title: Callie Reitz

abstract: Callie Reitz was a South African wrestler. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Callie Reitz

**Callie Reitz** (20 February 1927  26 August 2016) was a South African wrestler. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Callie Reitz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South African |
| Born | (1927-02-20)20 February 1927
Pretoria, South Africa |
| Died | 26 August 2016(2016-08-26) (aged 89)
Pretoria, South Africa |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Wrestling |


title: Santa Terezinha de Itaipu

abstract: Santa Terezinha de Itaipu is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil. According to the IBGE Santa Teresinha de Itaipu has approximately 24,000 inhabitants. The municipality contains part of the Santa Maria Ecological Corridor, created in 2001.

text:
# Santa Terezinha de Itaipu

**Santa Terezinha de Itaipu** is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.

According to the IBGE Santa Teresinha de Itaipu has approximately 24,000 inhabitants.

The municipality contains part of the Santa Maria Ecological Corridor, created in 2001.

25°26′49″S 54°24′03″W / 25.4469°S 54.4008°W / -25.4469; -54.4008

## InfoBox

| Santa Terezinha de Itaipu | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southern |
| State | Paraná |
| Mesoregion | Oeste Paranaense |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 23,699 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Commodity index fund

abstract: A commodity index fund is a fund whose assets are invested in financial instruments based on or linked to a commodity price index. In just about every case the index is in fact a commodity futures index.

text:
# Commodity index fund

A **commodity index fund** is a fund whose assets are invested in financial instruments based on or linked to a commodity price index. In just about every case the index is in fact a commodity futures index.

## Funds that track indexes

You cannot invest in an index, but you can invest in a fund. A Commodity Index Fund is a fund which either buys and sells futures to replicate the performance of the index, or sometimes enters into swaps with investment banks who themselves then trade the futures. The biggest and best known such fund is the Pimco Real Return Strategy Fund. There are many other funds, such as:

These are very different from, and should not be confused with, commodity funds that hold real assets (oil refineries, farms, forests etc.) such as:

## Harper's article

A 2010 article in Harper's by Frederick Kaufman alleged that these Commodity Index funds were part of the global food crisis in 2008, including riots in 30 countries, a food price rise of 80 percent between 2005 and 2008, and an increased hunger rate. The article claimed that one mechanism involved was a 'demand shock' on wheat futures caused by the index funds, resulting in a 'contango' wheat market on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. This allegedly caused prices of wheat to rise much higher than normal, defeating the purpose of the exchanges (price stabilization) in the first place.

## Futures Industry Association

Leah McGrath Goodman, a reporter with experience covering commodities markets, described an experience writing about the Goldman Sachs Commodities Index in her book "The Asylum". Around 2007, she wrote an article for the Futures Industry Association trade magazine about the indexes. She concluded the massive amount of money in the indexes following the oil futures market dwarfed the actual oil futures market, by around 5 to 1. She alluded to the theories of Milton Friedman, who believed that inflation was caused by "too many dollars chasing after too few goods". She concluded that the indexes were apparently thus causing oil prices to rise. Her article was dropped after a man from the FIA magazine showed it "to people around Washington" and told her it would be "politically explosive".

## Refs

1. "The Food Bubble", Frederick Kaufman, Harper's, 2010 July
2. The Asylum, Leah McGrath Goodman, 2011, Harper Collins, p 327- 328


title: Eternity and a Day (soundtrack)

abstract: Eternity and a Day is a soundtrack album by Greek composer Eleni Karaindrou recorded in March and April 1998 and released on the ECM New Series later that year, featuring music for the film of the same name by Theodoros Angelopoulos.

text:
# Eternity and a Day (soundtrack)

***Eternity and a Day*** is a soundtrack album by Greek composer Eleni Karaindrou recorded in March and April 1998 and released on the ECM New Series later that year, featuring music for the film of the same name by Theodoros Angelopoulos.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Steve Huey awarded the album 4 stars stating "Impressively, the music stands well on its own, apart from the context of the film; that's the sign of a well-composed soundtrack."

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *AllMusic* |  |

## Track listing

*All compositions by Eleni Karaindrou except as indicated* 1. "Hearing the Time" – 3:08
2. "By the Sea" – 1:47
3. "Eternity Theme" – 2:18
4. "Parting A" – 1:31
5. "Depart and Eternity Theme" – 4:02
6. "Borders" – 2:41
7. "Wedding Dance" (Traditional) – 1:28
8. "Parting B" – 1:30
9. "To a Dead Friend" – 4:34
10. "Eternity Theme (Variation I)" – 1:48
11. "Depart and Eternity Theme (Variation I)" – 3:02
12. "Bus – Part I" – 1:08
13. "Depart and Eternity Theme (Variation II)" – 6:50
14. "Bus – Part II" – 0:56
15. "Trio and Eternity Theme" – 2:12
16. "The Poet" – 3:04
17. "Depart and Eternity Theme (Variation III)" – 2:34
18. "Depart" – 1:57

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Eternity and a Day | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Soundtrack album by Eleni Karaindrou | |
| Released | 1998 |
| Recorded | March and April 1998 |
| Studio | Athens Concert Hall
Athens, Greece |
| Genre | Film music |
| Length | 40:47 |
| Label | ECM New Series
ECM 1692 |
| Producer | Manfred Eicher |
| Eleni Karaindrou chronology | |
| *Rosa, Wandering*
(1996) ***Eternity and a Day***
(1998) *Trojan Women*
(2001) | |


title: Evan Louro

abstract: Evan Louro is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for FC Cincinnati in Major League Soccer.

text:
# Evan Louro

**Evan Louro** (born January 19, 1996) is an American soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for FC Cincinnati in Major League Soccer.

## Career

### Youth

Louro attended St. John Vianney High School in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, prior to his three-year career at the University of Michigan. During his time with the Wolverines soccer team, Louro played in 46 matches, earning 12 shutouts. He was also a member of the New York Red Bulls Academy for seven years during his youth, and helped lead the Red Bulls to the U16 Generation Adidas MLS Cup in 2011.

While in college, Louro made his semi-professional debut for Detroit City FC in a 2–2 draw against the Michigan Stars FC in 2016. He was voted "Man of the Match" on May 12, 2016, for his penalty-saving heroics against the Michigan Bucks in the U.S. Open Cup. He also played in the Premier Development League for New York Red Bulls U-23.

### Professional

Louro signed a homegrown contract with the New York Red Bulls in MLS on January 23, 2017. The signing made him the second ever homegrown goalkeeper in the club's history after Santiago Castaño. On April 1, 2017, Louro made his professional debut for New York Red Bulls II, recording a shut out in a 1–0 victory over Richmond Kickers.

Louro joined the Tampa Bay Rowdies on January 21, 2020. In 2021, Louro won the USL Championship Golden Glove, having recorded a 0.74 goals against average and posting 14 shutouts. Following the 2021 season it was announced that Louro would leave the Rowdies.

Following a long injury rehabilitation, Louro signed with Major League Soccer side FC Cincinnati on August 22, 2022.

## Personal life

Louro was born to a Spanish father and an American mother of Spanish-Argentine descent.

## Career statistics

*As of October 22, 2018*

| Club | Season | League | | League cup | | National cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Detroit City FC | 2016 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| New York Red Bulls II | 2017 | 18 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| | 2018 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| Career total | | 45 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 |

## Honors

**New York Red Bulls**

**Tampa Bay Rowdies**

**FC Cincinnati**

## InfoBox

Evan Louro
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Evan Louro | | |
| Date of birth | (1996-01-19) January 19, 1996 | | |
| Place of birth | South River, New Jersey, United States | | |
| Height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | FC Cincinnati | | |
| Number | 36 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 2008–2014 | New York Red Bulls | | |
| College career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2014–2016 | Michigan Wolverines | 46 | (0) |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2015 | New York Red Bulls U-23 | 9 | (0) |
| 2016 | Detroit City FC | 1 | (0) |
| 2016 | New York Red Bulls U-23 | 8 | (0) |
| 2017–2019 | New York Red Bulls | 0 | (0) |
| 2017–2019 | New York Red Bulls II | 71 | (0) |
| 2020–2021 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 47 | (0) |
| 2022– | FC Cincinnati | 1 | (0) |
| 2022– | FC Cincinnati 2 | 15 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of August 9, 2024 | | | |


title: Eva Canel

abstract: Agar Eva Infanzón Canel, best known by her pseudonym Eva Canel, was a writer and journalist, originally from Spain who settled in Cuba.

text:
# Eva Canel

**Agar Eva Infanzón Canel** (January 30, 1857; Coaña, Asturias, Spain - May 2, 1932; Havana, Cuba), best known by her pseudonym Eva Canel, was a writer and journalist, originally from Spain who settled in Cuba.

## Biography

Daughter of Doctor Pedro Infanzón and Epifanía Canel y Uría, Eva Agar was born on January 30, 1857, in Coaña, Asturias, Spain. When she was three years old her father died in a shipwreck caused by pirates and she moved to Madrid with her mother. When she was fifteen, she began to work as an actress in the theater, where she met Eloy Perillan y Buxo, the director of the satirical magazine *La Broma*, whom she married that same year. In 1874, the censors exiled her husband for publishing a pamphlet and he left to Bolivia, leaving her as director of the magazine. A year later, Eva traveled to South America to reunite with her husband and collaborate on *El Ferrocarril*, the magazine that he directed in *La Paz*. In January 1875, the couple moved to Buenos Aires and founded *El Petróleo*, where she began to dedicate herself to journalism full-time. In 1876, they decided to move again, this time to Lima, Peru, where they founded *Las Noticias* and collaborated with various newspapers such as *El Comercio* and *El Perú Ilustrado*. It was then that the couple's only child was born, whom they baptized with the same name as his father.

Due to the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile, Eva and her family returned to Spain once again, settling in Barcelona. Nonetheless, Perillán ended up moving to Cuba, where he died on March 1, 1889, and Eva moved to the island a short time later. There, she tried to find work in two Cuban newspapers, *Diario de la Marina* and *Unión Constitucional*, but their respective directors refused to hire her. Because of this, in 1891 she founded her own weekly, named *La Cotorra,* which was characterized by political satire. After spending eight years in Cuba and the Cuban war of Independence ended, Eva returned to Spain, moving back to Madrid. Nonetheless, in 1899, she returned to Buenos Aires, where she began her literary peak, writing three novels, giving a number of conferences and collaborating with various newspapers. Additionally, she became the owner of a printing press and founded the magazines *Kosmos*, in 1904 and *Vida Española*, in 1907.

On July 15, 1905, she gave a lecture at the gala in the Teatro Español, during the festivities for the inauguration of the Hospital of Charity. Jaime Serralta presented the prestigious writer who spoke on "Charity" and was given a standing ovation.

In 1914, Eva began a trip through Latin America, but fell ill upon arriving in Panama, and although she initially decided to go to a clinic in the United States, she ended up returning to Cuba, where she received assistance from her friend Antonio Díaz Blanco. There she continued her journalism and literary work until 1924 when her health deteriorated and she began to have nervous breakdowns and memory loss. Finally, on May 2, 1932, she died and was buried in her hometown.

## Works

Eva Canel's work has a variety of influences and uses a range of techniques, from Romanticism to Naturalism. Occasionally, she denied authorship of her work, attributing it instead to her husband, Eloy Perillán Buxó.

### Novels

* *Manolín* (1891)
* *Trapitos al sol* (1891)
* *Oremus* (1893)
* *El agua turbia* (1906)

### Theater

* *La mulata* (1891)
* *El indiano* (1894)
* *Fuera de la ley* (1902)
* *Agua de limón* (1904)
* *La abuelita* (1905)
* *De Herodes a Pilatos* (1905)
* *Uno de Baler* (1907)

### Other genres

* *Cosas del otro mundo. Viajes, historias y cuentos americanos* (1889)
* *Magosto. Colección de tradiciones, novelas y conferencias asturianas* (1894)
* *Álbum de la Trocha. Breve reseña de una excursión feliz desde Cienfuegos a San Fernando, recorriendo la línea militar* (1897)
* *De América. Viajes, tradiciones y novelitas cortas* (1899)
* *Lo que vi en Cuba. A través de la isla* (1916)


title: Every Kind of Light

abstract: Every Kind of Light is the sixth studio album by The Posies, released on June 28, 2005 by Rykodisc. This was the first full-length album release by the band since 1998's Success, after which they had disbanded. Starting in 2000, the band began performing numerous reunion shows, while principal songwriters Ken Stringfellow and Jon Auer pursued solo recordings and tours. This is the first Posies album to feature bassist/guitarist Matt Harris and drummer Darius Minwalla.

text:
# Every Kind of Light

***Every Kind of Light*** is the sixth studio album by The Posies, released on June 28, 2005 by Rykodisc. This was the first full-length album release by the band since 1998's *Success*, after which they had disbanded. Starting in 2000, the band began performing numerous reunion shows, while principal songwriters Ken Stringfellow and Jon Auer pursued solo recordings and tours. This is the first Posies album to feature bassist/guitarist Matt Harris and drummer Darius Minwalla.

## Distribution

*Every Kind of Light* was available on iTunes three weeks prior to its announced release, and the album quickly hit the iTunes Most Popular list. Two songs from the album, "I Guess You're Right" and "Love Comes", were included as sample music in Microsoft's Windows Vista operating system.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| *Drowned in Sound* | link |
| *Pitchfork* | (6.8/10) link |
| *Spin* | (7/10) link |

*Every Kind of Light* received mixed to positive reviews. On the review aggregate site Metacritic, the album has a score of 66 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Peter Gaston of *Spin* wrote that "Even with a rather ho-hum second stanza, *Every Kind of Light* is an instant reminder that the '90s would have been a far worse place without the Posies, and that this decade is much better off with them around." Joe Tangari of *Pitchfork* called the album "...a decent record spiked with a few classic moments of patent posies pop ecstasy, even though the album fails to live up to The Posies previous works." In a mixed review, AllMusic's Mark Deming called the album "...a bit hollow," writing that "It's nice to have the Posies back in the studio again," but that "*Every Kind of Light* isn't the triumphant return fans might have hoped for."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jon Auer, Matt Harris, Darius Minwalla and Ken Stringfellow

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "It's Great to Be Here Again!" | 3:58 |
| 2. | "Conversations" | 4:44 |
| 3. | "All in a Day's Work" | 4:20 |
| 4. | "I Guess You're Right" | 3:32 |
| 5. | "Anything and Everything" | 3:41 |
| 6. | "Second Time Around" | 3:35 |
| 7. | "Last Crawl" | 4:26 |
| 8. | "Could He Treat You Better?" | 4:05 |
| 9. | "Love Comes" | 3:19 |
| 10. | "I Finally Found a Jungle I Like!!!" | 3:14 |
| 11. | "That Don't Fly" | 4:38 |
| 12. | "Sweethearts of Rodeo Drive" | 6:21 |

Japanese bonus track
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 13. | "Open Me to the Way" |  |

## Personnel

The Posies * Jon Auer \- lead vocals, guitars
* Ken Stringfellow \- lead vocals, guitars, bass
* Matt Harris - bass, guitar
* Darius Minwalla - drums

Additional personnel * Dan Marcus - trombone on "I Finally Found a Jungle I Like!!"
* Jay Thomas - trumpet on "Last Crawl" and "I Finally Found a Jungle I Like!!"

Production * Ineptunes - production
* Kip Beelman - engineer
* Ed Brooks - mastering
* Rick Fisher - mastering
* Paul Grosso - art direction, design

1. Richardson, Derk. The Posies pop up with a new comeback CD. San Francisco Gate. 1 September 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2011
2. Deming, Mark. Every Kind of Light - The Posies. Allmusic. Retrieved 26 June 2011
3. Critic Reviews of Every Kind of Light. Metacritic. Retrieved 26 June 2011
4. Gaston, Peter. The Posies,'Every Kind of Light'. Spin Magazine. Retrieved 26 June 2011
5. Tangari, Joe. Album Reviews: The Posies: Every Kind of Light. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 26 June 2011
6. Every Kind of Light ThePosies.net. Accessed May 28, 2010.

## InfoBox

| Every Kind of Light | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Posies | |
| Released | June 28, 2005 |
| Recorded | February–August 2004 |
| Studio | The Soundhouse (Seattle, Washington) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 49:38 |
| Label | Rykodisc |
| Producer | Ineptunes |
| The Posies chronology | |
| *At Least, at Last*
(2000) ***Every Kind of Light***
(2005) *Blood/Candy*
(2010) | |


title: Eva Channing

abstract: Eva Channing (1854–1930) was a Boston area suffragist leader and writer.

text:
# Eva Channing

**Eva Channing** (1854–1930) was a Boston area suffragist leader and writer.

## Early life

Eva Channing was born in 1854 to parents William Francis Channing and Susan Elizabeth Burdick Channing. Her mother was also active in the suffrage movement, and her grandfather, William Ellery Channing, was a well-known Unitarian minister. Eva Channing attended Boston University as a member of the class of 1877.

## Career

Channing served in a number of Boston area suffrage organizations, including the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association and the Massachusetts School Suffrage Association. In addition, she wrote frequent contributions to the *Women's Journal,* advocating for women's rights in both Europe, particularly Germany, and the United States.

## InfoBox

| Eva Channing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Born | 1854
Boston |
| Died | 1930  (aged 75–76)
North Carolina |
| Occupation | Suffragist |
| Parent(s) | * William Francis Channing |


title: Exception (song)

abstract: "Exception" is a pop rock song recorded by the Swedish pop/rock music singer Ana Johnsson. The song was released as second single from her second studio album Little Angel on October 11, 2006. Her official Swedish website also posted that the song it to be the theme song to the Swedish thriller movie Exit, which premiered October 6, 2006 in Sweden. The single debuted at number ten in the Swedish Singles Charts. Swedish singer Dilba co-wrote the song with Johnsson and provides some of the backing vocals on the track. Kasper Lindgren from Prime STH plays the drums on the track.

text:
# Exception (song)

"**Exception**" is a pop rock song recorded by the Swedish pop/rock music singer Ana Johnsson. The song was released as second single from her second studio album *Little Angel* on October 11, 2006. Her official Swedish website also posted that the song it to be the theme song to the Swedish thriller movie *Exit*, which premiered October 6, 2006 in Sweden. The single debuted at number ten in the Swedish Singles Charts.

Swedish singer Dilba co-wrote the song with Johnsson and provides some of the backing vocals on the track. Kasper Lindgren from Prime STH plays the drums on the track.

## Track listing

**CD single**

1. "Exception" \[radio edit\] – 3:12
2. "Exception" \[remix\] – 3:16

Note that on many sites track 2 is listed as 'Recall V5 Normal' but behind the CD cover it is simply listed as 'Remix'.

## Music video

The music video is viewable on YouTube and under media on her Swedish official web site. Also the trailer for *Exit*, that premiered October 6, has been added to the video archive on the official website.

In the music video, Ana is a spying in a company. Singing "I had him in my vision", she keeps an eye on her 'enemies'. After she has stolen a secret tape in the house where she's spying in too and gets in the car, she finds out it's fake and throws it out the window. The music video also contains lot of scenes from the *Exit* thriller. The music video was directed by Peter Lindmark, the same who directes the movie.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Singles Chart | 10 |

## InfoBox

| "Exception" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Ana Johnsson | |
| from the album  *Little Angel* | |
| Released | October 11, 2006 |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre | Pop rock |
| Length | 3:12 |
| Label | Bonnier Music |
| Songwriter(s) | Ana Johnsson, Dilba |
| Ana Johnsson singles chronology | |
| "Days of Summer"
(2006) "**Exception**"
(2006) "Catch Me If You Can"
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Exceptia neopetrella

abstract: Exceptia neopetrella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Keifer in 1936. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California. The wingspan is 12–13 mm. The forewings are light ashen grey, the scales infused fuscous below the tip and again tipped white. There are scattered slightly ochreous scales, especially on the dorsum. An almost faint oblique dark shade is found from costal third, ending in the general dark central coloration. The plical stigma is blackish at about one-third and the first discal is the same, somewhat beyond the plical and halfway between it and the dorsum. The second discal is found at two-thirds in the center of the wing. The stigmata tend to be surrounded by white. The hindwings are fuscous.

text:
# Exceptia neopetrella

***Exceptia neopetrella*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Keifer in 1936. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California.

The wingspan is 12–13 mm. The forewings are light ashen grey, the scales infused fuscous below the tip and again tipped white. There are scattered slightly ochreous scales, especially on the dorsum. An almost faint oblique dark shade is found from costal third, ending in the general dark central coloration. The plical stigma is blackish at about one-third and the first discal is the same, somewhat beyond the plical and halfway between it and the dorsum. The second discal is found at two-thirds in the center of the wing. The stigmata tend to be surrounded by white. The hindwings are fuscous.

## InfoBox

| *Exceptia neopetrella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Exceptia* |
| Species: | ***E. neopetrella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Exceptia neopetrella***<br>(Keifer, 1936) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gnorimoschema neopetrella* Keifer, 1936 | |


title: Everything I Miss at Home

abstract: "Everything I Miss at Home" is a 1988 single by Cherrelle from her third studio album Affair. The single was one of the most successful of her career, peaking at number one on The Black Singles chart for one week. Unlike previous Cherrelle releases, "Everything I Miss at Home" did not chart on the Hot 100.

text:
# Everything I Miss at Home

"**Everything I Miss at Home**" is a 1988 single by Cherrelle from her third studio album *Affair*. The single was one of the most successful of her career, peaking at number one on The Black Singles chart for one week. Unlike previous Cherrelle releases, "Everything I Miss at Home" did not chart on the Hot 100.

## InfoBox

| "Everything I Miss at Home" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Cherrelle | |
| from the album  *Affair* | |
| Released | 1988 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:55 |
| Songwriter(s) | James Harris, Terry Lewis |


title: Exon junction complex

abstract: An exon junction complex (EJC) is a protein complex which forms on a pre-messenger RNA strand at the junction of two exons which have been joined together during RNA splicing. The EJC has major influences on translation, surveillance, localization of the spliced mRNA, and m⁶A methylation. It is first deposited onto mRNA during splicing and is then transported into the cytoplasm. There it plays a major role in post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. It is believed that exon junction complexes provide a position-specific memory of the splicing event. The EJC consists of a stable heterotetramer core, which serves as a binding platform for other factors necessary for the mRNA pathway. The core of the EJC contains the protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III bound to an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analog, as well as the additional proteins Magoh and Y14. The binding of these proteins to nuclear speckled domains has been measured recently and it may be regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In order for the binding of the complex to the mRNA to occur, the eIF4AIII factor is inhibited, stopping the hydrolysis of ATP. This recognizes EJC as an ATP dependent complex. EJC also interacts with a large number of additional proteins; most notably SR proteins. These interactions are suggested to be important for mRNA compaction. The role of EJC in mRNA export is controversial.

text:
# Exon junction complex

An **exon junction complex** (**EJC**) is a protein complex which forms on a pre-messenger RNA strand at the junction of two exons which have been joined together during RNA splicing. The EJC has major influences on translation, surveillance, localization of the spliced mRNA, and m6A methylation. It is first deposited onto mRNA during splicing and is then transported into the cytoplasm. There it plays a major role in post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. It is believed that exon junction complexes provide a position-specific memory of the splicing event. The EJC consists of a stable heterotetramer core, which serves as a binding platform for other factors necessary for the mRNA pathway. The core of the EJC contains the protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III (eIF4A-III; a DEAD-box RNA helicase) bound to an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analog, as well as the additional proteins Magoh and Y14. The binding of these proteins to nuclear speckled domains has been measured recently and it may be regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. In order for the binding of the complex to the mRNA to occur, the eIF4AIII factor is inhibited, stopping the hydrolysis of ATP. This recognizes EJC as an ATP dependent complex. EJC also interacts with a large number of additional proteins; most notably SR proteins. These interactions are suggested to be important for mRNA compaction. The role of EJC in mRNA export is controversial.

## Protein components

The EJC is made up of several key protein components: RNPS1, Y14, SRm160, Aly/REF and Magoh, among others. RNPS1 can function as a coactivator of splicing, but along with Y14, it also takes part in the process of nonsense-mediated decay in eukaryotes. SRm160 is another coactivator that has been proposed to enhance mRNA 3’ end processing. The protein component Magoh is thought to facilitate the subcytoplasmic localization of mRNAs while Aly is engaged in nuclear mRNA export. Aly is believed to be recruited to the exon junction complex by the protein UAP56. UAP56 is recognized as an RNA helicase but acts as a splicing factor required for early spliceosome assembly. Another factor involved in the EJC pathway is DEK. This component is known to take part in a variety of functions ranging from splicing to transcriptional regulation and chromatin structure.

## Structure

The crystallization of the exon junction complex has revealed the structural organization of its protein components. The core of the complex is elongated with an overall dimension of 99Å by 67Å by 54Å. It is organized around the eIF4AIII factor. The factor itself consists of two different types of conformations around the mRNA: closed and open. In a closed state, the two domains of eIF4AIII form composite binding sites for the 5'-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate (ADPNP) and mRNA. In the open conformation, the two domains are rotated by 160 degrees relative to closed state. The protein components Magoh and Y14 bind together to form a heterodimer located at the 5’ pole of the EJC. Magoh binds to an eIF4AIII domain through interactions between residues from its two C-terminal helices and one end of a large β-sheet. Conserved residues in the linker between the two eIF4AIII domains form salt bridges or hydrogen bonds with specific residues in Magoh. Other bonding occurs between the second loop of the Magoh β–sheet and the two eIF4AIII domains and their linker. There is only a single partial bond formed between Y14 and eIF4AIII. This consists of a salt bridge between the conserved residues Y14 Arg108 and eIF4AIII Asp401. If mutations were to occur to both of these residues, association of Magoh-Y14 with EJC would be non-existent.

## Mechanism

During the second step of splicing in eukaryotic cells, the EJC is deposited approximately 20-24 nucleotides from the 5’ end upstream of the splice junction (where two exons are joined), when the lariat has formed and the exons are ligated together. The binding of the EJC to the mRNA occurs in a sequence independent manner, to form the mature messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP). The EJC remains stably bound to this mRNP as it is exported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. Protein components are either bound to or released by the EJC as it is transported. In order for the translocation of mRNAs through the nuclear pore complex to occur, a heterodimer consisting of NXF1/TAP and NXT1/p15 must bind to the transcripts. NXF1/TAP is a major receptor for the export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. This is because it interacts with both RNA-binding adapter proteins and components of the nuclear pore complex.

Recognition of a premature termination codon occurs during translation in the cytoplasm. The image shown below implies that this event is nuclear, contrary to the general view in this field. Readers should be aware that translation in the nucleus is a highly controversial subject that is not well-supported by data.

## In nonsense mediated decay

Exon junction complexes play a major role in mRNA surveillance. More specifically, they are found in the nonsense mediated decay pathway (NMD), wherein mRNA transcripts with premature stop codons are degraded. In normal mRNA translation, the ribosome binds to the transcript and begins amino acid chain elongation. It continues on until it reaches the location of the exon junction complex, which it then displaces. Next, translation is complete when the ribosome reaches a termination codon. In NMD, the mRNA transcript contains a premature termination codon (PTC) due to a nonsense mutation. If this codon occurs prior to the EJC site, the EJC will remain bound, triggering mRNA decay. The EJC and its position serve as a type of regulator, determining whether the transcript is defective or not.

EJCs are also known to take part in NMD in another way; the recruitment of the surveillance factors UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3. These proteins are the most important components of the NMD mechanism. The EJC protein MAGOH, Y14 and eIF4AIII provide a binding for UPF3, which acts as a bridge between UPF2 and UPF1 forming a trimeric complex. Within this complex, UPF2 and UPF3 act cooperatively to promote ATPase and RNA helicase of UPF1. The EJC core stably anchors the UPF complex to the mRNA, and aids in regulation of essential UPF1 protein. Ribosomes which are stalled on a PTC recruit UPF1 through interactions with the release factor eRF1 and eRF3. Along with the protein SMG1, eRF1, eRF3 and UPF1 form the complex SURF. This complex forms a bridge between the ribosome and the downstream EJC which is associated with UPF3 and UPF2. This interaction triggers the phosphorylation of UPF1 by SMG1, causing the dissociation of eRF1 and eRF3. The complex produced consists of EJC, UPF3, UPF2, phosphorylated UPF1 and SMG1 and in turn triggers degradation of the mRNA.


title: Expeditie Robinson 2002

abstract: Expeditie Robinson: 2002 is the third season of the Dutch/Belgian version of the Swedish show Expedition Robinson, or Survivor as it is referred to in some countries. This season began airing on September 15, 2002, and concluded on December 18, 2002. A major twist this season was that the team tribes were initially divided by gender, with the Mensirip tribe initially comprising only men, while the Uma tribe initially comprising only women. A second twist occurred in episode 3, when the series' first tribe swap occurred. Ultimately, Derek Blok from the Netherlands won the season over Olivier Glorieux from Belgium in a jury vote of 5-4 to become the Sole Survivor.

text:
# Expeditie Robinson 2002

***Expeditie Robinson: 2002*** is the third season of the Dutch/Belgian version of the Swedish show *Expedition Robinson*, or *Survivor* as it is referred to in some countries. This season began airing on September 15, 2002, and concluded on December 18, 2002.

A major twist this season was that the team tribes were initially divided by gender, with the Mensirip tribe initially comprising only men, while the Uma tribe initially comprising only women. A second twist occurred in episode 3, when the series' first tribe swap occurred.

Ultimately, Derek Blok from the Netherlands won the season over Olivier Glorieux from Belgium in a jury vote of 5-4 to become the Sole Survivor.

## Finishing order

| Contestant | Original
Tribe | Episode 3
Tribe | Merged
Tribe | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Danny Giles**
19, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Mensirip |  |  | 1st Voted Out
Day 4 |
| **Meintje Brand**
30, Uden, Netherlands | Uma |  |  | 2nd Voted Out
Day 8 |
| **Annelies Marten**
24, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium | Uma | Mensirip |  | 3rd Voted Out
Day 12 |
| **Walter DeSmedt**
36, Wilrijk, Belgium | Mensirip | Uma |  | 4th Voted Out
Day 16 |
| **Raymond Grave**
42, Son en Breugel, Netherlands | Mensirip | Uma |  | Quit
Day 20 |
| **Keo Freysen**
24, Borsbeek, Belgium | Mensirip | Mensirip | Robinson | Evacuated
1st Jury Member
Day 24 |
| **Nolleke Bekkering**
46, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Uma | Uma | | 6th Voted Out
2nd Jury Member
Day 28 |
| **Mark Meester**
32, Nieuw-Vennep, Netherlands | Mensirip | Uma | | 7th Voted Out
3rd Jury Member
Day 32 |
| **Jakobien Huisman**
31, Antwerp, Belgium | Uma | Uma | | 8th Voted Out
4th Jury Member
Day 36 |
| **Lydia Guiso**
19, Opglabbeek, Belgium | Uma | Uma | | 9th Voted Out
5th Jury Member
Day 40 |
| **Deborah Hattem**
23, Utrecht, Netherlands | Uma | Uma | | 10th Voted Out
6th Jury Member
Day 40 |
| **Luc Smeets**
40, Neerpelt, Belgium | Mensirip | Mensirip | | 11th Voted Out
7th Jury Member
Day 40 |
| **Loes Vincke**
34, Kortrijk, Belgium | Uma | Mensirip | | 12th Voted Out
8th Jury Member
Day 43 |
| **Kristina Arquin**
27, Antwerp, Belgium | Uma | Mensirip | | Lost Challenge
9th Jury Member
Day 46 |
| **Olivier Glorieux**
28, Wemmel, Belgium | Mensirip | Mensirip | | Runner-Up
Day 47 |
| **Derek Blok**
41, Amsterdam, Netherlands | Mensirip | Mensirip | | Sole Survivor
Day 47 |

## Future Appearances

Jakobien Huisman and Lydia Guiso returned to compete in *Expeditie Robinson: Battle of the Titans*.

## Voting history

|  | | Original Tribes | | Mixed Tribes | | | | Merged Tribe | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Episode #: | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | 6 | | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | | | 11 | 12 | Reunion | |
| Eliminated: | | Danny
4/8 votes | Meintje
3/8 votes | Annelies
4/7 votes | Walter
5/7 votes | Raymond
No vote | ~~Mark~~
4/5 votes | Keo
No vote | ~~Nolleke~~
6/10 votes | Nolleke
6/10 votes | Mark
8/9 votes | Jakobien
6/8 votes | Lydia
3/7 votes | Deborah
5/6 votes | Luc
3/5 votes | Loes
3/4 votes | Kristina
No vote | Olivier
4/9 votes | Derek
5/9 votes |
| Voter | | Vote | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Derek | Mark |  | Annelies |  |  |  |  | Nolleke | Nolleke | Mark | Jakobien | Deborah | Deborah | Loes | Loes |  | Jury Vote | |
|  | Olivier | Danny |  | Annelies |  |  |  |  | Nolleke | Nolleke | Mark | Lydia | Lydia | Deborah | Luc | Loes |  | |
|  | Kristina |  | Meintje | Olivier |  |  |  |  | Nolleke | Nolleke | Mark | Jakobien | Lydia | Deborah | Luc | Loes |  | Olivier |  |
|  | Loes |  | Meintje | Derek |  |  |  |  | Nolleke | Nolleke | Mark | Jakobien | Deborah | Deborah | Luc | Kristina |  | Olivier |  |
|  | Luc | Mark |  | Annelies |  |  |  |  | Nolleke | Nolleke | Mark | Jakobien | Lydia | Deborah | Loes |  | | Olivier |  |
|  | Deborah |  | Lydia |  | Walter |  | Mark |  | Mark | Mark | Mark | Jakobien | Luc | Loes |  | | |  | Derek |
|  | Lydia |  | Deborah |  | Walter |  | Mark |  | Mark | Mark | Mark | Jakobien | Luc |  | | | |  | Derek |
|  | Jakobien |  | Kristina |  | Walter |  | Mark |  | Mark | Mark | Mark | Deborah |  | | | | | Olivier |  |
|  | Mark | Danny |  |  | Nolleke |  | Deborah |  | Nolleke | Nolleke | Derek |  | | | | | |  | Derek |
|  | Noelleke |  | Annelies |  | Walter |  | Mark |  | Mark | Mark |  | | | | | | |  | Derek |
|  | Keo | Danny |  | Annelies |  |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | |  | Derek |
|  | Raymond | Danny |  |  | Walter |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Walter | Mark |  |  | Raymond |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Annelies |  | Meintje | Derek |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Meintje |  | Kristina |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  | Danny | Luc |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|

**^1** As Raymond voluntarily left the competition in episode 5, no one was eliminated at the fifth tribal council.

**^2** As Keo was evacuated in episode 6, no one was eliminated at the sixth tribal council.

## InfoBox

| *Expeditie Robinson 2002* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 3 | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Ernst-Paul Hasselbach |
| No. of days | 47 |
| No. of castaways | 16 |
| Winner | Derek Blok |
| Runner-up | Olivier Glorieux |
| Location | Mensirip Island, Johor, Malaysia |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 12 |
| Release | |
| Original network | RTL5
VT4 |
| Original release | September 15 (2002-09-15)
December 18, 2002 (2002-12-18) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Evelyn Carrera

abstract: Evelyn Carrera Pichardo is a retired female volleyball player from the Dominican Republic, who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, wearing the number #5 jersey. There she ended up in eleventh place with the Dominican Republic women's national team. Carrera played as a libero.

text:
# Evelyn Carrera

**Evelyn Carrera Pichardo** (born October 5, 1971 in Santo Domingo) is a retired female volleyball player from the Dominican Republic, who competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, wearing the number #5 jersey. There she ended up in eleventh place with the Dominican Republic women's national team. Carrera played as a libero.

## Career

Evelyn win the silver medal at the 2002 Pan-American Cup held in Mexicali, Mexico; she also was awarded Best Libero for the tournament.

She won the gold medal and the Best Libero award with the national squad at the 2003 Pan American Games.

Carrera was named *Best Digger* and *Best Libero* at the 2004 Pan-American Cup.

Playing professionally in the Puerto Rico's Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino, she was awarded as the Best Libero, and among the *All Star Team 2006*.

### Beach Volleyball

During the Holy Week Sport Festival held in Hato Mayor, Carrera played Beach Volleyball (three) with Yenifer Calcaño and Brenda Castillo, winning the Gold Medal of the event.

## Clubs

## Awards

### Individuals

### Beach Volleyball

* 2009 Hato Mayor Beach Volleyball Tournament  Gold Medal

1. CONADE (2002-06-30). "Cuba Campeón Panamericano de voleibol femenil". *Gaceta Olimpiada Nacional* (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-05-11. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
2. FIVB. "Pan Am Games Awards". Retrieved 2010-06-17.
3. FIVB. "Dominican Republic wins Pan Am gold in five-set thriller". Retrieved 2010-01-25.
4. Hoy (2006-03-04). "Evelyn Carreras repite premio en borinquen" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2011-05-09.
5. nacion.com. "Combinación de boricuas e invitadas en el equipo de Estrellas" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2009-11-07.
6. Listin Diario (2009-04-11). "Equipo Pedro Martínez avanza a la final" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-04-27.
7. Hoy (2009-04-13). "Equipos ganan voleibol playero HM" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2011-04-27.

## InfoBox

| Evelyn Carrera | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Evelyn Carrera Pichardo |
| Nationality | Dominican Republic |
| Born | (1971-10-05) October 5, 1971<br>Santo Domingo |
| Hometown | Santo Domingo |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 70 kg (154 lb) |
| Spike | 302 cm (119 in) |
| Block | 297 cm (117 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Libero |
| National team | |
| 1998–2006  Dominican Republic | |
| Honours      Women's volleyball  Representing the  Dominican Republic  Pan American Games  2003 Santo Domingo  Team  Central American and Caribbean Games  2002 San Salvador  Team  2006 Cartagena  Team  1998 Maracaibo  Team  Pan-American Cup  2005 Santo Domingo  Team  2003 Saltillo  Team  2002 Mexicali  Team  2004 Mexicali/Tijuana  Team  2006 San Juan  Team | |
| Last updated: October 2011 | |


title: Evelyn Carnegie

abstract: Evelyn Mary Carnegie is an Irish academic and former association football player, who represented the Republic of Ireland women's national football team. She is Head of the Sport and Physical Activity Department at Edge Hill University. In September 1992, Carnegie played for Ireland in their 10–0 UEFA Women's Euro 1993 qualification defeat by Sweden. She later represented the Liverpool County Football Association.

text:
# Evelyn Carnegie

**Evelyn Mary Carnegie** (born 8 December 1967) is an Irish academic and former association football player, who represented the Republic of Ireland women's national football team. She is Head of the Sport and Physical Activity Department at Edge Hill University.

In September 1992, Carnegie played for Ireland in their 10–0 UEFA Women's Euro 1993 qualification defeat by Sweden. She later represented the Liverpool County Football Association.

## InfoBox

Evelyn Carnegie
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Evelyn Mary Carnegie | | |
| Date of birth | (1967-12-08) 8 December 1967 | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992 | Ireland |  |  |


title: Exodus (2007 British film)

abstract: Exodus is a contemporary retelling of the Biblical story of Exodus, that was released in 2007. It was directed by Penny Woolcock and was shot on location in Margate, Kent, England. The film, which had a working title 'The Margate Exodus' features the burning of a large sculpture of a man made out of waste by Antony Gormley. The film was shown on Channel 4 on 19 November 2007.

text:
# Exodus (2007 British film)

***Exodus*** is a contemporary retelling of the Biblical story of Exodus, that was released in 2007. It was directed by Penny Woolcock and was shot on location in Margate, Kent, England. The film, which had a working title 'The Margate Exodus' features the burning of a large sculpture of a man made out of waste by Antony Gormley. The film was shown on Channel 4 on 19 November 2007.

## Synopsis

The leader of the country, called Pharaoh (who is plagued by voices), declares war upon society's 'undesirables'. Drug abusers, refugees, criminals and the homeless are all considered equally worthless and entered into a restricted ghetto, called 'Dreamland' (set in a then dilapidated fun fair of that name, since restored), where they cannot leave.

When Moses learns he was adopted by Pharaoh and is actually the son of an asylum seeker, he shuns his life of privilege to lead the ghetto's inhabitants in a revolt against his father.

A series of 'plagues' echoing the biblical story attack the inhabitants of the 'promised land' including algal blooms which turn the sea red (like the first plague of turning the River Nile to blood) and a computer virus (possibly a modern reworking of the sickness in live stock plague).

The plagues are treated as acts of terrorism by those in the promised land and violent reprisals are sought against those in Dreamland.

## InfoBox

| Exodus | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Penny Woolcock |
| Written by | Penny Woolcock |
| Produced by | Ruth Kenley-Letts
Andrew Litvin |
| Starring | Bernard Hill
Clare-Hope Ashitey
Daniel Percival
Louis Constant
Tom Wiles |
| Cinematography | Jakob Ihre |
| Music by | Malcolm Lindsay |
| Release date | * 4 September 2007 (2007-09-04) (Venice) |
| Running time | 111 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Exi (subculture)

abstract: The Exis were a 1950s youth movement in Hamburg, West Germany. The Exis took their name from the existentialist movement, and were influenced by its chief proponents Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.

text:
# Exi (subculture)

The **Exis** (German: \[ˈɛksiːs\]) were a 1950s youth movement in Hamburg, West Germany. The Exis took their name from the existentialist movement, and were influenced by its chief proponents Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.

## Parallels

Quite a few of the Hamburg fans of the Beatles, in the period 1960–1962, regarded themselves as "Exis". In some ways, the Exis were the spiritual successors of the Swing Kids of the 1930s. Both movements were heavily influenced by the prevailing popular culture and music of the United States, whether 1930s jazz, in the case of the Swing Kids or 1950s rock and roll, in the case of the Exis.

Aside from the utterly transformed political and cultural atmosphere in Germany after the war, the biggest difference between the two movements was that, where the Swing Kids wholeheartedly embraced American culture (right down to zoot suits and bobby socks), Exis generally wanted to show that they could think for themselves, as many young people do.

## Post-war ties between Britain and Hamburg

One of the factors, which had strengthened the link between British musical acts and the Hamburg clubs, was the presence of large numbers of British servicemen (see British Army of the Rhine), in the north-west of Germany. In the aftermath of the Second World War, it became common practice for music promoters in north Western Germany, a number of whom were British themselves, to book British acts. However, some parts of Hamburg were off limits to soldiers and airmen and they never seem to have had the influence, which one might have expected, in the post-war development of St. Pauli. This was partly because of the changing political and legal position. After 1955, they were "guests" on the territory of an ally and NATO member. Before the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (i.e. West Germany) in 1949, the British forces had actually governed their sector.

## St Pauli, a haven for those who are different

In any case, the St. Pauli district was a place for sailors to relax and artisans to experiment with new ideas, long before the Reeperbahn became internationally famous. In addition, "Hamburgers" have always had some sense of being different from other Germans and the area around the Grosse Freiheit, originally just outside the city boundary, was where people were allowed to "do their own thing", in various ways (but primarily when it came to religion), as far back as the eighteenth century.

## Influences on fashions and image

While the fashion choices of some Exis had a slightly preppy or conservative quality (and, given the middle-class background of most of them, this was probably unavoidable), many sought to distance themselves from the blue-jeaned, check-shirted excesses of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's America, by projecting a somewhat darker and more introspective image. Sartre's black polo-neck sweaters and Gauloises cigarettes were the most obvious symbols. In an interview with NPR, Astrid Kirchherr described the Exi style in Hamburg as consisting of black clothes and very long scarves trailing to the floor.

However some American icons of the time, such as James Dean and Marlon Brando, were, in the eyes of most middle-aged Americans of the 1950s, young rebels, rather than suitable role models for the nation's youth. Thus, they were bound to be more attractive to those adolescents, who were trying to stand out from the rest of society, than the "respectable" performers, whom parents admired.

The dress of British and American rockers and bikers, the vast majority of whom had not been anywhere near Hamburg, was not vastly different from some of the Exis but to obsessive teenagers, an extra zip, here and there, can be everything and such comparisons may well have been dismissed by Exis (or Rockers), at the time. There are also similarities to jazz musicians and some of their fans but the Exis did not listen exclusively to rock and roll, that unruly mix of country and western and rhythm and blues.


title: Expelled (short story)

abstract:
"Expelled" is a short story by John Cheever published by The New Republic in 1930.
The story appears in a collection of Cheever's short fiction, Thirteen Uncollected Stories by John Cheever, published in 1994 by Academy Chicago Publishers An autobiographical piece, "Expelled" is Cheever's first published work of fiction.

text:
# Expelled (short story)

"**Expelled**" is a short story by John Cheever published by *The New Republic* in 1930. The story appears in a collection of Cheever's short fiction, *Thirteen Uncollected Stories by John Cheever*, published in 1994 by Academy Chicago Publishers

An autobiographical piece, "*Expelled*" is Cheever's first published work of fiction.

## Plot

The story is written from the first-person point-of-view. Without making it explicit, the unnamed narrator is Cheever. The story begins In medias res. No clearly articulated plot develops.

A student at a prestigious prep school is summarily dismissed from the institution for poor academic performance during his junior year. He reflects upon the nature of his experience at the school, stressing his alienation and disaffection: the restrained analysis of the academic establishment is a covert but powerful indictment of the system. The narrator provides a number of vignettes of those educators who impressed him because they challenged the school administrators, expressed great enthusiasm for the subjects they taught, or deviated from the socially approved expressions of their personal suffering.

The story ends ambiguously. Now in exile, the former student struggles with the implications of his expulsion, a painful, but liberating right of passage that marks his entry into adulthood.

## Publication background

Cheever left the prestigious Thayer Academy in his junior year. The reason for his departure is not perfectly clear, as Cheever himself provided a number of unrelated versions including poor grades, smoking on campus, or homosexual encounters with some of his classmates. Reaction to the story came from a number of fronts, not least of which were parents of Thayer students and its faculty, who accused Cheever of "distortions." The school's headmaster, Stacy Baxter Southworth insisted that Cheever "was not expelled" but "left entirely on his own volition." In a 1978 interview with John Hersey in *The New York Times Book Review*, Cheever recalled:

> I was delighted to be expelled from Thayer. It was not unreasonable on their part. They would have liked very much for me to go to Harvard, and I sensed intuitively that that would have been disastrous. So I was very happy when the headmaster threatened me with expulsion, and I immediately went home and wrote an article for *The New Republic* entitled 'Expelled'...I was 17 when it was published, and I was very happy about it."

Cheever, in an act of youthful audacity, submitted the work to Malcolm Cowley, editor of the prestigious leftist journal *The New Republic*. Cowley was so impressed with the story that he waived the magazine's policy of carrying only non-fiction articles, and published "Expelled" in its October 1, 1930, issue.

"Expelled" is the first published work of Cheever's literary career.

## Critical assessment

Cheever's academic failure in his junior year served as the genesis for "Expelled", composed when he was 17-years-old. Literary critic Lynne Waldeland observes that "even at the age of sixteen \[sic\], Cheever showed showed skill at getting beyond the personal vibrations of the experience to a literary presentation of the material." Biographer Scott Donaldson places the author's achievement in a broader context:

> The roster of brilliant people who have failed in school is a long one—Churchill comes to mind, and F. Scott Fitzgerald— and every year, hundreds of students are dismissed from American prep schools. But Cheever is probably the only one to use such a rejection as a way of launching his career. He sat down and wrote a story about it, applying a thin veneer of fiction to his own experience...

## Style, theme and structure

Literary critic George W. Hunt notes the influence of Ernest Hemingway in the opening paragraph of the work:

> *It didn't come all at once. It took a long time. First I had a skirmish with the English department and then all the other departments. Pretty soon something had to be done. The first signs were cordialities on the part of the headmaster. He was never nice to anybody unless he was a football star, or hadn't paid his tuition, or was going to be expelled. That's how I knew.*

Commenting on the structure of "Expelled", literary critic Robert Morace called it "very nearly cubist in effect.": "The nonlinear structure has sometimes been misread as a sign of literary apprenticeship rather than understood as characteristic of Cheever's approach, both early and late, to the writing of fiction." Praising Cheever's "stylistic restraint" in "Expelled", literary critic Patrick Meanor reports that "the narrative voice is never strident." Meanor cites this passage of the story to illustrate the point:

> *It was not the fault of the school at all. It was the fault of the system - the non-educational system, the college preparatory system...That is what made the school so useless. As a college preparatory school it was a fine school. In five years they could make raw material look like college material. They could clothe it and breed it and make it say the right things when the colleges ask it to talk. That was its duty. They weren't prepared to educate anybody...*

Literary critic James E. O'Hara quotes a passage from the story to illustrate Cheever's contempt and alienation from Thayer Academy and the prep school establishment:

> "Few American writers have begun their careers at the age of seventeen with a story like "Expelled", which combines the clumsiness of a first effort with a remarkable maturity of vision...establishing an autobiographical pattern of composition that Cheever adhered to throughout his life."— Literary critic Patrick Meanor in *John Cheever Revisited* (1995)

Donaldson adds: "In 999 cases out of a thousand, such a submission would have turned into a political harangue and been rejected without a second glance. But Cheever's tale was different...it caught Cowley's attention and held it."

> *As a college preparatory school it was a fine school. In five years they could make raw material look like college material. They could clothe it and breed it, make it say the right things when the colleges asked it to talk. That was its duty*.

Remarking on work's key thematic element, Patrick Meanor regards "Expelled" as "the first example of the single most important thematic element pattern" in Cheever's work, "the fall" from innocence, and adding this seminal story "marked the first of Cheever's outcast or the exile, a character type that surfaces throughout his fiction."

## Footnotes

## Sources

* Bailey, Blake. 2009. Notes on Text in *John Cheever: Collected Stories and Other Writing.* The Library of America. Pp. 1025-1028 ISBN 978-1-59853-034-6
* Cheever, John. 1994. *The Uncollected Stories of John Cheever*. Edited by Franklin H. Dennis. Academy Chicago Publishers, Chicago. ISBN 0-89733-405-1
* Cheever, John. 2009. *John Cheever: Collected Stories and Other Writing.* The Library of America. ISBN 978-1-59853-034-6
* Coale, Samuel. 1977. *John Cheever*. Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, New York. ISBN 0-8044-6081-7
* Donaldson, Scott. 1988. *John Cheever: A Biography*. Random House, New York. ISBN 0-394-54921-X
* Hunt, George W. 1993. Introduction to *Thirteen Uncollected Works by John Cheever*. Chicago Academy Publishers. ISBN 0-89733-405-1
* Meanor, Patrick. 1995. *John Cheever Revisited.* Twayne Publishers, New York. ISBN 0-8057-3999-8
* O'Hara, James E. 1989. *John Cheever: A Study of the Short Fiction.* Twayne Publishers, Boston Massachusetts. Twayne Studies in Short Fiction no 9. ISBN 0-8057-8310-5
* Waldeland, Lynne. 1979. *John Cheever*. Twayne Publishers, G. K. Hall & Company, Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-8057-7251-0

## InfoBox

| "Expelled" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by John Cheever | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *The New Republic* |
| Publication date | October 1, 1930 |


title: Radha Govinda Baruah

abstract: Radha Govinda Baruah was the founder of The Assam Tribune, a group of news papers. Radha Govinda Baruah, an enterprising person in Dibrugarh, first conceived the idea of launching an English daily. With some help from his friends and well wishers, he brought out an English weekly newspaper instead of a daily on 4 August 1939 under the editorship of Lakshminath Phookan, former editorial staff of Hindustan Standard, a leading daily of Anand Bazar Group, Kolkata. He founded the Assam Tribune in 1939. He was a sports enthusiast, who was president of the Assam Cricket Association for over a decade. The iconic Nehru Stadium in Guwahati was built under his leadership in 1962. He is also noted for his contributions to the society and culture of Assam. RG Baruah was instrumental in opening the first bank in Assam, the Imperial Bank Of India in 1923. He is called "the architect of modern Assam" for his being "instrumental in realising the educational needs" of the Assamese people. Radha Govinda Baruah College in Guwahati is named after him. He is also called the Singhapurush for his immense bravery and enthusiasm.

text:
# Radha Govinda Baruah

**Radha Govinda Baruah** (17 October 1900 – 15 July 1977) was the founder of The Assam Tribune, a group of news papers. Radha Govinda Baruah, an enterprising person in Dibrugarh, first conceived the idea of launching an English daily. With some help from his friends and well wishers, he brought out an English weekly newspaper instead of a daily on 4 August 1939 under the editorship of Lakshminath Phookan, former editorial staff of Hindustan Standard, a leading daily of Anand Bazar Group, Kolkata. He founded the Assam Tribune in 1939. He was a sports enthusiast, who was president of the Assam Cricket Association for over a decade. The iconic Nehru Stadium in Guwahati was built under his leadership in 1962. He is also noted for his contributions to the society and culture of Assam. RG Baruah was instrumental in opening the first bank in Assam, the Imperial Bank Of India (Now State Bank Of India) in 1923. He is called "the architect of modern Assam" for his being "instrumental in realising the educational needs" of the Assamese people. Radha Govinda Baruah College (or R G Baruah College) in Guwahati is named after him. He is also called the *Singhapurush* ("Lion Man") for his immense bravery and enthusiasm.

## Honours

In 2000, Baruah was honoured with a postage stamp, part of a series of "Great Leaders : Social and Political" along with Jaglal Choudhary, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and Diwan Bahadur R. Srinivasan.

## InfoBox

| Radha Govinda Baruah | |
| --- | --- |
| Baruah on a 2000 stamp of India | |
| Born | (1900-10-17)17 October 1900 |
| Died | 15 July 1977(1977-07-15) (aged 76) |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Lion man |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Known for | Started Assam Flying club. First Mayor of Guwahati. Started the Guwahati Tea Auction Center. The Nehru Stadium at Guwahati was built under his leadership. |
| Relatives | Narendra Nath Phukan |


title: Executive Council of New South Wales

abstract: The Executive Council of New South Wales is the cabinet of that Australian state, consisting of the Ministers, presided over by the governor.

text:
# Executive Council of New South Wales

The **Executive Council of New South Wales** (informally and more commonly, the **Cabinet of New South Wales**) is the cabinet of that Australian state, consisting of the Ministers, presided over by the governor.

## Role and history

The Executive Council was created within the Royal Letters Patent commissioning Sir Ralph Darling as Governor on 19 December 1825, which would act as the governor's executive advisory council alongside the Legislative Council. In the early Crown colony of New South Wales prior to full self-government in 1856, the Executive Council was appointed by the Governor and included military and judicial officials, their role that of the Governor's cabinet, similar to the present except that the Governor took part in cabinet meetings and political decisions, whereas modern Governors do not. The colonial Legislative Council, established in 1824, was subordinate to the Governor and the Council and served more as a sounding-board than a legislative body.

Made up of members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and the New South Wales Legislative Council, the cabinet is similar in structure and role to the Cabinet of Australia. As federal and state responsibilities differ there are a number of different portfolios between the federal and state governments, most prominent being the absence of foreign or defence portfolios in state governments. As required by Section 35CA of the *Constitution Act 1902*, all prospective Executive Councillors must take the pledge of loyalty or oath of allegiance and oath of office. Once sworn in, the members of the council are entitled to bear the title "The Honourable". Once leaving office however, they must relinquish it unless they have served more than three years on the council or have been specifically approved to bear it for life by the monarch on the advice of the council. All retentions of the title must, however, be approved by Royal proclamation.

While the Governor acts as the President of the Executive Council, a minister is appointed to be Vice-President of the Executive Council, as set forth in section 35D of the constitution, to act as chair in the absence of the governor and to facilitate the agenda and reports of members before the council and the crown.

Meetings of the Council almost always consist of the Governor (or their representative; such as the Lieutenant Governor), the Official Secretary to the Governor (ex-officio the Secretary of the Executive Council) and a quorum of councillors, which is set at two. The Governor of New South Wales, as representative of the Queen in Right of New South Wales, heads the council, and is referred to as the Governor in Council. Other members of the Cabinet, who advise, or minister, the vice-regal, are selected by the Premier of New South Wales and appointed by the Governor. Most cabinet ministers are the head of a ministry, but this is not always the case. Section 13B(6) of the Constitution provides that the Vice-President shall be an elected member of the parliament, which by convention is always a member of the Legislative Council and, more specifically, the leader of the government in the council.

## King-in-Council

The Government of New South Wales, which is formally referred to as *His Majesty's Government* is defined by the Constitution of New South Wales (1902) as the Queen acting on the advice of the Executive Council, or sometimes the *Governor-in-Council*, referring to the Governor as the King's representative. The sovereign or his viceroy govern by issuing Orders in Council, certified by the royal or viceroyal sign-manual and the Great Seal of New South Wales. In the construct of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, this is done on ministerial advice that is typically binding, though the sovereign and his or her representative may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations.

## InfoBox

Executive Council of New South Wales
| Coat of Arms of the State of New South Wales | |
| --- | --- |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1825 |
| Jurisdiction | State of New South Wales |
| Headquarters | Chief Secretary's Building |
| Agency executives |  |


title: Extrafusal muscle fiber

abstract: Extrafusal muscle fibers are the standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up the large mass of skeletal striated muscle tissue and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons). Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction, where the neuron's signal, the action potential, is transduced to the muscle fiber by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with intrafusal muscle fibers, which are innervated by sensory nerve endings in central noncontractile parts and by gamma motor neurons in contractile ends and thus serve as a sensory proprioceptor. Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation. This allows study of their formation and physiology.

text:
# Extrafusal muscle fiber

**Extrafusal muscle fibers** are the standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up the large mass of skeletal striated muscle tissue and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons).

Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction, where the neuron's signal, the action potential, is transduced to the muscle fiber by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with intrafusal muscle fibers, which are innervated by sensory nerve endings in central noncontractile parts and by gamma motor neurons in contractile ends and thus serve as a sensory proprioceptor.

Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro (in a dish) from pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation. This allows study of their formation and physiology.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Extrafusal muscle fiber | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Part of | Skeletal muscle |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *myofibra extrafusalis* |
| TH | H3.03.00.0.00007 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Expressive Intelligence Studio

abstract: The Expressive Intelligence Studio is a research group at the University of California, Santa Cruz, established to conduct research in the field of game design technology. The studio is currently being run by Michael Mateas and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, who work closely with the students in their research.

text:
# Expressive Intelligence Studio

The **Expressive Intelligence Studio** is a research group at the University of California, Santa Cruz, established to conduct research in the field of game design technology. The studio is currently being run by Michael Mateas and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, who work closely with the students in their research.

## History

When Michael Mateas formed the group back in 2006, his goal was to "stretch the students into being creative." He did not want the game design program at UCSC to be "just about photo-realistic graphics." Instead he wanted to form an ambitious group of students that grabbed the attention of the gaming industry. According to Noah Wardrip-Fruin, a major benefit for establishing the Expressive Intelligence Studio at UCSC is its proximity to Silicon Valley, where many game companies are located. In 2011, UCSC was listed 7th on Princeton Review's list of top graduate game design programs.

## Research

Most of the research done by the Expressive Intelligence Studio is done through major research projects, and focuses primarily on video game AI. PhD students in the program work closely with the advisors on these projects, which have a wide range of topics. Some of these topics include automated support for game generation, automatic generation of autonomous character conversations, story management, and authoring tools for interactive storytelling. This type of research in the field of game design is only being done in a small number of other institutions, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, and Georgia Institute of Technology. According to Mateas, however, the program at the University of California, Santa Cruz Expressive Intelligence Studio strikes a balance between technology and design.

The studio has released several playable games based on research ideas, including Prom Week, the only university-produced finalist in the 2012 Independent Games Festival.

## Example EISbot

The EISbot software (short for Expressive Intelligence Studio Bot) is an example for a human-level artificial intelligence which can play Starcraft. It was developed in 2010 for the Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE). The AIIDE Starcraft AI Competition is about a game playing agent, who has to win against a human player. EISbot was realized as an agent architecture, which contains submodules for reactive planning, machine learning and case-based reasoning. The reactive planner is the core of EISbot and was realized with A Behavior Language (ABL), which is an action language similar to STRIPS. The behaviors are planned with so called managers who are responsible for subgoals like production, income, tactics and scouting behavior.

## InfoBox

Expressive Intelligence Studio
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2006 (2006) |
| Parent institution | University of California, Santa Cruz |
| Affiliation | Baskin School of Engineering |
| Advisors |  |
| Location | Santa Cruz, California, United States |
| Subjects |  |
| Website | eis.ucsc.edu |


title: Expressive function of law

abstract: The expressive function of law is the effect of law to create or validate social norms beyond the fear of punishment. For example, the criminalization of homosexuality may be maintained in order to express disapproval of homosexuality, even if it is not regularly enforced.

text:
# Expressive function of law

The **expressive function of law** is the effect of law to create or validate social norms beyond the fear of punishment. For example, the criminalization of homosexuality may be maintained in order to express disapproval of homosexuality, even if it is not regularly enforced.

* Unenforced law, a law which is formally in effect, but is usually not penalized by a jurisdiction
* Victimless crime, an illegal act which harms only the perpetrator(s)

## Further reading


title: Eye liner

abstract: Eye liner or eyeliner is a cosmetic used to define the eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eye(s). It is often used to create various aesthetic effects.

text:
# Eye liner

**Eye liner** or **eyeliner** is a cosmetic used to define the eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eye(s). It is often used to create various aesthetic effects.

## History

Eye liner was first used in ancient India, ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as a dark black line around the eyes. As early as 10,000 BC, Egyptians and Mesopotamians wore eye liner not only for aesthetics but to protect the skin from the desert sun. Research has also speculated that eye liner was worn to protect the wearer from the evil eye. The characteristic of having heavily lined eyes has been frequently depicted in ancient Egyptian art. They produced eye liner with a variety of materials, including copper ore and antimony. Ancient Egyptian kohl contained galena, which was imported from nearby regions in the Land of Punt, Coptos and Western Asia.

In the 1960s, liquid eye liner was used to create thick black and white lines around the eyes in the make-up fashion associated with designers like Mary Quant. The '60s and '70s also saw new fashion trends which made use of eyeliner, eyeshadow and mascara in new ways. As goth and punk fashion developed, they employed eyeliner for a dark and dramatic effect.

## Modern usage

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, heavy eye liner use has been associated with Goth fashion and Punk fashion. Eye liner of varying degrees of thickness has also become associated with the emo subculture and various alternative lifestyles. The term 'guyliner' has alternatively been used to describe men wearing eye liner and was popularized during the emo subculture of the early 2000s thanks to members of bands like Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco.

Eye liner is commonly used in a daily make-up routine to define the eye or create the look of a wider or smaller eye. It can be used as a tool to create various looks or to highlight different features of the eyes. Eye liner can be drawn above upper lashes or below lower lashes or both, even on the water lines of the eyes. Eye liner is available in a wide range of hues, from the common black, brown and grey to more adventurous shades such as bright primary colors, pastels, frosty silvers and golds, white, and even glitter-flecked colors.

### Winged eye liner

Winged eye liner defines the shape of the top eyelid and extends to a point or ‘wing’ about halfway toward the end of the eyebrow.

### Cat eye

A cat eye looks similar to a winged liner. It has a thicker wing than a winged liner that involves the bottom and the top lash line.

### Tight lining

Tight lining is the use of eye liner tight against the waterline under the lashes of the upper lid, and above the lashes of the lower lid. Due to the proximity to the membranes, and the surface of the eye itself, waterproof eye liner is preferred. Tight lining is a technique which makes the eyelashes appear to start farther back on the eyelid, thus making them look longer. Gel eye liner and a small angled brush may be used to create this look. Waterproof eyeliner pencils may also be used to create this look.

### Permanent Eyeliner

Permanent eyeliner is a permanent makeup technique that uses tattooing to apply ink pigment along the eyelids, creating the appearance of eyeliner.

### Application

Advice on application varies. Harper's Bazaar recommends applying line in short strokes.

## Types

Depending on its texture, eye liner can be softly smudged or clearly defined. There are six main types of eye liner available on the market: each produces a different effect.

* *Liquid eye liner* is an opaque liquid that usually comes in a small bottle and is typically applied with a small sharp-tipped brush. It creates a clean, precise line. This type of eye liner is best used to create sharp, winged eyeliner. Because liquid eye liner gives a much heavier appearance, it is often only applied to the upper lash-line.
* *Powder-based eye pencil* is eye liner in a wood pencil. It is generally available in dark, matted shades.
* *Wax-based eye pencils* are softer pencils and contain waxes that ease application. They come in a wide variety of intense colours as well as paler shades such as white or beige. Wax-based eye liners can also come in a cone or a compact with brush applicator. These are the cheapest and most ubiquitous eyeliner form
* *Kohl* eye liner is a soft powder available in dark matte shades. It is most often used in black to outline the eyes. It comes in pencil, pressed powder, or loose powder form. This type of eye liner is easy to smudge.
* *Gel eye liner*, which is a softer gel liner, that can be easily applied with an eye liner brush. It can be precisely applied and is much softer than Kohl.
* *Cake eyeliner*, a eyeliner formula that is dry until wetted with water or setting spray, that is used with a brush. Cake eyeliners are offered in many colours and finishes, and is often used for graphic eyeliner looks.
* *Shimmer eyeliner*, which is available in different bright colors applied on the upper as well as lower eyelid. It is offered with both shimmer finishes and glitter finish.
* *Felt tip eyeliner* is a type of liquid eyeliner offered in a marker pen. It is usually a brush tip, and the size of the brush tip may vary, depending on the manufacturer of the eyeliner, the trends in a certain market, and other factors. It is very precise as there is no need to sharpen, and the brush tip can get close to eyelashes, ensuring no gap. Some felt tip eyeliners also have adhesive inside the ink, used for gluing on false eyelashes.

## Chemical composition

Traditional wax-based eye liners are made from about 20 components. About 50% by weight are waxes (e.g., Japan wax, fats, or related soft materials that easily glide on to the skin. Stearyl heptanoate is found in most cosmetic eyeliner. Typical pigments include black iron oxides, as well as smaller amounts of titanium dioxide and Prussian blue.

**Notes**

**Further reading**

* Media related to Eye liner at Wikimedia Commons


title: Extension (predicate logic)

abstract: The extension of a predicate – a truth-valued function – is the set of tuples of values that, used as arguments, satisfy the predicate. Such a set of tuples is a relation.

text:
# Extension (predicate logic)

The **extension** of a predicate  a truth-valued function  is the set of tuples of values that, used as arguments, satisfy the predicate. Such a set of tuples is a relation.

## Examples

For example, the statement "*d2* is the weekday following *d1*" can be seen as a truth function associating to each tuple (*d2*, *d1*) the value *true* or *false*. The extension of this truth function is, by convention, the set of all such tuples associated with the value *true*, i.e.

```
{(Monday, Sunday),
 (Tuesday, Monday),
 (Wednesday, Tuesday),
 (Thursday, Wednesday),
 (Friday, Thursday),
 (Saturday, Friday),
 (Sunday, Saturday)}
```

By examining this extension we can conclude that "Tuesday is the weekday following Saturday" (for example) is false.

Using set-builder notation, the extension of the *n*-ary predicate $\Phi $ can be written as

$$\\{(x\_{1},...,x\_{n})\mid \Phi (x\_{1},...,x\_{n})\\}\\,.$$

## Relationship with characteristic function

If the values 0 and 1 in the range of a characteristic function are identified with the values false and true, respectively  making the characteristic function a predicate  , then for all relations *R* and predicates $\Phi $ the following two statements are equivalent:

* $\Phi $ is the characteristic function of *R*
* *R* is the extension of $\Phi $


title: Extension (telephone)

abstract: In residential telephony, an extension telephone is an additional telephone wired to the same telephone line as another. In middle 20th century telephone jargon, the first telephone on a line was a "Main Station" and subsequent ones "Extensions" or even called as intercom. Such extension phones allow making or receiving calls in different rooms, for example in a home, but any incoming call would ring all extensions and any one extension being in use would cause the line to be busy for all users. Some telephones intended for use as extensions have built-in intercom features; a key telephone system for a small business may offer two to five lines, lamps indicating lines already in use, the ability to place calls on 'hold' and an intercom on each of the multiple extensions. In business telephony, a telephone extension may refer to a phone on an internal telephone line attached to a private branch exchange (PBX) or Centrex system. The PBX operates much as a community switchboard does for a geographic telephone numbering plan and allows multiple lines inside the office to connect without each phone requiring a separate outside line. In these systems, one usually has to dial a number to tell the PBX to connect with an outside landline to dial an external number. Within the PBX, the user merely dials the extension number to reach any other user directly. For inbound calls, a switchboard operator or automated attendant may request the number of the desired extension or the call may be completed with direct inbound dialing, if outside numbers are assigned to individual extensions. An off-premises extension, where a worker at a remote location employs a telephone configured to appear as if it were an extension located at the main business site, may be created in analog telephony by using a leased line to connect the extension to the main enterprise system. Voice over IP makes the creation of off-premises extensions inexpensive and trivial, as broadband Internet and virtual private networking can extend local network access anywhere in the world. In either system, an off-premises extension is reachable from within the same enterprise simply by calling its extension number directly; for inbound and outgoing calls, it functions as if it were located at the main place of business.

text:
# Extension (telephone)

In residential telephony, an **extension telephone** is an additional telephone wired to the same telephone line as another. In middle 20th century telephone jargon, the first telephone on a line was a "Main Station" and subsequent ones "Extensions" or even called as intercom. Such extension phones allow making or receiving calls in different rooms, for example in a home, but any incoming call would ring all extensions and any one extension being in use would cause the line to be busy for all users. Some telephones intended for use as extensions have built-in intercom features; a key telephone system for a small business may offer two to five lines, lamps indicating lines already in use, the ability to place calls on 'hold' and an intercom on each of the multiple extensions.

In business telephony, a **telephone extension** may refer to a phone on an internal telephone line attached to a private branch exchange (PBX) or Centrex system. The PBX operates much as a community switchboard does for a geographic telephone numbering plan and allows multiple lines inside the office to connect without each phone requiring a separate outside line. In these systems, one usually has to dial a number (typically 9 in North America, 0 in Europe) to tell the PBX to connect with an outside landline (also called DDCO, or *Direct Dial Central Office*) to dial an external number. Within the PBX, the user merely dials the extension number to reach any other user directly. For inbound calls, a switchboard operator or automated attendant may request the number of the desired extension or the call may be completed with direct inbound dialing, if outside numbers are assigned to individual extensions.

An off-premises extension, where a worker at a remote location employs a telephone configured to appear as if it were an extension located at the main business site, may be created in analog telephony by using a leased line to connect the extension to the main enterprise system. Voice over IP makes the creation of off-premises extensions inexpensive and trivial, as broadband Internet and virtual private networking can extend local network access anywhere in the world. In either system, an off-premises extension is reachable from within the same enterprise simply by calling its extension number directly; for inbound and outgoing calls, it functions as if it were located at the main place of business.

## Reasons to use extensions

Since not all users dial out at the same time, sharing trunk lines is cheaper than giving each phone its own private landline. Extension to extension calls can be made and kept within the company for cost or security reasons. Extensions make it easier for workers to bring their telephone number with them if they change offices in the building. Extensions allow personalized traffic and call accounting data to be captured by the PBX or a phone recorder for cost control. A hotel or motel, for example, could install PBX extensions in each individual room and use the private branch exchange's call accounting to generate individualised long-distance bills for each room that are presented to the guest upon check-out.

1. Newton, H: *Newton's telecom dictionary*, CMP books, 2004, p. 901.