title: 1944 Christchurch mayoral election

abstract: The 1944 Christchurch City mayoral election was held on 27 May. The incumbent was Ernest Andrews of the conservative Citizens' Association. Andrews was challenged by his predecessor, Robert Macfarlane, of the Labour Party, who had returned from active war service. Andrews won by a large majority.

text:
# 1944 Christchurch mayoral election

The **1944 Christchurch City mayoral election** was held on 27 May. The incumbent was Ernest Andrews of the conservative Citizens' Association. Andrews was challenged by his predecessor, Robert Macfarlane, of the Labour Party, who had returned from active war service. Andrews won by a large majority.

## Background

Andrews was the only person who sought nomination from the Citizens' Association. His candidacy for the group was decided on 17 February 1944.

Macfarlane had been the mayor from 1938 to 1941, and had not stood in the previous election as he wanted to go to war. He was discharged from the army after serving in the Middle East for two and a half years due to ill health. When Andrews' nomination was announced, the local newspaper *The Press* stated that the Labour Party had yet to make its selection, but that "it is said to be certain" that Macfarlane would be their candidate. Three Labour candidates sought nomination: Macfarlane (who had been MP for Christchurch South since a 1939 by-election), Mabel Howard (who had become MP for Christchurch East in a 1943 by-election, and Harold Denton (an unsuccessful candidate in the Riccarton electorate in the 1943 general election). Macfarlane's selection was announced on 17 March 1944.

## Candidates

### Ernest Andrews

Ernest Herbert Andrews was a senior city councillor whose candidacy was announced on 17 February 1944. Andrews had been born in 1873 near Nelson. He had studied at Canterbury University College and had been a school teacher in various parts of the country before settling in Christchurch with a printing business in 1907. A representative cricketer, he was involved with numerous organisations. He had continuously been a member of Christchurch City Council since 1919, had chaired almost every council committee, and had been deputy-mayor under John Beanland (1936–1938). He had first stood for mayor in the 1941 local election and was the incumbent.

### Robert Macfarlane

Macfarlane was born in Christchurch in 1900. Raised by his grandmother, he attended Waltham School and may have had two years of high school. He worked in various labour job. In 1918, he joined the Christchurch Socialist Party and became its president shortly after. In 1919, he joined the Christchurch South branch of the Labour Party. When the Christchurch East branch of the Labour Party was founding in 1922, Macfarlane became its inaugural secretary. In 1925, he became secretary of the North Canterbury Labour Representation Committee. He was first elected onto Christchurch City Council in 1927 but failed to get re-elected in 1929. In the 1935 general election, he stood in the Christchurch North electorate and got narrowly beaten by Sidney Holland. He regained a seat on Christchurch City Council in a by-election in 1936. He was Mayor of Christchurch from 1938 to 1941, and had continuously represented the Christchurch South since 1939 despite his lengthy absence due to war service.

## Results

The election was held on Saturday, 27 May 1944, from 9am to 6pm. For the first time, enrolment had become compulsory, although voting itself was not compulsory (as it remains to this day). There were five separate elections for Christchurch people: mayor (2 candidates), city council (46 candidates for 16 positions), the North Canterbury Hospital Board (27 candidates for 10 positions), and the Lyttelton Harbour Board (9 candidates for 4 positions), and the North Canterbury Catchment Board (newly constituted; 9 candidates for 4 positions). The first-past-the-post voting system was used and absentee voting was not allowed for. There were 23 polling booths in Christchurch Central and Richmond, 23 polling booths across Linwood, Woolston, and Mount Pleasant, 26 polling booths across St Albans and Papanui, 31 polling booths across Sydenham and Spreydon, 1 polling booth in Lyttelton, and 6 polling booths in New Brighton; a total of 110 booths. In addition, there were a total of 8 polling booths in Riccarton and Sumner for the North Canterbury Catchment Board election.

Andrews had a significant majority, getting 22,765 votes compared to Macfarlane's 13,702. The last time there had been such a clear majority was at the 1925 mayoral election. The turnout for the mayoral election was circa 46.4 percent.

### Mayoral election results

1944 Christchurch mayoral election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Ernest Andrews** | **22,765** | **62.43** | **+18.46** |
|  | Labour | Robert Macfarlane | 13,702 | 37.57 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 287 | 0.78 |  |
| Majority | | | 9,063 | 24.85 | +20.99 |
| Turnout | | | 36,754 | c. 46.4 |  |

Andrews was installed on 7 June 1944 at a ceremony held at the municipal offices in Manchester Street, with councillor Melville Lyons chosen as his deputy.

### City councillor election results

In mid-May 1944, the Electors' Association formed itself as a body for independent candidates. The election saw the Labour Party gain just one seat on the city council, with three of their sitting members (John Septimus "Jack" Barnett, Teresa Green, and Harold Denton) defeated. Four councillors for the Citizens' Association were elected for the first time (James Hay, Leslie George Amos, Ron Guthrey, and John Edward Tait).

In the table below the final voting numbers reported as final are shown. The last six placing candidates lost their NZ£3 deposit.

1944 Christchurch local election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Citizens'** | **James Hay** | **19,933** | **61.58** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Melville Lyons** | **19,516** | **60.29** | **−0.95** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Ron Guthrey** | **18,967** | **58.59** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Mary McLean** | **18,656** | **57.63** | **+6.38** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Jim Clarke** | **17,953** | **55.46** | **−3.07** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Leslie George Amos** | **17,545** | **54.20** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Bill Glue** | **17,369** | **53.66** | **+3.73** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Reginald Gilbert Brown** | **17,211** | **53.17** | **+0.39** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Clyde Sheppard** | **17,027** | **52.60** | **+2.43** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Frank Sturmer Wilding** | **16,880** | **52.15** | **−5.71** |
|  | **Labour** | **George Manning** | **16,574** | **51.20** | **−4.10** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **John Edward Tait** | **16,464** | **50.86** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **John James Hurley** | **16,333** | **50.46** | **−1.55** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Hugh Paterson Donald** | **16,281** | **50.29** | **−0.55** |
|  | **Citizens'** | **Walter Llewellyn King** | **16,054** | **49.59** |  |
|  | **Citizens'** | **George Griffiths** | **15,973** | **49.34** | **+0.59** |
|  | Labour | Jack Barnett | 15,957 | 49.29 | −11.37 |
|  | Citizens' | Donald Sinclair Murchison | 15,637 | 48.31 |  |
|  | Labour | Mabel Howard | 15,608 | 48.22 | +1.58 |
|  | Labour | Teresa Green | 15,536 | 47.99 | −2.39 |
|  | Labour | Edward Parlane | 15,034 | 46.44 |  |
|  | Labour | Harold Denton | 14,824 | 45.79 | −6.21 |
|  | Labour | Lyn Christie | 13,086 | 40.42 |  |
|  | Labour | Thomas Nuttall | 12,923 | 39.92 | −8.05 |
|  | Labour | Ernest Alan Sharp | 12,199 | 37.68 | −6.31 |
|  | Labour | John Edward Jones | 12,140 | 37.50 | −7.49 |
|  | Labour | George William Dell | 11,973 | 36.99 |  |
|  | Labour | James Shankland | 11,321 | 34.97 |  |
|  | Labour | James William Morgan | 11,066 | 34.18 |  |
|  | Labour | Tommy Martin | 10,479 | 32.37 | −5.10 |
|  | Labour | Frederick Kelso | 10,358 | 32.00 | −5.12 |
|  | Labour | Patrick Joseph Kelly | 8,761 | 27.06 |  |
|  | Independent | William Henry Davies | 3,837 | 11.85 |  |
|  | Democratic Labour | Gordon Kelly | 3,645 | 11.26 |  |
|  | Communist | William John Whiting | 3,130 | 9.67 |  |
|  | Electors' Association | Fred Whiley | 2,822 | 8.71 |  |
|  | Democratic Labour | David John Upton | 2,670 | 8.24 |  |
|  | Electors' Association | Robert McKenzie Bailey | 2,350 | 7.26 |  |
|  | Electors' Association | George Thomas Baker | 2,239 | 6.91 |  |
|  | Democratic Labour | Henry Maloney | 2,032 | 6.27 |  |
|  | Independent | Lynwood Hollings | 1,941 | 5.99 | −4.48 |
|  | Electors' Association | Vincent Francis Roberts | 1,882 | 5.81 |  |
|  | Democratic Labour | Trevor Roland Hill | 1,825 | 5.63 |  |
|  | Democratic Labour | John Ranby Robertson | 1,558 | 4.81 |  |
|  | Democratic Labour | Morris Sears | 1,084 | 3.34 |  |
|  | Electors' Association | Ernest Yealands | 1,041 | 3.21 |  |

## InfoBox

1944 Christchurch mayoral election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Turnout | 36,754 |
| Candidate Ernest Andrews Robert Macfarlane  Party Citizens' Labour  Popular vote 22,765 13,702  Percentage 62.43 37.57 | |
| ---  **Mayor before election**
Ernest Andrews
Citizens' **Elected mayor**
Ernest Andrews
Citizens' | |


abstract: The women's team sabre competition of the fencing event at the 2015 SEA Games was held on 7 June 2015 at the OCBC Arena Hall 2 in Kallang, Singapore.

text:
# Fencing at the 2015 SEA Games – Women's team sabre

The **women's team sabre** competition of the fencing event at the 2015 SEA Games was held on 7 June 2015 at the OCBC Arena Hall 2 in Kallang, Singapore.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saturday, 7 June 2015 | **14:00** | **Quarterfinals** |
| | **17:00** | **Semifinals** |
| | **19:30** | **Gold medal match** |

## Results

Source: Event Summary

## Final standing

Source: Final Standings - Women's team sabre

| Rank | Team |
| --- | --- |
| Finals | |
|  | Vietnam (VIE)
Bùi Thị Thu Hà
Nguyễn Thị Lệ Dung
Nguyễn Thị Thanh Loan
Nguyễn Thị Thùy Chung |
|  | Thailand (THA)
Manunya Patsara
Ngernrungruangroj Pornsawan
Pokeaw Tonpan
Starrat Sirawalai |
|  | Singapore (SIN)
Cheung Sharmaine En-Qi
Lau Ywen
Lee Huimin Ann
Yong Mei Xin Christabel |
|  | Indonesia (INA)
Anggraini Reni
Permatasari Diah
Sapitri Ima
Susanti Novi |
| Quarterfinals | |
| 5 | Philippines (PHI)
De Leon Geisha
Del Rosario Clichelleyn
Nicanor Jylyn
Tinio Justine Gail |

## InfoBox

| Fencing – Women's team sabre
at the 2015 SEA Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | OCBC Arena Hall 2 |
| Date | 7 June 2015 |
| Competitors | 20 from 5 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Vietnam  Thailand  Singapore  Indonesia | |
|


title: Richard Green (curator)

abstract: Richard Green is an art curator and art critic.

text:
# Richard Green (curator)

**Richard Green** FSA FRSA is an art curator and art critic.

## Biography

Green was Keeper of fine art at the Laing Art Gallery from 1971 to 1977. One of his early acquisitions for Newcastle was *Laus veneris* by Edward Burne-Jones. In 1977 he became the curator of York Art Gallery, a post he held until 2003 when he left to become an independent art historian. As curator at York Art Gallery, Green was present during the armed robbery of January 1999 in which staff were tied up and threatened, and over £700,000 of paintings were stolen.

Green is an honorary visiting fellow in the Department of Art History at the University of York. He was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 2014.

## Select publications

* 1990 (with Murray H and Riddick S). *York through the Eyes of the Artist*. York City Art Gallery.
* 2011. 'Etty and the Masters' in S. Burnage, M. Hallett and L. Turner, eds, *William Etty: Art and Controversy*. London.
* 2012. 'Paul Sandby's young Pupil identified', *Burlington Magazine* 144.


title: Richard Green (rower)

abstract: Richard Augustus Willoughby Green was an Australian rowing champion who won 275 of his 346 races, including several in England.

text:
# Richard Green (rower)

**Richard Augustus Willoughby Green** (August 1836 – 6 September 1921) was an Australian rowing champion who won 275 of his 346 races, including several in England.

## History

R. A. W. (“Dick”) Green was born in Sydney, Australia, a son of shipbuilder, George Green (1809 – 30 Aug 1872) and Maria Green (née Bates). George Green came to Australia at a very young age in 1825 and took up his apprenticeship. His shipyard was later based at Greenwich, on Sydney Harbour. The Green family's life revolved around the water - building various types of craft, often of innovative design, for the young colony, with some employed as pilots on the harbour. George and his sons were also very competitive in sailing and rowing, a sport in which several generations have since excelled.

Green was, in 1863, the first Australian champion sculler to compete in England, at the Thames National Regatta 21 July 1863. He won:

* Pair oars race
* Scullers race

In the single sculls match against Robert Chambers for £400 prize money, he led for much of the way before he became ill and had to withdraw. Green requested a rematch, which Chambers initially accepted but later declined. It was later claimed that Green had won the rematch by forfeit.


title: Vertigo (gastropod)

abstract: Vertigo is a genus of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

text:
# Vertigo (gastropod)

***Vertigo*** is a genus of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails.

## Description

Snails in the genus *Vertigo* have no oral tentacles, thus they have only one pair of tentacles.

The jaw is arched; the ends squarely truncated; the anterior surface striate; the cutting edge with a median projection. The radula has a central tooth that is almost square, tricuspid, as large as or larger than the lateral teeth, which are similar, narrower, and bi- or tricuspid. The marginal teeth are low, wide and serrated.

### Shell

The shell is deeply rimate and ovate. The apex is acuminate and obtuse. The shell has 5–6 whorls. The last whorl is rounded. The aperture is semioval with 4 to 7 folds. The peristome is scarcely expanded and white-lipped.

## Distribution

The distribution of the genus *Vertigo* includes Europe, northern Asia, eastern Asia, Japan, Central and North America, Caribbean and the Bermudas.

## Species

Species in the genus *Vertigo* include:

Synonyms * *Vertigo concinnula* (Roscoe and Roscoe, 1955) – Mitered vertigo: synonym of *Vertigo modesta concinnula* Cockerell, 1897
* *Vertigo cubana* Crosse, 1890: synonym of *Lyropupa cubana* (Dall, 1890)
* *Vertigo elatior* (Brooks, 1936) – tapered vertigo: synonym of *Vertigo ventricosa* (Morse, 1865)
* *Vertigo flexidens* (Reuss, 1861): synonym of † *Ptychalaea flexidens* (Reuss, 1861)
* *Vertigo hachijoensis* Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of *Vertigo kushiroensis hachijoensis* Pilsbry, 1919
* *Vertigo heldi* Clessin, 1877: synonym of *Vertigo pygmaea* (Draparnaud, 1801)
* *Vertigo hubrichti* Pilsbry, 1934: synonym of *Vertigo arthuri* E. von Martens, 1882
* *Vertigo interferens* (Deshayes, 1863) : synonym of † *Ovicarychium interferens* (Deshayes, 1863)
* *Vertigo mystica* (Stworzewicz & Pokryszko, 2015): synonym of † *Ptychalaea mystica* Stworzewicz & B.M. Pokryszko, 2015
* *Vertigo neglecta* Arango in Poey, 1856: synonym of *Vertigo ovata* Say, 1822
* *Vertigo occulta* Vanetta, 1912: synonym of *Vertigo arthuri* E. von Martens, 1882
* *Vertigo paradoxa* Sterki in Pilsbry, 1900: synonym of *Vertigo arthuri* E. von Martens, 1882
* *Vertigo shimochii* Kuroda & Amano, 1960: synonym of *Gastrocopta servilis* (A. Gould, 1843)
* *Vertigo sieversi* (O. Boettger, 1879): synonym of *Vertigo nitidula* (Mousson, 1876)

This article incorporates public domain text from reference.

## Further reading

* Speight M. C. D., Moorkens E. A. & Falkner G. (2003). *Proceedings of the workshop on conservation biology of European Vertigo species*.
* Myzyk S. (2005). "Egg structure of some vertiginid species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Vertiginidae)". *Folia Malacologica* **13**: 169. (open access with registration required)

## InfoBox

| *Vertigo* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Vertigo moulinsiana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Vertiginidae |
| Subfamily: | Vertigininae |
| Genus: | *Vertigo*<br>O. F. Müller, 1773 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * *Afripupa* Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1920 (junior subjective synonym) * *Alaea* Jeffreys, 1830 * *Angustella* Steklov, 1967 * *Dexiogyra* Stabile, 1864 * *Glacivertigo* Balashov, 2016 * *Haplopupa* Pilsbry, 1898 * *Helix (Isthmia)* Gray, 1821 * *Isthmia* Gray, 1821 * *Nearctula* Sterki, 1892 (junior synonym) * *Nesopupa (Afripupa)* Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1920\> junior subjective synonym * *Pupa (Alaea)* Jeffreys, 1830 · unaccepted (original name) * *Pupa (Isthmia)* Gray, 1821 * *Pupa (Nearctula)* Sterki, 1892 * *Pupa (Staurodon)* Lowe, 1852 (original name) * *Pupa (Sterkia)* Pilsbry, 1898 (original rank) * *Pupa (Vertigo)* O.F. Müller, 1773 * *Staurodon* R. T. Lowe, 1852 (junior synonym) * *Staurodon (Afripupa)* Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1920 (junior subjective synonym) * *Sterkia* Pilsbry, 1898 * *Sterkia (Metasterkia)* Pilsbry, 1920(junior synonym) * *Sterkia (Sterkia)* Pilsbry, 1898 (junior synonym) * *Ungulidenta* Popova & Schileyko, 1981 * *Vertigo (Alaea)* Jeffreys, 1830 * *Vertigo (Alloptyx)* Pilsbry, 1953 * *Vertigo (Angustella)* Steklov, 1967 junior subjective synonym * *Vertigo (Angustula)* Sterki, 1888 * *Vertigo (Boreovertigo)* Nekola, Chiba, Coles, Drost, Proschwitz & Horsák, 2018 * *Vertigo (Dexiogyra)* Stabile, 1864 junior subjective synonym * *Vertigo (Glacivertigo)* Balashov, 2016 * *Vertigo (Isthmia)* Gray, 1821 * *Vertigo (Nearctula)* Sterki, 1892 * *Vertigo (Ptychalaea)* O. Boettger, 1889 * *Vertigo (Staurodon)* R. T. Lowe, 1852 alternate representation * *Vertigo (Ungulidenta)* Popova & Schileyko, 1981 junior subjective synonym * *Vertigo (Vertigo)* O. F. Müller, 1773 * *Vertigo (Vertilla)* Moquin-Tandon, 1856 * *Vertigo (Vertillaria)* Pilsbry, 1919 | |


title: Vertigo Films

abstract: Vertigo Films is a British television and film production company based in London, England. It now focuses solely on the production of television series, with subsidiary company Vertigo Releasing taking over film distribution.

text:
# Vertigo Films

**Vertigo Films** is a British television and film production company based in London, England. It now focuses solely on the production of television series, with subsidiary company **Vertigo Releasing** taking over film distribution.

## History

Vertigo Films was created in July 2002, by producers Allan Niblo (producer of *Human Traffic* and *South West 9*) and James Richardson (producer of *Kiss Kiss (Bang Bang)*).

Director Nick Love (screenwriter and, prior to company formation, director of *Goodbye Charlie Bright* and *The Football Factory*) and distributor Rupert Preston (distributor of *Chopper*, *Chasing Amy* and *Bride of Chucky*, among others) joined a year later, while entrepreneur Rob Morgan began investment in November 2004.

The company was formed for the express purpose of distributing and producing two films, *The Football Factory* and *It's All Gone Pete Tong.* Vertigo Films's film releases were distributed on home video by Entertainment One. Vertigo Films teamed up with Film4 and Ingenious Media in January 2008, to form a sales company called Protagonist Pictures. They also own a post production company in Berlin called The Post Republic.

Having built up one of the most successful feature film businesses in the United Kingdom, encompassing production, distribution, sales and post production, the company is now solely concentrating on television production. Film distribution is currently handled by Vertigo Releasing, launched in 2014, for the sole purpose of acquiring films for release.

Its first two shows, *Britannia* and *Bulletproof*, were commissioned by Sky, with both programmes renewed for a second series.

In May 2021 *Bulletproof* was cancelled by Sky following extensive allegations of on-set bullying and sexual misconduct against actor and executive producer Noel Clarke.

## Filmography

### Television shows

| Title | Broadcast date | Executive Producers | Broadcaster | Seasons | Episodes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Britannia* | 18 January 2018 | Jez Butterworth, Tom Butterworth, James Richardson | Sky Atlantic | 2 | 19 |
| *Bulletproof* | 15 May 2018 | Noel Clarke, Ashley Walters, Nick Love, Allan Niblo | Sky One | 3 | 17 |
| *A Town Called Malice* | 16 March 2023 | Paul Gilbert, Jane Moore, Peter Welter Soler | Sky Max | 1 | 8 |

### Released films

| Film | Release date | Director | Production company(s) | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *The Football Factory* | 14 May 2004 | Nick Love | Rockstar Games | Production, Distribution |
| *A Good Woman* | 13 May 2005 | Mike Barker | Beyond Films | Distribution |
| *It's All Gone Pete Tong* | 27 May 2005 | Michael Dowse | True West Films / Redbus Film Distribution | Production |
| *Clean* | 1 July 2005 | Olivier Assayas | UK Film Council / Arte France Cinéma / Canal+ / Téléfilm Canada | Distribution |
| *The Business* | 2 September 2005 | Nick Love | Monkey Productions S.L. / Powder Films / Pathé | Production |
| *Pusher II* | 16 September 2005 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Billy's People / Nordisk Film | Distribution |
| *Stoned* | 18 November 2005 | Stephen Woolley | Number 9 Films / Finola Dwyer Productions | Distribution |
| *Pusher 3* | 9 June 2006 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Det Danske Filminstitut / Nordisk Film / TV2 Danmark / NWR Film Productions | Distribution |
| *Dirty Sanchez: The Movie* | 22 September 2006 | Jim Hickey | MTV Europe | Production |
| *London to Brighton* | 1 December 2006 | Paul Andrew Williams | Steel Mill Pictures / Wellington Films / LTB Films Limited | Distribution |
| *Outlaw* | 9 March 2007 | Nick Love | Pathé / Ingenious Film Partners | Production, Distribution |
| *Joe Strummer: The Future Is Unwritten* | 18 May 2007 | Julien Temple | Parallel Film Productions / FilmFour / Nitrate Films | Distribution |
| *Sparkle* | 17 August 2007 | Tom Hunsinger | Isle of Man Film / Magic Light Pictures | Distribution |
| *WΔZ* | 20 August 2007 | Tom Shankland | UK Film Council / Ingenious Film Partners | Production, Distribution |
| *Shotgun Stories* | 19 October 2007 | Jeff Nichols | A Lucky Old Sun Production / Muskat Filmed Properties / Upload Films | Distribution |
| *In the Shadow of the Moon* | 2 November 2007 | David Sington | Discovery Films / FilmFour / Passion Pictures | Distribution |
| *Shrooms* | 23 November 2007 | Paddy Breathnach | Capitol Films / Ingenious Film Partners / Nepenthe Film | Distribution |
| *Outpost* | 16 May 2008 | Steve Barker | Black Camel Pictures / Regent Capital | Distribution |
| *In Search of a Midnight Kiss* | 13 June 2008 | Alex Holdridge | Midnight Kiss Productions | Distribution |
| *The Escapist* | 20 June 2008 | Rupert Wyatt | Picture Farm / Parallel Film Productions | Distribution |
| *Faintheart* | 20 September 2008 | Vito Rocco | MySpace / Screen West Midlands / Slingshot Productions | Distribution, Production |
| *Summer* | 5 December 2008 | Kenneth Glenaan | UK Film Council / EM Media | Distribution |
| *The Children* | 5 December 2008 | Tom Shankland | Aramid Entertainment / Barnsnape Films / BBC Films | Production |
| *Dogging: A Love Story* | 25 January 2009 | Simon Ellis |  | Production |
| *Bronson* | 13 March 2009 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Aramid Entertainment / Str8jacket Creations / EM Media / Perfume Films | Distribution, Production |
| *French Film* | 15 May 2009 | Jackie Oudney | Slingshot Productions / APT Films / IWC Media / Met Film Production | Distribution |
| *Doghouse* | 12 June 2009 | Jake West | Carnaby International | Distribution |
| *Chiko* | 21 August 2009 | Özgür Yildirim | Corazón International / Norddeutscher Rundfunk | Distribution |
| *The Firm* | 18 September 2009 | Nick Love | Warner Bros. | Production |
| *The Cove* | 23 October 2009 | Louie Psihoyos | Diamond Docs / Fish Films / Oceanic Preservation Society / Participant Media / Quickfire Films | Distribution |
| *1 Day* | 6 November 2009 | Penny Woolcock | Blast! Films / Screen West Midlands | Distribution |
| *Humpday* | 18 December 2009 | Lynn Shelton | Seashel Pictures | Distribution |
| *Monsters* | 13 March 2010 | Gareth Edwards | Protagonist Pictures | Production, Distribution |
| *Boogie Woogie* | 16 April 2010 | Duncan Ward | The Works International / S Films / Constance Media / Muse Productions | Distribution |
| *Valhalla Rising* | 30 April 2010 | Nicolas Winding Refn | Nimbus Film / One Eye Production | Distribution |
| *StreetDance 3D* | 21 May 2010 | Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini | BBC Films | Production, Distribution |
| *Ajami* | 18 June 2010 | Scandar Copti and Yaron Shani | Inosan Productions / Twenty Twenty Vision Filmproduction | Distribution |
| *Jackboots on Whitehall* | 8 October 2010 | McHenry Brothers | Entertainment Motion Pictures / Swipe Films / uFilm | Distribution |
| *Outcast* | 10 December 2010 | Colm McCarthy | Bankside Films | Distribution |
| *Wake Wood* | 25 March 2011 | David Keating | Hammer Film Productions / Spitfire Pictures / Fantastic Films | Distribution |
| *Point Blank* | 10 June 2011 | Fred Cavayé | LGM Films / Gaumont / TF1 Films / K.R. Productions | Distribution |
| *Horrid Henry: The Movie* | 29 July 2011 | Nick Moore | Novel Entertainment / UK Film Council / Prescience | Production, Distribution |
| *A Night in the Woods* | 29 August 2011 | Richard Parry |  | Production |
| *Tucker & Dale vs. Evil* | 23 September 2011 | Eli Craig | Reliance Big Pictures / Loubyloo Productions | Distribution |
| *Retreat* | 14 October 2011 | Carl Tibbetts | Ripple World Pictures | Distribution |
| *StreetDance 2* | 30 March 2012 | Michael Dowse | BBC Films | Production, Distribution |
| *The Facility* | 23 June 2012 | Ian Clark | Incendiary Pictures | Production |
| *What If* | 25 June 2012 | Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini |  | Production, Distribution |
| *Top Cat: The Movie* | 1 June 2012 | Alberto Mar | Ánima Estudios / Illusion Studios / Lightning Entertainment International | Distribution |
| *The Sweeney* | 12 September 2012 | Nick Love | Embargo Films / Exponential Films | Production |
| *Pusher* | 12 October 2012 | Luis Prieto | Embargo Films | Production, Distribution |
| *Spring Breakers* | 5 April 2013 | Harmony Korine | Muse Productions / Iconoclast / MJZ | Distribution |
| *All Stars* | 3 May 2013 | Ben Gregor |  | Production, Distribution |
| *Hammer of the Gods* | 30 May 2013 | Farren Blackburn | TV Puls | Production |
| *A Haunted House* | 19 June 2013 | Michael Tiddes | Open Road Films / IM Global / Baby Way Productions | Distribution |
| *Spike Island* | 21 June 2013 | Mat Whitecross | Bankside Films / Fiesta Productions | Distribution |
| *Hawking* | 20 September 2013 | Stephen Finnigan | Darlow Smithson Productions | Distribution |
| *Powder Room* | 6 December 2013 | M.J. Delaney | DJ Films | Distribution |
| *Walking on Sunshine* | 27 June 2014 | Max Giwa and Dania Pasquini | IM Global | Production, Distribution |
| *Pudsey: The Movie* | 13 July 2014 | Nick Moore | Syco Entertainment | Production, Distribution |
| *The Unbeatables* | 15 August 2014 | Juan José Campanella | Antena 3 Films | Distribution |
| *The Last Showing* | 22 August 2014 | Phil Hawkins | The Philm Company / Little Fish Films | Distribution |
| *Monsters: Dark Continent* | 9 October 2014 | Tom Green | Between the Eyes / International Traders | Production, Distribution |
| *Moomins on the Riviera* | 22 May 2015 | Xavier Picard | Handle Productions / Pictak Cie | Distribution |
| *Sword of Vengeance* | 29 May 2015 | Jim Weedon |  | Production, Distribution |
| *Maggie* | 24 July 2015 | Henry Hobson | Lionsgate / Grindstone Entertainment Group / Gold Star Films | Distribution |
| *The Diary of a Teenage Girl* | 7 August 2015 | Marielle Heller | Caviar / Cold Iron Pictures | Distribution |
| *Bill* | 18 September 2015 | Richard Bracewell | Punk Cinema / Cowboy Films / BBC Films | Distribution |
| *Black Souls* | 30 October 2015 | Francesco Munzi | Cinemaundici / Rai Cinema | Distribution |
| *Welcome to Me* | 25 March 2016 | Shira Piven | Bron Studios / Gary Sanchez Productions | Distribution |
| *The Sweeney: Paris* | 15 April 2016 | Benjamin Rocher | SND Films | Production |
| *Ratchet & Clank* | 28 April 2016 | Kevin Munroe and Jericca Cleland | Rainmaker Entertainment | Distribution |
| *Kill Command* | 13 May 2016 | Steven Gomez |  | Production, Distribution |
| *Learning to Drive* | 10 June 2016 | Isabel Coixet |  | Distribution |
| *American Hero* | 19 June 2016 | Nick Love |  | Production, Distribution |
| *Baskin* | 24 June 2016 | Can Evrenol | XYZ Films | Distribution |
| *400 Days* | 19 August 2016 | Matt Osterman | Content Media / New Artists Alliance | Distribution |
| *Black* | 19 August 2016 | Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah |  | Distribution |
| *Hunt for the Wilderpeople* | 16 September 2016 | Taika Waititi | Piki Films / Defender Films / Curious Film | Distribution |
| *31* | 23 September 2016 | Rob Zombie | PalmStar Media / Protagonist Pictures | Distribution |
| *Under the Shadow* | 30 September 2016 | Babak Anvari |  | Distribution |
| *Ethel & Ernest* | 28 October 2016 | Roger Mainwood | BBC / BFI / Film Fund Luxembourg / Ffilm Cymru Wales | Distribution |
| *100 Streets* | 11 November 2016 | James O'Hanlon |  | Distribution |
| *Indignation* | 18 November 2016 | James Schamus | Likely Story / RT Features | Distribution |
| *Chi-Raq* | 2 December 2016 | Spike Lee | Amazon Studios / 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks | Distribution |
| *Snowden* | 9 December 2016 | Oliver Stone | Endgame Entertainment | Distribution |
| *The Young Offenders* | 13 January 2017 | Peter Foott | Screen Ireland | Distribution |
| *iBoy* | 27 January 2017 | Adam Randall | XYZ Films / Netflix | Distribution |
| *The Time of Their Lives* | 10 March 2017 | Roger Goldby | Bright Pictures | Distribution |
| *Another Mother's Son* | 24 March 2017 | Christopher Menaul | Bill Kenwright Films | Distribution |
| *The Belko Experiment* | 21 April 2017 | Greg McLean | BH Tilt / Orion Pictures / The Safran Company | Distribution |
| *Jawbone* | 12 May 2017 | Thomas Napper | EMU Films / Revolution Films | Distribution |
| *The Secret Scripture* | 19 May 2017 | Jim Sheridan |  | Distribution |
| *Dough* | 2 June 2017 | John Goldschmidt |  | Distribution |
| *The Last Word* | 7 July 2017 | Mark Pellington | Myriad Pictures | Distribution |
| *Wish Upon* | 28 July 2017 | John R. Leonetti | Broad Green Pictures | Distribution |
| *Final Portrait* | 18 August 2017 | Stanley Tucci |  | Distribution |
| *Stratton* | 1 September 2017 | Simon West |  | Distribution |
| *Goon: Last of the Enforcers* | 8 September 2017 | Jay Baruchel |  | Distribution |
| *Killing Ground* | 29 September 2017 | Damien Power |  | Distribution |
| *Boy* | 13 October 2017 | Taika Waititi |  | Distribution |
| *Base* | 27 October 2017 | Richard Parry | Infinite Wisdom Studios | Production |
| *The Dinner* | 8 December 2017 | Oren Moverman |  | Distribution |
| *Menashe* | 8 December 2017 | Joshua Z. Weinstein |  | Distribution |
| *The Prince of Nothingwood* | 15 December 2017 | Sonia Kronlund |  | Distribution |
| *Brad's Status* | 5 January 2018 | Mike White | Amazon Studios / Plan B Entertainment / Sidney Kimmel Entertainment | Distribution |
| *Mom and Dad* | 9 March 2018 | Brian Taylor | The Fyzz Facility / XYZ Films | Distribution |
| *Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House* | 23 March 2018 | Peter Landesman | Scott Free Productions | Distribution |
| *Death Wish* | 6 April 2018 | Eli Roth |  | Distribution |
| *The Strangers: Prey at Night* | 4 May 2018 | Johannes Roberts | thefyzz | Distribution |
| *Every Day* | 4 May 2018 | Michael Sucsy | Likely Story / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| *Revenge* | 11 May 2018 | Coralie Fargeat |  | Distribution |
| *Overboard* | 22 June 2018 | Rob Greenberg |  | Distribution |
| *The Bookshop* | 29 June 2018 | Isabel Coixet |  | Distribution |
| *Swimming with Men* | 6 July 2018 | Oliver Parker |  | Distribution |
| *The Escape* | 3 August 2018 | Dominic Savage | Shoebox Films | Distribution |
| *The Domestics* | 10 August 2018 | Mike P. Nelson |  | Distribution |
| *The Miseducation of Cameron Post* | 7 September 2018 | Desiree Akhavan |  | Distribution |
| *The Intent 2: The Come Up* | 21 September 2018 | Femi Oyeniran |  | Distribution |
| *Fahrenheit 11/9* | 19 October 2018 | Michael Moore | Dog Eat Dog Films | Distribution |
| *Hell Fest* | 16 November 2018 | Gregory Plotkin | Valhalla Motion Pictures | Distribution |
| *Anna and the Apocalypse* | 30 November 2018 | John McPhail |  | Distribution |
| *Piercing* | 22 February 2019 | Nicolas Pesce |  | Distribution |
| *The Hole in the Ground* | 1 March 2019 | Lee Cronin |  | Distribution |
| *The Prodigy* | 15 March 2019 | Nicholas McCarthy | XYZ Films / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| *Five Feet Apart* | 22 March 2019 | Justin Baldoni |  | Distribution |
| *Motherhood* | 29 March 2019 | Marianna Palka |  | Distribution |
| *Bel Canto* | 26 April 2019 | Paul Weitz |  | Distribution |
| *Destination Wedding* | 10 May 2019 | Victor Levin | thefyzz | Distribution |
| *Thunder Road* | 31 May 2019 | Jim Cummings |  | Distribution |
| *The Hummingbird Project* | 14 June 2019 | Kim Nguyen |  | Distribution |
| *Child's Play* | 21 June 2019 | Lars Klevberg | Bron Studios / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| *Tell It to the Bees* | 19 July 2019 | Annabel Jankel |  | Distribution |
| *Mrs Lowry & Son* | 30 August 2019 | Adrian Noble |  | Distribution |
| *Corpus Christi* | 18 October 2019 | Jan Komasa |  | Distribution |
| *After the Wedding* | 1 November 2019 | Bart Freundlich | Ingenious Media | Distribution |
| *The Nightingale* | 29 November 2019 | Jennifer Kent | Bron Studios | Distribution |
| *The Assistant* | 31 January 2020 | Kitty Green | Cinereach | Distribution |
| *Villain* | 28 February 2020 | Philip Barantini |  | Distribution |
| *Vivarium* | 27 March 2020 | Lorcan Finnegan | XYZ Films | Distribution |
| *The Wretched* | 8 May 2020 | Brett and Drew T. Pierce |  | Distribution |
| *Resistance* | 19 June 2020 | Jonathan Jakubowicz |  | Distribution |
| *Saint Frances* | 4 July 2020 | Alex Thompson |  | Distribution |
| *100% Wolf* | 31 July 2020 | Alexs Stadermann |  | Distribution |
| *The Vigil* | 31 July 2020 | Keith Thomas |  | Distribution |
| *Gretel & Hansel* | 3 August 2020 | Oz Perkins | Bron Studios / Orion Pictures | Distribution |
| *Pinocchio* | 7 August 2020 | Matteo Garrone | Archimede / Rai Cinema | Distribution |
| *Sputnik* | 14 August 2020 | Egor Abramenko | Art Pictures Studio | Distribution |
| *Miss Juneteenth* | 18 September 2020 | Channing Godfrey Peoples |  | Distribution |
| *Becky* | 28 September 2020 | Jonathan Milott & Cary Murnion |  | Distribution |
| *I Am Woman* | 9 October 2020 | Unjoo Moon |  | Distribution |
| *Host* | 4 December 2020 | Rob Savage |  | Distribution |
| *The Racer* | 18 December 2020 | Kieron J. Walsh |  | Distribution |
| *Sound of Metal* | 29 January 2021 | Darius Marder |  | Distribution |
| *Minamata* | 12 February 2021 | Andrew Levitas |  | Distribution |
| *Crimes of the Future* | 9 September 2022 | David Cronenberg | Neon / Metropolitan Filmexport / Argonauts Productions S.A. / Serendipity Point Films / Davis Films / Telefilm Canada / Ingenious Media / Bell Media / CBC / Ekome / Natixis Coficiné | Distribution |
|

## Awards

*It's All Gone Pete Tong*:

*Clean*:

*London to Brighton*:

*Shotgun Stories*:

*Bronson*:

*Monsters*:

## InfoBox

Vertigo Films
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Film, television |
| Founded | July 2002 (July 2002) |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Key people | James Richardson (co founder)
Allan Niblo (co founder)
Jane Moore (CEO)
 |
| Parent | Federation Studios |
| Divisions | Protagonist Pictures (joint venture with Film4 Productions and Ingenious Media) |
| Website | vertigofilms.com |


title: Feyzin Refinery

abstract: The Feyzin Refinery is an oil refinery in south-east France, one of seven oil refineries in France.

text:
# Feyzin Refinery

The **Feyzin Refinery** (*Raffinerie de Feyzin*) is an oil refinery in south-east France, one of seven oil refineries in France.

## History

Until 1964 most of the petrol in France was refined by British or American companies. A law was passed on 28 February 1963 declaring that at least 20% of the petrol refined in France had to have French involvement, by imposing import quotas.

The state-owned l'Union générale des pétroles (UGP) was formed on 19 June 1960.

By 1965 France was refining around 70m tonnes of oil per year.

Elf was formed on 27 April 1967. Elf merged with ERAP in 1976, then merged with Total in 2003.

Elf opened the Grandpuits refinery in 1967. The site has mainly been owned by Elf Aquitaine (Essence et Lubrifiants de France).

In 1973, a subsidiary of Elf became Sanofi, currently the world's fifth-largest pharmaceutical company.

### Construction

Work started April 1963, with the first products made in June 1964.

It opened on 15 October 1964, owned by UGP. It could process 6,000 tonnes per day with 2m tonnes of products a year It cost 250m francs, which was 75% funded by the state.

### Explosion in January 1966

The Feyzin disaster was on 4 January 1966.

## Structure

It is on the South European Pipeline, built in 1962 by the Société du pipeline sud-européen (founded in 1958), with an extension first proposed in April 1970.

## InfoBox

Feyzin Refinery
| View in April 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Feyzin Refinery | |
| Country | France |
| Coordinates | 45°40′26″N 4°50′38″E / 45.674°N 4.844°E / 45.674; 4.844 |
| Refinery details | |
| Operator | Elf (until 2003) |
| Owner(s) | Total S.A. |
| Commissioned | 15 October 1964 |
| No. of employees | 500 |


title: Julian Bickersteth

abstract: Kenneth Julian Faithfull Bickersteth, was an English Anglican priest, military chaplain, and headmaster from the prominent Bickersteth family. He served as Archdeacon of Maidstone from 1942 to 1958. In 1953, he was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the Queen.

text:
# Julian Bickersteth

**Kenneth Julian Faithfull Bickersteth**, MC, QHC (5 July 1885 – 16 October 1962) was an English Anglican priest, military chaplain, and headmaster from the prominent Bickersteth family. He served as Archdeacon of Maidstone from 1942 to 1958. In 1953, he was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the Queen.

## Early life and education

Bickersteth was born in 1885 in Ripon, Yorkshire, England, into a prominent ecclesiastical family. He was one of six sons born to The Rev. Canon Samuel Bickersteth (1857–1937) and Ella Chlora Faithfull Monier-Williams (1858–1954). His mother was the daughter of academic Sir Monier Monier-Williams, and she was "one of the five or six little girls in Oxford on whom Lewis Carroll modelled his *Alice in Wonderland*". His nephew is Bishop John Bickersteth.

Bickersteth was educated at Rugby School, then an all-boys public school in Rugby, Warwickshire. He studied mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford. He graduated from the University of Oxford in 1907 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree; as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon).

After completing his undergraduate degree, Bickersteth spent a year teaching English in the British Raj. He decided to enter the clergy and returned to England. He then entered Wells Theological College, an Anglican theological college to train for ordained ministry. As a graduate, he only needed to spend one-year training before ordination.

## Career

### Early ministry

Bickersteth was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1909 and as a priest in 1910. From 1909 to 1912, he served his curacy at St Andrew's Church, Rugby, which was then in the Diocese of Worcester. In 1912, he first moved to Australia where he had been appointed the chaplain to Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, an independent boarding school in Melbourne.

### Military service

In 1915, one year after the start of the First World War, Bickersteth returned to England with the intention of becoming a military chaplain. As a temporary chaplain to the forces, he served with the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front. His duties included taking services in makeshift chapels, caring for the wounded, ministering to men condemned to execution, and taking burials; he took seventy on the second day of the Battle of the Somme. He found himself preparing men for confirmation one day and then burying them the next. He first served as chaplain to The Rangers, British Army, and then as senior chaplain to the 56th (London) Infantry Division. He ended the war as a deputy assistant chaplain-general (equivalent in rank to lieutenant colonel) attached to the XV Corps.

On 9 June 1917, Bickersteth was mentioned in despatches by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. On 1 January 1918, he was awarded the Military Cross (MC) "for distinguished service in the Field". Though he was immediately given the ribbon to wear on his uniform, he had to wait till 1919 to receive the medal itself. That year, during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace, he stood side by side with one of his brothers as they were both awarded the Military Cross by George V. Having reached the rank of chaplain to the forces third class (equivalent to major), he relinquished his commission on 20 February 1920 and was allowed to keep his rank on an honorary basis.

### Post-war service

Between the wars, Bickersteth returned to teaching. In 1919, he was offered the position of headmaster of The Collegiate School of St Peter in Adelaide, Australia, which he accepted without ever attending an interview. Following his arrival at the school in 1920, he increased pupil numbers from 550 to 720, and "built a war memorial hall, science laboratories, and several boarding-houses". He was also involved in the wider education sphere of Australia: he was the driving force behind the first residential college of the University of Adelaide (St. Mark's College) which opened in 1925, and he co-founded the Headmasters' Conference of the Independent Schools of Australia in 1931. He also continued his military service and was a senior chaplain to the Australian Military Forces between 1928 and 1933.

He was then headmaster of Felsted School in Essex, England. From 1942 to 1958, he served as Archdeacon of Maidstone in the Diocese of Canterbury, Church of England. On 3 November 1953, Bickersteth was appointed an Honorary Chaplain to the Queen (QHC).

He died at Kent and Canterbury Hospital in 1962.

## InfoBox

| The Reverend Canon
Julian Bickersteth
MC QHC | |
| --- | --- |
| Archdeacon of Maidstone | |
| Church | Church of England |
| Province | Province of Canterbury |
| Diocese | Diocese of Canterbury |
| In office | 1942 to 1958 |
| Predecessor | Alexander Sargent |
| Successor | Gordon Strutt |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kenneth Julian Faithfull Bickersteth
(1885-07-05)5 July 1885
Ripon, Yorkshire, England |
| Died | 16 October 1962(1962-10-16) (aged 77)
Canterbury, Kent, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Denomination | Anglicanism |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1915–1920 |
| Rank | Chaplain to the Forces 3rd Class |
| Battles/wars | First World War |
| Awards | Mentioned in Despatches
Military Cross |
|  | |


title: Julian Biggs

abstract: Julian Biggs (1920–1972) was a director and producer with the National Film Board of Canada and its first Director of English Production. Over the course of his 20-year career, he created 146 films, two of which were nominated for Academy Awards. His film 23 Skidoo (1964) received two BAFTA nominations, including the BAFTA United Nations award.

text:
# Julian Biggs

**Julian Biggs** (1920–1972) was a director and producer with the National Film Board of Canada and its first Director of English Production. Over the course of his 20-year career, he created 146 films, two of which (*Herring Hunt* (1953) and *Paddle to the Sea* (1966)) were nominated for Academy Awards. His film *23 Skidoo* (1964) received two BAFTA nominations, including the BAFTA United Nations award.

## Biography

Biggs was born and raised in Port Perry, in southern Ontario. When World War II broke out in 1939, he joined the Canadian Army and then transferred to the Canadian Navy, where he spent the rest of the war serving on mine-sweepers. He then attended the University of Toronto and, in 1951, was hired as a production assistant by the National Film Board of Canada. He directed his first film, *The Son*, a year later.

From 1956 to 1958, Biggs produced the *Perspective* series (paralleled by the similar series in French *Passe-partout*), which was 35 30-minute dramas with an emphasis on social themes such as alcoholism, drug addiction, adolescence, the elderly, racial problems etc. One such film, *Monkey on the Back*, directed by Biggs, was a bleak, tragic story of man's unsuccessful struggle to free himself from drug addiction. Similar to Robert Anderson's *Drug Addict* (1948), which had been banned in the U.S., it was the type of film that caused the NFB to reconsider its role in producing socially relevant films. There was an unwritten policy and priority to shift away from social realism to the 'art' of film.

In his *Film Companion*, Canadian film historian Peter Morris noted that the series contained elements which later become common in direct cinema. "Perhaps the most original aspect of the films was their method of production: a light, quiet-running Auricon camera mounted on a chest harness, used on location and combined with double-system sound recording using the Sprocketape recorder. This technology sharply reduced production costs and shooting time. The style that resulted is apparent in most of the films, mostly clearly in *Joe and Roxy* (1957) and *Night Children* (1956), and clearly anticipates the later application of direct cinema to fiction. The series initially attracted a large audience, but the didactic tone of many of the film and the problems inherent in condensing high-intensity dramas into 30 minutes drove viewers away. The series was cancelled in the spring of 1958. The *Candid Eye* series was developed at least partially in reaction to the dramatic format of *Perspective*, an approach the NFB believed had lost touch with the real world."

Between 1959 and 1964, with discussion of Quebec separatism increasing and his own concerns about the future of Canadian Confederation, Biggs produced *The History Makers*. This was 17 short films about the political figures, Anglophone and Francophone, who founded and organized the country.

In 1966, the filmmakers' union, Syndicat général du cinéma et de la télévision (SGCT), requested greater representation and freedom from bureaucratic interference. NFB Commissioner Guy Roberge responded by creating the positions of Director of English Production, and Director of French Production, appointing Biggs and Marcel Martin, respectively, to the posts.

In 1968, Robin Spry directed *Flowers on a One-Way Street*, a film about the hippie revolution, 'people vs power', and a youth movement to close Toronto's Yorkville Avenue to traffic. It included a sit-in on the steps of Toronto City Hall and a tumultuous city council meeting, and was followed by an outcry against the NFB, in which police and the media accused filmmakers of organizing the protest and deliberately stoking anti-authority sentiment. Biggs pulled the film. Spry, producer Joe Koenig and the SGCT appealed to NFB Commissioner Hugo McPherson, who over-ruled Biggs. Biggs resigned as Director of English Production.

Biggs returned to directing, making the 1970 documentary *A Little Fellow from Gambo: The Joey Smallwood Story*, which won three 22nd Canadian Film Awards, including Best Director.

The latter would be his last film; he began to experience health issues and, in 1972, died at his home in Montreal, at age 52. He was survived by his wife Muriel and their four children.

## Filmography

Directory:

* *The Oyster Man* \- documentary short, 1951 - co-director with Jean Palardy
* *The Son* \- short film, 1952 - writer, director
* *With the Canadians in Korea* \- documentary short, 1952 - writer, director
* *Eye Witness No. 57*: *Light Plane Armada, Canada's Vegetable Garden*, 1953 - co-director with Grant McLean
* *Herring Hunt* \- documentary short, 1953 - director
* *Let's Talk About Films* \- documentary short, 1953 - writer, producer, director
* *Security Depends on You* \- training film, 1953 - director
* *Basic Rescue No. 1: Five Basic Knots* \- training film, 1954 - co-director, co-producer with David Bairstow
* *Basic Rescue No. 2: The Use of Levers* \- training film, 1954 - co-director, co-producer with David Bairstow
* *Basic Rescue No. 3: The Use of Jacks* \- training film, 1954 - co-director, co-producer with David Bairstow
* *Basic Rescue No. 4: The Single Ladder* \- training film, 1954 - co-director, co-producer with David Bairstow
* *Basic Rescue No. 5: The Extension Ladder* \- training film, 1954 - co-director, co-producer with David Bairstow
* *On the Spot: Aviation Medicine* \- documentary short, 1954 - director
* *On the Spot: College in the Wilds* \- documentary short, 1954 - director
* *On the Spot: The Doll Factory* \- documentary short, 1954 - director
* *On the Spot: Dresden Story* \- documentary short, 1954 - editor, director, co-producer with Gordon Burwash & Grant McLean
* *On the Spot: Frontier College* \- documentary short, 1954 - director
* *On the Spot: Javanese Dancing* \- documentary short, Bernard Devlin 1954 - producer
* *On the Spot: The Magnificent* \- documentary short, 1954 - director
* *On the Spot: Story of a Newspaper* \- documentary short, 1954 - director
* *On the Spot: Maritime Montage* \- documentary short, 1955 - co-director with Rollo Gamble
* *Pilgrim Geese* \- documentary short, 1954 - producer, director
* *Carnival* \- documentary short, 1955 - director
* *Chickens by the Million* \- documentary short, 1955 - producer, director
* *Dwarf Apple* \- documentary short, 1955 - host, producer, director
* *Fight Against Blight* \- documentary short, 1955 - producer, director
* *Getting Your Money's Worth in Eggs* \- documentary short, 1955 - producer, director
* *Holly* \- documentary short, 1955 - host, producer, director
* *Horse Ranch* \- documentary short, 1955 - host, producer, director
* *Important Mr. Rat* \- documentary short, 1955 - producer, director
* *Insect Lab* \- documentary short, 1955 - host, producer, director
* *Packboard & Tumpline* \- documentary short, 1955 - producer, director
* *Raising the Hogs the Market Wants* \- documentary short, 1955 - writer, producer, director
* *Raw Material* \- short film, 1955 - director
* *Soil Test* \- documentary short, 1955 - host, producer, director
* *Sunflowers* \- documentary short, 1955 - host, producer, director
* *Why Grow Fat Hogs?* \- documentary short, 1955 - writer, producer, director
* *Are People Sheep?* \- documentary short, 1956 - director
* *The Cage* \- short film, Fergus McDonell 1956 - producer
* *Chair of Gold* \- documentary short, Thomas Farley 1956 - producer
* *Embassy* \- documentary short, 1956 - producer
* *Escape* \- documentary short, Thomas Farley 1956 - producer
* *The Longer Trail* \- short film, Fergus McDonell 1956 - producer
* *Man of America* \- documentary short, Thomas Farley 1956 - producer
* *Monkey on the Back* \- documentary short, 1956 - editor, director
* *Morning Incident* \- documentary short, Fergus McDonell 1956 - producer
* *The Nativity Cycle* \- documentary short, Fergus McDonell 1956 - producer
* *Woman Alone* \- documentary short, 1956 - director
* *The Yellow Leaf* \- short film, Fergus McDonell 1956 - producer
* *The Shepherd* \- documentary short, 1956 - writer, producer, director
* *The Visit* \- short film, Bernard Devlin 1956 - producer
* *Fighter Wing* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Don Haldane 1956 - producer
* *Go to Blazes* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Thomas Farley 1956 - producer
* *Canadians Abroad* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Don Haldane 1956 - producer
* *Back Into the Sun* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Fergus McDonell 1956 - producer
* *The Deserter* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series 1956 - director
* *Night Children* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Bernard Devlin 1956 - producer
* *Sable Island* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Allan Wargon 1956 - producer
* *The Barrier* \- documentary, *Perspective* series, Thomas Farley 1957 - producer
* *Capital City* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *Crossroads* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Don Haldane 1957 - producer
* *Double Verdict* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *Fires of Envy* \- short film, *Perspective* series, Don Haldane 1957 - producer
* *Haiti* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Léonard Forest 1957 - producer
* *The Happy Fugitive* \- documentary short, *Perspective* series, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *Wolfe and Montcalm* \- short film, *Perspective* series, Allan Wargon 1957 - producer
* *The Suspects* \- short film, *Perspective* series, Bernard Devlin 1957 - producer
* *Howard* \- short film, *Perspective* series, Don Haldane 1957 - producer
* *Joe and Roxy* \- short film, *Perspective* series, Don Haldane 1957 - producer
* *Aye Follow Your Own* \- short film, 1957 - director
* *A Letter from Oxford* \- documentary short, 1957 - director
* *None But the Lonely* \- documentary short, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *One Summer's Day* \- documentary short, Thomas Farley 1957 - producer
* *The Street* \- short film, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *The Harvest* \- short film, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *Test Pilot* \- short film, Fergus McDonell 1957 - producer
* *The Trap Thief* \- short film, Allan Wargon 1957 - producer
* *Who Is Sylvia?* \- short film, Don Haldane 1957 - producer
* *The Whole World Over* \- documentary short, Don Haldane and Léonard Forest 1957 - writer, producer
* *The Ghost That Talked* \- documentary short, Don Haldane 1957 - producer
* *Encounter at Trinity* \- documentary short, Allan Wargon 1957 - producer
* *Conquest of Cold* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *The Decision* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *Fire in Town* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *Journey from Etsa* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *Northwest Neighbours* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *People of the Peace* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *School for the Stage* \- documentary short, 1958 - director
* *1,500,000 of Us* \- documentary short, 1959 - director
* *Canada: World Citizen* \- documentary short, 1959 - director
* *The Good Old Days* \- 1959 - host, producer, director
* *Grassland Farming*\` - documentary short, Donald Wilder 1959 - producer
* *It's a Woman's World* \- documentary short, 1959 - host, producer, director
* *Lord Elgin: Voice of the People* \- short film, 1959 - director
* *Prairie Bonanza* \- documentary short, 1959 - director
* *Report on Cancer* \- documentary short, 1959 - director
* *U.N. in the Classroom* \- documentary short, Don Haldane 1959 - producer
* *On Prescription Only* \- documentary short, 1960 - director
* *This Electronic World* \- documentary short, 1960 - director
* *Charles Tupper: The Big Man* \- short film, Morten Parker 1961 - producer
* *Courtship* \- documentary, Allan Wargon 1961 - co-producer with Gordon Burwash
* *Four Teachers*\` - documentary, Donald Ginsberg 1961 - co-producer with Gordon Burwash
* *John A. Macdonald: The Impossible Idea* \- short film, Gordon Burwash 1961 - producer
* *Joseph Howe: The Tribune of Nova Scotia* \- short film, 1961 - producer, director
* *Lord Durham* \- short film, John Howe 1961 - producer
* *Louis-Joseph Papineau: The Demi-God* \- short film, Louis-Georges Carrier 1961 - producer
* *Robert Baldwin: A Matter of Principle* \- short film, John Howe 1961 - producer
* *William Lyon Mackenzie: A Friend to His Country* \- short film, 1961 - producer, director
* *Alexander Galt: The Stubborn Idealist* \- short film, 1962 - producer, director
* *Georges-Etienne Cartier: The Lion of Québec* \- short film, John Howe 1962 - producer
* *Canada: Animal Vaccine* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Beam Therapy* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Beef Cattle* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Calf Leather* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Heating Units* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Human Vaccine* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Hydraulic Tracing* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Low Temperature Gas* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Pre-fab Homes* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Swine* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: Tobacco* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *Canada: White Goods* \- documentary short, Hector Lemieux 1963 - producer
* *The Head Men* \- documentary short, 1963 - co-director with John Howe
* *Three Apprentices* \- documentary short, 1963 - co-writer and -director with John Howe
* *Three Grandmothers* \- documentary short, 1963 - co-director with John Howe
* *Wedding Day* \- documentary short, 1963 - co-director with Hector Lemieux and John Howe
* *23 Skidoo* \- experimental short, 1964 - editor, producer, director
* *Phoebe* \- short film, George Kaczender 1964 - producer
* *Portrait of the Artist* \- documentary short, 1964 - co-director with Gordon Burwash and John Howe
* *The Stage to Three* \- documentary short, 1964 - writer, producer, director
* *Three Country Boys* \- documentary short, 1964 - producer, co-director with Gordon Burwash & John Kemeny
* *Three Fishermen* \- documentary short, 1964 - co-director with John Kemeny
* *Buster Keaton Rides Again* \- documentary short, John Spotton 1965 - producer
* *John Hirsch: A Portrait of a Man and a Theatre* \- documentary short, Mort Ransen 1965 - producer
* *Octopus Hunt* \- documentary short, Bernard Devlin 1965 - producer
* *High Steel* \- documentary short, Don Owen 1965 - producer
* *The Railrodder* \- short film, Gerald Potterton 1965 - producer
* *The Way of Science* \- documentary short, Guy L. Coté 1965 - producer
* *Each Day That Comes* \- documentary short, Graham Parker 1966 - producer
* *Paddle to the Sea* \- documentary short, Bill Mason 1966 - producer
* *Notes for a Film About Donna & Gail* \- short film, Don Owen 1966 - producer
* *Anti-Submarine Warfare: Maritime Briefing* \- training film, 1967 - director
* *A Little Fellow from Gambo: The Joey Smallwood Story* \- documentary, 1970 - writer, producer, director
* *The Tenth Frontier, Volume 6* \- anthology, 2000 - producer, director

## Awards

*The Oyster Man* (1950)

*The Son* (1952)

*Herring Hunt* (1953)

*Monkey on the Back* (1956)

*Man of America* (1956)

* Golden Reel International Film Festival, Film Council of America, New York: Silver Reel Award, International Understanding, 1957

*Go to Blazes* (1956)

* Golden Reel International Film Festival, Film Council of America, New York: Silver Reel Award, Safety, 1957
* National Committee on Films for Safety, Chicago: Bronze Plaque, First Place, Inspirational, General, 1957

*The Shepherd* (1956)

*Fire in Town* (1958)

* 11th Canadian Film Awards, Toronto: Award of Merit, Training and Instruction, 1959
* National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, Chicago: Certificate of Merit, 1959

*William Lyon Mackenzie: A Friend to His Country* (1961)

*Courtship* (1961)

* Ohio State Radio and TV Awards, Columbus, Ohio: Honorable Mention, 1962

*23 Skidoo* (1964)

*Phoebe* (1964)

*Buster Keaton Rides Again* (1965)

*High Steel* (1965)

*The Railrodder* (1965)

*Octopus Hunt* (1965)

* Electronic, Nuclear and Teleradio Cinematographic Review, Rome: Gold Rocket, Sports Films, 1968

*Paddle to the Sea* (1966)

* Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton, Saskatchewan: First Place, Creative Arts and Experimental Films, 1967
* Salerno Film Festival, Salerno, Italy: First Prize, Information Films, 1967
* American Film and Video Festival, New York: Blue Ribbon, Stories for Children, 1967
* International Educational Film Festival, Tehran, Iran: Golden Delfan, First Prize, Educational Films for Children, 1967
* La Plata International Children's Film Festival, La Plata: Silver Plaque, 1968
* Film Critics and Journalists Association of Ceylon, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Certificate of Merit, 1969
* International Festival of Short Films, Philadelphia: Award for Exceptional Merit, 1971
* Educational Film Library Association of America, New York - *Sightlines Magazine* list of 10 Best Films of the Last Ten Years, 1968
* International Film & Television Festival of New York: Silver Medal, Education, Language Arts, 1987
* 40th Academy Awards, Los Angeles: Nominee: Best Live Action Short Film, 1968

*Each Day That Comes* (1966)

*Notes for a Film About Donna and Gail* (1966)

*A Little Fellow from Gambo: The Joey Smallwood Story* (1970)

## InfoBox

| Julian Biggs | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1920-02-24)24 February 1920
Port Perry, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | 4 December 1972(1972-12-04) (aged 52)
Montreal, Quebec |
| Occupation(s) | Director, producer |
| Years active | 1950–1972 |
| Awards | see below |


title: Julian Birkinshaw

abstract: Julian Birkinshaw is a British academic. He is Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the London Business School, where he is the Academic Director of the Deloitte Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. He is the author of four books on management. In February 2024 he was appointed the Dean of Ivey Business School at Western University. He will assume the position starting 1 August 2024.

text:
# Julian Birkinshaw

**Julian Birkinshaw** FBA, FAcSS (born 16 October 1964) is a British academic. He is Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the London Business School, where he is the Academic Director of the Deloitte Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. He is the author of four books on management. In February 2024 he was appointed the Dean of Ivey Business School at Western University. He will assume the position starting 1 August 2024.

## Early life

Julian Birkinshaw earned a BSc in Geology from Durham University, followed by a Master of Business Administration and PhD from the Ivey Business School at the University of Western Ontario.

## Career

Birkinshaw is Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the London Business School, where he is the Academic Director of the Deloitte Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

Birkinshaw is the author of four books on management. His first book, *Entrepreneurship in the Global Firm*, published in 2000, was reviewed by William G. Egelhoff of Fordham University in the *Journal of International Business Studies*. His fourth book, *Becoming a Better Boss: Why Good Management is So Difficult*, published in 2013, was reviewed in the *Financial Times* and the *MIT Sloan Management Review*.

Birkinshaw was named the Dean of Ivey Business School at the University of Western Ontario in February 2024. He will officially take on the position by August 2024.

## Honours

In 2012, Birkinshaw was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). In 2015, he was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS). He is also a Fellow the Academy of International Business, and of the Advanced Institute of Management Research.

## Works

### As an author

* Birkinshaw, Julian (2000). *Entrepreneurship in the Global Firm*. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN 9780761958093. OCLC 43419533.
* Birkinshaw, Julian (2004). *Strategic Management*. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781843762782. OCLC 57002489.
* Birkinshaw, Julian (2010). *Reinventing Management: Smarter Choices for Getting Work Done*. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9780470750117. OCLC 522429311.
* Birkinshaw, Julian (2013). *Becoming a Better Boss: Why Good Management Is So Difficult*. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 9781118645468. OCLC 829739779.

### As a co-author

### As a co-editor

## InfoBox

| Julian Birkinshaw | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Durham University<br>University of Western Ontario |
| Occupation | Academic |


title: Julian Bigelow

abstract: Julian Bigelow was a pioneering American computer engineer.

text:
# Julian Bigelow

**Julian Bigelow** (March 19, 1913 – February 17, 2003) was a pioneering American computer engineer.

## Life

Bigelow was born in 1913 in Nutley, New Jersey. He obtained a master's degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studying electrical engineering and mathematics. During World War II, he assisted Norbert Wiener in his research on automated fire control for anti-aircraft guns, leading to the development of the so-called Wiener filter.

Bigelow coauthored (with Wiener and Arturo Rosenblueth) one of the founding papers on cybernetics and modern teleology, "Behavior, Purpose and Teleology" (1943), which was published in *Philosophy of Science*. This paper mulled over the way mechanical, biological, and electronic systems could communicate and interact. This paper instigated the formation of the Teleological Society and later the Macy conferences. Bigelow was an active member of both organizations. He was a visiting scholar for many years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

When John von Neumann sought to build one of the first digital computers at the Institute for Advanced Study, he hired Bigelow in 1946 as his "engineer," on Wiener's recommendation. The computer Bigelow built following von Neumann's design is called the IAS machine, although it was also called the MANIAC, a name that was later transferred to the successful clone of this machine at Los Alamos. Because von Neumann did not patent the IAS and wrote about it freely, 15 clones of the IAS were soon built. Nearly all general-purpose computers subsequently built are recognizable as influenced by the IAS machine's design.

Bigelow died on February 17, 2003, in Princeton, New Jersey.

## Further reading


title: Rhytidopoma

abstract: Rhytidopoma is a genus of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Pomatiidae. Rhytidopoma is the type genus of the tribe Rhytidopomatini.

text:
# Rhytidopoma

***Rhytidopoma*** is a genus of land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Pomatiidae.

*Rhytidopoma* is the type genus of the tribe Rhytidopomatini.

## Species

Species within the genus *Rhytidopoma* include:

## InfoBox

| *Rhytidopoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhytidopoma coronatum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Littorinimorpha |
| Family: | Pomatiidae |
| Subfamily: | Annulariinae |
| Tribe: | Rhytidopomatini |
| Genus: | *Rhytidopoma*<br>Sykes, 1901 |
|


title: Rhytidoporus

abstract: Rhytidoporus is a genus of burrowing bugs in the family Cydnidae. There are at least three described species in Rhytidoporus.

text:
# Rhytidoporus

***Rhytidoporus*** is a genus of burrowing bugs in the family Cydnidae. There are at least three described species in *Rhytidoporus*.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus *Rhytidoporus*:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Rhytidoporus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhytidoporus indentatus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Family: | Cydnidae |
| Subfamily: | Cydninae |
| Tribe: | Geotomini |
| Genus: | *Rhytidoporus*<br>Uhler, 1877 |
|
| Subgenera | |
|  | |


title: Fieldale Historic District

abstract: Fieldale Historic District is a national historic district located at Fieldale, Henry County, Virginia.

text:
# Fieldale Historic District

**Fieldale Historic District** is a national historic district located at Fieldale, Henry County, Virginia.

## Buildings and structures

The district encompasses 329 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures in the town of Fieldale. The majority of the buildings were built after 1916-1917 by the Marshall Field and Company as workers housing for the Fieldcrest Mills. Other notable buildings and structures include the Fieldcrest Mills Complex with the upper mill, lower mill, gatehouse, warehouse, water infiltration plant, and welder's shop; Danville & Western Station; Route 701 Bridge; Bank of Fieldale/Post Office; Fieldale Café (Fieldale Grocery; former Theater/Drug Store; Ramona's Dress Shop/Wilson's Grocery Store; Fieldale Elementary School (1924); Fieldale High School (1941); Fieldale Community Center (1937); Fieldale Hotel, and Fieldale Baptist Church. The former gas station building that houses Peggy's Antiques (044-5173-0186) was built by the Lustron Manufacturing Company. Also located in the district and separately listed are the Marshall Field and Company Clubhouse and Virginia Home.

## Recognition

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Fieldale Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Former school on Marshall Way | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by 10th St., VA 682, Co. Rd. 609 & Chestnut St., Fieldale, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°42′15″N 79°56′27″W / 36.70417°N 79.94083°W / 36.70417; -79.94083 |
| Area | 257.5 acres (104.2 ha) |
| Architectural style | Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Late 19th And Early 20th Century American Movements, Warren Truss |
| NRHP reference No. | 08000072 |
| VLR No. | 044-5173 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | February 22, 2008 |
| Designated VLR | December 7, 2007 |


title: Judge Abrams

abstract:
Judge Abrams may refer to:
  - Paul Lewis Abrams, magistrate judge for the United States Central District of California
  - Ronnie Abrams, judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

text:
# Judge Abrams

**Judge Abrams** may refer to:

* Paul Lewis Abrams (born 1958), magistrate judge for the United States Central District of California
* Ronnie Abrams (born 1968), judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

* Leslie Abrams Gardner (née Leslie Joyce Abrams; born 1974), judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia
* Ruth Abrams (1930–2019), associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court


title: 1945 Cleveland Indians season

abstract: The 1945 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American major league baseball. The team finished fifth in the American League with a record of 73–72–2.

text:
# 1945 Cleveland Indians season

The **1945 Cleveland Indians season** was a season in American major league baseball. The team finished fifth in the American League with a record of 73–72–2.

## Regular season

### Season standings

American League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Detroit Tigers | 88 | 65 | .575 |  | 5026 | 3839 |
| Washington Senators | 87 | 67 | .565 |  | 4631 | 4136 |
| St. Louis Browns | 81 | 70 | .536 | 6 | 4727 | 3443 |
| New York Yankees | 81 | 71 | .533 |  | 4828 | 3343 |
| Cleveland Indians | 73 | 72 | .503 | 11 | 4433 | 2939 |
| Chicago White Sox | 71 | 78 | .477 | 15 | 4429 | 2749 |
| Boston Red Sox | 71 | 83 | .461 | 17½ | 4235 | 2948 |
| Philadelphia Athletics | 52 | 98 | .347 | 34½ | 3935 | 1363 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | CWS | CLE | DET | NYY | PHA | SLB | WSH |
| Boston |  | 9–13 | 11–11 | 12–10–1 | 6–16 | 14–8 | 8–14–1 | 11–11–1 |
| Chicago | 13–9 |  | 11–8–1 | 10–12 | 9–12 | 12–10 | 8–13 | 8–14 |
| Cleveland | 11–11 | 8–11–1 |  | 11–11 | 12–9 | 12–6–1 | 11–10 | 8–14 |
| Detroit | 10–12–1 | 12–10 | 11–11 |  | 15–7 | 15–7–1 | 15–6 | 10–12 |
| New York | 16–6 | 12–9 | 9–12 | 7–15 |  | 16–6 | 7–15 | 14–8 |
| Philadelphia | 8–14 | 10–12 | 6–12–1 | 7–15–1 | 6–16 |  | 10–12–1 | 5–17 |
| St. Louis | 14–8–1 | 13–8 | 10–11 | 6–15 | 15–7 | 12–10–1 |  | 11–11–1 |
| Washington | 11–11–1 | 14–8 | 14–8 | 12–10 | 8–14 | 17–5 | 11–11–1 |  |

### Notable transactions

### Roster

| 1945 Cleveland Indians | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Frankie Hayes | 119 | 385 | 91 | .236 | 6 | 43 |
|
| 1B | Mickey Rocco | 143 | 565 | 149 | .264 | 10 | 56 |
|
| 2B | Dutch Meyer | 130 | 524 | 153 | .292 | 7 | 48 |
| SS | Lou Boudreau | 97 | 345 | 106 | .307 | 3 | 48 |
|
| 3B | Don Ross | 106 | 363 | 95 | .262 | 2 | 43 |
|
| OF | Pat Seerey | 126 | 414 | 98 | .237 | 14 | 56 |
|
| OF | Jeff Heath | 102 | 370 | 113 | .305 | 15 | 61 |
|
| OF | Felix Mackiewicz | 120 | 359 | 98 | .273 | 2 | 37 |
|

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al Cihocki | 92 | 283 | 60 | .212 | 0 | 24 |
|
| Paul O'Dea | 87 | 221 | 52 | .235 | 1 | 21 |
|
| Les Fleming | 42 | 140 | 46 | .329 | 3 | 22 |
|
| Myril Hoag | 40 | 128 | 27 | .211 | 0 | 3 |
|
| Eddie Carnett | 30 | 73 | 16 | .219 | 0 | 7 |
| Ed Wheeler | 46 | 72 | 14 | .194 | 0 | 2 |
|
|
|
| Jim McDonnell | 28 | 51 | 10 | .196 | 0 | 8 |
|
| Hank Ruszkowski | 14 | 49 | 10 | .204 | 0 | 5 |
|
| Elmer Weingartner | 20 | 39 | 9 | .231 | 0 | 1 |
|
| Stan Benjamin | 14 | 21 | 7 | .333 | 0 | 3 |
| Red Steiner | 12 | 20 | 3 | .150 | 0 | 2 |
| Fred Williams | 16 | 19 | 4 | .211 | 0 | 0 |
| Roy Cullenbine | 8 | 13 | 1 | .077 | 0 | 0 |
|
| Bob Rothel | 4 | 10 | 2 | .200 | 0 | 0 |
|
| Gene Desautels | 10 | 9 | 1 | .111 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| Steve Gromek | 33 | 251.0 | 19 | 9 | 2.55 | 101 |
|
| Allie Reynolds | 44 | 247.1 | 18 | 12 | 3.20 | 112 |
| Jim Bagby | 25 | 159.1 | 8 | 11 | 3.73 | 38 |
|
| Al Smith | 21 | 133.2 | 5 | 12 | 3.84 | 34 |
|
| Mel Harder | 11 | 76.0 | 3 | 7 | 3.67 | 16 |
|

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bob Feller | 9 | 72.0 | 5 | 3 | 2.50 | 59 |
|
| Red Embree | 8 | 70.0 | 4 | 4 | 1.93 | 42 |
|
| Hal Kleine | 3 | 7.0 | 0 | 0 | 3.86 | 5 |
|
| Myril Hoag | 2 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 |
|
| Paul O'Dea | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 13.50 | 0 |
|
| Eddie Carnett | 2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 |
|
| Paul Calvert | 1 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 13.50 | 1 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ed Klieman | 38 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 3.85 | 33 |
|
| Pete Center | 31 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 3.99 | 34 |
|
| Jack Salveson | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.68 | 11 |
|
| Earl Henry | 15 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 5.40 | 10 |

## Awards and honors

**All-Star Game (note: rosters were named by Associated Press writers, but game was not played due to travel restrictions during World War II)**

Lou Boudreau, Shortstop

Steve Gromek, Pitcher

Frankie Hayes, Catcher

Jeff Heath, Outfielder

Allie Reynolds, Pitcher

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AA | Baltimore Orioles | International League | Alphonse "Tommy" Thomas |
| A | Wilkes-Barre Barons | Eastern League | Dick Porter and Mike McNally |
| D | Batavia Clippers | PONY League | Jack Tighe |

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Batavia

## InfoBox

| 1945 Cleveland Indians | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Ballpark | League Park
Cleveland Municipal Stadium |
| City | Cleveland, Ohio |
| Owners | Alva Bradley |
| General managers | Roger Peckinpaugh |
| Managers | Lou Boudreau |
|  | |


abstract: Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist is a historic Classical Revival-style Christian Science church building located at 9 East 43rd Street near Madison Avenue and Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1921 on the previous site of St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist, occupies part of the first two stories of a 21-story office building that was originally named the Canadian Pacific Building. The church auditorium seats 1800 people.

text:
# Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist (New York City)

**Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist** is a historic Classical Revival-style Christian Science church building located at 9 East 43rd Street near Madison Avenue and Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1921 on the previous site of St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist, occupies part of the first two stories of a 21-story office building that was originally named the **Canadian Pacific Building**. The church auditorium seats 1800 people.

## History

Organized in 1901, Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist, met first at 228 West 45th Street in the former building of another Episcopal church, the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin. Around 1911 the congregation moved to a church building at 245 Madison Avenue at East 38th Street which had been built for *Zion Episcopal Church* and later used by *South (Dutch) Reformed Church*. This building was razed in 1917. In 1921, Fifth Church became part of a bonding arrangement for the construction of the 21-story Canadian Pacific Building. Under it the church received a long-term lease for the space it still occupies.

## Current status

Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist, is still an active congregation in this location. The Canadian Pacific Building after being known as 342 Madison Avenue for years is now *340 Madison Avenue* and has been extensively remodeled to present a modern glass exterior.

40°45′14.18″N 73°58′46.15″W / 40.7539389°N 73.9794861°W / 40.7539389; -73.9794861

## InfoBox

| Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist | |
| --- | --- |
| Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival. |
| Town or city | 9 East 43rd Street near Madison Avenue, Manhattan, New York |
| Country | United States |
| Construction started | 1921 |
| Completed | 1921 |


title: Richard Geddes (academic)

abstract: R. Richard Geddes is an American academic specializing in infrastructure policy. He is a professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell University, where he is director of its infrastructure program. Geddes is an expert in public–private partnerships. He is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.

text:
# Richard Geddes (academic)

**R. Richard Geddes** is an American academic specializing in infrastructure policy. He is a professor of policy analysis and management at Cornell University, where he is director of its infrastructure program.

Geddes is an expert in public–private partnerships. He is a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute.

## Education

Geddes was educated at Towson State University (BS 1984) and the University of Chicago (MA 1987, PhD 1991).

## Public Policy

Geddes is a recognized authority on transportation issues, being interviewed for NPR's On Point. He writes as well for the Wall Street Journal.

He has testified before House and Senate Committees ten times since 2008, most frequently about federal spending on railroads and the Postal Service.

Geddes has observed that public-private partnerships are unlikely to take hold in the United States, as long as less risky municipal bond funding for projects is common.

## Selected publications

## InfoBox

| R. Richard Geddes | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation(s) | Professor, Cornell University |
| Board member of | Hyperloop Advanced Research Partnership |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Towson State University (BS)<br>University of Chicago (MA, PhD) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Economist |
| Sub-discipline | Transportation infrastructure |
| Main interests | Public-private partnerships, rail, Postal Service |
|  | |


title: Richard Gehman

abstract: Richard Boyd Gehman was an American author of five novels and 15 nonfiction books, as well as more than 3,000 magazine articles, including over 400 features. Gehman wrote under many different pen names, such as Meghan Richards, Frederick Christian, Martin Scott, Michael Robinson and F. C. Uffelman.

text:
# Richard Gehman

**Richard Boyd Gehman** (May 21, 1921 – May 13, 1972) was an American author of five novels and 15 nonfiction books, as well as more than 3,000 magazine articles, including over 400 features. Gehman wrote under many different pen names, such as Meghan Richards, Frederick Christian, Martin Scott, Michael Robinson and F. C. Uffelman.

## Biography

Gehman attended J. P. McCaskey High School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and worked on several local daily newspapers before joining the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in World War II. He served four years as a writer for *The Oak Ridge Times* in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. After the war he moved to Greenwich Village in New York City and began freelancing for Esquire, Life, Time, Cosmopolitan, Collier's, Argosy, True, Saga, and The Saturday Evening Post magazines. Gehman was an original Contributing Editor at Playboy.

Gehman's circle of friends included many well-known American writers, editors, painters, and actors, including Robert Frost, Joseph Heller, E. B. White, Roger Angell, Jackson Pollock, Diane Arbus, Howard Nemerov, Estelle Parsons, Jerry Lewis, Maurice Zolotow, Charlotte Zolotow, Morton Thompson and Anthony Hecht, among others.

Maurice Zolotow once claimed that Gehman wrote an entire issue of *Cosmopolitan* using more than a dozen different pen names; the truth is that Gehman wrote two or three of the principal articles for one issue, each under a different name, plus a record review under the name “Meghan Richards,” and possibly one other regular column. In those days Cosmopolitan used a graphic, diagonal cover banner to highlight special features. Cosmopolitan's editors had a mock-up cover made whose banner bore the legend: "The All Richard Gehman Issue."

Mark Evanier describes Gehman as "a prominent author of his day, specializing in celebrity profiles. He often got access to follow stars around for a few weeks so he could interview them extensively and report on what he observed...."

In the early 1960s, Gehman was hired by TV Guide magazine, for which he wrote many articles focused on celebrities. Gehman believed that creative people were often emotionally insecure because of an unhappy childhood, and that those who became celebrities in the entertainment industry sometimes did so because their insecurity motivated them to succeed.

### Teaching

Gehman taught writing at:

### Personal

Gehman was descended from the Christian Gehman who arrived in what is now Pennsylvania in 1653. Gehman was the oldest of the four boys born to Martin Gehman, who fought in World War I, and Nellie Boyd. Gehman married five times. His third wife was Academy Award-winning actress Estelle Parsons, from 1953 to 1958. His fourth wife, Betsy Holland Gehman (d. 2016) a writer, was best known as the author of *Twins: Twice the Trouble, Twice the Fun*. His fifth wife, Marianne, was his high school sweetheart.

Gehman fathered at least nine children, including Scott (d. 1981); writer Christian Gehman and brother, college professor, Robinson Gehman; Martha Gehman, an actor; her twin sister, Abbie Britton, a boutique owner; burlesque entrepreneur Pleasant Gehman; computer systems engineer Charles Gehman (d. 2020); Marian theologian Meghan Gehman; and White House food historian Eddie Gehman Kohan. Gehman's grandson with Estelle Parsons played professional football: Eben Britton.

His last years were spent in Lancaster, Pa, where he died on May 13, 1972, just 9 days short of what would have been his 51st birthday.

## Literary works

Along with several other bon vivants, Gehman was a "shadow member" of "The Rat Pack." Gehman appeared as himself in the Jerry Lewis movie The Patsy.

### Selected works

* *Sardi's: The Story of a Famous Restaurant* (1953)
* *A Murder in Paradise* (1954)
* *Eddie Condon's Treasury of Jazz* (with Eddie Condon) (1957)
* *How to Write and Sell Magazine Articles* (1959)
* *Let My Heart be Broken: With the Things that Break the Heart of God* (1960)
* *The Best From Cosmopolitan* (editor) (1961)
* *Sinatra and his Rat Pack* (1961)
* *The Tall American: The Story of Gary Cooper* (1963)
* *That Kid: The Story of Jerry Lewis* (1964)
* *Bogart: An Intimate Biography* (1965)
* *A Hell of a Life* with Harry Richman (1966)
* *The Haphazard Gourmet* (1966)
* *The Sausage Book* (1969)
* *The Day of the Locust* by Nathaniel West - introduction to Modern Library Edition (1950)
* *In The Soup, In A Stew* (unpublished)
* *Playboy's Playboy: An Intimate Biography of Hugh Hefner* (unpublished)

### Novels

* *A Party at the Buchanan Club* (1950)
* *Each Life to Live* (1952)
* *The Slander of Witches* (1955)
* *Driven* (1960)
* *The Had* (1966)

### Musical Comedy

* *By Hex* (1956) (with Howard Blankman and John Rengier)


title: Richard Geaves

abstract: Richard Lyon Geaves was a footballer who made one appearance for England in an international against Scotland, playing as England's outside left on 6 March 1875. He was born in Mexico. He attended multiple schools, including Harrow School, and attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He played for Clapham Rovers and Old Harrovians, joined the 14th Prince of Wales Yorkshire Regiment and became their captain six years later before he left them in 1881. He was the first Mexico-born player to represent England.

text:
# Richard Geaves

**Richard Lyon Geaves** (6 May 1854 – 21 March 1935) was a footballer who made one appearance for England in an international against Scotland, playing as England's outside left on 6 March 1875.

He was born in Mexico. He attended multiple schools, including Harrow School, and attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He played for Clapham Rovers and Old Harrovians, joined the 14th Prince of Wales Yorkshire Regiment and became their captain six years later before he left them in 1881. He was the first Mexico-born player to represent England.

## InfoBox

Richard Geaves
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Richard Lyon Geaves | | |
| Date of birth | (1854-05-06)6 May 1854 | | |
| Place of birth | Mexico City, Mexico | | |
| Date of death | 21 March 1935(1935-03-21) (aged 80) | | |
| Place of death | Yateley, Hampshire | | |
| Position(s) | Outside left | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Clapham Rovers |  |  |
|  | Old Harrovians |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1875 | England | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Julian Norfleet

abstract: Julian Norfleet is an American professional basketball player for APOEL of the Cypriot League. He played college basketball for the Mount St. Mary's University.

text:
# Julian Norfleet

**Julian Norfleet** (born November 2, 1991) is an American professional basketball player for APOEL of the Cypriot League. He played college basketball for the Mount St. Mary's University.

## High School career

Norfleet played for Landstown High School, at Virginia Beach, Virginia.

## College career

Norfleet played for Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers from 2010 until 2014.

## Professional career

After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Norfleet signed with BC Rilski Sportist of the NBL for the 2014–15 season. On September 20, 2016, he joined ZTE of the Hungarian League. The following season, he stayed in Hungary and joined Falco Szombathely.

On October 1, 2020, he joined APOEL of the Cypriot League.

* at espn.go.com
* at basketball.eurobasket.com
* at mountathletics.com
* at sportando.com

## InfoBox

Julian Norfleet
| No. 23  APOEL | |
| --- | --- |
| Position | Point guard / shooting guard |
| League | Cyprus Basketball Division A |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1991-11-02) November 2, 1991<br>Virginia Beach, Virginia |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Listed weight | 165 lb (75 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Landstown (Virginia Beach, Virginia) |
| College | Mount St. Mary's (2010–2014) |
| NBA draft | 2014: undrafted |
| Playing career | 2014–present |
| Career history | |
| 2014–2015 | Rilski Sportist |
| 2015-2016 | Boncourt |
| 2016–2017 | ZTE |
| 2017–2018 | Falco Szombathely |
| 2019 | Atomerőmű SE |
| 2019–2020 | Kaposvári |
| 2020–present | APOEL |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Second-team All-NEC (2014) | |
|  | |


title: Fighting Mustang

abstract: Fighting Mustang is a 1948 American Western film directed by Oliver Drake and written by Rita Ross. The film stars Sunset Carson, Al Terry, Pat Starling, Felice Richmond, Polly McKay and William Val. The film was released on February 20, 1948, by Astor Pictures.

text:
# Fighting Mustang

***Fighting Mustang*** is a 1948 American Western film directed by Oliver Drake and written by Rita Ross. The film stars Sunset Carson, Al Terry, Pat Starling, Felice Richmond, Polly McKay and William Val. The film was released on February 20, 1948, by Astor Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

* Sunset Carson as Sunset Carson
* Al Terry as Jed Thomas
* Pat Starling as Helen Bennett
* Felice Richmond as Aunt Therese
* Polly McKay as Rita Bennett
* William Val as Tim Bennett
* Forrest Matthews as Captain J. C. McCloud
* Lee Roberts as Attorney General Clark
* Bob Curtis as Kelly
* Joe Hiser as Shorty
* Stephen Keyes as Bart Dawson
* Tex Wilson as Ace
* Al Ferguson as Hank
* Hugh Hooker as Warren
* Don Gray as Tex
* Dale Harrison as Montana

## InfoBox

| Fighting Mustang | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Oliver Drake |
| Screenplay by | Rita Ross |
| Produced by | Walt Maddox |
| Starring | Sunset Carson
Al Terry
Pat Starling
Felice Richmond
Polly McKay
William Val |
| Cinematography | Clark Ramsey |
| Edited by | Ralph Dixon |
| Music by | Frank Sanucci |
| Production
company | Yucca Pictures |
| Distributed by | Astor Pictures |
| Release date | * February 20, 1948 (1948-02-20) |
| Running time | 56 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Fiat TwinAir engine

abstract: Fiat's TwinAir engine is a Straight-twin engine designed by Fiat Powertrain Technologies as part of its Small Gasoline Engine (SGE) family — employing Fiat’s MultiAir hydraulically actuated variable valve timing and lift technology. Offered in a variety of FCA vehicles in turbocharged and naturally aspirated variants, the engine is noted for its reduced size, weight, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In the 2011 International Engine of the Year awards, the 875 cc (53.4 cu in) TwinAir won Best Engine Under 1 Litre, Best New Engine, Best Green Engine and International Engine of the Year. Dean Slavnich, editor of Engine Technology International and co-chairman of the International Engine of the Year Awards, called the TwinAir one of the "all-time great engines.”

text:
# Fiat TwinAir engine

Fiat's **TwinAir engine** is a Straight-twin engine designed by Fiat Powertrain Technologies as part of its **Small Gasoline Engine** (**SGE**) family  employing Fiat’s MultiAir hydraulically actuated variable valve timing and lift technology.

Offered in a variety of FCA vehicles in turbocharged and naturally aspirated variants, the engine is noted for its reduced size, weight, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

In the 2011 International Engine of the Year awards, the 875 cc (53.4 cu in) TwinAir won Best Engine Under 1 Litre, Best New Engine, Best Green Engine and International Engine of the Year. Dean Slavnich, editor of Engine Technology International and co-chairman of the International Engine of the Year Awards, called the TwinAir one of the "all-time great engines.”

## Development and launch

Fiat's TwinAir debuted at Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung 2007 in the Fiat Panda Aria concept car. as an 80 PS (59 kW), turbocharged, CNG-hydrogen mix and gasoline bifuel unit.

The production TwinAir engine was launched at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in 85 PS (63 kW), turbocharged gasoline form and became available later in 2010 in the Fiat 500.

Later, it was launched also in other FCA vehicles such as the 2012 Punto. The naturally aspirated 1.0 L 60 PS (44 kW) version became available on the 2012 Fiat Panda and the 500 in select markets, and so two other turbocharged 0.9 L variants: the 80 PS bi-fuel CNG/petrol unit (on Panda, 500L and Ypsilon) and the 105 PS unit (on MiTo, Punto, 500L and 500).

## Applications

## Awards

## InfoBox

| TwinAir engine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Fiat Powertrain Technologies (2010-2011)
Fiat Group Automobiles (2011-2014)
FCA Italy (2014-) |
| Also called | SGE (Small Gasoline Engine) |
| Production | 2010–present |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Straight-two |
| Displacement | 1.0  (964 cc) (naturally aspirated)
0.9 L (875 cc) (turbocharged) |
| Cylinder bore | 83.5 mm (3.29 in) (naturally aspirated)
80.5 mm (3.17 in) (turbocharged) |
| Piston stroke | 88 mm (3.5 in) (naturally aspirated)
86 mm (3.4 in) (turbocharged) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminium |
| Valvetrain | 8-valve, chain-driven SOHC, MultiAir |
| Compression ratio | 11.2:1 (naturally aspirated)
10.0:1 (turbocharged) |
| Combustion | |
| Turbocharger | Single (in some versions) |
| Fuel system | Indirect injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline/CNG, bifuel |
| Oil system | Wet sump |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 60 PS (44 kW) (naturally aspirated)
80 PS (59 kW) (bifuel turbo)
85 PS (63 kW) or 105 PS (77 kW) (turbo) |
| Specific power | 62 PS/L (TwinAir 60)
97 PS/L (TwinAir 85)
120 PS/L (TwinAir 105) |
| Torque output | 88 N⋅m (65 lb⋅ft) at 3,500 rpm (naturally aspirated)
140 N⋅m (103 lb⋅ft) at 2,500 rpm (bifuel turbo)
145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm (turbo) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | FIRE engine |
| Successor | Fiat Global Small Engine |


title: Fiat X1/23

abstract: The Fiat X1/23 is a concept car originally shown in 1972 at the Turin Motor Show and in 1976 as an electric car by the Italian manufacturer Fiat. Designed by Centro Stile Fiat, it is a small two-seater city car, unlike any Fiat produced at the time. The 1976 X1/23 is fitted with a 14 kW electric motor driving the front wheels and equipped with regenerative braking. Batteries are located at the rear. The X1/23 has a top speed of 45 mph (72.4 km/h) and a claimed range of about 50 miles (80.5 km). Despite its diminutive size, the car weighs 820 kg (1,810 lb), 166 kg (366 lb) of which was due to the battery.

text:
# Fiat X1/23

The **Fiat X1/23** is a concept car originally shown in 1972 at the Turin Motor Show and in 1976 as an electric car by the Italian manufacturer Fiat. Designed by Centro Stile Fiat, it is a small two-seater city car, unlike any Fiat produced at the time.

The 1976 X1/23 is fitted with a 14 kW electric motor driving the front wheels and equipped with regenerative braking. Batteries are located at the rear. The X1/23 has a top speed of 45 mph (72.4 km/h) and a claimed range of about 50 miles (80.5 km). Despite its diminutive size, the car weighs 820 kg (1,810 lb), 166 kg (366 lb) of which was due to the battery.


abstract: Elections to Stirlingshire County Council were held on 10 May 1949, the same day as the other county councils in Scotland. The election saw Labour lose its majority, with no party gaining an overall majority.

text:
# 1949 Stirlingshire County Council election

**Elections to Stirlingshire County Council** were held on 10 May 1949, the same day as the other county councils in Scotland. The election saw Labour lose its majority, with no party gaining an overall majority.

## Aggregate results

Stirlingshire County Council election, 1949
Contested Seats
| Party | | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % | Votes | +/− |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 21 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Moderates | 20 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Independent | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Communist | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Ind. Labour Party | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |