar, India. It is situated in Rajendra Nagar.

## History

It was set up by Government of Bihar in 1971 and among the biggest theatres in Eastern India. After 1972, no play was staged at the auditorium and in 1974 it was handed over to Central Reserve Police Force. In 1987, the auditorium was freed from CRPF after sustained pressure applied by the cultural activists. Thereafter, plays were staged at regular interval.

In 2011, the theater went a major renovation and suspension. The overall renovation cost was estimated about 5.91 crore. By the year 2012, 100 more seats were added as against existing capacity to accommodate 500 and the theater's structure were improved too. After renovation, the state-of-art theatre was inaugurated in February 2012 by the Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar.

## InfoBox

Premchand Rangshala
प्रेमचंद रंगशाला
| Address | Rajendra Nagar, Patna \- 800016<br>India |
| --- | --- |
| Capacity | 600 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1971 |
| Rebuilt | 2012 |


title: Providence, Simpson County, Kentucky

abstract: Providence is an unincorporated community in Simpson County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Routes 383 and 591 southwest of the city of Franklin, the county seat of Simpson County. Its elevation is 735 feet (224 m). Residents of Providence typically attend public schools in Simpson County, which are administered by the Simpson County School District. The nearest schools are located in the city of Franklin.

text:
# Providence, Simpson County, Kentucky

**Providence** is an unincorporated community in Simpson County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Routes 383 and 591 southwest of the city of Franklin, the county seat of Simpson County. Its elevation is 735 feet (224 m). Residents of Providence typically attend public schools in Simpson County, which are administered by the Simpson County School District. The nearest schools are located in the city of Franklin.

## InfoBox

| Providence | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ProvidenceLocation within the state of KentuckyProvidenceProvidence (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 36°39′58″N 86°40′39″W / 36.66611°N 86.67750°W / 36.66611; -86.67750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Simpson |
| Elevation | 735 ft (224 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 501366 |


title: Charpentier C1

abstract: The Charpentier C1 was a French tailless experimental aircraft that was designed by Jean Charpentier during the 1930s. The single prototype crashed on its first flight in January 1934 and further development was cancelled.

text:
# Charpentier C1

The **Charpentier C1** was a French tailless experimental aircraft that was designed by Jean Charpentier during the 1930s. The single prototype crashed on its first flight in January 1934 and further development was cancelled.

## Specifications (variant specified)

*Data from* *Il ne vola qu'un court instant... le Charpentier C 1*

**General characteristics**

* **Length:** 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in)
* **Wingspan:** 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
* **Wing area:** 24 m2 (260 sq ft)
* **Gross weight:** 2,400 kg (5,291 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 3 × Hispano-Suiza 6P water-cooled 6-cylinder inline reciprocating engine, 75 kW (100 hp) each
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed, 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) diameter

**Performance**

## Bibliography

* Borget, Michel (November 1977). "Il ne vola qu'un court instant... le Charpentier C 1" \[It Only Flew for a Short Time... The Charpentier C 1\]. *Le Fana de l'Aviation* (in French) (96): 8–11. ISSN 0757-4169.

## InfoBox

| Charpentier C1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Experimental aircraft |
| National origin | France |
| Designer | Jean Charpentier |
| First flight | January 1934 |
| Status | Cancelled |
| Number built | 1 |


# Dominican Republic at the 2023 World Athletics Championships

The Dominican Republic competed at the 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary, from 19 to 27 August 2023.

## Medalists

| Medal | Athlete | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Marileidy Paulino | Women's 400 metres | August 23 |

## Results

Dominican Republic entered 8 athletes.

Key * **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* **PB** = Personal best
* **SB** = Season best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Men

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Alexander Ogando | 200 metres | 20.14 | 2 **Q** | 20.02 | 2 **Q** | 20.23 | 7 |

### Women

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| **Marileidy Paulino** | 400 metres | 49.90 | 1 **Q** | 49.54 | 1 **Q** | 48.76 **NR** |  |

### Mixed

Track events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
|  | 4 × 400 metres relay | Did not start | | | |

## InfoBox

| Dominican Republic at the
2023 World Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Dominican Republic | |
| WA code | DOM |
| in Budapest, Hungary
19 August 2023 (2023-08-19) – 27 August 2023 (2023-08-27) | |
| Competitors | 8 (3 men and 5 women) |
| Medals
Ranked 18th | Gold 1 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| World Athletics Championships appearances | |
|  | |
|


title: East coast barb

abstract: The east coast barb is a species of cyprinid fish. It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.

text:
# East coast barb

The **east coast barb** (***Enteromius toppini***) is a species of cyprinid fish.

It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.

## InfoBox

| East coast barb | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Barbinae |
| Genus: | *Enteromius* |
| Species: | ***E. toppini*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enteromius toppini***
Boulenger, 1916 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Barbus umbeluziensis* Groenewald, 1958
*Barbus toppini* Boulenger, 1916 | |


title: Roztoky u Jilemnice

abstract: Roztoky u Jilemnice is a municipality and village in Semily District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.

text:
# Roztoky u Jilemnice

**Roztoky u Jilemnice** is a municipality and village in Semily District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 1,407 |  |
| 1880 | 1,423 | +1.1% |
| 1890 | 1,469 | +3.2% |
| 1900 | 1,552 | +5.7% |
| 1910 | 1,580 | +1.8% |
| 1921 | 1,372 | −13.2% |
| 1930 | 1,311 | −4.4% |
| 1950 | 1,032 | −21.3% |
| 1961 | 1,196 | +15.9% |
| 1970 | 1,163 | −2.8% |
| 1980 | 1,014 | −12.8% |
| 1991 | 933 | −8.0% |
| 2001 | 922 | −1.2% |
| 2011 | 977 | +6.0% |
| 2021 | 1,055 | +8.0% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Roztoky u Jilemnice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saints Philip and James | |
|  | |
| Roztoky u JilemniceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°33′50″N 15°29′59″E / 50.56389°N 15.49972°E / 50.56389; 15.49972 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Liberec |
| District | Semily |
| First mentioned | 1360 |
| Area | |
| Total | 13.04 km2 (5.03 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 428 m (1,404 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,117 |
| Density | 86/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 512 31 |
| Website | www.roztoky-u-jilemnice.cz |


title: Big Baller (album)

abstract: Big Baller is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper MC Breed from Flint, Michigan. It was released on June 20, 1995 via Wrap Records with distribution by Ichiban Records. Recording sessions took place at Kala Recording Studios, Bosstown, and the Digital Edge in Atlanta. Production was handled by MC Breed, Flash, Shorty B, Carlos Glover, Brett Ski, Jazze Pha, Pee-Wee and Amp Fiddler. It features guest appearances from Jibri, Jazze Pha, DJ Hurricane, Joe Riz, Kool-Ace and Too $hort. Big Baller made it to number 143 on the Billboard 200, number 17 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and number 3 on the Top Heatseekers chart. Its lead single, "Sea of Bud", reached number 28 on the Hot Rap Songs chart.

text:
# Big Baller (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Big Baller*** is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper MC Breed from Flint, Michigan. It was released on June 20, 1995 via Wrap Records with distribution by Ichiban Records. Recording sessions took place at Kala Recording Studios, Bosstown, and the Digital Edge in Atlanta. Production was handled by MC Breed, Flash, Shorty B, Carlos Glover, Brett Ski, Jazze Pha, Pee-Wee and Amp Fiddler. It features guest appearances from Jibri, Jazze Pha, DJ Hurricane, Joe Riz, Kool-Ace and Too $hort. *Big Baller* made it to number 143 on the *Billboard* 200, number 17 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and number 3 on the Top Heatseekers chart. Its lead single, "Sea of Bud", reached number 28 on the Hot Rap Songs chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" (featuring Jazze Pha) |  | 3:43 |
| 2. | "SFNU" |  | 4:36 |
| 3. | "Game for Life" | DJ Flash | 2:55 |
| 4. | "Sea of Bud" (featuring Jibri & Too $hort) | MC Breed | 6:12 |
| 5. | "Real MC" (featuring DJ Hurricane) | DJ Flash | 3:48 |
| 6. | "Some Otha" | DJ Flash | 3:24 |
| 7. | "Say What" | Jazze Pha | 4:10 |
| 8. | "What Do You Get" (featuring Jibri) | Brett Ski | 5:05 |
| 9. | "You Slippin'" (featuring Joe Riz) | DJ Flash | 4:16 |
| 10. | "Nightlife" (featuring Jibri & Kool-Ace) | * MC Breed * Shorty B * Carlos Glover | 4:40 |
| 11. | "Been Round for Years" |  | 4:19 |
| 12. | "Outro" (featuring Jazze Pha) | * MC Breed * Shorty B * Carlos Glover | 1:39 |
| Total length: | | | 48:47 |

## Charts

| Chart (1995) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 143 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 17 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |

*MC Breed – Big Baller* at Discogs (list of releases)

## InfoBox

| Big Baller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by MC Breed | |
| Released | June 20, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1994–95 |
| Studio | * KALA Studios * Bosstown * The Digital Edge |
| Genre | Gangsta rap |
| Length | 48:47 |
| Label | Wrap Records |
| Producer |  |
| MC Breed chronology | |
| *Funkafied*
(1994) ***Big Baller***
(1995) *The Best of Breed*
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Big Baller* | |
| 1. "Sea Of Bud/Some Otha"
Released: 1995 | |
|  | |


# Confederation of Regions Party of Canada candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election

The Confederation of Regions Party of Canada fielded several candidates in the 1988 federal election, none of whom were elected.

## Ontario

### S. Brent Ridley (Sudbury)

Ridley was an instrumentation technician. He was a vocal opponent of official bilingualism and the proposed Meech Lake Accord, and was quoted as saying that "the French are going to be controlling every government office" as the result of federal legislation. He received 3,391 votes (7.97%), finishing fourth against Liberal Party candidate Diane Marleau.

## Alberta

### Brent Morin (Calgary West)

Morin was listed as a construction worker. He received 170 votes (0.31%), finishing sixth against Progressive Conservative incumbent James Hawkes. Future Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper finished second. Morin later received a passing reference in a "Harper's index" column published by the *National Post* newspaper during 2004 federal election (26 June 2004).


title: Premedia

abstract: Pre-media or premedia is a term used in the design, creative and publishing industries with an evolving and contestable meaning. For some persons in those industries, it refers to any number of activities that occur between the moment an initial idea for a product is articulated and the moment production is complete. This can include further product ideation and the finalization of a product concept including a strong clear message of positive product differentiation; prototype development and design, market testing, prototype modification and finalization; and the management of all of these processes leading to and including the digital and/or print production that takes place after they are complete. For some working premedia groups, it can even include further production needed later in the life of the product when market need supports it.

text:
# Premedia

**Pre-media** or **premedia** is a term used in the design, creative and publishing industries with an evolving and contestable meaning. For some persons in those industries, it refers to any number of activities that occur between the moment an initial idea for a product is articulated and the moment production is complete. This can include further product ideation and the finalization of a product concept including a strong clear message of positive product differentiation; prototype development and design, market testing, prototype modification and finalization; and the management of all of these processes leading to and including the digital and/or print production that takes place after they are complete. For some working premedia groups, it can even include further production needed later in the life of the product when market need supports it.

## Overview

Premedia should supply design execution from early concept visualization all the way to ready-to-publish files developed on industry-standard software, delivered on the platform of choice and ensuring that the client’s requirements are met. In short, premedia can include all activity from any form of input to any form of output.

It includes the processes that allow an individual or company to visually communicate its message to its audience in the medium that best suits the demographics for that message. This should all be provided in the correct specifications and for the desired output channel(s).

With such a vast landscape to cover, premedia has a number of categories that fall under its banner. Those categories, listed below, have a vast array of technical requirements each complementing and dependent upon each other to provide rich and relevant content to the destination channel.

| Colour management | Pre-flighting | Design and Page Layout | Marketing Intelligence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Contract proofing | Soft proofing | Asset management | Trans Promo |
| Colour retouching | Image composition | Scanning |
| Advertising management | Trapping | Approval processes |
| Final file creation | Customer communication | Work Solutions |
| Web to Print | Print on demand | Video Production |

## History

The term "premedia" has been developed in tandem with the Internet and mobile communications industries, both of which have arguably evolved to almost dominate modern day life.

As these forms of communication and access to consumers have continued to grow, so the need to facilitate brand messages and publishing into this new space have become a necessity. As a result of this, the traditional method of communication through print has morphed into a multichannel environment in which marketing, communications, and publishing can access clients via many means.

Hence, traditional companies involved in the print-oriented activities of prepress, repro and creative have adapted in order to utilize the various output delivery channels required by clients. These companies are increasingly servicing all of these channels with existing and new client work; a whole new world of file creation, preparation, management and transition has been developed. The term "premedia" has arisen in an attempt to encompass the entirety of this new world of multichannel media delivery.


title: Eitaro Uchiyama

abstract: Eitarō Uchiyama was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

text:
# Eitaro Uchiyama

**Eitarō Uchiyama** (内山 英太郎, *Uchiyama Eitarō*, December 16, 1887  December 25, 1973) was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

## Biography

### Early career

Uchiyama was born in Tokyo as the eldest son of General Uchiyama Kojirō, but was adopted and raised by his uncle. He attended military preparatory schools in Sendai and graduated from the 21st class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1909 with a speciality in artillery. He graduated from the 32nd class of the Army Staff College in 1920. During his early career, he served in a number of artillery units and became an artillery instructor in 1927.

From May 1930, he was sent for further studies in France. In August 1933, after his return to Japan, he was promoted to colonel and given command of the IJA 1st Field Artillery Regiment, and was later commandant of the Field Artillery School.

Uchiyama was promoted to major general in August 1937. He subsequently served as commander of the IJA 5th Field Artillery Brigade and the commander of artillery of the Kwantung Army.

### World War II

In October 1939, Uchiyama was promoted to lieutenant general. From September 1940, he was assigned command of the 13th Division which was assigned to the Japanese Eleventh Army in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, notably the Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang, Battle of West Hubei and Battle of Changde. A particularly heavy Chinese attacks in Yichang were repulsed in October 1941 with the extensive use of chemical weapons by *13th division*.

On August 17, 1942, Uchiyama became commander of the IJA 3rd Army, which was based in Manchukuo as a garrison force to guard the eastern borders against possible incursions by the Soviet Red Army. It afterwards came under the command of the Japanese First Area Army in July 1942. From February 7, 1944 he was assigned command of the IJA12th Army, which was primarily a garrison force in Japanese-occupied northern China. This force was sent south into combat during Operation Ichi-Go and Uchiyama was distinguished in operations at the Battle of Central Henan.

In April 1945, Uchiyama was recalled to Japan, to take command of the Japanese Fifteenth Area Army. This organization was part of the last desperate defense effort by Japan to deter possible landings of Allied forces during Operation Downfall and was responsible for the Kansai and Chugoku regions of Honshū and the island of Shikoku. It was headquartered in Osaka. He entered the reserves in December 1945.

After the end of the war, Uchiyama was assigned to the central demobilization office. In June 1946, he was arrested by order of the U.S. military authorities and charged war crimes. In 1947, he was found guilty of command responsibility for allowing the execution of American airmen shot down between April and August 1945 in the region of Japan under control of the 15th Area Army. Uchiyama was sentenced to 30 years of hard labor at Sugamo Prison. He was paroled in April 1958, and died in 1973.

* Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). *(陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army)*. Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. ISBN 4829500026.
* Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). *Encyclopedia of Military Biography*. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
* Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). *(日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia*. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 4130301357.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Eitarō Uchiyama | |
| --- | --- |
| Native name | 内山英太郎 |
| Born | (1887-12-16)December 16, 1887
Tokyo, Empire of Japan |
| Died | December 25, 1973(1973-12-25) (aged 86)
Japan |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1909–1945 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Charpentiera

abstract: Charpentiera is a flowering plant genus in the family Amaranthaceae. It consists of five species endemic to Hawaiʻi, where they are known as pāpala, and one species found only on the island of Tubuai in the Austral Islands. All species are trees, some reaching more than 10 metres (33 ft) in height. The genus is named for Arsène Charpentier (1781-1818), professor of pharmacy at Antwerp from 1810 to 1814 and at Cherbourg from 1814 to 1816.

text:
# Charpentiera

***Charpentiera*** is a flowering plant genus in the family Amaranthaceae. It consists of five species endemic to Hawaiʻi, where they are known as ***pāpala***, and one species found only on the island of Tubuai in the Austral Islands. All species are trees, some reaching more than 10 metres (33 ft) in height. The genus is named for Arsène Charpentier (1781-1818), professor of pharmacy at Antwerp from 1810 to 1814 and at Cherbourg from 1814 to 1816.

## Species

## Uses

Native Hawaiians on the northwest coast of the island of Kauaʻi used lightweight *pāpala* branches in the art of *ʻōahi*. Branches were ignited and tossed off of high sea cliffs, where they were buoyed by ridge lifts and burned like fireworks.

## InfoBox

| *Charpentiera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Charpentiera obovata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Subfamily: | Amaranthoideae |
| Genus: | *Charpentiera*
Gaudich. |
|
| Species | |
| *Charpentiera australis*
*Charpentiera densiflora*
*Charpentiera elliptica*
*Charpentiera obovata*
*Charpentiera ovata*
*Charpentiera tomentosa* | |


title: Untethered Moon

abstract:
Untethered Moon is the eighth studio album by American rock band Built to Spill. The album was released on vinyl for Record Store Day on April 18, 2015, and on CD and digital format on April 21, 2015. It is the band's first album in nearly six years, since 2009's There Is No Enemy, making it the band's longest delay between studio albums up to that point. Frontman Doug Martsch explained: In 2012, I was a bit burned out on my ability to make new music. We actually recorded an album that year, and then we went on tour. The rhythm section guys quit the band, so we started over … it actually felt really good to start fresh.
It is the first album to feature Steve Gere (drums) and Jason Albertini (bass), replacing Scott Plouf and Brett Nelson respectively, who both left the group in 2012. The album was announced on February 5, 2015, along with a tour schedule beginning in March. The track "Living Zoo" was released via SoundCloud on February 24, 2015. The official music video for “Living Zoo” premiered on Noisey on March 25, 2015.

text:
# Untethered Moon

***Untethered Moon*** is the eighth studio album by American rock band Built to Spill. The album was released on vinyl for Record Store Day on April 18, 2015, and on CD and digital format on April 21, 2015. It is the band's first album in nearly six years, since 2009's *There Is No Enemy*, making it the band's longest delay between studio albums up to that point.

Frontman Doug Martsch explained:

> In 2012, I was a bit burned out on my ability to make new music. We actually recorded an album that year, and then we went on tour. The rhythm section guys quit the band, so we started over … it actually felt really good to start fresh.

It is the first album to feature Steve Gere (drums) and Jason Albertini (bass), replacing Scott Plouf and Brett Nelson respectively, who both left the group in 2012.

The album was announced on February 5, 2015, along with a tour schedule beginning in March. The track "Living Zoo" was released via SoundCloud on February 24, 2015. The official music video for “Living Zoo” premiered on Noisey on March 25, 2015.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| aNewRisingMusic |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Pitchfork Media* | 7.1/10 |
| *Exclaim!* | 8/10 |

The album has received praise, with critics and fans alike noting a revived energy within the band as well as Doug Marstch's consistently impressive guitar work. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, *Untethered Moon* has received an average score of 76, based on 18 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Cam Lindsay of *Exclaim!* wrote that *Untethered Moon* is "arguably the most enjoyable Built to Spill album since 1999's pivotal *Keep It Like A Secret*," citing "a directness to these songs that has been missing for a few albums."

## Track listing

All music written by Built to Spill and all lyrics by Built to Spill with Karena Youtz

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "All Our Songs" | 6:15 |
| 2. | "Living Zoo" | 4:22 |
| 3. | "On the Way" | 4:25 |
| 4. | "Some Other Song" | 4:26 |
| 5. | "Never Be the Same" | 3:15 |
| 6. | "C.R.E.B." | 4:21 |
| 7. | "Another Day" | 3:10 |
| 8. | "Horizon to Cliff" | 2:44 |
| 9. | "So" | 4:28 |
| 10. | "When I'm Blind" | 8:23 |

## InfoBox

| Untethered Moon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Built to Spill | |
| Released | April 18, 2015 |
| Genre | Indie rock |
| Length | 45:49 |
| Label | Warner Bros. |
| Producer | Doug Martsch, Sam Coomes |
| Built to Spill chronology | |
| *There Is No Enemy*
(2009) ***Untethered Moon***
(2015) *Built to Spill Plays the Songs of Daniel Johnston*
(2020) | |