title: Daiyamukō Station

abstract: Daiyamukō Station is a railway station in the city of Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway. The station is numbered "TN-51".

text:
# Daiyamukō Station

**Daiyamukō Station** (大谷向駅, *Daiyamukō-eki*) is a railway station in the city of Nikkō, Tochigi, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tōbu Railway. The station is numbered "TN-51".

## Lines

Daiyamukō Station is served by the Tōbu Kinugawa Line, with direct services to and from Asakusa and Shinjuku in Tokyo, and is 0.8 km from the starting point of the line at Shimo-Imaichi.

## Station layout

The station consists of two opposed side platforms connected to the station building by a footbridge.

### Platforms

| **1** | Tōbu Kinugawa Line | for Kinugawa-Onsen |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **2** | Tōbu Kinugawa Line | for Shimo-Imaichi |

## History

The station opened on 2 January 1917 as **Daiyamukō-Imaichi Station** (大谷向今市駅). It was renamed Daiyamukō in 1919. The station was closed in November 1927, and reopened on 1 March 1931. It was destaffed from 1 September 1983.

From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on all Tōbu lines, with Daiyamukō Station becoming "TN-51.

The platforms received protection by the national government as a Registered Tangible Cultural Properties in 2017.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 161 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surrounding area

## InfoBox

| TN51
Daiyamukō Station
大谷向駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Daiyamukō Station in August 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 1406 Imaichi, Nikkō-shi, Tochigi-ken 321-1261
Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°43′56″N 139°41′31″E / 36.7321°N 139.6919°E / 36.7321; 139.6919 |
| Operated by | Tōbu Railway |
| Line(s) | Tōbu Nikkō Line |
| Distance | 0.8 km from Shimo-Imaichi |
| Platforms | 2 side platforms |
| Other information | |
| Station code | TN-51 |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 2 January 1917 |
| Previous names | Daiyamukō-Imaichi (to 1919) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2020 | 161 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Tobu Railway Following station  Shimo-ImaichiTN23Terminus  Kinugawa Line  ŌkuwaTN52towards Shin-Fujiwara | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Daiyamukō StationLocation within Tochigi PrefectureDaiyamukō StationDaiyamukō Station (Japan) | |


title: Kongin Range

abstract: The Kongin Range is a mountain range in Magadan Oblast, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia. The area of the range is uninhabited. Geologically the range is composed of limestone, dolerite and andesite of the Devonian period, as well as Devonian, Jurassic and Cretaceous rhyolite, with some granite and granodiorite intrusions.

text:
# Kongin Range

The **Kongin Range** (Russian: Конгинский хребет or *Конгинские Горы*) is a mountain range in Magadan Oblast, Far Eastern Federal District, Russia.

The area of the range is uninhabited. Geologically the range is composed of limestone, dolerite and andesite of the Devonian period, as well as Devonian, Jurassic and Cretaceous rhyolite, with some granite and granodiorite intrusions.

## Geography

The Kongin Range rises in the central sector of the Kolyma Highlands system. The mountains are of moderate height, the highest summit of the range is a 1,486 metres (4,875 ft) high summit rising in the southern part. Certain sources give a height of 1,561 metres (5,121 ft).

The range is located in the interfluve of the Omolon, Kedon and Korkodon rivers. The Namyndykan (Намындыкан), a left tributary of the Omolon marks its northern limit, while the lower course of the Kedon and its left tributary Levaya Kedon limit the range to the east. To the west the range is limited by the Bulun and the Korkodon, while to the south it merges with the northern slopes of the Molkaty Range.

### Hydrography

The Bulun, the longest tributary of the Korkodon, and its 156 kilometres (97 mi) long tributary Vizualnaya have their sources in the western slopes of the Kongin Range.

## Flora

On the slopes of the Kongin Range are there are sparse larch forests up to heights between 600 metres (2,000 ft) and 700 metres (2,300 ft). At higher elevations the only vegetation is mountain tundra. The barren high altitude zone is separated from the forest area by a belt of Siberian pine dwarf forest.

## InfoBox

| Kongin Range | |
| --- | --- |
| Конгинский хребет | |
| Kongin RangeLocation in Magadan Oblast, RussiaKongin RangeKongin Range (Far Eastern Federal District) | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Unnamed |
| Elevation | 1,486 m (4,875 ft) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 175 km (109 mi) NW/SE |
| Width | 40 km (25 mi) NE/SW |
| Geography | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Magadan Oblast |
| District | Severo-Evensky District
Srednekansky District |
| Range coordinates | 65°0′N 158°0′E / 65.000°N 158.000°E / 65.000; 158.000 |
| Parent range | Kolyma Highlands,
East Siberian System |
| Geology | |
| Orogeny | Alpine orogeny |
| Age of rock | Devonian, Jurassic and Cretaceous |
| Type of rock | Limestone, dolerite, andesite and rhyolite |


title: Seal Rescue Ireland

abstract: Seal Rescue Ireland is a conservation non-profit, headquartered in County Wexford, Ireland. According to the BBC, its main work includes "rescuing, rehabilitating and releasing orphaned and sick seals from across the country."

text:
# Seal Rescue Ireland

**Seal Rescue Ireland** is a conservation non-profit, headquartered in County Wexford, Ireland. According to the *BBC*, its main work includes "rescuing, rehabilitating and releasing orphaned and sick seals from across the country."

## History

Both common and grey seals are cared for by a team of volunteers at its seal visitor and rehabilitation centre in Courtown, County Wexford. In 2019, it restored Courtown Woods. In January 2020, it advocated for closing a beach in County Wicklow for nine months out of the year to protect a colony of seals. In the same month, they noted that rare seals, usually found in the Arctic, were appearing off the coasts of Cork and Kerry and they reduced their first, and so far only, arctic ringed seal. As of May 2020, its CEO was Melanie Croce and it had 1.2 million followers on TikTok. In February 2021, it launched a marine conservation virtual learning tool in collaboration with SSE Renewables. It began to collaborate with Orca Ireland and the NPWS, sharing their database of dead seals in order to attain a better understanding of the causes of seal deaths.

Injured or orphaned seal pups in Seal Rescue Ireland's care are comforted by "fake mums" which are made from old wetsuits. The "wetsuit mums" are designed to look and feel like adult seals. They are placed with the orphaned pups in the centre's intensive care unit. Seal Rescue Ireland adopted the use of "Ecobricks," a building material consisting of plastic bottles which are tightly packed with soft plastics. The bricks have been used by to make furniture, such as stools. Seal Rescue Ireland hosts Marine Conservation Roadshows and school tours to educate schoolchildren on threats to seals and ways to reduce them.


title: CS Academica Recea

abstract: Clubul Sportiv Academica Recea, commonly known Academica Recea, or simply as Recea, is an amateur Romanian football club based in Recea, Maramureș County. The team was founded in 2013 and promoted to Liga III at the end of the 2014–15 season, after a promotion play-off against Voința Cetate, winners of Bistrița-Năsăud County series. After a two-legged tie Recea won 5–4 and promoted for the first time in its history in the Liga III. Even if the club was founded in 2013, on the club's logo appear 2015 as the year of foundation, this year being the one in which the club was legally reorganized and changed its name from AS Comuna Recea to ACSF Comuna Recea. After it was relegated, in the summer of 2021 from the Liga II back to the Liga III, the club was dissolved. After one year of inactivity the football club was re-founded as Academica Recea and enrolled in the Liga IV.

text:
# CS Academica Recea

**Clubul Sportiv Academica Recea**, commonly known **Academica Recea**, or simply as **Recea**, is an amateur Romanian football club based in Recea, Maramureș County.

The team was founded in 2013 and promoted to Liga III at the end of the 2014–15 season, after a promotion play-off against Voința Cetate, winners of Bistrița-Năsăud County series. After a two-legged tie Recea won 5–4 and promoted for the first time in its history in the Liga III. Even if the club was founded in 2013, on the club's logo appear 2015 as the year of foundation, this year being the one in which the club was legally reorganized and changed its name from *AS Comuna Recea* to *ACSF Comuna Recea*. After it was relegated, in the summer of 2021 from the Liga II back to the Liga III, the club was dissolved.

After one year of inactivity the football club was re-founded as **Academica Recea** and enrolled in the Liga IV.

## History

### Founding and ascension of Recea (2013–present)

Even if the current club was founded in 2013, the history of football from Recea started back in 1959, when Dinamo Săsar, club based in the village of Săsar, Recea Commune, was founded. The team was in tight relation with Dinamo București, having a fulminating ascent and promoting in the second league at the end of the 1959–60 season. The club played for two years in the second tier, then relegated and never came back.

The club was founded in 2013, under the name of *AS Comuna Recea* and was enrolled in the fourth tier, Liga IV, South series. In its first season Comuna Recea finished 3rd after FCM Baia Mare's second squad and Speranța Coltău. In the second season *Recenii* won the series, four points ahead Viitorul Ulmeni and played the final of Maramureș County series against North series winners, Bradul Vișeu. The final was played on Viorel Mateianu Stadium in Baia Mare and Recea won 2–1 after extra time and qualified for the Liga III promotion play-off where after a two-legged tie against Voința Cetate, champions of Bistrița-Năsăud County, won 5–4 and promoted for the first time in its history in the Liga III.

After it was relegated in the summer of 2021, from the Liga II back to the Liga III it was dissolved, then after one year of inactivity the football club was re-founded as **Academica Recea** and enrolled in the Liga IV.

## Grounds

Academica Recea plays its home matches on Central Stadium in Recea. The stadium was opened on 9 May 2018, having a covered stand of 600 seats, a pitch covered with grass and a second training ground. The total cost of the construction was amount €300,000.

Between 2014 and 2018, when the stadium was under construction, *Recenii* played their home matches on Comunal Stadium, in the village of Săsar, Recea commune, with a capacity of 100 seats. In the 2013–14 season, the first after foundation, the team played on the Mocira Stadium, in the village of Mocira, same Recea commune.

## Honours

**Liga III**

**Liga IV – Maramureș County**

## League history

## InfoBox

Academica Recea
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Clubul Sportiv Academica Recea |
| Nickname(s) | *Recenii*
(The People from Recea) |
| Short name | Recea |
| Founded | 2013 (2013)
as *ACSF Recea*
2022 (2022)
as *Academica Recea* |
| Ground | Central |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Owner | Recea Commune |
| Chairman | Valer Giurgiu |
| Manager | Romulus Buia |
| League | Liga IV |
| 2023–24 | Liga IV, Maramureș County, 1st |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Cosmopterix acutivalva

abstract: Cosmopterix acutivalva is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Thailand.

text:
# Cosmopterix acutivalva

***Cosmopterix acutivalva*** is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Thailand.

## InfoBox

| *Cosmopterix acutivalva* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cosmopterigidae |
| Genus: | *Cosmopterix* |
| Species: | ***C. acutivalva*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cosmopterix acutivalva***<br>Kuroko, 1987 | |
|


title: Tulsa Theater

abstract: The Tulsa Theater is a theater and convention hall located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was originally completed in 1914 and remodeled in 1930 and 1952. The building was used as a detention center during the 1921 Tulsa race massacre. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and remains in use as a theater today. The theater was previously named after W. Tate Brady but was renamed in 2019 due to Brady's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan.

text:
# Tulsa Theater

The **Tulsa Theater** (formerly known as the **Brady Theater**, **Tulsa Municipal Theater**, and **Tulsa Convention Hall**) is a theater and convention hall located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was originally completed in 1914 and remodeled in 1930 and 1952. The building was used as a detention center during the 1921 Tulsa race massacre. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and remains in use as a theater today. The theater was previously named after W. Tate Brady but was renamed in 2019 due to Brady's affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan.

## History

The theater has served Tulsa as a public assembly facility since its completion in 1914. Located at the corner of W. Reconciliation Way and N. Boulder Avenue, it was built between 1912 and 1914 by The City of Tulsa upon the approval of a $125,000 bond issue. The theater was originally designed as a municipal auditorium and convention hall by the architectural firm of Rose and Peterson of Kansas City, Kansas. From 1914 to 1952, the building was known as Convention Hall. When the facility officially opened, it was billed as the largest hall between Kansas City and Houston, Texas. Another source claims it was one of only 16 theaters in the U. S. equipped to host a full Metropolitan Opera production. Indeed, the theater was frequently host to traveling opera productions, including a performance of Georges Bizet's *Carmen* starring Mary Garden in the title role in October 1916 with the Ellis Grand Opera. She returned the theater in 1918 with the Chicago Grand Opera Company (CGOC) to perform the title heroine in Jules Massenet's *Thaïs*. The CGOC also concurrently presented Giuseppe Verdi's *La traviata* with Frieda Hempel as Violetta. Other opera highlights at the theater included Giacomo Puccini's *Madama Butterfly* starring Tamaki Miura in 1923; Feodor Chaliapin as Boito's Mefistofele in 1924, and Rosa Raisa as Verdi's *Aida* in 1927. According to a local legend, the building is haunted by the ghost of Enrico Caruso, who performed there in 1920 and reportedly caught the cold that led to his death of pleurisy in 1921.

Because of its size and proximity to Greenwood the building was used temporarily to detain black men rounded up by the National Guard during the 1921 Race Massacre.

The venue has been given several nicknames by locals, including "The Miracle on Brady Street," "Old Lady on Brady" and the "Theater That Wouldn't Die."

## Description

Located at 105 West Reconciliation Way, the building is four stories tall, occupying an area of 130 feet by 160 feet. It was designed with a seating capacity for 4,200 people (including 1,300 in the balcony). The stage was 70 feet wide and 40 feet deep, and slopes 13 feet from back to front. According to the Tulsa Preservation Commission, the building also contained the only municipally owned pipe organ west of the Allegheny Mountains.

### 2020 renovation

The business began calling itself the Tulsa Theater on social media on Tuesday, January 7, 2020. Owner Peter Mayo plans to reuse a stainless-steel sign that spells out the word 'Tulsa' in stylish script, fitted with LED lighting. In storage for four decades, the sign was on the building from 1952 to 1979 while the venue was called the Tulsa Municipal Theater.

### 1952 additions

In 1952, additions were constructed at the front and rear of the original structure. Upper and lower lobbies were added and the building was renamed **Tulsa Municipal Theater**. The architectural design at the time was referred to as Western Classic Revival. In 1978, The City of Tulsa sold the building by sealed bid to local entrepreneur, Peter Mayo, who has owned it since. In 1979, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was supplanted in 1977 as the city's municipal auditorium by construction of the more modern Tulsa Performing Arts Center a few blocks southeast of the Brady's location. Renamed simply The Tulsa Theater, and affectionately known as "The Old Lady on Brady," it continues to operate as a venue for a wide variety of concerts and theatrical productions.

### 1930 renovation

In 1930, world-renowned architect Bruce Goff was hired as designer of a major overhaul of the interior. He was given thirty days to plan the transformation of the barn-like space into an elegant showplace suitable for a city that was becoming known as "The Oil Capital of the World." The Art Deco style remodeling included draperies and seats, vertical wall panels of white plaster decorated with thin gold dividers, gilded air conditioning grilles, and acoustic ceiling tiles painted green, blue, white, and gold. Five massive green and white pendant light fixtures were installed centrally in the auditorium.

## NRHP listing

Brady Theater was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on August 29, 1979. It was listed under National Register Criterion A and its NRIS number is 79002028. It was listed again on the National Register in 2010, as a contributing building in the Brady Historic District.

## InfoBox

Tulsa Theater
| Exterior view of the west end of the theater | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former names | Brady Theater (1979-2019)
Tulsa Municipal Theater (1952-79)
Tulsa Convention Hall (1914-52) |
| Address | 105 Reconciliation Way
Tulsa, OK 74103-7809 |
| Location | Tulsa Arts District |
| Owner | Peter Mayo |
| Capacity | 2,800 |
| Construction | |
| Opened | October 22, 1914 |
| Construction cost | $125,000
($3.95 million in 2023 dollars) |
| Architect | Rose and Peterson |
| Website | |
| Venue Website | |
|  | |
| Convention Hall | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 36°9′28.51″N 95°59′42.53″W / 36.1579194°N 95.9951472°W / 36.1579194; -95.9951472 |
| Architect | Curtin |
| Part of | Brady Historic District (ID10000618) |
| NRHP reference No. | 79002028 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | August 29, 1979 |
| Designated CP | September 3, 2010 |
|  | |


title: Russula solaris

abstract: Russula solaris is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Europe.

text:
# Russula solaris

***Russula solaris*** is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Russula solaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | *Russula* |
| Species: | ***R. solaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Russula solaris***<br>Ferd. & Winge (1924) | |
|


title: San Bernardino meridian

abstract: The San Bernardino meridian, established in 1852, is one of three principal meridians in the state of California. Because of the state's shape, three meridian–baseline sets are required for surveys in all parts of the state. The San Bernardino meridian is used for Southern California, and some townships in Arizona are also referenced to it. The initial point (datum) is at the summit of Mount San Bernardino, in the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California. It is at an elevation of over 10,000 feet. The meridian runs north–south from the initial point 34°07′13″N 116°55′48″W.

text:
# San Bernardino meridian

The **San Bernardino meridian**, established in 1852, is one of three principal meridians in the state of California. Because of the state's shape, three meridian–baseline sets are required for surveys in all parts of the state. The San Bernardino meridian is used for Southern California, and some townships in Arizona are also referenced to it.

The initial point (*datum*) is at the summit of **Mount San Bernardino**, in the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California. It is at an elevation of over 10,000 feet (3,000 meters).

The meridian runs north–south from the initial point 34°07′13″N 116°55′48″W / 34.12028°N 116.93000°W / 34.12028; -116.93000.

34°07′12.96″N 116°55′51.60″W / 34.1202667°N 116.9310000°W / 34.1202667; -116.9310000


title: Phindile Baleni

abstract: Phindile Baleni is a South African lawyer and civil servant who has been the director-general of the Presidency of South Africa since April 2021. She was formerly the director-general in the office of the Premier of Gauteng, David Makhura, from 2015 to 2021. Before that, she was the chief executive officer of the National Energy Regulator of South Africa from 2011 to 2015.

text:
# Phindile Baleni

**Phindile Baleni** (née **Nzimande**; born 1966 or 1967) is a South African lawyer and civil servant who has been the director-general of the Presidency of South Africa since April 2021. She was formerly the director-general in the office of the Premier of Gauteng, David Makhura, from 2015 to 2021. Before that, she was the chief executive officer of the National Energy Regulator of South Africa from 2011 to 2015.

## Early life and career

Baleni was born in 1966 or 1967 in Soweto, and she grew up in Katlehong on the East Rand. She attended high school in the nearby township of Vosloorus, matriculating at age sixteen. Thereafter she studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she completed a B.Proc and LLB.

She began her career as a candidate attorney at Wright Rose-Innes in Germiston and she remained at the firm as a professional assistant after she was admitted as an attorney and conveyancer. In 1993 she became a partner at Tiego Moseneke's law firm, Moseneke and Partners.

## Career in public service

In 1994, shortly after South Africa's first post-apartheid elections, Baleni joined the new Government of Gauteng as a special legal adviser to the newly appointed provincial minister for local government and housing, Dan Mofokeng. In late 1996, she left the provincial government to join the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, where she became an executive officer for local government policy. She ultimately became the executive director of the city's contract management unit.

In July 2003, Baleni joined the energy sector as chief executive officer of Electricity Distribution Industry Holdings, an organisation established by the Department of Minerals and Energy to oversee the establishment of six regional electricity distributors. On 1 May 2011, she took office as chief executive officer of the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA). Shortly afterwards, Minister Blade Nzimande additionally appointed her as chairperson of the Manufacturing, Engineering and Related Services Seta.

She remained at NERSA until February 2015, when she announced that she was resigning in order to return to the Gauteng Government, now as director-general in the office of the Premier of Gauteng, David Makhura. She joined Makhura's office in March 2015.

### Presidency of South Africa: 2021–present

On 31 March 2021, Baleni announced her departure from Gauteng to become director-general in the Presidency of South Africa, a position which also carries the responsibilities of cabinet secretary and head of public administration. She had been viewed as a frontrunner for the position since the retirement of the former incumbent, Cassius Lubisi, in September 2020. Appointed by President Cyril Ramaphosa, she was the first woman to hold the office.

In November 2022, Baleni's contract was extended by five years, and in April 2024 President Ramaphosa appointed her and Mike Mabuyakhulu to head a task team to resolve inefficiencies at the Port of Durban. However, the *Mail & Guardian* reported that she had a tense relationship with Ramaphosa's chief of staff, Roshene Singh, and she reportedly received death threats related to the Presidency's processing of the Zondo Commission report on state capture.

## Personal life

Baleni has one child. She is married to trade unionist Frans Baleni, a former general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers.

1. Marrian, Natasha (8 October 2020). "Is Phindile Baleni Cyril's next DG?". *Financial Mail*. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
2. "Phindile Baleni". *Presidency*. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
3. "New CEO appointed to NERSA". *South African Government News Agency*. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
4. "Blade's Seta woes grow". *Sunday Times*. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
5. "Energy on resignation of NERSA Chief Executive Officer, Ms Phindile Baleni". *South African Government*. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
6. "Energy boss Phindile Baleni quits". *News24*. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
7. "Nersa boss quits for premier's office". *News24*. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
8. "Phindile Baleni appointed DG in the Presidency". *News24*. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
9. "Phindile Baleni appointed first woman DG in the Presidency". *The Citizen*. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
10. "Presidency director-general Phindile Baleni gets the nod for another five years in office". *News24*. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
11. "Ramaphosa sets up team to 'reposition' Durban and fix port". *Business Day*. 4 April 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
12. Tandwa, Lizeka (15 May 2023). "Top technocrats are dumping Ramaphosa". *The Mail & Guardian*. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
13. "'We know where you drive': Presidency DG receives death threats and a bullet at her home". *News24*. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
14. "Profile: Phindile Nzimande". *Aspen Global Leadership Network*. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
15. Khoza, Amanda (11 April 2021). "'They think I'm soft, but these teeth... they bite': Phindile Baleni". *Sunday Times*. Retrieved 28 September 2024.

## InfoBox

| Phindile Baleni | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Director-General of the Presidency of South Africa | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 April 2021 | |
| President | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| Preceded by | Cassius Lubisi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Phindile Nzimande
1966 or 1967 (age 56–57)
Soweto, South Africa |
| Spouse | Frans Baleni |
| Alma mater | University of the Witwatersrand |
|  | |


title: Daiyat

abstract: Daiyat is a village and a Panchayat in Dewas district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Daiyat Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh. In the 2011 Census of India, its population was reported as 585.

text:
# Daiyat

**Daiyat** is a village and a Panchayat in Dewas district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Daiyat Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh. In the 2011 Census of India, its population was reported as 585.

## InfoBox

| Daiyat | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| DaiyatLocation in Madhya Pradesh, IndiaDaiyatDaiyat (India) | |
| Coordinates: 22°32′39″N 76°44′07″E / 22.544096631742363°N 76.73535314121847°E / 22.544096631742363; 76.73535314121847 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| District | Dewas |
| Government | |
| MLA | Ashish Sharma (BJP) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 455336 |
| Telephone code | 07274 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MP |
| Vehicle registration | MP-41 |


title: Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)

abstract: Samuel Parker, known as Kamuela Parker was a major landowner and businessman on the island of Hawaii, heir to the Parker Ranch estate. He was also a leading political figure at a critical time of the history of the Kingdom of Hawaii, serving in its last cabinet.

text:
# Samuel Parker (Hawaii politician)

**Samuel Parker**, known as **Kamuela Parker** (June 23, 1853 – March 19, 1920) was a major landowner and businessman on the island of Hawaii, heir to the Parker Ranch estate. He was also a leading political figure at a critical time of the history of the Kingdom of Hawaii, serving in its last cabinet.

## Background and early life

Samuel Parker was born on June 23, 1853. His paternal grandfather, John Palmer Parker (1790–1868), was a member of the eponymous Parker House Hotel family. John Parker was born in Boston, Massachusetts, but settled in the Hawaiian Islands. He founded the Hawaiian branch of the family when he married Chiefess Kipikane (1800–1860), who was related to the high-ranking chiefs of the Big Island. John's younger son, and Samuel's father, was Ebenezer Parker (1829–1855). Ebenezer Parker also married a Hawaiian woman, Kilia Nahulanui, on June 7, 1849. Despite his American-sounding name and upbringing, Samuel Parker was of three-quarters native Hawaiian ancestry.

Samuel Parker's life was influenced by some early deaths in the family. His father Ebenezer had died in 1855, when Samuel was only two years old. Samuel was the second son but his only brother, Ebenezer Christian Parker II, then died in 1860, at the age of ten. Samuel was educated at Oahu College, now known as Punahou School, on Oʻahu. There he made lasting friendships with his contemporaries among the Hawaiian nobility, a social connection that would prove very helpful in adulthood.

Grandfather John Parker - who did have a long life - died, in 1868, when Samuel was still only 15 years old. Samuel thus found himself the co-proprietor, with his father's elder brother, of the eponymous Parker Ranch.

The uncle was John Palmer Parker II (1827–1891), who was also married to a Hawaiian lady, Hanai. In 1879, they moved from the Ranch to a much larger and more accessible estate, more suited to their status as a wealthy and prominent couple who liked to entertain: *Puʻu o Pelu*. 20°1′9″N 155°40′55″W / 20.01917°N 155.68194°W / 20.01917; -155.68194 ("Puuopelu"). This left the Ranch house to Samuel and growing, new family.

The Parker Ranch began in 1847, with a small cottage called *Mana Hale*, in the remote uplands of Mauna Kea on Hawaiʻi island, at about 3,500 feet (1,100 m) elevation at 19°59′48″N 155°33′29″W / 19.99667°N 155.55806°W / 19.99667; -155.55806 ("Mana"), but was quickly built up into a profitable cattle-estate of 1 640 acres. However, when Samuel took over, he also left the cowboy work, and later the management, to others and was soon looking for further business opportunities.

## Family life

Samuel married Harriet ("Hattie") Panana Kaiwaokalani Napela (1852–1901) on August 23, 1871. She was the daughter of Jonathan Napela who was an early convert to Mormonism, She was also three-quarters Hawaiian, and also known as Harriet Richardson, after her mother's maiden name.

Samuel and Harriet Parker had nine children. Their first daughter was Mary Kihilani Parker (1871–1895). The second daughter, Eva Kalanikauleleiaiwi Parker (1872–1922), married her cousin James Frank Woods, the son of Parker's sister Mary. The third daughter, Helen Umiokalani Parker (1874–1929), married Carl Widemann, son of Hermann Widemann.

Samuel's fourth child, John Palmer Parker III (1875–1893), was adopted by John Palmer Parker II and married Elizabeth Jane Lanakila Dowsett, known to later generations as "Aunt Tootsie", on April 18, 1893, at the Parker home in Honolulu. They had one daughter Annie Thelma Kahiluonapuaopiilani Parker March 17, 1894, who generally known by her second name, as Thelma; John III died less than two months later, on May 8, 1894. Thelma married Henry Gaillard Smart July 25, 1912 in Honolulu. and had one son Richard Palmer Smart, born on May 21, 1913. However, she also died soon afterwards, in 1914, aged only 20.

Other children were: Harriet "Hattie" Kaonohilani Parker (1876–1884), Palmer Kuihelani Parker (1878–1896), Samuel Keaoulilani Parker (1879–1934), Ernest Napela Parker (1884–1945) and James Kekoalii Parker (1886–1962).

Parker's uncle, John Palmer Parker II, died in November 1891.

Parker's wife, Harriet, died in 1901, but he did not remain a widower for long.

## Sugar-plantations

The family business was the Parker Ranch, a huge and successful cattle-business in the interior. However, in the second half of the century, the sugar-industry was developing rapidly in Hawaii, and Parker saw a profitable business opportunity and a chance to diversify from reliance on livestock.

In 1878, he started the Paʻauhau Plantation with Rufus Anderson Lyman, about 50 miles north of Hilo at coordinates 20°5′9″N 155°26′6″W / 20.08583°N 155.43500°W / 20.08583; -155.43500 ("Paauhau"). Lyman was advisor to island governor, Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani, the only land owner with holdings greater than those of the Parker Ranch. Her lands later became a major part of the Kamehameha Schools estate.

Parker enjoyed being at the heart of Hawaiian business and social life and developing a new and powerful circle of friends and associates. He was often involved in real estate deals involving long-term leases from the Kamehameha estate, or buying them fee simple, and also enjoyed the Hawaiian tradition of lavish entertaining at his estates.

On August 19, 1879 Parker invested in the nearby Pacific Sugar Mill in Kukuihaele near Waipiʻo Valley. The Pacific mill had an abundant water supply, but eventually failed from mismanagement. In 1883 manager William H. Purvis introduced the mongoose, which became an invasive pest. Herds of cattle and sheep had to be destroyed later when a glanders epidemic broke out because of poor conditions in the stables. Parker was becoming involved in too many projects to concentrate on addressing any particular problems that developed in his growing personal and professional empire.

## Politics

Royal household

In 1883, Parker took his first public role when he became a member of the Privy Council of King Kalākaua. In November 1884, he traveled abroad on official business, with the commission to the World Cotton Centennial in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1886, he was appointed to the office of royal Equerry, which supplied horses and arranged ceremonial occasions, and to the personal staff of Kalākaua with honorary rank of Major and Equerry in Waiting. Later, he was often addressed as *Colonel*, but this was also merely a courtesy and there is no record of his ever serving as a regular soldier. He was appointed to the House of Nobles in the legislature from 1886 to 1890.

In the meanwhile, the ranch had been mortgaged to finance the failed sugar business, and was taken over by trustees and managed by Paul Jarrett in 1888.

Minister of State

In early 1891 Kalākaua died, and Queen Liliʻuokalani became the new ruler. On February 25, 1891, Parker was appointed to his first cabinet post, Minister of Foreign Affairs, when John Adams Cummins was told to resign by the queen. On March 3 Parker was appointed to the Commission of Crown Lands. He was generally considered the most powerful member of the cabinet; sometimes called Prime Minister, or Premier, but there was no such official office. The choice of Parker satisfied the people who wanted more native Hawaiians in the government, and he generally had favorable relations with the American interests at the time.

The first sign of trouble came a week later when Parker also became acting Minister of Finance, temporarily replacing Hermann A. Widemann who was also serving on the Supreme Court. The McKinley Tariff act had devastated the Hawaiian economy by making exports to the US much more expensive, undoing the effects of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875. It was not until July that former self-taught dentist John Mott-Smith would take over the Finance position, which he had taken earlier under Kamehameha V. However, by October Mott-Smith was sent to Washington, DC to negotiate a trade treaty, and Parker had to again take the Finance position until Widemann could resume his duties on January 28, 1892.

Political unrest

A time of unprecedented instability in the government began in 1892, with the previously biennial part-time legislature having its longest session. Power was split among three parties, with only one of them, the Hawaiian National Reform Party, considered loyal to the queen. By early 1892, Marshal Charles Burnett Wilson suspected members of the Hawaiian National Liberal Party were planning a takeover of the government in response to the 1887 Bayonet Constitution which essentially limited voting rights to wealthy non-indigenous Hawaiians of American or European descent. These efforts were blocked by the Reform Party, which largely represented wealthy descendants of Americans and Europeans. Parker was attacked by the Liberals and called a "half-caste cowboy". By May some of the Liberals were arrested, but most charges were dropped, with Parker agreeing that prosecutions would just inflame tensions further.

Reports began circulating that Hawaii was negotiating to be annexed by the United States, but Parker issued denials. In reality, Lorrin A. Thurston (a newspaper publisher whose only government position was as a legislator) had been in Washington lobbying for annexation, but Mott-Smith did nothing to communicate this to Parker. Attorney General Whiting resigned because of a disagreement with Parker. Liliʻuokalani made a deal with the cabinet: if they supported a lottery to help raise funds, she would appoint Paul Neumann as the new attorney general, who agreed to keep Wilson as marshal. On August 30, 1892 the legislature passed a no confidence motion, insisting the Marshal Wilson be removed. Parker and the rest of the cabinet resigned, but Liliʻuokalani could not come up with replacements that would be acceptable to her opponents in the legislature. In November 1892 Parker was forced to resign, and was replaced with Joseph Nawahi.

Parker was again appointed to head the government on January 13, 1893 as Minister of Foreign Affairs; it was to be the last cabinet appointed by a ruling monarch. The next day Liliʻuokalani presented her proposed 1893 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii to the cabinet. Frustrated by their hesitation, she threatened to proclaim it unilaterally. Parker and the other ministers were also warned by Thurston and other prominent citizens not to approve the new constitution, which they saw as returning to a more powerful autocratic rule. Parker met with both Liberals who demanded wider voting rights, and the American minister John L. Stevens, who said he would not support the queen if there was an uprising.

On January 16, troops from the USS *Boston* came ashore, armed but ordered to be as neutral as possible. Parker protested, and asked Stevens to order them to leave, but was told they were protecting American interests. The next day the Provisional Government of Hawaii declared the queen deposed. Parker protested to Stevens one more time, but by the time a response was delivered to Parker, the government building had been seized. Only a small police force led by Charles Burnett Wilson was protecting Liliʻuokalani, so Parker helped negotiate a surrender of to avoid bloodshed.

From San Francisco Parker tried to convince the US to restore the Queen, but the efforts were not successful. He was interviewed by US Commissioner James H. Blount in preparing his Blount Report on April 6, 1893. He stated his opinion that a majority of voters would have approved a restoration of the queen.

## Territorial life

Parker supported Sanford Dole as the first governor of the Territory of Hawaii, even though he had some encouragement to seek that post himself. In 1900 Parker attended the organizing convention of the Republican Party of Hawaii, and was chosen to attend the national convention in Philadelphia on June 19. In September Parker was nominated without opposition by the Republicans for the first election of delegate to US Congress for the territory. Prince David Kawānanakoa ran as a Democrat; they both lost. Parker came in a close second to Robert W. Wilcox of the Home Rule Party of Hawaii.

It is at this time that most townsfolk believe that the Postal Office in Waimea was renamed Kamuela in honor of Parker. This was to avoid confusion with the larger community of Waimea, Kauaʻi. This claim is supported by documentation within the records of the US Board of Geographic Names.

Parker's first wife died in July 1901. His second wife was Abigail Kuaihelani Maipinepine (1859–1908), widow of industrialist James Campbell. They married January 3, 1902 at the Occidental Hotel in San Francisco, with judge J. C. B. Hebbard officiating. This made him stepfather to Abigail Campbell and his second wife's other daughters. Parker had acquired a reputation as a notorious spendthrift. Even his supporters said:

> The titled and the wealthy of all lands who have visited the islands know Parker and have partaken of his hospitality. Few men have bet more money at poker on small hands than has Colonel "Sam" Parker.

Three days later, his stepdaughter Abigail married Prince Kawānanakoa, who had been his opponent in the 1900 election. This family and its descendants became known as the House of Kawānanakoa.

As part of their honeymoon, in early 1902 the Parkers traveled to Washington, DC, where he visited Theodore Roosevelt. They returned to California February 2, 1902; it was rumored that Parker would be appointed as the next governor of the Territory of Hawaii. However, George R. Carter was appointed instead, descended from American missionaries. It would not be until John D. Waihee III in 1986 that an ethnic native Hawaiian would become governor. Parker's wife was a target of a jewel theft when they returned in 1903.

Although Parker stayed active in the Republican party, he was never elected or appointed to a territorial office. He was able to convince Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, brother of his stepson-in-law Kawānanakoa, to run as a Republican in the 1902 election of congressional delegate; Kalanianaʻole won, and was reelected until his death. Parker served as the first territorial representative on the Republican National Committee.

In 1904 he partnered with Kohala Plantation owner John Hind on the irrigation project known as the Kohala Ditch and hired Michael O'Shaughnessy to help engineer the project. He invested in the Hawaiian Irrigation Company of John T. McCrosson, originally called the Hamakua Ditch company, but changed to avoid confusion with the earlier project of a similar name on Maui by Henry Perrine Baldwin. It was intended to build another irrigation system for Parker's Paʻauhau Plantation. Although Parker arranged various leases for ranch land, these projects fell into turmoil over contractual disputes.

Parker was often at odds with Parker Ranch manager Alfred Wellington Carter (cousin of governor George Carter). Carter was steadily investing in enlarging the ranch, while Parker was more interested in using its profits to support his lifestyle. Carter was appointed guardian of Annie Thelma Parker, heir of her adoptive grandfather John Parker II's half interest in the ranch. Carter proposed mortgaging that half to buy out Parker. Parker claimed he rightfully owned the entire ranch and started a lawsuit to remove Carter as guardian and ranch manager. Annie Thelma Parker's mother, who had remarried to Frederick S. Knight of San Francisco in October 1900, publicly attacked Parker saying she "had personal knowledge of the extravagance of said Samuel Parker and of his inability to manage his own property affairs in a discreet and prudent manner". Although the court battles dragged on for years, eventually Parker accepted $600,000 and a few small parcels in exchange for his share in the ranch, finalized on September 20, 1906.

After his wife Abigail's death in 1908, the Campbell Estate, one of the largest private landholdings in Hawaii, was left in trust to her children from her first marriage. Parker spent more time in the US, including visiting his distant Boston relations. The press liked to call him the "King of Hawaii". His health started to fail, and he headed back to Hawaii in November 1913 on a new steamship of the Matson Navigation Company line.

Parker died March 19, 1920, after a heart illness. He and many family members are buried at the original Parker family cemetery near Hale Mana. The Parker Ranch, estimated worth about $6 million at the time, was left in trust to his six-year-old great-grandson Richard Smart. Parker's personal estate went to five surviving children. When Smart died in 1992 the ranch passed to a non-profit trust. Parker's nephew James Frank Woods (1872–1930), widower of daughter Eva, in 1923 married Elizabeth Kahanu Kalanianaʻole (1879–1932), who was the widow of Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole.

## Family tree

1. "record of Kilia – E. Parker (k)". *Hawaii island wedding records (1832–1910)*. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved December 25, 2009.
2. Cheryl Chee Tsutsumi (February 1, 2009). "Cattle Country: A visit to Parker Ranch on the Big Isle is like taking a journey back in time". *Honolulu Star Bulletin*. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
3. Fred E. Woods (2008). "Most Influential Mormon Islander: Jonathan Hawaii Napela". *Hawaiian Journal of History*. Vol. 42. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 135–157. hdl:10524/98.
4. *The Sons of the American Revolution magazine*. Vol. 1. Sons of the American Revolution. 1907. p. 17.
5. Kapiikauinamoku (May 21, 1956). "Col. Sam Parkerʻs Wife Descendant of Chieftess". *The Story of Maui Royalty: The Parkers of Waimea*.
6. Kapiikauinamoku (May 23, 1956). "Second Son of Parkers, Palmer, Died As Youth". *The Story of Maui Royalty: The Parkers of Waimea*.
7. "Marriage record, Oahu (1832–1910)". *state archives digital collections*. state of Hawaii. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
8. "Union of Mr. John P. Parker and Miss Elizabeth Jane Dowsett". *Honolulu Daily Bulletin*. April 19, 1893. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
9. "Hawaiian Heiress to wed; Barbaric Splendor to Mark Marriage of Miss Parker to H.G. Smart" (PDF). *New York Times*. July 24, 1912.
10. Billy Bergin (2004). *Loyal to the Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch 750–1950*. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2692-5.
11. "Death of an old Kama-aina". *Hawaiian Gazette*. November 24, 1891. p. 7. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
12. "Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company History". *Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives*. University of Hawaii. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
13. Liliʻuokalani (Queen of Hawaii) (1898) \[1898\]. *Hawaii's story by Hawaii's queen, Liliuokalani*. Lee and Shepard, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-548-22265-2.
14. "Pacific Sugar Mill History". *Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives*. University of Hawaii. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
15. "Parker, Samuel office record". *state archives digital collections*. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
16. Ralph Simpson Kuykendall (1967). *Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, the Kalakaua Dynasty*. Vol. 3. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-433-1.
17. "Widemann, Hermann A. office record". *state archives digital collections*. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
18. Albertine Loomis (1963). "The Longest Legislature". *Annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society*. pp. 9–27. hdl:10524/35.
19. "Still has Hopes: Queen Lil Has Not Abandoned the Restoration Idea". *San Francisco Morning Call*. January 18, 1894. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
20. "Blount Report: Affairs in Hawaii". pp. 903–911. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
21. "Correspondence: His Duty". *The Independent*. Honolulu. February 19, 1900. p. 2. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
22. Charles H. Hunter (1956). "Hawaiian Politics—1900". *Annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society*. pp. 14–20. hdl:10524/59.
23. "Samuel Parker the Unanimous Nominee of Republican Convention: He will lead the Grand Old Party in First Political Campaign in Hawaii". *The Honolulu Republican*. September 25, 1900. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
24. *Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events*. D. Appleton and company. 1902. p. 304.
25. "What's in a name?". November 8, 2019.
26. "Hattie Parker". *The Independent*. Honolulu. July 12, 1901. p. 4. Retrieved June 29, 2010./
27. "Samuel Parker and Mrs. Campbell Married Quietly at San Francisco". *Hawaiian Gazette*. January 14, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
28. "Death of Mrs. Campbell-Parker at the Hospital". *Hawaiian Gazette*. November 3, 1908. Retrieved June 14, 2010. (reprinted from Honolulu Advertiser)
29. Richard A. Hawkins (2003). "Princess Abigail Kawananakoa: the Forgotten Territorial Native Hawaiian Leader". *Hawaiian Journal of History*. Vol. 37. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 163–177. hdl:10524/354.
30. "May be next governor: San Jose Lady has a Responsible Position in Prospect". *The Evening News*. San Jose, California. January 31, 1902.
31. "Prince David and His Bride Are En Route to Island Home". *The Evening News*. San Jose, California. February 1, 1902. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
32. "$80,000 Robbery in Honolulu: Mrs. Samuel Parker's Jewels Stolen After She Had Attended a Reception" (PDF). *New York Times*. August 3, 1903.
33. United States Congress. "Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole (id: K000004)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.
34. Wanda A. Adams (September 8, 2002). "Hike Through History at Pololū Valley". *Honolulu Advertiser*. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
35. "Hawaii (Special Correspondence)". *The Louisiana planter and sugar manufacturer*. Vol. 37. Louisiana Sugar Planters' Association. June 20, 1906. p. 9.
36. *Congressional Testimony of Arthur C. Gehr and Edward S. Boyd*. US Government Printing Office. 1903. pp. 68–107. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
37. "Partnership not Shown: Never Heard of in Thirteen Years". *Hawaiian Gazette*. September 2, 1904. p. 5. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
38. "Mrs. Knight Takes Hand in Parker Ranch Case: Charges Conspiracy by Sam Parker, J. S. and E. Low, F. Wundenberg and Magoon & Lightfoot to Defraud Annie T. K. Parker". *Hawaiian Gazette*. August 2, 1904. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
39. "James Campbell, Esq" (PDF). James Campbell Company LLC. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
40. "Col. Samuel Parker, "King of Hawaii" Here: Col. Samuel Parker in Boston, the Home of His Grandfather" (PDF). *New York Times*. December 27, 1911. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
41. "New Matson Boat Leaves New York a Week from Today—Col. Parker Aboard". *Hawaiian Gazette*. November 18, 1913. p. 3. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
42. "Col. Sam Parker Dead". *The Maui News*. March 26, 1920.
43. "Col. Samuel Parker, "King of Hawaii," Dies; Sugar Planter, Once Queen Liliuokalani's Prime Minister, Left $6,000,000 to Great Grandchild" (PDF). *New York Times*. March 25, 1920. Retrieved June 13, 2010.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| The HonourableSamuel Parker | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | |
| **In office**<br>February 1891  November 1892 | |
| Monarch | Liliʻuokalani |
| Preceded by | John A. Cummins |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Nawahi |
| **In office**<br>January 13, 1893  January 17, 1893 | |
| Preceded by | Mark P. Robinson |
| Minister of Finance | |
| **In office**<br>March 1891  July 1891 | |
| Preceded by | Hermann A. Widemann |
| Succeeded by | John Mott-Smith |
| **In office**<br>October 1891  January 1892 | |
| Preceded by | John Mott-Smith |
| Succeeded by | Hermann A. Widemann |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1853-06-23)June 23, 1853<br>Waimea, Hawaii, Kingdom of Hawaii |
| Died | March 19, 1920(1920-03-19) (aged 66)<br>Territory of Hawaii, United States |
| Resting place | Parker family cemetery, near Hale Mana |
| Nationality | Kingdom of Hawaii <br>United States |
| Spouse(s) | Harriet Panana Napela<br>Abigail Kuaihelani Maipinepine |
| Children | 9 |
| Residence | Parker Ranch |
| Occupation | Rancher, Businessman, Politician |
|  | |


title: Cape serotine

abstract: The Cape serotine is a species of vesper bat occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. 'Serotine' is from Latin 'serotinus' meaning 'of the evening'. It is found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Djibouti.

text:
# Cape serotine

The **Cape serotine** (***Laephotis capensis***) is a species of vesper bat occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. 'Serotine' is from Latin 'serotinus' meaning 'of the evening'.

It is found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Djibouti.

## Taxonomy

It was formerly classified in *Neoromicia* before phylogenetic analysis found it to belong to *Laephotis*.

## Habitat and ecology

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, and moist savanna, grassland, bushveld and Acacia woodland, and though recorded from more arid areas is absent from desert regions.

Calum Moore discovered the animal in 1864

Animals roost in small groups of up to about 20 individuals, under the bark of trees, in hollow trees, in cracks in walls and under the eaves and roofs of houses whether thatched, tiled or covered in corrugated iron. Being unobtrusive, their presence is mostly unnoticed. They will readily occupy a bat house.

Small, brownish in colour with a greyish underbelly, and relatively untidy fur. Its colour is quite variable depending on the region where it occurs. Small snout and mouth, with a dome-shaped forehead. Wing membranes are dark in colour with a forearm length of some 29–38 mm with a small wingspan. Weight is between 4-10 grams. Its flying behaviour when foraging appears to be quite playful.

They give birth once a year to from 1-4 young between October and November. Food items include beetles, lacewings, moths, mosquitoes, plant-sucking bugs and a variety of other flying insects.

The genome of a close relative of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been found in a specimen of *Laephotis capensis* (previously erroneously assumed to be *Neoromicia zuluensis*).

> *There is increasing evidence that bats may carry a wide diversity of viruses which they may pass on to other animals or human beings. For example, Australian bats can transmit the hendra virus to horses, which in turn pass it on to humans. This should not be seen as an excuse to get rid of bats. The public is generally advised against handling them because they may carry infectious agents, but they should cherish them for the services they provide.*
>
> Prof. Wolfgang Preiser, Stellenbosch University

## Synonyms

* *Eptesicus capensis*
* *Vespertilio capensis*
* *Pipistrellus capensis* in part
* *Neoromicia capensis*

## InfoBox

| Cape Serotine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Vespertilionidae |
| Genus: | *Laephotis* |
| Species: | ***L. capensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Laephotis capensis***
(A. Smith, 1829) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Eptesicus capensis* (A. Smith, 1829)
*Neoromicia capensis* | |


title: CS 42/3 mine

abstract: The CS 42/3 is an Italian wooden cased anti-tank mine used during the Second World War. Like the earlier CS 42/2 mine it uses four PMC 43 fuzes. It is a minimum metal mine, containing no metal.

text:
# CS 42/3 mine

The **CS 42/3** is an Italian wooden cased anti-tank mine used during the Second World War. Like the earlier CS 42/2 mine it uses four PMC 43 fuzes. It is a minimum metal mine, containing no metal.

## Specifications

* Dimensions: 284 x 236 x 144 millimeters
* Operating pressure: 220 lbs
* Explosive content: 11 lbs of TNT

* *Landmine and Countermine Warfare*, *North Africa 1940-1943*


title: Country Thunder Saskatchewan

abstract: Country Thunder Saskatchewan is an annual country music festival, held in the Qu'Appelle Valley, near Craven, Saskatchewan, Canada.

text:
# Country Thunder Saskatchewan

**Country Thunder Saskatchewan** (formerly the **Craven Country Jamboree**) is an annual country music festival, held in the Qu'Appelle Valley, near Craven, Saskatchewan, Canada.

## History

The event was first held in 1983 as the **Big Valley Jamboree**, with Roy Orbison as a headline act. The event was originally founded by Roman Catholic priest Lucien Larré as a fundraiser for his youth housing charity Bosco Homes. A historic feature of the festival has been the "Gopher Run", a rush seating line where up to 3,000 spectators can bring their own chairs for the front row. In the late-1980's, the Jamboree came under government oversight due to an abuse scandal involving Larré. In 1993, the Jamboree was sold to the Alberta-based Vinco Foods, who began to hold a sister event in Camrose, Alberta. By then, the event had begun to see declines in ticket sales and revenue, leading to changes such as a cap on ticket sales, and replacement of the "Gopher Run" with reserved "VIP" seats in 1995.

Contrasting its earlier reputation as a family-oriented event, a more raucous atmosphere also began to develop, to the point that the Ministry of Health distributed free condoms at the Jamboree in 1993, a Regina-based company organized a strip show at the local curling rink in 1994, and an attendee in 1995 was quoted as saying that she was in search of "fast horses, faster men and more beer".

After going into receivership, the Big Valley Jamboree was sold to the Queen City Kinsmen in February 1996, who ran the festival with a "back to the basics" approach with less commercialization. Unable to return the event to profitability, the Kinsmen relaunched the Jamboree as a classic rock festival in 2000, known as **Rock 'N The Valley**. In 2005, promoter Troy Vollhoffer (who had previously worked as a stagehand for early editions of the event) took over the festival, and relaunched it with a return to country music as the Craven Country Jamboree. The Big Valley Jamboree in Camrose has continued to be held.

On October 27, 2016, it was announced that the event had been rebranded as part of the Country Thunder series of festivals (which are run by Vollhoffer via his company Premier Global Productions), with organizers stating that the integration gave it more "buying power" in terms of attracting larger acts.

In 2020 and 2021, the festival was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The festival returned in 2022.


title: Enchylium limosum

abstract: Enchylium limosum, commonly known as lime-loving tarpaper lichen, is a species of crustose to subfoliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. This unique lichen species possesses a gelatinous thallus with a dark coloration, contributing to its distinctive appearance. It thrives in a diverse array of habitats spanning temperate to boreal-montane regions, across Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. The ecological preferences of E. limosum include a notable affinity for calcareous soils. Such soils contain calcium carbonate or lime, hence the species' common name of "lime-loving". This characteristic often leads to its colonizing environments disrupted by human activity. Habitats such as quarries and spoil heaps frequently host populations of this lichen. Despite its extensive geographical distribution, E. limosum is often underestimated and overlooked, particularly in Alpine regions where its occurrence is sporadic. The conservation status of E. limosum presents a nuanced picture that varies across different regions. In some areas, it is designated as vulnerable or critically imperiled due to threats such as habitat loss and disturbance. E. limosum has undergone several taxonomic revisions. Originally described by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1799 as Lichen limosus, it was reassigned by various taxonomists, and received its current accepted name Enchylium limosum in 2013 by Mónica Andrea García Otálora, Per Magnus Jørgensen, & Mats Wedin. Synonyms for it have included Collema forissii Szatala, Collema glaucescens Hoffm., Collema viscosum A. Massal., and others.

text:
# Enchylium limosum

***Enchylium limosum***, commonly known as **lime-loving tarpaper lichen**, is a species of crustose to subfoliose lichen in the family *Collemataceae*. This unique lichen species possesses a gelatinous thallus with a dark coloration, contributing to its distinctive appearance. It thrives in a diverse array of habitats spanning temperate to boreal-montane regions, across Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia.

The ecological preferences of *E. limosum* include a notable affinity for calcareous soils. Such soils contain calcium carbonate or lime, hence the species' common name of "lime-loving". This characteristic often leads to its colonizing environments disrupted by human activity. Habitats such as quarries and spoil heaps frequently host populations of this lichen. Despite its extensive geographical distribution, *E. limosum* is often underestimated and overlooked, particularly in Alpine regions where its occurrence is sporadic.

The conservation status of *E. limosum* presents a nuanced picture that varies across different regions. In some areas, it is designated as vulnerable or critically imperiled due to threats such as habitat loss and disturbance.

*E. limosum* has undergone several taxonomic revisions. Originally described by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1799 as *Lichen limosus*, it was reassigned by various taxonomists, and received its current accepted name *Enchylium limosum* in 2013 by Mónica Andrea García Otálora, Per Magnus Jørgensen, & Mats Wedin. Synonyms for it have included *Collema forissii* Szatala, *Collema glaucescens* Hoffm., *Collema viscosum* A. Massal., and others.

## Systematics

### Etymology

The species *Enchylium limosum*, commonly known as lime-loving tarpaper lichen, derives its name from its original classification as *Collema limosum*, attributed to the Swedish botanist Erik Acharius. The specific epithet "limosum" is derived from the Latin word "limosus", meaning "full of mud" or "slime", which aptly describes the dark, wet thallus characteristic of this lichen.

### Taxonomy

*Enchylium limosum* was originally described by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1799 under the name Lichen limosus in "*Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr*." Throughout its taxonomic history, *E. limosum* has undergone several changes in nomenclature. Originally described by Ach. in 1799 as *Lichen limosus*, it was later reassigned by Ach. in 1810 as *Collema limosum* in "Lich. Univ." Subsequent taxonomic revisions led to further adjustments, such as its classification as *Collema glaucescens var. limosum* by German lichenologist Julius von Flotow in 1850 and *Collema pulposum var. limosum* by British lichenologist William Mudd in 1861.

In 1891, German botanist Kuntze (1843–1907) identified it as *Gabura limosa* in "Revis. gen. pl.," followed by its recognition as *Collema cheileum var. glaucescens* by Russian lichenologist Elenkin in 1904. British lichenologist Arthur Reginald Horwood further reassigned it as *Eucollema glaucescens* in 1912.

In 2013, Mónica Andrea García Otálora, Per Magnus Jørgensen, & Mats Wedin proposed its current accepted name, *Enchylium limosum.* This taxonomic revision was published in the journal "Fungal Diversity" in 2014.

### Synonymy

*Enchylium limosum* has undergone several taxonomic revisions, so it is found under a number of different names in scientific literature. These synonyms include *Collema forissii* Szatala, *Collema glaucescens* Hoffm., *Collema viscosum* A. Massal., *Collema limosum* (Ach.) Ach., *Collema pulposum var. limosum* (Ach.) Mudd, *Eucollema glaucescens* (Hoffm.) Horw., *Gabura limosa* (Ach.) Kuntze, *Lichen crispus limosum* (Ach.) Lam., *Lichen limosus* Ach., and *Parmelia limosa* (Ach.) Ach.

## Description

*Enchylium limosum* is a diminutive crustose to subfoliose lichen species that forms a delicate, gelatinous thallus ranging from 100 to 500 micrometers in thickness when fully hydrated. The thallus has a distinctive dark olive-green to brownish-black coloration and a textural appearance that can vary from granulose to membranous. While the thalline margins are often indistinctly lobed, the lichen's vegetative structure is typically best developed in the areas surrounding the apothecia. *E. limosum* does not have an upper or a lower cortical layer.

The apothecia of *E. limosum* are profuse, lecanorine in structure, and sessile, measuring 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter, occasionally reaching up to 4 millimeters. The apothecial disc displays a flat to convex topography, ranging in color from reddish-brown to dark brown-black, and is bordered by a thick, often verrucose or lobulate thalline margin. Microscopically, the thalline exciple is either ecorticate or only pseudocorticate in the basal regions, while the proper exciple is poorly developed, composed of euthyplectenchymatous (elongated) or, more rarely, subparaplectenchymatous hyphae, and reaches up to 40 micrometers in lateral width.

The hymenium of *E. limosum* is colorless, measuring 80 to 120 micrometers in height, and exhibits a positive reaction to iodine staining (I+ blue). The paraphyses are simple or sparsely branched in their upper portions, 1.5 to 2 micrometers thick at the mid-level, and terminate in clavate to subglobose apical cells that are 3 to 4.5 micrometers wide. The hypothecium ranges from colorless to pale yellow in appearance.

The asci of *E. limosum* are cylindrical-clavate in shape, containing (2-) 4 spores, with a distinctly thickened apex and a downwardly projecting, deeply blue-staining (K/I+) tubular structure. The ascospores themselves are muriform or submuriform, possessing 3 to 5 transverse septa and 1 to 2 longitudinal septa, hyaline in color, and ellipsoid to subovoid in shape with obtuse to rarely subacute ends, measuring (20-) 25 to 35 (−40) micrometers in length and (8-) 10 to 15 (−17) micrometers in width. The ascospores of *E. limosum* are around 30 micrometers in length.

Pycnidia, when present, are infrequent, either immersed or slightly projecting, appearing as small reddish dots, and produce straight, bacilliform conidia that are 4 to 6 micrometers long and 1 to 1.8 micrometers wide. The photobiont of *E. limosum* is a cyanobacterium, specifically Nostoc, with the cells arranged in elongated chains. All spot tests conducted on this lichen species yield negative results, and no secondary metabolites have been detected.

*E. limosum* is considered a diminutive lichen species, characterized by its crustose thallus that is often more developed in the areas surrounding the relatively large and conspicuous apothecia, which contain 4-spored asci. *E. limosum* is recognized as a typical pioneer species, commonly colonizing bare, often calcareous soils, including anthropogenic habitats such as quarries and spoil heaps, though its presence in these areas is generally temporary.

## Chemistry

*Enchylium limosum* does not contain any detectable lichen substances or secondary metabolites. *E. limosum* exhibits negative reactions to all standard spot tests.

The species is found on substrates with a relatively acidic pH, ranging from 3 to 4. This indicates that *E. limosum* favors growing on subacid to subneutral substrates, such as those found in moderately disturbed environments.

In terms of solar irradiation, *E. limosum* prefers sites with plenty of diffuse light but limited direct solar exposure, scoring a 3 on the 5-point scale. This suggests the species avoids both extremely shaded and highly sun-exposed situations.

The aridity tolerance of *E. limosum* is classified as mesophytic, with a value of 3 on the 5-point scale. This indicates the species can thrive in habitats with moderate moisture levels, neither too dry nor too wet.

Regarding eutrophication, *E. limosum* is found in areas with weak to moderate levels of nutrient enrichment, scoring 2–3 on the 5-point scale. This implies the species can tolerate some degree of environmental pollution or nutrient deposition, but likely avoids heavily eutrophicated sites.

In terms of poleotolerance, *E. limosum* is classified as occurring in moderately disturbed areas, with a value of 2 on the 4-point scale. This suggests the species is not exclusively found in natural or undisturbed habitats but can also colonize semi-natural environments with some level of human activity.

Finally, the altitudinal distribution of *E. limosum* spans the montane belt (value of 3) and the submediterranean belt (value of 2). This indicates the species is adapted to grow in mid-elevation habitats, typically associated with deciduous Quercus-Carpinus forests and Fagus-dominated stands.

## Distribution and habitat

*Enchylium limosum* is a widely distributed lichen species with a holarctic range, occurring across temperate to boreal-montane regions of Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Within Europe, the species has been recorded from a number of countries, including Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, and France. *E. limosum* and similar species thrive in environments where calcium-rich minerals are present, such as limestone or dolomitic rocks.

Regarding its specific distribution within Europe, *E. limosum* has been documented in the following regions and localities:

### Italy

*Enchylium limosum* have a limited distribution within Italy, with the majority of known populations located in the southern regions of the country. The species seems to thrive primarily in the montane and submediterranean belts, with isolated occurrences recorded in Calabria, Campania, and Sardinia.

In Calabria, a single population of *E. limosum* has been documented in the Tarsia al Lago locality, situated within the montane belt. Similarly, in the Campania region, the species has been found in the Monti di Castellammare area, which falls within the submediterranean ecological zone.

The island of Sardinia also plays host to a known occurrence of *E. limosum*, with a population recorded along the western coast near the town of Buggerru, again within the submediterranean belt.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the species is considered locally distributed but widely scattered, with records from damp clay soils and exposed, soft coastal cliff faces.

### Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, *E. limosum* occurs abundantly throughout the country, with habitats being quarries, spoil heaps, and setting pits.

### Outside Europe

Outside of Europe, this lichen has been recorded in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, as well as the U.S. state of Minnesota. In the Canadian North, *E. limosum* has been documented in the Southern Arctic and Taiga Plains ecozones, typically growing on calcareous soils.

### Ecology

Ecologically, *Enchylium limosum* is considered a typical pioneer species, commonly colonizing bare, often calcareous soils in disturbed habitats such as quarries, spoil heaps, and setting pits. However, its presence in these anthropogenic environments is generally temporary, as the lichen is quickly outcompeted by other vegetation.

Within its distribution range, *E. limosum* has been observed growing on a variety of substrates, including mineral, clay, and sandy soils, as well as on terricolous mosses and plant debris. The species appears to prefer substrates that are somewhat calcareous in nature. Altitudinally, it has been recorded from the mesomediterranean belt, where the potential vegetation is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved forests with *Quercus ilex*, up to the montane belt, where deciduous forests with *Fagus sylvatica* and closed coniferous forests with *Picea abies* are the predominant vegetation types. Despite its wide distribution, *E. limosum* is generally considered an overlooked and uncommon lichen species, particularly in the Alps region.

### Commonness and rarity

*Enchylium limosum* is completely absent from the alpine belt, subalpine belt, oromediterranean belt, Padanian area, and dry mediterranean belt. In the montane belt, the species is extremely rare, with only a few known populations. *Enchylium limosum* is also extremely rare in the submediterranean belt. The species is very rare in the humid submediterranean belt and the humid mediterranean belt, with just a handful of recorded occurrences in these regions.

## Conservation status

The conservation status of the lichen species *Enchylium limosum* varies considerably across its known geographic range, with limited and sometimes conflicting assessments available.

### Global status

At the global level, the species' conservation status has not been comprehensively evaluated, and it is currently listed as Not Ranked (GNR) by NatureServe.

### Canada

In Canada, *Enchylium limosum*'s status differs significantly between provinces and territories. According to NatureServe, it is considered Critically Imperiled (S1?) in Nova Scotia, Vulnerable (S3) in British Columbia and Ontario, and Unranked (SNR) in Prince Edward Island and Quebec. The species' status is also listed as Unresolved (SU) in Manitoba, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

In the Northwest Territories of Canada, the General Status Rank for *E. limosum* is Undetermined, with a status rank of SU, indicating that further inventory and assessment are required to determine its conservation status. *E. limosum* has been designated as S1 (Critically imperiled) by Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre.

### USA

Across the border in the United States, the national status of *Enchylium limosum* is Unranked (NNR), and it is also Unranked (SNR) in the only state for which data is available, Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources have listed *E. limosum* in their "Plant and Fungi watchlist" due the species' recent decline in the state.

### United Kingdom

Conversely, in Great Britain, the species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) according to the NBN Atlas Partnership and the British Lichen Society, suggesting it is not currently considered a conservation priority in that region.

### Finland

According to the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility, *Enchylium limosum* has been assessed for inclusion in the Red List of Finnish Species on multiple occasions. In the most recent assessment, conducted in 2019, the species was categorized as Vulnerable (VU). The main criteria that led to this categorization were related to the species' small population size (D1).

The key threats identified for *E. limosum* in Finland include:

* Overgrowing of meadows and other open habitats (N)
* Construction and development on the land (R)
* Other known reasons (Muu)
* Threats caused by alien species (Vie)

Prior to the 2019 assessment, *E. limosum* had also been evaluated in previous Red List assessments for Finland:

In the 2010 Red List, the species was again categorized as Vulnerable (VU). However, in the earlier 2000 Red List assessment, *E. limosum* was listed as Not Evaluated (NE), indicating that a comprehensive conservation status evaluation had not been conducted at that time.

### Others

The 2019 Red List of Estonian lichens designates *E. limosum* as a Vulnerable (VU) species in the region. In the Czech Republic, *E. limosum* was previously categorized as Near Threatened (NT) by Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences . However, a more recent assessment has elevated the species to the Endangered (C3) category.

## Notes and references

### Notes

### References

1. "Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen". *NatureServe*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
2. Nash, Thomas H., ed. (2004). *Lichen flora of the greater Sonoran Desert region* (2nd ed.). Tempe, Ariz: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University. pp. 65–80. ISBN 978-0-9716759-0-2.
3. Otálora, P. M.; Jørg., M.; Wedin; GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin in GBIF Secretariat". *Checklist dataset*. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
4. Taalab, A.S.; Ageeb, G.W.; Siam, Hanan S.; Mahmoud, Safaa A. (2019). "Some Characteristics of Calcareous soils. A review" (PDF). *Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research*. **8** (1): 96–105.
5. WILHELM, G. (2023). *LICHENS OF THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN REGION* (dissertation). Conservation Research Institute, Michigan. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from PDF
6. "Lime-loving Tarpaper Lichen (Enchylium limosum)". *iNaturalist Canada*. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
7. Nimis P.L., 2016. ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-25. All data are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
8. Seaward, Mark R.D.; Richardson, David H.S.; Brodo, Irwin M.; Harris, Richard C.; Hawksworth, David L. (2017). "Checklist of Lichen-forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of Eagle Hill and its Vicinity, Maine". *Northeastern Naturalist*. **24** (3): 349–379. doi:10.1656/045.024.0305. ISSN 1092-6194. JSTOR 26453954  via JSTOR.
9. GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Collema limosum (Ach.) Ach. in GBIF Secretariat". *Checklist dataset*. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
10. *Collema glaucescens* var. *limosum* (Ach.) Flot. in Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2023). Species Fungorum Plus. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ts7wsb accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-04-04.
11. GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Collema pulposum var. limosum (Ach.) Mudd in GBIF Secretariat". *Checklist dataset*. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
12. GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Gabura limosa (Ach.) Kuntze in GBIF Secretariat". *Checklist dataset*. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
13. GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Collema cheileum var. glaucescens (Hoffm.) Elenkin in GBIF Secretariat". *Checklist dataset*. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
14. GBIF Secretariat (2023). "Eucollema glaucescens (Hoffm.) Horw. in GBIF Secretariat". *Checklist dataset*. doi:10.15468/39omei. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
15. Otálora, Mónica A. G.; Jørgensen, Per M.; Wedin, Mats (1 January 2014). "A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae". *Fungal Diversity*. **64** (1): 275–293. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0266-1. ISSN 1878-9129  via Springer.
16. Ramirez, J.; Watson, K.; McMillin, L.; Gjieli, E.; Sessa, E. (2024). "Lime Loving Lichens". *The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, Occurrence dataset*. 1.66. The New York Botanical Garden. doi:10.15468/6e8nje. Retrieved 29 March 2024  via GBIF.org.
17. "ecorticate definition". *Merriam-Webster*.
18. "hypothecium defination". *Merriam-Webster*.
19. Cannon, P.; Otálora, M.A.G.; Košuthová, A.; Wedin, A.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Simkin, J. (2020). "Peltigerales: Collemataceae, including the genera Blennothallia, Callome, Collema, Enchylium, Epiphloea, Lathagrium, Leptogium, Pseudoleptogium, Rostania and Scytinium". *Revisions of British and Irish Lichens*. **2**: 3–16. doi:10.34885/174  via KEW.
20. Vince J. Giavarini, (2016). *Enchylium limosum* (Ach.) Otálora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin. *\[In\] LichenIreland.* National Museums Northern Ireland. Accessed on 2024-03-29.
21. Malíček, J; Palice, Z; Bouda, F; Knudsen, K; Šoun, J; Vondrák, J; Novotný, P (2024). "Enchylium limosum (Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin". *Atlas českých lišejníků*. Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
22. Nimis, Pier Luigi; Hafellner, Josef; Roux, Claude; Clerc, Philippe; Mayrhofer, Helmut; Martellos, Stefano; Bilovitz, Peter O. (12 March 2018). "The lichens of the Alps – an annotated checklist". *MycoKeys* (31): 1–634. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.31.23568. ISSN 1314-4049. PMC 5914158. PMID 29706791.
23. Christensen, Steen. (2023). 2023 PA 11 LichensKriti. 11. 65–71. (pdf)
24. Nimis, P. L.; Nimis, P. L. (2016). *The lichens of Italy: a second annotated catalogue*. Trieste: EUT, Edizioni Università di Trieste. p. 740. ISBN 978-88-8303-754-2. OCLC 974041826.
25. P.L. Nimis & S. Martellos, 2016: ITALIC – The Information System on Italian Lichens. Version 7.0. University of Trieste, Dept. of Biology, (https://dryades.units.it/italic), accessed on 2024-03-25. When not otherwise specified, all data and items are released under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. (CSV)
26. "Enchylium limosum (Collema limosum) | NWT Species Search". *Government of Northwest Territories*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
27. "Species Conservation Status Rank". *Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
28. "Plant and fungi watchlist". *Minnesota Department of Natural Resources*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
29. "Enchylium limosum | The British Lichen Society". *British Lichen Society*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
30. "Enchylium limosum | NBN Atlas". *National Biodiversity Network*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
31. "Enchylium limosum | Status | Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility". *laji.fi* (in Finnish). Retrieved 25 March 2024.
32. "Punaisen kirjan verkkopalvelu" \[Red List of Finnish Species\]. *punainenkirja*. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
33. Lõhmus, Piret; Marmor, Liis; Jüriado, Inga; Suija, Ave; Oja, Ede; Degtjarenko, Polina; Randlane, Tiina (29 July 2019). "Red List of Estonian lichens: revision in 2019". *Folia Cryptogamica Estonica*. **56**: 63–76. doi:10.12697/fce.2019.56.07. ISSN 1736-7786.

## InfoBox

| *Enchylium limosum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
| <br>Unranked (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Peltigerales |
| Family: | Collemataceae |
| Genus: | *Enchylium* |
| Species: | ***E. limosum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enchylium limosum***<br>(Ach.) Otálora, P.M. Jørg. & Wedin (2013) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Collema cheileum* var. *glaucescens* (Hoffm., 1904) Elenkin, 1904 * *Collema glaucescens* (Hoffm., 1796 \[1795\]) * *Collema glaucescens* var. *limosum* (Ach., 1850) Flot., 1850 * *Collema limosum* (Ach., 1810) Ach., 1810 * *Collema pulposum* subsp. *limosum* (Ach., 1882) Tuck., 1882 * *Collema pulposum* var. *limosum* (Ach., 1861) Mudd, 1861 * *Eucollema glaucescens* (Hoffm., 1912) Horw., 1912 * *Gabura limosa* (Ach., 1891) Kuntze, 1891 * *Lichen crispus limosum* (Ach., 1813) Lam., 1813 * *Lichen limosus* (Ach., 1799 \[1798\]) * *Parmelia limosa* (Ach., 1803) Ach., 1803 | |


title: Bouchon, Somme

abstract: Bouchon is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Bouchon, Somme

**Bouchon** (French pronunciation: \[buʃɔ̃\] ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Bouchon is situated on the D216 road, by the banks of the river Somme, about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Abbeville.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 129 |  |
| 1975 | 145 | +1.68% |
| 1982 | 163 | +1.69% |
| 1990 | 135 | −2.33% |
| 1999 | 140 | +0.40% |
| 2007 | 152 | +1.03% |
| 2012 | 151 | −0.13% |
| 2017 | 155 | +0.52% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Bouchon | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Bouchon | |
|  | |
| Location of Bouchon | |
| BouchonBouchon | |
| Coordinates: 50°02′08″N 2°01′51″E / 50.0356°N 2.0308°E / 50.0356; 2.0308 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Amiens |
| Canton | Flixecourt |
| Intercommunality | CC Nièvre et Somme |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Etienne Vignon |
| Area**1** | 4.6 km2 (1.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 159 |
| Density | 35/km2 (90/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80117 /80830 |
| Elevation | 15–105 m (49–344 ft)
(avg. 23 m or 75 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: San Bernardino springsnail

abstract: The San Bernardino springsnail is an endangered species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to a small number of springs in the USA and northern Mexico.

text:
# San Bernardino springsnail

The **San Bernardino springsnail** (*Pyrgulopsis bernardina*) is an endangered species of freshwater snail in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to a small number of springs in the USA and northern Mexico.

## Distribution and habitat

The species relies on freshwater springs and has also been collected from a springfed brook. It appears to have formerly occurred in at least eight locations on the headwaters of the Rio Yaqui: in Tule Spring in the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge in southeast Arizona, five springs on the John Slaughter Ranch, and two springs in Sonora, Mexico. As of 2012, its presence was only confirmed in one spring on the Slaughter Ranch and the two Sonora locations. Total area of occupancy is thus likely less than 10 km2.

## Description

*Pyrgulopsis bernardina* is a small snail that has a height of 1.3–1.7 millimetres (0.051–0.067 in) and a narrowly conic, small shell. Its differentiated from other *Pyrgulopsis* in that its penial filament has an absent lobe and elongate filament with the penial ornament consisting of centrally positioned dorsal and ventral glands.

## Ecology

The San Bernardino springsnail is aquatic, breathing through gills. It feeds on diatoms and possibly bacterial films and detritus. It probably prefers sand or cobble substrates to silt and organic deposits. Like many similar molluscs, the species is preyed upon by a variety of birds, amphibians and fishes.

## Conservation

The San Bernardino springsnail is classified as Endangered by the IUCN because of its extremely limited distribution and rapid loss of habitat sites. Totalp population estimates are uncertain as numbers can vary hugely over short distances (from zero to hundreds of thousands). The species appears to have suffered a range reduction of at least 75%, presumably driven by groundwater depletion and possibly pesticide contamination. The invasive mosquitofish is known to feed on snails in this genus, and while not found to occur in the currently known locations, it has in the past been reported from some of the springs were the snail is now absent.

## InfoBox

| San Bernardino springsnail | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Hydrobiidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulopsis* |
| Species: | ***P. bernardina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgulopsis bernardina***
Taylor, 1987 | |
|


title: Phina Oruche

abstract: Phina Oruche is a Nigerian actress, radio presenter and former model best known for her performances as Liberty Baker in ITV's Footballers' Wives, for which she won a Screen Nations Award for Favourite TV Star.

text:
# Phina Oruche

**Phina Oruche** //  (born 31 August 1969) is a Nigerian actress, radio presenter and former model best known for her performances as Liberty Baker in ITV's *Footballers' Wives*, for which she won a Screen Nations Award for Favourite TV Star.

## Early life

Oruche was born in Liverpool, England, to Nigerian parents of Igbo descent.

## Early career

Oruche began her career as a fashion model. In London before she emigrated to New York City. She represented Gap for five years in the United States, and was featured as a cover model on several American magazines. She had a special relationship with *Essence* magazine and was often featured on its pages and on a cover. She was discovered for the TV screen by British film director Tony Kaye, who featured her in many of his TV commercials, giving rise to her continued desire to act professionally.

## Acting

In July 2020 Oruche appeared as Aunt Venn in poignant BBC1 drama “Anthony” directed by Terry McDonaugh for LA Productions and simultaneously starred as Marvellous in BBC’s “ Taken Down” directed by BAFTA-winning David Caffrey for Spiral pictures. Oruche started her acting career in the US after an education in the Actors Studio in Los Angeles. She is best known for her role as Liberty Baker in *Footballers' Wives*, for which she won a Screen Nations award. She has appeared in various American and British television shows including *The Bill*, *Nip/Tuck*, *Charmed*, *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, *Diagnosis Murder*, *NYPD Blue* and *The Unit*. Her film credits include *The Forsaken* (2001) and *Happy Ever Afters* (2009).

She made a cameo appearance in a January 2008 episode of the British sketch comedy show *Little Miss Jocelyn*.

On 29 March 2010, it was revealed she had been cast to play Gabby Sharpe, the mother of a new family, in teen soap *Hollyoaks*.

On 1 November 2012 she made a return to television on the BBC1 drama *Doctors*, before taking five years off to focus on raising her son.

## Other television appearances

In 2012 she featured as the celebrity bedtime story reader, reading a story a day for children during the week of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. Oruche also featured as a special correspondent on *North West Tonight*, reporting on the 30-year anniversary of the Toxteth riots.

In Dublin, Oruche presented a show three days a week on *Ireland AM* for TV3 and in London as a continued regular panellist on the morning discussion programme *The Wright Stuff* she was "Babe in the Booth" for the week starting 29 April 2008, when she was 36 weeks pregnant.

Oruche lives in her native Liverpool, where she has presented and produced the Saturday-night radio programme *Upfront* on BBC Radio Merseyside. She has produced and hosted six *Upfront Live* shows for BBC Merseyside in Liverpool, at The Brink a non-alcoholic bar in Liverpool that she supports. Local singers such as Kof, Chelcee Grimes, Mic Lowry, Chi Temu and Jamie Broad performed on the show.

## *Identity Crisis*

Her one-woman *Identity Crisis*, based on her own life story, received its debut at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2016, subsequently playing in 2017 at the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool, before its first London run at the Kennington Ovalhouse. Identity Crisis finished its run in Soho Playhouse NYC.

## Other professional activities

Oruche hosted Merseyside Black History Month Achievers Awards at St George's, Hall Liverpool, and a MOBO music panel, featuring local artists Eddie Amoo of The Real Thing, and Kof.

A published writer, her children’s book series “Jacopo Jacopo Football Star” and “Jacopo Jacopo on Lockdown” about a 10-year-old mixed heritage boy from Liverpool and his quest to become a premier league football player, are both on Amazon both published in 2020 during the COVID-19 lockdown. Oruche had a weekly column in the *Liverpool Echo*. Her autobiography *Liberating Character* was published in April 2012.

She also has a film company called Ibo Girl Productions, for which she directs, edits and produces digital shorts and videos.

## InfoBox

| Phina Oruche | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-08-31) 31 August 1969<br>Liverpool, England |
| Occupation(s) | actress, radio host/presenter |
| Years active | 1995 - present |


title: T8 road (Tanzania)

abstract: The T8 is a Trunk road in Tanzania. The road runs from Mbeya through Tabora, ending just outside the city of Mwanza in Kisesa. The roads as it is approximately 881 km (547 mi). The road is partially paved, with the biggest unpaved section being from Chunya to Tabora.

text:
# T8 road (Tanzania)

The **T8** is a Trunk road in Tanzania. The road runs from Mbeya through Tabora, ending just outside the city of Mwanza in Kisesa. The roads as it is approximately 881 km (547 mi). The road is partially paved, with the biggest unpaved section being from Chunya to Tabora.

## Route

### Tabora

Between the 42 km (26 mi) streach from Nzega to Tinde, the T3 trunk road shares its designation with T8 trunk road.

## InfoBox

| Trunk Road T8 | |
| --- | --- |
| The T8 is indicated in yellow. | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by TANROADS | |
| Length | 881 km (547 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | T1 in Mbeya |
| Major intersections | T22 in Rungwa
T23 in Ipole
T18 in Tabora
T3 in Nzega
T3 in Tinde
T37 in Shinyanga
T36 in Mwigumbi
T4 in Usagara |
| North end | T4 in Kisesa |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Tanzania |
| Regions | Mbeya, Singida, Tabora, Shinyanga, Mwanza |
| Major cities | Mbeya, Tabora, Nzega, Shinyanga, Mwanza |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| T7   T9 | |


title: Kovvada Atomic Power Project

abstract: Kovvada Atomic Power Project is a proposed 6,600 MW nuclear power station in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The project is planned over an area of 2067 acres. According to a GV Ramesh, the project director at NPCIL, close to 485 acres of land has already been handed over for the project by the Srikakulam district administration. The acquisition of the remaining 1582 acres of land is expected to be completed by October 2017.

text:
# Kovvada Atomic Power Project

**Kovvada Atomic Power Project** is a proposed 6,600 MW nuclear power station in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The project is planned over an area of 2067 acres. According to a GV Ramesh, the project director at NPCIL, close to 485 acres of land has already been handed over for the project by the Srikakulam district administration. The acquisition of the remaining 1582 acres of land is expected to be completed by October 2017.