title: Sonning Common

abstract: Sonning Common is a village and civil parish in a relatively flat, former common land part of the Chiltern Hills in South Oxfordshire, centred 3.5 miles (6 km) west south-west of Henley-on-Thames and 2.5 miles (4 km) north of Reading.

text:
# Sonning Common

**Sonning Common** is a village and civil parish in a relatively flat, former common land part of the Chiltern Hills in South Oxfordshire, centred 3.5 miles (6 km) west south-west of Henley-on-Thames and 2.5 miles (4 km) north of Reading.

## History

During the English Civil War the village itself did not exist: being an area of open land east of the route between Reading – occupied alternately by the Parliamentarians and Royalists – and Oxford, which was the King's headquarters. In 1647 after the end of the first civil war, the King was imprisoned at nearby Caversham House (now the location of BBC Monitoring in Caversham); however he was allowed out under escort to play bowls at an inn (latterly called "The King Charles Head") near Cane End, approximately one mile west of Sonning Common. His route between these places would have brought him close to the present-day village.

The site of the village has been called "Sonning Common" since at least the 1640s, long before any fixed settlement existed. The name is literal, at the time gradually losing its earlier status of common grazing land belonging to Sonning Parish. Both places have intermittently been spelt 'Sunning' as seen on maps such as that of the A4 road from 1786, indicating contemporary pronunciation was as in the other three ancient parishes named after Sunna (Saxon chief)  the letter combination 'un' was avoided in Middle English as a result of Norman handwriting.

## Amenities

Serving as a meeting place to explore by footpaths the Chiltern Hills nearest to the large town of Reading, Sonning Common has a community of volunteers who guide regular Sonning Common Health Walks. Sonning Common has a Herb Farm (with a Saxon layout maze), Thames Valley Gymnastics Club and a health centre. Two neighbouring parishes, Kidmore End and Rotherfield Peppard, have their war memorial halls on the parish boundaries. The civil parish help maintain a pond with a duck-house in the middle called "Duckingham Palace", three children's playgrounds and a Millennium Green, public land, at the southern end of the village between Kennylands Road and Peppard Road. Wood Lane has a health centre, village hall, and most shops including: an Indian restaurant, a Chinese take-away, fish and chip shop, sandwich shop, post office, florist, supermarkets, petrol station, dental practice and general/charity stores. Public houses:

* The *Bird In Hand*
* *The Butchers Arms*
* The *Hare and Hounds*.

## Churches

Churches are Christ the King (Church of England), Saint Michael's (Roman Catholic), and Sonning Common Free Church.

## Education

Sonning Common has a primary school, and Maiden Erlegh Chiltern Edge is the secondary school in the village. Sixth form students usually travel to The Henley College (Henley-on-Thames). There is also Bishopswood School which is a special school serving the wider area.

## Performing arts

The village has an amateur dramatic group, The Chiltern Players.

## Demography

|
|  |
**2011 Census Key Statistics**
| Output area | Population | Homes | % Owned outright | % Owned with a loan | % Socially rented | % Privately rented | km² | km² Greenspace | km² gardens | km² road and rail |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sonning Common (civil parish) | 3784 | 1547 | 45.4% | 34.5% | 12.8% | 5.7% | 3.66 | 2.46 | 0.74 | 0.17 |

The greenspace is mainly beech woodland with clearings and fields straddled by many paths. The Sonning Common Magazine is a not-for-profit community digital and delivered magazine to 1,850 addresses in the village every other month.

## Nearest places

## Notes and references

Notes References  1. Key Statistics: Dwellings; Quick Statistics: Population Density; Physical Environment: Land Use Survey 2005
2. "Civil War". Sonning Common Parish. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
3. "Village's part in civil war". Henley Standard. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
4. The pub is at Collins End, between Cane End and Goring Heath. By 2008 it was closed and up for sale. geograph.org.uk. Accessed 28 August 2009.
5. "Sonning Common Health Centre". Sonning Common Health Centre. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
6. "Sonning Common Magazine June July 2013" (PDF). 1 June 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
7. "Tandoori Connoisseur restaurant". Tandooriconnoisseur.co.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
8. Brambles Floristry
9. "Wood Lane Dentistry". Wood Lane Dentistry. 8 September 1969. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
10. Bird In Hand Archived 8 October 2013 at archive.today
11. The Butchers Arms Archived 29 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
12. A Church Near You. "Christ the King, Sonning Common". A Church Near You. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
13. "St Michael's Catholic Church". Saintmichaelsonningcommon.org.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
14. Sonning Common Primary School
15. "Chiltern Edge Secondary School". Chilternedge.oxon.sch.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
16. "Sonning Common Magazine". Sonning Common Magazine. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

## InfoBox

| Sonning Common | |
| --- | --- |
| Homes at Chalkhouse Green, Sonning Common. | |
| Sonning CommonLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| Area | 3.66 km2 (1.41 sq mi) |
| Population | 3,784 (2011 census) |
| Density | 1,034/km2 (2,680/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | SU7180 |
| Civil parish | * Sonning Common |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | READING |
| Postcode district | RG4 |
| Dialling code | 0118 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Website | Sonning Common Parish |
|


title: Sonning Regatta

abstract: Sonning Regatta is the regatta of the village of Sonning in Berkshire and the hamlet of Sonning Eye in Oxfordshire, England, on the north and south banks of the River Thames. It is a part of the Sonning Festival.

text:
# Sonning Regatta

**Sonning Regatta** is the regatta of the village of Sonning in Berkshire and the hamlet of Sonning Eye in Oxfordshire, England, on the north and south banks of the River Thames. It is a part of the Sonning Festival.

## History

The original Regatta started in Victorian/Edwardian times but was interrupted by World War II. The last regatta was held in front of the then White Hart pub (now the Great House at Sonning) next to Sonning Bridge, on 2 September 1939.

The regatta was re-established in 2000 as part of the millennium celebrations and has subsequently been held every two years. It takes place on the Oxfordshire bank of the River Thames above Sonning Lock near the Redgrave Pinsent Rowing Lake. It is normally held on the Saturday of the bank holiday weekend at the end of May. There are a number of categories of race for both adults and children including canoes, dinghies, skiffs, etc. A particular feature is the dongola racing.

Sonning Regatta is held on even years.

## Bibliography

* Perkins, Angela (1999). *The Book of Sonning* (2nd ed.). Buckingham: Baron Books. ISBN 0-86023-659-5.

51°28′17″N 0°55′17″W / 51.47128°N 0.92140°W / 51.47128; -0.92140


title: Sonning Hill

abstract: Sonning Hill is a hill near the village of Sonning in Berkshire, England, close to the River Thames. Towards the Oxfordshire side of the main river channel, there is a long thin island creating two branches of the river. The Sonning Cutting takes the Great Western Railway through part of the hill between Twyford and Reading. There are good walks by the river in this area. At the foot of the hill by the Thames is Ali's Pond Local Nature Reserve, a nature reserve laid out with paths and large ponds in 1997. The UK headquarters of two major software companies, Microsoft and Oracle Corporation are also located here on the Thames Valley Park business park.

text:
# Sonning Hill

**Sonning Hill** is a hill near the village of Sonning in Berkshire, England, close to the River Thames. Towards the Oxfordshire side of the main river channel, there is a long thin island creating two branches of the river. The Sonning Cutting takes the Great Western Railway through part of the hill between Twyford and Reading.

There are good walks by the river in this area. At the foot of the hill by the Thames is Ali's Pond Local Nature Reserve, a nature reserve laid out with paths and large ponds in 1997.

The UK headquarters of two major software companies, Microsoft and Oracle Corporation are also located here on the Thames Valley Park business park.

51°28′12″N 0°54′25″W / 51.470°N 0.907°W / 51.470; -0.907


title: Christian Friedrich Schmid

abstract: Christian Friedrich Schmid was a German Lutheran theologian born in the village of Bickelsberg, Württemberg.

text:
# Christian Friedrich Schmid

**Christian Friedrich Schmid** (25 May 1794  28 March 1852) was a German Lutheran theologian born in the village of Bickelsberg (now part of Rosenfeld), Württemberg.

## Life

He received his education at seminaries in Denkendorf, Maulbronn and Tübingen, later becoming an associate professor of practical theology at the University of Tübingen (1821). In 1826 he was appointed a full professor at Tübingen, a position he maintained for the rest of his career. He was a member of the committee for the Württemberg liturgy (1840) and of the council for church organization (1848).

He was influenced by the Tübingen Supranaturalism of his era, and he worked hard for the positive foundations of Lutheranism, continuing a trend that dated back to the time of Johann Albrecht Bengel (1657–1752). He was considered an excellent instructor, his lectures primarily dealing with practical, moral and exegetical theology. Among his better known students were Philip Schaff (1819-1893), Isaak August Dorner (1809-1884) and William Julius Mann (1819-1892).

Among his better written efforts, *Biblische Theologie des neuen Testaments*, was published posthumously in 1853, and later translated into English as *Biblical theology of the New Testament* (1870). Another noted work, *Christliche Sittenlehre* ("Christian Ethics", 1861), was also published after his death.


title: Source Mage

abstract: Source Mage is a source-based Linux distribution descended from Sorcerer. Components of this operating system are downloaded as source code and compiled locally on the user's computer.

text:
# Source Mage

**Source Mage** is a source-based Linux distribution descended from Sorcerer. Components of this operating system are downloaded as source code and compiled locally on the user's computer.

## Notable features

Source Mage is a source-based Linux distribution. Instead of delivering binaries to users, the source code is compiled locally on the users computer. This practice enables greater control over the software than other distributions that precompile software for users do, such as Ubuntu. Individual dependencies can be selected or deselected, saving valuable hard drive space and freeing RAM and CPU cycles. For instance, OpenSSH can be compiled without support for X11 sharing. One can choose to set cflags, cxxflags, and ldflags specific to their situation. Using a source-based distribution is one way to unlock the full performance of a computer, as many binary distros compile their software for a wide audience, not a particular group, such as users of a specific processor. When a Source Mage spell is "cast", the latest stable release is downloaded from the developer's site rather than Source Mage's. This allows for the most up-to-date system, unlike Gentoo, another popular source-based distribution, which maintains its own customized cache of packages. SMGL changes as little as possible in packages (only to fit to bare standards such as the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard), so it is more immune from the kind of errors resulting from distribution developers tampering, while in turn lacking the potentially necessary patches that projects like Gentoo and Debian apply.

## History

In 2001, Kyle Sallee released a Linux distribution named Sorcerer GNU/Linux. Due to several issues, in 2002, Chuck S. Mead forked Sorcerer into Lunar Linux. Soon afterwards, Kyle Sallee took Sorcerer GNU/Linux offline. The remaining Sorcerer GNU/Linux development team brought it back online and continued development. A month later, Kyle Sallee brought his version of Sorcerer back online with a new license that prevented forking, dropping GNU/Linux from the name. Consequently, at the request of Sallee, the Sorcerer GNU/Linux team renamed their project Source Mage.

## Compiling

Source Mage's tagline is "Linux so advanced, it may as well be magic" (a reference to Clarke's third law), and its commands have a "sorcerous theme". The instructions to each package is called a "spell", and its package management program is called "sorcery". To install a package the user must "cast" that spell. Casting a spell consists of downloading the source code (if it is not already downloaded), checking for dependencies, casting them if necessary, compiling the program, and installing it. A set of available spells is called a "grimoire". To uninstall a package the user must "dispel" the spell.

## Social contract

Source Mage has established a distribution commitment. *Source Mage Social Contract* establishes its basic rules, which are similar though not identical to Debian's. The first part of the contract ensures the freedom of Source Mage:

> We promise to keep the Source Mage GNU/Linux Distribution entirely free (as in freedom). This means that all software we release will be licensed under the GNU General Public License as defined by the Free Software Foundation (fsf.org). All of our documentation will be released under the GNU Free Documentation License.

Source Mage does not restrict the user's choice of software to only free software:

> We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of programs that don't conform to the strict SMGL Licensing Guidelines. While SMGL will never rely on non-free software, we do not limit a user's choice of software. We will provide the tools for a user to make their own informed decisions, via each spell's "LICENSE" field, and the sorcery spell filter. Thus, although non-free software isn't a part of Source Mage, we support its use, and we provide infrastructure (such as our bug-tracking system and mailing lists, as well as spells) for non-free software packages.

## Installation

Installing Source Mage involves first creating a minimal installation with a kernel (so it can run), the GCC C compiler, a network connection, and a few other basic tools to support downloading and compiling source code. This enables the system to download, compile, and install all the other components, and the compilation results can be tailored for that specific system.

## Portability

All Source Mage-maintained code is designed to presume a minimal system, and the base system doesn't explicitly require a C++ compiler (Only GCC 4.x+ does, but can be replaced).

Besides POSIX-compliant tools, core components require only bash, sed and either gawk or mawk, instead of more heavyweight languages like Perl or Python. This makes Source Mage suitable for a small installation.

## InfoBox

Source Mage
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Developer | Source Mage community |
| OS family | Linux (Unix-like) |
| Working state | Active |
| Source model | Open source |
| Latest release | 0.62-11 / 22 September 2017 (22 September 2017) |
| Kernel type | Monolithic Linux kernel |
| License | Source Mage Social Contract qualified software |
| Official website | www.sourcemage.org |


title: Sophia Kleegman

abstract: Sophia Josephine Kleegman (1901–1971) was a Russian American obstetrician, gynecologist, and sex education advocate. She was a pioneer in the study of infertility.

text:
# Sophia Kleegman

**Sophia Josephine Kleegman** (1901–1971) was a Russian American obstetrician, gynecologist, and sex education advocate. She was a pioneer in the study of infertility.

## Biography

Sophia Kleegman was born on July 8, 1901, in Kiev, Russian Empire to Israel and Elka Siergutz Kleegman. In 1906 her family emigrated to the United States, settling in New York. She was accepted into the second coeducational class of Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now the New York University School of Medicine) in 1920. Following her graduation in 1924, she held a residency at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital. Thereafter she practiced gynecology and obstetrics. In 1929 she was appointed to the faculty of obstetrics and gynecology at the New York University College of Medicine. She was the first woman to be appointed to the faculty. She joined the attending staff of Bellevue Hospital that same year.

From the 1930s on, Kleegman published several papers on the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. She was an early advocate of artificial insemination and the establishment of sperm banks. She had a highly successful private practice.

Kleegman became a clinical professor in gynecology and obstetrics in 1953. She led Bellevue's infertility clinic from 1958 until 1971. She wrote the 1966 book *Infertility in Women* with Sherwin Kaufman.

Kleegman died in New York on September 30, 1971.

## Personal life

As she was already established professionally, Kleegman retained her name when she married orthodontist John H. Sillman on December 31, 1932. They had two children, Frederick Holden (b. 1937) and Anne Marice (b. 1941).

## Selected publications

* Kleegman, Sophia J. (November 15, 1935). "Medical and Social Aspects of Birth Control". *The Journal-Lancet*. **45** (22). Minneapolis.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (January 1939). "Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sterility". *The Medical Woman's Journal* (46): 3, 1, 9.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (May 1951). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Women". *Medical Clinics of North America*. **35** (3): 817–846. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)35282-8. PMID 13098507.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (January 1954). "Therapeutic Donor Insemination". *Fertility and Sterility*. **5** (1): 7–31. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)31504-7. PMID 13117078. S2CID 35314266.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (October 1959). "Frigidity in Women". *Quarterly Review of Surgery*. **16**: 243–248. PMID 14409638.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (March 1966). "Educate the Educators". *Fertility and Sterility*. **17** (2): 160–164. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35881-2. PMID 5907040.

## InfoBox

| Sophia J. Kleegman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 8, 1901
Kiev, Russian Empire |
| Died | September 30, 1971(1971-09-30) (aged 70)
New York |
| Alma mater | Bellevue Hospital Medical College |
| Spouse | John H. Sillman |
| Children | Two |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Gynecology, obstetrics |
| Institutions | New York University College of Medicine |
|  | |


title: Sound speed gradient

abstract:
In acoustics, the sound speed gradient is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean,
or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path. The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the gradient. When the sun warms the Earth's surface, there is a negative temperature gradient in atmosphere. The speed of sound decreases with decreasing temperature, so this also creates a negative sound speed gradient. The sound wave front travels faster near the ground, so the sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. The opposite effect happens when the ground is covered with snow, or in the morning over water, when the sound speed gradient is positive. In this case, sound waves can be refracted from the upper levels down to the surface. In underwater acoustics, speed of sound depends on pressure, temperature, and salinity of seawater, thus leading to vertical speed gradients similar to those that exist in atmospheric acoustics. However, when there is a zero sound speed gradient, values of sound speed have the same "isospeed" in all parts of a given water column. The same effect happens in an isothermal atmosphere with the ideal gas assumption.

text:
# Sound speed gradient

In acoustics, the **sound speed gradient** is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean, or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path. The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the gradient.

When the sun warms the Earth's surface, there is a negative temperature gradient in atmosphere. The speed of sound decreases with decreasing temperature, so this also creates a negative sound speed gradient. The sound wave front travels faster near the ground, so the sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. The opposite effect happens when the ground is covered with snow, or in the morning over water, when the sound speed gradient is positive. In this case, sound waves can be refracted from the upper levels down to the surface.

In underwater acoustics, speed of sound depends on pressure (hence depth), temperature, and salinity of seawater, thus leading to vertical speed gradients similar to those that exist in atmospheric acoustics. However, when there is a zero sound speed gradient, values of sound speed have the same "isospeed" in all parts of a given water column (there is no change in sound speed with depth). The same effect happens in an isothermal atmosphere with the ideal gas assumption.


title: Cholestane

abstract: Cholestane is a saturated tetracyclic triterpene. This 27-carbon biomarker is produced by diagenesis of cholesterol and is one of the most abundant biomarkers in the rock record. Presence of cholestane, its derivatives and related chemical compounds in environmental samples is commonly interpreted as an indicator of animal life and/or traces of O2, as animals are known for exclusively producing cholesterol, and thus has been used to draw evolutionary relationships between ancient organisms of unknown phylogenetic origin and modern metazoan taxa. Cholesterol is made in low abundance by other organisms (e.g., rhodophytes, land plants), but because these other organisms produce a variety of sterols it cannot be used as a conclusive indicator of any one taxon. It is often found in analysis of organic compounds in petroleum.

text:
# Cholestane

**Cholestane** is a saturated tetracyclic triterpene. This 27-carbon biomarker is produced by diagenesis of cholesterol and is one of the most abundant biomarkers in the rock record. Presence of cholestane, its derivatives and related chemical compounds in environmental samples is commonly interpreted as an indicator of animal life and/or traces of O2, as animals are known for exclusively producing cholesterol, and thus has been used to draw evolutionary relationships between ancient organisms of unknown phylogenetic origin and modern metazoan taxa. Cholesterol is made in low abundance by other organisms (e.g., rhodophytes, land plants), but because these other organisms produce a variety of sterols it cannot be used as a conclusive indicator of any one taxon. It is often found in analysis of organic compounds in petroleum.

## Background

Cholestane is a saturated C-27 animal biomarker often found in petroleum deposits. It is a diagenetic product of cholesterol, which is an organic molecule made primarily by animals and make up ~30% of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol is responsible for membrane rigidity and fluidity, as well as intracellular transport, cell signaling and nerve conduction. In humans, it is also the precursor for hormones (i.e., estrogen, testosterone). It is synthesized via squalene and naturally assumes a specific stereochemical orientation (3β-ol, 5α (H), 14α (H), 17α (H), 20R). This stereochemical orientation is typically maintained throughout diagenetic processes, but cholestane can be found in the fossil record with many stereochemical configurations.

### Biomarker

Cholestane in the fossil record is often interpreted as an indicator (biomarker) of ancient animal life and is often used by geochemists and geobiologists to reconstruct animal evolution (particularly in the Precambrian Earth history; e.g., Ediacaran, Cryogenian and Proterozoic in general). Molecular oxygen is required to produce cholesterol; thus, the presence of cholestane suggests some trace of oxygen in the paleoenvironment. Cholestane is not exclusively derived from diagenesis of animal-derived steroid molecules; cholestane may also be associated with the presence of e.g., rhodophytes and embryophytes, although the abundance of such non-metaozan cholestane is unknown. Embryophytes generally produce a variety of sterols, which are collectively known as phytosterols, and cholesterol remains a minor component. In contrast, bacteria produce other cyclic triterpenoids such as hopanoids and their diagenetic products hopanes are utilized as bacterial biomarkers.

## Natural preservation in fossils

Cholesterol has 256 stereoisomers, but only one of them is formed naturally in production of cholesterol (3β-ol, 5α (H), 14α (H), 17α (H), 20R) and is therefore the primary stereoisomer of interest for cholestane measurements. Deviations from this stereochemistry often reflects diagenesis, thermal maturation and preservation bias.

Diagenesis typically leads to the loss of functional groups and double bonds in organic molecules. For cholestane specifically, diagenesis of cholesterol to cholestane produces a molecule that is fully saturated compared to its steroid counterpart. This process occurs without the loss or gain of carbon atoms and therefore can serve as an indicator of the original steroid produced by the organism in the environment.

Thermal alteration can also cause loss of the alkane side-chain at C17. An experiment demonstrated that over 4 weeks at 300 °C, cholestane underwent 17% decomposition of its alkane side chain. In contrast, the polycyclic structure (C1-17) is very thermally stable. Diagenetic processes can also cause methyl shifts and aromatization.

### Stereochemical alteration

Additional diagenetic processes can further alter the cholestane molecule. For instance, cholestane is susceptible to stereochemical shifts over time from its natural isomer. These changes can be the effect of thermal or microbial alteration. Thermal alteration can cause changes in stereochemistry at both the C20 chiral center, as well as the hydrogen atoms. The ratio of R/S stereoisomers is typically reported as a measure of “thermal maturity”. In contrast, conversion of the hydrogen atom at the C5 position from α to β configuration reflects anaerobic microbial activity, and can be understood through isotope labeling experiments on controlled microbe experiments metabolizing the steroid of interest. One study demonstrated that there are two reactions that can produce loss of the cholesterol double bond—(1) direct reduction of double bond or (2) production of ketone prior to reduction of double bond—resulting in distinct isomerization of the hydrogen atom at the C5 position. The C14 and C17α hydrogen atoms are more stable and undergo changes to β configuration in much lower abundances than the 5 hydrogen atom.

## Measurement techniques

### GC/MS

Cholestane can be extracted from samples and measured on the GC/MS to quantify relative abundance to other organic compounds. This measurement is done by extraction of the steranes into a non-polar solvent (e.g., dichloromethane or chloroform) and purified into a “saturates” fraction using silica gel column gas chromatography. Cholestane isomers will elute from the column based on molecular weight and various stereochemistry, which makes traditional mass spectrometry challenging due to close co-elution of isomers. Alternatively, one can measure cholestane using GC/MS/MS experiments which target the m/z fragment 217 (from molecular ion 372). This specific method first looks for the 372 molecular ion of cholestane, and then fragments that molecular ion further to its m/z 217 fragment in order to improve identification of specific isomers.

### δ13C isotope ratios

δ13C values of cholestane reflect the carbon isotope composition of the animals that created the original cholesterol molecules. Animal carbon isotope composition is typically understood to be a function of their diet; therefore, carbon isotope composition of cholestane would reflect this original diet value as well. δ13C values can be measured using a gas chromatograph coupled to an IRMS.

More generally, steranes can be used as an indicator of environmental shifts. A study has presented δ13C values of steranes versus hopanes and used it to propose changes in the photic zone over the course of the Miocene, as changes in the isotope value must be either a result of dissolved inorganic carbon within the water or biological isotope fractionation.

## Case studies

### Early life biomarkers

Presence of cholestane does not necessarily indicate presence of animals, but is often used in conjunction with other biomarkers to note the rise of distinct taxa in the fossil record; with regard to this, a study measured relative abundance in cholestane versus other triterpenoid biomarkers to demonstrate the rise of algae during the Neoproterozoic.

Tracing the actual origins of cholestane within the fossil record is challenging, as most of the rocks from that time period are heavily metamorphosed and thus potential biomarkers are thermally altered. A study linked the source of cholestane to a specific Ediacaran fossil (*Dickinsonia)* to provide constraints to the taxonomic classification of Ediacaran biota as evolutionary preludes to metazoan life. Cholestane is not a specific marker for animals though and is found in most eukaryotic lineages.

## InfoBox

Cholestane
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|
IUPAC numbering | |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Cholestane | |
| Systematic IUPAC name (1*R*,3a*S*,3b*R*,9a*S*,9b*S*,11a*R*)-9a,11a-Dimethyl-1-\[(2*R*)-6-methylheptan-2-yl\]hexadecahydro-1*H*-cyclopenta\[*a*\]phenanthrene | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.035.496 |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C27H48/c1-19(2)9-8-10-20(3)23-14-15-24-22-13-12-21-11-6-7-17-26(21,4)25(22)16-18-27(23,24)5/h19-25H,6-18H2,1-5H3/t20-,21?,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1 YKey: XIIAYQZJNBULGD-LDHZKLTISA-N Y * InChI=1/C27H48/c1-19(2)9-8-10-20(3)23-14-15-24-22-13-12-21-11-6-7-17-26(21,4)25(22)16-18-27(23,24)5/h19-25H,6-18H2,1-5H3/t20-,21?,22+,23-,24+,25+,26+,27-/m1/s1Key: XIIAYQZJNBULGD-LDHZKLTIBN | |
| SMILES * C\[C@H\](CCCC(C)C)\[C@H\]1CC\[C@@H\]2\[C@@\]1(CC\[C@H\]3\[C@H\]2CCC4\[C@@\]3(CCCC4)C)C * C41CCCC\[C@@\]1(\[C@@H\]3\[C@H\](\[C@@H\]2CC\[C@@H\](\[C@@\]2(C)CC3)\[C@H\](C)CCCC(C)C)CC4)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C27H48 |
| Molar mass | 372.681 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 0.911 g/ml |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase

abstract:
In enzymology, a cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.161) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol + NAD+ ⇌ (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al + NADH + H+ Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al, NADH, and H+. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol:NAD+ 26-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase, 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol dehydrogenase, TEHC-NAD oxidoreductase, 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol:NAD+, and 26-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.

text:
# Cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a **cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase** (EC 1.1.1.161) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

(25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol + NAD+ $\rightleftharpoons $ (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al + NADH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al, NADH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **(25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol:NAD+ 26-oxidoreductase**. Other names in common use include **cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase**, **5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol dehydrogenase**, **TEHC-NAD oxidoreductase**, **5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol:NAD+**, and **26-oxidoreductase**. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.

* Masui T, Herman R, Staple E (1966). "The oxidation of 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha, 7-alpha, 12-alpha, 26-tetraol to 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha, 7-alpha, 12-alpha-triol-26-oic acid via 5-beta-cholestane-3-alpha, 7-alpha, 12-alpha-triol-26-al by rat liver". *Biochim. Biophys. Acta*. **117** (1): 266–8. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(66)90177-2. PMID 5914340.

## InfoBox

| cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 1.1.1.161 |
| CAS no. | 62213-60-9 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: South African Class 10E1, Series 1

abstract: The South African Railways Class 10E1, Series 1 of 1987 is an electric locomotive. Between 1987 and 1989, the South African Railways placed fifty Class 10E1, Series 1 electric locomotives with a Co-Co wheel arrangement in mainline service as a new standard heavy goods locomotive.

text:
# South African Class 10E1, Series 1

The **South African Railways Class 10E1, Series 1** of 1987 is an electric locomotive.

Between 1987 and 1989, the South African Railways placed fifty Class 10E1, Series 1 electric locomotives with a Co-Co wheel arrangement in mainline service as a new standard heavy goods locomotive.

## Manufacturer

The 3 kV DC Class 10E1, Series 1 electric locomotive was designed for the South African Railways (SAR) by the General Electric Company (GEC) and built by Union Carriage & Wagon (UCW) in Nigel, Transvaal. GEC supplied the electrical equipment while UCW was responsible for the mechanical components and assembly.

Fifty locomotives were delivered by UCW between 1987 and 1989, numbered in the range from 10-051 to 10-100. Contrary to prior UCW practice, GEC works numbers were allocated to the Class 10E1 locomotives. With the exception of the Class 9E, also a UCW-built GEC-designed locomotive, UCW did not allocate builder’s numbers to previous locomotives it built for the SAR, but used the SAR unit numbers for their record keeping.

## Characteristics

The Class 10E1 was introduced as a new standard 3 kV DC heavy goods locomotive. With a continuous power rating of 3,090 kilowatts (4,140 horsepower), four Class 10E1 locomotives were capable of performing the same work as six Class 6E1. The entire fleet of Class 10E1 electric locomotives uses electronic chopper control which is smoother in comparison to the rheostatic resistance control that was used in the Classes 1E to 6E1 range of electric locomotives.

### Brakes

The locomotive makes use of either regenerative or rheostatic braking, as the situation demands. Both traction and electric braking power are continuously variable with the electric braking optimised to such an extent that maximum use will be made of the regenerative braking capacity of the 3 kV DC network, with the ability to automatically change over to rheostatic braking whenever the overhead supply system becomes non-receptive.

### Bogies

The Class 10E1 was built with sophisticated traction linkages on the bogies. Together with the locomotive's electronic wheel-slip detection system, these traction struts, mounted between the linkages on the bogies and the locomotive body and colloquially referred to as grasshopper legs, ensure the maximum transfer of power to the rails without causing wheel-slip by reducing the adhesion of the leading bogie and increasing that of the trailing bogie by as much as 15% upon starting off.

### Orientation

This dual cab locomotive has a roof access ladder on one side only, immediately to the right of the cab access door. The roof access ladder end is marked as the no. 2 end. In visual appearance, the Series 1 and Series 2 locomotives are virtually indistinguishable from each other. Their shape earned them the nickname *broodblikke* (breadbins) amongst train crews.

## Service

Most of the Class 10E1 locomotives were placed in service at Nelspruit and Ermelo in Mpumalanga. In 1998, a number of Spoornet’s electric locomotives and most of their Class 38-000 electro-diesel locomotives were sold to Maquarie-GETX (General Electric Financing) and leased back to Spoornet for a ten-year period which was to expire in 2008. Of the Class 10E, Series 1, numbers 10-062 to 10-100 were included in this leasing deal.

## Works numbers

The Class 10E1, Series 1 GEC works numbers are listed in the table.

## Liveries

All the Class 10E1, Series 1 locomotives were delivered in the SAR red oxide livery with signal red buffer beams and cowcatchers and a yellow V stripe on the ends, folded over to a horizontal stripe below the side windows. The number plates on the sides were mounted without the traditional three-stripe yellow wings. In the late 1990s many were repainted in the Spoornet blue livery with outline numbers on the long hood sides and with a yellow and blue chevron pattern on the buffer beams and cowcatchers. After 2008 in the Transnet Freight Rail (TFR) era, several were repainted in the TFR red, green and yellow livery.

## Illustration

Media related to South African Class 10E1 Series 1 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| South African Class 10E1, Series 1 | |
| --- | --- |
| 10-071 at Pyramid South, Pretoria, 7 May 2013 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Electric  Designer General Electric Company  Builder Union Carriage & Wagon  Serial number 5659-5708  Model GEC 10E1  Build date 1987-1989  Total produced 50 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   AAR C-C  UIC Co'Co'  Commonwealth Co-Co  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Wheel diameter 1,220 mm (48.03 in)  Wheelbase 13,460 mm (44 ft 1+78 in)   Bogie 4,060 mm (13 ft 3+78 in)  Pivot centres 10,200 mm (33 ft 5+58 in)  Panto shoes 12,000 mm (39 ft 4+12 in)  Length:
   Over couplers 18,520 mm (60 ft 9+18 in)  Over body 17,506 mm (57 ft 5+14 in)  Width 2,906 mm (9 ft 6+38 in)  Height:
   Pantograph 4,120 mm (13 ft 6+14 in)  Body height 3,945 mm (12 ft 11+38 in)  Axle load 21,210 kg (46,760 lb)  Adhesive weight 126,000 kg (278,000 lb)  Loco weight 126,000 kg (278,000 lb)  Electric system/s 3 kV DC catenary  Current pickup(s) Pantographs  Traction motors Six GEC G425AZ   Rating 1 hour 540 kW (720 hp)  Continuous 515 kW (691 hp)  Gear ratio 17:87  Loco brake Air, Regenerative & Rheostatic  Train brakes Air & Vacuum  Couplers AAR knuckle | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 90 km/h (56 mph)  Power output:
   1 hour 3,240 kW (4,340 hp)  Continuous 3,090 kW (4,140 hp)  Tractive effort:
   Starting 450 kN (100,000 lbf)  1 hour 335 kN (75,000 lbf)  Continuous 310 kN (70,000 lbf) @ 35 km/h (22 mph)  Brakeforce 175 kN (39,000 lbf) @ 15–45 km/h (9–28 mph)
2,187 kN (492,000 lbf) @ 45–100 km/h (28–62 mph) | |
| Career  Operators South African Railways
Spoornet
Transnet Freight Rail  Class Class 10E1  Number in class 50  Numbers 10-051 to 10-100  Nicknames *Broodblik (Breadbin)*  Delivered 1987-1989  First run 1987 | |


title: South Dakota Highway 27

abstract: South Dakota Highway 27 (SD 27) is a 42.639-mile (68.621 km) state highway in Day and Marshall counties in South Dakota, United States, that connects Pierpont, Langford, and Britton.

text:
# South Dakota Highway 27

**South Dakota Highway 27** (**SD 27**) is a 42.639-mile (68.621 km) state highway in Day and Marshall counties in South Dakota, United States, that connects Pierpont, Langford, and Britton.

## Route description

### Day County

SD 27 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 12 (US 12) southeast of Andover, in the central part of Day County. Here, the roadway continues to the south as 419th Avenue. SD 27 travels to the north, through rural areas of the county. North of 133th Street, it skirts along the western edge of the Pierpont Lake Recreation Area and passes Pierpont Lake. North of 131st Street, it intersects the western terminus of 1st Street, which is also signed as a "city truck route" and as "130 A Street". Just north of this intersection, the highway enters the southwestern part of Pierpont. An intersection with the western terminus of Main Street leads to the business district of the town. It skirts along the western edge of the Pierpont City Park. Just north of an intersection with the western terminus of 3rd Street, it leaves the city limits of Pierpont. At an intersection with the western terminus of 4th Street, it leaves the city park. Just south of 125th Street, the highway crosses over Antelope Creek. South of 124th Street, it curves to the north-northeast. At the intersection with 124th Street, it enters the southwestern part of Marshall County.

### Marshall County

North of this intersection, SD 27 enters the southeastern part of Langford. At an intersection with the eastern terminus of Main Street, it turns right and travels to the east. East of Lesher Street, it leaves the city limits of Langford. East of 422nd Avenue, it curves back to the north. Just south of 119th Street, it passes Hickman Lake to the west. This intersection leads to access to Hickman Dam Lake. Just south of 112th Street, the highway crosses over Crow Creek. North of 111th Street, it enters the south-central part of Britton. Just south of 8th Street, it crosses over some railroad tracks of BNSF Railway. The next intersection is with SD 10 (Vander Horck). Here, SD 10 and SD 27 head concurrently to the east, while the Main Street name continues to the north. Just west of 7th Avenue, they cross over the railroad tracks of BNSF Railway from before. An intersection with 5th Avenue leads to Marshall County Healthcare Center. East of 3rd Avenue, they leave the city limits of Britton. At an intersection with 429th Avenue, the two highways split, with SD 27 resuming its path to the north. Between 109th Street and County Road 6 (CR 6; 108th Street), it crosses over Crow Creek again. From just south of 106th Street to south of CR 4 (104th Street), it passes White Lake to the west and crosses over White Rice Creek. CR 4 leads to Kidder and Veblen. North of the western terminus of CR 2 (101st Street), it curves to the north-northeast and meets its northern terminus, an intersection with the western terminus of CR 2G (100th Street) on the North Dakota state line. Here, the roadway continues to the north-northeast as North Dakota Highway 32 (ND 32).

### National Highway System

No part of SD 27 is included as part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility and defense.

## History

The original SD 27 was established in 1926, from Olivet to Tabor. This became the southward extension of SD 35 between 1932 and 1935. SD 27 was established in 1976. It was the original northern part of the path of SD 25.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Day |  | 0.000 | 0.000 | US 12 / 419th Avenue south Groton, Webster | Southern terminus; roadway continues to the south as 419th Avenue. |
| Marshall | Britton | 32.637 | 52.524 |
SD 10 west (Vander Horck) / Main Street north Houghton | Southern end of SD 10 concurrency; roadway continues to the north as Main Street. |
| |  | 34.173 | 54.996 |
SD 10 east / 429th Avenue south Sisseton | Northern end of SD 10 concurrency; roadway continues to the south as 429th Avenue. |
| |  | 42.639 | 68.621 |
ND 32 north Havana, Forman | Northern terminus of SD 27; continuation into North Dakota |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/South Dakota Highway 27KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Highway 27 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of South Dakota with SD 27 in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by SDDOT | |
| Length | 42.639 mi (68.621 km) |
| Existed | 1976–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 12 southeast of Andover |
| Major intersections | SD 10 from Britton to east of Britton |
| North end | ND 32 at the North Dakota state line northeast of Kidder |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| Counties |  |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **South Dakota State Trunk Highway System** | |
| SD 26   SD 28 | |


title: South Dakota Highway 26

abstract: South Dakota Highway 26 (SD 26) is a 49.540-mile-long (79.727 km) state highway in the central part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It connects rural areas of Hyde, Hand, and Spink counties. The highway was established around 1935, replacing SD 22. The segment between SD 45 and SD 47 was added to the path of SD 26 between 1957 and 1962. An extension of this highway, from US 83 in Onida to SD 47 was proposed in the late 1970s. Although a road was built in this area, it was not designated as part of SD 26.

text:
# South Dakota Highway 26

**South Dakota Highway 26** (**SD 26**) is a 49.540-mile-long (79.727 km) state highway in the central part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It connects rural areas of Hyde, Hand, and Spink counties.

The highway was established around 1935, replacing SD 22. The segment between SD 45 and SD 47 was added to the path of SD 26 between 1957 and 1962.

An extension of this highway, from US 83 in Onida to SD 47 was proposed in the late 1970s. Although a road was built in this area, it was not designated as part of SD 26.

## Route description

### Hyde County

SD 26 begins at an intersection with SD 47 and the eastern terminus of County Road 645 (180th Street) at a point north of Highmore, in the north-central part of Hyde County. SD 26 takes 180th Street to the east. At an intersection with 344th Avenue, it enters the northwestern part of Hand County.

### Hand County

Just west of 345th Avenue, SD 26 crosses over Lost Creek. West of 354th Avenue, it enters Polo. East of Polo Drive, it leaves the community. East of 357th Avenue, the highway crosses over Shaefer Creek. East of 359th Avenue, it intersects SD 45. The two highways travel concurrently to the south for approximately 1 mile (1.6 km), while 180th Street continues to the east. At 181st Street, SD 26 splits off and resumes its eastward routing. Just west of 366th Avenue, it crosses over North Wolf Creek. Just west of 369th Avenue, it curves to the east-southeast. Between 370th and 371st avenues, it curves back to the east. At an intersection with CR 24 (374th Avenue), it enters the southwestern part of Spink County.

### Spink County

Immediately, SD 26 crosses over Medicine Creek and curves to the north. South of 180th Street, the highway curves to the north-northwest and begins to parallel the western part of Cottonwood Lake. Just north of this intersection, it curves to the north-northeast and winds its way along the shore of the lake. At the northern edge of the lake, the highway curves to the east-northeast. Just east of 178th Street, it curves to the east and then to the north. Just south of CR 19 (377th Avenue), SD 26 curves to the east. East of 378th Avenue, it curves to the east-southeast and crosses over Turtle Creek. East of 384th Avenue, it curves to the east-northeast and reaches its eastern terminus, an intersection with U.S. Route 281 (US 281).

### National Highway System

No part of SD 26 is included as part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility and defense.

## History

The original SD 26 was established in 1926 from SD 25 west of Bryant to SD 15 east of Estelline. This route was renumbered as SD 28 around 1935. SD 26 was established around 1935. Its path replaced that of SD 22. The western part of the highway, between SD 45 and SD 47 was added to the path of SD 26 between 1957 and 1962.

In the late 1970s, the highway was planned to be extended from US 83 in Onida to SD 47. There is a road in this area, but it is an unnumbered path. The SD 26 designated was not placed on this roadway.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hyde |  | 0.000 | 0.000 |
SD 47 / CR 645 west (180th Street) US 212, Highmore | Western terminus |
| Hand |  | 23.728 | 38.187 |
SD 45 north / 180th Street east US 212 | Western end of SD 45 concurrency; roadway continues to the east as 180th Street. |
| |  | 26.704 | 42.976 |
SD 45 south Miller | Eastern end of SD 45 concurrency |
| Spink |  | 49.540 | 79.727 | US 281 US 14, Redfield | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/South Dakota Highway 26KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Highway 26 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of South Dakota with SD 26 in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by SDDOT | |
| Length | 49.540 mi (79.727 km) |
| Existed | c.1935–present |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SD 47 north of Highmore |
| Major intersections | SD 45 southwest of Rockham |
| East end | US 281 south of Redfield |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| Counties | Hyde, Hand, Spink |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **South Dakota State Trunk Highway System** | |
| SD 25   SD 27 | |


title: South Dakota Highway 249

abstract: South Dakota Highway 249 (SD 249) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Dakota that extends from SD 47 to SD 34 in Buffalo County. The entire highway is located within Fort Thompson and is maintained by the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT). It is not a part of the National Highway System.

text:
# South Dakota Highway 249

**South Dakota Highway 249** (**SD 249**) is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Dakota that extends from SD 47 to SD 34 in Buffalo County. The entire highway is located within Fort Thompson and is maintained by the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT). It is not a part of the National Highway System.

## Route description

SD 249 begins in Fort Thompson at an intersection with SD 47 and treks northeast through open plains. The roadway continues in this direction for about one mile (1.6 km) before curving to the east and merging with SD 34. SD 249 terminates at this intersection. The route is maintained by SDDOT. In 2012, the traffic on the road was measured in average annual daily traffic. The highway had an average of 500 vehicles. The highway is not a part of the National Highway System, a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Fort Thompson, Buffalo County.

| mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | SD 47 | Southern terminus |
| 1.055 | 1.698 | SD 34 | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi<br> | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/South Dakota Highway 249KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Highway 249 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by SDDOT | |
| Length | 1.055 mi (1.698 km) |
| Existed | 1975–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | SD 47 in Fort Thompson |
| North end | SD 34 east of Fort Thompson |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| Counties | Buffalo |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **South Dakota State Trunk Highway System** | |
| SD 248   SD 251 | |


title: Christian views on birth control

abstract: Prior to the 20th century, the three major branches of Christianity—Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism—generally held a critical perspective of birth control. Among Christian denominations today, however, there is a large variety of views regarding birth control that range from the acceptance of birth control to only allowing natural family planning to teaching Quiverfull doctrine, which disallows contraception and holds that Christians should have large families.

text:
# Christian views on birth control

Prior to the 20th century, the three major branches of ChristianityCatholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism (including leading Protestant reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin)—generally held a critical perspective of birth control (also known as contraception). Among Christian denominations today, however, there is a large variety of views regarding birth control that range from the acceptance of birth control to only allowing natural family planning to teaching Quiverfull doctrine, which disallows contraception and holds that Christians should have large families.

## Background

Many early Church Fathers made statements condemning the use of contraception including John Chrysostom, Jerome, Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus of Rome, Augustine of Hippo and various others. Among the condemnations is one by Jerome which refers to an apparent oral form of contraception: "Some go so far as to take potions, that they may insure barrenness, and thus murder human beings almost before their conception." Augustine of Hippo, in *On Marriage and Concupiscence*, states that whoever merely involving lust in intercourse without intending procreation, "although they be called husband and wife, are not; nor do they retain any reality of marriage, but use the respectable name \[of marriage\] to cover a shame. \[...\] Sometimes this lustful cruelty, or cruel lust, comes to this, that they even use sterilizing drugs." The phrase "sterilizing drugs" (*sterilitatis venena*) was widely used in theological and ecclesiastical literatures to condemn any contraceptive acts and birth control. Augustine utilized the biblical story of Onan as a supporting text to denounce contraception.

## Catholic Church

The *Catechism of the Catholic Church* specifies that all sex acts must be both unitive and procreative. In addition to condemning use of artificial birth control as intrinsically evil, non-procreative sex acts such as mutual masturbation and anal sex are ruled out as ways to avoid pregnancy. *Casti connubii* explains the secondary, unitive, purpose of intercourse. Because of this secondary purpose, married couples have a right to engage in intercourse even when pregnancy is not a possible result:

> Nor are those considered as acting against nature who in the married state use their right in the proper manner although on account of natural reasons either of time or of certain defects, new life cannot be brought forth. For in matrimony as well as in the use of the matrimonial rights there are also secondary ends, such as mutual aid, the cultivating of mutual love, and the quieting of concupiscence which husband and wife are not forbidden to consider so long as they are subordinated to the primary end and so long as the intrinsic nature of the act is preserved.

John and Sheila Kippley from the Couple to Couple League say that the statement of Pope Pius XI not only permitted sex between married couples during pregnancy and menopause, but also during the infertile times of the menstrual cycle. Raymond J. Devettere says that the statement is a permit to undertake intercourse during the infertile times when there is "a good reason for it". The mathematical formula for the rhythm method had been formalized in 1930, and in 1932 a Catholic physician published a book titled *The Rhythm of Sterility and Fertility in Women* promoting the method to Catholics. The 1930s also saw the first U.S. Rhythm Clinic (founded by John Rock) to teach the method to Catholic couples. However, use of the rhythm method in certain circumstances was not formally accepted until 1951, in two speeches by Pope Pius XII.

This method has come to be known as "natural family planning." Some studies suggest that couples who practice NFP enjoy an abundance of healthy advantages, the most notable of which might be a reduced divorce rate amongst couples who use NFP. The Catholic Church continues to uphold the practice of natural family planning since it maintains the unitive aspect of the sexual union while still bolstering an openness to procreation.

### Current view

The Catholic position on contraception was formally explained and expressed by Pope Paul VI's *Humanae vitae* in 1968. Artificial contraception is considered intrinsically evil, but methods of natural family planning may be used, as they do not usurp the natural way of conception.

In justification of this position, Pope Paul VI said:

> Responsible men can become more deeply convinced of the truth of the doctrine laid down by the Church on this issue if they reflect on the consequences of methods and plans for artificial birth control. Let them first consider how easily this course of action could open wide the way for marital infidelity and a general lowering of moral standards. Not much experience is needed to be fully aware of human weakness and to understand that human beings—and especially the young, who are so exposed to temptation—need incentives to keep the moral law, and it is an evil thing to make it easy for them to break that law. Another effect that gives cause for alarm is that a man who grows accustomed to the use of contraceptive methods may forget the reverence due to a woman, and, disregarding her physical and emotional equilibrium, reduce her to being a mere instrument for the satisfaction of his own desires, no longer considering her as his partner whom he should surround with care and affection.

In issuing *Humanae vitae*, Pope Paul VI relied on the Minority Papal Commission Report of the Pontifical Commission on Birth Control. The minority report argued that:

> One can find no period of history, no document of the church, no theological school, scarcely one Catholic theologian, who ever denied that contraception was always seriously evil. The teaching of the Church in this matter is absolutely constant. Until the present century this teaching was peacefully possessed by all other Christians, whether Orthodox or Anglican or Protestant. The Orthodox retain this as common teaching today.

On July 17, 1994, John Paul II clarified the church's position during a meditation said prior to an angelus recitation:

> Unfortunately, Catholic thought is often misunderstood ... as if the Church supported an ideology of fertility at all costs, urging married couples to procreate indiscriminately and without thought for the future. But one need only study the pronouncements of the Magisterium to know that this is not so. Truly, in begetting life the spouses fulfill one of the highest dimensions of their calling: they are God's co-workers. Precisely for this reason they must have an extremely responsible attitude. In deciding whether or not to have a child, they must not be motivated by selfishness or carelessness, but by a prudent, conscious generosity that weighs the possibilities and circumstances, and especially gives priority to the welfare of the unborn child. Therefore, when there is a reason not to procreate, this choice is permissible and may even be necessary. However, there remains the duty of carrying it out with criteria and methods that respect the total truth of the marital act in its unitive and procreative dimension, as wisely regulated by nature itself in its biological rhythms. One can comply with them and use them to advantage, but they cannot be "violated" by artificial interference.

In 1997, the Vatican's Pontifical Council for the Family stated:

> The Church has always taught the intrinsic evil of contraception, that is, of every marital act intentionally rendered unfruitful. This teaching is to be held as definitive and irreformable. Contraception is gravely opposed to marital chastity; it is contrary to the good of the transmission of life (the procreative aspect of matrimony), and to the reciprocal self-giving of the spouses (the unitive aspect of matrimony); it harms true love and denies the sovereign role of God in the transmission of human life.

A summary of the Scriptural support used by Catholics against contraception can be found in *Rome Sweet Home*, an autobiography by the Catholic apologists Scott and Kimberly Hahn, both of whom are converts to the Catholic Church from Protestantism. They illustrate the results of the research on contraception conducted by Kimberly Hahn as having a pivotal effect on their lives, notably the fact that the Catholic Church is one of the last few Christian groups to take a clear stance on the issue. Among the Scripture included in the book are the following lines from Psalm 127:3–5:

> Sons are indeed a heritage from the Lord, the fruit of the womb a reward. Like arrows in the hand of a warrior are the sons of one's youth. Happy is the man who has his quiver full of them. He shall not be put to shame when he speaks with his enemies at the gate.

Catholic scholar Cormac Burke has written an anthropological (non-religious) evaluation of the effect of contraception on marital love, "Married Love and Contraception", arguing, "contraception does in fact denaturalize the conjugal act, to the extent that, far from uniting the spouses and expressing and confirming the love between them in a unique way, it tends to undermine their love by radically contradicting the full mutual self-giving that this most intimate act of the marital relationship should signify."

The 2008 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith's instruction *Dignitas Personae* reiterates church opposition to contraception, mentioning new methods of interception and contragestion, notably female condoms and morning-after pills, which are also "fall within the *sin of abortion* and are gravely immoral".

However, Father Tad Pacholczyk of the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania stated in March 2016 that contraceptives are permissible if the sex is non-consensual, such as events of rape and sexual assault. This same position has been taken by the Bishops of New York State: that it is not sinful for a Catholic health care facility to "dispense emergency contraception medication as part of its compassionate treatment for a rape victim if, after appropriate testing, there is no evidence conception has occurred already" and that it is "advisable" for a rape survivor to immediately seek out pregnancy prevention.

### Condom controversy

In 2003, the BBC's *Panorama* stated that Catholic bishops in Kenya have taught that HIV can pass through the membrane of the latex rubber from which condoms were made. It was considered untrue according to the World Health Organization.

In an interview on Dutch television in 2004, Belgian Cardinal Godfried Danneels argued that the use of condoms should be supported to prevent AIDS if sex with a person infected with HIV should take place, though it is to be avoided. According to Danneels, "the person must use a condom in order not to disobey the commandment condemning murder, in addition to breaking the commandment which forbids adultery. ... Protecting oneself against sickness or death is an act of prevention. Morally, it cannot be judged on the same level as when a condom is used to reduce the number of births." In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI asserted that handing out condoms is not the solution to combating AIDS and might make the problem worse. He proposed "spiritual and human awakening" and "friendship for those who suffer" as solutions. In 2010, Benedict in an interview which was published in the book *Light of the World: The Pope, the Church and the Signs of the Times*, when asked whether the Catholic Church were not opposed in principle to the use of condoms, stated:

> She \[the Catholic Church\] of course does not regard it as a real or moral solution, but, in this or that case, there can be nonetheless, in the intention of reducing the risk of infection, a first step in a movement toward a different way, a more human way, of living sexuality.

Benedict cited the example of the use of condoms by male prostitutes as "a first step towards moralisation", even though condoms are "not really the way to deal with the evil of HIV infection". In a statement to explain his saying, the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith reaffirmed that the church considered prostitution "gravely immoral":

> However, those involved in prostitution who are HIV positive and who seek to diminish the risk of contagion by the use of a condom may be taking the first step in respecting the life of another even if the evil of prostitution remains in all its gravity.

### Dissent

Roderick Hindery reported that a number of Western Catholics have voiced significant disagreement with the church's stance on contraception. Among them, dissident theologian Charles Curran criticized the stance of *Humanae vitae* on artificial birth control. In 1968, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops issued what many interpreted as a dissenting document, the Winnipeg Statement, in which the bishops recognized that a number of Canadian Catholics found it "either extremely difficult or even impossible to make their own all elements of this doctrine" (that of *Humanae vitae*). Additionally, in 1969, they reasserted the Catholic principle of primacy of conscience, a principle that they said should be properly interpreted. They insisted, "a Catholic Christian is not free to form his conscience without consideration of the teaching of the *magisterium*, in the particular instance exercised by the Holy Father in an encyclical letter".

Catholics for Choice stated in 1998 that 96% of U.S. Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of U.S. Catholics believed that one could be a good Catholic without obeying the church's teaching on birth control. According to a nationwide poll of 2,242 U.S. adults surveyed online in September 2005 by Harris Interactive (they stated that the magnitude of errors cannot be estimated due to sampling errors, non-response, etc.), 90% of U.S. Catholics supported the use of birth control/contraceptives. A survey conducted in 2015 by the Pew Research Center among 5,122 U.S. adults (including 1,016 self-identified Catholics) stated 76% of U.S. Catholics thought that the church should allow Catholics to use birth control.

## Eastern Orthodoxy

An official document of the Russian Orthodox Church prohibits contraception except when it is specifically approved by a confessor, does not involve the possibility of aborting a conceived child, is for reasons of inability to raise a child, and is done with spousal consent.

The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America have this information about contraception on their website: "Because of the lack of a full understanding of the implications of the biology of reproduction, earlier writers tended to identify abortion with contraception. However, of late a new view has taken hold among Orthodox writers and thinkers on this topic, which permits the use of certain contraceptive practices within marriage for the purpose of spacing children, enhancing the expression of marital love, and protecting health."

Eastern Orthodox believers, on all sides of the issue, tend to believe that contraceptive acceptance is not adequately examined, and that any examination has too often become tied up in identity politics, the more accepting group accusing the categorically opposed group of Roman Catholic influence.

Many Orthodox hierarchs and theologians from around the world lauded *Humanae vitae* when it was issued. Among these Orthodox leaders, some teach that marital intercourse should be for procreation only, while others do not go as far and hold a view similar to the Catholic position, which allows Natural Family Planning on principle while at the same time opposing artificial contraception.

Other Orthodox Church leaders maintain this interpretation is too narrowly focused on the procreative function of sex, not enough on its unitive function, and thus allow more freedom for contraceptive use among married couples.

Some Orthodox Christians, like Roman Catholics, consider using contraceptives not only a sin, but also a "mortal sin" in the manner of "unnatural carnal sins", along with homosexuality, bestiality, masturbation, etc.

## Oriental Orthodoxy

The Coptic Orthodox Church approves of contraception for health and socioeconomic reasons. It is against all abortion except when the mother's life is in danger.

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church is against all forms of hormonal contraception and the only birth control it advocates is abstinence on Orthodox feast days (up to 250 days a year) and when the women are fertile.

## Protestantism

As part of the Protestant Reformation, Reformers began to more strongly emphasize the unitive pleasures of marriage. Still, all major early Protestant Reformers, and indeed Protestants in general until the twentieth century, condemned birth control as a contravention of God's procreative purpose for marriage. As scientists advanced birth control methods during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some Protestants continued to reject them, while other Nonconformists welcomed these advances.

### Anabaptism

#### Mennonites

Certain Conservative Mennonites such as Beachy Amish Mennonite fellowships, maintain a prohibition against the use of birth control, though natural family planning is permitted. Old Colony Mennonites, like the Old Order Amish, do not officially allow birth control practices.

The Mennonite Church USA, the General Conference Mennonite Church, and the Rosedale Network of Churches—mainline Anabaptist denominations—have adopted statements indicating approval of modern methods of contraception. For example, while also teaching and encouraging love and acceptance of children, the Conservative Mennonite Conference maintains, "The prevention of pregnancy when feasible by birth control with pre-fertilization methods is acceptable." A study published in 1975 found that only 11% of Mennonites believed use of birth control was "always wrong".

#### Amish

Most Amish clearly seem to use some form birth control, a fact that generally is not discussed among the Amish, but indicated by the fact that the number of children systematically increases in correlation with the conservatism of a congregation, the more conservative, the more children. The large number of children is due to the fact that many children are appreciated by the community and not because there is no birth control. Some communities openly allow access to birth control to women whose health would be compromised by childbirth. Especially in recent years, more Amish couples have limited the number of children more than they did traditionally. This trend is more pronounced in communities where few of the men earn their living through farming.

#### Hutterites

The Hutterite Brethren use contraception only if it is recommended by a physician.

### Anglicanism

The Anglican Communion, including the Church of England, condemned artificial contraception at the 1908 and 1920 Lambeth Conferences. Later, the Anglican Communion gave approval for birth control in some circumstances at the 1930 Lambeth Conference. At the 1958 Lambeth Conference it was stated that the responsibility for deciding upon the number and frequency of children was laid by God upon the consciences of parents "in such ways as are acceptable to husband and wife".

### Baptists

The Southern Baptist Convention, the largest Baptist denomination in the world and largest Protestant denomination in the United States, initially welcomed the invention of birth control and legalization of abortion, but the rise of the Moral Majority 1980s and increased opposition to abortion led to a more nuanced view which generally approves of contraceptives but rejects abortifacients. In addition, prominent SBC leaders have spoken against a "contraceptive culture", affirming that nothing is inherently wrong with contraceptives, but encouraging couples to still have children and to view them as a blessing instead of an inconvenience.

### Irvingism

The New Apostolic Church, the largest of the Irvingian Churches, teaches:

> Family planning is at the discretion of both partners. Nevertheless, the Church opposes contraceptive methods and means that prevent the continued development of an already fertilised human egg cell. Artificial insemination is generally accepted, however, all measures by which life may be destroyed by human selection are rejected.

### Lutheranism

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America allows for contraception in the event the potential parents do not intend to care for a child. Laestadian Lutheran Churches do not permit the use of birth control. Neither the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod nor the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod has an official position on contraception.

### Methodism

The United Methodist Church holds "each couple has the right and the duty prayerfully and responsibly to control conception according to their circumstances". Its Resolution on Responsible Parenthood states that in order to "support the sacred dimensions of personhood, all possible efforts should be made by parents and the community to ensure that each child enters the world with a healthy body, and is born into an environment conducive to realization of his or her potential". To this end, the United Methodist Church supports "adequate public funding and increased participation in family planning services by public and private agencies".

### Reformed Churches

#### Continental Reformed Churches

In 1936, the Christian Reformed Church "adopted an official position against birth control...based on the biblical mandate to be fruitful and multiply, and in keeping with this reasoning the church discouraged birth control and encouraged married couples to produce as many children as is compatible with the physical, spiritual, and mental well being of the mother and children".

In 2003, the CRC synod declared that a married couple's decision whether or not to use birth control is a private, disputable matter. The church urges married couples to consider the size of their families prayerfully and encourages them to be motivated by a desire to glorify God and further his kingdom in their family planning.

#### Presbyterian Churches

The Presbyterian Church (USA) supports "full and equal access to contraceptive methods". In a recent resolution endorsing insurance coverage for contraceptives, the church affirmed, "contraceptive services are part of basic health care" and cautioned, "unintended pregnancies lead to higher rates of infant mortality, low birth weight, and maternal morbidity, and threaten the economic viability of families".

#### Congregationalist Churches

The Conservative Congregational Christian Conference, a denomination of the Congregationalist tradition, is opposed to abortifacients as it teaches "the biblical position of the sacredness of life from conception until natural death".

The United Church of Christ (UCC), a denomination of the Congregationalist tradition, promotes the distribution of condoms in churches and faith-based educational settings. Michael Shuenemeyer, a UCC minister, has stated, "The practice of safer sex is a matter of life and death. People of faith make condoms available because we have chosen life so that we and our children may live."

## Other denominations

### The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the largest denomination of Mormonism, has over the course of its history changed its stance on birth control from condemning it as sinful to permitting it. The LDS Church's current stance is to leave birth control up to the discretion of individual couples: "Decisions about birth control and the consequences of those decisions rest solely with each married couple." The church teaches that sexual intimacy is not only for procreation: "Sexual relations within marriage are not only for the purpose of procreation but also a means of expressing love and strengthening emotional and spiritual ties between husband and wife." The church discourages surgical sterilization for birth control.

### Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses allow married couples to use birth control:

> Jesus did not command his followers to have or not to have children. Neither did any of Jesus’ disciples issue any such directive. Nowhere does the Bible explicitly condemn birth control. In this matter, the principle outlined at Romans 14:12 applies: "Each of us will render an account for himself to God." Married couples, therefore, are free to decide for themselves whether they will raise a family or not. They may also decide how many children they will have and when they will have them. If a husband and wife choose to use a nonabortive form of contraception to avoid pregnancy, that is their personal decision and responsibility. No one should judge them.

## Further reading

Roman Catholic Protestant


title: Christian Christophersen Sehested

abstract: Christian Christophersen Sehested was a Danish noble and statesman.

text:
# Christian Christophersen Sehested

**Christian Christophersen Sehested** (22 Febr. 1666 – 19 July 1740) was a Danish noble and statesman.

## Biography

He was the son of Christoffer Clausen Sehestedt til Nislevgaard paa Fyn (d. 1699). After the death of his father, he inherited the Nislevgaard manor. In 1701 he was married to Charlotte Amalie Gersdorff (b. 1685 d. 1751). Through the marriage, he came to possess Ravnholt manor. His marriage was childless.

He became a nobleman *Hofjunker* in 1687. In 1694, he was Deputy in the Land and the Applicant's Commission. In 1698 he obtained the State Council title was sent to Stockholm as to replace Jens Juel (1631 –1700). He was called in 1700 to become Foreign Minister. He was the second Grand Chancellor of Denmark from 1708 to 1721. He was preceded by Conrad von Reventlow (1644–1708) and succeeded by Ulrik Adolf Holstein (1664–1737).

He returned to Odense as county governor in 1735 where he died in 1740. He was replaced as county governor by Christian Rantzau (1684–1771).


title: South Capital Street Limited Line

abstract: The South Capital Street Limited Line, designated Route W9, was a bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between L'Enfant Plaza station of the Blue, Yellow, Orange, Green, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro and the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building or Livingston. The line operated during the weekday peak-hours only providing service from the Coast Guard Headquarters to L'Enfant Plaza. The line was discontinued on June 24, 2018 due to low ridership and the U.S. Coast Guard ending their subsidy for the W9 on July 1, 2018. It originally operated as the Defense Facilities Shuttle Line at first. The line was created on December 28, 1991 in conjunction with the opening of Anacostia station. The new route W9 would operate between Anacostia station and the Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters via Naval Support Facility Anacostia, and Bolling Air Force Base mostly operating along South Capitol Street. The line provides weekday peak-hour service for government workers to Green Line service without having to walk. However after the September 11 attacks, security increased all around the United States. In addition, security was tighten at the military facilities at the DIA, Naval Support Facility, and Bolling Air Force Base. The increased security prevented Metrobuses entering inside the facilities. The W9 would now have to stop along South Capitol Street outside the Navy and Air Force gates. This requires passengers to walk up to one mile or ride an internal base shuttle to reach their destinations. In 2005, the DIA created a shuttle route to serve the facilities which can enter the base and stop at the DIA Headquarters. Ridership on the W9 decreased as of a result as the shuttle provides access to inside the facility unlike the W9 which can only go as far as the Navy and Air Force Gates. WMATA proposed to eliminate the W9 in its FY2007 budget as the route only averages 98 passengers per day since the DIA Shuttle took over the route. Its performance measures went as follows:

text:
# South Capital Street Limited Line

The **South Capital Street Limited Line**, designated **Route W9**, was a bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between L'Enfant Plaza station of the Blue, Yellow, Orange, Green, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro and the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building (Coast Guard) or Livingston (AM Peak only). The line operated during the weekday peak-hours only providing service from the Coast Guard Headquarters to L'Enfant Plaza. The line was discontinued on June 24, 2018 due to low ridership and the U.S. Coast Guard ending their subsidy for the W9 on July 1, 2018. It originally operated as the **Defense Facilities Shuttle Line** at first. The line was created on December 28, 1991 in conjunction with the opening of Anacostia station. The new route W9 would operate between Anacostia station and the Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters via Naval Support Facility Anacostia, and Bolling Air Force Base mostly operating along South Capitol Street. The line provides weekday peak-hour service for government workers to Green Line service without having to walk.

However after the September 11 attacks, security increased all around the United States. In addition, security was tighten at the military facilities at the DIA, Naval Support Facility, and Bolling Air Force Base. The increased security prevented Metrobuses entering inside the facilities. The W9 would now have to stop along South Capitol Street outside the Navy and Air Force gates. This requires passengers to walk up to one mile or ride an internal base shuttle to reach their destinations.

In 2005, the DIA created a shuttle route to serve the facilities which can enter the base and stop at the DIA Headquarters. Ridership on the W9 decreased as of a result as the shuttle provides access to inside the facility unlike the W9 which can only go as far as the Navy and Air Force Gates.

WMATA proposed to eliminate the W9 in its FY2007 budget as the route only averages 98 passengers per day since the DIA Shuttle took over the route. Its performance measures went as follows:

| Performance Measures | W9 | WMATA Guidelines | Pass/Fail |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Passengers | 98 | \<300 | Fail |
| Passengers Rev/Mile | 1.1 | \<1 | Pass |
| Passengers Rev/Trip | 4 | \<8 | Fail |
| Subsidy/Passenger | $9.96 | \>$4.00 | Fail |
| Cost Recovery | 6.5% | \<13% | Fail |

## First Discontinuation

On September 24, 2006, route W9 was eliminate due to low ridership. The Defense Intelligence Agency's Shuttle would replace the W9. Alternative service along South Capitol Street was also replaced by route W4.

## Reincarnation

With the construction of the new Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building for the United States Coast Guard taking place, the Department of Homeland Security began evaluating new connections to the building. The original plan was to enhance existing Metrobus service in the area as the least impactful on the surrounding neighborhoods. It was then later suggested to extend one of the existing routes to the new Headquarters and create a new route going into Downtown.

After construction of the Coast Guard Headquarters completed in 2013, WMATA implemented a new MetroExtra route W9 under the **South Capital Street Limited Line**. The new route W9 will operate during the weekday peak-hours between L'Enfant Plaza station and the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building operating along South Capitol Street with AM Peak-Hour trips extended to Livingston. Additionally, WMATA extended the A4 from Anacostia station to the new headquarters on weekdays and diverted the W5 into the headquarters as well. The new W9 and A4/W5 extension would be funded by the Coast Guard under a five-year contract which will expire on June 30, 2018. The changes were implemented on September 29, 2013.

The South Capital Street Limited Line name was originally under the A9 before it was changed in 2013.

## Proposed Elimination

On March 22, 2018, the United States Coast Guard and WMATA began its talk for a renewed contract. However, the Coast Guard informed WMATA that they will no longer subsidize the W9 funding. Instead, the Coast Guard would renew the contract for the A4 and W5 at a reduced frequency instead and discontinue all W9 service. The Coast Guard went into talks for a new five-year contract (one year base, with four option years) which will go into effect on July 1, 2018 to continue the extension on route A4 and W5 to St. Elizabeth's with some frequency reductions.

Funds for the current service levels of Metrobus routes A4 and W9 were included in Metro's approved FY19 budget. The new service levels result in a revenue reduction from the Coast Guard, and a minimal expense impact to the operating budget due to the non-revenue trips associated with the A9. The expenses will be redeployed within other Bus Services. Key highlights include:

* Between March 31 and April 23, 2018, staff conducted public outreach to route W9 riders, including direct contact with Coast Guard employees, notices at each bus stop on the route, a customer survey, and a public hearing.
* Eliminating Route W9 has no Disparate Impact or Disproportionate Burden and thus complies with the requirements of FTA Title VI and Environmental Justice regulations.
* Over 95% of the riders of Route W9 are associated with the United States Coast Guard.
* The Coast Guard will continue to provide operating funds to cover the entire cost of the A4 route extension, and provide capital funding proportionate to enhanced service requirements.

At the time of the proposal, route W9 has been suffering from low ridership averaging 242 riders out of the expected 432. The Coast Guard were also in favor of the already running A4 and W5 which operates more frequent service. The W9 also serves only five stops between the headquarters and L'Enfant Plaza station and an additional three stops to Livingston. Another reason that the W9 was failing was since it did not serve Anacostia station which was closer to the Headquarters than to the route's nearest station which was Waterfront station. According to WMATA, its performance measures goes as follows:

| Performance Measure | Route W9 | WMATA Guideline | Pass/Fail |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Average Weekday Riders | 242 | 432 | Fail |
| Cost Recovery | 6.8% | 16.6% | Fail |
| Subsidy per Rider | $13.15 | $4.81 | Fail |
| Riders per Trip | 13.4 | 10.7 | Pass |
| Riders per Revenue Mile | 3 | 1.3 | Pass |

## Second Discontinuation

On June 24, 2018, route W9 was officially eliminated after a new contract was renewed by WMATA and the United States Coast Guard. Routes A4 and W5 would replace the W9 to the Coast Guard Headquarters while route A8 and A9 replaced route W9 along South Capitol Street.

## InfoBox

| W9 | |
| --- | --- |
| South Capital Street Limited Line | |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| System | Metrobus |
| Operator | Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority |
| Garage | Shepherd Parkway |
| Livery | MetroExtra |
| Status | Discontinued |
| Began service | September 2013 |
| Ended service | June 24, 2018 |
| Route | |
| Locale | Southwest, Southeast |
| Communities served | L'Enfant Plaza, Anacostia, Washington Highlands, Bellevue |
| Landmarks served | L'Enfant Plaza station, Waterfront station, M & South Capitol Streets SW, St. Elizabeths Gate 4 (US Coast Guard HQ), Bolling Air Force Base (AM Peak Only), Livingston (AM Peak Only) |
| Start | L'Enfant Plaza station |
| Via | South Capitol Street SW/SE, 7th Street SW, M Street SW |
| End | Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building |


title: Chris Ortloff

abstract: George C. "Chris" Ortloff is an American journalist, politician, and convicted sex offender from New York.

text:
# Chris Ortloff

**George C.** "**Chris**" **Ortloff** (born September 20, 1947) is an American journalist, politician, and convicted sex offender from New York.

## Biography

Ortloff was born on September 20, 1947, in Lake Placid, Essex County, New York. He graduated M.A. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1969, and M.A. in journalism from the University of Michigan. He served two tours of duty in the Vietnam War from 1970 to 1972. Ortloff served as the Chief of Ceremonies and Awards for the Lake Placid Olympic Organizing Committee for the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. He was a news anchor for WPTZ TV (NBC affiliate) from 1982 to 1986.

He entered politics as a Republican. On February 18, 1986, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Andrew W. Ryan, Jr. as D.A. of Clinton County. Ortloff was re-elected many times and remained in the Assembly until 2006, sitting in the 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th and 196th New York State Legislatures. Afterwards he was appointed to the New York State Board of Parole.

On October 13, 2008, Ortloff was arrested on federal charges of attempting to solicit sex with minors. On December 24, 2008, he pleaded guilty to a felony charge of online enticement of minors. His sentencing was originally set for April 23, 2009., but was pushed back four times, first to August 11, 2009, then to November 9, 2009, to March 8, 2010, and finally to July 13, 2010. Ortloff surrendered to authorities to begin serving time prior to his actual sentencing. On August 9, 2010, he was finally sentenced, to 150 months in prison, lifetime supervision, and a $50,000 fine.

As of February 2019, Ortloff was incarcerated at Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury. He was released October 2019.

## InfoBox

| Chris Ortloff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New York State Assembly | |
| **In office**
February 18, 1986  June 1, 2006 | |
| Preceded by | Andrew Ryan |
| Succeeded by | Janet Duprey |
| Constituency | 110th district (1986–2002)
114th district (2003–2006) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-09-20) September 20, 1947
Lake Placid, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence(s) | Jay, New York, U.S. |
|  | |