title: Killing of Mohammad Habali

abstract: Mohammad Hossam Abdel Latif Habali was a 22-year-old mentally disabled Palestinian who was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers on 4 December 2018 in Tulkarm, a city in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, near the 1967 boundary between Israel and the West Bank. Witnesses report that Habali was killed by Israel Defense Forces, and the IDF has not disputed the cause of death. The Israeli army initially reported that there had been violent confrontations in which soldiers responded to rock throwing with live fire. B'tselem later released footage showing that Habali had been shot in the back of the head on a quiet street by Israeli forces who are then seen leaving the area without providing any medical assistance. Habali was later transported to a hospital in Tulkarem where he was declared dead. After the release of the video the IDF reported that it had opened an investigation in to the death. An investigation into Habali's death by the IDF has remained open in its initial stages as of July 2019.

text:
# Killing of Mohammad Habali

**Mohammad Hossam Abdel Latif Habali** was a 22-year-old mentally disabled Palestinian who was shot and killed by Israeli soldiers on 4 December 2018 in Tulkarm, a city in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, near the 1967 boundary between Israel and the West Bank. Witnesses report that Habali was killed by Israel Defense Forces, and the IDF has not disputed the cause of death.

The Israeli army initially reported that there had been violent confrontations in which soldiers responded to rock throwing with live fire. B'tselem later released footage showing that Habali had been shot in the back of the head on a quiet street by Israeli forces who are then seen leaving the area without providing any medical assistance. Habali was later transported to a hospital in Tulkarem where he was declared dead. After the release of the video the IDF reported that it had opened an investigation in to the death. An investigation into Habali's death by the IDF has remained open in its initial stages as of July 2019.

## Background

Wide range arrest campaigns are frequently carried out by the Israeli army across the occupied West Bank under the pretense of searching for the "wanted" Palestinians, which the Palestinian authorities say are violation of agreements Israel has signed up under the Oslo II Accord. Hadashot news reported that IDF arrested 1,380 Palestinian suspects in 2017 in similar missions. Israeli forces military operations in the West Bank were stepped up lately. Israeli forces arrested 24 Palestinians in overnight raids carried out on Tuesday, 4 December 2018, according to a Palestinian NGO.

## Event

On 4 December 2018, at about midnight, 100 Israeli soldiers entered Tulkarem to raid various Palestinian homes. About 30 of the soldiers spread out in small teams across a-Nuzha Street and an alley near al-Fadiliyah Boys' High School followed by the residents coming out of their homes and standing about 150 meters away from the soldiers near a local restaurant, to see what was going on. A video obtained from the security-camera of a local restaurant in Tulkarem, shows that at 2:25am, three soldiers moved towards the restaurant, stopping 80 metres away, and opened fire at the people to disperse them. Mohammad Habali, one of the bystanders, walks away from the confrontation "holding a stick when he is shot from behind and falls down on face."

The video shows Habali at the entrance to a restaurant standing with a group of friends before the shooting. Contrary to what Israel military said, the video showed that there was no violence or clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli army when Habali was shot killed and that the shooting was unlawful and unjustified. Another video of the scene captured by a smartphone, according to the i24NEWS, seemed to contradict with a declaration by an IDF military spokesperson saying IDF were confronted with "a violent riot in which dozens of Palestinians hurled rocks."

According to the Palestinian news agency WAFA, Habali had been shot twice, once in the lower limbs and once in the head, although there were conflicting claims over whether the used bullets were rubber-coated or live ammunition. Rubber-coated bullets, aka rubber bullets, can kill if they hit vital organs. He was taken to Thabet Thabet Hospital in Tulkarem, where he died from his gunshot wounds.

"Habali's brother, Alaa, said Mohammed had suffered from a mental disability and was also physically disabled after breaking his pelvis in a car accident a few years ago. He said the stick his brother carried was used to help him walk. He said Mohammed had worked in a coffee shop and was in the street after closing the restaurant when he saw soldiers in the area."

## Aftermath

### Funeral

Hundreds, among them Palestinian government representatives, participated in Habali's funeral. Governor of Tulkarem gave the condolences of President Mahmoud Abbas to the family of Habali.

### Investigation

On 9 December 2018, after the video obtained from the security-camera of a local restaurant was revealed, The Israeli military said it had opened an investigation into the death of Mohammad Habali. The case was referred to the IDF’s Military Police Criminal Investigation Division. According to the Associated Press, Habali's case is among the 24 investigations opened on "potentially criminal shootings of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank" and had not been progressed after 7 months in July 2019. No key witness is interviewed by the Israeli authorities.

The Israel military has verified that its forces had opened fire and did not, as of 22 July 2019, dispute the cause of his death. According to the NGO B'tselem, "the lethal shooting was not preceded by a warning, was not justified, and constitutes a violation of the law".

## InfoBox

Killing of Mohammad Habali
| Date | 4 December 2018 (2018-12-04) |
| --- | --- |
| Time | 2:25am |
| Location | Tulkarm, Israeli-occupied West Bank, Palestine |
| Also known as | Mohammad Hossam Abdel Latif Habali |
| Cause | Live ammunition or rubber-coated shot from back of the head |
| Outcome | Death of Mohammad Habali |
| Burial | 5 December 2018 (2018-12-05) |
| Accused | Israeli soldier |


title: Brick Bradford (serial)

abstract: Brick Bradford (1947) was the 35th serial released by Columbia Pictures. It was based on the comic strip Brick Bradford, which was created by Clarence Gray and William Ritt.

text:
# Brick Bradford (serial)

***Brick Bradford*** (1947) was the 35th serial released by Columbia Pictures. It was based on the comic strip *Brick Bradford*, which was created by Clarence Gray and William Ritt.

## Plot

Brick Bradford is assigned by the government to aid Doctor Gregor Tymak, scientist and inventor who is working on an "Interceptor Ray" that can destroy incoming rockets. Unfortunately, it can also be used as a death ray, bringing it to the attention of foreign spy agent Laydron. Tymak uses his door into the fifth dimension to escape criminals and it takes him to the far side of the Moon (which luckily has air and is a rocky terrain without craters). There he is captured and sentenced to die by freezing to absolute zero by the Queen Khana, despot of the Moon, because they do not believe he has come from the Earth.

The action moves to the Moon as the ray requires a special element called *Lunarium* (with an atomic mass of 200) previously only found in a meteorite. Working with exiles in the lunar wasteland, the heroes overthrow Queen Khana and return with the *Lunarium*.

However, the device still requires a formula hidden on an uncharted island 200 years in the past, so Brick and sidekick Sandy Sanderson travel in Tymak's time machine, the Time Top, to retrieve it. The final third of the serial is spent on modern day Earth with more trouble from the spy Laydron.

## Cast

## Production

*Brick Bradford* was the first of only three science fiction serials released by Columbia.

The serial was broken into three sections, each of which was written by a different screenwriter. The first section, chapters one to five, was written by George Plympton. The middle section, chapters six to ten, was written by Hoerl. The end of the serial, chapters eleven to fifteen, was written by Clay.

## Critical reception

Harmon and Glut describes the serial as a "rather shoddy, low budget space cliffhanger." Hoerl's middle segment is full of in-jokes at the serial's expense while the final section by Clay is boring with a constant repetition of capture and escape sequences.

Cline considers *Brick Bradford* to be a "mediocre serial that enjoyed a wide audience."

## Chapter titles

1. Atomic Defense
2. Flight to the Moon
3. Prisoners of the Moon
4. Into the Volcano
5. Bradford at Bay
6. Back to Earth
7. Into Another Century
8. Buried Treasure
9. Trapped in the Time Top
10. The Unseen Hand
11. Poison Gas
12. Door to Disaster
13. Sinister Rendezvous
14. River of Revenge
15. For the Peace of the World

Source:

## Alternative titles

* *Brick Bradford* (Latin America)
* *Aventures of Brick Bradford, Les* (France)
* *Zÿn Avonturen Brick Bradford, En* (Belgium)

## InfoBox

| Brick Bradford | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Spencer Gordon Bennet
(as Spencer Bennet)
Thomas Carr |
| Written by | Clarence Gray
(comic strip)
William Ritt
(comic strip) |
| Screenplay by | George H. Plympton
Arthur Hoerl
Lewis Clay |
| Produced by | Sam Katzman |
| Starring | Kane Richmond
Rick Vallin
Linda Leighton
Pierre Watkin |
| Cinematography | Ira H. Morgan |
| Edited by | Earl Turner |
| Color process | Black and white |
| Production
company | Sam Katzman Productions |
| Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
| Release date | * December 18, 1947 (1947-12-18) |
| Running time | 257 minutes
(15 episodes) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Triplax errans

abstract: Triplax errans is a species of pleasing fungus beetle in the family Erotylidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Triplax errans

***Triplax errans*** is a species of pleasing fungus beetle in the family Erotylidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Triplax errans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Erotylidae |
| Genus: | *Triplax* |
| Species: | ***T. errans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triplax errans***<br>Boyle, 1956 | |
|


title: Triplax frosti

abstract: Triplax frosti is a species of pleasing fungus beetle in the family Erotylidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Triplax frosti

***Triplax frosti*** is a species of pleasing fungus beetle in the family Erotylidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Triplax frosti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Erotylidae |
| Genus: | *Triplax* |
| Species: | ***T. frosti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triplax frosti***<br>Casey, 1924 | |
|


title: Tripuri Kshatriya

abstract: Tripuri Kshatriya is a Vaishnav caste group which encompasses almost all the members of the Tripuri, Reang, Jamatia and Noatia ethnic groups, most of whom live in the Indian state of Tripura. The Tripuri Royal Family belonged to the Tripuri ethnic group, from the Debbarma clan. Originally the term "Tripur Kshatriya" was used to denote the Tripuri ethnic group only, but in due time, the Maharajah included the remaining three ethnic groups as well, in an attempt to foster a sense of kinship among his people. With the influx of the Bengali immigrants from neighboring places, the Tripuris lost their majority in their own kingdom and the Maharajah's power was taken away by the Indian government. Formerly, the community was organized under the Tripura Kshatriya Samaj, which was headed by the Maharajah of Tripura himself.

text:
# Tripuri Kshatriya

**Tripuri Kshatriya** is a Vaishnav caste group which encompasses almost all the members of the Tripuri, Reang, **Jamatia** and Noatia ethnic groups, most of whom live in the Indian state of Tripura. The Tripuri Royal Family belonged to the Tripuri ethnic group, from the Debbarma clan. Originally the term "Tripur Kshatriya" was used to denote the Tripuri ethnic group only, but in due time, the Maharajah included the remaining three ethnic groups as well, in an attempt to foster a sense of kinship among his people. With the influx of the Bengali immigrants from neighboring places, the Tripuris lost their majority in their own kingdom and the Maharajah's power was taken away by the Indian government. Formerly, the community was organized under the **Tripura Kshatriya Samaj**, which was headed by the Maharajah of Tripura himself.

## Local organization

The Maharajah appointed governors, known as *Rai* to help him in administration. These governors oversaw the governing of various districts. The governorates were again subdivided into chiefdoms, which were administrated by a *Chowdhury*. The families who were considered close to the Royal Family were granted the title Thakur by the Maharajah, which was considered to be one of the highest ranks of nobility in Tripura.

## Religious intolerance

Maharajah Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarma Manikya Bahadur, who ruled Tripura from 1923 to 1947 was widely criticized for his religious intolerance.

In 1942, the Rai of the Riang area, Debi Singh Riang was dismissed by the Maharajah and Khagendra Riang Chowdhury of Bangafa was appointed as the new Rai. He increased the tax on Ganga Puja by 100%. This caused widespread discontent among the Riangs and lead to the outbreak of a small-scale rebellion under the leadership of Ratanmani Noatia, a Vaishnava sadhu. The rebels formed a parallel government, looted the granaries and houses of wealthy Chowdhuries. However, towards the end of 1943, the Maharajah of Tripura with the help of his loyal soldiers drawn from the Tripuri and Jamatia was able to rout the rebels and arrest the instigators. The Mahajarah's forces arrested more than 300 civilians, including around 200 women and children. Ratanmani Sadhu was taken to the Maharajah's palace, where he was brutally tortured before the execution.

In 1946, the Maharajah decided to evict close to 500 Muslim families from the outskirts of Agartala. Despite huge outcry from other parts of India and intervention by the leaders of the Indian National Congress, the eviction was carried out.

## Decline of power

Maharajah Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya suddenly died on 17 May 1947. After his death, Regent Queen Kanchan Prava Debi took up the administration and decided to merge the Kingdom with India, despite the advice from most of her ministers like Durjoy Kishore Debbarma for a merger with Pakistan. Maharajah Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur assumed power in 1947 and ruled until 1949 when the kingdom merged with India.


title: Tripuri games and sports

abstract: The Tripuri community has its own traditional sports, which are called Thwngmung in the Kokborok, the Tripuri language. In recent years these traditional sports are being gradually abandoned as more people become attracted to modern games and sports, but some of the sports are still played today and preferred in rural Tripura. Some of these sports are listed below.

text:
# Tripuri games and sports

The Tripuri community has its own traditional sports, which are called **Thwngmung** in the Kokborok, the Tripuri language. In recent years these traditional sports are being gradually abandoned as more people become attracted to modern games and sports, but some of the sports are still played today and preferred in rural Tripura. Some of these sports are listed below.

## Achugwi Phan Sohlaimung

This is a type of wrestling, played between two young men to test their strength. The players sit on the ground facing each other and spread their legs. A thin tree or bamboo pole is placed between them for staking their legs. The two contenders hold horizontally a piece of bamboo, approximately two and half cubits in length, which remains high above the ground between them. When pulling begins, each contender tries to pull the bamboo towards his own side.

## Bumanikotor

Bumanikotor is a type of hide and seek game, played in two groups. While one group hides, the other tries to find the hidden group.

## Dwkhwi Sotonmung

This is a form of tug of war played between two groups of boys or men.

## Phan Sohlaimung

In this game, the players stand at a specific distance from each other, and a mark is put in the middle. The players place the ends of a bamboo pole under their right armpits, and each participant grasps the pole firmly with both hands. Both the players then try to cross over the mark between them by pushing each other back.

## Kaldong or Kadong

A small foot step is tied on two pieces of bamboo about two feet above ground level. The player walks on this foot step. Players compete over things like the ability to run faster or remain on the kaldong longer without falling from it.

## Longoi Chokmung

This is a swinging game played by Tripuri children. Two long ropes or strong vines are tied to the branch of a tree, and a wooden platform is tied to the lower end to make a seat. Taking turns the children swing while others push him or her. They also sing while swinging.

## Muphuk Sagwnang

This game is played to test the strength of a young man. A child clings to the chest of a man whose waist is tied with one end of a rope. Another man holds the other end of the rope and stands behind the first man. As the game begins, the man with the child on his chest ties to move forward while the other who stands back tries to pull his opponent back.

## Musta Seklaio

This game is played between two young men to test the strength of each player's grip. A cylindrical section is cut from a bamboo trunk. One person holds the trunk firmly down on the ground. The other grips the trunk just above the first person's hands and tries to snatch it by rotating it.

## Sohlaimmung

The Tripuri word *sohlaimung* literally means wrestling. This is a type of free-hand wrestling with specific rules. Generally one of the senior spectators become the referee.

## Tengdang

Tengdang is another popular game in the villages. It is similar to the stick game known as gilli-danda in other regions of India.


title: Emasculator

abstract: An emasculator is a tool used in the castration of livestock. Its function is to simultaneously crush and cut the spermatic cord, preventing hemorrhaging while still detaching the testis from the animal. The blade is always on the side of the emasculator with the nut that holds the blades in place, and should always be placed adjacent to the testis so that the crushing clamp occludes the spermatic artery, preventing life-threatening blood loss. The ratchet allows the emasculator to be locked in the "closed" position for the 2–3 minutes required for primary hemostasis to occur. The ends of the "clamp" are rounded and guarded to allow the emasculator to be placed over the testis and spermatic cord without cutting, until pressure is applied.

text:
# Emasculator

An **emasculator** is a tool used in the castration of livestock. Its function is to simultaneously crush and cut the spermatic cord, preventing hemorrhaging while still detaching the testis from the animal.

The blade is always on the side of the emasculator with the nut that holds the blades in place, and should always be placed adjacent to the testis ("nut against nut") so that the crushing clamp occludes the spermatic artery, preventing life-threatening blood loss.

The ratchet (visible on the handle) allows the emasculator to be locked in the "closed" position for the 2–3 minutes required for primary hemostasis to occur.

The ends of the "clamp" are rounded and guarded to allow the emasculator to be placed over the testis and spermatic cord without cutting, until pressure is applied.

## Types of emasculators

Emasculators can be divided into 2 categories

* Crushing
* Crushing and Cutting

Reimers Emasculator has three actions: clamping, crushing and cutting. As the jaws are closed on the spermatic cord it is gripped by the clamping part. Back-lock retains the clamping part closed unless unlocked. The cutting lever works separately.


title: Trichosea champa

abstract: Trichosea champa is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1879. It is found in the Himalayas, north-east India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia.

text:
# Trichosea champa

***Trichosea champa*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1879. It is found in the Himalayas, north-east India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Japan, and Russia.

## Description

The wingspan is about 56 mm in the female and 44 mm in the male. In the male, the antennae are simple. Head and thorax white. The third joint of palpi, a spot between antennae, and antennae except basal part of shaft are all black. Thorax banded and spotted with black. Abdomen yellow with white extremity. A dorsal series of black spots and ventral series of bands present. Forewings whitish with some black marks near base. There are about seven prominent ill-defined waved and dentate black lines. A ring spot is found at the end of the cell. Hindwings are whitish, with yellow hairs in inner area. Veins are black. Apex slightly suffused with fuscous. Cilia in both wings are black and white checkered. Female is similar to male, but outer area of hindwings are black suffused.

The larvae feed on *Pyrus communis*.

## InfoBox

| *Trichosea champa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Trichosea* |
| Species: | ***T. champa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichosea champa***<br>(Moore, 1879) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Moma champa* Moore, 1879 | |


title: Trichosea ainu

abstract: Trichosea ainu is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to Japan. The wingspan is about 40 mm.

text:
# Trichosea ainu

***Trichosea ainu*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to Japan.

The wingspan is about 40 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Trichosea ainu* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Trichosea* |
| Species: | ***T. ainu*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichosea ainu***<br>(Wileman, 1911) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Moma champa var. ainu*  Wileman, 1911 | |


title: Elmont Memorial High School

abstract: Elmont Memorial High School (EMHS) is a co-educational, public high school founded in 1956 for students in grades 7–12 in the hamlet of Elmont, Long Island, New York, in Nassau County, United States. The school is one of five secondary schools of the Sewanhaka Central High School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,640 students and 109.0 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 15.0:1. There were 620 students eligible for free lunch and 153 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. Its school newspaper is known as the "Elmont Phoenix". Elmont High School's mascot is the Spartan. Its school colors are green and white. The school's current principal is Marya Baker. Elmont High School is part of the Sewanhaka Central High School District.

text:
# Elmont Memorial High School

**Elmont Memorial High School** (EMHS) is a co-educational, public high school founded in 1956 for students in grades 7–12 in the hamlet of Elmont, Long Island, New York, in Nassau County, United States. The school is one of five secondary schools of the Sewanhaka Central High School District.

As of the 2018–19 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,640 students and 109.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 15.0:1. There were 620 students (37.8% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 153 (9.3% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Its school newspaper is known as the "Elmont Phoenix". Elmont High School's mascot is the Spartan. Its school colors are green and white. The school's current principal is Marya Baker. Elmont High School is part of the Sewanhaka Central High School District.

## Awards and recognition

During the 1990–93 school year, Elmont Memorial High School was recognized with the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive.

In 2005, Elmont High School was recognized as having the largest number of African American high school students scoring a 3 or higher on Advanced Placement examinations in the country.

Elmont HS was also recognized by the College Board as having the largest number of African American students attaining a 3 or higher on the Advanced Placement U.S. History exam in the country.

Elmont Memorial from 1995–2006 had a 97% graduation rate, and in 2004 achieved a 100% graduation rate, a first in the Sewanhaka Central District.

Elmont Memorial also won the 2013 District Sports Night. This is the first time the school has won since 1997.

## Faculty & Staff

In August 2022, Principal Dougherty went on a sabbatical leave for unknown reasons and returned on October 11, 2022. Principal Dougherty resigned as Principal at the end of the 2022-2023 school year.

## Academics

(adapted from the Sewanhaka Central High School District Catalog of Courses)

**Levels of Study**

Students may pursue one of two levels of study:

* Advanced: This is an accelerated program of instruction in which students are expected to maintain a grade point average of at least 85% to continue to the next advanced course in the sequence.
* Regents: Students pursue courses in the curriculum prescribed by the New York State Department of Education.

**Grades 7 and 8**

* Students are organized into "teams" including the Lions (Regular), Hurricanes (Regular), and Direwolves (Advanced). Teams are composed of students and core teachers in math, science, English, and social studies. This allows for the individual attention necessary for success at an early stage in secondary education.
* During the junior high school years, students pursue studies in English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, Foreign Languages, Music, Physical Education, Art, Technology, Family and Consumer Sciences, Health Education, Woodshop and Language Enrichment, as well as vocational studies. High school credit is awarded to eighth graders that pursue advanced coursework in science, mathematics, foreign language, and music.
* Teams include Advanced and Regular students. The regular team is divided into two separate teams based on students' last name.

**Grades 9-12**

* High school coursework is designed to fulfill requirements necessary for students interested in attending two-year colleges, four-year colleges, vocational schools, nursing programs, etc. Students receive either a Regents Diploma or Advanced Regents Diploma upon graduation.

## Music

The school has several performing arts groups, and credit is given for students in these groups. They include (note that there are separate groups at each school level):

* Orchestra (at the High School or Junior High School level)
* Concert Band (at the High School, 9th Grade, and Junior High School levels)
* Concert Choir (at the High School and Junior High School levels)
* Jazz Band
* Jazz Choir
* String Ensemble
* Marching Band

Students perform each year during the Winter and Spring Concerts, local events, and music competitions. Some students participate in their respective musical groups at the All-District, All-County, Long Island Invitational, and All-State levels, or join the Tri-M Music Honor Society.

Students may also pursue coursework in Music Theory.

Each year the Music Department puts on two theatre productions, a drama and a musical. Musicals the school has performed in the past include Dreamgirls, Les Misérables, The Wiz, Once On This Island, Aida, and Guys and Dolls.

## Athletics

Elmont High School's football team were district champions for three years. The mascot of EMHS is the Spartans. Sports are offered at the Junior High, Junior Varsity, and Varsity levels and include:

* Track and Field
* Cheerleading (Junior High \[7th and 8th grade\], Junior Varsity \[9th and 10th grade\], and Varsity \[11th and 12th grade\])
* Weight Lifting

Students from all five schools in the Sewanhaka Central High School District participate in District Sports Night, a competition between schools.

## Extracurricular activities

Other extracurricular groups include:

* Student Government
* Government Watchers
* The Inspirational Writers
* Foreign Language Teachers of Tomorrow
* Latino Leaders
* Pride Club
* Graphic design
* Photography and Film
* Elmont Artisans
* Elmont Step and Dance Teams
* Color Guard / Flag Squad
* Domestic Exchange Club
* Social Science

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| Elmont Memorial High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 555 Ridge Road
Elmont, Nassau County, New York
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°41′50″N 73°43′06″W / 40.69722°N 73.71833°W / 40.69722; -73.71833 |
| Information | |
| Type | Comprehensive school |
| Established | 1956 |
| School district | Sewanhaka Central High School District |
| NCES School ID | 3626520 |
| Principal | Marya Baker |
| Faculty | 109.0 FTEs |
| Grades | 7–12 |
| Enrollment | 1,054 (as of 2023-2024) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 15.0:1 |
| Campus | Suburban |
| Color(s) | Green and White |
| Team name | Spartans |
| Newspaper | *Elmont Phoenix* |
| Yearbook | *LOG* |
| Website | https://www.sewanhakaschools.org/o/elm |


title: Elmonte

abstract: Elmonte, also known as Twilford, is a historic home located at Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland, United States. It is a 2+1⁄2-story country house, built of random ashlar granite in the Italian villa style, and is thought to have been completed in 1858. To the rear of the mansion is a stuccoed carriage house with a two-car garage. East of the house is a large wooden barn with a slate roof and a log smokehouse. The home was built by a member of the Dorsey family, who also built nearby Dorsey Hall. Elmonte was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

text:
# Elmonte

**Elmonte**, also known as **Twilford**, is a historic home located at Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland, United States. It is a 2+12-story country house, built of random ashlar granite in the Italian villa style, and is thought to have been completed in 1858. To the rear of the mansion is a stuccoed carriage house with a two-car garage. East of the house is a large wooden barn with a slate roof and a log smokehouse. The home was built by a member of the Dorsey family, who also built nearby Dorsey Hall.

Elmonte was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Elmonte | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Elmonte, January 2011 | |
|  | |
| Location | 9095 Furrow Avenue, Ellicott City, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°18′28″N 76°49′25″W / 39.30778°N 76.82361°W / 39.30778; -76.82361 |
| Area | 2.8 acres (1.1 ha) |
| Built | 1858 (1858) |
| Architect | Starkweather, Nathan Gibson |
| Architectural style | Italian Villa |
| NRHP reference No. | 78001468 |
| Added to NRHP | August 25, 1978 |


title: Triscina di Selinunte

abstract: Trìscina, also known as Trìscina di Selinunte is a hamlet of Castelvetrano, Italian town in the province of Trapani, in Sicily. It counts 645 residents.

text:
# Triscina di Selinunte

**Trìscina**, also known as **Trìscina di Selinunte** is a hamlet of Castelvetrano, Italian town in the province of Trapani, in Sicily. It counts 645 residents.

## Geography

Together with Marinella di Selinunte it is one of the two sea hamlets of Castelvetrano. It is about 2 km away from the archeological area of Selinunte, the ancient Greek town. It borders with Selinunte to the east and with Tre Fontane (Campobello di Mazara) to the west.

Trìscina has long sandy beaches and shallow water sea.

## History

The hamlet was born and developed from the second half of the 20th century, through the abusive construction of houses, without any urbanistic plan.

For this reason, Triscina is often cited as an example of unauthorized development, sometimes together with Marinella.

In the last decade, this phenomenon was stopped and several houses have been demolished since 2018 to restore the coast.

## Transportation

Trìscina is connected to Castelvetrano and Marinella di Selinunte via bus.

## InfoBox

| Triscina di Selinunte | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Italy |


title: Trischistognatha ochritacta

abstract: Trischistognatha ochritacta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Mexico. The wingspan is about 27 mm. The forewings are shining olive brown. The hindwings are brownish semitranslucent with a black outer band.

text:
# Trischistognatha ochritacta

***Trischistognatha ochritacta*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Mexico.

The wingspan is about 27 mm. The forewings are shining olive brown. The hindwings are brownish semitranslucent with a black outer band.

## InfoBox

| *Trischistognatha ochritacta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Trischistognatha* |
| Species: | ***T. ochritacta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trischistognatha ochritacta***<br>(Dyar, 1913) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crocidolomia ochritacta* Dyar, 1913 * *Trischistognatha ochrilecta* | |


title: Trischistognatha palindialis

abstract: Trischistognatha palindialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in Brazil and Panama.

text:
# Trischistognatha palindialis

***Trischistognatha palindialis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in Brazil and Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Trischistognatha palindialis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Trischistognatha* |
| Species: | ***T. palindialis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trischistognatha palindialis***<br>(Guenée, 1854) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spilodes palindialis* Guenée, 1854 | |


title: Trichouropoda bipilis

abstract: Trichouropoda bipilis is a species of arachnid of the order Mesostigmata and the family Trematuridae.

text:
# Trichouropoda bipilis

***Trichouropoda bipilis*** is a species of arachnid of the order Mesostigmata and the family Trematuridae.

## Geographic distribution

It is found in Austria.

## InfoBox

| *Trichouropoda bipilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Subclass: | Acari |
| Order: | Mesostigmata |
| Family: | Trematuridae |
| Genus: | *Trichouropoda* |
| Species: | ***T. bipilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trichouropoda bipilis***<br>(Vitzthum, 1921) | |
|


title: Emmanouil Antoniadis

abstract: Emmanouil Antoniadis was a revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence, a politician and a journalist from the island of Crete.

text:
# Emmanouil Antoniadis

**Emmanouil Antoniadis** (c. 1791–1863) was a revolutionary in the Greek War of Independence, a politician and a journalist from the island of Crete.

## Biography

He was born in the village of Halepa, near Chania, in about 1791. He acquired great education and was able to speak two foreign languages fluently (French and Italian). In 1814 he went to Istanbul in order to work as a secretary. There he became a member of the Filiki Eteria. Because of his revolutionary actions, he had to flee from Istanbul to Odessa, hunted by the Turks. From there, through Vienna and Trieste, he came to the Peloponnese right before the outburst of the Greek War of Independence.

In 1822, in Crete, alongside Joseph Valest, he faced-off against a Turko-Egyptian army of 10.000 men right outside the village of Malaksa, where they acquired a victory of great importance. When Ibrahim set foot on the Peloponnese with his Turko-Egyptian army, Emmanouil gathered an army of Cretans and, outside the village of Mili, near Nafplio, beat them in battle, making them fall back to the city of Tripoli.

He took part as an attorney of Crete in both the second and the third National Assemblies of Greece (the first in 1823 and the second in 1827). After the battle of Malaksa in 1825, he joined the Greek parliament.

He was one of the first journalists in Greece and also an editor for the newspaper *Athena* (*Αθηνά*).

He died in Athens.

## Sources


title: Emathion

abstract:
In Greek mythology, the name Emathion refers to four individuals.
  - Emathion, king of Aethiopia or Arabia, the son of Tithonus and Eos, and brother of Memnon. Heracles killed him. Herakles had to fight Emathion, who came across the valley of the Nile on his way to steal the golden apples of the Hesperis, and killed him and gave his kingdom to Memnon. According to a rumor, Emathion wanted to prevent Herakles from stealing the golden apples. A different legend tells that the father of Romus, who founded Rome, was Emathion.
  - Emathion, king of Samothrace, was the son of Zeus and Electra, brother to Dardanus, Iasion (Eetion), and (rarely) Harmonia. He sent soldiers to join Dionysus in his Indian campaigns.
  - Emathion, was aged Aethiopian courtier of Cepheus in Ethiopia. He "feared the gods and stood for upright deeds". Emathion was killed by Chromis during the fight between Phineus and Perseus.
  - Emathion, a Trojan prince, and the father of Atymnius by the naiad Pegasis
  - In the Aeneid, Emathion is one of the companions of Aeneas in Italy. He was slain by Liger, an ally of Turnus, the opponent of Aeneas.

text:
# Emathion

In Greek mythology, the name **Emathion** (Ancient Greek: Ἠμαθίων) refers to four individuals.

* Emathion, king of Aethiopia or Arabia, the son of Tithonus and Eos, and brother of Memnon. Heracles killed him. Herakles had to fight Emathion, who came across the valley of the Nile on his way to steal the golden apples of the Hesperis, and killed him and gave his kingdom to Memnon. According to a rumor, Emathion wanted to prevent Herakles from stealing the golden apples. A different legend tells that the father of Romus, who founded Rome, was Emathion.

* In the *Aeneid*, Emathion is one of the companions of Aeneas in Italy. He was slain by Liger, an ally of Turnus, the opponent of Aeneas.


# List of Massachusetts Institute of Technology fraternities and sororities

Following is a list of Massachusetts Institute of Technology fraternities and sororities, as well as independent living groups.

## MIT's Greek system

The first, or pioneer, fraternity on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) campus was Chi Phi, established in 1873. However many of the early professors and deans of the Institute held fraternity memberships from their collegiate days, as by the time Chi Phi at MIT had appeared fraternities had *already* been thriving at America's earliest campuses for almost 100 years. MIT's third president, Francis Amasa Walker was a member of ΔΚΕ as an undergrad at Yale.

As of 2020, MIT hosts 29 academic fraternities, 10 academic sororities, 12 national or local honors societies and recognition organizations, 2 professional societies, 5 Independent Living Groups, and 1 service- or religious-focused chapter.

Within this article, the terms "Fraternity" and "Sorority" are used somewhat interchangeably, with men's and co-ed groups normally using Fraternity, and women's groups using either Fraternity or Sorority. For convenience, the term "Greek Letter Society" is a generic substitute. The word "Greek" in this case refers to the use of Greek Letters for each society's name, and not to Greek ethnicity. For brevity, the sections below make extensive use of Greek letters, one of the first items in a new member's instruction program. Most fraternities use two or three Greek letters to signify their symbolic or secret names; a few use non-Greek words. The main listing for each fraternity or sorority shows their full name at least once, with references and Wikilinks as available.

## History

Many MIT fraternities are located in Boston because the Institute was originally located in the Back Bay neighborhood, and had no dormitories to house its students. The fraternities and various dining clubs met a need for room and board that was not provided by the operations of the campus. Fraternity housing has continued to expand, both in terms of the size and quality of the individual buildings as well as the number of chapters. In 1900 the percentage of fraternity men at "Technology", as was the name of the school at that time, was 16.1%; today the percentage is almost 50% of men, and 30% of women. Several of MIT's fraternity buildings are today listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are otherwise notable. These include former governor's mansions, college deans' mansions, and homes of various early leaders who once resided there. Quality facilities remain a focus for many groups. A cursory search of Institute yearbooks will show that dining, and later, fine dining, has remained of particular interest to participants. Many chapters and ILGs extol the quality of their gourmet or commercial kitchens in their photo tours and rush materials.

MIT moved to its Cambridge campus in 1916, and newer independent living groups have sprouted up or moved in around it. Many early chapters had been situated along Newbury Street, convenient to the old campus, but because of the move, today, MIT doesn't have a specific Greek Row; instead, chapters are scattered on both sides of the Charles River in Boston, Cambridge, and the surrounding towns. 1916 also saw the emergence of the campus Inter-fraternity Conference. Its responsibilities included coordination of recruitment (rush), and intramural Greek athletics such as baseball and bowling, among other competitions. One early tradition established by the IFC with the support of 'Tech faculty was a trophy for the best scholarship record. This handsome grandfather clock would be passed on to the chapter with the best overall grade average after each term.

The MIT yearbook, *The Technique*, has provided a window to the growth and popularity of MIT's Greek organizations for almost 150 years. Early editions are available online.

### Demographic change

From the 1860s through WWII, MIT students were almost entirely male, thus the formation of women's fraternities (~sororities) came about rather late, in comparison. By the 2000s, the Institute's undergraduate gender ratio reached near parity. En route to this more balanced, modern phase, a period of demographic and political change in the 1960s and 1970s, following larger national trends, resulted in the conversion of several all-male, nationally affiliated living groups into local co-ed groups, and led to the expansion of all-female and co-ed housing options. Most of the resultant fraternities, sororities, and independent living groups are coordinated through the Office of Fraternities, Sororities, and Independent Living Groups (FSILGs), though some independent "MIT-area" chapters do arise from time to time, along with those that serve students from multiple schools in Boston and the surrounding cities.

### Recruitment traditions

Traditionally, rush at MIT occurred during Residence/Orientation (R/O) Week, which was the final week of each summer before the start of the fall semester. All incoming freshmen and transfer students would arrive on campus a week before Registration Day, the official start of the fall semester. During R/O Week, the incoming class would participate in orientation activities, take the so-called writing test to attempt to test out of the MIT Writing Requirement and participate in residence selection. All students were free to participate in the fraternity, sorority, and independent living group rush. Those students who did not end up in an off-campus living group would also participate in the dorm selection process (see Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology).

### New rush system

The old rush system was supported behind the scenes by the 24-hour week-long "R/O Clearinghouse", a system for keeping track of freshman students as they threaded their way through a maze of fraternity rush events interleaved with other MIT orientation activities. Whenever a freshman checked into or checked out of a fraternity activity, that frat's R/O liaison person was supposed to call the R/O Clearinghouse to update what was essentially a real-time database to track the whereabouts of the new students. R/O Clearinghouse physically consisted of a bank of telephones staffed by volunteers in a large room equipped with computer terminals, located in the MIT EECS Department. The volunteers were drawn from MIT service fraternities and dorm residents who were supposed to be impartial concerning the different competing fraternities. The dorm volunteers were motivated at least in part by the knowledge that an unsuccessful fraternity rush would result in even greater overcrowding of the MIT dormitory system. which simply lacked the physical space to accommodate every new student.

Freshman housing rush was eliminated in an initiative led by MIT president Charles Vest in the wake of the September 1997 death of Phi Gamma Delta (Fiji) freshman Scott Krueger. Beginning with the 2002–2003 academic year, all freshmen were required to live on campus. This was made possible by the completion of a new undergraduate dorm that opened that year, Simmons Hall. Since then, MIT has continued to build or renovate more dormitories, including an expansion of choices for graduate students as well (see Housing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology#Graduate dorms).

A much-toned-down echo of the old rush still occurs with the so-called dormitory rush process, in which new students decide their dormitory preferences, based in part upon special events staged by various dorms to introduce newcomers to their distinctive living arrangements. However, dormitories do not choose which new students to admit, but can only influence prospective new members to express a greater or lesser preference for specific dorms on their respective entries in the dorm lottery process. The pressure to quickly find housing has been lifted by MIT's guarantees that every freshman student will find space in an on-campus dorm and that undergraduate students can remain in the dorm system for up to 4 years. The old fraternity rush has been depressurized, with recruiting spread out throughout the first academic year, and less-frantic rush events for prospective new members.

## Fraternities

Fraternities constituting the Interfraternity Council (IFC) are listed by dates of local founding and noted with national conference membership. These are (with several exceptions) men's organizations, voluntarily coordinating their efforts within the IFC as a self-governing body. Almost 50% of campus men participate in one of these chapters.

As part of IFC or national organization self-governance or University disciplinary action, chapters may be suspended (de-recognized) or closed for a time. For consistency, if a chapter is closed and/or forfeits its *housing*, it will be listed here as a dormant chapter, *italicized*, while active chapters or those suspended for a brief time are in **bold**. See the Office for Fraternities, Sororities, and Independent Living Groups (FSILGs) for current IFC members and for expansion support.

(NIC) indicates current members of the North American Interfraternity Conference; (PFA) indicates current and former members of the Professional Fraternity Association; (NPHC) indicates members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council.

**Active Fraternity Chapters**

**Chapters whose names changed**

## Sororities

Sororities, listed with dates of local founding and national conference membership, are women's organizations, voluntarily coordinating their efforts within MIT's Panhellenic Association (PHA). For convenience, the term "sorority" is used throughout, though some of these organizations are "women's Fraternities," and were so named before the popularization of the term sorority. The terms are synonymous. Over 30% of campus women participate in one of these chapters.

Sorority properties are generally owned or leased by a chapter's alumni club, though some chapters do not have housing. As part of PHA or national organization self-governance, or University disciplinary action, chapters may be suspended (de-recognized) or closed for a time. If a chapter is closed and/or forfeits its housing, it will be listed as a dormant chapter. See the office for Fraternities, Sororities, and Independent Living Groups (FSILGs) for current PHA members and for expansion support.

(NPC) indicates members of the National Panhellenic Conference (NPHC) indicates members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council

**Active Chapters**

***MIT Panhellenic Association***

**Sororities whose names changed**

## Independent Living Groups (ILGs)

MIT's Independent Living Groups or ILGs participate in some of the broader Greek events, but maintain many of their traditions as cooperative homes. Some developed as former fraternities that left their national associations during the early 1970s as part of a move toward co-education which was not compatible with their national organizations. MIT's five ILGs coordinate themselves through a separate Living Group Council (LGC).

Each ILG property is owned by a corporation populated mainly or entirely by alums and then leased to residents.

**Active ILG Houses**

**Dormant ILGs**

*5:15 Club, 1933-1986*

## Multicultural Greek Council (MGC)

Originally ethnic or language-affiliated, these organizations are now fully integrated – as are MIT's general Greek letter organizations and ILGs. They make up the fourth Greek Council within FSILG. Their historical affiliation may be reviewed by reading their local or national histories. Some of the men's groups also participate in IFC events and the women's groups in PHA events.

MGC chapters are non-residential and often serve several schools in the Boston area. Additional schools are listed in the references for each group. They may or may not be under the authority of the Office of FSILG. Further, the historically Black Greek associations (NPHC and NPC) have adopted a heightened focus on alumni and adult programming, usually with distinct alumni chapters that also exist locally. On the MIT campus, the inter-Greek councils will, as needed, cooperate on programs and policies, as do individual chapters from among the several Greek councils.

Listed by date of local founding and national conference membership, these are either men's or women's organizations, voluntarily coordinating their efforts within the larger Multicultural Greek Council (MGC). See the FLILG office for current MGC chapters.

(NALFO) indicates members of the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations; (NAPA) indicates members of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association;
(NPHC) indicates members of the National Pan-Hellenic Council; (NPC) indicates members of the National Panhellenic Conference.

## Professional fraternities

Professional societies work to build friendship bonds among members, cultivate their strengths so that they may promote their profession, and provide mutual assistance in their shared areas of professional study.

Listed by date of local founding with national conference membership, these are primarily co-ed organizations, of specific professional interests. Membership in a professional fraternity may be the result of a pledge process, much like a social fraternity, and members are expected to remain loyal and active in the life organization. Within the group of societies dedicated to professional fields of study, for example, law societies, membership is exclusive; however, these societies may initiate members who belong to other types of fraternities. Professional Societies are known for networking and post-collegiate involvement. Governance varies from faculty-managed to purely student-run.
(PFA) indicates members of the Professional Fraternity Association.

**Dormant Professional Fraternities**

ΑΧΣ \- *Alpha Chi Sigma, 1919-1954, 19xx-2009 (PFA), chemistry, dormant* *Scarab, 1921, architecture, national disbanded.* ΚΗΚ \- *Kappa Eta Kappa, 1924-1944 (PFA), electrical engineering, computer engineering or computer science, dormant* Others? Numerous professional societies could be listed here, some have/had a long history on campus.

## Honor and recognition fraternities

Honor societies recognize students who excel academically or as leaders among their peers, usually within a specific academic discipline. Members commonly include the society on their résumé/CV, which may serve to bolster grad school acceptance, publishing merit, and professional opportunities.

Listed by date of local founding with national conference membership, these are co-ed, non-residential, achievement-based organizations that self-select members based on published criteria.

At graduation, or at times of formal academic processionals, graduates, administrators, Ph.D. holders, and post-doctoral fellows wear academic robes in the colors of their degree, school, and other distinction, according to a voluntary Intercollegiate Code that governs customs such as formal academic regalia. In addition, various colored devices such as stoles, scarfs, cords, Tassels, and medallions are used to indicate membership in a student's honor society; cords and mortarboard tassels are most common. **Phi Beta Kappa**, the first honor society, locally founded at MIT in 1971, has used   Pink and   Sky blue since its national founding in 1776. Hence, students tapped for ΦΒΚ may wear tassels or other society-approved items, in these colors. Like most schools, MIT allows such regalia for honor society members. Stoles are less common, but they are used by a few honor societies. In academic circles, colors are well-known and follow long-standing protocols. The ACHS website lists the colors for their 68 member organizations, and the Honor society WP page lists others.

Many honor societies invite students to become members based on scholastic rank (the top x% of a class) and/or grade point, either overall, or for classes taken within the discipline for which the honor society provides recognition. In cases where academic achievement would not be an appropriate criterion for membership, other standards are required for membership (such as completion of a particular ceremony or training program). These societies recognize past achievements. Pledging is not required, and new candidates may be immediately inducted into membership after meeting predetermined academic criteria and paying a one-time membership fee. Some require graduate enrollment. Because of their purpose of recognition, most honor societies will have much higher academic achievement requirements for membership than professional societies. It is also common for a scholastic honor society to add a criterion relating to the character of the student. Some honor societies are invitation only while others allow unsolicited applications. Finally, membership in an honor society might be considered exclusive, i.e., a member of such an organization cannot join other honor societies representing the same field. Governance requires a faculty sponsor and each society remains faculty-guided, usually with alumni input.
(ACHS) indicates members of the Association of College Honor Societies.

## Service fraternities

Service fraternities formed with the intent of providing campus and community service. Listed with dates of local founding and national conference membership, if any, these are non-residential organizations. These organizations are self-governed.


title: Embassy of India, Kyiv

abstract: The Embassy of India in Kyiv is a diplomatic mission of the Republic of India to Ukraine. Shri Harsh Kumar Jain is the current Ambassador of India to Ukraine. Embassy serves Ukraine region. The embassy was closed on 1 March 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and staff were initially relocated to Lviv and then to Warsaw, Poland. The embassy reopened on 17 May 2022.

text:
# Embassy of India, Kyiv

The **Embassy of India in Kyiv** is a diplomatic mission of the Republic of India to Ukraine. Shri Harsh Kumar Jain is the current Ambassador of India to Ukraine. Embassy serves Ukraine region.

The embassy was closed on 1 March 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and staff were initially relocated to Lviv and then to Warsaw, Poland. The embassy reopened on 17 May 2022.

## Education

Scholarships are offered by the embassy to local nationals to study in India.

## InfoBox

| Embassy of India, Kyiv | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | 20-B, Maxima Berlinskogo Street |
| Ambassador | Harsh Kumar Jain |
| Jurisdiction | Ukraine |
| Website | Official website |


title: Trisopterus esmarkii

abstract: Trisopterus esmarkii, the Norway pout, is a species of fish in the cod family. It is found in the Barents Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, off the coasts of Norway, Iceland, the British Isles and elsewhere in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. It prefers depths between 100 and 200 m (330–660 ft), but occurs from 50 to 300 m (160–980 ft). Norway pout can reach 35 cm (14 in), but are more common at around 19 cm (7.5 in). It is extensively fished, mostly for conversion into fishmeal, with 877,910 t taken in 1974, and only 39,223 t taken in 2008.

text:
# Trisopterus esmarkii

***Trisopterus esmarkii***, the **Norway pout**, is a species of fish in the cod family. It is found in the Barents Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, off the coasts of Norway, Iceland, the British Isles and elsewhere in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. It prefers depths between 100 and 200 m (330–660 ft), but occurs from 50 to 300 m (160–980 ft). Norway pout can reach 35 cm (14 in), but are more common at around 19 cm (7.5 in).

It is extensively fished, mostly for conversion into fishmeal, with 877,910 t taken in 1974, and only 39,223 t taken in 2008.

## InfoBox

| Norway pout | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gadiformes |
| Family: | Gadidae |
| Genus: | *Trisopterus* |
| Species: | ***T. esmarkii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trisopterus esmarkii***
Nilsson, 1855 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Gadus esmarkii* | |


title: Trisporic acid

abstract: Trisporic acids (TSAs) are C-18 terpenoid compounds synthesized via β-carotene and retinol pathways in the zygomycetes. They are pheromone compound responsible for sexual differentiation in those fungal species. TSAs and related compounds make up the trisporoid group of chemicals.

text:
# Trisporic acid

**Trisporic acids** (TSAs) are C-18 terpenoid compounds synthesized via β-carotene and retinol pathways in the zygomycetes. They are pheromone compound responsible for sexual differentiation in those fungal species. TSAs and related compounds make up the **trisporoid** group of chemicals.

## History

Trisporic acid was discovered in 1964 as a metabolite that caused enhanced carotene production in *Blakeslea trispora*. It was later shown to be the hormone that brought about zygophore production in *Mucor mucedo*. The American mycologist and geneticist Albert Francis Blakeslee, discovered that some species of *Mucorales* were self-sterile (heterothallic), in which interactions of two strains, designated (+) and (-), being necessary for the initiation of sexual activity. This interaction was found by Hans Burgeff of the University of Goettingen to be due to the exchange of low molecular weight substances that diffused through the substratum and atmosphere. This work constituted the first demonstration of sex hormone activity in any fungus. The elucidation of the hormonal control of sexual interaction in the Mucorales extends over 60 years and involved mycologists and biochemists from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, UK and the USA.

## Functions in Mucorales

Recognition of compatible sexual partners in zygomycota is based on a cooperative biosynthesis pathway of trisporic acid. Early trisporoid derivatives and trisporic acid induce swelling of two potential hyphae, hence called zygophores, and a chemical gradient of these inducer molecules results in a growth towards each other. These progametangia come in contact with each other and build a strong connection. In the next stage, septae are established to limit the developing zygospore from the vegetative mycelium and in this way the zygophores become suspensor hyphae and gametangia are formed. After dissolving of the fusion wall, cytoplasm and a high number of nuclei from both gametangia are mixed. A selectional process (unstudied) results in a reduction of nuclei and meiosis takes place (also unstudied until today). Several cell wall modifications, as well as incorporation of sporopollenin (dark colour of spores) take place resulting in a mature zygospore.

Triporic acid, as the endpoint of this recognition pathway, can solely be produced in presence of both compatible partners, which enzymatically produce trisporoid precursors to be further utilized by the potential sexual partner. Species specificity of these reactions is among others obtained by spatial segregation, physicochemical features of derivatives (volatility and light sensitivity), chemical modifications of trisporoids and transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation.

## Biosynthesis

## Parasexualism

Trisporoids are also used in the mediation of the recognition between parasite and host. An example is the host-parasite interaction of a parasexual nature observed between *Parasitella parasitica*, a facultative mycoparasite of zygomycetes, and *Absidia glauca*. This interaction is an example for biotrophic fusion parasitism, because genetic information is transferred into the host. Many morphological similarities in comparison to zygospore formation are seen, but the mature spore is called a sikyospore and is parasitic. During this process, gall-like structures are produced by the host *Absidia glauca*. This coupled with further evidence has led to the assumption that trisporiods are not strictly species specific and that trisporiods represent the general principle of mating recognition in Mucorales.

## InfoBox

Trisporic acid
|
Trisporic acid A | |
| --- | --- |
|
Trisporic acid B | |
|
Trisporic acid C | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| InChI * A: InChI=1S/C18H26O3/c1-5-6-7-8-13(2)9-10-15-14(3)16(19)11-12-18(15,4)17(20)21/h8-10H,5-7,11-12H2,1-4H3,(H,20,21)/b10-9+,13-8+/t18-/m0/s1Key: OSQWPUQNCKZCOA-WVPSHWIESA-N * B: InChI=1S/C18H24O4/c1-12(6-5-7-13(2)19)8-9-15-14(3)16(20)10-11-18(15,4)17(21)22/h6,8-9H,5,7,10-11H2,1-4H3,(H,21,22)/b9-8+,12-6+/t18-/m0/s1Key: AUOKEERYXZUYBN-YEOBPPCSSA-N * C: InChI=1S/C18H26O4/c1-12(6-5-7-13(2)19)8-9-15-14(3)16(20)10-11-18(15,4)17(21)22/h6,8-9,13,19H,5,7,10-11H2,1-4H3,(H,21,22)/b9-8+,12-6+/t13-,18+/m1/s1Key: JYCOWXFWTZCULN-KSUWSPNXSA-N | |
| SMILES * A: CCCC/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C(=O)CC\[C@\]1(C)C(=O)O)C * B: CC1=C(\[C@@\](CCC1=O)(C)C(=O)O)/C=C/C(=C/CCC(=O)C)/C * C: CC1=C(\[C@@\](CCC1=O)(C)C(=O)O)/C=C/C(=C/CC\[C@@H\](C)O)/C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | A: C18H26O3
B: C18H24O4
C: C18H26O4 |
| Molar mass | A: 290.40 g/mol
B: 304.39 g/mol
C: 306.40 g/mol |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Emblem of Tajikistan

abstract: The State Emblem of Tajikistan is a modified version of the original emblem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic that was in use until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

text:
# Emblem of Tajikistan

The **State Emblem of Tajikistan** is a modified version of the original emblem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic that was in use until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

## History

Prior to the Russian Revolution, the territory of Turkestan, of which Tajikistan was part, used the device of a black unicorn on a golden shield, blazoned *or, a unicorn passant sable*. However, Tajikistan itself had no symbol.

Until 1992, Tajikistan had an emblem similar to all other Soviet Republics.

The first emblem of independent Tajikistan from 1992–1993 was the Lion and Sun symbol, which was a historic symbol of Persia, to which Tajikistan has cultural ties. It was changed to the current version by the government of Emomali Rahmon, which came to power at the end of 1992. Like other post-Soviet republics whose symbols do not predate the October Revolution, the current emblem retains some components of the Soviet one.

## Description

The crown at the center of the emblem is the same as the Tajik national flag, and refers to the Persian word *taj*, meaning crown, from which the name of the Tajik people is said to be derived, according to one interpretation. The base of the emblem contains a representation of a book and the Pamir Mountains. The emblem is flanked by cotton on one side and wheat on the other, as well a banner of the national red-white-green colors of Tajikistan is wrapped around the cotton and wheat replacing the red color containing the motto of the Soviet Union "Workers of the world, unite!" written in the Russian and Tajik languages.

## InfoBox

| Emblem of Tajikistan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Armiger | Republic of Tajikistan |
| Adopted | September 28 1993 |
| Shield | Rising sun, a crown surmounted by an arc of seven stars at the center |
| Supporters | Cotton and Wheat |
| Other elements | a wreath composed, on the right, the ears of grain and, on the left, the stems of cotton, and below, a book |


title: Emmanuel Nnadozie

abstract: Emmanuel Nnadozie is an educator, economist, professor of economics, entrepreneur and author. His scholarly works are in the area of economics and development in Africa and the world. This includes African Economic Development. He has also contributed to research journals such as the "Journal of African Finance and Economic Development", Journal of College Student Development. He has been a research fellow at the University of Oxford and a visiting professor at the University of Carolina - Charlotte. He is currently Executive Secretary of the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF). He was previously Chief Economist and director of the Economic Development and NEPAD Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). As such, he edits the annual publication African Economic Outlook.

text:
# Emmanuel Nnadozie

**Emmanuel Nnadozie** is an educator, economist, professor of economics, entrepreneur and author. His scholarly works are in the area of economics and development in Africa and the world. This includes *African Economic Development*. He has also contributed to research journals such as the "Journal of African Finance and Economic Development", *Journal of College Student Development*. He has been a research fellow at the University of Oxford and a visiting professor at the University of Carolina - Charlotte.

He is currently Executive Secretary of the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF). He was previously Chief Economist and director of the Economic Development and NEPAD Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). As such, he edits the annual publication *African Economic Outlook*.

## United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

He led and managed the development agenda of ECA and served as the spokesperson for the ECA on economic development in Africa. He served as Adviser to the Executive Secretary of ECA on Africa's Development, representing the Commission intergovernmental and continental bodies and meetings and advises African Governments on development issues. He coordinated UN System-wide Support to Africa's Development and supported the UN relations with the African Union (AU) Commission, the NEPAD Agency, the APRM Secretariat, the RECs and other regional and sub-regional organizations.

He formulated and implemented substantive work and programmes in the areas of: macroeconomic analysis, growth and employment, development finance, investment, industrial development, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), poverty eradication, Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and coordination of UN system support to the African Union and its NEPAD programme. He oversaw and led the preparation of such ECA flagship outputs and reports as the Economic Report on Africa (ERA), African MDGs and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Reports and the Report on Financing for Development and the Regional Coordination Mechanism of UN agency organizations (RCM-Africa).

## Academic career

From 1989 to 2004, Nnadozie taught economics at Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri. While at Truman, he also held a fellowship at University of Oxford and a visiting professorship at University of North Carolina. In 1992 he obtained a federal grant to establish the university's McNair Scholars Program. He served as the director of the program until he left the university in 2004. Additionally, he was a co-founder and faculty advisor of the African Students Association at Truman.

## Works

* African Economic Development 2nd Edition - 2019
* African Economic Development - 2003
* African Culture & American Business in Africa: How to Strategically Manage Cultural Differences in African Business -1998
* Chad: A Nation in Search of Its Future (co-authored with Mario Azevedo), 1997
* Oil and Socioeconomic Crisis in Nigeria: A Regional Perspective to the Nigerian Disease and the Rural Sector - 1995
* Journal of African Finance and Economic Development - 2001 (co-authored Sa-Aadu; Diery Seck)
* Nigeria politics challenges Christian unity: Ecumenical response to Nigeria politics - 1992)
* Oil & Socioeconomic Crisis in Nigeria - 1980

## Affiliations and awards

### Awards

* Outstanding Black Missourian award - for contributions towards Black education.

### Affiliations


title: Triphragmium ulmariae

abstract: Triphragmium ulmariae is a species of rust fungus in the family Sphaerophragmiaceae. It causes meadowsweet rust gall, which develops as a chemically induced swelling, arising from the lower surface of the meadowsweet leaves.

text:
# Triphragmium ulmariae

***Triphragmium ulmariae*** is a species of rust fungus in the family Sphaerophragmiaceae. It causes **meadowsweet rust gall**, which develops as a chemically induced swelling, arising from the lower surface of the meadowsweet (*Filipendula ulmaria*) leaves.

## Life cycle

The fungus grows in the petioles and midribs of the perennial plant meadowsweet (*Filipendula ulmaria*), a member of the rose family, causing swelling and distortion. Sori develop with bright orange spores. The rust's spores reach the new meadowsweet plants via air movements.

The rust has a severe effect on the survival of meadowsweet seedlings.

## InfoBox

| *Triphragmium ulmariae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mature gall on a leaf of meadowsweet (*Filipendula ulmaria*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Pucciniomycetes |
| Order: | Pucciniales |
| Family: | Sphaerophragmiaceae |
| Genus: | *Triphragmium* |
| Species: | ***T. ulmariae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Triphragmium ulmariae***<br>(DC.) Link | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Puccinia ulmariae* DC. (1808) | |


title: Tripterotyphis fayae

abstract: Tripterotyphis fayae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

text:
# Tripterotyphis fayae

***Tripterotyphis fayae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Tripterotyphis fayae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Muricidae |
| Genus: | *Tripterotyphis* |
| Species: | ***T. fayae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tripterotyphis fayae***<br>(Keen & Campbell,1964) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pterotyphis (Tripterotyphis) fayae* Keen & Campbell,1964 | |


title: Tripterygion tartessicum

abstract: Tripterygion tartessicum is a species of fish in the family Tripterygiidae, the threefin blennies. It is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs along the southern coast of Spain and from Morocco to Tunisia. It is a tropical demersal fish measuring up to 7.7 centimetres (3.0 in) in length. The species was described in 2007 when red-black triplefin specimens were determined to be individuals of a new species. Its specific name refers to the semi-mythical city of Tartessos and its associated culture, which was located in southern Spain, within the range of this species.

text:
# Tripterygion tartessicum

***Tripterygion tartessicum*** is a species of fish in the family Tripterygiidae, the threefin blennies. It is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs along the southern coast of Spain and from Morocco to Tunisia. It is a tropical demersal fish measuring up to 7.7 centimetres (3.0 in) in length.

The species was described in 2007 when red-black triplefin (*Tripterygion tripteronotum*) specimens were determined to be individuals of a new species. Its specific name refers to the semi-mythical city of Tartessos and its associated culture, which was located in southern Spain, within the range of this species.

## InfoBox

| *Tripterygion tartessicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Tripterygiidae |
| Genus: | *Tripterygion* |
| Species: | ***T. tartessicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tripterygion tartessicum***
Carreras-Carbonell, Pascual & Macpherson, 2007 | |
|


title: Encephalartos humilis

abstract: Encephalartos humilis is a species of cycad in the former Transvaal Province, South Africa.

text:
# Encephalartos humilis

***Encephalartos humilis*** is a species of cycad in the former Transvaal Province, South Africa.

## Description

This cycad is small, with an underground stem that doesn't grow taller than 50 cm and has a diameter of 15-20 cm. It sometimes develops secondary stems from basal shoots. The pinnate leaves, numbering 5 to 8, form a crown at the top of the stem. They are 30–50 cm long, with a petiole around 10 cm long, and made up of many pairs of lanceolate, leathery leaflets up to 13 cm long. These leaflets have a smooth edge and about 9 parallel veins on their lower surface, connected to a greenish-yellow rachis. This species is dioecious, with male plants bearing spindle-shaped cones that are 15–20 cm long and 4–5 cm wide, brownish-gray in color. Female plants have a roughly cylindrical, solitary cone about 25 cm long and 8–10 cm wide, also brownish-gray. The seeds are approximately ovoid and 2.5-3.5 cm long, covered in light yellow to orange flesh.

## InfoBox

| *Encephalartos humilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales |
| Family: | Zamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Encephalartos* |
| Species: | ***E. humilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Encephalartos humilis***
Verd. 1951 | |
|


title: Trojan Source

abstract: Trojan Source is the name of a software vulnerability that abuses Unicode's bidirectional characters to display source code differently than the actual execution of the source code. The exploit utilizes how writing scripts of different reading directions are displayed and encoded on computers. It was discovered by Nicholas Boucher and Ross Anderson at Cambridge University in late 2021.

text:
# Trojan Source

**Trojan Source** is the name of a software vulnerability that abuses Unicode's bidirectional characters to display source code differently than the actual execution of the source code. The exploit utilizes how writing scripts of different reading directions are displayed and encoded on computers. It was discovered by Nicholas Boucher and Ross Anderson at Cambridge University in late 2021.

## Background

Unicode is an encoding standard for representing text, symbols, and glyphs. Unicode is the most dominant encoding on computers, used in over 98% of websites as of September 2023. It supports many languages, and because of this, it must support different methods of writing text. This requires support for both left-to-right languages, such as English and Russian, and right-to-left languages, such as Hebrew and Arabic. Since Unicode aims to enable using more than one writing system, it must be able to mix scripts with different display orders and resolve conflicting orders. As a solution, Unicode contains characters called *bidirectional characters* (*Bidi*) that describe how text is displayed and represented. These characters can be abused to change how text is interpreted without changing it visually, as the characters are often invisible.

Relevant Unicode bidirectional formatting characters
| Abbreviation | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| LRE | U+202A  LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING | Try treating following text as left-to-right. |
| RLE | U+202B  RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING | Try treating following text as right-to-left. |
| LRO | U+202D  LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE | Force treating following text as left-to-right. |
| RLO | U+202E  RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE | Force treating following text as right-to-left. |
| LRI | U+2066  LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE | Force treating following text as left-to-right without affecting adjacent text. |
| RLI | U+2067  RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE | Force treating following text as right-to-left without affecting adjacent text. |
| FSI | U+2068  FIRST STRONG ISOLATE | Force treating following text in direction indicated by the next character. |
| PDF | U+202C  POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING | Terminate nearest LRE, RLE, LRO, or RLO. |
| PDI | U+2069  POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE | Terminate nearest LRI or RLI. |

## Methodology

In the exploit, bidirectional characters are abused to visually reorder text in source code so that later execution occurs in a different order. Bidirectional characters can be inserted in areas of source code where string literals are allowed. This often applies to documentation, variables, or comments.

Vulnerable Python code
| Source code with hints | Source code displayed visually | Source code interpreted |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ``` def sum(num1, num2):   '''Add num1 and num2, and [RLI] ''' ;return   return num1 + num2  ``` | ``` def sum(num1, num2):   '''Add num1 and num2, and return; '''   return num1 + num2  ``` | ``` def sum(num1, num2):   '''Add num1 and num2, and ''' ;   return   return num1 + num2  ``` |

In the above example, the RLI mark (right-to-left isolate) forces the following text to be interpreted differently than it is displayed: the triple-quote is first (ending the string), followed by a semicolon (starting a new line), and finally with the premature return (returning None and ignoring any code below it). The new line terminates the RLI mark, preventing it from flowing into the below code. Because of the Bidi character, some source code editors and IDEs rearrange the code for display without any visual indication that the code has been rearranged, so a human code reviewer would not normally detect them. However, when the code is inserted into a compiler, the compiler may ignore the Bidi character and process the characters in a different order than visually displayed. When the compiler is finished, it could potentially execute code that visually appeared to be non-executable. Formatting marks can be combined multiple times to create complex attacks.

## Impact and mitigation

Programming languages that support Unicode strings and follow Unicode's Bidi algorithm are vulnerable to the exploit. This includes languages like Java, Go, , C++, C#, Python, and JavaScript.

While the attack is not strictly an error, many compilers, interpreters, and websites added warnings or mitigations for the exploit. Both GNU GCC and LLVM received requests to deal with the exploit. Marek Polacek submitted a patch to GCC shortly after the exploit was published that implemented a warning for potentially unsafe directional characters; this functionality was merged for GCC 12 under the `-Wbidi-chars` flag. LLVM also merged similar patches. Rust fixed the exploit in 1.56.1, rejecting code that includes the characters by default. The developers of Rust found no vulnerable packages prior to the fix.

Red Hat issued an advisory on their website, labeling the exploit as "moderate". GitHub released a warning on their blog, as well as updating the website to show a dialog box when Bidi characters are detected in a repository's code.

## InfoBox

Trojan Source
| CVE identifier(s) | * CVE-2021-42574 * CVE-2021-42694 |
| --- | --- |
| Date discovered | September 9, 2021 (2021-09-09) |
| Discoverer | Nicholas Boucher, Ross Anderson |
| Affected software | Unicode, source code |
| Website | trojansource.codes |


title: Emperor Duzong

abstract: Emperor Duzong of Song, personal name Zhao Qi, was the 15th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the sixth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was a nephew of his predecessor, Emperor Lizong, and reigned from 1264 until his death in 1274. His birth name was Zhao Mengqi but his name was changed to Zhao Zi in 1251 and finally to Zhao Qi in 1253 after he was designated as Emperor Lizong's heir apparent. Duzong's reign was filled with rebellions and warfare; the court was dominated by his chancellor Jia Sidao and Duzong himself gave in into drinking and women, thus abandoning his duties. He died in 1274 leaving behind three young boys, one of whom took the throne as Emperor Gong. He was the last Emperor of the Song to issue coins; subsequent Song emperors were too busy fighting the newly proclaimed Yuan dynasty to establish mints to cast any coins and did not have enough resources.

text:
# Emperor Duzong

| Emperor Duzong of Song | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 宋度宗 |
| Literal meaning | "Measured Ancestor of the Song" |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Sòng Dùzōng | |
| Zhao Qi | |
| Traditional Chinese | 趙禥 |
| Simplified Chinese | 赵禥 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhào Qí | |
| Zhao Mengqi | |
| Traditional Chinese | 趙孟啟 |
| Simplified Chinese | 赵孟启 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhào Mèngqǐ | |
| Zhao Zi | |
| Traditional Chinese | 趙孜 |
| Simplified Chinese | 赵孜 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhào Zī | |
|  | |

**Emperor Duzong of Song** (2 May 1240 – 12 August 1274), personal name **Zhao Qi**, was the 15th emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the sixth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was a nephew of his predecessor, Emperor Lizong, and reigned from 1264 until his death in 1274.

His birth name was **Zhao Mengqi** but his name was changed to **Zhao Zi** in 1251 and finally to **Zhao Qi** in 1253 after he was designated as Emperor Lizong's heir apparent. Duzong's reign was filled with rebellions and warfare; the court was dominated by his chancellor Jia Sidao and Duzong himself gave in into drinking and women, thus abandoning his duties. He died in 1274 leaving behind three young boys, one of whom took the throne as Emperor Gong. He was the last Emperor of the Song to issue coins; subsequent Song emperors were too busy fighting the newly proclaimed Yuan dynasty to establish mints to cast any coins and did not have enough resources.

## Early life

Despite his mother's attempt to induce an abortion (thinking herself of low social status), Duzong was born in 1224 and would later be named heir to the Song dynasty throne. The drugs his mother took as a method of attempted abortion affected him in many ways, impacting his intelligence, speech (allegedly he could not speak until 7 years of age), and his hands and feet were poorly developed and awkward to use. He was Yurui's only son. Like his uncle Zhao Yun, he lived in Shaoxing.

### Discovery

Duzong was discovered by his paternal uncle Zhao Yun, better known as Emperor Lizong in 1253, who was sonless and therefore had no heirs so to compensate, adopted Duzong and designated him crown prince in 1260, an action historians still view as confusing. Emperor Lizong died in 1264 and Emperor Duzong then ascended the throne.

## Reign

Emperor Duzong's reign was plagued with rebellions, warfare and corruption in his court; many officials accused the chancellor Jia Sidao of corruption but Duzong trusted Jia Sidao who Duzong honoured by bowing down to Jia even calling him "teacher" and according to anecdotes, when Jia was considering resigning, Duzong knelt down in tears begging Jia to remain in office.

Emperor Duzong ignored his duties and instead delegated all state and military affairs to the hands of Jia Sidao; the emperor instead indulged in drinking, women, and lived in opulence. To make things even worse, Duzong’s intelligence was lower than a normal person and he was often depressed. At first, he told the officials to be straightforward and tell him the problems in the countries, but this was all an act. Soon, he completely neglected his duties. Furthermore, he had a very high sexual appetite. Under Song laws, any woman who had sexual relations with the emperor had to pay respects to the emperor every morning. At one point, there were as many as 30 women paying their respects to Emperor Duzong in one morning. Duzong also gave official documents to four of his most favored women.

### Mongol Invasion

The Mongols had spent decades harassing the Song Empire's borders and were on the verge of conquering the whole of China. Emperor Duzong however, ignored this problem instead choosing to drink and indulging in sex because when Duzong heard that Xiangyang was being besieged by Mongol troops, Duzong asked Jia Sidao "I hear that Xiangyang had been besieged by the Yuan troops for several years. Is this true?" in which Jia said in all seriousness "Well, I haven't heard such a thing." Duzong replied with "A palace maid told me this."

#### Siege of Xiangyang

Lu Wenhuan sent a messenger to Emperor Duzong, to request immediate reinforcements to defend Xiangyang. The messenger successfully got by the Yuan forts and reached the emperor but upon hearing the effectiveness of these new trebuchets, the emperor considered Xiangyang lost and did not send reinforcements. The decisive Battle of Xiangyang was fought in 1274 when the Mongols succeeded in capturing and destroying the last Song stronghold. The loss of Xiangyang sealed the fate of the Song dynasty and the news of its capture was deliberately hidden from Emperor Duzong by Jia Sidao.

### Death

Reports are disputed over how the Emperor died. Some say that he died from overindulgence in wine. But Historian Richard L. Davis and other sources claim that Duzong died suddenly from a severe negligence of a Palace Doctor. In any case, he was succeeded by his sixth son, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong), who was then only four years old. Although Emperor Duzong was technically not the last emperor of the Song dynasty, historians see him as the last Song emperor who could have made decisions that would've significantly halted or even prevented the fall of the dynasty, as Gong was forced to abdicate two years later at the age of 6. His reign ended with Chancellor Jia Sidao's execution, but the collapse of the Song dynasty was inevitable as the Mongols drew closer.

Emperor Duzong was buried in the Yongshao Mausoleum on January 1275.

## Family

Consorts and Issue:

* Empress, of the Quan clan (皇后 全氏; 1241–1309), second cousin
    + *Zhao Shu* (趙舒; 1264), second son
    + Zhao Xian, Emperor Xiaogong (孝恭皇帝 趙㬎; 1271–1323), sixth son
* *Pure Consort*, of the Yang clan (淑妃 楊氏; d. 1279), personal name Juliang (巨良)
    + *Zhao Huang, Prince Qichongjing* (岐衝靖王 趙鍠; b. 1268), fourth son
    + *Zhao Shi, Duanzong* (端宗 趙是; 1269–1278), fifth son
    + Princess (公主)
        - Married Jiang Rixin (江日新)
    + *Princess Jin* (晉公主)
* *Xiurong*, of the Yu clan (修容 俞氏)
    + *Zhao Xian, Duke Yichongding* (益衝定公 趙憲; 1268–1270), third son
    + Princess Xin'an Zhuangyi (信安莊懿公主), first daughter
        - Married Fang Daosheng (方道盛)
    + Princess Zhenjing (貞靜公主), personal name Guangyi (光懿)
        - Married Huang Cai (黃材)
    + *Zhao Bing, Emperor* (皇帝 趙昺; 1272–1279), seventh son
* *Zhaoyi*, of the Wang clan (王昭仪), personal name Qinghui (清惠)
* *Furen*, of the Zhu clan (朱人 夫氏, d. 1276)
* Unknown
    + *Zhao Chao, Prince Guangchongshan* (廣衝善王 趙焯; 1262–1263), first son

## Ancestry

|  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  |  | |  | Zhao Bowu, a 7th generation descendant of Zhao Dezhao | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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## InfoBox

| Emperor Duzong of Song
宋度宗 | |
| --- | --- |
| Palace portrait on a hanging scroll, kept in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan | |
| Emperor of the Song dynasty | |
| Reign | 16 November 1264 –
12 August 1274 |
| Coronation | 16 November 1264 |
| Predecessor | Emperor Lizong |
| Successor | Emperor Gong |
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| Born | Zhao Mengqi (1240–1251)
Zhao Zi (1251–1253)
Zhao Qi (1253–1274)
2 May 1240
Shaoxing, Song dynasty |
| Died | 12 August 1274(1274-08-12) (aged 34)
Lin'an, Song dynasty (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) |
| Burial | Yongshao Mausoleum (永紹陵, in present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) |
| Consorts | *   Lady Quan (m. 12611274) *   Lady Yang (before 1274) |
| Issue | *Emperor Duanzong*
Emperor Gong
*Zhao Bing*
Princess Xin'an Zhuangyi
Princess Zhenjing
Princess |
| Era dates  Xianchun (咸淳; 1265–1274)  Posthumous name  Emperor Duanwen Mingwu Jingxiao (端文明武景孝皇帝)  Temple name  Duzong (度宗) | |
| House | Zhao |
| Dynasty | Song (Southern Song) |
| Father | Zhao Yurui |
| Mother | Huang Dingxi |
| Signature |  |


title: Emperor Faith

abstract: Emperor Faith was an early Jamaican sound system from the Red Hills Area of Kingston, Jamaica, one of the most popular sounds of the early 1970s. The sound was run by Mikey Faith, who was Bob Marley's accountant. Emperor Faith worked with producers such as Clive Chin. They occupied the corner of Rosemary Lane and Tower Street and often performed in the house of Roy Anthony Johnson.

text:
# Emperor Faith

**Emperor Faith** was an early Jamaican sound system from the Red Hills Area of Kingston, Jamaica, one of the most popular sounds of the early 1970s. The sound was run by Mikey Faith, who was Bob Marley's accountant. Emperor Faith worked with producers such as Clive Chin. They occupied the corner of Rosemary Lane and Tower Street and often performed in the house of Roy Anthony Johnson.


title: Emrullah İşler

abstract: Emrullah İşler is a Turkish theologian, university lecturer, and politician. On 25 December 2013, he was appointed as a deputy prime minister in the third cabinet of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

text:
# Emrullah İşler

**Emrullah İşler** (born 7 January 1960) is a Turkish theologian, university lecturer, and politician. On 25 December 2013, he was appointed as a deputy prime minister in the third cabinet of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

## Early life

Emrullah İşler was born to Abdullah and Zeliha İşler in the village of Kuşcuören in the Kızılcahamam district of Ankara Province on 7 January 1960.

After receiving a Bachelor's degree in Islamic Science from the Faculty of Education at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, he completed his education with a Master's degree, and earned later a PhD degree in Tafsir (Interpretation of the Qur'an and Hadith) at the Basic Islamic Science Department of the Institute of Social Science in Ankara University.

He is married and has three children.

## Career

### Academics

İşler worked as associate professor for Tafsir at the Faculty of Theology of Cumhuriyet University in Sivas, and then in Arabic language at Gazi University's Faculty of Education in Ankara, where he was later promoted to full professor. He served also as visiting professor at universities in Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia.

### Politics

He entered politics through the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), and was elected into the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in the 2011 general election as an MP from Ankara Province. He was appointed head of the Nigeria-Turkey Interparliamentary Group. İşler served as chief advisor to the prime minister. He was Erdoğan's interpreter for Arabic language and was part of his close circle.

On 26 December 2013, Emrullah İşler assumed office as a deputy prime minister, replacing Bekir Bozdağ during Erdoğan's cabinet reshuffle with ten new names that was announced the day before, on 25 December, following the 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey.

In 2014, İşler claimed that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Iraq did not amount to torture.

## InfoBox

| Emrullah İşlerMP Ph.D | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
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| Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey | |
| **In office**
25 December 2013  29 August 2014 | |
| Prime Minister | Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |
| Serving with | Bülent Arınç
Beşir Atalay
Ali Babacan |
| Preceded by | Bekir Bozdağ |
| Succeeded by | Yalçın Akdoğan |
| Member of the Grand National Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
12 June 2011 | |
| Constituency | Ankara (II) (2011, June 2015, Nov 2015, 2018) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-01-07) 7 January 1960
Kuşcuören, Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey |
| Political party | Justice and Development Party (AK Party) |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | Theology, Law |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Politician, academic |
|  | |