title: The Strand Arcade

abstract: The Strand Arcade is a heritage-listed Victorian-style retail arcade located at 195–197 Pitt Street in the heart of the Sydney central business district, between Pitt Street Mall and George Street in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John B. Spencer, assisted by Charles E. Fairfax; and built from 1890 to 1892 by Bignell and Clark (1891), with renovations completed by Stephenson & Turner (1976). The only remaining arcade of its kind in Sydney, the property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 December 2011. Being three storeys high, the arcade has the traditional-styled protruding galleries, cedar staircases, tiled floors, cast iron balusters and timber framed shop fronts, under a prominent, tinted glass roof to reduce glare. The arcade contains the preliminary boutiques that characterized the Sydney shopping experience of the 1890s. When the arcade opened in 1892, it was said to be the very latest in shopping centre designs and was described as, "The finest public thoroughfare in the Australian colonies". The arcade has endured two depressions, two World Wars and two major fires. The restored shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.

text:
# The Strand Arcade

**The Strand Arcade** is a heritage-listed Victorian-style retail arcade located at 195–197 Pitt Street in the heart of the Sydney central business district, between Pitt Street Mall and George Street in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John B. Spencer, assisted by Charles E. Fairfax; and built from 1890 to 1892 by Bignell and Clark (1891), with renovations completed by Stephenson & Turner (1976). The only remaining arcade of its kind in Sydney, the property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 December 2011.

Being three storeys high, the arcade has the traditional-styled protruding galleries, cedar staircases, tiled floors, cast iron balusters and timber framed shop fronts, under a prominent, tinted glass roof to reduce glare. The arcade contains the preliminary boutiques that characterized the Sydney shopping experience of the 1890s. When the arcade opened in 1892, it was said to be the very latest in shopping centre designs and was described as, "The finest public thoroughfare in the Australian colonies". The arcade has endured two depressions, two World Wars and two major fires. The restored shop fronts are an exact replica of the original internal shopping facades.

## History

The Victorian arcades provided much needed shopping frontage and pedestrian space at a time when Sydney had developed streets running south from Circular Quay with relatively few cross streets linking them. The arcades offered pedestrians and goods protection from the harsh sun and heavy rain, as street awnings were not yet in use. Thomas Rowe designed the first two arcades: the Sydney and Royal Arcades in 1881 and 1882, and in 1891 proposed the Imperial Arcade. In 1887–1888, Rowe's former assistant C. A. Harding built the Victoria Arcade.

Designed by English architect John Spencer, The Strand was built in 1890–1892 by Bignell and Clark, and opened on 1 April 1892, as the fifth and last of the arcades built in Sydney in the Victorian era. It is the only one remaining in its original form today. The arcade was to be 104 metres (340 ft) long, and three storeys high. Its lighter neo-classical fluted columns, delicate ironwork and carved balustrades contrasted with Rowe's heavier more stolid designs.

The opening of the arcade was a grand affair with over 600 invitees. It was described as a "well designed modern arcade" with "first class shops". The style was described by the *Sydney Mail* as an adaptation of several continental designs with the aim to achieve strength and elegance. The richly tiled floor became a favourite fashionable promenade. The Arcade was originally known as the 'City Arcade' and sometimes as 'Arcade Street'. In 1891 it was named after the famous London Street that links the City of London and the City of Westminster. The Strand was London's smartest theatre, hotel and shopping street in the early 1900s.

The arcade became run down as time went by. Restoration work was carried out in the 1970s, but a fire broke out on the morning of 25 May 1976. The arcade was partly destroyed. The ensuing sympathetic restoration by Prudential Assurance in 1976–1978 included the restoration of the two hydraulic lifts, laying of a new tiled floor, the copying of the golden cast-iron balustrades, and reproductions matching of the original hand-carved cedar baluster posts. The restoration work also removed additions, which had spoiled the original design. Several fires caused considerable damage, especially that of May 1976, which damaged the George Street end especially.

The arcade continues as a first class shopping arcade with long term tenants. The Nut Shop, which still operates today, opened in 1939.

The Strand Arcade celebrated its 125th anniversary in August 2016 with a series of events and offers for customers. Retailers hosted free tasters, pop-up stalls, designer appearances and The Balvenie whisky tasting station. The events recreate the energy of a majestic Victorian arcade over a three-day period, with a range of special deals, demonstrations. The complex will also launch the seventh volume of its "1891" magazine this week.

## Description

The arcade is the longest of the Victorian arcades extending 104 metres (340 ft) between George and Pitt Streets with a basement originally containing shops reached by stairs in the ground floor concourse. The Strand has three storeys - consisting of an enclosed arcade on each side of a concourse served by cantilevered access galleries, with five storey connections at both street fronts. Bridges across the concourse link the upper floors. The glass roof was especially designed to reduce glare for the photographic studios on the upper levels. Constructed of stuccoed brick with cast iron roof structure, cantilevered galleries, cast iron and carved balustrades, and timber framed shopfronts, the arcade looks like a row of Victorian terraces with cast -iron balconies. Neo-classical fluted cast iron columns, and elaborate traceries of ornamental lacework cast delicate shadows in the sunlight from the vast glass panelled roof.

The concourse lighting consisted of chandeliers suspended from the crown of the roof trusses and lit by fifty gas and fifty electric lamps in each. Some of the light fittings, which still exist, were designed by the architect.

Following the 1976 and 1980 fires, large portions of the interior were reconstructed to match the original in appearance, with an upgrade of materials for fireproofing concealed under traditional materials. Some of the original fabric remains as fragments. The two suspended type hydraulic lifts were repaired, the golden cast iron balustrades were copied and the cedar baluster posts were made to match the handcrafted originals. Tessellated tiles, stained glass and cedar stairs and shopfronts were adapted from the original designs.

### Condition

As at 23 August 2004, good physical condition following restoration works in 1976, and 1980.

The arcade is still used as a retail pedestrian precinct. The Pitt Street end retains its original walls, doors and fittings. The 1976–1977 restoration copied original designs. Cast iron balustrades and cedar balusters were handcrafted after original designs, and the two hydraulic lifts were restored.

### Modifications and dates

## Heritage listing

As at 23 August 2004, Designed in restrained Classic revival style, it is probably the finest of Sydney's shopping arcades built in the Victorian period, and the only one that has not been radically altered. It is the only surviving pre-1960 arcade. It is a rare building type within Sydney and Australia. The best known work of Spencer and Fairfax, it adapted several favourite continental designs, the object being to achieve strength with elegance.

It reflects the importance of Pitt Street and George Street as the premier retail precinct in Sydney. It is a significant component in the late Victorian/early twentieth century streetscape of George and Pitt Streets and contributes to one of the most substantial groups of late Victorian commercial buildings in the CBD. It has the potential to continue in its current use following several restorations after fires, the most recent in 1976 and 1980.

The Strand Arcade is one of Sydney's best known and loved buildings and is significant for the continuity of occupation and uses. The building contains significant examples of late nineteenth century building construction including the lift well structure, cast iron structural framing, cast iron roof trusses, coke breeze floors and tessellated ceramic tiles.

Strand Arcade was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 13 December 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The Strand is the only remaining example of Victorian arcade construction and style in Sydney, linking Victorian and modern Sydney retail history. Although over 100 years old it retains a light and airy atmosphere in keeping with modern usage. The pedestrian-only precinct planning principle, and its design reveals European influences interpreted in an Australian context. The arcade was considered a fashionable promenade. Over 600 people were invited to its opening in 1892 and very few failed to attend this event.

**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**

The Strand Arcade is associated with J. B. Spencer & G. E. Fairfax, European architectural design influences in Australia and long-term tenants such as Coombs Bootmakers, Margo Richards Antiques (25 years) and the engraving kiosk (42 years).

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The light and airy feeling was considered remarkable in contrast to Rowe's heavier designs in the context of the Sydney Victorian arcades.

The Strand retains this aesthetic quality through the ornamental lacework panels, fluted columns and natural light. The Strand Arcade was considered the finest of the Victorian arcades in Sydney at the time of construction and still retains a reputation for good design. The balustrades, brackets and roof construction showed great skill and workmanship. Much attention was given to detail: light fittings were designed by the architect, even the sanitary appliances were given much attention.

The Strand Arcade is a fine example of the work of J. B. Spencer & Fairfax 1891–2.

**The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The Strand Arcade has been promoted as a tourist visit since its construction. It is valued by Sydneysiders and visitors as a beautiful arcade with high quality shops.

**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The Strand was the longest of the Victorian arcades. The lighting for the concourse consisted of chandeliers, suspended from the crown of roof trusses, and each containing fifty gas and fifty electric lamps. The glass roof panels were tinted to filter the light for the upper storey photographic studios. The conservation work undertaken in the late 20th century can provide physical evidence of heritage building conservation philosophy and practice of the time.

**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**

The Strand was the finest, longest and is now the only surviving intact Victorian arcade in Sydney.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

One of five Victorian arcades in Sydney built to provide a pedestrian precinct and to protect goods and pedestrians from weather. The conservation works following fires in 1976 and 1980 are representative of conservation practice of the period.

Part of the video for singer David Bowie's 1983 single "Let's Dance", took place in The Strand Arcade.\<ref\>Rose Howard (6 April 2017). "Shop This New Music Video Filmed Inside The Strand Arcade". Broadsheet.com.au. Retrieved 30 January 2022.\</the series jag season five esp 15 was partly filmed there

### Bibliography

* Clive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners Pty Ltd (1995). *Strand Arcade Conservation Plan*.
* *'Arcade marking 125 years with tasters and events'*. 2016. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
* The National Trust of Australia (NSW); Blyth, Julie (2002). *State Heritage Register nomination - State Heritage Inventory form*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from Strand Arcade, entry number 1864 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 14 October 2018.

## InfoBox

| The Strand Arcade | |
| --- | --- |
| Interior of The Strand Arcade | |
| Location | 195–197 Pitt Street, Sydney central business district, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°52′10″S 151°12′27″E / 33.8694°S 151.2076°E / -33.8694; 151.2076 |
| Built | 1890–1892 |
| Architect | * John B. Spencer * Charles E. Fairfax (assistant) |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Strand Arcade |
| Type | State heritage (built) |
| Designated | 13 December 2011 |
| Reference no. | 1864 |
| Type | Shopping/retail complex |
| Category | Retail and Wholesale |
| Builders | * Bignell and Clark (1891) * Stephenson & Turner (1976) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of The Strand Arcade in Sydney | |


title: Cognitive archaeology

abstract: Cognitive archaeology is a theoretical perspective in archaeology that focuses on the ancient mind. It is divided into two main groups: evolutionary cognitive archaeology (ECA), which seeks to understand human cognitive evolution from the material record, and ideational cognitive archaeology (ICA), which focuses on the symbolic structures discernable in or inferable from past material culture.

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# Cognitive archaeology

**Cognitive archaeology** is a theoretical perspective in archaeology that focuses on the ancient mind. It is divided into two main groups: **evolutionary cognitive archaeology** (**ECA**), which seeks to understand human cognitive evolution from the material record, and **ideational cognitive archaeology** (**ICA**), which focuses on the symbolic structures discernable in or inferable from past material culture.

## Evolutionary cognitive archaeology

ECA infers change in ancestral human cognition from the archaeological record, often drawing on the theories, methods, and data of other disciplines: cognitive science, comparative cognition, paleoneurology, experimental replication, and hands-on participation in the manufacture and use of traditional technologies. For example, the 3.3-million-year history of stone tool use is broadly informative of change in cognitive capacities like intelligence, spatial reasoning, working memory, and executive functioning, as defined by and understood through cognitive psychology and as operationalized to permit their detection in the archaeological record. Other ECA investigations have focused on the development of domain-specific abilities, including theory of mind, visual perception and visuospatial abilities, technological reasoning, language, numeracy, and literacy. ECA is broadly analogous to Steven Mithen's categories of cognitive-processual and evolutionary-cognitive archaeology.

Within ECA, there are two main schools of thought. The North American ECA school began in the mid-1970s with the pioneering work of archaeologist Thomas G. Wynn and biological anthropologist Sue Taylor Parker working with evolutionary neurobiologist Kathleen Gibson. It focuses on understanding human cognitive evolution, either from the artifactual record of forms like stone tools, comparisons of ancestral tool use with that of contemporary species (typically but not exclusively, non-human primates), or both. It often involves descriptive pattern analysis: analyzing change in a form like stone tools over millions of years and interpreting that change in terms of its cognitive significance using theories, constructs, and paradigms from cognitive psychology and neuroscience.

East of the Atlantic, the British ECA school also began in the mid-1970s with the work of archaeologists Colin Renfrew and John Gowlett and evolutionary primatologist William McGrew. Renfrew's work in particular, as well as that of his student, Lambros Malafouris, has taken a philosophical approach to the study of the ancient mind, drawing on concepts from the philosophy of mind and ecological psychology to examine the role of material structures in human cognition more fundamentally. Renfrew and Malafouris coined the term neuroarchaeology to describe their approach. ECA is concerned with how humans think through material structures, with the ability to leverage and exploit material structures for cognitive purposes perhaps being what truly sets human cognition apart from that of all other species. Pottery making is a typical example of this approach. Malafouris does not see the vase as a form created by the potter imposing an internal mental concept on external clay. Instead, the potter’s brain and body interact with his materials, the clay and the wheel; the form assumed by the clay is ultimately produced by the complex interaction between the potter’s perception of the feel of the clay, the pressure of his fingers on it, and its reactions of texture, moisture content, color, balance, and form.

Other early ECA pioneers include Glynn Isaac, archaeologist Iain Davidson, and psychologist William Noble. Today, ECA integrates interdisciplinary data from human psychology and neurophysiology, social anthropology, physical anthropology, comparative cognition, and artificial intelligence. As a vibrant and expanding field of inquiry,

> "\[ECA continues to\] develop many of the same themes raised in the formative decade of cognitive archaeology: the validity and use of ethnoarchaeological and experimental methods; the question of continuities and discontinuities between humans and non-human species; the selection and application of theoretical frameworks, including the displacement of Piagetian theory by contemporary psychological and neuroscientific approaches to brain function and form; the incorporation of interdisciplinary data; the origin of language; the ability of construing intentionality from artifactual form; the philosophical turn in cognitive archaeology; and the riddle of intergenerational accumulation and transmission."

Between 2018 and 2020, cognitive archaeologists Thomas Wynn and Lambros Malafouris headed a collaboration between the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs and the University of Oxford to examine the archaeology of the Lower Paleolithic through the lens of the extended mind; the results were published in the journal *Adaptive Behavior* in 2021.

## Ideational cognitive archaeology

Archaeologist Thomas Huffman defined ideational cognitive archaeology as the study of prehistoric ideology: the ideals, values, and beliefs that constitute a society's worldview. It is analogous to the category Mithen called postprocessual cognitive archaeology.

> "Archaeologists can tell from which mountain source a stone axe came, what minerals there are in a bronze bracelet, how old a dug-out canoe is. They can work out the probable cereal-yield from the fields of a Late Bronze Age farm. These are objective matters. But the language, laws, morals, religion of dead societies are different. They belong to the minds of man. Unless they were written down, and even then only if they were recorded accurately, we shall find it hard to recapture them."

Aubrey Burl, *Rites of the Gods* (1981, p. 15).

ICA scholars often study the role that ideology and differing organizational approaches would have had on ancient peoples. The way that these abstract ideas are manifested through the remains these peoples have left can be investigated and debated often by drawing inferences and using approaches developed in fields such as semiotics, psychology and the wider sciences.

ICA uses the principles of sociocultural anthropology to investigate such diverse things as material symbols, the use of space, political power, and religion. For example, Huffman uses oral history sources from Zimbabwe and Portuguese documents to attempt to explain symbols discovered in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, specifically connecting the Shona people's historical association of the right with men and the left with women to the placement of entrances to stone structures. Historian David Beach has pointed out that this ICA may be problematic in its logical leaps and incomplete use of archaeological sources, demonstrating the care that must be used when attempting to explain deep-time intentionality using archaeological evidence.

ICA also works with constructs such as the cognitive map. Humans do not behave under the influence of their senses alone but also through their past experiences such as their upbringing. These experiences contribute to each individual's unique view of the world, a kind of cognitive map that guides them. Groups of people living together tend to develop a shared view of the world and similar cognitive maps, which in turn influence their group material culture.

The multiple interpretations of an artifact, archaeological site or symbol are affected by the archaeologist's own experiences and ideas as well as those of the distant cultural tradition that created it. Cave art, for example, may not have been art in the modern sense at all, but was perhaps the product of ritual. Similarly, it would likely have described activities that were perfectly obvious to the people who created it, but the symbology employed will be different from that used today or at any other time.

Archaeologists have always tried to imagine what motivated people, but early efforts to understand how they thought were unstructured and speculative. Since the rise of processualism, these approaches have become more scientific, paying close attention to the archaeological context of finds and all possible interpretations. For example, a prehistoric bâton de commandement served an unknown purpose, but using ICA to interpret it would involve evaluating all its possible functions using clearly defined procedures and comparisons. By applying logic and experimental evidence, the most likely functions can be isolated.

It can also be argued that the material record shows behavioral traces that are the product of human thought, and thus would have been governed by a multitude of experiences and perspectives with the potential to influence behavior. The combination of material culture and actions can be further developed into a study of the ideas that drove action and used objects. This method attempts to avoid the pitfalls of post-processual archaeology by retaining the 'scientific' aspects of processual archaeology, while reaching for the higher social levels of ideas.

## History of cognitive archaeology

Cognitive archaeology began in the 1970s as a reaction to the insistence of processual archaeology that the past be interpreted strictly according to the material evidence. This rigid materialism tended to limit archaeology to finding and describing artifacts, excluding broader interpretations of their possible cognitive and cultural significance as something beyond the reach of inferential reasoning. As social anthropologist Edmund Leach once put it, "all the ingenuity in the world will not replace the evidence that is lost and gone for ever," and "you should recognize your guesses for what they are."

However, processual archaeology also opened up the possibility of investigating the lifestyle of those who made and used material culture. An initial approach was proposed by Lewis Binford, who suggested that ancient lifestyles could be understood by studying the traditional lifestyles of contemporary peoples. While this approach was subject to legitimate criticism, Binford's efforts nonetheless inspired further development of the idea that material forms could be informative about lifestyle, and as the product of intelligent behavior, might provide insight into how and perhaps even what their makers had thought. Archaeologists like Binford have also critiqued cognitive archaeology, stating it is only people's actions rather than their thoughts that are preserved in the archaeological record. ECA has responded to this criticism by stressing that it seeks to understand "how" ancient peoples thought using material structures, not "what" they thought.

Several early books helped popularize the idea that the ancient mind could be investigated and characterized, including Merlin Donald's *Origins of the Modern Mind* (1991), Steven Mithen's *The Prehistory of Mind* (1996), and David Lewis-Williams's *The Mind in the Cave* (2002).

## Further reading


title: 1925 Australian federal election

abstract: The 1925 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 14 November 1925. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 22 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist–Country coalition, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce, defeated the opposition Labor Party led by Matthew Charlton in a landslide. This was the first time any party had won a fourth consecutive federal election. Compulsory voting for federal elections was introduced in 1924 and first used in the 1925 elections, where 91.4% of the electorate cast a vote, compared to 59.4% at the 1922 elections.

text:
# 1925 Australian federal election

The **1925 Australian federal election** was held in Australia on 14 November 1925. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 22 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist–Country coalition, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce, defeated the opposition Labor Party led by Matthew Charlton in a landslide. This was the first time any party had won a fourth consecutive federal election.

Compulsory voting for federal elections was introduced in 1924 and first used in the 1925 elections, where 91.4% of the electorate cast a vote, compared to 59.4% at the 1922 elections.

## Background

In 1924, Bruce and Page formulated an electoral pact between the Nationalist Party and Country Party, whereby each party agreed not to oppose incumbent candidates from the other party and to co-operate to choose the strongest candidate in seats held by the ALP. Both parties agreed to accept the pact, although only after both Bruce and Page made clear they would resign as party leaders if the pact was rejected. The pact proved particularly controversial within the Country Party, with cabinet minister Percy Stewart resigning in protest and some members of the organisational wing seeing it as an attack on the party's independence.

## Campaign

Prime Minister Stanley Bruce was a supporter of the White Australia Policy, and made it an issue in his campaign for the 1925 Australian Federal election.

> It is necessary that we should determine what are the ideals towards which every Australian would desire to strive. I think those ideals might well be stated as being to secure our national safety, and to ensure the maintenance of our White Australia Policy to continue as an integral portion of the British Empire. We intend to keep this country white and not allow its people to be faced with the problems that at present are practically insoluble in many parts of the world.

## Results

### House of Representatives

House of Reps (IRV) – 1925–28 – Turnout 91.39% (CV) – Informal 2.36%
| Party | | | Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist–Country coalition | | 1,551,760 | 53.20 | +5.41 | 51 | +11 |
| |  | Nationalist | *1,238,397* | *42.46* | *+7.23* | *37* | *+11* |
| |  | Country | *313,363* | *10.74* | *–1.82* | *13* | *–1* |
|  | Labor | | 1,313,627 | 45.04 | +2.74 | 24 | –6 |
|  | Independents | | 51,251 | 1.76 | –2.80 | 2 | +1 |
|  | Total | | 2,916,638 |  |  | **76** |  |
| Two-party-preferred (estimated) | | | | | | | |
|  | **Nationalist–Country coalition** | | **Win** | **53.80** | +2.60 | **51** | +11 |
|  | Labor | |  | 46.20 | −2.60 | 23 | –6 |

---

Notes

| Popular vote   Labor  45.04%  Nationalist  42.46%  Country  10.74%  Others  1.76% |
| --- |

| Two-party-preferred vote   **Coalition**  53.80%  Labor  46.20% |
| --- |

| Parliament seats   **Coalition**  68.00%  Labor  30.67%  Others  2.67% |
| --- |

### Senate

Senate ( BV) – 1925–28 – Turnout 91.31% (CV) – Informal 6.96%
| Party | | | Votes | % | Swing | Seats won | Seats held | Change |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nationalist–Country coalition | | 1,537,282 | 54.81 | N/A | 22 | 28 | N/A |
| |  | Nationalist | *1,272,127* | *45.35* | *+9.12* | *18* | *24* | *0* |
| |  | Country | *265,155* | *9.45* | *–3.53* | *4* | *4* | *+4* |
|  | Labor | | 1,262,912 | 45.02 | –0.67 | 0 | 8 | –4 |
|  | Independents | | 4,808 | 0.17 | –1.87 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Total | | 2,805,002 |  |  | 22 | 36 |  |

## Seats changing hands

| Seat | Pre-1925 | | | | Swing | Post-1925 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Party | | Member | Margin | | Margin | Member | Party | |
| Angas, SA |  | Labor | Moses Gabb | 8.0 | 8.3 | 0.3 | Walter Parsons | Nationalist |  |
| Balaclava, Vic |  | Liberal | William Watt | 100.0 | 30.3 | 19.7 | William Watt | Nationalist |  |
| Barker, SA |  | Liberal | Malcolm Cameron | 2.3 | 9.3 | 11.6 | Malcolm Cameron | Nationalist |  |
| Barton, NSW |  | Labor | Frederick McDonald | 7.6 | 8.6 | 1.0 | Thomas Ley | Nationalist |  |
| Darwin, Tas |  | Country | *Joshua Whitsitt* | 0.4 | 10.9 | 10.5\* | George Bell | Nationalist |  |
| Denison, Tas |  | Labor | David O'Keefe | 0.4 | 2.6 | 2.2 | John Gellibrand | Nationalist |  |
| Gwydir, NSW |  | Labor | Lou Cunningham | 0.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | Aubrey Abbott | Country |  |
| Kennedy, Qld |  | Labor | *Charles McDonald* | N/A | 100.0 | 100.0 | Grosvenor Francis | Nationalist |  |
| Kooyong, Vic |  | Liberal | John Latham | 0.6 | 18.3 | 17.7 | John Latham | Nationalist |  |
| Wakefield, SA |  | Liberal | Richard Foster | 5.3 | 9.5 | 14.8 | Richard Foster | Nationalist |  |
| Wannon, Vic |  | Labor | John McNeill | 0.8 | 4.8 | 4.0 | Arthur Rodgers | Nationalist |  |
| Wimmera, Vic |  | Country | Percy Stewart | 21.2 | 77.8 | 27.8 | Percy Stewart | Independent |  |
|

* Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.
* \*Figure is Nationalist versus Labor.

1. Wilks, Stephen (2020). *'Now is the Psychological Moment': Earle Page and the Imagining of Australia* (PDF). ANU Press. p. 145. ISBN 9781760463687.
2. "ISSUES OF THE ELECTIONS". *The Age*. No. 21, 999. Victoria, Australia. 6 October 1925. p. 11. Retrieved 9 December 2016  via National Library of Australia.
3. Bowen, James; Bowen, Margarita (2002). *The Great Barrier Reef: History, Science, Heritage*. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 0-521-82430-3. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
4. "Kennedy Seat". *Brisbane Courier*. 14 November 1925. p. 7. Retrieved 19 July 2010.

## InfoBox

1925 Australian federal election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| ---  All 76 seats in the House of Representatives
38 seats were needed for a majority in the House
22 (of the 36) seats in the Senate | |
| Registered | 3,302,016 10.79% |
| Turnout | 2,987,200 (91.39%)
(32.03 pp) |
| First party Second party Third party  **IND**  Leader Stanley Bruce Matthew Charlton *N/A*  Party Nationalist Labor Independents  Alliance Nationalist–Country    Leader since 9 February 1923 16 May 1922 *N/A*  Leader's seat Flinders (Vic.) Hunter (NSW) *N/A*  Last election 26 seats 29 seats 1 seats  Seats won **51 seats** 23 + NT 2 seats  Seat change 11 6  1  Popular vote **1,551,760** 1,313,627 51,251  Percentage **53.80%** 46.20% 1.76%  Swing 2.60% 2.60%  -2.80 | |
| ---  Results by division for the House of Representatives, shaded by winning party's margin of victory. | |
| ---  **Prime Minister before election**
Stanley Bruce
Nationalist/Country coalition **Subsequent Prime Minister**
Stanley Bruce
Nationalist/Country coalition | |


title: Sindy

abstract: Sindy is a British fashion doll created by Pedigree Dolls & Toys in 1963. A rival to Barbie, Sindy's look and range of fashions and accessories made her the best-selling toy in the United Kingdom in 1968 and 1970. After Marx Toys' unsuccessful attempt to introduce Sindy in the United States in the late 1970s, Hasbro bought the rights to Sindy and remodelled the doll to look more American. As a result, the doll's popularity declined; in addition, Barbie manufacturer Mattel filed a lawsuit for copyright infringement, which was settled when Hasbro agreed to remodel Sindy's face. During the 1990s, Barbie's share of the doll market continued to grow while Sindy's diminished, which led to Sindy being delisted from major retailers in 1997. Hasbro returned the doll's licence to Pedigree, and the doll was relaunched in 1999, manufactured by Vivid Imaginations. Sindy's 40th anniversary in 2003 saw a new manufacturer, New Moons, and another relaunch and redesign. There were further relaunches in 2016 by Tesco and in 2021 by Kid Kreations. There is a 60th anniversary Sindy doll which was launched at the end of 2023 to celebrate 60 years of Sindy.

text:
# Sindy

**Sindy** is a British fashion doll created by Pedigree Dolls & Toys in 1963. A rival to Barbie, Sindy's look and range of fashions and accessories made her the best-selling toy in the United Kingdom in 1968 and 1970. After Marx Toys' unsuccessful attempt to introduce Sindy in the United States in the late 1970s, Hasbro bought the rights to Sindy and remodelled the doll to look more American. As a result, the doll's popularity declined; in addition, Barbie manufacturer Mattel filed a lawsuit for copyright infringement, which was settled when Hasbro agreed to remodel Sindy's face. During the 1990s, Barbie's share of the doll market continued to grow while Sindy's diminished, which led to Sindy being delisted from major retailers in 1997. Hasbro returned the doll's licence to Pedigree, and the doll was relaunched in 1999, manufactured by Vivid Imaginations. Sindy's 40th anniversary in 2003 saw a new manufacturer, New Moons, and another relaunch and redesign. There were further relaunches in 2016 by Tesco and in 2021 by Kid Kreations. There is a 60th anniversary Sindy doll which was launched at the end of 2023 to celebrate 60 years of Sindy.

## Development and launch

After 20 years of producing dolls, Pedigree Dolls & Toys, a British company in Exeter, sought to expand its product range to include a trendy fashion doll. American toy manufacturer Mattel offered Pedigree a licence to produce Barbie, which Pedigree declined due to market research showing Barbie was unpopular with British buyers. Instead Pedigree manufactured its own doll based on another American doll, Tammy. With permission from Tammy's manufacturer, the Ideal Toy Company, Pedigree also borrowed Tammy's slogan, "The doll you love to dress". The name "Sindy" was chosen after a street poll where young girls were shown a photo of the doll and asked to choose their favourite name from a list of four. The most popular choice was "Cindy", and the spelling was made more distinctive for trademarking.

The Sindy doll was launched in September 1963, and London retailers were sent a promotional 45rpm gramophone record to introduce the doll, which included Pedigree's marketing text below.

> Sindy is the free, swinging girl that every little girl longs to be. Sindy has sports clothes, glamour clothes, everyday clothes — a dog, skates, a gramophone — everything... Every genuine Sindy outfit is a child's dream come true. Each one is designed for today's fashionable young women by today's leading women designers. They are authentic miniature replicas of the latest adult clothes.

## Brand and doll evolution

### Developing accessories and American release

Pedigree Toys' market research was correct – Sindy's "girl next door" look made her more popular than Barbie in Britain. Sindy's boyfriend Paul was released in 1965, and her younger sister Patch in 1966. Sindy's friends Vicki and Mitzi, and Patch's friends Poppet and Betsy debuted in 1968. Sindy was the best selling toy in Britain in 1968 and 1970. Sindy's success in the 1960s was partly due to the increasing range of accessories, with up to 70% of Sindy's turnover from sales of accessories. Mattel did not greatly expand Barbie's accessories until the 1980s, and this was a significant difference between the dolls.

During the 1970s, Pedigree focused on developing more Sindy products and neglected advertising and market research, risking Sindy's "girl next door" image becoming old-fashioned. In 1978, Sindy was introduced to the United States market by Marx Toys. Child star Susan Olsen, who played Cindy Brady on the popular family sitcom *The Brady Bunch*, was featured in a U.S. produced commercial for the doll. Most of Sindy's accessories and fashions were similar to those sold in the United Kingdom, except for the addition of a friend, Gayle, and a McDonald's-themed Sindy. Marx Toys went into receivership in 1980 and Sindy was withdrawn from the US market.

### Focus on relaunches, fashion and advertising

During the 1980s, Pedigree's new marketing director David Brown made several changes, including increasing advertising and market research, and consulting often with fashion experts to ensure the doll's image was kept up to date. Pedigree produced a number of evening dresses designed by The Emmanuels, famous for designing Princess Diana's wedding gown, shortly after Mattel released gowns for Barbie designed by Oscar de la Renta. Due to its success, a second collection of designs was released the next year, including a bubble dress and lingerie. An older-looking Sindy doll was released in 1985, with male and female companions Mark and Marie. The advertising campaign was worth £1.5 million.

In 1986, Sindy manufacturers took advantage of new colour-changing technology and released Magic Moments Sindy, a doll whose hair and swimming costume changed colour when immersed in warm water. Sindy's senior designer Jane Braithwaite travelled to Paris each month to research fashion trends for Sindy's clothing in an attempt to reverse declining sales. As an example of Sindy's continually updated fashions, during this period the doll's footwear included kitten heels, sandals, knee-high boots, ankle boots, trainers, slippers, court shoes and slingbacks.

In 1987, Sindy's product manager Edward Machin announced that Sindy would reclaim the lead over Barbie within two years. Hasbro redesigned Sindy and spent approximately £1.5 m on advertising. A Sindy magazine was also launched in this period to challenge the fortnightly Barbie magazine. A £1 million advertising campaign was introduced in 1991 with five advertisements highlighting Sindy's collection of beach and pool wear. The advertisement showed footage of Sindy combined with live action sequences from a look-alike.

In 1993, Sindy was featured in a £500,000 advertising campaign for the fashion company Alexon Group. Sindy was used to contrast her childish fashion with the sophistication of Alexon's fashion range. Each double page spread showed Sindy in a typical outfit superimposed on a real-life setting. The opposite page showed a real woman dressed in Alexon's clothes above the line 'Dressing up for grown ups'.

### Brand decline and lawsuits

Hasbro introduced Sindy in France and continental Europe in 1994 after minor facial modifications to reduce her resemblance to Barbie. A Neilsen study suggested Sindy could obtain 20% of the 500–600 m market in France alone. The chief executive of Hasbro France, Paul Audouy, said recent innovations such as the ability for Sindy to swim and walk a small dog would strengthen her market position. Hasbro invested ₣5 million in the first week of her advertising launch. A new black friend for Sindy was released in 1995, named Imani, 30 years after Sindy's American friend Gayle was withdrawn after low sales. Hasbro released the new doll in response to "overwhelming demand".

Hasbro withdrew its £5.5 m advertising support for the Sindy doll in 1997 amid rumours that major retailers were planning to delist the doll. The editor of *UK Toy News*, Jon Salisbury, said, "This is Hasbro taking Sindy out of its main range. But she is running so far behind Barbie it is almost a non-issue. If delisted by bigger retailers, which seems to be happening, then the brand will lose momentum". In 1994, Sindy had a seven percent share of the £70 m doll market, and Barbie held 16%. By 1996, Barbie's share had increased to 30%, estimated by Mattel to be worth £100 m per year including licensing deals, and Sindy's share had only climbed to eight percent. Sindy's popularity had also been overtaken during that period by Polly Pocket. One explanation for the large variation in market share is the unpopular Americanisation of the Sindy doll in the mid-1980s. The Sindy doll was still available to retailers during this period, but had to be ordered in bulk from the Hong Kong manufacturer.

### Return to Pedigree Toys and further doll makeovers

Sindy and Barbie went head-to-head in August 1999, when both manufacturers created large advertising campaigns for the dolls and Sindy was relaunched. The manufacturers updated the dolls' images and revamped them with a "millennium look". Sindy was transformed into a younger-looking doll with "new themes, new friends and a new family, fitting today's environment and in tune with the street-cred concerns of today's young girls", according to Vivid Imaginations' marketing director, Paul Weston, from the company then producing Sindy. Pedigree, which owns the rights to Sindy, licensed the doll to Vivid Imaginations after Hasbro ceased production of the doll. The doll market in the United Kingdom during this time was worth £77 million, with Barbie holding a share of over 75%.

The Sindy doll entered the digital world in 2000 when Pedigree Toys introduced an official website. Monitor Media, the website design company, said, "Sindy.com brings Sindy to life for six-year-old girls just getting to grips with computers while sitting on their Mum's knee. They can dress her up, paint her bedroom in different colours, read her secret diary, chat with other Sindy fans and send her e-mails".

In 40 years, nearly 100 million Sindy dolls were sold in Britain alone, and in 2003, Sindy was relaunched for her 40th birthday. Her figure was changed to more closely resemble the girls the doll is marketed towards. Denise Deane, the head of design and development at New Moons, the new Sindy manufacturer, said, "She's lost the big breasts and very long legs, and we've completely changed her face. She's totally unrecognisable. Sindy's still very popular, but she has been neglected over the last few years, and we don't think people are identifying with that look. She's going to look like a 15-year-old, and we've designed her to wear trainers." The doll was released in two versions: six-inch and full-size.

Sindy was relaunched again in 2006, this time resembling a 12- to 14-year-old. Jerry Reynolds, chief executive officer of Pedigree Toys explained, "If you take the Sindy of yester-year she was between 12 and 14 years while Barbie was twenty-something. She got too close to Barbie in the '80s and '90s and has now effectively returned to that younger positioning." The doll was again released in two sizes, with the standard-size Sindy a Woolworths exclusive. The 2006 Sindy was aimed at three- to five-year-old girls, younger than the audience targeted by Bratz dolls, and mothers who wanted a more innocent-looking doll for their daughters than Barbie or Bratz dolls.

Tonner Doll Company released a collection of high end dolls in 2013, the first one made for the 2013 Sindy Convention in the U.K.

Tesco in 2016 released a new 18-inch Sindy doll alongside new friends, various outfits and accessories.

Kid Kreations released a playline in 2021 based on the classic Sindy face mould. There were announcements of a further relaunch in 2023 after the release of the *Barbie* film.

## Controversies and lawsuits

The January 1989 redesign made Sindy look more like her rival Barbie. In response, Mattel sought and won an injunction against Hasbro after claiming the new Sindy doll was easily confused with their product. After a French court decided that the Sindy doll infringed on Mattel's copyright in early 1992, the case was settled in December when Hasbro agreed to alter Sindy's face. Mattel and Hasbro released the following joint statement, "Hasbro has remodeled the head of Sindy in a way which Mattel and Hasbro have agreed is acceptable. As a result, Mattel has agreed to drop all outstanding lawsuits relating to Sindy and Barbie around the world. Each party will be responsible for its own costs". The case was previously ruled in Hasbro's favour in Spain and Greece.

Similar to many fashion dolls, including Barbie, Sindy has been criticised by feminist groups who said her figure set an unrealistic standard for young girls. After Hasbro returned the brand to Pedigree Toys, Pedigree responded to the backlash against "cosmetically enhanced bimbo" dolls by making Sindy more wholesome and less shapely.

A minor controversy occurred in 1998 when Hasbro expressed a desire to make a Sindy doll that looked like Princess Diana, shortly after former prime minister John Major recommended sensitivity when making commercial deals to honour the late princess. The Princess' Memorial Fund denied Hasbro's request, but did not rule out the possibility of a future doll, "if it met the requirements of the trustees and was judged acceptable to the public".

## Collecting

The Sindy doll is popular among collectors, and websites provide advice on how to re-root the doll's hair and replace parts. Mint condition dolls are the most sought after. Many collectors shunned the "American look" Sindy developed by Hasbro, while the value of the Pedigree dolls increased. In 2003, a first-edition Sindy, complete with original Foale and Tuffin "Weekenders" outfit (jeans and a striped sweatshirt), box and fashion booklet was worth approximately £160–200. Sindy's rarer friends Gayle (a doll made for the American market in 1975) was worth up to £400, and Mitzi (her French friend from 1968) up to £500.

December 2006 saw the launch of a collectible version of the original Sindy, one called "Classic Sindy" and manufactured in porcelain. Created by Anne Zielinski-Old, distributed by the Danbury Mint and still licensed by Pedigree Dolls & Toys, the "Weekender" was the first in a series.

With Sindy doll's 50th birthday approaching in 2013, Pedigree toys was designing a new range of merchandise. This would include laptop covers, notepaper, mobile phone cases, gift tags, shoes and accessories aimed at teenagers. A new doll was reported to be in the design stages.

In September 2020 a collector’s line of six Sindy dolls was introduced by the Sindy Collectors Club. Inspired by the original Pedigree dolls, each of the six dolls wears a modern interpretation of the fashions of original Sindy doll releases from 1963: Shopping Look, Weekender, City Chic, Dream Date, Skater Girl, and Sleepy Time. Each of the six versions is limited to 1,963 dolls. The dolls are manufactured by Kid Kreations of Staffordshire, England.

In September 2023, coinciding with Sindy doll's 60th birthday, a new collector's doll was announced, again limited to 1,963 dolls. This doll will be released in Spring 2024.

Beginning in 1963, Sindy was featured as a weekly comic strip*Sindy and Her Friends* — first in Fleetway Publications' *School Friend* (c. 1963–1964, drawn by Cecil Graveney), and then in *June and School Friend* (from 1965, drawn by Phil Townsend).

## Further reading

* Mansell, Colette (1999). *The history of Sindy: Britain's top teenage doll 1962–1994.* London: New Cavendish Books. ISBN 1-872727-54-9.

## InfoBox

Sindy
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Doll |
| Company | Pedigree Dolls & Toys (from 1963) Hasbro (1986-1997) Vivid Imaginations (1999-2002)<br>Kid Kreations (2020-2023) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Availability | 1963–Present |
| Slogan | The doll you love to dress |
| Official website | |


title: Rudnik, Greater Poland Voivodeship

abstract: Rudnik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szamotuły, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Szamotuły and 26 km (16 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Rudnik, Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Rudnik** (Polish pronunciation: \[ˈrudɲik\]) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szamotuły, within Szamotuły County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Szamotuły and 26 km (16 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Rudnik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rudnik | |
| Coordinates: 52°33′41″N 16°39′11″E / 52.56139°N 16.65306°E / 52.56139; 16.65306 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Szamotuły |
| Gmina | Szamotuły |


title: Château de Monterminod

abstract: The Chateau de Monterminod is a medieval castle located in the city of Saint-Alban-Leysse in the Savoy region of France, approximately 130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Geneva, Switzerland. The chateau dominates the "hameau du Villaret", and its location on top of a hill makes it highly noticeable from kilometres away. The chateau was strategically located within a system of defense for the region. Indeed, in case of attack, the Chateau of Chambéry would send signals from the main tower to the Chateau de Monterminod, which would then signal another chateau, and so forth until the message reached the Maurienne valley. This system enabled the vassals from the area to prepare for any attack and provide help. The vineyard that surrounds the Chateau de Monterminod was created following an 11th-century law by Odilo of Cluny, the archbishop of the Cluny Abbey. The vineyard already surrounded the medieval castle and has not changed up to this day. The very first public document that mentions the vineyard is a charter signed by Humbert aux Blanches Mains between 1014 and 1042 for the donation by the knight Aymon de Pierre Forte of the vineyard referred to as Mount Erminod to Saint-Odilon, Abbey of Cluny. From the 13th to the 15th centuries, the chateau was owned by the Crochet family, a noble family whose ties go back to the Harveys. Around that time, the Princess Anne of Cyprus, called "the most beautiful princess in the world", who became Duchess of Savoie when she married her husband, gave her name to the grape variety that she brought with her from Paris, the cépage Altesse. The Chateau de Monterminod traded hands multiple times between the 15th and 20th centuries until 1955, when Joseph Girard, a noted wine trader in the region, acquired the property. Since then, the property has been owned and taken care of by the same family.

text:
# Château de Monterminod

The **Chateau de Monterminod** is a medieval castle located in the city of Saint-Alban-Leysse in the Savoy region of France, approximately 130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Geneva, Switzerland. The chateau dominates the "hameau du Villaret", and its location on top of a hill makes it highly noticeable from kilometres away.

The chateau was strategically located within a system of defense for the region. Indeed, in case of attack, the Chateau of Chambéry would send signals from the main tower to the Chateau de Monterminod, which would then signal another chateau, and so forth until the message reached the Maurienne valley. This system enabled the vassals from the area to prepare for any attack and provide help. The vineyard that surrounds the Chateau de Monterminod was created following an 11th-century law by Odilo of Cluny, the archbishop of the Cluny Abbey. The vineyard already surrounded the medieval castle and has not changed up to this day. The very first public document that mentions the vineyard is a charter signed by Humbert aux Blanches Mains between 1014 and 1042 for the donation by the knight Aymon de Pierre Forte of the vineyard referred to as Mount Erminod (in French "Mont Erminod" later became "Monterminod") to Saint-Odilon, Abbey of Cluny.

From the 13th to the 15th centuries, the chateau was owned by the Crochet family, a noble family whose ties go back to the Harveys. Around that time, the Princess Anne of Cyprus, called "the most beautiful princess in the world", who became Duchess of Savoie when she married her husband, gave her name to the grape variety that she brought with her from Paris, the cépage Altesse.

The Chateau de Monterminod traded hands multiple times between the 15th and 20th centuries until 1955, when Joseph Girard, a noted wine trader in the region, acquired the property. Since then, the property has been owned and taken care of by the same family.

45°34′58″N 5°57′54″E / 45.5829°N 5.9649°E / 45.5829; 5.9649


title: 44 Pathfinder Platoon

abstract: The 44 Pathfinder Platoon is part of the 44 Parachute Regiment. The pathfinder is a trained and specialized paratrooper, who performs covertly behind enemy lines, either in small groups or in collaboration with other reconnaissance units.

text:
# 44 Pathfinder Platoon

The **44 Pathfinder Platoon** is part of the 44 Parachute Regiment. The pathfinder is a trained and specialized paratrooper, who performs covertly behind enemy lines, either in small groups or in collaboration with other reconnaissance units.

## History of the Pathfinders in 44 Parachute Brigade

### 44 Pathfinder Company 1980–1982

In the early 1980s and following the creation of Zimbabwe a number of former Rhodesian Army soldiers joined the SADF on a short contract. Some were absorbed into 32 Battalion and others, mainly Rhodesian professional soldiers, were recruited by Col. Jan Breytenbach into 44 Parachute Brigade to serve as a new fighting arm within the brigade. These British, Rhodesian, and American Troops were at that time humorously referred to as 'The Philistines' because they were foreigners.

After their selection and induction, these recruits underwent further training in bush warfare and conventional pathfinding methods as a part of 2 pathfinder selection courses. This training by early 1981 produced sufficient personnel to be deployed on active service. Their envisaged role was to conduct mobile, fighting patrols deep inside Angola. They were highly trained in counter-terrorist operations and already self-sufficient and in most cases independent from the rest of the SADF.

They were based at Ondangwa, South-West Africa (now Namibia) and from there they would launch patrols into Angola mostly led by Colonel Breytenbach. This force in its short and controversial history proved to be highly successful and when Colonel Breytenbach left the Brigade in 1982 they were disbanded. Before its eventual disbandment the Pathfinders were involved to a degree in giving instruction to 44 Parachute Brigade's Citizen Force Paratroopers, however, on the completion of their one-year contracts some chose to leave the SADF whilst others which were the majority, were transferred to 32 Battalion.

### 44 Pathfinder Platoon

In 1976, 1 Parachute Battalion possessed a limited pathfinder capability in a small group of permanent force members who were Drop Zone Safety Officers and Freefall qualified. These comprised the following: Capt. J.E. Rabie Lt. J.C. Van Wyk 2 Lt. M. Ellis 2 Lt. M.J. Boon Sgt M. P .J. Liebenberg Cpl. D.W. Van Zyl and Cpl. J.J. Grobler.

The Battalion had no other specialized training except that of paratrooper soldiering. With fixed posts within the Battalion, these members would only group as and when the situation required and then mainly for the purpose of training. With the success and lessons from Operation Reindeer in May 1978, it became clear that a method for ensuring correct and safe dropping, grouping, and extraction of paratroopers was urgently needed. In order to have the capability to covertly insert behind enemy lines, and do reconnaissance on the target, the Battalion would need to create a formal structure, command system, specialized equipment, and operational procedures to support this.

The then Commander of 1 Parachute Battalion, Col. D.J. Moore, requested Maj Joos Rabie to formulate staff, equipment tables and to establish guidelines for the formation of an extended Pathfinder capability within the unit. The blueprint used was a combination of the British SAS, USA Pathfinders, and the Reconnaissance Regiments (Recces) of the SADF. The objective was to train the Pathfinder to be on par with the Recces' in their training schedule regarding land warfare, but specializing in pathfinder and airborne operations. 2Lt. Jacobus. G. Hoon and 2Lt. Pierre Lundberg together with Cpl's I.J. Pretorius and Daniel. J. Schutte were the first Permanent force leader group who trained the first group of Pathfinders in September 1978.

### Operations

#### Operational Duties (Ondjiva—Angola: January 1982 – August 1982)

The command of this group fell under Lt J.G.Hoon (1st Pathfinder Group 1978) and 2 Lt Paul Troll. Both Hoon and Troll were from 1 Para Bn. The Pathfinder group teamed up with 101 Battalion in May 1981 at Miershoop where Minor Tactics were introduced to the Recce Pl of 101 BN. South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) who mainly served as trackers, translators, backup firepower (60mm Mortars and LMGs) and the Pathfinder group acting as team leaders and medics. They operated in small (4 man) teams (2 Pathfinders and 2 101 Battalion Ovambos) looking for weapon caches and doing counter-insurgency operations for the upcoming expected rainy-season offensive. For their service, this group of Pathfinders was awarded the Chief of the SADF Commendation Medal.

After the initial deployment at 101, Capt Pierre Lundberg who was a member of the initial group was again asked to command the national service pathfinders, which he did until the end of 1982. He was also joined by Lt John Tawse and both served in this capacity until leaving at the end of Jan 1983 where each respectively joined 4 Recce in Langebaan and 31 Battalion Recce at Omega, Caprivi on a permanent basis. After this departure, the Pathfinders had no Permanent Force leadership for almost 4 months until Capt John van Aswegen (Former Rhodesian SAS and 1 and 6 Recce) took over as the Pathfinder Commanding Officer.

All the subsequent Pathfinders groups followed a similar training schedule as the first three groups in regime and quality. In November 1983 John van Aswegen moved to 44 Parachute Brigade and became the new Commanding Officer of the newly formed 44 Parachute Brigade Pathfinder Company.

### Pathfinder statistics

#### From 1978 until October 1989 and at the end of the bush war (Citizen Force Members)

98 members successfully completed the course during their National service, of which 62 members attended citizen call-up camps. A further 86 members did training camps or Brigade exercises and 67 members participated in operations in the SWA/Angola Operations Area. As of December 1989, the company strength stood at 86 members.

The Pathfinders were a relatively small group of soldiers. By comparison, the Reconnaissance Regiment from the formation of 1 Recce Commando at Oudtshoorn in 1972, to end of the Angolan/Bush war (1989) has over 450 qualified Recce operators; an average of 26 to 27 operators a year, while there were only 98 qualified Pathfinders from 1978 up to 1989, an average of 9 Pathfinders per year.

Pathfinders were also the only Special Forces troops in the SADF that mostly comprised national service members with only their officers being Permanent Force members. In comparison, the Recce Regiments and 32 Battalion members were required to join the Permanent Force (5 years) or at least in short-term duty (3 years).

#### Synopsis

The fact that the Pathfinders were National Servicemen worked in certain instances against them. The leader group in 1 Parachute Battalion and 44 Parachute Brigade (comprising mostly career soldiers), followed the age-old tradition of the British Army with their very strict rank and chain of command with limited understanding of Special Forces work.

Their application of the warfare doctrine "shock and awe" was in contrast to special operations which revolved around clandestine and reconnaissance operations. The small, close-knit elite unit function worked best when run in an egalitarian manner. The differentiator is that a strong chain of command existed well in such a unit however with no one working hard at wielding power.

In most instances, the Pathfinder with the most experience assumes command for that specific operation which sometimes superseded the command of a Colonels or Sergeant Majors. This being totally out of the norm of a regular army. In units like the Recce Commando's and 32 Battalion, the ethos of Special Forces was well understood and practiced by the leader group. In contrast, the Pathfinders were an isolated group in the Parachute Battalion, as their war doctrine and command ethos differed radically from that of the normal Paratrooper Companies. This situation was further exacerbated by the Commanders' lack of understanding of how to use specialist forces.

This led to amongst other, airborne battle-handling courses being presented at the newly formed 44 Parachute Regiment (Downgraded from Brigade to Regiment in 1999 following a transformation of the SADF to SANDF) The issue as described is discussed and dealt with and every junior officer in the airborne attends.

Most of the Citizen Force Pathfinders needed refresher courses where the latest battlefield lessons were imparted to them during these call-ups. The officers and many groups of Pathfinders were also trained by elements of the Recce Regiment and many of the battlefield experience the Recces acquired were also transferred to the Pathfinders. With the transformation and new dispensation in the National Defence Force, combat experience and lessons learned on the battlefield that was transferred from one Pathfinder group to the next, was unfortunately lost and many of the leader group have subsequently left the service.

### Leadership

Leadership of 44 Pathfinder Platoon
| **From** | **Commanding Officers** | **To** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1978 | Maj. Joos Rabie | 1981 |
| 1982 | Capt. Pierre Lundberg | 1983 |
| 1983 | Capt. John van Aswegen | 1984 |
| 1984 | Lt. Andre Botha | 1985 |
| 1984 | 2IC Lt. Gunter von Martelock | 1985 |

## InfoBox

| 44 Pathfinder Platoon | |
| --- | --- |
| 44 Pathfinder Platoon emblem and beret badge | |
| Founded | January 1978 (1978-01) |
| Country | South Africa |
| Branch | South African Army |
| Type | Pathfinder |
| Role | Pathfinder
Counterinsurgency
Airborne operations
Special operations
Reconnaissance
Forward observer |
| Garrison/HQ | Tempe Military Base, Bloemfontein |
| Nickname(s) | Papa Victor |
| Headgear | Maroon Beret |


title: Fischer (company)

abstract: Fischer Sports is an Austrian winter sports equipment manufacturing company, more specifically Nordic skiing, Alpine skiing and ice hockey equipment. Winter sports equipment include skis, boots, bindings, and accessories. For ice hockey, Fischer produces sticks, skates, pucks, blades, jerseys, and protective gear. The company's clothing line includes t-shirts, polo shirts, jackets, pants, hoodies, raincoats, knit caps, gloves, kerchiefs, and socks.

text:
# Fischer (company)

**Fischer Sports** is an Austrian winter sports equipment manufacturing company, more specifically Nordic skiing, Alpine skiing and ice hockey equipment. Winter sports equipment include skis, boots, bindings, and accessories (bags, backpacks). For ice hockey, Fischer produces sticks, skates, pucks, blades, jerseys, and protective gear (jockstraps, socks, gloves, and visors).

The company's clothing line includes t-shirts, polo shirts, jackets, pants, hoodies, raincoats, knit caps, gloves, kerchiefs, and socks.

## History

The company was founded in 1924 by Josef Fischer Sr., a cartwright, in Ried im Innkreis, northeast of Salzburg, Austria. In addition to making wagons, he made an occasional pair of skis. By 1938, the company had significantly expanded its ski manufacturing, with 30 employees, and sales of handmade skis in the United States reached 2,000 pairs. Following the conclusion of World War II, Josef Fischer Jr. became involved in the reconstruction of the company.

In 1949, Fischer developed the first ski press to speed up production, which was still by hand. By 1958, the company employed 137 craftsmen, and was manufacturing 53,000 pairs of skis annually. In that year, Fischer adopted its three-triangle logo. In 1964, the company completed a new factory on the outskirts of town, featuring a state-of-the-art computerized sawmill. Fischer also introduced metal skis for the first time, on which Egon Zimmerman won the downhill at the 1964 Winter Olympics. By 1967, the company had 775 employees, and produced 330,000 pairs of skis. The company's research efforts over the years include skis for racing, including alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and skis for attempting the world speed record.

In the early 70s, Fischer became the biggest ski manufacturer in the world. The Europa 77, with its fibre-glass technology, was revolutionary. This was the foundation to capture the Scandinavian market. Franz Klammer won the Olympics in 1976 on Fischer C4 skis. In 1988, Fischer opened the factory in Mukachevo, Ukraine.

2002 was the year of Fischer's stock buy-back. Since then, Fischer has been 100% family-owned.

Fischer Tennis division was sold to tennis accessories manufacturer Pacific Entermark GmbH in 2009.

## Success in professional sports

At the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi 39 gold, 36 silver and 35 bronze medals were awarded to athletes with Fischer equipment: a total of 108 medals, which were won mainly in the Nordic disciplines. This surpassed the result at the Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver 2010 (74 medals).

The Norwegian athlete Marit Bjørgen, who is equipped by Fischer, is the best Olympic cross country skier of all time. In Sochi she won three gold medals. US-American Joss Christensen is the first Olympic champion in the Alpine discipline of Freeski Slopestyle.

At the Alpine, Nordic and Biathlon World Championships 2017 in St. Moritz (SUI), Lahti (FIN) and Hochfilzen (AUT) the Fischer equipped athletes took 45 gold-, 43 silver- and 38 bronze medals – a total of 126 medals. At the 2019 World Championships in Seefeld (AUT), Östersund (SWE)and Åre (SWE) there were 129 medals - 45 gold, 40 silver and 43 bronze.

## Affiliated companies

Fischer Sports has several affiliates:

## In Alpine skiing

### Active

| Athlete | Sport |
| --- | --- |
| Eva-Maria Brem | alpine skiing |
| Adrien Coirier | freeskiing |
| Lynsey Dyer | freeskiing |
| Thomas Fanara | alpine skiing |
| Max Kroneck | freeskiing |
| Sandra Lahnsteiner | freeskiing |
| Roland Leitinger | alpine skiing |
| Manfred Mölgg | alpine skiing |
| Steven Nyman | alpine skiing |
| Nicole Schmidhofer | alpine skiing |
| Max Franz | alpine skiing |
| Kyle Smaine | freeskiing |

### Retired

| Athlete | Sport |
| --- | --- |
| Kristian Ghedina | alpine skiing |
| Nicole Hosp | alpine skiing |
| Denise Karbon | alpine skiing |
| Franz Klammer | alpine skiing |
| Hans Knauß | alpine skiing |
| Tanja Poutiainen | alpine skiing |
| Michael von Grünigen | alpine skiing |
| Harti Weirather | alpine skiing |
| Egon Zimmermann | alpine skiing |

## In Nordic skiing

### Active

| Athlete | Sport |
| --- | --- |
| Kamil Stoch | ski jumping |
| Dario Cologna | cross country |
| Eric Frenzel | nordic combined |
| Jarl Magnus Riiber | nordic combined |
| Johannes Høsflot Klæbo | cross country |
| Ingvild Flugstad Østberg | cross country |
| Denise Herrmann | biathlon |
| Johannes Thingnes Bø | biathlon |
| Stefan Kraft | ski jumping |
| Iivo Niskanen | cross country |

Retired:

| Athlete | Sport |
| --- | --- |
| Therese Johaug | cross country |
| Maiken Caspersen Falla | cross country |
| Charlotte Kalla | cross country |
| Kaisa Mäkäräinen | biathlon |
| Martin Johnsrud Sundby | cross country |
| Tora Berger | biathlon |
| Laura Dahlmeier | biathlon |
| Sven Fischer | biathlon |
| Magdalena Forsberg | cross country / biathlon |
| Andreas Goldberger | ski jumping |
| Gregor Schlierenzauer | ski jumping |
| Thomas Morgenstern | ski jumping |
| Adam Małysz | ski jumping |
| Magdalena Neuner | biathlon |
| Petter Northug | cross country |
| Marit Bjørgen | cross country |
| Bente Skari | cross country |
| Yelena Välbe | cross country |
| Thomas Wassberg | cross country |

## InfoBox

Fischer Sports GmbH
|
|  |
|
| Industry | Winter sports equipment |
| Founded | 1924 (1924) |
| Founder | Josef Fischer |
| Headquarters | Ried im Innkreis, Austria |
| Key people | Mag. Franz Föttinger, CEO
Mag. Christian Egger, CFO |
| Products | Nordic skiing, Alpine skiing, and ice hockey equipment |
| Revenue | List * + (2019–20) 191.5 million EUR     + (2020–21) 132.9 million EUR     + (2021–22) 148.8 million EUR     + (2022–23) 198.5 million EUR |
| Number of employees | Approx. 480 in Ried, Austria
Approx. 850 at other locations |
| Website | fischersports.com |


title: The Strand Moraines

abstract: The Strand Moraines is an ancient lateral moraine of the Koettlitz Glacier, deposited at the outer edge of Bowers Piedmont Glacier on the west shore of McMurdo Sound, in Victoria Land. The morraine is 20,000 to 5,000 years old and has an ice core formed by both glacier ice and saltwater ice. Discovered by the Discovery expedition (1901–04) and first called "The Eskers." The feature was renamed by Scott in keeping with its true nature.

text:
# The Strand Moraines

**The Strand Moraines** is an ancient lateral moraine of the Koettlitz Glacier, deposited at the outer edge of Bowers Piedmont Glacier on the west shore of McMurdo Sound, in Victoria Land. The morraine is 20,000 to 5,000 years old and has an ice core formed by both glacier ice and saltwater ice.

Discovered by the *Discovery* expedition (1901–04) and first called "The Eskers." The feature was renamed by Scott in keeping with its true nature.

This article incorporates public domain material from "The Strand Moraines". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

77°45′S 164°31′E / 77.750°S 164.517°E / -77.750; 164.517


title: Coke Zero Facial Profiler

abstract: Facial Profiler was a free Facebook app created to promote Coca-Cola Zero by the advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky. The app used face recognition technology to search a database of voluntarily participating Facebook users to match people based on appearance. The software's algorithm analyzed face attributes like skin color, face structure and angles of the face. Once matched, users could contact their look-alike via their Facebook profile. Coke Zero claimed the inspiration for Facial Profiler came from the drink itself. The tagline for the project was: "If Coke Zero has Coke's taste, is it possible someone out there has your face?"

text:
# Coke Zero Facial Profiler

**Facial Profiler** was a free Facebook app created to promote Coca-Cola Zero by the advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky. The app used face recognition technology to search a database of voluntarily participating Facebook users to match people based on appearance. The software's algorithm analyzed face attributes like skin color, face structure and angles of the face. Once matched, users could contact their look-alike via their Facebook profile.

Coke Zero claimed the inspiration for Facial Profiler came from the drink itself. The tagline for the project was: "If Coke Zero has Coke's taste, is it possible someone out there has your face?"

## Building the face database

Facial Profiler's initial phase, launched in September 2009, involved the creation of a "face database". Faces were gathered from photos that users personally uploaded and tagged to Facebook, stored photos uploaded from user hard drives and webcam photos taken via the app itself. Once the database gathered a statistically significant number of faces from both genders, various age groups and multiple ethnicities – the matching process began on December 3, 2009. Reportedly, more than 288,000 people installed the application by December 2009.

## Matches and voting

When a match was generated, a corresponding percentage of accuracy was assigned to the match. As more users submitted photos, the match accuracy was to increase. Users could vote on the accuracy of their match and other matches.

## Privacy concerns

The app adhered to Facebook privacy policies. It only searched photos of those who have voluntarily opted into the app. It removed user photos from their database if the user uninstalled the app.


title: Tomigusuku Castle

abstract: Tomigusuku Castle is a Ryukyuan gusuku in Tomigusuku, Okinawa. It was built in about 1400 by Ououso, then King of Nanzan, and is now a ruined castle. The castle is not far off of Highway 58.

text:
# Tomigusuku Castle

**Tomigusuku Castle** (豊見城城, *Tomigusuku jō*, Okinawan: *Tumigushiku*) is a Ryukyuan *gusuku* in Tomigusuku, Okinawa. It was built in about 1400 by Ououso, then King of Nanzan, and is now a ruined castle. The castle is not far off of Highway 58.

## World War II

During the Battle of Okinawa, much of the castle ruins were destroyed. In addition, 175 Japanese soldiers committed suicide near Tomigusuku Castle, rather than surrendering to the Allies.

26°11′21″N 127°41′06″E / 26.189238673746072°N 127.68503085560607°E / 26.189238673746072; 127.68503085560607

## InfoBox

| Tomigusuku Castle
豊見城城 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tomigusuku, Okinawa | |
| Tomigusuku Castle
豊見城城Tomigusuku Castle
豊見城城 | |
| Type | *Gusuku* |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Nanzan (1400?–1429)
Ryūkyū Kingdom (1429–1879)
Empire of Japan (1879–1945)
United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands(1945-1950)
United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands(1950-1972)
Japan (1972-present) |
| Open to
the public | yes |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1400? |
| Built by | Ououso |
| In use | 1400?–early 17th century |
| Materials | Ryukyuan limestone, wood |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | Ououso, King of Nanzan |


title: Christian Galan

abstract: Christian Galan is a French Japanologist and professor of Japanese language and civilization at Toulouse-Jean-Jaurès University and a researcher at the Japanese Studies Center (CEJ) of the National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations. He has devoted most of his work to the study of the Japanese education system. Within the CEJ, he directs the research group "Education, Childhood and Society in Contemporary Japan" and co-directs with Emmanuel Lozerand the research group "Speech and debates of the Meiji era". He is also director of the Toulouse branch of the CEJ, co-director with Emmanuel Lozerand of the "Japan" Collection at Belles-Lettres Editions and, since 2010, is in charge of a general inspection mission for teaching Japanese in France for the Ministry of National Education.

text:
# Christian Galan

**Christian Galan** (born in 1960) is a French Japanologist and professor of Japanese language and civilization at Toulouse-Jean-Jaurès University (formerly Toulouse-le Mirail) and a researcher at the Japanese Studies Center (CEJ) of the National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations (Inalco, Paris). He has devoted most of his work to the study of the Japanese education system.

Within the CEJ, he directs the research group "Education, Childhood and Society in Contemporary Japan" and co-directs with Emmanuel Lozerand the research group "Speech and debates of the Meiji era". He is also director of the Toulouse branch of the CEJ, co-director with Emmanuel Lozerand of the "Japan" Collection at Belles-Lettres Editions and, since 2010, is in charge of a general inspection mission for teaching Japanese in France for the Ministry of National Education.

## Biography

A graduate of the Ecole Normale in Toulouse (1982), Christian Galan has a doctoral dissertation in Japanese Studies at Inalco (1997) and holds the Habilitation to supervise research (2006). His current teaching at the University of Toulouse-Jean-Jaurès focuses on language as well as Japanese history and society.

His fields of research mainly concern the study of the Japanese educational system in its various dimensions, historical and educational in particular. His career as a researcher has been organized around six major axes to which his various publications are attached: the teaching of reading in Japan: history, politics and pedagogy; the Japanese writing system and the question of illiteracy; teaching Japanese in France and in Europe: policy and research on pedagogy; the history of the Japanese education system: a shift from Edo era education to education in the Meiji era, a chronology of the history of education, and a study of some pivotal times, transfers of knowledge to do in education between Japan and China, etc. ; current reforms of the Japanese education system, including universities; the history of childhood and young people in Japan.

## Main publications (books and book directions)

In a statistical overview of Christian Galan's writings, WorldCat lists about 22 works in 57 publications in 3 languages in more than 580 library collections

* Christian Galan, *L’Enseignement de la lecture au Japon – Politique et Éducation*, Toulouse, PUM, 2001 (in French)
* Christian Galan and Christine Nguyen Tri (dir. by), " Aspects de la modernité à l’aube du XXème siècle : l’éducation en Chine et au Japon ", *Daruma – Revue internationale d’études japonaises*, n° 12/13, automne 2002/printemps 2003\] (in French)
* Christian Galan, *Introduction à l’écriture japonaise*, CD-Rom didacticiel (présentation de l’écrit japonais et exercices d’apprentissage des kana), Toulouse, Université du Mirail, 2003 (in French)
* Christian Galan and Jacques Fijalkow (dir. by), *Langue, lecture et école au Japon*, Arles, Philippe Picquier, 2006 (in French)
* Christian Galan, *J’apprends le japonais*, illustrations de Florence Lérot-Calvo, Arles, Philippe Picquier, 2007 (in French)
* Christian Galan and Arnaud Brotons (dir. by), *Japon pluriel 7*, Philippe Picquier, 2008 (in French)
* Anne Gonon and Christian Galan (dir. by), *Le Monde comme horizon – État des sciences humaines et sociales au Japon*, Arles, Philippe Picquier, 2009 (in French)
* Patrick Heinrich and Christian Galan (dir. by), *Language Life in Japan : Transformations and Prospects*, Abingdon, Routledge, 2010.
* Christian Galan, *I’m Learning Japanese*, illustrations by Florence Lérot-Calvo, New York, Tuttle Publishing, 2010.
* Christian Galan and Emmanuel Lozerand (dir. by), *La Famille japonaise moderne (1868–1926) – Discours et débats*, Arles, Philippe Picquier, 2011 (in French)
* Christian Galan and Claude Lévi Alvarès (dir. by), *Dossiers des* *Sciences de l’Education*, n° 27, " Séisme éducatif au Japon ", mars 2012 (in French)
* Christian Galan and Jean-Pierre Giraud (dir. by), *Individu-s et démocratie au Japon*, Toulouse, PUM, " Tempus Histoire ", 2015(in French)
* Christian Galan and Rémi Scoccimarro (dir. by), " Trois ans avec Fukushima ", *Cahiers d’histoire immédiate*, n° 47, mai 2015 (in French)
* Christian Galan and Jean-Marc Olivier (dir. by), *Histoire du Japon & Histoire au Japon*, Toulouse, Privat, 2016 (in French)
* Fukuzawa Yukichi*, L’Appel à l’étude*, édition complète, traduit du japonais, annoté et présenté par Christian Galan, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, avril 2018, 220 p. (in French)
* Christian Galan and Patrick Heinrich (dir. by), *Being Young in Super-Aging Japan: Formative Events and Cultural Reactions*, Routledge, 2018

## InfoBox

| Christian Galan | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1960<br>France |
| Occupation | Author; professor; Researcher |
| Nationality | French |
| Subject | Education in Japan; Japanese language |
| Website | |
| univ-tlse2.academia.edu/ChristianGalan | |


title: Rudnik, Gmina Sułkowice

abstract: Rudnik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sułkowice, within Myślenice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Sułkowice, 7 km (4 mi) west of Myślenice, and 25 km (16 mi) south of the regional capital Kraków. The village has an approximate population of 3,000.

text:
# Rudnik, Gmina Sułkowice

**Rudnik** \[ˈrudɲik\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sułkowice, within Myślenice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of Sułkowice, 7 km (4 mi) west of Myślenice, and 25 km (16 mi) south of the regional capital Kraków.

The village has an approximate population of 3,000.

## InfoBox

| Rudnik | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rudnik | |
| Coordinates: 49°51′7″N 19°51′14″E / 49.85194°N 19.85389°E / 49.85194; 19.85389 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lesser Poland |
| County | Myślenice |
| Gmina | Sułkowice |
| Population(approx.) | 3,000 |
| Website | http://www.rudnik2000.republika.pl |


title: Château de Chambly (Oise)

abstract: The Château de Chambly is a historic château on rue d'Amblaincourt that is located in the commune of Chambly, in the French department of Oise in the Hauts-de-France region. Part of the park extends over the commune of Ronquerolles, in the Val-d'Oise department.

text:
# Château de Chambly (Oise)

The **Château de Chambly** is a historic château on rue d'Amblaincourt that is located in the commune of Chambly, in the French department of Oise in the Hauts-de-France region. Part of the park extends over the commune of Ronquerolles, in the Val-d'Oise department.

## History

A prior château on the estate, located below the current, was named Petimus and, in 1620, belonged to François de L'Hospital, Governor of the Bastille. Today, only a chapel built by Claude Le Picard in 1670 remains standing.

### Prince Murat

In 1887, Baron Camont de Valence and Marie de Beaumont sold the former estates of Petimus and Evosseaux to Joachim Murat, 5th Prince Murat, and his wife, Cécile Ney d'Echingen (a great-granddaughter of Marshal Ney). Prince Murat tore down the original château and hired French architects Blondel et Langlois to design and build his Anglo-Norman style château. He also had an English-style park designed by the landscape architect Duchene. Prince Murat, who was passionate about hunting, built large stables, a number of outbuildings (built in 1896) and a small stud farm built on the grounds. Prince Murat was master of the Hunt (*Equipage*) known as the Rallye-Champly. His father, Joachim, 4th Prince Murat, died at the chateau in 1901.

During the World War I, the château and its outbuildings served as an auxiliary hospital. During World War II, the château was occupied by the Germans after which it was left abandoned.

### Simonet

In 1977, the château was acquired by local industrialist Pierre Simonet, who restored the property. The château remains owned by his descendants to this day. Besides renting the château for use as a filming location, they host weddings and equestrian events on the estate, managed by Simonet's granddaughter, Claire Flavian.

Since the early 2000s, the château and its park have been regularly used as a filming location.

### Films

### TV movies

Notes Sources  1. "L'Histoire du château de Chambly". *www.chateau-chambly.com*. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
2. "PRINCE MURAT, HEAD OF HIS HOUSE, DEAD; Great-Grandson of a Marshal of France and Napoleon's Sister, Caroline. NOTED AS A SPORTSMAN His Home In Paris Used by President Wilson--Kin Was Husband of Washington's Niece". *The New York Times*. 3 November 1932. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
3. Morin, Christophe (2008). *Au service du château: L'architecture des communs en Île-de-France au XVIIIe siècle* (in French). Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 160. ISBN 978-2-85944-580-5. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
4. "Prince Murat's Hunt at the Château de Chambly". *The Bystander: An Illustrated Weekly, Devoted to Travel, Literature, Art, the Drama, Progress, Locomotion*: 313. 1909. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
5. "Wild Stag-Hunting in France". *Country Life*. Country Life, Limited: 486–4888. 5 April 1913. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
6. Todd, Henry Alfred (1933). "Joachim, 4th Prince Murat". *Romanic Review*. Department of French and Romance Philology of Columbia University: 87. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
7. "Château de Chambly". *Innamoramento.net* (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2024.
8. "Le château de Chambly, un vrai décor de cinéma". *Le Parisien* (in French). 8 October 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2024.

## InfoBox

| Château de Chambly | |
| --- | --- |
| *September 2019* | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Chambly, Oise, France |
| Coordinates | 49°09′20″N 02°13′39″E / 49.15556°N 2.22750°E / 49.15556; 2.22750 |
| Client | Joachim, 5th Prince Murat |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Blondel and Langlois |
| Website | |
| www.chateau-chambly.com | |


title: Lin Yaohua

abstract: Lin Yaohua was a leading Chinese sociologist and anthropologist. He was noted for his studies of Chinese family structures, as well as work on China's minority ethnic groups, particularly the Yi people. He also collaborated with Fei Xiaotong on works about ethnology in China.

text:
# Lin Yaohua

**Lin Yaohua** (Chinese: 林耀华; pinyin: *Lín Yàohuá*, March 27, 1910 – November 27, 2000) was a leading Chinese sociologist and anthropologist. He was noted for his studies of Chinese family structures, as well as work on China's minority ethnic groups, particularly the Yi people. He also collaborated with Fei Xiaotong on works about ethnology in China.

## Life

Lin Yaohua was born in Gutian County, Fujian, on March 27, 1910. In 1935, he earned his master's degree from Yenching University. In 1940, he earned a Ph.D. in Anthropology from Harvard University.

## Major works

* *The Golden Wing: A Sociological Study of Chinese Family*. London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1947.
* *Liang shan yi jia* 《凉山彝家》. Beijing, Commercial Press, 1944. Translated as "The Lolo of Lingshan": New Haven, CT" Human Relations Area Files, 1961.
* *Cong yuan dao ren de yanjiu* 《从猿到人的研究》 (Research from apes to humans). Beijing, Beijing Gengyun Chubanshe, 1951.
* *Yuanshi shehui shi* 《原始社会史》 (On the History of primitive society). Beijing, Zhonghua shuju, 1984.
* *Fuxi jiazu gongshe xingtai yanjiu*《父系家族公社形态研究》 (The Structure of Patriarchal Society) Qinghai, Qinghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1984.
* *Cong shuzhai dao tianye* 《从书斋到田野》 (From the study to the open fields) Beijing, Zhongyang Minzu Daxue Chubanshe, 2000.

* Feuchtwang, Stephan, Rowlands, Michael, and Mingming, Wang, "Some Chinese Directions in Anthropology," *Anthropological Quarterly* 83(4):897-925 (2010).
* Guldin, Gregory Eliyu, *The Saga of Anthropology in China: From Malinowski to Moscow to Mao.* New York, NY. Routledge, 1994.

## InfoBox

| Lin Yaohua | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1910-03-27)March 27, 1910
Gutian County, Fujian |
| Died | November 27, 2000(2000-11-27) (aged 90)
Beijing, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Occupation(s) | sociologist and anthropologist |


title: Flag of Nottinghamshire

abstract: The flag of Nottinghamshire was registered with the Flag Institute in 2011. The flag includes a white-fimbriated red St George's Cross on a green background, and a green silhouette of James Woodford's bronze statue of Robin Hood on a white shield located close to Nottingham Castle.

text:
# Flag of Nottinghamshire

The **flag of Nottinghamshire** was registered with the Flag Institute in 2011. The flag includes a white-fimbriated red St George's Cross on a green background, and a green silhouette of James Woodford's bronze statue of Robin Hood on a white shield located close to Nottingham Castle.

## Flag design

Andy Whittaker of BBC Radio Nottingham organised a competition following a suggestion by two of his listeners, Jane Bealby and Mike Gaunt. The final design was made up of elements from the designs submitted by a number of people to the radio station for consideration as the new county flag.

The Pantone colours for the flag are:

| Scheme | Green | Red | White |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pantone (paper) | 364 C | 186 C | Safe |
| HEX | #4A7729 | #C8102E | #FFFFFF |
| CMYK | 18.0.31.53 | 2.100.85.6 | 0.0.0.0 |
| RGB | 74, 119, 41 | 200, 16, 46 | 255, 255, 255 |

### 2011 competition finalists

## Flag of Nottinghamshire County Council

The Banner of Arms of the Nottinghamshire County Council has a large stylized gold oak tree representing Sherwood Forest defacing a wavy blue and white horizontal wave pattern representing the Trent River that runs across the country.

## InfoBox

Nottinghamshire
|
|  |
| County Flag of Nottinghamshire | |
| Use | County flag |
| Proportion | 3:5 |
| Adopted | 20 May 2011 (20 May 2011) |
| Design | A white-fimbriated symmetric red cross on a green field, defaced with a white shield charged with a green silhouette of James Woodford's bronze statue of Robin Hood |
| Designed by | BBC Radio Nottingham |
|  | |


title: The Three Musketeers (1916 film)

abstract: The Three Musketeers is a 1916 American silent adventure film directed by Charles Swickard and starring Orrin Johnson, Dorothy Dalton, and Louise Glaum. It is an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' 1844 novel The Three Musketeers. Prints survive of this film, with one existing in the George Eastman House.

text:
# The Three Musketeers (1916 film)

***The Three Musketeers*** is a 1916 American silent adventure film directed by Charles Swickard and starring Orrin Johnson, Dorothy Dalton, and Louise Glaum. It is an adaptation of Alexandre Dumas' 1844 novel *The Three Musketeers*. Prints survive of this film, with one existing in the George Eastman House.

## Plot summary

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Klossner, Michael. *The Europe of 1500-1815 on Film and Television: A Worldwide Filmography of Over 2550 Works, 1895 Through 2000*. McFarland & Company, 2002.

## InfoBox

| The Three Musketeers | |
| --- | --- |
| Film still | |
| Directed by | Charles Swickard |
| Written by | J.G. Hawks |
| Based on | *The Three Musketeers*
1844 novel
by Alexandre Dumas |
| Produced by | Thomas H. Ince |
| Starring | Orrin Johnson
Dorothy Dalton
Louise Glaum |
| Cinematography | Clyde De Vinna |
| Music by | Wedgwood Nowell
Joseph Nurnberger
Victor Schertzinger |
| Production
companies | Kay-Bee Pictures
New York Motion Picture |
| Distributed by | Triangle Distributing |
| Release date | * February 6, 1916 (1916-02-06) |
| Running time | 63 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Cokeburg, Pennsylvania

abstract: Cokeburg is a borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950. Founded in 1902, the population was 626 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Cokeburg, Pennsylvania

**Cokeburg** is a borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950. Founded in 1902, the population was 626 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

Cokeburg is located at 40°6′0″N 80°3′49″W / 40.10000°N 80.06361°W / 40.10000; -80.06361 (40.100120, -80.063637).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all land. Cokeburg is drained by Pigeon Creek.

The borough is crossed by Pennsylvania Route 917.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 1,302 |  |  |
| 1920 | 1,691 |  | 29.9% |
| 1930 | 1,550 |  | −8.3% |
| 1940 | 1,415 |  | −8.7% |
| 1950 | 1,170 |  | −17.3% |
| 1960 | 989 |  | −15.5% |
| 1970 | 845 |  | −14.6% |
| 1980 | 796 |  | −5.8% |
| 1990 | 724 |  | −9.0% |
| 2000 | 705 |  | −2.6% |
| 2010 | 630 |  | −10.6% |
| 2020 | 626 |  | −0.6% |
| 2021 (est.) | 624 |  | −0.3% |
| Sources: | | | |

At the 2000 census there were 705 people, 308 households, and 206 families living in the borough. The population density was 1,931.0 inhabitants per square mile (745.6/km2). There were 339 housing units at an average density of 928.5 per square mile (358.5/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 98.87% White, 0.14% Asian, and 0.99% from two or more races. Of the 308 households 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 31.2% of households were one person and 19.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85.

The age distribution was 21.0% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.

The median household income was $30,179 and the median family income was $39,028. Males had a median income of $32,404 versus $19,514 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,754. About 6.9% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.

The series final episode of the TV series *Quantum Leap*, starring Scott Bakula and airing on May 4, 1993, on NBC, was set in Cokeburg. The site was chosen because it was the childhood home of the show's creator, Donald P. Bellisario.

## Notable person

## InfoBox

| Cokeburg, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Borough | |
| General view (2015) | |
| Location of Cokeburg in Washington County, Pennsylvania. | |
| Cokeburg, PennsylvaniaLocation of Cokeburg in Pennsylvania | |
| Coordinates: 40°6′0″N 80°3′49″W / 40.10000°N 80.06361°W / 40.10000; -80.06361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Washington |
| Established | 1902 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Carol Basara |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.35 sq mi (0.91 km2) |
| Land | 0.35 sq mi (0.91 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 629 |
| Density | 1,786.93/sq mi (690.78/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 15324 |
| Area code | 724 |


title: Tomihara Station

abstract: Tomihara Station is a passenger railway station located in the city of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company.

text:
# Tomihara Station

**Tomihara Station** (富原駅, *Tomihara-eki*) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Maniwa, Okayama Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

## Lines

Tomihara Station is served by the Kishin Line, and is located 134.7 kilometers from the southern terminus of the line at Himeji.

## Station layout

The station consists of one ground-level side platform serving a single bi-directional track and a wooden station building. The station is unattended.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| JR West Kishin Line | | | | |
| Tsukida |  | Rapid |  | Osakabe |
| Tsukida |  | Local |  | Osakabe |

## History

Tomihara Station opened on December 11, 1930. With the privatization of the Japan National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan Railway Company. The station building was rebuilt in 1994.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 25 passengers daily..

Media related to Tomihara Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tomihara Station
富原駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Tomihara Station, January 2008 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Wakashiro, Maniwa-shi, Okayama-ken 717-0741
Japan |
| Coordinates | 35°3′17.92″N 133°36′43.66″E / 35.0549778°N 133.6121278°E / 35.0549778; 133.6121278 |
| Owned by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Operated by | West Japan Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Kishin Line |
| Distance | 134.7 km (83.7 mi) from Himeji |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| Connections | * Bus stop |
| Other information | |
| Status | Unstaffed |
| Website | Official website |
| History | |
| Opened | 11 December 1930 (1930-12-11) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2019 | 25 daily |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tomihara StationLocation within Okayama PrefectureTomihara StationTomihara Station (Japan) | |


title: Christian Gallardo

abstract: Christian Gallardo is an American gymnastics coach, most notably the personal coach of Gabby Douglas at Buckeye Gymnastics since 2014. He has also coached multiple other USA National Team Members including Nia Dennis, Shania Adams, and Shilese Jones. He now co-owns and operates a gymnastics club - Future Gymnastics Academy.

text:
# Christian Gallardo

**Christian Gallardo** is an American gymnastics coach, most notably the personal coach of Gabby Douglas at Buckeye Gymnastics since 2014. He has also coached multiple other USA National Team Members including Nia Dennis, Shania Adams, and Shilese Jones.

He now co-owns and operates a gymnastics club - Future Gymnastics Academy.

## InfoBox

| Christian Gallardo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | El Paso, Texas |
| Occupation | Business Owner/Entrepreneur/Gymnastics Coach |
| Employer | Future Gymnastics Academy |
| Known for | Personal coach to Gabby Douglas |