title: 1991 Seattle Mariners season

abstract: The 1991 Seattle Mariners season was the 15th since the franchise's creation. It was the first winning season in franchise history, as the Mariners finished fifth in the American League West with a record of 83–79 (.512). Home attendance at the Kingdome was the highest to date, exceeding 2.1 million. After the season, the contract of third-year manager Jim Lefebvre was not renewed despite his performance, and he was succeeded by third-base coach Bill Plummer in 1992. This was the last full season under the ownership of Jeff Smulyan; the club was sold the following July.

text:
# 1991 Seattle Mariners season

The **1991 Seattle Mariners season** was the 15th since the franchise's creation. It was the first winning season in franchise history, as the Mariners finished fifth in the American League West with a record of 83–79 (.512). Home attendance at the Kingdome was the highest to date, exceeding 2.1 million.

After the season, the contract of third-year manager Jim Lefebvre was not renewed despite his performance, and he was succeeded by third-base coach Bill Plummer in 1992.

This was the last full season under the ownership of Jeff Smulyan; the club was sold the following July.

## Offseason

* November 25, 1990: Rich Amaral was signed as a free agent by the Mariners.

## Regular season

### Season standings

AL West
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Minnesota Twins | 95 | 67 | .586 |  | 5130 | 4437 |
| Chicago White Sox | 87 | 75 | .537 | 8 | 4635 | 4140 |
| Texas Rangers | 85 | 77 | .525 | 10 | 4635 | 3942 |
| Oakland Athletics | 84 | 78 | .519 | 11 | 4734 | 3744 |
| Seattle Mariners | 83 | 79 | .512 | 12 | 4536 | 3843 |
| Kansas City Royals | 82 | 80 | .506 | 13 | 4041 | 4239 |
| California Angels | 81 | 81 | .500 | 14 | 4041 | 4140 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BAL | BOS | CAL | CWS | CLE | DET | KC | MIL | MIN | NYY | OAK | SEA | TEX | TOR |
| Baltimore |  | 8–5 | 6–6 | 4–8 | 7–6 | 5–8 | 4–8 | 3–10 | 4–8 | 5–8 | 3–9 | 4–8 | 9–3 | 5–8 |
| Boston | 5–8 |  | 4–8 | 7–5 | 9–4 | 5–8 | 7–5 | 7–6 | 3–9 | 6–7 | 8–4 | 9–3 | 5–7 | 9–4 |
| California | 6–6 | 8–4 |  | 8–5 | 7–5 | 5–7 | 9–4 | 6–6 | 8–5 | 6–6 | 1–12 | 6–7 | 5–8 | 6–6 |
| Chicago | 8–4 | 5–7 | 5–8 |  | 6–6 | 4–8 | 7–6 | 7–5 | 8–5 | 8–4 | 7–6 | 7–6 | 8–5 | 7–5 |
| Cleveland | 6–7 | 4–9 | 5–7 | 6–6 |  | 7–6 | 4–8 | 5–8 | 2–10 | 6–7 | 5–7 | 2–10 | 4–8 | 1–12 |
| Detroit | 8–5 | 8–5 | 7–5 | 8–4 | 6–7 |  | 8–4 | 4–9 | 4–8 | 8–5 | 4–8 | 8–4 | 6–6 | 5–8 |
| Kansas City | 8–4 | 5–7 | 4–9 | 6–7 | 8–4 | 4–8 |  | 9–3 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 6–7 | 7–6 | 7–6 | 5–7 |
| Milwaukee | 10–3 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 8–5 | 9–4 | 3–9 |  | 6–6 | 6–7 | 8–4 | 3–9 | 7–5 | 6–7 |
| Minnesota | 8–4 | 9–3 | 5–8 | 5–8 | 10–2 | 8–4 | 7–6 | 6–6 |  | 10–2 | 8–5 | 9–4 | 6–7 | 4–8 |
| New York | 8–5 | 7–6 | 6–6 | 4–8 | 7–6 | 5–8 | 5–7 | 7–6 | 2–10 |  | 6–6 | 3–9 | 5–7 | 6–7 |
| Oakland | 9–3 | 4–8 | 12–1 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 8–4 | 7–6 | 4–8 | 5–8 | 6–6 |  | 6–7 | 4–9 | 6–6 |
| Seattle | 8–4 | 3–9 | 7–6 | 6–7 | 10–2 | 4–8 | 6–7 | 9–3 | 4–9 | 9–3 | 7–6 |  | 5–8 | 5–7 |
| Texas | 3–9 | 7–5 | 8–5 | 5–8 | 8–4 | 6–6 | 6–7 | 5–7 | 7–6 | 7–5 | 9–4 | 8–5 |  | 6–6 |
| Toronto | 8–5 | 4–9 | 6–6 | 5–7 | 12–1 | 8–5 | 7–5 | 7–6 | 8–4 | 7–6 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 6–6 |  |

### Notable transactions

### Roster

| 1991 Seattle Mariners | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Game log

### Regular season

| 1991 regular season game log: 83–79 (Home: 45–36; Away: 38–43) |
| --- |
|
| April: 10–11 (Home: 6–3; Away: 4–8)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| May: 15–12 (Home: 8–7; Away: 7–5)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| June: 14–13 (Home: 6–4; Away: 8–9)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| July: 15–12 (Home: 8–7; Away: 7–5)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| August: 13–15 (Home: 10–6; Away: 3–9)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| September: 12–15 (Home: 5–8; Away: 7–7)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| October: 4–1 (Home: 2–1; Away: 2–0)    # Date Time (PT) Opponent Score Win Loss Save Time of Game Attendance Record Box/
Streak |
| Legend:        = Win        = Loss        = Postponement
Bold = Mariners team member |

## Player stats

|  | = Indicates team leader |
| --- | --- |

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Dave Valle | 132 | 324 | 63 | .194 | 8 | 32 |
| 1B | Pete O'Brien | 152 | 560 | 139 | .248 | 17 | 88 |
| 2B | Harold Reynolds | 161 | 631 | 160 | .254 | 3 | 57 |
| 3B | Edgar Martínez | 150 | 544 | 167 | .307 | 14 | 52 |
| SS | Omar Vizquel | 142 | 426 | 98 | .230 | 1 | 41 |
| LF | Greg Briley | 139 | 381 | 99 | .260 | 2 | 26 |
| CF | Ken Griffey Jr. | 154 | 548 | 179 | .327 | 22 | 100 |
| RF | Jay Buhner | 137 | 406 | 99 | .244 | 27 | 77 |
| DH | Alvin Davis | 145 | 462 | 102 | .221 | 12 | 69 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Dave Cochrane | 65 | 178 | 44 | .247 | 2 | 22 |
| Henry Cotto | 66 | 177 | 54 | .305 | 6 | 23 |
| Tracy Jones | 79 | 175 | 44 | .251 | 3 | 24 |
| Scott Bradley | 83 | 172 | 35 | .203 | 0 | 11 |
| Jeff Schaefer | 84 | 164 | 41 | .250 | 1 | 11 |
| Tino Martinez | 36 | 112 | 23 | .205 | 4 | 9 |
| Alonzo Powell | 57 | 111 | 24 | .216 | 3 | 12 |
| Ken Griffey Sr. | 30 | 85 | 24 | .282 | 1 | 9 |
| Rich Amaral | 14 | 16 | 1 | .063 | 0 | 0 |
| Patrick Lennon | 9 | 8 | 1 | .125 | 0 | 1 |
| Matt Sinatro | 5 | 8 | 2 | .250 | 0 | 1 |
| Chris Howard | 9 | 6 | 1 | .167 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Randy Johnson | 33 | 201.1 | 13 | 10 | 3.98 | 228 |
| Brian Holman | 30 | 195.1 | 13 | 14 | 3.69 | 108 |
| Rich DeLucia | 32 | 182.0 | 12 | 13 | 5.09 | 98 |
| Bill Krueger | 35 | 175.0 | 11 | 8 | 3.60 | 91 |
| Erik Hanson | 27 | 174.2 | 8 | 8 | 3.81 | 143 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Scott Bankhead | 17 | 60.2 | 3 | 6 | 4.90 | 28 |
| Pat Rice | 7 | 21.0 | 1 | 1 | 3.00 | 12 |
| Dave Fleming | 9 | 17.2 | 1 | 0 | 6.62 | 11 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bill Swift | 71 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 1.99 | 48 |
| Mike Jackson | 72 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 3.25 | 74 |
| Russ Swan | 63 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3.43 | 33 |
| Rob Murphy | 57 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3.00 | 34 |
| Mike Schooler | 34 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3.67 | 31 |
| Calvin Jones | 27 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.53 | 42 |
| Dave Burba | 22 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3.68 | 16 |
| Gene Harris | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.05 | 6 |
| Keith Comstock | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54.00 | 0 |

## Awards and honors

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Calgary Cannons | Pacific Coast League | Keith Bodie |
| AA | Jacksonville Suns | Southern League | Jim Nettles |
|  | San Bernardino Spirit | California League | Tommy Jones |
|  | Peninsula Pilots | Carolina League | Steve Smith |
| A-Short Season | Bellingham Mariners | Northwest League | Dave Myers |
| Rookie | AZL Mariners | Arizona League | Myron Pines |

Source:

## InfoBox

| 1991 Seattle Mariners | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Division | West |
| Ballpark | Kingdome |
| City | Seattle, Washington |
| Record | 83–79 (.512) |
| Divisional place | 5th |
| Owners | Jeff Smulyan |
| General managers | Woody Woodward |
| Managers | Jim Lefebvre |
| Television | KSTW-TV 11
(Dave Niehaus, Rick Rizzs,
Joe Simpson)
KIRO-TV 7
(Greg Gumbel, Joe Simpson) |
| Radio | KIRO 710 AM
(Dave Niehaus, Rick Rizzs,
Joe Simpson) |
|  | |


title: Digesting Duck

abstract: The Canard Digérateur, or Digesting Duck, was an automaton in the form of a duck, created by Jacques de Vaucanson and unveiled on 30 May 1764 in France. The mechanical duck appeared to have the ability to eat kernels of grain, and to metabolize and defecate them. While the duck did not actually have the ability to do this—the food was collected in one inner container, and the pre-stored feces were "produced" from a second, so that no actual digestion took place—Vaucanson hoped that a truly digesting automaton could one day be designed. Voltaire wrote in 1769 that "Without the voice of le Maure and Vaucanson's duck, you would have nothing to remind you of the glory of France." The duck is thought to have been destroyed in a fire at a museum in 1879.

text:
# Digesting Duck

The ***Canard Digérateur***, or **Digesting Duck**, was an automaton in the form of a duck, created by Jacques de Vaucanson and unveiled on 30 May 1764 in France. The mechanical duck appeared to have the ability to eat kernels of grain, and to metabolize and defecate them. While the duck did not actually have the ability to do this—the food was collected in one inner container, and the pre-stored feces were "produced" from a second, so that no actual digestion took place—Vaucanson hoped that a truly digesting automaton could one day be designed.

Voltaire wrote in 1769 that "Without the voice of le Maure and Vaucanson's duck, you would have nothing to remind you of the glory of France."

The duck is thought to have been destroyed in a fire at a museum in 1879.

## Operation

The automaton was the size of a living duck, and was cased in gold-plated copper. As well as quacking and muddling water with its bill, it appeared capable of drinking water, and of taking food from its operator's hand, swallowing it with a gulping action and excreting what appeared to be a digested version of it.

Vaucanson described the duck's interior as containing a small "chemical laboratory" capable of breaking down the grain. When the stage magician and automaton builder Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin examined the duck in 1844, he found that Vaucanson had faked the mechanism, and the duck's excreta consisted of pre-prepared breadcrumb pellets, dyed green. Robert-Houdin described this as "a piece of artifice I would happily have incorporated in a conjuring trick".

## Modern influence

A replica of Vaucanson's mechanical duck, created by Frédéric Vidoni, was part of the collection of the (now defunct) Grenoble Automata Museum. Another replica was commissioned privately from David Secrett, an automaton maker known for his archer figures.

The duck is mentioned by the hero of Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "The Artist of the Beautiful", and is referenced and discussed in John Twelve Hawks' novel "Spark". In Thomas Pynchon's historical novel *Mason & Dixon*, Vaucanson's duck attains consciousness and pursues an exiled Parisian chef across the United States. The duck is referred to in Peter Carey's novel, *The Chemistry of Tears*. Vaucanson and his duck are referred to in Lawrence Norfolk's 1991 novel *Lempriere's Dictionary*, as well as a brief mention in Frank Herbert's Destination: Void. The Duck is featured in Lavie Tidhar's *The Bookman*, in the Egyptian Hall, alongside the Turk. The duck is also a key element to Max Byrd's mystery novel The Paris Deadline.

In 2002, Belgian conceptual artist Wim Delvoye introduced the world to his "Cloaca Machine", a mechanical art work that actually digests food and turns it into excrement, fulfilling Vaucanson's wish for a working digestive automation. Many iterations of the Cloaca Machine have since been produced; the latest iteration sits vertically, mimicking the human digestive system. The excrement produced by the machine is vacuum-sealed in Cloaca-branded bags and sold to art collectors and dealers; every series of excrements produced has sold out.

## Sources

* Wood, Gaby (2003). *Living Dolls: A Magical History of the Quest for Mechanical Life*. London: Faber. ISBN 9782738120021

## Further reading


title: The God Who Riots

abstract: The God Who Riots: Taking Back the Radical Jesus is the first book written by public theologian and YouTuber Damon Garcia, which was published by the 1517 Media imprint Broadleaf Books on August 23, 2022. In the book, Garcia argues in favor of church reforms, liberation theology, and greater support for the poor and oppressed.

text:
# The God Who Riots

**The God Who Riots: Taking Back the Radical Jesus** is the first book written by public theologian and YouTuber Damon Garcia, which was published by the 1517 Media imprint Broadleaf Books on August 23, 2022. In the book, Garcia argues in favor of church reforms, liberation theology, and greater support for the poor and oppressed.

## Background

*The God Who Riots* was written by Damon Garcia and published by Broadleaf Books on August 23, 2022. The premise of the book is that Christianity can be used to create positive change or to perpetuate the way things are in the world. Throughout the book, Garcia demonstrates that both tendencies are supported within Christian tradition, despite the apparent tension between the two. The book uses both a theological and economic framing to argue that Capitalism commodifies and dehumanizes people with significant prejudice toward the poor. The book suggests that Christianity can act as an alternative system to Capitalism despite its own negative history. The book provides both historical and Biblical context for its arguments and references a variety of theologians such as Paulo Freire and John Calvin. Garcia says that his upbringing among conservative Christians led him to his current beliefs rather than the rejection Christianity altogether, and throughout the book he expresses opposition to Conservative Christianity. He argues that God is with the people on the streets, the poor, and the oppressed who are working to create positive changes in the world. Garcia encourages Christians to oppose Capitalism and to abolish systems of injustice and oppression. The book examines the tensions within evangelicalism in the United States and argues for church reforms, liberation theology, and greater support for the poor.

Garcia is a public theologian and YouTuber. The book is Garcia's first published work and is 194 pages and 10 chapters long. The book's acquisition editor was Lisa Kloskin. Garcia did a book launch and Q&A on August 23, 2022, in Santa Barbara, CA. The book discusses how Christianity has harmed people through things like colonialism. Karen González wrote in *Sojourners* that "Garcia makes complex concepts accessible yet still resonant and challenging." Jacqueline Parascandola wrote in *Library Journal* that "Garcia offers a guide to social change with an accessible and easy-to-understood model." The *Publisher Weekly* review said that "Garcia thoughtfully examines such topics as wealth inequality, LGBTQ rights, and colonialism through a Christian lens." Jenny Hamilton wrote in *Booklist* that the book is an "accessible, impassioned debut."

## InfoBox

The God Who Riots: Taking Back the Radical Jesus
| Cover art for the first edition of the book | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Lisa Kloskin |
| Author | Damon Garcia |
| Cover artist | Jeff Miller of Faceout Studios |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Christian literature |
| Publisher | Broadleaf Books |
| Publication date | August 23, 2022 |
| Publication place | United States of America |
| Pages | 194 |
| ISBN | 1-506-48037-3 |
| OCLC | 1292971910 |
| Website | www.broadleafbooks.com/store/productgroup/2050/The-God-Who-Riots |


title: The God Who Is There

abstract: The God Who Is There is a Christian apologetic work written by American philosopher and Christian theologian Francis A. Schaeffer, published in 1968. It is Book One in Volume One of The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer A Christian Worldview, and is the first book of Francis Schaeffer's "Trilogy." It was written before Escape from Reason but released after that second book was written and published. The third book in the Trilogy He Is There and He Is Not Silent was published in 1972.

text:
# The God Who Is There

***The God Who Is There*** is a Christian apologetic work written by American philosopher and Christian theologian Francis A. Schaeffer, published in 1968. It is Book One in Volume One of *The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer A Christian Worldview*, and is the first book of Francis Schaeffer's "Trilogy." It was written before *Escape from Reason* but released after that second book was written and published. The third book in the Trilogy *He Is There and He Is Not Silent* was published in 1972.

## Table of Contents

* Section I: The Intellectual & Cultural Climate of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
* Section II: The Relationship of the New Theology to the Intellectual Climate
* Section III: How Historic Christianity Differs from the New Theology
* Section IV: Speaking Historic Christianity into the Twentieth-Century Climate
* Section V: Pre-Evangelism is No Soft Option
* Section VI: Personal & Corporate Living into the Twentieth-Century Climate

* Richard H. Bube. (Review) *Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation.* Vol 21, June 1969, pp. 54–55
* Martin H. Cressey. (Review) *The Churchman,* Vol 83, Spring 1969, pp. 55–56.
* David L. Dye. (Review) *Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation,* Vol 21, June 1969, pp. 55–56
* Harold J. Franz. (Review) *Westminster Theological Journal,* Vol 32, November 1969, pp. 114–116.
* Arthur F. Holmes. (Review) *His,* Vol 29, February 1969, p. 26.
* Alan F. Johnson. (Review) *Moody Monthly,* Vol 69, June 1969, pp. 96–98.
* John F. Johnson. (Review) *The Springfielder,* Vol 33, Spring 1969, pp. 55–56.
* P. Lakey. (Review) *Gordon Review,* Vol 11, Summer 1969, p. 241-245
* Clark H. Pinnock. (Review) *Christianity Today,* Vol 13, January 3, 1969, p. 24.
* V. C. Pogue. (Review) *The Expository Times,* Vol 80, February 1969, pp. 143–44.
* John S. Reist, Jr. (Review) *Foundations,* Vol 12, April–June 1969, pp. 183–86
* John A. Witmer. (Review) *Bibliotheca Sacra,* Vol 126, July–September 1969, pp. 253–54.

## Footnotes

1. Francis, Schaeffer (1982). *The Complete Works of Francis A. Schaeffer A Christian Worldview*. Chicago, IL: Crossway Books. ISBN 978-0-89107-236-2.

## InfoBox

The God Who Is There
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Francis Schaeffer |
| Subject | Religion, God |
| Publisher | InterVarsity Press |
| Publication date | 1968 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 191 |
| OCLC | 337379 |


title: The Flam

abstract: The Flam is an album by American jazz saxophonist Frank Lowe recorded in 1975 for the Italian Black Saint label.

text:
# The Flam

***The Flam*** is an album by American jazz saxophonist Frank Lowe recorded in 1975 for the Italian Black Saint label.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4½ stars stating "The very explorative and rather emotional music holds one's interest throughout. These often heated performances are better heard than described".

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Allmusic* |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

## Track listing

1. "Sun Voyage" (Joseph Bowie) - 7:35
2. "Flam" (Frank Lowe) - 14:03
3. "Be-Bo-Bo-Be" (Chales Bobo Shaw) - 10:53
4. "Third St. Stomp" (Alex Blake, Joseph Bowie, Frank Lowe, Charles Bobo Shaw, Leo Smith) - 10:21
5. "U.B.O." (Leo Smith) - 0:45

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Flam | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Frank Lowe | |
| Released | 1975 |
| Recorded | October 20 & 21, 1975 at Generation Sound Studios, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 43:37 |
| Label | Black Saint |
| Producer | Giacomo Pellicciotti |
| Frank Lowe chronology | |
| *Fresh*
(1974) ***The Flam***
(1975) *Tricks of the Trade*
(1976) | |


title: The Flame's Daughter

abstract: The Flame's Daughter is a 2018 Chinese television series based on the novel of the same name by Ming Xiaoxi. It stars Dilraba Dilmurat, Vic Chou, Vin Zhang and Liu Ruilin in leading roles. The series premiered on Youku on March 1, 2018.

text:
# The Flame's Daughter

***The Flame's Daughter*** (Chinese: 烈火如歌) is a 2018 Chinese television series based on the novel of the same name by Ming Xiaoxi. It stars Dilraba Dilmurat, Vic Chou, Vin Zhang and Liu Ruilin in leading roles. The series premiered on Youku on March 1, 2018.

## Synopsis

In ancient times, Anhe Palace was in a position of placing the country into jeopardy. The owner of the palace, An Ye Luo, was in love with his senior An Ye Ming, but An Ye Ming married a wandering warrior named Zhan Feitian and birthed a daughter with him. In order to protect her daughter from An Ye Luo's grasp, Lie Mingjing, Zhan Feitian's sworn brother, swapped his son Zhan Feng with her.

After Zhan Feitian's death, Lie Mingjing named the girl Lie Ruge and took custody of Zhan Feitian's son, Zhan Feng. Lie Ruge grew up with her seniors, Zhan Feng and Yu Zihan. Lie Ruge and Zhan Feng both fell in love but An Ye Luo, seeing Liehuo Pavilion growing in strength and power, tricked Zhan Feng into believing that Lie Mingjing killed his father. This resulted in Zhan Feng breaking up with Lie Ruge, who eventually became acquainted with Yin Xue, somebody who grew to protect her.

Over time, An Ye Luo managed to coerce Zhan Feng into killing his biological father, Lie Mingjing. When Zhan Feng hesitated to do so, Lie Mingjing's adoptive son killed Lie Mingjing (who did so to please An Ye Luo). Eventually, Zhan Feng learned the truth about his birth and decided to get revenge on An Ye Luo. Together with Lie Ruge, Yu Zihan, and Yin Xue, they were able to defeat An Ye Luo and restore peace to the nation.

## Cast

### Main

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Dilraba Dilmurat | Lie Ruge | Heiress of Liehuo Pavilion. Though she is not strongly skilled in martial arts and is lacking in worldly experiences, her kind and bright personality makes her loved by everyone. She becomes "reborn" after undergoing various tribulations, and was able to remove the curse that was placed on her since she was a child that prevented her martial arts from improving. |
| Vic Chou | Yin Xue | An otherworldly expert who is inscrutable and mysterious, and possesses highly skilled martial arts. He will do anything in order to keep Ruge safe and happy, even at the cost of his own health. |
| Vin Zhang | Zhan Feng | Eldest disciple of Liehuo Pavilion. Adopted son of Zhan Feitian, biological son of Lie Mingjing. A resolute and reticent man who is also gentle. He has a lifetime pact with his childhood lover and friend, Lie Ruge; but it was ruined after he was misled by An Ye Luo. He then turns into a vengeful, cold and cruel man. |
| Liu Ruilin | Yu Zihan / Prince Jingyuan | Seventh prince. He was harmed as a child due to the inner political maneuvers within the palace; and lost both his hearing and ability to walk. In order to get away from the palace trifles, he retreats to Liehuo Pavilion where he becomes the second disciple. Calm, intuitive and as gentle as jade, he is Lie Ruge's loyal companion and protects her from dangers. |

### Supporting

#### Liehuo Pavilion and associates

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Xiao Rongsheng | Lie Mingjing | Chief of Liehuo Pavilion. Lie Ruge's adoptive father, and Zhan Feng's biological father. He is proud of Zhan Feng and believes in him no matter what. |
| Chen Yelin | Ji Jinglei | Third disciple of Liehuo Pavilion. He is loyal to Zhan Feng, but his loyalty doesn't cloud his sense of right and wrong. He also has a crush on Xunyi. |
| Fan Yining | Yi Lang | Chief of Zhihuo Hall. He is cold and awkward and is known for being Lie Mingjing's most trusted confidant, but ends up betraying him out of greed. |
| Jin Po Han | Yingyi | A former courtesan who was brought to Liehuo Pavilion by Zhan Feng. She pretends to be weak in front of Zhan Feng, but actually knows martial arts. She is at odds with Lie Ruge. She is also the one who put the idea of betraying Lie Mingjing into Zhan Feng's head. She commits suicide by drowning. |
| Li Dongheng | Zhongli Wulei | Chief of Qinglong Hall who is in love with Die Yi. |
| Chen Kai | Murong Yizhao | Chief of Jinhuo Hall who is close with Lie Ruge. He is known to have spoilt her in her youth, therefore he gets criticized whenever he defends her. Ruge regards him as an uncle. |
| Chen Yue |  | Chief of Ling Hall who is often at odds with Murong. |
| Yuan Yuxuan | Die Yi | Lie Ruge's personal attendant who is in love with Zhongli Wulei. She is killed by Yi Lang. |
| Fang Xieyue | Madame Huang | A kind woman from Ping'an who initially helps Ruge and Yin Xue, believing that they are a couple who ran away to elope. |

#### Anhe Palace

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Lai Yi** | **An Ye Luo** | Owner of the Anhe Palace, a highly skilled and powerful man. He is persistent and sincere toward loving An Ye Ming, but not getting his feelings reciprocated turns him into a cold and vengeful man who is hell-bent on making everyone suffer along with him. |
| **Gong Beibi** | **An Ye Jue / Yan Niang** | Third disciple of Anhe Palace. She disguises herself as the second mistress of Pili Sect. A treacherous and capricious woman who only listens to her senior brother, An Ye Luo. |
| **Dilraba Dilmurat** | **An Ye Ming** | First disciple of Anhe Palace. Lie Ruge's birth mother who An Ye Luo was in love with. |

#### Wu Dao City

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Qi Hang | Dao Wuxia | Eldest young master of Wu Dao City who is greedy and clever man. A huge womanizer. |
| Gao Yang | Dao Wuhen | Second young master of Wu Dao City. |
| **Dai Si** | **Dao Liexiang** | Young mistress of Wu Dao City. She is kind at heart and stands up for justice and ends up falling in love with Lei Jinghong. However, she is torn between her love for Lei Jinghong and loyalty to her brothers. |
|

#### Pili Sect

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chen Xuming | Lei Hentian | Chief of Pili Sect. |
| **Zhang He** | **Lei Jinghong** | Young master of Pili Sect. A brash and reckless man who is unafraid of anything and is known for his childish behavior. He's persistent when it comes to Dao Liexiang and their relationship. |
| Ma Deya | Xunyi | Head attendant of Liehuo Pavilion. Her real identity is the young mistress of Pili Sect, Lei Jinghong's long-lost half-sister, daughter of An Ye Jue. |
|

#### Pin Hua brothel

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Ge Shimin | Bi'er | A maid at Pin Hua brothel. Her actual identity is the former third chief of Qing Long Hall and is Lie Mingjing's confidante. Before Lie Mingjing's death, she was assigned to guard Ji Jinglei. |
| He Suo | Youqin Hong | Yin Xue's disciple. A skilled Qin player. |
| Wan Meixi | Mother Hua | Manager of Pin Hua brothel who respects Yin Xue, after he took her in when she had nowhere to go. |
| Wu Peirou | Feng Xixi | A courtesan. She was served by Lie Ruge during her stay at Pin Hua brothel, but killed off. |
| Long Zhengxuan | Feng Huang | A courtesan who later went on to accompany Lei Jinghong. Initially, she helps him out of pity but comes to develop feelings for him. |
| Luo Siwei | Xiang'er | Feng Huang's personal attendant. She was later brought by Dao Wuxia to Wu Dao City and becomes his personal attendant. |

#### People at the palace

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Shao Feng | Emperor |  |
| Li Guangxu | Prince Jingyang | Second prince who vies for the throne. |
| Wang Renjun | Prince Jingxian | Third prince who also constantly vies for the throne. Prone to using underhanded tactics. |
| Fang Gongmin | Prime Minister Liu | Prince Jingyang's helper. |
| Yan Jingjie | Xuan Huang | Yu Zihan's personal bodyguard. |
| Sun Xiaolun | Huang Zong | Yu Zihan's personal bodyguard. |
| Qiu Bo | Chi Zhang | Yu Zihan's personal attendant. A skilled healer. |
|

#### Others

| Actor | Character | Introduction |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Wang Lu | Zhan Feitian | A wandering warrior who was sworn brothers with Lie Mingjing. Lie Ruge's birth father. |
| Wang Gang | Xie Houyou | Chief of Duanlei Pavilion. |
| Wu Tong | Cao Renqiu | Xie Houyou's disciple and son-in-law. |
| Shiyue Anxi | Xie Xiaofeng | Cao Renqiu's son. |
| Xu Min | Grandmaster Piaomiao | Yin Xue's teacher. |
| Zhou Qi |  | Yin Xue's senior brother. |
|

## Production

The series is produced by the same team behind the 2017 hit drama *Eternal Love*, which consists of Gao Shen as its producer, Zhang Shuping as style director and Chen Haozhong as artistic director. Director Liang Shengquan is known for his works in *Swords of Legends* and *The Mystic Nine*; while screenwriter Mobao Feibao is known for her success adaptations of popular IPs like *Scarlet Heart* and *My Sunshine*. Costume designer Ru Meiqi and makeup director Su Yongzhi; who worked on *Nirvana in Fire* and *All Quiet in Peking* also joined the team.

Filming began on 30 March 2017 at Xiangshan Movie & Television Town, and wrapped up on 26 July 2017.

## Soundtrack

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Singers | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ru Ge (如歌)" (Opening Theme song) | Dan Sisi | Tan Xuan | Jason Zhang |  |
| 2. | "Yu Huo Cheng Shi (浴火成诗)" (Ending Theme song) | Dan Sisi | Tan Xuan | Dilraba Dilmurat & Mao Buyi |  |
| 3. | "Listening Snow (听雪)" | Liu Yang | Tan Xuan | Zhang Bichen |  |
| 4. | "Late Maple (晚楓歌)" (Song of Rhapsody) | Liu Yang | Lu Hu | Meng Zikun |  |
| 5. | "Incredulous Laugh (一笑荒唐)" | Wu Meidan | Wu Jianming | Liu Ruilin |  |

## Awards and nominations

| Award | Category | Nominated work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 24th Huading Awards | Best Actor (Ancient Drama) | Vic Chou | Nominated |  |
| Influence of Recreational Responsibilities Awards | Web Drama of the Year |  | Won |  |
|

## International broadcast

## InfoBox

| *The Flame's Daughter* | |
| --- | --- |
| Drama poster | |
| Also known as | * Lie Huo Ru Ge * Fire of Eternal Love |
| Genre |  |
| Based on | *Lie Huo Ru Ge*
by Ming Xiaoxi |
| Written by | Mobao Feibao |
| Directed by | Liang Shengquan |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | China |
| Original language | Mandarin |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 52 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Gao Shen |
| Production location | Xiangshan Movie & Television Town |
| Running time | 45 mins |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | Youku |
| Release | March 1 (2018-03-01)
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) |


title: Charles Pearson (British Army officer)

abstract: Lieutenant General Sir Charles Knight Pearson was a military commander in the British Army during the Anglo-Zulu War. Pearson was born in Somerset to Commander Charles Pearson of the Royal Navy. After buying the rank of Ensign in the 99th Regiment of Foot in 1852, Pearson served during the Crimean War where he was Mentioned in Despatches. After steadily rising through the ranks, Pearson was sent to South Africa to command a battalion of the 3rd Regiment of Foot. After retiring for a short period, he rejoined the Army after the outbreak of the Zulu War. Pearson was placed in command of a column of infantry which then became besieged at Eshowe for 70 days until Lord Chelmsford relieved them. After the war, Pearson became Governor and Commandant of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley, then commander of forces in the West Indies, before retiring in 1885. Pearson died in 1909.

text:
# Charles Pearson (British Army officer)

Lieutenant General **Sir Charles Knight Pearson** KCMG CB (July 1834 – 2 October 1909) was a military commander in the British Army during the Anglo-Zulu War (also known as the Zulu War). Pearson was born in Somerset to Commander Charles Pearson of the Royal Navy. After buying the rank of Ensign in the 99th Regiment of Foot in 1852, Pearson served during the Crimean War where he was Mentioned in Despatches. After steadily rising through the ranks, Pearson was sent to South Africa to command a battalion of the 3rd Regiment of Foot (the Buffs). After retiring for a short period, he rejoined the Army after the outbreak of the Zulu War. Pearson was placed in command of a column of infantry which then became besieged at Eshowe for 70 days until Lord Chelmsford relieved them. After the war, Pearson became Governor and Commandant of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley, then commander of forces in the West Indies, before retiring in 1885. Pearson died in 1909.

## Early life and military career

Pearson was born in July 1834 in Thorne Coffin, Brympton, near Yeovil, Somerset to Commander Charles Pearson of the Royal Navy, who had served in the Peninsular War. He was educated at King's School, Bruton from 1847 until 1851.

Little is known of Pearson's early military career. Pearson bought the rank of Ensign in the 99th Regiment of Foot on 23 November 1852. He moved to the 31st Regiment of Foot on 18 February 1853. He was promoted to lieutenant (without purchase) on 15 June 1855, and served as adjutant of the 31st Regiment from 20 July 1855 during the Crimean War. He was present throughout the Siege of Sevastopol, including the "attack on the Redan", for which he was Mentioned in Despatches, he also received the Crimean medal with clasp and the Turkish Crimean War medal. He was promoted to captain (by purchase) on 15 February 1856. After a period on half pay, he returned to active duty on 7 August 1857, transferring to 3rd Regiment of Foot (the Buffs), and purchased his promotion to major on 2 May 1865.

He married Marian Catherine Mundy daughter of Lieut. Col. Sir Robert Miller Mundy in 1866. Pearson purchased his promotion to lieutenant-colonel and command of 2nd battalion, the Buffs on 14 August 1867, and received a brevet promotion to colonel on 14 August 1872. The Buffs were posted to South Africa, and in addition to command of the battalion he served as commandant in Natal from November 1876 to December 1877, and then served as a staff colonel in Natal and Cis-Vaal until September 1878 He retired, and went on half pay on 30 November 1878. However, with the outbreak of the Zulu war, he was placed in command of No 1 Column of the four columns Lord Chelmsford organised to begin the invasion of Zululand.

## Zulu war

While the British suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana, to the south-east at Battle of Inyezane, No. 1 Column had repelled a Zulu advance, this engagement apparently included the first use of a Gatling gun by British forces. No. 1 Column was made up of 5,000 regular and Natal Native Contingent soldiers led by Pearson. They repelled a 6,000 strong Zulu attempt to stop the British advance to Ulundi. Pearson had suffered minimal losses for 400 Zulu and he advanced 4 miles further towards their objective; Eshowe. Eshowe was originally planned to be a forward depot for a final advance towards Ulundi. This was thrown into doubt after the defeat at Isandlwana. Pearson received instructions from Lord Chelmsford stating "consider all my instructions cancelled and act in whatever manner you think most desirable in the interests of the column under your command." Pearson decided to dig-in and he ordered his column to build heavy fortifications around the garrison in preparation for a siege; the Siege of Eshowe had started. The siege lasted for 71 days until Chelmsford broke through to relieve them. For his actions throughout South Africa he was Mentioned in Despatches a further 10 times, and appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) whilst he was still fighting, On 6 October 1879 he received a hero's welcome in his home town of Yeovil, the church bells were rung, he was greeted by the Mayor, who compared him with previous West Country heroes such as Drake, Grenville, Raleigh and Hawkins, and presented with a specially inscribed sword. The war was already somewhat controversial, the actions by Sir Bartle Frere and Lord Chelmsford which began it had not been specifically authorised by the British Government in advance, and the disaster at Isandlwana led to the defence of Eshowe by Pearson, and the famous action at Rorke's Drift being used to distract from the failure there. At this reception, Pearson defended the conduct of the war, and was supported by Sir Percy Douglas, who had preceded Chelmsford as the commander of British forces in South Africa. He was invested with the insignia of a Companion of the Bath by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on 8 December, and those of a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 11 December 1879, although this award was not actually gazetted until 19 December.

## Later life

After the war, Pearson became Governor and Commandant of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley on 5 May 1880. Pearson was promoted from Colonel to Major-General on 1 April 1883. On 1 April 1885, Pearson was promoted to the post of Major-General on the Staff to command troops in the West Indies. He stayed in the post until March 1890. He was promoted to Lieutenant General on 28 January 1891 and he retired on 1 April 1895. On 22 December 1899, he travelled to Southampton as part of the send off for his old battalion, 2nd Buffs, who were departing for South Africa once again, this time to fight in the Boer War. Pearson died in Upper Norwood, Surrey (now South London) on 2 October 1909.

Specific General

## InfoBox

| Charles Knight Pearson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | July 1834
Somerset, England |
| Died | 2 October 1909 (aged 75)
Surrey, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1852–1895 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Unit | 31st Regiment of Foot
3rd Regiment of Foot |
| Battles/wars | Crimean War Anglo-Zulu War |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companion of the Order of the Bath
Mentioned in Despatches (11 times) |


title: Revellinos

abstract: Revellinos is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 310 inhabitants.

text:
# Revellinos

**Revellinos** is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 310 inhabitants.

41°53′N 5°34′W / 41.883°N 5.567°W / 41.883; -5.567

## InfoBox

| Revellinos | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Zamora |
| Municipality | Revellinos |
| Area | |
| Total | 27 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 267 |
| Density | 9.9/km2 (26/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Christophe Aribert

abstract: Christophe Aribert is a French chef with two Michelin stars and 4 toques Gault Millau. He runs the kitchen of the restaurant at the Grand Hotel Les Terrasses at Uriage-les-Bains.

text:
# Christophe Aribert

**Christophe Aribert** (born 25 April 1971, Grenoble, Isère) is a French chef with two Michelin stars and 4 toques Gault Millau. He runs the kitchen of the restaurant at the Grand Hotel Les Terrasses at Uriage-les-Bains.

## Education

Christophe Aribert graduated at the hotel school in Grenoble.

## Career

Christophe Aribert began his career at the Hotel Beau Rivage in Condrieu in 1991. A few years later he tasted the first time the kitchen of the restaurant Les Terrasses in Uriage in 1993. In 1995, he moved to Paris and officiates at Tour d'Argent in 1995–96 and then at Les Ambassadeurs at the Hôtel de Crillon in 1996–97 alongside Christian Constant.

In 1997, he returned to the restaurant Les Terrasses in Uriage, the restaurant of the Grand Hotel, once frequented by Coco Chanel, Sacha Guitry and Maurice Chevalier, Stendhal, Alphonse Daudet... In 2004, chef Philippe Buissou left Uriage. Christophe Aribert takes over and keep the two stars.

In November 2007, he published *La Brigade Christophe Aribert* by Glénat, a cookbook showcasing his brigade, with the help of Pierre-François Couderc for the photos, Pierrick Jégu for the texts and Georges Riu for the illustrations. 46 recipes are presented and illustrated by numerous photographs showing the various stages of completion and revealing a number of tricks.

In cooperation with photographer Pierre-François Couderc, he won in June 2009 the culinary photo contest of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.

That summer he was asked to become the chef of the Crillon following the departure of Jean-François Piège. He declined the offer in order to stick to his roots in Uriage.

In June 2011 he designed the menu of the long-awaited restaurant of the Paris Opera, Palais Garnier, L'Opéra Restaurant.

Media related to Christophe Aribert at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Christophe Aribert | |
| --- | --- |
| Christophe Aribert at L'Opera Restaurant | |
| Born | (1971-05-24) 24 May 1971<br>Grenoble, France |
| **Culinary career** | |
| Rating(s) | |
| Current restaurant(s) * Les Terrasses in Uriage | |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.grand-hotel-uriage.com |


title: Todacheene Lake

abstract:
Todacheene Lake is a small lake in the crater of the Narbona Pass volcano, in San Juan County, New Mexico, within the Navajo Nation. The lake has been stocked with rainbow trout.
Todacheene Lake and Aspen, Berland and Toadlena lakes are designated for recreational use in the Shiprock area.
There is a relatively easy cross-country ski trail along an old dirt road in the crater from BIA32 to Todacheene Lake, a 3 miles (4.8 km) round trip with a vertical gain of 200 feet (61 m).
The nearest populated place is Crystal, New Mexico, about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from the lake to the west of the pass.

text:
# Todacheene Lake

**Todacheene Lake** (Navajo: *tó dích'íi'nii*, meaning "bitter water") is a small lake in the crater of the Narbona Pass volcano, in San Juan County, New Mexico, within the Navajo Nation.

The lake has been stocked with rainbow trout. Todacheene Lake and Aspen, Berland and Toadlena lakes are designated for recreational use in the Shiprock area. There is a relatively easy cross-country ski trail along an old dirt road in the crater from BIA32 to Todacheene Lake, a 3 miles (4.8 km) round trip with a vertical gain of 200 feet (61 m). The nearest populated place is Crystal, New Mexico, about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from the lake to the west of the pass.

**Citations**

**Sources**

* Bright, William (2004). *Native American Placenames of the United States*. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
* "Todacheene Lake (San Juan)". *indettaglio*. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
* "Narbona Pass to Todacheene Lake Ski Trip". *Trails.com*. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
* Chiaretti, Joseph V Jr; et al. (2004). *Soil survey of Shiprock Area*. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. p. 244. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
* Whitaker, Bob (2000). "Scouting for Navajo Trout". *Field & Stream*. ISSN 8755-8599. Retrieved 2012-08-25.

## InfoBox

| Todacheene Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Todacheene LakeTodacheene Lake | |
| Location | San Juan County, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 36°05′42″N 108°53′06″W / 36.09488°N 108.88492°W / 36.09488; -108.88492 |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Surface elevation | 2,672 metres (8,766 ft) |


title: Rhinoplatia mortivallicola

abstract: Rhinoplatia mortivallicola is a species of false blister beetle in the family Oedemeridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Rhinoplatia mortivallicola

***Rhinoplatia mortivallicola*** is a species of false blister beetle in the family Oedemeridae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5: Tenebrionoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26090-0.

## InfoBox

| *Rhinoplatia mortivallicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Oedemeridae |
| Tribe: | Asclerini |
| Genus: | *Rhinoplatia* |
| Species: | ***R. mortivallicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinoplatia mortivallicola***<br>Arnett, 1947 | |
|


title: Philosophy of information

abstract:
The philosophy of information (PI) is a branch of philosophy that studies topics relevant to information processing, representational system and consciousness, cognitive science, computer science, information science and information technology. It includes:
  - the critical investigation of the conceptual nature and basic principles of information, including its dynamics, utilisation and sciences
  - the elaboration and application of information-theoretic and computational methodologies to philosophical problems.

text:
# Philosophy of information

The **philosophy of information** (**PI**) is a branch of philosophy that studies topics relevant to information processing, representational system and consciousness, cognitive science, computer science, information science and information technology.

It includes:

1. the critical investigation of the conceptual nature and basic principles of information, including its dynamics, utilisation and sciences
2. the elaboration and application of information-theoretic and computational methodologies to philosophical problems.

## History

The philosophy of information (PI) has evolved from the philosophy of artificial intelligence, logic of information, cybernetics, social theory, ethics and the study of language and information.

### Logic of information

The logic of information, also known as the *logical theory of information*, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce.

### Study of language and information

Later contributions to the field were made by Fred Dretske, Jon Barwise, Brian Cantwell Smith, and others.

The Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) was founded at Stanford University in 1983 by philosophers, computer scientists, linguists, and psychologists, under the direction of John Perry and Jon Barwise.

### P.I.

More recently this field has become known as the philosophy of information. The expression was coined in the 1990s by Luciano Floridi, who has published prolifically in this area with the intention of elaborating a unified and coherent, conceptual frame for the whole subject.

## Definitions of "information"

The concept *information* has been defined by several theorists.

Charles S. Peirce's theory of information was embedded in his wider theory of symbolic communication he called the *semiotic*, now a major part of semiotics. For Peirce, information integrates the aspects of signs and expressions separately covered by the concepts of denotation and extension, on the one hand, and by connotation and comprehension on the other.

Donald M. MacKay says that information is a distinction that makes a difference.

According to Luciano Floridi, four kinds of mutually compatible phenomena are commonly referred to as "information":

* Information about something (e.g. a train timetable)
* Information as something (e.g. DNA, or fingerprints)
* Information for something (e.g. algorithms or instructions)
* Information in something (e.g. a pattern or a constraint).

## Philosophical directions

### Computing and philosophy

Recent creative advances and efforts in computing, such as semantic web, ontology engineering, knowledge engineering, and modern artificial intelligence provide philosophy with fertile ideas, new and evolving subject matters, methodologies, and models for philosophical inquiry. While computer science brings new opportunities and challenges to traditional philosophical studies, and changes the ways philosophers understand foundational concepts in philosophy, further major progress in computer science would only be feasible when philosophy provides sound foundations for areas such as bioinformatics, software engineering, knowledge engineering, and ontologies.

Classical topics in philosophy, namely, mind, consciousness, experience, reasoning, knowledge, truth, morality and creativity are rapidly becoming common concerns and foci of investigation in computer science, e.g., in areas such as agent computing, software agents, and intelligent mobile agent technologies.

According to Luciano Floridi " one can think of several ways for applying computational methods towards philosophical matters:

1. Conceptual experiments in silico: As an innovative extension of an ancient tradition of thought experiment, a trend has begun in philosophy to apply computational modeling schemes to questions in logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of mind, and so on.
2. Pancomputationalism: On this view, computational and informational concepts are considered to be so powerful that given the right level of abstraction, anything in the world could be modeled and represented as a computational system, and any process could be simulated computationally. Then, however, pancomputationalists have the hard task of providing credible answers to the following two questions:
    1. how can one avoid blurring all differences among systems?
    2. what would it mean for the system under investigation not to be an informational system (or a computational system, if computation is the same as information processing)?

## Further reading


title: Big Bull

abstract: The Big Bull was a large Holstein bull fibreglass model located near Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia. When open, it contained a gift shop on the ground floor and a beef display. It was located just off the Oxley Highway between Wauchope and the Pacific Highway. The structure was torn down in October 2007. The Big Bull notably had a swinging set of testicles.

text:
# Big Bull

The **Big Bull** was a large (14 metres × 21 metres) Holstein bull fibreglass model located near Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia. When open, it contained a gift shop on the ground floor and a beef display.

It was located just off the Oxley Highway between Wauchope and the Pacific Highway. The structure was torn down in October 2007.

The Big Bull notably had a swinging set of testicles.

31°26.3514′S 152°44.5662′E / 31.4391900°S 152.7427700°E / -31.4391900; 152.7427700


title: Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub

abstract: Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub is an under construction technology hub in the Indian state of West Bengal, consisting of various tech parks, buildings, projects and premises which work on the sectors like IT/ITeS, Data Centre, E-commerce, IoT, KPO, AI, R&D and Telecom. The hub is projected to be completed in 2025, generating 1,00,000 direct jobs. As of 2022, the total investment in the hub is ₹1 trillion.

text:
# Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub

**Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub** is an under construction technology hub in the Indian state of West Bengal, consisting of various tech parks, buildings, projects and premises which work on the sectors like IT/ITeS, Data Centre, E-commerce, IoT, KPO, AI, R&D and Telecom. The hub is projected to be completed in 2025, generating 1,00,000 direct jobs. As of 2022, the total investment in the hub is ₹1 trillion.

## Formation

Bengali Silicon Valley Hub was formed in 2018 to boost technology service industry in the state and was inaugurated on 13 August 2018 by Chief Minister of West Bengal Mamata Banerjee. Initially 100 acres of land was embarked for the hub. Afterwards another 100 acres of land was added after the announcement of finance minister Amit Mitra. 107 acres were allotted in Phrase I and II with TCS having 20 acres, Reliance Jio having 40 acres, Cognizant having 25 acres, ISI having 4 acres, Tech Mahindra having 4 acres and Capgemini having 7 acres. The phrase III allotted 56.7 acres of land. Additional 50 acres of land was added to the hub in May 2022.

## Sectors

Land area usage (As of 2022)

Data Centre (118.11 acres) (47.24%)  CoE (5.36 acres) (2%)  Digital consulting (0.05 acres) (0.2%)  E-commerce (6.00 acres) (2.4%)  IoT (1.12 acres) (0.48%)  AI (1.25 acres) (0.50%)  IT/ITeS (77.89 acres) (28.35%)  KPO (5.38 acres) (2.15%)  R&D (8.16 acres) (3.26%)  Telecom (0.50 acres) (0.2%)  Other (13.22%)

As of 2022, the total area allotted stands at 224 acres with 50 companies taking 59 plots

### Data Centres

BSVH has numerous data centre projects built and under construction. In 2018, Reliance Jio took 40 acres of land to set up Rs 1,000-crore data centre facility. It will have two international data centres in collaboration with Microsoft and a technology centre. The facility is planned to have a 525,000 square feet of built-up area. The company invested Rs 100 crore in the first phase. In 2020, the construction was started.

Adani Enterprises is also constructing a hyper-scale data centre on 51.75 acres of land, which is the single largest land in the hub for a data centre.

NTT Global data centres, which is a pioneer company in the field of data centre is also constructing a data hub on 7.5 acres of land in BSVH. The project was launched in 2022 with a projected investment of ₹2000 Crores. The facility will consist 6 lakh sq. ft. of area, 40 MW capacity and will be built in three phrases (buildings) completing 1, 2.5 and 2.5 lakhs sq. ft. of space respectively.

Other companies are setting up data centres like STT global data centres in 5.6 acres, CtrlS global data centes in 5.6 acres, Techno Electric & Eng in 4 acres and Airtel Nxtra in 2.85 acres.

### IT Space

Major IT companies have started their constructions in the hub, likely TCS in 20 acres, LTIMindtree in 18.92 acres, Webel in 5 acres, Firstsource Solutions in 4 acres. There are more than 40 medium and small IT companies.

### Others

Other sectos include E-commerce, IoT, KPO, AI, R&D and Telecom. Indian Statistical Institute has a Centre of Excellence on a 4-acre plot. Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research, an R&D institution under Ministry of Electronics and Information has a 3.05 acre R&D unit in the hub.

## Connectivity and transport

Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub is located on the Biswa Bangla Sarani. Kolkata Metro's Orange Line serves as the rapid transit of the area.

## InfoBox

Bengal Silicon Valley Tech Hub
| Location | New Town Action Area II, Kolkata (Greater), India |
| --- | --- |
| Public transit | Kolkata Metro Orange Line |
| Owner | Government of West Bengal |
| Operator | HIDCO |
| Type | Technology Park |
| Genre(s) | IT/ITeS
Data Centre
E-commerce
IoT
KPO
AI
R&D
Telecom |
| Acreage | 250 acres |
| Opened | 13 August 2018 (2018-08-13) |
| Website | |
| bengalsiliconvalley.in | |


title: 1991 Scheldeprijs

abstract: The 1991 Scheldeprijs was the 78th edition of the Scheldeprijs cycle race and was held on 21 April 1991. The race was won by Mario Cipollini of the Del Tongo team.

text:
# 1991 Scheldeprijs

The **1991 Scheldeprijs** was the 78th edition of the Scheldeprijs cycle race and was held on 21 April 1991. The race was won by Mario Cipollini of the Del Tongo team.

## General classification

| **Final general classification**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Mario Cipollini (ITA) Del Tongo–MG Boys 4h 29' 00"  2  Jan Bogaert (BEL) Collstrop–Isoglass \+ 0"  3  Johan Capiot (BEL) TVM–Sanyo \+ 0"  4  Johan Museeuw (BEL) Lotto \+ 0"  5  Carlo Bomans (BEL) Weinmann–EVS \+ 0"  6  John Talen (NED) PDM–Concorde–Ultima \+ 0"  7  Benny Van Brabant (BEL) SEFB–Saxon \+ 0"  8  Marnix Lameire (BEL) SEFB–Saxon \+ 0"  9  Willy Willems (BEL) Collstrop–Isoglass \+ 0"  10  Edwin Bafcop (BEL) Collstrop–Isoglass \+ 0" |
| --- |

## InfoBox

1991 Scheldeprijs
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 21 April 1991 |
| Stages | 1 |
| Distance | 205 km (127.4 mi) |
| Winning time | 4h 29' 00" |
| Results | |
| Winner  Mario Cipollini (ITA)  (Del Tongo–MG Boys)  Second  Jan Bogaert (BEL)  (Collstrop–Isoglass)  Third  Johan Capiot (BEL)  (TVM–Sanyo) | |
|


title: The Flame (1920 film)

abstract: The Flame is a 1920 British silent romance film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Evelyn Boucher, Reginald Fox and Dora De Winton. It was based on a novel by Olive Wadsley.

text:
# The Flame (1920 film)

***The Flame*** is a 1920 British silent romance film directed by Floyd Martin Thornton and starring Evelyn Boucher, Reginald Fox and Dora De Winton. It was based on a novel by Olive Wadsley.

## Plot

As summarized in a film publication, Toni (Boucher) and her brother Fane (Thatcher) were adopted after the death of their father by their Uncle Charles (Cullin), and brought from the slums to the uncle's beautiful home, much to the disgust of the uncle's wife Lady Henrietta (De Winton). Fane is placed in a boys academy while Toni is sent to a convent. Fane turns out to be a haughty young Englishman while Toni cannot understand the changes in her brother. Lady Henrietta has had him raised to suit herself. Toni is then placed in a finishing school and, after she is expelled for going outside the walls, Lady Henrietta threatens to place her in a Dutch school where she would be punished for such a misdemeanor. Toni tells her troubles to Lord Robert Wyke, Lady Henrietta's brother who is kindly and devoted to Toni. He is secretly in love with Toni, but is not free to tell her because of a hastily and unfortunate marriage to an adventuress. After Robert is compelled to leave for business and Toni hears that she will be sent to the Dutch school, the girl follows Robert to Florence where she remains with the housekeeper of Count de Soulnes. Word arrives that Robert has been murdered, but later he arrives and it turns that his wife was killed in an automobile accident, leaving him free to marry Toni.

## Cast

1. Low p.365
2. "The Flame: Not at All Unusual but Will Probably Satisfy". *Film Daily*. **15** (35). New York City: Wyd's Films and Film Folks, Inc.: 11 6 February 1921. Retrieved 9 March 2014.

## Bibliography

* Low, Rachael. *History of the British Film, 1918-1929*. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

## InfoBox

| The Flame | |
| --- | --- |
| American ad for film | |
| Directed by | Floyd Martin Thornton |
| Written by | Olive Wadsley (novel)
Floyd Martin Thornton |
| Starring | Evelyn Boucher
Reginald Fox
Dora De Winton
Fred Thatcher |
| Cinematography | Percy Strong |
| Production
company | Stoll Pictures |
| Distributed by | Stoll Pictures |
| Release date | * July 1920 (1920-07) |
| Running time | 6,300 feet |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: The Flame (1952 film)

abstract: The Flame is a 1952 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Alessandro Blasetti and starring Amedeo Nazzari, Eleonora Rossi Drago and Elisa Cegani. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mario Chiari.

text:
# The Flame (1952 film)

***The Flame*** (Italian: ***La Fiammata***) is a 1952 Italian historical melodrama film directed by Alessandro Blasetti and starring Amedeo Nazzari, Eleonora Rossi Drago and Elisa Cegani. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mario Chiari.

## Plot

With the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 imminent, a reception is held in the castle of the Counts Stettin. Guests included Colonel Felt, brother of Countess Yvonne, and his wife Monica. Minister Beaucourt arrives suddenly, in the past a companion in arms of the colonel and now his political opponent. Beaucourt, who is in love with Monica, tells Felt that his plans to defend the borders have been rejected, and the colonel is outraged. Beaucourt, taking advantage of Monica's disagreement with her husband, is assiduously courting her. Meanwhile, the banker Glogan, an ancient lover of Countess Yvonne, arrives at the castle, who in the past has lent large sums to the colonel, who is unable to repay the money. Glogan then offers to cancel the debt if Felt gives him the plans for the fortifications. Felt, indignant, kills the agent of the enemy. Beaucourt decides to take advantage of what happened to eliminate his rival, but in the end, thanks to Monica's intervention, knowing the true intentions of Glogan and the reasons that led Felt to kill, Beaucourt gives up taking action against the colonel.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Flame | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Alessandro Blasetti |
| Written by | Leonardo Benvenuti
Alessandro Blasetti |
| Based on | *La Flambée* by Henry Kistemaeckers |
| Starring | Amedeo Nazzari
Eleonora Rossi Drago
Elisa Cegani |
| Cinematography | Carlo Montuori |
| Edited by | Mario Serandrei |
| Music by | Alessandro Cicognini |
| Production
companies | Excelsa Film
Società Italiana Cines |
| Distributed by | Minerva Film |
| Release date | * 18 October 1952 (1952-10-18) |
| Running time | 87 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |


title: Bawsey

abstract: Bawsey is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the town of King's Lynn and 40 miles (64 km) west of the city of Norwich. The village sits astride of the B1145 Kings Lynn to Mundesley road that dissects North Norfolk west to east. The village's name means 'Beaw's island' The civil parish has an area of 6.81 square kilometres (2.63 sq mi) and in the 2011 census had a population of 216 in 105 households. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. It forms part of the North West Norfolk constituency in the House of Commons. Norfolk County Council is responsible for roads, some schools, and social services. The church was dedicated to St James and has been in ruins since at least 1745. The building and its surrounding area were the subject of a live dig by the Time Team programme in 1998. They determined it started life as a monastic settlement before becoming the parochial church of Bawsey; also during the weekend dig, the Norman arch under the former central tower was restored after it had collapsed some years before.

text:
# Bawsey

**Bawsey** is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the town of King's Lynn and 40 miles (64 km) west of the city of Norwich. The village sits astride of the B1145 Kings Lynn to Mundesley road that dissects North Norfolk west to east.

The village's name means 'Beaw's island'

The civil parish has an area of 6.81 square kilometres (2.63 sq mi) and in the 2011 census had a population of 216 in 105 households. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. It forms part of the North West Norfolk constituency in the House of Commons. Norfolk County Council is responsible for roads, some schools, and social services.

The church was dedicated to St James and has been in ruins since at least 1745. The building and its surrounding area were the subject of a live dig by the *Time Team* programme in 1998. They determined it started life as a monastic settlement before becoming the parochial church of Bawsey; also during the weekend dig, the Norman arch under the former central tower was restored after it had collapsed some years before.

## War memorial

The War Memorials for Ashwicken, Bawsey and Leziate are located in All Saint's Church, Ashwicken. It holds the following names for the First World War:

* Rifleman William Watson (d.1917), 11th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)
* Private Robert J. Britton (1888–1916), 6th Battalion, Border Regiment
* Private Maurice G. Allison (d.1916), 1st (North Midland) Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
* Private Thomas H. Reed (d.1916), 1st Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
* Private Bertie E. Beales (1896–1918), 5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
* Private William Newell (d.1917), 5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
* Private Walter Law (1893–1918), 7th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
* Private Herbert Watson (d.1918), 9th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment
* Private George Wilkin (d.1916), 9th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment

And, the following names for the Second World War:

* Able-Seaman Raymond C. Powley (1922–1941), *HMS Nile*

*Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes*. Retrieved 2 December 2005.

## InfoBox

| Bawsey | |
| --- | --- |
| The ruins of St James' Church | |
| BawseyLocation within Norfolk | |
| Area | 6.81 km2 (2.63 sq mi) |
| Population | 216 (2011) |
| Density | 32/km2 (83/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TF680198 |
| Civil parish | * Bawsey |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | KING'S LYNN |
| Postcode district | PE32 |
|  | |
| Police | Norfolk |
| Fire | Norfolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
|


title: Rhinotropis heterorhyncha

abstract: Rhinotropis heterorhyncha, synonym Polygala heterorhyncha, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common names beaked spiny polygala and notch-beaked milkwort. It is native to southern Nevada and it is known from a few occurrences just over the border in the Funeral Mountains of California above Death Valley. It is a resident of desert scrub habitat. This desert plant is a perennial herb or small shrub growing in small clumpy mats. The thin, branching, thorny-tipped stems are somewhat waxy in texture and sometimes slightly hairy. They are lined sparsely with small oval, dull-pointed leaves. The inflorescence bears a few flowers, each with a winglike pair of bright pink sepals and a yellow-tipped central petal. The fruit is a vein-streaked capsule.

text:
# Rhinotropis heterorhyncha

***Rhinotropis heterorhyncha***, synonym ***Polygala heterorhyncha***, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common names **beaked spiny polygala** and **notch-beaked milkwort**. It is native to southern Nevada and it is known from a few occurrences just over the border in the Funeral Mountains of California above Death Valley. It is a resident of desert scrub habitat. This desert plant is a perennial herb or small shrub growing in small clumpy mats. The thin, branching, thorny-tipped stems are somewhat waxy in texture and sometimes slightly hairy. They are lined sparsely with small oval, dull-pointed leaves. The inflorescence bears a few flowers, each with a winglike pair of bright pink sepals and a yellow-tipped central petal. The fruit is a vein-streaked capsule.

## InfoBox

| *Rhinotropis heterorhyncha* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | *Rhinotropis* |
| Species: | ***R. heterorhyncha*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinotropis heterorhyncha***<br>(Barneby) J.R.Abbott | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polygala heterorhyncha* (Barneby) T.Wendt | |


title: Rhinotus purpureus

abstract: Rhinotus purpureus is a species of millipede in the family Siphonotidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America.

text:
# Rhinotus purpureus

***Rhinotus purpureus*** is a species of millipede in the family Siphonotidae. It is found in the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America.

## Further reading

* Hoffman, Richard L. (1999). *Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America*. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications. Vol. 8. ISBN 9781884549120.

## InfoBox

| *Rhinotus purpureus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Order: | Polyzoniida |
| Family: | Siphonotidae |
| Genus: | *Rhinotus* |
| Species: | ***R. purpureus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinotus purpureus***<br>(Pocock, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Siphonotus purpureus* Pocock, 1894 | |


title: Rhinitis medicamentosa

abstract: Rhinitis medicamentosa is a condition of rebound nasal congestion suspected to be brought on by extended use of topical decongestants and certain oral medications that constrict blood vessels in the lining of the nose, although evidence has been contradictory.

text:
# Rhinitis medicamentosa

**Rhinitis medicamentosa** (or **RM**, also known as **rebound congestion**) is a condition of rebound nasal congestion suspected to be brought on by extended use of topical decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline, phenylephrine, xylometazoline, and naphazoline nasal sprays) and certain oral medications (e.g., sympathomimetic amines and various 2-imidazolines) that constrict blood vessels in the lining of the nose, although evidence has been contradictory.

## Presentation

The characteristic presentation of RM involves nasal congestion without rhinorrhea, postnasal drip, or sneezing following several days of decongestant use. This condition typically occurs after 5–7 days of use of topical decongestants. Patients often try increasing both the dose and the frequency of nasal sprays upon the onset of RM, worsening the condition. The swelling of the nasal passages caused by rebound congestion may eventually result in permanent turbinate hypertrophy, which may block nasal breathing until surgically removed.

## Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of RM is unclear, although several mechanisms involving norepinephrine signaling have been proposed. RM is associated with histological changes that include: an increase in the number of lymphocytes and fibroblasts, epithelial cell denudation, epithelial edema, goblet cell hyperplasia, increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor, increased mucus production, nasociliary loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, and squamous cell metaplasia.

Direct acting sympathomimetic amines, such as phenylephrine, stimulate alpha adrenergic receptors, while mixed-acting agents, such as pseudoephedrine can stimulate both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors directly and indirectly by releasing norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals. At first, the vasoconstrictive effect of alpha-receptors dominates, but with continued use of an alpha agonist, this effect fades first, allowing the vasodilation due to beta-receptor stimulation to emerge.

2-Imidazoline derivatives, such as oxymetazoline, may participate in negative feedback on endogenous norepinephrine production. Therefore, after cessation of prolonged use, there will be inadequate sympathetic vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa, and domination of parasympathetic activity can result in increased secretions and nasal edema. Evidence suggests that if oxymetazoline is used only nightly for allergic rhinitis (instead of more frequent dosage as may be directed on product label), it may be used longer than one week without high risk of rhinitis medicamentosa especially with use of intranasal steroid like fluticasone furoate.

## Treatment

The treatment of RM involves withdrawal of the offending nasal spray or oral medication. Both a "cold turkey" and a "weaning" approach can be used. Cold turkey is the most effective treatment method, as it directly removes the cause of the condition, yet the time period between the discontinuation of the drug and the relief of symptoms may be too long and uncomfortable for some individuals (particularly when trying to go to sleep when they are unable to breathe through their nose).

The use of over-the-counter (OTC) saline nasal sprays may help open the nose without causing RM if the spray does not contain a decongestant. Symptoms of congestion and runny nose can often be treated with corticosteroid nasal sprays under the supervision of a physician. For very severe cases, oral steroids or nasal surgery may be necessary.

A study has shown that the anti-infective agent benzalkonium chloride, which is frequently added to topical nasal sprays as a preservative, aggravates the condition by further increasing the rebound swelling.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Rhinitis medicamentosa | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Rebound congestion |
|  | |
| Specialty | Otorhinolaryngology |
| Symptoms | Nasal congestion |
| Usual onset | After 5–7 days of use of topical decongestant nasal sprays |
| Causes | Overuse of decongestant nasal sprays and certain oral medications |
| Prevention | Limiting use of decongestant nasal sprays and other potentially problematic medications |
| Treatment | Ceasing use of offending medications |


title: Rhoda Wanyenze

abstract: Rhoda Wanyenze is a physician, public health consultant, academic and medical administrator, who serves as the Dean of Makerere University School of Public Health, a component school of Makerere University College of Health Sciences, which is part of Makerere University, Uganda's oldest and largest public university. She was appointed to that position in September 2017, replacing Professor William Bazeyo, who was promoted to Deputy Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, in charge of Finance and Administration.

text:
# Rhoda Wanyenze

**Rhoda Wanyenze** is a physician, public health consultant, academic and medical administrator, who serves as the Dean of Makerere University School of Public Health, a component school of Makerere University College of Health Sciences, which is part of Makerere University, Uganda's oldest and largest public university.

She was appointed to that position in September 2017, replacing Professor William Bazeyo, who was promoted to Deputy Vice Chancellor of Makerere University, in charge of Finance and Administration.

## Personal life and education

She was born in Uganda. After attending local primary schools, she entered Nabisunsa Girls' Secondary School where she completed her O-Level education. She then transferred to Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga for her A-Level studies.

She was admitted to Makerere University to study human medicine, graduating from there with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) degree. Following her internship, she joined the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF), as a civilian clinician-contractor. After seven years with the UPDF, she went back to Makerere University and registered in the Master of Public Health program, as a student, graduating in 2002. In 2010, she was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree by the University of Antwerp in Belgium.

## Career

Wanyenze has long and varied clinical and public health experience in tropical diseases research, with emphasis on tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. She has worked at the Makerere University School of Public Health, since 2008. She has managed the postgraduate fellowship program at the School of Public Health, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Global Fund, among others. She has also carried out original research in the areas of maternal and child health.

In September 2017, Wanyenze was appointed as the dean of Makerere University School of Public Health, replacing Professor William Bazeyo.

## Research

She has been involved in studies mostly about HIV which has brought to light new findings about the virus. some of her articles include; *Uptake of family planning methods and unplanned pregnancies among HIV-infected individuals: a cross-sectional survey among clients at HIV clinics in Uganda*. The study found that the uptake of family planning among HIV-infected individuals is fairly high even though there are a large number of unplanned pregnancies. *Factors associated with Virological Non-suppression among HIV-Positive patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Uganda, August 2014–July 2015*.*When they know that you are a sex worker, you will be the last person to be treated”: Perceptions and experiences of female sex workers in accessing HIV services in Uganda.* This study found out that societal, structural and policy level barriers are required to increase access to HIVservices among FSWs in Uganda. *“If You Tell People That You Had Sex with a Fellow Man*, *It Is Hard to Be Helped and Treated”*: Barriers and Opportunities for Increasing Access to HIV Services among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Uganda. This study established that negative perceptions among providers and the community present barriers to service access among MSM. Retention of HIV infected pregnant and breastfeeding women on option B+ in Gomba District, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study. Guidelines for reporting trial protocols and completed trials modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other extenuating circumstances. *Hypertension awareness, treatment and control in Africa: a systematic review*. The study established that there are low levels of awareness and treatment of hypertension and even lower levels of control. *The costs and effectiveness of four HIV counseling and testing strategies in Uganda*. The study found that all testing strategies had relatively low per client costs. *Strengthening district-based health reporting through the district health management information software system: the Ugandan experience*. The article established that implementation of DHIS2 resulted in improved timeliness and completeness in reporting of routine outpatient, inpatient and health service usage data from the district to the national level. *The COVID-19 pandemic in the African continent*. F*ertility and contraceptive decision-making and support for HIV infected individuals: client and provider experiences and perceptions at two HIV clinics in Uganda*. *COVID-19 awareness, adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures, and effects of COVID-19 lockdown among adolescent boys and young men in Kampala, Uganda*. The study suggested the need for appropriate health promotion, mental health and socio-economic interventions targeting ABYM in Kampala, Uganda. Missed opportunities for HIV testing and late-stage diagnosis among HIV-infected patients in Uganda. Women's views on consent, counseling and confidentiality in PMTCT: a mixed-methods study in four African countries. The need for COVID-19 research in low- and middle-income countries. Facilitators and barriers to uptake and adherence to lifelong antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women in Uganda: a qualitative study. Linkage to HIV care and survival following inpatient HIV counseling and testing. Fertility desires and unmet need for family planning among HIV infected individuals in two HIV clinics with differing models of family planning service delivery.

## InfoBox

| Rhoda Wanyenze | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Uganda |
| Alma mater | Makerere University<br>University of Antwerp |
| Occupations |  |
| Known for | Medical expertise, Leadership |
| Title | Dean of Makerere University School of Public Health |


title: Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach

abstract: Bayerbach is a municipality in the district of Landshut in Bavaria in Germany.

text:
# Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach

**Bayerbach** is a municipality in the district of Landshut in Bavaria in Germany.

## Geography

It is located on the Bayerbacher Bach, a stream which issues into the Kleine Laber.

### Subdivisions

Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach consists of 22 villages:

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

### Neighbouring communities

## Main sights

* Castle Peuerbach (15th century, rebuilt 1892/93)
* Church of Mariä Himmelfahrt (Neogothic building 1865/67)

## Sons and daughters of Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach

## InfoBox

| Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach within Landshut district | |
| Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach Bayerbach bei Ergoldsbach | |
| Coordinates: 48°42′N 12°18′E / 48.700°N 12.300°E / 48.700; 12.300 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Niederbayern |
| District | Landshut |
| Municipal assoc. | Ergoldsbach |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Werner Klanikow |
| Area | |
| Total | 25.42 km2 (9.81 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 409 m (1,342 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,048 |
| Density | 81/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 84092 |
| Dialling codes | 08774 |
| Vehicle registration | LA |
| Website | www.vgem-ergoldsbach.de |


title: Bayer filter

abstract: A Bayer filter mosaic is a color filter array (CFA) for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors. Its particular arrangement of color filters is used in most single-chip digital image sensors used in digital cameras, and camcorders to create a color image. The filter pattern is half green, one quarter red and one quarter blue, hence is also called BGGR, RGBG, GRBG, or RGGB. It is named after its inventor, Bryce Bayer of Eastman Kodak. Bayer is also known for his recursively defined matrix used in ordered dithering. Alternatives to the Bayer filter include both various modifications of colors and arrangement and completely different technologies, such as color co-site sampling, the Foveon X3 sensor, the dichroic mirrors or a transparent diffractive-filter array.

text:
# Bayer filter

A **Bayer filter** mosaic is a color filter array (CFA) for arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors. Its particular arrangement of color filters is used in most single-chip digital image sensors used in digital cameras, and camcorders to create a color image. The filter pattern is half green, one quarter red and one quarter blue, hence is also called **BGGR**, **RGBG**, **GRBG**, or **RGGB**.

It is named after its inventor, Bryce Bayer of Eastman Kodak. Bayer is also known for his recursively defined matrix used in ordered dithering.

Alternatives to the Bayer filter include both various modifications of colors and arrangement and completely different technologies, such as color co-site sampling, the Foveon X3 sensor, the dichroic mirrors or a transparent diffractive-filter array.

## Explanation

Bryce Bayer's patent (U.S. Patent No. 3,971,065) in 1976 called the green photosensors *luminance-sensitive elements* and the red and blue ones *chrominance-sensitive elements*. He used twice as many green elements as red or blue to mimic the physiology of the human eye. The luminance perception of the human retina uses M and L cone cells combined, during daylight vision, which are most sensitive to green light. These elements are referred to as *sensor elements*, *sensels*, *pixel sensors*, or simply *pixels*; sample values sensed by them, after interpolation, become image pixels. At the time Bayer registered his patent, he also proposed to use a cyan-magenta-yellow combination, that is another set of opposite colors. This arrangement was impractical at the time because the necessary dyes did not exist, but is used in some new digital cameras. The big advantage of the new CMY dyes is that they have an improved light absorption characteristic; that is, their quantum efficiency is higher.

The raw output of Bayer-filter cameras is referred to as a *Bayer pattern* image. Since each pixel is filtered to record only one of three colors, the data from each pixel cannot fully specify each of the red, green, and blue values on its own. To obtain a full-color image, various demosaicing algorithms can be used to interpolate a set of complete red, green, and blue values for each pixel. These algorithms make use of the surrounding pixels of the corresponding colors to estimate the values for a particular pixel.

Different algorithms requiring various amounts of computing power result in varying-quality final images. This can be done in-camera, producing a JPEG or TIFF image, or outside the camera using the raw data directly from the sensor. Since the processing power of the camera processor is limited, many photographers prefer to do these operations manually on a personal computer. The cheaper the camera, the fewer opportunities to influence these functions. In professional cameras, image correction functions are completely absent, or they can be turned off. Recording in Raw-format provides the ability to manually select demosaicing algorithm and control the transformation parameters, which is used not only in consumer photography but also in solving various technical and photometric problems.

## Demosaicing

Demosaicing can be performed in different ways. Simple methods interpolate the color value of the pixels of the same color in the neighborhood. For example, once the chip has been exposed to an image, each pixel can be read. A pixel with a green filter provides an exact measurement of the green component. The red and blue components for this pixel are obtained from the neighbors. For a green pixel, two red neighbors can be interpolated to yield the red value, also two blue pixels can be interpolated to yield the blue value.

This simple approach works well in areas with constant color or smooth gradients, but it can cause artifacts such as color bleeding in areas where there are abrupt changes in color or brightness especially noticeable along sharp edges in the image. Because of this, other demosaicing methods attempt to identify high-contrast edges and only interpolate along these edges, but not across them.

Other algorithms are based on the assumption that the color of an area in the image is relatively constant even under changing light conditions, so that the color channels are highly correlated with each other. Therefore, the green channel is interpolated at first then the red and afterwards the blue channel, so that the color ratio red-green respective blue-green are constant. There are other methods that make different assumptions about the image content and starting from this attempt to calculate the missing color values.

## Artifacts

Images with small-scale detail close to the resolution limit of the digital sensor can be a problem to the demosaicing algorithm, producing a result which does not look like the model. The most frequent artifact is Moiré, which may appear as repeating patterns, color artifacts or pixels arranged in an unrealistic maze-like pattern.

### False color artifact

A common and unfortunate artifact of Color Filter Array (CFA) interpolation or demosaicing is what is known and seen as false coloring. Typically this artifact manifests itself along edges, where abrupt or unnatural shifts in color occur as a result of misinterpolating across, rather than along, an edge. Various methods exist for preventing and removing this false coloring. Smooth hue transition interpolation is used during the demosaicing to prevent false colors from manifesting themselves in the final image. However, there are other algorithms that can remove false colors after demosaicing. These have the benefit of removing false coloring artifacts from the image while using a more robust demosaicing algorithm for interpolating the red and blue color planes.

### Zippering artifact

The zippering artifact is another side effect of CFA demosaicing, which also occurs primarily along edges, is known as the zipper effect. Simply put, zippering is another name for edge blurring that occurs in an on/off pattern along an edge. This effect occurs when the demosaicing algorithm averages pixel values over an edge, especially in the red and blue planes, resulting in its characteristic blur. As mentioned before, the best methods for preventing this effect are the various algorithms which interpolate along, rather than across image edges. Pattern recognition interpolation, adaptive color plane interpolation, and directionally weighted interpolation all attempt to prevent zippering by interpolating along edges detected in the image.

However, even with a theoretically perfect sensor that could capture and distinguish all colors at each photosite, Moiré and other artifacts could still appear. This is an unavoidable consequence of any system that samples an otherwise continuous signal at discrete intervals or locations. For this reason, most photographic digital sensors incorporate something called an optical low-pass filter (OLPF) or an anti-aliasing (AA) filter. This is typically a thin layer directly in front of the sensor, and works by effectively blurring any potentially problematic details that are finer than the resolution of the sensor.

## Modifications

The Bayer filter is almost universal on consumer digital cameras. Alternatives include the CYGM filter (cyan, yellow, green, magenta) and RGBE filter (red, green, blue, emerald), which require similar demosaicing. The Foveon X3 sensor (which layers red, green, and blue sensors vertically rather than using a mosaic) and arrangements of three separate CCDs (one for each color) doesn't need demosaicing.

### Panchromatic cells

On June 14, 2007, Eastman Kodak announced an alternative to the Bayer filter: a colour-filter pattern that increases the sensitivity to light of the image sensor in a digital camera by using some panchromatic cells that are sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light and collect a larger amount of light striking the sensor. They present several patterns, but none with a repeating unit as small as the Bayer pattern's 2×2 unit.

Another 2007 U.S. patent filing, by Edward T. Chang, claims a sensor where "the color filter has a pattern comprising 2×2 blocks of pixels composed of one red, one blue, one green and one transparent pixel," in a configuration intended to include infrared sensitivity for higher overall sensitivity. The Kodak patent filing was earlier.

Such cells have previously been used in "CMYW" (cyan, magenta, yellow, and white) "RGBW" (red, green, blue, white) sensors, but Kodak has not compared the new filter pattern to them yet.

### Fujifilm "EXR" color filter array

Fujifilm's EXR color filter array are manufactured in both CCD (SuperCCD) and CMOS (BSI CMOS). As with the SuperCCD, the filter itself is rotated 45 degrees. Unlike conventional Bayer filter designs, there are always two adjacent photosites detecting the same color. The main reason for this type of array is to contribute to pixel "binning", where two adjacent photosites can be merged, making the sensor itself more "sensitive" to light. Another reason is for the sensor to record two different exposures, which is then merged to produce an image with greater dynamic range. The underlying circuitry has two read-out channels that take their information from alternate rows of the sensor. The result is that it can act like two interleaved sensors, with different exposure times for each half of the photosites. Half of the photosites can be intentionally underexposed so that they fully capture the brighter areas of the scene. This retained highlight information can then be blended in with the output from the other half of the sensor that is recording a 'full' exposure, again making use of the close spacing of similarly colored photosites.

### Fujifilm "X-Trans" filter

The Fujifilm X-Trans CMOS sensor used in many Fujifilm X-series cameras is claimed to provide better resistance to color moiré than the Bayer filter, and as such they can be made without an anti-aliasing filter. This in turn allows cameras using the sensor to achieve a higher resolution with the same megapixel count. Also, the new design is claimed to reduce the incidence of false colors, by having red, blue and green pixels in each line. The arrangement of these pixels is also said to provide grain more like film.

One of main drawbacks for custom patterns is that they may lack full support in third party raw processing software like Adobe Photoshop Lightroom where adding improvements took multiple years.

### Quad Bayer

Sony introduced Quad Bayer color filter array, which first featured in the iPhone 6's front camera released in 2014. Quad Bayer is similar to Bayer filter, however adjacent 2x2 pixels are the same color, the 4x4 pattern features 4x blue, 4x red, and 8x green. For darker scenes, signal processing can combine data from each 2x2 group, essentially like a larger pixel. For brighter scenes, signal processing can convert the Quad Bayer into a conventional Bayer filter to achieve higher resolution. The pixels in Quad Bayer can be operated in long-time integration and short-time integration to achieve single shot HDR, reducing blending issues. Quad Bayer is also known as Tetracell by Samsung, 4-cell by OmniVision, and Quad CFA (QCFA) by Qualcomm.

On March 26, 2019, the Huawei P30 series were announced featuring RYYB Quad Bayer, with the 4x4 pattern featuring 4x blue, 4x red, and 8x yellow.

### Nonacell

On February 12, 2020, the Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra was announced featuring Nonacell CFA. Nonacell CFA is similar to Bayer filter, however adjacent 3x3 pixels are the same color, the 6x6 pattern features 9x blue, 9x red, and 18x green.

* US patent 3971065, Bryce E. Bayer, "Color imaging array", issued 1976-07-20  on web


title: Beaufort-en-Vallée

abstract: Beaufort-en-Vallée is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Beaufort-en-Anjou.

text:
# Beaufort-en-Vallée

**Beaufort-en-Vallée** (French pronunciation: \[bofɔʁ ɑ̃ vale\] ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Beaufort-en-Anjou.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1793  6,214       1800  5,990 −3.6%  1806  5,958 −0.5%  1821  5,972 +0.2%  1831  5,914 −1.0%  1836  5,993 +1.3%  1841  5,474 −8.7%  1846  5,423 −0.9%  1851  5,207 −4.0%  1856  5,245 +0.7%  1861  5,260 +0.3%  1866  5,120 −2.7%  1872  5,146 +0.5%  1876  4,960 −3.6%  1881  4,757 −4.1%  1886  4,627 −2.7%  1891  4,492 −2.9%  1896  4,278 −4.8% | Year Pop. ±%  1901  4,222 −1.3%  1906  4,104 −2.8%  1911  4,038 −1.6%  1921  3,387 −16.1%  1926  3,325 −1.8%  1931  3,262 −1.9%  1936  3,171 −2.8%  1946  3,306 +4.3%  1954  3,253 −1.6%  1962  3,544 +8.9%  1968  3,623 +2.2%  1975  4,048 +11.7%  1982  4,720 +16.6%  1990  5,364 +13.6%  1999  5,384 +0.4%  2006  5,754 +6.9%  2009  6,250 +8.6% |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Beaufort-en-Vallée | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Beaufort-en-Anjou | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Beaufort-en-Vallée | |
| Beaufort-en-ValléeBeaufort-en-Vallée | |
| Coordinates: 47°26′25″N 0°12′51″W / 47.4403°N 0.2142°W / 47.4403; -0.2142 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Maine-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Angers |
| Canton | Beaufort-en-Vallée |
| Commune | Beaufort-en-Anjou |
| Area**1** | 35.66 km2 (13.77 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 6,691 |
| Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 49250 |
| Elevation | 17–51 m (56–167 ft)
(avg. 25 m or 82 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Richard Jarvis (businessman)

abstract: Richard William Hart Jarvis was an American businessman and industrialist from Connecticut. Jarvis was the brother-in-law of Samuel Colt who took control of Colt's Manufacturing Company on the death of Elisha K. Root, serving as the company's longest president from 1865 to 1901. Jarvis served the company from the end of the American Civil War through the early 20th century seeing the transition from percussion revolvers to cartridge revolvers to semi-automatic pistols and machine guns. He died on January 21, 1903, in Hartford, Connecticut and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery.

text:
# Richard Jarvis (businessman)

**Richard William Hart Jarvis** (November 30, 1829 – January 21, 1903) was an American businessman and industrialist from Connecticut.

Jarvis was the brother-in-law of Samuel Colt who took control of Colt's Manufacturing Company on the death of Elisha K. Root, serving as the company's longest president from 1865 to 1901. Jarvis served the company from the end of the American Civil War through the early 20th century seeing the transition from percussion revolvers to cartridge revolvers to semi-automatic pistols and machine guns.

He died on January 21, 1903, in Hartford, Connecticut and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Richard Jarvis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of Colt's Manufacturing Company | |
| **In office**
1865–1901 | |
| Preceded by | Elisha K. Root |
| Succeeded by | John Hall |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Richard William Hart Jarvis
(1829-11-30)November 30, 1829
Portland, Connecticut, United States |
| Died | January 21, 1903(1903-01-21) (aged 73)
Hartford, Connecticut, United States |
| Relatives | Samuel Colt, Elizabeth Jarvis Colt |
| Occupation | Businessman and industrialist |
|  | |


title: Beauville, Haute-Garonne

abstract: Beauville is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

text:
# Beauville, Haute-Garonne

**Beauville** (French pronunciation: \[bovil\]; Languedocien: *Bauvila*) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 90 |  |
| 1968 | 113 | +25.6% |
| 1975 | 95 | −15.9% |
| 1982 | 100 | +5.3% |
| 1990 | 82 | −18.0% |
| 1999 | 106 | +29.3% |
| 2006 | 126 | +18.9% |
| 2007 | 129 | +2.4% |
| 2008 | 128 | −0.8% |
| 2012 | 147 | +14.8% |
| 2015 | 158 | +7.5% |
| 2017 | 170 | +7.6% |
| 2018 | 170 | +0.0% |

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Beauvillois.

## InfoBox

| Beauville | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Beauville | |
| Location of Beauville | |
| BeauvilleBeauville | |
| Coordinates: 43°28′30″N 1°46′29″E / 43.475°N 1.7747°E / 43.475; 1.7747 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Haute-Garonne |
| Arrondissement | Toulouse |
| Canton | Revel |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Thierry Pous |
| Area**1** | 6.06 km2 (2.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 171 |
| Density | 28/km2 (73/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 31055 /31460 |
| Elevation | 195–291 m (640–955 ft)
(avg. 200 m or 660 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |