title: Don't!

abstract: "Don't!" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was released on January 18, 2005, to country and adult contemporary radio as the second single from her Greatest Hits compilation album. The song was written by Twain and then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The song was also included under the end credits of the 2005 film An Unfinished Life, and in the Brazilian soap opera América. "Don't!" was a moderate commercial success, reaching the top 20 on the US Adult Contemporary chart as well as the Ultratip charts in both Flanders and Wallonia. It was her fourth highest debut on the Hot Country Songs chart, yet only reached number 24. The song garnered no promotion during its release, as Twain was battling Lyme disease and couldn't perform live. "Don't!" was performed for the first time ever as a fan request during the Winnipeg stop of her 2023 Queen of Me Tour.

text:
# Don't!

"**Don't!**" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was released on January 18, 2005, to country and adult contemporary radio as the second single from her *Greatest Hits* compilation album. The song was written by Twain and then-husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The song was also included under the end credits of the 2005 film *An Unfinished Life*, and in the Brazilian soap opera *América*.

"Don't!" was a moderate commercial success, reaching the top 20 on the US Adult Contemporary chart as well as the Ultratip charts in both Flanders and Wallonia. It was her fourth highest debut on the Hot Country Songs chart, yet only reached number 24. The song garnered no promotion during its release, as Twain was battling Lyme disease and couldn't perform live. "Don't!" was performed for the first time ever as a fan request during the Winnipeg stop of her 2023 Queen of Me Tour.

## Music video

The music video for "Don't!",directed by Wayne Isham, was shot in Oaxaca, Mexico at Quinta Real Hotel and Yucca plantation. It was filmed on October 24, 2004, and released on January 7, 2005, to Great American Country. In 2006, CMT Canada named "Don't!" the eighth sexiest country music video.

In the video Twain rides a horse through rows of Yucca wearing a red dress, and walks around in the hotel wearing a white dress and corset. Near the end of the video, a tear runs down her face. The video is included on certain CD singles of "Don't!".

## Chart performance

"Don't!" debuted on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of January 29, 2005, at number 44, Twain's fourth highest debut of all time, and highest of the week. The single spent 15 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number 24 on April 2, 2005, where it remained for one week.

Released to adult contemporary radio on March 28, 2005, "Don't!" debuted at number 29, the highest debut of the week, on April 16, 2005. The single spent 16 weeks on the chart and climbed to a peak position of number 18 on May 14, 2005, where it remained for four non-consecutive weeks. "Don't!" became Twain's tenth consecutive top 20 single there.

In the UK, "Don't!" appeared at its peak position of number 30 on March 12, 2005. This became, and remains, her lowest peaking single in that country, and only remained on the chart for three weeks. It fell to number 57 in its second week, then fell off the chart completely. It re-entered the chart for one more week at number 87. It was her last single to chart in the UK until her 2023 collaboration with Anne-Marie, "Unhealthy", reached the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listings

These are the formats for major releases.

**Maxi CD single (UK & Germany)**

1. "Don't" - 3:53
2. "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!" (Live) - 4:23
3. "From This Moment On" (Live) - 4:07
4. Enhanced: "Don't" - Music Video

**UK CD single - Limited Edition**

1. "Don't" - 3:55
2. "Party For Two" (Kenny Hayes Remix) - 5:43

**Germany CD single**

1. "Don't" - 3:55
2. "I'm Gonna Getcha Good! (Live) - 4:23

## Official versions

* Album Version (3:56)
* Radio Edit (3:30)

## Cover version

## Charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 15 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 18 |
| Canada (Canadian Singles Chart) | 24 |
| Canada AC Top 30 (*Radio & Records*) | 9 |
| Canada Country Top 30 (*Radio & Records*) | 4 |
| Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) | 58 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 58 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 48 |
| Romania (Romanian Top 100) | 77 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 25 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 30 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 22 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 18 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 24 |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Don't!"
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | January 18, 2005 | Country radio | Mercury |  |
| Germany | February 28, 2005 | | CD single |  |
| | | | United Kingdom |  |

## InfoBox

| "Don't!" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Shania Twain | |
| from the album  *Greatest Hits* | |
| B-side |  |
| Released | January 18, 2005 |
| Genre | Country pop |
| Length | 3:56 |
| Label | Mercury Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Robert John "Mutt" Lange |
| Shania Twain singles chronology | |
| "Party for Two"
(2004) "**Don't!**"
(2005) "I Ain't No Quitter"
(2005) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Don't!" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Don's Party

abstract: Don's Party is a 1971 play by David Williamson set during the 1969 Australian federal election. The play opened on 11 August 1971 at The Pram Factory theatre in Carlton.

text:
# Don's Party

***Don's Party*** is a 1971 play by David Williamson set during the 1969 Australian federal election. The play opened on 11 August 1971 at The Pram Factory theatre in Carlton.

## Plot

Don Henderson is a schoolteacher living with his wife Kath and baby son in the Melbourne suburb of Lower Plenty. On the night of the 1969 federal election Don invites a small group of friends to celebrate a predicted Australian Labor Party (ALP) election victory, much to the dismay of his wife. To the party come Mal, Don's university mentor, and his bitter wife Jenny, sex-obsessed Cooley and his latest girlfriend, nineteen-year-old Susan, Evan, a dentist, and his beautiful artist wife Kerry. Somehow, two Liberal supporters, Simon and Jody also come.

As the party wears on it becomes clear that the Labor party, which is supported by Don and most of the guests, is not winning. As a result, alcohol consumption increases, and the sniping between Don and his male friends about their failed aspirations gets uglier, as does their behaviour toward the women. Mack, a design engineer whose wife has just left him, pulls out a nude photo of her for his friends' approval. Crass womaniser Cooley pursues the available women. The disillusioned wives exchange tales of their husbands' sub-par sexual performance. By the end of the night, Don and some of his friends have begun to grasp the emptiness of their compromised lives.

The play led to a 2011 sequel, *Don Parties On*.

## Film version

See *Don's Party*

## InfoBox

| Don's Party | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | David Williamson |
| Date premiered | 1971 |
| Place premiered | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Comedy-drama |
| Setting | Suburban house |


title: Dolophilodes distinctus

abstract: Dolophilodes distinctus is a species of caddisfly in the Philopotamidae family. The larvae are found in streams in eastern North America where they build net-like retreats.

text:
# Dolophilodes distinctus

***Dolophilodes distinctus*** is a species of caddisfly in the Philopotamidae family. The larvae are found in streams in eastern North America where they build net-like retreats.

## Description

Adult caddisflies are small moth-like insects; the adult *Dolophilodes distinctus* has brown wings with darker brown markings. Adult females emerging in summer are winged while those emerging in March are often brachypterous (have vestigial wings). These sometimes breed on the snow that is lying on the ground at this time of year.

## Distribution

*Dolophilodes distinctus* is native to eastern North America. It is a common species whose range extends from Minnesota and Newfoundland southwards to Georgia. They are usually found in clear montane streams.

## Ecology

Like other members of Philopotamidae, the larvae of *D. distinctus* is free-living and builds a net to intercept the fine organic particles drifting downstream. In streams in Ontario, this species was found in shallow streams with small pools joined by riffles. In one stream with clear hard water, the stream bed was limestone gravel interspersed with sand and patches of clay, and in a different, brown-water, stream it was granite gravel mixed with assorted size cobbles. In the limestone gravel location, larvae at various stages of development were found to be present all year, with peak numbers in August, and emergence occurring for much of the time between late June and late August; some emergence possibly happened in mid-winter as well.

The larva builds a net consisting of an elongated sac made of a meshwork of fine silk strands. The longitudinal strands are stout and the transverse strands are finer and closer together. In the final instar, the sac may be up to 60 mm (2.4 in) long and 4.5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter, with extra silk threads at the upstream end to anchor it to the stream bed and nearby rocks. It has been estimated that the net made by the final instar larva is composed of over a kilometre of silk and has 100 million rectangular mesh openings.

The net is usually built underneath a rock where a current of water flows through it. The downstream end of the net is free to move and has an opening to permit a respiratory current to flow through, and groups of nets are often built besides each other. The larva moves about inside the net and feeds on the fine organic matter and diatoms that get caught in the mesh structure. Much of its time is spent scraping this deposit off the net with specialised mouthparts.

## InfoBox

| *Dolophilodes distinctus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Trichoptera |
| Family: | Philopotamidae |
| Genus: | *Dolophilodes* |
| Species: | ***D. distinctus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dolophilodes distinctus***<br>(Walker, 1852) | |
|


title: The Nonhuman Turn

abstract: The Nonhuman Turn describes a late 20th and 21st century movement within the arts, humanities and social sciences, as practitioners of these disciplines turn away from the Social Constructivism of the earlier 20th century, in favour of emergent philosophies which seek to decenter the human, and to emphasize instead the agency of the nonhuman world. The phrase is adopted by Richard Grusin in his introduction to a collection of essays of the same name, based on the proceedings of the 2012 conference on the Nonhuman Turn, hosted by the Center for 21st Century Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

text:
# The Nonhuman Turn

The **Nonhuman Turn** describes a late 20th and 21st century movement within the arts, humanities and social sciences, as practitioners of these disciplines turn away from the Social Constructivism of the earlier 20th century, in favour of emergent philosophies which seek to decenter the human, and to emphasize instead the agency of the nonhuman world. The phrase is adopted by Richard Grusin in his introduction to a collection of essays of the same name, based on the proceedings of the 2012 conference on the Nonhuman Turn, hosted by the Center for 21st Century Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

## Constituent Philosophies

The nonhuman turn is not a homogeneous movement. Instead it should be thought of as an umbrella term covering a number of developments in philosophy and critical theory across a range of disciplines. The key constituents of this wider movement include:


title: Dodges Corners, Wisconsin

abstract: Dodges Corners is a ghost town in the village of Vernon, Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. One notable native was Maybelle Maud Park (1871-1946), a medical doctor and Wisconsin state official.

text:
# Dodges Corners, Wisconsin

**Dodges Corners** is a ghost town in the village of Vernon, Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. One notable native was Maybelle Maud Park (1871-1946), a medical doctor and Wisconsin state official.

## InfoBox

| Dodges Corners, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| Dodges Corners, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 42°51′32″N 88°14′30″W / 42.85889°N 88.24167°W / 42.85889; -88.24167 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Waukesha |
| Elevation | 860 ft (260 m) |
| GNIS feature ID | 2760400 |


title: Dolomedes elegans

abstract: Dolomedes elegans is a species of spider in the family Pisauridae, found in French Guiana. (Note, Another species described two years after the original, initially namedDolomedes elegans L. Koch, 1876, and later named Nilus kochi is now considered as Mangromedes kochi, and is found in Queensland, Australia.)

text:
# Dolomedes elegans

***Dolomedes elegans*** is a species of spider in the family Pisauridae, found in French Guiana.

(Note, Another species described two years after the original, initially named*Dolomedes elegans* L. Koch, 1876, and later named Nilus kochi is now considered as *Mangromedes kochi*, and is found in Queensland, Australia.)

## InfoBox

| *Dolomedes elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Pisauridae |
| Genus: | *Dolomedes* |
| Species: | ***D. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dolomedes elegans***<br>Taczanowski, 1874 | |
|


title: Dolomedes holti

abstract: Dolomedes holti is a species of large fishing spider in the genus Dolomedes that inhabits the Nearctic realm and was formally identified in 1973 in Mexico. Dolomedes holti is a large, brown spider that sometimes has white stripes down the side of its cephalothorax and abdomen.

text:
# Dolomedes holti

***Dolomedes holti*** is a species of large fishing spider in the genus *Dolomedes* that inhabits the Nearctic realm and was formally identified in 1973 in Mexico. *Dolomedes holti* is a large, brown spider that sometimes has white stripes down the side of its cephalothorax and abdomen.

## InfoBox

| *Dolomedes holti* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Not Threatened (NZ TCS) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Pisauridae |
| Genus: | *Dolomedes* |
| Species: | ***D. holti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dolomedes holti***
Carico, 1973 | |
|


title: The Mystery of Mazo de la Roche

abstract: The Mystery of Mazo de la Roche is a 2012 Canadian biographical docudrama film written and directed by Maya Gallus. The film explores the private personal life of Canadian writer Mazo de la Roche, using a mixture of archival materials, interviews and dramatic reenactments, centering in large part on the unresolved question of whether de la Roche's longtime Boston marriage with Caroline Clement was a lesbian relationship in modern terms. The dramatic reenactments star Severn Thompson as de la Roche, and Deborah Hay as Clement. The film premiered at the 2012 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, but was distributed principally as a television broadcast on Bravo rather than theatrically. It later received a repeat screening at the 2017 festival, as part of a program of biographical documentary films about significant women in history. The film received three Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards in 2014, for Best Editorial Research (Gallus), Best Visual Research and Best Photography in a Documentary Program or Series.

text:
# The Mystery of Mazo de la Roche

***The Mystery of Mazo de la Roche*** is a 2012 Canadian biographical docudrama film written and directed by Maya Gallus. The film explores the private personal life of Canadian writer Mazo de la Roche, using a mixture of archival materials, interviews and dramatic reenactments, centering in large part on the unresolved question of whether de la Roche's longtime Boston marriage with Caroline Clement was a lesbian relationship in modern terms.

The dramatic reenactments star Severn Thompson as de la Roche, and Deborah Hay as Clement.

The film premiered at the 2012 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, but was distributed principally as a television broadcast on Bravo rather than theatrically. It later received a repeat screening at the 2017 festival, as part of a program of biographical documentary films about significant women in history.

The film received three Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards in 2014, for Best Editorial Research (Gallus), Best Visual Research (Erin Chisholm) and Best Photography in a Documentary Program or Series (Stan Barua).

## InfoBox

| The Mystery of Mazo de la Roche | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Maya Gallus |
| Written by | Maya Gallus |
| Produced by | Maya Gallus |
| Starring | Deborah Hay
Jordyn Negri
Severn Thompson |
| Cinematography | Stan Barua |
| Edited by | Roslyn Kalloo |
| Production
company | Red Queen Productions |
| Distributed by | National Film Board of Canada |
| Release date | * April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29) |
| Running time | 52 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown (film)

abstract: The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown is a 1921 British silent mystery film directed by Sinclair Hill and starring Ruby Miller, Annie Esmond and Clifford Heatherley. It was made by Stoll Pictures, and based on an 1896 novel The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown by E. Phillips Oppenheim.

text:
# The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown (film)

***The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown*** is a 1921 British silent mystery film directed by Sinclair Hill and starring Ruby Miller, Annie Esmond and Clifford Heatherley. It was made by Stoll Pictures, and based on an 1896 novel *The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown* by E. Phillips Oppenheim.

## Plot summary

When the fiancée of a squire's daughter is killed, suspicion falls on a novelist.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *History of the British Film, 1918-1929*. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

## InfoBox

| The Mystery of Mr. Bernard Brown | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sinclair Hill |
| Written by | Sinclair Hill |
| Starring | Ruby Miller
Annie Esmond
Clifford Heatherley |
| Cinematography | John Mackenzie |
| Production
company | Stoll Pictures |
| Distributed by | Stoll Pictures |
| Release date | * November 1921 (1921-11) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights

abstract: Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights, also known as Doraemon Nights, is a 1991 Japanese animated science fantasy film which premiered on 9 March 1991 in Japan, based on the 11th volume of the same name of the Doraemon Long Stories series. It's the 12th Doraemon film.

text:
# Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights

***Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights*** (ドラえもん のび太のドラビアンナイト, *Doraemon: Nobita no Dorabian Naito*), also known as ***Doraemon Nights***, is a 1991 Japanese animated science fantasy film which premiered on 9 March 1991 in Japan, based on the 11th volume of the same name of the *Doraemon Long Stories* series. It's the 12th Doraemon film.

## Plot

The movie begins with Nobita and Doraemon experiencing the tale of Sinbad of the *Arabian Nights* using a storybook gadget for the 3rd time, but Nobita becomes bored by just watching it from afar. He tries to invite Shizuka Minamoto to enter the storybooks of other tales and accidentally brings Takeshi "Gian" Goda and Suneo Honekawa along. Gian and Suneo mess up the storybooks to create a "fresh" tale, which causes Nobita and Shizuka to experience a mishmash of various tales that Shizuka dislikes. Attempting to leave, she is knocked out by Sinbad's magic carpet and falls into the desert. Nobita then has to exit once his mother tells him to clean up the mess of the storybooks on the floor.

The next day, Doraemon realizes that Shizuka hadn't returned and while searching for her, the original storybook gets destroyed and Nobita dreams that Shizuka was taken as a slave on a ship. The other main four characters then decide to stage a rescue mission by going to 8th century Baghdad, during the reign of caliph Harun al-Rashid, after Doraemon confirms that the world of the Arabian Nights does indeed coincide with the 8th century Abbasid Caliphate. Posing as foreign traders and servants, Nobita, Doraemon, Gian, and Suneo are rescued from Cassim and his bandits by the caliph himself, who gives a permit that allows them to travel from the port of Basra. Initially, the four are accompanied by Mikujin, a guide genie, but the latter goes upset when they insult him due to his incompetence and leaves but still tracks them just in case. After purchasing a ship, however, the group are double-crossed by the trader, who reveals himself to be Cassim, and are thrown overboard.

Waking up on the shore of the Arabian Desert, the four are forced to walk through it because Doraemon's pocket which was taken by Cassim while Cassim and two of his minions face the same situation and abandon Doraemon's pocket once they are unable to figure out how to use its gadgets. However, they are rescued by a gigantic genie commandeered by Sinbad, who reigns over a marvelous city in the desert presented by an anonymous time traveler from the future. With his magical gadgets, Sinbad helps the four rescue Shizuka from a bandit named Abdil who tried to present her to Sinbad as a gift. Vowing revenge, Abdil meets with Cassim and his two minions to search for the lost city. It is then revealed that Abdil was the only visitor to Sinbad's city who remembers its location, because when Sinbad urged him to drink a memory potion after the visit, he spewed it away.

After arriving through a secret passage, Abdil and Cassim swiftly enter the city givent o Sinbad, whom they attempt to lock out. Once they do get in, both groups race to get the gigantic genie which Abdil gets and uses it on Doraemon's group who then get locked up. Mikujin returns and helps the group with Doraemon's pocket, which he recovered from the desert, from where they escape but run past where the time hole is located and are locked out once again. While out of the city, Sinbad loses all hope but regains it after the main characters tell him to be like the person from his past. The group eventually manage to get back inside and defeat both Abdil and Cassim, retaking the city while their memories are erased properly this time. Despite Sinbad's offer for them to remain by not erasing their memories with the memory potion, Nobita and his friends bid him farewell before returning to the present day, though they all also return to play along with Mikujin in the end credits.

## Cast

| Character | Voice |
| --- | --- |
| Doraemon | Nobuyo Ōyama |
| Nobita Nobi | Noriko Ohara |
| Shizuka Minamoto | Michiko Nomura |
| Suneo Honekawa | Kaneta Kimotsuki |
| Gian (Takeshi Goda) | Kazuya Tatekabe |
| Nobita's mother | Sachiko Chijimatsu |
| Shizuka's mother | Masako Matsubara |
| Suneo's mother | Mari Yokoo |
| Sinbad | Osamu Saka |
| Mikujin | Minori Matsushima |
| Abdil | Seizō Katō |
| Cassim | Osamu Kato |
| Cassim's Henchmens | Reizo Nomoto
Takashi Taguchi |
| Soldier | Shozo Iizuka |
| Harun al-Rashid | Jun Hazumi |
| Genie of the Lamp | Teiyu Ichiryusai |
| Genie of the Bottle | Daisuke Gouri |
| Q-tarō | Fusako Amachi |
| Young Sindbad | Hirohiko Kakegawa |
| Jack | Hiroko Emori |
| Fairy | Yoshino Takamori |
| Witch | Kyoko Yamada |
| Merchants | Masayuki Sato
Koichi Hashimoto
Ryoichi Tanaka |
|

## InfoBox

| Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Dorabian Nights | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Tsutomu Shibayama |
| Written by | Fujiko F. Fujio |
| Based on | *Doraemon's Long Tales: Noby's Dorabian Nights*
by Fujiko F. Fujio |
| Produced by | Souichi Besshi
Yoshiaki Koizumi
Toshihide Yamada |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Akio Saitô |
| Edited by | Kazuo Inoue
Yuko Watase |
| Music by | Shunsuke Kikuchi |
| Production
companies | Asatsu
Shin-Ei Animation |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * 9 March 1991 (1991-03-09) (Japan) |
| Running time | 99 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Box office | $28.0 million |


abstract: Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King is a 2010 Japanese animated science fantasy action adventure film based on the manga and anime series Doraemon, and is the 30th Doraemon film. The film was released in Japan on March 6, 2010.

text:
# Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King

***Doraemon: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King*** (ドラえもん のび太の人魚大海戦, *Doraemon: Nobita no Ningyo Daikaisen*) is a 2010 Japanese animated science fantasy action adventure film based on the manga and anime series *Doraemon*, and is the 30th Doraemon film. The film was released in Japan on March 6, 2010.

## Plot

Suneo shows his diving photos in Palau to Gian and Shizuka. Nobita wants to go to Suneo's house to see more pictures, but he is unwelcomed and Doraemon comforts him. When Nobita wants to dive, Doraemon uses an "Underwater Pump Simulator" (架空水面シミュレーター・ポンプ) to pump the water out of Tokyo, causing the city to submerge. That night, Doraemon and Nobita use a "Diving Mask Simulator" to dive underwater. Nobita sees a fish tail, and tells Doraemon that he saw a mermaid. They take pictures, and hear a scream, who describes about the shadows of a mermaid and a shark. Nobita and Doraemon ask how he could see it without his goggles, and sees that the fish are still there, but the water is gone.

Nobita looks for the shark, which is actually behind him. Doraemon throws a frog into the shark's mouth, where the shark and other fish returns to the ocean, and the mermaid falls onto a tree branch. Nobita notices a fish tail beneath the leaves, and Doraemon finds a girl. After eating translation jelly, the girl introduces herself as Sophia. They take Sophia to a tour around the city and introduces them to Shizuka, Gian and Suneo. Due to various circumstances, the group learns that Sophia is a mermaid. Doraemon's sister Dorami visits the group, as advised by Doraemon, where she explains about the apparitions, legends and animals mistaken for mermaids. The group decides to lead Sophia to her home, and Doraemon copies Sophia's clothes, where he uses his familiar light to help them breathe underwater (and they become mermaids), using his watertight rope to keep water away. Sophia tells that Doraemon has powers like the goddess Manatia, and they learn about the existence of the powerful mermaid sword. Doraemon uses his mystery ink and scroll, which tells that five stars will form a pentagon.

The next day, the group heads towards Sophia's palace, but Nobita gets tired, where a giant eel appears behind them and they hide in a cave, until they are rescued by Sophia's soldiers, who misunderstands them to be Sophia's kidnappers, and sentences them to death after capturing the four. They arrive at the home of the mermaid tribe and are put in a fish tank, expecting to be eaten by a megalodon. Sophia tells the puffer fish to stop the execution, and they are released. Later, a soldier tells Sophia that she has been summoned by Queen Undine (queen of the mermaid tribe and Sophia's grandmother). When they arrive at the palace, Queen Undine tells Sophia that she will be queen.

Meanwhile, the group realizes that they left Shizuka behind. Gian and Suneo head back to find her. However, they later theorizes that she has been captured by their rival Merman tribe. Soon, the King of the Merman tribe arrives and demands the mermaid sword in exchange for Shizuka, who was mistaken to be the mermaid princess as she was wearing the royal tiara. Doraemon creates a fake sword with Nobita's toy inflated sword and gives it to the mermen in exchange for Shizuka. The Merman King realizes that the sword is not genuine, where his troops begin to attack the mermaid castle, and many mermaid soldiers were either injured or killed during the war. Sophia prays to the mermaid god, who reveals the location of the mermaid sword.

However, the Merman king steals the sword and uses it to wreak havoc by creating an underwater tornado. Doraemon lands in the watertight ring that they were using the day before, and uses a surfing board to spray the merman king with a special gas, allowing him to see the simulated water. Doraemon then lures the merman king onto an island, where it is revealed that the mermaid sword can not control the simulated water and therefore can not damage them. The merman king challenges Sophia to a duel, in which he breaks her sword. Doraemon uses the "Sword Round Lightning" to defeat the merman king in a duel.

Once Sophia receives the mermaid sword, she uses it to purify the ocean, telling Doraemon that is the true power of the mermaid sword. The Merman King is imprisoned in Doraemon's gadget, and his remaining merman forces are all sentenced to death for war crimes by the mermaid queen, who ordered all of them to be eaten alive by the same megalodon that nearly killed Doraemon and the gang. Afterwards, Doraemon, Nobita, Gian, Suneo and Shizuka return home from time machine.

## Cast

| Character | Voice actor |
| --- | --- |
| Doraemon | Wasabi Mizuta |
| Nobita Nobi | Megumi Ōhara |
| Shizuka Minamoto | Yumi Kakazu |
| Takeshi 'Gian' Goda | Subaru Kimura |
| Suneo Honekawa | Tomokazu Seki |
| Dorami | Chiaki |
| Tamako Nobi | Kotono Mitsuishi |
| Nobisuke Nobi | Yasunori Matsumoto |
| Sofia | Rie Tanaka |
| Haribō | Mayumi Iizuka |
| Dr. Mejina | Yoichi Nukumizu |
| Sakkana | Kun Sakana |
| Commander Rosy Grub/Tragis | Katsuhisa Houki |
| Hidetoshi Dekisugi | Shihoko Hagino |
| Mii-Chan | Maru Tamari |
| Policeman | Hidenari Ugaki |
| Driver | Naomi Kusumi |
| Soldiers | Daisuke Kishio
Takashi Nagasako
Yasuhiro Takato |
| Ondine | Miki Maya |

## Characters

* Sophia (ソフィア, *Sofia*): Mermaid princess of the kingdom
* Haribō (ハリ坊): An anthropomorphic puffer fish
* Dr. Mejina (メジーナ博士, *Mejina Hakase*): Professor of the kingdom
* Sakkana (サッカーナ) \- Dr. Mejina's assistant
* Commander Rosy Grub/Tragis (トラギス司令官, *Toragisu Shirei Kan*): Villain

## Theme songs

## DVD

Two editions of the film were released on DVD on December 1, 2010. The standard edition has the movie; the special edition has the movie, a wall hanger, a mini-tapestry, postcards and a bonus disc with a movie trailer, TV spots, a 30th-anniversary special and a documentary.

## Release

As part of the franchise's 40th anniversary (and the 30th anniversary of the first *Doraemon* film), the film was released in selected Singaporean cinemas on December 9, 2010, in Chinese.

## Reception

It was nominated for "Animation of the Year" award at the 34th Japan Academy Prize. It gross ¥3.16 billion in Japan and was ranked 5th highest grossing Japanese animated movie in 2010.

1. *［のび太の人魚大海戦］劇場予告編*, 11 May 2012, retrieved 2021-12-06
2. "ドラえもん". Archived from the original on 2010-07-08.
3. "2010年は映画30周年！ 「映画ドラえもん のび太の人魚大海戦」 公式サイト". *doraeiga.com*. Archived from the original on 2010-03-23.
4. ~Doraemon the Movie~ Blog: "Nobita’s Great Battle of the Mermaid King" DVD (retrieved on October 25, 2010)
5. "Doraemon's 30th Film to Open Next March — Anime News Network". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
6. "ベガエンタテイメント 放送＆制作状況". Retrieved 2009-07-17.
7. Shaw Online - Movie Information Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, Released theatrically in Singapore in Chinese.
8. 第 34 回日本アカデミー賞優秀賞 (in Japanese). Japan Academy Prize. Archived from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
9. "Box Office Leaders". Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Retrieved November 19, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Great Battle of the Mermaid King | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| **Kanji** | ドラえもん: のび太の人魚大海戦 |
| Transcriptions  Revised Hepburn Doraemon: Nobita no Ningyo Daikaisen | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kōzō Kusuba |
| Written by | Yuichi Shinbo |
| Produced by | * Kumi Ogura * Maiko Sumida * Shunsuke Okura * Takumi Fujimori * Tateshi Yamazaki |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Katsuyoshi Kishi |
| Edited by |  |
| Music by | Kan Sawada |
| Production
company | Shin-Ei Animation |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * March 6, 2010 (2010-03-06) |
| Running time | 99 minutes (1h 39m) |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Box office | $43.1 million |


title: Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars

abstract: Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars is a 1985 Japanese animated epic space opera film. It is a feature-length Doraemon film which premiered in Japan on March 16, 1985. As the film's title suggests, it is a parody of George Lucas' original Star Wars trilogy, with a few elements from his 1983 film Return of the Jedi. The film is directed by Tsutomu Shibayama. The theme song of this film is performed by Tetsuya Takeda. It's the 6th Doraemon film. The remake of the film, Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars 2021 has been released on 4 March 2022.

text:
# Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars

***Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars*** (ドラえもん: のび太の宇宙小戦争(リトル スター ウォズ), **Doraemon: Nobita no Ritoru Sutā Wōzu**) is a 1985 Japanese animated epic space opera film. It is a feature-length Doraemon film which premiered in Japan on March 16, 1985. As the film's title suggests, it is a parody of George Lucas' original *Star Wars* trilogy, with a few elements from his 1983 film *Return of the Jedi*. The film is directed by Tsutomu Shibayama. The theme song of this film is performed by Tetsuya Takeda. It's the 6th Doraemon film. The remake of the film, *Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars 2021* has been released on 4 March 2022.

## Plot

The film begins with a prologue of a battle on a faraway planet, where the president is evacuated on a rocket. The film shifts to the Earth, where Nobita is kicked out by Gian and Suneo after destroying the set of the space movie they are making. Nobita runs to Doraemon and the two recruit Shizuka to make their own film.

During filming, Nobita finds what looks like a toy rocket. Later that night, Nobita and Doraemon discover a tiny smart humanoid alien Papi in their room. Papi explains that there is a dangerous enemy searching for him. Nobita, Doraemon and Shizuka assure him that he will be safe in their home, and they play together using Doraemon's Small Light to shrink themselves to Papi's size.

Meanwhile, a whale-shaped spaceship destroys Suneo's new set and Suneo and Gian confronts Nobita at his house, but Papi explains that it was a battleship sent by PCIA to find him. He reveals that he is the president of his planet Pirika, which has been taken over by the dictator Gilmore. The PCIA is the dictator's intelligence agency, and they have been sent to capture Papi to ensure Gilmore's total victory.

Nobita and friends hide Papi in a secret base made by one of Doraemon's gadget in Shizuka's home. The PCIA battleship manages to infiltrate the base and kidnaps Shizuka, as well as stealing the Small Light and prevent the children from returning to their normal size. Dorakoruru, the head of PCIA, leaves a message demanding Papi in exchange for Shizuka's freedom and life. Papi leaves alone to surrender in while the children rewire Suneo's model tanks for flight and combat. Papi's pet dog Rokoroko arrives, but is too late to save him. The dog and Shizuka return to the others, and together they plan to travel to Pirika using the same rocket in which Papi came to Earth.

Near Pirika, Nobita and friends arrive at a secret base located in the planet's ring. Army chief Genbu explains that Papi is being held in the PCIA's head office, facing a death sentence. Doraemon, Nobita and Gian head to the planet with Rokoroko, while Shizuka and Suneo remain to defend the base from the PCIA space force. Nobita's group meets with a resistance group, but everyone gets captured by PCIA soldiers after being traced down by Gilmore's cameras. After heading to the planet's surface in their tanks, Shizuka and Suneo are shot down as well. While their tanks sink into the ocean, they both suddenly start returning to their normal sizes.

At the PCIA headquarters, Nobita, Doraemon, Gian, Papi and Rokoroko are all about to be executed by firing squad, but suddenly Dorakoruru receives news that giant Earthlings have been spotted. After realizing that the Small Light's effects have expired, Nobita, Doraemon and Gian return to their normal size and reunite with Shizuka and Suneo. They battle with the PCIA forces. Dorakoruru attacks them in his battleship, but Gian single-handedly takes it down and causes it to crash into the ocean. Meanwhile, Gilmore attempts to flee but is stopped by a mass of citizens rallying together, causing him to surrender.

Nobita and his friends say goodbye to the residents of Pirika and head back to Earth. On the way, they talk about going back to visit Pirika again the next week. The ending credits show snippets of their later visits.

## Cast

An English version produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by **Speedy Video**, features an unknown voice cast.

| Character | Voice |
| --- | --- |
| Doraemon | Nobuyo Ōyama |
| Nobita Nobi | Noriko Ohara |
| Shizuka Minamoto | Michiko Nomura |
| Suneo Honekawa | Kaneta Kimotsuki |
| Takeshi 'Gian' Goda | Kazuya Tatekabe |
| Tamako Nobi | Sachiko Chijimatsu |
| Shizuka's mother | Masako Matsubara |
| Papi | Keiko Han |
| Rokoroko | Yuji Mitsuya |
| Xuanwu | Dai Kanai |
| Gilmore | Nobuo Yana |
| Freedom Alliance members | Sho Hayami
Masayuki Kato
Shoji Sato
Bin Shimada
Yoku Shioya
Junichi Sugawara |
| Stray Black Cat | Keiko Han |
| PCIA Soldier | Ryusei Nakao |
| Dorakoruru | Yuusaku Yara |

## InfoBox

| Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Little Star Wars | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
|  | |
| Japanese name | |
| **Kanji** | ドラえもん: のび太の宇宙小戦争(リトル スター ウォズ) |
| Transcriptions  Revised Hepburn Doraemon: Nobita no Ritoru Sutā Wōzu | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Tsutomu Shibayama |
| Written by | Fujiko F. Fujio |
| Based on | *Doraemon's Long Tales: Noby's Little Space War*
by Fujiko F. Fujio |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Edited by | Kazuo Inoue |
| Music by | Shunsuke Kikuchi |
| Production
company | Shin-Ei Animation |
| Distributed by | Toho |
| Release date | * 16 March 1985 (1985-03-16) |
| Running time | 98 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Box office | $18.7 million |


title: Richard Falck

abstract: Richard Falck was a German-American botanist and mycologist, who worked as a professor of mycology at the forest academy in Hannoversch Münden before he fled Nazi Germany and the persecution of Jews to finally settle in the United States of America. Falck was a specialist on fungi and on the preservation of timber from fungal damage.

text:
# Richard Falck

**Richard Falck** (7 May 1873 – 1 January 1955) was a German-American botanist and mycologist, who worked as a professor of mycology at the forest academy in Hannoversch Münden before he fled Nazi Germany and the persecution of Jews to finally settle in the United States of America. Falck was a specialist on fungi and on the preservation of timber from fungal damage.

## Life and work

Falck was born in Landeck in Westpreußen (West Prussia) to Julius and Rosa née Baruch. Richard's father was in the dye business. Richard was the oldest and had two brothers and sisters. His brother Georg later became an architect of repute; his brother Eduard who ran a mushroom business was murdered in Auschwitz; one sister survived the Holocaust. Little is known of Richard's early years but he lived in Ledyczek until the age of 16, went to Progymnasium in Debrzno, trained as a pharmacist, and in 1899 he passed the examination of food chemists at Göttingen. In 1902 he began his mycological studies under Oscar Brefeld and obtained a doctorate from the University of Breslau with a thesis "*Über die Kultur der Oidien und ihre Rückführung in die höhere Fruchtform bei den Basidiomyceten*." Among his contacts was Alfred Möller, Director of the Forestry Academy in Eberswald who was also a student of Oscar Brefeld. Through Möller's influence Falck was able to obtain a position in mycology in Hannoversch Münden. He married Breslau mycologist Olga Schenkalowski in 1910, shortly after his appointment as a professor of mycology at the Königlich Preußische Forstakademie. They had a daughter Marianne in 1914. His research on edible mushrooms found application during the First World War. In 1923, along with Edgar Wedekind, he identified an antibiotic produced by *Sparassis ramosa* that they called Sparassol. He then worked on the preservation of wood and the prevention of its decomposition. During the Nazi years, he was threatened for being Jewish but protected by Otto Braun, the Prussian minister of agriculture. The students however boycotted his lectures. During this period he obtained a patent for the "Falkamesam Process" of preserving wood, on which he had collaborated with the Indian researcher Sonti Kamesam. An allegation of tax evasion was made by a member of the Göttingen National Socialists as he had filed many of his patents in Poland. In March 1933 he fled via Rome to Palestine and then moved to Poland. His daughter stayed on in Palestine. Two of his assistants back in Germany, Otto Reis and Käthe Löwenthal, were murdered in the Holocaust. His German citizenship was revoked in 1938. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, the family fled again to the Soviet Union. His research while in Moscow and Kiev was not very fruitful. He endorsed the Lamarckian views of Trofim Lysenko and was given a free hand by the Soviet government. In 1941 they had to evacuate from the Soviet Union but his wife Olga fell ill in Moscow and died in 1944. In August 1945 he left Moscow and moved to Palestine where his daughter lived. He worked in Tiberias and Haifa from 1946 and 1950 after which he moved to the United States of America. In 1947 he was rehabilitated and awarded the rights of a retired professor and reparations were ordered but he received payments only in 1954, a year before he died in Atlanta, Georgia. A biography was published in Germany in 2019.

## Bibliography

* 1912. Die Merulius-Fäule des Bauholzes. Ed G. Fischer. 405 pp.
* 1912. Julius Oscar Brefeld, Richard Falck. Investigations in the overall field of mycology: Continuation of the molds and yeasts. Ed Heinrich Schöningh Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 59 pp.
* 1923. Mykologische Berichte und Untersuchungen, Volume 1, Part 2. Ed Druck und Verlag für Aktiengesellschaft, vorm. Gebr. Gotthelft. 300 pp.
* 1934. Richard Falck, Hermann Lutz, Gertrude Krafft. Effects of physical methods of preliminary treatment of beech wood: The Influence of steaming, storing, periodic steaming and drying of severe upon the improvement in swelling and shrinkage. Ed USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 178 pp.
* 1935. Richard Falck, Vinayak Ketkar, Gertrude Krafft. Testing and Evaluating Fireproofing materials for wood. Ed USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 112 pp.
* 1950. The types of symbiotic linkage and Their significance for the formation of highly Organized forms: functions and life-spheres in the phylogenetic process of development. 16 pp.
* 1954. Richard Falck, Marianne Falck. Die Bedeutung der Fadenpilze als Symbionten der Pflanzen für die Waldkultur. Sauerländer JD Ed. 92 pp.

The standard author abbreviation Falck is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Richard Falck | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Ronald L. Buch

abstract: Ronald Lee Buch is a judge of the United States Tax Court.

text:
# Ronald L. Buch

**Ronald Lee Buch** (born September 20, 1965) is a judge of the United States Tax Court.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Buch was born on September 20, 1965, in Flint, Michigan. He received his Juris Doctor in 1993, from the Detroit College of Law. He received a Master of Laws degree in 1994, from the Capital University Law School. Both of his law degrees were earned with a concentration in taxation. He served as research editor of the Detroit College of Law Review from 1992 to 1993. He was an Ohio Tax Review Fellow from 1993 to 1994.

### Professional career

Buch served as a consultant at KPMG LLP's Washington National Tax office from 1995 to 1997. He served at the Internal Revenue Service as an attorney advisor from 1997 to 2000 and as senior legal counsel from 2000 to 2001. During his service with the IRS, he represented the IRS in cases before the United States Tax Court. He served at McKee Nelson LLP as an associate from 2001 to 2005 and as a partner from 2005 to 2009. He served as a partner at Bingham McCutchen LLP from its acquisition of his former firm in 2009 until 2013. His focus in private practice was tax controversy matters. During his time in private practice, he also served as an adjunct law professor at Georgetown University Law Center, teaching classes related to tax law.

## Tax Court service

On September 15, 2011, President Barack Obama nominated Buch to serve as a judge of the United States Tax Court, to the seat vacated by Judge David Laro, whose term had expired. His nomination received a hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance on December 11, 2012, and was reported favorably on December 21, 2012. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 1, 2013. He received his commission on January 14, 2013. His commission will expire on January 13, 2028, at which time his fifteen-year term will end.

## InfoBox

| Ronald L. Buch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Judge of the United States Tax Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 14, 2013 | |
| Appointed by | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | David Laro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1965-09-20) September 20, 1965
Flint, Michigan, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Northwood University, Michigan (BBA)
Michigan State University (JD)
Capital University (LLM) |
|  | |


title: Slaughterhouse Beach (Mokuleʻia)

abstract: Slaughterhouse Beach or "Mokuleʻia Beach," is a sand beach in Maui. It is located off of Rte. 30 in Mokuleʻia Bay, directly east of Fleming Beach and directly west of Honolua Bay. The beach is a part of the Honolua-Mokuleʻia Bay Marine Life Conservation District.

text:
# Slaughterhouse Beach (Mokuleʻia)

**Slaughterhouse Beach** or "Mokuleʻia Beach," is a sand beach in Maui. It is located off of Rte. 30 in Mokuleʻia Bay, directly east of Fleming Beach and directly west of Honolua Bay. The beach is a part of the Honolua-Mokuleʻia Bay Marine Life Conservation District.

## Geography

The beach is located near Kapalua in West Maui and is surrounded by a cliff face and lava rock. The name "slaughterhouse" derives from the Honolua Ranch slaughterhouse and tanning/storage shed that were located on the cliff’s edge above the ocean. The buildings were torn down in the 1960s, but the name remains. In contrast, the Hawaiian name Mokule’ia means “district of abundance." Because the area is a protected marine preserve, fishing and spearing are not allowed and harming or taking any marine life is prohibited.

## Winter

In the winter, the beach's waves are typically very large and often dangerous, though experts frequently use the beach for surfing and bodyboarding. Large waves break approximately two hundred feet out from the shoreline during the winter. There is also a hidden sandbar that is located about one hundred feet from the shore where it seems you may easily swim out to this sandbar and stand in approximately 3 feet (0.91 m) of water. You may be tempted to swim out to this sandbar if you see experienced local people swimming out to it. The local swimmers that swim out may be wearing scuba flippers on their feet which may give them enough control to swim in the strong water. However, the water is deep before the sandbar can be reached, and the shape of the beach, and the sandbar seems to cause a very strong and dangerous rip tide that sweeps from right to left, and even an expert or advanced intermediate swimmer could be quickly swept onto the rocks, or out to sea. This risk could not be underestimated in the winter. There are no signs or warnings of any kind on the beach, so extreme caution should be exercised as this is a very serious and unseen danger.

## Summer

In the summer, the surf is lower which allows for more water activities such as snorkeling and swimming.

21°00′40″N 156°38′32″W / 21.0111°N 156.6422°W / 21.0111; -156.6422


title: Spiker, Nebraska

abstract: Spiker is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Nebraska. An independent trucking garage is based at Spiker, and there are four homes.

text:
# Spiker, Nebraska

**Spiker** is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Nebraska. An independent trucking garage is based at Spiker, and there are four homes.

## History

The Spiker General Store was established,and the community was set up, in 1890. It was named after Samuel Spiker, an early settler.

A post office was opened in 1890, but closed in 1902.

In the late 1930s, the community was damaged by a fire. It was abandoned soon after.

41°36′26″N 96°18′35″W / 41.60722°N 96.30972°W / 41.60722; -96.30972


title: Plimmerton

abstract: The suburb of Plimmerton lies in the northwest part of the city of Porirua in New Zealand, adjacent to some of the city's more congenial beaches. State Highway 59 and the North Island Main Trunk railway line pass just east of the main shopping and residential area. Plimmerton has its modern origins as a late 19th century seaside resort. It is named after John Plimmer, an English settler and entrepreneur who, through the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, helped to fund and direct construction of the railway line. The estimated population is 2,180 as of June 2023.

text:
# Plimmerton

The suburb of **Plimmerton** lies in the northwest part of the city of Porirua in New Zealand, adjacent to some of the city's more congenial beaches. State Highway 59 and the North Island Main Trunk railway line pass just east of the main shopping and residential area.

Plimmerton has its modern origins as a late 19th century seaside resort. It is named after John Plimmer, an English settler and entrepreneur who, through the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company, helped to fund and direct construction of the railway line. The estimated population is 2,180 as of June 2023.

## History

The area was first settled by the Māori people early in their occupation of New Zealand. Ngāi Tara and then Ngāti Ira settled south of Kāpiti, and a number of other tribes may have lived in the area including Muaūpoko, Ngāti Apa, Ngāti Kahungunu and Ngāti Hotu.

Ngāti Toa people took control of the Porirua coast in the 1820s. In the 1840s the area where Plimmerton is situated was the home of Te Rauparaha, who had his main residence at Taupō . Te Rauparaha was captured by 200 British troops and police on 23 July 1846 near the southern end of Motuhara Road. A tiny historic reserve contains a cabbage tree that may be descended from the one he was said to have been captured near, and a plaque. In 1847, most of Ngāti Toa’s land in Porirua was sold to the Crown for the New Zealand Company by a group of eight chiefs, and Taupō was retained as part of a Māori reserve (one of three) that extended from Paremata to Paekākāriki. However, the following year Te Rauparaha was released and retired to Ōtaki; by 1850 Taupō pā was deserted.

The area continued to be referred to as Taupō, after the pā, and was leased by Ngāti Toa for farming by European settlers over the following decades. These included William Cooper, Canington (possible Carrington), and then Levi Tandy (from 1859). James Walker farmed from Paremata to Plimmerton beginning in 1875.

In the late 19th Century Ngāti Toa’s land holdings around Taupō began to rapidly decline as land was by converted to individual title by the Native Land Court and then sold, transferred to the Public Trustee or taken for public works and reserves.

When the Horokiwi Valley Road was opened fewer travellers followed the Taua Tapu track through Taupō to Pukerua Bay. So Pāuatahanui grew at the expense of Taupō until the railway line was opened in 1885.

In the 1880s the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company decided to build a railway link from the capital, Wellington, to Longburn, near Palmerston North. Several towns, including Plimmerton, were established along the way to encourage settlements that would contribute to the line's business. John Plimmer, after whom Plimmerton was named, was a director of the company.

In 1885 the first excursion train journeyed from Wellington to Plimmerton on 3 September, and regular services began from 10 October. With the railway's arrival, Plimmerton became accessible to holidaymakers, and evolved into a seaside resort. Plimmerton House, a two-storied hotel, was built alongside the railway station in 1886 (and burnt down in 1907). Sections began to be sold in 1888 and by the late 1890s Plimmerton had become a popular holiday destination. In 1900 Plimmerton consisted of 30 summer cottages, two private hotels and one general store.

Plimmerton was originally part of Hutt County. On 1 April 1973 the still-growing area became one of the northern suburbs of Porirua. Though small, it was one of the most lively. For a time it had the only active Residents' Association in the city.

The main state highway route through Plimmerton, previously part of SH 1, was renumbered SH 59 on 7 December 2021 due to SH 1 being shifted to the Transmission Gully Motorway.

## Official name

The name Plimmerton was used in promoting the railway and advertising of sections for sale from the mid-1880s.

Plimmerton was gazetted as an official geographic name on 3 November 2011. The suburb amalgamated the previous recorded suburb names of Plimmerton and Karehana Bay. It excludes the largely Māori (Ngāti Toa) settlement of Hongoeka to the west, which was gazetted on 16 December 2010.

## Demographics and census information

The Plimmerton statistical area covers 5.16 km2 (1.99 sq mi), and includes Hongoeka. It had an estimated population of 2,180 as of June 2023, with a population density of 422.48 people per km2.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 2,052 |  |
| 2013 | 2,115 | +0.43% |
| 2018 | 2,142 | +0.25% |
| Source: | | |

Plimmerton had a population of 2,142 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 27 people (1.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 90 people (4.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 840 households, comprising 1,062 males and 1,080 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 44.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 399 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 339 (15.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,026 (47.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 378 (17.6%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.2% European/Pākehā, 13.4% Māori, 3.1% Pasifika, 3.2% Asian, and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 23.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.5% had no religion, 32.6% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.6% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 687 (39.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 150 (8.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $47,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 582 people (33.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 969 (55.6%) people were employed full-time, 252 (14.5%) were part-time, and 42 (2.4%) were unemployed.

## Localities

State Highway 59, here named St Andrews Road, passes through Plimmerton, as does the North Island Main Trunk railway line

A shopping area about two blocks long adjoins Plimmerton Railway Station on Steyne Avenue and includes a church, a medical centre, Plunket rooms, a craft shop, a beauty salon, real estate agents, a grocery store and several eateries.

To the north alongside the railway line is Plimmerton Domain, comprising 3 football fields, home to the Mana Archery Club, Wellington 29th Boys' Brigade and the Mana Arts Society. Beyond is the Plimmerton Industrial Estate, which includes numerous businesses, the Plimmerton Croquet Club, and a storage facility for the New Zealand Film Archive.

The Mainline Steam railway preservation group have their extensive restoration facilities located behind Plimmerton Railway Station.

North of the industrial area is the Taupō Swamp, a flax swamp, one of the largest of its type in the southern half of the North Island. Taupō Stream passes south through the swamp, along the east edge of Plimmerton Domain, between Steyne Avenue and St Andrews Road, and then flows into the sea at the north end of South Beach.

Plimmerton Library, which was part of Porirua City Council's library system, closed on 27 July 2012. It opened in the late 1940s and operated from a single-room building near the school from November 1951 until December 2007. It then shifted to the Plimmerton Pavilion, opposite the Plimmerton Volunteer Fire Brigade building, until its closure.

South-west of the shopping area is Plimmerton Beach, a fairly sheltered, gently graded beach, which has been a popular recreation area for over a century. It is popular with windsurfers; some world champions have trained there. At the southern end is South Beach. Recreational water quality at Plimmerton Beach is rated "fair" by the Greater Wellington Regional Council; water quality at South Beach is rated "poor", however, due to periodic faecal contamination. This contamination may originate from Taupō Swamp (via Taupō Stream), which often supports a large waterfowl population.

Another popular beach is Karehana Bay, at the foot of the Airlie Road/Cluny Road valley about 1.5 kilometres north-west of the shops. Poet Denis Glover mentioned the settlement in his poem Threnody: "In Plimmerton, in Plimmerton, the little penguins play, and one dead albatross was found at Karehana Bay".

## Education

Plimmerton School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 428 as of August 2024.

St Theresa's School is a co-educational state-integrated Catholic primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of 207.

Plimmerton also has a kindergarten.

## Notable people

1. "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
2. Maysmor, Bob (2012). *Plimmerton: a colourful history*. Porirua, New Zealand: Pataka Museum. ISBN 978-0-9582393-6-3.
3. Chris Maclean. 'Wellington places - Mana – Paremata to Pukerua Bay', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Aug-12, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/wellington-places/14
4. “Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Toa Rangatira Trust and the Crown”, December 2012, https://www.ngatitoa.iwi.nz/sitecontent/images/Folders/General/Ngati-Toa-Rangatira-and-Toa-Rangatira-Trust-and-The-Crow.pdf
5. Porirua City Council, "History of Plimmerton", https://www.webcitation.org/6UGPOiulc?url=http://www.pcc.govt.nz/About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-suburbs/Plimmerton-and-Camborne/History-of-Plimmerton
6. Pat Stodart, “Pā in Porirua: social settlements”, *Tuhinga* 26: 1–19, https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/sites/default/files/tuhinga.26.2015.pt1\_.p1-19.stodart.lowres.pdf
7. Porirua City Council, "The history of Paremata, Papakowhai and Mana", https://www.webcitation.org/6UGPXZ0sk?url=http://www.pcc.govt.nz/About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-suburbs/Paremata--Papakowhai-and-Mana/History-of-Paremata--Papakowhai-and-Mana
8. Reilly, Helen (2013). *Pauatahanui: A local history*. Wellington: Pauatahanui Residents Association. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-473-25439-1.
9. "State Highway 59 switch confirmed for December" (Press release). New Zealand Transport Agency. 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
10. Falkner, A., The Wellington & Manawatu Railway Co. Ltd., "Map of country between Wellington and Manawatu District opened up by railway, shewing townships & land to be sold by Company". August 1885. Ref: MapColl-r832.4gme/1885/Acc.2705. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23065176
11. Land Information New Zealand, "Plimmerton", https://web.archive.org/web/20140830133319/http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/plimmerton
12. Land Information New Zealand, "Hongoeka", https://web.archive.org/web/20130222120257/http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/consultation-decisions/a-to-z/hongoeka
13. "ArcGIS Web Application". *statsnz.maps.arcgis.com*. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
14. "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Plimmerton (239000). 2018 Census place summary: Plimmerton
15. Porirua City Council, Public sports grounds, http://www.pcc.govt.nz/Leisure/Sports-Grounds
16. stuff.co.nz, "Climate controlled haven for NZ's film treasures, http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/4829409/Climate-controlled-haven-for-NZs-film-treasures
17. "Plimmerton Library - Library, Porirua City, NZ". *www.porirualibrary.org.nz*. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013.
18. "Plimmerton.nz – Welcome to the Plimmerton community website".
19. Greater Wellington Regional Council, *Air, land and water in the Wellington region – state and trends: Porirua Harbour sub-region*, http://www.gw.govt.nz/assets/Our-Environment/Environmental-monitoring/Environmental-Reporting/Porirua-Harbour-low-res.pdf
20. Greenfield, S, et al. *Recreational water quality in the Wellington Region: State and trends*, https://www.webcitation.org/6UGS5W8ro?url=http://www.gw.govt.nz/assets/Our-Environment/Environmental-monitoring/Environmental-Reporting/Recreational-Water-Quality-SoE-report.pdf
21. Glover, Denis,'Threnody', in Hogan, Helen M, Nowhere Far From The Sea, Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd, Christchurch, 1971
22. "Plimmerton School Official School Website". *plimmerton.school.nz*.
23. "Plimmerton School Education Review Office Report". *ero.govt.nz*. Education Review Office.
24. "Plimmerton School Ministry of Education School Profile". *educationcounts.govt.nz*. Ministry of Education.
25. "St Theresa's School Official School Website". *st-theresas.school.nz*.
26. "St Theresa's School Education Review Office Report". *ero.govt.nz*. Education Review Office.
27. "St Theresa's School Ministry of Education School Profile". *educationcounts.govt.nz*. Ministry of Education.
28. Lang, Sarah (September 2007). "The Beat Goes On". *North and South Magazine*. Retrieved 12 May 2020.

## InfoBox

| Plimmerton | |
| --- | --- |
| Suburb | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 41°05′S 174°52′E / 41.083°S 174.867°E / -41.083; 174.867 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| City | Porirua |
| Local authority | Porirua City Council |
| Electoral ward | * Pāuatahanui General Ward * Porirua Māori Ward |
| Area | |
| Land | 516 ha (1,275 acres) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 2,180 |
| Train stations | Plimmerton Railway Station |


title: Rihpovec

abstract: Rihpovec is a dispersed settlement in the hills east of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

text:
# Rihpovec

**Rihpovec** (pronounced \[ˈɾiːxpɔʋəts\]) is a dispersed settlement in the hills east of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Rihpovec | |
| --- | --- |
| RihpovecLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 45°54′12.61″N 15°5′28″E / 45.9035028°N 15.09111°E / 45.9035028; 15.09111 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Lower Carniola |
| Statistical region | Southeast Slovenia |
| Municipality | Trebnje |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.65 km2 (1.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 399.4 m (1,310.4 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 87 |
|  | |


title: Rinsennock

abstract: The Rinsennock is a mountain in the Gurktal Alps in Austria. It is part of the Nock Mountains sub-range and located at the border of the state of Carinthia with Upper Styria, immediately west of Turracher Höhe Pass. The summit, at 2,334 metres above the Adriatic (7,657 ft), is a popular destination for hikers.

text:
# Rinsennock

The **Rinsennock** is a mountain in the Gurktal Alps in Austria. It is part of the Nock Mountains sub-range and located at the border of the state of Carinthia with Upper Styria, immediately west of Turracher Höhe Pass. The summit, at 2,334 metres above the Adriatic (7,657 ft), is a popular destination for hikers.

## InfoBox

| Rinsennock | |
| --- | --- |
| Rinsennock (left) and Kornock (right) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,334 m (7,657 ft) |
| Prominence | 435 m (1,427 ft) |
| Coordinates | 46°54′32″N 13°51′2″E / 46.90889°N 13.85056°E / 46.90889; 13.85056 |
| Geography | |
| RinsennockLocation in the Alps | |
| Location | Carinthia, Styria,
Austria |
| Parent range | Gurktal Alps
Nock Mountains |


title: El Arrayán Wind Farm

abstract: The 115 MW El Arrayán is the largest wind farm in Chile. At the time of its inauguration in 2014, it was the largest in Latin America.

text:
# El Arrayán Wind Farm

The 115 MW **El Arrayán** is the largest wind farm in Chile. At the time of its inauguration in 2014, it was the largest in Latin America.

## Background

The site is approximately 400 km north of Santiago in the coastal town of Ovalle, which is the capital of the Limarí Province, in the Coquimbo Region. The project consists of 50 Siemens 2.3 MW wind turbines. It completed in June 2014 and officially went into service in August 2014. Pattern Energy owns 70% of the facility, which it also operates. Antofagasta Minerals SA owns the remaining 30% minority stake.

1. "Grand opening for Pattern Energy’s El Arrayán Wind facility in Chile", in *Renewable Energy Focus*, 30 August 2014
2. "Chile Top Renewables Market on Sunny Desert, Windy Shores", in *Bloomberg*, 8 October 2014
3. "El Arrayán Wind Farm, Chile". Kable, a trading division of Kable Intelligence Limited. Retrieved 8 May 2017.


title: Torneo Internazionale Citta di Treviso

abstract: The Torneo Internazionale Città di Treviso is a defunct men's professional tennis tournament. It was held for one year, in November 1984, in Treviso, Italy and was played on indoor carpet courts. The tournament was part of the 1984 Grand Prix circuit.

text:
# Torneo Internazionale Citta di Treviso

The **Torneo Internazionale Città di Treviso** is a defunct men's professional tennis tournament. It was held for one year, in November 1984, in Treviso, Italy and was played on indoor carpet courts. The tournament was part of the 1984 Grand Prix circuit.

## Finals

### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | Vitas Gerulaitis | Tarik Benhabiles | 6–1, 6–1 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1984 | Pavel Složil
Tim Wilkison | Jan Gunnarsson
Sherwood Stewart | 6–2, 6–3 |

## InfoBox

| Torneo Internazionale Citta di Treviso | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct tennis tournament | |
| Tour | Grand Prix circuit |
| Founded | 1974 |
| Abolished | 1974 |
| Editions | 1 |
| Location | Treviso, Italy |
| Surface | Carpet / indoor |


title: Too Young (Post Malone song)

abstract: "Too Young" is a song by American rapper and singer Post Malone. It was officially released through Republic Records on October 9, 2015, as the second single from his debut studio album, Stoney (2016). Malone wrote the song alongside producers Foreign Teck, Rico Evans, and Justin Mosley. The song was dedicated to Christian Taylor and rappers ASAP Yams and Chinx, who died prior to its release.

text:
# Too Young (Post Malone song)

"**Too Young**" is a song by American rapper and singer Post Malone. It was officially released through Republic Records on October 9, 2015, as the second single from his debut studio album, *Stoney* (2016). Malone wrote the song alongside producers Foreign Teck, Rico Evans, and Justin Mosley. The song was dedicated to Christian Taylor and rappers ASAP Yams and Chinx, who died prior to its release.

## Background

Post Malone said in an interview with Genius that "After A$AP Yams passed I recorded this song, so it's kind of an ode to him. We weren't friends but I think it was so cool how he was a cultural icon and he inspired so many people to do what they wanted to do. And he had such an influence on the youth of today. I think it was a tragedy that he went so soon. I just thought it was the right thing, to pay tribute to him. Then, in Dallas, this kid Christian Taylor passed. And he was on to this song before he was killed, and that is surreal. I was living with a kid in Dallas and I don’t know what happened but apparently the cops shot him and a couple days before he was killed he did the lyrics to my song. That is a crazy scenario. Fans have said it means a lot to them and I think that’s cool how a song reminds us that we can reach others with a different perspective and it can mean something to them as well. Everybody can relate to something in a certain way".

## Music video

The song's accompanying music video premiered on October 22, 2015 on Post Malone's Vevo account on YouTube. The music video was directed by John Rawlins.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (*Billboard*) | 8 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | Platinum | 70,000 |
| Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) | Platinum | 60,000 |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 2× Platinum | 160,000 |
| Portugal (AFP) | Gold | 10,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | October 9, 2015 | Digital download |  |
| |

## InfoBox

| "Too Young" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Post Malone | |
| from the album  *Stoney* | |
| Released | October 9, 2015 |
| Length | 3:57 |
| Label | Republic |
| Songwriter(s) | * Austin Post * Michael Hernandez * Carlos Suarez * Justin Mosley |
| Producer(s) | * Foreign Teck * Rico Evans * Mosley |
| Post Malone singles chronology | |
| "White Iverson"
(2015) "**Too Young**"
(2015) "Go Flex"
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Too Young" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Elachista iriphaea

abstract: Elachista iriphaea is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Uganda.

text:
# Elachista iriphaea

***Elachista iriphaea*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Uganda.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista iriphaea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. iriphaea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista iriphaea***<br>(Meyrick, 1932) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Labdia iriphaea* Meyrick, 1932 | |


title: Elachista istanella

abstract: Elachista istanella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Spain.

text:
# Elachista istanella

***Elachista istanella*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Spain.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista istanella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. istanella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista istanella***<br>Nielsen & Traugott-Olsen, 1987 | |
|


title: Elaine Harvey

abstract: Elaine D. Harvey is an American politician and a Republican member of the Wyoming House of Representatives representing District 26 since January 2003.

text:
# Elaine Harvey

**Elaine D. Harvey** (born September 18, 1954, in Lovell, Wyoming) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Wyoming House of Representatives representing District 26 since January 2003.

## Education

Harvey graduated from Lovell High School and earned her AS from the Northwest College.

## Elections

* 2012 Harvey won the August 21, 2012 Republican Primary with 1,242 votes (62.7%), and was unopposed for the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 3,446 votes.
* 2002 Harvey challenged incumbent Republican Representative Charles Hessenthaler for the District 26 seat in the August 20, 2002 Republican Primary and won with 1,419 votes (59.7%), and won the November 5, 2002 General election with 2,484 votes (85.6%) against Libertarian candidate Paul Garrison.
* 2004 Harvey was unopposed for both the August 17, 2004 Republican Primary, winning with 1,585 votes, and the November 2, 2004 General election, winning with 3,400 votes.
* 2006 Harvey was unopposed for both the August 22, 2006 Republican Primary, winning with 2,113 votes, and the November 7, 2006 General election, winning with 2,932 votes.
* 2008 Harvey was unopposed for both the August 19, 2008 Republican Primary, winning with 1,545 votes, and the November 4, 2008 General election, winning with 3,425 votes.
* 2010 Harvey was unopposed for both the August 17, 2010 Republican Primary, winning with 2,251 votes, and the November 2, 2010 General election, winning with 2,793 votes.

## InfoBox

| Elaine Harvey | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Wyoming House of Representatives
from the 26th district | |
| **In office**
January 14, 2003  January 10, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Hessenthaler |
| Succeeded by | Jamie Flitner |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-09-18) September 18, 1954
Lovell, Wyoming, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence(s) | Lovell, Wyoming, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Northwest College |
|  | |


title: Elaine Holt

abstract: Elaine Karen Holt is a British businesswoman.

text:
# Elaine Holt

**Elaine Karen Holt** (born 5 June 1966) is a British businesswoman.

## Early life

Holt was born in Oxford and attended Stroud High School, where she gained no O-levels. She did not join the sixth-form, and her headmistress said to her "All you will ever be is a hairdresser".

## Career

Holt worked for British Airways from 1987 before holding various roles at FirstGroup and becoming managing director of First Capital Connect in 2006. From 2009 until 2011 she served as chief executive of Directly Operated Railways and chairman of East Coast. She subsequently led National Express's bid for the Greater Western franchise, RATP Group's bid for Crossrail and Eurostar/Keolis's bid for the InterCity East Coast franchise.

She became a non-executive director of Highways England in 2014.

## Personal life

She is married to Steve Holt.


title: Topa Topa

abstract: Topa Topa is a 1938 American Western film directed by Charles Hutchison and Vin Moore and starring Joan Valerie, James Bush and LeRoy Mason. The film was originally distributed by the Poverty Row company Pennant Pictures, but was rereleased the following year by Grand National Pictures with the alternative title Children of the Wild.

text:
# Topa Topa

***Topa Topa*** is a 1938 American Western film directed by Charles Hutchison and Vin Moore and starring Joan Valerie, James Bush and LeRoy Mason. The film was originally distributed by the Poverty Row company Pennant Pictures, but was rereleased the following year by Grand National Pictures with the alternative title ***Children of the Wild***.

## Plot

After a dispute between two fur trappers ends in one being killed, suspicion wrongly falls on the dead man's wolfdog

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Pitts, Michael R. *Poverty Row Studios, 1929-1940*. McFarland & Company, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Topa Topa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Charles Hutchison
Vin Moore |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | William M. Vogel |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Robert Doran |
| Edited by | Charles Diltz |
| Music by | Edward Kilenyi |
| Production
company | Franklyn Warner Productions |
| Distributed by |  |
| Release date | * March 17, 1938 (1938-03-17) |
| Running time | 58 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Torvaianica

abstract: Torvaianica or Torvajanica is a frazione of the comune of Pomezia, in the Metropolitan City of Rome, central Italy. Counting some 12,700 inhabitants, it extends for some eight kilometres on central Lazio's littoral.

text:
# Torvaianica

**Torvaianica** or **Torvajanica** is a *frazione* of the comune of Pomezia, in the Metropolitan City of Rome, central Italy. Counting some 12,700 inhabitants, it extends for some eight kilometres (5.0 miles) on central Lazio's littoral.

## Overview

According to Vergil's *Aeneid*, the Trojan hero Aeneas landed here: this event is confirmed by the excavation of the ancient Roman town of Lavinium in the neighbourhood of Torvaianica.

The name derives from a coastal watch tower, *Torre del Vajanico*, built in 1580 to defend against Barbary pirates attacks. The tower was damaged during World War II and demolished during the 1960s building speculations. The town was founded in the 1940s, after the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes; population at the time was mostly composed of fishermen.

The economy is mostly based on tourism. Torvaianica is home to the Zoomarine amusement park.

A Roman villa has been excavated nearby.

41°37′14″N 12°27′46″E / 41.62056°N 12.46278°E / 41.62056; 12.46278


title: The Myth of Mental Illness

abstract: The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct is a 1961 book by the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, in which the author criticizes psychiatry and argues against the concept of mental illness. It received much publicity, and has become a classic, well known as an argument that "mentally ill" is a label which psychiatrists have used against people "disabled by living" rather than truly having a disease.

text:
# The Myth of Mental Illness

***The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct*** is a 1961 book by the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, in which the author criticizes psychiatry and argues against the concept of mental illness. It received much publicity, and has become a classic, well known as an argument that "mentally ill" is a label which psychiatrists have used against people "disabled by living" rather than truly having a disease.

## Background

Szasz writes that he became interested in writing *The Myth of Mental Illness* in approximately 1950, when, having become established as a psychiatrist, he became convinced that the concept of mental illness was vague and unsatisfactory. He began work on the book in 1954, when he was relieved of the burdens of a full-time psychiatric practice by being called to active duty in the navy. Later in the 1950s, it was rejected by the first publisher to whom Szasz submitted the manuscript. Szasz next sent the manuscript to Paul Hoeber, director of the medical division of Harper & Brothers, who arranged for it to be published.

## Summary

Szasz argues that it does not make sense to classify psychological problems as diseases or illnesses, and that speaking of "mental illness" involves a logical or conceptual error. In his view, the term "mental illness" is an inappropriate metaphor and there are no true illnesses of the mind. His position has been characterized as involving a rigid distinction between the physical and the mental.

The legitimacy of psychiatry is questioned by Szasz, who compares it to alchemy and astrology, and argues that it offends the values of autonomy and liberty. Szasz believes that the concept of mental illness is not only logically absurd but has harmful consequences: instead of treating cases of ethical or legal deviation as occasions when a person should be taught personal responsibility, attempts are made to "cure" the deviants, for example by giving them tranquilizers. Psychotherapy is regarded by Szasz as useful not to help people recover from illnesses, but to help them "learn about themselves, others, and life." Discussing Jean-Martin Charcot and hysteria, Szasz argues that hysteria is an emotional problem and that Charcot's patients were not really ill.

## Reception

*The Myth of Mental Illness* received much publicity, quickly became a classic, and made Szasz a prominent figure. The book was reviewed in the *American Journal of Psychiatry*, *Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease*, *Psychosomatic Medicine*, *Archives of General Psychiatry*, *Clinical Psychology Review*, and *Psychologies*. Published at a vulnerable moment for psychiatry, when Freudian theorizing was just beginning to fall out of favor and the field was trying to become more medically oriented and empirically based, the book provided an intellectual foundation for mental patient advocates and anti-psychiatry activists. It became well known in the mental health professions and was favorably received by those skeptical of modern psychiatry, but placed Szasz in conflict with many doctors. Soon after *The Myth of Mental Illness* was published, the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene demanded, in a letter citing the book, that Szasz be dismissed from his university position because he did not accept the concept of mental illness.

The philosopher Karl Popper, in a 1961 letter to Szasz, called the book admirable and fascinating, adding that, "It is a most important book, and it marks a real revolution." The psychiatrist David Cooper wrote that *The Myth of Mental Illness*, like the psychiatrist R. D. Laing's *The Divided Self* (1960), "proved stimulating in the development of \[anti-psychiatry\]", though he noted that neither book is itself an anti-psychiatric work. He described Szasz's work as "a decisive, carefully documented demystification of psychiatric diagnostic labelling in general." Socialist author Peter Sedgwick, writing in 1982, commented that in *The Myth of Mental Illness*, Szasz expounded a "game-playing model of social interaction" which is "zestful and insightful" but "neither particularly uncommon nor particularly iconoclastic by the standards of recent social-psychological theorising." Sedgwick argued that many of Szasz's observations are valuable regardless of the validity of Szasz's rejection of the concept of mental illness, and could easily be accepted by psychotherapists. Although agreeing with Szasz that the assignation of mental illness could undermine individual responsibility, he noted that this did not constitute an objection to the concept itself.

The philosopher Michael Ruse called Szasz the most forceful proponent of the thesis that mental illness is a myth. However, while sympathetic to Szasz, he considered his case over-stated. Ruse criticized Szasz's arguments on several grounds, maintaining that while the concepts of disease and illness were originally applied only to the physiological realm, they can properly be extended to the mind, and there is no logical absurdity involved in doing so. Kenneth Lewes wrote that *The Myth of Mental Illness* is the most notable example of the "critique of the institutions of psychiatry and psychoanalysis" that occurred as part of the "general upheaval of values in the 1960s", though he saw the work as less profound than Michel Foucault's *Madness and Civilization* (1961).

The psychiatrist Peter Breggin called *The Myth of Mental Illness* a seminal work. The author Richard Webster described the book as a well known argument against the tendency of psychiatrists to label people who are "disabled by living" as mentally ill. He observed that while some of Szasz's arguments are similar to his, he disagreed with Szasz's view that hysteria was an emotional problem and that Charcot's patients were not genuinely mentally ill. The lawyer Linda Hirshman wrote that while few psychiatrists adopted the views Szasz expounded in *The Myth of Mental Illness*, the book helped to encourage a revision of their diagnostic and therapeutic claims. The historian Lillian Faderman called the book the most notable attack on psychiatry published in the 1960s, adding that "Szasz's insights and critiques would prove invaluable to the homophile movement."

* Game theory — for Szasz, mental illness is best understood through the lens of game theory
* Neurodiversity — A belief of promoting the acceptance of numerous different brain types typically considered to be mental disorders or illnesses by the scientific community

## InfoBox

The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct
| Cover of the 1961 Hoeber-Harper edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Thomas Szasz |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Anti-psychiatry |
| Publisher | Harper & Row |
| Publication date | 1961 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages | 337 (Secker & Warburg edition)<br>297 (Perennial Library edition) |
| ISBN | 0-06-091151-4 |
| OCLC | 747804544 |


title: Francis Reid

abstract: Brigadier Sir Francis Smith Reid CBE, RA (1900–1970) was a senior officer in the British Army during the Second World War and the following years. He was the second Commander of the Ceylon Army from 1952 to 1955. His other commands included Commander, Ceylon Garrison and UK troops in Ceylon (1949–50), Cyprus District (1950–51) and Cyrenacia District (1951–52). Reid was secretary to the Speaker of the House of Commons. He lived at Berden Hall and is buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas' Church, Berden, Essex.

text:
# Francis Reid

Brigadier Sir **Francis Smith Reid** CBE, RA (1900–1970) was a senior officer in the British Army during the Second World War and the following years. He was the second Commander of the Ceylon Army from 1952 to 1955. His other commands included Commander, Ceylon Garrison and UK troops in Ceylon (1949–50), Cyprus District (1950–51) and Cyrenacia District (1951–52).

Reid was secretary to the Speaker of the House of Commons. He lived at Berden Hall and is buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas' Church, Berden, Essex.

## InfoBox

| Francis Smith Reid | |
| --- | --- |
| 200px
Francis Reid | |
| Born | 1900
Bearsden, Scotland |
| Died | 1970
Scotland |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom
Ceylon |
| Service/branch | British Army
Ceylon Army |
| Rank | Brigadier |
| Unit | Royal Artillery |
| Commands | Commander of the Ceylon Army,
District Officer Commanding Cyprus District,
Commander Royal Artillery 78th Division |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | CBE |


title: Chauchala Chhota Govinda Mandir

abstract: Chauchala Chhota Govinda Mandir is a Hindu temple of the Puthia Temple Complex in Puthia Upazila, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. The temple is believed to date to the 1790s-1800s period. The temple is in Puthia town which is 32 kilometres (20 mi) away by road from Rajshahi city; the city is also a rail head and is on the Dhaka Rajashahi Highway.

text:
# Chauchala Chhota Govinda Mandir

**Chauchala Chhota Govinda Mandir** is a Hindu temple of the Puthia Temple Complex in Puthia Upazila, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. The temple is believed to date to the 1790s-1800s period.

The temple is in Puthia town which is 32 kilometres (20 mi) away by road from Rajshahi city; the city is also a rail head and is on the Dhaka Rajashahi Highway.

## Features

The temple stands next to the Bara Ahnik Mandir on a high platform, covered with a pyramid shaped vault. The temple's interior has one chamber with porches on the eastern and southern directions. The southern frontage is extensively decorated with terracotta plaques, which depict ten incarnations Avatars of Vishnu, Lankakanda a chapter in the epic Ramayana legend, Radha-Krishna epic stories, flower designs and geometric art and scenes of the civic life of the period. The frontage on the west has terracotta ornamentation panels some of which are in a dilapidated condition or pilfered.

24°21′44″N 88°50′06″E / 24.3623°N 88.8349°E / 24.3623; 88.8349


title: Spiker (film)

abstract: Spiker is an American 1986 sports drama film directed by Roger Tilton.

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# Spiker (film)

***Spiker*** is an American 1986 sports drama film directed by Roger Tilton.

## Plot

As a sports drama, Spiker centers on the United States men's national volleyball team at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Superstar college athletes train hard to be accepted onto the team with the help of a strict coach.

## Cast

## In other media

It was parodied by RiffTrax on August 30, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Spiker | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Roger Tilton |
| Screenplay by | Marlene Matthews |
| Produced by | Roger Tilton |
| Starring | Michael Parks
Jo McDonnell
Patrick Houser
Christopher Allport |
| Release date | * 1986 (1986) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Bipartite patella

abstract:
Bipartite patella is a condition where the patella, or kneecap, is composed of two separate bones. Instead of fusing together as normally occurs in early childhood, the bones of the patella remain separated. The condition occurs in approximately 1–2% of the population and is no more likely to occur in males than females. It is often asymptomatic and most commonly diagnosed as an incidental finding, with about 2% of cases becoming symptomatic. Saupe introduced a classification system for Bipartite Patella back in 1921.
Type 1: Fragment is located at the bottom of the kneecap
Type 2: Fragment is located on the lateral side of the kneecap
Type 3: Fragment is located on the upper lateral border of the kneecap

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# Bipartite patella

**Bipartite patella** is a condition where the patella, or kneecap, is composed of two separate bones. Instead of fusing together as normally occurs in early childhood, the bones of the patella remain separated. The condition occurs in approximately 12% of the population and is no more likely to occur in males than females. It is often asymptomatic and most commonly diagnosed as an incidental finding, with about 2% of cases becoming symptomatic.

Saupe introduced a classification system for Bipartite Patella back in 1921. Type 1: Fragment is located at the bottom of the kneecap (5% of cases) Type 2: Fragment is located on the lateral side of the kneecap (20% of cases) Type 3: Fragment is located on the upper lateral border of the kneecap (75% of cases)

## InfoBox

| Bipartite patella | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Patella bipartita |
|  | |
| Bipartite patella as seen from front, right knee left | |
| Specialty | Medical genetics |


title: Pleasant Plains (Washington, D.C.)

abstract: Pleasant Plains is a neighborhood in central Washington, D.C. largely occupied by Howard University. For this reason it is also sometimes referred to as Howard Town or, less frequently, Howard Village. It is situated in the Northwest quadrant of the city and bordered by 2nd Street, and McMillan Reservoir to the east; Florida Avenue and Barry Place to the south; Sherman Avenue to the west; and Harvard Street to the north. It is flanked on the eastern side by the Washington Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Washington Hospital Center, and by the Columbia Heights and Park View neighborhoods on the west and north sides. Pleasant Plains, Howard University notwithstanding, is a residential neighborhood. A large portion of its residents are Howard affiliates, either students or employees. One of its major community anchors is the Banneker Recreation Center on Georgia Avenue, which reopened in July 2007 after a year of renovations. The adjacent Benjamin Banneker Academic High School has ranked among the 100 best public schools in the United States. Pleasant Plains is in Ward 1.

text:
# Pleasant Plains (Washington, D.C.)

**Pleasant Plains** is a neighborhood in central Washington, D.C. largely occupied by Howard University. For this reason it is also sometimes referred to as **Howard Town** or, less frequently, **Howard Village**.

It is situated in the Northwest quadrant of the city and bordered by 2nd Street, and McMillan Reservoir to the east; Florida Avenue and Barry Place to the south; Sherman Avenue to the west; and Harvard Street to the north. It is flanked on the eastern side by the Washington Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Washington Hospital Center, and by the Columbia Heights and Park View neighborhoods on the west and north sides.

Pleasant Plains, Howard University notwithstanding, is a residential neighborhood. A large portion of its residents are Howard affiliates, either students or employees. One of its major community anchors is the Banneker Recreation Center on Georgia Avenue, which reopened in July 2007 after a year of renovations. The adjacent Benjamin Banneker Academic High School has ranked among the 100 best public schools in the United States.

Pleasant Plains is in Ward 1.

## History

The neighborhood is a small portion of a large colonial estate named "Pleasant Plains," owned by the Holmead family. The property stretched from today’s Spring Road to Columbia Road, and from Georgia Avenue to Rock Creek. The estate was apportioned and sold off over the course of the 19th century and divided into suburbs until it was annexed by the city of Washington in 1878 and became neighborhoods of the city. Essentially, the Pleasant Plains neighborhood is the area of the Holmead estate that was not settled as part of Columbia Heights. (In 1918, the city returned the name "Pleasant Plains" to the entire area of the original estate, but this is a semi-formal name for the section of town and not a neighborhood in and of itself.)

The 1879 Hopkins real estate map shows the Pleasant Plains subdivision being located south of Park Road, east of 14th Street, west of Sherman Avenue, and north of Florida Avenue. From Howard down to Florida Avenue was a black-only neighborhood known as **Howard Town**. Residents of the adjacent LeDroit Park neighborhood built fences to keep black Howard Town residents out, and the black residents then tore down the fences in protest. The fences largely came down in 1901, and blacks began moving into LeDroit Park, effectively ending the segregated Howard Town section.

### Howard Town Center

In late 2002, Howard University and the District of Columbia began planning Howard Town Center, a $56 million mixed-use residential and retail project adjacent to the university campus in Pleasant Plains. Howard Town Center was plotted on the west side of lower Georgia Avenue \- the neighborhood's major thoroughfare - between V Street and Barry Place NW; the land, owned by the District, was given to Howard University in exchange for a Howard tract on the east side of Florida Avenue NW that is currently used for surface parking. The development was designed to include 65,000 feet of retail (including a Fresh Grocer supermarket), 225 apartments (for market residents rather than university students), and a 7-level, 520-car parking garage.

The university and city announced the project, and their selections for its developers, in April 2003. However, the announcement led immediately to a legal battle. Peoples Involvement Corporation, a tenant in the former Bond Bakery Building at W and Georgia (part of the tract the city was ceding to Howard for the project), claimed that it had been promised ownership of the Bond building in the 1970s. The city countered that there was no documentation of either a transfer of ownership or an intention to file one. In 2005, a judge in the D.C. Superior court found in the city's favor, and in December 2006, D.C. Councilmember Jim Graham introduced legislation (which passed the Council) to at last initiate the construction of Howard Town Center in Pleasant Plains in 2007.

## Geography

The neighborhood is a rectangle, narrow east to west, positioned on the boundary between NW and NE Washington, about halfway between the center of DC and the Maryland border. The *Washington Post* listed the neighborhood's borders in 2009 as the area bounded by Park Road NW to the north, the south - Florida Avenue, east - Warder and Sixth Streets, and west - Sherman Avenue NW. The Civic Association recognizes additional area to the west - to 14th Street. The *Washington Post's* inclusion of the area between Warder Street and Georgia Avenue south of Park Road conflicts with the historical borders of neighboring Park View which includes this area.

## Economy

### Real estate

The median selling price of homes in the three months ending September 2009, was $334,000.

## Education

In addition to Howard University and Banneker High School, the area also has the following schools:

* Harriet Tubman Elementary School
* Park View Elementary School
* Garnett-Patterson Middle School
* Howard University Middle School of Math and Science

## Infrastructure

### Roads

U.S. Route 29 is Georgia Avenue, which nearly bisects the area, runs north and south.

## InfoBox

| Pleasant Plains | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Washington, D.C. | |
| Pleasant Plains within the District of Columbia | |
| Coordinates: 38°55′44″N 77°01′24″W / 38.9288°N 77.0233°W / 38.9288; -77.0233 | |
| Country | United States |
| District | Washington, D.C. |
| Ward | Ward 1 |
| Government | |
| Councilmember | Brianne Nadeau |