title: 2022 USATF U20 Outdoor Championships

abstract: The 2022 USATF U20 Outdoor Championships was the 49th edition of the annual national championship in outdoor track and field for American athletes aged under 20, organized by USA Track & Field. The three-day competition took place on June 23–25 in at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon.

text:
# 2022 USATF U20 Outdoor Championships

The **2022 USATF U20 Outdoor Championships** was the 49th edition of the annual national championship in outdoor track and field for American athletes aged under 20, organized by USA Track & Field. The three-day competition took place on June 23–25 in at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon.

## Qualification

To enter an event at the national competition, athletes must achieve the event's entry standard performance. The qualifying period for performances runs from June 9, 2021, to June 12, 2022, for all events, except race walk. The race walk qualifying window opened on April 11, 2021.

## Results

Results

### Men's track

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 meters | Laurenz Colbert | 10.21 | Michael Gizzi | 10.28 | Connor Washington | 10.29 |
| 200 meters | Jordan Anthony | 20.35 | Brandon Miller | 20.47 | Laurenz Colbert | 20.48 |
| 400 meters | Steven McElroy | 44.93 | Ashton Schwartzman | 45.16 | Charlie Bartholomew | 45.40 |
| 800 meters | Miles Brown | 1:50.90 | Samuel Rodman | 1:50.91 | Daniel Watck | 1:51.20 |
| 1500 meters | Nathan Green | 3:45.19 | Muluken Tewalt | 3:47.62 | Jack Dingman | 3:48.75 |
| 5000 meters | Tyrone Gorze | 14:08.08 | Dylan Throop | 14:09.22 | Jacob Bourget | 14:09.74 |
| 10,000 meters | Lucas Guerra | 8:19.36 | Tyrone Gorze | 8:21.03 | James Wischusen | 8:23.32 |
| 110 m hurdles | Malik Mixon | 13.28 | TJ Caldwell | 13.34 | Jayden Smith | 13.35 |
| 400 m hurdles | Kody Blackwood | 50.62 | Yan Vazquez | 50.95 | Grant Williams | 51.02 |
| 3000 m steeplechase | Bryce Lentz | 8:58.46 | Peter Visser | 9:02.07 | Logan Patete | 9:13.54 |
| 10 kilometers walk | Ryan Allen | 49:53.14 | Clayton Stoil | 54:15.71 | Lucien Beardsley | 1:00:02.84 |

**Men's field**

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High jump | Marcus Monroe | 2.12m | Aaron Kim | 2.09m | Jalan River | 2.09m |
| Pole vault | Justin Rogers | 5.25m | Garrett Brown | 5.15m | Hunter O'Brien | 5.05m |
| Long jump | Johnny Brackins | 8.03m | Curtis Williams | 7.73m | Aaron Davis | 7.64m |
| Triple jump | Solomon Washington | 15.48m | Floyd Whitaker | 15.35m | Jaden Trimble Patterson | 14.66m |
| Shot put | Tarik Robinson-O'Hagan | 19.62m | Cade Moran | 19.15m | Cooper Mack | 18.70m |
| Discus throw | Desmond Coleman | 60.10m | Kevin Grubbs | 60.02m | Ridge Estes | 60.00m |
| Hammer throw | Tarik O'Hagan | 75.08m | Collin Burkhart | 72.58m | Jeremiah Nubbe | 70.79m |
| Javelin throw | Evan Niedrowski | 70.58m | Jackson Rimes | 61.81m | Elijah Cook | 59.41m |
| Decathlon | Landon Helms | 6425 | Bryce Pearson | 6280 | Max Tucker | 6010 |

### Women's track

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 meters | Shawnti Jackson | 11.07 | Mia Brahe-Pedersen | 11.09 | Autumn Wilson | 11.14 |
| 200 meters | Jayla Jamsion | 22.93 | Mia Brahe-Pedersen | 22.98 | Iyana Gray | 23.20 |
| 400 meters | Mekenze Kelley | 52.10 | Zaya Akins | 52.90 | Kaylyn Brown | 53.11 |
| 800 meters | Juliette Whittaker | 1:59.04 | Roisin Willis | 2:00.32 | Michaela Rose | 2:06.71 |
| 1500 meters | Addison Wiley | 4:15.53 | Mia Barnett | 4:20.86 | Elizabeth Whaley | 4:23.00 |
| 3000 meters | Kate Peters | 9:34.78 | Analee Weaver | 9:41.65 | Heidi Nielson | 9:52.98 |
| 5000 meters | Analee Weaver | 16:25.67 | Heidi Nielson | 16:30.50 | Harper McClain | 16:48.23 |
| 100 m hurdles | Jalaysiya Smith | 13.21 | Eddiyah Frye | 13.26 | Chyler Turner | 13.36 |
| 400 m hurdles | Akala Garrett | 57.47 | Michaela Rose | 58.30 | Myla Greene | 58.61 |
| 3000 m steeplechase | Harper McClain | 10:23.35 | Karrilynn Baloga | 10:27.13 | Addison Stevenson | 10:58.64 |
| 10 kilometers walk | Valeriia Sholomistska\* | 46:46.97 | Angelica Harris | 49:29.73 | Talia Green | 49:31.54 |

*Valeriia Sholomistska was competing as a guest from Ukraine.

**Women's field**

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High jump | Miracle Ailes | 1.81m | Emma Gates | 1.81m | Cheyla Scott | 1.81m |
| Pole vault | Amanda Moll | 4.35m | Hana Moll | 4.35m | Olivia Lueking | 4.30m |
| Long jump | India Alix | 6.17m | Sophia Beckmon | 6.11m | Alyssa Banales | 6.00m |
| Triple jump | Suzan Ogunleye | 13.09m | Agur Dwol | 12.74m | Riley Ammenhauser | 12.60m |
| Shot put | Amelia Flynt | 15.55m | Chrystal Herpin | 15.52m | Sarah Marvin | 14.76m |
| Discus throw | Siniru Iheoma | 54.47m | Ames Burton | 54.08m | Giavonna Meeks | 52.87m |
| Hammer throw | Emily Fink | 59.94m | Jillian Stafford | 59.52m | Kali Terza | 58.14m |
| Javelin throw | Kohana Nakato | 48.11m | Saydi Orange | 47.65m | Marin Barras | 46.88m |
| Heptathlon | Blakelee Winn | 5473 | JaiCieonna Gero-Holt | 5401 | Bryanna Craig | 5388 |

## World U20 team selection

The event served as the selection meet for the United States team for the 2022 World Athletics U20 Championships. In order to be entered, athletes needed to finish in the first two of their event at the national meet and also achieve an international qualifying standard mark. The United States team, as managed by USATF, can also bring a qualified back up athlete in case one of the team members is unable to perform.

1. "2022 USATF U20 OUTDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS". *USATF*. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
2. "Results". *USATF*.

## InfoBox

| 2022 USA Track & Field Outdoor Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | June 23–25 |
| Host city | Eugene, Oregon, U.S. |
| Venue | Hayward Field,<br>Oregon University |
| Level | Junior |
| Type | Outdoor |
| Events | 40 (men: 20; women: 20) |
| 2019 Championships | |


title: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates

abstract: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates is a list of highly endangered primate species selected and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG), the International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). The IUCN/SSC PSG worked with Conservation International (CI) to start the list in 2000, but in 2002, during the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, primatologists reviewed and debated the list, resulting in the 2002–2004 revision and the endorsement of the IPS. The publication was a joint project between the three conservation organizations until the 2012–2014 list when BZS was added as a publisher. The 2018–2020 list was the first time Conservation International was not among the publishers, replaced instead by GWC. The list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. Starting with the 2004–2006 report, the title changed to "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates". That same year, the list began to provide information about each species, including their conservation status and the threats they face in the wild. The species text is written in collaboration with experts from the field, with 60 people contributing to the 2006–2008 report and 85 people contributing to the 2008–2010 report. The 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports were published in the IUCN/SSC PSG journal Primate Conservation,, since then they have been published as independent publications. The 25 species on the 2018–2020 list are distributed between 32 countries. The country with the most species on the list is Madagascar with five species, Indonesia, Brazil, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire each have three. The list is broken into four distinct regions: the island of Madagascar, the continent of Africa, the continent of Asia including the islands of Indonesia, and the Neotropics. The purpose of the list, according to Russell Mittermeier, the president of CI, is "to highlight those [primate species] that are most at risk, to attract the attention of the public, to stimulate national governments to do more, and especially to find the resources to implement desperately needed conservation measures." Species are selected for the list based on two primary reasons: extremely small population sizes and very rapid drops in numbers. These reasons are heavily influenced by habitat loss and hunting, the two greatest threats primates face. More specifically, threats listed in the report include deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing for pasture or farmland, charcoal production, firewood production, illegal logging, selective logging, mining, land development, and cash crop production; forest fragmentation; small population sizes; live capture for the exotic pet trade; and hunting for bushmeat and traditional medicine. Twelve species were dropped for the 2018–2020 list, Mittermeier notes this was not because their situation has improved but instead to focus attention on other species that are also have "bleak prospects for their survival.

text:
# The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates

**The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates** is a list of highly endangered primate species selected and published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG), the International Primatological Society (IPS), Global Wildlife Conservation (GWC), and Bristol Zoological Society (BZS). The IUCN/SSC PSG worked with Conservation International (CI) to start the list in 2000, but in 2002, during the 19th Congress of the International Primatological Society, primatologists reviewed and debated the list, resulting in the 2002–2004 revision and the endorsement of the IPS. The publication was a joint project between the three conservation organizations until the 2012–2014 list when BZS was added as a publisher. The 2018–2020 list was the first time Conservation International was not among the publishers, replaced instead by GWC. The list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. Starting with the 2004–2006 report, the title changed to "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates". That same year, the list began to provide information about each species, including their conservation status and the threats they face in the wild. The species text is written in collaboration with experts from the field, with 60 people contributing to the 2006–2008 report and 85 people contributing to the 2008–2010 report. The 2004–2006 and 2006–2008 reports were published in the IUCN/SSC PSG journal *Primate Conservation*,, since then they have been published as independent publications.

The 25 species on the 2018–2020 list are distributed between 32 countries. The country with the most species on the list is Madagascar with five species, Indonesia, Brazil, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire each have three. The list is broken into four distinct regions: the island of Madagascar, the continent of Africa, the continent of Asia including the islands of Indonesia, and the Neotropics (Central and South America).

The purpose of the list, according to Russell Mittermeier, the president of CI, is "to highlight those \[primate species\] that are most at risk, to attract the attention of the public, to stimulate national governments to do more, and especially to find the resources to implement desperately needed conservation measures." Species are selected for the list based on two primary reasons: extremely small population sizes and very rapid drops in numbers. These reasons are heavily influenced by habitat loss and hunting, the two greatest threats primates face. More specifically, threats listed in the report include deforestation due to slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing for pasture or farmland, charcoal production, firewood production, illegal logging, selective logging, mining, land development, and cash crop production; forest fragmentation; small population sizes; live capture for the exotic pet trade; and hunting for bushmeat and traditional medicine. Twelve species were dropped for the 2018–2020 list, Mittermeier notes this was not because their situation has improved but instead to focus attention on other species that are also have "bleak prospects for their survival.

## Key

Key for column headings
| Species | Common and scientific name of the species, including a picture if available |
| --- | --- |
| Years listed | Years the species has been included in the IUCN's list of the "Top 25 Most Endangered Primates" |
| Location(s) | Countries in which it is found |
| Estimated population | Latest population estimate from the IUCN |
| IUCN status | Conservation status of the species, per the IUCN as of the date of the latest list publication |
| Threats | A list of threats facing the species; used by the IUCN in assessing conservation status |

## Current list

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2018–2020: Madagascar
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bemanasy mouse lemur
*Microcebus manitatra* | 2018 | Madagascar | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment) |
| Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur
*Hapalemur alaotrensis* | 2000
2014
2016
2018 | Madagascar | 2,500
(2018 estimate) |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment, burning of marshlands \[to create rice paddies, catch fish, and for cattle grazing\] * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (local pet trade) |
| James' sportive lemur
*Lepilemur jamesorum* | 2016
2018 | Madagascar | 1,386
(2010 estimate) |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss (shifting agriculture) * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Indri
*Indri indri* | 2012
2018 | Madagascar | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, firewood) * hunting (bushmeat, skins) |
| Aye-aye
*Daubentonia madagascariensis* | 2016
2018 | Madagascar | unknown |
Endangered | * habitat loss (selective logging for local use \[boats, houses, coffins\], agricultural encroachment, fire) * hunting (pests, local taboos, bushmeat) |

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Africa
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rondo dwarf galago
*Galagoides rondoensis* | 2006
2008
2010
2012 | Tanzania | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * very small range * habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, logging) |
| Roloway monkey
*Cercopithecus roloway* | 2002
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana | unknown |
Endangered | * hunting (bushmeat) * habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, logging) |
| Tana River red colobus
*Procolobus rufomitratus* | 2002
2004
2006
2008
2012 | Kenya | 1,100–1,300 |
Endangered | * hunting (bushmeat) * habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, fire, firewood, selective logging for local use \[houses, canoes\]) * habitat degradation (livestock, dam construction, irrigation projects) * parasitic infection of isolated populations |
| Bioko red colobus
*Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii* | 2004
2006
2010
2012 | Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island) | fewer than 5,000 |
Endangered | * habitat degradation * hunting (bushmeat) * small range |
| Eastern lowland gorilla
*Gorilla beringei graueri* | 2010
2012 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 5,000 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, pastoral farming, illegal mining, charcoal production, wood and bamboo harvesting) * hunting (bushmeat, infant capture) |

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Asia
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Javan slow loris
*Nycticebus javanicus* | 2008
2010
2012 | Indonesia (Java) | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * live capture (pet trade \[intense\]) * hunting (traditional medicine \[intense\]) * habitat loss (agriculture, development activities \[roads\], human disturbance) |
| Pig-tailed langur
*Simias concolor* | 2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Indonesia (Mentawai Islands) | 700–3,347 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss (human encroachment, product extraction, commercial logging, conversion to cash crops and oil palm plantations) * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Delacour's langur
*Trachypithecus delacouri* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Vietnam | fewer than 250 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat fragmentation * hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) |
| Golden-headed langur
*Trachypithecus poliocephalus* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Vietnam | 60–70 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat fragmentation (human encroachment, development for tourism) * hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) |
| Western purple-faced langur
*Semnopithecus vetulus nestor* | 2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Sri Lanka | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (urbanization, agricultural encroachment) * dependent on gardens for survival * live capture (pet trade) * hunting (pests) * other human factors (electrocution \[power lines\], road kill, dog attacks) |
| Grey-shanked douc
*Pygathrix cinerea* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Vietnam | 600–700 |
Critically Endangered | * restricted range * habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, illegal logging, firewood) * hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Tonkin snub-nosed monkey
*Rhinopithecus avunculus* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Vietnam | 200–250 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (logging, firewood, roads) * hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) |
| Eastern black crested gibbon
*Nomascus nasutus* | 2008
2010
2012 | China
Vietnam | around 110 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss, fragmentation, and disturbance (agricultural encroachment, pastoral farming, firewood, charcoal production) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Pygmy tarsier
*Tarsius pumilus* | 2012 | Indonesia (Sulawesi) | unknown |
Data deficient | * habitat loss (human encroachment) |

The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates, 2012–2014: Neotropics
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Brown spider monkey
*Ateles hybridus* | 2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Colombia
Venezuela | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (agricultural encroachment, cattle-ranching, logging) * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Brown-headed spider monkey
*Ateles fusciceps fusciceps* | 2006
2012 | Ecuador | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Kaapori capuchin
*Cebus kaapori* | 2012 | Brazil | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and degradation (selective logging) * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Rio Mayo titi
*Callicebus oenanthe* | 2012 | Peru | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (rice and coffee plantations, roads, cattle-ranching) * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Northern brown howler
*Alouatta guariba guariba* | 2012 | Brazil | fewer than 250 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss (selective logging) * hunting (bushmeat) * disease epidemics |

## Former list members

With each new publication, species are both added and removed from the list. In some cases, removal from the list signifies improvement for the species. With the publication of the 2006–2008 list, four species were removed because of increased conservation efforts: the black lion tamarin (*Leontopithecus chrysopygus*), golden lion tamarin (*Leontopithecus rosalia*), mountain gorilla (*Gorilla beringei beringei*), and Perrier's sifaka (*Propithecus perrieri*). In 2008, the black lion tamarin went from critically endangered to endangered and the golden lion tamarin was similarly promoted in 2003 after three decades of collaborative conservation efforts by zoos and other institutions. Well-protected species such as these still have very small populations, and due to deforestation, new habitat is still needed for their long-term survival. The Hainan black crested gibbon (*Nomascus hainanus*), which was removed from the 2008–2010 list, still has fewer than 20 individuals left, but significant efforts to protect it are now being made. Mittermeier claimed in 2007 that all 25 species could be elevated off the list within five to ten years if conservation organizations had the necessary resources.

Unlike the changes in the 2006–2008 report, not all species were removed from the 2008–2010 list due to improvement in their situation. Instead, new species were added to bring attention to other closely related species with very small populations that are also at risk of extinction. For example, the highly endangered eastern black crested gibbon (*Nomascus nasutus*) replaced the Hainan black crested gibbon. The Javan slow loris (*Nycticebus javanicus*) replaced the Horton Plains slender loris (*Loris tardigradus nycticeboides*) because the former has been hit the hardest of Asian lorises, all of which are declining rapidly due primarily to capture for the exotic pet trade, as well as use in traditional medicines and forest loss. In another case, the brown-headed spider monkey (*Ateles fusciceps fusciceps*) was omitted from the list since no spokesperson could be found for the species. The same approach was taken with the 2012–2014 list.

Primates formerly listed in the *Top 25 Most Endangered Primates*: Madagascar
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Greater bamboo lemur
*Prolemur simus* | 2002
2004
2006
2008
2010 | Madagascar | 500 or fewer |
Critically Endangered | * small, isolated populations * loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, illegal logging, cutting of bamboo) * hunting (bushmeat) * reduced availability of drinking water due to climatic change * extreme dietary specialization and dependency on giant bamboo |
| Black-and-white ruffed lemur
*Varecia variegata* | 2010 | Madagascar | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, mining, logging) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Gray-headed lemur
*Eulemur cinereiceps* | 2004
2006
2008 | Madagascar | 7,265 ± 2,268 |
Endangered | * very small range (~700 km2) * hybridization with red-fronted lemur (*E. rufifrons*) * low population densities * habitat loss and fragmentation (fragmented, small populations) * cyclones * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Golden-crowned sifaka
*Propithecus tattersalli* | 2000 | Madagascar | 6,000–10,000 |
Endangered | * hunting (by gold miners) * loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, uncontrolled grass fires, wood extraction \[housing & firewood\], selective logging, gold mining) |
| Golden bamboo lemur
*Hapalemur aureus* | 2000 | Madagascar | fewer than 5,916 |
Endangered | * loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, cutting of bamboo \[for building houses, carrying water, making baskets and other local uses\]) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Sahamalaza sportive lemur
*Lepilemur sahamalazensis* | 2006 | Madagascar | unknown |
Data deficient | * loss of habitat (agricultural encroachment, charcoal production, selective logging for local use \[houses\]) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Perrier's sifaka
*Propithecus perrieri* | 2000
2002
2004
2014
2016 | Madagascar | around 915 |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, charcoal production, fires to clear forest for pasture, mining) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Blue-eyed black lemur
*Eulemur flavifrons* | 2008
2010
2012 | Madagascar | 450–2,300 |
Critically Endangered | * very small range (~2,700 km2) * loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, selective logging) * hunting (bushmeat) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Northern sportive lemur
*Lepilemur septentrionalis* | 2008
2010
2012 | Madagascar | around 19 |
Critically Endangered |  |
| Silky sifaka
*Propithecus candidus* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012 | Madagascar | fewer than 250 |
Critically Endangered | * very small range * hunting (bushmeat) * habitat loss (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging, firewood) |
| Madame Berthe's mouse lemur
*Microcebus berthae* | 2012 | Madagascar | fewer than 8,000 |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat and fragmentation (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging) |
| Red ruffed lemur
*Varecia rubra* | 2012 | Madagascar | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * loss of habitat (slash-and-burn agriculture, illegal logging, human encroachment) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Lavasoa Mountains dwarf lemur
*Cheirogaleus lavasoensis* | 2014 | Madagascar | ? |
Endangered | *  * |
| Gerp's mouse lemur
*Microcebus gerpi* | 2016 | Madagascar | ? |
Critically Endangered | *  * |
| Ring-tailed lemur
*Lemur catta* | 2016 | Madagascar | ? |
Endangered | *  * |

Primates formerly listed in the *Top 25 Most Endangered Primates*: Africa
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mount Rungwe galago
*Galagoides* sp. | 2004 | Tanzania | unknown | Not evaluated | * loss of habitat (logging, agricultural encroachment, charcoal production) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Sclater's guenon
*Cercopithecus sclateri* | 2000 | Nigeria | unknown |
Vulnerable | * habitat loss and fragmentation (logging, agricultural encroachment, oil exploration) * high human density * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Drill
*Mandrillus leucophaeus* | 2000 | Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
Nigeria | unknown |
Endangered | * small range * loss of habitat (clearcutting \[for chipboard factories and settlement\]) * hunting (bushmeat, persecution as pests) |
| Tana River mangabey
*Cercocebus galeritus galeritus* | 2002 | Kenya | 1,000–1,200 |
Endangered | * loss of habitat (palm oil production, logging, agricultural encroachment, grass fires intended to prevent forest regeneration, overgrazing, damming and irrigation projects) * hunting (persecution as pests) |
| Sanje mangabey
*Cercocebus sanjei* | 2000
2002
2004 | Tanzania | fewer than 1,300 |
Endangered | * loss of habitat (logging, charcoal production) * hunting (persecution as pests) |
| Sooty mangabey
*Cercocebus atys lunulatus* | 2000
2002
2004 | Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana | unknown |
Endangered | * habitat loss and degradation * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Miss Waldron's red colobus
*Piliocolobus badius waldronae* | 2000
2002
2006 | Côte d'Ivoire
Ghana | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers) * habitat loss * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Mountain gorilla
*Gorilla beringei beringei* | 2000
2002
2004 | Rwanda
Uganda | around 880 |
Critically Endangered | * two isolated populations * political instability * human diseases * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Niger Delta red colobus
*Procolobus epieni* | 2008
2010 | Nigeria | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * very small range (~1,500 km2) * hunting (bushmeat) * habitat loss and degradation (logging of important food trees, loss of marsh forests due to canal construction) |
| Kipunji
*Rungwecebus kipunji* | 2006
2008 | Tanzania | around 1,117 |
Critically Endangered | * very small range * habitat loss and fragmentation * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Cross River gorilla
*Gorilla gorilla diehli* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008 | Cameroon
Nigeria | 200–300 |
Critically Endangered | * small, restricted range * habitat loss (agricultural encroachment, fires to clear forest or improve pasture, development activities \[roads\]) * hunting (bushmeat, wire snares set for other wildlife) |

Primates formerly listed in the *Top 25 Most Endangered Primates*: Asia
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Horton Plains slender loris
*Loris tardigradus nycticeboides* | 2004
2006 | Sri Lanka | unknown |
Endangered | * five isolated populations * habitat loss * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Natuna Island surili
*Presbytis natunae* | 2002 | Indonesia | fewer than 10,000 |
Vulnerable | * two isolated populations * habitat loss and degradation * live capture (pet trade) |
| White-headed langur
*Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus* | 2002 | China, Vietnam | fewer than 250 |
Critically Endangered | * very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers) * habitat loss * hunting |
| Miller's grizzled langur
*Presbytis hosei canicrus* | 2004 | Indonesia (Kalimantan) | unknown |
Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation * hunting |
| Black snub-nosed monkey
*Rhinopithecus bieti* | 2002 | China | fewer than 2,000 |
Endangered | * habitat loss (logging, fires for agricultural use, pasture) * pesticide use * hunting (non-targeted \[snares\]) |
| Gray snub-nosed monkey
*Rhinopithecus brelichi* | 2002 | China | around 750 |
Endangered | * one isolated population (vulnerable to epidemic disease or catastrophes) * habitat loss (forest clearing, development for tourism, agricultural expansion, firewood) * hunting (non-targeted) |
| Silvery gibbon
*Hylobates moloch* | 2000 | Indonesia (Java) | 4,000–4,500 |
Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation * live capture (pet trade) |
| Hainan black crested gibbon
*Nomascus hainanus* | 2000
2004
2006 | China (Hainan) | around 20 |
Critically Endangered | * extremely small population size * suboptimal, protected habitat * possible gender bias in recent births * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Siau Island tarsier
*Tarsius tumpara* | 2006
2008
2010 | Indonesia (Siau Island) | Low thousands at best | Not evaluated | * island population (near an active volcano) * very small range * high human density * hunting \[bushmeat (used as snack food)\] * habitat degradation |
| Western hoolock gibbon
*Hoolock hoolock* | 2006
2008 | Bangladesh
India
Myanmar | fewer than 5,000 |
Endangered | * very small populations (recent, very rapid declines in numbers) * habitat loss and fragmentation (human encroachment, tea plantations, slash-and-burn cultivation) * hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Sumatran orangutan
*Pongo abelii* | 2000
2002
2004
2006
2008 | Indonesia (Sumatra) | around 6,600 |
Critically Endangered | * recent, very rapid declines in numbers * only 10 fragmented habitat units * habitat loss and fragmentation (fires, agriculture and oil palm plantations, roads, logging, encroachment) * hunting (pests, bushmeat) \[occasional\] * live capture (pet trade) \[occasional\] |
| Northwest Bornean orangutan
*Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus* | 2010 | Indonesia (West Kalimantan, Borneo)
Malaysia (Sarawak) | unknown |
Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (fires, agriculture and oil palm plantations, roads, logging, encroachment) * hunting (pests, bushmeat, traditional medicine) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Lion-tailed macaque
*Macaca silenus* | 2010 | India | fewer than 4,000 |
Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (agriculture and tea/coffee plantations, logging) * hunting (bushmeat, traditional medicine) |

Primates formerly listed in the *Top 25 Most Endangered Primates*: Neotropics
| Species | Years listed | Location(s) | Estimated population | IUCN status | Threats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Golden lion tamarin
*Leontopithecus rosalia* | 2000 | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | 3,200 |
Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (fires to clear forest for pasture) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Black lion tamarin
*Leontopithecus chrysopygus* | 2000 | Brazil (São Paulo) | around 1,000 |
Endangered | * small population size (11 isolated populations, but only one is viable) * habitat loss and fragmentation |
| Superagui lion tamarin
*Leontopithecus caissara* | 2000
2002
2004 | Brazil (Paraná and São Paulo) | fewer than 400 |
Critically Endangered | * small, isolated populations * habitat loss and degradation (agricultural encroachment, palm heart harvesting, tourism) * high human density (increased squatting by impoverished people, land speculation) * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Golden-bellied capuchin
*Cebus xanthosternos* | 2000
2002
2004 | Brazil (Bahia, Minas Gerais?) | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss * hunting (bushmeat) |
| Northern muriqui
*Brachyteles hypoxanthus* | 2000
2002
2004 | Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais) | fewer than 1,000 |
Critically Endangered | * small, isolated populations * habitat loss and fragmentation * hunting (bushmeat \[past\], sport \[past\]) |
| Yellow-tailed woolly monkey
*Oreonax flavicauda* | 2000
2006
2008
2010 | Peru | unknown |
Critically Endangered | * restricted range * low population densities * habitat loss (agriculture, logging, roads, colonization) * hunting (bushmeat, fur) * live capture (pet trade) |
| Cotton-top tamarin
*Saguinus oedipus* | 2008 | Colombia | fewer than 6,000 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (large-scale agricultural production \[cattle\] and farming, logging, oil palm plantations, hydroelectric projects) * live capture (pet trade \[current\], biomedical research \[past\]) |
| Blond capuchin
*Cebus flavius* | 2010 | Brazil | 180 |
Critically Endangered | * habitat loss and fragmentation (coastal development and sugar cane plantations) * live capture (pet trade) * hunting (bushmeat) |

## List history

With the exception of the 2000–2002 publication, which was written collaboratively by the IUCN/SSC PSG and CI, the list has been revised every two years following the biannual Congress of the IPS. The 2002–2004 list resulted from the 19th Congress of the IPS in Beijing, China; the 2004–2006 list followed the 20th Congress of the IPS, held in Torino, Italy; the 2006–2008 list after the 21st Congress in Entebbe, Uganda; the 2008–2010 list followed the 22nd Congress held in Edinburgh, UK; the 2010-2012 list followed the 23rd Congress in Kyoto, Japan; the 2012–2014 list after the 24th Congress in Cancún, Mexico; the 2014–2016 list after the 25th Congress in Hanoi, Vietnam; the 2016–2018 list after the 26th Congress in Chicago, US; the 2018–2020 list after the 27th Congress in Nairobi, Kenya; and the 2022–2023 list after the 28th Congress in Quito, Ecuador.

The 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species offered assessments of 634 primate taxa, of which 303 (47.8%) were listed as threatened (vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered). A total of 206 primate species were ranked as either critically endangered or endangered, 54 (26%) of which have been included at least once in *The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates* since 2000.

Historical membership
|  | Madagascar | Africa | Asia | Neotropics |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000–2002 | * *Propithecus candidus* * *Propithecus perrieri* * *Propithecus tattersalli* * *Hapalemur aureus* * *Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis* | * *Gorilla gorilla diehli* * *Gorilla b. beringei* * *Cercocebus sanjei* * *Cercocebus atys lunulatus* * *Procolobus badius waldronae* * *Cercopithecus sclateri* * *Mandrillus leucophaeus* | * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Pongo abelii* * *Hylobates moloch* * *Nomascus hainanus* | * *Brachyteles hypoxanthus* * *Cebus xanthosternos* * *Leontopithecus caissara* * *Leontopithecus rosalia* * *Leontopithecus chrysopygus* * *Oreonax flavicauda* |
| 2002–2004 | * *Propithecus candidus* * *Propithecus perrieri* * *Prolemur simus* | * *Gorilla gorilla diehli* * *Gorilla b. beringei* * *Cercocebus galeritus sanjei* * *Cercocebus atys lunulatus* * *Procolobus badius waldronae* * *Procolobus rufomitratus* * *Cercopithecus diana roloway* * *Cercocebus g. galeritus* | * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Pongo abelii* * *Simias concolor* * *Presbytis natunae* * *Trachypithecus poliocephalus leucocephalus* * *Rhinopithecus bieti* * *Rhinopithecus brelichi* * *Nomascus nasutus* | * *Brachyteles hypoxanthus* * *Cebus xanthosternos* * *Leontopithecus caissara* |
| 2004–2006 | * *Propithecus candidus* * *Propithecus perrieri* * *Prolemur simus* * *Eulemur cinereiceps* | * *Gorilla gorilla diehli* * *Gorilla b. beringei* * *Cercocebus galeritus sanjei* * *Cercocebus atys lunulatus* * *Procolobus rufomitratus* * *Procolobus p. pennantii* * *Galagoides* sp. | * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Pongo abelii* * *Simias concolor* * *Loris tardigradus nycticeboides* * *Presbytis hosei canicrus* * *Trachypithecus vetulus nestor* * *Nomascus hainanus* | * *Brachyteles hypoxanthus* * *Cebus xanthosternos* * *Leontopithecus caissara* * *Ateles hybridus brunneus* |
| 2006–2008 | * *Propithecus candidus* * *Lepilemur sahamalazensis* * *Prolemur simus* * *Eulemur cinereiceps* | * *Gorilla gorilla diehli* * *Procolobus rufomitratus* * *Procolobus p. pennantii* * *Cercopithecus diana roloway* * *Rungwecebus kipunji* * *Galagoides rondoensis* * *Procolobus badius waldroni* | * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Pongo abelii* * *Simias concolor* * *Trachypithecus vetulus nestor* * *Hoolock hoolock* * *Nomascus hainanus* * *Loris tardigradus nycticeboides* * *Tarsius tumpara* | * *Ateles hybridus* * *Oreonax flavicauda* * *Ateles f. fusciceps* |
| 2008–2010 | * *Propithecus candidus* * *Lepilemur septentrionalis* * *Prolemur simus* * *Eulemur cinereiceps* * *Eulemur flavifrons* | * *Gorilla gorilla diehli* * *Procolobus rufomitratus* * *Cercopithecus diana roloway* * *Rungwecebus kipunji* * *Galagoides rondoensis* * *Procolobus epieni* | * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Pongo abelii* * *Simias concolor* * *Semnopithecus vetulus nestor* * *Hoolock hoolock* * *Tarsius tumpara* * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Nomascus nasutus* | * *Ateles hybridus* * *Oreonax flavicauda* * *Saguinus oedipus* |
| 2010–2012 | * *Eulemur flavifrons* * *Lepilemur septentrionalis* * *Prolemur simus* * *Propithecus candidus* * *Varecia variegata* | * *Cercopithecus diana roloway* * *Galagoides rondoensis* * *Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii* * *Piliocolobus epieni* * *Gorilla beringei graueri* | * *Tarsius tumpara* * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Macaca silenus* * *Simias concolor* * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus poliocephalus* * *Semnopithecus vetulus nestor* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Nomascus nasutus* * *Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus* | * *Ateles hybridus* * *Cebus flavius* * *Callicebus barbarabrownae* * *Oreonax flavicauda* |
| 2012–2014 | * *Propithecus candidus* * *Lepilemur septentrionalis* * *Eulemur flavifrons* * *Microcebus berthae* * *Varecia rubra* * *Indri indri* | * *Cercopithecus roloway* * *Galagoides rondoensis* * *Piliocolobus pennantii pennantii* * *Piliocolobus rufomitratus* * *Gorilla beringei graueri* | * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus p. poliocephalus* * *Pygathrix cinerea* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Simias concolor* * *Semnopithecus vetulus nestor* * *Tarsius pumilus* * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Nomascus nasutus* | * *Ateles hybridus* * *Ateles fusciceps fusciceps* * *Cebus kaapori* * *Callicebus oenanthe* * *Alouatta guariba guariba* |
| 2014–2016 | * *Cheirogaleus lavasoensis* * *Hapalemur alaotrensis* * *Varecia rubra* * *Lepilemur septentrionalis* * *Propithecus perrieri* | * *Galagoides rondoensis* * *Cercopithecus roloway* * *Piliocolobus preussi* * *Piliocolobus rufomitratus* * *Gorilla beringei graueri* | * *Carlito syrichta* * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Simias concolor* * *Trachypithecus delacouri* * *Trachypithecus poliocephalus* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Semnopithecus ajax* * *Semnopithecus vetulus nestor* * *Nomascus hainanus* * *Pongo abelii* | * *Ateles hybridus* * *Ateles fusciceps fusciceps* * *Cebus kaapori* * *Callicebus oenanthe* * *Alouatta guariba guariba* |
| 2016–2018 | * *Microcebus gerpi* * *Hapalemur alaotrensis* * *Lemur catta* * *Lepilemur jamesorum* * *Propithecus perrieri* * *Daubentonia madagascariensis* | * *Paragalago orinus* * *Cercopithecus roloway* * *Colobus vellerosus* * *Piliocolobus epieni* * *Gorilla beringei graueri* | * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Simias concolor* * *Trachypithecus poliocephalus* * *Rhinopithecus avunculus* * *Trachypithecus geei* * *Semnopithecus vetulus* * *Macaca nigra* * *Nomascus hainanus* * *Pongo pygmaeus* | * *Plecturocebus caquetensis* * *Cebus kaapori* * *Alouatta guariba guariba* * *Ateles geoffroyi* * *Ateles fusciceps* |
| 2018–2020 | * *Microcebus manitatra* * *Hapalemur alaotrensis* * *Lepilemur jamesorum* * *Indri indri* * *Daubentonia madagascariensis* | * *Paragalago rondoensis* * *Cercopithecus roloway* * *Rungwecebus kipunji* * *Colobus vellerosus* * *Piliocolobus epieni* * *Piliocolobus rufomitratus* * *Pan troglodytes verus* | * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Simias concolor* * *Trachypithecus poliocephalus* * *Trachypithecus geei* * *Semnopithecus vetulus* * *Hoolock tianxing* * *Pongo tapanuliensis* | * *Callithrix aurita* * *Saguinus bicolor* * *Cebus aequatorialis* * *Plecturocebus olallae* * *Alouatta guariba* * *Ateles geoffroyi* |
| 2022–2023 | * *Microcebus berthae* * *Lepilemur septentrionalis* * *Eulemur flavifrons* * *Propithecus coquereli* | * *Paragalogo rondoensis* * *Cercocebus chrysogaster* * *Erythrocebus baumstarki* * *Cercopithecus roloway* * *Piliocolobus epieni* * *Pan troglodytes ellioti* | * *Nycticebus javanicus* * *Tarsius sangirensis* * *Semnopithecus vetulus* * *Trachypithecus poliocephalus* * *Presbytis femoralis* * *Rhinopithecus brelichi* * *Hoolock tianxing* * *Pongo tapanuliensis* | * *Callithrix flaviceps* * *Cebus kaapori* * *Cebus aequatorialis* * *Plecturocebus grovesi* * *Alouatta guariba* * *Ateles fusciceps fusciceps* * *Ateles geoffroyi* |

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title: Shanghai Ferry

abstract: The Shanghai Ferry is a system of ferry routes across the Huangpu River in Shanghai. The ferry service started on January 5, 1911 by the municipal authorities in Pudong. Before the 1970s, the ferry service was the only way to cross the Huangpu River. In the 1980s, the Shanghai Ferry became one of the busiest ferry services in the world. In the 1990s, as bridges and tunnels across the Huangpu river were built, the ferry service saw a sharp drop in ridership. The Shanghai Ferry currently consists of 18 ferry lines and is operated by the state-owned Shanghai Ferry Company.

text:
# Shanghai Ferry

The **Shanghai Ferry** (Chinese: 上海市轮渡, abbr. 市轮渡) is a system of ferry routes across the Huangpu River in Shanghai. The ferry service started on January 5, 1911 by the municipal authorities in Pudong. Before the 1970s, the ferry service was the only way to cross the Huangpu River. In the 1980s, the Shanghai Ferry became one of the busiest ferry services in the world. In the 1990s, as bridges and tunnels across the Huangpu river were built, the ferry service saw a sharp drop in ridership. The Shanghai Ferry currently consists of 18 ferry lines and is operated by the state-owned Shanghai Ferry Company.

## History

### Before the creation of the ferry service

Before the Shanghai ferry service was created, private sampan ferries were the main way to cross the Huangpu River. Most sampan ferries could only carry around 30-50 passengers and a one-way trip across the river would take around 30 minutes. As the city grew, the demand for cross-river traffic increased rapidly. In addition, increasing number of large vessels and the strong currents on the river posed extra dangers for traditional sampan ferries. Accidents involving sampan ferries were on the rise.

In 1909, Pudong Embankment Rehabilitation Bureau, a semi-official autonomous municipal administration, dredged several tributaries of the Huangpu River. To help the workers commute across the river, the Pudong authorities rent a steamboat to ferry workers between the Tongren Pier (near the Bund at East Beijing Road) and Donggou in Pudong. Since the number of workers taking the ferry was far below the ferry's capacity, the authorities would also admit other passengers along the way, charging a small fee to subsidise the operation costs. As the steamboat was much safer and faster than other means to cross the river such as sampan ferries, taking the steamboat became the preferred way for people to cross the river. Meanwhile, the authorities realised that the ferry revenues can cover the renting cost. The authorities therefore decided to make its steamboat ferry service permanent

### Development of the ferry service

On January 15, 1911, the Pudong municipal authorities launched a ferry line between Tongren Pier and Donggou. In 1917, another ferry line linking Tongren Pier to Xidu was launched. Two years later, the authorities launched a ferry line between Tongren Pier and Xigou (Qingningsi). Around the same time, private ferry companies also started to launch commercial ferry lines.

In 1927, the ownership of the Pudong ferry service was transferred to the newly established Shanghai Special Municipality. By 1935, the ferry service operated 6 lines across the Huangpu river with 9 steel floating docks, 6 wooden docks, 12 ferry boats, and 5026 seats. The annual ridership reached 12.98 million. Before the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the Shanghai Ferry, consisting of mainly government-run ferry lines as well as private ferry lines, became the main way to cross the Huangpu River.

The Shanghai Ferry service was reduced to 3 lines due to the Second Sino-Japanese War. By 1945, the Shanghai ferry fleet had been reduced to 2 long ferries, both leased out, and 3 standard ferries unable to put in service due to broken engines. In March 1947, the Shanghai Ferry Company was established as a joint venture between the government and various private ferry companies and original ferry lines were being restored. By 1949, the Shanghai Ferry Company operated 4 ferry lines across the river, one long-haul ferry route, and one ferry route for automobiles with 19 ferry boats, 13 steel floating docks, and 2 wooden docks.

Shortly after the Communist takeover of Shanghai, the military administration of Shanghai requisitioned the Shanghai Ferry Company on December 28, 1949. In 1956, the Communist government nationalised the ferry industry of Shanghai, abolishing traditional private sampan ferries and acquiring new ferry boats to launch new lines.

Before the 1970s, the ferry service was the only way to cross the Huangpu River. In the 1980s, the Shanghai Ferry became one of the busiest ferry services in the world. In 1993, the Shanghai Ferry Company operated 21 lines with a daily ridership of 1 million and an annual ridership of 3700 million. In the 1990s, the Shanghai government built several tunnels and bridges across the Huangpu River, such as the Nanpu Bridge, the Yangpu Bridge, and the East Fuxing Road Tunnel. As a result, some ferry lines were discontinued due to sharp drops in ridership. By 2011, the Shanghai Ferry Company operated 18 ferry lines and 55 ferry boats with a daily ridership of 250,000.

On January 29, 2018, the new Shanghai 1 and Shanghai 2 entered to the fleet of Shanghai Ferry, and started to operate since February 1. All standard ferries will retired on the same day.

### 1987 Shanghai stampede

The deadliest accident of the Shanghai Ferry happened on December 12, 1987. Heavy fog on that day resulted in a suspension of ferry service at Lujiazui Ferry Terminal, where passengers started to gather up. The ferry service restored at 9 am. When the second ferry arrived at 9:10 am, anxious passengers pushed towards the ferry boat. An estimated 30,000-40,000 passengers (many with bicycles) had queued for the ferry. The passengers became anxious from the waiting and began to push towards the second ferry, after the first had departed. People and bicycles began to fall into the river from the pushing and the scene quickly turned chaotic. The station was closed 5 minutes later in order to disperse the crowd and commence rescue operations.

The disaster killed 17 people, severely injured 2 and injured over 70 people. It was the deadliest stampede to occur in Shanghai before the stampede in 2014. Another casualty report stated that 66 were killed, 2 severely injured and over 20 slightly injured.

## Lines

| Lines | Lines (in Chinese) | Terminal in Puxi | Terminal in Puxi (in Chinese) | Operation Hours | Terminal in Pudong | Terminal in Pudong (in Chinese) | Operation Hours | Interval (minutes) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sansong Line | 三淞线 | Wusong | 吴淞 | 6:00-21:00 | Sanchagang | 三岔港 | 5:50-20:45 | 20/30 |
| Caolin Line | 草临线 | Linjiang Rd | 临江路 | 6:00-20:30 | Caozhen | 草镇 | 5:50-20:35 | 20/40 |
| Dongnen Line | 东嫩线 | Nenjiang Rd | 嫩江路 | 5:30-21:20 | Dongtang Rd | 东塘路 | 5:40-21:30 | 10/15/20/30 |
| Nanlu Line | 南陆线 | Lujiabang Rd | 陆家浜路 | 24 hours | Nanmatou | 南码头 | 24 hours | 12/24/30/Irregular intervals at night |
| Tangmi Line | 塘米线 | Mishidu | 米市渡 | 6:30-18:30 | Tangkou | 塘口 | 6:45-18:35 | 30 (Under renovation) |
| Jinding Line | 金定线 | Dinghaiqiao | 定海桥 | 24 hours | Jinqiao | 金桥 | 24 hours | 10/20/30/Irrgular intervals at Night |
| Xiening Line | 歇宁线 | Ningguo Rd | 宁国路 | 6:40-18:20 | Xiepu Rd | 歇浦路 | 6:50-18:30 | 20/30 |
| Mindan Line | 民丹线 | Dandong Rd | 丹东路 | 5:00-22:00 | Minsheng Rd | 民生路 | 5:10-21:50 | 10/20 |
| Qiqin Line | 其秦线 | Qinhuangdao Rd | 秦皇岛路 | 24 hours | Qichangzhan | 其昌栈 | 24 hours | 10/20/30/Irrgular intervals at Night |
| Taigong Line | 泰公线 | Gongping Rd | 公平路 | 7:00-19:00 | Taidong Rd | 泰同栈 | 7:00-18:50 | 10/20 |
| Dongjin Line | 东金线 | East Jinling Rd | 金陵东路 | 7:00-22:00 | Dongchang Rd | 东昌路 | 7:00-22:00 | 15 |
| Dongfu Line | 东复线 | East Fuxing Rd | 复兴东路 | 6:00-19:00 | Dongchang Rd | 东昌路 | 6:00-18:45 | 15 |
| Yangfu Line | 杨复线 | East Fuxing Rd | 复兴东路 | 5:00-23:00 | Yangjiadu | 杨家渡 | 5:10-22:50 | 10/20 |
| Tangdong Line | 塘董线 | Dongjiadu | 董家渡 | 6:20-18:00 | Tangqiao | 塘桥 | 6:30-18:10 | 20/30 |
| Sangang Line | 三港线 | Gangkou | 港口 | 5:00-23:00 | Sanlin Rd | 三林路 | 5:10-23:05 | 10/20/30 |
| Chenche Line | 陈车线 | Chegouqiao | 车沟桥 | 5:50-18:30 | Chenhang | 陈行 | 6:00-18:35 | 20/30 |
| Duwu Line | 杜吴线 | Wujing | 吴泾 | 5:00-19:00 | Duhang Ferry Pier | 杜行 | 5:15-19:08 | 30 |
| Ximin Line | 西闵线 | Minhang Ferry Pier | 闵行 | 4:00-0:00 | Xidu Ferry Pier | 西渡 | 4:10-00:05 | 15/20/30 |

## Fares

Shanghai ferry service has different fare categories for 8 types of passengers.

| Type of passenger | Monthly token |
| --- | --- |
|
| Passengers | RMB 2.00 |
| Bicycles | RMB 2.80 |
| Light motorcycles | RMB 3.00 |
| Motorcycles | RMB 4.00 |

**Discounts** on Shanghai Ferry are available to holders of the Shanghai Public Transport Card. Ferry discounts are separate from other public transport discounts. According to the website of the Shanghai Ferry company:

* **Standard ferry discount**: holders of the Shanghai Public Transport Card enjoy a 20% discount from the 21st to 60th ride in one month. Normal fares would apply from the 61st ride to the 80th ride, and the discounted fares would apply again from the 81st ride to the 120th ride, so on and so forth.
* **Air-conditioned ferry discounts**: holders of the Shanghai Public Transport Card enjoy a 1 RMB-off discount on the second ride of an air-conditioned ferry in one day.

## International ferry service

There is a weekly ferry between Osaka in Japan and Shanghai in China with a duration of 48 hours. Shanghai Ferry utilises the vessel Su Zhou Hao. Built in 1992, the ferry is 155 metres in length, can carry up to 272 passengers and travels around 21 knots.

## InfoBox

| Shanghai Ferry | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 上海市轮渡 |
| Traditional Chinese | 上海市輪渡 |
| Literal meaning | Shanghai Ferry |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Shànghǎi shì lúndù | |
| Commonly abbreviated as | |
| Simplified Chinese | 市轮渡 |
| Traditional Chinese | 市輪渡 |
| Literal meaning | City ferry |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Shì lúndù | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | Shanghai Municipal Government |
| Locale | Shanghai, China |
| Number of lines | 18 |
| Daily ridership | 250,000 (2011 avg.) |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 5 January 1911 (1911-01-05) |
| Operator(s) | Shanghai Ferry Company |
| System map   --- | |


title: Southport Visiter

abstract: The Southport Visiter is a weekly paid-for print newspaper covering Southport, Merseyside, England. It was founded in 1844 as a single sheet listing visitors to the seaside town. It is now owned by Reach Regionals, formerly Trinity Mirror, and in 2018 it was announced that its website would merge with that of the Liverpool Echo, with the distinct printed product continuing. The paper was published from premises in Lord Street in Southport until 1889 when it moved to Tulketh Street. After printing ceased in Southport the building was larger than needed, and for part of 2010 the ground floor was occupied by Southport Library. In 2014 it was announced that staff would move to a new "digital hub" on Lord Street, the street where the newspaper had begun. In July 2018 it was reported that the empty premises in Tulketh Street had been vandalised, and that staff were not working at the Lord Street premises but were based in Liverpool. Former editors of the Southport Visiter included Alan Pinch and John Dempsey. On April Fools' Day 2016 the paper published a hoax announcement that it would be changing the spelling of its name to Visitor, and a later retraction. In 1996 the Press Complaints Commission rejected a case against the paper, brought by a man who believed it had published "intrusive amounts of detail regarding the conviction of a man for assaulting the complainant's sister-in-law".

text:
# Southport Visiter

The ***Southport Visiter*** is a weekly paid-for print newspaper covering Southport, Merseyside, England. It was founded in 1844 as a single sheet listing visitors to the seaside town. It is now owned by Reach Regionals, formerly Trinity Mirror, and in 2018 it was announced that its website would merge with that of the *Liverpool Echo*, with the distinct printed product continuing.

The paper was published from premises in Lord Street in Southport until 1889 when it moved to Tulketh Street. After printing ceased in Southport the building was larger than needed, and for part of 2010 the ground floor was occupied by Southport Library. In 2014 it was announced that staff would move to a new "digital hub" on Lord Street, the street where the newspaper had begun. In July 2018 it was reported that the empty premises in Tulketh Street had been vandalised, and that staff were not working at the Lord Street premises but were based in Liverpool.

Former editors of the *Southport Visiter* included Alan Pinch and John Dempsey.

On April Fools' Day 2016 the paper published a hoax announcement that it would be changing the spelling of its name to *Visitor*, and a later retraction.

In 1996 the Press Complaints Commission rejected a case against the paper, brought by a man who believed it had published "intrusive amounts of detail regarding the conviction of a man for assaulting the complainant's sister-in-law".

## InfoBox

Southport Visiter
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Reach plc |
| Founded | 1844 |
| Circulation | 912 (as of 2023) |
| Website | southportvisiter.co.uk |


title: Robert Young (actor)

abstract: Robert George Young was an American film, television, and radio actor best known for his leading roles as Jim Anderson, the father character, in Father Knows Best and the physician Marcus Welby in Marcus Welby, M.D. (ABC). In 1978, Young produced a documentary that "stressed the importance of motorcycle training for teenagers." This film earned him the 1979 BAFTA Award for Best Specialised Film.

text:
# Robert Young (actor)

**Robert George Young** (February 22, 1907 – July 21, 1998) was an American film, television, and radio actor best known for his leading roles as Jim Anderson, the father character, in *Father Knows Best* (CBS, then NBC, then CBS again) and the physician Marcus Welby in *Marcus Welby, M.D.* (ABC). In 1978, Young produced a documentary that "stressed the importance of motorcycle training for teenagers." This film earned him the 1979 BAFTA Award for Best Specialised Film.

## Early life

Born in Chicago, Young was the son of an Irish immigrant father, Thomas E. Young, and an American mother, Margaret Fyfe. While Young was a child, the family moved to various locations within the U.S., including Seattle as well as Los Angeles, where Young was a student at Abraham Lincoln High School. After graduation, he studied and performed at the Pasadena Playhouse while working odd jobs and appearing in bit parts in silent films. While touring with a stock company producing "The Ship", Young was discovered by a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer talent scout who signed the fledgling actor to a contract. Young made his sound-film debut for Fox Film Corporation in the 1931 Charlie Chan film *Black Camel*, starring Warner Oland.

## Film career

Young appeared in over 100 films between 1928 and 1952. In spite of having a "tier B" status, he co-starred with some of the studio's most illustrious actresses, such as Katharine Hepburn, Margaret Sullavan, Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Helen Hayes, Luise Rainer, Hedy Lamarr, Helen Twelvetrees and (unrelated) Loretta Young. Yet most of his assignments consisted of short B movies, also known as "programmers", which required brief two- to three-week shooting schedules. Actors who were relegated to such hectic routines appeared, as Young did, in some six to eight movies per year.

As an MGM contract player, Young was obligated to accept any film assigned to him or risk being placed on suspension—and many actors who were placed on suspension were prohibited from earning a salary from any endeavor at all, even those unrelated to the film industry. In 1936, MGM summarily loaned Young to Gaumont British in the U.K. for two films; the first, *Secret Agent*, was directed by Alfred Hitchcock, while the other, *It's Love Again*, co-starred Jessie Matthews. While in England, he was convinced that MGM intended to terminate his contract, but he was mistaken.

He unexpectedly received one of his most rewarding roles late in his MGM career, in *H.M. Pulham, Esq.* (1941), which also benefited from one of Hedy Lamarr's most effective performances. He once remarked that he was assigned only those roles which Robert Montgomery and other A-list actors had rejected.

After his contract with MGM expired, Young starred in light comedies and dramas for studios such as 20th Century Fox, United Artists, and RKO Radio Pictures. From 1943, Young had more challenging roles in films like *Claudia*, *The Enchanted Cottage*, *They Won't Believe Me*, *The Second Woman*, and *Crossfire*. His portrayals of unsympathetic characters in several of these later films—which had seldom been the case in his MGM pictures—were applauded by numerous critics. In 1949, he returned to MGM briefly to appear in *That Forsyte Woman* with Errol Flynn and Greer Garson. He played the second lead in *Secret of the Incas* (1954) starring Charlton Heston, the film upon which *Raiders of the Lost Ark* was subsequently loosely based. Despite the picture's superior quality while being shot on location at Machu Picchu, it was the last feature film in which he appeared. Young's career had begun an incremental and almost imperceptible decline, despite a propitious beginning as a freelance actor without the nurturing of a major studio. He had continued starring as a leading man in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but only in mediocre films, and occasionally playing supporting roles in important films. Then, he subsequently disappeared from the silver screen—only to reappear, successfully, several years later on a much smaller one.

### Television career

Today, Young is most remembered as the affable insurance salesman in the long-running popular sitcom *Father Knows Best* (1949–1954 on radio, 1954–1960 on television), for which he and his co-star Jane Wyatt won several Emmy Awards. Elinor Donahue ("Betty"), Billy Gray ("Bud"), and Lauren Chapin ("Kathy") played the Anderson children in the television version.

Young then created, produced, and starred with Ford Rainey and Constance Moore in the nostalgic CBS comedy series *Window on Main Street* (1961–1962).

Young's final television series was *Marcus Welby, M.D.* (1969–1976), co-starring a young James Brolin. This show earned an Emmy for Young, for best leading actor in a drama series.

He shared the stage on *The Dick Cavett Show* with Jimi Hendrix in September 1969.

Until 1982, he made numerous television commercials for Sanka coffee.

The popular phrase "I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV" from a commercial for Vicks 44 cough medicine has been erroneously attributed to Young due to his *Marcus Welby, MD* fame. It was actually spoken by actor Chris Robinson and then by Peter Bergman during the 1980s.

## Personal life and death

Young was married to Betty Henderson for 61 years from 1933 until her death in 1994. They had four daughters: Carol Proffitt, Barbara Beebe, Kathy Young, and Betty Lou Gleason. They also had six grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.

Despite his trademark portrayal of happy, well-adjusted characters, Young's bitterness toward Hollywood casting practices never diminished, and he suffered from depression and alcoholism, culminating in a suicide attempt in January 1991. Later, he spoke candidly about his personal problems in an effort to encourage others to seek help. The Robert Young Community Mental Health Center is named after Young in honor of his work toward passage of the 708 Illinois Tax Referendum, which established a property tax to support mental health programs in his home state. The center started in Rock Island, Illinois, and now has sites in both Iowa and Illinois, as part of the Quad-City metropolitan area.

Young died of respiratory failure at his Westlake Village, California, home on July 21, 1998.

He has three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; the stars are in the categories of film (located at 6933 Hollywood Blvd.), television (6358 Hollywood Blvd.), and radio (1660 Vine Street).

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1928 | *The Godless Girl* | Student | Uncredited |
| 1931 | *The Black Camel* | Jimmy Bradshaw | A Warner Oland / Charlie Chan film |
| 1931 | *The Sin of Madelon Claudet* | Dr. Lawrence Claudet | Alternative title: *The Lullaby* |
| 1931 | *Hell Divers* | Graham – Pilot Reporting Missing Airplanes | Uncredited |
| 1931 | *The Guilty Generation* | Marco Ricca—aka John Smith |  |
| 1932 | *The Wet Parade* | Kip Tarleton |  |
| 1932 | *New Morals for Old* | Ralph Thomas |  |
| 1932 | *Unashamed* | Dick Ogden |  |
| 1932 | *Strange Interlude* | Gordon Evans (as a Young Man) | Alternative title: *Strange Interval* |
| 1932 | *The Kid from Spain* | Ricardo |  |
| 1933 | *Men Must Fight* | Lt. Geoffrey Aiken |  |
| 1933 | *Today We Live* | Claude |  |
| 1933 | *Hell Below* | Lieutenant (JG) Ed "Brick" Walters |  |
| 1933 | *Tugboat Annie* | Alexander "Alec" Brennan |  |
| 1933 | *Saturday's Millions* | Jim Fowler |  |
| 1933 | *The Right to Romance* | Bobby Preble |  |
| 1934 | *Carolina* | Will Connelly |  |
| 1934 | *Spitfire* | John Stafford |  |
| 1934 | *The House of Rothschild* | Captain Fitzroy |  |
| 1934 | *Lazy River* | William "Bill" Drexel |  |
| 1934 | *Hollywood Party* | Himself, Radio Announcer | Uncredited |
| 1934 | *Whom the Gods Destroy* | Jack Forrester |  |
| 1934 | *Paris Interlude* | Pat Wells |  |
| 1934 | *Death on the Diamond* | Larry Kelly |  |
| 1934 | *The Band Plays On* | Tony Ferrera |  |
| 1934 | *La ciudad de cartón* | Himself |  |
| 1935 | *West Point of the Air* | Little Mike Stone |  |
| 1935 | *Vagabond Lady* | Tony Spear |  |
| 1935 | *Calm Yourself* | Preston 'Pat' Patton |  |
| 1935 | *Red Salute* | Uncle Sam |  |
| 1935 | *Remember Last Night?* | Tony Milburn |  |
| 1935 | *The Bride Comes Home* | Jack Bristow |  |
| 1936 | *It's Love Again* | Peter Carlton |  |
| 1936 | *The Three Wise Guys* | Joe Hatcher |  |
| 1936 | *Secret Agent* | Robert Marvin |  |
| 1936 | *The Bride Walks Out* | Hugh McKenzie |  |
| 1936 | *Sworn Enemy* | Henry 'Hank' Sherman |  |
| 1936 | *The Longest Night* | Charley Phelps |  |
| 1936 | *Stowaway* | Tommy Randall |  |
| 1937 | *Dangerous Number* | Henry 'Hank' Medhill |  |
| 1937 | *I Met Him in Paris* | Gene Anders |  |
| 1937 | *Married Before Breakfast* | Tom Wakefield |  |
| 1937 | *The Emperor's Candlesticks* | Grand Duke Peter |  |
| 1937 | *The Bride Wore Red* | Rudi Pal |  |
| 1937 | *Navy Blue and Gold* | Roger "Rog" Ash |  |
| 1938 | *Paradise for Three* | Fritz Hagedorn | Alternative title: *Romance for Three* |
| 1938 | *Three Comrades* | Gottfried Lenz |  |
| 1938 | *Josette* | Pierre Brassard |  |
| 1938 | *The Toy Wife* | Andre Vallaire |  |
| 1938 | *Rich Man, Poor Girl* | Bill Harrison |  |
| 1938 | *The Shining Hour* | David Linden |  |
| 1939 | *Honolulu* | Brooks Mason / George Smith |  |
| 1939 | *Bridal Suite* | Neil McGill |  |
| 1939 | *Maisie* | Charles "Slim" Martin |  |
| 1939 | *Miracles for Sale* | Michael "Mike" Morgan |  |
| 1940 | *Northwest Passage* | Langdon Towne |  |
| 1940 | *Florian* | Anton Erban |  |
| 1940 | *The Mortal Storm* | Fritz Marberg |  |
| 1940 | *Sporting Blood* | Myles Vanders |  |
| 1940 | *Dr. Kildare's Crisis* | Douglas "Doug" Lamont |  |
| 1941 | *Western Union* | Richard Blake |  |
| 1941 | *The Trial of Mary Dugan* | Jimmy Blake |  |
| 1941 | *Lady Be Good* | Edward "Eddie" Crane |  |
| 1941 | *Married Bachelor* | Randolph Haven |  |
| 1941 | *H. M. Pulham, Esq.* | Harry Moulton Pulham |  |
| 1942 | *Joe Smith, American* | Joe Smith |  |
| 1942 | *Cairo* | Homer Smith, aka Juniper Jones |  |
| 1942 | *Journey for Margaret* | John Davis |  |
| 1943 | *Claudia* | David Naughton |  |
| 1943 | *Slightly Dangerous* | Bob Stuart |  |
| 1943 | *Sweet Rosie O'Grady* | Sam MacKeever |  |
| 1944 | *The Canterville Ghost* | Cuffy Williams |  |
| 1945 | *The Enchanted Cottage* | Oliver Bradford |  |
| 1945 | *Those Endearing Young Charms* | Lt. Hurley 'Hank' Travers |  |
| 1946 | *Claudia and David* | David Naughton |  |
| 1946 | *The Searching Wind* | Alex Hazen |  |
| 1946 | *Lady Luck* | Larry Scott |  |
| 1947 | *They Won't Believe Me* | Larry Ballentine |  |
| 1947 | *Crossfire* | Finlay |  |
| 1948 | *Relentless* | Nick Buckley |  |
| 1948 | *Sitting Pretty* | Harry King |  |
| 1949 | *Adventure in Baltimore* | Dr. Andrew Sheldon |  |
| 1949 | *That Forsyte Woman* | Philip Bosinney | Alternative title: *The Forsyte Saga* |
| 1949 | *Bride for Sale* | Steve Adams |  |
| 1949 | *And Baby Makes Three* | Vernon "Vern" Walsh |  |
| 1950 | *The Second Woman* | Jeff Cohalan |  |
| 1951 | *Goodbye, My Fancy* | Doctor James Merrill |  |
| 1952 | *The Half-Breed* | Dan Craig |  |
| 1954 | *The Big Moment* | Narrator |  |
| 1954 | *Secret of the Incas* | Stanley Moorehead | Final film |

Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1954 | *Ford Television Theatre* | Tom Warren | 1 episode |
| 1954–1960 | *Father Knows Best* | Jim Anderson | 203 episodes |
| 1955 | *Climax!* | Lieutenant Commander Knowles | 1 episode |
| 1961 | *Window on Main Street* | Cameron Garrett Brooks | 17 episodes |
| 1965 | *Dr. Kildare* | Dr. Gilbert Winfield | 1 episode |
| 1965 | *Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre*: *The Admiral* | Admiral Matt Callahan | 1 episode |
| 1968 | *The Name of the Game* | Herman Allison | 1 episode |
| 1969–1976 | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* | Dr. Marcus Welby | 170 episodes |
| 1972 | *All My Darling Daughters* | Judge Charles Raleigh | Television film |
| 1973 | *My Darling Daughters' Anniversary* | Judge Charles Raleigh | Television film |
| 1977 | *Father Knows Best Reunion* | Jim Anderson | Television film |
| 1977 | *Father Knows Best: Home for Christmas* | Jim Anderson | Television film |
| 1978 | *Little Women* | Grandpa James Lawrence | Television film |
| 1984 | *The Return of Marcus Welby, M.D.* | Dr. Marcus Welby | Television film |
| 1987 | *American Masters* | Edward "Eddie" Crane | 1 episode |
| 1987 | *Mercy or Murder?* | Roswell Gilbert | Television film |
| 1987 | *A Conspiracy of Love* | Joe Woldarski | Television film |
| 1988 | *Marcus Welby, M.D.: A Holiday Affair* | Dr. Marcus Welby | Television film (final appearance) |

Radio
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1949–1954 | *Father Knows Best* | Jim Anderson |  |
| 1943 | *Suspense* |  | Episode: "A Friend to Alexander" |
| 1946 | *Suspense* |  | Episode: "The Night Reveals" |
| 1952 | *Suspense* |  | Episode: "The Frameup" |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Result | Category | Film or series |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1956 | Emmy Award | **Nominated** | Best Actor – Continuing Performance | *Father Knows Best* |
| 1957 | | **Won** | Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic Series | *Father Knows Best* |
| 1958 | | **Won** | Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic or Comedy Series | *Father Knows Best* |
| 1959 | | **Nominated** | Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Comedy Series | *Father Knows Best* |
| 1970 | | **Won** | Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1971 | | **Nominated** | Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama | *Vanished* |
| | | Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1972 | | **Nominated** | Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1970 | Golden Globe Award | **Nominated** | Best TV Actor – Drama | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1971 | | | Best TV Actor – Drama | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1972 | | **Won** | Best TV Actor – Drama | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1973 | | **Nominated** | Best TV Actor – Drama | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 1974 | | Best TV Actor – Drama | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
| 2003 | TV Land Award | **Nominated** | Classic TV Doctor of the Year | *Marcus Welby, M.D.* |
|

**Other sources**

* Eames, John Douglas (1986). *The MGM Story*. New York City: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-52389-2.
* Gartside, Michael (2000–2001). *Robert Young's British Films*. Muscatine, IA: Films of the Golden Age.
* Jewell, Richard B.; Harbin, Vernon (1982). *The RKO Story*. New York City: Crown Publishers.
* Katz, Ephraim (1981). *The Film Encyclopedia*. New York City: Harper Perennial.
* Shipman, David (1970). *The Great Movie Stars: The Golden Years*. New York City: Bonanza Books.

## InfoBox

| Robert Young | |
| --- | --- |
| Young in 1957 | |
| Born | Robert George Young
(1907-02-22)February 22, 1907
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | July 21, 1998(1998-07-21) (aged 91)
Westlake Village, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1927–1988 |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Betty Henderson  (m. 1933; died 1994) |
| Children | 4 |
| Relatives | Marcia Ralston (sister-in-law) |


title: Ferdinand Alquié

abstract: Ferdinand Alquié was a French philosopher and member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from 1978. In the years 1931 to 1945 he was a professor in various provincial and Parisian lycees, and later at the University of Montpellier and Sorbonne where he worked until he retired in 1979.

text:
# Ferdinand Alquié

**Ferdinand Alquié** (French: \[alkje\] ; 18 December 1906 – 28 February 1985) was a French philosopher and member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from 1978.

In the years 1931 to 1945 he was a professor in various provincial and Parisian lycees, and later at the University of Montpellier and Sorbonne where he worked until he retired in 1979.

## Career

Alquié's career was dominated by the decades-long polemic between himself as a Cartesian and the Spinozian perspective of his rival Martial Gueroult. He was vehemently opposed to all forms of philosophical monism and felt that human life is permeated by various forms of dualism. He was opposed to totalitarianism as well as to Marxism; as a close friend of André Breton, he aligned himself with the surrealist project.

He was an instructor of Gilles Deleuze, whom, according to Michael Hardt, he accused of drawing on biology, psychology, and other fields, neglecting philosophy. Deleuze responded by agreeing with Alquié and moreover, he argued that his primary interest was precisely in the metaphysics science needs rather than in the science philosophy needs. Alquié went on to direct Deleuze's secondary thesis, "Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza." Also among his students at the Sorbonne was the Finnish feminist philosopher and Descartes specialist Lilli Alanen.

Alquié has published many books about Descartes, Kant and Spinoza, as well as a book on Nicolas Malebranche. He was close to the artist André Breton and wrote *Philosophy of Surrealism* (1955), which espoused a view of surrealism as a form of humanism that values the vibrant potential of the unconscious mind.

## Works

* *Leçon de philosophie*, 2 vol., Didier, 1931-1951.
* *Notes sur la première partie des* Principes de la philosophie *de Descartes*, Éditions Chantiers, 1933.
* *Le Problème moral*, Éditions Chantiers, 1933.
* *Les États représentatifs*, Éditions Chantiers, 1934.
* *Les Mouvements et les actes*, Éditions Chantiers, 1934.
* *Plans de philosophie générale*, Éditions Chantiers, 1934; réédition La Table Ronde, "La Petite Vermillon", 2000.
* *La Science*, Éditions Chantiers, 1934.
* *Les Devoirs et la vie morale (plans de morale spéciale)*, Éditions Chantiers, 1935.
* *Notions de psychologie générale*, Éditions Chantiers, 1935.
* *Les Tendances et la raison*, Éditions Chantiers, 1935.
* *Les Sciences mathématiques, les sciences de la matière et de la vie*, Éditions Chantiers, 1936.
* *Les Synthèses représentatives*, Éditions Chantiers, 1936.
* *Les États affectifs*, Éditions Chantiers, 1937.
* *Les Opérations intellectuelles*, Éditions Chantiers, 1937.
* *Le Désir d'éternité*, PUF, 1943.
* *Introduction à la lecture de la Critique de la raison pure*, PUF, 1943.
* *La Découverte métaphysique de l'homme chez Descartes*, PUF, 1950.
* *La Nostalgie de l'être*, PUF, 1950.
* *Science et métaphysique chez Descartes*, Les Cours de Sorbonne, CDU, 1955.
* *Philosophie du surréalisme*, Flammarion, 1955.
* *Descartes, l'homme et l'œuvre*, Connaissance des Lettres, Hatier, 1956.
* *L'Expérience*, PUF, 1957.
* Édition de textes choisis de l'*Éthique* de Spinoza, PUF, 1961.
* Édition des *Œuvres philosophiques de Descartes*, 3 vol., Garnier, 1963-1973.
* *Nature et vérité dans la philosophie de Spinoza*, Les Cours de Sorbonne, CDU, 1965.
* *Solitude de la raison*, Le Terrain vague, 1966.
* *La Critique kantienne de la métaphysique*, PUF, 1968.
* *Entretiens sur le surréalisme*, W. de Gruyter, 1968.
* *Signification de la philosophie*, Hachette, 1971.
* *Le Cartésianisme de Malebranche*, Vrin, 1974.
* *Malebranche et le rationalisme chrétien*, Seghers, 1977.
* *La Conscience affective*, Vrin, 1979.
* *Le Rationalisme de Spinoza*, PUF, 1981.
* *Servitude et liberté chez Spinoza*, Les Cours de Sorbonne, CDU.
* *La Morale de Kant*, Les Cours de Sorbonne, 1957.
* Édition des *Œuvres philosophiques de Kant*, 3 vol., Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1980, 1984, 1986.
* *Études cartésiennes*, Vrin, 1983.

* Bell, J. (2011). Between Realism and Anti-realism: Deleuze and the Spinozist Tradition in Philosophy. *Deleuze Studies*. Vol. 5:1–17.
* Peden, K. (2011). Descartes, Spinoza, and the impasse of French philosophy: Ferdinand Alquie versus Martial Gueroult. *Modern Intellectual History*. Vol. 8(2): 361–390.

## InfoBox

| Ferdinand Alquié | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1906-12-18)18 December 1906
Carcassonne, Aude |
| Died | 28 February 1985(1985-02-28) (aged 78)
Montpellier |
| Occupation(s) | Philosopher, author and professor |