title: Lee-on-the-Solent

abstract: Lee-on-the-Solent, often referred to as Lee-on-Solent, is a seaside district of the borough of Gosport in Hampshire, England, about five miles (8 km) west of Portsmouth. The area is located on the coast of the Solent. It is primarily a residential area, with an upsurge of mostly local visitors in summer, but was also the former home to the Royal Naval Air Station HMS Daedalus.

text:
# Lee-on-the-Solent

**Lee-on-the-Solent**, often referred to as **Lee-on-Solent**, is a seaside district of the borough of Gosport in Hampshire, England, about five miles (8 km) west of Portsmouth. The area is located on the coast of the Solent. It is primarily a residential area, with an upsurge of mostly local visitors in summer, but was also the former home to the Royal Naval Air Station HMS *Daedalus* (renamed as HMS *Ariel* from 1959 to 1965).

## History

The district gained its name in the 19th century, during attempts to develop the area into a seaside resort. The area had been referenced long before this, referred to as Lee and numerous variations, including Lebritan. Early impetus for the district's development came from Charles Edmund Newton Robinson, who persuaded his father, John Charles Robinson, art curator and collector, to fund the buying of land. Over the period 1884 to 1894 the district was established with the setting out of Marine Parade, a pier, railway connection along with a number of impressive red brick villas. The railway service was discontinued in the 1930s and the pier, unrepaired after breaching in aid of coastal defence in World War II, was demolished in 1958.

Lee-on-the-Solent has had a long association with aviation. Seaplane trials took place at Lee-on-the-Solent as early as 1915. A base for seaplane training was established in 1917 on the former RNAS Lee-on-Solent, later HMS *Daedalus*, site.

The new church of St Faith's was built in 1933.

In 1935 the Lee Tower complex was built on the seafront next to the old pier and railway station. It was designed by architects Yates, Cook & Derbyshire, and comprised a white V-shaped Art Deco building with a 120-foot (37 m) tower. The complex housed a cinema, ballroom and restaurant, as well as a viewing platform at the tower's peak. The complex was demolished in 1971 by Gosport Borough Council, with its land now used for the promenade, remembrance gardens and a car park.

On 1 April 1930 Lee on the Solent became a civil parish, it was formed from Crofton and Rowner. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Alverstoke. In 1931 the parish had a population of 2715.

## Modern times

New developments in the 1980s and 1990s increased the population. In c. 2000-2007 1,050 new homes were built at the Cherque farm area of Lee, and further development will take place over the next few years. Elsewhere along Marine Parade, the seafront has lost many of the original villas and hotels to developers.

The Royal Naval Air Station HMS *Daedalus* closed in 1996 but Daedalus Airfield itself remains active as a civil airfield. Aircraft, helicopters, microlight and motorgliders are operated at what is now the principal HM Coastguard search and rescue helicopter base on the south coast. The airfield is operated by Regional & City Airports Management (RCA) on behalf of the owners, Fareham Borough Council. More information about the airfield is available on the website of Daedalus Aviation & Heritage Group.

A planning application was approved in February 2008 for the construction of a Multi-Purpose Driving Test Centre with Motorcycle Manoeuvring Area (MPTC) from the Driving Standards Agency, inside a part of the *Daedalus* site.

The Daedalus site has had housing developments built in recent years, with more re-development planned.

In 2003, the community of Lee-on-the-Solent received nationwide attention for probably the first time in its 120-year existence. The government had proposed to house asylum-seekers at the former base which forms a large area of the resort. At once, the Daedalus Action Group was formed under the chairmanship of John Beavis to oppose the scheme with the support of a large number of local residents. After a U-turn in government policy, the Home Office decided in February 2004 to abandon the asylum centre plan and the action group celebrated with a rally on the seafront. Channel 4 produced a fly-on-the-wall Dispatches documentary *Keep them out* in 2004 dealing with both sides of the argument.

In early May 2006, 20 unexploded Canadian pipe mines were found under HMS *Daedalus* during site clearance prior to disposal by the Ministry of Defence. 60 feet (20 metres) long, they were left over from 265, packed with a total of 2,400 lb of gelignite, planted in World War II to make the airfield unusable in the event of an enemy invasion. The subsequent removal, thought to be the largest of its kind in peacetime Britain, led to the evacuation of some 900 homes staggered over a five-week period.

The district still has a shopping centre, with a selection of independent shops and restaurants and is a popular destination for jet-skiers and kite surfers.

A bypass was built around the time of the Cherque Farm development to link up the B3385 and the B3333 and forms a bypass to Lee-on-the-Solent.

The train has long since gone from the seafront, clearing the seafront for walking, leisure and parking. The seafront is interrupted by the former railway station buildings, the war memorial and the seafront bus stop/parking area opposite the end of Pier Street. This is where the Lee Tower used to stand.

In August 2011 the government announced that the Daedalus airfield would host an enterprise zone named the Solent Enterprise Zone. The CEMAST (Centre of Excellence in Engineering & Manufacturing Advanced Skills Training) campus on the airfield is now open to students. The centre caters for full and part-time students undertaking apprenticeship programmes for companies such as BAE systems and Virgin Atlantic.

In July 2015 parkrun came to the promenade section of Lee on the Solent. The inaugural run had a total of 430 finishers, with around 25 marshals and support people. In the first year there were just over 3,300 runners and 15,000 completed runs. Last year's inaugural of 430 was topped in April of this year with a running attendance of 485.

On the last day of July 2018, a 'possibly deactivated' bomb was discovered '250 metres south west of the slip way in Lee-on-Solent'. By August 1, the beach was taped off and The Royal Navy had been called in, alongside the Solent Coastguard, to try to defuse the bomb.

## Places of interest

The views out to sea from the seafront at Marine Parade are forever changing. From a vantage point on the grassy banks, it is possible to see shipping movements of large container ships and cruisers into Southampton and Portsmouth, sailing boats, ferries and of course the backdrop of the Isle of Wight.

On the seafront on Marine Parade East is the club house of the Lee on the Solent Sailing Club (LOSSC).

At the signal station, where the racing starts and finishes, is a smaller galley that can provide light snacks and soft drinks for the people involved in racing or training at the weekend. It is a RYA accredited Sailing School and is open to visitors and day sailors alike. Boats can be hired.

On Marine Parade West main sea front stands the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's *Lee-on-Solent Memorial*. This was erected to commemorate the 1,926 men of the Fleet Air Arm who died in various parts of the world in World War II and have no known grave.

Lee-on-the-Solent is the home to the Hovercraft Museum which houses the world's largest collection of rare hovercraft including some of the earliest and largest. It can be found on the main road along the seafront and hosts an open day every summer. From 2024 it is open every Saturday and Sunday from 10 am to 4 pm.

Further towards Gosport is the area known as Browndown. It is a former army firing range and could be considered an interesting walk in summer. There are many old relics to explore, and it is not unknown to find large jellyfish washed up on the shore. Browndown army camp was the setting for the ITV television series *Bad Lads Army*. Browndown army camp is also used as a summer activity camp for young cadets from all over the country. Beyond Browndown eastwards, is the more affluent district and village of Alverstoke and seafront known as Stokes Bay.

The High Street is unique as it is home to over 70 independent shops and businesses, the oldest of which is The Book Shop established in 1933 and still operates in the same building. Many of the buildings in the High Street pre-date this. The High Street has seen a resurgence in recent years due to a number of popular events in the High Street organised by the Lee Business Association, such as Summer in Lee, Lee Victory Festival and Christmas in Lee light switch on.

A short walk from the High Street in Lee is the Lee-on-the-Solent Tennis Club. It has a small bar, a gym, six squash courts (two glass-backed), six tennis courts and a sports therapist.

Lee's pubs include The Old Ship, The Bun Penny, The Wyvern and The Inn by the Sea. Some pubs have been demolished to make way for housing and retirement developments, including the Belle Vue Hotel and The Swordfish, which was located on the border between Lee-on-the-Solent and Hill Head, Fareham.

In 2020, Hampshire County Council announced plans to close Lee library.

## Climate

Lee-on-the-Solent, like many towns and cities along the south coast, has a milder climate than the rest of the UK, though it is slightly cooler than the nearby City of Portsmouth. The record high temperature is 31.7 °C (89 °F) in August 2003 and the record low is −9.2 °C (15 °F) in January 1987

Lee-on-the-Solent has a Met Office weather station situated at the MRSC base.

| Climate data for Solent MRSC 1980–2010 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2
(46.8) | 8.2
(46.8) | 10.5
(50.9) | 13.2
(55.8) | 16.7
(62.1) | 19.2
(66.6) | 21.4
(70.5) | 21.4
(70.5) | 19.0
(66.2) | 15.5
(59.9) | 11.5
(52.7) | 8.7
(47.7) | 14.5
(58.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4
(38.1) | 2.8
(37.0) | 4.5
(40.1) | 6.1
(43.0) | 9.2
(48.6) | 12.1
(53.8) | 14.2
(57.6) | 14.3
(57.7) | 12.2
(54.0) | 9.6
(49.3) | 6.2
(43.2) | 3.8
(38.8) | 8.2
(46.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68.8
(2.71) | 49.3
(1.94) | 51.6
(2.03) | 42.4
(1.67) | 43.4
(1.71) | 42.0
(1.65) | 44.5
(1.75) | 50.0
(1.97) | 53.7
(2.11) | 86.2
(3.39) | 83.2
(3.28) | 83.9
(3.30) | 699
(27.51) |
| Average rainy days | 11.6 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 108.7 |
| Source: UK Met Office | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Bibliography

1. *The Book of Gosport* by Lesley Burton and Brian Musselwhite
2. *The Story of Lee-on-the-Solent* by Ron Brown
3. *Exploring the History of Lee-on-the-Solent* by Robin A. Money and John W. Green

## InfoBox

| Lee-on-the-Solent | |
| --- | --- |
| The seafront and beach at Lee-on-the-Solent E | |
| Lee-on-the-SolentLocation within Hampshire | |
| Population | 7,224 (2016) |
| OS grid reference | SU563005 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Lee-on-the-Solent |
| Postcode district | PO13 |
| Dialling code | 023 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Dionne Tonna

abstract: Dionne Tonna is a Maltese former footballer who played as a midfielder. She has been a member of the Malta women's national team, playing 25 games for the national team after missing 8 years of football through injury. Following her retirement as a footballer, she has studied her coaching licences and now forms part of the national women's team as an assistant coach.

text:
# Dionne Tonna

**Dionne Tonna** (born 26 September 1983) is a Maltese former footballer who played as a midfielder. She has been a member of the Malta women's national team, playing 25 games for the national team after missing 8 years of football through injury. Following her retirement as a footballer, she has studied her coaching licences and now forms part of the national women's team as an assistant coach.

## InfoBox

Dionne Tonna
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1983-09-26) 26 September 1983 | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| Jan1999–1999 | Rabat Ajax | 16 | (8) |
| 1999–2018 | Hibernians | 272 | (108) |
| International career | | | |
| 2003–2014 | Malta | 25 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 17 September 2014 | | | |


title: Charles Willocks

abstract: Charles Willocks was a New Zealand rugby union player. A lock, Willocks represented Otago at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1946 to 1949. He played 22 matches for the All Blacks including five internationals.

text:
# Charles Willocks

**Charles Willocks** (28 June 1919 – 25 August 1991) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A lock, Willocks represented Otago at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1946 to 1949. He played 22 matches for the All Blacks including five internationals.

## InfoBox

Charles Willocks
| Date of birth | (1919-06-28)28 June 1919 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Balclutha, New Zealand |
| Date of death | 25 August 1991(1991-08-25) (aged 72) |
| Place of death | Balclutha, New Zealand |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 90 kg (200 lb) |
| School | South Otago High School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1944–48 Otago   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1946–49 New Zealand  5  (0) | |


title: Sloane Leong

abstract: Sloane Leong is a cartoonist, artist, and writer of Hawaiian, Chinese, Mexican, Native American, and European ancestry.

text:
# Sloane Leong

**Sloane Leong** (born 1990) is a cartoonist, artist, and writer of Hawaiian, Chinese, Mexican, Native American, and European ancestry.

## Biography

Leong is a self-taught artist, who began self-publishing at the age of 16. She works on a variety of media, including graphic novels, comics, fiction writing, and poetry, in addition to working as an editor and coach for other creators.

In 2022, she attended the Clarion West's Writers Workshop. In 2023, she was the recipient of the third annual Native American Writer Accelerator Grant, awarded by the Native American Media Alliance in partnership with Netflix. In 2023, she was also selected as a fellow for the 8th annual Native American TV Writers Lab by the Native American Media Alliance.

In 2023, Leong worked with a group of six creators to found the Cartoonist Cooperative, an organization striving to improve labor rights for those in the comics industry and support the work of members.

Leong now resides on Chinook land near Portland, Oregon with her family and three dogs.

## Works

**Graphic Novels and Comics**

* *From Under Mountains* (story and script by Claire Gibson, cover and story by Marian Churchland)
* *Prism Stalker Vol 1*
* *A Map to the Sun*
* *Graveneye* (illustrated by Anna Bowles)
* *Prism Stalker Vol 2: The Weeping Star*
* *Mirror, Mirror* within *Betwixt: A Horror Manga Anthology*

**Fiction Writing**

Leong's writing has been published in multiple magazines, journals, and websites including the Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Bamboo Ridge, and Lightspeed Magazine.

**Editorial**

* *Death in the Mouth: Original Horror by People of Color*

## Awards

| Year | Nominated work | Award | Category | Result | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | *A Map to the Sun* | Ignatz Award | Outstanding Minicomic | Nominated |  |
| 2019 | *Prism Stalker* | Ignatz Award | Outstanding Artist | Nominated |  |
| 2021 | *A Map to the Sun* | Ignatz Award | Outstanding Graphic Novel | Nominated |  |
| 2021 | *A Map to the Sun* | Eisner Awards | Best Publication for Teens | Nominated |  |
| 2022 | *Death in the Mouth: Original Horror by People of Color* | Australian Shadows Award | Best Edited Works | **Won** |  |


title: Theophile Meek

abstract: A scholar at the University of Toronto, Theophile James Meek (1881–1966) published widely on archaeology, corresponded with Wm. F. Albright, and was a frequent contributor to the Encyclopædia Britannica on subjects related to the archaeology of both Palestine and Egypt. He may have played a part in working out the chronology of Egypt which soon became the prevailing mainstream chronology among scholars, and which the Encyclopedia Americana still upholds today. More recently, the Britannica has lowered its dates somewhat currently, with Manfred Bietak, an eminent Egyptologist placing them even later. In the 1920s, Meek translated the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, the Song of Songs, and Lamentations as part of a team working on The Bible: An American Translation. In the book Hebrew Origins, he suggested that the Conquest of Palestine occurred in two phases: the first being represented by the settlement of the central highlands seen at 1400 BCE, and the second being seen archaeologically in the conquests of the "Joshua" cities, then dated to around 1250. He pointed out that the Song of Deborah does not seem to know the three Judah territory tribes, but early stages of Joshua do, and that they were thus perhaps transposed in time. He is also widely cited for having suggested that the "Song of Songs" had striking similarities with a Babylonian fertility myth.

text:
# Theophile Meek

A scholar at the University of Toronto, **Theophile James Meek** (1881–1966) published widely on archaeology, corresponded with Wm. F. Albright, and was a frequent contributor to the *Encyclopædia Britannica* on subjects related to the archaeology of both Palestine and Egypt. He may have played a part in working out the chronology of Egypt which soon became the prevailing mainstream chronology among scholars, and which the Encyclopedia Americana still upholds today. More recently, the Britannica has lowered its dates somewhat currently, with Manfred Bietak, an eminent Egyptologist placing them even later.

In the 1920s, Meek translated the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, the Song of Songs, and Lamentations as part of a team working on The Bible: An American Translation.

In the book *Hebrew Origins*, he suggested that the Conquest of Palestine occurred in two phases: the first being represented by the settlement of the central highlands seen at 1400 BCE, and the second being seen archaeologically in the conquests of the "Joshua" cities, then dated to around 1250. He pointed out that the Song of Deborah (Judges ch. 5) does not seem to know the three Judah territory tribes, but early stages of Joshua do, and that they were thus perhaps transposed in time.

He is also widely cited for having suggested that the "Song of Songs" (a.k.a. the "Song of Solomon") had striking similarities with a Babylonian fertility myth.

* Theophile Meek, *Hebrew Origins*, 1950, Harper and Brothers


title: V. R. Raghavan

abstract: Lt. Gen. (Retd.) Vasantha R. Raghavan is an Indian security consultant and former military general. He served in the Indian Army for 37 years, retiring as the director general of military operations in 1994. After retiring from the army, he has written several books and is currently the director of the Delhi Policy Group and president of the Centre for Security Analysis in Chennai.

text:
# V. R. Raghavan

Lt. Gen. (Retd.) **Vasantha R. Raghavan** is an Indian security consultant and former military general. He served in the Indian Army for 37 years, retiring as the director general of military operations in 1994. After retiring from the army, he has written several books and is currently the director of the Delhi Policy Group and president of the Centre for Security Analysis in Chennai.

## Military career

Raghavan was commissioned in the Punjab Regiment in 1957. He graduated in 1968 from the Royal Military College of Science and the Army Staff College in the UK. He was the commanding general in the Siachen and Kargil sectors during some of the intense combat actions in the area. He was closely involved in the formulation of the Sino-Indian accord on maintaining peace on the borders and in the series of negotiations with Pakistan on the Siachen dispute. As director general of military operations, he was closely involved in strategic planning and field force management of the army. He was awarded the PVSM, UYSM, and AVSM honours by the Government of India.

## Later activities and security advocacy

Raghavan was a member of the independent Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, set up at the initiative of the Swedish Government and headed by Hans Blix. The Commission released a report, entitled "Weapons of Terror: Freeing the World of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Arms" in 2006, which proposed that nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons be outlawed and discussed the options for achieving this goal.

He was also a member of the Indian Government's Review Committee for the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, which had been opposed in Manipur and other parts of North-East India. Although the government has not published the committee's 2005 report, it was reported that the panel recommended that the act be repealed. Raghavan has argued that security should be viewed in terms of human security in societal, environmental, economic, and political terms, instead of the narrow military perspective.

## Publications

Raghavan has written four books since retiring from military service:

* *By the Land and Sea: A History of the Punjab Regiment*
* *India’s Need for Strategic Balance*
* *Infantry in India*
* *Siachen: Conflict Without End*

He has also edited several books:

* *Internal Conflicts in Myanmar*
* *Nuclear Disarmament - India-EU Perspective*
* *Internal Conflicts in Nepal- Transnational Consequences*
* *The Naxal Threat: Causes, State Responses and Consequence*
* *Conflict in Sri Lanka: Internal and External Consequences*
* *Conflicts in the Northeast: Internal and External Effects* (jointly edited with Sanjoy Hazarika)
* *Jammu and Kashmir - Impact on Polity, Society and Economy*
* *Post Conflict Sri Lanka - Rebuilding of Society*

He has also edited more than a dozen other books and written numerous articles on strategic issues relating to India's security.

1. Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission, final report, *Weapons of Terror: Freeing the World of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Arms*, Stockholm, Sweden, 1 June 2006
2. "Book review: Lt-General V.R. Raghavan's 'Siachen: Conflict without end'".

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant General
Vasantha R. Raghavan
PVSM UYSM AVSM | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | India |
| Service/branch | Indian Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Unit | Punjab Regiment |


title: Castle of Miranda de Ebro

abstract: The Castle of Miranda de Ebro is a mediaeval fortification located in Miranda de Ebro, Spain.

text:
# Castle of Miranda de Ebro

The **Castle of Miranda de Ebro** is a mediaeval fortification located in Miranda de Ebro, Spain.

## Location

The castle of Miranda de Ebro is located on Picota hill, in the heart of the old helmet of the city. It is positioned about 500 metres above sea level and offers great views of the city and the mountains that surround it.

## History

The origins of the castle of Miranda de Ebro date from 15 October 1358, when Tello of Castille asked the bishopric of Calahorra for the land to construct a castle at the top of the hill of *La Picota*, a place that was at that time occupied by the church of Santa Maria. Nevertheless, the construction did not begin until 1449, when Pedro Sarmiento occupied the church. Construction was delayed until 1485 and were directed by the expert stonecutter Juan Guas.

The fact that Miranda has been always a border region has caused the castle to witness the consequences of war on numerous occasions, and was continuously redeveloped. The most recent conflict it saw was during the War of Independence of Spain and the Carlist Wars, that left the castle in ruins. Perhaps the most important event of the fortress's history occurred during the War of Spanish Independence, when Jose Bonaparte signed the decree of use of the French currency in Spain at the castle.

In 1903, the city council, which was at the time the owner of the castle, decided to dismantle it. The stone from the castle was used for the construction of the bullring (today disappeared), the ruins of the castle were covered with earth and used as the foundations for the construction of a water tank.

The castle is protected under the generic Declaration of the Decree of 22 of April 1949, and Law 16/1985 on Spanish Historical Patrimony. The value and use of the castle is currently under assessment.

## Description

The castle plan had trapezoidal form, with four or five vertices.

Today only the north wall is visible, between the King's Battery and the Queen's Battery. Also preserved, though hidden by vegetation, is the east–west wall and a circular tower in the southwestern edge, which was probably crenellated. The entrance to the fortification was through a barbican: a small defensive system that consisted of a series of entrance halls before the front door. It also had a pit on the west side that looks towards the rest of the hill of the Picota.

The castle was constructed of ashlar masonry stone, or at least the external walls, while the rest was completed with rubble.

1. Noticia sobre el *Plan Director* de rehabiliación

42°40′57″N 2°57′13″W / 42.68250°N 2.95361°W / 42.68250; -2.95361


title: Billbergia morelii

abstract: Billbergia morelii is a plant species in the genus Billbergia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

text:
# Billbergia morelii

***Billbergia morelii*** is a plant species in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Billbergia* 'Andegavensis'
* *Billbergia* 'Belgica'
* *Billbergia* 'Frolic'
* *Billbergia* 'Full Moon'
* *Billbergia* 'Gargoyle'
* *Billbergia* 'Jenischiana'
* *Billbergia* 'Koechlii'
* *Billbergia* 'Makoyana'
* *Billbergia* 'Margarita'
* *Billbergia* 'Vexillaria'
* *Billbergia* 'Wantenii'
* *Billbergia* 'Worleana'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia morelii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Billbergia* |
| Species: | ***B. morelii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia morelii***<br>Brongn. | |
|


title: Ferdinand Philipp von Lobkowicz

abstract: Ferdinand Philipp von Lobkowicz was a Bohemian nobleman, patron of the arts and musician. A member of the Lobkowicz family, he was the 6th Prince of Lobkowicz.

text:
# Ferdinand Philipp von Lobkowicz

**Ferdinand Philipp von Lobkowicz** (27 April 1724 – 11 January 1784) was a Bohemian nobleman, patron of the arts and musician. A member of the Lobkowicz family, he was the 6th Prince of Lobkowicz.

## Early life

Lobkowicz was born on 27 April 1724 in Prague. He was the second son of Prince Phillip Hyacinth von Lobkowicz (1680–1734) and, his second wife, Countess Maria Wilhelmine von Althann (1704–1757), a cousin of Count Gundaker Ludwig von Althann. His younger sister, Anne Maria Elisabeth von Lobkowicz, married the diplomat Count Anton Corfiz von Ulfeldt.

His paternal grandparents were Ferdinand August von Lobkowicz and, his first wife, Claudia Franziska von Nassau-Hadamar (a daughter of Maurice Henry, Prince of Nassau-Hadamar and Ernestine Charlotte von Nassau-Siegen, herself the daughter of Count John VIII of Nassau-Siegen).

## Career

Upon his father's death in 1737, his elder brother, Wenzel Ferdinand, succeeded as the 5th Prince of Lobkowitz. When his brother died, unmarried, two years later in 1739, the title passed to young Ferdinand.

When the First Silesian War began in 1740, and the Prussians conquered Silesia, and with it the Duchy of Sagan, which was valuable to Lobkowitz, he supported the Prussians and Frederick the Great, which was likely a reason why, unlike his relatives, he never received the Order of the Golden Fleece. In January 1750, he officially received Sagan as a fief from the Prussian king.

From 1743 onwards, the now ruling prince was able to devote himself entirely to his extensive studies with a focus on music in Vienna, building on his father's work with the orchestra. Ferdinand, who was considered one of the best amateur violinists, was taught by Christoph Willibald Gluck and Franz Benda in Berlin. In 1745, he took Gluck on a trip to Italy and England. In 1746, he travelled to London again to buy breeding horses. There he saw paintings by Canaletto, some of which he bought and brought back to Bohemia.

### Life in Prague

In 1753, he acquired the Palais Lobkowicz on Vlašská street in Prague, on the outskirts of the old city. After acquiring the palace, Lobkowicz moved out of the older Lobkowicz Palace in Hradčany. In 1927, his family sold the Vlašská Palace to the Czechoslovak state which used it as the Ministry of Education. It was sold in 1948 and used as the Chinese embassy, before being acquired by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1974, who use it as their embassy to this day.

## Personal life

On 10 July 1769, he married Princess Maria Gabriella di Savoia-Carignano (1748–1828), a daughter of Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano and Princess Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg (daughter of Ernst II Leopold, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg), in 1769.

The Prince of Lobkowicz died on 21 December 1734 in Vienna and was succeeded by his only son, Joseph Franz.

## InfoBox

| Phillip Hyacinth von Lobkowicz | |
| --- | --- |
| *Prince of Lobkowicz* | |
| *Portrait of Prince Lobkowicz by Martin van Meytens* | |
| Born | (1724-04-27)27 April 1724
Prague, Bohemia |
| Died | 11 January 1784(1784-01-11) (aged 59)
Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire |
| Spouse | Princess Maria Gabriella di Savoia-Carignano
(m. 1769; died 1784) |
| Issue | Joseph Franz von Lobkowitz |
| House | Lobkowicz |
| Father | Phillip Hyacinth von Lobkowicz |
| Mother | Maria Wilhelmine von Althann |


abstract: The 2022–23 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's basketball team represented the University of Delaware in the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Fightin' Blue Hens, led by seventh-year head coach Martin Ingelsby, played their home games at the Bob Carpenter Center in Newark, Delaware as members of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA).

text:
# 2022–23 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's basketball team

2022–23 CAA men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| Hofstra | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 25 |  | 10 |  | .714 |
| Charleston | 16 |  | 2 |  | .889 |  |  | 31 |  | 4 |  | .886 |
| Towson | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 21 |  | 12 |  | .636 |
| UNC Wilmington | 12 |  | 6 |  | .667 |  |  | 24 |  | 10 |  | .706 |
| Drexel | 10 |  | 8 |  | .556 |  |  | 17 |  | 15 |  | .531 |
| Delaware | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |  |  | 17 |  | 16 |  | .515 |
| North Carolina A&T | 8 |  | 10 |  | .444 |  |  | 13 |  | 19 |  | .406 |
| William & Mary | 7 |  | 11 |  | .389 |  |  | 13 |  | 20 |  | .394 |
| Elon | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 8 |  | 24 |  | .250 |
| Stony Brook | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 11 |  | 22 |  | .333 |
| Northeastern | 6 |  | 12 |  | .333 |  |  | 10 |  | 20 |  | .333 |
| Hampton | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 8 |  | 24 |  | .250 |
| Monmouth | 5 |  | 13 |  | .278 |  |  | 7 |  | 26 |  | .212 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2023 CAA tournament winner
 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **2022–23 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's basketball team** represented the University of Delaware in the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Fightin' Blue Hens, led by seventh-year head coach Martin Ingelsby, played their home games at the Bob Carpenter Center in Newark, Delaware as members of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA).

## Previous season

The Fightin' Blue Hens finished the 2021–22 season 22–13, 10–8 in CAA play, to finish a tie for fourth place. As the No. 5 seed, they defeated Drexel, Towson and UNC Wilmington to win the CAA tournament. They received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 15 seed in the South Region, where they lost in the first round to Villanova.

## Roster

| 2022–23 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Previous school Hometown  0 Jameer Nelson Jr. 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) 200 lb (91 kg) RS Jr George Washington Haverford, PA  1 LJ Owens 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 165 lb (75 kg) GS UMBC Annapolis, MD  2 Fred Rullo IV 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m) 165 lb (75 kg) Sr Devon Prep Newtown Square, PA  3 Logan Curtis 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 185 lb (84 kg) RS Jr East Carolina Baltimore, MD  4 Gianmarco Arletti 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 205 lb (93 kg) Jr Holy Cross Prep Bologna, Italy  5 Christian Ray 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 210 lb (95 kg) Sr La Salle Gap, PA  10 Johnny McCoy 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 190 lb (86 kg) RS Jr Tilton School Mansfield, MA  11 Cavan Reilly 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 188 lb (85 kg) Fr Bishop O'Connell HS Arlington, VA  12 Houston Emory 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 195 lb (88 kg) Fr Blue Ridge School Devon, PA  13 Jyáre Davis 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 215 lb (98 kg) RS So Providence Newark, DE  14 Ebby Asamoah 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 200 lb (91 kg) Sr Magruder HS Rockville, MD  15 Aleks Novakovich 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 230 lb (104 kg) RS Sr Don Bosco Institute Hobart, IN  23 Gabe Moss 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 218 lb (99 kg) Fr The Hill School Pottstown, PA  24 Wes Peterson 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 180 lb (82 kg) So Bishop O'Connell HS Arlington, VA  34 O.D. Ogunbo 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 205 lb (93 kg) Jr Delcastle HS Lagos, Nigeria  45 Nigel Shadd 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 260 lb (118 kg) GS Pacific Mesa, AZ | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on  ---  Roster
Last update: December 12, 2022 |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site (attendance)
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Non-conference regular season | | | | | | | | | | | |
| November 7, 2022*
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Wilmington | **W** 78–54 | 1–0
 | Bob Carpenter Center (2,255)
Newark, DE |
| November 11, 2022*
5:00 p.m., MW Network |  | at Air Force | **L** 71–75 | 1–1
 | Clune Arena (1,625)
Colorado Springs, CO |
| November 18, 2022*
7:00 p.m., ACC RSN |  | at No. 7 Duke | **L** 58–92 | 1–2
 | Cameron Indoor Stadium (9,314)
Durham, NC |
| November 25, 2022*
2:00 p.m., ESPN+ |  | vs. Colgate
*Cathedral Classic* | **W** 72–68 | 2–2
 | The Palestra
Philadelphia, PA |
| November 26, 2022*
2:00 p.m., ESPN+ |  | vs. Hartford
*Cathedral Classic* | **W** 78–50 | 3–2
 | The Palestra
Philadelphia, PA |
| November 27, 2022*
4:30 p.m., ESPN+ |  | at Penn
*Cathedral Classic* | **L** 73–86 | 3–3
 | The Palestra (1,586)
Philadelphia, PA |
| December 1, 2022*
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Cornell | **L** 67–74 | 3–4
 | Bob Carpenter Center (1,426)
Newark, DE |
| December 3, 2022*
2:00 p.m., NBCSPHI |  | Davidson | **W** 69–67 | 4–4
 | Bob Carpenter Center (1,859)
Newark, DE |
| December 7, 2022*
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Delaware State | **W** 77–69 | 5–4
 | Bob Carpenter Center (2,260)
Newark, DE |
| December 11, 2022*
2:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Siena | **W** 75–64 | 6–4
 | Bob Carpenter Center (1,554)
Newark, DE |
| December 16, 2022*
7:00 p.m., ESPN+ |  | at Princeton | **W** 76–69 | 7–4
 | Jadwin Gymnasium (1,599)
Princeton, NJ |
| December 19, 2022*
7:00 p.m., ESPN+ |  | at Rider | **W** 60–59 | 8–4
 | Alumni Gymnasium (1,650)
Lawrenceville, NJ |
| December 21, 2022*
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Ohio | **L** 76–95 | 8–5
 | Bob Carpenter Center (1,568)
Newark, DE |
| CAA regular season | | | | | | | | |
| December 29, 2022
7:00 p.m., CBSSN |  | Hofstra | **L** 73–87 | 8–6
(0–1) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,121)
Newark, DE |
| December 31, 2022
2:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Elon | **W** 57–52 | 9–6
(1–1) | Bob Carpenter Center (1,895)
Newark, DE |
| January 7, 2023
5:00 p.m., CBSSN |  | at No. 23 College of Charleston | **L** 64–75 | 9–7
(1–2) | TD Arena (5,162)
Charleston, SC |
| January 11, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Towson | **W** 72–59 | 10–7
(2–2) | Bob Carpenter Center (1,671)
Newark, DE |
| January 14, 2023
2:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Hofstra | **L** 62–86 | 10–8
(2–3) | Mack Sports Complex (2,037)
Hempstead, NY |
| January 16, 2023
6:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Northeastern | **L** 58–59 | 10–9
(2–4) | Matthews Arena (716)
Boston, MA |
| January 19, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | William & Mary | **W** 80–53 | 11–9
(3–4) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,192)
Newark, DE |
| January 21, 2023
2:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Drexel | **L** 74–77 OT | 11–10
(3–5) | Daskalakis Athletic Center (2,407)
Philadelphia, PA |
| January 26, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Hampton | **L** 66–67 | 11–11
(3–6) | Hampton Convocation Center (2,705)
Hampton, VA |
| January 28, 2023
12:00 p.m., CBSSN |  | Northeastern | **W** 81–78 | 12–11
(4–6) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,561)
Newark, DE |
| February 2, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Monmouth | **L** 62–70 | 12–12
(4–7) | OceanFirst Bank Center (1,597)
West Long Branch, NJ |
| February 4, 2023
2:00 p.m., NBCSPHI |  | College of Charleston | **L** 67–84 | 12–13
(4–8) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,875)
Newark, DE |
| February 8, 2023
7:00 p.m., NBCSPHI |  | Drexel | **L** 54–58 | 12–14
(4–9) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,685)
Newark, DE |
| February 13, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | Stony Brook | **W** 71–60 | 13–14
(5–9) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,449)
Newark, DE |
| February 16, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Towson | **L** 72–95 | 13–15
(5–10) | SECU Arena (3,010)
Towson, MD |
| February 18, 2023
4:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | UNC Wilmington | **W** 75–66 | 14–15
(6–10) | Bob Carpenter Center (2,628)
Newark, DE |
| February 23, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at North Carolina A&T | **W** 73–71 | 15–15
(7–10) | Corbett Sports Center (1,658)
Greensboro, NC |
| February 25, 2023
7:00 p.m., FloHoops |  | at Elon | **W** 70–54 | 16–15
(8–10) | Schar Center (1,721)
Elon, NC |
| CAA tournament | | | | | | | | | | | |
| March 4, 2023
8:30 p.m., FloHoops | (6) | vs. (11) Northeastern
*Second round* | **W** 77–74 OT | 17–15
 | Entertainment and Sports Arena (2,067)
Washington, D.C. |
| March 5, 2023
8:30 p.m., FloHoops | (6) | vs. (3) Towson
*Quarterfinals* | **L** 60–86 | 17–16
 | Entertainment and Sports Arena (2,089)
Washington, D.C. |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
All times are in Eastern. | | | | | | | | | | | |

Sources:

## InfoBox

| 2022–23 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conference | Colonial Athletic Association |
| Record | 17–16 (8–10 CAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Associate head coach | Bill Phillips |
| Assistant coaches |  |
| Home arena | Bob Carpenter Center |
|


title: Skiby

abstract: Skiby is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chęciny, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Chęciny and 15 km (9 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Skiby

**Skiby** \[ˈskibɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chęciny, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Chęciny and 15 km (9 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Skiby | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Skiby | |
| Coordinates: 50°49′7″N 20°26′4″E / 50.81861°N 20.43444°E / 50.81861; 20.43444 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Kielce |
| Gmina | Chęciny |
| Population | 360 |


title: Slurry

abstract:
A slurry is a mixture of denser solids suspended in liquid, usually water. The most common use of slurry is as a means of transporting solids or separating minerals, the liquid being a carrier that is pumped on a device such as a centrifugal pump. The size of solid particles may vary from 1 micrometre up to hundreds of millimetres.
The particles may settle below a certain transport velocity and the mixture can behave like a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Depending on the mixture, the slurry may be abrasive and/or corrosive.

text:
# Slurry

A **slurry** is a mixture of denser solids suspended in liquid, usually water. The most common use of slurry is as a means of transporting solids or separating minerals, the liquid being a carrier that is pumped on a device such as a centrifugal pump. The size of solid particles may vary from 1 micrometre up to hundreds of millimetres. The particles may settle below a certain transport velocity and the mixture can behave like a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Depending on the mixture, the slurry may be abrasive and/or corrosive.

## Examples

Examples of slurries include:

## Calculations

### Determining solids fraction

To determine the percent solids (or solids fraction) of a slurry from the density of the slurry, solids and liquid

$$\phi \_{sl}={\frac {\rho \_{s}(\rho \_{sl}-\rho \_{l})}{\rho \_{sl}(\rho \_{s}-\rho \_{l})}}$$

where

$\phi \_{sl}$ is the solids fraction of the slurry (state by mass) $\rho \_{s}$ is the solids density $\rho \_{sl}$ is the slurry density $\rho \_{l}$ is the liquid density

In aqueous slurries, as is common in mineral processing, the specific gravity of the species is typically used, and since specific gravity of water is taken to be 1, this relation is typically written:

$$\phi \_{sl}={\frac {\rho \_{s}(\rho \_{sl}-1)}{\rho \_{sl}(\rho \_{s}-1)}}$$

even though specific gravity with units tonnes/m3 (t/m3) is used instead of the SI density unit, kg/m3.

### Liquid mass from mass fraction of solids

To determine the mass of liquid in a sample given the mass of solids and the mass fraction: By definition

$$\phi \_{sl}={\frac {M\_{s}{M\_{sl}}}}$$

therefore

$$M\_{sl}={\frac {M\_{s}{\phi \_{sl}}}}$$

and

$$M\_{s}+M\_{l}={\frac {M\_{s}{\phi \_{sl}}}}$$

then

$$M\_{l}={\frac {M\_{s}{\phi \_{sl}-M\_{s}}}}$$

and therefore

$$M\_{l}={\frac {1-\phi \_{sl}{\phi \_{sl}M\_{s}}}}$$

where

$\phi \_{sl}$ is the solids fraction of the slurry $M\_{s}$ is the mass or mass flow of solids in the sample or stream $M\_{sl}$ is the mass or mass flow of slurry in the sample or stream $M\_{l}$ is the mass or mass flow of liquid in the sample or stream

### Volumetric fraction from mass fraction

$$\phi \_{sl,m}={\frac {M\_{s}{M\_{sl}}}}$$

Equivalently

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {V\_{s}{V\_{sl}}}}$$

and in a minerals processing context where the specific gravity of the liquid (water) is taken to be one:

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {\frac {M\_{s}{SG\_{s}{{\frac {M\_{s}{SG\_{s}+{\frac {M\_{l}{1}}}}}}}}}}}$$

So

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {M\_{s}{M\_{s}+M\_{l}SG\_{s}}}}$$

and

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {1}{1+{\frac {M\_{l}SG\_{s}{M\_{s}}}}}}$$

Then combining with the first equation:

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {1}{1+{\frac {M\_{l}SG\_{s}{\phi \_{sl,m}M\_{s}{\frac {M\_{s}{M\_{s}+M\_{l}}}}}}}}}$$

So

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {1}{1+{\frac {SG\_{s}{\phi \_{sl,m}{\frac {M\_{l}{M\_{s}+M\_{l}}}}}}}}}$$

Then since

$$\phi \_{sl,m}={\frac {M\_{s}{M\_{s}+M\_{l}=1-{\frac {M\_{l}{M\_{s}+M\_{l}}}}}}}$$

we conclude that

$$\phi \_{sl,v}={\frac {1}{1+SG\_{s}({\frac {1}{\phi \_{sl,m}-1)}}}}$$

where

$\phi \_{sl,v}$ is the solids fraction of the slurry on a *volumetric* basis $\phi \_{sl,m}$ is the solids fraction of the slurry on a *mass* basis $M\_{s}$ is the mass or mass flow of solids in the sample or stream $M\_{sl}$ is the mass or mass flow of slurry in the sample or stream $M\_{l}$ is the mass or mass flow of liquid in the sample or stream $SG\_{s}$ is the bulk specific gravity of the solids


title: Spearhafoc

abstract: Spearhafoc was an eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon artist and Benedictine monk, whose artistic talent was apparently the cause of his rapid elevation to Abbot of Abingdon in 1047–48 and Bishop-Elect of London in 1051. After his consecration as bishop was thwarted, he vanished with the gold and jewels he had been given to make into a crown for King Edward the Confessor, and was never seen again. He was also famous for a miracle which impacted his career. His name means "sparrowhawk" in Old English.

text:
# Spearhafoc

**Spearhafoc** was an eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon artist and Benedictine monk, whose artistic talent was apparently the cause of his rapid elevation to Abbot of Abingdon in 1047–48 and Bishop-Elect of London in 1051. After his consecration as bishop was thwarted, he vanished with the gold and jewels he had been given to make into a crown for King Edward the Confessor, and was never seen again. He was also famous for a miracle which impacted his career.

His name means "sparrowhawk" in Old English (*Speraver* in Latin).

## Clerical career

Spearhafoc was a monk at Bury St Edmunds Abbey, who according to several sources, including the Norman chronicler Goscelin, who knew him personally, "was outstanding in painting, gold-engraving and goldsmithery", the painting very likely mainly in illuminated manuscripts. It was probably his artistic work which brought into contact with the royal family and the Godwins. King Edward the Confessor imposed him as Abbot of Abingdon following the death of Æthelstan on 29 March of either 1047 or 1048. In 1051 Edward promoted him to Bishop of London, but upon the return of the previous Bishop of London, Robert of Jumièges, newly elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury, from his trip to Rome to receive his pallium, Robert refused to consecrate Spearhafoc, claiming that Pope Leo IX had forbidden it. After a stalemate "all that summer and autumn", with an unconsecrated Spearhafoc in possession of the see, the fall of Earl Godwin in September 1051, with whom Spearhafoc seems to have been allied, precipitated matters. Spearhafoc was expelled from London, and fled abroad, taking with him the gold and gems intended for King Edward's crown, as well as treasure from the London diocesan stores, stuffed into "very many bags":

> ... auri gemmarumque electarum pro corona imperiali cudenda, regis ejusdem assignatione receptam haberet copiam. Hinc et ex episcopii pecunia marsupiorum farsisset plurimum receptacula, clanculo Anglia secedens ultra non-apparuit.

The exact sequence and implied motivation of events differs between the sources, but even the history of his own monastery concluded "God's vengeance brought such ends for those by whose trickery the Church was diminished for their own profit". In the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* Spearhafoc's flight, placed in 1052, is related immediately after the description of Edward putting away his queen, which may imply a close relation between these events. A Norman kinsman of the king, Rodulf, had already replaced Spearhafoc in Abingdon, though he died in 1052.

Spearhafoc was replaced by William the Norman, and was the last Bishop of London of English ethnic origin for many years, probably until Roger Niger was appointed in 1228.

## Artistic work

Anglo-Saxon metalwork had a famous reputation as far afield as Italy, but hardly any pieces have survived the depredations of the Norman Conquest in 1066, and the English Reformation, as well as sales by their owners to buy land or for other purposes, of which a number by Spearhafoc's abbey of Abingdon are recorded after the Conquest. The references to three specific projects by Spearhafoc (the crown and the two sets of statues in Canterbury, described below), none of which have survived, are about works in precious metal, and he is one of a small number of metalwork artists from the period whose name we know and whose work is described in any way. Even the imprecise details given, mostly by Goscelin, are therefore valuable evidence of what Anglo-Saxon metalwork was like. Anglo-Saxon skill in gold-engraving, designs and figures engraved on gold objects, is mentioned by many foreign sources, and the few remaining engraved figures closely parallel the far more numerous pen-drawn figures in manuscripts, also an Anglo-Saxon speciality. Wall-paintings, which seem to have sometimes contained gold, were also apparently often made by manuscript illuminators, and Goscelin's description of his talents therefore suggests an artist skilled in all the main Anglo-Saxon media for figurative art – of which being a goldsmith was then regarded as the most prestigious branch.

Many monastic artists reached senior positions; Spearhafoc's career in metalwork was paralleled in less sensational fashion by his contemporary Mannig, Abbot of Evesham (Abbot 1044–58, d. 1066), and at the end of the previous century Saint Dunstan had been a very successful Archbishop of Canterbury. Spearhafoc's predecessor as Abbot of Abingdon, Saint Æthelwold of Winchester, had by this time acquired a reputation as a goldsmith, and was credited with the production of a range of metal objects at the abbey, including many figures and objects in precious metal, bells and even a pipe organ. However the lack of any reference to such skills in the contemporary biography by Wulfstan suggests this was a later elaboration, though one that shows the high status of goldsmithing at the time.

Like Spearhafoc, Mannig's biography, with some precise details, is given in the chronicle maintained by his abbey. His work also had a miracle associated with it – the lay goldsmith Godric stabbed his hand with an awl during the work on the large shrine at Evesham, which was miraculously healed overnight. Spearhafoc and Mannig are the "only two goldsmiths of whom we have extended accounts", and the additional information given about Godric, the leader of a team brought in by Mannig for the shrine, is also unique among the surviving evidence. Some twenty years after the miracle, Godric joined the Abbey of Evesham, presumably in retirement, and his son later became Prior there.

## Spearhafoc's miracle

According to Goscelin, while Spearhafoc was working on metal figures at St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, he lost a valuable ring given him by Edward's queen, and Godwin's daughter, Edith of Wessex, presumably as materials to use in his project. In his distress, he prayed to Saint Letard, buried in the church, after which the ring was found. In gratitude, he adorned Letard's tomb with "statues of enormous size and beauty" of the saint and of Queen Bertha of Kent, whose chaplain Letard had been. From other mentions it would seem such a description would mean the statues were at least approaching life-size. The miracle clearly added to his fame, and may have made him seem a more suitable candidate for elevation as bishop. For the art historian, it is one of a handful of references to large metal statues, other than on crucifixes, in Anglo-Saxon England, and the only one which associates them with a tomb or reliquary. One of the other mentions says that a different figure was made of thin gold and silver sheets supported by a wooden core, presumably in a similar fashion to the Golden Madonna of Essen, and some other Continental survivals.

No comparably early rood crosses with the side figures of Mary and John seem to survive, though we have large painted wooden crucifixes like the German Gero Cross of c. 980, and the Volto Santo of Lucca (renewed with a later figure), which is known to have inspired Leofstan, Abbot of Bury (d. 1065), to create a similar figure, perhaps covered in precious metal, on his return from a visit to Rome.

## Citations

## InfoBox

| Spearhafoc | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of London-elect | |
| Appointed | 1051 |
| Term ended | 1052 |
| Predecessor | Robert of Jumièges |
| Successor | William the Norman |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | never consecrated |
| Personal details | |
| Denomination | Christian |


title: Sharada script

abstract: The Śāradā, Sarada or Sharada script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts. The script was widespread between the 8th and 12th centuries in the northwestern parts of Indian Subcontinent, for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri. Although originally a signature Brahminical script created in the valley, it was more widespread throughout northwestern Indian subcontinent, and later became restricted to Kashmir, and is now rarely used, except by the Kashmiri Pandit community for religious purposes. It is a native script of Kashmir and is named after the goddess Śāradā or Saraswati, the goddess of learning and the main Hindu deity of the Sharada Peeth temple.

text:
# Sharada script

The **Śāradā**, **Sarada** or **Sharada** script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts. The script was widespread between the 8th and 12th centuries in the northwestern parts of Indian Subcontinent (in Kashmir and neighbouring areas), for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri. Although originally a signature Brahminical script created in the valley, it was more widespread throughout northwestern Indian subcontinent, and later became restricted to Kashmir, and is now rarely used, except by the Kashmiri Pandit community for religious purposes.

It is a native script of Kashmir and is named after the goddess Śāradā or Saraswati, the goddess of learning and the main Hindu deity of the Sharada Peeth temple.

## History

Sharda script is named after the Hindu goddess Śāradā, also known as Saraswati, the goddess of learning and the main Hindu deity of the Sharada Peeth temple.

Although originally a script restricted to only Brahmins, Sharda was later spread throughout the larger Hindu population in Northwestern Indian subcontinent, as Hinduism became the dominant religion in the region again.

The Bakhshali manuscript uses an early stage of the Sharada script. The Sharada script was used in Afghanistan as well as in the Himachal region in India. In Afghanistan, the Kabul Ganesh has a 6th to 8th century Proto-Sharada inscription mentioning the, Turk Shahis, king Khingala of Oddiyana. At the historic temple of Mirkula Devi (also Mrikula Devi) in Lahaul, \[Himachal Pradesh\], the goddess Mahishamardini has a Sharada inscription of 1569 CE.

From the 10th century onwards, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly Himachal Pradesh) and Kashmir. Sharada proper was eventually restricted to very limited ceremonial use in Kashmir, as it grew increasingly unsuitable for writing the Kashmiri language. With the last known inscription dating to 1204 C.E., the early 13th century marks a milestone in the development of Sharada. The regional variety in Punjab continued to evolve from this stage through the 14th century; during this period it starts to appear in forms closely resembling Gurmukhī and other Landa scripts. By the 15th century, Sharada had evolved so considerably that epigraphists denote the script at this point by a special name, *Devāśeṣa*.

## Letters

### Vowels

| Transliteration | IPA | Independent position | Dependent position | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Glyph | Example | Special forms |
| *a* | \[ɐ\] | 𑆃 | (none) | (𑆥 *pa*) |  |
| *ā* | \[aː\] | 𑆄 | 𑆳 | 𑆥𑆳 | 𑆕𑆕𑆳; 𑆘𑆘𑆳; 𑆛𑆛𑆳; 𑆟𑆟𑆳 |
| *i* | \[ɪ\] | 𑆅 | 𑆴 | 𑆥𑆴 *pi* |  |
| *ī* | \[iː\] | 𑆆 | 𑆵 | 𑆥𑆵 |  |
| *u* | \[ʊ\] | 𑆇 | 𑆶 | 𑆥𑆶 *pu* | 𑆑𑆑𑆶; 𑆓𑆓𑆶; 𑆙𑆙𑆶; 𑆚𑆚𑆶; 𑆝𑆝𑆶; 𑆠𑆠𑆶; 𑆨𑆨𑆶; 𑆫𑆫𑆶; 𑆯𑆯𑆶 |
| *ū* | \[uː\] | 𑆈 | 𑆷 | 𑆥𑆷 | 𑆑𑆑𑆷; 𑆓𑆓𑆷; 𑆙𑆙𑆷; 𑆚𑆚𑆷; 𑆝𑆝𑆷; 𑆠𑆠𑆷; 𑆨𑆨𑆷; 𑆫𑆫𑆷; 𑆯𑆯𑆷 |
|  | \[r̩\] | 𑆉 | 𑆸 | 𑆥𑆸 *pr̥* | 𑆑𑆑𑆸 |
| *r̥̄* | \[r̩ː\] | 𑆊 | 𑆹 | 𑆥𑆹 *pr̥̄* | 𑆑𑆑𑆹 |
|  | \[l̩\] | 𑆋 | 𑆺 | 𑆥𑆺 *pl̥* |  |
| *l̥̄* | \[l̩ː\] | 𑆌 | 𑆻 | 𑆥𑆻 *pl̥̄* |  |
| *ē* | \[eː\] | 𑆍 | 𑆼 | 𑆥𑆼 |  |
| *ai* | \[aːi̯\], \[ai\], \[ɐi\], \[ɛi\] | 𑆎 | 𑆽 | 𑆥𑆽 *pai* |  |
| *ō* | \[oː\] | 𑆏 | 𑆾 | 𑆥𑆾 |  |
| *au* | \[aːu̯\], \[au\], \[ɐu\], \[ɔu\] | 𑆐 | 𑆿 | 𑆥𑆿 *pau* |  |
| *am̐* | \[◌̃\] | 𑆃𑆀 | 𑆀 | 𑆥𑆀 *pam̐* |  |
| *aṃ* | \[n\], \[m\] | 𑆃𑆁 | 𑆁 | 𑆥𑆁 *paṃ* |  |
| *aḥ* | \[h\] | 𑆃𑆂 | 𑆂 | 𑆥𑆂 *paḥ* |  |

### Consonants

| Isolated glyph | Transliteration | IPA |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 𑆑 | *ka* | \[kɐ\] |
| 𑆒 | *kha* | \[kʰɐ\] |
| 𑆓 | *ga* | \[ɡɐ\] |
| 𑆔 | *gha* | \[ɡʱɐ\] |
| 𑆕 | *ṅa* | \[ŋɐ\] |
| 𑆖 | *ca* | \[tɕɐ\] |
| 𑆗 | *cha* | \[tɕʰɐ\] |
| 𑆘 | *ja* | \[dʑɐ\] |
| 𑆙 | *jha* | \[dʑʱɐ\] |
| 𑆚 | *ña* | \[ɲɐ\] |
| 𑆛 | *ṭa* | \[ʈɐ\] |
| 𑆜 | *ṭha* | \[ʈʰɐ\] |
| 𑆝 | *ḍa* | \[ɖɐ\] |
| 𑆞 | *ḍha* | \[ɖʱɐ\] |
| 𑆟 | *ṇa* | \[ɳɐ\] |
| 𑆠 | *ta* | \[tɐ\] |
| 𑆡 | *tha* | \[tʰɐ\] |
| 𑆢 | *da* | \[dɐ\] |
| 𑆣 | *dha* | \[dʱɐ\] |
| 𑆤 | *na* | \[nɐ\] |
| 𑆥 | *pa* | \[pɐ\] |
| 𑆦 | *pha* | \[pʰɐ\] |
| 𑆧 | *ba* | \[bɐ\] |
| 𑆨 | *bha* | \[bʱɐ\] |
| 𑆩 | *ma* | \[mɐ\] |
| 𑆪 | *ya* | \[jɐ\] |
| 𑆫 | *ra* | \[rɐ\] , \[ɾɐ\], \[ɽɐ\], \[ɾ̪ɐ\] |
| 𑆬 | *la* | \[lɐ\] |
| 𑆭 | *ḷa* | \[ɭɐ\] |
| 𑆮 | *va* | \[ʋɐ\] |
| 𑆯 | *śa* | \[ɕɐ\] |
| 𑆰 | *ṣa* | \[ʂɐ\] |
| 𑆱 | *sa* | \[sɐ\] |
| 𑆲 | *ha* | \[ɦɐ\] |

## Numerals

| Sharada | Arabic |
| --- | --- |
| 𑇐 | 0 |
| 𑇑 | 1 |
| 𑇒 | 2 |
| 𑇓 | 3 |
| 𑇔 | 4 |
| 𑇕 | 5 |
| 𑇖 | 6 |
| 𑇗 | 7 |
| 𑇘 | 8 |
| 𑇙 | 9 |

Sharada script uses its own signs for the positional decimal numeral system.

## Unicode

Śāradā script was added to the Unicode Standard in January, 2012 with the release of version 6.1.

The Unicode block for Śāradā script, called Sharada, is U+11180U+111DF:

### Works cited

## InfoBox

| Sharada script
Śāradā
𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳 | |
| --- | --- |
| The word *śāradā* in Sharada script | |
| Script type | Abugida |
| Time period | 700 CE present (almost extinct) |
| Direction | Left-to-right |
| Region | India, Pakistan, Central Asia |
| Languages | Sanskrit, Kashmiri |
| Related scripts | |
| Parent systems | Egyptian |
| Child systems | Takri
Landa |
| Sister systems | Siddham, Tibetan, Kalinga, Bhaiksuki |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Shrd (319), Sharada, Śāradā |
| Unicode | |
| Unicode alias | Sharada |
| Unicode range | U+11180U+111DF |


title: 1946 Detroit Lions season

abstract: The 1946 Detroit Lions season was their 17th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 7–3, winning only one game. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 11th consecutive season. The Lions lost their first 6 games before beating the Steelers at 17–7 at home. The Lions then lost their final 4 games of the season.

text:
# 1946 Detroit Lions season

The **1946 Detroit Lions season** was their 17th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 7–3, winning only one game. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 11th consecutive season. The Lions lost their first 6 games before beating the Steelers at 17–7 at home. The Lions then lost their final 4 games of the season.

## Schedule

| Week | Date | Opponent | Result | Record | Venue | Recap |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | *Bye* | | | | | |
| 2 | September 30 | at **Chicago Cardinals** | **L** 14–34 | 0–1 | Comiskey Park | Recap |
| 3 | October 6 | at Washington Redskins | **L** 16–17 | 0–2 | Griffith Stadium | Recap |
| 4 | October 13 | **Chicago Cardinals** | **L** 14–36 | 0–3 | Briggs Stadium | Recap |
| 5 | October 20 | at **Los Angeles Rams** | **L** 14–35 | 0–4 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum | Recap |
| 6 | October 27 | at **Green Bay Packers** | **L** 7–10 | 0–5 | Wisconsin State Fair Park | Recap |
| 7 | November 3 | **Los Angeles Rams** | **L** 20–41 | 0–6 | Briggs Stadium | Recap |
| 8 | November 10 | Pittsburgh Steelers | **W** 17–7 | 1–6 | Briggs Stadium | Recap |
| 9 | November 17 | **Green Bay Packers** | **L** 0–9 | 1–7 | Briggs Stadium | Recap |
| 10 | November 24 | at **Chicago Bears** | **L** 6–42 | 1–8 | Wrigley Field | Recap |
| 11 | November 28 | Boston Yanks | **L** 10–34 | 1–9 | Briggs Stadium | Recap |
| 12 | December 8 | **Chicago Bears** | **L** 24–45 | 1–10 | Briggs Stadium | Recap |

**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.

## Standings

| NFL Western Division | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | W | L | T | PCT | DIV | PF | PA | STK |
| Chicago Bears | 8 | 2 | 1 | .800 | 6–1–1 | 289 | 193 | W1 |
| Los Angeles Rams | 6 | 4 | 1 | .600 | 5–2–1 | 277 | 257 | W2 |
| Chicago Cardinals | 6 | 5 | 0 | .545 | 5–3 | 260 | 198 | W2 |
| Green Bay Packers | 6 | 5 | 0 | .545 | 3–5 | 148 | 158 | L1 |
| Detroit Lions | 1 | 10 | 0 | .091 | 0–8 | 142 | 310 | L4 |

**Note:** Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.

## InfoBox

| 1946 Detroit Lions season | |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Gus Dorais |
| Results | |
| Record | 1–10 |
| Division place | 5th NFL Western |
| Playoff finish | *Did not qualify* |
|


title: 2022–23 Delhi Premier League

abstract: The 2022–23 Delhi Premier League was the first season of Delhi Premier League as a top-tier football league under the Delhi Football League. The season started on July 15, and ended on September 29, 2022. Delhi FC were the defending champions. Matches were played in Ambedkar Stadium and Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Delhi. Debutants Vatika FC were the winners of the league title.

text:
# 2022–23 Delhi Premier League

The **2022–23 Delhi Premier League** was the first season of Delhi Premier League as a top-tier football league under the Delhi Football League. The season started on July 15, and ended on September 29, 2022.

Delhi FC were the defending champions. Matches were played in Ambedkar Stadium and Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Delhi. Debutants Vatika FC were the winners of the league title.

## Changes in format

Delhi Premier League, which acted as a final round in the previous edition broke away from the FD Senior Division league to became the top tier league in Delhi, while the former became a second tier league.

A total of ten clubs from the previous edition were joined by Vatika FC who were the league's first entrants through bidding.

For the first time ever, the teams played double round robin matches thereby increasing the number of games to 110 with 20 matches per side.

## Teams

Eleven teams competed in the first edition of Delhi Premier League.

| Teams | Venues |
| --- | --- |
| Delhi FC |

 |
| Hindustan FC | |
| Royal Rangers FC | |
| Friends United FC | |
| Garhwal FC | |
| Tarun Sangha FC | |
| Rangers SC | |
| Sudeva Delhi FC | |
| Uttarakhand FC | |
| Indian Air Force | |
| Vatika FC | |

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Vatika FC | 20 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 39 | 16 | +23 | 44 | **Champions** and qualification for 2023–24 I-League 3 |
| 2 | Delhi | 20 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 47 | 26 | +21 | 39 | Qualification for 2023–24 I-League 3 |
| 3 | Sudeva Delhi | 20 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 38 | 24 | +14 | 37 |  |
| 4 | Garhwal | 20 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 39 | 23 | +16 | | 36 |
| 5 | Royal Rangers FC | 20 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 50 | 32 | +18 | | 32 |
| 6 | Indian Air Force FC | 20 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 32 | 31 | +1 | | 31 |
| 7 | Rangers SC | 20 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 40 | 46 | 6 | | 26 |
| 8 | Friends United FC | 20 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 44 | 39 | +5 | | 23 |
| 9 | Tarun Sangha | 20 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 30 | 49 | 19 | | 19 |
| 10 | Hindustan | 20 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 21 | 41 | 20 | | 14 |
| 11 | Uttarakhand FC | 20 | 3 | 0 | 17 | 18 | 71 | 53 | | 9 |

Source: The Away End
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) head-to-head goals scored; 5) goal difference; 6) number of goals scored; 7) fair play ranking; 8) drawing of lots

## Awards

Ajay Singh of Friends United FC won the Player of the tournament award for scoring 24 goals in 20 games.

1. "Ajay Singh - Player of the tournament". *Twitter*. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
2. "Delhi Premier League: Prize Money, Teams, Venues, and All you need to know". Sports Tiger. 13 July 2022.
3. "Inaugural Delhi Premier League to kickstart on July 15". Khel Now. 12 July 2022.
4. "Vatika FC - Debutants crowned Delhi Premier League Champions". 28 September 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
5. "वाटिका ने प्रीमियर लीग खिताब जीता". *Raj Express* (in Hindi). Retrieved 10 October 2022.
6. "First-Ever Delhi Premier League to Kick Off on July 15". *News18*. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
7. "First Delhi Premier League to Kick off on July 15, 2022". *LatestLY*. 12 July 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
8. "Delhi Premier League". *The Away End*. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.

## InfoBox

Delhi Premier League
| Season | 2022–23 |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 15 July – 29 September |
| Champions | Vatika FC (1st title) |
| Matches played | 110 |
| Goals scored | 403 (3.66 per match) |
| Best Player | Ajay Singh |
| Highest scoring | Friends United 8–0 Hindustan FC |
| 2021–22 *2023–24* | |


title: Disappearing Earth

abstract: Disappearing Earth is the 2019 debut novel by Julia Phillips.

text:
# Disappearing Earth

***Disappearing Earth*** is the 2019 debut novel by Julia Phillips.

## Plot

In an isolated town in Far Eastern part of Russia two young girls go missing.

## Critical reception

The literary review aggregator Book Marks reported that 75% of critics gave the novel a "rave" review and 25% gave it a "positive" review, based on a sample of 20 book reviews.

*The New York Times Book Review* described the book as a "superb debut...a novel in the form of overlapping short stories about the women who are affected both directly and indirectly by the kidnapping. The purpose of these stories is not to unite a community around a tragedy as a less daring and more conventional narrative would have it, but to expose the ways in which the women of Kamchatka are fragmented personally, culturally and emotionally not only by the crime that jump-starts the novel, but by place, identity and the people who try, and often fail, to understand them."

*USA Today* wrote, "It could be a frustrating book for readers who require propulsive plots and clean resolutions, as it offers neither. But Phillips is so skilled at conveying place and people, you can feel the chill of the shadow cast by Soviet-style apartment buildings, smell the blood soup, taste the burn of cheap vodka drunk too fast to numb the pain."

NPR said, "*Disappearing Earth* comes closer in spirit to great American literature than most of the fiction set within U.S. borders."

The book was named one of the top ten books of 2019 by the *New York Times Book Review*.

## InfoBox

Disappearing Earth
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Julia Phillips |
| Audio read by | Ilyana Kadushin |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Fiction |
| Genre | Mystery, thriller |
| Set in | Kamchatka Peninsula |
| Publisher | Knopf |
| Publication date | May 14, 2019 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |
| Pages | 272 |
| ISBN | 978-0-525-52041-2 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.6 |
| LC Class | PS3616.H4585 D57 2019 |


title: Skibotn

abstract: Skibotn (Norwegian), Ivgubahta (Northern Sami), or Yykeänperä (Kven) is a village in Storfjord Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the southeastern shore of the Lyngen fjord in Northern Norway. The village area is located at the crossroads of the European route E6 and European route E8 highways. The distance by road to Kilpisjärvi, the northernmost community in the western "arm" of Finland, is approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi). Skibotn Chapel is located in the village. The 1.05-square-kilometre (260-acre) village has a population (2023) of 539 and a population density of 513 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,330/sq mi). The modern day residents of Skibotn are mostly either descendants of the Kven people and Sami people, or immigrants—and their descendants—from Southern and Central Norway.

text:
# Skibotn

***Skibotn*** (Norwegian), ***Ivgubahta*** (Northern Sami), or ***Yykeänperä*** (Kven) is a village in Storfjord Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the southeastern shore of the Lyngen fjord in Northern Norway. The village area is located at the crossroads of the European route E6 and European route E8 highways. The distance by road to Kilpisjärvi, the northernmost community in the western "arm" of Finland, is approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi). Skibotn Chapel is located in the village.

The 1.05-square-kilometre (260-acre) village has a population (2023) of 539 and a population density of 513 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,330/sq mi). The modern day residents of Skibotn are mostly either descendants of the Kven people and Sami people, or immigrantsand their descendantsfrom Southern and Central Norway.

## Name

The village is named after the old *Skibotn* farm. The first element probably comes from the word *skip* which means "ship", likely referring to the old harbor in the village. The last element is *botn* which means "bottom", in the sense of the "bottom" or "innermost" part of the fjord. The other official names *Ivgubahta* (Northern Sami) and *Yykeänperä* (Kven) both refer to the bottom of the fjord off of the main Lyngen fjord. An alternate Kven name is *Markkina*, but that one is not an official name. *Markkina* refer to the market located at Skibotn.

## Geography

Skibotn is located in a valley, surrounded by large mountains including *Nallagais*, *Imagais*, *Steindalsbreen*, *Balggesvarr*, and *Storfjellet*. The river Skibotnelva empties into the fjord at Skibotn. Skibotnelva river flows from the lakes Rihpojávri and Gálggojávri. Skibotn is known for its dry climate with frequent clear skies in the Skibotn valley, and the calcareous pine forests, with rare orchids. Due to the climate with few clouds, there is an astrophysical observatory located in Skibotn.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| *Markkina* (Kven) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the village harbor | |
|  | |
| SkibotnSkibotn | |
| Coordinates: 69°23′27″N 20°16′02″E / 69.39083°N 20.26722°E / 69.39083; 20.26722 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Northern Norway |
| County | Troms |
| District | Nord-Troms |
| Municipality | Storfjord Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.05 km2 (0.41 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2023) | |
| Total | 539 |
| Density | 513/km2 (1,330/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 9143 Skibotn |


title: Slurry ice

abstract: Slurry ice is a phase changing refrigerant made up of millions of ice "micro-crystals" formed and suspended within a solution of water and a freezing point depressant. Some compounds used in the field are salt, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, alcohols like isobutyl and ethanol, and sugars like sucrose and glucose. Slurry ice has greater heat absorption compared to single phase refrigerants like brine, because the melting enthalpy of the ice is also used.

text:
# Slurry ice

**Slurry ice** is a phase changing refrigerant made up of millions of ice "micro-crystals" (typically 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter) formed and suspended within a solution of water and a freezing point depressant. Some compounds used in the field are salt, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, alcohols like isobutyl and ethanol, and sugars like sucrose and glucose. Slurry ice has greater heat absorption compared to single phase refrigerants like brine, because the melting enthalpy (latent heat) of the ice is also used.

## Characteristics

The small ice particle size results in greater heat transfer area than other types of ice for a given weight. It can be packed inside a container as dense as 700 kg/m3, the highest ice-packing factor among all usable industrial ice.

The spherical crystals have good flow properties, making them easy to distribute through conventional pumps and piping and over product in direct contact chilling applications, allowing them to flow into crevices and provide greater surface contact and faster cooling than other traditional forms of ice (flake, block, shell, etc.).

Its flow properties, high cooling capacity, and flexibility in application make a slurry ice system a substitute for conventional ice generators and refrigeration systems, and offers improvements in energy efficiency: 70%, compared to around 45% in standard systems, lower freon consumption per ton of ice, and lower operating costs.

## Application fields

Slurry ice is commonly used in a wide range of air conditioning, packaging, and industrial cooling processes, supermarkets, and cooling and storage of fish, produce, poultry and other perishable products.

Slurry ice can boost by up to 200% the cooling efficiency of existing cooling or freezing brine systems without any major changes to the system (i.e. heat exchanger, pipes, valves), and reduce the amount of energy consumption used for pumping.

### Advantages

Slurry ice is also used in direct contact cooling of products in food processing applications in water resistant shipping containers. It provides the following advantages:

* Product is cooled faster – the smooth round shape of the small crystals ensures maximum surface area contact with the product and as a result, faster heat transfer.
* Better product protection – the smooth, round crystals do not damage product, unlike other forms of sharp, jagged ice (flake, block, shell, etc.).
* Even cooling – unlike other irregular shaped ice which mostly conducts heat through the air, the round shape of the slurry crystals enables them to flow freely around the entire product, filling all air pockets to uniformly maintain direct contact and the desired low temperature.

## Slurry ice generators

Slurry ice is generated using a unique type of ice-making technology. Conventional ice generators produce sharp edged, dry ice fragments, not the small, spherical crystals found in slurry ice. In traditional brine chiller systems, crystals forming inside the solution would block or damage the system.

### Scraped surface generators

The world’s first patent for a slurry ice generator was filed by Sunwell Technologies Inc. of Canada in 1976. Sunwell Technologies Inc. introduced slurry ice under the trade name deepchill ice, in the late 1970s. Slurry ice is created through a process of forming spherical ice crystals within a liquid. The slurry ice generator is a scraped-surface vertical shell and tube heat exchanger. It consists of concentric tubes with refrigerant flowing between them and the water/freezing point depressant solution in the inner tube. The inner surface of the inner tube is wiped using a mechanism which in the original Sunwell design consists of a central shaft, spring-loaded plastic blades, bearings, and seals. The small ice crystals formed in the solution near the tube surface are wiped away from the surface and mixed with unfrozen water, forming the slurry. Other slurry ice generators adapted the first idea of wiping the surface using an auger originally designed to create flake ice. Wipers also can be brushes or fluidized bed heat exchangers for ice crystallization. In these heat exchangers, steel particles circulate with the fluid, mechanically removing the crystals from the surface. At the outlet, steel particles and slurry ice are separated.

### Direct contact generators

An immiscible primary refrigerant evaporates to supersaturate the water and form small, smooth crystals. With direct contact chilling, there is no physical boundary between the brine and the refrigerant, increasing the rate of heat transfer. However, the major disadvantage of this system is that a small amount of refrigerant stays in the brine, trapped in the crystals. This refrigerant is pumped with the slurry out of the generator and into the environment.

### Supercooling generators

Pure water is supercooled in a chiller to −2°C and released through a nozzle into a storage tank. Upon release, it undergoes a phase transition, forming small ice particles with 2.5% ice fraction. In the storage tank, it is separated by the difference in density between ice and water. The cold water is supercooled and released again, increasing the ice fraction in the storage tank. However, a small crystal in the supercooled water or a nucleation cell on the surface will act as a seed for ice crystals and block the generator.

* Michael Kauffeld, Masahiro Kawaji, Peter W. Egolf. Handbook on Ice Slurries. IIR ISBN 2-913149-44-8
* Delft University of Technologies (NL)


title: Dungeon Siege II

abstract: Dungeon Siege II is an action role-playing video game, the sequel to 2002's Dungeon Siege. It was developed by Gas Powered Games and released in 2005. The story is a continuation of the Dungeon Siege storyline. An expansion Broken World was released in 2006. The game play centers around a class system of Melee, Ranger, Nature magic and Combat magic with the introduction of two additional classes in the expansion pack "Broken World". The player controlled protagonist finds themselves changing alliances once their friend, Drevin, is killed in the main story line and works to defeat the villain Valdis. Players can recruit NPC players with unique personalities and attributes which offers depth to game play. The game was favorably received upon release, scoring an 80 on Metacritic and winning PC Gamer US' "Best Roleplaying Game 2005" award.

text:
# Dungeon Siege II

***Dungeon Siege II*** is an action role-playing video game, the sequel to 2002's *Dungeon Siege*. It was developed by Gas Powered Games and released in 2005. The story is a continuation of the *Dungeon Siege* storyline. An expansion *Broken World* was released in 2006.

The game play centers around a class system of Melee, Ranger, Nature magic and Combat magic with the introduction of two additional classes in the expansion pack "Broken World". The player controlled protagonist finds themselves changing alliances once their friend, Drevin, is killed in the main story line and works to defeat the villain Valdis. Players can recruit NPC players with unique personalities and attributes which offers depth to game play.

The game was favorably received upon release, scoring an 80 on Metacritic and winning *PC Gamer US*' "Best Roleplaying Game 2005" award.

## Gameplay

Unlike *Dungeon Siege*, *Dungeon Siege II* takes a more varied approach to its gameplay. The original game was criticized for being too automated and lacking replay value. Developer Gas Powered Games improved the old system into a more versatile one that incorporates additional elements of strategy.

By default, the new system turns off much of the original game's combat automation and requires players to click once for each individual attack of their selected character. For players who liked the combat system of the previous version, the new system can be made to behave more like it. Clicking on a monster and holding the right mouse button makes the character continuously attack until the monster dies. There are options that allow the player's characters to automatically defend themselves and/or automatically continue to attack their targets, much like in the old system.

In the original *Dungeon Siege*, the four character specialties (also known as classes) differed only in the items and spells they were allowed to use. In *Dungeon Siege II*, each specialty (Melee, Ranged, Nature Magic, Combat Magic) has a unique set of skills, that determines a character's particular strengths. For example, melee-oriented characters can get better at using a shield to defend their allies or they can improve their two-handed weapon skills to more effectively attack opponents. As in the original game, multi-classing (distributing experience and skills to more than one class) is possible, but it is best to do so with caution. A character learning skills in too many different areas may find themselves spread too thin and unable to perform any role effectively.

In the expansion pack for *Dungeon Siege II*, "Broken World", two new character classes have been introduced. These classes are multi-class characters: the Fist of Stone being a multi-class of Melee and Nature Magic, and the Blood Assassin being a multi-class of Ranged and Combat Magic. These new classes have been given their own specialised skill trees in addition to the others, allowing them to multiclass more easily without being at as much of a disadvantage. For example, the Fist of Stone is able to cause small earthquakes when attacking to keep up with the damage output of a pure melee character, and the Blood Assassin is able to cause targets to hemorrhage blood to keep up with the damage output of a pure ranged character (as they multi-class, they cannot upgrade their weaponry as often and would otherwise be weaker in combat).

Another change in *Dungeon Siege II* is the addition of the Hero Powers system. Powers are special abilities that characters can use when normal attacks do not suffice; they include abilities like invincibility for the entire party and the power to summon a lightning strike that damages all enemies in the area. They are acquired when certain skills are trained to a certain level. Each power has 3 levels, each requiring more skill points to get. Powers increase in potency as characters level.

Like its predecessor, *Dungeon Siege II* is a party-based role-playing game. Players can have up to four characters in a party under the first difficulty setting (Mercenary), five characters in Veteran difficulty, and six in Elite difficulty. Aside from being able to recruit non-player characters (NPCs) that function much like the player's own character, players can also buy pets that grow after being fed items. However, unlike its predecessor, the hirable NPCs have unique personalities and can converse with the player and each other at certain points in the game; they even have their own personal side quests. Pets start off with a basic attack (and spell if applicable), gain a Power upon reaching the third level of growth, and finally gain an emanation upon becoming Mature. Emanations are special pet-only auras that provide beneficial effects to friendly characters within range (such as increased mana regeneration).

The magic system in *Dungeon Siege II* remains largely unchanged. Combat Mages and Nature Mages still have access to separate spell lines that increase in power as the character levels. However, combat and nature magic are much more distinct from each other than in *Dungeon Siege*. Combat magic focuses on causing massive amounts of damage and weakening enemies with curses, while nature magic focuses more on healing, summoning and strengthening party members with embrace and wrath enchantments.

Parties are limited to a maximum of two concurrent buffs. Pets' spells count towards this buff limit, but their emanations (see above) do not. Weapon enhancement spells, used by the Fist of Stone and Blood Assassin characters introduced in the expansion, also do not count towards this limit. Each enemy may only have one debuff placed on it at a time. All negative effects count towards this limit, including curses and stuns.

*Dungeon Siege II'*s "game over" system is similar to that in many other role-playing games. When a character loses enough health, they usually fall into a state of unconsciousness. The character falls to the ground, unable to move, and must wait for their health to slowly regenerate itself or wait for magical healing from another character. If a character is hit hard enough by an enemy, or if an enemy is persistent in attacking an unconscious character, the character may eventually be killed. Once death occurs, the character can no longer be healed and must be resurrected by another character or by a special Necromancer NPC in town. If the entire party is slain, the party may choose to continue by respawning back in town without their equipment. Their equipment is left on their corpses. The party must then find a way to retrieve its fallen equipment, either by venturing back to the characters' corpses or by having them summoned to town by a Necromancer NPC for a monetary charge.

### Multiplayer

*Dungeon Siege II* supports multiplayer cooperative gaming over LAN, the Internet, and the *GameSpy* network. Multiple players can cooperate in separate-but-allied parties. There is a total limit of eight characters, though only four can be player-controlled. Purchased pets count towards this limit but summoned creatures (from spells) do not. There is an unsupported "old school" mode in multiplayer, allowing up to eight players to play simultaneously. To enable this, add "oldschool=true" (without quotes) to command line or the .ini file.

For LAN and Internet play, saved games are stored on the players' own computers. For *GameSpy* play, saved games and characters are stored on *GameSpy*'s servers. The GameSpy environment limits the amount of online cheating that can take place, but as of late beta, the possibility still existed. GameSpy characters can be downloaded from the *GameSpy* servers to players' computers, where they can then be used for Internet, LAN, and single-player games. The reverse is not true: *GameSpy* characters can only be created and leveled on the *GameSpy* network itself. GS network makes an attempt to support only original games; unlicensed copies are blocked if they cannot mimic the CD-Key. Online play may therefore also not be possible with a second-hand game. The Steam version of *Dungeon Siege II* does not support multiplayer functionality.

## Plot

The game begins with the player-controlled protagonist and their friend, Drevin, serving as mercenaries in the army of Valdis, a warlord who has aligned himself with a race of Dark Wizards and wields the magical Sword of Zaramoth. The player character and Drevin are ordered to capture a temple held by dryads. After the temple is captured, however, Valdis attacks the mercenaries. Drevin is killed, and the player character is knocked unconscious.

The player character regains consciousness in the custody of the dryads. Rather than execute them, the dryads allow the player to earn their freedom by helping them in the war against Valdis. After the protagonist earns freedom, they discover that they are infected with the Plague, a mysterious disease created by the Dark Wizards that drives its victims to insanity. After being cured by the water from an Elven shrine, they return to their hometown.

On the way home, the player character rescues an old man from Plague-maddened dryads. The old man describes an event called the Great Cataclysm, caused when the Sword of Zaramoth that Valdis wields struck a magical shield called the Shield of Azunai. The blow shattered the shield, causing a catastrophe that ended the First Age. Valdis hopes to cause another such catastrophe by gathering the shards of the Shield of Azunai so he can shatter it again. The old man explains the Plague, saying that it is caused by crystals created during the Great Cataclysm that give license to the souls of Zaramoth's army to possess the living.

After the player character returns home, they begin to gather the pieces of the shield to use it against Valdis. After they gather all of the pieces, they take them to the Agallan giants so that they can re-forge the shield. As they re-forge it, they place a medallion in the center of it for added durability. This medallion had previously been worn by Drevin; he gave it to the player character before he died.

With the shield re-forged, the player character travels to Valdis' stronghold known as Zaramoth's Horns. The shield protects them from the Dark Wizards, but the battle with Valdis himself proves to be a stalemate until the old man appears and takes the shield from the player character. He gives the shield to Valdis, revealing that he is a Dark Wizard. Valdis tries to destroy the shield with the Sword of Zaramoth, but when he strikes the shield, his sword shatters instead. Valdis and the player character resume the battle, in which Valdis is killed.

## Release

### *Broken World*

2K Games released *Dungeon Siege II: Broken World* in 2006. The expansion pack introduces several features, including an additional act (campaign), two hybrid classes based on existing classes, Dwarves as a playable race, enchantment-based "recipes", two pets purchasable at the act's main town, including the Pack Ram and Kohl Beast, and the PlayStation Portable crossover items to promote and to be used in conjunction with *Dungeon Siege: Throne of Agony*.

### *Deluxe Edition*

*Dungeon Siege II: Deluxe Edition* is a special collector's set that includes the original *Dungeon Siege II*, *Broken World* expansion pack, and a number of collectible items spanning maps, portraits, wallpapers and a "The Making of *Dungeon Siege II*" video file on CD-ROM. It was released on October 23, 2006.

## Reception

The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

*GameSpot* said, "*Dungeon Siege II* is a solid effort that manages to improve on the first game to deliver a lengthy, combat-heavy dungeon hack that will certainly please fans of the genre."

*Detroit Free Press* gave the game all four stars, saying, "It's a winning combination: the same great concept that made *Dungeon Siege* a hit now with new story lines, new features and improved graphics. It's a great choice for dozens of hours of gameplay this fall." *The Times* gave it four stars out of five, calling it "a handsome game with a stirring soundtrack, with the potential to deliver weeks of very involving gameplay for hardcore followers." However, *The Sydney Morning Herald* gave it three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "Fast-paced, epic and accessible, Microsoft's hack'n'slash sequel will entertain role-playing novices but disappoint veterans looking for more depth and innovation."

The game won *PC Gamer US*' "Best Roleplaying Game 2005" award. Greg Vederman called it "that rare sequel that rises above its predecessor in just about every way." During the 9th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated *Dungeon Siege II* for "Role-Playing Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to *Jade Empire*.

## InfoBox

| Dungeon Siege II | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Gas Powered Games |
| Publisher(s) | Microsoft Game Studios |
| Composer(s) | Jeremy Soule |
| Series | *Dungeon Siege* |
| Platform(s) | Windows |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Action role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Shale (horse)

abstract: Shale is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 2020 she made steady progress, winning a minor race on her second start and going on to take the Silver Flash Stakes and finish second in the Debutante Stakes before winning the Group 1 Moyglare Stud Stakes.

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# Shale (horse)

**Shale** (foaled 26 March 2018) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. As a two-year-old in 2020 she made steady progress, winning a minor race on her second start and going on to take the Silver Flash Stakes and finish second in the Debutante Stakes before winning the Group 1 Moyglare Stud Stakes.

## Background

Shale is a bay filly with a large white star and a white sock on her left hind leg bred in Ireland by the Coolmore Stud. She raced in the colours of the Coolmore partners Derrick Smith, Susan Magnier and Michael Tabor. The filly was sent into training with Donnacha O'Brien at Goolds Cross, County Tipperary.

She was sired by Galileo, who won the Derby, Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 2001. Galileo became one of the world's leading stallions, earning his eleventh champion sire of Great Britain and Ireland title in 2019. His other progeny include Frankel, Nathaniel, New Approach, Rip Van Winkle, Found Minding, Love and Ruler of the World. Shale was the fourth foal of Homecoming Queen who won the 1000 Guineas in 2012. Homecoming Queen was a daughter of the outstanding broodmare Lagrion, making her a half-sister to Dylan Thomas, Queen's Logic and Remember When (the dam of Serpentine).

## Racing career

### 2020: two-year-old season

Shale made her racing debut in a maiden race over seven furlongs at Leopardstown on 21 June in which she was ridden by the apprentice jockey Gavin Ryan and came home sixth of the seven runners behind Oodnadatta at odds of 10/1. Seventeen days later, with Ryan again in the saddle, she started joint-favourite for a similar event over one mile on soft to heavy ground at Gowran Park and recorded her first victory as she led for most of the way before drawing away in the final furlong to win "comfortably" by 3+14 lengths from High Heels. On 6 August at Leopardstown the filly was stepped up in class for the Group 3 Silver Flash Stakes and started a 14/1 outsider in a field of eight with Ryan again taking the ride despite being unable to claim his apprentice weight allowance. Shale raced in second place behind the pacemaker Finest before taking the lead a furlong out and holding off the challenge of the favourite Pretty Gorgeous (trained by Donnacha O'Brien's older brother Joseph) to win by one and a half lengths. After the race Donnacha O'Brien commented "She did it well. Obviously she improved from her maiden and her work was good. The race worked out nicely as they went a good gallop and she got a nice tow into it."

Sixteen days after her win in the Silver Flash Shale was made 7/4 favourite for the Group 2 Debutante Stakes over seven furlongs at the Curragh Racecourse but after taking the lead approaching the final furlong she was overtaken and beaten two and a half lengths into second place by Pretty Gorgeous. Ryan Moore took over from Ryan when Shale faced Pretty Gorgeous for the third time in the Group 1 Moyglare Stud Stakes at the Curragh on 13 September and started the 9/2 second favourite behind her rival. The other eleven contenders included Mother Earth (Fillies' Sprint Stakes), Oodnadatta and Teresa Mendoza (second in the Round Tower Stakes). Shale tracked the leaders in fourth place before moving up to take the lead inside the last quarter mile and repelled a sustained challenge from Pretty Gorgeous to win by three quarters of a length with a further 1+34 lengths back to Oodnadatta in third. Donnacha O'Brien said "It was a lovely performance. She was one of the first off the bridle and at halfway I didn't think she was going to do anything, but she found plenty for pressure. She was always a nice filly, but wasn't one we thought would be capable of winning a Moyglare at the start of the year – she's kept progressing the whole way".

On 9 October Shale was sent to England and moved up in distance for the Fillies' Mile at Newmarket Racecourse where she started 7/2 second favourite behind Pretty Gorgeous. She in mid-division but was unable to challenge the leaders and faded in the closing stages to come home sixth of the ten runners behind Pretty Gorgeous, finishing almost seven lengths behind her old rival.

In the official European classification of for 2020 Shale was given a rating of 113, making her the equal best two-year-old filly of the season alongside Pretty Gorgeous and Campanelle.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Shale (IRE), bay filly, 2018
| Sire
Galileo (IRE)
1998 | Sadler's Wells (USA)
1981 | Northern Dancer (CAN) | Nearctic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Natalma (USA) |
| | Fairy Bridge | Bold Reason |
| | Special |
| | Urban Sea (USA)
1989 | Miswaki | Mr Prospector |
| | | Hopespringseternal |
| | Allegretta (GB) | Lombard (GER) |
| | Anatevka (GER) |
| Dam
Homecoming Queen (IRE)
2009 | Holy Roman Emperor (IRE)
2004 | Danehill (USA) | Danzig |
| | | Razyana |
| | L'On Vite (USA) | Secretariat |
| | Fanfreluche (CAN) |
| | Lagrion (USA)
1989 | Diesis (GB) | Sharpen Up |
| | | Doubly Sure |
| | Wrap It Up (IRE) | Mount Hagen (FR) |
| | Doc Nan (Family: 9-c) |

## InfoBox

| Shale | |
| --- | --- |
| Racing silks of Mr Derrick Smith | |
| Sire | Galileo |
| Grandsire | Sadler's Wells |
| Dam | Homecoming Queen |
| Damsire | Holy Roman Emperor |
| Sex | Filly |
| Foaled | 26 March 2018 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Coolmore Stud |
| Owner | Derrick Smith, Susan Magnier & Michael Tabor |
| Trainer | Donnacha O'Brien |
| Record | 6: 3-1-0 |
| Earnings | £176,171 |
| Major wins | |
| Silver Flash Stakes (2020)
Moyglare Stud Stakes (2020) | |
| Awards | |
| Top-rated European two-year-old filly (2020) | |