title: Battle of Höchst

abstract: The Battle of Höchst was fought between a Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, close to the town of Höchst, today a suburb of the city of Frankfurt am Main. The result was a one-sided Catholic League victory. The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War.

text:
# Battle of Höchst

The **Battle of Höchst** (20 June 1622) was fought between a Catholic League army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and a Protestant army commanded by Christian the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, close to the town of Höchst, today a suburb of the city of Frankfurt am Main. The result was a one-sided Catholic League victory. The action occurred during the Thirty Years' War.

## Background

In April 1622, Tilly had lost the Battle of Mingolsheim to Ernst von Mansfeld. In early May, however, Tilly won a decisive engagement with Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach at the Battle of Wimpfen, which dispersed or killed approximately 3/4 of Georg Friederich's army, leaving only Christian of Brunswick and Ernst von Mansfeld to command in the coming battle. Tilly's had been deprived of his Spanish ally in Wimpfen, Gonzalo de Córdoba y Cardona, but he was compensated by the arrival of another Spanish army from Bohemia under Tommaso Caracciolo, as well as additional reinforcements by the Count of Anholt, Johann Jakob.

Christian wanted to use the situation for a crucial strike against the Catholic League. With 12,000 infantrymen, nearly 5,000 cavalrymen, and three guns he moved from Westphalia along the Weser River shoreline, and through Hesse towards the Main River to unite his troops with armies of Mansfeld and Baden-Durlach, at Darmstadt. Continuing their mission of blocking a rendezvous between Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick, the Catholic forces reached the river at Höchst on 20 June to find Christian's army already crossing the river.

## Battle

On 15 June, Christian reached the territory of the Archbishopric of Mainz at Oberursel. He sent Colonel Dodo zu Innhausen und Knyphausen with an advance guard of 1,500 men against Höchst to take the town in a coup de main and to safeguard the Main crossing point. However, the Höchst municipal troops successfully defended the town against Knyphausen's initial assault. On the 16th Knyphausen's troops finally stormed and plundered Höchst.

Two days later the Protestants started building a pontoon bridge across the Main. Meanwhile, Christian moved with his troops towards Höchst and destroyed the villages of Oberusel, Eschborn, and Sulzbach. At the same time the Catholic troops approached in forced marches from Würzburg with 20,000 infantrymen, 6,000 cavalrymen, and 18 guns. On 19 June, they arrived at the Nidda River between Nied and Sossenheim late at night.

When the bridge was completed in the morning of 20 June, Christian's baggage started to cross the river. Tilly planned to force Christian's troops back to the Höchst walls and the Main, isolating the two thousand troops in Sossenheim. Hence, Christian ordered his troops to withdraw over the pontoon bridge towards Kelsterbach, but under the Catholic artillery fire the withdrawal turned into a headlong flight. The bridge broke after only 3,000 men had crossed and many of Christian's soldiers and horses drowned in the Main.

By the time Höchst castle was captured at around 10 p.m., Christian had already lost a third of his army and was forced to retreat. Mansfeld lost an additional 2,000 troops acting as rearguard at Mannheim. Christian's entire baggage train and guns became Catholic loot. While the League troops lost only 100 soldiers, nearly 2,000 of Christian's soldiers died. However, Christian succeeded in escaping with 3,000 cavalrymen, 8,000 infantrymen, and his war chest, eventually uniting with Mansfeld's army. More recent investigations, however, showed that Christian had lost most of his booty.

## Aftermath

Tilly claimed a strategic victory because his army had far fewer losses, despite the fact that Christian of Brunswick had achieved his operational goal of uniting his army with Mansfeld's. As a result of the battle, however, his troops were severely demoralised and had also lost most of their equipment, making them more of a liability than a reinforcement.

Höchst was the decisive battle of the 1622 campaign and signalled the end for "Winter King" Frederick V. Shortly after the battle, the combined Protestant forces, now numbering 26,000 strong, positioned themselves on the western bank of the Rhine and ceased to resist the invasion of the Palatinate. Frederick cancelled their contract and they were then hired by the Dutch Republic to lift the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom. On their way there, they were intercepted by Córdoba's troops in the Battle of Fleurus on 29 August, but despite heavy losses, they managed to escape and reach the siege.

Heidelberg came under siege and despite an 11-week resistance, fell on 15 September. With this news, the token English forces under Sir Horace Vere evacuated Mannheim, which fell on 2 November, and moved to the fortress of Frankenthal, which served as a final outpost for Protestant resistance in this area. It fell the following year. Duke Maximillian now controlled half of the Lower Palatinate and installed Heinrich von Metternich as governor.

## Illustrations of the battle

The Swiss engraver Merian depicted the battle and the bridging of the Main in an engraving. Another contemporary engraving of an unknown artist shows the battle in a large panorama. Neither of these artists had been an eye witness of the event.

50°5′56″N 8°32′48″E / 50.09889°N 8.54667°E / 50.09889; 8.54667

## InfoBox

| Battle of Höchst | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Palatinate phase of the Thirty Years' War | |
|
Battle near Höchst, engraving by Merian. | |
| Date 20 June 1622  Location Höchst, Archbishopric of Mainz
(today a suburb of Frankfurt am Main, Germany)  Result  Catholic victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Electoral Palatinate | Holy Roman Empire

Spanish Empire |
| Commanders and leaders | |
|  |  |
| Strength | |
| 17,000 | 26,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 2,000 | 100 |


title: Solar azimuth angle

abstract: The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth of the Sun's position. This horizontal coordinate defines the Sun's relative direction along the local horizon, whereas the solar zenith angle defines the Sun's apparent altitude.

text:
# Solar azimuth angle

The **solar azimuth angle** is the azimuth (horizontal angle with respect to north) of the Sun's position. This horizontal coordinate defines the Sun's relative direction along the local horizon, whereas the solar zenith angle (or its complementary angle solar elevation) defines the Sun's apparent altitude.

## Conventional sign and origin

There are several conventions for the solar azimuth; however, it is traditionally defined as the angle between a line due south and the shadow cast by a vertical rod on Earth. This convention states the angle is positive if the shadow is east of south and negative if it is west of south. For example, due east would be 90° and due west would be -90°. Another convention is the reverse; it also has the origin at due south, but measures angles clockwise, so that due east is now negative and west now positive.

However, despite tradition, the most commonly accepted convention for analyzing solar irradiation, e.g. for solar energy applications, is clockwise from due north, so east is 90°, south is 180°, and west is 270°. This is the definition used by NREL in their solar position calculators and is also the convention used in the formulas presented here. However, Landsat photos and other USGS products, while also defining azimuthal angles relative to due north, take counterclockwise angles as negative.

## Conventional Trigonometric Formulas

The following formulas assume the north-clockwise convention. The solar azimuth angle can be calculated to a good approximation with the following formula, however angles should be interpreted with care because the inverse sine, i.e. *x* = sin<sup>−1</sup> y or *x* = arcsin *y*, has multiple solutions, only one of which will be correct.

$$\sin \phi \_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {-\sin h\cos \delta }{\sin \theta \_{\mathrm {s} }.}}$$

The following formulas can also be used to approximate the solar azimuth angle, but these formulas use cosine, so the azimuth angle as shown by a calculator will always be positive, and should be interpreted as the angle between zero and 180 degrees when the hour angle, h, is negative (morning) and the angle between 180 and 360 degrees when the hour angle, h, is positive (afternoon). (These two formulas are equivalent if one assumes the "solar elevation angle" approximation formula).

$$\begin{aligned}\cos \phi \_{\mathrm {s} }&={\frac {\sin \delta \cos \Phi -\cos h\cos \delta \sin \Phi }{\sin \theta \_{\mathrm {s} }\\\\[5pt\]\cos \phi \_{\mathrm {s} }&={\frac {\sin \delta -\cos \theta \_{\mathrm {s} }\sin \Phi }{\sin \theta \_{\mathrm {s} }\cos \Phi }.\end{aligned}}}}$$

So practically speaking, the compass azimuth which is the practical value used everywhere (in example in airlines as the so called course) on a compass (where North is 0 degrees, East is 90 degrees, South is 180 degrees and West is 270 degrees) can be calculated as

$$\text{compass }\phi \_{\mathrm {s} }=360-\phi \_{\mathrm {s} }.$$

The formulas use the following terminology:

In addition, dividing the above sine formula by the first cosine formula gives one the tangent formula as is used in *The Nautical Almanac*.

## The formula based on the *subsolar point* and the atan2 function

A 2021 publication presents a method that uses a solar azimuth formula based on the subsolar point and the atan2 function, as defined in Fortran 90, that gives an unambiguous solution without the need for circumstantial treatment. The subsolar point is the point on the surface of the Earth where the Sun is overhead.

The method first calculates the declination of the Sun and equation of time using equations from The Astronomical Almanac, then it gives the x-, y- and z-components of the unit vector pointing toward the Sun, through vector analysis rather than spherical trigonometry, as follows:

$$\begin{aligned}\phi \_{s}&=\delta ,\\\lambda \_{s}&=-15(T\_{\mathrm {GMT} }-12+E\_{\mathrm {min} }/60),\\S\_{x}&=\cos \phi \_{s}\sin(\lambda \_{s}-\lambda \_{o}),\\S\_{y}&=\cos \phi \_{o}\sin \phi \_{s}-\sin \phi \_{o}\cos \phi \_{s}\cos(\lambda \_{s}-\lambda \_{o}),\\S\_{z}&=\sin \phi \_{o}\sin \phi \_{s}+\cos \phi \_{o}\cos \phi \_{s}\cos(\lambda \_{s}-\lambda \_{o}).\end{aligned}$$

where

* $\delta $ is the declination of the Sun,
* $\phi \_{s}$ is the latitude of the subsolar point,
* $\lambda \_{s}$ is the longitude of the subsolar point,
* $T\_{\mathrm {GMT} }$ is the Greenwich Mean Time or UTC,
* $E\_{\mathrm {min} }$ is the equation of time in minutes,
* $\phi \_{o}$ is the latitude of the observer,
* $\lambda \_{o}$ is the longitude of the observer,
* $S\_{x},S\_{y},S\_{z}$ are the x-, y- and z-components, respectively, of the unit vector pointing toward the Sun. The x-, y- and z-axises of the coordinate system point to East, North and upward, respectively.

It can be shown that $S\_{x}^{2}+S\_{y}^{2}+S\_{z}^{2}=1$. With the above mathematical setup, the solar zenith angle and solar azimuth angle are simply

$Z=\mathrm {acos} (S\_{z})$, $\gamma \_{s}=\mathrm {atan2} (-S\_{x},-S\_{y})$. (South-Clockwise Convention)

where

* $Z$ is the solar zenith angle,
* $\gamma \_{s}$ is the solar azimuth angle following the South-Clockwise Convention.

If one prefers North-Clockwise Convention, or East-Counterclockwise Convention, the formulas are

$\gamma \_{s}=\mathrm {atan2} (S\_{x},S\_{y})$, (North-Clockwise Convention) $\gamma \_{s}=\mathrm {atan2} (S\_{y},S\_{x})$. (East-Counterclockwise Convention)

Finally, the values of $S\_{x}$, $S\_{y}$ and $S\_{z}$ at 1-hour step for an entire year can be presented in a 3D plot of "wreath of analemmas" as a graphic depiction of all possible positions of the Sun in terms of solar zenith angle and solar azimuth angle for any given location. Refer to sun path for similar plots for other locations.


title: Deyue Gun Tower

abstract: The Deyue Gun Tower is a tower in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County, Fujian Province, Republic of China.

text:
# Deyue Gun Tower

The **Deyue Gun Tower** (traditional Chinese: 得月樓; simplified Chinese: 得月楼; pinyin: *Déyuè Lóu*) is a tower in Jincheng Township, Kinmen County, Fujian Province, Republic of China.

## History

The tower was built in 1931 by Huang Hui-huang, a wealthy merchant from Shuitou.

## Architecture

The tower stands at a height of 11 meters.

## InfoBox

| Deyue Gun Tower | |
| --- | --- |
| 得月樓 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | tower |
| Location | Jincheng, Kinmen, Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 24°24′35.1″N 118°17′54.6″E / 24.409750°N 118.298500°E / 24.409750; 118.298500 |
| Completed | 1931 |
| Height | 11 meters |
| Design and construction | |
| Structural engineer | Huang Hui-huang |


title: Rihon Daimary

abstract: Rihon Daimari in Udalguri, Assam is an Indian politician from the state of Assam. He is a member of the Assam Legislative Assembly from the Bodoland People's Front. He became a minister in the Sarbananda Sonowal-led government in 2016. He has been elected for the fourth time from the Udalguri constituency.

text:
# Rihon Daimary

**Rihon Daimari** (born 1 January 1960) in Udalguri, Assam is an Indian politician from the state of Assam. He is a member of the Assam Legislative Assembly from the Bodoland People's Front. He became a minister in the Sarbananda Sonowal-led government in 2016. He has been elected for the fourth time from the Udalguri constituency.

## InfoBox

| Rihon Daimari | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cabinet Minister, Government of Assam | |
| **In office**
25 May 2016  10 May 2021 | |
| Chief Minister | Sarbananda Sonowal |
| Portfolios | * Public Health Engineering (2016–2021) * Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs (2016–2018) * Co-operation (2018–2020) |
| Preceded by | Sukur Ali Ahmed (PHE)
Nazrul Islam (FCS&CA)
Himanta Biswa Sarma (Co-operation) |
| Succeeded by | Ranjeet Kumar Dass (PHE)
Phani Bhusan Choudhury (FCS&CA)
Siddhartha Bhattacharya (Co-operation) |
| Minister of State (Independent Charge), Government of Assam | |
| **In office**
21 May 2006  18 May 2011 | |
| Chief Minister | Tarun Gogoi |
| Portfolios | * Public Health Engineering |
| Preceded by | Dinesh Prasad Goala |
| Succeeded by | Gautam Roy |
| Member, Assam Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
2006  2 May 2021 | |
| Constituency | Udalguri (ST) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-01-01) 1 January 1960
Udalguri, Assam |
| Political party | Bodoland People's Front |
|  | |


title: Battle of Höchstädt (1800)

abstract: The Battle of Höchstädt was fought on 19 June 1800 on the north bank of the Danube near Höchstädt, and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under Baron Pál Kray. The Austrians were subsequently forced back into the fortress town of Ulm. Instead of attacking the heavily fortified, walled city, which would result in massive losses of personnel and time, Moreau dislodged Kray's supporting forces defending the Danube passage further east. As a line of retreat eastward disappeared, Kray quickly abandoned Ulm, and withdrew into Bavaria. This opened the Danube pathway toward Vienna. The Danube passage connecting Ulm, Donauwörth, Ingolstadt and Regensburg had strategic importance in the ongoing competition for European hegemony between France and the Holy Roman Empire; the army that commanded the Danube, especially its passage through Württemberg and Bavaria, could command access to the important cities of Munich and the seat of Habsburg authority: Vienna. The result of the battle was the opposite of what had occurred on those same fields in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession, when the Second Battle of Höchstädt had ensured the safety of Vienna and opened the pathway into France for the allied English and Austrian forces.

text:
# Battle of Höchstädt (1800)

War of the Second Coalition:
Austria  200km
125miles 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 Zurich6 5 4 3  2  1The color black indicates the current battle.

The **Battle of Höchstädt** was fought on 19 June 1800 on the north bank of the Danube near Höchstädt, and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under Baron Pál Kray. The Austrians were subsequently forced back into the fortress town of Ulm. Instead of attacking the heavily fortified, walled city, which would result in massive losses of personnel and time, Moreau dislodged Kray's supporting forces defending the Danube passage further east. As a line of retreat eastward disappeared, Kray quickly abandoned Ulm, and withdrew into Bavaria. This opened the Danube pathway toward Vienna.

The Danube passage connecting Ulm, Donauwörth, Ingolstadt and Regensburg had strategic importance in the ongoing competition for European hegemony between France and the Holy Roman Empire; the army that commanded the Danube, especially its passage through Württemberg and Bavaria, could command access to the important cities of Munich and the seat of Habsburg authority: Vienna. The result of the battle was the opposite of what had occurred on those same fields in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession, when the Second Battle of Höchstädt had ensured the safety of Vienna and opened the pathway into France for the allied English and Austrian forces.

## Background

Although the First Coalition forces achieved several initial victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz, Amberg and Würzburg, the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben (17 April 1797) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797). This treaty proved difficult to administer. Austria was slow to give up some of the Venetian territories. A Congress convened at Rastatt for the purposes of deciding which southwestern German states would be mediatised to compensate the dynastic houses for territorial losses, but was unable to make any progress. Supported by French republican forces, Swiss insurgents staged several uprisings, ultimately causing the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation after 18 months of civil war. By early 1799, the French Directory had become impatient with stalling tactics employed by Austria. An uprising in Naples raised further alarms, and recent gains in Switzerland suggested the timing was fortuitous for the French to venture on another campaign in northern Italy and southwestern Germany.

At the beginning of 1800, the armies of France and Austria faced each other across the Rhine. Feldzeugmeister Pál Kray led approximately 120,000 troops. In addition to his Austrian regulars, his force included 12,000 men from the Electorate of Bavaria, 6,000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg, 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz, and 7,000 militiamen from the County of Tyrol. Of these, 25,000 men were deployed east of Lake Constance (Bodensee) to protect the Vorarlberg. Kray posted his main body of 95,000 soldiers in the L-shaped angle where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France. Unwisely, Kray set up his main magazine at Stockach, near the northwestern end of Lake Constance, only a day's march from French-held Switzerland.

General of Division Jean Victor Marie Moreau commanded a modestly-equipped army of 137,000 French troops. Of these, 108,000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses. Napoleon Bonaparte offered a plan of operations based on outflanking the Austrians by a push from Switzerland, but Moreau declined to follow it. Rather, Moreau planned to cross the Rhine near Basel where the river swung to the north. A French column would distract Kray from Moreau's true intentions by crossing the Rhine from the west. Bonaparte wanted Claude Lecourbe's corps to be detached to Italy after the initial battles, but Moreau had other plans. Through a series of complicated maneuvers in which he flanked, double flanked, and reflanked Kray's army, Moreau's forces lay on the eastern slope of the Black Forest, while portions of Kray's army was still guarding the passes on the other side. Battles at Engen and Stockach were fought on 3 May 1800 between Moreau's and Kray's armies. The fighting near Engen resulted in a stalemate with heavy losses on both sides. However, while the two main armies were engaged at Engen, Lecourbe captured Stockach from its Austrian defenders under Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont. The loss of this main supply base at Stockach compelled Kray to retreat north to Meßkirch, where his army enjoyed a more favorable defensive position. It also meant, however, that any retreat by Kray into Austria via Switzerland and the Vorarlberg was cut off.

On 4 and 5 May, the French launched repeated and fruitless assaults on the Meßkirch. At nearby Krumbach, where the Austrians also had the superiority of position and force, the 1st Demi-Brigade took the village and the heights around it, which gave them a commanding aspect over Meßkirch. Subsequently, Kray withdrew his forces to Sigmaringen, followed closely by the French. Fighting at nearby Biberach an der Ris ensued on 9 May; action principally consisted of the 25,000 man-strong French "Center", commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr against a Habsburg force of similar size. Again, on 10 May, the Austrians withdrew with heavy losses, this time to Ulm.

## Order of battle

### French

Sources are unclear which forces were present. Certainly, it was approximately 40,000 troops, and possibly 60,000, well above the 10,000–30,000 total Austrian and Württemberg numbers. Contemporary accounts place the 94th Demi-brigade at the center of action in Gremheim, a village between Höchstädt and Donauwörth, about half a mile (800m) from Blindheim. This suggests the presence of General Claude Jacques Lecourbe's Corps, including the forces of generals Laval, Molitor, Jardon, and VanDamme. This is also confirmed in an extract of Moreau's dispatch to the French Minister of War, published in the *London Chronicle*, 10 June 1800. "The 6th chasseurs, 13th cavalry, 4th hussars and 11th chasseurs distinguished themselves in this affair. The rest of the division, and that of LeClere, passed rapidly the Danube... General Grenier was equally well prepared." In his *Art of War*, Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini also refers to General Dedon-Duclos as having a key role in the French success at Höchstädt.

### Austrian

The Allied force included approximately 20,000 Habsburg regulars and Württemberg's contingent of troops raised for the war:

* FZM Count Anton Sztáray, commanding
    + FML von Ferdinand August Freiherr von Hügel's Württemberg Contingent, including
        - General Beulwitz, Infantry Regiment Beulwitz, Seckendorf and Seeger (1 battalion each)
        - Füss-Jägers (three companies);
        - Garde du Corps (1 squadron)
        - 3 squadrons of light horse
        - Contingent regiments commanded by von Zobel, von Mylius, and von Oberniz (1 battalion each)
        - 20 guns
    + Austrian regulars
        - Royal Regiment Albert, Number 3 (6 squadrons)
        - Hohenzollern Number 8 (6 squadrons)
        - Hussar Regiment Vécsey Number 4 (8 squadron)
        - Blankenstein Number 6 (8 squadron)

Total Austrian-Württemberg force: 20,000 men.

## Dispositions

Kray assumed that Moreau would follow him to the fortress at Ulm, on the Danube, where he arrayed most of the Austrian regulars and Württemberg contingent and supplies. This position gave him ready access to both shores of the river and effectively, he assumed, blocked Moreau's path into Bavaria. At several points east on the Danube, he posted modest forces to protect the river crossings there, and to dismantle, if necessary, the stone bridges across the river. Several bridges crossed the river between Ulm and Donauwörth, which lay downstream to the east, and each presented a strategic point at which to rupture Kray's potential line of march into Bavaria: Leipheim, Günzburg, Gundelfingen, Lauingen, Dillingen, Höchstädt, Gremheim, and Elchingen.

According to Moreau's narrative, he intended to force Kray to either come to battle outside Ulm, or to abandon the city. Ulm obstructed unfettered French access into Bavaria, and blocked the main force of the Army of the Rhine. To keep his forces secure, accepted military wisdom required that Moreau secure at least half of the crossings of the river, and that his troops follow a line of march perpendicular to the river. This would prevent them from having to fight a battle (or a skirmish) with their backs to the river. The more bridges his force could take, the more secure the approach on Ulm.

## General engagement

Moreau appeared to march toward Ulm, which lay some twenty miles east of Sigmaringen and Biberach an der Ris, where his army and Kray's had engaged a few days earlier. Instead of striking directly at the well-fortified and supplied city, however, his force suddenly veered to the east and struck at the smaller forces posted between Ulm and Donauwörth. Lecourbe first secured posts in Landsberg and Augsburg, and left sufficient rearguard troops to protect himself from Prince Reuss-Plauen, who remained in the Tyrol, guarding mountain access to Vienna. He then approached Dettingen, Blindheim (Blenheim) and Höchstädt. The Corps of General Grenier has been posted with their right flank to the Danube and Gunzburg, and their left flank at Kinsdorf. General Richepanse protected both shores of the Iller, covering the road from Ulm south to Memmingen, and secured communication with Switzerland; there, he withstood considerable skirmishing with the Austrians. Three divisions of reserve remained at the hamlets of Kamlack and Mindel, to support the attack made by General Lecourbe on Ulm, in a case it should succeed, or Grenier's attack upon Gunzburg, in case Lecourbe should not succeed.

Lecourbe made several feints on the bridge at Dillingheim, but his reconnaissance suggested instead that he focus on the bridges at Gremsheim, Blindheim and Höchstädt, which he did the next day. A small group of 80 or so men from the 94th Demi-brigade managed a spectacular crossing of the river. After stripping their clothing and weapons, and loading them into a small raft, the naked men swam the river, pulling their raft behind them. Once reaching the other side, they took possession of several guns and some ammunition, wood, and materials. Here they held their position until some artillery men managed to scramble across the wreck of the bridge at Gremsheim and support them. The pioneers and bridge builders reconstructed the bridges under Austrian fire, allowing the remainder of the 94th to cross the river. This accomplishment seemed to mark the turning point of the action, at least it did to Moreau, who mentioned it at length in his dispatch. A full Austrian corps maintained a stand at Höchstädt, but were dislodged by repeated attacks of carabiners, cuirassiers and hussars, who took about 2,000 of the Austrians and Würtembergers as prisoners, along with some cannons and standards.

## Aftermath

Once the French had secured the downstream shores of the Danube, Kray had no choice but to evacuate his corps from Ulm, leaving only a small garrison behind. The French invested the fortress at Ulm immediately, and on the 20th, the 6th Chasseurs captured a convoy of 300 wagons loaded with grain. A few days later, a general armistice halted all fighting. Emperor Francis II dismissed Pál Kray and appointed his brother, the 18-year-old Archduke John, to command the Austrian army. To bolster the inexperienced archduke, the Emperor named Franz von Lauer as deputy commander and Oberst (Colonel) Franz von Weyrother as chief of staff.

The campaign culminating in Kray's evacuation of Ulm was one of Moreau's most resounding triumphs. Napoleon Bonaparte had given Moreau specific instructions about the conduct of the campaign, all of which Moreau had ignored. Regardless, their combined efforts damaged Habsburg military operations. In early 1800, while Moreau wrecked Austrian defenses in Germany, Massena and Desaix ran into stiff Austrian offensives in Northern Italy. Napoleon brought in the reserve corps and defeated the Austrians at Marengo. The battle near Höchstädt, five days after the Austrian failure at Marengo, allowed the French to take Munich. The combined efforts forced the Habsburgs to accept an armistice, which ended hostilities for the rest of the summer, but the French extracted massive levies on the Bavarians. Despite these significant losses—both of them decisive—the Austrians were reluctant to accept disadvantageous peace terms. In mid-November, the French ended the truce and Moreau inflicted another significant and decisive defeat at Hohenlinden, on 3 December 1800. The subsequent Peace of Lunéville stripped Austria of much of her Italian territories, obliged the Habsburgs to recognize the French satellites in the Low Countries, Switzerland, and northern Italy, and laid the groundwork for the mediatization of the small independent ecclesiastical and secular imperial polities by the duchies of Baden and Württemberg, and the Electorate of Bavaria.

## Sources

### Books and encyclopedia

* Arnold, James R. *Marengo & Hohenlinden.* Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword, 2005. ISBN 978-0967098500
* Barnes, Gregory Fremont. *Napoleon Bonaparte.* Osprey Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-0340569115
* Blanning, Timothy. *The French Revolutionary Wars*, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0340569115
* Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). *The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.* Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700630349
* Eggenberger, David. "Höchstädt II", *An Encyclopedia of Battles*, Dover Publications, 2014. ISBN 978-0486249131
* Herold, J. Christopher. *The Age of Napoleon*. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963. ISBN 978-0618154616
* *History of the Wars of the French Revolution: Including Sketches of the Civil History of Great Britain and France, from the Revolutionary Movements, 1788, to the Restoration of a General Peace, 1815*, Kuhl, France, 1820.
* Jomini, Antoine-Henri (Baron). *The Art of War,*Wilder Publications, 2008, p. 173. Originally published in English in 1862. ISBN 978-1934255582
* Rothenberg, Gunther Erich. *The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon.* Indiana University Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0253202604
* Sloane, W.M. *Life of Napoleon*. France, 1896 (reprint, 1910), p. 109.
* Smith, Digby. *The Napoleonic Wars Data Book*. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 978-1853672767
* van Ess-Lodewyk, Willem. *Extract of a letter from Gen. Moreau to the Minister of War, Neresheim, June 20. The London Chronicle.* W. Day, 1810.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Höchstädt | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War of the Second Coalition | |
| <br>Battle of Höchstädt by Hippolyte Lecomte, 1838 | |
| Date 19 June 1800  Location Höchstädt, and surrounding villages of Blindheim, Dillingen, and Donauwörth, in present day Germany48°36′0″N 10°33′0″E / 48.60000°N 10.55000°E / 48.60000; 10.55000  Result  French victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| France | Austria |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Jean Victor Marie Moreau | Pál Kray |
| Strength | |
| 60,000 | 30,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| approximately 2,000 | 5,000 dead, wounded and captured |


title: Restless Heart (Restless Heart album)

abstract: Restless Heart is the debut studio album by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released by RCA Nashville in March 1985. "Let the Heartache Ride," "I Want Everyone to Cry," "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid" and "Til I Loved You" were released as singles. The album reached #10 on the Top Country Albums chart.

text:
# Restless Heart (Restless Heart album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Restless Heart*** is the debut studio album by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released by RCA Nashville in March 1985. "Let the Heartache Ride," "I Want Everyone to Cry," "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid" and "Til I Loved You" were released as singles. The album reached #10 on the Top Country Albums chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Let the Heartache Ride" | Van Stephenson, Dave Robbins, Tim DuBois | 3:37 |
| 2. | "I Want Everyone to Cry" | Wood Newton, Michael Noble | 3:27 |
| 3. | "(Back to The) Heartbreak Kid" | Stephenson, DuBois | 3:53 |
| 4. | "Restless Heart" | DuBois, Stephenson, Robbins | 3:36 |
| 5. | "She's Coming Home" | Randy Sharp, Donny Lowery | 3:04 |
| 6. | "Til I Loved You" | Stephenson, Robbins, Jeff Silbar | 3:03 |
| 7. | "Shakin' the Night Away" | Gary Burr | 2:48 |
| 8. | "She Danced Her Way (Into My Heart)" | Stephenson, Silbar, Sam Lorber | 3:51 |

## Production

* Restless Heart – producers
* Tim DuBois – producer
* Scott Hendricks – producer, engineer, mixing
* J. T. Cantwell – assistant engineer
* Phil Dihel – assistant engineer
* Clark Schleicher – assistant engineer
* Bob Ludwig – mastering
* Jim Osborn – art direction, design
* Mark Tucker – photography
* Mixed at MasterMix (Nashville, Tennessee).
* Mastered at Masterdisk (New York City, New York).

## Charts

## InfoBox

| Restless Heart | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Restless Heart | |
| Released | March 25, 1985 (1985-03-25) |
| Studio | Sound Stage Studios and Center Stage Studios (Nashville, Tennessee); The Bennett House (Franklin, Tennessee). |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 27:19 |
| Label | RCA Nashville |
| Producer | Tim DuBois
Scott Hendricks
Restless Heart |
| Restless Heart chronology | |
| ***Restless Heart***
(1985) *Wheels*
(1986) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Restless Heart* | |
| 1. "Let the Heartache Ride"
Released: January 26, 1985 2. "I Want Everyone to Cry"
Released: May 20, 1985 3. "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid"
Released: October 26, 1985 4. "Til I Loved You"
Released: March 15, 1986 | |
|  | |


title: Docidium

abstract:
Docidium is a genus of algae belonging to the family Desmidiaceae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. Species:
  - Docidium baculum Bréb.
  - Docidium baculum Bréb. ex Ralfs, 1848
  - Docidium dilatatum (Cleve) Lundell
  - Docidium undulatum Bailey

text:
# Docidium

***Docidium*** is a genus of algae belonging to the family Desmidiaceae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Docidium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Docidium baculum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| (unranked): | Charophyta |
| Class: | Zygnematophyceae |
| Order: | Desmidiales |
| Family: | Desmidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Docidium*<br>Brébisson ex Ralfs, 1848 |
|


title: Dol pri Pristavi

abstract: Dol pri Pristavi is a settlement just northwest of Pristava pri Mestinju in eastern Slovenia. It belongs to the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The railway line from Celje to Zagreb runs through the settlement.

text:
# Dol pri Pristavi

**Dol pri Pristavi** (pronounced \[ˈdoːl pɾi ˈpɾiːstaʋi\]) is a settlement just northwest of Pristava pri Mestinju in eastern Slovenia. It belongs to the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region. The railway line from Celje to Zagreb runs through the settlement.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from *Dol* to *Dol pri Pristavi* in 1953.

## InfoBox

| Dol pri Pristavi | |
| --- | --- |
| Dol pri PristaviLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°11′58.56″N 15°34′56.31″E / 46.1996000°N 15.5823083°E / 46.1996000; 15.5823083 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Šmarje pri Jelšah |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.75 km2 (0.29 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 207.2 m (679.8 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 57 |
|  | |


title: Petipa (crater)

abstract: Petipa is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2012. It is named for the French and Russian choreographer and dancer Marius Petipa. Petipa has an extensive ray system.

text:
# Petipa (crater)

**Petipa** is a crater on Mercury. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2012. It is named for the French and Russian choreographer and dancer Marius Petipa.

Petipa has an extensive ray system.

## InfoBox

Petipa
| MESSENGER NAC image | |
| --- | --- |
| Planet | Mercury |
| Coordinates | 11°32′N 338°57′W / 11.54°N 338.95°W / 11.54; -338.95 |
| Quadrangle | Derain |
| Diameter | 12 km (7.5 mi) |
| Eponym | Marius Petipa |


title: Petit's hernia

abstract: Petit's hernia is a hernia that protrudes through the lumbar triangle. This triangle lies in the posterolateral abdominal wall and is bounded anteriorly by the free margin of external oblique muscle, posteriorly by the latissimus dorsi and inferiorly by the iliac crest. The neck is large, and therefore this hernia has a lower risk of strangulating than some other hernias. Petit's hernia occurs more often in males than in females and more often on the left side than on the right.

text:
# Petit's hernia

**Petit's hernia** is a hernia that protrudes through the lumbar triangle (aka Petit's triangle). This triangle lies in the posterolateral abdominal wall and is bounded anteriorly by the free margin of external oblique muscle, posteriorly by the latissimus dorsi and inferiorly by the iliac crest. The neck (the spot where the hernia protrudes into the opening) is large, and therefore this hernia has a lower risk of strangulating than some other hernias.

Petit's hernia occurs more often in males than in females and more often on the left side than on the right.

## InfoBox

| Petit's hernia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Posterior view of muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column. Inferior lumbar triangle is labeled in red at bottom left. | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology |


title: Phaeobalia inermis

abstract: Phaeobalia inermis is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.

text:
# Phaeobalia inermis

***Phaeobalia inermis*** is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.

## InfoBox

| *Phaeobalia inermis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Superfamily: | Empidoidea |
| Family: | Empididae |
| Subfamily: | Clinocerinae |
| Genus: | *Phaeobalia* |
| Species: | ***P. inermis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phaeobalia inermis***<br>(Loew, 1861) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Dolores, Texas

abstract: Dolores is a community near the Rio Grande in western Webb County, Texas, United States, near Laredo.

text:
# Dolores, Texas

**Dolores** is a community near the Rio Grande in western Webb County, Texas, United States, near Laredo.

## History

Dolores was established as a Mexican village called San José in 1860. In 1882, the Cannel Coal Company opened mines along the Rio Grande. Cannel Coal Company built the Rio Grande and Eagle Pass Railroad to ship coal from the town and renamed the San José village after its company president's daughter Dolores. In 1914, Dolores reportedly had a population of 1,000. The mines were closed in 1939. Its population declined to 20 in 1936. The population remained 20 according to the 1990 census.

## InfoBox

| Dolores, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| unincorporated community | |
| Coordinates: 27°41′19″N 99°43′57″W / 27.68861°N 99.73250°W / 27.68861; -99.73250 | |
| Established | 1860 |
| Population (1990) | |
| Total | 20 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CST) |
| Area code | +1-956 |
| Nearest Airports: Laredo: Laredo International Airport KLRD LRD Nuevo Laredo: Quetzalcoatl International Airport MMNL NLD | |


title: Pharenji

abstract: Pharenji (Phareñjī) is a village in Kishni block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a total population of 6,105, in 1,066 households.

text:
# Pharenji

**Pharenji** (*Phareñjī*) is a village in Kishni block of Mainpuri district, Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it has a total population of 6,105, in 1,066 households.

## Geography

There is a relatively large *jhil* at Pharenji.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Pharenji had a population of 6,105, in 1,066 households. This population was 52.6% male (3,211) and 47.4% female (2,894). The 0-6 age group numbered 819 (432 male and 387 female), or 13.4% of the total population. 1,452 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 23.8% of the total.

The 1981 census recorded Pharenji as having a population of 4,412 people, in 738 households.

The 1961 census recorded Pharenji as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 2,977 people (1,669 male and 1,308 female), in 546 households and 419 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 2,769 acres and it had a post office at that point.

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Pharenji had 3 primary schools and 1 maternity and child welfare centre. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both *kachcha* and *pakka* materials.

## InfoBox

| Pharenji | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| PharenjiLocation in Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Coordinates: 26°59′53″N 79°13′54″E / 26.99804°N 79.23168°E / 26.99804; 79.23168 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Mainpuri |
| Tehsil | Bhongaon |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.129 km2 (4.297 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 6,105 |
| Density | 550/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 226302 |


title: Dolf van Kol

abstract: Adolf Henri "Dolf" van Kol was a Dutch footballer who earned 33 caps for the Netherlands national side between 1925 and 1931, scoring four goals. He also participated at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He played club football for Ajax, managed the club from 1942 to 1945.

text:
# Dolf van Kol

**Adolf Henri "Dolf" van Kol** (2 August 1902 – 20 January 1989) was a Dutch footballer who earned 33 caps for the Netherlands national side between 1925 and 1931, scoring four goals. He also participated at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He played club football for Ajax, managed the club from 1942 to 1945.

## InfoBox

Dolf van Kol
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Adolf Henri van Kol | | |
| Date of birth | (1902-08-02)2 August 1902 | | |
| Place of birth | Amsterdam, Netherlands | | |
| Date of death | 20 January 1989(1989-01-20) (aged 86) | | |
| Place of death | Amsterdam, Netherlands | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1924–1932 | Ajax | 174 | (25) |
| International career | | | |
| 1925–1931 | Netherlands | 33 | (4) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1942–1945 | Ajax | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Phenacomargarites incomptus

abstract: Phenacomargarites incomptus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Calliostomatidae within the superfamily Trochoidea, the top snails, turban snails and their allies.

text:
# Phenacomargarites incomptus

***Phenacomargarites incomptus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Calliostomatidae within the superfamily Trochoidea, the top snails, turban snails and their allies.

## Distribution

This species occurs in New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone.

## InfoBox

| *Phenacomargarites incomptus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Calliostomatidae |
| Genus: | *Phenacomargarites* |
| Species: | ***P. incomptus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phenacomargarites incomptus***<br>B. A. Marshall, 2016 | |
|


title: Donald E. Ross

abstract: Donald E. Ross was an American engineer who served as managing partner of the engineering firm Jaros, Baum & Bolles.

text:
# Donald E. Ross

**Donald E. Ross** (May 2, 1930 – January 18, 2021) was an American engineer who served as managing partner of the engineering firm Jaros, Baum & Bolles.

## Biography

Ross received his B.A. from Columbia College in 1952 and B.S. from the Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1953. He also earned an MBA from New York University. As managing partner of Jaros, Baum & Bolles, he led the design of mechanical and electrical systems for more than 200 skyscrapers, including Willis Tower, Bank of China Tower, and the Messeturm.

Ross was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1993 "for contributions to design of energy-efficient systems, professional and public services, and the nurturing of engineering talent." He received the Egleston Medal from Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science in 2019 for "distinguished engineering achievement."

1. "Mr. Donald E. Ross". *NAE Website*. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
2. "Donald E. Ross Obituary (2021) Newsday". *Legacy.com*. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
3. "Alumni Association Honors Leaders in Engineering and Science". *Columbia Engineering*. 2017-01-31. Retrieved 2022-06-17.


title: Donald E. Powell

abstract: Donald E. Powell became the 18th chairman of the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) on August 29, 2001, and served through November 15, 2005. He resigned to become Federal Coordinator of Gulf Coast recovery efforts following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Prior to being named chairman of the FDIC by George W. Bush, Powell was president and CEO of The First National Bank of Amarillo, TX. He began his banking career in 1963 at First Federal Savings & Loan of Amarillo. Powell has served on a variety of boards, most notably as chairman of the board of regents of the Texas A&M University System, advisory board member of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service, and chairman of the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce. Powell has also been a member of the City of Amarillo Housing Board and the boards of the Franklin Lindsay Student Aid Fund, the Cal Farley's Boys Ranch, High Plains Baptist Hospital, and the Harrington Regional Medical Center. Powell currently serves as a member of the Amarillo Independent School District Board of Trustees. Powell received his Bachelor of Science degree in economics from West Texas State University and is a graduate of The Southwestern Graduate School of Banking at Southern Methodist University.

text:
# Donald E. Powell

**Donald E. Powell** (born May 2, 1941) became the 18th chairman of the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) on August 29, 2001, and served through November 15, 2005. He resigned to become Federal Coordinator of Gulf Coast recovery efforts following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Prior to being named chairman of the FDIC by George W. Bush, Powell was president and CEO of The First National Bank of Amarillo, TX. He began his banking career in 1963 at First Federal Savings & Loan of Amarillo.

Powell has served on a variety of boards, most notably as chairman of the board of regents of the Texas A&M University System, advisory board member of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service, and chairman of the Amarillo Chamber of Commerce. Powell has also been a member of the City of Amarillo Housing Board and the boards of the Franklin Lindsay Student Aid Fund, the Cal Farley's Boys Ranch, High Plains Baptist Hospital, and the Harrington Regional Medical Center.

Powell currently serves as a member of the Amarillo Independent School District Board of Trustees.

Powell received his Bachelor of Science degree in economics from West Texas State University and is a graduate of The Southwestern Graduate School of Banking at Southern Methodist University.

## InfoBox

| Donald E. Powell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | |
| **In office**
August 29, 2001  November 15, 2005 | |
| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | John N. Reich
(Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Martin J. Gruenberg
(Acting) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Donald E. Powell
(1941-05-02) May 2, 1941
Texas, US |
| Spouse | Twanna Powell |
| Alma mater | West Texas State University |
| Occupation | Banker |
|  | |


title: Philippe Deleye

abstract: Philippe Deleye is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in one Cycling monument in his career the 1987 Milan–San Remo where he finished in 149th.

text:
# Philippe Deleye

**Philippe Deleye** (born 2 August 1962) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in one Cycling monument in his career the 1987 Milan–San Remo where he finished in 149th.

## Major results

Sources:

1984 1st Ronde van Vlaanderen Beloften 1985 3rd GP Stad Zottegem 6th Brussels–Ingooigem 1986 6th Flèche Hesbignonne

## InfoBox

Philippe Deleye
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Philippe Deleye |
| Born | (1962-08-22) 22 August 1962<br>Belgium |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional teams | |
| 1985–1986 | Fangio–Ecoturbo–Eylenbosch |
| 1987 | Robland–Isoglass |
|  | |


title: Phil Brady

abstract: Phil Brady was a Gaelic footballer who played for the Cavan county team. He won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship medals in 1947, 1948, and 1952.

text:
# Phil Brady

**Phil Brady** (died 6 May 1980) was a Gaelic footballer who played for the Cavan county team. He won All-Ireland Senior Football Championship medals in 1947, 1948, and 1952.

## Playing career

Brady was a tough, strong versatile footballer, he scored a point to help Cavan win the All-Ireland Final in the Polo Grounds, New York City in 1947. He formed a brilliant midfield partnership with Victor Sherlock in the 1948 final and he lined out at full-back in the 1952 all-Ireland final. Victor become his brother-in-law in 1953. He also won a National Football League medal in 1949/50 season. He collected a Railway Cup medal with Ulster in 1950.

He is also the uncle of five times world handball champion Paul Brady.

## InfoBox

Philip Brady
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Philib Ó Brádaigh* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Midfield, Full Back | | |
| Born | County Cavan, Ireland | | |
| Occupation | Garda | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
|  | Mullahoran GFC | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 1945–1952 | Cavan | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Ulster titles | 6 | | |
| All-Irelands | 3 | | |
| NFL | 1 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |


title: Donna Arkoff Roth

abstract: Donna Arkoff Roth is an American film producer, known for producing movies like 13 Going on 30, Grosse Pointe Blank, & Benny & Joon.

text:
# Donna Arkoff Roth

**Donna Arkoff Roth** (born October 19, 1951) is an American film producer, known for producing movies like *13 Going on 30*, *Grosse Pointe Blank*, & *Benny & Joon*.

## Personal life

Roth is the daughter of Hilda Rusoff and producer Samuel Z. Arkoff.

In 1970, Roth married musician Mike Pinder of The Moody Blues; they divorced in 1974. In 1980, Roth married producer and director Joe Roth; they divorced in 2004.

## Filmography

**Producer**

## InfoBox

| Donna Arkoff Roth | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Donna Arkoff
(1951-10-19) October 19, 1951
Los Angeles, California U.S. |
| Other names | Donna Arkoff Pinder |
| Occupation | producer |
| Years active | 1993–2008 |
| Spouses | *   Mike Pinder  (m. 1970; div. 1974) *   Joe Roth  (m. 1980; div. 2004) |
| Father | Samuel Z. Arkoff |


title: Philipp von Ferrary

abstract: Philip Ferrari de La Renotière was a noted French-born stamp collector, assembling probably the most complete worldwide collection that ever existed, or is considered likely to exist. Among his extremely rare stamps were the unique Treskilling Yellow of Sweden and the 1856 one-cent "Black on Magenta" of British Guiana. Of Italian family background, Ferrary took French nationality in 1871, but later became an Austrian national, a fact that ultimately led to the French government seizing, and subsequently auctioning, his stamp collection after his death in 1917. Because France and Austria were enemies during the First World War, Ferrary was himself considered an enemy of France. His adopted nationality also prevented him from returning to France when the war began. Ferrary's mother allowed the Hôtel Matignon to be used as the embassy of Austria-Hungary, with the "proviso that her son could keep an extensive apartment there for the remainder of his life." Ferrary's collection was kept at the Matignon; this building later became the residence of the Prime Minister of France. He died in Lausanne in May 1917, and was buried in Steinbach am Attersee in Upper Austria. His stamp collection is still considered to have been perhaps the greatest "ever formed."

text:
# Philipp von Ferrary

**Philip Ferrari de La Renotière** (January 11, 1850 – May 20, 1917) was a noted French-born stamp collector, assembling probably the most complete worldwide collection that ever existed, or is considered likely to exist. Among his extremely rare stamps were the unique Treskilling Yellow of Sweden and the 1856 one-cent "Black on Magenta" of British Guiana.

Of Italian family background, Ferrary took French nationality in 1871, but later became an Austrian national, a fact that ultimately led to the French government seizing, and subsequently auctioning, his stamp collection after his death in 1917. Because France and Austria were enemies during the First World War, Ferrary was himself considered an enemy of France. His adopted nationality also prevented him from returning to France when the war began.

Ferrary's mother allowed the Hôtel Matignon to be used as the embassy of Austria-Hungary, with the "proviso that her son could keep an extensive apartment there for the remainder of his life." Ferrary's collection was kept at the Matignon; this building later became the residence of the Prime Minister of France. He died in Lausanne in May 1917, and was buried in Steinbach am Attersee in Upper Austria. His stamp collection is still considered to have been perhaps the greatest "ever formed."

## Background

Ferrary was born in the sumptuous Hôtel Matignon, Rue de Varenne in Paris, where he resided until two years prior to his death. Once the festive gathering place for the *Ancien Régime* society, at the start of the Bourbon *Restoration* in 1815, Louis XVIII traded the Hôtel de Matignon for the Élysée Palace. It is now the official residence of the Prime Minister of France.

Ferrary was the son of the Duke and Duchess of Galliera. His father, Raffaele de Ferrari, came from an ancient and rich family of Genovese bankers and was a wealthy businessman made Duke of Galliera in Genoa by Pope Gregory XVI, and Prince de Lucedio by Victor-Emmanuel II, King of Italy. Raffaele de Ferrari was co-founder of the Crédit Mobilier with the Péreire brothers, rivals of the Rothschilds, who financed many of the major construction projects of the second half of the 19th century: railroads in Austria, Latin America, Portugal, upper Italy and France (the Paris-Lyon-Marseille line), the digging of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel and the Suez Canal, and the reconstruction of Paris designed by Baron Haussmann. It is said that Raffaele de Ferrari died stuck in one of his immense safes.

Ferrary's mother, the Duchess of Galliera, born Maria de Brignole-Sale, was the great-niece of the Princess of Monaco and daughter of the Marquis Antoine de Brignole-Sale, ambassador of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Paris, under the Restoration and during the reign of Louis-Philippe. After the death of Ferrary's father, the Duchess proposed that Philippe, Count of Paris (heir apparent to the French throne) take up residence at the Rue de Varenne. He came to occupy the ground floor of the Hôtel Matignon. The Duchess soon became disenchanted with the adverse social environment for the monarchists, quit Paris, and left Hôtel Matignon to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor, who made it his embassy in France. Upon the death of his father, Ferrary renounced all of the titles. He was then adopted by the Austrian Count de La Renotière von Kriegsfeld and he adopted Austrian nationality. It is said that Ferrary was illegitimate and that he was adopted by his natural father. Thereafter, he preferred the name "Ferrary"; his calling card reads "Philipp von Ferrary". Collectors and dealers usually refer to him simply as "Ferrary".

Ferrary adopted a new nationality more than once in his life. He was born an Italian in France, and took French nationality in 1871. After his father died in 1876, he was adopted by Count von Kriegsfeld and took Austrian nationality as mentioned above; he adopted the right of residence in Braunau in 1885, an act equivalent to taking Austrian nationality. In 1908, he took Swiss citizenship but remained an Austrian national. He was in Holland when the First World War began, and his nationality prevented him from returning to France. There is also mention that he obtained Serbian nationality through his friendly relations with the ruling Obrenović dynasty.

Records show he may have returned to Paris in 1916, which would have been the last time he saw his collection. France seized his stamp collection as war reparations, because as an Austrian citizen he was "technically an enemy of France." Ferrary had also "clearly expressed pro-German views," and called Germany "his dear country." Regardless, his visits to France were becoming more rare. His collection was seized "under provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that came into effect in January 1920," and auctioned off after his death, from 1921 to 1926. The French government decided that proceeds from the auction would be "deducted from the war reparations owed by Germany to France." The one-cent magenta was sold in 1922, to British-born American collector Arthur Hind.

## Philately

The British Guiana 1c magentaThe Treskilling Yellow

Ferrary started collecting in his youth, and then he inherited a great fortune of approximately 120,000,000 French francs (£5 million), which he dedicated to the purchase of rare stamps and coins. His collection is believed to have been the greatest ever assembled, and it may never be equalled. Amongst his extremely rare stamps were the unique Treskilling Yellow of Sweden and the 1856 one-cent "Black on Magenta" of British Guiana, which he bought in 1878 for £150 and which after his death was sold at the third bid of his collection, in 1924, at Paris for 36,000 US dollars. He also owned the only unused copy of the Two Cent Hawaii Missionary of 1851, for which its owner, Gaston Leroux, had been murdered by a fellow collector. Another piece owned by Ferrary was the only known cover featuring both values of the first Mauritius "Post Office" stamps, which has been called "the greatest item in all philately".

He purchased many important old collections, including those of Judge Frederick A. Philbrick (1835-1910) for £7,000, Sir Daniel Cooper's for £3,000, and W. B. Thornhill's Australians, and was a large buyer in the leading capitals of Europe for a great many years. Stanley Gibbons said that his expenditure with them averaged from £3,000 to £4,000 a year.

According to F. J. Peplow of Great Britain, in his book *The Postage Stamps of Buenos Aires*, the first clue that an inverted cliché existed on the Buenos Aires “In Ps” plate of the “barquitos” (steamships) was the report of a single stamp with part of the adjoining stamp rotated 180 degrees and it had been acquired by Ferrary for his collection.

He employed Pierre Mahé, a leading Paris stamp dealer, as a consultant or curator to examine and keep order in his collection from 1874 until Mahé died in 1913. Also, he had two secretaries, who were paid large salaries: one to look after the postage stamps and the other the postcards, envelopes, and newspaper wrappers. Ferrary had his own stamp room furnished with numerous fan cabinets.

Although he lived in Paris, Ferrary travelled frequently, meeting with dealers along the way, and often paying them in gold on the spot. He was impulsive in his buying and seemed to be indifferent to price, so dealers and counterfeiters took advantage of him. Exceptionally dangerous forgeries gained the nickname "Ferrarities".

## Numismatics

Ferrary also assembled a large collection of rare coins. His British numismatic collection was sold by Sotheby, Wilkinson & Hodge in London over five days from 27–31 March 1922. The title of the sale did not mention Ferrary by name, but read as follows: “Catalogue of the Famous and Remarkable Collection of British and Colonial Coins, Patterns & Proofs from George III to the Present Day, Formed by a Nobleman, Recently Deceased.” The catalogue had 710 lots and 15 plates. Other sales of his French and ancient coins were held in Paris.

## The "Nobleman" Sales

Wishing to make his unequalled collection accessible to the public, in his will dated 30 January 1915 he bequeathed it to "the German nation" for display in the Postmuseum in Berlin, along with funds for maintenance, 30,000 guldens. He also stipulated that the collection was "not to be integrated into the existing postal museum collection" but was to be "exhibited in a separate room". But as a citizen of Austria living in France, World War I put him at risk. Leaving his several hundred albums in the Austrian embassy, he fled to Vienna early in 1915 and then to Switzerland where he died soon afterwards, and so did not see the dismantling of his life's work after the war. The French government confiscated Ferrary's collection, claiming it as a war reparation. The massive assemblage was auctioned off between 1921 and 1926, in 14 separate sales, realizing some 30 million francs.

These sales enabled several famous collectors at the time to acquire the rarest philatelic items known, which, arguably, contributed to the development of the hobby in the first part of the 20th century. The British Guiana 1c magenta was bought by American collector Arthur Hind, who outbid King George V of the United Kingdom. The Treskilling Yellow error of Sweden, after changing hands several times, was acquired in 1937 by King Carol II of Romania. The "Bordeaux cover" of Mauritius "Post Office" stamps was acquired, at different time by collectors such as Sir Ernest de Silva, Arthur Hind, Alfred F. Lichtenstein, and Alfred H. Caspary. Caspary (a well-known New York collector) also acquired the only unused copy of the 2 cent Hawaiian Missionaries stamp, which had also belonged to Ferrary. The Buenos Aires “Barquitos” (Steamships) horizontal tête-bêche pair appeared in the Ferrary sale held on June 13, 1923. It realized FFr 37,600 (US $2,400) (including the 17.5% surcharge), an extraordinary sum for the time. It was acquired by Alfred F. Lichtenstein.

Lieut. Colonel G.S.F. Napier compiled an index of the fourteen catalogues from the sales which was sold in aid of funds for the Royal Philatelic Society London.

After the dismantling of Ferarry's collection, these stamps have never again been (and are unlikely to ever be) part of the same philatelic collection. In that respect, Ferrary's collection remains unique in the history of philately. Today, many of the rarest stamps extant on the philatelic market proudly bear an "ex-Ferrary" in their provenance, which tends to raise considerably their desirability and value.

## Death and legacy

Ferrary died in Lausanne, 20 May 1917. He "suffered a fatal heart attack in a taxicab, reportedly returning from a visit with a local stamp dealer." His last resting place, as "Philipp Arnold", is in Steinbach am Attersee, a village on Lake Attersee in the province of Upper Austria. He had been a frequent visitor to the Attersee, where he bought a house in 1890, and had been a generous benefactor to the community in the guise of "a friend of Austria".

Ferrary is featured on a 1968 stamp of Liechtenstein, 30 rp red brown, Scott no. 448, SG no. 496.

## References and sources

References Sources

## Further reading

* *Die Ferrary-Auktionen: Paris 1921-1925, Zurich 1929*. Stuttgart: Joachim Erhardt, 1987 c.1000p.
* Bohr, Peter J. *Der Briefmarkenkonig: der Lebensroman Philipp Arnold von Ferraris*. Vienna: Verlag Ludwig Helwig Prien/Chiemsee, 1982? 79p.
* Maassen, Wolfgang. *Philippe de Ferrari, cet inconnu, collectionneur, philatéliste et philanthrope = The mysterious Philippe de Ferrari, collector, philatelist and philanthropist*. Monaco: Le Musée des Timbres et des Monnaies de Monaco, 2017 ISBN 978-90-823987-1-7 398p.

## InfoBox

| Philipp von Ferrary | |
| --- | --- |
| Philipp von Ferrary | |
| Born | (1850-01-11)January 11, 1850
Paris, France |
| Died | May 20, 1917(1917-05-20) (aged 67)
Lausanne, Switzerland |
| Nationality | French, Austrian |
| Occupation | Stamp collector |


title: Don Manno

abstract: Donald D. Manno was an American Major League Baseball player. He played two seasons with the Boston Bees / Braves from 1940 to 1941.

text:
# Don Manno

**Donald D. Manno** (May 4, 1915 – March 11, 1995) was an American Major League Baseball player. He played two seasons with the Boston Bees / Braves from 1940 to 1941.

## InfoBox

| Don Manno | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Left fielder / Third baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1915-05-04)May 4, 1915
Williamsport, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Died:** March 11, 1995(1995-03-11) (aged 79)
Williamsport, Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 22, 1940, for the Boston Bees | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 10, 1941, for the Boston Braves | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .189 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 8 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Charles Perrow

abstract: Charles B. Perrow was a professor of sociology at Yale University and visiting professor at Stanford University. He authored several books and many articles on organizations, and was primarily concerned with the impact of large organizations on society.

text:
# Charles Perrow

**Charles B. Perrow** (February 9, 1925 – November 12, 2019) was a professor of sociology at Yale University and visiting professor at Stanford University. He authored several books and many articles on organizations, and was primarily concerned with the impact of large organizations on society.

## Academic appointments

After attending the University of Washington, Black Mountain College in North Carolina, and UC Berkeley, he received his PhD in sociology from Berkeley in 1960. He has held appointments at the universities of Michigan, Pittsburgh, Wisconsin, SUNY Stony Brook, and Yale, where he became emeritus in 2000. In 2004 he became a visiting professor at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford, in the winter and spring quarters.

He served as the Vice President of the Eastern Sociological Society. He was also a Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and the American Academy for the Advancement of Science. Perrow served as a Resident Scholar for the Russell Sage Foundation at the Shelly Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton University. Perrow was a visitor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Perrow was a member of the Committee on Human Factors at the National Academy of Sciences of the Sociology Panel for the National Science Foundation.

## Notable works

Perhaps his most widely cited work is *Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay* (ISBN 0-07-554799-6), first published in 1972.

Perrow is also the author of the book *Normal Accidents: Living With High Risk Technologies* (ISBN 0-691-00412-9) which explains his theory of normal accidents; catastrophic accidents that are inevitable in tightly coupled and complex systems. His theory predicts that failures will occur in multiple and unforeseen ways that are virtually impossible to predict.

## Selected publications

Books

* Perrow, Charles (2011, New Edition) (2007). *The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Perrow, Charles (2002). *Organizing America: Wealth, Power and the Origins of American Capitalism.* Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Perrow, Charles and Mauro F. Guillén (1990). *The AIDS Disaster: The Failure of Organizations in New York and the Nation*. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
* Perrow, Charles (1984). *Normal Accidents: Living With High Risk Technologies.* (Revised edition, 1999). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
* Perrow, Charles (1972). *Complex Organizations: A Critical Essay*. (Third edition, 1986). McGraw-Hill Publishers.
* Perrow, Charles (1972). *The Radical Attack on Business*. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
* Perrow, Charles (1970). *Organizational Analysis: A Sociological View*. Tavistock Press.

Chapters

* Charles Perrow (2010). “Organizations and Global Warming,” Constance Lever-Tracy, ed., *Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society*. 2010, New York City: Routledge. 59–77
* Charles Perrow (2010). The Meltdown Was Not an Accident, in Michael Lounsbury, Paul M. Hirsch (ed.) *Markets on Trial: The Economic Sociology of the U.S. Financial Crisis: Part A (Research in the Sociology of Organizations*, Volume 30), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 309–330

Articles and Papers

* Perrow, Charles (2013). Nuclear Denial: From Hiroshima to Fukushima. *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, Volume 69 Issue 5.
* Perrow, Charles (2012). Getting to Catastrophe: Concentrations, Complexity and Coupling. *The Montréal Review*.
* Perrow, Charles (2011). Fukushima and the Inevitability of Accidents. *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*.
* Perrow, Charles (2011). Technology Can Nudge Climate Change Politics. *Bloomberg News*.
* Perrow, Charles (2011). Fukushima, risk, and probability: Expect the unexpected. *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*.
* Perrow, Charles (2010). Giddens and the Developing Nations Examine Global Warming. *Review Essay, Contemporary Sociology*, 2010, v 39, no 4, 411–416.
* Perrow, Charles (2009). "Modeling firms in the global economy." *Theory and Society*, 2009, v 38:3, May, 217–243.
* Perrow, Charles (2008). Software Failures, Security, and Cyberattacks. *Paper*.
* Perrow, Charles (2008). "Disasters Evermore? Reducing our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters," *Social Research* 75:3 Fall, 2008, 1–20.
* Perrow, Charles (2008). "Complexity, Catastrophe, and Modularity," *Sociological Inquiry* 78:2, May 2008 162-73
* Perrow, Charles (2008). "Conservative Radicalism," *Organization* 15:6 2008 915–921


title: Roger Christie

abstract: Roger Christie is an American ordained minister in the Religion of Jesus Church, which regards marijuana as a "sacramental herb." In 2000, he founded the THC Ministry, which offered cannabis as a part of its services. On July 8, 2010, Christie and 13 other individuals associated with the THC Ministry were indicted by a Federal grand jury in Honolulu on marijuana possession and trafficking charges. On Sept. 27, 2013, Christie pleaded guilty to marijuana trafficking and two counts of failing to file income tax returns. On April 28, 2014, Christie was sentenced to a term of five years in federal prison, with credit for time already served at the Honolulu Federal Detention Center.

text:
# Roger Christie

**Roger Christie** (born June 15, 1949) is an American ordained minister in the Religion of Jesus Church, which regards marijuana as a "sacramental herb." In 2000, he founded the THC Ministry, which offered cannabis as a part of its services. On July 8, 2010, Christie and 13 other individuals associated with the THC Ministry were indicted by a Federal grand jury in Honolulu on marijuana possession and trafficking charges. On Sept. 27, 2013, Christie pleaded guilty to marijuana trafficking and two counts of failing to file income tax returns. On April 28, 2014, Christie was sentenced to a term of five years in federal prison, with credit for time already served at the Honolulu Federal Detention Center.

## Biography

Roger Christie was born on June 15, 1949, in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Raised and schooled in the New Jersey countryside in the 1950s and 1960s, he graduated from high school in 1967.

After two years of college studies and flight training school in Miami, Florida he received an associate's degree in Science and a Commercial Pilot certificate.

In 1970 he enlisted in the US Army and was trained as a G2 Intelligence Analyst at Fort Holabird, Maryland, a US Army "spy school", but became disenchanted by the military and political missions in Vietnam and elsewhere. Christie refused his orders to serve in the Vietnam War and received an honorable discharge as a conscientious objector. His success in this process inspired him to pursue legal options to overturn United States drug policy, a fight which has led him to numerous court battles and arrests.

In 1986, he became a resident of Big Island, Hawaii. He was a co-founder of the Hawai'i Hemp Council in 1990 and, with Aaron Anderson (Ernest Allan Anderson), and Dwight Kondo, founded the Hawaiian Hemp Company. By 1991, he had one of the first retail hemp stores in the world. In 1996, Christie ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Hawaii County Council. In June, 2000, he was ordained as a minister by the Religion of Jesus Church through the Universal Life Church. He received his license to perform marriages in the State of Hawaii as a "Cannabis Sacrament" Minister and founded the THC Ministry. In 2004 he failed in an election bid for Mayor of Hawaii County.

### THC Ministry

Roger Christie ran the THC Ministry (aka Hawaii Cannabis Ministry) in Hilo, Hawai'i for ten years. According to the Ministry's website, "We use Cannabis religiously and you can, too." Roger believes that spiritual and/or religious use of Cannabis hemp is worthy of First Amendment recognition and protections. He is on a life mission to achieve the goal of Equal Justice Under Law for Cannabis sacrament for the THC Ministry and for We the people. Home brewing of beer and wine with no limit on alcohol content is legal for every household in all 50 states. Roger's goal includes the acceptance of home growing of safe and natural Cannabis in a similar way, using the concepts of Equal Justice Under Law, the First Amendment for religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

The THC Ministry blessing is: "God, that's great! Please show me the blessings in this situation ... and hurry! I am safe, I am loved and all is well."

The THC Ministry spiritual practices include: confession, forgiveness, gratitude and love. Example: "I apologize for my part in \_________ . Please forgive me. Thank you. I love you." It's a karma cleaning technique to redeem oneself and to be able to move forward in greater integrity.

For a suggested donation, a person can become a "Practitioner" and receive a plaque designating their home and garden as a Sanctuary, a place of refuge for cultivating and using Cannabis in private as a sincere practice. The Sanctuary Kit for Practitioners also contains an "affidavit of religious use", two self-laminating ID cards, and seven "Sacramental Plant Tags". For $250, the donor would get a "Cannabis Sanctuary Kit" which also included the "THC Ministry Cannabis Religion Guide". According to Christie, in the past "We had Cannabis that people could donate for if they are 'blue card' (medical marijuana permit) holders or sincere members of the ministry."

According to the FBI, an estimated 90% of the customers were Ministry members, while the remaining 10% had state medical marijuana cards.

In order to join the Ministry, prospective members in Hilo were asked to sit through a one-hour orientation session with Roger Christie. Roger Christie said he also scheduled membership sessions with passengers on visiting cruise ships who were in Hilo for one day, and one could also join by ordering a Ministry "sanctuary kit" by mail for a $250 "donation." The kit includes a Letter of Good Standing which can be used by Ministers in many states to get a license to marry people from their state government specifically as a "Cannabis sacrament" Minister, legal precedents, Roger's considerable activist history and track record of accomplishment in helping to end the war on marijuana and to repeal prohibition. Roger is the first person known in U.S. history to have been ordained, and then licensed by a state government as a Cannabis sacrament Minister. New members have to sign an affidavit stating that their use of Cannabis is for personal, private Sacramental use only. Once oriented and welcomed into the THC Ministry a new member has a built-in religious defense to arrest and prosecution for sincere, private, non-commercial use of Cannabis hemp for life. The goal is to have a stronger "affirmative defense" for all sincere members. "Reasonable doubt" is, in theory, all that's needed to succeed in a jury trial. Good manners, respect, sincerity and the legitimacy of membership in the THC Ministry provides that reasonable doubt.

The discovery of Cannabis hemp being the 'fragrant cane', Kaneh Bosom in Hebrew, in the Bible recipe of Exodus 30:23 for holy anointing oil was made by researcher and author Chris Bennett. Roger is credited with making and returning the holy anointing oil of Moses and the christening oil of Jesus to use in the THC Ministry. The words Messiah, Christ and Mahdi all translate to "anointed". Christian is "an anointed one". Jesus Christ translates to "I am anointed." Anti-Christ translates to "against anointing". Roger likes to say, "We believe anointing is a literal thing. Anoint your crown with holy oil and hear the angels sing!"

In 2009, the ministry was open three days a week from 2:00 to 5:00 p.m. During this three-hour period, there were up to 70 members served. The Christies and their staff welcomed people from all walks of life. Each member, patient or visitor was required to wash their hands with hemp soap upon entering and to have good manners and respect while visiting the offices in the Moses Building in Hilo.

Roger Christie provided ministry services and Cannabis sacraments to members and medical patients, alike. Services included counseling, fellowship, weddings, funerals and more. Cannabis sacraments included holy anointing oil (See Exodus 30:23, and Mark 6:13), Cannabis tinctures made with French cognacs, and a non-alcoholic tincture made with vegetable glycerine and Cannabis flowers. "There's a Bud in Every Bottle" is the motto. There were often "Aloha bags" of Cannabis trimmings given for free to those in need. "We liked to say "yes" to Cannabis culture people who were used to hearing "no" too often in life. "Our goal every day was to see everyone leave the ministry with a smile."

Rev. Roger Christie and the THC Ministry sued the U.S. government for declaratory relief and a permanent injunction in 2004 in order to get full legal recognition and protections from the federal government. He dismissed the case a few months later due to a conflict with his lawyer, Michael Glenn of Honolulu. Before the dismissal, however the defendants U.S. government filed a 37-page Motion to Dismiss. Roger has both the original injunction and the government's 37 pages of legal "chess moves" to use to refile the case at an appropriate time. "God, that's great."

### Investigation

In 2008, an undercover law enforcement officer was introduced to Roger Christie, and on three separate occasions at the ministry, Christie sold quantities of marijuana to him (the largest being one-half pound).

Thereafter, a court-authorized wiretap on three telephone lines used by Roger Christie from April to July 2009 resulted in the interception and recording of numerous telephone conversations involving Roger and Sherryanne Christie, ministry employees, and other persons. According to Christie, investigators monitored 17,000 phone calls during a two-year period.

On March 20, 2010, Federal agents raided the downtown Hilo sanctuary of Christie's Hawaii Cannabis Ministry, assisted by local police. Christie said authorities spent about seven hours searching his home and ministry, starting around 6 a.m. He said the Drug Enforcement Administration, Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Postal Inspector and U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service were involved in the search.

A three-count sealed indictment in June, 2010 charged Christie with conspiracy to manufacture, distribute and possess with intent to distribute more than 100 marijuana plants, manufacturing marijuana and possession with the intent to distribute 240 marijuana plants.

### Arrest and incarceration

Christie was arrested on Thursday July 8, 2010, along with 13 others from the Big Island, and charged with possession and sale of cannabis. According to court documents, authorities confiscated approximately 30 ounces (845 grams) of processed marijuana in the Wainaku apartment and more than $34,000 cash from the apartment and a bank safe deposit box. The money and the apartment face possible federal forfeiture. Christie's arrest culminated a two-year investigation by federal and county law enforcement during which they seized 2,296 marijuana plants, nine weapons, 33 pounds of processed marijuana, and four properties from Christie and his co-defendants. Federal authorities said this was a huge pot-growing and selling organization masquerading as a religious group. Agents seized about 3 thousand plants with a street value of nearly $5 million.

After his arrest, Christie was taken to Oahu and incarcerated at the Honolulu Federal Detention Center. All other detainees were speedily released on bail or signature bond before trial. But Hawaii Federal District Court Judge Alan Kay ruled that Christie must remain in federal custody until his trial.

The prosecution argued that Christie should not be released on bail because he is a danger to the community. The court accepted this argument because marijuana was found again in a new search of Christie's home in June 2010, leading the court to conclude that Christie would continue to violate the law while out on bail. As quoted in the Star-Advertiser on Feb. 24, Judge Alan Kay remarked: "You would think the light would come on when the first search of his residence was made." Judge Kay's ruling was upheld by 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals.

On Jan. 17, 2013, a federal grand jury in Honolulu returned an updated indictment against Christie and seven co-defendants. The indictment includes additional charges for three sales of marijuana to an undercover officer during 2008 and two charges of his failure to file income tax returns for 2008 and 2009," Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael Kawahara, the lead prosecutor, said.

### Political support

On March 21, 2013, The Hawaii Senate Committee on Public Safety, Intergovernmental and Military Affairs heard and passed Senate Concurrent Resolutions SCR75 and SR42, "urging the federal government to release Roger Christie pending trial."

On April 3, 2013, Roger Christie was visited by Senator Russell Ruderman and Senator Will Espero at the Federal Detention Center (FDC) in Honolulu. The purpose of this visit was to discuss Christie's incarceration, health, and rights as a United States citizen under the United States Constitution. The terms of this visit specified that no media be present. Christie was denied contact with reporters from National Geographic, Newsweek, Honolulu Civil Beat, and others Senator Ruderman stated, "I have known Roger for over 25 years. He is one of the most peaceful persons I know. To anyone who knows him, the claim that he is a danger to the community is absurd." Senator Espero commented. "This visit was very enlightening. I still feel that Christie should be released pending a trial."

On April 10, 2013, the Hawaii Senate Judiciary and Labor Committee heard concurrent resolutions SCR75 and SR42, "urging the federal government to release Roger Christie pending trial." Hundreds of testimonies supporting the measures were received from the public.

The committee also heard testimony from Tracy Ryan, the Vice Chair of the Hawaii Libertarian Party, who said that Roger Christie was the victim of a "frightening", "railroading system" in which federal prosecutors have provided "a lot of good lawyerly reasons... to... say that the constitution of the United States doesn't apply to the federal system."

During the proceedings, Senator Sam Slom and Senator Russell Ruderman both spoke in support of passing the resolutions onto the senate for a full hearing. Sen. Clayton Hee, the Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, acknowledged that there were "many testimonies in support" of the resolutions. Nevertheless, Senator Hee deferred the resolutions.

Another 2013 Hawaii Senate Resolution, SR12, called on President Obama to "initiate a formal investigation into the conduct of federal law enforcement personnel in regard to the violation of the constitutional rights of Hawaii County Resident, the Reverend Roger Christie." SR12 was never scheduled for a hearing.

### Guilty plea

Christie faced up to 40 years in a federal penitentiary if convicted at trial. He was represented by a public defender. While Christie was awaiting trial, six co-defendants made plea deals with the prosecution to cooperate with authorities.

On September 27, 2013, Christie made a deal with prosecutors to plead guilty in federal court to conspiring to manufacture, distribute, and possess with intent to distribute 100 or more marijuana plants. His wife, Sherryanne Christie, pleaded guilty to a similar charge but involving 50 plants or more. As part of a plea agreement, the Christies agreed to forfeit more than $21,000 in proceeds from the operation of the THC Cannabis Ministry, which operated in Hilo from 2000 until July 8, 2010, when they and 12 others were arrested. Roger Christie also agreed under duress to forfeit a condominium apartment on Kauila Street in Hilo which was a gift from his late Mother.

On April 28, 2014, U.S. District Judge Leslie Kobayashi sentenced Roger Christie to a term of five years in federal prison, with credit for the almost four years he had been incarcerated, permitting him to be released after serving 50 months in the Federal Detention Center Honolulu with no bail and no trial, no outside, no sunshine and no media contact allowed. In addition, he was sentenced to supervised release — the federal equivalent of probation — for four years after serving his prison term. The conditions of the supervised release include refraining from use of marijuana or other controlled substances or from being in the presence of using marijuana. He was subject to drug testing and always tested negative. He was allowed to appeal his sentence, but was denied by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco. His wife and co-defendant, Sherryanne "Share" Christie was sentenced to a term of 27-months. She was allowed to remain free on bail pending appeal of her sentence which was denied.

The prosecution resulted from the combined efforts from 2008 to 2010 of the Drug Enforcement Administration; the Internal Revenue Service-Criminal Investigations; Homeland Security Investigations; the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; the U.S. Postal Inspection Service; the U.S. Marshals Service; the National Park Service; the Sheriff's Office, Department of Public Safety; the Hawaii Police Department; and the Honolulu Police Department. The case was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael K. Kawahara.

During the proceedings U.S. District Court Judge Leslie Kobayashi denied Roger's motion that "marihuana" was misclassified as a Schedule 1 most dangerous substance with "no recognized medical use in treatment in the U.S.A." despite medical Cannabis being legal in Hawai'i since June 2000 and in many other jurisdictions. A hopeful ruling did come when Judge Kobayashi ruled that Roger and his wife Share were "sincere" and "religious" Cannabis Ministers, but soon afterwards she denied their religious defense because she ruled that the U.S. government had a "compelling interest" in keeping Cannabis illegal, AND that the government used the "least restrictive means" to deny their religious freedom. Roger and Share's intention to have "the last marijuana trial" (See: www.the-last-marijuana-trial.com) was denied, and most of their evidence and witnesses were never seen or heard by the Judge or a jury.

On September 4, 2014, Roger Christie was transferred to the Mahoney Hale halfway house in Honolulu before being allowed to return to Puna on the Big Island on supervised release on November 14.

May 2020 Roger completed his four-year federal probation with no violations. He was denied early release of probation by U.S. District Court Judge Leslie Kobayashi.

On October 11, 2016 Share Christie self-surrendered to a federal prison camp in Phoenix, Arizona to serve a 27-month sentence with an added three year probation. She was transferred back to the Federal Detention Center Honolulu in April 2017 where she was held until released to the Orion Halfway House in Los Angeles on August 7, 2018. Share was allowed to live with her parents on September 21, 2018 where she chose to stay until coming home to Hilo on January 15, 2020. Her probation officially ends on September 21, 2021. She was denied early termination of her probation by Judge Kobayashi in January 2020. She recently filed another motion for early termination of probation, this time doing it pro se, without a lawyer. The U.S. government strongly opposed her early release, again. She's expecting an answer from the judge in June 2020.

Roger wrote a chapter in the book called Cannabis and Spirituality by Stephen Gray. He, his wife Share and others are featured in the book called God On High by Professor of Religion Laurie Cozad.

Roger is planning to restart the THC Ministry in June 2020 mostly online, but without the distribution of Cannabis sacrament until he "wins a federal injunction, or better". Ministry membership, Letters of Good Standing, Sanctuary Kits, hemp prayer shawls, I.D. cards and other THC Ministry gear will be available once again to sincere spiritual users of Cannabis.

## InfoBox

| The ReverendRoger Christie | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-06-15) June 15, 1949<br>Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Associate in Science in Career Pilot |
| Alma mater | Miami-Dade Junior College |
| Occupation | Minister |
| Criminal charge(s) | Marijuana possession and trafficking |
| Website | www.thc-ministry.org |


title: Tillandsia cossonii

abstract: Tillandsia cossonii is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. This species is endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Tillandsia cossonii

***Tillandsia cossonii*** is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. This species is endemic to Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Tillandsia cossonii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Tillandsia* |
| Subgenus: | *Tillandsia* subg. *Tillandsia* |
| Species: | ***T. cossonii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tillandsia cossonii***<br>Baker | |
|


title: Rafael Ortega (tennis)

abstract: Rafael Ortega is a Mexican former tennis player who was active in the 1950s. Ortega appeared in two Davis Cup ties for Mexico during his career, against Cuba away in Havana in 1950, then Japan at home in Mexico City in 1954. In both 1952 and 1953, Ortega competed in the main draw of the U.S. National Championships, for two first-round losses. His first-round match against William Quillian in 1953 went to five sets. At the 1954 Central American and Caribbean Games in Mexico City he won a silver medal in the singles event, behind countryman Mario Llamas.

text:
# Rafael Ortega (tennis)

**Rafael Ortega** is a Mexican former tennis player who was active in the 1950s.

Ortega appeared in two Davis Cup ties for Mexico during his career, against Cuba away in Havana in 1950, then Japan at home in Mexico City in 1954.

In both 1952 and 1953, Ortega competed in the main draw of the U.S. National Championships, for two first-round losses. His first-round match against William Quillian in 1953 went to five sets.

At the 1954 Central American and Caribbean Games in Mexico City he won a silver medal in the singles event, behind countryman Mario Llamas.

## InfoBox

Rafael Ortega
| Country (sports) | Mexico |
| --- | --- |
| Singles | |
| Grand Slam singles results | |
| US Open | 1R (1952, 1953) |
| Medal record      Central American and Caribbean Games  1954 Mexico City Men's singles | |


title: Restless Minds

abstract: Restless Minds is the third studio album by British modern country-pop music duo Ward Thomas. It was released in 2019 by Sony Music/WTW Music. It reached number eight on the UK Albums Chart and number one on the UK Country Albums Chart.

text:
# Restless Minds

***Restless Minds*** is the third studio album by British modern country-pop music duo Ward Thomas. It was released in 2019 by Sony Music/WTW Music. It reached number eight on the UK Albums Chart and number one on the UK Country Albums Chart.

## Track listing

1. "No Filter" – 3:07
2. "Lie Like Me" – 2:55
3. "One More Goodbye" – 3:39
4. "It's Not Just Me" – 3:12
5. "Ain't That Easy" – 3:10
6. "Rather Be Breathing" – 3:21
7. "Hopeless" – 3:13
8. "Never Know" – 2:45
9. "Same Love" – 3:15
10. "Changing" – 4:03
11. "No Fooling Me" – 2:46
12. "I Believe in You" – 3:01
13. "Little Girl Sorrow" – 3:35
14. "Deepest You" – 3:46
15. "This Too Will Pass" – 3:52

## Charts

Chart performance for *Restless Minds*
| Chart (2019) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 5 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 8 |
| UK Country Albums (OCC) | 1 |

## InfoBox

| Restless Minds | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ward Thomas | |
| Released | 2019 (2019) |
| Studio | Miloco |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 49:10 |
| Label | Sony/WTW |
| Ward Thomas chronology | |
| *A Shorter Story*
(2017) ***Restless Minds***
(2019) *The Space Between*
(2020) | |


title: Chitré District

abstract: Chitré District is a district (distrito) of Herrera Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 42,467. The district covers a total area of 91 km². The capital lies at the city of Chitré.

text:
# Chitré District

**Chitré District** is a district (*distrito*) of Herrera Province in Panama. The population according to the 2000 census was 42,467. The district covers a total area of 91 km². The capital lies at the city of Chitré.

## Administrative divisions

Chitré District is divided administratively into the following *corregimientos*:

7°58′N 80°26′W / 7.967°N 80.433°W / 7.967; -80.433

## InfoBox

| Chitré District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Chitré DistrictLocation of the district capital in Panama | |
| Coordinates: 7°58′N 80°26′W / 7.967°N 80.433°W / 7.967; -80.433 | |
| Country | Panama |
| Province | Herrera Province |
| Capital | Chitré |
| Area | |
| Total | 35 sq mi (91 km2) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 42,467 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (ETZ) |