title: Twice Upon a Rhyme

abstract: Twice Upon a Rhyme is an LP record by Paul Levinson with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal. It was released in 1972 by HappySad Records on vinyl. Twice Upon a Rhyme was recorded on and off from 1969 to 1971. It includes all original material by Paul Levinson writing solo and with collaborating writers. Levinson is the featured artist, with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal. The album was produced by Paul Levinson and Ed Fox. Twice Upon a Rhyme was a small pressing distributed around the country. It received some airplay, but did not break out as a hit and remained in obscurity until thirty years later, when the album began showing up from time to time on cult collectors' lists of 1960s music, with copies appearing on eBay occasionally, and accumulating fans among European and American collectors. The July 2002 issue of Japan's Record Collector magazine featured Twice Upon a Rhyme in its roundup of American 1960s "Psychedelic Movements". The reviewer, Taro Miyasugi, said, "It's human mystical pop music... wonderful songs." The album is included in Hans Pokora's book, 4001 Record Collector Dreams, Patrick Lundborg's Acid Archives, and Vernon Joynson's Fuzz Acid and Flowers Revisited. Twice Upon a Rhyme was re-issued on CD-Sized Album Replica with bonus tracks on Big Pink Records in South Korea in 2008 and Vivid Records in Japan in 2009, and in remastered vinyl by Whiplash/Sound of Salvation Records in the United Kingdom in 2010.

text:
# Twice Upon a Rhyme

***Twice Upon a Rhyme*** is an LP record by Paul Levinson with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal. It was released in 1972 by HappySad Records on vinyl.

*Twice Upon a Rhyme* was recorded on and off from 1969 to 1971. It includes all original material by Paul Levinson writing solo and with collaborating writers. Levinson is the featured artist, with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal. (Boris Midney, Don Frankel, Jay Sackett, Mitch Greenberg, Alan Fuhr and Jesse Stiller also performed on the album.) The album was produced by Paul Levinson and Ed Fox. *Twice Upon a Rhyme* was a small pressing distributed around the country. It received some airplay, but did not break out as a hit and remained in obscurity until thirty years later, when the album began showing up from time to time on cult collectors' lists of 1960s music, with copies appearing on eBay occasionally, and accumulating fans among European and American collectors.

The July 2002 issue of Japan's *Record Collector* magazine featured *Twice Upon a Rhyme* in its roundup of American 1960s "Psychedelic Movements". The reviewer, Taro Miyasugi, said, "It's human mystical pop music... wonderful songs."

The album is included in Hans Pokora's book, *4001 Record Collector Dreams*, Patrick Lundborg's *Acid Archives*, and Vernon Joynson's *Fuzz Acid and Flowers Revisited*.

*Twice Upon a Rhyme* was re-issued on CD-Sized Album Replica with bonus tracks on Big Pink Records in South Korea in 2008 and Vivid Records in Japan in 2009, and in remastered vinyl by Whiplash/Sound of Salvation Records in the United Kingdom in 2010.

## Track listing

1. "Today Is Just Like You" (Levinson)
2. "Looking For Sunsets (In The Early Morning)" (Levinson/Fox)
3. "Gentle Blue Cherry Bell" (Levinson/Fox)
4. "I'm Seeing You In A Different Light" (Levinson/Fox)
5. "Learn To Learn" (Levinson/Fox)
6. "Looks Like A Night (I Won't Catch Much Sleep In)" (Levinson/Fox)
7. "Raincheck" (Levinson/Fox)
8. "You Are Everywhere" (Levinson/Kaley)
9. "Forever Friday" (Levinson/Fox)
10. "The Soft Of Your Eyes" (Levinson)
11. "Antique Shop (The Coming Of Winter)" (Levinson/Rosenthal)
12. "Not Yet Ready To Say Goodbye" (Levinson/Kaplan)
13. "The Lama Will Be Late This Year" (Levinson/Fox)

## InfoBox

| Twice Upon a Rhyme | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paul Levinson with Ed Fox and Peter Rosenthal | |
| Released | 1972 |
| Recorded | 1969–1971 at various studios in New York City |
| Genre | Folk rock, psychedelic folk |
| Length | 51:05 |
| Label | HappySad Records |
| Producer | Paul Levinson and Ed Fox |


abstract: County Monaghan was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

text:
# County Monaghan (Parliament of Ireland constituency)

**County Monaghan** was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

## Members of Parliament

### 1692–1801

| Election |  | First member | First party |  | Second member | Second party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1692 |  | Dacres Barrett |  |  | William Barton |  |
| August 1695 |  | Francis Lucas |  | | | |
| 1695 |  | Henry Tenison |  | | | |
| 1703 |  | Robert Echlin |  | | | |
| 1713 |  | Sir Alexander Cairnes, 1st Bt |  |  | Alexander Montgomery |  |
| 1723 | | | |  | Thomas Coote |  |
| 1727 | | | |  | John Montgomery |  |
| 1728 | | | |  | Hugh Willoughby |  |
| 1733 | | | |  | Thomas Coote |  |
| 1741 | | | |  | John Montgomery |  |
| October 1741 | | | |  | John Murray |  |
| 1743 | | | |  | Alexander Montgomery |  |
| 1749 | | | |  | Thomas Dawson |  |
| 1761 | | | |  | Edward Lucas |  |
| 1768 | | | |  | Alexander Montgomery |  |
| 1775 | | | |  | Thomas Tenison |  |
| 1783 |  | Charles Powell Leslie I |  |  | John Montgomery |  |
| 1797 | | | |  | Richard Dawson |  |
| 1800 | | | |  | Warner William Westenra |  |
| 1801 |  | *Succeeded by Westminster constituency Monaghan* | | | | |

1. *Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2*. p. 629.
2. Clarke, Aidan. *Prelude to Restoration in Ireland: The End of the Commonwealth, 1659–1660*.
3. Declared not duly elected

## InfoBox

| County Monaghan | |
| --- | --- |
| Former county constituency<br>for the Irish House of Commons | |
| County | County Monaghan |
| ()–1801 (1801) | |
| Seats | 2 |
| Replaced by | Monaghan |


title: Sangat Singh Gilzian

abstract: Sangat Singh Gilzian is an Indian politician and a member of INC. In 2017, he was elected as the member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly from Urmar.

text:
# Sangat Singh Gilzian

**Sangat Singh Gilzian** (15 February 1953) is an Indian politician and a member of INC. In 2017, he was elected as the member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly from Urmar.

## Constituency

He won the Urmar Assembly Constituency on an INC ticket, he beat the member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly Arbinder Singh Rasulpur of the Shiromani Akali Dal by over 14954 votes. Currently, he is Labour Minister in Punjab Government headed by Chief Minister Charanjit Singh Channi.

## InfoBox

| Sangat Singh Gilzian | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Punjab Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office** <br>2017 | |
| Succeeded by | Arbinder Singh Rasulpur |
| Constituency | Urmar |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 15 February 1953 |
| Political party | INC |
| Residence | Hoshiarpur |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Phyllonorycter caspica

abstract: Phyllonorycter caspica is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Azerbaijan.

text:
# Phyllonorycter caspica

***Phyllonorycter caspica*** is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| *Phyllonorycter caspica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | *Phyllonorycter* |
| Species: | ***P. caspica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllonorycter caspica***<br>Noreika, 1992 | |
|


title: Dan Soper

abstract: Daniel Soper is a rugby union coach from New Zealand who has been assistant coach at Ulster since 2021. Born in Alexandra, he played for Otago Sharks, setting a club scoring record of 260 points in 1997, and represented North Otago in the National Provincial Championship. He first came to Northern Ireland in 1998 to play for Banbridge RFC, and had a season in Italy, playing for Petrarca Padova in the 1999–2000 Heineken Cup. Returning to Northern Ireland, he played and coached at Ballynahinch RFC and Banbridge RFC while working as a schoolteacher at Wallace High School, Lisburn, Sullivan Upper School, Ballyclare High School, and Royal Belfast Academical Institution. In club rugby, he coached Ballynahinch to the "grand slam" of the Ulster Senior Cup, the All-Ireland Cup and the Ulster Senior League in 2009. He became head coach of Banbridge in 2010, and led them to two promotions in the All Ireland League. In schools rugby, he coached future Irish international Darren Cave at Sullivan Upper, and led the RBAI rugby team, featuring future internationals James Hume and Michael Lowry, to three consecutive Ulster Schools' Cup titles between 2015 and 2017. He also coached the Ulster under-18 schools team. He joined Ulster as skills coach ahead of the 2018–19 season, and was promoted to assistant coach, in place of the departing Dwayne Peel, before the 2021–22 season. When McFarland left midway through the 2023–24 season, Soper took charge temporarily until the end of the Six Nations Under 20s Championship, after which Ireland under-20 coach Richie Murphy would take over until the end of the season.

text:
# Dan Soper

**Daniel Soper** is a rugby union coach from New Zealand who has been assistant coach at Ulster since 2021.

Born in Alexandra, he played for Otago Sharks, setting a club scoring record of 260 points in 1997, and represented North Otago in the National Provincial Championship. He first came to Northern Ireland in 1998 to play for Banbridge RFC, and had a season in Italy, playing for Petrarca Padova in the 1999–2000 Heineken Cup. Returning to Northern Ireland, he played and coached at Ballynahinch RFC and Banbridge RFC while working as a schoolteacher at Wallace High School, Lisburn, Sullivan Upper School, Ballyclare High School, and Royal Belfast Academical Institution.

In club rugby, he coached Ballynahinch to the "grand slam" of the Ulster Senior Cup, the All-Ireland Cup and the Ulster Senior League in 2009. He became head coach of Banbridge in 2010, and led them to two promotions in the All Ireland League. In schools rugby, he coached future Irish international Darren Cave at Sullivan Upper, and led the RBAI rugby team, featuring future internationals James Hume and Michael Lowry, to three consecutive Ulster Schools' Cup titles between 2015 and 2017. He also coached the Ulster under-18 schools team. He joined Ulster as skills coach ahead of the 2018–19 season, and was promoted to assistant coach, in place of the departing Dwayne Peel, before the 2021–22 season. When McFarland left midway through the 2023–24 season, Soper took charge temporarily until the end of the Six Nations Under 20s Championship, after which Ireland under-20 coach Richie Murphy would take over until the end of the season.

## InfoBox

| Dan Soper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1977 (age 4647)<br>Alexandra, New Zealand |
| Alma mater | University of Otago (BA) |
| Family | Wife (Caroline) and children (Emma, Callum and Katie) |
| Rugby league career | |
| Playing information | |
| Rugby union | |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1999–2000 Petrarca Rugby 6 0 | |
| Rugby league | |
| Position | Fullback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1997 Otago Sharks 6 1   260  Banbridge RFC | |
| Coaching information | |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  20082009 Ballynahinch RFC       2018 Ulster Rugby       Total 0 0 0 0 | |
|  | |


title: Kotam

abstract: Kotam is a village and municipality in the Ordubad District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the Nakhchivan-Baku railway, 5 km in the south-east from the district center. Its population is busy with gardening and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 394.

text:
# Kotam

**Kotam** (until 2003, **Ketam**) is a village and municipality in the Ordubad District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the Nakhchivan-Baku railway, 5 km in the south-east from the district center. Its population is busy with gardening and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 394.

## Etymology

Kotam کتام is a Gilaki/Persian word meaning a hut-like shelter raised on the farmland to protect the farmers from the sun and rain, sort of northern Iranian Cabana. This word is used in many places in northern Iran and adjacent area.

According to some guesses, the name of the village could also be related with the name of the mountain of **Ketam**. Some researchers consider that the name is a distorted option of the toponym of *Kuhitam* and explains it as a combination of the words of *kuh* (mountain) in Iranian languages and *tam//dam* (home, building, fence) in Turkic languages, in meaning as "the mountain which is their home, building". In the Turkic languages, the words of *kat / ket /kot / köt / kut / küt* are used in meaning "low height", "short", "fat", "heap, pile", "device", "wealth", and suffix -*am* is the word-building. In this regard, the name of the mountain can be explained as "the low height mountain", "hill".

## InfoBox

| Kotam | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Kotam | |
| Coordinates: 38°54′N 46°04′E / 38.900°N 46.067°E / 38.900; 46.067 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Autonomous republic | Nakhchivan |
| District | Ordubad |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 394 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |


title: Caripito

abstract: Caripito is a city in the state of Monagas, Venezuela. It has around 50,000 inhabitants. It is the third largest city in the state, after Maturín and Punta de Mata.

text:
# Caripito

**Caripito** is a city in the state of Monagas, Venezuela. It has around 50,000 inhabitants. It is the third largest city in the state, after Maturín and Punta de Mata.

## History

Caripito is first recorded as a mission town, but the existence of this first settlement was short as it was destroyed by a major fire on 17 March 1783. Caripito has been known by a number of names, including La Palencia, San Juan, Caripe Horno, and finally Caripito, as a diminutive of the nearby Caripe. The town achieved political and territorial recognition when the Colón municipality was created in 1896. In 1910, the first school in Caripito was established. In 1924 the Standard Oil Company began oil exploration activities in the area and Caripito experienced a slight repopulation. When oil exploitation began in 1928 Caripito received an important boost to its urban development from the arrival of migrant labor, particularly from the Caribbean islands. In 1929, the Standard Oil Company began to build a storage yard and deep-water pier on the San Juan River and on October 15, 1930, the first tanker left the port with 20 thousand barrels of oil bound for Trinidad.

The establishment of the Harbor Master's Office, independent from that of Güiria, as well as the development of modern health services, hotels, power plants, transport links, military garrison, schools, an airport, and other civic amenities accelerated the development of the city, drawing migrant families from the states of Sucre and Nueva Esparta as well as the United States and the Caribbean. In 1931 the Standard Oil Company opened a local oil refinery with an initial capacity of 26 thousand barrels per day, the second of its kind after the San Lorenzo refinery built in the State of Zulia in 1917. In 1935 a Caripito terminal was opened on the San Juan River where Pan Am seaplanes could arrive from Central America and the Caribbean. In 1936 Caripito International Airport was selected by Amelia Earhart as the second stop on her trip around the world, spending the night at the Standard Oil Company facilities. The event was widely publicized in the world press and the company provided logistical support to continue the flight through South America.

In 1938, the Creole Petroleum Corporation increased the capacity of Caripito to 70 thousand barrels per day, making it the most important refinery in Venezuela until the expansion of the Amuay and Cardón refineries was completed in the mid-1950s. Caripito became the capital of the Bolívar District under a decree of January 19, 1940, signed by Governor José María Isava on January 30. Between 1941 and 1961 the population of Caripito doubled as a result of intense economic activity, but by the mid-1970s a third of the population had emigrated due to decline in oil production. In 1976, Creole's assets were nationalized and were managed by Lagoven, later by Corpoven and now by PDVSA in association with Repsol. After closing the refinery in 1976 and the oil terminal in 2002, attempts have been made to boost agricultural activity to take advantage of the fertile land.

## Public and historic spaces

* **Iglesia Sagrado Corazón de Jesús** (Church Sacred Heart of Jesus): It was built in 1936.
* **Monumento al Nazareno** (Monument to the Nazarene): Built in 2005. It is an image of the Nazarene, 20 meters high.

## InfoBox

| Caripito | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 10°07′N 63°06′W / 10.117°N 63.100°W / 10.117; -63.100 | |


title: John Garvan Murtha

abstract: John Garvan Murtha is an inactive Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.

text:
# John Garvan Murtha

**John Garvan Murtha** (born March 3, 1941) is an inactive Senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.

## Education and career

Murtha was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He received a Bachelor of Arts from Yale University in 1963, a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Connecticut School of Law in 1968, and a Master of Laws from Georgetown University Law Center in 1970. He served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Colombia, South America from 1963 to 1965 and was an E. Barrett Prettyman fellow at the Georgetown University Law Center from 1968 to 1970. Murtha served as a Deputy State's Attorney of Windham County, Vermont and as an Environmental Commissioner, Vermont District II, from 1970 to 1973. From 1973 to 1995, he was in private practice as a partner at Kristensen, Cummings & Murtha in Brattleboro, Vermont. He also served on the Vermont Judicial Nominating Board from 1980 to 1986, the Vermont Judicial Nominating Advisory Commission for the United States District Court and Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 1989 and 1992, and as chairman of the Vermont Commission on Low-Level Nuclear Waste from 1987 to 1990.

### Federal judicial service

On April 4, 1995, President Bill Clinton nominated Murtha to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Vermont vacated by Franklin S. Billings, Jr. Murtha was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 25, 1995, received his commission on May 26, 1995, and served as chief judge from 1995 to 2002. He assumed senior status on June 30, 2009, and inactive status on October 1, 2017, meaning that while he remains a federal judge, he will no longer hear cases or maintain chambers. However, Murtha remains a member of the U.S. Judicial Conference Committee on the Judicial Branch, and served as a member of the U.S. Judicial Conference Standing Committee on the Rules of Practice and Procedure from 1999 to 2006, and as chairman of its Style Subcommittee when the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were restyled. Murtha has indicated he will continue to participate in committees and other functions of the federal judiciary. The United States Courthouse in Brattleboro will permanently close the same day as part of a nationwide effort by the federal judiciary to reduce its total office space.

### Decisions

Murtha, sitting by designation on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, penned a dissent in *John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Kirtsaeng*, 654 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2011), an important case involving application of the first sale doctrine of copyright law to works manufactured outside the United States. Kirtsaeng, who moved to the United States from Thailand in 1997, sold foreign-edition textbooks to subsidize the cost of his education at Cornell University. The United States Supreme Court reversed, agreeing with Judge Murtha that the first sale doctrine does apply. *Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.*, 568 U.S. 519, 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013).

Murtha's decision in *Entergy Nuclear Vermont Yankee, LLC v. Shumlin*, 838 F. Supp. 2d 183 (D. Vt. 2012), an important case involving preemption of state law by the Atomic Energy Act, permanently enjoined Vermont from enforcing Act 160 or 74 to shut down Vermont Yankee, and was substantially affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. *Entergy Nuclear Vermont Yankee, LLC v. Shumlin*, 733 F3d 393 (2d Cir. 2013) (affirming permanent injunction but finding dormant commerce clause challenge not ripe for judicial review).

Murtha's decision in *National Wildlife Federation v. Norton* vacated and remanded the United States Fish & Wildlife Service’s final rule to reclassify and remove the gray wolf from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife in portions of the northeast. 386 F. Supp. 2d 553 (D. Vt. 2005). Judge Murtha held the final rule that combined the Northeastern and Western Great Lakes Distinct Population Segments and eliminating protection and recovery efforts in the former Northeastern Distinct Population Segment deviated substantially from the proposed rule and therefore failed to provide the public with adequate notice and opportunity to comment. He also held the final rule was an arbitrary and capricious application of the Endangered Species Act because it downgraded the gray wolf from endangered to threatened status in two Distinct Population Segments. Id.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| John Garvan Murtha | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
June 30, 2009 | |
| Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont | |
| **In office**
1995–2002 | |
| Preceded by | Fred I. Parker |
| Succeeded by | William K. Sessions III |
| Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont | |
| **In office**
May 26, 1995  June 30, 2009 | |
| Appointed by | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Franklin S. Billings Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Christina Reiss |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1941-03-03) March 3, 1941
Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Education | Yale University (BA)
University of Connecticut (LLB)
Georgetown University (LLM) |
|  | |


title: CSUSB College of Extended Learning

abstract: The California State University, San Bernardino College of Extended and Global Education is one of the several colleges of the California State University, San Bernardino, located on the third floor of the Center for Global Innovation building on the main university campus in the University District of San Bernardino, California.

text:
# CSUSB College of Extended Learning

The **California State University, San Bernardino College of Extended and Global Education** is one of the several colleges of the California State University, San Bernardino, located on the third floor of the Center for Global Innovation building on the main university campus in the University District of San Bernardino, California.

## Programs

The College of Extended and Global Education provides continuing education and international extension programs, including degree and certificate programs, an English Language program, customized training, and other professional development opportunities. The College also has an Open University program, which allows prospective students to take courses from the University's offerings on a space-available basis without going through the formal admission process. Lastly, the College is home to the Center for International Studies and Programs at California State University, San Bernardino.

## InfoBox

California State University, San Bernardino
College of Extended and Global Education
| Established | 2019 (2019) |
| --- | --- |
| Location | San Bernardino, California, United States<br>34°11′00″N 117°19′23″W / 34.1832°N 117.3231°W / 34.1832; -117.3231 |
| Website | www.csusb.edu/cege |
|  | |


title: Twisting Words

abstract: "Twisting Words" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Miiesha, released independently on 27 February 2020 as the third single from her debut studio album, Nyaaringu (2020). According to Young, the song discusses themes of words being twisted to mean something different. She describes the song as her favourite to perform live. "Twisting Words" received multiple accolades, for Indigenous Song of the Year, Remote Song of the Year and Soul / Funk / R&B Song of the Year at the 2021 Queensland Music Awards, and a nomination for Most Performed R&B / Soul Work at the 2021 APRA Awards.

text:
# Twisting Words

"**Twisting Words**" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Miiesha, released independently on 27 February 2020 as the third single from her debut studio album, *Nyaaringu* (2020).

According to Young, the song discusses themes of words being twisted to mean something different. She describes the song as her favourite to perform live.

"Twisting Words" received multiple accolades, for Indigenous Song of the Year, Remote Song of the Year and Soul / Funk / R&B Song of the Year at the 2021 Queensland Music Awards, and a nomination for Most Performed R&B / Soul Work at the 2021 APRA Awards.

## Background and release

In an interview with *Music Feeds* discussing her album, Miiesha described the song as her "favourite song to perform live", saying:

> "This song is about the way words and the truth can be twisted to mean something different, and how we choose to react to that, do we stand up for the truth or do we stay quiet."

"Twisting Words" was released on 27 February 2020.

## Music video

The music video was released alongside the single on 27 February 2020. It was produced and directed by Clare Chapman.

## Awards and nominations

### APRA Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | "Twisting Words" | Most Performed R&B / Soul Work | Nominated |  |

### Queensland Music Awards

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | "Twisting Words" | Indigenous Song of the Year | Won |  |
| | Remote Song of the Year | | |
| | Soul / Funk / R&B Song of the Year | | |

## InfoBox

| "Twisting Words" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Miiesha | |
| from the album  *Nyaaringu* | |
| Released | 27 February 2020 |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Komba |
| Miiesha singles chronology | |
| "Drowning"
(2019) "**Twisting Words**"
(2020) "Hold Strong"
(2020) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Twisting Words" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Craignaw

abstract: Craignaw is a hill in the Dungeon Hills, a sub-range of the Galloway Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Unlike many hills in the Southern Uplands, Craignaw has a complex and rocky summit area, with a long line of crags and rough ground on the east side. The hill is largely composed of granite. Near the north end of the hill is an interesting area of terrain known as the "Deil's Bowlin' Green" where various rounded granite boulders are scatterd at random over an area of nearly horizontal granite slabs. These are believed to be glacial erratics or result from a similar glacier process. On the west side of the hill, near grid reference NX458831, a few hundred meters from the summit is an F-111E Aardvark crash site. The site is marked by a small memorial to the two U.S. Air Force pilots who were killed in the accident. Although the crash happened on 19 December 1979 there are still small amounts of aircraft debris in the area.

text:
# Craignaw

**Craignaw** is a hill in the Dungeon Hills, a sub-range of the Galloway Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Unlike many hills in the Southern Uplands, Craignaw has a complex and rocky summit area, with a long line of crags and rough ground on the east side. The hill is largely composed of granite. Near the north end of the hill is an interesting area of terrain known as the "Deil's Bowlin' Green" where various rounded granite boulders are scatterd at random over an area of nearly horizontal granite slabs. These are believed to be glacial erratics or result from a similar glacier process. On the west side of the hill, near grid reference NX458831, a few hundred meters from the summit is an F-111E Aardvark crash site. The site is marked by a small memorial to the two U.S. Air Force pilots who were killed in the accident (Captains Spaulding and Hetzner). Although the crash happened on 19 December 1979 there are still small amounts of aircraft debris in the area.

## Walking

Craignaw is quite a remote hill and climbing it is a long and rough walk from the road-ends at either Craigencallie or Bruces Stane.

Craignaw Photo Tour – 29 images from the Bruces Stone Car Park to the Summit and Back via the Loch Valley Trail

## Climbing

There is some good but short rock climbing on Craignaw at Snibe Hill, Memorial Crag and Scotland Slab. However, in winter after a good freeze the broken ground on the east side of the hill has some of the best ice climbs in Southern Scotland with routes of up to 150 m in length. The most famous of these is the frozen waterfall of the Dow Spout.

55°07′12″N 4°25′05″W / 55.12005°N 4.41793°W / 55.12005; -4.41793

## InfoBox

| Craignaw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 645 m (2,116 ft) |
| Prominence | 151 m (495 ft) |
| Listing | Ma,Hu,Tu,Sim, , ,DN,Y |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland |
| Parent range | Dungeon Hills, Galloway Hills, Southern Uplands |
| OS grid | NX 45925 83332 |
| Topo map | OS *Landranger* 77 |


title: C. H. S. Fifoot

abstract: Cecil Herbert Stuart Fifoot FBA was a British legal scholar. A fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, from 1924 to 1959, he was known for his works on English legal history and for his textbook on English contract law, commonly known as Cheshire and Fifoot's Law of Contract, now in its seventeenth edition.

text:
# C. H. S. Fifoot

**Cecil Herbert Stuart Fifoot** FBA (1899 – 31 January 1975) was a British legal scholar. A fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, from 1924 to 1959, he was known for his works on English legal history and for his textbook on English contract law, commonly known as *Cheshire and Fifoot's Law of Contract*, now in its seventeenth edition.

## Life and career

Cecil Fifoot was born in Penarth, near Cardiff, the son of Sydney Fifoot, manager of the Great Western Colliery Company, and of Maria Trevor. He was educated at Berkhamsted School, before being commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery in 1917, aged 18. He was sent with a mortar unit to France, where he was injured in July 1918, leaving him partially deaf, and spent the rest of the war in hospital.

In 1919, Fifoot entered Exeter College, Oxford, with the original intent to study history before switching to jurisprudence. He studied under Geoffrey Cheshire, with whom he later co-authored an influential work on the law of contract. Fifoot took first-class honours in Jurisprudence in 1921 and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1922. He began to practice in South Wales, before giving up legal practice in 1924 and accepting a tutorial fellowship at Hertford College, Oxford, where he remained a fellow until his retirement 1959. Among his students were Carl Albert and Sir Ian Brownlie.

Fifoot was a renowned lecturer; his lectures were said to be so popular that it was common practice for the windows of the Old Hall of Lincoln's Inn to be opened when he was lecturing there, so as to allow those standing outside to hear him. At Oxford, he was University Lecturer in Law from 1930 until 1945, when he was appointed All Souls Reader in English Law. He was also Reader in Common Law to the Inns of Court from 1954 to 1967. He delivered the Hamlyn Lectures in 1959 and the David Murray Lecture at Glasgow University in 1970.

In addition, Fifoot was Oxford's Senior Proctor from 1935 to 1936, Bursar of Hertford College from 1926 to 1934, and Dean from 1940 to 1944. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1954 and an honorary fellow of Hertford College in 1962.

In 1959 Fifoot retired to Eastbourne, but continued to lecture for the Inns of Court until 1967. He moved to Edinburgh in 1969, where he died in 1975.

### Family

Fifoot married Hjördis Baars, younger daughter of Dr Eriksen of Kongsberg, Norway, in 1924. Their only son, Richard Fifoot, was Bodley's Librarian from 1979 to 1981.

## Scholarship

Fifoot was known as a historian of English law. An admirer of F. W. Maitland, Fifoot authored a biography of Maitland (*Frederic William Maitland: A Life*, 1971) and edited his letters for the Selden Society. He also wrote two monographs on the development of English law and a biography of Lord Mansfield.

Fifoot was also an important contract law scholar. His textbook on the English contract law, *The Law of Contract* (1946), co-authored with his former tutor Geoffrey Cheshire, quickly became a leading textbook on the subject. Originally known as *Cheshire and Fifoot's Law of Contract*, it is now in its seventeenth edition (2017) as *Cheshire, Fifoot, and Furmston's Law of Contract*.

## Publications

* *English Law and its Background*, 1932
* *Lord Mansfield*, 1936
* *The Law of Contract* (with Dr G. C. Cheshire), 1945, 8th edition 1972
* *Cases on the Law of Contract* (with Dr G. C. Cheshire), 1945, 6th edition 1973
* *History and Sources of the Common Law*, 1949
* *Judge and Jurist in the Reign of Victoria (the 1959 Hamlyn Lectures)*. London: Stevens and Sons Limited. 1959.
* C. H. S. Fifoot, ed. (1965). *The Letters of Frederic William Maitland*. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge University Press and the Selden Society  via Internet Archive.
* *Pollock and Maitland*, 1970 (the 31st David Murray Lecture at Glasgow University)
* *Frederic William Maitland: A Life*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1971.

1. Cheshire, Geoffrey. "C. H. S. Fifoot, 1899–1975" (PDF). *Proceedings of the British Academy*. **61**: 429–437.


title: Rusconi (band)

abstract: Rusconi was a Swiss jazz band. It was one of the most successful contemporary representatives of free rock, noise, new improvisational music, groove, and electronica in Switzerland.

text:
# Rusconi (band)

**Rusconi** was a Swiss jazz band. It was one of the most successful contemporary representatives of free rock, noise, new improvisational music, groove, and electronica in Switzerland.

## History

Stefan Rusconi (piano), Claudio Strüby (drums), and Richard Pechota (bass) founded Rusconi in 2001. In 2004, Fabian Gisler succeeded Pechota on the bass.

Rusconi issued their first two albums with independent Swiss labels and then got into an agreement with Sony Music Germany which in 2009 issued the album *One Up Down Left Right*. For all three albums mainly Stefan Rusconi wrote the music. In 2010, they dealt in their album *It’s a Sonic Life* with the works of Sonic Youth. The artwork is made out of video stills by Pipilotti Rist.

In 2012, Rusconi terminated the agreement with Sony Music Entertainment and founded their own label Qilin Records. With this step Rusconi wanted to enable their fans - in the age of free downloads - to support them more directly than it would have been possible with a major label. Rusconi issued their recordings on CD, and partly or exclusively on LP. With their 'Manifest' Rusconi adapted to the changed market situation.

* On 2 March 2012, they released the well known album *Revolution* for free downloads with Bandcamp.
* In parallel, they produced LPs of the last two albums and released them also for free downloads.
* Since December 2012, the French label *BEEJAZZ* distributes the album *Revolution* as CD.
* In 2014, the band released the album *History Sugar Dream* on their own label Qilin Record
* Their Live-album *Rusconi + Fred Frith - live in Europe was released on* Qilin Records in 2016. This was also their last album. End of 2017 Rusconi parted by mutual consent. On their website the band thanks everyone for their interest and support over the last 14 years.

Rusconi gave concerts in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Turkey, Czech Republic, Spain, France, Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Japan and Korea.

### Music videos

Rusconi did various video clips for their albums. In 2008, they cooperated for the first time with the Winterthur Movie Collective *zweihund* and produced the video clip *One Up Down Left Right*, which was shown at movie festivals the world over. Rusconi received three awards, e.g. the Audience Award and the Jury Award of the Solothurn Movie Days in 2010.

* In 2011, the video clip *The Destroyed Room* (also produced by zweihund and Rusconi) received the Jury Award of the Solothurn Movie Days.
* In 2013, the newest product of zweihund and Rusconi *Alice in the sky* received the award for the 'Best Swiss Video Clip' of the Solothurn Movie Days, m4music and the SUISA Foundation.

## Style and influences

Rusconi fused ideas from jazz, rock and pop. Styles and influences reached from the avant-garde of the electronic music (e.g. Aphex Twin) to noise rock (e.g. Sonic Youth) and to the stars of pop (Radiohead).

## Awards

Rusconi are the winners of several awards and rewards.

* 2009: Jury Award and Audience Award of the Solothurn Movie Days for the video clip "One up down left right" of *zweihund* and *Rusconi*
* 2010: Jury Award of the Solothurn Movie Days for the video clip *Destroyed Room* of *zweihund* and *Rusconi*
* 2010...2012: Support of the foundation Pro Helvetia for Stefan Rusconi and his band *Rusconi* within its main scope of jazz promotion
* 2013: Jury Award of the Solothurn Movie Days for the video clip "Alice in the sky" of *zweihund* and *Rusconi*
* 2013: Nomination for Prix Walo (best known Swiss award) as 'Jazz Trio of the year'
* 2013: Rusconi is winner of the Echo Jazz Award for 'Best live act 2012'

## Discography

* 2004: *Scenes & Sceneries* (Brambus Records; als Rusconi Trio)
* 2006: *Stop & Go* (Unit Records / Sony)
* 2009: *One Up Down Left Right* (Sony Music Germany)
* 2010: *It's a Sonic Life* (Sony Music Germany)
* 2012: *Revolution* (LP Qilin Records; CD BEEJAZZ)
* 2013: *It's A Sonic Life* (LP Qilin Records)
* 2014: *History Sugar Dream* (CD, LP Qilin Records)

## Bibliography

* \- Stefan Künzli: *Rusconi: Ein Schweizer Jazztrio sprengt Grenzen* (A Swiss Jazz Trio Breaks Boundaries); Sonntag, February 15, 2009
* Inhaltsverzeichnis März + April 2010 \- Franz X.A. Zipperer: *Rusconi*; Jazzthetik 3/4 2010: 20-21
* Auch ohne Kim Gordon gut - Musikblog \- Volker Schmidt: *Tonträger - Auch ohne Kim Gordon gut* (Sound Carrier - Good Performance Even Without Kim Gordon); ZEIT Online, 2010
* Der Gewinn der Freiheit | NZZ \- Uely Bernays: *Der Gewinn der Freiheit - Taufe des Albums 'Revolution'* (The Winner Of Freedom - Baptism Of The Album 'Revolution'); NZZ, 2012
* \- Hans Hielscher: *Schweizer Jazz: Die Groove-Grossmacht* (Swiss Jazz: A Great Power Of Groove); Spiegel Online; 2013

1. The Zürich movie maker Michelle Brun filmed the musical short portrait *It’s a Sonic Life* in 2009 ¦ 2010 to document the making of the 4th album
2. "Artists | Qilin Records". *qilinrecords.com*. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
3.
4. "Rusconi: Revolution". *Musik.klarmachen-zum-aendern.de*. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
5. "RUSCONI | Beejazz in english". *Beejazz.com*. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
6. Rusconi. "Home". *Official - RUSCONI - Music*. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
7. Agnès Jourdain: *Rusconi Trio: Stop and Go* Archived 2012-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, April 18th, 2008, called on July 24th, 2010.
8. Rolf Thomas: *Rusconi: Wie befreit*. In: *kulturnews.de*, 25. März 2010. Called on July 24th, 2010.
9. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
10. ""Rusconi" ist für Prix Walo nominiert – Nachrichten – SchwyzKultur". Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.


title: TV3 (Czech TV channel)

abstract: TV3 is a Czech free-to-air television channel. The network closed down in December 2001 after its broadcast license was revoked.

text:
# TV3 (Czech TV channel)

**TV3** is a Czech free-to-air television channel. The network closed down in December 2001 after its broadcast license was revoked.

## History

**TV3** was launched on 25 May 2000 using the regional frequencies of former television channel Galaxie. Its terrestrial coverage was limited to North and East Bohemia, reaching the rest of the country by cable. It started broadcasting at 7:00PM local time with a 60-minute regional newscast followed by the film  *Seductive Beauty*. Its programming included regional breaking news programming with reporters on motorbikes and the purchase of the rights to show WWE Friday Night SmackDown in 2001. The station used the tag called "television for the new millennium" for its promotion, with its target audience skewed towards a young male audience. Its opening night was hit by technical glitches during the launch of its newscast.

Soon after broadcasting, TV3 was ordered to *take down all billboard advertising* which related to a black boxer on a boxing ring floor being targeted by two white soldiers holding guns and looking at the boxer, alongside the word "Infozabava" ("Infotainment"). The advertisement was considered racist by the Advertising Board. The soldiers represented information and the boxer, entertainment. TV3 denied racist messages, contrary to the Advertising Board, and planned to stage a protest over the issue.

TV3 was initially only available in Prague and Hradec Králové on analogue terrestrial television. The channel applied for licenses to increase its coverage area in the country, including initially to Karlovy Vary, Ostrava and České Budějovice. However the Czech Radio and Television Broadcasting Council in 2001 blocked their requests.

In June 2001, Vladimír Železný, a Czech television tycoon and former owner of TV Nova, held discussions with the three main free-to-air channels in the Czech Republic, TV Nova, TV Prima and TV3 about the suggestion of a merger. However, such a deal would have been considered illegal by the Czech Government.

In September 2001, the Czech Radio and Television Broadcasting Council refused a request from European Media Ventures and Martin Kindernay to transfer TV3's licence to a Luxembourg-based company, KTV, which EMV wanted to own TV3's licence. The council did allow the move of the licence to RTV Galaxie, completely owned by Kindernay. The decision angered EMV investors who were not consulted on the move of the licence and had lost control of TV3.

In October, TV3 announced that 60% of its staff would be fired by 1 January as the channel was only attracting 1% of the Czech audience and losing money as a result. Staff to be laid off received their notices on 1 December. A request to expand the TV3 service across the whole of the Czech Republic by using 47 UHF frequencies were all refused by the council.

In November, EMV moved equipment from the Hradec Králové studios to TV3's Prague studios after Kidernay told EMV to suspend broadcasting or face immediate action, alongside a request for a thirty-day break in broadcasting. EMV announced that it still had a right to broadcast and that they would still be broadcasting via pay television, though terrestrial broadcasts went off the air on 7 November 2001. Kindernay lodged a complaint with the council stating that EMV were operating TV3 illegally.

TV3 was temporally closed down for four days on 2 December 2001 under guidance from the Czech Radio and Television Broadcasting Council whilst they decided whether TV3's broadcasts were legal. Text was displayed on screen during the time off-air stating that the close down was due to a decision made on 20 November 2001 by the council and that the station would definitely close by 6 December. The council allowed Kindernay to resume broadcasting as the legal licence holder for TV3 under the control of RTV Galaxie using only material from TV3 on 6 December. The station did resume broadcasting as TV3 Hradec Králové and TV3 Prague.

## Close down

On 18 December 2001, TV3's licence was revoked. The decision behind it was made because TV3 had been showing non-original programming.

In January 2002, TV3 was given a temporary licence by the council for 60 days. At the same time, approval was given for the channel to be renamed as Galaxie Praha and Galaxie Hradec Králové. The two stations remained broadcasting and were sold a year later to GES Holding, the owner of TV Prima who rebranded them as TV Praha and TV Hradec Králové.

TV3 remained broadcasting on the Eutelsat 28A satellite until August 2002, when the station was rebranded as Stanice O (Óčko).

In 2005, the stations investor, EMV issued an arbitration to seek €33.4 million in damages from the Czech Radio and Television Broadcasting Council, because of the changes made back in 2001 to TV3's licence. The arbitration case, being held in London eventually ruled in July 2009 in favour of the Czech Republic in a ruling that cost EMV €77 million.

## InfoBox

TV3
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Broadcast area | Czech Republic |
| Programming | |
| Picture format | 576i (SDTV 4:3) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | RTV Galaxie |
| History | |
| Launched | 25 May 2000 (2000-05-25) |
| Closed | 18 December 2001 (2001-12-18) |
| Availability <br>(at time of closure) | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| UHF | 64 UHF Prague, Hradec Králové |
|  | |


title: Kotan-kar-kamuy

abstract: Kotan-kar-kamuy is the creator deity of the Ainu people. He should not be confused with god of the land Kotan-kor-kamuy, or the god of the sky Kandakoro Kamuy. According to missionary John Batchelor, all kamuy are intermediaries responsible to Kotan-kar-kamuy in the Ainu religion, who is regarded as the almighty and eternal ruler of the universe. This led to assumptions that the Ainu faith had originally been monotheistic. Although he stands on top of the hierarchy of gods in Ainu mythology he is only rarely worshipped. Therefore, Norbert Richard Adami criticises the monotheism theory, and holds that Batchelor's views leading into this direction resulted from a straitened and sometimes misinterpreted mode of perception based on his faith, through which they would lose in value.

text:
# Kotan-kar-kamuy

**Kotan-kar-kamuy** (コタンカㇽカムイ, lit. 'world-making-god')  is the creator deity of the Ainu people. He should not be confused with god of the land Kotan-kor-kamuy, or the god of the sky Kandakoro Kamuy.

According to missionary John Batchelor, all kamuy are intermediaries responsible to Kotan-kar-kamuy in the Ainu religion, who is regarded as the almighty and eternal ruler of the universe. This led to assumptions that the Ainu faith had originally been monotheistic. Although he stands on top of the hierarchy of gods in Ainu mythology he is only rarely worshipped. Therefore, Norbert Richard Adami criticises the monotheism theory, and holds that Batchelor's views leading into this direction resulted from a straitened and sometimes misinterpreted mode of perception based on his faith, through which they would lose in value.

1. アイヌ民族博物館. "アイヌと自然デジタル図鑑". *ainugo.nam.go.jp* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-06-10.
2. 公益財団法人 アイヌ民族文化財団. "単語リスト（アイヌ語・日本語） -静内-" (PDF). *www.ff-ainu.or.jp* (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-06-10.
3. Dettmer, Hans A. (1994). "Die Mythologie der Ainu". In Haussig, H.W. (ed.). *Götter und Mythen in Ostasien*. Wörterbuch der Mythologie (in German). Vol. Band VI. Klett-Cotta. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9783129098608.
4. John Batchelor: The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore, London 1901, p. 35, p. 575–585.
5. Norbert Richard Adami: Religion und Schaminismus der Ainu auf Sachalin (Karafuto), Bonn 1989, p. 40-41.


title: Seedlings Braille Books for Children

abstract: Seedlings Braille Books for Children is an American 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Livonia, Michigan, that provides children’s books in braille free and below cost to children who are blind and visually impaired. It has distributed books across the United States, Canada, and over 75 other countries worldwide. The organization also operates various programs that provide free braille materials in the United States and Canada. Most notable: the Book Angel Program which provides four free braille books a year to children with vision loss under 21 years of age. The Rose Project is another program that provides free braille transcriptions of World Book Encyclopedia articles to blind and visually impaired students. As well as the aforementioned programs Seedlings has a program for Teachers of the Visually Impaired in the U.S. to receive four free books each calendar year. These programs are always running and never end. Seedlings is run by a staff of 11 full- and part-time employees, and many loyal volunteers.

text:
# Seedlings Braille Books for Children

**Seedlings Braille Books for Children** is an American 501(c)(3) non-profit organization based in Livonia, Michigan, that provides children’s books in braille free and below cost to children who are blind and visually impaired. It has distributed books across the United States, Canada, and over 75 other countries worldwide.

The organization also operates various programs that provide free braille materials in the United States and Canada. Most notable: the Book Angel Program which provides four free braille books a year to children with vision loss under 21 years of age. The Rose Project is another program that provides free braille transcriptions of World Book Encyclopedia articles to blind and visually impaired students. As well as the aforementioned programs Seedlings has a program for Teachers of the Visually Impaired in the U.S. to receive four free books each calendar year. These programs are always running and never end.

Seedlings is run by a staff of 11 full- and part-time employees, and many loyal volunteers.

## Recognition

The organization was awarded the Dr. Jacob Bolotin Award by the National Federation of the Blind for "outstanding contributions toward achieving the full integration of the blind into society on a basis of equality" in 2015.

## InfoBox

Seedlings Braille Books for Children
|
|  |
| Formation | 1984 (1984) |
| Founder | Debra Bonde |
| Type | 501(c)(3) |
| Tax ID no. | 38-2565354 |
| Headquarters | 14151 Farmington Road<br>Livonia, Michigan |
| Director | Debra Bonde |
| Staff (2006) | 9 |
| Volunteers (2006) | 50 |
| Website | seedlings.org |


title: Saranan

abstract: Saranan is a town and tehsil of Pishin District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

text:
# Saranan

**Saranan** is a town and tehsil of Pishin District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

## Demographics

### Population

The urban population of Saranan was 48,343 according to the 2023 Census of Pakistan. The population of Saranan tehsil was 65,157 (2023).

| Census | Population
(Saranan urban) | Population
(Saranan tehsil) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1998 |  | 28,867 |
| 2017 | 37,850 | 56,302 |
| 2023 | 46,512 | 65,157 |

### Languages

More than 93% of the population speak the Pashto language as their mother tongue. Another 7% are speaking the Brahui language.

## InfoBox

| Saranan | |
| --- | --- |
| Tehsil | |
| Saranan | |
| Coordinates: 30°32′43″N 66°58′16″E / 30.545414°N 66.971092°E / 30.545414; 66.971092 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Balochistan |
| Division | Quetta |
| District | Pishin |
| Population (2023) | |
| Total | 65,157 |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |


title: Enlightenment Now

abstract: Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress is a 2018 book written by Canadian-American cognitive scientist Steven Pinker. It argues that the Enlightenment values of reason, science, and humanism have brought progress, and that health, prosperity, safety, peace, and happiness have tended to rise worldwide. It is a follow-up to Pinker's 2011 book, The Better Angels of Our Nature.

text:
# Enlightenment Now

***Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress*** is a 2018 book written by Canadian-American cognitive scientist Steven Pinker. It argues that the Enlightenment values of reason, science, and humanism have brought progress, and that health, prosperity, safety, peace, and happiness have tended to rise worldwide. It is a follow-up to Pinker's 2011 book, *The Better Angels of Our Nature.*

## Thesis

A commonly-held lay public perception holds that the world is in terrible shape; for some, 2016 was the "worst year ever" and the year that liberalism died. In contrast, Pinker argues that life has been getting better for most people. He sets out 15 different measures of human wellbeing to support this argument, with the most obvious being the uncontroversial fact that, statistically, people live longer and healthier lives on average than ever before. As another example, while fears of terrorism are often voiced in U.S. opinion polls, Pinker shows that an American is 3,000 times more likely to die in an accident than in a terrorist attack. As in Pinker's previous *The Better Angels of Our Nature*, Pinker ascribes modern improvements to trends of liberal humanism and scientific rationality that first took root in Europe around the 17th and 18th centuries.

Pinker argues that economic inequality "is not itself a dimension of human wellbeing" and cites a study that finds inequality is not linked to unhappiness, at least in poorer societies. He also points out that the world as a whole is becoming more equal, and states that even within increasingly unequal areas, the poor are still getting wealth and benefit from technological innovations. For example, it is clear to Pinker that an innovation that makes the poor slightly richer and the rich massively richer is a positive rather than a negative achievement. In contrast, critics hold that enhancing social mobility and combating "inequality as a result of unfairness" are important legitimate ends in and of themselves, beyond any effects of reducing poverty.

On topics such as nuclear weaponry, Pinker places the blame on anti-Enlightenment forces. Scientists working on the Manhattan Project to develop the first nuclear weapons did so because they needed to beat Hitler; Pinker states "Quite possibly, had there been no Nazis, there would be no nukes." In contrast, critics point out that science lacks any ethical logic of its own. They argue that scientific progress is liberating but also threatening, and can present dangers precisely because of how hugely it expands human power. Pinker expresses concerns about potential human extinction from nuclear weapons or from global warming, but categorizes existential risks overall as a "useless category", stating that "Sowing fear about hypothetical disasters, far from safeguarding the future of humanity, can endanger it". In particular, Pinker departs from scholars such as Nick Bostrom regarding the possibility of accidental existential risk from artificial general intelligence, and makes a controversial argument that self-driving cars provide evidence that artificial general intelligence will pose no accidental existential risk.

The book concludes with three chapters defending what Pinker sees as Enlightenment values: reason, science, and humanism. Pinker argues that these values are under threat from modern trends such as religious fundamentalism, political correctness, and postmodernism. In an interview about the book published in *Scientific American*, Pinker has clarified that his book is not merely an expression of hope—it is a documentation of how much we have gained as a result of Enlightenment values, and how much we have to lose if those values are abandoned.

## Marketing

In January 2018 Bill Gates tweeted praise for *Enlightenment Now*, calling it "my new favorite book". Gates stated he agreed overall with the techno-optimism of the book, but cautioned that Pinker is too "quick to dismiss" the idea that artificial superintelligence could someday lead to human extinction. Citing reader interest due to Gates' endorsement, Viking Press moved the publication date from 27 February 2018 to 13 February 2018.

## Reception

### Positive

*Publishers Weekly* gave the book a glowing review, concluding that "In an era of increasingly 'dystopian rhetoric,' Pinker’s sober, lucid, and meticulously researched vision of human progress is heartening and important." *The Times* also gave the book a positive review, stating that Pinker's arguments and evidence are "as entertaining as they are important", and expressing hope that Pinker's defense of the forces that have produced progress will be successful.

*The New York Times* described the book as "an excellent book, lucidly written, timely, rich in data and eloquent in its championing of a rational humanism that is — it turns out — really quite cool." *The Economist* agreed with Pinker that "barring a cataclysmic asteroid strike or nuclear war, it is likely that (the world) will continue to get better". Timothy Sandefur, writing for *The Objective Standard*, praised the book, noting, "Pinker's catalog of improvements is enjoyable, largely thanks to his witty style and skill at examining progress in unexpected ways."

In *Skeptical Inquirer* Kendrick Frazier concurs that Pinker "argues \[his\] case eloquently and ... effectively, drawing on both the demographic data and our improved understanding of human biases that get in our way of seeing the truth." In *Nature*, Ian Goldin wrote that Pinker should have focused more on future risks, although Pinker did devote a chapter to existential threats, and concludes with "But for the many overwhelmed by gloom, it is a welcome antidote." A review in the *London Evening Standard* agrees with Pinker's summary of how rationality has improved the world, and states "On Islamism, where his optimism falters, we have the interesting phenomenon of Muslim youth — not least in countries like Afghanistan — becoming less liberal than their parents" although they do not provide a source for this claim.

John P. Tang, writing in *The Journal of Economic History*, stated that Pinker demonstrates that "humanity has never had it so good, things until recently were much worse, and life will likely continue to improve." He stated the book provides an "empirical and quantitative approach to the topic, perhaps to the chagrin of humanities scholars, but consistent with current scholarship in the social sciences and economic history." He critiqued the book for its reliance on utilitarianism due to its practical difficulties, and for not convincingly demonstrating that it was the Enlightenment that caused the trends Pinker identifies.

### Negative

*Kirkus Reviews* called it "overstuffed", and noted though Pinker is progressive, "the academically orthodox will find him an apostate". *The Guardian* and *The Financial Times* dismissed Pinker's contention that the left is partly to blame for anti-reason rhetoric and objected to Pinker's criticism of groups such as postmodernists, de-growth environmentalists, and people whom Pinker deems to be "social justice warriors". British philosopher John Gray criticized Pinker as promoting scientism and discussed historical examples of strong desire for human progress leading to the misuse of science for immoral policies. Gray also argued that Pinker had misunderstood Friedrich Nietzsche.

Some reviewers disagreed with Pinker's quantitative approach to assessing progress. *Booklist* stated that "(Pinker's) seemingly casual dismissal of ethics concerns surrounding the Tuskegee experiment is troubling to say the least." Pinker had written that the Tuskegee experiment "was patently unethical by today’s standards, though it’s often misreported to pile up the indictment," and when properly reported, "when the study began, it may even have been defensible by the standards of the day."

Political scientist Nicolas Guilhot sharply criticizes the book for what he sees as "finessed statistics" marshaled in service of preconceived conclusions, and for being "one inch deep". He concludes: "Much of what Pinker writes about the humanities would be a comical caricature if it did not represent a coherent ideological offensive that is reshaping higher education and research."

In the *Los Angeles Review of Books*, Stanford University historian Jessica Riskin summarizes the book as "a knot of Orwellian contradictions". She states that Pinker believes that skepticism is a negative influence on society, and objects that the very Enlightenment heroes Pinker praises, such as Immanuel Kant, David Hume, Denis Diderot and Adam Smith, were all advocates of skepticism. She concludes, "What we need in this time of political, environmental, and cultural crisis is precisely the value Pinker rejects but that his Enlightenment heroes embraced, whatever their differences of opinion on other matters: skepticism, and an attendant spirit of informed criticism."

Anthropologist and archeologist David Graeber and David Wengrow, respectively, criticized Pinker as a "modern psychologist making it up as he goes along," citing archeological evidence that falsify his claims, as well as criticizing his statistical analysis as wrongheaded.

Enlightenment historian David Bell claimed that Pinker's characterization of the Enlightenment was problematic and oversimplified. Bell criticized his monolithic characterization of the historical movement, as well as his lack of engagement with Rousseau. Bell also notes Pinker's citation of sources he believes are unreliable, such as his extensive references to *The Idea of Decline in Western History* by Arthur Herman, whom he describes as a far-right author.

Susan D. Healy criticizes Steven Pinker's assertion that enlightenment have made humans today much more intelligent than our ancestors with the same biological hardwiring on evolutionary grounds, arguing that it would have been a waste of nutrients which evolution would have selected against for our ancestors to have capacity for vastly more intelligence than they could use in their environment. It is cited by Healy that the brain capacity of different animals is predicted by the food that was available to their ancestors when their biological hardwiring evolved, not by changes of living standards too recent to have shaped them through natural selection. The apparent rise in IQ scores is explained by Healy as an artifact of forced rules that demand that IQ tests have normally distributed outcomes and systematically leave out tests that give outcomes that are not normally distributed, a bias that is argued to be a purely negative influence on the scientific usefulness of the results comparable to introducing a noise generator and leaving out signal bands.

Deborah Deliyannis, Hendrik Dey and Paolo Squatriti argue that Steven Pinker's claims that people today are better at inventing than people were in the past and that today's society is better at helping potential inventors ignore the increase in population, citing that there were so many inventions made in antiquity and medieval times despite the much lower population that invention rates per capita were actually at least as high as they are today, if not higher. This is cited as an argument not only against the claim that education have increased people's ability to invent, but also against the claim that creative people who would be diagnosed with various neuropsychiatric diagnoses today get better help that helps them invent today and were mistreated so badly it prevented them from inventing in the past when they were not diagnosed. The claim that free enterprise promoted invention that was suppressed by feudal guilds, slavery and serfdom is criticized on the same grounds.

## InfoBox

Enlightenment Now
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Steven Pinker |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Social philosophy |
| Published | February 13, 2018 |
| Publisher | Penguin Books Limited/Viking |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print, digital |
| Pages | 576 |
| ISBN | 978-0-525-42757-5 (Hardcover) |


title: Craigo

abstract: Craigo is a village in Angus, Scotland. It lies about 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Montrose, and 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Marykirk, which is across the River North Esk in Aberdeenshire. Craigo developed in the 19th century as a textile village.

text:
# Craigo

**Craigo** is a village in Angus, Scotland. It lies about 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Montrose, and 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Marykirk, which is across the River North Esk in Aberdeenshire. Craigo developed in the 19th century as a textile village.

## InfoBox

| Craigo | |
| --- | --- |
| CraigoLocation within Angus | |
| OS grid reference | NO689645 |
| Council area |  |
| Lieutenancy area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | MONTROSE |
| Postcode district | DD10 |
| Dialling code | 01674 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
| Scottish Parliament |  |
|


title: C. H. Trevor

abstract: Caleb Henry Trevor was an English organist, music editor and teacher.

text:
# C. H. Trevor

**Caleb Henry Trevor** (b Much Wenlock, Shropshire, March 17, 1895; d London, June 16, 1976) was an English organist, music editor and teacher.

## Life

C. H. Trevor was the son of Henry John Trevor. He studied at - and graduated from - Oxford University. On 29 April 1930 he married Joan Lucy Fremantle with whom he had a son.

### Organist

Although largely self-taught as an organist C H Trevor was appointed to a series of prestigious organist and teaching posts. In 1971 the Council of the UK’s Royal College of Organists conferred on Trevor an honorary membership and at the same time awarded him the College’s Fellowship diploma (F.R.C.O.) *honoris causa*.

#### Organist posts

> *As a recitalist he was noted above all for Baroque music, though a series of broadcasts in 1935 did much to awaken interest in Reger's organ music*

### Teacher

His Royal Academy of Music pupils have included:

> *Trevor's 'Oxford Organ Method'* \[Oxford University Press, 1971\] *became an overnight bestseller ... widely used tutor.*

### Editor

> *His abiding legacy is in the large number of series of graded anthologies of organ music he edited. These contain works of all periods, many of them by composers then largely unknown to British organists.*

* 1957 The Progressive Organist series (pub. Elkin & Co. and later continued by Oxford University Press)
* 1960. A second book of wedding pieces (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1060. An Album of memorial and funeral music (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1960. Organ music for Christmas (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1962. Seasonal chorale preludes for manuals only (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1963. Communion by Charles Gounod : for organ (pub. Elkin & Co.)
* 1963. Seasonal chorale preludes, with pedals (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1964. A concise school of fugal playing (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1964. A concise school of trio playing for organ (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1966. Old English organ music for manuals (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1971. A Bach organ book for students (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1972. Organ music for manuals (pub. Oxford University Press)
* 1972. Two Passion-tide anthems by Charles Gounod (pub. Novello)
* 1974. Short chorale preludes : with and without pedals. (pub. Oxford University Press)


title: Boursonne

abstract: Boursonne is a commune in the Oise department in northern France, close to the border with Aisne. The French playwright and novelist Armand Durantin died in Boursonne on 30 December 1891.

text:
# Boursonne

**Boursonne** (French pronunciation: \[buʁsɔn\]) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France, close to the border with Aisne.

The French playwright and novelist Armand Durantin died in Boursonne on 30 December 1891.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 224 |  |
| 1975 | 172 | −3.70% |
| 1982 | 192 | +1.58% |
| 1990 | 229 | +2.23% |
| 1999 | 246 | +0.80% |
| 2009 | 283 | +1.41% |
| 2014 | 298 | +1.04% |
| 2020 | 314 | +0.88% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Boursonne | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Boursonne | |
| Location of Boursonne | |
| BoursonneBoursonne | |
| Coordinates: 49°12′12″N 3°02′46″E / 49.2033°N 3.0461°E / 49.2033; 3.0461 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Oise |
| Arrondissement | Senlis |
| Canton | Nanteuil-le-Haudouin |
| Intercommunality | Pays de Valois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Sylvain Collard |
| Area**1** | 3.44 km2 (1.33 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 310 |
| Density | 90/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 60094 /60141 |
| Elevation | 100–149 m (328–489 ft)
(avg. 140 m or 460 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Pierre Cayol

abstract: Pierre Cayol is a French contemporary painter.

text:
# Pierre Cayol

**Pierre Cayol** (born August 14, 1939) is a French contemporary painter.

## Biography

Cayol was born in Salon-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône. He studied art in Grenoble and Paris at the Academy Jullian. He has lived in Tavel (Gard) since 1968.

## Career

### Influences

His encounter in 1956 with Marcel Féguide in Eygalières had a decisive influence on his career. His friendship with Baboulène since 1975 has given him the certainty that this is a course to be pursued, Michel Rodde has encouraged him too.

Very interested in the Native American peoples, he has travelled there several times in the Southwest and particularly in New Mexico and Arizona. His interest led to him organising an exhibition in Avignon at the town library. He showed artifacts, arts and crafts; and contemporary paintings by an Apache artist living in San-Carlos Apache Reservation.

### Exhibitions

Since 1965, he has had over twenty personal exhibitions: Arles, Bollène, Montélimar, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, Toulon, Villefranchesur-Saône, Castillon du Gard, Nîmes, Uzès, Apt, Aix-en-Provence, Gallery Drouant in Paris, Avignon, Marseille, Béziers (France), Toronto (Canada), Solothurn and Charmney (Switzerland), Seoul (South Korea), Sarasota (Florida - USA).

### Affiliations

A member of the association "Contacts" in the seventies, he is a founding member of "QUICHUA" which organised thematic exhibitions. He participated in the festival of Avignon and Toulon. He has been a full member of Autumn Salon of Paris since 1984.

### Literature

Pierre Cayol illustrated poems by Marc Alyn, Jeannine Baude, Yves Berger, Jehan Despert, Micheline Dupray, Pierre Estellon, Jules Laforgue, Pierre Louys, Jean-Louis Meunier, Frank Ricci, Arthur Rimbaud, Jean Rousselot.

### Awards

Cayol was prize winner in 1985 of the "Contemporary Painting" Ito-Ham in Paris.


title: Dance with Somebody

abstract: "Dance with Somebody" is a song by the alternative rock band Mando Diao. It was released in January 2009 as the lead single from their album, Give Me Fire. A segment of the song was the theme song for the twelfth season of Dancing With The Stars.

text:
# Dance with Somebody

"**Dance with Somebody**" is a song by the alternative rock band Mando Diao. It was released in January 2009 as the lead single from their album, *Give Me Fire*. A segment of the song was the theme song for the twelfth season of *Dancing With The Stars*.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Matt Wignall and Vern Moen.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 1 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 16 |
| Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100) | 12 |
| European Hot 100 Singles (*Billboard*) | 12 |
| Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) | 13 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 4 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 9 |
| Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) | 1 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 4 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 3 |
|

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2009) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 12 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 5 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 6 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 32 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 42 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 14 |

## Covers

In 2014, the song was covered by German heavy metal band Iron Savior as a surprise track on their album *Rise of the Hero*. Vocalist/guitarist Piet Sielck explained that the band originally intended the song to be a bonus track for their limited edition release. He addressed why it never came to be:

> *"we simply liked it too much and finally decided to make it a regular album track."*

## InfoBox

| "Dance with Somebody" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mando Diao | |
| from the album  *Give Me Fire* | |
| Released | 9 January 2009 |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, garage rock |
| Length | 4:01 |
| Label | EMI, Majesty |
| Songwriter(s) | Björn Dixgård, Gustaf Norén |
| Producer(s) | Salla Salazar |
| Mando Diao singles chronology | |
| "Train On Fire"
(2008) "**Dance with Somebody**"
(2009) "Gloria"
(2009) | |


title: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro

abstract: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro is a Catholic basilica of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorate the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.

text:
# San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro

**San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro** (Italian for "Saint Peter in Golden Sky") is a Catholic basilica (and a former cathedral) of the Augustinians in Pavia, Italy, in the Lombardy region. Its name refers to the mosaics of gold leaf behind glass tesserae that decorate the ceiling of the apse. The plain exterior is of brick, with sandstone quoins and window framing. The paving of the church floor is now lower than the modern street level of Piazza San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, which lies before its façade.

## History

A church of Saint Peter is recorded in Pavia in 604; it was renovated by Liutprand, King of the Lombards (who is buried here) between 720 and 725. The present Romanesque church was consecrated by Pope Innocent II in 1132.

The church is the resting place for the remains of Augustine of Hippo, who died in 430 in his home diocese of Hippo Regius, and was buried in the cathedral there, during the time of the Vandals. According to Bede's *True Martyrology*, the body was removed to Cagliari, Sardinia by the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal Huneric had expelled from north Africa. Bede tells that the remains were subsequently redeemed out of the hands of the Saracens there—by Peter, bishop of Pavia and uncle of the Lombard king Liutprand—and deposited in the church of Saint Peter about the year 720.

An important *scriptorium* was also built in the monastery in the 9th century and a school, led by the Irish monk Dungal, where, as ordered in the Olonese capitular, issued by the emperor Lothair in the royal palace of Corteolona in 825, they had to go to study students from Milan, Brescia, Bergamo, Lodi, Novara, Vercelli, Tortona, Asti, Acqui, Genoa and Como. From the 10th century the monastery enjoyed numerous privileges, including that of being subject only to the authority of the pope. Since the 11th century, the monks of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, who at least since 974 owned vineyards and winepresses near San Damiano al Colle, extended the vine culture in Oltrepò Pavese, producing wines that, thanks to the Po and Ticino, were then transported to Pavia, where the part not absorbed by the consumption of the monks was destined for trade.

In 987 Majolus of Cluny stayed in the monastery and reformed its monastic customs, while, not many years later, in 1004, the monastery hosted the emperor Henry II. In 1022 an important council was held in the basilica (in which decisions were made on the celibacy of religious) presided over by Pope Benedict VIII. During the council (in which the emperor Henry II also participated) an exposition of the relics of Saint Augustine was also held, at the end of which an arm of the saint, thanks to a substantial donation to the monastery, was granted to Æthelnoth archbishop of Canterbury, while other small fragments of Augustine's bones ended up with other prelates present at the council, such as those of Montalcino, Piacenza, Ragusa, Valencia and Lisbon. The importance of the monastery is highlighted by the imperial donations received (between the 9th and 12th centuries) from the emperors Hugh, Otto I, Otto II, Otto III, Henry II, Conrad II, Henry III, Henry V and Frederick Barbarossa.

In January 1327 Pope John XXII issued the papal bull *Veneranda Santorum Patrum*, in which he appointed the Augustinians guardians of the tomb of Augustine (the *Arca di Sant'Agostino*), which was remade in 1362 and elaborately carved with bas-reliefs of scenes from Augustine's life, created by Giovanni di Balduccio. In 1365 Galeazzo II Visconti moved his residence from Milan to Pavia, in the nearby Visconteo castle, where he installed his court, the Visconti, wishing to refer to the royal past of Pavia, he decided to transform the basilica in the burial church of the dynasty. In 1361 Galeazzo II in fact granted offers to the church and from the following year financed the preparation of the marble ark of St. Augustine. Since then, the privilege of burial inside the Lombard royal basilica became a status symbol of the court of Galeazzo II. Lionel of Antwerp was buried in the church, and the funeral of the Visconti condottiero Luchino Dal Verme, who died in 1367 in Constantinople, was held there. Galeazzo II himself, by his will, was buried in S. Pietro in Ciel d’Oro.

The basilica remained the main sepulchral church of the Visconti court in Pavia until the foundation of the Certosa: between 1384 and the beginning of the 15th century, Francesco d'Este, the eldest daughter of Gian Galeazzo and Caterina Visconti, Violante Visconti and the condottiero Facino Cane. Also in the same years, the basilica was visited by diplomats and ambassadors visiting the court of Galeazzo II, such as Geoffrey Chaucer in 1378. In 1525 the Landsknechte captain Eitel Friedrich III, count of Hohenzollern and Richard de la Pole, pretender to the English crown, who died during the battle of Pavia, were also buried in the basilica.

In the 1570s, in compliance with the dictates of the Council of Trent, the numerous sarcophagi and funeral monuments that crowded the basilica were removed, also creating a certain embarrassment during liturgical functions. With the exception of the remains of king Liutprand, most of the mortal remains found during the 19th-century restorations were buried below the main nave, near the penultimate pillar before the crypt, as recalled by an epigraph inserted in the floor.

The actual remains of Augustine, however, were no longer identified. Then, on October 1, 1695, illiterate stonemasons working in the crypt altar removed paving blocks and discovered a marble box. Within it were other boxes; in the third box were fragments of wood, numerous bones and bone fragments, and glass vials. Some of the workers later claimed to have seen the name "Augustine" written in charcoal on the top of the box. A factor complicating the authentication of the remains was that San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro was shared by the two Augustinian religious orders in bitter rivalry. The controversy on the authenticity of the bones resulted in broadsides, pamphlets and books. In 1728, Pope Benedict XIII's intervention in Pavia resulted in his approval of the authenticity of Augustine's bones discovered in the church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro. (Stone, Harold Samuel (2002). "St. Augustine's Bones: A Microhistory." pp. 90–93)

The Augustinians were expelled from Pavia in 1785, Augustine’s ark and relics were brought to Pavia Cathedral in 1799. The erstwhile cathedral in Pavia fell into disrepair; it was a military magazine under the Napoleonic occupation. It was not restored until the 1870s, under the urging of Agostino Gaetano Riboldi, later Cardinal Riboldi, and reconsecrated in 1896 when the relics of Augustine and the shrine were once again reinstalled.

## Architecture

Very few remains of the Lombard church remain, hidden under the Romanesque reconstruction completed around 1132. San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro looks like this, like many other Pavia churches of the time: a brick building, with three naves with transept, apse and crypt.

The façade is marked by two buttresses that divide it into three zones, corresponding to the internal naves; the buttress on the right, more often, houses an internal staircase that allows access to the roof. The top is crowned by a blind loggia and a motif with intertwined arches. The stone (sandstone) is used only for the most important parts, such as the portal and the windows. The portal, in sandstone and marble, bears, within the tympanum, the figure of San Michele in the center, flanked on the sides by the images of two prayers. These sculptures probably come from the previous basilica, since they are dated to 1050-1090. Along the buttresses there are traces of an ancient narthex, or perhaps a quadriporticus, which preceded the entrance to the church.

The interior is marked by five spans, rectangular in the central nave and square in the side aisles. Compared to the basilica of San Michele Maggiore, one immediately perceives the different proportions of the central nave, wider, longer and less slender, the more rigorous succession of the pillars, all roughly in the same section rather than alternating as in the other church, and the absence of the matronaea. The spans from the second to the fifth are covered with rib vaults; the first, higher, almost as a function of an internal atrium (endonarthex) or even a false transept, is covered by a barrel vault. It also performs static functions as it serves as a support for the façade. At the base of the last pillar of the right aisle there is the tomb of King Liutprand. In 2018, the bones were the subject of a bioarchaeological and genetic investigation. The analyzes showed that the bones belonged to three upper-class individuals, with strong muscles and who ate proteins, mainly from meat and fish, to a greater extent than the rest of the population, as evidenced by the comparisons with the bone findings. coming from some necropolis of the Lombard age found in northern Italy. Of these three individuals, two (a middle-aged man and a younger man) date back to the 6th century, while the third subject, who died around 40/50 years old, was a contemporary of Liutprando: it is therefore possible that the bones of the third individual may belong to the Lombard king.

In the presbytery, before the choir, there is the Ark of Sant'Agostino, created by Giovanni di Balduccio, a marble masterpiece of the fourteenth century. It is a Gothic work divided into three bands: below, a plinth containing the urn with the remains of the saint; in the center, an open band, with the statue of sleeping St. Augustine and, at the top, the last band, resting on small pillars and crowned by triangular cusps. The entire work is decorated with more than 150 statues, which represent angels, saints, and bishops, and with tiles with the life of the saint. The ark houses the Reliquary Box of Sant'Agostino, a work of goldsmith's work from the Lombard age. The box, in silver, was donated to the monastery by King Liutprand around 725. The crypt, with a nave and two aisles, is located immediately under the altar and houses the tomb of Boethius.

## Cultural impact

According to tradition, in 504 the Vandal king Thrasamund exiled Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe and other North African Catholic bishops to Sardinia. They brought the saint's relics with them, and in Cagliari they found asylum in an underground chapel, located in largo Carlo Felice, in the Stampace district and accessible by a spiral staircase in the Accardo Palace. In 722-723 Liutprand probably sent a delegation to Cagliari charged with purchasing the relics with a large sum of money and transporting them to Pavia to bring prestige to the kingdom's new capital. The box was then donated by the Longobard king to the Monastery of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro around 725. Having lost track of the original 14th-century burial, around 1360, in the sacristy of the Order of the Augustinian hermits, it was replaced by a candid marble ark, the work of Campionese masters. It is mentioned by Petrarch in a letter sent to Boccaccio dated December 22 1365 (currently collected in his *Seniles*, V, 1).

Besides being the burial place of Liutprand and Augustine, San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro contains in its crypt that of Boethius, whose *Consolation of Philosophy* is often taken as the final literary production of Late Antiquity. Dante mentions this in *Il Paradiso*, canto X:

> Lo corpo ond’ella fu cacciata giace
> giuso in Cieldauro; ed essa da martiro
> e da essilio venne a questa pace

("The body whence it was chased forth / lieth down below in Cieldauro and itself from martyrdom / and exile came unto this peace.")

Boccaccio's *Decameron* features a chapter (tenth day, ninth novella) that takes place in the basilica: the sumptuous bed of Thorello, soundly sleeping, is magically transported to San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, where the sacristan discovers him at Matins the following morning.

## Further reading

* Shanon Dale, 2001. "A house divided: San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia and the politics of Pope John XXII", in *JMH* 27, pp. 55ff
* Harold Samuel Stone, 2002. *St. Augustine's Bones: A Microhistory* (Studies in Print Culture and the History of the Book) (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press) 2002.

## InfoBox

| San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Peter in the Golden Sky | |
| Façade of the building | |
| San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro | |
| 45°11′29″N 9°9′18″E / 45.19139°N 9.15500°E / 45.19139; 9.15500 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Website | Homepage |
| History | |
| Status | Basilica |
| Founded | Before 604 (604) |
| Dedication | Saint Peter |
| Consecrated | 1132 |
| Cult(s) present | Augustine of Hippo
Boethius |
| Relics held | Tombs of Augustine
and Boethius |
| Associated people | Renovated by Liutprand, King of the Lombards |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architectural type | Cathedral |
| Style | Romanesque |
| Completed | 720–725 |
| Specifications | |
| Materials | Brick, sandstone |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Pavia |


title: Seedless Clothing Co.

abstract: Seedless Clothing is a clothing brand based in Ocean Beach, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. The company was founded in 1992 by Shea McComb (McAdams). It has since become a consulting firm for various bands, DJs, and events, most notably the High Times Cannabis Cup, and the Seedless 420 Party.

text:
# Seedless Clothing Co.

**Seedless Clothing** is a clothing brand based in Ocean Beach, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. The company was founded in 1992 by Shea McComb (McAdams). It has since become a consulting firm for various bands, DJs, and events, most notably the *High Times* Cannabis Cup, and the Seedless 420 Party.

## Seedless 420 Party

The Seedless 420 Party, inaugurated in 2001, is an annual event that has included performances by entertainers like the Long Beach Dub Allstars (composed of the remaining members of Sublime), RZA, Methodman, Redman, Barrington Levy, Junior Reid, George Clinton, Slightly Stoopid, and Snoop Dogg. In 2008, the Seedless 420 Party featured a Miss Seedless contest, where staff writer Bobby Black of *High Times* participated as a guest judge. The eventual winner, Gina, went on to become *High Times*’ Miss September 2008.

## *High Times* Cannabis Cup

In 2013, Seedless Clothing assisted with the marketing of the first *High Times* Cannabis Cup to be held in Denver, Colorado. In addition, Seedless Clothing assisted with the marketing for the *High Times* Cannabis Cup held in Seattle, Washington.

## NFL cease and desist

In 2010, Seedless Clothing designed a t-shirt featuring a lightning bolt with the word "seedless" across the front. The NFL issued a cease and desist to Seedless Clothing to prevent them from selling the t-shirt in which the lightning bolt appeared. The company ceased production of the t-shirt to avoid litigation.

*
*
*
*


title: Umer Rashid

abstract: Umer Bin Abdul Rashid was an English first-class cricketer who played for Middlesex and Sussex County Cricket Clubs. Rashid played as an allrounder who bowled slow left-arm orthodox and batted left-handed. He was a member of the Marcus Trescothick led 1995 Under-19 series against South Africa. In one of the games he struck 64 from number 11 and made 97 not out in another. With the ball he took 10 for 71 in one of the unofficial Test matches played. His first-class debut came in 1996 for Middlesex before he moved to Sussex in 1999. He made 2 centuries in his career, an innings of 110 against Glamorgan and 106 at Chester-le-Street. His slow left arm bowling gave him 49 first-class wickets and a best of 5 for 103 against Northampton. In 2002 Sussex travelled to Grenada for a pre-season tournament. He had been swimming at a popular tourist spot Concord Falls when his brother Burhan got into trouble. Rashid drowned attempting to rescue him.

text:
# Umer Rashid

**Umer Bin Abdul Rashid** (6 February 1976 – 1 April 2002) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Middlesex and Sussex County Cricket Clubs.

Rashid played as an allrounder who bowled slow left-arm orthodox and batted left-handed. He was a member of the Marcus Trescothick led 1995 Under-19 series against South Africa. In one of the games he struck 64 from number 11 and made 97 not out in another. With the ball he took 10 for 71 in one of the unofficial Test matches played.

His first-class debut came in 1996 for Middlesex before he moved to Sussex in 1999. He made 2 centuries in his career, an innings of 110 against Glamorgan and 106 at Chester-le-Street. His slow left arm bowling gave him 49 first-class wickets and a best of 5 for 103 against Northampton.

In 2002 Sussex travelled to Grenada for a pre-season tournament. He had been swimming at a popular tourist spot Concord Falls when his brother Burhan got into trouble. Rashid drowned attempting to rescue him.

## InfoBox

Umer Rashid
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Umer Bin Abdul Rashid |
| Born | (1976-02-06)6 February 1976
Southampton, England |
| Died | 1 April 2002(2002-04-01) (aged 26)
Concord Falls, Grenada |
| Batting | Left-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Role | All-rounder |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1995–1998 | Middlesex |
| 1999–2001 | Sussex |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 41 71  Runs scored 1,421 594  Batting average 25.37 14.48  100s/50s 2/7 0/1  Top score 110 82  Balls bowled 4,216 3091  Wickets 49 73  Bowling average 42.30 33.34  5 wickets in innings 1 1  10 wickets in match 0 0  Best bowling 5/103 5/24  Catches/stumpings 12/– 23/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 9 October 2022 | |


title: Sanzu River

abstract: Sanzu-no-Kawa The Sanzu-no-Kawa is a mythological river in Japanese Buddhist tradition similar to the Chinese concept of Huang Quan, Indian concept of the Vaitarani and Greek concept of the Styx. Before reaching the afterlife, the souls of the deceased must cross the river by one of three crossing points: a bridge, a ford, or a stretch of deep, snake-infested waters. The weight of one's offenses while alive determines which path an individual must take. It is believed that a toll of six mon must be paid before a soul can cross the river, a belief reflected in Japanese funerals when the necessary fee is placed in the casket with the dead. The Sanzu River is popularly believed to be in Mount Osore, a suitably desolate and remote part of Aomori Prefecture in northern Japan. Similarly to the Sanzu-no-Kawa, there is also the Sai no Kawara, a boundary by which the souls of children who died too early cross over to the realm of the Dead, with the help of Jizō, a Kami/Bodhisattva who helps the souls of children who died too early to avoid the attentions of the Oni and of Shozuka-no-Baba and Datsueba.

text:
# Sanzu River

The ***Sanzu-no-Kawa*** (三途の川, "Sanzu River", literally the "Three-World River" in reference to Buddhist ideas about realms of existence) is a mythological river in Japanese Buddhist tradition similar to the Chinese concept of Huang Quan (Yellow Springs), Indian concept of the Vaitarani and Greek concept of the Styx.

Before reaching the afterlife, the souls of the deceased must cross the river by one of three crossing points: a bridge, a ford, or a stretch of deep, snake-infested waters. The weight of one's offenses while alive determines which path an individual must take. It is believed that a toll of six mon must be paid before a soul can cross the river, a belief reflected in Japanese funerals when the necessary fee is placed in the casket with the dead.

The *Sanzu River* is popularly believed to be in Mount Osore, a suitably desolate and remote part of Aomori Prefecture in northern Japan.

Similarly to the *Sanzu-no-Kawa*, there is also the *Sai no Kawara* (賽の河原, "River-plain of the Dead"), a boundary by which the souls of children who died too early cross over to the realm of the Dead, with the help of *Jizō*, a *Kami*/*Bodhisattva* who helps the souls of children who died too early to avoid the attentions of the *Oni* and of *Shozuka-no-Baba* and *Datsueba*.

## Real Sanzu Rivers in Japan


abstract: Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst is the eighth studio album by Mentallo & The Fixer, released on January 19, 2007 by Alfa Matrix.

text:
# Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst

***Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst*** is the eighth studio album by Mentallo & The Fixer, released on January 19, 2007 by Alfa Matrix.

## Reception

Marc Tater of Chain D.L.K. awarded *Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst* four out of five stars and praised the album for "presenting the very own multi-layered and complex style Gary likes to create and is known for." Release Magazine gave the album eight out of ten, called the band "the sound of things to come" and said "oscillations run wildly through aural fields littered with rich textures and arrpegiations which begin and end in chaotically irrational patterns." I Die:You Die found the album to be a "mixed success", criticizing it's incoherence while saying "it's never boring certainly, and has some truly fantastic passages." Industrial Reviews gave the album three stars out of five and praised the dense complexity of the writing but noted that the melodic verve that former member Dwayne Dassing brought to the band's compositions is missing from the album. Terrorverlag commended the psychedelic and brutal composition structures and commented that the band rarely becomes dull.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Gary Dassing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Once Upon a Time" | 2:57 |
| 2. | "Outside the Pharmacies of Fairyland" | 10:52 |
| 3. | "Amigdula" | 14:16 |
| 4. | "Very Sudden Onset of Incoherence" | 10:59 |
| 5. | "Brute Force Uploading" | 5:45 |
| 6. | "Coming Apart Perfectly" | 4:43 |
| 7. | "Felt So Good That I Cried" | 7:14 |
| 8. | "First Flower After the Flood" | 10:32 |
| 9. | "Commandments for the Molecular Age" | 6:14 |

Disc two
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Brute Force Uploading" (Intravascular Terror) | 10:08 |
| 2. | "Coming Apart Perfectly" (Psychoactive Cacti) | 13:54 |
| 3. | "Brief But Violent Illness" (Tripping Over the Bleeding Edge) | 13:12 |
| 4. | "Commandments for the Molecular Age" (Sacramental) | 8:34 |
| 5. | "Russian Roulette With a Research Chemical" (Waking to the Sound of a Blood Pressure Cuff) | 17:04 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst* liner notes.

**Mentallo & The Fixer**

**Additional performers**

* John Bustamante – additional vocals (5)

**Production and design**

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Belgium | 2007 | Alfa Matrix | CD, DL | am1076cd |
| | | | | AM-2076-DCD |
| | 2014 | | DL |  |

## InfoBox

| Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mentallo & The Fixer | |
| Released | January 19, 2007 (2007-01-19) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 73:32 |
| Label | Alfa Matrix |
| Producer | Gary Dassing |
| Mentallo & The Fixer chronology | |
| *Commandments for the Molecular Age*
(2006) ***Enlightenment Through a Chemical Catalyst***
(2007) *A Collection of Rare, Unreleased & Remastered*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Alternative cover | |
|  | |
| Box set cover | |
|  | |
|  | |