title: Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre

abstract: The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre (JACC), informally known as the Kuwait Opera House, is a cultural center in Kuwait, located on the Gulf Road in the capital Kuwait City. It is the largest cultural center and opera house in the Middle East. The cultural centre is part of the Kuwait National Cultural District. The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre is a multidisciplinary public space owned by the Amiri Diwan. It offers a range of events in music, theatre, film, workshops and spoken word. The cultural complex, which includes theatres, concert halls, music centres, conference and exhibition halls, cinemas, libraries, center for historical documents, and public park, took two years to complete. It is 214,000 m² in size and had a budget of US$775 million.

text:
# Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre

The **Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre** (JACC), informally known as the **Kuwait Opera House**, is a cultural center in Kuwait, located on the Gulf Road in the capital Kuwait City. It is the largest cultural center and opera house in the Middle East. The cultural centre is part of the Kuwait National Cultural District.

The Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre is a multidisciplinary public space owned by the Amiri Diwan. It offers a range of events in music, theatre, film, workshops and spoken word.

The cultural complex, which includes theatres, concert halls, music centres, conference and exhibition halls, cinemas, libraries, center for historical documents, and public park, took two years to complete. It is 214,000 m² in size and had a budget of US$775 million.

## Design

The cultural centre contains four buildings, which are organized around entrance courtyards off a civic plaza.

The design was inspired by Islamic architectural tradition. These are two dimensional patterns, which are transformed three dimensionally to create spaces below a complex geometric form. The buildings sit independently below the "jewel" which houses the functional requirements of the building.

The buildings are linked by a linear landscaped podium to the back of the buildings where the car parks and service areas are situated below ground. Visitors move from the car park via lifts and travelators to the courtyard access points at ground level.

The four buildings consist of full span steel envelopes which cover a series of independent concrete buildings. This primary steel grid is wrapped in a rainscreen weathertight envelope, with glazed areas supported by secondary steel, deck and insulation. This ‘inline’ surface is then protected with a series of titanium composite panels.

The buildings beneath are largely constructed of concrete and include a large excavated basement level connected with a series of services tunnels and MEP areas. The buildings are independently circulated with stairs and lifts and walkways, with public level access in most cases being ground level upwards.

## InfoBox

| Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| مركز الشيخ جابر الأحمد الثقافي | |
| Back view of the Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Cultural Centre | |
|  | |
| Alternative names | Kuwait Opera House |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Performing arts centre |
| Architectural style | Expressionist |
| Location | Shuwaikh |
| Address | Shuwaikh, Kuwait |
| Country | Kuwait |
| Coordinates | 29°21′36.1″N 47°57′21.4″E / 29.360028°N 47.955944°E / 29.360028; 47.955944 |
| Construction started | 2013 |
| Completed | February 2016 |
| Inaugurated | 31 October 2016 (2016-10-31) |
| Cost | US $775 million |
| Owner | Amiri Diwan |
| Technical details | |
| Floor area | 214,000 m2 (2,303,500 sq ft) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | SSH |
| Other information | |
| Seating capacity | * Total 5,700 |
| Parking | 3 subterranean levels |
| Website | |
| https://www.jacc-kw.com/ | |


title: 1772 Gagarin

abstract: 1772 Gagarin is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1968, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean Peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

text:
# 1772 Gagarin

**1772 Gagarin** (*prov. designation*: 1968 CB) is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 February 1968, by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean Peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

## Orbit and classification

*Gagarin* orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4.02 years (1,467 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 6 with respect to the ecliptic. *Gagarin* first observation is a precovery that was taken at Turku Observatory in 1940, extending the body's observation arc by 28 years prior to its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics

*Gagarin* has been characterized as a rare L-type asteroid by PanSTARRS' photometric survey.

### Rotation period

In February 1984, a rotational lightcurve of *Gagarin* obtained by American astronomer Richard P. Binzel gave a rotation period of 10.96 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=2). Photometric observations at the Californian Palomar Transient Factory in December 2011, gave a 10.9430 hours with an amplitude of 0.41 (U=2). in 2001 and 2016, additional lightcurve were obtained from modeled photometric data, giving a period of 10.94130 and 10.93791 hours (U=n.a.).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, *Gagarin* measures between 8.83 and 9.63 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.138 and 0.164, The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 8.00 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.85.

## Naming

This minor planet was named for Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), Hero of the Soviet Union and first human to journey into outer space by circumnavigating Earth in 1961. Gagarin died in a jet fighter crash in 1968, the year the asteroid was discovered. The lunar crater *Gagarin* is also named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 1971 (M.P.C. 3185).

## InfoBox

1772 Gagarin
| Shape model of *Gagarin* from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | L. Chernykh |
| Discovery site | Crimean Astrophysical Obs. |
| Discovery date | 6 February 1968 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1772) Gagarin |
| Named after | Yuri Gagarin (cosmonaut) |
| Alternative designations | 1968 CB **·** 1940 GA
1942 VZ **·** 1948 ET
1960 FH **·** 1969 OO |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (middle) |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 76.21 yr (27,835 days) |
| Aphelion | 2.7924 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.2610 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.5267 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1051 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.02 yr (1,467 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 90.345 |
| Mean motion | 0° 14m 43.44s / day |
| Inclination | 5.7423° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 88.181° |
| Argument of perihelion | 93.442° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 8.00 km (derived)
8.838±0.644
9.634±0.105 km |
| Synodic rotation period | 10.93791±0.00005 h
10.94130±0.00005 h
10.9430±0.0049 h
10.96 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.1380±0.0085
0.164±0.039
0.20 (assumed) |
| Spectral type | **·**
B–V = 0.920 |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.626±0.002 (R) **·** 12.7 **·** 12.80±0.45 **·** 12.85 |
|  | |


title: Eselbach

abstract: Eselbach is a small river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It flows into the Rombach in Unterrombach.

text:
# Eselbach

**Eselbach** (in its upper course: *Salinenbach*) is a small river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It flows into the Rombach in Unterrombach.

## InfoBox

| Eselbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Rombach |
| coordinates | 48°50′41″N 10°03′43″E / 48.8447°N 10.0619°E / 48.8447; 10.0619 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | RombachAalKocherNeckarRhineNorth Sea |


title: Symphony No. 62 (Haydn)

abstract: The Symphony No. 62 in D major, Hoboken I/62, is a symphony written by Joseph Haydn for the orchestra at Esterháza in 1780 or 1781, a good length of time after the writing of Symphony No. 61.

text:
# Symphony No. 62 (Haydn)

The **Symphony No. 62** in D major, Hoboken I/62, is a symphony written by Joseph Haydn for the orchestra at Esterháza in 1780 or 1781, a good length of time after the writing of Symphony No. 61.

## Movements

The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, bassoon, two horns and strings. There are four movements:

1. Allegro
2. Allegretto
3. Menuetto and Trio: Allegretto, **3**
**4**
4. Finale: Allegro

The first movement contains material which Haydn reworked from an earlier Sinfonia (Overtura) in D, Hob. Ia/7. This movement appears to be remarkably aligned with the harmonies of the Finale of his 53rd symphony, except that the latter symphony has a Finale present in many versions. They were both written at a time when Haydn was integrating his symphonic works with the operas he was writing for the theater at Esterhaza, with the result that many of the symphonies written from 1774 to 1781, have the mood of stage works he wrote during the period.

The slow movement has a barcarole-like accompaniment, but instead of the typical Venetian gondolier melody over the top, Haydn presents only melodic fragments, teasing the listener into thinking a melody is near always interrupting before one takes shape.

The trio of the minuet features violins and bassoons and frequently loses the downbeat, a trick Haydn would later play to greater effect in the corresponding trio of his Oxford Symphony.

The finale opens *piano* with ambiguous tonality for the first six measures before the full tutti firmly establishes D major *forte* in the seventh bar. The finale proceeds in Italian style. The second theme group contains Lombard rhythms which are worked extensively in the development. The ambiguous tonality returns for the six measures of the recapitulation, this time accentuated by counterpoint, before D major returns and symphony drives towards its conclusion.

L.P. Burstein has noted Haydn's use of the VII chord and the VII → V progression in the fourth movement.


title: Bryan Draper

abstract: Bryan Vincent Draper was a British flying ace of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) during the Second World War. He was credited with at least six aerial victories. From Barry in South Wales, Draper joined the RAFVR in 1938. Called up for service on the outbreak of the Second World War, he was posted to No. 74 Squadron in early 1940 and flew in the Battle of France and the subsequent Battle of Britain during which he destroyed a number of aircraft. He performed instructing duties for much of the remainder of the war but returned to operational duty with a posting in January 1945 to No. 45 Squadron, serving in India. He was killed on 28 February 1945 when his de Havilland Mosquito broke up in midair.

text:
# Bryan Draper

**Bryan Vincent Draper** DFC (1916 – 28 February 1945) was a British flying ace of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) during the Second World War. He was credited with at least six aerial victories.

From Barry in South Wales, Draper joined the RAFVR in 1938. Called up for service on the outbreak of the Second World War, he was posted to No. 74 Squadron in early 1940 and flew in the Battle of France and the subsequent Battle of Britain during which he destroyed a number of aircraft. He performed instructing duties for much of the remainder of the war but returned to operational duty with a posting in January 1945 to No. 45 Squadron, serving in India. He was killed on 28 February 1945 when his de Havilland Mosquito broke up in midair.

## Early life

Born in Barry, South Wales in early 1916, Bryan Vincent Draper was the son of John Draper and his wife Nellie. Educated at Whitgift School in Croydon in London, he joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in April 1938. Late the following year, he gained his pilot's wings.

## Second World War

As a serving member of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, Draper was called up for service soon after the outbreak of the Second World War. He was commissioned as a probationary pilot officer on 10 December 1939 in the General Duties Branch. After a period of training at St. Athan, learning to fly the Supermarine Spitfire fighter, he was posted to No. 74 Squadron, based at Rochford, in February 1940. He saw little action until his unit provided cover during Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk. On 24 May, he was one of several pilots who combined to destroy a Dornier Do 17 medium bomber near Calais.

### Battle of Britain

Following the conclusion of Operation Dynamo, the squadron flew in the Battle of Britain. On 10 July Draper damaged a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and then a Do 17 in a separate sortie later in the day. The squadron shifted to No. 12 Group in mid-August, operating from Wittering in Cambridgeshire but shifted to Coltishall the next month and was heavily engaged in intercepting the *Luftwaffe'*s bombing raids on London. On 14 September, after an unsuccessful engagement with a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter, he shot down a Junkers Ju 88 medium bomber near Yarmouth 20 minutes later. At the end of the month he reported engaging another Ju 88 over the English Channel, scoring several hits on the bomber.

In October, No. 74 Squadron began operating from the RAF station at Biggin Hill in Kent. On the 17th of that month, during an encounter over Gravesend, he shot down a Bf 109, the pilot of which was made a prisoner of war, and had another of the same type reported as probably destroyed. Three days later he probably destroyed a further Bf 109 near Maidstone. He had to crash land near Sevenoaks as a result of the encounter, his Spitfire having received gunfire to its engine during the dogfight over south London. On 14 November, when he and his section intercepted a formation of Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers over Deal, he shot down three of them. He also reported damaging a Bf 109. The next day, he destroyed another Bf 109 over Littlehampton.

In December, Draper, having been promoted to flying officer, was posted to RAF Upavon to attend an instructing course at the Central Flying School there. The same month, his award of the Distinguished Flying Cross was announced. The citation, published in *The London Gazette*, read:

> Since December, 1939, Pilot Officer Draper has participated in numerous engagements against the enemy. He has shown great skill and determination as a fighter pilot and has destroyed seven enemy aircraft.
>
> *The London Gazette*, No. 35022, 24 December 1940.

### Far East

Once his training course was completed, Draper performed instructing duties at the Royal Air Force College near Cranwell. Promoted to flight lieutenant in March 1942, he then spent a period of time in Canada, also as an instructor. He returned to England in December 1943 and went on a conversion course to learn how to fly the de Havilland Mosquito twin-engined fighter-bomber. At the start of 1945, he returned to operational duty, with a posting to No. 45 Squadron, at the time based in India. His new unit was tasked with carrying out ground attack missions on Japanese facilities during the campaign in Burma. While flying one such mission, on 28 February 1945, his aircraft broke up in midair and he and his navigator were killed.

## Death and legacy

Survived by his wife, at the time of his death, Draper held the rank of squadron leader and was credited with having shot down six aircraft, with a share in another aircraft destroyed. He is also credited with two aircraft probably destroyed and three more damaged. He is buried at Taukkyan War Cemetery in Rangoon, Myanmar. He is listed on a memorial plaque in honour of former Whitgift School pupils who were Battle of Britain pilots; the plaque was unveiled at the school in 2006.

* Ashcroft, Michael (2012). *Heroes of the Skies: Amazing True Stories of Courage in the Air*. London: Headline Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7553-6389-6.
* Rawlings, John (1976). *Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft*. London: MacDonald & James. ISBN 0-354-01028-X.
* Shores, Christopher; Williams, Clive (1994). *Aces High: A Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Forces in WWII*. London: Grub Street. ISBN 1-898697-00-0.
* Wynn, Kenneth G. (1989). *Men of the Battle of Britain*. Norwich: Gliddon Books. ISBN 0-947893-15-6.

## InfoBox

| Bryan Draper | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1916
Barry, South Wales |
| Died | 28 February 1945 (aged 28) |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve |
| Rank | Squadron Leader |
| Unit | No. 45 Squadron
No. 74 Squadron |
| Battles/wars | Second World War |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross |


title: Protorhoe

abstract: Protorhoe is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

text:
# Protorhoe

***Protorhoe*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Protorhoe* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Subfamily: | Larentiinae |
| Tribe: | Xanthorhoini |
| Genus: | ***Protorhoe***<br>Herbulot, 1951 |
|


title: Causal body

abstract: The causal body, originally Karana-Sarira, is a yogic and Vedantic concept that was adopted and modified by Theosophy and from the latter made its way into the general New Age movement and contemporary Western esotericism. It generally refers to the highest or innermost body that veils the atman or true Self.

text:
# Causal body

| Planes of existence
Gross and subtle bodies |
| --- |
| Theosophy | |
| Full list 1. Spiritual/Divine/Logoic/Mahaparanirvanic plane/Adi

Divine Spirit/Word; First Logos/Theon/Pranava/Parabrahman. paramatman
2. Spiritual/Monadic/Paranirvanic plane/Anupapaduka

Holy Spirit/Word; Second Logos/Monad; Nirguna Brahman. oversoul/monad/jivatman
3. Spiritual/Pneuma/Nirvanic/Atmic plane

Holy Spirit/Word; Third Logos/Pneuma; Saguna Brahman. individual spirit/pneuma/atman
4. Spiritual/Soul/Causal/Intuitional/Noetic/Buddhic plane

soul/nous/buddhi/causal body
5 Mental/Manasic/Causal/Intellectual plane

mind/manas/phren: mental and causal and higher mental bodies, projection/out-of-body experience (OBE)
6. Astral/Emotional plane

ghost/thymos/kama/emotional/astral body, projection/OBE
7. Material-Ethereal plane

material/soma/sthula and life/ethereal/phasma/linga/vital bodies/shariras, aura/prana, projection/OBE
 |
|  |
| **Rosicrucian** | |
| The 7 Worlds and the 7 Cosmic Planes
The Seven-fold constitution of Man
The Ten-fold constitution of Man
 |
| **Thelema** | |
| Body of light | Great Work |
| **Hermeticism** | |
| Hermeticism | Cosmogony |
| **Surat Shabda Yoga** | |
| Cosmology |
| **Jainism** | |
| Jain cosmology |
| **Sufism** | |
| Sufi cosmology |
| **Hinduism** | |
| Lokas/Talas - Tattvas, Kosas, Upadhis |
| **Buddhism** | |
| Buddhist cosmology |
| **Gnosticism** | |
| Aeons, Archons |
| **Kabbalah** | |
| Atziluth \> Beri'ah \> Yetzirah \> Assiah
Sephirot |
| **Fourth Way** | |
| Ray of Creation
 |
|  | |
|  |

The **causal body**, originally ***Karana-Sarira***, is a yogic and Vedantic concept that was adopted and modified by Theosophy and from the latter made its way into the general New Age movement and contemporary Western esotericism. It generally refers to the highest or innermost body that veils the atman or true Self.

## Hinduism

*Karana sarira* or the causal body is the cause or seed of the subtle body and the gross body. It has no other function than being the seed of the subtle and the gross body. It is *nirvikalpa rupam*, "undifferentiated form". It originates with *avidya*, "ignorance" or "nescience" of the real identity of the atman, instead giving birth to the notion of *jiva-bhuta*.

Swami Sivananda characterizes the causal body as "The beginningless ignorance that is indescribable". Siddharameshwar Maharaj, the guru of Nisargadatta Maharaj, also describes the causal body as characterized by "emptiness", "ignorance" and "darkness". In the search for the "I am", this is a state where there is nothing to hold on to anymore.

Ramanuja concludes that it is at this stage that consummation of the atman with the Paramatman is reached and the search of the highest Purusa i.e. of Ishvara ends.

According to other philosophical schools the causal body is not the *atman*, because it also has a beginning and an end and is subject to modification. Shankara, not seeking a personal god, goes beyond *Anandamaya Kosha* in search of the transcendent Brahman.

The Indian tradition identifies it with the *Anandamaya kosha*, and the deep sleep state, as mentioned in the Mandukya Upanishad, where *buddhi* becomes dormant and all concepts of time fail, although there differences between these three descriptions.

## Theosophy

In Blavatsky's synthesis of eastern philosophy with Western esotericism, the union of the higher Manas with the Buddhi (i.e. the essential nature of the fifth, along with the sixth, of the seven principles) is referred to as the Causal Body. This higher principle is contrasted with the lower, the *Kama-Manas*, which is the seat of lower passions. In the Theosophy of Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater, the "Causal Body" refers not to the "Buddhi-Manas" but to Blavatsky's "Higher Manas" alone. This is also referred to as the "Higher Mental", "Abstract Mind" (as opposed to Lower Mental or "Concrete Mind"), or "Causal Body". It is considered the highest subtle body, beyond even the mental body. As with all the vehicles of consciousness, the Causal Body is associated with an objective or cosmic plane, in this case the Causal plane. A detailed definition of the Causal Body, is provided by A. E. Powell, who has brought together information in the works of Besant and Leadbeater in a series of books on each of the subtle bodies.

## Samael Aun Weor

In the tradition of Samael Aun Weor, it is taught that most people have only incarnated a fraction of the causal body or human soul. This fraction is known as the Essence or the Buddhata, which in humanity is bottled up in the psychological aggregates that constitute the ego. Samael Aun Weor states:

> Thus, the various aggregates that are within ourselves represent different volitional impulses. There are, therefore, several wills within our psyche which fight against each other. The intellectual animal doesn’t have any autonomous, independent and unitotal will. There is no unity in the intellectual animal’s willpower. But when a man has created his Body of Conscious Will \[causal body\], he has individual willpower he can work with in the whole universe.

The way to create the causal body is by working in the "Forge of Cyclops", that is, sexual alchemy between husband and wife.

1. Sharma 2006, p. 193.
2. Bahder & Bahder 2013.
3. Siddharameshwar Maharaj 2009, pp. 31–32.
4. Ranade 1926, p. 155–168.
5. Blavatsky, Helena. *The Key to Theosophy*. pp. 121, 174.
6. Samael Aun Weor. "Man and the Universe That Surrounds Him". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-25.

## Sources

### Published sources

### Web-sources

1. Divine life Society, *Bases of Vedanta*
2. Dr. S. Yegnasubramanian. "Tattva Bodha of Adi Shankara Part 2" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2014-05-31.


title: Santa Rosa, Uruguay

abstract: Santa Rosa is a small city in the Canelones Department of southern Uruguay. Santa Rosa is also the name of the municipality to which the city belongs.

text:
# Santa Rosa, Uruguay

**Santa Rosa** is a small city in the Canelones Department of southern Uruguay.

**Santa Rosa** is also the name of the municipality to which the city belongs.

## Geography

### Location

The city is located on Km. 51 of Route 6, only 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) northeast of its intersection with Route 11 and 24 kilometres (15 mi) east of Canelones, the capital city of the department. Other nearby towns are: San Bautista 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) to the northeast, San Antonio 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the northwest, San Jacinto 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) to the east and Sauce 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the south.

## History

It was declared a "Pueblo" (village) by Decree of 19 August 1879. On 15 May 1925 its status was elevated to "Villa" (town) by the Act of Ley Nº 7.837, and then on 29 August 1972 to "Ciudad" (city) by the Act of Ley Nº 14.081.

## Population

According to the 2011 census, Santa Rosa had a population of 3,727. In 2010, the *Intendencia de Canelones* had estimated a population of 7,749 for the municipality during the elections.

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1908 | 4,881 |
| 1963 | 2,440 |
| 1975 | 2,726 |
| 1985 | 2,808 |
| 1996 | 3,263 |
| 2004 | 3,660 |
| 2011 | 3,727 |

Source: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay*

## Places of worship

## InfoBox

| Santa Rosa | |
| --- | --- |
| City & Municipality | |
| Santa RosaLocation in Uruguay | |
| Coordinates: 34°30′0″S 56°2′0″W / 34.50000°S 56.03333°W / -34.50000; -56.03333 | |
| Country | Uruguay |
| Department | Canelones |
| Population (2011 Census) | |
| Total | 3,727 |
| Time zone | UTC -3 |
| Postal code | 90500 |
| Dial plan | +598 4313 (+4 digits) |


title: Seductive Reasoning

abstract: Seductive Reasoning is the debut album by the sibling folk duo Maggie and Terre Roche, released in 1975 on Columbia Records. It precedes their 1979 debut album as a trio, The Roches.

text:
# Seductive Reasoning

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B+ link |

***Seductive Reasoning*** is the debut album by the sibling folk duo Maggie and Terre Roche, released in 1975 on Columbia Records. It precedes their 1979 debut album as a trio, *The Roches*.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Margaret Roche, except where indicated.

1. "Underneath the Moon"
2. "Down the Dream"
3. "Wigglin' Man" (Margaret Roche, Terre Roche)
4. "West Virginia"
5. "If You Emptied Out All Of Your Pockets You Could Not Make The Change"
6. "Telephone Bill"
7. "Malachy's"
8. "Burden of Proof"
9. "The Mountain People"
10. "Jill of All Trades"

## Personnel

**Musicians:**

**Additional musicians:**

**Production:**

Cover photo by Chip Berlet.

All information from the original album cover has been verified by a Wikipedian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip\_Berlet

## InfoBox

| Seductive Reasoning | |
| --- | --- |
| Original cover, 1975 | |
| Studio album by Maggie and Terre Roche | |
| Released | 1975 |
| Recorded | 1974–1975 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | Paul Simon, Paul Samwell-Smith, David Hood and Jimmy Johnson |
| Maggie and Terre Roche chronology | |
| ***Seductive Reasoning***
(1975) *The Roches*
(1979) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Reissue LP cover, 1981 | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Eseldrift

abstract: Eseldrift is a town in Waterberg District Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa.

text:
# Eseldrift

**Eseldrift** is a town in Waterberg District Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa.

## InfoBox

| Eseldrift | |
| --- | --- |
| EseldriftEseldrift | |
| Coordinates: 23°52′59″S 28°40′44″E / 23.883°S 28.679°E / -23.883; 28.679 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Limpopo |
| District | Waterberg |
| Municipality | Mogalakwena |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.31 km2 (0.51 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 1,452 |
| Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: Saint-Savinien

abstract: Saint-Savinien is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

text:
# Saint-Savinien

**Saint-Savinien** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ savinjɛ̃\]) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 2,377 |  |
| 1975 | 2,342 | −0.21% |
| 1982 | 2,336 | −0.04% |
| 1990 | 2,340 | +0.02% |
| 1999 | 2,359 | +0.09% |
| 2007 | 2,372 | +0.07% |
| 2012 | 2,456 | +0.70% |
| 2017 | 2,433 | −0.19% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## History

Saint-Savinien-sur-Charente is one of the most picturesque communes in Roman Saintonge. It dates back to the Roman times.

## Sights

* Château de la Cave

## InfoBox

| Saint-Savinien | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Saint-Savinien | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Savinien | |
| Saint-SavinienSaint-Savinien | |
| Coordinates: 45°53′55″N 0°47′13″W / 45.8985°N 0.787°W / 45.8985; -0.787 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Jean-d'Angély |
| Canton | Saint-Jean-d'Angély |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Claude Godineau |
| Area**1** | 47 km2 (18 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 2,453 |
| Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17397 /17350 |
| Elevation | 0–68 m (0–223 ft)
(avg. 6 m or 20 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Scopula andresi

abstract: Scopula andresi is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1912. It is endemic to Egypt.

text:
# Scopula andresi

***Scopula andresi*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1912. It is endemic to Egypt.

## InfoBox

| *Scopula andresi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Scopula* |
| Species: | ***S. andresi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scopula andresi***<br>(Draudt, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Acidalia andresi* Draudt 1912 | |


title: Psednos andriashevi

abstract: Psednos andriashevi, also known as Andriashev's dwarf snailfish, is a species of snailfish found in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean just west of Ireland.

text:
# Psednos andriashevi

***Psednos andriashevi***, also known as **Andriashev's dwarf snailfish**, is a species of snailfish found in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean just west of Ireland.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 5.3 cm (2.1 in).

## Etymology

The fish is named in honor of Russian ichthyologist Anatoly Petrovich Andriashev (1910-2009).

## InfoBox

| *Psednos andriashevi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Liparidae |
| Genus: | *Psednos* |
| Species: | ***P. andriashevi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psednos andriashevi***
Chernova, 2001 | |
|


title: Teopisca

abstract: Teopisca is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. As of 2010, the municipality had a population of 37,607, up from 26,996 in 2005. It covers an area of 174 km⁲. As of 2010, the town of Teopisca had a population of 16,240. Other than the town of Teopisca, the municipality had 123 localities, the largest of which were Nuevo León (2,782) and Betania (2,274).

text:
# Teopisca

**Teopisca** is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico.

As of 2010, the municipality had a population of 37,607, up from 26,996 in 2005. It covers an area of 174 km2.

As of 2010, the town of Teopisca had a population of 16,240. Other than the town of Teopisca, the municipality had 123 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were Nuevo León (2,782) and Betania (2,274).

## InfoBox

| Teopisca | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipality of Teopisca in Chiapas | |
| TeopiscaLocation in Mexico | |
| Coordinates: 16°33′N 92°30′W / 16.550°N 92.500°W / 16.550; -92.500 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Chiapas |
| Area | |
| Total | 67 sq mi (174 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,900 ft (1,800 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 37,607 |
| Climate | Cwb |


title: Sheatown, Pennsylvania

abstract: Sheatown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Newport Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is adjacent to the west side of the city of Nanticoke. The population of Sheatown was 671 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Sheatown, Pennsylvania

**Sheatown** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Newport Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is adjacent to the west side of the city of Nanticoke. The population of Sheatown was 671 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Sheatown is located at 41°11′36″N 76°0′52″W / 41.19333°N 76.01444°W / 41.19333; -76.01444. It is directly west of the city of Nanticoke.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.50 square miles (1.3 km2), all land.

## InfoBox

| Sheatown, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| SheatownLocation in PennsylvaniaSheatownLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 41°11′36″N 76°0′52″W / 41.19333°N 76.01444°W / 41.19333; -76.01444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Luzerne |
| Township | Newport |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.5 sq mi (1.3 km2) |
| Land | 0.5 sq mi (1.3 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 671 |
| Density | 1,300/sq mi (520/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 18634 |
| Area code | 570 |


title: Santa Rosa (1726)

abstract: HMFMS Santa Rosa was a Portuguese galleon that exploded and sank in the Atlantic Ocean off Recife, colony of Brazil, while she was on a voyage from Salvador, Brazil, to Lisbon, Portugal, under the command of Captain Bartolomeu Freire de Araújo.

text:
# Santa Rosa (1726)

| History | |
| --- | --- |
| Portugal | |
| Name | *Santa Rosa* |
| Owner | Portuguese Navy |
| Port of registry | Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal |
| Builder | Ribeira das Naus |
| In service | 1715 |
| Fate | Sank after an explosion 6 September 1726 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Galleon |
| Tons burthen | 1100 bm |
| Length | 56 metres (183 ft 9 in) |
| Decks | 2 |
| Installed power | 3 Masts |
| Crew | c. 700 |
| Armament | 56 to 70 cannons |
| Notes | Captain Bartolomeu Freire de Araújo |

**HMFMS *Santa Rosa*** was a Portuguese galleon that exploded and sank in the Atlantic Ocean off Recife, colony of Brazil, while she was on a voyage from Salvador, Brazil, to Lisbon, Portugal, under the command of Captain Bartolomeu Freire de Araújo.

## Construction

*Santa Rosa* was built in 1715 at the Ribeira das Naus shipyard in Lisbon, Portugal for the Portuguese Navy. She was 56 metres (183 ft 9 in) long, had 3 masts and was fitted with 56 to 70 cannons.

## Battle of Matapan

On 19 July 1717 *Santa Rosa* took part in the Battle of Matapan (now Tenaro, Greece) in the Portuguese wing coalition organized by Pope Clement XI against the Turks during the Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18). After her return to Portugal, she went on different escort missions to fight against pirates. She was also frequently used to protect the yearly fleets to Brazil.

## Sinking

On 20 March 1726, A fleet of 18 ships left Portugal for Brazil. Amongst them were 2 warships: HMFMS *Santa Rosa* and HMFMS *Nossa Senhora da Nazaré*. *Santa Rosa*, the mightiest ship in colonial Portugal´s fleet under the command of Captain Bartolomeu Freire de Araújo, was assigned to escort the Portuguese fleet bringing the wealth of the New World back to Portugal. The fleet reached Salvador, Brazil, after two months and four days at sea on 24 May 1726.

In the two and a half following months, *Santa Rosa* was involved in a lot of loading and unloading procedures. Amongst the cargo spread over the two warships were 27,000 rolls of tobacco, 13,000 boxes of sugar, 20,000 hides, thousands of coconuts, a large number of logs, some 10 tons of gold in bullion and coins, diamonds and gems, between 70 and 200 barrels of gunpowder and a regiment of Portuguese soldiers along with other passengers.

The fleet was reassembled and left the Brazilian port of Salvador on 24 August 1726, exactly three months after their arrival.

The following day, on 25 August 1726, a strong storm hit the fleet and forced the fleet to separate into two different groups. The storm held on for several days before dying down; after the storm *Santa Rosa* escorted a group of ships to return to the original route.

Two weeks after they had left Salvador, Brazil, on 6 September 1726. Just as the ship passed Recife, Brazil, the gunpowder in its hold blew up and the ship sank, killing all but seven of the 700 men, women and children aboard. The seven survivors (who were all male) clamped on to the ship's wreckage and were rescued the following day; it is believed more people survived the explosion but perished when they were overcome by fatigue or by injury of shark attacks. The rest of the fleet reached Lisbon, Portugal, on 17 November 1726, but of the seven rescued men only three survived the trip.

Even to this day it is unknown how the gunpowder exploded. But some theories have been put forward. The most believed theory is that Captain Bartolomeu Freire de Araújo had been having some heated discussions with the commander of the Portuguese regiment that were on board the ship. After the discussion someone of the regiment went down to the ship's magazine, where all the gunpowder was held, only to light a fire and explode the magazine. There were 70 fire hydrants on board, which means the magazine must have had between 70 and 200 barrels of gunpowder at the time.


title: Uramya pristis

abstract: Uramya pristis is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is a parasitoid of Limacodidae moths, and overwinters in its pupal stage.

text:
# Uramya pristis

***Uramya pristis*** is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. It is a parasitoid of Limacodidae moths, and overwinters in its pupal stage.

## Distribution

Canada, United States, Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Uramya pristis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Dexiinae |
| Tribe: | Uramyini |
| Genus: | *Uramya* |
| Species: | ***U. pristis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uramya pristis***<br>(Walker, 1849) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Seductor

abstract: Seductor was an Argentine thoroughbred racehorse and leading sire.

text:
# Seductor

**Seductor** (28 August 1943–1966?) was an Argentine thoroughbred racehorse and leading sire.

## Background

Seductor was bred by Haras Argentino.

Seductor was a light bay stallion with a heavy build. His hind legs were strongly built, especially his gaskins and quarters, and he had excellent shoulders.

## Racing career

Seductor was considered one of the leading racehorses of his generation in Argentina.

In the Gran Premio Jockey Club, Seductor was ridden by the famous jockey Irineo Leguisamo. In the stretch, he passed the front-running favorite and winner of the Polla de Potrillos, Remo, to win by three-quarters of a length in a final time of 2:0345 for the 2000 meters. The win was the sixth Gran Premio Jockey Club win for Leguisamo and the second for Seductor's sire, Full Sail.

The Gran Premio Nacional attracted the largest crowd to Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo since the match race between Botafogo and Grey Fox in 1918. That day's card set a record for betting handle in South America of m$n7,603,876. Seductor was the favorite, with field also including Remo, who had lost for the first time in the Gran Premio Jockey Club, Pinturera, winner of the Gran Premio Selección, HORSES

Sedcutor took the early lead in the race and set a fast pace. 100 meters into the 2500-meter race, Caratón passed Seductor to take the lead and Remo came up to run next to Seductor in second. Around the first turn, Remo took the lead and Seductor fell back to fourth behind El Gurisito and Caratón. On the backstretch, El Gurisito took the lead, quickly opening up a 4 length lead. He maintained this lead into the final turn, at which point Seductor was running in joint-third with Recien behind Remo and Pinturera. In the stretch, Seductor made his move along with Caburé. 150 meters from the finish, Caburé took the lead from Remo with Seductor close behind. Seductor passed Caburé to win the race a neck in a final time of 2:3625.

Following the Gran Premio Nacional, Seductor ran in the Gran Premio Carlos Pellegrini, finishing fourth behind Académico, who had beaten him previously in a non-stakes races, although Seductor was bumped in the race. Following the loss, Seductor won the Clásico Comparación, again defeating Caburé.

Along with Académico, Seductor was named one of the best three-year-olds in Argentina in 1946 and rated equal to him at 132 pounds for 2500 meters. Seductor was the leading horse in Argentina in 1946 by earnings.

Seductor was set to ship to Brazil to race in 1947, but didn't race again following the Clásico Comparación.

## Stud career

After his racing career, Seductor was acquired by Miguel and José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz. He stood at stud at Haras Chapadmalal, Haras Comalal, and Haras Malal Hué.

Seductor stamped his offspring with his own appearance, and his fillies generally did better than his colts. He is noted to have done well with mares by Rustom Pasha. As a broodmare sire, he nicked with Court Harwell.

The mare Starling II, by Noble Star, was bred to Seductor multiple times, producing the full siblings Sideral, Sidérea, and Sagitaria, all successful and notable racers.

According to the Jockey Club, Seductor sired 252 foals, including 32 (12.7%) stakes winners. He was the damsire of over 30 more stakes winners.

Seductor was third on the Argentine general sire list in 1962, and fourth in 1953 and 1957. Seductor led the Argentine broodmare sire list in 1965, was second in 1968, 1969, and 1970, and third in 1967 and 1971.

### Notable progeny

### Notable progeny of daughters

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Seductor (ARG), bay stallion, foaled August 8, 1948
| Sire
Full Sail (GB)
1934 | Fairway (GB)
1925 | Phalaris (GB) | **Polymelus** (GB) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Bromus (GB) |
| | Scapa Flow (GB) | Chaucer (GB) |
| | Anchora (IRE) |
| | Fancy Free (GB)
1924 | Stefan the Great (GB) | The Tetrarch (IRE) |
| | | Perfect Peach (GB) |
| | Celiba (IRE) | Bachelor's Double |
| | Santa Maura (GB) |
| Dam
Suma (ARG)
1937 | Macón (ARG)
1922 | Sandal (GB) | William the Third (GB) |
| | | Lindal (GB) |
| | Bourgogne (ARG) | Your Majesty (GB) |
| | Albilla (ARG) |
| | Sweet Peggy (GB)
1920 | Pommern (GB) | **Polymelus** (GB) |
| | | Merry Agnes (GB) |
| | Gilt Brook (GB) | Long Tom (GB) |
| | Weir (GB) |

Seductor is inbred 4S × 4D to Polymelus, meaning Polymelus appears in the fourth generation on both the sire and dam's side of the pedigree. Seductor is also inbred to St. Simon 5S x 5S × 5D and Persimmon 5S × 5D.

## InfoBox

| Seductor | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Full Sail |
| Grandsire | Fairway |
| Dam | Suma |
| Damsire | Macón |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 28 August 1943 |
| Died | Approximately 1966 |
| Country | Argentina |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Haras Argentino |
| Owner | Caballeriza Buarque de Macedo (José Buarque de Macedo) |
| Trainer | Juan Lapistoy |
| Record | 9: 5-2-0 |
| Earnings | m$n201,400 |
| Major wins | |
| Premio José B. Zubiaurre (1946)
Premio Miguel Cané (1946)
Gran Premio Jockey Club (1946)
Gran Premio Nacional (1946)
Premio Comparación (1946) | |
| Awards | |
| Argentine Champion Broodmare Sire (1965) | |


title: John Covington Moore House

abstract: The John Covington Moore House is a historic house in rural Clay County, North Carolina. It is located on North Carolina Route 1307, about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the county seat, Hayesville. The 1+1⁄2-story log structure was built c. 1838 by John C. Moore, not long after the forced removal of the Cherokee from the area. The building is mounted on fieldstone piers, and has a porch extending across its front. There are shed-roofed rooms across the back of the house, and an exterior chimney at one end. John C. Moore is acknowledged as Clay County's first white settler. He began homesteading in the area as early as 1833, and claimed the land around this house after the Cherokee removal. He was one of Clay County's first commissioners. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The John Covington Moore House appears to have been removed from the land it was on by 2019.

text:
# John Covington Moore House

The **John Covington Moore House** is a historic house in rural Clay County, North Carolina. It is located on North Carolina Route 1307, about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the county seat, Hayesville. The 1+12-story log structure was built c. 1838 by John C. Moore, not long after the forced removal of the Cherokee from the area. The building is mounted on fieldstone piers, and has a porch extending across its front. There are shed-roofed rooms across the back of the house, and an exterior chimney at one end.

John C. Moore is acknowledged as Clay County's first white settler. He began homesteading in the area as early as 1833, and claimed the land around this house after the Cherokee removal. He was one of Clay County's first commissioners.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

The John Covington Moore House appears to have been removed from the land it was on by 2019.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| John Covington Moore House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Tusquitee, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°5′8″N 83°46′19″W / 35.08556°N 83.77194°W / 35.08556; -83.77194 |
| Area | 0.4 acres (0.16 ha) |
| Built | 1838 (1838) |
| NRHP reference No. | 83001840 |
| Added to NRHP | July 21, 1983 |


title: Symphony No. 60 (Hovhaness)

abstract: The Symphony No. 60, Op. 396, To the Appalachian Mountains is a symphony for orchestra in four movements written by the American composer Alan Hovhaness. The work was commissioned August 6, 1985 by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. for "Homecoming '86", an event celebrating the cultural heritage of Tennessee. It was composed in November and December 1985 and commemorates the geography and heritage of the Appalachian Mountains region.

text:
# Symphony No. 60 (Hovhaness)

The **Symphony No. 60**, Op. 396, ***To the Appalachian Mountains*** is a symphony for orchestra in four movements written by the American composer Alan Hovhaness. The work was commissioned August 6, 1985 by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. for "Homecoming '86", an event celebrating the cultural heritage of Tennessee. It was composed in November and December 1985 and commemorates the geography and heritage of the Appalachian Mountains region.

## Composition

A performance of the symphony lasts approximately 33 minutes. It is composed in four movements:

1. Adagio doloroso
2. Allegro
3. Senza misura: Adagio
4. Finale: Andante – Allegro

The third movement quotes passages from the traditional song "Parting Friends". On composing *To the Appalachian Mountains*, Hovhaness wrote in the program notes:

> The music was composed during November and December of 1985. While composing this symphony I studied many Appalachian songs, but did not quote any of the melodies except in the third movement. However, I tried to put myself into the spirit and moods of the Appalachian idioms and culture, the spiritual life, the religious singing from shaped-notes under the oak trees, and the Appalachian ballads and their tales of love and death. I studied the structures of motives and scales in the Appalachian music and tried to create my own melodies within the boundaries of the modes which employ altered major scales and minor pentatonic (black-key) scales.

## Reception

The music critic Donald Rosenberg praised Hovhaness for his "mystical serenity and unabashed love for folk and nature-inflected material" and said of the symphony, "The writing is tonal and richly hued, imbued with a grandeur that emanates from another era." AllMusic wrote of the work, "Its general mood appears to reflect the smoky majesty of the Appalachians themselves and does not devolve into imitations of the music associated with that region (i.e., bluegrass and old-timey mountain music); although some lip service is paid to Native American cultures that once inhabited this region during the second movement Allegro."


title: Schistochila

abstract: Schistochila is a genus of liverworts in the order Jungermanniales. It is the only genus in the family Schistochilaceae.

text:
# Schistochila

***Schistochila*** is a genus of liverworts in the order Jungermanniales. It is the only genus in the family **Schistochilaceae**.

## Species

As accepted by GBIF;

Data related to Schistochila at Wikispecies

## InfoBox

| *Schistochila* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Schistochila appendiculata* in New Zealand | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Marchantiophyta |
| Class: | Jungermanniopsida |
| Order: | Jungermanniales |
| Suborder: | Perssoniellineae
R.M.Schust. |
| Family: | Schistochilaceae
H.Buch |
| Genus: | *Schistochila*
Dumort. |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gottschea* Nees ex Montagne 1843 * *Fulfordistria* Miller 1970 * *Notarisia* Colla 1836 non Hampe * *Pachyschistochila* Schuster & Engel 1982 * *Paraschistochila* Schuster 1963 * *Perssoniella* Herzog 1952 * *Pleurocladopsis* Schuster 1964 * *Schistochilaster* Miller 1970 * *Tegulifolium* Hässel de Menendez 1973 | |


title: Pseudoblepharisma

abstract: Pseudoblepharisma is a genus of heterotrich ciliates inhabiting oxygen depleted freshwater habitats. Most sources report that it contains one species, Pseudoblepharisma tenue, but at least four have been seen in literature. Pseudoblepharisma tenue was originally described in Germany as Blepharisma tenuis. It was discovered by biologist Alfred Kahl in 1926 in the Simmelried moorland near Konstanz, and was then ignored for decades. Starting in 2006, it was recognized that the German strain may have two bacterial symbionts, one pink, one green. In 2021, both symbionts were confirmed to be photosynthetic: a Chlorella sp. K10, discovered earlier as a symbiont of Hydra viridissima; and Ca. Thiodictyon intracellulare (Chromatiaceae), a purple sulfur bacterium with a genome just half the size of their closest known relatives, and has lost genes essential for nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and the ability to use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for photosynthesis. The complexity of such a tripartite symbiosis is novel to science. The ciliate likely prefer an aerobic environment when in the dark, and because it is mixotrophic, it is hypothesized its anoxygenic photosynthesising bacterial endosymbionts allows it to enter anoxic environments where it will have access to the microbial prey living there. European reports also mentioned a variant P. tenue var. viride, which only has green symbionts. In 2022, one strain matching these descriptions was found in tropical freshwaters of Florida, North America. Unlike its the bicolor European counterpart, it builds a lorica (shell) around itself. The current taxonomy is inconsistent with molecular phylogeny using SSU rRNA; the latter places the genus sister to Spirostomum.

text:
# Pseudoblepharisma

***Pseudoblepharisma*** is a genus of heterotrich ciliates inhabiting oxygen depleted freshwater habitats. Most sources report that it contains one species, ***Pseudoblepharisma tenue***, but at least four have been seen in literature.

*Pseudoblepharisma tenue* was originally described in Germany as *Blepharisma tenuis*. It was discovered by biologist Alfred Kahl in 1926 in the Simmelried moorland near Konstanz, and was then ignored for decades. Starting in 2006, it was recognized that the German strain may have two bacterial symbionts, one pink, one green. In 2021, both symbionts were confirmed to be photosynthetic: a *Chlorella* sp. K10 (green algae), discovered earlier as a symbiont of *Hydra viridissima*; and Ca. *Thiodictyon intracellulare* (Chromatiaceae), a purple sulfur bacterium with a genome just half the size of their closest known relatives, and has lost genes essential for nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, and the ability to use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for photosynthesis. The complexity of such a tripartite symbiosis is novel to science.

The ciliate likely prefer an aerobic environment when in the dark, and because it is mixotrophic, it is hypothesized its anoxygenic photosynthesising bacterial endosymbionts allows it to enter anoxic environments where it will have access to the microbial prey living there.

European reports also mentioned a variant *P. tenue* var. *viride*, which only has green symbionts. In 2022, one strain matching these descriptions was found in tropical freshwaters of Florida, North America. Unlike its the bicolor European counterpart, it builds a lorica (shell) around itself.

The current taxonomy is inconsistent with molecular phylogeny using SSU rRNA; the latter places the genus sister to *Spirostomum*.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoblepharisma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudoblepharisma tenue* with its two photosynthetic symbionts | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Ciliophora |
| Class: | Heterotrichea |
| Order: | Heterotrichida |
| Family: | Blepharismidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoblepharisma*<br>Kahl 1926 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Terry Butler (soccer)

abstract: Terry Butler is an Australian former soccer player.

text:
# Terry Butler (soccer)

**Terry Butler** is an Australian former soccer player.

## Playing career

### Club career

Butler player for APIA Leichhardt between 1971 and 1988, apart from a short stint with Urban Services in Hong Kong.

### International career

Butler played four matches for Australia, including two full international matches.

## InfoBox

Terry Butler
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Position(s) | Winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1971–76 | APIA Leichhardt |  |  |
| 1976–77 | Urban Services | 26 | (9) |
| 1977–88 | APIA Leichhardt | 220 | (12) |
| International career | | | |
| 1972 | Australia | 2 | (1) |
| 1972–1975 | Australia B | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Kushchyovskaya massacre

abstract: The Kushchyovskaya massacre, carried out on 4 November 2010, was the murder of 12 people including four children in the village of Kushchyovskaya, Krasnodar Krai of southern Russia. The ethnic Tatar family of wealthy local farmer Serever Ametov was targeted and stabbed to death, together with visiting friends and a bystander. The mass murder shocked Russia and highlighted links between criminals and corrupt officials, as the perpetrators were members of a gang who had received protection from the authorities and operated with impunity for years. Sergei Tsapok, the convicted gang leader and mastermind of the murders, died in prison following a stroke on July 6, 2014. Three of his accomplices had recently committed suicide, the most recent two days prior.

text:
# Kushchyovskaya massacre

The **Kushchyovskaya massacre**, carried out on 4 November 2010, was the murder of 12 people including four children in the village of Kushchyovskaya, Krasnodar Krai of southern Russia. The ethnic Tatar family of wealthy local farmer Serever Ametov was targeted and stabbed to death, together with visiting friends and a bystander. The mass murder shocked Russia and highlighted links between criminals and corrupt officials, as the perpetrators were members of a gang who had received protection from the authorities and operated with impunity for years.

Sergei Tsapok, the convicted gang leader and mastermind of the murders, died in prison following a stroke on July 6, 2014. Three of his accomplices had recently committed suicide, the most recent two days prior.

## Legacy

The case was the subject of several documentaries aired in Russia. It also inspired the 2013 TV series *Станица* (*Stanitsa*, *The Village*), a fictitious story loosely based on the events leading to the murder in Kushchyovskaya.

In an article for OpenDemocracy, Grigorii Golosov wrote that the massacre ran contradictory to a perceived propaganda program led by Vladimir Putin to portray Yeltsin's government as allowing crime to run rampant through the country in contrary to Putin's leadership. Golosov noted that the heavy publicity the murders received had tarnished Putin's image.

## InfoBox

| Kushchyovskaya massacre | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Kushchyovskaya, Krasnodar Krai, Russia |
| Coordinates | 46°34′30″N 39°40′00″E / 46.5749°N 39.6666°E / 46.5749; 39.6666 |
| Date | 4 November 2010 |
| Attack type | Stabbing, strangulation |
| Weapons | carbon monoxide, Nerve agent, Tranquillizer gun |
| Deaths | 12 |


title: Rapid tooling

abstract: Rapid tooling (RT) in the plastic injection molding industry refers to molds that are manufactured in a very short period of time, also known as prototype tooling. Some of the main advantages to rapid tooling trades is that it decreases the time and cost of the product. With rapid tools being fast and easily reproducible, it requires less stock for finished tools. These tools will be produced on demand and are available almost immediately. Special tools or tools where no supplier is existing on the market any more can be reproduced without bigger design and production efforts. However, the disadvantages are that it is not as accurate and also shortens the lifespan of the product. Rapid tooling is mainly used for specific needs including prototyping and troubleshooting existing problems. Rapid prototyping is not often used for large scale and long term operations for a part. Nevertheless, rapid tooling is starting to be used to create molds for commercial operations because the time lag is so short between start to finish and since a CAD file is the only thing needed for the design stage. Since alternate methods require precious time and resources, rapid tooling provides a way to quickly provide molds for the required products. This allows companies to quickly make commercial products with the advances of rapid prototyping. In addition, rapid tooling provides the customization necessary for personal applications. Instead of tedious trial and error measurements, rapid prototyping processes allow scientists and doctors the ability to scan and digitize the item or patient. Then by putting it through a CAD program, a personal custom mold can be created to fix the problem. An example of this procedure is for dental patients. Originally to fabricate an oral application, an alginate impression or a wax registration is used to fit the teeth with the mold. With new advances, doctors can take a scan of the dental arches to correctly and quickly make a mold out of silicone for the patient. This allows for better accuracy and more acute customization of the mold in the future. Unlike rapid tooling, production tooling (PT) refers to molds that are manufactured according to a normal process in a normal production time. some of the main advantages of production tooling are that it has a larger Life Cycle and is suitable for mass production.

text:
# Rapid tooling

**Rapid tooling** (**RT**) in the plastic injection molding industry refers to molds that are manufactured in a very short period of time, also known as prototype tooling. Some of the main advantages to rapid tooling trades is that it decreases the time and cost of the product. With rapid tools being fast and easily reproducible, it requires less stock for finished tools. These tools will be produced on demand and are available almost immediately. Special tools or tools where no supplier is existing on the market any more can be reproduced without bigger design and production efforts. However, the disadvantages are that it is not as accurate and also shortens the lifespan of the product.

Rapid tooling is mainly used for specific needs including prototyping and troubleshooting existing problems. Rapid prototyping is not often used for large scale and long term operations for a part. Nevertheless, rapid tooling is starting to be used to create molds for commercial operations because the time lag is so short between start to finish and since a CAD file is the only thing needed for the design stage. Since alternate methods require precious time and resources, rapid tooling provides a way to quickly provide molds for the required products. This allows companies to quickly make commercial products with the advances of rapid prototyping.

In addition, rapid tooling provides the customization necessary for personal applications. Instead of tedious trial and error measurements, rapid prototyping processes allow scientists and doctors the ability to scan and digitize the item or patient. Then by putting it through a CAD program, a personal custom mold can be created to fix the problem. An example of this procedure is for dental patients. Originally to fabricate an oral application, an alginate impression or a wax registration is used to fit the teeth with the mold. With new advances, doctors can take a scan of the dental arches to correctly and quickly make a mold out of silicone for the patient. This allows for better accuracy and more acute customization of the mold in the future.

Unlike rapid tooling, production tooling (PT) refers to molds that are manufactured according to a normal process in a normal production time. some of the main advantages of production tooling are that it has a larger Life Cycle and is suitable for mass production.


title: Sedudu

abstract: Sedudu Island is a fluvial island in the Chobe River, in Botswana adjacent to the border with Namibia. The island was the subject of a territorial dispute between these countries, resolved by a 1999 ruling of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that the border runs down the thalweg of the river immediately north of the island. The island is approximately 5 square kilometres in area, with no permanent residents. For several months each year, beginning around March, the island is submerged by floods. The Island is one of the top tourist attractions in Chobe.

text:
# Sedudu

**Sedudu Island** (known as **Kasikili Island** in Namibia) is a fluvial island in the Chobe River, in Botswana adjacent to the border with Namibia. The island was the subject of a territorial dispute between these countries, resolved by a 1999 ruling of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that the border runs down the thalweg of the river immediately north (not south) of the island. The island is approximately 5 square kilometres (2 square miles) in area, with no permanent residents. For several months each year, beginning around March, the island is submerged by floods. The Island is one of the top tourist attractions in Chobe.

## Territorial dispute

The dispute arose because of the imprecise wording of the agreement concerning the northern boundary between the colonial powers of Germany and the United Kingdom which settled the geographic interests between German South-West Africa and the Bechuanaland Protectorate in the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty signed on July 1, 1890. This treaty read "in Southwest Africa, Germany's sphere of influence is demarcated thus":

> To the east by the line that commences at the aforementioned point and follows the 20th degree of east longitude to its intersection point with the 22nd degree of south latitude. The line then traces this degree of latitude eastward to its intersection with the 21st degree of east longitude, follows this degree of longitude northward to its intersection with the 18th degree of south latitude, runs along this degree of latitude eastward to its intersection with the Chobe River. Here it descends the thalweg of the main channel until it meets the Zambezi, where it ends. It is understood that under this arrangement Germany shall be granted free access from its protectorate to the Zambezi by means of a strip of land not less than twenty English miles \[30 km\] wide at any point. Great Britain's sphere of influence is bounded to the west and northwest by the previously described line and includes Lake Ngami.

The present country of Namibia was German Southwest Africa in 1890; Botswana was then known as the Bechuanaland Protectorate.

Namibia and Botswana reached a Special Agreement in 1996 to resolve their dispute by taking it to the ICJ. Under the terms of the Special Agreement, the two countries asked the Court to "determine, on the basis of the Anglo-German Treaty of 1 July 1890 and the rules and principles of international law, the boundary between Namibia and Botswana around Kasikili/Sedudu Island and the legal status of the island".

### ICJ decision

According to the text of the 1890 Treaty, Great Britain and Germany located the dividing line between their spheres of influence in the "main channel" of the Chobe River. The real dispute between the countries concerned the location of that "main channel", with Botswana contending that it was the channel running north of Sedudu Island and Namibia saying the channel ran south of the island. However, since the 1890 Treaty did not define the notion of "main channel", the Court itself had to determine which was the main channel of the Chobe River around the island.

To do so, the Court took into consideration the depth and the width of the channel, the flow (i.e., the volume of water carried), the bed profile configuration and the navigability of the channel. After considering the figures submitted by both parties, as well as surveys carried out on the ground at different periods, the Court concluded that "the northern channel of the River Chobe around Kasikili/Sedudu Island must be regarded as its main channel".

The Court stated that it could not draw conclusions from the cartographic material "in view of the absence of any map officially reflecting the intentions of the parties to the 1890 Treaty" and "in the light of the uncertainty and inconsistency" of the maps submitted by Botswana and Namibia.

The Court considered Namibia's alternative argument that it (and its predecessors) had prescriptive title to Kasikili/Sedudu Island by virtue of the exercise of sovereign jurisdiction over it since the beginning of the century, with full knowledge and acceptance by the authorities of Botswana (and its predecessors). The Court found that while the Subia people of the Caprivi Strip (territory belonging to Namibia) did indeed use the island for many years, they did so intermittently, according to the seasons, and for exclusively agricultural purposes, without it being established that they occupied the island exercising functions of state authority there on behalf of the Zambezi authorities. The Court therefore rejected this argument.

After concluding that the boundary between Botswana and Namibia around Kasikili/Sedudu Island follows the line of deepest soundings in the northern channel of the Chobe and that the island formed part of the territory of Botswana, the Court recalled that, under the terms of an agreement concluded in May 1992 (the "Kasane Communiqué"), the two countries had undertaken to one another that there shall be unimpeded navigation for craft of their nationals and flags in the channels around the island.

## InfoBox

Sedudu Island
| Kasikili Island (Botswana) | |
| --- | --- |
| Chobe River and Sedudu | |
| Sedudu Island | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Chobe River adjacent to Namibian border |
| Coordinates | 17°49′S 25°8′E / 17.817°S 25.133°E / -17.817; 25.133 |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Area | 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Botswana** | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | Non populated |
| Additional information | |
| Territorial dispute with Namibia resolved by ICJ in 1999 | |


title: Rainforest Ecological Train

abstract: The Rainforest Ecological Train or Waterfalls Train is a 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) narrow gauge train that runs through the forest inside Iguazú National Park in the north of the province of Misiones of Argentina. The line is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and was built using rail track by French manufacturer Decauville.

text:
# Rainforest Ecological Train

The **Rainforest Ecological Train** or Waterfalls Train (*Tren Ecológico de la Selva* or *Tren de las Cataratas*) is a 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) narrow gauge train that runs through the forest inside Iguazú National Park in the north of the province of Misiones of Argentina.

The line is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and was built using rail track by French manufacturer Decauville.

## Characteristics

The train can transport up to 150 passengers over 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of track from the Visitors’ Centre to *Cataratas* (Waterfalls) Station and *Garganta del Diablo* (Devil's Gorge) Station. It carries approximately 900,000 visitors yearly.

The train was built in England by Alan Keef Ltd, in Ross-on-Wye. It is painted green and the propane-fired locomotive pulls up to five opened-roofed carriages with wooden seats at the sides so that the passengers can view the forest.

The tracks run along the Iguazu River and the train runs at speeds of up to 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph), stopping when animals cross the lines. The journey takes about 20 minutes. From *Garganta del Diablo* (Devil's Gorge) Station visitors can go to a viewing platform built on the edge of the huge waterfall 90 metres (300 ft) high called *Garganta del Diablo*.

## Stations

* **Central**: Main terminal with a commercial area, restrooms, first-aid room and Park Ranger offices.
* **Cataratas (Waterfalls)**: A square, lounge area, fast food services and restrooms. Pathways to the Lower and Upper Circuits.
* **Garganta (Devil's Gorge)**: A square, restrooms and fast food premises. The Garganta del Diablo walkway leads to viewing platforms built over the lip of the waterfall. As of February 2024, the train is not running to Garganta due to the closure of the walkway to Garganta del Diablo (Oct 2023 floods destroyed most of the walkways)

25°41′03″S 54°26′56″W / 25.68417°S 54.44889°W / -25.68417; -54.44889

## InfoBox

Tren Ecológico de la Selva
| The train in 2018 | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Service type | Light |
| Status | Active |
| Locale | Iguazú National Park, Misiones Province |
| First service | 1995 (1995) |
| Current operator(s) | Iguazú Argentina |
| Route | |
| Termini | Central<br>Garganta del Diablo |
| Stops | 1 |
| Distance travelled | 7 km |
| Average journey time | 20' |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 600 mm (1 ft 11+58 in) |
| Track owner(s) | Iguazú National Park |
| Route map | |


title: Daguerre (crater)

abstract: Daguerre is a circular formation near the north end of Mare Nectaris. To the west-northwest is the crater Mädler, and beyond it to the west is the prominent Theophilus. To the north in the rugged continental area between the maria is Isidorus. This feature has the appearance of a lunar impact crater that has been nearly submerged by a lava flow, leaving a gap in the southwest wall that gives the feature the shape of a horse-shoe. The floor is overlaid by the linear ray from Mädler. The maximum altitude of the surviving rim is 1.5 km. The crater was named after French artist and photographer Louis Daguerre in 1935.

text:
# Daguerre (crater)

**Daguerre** is a circular formation near the north end of Mare Nectaris. To the west-northwest is the crater Mädler, and beyond it to the west is the prominent Theophilus. To the north in the rugged continental area between the maria is Isidorus.

This feature has the appearance of a lunar impact crater that has been nearly submerged by a lava flow, leaving a gap in the southwest wall that gives the feature the shape of a horse-shoe. The floor is overlaid by the linear ray from Mädler. The maximum altitude of the surviving rim is 1.5 km.

The crater was named after French artist and photographer Louis Daguerre in 1935.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Daguerre.

| Daguerre | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| K | 12.2° S | 35.8° E | 5 km |
| U | 15.1° S | 35.7° E | 4 km |
| X | 14.0° S | 34.5° E | 4 km |
| Y | 13.9° S | 35.4° E | 3 km |
| Z | 14.9° S | 34.7° E | 4 km |

* Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). *NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature*. NASA RP-1097.
* Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). *The Clementine Atlas of the Moon*. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
* Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). *Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature*. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
* McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
* Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". *Space Science Reviews*. **12** (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
* Moore, Patrick (2001). *On the Moon*. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
* Price, Fred W. (1988). *The Moon Observer's Handbook*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
* Rükl, Antonín (1990). *Atlas of the Moon*. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
* Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). *Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes* (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
* Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). *Mapping and Naming the Moon*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
* Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). *Observing the Moon*. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.

## InfoBox

Daguerre
| LRO image | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 11°54′S 33°36′E / 11.9°S 33.6°E / -11.9; 33.6 |
| Diameter | 46 km |
| Colongitude | 327° at sunrise |
| Eponym | Louis Daguerre |


title: Sakdiyah Ma'ruf

abstract: Sakdiyah Ma'ruf is an Indonesian stand-up comedian. She is known for addressing Islamic extremism in Indonesia within her comedic routines.

text:
# Sakdiyah Ma'ruf

**Sakdiyah Ma'ruf** is an Indonesian stand-up comedian. She is known for addressing Islamic extremism in Indonesia within her comedic routines.

## Early life and education

She was born into a family of Hadrami-Arabic descent in Pekalongan, Central Java. She has described the community in which she was raised as being preoccupied with its Arab identity and with the notion that it has a better sense of what “the truest and purest Islamic teachings” are than other communities in Indonesia.

Her parents, she has stated, were “very conservative” in most ways during her childhood, pressuring her “to marry one of her distant cousins,” as her mother had done. She told *The Huffington Post*, she was raised “with the default expectation that I would grow up into a decent, Muslim girl who will continue preserving her religious and ethnic identity by carefully grooming herself through childhood and adolescence to earn the love of a rich and respected man from the community.” But, she has said, she “grew up resenting marriage and told my mom that I didn’t want to ever get married. I said this all while still in high school.”

Despite their conservatism, however, Ma'ruf's parents allowed her to be “exposed to all Western pop culture, from Full House, Roseanne to MTV.” In fact she “taught herself English by watching sitcoms like The Cosby Show, Roseanne, Seinfeld and Full House, all of which featured subtitles in Indonesian.” From the time she was in grade school, she has said, she enjoyed “U.S. sitcoms and comedy features.” Around the time she was in middle school, “she discovered that the stars of her favorite shows were actually stand-up comics. Her path became clear.” When, in 2009, she watched a DVD of Robin Williams' *Live on Broadway* several times, she was set on pursuing comedy. She began doing stand-up, which, she says, “teaches me to be completely honest with myself, my experience and my flaws.” She began with “mild” material “about myself being an old-maid in the eyes of Arab descent community.” In time she began addressing issues within Islam such as violence.

Ma'ruf received a bachelor's degree in English from Gadjah Mada University (UGM) in Yogyakarta in 2009. Her dissertation was about stand-up comedy. As of November 2014, she was completing her master's degree at UGM. “I am the only girl from my Islamic elementary school that has been given the chance to earn a Master’s degree,” she said.

## Career

Since around 2009, Ma'ruf has worked full-time as a professional interpreter and translator. In her spare time, she performs comedy. She has appeared on a private television channel, performed at local venues in Jakarta, and taken part in a stage show with fellow comedians. During some of her appearances on TV, producers “have asked her to censor her own jokes, telling her that she is 'too conceptual, theoretical, laden with message.'” But she feel compelled to persevere, living in a society where women are publicly caned for being the victims of gang rape.

Hans David Tampubolon wrote in *The Jakarta Post* in November 2014 that in “the otherwise lame and boring stand-up comedy scene in Indonesia,” Ma'ruf “has started what could be considered a revolution” and has raised “eyebrows with her stage appearances” because she “likes to blatantly address highly controversial issues that are usually avoided by 'popular' comics for the sake of keeping their faces on your television screens.” Tampubolon states that given her “distinctive look and growing popularity,” Ma'ruf “could have easily become a major mainstream comedic star on TV,” but because of constant demands by TV producers that she censor herself, “she opted to perform live instead, delivering her uncensored messages to preserve her art.” She has said that “for her, being a comic is not about fame or money but rather about giving her audience an unforgettable experience and making them think about societal issues and those affecting them personally, even after the curtain goes down.”

Among her influences she has cited Sarah Silverman, Tina Fey, Margaret Cho, Roseanne, Ellen, Kathy Griffin, Robin Williams, Stephen Colbert, Chris Rock, Ricky Gervais, and Jerry Seinfeld. Her favorite comic is Louis C.K. She has been described as having “the cheerfulness of Williams, the bitterness of Louis and...just like Cosby, she never uses swear words or profanity in delivering her messages.”

Much of her comedy is about Islamic extremism; she has complained for nearly a decade after the introduction of democracy, “Indonesia has witnessed a significant growth of turban-wearing, beard-growing, loud-screaming Muslims encouraging the Islam that does not tolerate women and minorities to speak up.” She has said that despite her upbringing, she enjoys “American sitcoms more than televised da'wah. I don't speak Arabic like most of my cousins, and I firmly think that ethnic purity that my community claims is nothing but hallucination as we are all actually mixed blood having been living in Indonesia since the Colonial Era. In fact, it may also hurt our religiosity as I believe Allah created us free and equal and will not judge us, except for our obedience and devotion to Him.” Still, she wears a veil because she considers it liberating: it “counters impossible beauty standards. It asserts ownership over her own body. Her use of the veil is also a way she resists the gravitational pull of the fashion industry, allowing her to focus on issues of justice, violence and equality.”

## Honors and awards

Ma'ruf was awarded the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent at the Oslo Freedom Forum in May 2015. In 2018, Ma'ruf was recognized with the BBC 100 Women award for her use of comedy to soften Islamic extremism and lessen violence against women.

## InfoBox

| Sakdiyah Ma'ruf | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nationality | Indonesian |
| Education | Gadjah Mada University |
| Occupation(s) | Comedian, translator, interpreter |


title: Schistocerca rubiginosa

abstract: Schistocerca rubiginosa, the rusty bird grasshopper, is a species of bird grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America and South America.

text:
# Schistocerca rubiginosa

***Schistocerca rubiginosa***, the **rusty bird grasshopper**, is a species of bird grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America and South America.

## Further reading

* Dirsh, Vitaly Michailovich (1974). *Genus Schistocerca (Acridomorpha, Insecta)*. Series Entomologica. Vol. 10. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-6193-120-1.

## InfoBox

| *Schistocerca rubiginosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Cyrtacanthacridinae |
| Tribe: | Cyrtacanthacridini |
| Genus: | *Schistocerca* |
| Species: | ***S. rubiginosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schistocerca rubiginosa***<br>(Harris, 1863) | |
|


title: Psittacastis championella

abstract: Psittacastis championella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Lord Walsingham in 1912. It is found in Guatemala. The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are fawn brown, with some whitish ochreous mottling near the base of the costa, and on either side of the base of the fold. A very pale whitish ochreous oblique streak, from the middle of the costa, nearly meets at its apex an oblique, slender, silvery line, leaving the costa a little beyond it, and some silvery scales precede the termen below the apex. The apex is somewhat caudate, the cilia above and below it pale whitish ochreous, a fawn-brown line running through them at right angles to a projecting point, which seems to take its origin from a brown apical spot, the outline of the wing being also marked by a slender dark brown marginal line. The dorsal and terminal portions of the wing are somewhat paler than the central, costal, and discal areas. The hindwings are brownish cinereous.

text:
# Psittacastis championella

***Psittacastis championella*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Lord Walsingham in 1912. It is found in Guatemala.

The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are fawn brown, with some whitish ochreous mottling near the base of the costa, and on either side of the base of the fold. A very pale whitish ochreous oblique streak, from the middle of the costa, nearly meets at its apex an oblique, slender, silvery line, leaving the costa a little beyond it, and some silvery scales precede the termen below the apex. The apex is somewhat caudate, the cilia above and below it pale whitish ochreous, a fawn-brown line running through them at right angles to a projecting point, which seems to take its origin from a brown apical spot, the outline of the wing being also marked by a slender dark brown marginal line. The dorsal and terminal portions of the wing are somewhat paler than the central, costal, and discal areas. The hindwings are brownish cinereous.

## InfoBox

| *Psittacastis championella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Psittacastis* |
| Species: | ***P. championella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psittacastis championella***<br>(Walsingham, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Necedes championella* Walsingham, 1912 | |


title: Terry Byrne

abstract: Terry Byrne is an English businessman and a director of various companies connected to football that are active in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is best known for his business relationship and close friendship with the footballer David Beckham, spending years as his personal manager and business adviser.

text:
# Terry Byrne

**Terry Byrne** (born 4 June 1966) is an English businessman and a director of various companies connected to football that are active in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is best known for his business relationship and close friendship with the footballer David Beckham, spending years as his personal manager and business adviser.

## Early life

Born in London to a father who ran a pub and a mother who worked as a hairdresser and did aromatherapy, Byrne was a dedicated Chelsea F.C. fan growing up, with dreams of becoming a professional footballer. However, he only played as far as youth football at the lower-league clubs Leyton Orient F.C. and Cambridge United F.C.

Following a period working as a cab driver in London, Byrne decided to try sports massage after seeing a 'help wanted' advertisement placed by Chelsea's team physiotherapist at one of the matches. Byrne was not hired, but went on to complete a one-year course at the London School of Sports Massage.

## Career in and around football

### Chelsea FC backroom medical staff

In summer 1992, Byrne was hired as part-time sports masseur with Chelsea's backroom medical staff, helping out the team physiotherapist on match days. Ian Porterfield was the club's manager at the time. In February 1993, roughly six months into Byrne's time with the club, Porterfield was replaced by David Webb who was in turn dismissed in summer 1993 to make way for Glenn Hoddle.

Having previously played for AS Monaco where the practice of having several full-time masseurs was common, Hoddle wanted to implement the same at Chelsea. Byrne seemed the obvious choice for the role. However, wanting to cut costs, the club chairman Ken Bates would not pay two separate salaries for a kit manager and a sports masseur, so Byrne became both for a single annual salary of £12,000. Byrne thus became the first full-time masseur in English football. He held the two roles simultaneously under Hoddle for two years, before deciding to devote himself to physiotherapy by enrolling in the Football Association sponsored two-year course for sports injuries, while still working as a masseur at Chelsea where he eventually became the team's assistant physiotherapist.

In summer 1996, Hoddle was made the England national football team manager and left Chelsea. He took Byrne with him, giving him a position on England's medical staff, although Byrne also continued at Chelsea as the team's assistant physiotherapist in the 1996–97 Chelsea F.C. season under the new manager, Ruud Gullit. Byrne simultaneously performed both jobs over the next three years. He worked for England as one of the team masseurs, rejuvenating tired and injured players between matches. This is where his close friendship with the rising young star David Beckham began to develop.

Back at Chelsea, Gullit was sacked in February 1998, but Byrne continued under the next manager, Gianluca Vialli.

Byrne's relationship with Beckham intensified during the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France where the masseur became a close confidant to the twenty-three-year-old, helping him cope with the pressures of his first major international tournament. Byrne became the listening post through the player's World Cup ups and downs, such as not playing in the opening group match against Tunisia or his free-kick goal against Colombia. After Beckham was sent off in the second round against Argentina, Byrne alone accompanied Beckham back to the changing room, offering a shoulder to cry on as well as providing continuing support while the English public and the media criticised the player.

In 1999, Byrne's attempt to put the ball back into play during a Chelsea match against Coventry City led to a brawl with the Coventry manager, Gordon Strachan, and along with others he was later fined for misconduct.

In September 2000, early in the 2000–01 Premier League season, Vialli was sacked by Chelsea. Byrne continued the 2000–01 Chelsea season under the new manager, Claudio Ranieri. At the end of the season, Byrne left Chelsea after nine years with the club, following an offer from Vialli to be a part of his extensive management team at Watford.

### Watford FC general manager and director of football

Byrne joined Watford F.C. in 2001, brought in by Vialli on a three-year contract. The club drew up an ambitious three-year plan of gaining promotion from the second-tier First Division and returning to the Premiership where it had played during the 1999–00 season. Several high-profile signings, such as 30-year-old Ramon Vega and 24-year-old Stephen Hughes, joined in summer 2001 as the wage bills soared, with even Vialli paid close to £1 million a year. Byrne's exact duties as general manager in Vialli's management team were very loosely defined as he became involved in various aspects of the club's backroom business.

By Christmas, it was obvious that Watford had no hope of promotion and, coupled with the spring 2002 collapse of ITV Digital, the DTT broadcaster that held The Football League's television rights, the entire Watford project turned into financial ruin overnight. After finishing the 2001–02 First Division season in 14th place, the club ended Vialli's contract two years early and made attempts to avoid administration.

Following Vialli's dismissal, the club's recently appointed chairman, Graham Simpson, promoted Byrne to the post of director of football – a newly created role responsible for player contracts, scouting and the academy. One of Byrne's first tasks was hiring the next club manager, a job that went to Vialli's assistant Ray Lewington. Watford spent most of the 2002–03 First Division season trying to come up with an acceptable financial model that would allow the club to survive now that TV money was no longer there as a revenue source. The cash-strapped club narrowly avoided administration in the 2002–03 season by instituting cost-cutting measures such as forcing players and staff to accept a 12% wage deferral and raising funds via a share issue.

On 31 October 2003, it was announced that Byrne had been appointed as Beckham's personal manager from December 2003.

### Beckham's personal manager

Byrne stayed with Watford for two and a half years before becoming Beckham's personal manager and an executive of Beckham's company, Footwork Productions Limited. In actuality, Byrne had been involved with certain aspects of Beckham's business dealings long before he formally became the player's personal manager. For example, in 2002, on Beckham's behalf, Byrne met with Tim Leiweke, the chief executive of Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG, the company that owns the Los Angeles Galaxy and at the time also owned four other MLS franchises) in London to discuss Beckham's interest in starting a soccer academy for boys and girls with branches in London and Los Angeles.

When Byrne formally came on board, Beckham was with Real Madrid, which meant the manager had to move to Spain. Only months earlier, Beckham had left his long-time representative agency SFX to join Simon Fuller's 19 Entertainment that already managed the career of his pop-star wife Victoria. For Byrne, this meant working closely with Fuller in many aspects of his new job.

In 2006, Byrne launched 1966 Entertainment Limited, a joint venture with Fuller, and in 2009 Byrne acquired 100% of the company. 1966 Entertainment represents the England football team players' interests in their commercial partnership with the Football Association.

Byrne negotiated Beckham's contract with the Los Angeles Galaxy and remains a close friend.

In July 2007, Beckham made the long-anticipated mid-season switch to Los Angeles with Byrne having played a key role in arranging the transfer six months earlier. Some aspects of Byrne's subsequent involvement with the LA Galaxy have been controversial. Through his long-standing relationship with AEG's Tim Leiweke, Byrne became a consultant on the club payroll, which created an obvious conflict of interest, with a player's personal manager also paid for consulting services to that player's club management. Additionally, Byrne's appointment was not revealed to the public or to the club's players. All of this allowed Beckham, Byrne and 19 Entertainment to run the club from behind the scenes. Byrne carried out moves such as requesting the captain's armband to be given to Beckham immediately on joining the team, which eventually created tension with the club's then captain, Landon Donovan. Byrne hired club personnel, ignoring Galaxy's general manager Alexei Lalas, such as bringing Ruud Gullit as head coach in November 2007.

In 2008, 1966 Entertainment launched the Team England footballers' charity which donates players' match fees to their charity partners. The idea arose from Byrne's discussions with the players' committee.

### Co-founding Aura Entertainment

After ending his role as Beckham's personal manager, Byrne confirmed in January 2009 that he was in talks with the Leyton Orient chairman Barry Hearn regarding a possible takeover by the Byrne-headed consortium. However, this did not materialise.

In 2009, Byrne became a founding partner of Aura Entertainment along with Steve Clarke, David Piper and James Oxley. Aura Entertainment, along with David Gardiner and SEQ, created Arena 3000 (later renamed A:3K), of which Byrne is also a director.

A:3K's main activity is sports entertainment. Specifically, the company puts on entertainment events in indoor arenas during the summer off-season featuring well-known footballers. The shows combine elements of football with performing arts and technology. Byrne put together *A:3K Football*, a skills challenge event with a futuristic gladiator setting at The O2 arena in London on 17 July 2010 with David Villa, Cesc Fabregas, Cristiano Ronaldo, Didier Drogba, Steven Gerrard and Wayne Rooney. However, the event was postponed after Rooney and Gerrard, two of the most interesting names for the English crowd, withdrew, fearing a backlash for appearing at a highly paid event so soon after England's poor showing in the 2010 World Cup.

### Reviving the New York Cosmos

In 2010, Byrne helped to revive the New York Cosmos, working with former Tottenham Hotspur vice-chairman Paul Kemsley. He and Kemsley sold their stake in the team the following year.

### Pelé and Sport 10

After the revived Cosmos hired former global superstar Pelé as brand ambassador, Byrna and Kemsley formed a management agency named Sport 10 to handle the former superstar's merchandising and promotional deals. Byrne kept his position at the agency after leaving the Cosmos.

## InfoBox

| Terry Byrne | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-06-04) 4 June 1966<br>London, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Occupation | Football manager |
| Known for | David Beckham's personal manager 2003–2008 |


title: Cecil Bendall

abstract: Cecil Bendall was an English scholar, a professor of Sanskrit at University College London and later at the University of Cambridge. Bendall was educated at the City of London School and at the University of Cambridge, achieving first-class honours in the Classical Tripos in 1879 and the Indian Languages Tripos in 1881. He was elected to a fellowship at Gonville and Caius College. From 1882 to 1893 he worked at the British Museum in the department of Oriental Manuscripts. In 1894–1895 he was in Nepal and Northern India collecting oriental manuscripts for British Museum. During the winter 1898–1899 he returned to Nepal and together with pandit Hara Prasad Shastri and his assistant pandit Binodavihari Bhattacharya from the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, the team registered and collected information from palm-leaf manuscripts in the Durbar Library belonging to Rana Prime Minister Bir Shumsher J. B. Rana, and here he found the famous historical document Gopal Raj Vamshavali, describing Nepal's history from around 1000 to 1600. He was Professor of Sanskrit at University College London from 1895 to 1902, and at Cambridge from 1903 until his death. He was a contributor to the Dictionary of National Biography. He died in Liverpool in 1906 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge.

text:
# Cecil Bendall

**Cecil Bendall** (1 July 1856 – 14 March 1906) was an English scholar, a professor of Sanskrit at University College London and later at the University of Cambridge.

Bendall was educated at the City of London School and at the University of Cambridge, achieving first-class honours in the Classical Tripos in 1879 and the Indian Languages Tripos in 1881. He was elected to a fellowship at Gonville and Caius College.

From 1882 to 1893 he worked at the British Museum in the department of Oriental Manuscripts (now part of the British Library).

In 1894–1895 he was in Nepal and Northern India collecting oriental manuscripts for British Museum. During the winter 1898–1899 he returned to Nepal and together with pandit Hara Prasad Shastri and his assistant pandit Binodavihari Bhattacharya from the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, the team registered and collected information from palm-leaf manuscripts in the Durbar Library belonging to Rana Prime Minister Bir Shumsher J. B. Rana, and here he found the famous historical document Gopal Raj Vamshavali, describing Nepal's history from around 1000 to 1600.

He was Professor of Sanskrit at University College London from 1895 to 1902, and at Cambridge from 1903 until his death.

He was a contributor to the *Dictionary of National Biography*.

He died in Liverpool in 1906 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge.

* W. B. Owen, "Bendall, Cecil (1856–1906)", rev. R. S. Simpson, *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 11 March 2013
* "BENDALL, Cecil", *Who Was Who*, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2008; online ed., Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 11 March 2013
* "Obituary: Mr. Cecil Bendall, Professor of Sanscrit". *The Times*. No. 37968. 15 March 1906. p. 10. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
* "Cecil Bendall (BNDL875C)". *A Cambridge Alumni Database*. University of Cambridge.
* Cecil Bendall: *A Journey of Literary and Archaeological Research in Nepal and Northern India during the winter 1884–5*, Cambridge University Press, 1886 - 154 sider
* Hara Prasad Shastri. *A Catalogue of Palm-Leaf and selected Paper Manuscripts belonging to the Durbar Library, Nepal*, Calcutta 1905—with historical introduction by Cecil Bendall (including a description of *Gopal Raj Vamshavali*)