title: Clinical significance

abstract: In medicine and psychology, clinical significance is the practical importance of a treatment effect—whether it has a real genuine, palpable, noticeable effect on daily life.

text:
# Clinical significance

In medicine and psychology, **clinical significance** is the practical importance of a treatment effect—whether it has a real genuine, palpable, noticeable effect on daily life.

## Types of significance

### Statistical significance

Statistical significance is used in hypothesis testing, whereby the null hypothesis (that there is no relationship between variables) is tested. A level of significance is selected (most commonly *α* = 0.05 or 0.01), which signifies the probability of incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis. If there is a significant difference between two groups at *α* = 0.05, it means that there is only a 5% probability of obtaining the observed results under the assumption that the difference is entirely due to chance (i.e., the null hypothesis is true); it gives no indication of the magnitude or clinical importance of the difference. When statistically significant results are achieved, they favor rejection of the null hypothesis, but they do not prove that the null hypothesis is false. Likewise, non-significant results do not prove that the null hypothesis is true; they also give no evidence of the truth or falsity of the hypothesis the researcher has generated. Statistical significance relates only to the compatibility between observed data and what would be expected under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.

### Practical significance

In broad usage, the "practical clinical significance" answers the question, *how effective* is the intervention or treatment, or how much change does the treatment cause. In terms of testing clinical treatments, practical significance optimally yields quantified information about the importance of a finding, using metrics such as effect size, number needed to treat (NNT), and preventive fraction. Practical significance may also convey semi-quantitative, comparative, or feasibility assessments of utility.

Effect size is one type of practical significance. It quantifies the extent to which a sample diverges from expectations. Effect size can provide important information about the results of a study, and are recommended for inclusion in addition to statistical significance. Effect sizes have their own sources of bias, are subject to change based on population variability of the dependent variable, and tend to focus on group effects, not individual changes.

Although clinical significance and practical significance are often used synonymously, a more technical restrictive usage denotes this as erroneous. This technical use within psychology and psychotherapy not only results from a carefully drawn precision and particularity of language, but it enables a shift in perspective from group effects to the specifics of change(s) within an individual.

### Specific usage

In contrast, when used as a technical term within psychology and psychotherapy, clinical significance yields information on whether a treatment was effective enough to change a patient's diagnostic label. In terms of clinical treatment studies, clinical significance answers the question "Is a treatment effective enough to cause the patient to be normal \[with respect to the diagnostic criteria in question\]?"

For example, a treatment might significantly change depressive symptoms (statistical significance), the change could be a large decrease in depressive symptoms (practical significance- effect size), and 40% of the patients no longer met the diagnostic criteria for depression (clinical significance). It is very possible to have a treatment that yields a significant difference and medium or large effect sizes, but does not move a patient from dysfunctional to functional.

Within psychology and psychotherapy, **clinical significance** was first proposed by Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf as a way to answer the question, is a therapy or treatment effective enough such that a client does not meet the criteria for a diagnosis? Jacobson and Truax later defined clinical significance as "the extent to which therapy moves someone outside the range of the dysfunctional population or within the range of the functional population." They proposed two components of this index of change: the status of a patient or client after therapy has been completed, and "how much change has occurred during the course of therapy."

Clinical significance is also a consideration when interpreting the results of the psychological assessment of an individual. Frequently, there will be a difference of scores or subscores that is statistically significant, unlikely to have occurred purely by chance. However, not all of those statistically significant differences are clinically significant, in that they do not either explain existing information about the client, or provide useful direction for intervention. Differences that are small in magnitude typically lack practical relevance and are unlikely to be clinically significant. Differences that are common in the population are also unlikely to be clinically significant, because they may simply reflect a level of normal human variation. Additionally, clinicians look for information in the assessment data and the client's history that corroborates the relevance of the statistical difference, to establish the connection between performance on the specific test and the individual's more general functioning.

## Calculation of clinical significance

Just as there are many ways to calculate statistical significance and practical significance, there are a variety of ways to calculate clinical significance. Five common methods are the Jacobson-Truax method, the Gulliksen-Lord-Novick method, the Edwards-Nunnally method, the Hageman-Arrindell method, and hierarchical linear modeling.

### Jacobson-Truax

Jacobson-Truax is common method of calculating clinical significance. It involves calculating a Reliability Change Index (RCI). The RCI equals the difference between a participant's pre-test and post-test scores, divided by the standard error of the difference. Cutoff scores are established for placing participants into one of four categories: recovered, improved, unchanged, or deteriorated, depending on the directionality of the RCI and whether the cutoff score was met.

### Gulliksen-Lord-Novick

The Gulliksen-Lord-Novick method is similar to Jacobson-Truax, except that it takes into account regression to the mean. This is done by subtracting the pre-test and post-test scores from a population mean, and dividing by the standard deviation of the population.

### Edwards-Nunnally

The Edwards-Nunnally method of calculating clinical significance is a more stringent alternative to the Jacobson-Truax method. Reliability scores are used to bring the pre-test scores closer to the mean, and then a confidence interval is developed for this adjusted pre-test score. Confidence intervals are used when calculating the change from pre-test to post-test, so greater actual change in scores is necessary to show clinical significance, compared to the Jacobson-Truax method.

### Hageman-Arrindell

The Hageman-Arrindell calculation of clinical significance involves indices of group change and of individual change. The reliability of change indicates whether a patient has improved, stayed the same, or deteriorated. A second index, the clinical significance of change, indicates four categories similar to those used by Jacobson-Truax: deteriorated, not reliably changed, improved but not recovered, and recovered.

### Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM)

HLM involves growth curve analysis instead of pre-test post-test comparisons, so three data points are needed from each patient, instead of only two data points (pre-test and post-test). A computer program, such as Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling is used to calculate change estimates for each participant. HLM also allows for analysis of growth curve models of dyads and groups.


title: Clivina castanea

abstract: Clivina castanea is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Westwood in 1837.

text:
# Clivina castanea

***Clivina castanea*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Westwood in 1837.

## InfoBox

| *Clivina castanea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Clivina* |
| Species: | ***C. castanea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clivina castanea***<br>Westwood, 1837 | |
|


title: Clivina capensis

abstract: Clivina capensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Kult in 1959.

text:
# Clivina capensis

***Clivina capensis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Kult in 1959.

## InfoBox

| *Clivina capensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Clivina* |
| Species: | ***C. capensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clivina capensis***<br>Kult, 1959 | |
|


title: Clivina cava

abstract: Clivina cava is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1866.

text:
# Clivina cava

***Clivina cava*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Jules Putzeys in 1866.

## InfoBox

| *Clivina cava* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Clivina* |
| Species: | ***C. cava*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clivina cava***<br>Putzeys, 1866 | |
|


title: Starków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

abstract: Starków is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłodzko, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Kłodzko, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Starków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

**Starków** \[ˈstarkuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kłodzko, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Kłodzko, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Starków | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Church of Saint Nicholas | |
| Starków | |
| Coordinates: 50°22′17″N 16°34′34″E / 50.37139°N 16.57611°E / 50.37139; 16.57611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Kłodzko |
| Gmina | Kłodzko |


title: Cobden, Ontario

abstract: Cobden is a small community in the Township of Whitewater Region, in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. It is located 95 kilometres (59 mi) northwest of Ottawa, and roughly halfway between Renfrew and Pembroke on Highway 17.

text:
# Cobden, Ontario

**Cobden** is a small community in the Township of Whitewater Region, in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. It is located 95 kilometres (59 mi) northwest of Ottawa, and roughly halfway between Renfrew and Pembroke on Highway 17.

## History

The area around Cobden was originally inhabited by the Nibachis, a sub-division of the native, Algonquian speaking, tribes of North America.

### Champlain's astrolabe

In 1613, the French explorer Samuel de Champlain travelled through an area very near Cobden while he was exploring the Ottawa River. The Chenaux Rapids forced Champlain and his men to portage. They presumably took shore in Browns Bay, near present-day McKenzie's Hill.

In 1953, a large rock was found in this area bearing a chiselled inscription. The inscription was hard to read but was determined to read, "Champlain Juin 2, 1613."

Champlain's trail from that point is debatable. He may have cut straight across land to the southern tip of Jeffreys Lake, or he may have veered south, and skirted the far side of what later came to be known as the Champlain Trail Lakes. It is known that he eventually made his way to Green Lake, and at that point, according to several 19th-century authors, Champlain lost his astrolabe. It stayed there for 254 years, until it was found in 1867 by Edward George Lee, a 14-year-old farm boy helping his father clear trees near Green Lake (now Astrolabe Lake).

Edward gave the astrolabe to Captain Cowley, a Steamboat Captain on Muskrat Lake; Lee never received the ten dollars that Cowley had promised him, and Cowley sold the astrolabe to his employer, the president of the Ottawa Forwarding Company, R.W. Cassels. The astrolabe eventually passed to Samuel V. Hoffman of the New York Historical Society in 1942, remained there for 47 years, and was acquired by the Department of Communications for the Canadian Museum of Civilization in 1989.

In 1990, a special celebration was held in Cobden in honour of the astrolabe's return.

Although it cannot be conclusively proven that the astrolabe found near the Lake indeed belonged to Champlain, the following facts should be taken into consideration:

* The bottom portion of the astrolabe is engraved 1603, the same year that Champlain was commissioned "geographer royal" to Henry IV on his first voyage to Canada.
* Champlain's reading at Gould's Landing erred by 1 degree. Subsequent readings recorded at Allumette Island also erred 1 degree.
* Apart from that reading at Allumette Island, Champlain does not enter readings for the remainder of his expedition.
* It was not unusual for Champlain to omit recording events and conditions in his journal. He was considered a laconic journalist who dealt only with the facts that he considered important.
* By 1611, the astrolabe had been largely replaced by the vernier scale, which was considered to be far more accurate.

### Founding and development

#### Early years

Cobden's very existence is a circumstance of location. As Pembroke and Ottawa grew so, the gap between them seemed to grow as well. In the 1800s, the easiest route between them was the Ottawa River. However, the presence of rapids near Portage du Fort necessitated a land route. The area was mostly a vast forest untouched by Europeans. A few settlers had put down near muskrat lake, (John Parsons, John Sheriff, Spencer Allen, Robert Allen, and others), but for the most part, there had been little activity since Champlain's visit in the 17th century.

Then, in 1849, Jason Gould built a road from what came to be called Goulds Landing to what would become Cobden on Muskrat Lake. One could catch a steamer down the lake and then go on by road to Pembroke. The traffic on the road was a cause for growth. In 1850, Gould built a post office and named the fledgling settlement Cobden after Richard Cobden, a member of British Parliament whom Gould admired.

By October 2, 1876, the railway had crept its way to Cobden. The community started to expand from the lake towards the railway station further inland. Main Street began to take shape, with *The Cobden Sun*, a Bank of Ottawa, black smith shops, a bakery, general store, mill, surgeon, and jewelry store. In 1880, a public school was opened to accommodate the strain on nearby S.S.No 1. Cobden was soon the largest community in Ross Township and became an incorporated village in October 1901.

#### 1901-present

Cobden has been the victim of many fires, which have destroyed almost all of the original buildings. Main Street has suffered worst from fire, including one in 1913 that destroyed the *Cobden Sun* building and many historical records.

A hydroelectric dam began operating at the falls south of Cobden. It supplied the town off and on with power until it was destroyed on April 12, 1934 in a raging flood. Large blocks of ice ripped the dam apart, poured over Highway 17, and tore away sections of pavement. The plant operator, Mr. Bill Wall, was stranded in the upper section of their house until flooding subsided. The town then started receiving power from a station in Calabogie.

Council elections in 1949 were dominated by the issue of whether or not to hold another plebiscite on establishing a waterworks system. A previous plebiscite had come out 82–56 against the idea, but times were changing quickly. After the war a new council was elected. The next vote was 124–46 in favour, and by the early 1950s, Cobden had water.

The waterworks system required constant maintenance until a major retooling in the 1980s. The visibly-dominating water tower was built in 1988 replacing the original, which had been built in 1951.

A larger school was needed by 1903. The present-day Cobden District Public School was built in 1938 and initially served as a high school until Opeongo High School was built.

In 2001, the Village of Cobden was amalgamated with the Village of Beachburg, the Township of Ross, and the Township of Westmeath to form the Township of Whitewater Region.

Today, Cobden's location on the busy Trans-Canada Highway, known as Highway 17, makes it a convenient stopping place for the many who pass through the area.

## Demographics

In 1991, Cobden had a population of 1026. In 1996, Cobden had a population of 1,020. The population of the town had decreased by 0.58%.

Occupying 1.85 km of land, Cobden has a population density of 551.351 per square kilometre.

## Culture

Cobden is hosts its own annual fair, which is held in late August each year. Established in 1854, the Cobden Fair offers several days of activities, which include exhibits, cattle, horse and sheep shows, midway rides and a demolition derby. During the holiday season, it has its own Santa Claus Parade. From May to October, located at the Cobden fairgrounds, it offers fresh local grown produce, homemade baking, and a wide assortment of crafts. It is one of the best farmers' markets in the Ottawa Valley.

### Farmers' Market

Organized in 1991, the Farmers' Market is an outdoor market that runs from May to October. It offers a wide variety of crafts and foodstuffs, and everything must be grown or handmade locally. The market has recently moved from the Memorial Hall grounds to the faigrounds, but the Christmas Market, the grande finale for the year, is still held in the Memorial Hall.

### Cobden Park

Overlooking Muskrat Lake, Cobden Park occupies what is thought to be where Champlain met the Native Chief Nibachis, as a plaque tha twas erected in the 1960s commemorates. The lands for the park were donated by Thomas Robinson and his wife in 1904. In 1988, extensive work was carried out on the beach portion of the park by the Civitans.

### Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport

Home to The Champlain Flying Club, the Cobden airport is on Highway 17 just south of the town.

### Logos Land

Located about 5 miles east of Cobden, Logos Land is a religious based water park. Built on the site of the Astrolabe's discovery, it features five water slides, paddle boats, mini-golf and a representation of Noah's Ark. The water park is open mid-June to Labour Day, but Noah's Ark is open year-round. It is also home to Canada's tallest Christmas tree, standing 22 m . Every year, over 3000 local children decorate the tree, which is dedicated to children around the world.

### Mussie

Mussie is a Nessie-like creature said to reside in Muskrat Lake. It most likely does not exist, or it is more likely a sturgeon. A handmade wooden tribute to Mussie can be found in front of the local Home Hardware Store. Standing 3 m high and approximately 4 m long, it was built by a previous store owner, Doug Schauer.

### Ottawa Valley Pentecostal Camp

Ottawa Valley Pentecostal Camp is a Christian based family and children's camp at the bottom of Muskrat Lake. It has hosted many local community events with its year-round facilities. Members of surrounding churches in the Ottawa area rent out trailers and stay at camp during the summer. The camp is owned and operated by the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada.

## Notable people

## Sources

* Regional Land Resource Study reis.agr.ca
* *History of Township of Ross*, Prepared by: Herbert Ross
* *The Upper Ottawa Valley Glimpse of History* by: Clyde C. Kennedy
* *Cobden Then and Now* by: George A. Wallace

## InfoBox

| Cobden | |
| --- | --- |
| Main Street in Cobden | |
| CobdenCobden | |
| Coordinates: 45°37′37″N 76°52′53″W / 45.62694°N 76.88139°W / 45.62694; -76.88139 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| County | Renfrew |
| Post office | 1850 |
| Incorporated village | 1900 |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.85 km2 (0.71 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 145 m (476 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 1,071 |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |
| Postal Code FSA | K0J |
| Area codes | 613 |


title: Cochrane Street

abstract: Cochrane Street is a hilly street between Queen's Road Central and the junction with Gage Street and Lyndhurst Terrace in Central, Hong Kong. The whole street hosts the Central–Mid-Levels escalators.

text:
# Cochrane Street

**Cochrane Street** (Chinese: 閣麟街; Cantonese Yale: *gok3 leun4 gaai1*) is a hilly street between Queen's Road Central and the junction with Gage Street and Lyndhurst Terrace in Central, Hong Kong. The whole street hosts the Central–Mid-Levels escalators.

## Name

The street was named after Thomas John Cochrane, a Rear Admiral of Second in Command (1842–44) and commander-in-chief (1844–46) in East Indies and China Station of Royal Navy. At the time, he stayed in Hong Kong.

## History

The street is near the Central Market across the Queen's Road. Cochrane Street was at the build-up area of Cantonese residents. It was re-zoned in 1844 under the administration of Henry Pottinger to improve the hygiene condition of water supply. The Cantonese residents was later removed to Tai Ping Shan area.

At about 11pm on 14 August 1901, two houses at No. 32 and 34 of Cochrane Street collapsed suddenly, claiming 43 lives.

## Features

The street runs uphill and many restaurants are on this street.

22°16′58″N 114°09′15″E / 22.28290°N 114.15422°E / 22.28290; 114.15422


title: Cochrane River

abstract: The Cochrane River is a short river of Chile located in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region. It is the outlet of Cochrane Lake and empties into the Baker River. The town of Cochrane is situated along the river. The Cochrane River was named after Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald who served in the Chilean Navy during the war of independence.

text:
# Cochrane River

The **Cochrane River** is a short river of Chile located in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region. It is the outlet of Cochrane Lake and empties into the Baker River. The town of Cochrane is situated along the river.

The Cochrane River was named after Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald who served in the Chilean Navy during the war of independence.

47°15′S 72°30′W / 47.25°S 72.50°W / -47.25; -72.50

## InfoBox

| Cochrane River | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cochrane River in the Aysén Region | |
| Location | |
| Country | Chile |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Cochrane Lake |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Baker River |
| Length | 11 mi (18 km) |


title: Coelogyne exalata

abstract: Coelogyne exalata is an orchid endemic to Borneo.

text:
# Coelogyne exalata

***Coelogyne exalata*** is an orchid endemic to Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Coelogyne exalata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Arethuseae |
| Genus: | *Coelogyne* |
| Species: | ***C. exalata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coelogyne exalata***<br>Ridl. 1908 | |
|


title: Coast Guard Station Brant Point

abstract:
United States Coast Guard Station Brant Point is located on Brant Point, in Nantucket, Massachusetts.
On November 25, 2021, President Joe Biden visited Coast Guard members during his annual Thanksgiving trip to the island.

text:
# Coast Guard Station Brant Point

**United States Coast Guard Station Brant Point** is located on Brant Point, in Nantucket, Massachusetts. On November 25, 2021, President Joe Biden visited Coast Guard members during his annual Thanksgiving trip to the island.

## InfoBox

| Coast Guard Station Brant Point | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of 1st District | |
| Brant Point, Nantucket (CDP), Massachusetts | |
| A view of the station from Nantucket Harbor | |
| Coordinates | 41°17′21″N 70°5′30″W / 41.28917°N 70.09167°W / 41.28917; -70.09167 |
| Type | Coast Guard Station |
| Site information | |
| Owner | United States Coast Guard |
| Open to<br>the public | Yes |
| Site history | |
| In use | July 1939-Present |


title: Stanwellia minor

abstract: Stanwellia minor is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Pycnothelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1908 by Polish arachnologist Władysław Kulczyński.

text:
# Stanwellia minor

***Stanwellia minor*** is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Pycnothelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1908 by Polish arachnologist Władysław Kulczyński.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in New South Wales. The type locality is Mount Victoria in the Blue Mountains.

## Behaviour

The spiders are fossorial, terrestrial predators.

## InfoBox

| *Stanwellia minor* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Pycnothelidae |
| Genus: | *Stanwellia* |
| Species: | ***S. minor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stanwellia minor***<br>(Kulczyński, 1908) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aname minor* Kulczyński, 1908 | |


title: Coast radio station

abstract: A coast radio station is an on-shore maritime radio station which monitor radio distress frequencies and relays ship-to-ship and ship-to-land communications. A coast station is – according to article 1.75 of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «A land station in the maritime mobile service.» Coast Radio Station had an important role in the history of wireless radio communication as well as in maritime and war history. Recent costal radio station provide medical advice services for ships, transmitting meteo messages and navigational warnings (NAV-Notice) on a regular base and all of them do a distress chanel watch (DSC-Watch) on VHF Chanel 16. Not all station monitore 2182 kHz shortwave anymore.

text:
# Coast radio station

A **coast** (or **coastal**) **radio station** (short: **coast station**) is an on-shore maritime radio station which monitor radio distress frequencies and relays ship-to-ship and ship-to-land communications.

A coast station (also:  *coast radio station* ) is – according to *article 1.75* of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as «*A land station in the maritime mobile service*

Coast Radio Station had an important role in the history of wireless radio communication as well as in maritime and war history.

Recent costal radio station provide medical advice services for ships, transmitting meteo messages and navigational warnings (NAV-Notice) on a regular base and all of them do a distress chanel watch (DSC-Watch) on VHF Chanel 16. Not all station monitore 2182 kHz shortwave anymore.

## Coast radio stations

Caption text
| Name | Callsign | Location | Operator | Periode of activity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kystradio Radio |  | Bodø, Norway. | Telenor Maritim Radio, | 1938 - ongoing |
| Scheveningen Radio | PCH | Scheveningen, Netherlands | PTT | 1904-1999 |
| Navy Coast Station Marlow | DHO26 | Marlow, Rostock, Germany | German Navy | 1990this - ongoing |
| Bern Radio | HEB | Bern, Switzerland | Swisscom Broadcast AG | 1941-2016 |
| PNS Hameed |  | Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan | Pakistan Navy | 2016 - ongoing |
| Isfjord Radio |  | Kapp Linné, Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway | Norwegian Polar Institute | 1933 - ongoing |
| Norddeich Radio | DAN | Osterlood, Norden, Germany | German Telekom | 1907-1998 |
| KPH | KPH | Iverness, California, USA | RCA | 1930-1998 |
| WCC | WCC | Originally Cape Cod, USA | RCA, Western Union | 1903-1997 |
| Shanghai Radio | XSG XSG21 | Shanghai, PR China |  | ongoing |
| Taupo Maritime Radio | ZLM | Lake Taupō (tx), Lower Hutt (HQ), New Zealand | Maretime New Zealand | ongoing |

## References / sources


title: Coast station (PAAC)

abstract: Coast was a station on the Port Authority of Allegheny County's light rail network, located in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The street level stop was located on a small island platform in the middle of Broadway Avenue, through which The T traveled along former streetcar tracks. The station served a densely populated residential area through which bus service was limited because of the hilly terrain. Coast was one of eleven stops closed on June 25, 2012 as part of a system-wide consolidation effort.

text:
# Coast station (PAAC)

**Coast** was a station on the Port Authority of Allegheny County's light rail network, located in the Beechview neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The street level stop was located on a small island platform in the middle of Broadway Avenue, through which The T traveled along former streetcar tracks. The station served a densely populated residential area through which bus service was limited because of the hilly terrain.

Coast was one of eleven stops closed on June 25, 2012 as part of a system-wide consolidation effort.

## InfoBox

| Coast | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Pittsburgh Light Rail station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Broadway Avenue and Coast Avenue<br>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 40°24′31″N 80°01′29″W / 40.4086°N 80.0248°W / 40.4086; -80.0248 |
| Owned by | Port Authority |
| Tracks | 2 |
| History | |
| Opened | May 22, 1987 |
| Closed | June 25, 2012 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station Port Authority of Allegheny County Following station  Hampshiretoward Allegheny  Red LineOverbrook Junctionvia Beechview  Belascotoward Overbrook Junction or South Hills Village | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Coast of Poets

abstract: The Coast of Poets is a cultural space in the Valparaíso Region of Chile, named for four world-renowned Chilean poets.

text:
# Coast of Poets

The **Coast of Poets** is a cultural space in the Valparaíso Region of Chile, named for four world-renowned Chilean poets (Pablo Neruda, Vicente Huidobro, Nicanor Parra and Violeta Parra).

## Description

The poets were the first to take up residence in this area, followed by various artists, thus creating a close link between the land and its creativity, projecting a symbolic imaginary that put Chile on the international cultural map. Places such as El Quisco, Isla Negra, Las Cruces, El Tabo and Cartagena have become a hub for cultural activity.

El Quisco itself has been a meeting place for people such as Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda, who composed his famous poem *Oda al Caldillo de Congrío* (English: “Ode to Conger Chowder”) in the local restaurant Chez Camilo; folk singer Violeta Parra; writer, poet and composer Clara Solovera; cartoonist René Ríos Boettiger, otherwise known as Pepo, the creator of famous character Condorito; artist José Perotti; and painter Camilo Mori, who designed the official emblem for the municipality of El Quisco.

In Isla Negra, two greats of the Chilean arts, Pablo Neruda and Violeta Parra, spent long periods of time. Chilean artist Violeta Parra gave classes in crafts and folklore in Isla Negra. She worked in ceramics, oil painting and hessian cloth.

Isla Negra was given this name by Pablo Neruda, upon him sighting the black rock in the sea near his house (Isla Negra means "Black Island" in English). When asked what the place would be called, he said "Isla Negra, for those rocks.”

"The sea seemed cleaner to me than the land and this is why I came to live on the coast of my homeland, amid the great foam of Isla Negra."

The Casa de Isla Negra is also to be found here, now Neruda's place of burial, together with his wife Matilde. On one of his many returns to Chile, in 1937, the poet sought an ideal place to write his celebrated work Canto General. Neruda bought the site of Isla Negra from a Spanish former sailor who settled in the area following the sinking of his ship in Punta Arenas. With the help of architect Germán Rodríguez Arias, he remodeled it to resemble a ship, with low ceilings and narrow passageways. The house would become a beloved refuge for the poet. It is now administered by the Neruda Foundation, with a museum exhibiting his extensive collection of objects, including ship figureheads, shells, bottles and maps.

In Cartagena, poet Vicente Huidobro died in January 1948. Creator and exponent of the creationist movement, he is considered one of the "four greats of Chilean poetry", alongside Pablo Neruda, Pablo de Rokha and Gabriela Mistral. A house-museum dedicated to the poet was opened here in September 2013.

In Las Cruces lives Nicanor Parra, a Chilean "anti-poet". Parra is credited for creating the "anti-poetry" movement, a literary expression that breaks with the traditional canons of poetic lyricism. One of his most recognised works is *Poemas y Antipoemas* (1954), where he replaces carefully written, metaphorical syntax with everyday, direct language. Considered one of the most influential Spanish poetry collections of the twentieth century, *Poemas y Antipoemas* is cited as an inspiration by American Beat writers like Allen Ginsberg. Parra is also the recipient of the prestigious Cervantes prize for Spanish-language literature.


title: Coast of Rio Grande do Sul

abstract: The coast of Rio Grande do Sul corresponds to the coastal strip located in Rio Grande do Sul. The coast is divided into two regions: north and south. In the southern coast of Rio Grande do Sul lies the world's longest beach, Cassino Beach, which stretches for about 254 km.

text:
# Coast of Rio Grande do Sul

The **coast of Rio Grande do Sul** corresponds to the coastal strip located in Rio Grande do Sul. The coast is divided into two regions: north and south.

In the southern coast of Rio Grande do Sul lies the world's longest beach, Cassino Beach, which stretches for about 254 km.

## Most populous cities

**2017 estimate**

| Most populated cities on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Position | City | Microregion | Mesoregion | Population |
Rio Grande
Capão da Canoa
Tramandaí
Osório |
||
| 1 | **Rio Grande** | Litoral Lagunar | Sudeste | 209 378 | |
| 2 | **Capão da Canoa** | Osório | Metropolitana | 48 401 | |
| 3 | **Tramandaí** | Osório | Metropolitana | 47 521 | |
| 4 | **Osório** | Osório | Metropolitana | 44 468 | |
| 5 | **Torres** | Osório | Metropolitana | 37 564 | |
| 6 | 20px **Santa Vitória do Palmar** | Litoral Lagunar | Sudeste | 31 274 | |
| 7 | **São José do Norte** | Litoral Lagunar | Sudeste | 27 206 | |
| 8 | **Imbé** | Osório | Metropolitana | 20 578 | |
| 9 | **Cidreira** | Osório | Metropolitana | 14 710 | |
| 10 | **Xangri-lá** | Osório | Metropolitana | 14 650 | |
| 11 | **Mostardas** | Osório | Metropolitana | 12 794 | |
| 12 | **Balneário Pinhal** | Osório | Metropolitana | 12 671 | |
| 13 | **Palmares do Sul** | Osório | Metropolitana | 11 449 | |
| 14 | **Arroio do Sal** | Osório | Metropolitana | 9 050 | |
||

1. IBGE. "Rio Grande do Sul".
2. IBGE. "Rio Grande".
3. IBGE. "Capão da Canoa".
4. IBGE. "Tramandaí".
5. IBGE. "Osório".
6. IBGE. "Torres".
7. IBGE. "Santa Vitória do Palmar".
8. IBGE. "São José do Norte".
9. IBGE. "Imbé".
10. IBGE. "Cidreira".
11. IBGE. "Xangri-Lá".
12. IBGE. "Mostardas".
13. IBGE. "Balneário Pinhal".
14. IBGE. "Palmares do Sul".
15. IBGE. "Arroio do Sal".


title: Coat of arms of Bar

abstract: The coat of arms of Bar is an official insignia of Bar, coastal town in Montenegro, and its main seaport. This is a new coat of arms, adopted on 15 December 2006. It is designed by Srđan Marlović, who also designed the coat of arms of Podgorica and that of Kotor.

text:
# Coat of arms of Bar

The **coat of arms of Bar** is an official insignia of Bar, coastal town in Montenegro, and its main seaport. This is a new coat of arms, adopted on 15 December 2006. It is designed by Srđan Marlović, who also designed the coat of arms of Podgorica and that of Kotor.

## Description of the coat of arms

The coat of arms consists of the shield, divided into five fields, and is symmetric about its vertical axis. The blue color represents the waterbodies (Adriatic Sea and Lake Scutari), the golden colour represents inhabited urban settlements in the Lake Scutari and Crmnica basins, and the green represents the mountain massif that separates the two. The shield is topped with the wall crown with three merlons, and is surrounded by the golden wolves as supporters, and with green olive twig and a golden banner at the bottom. The banner reads "1042", a year in which the *Battle of Bar* took place. The banner has a golden obverse, and a blue reverse.

The Flag of Bar features the symbolism identical to that of the coat of arms.


title: Coat of arms of Poole

abstract: The coat of arms of Poole was first recorded by Clarenceux King of Arms during the heraldic visitation of Dorset in 1563. The arms were recorded again at the visitation of 1623, but neither visitation noted the colours of the arms. The design originated in a seal of the late 14th century and therefore predated the setting up of the College of Heralds in 1484 and also the order of King Henry V in 1417, which disallowed the bearing of arms without authority from the Crown. The arms were confirmed by the College of Arms on 19 June 1948, with the colours officially recorded for the first time. At the same time the crest was granted, a mermaid supporting an anchor and holding a cannonball, although it had been in use since the 18th century. Following local government reorganisation in 1974, the 1948 arms were transferred to the present Poole Borough Council. In 1976 the borough council received the grant of supporters, the figures on either side of the shield, a gift from Oscar Murton, the then Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons to commemorate his period of service as a Councillor and MP for Poole. On 1 May 2019 the Borough of Poole was abolished and merged into the new Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority. The councillors representing the area of the former borough form Charter Trustees for the town, and on 14 August 2020 the arms were transferred to the trustees by royal licence.

text:
# Coat of arms of Poole

The **coat of arms of Poole** was first recorded by Clarenceux King of Arms during the heraldic visitation of Dorset in 1563. The arms were recorded again at the visitation of 1623, but neither visitation noted the colours of the arms. The design originated in a seal of the late 14th century and therefore predated the setting up of the College of Heralds in 1484 and also the order of King Henry V in 1417, which disallowed the bearing of arms without authority from the Crown.

The arms were confirmed by the College of Arms on 19 June 1948, with the colours officially recorded for the first time. At the same time the crest was granted, a mermaid supporting an anchor and holding a cannonball, although it had been in use since the 18th century. Following local government reorganisation in 1974, the 1948 arms were transferred to the present Poole Borough Council. In 1976 the borough council received the grant of supporters, the figures on either side of the shield, a gift from Oscar Murton, the then Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons to commemorate his period of service as a Councillor and MP for Poole.

On 1 May 2019 the Borough of Poole was abolished and merged into the new Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole unitary authority. The councillors representing the area of the former borough form Charter Trustees for the town, and on 14 August 2020 the arms were transferred to the trustees by royal licence.

## Symbolism

The wavy bars of black and gold represent the sea and the dolphin "the king of the sea", just as the lion represents "the king of beasts". The dolphin was a sign of Poole's maritime interests. The three scallop shells are the symbol of St James, apostle of Jesus Christ, and are associated with the shrine of Santiago de Compostela, St James's reputed burial place. Santiago de Compostela was a popular destination for Christian pilgrims departing from Poole Harbour in the Middle Ages. St James is also the patron saint of the parish church of Poole.

The supporters refer to Poole's main charters. To the left is a gold lion holding a long sword. This represents William Longespee, who as Lord of the Manor in 1248 granted the town's first charter. The other supporter to the right is a dragon which is derived from the Royal Arms of Elizabeth I, who granted Poole county corporate status in a charter (the Great Charter) of 1568. The royal dragon is coloured red, but that granted to Poole was altered to gold for heraldic difference. The dragon holds a silver oar. This is part of the civic regalia of the Mayor of Poole, representing his additional title "Admiral of the Port of Poole". Since 1976 the dolphin has been depicted naturalistically rather than heraldically.

The Latin motto, *Ad Morem Villae De Poole*, is taken from the town's Great Charter of 1568 and means *According to the Custom of the Town of Poole*.

## InfoBox

| Coat of Arms of Poole | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Armiger | Poole (1563-1974), Poole Borough Council (1974-2019), Charter Trustees for Poole (2020-). |
| Adopted | Recorded 1563, crest granted 1948, supporters granted 1976 |
| Crest | On a Wreath of the Colours a Mermaid proper supporting with her dexter hand an Anchor cabled without a beam proper and in her sinister hand a Pellet |
| Shield | Barry wavy of eight Sable and Or a Dolphin naiant embowed Argent langued Gules on a Chief wavy of the third three Escallops of the first |
| Supporters | On the dexter a Lion holding a Sword erect proper and on the sinister a Dragon supporting an Oar Argent |
| Compartment | A Compartment per pale a grassy Mound proper and Water barry wavy Azure and Argent |
| Motto | "Ad Morem Villae de Poole" (Latin)<br>"According to the custom of the town of Poole" |
| Earlier version(s) |  |
| Use | The coat of arms of Poole appears on street signs in the former Poole Borough Council area. A variant of the arms is used by Poole Grammar School. |


title: Start signal

abstract: In telecommunications, a start signal is a signal that prepares a device to receive data or to perform a function. In asynchronous serial communication, start signals are used at the beginning of a character that prepares the receiving device for the reception of the code elements. A start signal is limited to one signal element usually having the duration of a unit interval.

text:
# Start signal

In telecommunications, a **start signal** is a signal that prepares a device to receive data or to perform a function.

In asynchronous serial communication, start signals are used at the beginning of a character that prepares the receiving device for the reception of the code elements.

A start signal is limited to one signal element usually having the duration of a unit interval.

* This article incorporates public domain material from *Federal Standard 1037C*. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).


title: Daily Hai Queen Cup

abstract: The Daily Hai Queen Cup is a Grade 3 horse race for three-year-old Thoroughbred fillies run in February over a distance of 1600 metres at Tokyo Racecourse. The race was first run in 1966 and was elevated to Grade 3 status in 1984. It was contested at variety of venues but has been run over its current course and distance since 1981. The race serves as a trial race for the Oka Sho.

text:
# Daily Hai Queen Cup

The **Daily Hai Queen Cup** (Japanese *クイーンカップ*) is a Grade 3 horse race for three-year-old Thoroughbred fillies run in February over a distance of 1600 metres at Tokyo Racecourse.

The race was first run in 1966 and was elevated to Grade 3 status in 1984. It was contested at variety of venues but has been run over its current course and distance since 1981. The race serves as a trial race for the Oka Sho.

## Winners since 2000

| Year
 | Winner
 | Jockey
 | Trainer
 | Time
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | Future Sunday | Norihiro Yokoyama | Masanori Ito | 1:36.1 |
| 2001 | Success Strain | Hatsuhiro Kowata | Ryuichi Inaba | 1:34.7 |
| 2002 | Shinin Ruby | Yukio Okabe | Kazuo Fujisawa | 1:34.6 |
| 2003 | Chunyi | Hiroki Goto | Nobuhiro Suzuki | 1:35.6 |
| 2004 | Daiwa El Cielo | Yuichi Fukunaga | Kunihide Matsuda | 1:34.3 |
| 2005 | Lailaps | Yutaka Take | Kunihide Matsuda | 1:38.1 |
| 2006 | Koiuta | Christophe Lemaire | Masashi Okuhira | 1:35.6 |
| 2007 | Excuse | Hiroshi Kitamura | Yuichi Shikato | 1:34.5 |
| 2008 | Little Amapola | Koshiro Take | Hiroyuki Nagahama | 1:35.5 |
| 2009 | Dear Geena | Hiroyuki Uchida | Yasuhito Tamura | 1:35.7 |
| 2010 | Apricot Fizz | Masayoshi Ebina | Futoshi Kojima | 1:34.4 |
| 2011 | Whale Capture | Kenichi Ikezoe | Kiyotaka Tanaka | 1:35.4 |
| 2012 | Verxina | Yasunari Iwata | Yasuo Tomomichi | 1:36.6 |
| 2013 | Ukiyono Kaze | William Buick | Takanori Kikuzawa | 1:34.6 |
| 2014 | Forevermore | Masayoshi Ebina | Yuichi Shikato | 1:35.7 |
| 2015 | Cat Coin | Yoshitomi Shibata | Yoshitaka Ninomiya | 1:34.0 |
| 2016 | Major Emblem | Christophe Lemaire | Yasuhito Tamura | 1:32.5 |
| 2017 | Admire Miyabi | Christophe Lemaire | Yasuo Tomomichi | 1:33.2 |
| 2018 | Tetradrachm | Hironobu Tanabe | Kazuo Konishi | 1:33.7 |
| 2019 | Chrono Genesis | Yuichi Kitamura | Takashi Saito | 1:34.2 |
| 2020 | Miyamazakura | Yuichi Fukunaga | Hideaki Fujiwara | 1:34.0 |
| 2021 | Akaitorino Musume | Keita Tosaki | Sakae Kunieda | 1:33.3 |
| 2022 | Presage Lift | Keita Tosaki | Tetsuya Kimura | 1:34.1 |
| 2023 | Harper | Yuga Kawada | Yasuo Tomomichi | 1:33.1 |
| 2024 | Queen's Walk | Yuga Kawada | Mitsumasa Nakauchida | 1:33.1 |

## Earlier winners

* 1984 - Aino Feather
* 1985 - Takara Steel
* 1986 - Super Shot
* 1987 - Nakami Julianne
* 1988 - Circle Showa
* 1989 - Cutting Edge
* 1990 - Sweet Mithuna
* 1991 - Scarlet Bouquet
* 1992 - Sanei Thank You
* 1993 - Mother Tosho
* 1994 - Hishi Amazon
* 1995 - Eishin Berlin
* 1996 - Ibuki Perceive
* 1997 - Orange Peel
* 1998 - Edai Queen
* 1999 - Umeno Fiber

## InfoBox

Daily Hai Queen Cup
クイーンカップ
| Grade 3 race | |
| --- | --- |
| 2024 Queen Cup winner Queen's Walk | |
| Location | Tokyo Racecourse |
| Inaugurated | 1966 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred Flat racing |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 1600 metres |
| Surface | Turf |
| Track | Left-handed |
| Qualification | 3-y-o fillies |
| Weight | 54 kg |
| Purse | 82,380,000 (as of 2024)
**1st:** ¥ 38,000,000
**2nd:** ¥ 15,000,000
**3rd:** ¥ 10,000,000 |


title: Devised theatre

abstract: Devised theatre – frequently called collective creation – is a method of theatre-making in which the script or performance score originates from collaborative, often improvisatory work by a performing ensemble. The ensemble is typically made up of actors, but other categories of theatre practitioners may also be central to this process of generative collaboration, such as visual artists, composers, and choreographers; indeed, in many instances, the contributions of collaborating artists may transcend professional specialization. This process is similar to that of commedia dell'arte and street theatre. It also shares some common principles with improvisational theatre; however, in devising, improvisation is typically confined to the creation process: by the time a devised piece is presented to the public, it usually has a fixed, or partly fixed form. Historically, devised theatre is also strongly aligned with physical theatre, due at least in part to the fact that training in such physical performance forms as commedia, mime, and clown tends to produce an actor-creator with much to contribute to the creation of original work.

text:
# Devised theatre

**Devised theatre** – frequently called **collective creation** – is a method of theatre-making in which the script or (if it is a predominantly physical work) performance score originates from collaborative, often improvisatory work by a performing ensemble. The ensemble is typically made up of actors, but other categories of theatre practitioners may also be central to this process of generative collaboration, such as visual artists, composers, and choreographers; indeed, in many instances, the contributions of collaborating artists may transcend professional specialization. This process is similar to that of commedia dell'arte and street theatre. It also shares some common principles with improvisational theatre; however, in devising, improvisation is typically confined to the creation process: by the time a devised piece is presented to the public, it usually has a fixed, or partly fixed form. Historically, devised theatre is also strongly aligned with physical theatre, due at least in part to the fact that training in such physical performance forms as commedia, mime, and clown tends to produce an actor-creator with much to contribute to the creation of original work.

## Devising methods

Devising methods vary: collaborating groups tend to develop distinct methodologies based upon the backgrounds and talents of their members. Work creation may, for instance, begin with an image, a plot, a theme, a character, historical documents, an entire novel or a single line as a point of departure; a devised work may be text based or entirely physical; it maybe politically engaged, purely aesthetic, a docudrama, a melodrama, a performative ritual, a fairytale; it may follow a linear narrative structure, or emerge from the aesthetics of montage or collage; it may be, indeed, entirely devoid of live performers (see Designers' Theatre). In short, devised theatre exists on a stylistic spectrum as broad as that of theatre generally, and devising methods must vary not only in relation to the group, but in relation to the nature (style, form, content, purpose) of the project.

For this reason, devising methods are often associated with the companies in which they evolved, and devising training for theatre makers is often associated with particular directors and companies: for instance, Viewpoints and Suzuki (the core methods of the SITI company); techniques developed by Jerzy Grotowski; the physical and vocal training of the Gardzienice Center for Theatre Practices in Poland; Lecoq technique. A growing body of writing on devising process has emerged from the practical research of collectives (see for example, *The Frantic Assembly Book of Devising Theatre,* Anne Bogart's *The Viewpoints Book*, and Jacques Lecoq's *The Moving Body: Teaching Creative Theatre*), and a number of theatre programs in the US and England have added devising courses, and in some cases, devising programs to their theatre curricula, leading to a widening circulation of devising techniques, and arguably a growing number (and prominence) of devising companies.

Nonetheless, some frequently employed approaches and principles can be identified, especially: use of improvisation; reliance on physically expressive performance styles; a lengthy development process; a period of accrual and excess as a basis for a subsequent period of selection, editing and refining. The creative process may or may not involve a director (often functioning as a facilitator of group creativity at the outset, and an "outside eye" and editor later into the process), as well as a writer or writers working either alongside the creative ensemble in the rehearsal room, or collecting the material generated and turning it into a script subsequently.

## History

The history of collaboratively devised performance is as old as the theatre: we see prototypes of contemporary devising practice in ancient and modern mime, in circus arts and clowning, in commedia dell'arte; some cultural traditions, indeed, have always created performance through predominantly collectivist methods (theatre scholar and performance maker Nia Witherspoon, for instance, has argued that the very term "collective creation," with its implicit dichotomy of self vs. other, is inherently eurocentric).

Theatre historians Kathryn Syssoyeva and Scott Proudfit have argued that the modern, European tradition of collective creation follows rapidly upon the emergence of directing as a profession, and unfolds in three overlapping waves (marked by distinctive processual, aesthetic, and political characteristics): 1900-1945, 1945-1985, and 1985 to the present. Elements of collective devising appear in the work of European directors at least as early as 1905, beginning with early experiments facilitated by such directors and groups as Vsevolod Meyerhold and Evgeny Vakhtangov (Russia), Jacques Copeau and the Copiaus, and Michel Saint-Denis and the Compagnie des Quinze (France), Reduta (Poland), and Erwin Piscator (Germany). The 1930s saw a proliferation of collective creation methods, influenced in part by the rise of the labor movement, and with it, workers' theatre in the US and Europe; World War II and the politics of the Cold War in capitalist states brought a temporary halt to that flowering.

Nonetheless, by the post-war period, a number of theatre practitioners and ensembles, including Bertolt Brecht and the Berliner Ensemble, Judith Malina and The Living Theatre, Joan Littlewood and Theatre Workshop, Jerzy Grotowski and the Theatre of 13 Rows, and Peter Brook, had begun actively experimenting with collaborative methods that engaged and/or trained performers as actor-creators. The period from '68 and on into the 1970s witnessed an explosion of collective creation practices in the Americas and Europe (East and West); as in the 1930s, this wave of interest in collectivism and collaboration in art was deeply influenced by contemporaneous political developments, such as the rise of the New Left. Among the many companies and theatre artists who contributed to the development of collective devising in the second half of the twentieth century, major European and North American figures include Ariane Mnouchkine and Theatre du Soleil, and Jacques Lecoq in France; Robert Lepage in Quebec; R.G. Davis and the San Francisco Mime Troupe, Joseph Chaikin and the Open Theater, Luiz Valdez and the Teatro Campesino, Ruth Maleczech, Joanne Akalaitis, Lee Breuer and the Mabou Mines; Richard Schechner and the Performance Group; and Elizabeth LeCompte and the Wooster Group in the US; the Gardzienice Center for Theatre Practices in Poland; the Work Center of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards in Italy; the Odin Teatret in Denmark.

The rise of collective creation in theatrical performance between 1900 and the 70s at times paralleled, at times intersected with related developments in modern dance, French mime (beginning with the pioneering work of Suzanne Bing and the Copiaus), performance art and documentary theatre.

Beginning from the mid-1980s, with the emergence of a new generation of ensembles and collectives, and increased dissemination of devising models and training methods through theatre festivals, training workshops, and college courses, a shift occurred, away from the more political drivers fueling much collective creation during the civil rights era, and toward more decidedly aesthetic and economic drivers; this is the period in which such practices come to be more expressly associated with the term "Devising." The many prominent companies currently devising in the US, Canada and England include: SITI Company, Mabou Mines, Wooster Group, Pig Iron, The TEAM, Elevator Repair Service, Ghost Road, Double Edge Theatre, The Rude Mechs, The Neo-Futurists, Nature Theatre of Oklahoma, Tectonic Theatre Project, Complicité, Told by an Idiot, Improbable, Frantic Assembly, Shunt, Kneehigh, InHEIRitance Project, SOCIETY, Ghost River Theatre, / Voices of Now (VON) at Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater.

## Further reading


title: Eurypepla

abstract: Eurypepla is a genus of tortoise beetles and hispines in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least four described species in Eurypepla.

text:
# Eurypepla

***Eurypepla*** is a genus of tortoise beetles and hispines in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least four described species in *Eurypepla*.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus *Eurypepla*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

* Borowiec, Lech (1999). *A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)*. Biologicae Silesiae. ISBN 83-909804-4-4.

## InfoBox

| *Eurypepla* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Ischyrosonychini |
| Genus: | *Eurypepla*<br>Boheman, 1854 |
|


title: Edward T. O'Connor Jr.

abstract: Edward T. O'Connor Jr. is an American Democratic Party politician, who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1982 to 2002, where he represented the 31st Legislative District.

text:
# Edward T. O'Connor Jr.

**Edward T. O'Connor Jr.** (born October 6, 1942) is an American Democratic Party politician, who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1982 to 2002, where he represented the 31st Legislative District.

## Education

Born on October 6, 1941, in Jersey City, New Jersey, O'Connor attended St. Peter's Preparatory School. He earned an A.B. in Modern Languages from Saint Peter's University, followed by a J.D. from Fordham University School of Law. He then earned an L.L.M. from New York University School of Law with a specialization in Labor Law. He served in the United States Army from 1968 to 1970, attaining the rank of captain.

## Career

O'Connor was elected in 1981 to fill the seat vacated by fellow Democrat Wally Sheil, defeating Republican Jean C. Lane by a 75.4%-24.7% margin. He was re-elected five times, with his closest scare coming in 1991, when he defeated Republican Bret Schundler by 55.1% to 44.9%.

He served in the Senate on the Judiciary Committee and the Economic Growth, Agriculture and Tourism Committee. He served as Minority Whip starting in 1992. In December 2001, the Senate passed legislation introduced by O'Connor that would establish standards for DNA testing of prison inmates.

## InfoBox

| Edward O'Connor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the New Jersey Senate
from the 31st district | |
| **In office**
January 12, 1982  January 8, 2002 | |
| Preceded by | Wally Sheil |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Charles |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1942-10-06) October 6, 1942 |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Alma mater | Saint Peter's University (AB)
Fordham University (JD)
New York University (LL.M) |
|  | |


title: Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency

abstract: Ellisbridge is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and is a segment of Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency.

text:
# Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency

**Ellisbridge** is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and is a segment of Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency.

## List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,

1. Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad
2. Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 7, 8, 9, 10.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | Indumati Chimanlal Sheth |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | R. K. Patel |  | Independent |
| 1972 | Kokilaben Vyas |  | Indian National Congress |
| 1975 | Babubhai Vasanwala |  | Indian National Congress (O) |
| 1980 | |  | Janata Party |
| 1985 | | |
| 1990 | |  | Janata Dal |
| 1995 | Haren Pandya |  | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1998 | | | |
| 2002 | Bhavinbhai Sheth | | |
| 2012 | Rakeshbhai Shah | | |
| 2012 | | | |
| 2017 | | | |
| 2022 | Amit Shah (mayor) | | |

## Election results

### 2022

Gujarat Assembly election, 2022: Ellisbridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Amit Shah (mayor)** | **119,323** | **80.39** | **+5.54** |
|  | INC | Bhikhubhai Hargovindbhai Dave | 14,527 | 9.79 | −10.46 |
|  | AAP | Paras Rupeshkumar Shah | 9,467 | 6.38 | *New* |
|  | RRP | Surendrabhai Keshavlal Shah | 123 | 0.08 | *New* |
|  | NOTA | None of the above | 3,056 | 2.06 | −0.17 |
| Majority | | | 1,04,796 | 70.6 | +16 |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
| Registered electors | | | 265,533 |  |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing | +5.54 |  |

### 2017

Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017: Ellisbridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **BJP** | **Rakesh Shah** | **116,811** | **74.85** | **+4.34** |
|  | INC | Vijaykumar Ratilal Dave | 31,606 | 20.25 | +0.44 |
|  | BSP | Malabhai Hirabhai Solanki | 2,144 | 1.37 |  |
|  | IND. | Nilaben Jivrajbhai Solanki | 553 | 0.35 |  |
|  | SUCI(C) | Meenakshi Pravinchandra Joshi | 476 | 0.31 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 3,479 | 2.23 |  |
| Majority | | | 85,205 | 54.60 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,56,065 | 63.92 |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing | +1.95 |  |

### 2012

2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election: Ellisbridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Rakesh Shah | 1,06,631 | 70.57 | −1.65 |
|  | INC | Kamleshkumar Shah | 29,959 | 19.83 | −4.46 |
|  | GPP | Jagruti Haren Pandya | 9,075 | 6.01 | *New* |
|  | LJP | Malabhai Hirabhai Solanki | 3,126 | 2.07 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 76,672 | 50.74 | +0.04 |
| Turnout | | | 1,51,093 | 67.64 |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2007

Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2007: Ellisbridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Rakesh Shah | 93,780 | 72.22 | −3.86 |
|  | INC | Kalpesh Keshavlal Patel (Bholo) | 31,537 | 24.29 | +4.42 |
|  | BSP | Ketanbhai Indravadanbhai Joshi | 1,789 | 1.38 | *New* |
| Majority | | | 62,243 | 47.93 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,29,853 |  |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2002

2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election: Ellisbridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Bhavinbhai Nalinbhai Sheth | 78,224 | 76.08 |  |
|  | INC | Pradipkumar Kantilal Ruwala | 20,434 | 19.87 |  |
|  | NCP | Dinesh Vakta | 1,483 | 1.44 |  |
|  | SHS | Amitkumar Parikh | 849 | 0.83 |  |
| Majority | | | 57,790 | 56.19 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,02,846 | 48.46 |  |
|  | BJP **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 1998

Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 1998: Ellis Bridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Haren Pandya | 84,101 | 77.43 | +5.99 |
|  | INC | Raval Harinbhai Pravinkant | 19,581 | 18.03 | −5.09 |
|  | AIRJP | Dhiren Bhatt | 3,617 | 3.33 |
|  | Independent | Damini Vismaybhai Shah | 893 | 0.82 | −1.15 |
| Majority | | | 64,520 | 58.18 | +10.81 |
| Turnout | | | 1,10,888 | 48.82 | −1.92 |
|  | BJP **hold** | | | | |

### 1995

Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 1995: Ellis Bridge
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Haren Pandya | 77,916 | 71.44 | +65.99 |
|  | INC | Dashrathbhai Govindbhai Patel (Vasanavala) | 25,216 | 23.12 | +10.17 |
|  | Independent | Damini Vismay Shah | 2,146 | 1.97 |
|  | Rashtriya Surajya Parishad | Pandya Jayantbhai Maganlal | 816 | 0.75 |
| Majority | | | 52,700 | 47.37 | −46.72 |
| Turnout | | | 1,11,262 | 50.74 | +3.57 |
|  | BJP **gain** from JD | | | | |

23°01′N 72°34′E / 23.02°N 72.56°E / 23.02; 72.56

## InfoBox

| Ellisbridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 44 for the Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Western India |
| State | Gujarat |
| District | Ahmedabad |
| LS constituency | Ahmedabad West |
| Established | 1962 |
| Total electors | 266,516 |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 15th Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Amit Shah (mayor)** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Esmeralda language

abstract: Esmeralda, or Esmeraldeño, is an extinct language isolate formerly spoken in the coastal region of Ecuador, specifically in the western part of Esmeraldas Province. The only existing data for Atacame was collected by J.M. Pallares in 1877.

text:
# Esmeralda language

**Esmeralda**, or *Esmeraldeño* (also called *Takame* or *Atacame*), is an extinct language isolate formerly spoken in the coastal region of Ecuador, specifically in the western part of Esmeraldas Province. The only existing data for Atacame was collected by J.M. Pallares in 1877.

## Classification

It has been proposed that the language is connected to the still-spoken Yaruro language of Venezuela. It also has some lexical similarities with the extinct Yurumanguí language, as well with the southern Barbacoan language Tsafiki (especially plant and animal names).

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

| gloss | Esmeralda |
| --- | --- |
| hand | di |
| foot | taha |
| man | ilóm |
| water | uivi |
| star | muʔxabla |
| earth | dula |
| dog | kine |
| jaguar | mutokine |
| snake | piama |
| house | kiama |
| boat | diala |

## Further reading

* Seler, Eduard (1902). "Die Sprache der Indianer von Esmeraldas" \[The language of the Indians of Esmeraldas\]. *Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach- und Alterthumskunde* \[*Collected treatises on American linguistics and archaeology*\] (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: A. Asher & Company. pp. 49–64  via Google Books.

## InfoBox

| Esmeralda | |
| --- | --- |
| Atacame | |
| Takame | |
| Native to | Ecuador |
| Extinct | second half of the 19th century |
| Language family | Esmeralda–Yaruro ? * **Esmeralda** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | *None* (`mis`) |
| *Glottolog* | `atac1235` |


title: Sabahat Akkiraz

abstract: Sabahat Akkiray, better known as Sabahat Akkiraz, is a Turkish folk singer and former politician, who was a Member of Parliament for Istanbul between 2011 and 2015 from the Republican People's Party (CHP).

text:
# Sabahat Akkiraz

**Sabahat Akkiray** (born 6 February 1955 in Sivas), better known as **Sabahat Akkiraz**, is a Turkish folk singer and former politician, who was a Member of Parliament for Istanbul between 2011 and 2015 from the Republican People's Party (CHP).

## Biography

### Music career

Born to a music-orientated family in Kangal, Sivas, Akkiraz and her family moved to Germany during her childhood. After returning to Turkey, she released her first professional album, *Şafak Söktü*, in 1983. Since then, she has worked with several other artists such as Arif Sağ, Musa Eroğlu, Muhlis Akarsu, Aşık Daimi, Feyzullah Çınar and Davut Sulari. Known internationally for her contribution to Turkish folk music, she has given concerts around the world and has worked with singers from different countries to help with their albums. Akkiraz has worked with London-based world jazz group Grand Union Orchestra, releasing an album, *Echoes From Anatolia*, and performing in their show *Where The Rivers Meet* at Sadler's Wells Theatre.

### Political career

In the 2011 general election in Turkey, Akkiraz was elected as an MP from İstanbul's 3rd electoral district from the opposition CHP. Following the Soma mine disaster in 2014, Akkiraz announced her resignation from Parliament for the June 2015 general election, stating that having a parliamentary seat did not give her the ability to change the direction of the country. She proposed the joint resignation of all CHP MPs from Parliament as a protest against the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the then-Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

## Discography

* *Gül Yüzlü Sevdiğim* (1982)
* *Şafak Söktü* (1983)
* *İnsana Muhabet Duyalı* (1984)
* *Bir Gerçeğe Bel Bağladım* (1985)
* *Boş Yere Kavgayı Zahmet Biliriz* (1986)
* *Fazilet* (1988)
* *Deli Gönül - Bu Sene* (1989)
* *Bendeki Yaralar* (1990)
* *Yalan Dünya* (1992)
* *Dostların Anısına* (1993)
* *Dağlar Kardeşimi Geri Verin* (1994)
* *Yiğit İnsanların Türküleri* (1996)
* *Türkülerle Gide Gide* (1997)
* *Yüreğimin Sesi* (1999)
* *Deli Derviş* (2000)
* *Chante Alevite/ Alawite Singing - Long Distance* (2001)
* *Lamekan* (2002)
* *Konserler* (2002)
* *Kaygusuz* (2003)
* *Seyran* (2006)
* *Külliyat* (2006) (with Orient Expressions)
* *Türkü Hayattır* (2007)
* *Birlikte Türküler Söylüyoruz* (2008) (with Mustafa Özarslan)
* *Dillerdeki Türküler* (2010)
* *Yine mi Figan Var Dostların Anısına ...* (2010)
* *Seçmeler* (2011)
* *Turap* (2014)

## InfoBox

| Sabahat Akkiraz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
| **In office**
12 June 2011  7 June 2015 | |
| Constituency | İstanbul (III) (2011) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sabahat Akkiray
(1955-02-06) February 6, 1955
Kangal, Sivas, Turkey |
| Political party | Republican People's Party (CHP) |
| Occupation | * Singer * artist * politician |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres | Turkish folk |
| Years active | 1983–present |
| Website | sabahatakkiraz.com |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Saguenay Fjord (hockey)

abstract: The Saguenay Fjord were an ice hockey team in Saguenay, Quebec. They played in the Ligue Nord-Americaine de Hockey from 2002 to 2005. The club was founded as Saguenay Paramedic in 2002, in 2004, they changed to Saguenay Fjord.

text:
# Saguenay Fjord (hockey)

The **Saguenay Fjord** were an ice hockey team in Saguenay, Quebec. They played in the Ligue Nord-Americaine de Hockey from 2002 to 2005. The club was founded as **Saguenay Paramedic** in 2002, in 2004, they changed to **Saguenay Fjord**.

## Notable players

## InfoBox

| Saguenay Fjord | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Saguenay, Quebec |
| League | Ligue Nord-Americaine de Hockey |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Folded | 2005 |
| Franchise history | |
| 1997 to 2002 | Jonquiere Condors |
| 2002 to 2004 | Saguenay Paramedic |
| 2004 to 2005 | Saguenay Fjord |


title: Brundtland's Third Cabinet

abstract: Brundtland's Third Cabinet was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the H-Sp-KrF Cabinet Syse, and sat between 3 November 1990 and 25 October 1996. It was replaced by the Labour Cabinet Jagland. The cabinet was active during two parliaments, both 1989–93 and 1993–97. Brundtlands third cabinet had the following composition.

text:
# Brundtland's Third Cabinet

**Brundtland's Third Cabinet** was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the -Sp-KrF Cabinet Syse, and sat between 3 November 1990 and 25 October 1996. It was replaced by the Labour Cabinet Jagland. The cabinet was active during two parliaments, both 1989–93 and 1993–97. Brundtlands third cabinet had the following composition.

## Cabinet members

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Gro Harlem Brundtland | 3 November 1990 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Thorvald Stoltenberg | 3 November 1990 | 2 April 1993 |  | Labour |
| | Johan Jørgen Holst | 2 April 1993 | 13 January 1994 |  | Labour |
| | Bjørn Tore Godal | 24 January 1994 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Finance and Customs | Sigbjørn Johnsen | 3 November 1990 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Defence | Johan Jørgen Holst | 3 November 1990 | 2 April 1993 |  | Labour |
| | Jørgen Kosmo | 2 April 1993 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Justice and the Police | Kari Gjesteby | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Grete Faremo | 4 September 1992 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Transport and Communications | Kjell Opseth | 3 November 1990 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Local Government
Minister of Nordic Cooperation | Kjell Borgen | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Gunnar Berge | 4 September 1992 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Education and Research | Gudmund Hernes | 3 November 1990 | 22 December 1995 |  | Labour |
| | Reidar Sandal | 22 December 1995 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Culture | Åse Kleveland | 3 November 1990 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Health | Werner Christie | 4 September 1992 | 22 December 1995 |  | Labour |
| | Gudmund Hernes | 22 December 1995 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Social Affairs | Tove Veierød | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Grete Knudsen | 4 September 1992 | 24 January 1994 |  | Labour |
| | Hill-Marta Solberg | 24 January 1994 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Children and Family Affairs | Matz Sandman | 3 November 1990 | 15 November 1991 |  | Labour |
| | Grete Berget | 15 November 1991 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Agriculture | Gunhild Øyangen | 3 November 1990 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Industry | Ole Knapp | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Finn Kristensen | 4 September 1992 | 7 October 1993 |  | Labour |
| | Jens Stoltenberg | 7 October 1993 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Trade and Shipping | Eldrid Nordbø | 3 November 1990 | 15 November 1991 |  | Labour |
| | Bjørn Tore Godal | 15 November 1991 | 24 January 1994 |  | Labour |
| | Grete Knudsen | 24 January 1994 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Government Administration and Labour | Tove S. Gerhardsen | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Oddny Aleksandersen | 4 September 1992 | 7 October 1993 |  | Labour |
| | Nils Olav Totland | 7 October 1993 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of International Development | Grete Faremo | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Kari Nordheim-Larsen | 4 September 1992 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of the Environment | Thorbjørn Berntsen | 3 November 1990 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Petroleum and Energy | Finn Kristensen | 3 November 1990 | 31 December 1992 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Fisheries | Oddrun Pettersen | 3 November 1990 | 4 September 1992 |  | Labour |
| | Jan Henry T. Olsen | 4 September 1992 | 25 October 1996 |  | Labour |

1. Gro Harlem Brundtlands tredje regjering Regjeringen.no. Retrieved 25 September 2013 (in Norwegian)

## InfoBox

| Brundtland's Third Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
Cabinet of Norway | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 3 November 1990 |
| Date dissolved | 25 October 1996 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Olav V of Norway
Harald V of Norway |
| Head of government | Gro Harlem Brundtland |
| Ministers removed | 17 |
| Total no. of members | 39 |
| Member party | Labour Party |
| Status in legislature | Minority government
63 / 165(38.18%)

Minority government
67 / 165(40.61%)

 |
| Opposition party | Conservative Party
Progress Party
Christian Democratic Party |
| History | |
| Election | 1993 parliamentary election |
| Legislature terms | 1989-1993
1993-1997 |
| Predecessor | Syse's Cabinet |
| Successor | Jagland's Cabinet |


title: Brundon

abstract: Brundon is a hamlet in the Babergh district, in the English county of Suffolk. It is located on the River Stour near the town of Sudbury. For transport there is the A131 road nearby. Brundon was recorded in the Domesday Book as Branduna. Brundon Hall is a grade II* listed 18th century building which stands near the former Brundon water mill.

text:
# Brundon

**Brundon** is a hamlet in the Babergh district, in the English county of Suffolk. It is located on the River Stour near the town of Sudbury (its post town). For transport there is the A131 road nearby. Brundon was recorded in the Domesday Book as *Branduna*.

Brundon Hall is a grade II\* listed 18th century building which stands near the former Brundon water mill.

52°02′47″N 0°43′06″E / 52.0463°N 0.7182°E / 52.0463; 0.7182


title: Saboeiro

abstract: Saboeiro is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil.

text:
# Saboeiro

**Saboeiro** is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil.

6°32′31″S 39°54′25″W / 6.54194°S 39.9069°W / -6.54194; -39.9069

## InfoBox

| Saboeiro | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Ceará |
| Mesoregion | Sertoes Cearenses |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 15,788 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Brownvale

abstract: Brownvale is a hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Peace No. 135. It is located on Highway 737 less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) off Highway 2, approximately 48 kilometres (30 mi) southwest of the Town of Peace River and 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Grimshaw. Duncan's First Nation reserve is less than 5 km (3.1 mi) to the south. The community originated in the mid-1920s when the railway was extended from Berwyn to Whitelaw. The town was named after John Brown who came to the area in 1913. In 1924 his homestead was chosen for the location of the community.

text:
# Brownvale

**Brownvale** is a hamlet in northern Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Peace No. 135. It is located on Highway 737 less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) off Highway 2, approximately 48 kilometres (30 mi) southwest of the Town of Peace River and 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Grimshaw. Duncan's First Nation reserve is less than 5 km (3.1 mi) to the south.

The community originated in the mid-1920s when the railway was extended from Berwyn to Whitelaw. The town was named after John Brown who came to the area in 1913. In 1924 his homestead was chosen for the location of the community.

## Demographics

Population history
of Brownvale
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1941 | 76 |  |
| 1951 | 140 | +84.2% |
| 1956 | 177 | +26.4% |
| 1961 | 237 | +33.9% |
| 1966 | 206 | −13.1% |
| 1971 | 161 | −21.8% |
| 1976 | 148 | −8.1% |
| 1981 | 145 | −2.0% |
| 1986 | 134 | −7.6% |
| 1991 | 122 | −9.0% |
| 1991A | 127 | +4.1% |
| 1996 | 118 | −7.1% |
| 2001 | 106 | −10.2% |
| 2006 | 109 | +2.8% |
| 2011 | 125 | +14.7% |
| 2016 | 115 | −8.0% |
| 2021 | 114 | −0.9% |
| Source: *Statistics Canada*
 | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brownvale had a population of 114 living in 52 of its 59 total private dwellings, a change of -0.9% from its 2016 population of 115. With a land area of 3.06 km2 (1.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 37.3/km2 (96.5/sq mi) in 2021.

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brownvale had a population of 115 living in 54 of its 59 total private dwellings, a change of -8% from its 2011 population of 125. With a land area of 3.06 km2 (1.18 sq mi), it had a population density of 37.6/km2 (97.3/sq mi) in 2016.

## Education

Brownvale currently does not have an open school. Previously, Brownvale Elementary School, is now the hamlet's town hall. This building is now used for recreational events, such as bingo, receptions and a memorial services.

## InfoBox

| Brownvale | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
| BrownvaleLocation of BrownvaleBrownvaleBrownvale (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 56°07′42″N 117°53′33″W / 56.12833°N 117.89250°W / 56.12833; -117.89250 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Northern Alberta |
| Census division | 19 |
| Municipal district | Municipal District of Peace No. 135 |
| Government | |
| Type | Unincorporated |
| Governing body | Municipal District of Peace No. 135 Council |
| Area (2021) | |
| Land | 3.06 km2 (1.18 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 114 |
| Density | 37.2/km2 (96/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−07:00 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−06:00 (MDT) |
| Area code(s) | 780, 587, 825 |


title: Browntown, Wisconsin

abstract: Browntown is a village in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 280 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Browntown, Wisconsin

**Browntown** is a village in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 280 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Browntown is located at 42°34′38″N 89°47′35″W / 42.57722°N 89.79306°W / 42.57722; -89.79306 (42.577268, -89.793134).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.06 square miles (2.75 km2), all of it land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 246 |  |  |
| 1910 | 222 |  | −9.8% |
| 1920 | 245 |  | 10.4% |
| 1930 | 291 |  | 18.8% |
| 1940 | 271 |  | −6.9% |
| 1950 | 279 |  | 3.0% |
| 1960 | 263 |  | −5.7% |
| 1970 | 253 |  | −3.8% |
| 1980 | 284 |  | 12.3% |
| 1990 | 256 |  | −9.9% |
| 2000 | 252 |  | −1.6% |
| 2010 | 280 |  | 11.1% |
| 2019 (est.) | 276 |  | −1.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 280 people, 109 households, and 83 families living in the village. The population density was 264.2 inhabitants per square mile (102.0/km2). There were 116 housing units at an average density of 109.4 per square mile (42.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.7% White, 0.7% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 109 households, of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.9% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age in the village was 36.4 years. 27.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 11.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 252 people, 100 households, and 77 families living in the village. The population density was 238.9 people per square mile (92.7/km2). There were 104 housing units at an average density of 98.6 per square mile (38.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.38% of the population.

There were 100 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.0% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,500, and the median income for a family was $41,563. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $21,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,876. About 4.9% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 8.3% of those 65 or over.

## Recreation

The community is located near Browntown-Cadiz Springs State Recreation Area. The Cheese Country Trail passes through the northern edge of the village.

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
4. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
5. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
6. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
7. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
8. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.

## InfoBox

| Browntown, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| The Trailside Inn in Browntown | |
| Location of Browntown in Green County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 42°34′38″N 89°47′35″W / 42.57722°N 89.79306°W / 42.57722; -89.79306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Green |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.05 sq mi (2.73 km2) |
| Land | 1.05 sq mi (2.73 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 837 ft (255 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 280 |
| Estimate (2019) | 276 |
| Density | 261.86/sq mi (101.15/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 608 |
| FIPS code | 55-10475 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1562278 |


title: Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier

abstract: Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier

**Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ dy ʁozje\]) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,279 |  |
| 1975 | 1,324 | +0.50% |
| 1982 | 1,559 | +2.36% |
| 1990 | 1,731 | +1.32% |
| 1999 | 1,760 | +0.18% |
| 2009 | 1,912 | +0.83% |
| 2014 | 1,945 | +0.34% |
| 2020 | 1,874 | −0.62% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier around 1930 | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier | |
| Saint-Hilaire-du-RosierSaint-Hilaire-du-Rosier | |
| Coordinates: 45°05′55″N 5°15′06″E / 45.0986°N 5.2517°E / 45.0986; 5.2517 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Isère |
| Arrondissement | Grenoble |
| Canton | Le Sud Grésivaudan |
| Intercommunality | Saint-Marcellin Vercors Isère |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Sylvain Belle |
| Area**1** | 16.42 km2 (6.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,865 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 38394 /38840 |
| Elevation | 151–280 m (495–919 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bruce Gardiner

abstract: Bruce Allan Gardiner is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and a Barrie Police officer

text:
# Bruce Gardiner

**Bruce Allan Gardiner** (born February 11, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and a Barrie Police officer

## Playing career

Gardiner was drafted 131st overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft and started his National Hockey League career with the Ottawa Senators in 1997. He also played for the Tampa Bay Lightning, Columbus Blue Jackets, and New Jersey Devils. He left the NHL after the 2002 season and moved to the Russian Super League with Lada Togliatti and then to Finland's SM-liiga with the Espoo Blues. He then had one more year in North America, playing for the Adirondack Frostbite of the United Hockey League before retiring in 2005.

Gardiner scored the first goal in Columbus Blue Jackets' franchise history.

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1988–89 | Barrie Colts Jr.B. | OHA-B | | 41 | 17 | 28 | 45 | 29 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Barrie Colts Jr.B. | OHA-B | | 40 | 19 | 26 | 45 | 89 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | Colgate University | ECAC | | 27 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 72 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1991–92 | Colgate University | ECAC | | 23 | 7 | 8 | 15 | 77 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1992–93 | Colgate University | ECAC | | 33 | 17 | 12 | 29 | 64 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1993–94 | Colgate University | ECAC | | 33 | 23 | 23 | 46 | 70 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1993–94 | Peoria Rivermen | IHL | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | Prince Edward Island Senators | AHL | | 72 | 17 | 20 | 37 | 132 | | 7 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 4 |
| 1995–96 | Prince Edward Island Senators | AHL | | 38 | 11 | 13 | 24 | 87 | | 5 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 4 |
| 1996–97 | Ottawa Senators | NHL | | 67 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 49 | | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1997–98 | Ottawa Senators | NHL | | 55 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 50 | | 11 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 1998–99 | Ottawa Senators | NHL | | 59 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 43 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1999–00 | Ottawa Senators | NHL | | 10 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 41 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 37 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Columbus Blue Jackets | NHL | | 73 | 7 | 15 | 22 | 78 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Albany River Rats | AHL | | 45 | 5 | 18 | 23 | 71 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | New Jersey Devils | NHL | | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Tolyatti Lada | RSL | | 30 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 106 | | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 20 |
| 2003–04 | Blues | SM-l | | 22 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 60 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2004–05 | Adirondack Frostbite | UHL | | 18 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 27 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 312 | 34 | 54 | 88 | 263 | | 21 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 8 |

## InfoBox

| Bruce Gardiner | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1972-02-11) February 11, 1972
Barrie, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | Ottawa Senators
Tampa Bay Lightning
Columbus Blue Jackets
New Jersey Devils | | |
| NHL draft | 131st overall, 1991
St. Louis Blues | | |
| Playing career | 19942005 | | |


title: Bruce Garvey

abstract: Bruce Noble Garvey was a British-born Canadian journalist and editor. Born in London, England, Garvey moved to Ontario, Canada at age 19 and worked at various newspapers such as the Stratford Beacon-Herald. After jobs at United Press International and the Montreal Gazette, he joined the Toronto Star in 1967 where he held various editorial and bureau chief positions. In 1977, he moved to broadcast journalism first with CBC Television where he became a producer for The Journal's documentaries. He later joined the news department at Global Television. He returned to print journalism in 1998 when he became the news editor for Ottawa Citizen's weekend editions, and became a columnist for the National Post. In 1970, Garvey and Daily Express's Richard Killian were the only reporters present at NASA's Mission Control when the crew of Apollo 13 first reported the critical equipment failures which changed the lunar mission into a rescue operation. In May 2009, Garvey was diagnosed with lung cancer and died in Wellington, Ontario on 1 August 2010.

text:
# Bruce Garvey

**Bruce Noble Garvey** (c. 1939  1 August 2010) was a British-born Canadian journalist and editor.

Born in London, England, Garvey moved to Ontario, Canada at age 19 and worked at various newspapers such as the *Stratford Beacon-Herald*. After jobs at United Press International and the *Montreal Gazette*, he joined the *Toronto Star* in 1967 where he held various editorial and bureau chief positions. In 1977, he moved to broadcast journalism first with CBC Television where he became a producer for *The Journal's* documentaries. He later joined the news department at Global Television. He returned to print journalism in 1998 when he became the news editor for *Ottawa Citizen'*s weekend editions, and became a columnist for the *National Post*.

In 1970, Garvey and *Daily Express'*s Richard Killian were the only reporters present at NASA's Mission Control when the crew of Apollo 13 first reported the critical equipment failures which changed the lunar mission into a rescue operation.

In May 2009, Garvey was diagnosed with lung cancer and died in Wellington, Ontario on 1 August 2010.

s

## InfoBox

| Bruce Garvey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bruce Noble Garvey
c. (1939-10-17)17 October 1939
London, England |
| Died | 1 August 2010(2010-08-01) (aged 70)
Wellington, Ontario, Canada |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation(s) | reporter, editor |
| Spouse | Celia Wasbrough |
| Children | Paul Garvey, Danny Garvey, Steven Garvey, Andrea Bucic |
| Relatives | Bonnie Fitzgerald (Daughter In-law), Kyla Garvey (Grand Child), Megan Garvey (Grand Child), Colin Garvey (Grand Child, Liza Valentine (Daughter In-law) Alison McDevitt (Grand Child), Kristen McDevitt (Grand Child) |


title: Saint-Colomban Sportive Locminé

abstract: Saint-Colomban Sportive Locminé is a French football club situated in Locminé, Brittany. As of the 2020–21 season, they play in the Championnat National 3, the fifth level of the French football league system.

text:
# Saint-Colomban Sportive Locminé

**Saint-Colomban Sportive Locminé** is a French football club situated in Locminé, Brittany. As of the 2020–21 season, they play in the Championnat National 3, the fifth level of the French football league system.

## History

The club was founded by the Abbé Padrun in 1908. During the 2010–11 season, the club won the and moved up to CFA 2. Following this rise, the club was granted a municipal subsidy of 7,500 euros.

In the 2011–12 Coupe de France, the team managed to reach the round of 64 of the competition, but they lost 2–1 against Paris Saint-Germain after extra-time.

On 24 May 2014, after a defeat against the Stade Brestois reserve, Locminé went down in DH but was drafted following the announcement of the bankruptcy of Vesoul HSF. The following season, the club came down in DH.

## Honours

1. "Stade du Pigeon Blanc". FootballGroundMap.com. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
2. "Locminé, Noël tombe en janvier". *France Football*. Dave Appadoo. 6 January 2012.
3. "En Bretagne, la folie totale les gagne". *In 20 minutes, édition de Paris*. David Phelippeau. 5 January 2012.
4. "Saint-Colomban Locminé vs. PSG - 8 January 2012 - Soccerway". *us.soccerway.com*. Retrieved 15 March 2021.

## InfoBox

Saint-Colomban Locminé
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Saint-Colomban Sportive Locminé |
| Nickname(s) | St Co |
| Founded | 1908 |
| Ground | Stade du Pigeon Blanc, Locminé |
| Capacity | 2,350 |
| President | Hervé Laudic |
| Head coaches | Jacques Pichard and Florent Besnard |
| League | National 3 Group E |
| 2022–23 | National 3 Group K, 5th |
| Website | Club website |