title: Private equity in the 1990s

abstract: Private equity in the 1990s relates to one of the major periods in the history of private equity and venture capital. Within the broader private equity industry, two distinct sub-industries, leveraged buyouts and venture capital, experienced growth along parallel although interrelated tracks. The development of the private equity and venture capital asset classes has occurred through a series of boom and bust cycles since the middle of the 20th century. Private equity emerged in the 1990s out of the ashes of the savings and loan crisis, the insider trading scandals, the real estate market collapse and the recession of the early 1990s which had culminated in the collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert and had caused the shutdown of the high-yield debt market. This period saw the emergence of more institutionalized private equity firms, ultimately culminating in the massive Dot-com bubble in 1999 and 2000.

text:
# Private equity in the 1990s

**Private equity in the 1990s** relates to one of the major periods in the **history of private equity and venture capital**. Within the broader private equity industry, two distinct sub-industries, leveraged buyouts and venture capital, experienced growth along parallel although interrelated tracks.

The development of the private equity and venture capital asset classes has occurred through a series of boom and bust cycles since the middle of the 20th century. Private equity emerged in the 1990s out of the ashes of the savings and loan crisis, the insider trading scandals, the real estate market collapse and the recession of the early 1990s which had culminated in the collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert and had caused the shutdown of the high-yield debt market. This period saw the emergence of more institutionalized private equity firms, ultimately culminating in the massive Dot-com bubble in 1999 and 2000.

## LBO bust (1990 to 1992)

By the end of the 1980s the excesses of the leveraged buyout (LBO) market were beginning to show, with the bankruptcy of several large buyouts, including Robert Campeau's 1988 buyout of Federated Department Stores; the 1986 buyout of the Revco drug stores; Walter Industries; FEB Trucking and Eaton Leonard. At the time, the RJR Nabisco deal was showing signs of strain, leading to a recapitalization, in 1990, that included the contribution of $1.7 billion of new equity from KKR. In response to the threat of unwelcome LBOs, some companies adopted techniques such as the so-called poison pill to protect them against hostile takeovers by effectively self-destructing the company if it were to be taken over, a practices that is increasingly discredited.

### The collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert

Drexel Burnham Lambert was the investment bank most responsible for the boom in private equity during the 1980s, due to its leadership in the issuance of high-yield debt. On May 12, 1986, Dennis Levine, a Drexel managing director and investment banker, was charged with insider trading. Levine pleaded guilty to four felonies, and implicated one of his recent partners, arbitrageur Ivan Boesky. Largely based on information Boesky promised to provide about his dealings with Michael Milken, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initiated an investigation of Drexel on November 17. Two days later, Rudy Giuliani, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, launched his own investigation.

For two years, Drexel consistently denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the criminal and SEC cases were based almost entirely on the statements of an admitted felon seeking to reduce his sentence. The SEC sued Drexel in September 1988 for insider trading, stock manipulation, defrauding its clients and stock parking (buying stocks for the benefit of another). All of the transactions involved Milken and his department. Giuliani considered indicting Drexel under the RICO Act, under the doctrine that companies are responsible for its employee's crimes.

A RICO indictment would have required the firm to put up a performance bond of as much as $1 billion, in lieu of having its assets frozen. Most of Drexel's capital was borrowed money, as is common with most investment banks, and it is difficult to receive credit for firms under a RICO indictment. Drexel CEO Fred Joseph said that he had been told that if Drexel were indicted under RICO, it would only survive a month at most.

Minutes prior to being indicted, Drexel reached an agreement with the government in which it pleaded *nolo contendere* (no contest) to six felonies – three counts of stock parking and three counts of stock manipulation. It also agreed to pay a fine of $650 million – at the time, the largest fine ever levied under securities laws. Milken had left the firm after his own indictment in March 1989. Effectively, Drexel was now a convicted felon.

In April 1989, Drexel settled with the SEC, agreeing to stricter safeguards on its oversight procedures. Later that month, the firm eliminated 5,000 jobs by shuttering three departments, including the retail brokerage operation.

Meanwhile, the high-yield debt markets had begun to shut down in 1989, a slowdown that accelerated into 1990. On February 13, 1990, after being advised by United States Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas F. Brady, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Federal Reserve System, Drexel Burnham Lambert officially filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

### S&L and the shutdown of the Junk Bond Market

In the 1980s, the boom in private equity transactions, specifically leveraged buyouts, was driven by the availability of financing, particularly high-yield debt, also known as "*junk bonds*". The collapse of the high yield market in 1989 and 1990 would signal the end of the LBO boom. At that time, many market observers were pronouncing the junk bond market “finished.” This collapse would be due largely to three factors:

* The collapse of Drexel Burnham Lambert, the foremost underwriter of junk bonds (discussed above).
* The dramatic increase in default rates among junk bond issuing companies. The historical default rate for high yield bonds from 1978 to 1988 was approximately 2.2% of total issuance. In 1989, defaults increased dramatically to 4.3% of the then $190 billion market and an additional 2.6% of issuance defaulted in the first half of 1990. As a result of the higher perceived risk, the differential in yield of the junk bond market over U.S. treasuries (known as the "spread") had also increased by 700 basis points (7 percentage points). This made the cost of debt in the high yield market significantly more expensive than it had been previously. The market shut down altogether for lower rated issuers.
* The mandated withdrawal of savings and loans from the high yield market. In August 1989, the U.S. Congress enacted the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 as a response to the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. Under the law, savings and loans (S&Ls) could no longer invest in bonds that were rated below investment grade. Additionally, S&Ls were mandated to sell their holdings by the end of 1993 creating a huge supply of low priced assets that helped freeze the new issuance market.

Despite the adverse market conditions, several of the largest private equity firms were founded in this period including:

## The second private equity boom and the origins of modern private equity

Beginning roughly in 1992, three years after the RJR Nabisco buyout, and continuing through the end of the decade the private equity industry once again experienced a tremendous boom, both in venture capital (as will be discussed below) and leveraged buyouts with the emergence of brand name firms managing multibillion-dollar sized funds. After declining from 1990 through 1992, the private equity industry began to increase in size raising approximately $20.8 billion of investor commitments in 1992 and reaching a high-water mark in 2000 of $305.7 billion, outpacing the growth of almost every other asset class.

### Resurgence of leveraged buyouts

Private equity in the 1980s was a controversial topic, commonly associated with corporate raids, hostile takeovers, asset stripping, layoffs, plant closings and outsized profits to investors. As private equity reemerged in the 1990s it began to earn a new degree of legitimacy and respectability. Although in the 1980s, many of the acquisitions made were unsolicited and unwelcome, private equity firms in the 1990s focused on making buyouts attractive propositions for management and shareholders. According to *The Economist*, “\[B\]ig companies that would once have turned up their noses at an approach from a private-equity firm are now pleased to do business with them.” Additionally, private equity investors became increasingly focused on the long-term development of companies they acquired, using less leverage in the acquisition. This was in part due to the lack of leverage available for buyouts during this period. In the 1980s leverage would routinely represent 85% to 95% of the purchase price of a company as compared to average debt levels between 20% and 40% in leveraged buyouts in the 1990s and the 2000s (decade). KKR's 1986 acquisition of Safeway, for example, was completed with 97% leverage and 3% equity contributed by KKR, whereas KKR's acquisition of TXU in 2007 was completed with approximately 19% equity contributed ($8.5 billion of equity out of a total purchase price of $45 billion). Additionally, private equity firms are more likely to make investments in capital expenditures and provide incentives for management to build long-term value.

The Thomas H. Lee Partners acquisition of Snapple Beverages, in 1992, is often described as the deal that marked the resurrection of the leveraged buyout after several dormant years. Only eight months after buying the company, Lee took Snapple Beverages public and in 1994, only two years after the original acquisition, Lee sold the company to Quaker Oats for $1.7 billion. Lee was estimated to have made $900 million for himself and his investors from the sale. Quaker Oats would subsequently sell the company, which performed poorly under new management, three years later for only $300 million to Nelson Peltz's Triarc. As a result of the Snapple deal, Thomas H. Lee, who had begun investing in private equity in 1974, would find new prominence in the private equity industry and catapult his Boston-based Thomas H. Lee Partners to the ranks of the largest private equity firms.

It was also in this timeframe that the capital markets would start to open up again for private equity transactions. During the 1990-1993 period, Chemical Bank established its position as a key lender to private equity firms under the auspices of pioneering investment banker, James B. Lee, Jr. (known as Jimmy Lee, not related to Thomas H. Lee). By the mid-20th century, under Jimmy Lee, Chemical had established itself as the largest lender in the financing of leveraged buyouts. Lee built a syndicated leveraged finance business and related advisory businesses including the first dedicated financial sponsor coverage group, which covered private equity firms in much the same way that investment banks had traditionally covered various industry sectors.

The following year, David Bonderman and James Coulter, who had worked for Robert M. Bass during the 1980s, together with William S. Price III, completed a buyout of Continental Airlines in 1993, through their nascent Texas Pacific Group, (today TPG Capital). TPG was virtually alone in its conviction that there was an investment opportunity with the airline. The plan included bringing in a new management team, improving aircraft utilization and focusing on lucrative routes. By 1998, TPG had generated an annual internal rate of return of 55% on its investment. Unlike Carl Icahn's hostile takeover of TWA in 1985., Bonderman and Texas Pacific Group were widely hailed as saviors of the airline, marking the change in tone from the 1980s. The buyout of Continental Airlines would be one of the few successes for the private equity industry which has suffered several major failures, including the 2008 bankruptcies of ATA Airlines, Aloha Airlines and Eos Airlines.

Among the most notable buyouts of the mid-to-late 1990s included:

The company's founders sold Duane Reade to Bain Capital for approximately $300 million. In 1997, Bain Capital then sold the chain to DLJ Merchant Banking Partners Duane Reade completed its initial public offering (IPO) on February 10, 1998 Bain Capital and a team of Sealy's senior executives acquired the mattress company through a management buyout Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst Texas Pacific Group acquired an 88% stake in the retailer for approximately $500 million, however the investment struggled due to the relatively high purchase price paid relative to the company's earnings. The company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and complete an initial public offering in 2006 Bain Capital acquired a 49% interest in the second-largest pizza-chain in the US from its founder and would successfully take the company public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE:DPZ) in 2004. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst acquired the largest chain of movie theaters for $1.49 billion, including assumed debt. The buyers originally announced plans to acquire Regal, then merge it with United Artists (owned by Merrill Lynch at the time) and Act III (controlled by KKR), however the acquisition of United Artists fell through due to issues around the price of the deal and the projected performance of the company. Regal, along with the rest of the industry would encounter significant issues due to overbuilding of new multiplex theaters and would declare bankruptcy in 2001. Billionaire Philip Anschutz would take control of the company and later take the company public. An investor group led by Texas Pacific Group invested $350 million in a convertible preferred stock that can be converted into 22.1% of Oxford. The company completed a buyback of the TPG's PIPE convertible in 2000 and would ultimately be acquired by UnitedHealth Group in 2004. TPG Capital and Leonard Green & Partners invested $200 million to acquire the pet supplies retailer as part of a $600 million buyout. Within two years they sold most of it in a public offering that valued the company at $1 billion. Petco’s market value more than doubled by the end of 2004 and the firms would ultimately realize a gain of $1.2 billion. Then, in 2006, the private equity firms took Petco private again for $1.68 billion.

As the market for private equity matured, so too did its investor base. The Institutional Limited Partner Association was initially founded as an informal networking group for limited partner investors in private equity funds in the early 1990s. However the organization would evolve into an advocacy organization for private equity investors with more than 200 member organizations from 10 countries. As of the end of 2007, ILPA members had total assets under management in excess of $5 trillion with more than $850 billion of capital commitments to private equity investments.

### The venture capital boom and the Internet Bubble (1995 to 2000)

In the 1980s, FedEx and Apple Inc. were able to grow because of private equity or venture funding, as were Cisco, Genentech, Microsoft and Avis. However, by the end of the 1980s, venture capital returns were relatively low, particularly in comparison with their emerging leveraged buyout cousins, due in part to the competition for hot startups, excess supply of IPOs and the inexperience of many venture capital fund managers. Unlike the leveraged buyout industry, after total capital raised increased to $3 billion in 1983, growth in the venture capital industry remained limited through the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s increasing to just over $4 billion more than a decade later in 1994.

After a shakeout of venture capital managers, the more successful firms retrenched, focusing increasingly on improving operations at their portfolio companies rather than continuously making new investments. Results would begin to turn very attractive, successful and would ultimately generate the venture capital boom of the 1990s. Former Wharton Professor Andrew Metrick refers to these first 15 years of the modern venture capital industry beginning in 1980 as the "pre-boom period" in anticipation of the boom that would begin in 1995 and last through the bursting of the Internet bubble in 2000.

The late 1990s were a boom time for the venture capital, as firms on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park and Silicon Valley benefited from a huge surge of interest in the nascent Internet and other computer technologies. Initial public offerings of stock for technology and other growth companies were in abundance and venture firms were reaping large windfalls.

### The bursting of the Internet Bubble and the private equity crash (2000 to 2003)

The Nasdaq crash and technology slump that started in March 2000 shook virtually the entire venture capital industry as valuations for startup technology companies collapsed. Over the next two years, many venture firms had been forced to write-off their large proportions of their investments and many funds were significantly "under water" (the values of the fund's investments were below the amount of capital invested). Venture capital investors sought to reduce size of commitments they had made to venture capital funds and in numerous instances, investors sought to unload existing commitments for cents on the dollar in the secondary market. By mid-2003, the venture capital industry had shriveled to about half its 2001 capacity. Nevertheless, PricewaterhouseCoopers' MoneyTree Survey shows that total venture capital investments held steady at 2003 levels through the second quarter of 2005.

Although the post-boom years represent just a small fraction of the peak levels of venture investment reached in 2000, they still represent an increase over the levels of investment from 1980 through 1995. As a percentage of GDP, venture investment was 0.058% percent in 1994, peaked at 1.087% (nearly 19 times the 1994 level) in 2000 and ranged from 0.164% to 0.182% in 2003 and 2004. The revival of an Internet-driven environment (thanks to deals such as eBay's purchase of Skype, the News Corporation's purchase of MySpace.com, and the very successful Google.com and Salesforce.com IPOs) have helped to revive the venture capital environment. However, as a percentage of the overall private equity market, venture capital has still not reached its mid-1990s level, let alone its peak in 2000.

* Ante, Spencer. *Creative capital : Georges Doriot and the birth of venture capital*. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2008
* Bruck, Connie. *The Predators' Ball*. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
* Burrill, G. Steven, and Craig T. Norback. The Arthur Young Guide to Raising Venture Capital. Billings, MT: Liberty House, 1988.
* Burrough, Bryan. *Barbarians at the Gate.* New York : Harper & Row, 1990.
* Craig. Valentine V. Merchant Banking: Past and Present. FDIC Banking Review. 2000.
* Fenn, George W., Nellie Liang, and Stephen Prowse. December 1995. The Economics of the Private Equity Market. Staff Study 168, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
* Gibson, Paul. "The Art of Getting Funded." Electronic Business, March 1999.
* Gladstone, David J. Venture Capital Handbook. Rev. ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.
* Hsu, D., and Kinney, M (2004). Organizing venture capital: the rise and demise of American Research and Development Corporation, 1946–1973. Working paper 163. Accessed May 22, 2008
* Littman, Jonathan. "The New Face of Venture Capital." Electronic Business, March 1998.
* Loos, Nicolaus. Value Creation in Leveraged Buyouts. Dissertation of the University of St. Gallen. Lichtenstein: Guttenberg AG, 2005. Accessed May 22, 2008.
* National Venture Capital Association, 2005, The 2005 NVCA Yearbook.
* Schell, James M. *Private Equity Funds: Business Structure and Operations.* New York: Law Journal Press, 1999.
* Sharabura, S. (2002). Private Equity: past, present, and future. GE Capital Speaker Discusses New Trends in Asset Class. Speech to GSB 2/13/2002. Accessed May 22, 2008.
* Trehan, R. (2006). The History Of Leveraged Buyouts. December 4, 2006. Accessed May 22, 2008.
* Cheffins, Brian. "THE ECLIPSE OF PRIVATE EQUITY". Centre for Business Research, University Of Cambridge, 2007.


title: Eerstegoud

abstract: Eerstegoud is a village 14 km south-west of Polokwane. Laid out in 1868, it was first called Marabastad. At the request of the inhabitants the name was changed about 1954 to Eerstegoud, Afrikaans for 'first gold', in memory of the discovery in 1871 of the first gold in the Transvaal at Eersteling by Edward Button.

text:
# Eerstegoud

**Eerstegoud** is a village 14 km south-west of Polokwane. Laid out in 1868, it was first called *Marabastad*. At the request of the inhabitants the name was changed about 1954 to Eerstegoud, Afrikaans for 'first gold', in memory of the discovery in 1871 of the first gold in the Transvaal at Eersteling by Edward Button.

## InfoBox

| Eerstegoud | |
| --- | --- |
| EerstegoudEerstegoud | |
| Coordinates: 23°59′06″S 29°21′04″E / 23.985°S 29.351°E / -23.985; 29.351 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Limpopo |
| District | Capricorn |
| Municipality | Polokwane |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| PO box | 0701 |


title: Prosheliomyia nietneri

abstract: Prosheliomyia nietneri is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Prosheliomyia nietneri

***Prosheliomyia nietneri*** is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Prosheliomyia nietneri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Prosheliomyia* |
| Subgenus: | *Prosheliomyia* |
| Species: | ***P. nietneri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosheliomyia nietneri***<br>Brauer & von Berganstamm, 1891 | |
|


title: Prosheliomyia nigricornis

abstract: Prosheliomyia nigricornis is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Prosheliomyia nigricornis

***Prosheliomyia nigricornis*** is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Prosheliomyia nigricornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Voriini |
| Genus: | *Prosheliomyia* |
| Subgenus: | *Thrixionellus* |
| Species: | ***P. nigricornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prosheliomyia nigricornis***<br>Mesnil, 1968 | |
|


title: Product numerical range

abstract: Given a Hilbert space with a tensor product structure a product numerical range is defined as a numerical range with respect to the subset of product vectors. In some situations, especially in the context of quantum mechanics product numerical range is known as local numerical range

text:
# Product numerical range

Given a Hilbert space with a tensor product structure a **product numerical range** is defined as a numerical range with respect to the subset of product vectors. In some situations, especially in the context of quantum mechanics product numerical range is known as **local numerical range**

## Introduction

Let $X$ be an operator acting on an $N$-dimensional Hilbert space $\mathcal {H}\_{N}$. Let $\mathrm {\Lambda } (X)$ denote its *numerical range*, *i.e.* the set of all $\lambda $ such that there exists a normalized state $|\psi \rangle }\in {\mathcal {H}\_{N}$, $||\psi ||=1$, which satisfies $\langle \psi |}X{|\psi \rangle }=\lambda $.

An analogous notion can be defined for operators acting on a composite Hilbert space with a tensor product structure. Consider first a bipartite Hilbert space, $\mathcal {H}\_{N}={\mathcal {H}\_{K}\otimes {\mathcal {H}\_{M},}}$ of a composite dimension $N=KM$.

Let $X$ be an operator acting on the composite Hilbert space. We define the *product numerical range* $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(X\right)$ of $X$, with respect to the tensor product structure of $\mathcal {H}\_{N}$, as $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(X\right)=\left\\{{\langle \psi \_{A}\otimes \psi \_{B}|}X{|\psi \_{A}\otimes \psi \_{B}\rangle }:{|\psi \_{A}\rangle }\in {\mathcal {H}\_{K},{|\psi \_{B}\rangle }\in {\mathcal {H}\_{M}\right\\},}}$ where $|\psi \_{A}\rangle }\in {\mathcal {H}\_{K}$ and $|\psi \_{B}\rangle }\in {\mathcal {H}\_{M}$ are normalized.

## Product numerical radius

Let $\mathcal {H}\_{N}={\mathcal {H}\_{K}\otimes {\mathcal {H}\_{M}}}$ be a tensor product Hilbert space. We define the *product numerical radius* $r^{\otimes }(X)$ of $X$, with respect to this tensor product structure, as $r^{\otimes }(X)=\max\\{|z|:z\in \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(X\right)\\}.$

## Notation

The notion of numerical range of a given operator, also called "field of values", has been extensively studied during the last few decades and its usefulness in quantum theory has been emphasized. Several generalizations of numerical range are known. In particular, Marcus introduced the notion of ’’’decomposable numerical range’’’, the properties of which are a subject of considerable interest.

The product numerical range can be considered as a particular case of the decomposable numerical range defined for operators acting on a tensor product Hilbert space. This notion may also be considered as a numerical range *relative* to the proper subgroup $U(K)\times U(M)$ of the full unitary group $U(KM)$.

## General case

It is not difficult to establish the basic properties of the product numerical range which are independent of the partition of the Hilbert space and of the structure of the operator. We list them below leaving some simple items without a proof.

### Basic properties

Topological facts concerning product numerical range for general operators.

1. Product numerical range forms a connected set in the complex plane. This is true because product numerical range is a continuous image of a connected set.
2. Product numerical range is subadditive. For all $A,B\in \mathbb {M} \_{n}$ $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(A+B\right)\subset \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(A\right)+\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(B\right).$
3. For all $A\in \mathbb {M} \_{n}$ and $\alpha \in \mathbb {C} $ $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A+\alpha \mathbf {I} }\right)=\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left(A\right)+\alpha .$
4. For all $A\in \mathbb {M} \_{n}$ and $\alpha \in \mathbb {C} $ $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({\alpha A}\right)=\alpha \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right).$
5. For all $A\in \mathbb {M} \_{m\times n}$ $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({(U\otimes V)A(U\otimes V)^{\dagger }\right)=\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right),}$ for unitary $U\in \mathbb {M} \_{m}$ and $V\in \mathbb {M} \_{n}$.
6. Let $A\in \mathbb {M} \_{m}$ and $B\in \mathbb {M} \_{n}$

* If one of them is normal then the numerical range of their tensor product coincides with the convex hull of the product numerical range, $\mathrm {\Lambda } (A\otimes B)=\mathrm {Co} (\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A\otimes B}\right)).$
* If $e^{i\theta }A$ is positive semidefinite for some $\theta \in \[0,2\pi )$, then $\mathrm {\Lambda } (A\otimes B)=\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A\otimes B}\right).$
* Let $H(A)={\frac {1}{2}(A+A^{\dagger })}$ and $S(A)={\frac {1}{2}(A-A^{\dagger })}$.
1. For all $A\in \mathbb {M} \_{n}$, we have $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({H(A)}\right)=\mathrm {Re} \ \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right)$ and $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({S(A)}\right)=i\\,\mathrm {Im} \ \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right).$

### Convexity

The product numerical range does not need to be convex. Consider the following simple example. Let

$$A=\left({\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\0&0\end{array}\right)\otimes \left({\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\0&0\end{array}\right)+i\left({\begin{array}{cc}0&0\\0&1\end{array}\right)\otimes \left({\begin{array}{cc}0&0\\0&1\end{array}\right).}}}}$$

Matrix $A$ defined above is matrix with eigenvalues $0,1,i$. It is easy to see that $1\in \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right)$ and $i\in \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right)$, but $(1+i)/2\not \in \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right)$. Actually, by direct computation we have $\mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right)=\left\\{x+yi:0\leq x,0\leq y,{\sqrt {x}+{\sqrt {y}\leq 1\right\\}.}}$

Product numerical range of matrix $A$ is presented below.

Product numerical range forms a nonempty set for a general operator. In particular it contains the barycenter of the spectrum.

## Barycenter

Product numerical range of $A\in \mathbb {M} \_{K\times M}$ includes the barycenter of the spectrum, $\frac {1}{KM}\\;{\mathrm {tr} }A\ \in \ \mathrm {\Lambda } ^{\otimes }\left({A}\right).$

Product numerical radius is a vector norm on matrices, but it is not a matrix norm. Product numerical radius is invariant with respect to local unitaries, which have the tensor product structure.

* Z. Puchała, P. Gawron, J.A. Miszczak, Ł. Skowronek, M.-. Choi, K. Życzkowski, "Product numerical range in a space with tensor product structure", Linear Algebra Appl., 434 (2011) 327–342. doi:10.1016/j.laa.2010.08.026 arXiv:1008.3482.
* P. Gawron, Z. Puchała, J. A. Miszczak, Ł. Skowronek, K. Życzkowski, "Restricted numerical range: a versatile tool in the theory of quantum information", J. Math. Phys. 51, 102204 (2010). doi:10.1063/1.3496901 arXiv:0905.3646.


title: Prophet '08

abstract: The Prophet '08 is a polyphonic analog synthesizer released by Dave Smith Instruments (DSI) in 2007. As with DSI's other instruments, the Prophet '08 uses analog subtractive synthesis. Similar in functionality to the renowned Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 popularized in the 1970s, the Prophet '08 has an all analog signal path; however its envelopes are generated digitally. In 2017, the Prophet '08 was superseded by the Prophet Rev2, which is available in 8-voice and 16-voice versions as well as keyboard and module variants. The Prophet Rev2 added waveshape modulation, improved onboard effects, a sub oscillator and a polyphonic sequencer.

text:
# Prophet '08

The **Prophet '08** is a polyphonic analog synthesizer released by Dave Smith Instruments (DSI) in 2007. As with DSI's other instruments, the Prophet '08 uses analog subtractive synthesis. Similar in functionality to the renowned Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 popularized in the 1970s (also designed by Dave Smith), the Prophet '08 has an all analog signal path; however its envelopes are generated digitally.

In 2017, the Prophet '08 was superseded by the Prophet Rev2, which is available in 8-voice and 16-voice versions as well as keyboard and module variants. The Prophet Rev2 added waveshape modulation, improved onboard effects, a sub oscillator and a polyphonic sequencer.

## Sound architecture

The Prophet '08 is an eight-voice analog synthesizer featuring all-analog audio paths with digital parameter control. It offers three playing modes: uniform eight-voice, a split mode dividing the keyboard between two different sounds, and a stacked mode for layered four-voice textures.

Each voice includes two digital controlled oscillators (DCOs), a voltage-controlled filter (VCF), a voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA), three ADSR envelope generators, and a noise source. DCOs can generate multiple waveforms with variable pulse widths. The VCF can switch between 4-pole and 2-pole low-pass filters, with modulatable cutoff frequency and resonance. The VCA, controlled by velocity, shapes the amplitude.

The synthesizer's modulation capabilities are extensive, with four general-purpose modulation buses allowing for flexible routing. Some parameters, like LFOs and velocity, have dedicated modulation controls, bypassing the need for a bus. Common modulation targets include DCO pitch, VCF cutoff, and VCA level, with several parameters having dedicated knobs for direct control.

The Prophet '08 features two sets of stereo outputs, with sound routing to the second set when connected. Voices can be panned across the stereo field, with a dedicated knob adjusting the initial stereo spread. It features a 16-step sequencer with four rows, offering analog-style control. Each row can target any modulation parameter, with steps for DCO pitch in quarter-tone increments and continuous adjustment for other parameters.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Prophet '08 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Manufacturer | Dave Smith Instruments |
| Dates | August 20, 2007-2016 |
| Price | £1499 GBP<br>$2000 US |
| Technical specifications | |
| Polyphony | 8 voice |
| Oscillator | 2 DCOs per voice |
| LFO | 4 total |
| Synthesis type | Subtractive synthesis |
| Filter | Analog low pass (resonant 4-pole or 2-pole) |
| Effects | None |
| Input/output | |
| Keyboard | 5 octave, C to C |


title: ProtectedSeas

abstract: ProtectedSeas is a marine conservation organization associated with the Anthropocene Institute. The group is working to develop a visual database, in map form, of every marine protected area (MPA) in the world as well as deploy new radar systems to protect vulnerable areas from illegal activity. The project is headquartered in California.

text:
# ProtectedSeas

**ProtectedSeas** is a marine conservation organization associated with the Anthropocene Institute. The group is working to develop a visual database, in map form, of every marine protected area (MPA) in the world as well as deploy new radar systems to protect vulnerable areas from illegal activity. The project is headquartered in California.

## Mission

ProtectedSeas’ mission is to raise awareness and protection of critical marine areas. The organization assists MPA managers in protecting vulnerable ecosystems and works to improve information and transparency around ocean conservation measures. The project's team comprises expertise within the fields of law, geography, and hardware/software design with various backgrounds. ProtectedSeas partners with many NGOs to leverage specific talents and experience.

ProtectedSeas has two sub-projects: the Marine Managed Area Map, and the Marine Monitor (M2) system.

## Marine Managed Area Map

ProtectedSeas developed the Marine Managed Area Map as an evolving online tool that boaters can use to track their location on the water with respect to nearby protected areas and other legally restricted zones. The map is free and designed for easy, one-click use by the public as well as those in the marine industry. Its database is also free to download. Information on each area includes which specific activities are allowed and restricted (such as diving or fishing by use of bottom trawl), as well as the protected area's boundaries.

The project began in 2015 and, as of December 2019, ProtectedSeas has mapped 50% of global MPAs and over 2/3 of the ocean by area. Completed regions include the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, the Baltic and the high seas, with Central and South America coming soon. They have also included many areas across the globe that are species- or gear-restricted but not technically MPAs. For U.S. waters, NOAA and Anthropocene Institute collaborate in a private-public partnership.

ProtectedSeas is one of the first organizations to map marine managed areas in international waters known as the high seas, and release the data at the United Nations Ocean Conference in 2017. Their data is currently included in Navionics charting software. The data was the subject of an academic article, published in 2020, about assessing ocean protection based on marine regulations.

## Marine Monitor System (M2)

ProtectedSeas developed a radar surveillance system designed to track vessel movement in sensitive marine areas and successfully demonstrated their first deployment at Moss Landing Marine Labs in 2015. Rangers and other authorities can use this system--called Marine Monitor (M2)--to watch for poachers 24/7, enforce local laws against illegal fishing and potential damage to reefs. The system involves radar, a support structure, power source and internet, making it relatively low cost and a potential solution for hard-to-manage remote areas. There are currently six M2 stations operating in California. They have also been deployed in Micronesia, the Caribbean, Mexico, and Southeast Asia.

Global Conservation is planning an M2 system to monitor the waters off the coast of Isla de la Plata, Ecuador, following the implementation of a two-mile no-fishing zone in Machalilla National Park.


title: Provanna abyssalis

abstract: Provanna abyssalis is a species of abyssal sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

text:
# Provanna abyssalis

***Provanna abyssalis*** is a species of abyssal sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This deep-water species occurs off Japan.

## InfoBox

| *Provanna abyssalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Family: | Provannidae |
| Genus: | *Provanna* |
| Species: | ***P. abyssalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Provanna abyssalis***<br>Okutani & Fujikura, 2002 | |
|


title: Provanmill

abstract: Provanmill is a district in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It lies to the north east of the city centre. In the mid-19th century it was a small hamlet with a grain mill, blacksmith's, cartwright's and hostelry. As Glasgow expanded, it became part of the city. Since the 1950s, the area became a major area of deprivation, with chronic housing and drug-related crime problems, although in the early 21st century the image of Provanmill and its surrounding areas is improving. Blackhill, one of the most notorious housing estates in the area, was demolished in 1990 to make way for the M80 Stepps bypass. Provanmill and Blackhill were known for being majority Irish Catholic and still to this day the demographics show that the areas, as well as nearby Royston, remain predominantly Catholic and still feature Irish republican marches annually. The area was also the home of infamous Glasgow gangster Arthur Thompson. Provanmill's most famous landmark is the iconic twin gasometers of the now largely disused Provan Gas Works, which have become a portal into the city for motorists arriving on the adjacent M8 and M80 motorways.

text:
# Provanmill

**Provanmill** is a district in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It lies to the north east of the city centre. In the mid-19th century it was a small hamlet with a grain mill, blacksmith's, cartwright's and hostelry. As Glasgow expanded, it became part of the city. Since the 1950s, the area became a major area of deprivation, with chronic housing and drug-related crime problems, although in the early 21st century the image of Provanmill and its surrounding areas is improving. Blackhill, one of the most notorious housing estates in the area, was demolished in 1990 to make way for the M80 Stepps bypass.

Provanmill and Blackhill were known for being majority Irish Catholic and still to this day the demographics show that the areas, as well as nearby Royston (previously known as the Garngad), remain predominantly Catholic and still feature Irish republican marches annually. The area was also the home of infamous Glasgow gangster Arthur Thompson (a.k.a. "The Glasgow Godfather").

Provanmill's most famous landmark is the iconic twin gasometers of the now largely disused Provan Gas Works, which have become a portal into the city for motorists arriving on the adjacent M8 and M80 motorways.

## InfoBox

| Provanmill | |
| --- | --- |
| Gasholders at Provanmill, 2013 | |
| ProvanmillLocation within Glasgow | |
| OS grid reference | NS626671 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area | * Glasgow |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | GLASGOW |
| Postcode district | G33 1 |
| Dialling code | 0141 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: Bo'ao Road station

abstract: Bo'ao Road is a metro station on Line 5 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. It is located in the Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou.

text:
# Bo'ao Road station

30°11′05″N 120°14′23″E / 30.184835°N 120.239747°E / 30.184835; 120.239747

**Bo'ao Road** (Chinese: 博奥路) is a metro station on Line 5 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. It is located in the Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou.

## InfoBox

| Bo'ao Road
博奥路 | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
China |
| Operated by | Hangzhou Metro Corporation |
| Line(s) | Line 5 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| History | |
| Opened | April 23, 2020 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Hangzhou Metro Following station  Binkang Roadtowards Jinxing  Line 5  Jinji Roadtowards Guniangqiao | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Trichilia pallens

abstract: Trichilia pallens is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Brazil and Paraguay. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Trichilia pallens

***Trichilia pallens*** is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Brazil and Paraguay. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Trichilia pallens* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Meliaceae |
| Genus: | *Trichilia* |
| Species: | ***T. pallens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichilia pallens***
C. de Candolle | |
|


title: Berlin Abbozzi

abstract: Berlin Abbozzi is an album by American jazz trumpeter Bill Dixon recorded at the "Podewil", the headquarters of the Kulturprojekte Berlin non-profit organisation, in 1999 and released in 2000 on the FMP label. The album features a two-part hour-long Dixon composition followed by a free improvisation. Dixon is heard on trumpet and flugelhorn, and is accompanied by Matthias Bauer and Klaus Koch on bass, and Tony Oxley on drums. This instrumental combination previously appeared on the Dixon albums November 1981, Vade Mecum, and Vade Mecum II.

text:
# Berlin Abbozzi

***Berlin Abbozzi*** is an album by American jazz trumpeter Bill Dixon recorded at the "Podewil", the headquarters of the Kulturprojekte Berlin non-profit organisation, in 1999 and released in 2000 on the FMP label. The album features a two-part hour-long Dixon composition followed by a free improvisation. Dixon is heard on trumpet and flugelhorn, and is accompanied by Matthias Bauer and Klaus Koch on bass, and Tony Oxley on drums. This instrumental combination previously appeared on the Dixon albums *November 1981*, *Vade Mecum*, and *Vade Mecum II*.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

In a review for AllMusic, François Couture awarded the album 4.5 stars, and wrote: "overall the atmosphere on this album is of late-night dark streets... Magnificent, very unique, and strongly recommended." The authors of the Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings commented: "Again, Dixon experiments with this quartet formation and again the impression is of players working at some remove from each other, or rather that Dixon works at some distance from the ensemble."

Writing for *All About Jazz*, Derek Taylor stated: "This is music that deftly dodges codification, dealing in open-ended ambiguities rather than easily digestible certainties. Dixon continues to confound and challenge, remaining uncompromising both in his music and his beliefs. The results of his impregnable resolve are recordings such as this that reward exploration on their own terms." In a separate review for the same publication, Andrew Lindstrom praised Dixon's cover art, calling it "a beautifully balanced piece, mostly shades of a single hue, with a certain aura of forboding mystery", and wrote: "The music only grows more interesting with each listening... Dixon's complete control of his instrument is immediately apparent, and his first-hand knowledge of the trumpet's historical lineage in American music allows him to look to the future, to chart new trajectories... It is music which practically invents itself moment-by-moment, with remarkable clarity." In yet another *All About Jazz* review, John Sharpe commented: "This is an excellent disc easily recommended to anyone willing to immerse themselves in Bill Dixon’s sound world."

## Track listing

1. "Berlin Abbozzi: Currents" (Dixon) - 21:39
2. "Berlin Abbozzi: Open Quiet/The Orange Bell" (Dixon) - 40:14
3. "Acrolithes" (Dixon/Koch/Bauer/Oxley) - 7:59

Recorded on November 8, 1999, at the Podewil, Berlin.

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Berlin Abbozzi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Bill Dixon | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Recorded | November 8, 1999 |
| Venue | Podewil, Berlin |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 1:09:52 |
| Label | FMP
CD 110 |
| Producer | Jost Gebers |
| Bill Dixon chronology | |
| *Papyrus Volume II*
(2000) ***Berlin Abbozzi***
(2000) *Odyssey*
(2001) | |


title: Tianjin Hutchison Whampoa Metro Plaza

abstract: Tianjin Hutchison Whampoa Metro Plaza is a skyscraper in Tianjin, China. The 53 story building was completed in 2013, construction having begun in 2008.

text:
# Tianjin Hutchison Whampoa Metro Plaza

**Tianjin Hutchison Whampoa Metro Plaza** is a skyscraper in Tianjin, China. The 53 story building was completed in 2013, construction having begun in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Tianjin Hutchison Whampoa Metro Plaza | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Commercial |
| Location | Tianjin, China |
| Opening | 2013 |
| Height | |
| Roof | 846 ft (258 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 53 |
| Design and construction | |
| Developer | Hutchison Whampoa |


title: Ryan Bozak

abstract: Ryan Bozak is a retired National Hockey League linesman. His career started in 1972 and ended in 1994, which was the final season before the league changed over to the current numbering system for officials the next year. During his career, he officiated 1,528 regular season games and two All-Star games. Ryan is the son of Billy Bozak, who was trainer of the San Diego Gulls and eventually the Winnipeg Jets.

text:
# Ryan Bozak

**Ryan Bozak** (born January 3, 1947, in Swift Current, Saskatchewan) is a retired National Hockey League linesman. His career started in 1972 and ended in 1994, which was the final season before the league changed over to the current numbering system for officials the next year. During his career, he officiated 1,528 regular season games and two All-Star games. Ryan is the son of Billy Bozak, who was trainer of the San Diego Gulls and eventually the Winnipeg Jets.

ISBN 1-880141-43-4 The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book/1993-94


title: Prunus fremontii

abstract: Prunus fremontii is a North American species of plants in the rose family, known by the common name desert apricot. It takes its scientific name from John C. Frémont. It is found in northern and western Baja California especially, mostly Pacific and western, and the adjacent area of southern California. It also occurs in northern Baja California Sur.

text:
# Prunus fremontii

***Prunus fremontii*** is a North American species of plants in the rose family, known by the common name **desert apricot**. It takes its scientific name from John C. Frémont. It is found in northern and western Baja California especially, mostly Pacific and western, and the adjacent area of southern California. It also occurs in northern Baja California Sur.

## Description

*Prunus fremontii* is a deciduous shrub or small tree reaching up to 5 metres (16 feet) in height. The flowers are white or pink, blooming about the same time as the leaves unfurl in the spring. The fruits are yellow and egg-shaped.

## Uses

The fruits are an important food for Native American groups, such as the Cahuilla.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus fremontii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowers in Palm Springs, California | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Species: | ***P. fremontii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus fremontii***
S.Watson | |
|
|  | |
| Natural range of *Prunus fremontii* | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Prunus fremonti* S.Watson * *Prunus eriogyna* S.C. Mason * *Amygdalus fremontii* (S.Watson) Abrams * *Emplectocladus fremontii* (S.Watson) Dayton | |


abstract: Big Brother 2005 was the first season of the Finnish reality television season Big Brother. It aired on SubTV in Finland from 28 August 2005 to 1 December 2005. A number of contestants lived in a purpose-built house in Espoo, and were isolated from the rest of the world. Every second week, each housemate nominated two of their peers for eviction, and the housemates to receive the most votes would face a public vote. Of these, one would eventually leave, having been "evicted" from the House. However, there sometimes were exceptions to this process as dictated by Big Brother, known as "twists". In the final week, there were four housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win. Perttu Sirviö received the most votes, and won the prize money of €50,000.

text:
# Big Brother (Finnish TV series) season 1

***Big Brother 2005*** was the first season of the Finnish reality television season *Big Brother*. It aired on SubTV in Finland from 28 August 2005 to 1 December 2005.

A number of contestants (known as "housemates") lived in a purpose-built house in Espoo, and were isolated from the rest of the world. Every second week, each housemate nominated two of their peers for eviction, and the housemates (two or more) to receive the most votes would face a public vote. Of these, one would eventually leave, having been "evicted" from the House. However, there sometimes were exceptions to this process as dictated by Big Brother, known as "twists". In the final week, there were four housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win. Perttu Sirviö received the most votes, and won the prize money of 50,000.

## Housemates

Twelve housemates entered the House at *Launch*. One housemate (Kathy) decided to leave the House on Day 60.

| Housemates | Age | Residence | Day entered | Day exited | Status |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Perttu Sirviö | 23 | Vihti | 1 | 96 | Winner |
| Tiina Arponen | 25 | Tampere | 1 | 96 | Runner-up |
| Antti Asikainen | 26 | Helsinki | 1 | 96 | 3rd Place |
| Terhi Harmaala | 31 | Helsinki | 1 | 92 | Evicted |
| Mika Linnamäki | 28 | Helsinki | 1 | 85 | Evicted |
| Timo Lappalainen | 28 | Jyväskylä | 1 | 78 | Evicted |
| Minna Kyrkkö | 38 | Vesilahti | 1 | 64 | Evicted |
| Kathy Koskela | 21 | Jyväskylä | 1 | 60 | Walked |
| Hanna Toivonen | 27 | Turku | 1 | 50 | Evicted |
| Iina Heikurainen | 27 | Espoo | 1 | 35 | Evicted |
| Antti Saastamoinen | 23 | Lohja | 1 | 22 | Evicted |
| Jani Kyllönen | 33 | Helsinki | 1 | 8 | Evicted |

## Nominations table

|  | Week 1 | Week 3 | Week 5 | Week 7 | Week 9 | Week 11 | Week 12 | Week 13 | Week 14
Final | | Nomination
points
received |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Perttu | Antti S.
Hanna | Iina
Antti S. | Iina
Minna | Minna
Kathy | Minna
Kathy | Tiina
Timo | Tiina
Terhi | *No
nominations* | **Winner**
(Day 96) | | 29 |
| Tiina | Kathy
Minna | Antti S.
Mika | Minna
Iina | Hanna
Perttu | Timo
Minna | Timo
Perttu | Mika
Perttu | *No
nominations* | **Runner-up**
(Day 96) | | 19 |
| Antti A. | Tiina
Kathy | Antti S.
Kathy | Kathy
Timo | Kathy
Timo | Kathy
Timo | Timo
Terhi | Terhi
Perttu | *No
nominations* | **Third place**
(Day 96) | | 4 |
| Terhi | Hanna
Jani | Timo
Antti S. | Iina
Minna | Hanna
Minna | Minna
Kathy | Timo
Perttu | Mika
Perttu | *No
nominations* | *Evicted*
(Day 92) | | 8 |
| Mika | Jani
Terhi | Antti S.
Tiina | Hanna
Iina | Kathy
Hanna | Kathy
Timo | Tiina
Timo | Tiina
Perttu | *Evicted*
(Day 85) | | | 5 |
| Timo | Perttu
Terhi | Antti S.
Perttu | Kathy
Perttu | Perttu
Minna | Minna
Tiina | Tiina
Terhi | *Evicted*
(Day 78) | | | | 20 |
| Minna | Jani
Hanna | Antti S.
Perttu | Perttu
Tiina | Perttu
Kathy | Kathy
Timo | *Evicted*
(Day 64) | | | | | 17 |
| Kathy | Iina
Tiina | Antti S.
Tiina | Antti A.
Hanna | Hanna
Perttu | Antti A.
Timo | *Walked*
(Day 60) | | | | | 29 |
| Hanna | Perttu
Jani | Antti S.
Terhi | Kathy
Perttu | Kathy
Perttu | *Evicted*
(Day 50) | | | | | | 16 |
| Iina | Kathy
Perttu | Antti S.
Perttu | Perttu
Tiina | *Evicted*
(Day 36) | | | | | | | 10 |
| Antti S. | Timo
Tiina | Hanna
Minna | *Evicted*
(Day 22) | | | | | | | | 20 |
| Jani | Perttu
Kathy | *Evicted*
(Day 8) | | | | | | | | | 6 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Notes |  | *none* | |  |  | *none* | |  | | |  |
| Against
public vote | Perttu,
Jani | Antti S.,
Perttu | Iina,
Kathy,
Perttu | Kathy,
Hanna,
Perttu,
Timo | ~~Kathy,~~
Minna,
Timo | Timo,
Tiina | Mika,
Perttu,
Tiina | Antti A.,
Terhi,
Tiina,
Perttu | Antti A.,
Tiina,
Perttu | | |
| Walked | *none* | | | | **Kathy** | *none* | | | | | |
| Evicted | **Jani**
65%
to evict | **Antti S.**
88%
to evict | **Iina**
85%
to evict | **Hanna**
57%
to evict | **Minna**
69%
to evict | **Timo**
60%
to evict | **Mika**
37%
to evict | **Terhi**
18%
to win | **Antti A.**
29%
to win | | **Tiina**
30%
to win |
| | | | | | | | | **Perttu**
41%
to win | | |

### Notes

* **^Note 1** : Both Kathy and Jani both received six nomination points. They were then forced to draw lots to see who would face eviction. Jani lost, meaning she would face the first public vote along with Perttu
* **^Note 2** : Big Brother punished Timo for discussing nominations by putting him up for eviction with the nominated housemates.
* **^Note 3** : Following Kathy's departure, Timo, who received the next highest number of nomination points, was put up for eviction with Minna.
* **^Note 4** : There were no nominations in the final week and the public were voting for which Housemates they wanted to win, rather than to evict.

### Nominations: Results

| Weeks | Nominated | Evicted |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Week 1 | Jani (65%), Perttu (35%) | Jani |
| Week 3 | Antti S. (88%), Perttu (12%) | Antti S. |
| Week 5 | Iina (85%), Kathy (12%), Perttu (3%) | Iina |
| Week 7 | Hanna (57%), Timo (28%), Kathy (12%), Perttu (3%) | Hanna |
| Week 9 | Minna (69%), Timo (31%), ~~Kathy (%)~~ | Kathy (Walked) & Minna |
| Week 11 | Timo (60%), Tiina (40%) | Timo |
| Week 12 | Mika (37%), Tiina (33%), Perttu (30%) | Mika |
| Week 13 | ?? (36%), ?? (26%), ?? (20%), Terhi (18%) | Terhi |
| Week 14 | Perttu (41%), Tiina (30%), Antti A. (29%) | Tiina & Antti A. |

## InfoBox

| *Big Brother* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Mari Sainio |
| No. of days | 96 |
| No. of housemates | 12 |
| Winner | Perttu Sirviö |
| Runner-up | Tiina Arponen |
| Companion show | *Big Brother Extra* |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Sub |
| Original release | 28 August (2005-08-28)
1 December 2005 (2005-12-01) |
| Season chronology | |


title: French ironclad floating battery Lave

abstract: Lave was an ironclad floating battery of the French Navy during the 19th century. She was part of the Dévastation class of floating batteries. In the 1850s, the British and French navies deployed iron-armoured floating batteries as a supplement to the wooden steam battlefleet in the Crimean War. The role of the battery was to assist unarmoured mortar and gunboats bombarding shore fortifications. The French used three of their ironclad batteries in 1855 against the defences at the Battle of Kinburn (1855) on the Black Sea, where they were effective against Russian shore defences. They would later be used again during the Italian war in the Adriatic in 1859. The ships were flat-bottomed, and commonly nicknamed "soapboxes". They were towed from France to Crimea to participate in the conflict. Lave was towed by the paddle frigate Magellan.

text:
# French ironclad floating battery Lave

***Lave*** was an ironclad floating battery of the French Navy during the 19th century. She was part of the *Dévastation* class of floating batteries.

In the 1850s, the British and French navies deployed iron-armoured floating batteries as a supplement to the wooden steam battlefleet in the Crimean War. The role of the battery was to assist unarmoured mortar and gunboats bombarding shore fortifications. The French used three of their ironclad batteries (*Lave*, *Tonnante,* and *Dévastation*) in 1855 against the defences at the Battle of Kinburn (1855) on the Black Sea, where they were effective against Russian shore defences. They would later be used again during the Italian war in the Adriatic in 1859.

The ships were flat-bottomed, and commonly nicknamed "soapboxes". They were towed from France to Crimea to participate in the conflict. *Lave* was towed by the paddle frigate *Magellan*.

### Bibliography

* de Balincourt, Captain; Vincent-Bréchignac, Captain (1973). "French Floating Batteries". *F.P.D.S. Newsletter*. **I** (2). Akron, OH: F.P.D.S.: 13–20. OCLC 41554533.
* Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905*. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.

## InfoBox

| *Lave*, one of the first ironclad floating batteries. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| France | |
| Namesake | Lava |
| Ordered | July 1854 |
| Builder | Lorient, France |
| Cost | 1.23 million French Francs |
| Laid down | 20 August 1854 |
| Launched | 5 June 1855 |
| Decommissioned | 1871 |
| Maiden voyage | 6 August 1855 |
| Fate | Scrapped in 1873 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Dévastation*-class ironclad floating battery |
| Displacement | 574 tonnes |
| Length | 53.02 m (174.0 ft) |
| Beam | 13.35 m (43.8 ft) |
| Draught | 2.66 m (8 ft 9 in) |
| Propulsion | * Sail (three-masted, 885 m²) * single screw, Mazeline steam engine, 150 shp |
| Speed | 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) |
| Armament | * 1st battery: 16 × 50 + 2 × 12 cm * 2nd battery: 2 × 24 + 6 × 19 + 3 × 16 cm |
| Armour | 110mm iron plates (100mm over the batteries), plus 440mm oak planking. |


abstract: Round Lake is a glacial lake located in Snohomish County, Washington near Sloan Peak. The lake is an area for hiking and fishing.

text:
# Round Lake (Snohomish County, Washington)

**Round Lake** is a glacial lake located in Snohomish County, Washington near Sloan Peak. The lake is an area for hiking and fishing.

## InfoBox

| Round Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Lake as viewed from ridge trail. | |
| Round LakeRound Lake | |
| Location | Snohomish County, Washington |
| Coordinates | 48°7′18″N 121°18′36″W / 48.12167°N 121.31000°W / 48.12167; -121.31000 |
| Type | Glacial |
| Primary outflows | Pugh Creek |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 16.5 acres (6.7 ha) |
| Surface elevation | 5,052 ft (1,540 m) |
|  | |
| Islands | 0 |


title: Round Lake (Vancouver Island)

abstract: Round Lake is a lake located on Vancouver Island north of east end of Great Central Lake.

text:
# Round Lake (Vancouver Island)

**Round Lake** is a lake located on Vancouver Island north of east end of Great Central Lake.

## InfoBox

| Round Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Round Lake | |
| Location | Vancouver Island, British Columbia |
| Coordinates | 49°21′00″N 125°01′00″W / 49.35000°N 125.01667°W / 49.35000; -125.01667 |
| Lake type | Natural lake |
| Basin countries | Canada |


abstract: The 1999 Indo-Pak series was the 6th series of bilateral field hockey matches between India and Pakistan. The series consisted of nine matches with India hosting the first leg of four matches and Pakistan hosting the second leg of five matches from 3 February 1999 to 24 February 1999. Pakistan won the series 6–3.

text:
# 1999 India-Pakistan field hockey test series

The **1999 Indo-Pak series** (known as the Pepsi hockey series for sponsorship reasons) was the 6th series of bilateral field hockey matches between India and Pakistan.

The series consisted of nine matches with India hosting the first leg of four matches and Pakistan hosting the second leg of five matches from 3 February 1999 to 24 February 1999.

Pakistan won the series 6–3.

## Background

India went into the series as Asian Games Champions having defeated South Korea in the final of the 1998 Asian Games in December last year. Pakistan had finished runner-ups in the 1998 Champions Trophy in Lahore a month before that.

## Venues

| Match | Location | Stadium Name | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| First | New Delhi | Dhyan Chand National Stadium | 3 February |
| Second | Bhopal | Aish Bag Stadium | 5 February |
| Third | Hyderabad | Begumpeth Hockey Stadium | 8 February |
| Fourth | Chennai | Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium | 10 February |
| Fifth | Lahore | National Hockey Stadium | 16 February |
| Sixth | Karachi | Hockey Club of Pakistan | 18 February |
| Seventh | Peshawar | Lala Ayub Stadium | 20 February |
| Eighth | Rawalpindi | Army Stadium | 22 February |
| Ninth | Lahore | National Hockey Stadium | 24 February |

## Squads

| India | Pakistan |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
| **Coach**  Vasudevan Bhaskaran | **Coach**  Shahnaz Sheikh |

## Results

* *Pakistan won the series 6-3*

First Leg
| Match | Date | Score | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 February | India 3-4 (AET) **Pakistan** | New Delhi |
| 2 | 5 February | India 1-4 **Pakistan** | Bhopal |
| 3 | 8 February | India 2-5 **Pakistan** | Hyderabad |
| 4 | 10 February | **India** 3-0 Pakistan | Chennai |

Second Leg
| Match | Date | Score | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 16 February | **Pakistan** 4-2 India | Lahore |
| 2 | 18 February | **Pakistan** 4-2 India | Karachi |
| 3 | 20 February | Pakistan 1-2 **India** | Peshawar |
| 4 | 22 February | **Pakista**n 3-3 (11-10) India | Rawalpindi |
| 5 | 24 February | Pakistan 2-3 **India** | Lahore |

## Matches

### First leg

**Match 1**

| India 3 - 4 (AET)  Pakistan  Gagan  25', 64'
Dad  52' Report Abbas  10', 33'
Nadeem  40'
Bashir  85' |
| --- |

**Match 2**

| India 1 - 4  Pakistan  Gagan  2' Report Asim  7'
Irfan  42'
Abbas  64', 65' |
| --- |

**Match 3**

| India 2 - 5  Pakistan  Dhillon  19', 59' Report Irfan  4', 31'
Abbas  10'
Bashir  44', 48' |
| --- |

**Match 4**

| India 3 - 0  Pakistan  Chuahan  3', 53'
Dhillon  18' Report |
| --- |

### Second leg

**Match 1**

| Pakistan 4 - 2  India  Bashir  20'
Abbas  25', 69'
Khalid  39' Report Saini  50'
Dhillon  56' |
| --- |

**Match 2**

| Pakistan 4 - 2  India  Bashir  10'
Asim  17', 34'
Sarwar  58' Report Horo  62'
Dhillon  64' |
| --- |

**Match 3**

| Pakistan 1 - 2  India  Abbas  38' Report Dhillon  13'
Chauhan  36' |
| --- |

**Match 4**

| Pakistan 3 - 3  India  Bashir  49'
Abbas  66'
Khalid  67' Report Dhillon  25', 59'
Gagan  69'   Penalties  11-10 |
| --- |

**Match 5**

| Pakistan 2 - 3  India  Abbas  9'
Khalid  14' Report Tirkey  37'
Saini  53'
Dhillon  66' |
| --- |

## Statistics

**Pakistan - Total goals scored 27**

**India - Total goals scored 21**

### Goalscorers

There were 48 goals scored in 9 matches for an average of 5.33 goals per match

**10 goals**

**9 goals**

**6 goals**

**4 goals**

**3 goals**

**2 goals**

**1 goal**

## InfoBox

1999 India-Pakistan field hockey test series
| Tournament details | |
| --- | --- |
| City | New Delhi, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Chennai
Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Rawalpindi |
| Dates | 3 February 1999 - 24 February 1999 |
| Venue(s) | 8 in 8 host cities |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Pakistan won the series 6-3 |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 9 |
| Top scorer(s) | Sohail Abbas (10 goals) |
| 1998 (previous) (next) 2004 | |


title: 2001 Peach Bowl

abstract: The 2001 Peach Bowl featured the North Carolina Tar Heels and Auburn Tigers.

text:
# 2001 Peach Bowl

The **2001 Peach Bowl** featured the North Carolina Tar Heels and Auburn Tigers.

## Background

North Carolina, in the first season under new head coach John Bunting, started their season by losing the first three games of the year. However, they rebounded with five wins in a row (which included wins over #6 Florida State and #13 Clemson). This was followed by losses to #23 Georgia Tech (while ranked) and Wake Forest before closing out the regular season with two straight wins. This was the first bowl appearance for North Carolina in three years along with their fifth appearance in the Peach Bowl. The Tigers won six of their first seven games, which included a win over #1 ranked Florida. However, after being ranked #17, they would lose three of their next four games, with a December loss to LSU costing them the chance to a second straight SEC Championship Game. This was their third ever appearance in the Peach Bowl.

## Game summary

North Carolina scored on a 10-yard Willie Parker touchdown run, as UNC led 7–0 after one quarter of play. In the second quarter, Jeff Reed kicked a 22-yard field goal, extending North Carolina's lead to 10–0. In the third quarter, quarterback Ronald Curry scored on a 62-yard touchdown run giving North Carolina a 16–0 lead. In the fourth quarter, Damon Duval kicked a 34-yard field goal, and Daniel Cobb threw a 12-yard touchdown pass to Lorenzo Diamond, as Auburn made the final score 16–10.

## Statistical leaders

**Passing**

**Rushing**

## InfoBox

| 2001 Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1 2 3 4 Total  **North Carolina** 7 3 6 0 16  **Auburn** 0 0 0 10 10 | |
| Date | December 31, 2001 |
| Season | 2001 |
| Stadium | Georgia Dome |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia |
| Referee | Jon Bible (Big 12) |
| United States TV coverage | |
| Network | ESPN |
| Announcers | Ron Franklin and John Madden |
|


title: Frederick Withers (politician)

abstract: Frederick James Withers was an Australian politician who was a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1924 to 1947, representing the seat of Bunbury. He was later mayor of the City of Bunbury from 1951 to 1955. Withers was born in Bunbury to Esther and Edward Henry Withers. After leaving school, he worked with Western Australian Government Railways, as a fireman and later as an engine driver. An official of the Engine Drivers' Union and a long-time member of the Labor Party, Withers was elected to parliament at the 1924 state election, defeating the sitting Nationalist member, Griffin Money. After Labor's victory at the 1933 election, he was appointed deputy chairman of committees in the government of Philip Collier, a position which he retained until his retirement at the 1947 election. In 1950, Withers attempted to return to parliament through the Legislative Council, but was defeated by the sitting Liberal member, Les Craig. He was elected mayor of Bunbury the following year, and served until 1955. Withers died in Bunbury in 1963, aged 82. The Bunbury suburb of Withers is named after him. His son, Reg Withers, was a senator and Lord Mayor of Perth.

text:
# Frederick Withers (politician)

**Frederick James Withers** (11 April 1881 – 20 May 1963) was an Australian politician who was a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1924 to 1947, representing the seat of Bunbury. He was later mayor of the City of Bunbury from 1951 to 1955.

Withers was born in Bunbury to Esther (née Blythe) and Edward Henry Withers. After leaving school, he worked with Western Australian Government Railways, as a fireman and later as an engine driver. An official of the Engine Drivers' Union and a long-time member of the Labor Party, Withers was elected to parliament at the 1924 state election, defeating the sitting Nationalist member, Griffin Money. After Labor's victory at the 1933 election, he was appointed deputy chairman of committees in the government of Philip Collier, a position which he retained until his retirement at the 1947 election. In 1950, Withers attempted to return to parliament through the Legislative Council, but was defeated by the sitting Liberal member, Les Craig. He was elected mayor of Bunbury the following year, and served until 1955. Withers died in Bunbury in 1963, aged 82. The Bunbury suburb of Withers is named after him. His son, Reg Withers, was a senator and Lord Mayor of Perth.

1. Frederick James Withers – Biographical Register of Members of the Parliament of Western Australia. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
2. Black, David; Prescott, Valerie (1997). *Election statistics : Legislative Assembly of Western Australia, 1890-1996*. Perth, \[W.A.\]: Western Australian Parliamentary History Project and Western Australian Electoral Commission. ISBN 0730984095.
3. Kennedy, Sharon (10 March 2011). "Withers is a suburb in search of a new identity". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

## InfoBox

| Frederick Withers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly
of Western Australia | |
| **In office**
22 April 1924  15 March 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Griffin Money |
| Succeeded by | James Murray |
| Constituency | Bunbury |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1881-04-11)11 April 1881
Bunbury, Western Australia, Australia |
| Died | 20 May 1963(1963-05-20) (aged 82)
Bunbury, Western Australia, Australia |
| Political party | Labor |
|  | |


title: Kevin Lyttle (album)

abstract: Kevin Lyttle is the debut studio album by Vincentian singer Kevin Lyttle. The album was released in 2004 and included the hit "Turn Me On", which went to top 5 in many countries worldwide.

text:
# Kevin Lyttle (album)

***Kevin Lyttle*** is the debut studio album by Vincentian singer Kevin Lyttle. The album was released in 2004 and included the hit "Turn Me On", which went to top 5 in many countries worldwide.

## Album information

The album was produced by a team of various producers, including Salaam Remi and Troy Taylor. It includes Lyttle's biggest hit "Turn Me On" and the second single "Last Drop", both recorded with contribution from Jamaica dancehall artist Spragga Benz, and the cover version of "Sign Your Name" by Terence Trent D'Arby. On some US releases, the song "So High" is replaced with "Dance with Me", featuring Trey Songz, who also delivers guest vocals in "Call Me".

The album entered the *Billboard* albums chart at number 8, selling 84,000 copies, and would eventually be certified gold. As of January 2009, it has sold 375,000 copies in the US. The album also charted within top 10 of Swiss albums chart and reached number 12 in Japan, but was met with only modest success elsewhere.

## Singles

"Turn Me On" was released as the first single in 2003, meeting with a worldwide success at the turn of 2003 and 2004 and placing within top 10 in no less than fifteen countries, including number 1 in Denmark. "Last Drop" followed as the second single in 2004 and although did not repeat the success of "Turn Me On", it still was a top 40 hit in Australia and a number of European countries. "I Got It" was planned as next single, supported by a big promotion, however, "Drive Me Crazy" was released instead in October 2004, with "I Got It" following in January 2005. None of the two latter singles charted.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Billboard* | Favorable |
| *The Boston Globe* | Favorable |
| *The Daily Telegraph* | Favorable |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | C |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The New York Times* | Mixed |

*Kevin Lyttle* received mixed to favorable reviews. Ken Capobianco of *The Boston Globe* described the album as "a sharply melodic and consistently engaging set of songs...a buoyant mix of soca, dancehall, modern reggae, and American R&B and soul". Tom Horan of *The Daily Telegraph* described the album as "beautifully judged," comparing Lyttle's voice to Marvin Gaye. AllMusic writer David Jeffries rated the album three stars out of five, stating "Lyttle's breezy and dreamy voice supplies the flair, lilting lightly over a musical background that is as sparkling as it is limited".

*The New York Times* music critic Kelefa Sanneh described it as "a lightweight but appealing collection of dance tracks, with precise digital beats that sound oddly similar to some European pop" while conceding: "...the songwriting isn't always very interesting, and Mr. Lyttle's voice sometimes seems less expressive than the computers that filter it." Grading the album with a "C" for *Entertainment Weekly*, Neil Drumming characterized Lyttle's singing as a "weak, whiny wavelength that, at its very best moment ('So High'), mocks Al Green's vulnerable texture."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Turn Me On" | 3:14 |
| 2. | "Last Drop" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 3:20 |
| 3. | "Never Wanna Make U Cry" | 3:36 |
| 4. | "If You Want Me (Call Me)" | 3:46 |
| 5. | "I Got It" | 3:30 |
| 6. | "Sign Your Name" | 4:24 |
| 7. | "Screaming Out My Name" (featuring Assassin) | 3:14 |
| 8. | "My Lady" | 3:32 |
| 9. | "Ya Kiss" | 3:32 |
| 10. | "So High" | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Dancing Like Making Love" | 3:12 |
| 12. | "My Loved" | 3:45 |
| 13. | "Mama Mia" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 4:23 |
| 14. | "Turn Me On (Remix)" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 3:22 |

Alternate edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Turn Me On" | 3:14 |
| 2. | "Last Drop" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 3:20 |
| 3. | "Never Wanna Make U Cry" | 3:36 |
| 4. | "Call Me" | 3:45 |
| 5. | "I Got It" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 3:39 |
| 6. | "Sign Your Name" | 4:23 |
| 7. | "Screaming Out My Name" (featuring Assassin) | 3:14 |
| 8. | "My Lady" | 3:32 |
| 9. | "Ya Kiss" | 3:32 |
| 10. | "Dance with Me" (featuring Trey Songz) | 3:31 |
| 11. | "Dancing Like Making Love" | 3:12 |
| 12. | "My Love" | 3:45 |
| 13. | "Drive Me Crazy" (featuring Mr. Easy) | 3:48 |
| 14. | "Mama Mia" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 4:23 |
| 15. | "Turn Me On (Remix)" (featuring Spragga Benz) | 3:22 |

## Charts and certifications

## InfoBox

| Kevin Lyttle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kevin Lyttle | |
| Released | July 27, 2004 |
| Recorded | 2003–2004 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Atlantic |
| Producer |  |
| Kevin Lyttle chronology | |
| ***Kevin Lyttle***
(2004) *Fyah*
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Kevin Lyttle* | |
| 1. "Turn Me On"
Released: October 13, 2003 2. "Last Drop"
Released: 2004 | |
|  | |


title: Freeport LNG

abstract: Freeport LNG—also known as Freeport LNG Development, L.P.—is a U.S. exporter of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) located in Freeport, Texas. Freeport was an early entrant to the then emerging U.S. LNG market in the early 2000s, initially as a gas importer, and then pivoted to develop an LNG export terminal in the early 2010s after the US shale gas revolution. LNG import operations came online in 2008, while export operations began in 2019. Freeport is the only LNG plant in the US to use grid-powered electric motors to compress and chill natural gas. A pipeline rupture and explosion in June 2022 took the Freeport LNG terminal offline. As of January 2023 restart of the terminal was not expected prior to February 2023.

text:
# Freeport LNG

***Freeport LNG***—also known as Freeport LNG Development, L.P.—is a U.S. exporter of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) located in Freeport, Texas. Freeport was an early entrant to the then emerging U.S. LNG market in the early 2000s, initially as a gas importer, and then pivoted to develop an LNG export terminal in the early 2010s after the US shale gas revolution. LNG import operations came online in 2008, while export operations began in 2019.

Freeport is the only LNG plant in the US to use grid-powered electric motors to compress and chill natural gas.

A pipeline rupture and explosion in June 2022 took the Freeport LNG terminal offline. As of January 2023 restart of the terminal was not expected prior to February 2023.

## History

Freeport LNG Development, L.P., was founded as a limited partnership in 2002. The LNG Quintana Island project had been initially developed by Cheniere Energy and was subsequently funded for build out by the LP entity, consisting of Smith Entities (60%) and Cheniere (40%). As of 2009, the LP ownership was 45% Smith, 15% Dow Chemical Company, 30% Cheniere, and 10% Osaka Gas. As of 2019, Michael Smith Global Infrastructure Partners and Osaka Gas hold the primary LP interests for Freeport LNG. Michael Smith is Founder, Chairman and CEO of Freeport LNG.

In January 2005, the US regulatory authority permitted Freeport LNG to commence construction of the LNG terminal and natural gas pipeline. Freeport LNG started construction in the first quarter of 2005. The 2005 estimated cost to construct the facility was US$800–850 million, before financing costs, with terminal operations expected to commence in 2008. In the event, the company began operations as a gas importer in 2008.

A major shift in the LNG gas market due primarily to improvements in extracting gas from shale saw little need for the US to continue importing natural gas. In the early 2010s, Freeport LNG switched their market focus to becoming an exporter of LNG. This led to major investments in the facility and the construction of multiple process lines for natural gas liquefaction. Initial export operations began in December 2019. The multi-phase expansion costing more than $25 billion led to Freeport LNG having one of the largest LNG export facilities in the world.

On 8 June 2022, a fire and explosion occurred as a result of a pipeline rupture, taking the LNG terminal fully offline. As of June 2022, limited operations were expected to resume in September, with full service restored by the end of 2022. Because the terminal accounted for about 20% of US LNG exports, and with European countries looking for LNG imports as an alternative to Russian gas since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the disruption had a major impact on international gas prices. Total losses from the event were estimated at US$ 6-8 billion. As of August 2022, resumption of partial operations of the plant were pushed back to November 2022. As of 29 November 2022, Freeport LNG was expected to partially resume shipments in mid-December, and to resume full shipments by March of 2023. A report published in November 2022 blamed the explosion on inadequate operating and testing procedures, human error and alarm fatigue.


title: 1q21.1 copy number variations

text:
# 1q21.1 copy number variations

1q21.1 copy number variations (CNVs) are rare aberrations of human chromosome 1.

In a common situation a human cell has one pair of identical chromosomes on chromosome 1. With the 1q21.1 CNVs one chromosome of the pair is not complete because a part of the sequence of the chromosome is missing, or overcomplete, because some parts of the sequence are duplicated. The result is that one chromosome is of normal length and the other one is too long or too short.

## The structure of 1q21.1

The structure of 1q21.1 is complex. The area has a size of approximately 6 Megabase (Mb) (from 141.5 Mb to 147.9 Mb). Within 1q21.1 there are two areas where the CNVs can be found: the proximal area or TAR area (144.1 to 144.5) and the distal area (144.7 to 145.9). A 1q21.1 CNV will commonly be found in one of these areas, but an overlap with the other area or parts that are outside these areas are possible. 1q21.1 has multiple repetitions of the same structure: Only 25% of the structure is not duplicated. There are several gaps in the sequence. There is no further information available about the DNA-sequence in those areas up till now. The gaps represent approximately 700 Kilobase. New genes are expected in the gaps. The area of 1q21.1 is one of the most difficult parts of the human genome to map.

CNVs occur due to non-allelic homologous recombination mediated by low copy repeats (sequentially similar regions), commonly found in 1q21.1.

## Forms of 1q21.1 CNVs

Four separate forms of 1q21.1 CNVs are mentioned in literature.

The CNVs lead to a very variable phenotype and the manifestations in individuals are quite variable. Some people who have a CNV can function in a normal way, while others have symptoms of mental retardation and various physical anomalies.

## Cause of the syndrome

Meiosis is the process of dividing cells in humans. In meiosis, the chromosome pairs splits and a representative of each pair goes to one daughter cell. In this way the number of chromosomes will be halved in each cell, while all the parts on the chromosome (genes) remain, after being randomized. Which information of the parent cell ends up in the daughter cell is purely decided by chance. Besides this random process, there is a second random process. In this second random process the DNA will be scrambled in a way that pieces are omitted (deletion), added (duplication), moved from one place to another (translocation) and inverted (inversion). This is a common process, which leads to about 0,4% variation in the DNA. It explains why even identical twins are not genetically 100% identical.

Problem of the second random process is that genetic mistakes can occur. Especially due to the deletion and duplication process, the chromosomes that come together in a new cell may be shorter or longer. The result of this spontaneous change in the structure of DNA is a so-called copy number variation. Due to the CNV chromosomes of different sizes can be combined in a new cell. If this occurs around conception, the result will be a first cell of a human with a genetic variation. This can be either positive or negative. In positive cases this new human will be capable of a special skill that is assessed positively, for example, in sports or science. In negative cases, you have to deal with a syndrome or a severe disability, as in this case the 1q21.1 CNVs.

Based on the meiotic process, the syndrome may occur in two ways.

* 1. a spontaneous deviation (a 'de novo' situation): two chromosomes come together of which one has a copy number variation as a result of the meiosis process.
* 2. a parent is unknowingly carrier of a chromosome with a copy number variation and passes it through at conception to the child, with different consequences for the child.

Due to this genetic misprint the embryo may experience problems in the development during the first months of pregnancy. Approximately 20 to 40 days after fertilization, something goes wrong in the construction of the body parts and brain, which leads to a chain reaction.

Because of the repetitions in 1q21.1, there is a larger chance on an unequal crossing-over during meiosis.

Genes related to the proximal area are HFE2, TXNIP, POLR3GL, LIX1L, RBM8A, PEX11B, ITGA10, ANKRD35, PIAS3, NUDT17, POLR3C, RNF115, CD160, PDZK1, and GPR89A
Genes related to the distal area are PDE4DIP, HYDIN2, PRKAB2, PDIA3P, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, GJA8, NBPF10, GPR89B, GPR89C, PDZK1P1 and NBPF11.


title: Kevin Johnn

abstract: Kevin Johnn is American fashion designer. He was one of the original designers of Project Runway on Bravo. He also appeared on the Axis Networks reality show Club Kids (2013-2014).

text:
# Kevin Johnn

**Kevin Johnn** is American fashion designer. He was one of the original designers of *Project Runway* on Bravo. He also appeared on the Axis Networks reality show Club Kids (2013-2014).

## Project Runway

He appeared and starred on the hit Bravo Emmy nominated show *Project Runway*. Kevin Johnn won the challenge "Rockstar" and had his outfit worn by Sarah Hudson in her music video, *Girl on the Verge* and dressed Heidi Klum for the second season of Project Runway.

## Career

Kevin Johnn resides in New York, New York, and is currently CFO/Creative Director of his own brand Kevin Johnn, a collection of luxury fashion sophisticated dresses and gowns. And of the dress line I Love Kevin Johnn clothing & accessories line based in New York City.


title: Rudy Clark

abstract: Rudolph Clark was an American songwriter credited with hit songs such as "If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody", "Got My Mind Set on You", "The Shoop Shoop Song", and "Good Lovin' ". He was most active from the early 1960s through the early 1970s. He has more than 250 copyrights listed by BMI.

text:
# Rudy Clark

**Rudolph Clark** (October 29, 1935 – September 3, 2020) was an American songwriter credited with hit songs such as "If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody", "Got My Mind Set on You", "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", and "Good Lovin' " (written with Artie Resnick). He was most active from the early 1960s through the early 1970s. He has more than 250 copyrights listed by BMI.

## Background

While working as a mailman in New York City in 1961, Clark wrote songs, and discovered singer James Ray in a small nightclub. Clark's songs won the interest of Gerry Granahan of Caprice Records, and Clark suggested that Ray record them. As a result, Ray recorded Clark's song "If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody", which became a pop and R&B hit in 1962 and was later a hit for Freddie and the Dreamers. Ray also recorded "Got My Mind Set on You", which became a No. 1 US and No. 2 UK hit for George Harrison in 1987, and was a No. 1 hit in 18 countries.

Clark was a close friend of singer Bobby Darin, who owned TM Music/Trio, the music company that employed Clark. Clark and Darin collaborated on several hits, including "Do the Monkey".

Clark wrote the Top 10 pop classic "It's in His Kiss (The Shoop Shoop Song)", first recorded by Merry Clayton and then by Betty Everett in 1964. The song was frequently revisited by other artists, most notably in the version that became a worldwide hit for Cher in 1991. With Arthur Resnick, Clark co-wrote "Good Lovin'", recorded by The Olympics in 1965 and then remade as a #1 hit by the Young Rascals the following year. Other Clark compositions include "Fool, Fool, Fool", recorded in 1964 by Little Joey & the Flips and then covered by Roosevelt Grier, the A-Cads, and Ray Brown & the Whispers, with the last two representations reaching #1 in South Africa and Australia respectively. His song "Waddle, Waddle" featured in the film *Hairspray*.

Clark composed "All Strung Out Over You" which was recorded by The Chambers Brothers, and was released on Columbia 4-43957 on December 19, 1966. It became a regional hit for the group, and by January 11, 1967, it was at #34 on the WMCA chart.

Clark was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best R&B Song for his lead contribution in writing the 1972 Top Five hit "Everybody Plays the Fool" by the Main Ingredient. Beyond pop hits, Clark wrote several songs for the early 1970s *Harlem Globetrotters* cartoon series.

Besides being heard on oldies radio, Clark's material has also found its way to the Broadway theatre, making reference to André DeShields' *Haarlem Nocturne* (1984) and Marion J. Caffey's *Street Corner Symphony* (1997).

## Chart hits written

| Year | Song | Original artist | Co-writer(s) with Clark | US Pop
 | US
R&B
 | UK
 | Other charting versions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | "If You Gotta Make a Fool of Somebody" | James Ray |  | 22 | 10 |  | 1963: Freddie and the Dreamers, #3 UK
1965: Maxine Brown, #63 US pop |
| 1962 | "Itty Bitty Pieces" | James Ray |  | 41 |  |  |  |
| | "Got My Mind Set On You" | James Ray |  |  |  |  | 1987: George Harrison, #1 US pop, #2 UK |
| | "Waddle, Waddle" | The Bracelets |  | 113 |  |  |  |
| 1963 | "Do the Monkey" | King Curtis | Bobby Darin | 92 |  |  |  |
| | "Shirl Girl" | Wayne Newton | Bobby Darin | 58 |  |  |  |
| | "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)" | Merry Clayton |  |  |  |  | 1964: Betty Everett, #6 US pop, #1 R&B, #34 UK (1968)
1975: Linda Lewis, #107 US pop, #97 R&B. #6 UK
1977: Kate Taylor, #49 US pop
1990: Cher, #33 US pop, #1 UK |
| 1964 | "Beg Me" | Chuck Jackson |  | 45 | 5 |  |  |
| | "What Can a Man Do?" | Ben E. King |  | 113 | 39 |  |  |
| | "Do It Right" | Brook Benton |  | 67 | 33 |  |  |
| 1965 | "Why Don't You Let Yourself Go" | Mary Wells |  | 107 |  |  |  |
| | "Good Lovin' " | The Olympics | Artie Resnick | 81 |  |  | 1966: The Young Rascals, #1 US pop |
| 1967 | "You Can't Stand Alone" | Wilson Pickett |  | 70 | 26 |  |  |
| 1968 | "A Woman With the Blues" | The Lamp Sisters |  |  | 20 |  |  |
| 1971 | "You Shouldn't Have Set My Soul on Fire" | Inez Foxx |  |  | 50 |  |  |
| 1972 | "Everybody Plays the Fool" | The Main Ingredient | J. R. Bailey, Ken Williams | 3 | 2 | 52 | 1991: Aaron Neville, #8 US pop |
| 1973 | "After Hours" | J. R. Bailey | J. R. Bailey, Ken Williams |  | 29 |  |  |
| 1975 | "Seven Lonely Nights" | The Four Tops | J. R. Bailey, Ken Williams | 71 | 13 |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Rudy Clark | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Rudolph Clark |
| Born | (1935-10-29)October 29, 1935
New York, U.S. |
| Died | September 3, 2020(2020-09-03) (aged 84)
Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop |
| Occupation | Songwriter |


title: Ruby (Ruby Gentry theme)

abstract: "Ruby" is the 1952 theme song for the film Ruby Gentry starring Jennifer Jones, written by Mitchell Parish and Heinz Roemheld. There were six charted versions of the song in 1953. The theme enjoyed much popularity in orchestral recordings by Les Baxter, with harmonica solo by Danny Welton., Victor Young And His Singing Strings with George Fields on harmonica, Richard Hayman And His Orchestra with Richard Hayman on harmonica, and Jerry Murad and the Harmonicats.

text:
# Ruby (Ruby Gentry theme)

"**Ruby**" is the 1952 theme song for the film *Ruby Gentry* starring Jennifer Jones, written by Mitchell Parish and Heinz Roemheld. There were six charted versions of the song in 1953.

The theme enjoyed much popularity in orchestral recordings by Les Baxter, with harmonica solo by Danny Welton., Victor Young And His Singing Strings with George Fields on harmonica (Columbia DO-70040, Australia), Richard Hayman And His Orchestra with Richard Hayman on harmonica, and Jerry Murad and the Harmonicats.

## Notable recordings

It has subsequently become a jazz and pop standard, both as an instrumental and with lyrics by Mitchell Parish:

* Richard Hayman and His Orchestra. This reached No. 3 in the Billboard charts in 1953.
* Les Baxter and His Orchestra (harmonica solo by Danny Welton) had a hit with the song in 1953, peaking in the No. 7 position.
* Harry James and his Orchestra. A No. 20 hit in 1953.
* Victor Young and His Singing Strings. Reached number 20 in the charts in 1953.
* Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra, reaching number 27 in the charts in 1953.
* Les Brown and His Band of Renown - briefly charted in 1953 at number 29.
* Ray Charles \- reached No. 28 in the Billboard charts in 1960.
* Adam Wade accompanied by George Paxton & His Orchestra with The Bel-Aire Singers. This directly competed against the Ray Charles version and reached No. 58 in the charts in 1960. Wade's B-side was "Too Far" written by Pat Lambert and Bob Haymes.

## InfoBox

| "Ruby" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Ray Charles | |
| from the album  *Dedicated to You* | |
| B-side | "Hardhearted Hannah" |
| Released | November 1960 |
| Recorded | August 23, 1960 |
| Studio | Bell Sound (New York City) |
| Genre | Soul, traditional pop |
| Length | 3:51 |
| Label | ABC-Paramount |
| Composer(s) | Mitchell Parish, Heinz Roemheld |
| Producer(s) | Sid Feller |
| Ray Charles singles chronology | |
| "Georgia on My Mind"
(1960) "**Ruby**"
(1960) "Them That Got"
(1961) | |


title: Ruby (color)

abstract: Ruby is a color that is a representation of the color of the cut and polished ruby gemstone and is a shade of red or pink.

text:
# Ruby (color)

**Ruby** is a color that is a representation of the color of the cut and polished ruby gemstone and is a shade of red or pink.

## Origins

The first recorded use of *ruby* as a color name in English was in 1572.

## Variations

### Rubine red

| Rubine Red | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #D10056 |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (209, 0, 86) |
| HSV (, , ) | (335°, 100%, 82%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (45, 124, 1°) |
| Source | \[Unsourced\] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

Displayed at right is the Pantone color **rubine red**.

### Ruber

| Ruber | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #CE4676 |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (206, 70, 118) |
| HSV (, , ) | (339°, 66%, 81%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (50, 89, 355°) |
| Source | ISCC-NBS |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid purplish red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

The color **ruber** is displayed to the right.

### Medium ruby

| Medium Ruby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #AA4069 |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (170, 64, 105) |
| HSV (, , ) | (337°, 62%, 67%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (43, 68, 352°) |
| Source | Crayola |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Moderate purplish red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

**Medium ruby** is the color called *ruby* in Crayola Gem Tones, a specialty set of crayons introduced by the Crayola company in 1994.

### Ruby red

| Ruby Red | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #9B111E |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (155, 17, 30) |
| HSV (, , ) | (354°, 89%, 61%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (33, 98, 10°) |
| Source | RAL |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

Displayed at right is the color **ruby red**.

This is one of the colors in the RAL color matching system, a color system widely used in Europe. The RAL color list originated in 1927, and it reached its present form in 1961.

### Big dip o'ruby

| Big Dip O'Ruby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #9C2542 |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (156, 37, 66) |
| HSV (, , ) | (345°, 76%, 61%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (36, 81, 3°) |
| Source | Crayola |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

Displayed at right is the color **big dip o'ruby**.

*Big dip o'ruby* is one of the colors in the special set of metallic Crayola crayons called Metallic FX, the colors of which were formulated by Crayola in 2001.

This is supposed to be a metallic color. However, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen.

### Antique ruby

| Antique Ruby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #841B2D |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (132, 27, 45) |
| HSV (, , ) | (350°, 80%, 52%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (29, 71, 7°) |
| Source | ISCC-NBS |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Deep red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

At right is displayed the color **antique ruby**.

The first recorded use of *antique ruby* as a color name in English was in 1926.

The color *antique ruby* is a dark tone of ruby.

### Deep ruby

| Deep Ruby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #843F5B |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (132, 63, 91) |
| HSV (, , ) | (336°, 52%, 52%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (36, 43, 348°) |
| Source | BS 381 |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Dark purplish red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |

Displayed at right is deep tone of ruby that is called *ruby* in the British Standards 381 color list. This color is #542 on the 381 color list. The 381 color list is for colors used in identification, coding, and other special purposes. The British Standard color lists were first formulated in 1930 and reached their present form in 1955.

## In nature

## InfoBox

| Ruby | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A natural ruby | |
| Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #E0115F |
| sRGB**B** (, , ) | (224, 17, 95) |
| HSV (, , ) | (337°, 92%, 88%) |
| CIELChuv (, , ) | (48, 130, 1°) |
| Source | Maerz and Paul |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Vivid red |
| **B**: Normalized to \[0–255\] (byte)
 | |


title: Khadija Oussat

abstract: Khadija Oussat is a Moroccan former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. She has been a member of the Morocco women's national team.

text:
# Khadija Oussat

**Khadija Oussat** is a Moroccan former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. She has been a member of the Morocco women's national team.

## Club career

Oussat has played for CA Khénifra in Morocco.

## International career

Oussat capped for Morocco at senior level on 8 March 2008 in a 0–6 friendly home lost to France.

## InfoBox

Khadija Oussat
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Morocco | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Khénifra |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2008 | Morocco | 1+ | (0+) |
| 2011 | United Arab Emirates | 1+ | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 10 October 2011. | | | |