abstract: The 1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 5, 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Ever since the decline of the Populist movement, Wisconsin had become almost a one-party state dominated by the Republican Party. The Democratic Party became entirely uncompetitive outside certain German Catholic counties adjoining Lake Michigan as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, completely fled from William Jennings Bryan’s agrarian and free silver sympathies. As Democratic strength weakened severely after 1894 – although the state did develop a strong Socialist Party to provide opposition to the GOP – Wisconsin developed the direct Republican primary in 1903 and this ultimately created competition between the “League” under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative “Regular” faction. At the turn of the decade, the Democratic Party underwent a brief revival, as it made significant gains upon its small share of state legislative seats and many people in the state saw in New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson the possibility of the party returning to the progressive ideals it was felt to have deserted with Bryan fifteen years beforehand. Wilson campaigned in the state as early as 1911 – long before he was the official Democratic nominee – and was soon able to get many Republicans who had supported La Follette onto his bandwagon, and retained them despite former President Theodore Roosevelt running his own “Bull Moose” campaign as a result of the ongoing national split in the Republican Party. Once regular nominee and incumbent Present William Howard Taft ceased campaigning in August, La Follette’s ability to hold Progressive GOP support for Wilson – outside the Scandinavian Lake Superior Lowland where Roosevelt controlled this group – meant that Democratic Party candidate Woodrow Wilson won Wisconsin's thirteen electoral votes with 41.07 percent of the popular vote. La Follette won the Republican primary while Wilson won the Democratic primary. Francis E. McGovern and Andrew H. Dahl were elected to serve as delegates for La Follette in the Republican primary while William D. Hoard ran as a Taft delegate. James William Murphy and George Wilbur Peck ran as delegates for Champ Clark while William F. Wolfe ran as a delegate for Wilson. With his win, Wilson became the first Democratic presidential candidate to win Wisconsin since Grover Cleveland in 1892. Another Democrat would not carry the state again until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. As of 2020, this is the only election in which Walworth County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.

text:
# 1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin

The **1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin** was held on November , 1912 as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose 13 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Ever since the decline of the Populist movement, Wisconsin had become almost a one-party state dominated by the Republican Party. The Democratic Party became entirely uncompetitive outside certain German Catholic counties adjoining Lake Michigan as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, completely fled from William Jennings Bryan’s agrarian and free silver sympathies. As Democratic strength weakened severely after 1894 – although the state did develop a strong Socialist Party to provide opposition to the GOP – Wisconsin developed the direct Republican primary in 1903 and this ultimately created competition between the “League” under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative “Regular” faction.

At the turn of the decade, the Democratic Party underwent a brief revival, as it made significant gains upon its small share of state legislative seats and many people in the state saw in New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson the possibility of the party returning to the progressive ideals it was felt to have deserted with Bryan fifteen years beforehand. Wilson campaigned in the state as early as 1911 – long before he was the official Democratic nominee – and was soon able to get many Republicans who had supported La Follette onto his bandwagon, and retained them despite former President Theodore Roosevelt running his own “Bull Moose” campaign as a result of the ongoing national split in the Republican Party. Once regular nominee and incumbent Present William Howard Taft ceased campaigning in August, La Follette’s ability to hold Progressive GOP support for Wilson – outside the Scandinavian Lake Superior Lowland where Roosevelt controlled this group – meant that Democratic Party candidate Woodrow Wilson won Wisconsin's thirteen electoral votes with 41.07 percent of the popular vote.

La Follette won the Republican primary while Wilson won the Democratic primary. Francis E. McGovern and Andrew H. Dahl were elected to serve as delegates for La Follette in the Republican primary while William D. Hoard ran as a Taft delegate. James William Murphy and George Wilbur Peck ran as delegates for Champ Clark while William F. Wolfe ran as a delegate for Wilson.

With his win, Wilson became the first Democratic presidential candidate to win Wisconsin since Grover Cleveland in 1892. Another Democrat would not carry the state again until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.

As of 2020, this is the only election in which Walworth County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.

## Results

| 1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
|  | **Democratic** | **Woodrow Wilson** | **164,230** | **41.06%** | **13** |
|  | Republican | William Howard Taft (incumbent) | 130,596 | 32.65% | 0 |
|  | Progressive Independent | Theodore Roosevelt | 62,448 | 15.61% | 0 |
|  | Socialist | Eugene V. Debs | 33,476 | 8.37% | 0 |
|  | Prohibition | Eugene Chafin | 8,584 | 2.15% | 0 |
|  | Independent | Arthur E. Reimer | 632 | 0.16% | 0 |
|  | Write-ins |  | 9 | 0.00% | 0 |
|
| **Totals** | | | **399,334** | **100.0%** | **13** |
|

### Results by county

| County | Woodrow Wilson
Democratic | | William Howard Taft
Republican | | Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive | | Eugene V. Debs
Socialist | | Various candidates
Other parties | | Margin | | Total votes cast |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | |
| Adams | 462 | 30.90% | 689 | 46.09% | 204 | 13.65% | 66 | 4.41% | 74 | 4.95% | -227 | -15.19% | 1,495 |
| Ashland | 1,451 | 41.54% | 937 | 26.83% | 677 | 19.38% | 315 | 9.02% | 113 | 3.24% | 514 | 14.71% | 3,493 |
| Barron | 1,065 | 26.83% | 1,414 | 35.62% | 968 | 24.38% | 265 | 6.68% | 258 | 6.50% | -349 | -8.79% | 3,970 |
| Bayfield | 666 | 29.84% | 514 | 23.03% | 671 | 30.06% | 306 | 13.71% | 75 | 3.36% | -5 | -0.22% | 2,232 |
| Brown | 3,557 | 42.16% | 2,764 | 32.76% | 1,396 | 16.55% | 569 | 6.74% | 151 | 1.79% | 793 | 9.40% | 8,437 |
| Buffalo | 848 | 33.29% | 1,239 | 48.65% | 372 | 14.61% | 45 | 1.77% | 43 | 1.69% | -391 | -15.36% | 2,547 |
| Burnett | 305 | 20.24% | 403 | 26.74% | 570 | 37.82% | 172 | 11.41% | 57 | 3.78% | -167 | -11.08% | 1,507 |
| Calumet | 1,366 | 47.76% | 931 | 32.55% | 454 | 15.87% | 85 | 2.97% | 24 | 0.84% | 435 | 15.21% | 2,860 |
| Chippewa | 2,028 | 39.63% | 1,736 | 33.93% | 1,132 | 22.12% | 102 | 1.99% | 119 | 2.33% | 292 | 5.70% | 5,117 |
| Clark | 1,528 | 34.24% | 2,035 | 45.61% | 648 | 14.52% | 143 | 3.20% | 108 | 2.42% | -507 | -11.37% | 4,462 |
| Columbia | 2,473 | 42.73% | 2,463 | 42.55% | 583 | 10.07% | 121 | 2.09% | 148 | 2.56% | 10 | 0.18% | 5,788 |
| Crawford | 1,515 | 44.86% | 1,407 | 41.66% | 321 | 9.51% | 69 | 2.04% | 65 | 1.92% | 108 | 3.20% | 3,377 |
| Dane | 9,017 | 55.80% | 5,244 | 32.45% | 1,202 | 7.44% | 298 | 1.84% | 399 | 2.47% | 3,773 | 23.35% | 16,160 |
| Dodge | 5,246 | 59.97% | 2,559 | 29.26% | 705 | 8.06% | 118 | 1.35% | 119 | 1.36% | 2,687 | 30.71% | 8,747 |
| Door | 769 | 27.12% | 1,167 | 41.15% | 690 | 24.33% | 72 | 2.54% | 138 | 4.87% | -398 | -14.03% | 2,836 |
| Douglas | 1,181 | 23.00% | 730 | 14.22% | 2,285 | 44.51% | 752 | 14.65% | 186 | 3.62% | -1,104 | -21.51% | 5,134 |
| Dunn | 833 | 22.24% | 1,403 | 37.45% | 1,174 | 31.34% | 235 | 6.27% | 101 | 2.70% | 229 | 6.11% | 3,746 |
| Eau Claire | 1,727 | 34.57% | 2,013 | 40.29% | 895 | 17.91% | 239 | 4.78% | 122 | 2.44% | -286 | -5.72% | 4,996 |
| Florence | 131 | 21.83% | 262 | 43.67% | 182 | 30.33% | 15 | 2.50% | 10 | 1.67% | 80 | 13.34% | 600 |
| Fond du Lac | 4,838 | 50.31% | 3,014 | 31.34% | 1,236 | 12.85% | 349 | 3.63% | 179 | 1.86% | 1,824 | 18.97% | 9,616 |
| Forest | 567 | 42.00% | 518 | 38.37% | 212 | 15.70% | 30 | 2.22% | 23 | 1.70% | 49 | 3.63% | 1,350 |
| Grant | 3,615 | 45.84% | 3,283 | 41.63% | 667 | 8.46% | 99 | 1.26% | 222 | 2.82% | 332 | 4.21% | 7,886 |
| Green | 1,716 | 41.61% | 1,601 | 38.82% | 516 | 12.51% | 83 | 2.01% | 208 | 5.04% | 115 | 2.79% | 4,124 |
| Green Lake | 1,407 | 47.15% | 1,269 | 42.53% | 195 | 6.53% | 39 | 1.31% | 74 | 2.48% | 138 | 4.62% | 2,984 |
| Iowa | 2,103 | 44.90% | 1,886 | 40.26% | 438 | 9.35% | 32 | 0.68% | 225 | 4.80% | 217 | 4.64% | 4,684 |
| Iron | 347 | 29.33% | 473 | 39.98% | 254 | 21.47% | 72 | 6.09% | 37 | 3.13% | -126 | -10.65% | 1,183 |
| Jackson | 606 | 22.88% | 1,398 | 52.77% | 477 | 18.01% | 78 | 2.94% | 90 | 3.40% | -792 | -29.89% | 2,649 |
| Jefferson | 4,381 | 62.40% | 1,926 | 27.43% | 490 | 6.98% | 100 | 1.42% | 124 | 1.77% | 2,455 | 34.97% | 7,021 |
| Juneau | 1,236 | 38.78% | 1,322 | 41.48% | 435 | 13.65% | 135 | 4.24% | 59 | 1.85% | -86 | -2.70% | 3,187 |
| Kenosha | 2,216 | 36.09% | 1,671 | 27.21% | 1,649 | 26.85% | 492 | 8.01% | 113 | 1.84% | 545 | 8.88% | 6,141 |
| Kewaunee | 1,696 | 54.32% | 1,115 | 35.71% | 263 | 8.42% | 22 | 0.70% | 26 | 0.83% | 581 | 18.61% | 3,122 |
| La Crosse | 4,263 | 53.07% | 2,272 | 28.28% | 999 | 12.44% | 337 | 4.20% | 162 | 2.02% | 1,991 | 24.79% | 8,033 |
| Lafayette | 1,852 | 41.50% | 1,747 | 39.14% | 756 | 16.94% | 28 | 0.63% | 80 | 1.79% | 105 | 2.36% | 4,463 |
| Langlade | 1,387 | 45.72% | 710 | 23.40% | 810 | 26.70% | 91 | 3.00% | 36 | 1.19% | 577 | 19.02% | 3,034 |
| Lincoln | 1,760 | 52.41% | 712 | 21.20% | 627 | 18.67% | 212 | 6.31% | 47 | 1.40% | 1,048 | 31.21% | 3,358 |
| Manitowoc | 3,436 | 44.74% | 2,389 | 31.11% | 919 | 11.97% | 890 | 11.59% | 46 | 0.60% | 1,047 | 13.63% | 7,680 |
| Marathon | 4,043 | 44.26% | 3,033 | 33.20% | 1,274 | 13.95% | 597 | 6.54% | 188 | 2.06% | 1,010 | 11.06% | 9,135 |
| Marinette | 1,559 | 33.29% | 1,618 | 34.55% | 1,125 | 24.02% | 276 | 5.89% | 105 | 2.24% | -59 | -1.26% | 4,683 |
| Marquette | 923 | 41.30% | 881 | 39.42% | 365 | 16.33% | 22 | 0.98% | 44 | 1.97% | 42 | 1.88% | 2,235 |
| Milwaukee | 27,628 | 38.75% | 17,877 | 25.07% | 5,939 | 8.33% | 19,243 | 26.99% | 615 | 0.86% | 8,385 | 11.76% | 71,302 |
| Monroe | 2,084 | 43.16% | 1,841 | 38.13% | 628 | 13.01% | 125 | 2.59% | 150 | 3.11% | 243 | 5.03% | 4,828 |
| Oconto | 1,523 | 35.77% | 1,988 | 46.69% | 554 | 13.01% | 139 | 3.26% | 54 | 1.27% | -465 | -10.92% | 4,258 |
| Oneida | 717 | 33.87% | 774 | 36.56% | 431 | 20.36% | 175 | 8.27% | 20 | 0.94% | -57 | -2.69% | 2,117 |
| Outagamie | 4,139 | 50.04% | 2,384 | 28.82% | 1,401 | 16.94% | 192 | 2.32% | 155 | 1.87% | 1,755 | 21.22% | 8,271 |
| Ozaukee | 1,878 | 63.27% | 749 | 25.24% | 241 | 8.12% | 76 | 2.56% | 24 | 0.81% | 1,129 | 38.03% | 2,968 |
| Pepin | 410 | 31.06% | 528 | 40.00% | 329 | 24.92% | 27 | 2.05% | 26 | 1.97% | -118 | -8.94% | 1,320 |
| Pierce | 985 | 29.10% | 986 | 29.13% | 1,204 | 35.57% | 102 | 3.01% | 108 | 3.19% | -218 | -6.44% | 3,385 |
| Polk | 830 | 26.56% | 848 | 27.14% | 1,068 | 34.18% | 270 | 8.64% | 109 | 3.49% | -220 | -7.04% | 3,125 |
| Portage | 2,301 | 43.32% | 1,932 | 36.37% | 890 | 16.75% | 101 | 1.90% | 88 | 1.66% | 369 | 6.95% | 5,312 |
| Price | 662 | 27.58% | 708 | 29.50% | 662 | 27.58% | 290 | 12.08% | 78 | 3.25% | -46 | -1.92% | 2,400 |
| Racine | 3,909 | 44.13% | 2,606 | 29.42% | 1,440 | 16.26% | 612 | 6.91% | 291 | 3.29% | 1,303 | 14.71% | 8,858 |
| Richland | 1,493 | 37.72% | 1,623 | 41.01% | 367 | 9.27% | 127 | 3.21% | 348 | 8.79% | -130 | -3.29% | 3,958 |
| Rock | 3,032 | 30.64% | 4,276 | 43.21% | 2,002 | 20.23% | 261 | 2.64% | 324 | 3.27% | -1,244 | -12.57% | 9,895 |
| Rusk | 522 | 30.67% | 575 | 33.78% | 344 | 20.21% | 204 | 11.99% | 57 | 3.35% | -53 | -3.11% | 1,702 |
| Sauk | 432 | 47.52% | 295 | 32.45% | 144 | 15.84% | 15 | 1.65% | 23 | 2.53% | 137 | 15.07% | 909 |
| Sawyer | 1,661 | 36.72% | 1,535 | 33.94% | 1,103 | 24.39% | 99 | 2.19% | 125 | 2.76% | 126 | 2.78% | 4,523 |
| Shawano | 3,968 | 41.23% | 2,692 | 27.97% | 1,628 | 16.91% | 1,084 | 11.26% | 253 | 2.63% | 1,276 | 13.26% | 9,625 |
| Sheboygan | 1,806 | 38.86% | 1,728 | 37.18% | 823 | 17.71% | 188 | 4.04% | 103 | 2.22% | 78 | 1.68% | 4,648 |
| St. Croix | 2,464 | 43.02% | 2,171 | 37.91% | 720 | 12.57% | 67 | 1.17% | 305 | 5.33% | 293 | 5.11% | 5,727 |
| Taylor | 821 | 35.91% | 773 | 33.81% | 379 | 16.58% | 271 | 11.85% | 42 | 1.84% | 48 | 2.10% | 2,286 |
| Trempealeau | 1,235 | 31.28% | 1,763 | 44.66% | 795 | 20.14% | 50 | 1.27% | 105 | 2.66% | -528 | -13.38% | 3,948 |
| Vernon | 1,253 | 27.14% | 2,663 | 57.68% | 463 | 10.03% | 74 | 1.60% | 164 | 3.55% | -1,410 | -30.54% | 4,617 |
| Vilas | 327 | 35.43% | 304 | 32.94% | 212 | 22.97% | 71 | 7.69% | 9 | 0.98% | 23 | 2.49% | 923 |
| Walworth | 2,125 | 36.38% | 2,096 | 35.88% | 1,237 | 21.18% | 78 | 1.34% | 305 | 5.22% | 29 | 0.50% | 5,841 |
| Washburn | 398 | 26.78% | 409 | 27.52% | 488 | 32.84% | 148 | 9.96% | 43 | 2.89% | -79 | -5.32% | 1,486 |
| Washington | 2,425 | 51.57% | 1,799 | 38.26% | 302 | 6.42% | 150 | 3.19% | 26 | 0.55% | 626 | 13.31% | 4,702 |
| Waukesha | 3,594 | 48.82% | 2,714 | 36.86% | 597 | 8.11% | 196 | 2.66% | 261 | 3.55% | 880 | 11.96% | 7,362 |
| Waupaca | 1,563 | 26.70% | 2,204 | 37.66% | 1,767 | 30.19% | 131 | 2.24% | 188 | 3.21% | 437 | 7.47% | 5,853 |
| Waushara | 772 | 25.54% | 1,343 | 44.43% | 741 | 24.51% | 92 | 3.04% | 75 | 2.48% | -571 | -18.89% | 3,023 |
| Winnebago | 4,631 | 41.00% | 1,922 | 17.01% | 4,098 | 36.28% | 478 | 4.23% | 167 | 1.48% | 533 | 4.72% | 11,296 |
| Wood | 2,523 | 47.28% | 1,742 | 32.65% | 525 | 9.84% | 369 | 6.92% | 177 | 3.32% | 781 | 14.63% | 5,336 |
| Totals | 164,230 | 41.06% | 130,596 | 32.65% | 62,448 | 15.61% | 33,476 | 8.37% | 9,225 | 2.31% | 33,634 | 8.41% | 399,975 |

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Progressive

1. Burnham, Walter Dean; 'The System of 1896: An Analysis'; in *The Evolution of American Electoral Systems*, pp. 178-179 ISBN 0313213798
2. Sundquist, James; *Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years*, p. 526 ISBN 0815719094
3. Hansen, John Mark; Shigeo Hirano, and Snyder, James M. Jr.; ‘Parties within Parties: Parties, Factions, and Coordinated Politics, 1900-1980’; in Gerber, Alan S. and Schickler, Eric; *Governing in a Polarized Age: Elections, Parties, and Political Representation in America*, pp. 165-168 ISBN 978-1-107-09509-0
4. Crews, Kenneth D.; ‘Woodrow Wilson, Wisconsin, and the Election of 1912’; *Presidential Studies Quarterly*, Vol. 12, No. 3: ‘Presidents, Vice Presidents and Political Parties: Performance and Prospects’ (Summer, 1982), pp. 369-376
5. "1912 Presidential General Election Results – Wisconsin". Retrieved August 18, 2016.
6. *The Primary Election of 1910 And The Presidential Primary of 1912*. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. 1912.
7. Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; *America Magazine* in *The National Catholic Review*; June 29, 2016
8. "WI US President Race, November 05, 1912". Our Campaigns.

## InfoBox

1912 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nominee **Woodrow Wilson** William Howard Taft   Party Democratic Republican  Home state New Jersey Ohio  Running mate **Thomas R. Marshall** Nicholas Murray Butler  Electoral vote **13** 0  Popular vote **164,230** 130,596  Percentage **41.06%** 32.65%   ---  Nominee Theodore Roosevelt Eugene V. Debs   Party Progressive Independent Socialist  Home state New York Indiana  Running mate Hiram Johnson Emil Seidel  Electoral vote 0 0  Popular vote 62,448 33,476  Percentage 15.61% 8.37% | |
| ---  County Results | |
| ---  **President before election**
William Howard Taft
Republican **Elected President**
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic | |


title: Rehaan Roy

abstract: Rehaan Roy is an Indian actor and model who has performed many roles in various Hindi and Bengali television shows. He is known for the lead role of Ishaan in Ogo Bodhu Sundori, Rishi in Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein, Ajgaar in Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha, Sahil in Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi and Vikram Bhatt's web series Tantra. He also appeared on &TV's daily soap Agniphera as Abhimanyu. Currently, he is playing the role of Parv Singh in Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega and Khalid Mirza in Bahu Begum.

text:
# Rehaan Roy

**Rehaan Roy** is an Indian actor and model who has performed many roles in various Hindi and Bengali television shows. He is known for the lead role of Ishaan in *Ogo Bodhu Sundori*, Rishi in *Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein*, Ajgaar in *Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha*, Sahil in *Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi* and Vikram Bhatt's web series *Tantra*. He also appeared on &TV's daily soap Agniphera as Abhimanyu. Currently, he is playing the role of Parv Singh in *Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega* and Khalid Mirza in *Bahu Begum*.

## Filmography

### Film

### Television

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | *Ogo Bodhu Sundori* | Ishaan |
| 2012 | *Sajda Tere Pyaar Mein* | Rishi |
| | *Savdhaan India* |  |
| 2013 | *Emotional Atyachar* |  |
| 2014 | *Pyar Ka The End* |  |
| | *Gumrah: End of Innocence* |  |
| 2015 | *Fear Files* | Rehaan |
| | *Meera* | Shubhankar |
| 2016–2017 | *Naagarjuna - Ek Yoddha* | Ajgaar |
| 2017 | *Thapki Pyaar Ki* | Monty Shekhawat |
| | *Ek Vivah Aisa Bhi* | Sahil Mittal |
| 2018 | *Agniphera* | Abhimanyu |
| 2018–2020 | *Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega* | Parv Singh |
| 2018–2019 | *Karn Sangini*Thakumar Jhuli | DushasanBidyut Kumar |
| 2019-2020 | *Bahu Begum* | Khalid Mirza |

### Web series

## InfoBox

| Rehaan Roy | |
| --- | --- |
| রেহান রায় | |
| Born | Rehaan Roy
(1988-04-15) April 15, 1988
Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, model, DIY Creator. |
| Years active | 2010–present |
| Spouse | nil |


title: Celio Augustino Curione

abstract: Celio Augustino Curione (1538–1567) was an Italian scholar and reformer who held the chair of rhetoric at Basel. He is best known for his History of the Saracens, which was translated into English by Thomas Newton.

text:
# Celio Augustino Curione

**Celio Augustino Curione** (1538–1567) was an Italian scholar and reformer who held the chair of rhetoric at Basel. He is best known for his *History of the Saracens*, which was translated into English by Thomas Newton.

## Life

Celio Augustino Curione was born in 1538 in Salò sul Garda in Brescia. He was the son of the reformer Celio Secondo Curione and Margherita Bianca Isacchi. In 1546 the family moved to Basel, where he attended the university and studied under his father. He then studied at the University of Tubingen, in Paris, Bourge and Toulouse and eventually Bologna where he studied jurisprudence.

Curione edited the works of Pietro Bembo, and the *Hieroglyphica* of Pierio Valeriano Bolzani. His *History of the Saracens* was dedicated to Emperor Maximilian II. His sources included *De futuris Christianorum triumphis in Turchos et Saracenos* by Annio da Viterbo, works by the Byzantine emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and above all the *Annales* of the Byzantine chronicler George Kedrenos.

He died in Basel on 24 October 1567.

## Works

* *De ratione consequendi styli seu de imitazione*. 1563
* *De quattuor Coelii Secundi Curionis filiarum vita atque obitu*. 1563
* *Petri Bembi ... quecumque usquam prodierunt operates in unum corpus collectio , and now demum ab C . A .Curione cum optimis exemplaribus collata et diligentissime punished*. 1567.
* *Sarracenicae historiae libri III*. 1567
* (ed.) *Hieroglyphica, sive de sacris Aegyptiorum aliarumque gentium commentarii* by Pierio Valeriano Bolzani. 1567.


title: Lake Patricia National Wildlife Refuge

abstract: Lake Patricia National Wildlife Refuge is an 800-acre (320 ha) National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The refuge is an Easement refuge that is entirely on privately owned land, but the landowners and U.S. Government work cooperatively to protect the resources. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service oversees Lake Patricia NWR from offices at Audubon National Wildlife Refuge.

text:
# Lake Patricia National Wildlife Refuge

**Lake Patricia National Wildlife Refuge** is an 800-acre (320 ha) National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The refuge is an Easement refuge that is entirely on privately owned land, but the landowners and U.S. Government work cooperatively to protect the resources. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service oversees Lake Patricia NWR from offices at Audubon National Wildlife Refuge.

## InfoBox

| Lake Patricia National Wildlife Refuge | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
|  | |
| Location | Morton County, North Dakota, USA |
| Nearest city | Bismarck, ND |
| Coordinates | 46°27′48″N 101°11′02″W / 46.46333°N 101.18389°W / 46.46333; -101.18389 |
| Area | 800 acres (320 ha) in 2010 |
| Governing body | U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |


title: Dave Watkins (baseball)

abstract: David Roger Watkins is an American retired physician and former professional baseball player. The native of Owensboro, Kentucky, attended Owensboro High School and was a catcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969. After his seven-year professional baseball career, Watkins matriculated from Kentucky Wesleyan College with a Bachelor's degree in biology in 1972, then earned his medical degree from the University of Louisville School of Medicine in 1976. Based in Louisville, Watkins is a former medical director of the Prauer Rehabilitation and Neuroscience Institute, partner with Rehab Associates PSC, and physician advisor at Jewish Hospital. He was a board member of the U.S. Marine Hospital Foundation, the Greater Louisville Medical Society, and the trustees of the Kentucky Medical Association Political Action Committee. In 2009, he received the Greater Louisville Medical Society's Excellence in Citizenship Award. Watkins' baseball career began in 1963 when he was signed by the Detroit Tigers. The catcher threw and batted right-handed, and was listed as 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and 185 pounds (84 kg). He was selected by the Phillies in December 1963 in the annual first-year player draft then in force, and worked his way through the club's farm system for the next five seasons. In 1969, he made the MLB Phillies' roster and spent the season as the team's backup catcher to regular Mike Ryan. In 69 games, including 33 as starting catcher, Watkins had 26 hits in 148 at-bats for a.176 batting average. He collected two doubles, a triple and four home runs. The 1969 campaign was Watkins' last in baseball before he began his education and career in medicine.

text:
# Dave Watkins (baseball)

**David Roger Watkins** (born March 15, 1944) is an American retired physician and former professional baseball player. The native of Owensboro, Kentucky, attended Owensboro High School and was a catcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969. After his seven-year professional baseball career, Watkins matriculated from Kentucky Wesleyan College with a Bachelor's degree in biology in 1972, then earned his medical degree from the University of Louisville School of Medicine in 1976. Based in Louisville, Watkins is a former medical director of the Prauer Rehabilitation and Neuroscience Institute, partner with Rehab Associates PSC, and physician advisor at Jewish Hospital. He was a board member of the U.S. Marine Hospital Foundation, the Greater Louisville Medical Society, and the trustees of the Kentucky Medical Association Political Action Committee. In 2009, he received the Greater Louisville Medical Society's Excellence in Citizenship Award.

Watkins' baseball career began in 1963 when he was signed by the Detroit Tigers. The catcher threw and batted right-handed, and was listed as 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall and 185 pounds (84 kg). He was selected by the Phillies in December 1963 in the annual first-year player draft then in force, and worked his way through the club's farm system for the next five seasons. In 1969, he made the MLB Phillies' roster and spent the season as the team's backup catcher to regular Mike Ryan. In 69 games, including 33 as starting catcher, Watkins had 26 hits in 148 at-bats for a .176 batting average. He collected two doubles, a triple and four home runs.

The 1969 campaign was Watkins' last in baseball before he began his education and career in medicine.

## InfoBox

| Dave Watkins | |
| --- | --- |
| **Catcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1944-03-15) March 15, 1944<br>Owensboro, Kentucky, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 9, 1969, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 2, 1969, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .176 |
| Home runs | 4 |
| Runs batted in | 12 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Calendula maroccana

abstract: Calendula maroccana is a species of annual flowering plant in the marigold genus Calendula, family Asteraceae. It grows primarily in a subtropical biome, and is endemic to Morocco. Calendula maroccana also contains the subspecies Calendula maroccana murbeckii.

text:
# Calendula maroccana

***Calendula maroccana*** is a species of annual flowering plant in the marigold genus *Calendula*, family Asteraceae. It grows primarily in a subtropical biome, and is endemic to Morocco.

*Calendula maroccana* also contains the subspecies *Calendula maroccana murbeckii.*

## Description

*C. maroccana* is a spreading perennial, non-succulent herb, standing 20cm-40cm high, with glandular hairs. Foliage is green, with massed, yellow flowers peaking in spring and summer but sporadic throughout the year.The leaves are alternate, 2.5-10cm long to 20mm wide, flat, and hairy to rough in texture, with margins mostly wavy and toothed, and tips more or less pointed.

The flower heads, composed of yellow or orange florets with yellow or brown centres, are borne singly at the ends of the stems. They have 2.5–4 cm long outer achenes, 2–2.5 cm long beaks, sometimes crested or toothed. Intermediate achenes are elongated; inner achenes are smaller, curved, with scattered hairs.

*Calendula maroccana* is similar to *Calendula. arvensis,* but is distinguished by a more slender habit, and a larger flower with tapered involucral bracts.

## Habitat

*Calendula maroccana* grows best in scrubland, on well-drained, stony ground or sand. It is not considered to be an endangered species.

## Medicinal Use

*Calendula moroccana* contains antioxidant and antibacterial agents that could be used in phytotherapy, pharmaceutical and food sectors.

## InfoBox

| *Calendula maroccana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Calendula* |
| Species: | ***C. maroccana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calendula maroccana***<br>Ball, 1893 | |
|


title: Jonathan Wills

abstract: Jonathan Wills is a British journalist currently employed by ITV Channel. Born in 1964 he has worked for ITN, where he was best known for presenting the sports segment during the now defunct ITV News at 10.30. He also fronted regional programme London Soccer Night for ITV London. In late 2007, his contract with ITN ended and he joined ITV Anglia to present the East edition of their regional news programme Anglia Tonight. As of 12 February 2009, he was the main presenter of the merged East and West editions of ITV News Anglia, alongside Becky Jago for almost 14 years. His last programme was May 28, 2021. He has now joined ITV Channel to present ITV News Channel TV alongside Jess Dunsdon.

text:
# Jonathan Wills

**Jonathan Wills** is a British journalist currently employed by ITV Channel.

Born in 1964 he has worked for ITN, where he was best known for presenting the sports segment during the now defunct *ITV News at 10.30*. He also fronted regional programme *London Soccer Night* for ITV London.

In late 2007, his contract with ITN ended and he joined ITV Anglia to present the *East* edition of their regional news programme *Anglia Tonight*. As of 12 February 2009, he was the main presenter of the merged *East* and *West* editions of *ITV News Anglia*, alongside Becky Jago for almost 14 years. His last programme was May 28, 2021.

He has now joined ITV Channel to present *ITV News Channel TV* alongside Jess Dunsdon.


title: Castra of ancient Rome

abstract: The castra of ancient Rome represent the complex of camps that housed the various military corps located in the city of Rome.

text:
# Castra of ancient Rome

The ***castra* (or forts) of ancient Rome** represent the complex of camps (or barracks) that housed the various military corps located in the city of Rome.

## *Castra Praetoria*

The Praetorians were the main body of the imperial guard. Established under Augustus between 29 and 20 BC, they had great influence in the history of the Empire, until their dissolution under Constantine I.

The barracks was built between 20 and 23 AD by Tiberius on the advice of the powerful commander (*Praefectus Praetorio*, literally "Prefect to the Praetorium", given that the Latin verb *praeficio* takes the dative case) Sejanus, to house in it the nine existing cohorts.

The *castra* had a quadrangular perimeter, with rounded corners and an oblique southern side. Three sides and traces of the fourth western side are still preserved. The enclosure of the *castra* was incorporated into the city walls built by Emperor Aurelian in the second half of the 3rd century.

The *Castra Praetoria* give the name to the Rione Castro Pretorio.

## *Castra urbana*

Three permanent urban cohorts, established by Augustus and reorganized by Tiberius, constituted the body in charge of maintaining public order in the city; they were under the command of *Praefectus urbi* (also in this case the term *Praefectus* takes the dative *urbi*, so the literal translation of the expression is "Prefect to the town").

Probably at the beginning they were also housed in the *Castra Praetoria*, since during the emergencies they were used as auxiliary troops of the praetorian cohorts for the defense of the Emperor. Later, starting at least from the time of the Emperor Septimius Severus, they had their own barracks: we know from sources that it was in the VII Augustan region (*Via Lata*), probably in the area of Piazza di Spagna.

## *Castra equitum singularium*

The body of the *Equites singulares* was part of the guard of the Emperors and was composed of soldiers of barbarian origins; it was probably established by the Emperor Trajan and suppressed by Constantine I.

The body had two barracks. The remains of the oldest one (*castra priora equitum singularium*) were found in 1885-1889 on the Celian Hill (Via Tasso), together with numerous inscriptions with dedications to different deities, that were probably housed in the sanctuary of the barracks.

The second barracks (*Castra Nova equitum singularium*) was built under the Emperor Septimius Severus between 193 and 197 (as attested by some dedicatory inscriptions) in an area formerly occupied by private houses (*domus Lateranorum*) near the Lateran. When the body was suppressed by Constantine I, the *castra nova* were burnt down and the basilica dedicated to the Savior ((later the Basilica of St. John Lateran) was built in their place. The remains of the Severian buildings were found on several occasions under the church.

The body also had a burial ground on Via Labicana (in the locality called *ad Duas Lauros*), where numerous inscriptions mentioning the two barracks have been found. Many of the sepulchral epigraphs of this burial ground were later reused as construction material for the circular church of Saints Marcellinus and Peter ad Duas Lauros.

## *Castra misenatium*

A special detail of the sailors (*classiarii*) of the military fleet stationed in Miseno was used to maneuver the *velarium*, which protected the spectators of the Colosseum from the sun and rain, and probably also for the *naumachiae*.

The detail was housed in a barracks near the amphitheater, probably close to the Baths of Trajan, on the slopes of the Oppian Hill, where an inscription was found relating to an enlargement of the barracks in the 3rd century.

## *Castra Peregrina*

They were the headquarters of the secret service of the Empire, made up of *peregrine milites* such as the *frumentarii* and the *speculatores*. The soldiers of the legions, who stationed in the provinces and obtained particular merits in the field, could in fact be detached to the capital for particular functions (as happened for the *frumentarii* and the *speculatores*).

The *speculatores* (Latin for "explorers" or rather "espionage officers") were in fact in charge of gathering informations in all the provinces of the Empire and of the security of the State; the *frumentarii* (Latin for "couriers" or better "secret police" assigned to internal security) were those who – in Rome and in the provinces of Italy – "probed everyone's secrets", that is, they were assigned to internal control and therefore to the security of institutions such as the Senate and the Emperor. They were commanded by the *princeps peregrinorum*, responsible for the global security of the State, which, in its functions, reported directly to the Emperor.

They had an independent barracks - not even subject to the control of the urban cohorts and of the Praetorian Guard \- located in the Caelian Hill, whose remains were found close to the Basilica of St. Stephen in the Round and in the excavations below the church itself. Inside there was a temple dedicated to *Iuppiter Redux*, but also other cults were practiced, as evidenced by the presence of a mithraeum. The structures show various phases and reconstructions between the 2nd and the 4th century. Some scholars assume that the construction of this camp was started by Augustus, at the time of the division of the city of Rome into 14 *regiones*.

## Fort (Castrum) of Amba Aradam-Ipponio

The Castrum of Amba Aradam-Ipponio was a fort in ancient Rome probably dating back to the time of the emperor Hadrian.

It was found during archaeological excavations in the future Amba Aradam-Ipponio Metro station (later named after Giorgio Marincola), in 2016. The area occupies 1750 m2 and is at a depth of ܃9 m. According to the archaeologists it could be one of those that we know housed special militias, the emperor's secret services (which were usually housed in the *castra peregrina*).

It was near to other barracks from different periods that have been found on the southern slope of the Caelian Hill: two *Castra Nova Equitum Singularium*, one under St. John in Lateran and another in via Tasso, and *Castra Peregrina*. A fragment of the *Forma Urbis Romae*, the marble map of Rome, that was recently discovered shows another barracks near Villa Celimontana.

The castrum was built along a stream, the Aqua Crabra, which was used to irrigate the gardens and then went into the Tiber.

In 2018 elaborately decorated rooms belonging to the commander and other officers were found with mosaics and also the so-called *domus* of the centurions.

The fort was abandoned then buried during the construction of the Aurelian Walls (271-275 AD), which also had to have a clear area in front for defensive reasons. It had been stripped of reusable materials like lead piping (though some remained) and partially razed.

## Bibliography

* Eva Margareta Steinby (editeb by), *Lexicon topographicum urbis Romae*, entry *Castra*, vol. I, Rome 1993.
* Paolo Liverani (edited by), *Laterano 1. Scavi sotto la Basilica di S.Giovanni*, *Monumenta Sanctae Sedis*, 1, Vatican City 1998 (about the *Castra nova equitum singularium*).
* K. Baillie Reynolds, *The Journal of Roman Studies*, *The castra peregrinorum*, 1923.

## InfoBox

*Castra* of Ancient Rome
| Northwest corner of the Castra Praetoria rampart. | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Rome, Italy |
| History | |
| Periods | from the age of Tiberius until 4th century |
| Cultures | Roman |
| Associated with | Praetorian Guard, *Cohortes urbanae*, *Equites singulares Augusti*, *classiarii* of *Classis Misenensis*, *Speculatores* and *Frumentarii*. |


title: Charles Power (field hockey)

abstract: Charles Frederick Power was an Irish field hockey player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. In 1908 he represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as a member of the Irish national team, which won the silver medal.

text:
# Charles Power (field hockey)

**Charles Frederick Power** (26 August 1878  26 March 1953) was an Irish field hockey player who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. In 1908 he represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as a member of the Irish national team, which won the silver medal.

## InfoBox

| Olympic medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's field hockey | | |
| Representing  Great Britain <br>( Ireland) | | |
|  | 1908 London | Team |


title: Reha Özcan

abstract: Ragıp Reha Özcan is a Turkish actor. He is best known for his role Fikri Elibol in the TV series Bizim Hikaye.

text:
# Reha Özcan

**Ragıp Reha Özcan** (born 5 July 1965) is a Turkish actor. He is best known for his role Fikri Elibol in the TV series *Bizim Hikaye*.

## Life and career

Ragıp Reha Özcan was born on 5 July 1965 in Bingöl, Turkey. He has a brother Serhat Özcan, also an actor. He graduated from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University in 1987. He started working in the Trabzon State Theater in the same year. He was appointed to the Istanbul State Theater in the 1990–1991.

He settled in Antalya during the 1992–1993 theatre season and took part in the Antalya State Theater. He also worked as a director in the Akdeniz University Theater Club and Antalya Metropolitan Municipality Theater, and was appointed to the Istanbul State Theater in the 2010–2011 season.

He has appeared in a lot of series, movies and theater plays. He had his first role in a theater play in 1985. He played hit series Suskunlar which the first Turkish drama sold to the USA market for remake. His most famous series were *Maral*, where he depicted the character of Halis in 2014–2015. In 2017, he depicted the character of Fikri Elibol in the series *Bizim Hikaye*, which was broadcast on FOX. His ongoing project is *Mucize Doktor*, in which he portrays the character of Doctor Adil. In 2016, Reha Özcan ended his 29-year career as a theater actor. In addition to acting, he can also be seen on television. Ragıp is married and has two children.

## Filmography

### Television

### Film

* *Uzun Zaman Önce* (Salih, 2019)
* *Aydede* (Necati, 2018)
* *8 (Sekiz)* (2018)
* *Poyraz Karayel: Küresel Sermaye* (Amir Yıldız, 2017)
* *Yaşamak Güzel Şey* (2017)
* *İstanbul Kırmızısı* (2016)
* *Sen Benim Herşeyimsin* (2016)
* *Öyle ya da Böyle* (Sadık, 2015)
* *Çare-Sizlik* (Hakim, 2014)
* *Unutursam Fısılda* (2014)
* *Buna Değer* (2014)
* *Ölü ya da Diri* (2013)
* *Kor* (Short film, 2013)
* *Tepenin Ardı* (Nusret, 2012)
* *Yangın Var* (2011)
* *Buhar* (Short film, 2011)
* *Bahtı Kara* (Adnan, 2008)

## InfoBox

| Reha Özcan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Ragıp Reha Özcan
(1965-07-05) 5 July 1965
Bingöl, Turkey |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Known for | Bizim Hikaye |
| Children | 2 |


title: Cellcom Communications

abstract: Cellcom Communications or Cellcom is a telecommunications company based in Montreal, Quebec and the largest franchisee of Bell Canada & Bell Mobility in North America with 52 stores across Ontario and Greater Montreal Area.

text:
# Cellcom Communications

**Cellcom Communications** or **Cellcom** is a telecommunications company based in Montreal, Quebec and the largest franchisee of Bell Canada & Bell Mobility in North America with 52 stores across Ontario and Greater Montreal Area.

## History

Cellcom's parent company, Bell Canada Enterprises, was founded in 1880 and named after Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone and the co-founder of Bell Telephone Company. Cellcom Communications was established by Gary Hutman in 1985. Shortly after cellular phones were emerging into the telecommunications industry, Cellcom was among the first distributors for Bell Canada in the Greater Montreal Area.

In the span of four decades, Cellcom has gone from a single retail store outlet, to 28 stores throughout Montreal. Heavily investing in wireless technology, Cellcom has differentiated itself from other small telecommunications retailers by branching out into the corporate realm. Currently, Cellcom has over 600 corporate clients, and roughly over 150,000 consumer customers. They are a distributor and provider for the Canadian wireless industry.

## Virgin Plus

Cellcom operates several Bell Canada kiosks in the Greater Montreal Area. Cellcom also serves several Virgin Plus kiosks in Quebec. Virgin Plus is a subsidiary to Bell Canada, and is a provider of postpaid wireless voice, text, data, and home internet as well as television.

## Talks of Expansion

Currently Cellcom is looking to expand further into the Ontario market, already currently hosting 3 outlet stores through Bell Canada. Cellcom currently operates 16 different locations, most being in the Greater Toronto Area.

## Locations

Cellcom Communications operates 52 stores across Quebec and Ontario areas.

### Quebec Locations

* Bell Bourassa - 6000 Boulevard Henri Bourassa E, Montréal
* Bell Carrefour Laval - (both kiosk and store) 3035 Boulevard Le Carrefour, Laval
* Bell Centre Laval - 1600 Boulevard Le Corbusier, Laval
* Bell Chagnon - 1200 Boulevard Alphonse Desjardins, Lévis
* Bell Décarie - 5355 Rue Des Jockeys, Montréal
* Bell Des Sources - 3476 Boulevard Des Sources, Dollard-Des-Ormeaux
* Bell Dolbeau - 1471 Boulevard Wallberg, Dolbeau
* Bell Dorion - 84 Boulevard Hardwood, Vaudreuil
* Bell Drummondville - 755 Boulevard René-Levesque, Drummondville
* Bell Joliette - 1075 Boulevard Firestore, Joliette
* Bell La Baie - 931 Rue Bagot, La Baie
* Bell Saint-Eustache - 367 Boulevard Arthur Sauvé, Saint-Eustache
* Bell Promenades Beauport - 3333 Rue Du Carrefour, Québec
* Bell Roberval - 1221 Boulevard Marcotte
* Bell Sorel - 450 Boulevard Poliquin, Sorel-Tracy
* Bell Saint-Jérôme - 900 Boulevard Grignon, Saint-Jérôme
* Bell Saint-Sauveur - 153 Rue Principale, Saint-Sauveur
* Bell Saint-Martin - 1655 Boulevard Saint-Martin O, Laval
* Bell Saint-Denis - 4337 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal
* Bell Sainte-Dorothée - 916 Autoroute Chomedey O, Laval
* Bell Sainte-Agathe - 217 Rue Principale E, Sainte-Agathe Des Monts
* Bell Saint-Felicien - 1179 Boulevard Saint-Felicien, Saint-Felicien
* Bell Saint-Jovite - 517 Rue Saint-Jovite, Mont-Tremblant
* Bell Vaudreuil - 3120 Boulevard De La Gare, Vaudreuil
* Bell Versailes - 7275 Rue Sherbrooke E, Montréal
* Bell Vertu - 3131 Boulevard de le Côte-Vertu, Montréal
* Cellcom Corporate Store - 5200 Rue Paré, Montréal
* Virgin Bourassa - 6000 Boulevard Henri Bourassa E, Montréal
* Virgin Centre Laval - 1600 Boulevard Le Corbusier, Laval
* Virgin Décarie - 6900 Boulevard Décarie, Côte Saint-Luc
* Virgin Drummondville - 755 Boulevard Rene-Levesque, Montréal
* Virgin Joliette - 1075 Boulevard Firestone, Joliette
* Virgin Mirabel - 19001 Chemin Notre-Dame, Mirabel
* Virgin Versailles - 7275 Sherbrooke E, Montréal
* Virgin Vertu - 3131 Boulevard de la Côte-Vertu, Montréal

### Ontario Locations

* Bell Alliston - 36 Young Street, Alliston
* Bell Aurora - 91 First Commerce Drive, Aurora
* Bell Bank Street - 247 Bank Street, Ottawa
* Bell Barrhaven - 50 Marketplace Avenue, Nepean
* Bell Bolton - 40 McEwan Drive, Bolton
* Bell Bowmanville - 2377 Highway 2, Bowmanville
* Bell Cobourg - 1111 Eglin Street W, Cobourg
* Bell Collingwood - 122 Hurontario Street, Collingwood
* Bell Hunt Club - 280 West Hunt Club Road, Nepean
* Bell Kingston Center - 1040 Princess Street, Kingston
* Bell Midland - 297 King Street, Midland
* Bell Oshawa - 1383 Wilson Road N, Oshawa
* Bell Smiths Falls - 123 Lombard Street, Smiths Falls
* Bell Stittsville - 1261 Main Street, Stittsville
* Bell Sudbury - 1545 Regent Street, Sudbury
* Bell Taylor Kidd - 599 Taylor Kidd Boulevard, Kingston

## InfoBox

Cellcom Communications
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | 1985 |
| Founder | Gary Hutman |
| Headquarters | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Products | Fixed line and mobile telephony
Internet services
Digital television |
| Number of employees | 500 (2014) |
| Website | www.cellcom.ca |
| **Footnotes / references**
partner = Bell Media
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
Bell Mobility
Bell Aliant | |


title: Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster

abstract: Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster The Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster is a group of six kofun burial mounds located in the Kaminakatsui neighborhood of the city of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, in the San'yō region of Japan. The tumuli were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 2008. The tumuli area considered to be representative of large chieftain tombs of the late Kofun period of the Kingdom of Kibi.

text:
# Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster

300m
330yds 大谷1号墳 定北古墳  定西塚古墳  定東塚古墳大谷・定古墳群分布図

The **Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster** (大谷・定古墳群, *Ōya-Sada Kofun-gun*) is a group of six *kofun* burial mounds located in the Kaminakatsui neighborhood of the city of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, in the San'yō region of Japan. The tumuli were collectively designated a National Historic Site in 2008. The tumuli area considered to be representative of large chieftain tombs of the late Kofun period of the Kingdom of Kibi.

## Background

The Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster is located by the Nakatsui River, which flows through a basin surrounded by the Kibi Plateau, in southern Maniwa. A common feature is that all are *hōfun* (方墳)-style rectangular burial mounds, with a stepped (pyramid) structure and a stone wall layer of outer stones.

Ōya No.1 burial mound was built in the latter half of the 7th century. Archaeological excavations have unearthed gold-decorated iron swords and other items from the cut stone burial chamber. It is believed to date from the late 7th century. The Sada Kofun cluster is located at the foot of the mountain 1.5 km east of the Ōya No. 1 Kofun, and consist of five tumuli. The Sada-Higashi and Sada-Nishi tumuli were once regarded as a single "two conjoined rectangles" type (zenpō-kōhō-fun (前方後方墳)); however, subsequent research indicated that they are separate tumuli.

Sada-Higashi Kofun

The Sada-Higashi Kofun is rectangular, measuring 25 meters north to south, 18 meters east to west, and 6 meters high. The mound is surrounded by two tiers of stones. Excavations were conducted from 1994 to 1997. The burial facility is a horizontal stone chamber orientated to the south. The total length of the burial chamber is 11.6 meters including the entry passage. Inside were four Haji-style ceramic coffins (2 tortoise shell-shaped, 2 gabled house-shaped, 1 four-pillar house-shaped) and a nailed wooden coffin. Grave goods included cearrings, small beads, gold thread iron long swords, arrowheads, halberds, and metal fittings, horse harness and metal fittings, agricultural tools and Sue ware pottery (bowls, lids, vases, jars). It is estimated to have been built around the end of the Kofun period, around the first half of the 7th century, and is the oldest among the cluster of *kofun*.

Sada-Nishi Kofu

The Sada-Nishi Kofun was built adjacent to the west side of the Sada-Higashi Kofun on the southern foot of a hill overhanging the east bank of the Nakatsui River. The mound is rectangular, measuring 16 meters north to south, 14 meters east to west, and 4.5 meters high and is surrounded by two tiers of stones. Excavations were conducted in 1994–1997. The burial facility is a horizontal stone chamber orientated to the south. The total length of the burial chamber including the entry passage was 10.7 meters. Inside were six Haji pottery coffins (2 tortoiseshell-shaped, 4 gabled house-shaped) and nailed wooden coffins. Grave goods were similar to that of the Sada-Higashi Kofun, and date the construction to the end of the Kofun period, around the first half of the 7th century, and immediately following the Sada-Higashi Kofun.

Sada-Kita Kofun

The Sada-Kita Kofun is located about 70 meters north of the Sada-Higashi Kofun and Sada-Nishi Kofun on the southern slope of a hill overhanging the east bank of the Nakatsui River. The mound is rectangular, measuring 25.3 meters from north to south and 21 meters from east to west, and is surrounded by three tiers of outer guard stones; the middle tier measuring 1.8 meters contains the opening of the burial chamber. Excavations were conducted from 1990 to 1993. The burial facility is a horizontal stone chamber orientated to the south. The chamber is two-tiered and is paved with flat pebbles. Inside were four Haji pottery coffins (2 tortoiseshell-shaped, 2 gabled house-shaped), wooden coffins with nails (1.8m in length, 0.6m in width), and an additional burial urn (medicine pot-shaped Sue ware). Grave goods included small ball and cut-glass beads, weapons (iron swords, arrowheads), copper bowls, ax-shaped iron products, and Sue ware (bowls, lids, and flat jars). Sue pottery jars have also been unearthed on both sides of the opening. The tumulus is estimated to have been built around the middle of the 7th century, at the end of the Kofun period.

Ōya No.1 Kofun

The Ōya No.1 Kofun was built on the southern slope of a hill overhanging the west bank of the Nakatsui River. The mound is rectangular, measuring 13.1 meters east–west, 9.8 meters north–south, and 3.8 meters high. It is surrounded by three tiers of stone guards, and two tiers of stones (18–22 meters in length) in front of the mound, giving the front view the appearance of a five-tier construction.The top of the mound is covered with flat stones. Excavations were conducted in 1988 and from 1992 to 1994. The burial facility is a horizontal stone chamber with two sleeves and opens in the south-southeast direction. The burial chamber was made from five megalithic stones, one each on the back wall, east wall, and ceiling, and two on the west wall. Inside was a Sue ware ceramic coffin shaped like a house and a wooden coffin. Although the burial chamber had been robbed in antiquity, a number of grave goods were found, including a pair of dragon hilt swords, arrowheads, and arrowhead-shaped gilt bronze products and both Sue ware and Haji ware pottery. The excavated hilt swords are an important cultural property designated by Okayama Prefecture. The tumulus is estimated to have been built around the end of the Kofun period around the latter half of the 7th century. Although it is not clear who was buried, there is a theory that he was Prince Ishikawa no Okimi, who died in 672, who played a role in the Jinshin War and was recognized as ruler of Kibi around this time.

Sada No.4 Kofun

The Sada No.4 Kofun was excavated in 2006. Measuring approximately 6.6 meters from north to south and 8.2 meters from east to west, it is a three-tiered square tumulus. No relics have been found in the stone chamber, but plate-shaped iron products have been excavated from the southern end of the research area. It is estimated to have been built between the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century, the end of the Kofun period, making it the newest and smallest burial mound in the cluster.

Sada No.5 Kofun

The Sada No.5 Kofun was also excavated in 2006. It is a two-tiered square burial mound measuring about 8 meters from north to south and about 10.4 meters from east to west. Sue ware was found in the burial chamber. It is estimated to have been built in the latter half of the 7th century, at the end of the Kofun period.

Large chieftain tombs of the 6th century Kingdom of Kibi were built in the southern part of the Kibi region, but the northern region, which is an important transportation hub and rich in iron resources, came under Yamato political influence in the 7th century and the construction of large burial mounds in this region shows a shifting of political and economic power from the south to the north during this time. In addition, the Kodono Site, believed to be the ruins of a Nara period *kanga* (district headquarters) are located nearby, and it ay have some connection to this tumuli cluster.

The site is about ten minutes by car from Chugoku Expressway Hokubo IC.

Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster main tumuli
| Area | Name | Type | Dimensions | Burial chamber | Sarcophagus | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Sada** | **Sada-Higashi** | *hōfun* | 18 x 25m | Single horizontal stone chamber | Haji pottery coffin (4), wooden coffin | early 7th c |
| | **Sada-Nishi** | *hōfun* | 14-16m | Single horizontal stone chamber | Haji pottery coffin (6), wooden coffin | early 7th c |
| | **Sada-Kita** | *hōfun* | 21-25.3m | Double horizontal stone chamber | Haji clay pottery coffin (4), wooden coffin | mid 7th c |
| **Oya** | **Ōya No.1** | *hōfun* | 9.8-13.1m (22m) | Double horizontal stone chamber | Sue clay pottery coffin (1), wooden coffin | Late 7th c |

## InfoBox

Ōya-Sada Kofun Cluster
| 大谷・定古墳群 | |
| --- | --- |
| Ōya No.1Kofun | |
| Ōya-Sada Kofun ClusterŌya-Sada Kofun Cluster (Japan) | |
| Location | Maniwa, Okayama, Japan |
| Region | San'yō region |
| Coordinates | 34°56′22″N 133°37′29″E / 34.93944°N 133.62472°E / 34.93944; 133.62472 |
| Type | Kofun |
| History | |
| Founded | 6th-7th century AD |
| Periods | Kofun period |
| Site notes | |
| Public access | Yes |
| National Historic Site of Japan | |


title: The Green World

abstract: The Green World is the fourth studio album by American folk music singer-songwriter Dar Williams, released in 2000. While writing songs for the album, Williams incorporated her ongoing interest in religion into the process. One particular inspiration was the book Drawing Down the Moon by Margot Adler. "Calling the Moon" was covered by Richard Shindell on the album Somewhere Near Paterson.

text:
# The Green World

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***The Green World*** is the fourth studio album by American folk music singer-songwriter Dar Williams, released in 2000.

While writing songs for the album, Williams incorporated her ongoing interest in religion into the process. One particular inspiration was the book *Drawing Down the Moon* by Margot Adler.

"Calling the Moon" was covered by Richard Shindell on the album *Somewhere Near Paterson*.

## Track listing

All songs written by Dar Williams

1. "Playing to the Firmament" – 3:53
2. "And a God Descended" – 4:15
3. "After All" – 4:48
4. "What Do You Love More Than Love" – 3:17
5. "Spring Street" – 4:52
6. "We Learned the Sea" – 2:34
7. "I Won't Be Your Yoko Ono" – 3:38
8. "Calling the Moon" – 5:02
9. "I Had No Right" – 3:25
10. "It Happens Every Day" – 3:53
11. "Another Mystery" – 3:03

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Green World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dar Williams | |
| Released | August 22, 2000 |
| Genre | Folk |
| Length | 42:42 |
| Label | Razor & Tie |
| Producer | Stewart Lerman |
| Dar Williams chronology | |
| *Cry Cry Cry*
(1998) ***The Green World***
(2000) *The Beauty of the Rain*
(2003) | |


title: Lake Patzcuaro salamander

abstract: The Lake Patzcuaro salamander, locally known as achoque, is a paedomorphic species of salamander found exclusively in Lake Pátzcuaro, a high-altitude lake in the Mexican state of Michoacán. First described in 1870 by Alfredo Dugès, the species is named in honor of the French herpetologist Auguste Duméril. However, the salamander has been used as a food source and an ingredient in traditional medicines by the Purépecha people since the Pre-Columbian era. Ambystoma dumerilii are neotenic, meaning they retain their larval characteristics throughout their entire life. This results in adults that have long, heavily filamented external gills, gill slits lined with tooth-like gill rakers, and caudal fins. When stressed, Ambystoma dumerilii can undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, though this is process significantly decreases their lifespan and is often fatal. Due to their similar morphology, taxonomy, and behavior, achoques are often compared to axolotls. While geographically isolated in the wild, achoques and axolotls are capable of mating in captivity. This, along with achoque's similarities to the tiger salamander, has led to the species being classified as a member of the larger Ambystoma tigrinum species group. Ambystoma dumerilii are listed as critically endangered in the IUCN red list, and in Appendix II CITES due to pollution, overfishing, eutrophication, and invasive species. It is estimated that there are less than 100 individuals left in the wild, and that the species may go extinct in the wild within the next 20 to 30 years. Currently, there are 4 in situ colonies in Mexico and additional colonies abroad maintaining the species' population. The most notable of these is run by Sisters of the Dominican Order, at the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Salud, who currently maintain a colony of 300 members, the largest known population of the species in the world.

text:
# Lake Patzcuaro salamander

The **Lake Patzcuaro salamander**, locally known as **achoque** (***Ambystoma dumerilii***), is a paedomorphic species of salamander found exclusively in Lake Pátzcuaro, a high-altitude lake in the Mexican state of Michoacán. First described in 1870 by Alfredo Dugès, the species is named in honor of the French herpetologist Auguste Duméril. However, the salamander has been used as a food source and an ingredient in traditional medicines by the Purépecha people since the Pre-Columbian era. *Ambystoma dumerilii* are neotenic, meaning they retain their larval characteristics throughout their entire life. This results in adults that have long, heavily filamented external gills, gill slits lined with tooth-like gill rakers, and caudal fins. When stressed, *Ambystoma dumerilii* can undergo an incomplete metamorphosis, though this is process significantly decreases their lifespan and is often fatal.

Due to their similar morphology, taxonomy, and behavior, achoques are often compared to axolotls. While geographically isolated in the wild, achoques and axolotls are capable of mating in captivity. This, along with achoque's similarities to the tiger salamander, has led to the species being classified as a member of the larger *Ambystoma tigrinum* species group.

*Ambystoma dumerilii* are listed as critically endangered in the IUCN red list, and in Appendix II CITES due to pollution, overfishing, eutrophication, and invasive species. It is estimated that there are less than 100 individuals left in the wild, and that the species may go extinct in the wild within the next 20 to 30 years. Currently, there are 4 in situ colonies in Mexico and additional colonies abroad maintaining the species' population. The most notable of these is run by Sisters of the Dominican Order, at the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Salud, who currently maintain a colony of 300 members, the largest known population of the species in the world.

## Taxonomy and evolution

*Ambystoma dumerilii* is a species of mole salamander located in the suborder *Salamandroidea*, also known as advanced salamanders. The species was first described in 1870 by Alfredo Dugès, who described the species as *Siredon dumerilii.* The species epithet "*dumerilii*" is in honor of the French herpetologist Auguste Duméril. In 1889, Edward Drinker Cope reclassified the species as *Amblystoma dumerili*, with the classification being upheld in 1930 by Karl Lafrentz. Emmett Reid Dunn renamed the species *Bathysiredon dumerilii* in 1939, and Hobart Muir Smith employed the name *Siredon dumerilii* that same year. Between 1943 and 1948, Hobart M Smith, Walter Necker, and Edward Harrison Taylor returned the species to *Bathysiredon dumerilii*, but incorrectly claimed the species had gone extinct. Also, in 1948, Manuel Maldonado Koerdell described the subspecies *Bathysiredon dumerilii queretarensis* and *Bathysiredon dumerilii dumerilii*. A 2016 review of this classification concluded that the holotype specimen had been lost, making confirmation of Koerdell's discovery impossible. Previous assessments of the preserved specimen prior to it being lost concluded that the subspecies was not taxonomically valid.

In 1958, Joseph Anton Tihen classified the species as *Ambystoma (Bathysiredon) dumerilii.* In 1976, Hobart M Smith, and Rozella B. Smith reclassified the species again as *Ambystoma queretarense* but this was rejected in 1992 by Southern Illinois University herpetologist Ronald A. Brandon. In 1984, H. Bradley Shaffer conducted breeding experiments and genetic distance reviews of the *Ambystoma* genus, identifying *Ambystoma dumerilii* as part of the larger *Ambystoma tigrinum* species group. In 2012, the species was lastly reclassified to its current name *Ambystoma (Heterotriton) dumerilii* by Alain Dubois and Jean Raffaëlli.

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of *Ambystoma dumerilii* among select members of the genus *Ambystoma*, based upon genetic distance comparisons of 32 loci via gel electrophoresis:

*Ambystoma dumerilii* are colloquially referred to as the Lake Patzcuaro Salamander, Dumeril's salamander, and are locally called achoques. The vernacular name *achoque* is derived from the Purépecha word "*achójki*". The term is synonymous with the Nahuatl word "*axolotl*", or the Spanish "*Ajolote*", which is broadly applied to all aquatic forms of branchiate salamanders. The precise meaning of "*achójki*" is not known, but it might mean mud.

### Evolution

*Ambystoma dumerilii* evolved approximately 10 to 12 million years ago during the Neogene era. The *Ambystoma* genus diverged following the uplifting of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt where the Mexican Plateau split from the Sierra Madre, isolating the ancestral species. From there, species along the Mexican Plateau split into 3 distinct lineages based upon the plateau's drainage patterns. During that same time, the Lerma River's drainage system was disrupted by volcanic activity, separating Lake Patzcuaro and Lake Texcoco, and isolating the ancestral species of *Ambystoma dumerilii* and axolotls into their respective environments. The maintenance of the *Ambystoma tigrinum* species group might be facilitated by changes in groundwater levels that periodically connect the geographically isolated members of this species group, preventing complete speciation.

## Description

*Ambystoma dumerilii* are large, ectothermic salamanders; adult specimen have a snout to vent length of 12.2 cm (4.8 in) and a size range of 12.8 cm (5.0 in) to 28.2 cm (11.1 in). Males and females are identical lengths. Some adults have been observed growing over 35 cm (14 in) in length; this places achoques as one of the largest species in their genus. The average adult weight is 121 g (0.267 lb) and females typically weigh more than males. The salamander's skin has a granular to smooth texture, with small dome-shaped protuberances along the head. Their dorsum can range from tan brown to green, sometimes with dark brown spots, while their undersides are a pale grey. Their toes, rostrum of the head, cloaca, and underside of the tail tend to have a darker coloring compared to the body. Rarely, the dorsum can be darker in males, and the fimbriae of the gills are most often red colored. Their dorsum color has been described by Chester Zoo curator Gerardo Garcia as "the color of dijon mustard" and the salamanders "resemble miniature versions of the flying dragon-dog Falkor in The Neverending Story".

*Ambystoma dumerilii's* head and mouth are flat and wide, and a caudal fin runs from the third gill arch to the end of the tail. This species also retains its gill rakers, and possess large, perennibranchiate (lifelong), hyperfilamentous gills that frame their head. The eyes are small and located near the snout. Their bodies are widest along the thorax and begin to taper following the hind legs into the tail. The legs are short and stocky, and their webbed toes end with four digits. *Ambystoma dumerilii* is the only member of their genus to retain webbed feet on all 4 limbs into adulthood. Morphologically, they are most similar to Anderson's salamander, with both species sharing a broad head and equal gill raker numbers. Achoques are also compared to the axolotl and Taylor's salamander since all three species share a similar geographical location, taxonomic ranking, and have broadly similar morphological features. Compared to most *Ambystoma* species, their heads and rostrum are particularly flat. Additionally, their gills have a larger number of fimbriae but fewer gill rakers.

## Life cycle

Mating occurs in winter and early spring. Unlike other species of tropical salamanders who continually produce gametes, *Ambystoma dumerilii* spermatogenesis follows a yearly cycle. Males initiate courtship by arching the base of their tails and swimming around the female; they lift their tails further to present their cloaca. If the female is receptive, she will begin to follow the male to a breeding site, where males release up to 16 spermatophores. Oviposition takes approximately 24 to 72 hours to complete, and individual eggs are attached to vegetation or rocks. Females can lay over 1000 eggs in a single clutch and eggs can measure up to 1.8 mm (0.071 in) in diameter. Ova begin maturation during the spring's rainy season and spawning occurs in response to increasing seasonal temperatures.

The life stages of *Ambystoma dumerilii* are largely defined by overall body length and the loss of some, but not all, larval features. Newly hatched salamanders measure approximately 12 mm (0.47 in) in length.They lack ectodermal projections (balancers) and gill fimbriae, are a brown colour, and have developing front limbs. When larvae reach a 35 mm (1.4 in) snout to vent length, they have all limbs developed, hyperfilamentous gills, and have begun developing dark pigmentation. They largely retain their current features into maturity. Stressors in the environment can induce morphological plasticity in larvae, which determines the length, width, and degree of tail development. When raised in captivity or under stressful conditions, specimen are generally smaller and have decreased swimming capabilities.

Sexual maturity is reached around 18 to 24 months of age, though some specimen can achieve this as early as 8 to 12 months. A snout to vent length of 108 mm (4.3 in) marks the beginning of sexual maturation while a snout to vent length of 122 mm (4.8 in) is considered sexually mature. Males tend to mature faster than females and can be identified by the swelling in their cloaca during breeding season. Females may be capable of reproducing earlier than this, but most of the resultant eggs would not be viable. The life expectancy of this species is unknown but captive specimen can survive up to 16 years.

### Neoteny

This species is neotenic (also known as paedomorphism), meaning that they retain larval stage characteristics. This mainly includes their external, heavily vascularized gills, rather than losing them in adulthood like most salamander species. While many *Ambystoma* salamanders are capable of performing facilitative neoteny (entering metamorphosis only under favorable environmental conditions), *Ambystoma dumerilii* is only one of five *Ambystoma* salamanders that are found in a permanent, natural state of paedomorphism. As a result, while the species possesses functional, terrestrial lungs, most gas exchange occurs via their gills and skin.

### Metamorphosis

*A. dumerilii* has not been observed metamorphosing in the wild, but can undergo metamorphosis in captivity. Approximately, one third of both wild caught and laboratory raised specimen undergo metamorphosis in a laboratory setting, and spontaneous metamorphoses often occur during mating season possibly due to hormonal factors. The metamorphosis is largely incomplete and can take up to 3 years. Incorrect husbandry practices are a source of stress in achoques in captivity and may be another driving factor in spontaneous metamorphosis. Metamorphosed specimen do not undergo periodic molting, but rather continuously shed the stratum corneum. Unlike normal amphibians post-transformation, the skin does not have Leydig nor mucosal cells.

Induction of metamorphosis via thyroxine shortens the lifespan of the salamander to 5 months from the start of metamorphosis, while non-induced lifespans only last 48 days on average. These specimen will refuse to eat and require assisted feeding to survive. Hybrids between *A. dumerilii* and its relatives, often *A. mexicanum* (the axolotl) and *A. tigrinum* (the tiger salamander)*,* are also prone to spontaneous metamorphosis but show a stronger tolerance to survival. This is because *Ambystoma dumerilii* lacks the genes necessary to carry out metamorphosis to completion, often leading to detrimental phenotypes, bodily asymmetry, and ultimately death.

### Hybridization

*Ambystoma mexicanum*, *Ambystoma tigrinum,* and *Ambystoma dumerilii* all display similar courtship behavior, and both artificial insemination and inter-species courtship under laboratory conditions has resulted in viable hybrid offspring between these species*. Ambystoma mexicanum* and *Ambystoma dumerilii*, in particular, demonstrate no behavioral nor genetic barriers to reproduction in captivity. Their offspring tend to be larger than axolotl larvae and their adult size is largely dependent on the maternal species. Pigmentation and the morphology of the hybrid larvae are largely consistent with the tiger salamander's larvae, another member of the species group. As hybrids age, they develop a phenotype that is a combination of achoques and axolotls. Hybrids retain the webbed feet but lack the dorsal fimbriae of achoques. Offspring involving *Ambystoma tigrinum or A. tigrinum-A. mexicanum* hybrids and *Ambystoma dumerilii* results in few viable offspring that are prone to congenital abnormalities. Hybridization between achoques and *Ambystoma rivulare* has also been achieved via artificial insemination.

## Behavior and ecology

Due to the species' rarity in the wild, most observations regarding their behavior have been made in captivity. *Ambystoma dumerilii* is nocturnal, but will engage in opportunistic activities during the day. Movement is driven via a 'walking' motion through substrate and the tail fin is used for swimming when necessary. In their lungs, they regulate the amount of air to control buoyancy. When startled or attempting to swim, the salamanders pull their limbs to their body and dive down. They will then hide in vegetation or substrate. Similar to axolotls, achoques are capable of limb regeneration following injury. *Ambystoma dumerilii* does not normally vocalize but do make a croaking or squeaking sound when removed from water.

Due to the lack of native predatory fish in Lake Pátzcuaro, *Ambystoma dumerilii* was likely an apex predator prior to the introduction of invasive species. They may have been predated on by herons and the snake *Thamnophis eques patzcuarensis*, but this has never been observed. *Ambystoma dumerilii* is naturally paracitized by the fish lice *Argulus ambystoma* and the nematode *Posthodiplostomum minimum* which are found on the salamander's skin and gills. It is unknown if this relationship poses any harm to achoques.

### Diet

*Ambystoma dumerilii* feeds by the use of gill rakers which they use to form a sucking motion to pull in food. This is achieved via water being pushed through the buccal cavity and out the gills, trapping prey in the mouth. Juveniles and adults largely rely on smell to locate food and identify prey based upon movement. They can often be seen standing on their forelegs and sweeping their snouts through substrate to find prey. In captivity, *Ambystoma dumerilii* are generalist carnivores who commonly eat aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and eggs. They are often fed beef liver by husbandry projects.

In the wild, *Ambystoma dumerilii* shows trophic specialization towards consuming the crustacean *Cambarellus patzcuarensis*, and wild-caught specimen will refuse other foods when offered. They will often consume plant matter and algae, but this is most often incidentally consumed and provides little nutritional value. Larvae predominately consume small invertebrates in large quantities, but have been observed engaging in cannibalism.

### Interactions with invasive species

An invasive hyacinth species along Lake Pátzcuaro is a source of toxic metabolites detrimental to the salamander's health. Between the 1930s and 1970s, *Oreochromis aureus*, *Cyprinus carpio* (Carp), *Micropterus salmoides* (Largemouth bass), and *Ctenopharyngodon idella* were intentionally released into Lake Pátzcuaro; all of these fish predate on the eggs and larvae of achoques. Carp directly compete with achoques for *Cambarellus patzcuarensis*. Achoques have shown an ability to coexist with largemouth bass, a rarity amongst the *Ambystoma* genus. This indicates that the macronutrient competition between this species and achoques is limited, and both species could potentially survive in the same environment.

The introduction of these fish species also introduced a number of parasitic species from the *Lerneae* genus (namely *Lernea cyprinacea*) into the environment. These parasites colonize the gills of achoques, but their health impacts remain unknown. Fungus species endemic to the Old World also pose a risk to salamander's health. In particular, the fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* can infect achoques and has caused concern that the species may be susceptible to chytridiomycosis.

## Distribution and threats

*Ambystoma dumerilii* is microendemic to Lake Pátzcuaro, a high-altitude lake (1,920 m (6,300 ft) in elevation) in the Mexican state of Michoacán. Lake Pátzcuaro is an alkaline (pH 8.1 to 9.6) freshwater lake with a maximum historic depth of 11 m (36 ft). This is located in the Mesa Central Plateau, the exclusive home to many *Ambystoma* species. The last known wild population of achoques is located at the northern end of Lake Pátzcuaro. The salamanders are most commonly found near the islands of La Pacanda and Tzitzipandácuri, and less commonly near La Ortiga and Santa Cruz Uricho. The surrounding vegetation to *Ambystoma dumerilii's* habitat include oyamel forests, pine-oak forests, oak forests, and subtropical shrubs. There have been claims that a subspecies is found further inland to the north-east in San Juan del Río, Querétaro, but this has largely been dismissed as inaccurate.

While the exact location and number of achoques is unknown, the current extent of occurrence is estimated at under than 100 km2. Fishermen in 2021 reported that they were still finding juvenile specimen in their nets. This means that there exists a reproducing population in the wild, but the current health and survival rates of these larvae remains unknown. In 2018, National Geographic estimated that there may be fewer than 100 individuals left in the wild and that the species could go completely extinct in the wild by 2040 to 2050. This species is listed as critically endangered in the IUCN red list, in Appendix II CITES, and is classified as a protected species (category PR) by the Mexico's Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources. Despite this, no protective measures have been implemented by the Mexican government for the species or Lake Pátzcuaro.

### Habitat loss

Due to habitat destruction and pollution resultant of the rising human population of Pátzcuaro, a city located on Lake Pátzcuaro, the achoque population has decreased severely in the past decades. Lake Pátzcuaro is part of a larger basin, which makes the lake the final source for any runoff produced by the surrounding villages. Silt, fertilizer, sewage, cow waste, and pollutant runoff, exacerbated by local deforestation, have negatively impacted water quality and resulted in eutrophication of the lake. Additionally, between 1982 and 2010, Lake Pátzcuaro lost a quarter of its total volume and water temperatures have significantly increased, further limiting the salamander's habitat. This is the result of siltation which has decreased the lake's depth by an estimated 2.6 m (8.5 ft). Efforts to rehabilitate the environment throughout the 1990s and 2000s were unsuccessful.

### Human interactions

Historically, fishermen have been harvesting *Ambystoma dumerilii* since the Pre-Columbian era. The Purépecha people consumed achoques and often used them in traditional medicine. This medicine, often called 'Achoque soup', has been claimed to cure respiratory illnesses, cure anemia, give energy to children, and was often given to lactating women. Achoques were widely harvested throughout the 1970s and early 1980s until Lake Pátzcuaro's conditions deteriorated to the point at which their population crashed in 1989. Between 1987 and 2000, fishermen reported their harvests in kilograms per year, but official reporting of wild catches ceased being reported in 2000 due to population decline. In 2004, fishermen reported that due to overfishing, they were only able to catch small specimen.

*Ambystoma dumerilii* is subject to illegal pet trading.

## Conservation efforts

There exist four local in situ breeding colonies, designed to prevent extinction. Two of these colonies are for species conservation, one is designated for educational purposes, and one is for commercial purposes. EAZA and the North American Association of Zoos and Aquariums also maintain populations abroad.

### Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Salud

The most notable of the in-situ colonies is run by the Sisters of the Dominican Order, at the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Salud in Pátzcuaro. This colony is run in partnership with the Chester Zoo and Michoacan University. The Sisters have harvested *Ambystoma dumerilii* for use in traditional medicine for 150 years, using the salamader's skin in the production of *"jarabe"*, a cough syrup. The origin of the recipe is unknown but possibly originates from the Purépecha. While there are other captive colonies throughout Pátzcuaro and Mexico, the monastery's colony is currently the largest known population of the species. Originally, the Sisters made syrup from achoque in Lake Pátzcuaro, but following the population's decline in the 1985, the Sisters established a colony to maintain their *jarabe* business and protect the species. By 2000, the colony was made self-sustaining through captive breeding efforts. As of 2018, the captive population is estimated to be approximately 300 specimens in two rooms, with a capacity to house 400 specimens at a time. The captively breed salamanders are measured, microchipped and paired for breeding by the Sisters.

Chester Zoo and Michoacan University also maintain colonies of *Ambystoma dumerilii*, but the population at the convent is considered the most viable since it is closest to the achoque's native habitat and the salamanders are thus less likely to be exposed to foreign pathogens. Additionally, the current wild population has limited genetic diversity due to population bottlenecking, but the convent's population is believed by the Chester Zoo to have sufficient genetic diversity to reestablish a wild population. This reintroduction, however, is limited due to the relatively poor water quality of Lake Pátzcuaro.

### Michoacan University and others

Michoacan University's Laboratory of Aquatic Biology in Morelia City, Mexico maintains a colony at their campus. Research on the species focuses on captive management, *Ambystoma dumerilii*'s genetics, reproduction, and environmental education. As of 2021, the university's colony is made up of 10 breeding adults. Additionally, the university engages in outreach programs to increase awareness for the species, including murals, radio broadcasts, and touring exhibitions. Michoacan University also partners with, and provides specimen to the two other in-situ colonies. The Centro Regional de Investigaciones Pesqueras Pátzcuaro and Gerardo León Murillo colonies focus on aquaculture research and educational programs, respectively, to reestablish populations of *Ambystoma dumerilii* for human consumption and medical use.

1. Because many of these species are located within the *Ambystoma tigrinum* species group, only the relative position of *Ambystoma tigrinum* to *Ambystoma dumerilii* is shown to avoid redundancy. *Ambystoma mexicanum* and *Ambystoma tigrinum* are also closely related.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Lake Patzcuaro salamander | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Urodela |
| Family: | Ambystomatidae |
| Genus: | *Ambystoma* |
| Species: | ***A. dumerilii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ambystoma dumerilii***
(Dugès, 1870) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * ***Siredon dumerilii***   (Dugès, 1870) * ***Bathysiredon dumerilii***   (Emmett Reid Dunn, 1939) | |


title: David Hahn

abstract: David Charles Hahn, sometimes called the "Radioactive Boy Scout" and the "Nuclear Boy Scout" was an American nuclear radiation enthusiast who built a homemade neutron source at the age of seventeen. A scout in the Boy Scouts of America, Hahn conducted his experiments in secret in a backyard shed at his mother's house in Commerce Township, Michigan. Hahn's goal was to build and demonstrate a homemade breeder reactor. While he never managed to build a reactor, in August 1994, Hahn's progress attracted the attention of local police when they found concerning material in his vehicle during a stop for a separate matter. When Hahn warned them that the material was radioactive, the police contacted federal authorities, worried that he may have an atomic bomb. His mother's property was cleaned up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ten months later as a Superfund cleanup site. Hahn attained Eagle Scout rank shortly after his lab was dismantled. While the incident was not widely publicized initially, it became better known following a 1998 Harper's Magazine article by journalist Ken Silverstein. Hahn was also the subject of Silverstein's 2004 book The Radioactive Boy Scout. As an adult, Hahn served in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. He was subsequently treated for mental illness, and his death at age 39 was related to drug and alcohol use.

text:
# David Hahn

**David Charles Hahn** (October 30, 1976 – September 27, 2016), sometimes called the **"Radioactive Boy Scout"** and the **"Nuclear Boy Scout"** was an American nuclear radiation enthusiast who built a homemade neutron source at the age of seventeen.

A scout in the Boy Scouts of America, Hahn conducted his experiments in secret in a backyard shed at his mother's house in Commerce Township, Michigan. Hahn's goal was to build and demonstrate a homemade breeder reactor. While he never managed to build a reactor, in August 1994, Hahn's progress attracted the attention of local police when they found concerning material in his vehicle during a stop for a separate matter. When Hahn warned them that the material was radioactive, the police contacted federal authorities, worried that he may have an atomic bomb. His mother's property was cleaned up by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ten months later as a Superfund cleanup site. Hahn attained Eagle Scout rank shortly after his lab was dismantled.

While the incident was not widely publicized initially, it became better known following a 1998 *Harper's Magazine* article by journalist Ken Silverstein. Hahn was also the subject of Silverstein's 2004 book *The Radioactive Boy Scout*. As an adult, Hahn served in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. He was subsequently treated for mental illness, and his death at age 39 was related to drug and alcohol use.

## Early life

Hahn was born on October 30, 1976, in Royal Oak, Michigan. His father, Ken Hahn, was a mechanical engineer. His mother, Patty Hahn, suffered from alcoholism and was diagnosed with depression and schizophrenia and sent to a mental hospital when David was four. His parents divorced when he was nine, and his father gained custody. He had a stepmother, Kathy Missig, and a step-sister Kristina after his father remarried.

David's stepgrandfather John Sims gave him *The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments* and encouraged his experiments in chemistry and science. David mowed other people's lawns to help fund his experiments. With one experiment, he created chloroform and as the book encouraged him to sniff the chemical, he did so and was passed out for more than an hour, according to his recollection. David also loved to build fireworks and model rockets, which he altered with his own designs. As the experiments at home were becoming a problem and increasingly dangerous, David was encouraged by his father to join up with the Boy Scouts to provide discipline and distraction from his scientific endeavors.

## Creation of the neutron source

Hahn was fascinated by chemistry and spent years conducting amateur chemistry experiments, which sometimes caused small explosions and other mishaps. He was inspired in part by reading *The Golden Book of Chemistry Experiments* and tried to collect samples of every element in the periodic table, including the radioactive ones. He later received a merit badge in Atomic Energy and became fascinated with the idea of creating a breeder reactor in his home. Hahn diligently amassed radioactive material by collecting small amounts from household products, such as Americium from smoke detectors, thorium from camping lantern mantles, radium from old clocks he had obtained from an antique store, and tritium from gunsights. His "reactor" was a bored-out block of lead, and he used lithium from $1,000 worth of purchased batteries to purify the thorium ash using a Bunsen burner.

Hahn ultimately hoped to create a breeder reactor, using low-level isotopes to transform samples of thorium and uranium into fissile isotopes.

His homemade neutron source was often incorrectly referred to as a nuclear reactor, but it did emit measurable levels of radiation, likely exceeding 1,000 times normal background radiation. Alarmed by this, David Hahn began to dismantle his experiments, but in a chance encounter, police discovered his activities, which triggered a Federal Radiological Emergency Response Team involving the FBI and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. On June 26, 1995, the EPA, having designated Hahn's mother's property a Superfund hazardous materials cleanup site, dismantled the shed and placed its contents in steel barrels, which were later buried as low-level radioactive waste in Utah. Unbeknownst to officials, his mother, fearful that she would lose her house if the full extent of the radiation were known, had already collected the majority of the radioactive material David Hahn had hid in the house and thrown it away in the conventional garbage. Hahn refused medical evaluation for radiation exposure. EPA scientists believed that Hahn's life expectancy may have been shortened due to his exposure to radioactivity, particularly since he spent long periods in the small, enclosed shed with large amounts of radioactive material and only minimal safety precautions, but he refused their recommendation that he be examined at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station.

## Career

Hahn became depressed after the scandal, a problem exacerbated by the breakup with his then-girlfriend and the suicide of his mother in early 1996. While he did graduate from high school, he lacked any direction or plans thereafter. His father and stepmother first encouraged him to attend Macomb Community College. He enrolled in a metallurgy program there, but frequently skipped classes. He was then encouraged to join the military, so he enlisted in the Navy, assigned to the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS *Enterprise* as an undesignated seaman (pay grade E-3). After a four-year tour, he achieved interior communications specialist with a rank of petty officer, third class (pay grade E-4).

After his time on USS *Enterprise,* Hahn enlisted in the Marine Corps and was stationed in North Carolina. After a few years, Hahn achieved the rank of lance corporal (E-3). Shortly after returning from a rotation in Japan, he was honorably discharged on medical grounds and returned to Michigan.

## FBI investigation

On April 23, 2007, the FBI received a lead regarding Hahn's alleged possession of a second neutron source in his freezer. Contacted via telephone, Hahn insisted that he was not in possession of radioactive material. The FBI decided no imminent terrorist threat was present but decided to attempt a personal interview. During an interview at an FBI office on May 16, 2007, investigators' questions touched on a variety of topics, such as flyers that Hahn had distributed promoting his book and upcoming film, theft of tires and rims from a vehicle prior to his Navy service, a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, and a few less significant topics. FBI agents then interviewed an individual (whose identity was not released) who stated that Hahn was using cocaine heavily, was not taking his prescribed medication, was paranoid about people who he claimed "had the ability to 'shock' his genitals with their minds", and had possibly been visited by prostitutes. The individual also stated that he believed that Hahn was still trying to build a reactor and was collecting radium. He stated that he did not believe Hahn had any intentions of hurting anyone but was concerned about his mental state.

## Larceny of smoke detectors

On August 1, 2007, Hahn was charged with larceny in Clinton Township, Michigan for allegedly removing a number of smoke detectors from the halls of his apartment building. His intention was to obtain americium from them. In his mug shot, his face was covered with sores, which investigators believed could have been from exposure to radioactive materials. During a Circuit Court hearing, Hahn pleaded guilty to attempted larceny of a building. The court's online docket said prosecutors recommended that he be sentenced to time served and enter an inpatient treatment facility. Under terms of the plea, the original charge of larceny of a building would be dismissed at sentencing, scheduled for October 4. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail for attempted larceny. Court records stated that his sentence would be delayed by six months while Hahn underwent medical treatment in the psychiatric unit of Macomb County Jail.

## Death

On September 27, 2016, at the age of 39, Hahn died in his hometown of Shelby Charter Township, Michigan. His death was ruled an accidental result of intoxication from the combined effects of alcohol, fentanyl, and diphenhydramine. The medical examiner's report indicated a blood alcohol concentration of 0.404 mg/dL.

The incident received scant media attention at the time, but was widely disseminated after writer Ken Silverstein published an article about the incident in *Harper's Magazine* in 1998. In 2004 he expanded it into a book, *The Radioactive Boy Scout*, which was optioned for a feature film in 2016.

In 1999, University of Chicago physics majors Justin Kasper and Fred Niell, as part of a scavenger hunt that had as one of its items "a breeder reactor built in a shed," successfully built a similar nuclear reactor that produced trace amounts of plutonium.

In the *CSI: NY* episode "Page Turner", the character Lawrence Wagner is based on Hahn.

A television documentary, *The Nuclear Boy Scout*, aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in 2003. In it, Hahn reenacted some of his methods for the camera.

Hahn's experiments inspired others to attempt similar feats, particularly Taylor Wilson, who at age 14 became the youngest person to produce nuclear fusion.

Michael Stevens featured Hahn's story in his Vsauce YouTube video "Cruel Bombs".

StarQuest Production Network(SQPN)'s mystery program *Jimmy Akin Mysterious World*, dedicated episode #92 on Hahn called "*The Radioactive Boy Scout*".

An episode of the CBS series *Young Sheldon* features the protagonist attempting to build a nuclear reactor by extracting americium from smoke detectors.

Episode 6 of season 6 of *Mysteries at the Museum* features a segment about Hahn's nuclear experiment entitled "Radioactive Boy Scout" which originally aired October 24, 2014.

Duncan Jones claimed that the villain in his sci-fi film *Source Code* was inspired by the documentary *The Nuclear Boy Scout*.

Episode 20 of The Dollop Podcast covers Hahn's exploits.

The song "Baby Criminal" by Swedish post-punk band Viagra Boys from their 2022 studio album *Cave World* is loosely based on Hahn's life.

1. Silverstein, Ken (2004). *The Radioactive Boy Scout: The Frightening True Story of a Whiz Kid and His Homemade Nuclear Reactor*. Villard. ISBN 978-0812966602.
2. "David Charles Hahn – View Obituary & Service Information". *David Charles Hahn Obituary*.
3. Silverstein, Ken (November 1998). "The Radioactive Boy Scout". *Harper's Magazine*. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
4. Rauschenberger, Tim (March 16, 2004). "The Nuclear Merit Badge". *The Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
5. Kean, Sam (2010). *The Disappearing Spoon*. Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 9780316051637.
6. "David Hahn Part 01 of 01". *Federal Bureau of Investigation*. February 26, 2010. p. 2. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
7. "David Hahn Part 01 of 01". *Federal Bureau of Investigation*. February 26, 2010. p. 5. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
8. "David Hahn Part 01 of 01". *Federal Bureau of Investigation*. February 26, 2010. p. 9. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
9. "David Hahn Part 01 of 01". *Federal Bureau of Investigation*. February 26, 2010. p. 13. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
10. Taylor, Adam (August 2, 2011). "The Weird Story Of The Swedish Man Who Tried To Build A Nuclear Reactor In His Kitchen". *Business Insider*. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
11. "Man dubbed 'Radioactive Boy Scout' pleads guilty". *Detroit Free Press*. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
12. "'Radioactive Boy Scout' Charged in Smoke Detector Theft". Fox News. August 4, 2007. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
13. "Man dubbed 'Radioactive Boy Scout' pleads guilty". *Detroit Free Press*. Associated Press. August 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
14. "'Radioactive Boy Scout' Sentenced to 90 Days for Stealing Smoke Detectors". Fox News. October 4, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
15. "David Charles Hahn". *Tributes.com*. Tributes, Inc. September 26, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
16. "David Hahn Obituary - Shelby Township, Michigan". *www.legacy.com*. October 2, 2016.
17. "County Coroner Findings". Retrieved December 2, 2018.
18. Pressburg, Matt (September 28, 2016). "'Radioactive Boy Scout' Movie About Real Teen Nuke Builder in the Works". The Wrap. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
19. Olkon, Sara (May 1, 2011). "Ready, set... Scav Hunt!". Uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
20. Gail, Nancy. "TV Review: CSI: NY, 'Page Turner'". Blog Critics. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
21. "The Nuclear Boy Scout".
22. "The Boy Who Played With Fusion". *Popular Science*. February 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
23. "Cruel Bombs". *YouTube*. October 30, 2013.
24. "David Hahn, the Radioactive Boy Scout". *SQPN.com*. April 3, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
25. "Duncan Jones tells us what really happened at the end of Source Code". *io9*.
26. "The Dollop #20 - David Hahn".
27. "Recension: Cave World - Viagra Boys".

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| David Hahn | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | David Charles Hahn
(1976-10-30)October 30, 1976
Royal Oak, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | September 27, 2016(2016-09-27) (aged 39)
Shelby Charter Township, Michigan, U.S. |
| Other names | Nuclear Boy Scout
Radioactive Boy Scout |
| Known for | Building a neutron source in his mother's backyard |


title: Sauk City High School

abstract: Sauk City High School was established in Sauk City in 1877. A building was constructed for it in 1891. Alfred Clas designed a building for the high school in 1916. State legislator and education advocate C. C. Kuntz "lived at the school". German was "always" taught at the school. The high school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is at 713 Madison Street.

text:
# Sauk City High School

**Sauk City High School** was established in Sauk City in 1877. A building was constructed for it in 1891. Alfred Clas designed a building for the high school in 1916.

State legislator and education advocate C. C. Kuntz "lived at the school". German was "always" taught at the school. The high school was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is at 713 Madison Street.