title: Chantry Flat

abstract: Chantry Flat is a designated "Recreation Area" within the Angeles National Forest, about three miles (5 km) into Big Santa Anita Canyon, and is closely associated with the towns of Arcadia and Sierra Madre, CA. The flat itself houses a large public picnic area, and is the starting point for several historic trails of the San Gabriel Mountains, including the 28.5-mile (45.9 km) Gabrielino Trail. The US Forest Service estimates the road to Chantry as the third busiest entry into the Angeles, next to CA State Highways 2 and 39.

text:
# Chantry Flat

**Chantry Flat** is a designated "Recreation Area" within the Angeles National Forest, about three miles (5 km) into Big Santa Anita Canyon, and is closely associated with the towns of Arcadia and Sierra Madre, CA. The flat itself houses a large public picnic area, and is the starting point for several historic trails of the San Gabriel Mountains, including the 28.5-mile (45.9 km) Gabrielino Trail. The US Forest Service estimates the road to Chantry as the third busiest entry into the Angeles, next to CA State Highways 2 and 39.

## Significance

Chantry Flat is home to the last pack station in Southern California. It is also the trailhead to Sturtevant's Camp, the oldest resort in the San Gabriels and one of a handful that still exist. The Chantry Flat/Big Santa Anita Canyon area boasts the last magneto-type crank phone system in the United States. The entire watershed is a living museum to the great hiking era in the first half of the twentieth century.

## History

In 1905 Iowa-born **Charley Chantry** arrived in Sierra Madre, CA. He prospected his way there from the Black Hills of the Dakotas by way of the San Gabriel back country. He erected a sturdy tent cabin in Little Santa Anita Canyon from which he rented riding donkeys to kids staying at nearby Carter's Camp. Soon his stock was packing into all of the area's mountain resorts from his Mount Wilson Stables.

While packing to Sturtevant's Camp, Charley passed through an oak-studded bench 600 feet (180 m) above Big Santa Anita Canyon's bottom at the San Olene Gap. With a reliable spring in adjoining San Olene Canyon (a corruption of the original Santa Oline) and the relatively flat land of an ancient slide, Chantry imagined this to be an ideal site for a small ranch. The details of his official occupation of the flat are unclear, even from John Robinson's *The San Gabriels*. The 1977 edition suggests that his plans for a home and orchard were thwarted by enactment of the Forest Homestead Act (1906), which forbade such development. The 1991 edition reports that he was granted a permit for 20 acres (81,000 m2) in 1907, that he failed to act on his plans and that he allowed the permit to lapse, returning control to the Forest Service. Glen Owens, author of *The Heritage of the Big Santa Anita* believes the latter to be true and substantiates his claim with the witness of a Forest Service agricultural permit in Charley's name. In any event, Charley and his dog, Patch, did occasionally occupy a tent here, graze his stock here, and spend enough time here to have his name permanently attached to the area now known as Chantry Flat (formerly Poison Oak Flat).

Charley died in 1936, one year after Los Angeles County paved a road to his old stomping grounds from the top of Santa Anita Ave. The road in was originally planned as a highway to join the Angeles Crest Highway (State Hwy 2) at Shortcut Canyon. The Forest Service never allowed it. It would have been a largely unwelcome introduction of modern civilization and would have obliterated the charm and beauty of both the Big Santa Anita and the West Fork of the San Gabriel River. The county was permitted, however, to build a road into Winter Creek. They stopped short with a less intrusive terminus at Chantry Flat. The Civilian Conservation Corps built a campground here that was later remodeled by the Forest Service in 1958 and designated a picnic area. Also in 1958, the USFS built the existing firehouse with barracks and information center, the two 3-bedroom houses to house employees, and a water system (315,000 US gallons (1,190,000 L) capacity) drawn from a lateral well. The lateral well was later replaced by the vertical well now in use.

## The Picnic Area

The picnic grounds of Chantry Flat, known to locals as The Picnic Grove, are authorized for day use only. A full renovation was completed in August 2006. The site offers 35 tables, each with a charcoal barbecue; most are wheelchair accessible. Water spigots are installed throughout, and there are two flush toilet restrooms.

## Trails

Several hiking and mountain biking trails are accessible from Chantry Flat. They include the Upper Winter Creek and Lower Winter Creek trail loop as well as the Sturtevant Falls trail along Santa Anita Creek, which is also the East end of the Gabrielino Trail. These trails connect with a broad network of trails throughout the San Gabriel Mountains. Most of these trails are heavily forested, as they did not burn during the Station Fire in 2009.

## Pack station

Adams' Pack Station is a permitted outfitter and general store that has operated at Chantry Flat since 1936. It sells the National Forest Adventure Pass, and also offers food and gear as well as additional parking for visitors. The Pack Station General Store is open to the public on weekends and holidays until 5:00 PM.

## Parking fee

The road to Chantry Flat is open daily from 6:00 AM to 8:00 PM. Car parking at Chantry Flats, and many places in the Angeles National Forest, requires a National Forest Adventure Pass. National Forest Adventure Passes may be obtained online or from forest visitor centers and local sporting good merchants. The fee is $5.00 a day or $30 for a yearly pass. The parking lot fills quickly in the morning on the weekends.

## Driving Directions

From the Foothill Freeway (I-210) take the Santa Anita Avenue exit north. Follow Santa Anita Ave. through the residential neighborhood until it ends at the foot of the mountains. Pass the yellow pipe gate and continue 3 miles (4.8 km) into the mountains to the end of Santa Anita Canyon Road.

1. 2005 quote from Angeles National Forest Supervisor ***Jody Noiron*** \- given to the creator of this article
2. *The San Gabriels* by John Robinson - 1977 printing, Golden West Books, San Marino, California
3. *The San Gabriels* by John Robinson - 1991 printing, Big Santa Anita Historical Society
4. *Heritage of the Big Santa Anita* by Glen Owens - 1981 & 2007, Big Santa Anita Historical Society
5. *Los Angeles Times Sunday Magazine* article, **We Are Agin "Progress" Up in Our Canyon**, September 4, 1932
6. Kevin Hunt - Water Inspector, USFS, ANF

34°11′44″N 118°01′21″W / 34.1955°N 118.0224°W / 34.1955; -118.0224


title: Slurry, North West

abstract: Slurry is a settlement in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in the North West province of South Africa. Slurry is a village with a large cement factory, 22 km north-east of Mafikeng and 15 km south-west of Ottoshoop. It was named after the mixture of limestone and other components in the manufacture of cement.

text:
# Slurry, North West

**Slurry** is a settlement in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality in the North West province of South Africa.

Slurry is a village with a large cement factory, 22 km north-east of Mafikeng and 15 km south-west of Ottoshoop. It was named after the mixture of limestone and other components in the manufacture of cement.

## InfoBox

| Slurry | |
| --- | --- |
| SlurrySlurry | |
| Coordinates: 25°49′00″S 25°51′00″E / 25.816667°S 25.85°E / -25.816667; 25.85 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | North West |
| District | Ngaka Modiri Molema |
| Municipality | Mahikeng |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.21 km2 (12.82 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 587 |
| Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 70.3% |
| Coloured | 3.8% |
| Indian/Asian | 6.3% |
| White | 19.6% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Tswana | 55.2% |
| Afrikaans | 22.3% |
| English | 9.2% |
| Zulu | 6.3% |
| Other | 7.0% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |
| PO box | 2895 |
| Area code | 018 |


title: Chemokinesis

abstract: Chemokinesis is chemically prompted kinesis, a motile response of unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms to chemicals that cause the cell to make some kind of change in their migratory/swimming behaviour. Changes involve an increase or decrease of speed, alterations of amplitude or frequency of motile character, or direction of migration. However, in contrast to chemotaxis, chemokinesis has a random, non-vectorial moiety, in general. Due to the random character, techniques dedicated to evaluate chemokinesis are partly different from methods used in chemotaxis research. One of the most valuable ways to measure chemokinesis is computer-assisted checker-board analysis, which provides data about migration of identical cells, whereas, in Protozoa, techniques based on measurement of opalescence were also developed.

text:
# Chemokinesis

**Chemokinesis** is chemically prompted kinesis, a motile response of unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms to chemicals that cause the cell to make some kind of change in their migratory/swimming behaviour. Changes involve an increase or decrease of speed, alterations of amplitude or frequency of motile character, or direction of migration. However, in contrast to chemotaxis, chemokinesis has a random, non-vectorial moiety, in general.
Due to the random character, techniques dedicated to evaluate chemokinesis are partly different from methods used in chemotaxis research. One of the most valuable ways to measure chemokinesis is computer-assisted (see, e.g., Image J) checker-board analysis, which provides data about migration of identical cells, whereas, in Protozoa (e.g., Tetrahymena), techniques based on measurement of opalescence were also developed.


title: Smokebox

abstract: A smokebox is one of the major basic parts of a steam locomotive exhaust system. Smoke and hot gases pass from the firebox through tubes where they pass heat to the surrounding water in the boiler. The smoke then enters the smokebox, and is exhausted to the atmosphere through the chimney. Early locomotives had no smokebox and relied on a long chimney to provide natural draught for the fire but smokeboxes were soon included in the design for two specific reasons. Firstly and most importantly, the blast of exhaust steam from the cylinders, when directed upwards through an airtight smokebox with an appropriate design of exhaust nozzle, effectively draws hot gases through the boiler tubes and flues and, consequently, fresh combustion air into the firebox. Secondly, the smokebox provides a convenient collection point for ash and cinders ("char") drawn through the boiler tubes, which can be easily cleaned out at the end of a working day. Without a smokebox, all char must pass up the chimney or it will collect in the tubes and flues themselves, gradually blocking them. The smokebox appears to be a forward extension of the boiler although it contains no water and is a separate component. Smokeboxes are usually made from riveted or welded steel plate and the floor is lined with concrete to protect the steel from hot char and acid or from a rainwater attack.

text:
# Smokebox

A **smokebox** is one of the major basic parts of a steam locomotive exhaust system. Smoke and hot gases pass from the firebox through tubes where they pass heat to the surrounding water in the boiler. The smoke then enters the smokebox, and is exhausted to the atmosphere through the chimney (or funnel). Early locomotives had no smokebox and relied on a long chimney to provide natural draught for the fire but smokeboxes were soon included in the design for two specific reasons. Firstly and most importantly, the blast of exhaust steam from the cylinders, when directed upwards through an airtight smokebox with an appropriate design of exhaust nozzle, effectively draws hot gases through the boiler tubes and flues and, consequently, fresh combustion air into the firebox. Secondly, the smokebox provides a convenient collection point for ash and cinders ("char") drawn through the boiler tubes, which can be easily cleaned out at the end of a working day. Without a smokebox, all char must pass up the chimney or it will collect in the tubes and flues themselves, gradually blocking them.

The smokebox appears to be a forward extension of the boiler although it contains no water and is a separate component. Smokeboxes are usually made from riveted or welded steel plate and the floor is lined with concrete to protect the steel from hot char and acid or from a rainwater attack.

## Blower

To assist the passage of the smoke and hot gases, a blower is often used. This is a pipe ending in a ring containing pin-sized holes, which creates a "ring" of steam jets. The steam forces out the smoke and draws further gases through the tubes. This in turn causes air to be drawn through the grate and firehole, making the fire burn hotter.

## Blastpipe

When the locomotive is in motion, exhaust steam passes through the blastpipe, which is located within the smokebox. The steam is ejected through the chimney, again drawing the fire. The blastpipe is what produces the characteristic "chuff" sound.

The dimensions of the blastpipe and chimney are critical to the steam-generating capacity of the locomotive and its fuel economy, since there is a natural trade-off between a high-velocity steam jet giving a strong draw on the fire, and back-pressure on the exhaust. Small changes to this "front end" design can have a dramatic impact. More complex exhaust designs such as Kylchap, Lempor and Giesl, can achieve better results than the simple blastpipe and chimney arrangement.

## Smokebox door

Ashes and soot that may be present in the smoke are often deposited in the smokebox. The front of the smokebox has a door, which is opened to remove these deposits at the end of each locomotive's working day. The handle(s) must be tightened fully to prevent air leaks, which would reduce the draw on the fire and could also allow any unburnt char at the bottom of the smokebox to catch fire there. A leaking smokebox door is often revealed by a patch of red hot metal when the engine is working or blistered paint and rusted metal when cold.

Some smokebox doors have a single handle in the form of a wheel; many British-built locomotives, notably GWR and BR Standard types, have a pair of smokebox door handles resembling the hands of a clock; other designs also exist. The type with a pair of handles has a horizontal bar across the smokebox inside the door, a hole in which is engaged by a "dart" attached to the inner of the two handles when it is at 12 o'clock or 6 o'clock; the outer handle is used to lock the inner one. The Midland Railway and LMS notably used separate clamps around the circumference of the door, which allowed their characteristic smokebox number plate to be centrally located on the door.

On many steamrollers an extension to the body of the smokebox also houses the bearing which supports the front roller. Due to limitations of space, these rollers usually have a drop-down flap instead of a circular smokebox door.

## Steam pipes

The smokebox incorporates the main steam pipes from the regulator (or superheater header), one leading to each valve chest, a part of the cylinder casting. These pipes may pass through the smokebox wall to join with the cylinder (outside steam pipes) or may stay within the profile of the smokebox (inside steam pipes). Inside steam pipes do not require lagging as the smokebox keeps them warm, but outside steam pipes are more common for locomotives with cylinders outside the frames. Some locomotive classes used both types depending on the date the batch was constructed (e.g. LNER Class V2).

## Lagging

Because heat losses are of little consequence, the smokebox is not usually lagged. In most cases it appears to be the same diameter as the boiler in the finished locomotive but this is only because of the boiler cladding; the boiler is narrower. Tank engines usually had their water tanks stop short of the unlagged smokebox, as otherwise the temperature of the water could rise sufficiently to cause problems with the injectors.

## Self-cleaning smokebox

British Railways standard classes use this design, where a robust mesh grille is incorporated into the smokebox, forming a filter between the front tubeplate and the exhaust. Any large pieces of char passing through the boiler tubes tend to be broken up on impact with the mesh, creating finer particles that are swept up into the chimney instead of accumulating in the bottom of the smokebox. This does not negate the need to clean out the smokebox but reduces the amount of work that has to be done. In the best-case scenario, smokebox cleaning would be necessary only between boiler washouts, typically at intervals of two weeks.

## Locomotive layout

The classic layout of a steam locomotive has the smokebox and chimney at the front of the locomotive, referred to as traveling "smokebox-first". Some designs reversed the layout to avoid problems (asphyxiation and poor visibility) caused by having the exhaust blowing back onto the crew; these were called cab forward locomotives.

## Spark arrester

A spark arrester is often installed within the smokebox. This may take the form of a cylindrical mesh running from the top of the blast pipe to the bottom of the chimney. Spark arresters are to prevent excessively large fragments of hot ash from being exhausted into the environment where they may pose a fire risk. For this reason, spark arresters are generally installed on locomotives running through dry environments. They should not be confused with the external spark arrestors fitted to some locomotives. The presence of a spark arrester may have a thermodynamic effect, distorting the draw of air over the fire and thereby reducing total power output. Thus their use can be contentious.

## Superheating

Locomotives fitted with a superheater will usually have a superheater header in the smokebox. Steam enters the header as "wet" (saturated) steam, and then passes through a superheater element. This takes the form of a pipe that runs twice through an enlarged smoke tube in the boiler. The steam exits into a separate chamber in the header as superheated or dry steam. The advantage of superheating is that the steam has greater expansive properties when entering the cylinders, so more power can be gained from a smaller amount of water and fuel.


title: Chengdu campaign

abstract: The Chengdu campaign was the capture of Chengdu by the People's Republic of China (Communists) in December 1949 during the Chinese Civil War. The city was the national capital of the Republic of China (Nationalists) and provincial capital of the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan. The campaign was part of the Southwestern China campaign.

text:
# Chengdu campaign

The **Chengdu campaign** was the capture of Chengdu by the People's Republic of China (Communists) in December 1949 during the Chinese Civil War. The city was the national capital of the Republic of China (Nationalists) and provincial capital of the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan. The campaign was part of the Southwestern China campaign.

## Battle of Jianmenguan

Jianmen Pass (Jianmen Guan, 剑门关) is a key 50-meter wide mountain pass between Shaanxi and Sichuan. The ROC fortified the pass with bunkers during the Civil War in preparation for a PRC attack. The PRC captured nearby Guangyuan on December 14, 1949. The PRC's 540th Regiment (of 180th Division, 60th Army, 18th Army Group) was assigned to take the pass, which it reached after a 40 km three day forced march through the mountains. The initial attack destroyed a company of the defending ROC 55th Division. Two of the 540th Regiment's battalions approached under the cover of darkness to 50 meters of the pass 10:00 PM; the remaining battalion outflanked the defenses by moving through the mountains. The attackers crossed a final ravine with a log and overwhelmed the defenders. The PRC captured 300 prisoners.

The ROC retreated and abandoned Jiange in the afternoon of December 18, 1949. The way was cleared for the PRC to push deeper into Sichuan.

* Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang, *Liberation War History*, 1st Ed., Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 2000, ISBN 7-80149-207-2 (set)
* Zhang, Ping, *History of the Liberation War*, 1st Ed., Chinese Youth Publishing House in Beijing, 1987, ISBN 7-5006-0081-X (pbk.)
* Jie, Lifu, *Records of the Liberation War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates*, 1st Ed., Hebei People's Publishing House in Shijiazhuang, 1990, ISBN 7-202-00733-9 (set)
* Literary and Historical Research Committee of the Anhui Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, *Liberation War*, 1st Ed., Anhui People's Publishing House in Hefei, 1987, ISBN 7-212-00007-8
* Li, Zuomin, *Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War*, 1st Ed., Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House in Beijing, 2004, ISBN 7-80199-029-3
* Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan, *Chinese Liberation War*, 1st Ed., People's Liberation Army Literature and Art Publishing House in Beijing, 2001, ISBN 7-5033-1351-X (set)
* Huang, Youlan, *History of the Chinese People's Liberation War*, 1st Ed., Archives Publishing House in Beijing, 1992, ISBN 7-80019-338-1
* Liu Wusheng, *From Yan'an to Beijing: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War*, 1st Ed., Central Literary Publishing House in Beijing, 1993, ISBN 7-5073-0074-9
* Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong, *History of Chinese People's Liberation Army in Chinese Liberation War*, 1st Ed., Military Scientific Publishing House in Beijing, 1993  1997, ISBN 7-80021-719-1 (Vol. 1), 7800219615 (Vol. 2), 7800219631 (Vol. 3), 7801370937 (Vol. 4), and 7801370953 (Vol. 5)

## InfoBox

| Chengdu campaign | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Cross-Strait conflict and Chinese Civil War | |
| Date December 11–27, 1949  Location Chengdu, Sichuan Province  Result  Communists capture Chengdu | |
| Belligerents | |
| Republic of China | People's Republic of China |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Hu Zongnan | Liu Bocheng
Deng Xiaoping
He Long |
| Strength | |
| ROCA 55th Division | 180th Division of PLA 60th Army |


title: Slavo Kukić

abstract: Slavo Kukić was a Bosnian sociologist and academic who was a professor and PhD in Marxist sociology. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Born in Posušje in 1954, Kukić obtained his BA, MS and PhD from the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Sarajevo. He was professor of Sociology, Methodology of Scientific Research and Consumer Behavior at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Mostar, and taught several undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate doctoral studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its neighboring countries. He also wrote opinion columns for a variety of media organisations, such as Al Jazeera Balkans.

text:
# Slavo Kukić

**Slavo Kukić** (21 July 1954 – 7 September 2024) was a Bosnian sociologist and academic who was a professor and PhD in Marxist sociology. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Born in Posušje in 1954, Kukić obtained his BA, MS and PhD from the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Sarajevo. He was professor of Sociology, Methodology of Scientific Research and Consumer Behavior at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Mostar, and taught several undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate doctoral studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its neighboring countries. He also wrote opinion columns for a variety of media organisations, such as Al Jazeera Balkans.

## Biography

Kukić was born in Posušje, SFR Yugoslavia, present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina on 21 July 1954. He graduated from the Faculty of Political Sciences in Sarajevo in February 1977, and from the Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Study of the University of Sarajevo in 1983. He started his career in 1977 as an associate of the Municipal Assembly of Posušje. After that he was a director of the Marxist Centre. Kukić was a professor in a high school in Posušje, and later a director. In 1987, he was elected president of the Executive Council of the Municipal Assembly of Posušje. In 1992, he was named professor at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Mostar.

Following the 2010 Bosnian general election, the Social Democratic Party designated Kukić as the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was subsequently nominated for Chairman in July 2011 by the country's Presidency. Croat and Serb parties voted against the nomination. Although Kukić received a majority of votes in the House of Representatives, he failed to receive the necessary 2/3 majority of votes from Republika Srpska representatives. Ultimately, Croatian Democratic Union member Vjekoslav Bevanda was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers in January 2012.

### Attack

Kukić claimed that he was attacked with a baseball bat in 2014 due to his statements regarding the controversial war criminal Dario Kordić. After the attack, Kukić said that he was not significantly injured. Federal Prime Minister Nermin Nikšić condemned the attack, calling it "another of a series of fascist outbursts".

### Death

Kukić died on 7 September 2024, at the age of 70.

## Education

* Department of Political Science, University of Sarajevo, 1977
* Master of Science, University of Sarajevo, 1978–1983.
* Doctor of Sociological Sciences, University of Sarajevo, 1986.

## InfoBox

| Slavo Kukić | |
| --- | --- |
| Kukić in 2016 | |
| Born | (1954-07-21)21 July 1954
Posušje, PR Bosnia and Herzegovina, FPR Yugoslavia |
| Died | 7 September 2024(2024-09-07) (aged 70)
Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Alma mater | University of Sarajevo (BA, MS, PhD) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Sociology |
| Institutions | University of Mostar |
| Thesis | *Njemački socijaldemokratizam kao predstavnik socijalreformističke alternative revolucionarnom marksizmu (German social democracy as a representative of socialist reformist alternative to the revolutionary Marxism)*  (1987) |
|  | |


title: Cherni Island

abstract: Cherni Island is an island in the U.S. state of Alaska that lies 12 miles (20 km) south of Deer Island, about halfway between it and the Sanak Islands. All of the preceding islands lie off the south coast of the western part of the Alaska Peninsula, in the Aleutians East Borough. The island was known as Chernabura Island until 1936, when its name was changed to Cherni Island to avoid confusion with a larger island known as Chernabura Island located in the Shumagin Islands 90 nautical miles to the northeast.

text:
# Cherni Island

**Cherni Island** is an island in the U.S. state of Alaska that lies 12 miles (20 km) south of Deer Island, about halfway between it and the Sanak Islands. All of the preceding islands lie off the south coast of the western part of the Alaska Peninsula, in the Aleutians East Borough.

The island was known as **Chernabura Island** until 1936, when its name was changed to Cherni Island to avoid confusion with a larger island known as Chernabura Island located in the Shumagin Islands 90 nautical miles (170 km; 100 mi) to the northeast.

54°38′11″N 162°22′07″W / 54.63639°N 162.36861°W / 54.63639; -162.36861


title: Cherney Maribel Caves County Park

abstract: Cherney Maribel Caves County Park is a county park located near Maribel in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. The park occupies 75 acres along the West Twin River. Cherney Maribel Caves consists of eleven caves along a rugged cliff line that runs parallel with the West Twin River. Maribel New Hope Cave, Tartarus Cave, Sinkhole Cave and Split Rock Cave are all established gated caves that need guides to visit the entire caves, they are gated due to past vandalism to the Speleothems and protect the current Speleothems.

text:
# Cherney Maribel Caves County Park

**Cherney Maribel Caves County Park** is a county park located near Maribel in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. The park occupies 75 acres along the West Twin River. Cherney Maribel Caves consists of eleven caves along a rugged cliff line that runs parallel with the West Twin River. Maribel New Hope Cave, Tartarus Cave, Sinkhole Cave and Split Rock Cave are all established gated caves that need guides to visit the entire caves, they are gated due to past vandalism to the Speleothems and protect the current Speleothems.

## History

The Cherney Maribel Caves were formed primarily by solution prior to the last ice age. Glaciers wore down the surface of the land and exposed a layer of rock called Niagara Dolomite along the Niagara Escarpment, exposing crevices and sinkholes, allowing water to easily enter the caves. As the glaciers melted, the rushing water enlarged the existing caves, and later partially filled them with silt and gravel as the flow of water receded. The rushing melt water also carved the river valley. Since then, frost action has loosened rock from the cliff face, partially to fully closing the cave entrances.

About 1892, the first of the caves were discovered on the property of Henry A. Alrich, and was soon purchased by Charles Steinbrecher, who, in 1900, built the nearby Maribel Caves Hotel. Over the next several decades, tourists came to see the caves. In 1931, Adolph Cherney bought the property, including the nearby hotel. On November 5, 1963, Cherney sold the cave property to Manitowoc County for $16,200, leading to it becoming the first Manitowoc County park.

## Caves

Caves at Cherney Maribel Caves County Park listed North to South in the park along the bluff line

### Spring Cave

Spring Cave is a small inaccessible cave located on adjacent private property. A natural spring that flows from the cave was previously used by the nearby Maribel Caves Hotel. This cave is on Private Property and can only be viewed by the viewing deck on Manitowoc County Property.

### Maribel New Hope Cave

Maribel New Hope Cave is the largest cave in Manitowoc County. It was discovered on Sunday, February 5, 1984. It is noted for its walking passageways, and is lighted by electric floodlights. It contains examples of stalactites, stalagmites, Helictites, and cave bacon. The cave is a public show cave. It is open the 3rd Sunday of every month from May through October from 10 am to 3 pm for public tours. The cave is still being excavated and explored further by members of the Wisconsin Speleological Society. College instructors use this cave as a living laboratory.

### Aguaduice Cave

Aquadulce Cave was discovered in 2003 by Wisconsin Speleological Society members, its a smaller crawling wild cave that currently has about 30ft passage that goes northwest and then curves to the left going west. Aguaduice is situated a ways off the banks of the West Twin River in the Wisconsin State Natural Area of Cherney Maribel Caves County Park. Aquaduice cave is located in the escarpment ridge that runs the length of the park measuring about sixty feet in height above the river bed. The entrance to the cave is almost at the top of the bluff line along the park bluff and is not easily reached, Aquaduice cave is probably the hardest to access being there is a 8ft pit to crawl into first before reaching the floor of the cave . Aguaduice Cave is Spanish for freshwater, literally meaning Sweetwater.

### Pancake Cave

Pancake Cave is difficult to reach because no trails lead to it. The cave is about eight feet deep and is shaped like a pancake.

### Coopers Cave

Coopers Cave is located about midway along the park bluff. The cave has a large rectangular entrance and also has a small crevice entrance. It is a square tube solutional cave that is quiet and dry. About nine feet below the entrance is a natural spring that flows year round into the West Twin River.

### Staircase Cave

Staircase Cave is a small relatively inaccessible cave.

### Split Rock Cave

Split Rock Cave was discovered in the winter of 2008 by Wisconsin Speleological Society members on a -22deg below zero winter day noticing steam coming out and feather frost brimming at the entrance of the cave. Split Rock Cave today is part of the Tartarus Cave System, this cave is a all hands and knee crawling except for a few sit up areas with domes.

### Tunnel Passage

Tunnel Passage, discovered in 2005, is about 20 feet long and approximately three feet in height.

### Tartarus Cave System

The Tartarus Cave System is a large system of caves in the park that is still being excavated. It has three entrances: Tunnel Passage Entrance, the Tartarus Cave Entrance, and the Split Rock Cave Entrance.

### Cave of Treasures

Cave of Treasures is located to the south just beyond the Tartarus Cave System in the same bluff. It is the most recently discovered cave by the Wisconsin Speleological Society. It consists of a three to four foot high horizontal entrance, that leads to over 70 feet of hands and knees crawlway passages. It is believed that further excavation, or digging, will open up passageway continuations so it will eventually connect it up to the Tartarus Cave System just to the north.

### Sinkhole Cave

Sinkhole Cave is located to the south of Cave of Treasures above the bluff line, it is the currently the only cave in the park one has to rappel into.

## Features

The park offers a playground, a picnic area, and hiking and biking trails. A picnic shelter with bathrooms is located in the picnic area. Along the cliff line are several varieties of rare ferns, along with creeping plants and wild flowers. The beauty of the area made it a popular tourist destination even before Manitowoc County acquired the property in 1963.

## 2013 tornado

In August 2013, a tornado ripped through Cherney Maribel Cave County Park. It destroyed more than 75 percent of the trees, the picnic shelter, and the restrooms. The restrooms and picnic shelters have since been rebuilt, one on south end of park called the Tartarus Pavilion with flush facilities and other on north end of the park called the New Hope Pavilion with pit facilities.

**Other caves on the Niagara Escarpment**

## InfoBox

| Cherney Maribel Caves County Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Cherney Maribel Caves County Park | |
| Location of Cherney Maribel Caves County Park in WisconsinCherney Maribel Caves County Park (the United States) | |
| Location | Manitowoc, Wisconsin, United States |
| Coordinates | 44°17′12.0474″N 87°46′30.3708″W / 44.286679833°N 87.775103000°W / 44.286679833; -87.775103000 |
| Area | 75 acres (30 ha) |
| Established | 1963 |
| Governing body | Manitowoc County Park System |
| Website | http://www.maribelcaves.com/ |


title: Chevalier (2015 film)

abstract: Chevalier is a 2015 Greek comedy film directed by Athina Rachel Tsangari and co-written by Tsangari and Efthymis Filippou. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.

text:
# Chevalier (2015 film)

***Chevalier*** is a 2015 Greek comedy film directed by Athina Rachel Tsangari and co-written by Tsangari and Efthymis Filippou. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.

## Plot

Six men — The Doctor, Yorgos, Josef, Dimitris, Yannis and Christos — are enjoying a fishing trip on the Aegean Sea in a luxury yacht. All the men are related either professionally or personally: The Doctor works with and mentors Christos, the former boyfriend of his daughter Anna; Yannis is the Doctor's son-in-law; Dimitris is Yannis' brother; and Josef and Yorgos are partners who are close friends with the Doctor.

The final night before they head out on a multi-day journey back to Athens they play a game in which one player thinks of a person on the boat and the others must ask metaphorical questions such as what type of animal or fruit the person would be in order to guess the person the player is thinking of. Josef is offended when Yorgos guesses he is the person in question that resembles a pineapple. Josef correctly guesses that the person who is a pineapple is the cabin boy. In a huff, Yorgos quits playing saying that Josef isn't the best, he is only the person who is best at that particular game.

Trying to decide on an alternate game to play Christos suggests they play a game he played the previous year called Chevalier. In Chevalier the men set up tasks for them all to perform and whoever wins the most rounds wins a Chevalier signet ring. Yorgos agrees to play, but only if the men compete for who is the best in general, meaning that they will not only judge each other on tasks but on their personality and habits with anything and everything up for grabs. The only one with a Chevalier ring is the Doctor, but as he refuses to lend his ring to the winner, they decide that a ring will be purchased when the group arrives in Athens.

The men immediately begin to judge each other on how they sleep, what they wear, how they drink their coffee. Each contestant also selects a competition for all of the men to compete in including who can clean the fastest, and who can skip stones the best. For his competition Yannis chooses to have the men take pictures of their penis fully erect to judge who has the largest one. Only Joseph is unable to achieve an erection, becoming upset.

Once docked at Athens the men decide to stay on board for several more days to fully complete their competition. The doctor draws blood for each of the men but Dimitris refuses to have his blood taken which loses him points in the competition. Christos is upset to discover he has high cholesterol. During dinner Dimitris prepares a performance of Lovin' You which he lipsynchs to. Wanting to encourage his brother Yannis lights sparklers and dances behind him on the dock. After the performance the Doctor coldly rebukes Yannis for being careless with the sparklers. Becoming enraged Yannis lashes out at the Doctor accusing him of disliking him because his daughter Anna is infertile. He then mocks Christos telling him that Anna shared his sexual inadequacies with Yannis and together they make fun of him. Christos is distraught and attacks Yannis and the two men must be separated.

Before the final competition Yorgos prepares a speech where he tells the men that he is shared a special moment with all of them during the trip. He then cuts his hand and asks the men to become blood brothers with him. All the men refuse, except Dimitris who agrees to the blood pact. Rather than slitting his hand, he pulls down his pants and cuts his upper butt cheek before grabbing Yorgos hand and clasping it to him to make them blood brothers.

In the kitchen the cook and his assistant begin to play Chevalier against one another, with the assistant docking points from his employer because he is balding.

Outside the men, having finally finished the game, disembark from the boat and head to their cars to go home. Yorgos climbs on his motorbike, with the chevalier ring gleaming on his hand.

## Cast

* Yiorgos Kendros as the Doctor
* Panos Koronis as Yorgos
* Vangelis Mourikis as Josef Nikolaou
* Makis Papadimitriou as Dimitris
* Yorgos Pirpassopoulos as Yannis
* Sakis Rouvas as Christos
* Giannis Drakopoulos as the Steward
* Nikos Orphanos as the Captain
* Kostas Filippoglou as the Cook

## Release

*Chevalier* premiered at the Locarno International Film Festival on 12 August 2015 before being released theatrically in Greece on 26 November 2015. It was released in Germany on 21 April 2016 and had a positive review in Der Spiegel.

### Critical reception

The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 82% score based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. Metacritic reports a 76 out of 100 rating based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## Accolades

It was named the Best Film in the Official Competition at the London Film Festival, on 17 October 2015. The jury described it as "both a hilarious comedy and a deeply disturbing statement on the condition of western humanity."

## InfoBox

| Chevalier | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Athina Rachel Tsangari |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring | Yiorgos Kendros
Panos Koronis
Vangelis Mourikis
Makis Papadimitriou
Yorgos Pirpassopoulos
Sakis Rouvas |
| Cinematography | Christos Karamanis |
| Edited by |  |
| Production
companies | * Faliro House Productions * Greek Film Center * Haos Film |
| Distributed by | Feelgood Entertainment |
| Release dates | * 12 August 2015 (2015-08-12) (Locarno) * 26 November 2015 (2015-11-26) (Greece) |
| Running time | 105 minutes |
| Country | Greece |
| Language | Greek |


title: Cherskii's thicklip gudgeon

abstract: Cherskii's thicklip gudgeon is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the Amur River basin. Named in honor of ornithologist Alexander Ivanovich Czerski (1879–1921), son of Jan Czerski (1845–1892), celebrated Polish geologist, naturalist and explorer), who collected the type specimen.

text:
# Cherskii's thicklip gudgeon

**Cherskii's thicklip gudgeon** (*Sarcocheilichthys czerskii*) is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to the Amur River basin.

Named in honor of ornithologist Alexander Ivanovich Czerski (1879–1921), son of Jan Czerski (1845–1892), celebrated Polish geologist, naturalist and explorer), who collected the type specimen.

## InfoBox

| Cherskii's thicklip gudgeon | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Gobioninae |
| Genus: | *Sarcocheilichthys* |
| Species: | ***S. czerskii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sarcocheilichthys czerskii***<br>(Berg, 1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Chilogobio czerskii* * *Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis czerskii* | |


title: Small intestine (Chinese medicine)

abstract:
In traditional Chinese medicine the Small Intestine is a fu organ in the Zang-fu concept. The small intestine governs the separation of the clear from the turbid. The small intestine further digests food decomposed initially by the stomach. The clear, referring to the essence of water and grain and to the large amount of fluid, is absorbed by the spleen and distributed to the whole body. The turbid is sent downwards to the large intestine, while the useless water is infused to the bladder. The disorders of the small intestine are attributable to failure to separate the clear from the turbid dirt in the digesting process, manifesting stool and urinary disturbance, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, scanty urine, etc. The Small intestine and its paired organ, the Heart, are associated with the element of fire and the emotions of joy or agitation. Transporting point of SI: Urinary Bladder 27. Conception vessel – anterior midline from perineum to lower lip. This is also the Alarm point for the SI which is called "Gateway to the Source". Governing vessel is from perineum, to spine to crown of head down to upper lip. SI Meridian Points (S1-S10):
  - SI-1: Resuscitates, promotes lactation, opens orifices, clears Heat.
  - SI-2: Clears Heat, activates the meridian.
  - SI-3: Benefits the neck and back, treats malaria activates the meridian.
  - SI-4: Activates and clears the meridian, resolves Damp-Heat.
  - SI-5: Clears Heat, clears the meridian, reduces swelling.
  - SI-6: Activates the meridian, benefits the eyes, benefits the shoulder and arm, alleviates pain.
  - SI-7: Activates the meridian, frees obstructions, calms the Shen, clears Heat, alleviates pain.
  - SI-8: Activates the meridian, alleviates pain, clears Heat and Damp-Heat.
  - SI-9: Activates the meridian, alleviates pain, benefits the shoulder.
  - SI-10: Activates the meridian, alleviates pain, benefits the shoulder.

text:
# Small intestine (Chinese medicine)

In traditional Chinese medicine the **Small Intestine** (simplified Chinese: 小肠; traditional Chinese: 小腸) is a fu organ in the Zang-fu concept.

The small intestine governs the separation of the clear from the turbid. The small intestine further digests food decomposed initially by the stomach. The clear, referring to the essence of water and grain and to the large amount of fluid, is absorbed by the spleen and distributed to the whole body. The turbid is sent downwards to the large intestine, while the useless water is infused to the bladder. The disorders of the small intestine are attributable to failure to separate the clear from the turbid dirt in the digesting process, manifesting stool and urinary disturbance, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, scanty urine, etc.

The Small intestine and its paired organ, the Heart, are associated with the element of fire and the emotions of joy or agitation.

Transporting point of SI: Urinary Bladder 27. Conception vessel – anterior midline from perineum to lower lip. This is also the Alarm point for the SI which is called "Gateway to the Source" (guan yuan). Governing vessel is from perineum, to spine to crown of head down to upper lip.

SI Meridian Points (S1-S10):

* SI-1 (Shao Ze/Lesser Marsh): Resuscitates, promotes lactation, opens orifices, clears Heat.
* SI-2 (Qian Gu/Front Valley): Clears Heat, activates the meridian.
* SI-3 (Hou Xi/Back Stream): Benefits the neck and back, treats malaria activates the meridian.
* SI-4 (Wan Gu/Wrist Bone): Activates and clears the meridian, resolves Damp-Heat.
* SI-5 (Yang Gu/Yang Valley): Clears Heat, clears the meridian, reduces swelling.
* SI-6 (Yang Lao/Nourishing the Aged): Activates the meridian, benefits the eyes, benefits the shoulder and arm, alleviates pain.
* SI-7 (Zhi Zheng/Branch of the Upright): Activates the meridian, frees obstructions, calms the Shen, clears Heat, alleviates pain.
* SI-8 (Xiao Hai/Small Sea): Activates the meridian, alleviates pain, clears Heat and Damp-Heat.
* SI-9 (Jian Zhen/True Shoulder): Activates the meridian, alleviates pain, benefits the shoulder.
* SI-10 (Nao Shu/Upper Arm Shu): Activates the meridian, alleviates pain, benefits the shoulder.


abstract: There are at least 50 small mammal species known to occur in Yellowstone National Park. Species are listed by common name, scientific name, typical habitat and relative abundance.

text:
# Small mammals of Yellowstone National Park

There are at least 50 **small mammal** species known to occur in Yellowstone National Park.

Species are listed by common name, scientific name, typical habitat and relative abundance.

## Raccoons

**Order:** Carnivora **Family:** Procyonidae

* Raccoon, *Procyon lotor*, rivers, cottonwoods, rare

## Badgers and weasels

**Order:** Carnivora **Family:** Mustelidae

## Skunks

**Order:** Carnivora **Family:** Mephitidae

## Hares and rabbits

**Order:** Lagomorpha **Family:** Leporidae

## Pikas

**Order:** Lagomorpha **Family:** Ochotonidae

## Shrews

**Order:** Soricomorpha **Family:** Soricidae

## Beaver

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Castoridae

* Beaver, *Castor canadensis*, ponds, streams, approximately 500

## Squirrels

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Sciuridae

## Pocket gophers

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Geomyidae

## Mice

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Cricetidae

* Deer mouse, *Peromyscus maniculatus*, grasslands, common

## Jumping mice

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Dipodidae

## Muskrats, voles and woodrats

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Cricetidae

## Porcupines

**Order:** Rodentia **Family:** Erethizontidae

## Bats

**Order:** Chiroptera **Family:** Vespertilionidae

## Further reading

* Broderick, Harold J. (1954). *Wild Animals of Yellowstone National Park*. Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service.
* Streubel, Donald P. (1995). *Small Mammals of the Yellowstone Ecosystem*. Boulder, CO: Robert Rineharts. ISBN 0-911797-59-9.


title: Snipes–Fox House

abstract: Snipes–Fox House is a historic home located at Siler City, Chatham County, North Carolina. It was built about 1900, and is a two-story, three bay Late Victorian style frame dwelling. It features an expansive wrap-around porch and unique interior woodwork. Also on the property is a contributing frame front-gabled smokehouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

text:
# Snipes–Fox House

**Snipes–Fox House** is a historic home located at Siler City, Chatham County, North Carolina. It was built about 1900, and is a two-story, three bay Late Victorian style frame dwelling. It features an expansive wrap-around porch and unique interior woodwork. Also on the property is a contributing frame front-gabled smokehouse.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Snipes–Fox House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 306 S. Dogwood Ave., Siler City, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°43′8″N 79°28′0″W / 35.71889°N 79.46667°W / 35.71889; -79.46667 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c. 1900 (1900) |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 98001144 |
| Added to NRHP | September 3, 1998 |


title: Snipex Alligator

abstract: The Snipex Alligator is a bolt-action, magazine-fed anti-materiel rifle chambered in 14.5×114mm manufactured by XADO Holding Ltd.

text:
# Snipex Alligator

The **Snipex Alligator** is a bolt-action, magazine-fed anti-materiel rifle chambered in 14.5×114mm manufactured by XADO Holding Ltd.

## Design

The Snipex Alligator long-range large-caliber magazine-fed repeating rifle is designed to engage moving and stationary targets: vehicles, communications and air defense systems, aircraft in parking areas, fortified fixed defensive positions, dugouts, etc. The box magazine is detachable and holds five rounds of ammunition. It is designed to penetrate 10 mm (0.39 in) of armor plate at a distance of 1,500 m (1,600 yd).

The rifle was designed to take into account all the requirements for high-precision shooting. Barrel locking is achieved through a rotating bolt. The rifle demonstrates an acceptable level of recoil during shooting. Recoil is suppressed by the muzzle brake, the recoil isolator, an elastic multilayer shoulder pad, and optimally balanced weight.

The rifle has a height-adjustable cheek rest, which can be positioned for right- or left-handed shooting. For ease of aiming, the rifle is equipped with a folding bipod and an adjustable rear support, allowing for fine adjustment. It has a Picatinny rail with a 35 arc minute gradient on which various sighting devices can be mounted.

## History

The rifle was first introduced in June 2020 on the official Snipex Facebook page. In July, the first presentation video appeared on the official YouTube channel of XADO. Based on the state examinations results, the 14.5×114 mm caliber Snipex Alligator rifle was unofficially adopted by the Armed Forces of Ukraine in 2020; it was officially adopted on 2 March 2021.

The Alligator has been used by Ukrainian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. A near-record killing shot was recorded there in November 2022 at a confirmed distance of 2,710 m (8,890 ft).

## Users

## InfoBox

| Snipex Alligator | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Type | Anti-materiel rifle |
| Place of origin | Ukraine |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2021–present |
| Wars | Russo-Ukrainian War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | XADO-Holding Ltd. |
| Produced | 2020 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 25 kg (55 lb) |
| Length | 2,000 mm (79 in) |
| Barrel length | 1,200 mm (47 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 14.5×114mm |
| Action | Manually operated, bolt action |
| Muzzle velocity | 980 m/s (3,200 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) |
| Maximum firing range | 7,000 m (23,000 ft) |
| Feed system | 5-round detachable box magazine |
| Sights | MIL-STD rail |


title: Snipex M

abstract: Snipex M is a long-range single-shot 12.7mm rifle with automatic case ejection. Developed by XADO-Holding Ltd. company.

text:
# Snipex M

**Snipex M** is a long-range single-shot 12.7mm rifle with automatic case ejection. Developed by XADO-Holding Ltd. company (Kharkiv, Ukraine).

## Design

The **Snipex М** rifle is available in two versions. **Snipex М75** has a barrel length of 750 mm, and **Snipex М100** — a barrel length of 1,000 mm. Both versions are designed taking into account all the requirements for weapons for high-precision shooting. The rifles have the bullpup design. The barrel is fully open, has eight right grooves with a 15-inch twist as well as cannelures. Equipped with a muzzle brake.

Barrel locking is achieved through a rotating bolt. Thirteen bolt lugs are disposed in three rows and can rotate by 60 degrees, which ensures rigid locking of the barrel. Empty cases are ejected automatically when pulling the bolt back. The case ejection process is slightly delayed, which allows the bullet to leave the barrel with the bolt still fully closed. During this time, the maximum amount of energy is transferred to the bullet.

The rifle is equipped with a special grip safety, which is located directly above the pistol grip on both sides of the weapon.

The rifle features a number of special design solutions with regard to the reduction of recoil and the increase of shooting accuracy. Recoil reduction is achieved due to the inertia recoil system, which includes spring-loaded assemblies and hydraulic or spring shock absorbers. The shock absorbers are built into the upper receiver, which allows shooting with the upper receiver set against any surface. Recoil energy is partially reduced due to the muzzle brake.

The rifle is equipped with an original easily foldable bipod designed in such a way that the center of gravity of the rifle is below the bipod mounting point. During shooting, this provides additional stability and precision. The additional rear support allows for quick adjustment to the shooter's needs. The rifle has a Picatinny rail with 35 MOA gradient, on which various sighting devices can be mounted.

## Specifications

|  | Snipex M75 | Snipex M100 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Caliber, mm** | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| **Cartridge** | 12.7 Х 108 | 12.7 Х 108 |
| **Mass, kg** | 15 | 16,5 |
| **Overall length (assembled), mm** | 1250 | 1505 |
| **Barrel length, mm** | 750 | 1000 |
| **Rifling** | 8/15" | 8/15" |
| **Safety** | safety button, safety sear | safety button, safety sear |
| **Picatinny rail** | top Mil Standard | top Mil Standard |
| **Muzzle velocity, m/s** | 780 | 850 |
| **Effective range, m** | 2000 | 2300 |
| **Maximum range, m** | 6800 | 6800 |

## History

The prototype of the rifle was presented at the International Specialized Exhibition “ Arms and Security 2016”. A year later, information about the working version of the rifle Snipex M75 appeared, and another year later, Snipex M100 was presented at the exhibition “Arms and Security 2018”.

## InfoBox

| Snipex M100 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Anti-materiel rifle |
| Place of origin | Ukraine |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | XADO-Holding Ltd. |
| Produced | 2017–present |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 16.5 kg |
| Length | 1,505 mm |
| Barrel length | 1,000 mm |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 12.7×108mm |
| Action | rotating bolt |
| Muzzle velocity | 850 m/s |
| Effective firing range | 2,300 m |
| Maximum firing range | 6,800 m |
| Feed system | single-shot |
| Sights | MIL-STD rail |


title: Smokin' Out Loud

abstract: Smokin' Out Loud is an album by organist Mike LeDonne which was recorded in 2003 and released on the Savant label early the following year.

text:
# Smokin' Out Loud

***Smokin' Out Loud*** is an album by organist Mike LeDonne which was recorded in 2003 and released on the Savant label early the following year.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

In his review on Allmusic, Scott Yanow states "Mike LeDonne, who is better known as a pianist, is also a talented organist in the Jimmy Smith/Charles Earland/Don Patterson tradition. His quartet set is straight-ahead hard bop rather than soul-jazz ... Although nothing innovative or overly surprising occurs, the music is well played and Alexander in particular has plenty of spirited solos". On All About Jazz, Russ Musto called the album "Soul Stirring" and said "LeDonne's two-fisted sure-footed mastery of the Hammond B3 tradition is evident from the beginning"

## Track listing

1. "One for Don" (Mike LeDonne) – 7:55
2. "Delilah" (Victor Young) – 6:46
3. "After the Love Has Gone" (David Foster, Jay Graydon, Bill Champlin) – 6:48
4. "You'll See" (Jimmy Smith) – 4:57
5. "Superstar" (Bonnie Bramlett, Leon Russell) – 5:44
6. "Silverdust" (LeDonne) – 7:23
7. "French Spice" (Donald Byrd) – 9:12
8. "(They Long to Be) Close to You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David) – 7:02
9. "Pisces Soul" (Howard McGhee) – 7:26

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Smokin' Out Loud | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mike LeDonne | |
| Released | April 6, 2004 |
| Recorded | November 5, 2003 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 63:13 |
| Label | Savant
SCD 2055 |
| Producer | Mike LeDonne |
| Mike LeDonne chronology | |
| *Bags Groove: A Tribute to Milt Jackson*
(2001) ***Smokin' Out Loud***
(2004) *Night Song*
(2005) | |


title: Smith space

abstract:
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a Smith space is a complete compactly generated locally convex topological vector space X having a universal compact set, i.e. a compact set K which absorbs every other compact set T ⊆ X. Smith spaces are named after Marianne Ruth Freundlich Smith, who introduced them as duals to Banach spaces in some versions of duality theory for topological vector spaces. All Smith spaces are stereotype and are in the stereotype duality relations with Banach spaces:
  -
    - for any Banach space X its stereotype dual space X ⋆ is a Smith space,
  -
    - and vice versa, for any Smith space X its stereotype dual space X ⋆ is a Banach space. Smith spaces are special cases of Brauner spaces.

text:
# Smith space

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a **Smith space** is a complete compactly generated locally convex topological vector space $X$ having a *universal compact set*, i.e. a compact set $K$ which absorbs every other compact set $T\subseteq X$ (i.e. $T\subseteq \lambda \cdot K$ for some $\lambda \>0$).

Smith spaces are named after Marianne Ruth Freundlich Smith, who introduced them as duals to Banach spaces in some versions of duality theory for topological vector spaces. All Smith spaces are stereotype and are in the stereotype duality relations with Banach spaces:

* for any Banach space $X$ its stereotype dual space $X^{\star }$ is a Smith space,
* and vice versa, for any Smith space $X$ its stereotype dual space $X^{\star }$ is a Banach space.

Smith spaces are special cases of Brauner spaces.

## Examples

* As follows from the duality theorems, for any Banach space $X$ its stereotype dual space $X^{\star }$ is a Smith space. The polar $K=B^{\circ }$ of the unit ball $B$ in $X$ is the universal compact set in $X^{\star }$. If $X^{\*}$ denotes the normed dual space for $X$, and $X'$ the space $X^{\*}$ endowed with the $X$-weak topology, then the topology of $X^{\star }$ lies between the topology of $X^{\*}$ and the topology of $X'$, so there are natural (linear continuous) bijections

$$X^{\*}\to X^{\star }\to X'.$$

If $X$ is infinite-dimensional, then no two of these topologies coincide. At the same time, for infinite dimensional $X$ the space $X^{\star }$ is not barreled (and even is not a Mackey space if $X$ is reflexive as a Banach space).    * Smith, M.F. (1952). "The Pontrjagin duality theorem in linear spaces". *Annals of Mathematics*. **56** (2): 248–253. doi:10.2307/1969798. JSTOR 1969798.
* Akbarov, S.S. (2003). "Pontryagin duality in the theory of topological vector spaces and in topological algebra". *Journal of Mathematical Sciences*. **113** (2): 179–349. doi:10.1023/A:1020929201133. S2CID 115297067.
* Akbarov, S.S. (2009). "Holomorphic functions of exponential type and duality for Stein groups with algebraic connected component of identity". *Journal of Mathematical Sciences*. **162** (4): 459–586. arXiv:0806.3205. doi:10.1007/s10958-009-9646-1. S2CID 115153766.
* Furber, R.W.J. (2017). *Categorical Duality in Probability and Quantum Foundations* (PDF) (PhD). Radboud University.


title: Snow Wave: Avalanche

abstract: Snow Wave: Avalanche is a 1998 arcade snowboarding video game developed and published by the Spanish company Hammer Technologies. The game was the second release in Hammer's "Hammer Sports" line, following Tie Break Tennis '98. In addition to its single-player mode, Snow Wave supports multiplayer gameplay for up to four players.

text:
# Snow Wave: Avalanche

***Snow Wave: Avalanche*** is a 1998 arcade snowboarding video game developed and published by the Spanish company Hammer Technologies. The game was the second release in Hammer's "Hammer Sports" line, following *Tie Break Tennis '98*. In addition to its single-player mode, *Snow Wave* supports multiplayer gameplay for up to four players.

## Development

*Snow Wave* was developed on the Avalanche 3D game engine, which was created for the game. The band MataMala provided the game's soundtrack. During *Snow Wave*'s development, it was cited as the first computer game dedicated to snowboarding, despite the genre's popularity on other systems.

Spain's game development scene was struggling at the time of *Snow Wave*'s creation. Hammer reported that development had grown "much harder" since the golden age of Spanish software during the 8-bit era, and that most of the country's industry had dried up. However, the Spanish magazines *Game Over* and *PC Top Player* cited *Snow Wave* as evidence that domestic game development was rebounding. A writer for the latter publication argued that the title was part of a growth trend for Spanish games, on the heels of the domestic hit *Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines*.

## Reception

Alan Wilder of *Game Over* summarized *Snow Wave* as "radically good", while *PC Top Player*'s Alfredo Vegas declared it "a great game". Writing for *PC Gamer US*, Joe Novicki found *Snow Wave* "competent and entertaining", despite docking it points for its high system requirements.

1. Staff (June 16, 1998). "Entrevistamos a HAMMER Technologies". *MeriStation* (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 8, 2001.
2. Wilder, Alan (September 1998). "Juez y jurado; *Snow Wave*". *Game over* (in Spanish) (9). Editorial Prensa Técnica: 44–46.
3. Vegas, Alfredo (October 1998). "Juegos; *Snow Wave Avalanche*". *PC Top Player* (in Spanish). Tower Communications: 32, 33.
4. Wilder, Alan (August 1998). "Primer contacto; *Snow Wave: Avalanche*". *Game over* (in Spanish) (8). Editorial Prensa Técnica: 32–34.
5. Staff (June 1998). "Noticias; *Snow Wave*". *Game over* (in Spanish) (6). Editorial Prensa Técnica: 12.
6. Staff (September 1998). "Preview; *Snow Wave Avalanche*". *PC Top Player* (in Spanish) (37). Tower Communications: 15.
7. Novicki, Joe (April 1999). "Reviews; *Snow Wave Avalanche*". *PC Gamer US*. **6** (4). Imagine Publishing: 108.

## InfoBox

| Snow Wave: Avalanche | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Hammer Technologies |
| Publisher(s) | Hammer Technologies |
| Platform(s) | Windows |
| Release | 1998 |
| Genre(s) | Snowboarding |
| Mode(s) | Single player, Multiplayer |


title: Snow Village Sketches

abstract: Snow Village Sketches, aka Soconyland Sketches, was a comedy-drama radio series broadcast on three different networks from 1928 to 1946. Beginning February 29, 1928, on NBC, Socony Oil sponsored Soconyland Sketches, scripted by William Ford Manley (1896-1954). The series featured Arthur Allen and Parker Fennelly as rural New England farmers. Socony continued to sponsor the show when it moved to CBS on October 16, 1934, and was retitled Snow Village Sketches. It continued on CBS until May 21, 1935. Loose Wiles Biscuit was the sponsor for a run on NBC from October 3, 1936, to June 26, 1937, broadcast on Saturday evenings. During the early years of World War II, Procter & Gamble sponsored the series as a weekday quarter-hour serial, airing from December 28, 1942, to November 12, 1943. The final series was heard on Sunday mornings on the Mutual Broadcasting System from January 13 to June 16, 1946. The stories took place in the small New Hampshire community of Snow Village where truant officer Hiram Neville, a man of old-fashioned values, often encountered game warden Dan'l Dickey and Dan'l's wife, Hattie Dickey. Scripter Manley lived in Snowville, New Hampshire, named after the Snow family who had operated a sawmill there in 1825. In the mid-1930s, because of the radio program, Snowville temporarily changed its name to Snow Village.

text:
# Snow Village Sketches

***Snow Village Sketches***, aka  ***Soconyland Sketches***, was a comedy-drama radio series broadcast on three different networks from 1928 to 1946.

Beginning February 29, 1928, on NBC, Socony Oil sponsored *Soconyland Sketches*, scripted by William Ford Manley (1896-1954). The series featured Arthur Allen and Parker Fennelly as rural New England farmers. Socony continued to sponsor the show when it moved to CBS on October 16, 1934, and was retitled *Snow Village Sketches*. It continued on CBS until May 21, 1935.

Loose Wiles Biscuit was the sponsor for a run on NBC from October 3, 1936, to June 26, 1937, broadcast on Saturday evenings. During the early years of World War II, Procter & Gamble sponsored the series as a weekday quarter-hour serial, airing from December 28, 1942, to November 12, 1943. The final series was heard on Sunday mornings on the Mutual Broadcasting System from January 13 to June 16, 1946.

The stories took place in the small New Hampshire community of Snow Village where truant officer Hiram Neville (Parker Fennelly), a man of old-fashioned values, often encountered game warden Dan'l Dickey (Arthur Allen) and Dan'l's wife, Hattie Dickey (Agnes Young, Kate McComb).

Scripter Manley lived in Snowville, New Hampshire, named after the Snow family who had operated a sawmill there in 1825. In the mid-1930s, because of the radio program, Snowville temporarily changed its name to Snow Village.


title: Chess King (film)

abstract: Chess King is a 1988 Chinese drama film written and directed by Teng Wenji, based on Ah Cheng's novel of the same name. The film was entered into the main competition at the 45th edition of the Venice Film Festival. Yuan Xie won the award for best actor at the 1989 Golden Rooster Awards for his performance in the film.

text:
# Chess King (film)

***Chess King*** (Chinese: 棋王, "*Qi wang*") is a 1988 Chinese drama film written and directed by Teng Wenji, based on Ah Cheng's novel of the same name.

The film was entered into the main competition at the 45th edition of the Venice Film Festival. Yuan Xie won the award for best actor at the 1989 Golden Rooster Awards for his performance in the film.

## Plot

The story takes place in China during the Down to the Countryside Movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The unnamed narrator and the chess master Wang Yisheng are two young intellectuals among many who are sent to a remote farm in the mountains to work. During the train ride to the mountains, Wang Yisheng and his friend talk about how he learned to play Chinese chess, and how he evolved his current strategy. Wang Yisheng tells his friend that his family was very poor, and his mother did not want him to be such a chess maniac, since chess could not earn money. However, Wang Yisheng was very devoted to chess. One day, while gathering garbage to sell, Wang Yisheng meets an old man who is a chess master. Using the principles of Daoism, the old man teaches Wang everything he knows about chess. Wang Yisheng also tells his friend about how his mother always disapproved of his chess habit, but before she died, she painstakingly made him a chess set out of discarded toothbrush handles, because she knew how much he loved chess. The two friends then debark the train and head their separate ways to different farms in the countryside.

A couple months later, Wang Yisheng takes a vacation and visits his friend in the mountains. One of the narrator's friends at the farm, Legballs, happens to be a good chess player. Legballs is very impressed with Wang's ability, and the two become good friends.

After a while of working at the farm, there is a local festival with a chess tournament. The narrator, Legballs, and their friends all take a vacation to attend the festival. Wang Yisheng arrives too late to enter the official chess tournament, but he challenges the winners to an unofficial match after the tournament is over. Word spreads of his challenge, and many people decide to challenge him. He ends up playing 9 people at once without any chess boards in front of him (effectively playing blind), and he beats most of them easily. The final match ends in a draw, with Wang Yisheng playing against an old man who is too fragile to leave the house, and has to send his chess moves via a messenger. Wang Yisheng bursts into tears after the match, lamenting his dead mother. The old man leaves his house to praise him personally.

## Cast

* Yuan Xie as Wang Yisheng
* Liang Zhao as Tiehan
* Li Hiu as "The Nail"
* Ben Niuas The Secretary
* Dahong Ni
* Cui Zhi

## InfoBox

| Chess King | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Wenji Teng |
| Written by | Wenji Teng
Xin-xin Zhang |
| Based on | *The Chess Master*
by Ah Cheng |
| Starring | Yuan Xie |
| Release date | * 1988 (1988) |
| Country | China |
| Language | Mandarin |


title: Chester, New Hampshire

abstract: Chester is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,232 at the 2020 census, up from 4,768 at the 2010 census. It was home to the now defunct Chester College.

text:
# Chester, New Hampshire

**Chester** is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,232 at the 2020 census, up from 4,768 at the 2010 census. It was home to the now defunct Chester College (formerly White Pines College).

## History

From *Statistics and Gazetteer of New-Hampshire*, 1875:

> "Chester is considered one of the old towns of the state. In 1719, about eighty persons, chiefly from Portsmouth and Hampton, formed an association, for the purpose of securing a tract of land in the "Chesnut Country" (so called) and stationed three men upon this tract, to hold possession until they should procure a lawful title. After considerable difficulty they obtained a grant of land, ten miles \[16 km\] square. Immediately the settlement was commenced by several persons from Rye and Hampton, among whom were Samuel Ingalls, Jonathan Goodhue, Jacob Sargent, Ebenezer Dearborn, Robert Smith, E. Colby and S. Robie, who contributed largely to the permanent success of the enterprise. On the 8th of May, 1722 the township which had hitherto been called Cheshire, was incorporated under its present name, and comprising an area of over 120 square miles \[310 km2\]."

Chester once included Candia, set off in 1763. It may have been the first of the settlement grants by Massachusetts selected for expansion of growing populations in the seacoast. The name may be derived from Chester, the county town of the county of Cheshire in England. Earl of Chester is a title held by the Prince of Wales.

In 1822, a portion of Hooksett was taken from Chester. In 1845, the portion of the town known as Long Meadows was incorporated under the name of Auburn.

## Geography

Chester is in southeastern New Hampshire, in the western part of Rockingham County. The highest point in town is found on an unnamed hill west of Bell Hill and northwest of Harantis Lake; it has two knobs of almost equal elevation of at least 635 feet (194 m), according to the most recent (2011–2012) USGS 7.5-minute topographical map.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 26.1 square miles (67.7 km2), of which 26.0 square miles (67.4 km2) are land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km2), or 0.43%, are water. The Exeter River rises in Chester. The area of Chester drained by the Exeter and its tributary Towle Brook lies within the Piscataqua River (Coastal) watershed, while the western edge of town drains west toward Massabesic Lake and is in the Merrimack River watershed.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1790 | 1,902 |  |  |
| 1800 | 2,046 |  | 7.6% |
| 1810 | 2,030 |  | −0.8% |
| 1820 | 2,262 |  | 11.4% |
| 1830 | 2,039 |  | −9.9% |
| 1840 | 1,304 |  | −36.0% |
| 1850 | 1,301 |  | −0.2% |
| 1860 | 1,275 |  | −2.0% |
| 1870 | 1,153 |  | −9.6% |
| 1880 | 1,136 |  | −1.5% |
| 1890 | 958 |  | −15.7% |
| 1900 | 861 |  | −10.1% |
| 1910 | 818 |  | −5.0% |
| 1920 | 652 |  | −20.3% |
| 1930 | 653 |  | 0.2% |
| 1940 | 702 |  | 7.5% |
| 1950 | 807 |  | 15.0% |
| 1960 | 1,053 |  | 30.5% |
| 1970 | 1,382 |  | 31.2% |
| 1980 | 2,006 |  | 45.2% |
| 1990 | 2,691 |  | 34.1% |
| 2000 | 3,792 |  | 40.9% |
| 2010 | 4,768 |  | 25.7% |
| 2020 | 5,232 |  | 9.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,792 people, 1,214 households, and 1,011 families residing in the town. The population density was 146.4 inhabitants per square mile (56.5/km2). There were 1,247 housing units at an average density of 48.1 per square mile (18.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.97% White, 0.26% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.

There were 1,214 households, out of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.3% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $68,571, and the median income for a family was $75,092. Males had a median income of $44,056 versus $35,382 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,842. About 3.4% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Elementary and middle school students attend Chester Academy (public). High school students attend Pinkerton Academy in Derry, a privately operated school that contracts with the towns of Derry, Auburn, Chester, Candia, Hooksett, and Hampstead.

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

Three New Hampshire state routes cross Chester.

* NH 102 follows Derry Road and Raymond Road through town, running from Derry in the southwest to Raymond in the northeast.
* NH 121 follows Chester Street and Haverhill Road through town, running from Auburn in the west to Hampstead (via small bits of Derry and Sandown) in the southeast.
* NH 121A begins in town just east of the center of town at an intersection with NH 121, and goes east along Sandown Road into Sandown.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Chester, New Hampshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Stevens Memorial Hall | |
|  | |
| Location in Rockingham County and the state of New Hampshire. | |
| Coordinates: 42°57′24″N 71°15′26″W / 42.95667°N 71.25722°W / 42.95667; -71.25722 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Hampshire |
| County | Rockingham |
| Incorporated | 1722 |
| Government | |
| Selectboard | * Chuck Myette, Chair * Dana Theokas, Vice-Chair * Stephen O. Landau * David LaVita * Richard S. Trask |
| Town Administrator | Debra H. Doda |
| Area | |
| Total | 26.1 sq mi (67.7 km2) |
| Land | 26.0 sq mi (67.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)  0.43% |
| Elevation | 467 ft (142 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 5,232 |
| Density | 201/sq mi (77.7/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern) |
| ZIP code | 03036 |
| Area code | 603 |
| FIPS code | 33-12100 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0873564 |
| Website | www.chesternh.org |


title: Solar Soul

abstract: Solar Soul is the seventh album by the Swiss heavy metal band Samael, released on 1 June 2007 through Nuclear Blast.

text:
# Solar Soul

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Rock Hard* | 8/10 |

***Solar Soul*** is the seventh album by the Swiss heavy metal band Samael, released on 1 June 2007 through Nuclear Blast.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Vorph; all music is composed by Xy

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Solar Soul" | 3:44 |
| 2. | "Promised Land" | 3:58 |
| 3. | "Slavocracy" | 3:31 |
| 4. | "Western Ground" | 4:06 |
| 5. | "On the Rise" | 3:51 |
| 6. | "Alliance" | 3:41 |
| 7. | "Suspended Time" | 3:44 |
| 8. | "Valkyries' New Ride" | 3:54 |
| 9. | "AVE!" | 4:15 |
| 10. | "Quasar Waves" | 3:37 |
| 11. | "Architect" | 3:51 |
| 12. | "Olympus" | 4:39 |

## Personnel

### Samael

### Additional musicians

### Technical personnel

* Waldemar Sorychta – production
* D-Teck – engineering
* Stéphane Loup – engineering
* Stefan Glaumann – mixing
* Tor Ingvarsson – Pro Tools assistant
* Henrik Jonsson – mastering
* Patrick Pidoux – front cover, additional graphics
* Edi Maurer – portraits
* Petri de Pità – band picture
* Carsten Drescher – layouts

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| French Albums (SNEP) | 158 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 41 |

## InfoBox

| Solar Soul | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Samael | |
| Released | 1 June 2007 (2007-06-01) |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Studio | * The Cube * Albertine * Roystone Switzerland |
| Genre | Industrial metal, symphonic metal |
| Length | 46:45 |
| Label | Nuclear Blast |
| Producer | Waldemar Sorychta, Xy |
| Samael chronology | |
| *Era One*
(2006) ***Solar Soul***
(2007) *Above*
(2009) | |


title: Dixie Fried

abstract: "Dixie Fried" is a 1956 song written by Carl Perkins and Howard "Curley" Griffin and released as a single on Sun Records. The song was released as a 45 and 78 single, Sun 249, in August, 1956 backed with "I'm Sorry, I'm Not Sorry". The single reached no. 10 on the Billboard country and western chart in 1956. The single was also released in Canada on the Quality label as #1557. The record was reissued as a 45 single in 1979 on the Shelby Singleton-owned Sun Golden Treasure Series as Sun 10. Howard "Curley" Griffin was a singer and disc jockey from Jackson, Tennessee who quoted from the song in his own release, "Got Rockin' On My Mind", released in 1957 on the Atomic Records label as 305. Griffin uses the refrain "rave on" and "dixie fried". Griffin also co-wrote the song "Boppin' the Blues" with Carl Perkins in 1956. The 1958 Sonny West song "Rave On" was based on "Dixie Fried" and uses the refrain "rave on" from "Dixie Fried".

text:
# Dixie Fried

"**Dixie Fried**" is a 1956 song written by Carl Perkins and Howard "Curley" Griffin and released as a single on Sun Records. The song was released as a 45 and 78 single, Sun 249, in August, 1956 backed with "I'm Sorry, I'm Not Sorry". The single reached no. 10 on the *Billboard* country and western chart in 1956. The single was also released in Canada on the *Quality* label as #1557. The record was reissued as a 45 single in 1979 on the Shelby Singleton-owned Sun Golden Treasure Series as Sun 10.

Howard "Curley" Griffin was a singer and disc jockey from Jackson, Tennessee who quoted from the song in his own release, "Got Rockin' On My Mind", released in 1957 on the Atomic Records label as 305. Griffin uses the refrain "rave on" and "dixie fried". Griffin also co-wrote the song "Boppin' the Blues" with Carl Perkins in 1956.

The 1958 Sonny West song "Rave On" (popularized by Buddy Holly) was based on "Dixie Fried" and uses the refrain "rave on" from "Dixie Fried".

## Notable recordings

The song has also been recorded by Chris Isaak on his 2011 album *Beyond the Sun*, George Thorogood & The Destroyers in 1985 on the album *Maverick*, Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs in 1965, Eugene Chadbourne in 1987, Jim Dickinson in 1972 on the *Atlantic* album *Dixie Fried*, and Alan Mills featuring Darrel Higham in 1999. Keith De Groot also recorded the song in 1968 in a session that featured Jimmy Page on lead guitar, John Paul Jones on bass, Nicky Hopkins on piano, Clem Cattini on drums, and Chris Hughes on tenor saxophone. The Kentucky Headhunters covered the song on their 1993 album *Rave On!!* Their version peaked at number 71 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Carl Perkins recorded an updated version of the song in 1973 entitled "(Let's Get) Dixiefried" from the *My Kind of Country* album which reached no. 61 on the *Billboard* country chart.

## Sources

* Perkins, Carl, and McGee, David, (1996) *Go, Cat, Go!: The Life and Times of Carl Perkins, The King of Rockabilly*, Hyperion Press. ISBN 0-7868-6073-1
* Morrison, Craig (1998) *Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and Its Makers*, University of Illinois Press.
* The Carl Perkins Sun Collection.
* Guterman, Jimmy. (1998) "Carl Perkins." In *The Encyclopedia of Country Music*. Paul Kingsbury, Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 412–413.
* Naylor, Jerry; Halliday, Steve. *The Rockabilly Legends: They Called It Rockabilly Long Before They Called It Rock and Roll*, Milwaukee, Wisc.: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-2042-2. OCLC 71812792.


title: Račín

abstract: Račín is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Račín lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Žďár nad Sázavou, 31 km (19 mi) north-east of Jihlava, and 117 km (73 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Račín

**Račín** is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Račín lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-west of Žďár nad Sázavou, 31 km (19 mi) north-east of Jihlava, and 117 km (73 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 194 |  |
| 1880 | 166 | −14.4% |
| 1890 | 165 | −0.6% |
| 1900 | 156 | −5.5% |
| 1910 | 175 | +12.2% |
| 1921 | 150 | −14.3% |
| 1930 | 137 | −8.7% |
| 1950 | 116 | −15.3% |
| 1961 | 138 | +19.0% |
| 1970 | 128 | −7.2% |
| 1980 | 114 | −10.9% |
| 1991 | 91 | −20.2% |
| 2001 | 87 | −4.4% |
| 2011 | 118 | +35.6% |
| 2021 | 129 | +9.3% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Račín | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view from the southwest | |
|  | |
| RačínLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°37′3″N 15°52′0″E / 49.61750°N 15.86667°E / 49.61750; 15.86667 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Vysočina |
| District | Žďár nad Sázavou |
| First mentioned | 1654 |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.96 km2 (3.07 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 648 m (2,126 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 143 |
| Density | 18/km2 (47/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 592 11 |
| Website | obecracin.cz |


title: Battle of Elands River (1901)

abstract: The Battle of Elands River took place near the Elands River Poort mountain pass on 17 September 1901 during the Second Boer War. During the battle a Boer raiding force under Jan Smuts destroyed a British cavalry squadron led by Captain Sandeman, a cousin of Winston Churchill, on the Modderfontein farm. This battle is therefore also known as the Battle of Modderfontein.

text:
# Battle of Elands River (1901)

The **Battle of Elands River** took place near the Elands River Poort mountain pass on 17 September 1901 during the Second Boer War. During the battle a Boer raiding force under Jan Smuts destroyed a British cavalry squadron led by Captain Sandeman, a cousin of Winston Churchill, on the **Modderfontein** farm. This battle is therefore also known as the **Battle of Modderfontein**.

## Background

After a year of guerrilla war, the Boer leaders decided to send significant raiding forces into the Cape Colony and Natal. About 1000 Boers in six commandos already operated in the Cape Colony. The Boer leaders hoped to cause an uprising in that Dutch-majority territory or at least to widen the theater of war beyond the Boer republics of Orange Free State and South African Republic. Smuts led a commando south into the Cape Colony, while Louis Botha attempted to cross into Natal.

Earlier Boer raids into the Cape Colony proved unsuccessful. All had been eventually hounded out by British mounted columns and had suffered painful losses. Smuts believed he could do better.

## The raid

During the trek south to the Orange River, Smuts' commando lost 36 men. He finally crossed into the eastern Cape at Kiba Drift on 3 September. Major General Fitzroy Hart's British force had been guarding the ford, but General Herbert Kitchener mistakenly sent them away on another mission. The Basotho attacked the Boers on 4 September near Wittenberg Mission, killing three and wounding seven with spears and ancient guns before being driven off with serious losses. On 7 September, Smuts went on a scout near Moordenaarspoort (Murderer's Gorge), near Bethulie, when they were ambushed. All three of his companions were shot by the British and Smuts barely escaped.

The cold spring rains tormented both men and horses as British pursuing columns under the overall command of Major General Sir John French closed in on Smuts' raiders. On 13 September, the Boers were cornered atop the Stormberg Mountains (31°17′52.64″S 26°15′17.31″E / 31.2979556°S 26.2548083°E / -31.2979556; 26.2548083) and escaped only when a friendly guide in the form of Hans Kleynhans appeared and led them down a precipitous route to safety. The night of 15 September nearly finished the raiders as freezing rain killed over 60 ponies and fourteen men went missing. In front of the Boers, every mountain pass was reportedly held by the British.

## Battle

On 17 September, as Smuts' commando threaded through a gorge that opened out into the Elands River valley, a 17-year-old farmer named Jan Coetzer informed them that a British force held the pass at Elands River Poort in the next valley. Smuts commented, "If we don't get those horses and a supply of ammunition, we're done for". The British were C Squadron of the 17th Lancers. The Boers took advantage of a mist to encircle the British camp. When Smuts' vanguard ran head on into a Lancer patrol, the British hesitated to fire because many of the Boers wore captured British uniforms. The Boers immediately opened fire and attacked in front while Smuts led the remainder of his force to attack the British camp from the rear. The British party suffered further casualties at a closed gate that slowed them down. All six British officers were hit and four were killed, only Captain Sandeman, the commander, and Lieutenant Lord George Vivian surviving. The 17th Lancers lost 29 killed and 41 wounded before surrendering. Boer losses were only one killed and six wounded.

One Boer noted, "We all had fresh horses, fresh rifles, clothing, saddlery, boots and more ammunition than we could carry away, as well as supplies for every man". In his book *Commando*, Deneys Reitz, one of the Boers, recounts how George Vivian pointed out his bivouac tent and told him it would be worth his while to take a look at it. Soon, Reitz, who had been wearing a grain-bag and using an old Mauser rifle with only two rounds of ammunition left, was dressed in a cavalry tunic and riding breeches and armed with a Lee-Metford sporting rifle. Reitz reports that he met Vivian in London in 1935, on excellent terms. (Thomas Pakenham reports a more elaborate story. In this touching account, Vivian overcame Reitz's reluctance to take the spoils of victory, and presented Reitz's original rifle to him in London in 1943. As Vivian died in 1940 this is impossible.

The Boers destroyed a field gun that they captured, while two Maxim guns were dumped in a dam after they proved to be too much trouble.

## Aftermath

Smuts and some 250 men of his commando were able to operate for many months in the Cape Colony, but could not win the war. By this time, the Dutch in the Cape Colony were mostly convinced that the Boer republics were losing the war. Though the commando received generous help from Dutch civilians, and indeed commandeered their requirements from people of every background, the British refrained from burning Dutch farms in the Cape Colony as a matter of policy.

While Boers captured in the republics were well-treated as prisoners of war, Boer fighters native to the Cape Colony and captured there were sometimes treated as rebellious subjects and executed by the British. During the campaign, Smuts' commando, replaced worn out clothes with pieces of British khaki uniforms, and Lord Kitchener gave orders that all Boer fighters taken in British uniform were to be executed. Several members of the commando were shot on this basis, others for being treasonous subjects of the Cape Colony. When the remaining members found out about this order, they dressed themselves in civilian clothes as soon as they could.

1. Pakenham 1979, p. 551.
2. Pakenham 1979, p. 550.
3. Pakenham 1979, p. 557.
4. Pakenham 1979, p. 553.
5. Pakenham 1979, p. 554.
6. Pakenham 1979, p. 555.
7. Pakenham 1979, p. 556.
8. Reitz, Chapter XXI – Horses And Men.
9. Shearing & Shearing 2000, p. .
10. Smith 2004, p. .
11. Smith 2004.
12. Pakenham 1979, p. 565.
13. Reitz, Chapter XXII – Moss-Trooping.
14. Jooste & Webster 2002, p. .
15. Reitz, Chapter XXIII – A Long Trail.
* Reitz, Deneys (2005). *Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War* (Introduction by J.C. Smuts ed.). London: Kessinger. ISBN 978-1417925841. (Index to an online copy, "Chapter XXI – Horses And Men", first published in Great Britain 1929)
* Jooste, Graham; Webster, Roger (2002). *Innocent Blood*. South Africa: Spearhead. ISBN 978-0-86486-532-8. Archived from the original on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
* Pakenham, Thomas (1979). *The Boer War*. New York: Avon Books. ISBN 0-380-72001-9.
* Shearing, Taffy; Shearing, David (2000). *General Smuts and his long ride*. Sedgefield: Anglo-Boer War Commemoration Cape Commando Series No 3. ISBN 0-620-26750-X.
* Smith, R.W. (June 2004). "Modderfontein 17 September 1901". *South African Military History Journal*. **13** (1). Johannesburg. SA.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Elands River | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Second Boer War | |
| <br>17th Lancers in action at Modderfontein, after a painting by Richard Caton Woodville Jr. | |
| Date 17 September 1901  Location Modderfontein farm, near Tarkastad, South Africa31°51′3″S 26°10′4″E / 31.85083°S 26.16778°E / -31.85083; 26.16778  Result  Boer victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| 17th Lancers, United Kingdom | South African Republic |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Captain Victor Sandeman (WIA) | Jan Smuts |
| Strength | |
| 130 | 250 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 29 killed, 41 wounded, 60 captured | 1 killed, 6 wounded |


title: Desrochers, Edmonton

abstract: Desrochers is a neighbourhood in southwest Edmonton, Alberta, Canada that was established in 2010 through the adoption of the Desrochers Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (NASP). It is located within Heritage Valley and was originally considered Neighbourhood 9 within the Heritage Valley Servicing Concept Design Brief (SCDB). Desrochers is bounded on the west by the future extension of 127 Street SW, north by the future 25 Avenue SW, east by the future extension of James Mowatt Trail SW, and south by the city limits.

text:
# Desrochers, Edmonton

**Desrochers** is a neighbourhood in southwest Edmonton, Alberta, Canada that was established in 2010 through the adoption of the Desrochers Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (NASP).

It is located within Heritage Valley and was originally considered Neighbourhood 9 within the Heritage Valley Servicing Concept Design Brief (SCDB).

Desrochers is bounded on the west by the future extension of 127 Street SW, north by the future 25 Avenue SW, east by the future extension of James Mowatt Trail SW, and south by the city limits (41 Avenue SW).

## Surrounding neighbourhoods

## InfoBox

| Desrochers | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| DesrochersLocation of Desrochers in Edmonton | |
| Coordinates: 53°24′11″N 113°33′11″W / 53.403°N 113.553°W / 53.403; -113.553 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| City | Edmonton |
| Quadrant | SW |
| Ward | Ipiihkoohkanipiaohtsi |
| Sector | Southwest |
| Area | Heritage Valley |
| Government | |
| Administrative body | Edmonton City Council |
| Councillor | Jennifer Rice |
| Elevation | 700 m (2,300 ft) |