title: The Cedar Tree (musical)

abstract: The Cedar Tree is an Australian musical play produced in the wake of the success of Collits' Inn. The 1934 Melbourne production at the Princess Theatre was presented by F. W. Thring and starred Gladys Moncrieff.

text:
# The Cedar Tree (musical)

***The Cedar Tree*** is an Australian musical play produced in the wake of the success of *Collits' Inn*. The 1934 Melbourne production at the Princess Theatre was presented by F. W. Thring and starred Gladys Moncrieff.

## Background

It was inspired by a visit Varney Monk made to the town of Windsor in New South Wales.

Edmund Barclay had written a number of radio revues for the ABC and he was enlisted to write a musical. He said "The story is not historical, but original, and worked out against a historical background. The ‘Australian atmosphere’ is not thrust at the audience in large chunks, and there are no kangaroos hopping across the stage, and, unless the producer decides otherwise, there will not be one single solitary pair of whiskers. The comedy part is of ‘The Plying Pieman,’ a well- known identity of the Hawkesbury Road, who caused a great deal of comment. He used to think nothing of Parrying a live goat on his shoulders from Parramatta to Windsor for a trifling wager. We have endeavored to make the comedy an integral part of the plot, and not just put in as an afterthought."

The part of the Pieman was devised for George Wallace who had been in *Collitts Inn*. However Wallace was busy making films so Alfred Firth played it instead.

## Reception

Reviews were positive however it failed to repeat the success of *Collits Inn*.

*Everyones* said it "abounds in delightful melodies for which Mrs Varney Monk can take a bow. Gladys Moncrieff renders her numbers in excellent voice, her duet with Russell Scott, “It Had To Be,” earned great applause, while all the songs registered' with the audience... “The Cedar Tree” from start to finish is excellent entertainment, the whole cast has worked hard to make it a success, and F. W. Thring deserves all possible in this respect."

## 1934 radio adaptation

The musical was performed on Australian radio on 29 December 1934.

## Plot

A story of cedar cutters and boat builders on the Hawkesbury River in the 1840s. It involves two acts and eight scenes with a gap of two years between the acts.

A woman carries on her deceased father's business of building ships built from cedar trees. Her spoilt younger brother bails up one of his sister's lovers on the highway to get money to pay debts. The lover tries to save him from prison and returns the money while disguised as a notorious bushranger. However the Flying Pieman arrives, thinks he's a real bushranger and tackles him. The lover leaves town to avoid being arrested. The younger brother writes a confession and hides it in the hole of an old cedar tree. It is discovered tow

## Songs

* "The Cedar Tree"
* "We Never Really Meant Goodbye"
* "How I Love You"
* "It Had to Be"
* "Jolly Roger"
* "March of the Pioneers"
* "Cupid Follows the Mole"
* "Hawkesbury River Road"

## InfoBox

| *The Cedar Tree* | |
| --- | --- |
| Music | Varney Monk |
| Lyrics | Varney Monk
Helene Barclay |
| Book | Edmund Barclay |
| Productions | 1934 Princess Theatre Melbourne
1935 Criterion Theatre Sydney |


title: Desdemona (moon)

abstract: Desdemona is an inner satellite of Uranus. It was discovered from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 13 January 1986, and was given the temporary designation S/1986 U 6. Desdemona is named after the wife of Othello in William Shakespeare's play Othello. It is also designated Uranus X. Desdemona belongs to Portia Group of satellites, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda, and Perdita. These satellites have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, size of 90 × 54 km, and geometric albedo of 0.08, virtually nothing is known about Desdemona. In Voyager 2 imagery, Desdemona appears as an elongated object, with its major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axes of Desdemona's prolate spheroid is 0.6 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color. Desdemona may collide with one of its neighboring moons Cressida or Juliet within the next 100 million years.

text:
# Desdemona (moon)

**Desdemona** is an inner satellite of Uranus. It was discovered from the images taken by *Voyager 2* on 13 January 1986, and was given the temporary designation **S/1986 U 6**. Desdemona is named after the wife of Othello in William Shakespeare's play *Othello*. It is also designated **Uranus X**.

Desdemona belongs to Portia Group of satellites, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda, and Perdita. These satellites have similar orbits and photometric properties. Other than its orbit, size of 90 × 54 km, and geometric albedo of 0.08, virtually nothing is known about Desdemona.

In *Voyager 2* imagery, Desdemona appears as an elongated object, with its major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axes of Desdemona's prolate spheroid is 0.6 ± 0.3. Its surface is grey in color.

Desdemona may collide with one of its neighboring moons Cressida or Juliet within the next 100 million years.

1. Benjamin Smith (1903). *The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia*.
2. Harris; Lazzari (1997), *Shakespearean criticism*
3. Daileader (2005). *Racism, misogyny, and the Othello myth*.
4. Genova (1997). *Power, gender, values*.
5. Jacobson, R. A. (1998). "The Orbits of the Inner Uranian Satellites From Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager 2 Observations". *The Astronomical Journal*. **115** (3): 1195–1199. Bibcode:1998AJ....115.1195J. doi:10.1086/300263. S2CID 118616209.
6. Karkoschka, Erich (2001). "Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites". *Icarus*. **151** (1): 69–77. Bibcode:2001Icar..151...69K. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6597.
7. French, Richard G.; Hedman, Matthew M.; Nicholson, Philip D.; Longaretti, Pierre-Yves; McGhee-French, Colleen A. (2024-03-15). "The Uranus system from occultation observations (1977–2006): Rings, pole direction, gravity field, and masses of Cressida, Cordelia, and Ophelia". *Icarus*. **411**: 115957. arXiv:2401.04634. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.115957. ISSN 0019-1035.
8. Karkoschka, Erich (2001). "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope". *Icarus*. **151** (1): 51–68. Bibcode:2001Icar..151...51K. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6596.
9. "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 24 October 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
10. Williams, Dr. David R. (23 November 2007). "Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Retrieved 12 December 2008.
11. Smith, B. A. (January 16, 1986). "Satellites of Uranus". *IAU Circular*. **4164**. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
12. "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers". *Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature*. USGS Astrogeology. July 21, 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2006.
13. Duncan, Martin J.; Lissauer, Jack J. (1997). "Orbital Stability of the Uranian Satellite System". *Icarus*. **125** (1): 1–12. Bibcode:1997Icar..125....1D. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.5568.

## InfoBox

Desdemona
| Discovery image of Desdemona | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | Stephen P. Synnott / *Voyager 2* |
| Discovery date | January 13, 1986 |
| Designations | |
| Designation | Uranus X |
| Pronunciation | /dɛzdəˈmnə/ |
| Adjectives | Desdemonan, Desdemonian, Desdemonean /dɛzdəˈmn(i)ən/ |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Semi-major axis | 62,658.364 ± 0.047 km |
| Eccentricity | 0.00013 ± 0.000070 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 0.473649597 ± 0.000000014 d |
| Inclination | 0.11252 ± 0.037° (to Uranus' equator) |
| Satellite of | Uranus |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 90 × 54 × 54 km |
| Surface area | ~13,000 km2 |
| Volume | 137400±37.5% km3 |
| Mass | (1.237±0.436)×1017 kg |
| Mean density | ≥0.66 g/cm3
~0.90 g/cm3 (assumed) |
| Surface gravity | ~0.004–0.011 m/s2 |
| Escape velocity | ~0.019–0.025 km/s |
| Synodic rotation period | synchronous |
| Axial tilt | zero |
| Albedo | 0.08 ± 0.01
0.07 |
| Temperature | ~64 |
| 1. Only two dimensions are known; the third dimension has been assumed to equal the smaller known dimension. | |


title: The Big Sleep

abstract: The Big Sleep (1939) is a hardboiled crime novel by American-British writer Raymond Chandler, the first to feature the detective Philip Marlowe. It has been adapted for film twice, in 1946 and again in 1978. The story is set in Los Angeles. The story is noted for its complexity, with characters double-crossing one another and secrets being exposed throughout the narrative. The title is a euphemism for death; the final pages of the book refer to a rumination about "sleeping the big sleep". In 1999, the book was voted 96th of Le Monde's "100 Books of the Century". In 2005, it was included in Time magazine's "List of the 100 Best Novels".

text:
# The Big Sleep

***The Big Sleep*** (1939) is a hardboiled crime novel by American-British writer Raymond Chandler, the first to feature the detective Philip Marlowe. It has been adapted for film twice, in 1946 and again in 1978. The story is set in Los Angeles.

The story is noted for its complexity, with characters double-crossing one another and secrets being exposed throughout the narrative. The title is a euphemism for death; the final pages of the book refer to a rumination about "sleeping the big sleep".

In 1999, the book was voted 96th of *Le Monde*'s "100 Books of the Century". In 2005, it was included in *Time* magazine's "List of the 100 Best Novels".

## Plot

Private investigator Philip Marlowe is called to the home of the wealthy and elderly General Sternwood. He wants Marlowe to deal with an attempt by a bookseller named Arthur Geiger to blackmail his wild young daughter, Carmen. She had previously been blackmailed by a man named Joe Brody. Sternwood mentions that his other, older daughter Vivian is in a loveless marriage with a man named Rusty Regan, who has disappeared. On Marlowe's way out, Vivian wonders if he was hired to find Regan, but Marlowe will not say.

Marlowe investigates Geiger's bookstore and meets Agnes, the clerk. He determines that the store is an illegal pornography lending library. He follows Geiger home, stakes out his house, and sees Carmen enter. Later, he hears a scream, followed by gunshots and two cars speeding away. He rushes in to find Geiger dead and Carmen drugged and naked, in front of an empty camera. He takes her home but when he returns, Geiger's body is gone. He quickly leaves. The next day, the police call him and let him know the Sternwoods' car was found driven off a pier, with their chauffeur dead inside. It appears that he was hit on the head before the car entered the water. The police also ask if Marlowe is looking for Regan.

Marlowe stakes out the bookstore and sees its inventory being moved to Brody's home. Vivian comes to his office and says Carmen is being blackmailed with the nude photos from the previous night. She also mentions gambling at the casino of Eddie Mars and volunteers that Eddie's wife, Mona, ran off with Rusty. Marlowe revisits Geiger's house and finds Carmen trying to get in. They look for the photos, but she plays dumb about the night before. Eddie suddenly enters; he says he is Geiger's landlord and is looking for him. Eddie demands to know why Marlowe is there; Marlowe takes no notice and states that he is no threat to him.

Marlowe goes to Brody's home and finds him with Agnes, the bookstore clerk. Marlowe tells Brody that he knows they are taking over the lending library and blackmailing Carmen with the nude photos. Carmen forces her way in with a gun and demands the photos, but Marlowe takes her gun and makes her leave. Marlowe interrogates Brody further and pieces together the story: Geiger was blackmailing Carmen; the family driver, Owen Taylor, did not like it and so he snuck in and killed Geiger, then took the film of Carmen. Brody was staking out the house too and pursued the driver, knocked him out, stole the film, and possibly pushed the car off the pier. (In the novel, one investigator suggests that the chauffeur may have committed suicide. He had been rejected by Carmen, killed Carmen's pornographic exploiter, then drove off the pier intentionally.) Suddenly, the doorbell rings and Brody is shot dead; Marlowe gives chase and catches Geiger's male lover, Carol Lundgren, who shot Brody thinking he had killed Geiger. He had also hidden Geiger's body, so he could remove his own belongings before the police got wind of the murder.

The case is over, but Marlowe is nagged by Rusty’s disappearance. The police accept that he simply ran off with Mona, since she is also missing, and since Eddie would not risk committing a murder in which he would be the obvious suspect. Mars calls Marlowe to his casino and seems to be nonchalant about everything. Vivian is also there, and Marlowe senses something between her and Mars. He drives her home and she tries to seduce him, but he rejects her advances. When he gets home, he finds Carmen has snuck into his bed, and he rejects her, too.

A man named Harry Jones, who is Agnes's new partner, approaches Marlowe and offers to tell him the location of Mona. Marlowe plans to meet him later, but Eddie’s henchman, Lash Canino, is suspicious of Jones and Agnes's intentions, and kills Jones first. Marlowe manages to meet Agnes anyway and receives the information. He goes to the location in Realito, a repair shop with a home at the back, but Canino – with the help of Art Huck, the garage man – jumps him and knocks him out. When Marlowe awakens, he is tied up, and Mona is there with him. She says she has not seen Rusty in months; she only hid out to help Eddie and insists he did not kill Rusty. She frees Marlowe, and he shoots and kills Canino.

The next day, Marlowe visits General Sternwood, who remains curious about Rusty's whereabouts and offers Marlowe an additional $1,000 fee if he is able to locate him. On the way out, Marlowe returns Carmen's gun to her, and she asks him to teach her how to shoot. They go to an abandoned field, where she tries to kill him, but he has loaded the gun with blanks and merely laughs at her; the shock causes Carmen to have an epileptic seizure. Marlowe brings her back and tells Vivian he has guessed the truth: Carmen came on to Rusty and he spurned her, so she killed him. Eddie, who had been backing Geiger, helped Vivian conceal it by helping to dispose of Rusty's body, inventing a story about his wife running off with Rusty, and then blackmailing her himself. Vivian says she did it to keep it all from her father, so he would not despise his own daughters, and promises to have Carmen institutionalised.

With the case now over, Marlowe goes to a local bar and orders several double Scotches. While drinking, he begins to think about Mona "Silver-Wig" Mars, but never sees her again.

## Background

*The Big Sleep*, like most of Chandler's novels, was written by what he called "cannibalizing" his short stories. Chandler would take stories he had already published in the pulp magazine *Black Mask* and rework them into a coherent novel. For *The Big Sleep*, the two main stories that form the core of the novel are "Killer in the Rain" (published in 1935) and "The Curtain" (published in 1936). Although the stories were independent and shared no characters, they had some similarities that made it logical to combine them. In both stories there is a powerful father who is distressed by his wayward daughter. Chandler merged the two fathers into a new character and did the same for the two daughters, resulting in General Sternwood and his wild daughter Carmen. Chandler also borrowed small parts of two other stories, "Finger Man" and "Mandarin's Jade".

This process — especially in a time when cutting and pasting was done by cutting and pasting paper — sometimes produced a plot with a few loose ends. An unanswered question in *The Big Sleep* is who killed the chauffeur. When Howard Hawks filmed the novel, his writing team was perplexed by that question, in response to which Chandler replied that he had no idea. This exemplifies a difference between Chandler's style of crime fiction and that of previous authors. To Chandler, plot was less important than atmosphere and characterisation. An ending that answered every question while neatly tying every plot thread mattered less to Chandler than interesting characters with believable behaviour.

When Chandler merged his stories into a novel, he spent more effort on expanding descriptions of people, places, and Marlowe's thinking than getting every detail of the plot perfectly consistent. In "The Curtain", the description of Mrs. O'Mara's room is just enough to establish the setting:

> This room had a white carpet from wall to wall. Ivory drapes of immense height lay tumbled casually on the white carpet inside the many windows, which stared towards the dark foot-hills. The air beyond the glass was dark too. It had not started to rain, yet there was a feeling of pressure in the atmosphere.

In *The Big Sleep*, Chandler expanded this description of the room and used new detail (e.g. the contrast of white and "bled out", the coming rain) to foreshadow the fact that Mrs. Regan (Mrs. O'Mara in the original story) is covering up the murder of her husband by her sister and that the coming rainstorm will bring more deaths:

> The room was too big, the ceiling was too high, the doors were too tall, and the white carpet that went from wall to wall looked like a fresh fall of snow at Lake Arrowhead. There were full-length mirrors and crystal doodads all over the place. The ivory furniture had chromium on it, and the enormous ivory drapes lay tumbled on the white carpet a yard from the windows. The white made the ivory look dirty and the ivory made the white look bled out. The windows stared towards the darkening foothills. It was going to rain soon. There was pressure in the air already.

Of the historical plausibility of Geiger's character, Jay A. Gertzman wrote:

> Erotica dealers with experience had to be tough, although not necessarily predatory, and the business was not for the timid or scrupulous. But the criminality of erotica dealers did not extend beyond bookselling into organized racketeering; Al Capone and Meyer Lansky were not role models. A figure like A. G. Geiger, the dirty-books racketeer in Raymond Chandler's *Big Sleep* (1939) who supplements his business activities as owner of a pornographic lending library in Hollywood by arranging sex orgies and blackmailing rich customers, is a fascinating but lurid exaggeration. However susceptible film personalities were to blackmail, it was not the métier of book dealers.

*The Big Sleep* takes place in the 1930s, and thus its story was also largely influenced by the very real massive social upheaval during the interwar period. During the harsh 1930s, the American people lost much faith in the government due to their repeated intervention failures, experienced the rise of gang violence from Prohibition, and endured the severe decline of public welfare from disasters such as the Great Depression and Dust Bowl. Chandler himself was fired from his job at an oil company in 1932, which would lead him to begin writing in the grittier and more cynical hard-boiled genre that mirrored the hardships of its time. In American essayist Herbert Ruhm's introduction to the *Black Mask,* a hard-boiled magazine that Chandler initially wrote for, Ruhm found that: "...the streets of the cities best reflected the moral disorder of the era. Events were depicted in language of these streets; mean, slangy, prejudiced, sometimes witty and always tough."

Through this time of suffering, people began flocking towards big cities such as Los Angeles—also the setting of *The Big Sleep—*for work, which consequently made cities hotspots for the new meshing of demographic and socioeconomic changes. As a result, roots of modernity and mass culture began to form in America, slowly eroding old social norms such as the traditional views of masculinity and family. This plays heavily into Chandler's depiction of Marlowe as a chivalrous lone wolf of the old guard, futilely trying to change the world around him.

## Themes

Masculinity is at the very core of *The Big Sleep.* In the very beginning of the novel, Chandler already sets up the masculine characterization of Marlowe when he observes a stained-glass panel portraying a knight attempting to rescue a damsel in distress. Readers have interpreted Marlowe's self-identification with the knight as illustrating a conformity to the chivalrous old views of masculinity. His disdain for queer relationships, such as with Geiger and Lundgren, sheds more light on what delineates Marlowe's masculinity as strictly conforming to the heteronormative perspective.

Marlowe's loyalty to the Sternwoods also caused readers to make connections to themes of family hierarchies and relations. Marlowe's isolation hangs over the entire novel, and readers have inferred that Marlowe's close dedication to his client is his implicit desire to be part of a family, citing Marlowe's continued use of "we" in interrogating suspects as his attempt to integrate himself into the family.

## Adaptations

## Critical reception

*The Big Sleep* has achieved critical acclaim. On November 5, 2019, the *BBC News* listed *The Big Sleep* on its list of the 100 most influential novels. In a 2014 retrospective, *The Guardian* ranked it No. 62 on its list of the 100 best novels. The book review site *The Pequod* rated the book a 9.5 (out of 10.0), saying, "This is one of Raymond Chandler's best books … The real pleasures lie not in the story, but in Chandler's atmospheric settings." *The New York Times* also praised the book: "As a study in depravity, the story is excellent, with Marlowe standing out as almost the only fundamentally decent person in it."

## Further reading

## InfoBox

The Big Sleep
| First-edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Raymond Chandler |
| Language | English |
| Series | Philip Marlowe |
| Genre | Hardboiled detective, crime |
| Publisher | Alfred A. Knopf |
| Publication date | 1939 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 277 |
| OCLC | 42659496 |
| Followed by | *Farewell, My Lovely* |


title: Derek Kavanagh

abstract: Derek Kavanagh is an Irish sportsperson. He plays Gaelic football with his local club Nemo Rangers and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 2003 until 2010.

text:
# Derek Kavanagh

**Derek Kavanagh** (born 29 October 1980 in Tony Ville, High Street, Cork, Ireland) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays Gaelic football with his local club Nemo Rangers and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 2003 until 2010.

## Biography

Kavanagh was born in the Turner's Cross suburb of Cork City in 1980. The youngest of five sons (Pat, Larry, Joe, Paul, Derek) his first sporting love was soccer. Three Kavanagh brothers played with Casement Celtic and Tramore Athletic, two fierce city rivals, and grew up near Turner's Cross, home of the newly formed Cork City F.C. Kavanagh's passion for soccer changed when his older brother Joe joined the Cork minor football team. Three Kavanagh brothers (Joe, Larry, Derek) would subsequently play together with the famous Nemo Rangers club on the south side of the city. Derek is also famous for being one of the youngest members of The High Street Warriors - a loose collective of High Street natives with particular ties to the Tonyville cul-de-sac. The group was famed for late night games of tip the can, endless games of Nods and Volleys, brutal games of Runaway Runaway Knock, and imposing their dominating presence over Warrior Square (just opposite Zico's Pizzas). The shadowy group have always declined public comment and a full membership list has always eluded the authorities though local folklore suggests a rite of passage involved each member scrawling his name into the Capwell Road street sign (usually with Tipex or a nail).

## Playing career

### Club

Kavanagh plays his club football with the famous Nemo Rangers club in Cork city and has enjoyed much success. He first came to prominence as a player on the club's minor team that captured the county minor championship title in 1999. Kavanagh later joined the Nemo under-21 football team, winning back-to-back county championship winners’ medals in 2001 and 2002.

By this stage Kavanagh had made his debut with the Nemo Rangers senior team. He secured a county championship winners’ medal in this grade in 2000, following a ten-point defeat of divisional side Carbery. Nemo later represented Cork in the provincial club championship and even reached the final of that competition. An 0–11 to 0–7 defeat of Kerry's Glenflesk gave Kavanagh a Munster club winners' medal. He later lined out in the foot-and-mouth delayed All-Ireland club final, with Mayo's Crossmolina providing the opposition. Nemo looked to be in the driving seat, however, a second-half comeback, inspired by Kieran McDonald, saw the momentum switch to the Mayo side. A late Colin Corkery goal narrowed the deficit to one point, however, Nemo were eventually and narrowly defeated by 0–16 to 1-12.

In 2001 Kavanagh secured a second county championship title as Nemo Rangers trounced Bantry Blues in the final. A second Munster club winners’ medal was quickly secured, after a 1–11 to 0–10 defeat of Fethard. Kavanagh subsequently lined out in his second consecutive All-Ireland club final, this time with Ballinderry providing the opposition. The championship decider was switched to Semple Stadium because of the reconstruction of Croke Park, however, a change of venue did not suit Nemo. Goals by Gerard Cassidy and Declan Bateson gave the Derry side a comfortable 2–10 to 0–9 victory. It was a second consecutive All-Ireland defeat for Nemo.

2002 saw Nemo becoming the first team in nearly sixty years to win three county championship titles in-a-row. A third consecutive Munster club title quickly followed for Kavanagh, as Nemo trounced Monaleen of Limerick by 4–15 to 0–6. For the third successive year Kavanagh subsequently lined out in the All-Ireland club final, however, Nemo faced the prospect of becoming three-in-a-row losers. Crossmolina provided the opposition for the second time in three years and the game was a close affair. Colin Corkery scored six points to give Nemo a merited 0–14 to 1–9 victory. At the third time of asking Kavanagh had finally captured an All-Ireland club winners’ medal.

After failing to secure a fourth successive county title in-a-row, Kavanagh won ahis next county championship winners’ medal in 2005 as Muskerry were defeated by ten points. He later missed out on Nemo's Munster club final victory.

In 2006 Nemo retained their county title with Kavanagh securing a fifth county championship medal.

The club made it three-in-a-row in 2007 following a defeat of Ilen Rovers before later facing Ballinacourty in the Mulster final. Nemo never really looked troubled and a 1–10 to 1–7 score line gave Kavanagh a fourth Munster club winners' medal. Another All-Ireland final appearance in two years soon followed with Dublin side St. Vincent's lining out against Nemo. Kavanagh's side fought back from a six-point deficit, however, they still lost out by the narrowest of margins on a score line of 1–11 to 0-13.

In 2008 Nemo Rangers had the chance to make history by capturing a fourth county title in succession. All went to plan with Kavanagh's side lining out against Douglas. Nemo proved that they were the best club side in Cork once again with a 0–13 to 0–5 defeat of their nearest neighbours. It was Kavanagh's seventh county winners' medal. Nemo, however, were later ambushed by eventual Munster champions Dromcollogher-Broadford in the subsequent provincial club series of games.

Nemo failed to secure an unprecedented fifth successive county title in 2009, however, this was only a temporary blip as the following year Kavanagh won an eight county championship winners' medal.

### Inter-county

Kavanagh first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork minor football team in the late nineties. After enjoying little success in this grade he was an automatic choice for the Cork under-21 football team. In 2001 he won a Munster title in that grade following a 1–12 to 0–8 defeat of Limerick. Cork were subsequently defeated in the All-Ireland semi-final. Kavanagh enjoyed no further success with the county under-21 footballers.

In 2003 Kavanagh made his debut with the Cork senior footballers. It was an unhappy period as the team hit rock bottom in Kavanagh's debut season, culminating in an embarrassing defeat by Roscommon.

In 2006 Kavanagh was appointed captain of the Cork team as 'the Rebels' began to emerge from the shadow of their greatest rivals Kerry. That year the team lined out against 'the Kingdom' in the Munster final once again. That game ended in a 0-10 apiece draw. The replay saw a much fresher Cork team defeat Kerry by 1–12 to 0–9. James Masters proved the hero of the day, as he scored 1–7. Kavanagh had finally secured a Munster winners’ medal in the senior grade. The quirks of the championship saw Cork face Kerry again in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final. In a similar pattern to previous encounters Cork failed to beat Kerry at Croke Park. A 0–16 to 0–10 score line resulted in Kavanagh's side being defeated.

In 2007 Kavanagh was captain again as Cork narrowly lost their Munster crown to Kerry. In spite of the 1–15 to 1–13 defeat Cork still had another chance to claim the All-Ireland title. Cork later did well in the All-Ireland series and finally qualified for the All-Ireland championship decider. Kerry, however, were the opponents. While the first half was played on an even keel, 'the Kingdom' ran riot in the second half and a rout ensued. At the full-time whistle Cork were trounced by 3–13 to 1–9.

In 2008 Cork gained a modicum of revenge on Kerry when sides met in the Munster final. Kerry were cruising by eight points at the interval, however, Cork stormed back in the second-half. Kerry could only muster three points as Cork secured a memorable 1–16 to 1–11 victory. It was Kavanagh's second Munster winners' medal. Both sides met again in the All-Ireland semi-final, however, after a thrilling draw and a replay Kerry were the team that advanced to the championship decider.

The following year Kavanagh became a bit player on the Cork team as a recurring hip injury took its toll. He missed Cork's Munster final defeat of Limerick but did make a brief cameo in the subsequent All-Ireland final showdown with Kerry. Cork had a 1–3 to 0–1 lead early in the opening half, however, the Kerry team stuck to their gameplan, helped in no small part by a Cork side that recorded fourteen wides. At the final whistle Kerry were the champions again by 0–16 to 1–9.

In 2010 Kavanagh returned for one last chance at claiming an All-Ireland medal. Cork failed to impress throughout the championship, however, the team still qualified for a third All-Ireland final appearance in four years. Down provided the opposition on that occasion in the first meeting between these two teams since 1994. Cork got off to a lightning start, however, they eased off and trailed by three points at the interval. Paul Kerrigan got his sole point of the match to put 'the Rebels' ahead for the first time in fifty minutes as Kavanagh entered the game to make a midfield cameo. Cork stretched the lead to three points, however, Down fought back. At the full-time whistle Cork were the champions by 0–16 to 0-15 and Kavanagh finally picked up an All-Ireland winners' medal.

In November 2010 Kavanagh announced his retirement from inter-county football.

## InfoBox

Derek Kavanagh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Midfield | | |
| Born | (1980-10-29) 29 October 1980<br>Ballyphehane, Cork, Ireland | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 1999-2011 | Nemo Rangers | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Cork titles | 8 | | |
| Munster titles | 4 | | |
| All-Ireland Titles | 1 | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 2003-2010 | Cork | 26 (0-5) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 3 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NFL | 1 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |


title: The Bashful Casanova

abstract: The Bashful Casanova is a 1936 German comedy film directed by Karel Lamac and starring Paul Kemp, Fita Benkhoff and Charlott Daudert. It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Wilhelm Depenau and Erich Zander.

text:
# The Bashful Casanova

***The Bashful Casanova*** (German: ***Der schüchterne Casanova***) is a 1936 German comedy film directed by Karel Lamac and starring Paul Kemp, Fita Benkhoff and Charlott Daudert. It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Wilhelm Depenau and Erich Zander.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Bock, Hans-Michael . *Die Tobis 1928-1945: eine kommentierte Filmografie*. Edition Text + Kritik, 2003.
* Rentschler, Eric. *The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and Its Afterlife*. Harvard University Press, 1996.
* Waldman, Harry. *Nazi Films in America, 1933-1942*. McFarland, 2008.

## InfoBox

| The Bashful Casanova | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Karel Lamac |
| Written by | Karl Hans Strobl
Bernd Hofmann
Karel Lamac |
| Produced by | Karl Julius Fritzsche |
| Starring | Paul Kemp
Fita Benkhoff
Charlott Daudert |
| Cinematography | Willy Winterstein |
| Edited by | Helene Bursek |
| Music by | Leo Leux |
| Production
company | Tobis Film |
| Distributed by | Tobis Film |
| Release date | * 13 February 1936 (1936-02-13) |
| Running time | 81 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |


title: Dependency relation

abstract:
In computer science, in particular in concurrency theory, a dependency relation is a binary relation on a finite domain Σ, symmetric, and reflexive; i.e. a finite tolerance relation. That is, it is a finite set of ordered pairs D, such that
  - If ∈ D then ∈ D (symmetric)
  - If a ∈ Σ, then ∈ D (reflexive) In general, dependency relations are not transitive; thus, they generalize the notion of an equivalence relation by discarding transitivity. Σ is also called the alphabet on which D is defined. The independency induced by D is the binary relation I
  - I = ∖ D That is, the independency is the set of all ordered pairs that are not in D. The independency relation is symmetric and irreflexive. Conversely, given any symmetric and irreflexive relation I on a finite alphabet, the relation
  - D = ∖ I is a dependency relation. The pair is called the concurrent alphabet. The pair is called the independency alphabet or reliance alphabet, but this term may also refer to the triple. Elements x, y ∈ Σ are called dependent if x D y holds, and independent, else. Given a reliance alphabet, a symmetric and irreflexive relation ≐ can be defined on the free monoid Σ ∗ of all possible strings of finite length by: x a b y ≐ x b a y for all strings x, y ∈ Σ ∗ and all independent symbols a, b ∈ I. The equivalence closure of ≐ is denoted ≡ or ≡ and called
-equivalence. Informally, p ≡ q holds if the string p can be transformed into q by a finite sequence of swaps of adjacent independent symbols. The equivalence classes of ≡ are called traces, and are studied in trace theory.

text:
# Dependency relation

In computer science, in particular in concurrency theory, a **dependency relation** is a binary relation on a finite domain $\Sigma $, symmetric, and reflexive; i.e. a finite tolerance relation. That is, it is a finite set of ordered pairs $D$, such that

* If $(a,b)\in D$ then $(b,a)\in D$ (symmetric)
* If $a\in \Sigma $, then $(a,a)\in D$ (reflexive)

In general, dependency relations are not transitive; thus, they generalize the notion of an equivalence relation by discarding transitivity.

$\Sigma $ is also called the alphabet on which $D$ is defined. The **independency** induced by $D$ is the binary relation $I$

$$I=(\Sigma \times \Sigma )\setminus D$$

That is, the independency is the set of all ordered pairs that are not in $D$. The independency relation is symmetric and irreflexive. Conversely, given any symmetric and irreflexive relation $I$ on a finite alphabet, the relation

$$D=(\Sigma \times \Sigma )\setminus I$$

is a dependency relation.

The pair $(\Sigma ,D)$ is called the **concurrent alphabet**. The pair $(\Sigma ,I)$ is called the **independency alphabet** or **reliance alphabet**, but this term may also refer to the triple $(\Sigma ,D,I)$ (with $I$ induced by $D$). Elements $x,y\in \Sigma $ are called **dependent** if $xDy$ holds, and **independent**, else (i.e. if $xIy$ holds).

Given a reliance alphabet $(\Sigma ,D,I)$, a symmetric and irreflexive relation $\doteq $ can be defined on the free monoid $\Sigma ^{\*}$ of all possible strings of finite length by: $xaby\doteq xbay$ for all strings $x,y\in \Sigma ^{\*}$ and all independent symbols $a,b\in I$. The equivalence closure of $\doteq $ is denoted $\equiv $ or $\equiv \_{(\Sigma ,D,I)}$ and called $(\Sigma ,D,I)$-equivalence. Informally, $p\equiv q$ holds if the string $p$ can be transformed into $q$ by a finite sequence of swaps of adjacent independent symbols. The equivalence classes of $\equiv $ are called traces, and are studied in trace theory.

## Examples

Given the alphabet $\Sigma =\\{a,b,c\\}$, a possible dependency relation is $D=\\{(a,b),\\,(b,a),\\,(a,c),\\,(c,a),\\,(a,a),\\,(b,b),\\,(c,c)\\}$, see picture.

The corresponding independency is $I=\\{(b,c),\\,(c,b)\\}$. Then e.g. the symbols $b,c$ are independent of one another, and e.g. $a,b$ are dependent. The string $acbba$ is equivalent to $abcba$ and to $abbca$, but to no other string.


title: Desmoloma

abstract: Desmoloma is a genus of moths in the subfamily Lymantriinae. The genus was described by Felder in 1874.

text:
# Desmoloma

***Desmoloma*** is a genus of moths in the subfamily Lymantriinae. The genus was described by Felder in 1874.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Desmoloma* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Subfamily: | Dyopsinae |
| Genus: | *Desmoloma*<br>Felder, 1874 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mantruda* Schaus, 1906 | |


title: Dermot Ó Daly

abstract: Dermot O Daly, was a Gaelic-Irish landlord, ancestor of Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal, fl. 1574 – 10 November 1614.

text:
# Dermot Ó Daly

**Dermot O Daly**, was a Gaelic-Irish landlord, ancestor of Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal, fl. 1574 – 10 November 1614.

## Background

Dermot was the son of Teige, son of John O Daly, who built Killimor keep during the reign of Henry VIII. Nothing more is known for certain of his ancestry. Pedigrees considered dubious by recent historians claim his descent from the bardic Ó Dálaigh.

James Noel Dillion speculates that "Dermot O’Daly was a *chancer*, whose rapid advancement was due to the success of the Presidency of Connaught and his ability to turn opportunity to advantage. … he was an ardent crown supporter and the supposed stability which would accrue as a repercussion of adopting English customs and laws."

## Active life

He was first recorded in the fiant of 1570, along with others of the name, located at Laragh in the parish of Killimordaly. He and his family were consistently listed as *the Earl of Clanricarde's men*. For services to the government, on 21 June 1578 Elizabeth I granted him "the entire Manor or Lordship of Lerra with all the towns and castles belonging". O Daly maintained his own militia, perhaps provided coyne and livery for president of Connacht. The east road of Athenry known as the Laragh Road, points to the strategic significance of O Daly's castle. He is listed in 1581 among the gentlemen of Connacht owning "arrearages of chief rent" to the sum of 96 pounds, 9 shillings and 1 penny.

His lands were devastated by Hugh Roe Ó Donnell in January 1597, hundreds of cattle stolen, his tenants and neighbours killed, or afterwards died of starvation. He fought under Clanricarde on the side of the English at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601.

## After 1603

In the subsequent peace after the end of the war, O Daly adapted to English modes of agriculture, and attracted families with trades/skills to settle in his area. He promoted the techniques of drainage, quarrying, land cleared of scrub, and hay harvesting to reduce pastoralism in winter.

## Children

* Teige of Killimor married Sisily Kelly of Gallagh and had children. They completed Killimor Castle in 1624, recorded on O Daly Marriage Stone, preserved at Killimor Church. Teige died in 1642.
* Dermot of Clonbrusk Castle, Athenry, married and left children.
* Donagh of Laragh, ancestor of the Raford and Dunsandle families
* Fergananim of Oughtercluny, Clonfert, married and had children.
* Godfrey of Newcastle, Athenry, ancestor of the Dalysgrove and Castle Daly families.

## Descendants

-

* BLAKE, MARTIN J. “Families of Daly of Galway with Tabular Pedigrees.” Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society 13, no. 3/4 (1927): 140–140.
* *As The Centuries Passed: A History of Kiltullagh 1500–1900*, ed. Kieran Jordan, 2000
    + *The life and times of Dermot O'Daly*, James Noel Dillon.
    + *The Killimor Dalys*, James Noel Dillon
* *The Daly Chronicle*, Dermot Daly, in *The Irish Genealogist*, volume 11, part i, 2002, pp. 3–12.
* *Clare Bards, Galway Gentry*, Patrick Melvin, op. cit., pp. 13–15


title: Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club

abstract: Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club (DHuGRC) is a rowing club from Rotherbaum, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1836 as Der Hamburger Ruder Club, the club is the fourth oldest rowing club in the world after Brasenose College Boat Club, Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) and Leander Club. The Germania Ruder Club, which was founded in 1854 merged with Der Hamburger Ruder Club in 1934, with the joint club adapting the current name. The current boathouse at Außenalster was opened in 2016.

text:
# Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club

**Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club** (DHuGRC) is a rowing club from Rotherbaum, Hamburg, Germany. It was founded in 1836 as *Der Hamburger Ruder Club*, the club is the fourth oldest rowing club in the world (2nd if only counting non-academically affiliated clubs) after Brasenose College Boat Club, Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) and Leander Club . The *Germania Ruder Club*, which was founded in 1854 merged with *Der Hamburger Ruder Club* in 1934, with the joint club adapting the current name.

The current boathouse at Außenalster was opened in 2016.

## Notable Rowers

Bastian Seibt from this club represented Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.

## InfoBox

Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Alsterufer 21 <br>20354 Hamburg, Germany |
| Coordinates | 53°33′38″N 9°59′51″E / 53.56056°N 9.99750°E / 53.56056; 9.99750 |
| Home water | Außenalster |
| Founded | 1836 (1836) |
| Former names | *Der Hamburger Ruder Club* (until 1934 merger) |
| Website | www.der-club.de |
| Notable members | |
| Bastian Seibt | |


title: Derek Minor

abstract: Derek Laurence Johnson Jr., better known by his stage name Derek Minor and former stage name PRo, is an American Christian rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, actor, and screenwriter. He co-founded the hip-hop record label Reflection Music Group (RMG) with Doc Watson, and signed to Reach Records in a joint venture between the two labels in 2011. In 2012, Johnson announced that he had changed his stage name from Pro to Derek Minor. In 2014, he announced that as his two-album contract with Reach was complete, he would no longer be publishing releases through that label. He is a founding member of the hip-hop group R.M.G. on Reflection, and was formerly a member of the Reach hip-hop collective 116 Clique. Johnson has released six studio albums and six mixtapes as a solo artist, as well as one studio album each with the groups R.M.G. and 116 Clique. His second studio album, Redemption, charted at No. 8 on the Billboard Gospel chart and No. 31 on the Billboard Top Christian chart. His third studio album, Dying to Live, debuted at No. 66 on the Billboard 200, No. 1 on the Top Christian chart, No. 2 on the Gospel Albums chart, No. 7 on the Top Independent Albums chart, and No. 11 on the Top Rap chart. His fourth album, Minorville, released in 2013 debuted at No. 5 on Billboard's Rap Albums chart and No. 7 on the Top Christian chart. He partnered with Entertainment One to release his fifth album, Empire, that debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard Rap Albums chart and No. 1 on the Top Christian chart. His sixth album, Reflection, entered the Billboard Rap Albums chart at No. 5 and the Top Christian chart at No. 7. Reflection's single "Change the World" featuring Hollyn reached No. 1 on Billboard's Hot AC/CHR chart. Johnson's film and television work includes the three-part webseries "Dying to Live" and the short documentary films Redemption and Welcome to the Family Documentary. Johnson also was featured as the title character in the video game Altered Pro, released under Reach Records.

text:
# Derek Minor

**Derek Laurence Johnson Jr.**, better known by his stage name **Derek Minor** and former stage name **PRo**, (born December 16, 1984) is an American Christian rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, actor, and screenwriter. He co-founded the hip-hop record label Reflection Music Group (RMG) with Doc Watson, and signed to Reach Records in a joint venture between the two labels in 2011. In 2012, Johnson announced that he had changed his stage name from Pro to Derek Minor. In 2014, he announced that as his two-album contract with Reach was complete, he would no longer be publishing releases through that label.

He is a founding member of the hip-hop group R.M.G. on Reflection, and was formerly a member of the Reach hip-hop collective 116 Clique. Johnson has released six studio albums and six mixtapes as a solo artist, as well as one studio album each with the groups R.M.G. and 116 Clique. His second studio album, *Redemption*, charted at No. 8 on the *Billboard* Gospel chart and No. 31 on the *Billboard* Top Christian chart. His third studio album, *Dying to Live*, debuted at No. 66 on the *Billboard* 200, No. 1 on the Top Christian chart, No. 2 on the Gospel Albums chart, No. 7 on the Top Independent Albums chart, and No. 11 on the Top Rap chart. His fourth album, *Minorville*, released in 2013 debuted at No. 5 on Billboard's Rap Albums chart and No. 7 on the Top Christian chart. He partnered with Entertainment One to release his fifth album, *Empire*, that debuted at No. 6 on the Billboard Rap Albums chart and No. 1 on the Top Christian chart. His sixth album, *Reflection*, entered the Billboard Rap Albums chart at No. 5 and the Top Christian chart at No. 7. *Reflection*'s single "Change the World" featuring Hollyn reached No. 1 on Billboard's Hot AC/CHR chart.

Johnson's film and television work includes the three-part webseries "Dying to Live" and the short documentary films *Redemption* and *Welcome to the Family Documentary*. Johnson also was featured as the title character in the video game *Altered Pro*, released under Reach Records.

## Life and career

### Early

Derek Johnson, Jr. was born in Pontiac, Michigan on December 16, 1984, but at a young age relocated to Middle Tennessee with his mother. His relationship with his birth father was distant, and his relationship with his stepfather became increasingly tense. Furthermore, Johnson's stepfather was a drug user while his mother was a strict, devout Christian with a rigorous work schedule and homelife. Johnson decided to help his mother by becoming rich through either education or music.

Johnson had grown up with music, as Gospel songs were played at his house and his mother was in choir and sang around the city. Johnson's father, a jazz musician, provided the inspiration for him to go into music. When Johnson was 12, he visited his father in the summer and started rapping about God and adolescence, with his father producing beats with an Ensoniq ASR-10. Johnson was also introduced to DJ Quik that summer, and went home with piles of tapes.

After visiting to Middle Tennessee State University at age 15, Johnson decided to enroll in the music program there and make his ambitions a reality. His mother helped him by buying him production equipment, and by the time he entered college, Johnson was in a rap duo and got a job to pay for studio time. He graduated in 2006 with a bachelor's degree in Recording Industry Management. Johnson recalls that before he turned 21 he used a bunk bed as a mic stand and signed a record deal with an independent label. While on the label, he released a mix tape, but the company folded and his life took a turn for the worse. Removed from his strict home environment, Johnson rebelled. He pursued music, women and money until '"the season of death"' shook up his life. Within a short time span, Johnson lost his grandfather, grandmother and godmother. This loss sparked a realization of the fleeting nature of life, and Johnson decided to dedicate his life and talents to God.

### Reflection Music Group (2008–2010)

Johnson co-founded Reflection Music Group, then-called Christ Like Entertainment, with his friend Doc Watson, who he met while working on a second mixtape, *Transformers*. Johnson released his debut album *The Blackout* in 2008. According to DaSouth.com, the "braggidocious, swagtastic approach" that Johnson took on the album met with controversy in the Christian hip hop community. Johnson took a break from rapping, and was challenged and influenced by a new friend, BJ, that he met at his new church in Memphis, Tennessee, and was further challenged by Christian hip-hop artist Lecrae. Johnson reflected that his first album was mostly about haters and how good an emcee he was, and was convinced that it should have been more focused on God. In January 2010, Johnson released the mixtape *PSA*, which he considers his first full-length installment of "mature" Christian music. That year, Johnson went on the "Urban Missionary Tour" with Thi'sl, k-Drama, and J'Son, including a stop in the United Kingdom. In preparation for his second studio album, *Redemption*, Johnson wrote a short autobiographical film entitled "Redemption", and it was released as a web film in May. The album *Redemption* was released July 13, 2010, and peaked at No. 8 on the *Billboard* Top Gospel Albums and No. 31 on the Top Christian Albums charts. This release was followed by an announcement in August that Johnson would be featured as a special guest on the 116 Clique "Unashamed 2010" tour, which ran October through November. Also in August, Johnson received a write-up in *Jet* and was featured on the front page of the magazine's website.

### Reach Records and name change (2011–2013)

On January 25, 2011, Reach Records announced that it had signed Johnson as a joint venture with Reflection Music Group, and the same day Johnson released the single "116", featuring KB. On March 8, Johnson released the mixtape *PSA: Vol. 2*. On July 10, Johnson announced the launch of a three-part webseries "Dying to Live" to promote his upcoming studio album of the same name. In the months of August and October, Pro toured with 116 Clique as part of the group's "Man Up" campaign. On August 9, Reach Records released the web game *Altered Pro*, a zombie game based on the Sega classic *Altered Beast*. The full-length studio album, *Dying to Live*, was released on August 23. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Christian Albums chart, No. 2 on the Gospel Albums chart, No. 7 on the Independent Albums, No. 11 on the Rap Albums chart and No. 66 on the *Billboard* 200. The album was also the featured banner on the iTunes homepage as well in the Christian & Religious and Hip Hop/Rap departments. In September, Johnson performed at the 2011 Flavor Fest, and on September 27, 2011, the album *Man Up* by 116 Clique was released. In October, Johnson was included with Braille and 116 Clique as some of the artists in the iTunes Indie Spotlight for hip hop music.

In February 2012, Reflection Music Group announced the formation of the hip-hop group R.M.G., consisting of the artists Pro, Canon, Tony Tillman (formerly known as Brothatone), and Chad Jones (formerly known as Conviction). With this announcement came the release of R.M.G.'s debut single "Geeked Up" on February 21. On March 21, the group released an online documentary film entitled "Welcome to the Family Documentary" in preparation for its debut album *Welcome to the Family*, which was released March 27.

On March 17, 2012, Johnson performed at the 2012 South by Southwest festival as part of the Reach Records showcase along with Lecrae, Trip Lee, Tedashii, Andy Mineo, and KB. On August 6, 2012, Johnson revealed the cover art for his upcoming mixtape, *PSA Vol. 3: Who Is Derek Minor?*, and with it revealed that he had changed his stage name from Pro to Derek Minor. From October through November, Johnson toured with 116 Clique on the "Unashamed 2012: Come Alive" tour. On November 8, 2012, South by Southwest announced that Reach Records would again hold a showcase with its entire roster, including Derek Minor, in 2013.

In an interview with Rapzilla on May 5, 2013, Kyle Dettman, video director for Reach Records, revealed that Reach Records is preparing promotional material for Derek Minor's upcoming album *Minorville*. On June 6, 2013, Minor released a lyric video for a single from *Minorville*, "Dear Mr. Christian" featuring Dee-1 and Lecrae, followed by an actual release of the single the next day. Later, on June 21, Reach Records released the album cover for *Minorville* by a video showing the album cover making-process, and also announced the release date, September 10, 2013. The promotion for the album continued on July 2, when Minor dropped a teaser video for a track called "In God We Trust" featuring Thi'sl. The album debuted at No. 40 on the *Billboard* 200, No. 1 on the Gospel Albums Chart, No. 2 on the Christian Albums Chart, No. 6 on the Independent Albums Chart and No. 6 on the Rap Albums Chart, making it his best chart performing album to date.

On March 18, 2014, Rapzilla announced that Derek Minor had parted ways with Reach Records, as his two-album contract with Reach had expired. Minor was quoted, "I've grown as an artist, business owner and a man. The beauty of the relationship we've established is that business wasn't its primary agenda and I'm excited to see what the future holds for both RMG and Reach."

### Independent route and distribution deals (2014–present)

In October 2014 at the Dove Awards he announced that his fifth album will be titled *Empire* and will be released in the first quarter of 2015. On October 22, 2014, it was announced that Derek Minor had signed a distribution deal with Entertainment One. The first single off the album "Who You Know" was released on November 14, 2014. The second single "Party People" featuring Social Club was released on December 9, 2014. *Empire* was released on January 27, 2015. The album debuted at No. 54 on the *Billboard* 200.

On July 29, 2016, he announced that he would be releasing his sixth studio album, *Reflection*, on October 14, 2016. A few days later he released a free EP, *1014*, to those who pre-ordered the album. *Reflection* debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart, No. 5 on the Rap Albums chart, and No. 15 on the Independent Albums chart. His music video for *Reflection* album cut "Until I'm Gone" featuring B.J. the Chicago Kid premiered on Billboard.com. The visual for "Look at Me Now" premiered on BET.com.

In February 2017, his song "Change the World" featuring Hollyn reached No. 1 on Billboard's Hot AC/CHR chart. That same month, Minor embarked on the Rock and Worship Roadshow with Steven Curtis Chapman, Francesca Battistelli, Rend Collective, Passion and others. In the spring of 2017, broadcast of the We Love Christian Music Awards, Minor's *Reflection* album received the Rap/Urban Album of the Year honor.

His next installment of music was the *Up and Away* series, which featured four projects: the EPs *Your Soul Must Fly* and *High Above*, which were released in the late 2017, and two full-length albums *The Trap* and *By Any Means*, which were released in 2018. The titles form a sentence, "Your soul must fly high above the trap by any means".

## Discography

## Filmography

### Short films

| Year | Film | Director | Producer | Writer | Actor | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Redemption* |  |  | Yes | Yes | Web film |
| 2012 | *Welcome to the Family Documentary* | No |  | Yes | Yes | Documentary web film |
| 2013 | *Everything Must Go* | No | No | No | Yes | Documentary web film |

### Webseries

| Year | Program | Credit | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *Dying to Live* | Writer, actor | 3-part promotional series |

### Video games

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *Altered Pro* | Himself | Voice-only |

## Awards and nominations

GMA Dove Awards

A Dove Award is an accolade by the Gospel Music Association (GMA) of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the Christian music industry.

| Year | Nominee/work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | "Dear Mr. Christian" (featuring Dee-1 and Lecrae) | Rap/Hip Hop Recorded Song of the Year | Nominated |  |
| | *Minorville* | Rap/Hip Hop Album of the Year | Won |  |
| 2016 | "No Quit" | Rap/Hip Hop Recorded Song of the Year | Nominated |  |

Grammy Awards

A Grammy Award is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry.

| Year | Nominee/work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | *Gravity* (as producer) | Best Gospel Album | Won |  |

Stellar Awards

**The Stellar Awards** is a Gospel Music Awards in the U.S., honoring Gospel Music artists, writers, and industry professionals.

| Year | Nominee/work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Anomaly* (as producer) | Rap Hip Hop Gospel CD of the Year | Won |  |
| 2016 | *Empire* | Rap Hip Hop Gospel CD of the Year | Won |  |

## InfoBox

| Derek Minor | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Derek Laurence Johnson Jr. |
| Also known as | PRo |
| Born | (1984-12-16) December 16, 1984<br>Pontiac, Michigan |
| Origin | Middle Tennessee, United States |
| Genres | Christian hip hop |
| Occupations | * Rapper * singer * songwriter * record producer * actor * screenwriter |
| Years active | 2006–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Website | derekminor.com |


title: Derek Miller (field hockey)

abstract: Derek Miller was a British field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Derek Miller (field hockey)

**Derek Miller** (14 February 1936  23 December 2002) was a British field hockey player. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Derek Miller
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1936-02-14)14 February 1936
Brentford, England |
| Died | 23 December 2002(2002-12-23) (aged 66)
Surrey, England |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Field hockey |


title: Serine—pyruvate transaminase

abstract:
In enzymology, a serine-pyruvate transaminase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - L-serine + pyruvate ⇌ 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-serine and pyruvate, whereas its two products are 3-hydroxypyruvate and L-alanine. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-serine:pyruvate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include SPT, and hydroxypyruvate:L-alanine transaminase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

text:
# Serine—pyruvate transaminase

In enzymology, a **serine-pyruvate transaminase** (EC 2.6.1.51) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

L-serine + pyruvate $\rightleftharpoons $ 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-serine and pyruvate, whereas its two products are 3-hydroxypyruvate and L-alanine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **L-serine:pyruvate aminotransferase**. Other names in common use include **SPT**, and **hydroxypyruvate:L-alanine transaminase**. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code 1J04.

* Cheung GP, Rosenblum IY, Sallach HJ (1968). "Comparative studies of enzymes related to serine metabolism in higher plants". *Plant Physiol*. **43** (11): 1813–20. doi:10.1104/pp.43.11.1813. PMC 1087083. PMID 5699148.
* Kretovich, V. L.; K. M. Stepanovich (1961). Синтез серина из оксипировнногратной кислоты в растениях \[The synthesis of serine from hydroxypyruvate in plants\]. *Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR* (in Russian). **139**: 488–490.
* Sallach HJ (1956). "Formation of serine from hydroxypyruvate and L-alanine". *J. Biol. Chem*. **223** (2): 1101–1108. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65108-7.

## InfoBox

| serine-pyruvate transaminase | |
| --- | --- |
| Serine-pyruvate transaminase dimer, Human | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.6.1.51 |
| CAS no. | 9030-88-0 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Daniel González (Uruguayan footballer)

abstract: Daniel Ángel González Puga or simply Daniel González, was an Uruguayan football defender who played for several top-level clubs in Uruguay and in Brazil.

text:
# Daniel González (Uruguayan footballer)

**Daniel Ángel González Puga** or simply **Daniel González** (December 22, 1953 – February 1, 1985), was an Uruguayan football defender who played for several top-level clubs in Uruguay and in Brazil.

## Career

Born in Montevideo, Daniel González started his career in 1974, playing for Fénix., leaving the club in 1979 to play for Portuguesa in Brazil. He scored four goals in the 21 Série A games he played for Portuguesa between 1979 and 1981. He was part of the Corinthians squad that won the Campeonato Paulista in 1982, leaving the club in 1983, after playing 20 Série A games for the club. Daniel González was transferred to Vasco in 1983, playing 26 more Série A games between that year and 1985.

## Death

Daniel González died on February 1, 1985, in a car accident in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

## Honors

### Club

**Corinthians**

## InfoBox

Daniel González
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Daniel Ángel González Puga | | |
| Date of birth | (1953-12-22)December 22, 1953 | | |
| Place of birth | Montevideo, Uruguay | | |
| Date of death | February 1, 1985(1985-02-01) (aged 31) | | |
| Place of death | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | | |
| Height | 1.82 m (5 ft 11+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1974–1979 | Fénix |  |  |
| 1979–1981 | Portuguesa | 21 | (4) |
| 1982–1983 | Corinthians | 20 | (0) |
| 1983–1985 | Vasco | 26 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt

abstract: CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt [1993] UKHL 7 is a decision of the House of Lords relating to undue influence. The decision confirmed that a person did not need to suffer "manifest disadvantage" under a transaction in order to challenge it for actual undue influence.

text:
# CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt

***CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt*** \[1993\] UKHL 7 (21 October 1993) is a decision of the House of Lords relating to undue influence. The decision confirmed that a person did not need to suffer "manifest disadvantage" under a transaction in order to challenge it for actual undue influence (as opposed to "presumed" undue influence).

## Facts

In 1986 Mr Pitt told Mrs Pitt that he would like to borrow some money on the security of the family home and to use the loan to buy shares on the stock market. Mrs Pitt was not happy about this suggestion and made her feelings known to her husband. As a result, he embarked on a course of conduct putting pressure on Mrs Pitt which the trial judge held amounted to actual undue influence. In consequence, Mrs Pitt eventually agreed to the suggestion. The Pitts had originally purchased the house 1970; they still lived in it, with their two adult daughters. In 1986 the property was valued at £270,000, the only encumbrance on it being a mortgage in favour of a building society for the modest sum of £16,700.

Mr Pitt made an application for a loan with CIBC Mortgages plc which was signed by both Mr and Mrs Pitt. The application form named both Mr and Mrs Pitt as the applicants for a loan of £150,000 for a period of 20 years, the purpose of the loan being expressed to be "proposed purchase of holiday home." The transaction was said to be a remortgage, the intention being to pay off the existing mortgage. Immediately above the space for the applicants' signatures, the printed form contained a declaration, amongst other things, that the information given in the application was true to the best of the applicants' knowledge and belief. Mrs Pitt did not read any of the pages of the application which had been filled in by somebody else although she did see the first and last pages.

On 6 June 1986 a written offer of mortgage was made by the plaintiff addressed to Mr and Mrs Pitt. It offered a loan of £150,000 for 19 years secured on the family home and also on a policy of assurance to be effected by Mr Pitt on his life. The purpose of the loan was expressed to be "remortgage." The offer also stated:

> "It is understood that the proceeds of this advance are to be used to purchase a second property without the applicants resorting to any additional borrowing. Any more borrowing or change of use must be notified to the bank immediately."

It was not a condition that any property purchased with the borrowed moneys should be charged to the plaintiff. Mr and Mrs Pitt signed the mortgage offer to indicate their acceptance, but Mrs Pitt did not read it before signing. On 31 July 1986 the legal charge over the family home was executed. It was in standard form. Mrs Pitt signed the legal charge but did not read it. At no stage did Mrs Pitt receive any separate advice about the transaction nor did anyone suggest that she should do so. She did not know the amount that was being borrowed.

Mr Pitt applied the borrowed moneys to buy shares, apparently in his own name. On 9 October 1986 Mr Pitt charged any securities he had then deposited or thereafter deposited in favour of the Union Bank of Switzerland. It appears that he never liquidated any part of his holding and that he was charging securities he had bought with the moneys borrowed from the plaintiff in order to borrow more moneys to buy more shares. For a time, he was highly successful with his investments in that at one stage he was a millionaire on paper. In October 1987 the Stock Market crashed, his creditor banks sold the securities charged to them and Mr Pitt found himself in arrears in paying what was due under the charge. At the time of the trial in July 1992, the total sum owing under the legal charge was nearly £219,000, which exceeded the value of the family home.

## County Court and Court of Appeal

At the trial before Mr Recorder Davies, Mrs Pitt alleged, first, that she had been induced to enter into the legal charge by Mr Pitt falsely representing to her that the borrowed moneys were to be used to finance the purchase of shares to be held for capital appreciation and income, whereas his actual intention was to use the shares so acquired as collateral for further borrowings to purchase yet more shares. Mrs Pitt further alleged that she entered into the charge because of the undue influence of Mr Pitt, that she had not understood the nature of the obligation she was undertaking or the amount involved and that, since Mr Pitt had acted as the agent of the plaintiff, the charge should be set aside as against the plaintiff. CIBC, in addition to denying the claims made by Mrs Pitt, contended that the transaction was not manifestly disadvantageous to Mrs Pitt and that, following *National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan* \[1985\] AC 686, the claim based on undue influence could not succeed.

The trial judge held (1) that Mrs Pitt had not established any misrepresentation made to her by Mr Pitt; (2) that Mr Pitt had exercised actual undue influence on Mrs Pitt to procure her agreement; (3) that the transaction was manifestly disadvantageous to her and (4) that Mr Pitt had not acted as the agent of the plaintiff. On the law as he understood it Mrs Pitt could not set aside the transaction for either misrepresentation, or undue influence (actual or presumed).

Mrs Pitt appealed, and the Court of Appeal (Neill and Peter Gibson LJJ) dismissed Mrs Pitt's appeal

## Judgment

The sole reasoned judgment was delivered by Lord Browne-Wilkinson, with whom all the other law lords agreed. After reviewing the background, his Lordship focussed his analysis on two key points: (1) whether "manifest disadvantage" needed to be demonstrated, and (2) whether CIBC, as a third party, was on notice of any undue influence.

### Manifest disadvantage requirement

After reviewing all of the relevant case law, Lord Browne-Wilkinson concluded that there was no requirement to demonstrate manifest disadvantage where actual (as opposed to presumed) undue influence was established. He said

> In relation to manifest disadvantage My Lords, I am unable to agree with the Court of Appeal's decision in *Aboody*. I have no doubt that the decision in *Morgan* does not extend to cases of actual undue influence. Despite two references in Lord Scarman's speech to cases of actual undue influence, as I read his speech he was primarily concerned to establish that disadvantage had to be shown, not as a constituent element of the cause of action for undue influence, but in order to raise a presumption of undue influence with Class 2. That was the only subject matter before the House of Lords in Morgan and the passage I have already cited was directed solely to that point. With the exception of a passing reference to *Ormes v. Beadel* (1860) 2 Gif. 166, all the cases referred to by Lord Scarman were cases of presumed undue influence. In the circumstances, I do not think that this House can have been intending to lay down any general principle applicable to all claims of undue influence, whether actual or presumed." Whatever the merits of requiring a complainant to show manifest disadvantage in order to raise a Class 2 presumption of undue influence, in my judgment there is no logic in imposing such a requirement where actual undue influence has been exercised and proved. Actual undue influence is a species of fraud.

### Notice

Having made that determination Lord Browne-Wilkinson held that Mrs Pitt would have been entitled to set aside the transaction against her husband. However, in order to succeed she would need to be able to set aside the transaction against CIBC, who was an innocent third party. In order to do so, CIBC would need to be on notice of the undue influence.

The trial judge had found as a fact that Mr Pitt was not the agent of CIBC, and so his knowledge of the undue influence could not be imputed to the bank. Accordingly, Mrs Pitt needed to show that the facts known to the plaintiff should put it on inquiry so as to fix it with constructive notice. However, there was nothing in the fact pattern which did so:

> So far as the plaintiff \[CIBC\] was aware, the transaction consisted of a joint loan to husband and wife to finance the discharge of an existing mortgage on 26 Alexander Avenue, and as to the balance to be applied in buying a holiday home. The loan was advanced to both husband and wife jointly. There was nothing to indicate to the plaintiff that this was anything other than a normal advance to husband and wife for their joint benefit.

Accordingly, Mrs Pitt's claim failed. Even though she had been unduly influenced by her husband, the bank had no notice of this, and was accordingly its rights were not affected.

## Timing

The judgment was delivered on the same day as the House of Lords decision in *Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien* \[1993\] UKHL 6 (21 October 1993). However, the decision in *O'Brien* was handed down first, and accordingly, in his speech Lord Browne-Wilkinson refers to his reasoning in the *O'Brien* case. The composition of the judges in the House of Lords was identical in both cases.

## Commentary

The case is less relevant after the decision at the same, final, level in *Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No 2)* \[2001\] UKHL 44 (11 October 2001) reformulating relevant tests for undue influence in third party (and potentially disinterested spouse/co-owner) cases involving bank loans. Accordingly, the decision in *Pitt* is normally only cited today by textbooks as supplementary authority for more general propositions, such as the absence of any requirement for direct threats to establish undue influence, or the fact that a joint loan to husband and wife will not of itself put the bank on inquiry of potential undue influence.

### Application

#### Applied by

*Darjan Estate Co plc v Hurley* \[2012\] Ch D

*Barclays Bank plc v Boulter* \[1997\] CA (as to dicta/opinion of Lord Browne-Wilkinson)

#### Considered in

*Barclays Bank plc v Coleman* \[2000\] CA

#### Distinguished by

*Dunbar Bank Plc v Nadeem* \[1997\] Ch. D.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | House of Lords |
| Full case name | *CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt and Another* |
| Decided | 21 October 1993 |
| Citation | \[1994\] 1 AC 200, \[1993\] 3 WLR 802, \[1993\] 4 All ER 433, \[1993\] UKHL 7 |
| Transcript | BAILII transcript |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Lord Browne-Wilkinson, Lord Templeman, Lord Woolf, Lord Slynne of Hadley, Lord Lowry |
| Case opinions | |
| Decision by | Lord Browne-Wilkinson |
| Keywords | |
| undue influence | |


title: Satelio

abstract: Satelio is a pay-tv service for German-language television in Southern Africa (especially Namibia as well in South Africa, other African countries and the Middle East. Satelio is provided by Deutscher Televisionsklub Betriebs GmbH based in Ismaning, Germany.

text:
# Satelio

**Satelio** is a pay-tv service for German-language television in Southern Africa (especially Namibia as well in South Africa (unter the Deukom label), other African countries (Nigeria since October 1, 2015) and the Middle East. Satelio is provided by *Deutscher Televisionsklub Betriebs GmbH* based in Ismaning, Germany.

## Distribution

Satelio broadcast its offer via the Amos-5 satellite (from 2 December 2013 to early June 2014 via Intelsat 20). Due to the failure of Amos-5 on November 21, 2015, the move to the Astra 4A satellite at 5° east was announced on November 23, 2015 and completed on November 24, 2015.

In Namibia, the broadcast takes place via the general broadcasting license of Hitradio Namibia, in Nigeria via ACTV.

## Channels

### TV

The five English-language sport channels *ST Sports Premium HD*, *ST World Football HD*, *ST Sports Arena*, *ST Sports Life* and *ST Sports Focus* are offered in cooperation with the South African pay-tv company StarSat since September 1, 2016 and are subject to a surcharge. Among other things, Satelio offers the transmission of live coverage of Bundesliga football matches with this sports package.

### Radio

## Encryption

Panaccess is used as conditional access system.

## InfoBox

Satelio
| Industry | Pay television |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | July 2013 (2013-07) |
| Headquarters | Ismaning, Germany |
| Area served | Sub-Saharan Africa (Africa excluding North Africa) |
| Products | Satellite television |
| Owner | Deutscher Televisionsklub Betriebs GmbH |
| Website | www.satelio.tv |


title: Derek McCormack (academic)

abstract: Derek McCormack, BSc, PgDip, MSc (Otago) DipTchg, is Vice-Chancellor of the Auckland University of Technology (AUT), New Zealand. As such he is the executive head of the newest of the eight New Zealand universities. He began his academic career as a biochemist, in the Otago Polytechnic. He later became the National President of the Association of Staff in Tertiary Education (ASTE). McCormack joined AUT as Associate Director Academic. From there he held a series of administrative posts, as Corporate Services Director, General Manager, and finally Deputy Vice-Chancellor Administration. McCormack succeeded the previous Vice-Chancellor, the Rev'd Dr John Hinchcliff in 2004. In July 2006 his term of office was extended for another five years.

text:
# Derek McCormack (academic)

**Derek McCormack**, BSc, PgDip, MSc (Otago) DipTchg, is Vice-Chancellor of the Auckland University of Technology (AUT), New Zealand. As such he is the executive head of the newest of the eight New Zealand universities.

He began his academic career as a biochemist, in the Otago Polytechnic. He later became the National President of the Association of Staff in Tertiary Education (ASTE). McCormack joined AUT as Associate Director Academic. From there he held a series of administrative posts, as Corporate Services Director, General Manager, and finally Deputy Vice-Chancellor Administration. McCormack succeeded the previous Vice-Chancellor, the Rev'd Dr John Hinchcliff in 2004. In July 2006 his term of office was extended for another five years.

## InfoBox

| Derek McCormack | |
| --- | --- |


title: Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force

abstract: Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force was an operational headquarters that controlled United States Air Force tactical combat operations from Thailand during the Vietnam War. It was established in 1966 when Seventh Air Force replaced the 2d Air Division as the USAF headquarters in South Vietnam and was discontinued in 1973, when Seventh Air Force moved its headquarters from Vietnam to Thailand. Its combat units were attached to it for operations, but were assigned to Thirteenth Air Force in the Philippines for administration.

text:
# Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force

**Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force** was an operational headquarters that controlled United States Air Force tactical combat operations from Thailand during the Vietnam War. It was established in 1966 when Seventh Air Force replaced the 2d Air Division as the USAF headquarters in South Vietnam and was discontinued in 1973, when Seventh Air Force moved its headquarters from Vietnam to Thailand. Its combat units were attached to it for operations, but were assigned to Thirteenth Air Force in the Philippines for administration.

## History

**Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force** (7th/13th) was organized in April 1966 at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. It was assigned to Thirteenth Air Force at Clark Air Base in the Philippines for administrative control, but was under the operational control of Seventh Air Force at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam. The commander of the unit was a deputy commander of both Seventh and Thirteenth Air Forces.

The establishment of 7th/13th was a result of the complicated command arrangements made by the United States for the control of airpower during its involvement in Southeast Asia. Initial involvement was entirely in Thirteenth Air Force's area of responsibility, although it had little direct involvement with actual operations. When the expansion of forces in South Vietnam resulted in the establishment of 2d Air Division as the headquarter for those forces, the air division still reported to Thirteenth Air Force. The establishment of Seventh Air Force on a coequal level, however, made the establishment of a new operational headquarters a necessity.

Thai sensitivities about units based in Thailand reporting to a headquarters in South Vietnam caused a shift whereby the Seventh Air Force was ostensibly subordinate to Thirteenth Air Force for administrative matters (and therefore referred to as 7/13 Air Force).

Tactical air operations were controlled by Seventh Air Force. However, those in North Vietnam were controlled by Pacific Command, operating through Pacific Air Forces and Task Force 77. Those in South Vietnam were controlled through Military Assistance Command Vietnam. Strikes in Laos were split, with northern (Barrel Roll) and central Laos treated like North Vietnam, while those in the south (most of the Steel Tiger area) were treated like South Vietnam, with the additional complication that they also had to be approved by the U.S. ambassador to Laos.

The mission of 7th/13th was originally to control tactical forces stationed in Thailand in the conduct of Operation Rolling Thunder, bombing operations in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which were already underway when it was formed and would continue until 1968. It also carried out interdiction missions against the People's Army of Vietnam's logistical network in southeastern Laos known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail; and to support the clandestine war in northern Laos. After 1 November 1968, Rolling Thunder came to an end and the unit focused on its Laotian operations. The 7th/13th later participated in Operation Commando Hunt, which was supported by the sensors and computers of Operation Igloo White, based at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand.

At the peak of its operations in 1968, the unit controlled 35,000 personnel and 600 aircraft. It was discontinued when Seventh Air Force moved its headquarters to Nakon Phanom in 1973.

## Lineage

* Organized on 1 April 1966
* Disestablished on 29 March 1973

### Stations

### Components

### Notes

Explanatory notes Citations  1. Correll, John T. (January 2005). "Disunity of Command". Air Force Magazine. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
2. Tilford, p. 89

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force | |
| --- | --- |
| F-105s on the flight line at Korat Royal Thai AFB in 1968 | |
| Active | 1966–1973 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | Operational control of combat forces |
| Engagements | Vietnam War |
| Insignia | |
| Patch with Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force emblem |  |