abstract: Chronicle is a live album by the Chicago Underground Trio, featuring trumpeter Rob Mazurek, bassist Jason Ajemian, and drummer Chad Taylor. It was recorded on July 21, 2006, at the German Cultural Center in Chicago, and was released in 2007 by Delmark Records in both CD and DVD formats, the latter directed by Raymond Salvatore Harmon.

text:
# Chronicle (Chicago Underground Trio album)

***Chronicle*** is a live album by the Chicago Underground Trio, featuring trumpeter Rob Mazurek, bassist Jason Ajemian, and drummer Chad Taylor. It was recorded on July 21, 2006, at the German Cultural Center in Chicago, and was released in 2007 by Delmark Records in both CD and DVD formats, the latter directed by Raymond Salvatore Harmon.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Free Jazz Collective* |  |
| *PopMatters* |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Michael G. Nastos wrote: "At times deadpan, often spirited, spiritual and symmetrical with plenty of ideas that work well, the group succeeds in clearly bringing its point across, and those who enjoy this type of pure improvising should find it intriguing."

Seamus Seoighe of *All About Jazz* called the album a "sonic spiritual journey," and stated: "the Chicago Underground is constantly presenting music that is innovative, new and, without a doubt, boundary-breaking." *AAJ'*s Jerry D'Souza commented: "Chicago Underground has never shied away from being bold and innovative. They prove it all over again with this performance, where everything is completely improvised."

Writing for *JazzTimes*, David Whiteis remarked: "Our preconceived expectations of what things might be are challenged, mocked and then reimagined, only to dissolve and re-emerge yet again in new forms."

A reviewer for *The Free Jazz Collective* noted: "The band takes its time to discover the music, to transform it, to think of new angles, but the overall structure is essential, this is free improv along fixed paths. This is avant-garde jazz or experimental jazz, but then with soul."

In an article for *PopMatters*, Will Layman wrote: "There are many times during *Chronicle* when you wonder — what is that guy playing? Often, you will not be able to decipher it... The music presented here is daring, compelling, occasionally vexing, but always alive with interest."

Regarding the DVD release, Vish Khanna of *Exclaim!* stated: "Coupled with intense and dynamic playing from the Chicago Underground Trio, the visual aspects of *Chronicle* are alluring and disorienting."

## Track listing

Composed by the Chicago Underground Trio.

1. "Initiation" – 5:23
2. "Resistance" – 7:43
3. "Power" – 28:27
4. "Crisis" – 13:20
5. "Transformation" – 5:22
6. "Transcendence" – 13:43

## Personnel

* Rob Mazurek – cornet, computer, synthesizer, electric celeste, gong, cymbal, bamboo flute, Moogerfooger pedals
* Jason Ajemian – acoustic bass, electronics
* Chad Taylor – drums, vibraphone, marimba, mbira, percussion

## InfoBox

| Chronicle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Chicago Underground Trio | |
| Released | 2007 |
| Recorded | July 21, 2006 |
| Venue | German Cultural Center, Chicago |
| Genre | Free jazz |
| Length | 1:13:55 |
| Label | Delmark
DE 573 (CD)
DVD 1573 (DVD) |
| Producer | Rob Mazurek, Robert G. Koester, Raymond Salvatore Harmon (DVD) |
| Chicago Underground Trio chronology | |
| *Slon*
(2004) ***Chronicle***
(2007) | |


title: Felix Milgrom

abstract: Felix Milgrom was a Polish American immunologist who was State University of New York Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. He is best known for the development of a simple test for syphilis that could be performed on a drop of dried blood.

text:
# Felix Milgrom

**Felix Milgrom** (12 October 1919  2 September 2007) was a Polish American immunologist who was State University of New York Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. He is best known for the development of a simple test for syphilis that could be performed on a drop of dried blood.

## Biography

Milgrom was born in Rohatyn, Poland in 1919. Initially a student at the University of Lwow, he earned a medical degree from the Wrocław Medical University in 1946, becoming a docent in 1951.

He taught at the Wrocław Medical University and led the microbiology department at the Medical University of Silesia. He joined the Department of Microbiology at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in 1958.

He was the chairman of the Department of Microbiology at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences from 1967 to 1985. Milgrom was named a SUNY Distinguished Professor in 1981. Together with Ernest Witebsky and others, Milgram established what is now known as the Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology.

Milgrom authored 400 articles and other publications, including several books. The president of Collegium Internationale Allergologicum from 1978 to 1982, Milgrom was a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Society for Microbiology, and Sigma Xi.

He received honorary degrees from the University of Vienna, the University of Lund, the University of Heidelberg, the University of Bergen, and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. He has been awarded the Cross of Merit, a Polish state decoration. Milgrom is a recipient of the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation Prize (1986) and the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (1987).

## Personal life

He married Halina Miszel, a noted physician, on October 15, 1941. They have two children, Henry and Martin Louis. Henry Milgrom is a Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Colorado Denver.

## Bibliography

* Felix Milgrom, Pioneering Immunologist, UB Faculty Member, Dies at 87, University of Buffalo official statement
* Abeyounis, C John (2008). "Felix Milgrom. October 12, 1919 to September 2, 2007". *Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol*. **146** (2): 174–5. doi:10.1159/000113523. PMID 18204286.
* "Proceedings of the 5th Basic Sciences Symposium of the Transplantation Society. A festschrift honoring Felix Milgrom. Chautauqua, New York, USA. September 6–11, 1997". *Transplant. Proc*. **31** (3): 4 p preceding 1441, 1441–98. May 1999. PMID 10357685.
* Bash, J A (May 1999). "Reflections on my mentor, Felix Milgrom". *Transplant. Proc*. **31** (3): 1458–9. doi:10.1016/S0041-1345(99)00156-6. PMID 10330970.
* Rapaport, F T (May 1999). "Felix Milgrom, immunologist and microbiologist par excellence". *Transplant. Proc*. **31** (3): 1452–5. doi:10.1016/S0041-1345(99)00006-8. PMID 10330968.

## InfoBox

| Felix Milgrom | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 12 October 1919
Rohatyn, thenPoland, now Ukraine |
| Died | 2 September 2007
Buffalo, New York |
| Nationality | Polish American |
| Alma mater | University of Wroclaw |
| Spouse(s) | Halina Miszel
(m. 1941–2007) |
| Children | Henry
Martin Louis |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Immunology |
| Institutions | Wrocław Medical University
Medical University of Silesia
University at Buffalo |
|  | |


title: Skadi Mons

abstract: Skadi Mons is a mountain on Venus in Maxwell Montes, at the center of Ishtar Terra. It is the highest point on the planet, with an altitude of about 10,700 meters above the mean planetary radius.

text:
# Skadi Mons

**Skadi Mons** /ˈskɑːði ˈmɒnz/ is a mountain on Venus in Maxwell Montes, at the center of Ishtar Terra. It is the highest point on the planet, with an altitude of about 10,700 meters (about 35,000 feet) above the mean planetary radius.

## InfoBox

Skadi Mons
| Skadi Mons in the top right corner of this radar image (bright image area is Maxwell Montes; dark area is Lakshmi Planum) | |
| --- | --- |
| Feature type | Mountain |
| Location | Central Ishtar Terra, Venus |
| Coordinates | 64°N 4°E / 64°N 4°E / 64; 4 |
| Peak | * 6.4 km (4.0 mi) 20,997 ft (6,400 m) * 10.7 km (6.6 mi) 35,105 ft (10,700 m) above mean. |
| Eponym | Skadi |


title: Ciarán Mullan

abstract: Ciarán Mullan is a Gaelic footballer who plays for the Derry county team, with whom he has won a National League title. He plays his club football for St Matthew's Drumsurn. He plays in the forward line for both club and county.

text:
# Ciarán Mullan

**Ciarán Mullan** (22 March 1984) is a Gaelic footballer who plays for the Derry county team, with whom he has won a National League title. He plays his club football for St Matthew's Drumsurn. He plays in the forward line for both club and county.

## Football career

### Inter-county

Mullan was part of the Derry Minor side that won the 2002 Ulster Minor and All-Ireland Minor Championships. He was a member of the Derry Under 21 team that finished runners-up in the 2004 Ulster Under 21 Championship.

He made his Derry Senior debut in 2004, but did not make his Championship debut until Round 2 of the Qualifiers against Kildare in July 2006. Mullan missed most of the 2007 season, due to being in the United States, but has returned for the 2008 campaign. He helped Derry reach the 2008 Dr McKenna Cup final, where they were defeated by Down. He was part of the Derry team that won the 2008 National League where Derry beat Kerry in the final.

### Club

Mullan plays club football for Drumsurn. While in the United States in 2007 he was played for the Four Provinces team (from Philadelphia) that won the New York Senior Football Championship.

## Honours

### Inter-county

### Club

Note: The above lists may be incomplete. Please add any other honours you know of.

## InfoBox

Ciarán Mullan
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Irish name | *Ciarán Ó Maoláin* | | |
| Sport | Gaelic football | | |
| Position | Corner forward | | |
| Born | (1984-03-22) 22 March 1984
Drumsurn, County Londonderry,
Northern Ireland | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | | |
| Nickname | Banty | | |
| Occupation | Electrician | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 200x–present | Drumsurn | | |
| Inter-county(ies) | | | |
| Years | **County** | | |
| 2004–present | Derry | | |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Ulster titles | 1 | | |
| All-Irelands | 1 | | |
| NFL | 1 | | |


title: Lil McClintock

abstract: Lil McClintock was an American country blues songster who accompanied himself on acoustic guitar. Not much is known about McClintock's personal life, before or after he recorded four sides for Columbia Records. Interest in his recordings has been revived over the years, and they are prized by collectors. McClintock worked as a street performer in Clinton, South Carolina, before he was tasked by manager of Cooper's Furniture Store, Burm Lessie, with accompanying another local musician, Blind Gussie Nesbitt, to record for Columbia Records. Unbeknownst to Lessie, he first encountered McClintock in 1923 when he wrote a ballad about Delia Holmes, an individual who gained some media attention for being murdered in a casino in Georgia. McClintock was commonly referred to as "Lil"; it has been speculated that this was either an abbreviation of little or a reference to his tall, thin figure. After traveling by train, McClintock recorded two gospel numbers and two "coon songs" on December 4, 1930. The latter two compositions are in a musical subgenre that is seldom republished, because of its blatantly racist representations of black people. First among the pair was "Don't Think I'm Santa Claus", which has a refrain derived from minstrel shows and a rudimentary banjo-inspired accompaniment. Another song, "Furniture Man", played in a similar style, refers to black people as coons and advertises Cooper's Furniture Store in the process. In keeping with the minstrel-influenced qualities, McClintock addresses himself as "Mr. Brown" throughout the song. Both McClintock's and Nesbitt's recordings were issued in pressings of 750 copies in June 1931; McClintock fared better, as all four of his sides were released. Following the recording session, McClintock completely disappeared from any documentation. His records have become some of the rarest and sought after items among collectors, with any surviving issues being in pristine condition. In 1986, all of his recordings were issued on the compilation album Atlanta Blues 1927–30: The Complete Recordings in Chronological Order of Julius Daniels and Lil McClintock, which includes McClintock's material with that of the guitarist Julius Daniels.

text:
# Lil McClintock

**Lil McClintock** (June 5, 1883 - 1930s or 1940) was an American country blues songster who accompanied himself on acoustic guitar. Not much is known about McClintock's personal life, before or after he recorded four sides for Columbia Records. Interest in his recordings has been revived over the years, and they are prized by collectors.

McClintock worked as a street performer in Clinton, South Carolina, before he was tasked by manager of Cooper's Furniture Store, Burm Lessie, with accompanying another local musician, Blind Gussie Nesbitt, to record for Columbia Records. Unbeknownst to Lessie, he first encountered McClintock in 1923 when he wrote a ballad about Delia Holmes, an individual who gained some media attention for being murdered in a casino in Georgia. McClintock was commonly referred to as "Lil"; it has been speculated that this was either an abbreviation of *little* or a reference to his tall, thin figure.

After traveling by train, McClintock recorded two gospel numbers and two "coon songs" on December 4, 1930. The latter two compositions are in a musical subgenre that is seldom republished, because of its blatantly racist representations of black people. First among the pair was "Don't Think I'm Santa Claus", which has a refrain derived from minstrel shows and a rudimentary banjo-inspired accompaniment. Another song, "Furniture Man", played in a similar style, refers to black people as *coons* and advertises Cooper's Furniture Store in the process. In keeping with the minstrel-influenced qualities, McClintock addresses himself as "Mr. Brown" throughout the song. Both McClintock's and Nesbitt's recordings were issued in pressings of 750 copies in June 1931; McClintock fared better, as all four of his sides were released.

Following the recording session, McClintock completely disappeared from any documentation. His records have become some of the rarest and sought after items among collectors, with any surviving issues being in pristine condition. In 1986, all of his recordings were issued on the compilation album *Atlanta Blues 1927–30: The Complete Recordings in Chronological Order of Julius Daniels and Lil McClintock*, which includes McClintock's material with that of the guitarist Julius Daniels.

## InfoBox

| Lil McClintock | |
| --- | --- |
| The only known photo of McClintock | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1883-06-05)June 5, 1883
Clinton, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | 1930s or 1940
probably Union County, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Genres | Country Blues |
| Occupations | * Songster * Musician |
| Instruments |  |


title: Drum, Missouri

abstract: Drum is an unincorporated community in the eastern part of Liberty Township in Bollinger County, Missouri, United States. The community was named for the Drum family, who were prominent pioneers. A post office operated between the years 1893–1916.

text:
# Drum, Missouri

**Drum** is an unincorporated community in the eastern part of Liberty Township in Bollinger County, Missouri, United States. The community was named for the Drum family, who were prominent pioneers. A post office operated between the years 1893–1916.

37°11′19″N 89°53′37″W / 37.18861°N 89.89361°W / 37.18861; -89.89361

## InfoBox

| Drum, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| unincorporated community | |
| Location of Bollinger County, Missouri | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Bollinger |
| Township | Liberty |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 573 |


title: Fishless cycling

abstract: Fishless cycling is a form of "maturing" an aquarium. In this process, ammonia is provided to allow beneficial bacteria to colonize. Fishless cycling can reduce the chance of fish loss resulting from insufficient populations of these bacteria.

text:
# Fishless cycling

**Fishless cycling** is a form of "maturing" an aquarium. In this process, ammonia is provided to allow beneficial bacteria to colonize. Fishless cycling can reduce the chance of fish loss resulting from insufficient populations of these bacteria.

## Process

Fishless cycling takes place over a period of several weeks, during which the aquarist provides an ammonia source for the development of the nitrifying bacterial colony. Nitrifying bacteria in the aquarium grow on all surfaces, but particularly in areas of high water flow and high surface area such as the filter. Allowing ammonia to be converted to nitrite, and on to the less harmful nitrate, minimizes stress and injury to aquarium fish. The "nitrogen cycle" may take several weeks to complete, but may be quicker under certain conditions. Higher water temperatures, greater dissolved oxygen and bacterial seeding from an established tank may cut down the time required to less than a week.

## Advantages

The most significant advantage of fishless cycling is that it can reduce fish loss due to ammonia and nitrite spikes. Fish loss can be very discouraging for beginners of fish keeping, so indirectly, fishless cycling can also help beginners get a good start.

Cycling aquariums using feeder fish is risky, because it infects the aquarium with any disease or parasite they happen to have. Fish raised as feeders do not get the same degree of care as non-feeders. Fishless cycling avoids this potential problem.

Fishless cycling also allows the aquarium to be partially stocked from the moment it is cycled, if the nitrogen cycle is completed with high concentration of pure ammonia added daily. This means that for large aquariums, where fish must be added in several batches, fishless cycling is faster than cycling with fish. It can also be extremely useful when the fish keeper plan to stock a tank full of territorial aggressive fish, such as African cichlids, where the later added fish can be at a disadvantage. However, care in adding ammonia for fishless cycling must be used, too high of an ammonium concentration can kill the helpful bacteria.

## Disadvantages

* Phosphates are often created as byproducts when decaying fish food is the source of ammonia.
* There might not be enough ammonia to allow a sufficient population of bacteria to colonize when fish food is the source of ammonia.

These are not problems when ammonium hydroxide or ammonium chloride is used as the source of ammonia.

* It might cost more than other methods to cycle the tank, if you include all the cost of the water test kit, pure ammonia, etc.
* Pure ammonia cycling is not as quick nor does it allow as higher bio-load stocking of the aged filter media method.


title: Colchicum alpinum

abstract: Colchicum alpinum, the alpine autumn crocus, is a corm-forming perennial with pale, delicate rosy-purple flowers, similar to C. autumnale but smaller. It is native to the Alps and the Appennini of Italy, Switzerland, France and Sicily, and cultivated as an ornamental in other regions.

text:
# Colchicum alpinum

***Colchicum alpinum***, the **alpine autumn crocus**, is a corm-forming perennial with pale, delicate rosy-purple flowers, similar to *C. autumnale* but smaller. It is native to the Alps and the Appennini of Italy, Switzerland, France and Sicily, and cultivated as an ornamental in other regions.

## InfoBox

| *Colchicum alpinum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Colchicaceae |
| Genus: | *Colchicum* |
| Species: | ***C. alpinum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Colchicum alpinum***<br>DC. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Colchicum parvulum* Ten. * *Colchicum alpinum* var. *parvulum* (Ten.) Baker * *Colchicum alpinum* subsp. *parvulum* (Ten.) Nyman * *Colchicum merenderoides* E.P.Perrier & Songeon * *Colchicum alpinum* subsp. *merenderoides* (E.P.Perrier & Songeon) Rouy * *Colchicum pseudoparvulum* Lojac. * *Colchicum vallis-demonis* Lojac. | |


title: Eichberg, Switzerland

abstract: Eichberg is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

text:
# Eichberg, Switzerland

**Eichberg** is a municipality in the *Wahlkreis* (constituency) of Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## History

Eichberg is first mentioned in 891 as under the Romansh name of *Hermentines*. In 1282 it was mentioned as *Aichilberch*, and in 1290 as *Aitberge*.

## Geography

Eichberg has an area, as of 2006, of 5.5 km2 (2.1 sq mi). Of this area, 47.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 42.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 9.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.5%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes).

The municipality is located in the Rheintal *Wahlkreis*. It is a scattered settlement on the south-east edge of the Hirschberg. It consists of the village of Eichberg-dorf and the hamlets of Au, Hölzlisberg and part of Hinterforsts (which is shared with Altstätten).

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Argent an Oak branch Vert with three leaves and two acorns.* This is an example of canting, where the oak leaf is a visual pun on the German word for oak (*Eichen*) which forms part of the village name (lit. Oak Mountain).

## Demographics

Eichberg has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 1,554. As of 2007, about 13.1% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Of the foreign population, (as of 2000), 43 are from Germany, 10 are from Italy, 58 are from ex-Yugoslavia, 22 are from Austria, and 10 are from another country. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 13.2%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (95.0%), with Albanian being second most common ( 2.3%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 0.5%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000), 1,203 speak German, 2 people speak French, 5 people speak Italian, and 1 person speaks Romansh.

The age distribution, as of 2000, in Eichberg is; 217 children or 17.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 179 teenagers or 14.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 136 people or 10.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 235 people or 18.6% are between 30 and 39, 192 people or 15.2% are between 40 and 49, and 135 people or 10.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 85 people or 6.7% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 66 people or 5.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 19 people or 1.5% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 2 people or 0.2% who are between 90 and 99.

In 2000 there were 102 persons (or 8.1% of the population) who were living alone in a private dwelling. There were 239 (or 18.9%) persons who were part of a couple (married or otherwise committed) without children, and 841 (or 66.4%) who were part of a couple with children. There were 59 (or 4.7%) people who lived in single parent home, while there are 7 persons who were adult children living with one or both parents, 4 persons who lived in a household made up of relatives, 10 who lived household made up of unrelated persons, and 4 who are either institutionalized or live in another type of collective housing.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 53.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (14.2%), the FDP (12.7%) and the SP (9.3%).

The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Eichberg about 68.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Out of the total population in Eichberg, as of 2000, the highest education level completed by 267 people (21.1% of the population) was Primary, while 423 (33.4%) have completed Secondary, 136 (10.7%) have attended a Tertiary school, and 36 (2.8%) are not in school. The remainder did not answer this question.

The historical population is given in the following table:

| year | population |
| --- | --- |
| 1850 | 847 |
| 1900 | 873 |
| 1950 | 766 |
| 1980 | 719 |
| 2000 | 1,266 |
|

## Economy

As of  2007, Eichberg had an unemployment rate of 1.79%. As of 2005, there were 64 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 29 businesses involved in this sector. 59 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 17 businesses in this sector. 115 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 30 businesses in this sector.

As of October 2009 the average unemployment rate was 1.5%. There were 77 businesses in the municipality of which 17 were involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 35 were involved in the third.

As of 2000 there were 173 residents who worked in the municipality, while 473 residents worked outside Eichberg and 87 people commuted into the municipality for work.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 542 or 42.8% are Roman Catholic, while 496 or 39.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there is 1 individual who belongs to the Orthodox Church, and there are 40 individuals (or about 3.16% of the population) who belong to another Christian church. There are 46 (or about 3.63% of the population) who are Islamic. There are 4 individuals (or about 0.32% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), 82 (or about 6.48% of the population) belong to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 55 individuals (or about 4.34% of the population) did not answer the question.

## Politics

In 2012, Alex Arnold of the Pirate Party Switzerland ran for mayor of Eichberg, a part-time position. He was elected on 23 September, defeating two candidates from the Swiss People's Party. Arnold is the first member of the Swiss Pirates to win a mayoral election.

## InfoBox

| Eichberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Eichberg | |
| EichbergEichberg | |
| Coordinates: 47°21′N 9°32′E / 47.350°N 9.533°E / 47.350; 9.533 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | St. Gallen |
| District | Rheintal |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Eliane Kaiser |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.43 km2 (2.10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 500 m (1,600 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 1,534 |
| Density | 280/km2 (730/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 9453 |
| SFOS number | 3252 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-SG |
| Surrounded by | Altstätten, Gais (AR), Oberriet, Rüte (AI) |
| Website | eichberg.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Chronicle (ballet)

abstract: Chronicle is a modern dance work choreographed by Martha Graham to music by Wallingford Riegger. It premiered on December 20, 1936, at the Guild Theatre in New York City. The set was designed by Isamu Noguchi. Riegger's music was scored for piano, wind instruments and percussion; Noguchi's set was made up primarily of curtains, platforms and stairs. The original production was danced by Martha Graham and Group, the forerunner of the Martha Graham Dance Company. According to the program notes, the dance is based upon "the advent and consequences of war" and concerned itself with the "contemporary situation", referring to the impending conflict in Europe.

text:
# Chronicle (ballet)

***Chronicle*** is a modern dance work choreographed by Martha Graham to music by Wallingford Riegger. It premiered on December 20, 1936, at the Guild Theatre in New York City. The set was designed by Isamu Noguchi. Riegger's music was scored for piano, wind instruments and percussion; Noguchi's set was made up primarily of curtains, platforms and stairs. The original production was danced by Martha Graham and Group, the forerunner of the Martha Graham Dance Company. According to the program notes, the dance is based upon "the advent and consequences of war" and concerned itself with the "contemporary situation", referring to the impending conflict in Europe.

## Synopsis

*Chronicle* is more than an hour in length and chronicles the time frame from 1914 to 1936. It is divided into three major sections: *Dances Before Catastrophe*, which includes *Spectre-1914* and *Masque*; *Dances After Catastrophe*, which includes *Steps in the Street* and *Tragic Holiday-In Memoriam*; and a final section *Prelude to Action*. Each section has been performed as an independent work. *Steps in the Street* was recreated in 1988. It is part of the current Martha Graham Dance Company repertoire.

The opening solo *Spectre-1914* is a prelude to the action that follows. The dancer moves with stiff, robotic gestures in response to off-stage drums and trumpet, an embodiment, perhaps, of the inevitability of marching off to war. In the subsequent section *Masque*, a soloist costumed in metallic gray holds forth to an audience of followers in a formal, "court-like" display.

*Steps in the Street*, a long ensemble piece, suggests a mass of unwanted individuals, such as a group of the unemployed or homeless. The dancers shuffle dejectedly, occasionally rallying to execute rebellious gestures, and then return to their resigned trudging. Carrying a black flag, the soloist then leads the ensemble in a service of commemoration (*Tragic Holiday-In Memoriam*). The finale *Prelude to Action* depicts a call for "a brave new world".

## Original cast

At the time, Graham's all-female troupe consisted of Anita Alvarez, Thelma Babbitz, Bonnie Bird, Dorothy Bird, Ethel Butler, Aza Ceskin, Jane Dudley, Frieda Flier, Marie Marchowsky, Sophie Maslow, Marjorie Mazia, May O'Donnell, Kathleen Slagle, Gertrude Schurr, Anna Sokolow and Mildred Wile.

## Critical reception

Following the premiere, *The New York Herald* critic described *Chronicle* as superior to *Panorama*, "Miss Graham's previous attempt at an extended choreographic work with historical and sociological implications" and pointed "the way to brilliant future accomplishments" but did not fully succeed. "Many of the ideas are expressed at too great a length, and the suite, which requires about one and a quarter hours in the unfolding, would profit greatly by radical pruning." From the "aspects of design and motion," however, "Miss Graham and her group accomplish much that is remarkable. Considered merely as controlled, directed energy their efforts were amazing."

Graham reworked the ballet extensively between the first and second performances. *The New York Times* reviewer John Martin wrote that Graham "not only made revisions in its choreography and costuming, but actually managed to alter its general direction and manner of functioning." Where the original dance was well made, Martin noted, it "projected no passion, irradiated no warmth." In its "second incarnation" the critic described the opening solo as "ominous and gripping", *Dances After Catastrophe* as having "great power" and containing "under their surface of defeat and suffering the most eloquent indications of protest and rebellion."

Of the revised version *Dance Observer'*s reporter wrote, "It is an ambitious undertaking, a composition on a grand scale, making enormous demands on both the soloist and her group," while the critic for *The Christian Science Monitor* noted, "I found it deeply moving…and only seldom disappointing...The technical performance of this work, by both Miss Graham and the group, leaves you gasping." The critic for *The New York Sun* compared *Chronicle* to Kurt Jooss' famous anti-war ballet *The Green Table*.

The set and score were also praised. The set for its simplicity. The "plangent, percussive" score for its "composition, understanding of the text" and "excellent foreshadowing of the choreography."

## Steps in the Street

In 1988, the Graham company recreated *Chronicle'*s middle section *Steps in the Street*. Subtitled *Devastation - Homelessness - Exile*, the dance is a portrait of the human condition born out of the Great Depression and of Graham's response to the Spanish Civil War. It references the plight of individuals suffering through hunger, poverty. and civil and labor unrest and presents a nihilistic view of war's destructiveness and isolating effects. Although the work does not employ sets, the sculptural lighting design enhances the geometric choreography. The twelve dancers' movements are stark, angular and percussive. They dance in groups, but never really together.

Reviews of the re-staged work were positive. *The New York Times* dance critic wrote, "Why do early Graham works that have recently been revived look so fresh? *Steps,* which is obviously a fragment but a major fragment, provides the answer. Its form is completely abstract: the choreography is focused on one woman...who was constantly bypassed by lines of 12 other women in black..." She also noted that although the piece was made during a specific historical era, it has broader implications. "Miss Graham was dealing here with the aftermath of war but also with the loneliness that can well up in everyone, especially those alienated from society."

*The New York Post* dance critic agreed. "Seemingly picking up contrapuntal elements in Riegger’s score, the choreography conveys the desperation of the masses, the pain of isolation, the loneliness of despair."


title: Felix Mkosamali

abstract: Felix Francis Mkosamali is a Tanzanian NCCR–Mageuzi politician and Member of Parliament for Muhambwe constituency since 2010.

text:
# Felix Mkosamali

**Felix Francis Mkosamali** (born 4 June 1986) is a Tanzanian NCCR–Mageuzi politician and Member of Parliament for Muhambwe constituency since 2010.

## InfoBox

| HonourableFelix MkosamaliMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Muhambwe | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
November 2010 | |
| Preceded by | Felix Kijiko |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1986-06-04) 4 June 1986 |
| Nationality | Tanzanian |
| Political party | NCCR–Mageuzi |
|  | |


title: Spirama paecila

abstract: Spirama paecila is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Brazil (Para).

text:
# Spirama paecila

***Spirama paecila*** is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Brazil (Para).

## InfoBox

| *Spirama paecila* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Spirama* |
| Species: | ***S. paecila*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spirama paecila***<br>(Guenée, 1852) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sericia paecila* Guenée, 1852 | |


title: Rue Nationale

abstract: The Rue Nationale is one of the oldest streets and the busiest shopping street in the city of Tours.

text:
# Rue Nationale

The **Rue Nationale** is one of the oldest streets and the busiest shopping street in the city of Tours.

## Description

The Rue Nationale is located in the center of Tours. It is 700 meters long and extends over a flat land from north to south. It connects the place Anatole France, where it leads to the Pont Wilson, and the Avenue de Grammont.

The street belongs to a seven-kilometer straight road which includes, from north to south, the Avenue de la Tranchée, the Pont Wilson, the Rue Nationale et the Avenue de Grammont.

The northern part of the street is wider than the south which is pedestrian and only used by public transport.

## History

The Rue Royale, currently named Rue Nationale, was drawn in 1777 after the plans by Jean Cabet de Limeray, although there was another street before, the rue Taversaine. This project was switches the axis of the city: it was formerly an East-West axis with the streets du Commerce and Colbert, then became a north-south axis from the church of Saint-Julien.

In 1840, under the mandate of the mayor Walvein, the street was not yet compelled. All the amenities and the constructions made therein, however, maintain harmony, unity. The facades should be absolutely symmetrical, therefore, the notable buildings were built in mirror on both sides of the street (place Anatole France), before the Loire.

Under the mandate of the mayor of Tours Jules Charpentier (1882-1884) the Rue Royale became the Rue Nationale.

In mid-June 1940, Nazi bombing after the fall of Paris caused a major fire which destroyed part of the Rue Nationale, including the old Hôtel de Ville. After the war, Camille Lefèvre proposed a project to reorganize the street, but it was the architect Pierre Patout who was granted to rebuild. The northern part was completely destroyed, and then extended about ten meters.

Until the end of construction of the A10 in 1981, the Rue Nationale was heavily trafficked, as it is on the major axis connecting Paris to Spain (Route nationale 10).

The street starts with the central library of Tours and the Saint-Julien church, an old abbey. At No. 17, there was the famous Hôtel du Faisan, and No. 39 the house of birth of Honoré de Balzac.

## Description

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the street has been crossed in its first half part, by two car lanes and two bus lanes, and in its second half part, by pedestrians and public transport only. The street is completely lined with shops.

The total restructuring of the wide part of the street is planned for 2013, including new construction (a Musée d'art contemporain, etc.) and conversion of a part between Rue des Halles and Rue Émile Zola, in an area exclusively reserved for pedestrians, cyclists and trams. Buildings, including two hotels, will be designed by the agency Arte Charpentier and the architect Andrew Hobson.

There are two statues of René Descartes and François Rabelais in the street. The Musée des Vins and the Musée du Compagnonnage are respectively located at No. 16 and No. 8.

## InfoBox

Rue Nationale
| Rue Traversaine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Former name(s) | Rue Royale |
| Type | Street |
| Length | 700 meters |
| Location | Tours |
| Postal code | 37000 |
| Coordinates | 47°23′35″N 0°41′16″E / 47.393042°N 0.687876°E / 47.393042; 0.687876 |
| Construction | |
| Construction start | 15th century |


title: So Old/Playdate

abstract: "So Old/Playdate" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American comedy-drama television series Louie. The episode was written and directed by Louis C.K., who also serves as the lead actor. It was released on FX on July 13, 2010. The series follows Louie, a fictionalized version of C.K., a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City. In the episode, Louie faces a dilemma regarding his age, and meets a woman at a PTA meeting. Throughout the episode, Louie's sessions with his therapist quickly delve into confusion. According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.622 million household viewers. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the humor, absurdist tone and emotional weight.

text:
# So Old/Playdate

"**So Old/Playdate**" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American comedy-drama television series *Louie*. The episode was written and directed by Louis C.K., who also serves as the lead actor. It was released on FX on July 13, 2010.

The series follows Louie, a fictionalized version of C.K., a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City. In the episode, Louie faces a dilemma regarding his age, and meets a woman at a PTA meeting. Throughout the episode, Louie's sessions with his therapist quickly delve into confusion.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.622 million household viewers. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the humor, absurdist tone and emotional weight.

## Plot

At the Comedy Cellar, Louie (Louis C.K. is approached by a woman named Trisha (Elizabeth Hower) who liked his performance, which addressed sex drive. Trisha, who states she is 26 years old, admits to being attracted to older men. Trisha compliments Louie, but is not interested in starting a relationship with him, also revealing that she is accompanied by another man. Later, Louie has sex with Trisha, stating many facts to highlight that he is old. She leaves his apartment, not intending to call him back ever again.

Louie attends a PTA meeting at his kids' school. The point of the meeting is to discuss a "fatigue problem", something that Louie does not understand. He meets a parent, Pamela (Pamela Adlon), and both set up for a meeting at his apartment, while their kids are on a playdate. Louie talks about his divorce, but decides not to ask Pamela about hers. Pamela compliments Louie as a great father, comparing that Louie's father wasn't around for him. They then exchange their darkest fantasies about their children; Pamela often fantasized about hitting her child, while Louie says that he often thinks of killing himself on Jane's 18th birthday as he feels he is no longer her father. Pamela laughs at his confession and then leaves with her son.

Throughout the episode, Louis converses with his therapist (David Patrick Kelly). The therapist offers weird suggestions to Louie, such as indicating that sex kills a woman and that he has no friends because he is "fat". Later, while Louie opens up about a fear, the therapist questions if he ever thought that a dead person could get an erection, once again confusing Louie.

## Production

### Development

The episode was written and directed by series creator and lead actor Louis C.K., marking his fourth writing and directing credit for the series.

## Reception

### Viewers

In its original American broadcast, "So Old/Playdate" was seen by an estimated 0.622 million household viewers. This was a 14% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.718 million viewers.

### Critical reviews

"So Old/Playdate" received extremely positive reviews from critics. Nathan Rabin of *The A.V. Club* gave the episode an "A−" grade and wrote, "*Louie* is about the ravages of age and the difficulty of trying to recreate yourself as a dynamic single man after wasting your peak years of attractiveness stuck in a dying, failing marriage. And it makes that incredibly depressing subject matter both relatable and funny. Though much of what C.K's conquest told him tonight felt like it could have been taken from a dream or tongue-in-cheek sexual fantasy it had a certain ring of emotional truth about it."

Alan Sepinwall of *HitFix* wrote, "All I'll say is that Louie's dirty talk with the groupie still has me laughing, that I enjoyed the change-of-pace with the visits to Louie's therapist, and was happy to see Pamela Adlon as the playdate mom, even though I disliked *Lucky Louie*. Also, I'm not sure if Bobby Cannavale had a random cameo because he's friends with Louis C.K., or because they're setting him to return in a more prominent role later." Ian McDonald of *TV Overmind* wrote, "This week's episode had the most laughs of the series thus far, but it still didn't lose its sincere edge."

## InfoBox

| "**So Old/Playdate**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Louie* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 1<br>Episode 4 |
| Directed by | Louis C.K. |
| Written by | Louis C.K. |
| Cinematography by | Paul Koestner |
| Editing by | Louis C.K. |
| Production code | XCK01003 |
| Original release date | July 13, 2010 (2010-07-13) |
| Running time | 22 minutes |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Drum 'n' Bass 'n' Steel

abstract: Drum 'n' Bass 'n' Steel is a 12" vinyl release of a collaboration between Luke Vibert and BJ Cole.

text:
# Drum 'n' Bass 'n' Steel

***Drum 'n' Bass 'n' Steel*** is a 12" vinyl release of a collaboration between Luke Vibert and BJ Cole.

## Track listing

**Side A**

1. "Drum 'n' Bass 'n' Steel" - 5:46

**Side B**

1. "Tom 'n' Us" - 4:04
2. "Party Animal" - 4:00

## InfoBox

| Drum 'n' Bass 'n' Steel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Luke Vibert & BJ Cole | |
| Released | December 1999 |
| Genre | Electronica |


title: 1973–74 Eintracht Frankfurt season

abstract: The 1973–74 Eintracht Frankfurt season was the 74th season in the club's football history. In 1973–74 the club played in the Bundesliga, the top tier of German football. It was the club's 11th season in the Bundesliga. The season ended up with Eintracht winning the German cup for the first time.

text:
# 1973–74 Eintracht Frankfurt season

The **1973–74 Eintracht Frankfurt season** was the 74th season in the club's football history. In 1973–74 the club played in the Bundesliga, the top tier of German football. It was the club's 11th season in the Bundesliga.

The season ended up with Eintracht winning the German cup for the first time.

## Matches

### Legend

Win   Draw   Loss   Postponed

### Friendlies

| 12 December 1973 (1973-12-12) | **Eintracht Frankfurt** | **0–0** | **West Germany youth XI** |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

| 2 June 1974 (1974-06-02) | **Zamalek / El-Olympi XI** | **0–0** | **Eintracht Frankfurt** | Cairo, Egypt |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | (Report) |  | Stadium: Cairo International Stadium |

### Bundesliga

#### League fixtures and results

| 9 March 1974 (1974-03-09) 25 | **Borussia Mönchengladbach** | **0–0** | **Eintracht Frankfurt** | Mönchengladbach, West Germany |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:30 CEST |  | (Report) |  | Stadium: Bökelbergstadion
Attendance: 32,000
Referee: Lutz |

| 11 May 1974 (1974-05-11) 33 | **Hannover 96** | **0–0** | **Eintracht Frankfurt** | Hanover, West Germany |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15:30 CEST |  | (Report) |  | Stadium: Niedersachsenstadion
Attendance: 10,000
Referee: Weyland |

#### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 | Borussia Mönchengladbach | 34 | 21 | 6 | 7 | 93 | 52 | +41 | 48 | Qualification to UEFA Cup first round |
| 3 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 34 | 16 | 9 | 9 | 61 | 47 | +14 | | 41 |
| 4 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 34 | 15 | 11 | 8 | 63 | 50 | +13 | 41 | Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round |
| 5 | 1. FC Köln | 34 | 16 | 7 | 11 | 69 | 56 | +13 | 39 | Qualification to UEFA Cup first round |
| 6 | 1. FC Kaiserslautern | 34 | 15 | 8 | 11 | 80 | 69 | +11 | 38 |  |

Source: www.dfb.de
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

### DFB-Pokal

## Squad

### Squad and statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | | Bundesliga | | DFB-Pokal | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
|  | GK | FRG | Peter Kunter | 18 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | GK | FRG | Günter Wienhold | 20 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
|  | DF | FRG | Hans-Joachim Andree | 18 | 1 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|  | DF | FRG | Uwe Kliemann | 38 | 5 | 34 | 5 | 4 | 0 |
|  | DF | FRG | Helmut Müller | 19 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
|  | DF | FRG | Peter Reichel | 36 | 2 | 32 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
|  | DF | FRG | Gert Trinklein | 33 | 2 | 30 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
|  | MF | FRG | Bernd Hölzenbein | 37 | 17 | 33 | 12 | 4 | 5 |
|  | MF | FRG | Jürgen Kalb | 30 | 6 | 27 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
|  | MF | FRG | Charly Körbel | 38 | 2 | 34 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
|  | MF | FRG | Wolfgang Kraus | 29 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
|  | MF | FRG | Bernd Nickel | 23 | 10 | 21 | 10 | 2 | 0 |
|  | FW | FRG | Jürgen Grabowski | 36 | 11 | 32 | 9 | 4 | 2 |
|  | FW | FRG | Raimund Krauth | 10 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|  | FW | AUT | Thomas Parits | 20 | 6 | 17 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|  | FW | FRG | Thomas Rohrbach | 32 | 9 | 28 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
|  | FW | FRG | Roland Weidle | 35 | 4 | 31 | 3 | 4 | 1 |

1. The cup final was held in the 1974-75 season because of the 1974 World Cup in Germany.

## Sources

* Matheja, Ulrich (2011). *Unsere Eintracht - Eintracht Frankfurt - Die Chronik*. Die Werkstatt. ISBN 978-3-89533-750-5.

## InfoBox

Eintracht Frankfurt
| 1973–74 season | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Achaz von Thümen |
| Manager | Dietrich Weise |
| Bundesliga | 4th |
| DFB-Pokal | **Winner** |
| Top goalscorer | League: Bernd Hölzenbein (12)
All: Bernd Hölzenbein (17) |
| Highest home attendance | 62,000 16 March 1974 v Bayern Munich *(league)* |
| Lowest home attendance | 8,000 4 May 1974 v Werder Bremen *(league)* |
| Average home league attendance | 25,882 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Colchicum balansae

abstract: Colchicum balansae is a variable species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae, producing white to rosy-purple flowers in the autumn season. The flowers are borne low to the ground, but can come from bulbs 50 cm (20") below the soil surface. The leaves are absent at flowering time; they start growing in the spring and can reach up to 30 cm (12") long. This species is native to southern Turkey and to Greece.

text:
# Colchicum balansae

***Colchicum balansae*** is a variable species of flowering plant in the family *Colchicaceae*, producing white to rosy-purple flowers in the autumn season. The flowers are borne low to the ground, but can come from bulbs 50 cm (20") below the soil surface. The leaves are absent at flowering time; they start growing in the spring and can reach up to 30 cm (12") long. This species is native to southern Turkey and to Greece (Attica, Poros, Rhodes).

## InfoBox

| *Colchicum balansae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Colchicaceae |
| Genus: | *Colchicum* |
| Species: | ***C. balansae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Colchicum balansae***<br>Planch. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Colchicum candidum* Schott & Kotschy ex Baker | |


title: Tongue and groove

abstract: Tongue and groove is a method of fitting similar objects together, edge to edge, used mainly with wood, in flooring, parquetry, panelling, and similar constructions. Tongue and groove joints allow two flat pieces to be joined strongly together to make a single flat surface. Before plywood became common, tongue and groove boards were also used for sheathing buildings and to construct concrete formwork. A strong joint, the tongue and groove joint is widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed when the joint is beaded or otherwise moulded. In expensive cabinet work, glued dovetail and multiple tongue and groove are used. Each piece has a slot cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge on the opposite edge. The tongue projects a little less than the depth of the groove. Two or more pieces thus fit together closely. The joint is not normally glued, as shrinkage would then pull the tongue off. In another assembly method, the pieces are end-matched. This method eliminates the need for mitre joints, face nailing, and the use of joints on 16-inch (410 mm) or 24-inch (610 mm) centres of conventional framing. For many uses, tongue and groove boards have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of plywood and later composite wood boards, but the method is still used in higher-quality boards. Plywood may also be tongued all round to fit it flush into a framed structure, and plywood for sub-floors used in platform framing is often supplied with tongue and groove edges. When joining thicker materials, several tongue and groove joints may be used one above the other. "Tongue and groove" is sometimes abbreviated as T&G.

text:
# Tongue and groove

**Tongue and groove** is a method of fitting similar objects together, edge to edge, used mainly with wood, in flooring, parquetry, panelling, and similar constructions. Tongue and groove joints allow two flat pieces to be joined strongly together to make a single flat surface. Before plywood became common, tongue and groove boards were also used for sheathing buildings and to construct concrete formwork.

A strong joint, the **tongue and groove joint** is widely used for re-entrant angles. The effect of wood shrinkage is concealed when the joint is beaded or otherwise moulded. In expensive cabinet work, glued dovetail and multiple tongue and groove are used.

Each piece has a slot (the *groove* or *dado*) cut all along one edge, and a thin, deep ridge (the *tongue*) on the opposite edge. The tongue projects a little less than the depth of the groove. Two or more pieces thus fit together closely. The joint is not normally glued, as shrinkage would then pull the tongue off.

In another assembly method, the pieces are end-matched. This method eliminates the need for mitre joints, face nailing, and the use of joints on 16-inch (410 mm) or 24-inch (610 mm) centres of conventional framing.

For many uses, tongue and groove boards have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of plywood and later composite wood boards, but the method is still used in higher-quality boards. Plywood may also be tongued all round to fit it flush into a framed structure, and plywood for sub-floors used in platform framing is often supplied with tongue and groove edges.

When joining thicker materials, several tongue and groove joints may be used one above the other.

"Tongue and groove" is sometimes abbreviated as **T&G** (for example, on price tags and shelf tags).

## Methods

One of the following woodworking tools may be used to produce the tongue and groove:

* A wood shaper (spindle moulder) – a four- or six-head moulder for large quantities
* A circular saw bench
* Suitable hand planes: a plough plane for the groove and a tongue plane for the tongue, or a combination plane
* A spindle router

## Tongue-in-groove

Tongue-in-groove is similar to tongue and groove, but instead of the tongue forming part of one of the edges, it is a separate, loose piece that fits between two identically grooved edges. The tongue may or may not be of the same material as the grooved pieces joined by the tongue. For example, plywood flooring is commonly grooved at the edges, and plastic tongues are used to form the joint.

In old sailor slang vernacular, a "tonguin" (pronounced /təŋɪn/) can refer to repairs made to a boat of tongue and groove construction.

A "tonguin" can also refer to a small raft made from tongue and groove construction methods.


title: Chung Ho Yin

abstract: Chung Ho Yin is a former Hong Kong professional footballer.

text:
# Chung Ho Yin

**Chung Ho Yin** (Chinese: 鍾皓賢; Cantonese Yale: *Jūng Houh Yìn*; born 15 April 1971, in Hong Kong) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer.

## Club career

He made his debut in first level game in Lai Sun's FA Cup match against Sing Tao on 6 April 1990.

He was released by South China of Hong Kong First Division League after 2006–07 season. However, he resigned a contract with the club after the start of 2007–08 season. He then was loaned to Eastern for the first half of the season and played 5 matches for the team. In 2008–09 season he go back to Eastern as a contract player.

## International career

He has capped for Hong Kong at various youth levels, the Olympic team and was a season international. He also played in the 1992 FIFA Futsal World Championship, helping Hong Kong to finish 10th while beating Nigeria 4–1 in the process.

## Career statistics

*As of 14 May 2008*

| Club | Season | League | | Senior Shield | | League Cup | | FA Cup | | AFC Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| **South China** | 2005–06 | 5 (1) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1 (0) | 0 | NA | NA | 6 (1) | 0 |
| | 2006–07 | 4 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | NA | NA | 4 (0) | 0 |
| | 2007–08 | 1 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 3 (1) | 0 |
| | All | ? (?) | ? | ? (?) | ? | ? (?) | ? | ? (?) | ? | 0 | 0 | ? (?) | ? |
| **Eastern** *(loan)* | 2007–08 | 5 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | NA | NA | 5 (0) | 0 |
| | All | 5 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 0 | NA | NA | 5 (0) | 0 |

## InfoBox

Chung Ho Yin
鍾皓賢
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1971-04-15) 15 April 1971 | | |
| Place of birth | Hong Kong | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9+12 in) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–92 | Kitchee | ? | (?) |
| 1992–94 | Eastern | ? | (?) |
| 1994–95 | Kui Tan | ? | (?) |
| 1995–96 | Hong Kong Rangers | ? | (?) |
| 1996–00 | Instant-Dict | ? | (?) |
| 2000–01 | Rangers | ? | (?) |
| 2001–08 | South China | ? | (?) |
| 2007 | Eastern (loan) | 5 | (0) |
| 2008–2013 | Eastern | 70 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 1993–03 | Hong Kong | 18 | (?) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2013–2018 | Eastern (goalkeeping coach) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 25 March 2008 | | | |


title: Felons for Life

abstract: Felons for Life is a compilation album by American nu metal band Dope. It is a compilation of previously released material, demo recordings, and live versions of songs. It was self-released in October 2002. The first 18 tracks are album versions and alternate versions of tracks from the band's first two albums, Felons and Revolutionaries and Life. The last four tracks are from the band's 1998 Felons demo. Felons for Life was only available at live performances and through the band's website.

text:
# Felons for Life

***Felons for Life*** is a compilation album by American nu metal band Dope. It is a compilation of previously released material, demo recordings, and live versions of songs. It was self-released (though it lists "Eat Me/Sue Me" as the record label) in October 2002.

The first 18 tracks are album versions and alternate versions of tracks from the band's first two albums, *Felons and Revolutionaries* and *Life* (except for track three, which is a demo version of a song from the 2003 album *Group Therapy*). The last four tracks are from the band's 1998 *Felons* demo.

*Felons for Life* was only available at live performances and through the band's website.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Edsel Dope, except where noted

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original release | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Die Motherfucker Die" |  | *Life* | 3:08 |
| 2. | "Fuck tha Police" (N.W.A cover) |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 4:22 |
| 3. | "Bitch" (2002 Demo) |  | Previously unreleased | 3:06 |
| 4. | "Now or Never" |  | *Life* | 3:28 |
| 5. | "Take Your Best Shot" |  | *Life* | 2:51 |
| 6. | "Debonaire" |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 2:34 |
| 7. | "March of Hope" | * Dope * Slade | *Life* | 3:27 |
| 8. | "What About..." |  | *Life* | 3:25 |
| 9. | "Thanks for Nothing" |  | *Life* | 2:52 |
| 10. | "Everything Sucks" |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 2:55 |
| 11. | "Slipping Away" |  | *Life* | 3:04 |
| 12. | "Wake Up" |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 3:21 |
| 13. | "Sick" |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 3:11 |
| 14. | "Stop" |  | *Life* | 2:52 |
| 15. | "With or Without You" |  | *Life* | 3:38 |
| 16. | "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" (Dead or Alive cover) |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 2:44 |
| 17. | "Pig Society" |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 3:16 |
| 18. | "I Am Nothing" |  | *Felons and Revolutionaries* | 4:15 |
| 19. | "Shit Life" (1998 Demo) |  | *Felons Demo* | 4:57 |
| 20. | "Little Fish" (1998 Demo) |  | *Felons Demo* | 5:22 |
| 21. | "Spine for You" (1998 Demo) |  | *Felons Demo* | 4:39 |
| 22. | "Voodoo Crush" (1998 Demo) |  | *Felons Demo* | 4:10 |
| Total length: | | | | 77:37 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Felons for Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Dope | |
| Released | October 2002 |
| Recorded | The Dope Factory |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 77:37 |
| Label | Eat Me/Sue Me (self-released) |
| Producer | Edsel Dope |
| Dope chronology | |
| *Life*
(2001) ***Felons for Life***
(2002) *Group Therapy*
(2003) | |


abstract: Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet was an English temperance campaigner and radical, anti-imperialist Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1859 and 1906. He was recognised as the leading humourist in the House of Commons. Lawson was Member for Carlisle, 1859–65, 1868–85; Cockermouth, 1886–1900; Camborne, 1903–1906; and Cockermouth 1906. He was the son of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Brayton, who changed his name from Wybergh, and Caroline Graham, daughter of Sir James Graham. He was privately educated at home. He was a founder member of both the National Liberal Club and the Reform League, a prominent member of the Peace Society, and the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade. He was a director of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway and a Justice of the Peace for Cumberland. He was always an enthusiast in the cause of temperance and in 1879 he became president of the United Kingdom Alliance. He was, like his younger brother William, a forward-thinking co-operator and agriculturalist.

text:
# Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton

**Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet** (4 September 1829  1 July 1906) was an English temperance campaigner and radical, anti-imperialist Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1859 and 1906. He was recognised as the leading humourist in the House of Commons.

Lawson was Member for Carlisle, 1859–65, 1868–85; Cockermouth, 1886–1900; Camborne, 1903–1906; and Cockermouth 1906. He was the son of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Brayton, who changed his name from Wybergh, and Caroline Graham, daughter of Sir James Graham. He was privately educated at home. He was a founder member of both the National Liberal Club and the Reform League, a prominent member of the Peace Society, and the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade. He was a director of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway and a Justice of the Peace for Cumberland. He was always an enthusiast in the cause of temperance and in 1879 he became president of the United Kingdom Alliance. He was, like his younger brother William, a forward-thinking co-operator and agriculturalist.

## Early days

Wilfrid Lawson the son of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Brayton, was born at Brayton Hall, Aspatria, Cumberland on 4 September 1829. Since the family preferred a simple sporting life, they encouraged their children to enjoy a string of outdoor pursuits, including fishing, shooting, ice skating, cricket and the family obsession, foxhunting. He bought John Peel's pack of hounds after Peel's death and became Master of the Cumberland Foxhounds. From early childhood, he developed an exceptional talent for mimicry and a talent for writing rapid, fluent, and vigorous verse that played so conspicuous a part in the serious correspondence of his mature life.

He received his education at home under the tutorship of John Oswald Jackson, a Congregational minister of some repute. In later life, both Lawson and his celebrated brother William openly declared their lack of formal education. Jackson predominantly taught his pupils Greek and Latin prose, complemented with mathematics, natural sciences, political economy, English and foreign history, with the elements of rhetoric and logic to enhance the curriculum. Lawson also gained a fondness for poetry, in particular the works of Lord Byron, whose lines often adorned his political speeches.

### Family

On 13 November 1860, Lawson married Mary, daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall, Maryport, Cumberland. Their union produced eight children; four boys, Wilfrid, Mordaunt, Arthur and Godfrey; and four girls. Ellen, Mabel, Lucy and Josephine. Ellen married Arthur Henry Holland-Hibbert, 3rd Viscount Knutsford (1855–1935), they produced one daughter named Elsie and one son named Thurstan. In 1895, Mabel married Alan de Lancey Curwen of Workington Hall, and they had three children. In 1896, Lucy married Edward Heathcote Thruston of Pennal Tower, Mochgullith, North Wales

In 1909, Josephine married Frederick William Chance, the member of Parliament for the city of Carlisle. Mary's sister, Blanche, married Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916). Blanche was the mother of Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India. Lawson succeeded to the baronetcy and estates upon the death of his father in 1867.

### Early political influences

With limited access to his intellectual peers, Lawson received his political convictions from his father and a constant stream of influential household guests. In 1840, the family explored the consequences of adopting free trade and the repeal of the iniquitous Corn Laws. They eagerly digested the speeches of Granby, Disraeli, and the Duke of Richmond on one side and of Cobden, Bright and Villiers on the other, with the caricatured comments of Mr. Punch, to enrich the subject.

The Lawsons shared the opinions of radicals, who argued that aristocrats were parasites of the state raising the price of the people's bread as a means of helping the landed interests and to add revenue to the state coffers which could be used for the anti-Christian purposes of corruption and foreign war. In 1843, after attending a series of travelling lectures given by Chalmers and Candlish, they re-enacted the prominent debates relating to the question of Church and State and discussed the Scottish church and its recent schism, when 451 ministers seceded, leaving the Kirk to form the Free Church of Scotland. In 1843, they debated the Rebecca Riots; and after Daniel O'Connell electrified Ireland with his desire to repeal the union they consumed endless hours debating the everlasting Irish Question. In 1848, they contemplated the events surrounding the revolution, when the morning newspapers reported some fresh upheaval, spreading relentlessly across Europe, shaking kingdoms and thrones, causing terrific slaughter in France, provoking Chartist riots in England, and bringing home lessons of deep political importance. Throughout the 1840s, they debated the morality of war, with particular reference to the Afghan and the Chinese Opium Wars. As the wars concluded the question of peace came to the fore. The leaflets of Elihu Burritt' a leading peace campaigner were awaited and absorbed on publication, while another apostle of peace, Henry Richard made a lecturing visit to Brayton. Lawson completed his education by reading The Nonconformist, edited by Edward Miall. Many of these early Whig refrains forged his character and formed his opinions and convictions pushing him along a path that led from romanticism and Evangelicalism to Cobdenism.

### Political style

In his lifetime Lawson was one of Britain's most celebrated and popular political figures and yet he was not a pamphleteer or an essayist, nor was he the owner of a newspaper or a periodical like his radical colleagues, Joseph Cowen and Henry Labouchere. His strength of argument came from his unique way of transmitting the spoken word, which seldom lacked qualities of humour or entertainment such that his precise, logical, well-balanced arguments ranked high, when compared to contemporary political orators. Lawson became the chief jester to the House of Commons, where he contributed a rich, racy style to debates, earning him the epithet the "witty baronet".

Lawson was a member of innumerable societies and pressure groups, and made many political speeches throughout his life on a wide variety of subjects and related incidents. Today he is widely remembered for his pursuit of the lost cause of temperance reform, when temperance was only one strand of a very complex set of ideas he espoused. Lawson was in fact, the most Cobdenite of the Cobdenites and his contribution to the debate on radical reform, and foreign and colonial policy was significant. In the context of his radical philosophy as a whole, Lawson was a full-blooded radical, whose views covered a wide range and were almost always, very extreme. If the voting habits of an individual Member of Parliament can be used to place that person along the radical spectrum then Lawson belongs on the outer fringes, for it is doubtful if any member of any British political party or of any time in the history of the modern British parliamentary system, has ever voted in as many minority divisions as Lawson.

## Political career

### Entry into politics

After Lord Palmerston dissolved Parliament in 1857, Lawson came forward as a radical to contest the West Cumberland stronghold owned by the Lowther family. The Lawsons were obsessed with the concept of political freedom and since the constituency had for over twenty years been denied the opportunity to select their representative Lawson senior was determined, at personal expense to offer the electorate a choice. Lawson stood as a Little Englander, with a radical programme endorsing the Liberal watchwords, Peace, Retrenchment and Reform. Lawson identified with the Manchester School of politics and consistently advocated their principles, particularly in response to conflict undertaken to promote selfish British interests. Although Lawson, a disappointing third in the poll, lost the election, the Manchester School in the form of Bright, Cobden, Miall, Milner Gibson and Layard all lost their seats.

### 1859 Carlisle election

After Lord Derby dissolved Parliament in 1859, Lawson was invited to stand with his uncle, Sir James Graham for the Carlisle constituency. Although Graham's address was moderate, he informed his agent, "Lawson and his father sincerely entertain extreme opinions, and may be considered partisans of Mr Bright. Lawson would go the whole length, would pledge himself to the ballot, and would go ahead of me." Lawson concurred; "I may honestly confess I am rather more of a radical than he (Graham)." When questioned on the lengths he would go in lowering the franchise, he replied, "As far as any proposition is likely to be brought into Parliament, which has the least chance of success." When the poll closed Graham stood at its head with 538 votes, Lawson trailed by 22 votes, 40 votes ahead of his Tory rival. As a result, he became a Member of Parliament. Lawson made his maiden speech on 20 March 1860, in a debate relating to the introduction of the Secret Ballot.

### 1865 Carlisle election

Under normal circumstances Lawson should have returned to the House of Commons in 1865; however, during the previous year he had introduced the Permissive Bill. A Bill so unpopular, he struggled to find a member to second the proposal. Needless to say Lawson lost the division by 294 votes to 37. For suggesting that people had the right to restrict the access of others to the liquor shops, the full weight of public opinion favouring the liberty of the subject, backed by the Tories and brewing industry, rained down upon him. Although Lawson was popular for other reasons, and lost the election by a mere seventeen votes, it prompted *The Times* newspaper to run an article suggesting that no future sensible constituency would ever return him to the house. However, an opportunity arose for an early return to parliament in July 1866, after Lord Naas, the Conservative member for the small ancient borough of Cockermouth became Chief Secretary of Ireland. When the redistribution of parliamentary seats became an electoral issue Lawson informed his would-be supporters that if elected he would not hesitate to do everything in his power, to support some form of borough disenfranchisement. However, when his defeat became a forlorn conclusion he retired from the contest.

### 1868 Carlisle election

By openly supporting Gladstone's desire to disestablish the Irish Church Lawson endured the wrath of the Church of England in the form of the Dean of Carlisle, who proclaimed Lawson the greatest radical in all of Europe. To those who accused Lawson of "robbing a poor man of his beer". He retorted, "Far from the truth I am trying to rob the rich man of his prey, out of the plunder he makes, from the homes and happiness of the working men of this country." He also supported the need for a national education policy based upon a secular system with the capacity to accommodate the various religious interests. Nationally the general election produced a landslide Liberal victory with a majority of over one hundred. Lawson returned to parliament at the head of the Carlisle poll.

### 1874 Carlisle election

As the 1874 general election approached, Lawson had good cause to feel satisfied with the progressive reforms introduced by the outgoing Gladstone government. They had gone some way to pacify Ireland by disestablishing the Irish church and introducing the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870. They had introduced an Education Bill, which Lawson welcomed with a few reservations. They had introduced the Local Government Board Act 1871, which put the supervision of the Poor Law under the Local Government Board. They had repealed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act and abolished the Religious tests in the universities. They had introduced much-needed army reforms, instituted the abolition of the sale of commissions in the army and made peacetime flogging illegal. In foreign affairs they had settled the Alabama Claims by international arbitration to the benefit of the United States; and kept Britain out of the Franco-Prussian War. They had introduced the Secret Ballot notwithstanding the serious opposition from the Tory party. Although parliament had passed the 1872 licensing act, Lawson had failed miserably to enact his Permissive Prohibitory Bill. In 1870, he had without success, introduced a resolution condemning the Opium traffic, which he compared to the problems associated with alcohol: "We go on to this day merrily poisoning the Chinese with opium as we do our own people with alcohol." Lawson also voted in a minority division of two in support of Sir Charles Dilke when heavily censured by parliament after seeking returns relating to the expenditure on the British Royal family. On 2 August 1870, at the time of the Franco-Prussian War, Lawson had opposed Gladstone, who sought parliament's permission to increase the army estimates by £2,000,000 and 20,000 men. Lawson saw the vote as a danger to Britain and represented the first step in a direction away from a policy of non-intervention, war when not a necessity, as he emphasised, a crime and no war was justified unless strictly defensive. Although he threatened to walk through the lobbies unattended he received support from six radicals. During the election, Lawson expressed his opposition to the ongoing Ashanti war which he saw as a continuation of the drive to open out Africa "We are opening out Africa to progress, civilisation and religion. I don't believe in the souls of a few being saved by destroying the bodies of many more out there. I don't believe in civilising and Christianising by the sword." Unlike many of his Liberal colleagues, Lawson was re-elected and would spend the vast majority of his time in the forthcoming parliament opposing Beaconsfieldism and what he saw as unnecessary conflict.

### Beaconsfieldism

Lawson began his campaign against Disraeli's imperialist policies by opposing the annexation of the Fiji Islands. He supported Gladstone in his sustained attack on the British government's policy relating to the Eastern question by proposing, although unsuccessfully, Resolutions against the Vote of Credit for £6,000,000 and 20,000 men, and the calling out of the Reserve. He opposed Britain's invasion of Afghanistan, as he explained, on grounds of principle, honour, morality and justice. Between the years 1877 and 1881, Lawson was extremely busy protesting against the British government's imperial policies in South Africa. It began with a sustained attack against the annexation of the Transvaal, which swiftly lead to the Zulu war and the role played by Sir Bartle Frere, the High Commissioner to the Cape Colony, whom Lawson continuously asked parliament to recall. He led a successful opposition, following the death of Prince Louis Napoleon, thus preventing his burial in Westminster Abbey. He also led a successful opposition to the annexation of Basutoland by the Cape colony, thus maintaining the country's eventual independence from South Africa. Lawson summarised Disraeli's policies with the following statement:

"at the undertakings into which the Government had gone, the things they had done, or tried to do, or promised to do, or failed to do. They had set themselves up to frighten Russia, protect Turkey, to annex the Transvaal, to reform Asia Minor, to occupy Cyprus, to manipulate Egypt, to invade Zululand, to catch Cetywayo, to smoke out Secocoeine, and to secure a scientific frontier for India. How he asked, had they tried to do these things? They had shifted our Indian troops up and down, moved our fleet backwards and forwards, made secret treaties, sent ultimatums to everybody with whom they had the slightest quarrel, engaged in two cruel and unjust wars and paved the way for any number more."

### Egyptian crisis

In 1880, the Carlisle constituency returned Lawson to parliament with an increased majority, while the country as a whole returned a Liberal government led by Gladstone. Lawson supported the claim of the atheist Charles Bradlaugh, who sought religious freedom. In relation to Irish affairs, he supported Gladstone's introduction of the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, only to oppose the government after Gladstone introduced the Protection of Person and Property Act 1881, which Lawson described as "starting once more on the hopeless, miserable, never-ending attempt to settle the Irish difficulty by force." In January 1881, Lawson became a leading spokesman for the Transvaal Independence Committee, from where he denounced the belligerence before applauding the negotiated settlement to end the First Boer War. The Egyptian crisis followed. The British occupation of Egypt was the most important single act of British foreign policy during Gladstone's second administration and according to many historians has since become one of the classic case studies of the partition of Africa and of late nineteenth-century informal imperialism in general. Lawson's agitation against intervention in Egypt was completely in harmony with his support for the Transvaal Boers in their struggle against British rule; his support for Afghan tribesmen seeking to retain their independence; and his wish to see justice spread to encompass the needs of the Irish people. Underlying all of these policies was an inherent distrust of the concept of empire and a cardinal belief in the traditional assertions of Cobden, that Britain should promote peace, and avoid interference in the political institutions of other nations. In many respects, Egypt was Lawson's defining moment as an anti-imperialist radical. He not only led the agitation but he disagreed with the opinions of many of his radical contemporaries, and colleagues he had and would later stand shoulder to shoulder with in agitating against similar imperialist concerns. For three long years he criticised British diplomats and argued against a government of his own making; against the European bondholders' control of the country; against the bombardment of Alexandria; and against the British armies destruction of the Egyptian force under Ahmed Orabi at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir. He argued against parliament awarding a Vote of Thanks for Britain's military leaders; and in conjunction with Wilfrid Scawen Blunt campaigned for the release of Ahmed Orabi. On one occasion, in a blistering attack on the Government's forward policy, Lawson reminded his colleagues of their probable response had the bombardment occurred under a Conservative and not a Liberal administration.

They would have had his right hon. friend the Secretary of State for the Home Department (Sir William Harcourt), (laughter and cheers) stumping the country and denouncing Government by ultimatum. They would have had the noble Marquesss, the Secretary of State for India (Lord Hartington) moving a Resolution condemning the proceeding's taken behind the back of Parliament. (Cheers from the Irish Members.) They would have had the President of the Board of Trade (Joseph Chamberlain) summoning the caucus. (Cheers and laughter.) They would have had the other right hon. Gentleman, the Member for Birmingham, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (John Bright) declaiming in the Town Hall of Birmingham against the wicked Tory Government; and as for the Prime Minister, they all knew there would not have been a railway train, (cheers and laughter) passing a roadside station, that he would not have pulled up to proclaim the doctrine of non-intervention as the duty of the Government. (Laughter and cheers from the Irish Members). It was perfectly abominable to see men whom they respected, whom they believed in, whom they had placed in power, overturning every principle they had professed, carrying out a policy that was abhorrent to every lover of justice and of right.

As quickly as Gladstone began to solve one problem another arrived in the Sudan. In 1881, an obscure tribesman and religious zealot named Muhammad Ahmad, proclaimed himself the Mahdi, who initiated a Jihad against the Egyptian military occupation. After 50,000 Mahdist tribesmen annihilated a 10,000-strong Egyptian army under the command of a reluctant British mercenary, general William Hicks Pasha, the Cabinet fully understood the serious nature of their involvement in Egypt. This resulted in the dispatch of General Charles George Gordon to oversee the evacuation of Khartoum. After supporting a policy of "rescue and retire" Lawson quickly withdrew his support he could find no relationship between what Gladstone described as "a small service to humanity," and the killing of thousands of Arabs. After the death of Gordon, Lawson applauded Gladstone's decision to evacuate Sudan.

### West Cumberland

In 1885, after the reduction of the Carlisle seat to one member Lawson decided to contest the Lowther dominated Cockermouth constituency. However, his attitude towards Gladstone's imperialist policies in Egypt had made enemies in his Cockermouth constituency and on 5 December, the newly enfranchised electorate rejected his appeal by a small but decisive margin of ten votes. As a result, Lawson missed the parliamentary debates surrounding Irish home Rule and the subsequent schism of the Liberal party. Lawson was extremely critical of the newly formed Liberal Unionists, particularly in the roles played by Joseph Chamberlain and John Bright. In Lawson's opinion, the turncoats had become the reactionary radical opposition and had placed Britain under the yoke of a Tory administration. He cared little for their names: Liberal Unionists, Dissenting Liberals, Hartingtonians, Chamberlainites, Old Whigs, Randolphians, Tory democrats, Conservatives, Constitutionalists, Ruling Councillors, Knight Harbingers, Union Jacks and Union Jackasses; they were all out and out Tories. Lawson returned to the House of Commons in the election of 1886, one of only three "Home Rulers" to capture a Conservative seat; converting a minority of ten into a majority of over one thousand. In parliament he vehemently opposed Arthur Balfour's coercion measures. He served as President of the second day of the 1887 Co-operative Congress.

### The Newcastle programme and the second home rule bill

In October 1891, the Liberal Party held their annual conference in the city of Newcastle, where delegates thrashed out a radical agenda to take them through the next general election, and beyond to the new century. Immediately but reluctantly endorsed by Gladstone, the Newcastle Programme as it became popularly known was a grandiose scheme that enshrined the majority of Lawson's outstanding reforms. Lawson had waited a lifetime for the realisation of these enactments, and boasted: "If the chartists could rise from their graves they would not believe that the Liberal party had absolutely homologated those great reforms." The election issue was no longer simply Home Rule; it was the full Newcastle programme, and Lawson was anxious to settle the Irish question to secure further domestic reforms. Back in parliament Lawson continued to support Gladstone, who introduced his Second Home Rule bill, which, except for a reduced number of Irish members at Westminster mirrored its predecessor. As expected the bill's progress through Parliament was obstructed by the Opposition who emphasised all the inadequacies in the measure, which in turn justified the House of Lords rejecting the bill. In the Commons, the bill passed its third reading on 1 September. However, after four nights of obligatory debate, the Lords rejected the measure by a huge majority of 419 to 41. Lawson was furious, mend them, was not his way, "you only mend a thing you want to keep, and he never wanted to keep the House of Lords, he wanted to end them." After Gladstone's resignation in 1894 Lawson's expectations crumbled.

### Boer war

The Cockermouth electorate returned Lawson to parliament in the general election of 1895, where, with a slightly reduced majority he continued to prosecute his anti-war opinions. In 1898, he criticised the government, the Clergy, the newspaper editors and above all, public opinion after a command under General Kitchener slaughtered thousands of Dervish natives at the battle of Omdurman. In 1896 he denounced the Jameson raid and sought answers to questions relating to the role played by the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. When war came in the form of the Second Boer War, Lawson was unapologetic in his criticism of the British government's policy. He became a prominent Pro-Boer and a member of numerous anti-war organisations including the Stop the War Committee, the League of Liberals Against Aggression and Militarism, and the South Africa Conciliation Committee. On numerous occasions, he voted against, and spoke out against providing finance, sending men, ammunition and supplies, in the vain hope that with sufficient support he could bring down the government and so end the war. However, all his efforts came to nothing and in return he became one of the few pro-Boer politicians to lose his parliamentary seat at the subsequent so-called Khaki election of 1900.

### Camborne

Following the death of William Sproston Caine M.P. on 17 March 1903, the Liberal Association of the Camborne Division of Cornwall invited Lawson to stand on their behalf at the forthcoming by-election. They made the offer under peculiarly acceptable conditions, for should he secure the seat, he would be at liberty, when the next election occurred, to return, should he wish, to his old constituency at Cockermouth. Almost immediately after the Cornish electorate returned Lawson with a huge majority, the Cockermouth Liberal Associated selected him to stand as their candidate at the next election. In parliament he continued to prosecute his anti-imperialist, Free Trade and temperance views while at home he began to campaign for the oncoming election. In January 1906 he returned with a majority of almost 600.

## Temperance

Although Lawson did not enter the House of Commons on behalf of the Temperance movement he became their chief parliamentary spokesman. In 1863 he spoke in favour of a Bill to introduce the Sunday closing of public houses. Later that year he proposed that "the Laws under which Licences are granted for the sale of Intoxicating Liquors are eminently unsatisfactory and deficient in power to protect the public, and therefore require immediate alteration." After the resolution was heavily defeated he was encouraged to introduce his Permissive Bill. On 8 June, Lawson rose in front of a packed House of Commons to deliver a speech of great ability that filled four pages of Hansard, to move the second reading of the first of several Permissive Bills. A policy that later became known as Local Option and eventually Local Veto, The Bill was fashioned to embody the convictions but not the policy of the United Kingdom Alliance. he did not propose to prohibit the sale of liquor by enactment. The Bill provided that on the application of any district, be that parish, town or borough, the votes of the ratepayers should be cast on the question of whether the trade in alcoholic beverages should exist in that district or not; where a majority of two-thirds of the ratepayers would be required to decide the outcome. The Bill was heavily defeated by a majority of 257. He reintroduced the bill again in 1869, 1870, 1871, 1873, 1874, 1876, 1878, In 1879, he varied his attack on the drink trade by proposing a Resolution in place of the Permissive Bill. Taking the words from a recommendation of the Convocation of the province of Canterbury, he asked that inhabitants of districts, being the persons most interested in the licensing of Public Houses, should themselves have the power of stopping such licensing, if they objected to having the trade forced upon them. In the following year he moved his resolution on two occasions, In the first, he was defeated by a majority of 114 votes, whereas on the second occasion he carried his motion by 26 votes. Although he carried the motion again in 1881 and 1883 with majorities of 42 and 87, Gladstone's government failed to enact the policy.

## Death

On 30 June, though feeling tired and weary, Lawson went down to the House to record his vote. From where he returned to No 18, Ovington Square, Knightsbridge, London, went to bed and never rose again. The first part of the funeral arrangements took place at St Margaret's Church, Westminster amidst a large gathering of members of Parliament, family members, personal friends, and representatives of public bodies.

The interment of the remains took place at Aspatria churchyard on the following day. The large concourse of people who followed the coffin from Brayton Hall to the churchyard was representative of the political and public life of the county, whilst the temperance organisations represented were of a national character. The inscription on the coffin read:- Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, Born 4 September 1829, Died 1 July 1906.

At the time of his death, Lawson was chiefly known as a pro-Boer, and anti-everything else; a little Englander, a Peace-at-any-price Man, a would-be destroyer of the established church, the House of Lords, the liquor traffic, and several other institutions less robust. He supported payment for Members of parliament, women's suffrage, the construction of a Channel tunnel, the Irish Home Rule movement, opposed coercion in all its manifestations and stoically defended Free Trade whenever a threat appeared. After a long career his successes were few, although in 1892, after an eighteen-year struggle, he did eventually get a majority against the motion for adjourning on the Derby day. Today he is primarily remembered as a Temperance Reformer. Although offered a Privy Councillorship by Henry Campbell-Bannerman he declined.

## Memorials

On 21 April 1908, the Earl of Carlisle, unveiled a memorial, designed by Louis Frederick Roslyn, in the form of a drinking fountain surmounted by a bronze group of St. George and the dragon. The monument, financed by public subscription, stands in the town of Aspatria. On the front of the fountain is a portrait of Lawson, inscribed with dates of birth and death. On the right-hand side is a bronze panel representing Temperance, in which is portrayed a young girl offering a traveller a drink of water, drawn from an adjoining well. On the left-hand side a third panel depicts Peace, on which appears a tribesman dressed in savage garb, clasping the hand of friendship held out by a warrior kneeling at the feet of a winged Angel, which crowned by a halo is rising in the background. The fourth panel bears the following inscription:

Remember Wilfrid Lawson 2nd Baronet of Brayton & Isel In whose honour this fountain is erected by his many friends and admirers. Beloved for the integrity of his life and the height of his ideals. An example for all time for one who gave himself for others, believing in the brotherhood of man. A lover of truth and mercy, a brave and strenuous advocate of temperance, which sacred cause he championed in the House of Commons for forty years with gay wisdom and perseverance.

On 6 June 1908, the Lawson family installed a stained glass window dedicated to the memory of their late patriarch, in the east end of Aspatria Church. The window is large and beautifully ornate, and symbolises the characters and scene of the last chapter of Revelations.

On 20 July 1909, the members of the United Kingdom Alliance and other Temperance organisations erected a second memorial in the Victoria Embankment Gardens in London, close to Cleopatra's Needle. It was unveiled, amidst continuous interruptions by suffragettes, by the then prime minister, H. H. Asquith, who said:

"Sir Wilfrid Lawson was one of the most remarkable and certainly one of the most attractive political characters of the times. He was an apostle not of lost but of gaining causes, content for most of his life to be in the minority, but watching year by year the minority slowly developing into the majority of the future. I doubt very much whether we shall ever see again in our time a combination in one and the same man of such fearlessness and courage, such a passionate love for freedom, such a single minded independence and self devotion, such an enduring and strenuous assiduity in pursuit of the cause once taken up, and never by him to be laid down; such a combination.".

The bronze statue, designed by David McGill, is striking, life-like and shows Lawson, in an attitude of debate. On the front of the pedestal on which it stands is the inscription: – "Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., of Brayton, Cumberland; born September 4th, 1829: Member of Parliament for Carlisle, Cockermouth, Camborne, 1859 1906; president of the United Kingdom Temperance Alliance, 1879 1909." On one side of the pedestal are the words. "A true patriot, a wise and witty orator, a valiant and farseeing reformer, he spent a long life as the courageous champion of righteousness, peace, freedom and temperance." On the other side, the inscription runs. "Erected by his friends and followers in grateful remembrance of his splendid leadership, and of his pure and unworldly life, July 20th, 1909."

## Bibliography

* *Sir Wilfrid Lawson* by W B Luke (Political Biography published by Simpkin Marshall of London in 1900).
* *Sir Wilfrid Lawson A Memoir* Edited by G W E Russell (Political Biography published by Smith Elder & Co. of London in 1909).
* *Wisdom Grave & Gay Being Selected Speeches of Sir Wilfrid Lawson on Social Reform &c* Edited by R A Jamieson (Published by S W Partridge & Co of London in 1889).
* *Cartoons in Rhyme And Line* By Sir Wilfrid Lawson and F Carruthers Gould (Published by T Fisher Unwin of London in 1905).
* *Wilfrid Lawson: Attitudes and Opinions on Britain's Imperial and Foreign Policy (1868–1892)* by Terry Carrick (Unpublished Thesis for a PhD)
* *Some Notable Cumbrians* by Sir F. Chance (Published By Thurnhams Carlisle 1931)
* *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography*, Vol. 32, (Oxford 2004)
* *The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain*, Jonathon Parry, (Yale 1993)
* *A Diary of Two Parliaments: Disraeli's Parliament 1874–1880*, Henry. W Lucy, published in 2 Vols, (London 1885)
* *Life and Letters of Sir James Graham, 1792–1861*, Vol. 2, Charles Stuart Parker, (London 1907)
* *Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism*, Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher with Alice Denny, Macmillan (London 1967)


title: Lincoln Park, Colorado

abstract: Lincoln Park is a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Fremont County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Cañon City, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Lincoln Park CDP was 3,934 at the United States Census 2020. The Cañon City post office serves the area.

text:
# Lincoln Park, Colorado

**Lincoln Park** is a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Fremont County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Cañon City, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Lincoln Park CDP was 3,934 at the United States Census 2020. The Cañon City post office (Zip Code 81212) serves the area.

## History

## Geography

Lincoln Park is located in eastern Fremont County. It is bordered to the north and west by Cañon City, the county seat, and to the southeast by Brookside.

The former incorporated town of Prospect Heights now lies within the Lincoln Park CDP.

The Lincoln Park CDP has an area of 2,423 acres (9.804 km2), including 0.27 acres (0.0011 km2) of water.

## Demographics

The United States Census Bureau initially defined the Lincoln Park CDP for the 1950 United States Census.

Lincoln Park CDP, Colorado
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 1,345 |  |
| 1960 | 2,085 | +55.0% |
| 1970 | 2,984 | +43.1% |
| 1980 | 3,426 | +14.8% |
| 1990 | 3,728 | +8.8% |
| 2000 | 3,904 | +4.7% |
| 2010 | 3,546 | −9.2% |
| 2020 | 3,934 | +10.9% |
| Source: United States Census Bureau | | |

## Environmental issues

In 1958, Cotter Corporation, a company owned by Commonwealth Edison of Chicago, began to process uranium ore in Cañon City. In the process of mining uranium ore, the company contaminated the surrounding land, and compromised the water supply of nearby Lincoln Park, 10 miles (16 km) from ADX Florence. In a class-action lawsuit filed by 340 people, the company was accused of lowering nearby land values due to radioactive contamination both at the site of the mill and along the Santa Fe Railway. In 1983, the state of Colorado sued over these damages to the environment; settling for $15 million, Cotter Corporation promised to clean up the mill site. The company resumed work in 1999, but laid off the majority of employees in 2005 after it was determined that shipping ore from Colorado's Western Slope was cost-prohibitive. The water contamination in Lincoln Park remains, and the area has been declared a Superfund site.

## InfoBox

| Lincoln Park, Colorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-Designated Place | |
| Looking north along South 9th Street (Colorado State Highway 115) in Lincoln Park. | |
| Location of the Lincoln Park CDP in Fremont County, Colorado.Colorado | |
| Lincoln ParkLocation of the Lincoln Park CDP in the United States. | |
| Coordinates: 38°25′32″N 105°12′47″W / 38.4255068°N 105.2131551°W / 38.4255068; -105.2131551 (Lincoln Park CDP, Colorado) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado |
| County | Fremont County |
| Government | |
| Type | unincorporated community |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.785 sq mi (9.804 km2) |
| Land | 3.785 sq mi (9.803 km2) |
| Water | 0.0004 sq mi (0.0011 km2) |
| Elevation | 5,394 ft (1,644 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,934 |
| Density | 1,000/sq mi (400/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP Code | Cañon City 81212 |
| Area code | 719 |
| GNIS feature | Lincoln Park CDP |