title: Divertimento No. 15 (ballet)

abstract: Divertimento No. 15 is a ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to Mozart's eponymous music. The ballet was made for the New York City Ballet. Balanchine first choreographed the score in 1952, for a ballet titled Caracole. In 1956, he planned to revive Caracole for a celebration of Mozart's bicentenary but made a new ballet to the same music instead. Divertimento No. 15 premiered on May 31, 1956, at the American Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford, Connecticut.

text:
# Divertimento No. 15 (ballet)

***Divertimento No. 15*** is a ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to Mozart's eponymous music. The ballet was made for the New York City Ballet. Balanchine first choreographed the score in 1952, for a ballet titled *Caracole*. In 1956, he planned to revive *Caracole* for a celebration of Mozart's bicentenary but made a new ballet to the same music instead. *Divertimento No. 15* premiered on May 31, 1956, at the American Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford, Connecticut.

## Choreography

*Divertimento No. 15* contains five movements, Allegro, Theme and Variations, Minuet, Andante and Finale. The ballet is danced by five principal women, three men, and a corps de ballet of eight women. Balanchine wrote that *Divertimento No. 15* "follows the different movements of the score. There is no story." Author Nancy Reynolds described the ballet as "Balanchine's purest dance creations – a string of dancers, solos, ensembles, pas de deux – with muted emotional overtones and little virtuoso display."

## Original cast

The principal dancers of the original cast were:

## Production

In 1952, Balanchine choreographed *Caracole* to Mozart's Divertimento No. 15 for the New York City Ballet. He first heard the score at a dinner, and considered it the best divertimento. He removed the second of two minuets and the andante opening of the sixth movement. The ballet also reused costumes Christian Bérard designed for *Mozartiana*. The cast featured Diana Adams, Melissa Hayden, Tanaquil Le Clercq, Maria Tallchief, Patricia Wilde, André Eglevsky, Nicholas Magallanes, Jerome Robbins and a corps de ballet of eight women. Despite receiving positive reviews, it was absent from the repertory for some time.

In 1956, Balanchine was to revive *Caracole* for a Mozart bicentenary celebration organised by Lincoln Kirstein, who also co-founded the New York City Ballet. However, Balanchine claimed that he and the dancers had forgotten the choreography of *Caracole*, so he substantially rechoreographed it, again with one of the minuet removed. According to Joel Lobenthal's biography of Wilde, the solos remained the same as *Caracole* but other parts of the ballet were new choreography. Other dancers in *Caracole* disagreed with Balanchine's claim, and said *Caracole* and *Divertimento No. 15* are nearly identical. The new *Divertimento No. 15* is nevertheless regarded as a separate ballet.

The costumes were designed by Karinska, and the lighting was by Jean Rosenthal. When the ballet premiered, it featured a set that was originally designed by James Stewart Morcom for Balanchine's 1947 ballet *Symphonie Concertante*. In 1966, the costumes and set were redesigned. The new set, by David Hays, featured several trellis. Karinska redesigned the costumes. From the mid-1970s onwards, the ballet is performed without decor.

## Performances

*Divertimento No. 15* premiered May 31, 1956, at American Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford, Connecticut. The first New York performance of the ballet was in December that year. The principal dancers at the New York premiere were original cast members Adams, Hayden, Wilde, Bliss and Magallanes, as well as Yvonne Mounsey, Barbara Milberg and Jonathan Watts.

Other ballet companies that had performed the ballet include Vienna State Ballet, Bavarian State Ballet, Dutch National Ballet, Ballet du Grand Théâtre de Genève, Hamburg Ballet, Pacific Northwest Ballet, Chicago Lyric Opera Ballet, Pennsylvania Ballet, Royal Danish Ballet, Paris Opera Ballet, San Francisco Ballet, Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, Birmingham Royal Ballet, Finnish National Ballet, National Ballet of Canada, Boston Ballet, Miami City Ballet, Ballet Arizona, Suzanne Farrell Ballet, Dance Theatre of Harlem, BalletMet and Cincinnati Ballet.

## Videography

In 1961, a New York City Ballet performance of *Divertimento No. 15* was filmed for the CBC program *L'Heure du concert* in Montreal.

In 1977, PBS's *Dance in America* broadcast a performance of the Andante movement from *Divertimento No. 15* by the New York City Ballet, with a cast consisting of Tracy Bennett, Merrill Ashley, Maria Calegari, Susan Pilarre, Stephanie Saland, Marjorie Spohn, Victor Castelli and Robert Weiss.

In 2020, during the New York City Ballet's digital fall season, which replaced the canceled repertory season caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the company released an archival video of the Theme and Variations of *Divertimento No. 15*. It was recorded in 2016, and featured Lauren King, Sterling Hyltin, Ana Sophia Scheller, Abi Stafford, Tiler Peck, Andrew Veyette, Daniel Applebaum and Andrew Scordato.

In 2021, for New York City Ballet's first virtual gala, held due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the finale of *Divertimento No. 15* was featured in a film made by Sofia Coppola. It was danced by Peck, Veyette, King, Applebaum, Scordato, Emilie Gerrity, Ashley Laracey and Unity Phelan.

## InfoBox

| Divertimento No. 15 | |
| --- | --- |
| Choreographer | George Balanchine |
| Music | W. A. Mozart |
| Premiere | May 31, 1956 (1956-05-31)
American Shakespeare Theatre |
| Original ballet company | New York City Ballet |
| Design | Karinska
Jean Rosenthal |


title: Disonycha figurata

abstract: Disonycha figurata is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Disonycha figurata

***Disonycha figurata*** is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Disonycha figurata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Disonycha* |
| Species: | ***D. figurata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Disonycha figurata***<br>Jacoby, 1884 | |
|


title: Sphenarches bifurcatus

abstract: Sphenarches bifurcatus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that can be found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Haut-Katanga).

text:
# Sphenarches bifurcatus

***Sphenarches bifurcatus*** is a moth of the family Pterophoridae that can be found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Haut-Katanga).

## InfoBox

| *Sphenarches bifurcatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pterophoridae |
| Genus: | *Sphenarches* |
| Species: | ***S. bifurcatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphenarches bifurcatus***<br>Gielis, 2009 | |
|


abstract: The Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, popularly known as Con-Con, convened on December 8, 1969 and concluded on September 3, 1970. The convention produced the 1970 Illinois Constitution, the state's first new constitution in 100 years, which the voters of Illinois approved in a special election in December 1970.

text:
# Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention

The **Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention**, popularly known as **Con-Con**, convened on December 8, 1969 and concluded on September 3, 1970. The convention produced the 1970 Illinois Constitution, the state's first new constitution in 100 years, which the voters of Illinois approved in a special election in December 1970.

## Election

The 116 delegates to the convention were elected in nonpartisan elections in the fall of 1969. Interest from candidates was high: over 500 petitions for candidacy were filed.

On September 23, a primary election was held, with turnout of 18%. The top four vote-getters in each of the state's 58 legislative districts advanced to the general election. The general election was held on November 18, 1969, with turnout of 27%. The top two vote-getters in each district in the general election became delegates. Candidates for delegate had to meet the same criteria as candidates for state senate, including being at least 25 years old.

The elected delegates included 13 women, 15 African Americans (two of whom were women), and 34 people under age 40. Fifty-six of the delegates were lawyers; there were also eleven educators, five farmers, and five bankers, among many other occupations represented. Ninety-six had college degrees.

The delegate elections were not without controversy. Some Chicago-area districts saw sharp battles between "independent" candidates backed by the Independent Voters of Illinois and candidates backed by the "regular Democratic party". In the 24th district on Chicago's south side, after coming in fourth in the primary, independent candidate Michael Shakman filed a lawsuit in federal court. He sought an injunction to prevent the city from requiring its workers to campaign for his opponents as a condition of their patronage hiring. The lawsuit was dismissed, but eventually reinstated, and gave rise to the Shakman Decrees.

## Officers

The president of the convention was Samuel W. Witwer, an attorney from Kenilworth, who for that reason has sometimes been called "the father of the Illinois constitution". Odas Nicholson, an attorney from Chicago, was elected as secretary. Nicholson, an African American woman, was the convention's only officer who was not a white man.

The vice presidents of the convention were Elbert S. Smith of Decatur, Thomas G. Lyons of Chicago, and John Alexander of Virden. Alexander, who was 27 years old and had never held elective office, was the only officer to face opposition. However, he prevailed by a strong margin over his sole opponent, Betty Howard of St. Charles, who received only 29 votes from the floor.

Lyons and Nicholson were described in the press as representing "organization Democrats", while Alexander was described as representing the delegates who were under age 40.

## Delegates

Over the 1969-1970 holiday break, Witwer assigned the delegates to committees and appointed a chair of each committee. There were nine substantive committees and three procedural committees. Witwer himself was an ex officio member of all the committees, and the vice presidents were ex officio members of the committees to which he assigned them.

| Legislative district | Name | Committees |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Samuel W. Witwer | Public Information, Rules and Credentials, Style and Drafting |
| 1 | Frank Cicero, Jr. | Revenue and Finance, Style and Drafting |
| 2 | Lucy Reum | Legislative |
| 2 | Thomas J. McCracken | General Government |
| 3 | John G. Woods | Local Government, Public Information |
| 3 | Virginia Macdonald | Bill of Rights |
| 4 | Clyde Parker | Education |
| 4 | Anne H. Evans | Education |
| 5 | John E. Dvorak | Bill of Rights |
| 5 | Anne Willer | Judiciary |
| 6 | Martin Ozinga, Jr. | Revenue and Finance |
| 6 | James E. Gierach | Executive Article |
| 7 | Joseph A. Tecson | Executive Article |
| 7 | Roy C. Pechous | Bill of Rights |
| 8 | Ray H. Garrison | Revenue and Finance |
| 8 | Thomas H. Miller | Suffrage and Constitution Amending |
| 9 | Joan G. Anderson | Local Government, Rules and Credentials |
| 9 | Joseph T. Meek | Revenue and Finance, Rules and Credentials |
| 10 | Peter A. Tomei | Suffrage and Constitution Amending |
| 10 | Paul F. Elward | Revenue and Finance, Rules and Credentials |
| 11 | Martin Tuchow | Revenue and Finance |
| 11 | Bernard Weisberg | Bill of Rights, Rules and Credentials |
| 12 | Dawn Clark Netsch | Revenue and Finance |
| 12 | Malcolm S. Kamin | Education |
| 13 | Ronald C. Smith | Executive Article |
| 13 | Elmer Gertz | Bill of Rights |
| 14 | John F. Leon | Executive Article |
| 14 | William J. Laurino | Legislative |
| 15 | Thomas G. Lyons | Legislative, Revenue and Finance, Public Information, Rules and Credentials, Style and Drafting |
| 15 | David E. Stahl | Local Government, Public Information |
| 16 | William F. Lennon | Suffrage and Constitution Amending |
| 16 | James E. Strunck | Revenue and Finance, Rules and Credentials |
| 17 | Harold M. Nudelman | Judiciary |
| 17 | Frank Orlando | Executive Article |
| 18 | Edward J. Rosewell | General Government, Style and Drafting |
| 18 | Leonard N. Foster | Bill of Rights |
| 19 | Joseph C. Sharpe, Sr. | Suffrage and Constitution Amending, Style and Drafting |
| 19 | William A. Jaskula | Suffrage and Constitution Amending, Style and Drafting |
| 20 | Victor A. Arrigo | Bill of Rights |
| 20 | Madison L. Brown | Local Government |
| 21 | Frank D. Stemberk | Legislative |
| 21 | Gloria S. Pughsley | Education |
| 22 | Samuel A. Patch | Education, Style and Drafting |
| 22 | James Kemp | Bill of Rights |
| 23 | Richard M. Daley | Local Government, Style and Drafting |
| 23 | Leonard F. Miska | Revenue and Finance |
| 24 | Odas Nicholson | Judiciary |
| 24 | Albert A. Raby | Bill of Rights |
| 25 | Francis X. Lawlor | Bill of Rights |
| 25 | Louis Marolda | Executive Article |
| 26 | Thomas E. Hunter | Judiciary, Rules and Credentials |
| 26 | Clifford P. Kelley | Legislative, Public Information |
| 27 | Michael J. Madigan | General Government |
| 27 | Joseph Rachunas | Judiciary |
| 28 | Philip J. Carey | Local Government |
| 28 | Ted A. Borek | Local Government |
| 29 | Charles A. Coleman | Executive Article |
| 29 | Richard K. Cooper | Revenue and Finance |
| 30 | David Linn | Judiciary |
| 30 | Mary Lee Leahy | General Government, Style and Drafting |
| 31 | John D. Wenum | Local Government |
| 31 | Mary A. Pappas | Legislative |
| 32 | Jeannette Mullen | Revenue and Finance, Rules and Credentials |
| 32 | Jeffrey R. Ladd | Judiciary |
| 33 | Stanley C. Johnson | Revenue and Finance |
| 33 | Maxine Wymore | General Government |
| 34 | Robert R. Canfield | General Government |
| 34 | Betty Ann Keegan | Local Government, Rules and Credentials |
| 35 | Harlan Rigney | Executive Article |
| 35 | Wayne W. Whalen | Judiciary, Style and Drafting |
| 36 | Louis James Perona | Legislative |
| 36 | Edwin F. Peterson | Local Government |
| 37 | Paul E. Mathias | Education |
| 37 | David Davis | General Government, Rules and Credentials |
| 38 | Betty Howard | Education, Public Information |
| 38 | James S. Brannen | Revenue and Finance |
| 39 | Thomas C. Kelleghan | Bill of Rights |
| 39 | W. A. Sommerschield | Legislative, Rules and Credentials |
| 40 | Helen C. Kinney | Judiciary |
| 40 | Anthony M. Peccarelli | Legislative, Style and Drafting |
| 41 | Louis F. Bottino | Education Committee |
| 41 | Arthur T. Lennon | Bill of Rights |
| 42 | John L. Knuppel | Legislative |
| 42 | James S. Thompson | General Government |
| 43 | Lewis D. Wilson | Bill of Rights, Style and Drafting |
| 43 | William R. Armstrong | General Government, Public Information |
| 44 | Charles R. Young | Executive Article, Style and Drafting |
| 44 | Edward H. Jenison | General Government |
| 45 | David E. Connor | General Government |
| 45 | John C. Parkhurst | Local Government |
| 46 | Samuel L. Martin | Legislative |
| 46 | Donald D. Zeglis | Local Government |
| 47 | Charles W. Shuman | Suffrage and Constitution Amending |
| 47 | Henry I. Green | Suffrage and Constitution Amending, Public Information |
| 48 | Clarence E. Yordy | Judiciary |
| 48 | William D. Fogal | Education |
| 49 | Maurice W. Scott | Revenue and Finance |
| 49 | William L. Fay | Judiciary |
| 50 | Elbert S. Smith | Bill of Rights, General Government, Local Government, Public Information, Rules and Credentials, Style and Drafting |
| 50 | Franklin E. Dove | Education |
| 51 | Dwight P. Friedrich | Executive Article |
| 51 | James S. Parker | Executive Article |
| 52 | Stanley L. Klaus | Suffrage and Constitution Amending |
| 52 | John Alexander | Education, Judiciary, Suffrage and Constitution Amending, Public Information, Rules and Credentials, Style and Drafting |
| 53 | Wendell Durr | Revenue and Finance |
| 53 | Ray Johnsen | Local Government |
| 54 | William F. Fennoy, Jr. | Bill of Rights |
| 54 | John M. Karns, Jr. | Revenue and Finance |
| 55 | J. L. Buford | Education |
| 55 | Henry C. Hendren, Jr. | Suffrage and Constitution Amending |
| 56 | Ralph Dunn | Local Government |
| 56 | David Kenney | Revenue and Finance, Public Information |
| 57 | Clifford L. Downen | Revenue and Finance |
| 57 | Robert L. Butler | Local Government |
| 58 | Matthew A. Hutmacher | Bill of Rights, Rules and Credentials |
| 58 | George J. Lewis | Legislative |

## Outcomes

The voters of Illinois approved the convention's new constitution in a special election held on December 15, 1970. The constitution was approved by a 55.5% majority, with 37% turnout. Seventy-two downstate counties voted against the constitution, but strong majorities in the Chicago area allowed it to pass.


title: Benson Hunt

abstract: Benson Hunt is a Samoan international footballer who plays as a forward for Vailima Kiwi. He made his debut for the Samoa national team on 31 August 2015 in a 3–2 victory against American Samoa during 2018 World Cup qualification. Hunt was the top scorer and most valuable player of the 2013–14 Samoa National League while playing with Vaitoloa. He was in the Vailima Kiwi squad that took part in the 2016 OFC Champions League and was an unused substitute twice in the preliminary stage.

text:
# Benson Hunt

**Benson Hunt** is a Samoan international footballer who plays as a forward for Vailima Kiwi. He made his debut for the Samoa national team on 31 August 2015 in a 3–2 victory against American Samoa during 2018 World Cup qualification.

Hunt was the top scorer and most valuable player of the 2013–14 Samoa National League while playing with Vaitoloa. He was in the Vailima Kiwi squad that took part in the 2016 OFC Champions League and was an unused substitute twice in the preliminary stage.

## InfoBox

Benson Hunt
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Benson Hunt | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-01-18) 18 January 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | Samoa | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Vailima Kiwi | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2010–2015 | Vaitoloa |  |  |
| 2016– | Vailima Kiwi |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2015 | Samoa | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 2 September 2015 | | | |


title: Bay View Bank

abstract: Bay View Bank was a San Mateo, California, based bank which, at its height, operated 58 branches across the San Francisco Bay Area. It was one of the largest locally based banks in the San Francisco market. It had $3.03 billion in combined total deposits and $731,000 in loans, as of September 30, 2002. A wholly owned subsidiary of Bay View Capital Corp., Bay View Bank was liquidated in 2002 and sold off in parts. U.S. Bank bought its retail branch network and home mortgage assets, and Washington Mutual bought its multifamily and commercial real estate assets.

text:
# Bay View Bank

**Bay View Bank** was a San Mateo, California, based bank which, at its height, operated 58 branches across the San Francisco Bay Area. It was one of the largest locally based banks in the San Francisco market. It had $3.03 billion in combined total deposits and $731,000 in loans, as of September 30, 2002.

A wholly owned subsidiary of Bay View Capital Corp., Bay View Bank was liquidated in 2002 and sold off in parts. U.S. Bank bought its retail branch network and home mortgage assets, and Washington Mutual bought its multifamily and commercial real estate assets.

## History

Bay View Capital Corporation was traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol BVC. Its stock suffer greatly at the end of the Twentieth Century. After the value of its stock had dropped 50% during, Bay View Capital decided in May 2000 than it was time sell some or all of its business before the value of the company drops further. Eventually, the owners of the corporation would vote for dissolution and gradual liquidation in the effort to protect equity values.

Bay View Bank suffered a $234.5 million loss in bad loans in the three months during 2000 alone.

In November 2000, Wells Fargo and Golden State Bancorp had expressed initial in purchasing Bay View Bank. However, Bay View Capital rejected their bids of approximately $325 million for being far too low.

In July 2002, Bay View Capital announced that it was in the process of selling the offices, deposits, and only some loans of Bay View Bank to U.S. Bancorp for approximately $429 million while the mortgages were being sold to Washington Mutual at a "slight premium to book value". Both sales were completed by November 2002.

## InfoBox

Bay View Bank
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1973 (1973) |
| Defunct | November 1, 2002 (2002-11-01) |
| Fate | Liquidation* Bay View Bank's parent company, Bay View Capital Corp., voluntarily liquidated both itself and its namesake bank. Retail banking operations acquired by U.S. Bank. |
| Successor | U.S. Bank |
| Headquarters | San Mateo, California |
| Total assets | US$ 3.87 billion (09/2002) |
| Number of employees | 707 (09/2002) |
| Parent | Bay View Capital Corporation |
| Website | Archived official website |


title: 1995 in Spanish television

text:
# 1995 in Spanish television

This is a list of Spanish television related events in 1995.

## Events

* **18 March**: The wedding ceremony of Elena de Borbón and Jaime de Marichalar is broadcast by La 1, directed by Pilar Miró. It gets the day-time highest audience for a TV channel since 1990: 8.623.000 viewers (71.4% share).
* **12 April**: For the first time a Private Channel News Program *Antena 3 Noticias*, hosted by Olga Viza overtakes in viewers the State owned La 1 News Program *Telediario*
* **13 May**: Anabel Conde represents Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 held in Dublin (Ireland) with the song *Vuelve conmigo*, ranking 2nd and scoring 119 points.
* **19 October**: The documentary program *Documentos TV* broadcasts the investigation story *Las habitaciones de la muerte* (Death Rooms), about the terrible condition of thousand of girls in orphanages in China; Spanish society gets shocked and the program unleashes a surge of international adoptions in the country.
* **11 November**: Marcos Llunas, representing TVE, wins the Festival OTI de la Canción.
* **28 December**: On air last episode of Antena 3 favorite sitcom *Farmacia de Guardia*, with 11.527.000 viewers 62.8% share.

## Debuts

| Title | Channel | Debut | Performers/Host | Genre |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *A las diez en casa* | TVE 1 | 1995-08-03 | Elisenda Roca | Talk Show |
| *A quién se le ocurre* | Antena 3 | 1995-05-12 | Pepe Carrol | Quiz Show |
| *Abierto en canal* | Canal+ | 1995-10-01 |  | Documentary |
| *América total* | La 2 | 1995-12-03 | Miguel de los Santos | Documentary |
| *Apaga y vámonos* | La 2 | 1995-12-15 | Bermúdez | Comedy |
| *Aquí jugamos todos* | TVE 1 | 1995-06-12 | Miriam Díaz-Aroca y Ramón García | Quiz Show |
| *Aquí no hay quien duerma* | Telecinco | 1995-10-06 | Pepe Carrol | Talk Show |
| *Ay Lola, Lolita, Lola* | TVE 1 | 1995-02-09 | Lola Flores, Lolita | Variety Show |
| *Casa para dos* | Telecinco | 1995-01-04 | Juanjo Menéndez | Sitcom |
| *Cine de barrio* | La 2 | 1995-07-10 | José Manuel Parada | Movies |
| *Club Megatrix* | Antena 3 | 1995-05-17 | Ingrid Asensio | Children |
| *La cocina de Karlos Arguiñano* | TVE 1 | 1995-09-17 | Karlos Argiñano | Cooking Show |
| *Con luz propia* | Antena 3 | 1995-06-07 | Candela Palazón | News |
| *Cuando calienta el Sol* | TVE 1 | 1995-07-17 | Ramón García | Game Show |
| *Curro Jiménez, el regreso de una leyenda* | Antena 3 | 1995-04-11 | Sancho Gracia | Drama Series |
| *El debate de hoy* | TVE 1 | 1995-10-26 | Pedro Altares | Talk Show |
| *El destino en sus manos* | TVE 1 | 1995-04-26 | Gemma Nierga | Talk Show |
| *¿Dónde se esconde Carmen Sandiego?* | TVE 1 | 1995-01-13 | Luis Montalvo | Quiz Show |
| *En casa con Raffaella* | Telecinco | 1995-03-20 | Raffaella Carrá | Variety Show |
| *En directo contigo* | Telecinco | 1995-09-18 | Belén Rueda | Variety Show |
| *Enrróllate* | Telecinco | 1995-11-27 | Javier Capitán | Science/Culture |
| *Esta noche cruzamos el Mississippi* | Telecinco | 1995-09-18 | Pepe Navarro | Late Night |
| *Esta noche, sexo* | Antena 3 | 1995-01-17 | Isabel Gemio | Science/Culture |
| *Estamos de vuelta* | TVE 1 | 1995-10-10 | Cruz y Raya | Comedy |
| *Esto es lo que hay* | TVE 1 | 1995-11-03 | Ángel Casas | Late Night |
| *Fuerzas ocultas* | TVE 1 | 1995-09-25 | Juan José Plans | Variety Show |
| *Gente en cartelera* | TVE 1 | 1995-10-16 | Jose Toledo | News |
| *Historias de la vida* | Telecinco | 1995-06-20 | Ana Rosa Quintana | News |
| *Hora límite* | Telecinco | 1995-10-05 | Luis Mariñas | News |
| *Hoy en el Parlamento* | La 2 | 1995-10-02 |  | News |
| *Juntas, pero no revueltas* | TVE 1 | 1995-10-01 | Mercedes Sampietro | Sitcom |
| *Las lecciones de cocina de Pedro Subijana* | Telecinco | 1995-10-23 | Pedro Subijana | Cooking Show |
| *Llévatelo calentito* | TVE 1 | 1995-05-12 | Los Morancos | Comedy |
| *Lo + Plus* | Canal+ | 1995-04-04 | Fernando Schwartz | Talk Show |
| *Lo que en tiempos se llevó* | La 2 | 1995-01-11 | Guillermo Summers | Videos |
| *Lo que hay que tener* | TVE 1 | 1995-09-24 | Leticia Sabater | Youth |
| *Lluvia de estrellas* | Antena 3 | 1995-06-05 | Bertín Osborne | Talent show |
| *Makinavaja* | La 2 | 1995-01-17 | Pepe Rubianes | Sitcom |
| *Más que palabras* | Antena 3 | 1995-01-16 | Mercedes Milá | Talk Show |
| *Médico de familia* | Telecinco | 1995-09-15 | Emilio Aragón | Dramedy |
| *Menudo Show* | Antena 3 | 1995-09-30 | Diana Lázaro | Talent show |
| *Mitomanía* | TVE 1 | 1995-08-29 | Guillermo Summers | Videos |
| *Mójate* | TVE 1 | 1995-07-19 | Esther Arroyo | Variety Show |
| *Mortadelo y Filemón* | Antena 3 | 1995-01-14 | Antena 3 | Anime |
| *Nadie es perfecto* | TVE 1 | 1995-02-01 | Antxón Urrusolo | News |
| *NBA en acción* | Canal+ | 1995-06-05 |  | Sport |
| *No te olvides el cepillo de dientes* | Antena 3 | 1995-01-16 | Paula Vázquez | Game Show |
| *La noche de los castillos* | TVE 1 | 1995-09-22 | Luis Fernando Alvés | Game Show |
| *La noche temática* | La 2 | 1995-10-03 |  | Documentary |
| *Norte-Sur* | La 2 | 1995-01-11 |  | Documentary |
| *Las noticias del guiñol* | Canal+ | 1995-09-15 |  | Comedy |
| *Noticias y negocios* | Telecinco | 1995-10-31 | Carlos Humanes | News |
| *Número uno* | Telecinco | 1995-09-28 | Pepe Domingo Castaño | Quiz Show |
| *Nunca es tarde* | Telecinco | 1995-12-03 | Ana Rosa Quintana | Talk show |
| *Pepa y Pepe* | TVE 1 | 1995-01-10 | Verónica Forqué | Sitcom |
| *Plusvalía* | Canal+ | 1995-03-05 | Belén Ayala | Science/Culture |
| *Por hablar que no quede* | Telecinco | 1995-03-02 | Julián Lago | Debate |
| *Por fin solos* | Antena 3 | 1995-04-18 | Alfredo Landa | Sitcom |
| *¡Qué grande es el cine!* | La 2 | 1995-02-13 | José Luis Garci | Movies |
| *¡Qué me dices!* | Antena 3 | 1995-07-27 | Belinda Washington | Gossip Magazine |
| *Querida familia* | Antena 3 | 1995-10-03 | Cristina Caras Lindas | Reality Show |
| *Quién da la vez* | Antena 3 | 1995-01-17 | José Sacristán | Sitcom |
| *El rastrillo* | Antena 3 | 1995-12-01 | Paula Vázquez | Variety Show |
| *Refrescante 95* | Antena 3 | 1995-07-19 | Irma Soriano | Videos |
| *La Regenta* | TVE 1 | 1995-01-17 | Aitana Sánchez-Gijón | Drama Series |
| *La Revista* | TVE 1 | 1995-09-21 | José Luis Moreno | Music |
| *La ruta de los exploradores* | La 2 | 1995-10-06 | Gerardo Olivares | Documentary |
| *Se busca* | Antena 3 | 1995-09-15 | José Antonio Gavira | News Magazine |
| *El semáforo* | TVE 1 | 1995-10-27 | Jordi Estadella | Game Show |
| *Sin ir más lejos* | Telecinco | 1995-03-23 | Belén Rueda | Documentary |
| *Sonrisas 95* | Antena 3 | 1995-06-12 | Rody Aragón | Comedy |
| *El Sur* | La 2 | 1995-09-02 |  | Documentary |
| *Tinto de verano* | Telecinco | 1995-07-12 |  | Videos |
| *Todos a bordo* | Antena 3 | 1995-07-12 | Juan Luis Galiardo | Sitcom |
| *La Transición* | La 2 | 1995-07-23 | Victoria Prego | Documentary |
| *Tren de cercanías* | La 2 | 1995-04-06 | Adolfo Marsillach | Talk Show |
| *Tres hijos para mí solo* | Antena 3 | 1995-10-03 | Enrique Simón | Sitcom |
| *Un millón de gracias* | Antena 3 | 1995-07-18 | Las Virtudes | Comedy |
| *Un país en la mochila* | La 2 | 1995-10-14 | José Antonio Labordeta | Documentary |
| *Un paseo por el tiempo* | TVE 1 | 1995-04-26 | Julia Otero | Talk Show |
| *Uno para todas* | Telecinco | 1995-04-19 | Goyo González | Game Show |
| *Ven con nosotros* | Telecinco | 1995-11-27 | Rebeca Marcos | News |
| *Verde que te quier verde* | La 2 | 1995-10-01 | Javier de Artetxe | Science/Culture |
| *La vida según...* | TVE 1 | 1995-09-24 | Ana Cristina Navarro | Talk Show |
| *Zona franca* | La 2 | 1995-06-02 | Arancha de Benito | Music |
|

## Television shows

* **La 1**
    + *Telediario* (1957– )
    + *Estudio estadio* (1972–2005)
    + *Informe Semanal* (1973– )
    + *Parlamento* (1978–2014)
    + *Telepasión española* (1990– )
    + *Club Disney* (1990–1996)
    + *Vídeos de primera* (1990–1998)
    + *Pasa la vida* (1991–1996)
    + *Quién sabe dónde* (1992–1998)
    + *¿Qué apostamos?* (1993–2000)
    + *Corazón, Corazón* (1993–2010)
    + *Esto es espectáculo*  (1994–1996)
    + *Sólo goles*  (1994–1997)
    + *Testigo directo*  (1994–1999)
    + *Cartelera*  (1994–2009)
    + *Los Desayunos de TVE* (1994–2020)
* **La 2**
    + *Al filo de lo imposble* (1982– )
    + *Pueblo de Dios* (1982– )
    + *Últimas preguntas* (1983– )
    + *En portada* (1984– )
    + *Estadio 2* (1984–2007)
    + *Metrópolis*  (1985– )
    + *Documentos TV* (1986– )
    + *Tendido cero* (1986– )
    + *Días de cine* (1991– )
    + *Cifras y Letras* (1991–1996)
    + *Línea 900* (1991–2007)
    + *La Aventura del saber* (1992– )
    + *Jara y sedal* (1992 -)
    + *Tal cual* (1992–1996)
    + *Pinnic* (1992–1998)
    + *Lingo*  (1993–1996)
    + *Zona ACB*  (1993–2010)
    + *Función de noche*  (1994–1996)
    + *El Lector* (1994–1996)
    + *Bricomanía*  (1994–2000)
    + *La 2 noticias*  (1994–2020)
* **Antena 3**
    + *Antena 3 Noticias* (1990– )
    + *Cita con la vida* (1993–1996)
    + *Hermida y Cía*  (1993–1996)
    + *Los ladrones van a la oficina* (1993–1996)
    + *Lo que necesitas es amor* (1993–1999)
    + *Telemaratón*  (1993–2001)
    + *Hermanos de leche*  (1994–1996)
    + *A toda página*  (1994–1997)
    + *En buenas manos*  (1994–2005)
* **Telecinco**
* **Canal+**
    + *El día después* (1990–2005)
    + *Redacción* (1990–2005)
    + *Del 40 al 1* (1991–1998)

## Ending this year

* **La 1**
    + *No te rías, que es peor* (1990–1995)
    + *El Menú de Karlos Arguiñano* (1993–1995)
    + *Valor y coraje* (1993–1995)
    + *¿De qué parte estás?*  (1994–1995)
    + *Unos y los otros, Los*  (1994–1995)
* **La 2**
    + *Clip, clap, video* (1991–1995)
    + *Bit a Bit* (1993–1995)
    + *Zona de juegos* (1993–1995)
    + *Centros de poder*  (1994–1995)
    + *Esto no es lo que parece*  (1994–1995)
* **Antena 3**
* **Telecinco**
    + *Humor amarillo* (1990–1995)
    + *Este país necesita un repaso* (1993–1995)
    + *¿De qué parte estás?*  (1994–1995)
    + *Pareja feliz, Una*  (1994–1995)
    + *Trampolín, El*  (1994–1995)
    + *Veredicto*  (1994–1995)

## Foreign series debuts in Spain

| English title | Spanish title | Original title | Channel | Country | Performers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| *704 Hauser* | *704 Hauser Street* |  | FORTA | USA | John Amos |
| *A League of Their Own* | *Ellas dan el golpe* |  | FORTA | USA | Sam McMurray |
| *Aaahh!!! Real Monsters* | *Mi profe es un monstruo* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
|  | *Agujetas de color de rosa* | *Agujetas de color de rosa* | La 1 | MEX | Angélica María |
| *All-New Dennis the Menace* | *Daniel el Travieso* |  | Telecinco | USA |  |
| *American Chronicles* | *Crónicas Americanas* |  | La 2 | USA |  |
| *Animal Show* | *El Show animal* |  | Canal + | UK |  |
| *Batman: The Animated Series* | *Batman* |  | Antena 3 | USA |  |
| *Boy Meets World* | *Yo y el Mundo* |  | La 1 | USA | Ben Savage |
| *Brand New Life* | *Una nueva vida* |  | La 1 | USA | Barbara Eden |
| --- | *Café con aroma de mujer* | *Café con aroma de mujer* | La 1 | COL | Margarita Rosa de Francisco |
| *C.L.Y.D.E.* | *Clyde* |  | FORTA | FRA |  |
| *Carol and Company* | *Carol y compañía* |  | La 2 | USA | Carol Burnett |
| *Chicago Hope* | *Chicago Hope* |  | Antena 3 | USA | M.Patinkin, M.Harmon, H.Elizondo |
| *Clarissa Explains It All* | *Clarisa lo explica todo* |  | La 1 | USA | Melissa Joan Hart |
| *Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel* | *El broche encantado* | *Mahō no Tenshi Kurīmī Mami* | Telecinco | JAP |  |
| *Dangerous Women* | *Mujeres peligrosas* |  | Telecinco | USA | Valerie Wildman |
| *Deepwater Haven* | *Los chicos de la bahía* |  | La 1 | AUS  NZL | Vince Martin |
| --- | *Dulce Ilusión* | *Dulce Ilusión* | La 1 | VEN | Coraima Torres |
| *Ellen* | *Ellen* |  | La 2 | USA | Ellen DeGeneres |
| *ER* | *Urgencias* |  | La 1 | USA | Anthony Edwards, George Clooney |
| *Fatal Vision* | *Visión fatal* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Gary Cole, Karl Malden |
| *FBI: The Untold Stories* | *Los casos secretos del FBI* |  | La 2 | USA |  |
| *Flying Blind* | *Volando a ciegas* |  | Telecinco | USA | Téa Leoni, Corey Parker |
| *Forever Knight* | *El señor de las tinieblas* |  | Telecinco | CAN | Geraint Wyn Davies |
| *Frasier* | *Frasier* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Kelsey Grammer |
| *G.B.H.* | *Tráfico de Influencias* |  | Canal + | UK | Robert Lindsay, Michael Palin |
| *Garfield and Friends* | *Garfield y sus amigos* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *Getting By* | *Vamos tirando* |  | La 1 | USA | Cindy Williams |
| *Globe Trekker* | *Planeta solitario* |  | La 2 | UK |  |
| *Harts of the West* | *Los Hart en el Oeste* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Beau Bridges |
| *Heartbreak High* | *Los rompecorazones* |  | La 1 | AUS | Alex Dimitriades |
| *He-Man and the Masters of the Universe* | *He Man* |  | Telecinco | USA |  |
| *Herman's Head* | *La cabeza de Herman* |  | La 2 | USA | William Ragsdale |
| *High Tide* | *Marea alta* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Rick Springfield |
| *Hoyt'n Andy's Sportsbender* | *Las superdeportistas* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *Insektors* | *Insektors* | *Insektors* | Canal + | FRA |  |
| *Inspector Morse* | *Inspector jefe Morse* |  | Telecinco | USA | John Thaw |
| *Living Single* | *Solteras* |  | La 2 | USA | Queen Latifah |
| *Lois & Clark* | *Lois y Clark* |  | La 1 | USA | Dean Cain, Teri Hatcher |
| *Magical Emi, the Magic Star* | *La magia de Emi* | *Mahō no Sutā Majikaru Emi* | Telecinco | USA |  |
| *Models* | *Modelos* |  | La 1 | USA | Linda Gray |
| *My Pet Monster* | *Mi Monstruito* |  | Telecinco | USA |  |
| *Northwood* | *Northwood* |  | La 2 | CAN | Lochlyn Munro |
| *Party of Five* | *Cinco en familia* |  | FORTA | USA | Scott Wolf |
| *Phantom 2040* | *Phantom 2040* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *ReBoot* | *ReBoot* |  | Canal + | CAN |  |
| *RoboCop* | *RoboCop: la serie* |  | Telecinco | CAN | Richard Eden |
| *Rocko's Modern Life* | *La vida moderna de Rocko* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *Sauerkraut* | *Sauerkraut* |  | Canal + | GER | \[\[\]\] |
| *Scarlett* | *Scarlett* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Timothy Dalton |
| *seaQuest DSV* | *Los vigilantes del fondo del mar* |  | La 1 | USA | Roy Scheider |
| --- | *Selva María* | *Selva María* | La 1 | VEN | Mariela Alcalá |
| *Sister, Sister* | *Cosas de hermanas* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Tia & Tamera Mowry |
| *Sisters* | *Hermanas* |  | La 2 | USA | Swoosie Kurtz |
| *Small Wonder* | *Un robot en casa* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Tiffany Brissette |
| *Spider-Man* | *Spider-Man* |  | Antena 3 | USA |  |
| *Spirou* | *Spirou y Fantasio* |  | Antena 3 | FRA |  |
| *Step by Step* | *Paso a paso* |  | La 1 | USA | Patrick Duffy, Suzanne Somers |
| *Super Force* | *Super Force* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Ken Olandt |
| *Superboy* | *Superboy* |  | Telecinco | USA | John Newton |
| *Swamp Thing* | *La criatura del pantano* |  | La 2 | USA | Mark Lindsay Chapman |
| *Sweet Valley High* | *Las gemelas de Sweet Valley* |  | La 1 | USA | Brittany Daniel, Cynthia Daniel |
| *Tequila and Bonetti* | *Tequila y Bonetti* |  | La 1 | USA | Jack Scalia |
| *The Awakening Land* | *El despertar de una tierra* |  | La 1 | USA | Elizabeth Montgomery |
| *The Borrowers* | *Los incursores* |  | La 1 | UK | Ian Holm |
| *The Chronicles of Narnia* | *Crónicas de Narnia* |  | La 2 | UK | Richard Dempsey |
| *The Commish* | *El comisionado* |  | FORTA | USA | Michael Chiklis |
| *The Critic* | *El Crítico* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *The Itsy Bitsy Spider* | *Itsy Bitsy* |  | Canal + | GBR |  |
| *The John Larroquette Show* | *De mal en peor* |  | La 2 | USA | John Larroquette |
| *The Long Hot Summer* | *El largo y cálido verano* |  | Antena 3 | USA | Don Johnson |
| *The Mask: Animated Series* | *La Máscara: la serie animada* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *The Powers of Matthew Star* | *Los poderes de Matthew Star* |  | Telecinco | USA | Peter Barton |
| *The Return of the Psammead* | *El retorno de los Psammead* |  | La 1 | UK | Toby Ufindell-Phillips |
| *The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!* | *The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!* |  | Telecinco | USA |  |
| *The Tick* | *La Garrapata* |  | Canal + | USA |  |
| *The White Whale of Mu* | *Ballena blanca* | *Mū no Hakugei* | Telecinco | JAP |  |
| *The X-Files* | *Expediente X* |  | Telecinco | USA | David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson |
| *Thea* | *Thea* |  | FORTA | USA | Thea Vidale |
| *Thunder in Paradise* | *Operación trueno* |  | Telecinco | USA | Hulk Hogan |
| *Time of Your Life* | *Los mejores años* |  | Antena 3 | CAN | Jason Cavalier |
| *VR Troopers* | *VR Troopers* |  | Telecinco | USA | Brad Hawkins |
| *Walker, Texas Ranger* | *Walker, Texas Ranger* |  | Telecinco | USA | Chuck Norris |
| *Weird Science* | *Una chica explosiva* |  | La 1 | USA | John Asher |
| *Wildfire* | *Fuego Salvaje* |  | Telecinco | USA |  |
| *WKRP in Cincinnati* | *WKRP in Cincinnati* |  | Canal + | USA | Gary Sandy |
| *X-Men* | *Patrulla X* |  | Telecinco | USA |  |

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in Spanish television |
| --- |
|  |
| *+...* |


title: Edith Baumann

abstract: Edith Baumann was a German politician. She was a co-founder and official of the Free German Youth, the youth organisation that after 1946 became the youth wing of East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party. Between 1946 and her death she was a member of the country's powerful Party Central Committee. Sources sometimes identify her as Edith Honecker-Baumann. Between the late 1940s and early or mid-1950s, sources differing on both the dates of marriage and divorce, she was married to Erich Honecker, at that time the chairman of the Free German Youth organisation, and from 1971 until 1989, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, East Germany's leader.

text:
# Edith Baumann

**Edith Baumann** (1 August 1909 – 7 April 1973) was a German politician. She was a co-founder and official of the Free German Youth (*Freie Deutsche Jugend* / FDJ), the youth organisation that after 1946 became the youth wing of East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party (*Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands* / SED). Between 1946 and her death she was a member of the country's powerful Party Central Committee.

Sources sometimes identify her as **Edith Honecker-Baumann**. Between the late 1940s and early or mid-1950s, sources differing on both the dates of marriage and divorce (see below), she was married to Erich Honecker, at that time the chairman of the Free German Youth organisation, and from 1971 until 1989, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, East Germany's leader.

## Life

### Provenance and early years

Edith Baumann was born into a working-class family in Prenzlauer Berg, at that time a recently developed district on the southern edge of Berlin. Her father was a building worker. She attended school locally, training as a stenotypist.

Between 1925 and 1929 she was employed as a typist by a pharmacist wholesale supplier: a succession of typing jobs followed. She joined the Socialist Workers' Youth movement (*Sozialistische Arbeiter-Jugend* / SAJ) in 1925, remaining a member till 1931. Between 1925 and 1933 she was also a member of the Zentralverband der Angestellten (ZdA) trades union. She joined the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (*Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands* / SAPD) in 1931, which was the year in which it broke away from the more moderate mainstream Social Democratic Party (*Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands* / SPD). She was also a leading member of the Socialist Youth League of Germany (*Sozialistischer Jugend-Verband Deutschlands* / SJV / SJVD ), the youth wing of the SAPD.

### Nazi Germany

The Nazi take-over in January 1933 ushered in a rapid series of social and political changes, as the new government lost little time in creating a one-party dictatorship. Edith Baumann was a political activist in the "wrong" party. At the party conference in March 1933 she was voted on to the party executive of the SAPD, and continued to devote herself actively to what now counted as "illegal party work". During this time, between April and August 1933, she was supporting herself by working as a typist with the "National Agency for Milk Products, Oils and fats" (*"Reichsstelle für Milcherzeugnisse, Öle u. Fett"*) based in Berlin. She was brutally beaten and arrested by the Gestapo in August 1933.

Baumann was detained and tortured while in investigatory custody for more than a year, first in prison at Berlin-Moabit and then at the Barnimstrasse women's prison. She faced trial in December 1934 and was sentenced by the special "people's court" to three years in prison for preparing to commit high treason (*"Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"*). In the event she was released in October 1936. She remained in Berlin. Between 1936 and 1938 she was employed as a typist by a Berlin patent attorney. Between 1936 and 1945 she was employed as a book keeper at the company owned by the "Carbon By-products Association" (*"Kohlenwertstoff-Verbände"*).

### Soviet occupation zone

The Second World War ended in Europe in May 1945 with a large area surrounding Berlin administered as the Soviet occupation zone. In September 1945 Edith Baumann was recruited to work with Erich Honecker to establish the Free German Youth (*Freie Deutsche Jugend* / FDJ) organisation. Although the organisation had roots in the 1930s, this was in most respects a new beginning for an important social and political pillar of the new Germany that the zone's sponsors would create over the next few years. Baumann started out as the FDJ General Secretary and then became its deputy chairman, a position she retained until 1949. The FDJ chairman was Erich Honecker.

Within the Soviet occupation zone the contentious merger, in April 1946, of the Communist Party with the centre-left Social Democratic Party of Germany was intended to avoid the mistakes of 1932 when divisions between the two principal left wing parties were widely believed to have opened the way for the Nazi dictatorship, and both the ensuing war and Holocaust. In the event the new merged party, the Socialist Unity Party (*Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands* / SED), would have emerged by 1949 as the ruling party in a new one-party dictatorship. Edith Baumann was a top level party functionary from the outset. In 1946 she became a member both of the SED Party Executive (*"Parteivorstand"*) and of its Central Committee.

### German Democratic Republic

In October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone was relaunched as the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), a separate German state with its political and social institutions consciously modelled on those developed in the Soviet Union during the previous three decades. Between 1949 and 1953 Baumann belonged to the secretariat of the Central Committee, also serving, between 1953 and 1955, as party secretary of the regional party leadership team for Berlin itself. Between 1955 and 1961 she headed up working groups and the central committee Women's Section. The zenith of her career was the period between 1958 and 1963 when she was listed as a candidate member of the Politburo, though she never made the final leap to full Politburo membership. From 1961 till 1963 she was simultaneously also Central Committee secretary with responsibilities over trade and supply, light goods and food products. After this, till 1973, the focus of her political career switched to Berlin where she served as a city councillor and secretary to the city executive group (*"Magistrat von Berlin"*).

Under the Leninist constitutional arrangements in force, political power was concentrated on the party, and within the party on its Central Committee, rather than with ministers or with the national parliament. However, the stark simplicity of the party's supremacy was blurred to the extent that Central Committee members often combined their party roles with ministerial office and/or membership of the national legislature. From its inception in 1947 Edith Baumann herself sat as a member of the German People's Council (*"Deutscher Volksrat"*) and of the East German National Parliament (*"Volkskammer"*) which replaced it in 1949. She retained her parliamentary seat till her death in 1973. Parliamentary seats were allocated according to predetermined quotas by the ruling party not only to itself and the other political parties (which it controlled), but also to certain approved mass organisations. In the early years Baumann sat in the parliament as a member representing the Free German Youth (*Freie Deutsche Jugend* / FDJ). After 1949 she represented the SED itself in the *Volkskammer*, however.

In 1947 Edith Baumann was a co-founder of the Democratic Women's League (*"Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands"* / DFD) which, like the FDJ, was one of the so-called mass organisations with the accompanying "National Front" political privileges such as direct representation in the national parliament "Volkskammer". She remained a member of the DFD national executive till 1964. She was elected to serve on the Women's International Democratic Federation Executive Council in 1953.

## Personal

### Marriage

Discussion of Erich Honecker's private life was a constant taboo. The private lives of public figures in East Germany habitually went unremarked. Honecker's relationship with Edith Baumann, his second wife, nevertheless featured sufficiently in the consciousness of East Germany to reappear in the West German political media well before 1971, when Honecker emerged as the new East German leader. When he took over, his marriage to Baumann was already a subject of discussion in the West German press. Understandably, however, a lot of normally mainstream and uncontentious information on the Honecker-Baumann marriage emerged only after 1989, and even now sources differ over quite basic aspects of it.

According to various sources, Erich Honecker married Edith Baumann in 1947. That seems to have been the year in which, after only two years of marriage, his first wife, Charlotte Schanuel, fell ill and died. Other sources assert that the marriage took place at the end of 1949, after Edith discovered she was pregnant with their daughter, Erika.

Erich Honecker was three years younger than Edith Baumann. He was still married to Charlotte in the summer of 1947 when he and Edith travelled together to Moscow. They were already close colleagues through their FDJ and party work, and on the Moscow trip the relationship between the comrades took a new direction. Intimacy ensued. Looking back in 1990 Erich Honecker was measured in his recollections of what happened and how: "At that time I was badly in need of support. We often sat together, also at her home in Mühlenbeck. And she was an ace with the type writer.". The later insights offered by Politburo comrade Gerhard Schürer (1921–2010), are also less than generous, though perhaps his directness is a little more striking to an English-language reader than to readers in other mainstream European languages: "I was always a bit baffled ... politically they were of course very well attuned to one another, but in such human terms ... Honecker was a fine looking young man with a good figure, warm eyes and beautiful hair: she came across as a much older, frumpy comrade.

Whatever view Erich Honecker took of matters at the time or subsequently, for Edith their marriage was based on love. However Klaus Herde, a close colleague of the young woman who later became Erich Honcker's third wife, has suggested that Honecker married Edith out of a sense not of love but of duty, when he realised she was pregnant.

Erich and Edith Honecker's marriage ended in 1953 or 1955: again, sources differ. However, since reunification, more information has emerged on what happened.

Assuming that the marriage took place in December 1949, it was just a couple of weeks later that Erich Honecker led a delegation of the East German party to Moscow in order to attend celebrations of the seventieth birthday of the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin. The delegation also included Margot Feist, the 22-year-old leader of the Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation. Honecker was fascinated by Feist "both because she was a pretty young girl and because she was very active in the party". Intimacy ensued. It is reported that Honecker attempted to conceal their affair, but he failed because almost every night he went directly to Feist's apartment. Edith did not acquiesce, however. For most purposes, by this time the most powerful German in East German politics was the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Walter Ulbricht. Ulbricht now received a letter from Baumann asking him to have a very firm word with his ambitious, philandering young comrade, her husband, saying "Erich never gets home before one in the morning, his head is starting to cave in and he fantasizes about the wildest stuff..."

Walter Ulbricht was appalled by Honecker's affair. Unaware at this stage that news of his affair with Feist had reached Ulbricht, Honecker was summoned to visit the General Secretary at his weekend retreat north of Berlin. Baumann had written persuasively that Ulbricht should cut off her husband's lover from her important youth work (*"aus der Jugendarbeit ausscheiden"*) and send her away from Berlin. Feist's biographer, Ed Stuhler, believes that the extra-marital romance constituted a huge threat to the political careers of both lovers. But old President Pieck took a more pragmatic view. Despite his declining health and diminishing involvement in day-to-day affairs, Pieck never lost the full confidence of Joseph Stalin. In the judgement of Politburo member Gerhard Schürer it was largely down to Pieck that the ending of Erich and Edith Honecker's marriage ran its jagged course without erupting into scandal. Margot Feist held on to her job and remained in Berlin. Whenever Feist's name was mentioned in Pieck's presence, he developed a twinkle in his eye.

In the summer of 1952, the "unruly partnership" (*"wilde Ehe"*) of comrades Honecker and Feist even came up in the Politburo. Under "Agenda Item 20" the two of them were authorized to take a holiday together in the Soviet Union, but the parties were also instructed to come up with a rapid clarification of their relationships. Honecker was at this point still sharing an apartment with his wife Edith and their daughter Erika, born in 1950. But now it was Margot who was visibly pregnant with Erich's daughter: Sonja would be born at the beginning of December 1952.

It was not until January 1955 that Edith Honecker-Baumann agreed to give her husband a divorce. Soon after this Honecker married Margot Feist. Three years later the new couple moved into the residential quarter of Berlin-Wandlitz, the residential suburb of choice for upwardly mobile politburo members. According to her biographer, Ed Stuhler, Margot Honecker officially was always deeply embarrassed over the duration of the couple's premarital cohabitation. She was not embarrassed however, over how she used her relationships to later reach the pinnacle of power in East Germany.

### Death

Edith Baumann died in East Berlin on 7 April 1973. Erich Honecker led the mourning at her funeral. The urn containing her ashes was placed in the section of the Berlin Main Cemetery reserved for political leaders and others highly honoured by the East German political establishment.

## Awards and honours

In 1989 the East German postal service featured Edith Baumann on a postage stampStamps of Germany (DDR) 1989, MiNr 3222.jpg.

1. Commire, A. (1999). *Women in World History*. Gale. pp. 261–262. ISBN 978-0-7876-4061-3. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
2. Bernd-Rainer Barth; Helmut Müller-Enbergs. "Baumann, Edith (verh. Honecker-Baumann) * 1 August 1909; † 7 April 1973 Generalsekretärin der FDJ, Sekretärin des ZK der SED". *Wer war wer in der DDR?* (in German). Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
3. Regina Haunhorst; Irmgard Zündorf. "Erich Honecker 1912–1994". *Lebendiges Museum Online* (in German). Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
4. "Gefährliche Liebschaft" (in German). Der Spiegel (online). 15 July 1996. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
5. "Executive Committee of the Women's International Democratic Federation". As One! For Equality, For Happiness, For Peace (Report). East Berlin, East Germany: Women's International Democratic Federation. 1953. pp. 264–265. Retrieved 23 November 2023.  via ASP: Women and Social Movements (subscription required)
6. Ed Stuhler; Thomas Grimm, MDR (10 February 2011). "Privatleben: Margot und Erich Honecker". *Originally transcript extracts from "Die Honeckers privat"* (in German). Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR). Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
7. "Immer bereit – DDR Honecker" (in German). Der Spiegel (online). 3 October 1966. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
8. "Walter Ulbricht – das sind wir alle" (in German). Der Spiegel (online). 10 May 1971. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
9. Martin Sabrow (20 August 2012). "Der unterschätzte Diktator" (in German). Der Spiegel (online). Retrieved 14 April 2016.
10. Ed Stuhler (2003). *Margot Honecker. Eine Biografie* (in German). Ueberreuter, Vienna (2003) & W Heyne, Munich (2005). ISBN 978-3-453-64001-6.
11. Eric D. Weitz, *Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997
12. Sven Felix Kellerhoff (16 April 2007). "Die meistgehasste Frau der DDR". *Die Welt* (in German). Die Welt, Berlin. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
13. nokiland. "Honecker heiratet seine Stellvertreterin Edith" (in German). Reiner Maecker (DDR-center). Retrieved 15 April 2016.
14. "Edith Baumann (1.8.1909-7.4.1973) ... Bildarchiv SAPMO-BArch Y10-1415/67". *Die Urnengräber in der Ringmauer* (in German). Förderkreis Erinnerungsstätte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung Berlin-Friedrichsfelde e.V. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
15. Neues Deutschland, 8 March 1955, page 2
16. Neues Deutschland, 7 May 1955, page 2
17. Neues Deutschland, 2 August 1959, page 2
18. Neues Deutschland, 8 May 1960, page 2

## InfoBox

| Edith Baumann
Edith Honecker-Baumann | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1909-08-01)1 August 1909
Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire |
| Died | 7 April 1973(1973-04-07) (aged 63)
East Berlin, East Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Political activist
Youth leader (FDJ)
Party Central Committee member |
| Political party | SAPD (1931–1933)
SED (1946–1973) |
| Spouse | Erich Honecker (m. 19471953) |
| Children | Erika Honecker (b. 1950) |


title: Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii

abstract: Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii is a 1972 concert film directed by Adrian Maben and featuring the English rock group Pink Floyd performing at the ancient Roman amphitheatre in Pompeii, Italy. The band performs a typical live set from the era, but there is no audience beyond the basic film crew. The main footage in and around the amphitheatre was filmed over four days in October 1971, using the band's regular touring equipment, including a mobile 8-track recorder from Paris. Additional footage filmed in a Paris television studio the following December was added for the original 1972 release. The film was then re-released in 1974 with additional studio material of the band working on The Dark Side of the Moon, and interviews at Abbey Road Studios. The film has subsequently been released on video numerous times, and in 2002, a Director's cut DVD appeared which combined the original footage from 1971 with more contemporary shots of space and the area around Pompeii, assembled by Maben. A number of bands have taken inspiration from the film in creating their own videos, or filming concerts without an audience.

text:
# Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii

***Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii*** is a 1972 concert film directed by Adrian Maben and featuring the English rock group Pink Floyd performing at the ancient Roman amphitheatre in Pompeii, Italy. The band performs a typical live set from the era, but there is no audience beyond the basic film crew. The main footage in and around the amphitheatre was filmed over four days in October 1971, using the band's regular touring equipment, including a mobile 8-track recorder from Paris (before being bumped up to 16-track in post-production). Additional footage filmed in a Paris television studio the following December was added for the original 1972 release. The film was then re-released in 1974 with additional studio material of the band working on *The Dark Side of the Moon*, and interviews at Abbey Road Studios.

The film has subsequently been released on video numerous times, and in 2002, a Director's cut DVD appeared which combined the original footage from 1971 with more contemporary shots of space and the area around Pompeii, assembled by Maben. A number of bands have taken inspiration from the film in creating their own videos, or filming concerts without an audience.

## Background

Film-maker Adrian Maben, interested in combining art with Pink Floyd's music, contacted David Gilmour and the band's manager, Steve O'Rourke, in 1971 to discuss the possibilities of making a film in which the band's music was played over images of paintings by René Magritte, Jean Tinguely, Giorgio de Chirico and others. Pink Floyd had experience of filming outside the context of a standard rock concert, including an hour-long performance in KQED TV studios in April 1970; but Maben's idea was rejected. Maben went on holiday to Naples in the early summer. During a visit to Pompeii he lost his passport, and went back to the Amphitheatre, which he had visited earlier in the day, in order to find it. Walking around the deserted ruins, he thought the silence and natural ambient sounds present would make a good backdrop for the music. He also felt that filming the band without an audience would be a good reaction to earlier films such as *Woodstock* and *Gimme Shelter*, where the films paid equal attention to performers and spectators. One of Maben's contacts at the University of Naples, Professor Carputi, who was a Pink Floyd fan, managed to persuade the local authorities to close the amphitheatre for six days that October for filming. Access was secured after payment of a "fairly steep" entrance fee.

## Filming

### Pompeii

The performances of "Echoes", "A Saucerful of Secrets", and "One of These Days" were filmed from 4 to 7 October 1971. O'Rourke delivered a demo to Maben in order for him to prepare for the various shots required, which he finally managed to do the night before filming started. The choice of material was primarily the band's, but while Maben realised it was important to include material from the band's new album *Meddle*, he was also keen to include "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" and "A Saucerful of Secrets", as he felt they would be good numbers to film.

The band insisted on playing live, and brought their regular touring gear with them. Their roadie, Peter Watts, suggested that the 8-track recorder would produce a sound comparable to a studio recording. In addition, the natural echo of the amphitheatre provided good acoustics for the recording. The equipment was carried by truck from London and took three days to reach Pompeii. When it arrived, it was discovered there was insufficient power to drive it correctly. This problem plagued filming for several days, and was finally resolved by running a lengthy cable from the local town hall.

The first section of footage to be filmed were montage shots of the band walking around Boscoreale, mixed with shots of volcanic mud, which can be seen at various points in "Echoes" and "Careful with That Axe, Eugene". For the live performances, the band recorded portions of the songs in sections, which were later spliced together. After each take, they listened to the playback on headphones. Maben closed all the entrances to the amphitheatre, but a few children managed to sneak in and were allowed to watch the filming quietly from a distance.

### Paris

The remaining songs were filmed in Studio Europasonor, Paris, from 13 to 20 December and can be distinguished by the absence of Richard Wright's beard. To fit in with the theme of the earlier work in Pompeii, the filming around Boscoreale, along with stock footage of waterfalls and lava and various shots of Roman mosaics and drawings from the Naples National Archaeological Museum were added into the Paris footage. Maben also filmed additional transflex footage for insertion into the Pompeii performances. While both the director and the band were disappointed with this footage, due to a lack of time and money, there was no alternative left but to use it.

During the filming in Paris, the band suggested they would like to film a performance of a short blues song with a howling dog, in the style of "Seamus" from *Meddle*. Maben knew Madonna Bouglione, daughter of circus director Joseph Bouglione, who was known to walk about Paris with a dog called Nobs. Accordingly, Nobs was invited into the studio, where the footage was filmed for "Mademoiselle Nobs".

Maben subsequently did some of the editing of the final cut at home, due to financial constraints. He regretted doing this, as he felt it was important to separate his work and home life, but, at the time, he had no choice.

## Release history

The original premiere took place on 2 September 1972, at the Edinburgh International Film Festival. This initial cut, running for one hour, only featured the live footage. The film was scheduled for a special premiere at London's Rainbow Theatre, on 25 November 1972. It was cancelled at the last minute by the theatre's owner, Rank Strand as they didn't have a certificate from the British Board of Film Censors and the theatre could be seen to be in competition with established cinemas.

Maben was concerned that one of the problems with the film was that it was too short. In early 1973, Maben was fly fishing with Waters, and suggested the possibility of improving the film by watching them at work in a recording studio. Subsequently, Maben was invited with a small crew using a single 35 mm camera to Abbey Road Studios to film supposed recording sessions of *The Dark Side of the Moon*, as well as interviews conducted off-camera by Maben, and footage of the band eating and talking at the studio cafeteria. Maben was particularly happy with this footage, feeling it captured the spontaneous humour of the band.

Running at 80 minutes, this latest version premiered on 10 November 1973, at the Alouette Theatre in Montreal, the release organized in part by George Ritter Films, and Mutual Films. It was a financial success in Canada, and according to *Billboard*, the film "did such amazing business in its first week in Montreal that the original number of prints ordered for Canada has doubled." The film's American release was overseen by the Cincinnati-based April Fools Films, an independent distributor founded for the purpose of distributing the film. Early test screenings in the US were held in April 1974 before premiering in other parts of the country, which happened later into the summer (accompanied in certain instances by a special quadraphonic mix). The film earned considerably more in the US, where, by October 1974, BoxOffice reported that the film had already grossed over $2 million.

The film was not financially successful according to Mason, though Maben disagrees, and suffered particularly from being overshadowed by the release of *The Dark Side of the Moon* not long after the original theatrical showing. It was released on various home video formats several times.

A director's cut version of the film was released in 2002. It included all the original footage except for the short instrumental intro known as “Pompeii” and the studio footage of “On The Run”, and added some additional filming of the Apollo space program. It also includes the original one-hour cut as a bonus feature. This cut also features approximately 10 minutes of black and white documentary footage shot in 1971 at the Europa-Sonor studio in Paris, and, much like the Abbey Road footage, features shots of the band eating and working in a studio, along with individual interviews.

Unlike the rest of the film, this footage was shot on Maben's own 16mm camera. In 2013, Maben restored and re-edited the footage into a 52-minute documentary titled *Chit-Chat with Oysters*. The documentary was originally shown at the Toute la mémoire du monde film festival in 2013.

## Reception

Maben was particularly pleased with positive reviews that came out of the film's showing at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, but was disappointed to hear one New York critic describe it "like the size of an ant crawling around the great treasures of Pompeii."

Reviewing the 1974 release, *Audience* regarded the film as "a handsome visual production." *The Hollywood Reporter* called it a "fully structured concept which stands on its own quite beyond its function of recording a live rock concert." Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* gave the film three stars out of four and wrote, "The interviews with Pink Floyd are too scattershot to achieve any significance; we are left with the music, which is extremely fine." Meanwhile, *Billboard* was not enthusiastic about the 1974 release, thinking it looked dated, and stated that the film was "dull, unimaginative and hokey, and does not do justice to the Pink Floyd Vision". Lawrence Van Gelder of *The New York Times* dismissed the film as "a fan-magazine article dressed up as a movie, with lots of close-ups of its heroes and an off-screen interviewer who occasionally drops in a question or a comment—about their equipment or their compatibility—and is satisfied with whatever he is told."

However, more recent reviews have been favourable. Billboard reviewed a video release in 1984, and on this occasion, Faye Zuckerman, while not particularly keen on the footage in the Abbey Road canteen, stated it was "vastly superior to most other concert movies". Reviewing the Director's Cut DVD, Richie Unterberger said the film had "first-rate cinematography" and was "undeniably impressive", while Peter Marsh, reviewing for the BBC, stated it was his "favourite concert film of all time", though his opinions of the new computer generated imagery were mixed.

## Outtakes

Due to the lack of time in filming, no tracks were filmed that were unreleased, but several alternative shots and outtakes were held in the Archives du Film du Bois D'Arcy near Paris. At some point, an employee of the owners, MHF Productions, decided this footage was of no value and incinerated all 548 cans of the original 35 mm negatives. Maben was particularly frustrated about the lack of additional shots for "One of These Days," which is primarily a Mason solo-piece in the released version. Mason recalls the reason for that is that the reel of film featuring the other members was lost attempting to assemble the original cut.

## Track listing

### 1972 original film

1. "Pompeii"
2. "Echoes, Part 1"
3. "Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
4. "A Saucerful of Secrets"
5. "One of These Days"
6. "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
7. "Mademoiselle Nobs"
8. "Echoes, Part 2"

### 1974 theatrical version

1. "Pompeii"
2. "Echoes, Part 1"
3. "On the Run" (studio footage)
4. "Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
5. "A Saucerful of Secrets"
6. "Us and Them" (studio footage)
7. "One of These Days"
8. "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
9. "Brain Damage" (studio footage)
10. "Mademoiselle Nobs"
11. "Echoes, Part 2"

### 2002 DVD

1. "Echoes, Part 1"
2. "Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
3. "A Saucerful of Secrets"
4. "Us and Them" (studio footage)
5. "One of These Days"
6. "Mademoiselle Nobs"
7. "Brain Damage" (studio footage)
8. "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
9. "Echoes, Part 2"

### 2016 5.1 Surround Sound film and stereo CD

This version is available as part of *The Early Years 1965–1972* box set or the smaller *1972: Obfusc/ation* set.

1. "Careful With That Axe, Eugene"
2. "A Saucerful Of Secrets"
3. "One of These Days"
4. "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
5. "Echoes"

## Credits

As shown in the film.

**Pink Floyd**

**Production**

* Based on an idea and directed by Adrian Maben
* Cinematography: Willy Kurant, Gábor Pogány
* Camera: Claude Agostini, Jacques Boumendil, Henri Czap, Gérard Hameline
* Sound: Charles Rauchet, Peter Watts
* Script: Marie-Noel Zurstrassen
* Road managers: Chris Adamson, Robert Richardson, Brian Scott
* Production directors: Marc Laurore, Leonardo Pescarolo, Hans Thorner
* Editor: José Pinheiro
* Assistant editor: Marie-Claire Perret
* Mixer: Paul Berthault
* Special effects: Michel François, Michel Y Gouf
* Post production: Auditel, Eclair, Europasonor
* Special thanks to: Professor Carputi (University of Naples), Haroun Tazieff, Soprintendenza alle Antichità della Provincia di Napoli
* Associate producers: Michèle Arnaud, Reiner E. Moritz
* Executive producer: Steve O'Rourke

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 5,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | 3× Platinum | 150,000* |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 200,000^ |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Legacy

The hip hop group the Beastie Boys made a music video for their song "Gratitude" that appears to be a homage to the film. Shot by David Perez in New Zealand, in addition to copying its directorial style of slow horizontal tracking shots, overhead shots of the drums, close up shots of the bass and multiple shots of guitar filling the screen, the video shows a number of speaker cabinets that the group managed to purchase, still labelled "Pink Floyd, London". The video ends with a message that reads, "This video is dedicated to the memory of all the people who died at Pompeii." The Beastie Boys claimed in interviews that the song and the video came about from their desire to progress from being a straightforward hip hop group and add vintage instruments and old sound equipment to their repertoire.

The rock band Korn filmed a similar show, *Korn Live: The Encounter*, in June 2010 to promote their ninth studio album, *Korn III: Remember Who You Are*. The show took place in a crop circle in Bakersfield, California, and had no audience beyond the crew workers.

Radiohead were noted for being fans of the film and regularly watched it when on tour. According to bassist Colin Greenwood, his brother Jonny made the whole band watch the film, saying "now this is how we should do videos". Colin, however, was critical of the direction, which he described as "Dave Gilmour sitting on his arse playing guitar and Roger Waters with long greasy hair, sandals and dusty flares, staggers over and picks up this big beater and whacks this gong. Ridiculous."

In July 2016, Gilmour returned to the amphitheatre where the filming took place and performed two live concerts, this time with an audience. While there, he was named an honorary citizen of Pompeii.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Adrian Maben |
| Starring | Pink Floyd |
| Cinematography |  |
| Edited by | José Pinheiro |
| Music by | Pink Floyd |
| Production
companies | RM Productions
ORTF
RTBF
Bayerischer Rundfunk |
| Distributed by | PolyGram Music Video (1983–1999)
Universal Pictures (1999–present) |
| Release date | * 2 September 1972 (1972-09-02) |
| Running time | 64 minutes |
| Countries | * United Kingdom * France * Belgium * West Germany |
| Language | English |


title: Richard Roskell

abstract: Richard Butler Roskell was the second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham. Richard Butler Roskell was born in Gateacre, near Liverpool 15 August 1817. On 20 July 1825, he was placed at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw. On leaving Ushaw in 1832, he went to Rome to continue his studies and was ordained a priest on 9 June 1840, aged 22, by Bishop Nicholas Wiseman, then Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District. From Rome, he went on the English mission and was assigned to St. Patrick's in Manchester. He became provost to the Cathedral Chapter at Salford, and served as vicar-general to Bishop Turner. On 29 July 1853, aged 36, he was appointed Bishop of Nottingham and consecrated bishop on 21 September 1853 in Nottingham by Nicholas Wiseman, by then Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. On 5 July 1875, aged 57, he resigned as Bishop of Nottingham due to failing health and was appointed Titular Bishop of Abdera. He retired to Whitewell, where he died at the age of 65. The episcopal motto Roskell chose was: Ros coeli,, a reminder of the Latin hymn Rorate coeli, but moreover an allusion to his last name: Ros-kell. He was a priest for 42 years and a bishop for 29 years.

text:
# Richard Roskell

**Richard Butler Roskell** (15 August 1817 – 27 January 1883) was the second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham.

Richard Butler Roskell was born in Gateacre, near Liverpool 15 August 1817. On 20 July 1825, he was placed at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw. On leaving Ushaw in 1832, he went to Rome to continue his studies and was ordained a priest on 9 June 1840, aged 22, by Bishop Nicholas Wiseman, then Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District.

From Rome, he went on the English mission and was assigned to St. Patrick's in Manchester. He became provost to the Cathedral Chapter at Salford, and served as vicar-general to Bishop Turner. On 29 July 1853, aged 36, he was appointed Bishop of Nottingham and consecrated bishop on 21 September 1853 in Nottingham by Nicholas Wiseman, by then Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster.

On 5 July 1875, aged 57, he resigned as Bishop of Nottingham due to failing health and was appointed Titular Bishop of Abdera. He retired to Whitewell, where he died at the age of 65.

The episcopal motto Roskell chose was: *Ros coeli*, (Heaven's dew), a reminder of the Latin hymn Rorate coeli, but moreover an allusion to his last name: Ros-kell.

He was a priest for 42 years and a bishop for 29 years.


title: Ben Maddow

abstract: Ben Maddow was an American screenwriter and documentarian from the 1930s through the 1970s. Educated at Columbia University, Maddow began his career working within the American documentary movement in the 1930s. In 1936 he co-founded the short-lived left-wing newsreel The World Today. Under the pseudonym of David Wolff, Maddow co-wrote the screenplay to the Paul Strand–Leo Hurwitz documentary landmark, Native Land (1942). He earned his first feature screenplay credit with Framed (1947). Other screenplays include Clarence Brown's Intruder in the Dust, John Huston's The Asphalt Jungle, Johnny Guitar, God's Little Acre, and, again with Huston, an Edgar Award for Best Mystery Screenplay) and The Unforgiven (1960). As a documentarian he directed and wrote such films as Storm of Strangers, The Stairs, and The Savage Eye (1959), which won the BAFTA Flaherty Documentary Award. Maddow made his solo feature directorial debut with the striking, offbeat feature An Affair of the Skin (1963), a well-acted story of several loves and friendships gone sour and marked by the rich characterisations which had distinguished his best screenplays. In 1961, Maddow and Huston co-wrote the episode "The Professor" of the 1961 television series The Asphalt Jungle. In 1968 he wrote a screenplay based on Edmund Naughton's novel McCabe; while a film adaptation of the novel was ultimately produced as McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), Maddow wasn't credited on the film. His final screenplay was for the horror melodrama The Mephisto Waltz (1970).

text:
# Ben Maddow

**Ben Maddow** (born **David Wolff**; August 7, 1909 – October 9, 1992) was an American screenwriter and documentarian from the 1930s through the 1970s. Educated at Columbia University, Maddow began his career working within the American documentary movement in the 1930s.

In 1936 he co-founded the short-lived left-wing newsreel *The World Today*. Under the pseudonym of David Wolff, Maddow co-wrote the screenplay to the Paul StrandLeo Hurwitz documentary landmark, *Native Land* (1942).

He earned his first feature screenplay credit with *Framed* (1947). Other screenplays include Clarence Brown's *Intruder in the Dust* (1949, an adaptation of the William Faulkner novel), John Huston's *The Asphalt Jungle* (1950, for which he received an Academy Award nomination), *Johnny Guitar* (1954, credited to Philip Yordan who wrote it on location), *God's Little Acre* (1958, an adaptation of the Erskine Caldwell novel, originally credited to Philip Yordan as a HUAC-era "front" for Maddow, and with title card restored to Maddow, only, during the UCLA Film and Television Archive restoration), and, again with Huston, an Edgar Award for Best Mystery Screenplay) and *The Unforgiven* (1960).

As a documentarian he directed and wrote such films as *Storm of Strangers*, *The Stairs*, and *The Savage Eye* (1959), which won the BAFTA Flaherty Documentary Award. Maddow made his solo feature directorial debut with the striking, offbeat feature *An Affair of the Skin* (1963), a well-acted story of several loves and friendships gone sour and marked by the rich characterisations which had distinguished his best screenplays.

In 1961, Maddow and Huston co-wrote the episode "The Professor" of the 1961 television series *The Asphalt Jungle*. In 1968 he wrote a screenplay based on Edmund Naughton's novel *McCabe*; while a film adaptation of the novel was ultimately produced as *McCabe & Mrs. Miller* (1971), Maddow wasn't credited on the film. His final screenplay was for the horror melodrama *The Mephisto Waltz* (1970).

**Notes**

**Bibliography**

**Further reading**

* Burns, Jim (2011). "Ben Maddow". *Radicals, Beats, and Beboppers*. Penniless Press. ISBN 978-1447630722. Recent essay on Maddow, including a discussion of the effects of his blacklisting and of the possibility that he "named names" in 1958.
* Hagan, John (2000). "Ben Maddow", in Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast (editors), *International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers, Edition 4* (St. James Press), ISBN 978-1-55862-449-8. Online version of article retrieved January 9, 2008.
* Haut, Woody (2008). "Ben Maddow: Affairs of the Skin," blog posted by a film critic who has published several books. Archived by WebCite from the original 2008-02-26.

## InfoBox

| Ben Maddow | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | David Wolff
(1909-08-07)August 7, 1909
Passaic, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | October 9, 1992(1992-10-09) (aged 83)
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Screenwriter, film director |


title: Rides At Adventure Cove

abstract: Rides at Adventure Cove is a small amusement park area that is part of and owned by the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Powell, Ohio. The park was originally part of Wyandot Lake before the zoo purchased the property in 2006, splitting it into two separate sections after the 2006 season. The water park became known as Zoombezi Bay while the dry ride area became Jungle Jack's Landing. The amusement park was named after zoo director emeritus Jack Hanna and opened on May 26, 2008. It debuted with 14 rides and attractions, several of which were retained from the former Wyandot Lake. In 2020, the Jungle Jack's Landing name was dropped with the amusement park area being renamed to tie into the neighboring Adventure Cove area of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium which opened for the first time on the same year.

text:
# Rides At Adventure Cove

**Rides at Adventure Cove** is a small amusement park area that is part of and owned by the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Powell, Ohio. The park was originally part of Wyandot Lake before the zoo purchased the property in 2006, splitting it into two separate sections after the 2006 season. The water park became known as Zoombezi Bay while the dry ride area became Jungle Jack's Landing. The amusement park was named after zoo director emeritus Jack Hanna and opened on May 26, 2008. It debuted with 14 rides and attractions, several of which were retained from the former Wyandot Lake. In 2020, the Jungle Jack's Landing name was dropped with the amusement park area being renamed to tie into the neighboring Adventure Cove area of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium which opened for the first time on the same year.

## Current rides and attractions

Rides at Adventure Cove currently features a collection of classic flat rides, a vintage wooden roller coaster, and a miniature railroad.

| Name | Manufacturer (Model) | Details | Opened | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dust Devil | Eli Bridge Company (Scrambler) | Classic Scrambler ride, originally manufactured in 1966. Part of original Wyandot Lake as "Neptune's Revenge". | \<2006 |  |
| Falcon Fall | (Freefall) | 50-foot (15 m) free-fall ride that sends riders up and down repeatably. | 2019 |  |
| Flying Clipper | Zamperla (Galleon Ship) | Swinging ship ride that swings approximately 50 feet (15 m) into the air. Holds up to 42 passengers at a time. | 2008 |  |
| Golden Frog Hopper | Chance Rides (Frog Hopper) | 25-foot (7.6 m) tower ride. | 2008 |  |
| Havoc Harbor | RDC (Bumper cars) | Bumper car attraction with unique circular, spinning bumper cars. Part of original Wyandot Lake. | \<2006 |  |
| Jack's Tea Party | Zamperla (Kiddie Tea Cups) | Miniature tea cup ride with six cups, accommodating a maximum of 24 passengers at a time. | 2008 |  |
| Mission Macaw | Larson International (Flying Scooters) | Classic flying scooters attraction. | 2008 |  |
| Safari Stampede | Bertazzon (Matterhorn) | "Matterhorn-style" ride with 16 vehicles, each holding one to two passengers.. | 2008 |  |
| Sea Dragon | Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (Wood Coaster) | Double out-and-back, figure-eight layout with a 37-foot (11 m) hill, 1,320 feet (400 m) of track, and speeds up to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h). The ride is recognized as an "ACE Coaster Classic" by American Coaster Enthusiasts and was designed by John Allen. Part of original Wyandot Lake and originally named "Jet Flyer". | 1956/1957 |  |
| Swingin' Gibbons | Zamperla (Family Swinger) | A classic wave swinger style ride with 16 adult-sized swings and 26 child-sized swings. | 2008 |  |
| Tidal Twist | Zamperla (Compact Twister Coaster) | A wild mouse-style spinning coaster that replaced the former Redwood Falls. | 2021 |  |
| Tiny Town Train | Zamperla (Electric Kiddie Train) | Electric train with a locomotive, two tender cars, and a caboose. Capacity for up to 24 passengers at a time. | 2008 |  |
| Tiny Tusks | Zamperla (Kiddie Flying Elephants) | "Dumbo" style flat ride with eight elephants, holding a maximum of 16 passengers. | 2008 |  |

## Former rides and attractions

Some rides have been removed from the park including when the area was called Jungle Jack's Landing. Many other rides that were part of Wyandot Lake closed before Jungle Jack's Landing opened and thus are not included in the following list.

| Name | Manufacturer (Model) | Details | Opened | Closed | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Adventure Wheel | Lamberink B.V. (Ferris Wheel) | 110-foot (34 m) ferris wheel with 24 gondolas. The ride was rented under a lease from May 27, 2023 through October 29, 2023. | 2023 | 2023 |  |
| Jungle Trek | Chance Rides | 1,200-foot (370 m) car ride. Removed for Zoombezi Bay expansion. Cars are now used as props around the zoo. | 2008 | 2010 |  |
| Redwood Falls | Hafema | A 1,250-foot (380 m) log flume with a 28-foot (8.5 m) and a 36-foot (11 m) drop. A quarter of the ride's course was elevated 38 feet (12 m) in the air. It was demolished during the winter/spring of 2021. | 2008 | 2020 |  |
| Sugar Glider | Hrubetz (Paratrooper) | Former traveling Paratrooper ride built on former location of Whirligigs. It was removed following the 2023 season. | 2019 | 2023 |
| Whirligigs | Sellner Manufacturing (Tilt-a-Whirl) | Classic tilt-a-whirl. Relocated from Geauga Lake and relocated to Funtimes Fun Park (previously Caddie Shack) in Alliance, Ohio. Previously part of original Wyandot Lake. | 2008 | 2017 |  |

## InfoBox

Rides at Adventure Cove
| *Previously known as* Gooding Zoo Park *(1946-1984)
*Wyandot Lake *(1984-2006)
*Jungle Jack's Landing *(2008-2019)* | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Powell, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 40°9′21″N 83°7′11″W / 40.15583°N 83.11972°W / 40.15583; -83.11972 |
| Opened | May 26, 2008 |
| Owner | Columbus Zoo and Aquarium |
| Operating season | May to September |
| Area | 11 acres (45,000 m2) |
| Attractions | |
| Total | 14 |
| Roller coasters | 2 |


title: Richmond Falls

abstract:
Richmond Falls are a series of waterfalls along the River Swale, they are situated at grid reference NZ173006 near to the town centre of Richmond, North Yorkshire.
They are one of, if not the last waterfalls on the Swale before the river reaches the lower country grounds of the Vale of Mowbray, their normally medial size can be affected easily, much like the rest of the Swale, by heavy rain and flooding, making for dramatic viewing. Because of the steep nature of the rocks, the falls are a barrier to fish passage upstream.

text:
# Richmond Falls

**Richmond Falls** are a series of waterfalls along the River Swale, they are situated at grid reference NZ173006 near to the town centre of Richmond, North Yorkshire. They are one of, if not *the* last waterfalls on the Swale before the river reaches the lower country grounds of the Vale of Mowbray, their normally medial size can be affected easily, much like the rest of the Swale, by heavy rain and flooding, making for dramatic viewing. Because of the steep nature of the rocks, the falls are a barrier to fish passage upstream.

Panorama of Richmond Falls

54°24′04″N 1°44′03″W / 54.401025°N 1.734254°W / 54.401025; -1.734254


title: Belva Davis

abstract: Belva Davis is an American television and radio journalist. She is the first African-American woman to have become a television reporter on the U.S. West Coast. She has won eight Emmy Awards and been recognized by the American Women in Radio and Television and National Association of Black Journalists. After growing up in Oakland, California, Davis began writing freelance articles for magazines in 1957. Within a few years, she began reporting on radio and television. As a reporter, Davis covered many important events of the day, including issues of race, gender, and politics. She became an anchorwoman and hosted her own talk show, before retiring in 2012.

text:
# Belva Davis

**Belva Davis** (born **Belvagene Melton**; October 13, 1932) is an American television and radio journalist. She is the first African-American woman to have become a television reporter on the U.S. West Coast. She has won eight Emmy Awards and been recognized by the American Women in Radio and Television and National Association of Black Journalists.

After growing up in Oakland, California, Davis began writing freelance articles for magazines in 1957. Within a few years, she began reporting on radio and television. As a reporter, Davis covered many important events of the day, including issues of race, gender, and politics. She became an anchorwoman and hosted her own talk show, before retiring in 2012.

## Early life

Belvagene Melton was born on October 13, 1932, to John and Florence Melton in Monroe, Louisiana. She is the oldest of four children. Her mother was 14 years old at Belva's birth, and Belva spent her early years living with various relatives. When she was eight years old, Belva and her family, including aunts and cousins, moved to a two-bedroom apartment in the West Oakland neighborhood of Oakland, California. Eleven people lived in the apartment. Davis later said about her youth, "I learned to survive. And, as I moved from place to place, I learned to adapt. When I got older, I just figured I could become whatever it was that I needed to become."

By the late 1940s, her parents were able to afford a house in Berkeley, California. Davis graduated from Berkeley High School in 1951, becoming the first member of her family to graduate from high school. She applied and got accepted into San Francisco State University but couldn't afford to attend college. She went to work as a typist at the Oakland Naval Supply Depot, earning $2,000 a year.

## Journalism career

Davis accepted a freelance assignment in 1957 for *Jet*, a magazine focusing on African-American issues, and became a stringer for the publication. She received $5 per piece with no byline. Over the next few years, she began writing for other African-American publications, including the *Sun Reporter* and *Bay Area Independent*. Davis edited the *Sun Reporter* from 1961 through 1968.

In 1961, Davis became an on-air interviewer for KSAN, a San Francisco AM radio station broadcasting a rhythm and blues music format, targeting black listeners in the Bay Area. She made her television debut in 1963 for KTVU, an Oakland-based television station, covering an African-American beauty pageant. She worked as a disc jockey for KDIA, a soul-gospel radio station (also based in Oakland) when the 1964 Republican National Convention, located at the Cow Palace in nearby Daly City, California, inspired her to become a reporter. According to Davis' account, while she was covering the convention with Louis Freeman, the two were chased out of the Cow Palace by convention attendees throwing food at them and yelling racial slurs. It would not be the last time she encountered racism on the job: In 1967 she covered a march during the Civil Rights Movement in Forsyth County, Georgia, and attempted to interview a white woman who spat in her face.

Davis worked for KNEW, an AM radio station located in Oakland, as an announcer in 1966. She became the first female African-American television journalist on the West Coast when she was hired by KPIX-TV, the CBS affiliate based in San Francisco, in 1966. She spent the next three decades working for KPIX, becoming an anchorwoman in 1970, and a few years later moved to the local NBC affiliate, KRON-TV. Stories she covered include the Berkeley riots of the Free Speech Movement, the Black Panthers, the mass suicide-murder at Jonestown, the Moscone–Milk assassinations, the AIDS and crack epidemics, and the 1998 United States embassy bombing in Tanzania.

Davis was highly regarded for her coverage of politics and issues of race and gender, as well as her calm demeanor. Rita Williams, a reporter for KTVU, said "Belva knew instinctively how to keep everyone in check. Amid all these prima donnas, she had so much class, so much presence, so much intuition. Belva has always been the grande dame."

Her autobiography, entitled *Never in My Wildest Dreams: A Black Woman's Life in Journalism*, was published in 2010. In the foreword he contributed for her 2010 autobiography, Bill Cosby wrote she also had symbolic value to the African-American television audience, as "someone who sustained us, who made us proud." He wrote that "We looked forward to seeing her prove the stereotypical ugliness of those days to be wrong."

Davis hosted "This Week in Northern California" on PBS member station KQED, starting in the 1990s. She retired in November 2012. Her final broadcast included a taped interview with Maya Angelou, a personal friend, as she wanted the theme of her final show to be friendship.

## Personal

Belva married Frank Davis on January 1, 1952. The couple had two children, and a granddaughter. Davis met her second husband, Bill Moore, in 1967 while working at KPIX-TV. Davis and Moore used to live in the San Francisco neighborhood of Presidio Heights, but now live in Petaluma, California. Belva Davis, a private person, for most of her journalistic life separated her personal life from her professional life. In 1975, Davis allowed an African-American woman and American Women in Radio and TV member, Kathleen H. Arnold (today anthropologist Kathleen Rand Reed), to produce *Belva Davis – This is Your Life*. Davis mentored Reed for decades.

Davis serves on the boards of Museum of the African Diaspora, the Institute on Aging, and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Davis raised $5 million for the Museum of the African Diaspora in one year.

## Honors

Davis won eight Emmy Awards from the San Francisco / Northern California chapter. She is an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha. She has received lifetime achievement awards from the American Women in Radio and Television and National Association of Black Journalists.

## Bibliography

* Davis, Belva; Haddock, Vicki (2011). *Never in My Wildest Dreams: A Black Woman's Life in Journalism*. Polipoint Press. ISBN 978-1936227068.

## InfoBox

| Belva Davis | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Belvagene Melton
(1932-10-13) October 13, 1932
Monroe, Louisiana, United States |
| Occupation(s) | Television and radio broadcaster, news anchor |
| Years active | 1957–2012 |
| Spouses | * Frank Davis (divorced) *   Bill Moore (m. 1967) |


title: Bembecia staryi

abstract: Bembecia staryi is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in the Kaçkar Mountains in Georgia and Turkey.

text:
# Bembecia staryi

***Bembecia staryi*** is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in the Kaçkar Mountains in Georgia and Turkey.

## InfoBox

| *Bembecia staryi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sesiidae |
| Genus: | *Bembecia* |
| Species: | ***B. staryi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembecia staryi***<br>Špatenka & Gorbunov, 1992 | |
|