title: Charles Dunning (rugby)

abstract: Charles Dunning was a New Zealand rugby footballer who was part of the professional 1907–1908 New Zealand rugby tour of Great Britain.

text:
# Charles Dunning (rugby)

**Charles Dunning** (17 January 1878 – 6 December 1955) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who was part of the professional 1907–1908 New Zealand rugby tour of Great Britain.

## Early years

Dunning was born on 17 January 1878 in Mahurangi, north of Auckland. His mother was Margaret Mackay Dunning and his father was Rufus Dunning. His sister Frankie Regina Dunning was born in 1880, a brother Arthur Rufus was born and died in 1881. A sister, Una Nicholas Irene also died within a year of birth in 1882, while another sister was born in 1883 but died in 1886 at the age of 3. Another sister Eleanor was born in 1883, and sister Eva was born in 1884. Uriel was born in 1884 but died two years later in 1886. Dunning was a builder by trade.

## Rugby football

Dunning originally played rugby union for Ponsonby in 1900 before moving to Gisborne and playing there between 1903 and 1904. When he returned to Auckland, Dunning represented the region between 1905 and 1907, becoming a key member of the Ranfurly Shield winning team. Dunning was selected for North Island in 1906.

## Rugby league

Dunning was selected for the professional All Blacks 1907–1908 tour of Australia and Great Britain and subsequently received a life ban from the New Zealand Rugby Union. Dunning and Billy Wynyard were the last two players to join the squad, after they had been representing Auckland against Hawke's Bay Rugby Union. He played in one test match while on tour, against Great Britain. On his return to New Zealand Dunning, along with Billy Tyler, helped found the Ponsonby United Rugby League club. In 1909, Dunning played for Auckland but did not tour with the 1909 New Zealand side.

However, in 1910, he captained the side against the touring Great Britain and also captained the Auckland tour of New Zealand at the end of the year. He was part of New Zealand tours of Australia in 1911 and 1912.

## Later years

Dunning suffered a leg injury, losing the patella in his right knee in World War I and walked with a stick until his death in 1955.

## InfoBox

Charlie Dunning
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Charles Dunning |
| Born | (1878-01-17)17 January 1878
Mahurangi West, New Zealand |
| Died | 6 December 1955(1955-12-06) (aged 77)
Auckland, New Zealand |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 180.34 cm (5 ft 11.00 in) |
| Weight | 12 st 8 lb (176 lb; 80 kg) |
| Rugby union | |
| Position | Prop, Hooker, Back row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1900–02 Ponsonby 13 0 0 0 0  1903–04 Kaiti-City (Poverty Bay) 4 0 0 0 6  1905–07 Ponsonby 24 2 0 0 6  Total 41 2 0 0 12  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1903 Gisborne 2 0 0 0 0  1905–07 Auckland 16 1 0 0 3  1906 North Island 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Rugby league | |
| Position | Prop, Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1909 City Rovers 1 0 0 0 0  1909–14 Ponsonby United 29 12 9 0 54  Total 30 12 9 0 54  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1907–12 New Zealand 22 3 2 0 13  1908–12 Auckland 26 7 26 0 73 | |


title: Charles Dunlop

abstract: Charles Edward Dunlop played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1892 to 1905. He was born at Edinburgh, Scotland and died at Kensington, London. Dunlop was a middle to lower order right-handed batsman. He played for Somerset in around half a dozen matches in several seasons from 1892 onwards without ever being a regular player or a particularly prolific contributor to the county's run-getting. A history of Somerset cricket written 80 years after Dunlop's last appearance for the side said he was "played mainly for his enthusiastic fielding". Dunlop was educated at Merchiston Castle School and at the University of Oxford, though he did not make any appearances for the Oxford cricket team. His first first-class appearances for Somerset came in 1892: he played seven times that season, but made only 75 runs in these games. There was more success in fewer games in 1893, and he passed 50 in three innings, with a highest of 64 in the match against Gloucestershire at Taunton, when the bowling included two versions of W. G. Grace, both senior and junior. The younger Grace was one of only two first-class bowling victims for Dunlop – the other was the Anglo-Australian Test player J. J. Ferris, both of them in the match against Gloucestershire at Bristol in 1894. This was the only first-class game in which Dunlop bowled more than a few balls, and his bowling style is not known, but in a minor match for Scotland against Lancashire in 1895, he opened the bowling with some success. As a batsman, there were no 50s for Dunlop in first-class matches in 1894, but he returned to better form in 1895 and his aggregate of 282 runs for the season was his highest. Included in this was his highest first-class score, an innings of 65 when used as an opener for Somerset in a successful second innings run chase against Kent at Taunton. After 1895, Dunlop's appearances for Somerset became more spasmodic and less successful. There were a few matches in 1897, then again in 1900, 1901 and 1902 and a final game in 1905, but in none of these seasons did he pass 50 again.

text:
# Charles Dunlop

**Charles Edward Dunlop** (25 June 1870 – 21 August 1911) played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1892 to 1905. He was born at Edinburgh, Scotland and died at Kensington, London.

Dunlop was a middle to lower order right-handed batsman. He played for Somerset in around half a dozen matches in several seasons from 1892 onwards without ever being a regular player or a particularly prolific contributor to the county's run-getting. A history of Somerset cricket written 80 years after Dunlop's last appearance for the side said he was "played mainly for his enthusiastic fielding".

Dunlop was educated at Merchiston Castle School and at the University of Oxford, though he did not make any appearances for the Oxford cricket team.

His first first-class appearances for Somerset came in 1892: he played seven times that season, but made only 75 runs in these games. There was more success in fewer games in 1893, and he passed 50 in three innings, with a highest of 64 in the match against Gloucestershire at Taunton, when the bowling included two versions of W. G. Grace, both senior and junior.

The younger Grace was one of only two first-class bowling victims for Dunlop  the other was the Anglo-Australian Test player J. J. Ferris, both of them in the match against Gloucestershire at Bristol in 1894. This was the only first-class game in which Dunlop bowled more than a few balls, and his bowling style is not known, but in a minor match for Scotland against Lancashire in 1895, he opened the bowling with some success.

As a batsman, there were no 50s for Dunlop in first-class matches in 1894, but he returned to better form in 1895 and his aggregate of 282 runs for the season was his highest. Included in this was his highest first-class score, an innings of 65 when used as an opener for Somerset in a successful second innings run chase against Kent at Taunton.

After 1895, Dunlop's appearances for Somerset became more spasmodic and less successful. There were a few matches in 1897, then again in 1900, 1901 and 1902 and a final game in 1905, but in none of these seasons did he pass 50 again.

## InfoBox

Charles Dunlop
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Charles Edward Dunlop |
| Born | (1870-06-25)25 June 1870
Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Died | 21 August 1911(1911-08-21) (aged 41)
Kensington, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Batsman |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1892–1905 | Somerset |
|  | |
| First-class debut | 9 June 1892 Somerset v Oxford University |
| Last First-class | 17 June 1905 Somerset v Sussex |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 43  Runs scored 1172  Batting average 16.50  100s/50s /5  Top score 65  Balls bowled 90  Wickets 2  Bowling average 20.50  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 2/29  Catches/stumpings 20/ | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 4 July 2010 | |


title: Charles Mellin

abstract: Charles Mellin was a French painter of the Baroque era. He was from Nancy, Lorraine, but spent his artistic career in Italy, where he was nicknamed Carlo Lorenese.

text:
# Charles Mellin

**Charles Mellin** (French pronunciation: \[ʃaʁl mɛlɛ̃\]; 1597, Nancy – 21 September 1649, Rome) was a French painter of the Baroque era. He was from Nancy, Lorraine, but spent his artistic career in Italy, where he was nicknamed *Carlo Lorenese* ("Charles the Lorrainer").

## Life and work

He worked on murals and decorated the Chapel of the Virgin at the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome in 1631. He had competed with Nicolas Poussin and Giovanni Lanfranco for the job of decorating this chapel. During the early part of his career, Mellin collaborated with, and was influenced by, Simon Vouet, but Vouet's influence diminished after Vouet left Italy for Paris. He is also said to have been influenced by Domenichino.

After Vouet's departure, he worked for the Muti Papazzurri family as official painter. He decorated the Palazzo Muti between 1628 and 1631, painting the vaults of the Galleria, and remnants of his work there still survive. He also taught painting to the two sons of the Muti Papazzurri family.

In Rome, he painted a fresco, *St. Francis de Paul before Sixtus V*, for the church of Trinità dei Monti.

He also decorated the choir at the Abbey of Monte Cassino from 1636 until 1637 with a cycle of 15 paintings, which was destroyed during the Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II.

From 1643 to 1647 he worked in Naples. He created a *Purification of the Virgin* for the high altar of the church of the Santissima Annunziata Maggiore in the city, which was completed in 1645. This painting was lost in a 1757 fire, but there is an etched copy that survives. In Naples, he painted an *Immaculate Conception* (1646) and an *Annunciation* (1647) for the church of Santa Donna Regina Nuova. The revolt of Masaniello caused him to leave Naples for Rome.

He trained painters, such as Nicolas Labbé, but did not have a workshop per se.

## Works

* *The Holy Family with the Infant St. John*. Oil on canvas - 58,5 x 74,5 cm. Paris, private collection. Simon Vouet or his workshop - Ascribed to Charles Mellin.
* *Angels with Instruments of Christ’s Passion*. Oil on canvas - 102 x 78 cm. Naples, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte.
* *Apollo*. Oil on canvas - 108 x 86 cm Paris, private collection.
* *The Assumption of the Virgin*. Oil on canvas - 98,1 x 103,1 cm. Puerto Rico, Museo de Arte de Ponce.
* *The Stoning of Saint Stephen*. Oil on canvas - 189 x 283 cm. Caen, église Saint-Etienne
* *The Stoning of Saint Stephen*. Oil on canvas - 48 x 66 cm. San Casciano, Bandini-Granelli Collection.
* *Saint Stephen*. Oil on canvas - 61 x 48,5 cm. Nantes, Musée des Beaux-Arts.
* *The Sacrifice of Abel*. Oil on canvas - 38 x 29,5 cm. Nancy, Musée Lorrain.
* *The Annunciation*. Pen, brown ink and wash - 20,6 x 21,2 cm. Montpellier, Musée Fabre.
* *Saint Stephen*. Attributed to the circle of Charles Mellin. Oil on canvas - 101 x 139 cm. Ajaccio, Musée Fesch.
* *Portrait of a Gentleman*. Attributed to Charles Mellin. Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. 1630. Oil on canvas. 121 cm (47.64 in). Height: 203 cm (79.92 in).

## Sources

* Philippe Malgouyres, *Charles Mellin, un Lorrain entre Rome et Naples*, Somogy Editions d’Art. ISBN 978-2-7572-0078-0.

Media related to Charles Mellin at Wikimedia Commons


title: Charles Gurassa

abstract: Charles Mark Gurassa is a British businessman and chair of the Guardian Media Group. He is a former chairman of the television station, Channel 4, and succeeded Lord Burns in January 2016. Gurassa graduated from the University of York with a bachelor's degree in economics and earned an MBA from the International Management Centre in Buckingham. He began his career in 1978 as a trainee in Thomas Cook and progressed to become the general manager of retail by the time he left the company in 1989. During the following decade, he worked at British Airways, leading the sales team and as a director of passenger and cargo businesses. Gurassa was CEO of Thomson Travel Group from December 1999 to May 2003. He served as a non-executive director of Merlin Entertainment until November 2019 when he stepped down as part of an acquisition. He was an independent non-executive director of easyJet from 2011-2020. In July 2020, Oxfam announced that they had elected him to succeed Caroline Thomson as its chair in October 2020. Gurassa has previously chaired the boards of Virgin Mobile and Lovefilm and was a board member of the National Trust and Whitbread. As of 2022, he is on the board of British Airways and is chairman of the Migration Museum in London and the tour operator Great Rail Journeys.

text:
# Charles Gurassa

**Charles Mark Gurassa** (born 15 February 1956) is a British businessman and chair of the Guardian Media Group. He is a former chairman of the television station, Channel 4, and succeeded Lord Burns in January 2016.

Gurassa graduated from the University of York with a bachelor's degree in economics and earned an MBA from the International Management Centre in Buckingham. He began his career in 1978 as a trainee in Thomas Cook and progressed to become the general manager of retail by the time he left the company in 1989. During the following decade, he worked at British Airways, leading the sales team and as a director of passenger and cargo businesses.

Gurassa was CEO of Thomson Travel Group from December 1999 to May 2003. He served as a non-executive director of Merlin Entertainment until November 2019 when he stepped down as part of an acquisition. He was an independent non-executive director of easyJet from 2011-2020.

In July 2020, Oxfam announced that they had elected him to succeed Caroline Thomson as its chair in October 2020.

Gurassa has previously chaired the boards of Virgin Mobile and Lovefilm and was a board member of the National Trust and Whitbread. As of 2022, he is on the board of British Airways and is chairman of the Migration Museum in London and the tour operator Great Rail Journeys.

## InfoBox

| Charles Gurassa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chairman of Oxfam | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
October 2020 | |
| Preceded by | Caroline Thomson |
| Chairman of Channel Four Television | |
| **In office**
January 2016  January 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Terence Burns |
| Succeeded by | Ian Cheshire |
| Non-Executive Director, easyJet | |
| **In office**
2011  Dec 2020 | |
| Preceded by | board of directors |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Hester |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Charles Mark Gurassa
(1956-02-15) 15 February 1956
London, United Kingdom |
| Political party | Unknown |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for |  |
|  | |


title: Siobhain McDonagh

abstract: Dame Siobhain Ann McDonagh is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mitcham and Morden since 1997. She served as an Assistant Whip in the Labour Government, but was dismissed following comments regarding a leadership contest to replace prime minister Gordon Brown.

text:
# Siobhain McDonagh

**Dame Siobhain Ann McDonagh** DBE (born 20 February 1960) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mitcham and Morden since 1997. She served as an Assistant Whip in the Labour Government, but was dismissed following comments regarding a leadership contest to replace prime minister Gordon Brown.

## Early life and career

Siobhain McDonagh was born on 20 February 1960 in Colliers Wood. Her father was a builder and her mother a nurse who moved to the area in 1958. She went to Holy Cross School, New Malden and later studied Politics at the University of Essex.

After graduating, McDonagh was a clerical officer for the DHSS between 1981 and 1983, a receptionist at the Wandsworth Homeless Persons Unit from 1984 to 1986, and a housing adviser from 1986 to 1988. Prior to being elected to Parliament she worked as a Development Manager for Battersea Churches Housing Trust from 1988 to 1997. She also served as a councillor on London Borough of Merton for Colliers Wood ward between 1982 and 1998, chairing the Housing Committee between 1990 and 1995, being instrumental in the rebuilding of Phipps Bridge Estate.

## Parliamentary career

At the 1997 general election, McDonagh was elected to Parliament as MP for Mitcham and Morden with 58.4% of the vote and a majority of 13,741.

In April 2000, her office sent a party political questionnaire to 200 of her constituents using parliamentary resources. A spokesman for McDonagh subsequently said it was a "mistake". McDonagh promised to apologise and reimburse the cost to her office.

She was again re-elected as MP for Mitcham and Morden at the 2001 general election with an increased vote share of 60.4% and an increased majority of 13,785. After the 2001 general election, Tony Blair offered McDonagh the position of Parliamentary Undersecretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government. She declined the offer and remained a backbencher.

In March 2003, McDonagh voted in favour of the country going to war with Iraq. She has consistently voted against any inquiry into the Iraq War.

McDonagh was again re-elected at the 2005 general election, with a decreased vote share of 56.4% and a decreased majority of 12,560. Following the 2005 general election, she served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to John Reid until June 2007. She was appointed to the position of Assistant Whip in June 2007 in the re-shuffle brought about by Gordon Brown becoming prime minister.

In October 2007, her expenditure on stationery and postage attracted criticism, being more than any other MP's for postage from 2003 to 2006. In total, her office spent £126,833 on postage in the four-year period, an average of almost £32,000 per year. When adding in stationery costs, the expenditure was approximately £50,000 in both 2004–05 and 2006–07. McDonagh responded stating, "I believe the job of an MP is to keep in contact with constituents on important issues".

On 12 September 2008, McDonagh became the first member of the government to call for a leadership contest, resulting in dismissal from her government post.

McDonagh was again re-elected at the 2010 general election, with an increased vote share of 56.5% and an increased majority of 13,666.

In October 2010, McDonagh's mobile phone was stolen from her car. Although not implicated in the robbery itself, it became evident that *The Sun* newspaper had accessed the phone, including messages stored on it. McDonagh sued the paper and in March 2013 won "substantial damages."

At the 2015 general election, McDonagh was again re-elected with an increased vote share of 60.7% and an increased majority of 16,922.

In June 2015, McDonagh nominated Liz Kendall, considered the Blairite candidate, for leadership of the Labour Party.

In December 2015, she was among the minority of Labour MPs who voted in favour of extending UK military airstrikes against ISIL into Syria. She has written that it was a decision "not easy to come to".

She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour leadership election.

McDonagh abstained from a vote on a motion withdrawing the UK's support for Saudi Arabia's military campaign in Yemen. The motion was defeated by a majority of 90.

At the snap 2017 general election, McDonagh was again re-elected with an increased vote share of 68.7% and an increased majority of 21,375.

In September 2018, McDonagh offered her support to Labour MP Chris Leslie when he faced a confidence motion from his CLP, a vote he subsequently lost.

In March 2019, McDonagh was criticised by some left-wing members of the party after she appeared to agree with a statement put forward by John Humphrys on BBC Radio 4's *Today* programme. McDonagh said antisemitism is a problem in the Labour Party, because "part of \[Labour\] politics, of hard left politics, \[is\] to be against capitalists and to see Jewish people as the financiers of capital". When Humphrys asked her if that meant that "to be anti-capitalist you have to be antisemitic", McDonagh replied, "Yes".

McDonagh was again re-elected at the 2019 general election, with a decreased vote share of 61.1% and a decreased majority of 16,482.

McDonagh endorsed Jess Phillips in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election.

McDonagh is a member of Labour Friends of Israel.

At the 2024 general election, McDonagh was again re-elected, with a decreased vote share of 55.4% and an increased majority of 18,761.

## Personal life

McDonagh lived in Colliers Wood in her constituency with her late sister Margaret, latterly Baroness McDonagh (1961 - 2023), who was General Secretary of the Labour Party between 1998 and 2001, during Tony Blair's premiership. She is a Roman Catholic of Irish descent.

In March 2023 McDonagh took a £1.2 million interest-free loan from Labour donor Lord Alli, to buy a house in south-west London with downstairs bedroom and bathroom suited for her terminally ill sister.

She was a patron of Leap Forward Employment – a now defunct community interest company that found work for adults with mental health issues.

McDonagh was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2024 New Year Honours for parliamentary and political service.

## InfoBox

| Dame Siobhain McDonaghDBE MP | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2020 | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Mitcham and Morden | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
1 May 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Angela Rumbold |
| Majority | 18,761 (41.6%) |
| Assistant Government Whip | |
| **In office**
28 June 2007  12 September 2008 | |
| Prime Minister | Gordon Brown |
| Succeeded by | Dawn Butler |
| Member of Merton Council
for Colliers Wood | |
| **In office**
6 May 1982  7 May 1998 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1960-02-20) 20 February 1960
Colliers Wood, Surrey, England |
| Political party | Labour |
| Relations | Margaret McDonagh (sister) |
| Alma mater | University of Essex (BA) |
| Website | siobhainmcdonagh.org.uk |
|  | |


title: Charles Paynton House

abstract: The Charles Paynton House in Boise, Idaho, is a 1+1⁄2-story, Colonial Revival or Shingled Colonial house designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1900. The house features a lateral ridge beam with side facing gables with a smaller, front facing gabled dormer window above an L-shaped porch. Contractor William Houtz built the modest 6-room cottage, and in 1901 it was considered a model of good cottages. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Charles Paynton House

The **Charles Paynton House** in Boise, Idaho, is a 1+12-story, Colonial Revival or Shingled Colonial house designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1900. The house features a lateral ridge beam with side facing gables with a smaller, front facing gabled dormer window above an L-shaped porch. Contractor William Houtz built the modest 6-room cottage, and in 1901 it was considered a model of good cottages.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## Charles Paynton

Charles Paynton was a Boise pioneer who arrived in Idaho Territory in 1876. He apprenticed at *The Idaho Statesman* in that year and continued for eight years as a printer and an editor at the newspaper. He also served as secretary of the Boise volunteer firefighters association. Paynton later worked for the U.S. Surveyor General's office as an accountant and a clerk. He retired from the office in 1928 and moved to Seattle.

### St. Luke's Boise Medical Center

The Charles Paynton House, built in 1900, is not the only Paynton residence of historic interest. In 1891 Paynton built a larger, Queen Anne style house designed by E.M. Leach and constructed at the corner of First and Bannock Streets. In 1897 Paynton rented the house to F.J. Mills, and in 1902 the house was purchased by Bishop Funsten and converted into St. Luke's 6-bed hospital. The house later was demolished as St. Luke's Boise Medical Center evolved into its current state.

Media related to Charles Paynton House at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Charles Paynton House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Charles Paynton House in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Location | 1213 N. 8th St., Boise, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 43°37′32″N 116°11′49″W / 43.62556°N 116.19694°W / 43.62556; -116.19694 (Charles Paynton House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1900 (1900) |
| Built by | William Houtz |
| Architect | Tourtellotte, John E & Company |
| Architectural style | Shingled Colonial |
| MPS | Tourtellotte and Hummel Architecture TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000232 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1982 |


title: Sir Richard Newman, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Richard Newman 1st Baronet MP JP DL, of Evercreech Park, was MP for Milborne Port in 1701.

text:
# Sir Richard Newman, 1st Baronet

**Sir Richard Newman** 1st Baronet MP JP DL (c. 1675-1721), of Evercreech Park, was MP for Milborne Port in 1701.

## Background

Sir Richard Newman Bt was the eldest son of Richard Newman of Evercreech Park and Fifehead. He was educated at Sherborne, and Pembroke College, Oxford.

## Family life

On 1 June 1696 Sir Richard Newman married Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Samwell, 1st Bt, and had three sons and four daughters.


title: Charles K. Hamilton

abstract: Charles Keeney Hamilton was an American pioneer aviator nicknamed the "crazy man of the air". He was, in the words of the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, "known for his dangerous dives, spectacular crashes, extensive reconstructive surgeries, and ever present cigarette" and was "frequently drunk". He survived more than 60 crashes.

text:
# Charles K. Hamilton

**Charles Keeney Hamilton** (May 30, 1885  January 22, 1914) was an American pioneer aviator nicknamed the "crazy man of the air". He was, in the words of the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, "known for his dangerous dives, spectacular crashes, extensive reconstructive surgeries, and ever present cigarette" and was "frequently drunk". He survived more than 60 crashes.

## Biography

Hamilton was born in New Britain, Connecticut, to Joseph Delliber Hamilton and Nellie Keeney Hamilton. His parents split up by the time he was six.

Hamilton – who described himself as an "aeronaut" – was a hot air balloonist and parachute jumper at fairs and circuses at the age of 18. Three years later, he became friends with aeronautical engineer and aviator A. Roy Knabenshue and began piloting dirigibles. On the day Louis Bleriot flew the English Channel, July 25, 1909, Hamilton was sailing his own airship across the Bay of Osaka in Japan.

In late 1909, he started taking flying lessons from Glenn Curtiss. He joined Curtiss's exhibition team and quickly acquired fame and a nationwide reputation as a daredevil flyer. In December, he flew at St. Joseph and outside St. Louis, Missouri, and in Overland Park, Kansas, before participating in the 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field, the first major airshow in the United States, which ran from January 10–20, 1910. He then embarked on an 11-city, two-month exhibition tour across the American Southwest, starting at Phoenix, Arizona, and ending in San Diego, California. On February 19, Hamilton became the first to fly an airplane in Tucson, Arizona. In San Diego, he became just the third American flier to remain aloft for at least an hour, crossing the ocean to Mexico and back.

Hamilton became the first to fly in the state of Washington, when he piloted the Reims Racer over Seattle on March 11. The very next day, he went up again, drunk, and "Swooping like a rapacious bird from a height of 500 feet *\[150 m\]*, the Curtiss biplane, with Charles K. Hamilton, dived into the newly formed lake at The Meadows". He had to be fished out of the lake, but suffered only minor injuries.

Undaunted, he flew at Tacoma, Washington, and crossed the border to become the "First Air Visitor to Vancouver, B.C." on March 25. The next day, he flew to New Westminster and back, covering 20 miles (32 km) in 30 minutes. He participated in an air meet in Spokane, Washington between April 1–3. On April 9, he flew over Mercer Island and Lake Washington.

In San Antonio, Texas, he set a record for the quickest takeoff: 79 feet (24 m) in 3.8 seconds, breaking Glenn Curtiss's mark of 95 feet (29 m) in 5.25 seconds. In May, he performed in Atlanta and Augusta, Georgia, before heading to Mineola, New York, Curtiss's headquarters.

On June 13, 1910, Hamilton won a prize of $10,000, sponsored by *The New York Times* and the *Philadelphia Public Ledger*, for being the first to fly from New York City to Philadelphia and back, the first flight between two major US cities. He departed from Governors Island in New York harbor at 7:30 am and reached Philadelphia at 9:26 am. With a stopover in Philadelphia, the round trip took a little over 11 hours, at an average speed of nearly 51 miles per hour (82 km/h). He received a hero's welcome in his hometown of New Britain, and, on July 2, 1910, made "the first public flight in the State" there. It was also the first in New England.

Between June and August, he performed at Knoxville, Nashville and Atlantic City. In Nashville, he made the first night flight in America, remaining aloft 25 minutes before developing engine trouble.

When Hamilton fell behind on payments, Glenn Curtiss repossessed the Reims Racer. Hamilton then had a new airplane built by Walter Christie, who had a car and engine factory in Manhattan. Finished on August 31, it was reputed to have the most powerful airplane engine yet, boasting 110 hp. Hamilton named his new airplane the "Hamiltonian". In September, however, the Hamiltonian stalled and crashed during a demonstration flight outside Sacramento, California; Hamilton was "badly cut, bruised and burned", but was flying again in a week. "On September 28, he was issued American pilot license no. 12."

He then joined John Moisant's exhibition team, performing with them in Richmond, Chattanooga and Memphis. In Memphis, he broke his own speed record of 64.6 miles per hour (104.0 km/h) by going 79.2 miles per hour (127.5 km/h). On February 2, 1911, the team was in El Paso, Texas. Hamilton flew over nearby Ciudad Juárez and performed the first wartime aerial reconnaissance, looking for rebel forces of the Mexican Revolution. That same month, he and Moisant parted company, with Moisant keeping his airplane. He pioneered flying in Cleveland, Tennessee, in October 1911, piloting a Curtiss biplane. It was the first plane landing ever in Cleveland and the local newspaper called it at the time "The greatest event in the history of Bradley Country."

Hamilton died of tuberculosis or "a lung hemorrhage after a long bout with tuberculosis" on January 22, 1914. He was buried in Hartford, Connecticut, on January 26. Those familiar with his short career claimed he had earned a quarter of a million dollars, but he died almost broke.

Hamilton married twice. He was divorced by his first wife and was survived by his second, Gussie, whom he had married the summer before his death.


title: Charles Ponsonby, 2nd Baron de Mauley

abstract: Charles Frederick Ashley Cooper Ponsonby, 2nd Baron de Mauley, was a British peer and Liberal politician.

text:
# Charles Ponsonby, 2nd Baron de Mauley

**Charles Frederick Ashley Cooper Ponsonby, 2nd Baron de Mauley** (12 September 1815 – 24 August 1896), was a British peer and Liberal politician.

## Biography

Ponsonby was the son of the first Lord de Mauley, the third son of the third Earl of Bessborough, and Lady Barbara Ashley-Cooper, only child and heiress of the fifth Earl of Shaftesbury. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge.

On 9 August 1838, he married his second cousin, Lady Maria Ponsonby, a daughter of John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough; they had 10 children:

* Alice Barbara Maria (1840–1846)
* Emily Priscilla Maria (1841–1926), married Rev. Charles Ogilvy
* William Ashley Webb (1843–1918)
* George (1844–1845)
* Maurice John George (1846–1945), married Hon. Madeleine Hanbury-Tracy
* Frederick John William (1847–1933), married Margaret Howard (a great-granddaughter of Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle)
* Mary Alice (1849–?)
* Edwin Charles William (1851–1939), married (1) Emily Coope, (2) Hilda Smith
* Helen Geraldine (1852–1949), married Sholto Douglas, 19th Earl of Morton
* Diana Isabel Maria (1855–?)

## InfoBox

| Charles Ponsonby, 2nd Baron de Mauley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for Dungarvan | |
| **In office**
1851–1852 | |
| Member of Parliament for Poole | |
| **In office**
1837–1847 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1815-09-12)12 September 1815 |
| Died | 24 August 1896(1896-08-24) (aged 80) |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Maria Ponsonby (m. 1838) |
| Children | 10, including William and Maurice |
| Parent |  |
| Relatives | Ashley Ponsonby (brother)
Frederick Ponsonby (grandfather)
Anthony Ashley-Cooper (grandfather) |
| Education | Trinity College, Cambridge |
|  | |


title: Sisters High School (historic)

abstract: The historic Sisters High School was built in 1939 as a public secondary school for the community of Sisters in central Oregon. It was constructed using United States Federal Government funds provided through the Public Works Administration. The old Sisters High School was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Today, the facility has been converted into an administration building for the local school district.

text:
# Sisters High School (historic)

The historic **Sisters High School** (also known as the **Old Sisters High School** and the **Sisters Public Schools Administration Building**) was built in 1939 as a public secondary school for the community of Sisters in central Oregon. It was constructed using United States Federal Government funds provided through the Public Works Administration. The old Sisters High School was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Today, the facility has been converted into an administration building for the local school district.

## History

The old Sisters High School is located in Sisters, a small community in Deschutes County, Oregon. The high school building has been an important landmark in the community since the 1930s. It replaced a school house built in 1912 that was used for all classes from first grade through high school.

The Sisters School District purchased property for the high school in 1938. The land was bought from the *Oregon and Western Colonization Company*, which owned unused right-of-way along U.S. Route 20. The 2-acre (0.81 ha) lot acquired for the high school is a triangular parcel of land on the southeast side of Sisters. It is bordered by Locust Street on the east and Cascade Avenue on the north with Route 20 running diagonally along the southwest side of the property.

The high school was built in 1939 as a Public Works Administration project, one of many public schools funded by the United States Federal Government during the Great Depression. It was financed with a Public Works Administration grant of $8,550 along with $14,000 in bonds issued by the Sisters School District. The high school's architectural style is colonial revival, a common design type for public schools constructed during the 1930s. The building was designed by John E. Isted, an architect from Bend, Oregon. The construction contract was won by O. C. Hart of Redmond, Oregon with a bid of $22,138. Hart began work on the building in late December 1938. The structure was completed in May 1939. It was furnished over the summer so it was ready to host classes in September 1939. The high school was officially opened on 6 September 1939 with 20 students enrolled.

The high school served the Sisters community until the 1960s, when the local tax base could no longer support an independent high school. In 1969, the Sisters School District closed the high school. Its 65 students were transferred to Redmond High School, approximately 20 miles (32 km) away. In 1973, a proposed bond measure to finance a new high school was defeated by voters, leaving approximately 60 high school students from Sisters to attend school in Redmond.

After several decades of growth, the town of Sisters was able to financially support its own high school again. However, the old high school building was inadequate for the community's educational needs. As a result, the school district built a new high school which opened in 1992. In 2003, a newer high school was built and the facility built in 1992 was converting into a junior high school. The newest Sisters High School is located on the west side of town.

In 2005, the historic high school underwent a major renovation. The local school board financed the project by selling excess school district property. The renovation included preservation of wood paneling, school lockers, and drinking fountains as well as restoration of window frames and other exterior features. The project also converted the building into an administration office for the Sisters School District, keeping the historic character of the building while giving it a new economically viable purpose.

The renovation project was very successful in restoring and modernizing the structure of the building while maintaining its original character. Because of the building's importance to the Sisters community and its association with the Public Works Administration and the New Deal, the old Sisters High School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

## Structure

The exterior is a traditional colonial revival style façade. The building is one story high with a partial basement for utilities and storage. It has a rectangular footprint measuring 94 feet (29 m) east–west and 56 feet (17 m) north–south. The perimeter foundation is made of steel reinforced concrete. The structural walls are a steel-reinforced wooden frame with a textured red brick veneer exterior. This combination makes the structure extremely solid.

The building has a hip roof with composition shingles. The peak of the roof is 31.5 feet (9.6 m) above ground level. There is a horizontal box cornice that runs along the roof eave. It serves as the top frame for the building's large windows. The windows are symmetrically places in sets of five in two main banks on the north and south sides of the building. There are also three sets of two windows on the south side below the gable where the original entrance was once located. All the windows are eight-over-eight double-hung wood sash windows. The four main window banks also have eight-pane awning windows above the eight-over-eight windows. There is a single pair of eight-over-eight windows near the north end on the east and west sides of the building. Both the east and west sides of the building have a double-door entrance with a fifteen-pane transom window above the doors.

The original pediment entrance was in the center of the south side of the building. However, that entrance was closed and covered with brick facing during the 2005 renovation. Also during that 2005 makeover a new main entrance was created in the center of the north façade where the external basement entrance was originally located. The new main entrance is a colonial revival style pediment portico with a clapboard covered gable end. It was carefully designed to be compatible with the historic character of the building.

## Interior

Inside the school, the interior rooms are set along both sides of a main hallway that runs the length of the building. The main corridor connects the double-door entrances on the east and west sides of the building. It is 8 feet (2.4 m) wide and lined with steel lockers on both sides of the hallway. There is also a multi-faucet drinking fountain located in the main hallway. The corridor has knotty pine paneling on the lower portion of the walls, framing the banks of lockers and classroom doors. Above the paneling, the walls are painted plaster. The main entrance joins the main hallway in the center of the building.

Originally, there were four classrooms, two on each side of the main corridor. Each classroom had two separate doors connecting to the main hallway. During the 2005 renovation, two of the classrooms were restored to their original configuration. Both of the classrooms are 29 by 22 feet (8.8 m × 6.7 m) long wide. The other two classrooms were divided up into individual work rooms and offices. All of the classrooms and offices have large windows designed to let in a maximum level of natural light. There are restrooms located off the main corridor at the northeast and northwest corners of the building. Each restroom has a pair of eight-over-eight double-hung windows. These windows are on the east and west sides of the building.

There are three offices that open onto the hallway across from the new main entrance. This is where the original entrance and foyer was located. The stairwell to the basement is also located in this area, just off the main hallway. The basement is much smaller than the first floor. It is a 41-by-20-foot (12.5 m × 6.1 m) space running perpendicular to the main hallway on the floor above. There are three small rooms off a basement hallway. One room is a vault; another is for electrical and mechanical equipment; and the third is for general storage. The rest of the space below the main floor is crawl space.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sisters High School | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The old high school is now an administration building | |
|  | |
| Location | 525 E Cascade Ave, Sisters, Oregon, 97759 |
| Coordinates | 44°17′27″N 121°32′39″W / 44.29077°N 121.54428°W / 44.29077; -121.54428 |
| Built | 1939 |
| Architect | John Elwood Isted |
| Architectural style | Colonial revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 06000095 |
| Added to NRHP | 2006 |


title: Charles Lee (Hong Kong politician)

abstract: Charles Lee Yeh-kwong, GBM, GBS, OBE, JP was a non-official member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong and the Chairman of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. After graduating from the University of London with a master's degree in law, Lee became a qualified solicitor in both Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. He is also a qualified accountant and a chartered secretary.

text:
# Charles Lee (Hong Kong politician)

**Charles Lee Yeh-kwong** (Chinese: 李業廣), GBM, GBS, OBE, JP (born 16 July 1936, in Shanghai, China) was a non-official member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong and the Chairman of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited.

After graduating from the University of London with a master's degree in law, Lee became a qualified solicitor in both Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. He is also a qualified accountant and a chartered secretary.

## InfoBox

| Charles Lee Yeh-kwong | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1936-07-16) 16 July 1936
Shanghai, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Education | University of London (M.L.) |
| Occupation(s) | accountant
chartered secretary |
| Organization | Executive Council of Hong Kong |
| Title | Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (chairman) |


title: Charles Lederer

abstract: Charles Davies Lederer was an American screenwriter and film director. He was born into a theatrical family in New York, and after his parents divorced, was raised in California by his aunt, Marion Davies, actress and mistress to newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. A child prodigy, he entered the University of California, Berkeley at age 13, but dropped out after a few years to work as a journalist with Hearst's newspapers. Lederer is recognized for his comic and acerbic adaptations and collaborative screenplays of the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was considered among the best of the period, and he, along with writer friends Ben Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz, became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy". Among his notable screenplays which he wrote or co-wrote, were The Front Page (1931), the critically acclaimed His Girl Friday (1940), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), The Spirit of St. Louis (1957), Ocean's 11 (1960), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).

text:
# Charles Lederer

**Charles Davies Lederer** (December 31, 1910 – March 5, 1976) was an American screenwriter and film director. He was born into a theatrical family in New York, and after his parents divorced, was raised in California by his aunt, Marion Davies, actress and mistress to newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. A child prodigy, he entered the University of California, Berkeley at age 13, but dropped out after a few years to work as a journalist with Hearst's newspapers.

Lederer is recognized for his comic and acerbic adaptations and collaborative screenplays of the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was considered among the best of the period, and he, along with writer friends Ben Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz, became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy".

Among his notable screenplays which he wrote or co-wrote, were *The Front Page* (1931), the critically acclaimed *His Girl Friday* (1940), *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes* (1953), *The Spirit of St. Louis* (1957), *Ocean's 11* (1960), and *Mutiny on the Bounty* (1962).

## Early life

Charles Davies Lederer was born in New York City to two prominent figures in the American theater, Broadway producer George Lederer and singer Reine Davies. After his parents were separated, Lederer and his older sister Pepi moved to California and were raised by his mother's sister, actress Marion Davies. He grew up in Hollywood, spending much time at San Simeon, the "enchanted castle on the hill", where his aunt reigned as publisher William Randolph Hearst's mistress. He was a child prodigy and was admitted to UC Berkeley at the age of 13, but dropped out a few years later to work as a journalist for Hearst's newspapers.

According to biographer William MacAdams, "Hollywood was home to Lederer, where for most people it was a place they moved to in order to work for the movies. Virtually none of the film community had grown up in Los Angeles, but Lederer had been brought there when he was 11 by Marion Davies, his mother's sister... Lederer thus knew the movie colony inside out as seen from the top and wasn’t impressed ..."

## Screenwriting career

When he was 19, Lederer became friends with Ben Hecht, who introduced him to the New York literati. His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired to write additional dialogue for the film *The Front Page*. He later moved back to Hollywood to become a full-time screenwriter.

Lederer is recognized for his acerbic wit, with adaptations and collaborative screenplays written mostly during the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was also among the best of the period, and he, along with Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy".

He was friends with screenwriters Joseph and Herman Mankiewicz. Herman would later become co-screenwriter of *Citizen Kane*. After becoming friends with Lederer, "Herman told Joe to come to the office of their mutual friend Charlie Lederer ... " Herman, who met Hearst as a result of his friendship with Lederer, later "saw Hearst as ‘a finagling, calculating, Machiavellian figure.’ But also, with Charlie Lederer, ... wrote and had printed parodies of Hearst newspapers ..."

As explained by *The New Yorker* film critic Pauline Kael, "Mankiewicz found himself on story-swapping terms with the power behind it all, Hearst himself. When he had been in Hollywood only a short time, he met Marion Davies and Hearst through his friendship with Charles Lederer, a writer, then in his early twenties, whom Ben Hecht had met and greatly admired in New York when Lederer was still in his teens. Lederer, a child prodigy, who had entered college at thirteen, got to know Mankiewicz ... Lederer was Marion Davies’s nephew – the son of her sister Reine ... Marion was childless, and Lederer was very close to her; he spent a great deal of his time at her various dwelling places, and took his friends to meet both her and Hearst.”

After finishing the script for *Citizen Kane*, Mankiewicz gave a copy to Lederer, which Kael explains was foolish:

> He was so proud of his script that he lent a copy to Charles Lederer. In some crazily naive way, Mankiewicz seems to have imagined that Lederer would be pleased by how good it was. But Lederer, apparently, was deeply upset and took the script to his aunt and Hearst. It went from them to Hearst's lawyers. . . . It was probably as a result of Mankiewicz's idiotic indiscretion that the various forces were set in motion that resulted in the cancellation of the premiere at the Radio City Music Hall \[and\] the commercial failure of *Citizen Kane*.

Lederer, however, told director Peter Bogdanovich that Kael was totally incorrect in this matter, and "she never bothered to check with him." He did not, in fact, ever give the script to Davies. Lederer explains:

> I gave it *back* to him. He asked me if I thought Marion would be offended and I said I didn't think so. The script I read didn't have any flavor of Marion and Hearst—Robert McCormick was the man it was about.

According to Hecht biographer, William MacAdams, "When Hecht began looking around for a new collaborator ... he thought of Charlie Lederer, whom he had met on one of his first trips to Los Angeles....In a letter to screenwriter Gene Fowler, Hecht called Lederer "a very tender soul....\[who\] captivated the New York literati just as the other Charlie (MacArthur) had a few years earlier."

### Leading screenplays

His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired in 1931, when he was 20, to write additional dialogue for the film version of the 1928 play *The Front Page*. The film would be nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. In 1933, he made contributions to Hecht's screenplay for *Topaze*, along with many others, without being credited.

From 1940 to 1943 Lederer worked at MGM where he wrote a series of light comedies, usually centering on mismatched couples. *Comrade X* (1940), written in collaboration with Ben Hecht and directed by King Vidor is the story an American in Russia (Clark Gable) who falls in love with a streetcar conductor (Hedy Lamarr). In 1942 he directed his first film, *Fingers at the Window*, although he did not write the screenplay.

He penned the screenplay for the classic 1951 science-fiction/horror film *The Thing from Another World*, directed largely by Howard Hawks but credited to Christian Nyby and co-wrote the original 1960's *Ocean's 11*. Lederer wrote or co-wrote screenplays (notably with Ben Hecht) for Howard Hawks's production of *His Girl Friday* (a remake of *The Front Page*), *Gentlemen Prefer Blondes*, and the Lewis Milestone remake of *Mutiny on the Bounty*, starring Marlon Brando. *His Girl Friday* has remained his most popular and critically acclaimed screenplay. At the suggestion of the film's director, Howard Hawks, Lederer changed the sex of the lead character in the play, Hildy Johnson, from male to female.

With Ben Hecht, he co-wrote the original *Kiss of Death* which was to feature the actor Richard Widmark's chilling debut as the psychopathic killer with a giggle. In addition, he wrote and directed the 1959 film *Never Steal Anything Small*, an adaptation of a play by Maxwell Anderson and Rouben Mamoulian, starring James Cagney. *The Spirit of St. Louis* was Lederer's last significant film work. The films that followed that were primarily vehicles for established stars.

Lederer was valued as a Hollywood screenwriter who produced lively, acerbic adaptations and worked well in collaboration with others. He was also a member of another circle of writers on the East Coast which included Moss Hart, George S. Kaufman, Howard Dietz, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, and editor Harold Ross. These writers were to become the nucleus of the Algonquin Round Table.

### Awards

In 1954, he won three Tony Awards for the Broadway Musical *Kismet*, as Best Producer (Musical), as Best Author (Musical) with Luther Davis, and as co-author of the book which, with several collaborators, contributed to the Best Musical win.

## Personal life

### Marion Davies' nephew

Lederer and his sister Pepi were raised by his aunt, actress Marion Davies. He grew up in Hollywood, and spent much of his time at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, his aunt's primary home with newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. According to Davies's biographer Fred Guiles, "Everyone close to Marion knew that Charlie was her favorite person after Hearst. . . . He was her knight-errant and no one, not even Hearst, ever reckoned with Marion alone from then on; they knew that they were dealing, too, with nephew Charlie."

Lederer's father, George Lederer, produced her first film, *Runaway Romany*. Hearst, who at that time had not known Davies, saw the film and offered Davies a one-year acting contract, leading to their future relationship and further roles for Davies.

In July 1928, Davies and Hearst left on a summer vacation to Europe. Among those invited who joined them, at Hearst's expense, were Lederer and his sister Pepi. During another summer trip to Europe in 1934, Hearst and Davies considered having Lederer write a scenario for a movie project called *Movie Queen,* a proposed film and vehicle for Davies that had been discussed in Hollywood. Hearst also asked Lederer to help rewrite the script for another Davies film, *Hearts Divided* (1936), which he did without credit.

In 1950, Hearst personally asked Lederer to find him an attorney to draw up a trust agreement for his will in order to provide Davies with a lifetime income from the Hearst estate after his death. Lederer remained close to Davies after Hearst's death in 1951. When Davies died in 1961 at age 64, nearly recovering from cancer treatments and deterioring health from years of heavy drinking, Lederer, along with Davies' husband and her sister, were at her bedside.

During his visits at Hearst's estate, Lederer befriended Charlie Chaplin, also a frequent visitor, and got a small role in his 1931 film, *City Lights*. The scene was cut from the final film, however, and the seven-minute clip was first publicly shown in the 1983 documentary *Unknown Chaplin*.

### Marriages

Lederer married Virginia Nicolson Welles, ex-wife of Orson Welles, May 18, 1940, in Phoenix, Arizona. Lederer, at the time, was a "good friend" of Welles, notes Welles biographer Peter Bogdanovich According to Guiles, "she married Charlie… coming back to the Lederer home on Bedford Drive \[in Los Angeles\] with her young daughter, Chris, Welles’ first-born child.” The couple divorced in 1949.

Lederer's second wife was actress Anne Shirley whom he married in 1949.

### Friendships

#### Orson Welles

Welles biographer Barbara Leaming states that after Lederer married Welles's first wife in 1940, "earnestly trying to protect the best interests of Virginia and particularly of his daughter Chris, Lederer had angry run-ins with Orson, whom he accused of not living up to the divorce settlement. Now, in the unlikeliest of turnarounds, Orson and the witty, intelligent Lederer became great chums." Welles himself said of the Lederers, "I liked them together," and he soon entered into a friendly relationship that he describes as a "strange design for living at the beach."

Welles became famous in the movie world after the release of *Citizen Kane* in 1941, a story based in part on the life of William Randolph Hearst. The story attempts to solve the mystery of newspaper publisher Charles Foster Kane's last dying word: "Rosebud". Film critic David Thomson calls the word "the greatest secret in cinema." In 1989, author Gore Vidal disclosed that "Rosebud" was in fact a nickname which Hearst playfully used for the clitoris of his mistress, Marion Davies. Vidal said that Davies told this intimate detail to Lederer, who mentioned it to him. The claim about the meaning of "Rosebud" was repeated in the 1996 documentary *The Battle Over Citizen Kane* and again in the 1999 dramatic film *RKO 281*.

Years later, after Welles's second marriage to actress Rita Hayworth ended in 1948, he moved to a beach house next door to the palatial Marion Davies estate where his first wife Virginia and Lederer, her husband, resided. Welles lived there with Irish actress Geraldine Fitzgerald, and he soon became a "member of the household" of his former wife and Lederer.

Chris Welles, in her biography, describes how her mother and stepfather remained friends with Welles despite the earlier problems:

> He seemed to be great pals with my stepfather, Charlie Lederer. No one observing them together would have guessed that my mother and Charlie had sued my father for an increase in my child support. . . . Mother and Charlie had given up, and so it was back to "Orson, darling!" and a daily invitation to join them in the ritual of martinis on the front porch at sunset. He was more likely to arrive unannounced and then madden the cook by staying for lunch or dinner. Always casually dressed in summer slacks and an open shirt, he behaved as though he were a member of our household, coming and going as he pleased with no need to give an account of himself.

According to Welles biographer Frank Brady, Lederer and Welles would sometimes spend hours, or days, discussing various film projects or related properties that they might want to collaborate on. They both loved Tennessee Williams' *The Glass Menagerie*. There were also awkward periods that Welles remembers:

> You see, he'd have Marion Davies for dinner. Virginia would say, "Now you stay away. Don't be seen." And so I'd come up to the window where their dinner table was, with my coat collar up as though it were snowing outside, and just stare in at them eating.

Lederer would often take Chris and Virginia to visit San Simeon, where Davies lived with William Randolph Hearst. She recalls, "Whenever we visited San Simeon, the grandiose castle . . . Charlie could not resist pulling the old man's leg:

> "WR is the perfect fall guy," I remember Charlie telling my father one evening while the adults were having martinis on the porch. Then, to illustrate his point, my stepfather launched into his favorite story. Late one night at San Simeon, when everyone else was asleep, Charlie stole out to the gardens and dressed the marble statues of naked women in bras and panties. . . . In the morning, the grand old gentleman stood there bothered and befuddled as each of his guests stumbled half-asleep into the garden and began to howl with laughter.

Chris Welles adds that "aunt Marion, who had lost most of her relatives, was extremely close to Charlie." Lederer agreed, saying that "we're more like partners in crime than aunt and nephew." She remembers one occasion: "Charlie and Marion would exchange a wicked glance and then begin turning somersaults in unison on one of Hearst's priceless Persian rugs." She writes, however, that she was unaware at the time of the complications that her visits to San Simeon caused:

> I was too young to appreciate the irony of my position—both the child of the man who had made *Citizen Kane* and the stepchild of Marion Davies's beloved nephew. Marion, Charlie, and my mother feared that the mere sight of "Orson's kid" might give Pops apoplexy . . .

Virginia Welles gave some of the reasons Lederer became close friends with Welles:

> Orson and Charlie just naturally gravitated toward one another. They were both brilliant, highly sophisticated men living in a cultural desert. . . . So my two husbands got to be great friends, and they loved to commiserate about how difficult it was to be married to me. But when it came to their personalities, they couldn't have been more unalike. Charlie was such a dear, sweet, funny man, and he didn't have Orson's crushing ego. He was a hell of a lot easier to live with, I can tell you.

After completing Macbeth in late 1947, Welles planned to live and work in Europe to save on production costs. Before leaving, however, he came down with chicken pox, which he contracted from his daughter. He was forced to stay in New York's Waldorf hotel for three days, during which time Lederer remained with him while they worked on a script for *The Shadow,* which Welles was to direct. Later, after Welles had been living in Europe, spending most of his time and energy trying to obtain funds to both live and produce other films, Lederer loaned him $250,000.

#### Harpo, Ben Hecht, and a Comeuppance

Lederer was great friends with Harpo Marx and the two constantly cooked up practical jokes at the balls and parties they attended at Hearst Castle, the estate of William Randolph Hearst, such as stealing all the female guests' fur coats and draping them over the statues outside the estate during a heavy snowstorm.

Lederer was a close and lifelong friend of screenwriter Ben Hecht, with whom he co-wrote numerous screenplays. Hecht noted that Lederer was "half Jewish and half Irish," and soon after meeting him, wired Rose, his wife, "I have met a new friend. He has pointed teeth, pointed ears, is nineteen years old, completely bald and stands on his head a great deal. His name is Charles Lederer. I hope to bring him back to civilization with me." Hecht's 1963 autobiography, *Gaily, Gaily*, was dedicated, "For Charles Lederer, to read in his tub."

Lederer was famed on both coasts as a sardonic wit and "incessant practical joker," which endeared him to Hecht. Bennett Cerf's book *Shake Well Before Using* describes an incident during Lederer's career in the Army during World War II, when Lederer took revenge on an Englishwoman who had been making "rabid and noisy" remarks against Jews:

> "Tell me, why don't you like the Jews?"
>
> "Oh, I don't know. No reason I guess." Lederer yanked on \[her china cabinet\] door. Most of the china flew across the room.
>
> "Well, now you've got a reason."

## Final years

According to Mankiewicz' biographer Richard Meryman, Lederer "isolated himself in his last years, contorted from arthritis, addicted to narcotics." He died in 1976, aged sixty-five.

## Filmography

### Writer

### Director

### Actor

## InfoBox

| Charles Lederer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1910-12-31)December 31, 1910
New York City, US |
| Died | March 5, 1976(1976-03-05) (aged 65)
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Occupations | * Director * producer * screenwriter * author |
| Spouses | *   Virginia Nicolson  (m. 1940; div. 1949) *   Anne Shirley
(m. 1949) |
| Children | 1 |
| Parents |  |
| Relatives | Pepi Lederer (sister)
Marion Davies (aunt)
Rosemary Davies (aunt)
Patricia Lake (cousin) |


title: Charles Lee (Australian politician)

abstract: Charles Alfred Lee was an Australian shopkeeper and conservative parliamentarian who served in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 35 years. Serving from 1884 for Tenterfield, he entered the Free Trade Party cabinet of George Reid in 1898 as Minister for Justice and briefly as Secretary for Public Works in 1899 until he returned to opposition in late 1899. Following Federation and the change of focus of the old party system in 1901, Lee was elected as the compromise leader of the new Liberal Reform Party and consequently the first official Leader of the Opposition. After leading the party to electoral defeat in 1901, he resigned owing to ill health in 1902. When the Liberal Reformers won office under Sir Joseph Carruthers in 1904, he was made Secretary for Public Works. He served with distinction, overseeing the expansion of rural infrastructure, under Carruthers and his successor Charles Wade, until the government lost office to the Labor Party in 1910. He thereafter served in the backbenches until his retirement to Tenterfield in 1920, where he died six years later.

text:
# Charles Lee (Australian politician)

**Charles Alfred Lee** (13 November 1842 – 16 August 1926) was an Australian shopkeeper and conservative parliamentarian who served in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 35 years. Serving from 1884 for Tenterfield, he entered the Free Trade Party cabinet of George Reid in 1898 as Minister for Justice and briefly as Secretary for Public Works in 1899 until he returned to opposition in late 1899. Following Federation and the change of focus of the old party system in 1901, Lee was elected as the compromise leader of the new Liberal Reform Party and consequently the first official Leader of the Opposition. After leading the party to electoral defeat in 1901, he resigned owing to ill health in 1902. When the Liberal Reformers won office under Sir Joseph Carruthers in 1904, he was made Secretary for Public Works. He served with distinction, overseeing the expansion of rural infrastructure, under Carruthers and his successor Charles Wade, until the government lost office to the Labor Party in 1910. He thereafter served in the backbenches until his retirement to Tenterfield in 1920, where he died six years later.

## Early years and background

Charles Alfred Lee was born in Parramatta, New South Wales in 1842, the son of Benjamin Lee, a Waterloo veteran, publican and landowner, and Lucy Ann Poulton, who had emigrated to New South Wales in 1829. His elder brother, Benjamin Lee, was also to become a NSW politician and civil servant. Educated at West Maitland Grammar School, Charles entered a Maitland store, rising to become partner. On 18 July 1865 in Penrith he married Clara Jane Tindale. They were to have six sons, Walter Lee (1868–1925), Lieutenant Colonel Charles Arthur Lee (1874–1918), Captain Frederick Edward Lee (1875–?), Reginald Lee (1878–?), Sergeant Lionel Kenneth Lee (1882–1919) and Cecil Lee (1885–1895); and four daughters, Clara Isabel Stuart (1870–1953), Constance Maude Addison (1872–1949), Emilie Mabel Lee (1877–?) and Ruby Violet Lee (1880–1881).

In 1869, Lee moved with his family to Tenterfield, in northern New South Wales, "for the sake of the bracing climate of New England", where he purchased Maryland Stores. Lee eventually rose to hold various prominent positions within Tenterfield society, being appointed a Postmaster in 1872 and as the district Coroner from 1873 to 1876. Lee entered local politics when he was elected as an Alderman on the first Tenterfield Municipal Council in 1872–1876 and was Mayor from September 1875, to February 1876. Settling in his large pastoral property, 'Claremont', Lee became President of the Prince Albert Memorial Hospital Board, the Tenterfield Railway League, and the School of Arts.

## Political career

Retiring from his business, Lee was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Tenterfield uncontested on 20 November 1884, when the previous member, Henry Parkes, resigned. Joining the Free Trade Party in 1887, Lee aligned himself with rural issues and rights of landowners, eventually joining the Farmers' and Settlers' Association of New South Wales. Australian Town and Country reported: "In his electorate he has been always associated with the progress of local institutions. He is a not frequent speaker in Parliament; but when he does speak, he is brief, effective and to the point."

On 7 December 1893 Lee carried an adjournment motion in Parliament which censured the Attorney General Edmund Barton and the Minister for Justice Richard O'Connor for their acceptance of private legal briefs to act against New South Wales Government Railways, leading to their resignation and the prorogation of the parliament. On 27 August 1898, Lee rose to become Minister of Justice in the Free Trader government of George Reid, introducing prison libraries, lights in prison cells and nightdresses for female prisoners. He served in this capacity until his promotion on 3 July 1899 as the Secretary for Public Works. He served in this capacity only briefly when on 13 September 1899, Reid's government fell to William Lyne's Protectionists. He sat on the royal commission on city railway extension in 1897.

In April 1901 Lee was elected as the compromise leader of the new Liberal Reform Party of New South Wales, which had emerged from the former Free Trade Party, and consequently the first official Leader of the Opposition, after the withdrawal of the favoured candidate Joseph Carruthers. Lee's party was divided and unprepared for the elections ten weeks later, at which they were defeated. Although respected as an MP, Lee's genial and quiet manner proved highly unsuited for leadership and he eventually resigned on 17 September 1902 in favour of Carruthers.

When the Liberal Reform Party under Carruthers won the 1904 election, Lee was appointed as Secretary for Public Works on 30 August 1904. Serving through Carruther's successor, Charles Wade, to the government's fall on 20 October 1910, Lee presided over an extensive public works programme. Among the projects he helped to develop were the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area, Cataract Dam for the Sydney water supply, rail infrastructure expansion, the construction of the Burrinjuck Dam, and the creation of the town of Leeton, which was named after him.

During his later years in parliament he remained an advocate for small landowners and rural affairs and served until his retirement from parliament on 18 February 1920, after thirty-six years as an MP. Thereafter, Lee lived in quiet retirement at Claremont, Tenterfield, until his death on 16 August 1926. He was buried in the Tenterfield cemetery, survived by three daughters and two sons. Two of his sons were killed in World War I: Lieutenant Colonel Charles Arthur Lee (1874–1918) had died after returning home of complications arising from shell shock, and Sergeant Lionel Kenneth Lee (1882–1919) from Typhus while in Egypt. The Tenterfield Star's obituary for Lee said his death brought to an end a "long and eventful chapter in the history of Tenterfield and northern NSW."

## InfoBox

| The HonourableCharles Lee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Secretary for Public Works | |
| **In office**
3 July 1899  13 September 1899 | |
| Premier | George Reid |
| Preceded by | James Young |
| Succeeded by | Edward O'Sullivan |
| **In office**
29 August 1904  20 October 1910 | |
| Premier | Sir Joseph Carruthers
Charles Wade |
| Preceded by | Walter Bennett |
| Succeeded by | Arthur Griffith |
| Member of the New South Wales Parliament
for Tenterfield | |
| **In office**
20 November 1884  18 February 1920 | |
| Preceded by | Henry Parkes |
| Succeeded by | District abolished |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1842-11-13)13 November 1842
Parramatta, Colony of New South Wales |
| Died | 16 August 1926(1926-08-16) (aged 83)
Tenterfield, New South Wales, Australia |
| Spouse | Clara Jane Tinsdale |
| Relations | Benjamin Lee (brother) |
| Children | LtCol. Charles Arthur Lee
Cpt. Frederick Edward Lee
Sgt. Lionel Kenneth Lee |
| Residence(s) | Claremont House, Tenterfield |
| Occupation | Shopkeeper |
|  | |


title: Charles Maurice Le Tellier

abstract: Charles Maurice Le Tellier was a French Archbishop of Reims. The son of Michel Le Tellier and brother of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, both ministers of Louis XIV, he studied for the Church, won a doctorate of theology at the Sorbonne and was ordained priest in 1666. Provided, even before his ordination, with several royal abbeys, he rapidly rose to the coadjutorship of Langres, then to that of Reims and became titular of that see at the age of twenty-nine. His administration was marked by zeal and success along the lines of popular education, training of clerics, parochial organization, restoration of ecclesiastical discipline and extirpation of Protestantism from the Sedan district. The importance of his see together with the royal favour brought him to the front in the affairs of the Church in France. As secretary of the Petite Assemblée of 1681, he reported for the king and against the pope on all disputed points: the extension of the royal claim called régale, the forcible placing of a Cistercian abbess over the Augustinian nuns of Charonne, and the expulsion of the canonically elected vicars capitular of Pamiers. The famous Gallican Assembly of 1682 was convened at his suggestion. Elected president with Harlay, he caused the bishops to endorse the royal policy of encroachment on church affairs, and even memorialized the pope with a view to make him accept the régale. His comparative moderation in the matter of the four Gallican propositions was due to Bossuet, who remarked that "the glory of the régale would only be obscured by those odious propositions." As president of the Assembly (1700) which undertook to deal with Jansenism and Laxism already judged by the pope, Le Tellier was lenient with the Jansenists and severe with theologians of repute. The same holds true of the various controversies in which he took part: the Nouveau Testament de Mons, the theory of philosophical sin and Molinism. Le Tellier is remembered as a successful administrator, an orator of some merit, a promoter of letters, a protector of Saint John Baptist de la Salle, Mabillon, Ruinart, etc., and a bosom friend of Bossuet, whom he consecrated, and visited on his deathbed, and whom he induced to write the "Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier." His manuscripts, in sixty volumes, are at the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, and his library of 50,000 volumes at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève. Le Tellier was also a manuscript collector.

text:
# Charles Maurice Le Tellier

**Charles Maurice Le Tellier** (1642 in Turin – 1710 in Reims) was a French Archbishop of Reims.

The son of Michel Le Tellier and brother of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, both ministers of Louis XIV, he studied for the Church, won a doctorate of theology at the Sorbonne and was ordained priest in 1666. Provided, even before his ordination, with several royal abbeys, he rapidly rose to the coadjutorship of Langres, then to that of Reims and became titular of that see at the age of twenty-nine.

His administration was marked by zeal and success along the lines of popular education, training of clerics, parochial organization, restoration of ecclesiastical discipline and extirpation of Protestantism from the Sedan district. The importance of his see together with the royal favour brought him to the front in the affairs of the Church in France.

As secretary of the *Petite Assemblée* of 1681, he reported for the king and against the pope on all disputed points: the extension of the royal claim called *régale*, the forcible placing of a Cistercian abbess over the Augustinian nuns of Charonne, and the expulsion of the canonically elected vicars capitular of Pamiers.

The famous Gallican Assembly of 1682 was convened at his suggestion. Elected president with Harlay, he caused the bishops to endorse the royal policy of encroachment on church affairs, and even memorialized the pope with a view to make him accept the *régale*. His comparative moderation in the matter of the four Gallican propositions was due to Bossuet, who remarked that "the glory of the *régale* would only be obscured by those odious propositions."

As president of the Assembly (1700) which undertook to deal with Jansenism and Laxism already judged by the pope, Le Tellier was lenient with the Jansenists and severe with theologians of repute. The same holds true of the various controversies in which he took part: the *Nouveau Testament de Mons*, the theory of philosophical sin and Molinism.

Le Tellier is remembered as a successful administrator, an orator of some merit, a promoter of letters, a protector of Saint John Baptist de la Salle, Mabillon, Ruinart, etc., and a bosom friend of Bossuet, whom he consecrated, and visited on his deathbed, and whom he induced to write the "Oraison funèbre de Michel Le Tellier." His manuscripts, in sixty volumes, are at the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, and his library of 50,000 volumes at the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève.

Le Tellier was also a manuscript collector (e.g. Minuscule 10, 11, 13, 284, and 467).

* Abbé Joseph Gillet, *Charles-Maurice Le Tellier*, with an exhaustive bibliography (Paris, 1881), p. xii and passim
* Charles Sainte-Beuve, *Port-Royal* (ed. 1900), index.
* Luc-Normand Tellier, *Face aux Colbert : les Le Tellier, Vauban, Turgot ... et l'avènement du libéralisme*, Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1987

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Charles-Maurice Le Tellier". *Catholic Encyclopedia*. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## InfoBox

| His Grace
Charles Maurice Le Tellier | |
| --- | --- |
| Archbishop of Reims | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic |
| Archdiocese | Reims |
| See | Notre Dame de Reims |
| Installed | 3 August 1671 |
| Term ended | 22 February 1710 |
| Predecessor | Antonio Barberini |
| Successor | François de Mailly |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1642-07-18)18 July 1642
Turin, Duchy of Savoy |
| Died | 22 February 1710(1710-02-22) (aged 67)
Reims, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Alma mater | College of Sorbonne, Paris |


abstract: The Department of Government Services (DoGS) is a government department in Victoria, Australia. It was formed on 1 January 2023 as a result of a cabinet reshuffle by Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews. Upon establishment, the department took over the responsibilities for local government from the Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions.

text:
# Department of Government Services (Victoria)

The **Department of Government Services** (**DoGS)** is a government department in Victoria, Australia. It was formed on 1 January 2023 as a result of a cabinet reshuffle by Premier of Victoria Daniel Andrews.

Upon establishment, the department took over the responsibilities for local government from the Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions.

## Ministers

As of October 2023, the department supports three ministers in the following portfolios:

| Name | | Party | Portfolio |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Gabrielle Williams MP | Labor | Minister for Government Services<br>Minister for Consumer Affairs |
|  | Melissa Horne MP | Labor | Minister for Local Government |

## Responsibilities

The department encompasses various functions such as consumer affairs, municipal government and administration for the public service such as grants management.

## InfoBox

Department of Government Services
| Department overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | 1 January 2023 (2023-01-01) |
| Jurisdiction | Victoria |
| Ministers responsible |  |
| Department executive | * Jo de Morton, Secretary |
| Child department |  |
| Website | www.vic.gov.au/department-government-services |