title: Raymond Lee Brown

abstract: Raymond Lee Brown is an American trumpeter and flugelhornist. Brown was a longtime member of the Earth, Wind & Fire Horns.

text:
# Raymond Lee Brown

**Raymond Lee Brown** is an American trumpeter and flugelhornist. Brown was a longtime member of the Earth, Wind & Fire Horns.

## Influences

Brown was born and raised in South Central Los Angeles. While in high school, Brown was friends with Gary Bias, Gerald Albright, Patrice Rushen, and Leon "Ndugu" Chancler. In the mid 1980s, he became a member of the Pan Afrikan Peoples Arkestra or "the Ark", of South Park, Los Angeles. During 1987 Brown joined Earth, Wind & Fire alongside two other members of the Ark, saxophonist Bias and trombonist Reggie Young. Before Earth, Wind & Fire, Brown was a member of Madagascar, a group composed of session musicians that recorded one album — *Spirit of the Street* — under the Arista label in 1981.

## Performances

In 1997, Brown was a member of Whitney Houston's band on her Pacific Rim Tour. Brown was also the solo flugelhorn player for Yanni in 1995 (Yanni: Live at Royal Albert Hall). Brown gave a practically flawless flugelhorn performance of the Yanni composition “Dance With a Stranger.”

## Discography

**Earth, Wind & Fire**

* *Evil Roy*, Columbia Records (1987); OCLC 658836632
* *Millennium*, Reprise Records (1993); OCLC 28865667
* *In the Name of Love*, Rhino Records (distributor) (1997); OCLC 37628513
* *The Promise*, Kalimba (2003); OCLC 473755647
* *Live by Request,* SMV Enterprises (2002); OCLC 475047218
* *Live in Japan* (DVD video, CD audio, DVD audio), Eagle Rock Entertainment (2008); OCLC 263436220

**Sideman with Patrice Rushen (jazz)**

**Sideman with jazz artists**

**Sideman with funk, soul, and R&B artists**


title: Raymond Lebègue

abstract: Raymond Lebègue was a 20th-century French literary historian. The son of palaeographer Henri Lebègue, he was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1955. He cofounded the Revue d'histoire du théâtre with his friend Louis Jouvet.

text:
# Raymond Lebègue

**Raymond Lebègue** (16 August 1895 – 21 November 1984) was a 20th-century French literary historian. The son of palaeographer Henri Lebègue, he was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1955.

He cofounded the *Revue d'histoire du théâtre* with his friend Louis Jouvet.

## Selected publications

* 1925: *Stendhal, Armance ou quelques scènes d'un salon de Paris en 1827*, Geneva/Paris 1986 (preface by André Gide)
* 1944: *La Tragédie française de la Renaissance*, Brüssel
* 1951: *La Poésie française de 1560 à 1630. De Ronsard à Malherbe. Malherbe et son temps*, 2 volumes, Paris 1945–1947
* 1949: Robert Garnier, Œuvres complètes
* 1966: *Ronsard. L'homme et l'œuvre*
* 1968: *Malherbe, Oeuvres poétiques*, with René Fromilhague)
* 1972: *Le théâtre comique en France de "Pathelin* à "Mélite"
* 1976: Peiresc, Lettres à Malherbe 1606–1628
* 1977–1978: *Études sur le théâtre français*, 2 volumes
* 1979: *Aspects de Chateaubriand. Vie, voyage en Amérique, œuvres*

## InfoBox

| Raymond Lebègue | |
| --- | --- |
| Raymond Lebègue in Leuven (1966) | |
| Born | 16 August 1895
Paris |
| Died | 21 November 1984(1984-11-21) (aged 89)
Paris |
| Occupation | Historian |


title: Raymond Lee (director)

abstract: Raymond Lee Wai Man is a Hong Kong director and television producer. Lee entered the Hong Kong film industry in 1972, initially working as a camera operator. After the closure of Commercial Television in 1978, Lee joined Asia Television working as screenwriter for martial arts films. In 1981, he left Asia Television to work as a producer at TVB. Since 1992, Lee has mostly directed movies in mainland China. He was the recipient of the 1996 Golden Bell Awards as Best Director for New Dragon Gate Inn.

text:
# Raymond Lee (director)

**Raymond Lee Wai Man** (Chinese: 李惠民; born 10 August 1949) is a Hong Kong director and television producer. Lee entered the Hong Kong film industry in 1972, initially working as a camera operator. After the closure of Commercial Television in 1978, Lee joined Asia Television working as screenwriter for martial arts films. In 1981, he left Asia Television to work as a producer at TVB.

Since 1992, Lee has mostly directed movies in mainland China. He was the recipient of the 1996 Golden Bell Awards as Best Director for *New Dragon Gate Inn.*

## Selected filmography

As director As producer

## InfoBox

| Raymond Lee Wai-Man | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-08-10) 10 August 1949<br>Hong Kong |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Chinese | 李惠民 |
| Transcriptions | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Raymond Lee (film historian)

abstract: Raymond Lee was an American child actor in films who became a film historian and author. His film career lasted from 1915 until 1927. He was one of the children cast in Sidney Franklin's series Fox Sunshine Kiddies. Lee's film roles included a part in The Kid, a Charlie Chaplin film He wrote about animal actors in 1970.

text:
# Raymond Lee (film historian)

**Raymond Lee** (January 3, 1910 – June 26, 1974) was an American child actor in films who became a film historian and author. His film career lasted from 1915 until 1927.

He was one of the children cast in Sidney Franklin's series *Fox Sunshine Kiddies*. Lee's film roles included a part in *The Kid*, a Charlie Chaplin film

He wrote about animal actors in 1970.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* *Fit for the Chase; Cars and the Movies* by Raymond Lee, 1969
* *The faces of Hollywood* by Clarence Sinclair Bull and Raymond Lee, A. S. Barnes, 1969
* *Pearl White: the peerless fearless girl* by Manuel Weltmann and Raymond Lee, A. S. Barnes, 1969
* *Gloria Swanson* by Richard M. Hudson and Raymond Lee, A. S. Barnes, 1970
* *DeMille: the man and his pictures* y Gabe Essoe and Raymond Lee, A. S. Barnes, 1970
* *Not So Dumb; The Life and Times of Animal Actors* by Raymond Lee, 1970
* *The Films of Mary Pickford* (1971)
* *Gangsters and Hoodlums; The Underworld in Cinema* by Raymond Lee and B. C. Van Hecke, 1971


title: Raúl Zambrano

abstract: Raúl Zambrano is a Mexican guitarist, mainly interested in Manuel M. Ponce's work for guitar, founder of The Manuel M Ponce Guitar Quartet in 1994 and director of the group since 2002. He collaborated in the creation of a new repertoire for guitar with musicians such as Juan Trigos, Hebert Vázquez, Horacio Uribe, Georgina Derbez, Emil Awad, Aurelio Tello and Julio César Oliva, who dedicated work to both him and his quartet. He created, jointly with Aurelio Tello and The College of Mexico's president, Javier Garciadiego Dantán, the Colmex Choir (Coro Colmex, which has been directed, since its first concert at the end of 2011, by Aurelio Tello, by Zaeth Ritter and Zambrano.

text:
# Raúl Zambrano

**Raúl Zambrano** (Tampico, Tamaulipas, México, November 6, 1969) is a Mexican guitarist, mainly interested in Manuel M. Ponce's work for guitar, founder of The Manuel M Ponce Guitar Quartet (Cuarteto de Guitarras Manuel M Ponce) in 1994 and director of the group since 2002. He collaborated in the creation of a new repertoire for guitar with musicians such as Juan Trigos, Hebert Vázquez, Horacio Uribe, Georgina Derbez, Emil Awad, Aurelio Tello and Julio César Oliva, who dedicated work to both him and his quartet. He created, jointly with Aurelio Tello and The College of Mexico's president, Javier Garciadiego Dantán, the Colmex Choir (Coro Colmex, which has been directed, since its first concert at the end of 2011, by Aurelio Tello, by Zaeth Ritter and Zambrano.

## Biographical data

Zambrano studied guitar with Manuel López Ramos. He was the director (1997-2005) of the International Guitar Festival at the Gothic Chapel of The Hellenic Cultural Centre in Mexico City. From 2000 to 2005 he produced, with Valeria Palomino and the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the recording of the full guitar works by Manuel M. Ponce (*Obra para guitarra de Manuel M Ponce*), where eleven prominent guitar players participated. In 2010 he studied, with Dirk Snellings and Capilla Flamenca, a program which establishes the relationship between French-Flemish polyphony and that of Hispanic America's chapels.

## Discography

* *Ponciana* (1999)- with The Manuel M Ponce Guitar Quartet
* *Estampas* (2000)- with The Manuel M Ponce Guitar Quartet
* *Artificios* (2001)- with The Manuel M Ponce Guitar Quartet
* *De Aranjuez y del sur “Los conciertos de Rodrigo y Ponce”* (2004), with Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra.
* *La obra integral de Manuel M. Ponce para guitarra* (2006), vol. II, III, IV and V
* *Elevación y folía* (2007)- with The Manuel M Ponce Guitar Quartet
* *Trocar*, 4 Johann Sebastian Bach suites (2012), with Erika Dobosiewicz, Asaf Kolerstein and Alberto Cruzprieto.

## Publications

* *Historia mínima de la música en Occidente* (A Short History of Music in the West) (El Colegio de México, 2011)
* *Suite en la menor de Manuel M Ponce* (Manuel M Ponce's Suite in A minor). Transcription of Andrés Segovia's recording of October 6, 1930, as compared with a minimal discography of the editions of this work. (Proyecto Editorial Manuel M Ponce, Escuela Nacional de Música, UNAM, 2012)

## Radio

Several radio projects for the broadcasting of academic music have been produced and hosted by Zambrano:

## Music for theater

Since 1991, Raúl Zambrano has been working with several stage directors, for whom he wrote music:

## Critics

"Zambrano makes a great impression in every convincing piece: this is about universal music precisely because it allows us to see its character in detail. A top level recording."

"Raúl Zambrano is a guitarist with an extraordinary sensitivity, much more inclined towards musical quality than virtuosity. His secret is not to exaggerate, giving each note its precise musical value without falling into the trap of imitation or becoming another version of this successful Mexican concerto, he is a guitarist *par excellence*. This represents an achievement by and for Zambrano. Sincerely, his meticulous interpretation is always welcome and celebrated."

"I think reading this book should be mandatory for theater people. I think reading it would be simultaneously provocative and delightful for musicians. It is, however, one of those books which, although being surprisingly erudite, can be read with interest by those considering a western man's tough conflict for an expression which finds its purest space in music."


title: Real Queer America

abstract: Real Queer America: LGBT Stories From Red States is a 2019 nonfiction book written by Samantha Allen. The book documents a road trip Allen took in the summer of 2017 through LGBT communities in conservative parts of the United States, focusing on Utah, Texas, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Georgia.

text:
# Real Queer America

***Real Queer America: LGBT Stories From Red States*** is a 2019 nonfiction book written by Samantha Allen. The book documents a road trip Allen took in the summer of 2017 through LGBT communities in conservative parts of the United States, focusing on Utah, Texas, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Georgia.

## Critical reception

*The New York Times* wrote "Allen’s powerful book of memoir and reportage, *Real Queer America*, is decidedly more serious in tone, but it's no less entertaining. The Daily Beast reporter gathers stories from L.G.B.T.Q. people she met in conservative states across the country on a road trip she took in July 2017, the first summer of the Trump presidency."

*The Los Angeles Times* called *Real Queer America* “a book necessary for anyone in or allied with the queer community.”

*Publishers Weekly* labeled the book “the ultimate road-trip through rainbow-colored America.” The book was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award for Transgender Non-fiction.

## InfoBox

Real Queer America: LGBT Stories From Red States
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Samantha Leigh Allen |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Nonfiction |
| Published | 2019 |
| Publisher | Little, Brown |
| Publication place | United States |
| ISBN | 978-0-316-51603-7 Hardcover |


title: Ray Price Sings San Antonio Rose

abstract: Ray Price Sings San Antonio Rose: A Tribute to the Great Bob Wills is a studio album by country music singer Ray Price. It was recorded on September 25, 1961, at Bradley Studios in Nashville. It was released in 1962 by Columbia Records. Price was backed on the album by some of Nashville's best musicians, including Grady Martin (guitar), Tommy Jackson (fiddle), Jimmy Day, Pig Robbins (piano), and Willie Nelson. In Billboard magazine's annual poll of country and western disc jockeys, it was ranked No. 1 among the "Favorite Country Music LPs" of 1962. AllMusic gave the album five stars.

text:
# Ray Price Sings San Antonio Rose

***Ray Price Sings San Antonio Rose: A Tribute to the Great Bob Wills*** is a studio album by country music singer Ray Price. It was recorded on September 25, 1961, at Bradley Studios in Nashville. It was released in 1962 by Columbia Records (catalog no. CS-8556). Price was backed on the album by some of Nashville's best musicians, including Grady Martin (guitar), Tommy Jackson (fiddle), Jimmy Day (pedal steel), Pig Robbins (piano), and Willie Nelson (acoustic guitar).

In *Billboard* magazine's annual poll of country and western disc jockeys, it was ranked No. 1 among the "Favorite Country Music LPs" of 1962.

AllMusic gave the album five stars.

## Track listing

**Side A**

1. "San Antonio Rose" (Bob Wills)
2. "A Maiden's Prayer" (Bob Wills)
3. "My Confession" (Bob Wills)
4. "Whose Heart Are You Breaking Now" (F. Jenkins)
5. "Roly Poly" (Fred Rose)
6. "Bubbles in My Beer" (Bob Wills, Cindy Walker, Tommy Duncan)

**Side B**

1. "Home in San Antone" (F. Jenkins)
2. "You Don't Love Me (But I'll Always Care)" (L. Wayne)
3. "You Don't Care What Happens to Me" (F. Rose)
4. "Time Changes Everything" (Tommy Duncan)
5. "The Kind of Love I Can't Forget" (J. Ashlock)
6. "Hang Your Head in Shame" (E. Nelson, Fred Rose, S. Nelson)

## InfoBox

| Ray Price Sings San Antonio Rose | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ray Price | |
| Released | 1962 |
| Studio | Bradley Studios (Nashville, Tennessee) |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Columbia |
| Producer | Don Law, Frank Jones |
| Ray Price chronology | |
| *Faith*
(1960) ***Ray Price Sings San Antonio Rose***
(1962) *Night Life*
(1963) | |


title: Double Spring, Nevada

abstract: Double Spring is a census-designated place (CDP) in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. The population was 158 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Double Spring, Nevada

**Double Spring** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. The population was 158 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Double Spring is located 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Minden on the west side of U.S. Route 395. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.7 km2), all of it land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010 | 158 |  |  |
| 2020 | 180 |  | 13.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## InfoBox

| Double Spring, Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
|  | |
| Double SpringLocation of Double Spring, Nevada | |
| Coordinates: 38°46′33″N 119°35′18″W / 38.77583°N 119.58833°W / 38.77583; -119.58833 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.77 sq mi (22.70 km2) |
| Land | 8.77 sq mi (22.70 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 6,624 ft (2,019 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 180 |
| Density | 20.53/sq mi (7.93/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 89410 |
| Area code | 775 |
| FIPS code | 32-19150 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2583917 |


title: Rocky Mountain Trench

abstract: The Rocky Mountain Trench, also known as the Valley of a Thousand Peaks or simply the Trench, is a large valley on the western side of the northern part of North America's Rocky Mountains. The Trench is both visually and cartographically a striking physiographic feature extending approximately 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from Flathead Lake, Montana, to the Liard River, just south of the British Columbia–Yukon border near Watson Lake, Yukon. The trench bottom is 3–16 km (1.9–9.9 mi) wide and is 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) above sea level. The general orientation of the Trench is an almost straight 150/330° geographic north vector and has become convenient as a visual guide for aviators heading north or south. Although some of its topography has been carved into U-shaped glacial valleys, it is primarily a byproduct of geologic faulting. The Trench separates the Rocky Mountains on its east from the Columbia Mountains and the Cassiar Mountains on its west. It also skirts part of the McGregor Plateau area of the Nechako Plateau sub-area of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. It is up to 25 km (16 mi) wide, if measured peak-to-peak, and varies in valley relief, but is clearly visible by air and satellite/remote sensing and is easily discernible to those ascending any of the mountains or ridges lining it. The Trench is drained by four major river basins: the Columbia, Fraser, Peace and Liard. Two reservoirs of the Columbia River Treaty fill much of its length today - Lake Koocanusa and Lake Kinbasket. A further British Columbia power initiative created Lake Williston. Rivers that follow the Trench, at least in part, are the Kootenay River, the Columbia River, the Canoe River, the Flathead River, the Fraser River, the Parsnip River, the Finlay River, the Fox River, and the Kechika River. The North Fork of the Flathead River, flowing into Flathead Lake with the other branches of the Flathead River, is part of the Columbia River system. The Kechika is part of the Liard River system, and the Fox, Parsnip and Finlay Rivers are part of the Peace River system. The Canoe River is a short tributary of the Columbia system, draining into Kinbasket Lake, a reservoir on the Columbia River. The Kootenai River, however, does not fully follow the Trench but exits Canada southwest via Lake Koocanusa reservoir to the Libby Dam. The Kootenay River is a tributary of the Columbia, joining the Columbia at Castlegar, BC after a meander through the United States as the Kootenai River. For convenience the Rocky Mountain Trench may be divided into two sections, the Northern Trench and the Southern Trench, separated by the northeastern portion of the Interior Plateau west of the Hart Ranges. The Copley Range of the Arctic Pacific Lakes Provincial Park forms the drainage divide between the northerly Parsnip-Finlay-Peace system into the Arctic Ocean and the southwesterly McGregor-Fraser system into the Pacific Ocean. The northern end of the Columbia Mountains at ~54°N near Prince George, British Columbia, where the Fraser River leaves the Trench to enter the Interior Plateau, may be used for this purpose. The northern portion of the Trench is dominated by strike-slip faulting, while the southern part of the Trench was created by normal faults. Despite differences in timing and faulting styles of the northern and southern portions, they were aligned with each other because faulting for both was controlled by a pre-existing, west-facing, deep basement ramp with over 10 km (33,000 ft) of vertical offset.

text:
# Rocky Mountain Trench

The **Rocky Mountain Trench**, also known as the **Valley of a Thousand Peaks** or simply the **Trench**, is a large valley on the western side of the northern part of North America's Rocky Mountains. The Trench is both visually and cartographically a striking physiographic feature extending approximately 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from Flathead Lake, Montana, to the Liard River, just south of the British ColumbiaYukon border near Watson Lake, Yukon. The trench bottom is 3–16 km (1.9–9.9 mi) wide and is 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) above sea level. The general orientation of the Trench is an almost straight 150/330° geographic north vector and has become convenient as a visual guide for aviators heading north or south.

Although some of its topography has been carved into U-shaped glacial valleys, it is primarily a byproduct of geologic faulting. The Trench separates the Rocky Mountains on its east from the Columbia Mountains and the Cassiar Mountains on its west. It also skirts part of the McGregor Plateau area of the Nechako Plateau sub-area of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. It is up to 25 km (16 mi) wide, if measured peak-to-peak, and varies in valley relief, but is clearly visible by air and satellite/remote sensing and is easily discernible to those ascending any of the mountains or ridges lining it.

The Trench is drained by four major river basins: the Columbia, Fraser, Peace and Liard. Two reservoirs of the Columbia River Treaty fill much of its length today - Lake Koocanusa and Lake Kinbasket. A further British Columbia power initiative created Lake Williston. Rivers that follow the Trench, at least in part, are the Kootenay River, the Columbia River, the Canoe River, the Flathead River, the Fraser River, the Parsnip River, the Finlay River, the Fox River, and the Kechika River. The North Fork of the Flathead River, flowing into Flathead Lake with the other branches of the Flathead River, is part of the Columbia River system. The Kechika is part of the Liard River system, and the Fox, Parsnip and Finlay Rivers are part of the Peace River system. The Canoe River is a short tributary of the Columbia system, draining into Kinbasket Lake, a reservoir on the Columbia River. The Kootenai River, however, does not fully follow the Trench but exits Canada southwest via Lake Koocanusa reservoir to the Libby Dam. The Kootenay River (Canadian spelling) is a tributary of the Columbia, joining the Columbia at Castlegar, BC after a meander through the United States as the Kootenai River (US spelling).

For convenience the Rocky Mountain Trench may be divided into two sections, the **Northern Trench** (between the Muskwa Ranges and Interior Mountains) and the **Southern Trench** (between the Continental Ranges and Columbia Mountains), separated by the northeastern portion of the Interior Plateau west of the Hart Ranges. The Copley Range of the Arctic Pacific Lakes Provincial Park forms the drainage divide between the northerly Parsnip-Finlay-Peace system into the Arctic Ocean (via the Mackenzie River) and the southwesterly McGregor-Fraser system into the Pacific Ocean. The northern end of the Columbia Mountains at ~54°N near Prince George, British Columbia, where the Fraser River leaves the Trench to enter the Interior Plateau, may be used for this purpose. The northern portion of the Trench is dominated by strike-slip faulting, while the southern part of the Trench was created by normal faults. Despite differences in timing and faulting styles of the northern and southern portions, they were aligned with each other because faulting for both was controlled by a pre-existing, west-facing, deep basement ramp with over 10 km (33,000 ft) of vertical offset.

## Northern Rocky Mountain Trench

The Northern Rocky Mountain Trench is closely aligned with the Tintina Trench near the British Columbia-Yukon border at 60 degrees north latitude, and the two trenches could arguably be classified as one and the same - or 'extensions' of each other. The Tintina Trench extends further north-westward through the Yukon into Alaska. The visible expression of the two trenches is lost where they plunge under the boreal forests of the Liard Plain proximate to the small communities of Watson Lake, Yukon and Lower Post, BC. The highest point in the northern Trench is Sifton Pass at an elevation of about 1,010 m (3,310 ft) near the bend of Scarcity Creek.

### Geology

Right-lateral strike-slip movement of the Tintina Fault on the Tintina-Northern Rocky Mountain Trench may have begun during the middle Jurassic. The fastest rates of slip probably occurred during two pulses in the middle Cretaceous and early Cenozoic, respectively, with the latter probably occurring during the Eocene. Between 750 km (470 mi)to over 900 km (560 mi) of total right-lateral movement has occurred, of which 450 km (280 mi) of offset has occurred since the mid-Cretaceous. The result is that terrains to the west of the fault system have moved toward the north. In the context of plate tectonics, strike-slip movement of the Tintina Fault on the Tintina-Northern Rocky Mountain Trench is also related to strike-slip movement along the San Andreas Fault, the extension of the Basin and Range Province, and other extensional or strike-slip fault systems in western North America. The Tintina Fault is one of the two major fault zones paralleling the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, the other being the Denali Fault in the Yukon, the U.S. state of Alaska and along the British Columbia Coast.

### History and accessibility

First Nations have traditionally always travelled the northern Trench. There are several post-European contact travels up the northern Trench - often of large proportion. The Trench here remains mostly wild, and the northern 300 km (190 mi) is essentially without roads, excepting a few cat trails for fire, outfitters, or logging. It is due to several turns of fate, and strategic administrative decisions since 1824, that the most natural land transportation corridor in northern British Columbia has been left in a wild state. On many government maps produced since 1897, indications of a passable trail have been published. However, with changes in the terrain caused by beaver dams or forest fires, and despite maintenance by guide-outfitters, the trail from Fox Lake north is often hard to find, or obliterated to all but indigenous and experienced Kaska natives. It may be more commonly used as an aviation route today.

The northern trench from the Highway 97 bridge on the Parsnip River has routes on both sides of Williston Lake to Fort Ware. The route up the east side cannot be followed due to the Peace Reach of the reservoir. The road traveler will use the gravel road up the west side of the Reservoir to Ware. Beyond that point the northbound traveller will only find a narrow cat guard (a cat guard is a primitive road constructed as a fire guard by heavy equipment-usually a bulldozer-to prevent the spread of a forest fire by creating a fuel free perimeter) for a few kilometres.

The Kaska Dena culture of Fort Ware and Lower Post refer to their ancestral use of the 300 km (190 mi) natural route as **The Trail of The Ancient Ones**. They also call it the **Davie Trail** honoring David Braconnier, the founding chief of the community at Ware (Fort Ware - originally called Kwadacha which the HBC named Whitewater Post)

1797 - John Finlay records the forks of the Finlay and Parsnip Rivers and ventures part way up each river. The Finlay River later comes to bear his name.

1823 to 1825 - Samuel Black was sent by the HBC north through Finlay Forks to The Fox River (Kwadacha) and returned later that season. He narrowly missed being the first white person to go all the way up the Northern Trench to the Liard River but chose not to listen to his guide - heading north westward seeking the source of the Finlay River instead. He travels far enough NW to discover the headwaters of another Trench tributary - The Turnagain River. Natives there find a marker left by Black and report it to historic Fort Halkett on the Liard River.

1831 - John Macleod of the HBC records the mouth of the Kechika River emptying out of the northern end of the Trench into the Liard near the BC-Yukon border.

1872 - Capt. William F. Butler ascends part of the Finlay River and records both the Fox River and Fox Lake to the north (Ft. Ware / Kwadacha was not yet established.)

1897 to 1898 – The Canadian government sends a police patrol under Inspector Moodie to map a possible supply route from the Peace River to the Yukon - specifically Dawson City. The patrol, assumed to have perished, eventually arrived at Fort Selkirk. They proved the viability of the route and produced a surviving map of it. (Yukon Archives)

1898 – McGregor's book *The Klondike Rush Though Edmonton* summarizes various sources (papers) saying up to 45 parties were reported along the route from Fox River to Sylvestre's Landing. There was also a reported drive of cattle on this route (echoed in Moodie's reports and in Kaska oral history.)

1906 – A North West Mounted Police patrol under field supervision of Inspector Constantine began the construction of the Police Trail westward from Hudson Hope and then northward up the Northern Trench from HBC's post at Fort Graham.

1907 - British Columbia Premier R. McBride intervened and asked Canada to direct the police resources to connect with the more westerly **Telegraph Trail** route. Under protest, the NWMP field team did so. That trail was soon abandoned due to its non-viable character. The political route departure from Fort Graham westward added 400 rugged snowy kilometres to the total distance without going any favorable ground or measurable distance closer to the north. The Davie Trail is noted to be excellent for wintering horse due to low snow accumulations.

1912 - British Columbia Magazine - prospector Bower reports Sifton Pass as the most eventual and most practicable for a railway form the Fraser River to the Yukon.

1914 - Premier McBride advocates a railway on Insp. Moodie's route according to B. Kenelly in a pamphlet 'The British Columbia Peace. Fort St John' 1936.

1926 - Whitewater Post is established by HBC. Whitewater is the translation of Kwadacha, a nearby river.

1930 to 1931 - British Columbia Department of Public Works investigates a road route over Sifton Pass.

1934 - Charles Bedaux, a noted international workplace management consultant (time and motion studies) leads and finances the Bedaux Expedition \- formally known as the Bedaux Canadian Subarctic Expedition. While his advance scouts arrive at McDame Post near Good Hope Lake, the leader and entourage abandon their mission at Driftpile Creek due to fatigue, lack of horse feed, and impending winter. The controversial adventure is the subject of a 1995 Bedaux film biography titled Champagne Safari.

1942 - February a final decision was reached regarding the A, B, and C routes for a northern Highway. It will connect the North West Staging Route airfields and bypass the Northern Trench for the joint Canada-Alaska Highway Alcan Highway, alternately Alaska Highway. The three routes had been the subject of considerable economic competition between governments and communities since the Klondike Gold Rush. The A route was a Stikine option similar to Highway 37 of today. The B route favors the Trench option. The C route following the airfields east of the Rocky Mountains and then crossing to the west near the Liard River is the chosen route.

1942 - March 28 the American government initiates a highly secret survey. It was undertaken for the purpose of assessing a military railway link up the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench. It was completed on Sept 28. Nov 15 US General Somervell declines to proceed with a military railway. Canada's Major Charles presents drawings for the Northern Trench portion of a railway from Ware to Lower Post of 351.6 km (218.5 mi), $112,000,000 cost, with 17,000 personnel over 400 days. Of the 1217 total miles of proposed railway to Alaska, 530 are on Canadian soil and lie within the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench or the Tintina Trench.

1949 - US Congress Public Law 391 authorises a location survey for a railway from Prince George to Fairbanks. Prince George Board of Trade advocates the Trench route - the B route.

1950 - October, Canadian Transport Minister Lionel Chevrier advocates the 1942 route in a secret document to Federal Cabinet. A budget of $750,000,000 is presented.

1953 - Whitewater Post or Kwadacha of the HBC closes. Today the Kaska Dena Community of Fort Ware (Ware) remains as a full-time settlement.

1957 - Swedish industrial savant Axel Wenner-Gren advocates resource mega-developments for the Peace River area. Among his proposals he envisions a monorail up the Northern Trench. Some area proposals came to partial fruition but the monorail did not.

1960 to 1967 - The Government of BC declines the Northern Trench as their strategic railway choice, favoring instead a route to the west similar to the telegraph route. Part of the reason is that the Lower Finlay and Parsnip River portions of the Northern Trench would be flooded by the damming of the Peace River. Reservoir land acquisition commences. Their selected westerly rail route - the Dease Lake Extension along the A Route - has been, in part, abandoned, and in lesser part been reopened to Takla Siding for logging use.

1964 - US Congress tables the NAWAPA proposal by Parsons Engineering Group - would see flooding of the portions of the Trench as part of a continental-scale water diversion.

1971 - Sir Ranulph Fiennes descends the Trench from Kechika mouth - mostly on foot, partly solo as part of his circum-polar expedition . For this and other feats he is later recorded by Guinness Book of Records as the World's 'Greatest Living Explorer.'

1981 - 'Skook' Davidson; long time outfitter proposes a 'federal' national park in the Northern Trench.

1998 - After several years of round table discussions The British Columbia Government takes first legislative steps to establish a 'provincial' Muskwa-Kechika Management Area  It covers an area considerably larger than the floor of the Trench and its immediate tributaries.

1999 - Karsten Heuer completes the final section of the Y2Y hike (Yellowstone to Yukon) at Lower Post

2000 - Extension of the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area into the Northern Trench. Much of the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench's furthest reach is within this British Columbia Protected Area. Significant exposure is given to the M-KMA in the November 2008 National Geographic Magazine as a follow-up to their partial funding of a recent expedition to Gataga Pass.

In 2009 context the Northern Trench could have, and might yet, become the preferred route for the 120-year-old concept of a Canada Alaska Railway  concept. Discussions among feasibility experts still do not seem to favor the B Route despite it being lower, more direct, fewer major river crossings and considerably less snow.

## Southern Rocky Mountain Trench

### Geology

The Southern Rocky Mountain Trench was created mainly by Cenozoic-aged extension (normal faulting). What little strike-slip movement that is found in the southern trench is not considered significant. The extensional faulting was nonetheless substantial, having extended as deep as 13.5 km (8.4 mi). The southern trench also differs from the northern trench in that it is more sinuous and is asymmetrical in cross-section (perpendicular to its length). The western side of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench is more subdued and irregular than the east side. During late Paleozoic to Mesozoic time, rapid sediment deposition and subsidence to the west transitioned in the area of the modern Rocky Mountain Trench into a stable continental shelf in the east. The Nevadan Orogeny destroyed the western wedge of sedimentary rocks during Jurassic to middle Cretaceous time, thrusting them up into metamorphic fold belts. Currently, strata on either side of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench consist mainly of Precambrian and Paleozoic metasedimentary and sedimentary rocks. Within the trench are unconsolidated Cenozoic sandstones and conglomerates.

The aforementioned basement ramp along which orogeny-related thrust faulting and subsequent strike-slip and normal faulting occurred is probably associated with the ancient continental shelf of Paleozoic and Mesozoic time.

### Geography

The southern Rocky Mountain Trench comprises approximately one half of the Trench in British Columbia and includes three regions, the Robson Valley, Columbia Valley and East Kootenay (from north to south). It hosts dozens of communities and two major reservoirs - Kinbasket Lake, and Lake Koocanusa (an acronym of Kootenay/Canada/USA.) There are intersections with two other trench features. At the approximate midpoint of Kinbasket Lake, the now submerged Columbia River exits the Trench in an almost southerly direction toward Revelstoke and flows beyond to its point of exit from Canada south of Trail BC. West of Donald BC, the Beaver river flows in from the south - but it represents the intersection of the lesser but impressive feature called the Purcell Trench. The Purcell Trench as it proceeds southward becomes the valley of the Duncan River and Duncan and Kootenay Lakes.

There are four geographic segments of the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench:

1. The segment of the Trench encompassing the uppermost court of the Fraser River from east of Prince George and continuing southeastward to the town of Valemount is known as the Robson Valley, named after Mount Robson which overlooks its southern end. Valemount is the Westerly portal to the Yellowhead Pass.
2. From Valemount and Canoe Southeastward to the eastern egress of Rogers Pass at Donald, BC just north of the town of Golden the Trench cradles the waters of Kinbasket Lake the reservoir created by Mica Dam; this region before the reservoir was part of the route of the interprovincial highway, once known as the Big Bend Highway, prior to the 1960s opening of the Roger's Pass section of the Trans-Canada.
3. The Trench from Golden extending SE to the headwaters of the Columbia River at Columbia Lake is known as the Columbia Valley. Golden is the westerly portal to the Kicking Horse Pass on Highway #1 eastbound to Alberta.
4. The southernmost Canadian part of the Trench is the core of a region known as the East Kootenay, comprising the upper of the two Canadian portions of the valley of the Kootenay River. Here, near Cranbrook, British Columbia, the Trench is much wider than to the northwest, forming more of a broad basin than the U-shaped valley which typifies most of the Trench elsewhere from Columbia Lake northwards to the Liard. This segment bifurcates near Wasa 100 km north of the US border. The off-shooting western fork contains the City of Cranbrook affords access to the nearby City of Kimberley. Elko is the westerly portal to the Crowsnest Pass on Highway 3 eastbound to Alberta.

The southward transborder extension of the Trench into Montana is the primary containment for Lake Koocanusa, a Kootenay River reservoir created by the Libby Dam near Libby, Montana.

### Culture and economy

The large valley and tributaries have always offered an economy based on ranching and logging. This has been supplemented by fortuitous locations of several mines \- often in side valleys and producing lead, zinc, coal and gypsum. The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) also constructed a spur line which extends northward up the southern Trench between Cranbrook and Golden. This serves to interconnect the southerly rail route of the Crowsnest Pass to the CPR mainline through Rogers Pass. Today it carries Crowsnest coal to Tsawwassen for export. A southerly rail-link through Yahk enables freight shipments into Idaho and the Western US.

Tourism has become an active force in the economy. The Southern Trench is also known for a number of ski resorts in the trench or in the nearby tributary valleys. These destinations include Fairmont, Panorama, Kimberley, Purden, Kicking Horse and the original Bugaboo heli-ski lodge. Numerous other ski touring and back country lodges are also found here. The summer sports of golf, boating, fishing, and hiking round out the appeal to a growing weekend and permanent recreational population.

Hunting, fishing, off-roading, and camping will continue to be attractive pastimes. These include guided activities and individual pursuit of the area.

The generous mix of low elevation, good climate, fine scenery, diverse recreation and resort accommodation has fostered a vacation-based real estate industry for communities and rural areas surrounding Cranbrook, Windermere, Invermere, Radium, and Golden. There are many other local unincorporated communities and post offices.

## Settlements and localities

The Trench has hosted only a few communities. From north to south they are:

* Akrigg, HP & GPV, 1997, British Columbia Place Names, 3rd Edition, UBC Press
* Black, Samuel, 1780–1841.*A Voyage of Discovery from Rocky Mountain Portage on Peace River to the Source of Finlays Branch and North-Westward, 13 May to 23 June 1824*: British Columbia Archives MS-0619
* Bally, A.W., Gordy, P., and Stewart, G. 1966. Structure, seismic data, and orogenic evolution of the southern Canadian Rockies. *Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 14*: 337–381.
* Bowes, G.E. 1963. Peace River Chronicles, *Prescott Publishing*
* Cushman, Dan 1966. The Great North Trail *McGraw-Hill*: 383 pp.
* Gabrielse, H. 1985. Major dextral transcurrent displacements along the Northern Rocky Mountain Trench and related lineaments in north-central British Columbia. *Geological Society of America Bulletin 96*: 1–14.
* Gadd, Ben, Handbook of the Canadian Rockies, 2nd Edition, *Corax Press* 830 pp.
* Gunderson, Eric L. personal archives, 1980–2009
* Henderson, G.C. 1959. A summary of the regional structure and stratigraphy of the Rocky Mountain Trench in Holland, S.S., chairman, Symposium on the Rocky Mountain Trench. *Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin 565* (62): 322–327.
* Leech, G.B. 1959. The southern part of the Rocky Mountain Trench, in Holland, S.S., chairman, Symposium on the Rocky Mountain Trench. *Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin 565* (62): 327–333.
* van der Velden, A.J. and Cook, F.A. 1996. Structure and tectonic development of the southern Rocky Mountain Trench. *Tectonics 15* (3): 517–544.
* White, Bob 1983, Bannock and Beans - Memoirs of the Bedaux Expedition and Northern BC Packtrails, *Piapot History Book Group* and *Gateway Publishing Co. Ltd.*

## InfoBox

| Rocky Mountain Trench | |
| --- | --- |
| Kinbasket Lake lies in the Rocky Mountain Trench | |
| Floor elevation | 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) |
| Length | 1,600 km (1,000 mi) |
| Width | 3–16 km (2–10 mi) |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 54°30′N 122°30′W / 54.5°N 122.5°W / 54.5; -122.5 |


title: Phyllis Coley

abstract: Phyllis Dewing Coley is a Biology professor currently teaching at the University of Utah. In 1996 she received the University's Distinguished Research Award. She has been a research associate at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute since 1995. In 2023, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1974, she completed her B.A. at Hampshire College. Her M.A. and doctorate were completed at the University of Chicago by studying resource availability theory, including the effects of leaf age and plant life history patterns on herbivory, and patterns of plant defenses. Throughout her academic career, Coley has received multiple honors and awards. She received the National Science Foundation (NSF) Career Advancement Award in 1994 and in 2002 was named an ISI highly cited researcher in Ecology/Environment. Since 2006, Coley has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS).

text:
# Phyllis Coley

**Phyllis Dewing Coley** is a Biology professor currently teaching at the University of Utah. In 1996 she received the University's Distinguished Research Award. She has been a research associate at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute since 1995. In 2023, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

In 1974, she completed her B.A. at Hampshire College. Her M.A. and doctorate were completed at the University of Chicago by studying resource availability theory, including the effects of leaf age and plant life history patterns on herbivory, and patterns of plant defenses.

Throughout her academic career, Coley has received multiple honors and awards. She received the National Science Foundation (NSF) Career Advancement Award in 1994 and in 2002 was named an ISI highly cited researcher in Ecology/Environment. Since 2006, Coley has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS).

## Research interests

Coley's research interests include bioprospecting and plant defenses and herbivory in tropical forests. Additional emphasis of research includes the study of conservation of tropical rainforests and how tropical herbivores are regulated by the third trophic level

Current attentions in her research are focused on chemical defenses and linking these to other plant traits, within a phylogenetic context. This research is primarily based on the tropical plants part of the family Fabaceae as a model to understand how herbivores may be driving rapid evolution of defenses and how this might contribute to community assembly and speciation in the genus

Her research has implications in understanding multi-species comparisons and interactions in tropical communities.

## Selected publications

Coley, P.D. 1980. Effects of leaf age and plant life history patterns on herbivory. Nature 284:545-546.

Coley, P.D. 1982. Rates of herbivory on different tropical trees. Pages 123–132. In: The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes, E.G. Leigh, A.S. Rand and D.M. Windsor (eds), Smithsonian Press.

Coley, P.D. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monographs 53:209-233.

Coley, P.D. 1983. Intra-specific variation in herbivory on two tropical tree species. Ecology 64:426-433.

Putz, F.E., P.D. Coley, K. Lu, A. Montalvo and A. Aillelo. 1983. Uprooting and snapping of trees: Structural determinants and ecological consequences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13:1011-1020.

Angehr, G., P.D. Coley, and A. Worthington. 1984. Guía de los Árboles Comunes del Parque Nacional Soberanía, Panamá. Smithsonian Institution Press.

Coley, P.D., J.P. Bryant, F.S. Chapin, III. 1985. Resource availability and plant anti-herbivore defense. Science 230:895-899.

Coley, P.D. 1986. Costs and benefits of defense by tannins in a neo-tropical tree. Oecologia 70:238-241.

Salo, J., R. Kalliola, I. Hakkinen, Y. Makinen, P. Niemela, M. Puhakka, and P.D. Coley. 1986. River dynamics and diversity of Amazon lowland forest. Nature 322:254-258.

Coley, P.D. 1987. Patrones en las defensas de las plantas: ¿Porque los herbivoros prefrieren ciertas especies?. Revista de Biología Tropical 35 (suppl):251-263.

Bazzaz, F.A., N. Chiariello, P.D. Coley and L.F. Pitelka. 1987. Allocating resources to reproduction and defense. Bioscience 37:58-67.

Coley, P.D. 1987. Species differences in leaf defenses of tropical trees. Pages 30–35. In: Fourth Annual Wildland Shrup Symposium on Plant-Herbivore Interactions. F.D. Provenza and J. Flinders (eds).

Dirzo, R. F.S. Chapin, P.D. Coley, D.H. Janzen, R. Marquis, L. McHargue, J Nunez-Farfan and K Oyama. 1987. Problemas importantes en el estudio de interacciones planta-herbivoro en los bosques tropicales. Revista de Biología Tropical 35 (suppl):207-211.

Coley, P.D. 1987. Interspecific variation in plant anti-herbivore properties: The role of habitat quality and rate of disturbance. New Phytologist 106 (suppl):251-263.

Coley, P.D. 1988. Effects of plant growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense. Oecologia 74:531-536.

Coley, P.D. and T.M. Aide. 1989. Red coloration of tropical young leaves: A possible antifungal defense. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5:293-300.

Jing, S.W. and P.D. Coley. 1990. Dioecy and herbivory: the effect of growth rate on plant defense in Acer negundo. Oikos 58:369-377.

Coley, P.D. and T.M. Aide. 1991. Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests. Pages 25–49. In: Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions, edited by PW Price, TM Lewinsohn, GW Fernandes and WW Benson, Wiley & Sons, NY.

Kursar, T. A. and P. D. Coley. 1991. Nitrogen content and expansion rate of young leaves of rainforest species: Implications for herbivory. Biotropica 23:141-150.

Kursar, T. A. and P. D. Coley. 1992. Delayed development of the photosynthetic apparatus in tropical rainforest species. Functional Ecology 6:411-422.

## InfoBox

| Phyllis Coley | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Hampshire College, University of Chicago |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Biology |
| Institutions | University of Utah, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute |
| Doctoral advisor | Robin B. Foster |
|  | |
| Website | coley.biology.utah.edu/coley.html |


title: Tmesisternus divisus

abstract: Tmesisternus divisus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Tmesisternus divisus

***Tmesisternus divisus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927. It is known from Papua New Guinea.

## InfoBox

| *Tmesisternus divisus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Tmesisternus* |
| Species: | ***T. divisus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tmesisternus divisus***<br>Aurivillius, 1927 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tmesisternus indistinctus* Breuning, 1939 | |


title: Diamond Trust Bank (Uganda)

abstract: Diamond Trust Bank Uganda Limited (DTBUL), is a commercial bank headquartered in Uganda. It is licensed and supervised by the Bank of Uganda, the central bank and national banking regulator.

text:
# Diamond Trust Bank (Uganda)

**Diamond Trust Bank Uganda Limited** (**DTBUL**), is a commercial bank headquartered in Uganda. It is licensed and supervised by the Bank of Uganda, the central bank and national banking regulator.

## Overview

As at December 2022, the bank's total assets were valued at about UGX:2.42 trillion (approximately US$623.467 million), with UGX:250 billion (approx. US$65 million) in shareholders' equity. As of 31 December 2022, DTBUL was the seventh largest commercial bank in Uganda by deposits. It was also the 8th largest commercial bank in the country, by assets. At that time it serviced an estimated 160,000 bank clients.

## History

The bank dates to 1945, when it was operating as the Diamond Jubilee Investment Trust (DJIT), with its head office in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and branches in Mombasa, Kenya and Kampala, Uganda. Branches were later opened at Nairobi and Kisumu in Kenya. The company was initially established as a community-based finance house, dedicated towards the extension of credit to the East African Ismaili Community and the mobilization of their savings. In 1965, DJIT was split into three entities, one each in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

In 1968, the rapid economic development of post-independence Uganda saw the founding of Diamond Trust Properties Uganda Limited. In 1972, Diamond Trust (Uganda) Limited (DTU) commenced operations as a non-bank financial institution. Between 1972 and the early 1990s, DTU was largely moribund because of political instability.

In 1995, the institution was recapitalized with the participation of the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development and Diamond Trust Bank (Kenya) Limited. In 1997, the bank became a full-service commercial bank and was renamed Diamond Trust Bank (Uganda) Limited.

## Diamond Trust Bank Group

DTBU is a member of the Diamond Trust Bank Group, a large financial services provider with operations in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda.

## Ownership

Diamond Trust Bank (Kenya) Limited owns at least 56.97 percent of the shares in Diamond Trust Bank (Uganda) Limited.

00°18′47″N 32°35′01″E / 0.31306°N 32.58361°E / 0.31306; 32.58361

## InfoBox

Diamond Trust Bank (Uganda) Limited
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1945 (1945) |
| Headquarters | DTB Centre, Plot 17/19, Kampala Road, Kampala, Uganda |
| Key people | * Azim Kassam (Chairman) * Godfrey Sebaana (CEO) Effective 2 April 2024 |
| Products | Loans, savings, checking, investments, debit cards, credit cards, mortgages |
| Revenue | :Aftertax: UGX:35.8 billion (US$9.223 million) (2022) |
| Total assets | UGX:2.42 trillion (US$623.467 million) (2022) |
| Number of employees | 680 (2024) |
| Website | dtbu.dtbafrica.com |


title: Robert Bell (racing driver)

abstract: Robert "Rob" Bell is a British professional racing driver. He has competed in such series as the FIA GT Championship, the British GT Championship and Formula Renault V6 Eurocup, and is best known as the winner of the 2016 Blancpain Endurance Series with Shane van Gisbergen and Côme Ledogar. He has also won the Winter Series of Formula Renault UK in both 2001 and 2002. Bell was the Le Mans Series GT2 class champion for Virgo Motorsport in the 2007 and 2008 seasons, and vice-champion for JMW in 2009 and 2011. In 2009 he also finished 7th at the FIA GT Championship GT2 class for CRS Racing, collecting a 2nd place at the 24 Hours of Spa. Since 2012, Bell has competed at the Blancpain Endurance Series Pro Cup class with a McLaren MP4-12C for Gulf Racing UK. Bell also finished 2nd in the GT class at the 2011 24 Hours of Daytona as a Paul Miller Racing driver. He returned to the team for the 2012 12 Hours of Sebring, resulting 5th in the GT class. Bell competed in the 2019 British GT alongside Shaun Balfe in a McLaren 720S GT3. He finished third in the GT3 standings after winning at the final round at Donington Park. His brother Matt also races internationally in GT3 and LM prototypes.

text:
# Robert Bell (racing driver)

**Robert "Rob" Bell** (born 30 April 1979 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is a British professional racing driver. He has competed in such series as the FIA GT Championship, the British GT Championship and Formula Renault V6 Eurocup, and is best known as the winner of the 2016 Blancpain Endurance Series with Shane van Gisbergen and Côme Ledogar. He has also won the Winter Series of Formula Renault UK in both 2001 and 2002.

Bell was the Le Mans Series GT2 class champion for Virgo Motorsport in the 2007 and 2008 seasons, and vice-champion for JMW in 2009 and 2011. In 2009 he also finished 7th at the FIA GT Championship GT2 class for CRS Racing, collecting a 2nd place at the 24 Hours of Spa. Since 2012, Bell has competed at the Blancpain Endurance Series Pro Cup class with a McLaren MP4-12C for Gulf Racing UK.

Bell also finished 2nd in the GT class at the 2011 24 Hours of Daytona as a Paul Miller Racing driver. He returned to the team for the 2012 12 Hours of Sebring, resulting 5th in the GT class.

Bell competed in the 2019 British GT alongside Shaun Balfe in a McLaren 720S GT3. He finished third in the GT3 standings after winning at the final round at Donington Park.

His brother Matt also races internationally in GT3 and LM prototypes.

## Racing record

### 24 Hours of Le Mans results

| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class
Pos. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Team LNT | Lawrence Tomlinson
Richard Dean | Panoz Esperante GT-LM | GT2 | 308 | 22nd | 5th |
| 2008 | Virgo Motorsport | Tim Mullen
Tim Sugden | Ferrari F430 GT2 | GT2 | 289 | DNF | DNF |
| 2009 | JMW Motorsport | Andrew Kirkaldy
Tim Sugden | Ferrari F430 GT2 | GT2 | 320 | 23rd | 4th |
| 2010 | JMW Motorsport | Tim Sugden
Bryce Miller | Aston Martin V8 Vantage GT2 | GT2 | 71 | DNF | DNF |
| 2011 | JMW Motorsport | Tim Sugden
Xavier Maassen | Ferrari 458 Italia GTC | GTE
Pro | 290 | 24th | 9th |
| 2013 | Aston Martin Racing | Frédéric Makowiecki
Bruno Senna | Aston Martin V8 Vantage GT2 | GTE
Pro | 248 | DNF | DNF |
| 2015 | Aston Martin Racing | Darren Turner
Stefan Mücke | Aston Martin Vantage GTE | GTE
Pro | 110 | DNF | DNF |
| 2016 | Clearwater Racing | Keita Sawa
Weng Sun Mok | Ferrari 458 Italia GT2 | GTE
Am | 329 | 30th | 4th |
| 2017 | TF Sport | Salih Yoluc
Euan Hankey | Aston Martin Vantage GTE | GTE
Am | 329 | 35th | 7th |

### Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

| Year | Entrant | Class | Car | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Rank | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Aston Martin Racing | LMGTE Pro | Aston Martin Vantage GTE | Aston Martin 4.5 L V8 | SIL | **SPA**
2 | **LMS**
Ret | SÃO
Ret | COA | FUJ | SHA | BHR | 24th | 19 |
| 2015 | Aston Martin Racing | LMGTE Pro | Aston Martin Vantage GTE | Aston Martin 4.5 L V8 | SIL | SPA
5 | LMS
Ret | NÜR | COA | FUJ | SHA | BHR | 24th | 10 |

### Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position)

| Year | Team | Class | Make | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Rank | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | SRT Motorsports | GTLM | SRT Viper GTS-R | Dodge 8.0L V10 | DAY
6 | SEB
2 | LBH
 | LGA
 | WGL
 | MOS
 | IMS
 | ELK
 | VIR
 | COT
 | PET
6 | 20th | 85 |

### Complete FIA GT Series results

| Year | Team | Car | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Pos. | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2013 | Hexis Racing | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | Pro | NOG
QR | NOG
CR | ZOL
QR | ZOL
CR | ZAN
QR | ZAN
CR | SVK
QR | SVK
CR | NAV
QR | NAV
CR | BAK
QR
3 | BAK
CR
3 | NC | 0‡ |

— Guest driver – Not eligible for points.

### Complete British GT Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Team | Car | Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Pos | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | Balfe Motorsport | McLaren 650S GT3 | GT3 | OUL
1
8 | OUL
2
12 | ROC
1
Ret | SNE
1
 | SNE
2
 | SIL
1
8 | SPA
1
Ret | BRH
1
 | DON
1
 | 17th | 10 |
| 2019 | Balfe Motorsport | McLaren 720S GT3 | GT3 | OUL
1
WD | OUL
2
WD | SNE
1
31 | SNE
2
3 | SIL
1
11 | DON
1
2 | SPA
1
4 | **BRH
1**
2 | **DON
1**
1 | 3rd | 126 |
| 2020 | **Balfe Motorsport** | McLaren 720S GT3 | GT3 | OUL
1
 | OUL
2
 | DON
1
 | DON
2
 | BRH
1
 | DON
1
 | SNE
1
 | SNE
2
 | SIL
1
Ret | NC† | 0† |
| 2022 | **Fox Motorsport** | McLaren 720S GT3 | GT3 | OUL
1
 | OUL
2
 | SIL
1
 | DON
1
9 | SNE
1
 | SNE
2
 | SPA
1
 | BRH
1
 | DON
1
 | 29th | 3 |
| 2023 | **Optimum Motorsport** | McLaren 720S GT3 | GT3 | OUL
1
7 | OUL
2
10 | SIL
1
3 | DON
1
8 | SNE
1
3 | SNE
2
11 | ALG
1
2 | BRH
1
7 | DON
1
 | 10th | 86.5 |

† Not eligible for points.
* Season still in progress.

### Complete Asian Le Mans Series results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Team | Class | Car | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Pos. | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2023 | Garage 59 | GT | McLaren 720S GT3 | McLaren M840T 4.0 L Turbo V8 | DUB
1
12 | DUB
2
5 | ABU
1
11 | ABU
2
10 |  | 13th | 11 |
| 2024 | **Optimum Motorsport** | GT | McLaren 720S GT3 | McLaren M840T 4.0 L Turbo V8 | SEP
1
17 | SEP
2
3 | DUB
6 | ABU
1
3 | ABU
2
14 | 5th | 38 |

## InfoBox

| Rob Bell | |
| --- | --- |
| Bell on the podium at Donington Park | |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1979-04-30) 30 April 1979
Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom |
| British GT Championship career | |
| Debut season | 2018 |
| Current team | Balfe Motorsport |
| Racing licence | FIA Platinum |
| Car number | 22 |
| Starts | 12 |
| Wins | 1 |
| Poles | 2 |
| Best finish | 3rd in 2019 |
| Previous series | |
| 2017 | International GT Open |
| Championship titles | |
| 2001
2002
2007
2008 | Formula Renault UK (Winter)
Formula Renault UK (Winter)
Le Mans Series (GT2 class)
Le Mans Series (GT2 class) |
| 24 Hours of Le Mans career  Years 20072011, 2013, 2015  Teams Team LNT
Virgo Motorsport
JMW Motorsport  Best finish 23rd (2007, 2009)  Class wins 0 | |


title: Rhamphomyia nox

abstract: Rhamphomyia nox is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Aclonempis.

text:
# Rhamphomyia nox

***Rhamphomyia nox*** is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus *Aclonempis*.

## InfoBox

| *Rhamphomyia nox* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Empididae |
| Genus: | *Rhamphomyia* |
| Subgenus: | *Aclonempis* |
| Species: | ***R. nox*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhamphomyia nox***<br>Oldenberg, 1917 | |
|


title: Sospeter Ojaamong

abstract: Sospeter Odeke Ojaamongson is a Kenyan politician. He belongs to the Orange Democratic Movement and was elected to represent the Amagoro Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya in the parliamentary election of 2007.

text:
# Sospeter Ojaamong

**Sospeter Odeke Ojaamongson**  is a Kenyan politician. He belongs to the Orange Democratic Movement and was elected to represent the Amagoro Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya in the parliamentary election of 2007.

## Early life

Ojaamong was born in 1963 in Otimong Location, Chakol Division, of Teso South District in Busia County. He attended Kwang'amor Primary School in Amukura Division between 1972 and 1978, and later proceeded to St Paul's Amukura High School for both Ordinary and Advanced Level Secondary Education. He attended his O-level education between 1979 and 1983, and proceeded for his A-level education in the same school from 1984 to 1985. After his A-Level, Hon. Ojaamong qualified and joined Kenyatta University where he graduated with Bachelor of Education (Science) degree, majoring in Biology and Chemistry. He also holds a Post graduate Diploma in Business Management from the Kenya Institute of Management.

## Political career

1. WTC Before 1992 Ojaamong Was a teacher in asecondary school in Teso Nortth where he was promoted to Deputy Principal a post served for a year before resigning to join politics. During the 1992 general elections Ojaamong vied through Orange Democratic Movement and was elected to represent the Amagoro Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya since the 2007 Kenyan parliamentary election. In the 4 March 2013 elections, He was elected as the first governor of Busia County. In the coalition government of 2008-2013, he served as an assistant minister for labour. He was reelected as governor in the 2017 general elections beating his closest competitor Hon.Paul Otuoma.

## Affairs and Scandals

In 2014, Ojaamong was sued for failing to pay his child support. He was accused of sending messages with profane words to the mother, Njagi Nyaboke, of his out of wedlock children. The woman released a string of messages that showed the issue has been ongoing since 2011. However, this was not the first time was Ojaamong was having domestic issues, he was charged at the Makadara Law Courts on 31 October 2003 for assault on his then wife with whom he has since divorced resulting in a child custody battle.

Always known as a thief,a person who is leading Busia County to poverty looting public resources and promoting nepotism;On 4 September 2015, Governor Sospeter Ojaamong's houses were raided by anti-corruption officials. The governor later claimed these were 'political instigated' as he had done nothing wrong. However, EACC maintained that they were within the law. Computers and Files related to an ongoing court case were confiscated from the governors home and offices.,

## InfoBox

| Sospeter Ojaamong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 1st Governor of Busia County | |
| **In office**
27 March 2013  25 August 2022 | |
| Assistant Minister of Labour and Human Resource Development | |
| **In office**
2008–2013 | |
| Minister | John Kiyonga Munyes |
| Member of the Kenyan Parliament | |
| **In office**
January 2003  January 2013 | |
| Constituency | Amagoro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Political party | ODM |
| Alma mater | Kenyatta University (BEd) |
|  | |


title: Rebecca Parr Cioffi

abstract: Rebecca Parr, later billed as Rebecca Parr Cioffi, is an American television writer, story editor and producer best known for her work on Cheers, Roseanne, Max Headroom, Simon & Simon, and Hearts Afire amongst other shows. Parr initially worked in a writing partnership with Martin Pasko, and broke into the television industry by selling several scripts to the 1985 revival of The Twilight Zone. She and Pasko then went on to story edit the animated series My Little Pony 'n Friends, followed by work on an episode of Max Headroom. During the 1988/89 TV season, Parr and Pasko were the story editors on the final season of Simon and Simon, and wrote the series finale "Simon Says 'Good-Bye'". This was followed by a stint as writers and story editors on the show Roseanne. Parr and Pasko dissolved their writing partnership circa 1990, Pasko working thereafter in animation and comics. Meanwhile, now billed as Rebecca Parr Cioffi, Parr continued her work in live action situation comedy, signing on as an executive story consultant for the final season of Cheers, for which she also wrote three episodes. She later served as a writer/co-producer on the sitcom Hearts Afire, and writer/supervising producer of Boston Common. Most recently, Parr published the kindle-edition novel And She Was under the pseudonym of Arpy Beck. As of 2013 she resided in Glendale, Arizona.

text:
# Rebecca Parr Cioffi

**Rebecca Parr**, later billed as **Rebecca Parr Cioffi**, is an American television writer, story editor and producer best known for her work on *Cheers*, *Roseanne*, *Max Headroom*, *Simon & Simon*, and *Hearts Afire* amongst other shows.

Parr initially worked in a writing partnership with Martin Pasko, and broke into the television industry by selling several scripts to the 1985 revival of *The Twilight Zone*. She and Pasko then went on to story edit the animated series *My Little Pony 'n Friends*, followed by work on an episode of *Max Headroom*. During the 1988/89 TV season, Parr and Pasko were the story editors on the final season of *Simon and Simon*, and wrote the series finale "Simon Says 'Good-Bye'". This was followed by a stint as writers and story editors on the show *Roseanne*.

Parr and Pasko dissolved their writing partnership circa 1990, Pasko working thereafter in animation and comics. Meanwhile, now billed as **Rebecca Parr Cioffi**, Parr continued her work in live action situation comedy, signing on as an executive story consultant for the final season of *Cheers*, for which she also wrote three episodes. She later served as a writer/co-producer on the sitcom *Hearts Afire*, and writer/supervising producer of *Boston Common*.

Most recently, Parr published the kindle-edition novel *And She Was* under the pseudonym of **Arpy Beck**. As of 2013 she resided in Glendale, Arizona.

## Novel

*...And She Was* (2012) (as "Arpy Beck")

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Parr | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | * Rebecca Parr Cioffi * Arpy Beck |
| Occupations | * Television writer * Novelist |
| Years active | 1985–present |


title: Recuérdame (La 5ª Estación song)

abstract: "Recuérdame" is La 5ª Estación's second single released from their fourth studio album, Sin Frenos. It features American singer Marc Anthony. The music video was directed by Simon Brand and received a Lo Nuestro nomination for Video of the Year.

text:
# Recuérdame (La 5ª Estación song)

"**Recuérdame**" ("Remember Me") is La 5ª Estación's second single released from their fourth studio album, *Sin Frenos*. It features American singer Marc Anthony. The music video was directed by Simon Brand and received a Lo Nuestro nomination for Video of the Year.

## Charts

| Chart (2009) | Peak |
| --- | --- |
| Mexico (*Billboard* Mexican Airplay)
 | 6 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 5 |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*)
 | 5 |
| US Latin Pop Songs (*Billboard*)
 | 3 |
| US Latin Rhythm Airplay (*Billboard*) | 38 |
| US Tropical Airplay (*Billboard*)
 | 11 |
|

## Sales and certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 2× Platinum | 80,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Recuérdame" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by La 5ª Estación featuring Marc Anthony | |
| from the album  *Sin Frenos* | |
| Released | May 16, 2009 |
| Genre | Latin pop, Pop rock |
| Length | 34:03 |
| Label | Sony International |
| Songwriter(s) | Ángel Reyero
Armando Avila |
| Producer(s) | Armando Avila |
| La 5ª Estación featuring Marc Anthony singles chronology | |
| "Que te Quería"
(2009) "**Recuérdame**"
(2009) "Me Dueles"
(2009) | |
|  | |
| Marc Anthony singles chronology | |
| "Escandalo"
(2008) "**Recuérdame**"
(2009) "Armada Latina"
(2010) | |
|  | |


title: Recy

abstract: Recy is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Recy

**Recy** (French pronunciation: \[ʁəsi\]) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Recy | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The road into Recy | |
| Location of Recy | |
| RecyRecy | |
| Coordinates: 48°59′N 4°19′E / 48.99°N 4.31°E / 48.99; 4.31 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Marne |
| Arrondissement | Châlons-en-Champagne |
| Canton | Châlons-en-Champagne-2 |
| Intercommunality | CA Châlons-en-Champagne |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Carole Saguet Simon |
| Area**1** | 14.38 km2 (5.55 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,060 |
| Density | 74/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 51453 /51520 |
| Elevation | 82 m (269 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Raymond Song

abstract: Raymond Song is a Taiwanese chess Grandmaster. He is Taiwan's first ever Grandmaster, and the top ranked player nationally. A former prodigy, he finished equal first at the World Youth Championship Under 10 group in 2004, tying with future Women's World Champion Hou Yifan and top Grandmaster Yu Yangyi. In 2019, he won the Sydney International Open. Two months later, he finished second at the Paracin International Open ahead of 13 grandmasters. In 2022, he shared first place at the Silver Lake Open, but finished second after IM Mohammad Nubairshah Shaikh due to a worse tiebreak score. Song has played for the Australia Kangaroos in the Pro Chess League, and has represented Qingdao in the Chinese Chess League.

text:
# Raymond Song

**Raymond Song** (Chinese: 宋法昀, born 11 January 1994) is a Taiwanese chess Grandmaster. He is Taiwan's first ever Grandmaster, and the top ranked player nationally.

A former prodigy, he finished equal first at the World Youth Championship Under 10 group in 2004, tying with future Women's World Champion Hou Yifan and top Grandmaster Yu Yangyi. In 2019, he won the Sydney International Open. Two months later, he finished second at the Paracin International Open ahead of 13 grandmasters. In 2022, he shared first place at the Silver Lake Open, but finished second after IM Mohammad Nubairshah Shaikh due to a worse tiebreak score.

Song has played for the Australia Kangaroos in the Pro Chess League, and has represented Qingdao in the Chinese Chess League.

## InfoBox

| Raymond Song | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Australia (until 2016)
Chinese Taipei (since 2016) |
| Born | (1994-01-11) 11 January 1994
Wellington, New Zealand |
| Title | Grandmaster (2023) |
| FIDE rating | 2505 (October 2024) |
| Peak rating | 2516 (September 2023) |


title: Raymond Souplex

abstract: Raymond Souplex was a French actor and singer. He was in a long-term relationship with Jane Sourza, although they never married.

text:
# Raymond Souplex

**Raymond Souplex** (1 June 1901 – 22 November 1972) was a French actor and singer. He was in a long-term relationship with Jane Sourza, although they never married.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | *Sur le plancher des vaches* | Un chansonnier |  |
| 1940 | *Radio Surprises* | Himself |  |
| 1942 | *Sirius symphonies* | Himself |  |
| 1949 | *Manon* | M. Paul |  |
| 1949 | *Branquignol* | Le convive de sang-froid |  |
| 1950 | *Lady Paname* | Arsène Marval - un chanteur célèbre et cabotin |  |
| 1950 | *Murders* | Blaise Annequin |  |
| 1951 | *Darling Caroline* | Belhomme / Beltemps |  |
| 1951 | *Mr. Peek-a-Boo* | Jean-Paul |  |
| 1951 | *Paris Vice Squad* | Le commissaire Basquier |  |
| 1951 | *The Billionaire Tramp* | Sosthène |  |
| 1951 | *The Real Culprit* | Inspecteur Querneau |  |
| 1951 | *Paris Still Sings* | Himself |  |
| 1951 | *Au fil des ondes* | Himself |  |
| 1952 | *The Red Head* | M. Lepic |  |
| 1953 | *Operation Magali* | Commissaire Paoli |  |
| 1954 | *Royal Affairs in Versailles* | Le commissaire-priseur |  |
| 1954 | *Sur le banc* | La Hurlette |  |
| 1955 | *Nagana* | Charlier |  |
| 1956 | *Babes a GoGo* | Stéphane Petitbourgeois |  |
| 1956 | *Coup dur chez les mous* | Totor |  |
| 1956 | *The Babes in the Secret Service* | Bonneval |  |
| 1956 | *Les carottes sont cuites* | Raymond Boyer |  |
| 1956 | *Les Aventures de Till L'Espiègle* | Grippesous |  |
| 1958 | *La fille de feu* | Professor Theodore Heldt |  |
| 1959 | *Les amants de demain* | Charles |  |
| 1960 | *Chaque minute compte* | Commissaire Muller |  |
| 1960 | *Le mouton* | Le gardien-chef |  |
| 1961 | *Alibi pour un meurtre* | Le commissaire Muller |  |
| 1964 | *L'assassin viendra ce soir* | Commissaire Serval |  |
| 1964 | *Le dernier tiercé* | Inspecteur Masurel |  |
| 1966 | *La sentinelle endormie* | Villeroy |  |
| 1967 | *The Curse of Belphegor* | Inspecteur Legris |  |
| 1971 | *Clodo* | Le curé |  |


title: Raymond Sommer

abstract: Pierre Raymond Sommer was a French racing driver. He raced both before and after WWII with some success, particularly in endurance racing. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race in both 1932 and 1933, and although he did not reach the finishing line in any subsequent appearance at the Le Mans, he did lead each event until 1938. Sommer was also competitive at the highest level in Grand Prix motor racing, but did not win a race. He won the French Grand Prix in 1936, but the event that year was run as a sports car race. After European racing resumed in the late 1940s, Sommer again won a number of sports car and minor Grand Prix events, and finished in fourth place in the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix, the second round of the newly-instituted Formula One World Drivers' Championship. He was killed toward the end of 1950, when his car overturned during a race at the Circuit de Cadours.

text:
# Raymond Sommer

**Pierre Raymond Sommer** (31 August 1906 – 10 September 1950) was a French racing driver. He raced both before and after WWII with some success, particularly in endurance racing. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race in both 1932 and 1933, and although he did not reach the finishing line in any subsequent appearance at the Le Mans, he did lead each event until 1938. Sommer was also competitive at the highest level in Grand Prix motor racing, but did not win a race. He won the French Grand Prix in 1936, but the event that year was run as a sports car race.

After European racing resumed in the late 1940s, Sommer again won a number of sports car and minor Grand Prix events, and finished in fourth place in the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix, the second round of the newly-instituted Formula One World Drivers' Championship. He was killed toward the end of 1950, when his car overturned during a race at the Circuit de Cadours.

## Biography

Sommer was born in Mouzon in France, to a wealthy Sedan carpet-making family. His father, Roger Sommer, broke the Wright Brothers' record for the longest flight in 1909. It was not until 1931 that Raymond started to display daredevil tendencies of his own, entering motor races in a privateer Chrysler Imperial. The following year, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, despite having to drive over 20 hours solo after his teammate, Luigi Chinetti, retired ill. During the 1930s, Sommer was to dominate the French endurance classic, winning again in 1933 driving an Alfa Romeo alongside Tazio Nuvolari. He also led every race until 1938, only to suffer a mechanical failure, once when 12 laps in the lead. Sommer traveled to Long Island, New York, to compete in the 1936 Vanderbilt Cup where he finished fourth behind the winner, Nuvolari.

Although a regular top-10 finisher in *Grands Épreuves* Sommer never won a race. At the time, the German manufacturers Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union were the dominant force in Grand Prix racing, together with the French Bugatti team. Sommer turned to sports cars once more, and in 1936 he won the French Grand Prix with Jean-Pierre Wimille, and the Spa 24 Hours endurance race with co-driver Francesco Severi. More wins came his way including at the "Marseilles Three Hours" at Miramas, the Grand Prix de Tunisie and La Turbie hill climb competition in 1938 and 1939 with Alfa Romeo 308 until the outbreak of World War II, where he played an active part in the French Resistance movement.

Following the war, Sommer claimed victory in the 1946 René Le Bègue Cup race at Saint-Cloud. At the 1947 Turin Grand Prix in Valentino Park he won the first ever Grand Prix for Enzo Ferrari as an independent constructor. The following season, Sommer switched from the Ferrari team, again for a privately owned car, this time a Talbot-Lago. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship began and Sommer drove in two Grand Prix races for Ferrari and three in a privately entered Talbot-Lago, retiring in all but one.

In July 1950 he won the Aix les Bains Circuit du Lac Grand Prix with a Ferrari 166.

In September 1950, he entered the Haute-Garonne Grand Prix in Cadours, France, where the steering failed on his 1100 cc Cooper and the car overturned at a corner. Sommer, wearing his traditional canvas helmet, was instantly killed.

## Motorsports career results

### Notable career wins

### European Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | EDC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1935 | R. Sommer | Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3 | Alfa Romeo 2.9 L8 | MON
6 |  | BEL
Ret | GER |  |  |  | 7th | 39 |
| | Scuderia Subalpina | Maserati 6C-34 | | | Maserati 3.7 L8 |  | FRA
6 |  |  |  |  |  |
| | R. Sommer | Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3 | | | Alfa Romeo 3.2 L8 |  |  |  |  | SUI
9 | ITA | ESP
7 |
| 1936 | R. Sommer | Alfa Romeo Tipo B/P3 | Alfa Romeo 3.2 L8 | MON
7 | GER
9 | SUI
Ret | ITA |  |  |  | 5th | 21 |
| 1937 | Scuderia Ferrari | Alfa Romeo 12C-36 | Alfa Romeo 4.1 V12 | **BEL**
5 |  |  | SUI
8 | ITA |  |  | 6th | 27 |
| | R. Sommer | Alfa Romeo 8C-35 | | | Alfa Romeo 3.8 L8 |  | GER
Ret | MON
7 |  |  |  |  |
| 1939 | R. Sommer | Alfa Romeo Tipo 308 | Alfa Romeo 3.0 L8 | BEL
4 | FRA
5 | GER
Ret | SUI |  |  |  | 9th | 23 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Post-WWII Grandes Épreuves results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1947 | Scuderia Milano | Maserati 4CL | Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4 | SUI
4 |  |  |  |  |
| | Raymond Sommer | | Maserati 4CM |  | BEL
Ret |  |  |  |
| | Maserati 4CL | |  |  | ITA
Ret |  |  |
| | CTA-Arsenal | CTA-Arsenal 1.5 V8 |  |  |  | FRA
Ret |  |
| 1948 | Equipe Gordini | Simca Gordini T15 | Simca-Gordini 15C 1.5 L4 | MON
Ret | SUI
Ret |  |  |  |
| | Centre d'Etudes T.A. | Maserati 4CM | Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4 |  |  | FRA
Ret |  |  |
| | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 125 | Ferrari 125 F1 1.5 V12 |  |  |  | ITA
3 |  |
| 1949 | Raymond Sommer | Talbot-Lago T26C | Talbot 23CV 4.5 L6 | GBR | BEL | SUI
3 | FRA
5 |  |
| | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 125 | Ferrari 125 F1 1.5 V12 |  |  |  |  | ITA
5 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### FIA World Drivers' Championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | WDC | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 125 | Ferrari 125 1.5 V12 | GBR | MON
4 | 500 |  |  |  |  | 16th | 3 |
| | Ferrari 166 F2 | Ferrari 166 2.0 V12 | | |  |  |  | SUI
Ret |  |  |  |
| | Raymond Sommer | Talbot-Lago T26C | | | Talbot 23CV 4.5 L6 |  |  |  |  | BEL
Ret |  | ITA
Ret |
| | Automobiles Talbot-Darracq SA | | | | Talbot-Lago T26C-GS |  |  |  |  |  | FRA
Ret |  |
| Source: | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Formula One non-championship results

(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position)(Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | Scuderia Ferrari | Ferrari 125 | Ferrari 125 1.5 V12 | PAU
4 | RIC | SRM
Ret |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | Raymond Sommer | Talbot-Lago T26C | Talbot 23CV 4.5 L6 |  |  |  | *PAR*
Ret | EMP | BAR | JER | ALB
Ret |  | NAT
Ret | NOT | ULS | PES | STT |  |  |  |
| | Automobiles Talbot-Darracq SA | | Talbot-Lago T26C-DA |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ***NED***
Ret |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | BRM Ltd | BRM P15 | BRM P15 1.5 V16 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | INT
Ret | GOO | PEN |

### 24 Hours of Le Mans results

| Year | Team | Co-Drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class
Pos. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1931 | H. de Costier
*(private entrant)* | Jean Delemer | Chrysler 80 | 5.0 | 14 | DNF
(Radiator) | |
| 1932 | Raymond Sommer | Luigi Chinetti | Alfa Romeo 8C 2300LM | 3.0 | 218 | **1st** | **1st** |
| 1933 | Raymond Sommer | Tazio Nuvolari | Alfa Romeo 8C 2300MM | 3.0 | 233 | **1st** | **1st** |
| 1934 | Raymond Sommer | Dr. Pierre Félix | Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 | 3.0 | 14 | DNF | |
| 1935 | Raymond Sommer | Raymond de Saugé Desttrez | Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 | 3.0 | 69 | DNF | |
| 1937 | Raymond Sommer | Giovanni Battista Guidotti | Alfa Romeo 8C 2900A Spider | 5.0 | 11 | DNF | |
| 1938 | Raymond Sommer | Clemente Biondetti | Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Touring | 5.0 | 219 | DNF | |
| 1939 | Raymond Sommer | Prince Bira | Alfa Romeo 6C 2500SS | 3.0 | 173 | DNF
(Engine) | |
| 1950 | Luigi Chinetti | Dorino Serafini | Ferrari 195S Coupé | S 3.0 | 82 | DNF
(Electrics) | |

## InfoBox

| Raymond Sommer | |
| --- | --- |
| Sommer in 1932 | |
| Born | Pierre Raymond Sommer
(1906-08-31)31 August 1906
Mouzon, Ardennes, France |
| Died | 10 September 1950(1950-09-10) (aged 44)
Cadours, Haute-Garonne, France |
| Championship titles | |
| **Major victories**
24 Hours of Le Mans (1932, 1933) | |
|  | |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality | French |
| Active years | 1950 |
| Teams | Ferrari, Talbot-Lago (works and non-works) |
| Entries | 5 |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Career points | 3 |
| Pole positions | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |
| First entry | 1950 Monaco Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1950 Italian Grand Prix |
|  | |
| Champ Car career | |
| 1 race run over 1 year | |
| Best finish | 10th (1936) |
| First race | 1936 Vanderbilt Cup (Westbury) |
| Wins Podiums Poles  0 0 0 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| 24 Hours of Le Mans career | |
| Years | 19311935, 19371939, 1950 |
| Teams | *de Costier*, *privateer*, *Chinetti* |
| Best finish | 1st (1932, 1933) |
| Class wins | 2 (1932, 1933) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Recoules-Prévinquières

abstract: Recoules-Prévinquières is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sévérac-d'Aveyron.

text:
# Recoules-Prévinquières

**Recoules-Prévinquières** (French pronunciation: \[ʁəkul pʁevɛ̃kjɛʁ\]; Languedocien: *Recolas e Previnquièiras*) is a former commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sévérac-d'Aveyron.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 438 |  |
| 1968 | 510 | +16.4% |
| 1975 | 503 | −1.4% |
| 1982 | 418 | −16.9% |
| 1990 | 444 | +6.2% |
| 1999 | 428 | −3.6% |
| 2008 | 465 | +8.6% |

## InfoBox

| Recoules-Prévinquières | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Sévérac-d'Aveyron | |
| The Château of Recoules | |
|  | |
| Location of Recoules-Prévinquières | |
| Recoules-PrévinquièresRecoules-Prévinquières | |
| Coordinates: 44°20′30″N 2°58′11″E / 44.3417°N 2.9697°E / 44.3417; 2.9697 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Aveyron |
| Arrondissement | Millau |
| Canton | Tarn et Causses |
| Commune | Sévérac-d'Aveyron |
| Area**1** | 25.2 km2 (9.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 463 |
| Density | 18/km2 (48/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 12150 |
| Elevation | 609–1,040 m (1,998–3,412 ft)
(avg. 630 m or 2,070 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Rectified 9-simplexes

abstract: In nine-dimensional geometry, a rectified 9-simplex is a convex uniform 9-polytope, being a rectification of the regular 9-simplex. These polytopes are part of a family of 271 uniform 9-polytopes with A9 symmetry. There are unique 4 degrees of rectifications. Vertices of the rectified 9-simplex are located at the edge-centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the birectified 9-simplex are located in the triangular face centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the trirectified 9-simplex are located in the tetrahedral cell centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the quadrirectified 9-simplex are located in the 5-cell centers of the 9-simplex.

text:
# Rectified 9-simplexes

|
9-simplex
 |
Rectified 9-simplex
 |
| --- | --- |
|
Birectified 9-simplex
 |
Trirectified 9-simplex
 |
Quadrirectified 9-simplex
 |
| Orthogonal projections in A9 Coxeter plane | | | |

In nine-dimensional geometry, a **rectified 9-simplex** is a convex uniform 9-polytope, being a rectification of the regular 9-simplex.

These polytopes are part of a family of 271 uniform 9-polytopes with A9 symmetry.

There are unique 4 degrees of rectifications. Vertices of the rectified 9-simplex are located at the edge-centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the birectified 9-simplex are located in the triangular face centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the trirectified 9-simplex are located in the tetrahedral cell centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the quadrirectified 9-simplex are located in the 5-cell centers of the 9-simplex.

## Rectified 9-simplex

| Rectified 9-simplex | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | uniform 9-polytope |
| Schläfli symbol | t1{3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3} |
| Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams |  |
| 8-faces | 20 |
| 7-faces | 135 |
| 6-faces | 480 |
| 5-faces | 1050 |
| 4-faces | 1512 |
| Cells | 1470 |
| Faces | 960 |
| Edges | 360 |
| Vertices | 45 |
| Vertex figure | 8-simplex prism |
| Petrie polygon | decagon |
| Coxeter groups | A9, \[3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3\] |
| Properties | convex |

The rectified 9-simplex is the vertex figure of the 10-demicube.

### Alternate names

* Rectified decayotton (reday) (Jonathan Bowers)

### Coordinates

The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the *rectified 9-simplex* can be most simply positioned in 10-space as permutations of (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1). This construction is based on facets of the rectified 10-orthoplex.

### Images

orthographic projections
| Ak Coxeter plane | A9 | A8 | A7 | A6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[10\] | \[9\] | \[8\] | \[7\] |
| Ak Coxeter plane | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[6\] | \[5\] | \[4\] | \[3\] |

## Birectified 9-simplex

| Birectified 9-simplex | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | uniform 9-polytope |
| Schläfli symbol | t2{3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3} |
| Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams |  |
| 8-faces |  |
| 7-faces |  |
| 6-faces |  |
| 5-faces |  |
| 4-faces |  |
| Cells |  |
| Faces |  |
| Edges | 1260 |
| Vertices | 120 |
| Vertex figure | {3}×{3,3,3,3,3} |
| Coxeter groups | A9, \[3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3\] |
| Properties | convex |

This polytope is the vertex figure for the 162 honeycomb. Its 120 vertices represent the kissing number of the related hyperbolic 9-dimensional sphere packing.

### Alternate names

* Birectified decayotton (breday) (Jonathan Bowers)

### Coordinates

The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the *birectified 9-simplex* can be most simply positioned in 10-space as permutations of (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1). This construction is based on facets of the birectified 10-orthoplex.

### Images

orthographic projections
| Ak Coxeter plane | A9 | A8 | A7 | A6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[10\] | \[9\] | \[8\] | \[7\] |
| Ak Coxeter plane | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[6\] | \[5\] | \[4\] | \[3\] |

## Trirectified 9-simplex

| Trirectified 9-simplex | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | uniform 9-polytope |
| Schläfli symbol | t3{3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3} |
| Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams |  |
| 8-faces |  |
| 7-faces |  |
| 6-faces |  |
| 5-faces |  |
| 4-faces |  |
| Cells |  |
| Faces |  |
| Edges |  |
| Vertices |  |
| Vertex figure | {3,3}×{3,3,3,3} |
| Coxeter groups | A9, \[3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3\] |
| Properties | convex |

### Alternate names

* Trirectified decayotton (treday) (Jonathan Bowers)

### Coordinates

The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the *trirectified 9-simplex* can be most simply positioned in 10-space as permutations of (0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1). This construction is based on facets of the trirectified 10-orthoplex.

### Images

orthographic projections
| Ak Coxeter plane | A9 | A8 | A7 | A6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[10\] | \[9\] | \[8\] | \[7\] |
| Ak Coxeter plane | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[6\] | \[5\] | \[4\] | \[3\] |

## Quadrirectified 9-simplex

| Quadrirectified 9-simplex | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | uniform 9-polytope |
| Schläfli symbol | t4{3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3} |
| Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams |
or |
| 8-faces |  |
| 7-faces |  |
| 6-faces |  |
| 5-faces |  |
| 4-faces |  |
| Cells |  |
| Faces |  |
| Edges |  |
| Vertices |  |
| Vertex figure | {3,3,3}×{3,3,3} |
| Coxeter groups | A9×2, \[\[38\]\] |
| Properties | convex |

### Alternate names

* Quadrirectified decayotton
* Icosayotton (icoy) (Jonathan Bowers)

### Coordinates

The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the *quadrirectified 9-simplex* can be most simply positioned in 10-space as permutations of (0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1). This construction is based on facets of the quadrirectified 10-orthoplex.

### Images

orthographic projections
| Ak Coxeter plane | A9 | A8 | A7 | A6 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[10\] | \[9\] | \[8\] | \[7\] |
| Ak Coxeter plane | A5 | A4 | A3 | A2 |
| Graph |  |  |  |  |
| Dihedral symmetry | \[6\] | \[5\] | \[4\] | \[3\] |

* H.S.M. Coxeter:
    + H.S.M. Coxeter, *Regular Polytopes*, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973
    + **Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter**, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6
        - (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, *Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I*, \[Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10\]
        - (Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, *Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II*, \[Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591\]
        - (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, *Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III*, \[Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45\]
* Norman Johnson *Uniform Polytopes*, Manuscript (1991)
    + N.W. Johnson: *The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs*, Ph.D. (1966)
* Klitzing, Richard. "9D uniform polytopes (polyyotta)". o3x3o3o3o3o3o3o3o - reday, o3o3x3o3o3o3o3o3o - breday, o3o3o3x3o3o3o3o3o - treday, o3o3o3o3x3o3o3o3o - icoy

|  | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Family | *A**n* | *B**n* | *I*2(p) / *D**n* | *E*6 / *E*7 / *E*8 / *F*4 / *G*2 | Hn |
| Regular polygon | Triangle | Square | p-gon | Hexagon | Pentagon |
| Uniform polyhedron | Tetrahedron | OctahedronCube | Demicube |  | DodecahedronIcosahedron |
| Uniform polychoron | Pentachoron | 16-cellTesseract | Demitesseract | 24-cell | 120-cell600-cell |
| Uniform 5-polytope | 5-simplex | 5-orthoplex5-cube | 5-demicube |  |  |
| Uniform 6-polytope | 6-simplex | 6-orthoplex6-cube | 6-demicube | 122221 |  |
| Uniform 7-polytope | 7-simplex | 7-orthoplex7-cube | 7-demicube | 132231321 |  |
| Uniform 8-polytope | 8-simplex | 8-orthoplex8-cube | 8-demicube | 142241421 |  |
| Uniform 9-polytope | 9-simplex | 9-orthoplex9-cube | 9-demicube |  |  |
| Uniform 10-polytope | 10-simplex | 10-orthoplex10-cube | 10-demicube |  |  |
| Uniform *n*-polytope | *n*-simplex | *n*-orthoplex*n*-cube | *n*-demicube | 1k22k1k21 | *n*-pentagonal polytope |
| Topics: Polytope familiesRegular polytopeList of regular polytopes and compounds | | | | | | | | | | | | |


title: Reference Re Alberta Statutes

abstract: Reference Re Alberta Statutes, also known as the Alberta Press case and the Alberta Press Act Reference, is a landmark reference of the Supreme Court of Canada where several provincial laws, including one restricting the press, were struck down and the existence of an implied bill of rights protecting civil liberties such as a free press was first proposed.

text:
# Reference Re Alberta Statutes

***Reference Re Alberta Statutes***, also known as the **Alberta Press case** and the **Alberta Press Act Reference**, is a landmark reference of the Supreme Court of Canada where several provincial laws, including one restricting the press, were struck down and the existence of an implied bill of rights protecting civil liberties such as a free press was first proposed.

## Background

The province of Alberta, under the Social Credit government of William Aberhart had passed several laws as part of a series of reforms inspired by social credit economic theory. Arising from the 1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta passed several Acts to implement the Social Credit agenda, to which royal assent was given:

* *Credit of Alberta Regulation Act* (requiring all bankers to obtain a license from the Social Credit Commission)
* *Bank Employees Civil Rights Act* (preventing unlicensed banks and their employees from initiating civil actions)
* *Judicature Act Amendment Act* (preventing any person from challenging the constitutionality of Alberta's laws in court without receiving the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council)

In August 1937, the federal government disallowed all three Acts. The Supreme Court of Canada, in answering reference questions posed by the federal government, unanimously ruled that such disallowance was valid.

Following the disallowance, the Alberta legislature passed the following bills in October 1937:

* Bill No. 1 *Bank Taxation Act* (levying provincial taxes on banks' paid-up capital and reserve funds at punitive rates)
* Bill No. 8 *Credit of Alberta Regulation Act, 1937* (similar to the previous disallowed Act, but covering all "credit institutions")
* Bill No. 9 *Accurate News and Information Act* (requiring newspapers to print "clarifications" of stories considered inaccurate by the Social Credit Board, and to reveal their sources on demand, and also authorizing the provincial government to prohibit the publication of any newspaper, any article by a given writer, or any article making use of a given source)

All bills were reserved by Lieutenant-Governor John C. Bowen. As a result, the federal government posed reference questions to the Supreme Court as to whether it was *intra vires* the provincial legislature to pass any of those measures.

## Reference to the Supreme Court of Canada

All six members of the Court declared the subject matter of all the bills as *ultra vires* the province. In addition, the Court ruled 5-0 (Cannon J expressing no opinion) that the *Alberta Social Credit Act* was unconstitutional as well, as it attempted to intrude on the federal powers relating to currency, banks and banking, and trade and commerce.

As to the *Accurate News and Information Act*, five of the six justices stated that, since the press bill was ancillary to the *Alberta Social Credit Act* which had been ruled *ultra vires*, the press bill was automatically as well, while Cannon J considered the subject matter of the bill to be solely under federal jurisdiction. In their concurring opinion for the majority, Duff CJ and Davis J argued that press freedom was too important to be left entirely to the provinces. The three judges argued that the preamble of the *British North America Act, 1867*, which states that Canada has a constitution similar to that of the United Kingdom, implies that freedom of the press is vital to Canada's democratic system.

## Appeal to the Privy Council

The Board declared that, as the *Alberta Social Credit Act* had been subsequently repealed by the Alberta legislature, Bills 8 and 9 could not be brought into operation, as their provisions were contingent on actions of the now-abolished Social Credit Board. Therefore, the question was moot, and they expressed no opinion on them.

As to Bill 1, the Board agreed with the opinion of Kerwin J (concurred in by Crocket J) that:

> The sequence of events after the disallowance of the three Acts is so significant that I can find no escape from the conclusion that, instead of being a taxing enactment, Bill 1 is merely a part of a legislative plan to prevent the operation within the province of those banking institutions which have been called into existence and given the necessary powers to conduct their business by the only proper authority, the Parliament of Canada.

Accordingly, the bill was in pith and substance a measure to regulate banking, and was thus *ultra vires* the province.

## Significance

The SCC ruling was one of the foundation cases leading to the recognition of an Implied Bill of Rights in Canadian constitutional law.

## InfoBox

| Reference Re Alberta Statutes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
| Full case name | *Attorney General of Alberta v Attorney General of Canada* |
| Decided | July 14, 1938 (1938-07-14) |
| Case history | |
| Appealed from | *Reference Re Alberta Statutes - The Bank Taxation Act; The Credit of Alberta Regulation Act; and the Accurate News and Information Act*,  1938 CanLII 1, \[1938\] SCR 100 (4 March 1938), Supreme Court (Canada) |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | The Lord Chancellor, Lord Atkin, Lord Thankerton, Lord Russell of Killowen, Lord Macmillan |
| Case opinions | |
| Decision by | The Lord Chancellor |