title: Fifty Big Ones

abstract: Fifty Big Ones is a two-disc compilation album released by Capitol Records consisting of material from the American rock and roll band the Beach Boys. The album was released in 2012 to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary, and features some remastered mixes and stereo debuts. The track listing is similar to the setlist the band played on the 50th anniversary tour. The name of the compilation is a reference to their 1976 album, 15 Big Ones, which included fifteen songs and commemorated their fifteenth anniversary. In Japan, the disc was released with a 51st track: the single version of "Be True to Your School".

text:
# Fifty Big Ones

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Fifty Big Ones*** (also spelled ***50 Big Ones***) is a two-disc compilation album released by Capitol Records consisting of material from the American rock and roll band the Beach Boys. The album was released in 2012 to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary, and features some remastered mixes and stereo debuts. The track listing is similar to the setlist the band played on the 50th anniversary tour.

The name of the compilation is a reference to their 1976 album, *15 Big Ones*, which included fifteen songs and commemorated their fifteenth anniversary (two songs from that album, "It's OK" and "Rock and Roll Music", are included here).

In Japan, the disc was released with a 51st track: the single version of "Be True to Your School".

## Track listing

All tracks written by Brian Wilson/Mike Love, unless otherwise noted.

### Disc one

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "California Girls" (2002 stereo mix) |  | *Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)* | 2:46 |
| 2. | "Do It Again" |  | *20/20* | 2:19 |
| 3. | "Surfin' Safari" |  | *Surfin' Safari* | 2:06 |
| 4. | "Catch a Wave" |  | *Surfer Girl* | 2:11 |
| 5. | "Little Honda" |  | *All Summer Long* | 1:53 |
| 6. | "Surfin' U.S.A." | Chuck Berry, B. Wilson | *Surfin' U.S.A.* | 2:30 |
| 7. | "Surfer Girl" | B. Wilson | *Surfer Girl* | 2:27 |
| 8. | "Don't Worry Baby" (2009 stereo mix) |  | *Shut Down Volume 2* | 2:50 |
| 9. | "Little Deuce Coupe" | B. Wilson, Roger Christian | *Surfer Girl* | 1:41 |
| 10. | "Shut Down" (2003 stereo mix) | B. Wilson, Christian | *Surfin' U.S.A.* | 1:51 |
| 11. | "I Get Around" |  | *All Summer Long* | 2:13 |
| 12. | "The Warmth of the Sun" |  | *Shut Down Volume 2* | 2:53 |
| 13. | "Please Let Me Wonder" (2007 stereo mix) |  | *The Beach Boys Today!* | 2:51 |
| 14. | "Wendy" (2007 stereo mix) |  | *All Summer Long* | 2:21 |
| 15. | "Getcha Back" | Mike Love, Terry Melcher | *The Beach Boys* | 3:01 |
| 16. | "The Little Girl I Once Knew" |  | non-LP single, 1965 | 2:36 |
| 17. | "When I Grow Up (To Be a Man)" (2012 stereo mix) |  | *The Beach Boys Today!* | 2:05 |
| 18. | "It's O.K." |  | *15 Big Ones* | 2:12 |
| 19. | "Dance, Dance, Dance" (2003 stereo mix) | B. Wilson, Love, Carl Wilson | *The Beach Boys Today!* | 2:04 |
| 20. | "Do You Wanna Dance?" (2012 stereo mix) | Bobby Freeman | *The Beach Boys Today!* | 2:22 |
| 21. | "Rock and Roll Music" | Chuck Berry | *15 Big Ones* | 2:28 |
| 22. | "Barbara Ann" (2012 stereo mix) | Fred Fassert | *Beach Boys' Party!* | 2:13 |
| 23. | "All Summer Long" (2007 stereo mix) |  | *All Summer Long* | 2:10 |
| 24. | "Help Me, Rhonda" (single version) |  | *Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)* | 2:47 |
| 25. | "Fun, Fun, Fun" |  | *Shut Down Volume 2* | 2:16 |

### Disc two

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Kokomo" | Love, Melcher, Scott McKenzie, John Phillips | *Cocktail OST* / *Still Cruisin'* | 3:37 |
| 2. | "You're So Good to Me" (2007 stereo mix) |  | *Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)* | 2:15 |
| 3. | "Wild Honey" (2012 stereo mix) |  | *Wild Honey* | 2:38 |
| 4. | "Darlin'" (2012 stereo mix) |  | *Wild Honey* | 2:12 |
| 5. | "In My Room" | B. Wilson, Gary Usher | *Surfer Girl* | 2:13 |
| 6. | "All This Is That" | Al Jardine, C. Wilson, Love | *Carl and the Passions – "So Tough"* | 3:59 |
| 7. | "This Whole World" | B. Wilson | *Sunflower* | 1:57 |
| 8. | "Add Some Music to Your Day" | B. Wilson, Love, Joe Knott | *Sunflower* | 3:33 |
| 9. | "Cotton Fields (The Cotton Song)" (single version; 2001 stereo mix) | Huddie Ledbetter | non-LP single, 1970 | 3:15 |
| 10. | "I Just Wasn't Made for These Times" (1996 stereo mix) | B. Wilson, Tony Asher | *Pet Sounds* | 3:22 |
| 11. | "Sail On, Sailor" | B. Wilson, Van Dyke Parks, Tandyn Almer, Raymond Kennedy, Jack Rieley | *Holland* | 3:18 |
| 12. | "Surf's Up" | B. Wilson, Parks | *Surf's Up* | 4:14 |
| 13. | "Friends" | B. Wilson, C. Wilson, D. Wilson, Jardine | *Friends* | 2:33 |
| 14. | "Heroes and Villains" (2012 stereo mix) | B. Wilson, Parks | *Smiley Smile* | 3:36 |
| 15. | "I Can Hear Music" | Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector | *20/20* | 2:37 |
| 16. | "Good Timin'" | B. Wilson, C. Wilson | *L.A. (Light Album)* | 2:13 |
| 17. | "California Saga (On My Way to Sunny Californ-i-a)" | Jardine | *Holland* | 3:23 |
| 18. | "Isn't It Time" (single version) | B. Wilson, Love, Larry Millas, Jim Peterik, Joe Thomas | *That's Why God Made the Radio* | 3:47 |
| 19. | "Kiss Me, Baby" |  | *The Beach Boys Today!* | 2:44 |
| 20. | "That's Why God Made the Radio" | B. Wilson, Millas, Peterik, Thomas | *That's Why God Made the Radio* | 3:19 |
| 21. | "Forever" | D. Wilson, Gregg Jakobson | *Sunflower* | 2:41 |
| 22. | "God Only Knows" (1996 stereo mix) | B. Wilson, Asher | *Pet Sounds* | 2:55 |
| 23. | "Sloop John B" (1996 stereo mix) | Trad. arr B. Wilson | *Pet Sounds* | 3:03 |
| 24. | "Wouldn't It Be Nice" (2001 stereo mix) | B. Wilson, Asher, Love | *Pet Sounds* | 2:33 |
| 25. | "Good Vibrations" |  | *Smiley Smile* | 3:37 |

## Single disc track listing

All tracks written by Brian Wilson/Mike Love, unless otherwise noted.

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Original album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "That's Why God Made the Radio" |  | *That's Why God Made the Radio (2012)* | 3:20 |
| 2. | "California Girls" |  | *Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) (1965)* | 2:47 |
| 3. | "Sloop John B" | Trad. arr B. Wilson | *Pet Sounds (1966)* | 3:00 |
| 4. | "Wouldn't It Be Nice" | B. Wilson, Asher, Love | *Pet Sounds (1966)* | 2:33 |
| 5. | "Surfer Girl" | B. Wilson | *Surfer Girl (1963)* | 2:27 |
| 6. | "Do It Again" (Remastered) |  | *20/20 (1969)* | 2:18 |
| 7. | "Surfin' Safari" (Mono Version, Remastered 2012) |  | *Surfin' Safari (1962)* | 2:06 |
| 8. | "Surfin' U.S.A." | Chuck Berry, B. Wilson | *Surfin' U.S.A. (1963)* | 2:29 |
| 9. | "Don't Worry Baby" |  | *Shut Down Volume 2 (1964)* | 2:50 |
| 10. | "Little Deuce Coupe" | B. Wilson, Roger Christian | *Surfer Girl (1963)* | 1:40 |
| 11. | "I Get Around" |  | *All Summer Long (1964)* | 2:13 |
| 12. | "Fun, Fun, Fun" |  | *Shut Down Volume 2 (1964)* | 2:20 |
| 13. | "Be True to Your School" (Remastered) |  | *Little Deuce Coupe (1963)* | 2:11 |
| 14. | "Dance, Dance, Dance" | B. Wilson, Love, Carl Wilson | *The Beach Boys Today! (1965)* | 2:04 |
| 15. | "All Summer Long" |  | *All Summer Long (1964)* | 2:10 |
| 16. | "Help Me, Rhonda" (Single Version) |  | *Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!) (1965)* | 2:49 |
| 17. | "Rock and Roll Music" (Remastered) | Chuck Berry | *15 Big Ones (1976)* | 2:29 |
| 18. | "God Only Knows" | B. Wilson, Asher | *Pet Sounds (1966)* | 2:55 |
| 19. | "Good Vibrations" |  | *Smiley Smile (1967)* | 3:37 |
| 20. | "Kokomo" | Love, Melcher, Scott McKenzie, John Phillips | *Cocktail OST (1988)* / *Still Cruisin' (1989)* | 3:37 |

## InfoBox

| Fifty Big Ones | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by the Beach Boys | |
| Released | October 9, 2012 |
| Recorded | 1962–2012 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 134:43 |
| Label | Capitol |
| Producer | Brian Wilson, The Beach Boys, Nick Venet, Bruce Johnston, James William Guercio, Steve Levine, Terry Melcher |
| The Beach Boys chronology | |
| *That's Why God Made the Radio*
(2012) ***Fifty Big Ones***
(2012) *Live – The 50th Anniversary Tour*
(2013) | |


title: Filiz Koçali

abstract: Filiz Koçali is a female Turkish politician and a feminist activist and journalist. She was a founder member of the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) in 1996 and of the break-away Socialist Democracy Party (SDP) in 2002, and was secretary general of the SDP from 2004 to 2009. She is now a member of the Peace and Democracy Party.

text:
# Filiz Koçali

**Filiz Koçali** (born 22 January 1958, Istanbul) is a female Turkish politician and a feminist activist and journalist. She was a founder member of the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) in 1996 and of the break-away Socialist Democracy Party (SDP) in 2002, and was secretary general of the SDP from 2004 to 2009. She is now a member of the Peace and Democracy Party.

## Career

Born in Istanbul, she participated in the students' movement in 1976. She interrupted her vocational training to work in several factories and take part in the struggles of the labor movement. After the 1980 military coup, she was active in a human rights organisation in Istanbul.

As a journalist she wrote for the magazines *Kadınca* and *Kim* and the newspapers *Radikal gazetesi* and *Bianet*. Having been a part of the women's rights movement since 1987, Koçali was one of the founding members of the feminist magazine *Pazartesi*, whose editor-in-chief she was for a while. She was editor of the daily *Günlük* (published 2009 to 2011).

She was involved in the founding of the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) in 1996 as well as the Socialist Democracy Party, which broke away from the former in 2002, and a member of the executive committees of both parties. She was secretary general of the Socialist Democracy Party (SDP) from May 2004 to 2009.


title: Filiz Vural

abstract: Filiz Vural is a former Turkish beauty contestant and Miss Europe 1971. She participated at a beauty pageant organized by the newspaper Hürriyet, and won the title Miss Turkey 1970. The next year, she represented her country at the Miss Europe beauty contest held in Tunis, Tunisia, and was crowned Miss Europe on September 18, 1971. She is married to Engin Çağlar, a former film actor, they were married in 1972.

text:
# Filiz Vural

**Filiz Vural** (born 1953) is a former Turkish beauty contestant and Miss Europe 1971.

She participated at a beauty pageant organized by the newspaper *Hürriyet*, and won the title Miss Turkey 1970. The next year, she represented her country at the Miss Europe beauty contest held in Tunis, Tunisia, and was crowned Miss Europe on September 18, 1971.

She is married to Engin Çağlar, a former film actor, they were married in 1972.


title: Fionnuala Kenny

abstract: Fionnuala Bríd Kenny is an Irish public relations specialist who is the wife of former Taoiseach Enda Kenny. She is a former press officer for the Fianna Fáil Party. In March 1987, Kenny became the first woman to head the Irish Government Information Service, a position she held until 1990. She then served as the head of public affairs at Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), beginning in 1990. She has been described by the media as Kenny's "best asset" and his "secret weapon." Kenny, the daughter of two civil servants, was born Fionnuala O'Kelly in 1956, in Clontarf, Dublin. She was educated at St Louis College in County Monaghan. She then studied French and German, at University College Dublin. O'Kelly received her master's degree in French from Nancy-Université in Nancy, France. Once she returned to Ireland, she enrolled in a public relations course which was offered by AnCo, an agency which later became part of the present-day Foras Áiseanna Saothair (FÁS). O'Kelly applied for a public relations position, which was advertised in a newspaper for a "national organisation." She only discovered that the organisation mentioned in the employment ad was Fianna Fáil, one of Ireland's two major political parties, once she had been offered a job interview. She won the job, despite an intimidating encounter with Charles Haughey during the interview, and became Fianna Fáil's press officer at Leinster House. She worked under Haughey, the Leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach from 1979 to 1981, 1982, and 1987 to 1992, for much of the next decade. O'Kelly put together the photographs published in "The Spirit of the Nation: the Speeches and Statements of Charles J Haughey (1957-86)," a book edited by Martin Mansergh. Charles Haughey regained his position as Taoiseach in 1987. In March 1987, Fionnuala O'Kelly was appointed the head the Government Information Service, becoming the first woman to lead the agency. On the first day of the 31st Dáil on 9 March 2011, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin sent his regards to her in the chamber after her husband was elected Taoiseach. Enda Kenny responded, "Were she still with you today, you might be in a much stronger position today."

text:
# Fionnuala Kenny

**Fionnuala Bríd Kenny** (née **O'Kelly**; born 1 March 1956) is an Irish public relations specialist who is the wife of former Taoiseach Enda Kenny. She is a former press officer for the Fianna Fáil Party.

In March 1987, Kenny became the first woman to head the Irish Government Information Service, a position she held until 1990. She then served as the head of public affairs at Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), beginning in 1990. She has been described by the media as Kenny's "best asset" and his "secret weapon."

Kenny, the daughter of two civil servants, was born Fionnuala O'Kelly in 1956, in Clontarf, Dublin. She was educated at St Louis College (St Louis Secondary School) in County Monaghan. She then studied French and German, at University College Dublin. O'Kelly received her master's degree in French from Nancy-Université in Nancy, France.

Once she returned to Ireland, she enrolled in a public relations course which was offered by AnCo, an agency which later became part of the present-day Foras Áiseanna Saothair (FÁS). O'Kelly applied for a public relations position, which was advertised in a newspaper for a "national organisation." She only discovered that the organisation mentioned in the employment ad was Fianna Fáil, one of Ireland's two major political parties, once she had been offered a job interview. She won the job, despite an intimidating encounter with Charles Haughey during the interview, and became Fianna Fáil's press officer at Leinster House. She worked under Haughey, the Leader of Fianna Fáil and Taoiseach from 1979 to 1981, 1982, and 1987 to 1992, for much of the next decade. O'Kelly put together the photographs published in "The Spirit of the Nation: the Speeches and Statements of Charles J Haughey (1957-86)," a book edited by Martin Mansergh.

Charles Haughey regained his position as Taoiseach in 1987. In March 1987, Fionnuala O'Kelly was appointed the head the Government Information Service, becoming the first woman to lead the agency.

On the first day of the 31st Dáil on 9 March 2011, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin sent his regards to her in the chamber after her husband was elected Taoiseach. Enda Kenny responded, "Were she still with you today, you might be in a much stronger position today."

## InfoBox

| Fionnuala Kenny | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Fionnuala Bríd O'Kelly
(1956-03-01) 1 March 1956
Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Spouse of the Taoiseach
(2011–2017) |
| Spouse | Enda Kenny (m. 1992) |
| Children | 3 |
| Father | Seán Kelly |


title: Fina Girard

abstract: Fina Girard is a Swiss climate activist and politician who has served on the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt since 2023. A member of the Green Party and the Young Greens, she represents the Grossbasel-West constituency. Prior to entering politics, she was a member of the Basel climate strike and was co-president of the local branch of the Young Greens.

text:
# Fina Girard

**Fina Girard** (born 20 October 2001) is a Swiss climate activist and politician who has served on the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt since 2023. A member of the Green Party and the Young Greens, she represents the Grossbasel-West constituency. Prior to entering politics, she was a member of the Basel climate strike and was co-president of the local branch of the Young Greens.

## Biography

### Early life and activism

Fina Girard was born on 20 October 2001 in Basel, Switzerland. The daughter of a taxi driver and a museum curator, she attended the Gymnasium Leonhard. At the age of fourteen, she joined Amnesty International's youth group in Basel, and completed a one-year internship with the organization after graduating high school. She is also one of the group's workshop leaders. Girard attends the University of Basel, studying political science and geography.

Experiencing eco-anxiety as a teenager, Girard has been active in the Basel climate strike since 2019, and joined the Young Green Alliance Northwest  the local branch of the Young Greens – the following year. In the 2020 election for the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt, Girard ran as a Green Party candidate, but was narrowly defeated. In August 2021, she was elected co-president of the Young Green Alliance Northwest, and was previously a member of its board. She is also an elected member of Alliance F.

### Political career

On 8 February 2023, Girard was appointed to the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt to succeed Beatrice Messerli, who resigned. She represents the Grossbasel-West constituency as a member of the Green-Alternative Alliance, and serves on the Economic and Tax Commission, the Disciplinary Commission, and the Pardon Commission. At the time of her appointment, Girard was one of four Young Greens serving in the Grand Council.

During her tenure on the Grand Council, Girard was part of a delegation sent by the city of Basel to Van Province in eastern Turkey during the 2023 Turkish presidential election. An advocate for climate-friendly mobility, she has supported increased public transit as part of a plan to make Basel carbon-neutral by 2037. She has also advocated for "reproductive health and perinatal care" for female asylum seekers, and supports lowering the voting age to sixteen.

Girard was a Green Party candidate for the National Council in the 2023 Swiss federal election, but was not elected.

## InfoBox

| Fina Girard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
8 February 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Beatrice Messerli |
| Constituency | Grossbasel-West |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (2001-10-20) 20 October 2001
Basel, Switzerland |
| Political party | Green Party of Switzerland |
| Other political
affiliations |  |
| Alma mater | University of Basel (attending) |
|  | |


title: Finswimming at the 1981 World Games

text:
# Finswimming at the 1981 World Games

The finswimming events of World Games I were held on July 25–27, 1981, at Santa Clara International Swim Center in Santa Clara, California, in the United States. These were the first World Games, an international quadrennial multi-sport event, and were hosted by the city of Santa Clara. Athletes from Italy won 16 of the 36 total medals. France followed with 11 medals. Jürgen Kolenda of West Germany collected four gold medals.

## Medalists

Sources:

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Men** | | | |
| 50m apnoea | Jürgen Kolenda (FRG) | Sandro Sola (ITA) | Dario Broglia (ITA) |
| 100m freestyle | Jürgen Kolenda (FRG) | Sandro Sola (ITA) | Giuseppe Galantucci (ITA) |
| 200m freestyle | Jürgen Kolenda (FRG) | Valter Olander (SWE) | Sandro Sola (ITA) |
| 400m freestyle | Giuseppe Galantucci (ITA) | Valter Olander (SWE) | Paolo Vandini (ITA) |
| 1500m freestyle | Paolo Vandini (ITA) | Giuseppe Galantucci (ITA) | Valter Olander (SWE) |
| 100m immersion | Jürgen Kolenda (FRG) | Dario Broglia (ITA) | Thierry Lasbleye (FRA) |
| **Women** | | | |
| 50m apnoea | Cristina Covoni (ITA) | Monica Crovetti (ITA) | Anne Menguy (FRA) |
| 100m freestyle | Anne Menguy (FRA) | Cristina Covoni (ITA) | Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA) |
| 200m freestyle | Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA) | Anne Menguy (FRA) | Marion Collot (FRA) |
| 400m freestyle | Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA) | Monica Crovetti (ITA) | Marina Beck (FRG) |
| 800m freestyle | Anne-Marie Rouchon (FRA) | Marion Collot (FRA) | Monica Crovetti (ITA) |
| 100m immersion | Cristina Covoni (ITA) | Anne Menguy (FRA) | Marina Beck (FRG) |

## Details

### Men

#### 50m apnoea

1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 16.667.

2. Sandro Sola, Italy, 17.728.

3. Dario Broglia, Italy, 17.790.

4. Mickel Zorte, France, 18.375.

5. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 18.512.

6. Peter Swenson, Sweden, 18.563.

7. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 18.577.

8. Lars Anderson, Sweden, 20.484.

#### 100m freestyle

1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 41.201.

2. Sandro Sola, Italy, 41.881.

3. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 43.264.

4. Dario Broglia, Italy, 43.345.

5. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 43.541.

6. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 43.862.

7. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 44.952.

8. Michel Zoete, France, 45.903.

#### 200m freestyle

1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 1:33.294.

2. Walter Olander, Sweden, 1:35.511.

3. Sandro Sola, Italy, 1:36.397.

4. Dario Broglia, Italy, 1:36.397.

5. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 1:37.149.

6. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 1:38.315.

7. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 1:38.696.

8. Thierry Henry, France, 1:40.661.

9. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 1:41.627.

10. Lars Anderson, Sweden, 1:47.239.

11. Mickel Zorte, France, 1:47.575.

#### 400m freestyle

1. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 3:28.01.

2. Walter Olander, Sweden, 3:28.62.

3. Paolo Vandini, Italy, 3:28.65.

4. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 3:31.78.

5. Peter Swenson, Sweden, 3:42.33.

6. Thierry Henry, France, 3:42.48.

7. Memens Franck, W. Germany, 3:42.72.

#### 1500m freestyle

1. Paolo Vandini, Italy, 13:48.495.

2. Giuseppe Galantucci, Italy, 14:12.079.

3. Walter Olander, Sweden, 14:12.100.

4. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 14:43.935.

5. Thierry Henry, France, 15:14.295.

#### 100m immersion

1. Jurgen Kolenda, W. Germany, 39.941.

2. Dario Broglia, Italy, 40.695.

3. Thierry Lasbleye, France, 41.255.

4. Clemens Franck, W. Germany, 42.142.

5. Sandro Sola, Italy, 42.586.

6. Peter Svenson, Sweden, 45.028.

7. Mickel Zorte, France, 45.225.

8. Clemens Henry, France, 45.991.

9. Walter Olander, Sweden, 46.976.

10. Sven Olander, Sweden, 49.459.

### Women

#### 50m apnoea

1. Cristiana Covoni, Italy, 19.937.

2. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 20.935.

3. Anne Menguy, France, 21.021.

4. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 22.036.

5. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 22.642.

6. Marion Collot, France, 22.865.

7. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 26.323.

#### 100m freestyle

1. Anne Menguy, France, 49.205.

2. Christiana Govoni, Italy, 49.263.

3. Anne-Marie Rouchon, France, 49.605.

4. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 49.653.

5. Marion Collot, France, 50.746.

6. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 50.814.

7. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 51.893.

8. Anke Goldner, W. Germany, 53.177.

9. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 55.753.

#### 200m freestyle

1. Anna-Marie Rouchon, France, 1:45.527.

2. Anne Menguy, France, 1:50.414.

3. Marion Collot, France, 1:50.450.

4. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 1:50.882.

5. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 1:51.956.

6. Anette Thorsell, Sweden, 1:57.632.

#### 400m freestyle

1. Anne Rouchon, France, 3:42.81.

2. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 3:53.43.

3. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 4:01.70.

4. Pia Strand, Sweden, 4:07.27.

#### 800m freestyle

1. Ana-Marie Rouchon, France, 7:45.878.

2. Marion Collot, France, 8:12.129.

3. Monica Crovetti, Italy, 8:26.652.

4. Pia Strand, Sweden, 8:28.317.

#### 100m immersion

1. Cristina Govini, Italy, 46.569.

2. Anne Menguy, France, 48.541.

3. Marina Beck, W. Germany, 51.156.

4. Carina Blomberg, Sweden, 54.407.

5. Maria Gustafson, Sweden, 58.292.

## InfoBox

| Finswimming <br>at the 1981 World Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Santa Clara International Swim Center |
| Location | Santa Clara |
|


title: Finswimming

abstract: Finswimming is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water's surface using a snorkel with either monofins or bifins or underwater with monofin either by holding one's breath or using open circuit scuba diving equipment. Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues. Competition at world and continental level is organised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. The sport's first world championship was held in 1976. It also has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2015 European Games in June 2015.

text:
# Finswimming

**Finswimming** is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water's surface using a snorkel with either monofins or bifins or underwater with monofin either by holding one's breath or using open circuit scuba diving equipment. Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues. Competition at world and continental level is organised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS, World Underwater Federation). The sport's first world championship was held in 1976. It also has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2015 European Games in June 2015.

## Rules and description of the sport

Competitors are described within the International Rules as 'swimmers' rather than as finswimmers or divers.

### Classes of competition

Competition is divided into two classes: swimming pool and long distance (also called open water).

A swimming pool must be 50 m long by 21 m wide and 1.8 m deep, i.e. an Olympic-size swimming pool (also known as a long course pool) is suitable for the holding of swimming races for either the Olympic Games and a FINA world championships. The International Rules do not permit the use of 25m length pools (known as short course) although these are used in regional and national competition.

Long distance sites include both the sea and natural water bodies such as freshwater rivers and lakes. Site selection criteria include 'low current and tides' and water quality 'appropriate for swimming' as certified by a local authority. The site, when in use for competition, will be marked by buoys, patrolled by safety boats and will have observation points (or additional boats) for judges to oversee any turns present in the course.

### Techniques

#### Surface finswimming

Surface finswimming (also known by its acronym, **SF**) is swimming on the surface of the water using mask, snorkel, and monofins. SF races are held for distances of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 4 × 50 mix relays (2 men's, 2 women's), 4 × 100 relays and 4 × 200 relays (meters) in swimming pools and over various long distances in the open water environment. Swimmers must remain on the surface of the water at all times for the duration of the race except when starting or make a turns at the end of a swimming pool where an immersion over a distance of 15m is permitted.

#### Apnoea finswimming

Apnoea finswimming (also known by its acronym, **AP**, and as **apnoea** or **apnea**) is underwater swimming in a swimming pool using a mask, monofin and holding one's breath. AP races are held for the distance of 50m. A swimmer's face must be immersed for the duration of the race otherwise he/she risks disqualification. AP races are not conducted in open water for 'safety and security reasons'.

#### Immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus

Immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus (also known by its acronym, **IM**, **immersion**, and **scuba finswimming**), is underwater swimming using mask, monofin and underwater breathing apparatus (open-circuit air scuba) conducted in a swimming pool. While there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried, it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race. IM races are held for distances of 100, 200 and 400 m. A swimmer's face must be immersed for the duration of the race or risk disqualification. IM races are not conducted in open water for 'safety and security reasons'. Historically, IM swims were conducted in open water up to distances of 1000m.

#### Bi-fins

Bi-fins (also known by its acronym, **BF** or as '**stereo-fins'**) is swimming on the surface of the water with mask, snorkel and a pair of fins using a crawl style. BF races are held for distances of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 4 × 100 mix relays (2 men's, 2 women's) in swimming pools and over various long distances in the open water environment such as 4 km and 6 km. It is reported that BF was introduced in 2006 to provide the opportunity for competition by swimmers who cannot afford to purchase a set of monofins. Swimmers must remain on the surface of the water at all times for the duration of the race except when starting or make a turns at the end of a swimming pool where an immersion of a distance of 15m is permitted.

### Equipment

Finswimming which is often compared to sports swimming differs from that sport in the use of masks, fins, snorkels and underwater breathing apparatus. This reflects the sport's origins in the underwater diving techniques of snorkelling, breath-hold diving and open circuit scuba diving.

Apart from requiring the use of a mask for protection of the eyes and for the ability to see underwater, the international rules have no requirements regarding mask selection. Centre-mounted snorkels (also known as front snorkels) are the only type approved for use subject to meeting minimum and maximum requirements in tube length and internal diameter. Fins are also regulated by international rules. Monofins have a maximum size which can be checked by the use of a template while bi-fins must be one of the brands certified (i.e. homologated) by CMAS.

Underwater breathing apparatus is restricted to open circuit scuba using compressed atmospheric air as the breathing gas. The use of oxygen enriched mixtures is forbidden. Cylinders are limited by maximum cylinder pressure rating of 200 bar and a minimum cylinder capacity of 0.4 litres. While there are no requirements for regulators, swimmers appear to be free to modify these to remove any unnecessary parts.

Garments such as swimsuits, swim caps and wetsuits, and the use of logos printed on these garments and the equipment is also subject to the requirements of the international rules.

### Age groupings and associated restrictions

The following age groupings and associated restrictions for both men and women are mandated by the International Rules.

| Age group title | Age group code | Age range | Restrictions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Senior | A | 18 years & over | No restrictions |
| Junior | B | 16–18 years | No restrictions |
| Junior | C | 14–16 years | Maximum openwater swim of 8 km |
| Junior | D | 12–14 years | Maximum openwater swim of 6 km<br>Maximum AP distance of 25m |
| Junior | E | less than 12 years | Known as the 'pre-competition group'; national rules apply for this age group as there is no international competition for this group. |
| Master | V0 | 25–35 years | No restrictions |
| Master | V1 | 35–45 years | No restrictions |
| Master | V2 | 45–55 years | No restrictions |
| Master | V3 | 55–65 years | No restrictions |
| Master | V4 | 65–75 years | No restrictions |
| Master | V5 | +75 years | No restrictions |

## Origins and history

The sport developed in Europe following the ready availability of the first rubber fins during the 1930s. Luigi Ferraro, Italian diving pioneer, is reported as organising the first fin-swimming competition in the sea during 1951 followed by a 100 kilometres (62 miles) ocean swim in 1955. The first competition in the Soviet Union was held during 1958.

The first European Championship which was a multi sport event involving both finswimming and underwater orienteering was held under the title of the First European Championship of Subaquatics Technical at Angera, Italy in August 1967. The specific finswimming events were races over the distances of 40m and 1000m which are reported as using either surface swimming techniques or respectively apnoea and immersion techniques. In 1969, the first European Finswimming Championship to be separate of underwater orienteering was held in Locarno, Switzerland.

The first World Championships were held in Hanover, Germany during 1976 followed by the inclusion of the sport in the inaugural World Games in Santa Clara, California, USA during 1981. In 1988, the first World Long Distance Championship was held in Paris, France followed in 1989 by the first World Junior Championship in Dunaújváros, Hungary.

The arrival of the monofin in the early 1970s lead to the breaking of all world records by the end of the decade due to the improved performance possible when used in lieu of bi-fins.

In 2007, the first Bi Fin races using CMAS homologated fins were held.

## Sporting appeal and training

### Appeal

The main appeal of finswimming is reported by some as being the speed that a swimmer can reach. The world record for the men's 50 m freestyle (long course) in sports swimming (see World records in swimming), is 20.91 seconds (by César Cielo of Brazil). In finswimming it is 13.70 seconds (for 50 m apnoea by Pavel Kabanov of Russia) (see World records in finswimming). This is a 50% increase in speed over sports swimming.

One of the great appeals of finswimming is that finswimmers do not need to be good sports swimmers. Indeed, there is some evidence that top flight sports swimmers may make poorer finswimmers than well-trained finswimmers (see below).

### Training

Unlike most sports swimming training programmes, finswimming training tends to be far more specific and more like systems used for track running in athletics. In addition, finswimming training tends to have more dry-side work, including a huge amount of core stability (as core strength), plyometrics and weight training.

It has been recorded that sports swimmers tend to approach finswimming with preconceptions on technique, which can limit their success.

## Governing body

The governing body is the CMAS Finswimming Commission.

Its role includes the upgrading of the rules of competition when required, keeping of records for CMAS championships, the World Games and these of national federations where these match or exceed records achieved at international level, and the maintenance of the CMAS World Ranking which is a listing of the best performing senior and junior men and women from both the most recent Finswimming World Championships and the rounds of the World Cup. It also assists the CMAS Board of Directors and others organising competitions organised under the auspices of CMAS.

As of June 2015, national federations in the following countries and territories have affiliated with the commission: Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Belarus, Canada, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyz Republic, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Libya, Mexico, Marianas, Montenegro, Netherlands, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Syria, Russia, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Venezuela and Vietnam.

## Competition at international level

### CMAS competitions

As of 2007, CMAS directly oversees the following four competitions at international level: the World Championship, Continental Championships, the World Cup and the CMAS Junior Trophy.

#### World Championship

Since 1976

The World Championship is held every two years in odd-numbered years for senior swimmers starting with the year 2007 and in even-numbered years for junior swimmers starting with the year 2008. Pool competition held over five days while open water competition is held over a maximum of three days.

#### World Cup

Since 2006

This is an annual event which was first held in 2006 and consists of a minimum of three rounds including a final all known as meetings which are attended by swimmers from clubs affiliated to a CMAS national federation. Races are held in both swimming pool and open water sites for individuals and clubs in the age groupings of senior and junior for both male and female.

#### CMAS Junior Trophy

This is an annual swimming pool-based event for junior national teams for both male and female swimmers.

#### Continental championships

Continental championships which are conducted in an identical manner to the world championships require a minimum of five countries from a continental body such as Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania as defined by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Continental championships are held every two years in odd-numbered years for senior swimmers starting with the year 2008 and in even-numbered years for junior swimmers starting with the year 2007. The European Championships have run since 1967 and have been held 21 times. Asian Finswimming Championships is reported to have been held 13 times with the first being held in 1989 and the most being held during 2012 in Da Nang, Vietnam.

1. CMAS Finswimming European Championship \- 28th 1967–2023
2. CMAS Finswimming European Juniors Championship \- 18th 2024
3. CMAS African and Arab Finswimming Championship \- 1st 2023
4. CMAS Asian Finswimming Championship \- 18th 1989–2023
5. CMAS Asian Juniors Finswimming Championship \- 6th 2012–2023
6. CMAS Pan American Finswimming Championship \- 8th 2023

### Other CMAS-aligned events

There have been three Pan-American Championships, starting in 1993, with the last being held in 2001 in Cali, Colombia. There have also been five "Arab Zone" Championships, the last was held in 2003 (in Beirut, Lebanon).

### World Games

Finswimming has featured at the World Games as a trend sport since the inaugural games held during 1981. Participation is reserved for the best swimmers from the CMAS World Ranking and the best relay teams as selected by the CMAS Finswimming Commission.

### Other multi-sport events

Finswimming has appeared at multi-sport events such as the following: Asian Indoor Games, Bolivarian Games, Southeast Asian Games, World Corporate Games from 1998 to 1992, and the World Scholar-Athlete Games. The sport was also demonstrated at the 27th Summer Universiade in July 2013 and at the 2015 European Games in June 2015.

### Olympic Games

As of 2020, no finswimming competition or demonstration has been held at an Olympic Games. CMAS which is recognised by the IOC as the international sports federation for underwater sports was so recognised in 1986 solely on the basis of finswimming. In 1999, finswimming was reported as being considered for inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. In 2002, the IOC considered underwater sports which includes finswimming as one of the sports to be added to the programme of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, but decided to decline admission to it and eight other sports on the basis of:

> Statistics reviewed on federation affiliation, nations competing in major events and broadcast and press coverage of major events for most requested sports did not indicate a higher level of global participation and interest than sports currently in the Programme, and therefore could not be considered to bring additional value.

### Competitions

### Finswimming by country

### Competitors and organisations

### Records

### Others

## InfoBox

Finswimming
| Finswimming with monofin | |
| --- | --- |
| Highest governing body | CMAS |
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | no |
| Mixed-sex | Yes, but usually in separate events |
| Type | Aquatic, indoor, outdoor |
| Equipment | diving mask, snorkel, fins, open circuit scuba set |
| Venue | swimming pool, open water |
| Presence | |
| Country or region | International |
| Olympic | No |
| World Games | 1981  present |


title: Financial management for IT services

abstract: Financial management for IT services (ITFM) aims to optimize the cost of IT Services while taking into account quality and risk factors. The analysis balances cost against quality and risk to create cost optimization strategies. ITFM is based on standard financial and accounting principles, but using specific principles that are applicable to IT services, such as fixed asset management, capital management, audit, and depreciation.

text:
# Financial management for IT services

**Financial management for IT services** (ITFM) aims to optimize the cost of IT Services while taking into account quality and risk factors. The analysis balances cost against quality and risk to create cost optimization strategies. ITFM is based on standard financial and accounting principles, but using specific principles that are applicable to IT services, such as fixed asset management, capital management, audit, and depreciation.


abstract: First Tower Trustees Ltd v CDS Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1396 is an English contract law case, concerning the Misrepresentation Act 1967.

text:
# First Tower Trustees Ltd v CDS (Superstores International) Ltd

***First Tower Trustees Ltd v CDS (Superstores International) Ltd*** \[2018\] EWCA Civ 1396 is an English contract law case, concerning the Misrepresentation Act 1967.

## Facts

CDS Ltd claimed that clause 5.8 of its lease agreement with FTT Ltd was unfair. This said it did not rely on any representation by FTT Ltd. Before the contract, FTT said it was unaware of any environmental problems on the property, yet it was in fact aware of asbestos contamination in the warehouse, and that needed remedial work.

The Judge found the lease was entered based on the landlord's misrepresentation, and clause 5.8 attempted to exclude liability for misrepresentation, but was unreasonable under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 section 3 and the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 section 11. Their liability was not limited to the extent of the trust's assets.

## Judgment

Lewison LJ held that it was wrong to suggest that a contractual estoppel (where parties are bound to accept something even if they knew it to be untrue) was an answer to a claim under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 section 3, or that a non-reliance clause was immune from scrutiny (disapproving two High Court cases, *Thornbridge* \[2015\] EWHC 3430 (QB) and *Sears* \[2016\] EWHC 433 (Ch)). MA 1967 section 3 had to be interpreted according to the policy of preventing escape from liability unless it was reasonable. However, when a non-consumer contract simply described a party's primary obligation, this was a ‘basis clause’ and there was no question of applying the reasonableness test. Clause 5.8 was not reasonable. The judge rightly stressed that pre-contract inquiries were important in conveyancing. There could be an exceptional case where a clause precluding reliance on replies could satisfy the reasonableness test, but it would be hard to imagine what that was. The landlord's liability was not limited to the extent of the trust fund. The lease contract stated the landlord only contracted as a trustee, and that limited liability in the contract, but not in tort or damages payable under MA 1967 s 2.

Leggatt LJ and Sir Colin Rimer agreed.

## InfoBox

| First Tower Trustees Ltd v CDS (Superstores International) Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
| Court | Court of Appeal |
| Citation | \[2018\] EWCA Civ 1396 |
| Keywords | |
| Terms, misrepresentation | |


title: Fire Fight Australia

abstract: Fire Fight Australia was a fundraising benefit concert held on Sunday, 16 February 2020, as a means for raising funds for the national bushfire relief following the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, known as the 'Black Summer'. It was held at ANZ Stadium in Sydney, Australia. It ran for 10 hours and was broadcast live on television by the Seven Network and Foxtel. A related album by various artists, Artists Unite for Fire Fight: Concert for National Bushfire Relief was released by Sony in March.

text:
# Fire Fight Australia

**Fire Fight Australia** was a fundraising benefit concert held on Sunday, 16 February 2020, as a means for raising funds for the national bushfire relief following the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, known as the 'Black Summer'. It was held at ANZ Stadium in Sydney, Australia. It ran for 10 hours and was broadcast live on television by the Seven Network and Foxtel. A related album by various artists, *Artists Unite for Fire Fight: Concert for National Bushfire Relief* was released by Sony in March.

## Funds raised

The event was mainly organised by the Australian music industry spearheaded by Paul Dainty and the TEG Dainty music group. They aimed to keep the overhead costs as low as possible so that as much profit as possible would go the affiliated charities. Almost all of these costs were waived or heavily discounted.

The event raised 9.85 million for bushfire relief.

## Affiliated charities

* Rural and Regional fire services in affected states
* Red Cross Disaster Relief and Recovery
* The RSPCA Bushfire Appeal
* Foundation for Rural and Regional Renewal (FRRR)

## Performers and set list

## Reception

The concert was the most watched program of the night on Australia's free to air multi channels and subscription channels, and the fourth most watched program overall, peaking at 4.7 million viewers.

## *Artists Unite for Fire Fight*

| Artists Unite for Fire Fight: Concert for National Bushfire Relief | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Various Artists | |
| Released | 13 March 2020 (2020-03-13) |
| Recorded | 16 February 2020 (2020-02-16) |
| Venue | ANZ Stadium, Sydney |
| Length | 97:00 |
| Label | Sony Music Australia |

A live charity album was released on 13 March 2020 by Sony Music Australia. The album was not released on streaming sites as a way to boost the funds raised. The album debuted at number one on the ARIA albums chart. Audio from Queen + Adam Lambert's setlist were included on their 2020 album Live Around the World

### Track listing

Disc one
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ute Me" | Lee Kernaghan | 3:12 |
| 2. | "Healing Hands" | Conrad Sewell | 4:58 |
| 3. | "Cool as Hell" | Baker Boy | 3:51 |
| 4. | "As the Days Go By" | Daryl Braithwaite | 5:51 |
| 5. | "Feeler" | Pete Murray | 4:20 |
| 6. | "Chemical Heart" | Grinspoon | 4:26 |
| 7. | "Saturday Night" | Jessica Mauboy | 3:15 |
| 8. | "Last Laugh" | Illy | 2:29 |
| 9. | "Before I Go" | Guy Sebastian | 4:07 |
| 10. | "High" | Peking Duk feat. The Baroness | 3:45 |
| 11. | "Let It Rain" | Delta Goodrem | 2:38 |

Disc two
| No. | Title | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "When You Say Nothing at All" | Ronan Keating | 4:34 |
| 2. | "Chains" | Tina Arena | 4:35 |
| 3. | "School's Out/Another Brick in the Wall Pt. 2" | Alice Cooper | 5:30 |
| 4. | "I Said Hi" | Amy Shark | 3:07 |
| 5. | "Youngblood" | 5 Seconds of Summer | 6:07 |
| 6. | "Hammer to Fall" | Queen + Adam Lambert | 5:14 |
| 7. | "Such a Night" | Michael Bublé | 3:21 |
| 8. | "1955" | Hilltop Hoods feat. Montaigne | 4:11 |
| 9. | "Hallelujah" | k.d. lang | 5:59 |
| 10. | "We Can Get Together" | Icehouse feat. William Barton and Evan Davies | 3:51 |
| 11. | "Two Strong Hearts" | John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John | 3:25 |
| 12. | "You're the Voice" | John Farnham with Olivia Newton-John, Mitch Tambo and Brian May | 5:17 |

### Charts

#### Weekly charts

| Chart (2020) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 1 |

#### Year-end charts

| Chart (2020) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 29 |

## InfoBox

| Fire Fight Australia | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Pop, Hip-Hop and Rock music |
| Dates | 16 February 2020 |
| Location(s) | ANZ Stadium, Sydney, Australia |
| Years active | 2020 |
| Attendance | 75,000 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Fire Fighter (fireboat)

abstract: Fire Fighter is a fireboat which served the New York City Fire Department from 1938 through 2010, serving with Marine Companies 1, 8 and 9 during her career. The most powerful diesel-electric fireboat in terms of pumping capacity when built in 1938, Fire Fighter fought more than 50 major fires during her career, including fires aboard the SS Normandie in 1942 and the SS El Estero in 1943, the 1973 collision of the Esso Brussels and SS Sea Witch, and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

text:
# Fire Fighter (fireboat)

| Merchant Marine Gallant Ship Citation | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Awarded for | Actions on May 30th, 1973 following the collision of the *SS Esso Brussels* and SS *Sea Witch* and the rescue of 31 trapped crew from life-threatening fire aboard the SS *Sea Witch*. |
| Presented by | United States Maritime Administration |

***Fire Fighter*** is a fireboat which served the New York City Fire Department from 1938 through 2010, serving with Marine Companies 1, 8 and 9 during her career. The most powerful diesel-electric fireboat in terms of pumping capacity when built in 1938, *Fire Fighter* fought more than 50 major fires during her career, including fires aboard the SS *Normandie* in 1942 and the SS *El Estero* in 1943, the 1973 collision of the *Esso Brussels* and SS *Sea Witch*, and the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

## Service history

Authorized for construction in early 1937 by Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia based on designs submitted by noted naval architect William Francis Gibbs and his firm Gibbs & Cox, *Fire Fighter* was laid down at United Shipyards as Hull #856 and was christened and launched on August 28, 1938, by Eleanor Grace Flanagan. After fitting out and sea trials, *Fire Fighter* officially entered service with the New York City Fire Department at 9:00 a.m. on November 16, 1938, with Engine 57 at Pier 1 at the Battery, which would later be organized as Marine Unit 1. Serving from this post through the mid-1960s, *Fire Fighter* would respond to two of her most famous actions; the fire and capsizing of the SS *Normandie* in 1942 and the fire aboard the ammunition-laden SS *El Estero* in 1943, among dozens of other vessel and pier fires across New York Harbor.

Shifting with the majority of commercial steamship line freight operations from Manhattan to the Brooklyn waterfront, *Fire Fighter* served with Marine Unit 8 and Engine 223 at the 37th Street Pier through 1967 before shifting once again to the Homeport Pier in Stapleton where she joined Marine Unit 9, an assignment which made her the first-due marine firefighting asset at the heavily trafficked Narrows of New York Harbor and throughout the tight confines of both the Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull. With both waterways already heavily utilized by marine traffic calling at ports on the Chemical Coast, the rise of both the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal and Howland Hook Marine Terminal saw an increasing number of container ships transiting the same waters. These conditions led to several major vessel collisions and shoreside fires during her tenure in Staten Island, but the 1973 collision of *SS Esso Brussels* and SS *Sea Witch* would prove to be the largest fires she would ever fight single-handedly. For her and her crew's part in the response, firefighting and rescue of 31 surviving crewmen from the burning SS *Sea Witch*, the *Fire Fighter* was named a Gallant Ship and her crew received the American Merchant Marine Seamanship Trophy. To date, *Fire Fighter* remains the only fireboat to have received this award.

A 1974 article in *The New York Times* described how fires in New Jersey frequently resulted in requests to the FDNY commissioner for the loan of *Fire Fighter*. Once authorized it would take *Fire Fighter* approximately 45 minutes to arrive at waterfront communities such as Carteret.

The boat, as *Firefighter*, was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1989.

On September 11, 2001, *Fire Fighter*, along with the rest of the FDNY Marine Units, responded to the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and took up a station at the foot of Albany Street in Battery Park City and began pumping at her maximum capacity to supply water to landside units fighting fires in the still-standing towers. Following the collapse of both buildings and resultant failure of the majority of the water mains serving lower Manhattan, *Fire Fighter* and the rest of the FDNY Marine Units became the sole source of water for firefighting efforts at Ground Zero, a duty which *Fire Fighter* maintained for a period of three weeks until sufficient repairs were completed on landside water mains to permit her release from what had become her longest emergency response call. Following a shipyard period in 2003 to rebuild her worn-out engines, the *Fire Fighter* resumed her post and continued to respond to marine emergencies, including a gasoline barge explosion in Port Mobil, Staten Island, in February 2003, and to the ditching of US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River in 2009.

Replaced in frontline service by the fireboat *Fire Fighter II*, in 2010 at Marine Unit 9, *Fire Fighter* was placed into reserve status at the former Brooklyn Navy Yard where she remained in FDNY custody until October 15, 2012. Transferred on that date to the ownership of the non-profit Fireboat Fire Fighter Museum, *Fire Fighter* is now operated by an all-volunteer group dedicated to preserving the historic fireboat in running condition as a museum ship, befitting her over 70 years of service to the people and mariners of New York City and New York Harbor.

## As a museum ship

Under the stewardship of the museum, *Fire Fighter* found a home in Greenport, New York, on Long Island's North Fork and relocated to the village from the Brooklyn Navy Yard in February 2013. Eventually shifting to the village's commercial pier in accordance with their contractual agreement with the village, the museum has continued to grow in popularity and was granted 501(c)(3) status by the IRS in October 2013 as a tax-exempt non-profit organization. The museum was awarded a National Park Service Maritime Heritage Grant in 2014 to pursue hull upkeep and preventative maintenance shipyard work.

Gathering matching funds for the National Park Service grant lasted through December 2016, when *Fire Fighter* reported to Goodison Shipyard in Kingston, Rhode Island, for four months of shipyard work, overhaul and hull inspection. Completed in April 2017, *Fire Fighter* returned to Greenport, New York, in her as-built, late 1930 FDNY color scheme, with a black hull, white topsides and buff smokestack, and with all topside brass returned to its bare metal appearance. As of the summer of 2021, the vessel is currently on exhibit at the Mystic Seaport Museum in Mystic, CT.

## InfoBox

| Fireboat *Fire Fighter* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| New York City Fire Department | |
| Name | *Fire Fighter* |
| Operator | New York City Fire Department |
| Builder | United Shipyards |
| Laid down | 1937 |
| Launched | August 26, 1938 |
| Christened | August 26, 1938 |
| Commissioned | November 16, 1938 |
| Decommissioned | July 17, 2010 |
| Homeport | New York City |
| Nickname(s) | The Fighter |
| Honors and<br>awards | 1974 Merchant Marine Gallant Ship Citation |
| Fate | Museum Ship |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 220.44 net |
| Length | 134 ft (41 m) |
| Beam | 32 ft (9.8 m) |
| Height | 25 ft (7.6 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft (2.7 m) |
| Installed power | Twin 1500 hp, 16-cylinder, 3968 CID General Motors Winton diesel engines |
| Propulsion | Twin Westinghouse 1000 hp Electric Propulsion Motors |
| Speed | 14 knots (16 mph) |
| Capacity | 20,000gpm |
| Crew | 7-11 |
|  | |
| *Fire Fighter* (fireboat) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| Location on Long IslandLocation in New YorkLocation in United States | |
| Location | Greenport, Suffolk County, New York |
| Built | 1938 |
| Built by | United Shipyards |
| Architect | William Francis Gibbs |
| NRHP reference No. | 89001447 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 30, 1989 |
| Designated NHL | June 30, 1989 |


title: First Bovenschulte senate

abstract: The first Bovenschulte senate was the state government of Bremen from 2019 to 2023, sworn in on 15 August 2019 after Andreas Bovenschulte was elected as Mayor by the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen. It was the 25th Senate of Bremen. It was formed after the 2019 Bremen state election by the Social Democratic Party (SPD), Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE), and The Left (LINKE), and was the first government in a former West German state to include the Left party. Excluding the Mayor, the senate comprised eight ministers, called Senators. Three were members of the SPD, three were members of the Greens, and two were members of The Left.

text:
# First Bovenschulte senate

The **first Bovenschulte senate** was the state government of Bremen from 2019 to 2023, sworn in on 15 August 2019 after Andreas Bovenschulte was elected as Mayor by the members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen. It was the 25th Senate of Bremen.

It was formed after the 2019 Bremen state election by the Social Democratic Party (SPD), Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE), and The Left (LINKE), and was the first government in a former West German state to include the Left party. Excluding the Mayor, the senate comprised eight ministers, called Senators. Three were members of the SPD, three were members of the Greens, and two were members of The Left.

## Formation

The previous Senate was a coalition government of the SPD and Greens led by Mayor Carsten Sieling of the SPD.

The election took place on 26 May 2019, and resulted in substantial losses for the SPD and an improvement for the Greens. The opposition CDU narrowly surpassed the SPD to become the largest party for the first time in the state's history. The Left recorded a small swing, while the AfD and FDP remained steady on 6% each. BiW retained their single seat in Bremerhaven.

After the election, CDU leader Carsten Meyer-Heder said, that he hoped to become Mayor in a coalition with the Greens and FDP, while the SPD and Left called for a coalition between the Greens and their two parties. The Greens stated that they were open to both possibilities.

After holding consultations with various parties, the Greens announced on 5 June that they would seek a coalition with the SPD and Left. Negotiations between the three parties began on 12 June. They finalised their coalition agreement on 1 July.

On the same day, Carsten Sieling announced that, due to the losses suffered by the SPD in the election, he would not stand for re-election as Mayor. On 6 July, the SPD state congress nominated Andreas Bovenschulte, who had been elected as parliamentary group leader the previous week, as Sieling's successor with 140 votes out of 146. The SPD, Greens, and Left officially signed the coalition agreement on 13 August.

Bovenschulte was elected Mayor by the Bürgerschaft on 15 August, winning 47 votes out of 82 cast.

## Composition

| Portfolio | Senator | | Party | | Took office | Left office | State secretaries |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| * President of the Senate and Mayor * Senator for Religious Affairs * Senator for Culture |  | Andreas Bovenschulte
born  (1965-08-11) 11 August 1965 |  | SPD | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Thomas Emke (Head of the Senate Chancellery) * Olaf Joachim (Federal, Media, Development Cooperation, and Int'l Affairs, Representative to the Federal Government) * Carmen Emigholz (Culture) |
| * Mayor * Senator for Climate Protection, Environment, Mobility, Urban Development and Housing Construction |  | Maike Schaefer
born  (1971-06-02) 2 June 1971 |  | GRÜNE | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Ronny Meyer (Climate Protection, Environment and Mobility) * Gabriele Nießen (Urban Development, Housing Construction and Central Affairs) |
| * Senator for Health, Women and Consumer Protection * Senate Commissioner for the Fulfilment of Women's Equality |  | Claudia Bernhard
born  (1961-02-09) 9 February 1961 |  | LINKE | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 |  |
| * Senator for Finance * Senate Commissioner for Data Protection |  | Dietmar Strehl
born  (1956-05-24) 24 May 1956 |  | GRÜNE | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Silke Krebs * Martin Hagen |
| * Senator for Interior |  | Ulrich Mäurer
born  (1951-07-14) 14 July 1951 |  | SPD | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Olaf Bull |
| * Senator for Justice and Constitution * Senator for Science and Harbours |  | Claudia Schilling
born  (1968-06-13) 13 June 1968 |  | SPD | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Björn Tschöpe (Justice and Constitution) * Tim Cordßen-Ryglewski (Science and Harbours) |
| * Senator for Children and Education |  | Claudia Bogedan
born  (1975-04-07) 7 April 1975 |  | SPD | 15 August 2019 | 7 July 2021 | * Arnhild Moning |
| |  | Sascha Karolin Aulepp
born  (1970-09-24) 24 September 1970 |  | SPD | 7 July 2021 | 4 July 2023 | * Regine Komoss |
| * Senator for Social Affairs, Youth, Integration and Sport |  | Anja Stahmann
born  (1967-06-30) 30 June 1967 |  | GRÜNE | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Jan Fries |
| * Senator for Economics, Labour and Europe |  | Kristina Vogt
born  (1965-06-03) 3 June 1965 |  | LINKE | 15 August 2019 | 4 July 2023 | * Kai Stührenberg (Labour and Europe) * Sven Wiebe (Economics) |

## InfoBox

| Senate of Andreas Bovenschulte
Senate Bovenschulte | |
| --- | --- |
|
25th Senate of Bremen | |
| 15 August 2019 – 5 July 2023 | |
| Andreas Bovenschulte in December 2019 | |
| Date formed | 15 August 2019 |
| Date dissolved | 5 July 2023 |
| People and organisations | |
| Mayor | Andreas Bovenschulte |
| Deputy Mayor | Maike Schaefer |
| No. of ministers | 8 |
| Member parties | Social Democratic Party
Alliance 90/The Greens
The Left |
| Status in legislature | Coalition government
49 / 84 |
| Opposition parties | Christian Democratic Union
Alternative for Germany
Free Democratic Party
Citizens in Rage |
| History | |
| Election | 2019 Bremen state election |
| Legislature term | 20th Bürgerschaft of Bremen |
| Predecessor | Sieling senate |
| Successor | Second Bovenschulte senate |


title: First Broad River

abstract: The First Broad River is a tributary of the Broad River, about 60 mi (95 km) long in western North Carolina in the United States. Via the Broad and Congaree Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Santee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean. The First Broad River rises on South Mountain in northeastern Rutherford County and initially flows southeastwardly into Cleveland County to the town of Lawndale, where it turns southward. After passing to the west of Shelby, the river joins the Broad River from the north in southern Cleveland County.

text:
# First Broad River

The **First Broad River** is a tributary of the Broad River, about 60 mi (95 km) long in western North Carolina in the United States. Via the Broad and Congaree Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Santee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.

The First Broad River rises on South Mountain in northeastern Rutherford County and initially flows southeastwardly into Cleveland County to the town of Lawndale, where it turns southward. After passing to the west of Shelby, the river joins the Broad River from the north in southern Cleveland County.

1. "GNIS Detail - First Broad River". *geonames.usgs.gov*. US Geological Survey. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
2. "First Broad River Topo Map, Cleveland County NC (Blacksburg North Area)". *TopoZone*. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
3. "First Broad River Topo Map, Cleveland County NC (Blacksburg North Area)". *TopoZone*. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
4. "ArcGIS Web Application". *epa.maps.arcgis.com*. US EPA. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
5. "First Broad River Watershed Report". *Waters Geoviewer*. US EPA. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
6. Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry Archived 2005-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
7. DeLorme (2001). *North Carolina Atlas & Gazetteer*. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. ISBN 0-89933-277-3
8. DeLorme (1998). *South Carolina Atlas & Gazetteer*. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. ISBN 0-89933-237-4

## InfoBox

| First Broad River
Tributary to Broad River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of First Broad River mouth | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| Counties | Cleveland
Rutherford |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | confluence of Little First Broad River and Somey Branch |
| location | about 1 mile NE of Grassy Knob |
| coordinates | 35°31′56″N 081°47′37″W / 35.53222°N 81.79361°W / 35.53222; -81.79361 |
| elevation | 1,115 ft (340 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Broad River |
| location | about 5 miles SW of Patterson Springs, North Carolina |
| coordinates | 35°31′56″N 081°47′37″W / 35.53222°N 81.79361°W / 35.53222; -81.79361 |
| elevation | 625 ft (191 m) |
| Length | 62.76 mi (101.00 km) |
| Basin size | 324.5 square miles (840 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Broad River |
| average | 324.5 cu ft/s (9.19 m3/s) at mouth with Broad River |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | generally south |
| River system | Broad River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Somey Branch
Grayson Branch
Collins Creek
Beaverdam Branch
Brier Creek
No Business Creek
Wards Creek
Big Branch
Stoney Run Creek
Crooked Run Creek
Knob Creek
Maple Creek
Hickory Creek |
| right | Little First Broad River
South Creek
Big Branch
Mountain Creek
Parker Branch
Long Branch
Hinton Creek
Harris Creek
Brushy Creek
Beaverdam Creek
Yancey Creek |


abstract: First Methodist Episcopal Church is a historic church at 503 Walnut Street in Windsor, Colorado, United States. It was built in 1915 and was added to the National Register in 2004.

text:
# First Methodist Episcopal Church (Windsor, Colorado)

**First Methodist Episcopal Church (First United Methodist Church)** is a historic church at 503 Walnut Street in Windsor, Colorado, United States. It was built in 1915 and was added to the National Register in 2004.

## Size

It is Classical Revival in style and 52 by 72 feet (16 m × 22 m) in plan. A Postmodern style addition, 52 by 100 feet (16 m × 30 m) in plan, was added in 1995, joined to the 1915 church by an enclosed 14 by 21 feet (4.3 m × 6.4 m) walkway.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Methodist Episcopal Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 503 Walnut St., Windsor, Colorado |
| Coordinates | 40°28′42″N 104°54′14″W / 40.47833°N 104.90389°W / 40.47833; -104.90389 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1915 |
| Built by | Richard J. Welton |
| Architect | John R. Smith |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 04000660 |
| Added to NRHP | July 7, 2004 |


title: Firebeatz

abstract: Firebeatz is a Dutch DJ and music production duo consisting of Tim Benjamin Smulders and Jurre van Doeselaar. The duo formed in Tilburg in 2008, and gained fame in the EDM scene through their dance floor hits like "Dear New York", "Here We F*cking Go" and "Helicopter". The duo has since worked with well-known artists such as Calvin Harris, Tiësto and Martin Garrix.

text:
# Firebeatz

**Firebeatz** is a Dutch DJ and music production duo consisting of Tim Benjamin Smulders (Dutch pronunciation: \[ˈtɪm ˈbɛɲamɪn ˈsmʏldərs\]; born 14 August 1985) and Jurre van Doeselaar (pronounced \[ˈjʏrə vɑn ˈdusəlaːr\]; born 7 July 1987). The duo formed in Tilburg in 2008, and gained fame in the EDM scene through their dance floor hits like "Dear New York", "Here We F\*cking Go" and "Helicopter". The duo has since worked with well-known artists such as Calvin Harris, Tiësto and Martin Garrix.

## Music career

Tim and Jurre met at the School of Arts in Tilburg, the Netherlands and discovered a similar interest in music. Their chemistry prompted them to form Firebeatz in 2008. Their early releases, "Funky Shit", "Where's Your Head At", "Miniman", "Dear New York" and "Here We F\*cking Go" ranked highly on the Beatport dance charts.

Their collaboration with Chocolate Puma, "Just One More Time Baby", aired on BBC Radio 1 DJ Pete Tong's show and received good audience feedback. The track went on to top the Beatport House chart for many weeks. "Dear New York", a collaboration with Schella, also became one of their biggest hits and reached No. 2 on the Beatport Main Top 100.

In 2013, Firebeatz continued the momentum with "Gangster" which reached the Beatport Top 20. Subsequently, they released a collaboration with Bobby Burns in "Ding Dong" on Tiësto's Musical Freedom label. "Yeahhhh" was released on Calvin Harris's Fly Eye Records and the duo was invited to make an exclusive remix of Calvin Harris and Ayah Marar's collaboration, "Thinking About You". Their track "Wonderful" gained support by established DJs such as Afrojack, Chuckie, Sander van Doorn, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Thomas Gold and R3hab.

"Max Ammo", released December 2013, reached the Beatport Top 20. Their collaboration with Martin Garrix, "Helicopter", achieved No. 1 on Beatport, as well as charting in Belgium, France and the Netherlands. "Guitar Track", a collaboration with Sander van Doorn was released in March 2014 after it was initially previewed with their identities hidden. In June 2014, Firebeatz worked alongside Tiësto and Ladyhawke to release "Last Train", which was featured on Tiësto's fifth studio album, *A Town Called Paradise*. The duo also featured on Calvin Harris's fourth studio album *Motion* with the collaborative track, "It Was You", in November 2014.

Firebeatz also successfully managed to diversify and cross over to other genres by collaborating with artists such as Pitbull, James Blunt, Ian Carey, Snoop Dogg, Freestylers, Flo Rida, Timbaland, Fatman Scoop, Alex Gaudino, Wynter Gordon, Bingo Players and Sean Paul. The latter two collaborations reached Beatport's Main Top 15.

In 2018, Firebeatz and DubVision formed the supergroup METAFO4R, and performed together for the first time at EDC Las Vegas 2018.

## Discography

### Singles

#### Charted singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | NLD | BEL | FRA | |
| "Helicopter"
(with Martin Garrix) | 2014 | 59
 | 33 | 98 | Non-album singles |
| | "I Can't Understand"
(with Chocolate Puma) |  | 66 | |  |
| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. | | | | | |

#### Non-charting singles

##### As lead artist

* 2011: Firebeatz — Funky Shit \[Spinnin’\]
* 2012: Firebeatz — Where’s Your Head At \[Spinnin’\]
* 2012: Firebeatz — Miniman \[Spinnin’\]
* 2012: Firebeatz & JoeySuki — Reckless \[Spinnin’\]
* 2012: Firebeatz & Chocolate Puma — Just One More Time Baby \[Spinnin’\]
* 2012: Firebeatz & Schella — Dear New York \[Spinnin'\]
* 2012: Firebeatz — Here We F\*Cking Go \[Revealed\]
* 2012: Firebeatz — Disque \[Spinnin’\]
* 2013: Firebeatz — Gangster \[Spinnin’\]
* 2013: Firebeatz — Yeahhh \[Fly Eye (Spinnin’)\]
* 2013: Firebeatz & Bobby Burns — Ding Dong \[Musical Freedom\]
* 2013: Firebeatz — Wonderful \[Spinnin’\]
* 2013: Firebeatz & Chocolate Puma — Sausage Fest \[Spinnin’\]
* 2013: Firebeatz & Schella — Wicked \[Spinnin’\]
* 2013: Firebeatz — Max Ammo \[Doorn (Spinnin’)\]
* 2014: Firebeatz & DubVision — Rockin’ \[Spinnin’\]
* 2014: Firebeatz — Bazooka \[Spinnin’\]
* 2014: Firebeatz — Bombaclat \[Spinnin’ (Free)\]
* 2017: Firebeatz — Ignite \[Free\]
* 2017: Firebeatz and Lucas & Steve — Show Me Your Love \[Spinnin' Premium (Spinnin')\]
* 2017: Firebeatz — Till The Sun Comes Up \[Ignite (Armada)\]
* 2017: Firebeatz and Apster — Let's Get Wild \[Ignite (Armada)\]
* 2017: Lucas & Steve and Firebeatz — Keep Your Head Up \[Spinnin'\]
* 2017: Firebeatz — Burn It Down \[Ignite (Armada)\]
* 2018: Firebeatz and Peppermint featuring Aiden O'Brien — Everything \[Ignite (Armada)\]
* 2018: Firebeatz and Madison Mars — Rock Right Now \[Ignite (Armada)\]
* 2018: Firebeatz — Remember Who You Are \[Ignite (Armada)\]
* 2018: Chocolate Puma and Firebeatz — Blackout \[Musical Freedom\]
* 2018: Firebeatz and Yozo — Rock to the Rhythm \[Armada\]
* 2019: Firebeatz and Schella — Through My Mind \[Armada\]
* 2019: Firebeatz and Schella & Pexem — Bounce \[Heldeep (Spinnin')\]
* 2019: Sander van Doorn and Firebeatz — Blowback \[Doorn (Spinnin')\]
* 2019: Nervo and Firebeatz — Illusion \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2019: Oliver Heldens, Firebeatz and Schella featuring Carla Monroe — Lift Me Up \[Heldeep (Spinnin')\]
* 2019: DubVision and Firebeatz — Lambo \[Stmpd\]
* 2020: Chocolate Puma and Firebeatz — Soul Fifty \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2020: Firebeatz - Bad Habit \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2020: Firebeatz and Plastik Funk \- High Enough \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2020: Firebeatz - Sinfonia Della Notte \[Heldeep (Spinnin')\]
* 2020: Firebeatz featuring Brooke Tomlinson - Never Enough \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2020: Firebeatz - Instant Moments \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2020: Firebeatz - Let's Get Down \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2021: Firebeatz - Show The Way \[Heldeep (Spinnin')\]
* 2021: Firebeatz featuring Ally Ahern - I Wanna (Na, na, na) \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2021: Firebeatz and Arengers featuring S.e.n - Way Down \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2021: Firebeatz - Resurrect \[Ignite Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz and Dubdogz - Give It Up \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz and Stefy De Cicco - Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime (feat. Sushy) \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz - Don't Stop Moving \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz and Jay Hardway \- No Good \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz - Where's Your Head At (Kill It with Fire Mix) \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz and Chocolate Puma \- Listen Up \[Musical Freedom / Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz and DAMANTE - What Happens Here \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2022: Firebeatz - Lose My Sh!t \[STMPD RCRDS\]
* 2023: Firebeatz - Back In Control \[STMPD RCRDS\]
* 2023: Firebeatz - California \[RAVE CULTURE\]
* 2023: Firebeatz - The Party \[RAVE CULTURE\]
* 2023: Firebeatz - Superfreak \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2023: Firebeatz - Shined On Me \[Spinnin' Records\]
* 2023: Mike Williams and Firebeatz - Womp \[Spinnin' Records\]

##### As METAFO4R

* 2018: Best Part Of Me \[Spinnin'\]
* 2019: Rave Machine \[Spinnin'\]
* 2020: Grollow \[Spinnin' Records\]

### Remixes

## InfoBox

| Firebeatz | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Tilburg, Netherlands |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation(s) | DJs, producers |
| Instrument(s) | Keyboards, turntables, Logic Pro, FL Studio, Apple Mac |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members | Tim Benjamin Smulders
Jurre van Doeselaar |
|  | |
| Website | firebeatz.com |


title: First Yediyurappa ministry

text:
# First Yediyurappa ministry

This is a list of minister from B. S. Yeddyurappa cabinets starting from 12 November 2007 to 19 November 2007. B. S. Yeddyurappa is the leader of Bharatiya Janata Party was sworn in the Chief Ministers of Karnataka in 12 November 2007. Here is the list of the ministers of his ministry.

## Cabinet Ministers

| SI No. | Name | Constituency | Department | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1. | **B. S. Yeddyurappa**
Chief Minister | Shikaripura |  | BJP |  |
| 2. | **Dr. V. S. Acharya** | MLC |  | BJP |  |
| 3. | **R. Ashoka** | Uttarahalli |  | BJP |  |
| 4. | **Govind M. Karjol** | Mudhol |  | BJP |  |
| 5. | **Jagadish Shettar** | Hubli Rural |  | BJP |  |
|

## InfoBox

| First Yediyurappa ministry | |
| --- | --- |
| 26th Ministry of Karnataka | |
| 2007 | |
| B. S. Yeddyurappa
Hon'ble Chief Minister of Karnataka | |
| Date formed | 12 November 2007 |
| Date dissolved | 19 November 2007 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Rameshwar Thakur
(21 August 2007 – 24 June 2009) |
| Head of government | B. S. Yeddyurappa |
| No. of ministers | 4 |
| Total no. of members | 5 |
| Member parties | **Bharatiya Janata Party** |
| Status in legislature | Coalition |
| Opposition party | Indian National Congress
Janata Dal (Secular) |
| History | |
| Election | 2008 |
| Outgoing election | 2004 |
| Legislature term | 5 years |
| Predecessor | First Kumaraswamy ministry |
| Successor | Second Yediyurappa ministry |


title: Fiscus

abstract: Fiscus was the treasury of the Roman Empire. It was initially the personal wealth of the emperors, funded by taxation on the imperial provinces, assumption of estates and other privileges. By the third century it was understood as a state fund rather than a personal one, albeit under the emperor's control. It is the origin of the English term "fiscal."

text:
# Fiscus

***Fiscus*** (Latin for "basket") was the treasury of the Roman Empire. It was initially the personal wealth of the emperors, funded by taxation on the imperial provinces, assumption of estates and other privileges. By the third century it was understood as a state fund rather than a personal one, albeit under the emperor's control. It is the origin of the English term "fiscal."

## Origins

Augustus divided Rome's territory between senatorial provinces, whose tributes ended up in the *aerarium* (the already existing state's chest), and imperial provinces, whose incomes ended up into the *fiscus*, the emperor's chest. Upon the latter chest fell the most burdensome costs, namely the ones for army and fleet, bureaucracy and grants to urban plebs (distribution of wheat or moneys).

The imperial provinces, under Augustus' reform, were the provinces *non pacatae* (i.e., the border provinces) who Augustus had advocated under his direct administration. Those provinces, that later started to be called *provinciae Caesaris*, were entrusted to *equites* and agents of the emperor with the title of *procuratores Augusti*.

Despite this separation, the emperor had the right to transfer moneys from the *aerarium* to the *fiscus*.

Several historians believe that there were only ten senatorial provinces, that is one third of the total number of the imperial ones. This fact would prove that the *fiscus* were much richer and relevant than the *aerarium* already from its birth.

## Administration

The head of the *fiscus* in the first years was the *a rationibus*, originally a freedman due to Augustus' desire to place the office in the hands of a servant free of the class demands of the traditional society. In succeeding years the corruption and reputation of the freedman forced new and more reliable administrators. From the time of Hadrian, any *a rationibus* hailed from the Equestrian Order (*equites*) and remained so through the 3rd century and into the age of Diocletian.

Under the Flavian dynasty, a new official, rather than the *a rationibus*, was in charge of the *fiscus*, called *procurator fisci* (or *procurator a rationibus Augusti*). He had some tasks like drawing up a state's financial statement and forecasting empire's incomes and outcomes. He also managed the assets of the emperor (*patrimonium principii*), the army's expenditures, the allocation of wheat, the restoration of aqueducts, temples and streets. At last he had the crucial role of establishing the annual quantity of metal to be minted.

## *Fiscus'* incomes

The incomes of the emperor's chest could derive from taxes or from other sources.

### Incomes from taxes

* The first noteworthy tax is the provincial tax imposed to the imperial provinces. It is essentially a 10% of the entire amount of taxes due, imposed only on those able to generate profits (females, children and old people were not subjected). These incomes were especially used for national defense.
* There was also the *vicesima hereditatium*, a tax of 5% of the inheritances.
* Another important tax was the *dogana*, with a variable percentage going from 1.5% up to 5%.
* Luxury objects imported from the east, for instance spices, silk and precious stones were subject of a customs tax 25% of their value.
* The last one was on the turnover, but it isn't known in which measure.

### Non-fiscal incomes

* Incomes received as inheritance by the emperor. This type was one of the most relevant income sources for the *fiscus*; it was a custom among the Romans to leave as inheritance something to the emperor.
* The lost portion of an inheritance (*bona caduca*), that is the part of the inheritance that couldn't be received by the heir. There were some reasons for which someone couldn't receive the whole inheritance or part of it. For example, the *Lex Papia Poppaea Nuptialis* (9 BC) established that some people couldn't inherit, namely: the *caelibes* (unmarried men between 25 and 60 years old and unmarried women between 20 and 50 years old) they lost the 100% of their capacity to inherit, the *orbi* (married people without sons) who lost the 50% of their capacity to inherit, the *pater solitarius* (i.e. who had sons from a previous marriage but didn't marry again) for them the lost capacity isn't known. There are also laws concerning the unworthiness of the heirs.
* The vacant inheritance (*bona vacantia*), that is the case in which the inheritance was without any heirs, neither legal nor designated. If the deceased was a citizen of one of the imperial provinces the *fiscus* became owner (but, in this case, it also inherited any eventual debts).
* The inheritance of the “implicit guarantor”. Is a very peculiar kind of guarantor who was relevant in case the deceased asked him (but with an unspecified formula) to transfer the inheritance once received. This disposition was meant to avoid the use of this figure, because it was usually used to avoid some other legislative dispositions.
* State's assets incomes: national mines’ incomes and leasing of public lands (*tributum soli*).
* Incomes from the sale of war's treasuries.
* Incomes from the discovery of treasuries, the half of the treasure found in the imperial provinces had to be delivered to the *fiscus**.*
* Incomes from fines.
* The goods of the convicted (*bona damnatorum*), i.e. all the good of people sentenced to deprivation of life or freedom or citizenry right, had to be delivered to the *fiscus*.

## Nature of the *fiscus*

There are three different theories about the nature of the *fiscus.*

The first theory takes the *fiscus* as the private capital of the emperor.

The second theory states that the *fiscus* was a public capital entrusted to the emperor to maintain public order. It should have been used only for public welfare aims. Supporting this thesis there are the facts that some emperors, like Augustus, made its accounting public, that the emperor could leave as inheritance the *fiscus* only to his heir to the throne, and that Pertinax defined the *fiscus* as public.

According to the third theory the *fiscus* was owned neither by the emperor nor by the people, but it was essentially a legal person. The emperors could use it only for public interest reasons. As a legal person it could be creditor or debtor, plaintiff and defendant. In support of this thesis it's showed that there was a proper legal structure around it. Nerva established one specific magistrate (*praetor)* designated to judge over the legal cases between private individuals and *fiscus.* The legal agents of the *fiscus* were the *rationalis* (and the *procurator fisci* from the Flavian dynasty ages); nevertheless the judicial actions themselves were made by the *advocatus fisci*, role created by Hadrian. They were appointed to defend its reasons in trial. According to this evidence the emperor never appeared in trial nor was he judged.

## Reforms and developments

From its very introduction the *fiscus* started a continuous process of enforcement with respect to the *aerarium*, until the word *aerarium* ended up representing only the municipal chest of Rome.

With Diocletian came a series of massive reforms, and total control over the finances of the empire fell to the new stronger central government. With these reforms the distinction between *aerarium* and *fiscus* was definitely abolished, even though some historians believe this union was already realized under the empire of Septimius Severus.

In the late imperial period, probably under Constantine, the *fiscus* was renamed *largitiones*, and it was entrusted to the *comes sacrarum largitionum* (count of the sacred largess) a proper appointed minister of finance. He maintained the general treasury and the intake of all the revenues.

## Other *fisci*

Beside the fiscus but independently from it Vespasian created the *fiscus Alexandrinus* and the *fiscus Asiaticus* to receive Egyptian and Asian revenues, formerly directed to the *aerarium.*

He also created the *fiscus Iudaicus,* to which the Jewish population was subjected.

1. Brunt 1966, p. 89.
2. Publius Papinius Statius. *Silvae, III , 3.85-95*.
3. *Digest 49.14.3.11*.
4. *Digest 47.12.3.5*.
5. Suetonius. *Augustus 40.3*.
6. P. W. Duff (1971). *Personality in Roman Private Law*. New York: Augustus M. Kelly Publisher.

## Further reading

* Millar, Fergus (1963). "The Fiscus in the First Two Centuries". *Journal of Roman Studies*. **53** (1–2): 29–42. doi:10.2307/298362. JSTOR 298362.
* Brunt, P. A. (1966). "The 'Fiscus' and its Development". *The Journal of Roman Studies*. **56**: 75–91. doi:10.2307/300135. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300135.
* Francesca Milazzo, *Res publica e priceps, vicende politiche, mutamenti istituzionali e ordinamento giuridico da Cesare ad Adriano,* Atti del convegno internazionale di diritto romano, Copanello 25-27 May 1994
* Sara Galeotti, "Il fiscus Caesaris nella dottrina romanistica del XIX e XX secolo," *teoria e storia del diritto privato* 10 2017
* Filippo E. Vassalli, *Concetto e natura del fisco,* Fratelli Bocca editore, Torino 1908

* Fiscus, article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities


title: Fiske Guide to Colleges

abstract: The Fiske Guide to Colleges is an American media company that publishes, inter alia, descriptions, ratings, and analysis for more than 320 U.S. colleges and universities. It is the best-selling college guide in the United States, although it remains significantly less well-known than rankings such as the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges rankings. It was begun in 1982 by Edward B. Fiske while he was the education editor of The New York Times, a position he held from 1974 to 1987.

text:
# Fiske Guide to Colleges

The **Fiske Guide to Colleges** is an American media company that publishes, *inter alia*, descriptions, ratings, and analysis for more than 320 U.S. colleges and universities. It is the best-selling college guide in the United States, although it remains significantly less well-known than rankings such as the *U.S. News & World Report* Best Colleges rankings. It was begun in 1982 by Edward B. Fiske while he was the education editor of *The New York Times*, a position he held from 1974 to 1987.

## History

The guide was begun during Fiske's tenure at *The New York Times* as ***The New York Times Selective Guide to Colleges***, but has since become independent and publishes through Sourcebooks. The initial publication of the guide was controversial because it included criticism of some schools, such as a college that had recently become co-educational that Fiske described as hostile to women. More recently, the guide has received praise from the media, with *USA Today* describing it as the best college guide available.

## Methodology

The guide's evaluations includes narrative descriptions of more than 300 selective colleges and universities of different types, reported from interviews with students and other sources. This distinguishes it from *U.S. News* and similar competitors, which rely on reputational surveys and other quantitative measures but largely defer to schools to write their own narrative descriptions. This results in a focus centered more around individual fit than comparative prestige. Fiske emphasizes that he produces ratings, not rankings, describing his work as analogous to restaurant reviews.

In addition to the descriptions, each school is rated on a one-to-five scale in three categories: academics, social life, and quality of life. As of 2021, the Fiske Guide no longer reports average SAT and ACT scores.