title: Bill Downs

abstract: William Randall Downs, Jr. was an American broadcast journalist and war correspondent. He worked for CBS News from 1942 to 1962 and for ABC News beginning in 1963. He was one of the original members of the team of war correspondents known as the Murrow Boys. Downs reported from both the Eastern and Western fronts during World War II, and was the first to deliver a live broadcast from Normandy to the United States after D-Day. After the surrender in Europe, he joined a press party that toured Asia in the months leading up to the end of the Pacific War. He entered Tokyo with Allied occupation forces and covered the Japanese surrender, and was among the first Americans to enter Hiroshima after the atomic bombing. He later covered the Bikini Atoll nuclear tests, the Berlin Blockade, and the Korean War.

text:
# Bill Downs

**William Randall Downs, Jr.** (August 17, 1914  May 3, 1978) was an American broadcast journalist and war correspondent. He worked for CBS News from 1942 to 1962 and for ABC News beginning in 1963. He was one of the original members of the team of war correspondents known as the Murrow Boys.

Downs reported from both the Eastern and Western fronts during World War II, and was the first to deliver a live broadcast from Normandy to the United States after D-Day. After the surrender in Europe, he joined a press party that toured Asia in the months leading up to the end of the Pacific War. He entered Tokyo with Allied occupation forces and covered the Japanese surrender, and was among the first Americans to enter Hiroshima after the atomic bombing. He later covered the Bikini Atoll nuclear tests, the Berlin Blockade, and the Korean War.

## Early life

Downs was born in Kansas City, Kansas to William Randall Downs, Sr. and Katherine Lee (née Tyson) Downs. He served as the managing editor of the *Daily Kansan* at the University of Kansas and graduated in 1937 with a bachelor's degree in journalism. He began his career as a newspaper reporter for *The Kansas City Star* and the *Kansas City Kansan*. He soon joined the United Press and worked stints at the Denver and New York bureaus for the next three years. At the end of 1940 he was transferred to London, where he covered the war in Europe as a wire reporter over the next two years.

In September 1942, his former United Press colleague Charles Collingwood introduced him to Edward R. Murrow. At the time, Murrow was in search of a reporter to relieve Larry LeSueur as CBS' Moscow correspondent.

Prior to hiring Downs, Murrow had him undergo two pro forma voice tests, both of which went poorly due in part to Downs' gruff voice, an issue which would affect him throughout his career. However, Murrow was more interested in writing ability when building his team, later recalling that, when faced with complaints from CBS about how his reporters sounded on air, he responded, "I am not looking for announcers, I am looking for people who know what they're talking about." After Downs failed the voice tests, Murrow sent him to Piccadilly Circus and told him to describe whatever he saw. Murrow enjoyed his account and hired him on the spot, offering $70 weekly and an expense account during his time abroad.

Downs became a member of Murrow's team of war correspondents who came to be known as the Murrow Boys, and worked alongside Collingwood, LeSueur, William L. Shirer, Howard K. Smith, Eric Sevareid, Richard C. Hottelet, Cecil Brown, and several other CBS reporters stationed throughout Europe. Downs was soon sent to head CBS' Moscow bureau and remained there from December 25, 1942, to January 3, 1944.

## World War II

### On the Eastern Front

Throughout 1943 Downs delivered intermittent shortwave radio reports on the *CBS World News Roundup* and concurrently served as the Russia correspondent for *Newsweek*. He stayed at the Hotel Metropol in Moscow with other Western foreign correspondents along with their secretaries and translators. They faced heavy censorship by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which required correspondents to submit articles and broadcast transcripts for approval. This led to frequent clashes between government officials and foreign correspondents, who were prohibited from filing any reports that might reflect negatively on Moscow. Access to military updates was often limited to official communiqués and articles in government-sanctioned newspapers. Up-to-date maps of the Soviet Union were difficult to obtain, and reporters had trouble gathering basic information from the front lines.

Downs and other foreign correspondents entered Stalingrad days after the Germans surrendered the battle. He described the scene in a graphic broadcast, saying: "There are sights and smells and sounds in and around Stalingrad that make you want to weep and make you want to shout and make you just plain sick at your stomach." Over the next several months, correspondents were gradually given more access to liberated areas, and Downs reported on developments such as the summer Russian counteroffensive on the Central Front. They were shown the devastation in Oryol and Rzhev soon after the occupying Nazi troops retreated in March 1943.

Several weeks after the Soviet liberation of Kiev on November 6, 1943, Downs, Bill Lawrence of *The New York Times*, and several other American and Russian journalists were escorted by Soviet authorities to the site of the Babi Yar massacres. They came across bits of human remains and old possessions at the site. The SS had attempted to destroy all evidence in their retreat from Kiev. Downs interviewed survivors of the Syrets concentration camp who were forced to participate:

> \[Efim\] Vilkis said that in the middle of August the SS mobilized a party of 100 Russian war prisoners, who were taken to the ravines. On Aug. 19 these men were ordered to disinter all the bodies in the ravine. The Germans meanwhile took a party to a nearby Jewish cemetery whence marble headstones were brought to Babii Yar \[sic\] to form the foundation of a huge funeral pyre...approximately 1,500 bodies were burned in each operation of the furnace and each funeral pyre took two nights and one day to burn completely. The cremation went on for 40 days, and then the prisoners, who by this time included 341 men, were ordered to build another furnace. Since this was the last furnace and there were no more bodies, the prisoners decided it was for them. They made a break but only a dozen out of more than 200 survived the bullets of the Nazi Tommy guns.

Many in the press party were skeptical of the Soviet claims at Babi Yar, with Lawrence doubting the sheer scale of it. He later admitted to having "furious arguments" with Downs over how to report the story and wrote that his reluctance to wholly accept the claims resulted from witnessing some colleagues submit unsubstantiated stories. Because of this, their two accounts were markedly different in tone and reflected their own individual perceptions. As late as 1944, some Western journalists remained skeptical of the actual scale of the Nazi mass murders.

Downs' descriptions of atrocities at Babi Yar and Rzhev were especially graphic. After returning home from Russia he came across more skepticism and disbelief. He "discovered that not everyone shared his strong feelings for the Russian people and the horrors they had experienced. Some looked at him curiously. Others expressed pity. Still others said he was a liar." In 1944 he received an anonymous postcard calling him a "Russian agent" and threatening his life.

Downs returned to the United States in January 1944 with the score of Dmitri Shostakovich's Eighth Symphony after CBS acquired the exclusive American broadcast rights for $10,000. Prior to leaving Moscow he provided the English narration for the documentary film *Ukraine in Flames* directed by Alexander Dovzhenko.

### On the Western Front

Downs found it difficult readjusting to life after Moscow because of what he had witnessed. However, he returned to Europe in 1944, and during that time came to be considered Murrow's "Ernie Pyle." Downs earned a reputation among colleagues for ignoring the Murrow Boys' newfound celebrity in favor of accompanying soldiers on the front lines. CBS came to rely on him heavily as a result. At one point he was the only CBS foreign correspondent covering the campaigns of the First Canadian Army, the British Second, the American Ninth, and the American First.

In June 1944 he accompanied the British 50th Infantry Division in their assault on Gold Beach during the Normandy landings. Fellow Murrow Boys Larry LeSueur and Charles Collingwood also accompanied the invading forces in separate landing craft en route to Utah Beach.

In the days following the initial landings, war correspondents had trouble setting up mobile transmitters and were unable to broadcast live for over a week. In the meantime, Collingwood recorded a broadcast on June 6 that aired two days later, while LeSueur's account did not air until June 18. On June 14 Downs managed to find a working transmitter and unwittingly delivered the first live broadcast from the Normandy beachhead to the United States. It was pooled across all networks at 6:30 p.m. Eastern War Time.

He was soon embedded with the 21st Army Group, and remained so until the end of the war in Europe. In the following weeks he covered the Battle for Caen, being one of the first correspondents into the city after its liberation. In mid-August he joined Allied forces on their advance to liberate Paris, a time during which he described the Battle of the Falaise Pocket. He was with the Canadian forces who liberated Dieppe on September 1.

In September 1944, Downs covered Operation Market Garden alongside his former United Press colleague Walter Cronkite, following the 101st Airborne Division's fight to maintain control of key bridges. On September 24, Downs reported on the assault on the Waal river crossing during the Battle of Nijmegen, describing it as "a single, isolated battle that ranks in magnificence and courage with Guam, Tarawa, Omaha Beach. A story that should be told to the blowing of bugles and the beating of drums for the men whose bravery made the capture of this crossing over the Waal possible."

During the Battle of Arnhem Downs and Cronkite were stranded at the front line near Eindhoven during a sudden air raid, and were soon separated from one another in a forest during a German air raid. After much searching Cronkite concluded that Downs was likely dead, and he made his way back to Allied territory in Brussels. He discovered Downs at the Hotel Metropole and angrily asked why he had not looked for him. Downs replied that he had searched for a long time before ultimately realizing that yelling "Cronkite! Cronkite!" sounded like the German word for sickness, and that he figured he would be taken to a Berlin hospital if he kept it up, to which Cronkite laughed.

After months of following the Allied advance, he experienced a temporary bout of battle fatigue after the major defeat at Arnhem. He felt disillusioned by what he saw as indifference among the people at home who seemed to carry on as if nothing happened. To recover, he returned to London and stayed at Murrow's apartment before heading back to the front. He later joined Murrow and several other of the Boys in a visit to the death camps at Auschwitz. The experience provoked increasing anti-German sentiment among the men, including Murrow, who was strongly rebuked by Richard C. Hottelet for remarking that "there were twenty million Germans too many in the world." By 1945 the Murrow Boys had grown notably more disillusioned after witnessing years of combat, with Bill Downs saying later, "By the time the war ended, all our idealism was gone...Our crusade had been won, but our white horses had been shot out from under us."

In March 1945, Downs and correspondents from the other major networks drew lots in Paris to determine who would parachute into Berlin during the first phase of the battle and deliver the first broadcast in the event that the Western Allies reached the city first. Despite never having jumped from a plane, Downs received the assignment, and the broadcast was to be pooled among all networks. The plans were ultimately canceled upon the Soviet capture of the city.

In late March, Downs, Hottelet, and Murrow covered the crossing of the Rhine from the air. Downs was the first correspondent to broadcast from Hamburg after its surrender on May 3, 1945. One day later he delivered an eyewitness account of the German unconditional surrender to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery at Lüneburg Heath. Downs described the Spitfires and Typhoons overhead flying north in pursuit of Germans reportedly attempting to escape to Nazi-occupied Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. As Montgomery approached the German delegates with the surrender papers in hand, he said to reporters out of the corner of his mouth, "This is the moment." Downs received the National Headliner's Club Award for the report.

## Postwar assignments

### East Asia

In June 1945, Downs joined a group of airborne correspondents organized by Tex McCrary to cover the Twentieth Air Force. The group included journalists Bill Lawrence, George Silk, Homer Bigart, and others. They toured Europe in the weeks after V-E Day in a custom B-17 fitted with high-powered shortwave radio equipment. They started with Paris and moved on to examine first-hand the destruction from the Allied bombing campaigns on Hamburg and Dresden. The group then made stops in Cairo, Baghdad, and Sri Lanka before reaching East Asia in August to cover the final days of the Pacific Theatre. Downs reported from Manchuria during the Soviet invasion. He arrived in Manila in August 1945 and landed with the initial occupying units of Japan, later being present for the signing of the Japanese surrender. Over the following several months the group toured Asia, making stops in China, French Indochina, Thailand, Burma, the Malay States, and Java. The group entered Hiroshima on September 4, nearly a month after the atomic bombing.

In late September 1945 the correspondents covered the postwar turmoil in Saigon, soon after the August Revolution and the arrival of the British South East Asian Command. The press party stayed at the Hotel Continental on the Rue Catinat. Downs and fellow correspondent James McGlincy were invited for lunch with Colonel A. Peter Dewey at a villa being used as the headquarters for the OSS operation in the region. While they waited, a skirmish broke out between Việt Minh fighters and the few men stationed at the headquarters. Shooting back as he ran, Major Herbert Bluechel emerged covered in Colonel Dewey's blood. In the confusion, Downs and McGlincy were handed carbines and joined the rest in the firefight. Downs shot down at least one man and is said to later have remarked how "the sight of the little brown figure falling will haunt him for years." After two and a half hours the attackers withdrew, and Downs and McGlincy volunteered to head for a nearby airport in search of reinforcements. They met three Gorkhas at the airfield who promised to go to the headquarters. Upon returning, Downs and McGlincy joined the search for Colonel Dewey's body. The revolt was ultimately put down by British and French forces who employed the aid of leftover Japanese soldiers in Saigon.

### Operation Crossroads and the Berlin Blockade

Downs received the plum assignment of flying in the observation plane during the nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946. Part of his report was carried across all networks despite protests from several wire service agencies who insisted that a neutral Naval officer should make the flight.

In 1947, he made his first return to Europe since the end of the war. He led a documentary team that retraced several major battlefronts he had covered in Western Europe. The group was accompanied by photojournalist Chim as part of a CBS series entitled "We Went Back." Upon returning to the United States later that year, he went to Detroit to cover the ongoing labor turmoil, including the attempted assassination of the United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther.

The following year CBS sent Downs to Berlin cover the blockade and subsequent airlift, as they wanted a reporter with war experience. He remained there until 1950. He delivered a Christmas broadcast from the cockpit of a Candy Bomber aircraft piloted by Gail Halvorsen as part of Operation Little Vittles. In 1950, he received the Overseas Press Club award for his work in Berlin.

### The Korean War

Downs covered the Korean War in 1950. When Edward R. Murrow and Bill Lawrence arrived in Tokyo, they saw a disheveled Downs running toward them saying "Go back, go back, you silly bastards. This ain't our kind of war. This one is for the birds." Murrow would later call it the best advice he ever ignored.

Downs and Murrow worked from General Douglas MacArthur's Tokyo headquarters with the rest of the press corps. Military censorship of press broadcasts and cables caused fury among reporters stationed there; Downs' cables were among the scrutinized. Murrow considered resigning, and while he did not go public with the issue, others did. In a cable to New York, Downs described the difficulty for correspondents to evaluate the early stages of the war during the North Korean offensive, saying: "If war correspondents in Korea have exaggerated American losses, it was \[because\] GHQ found neither the time nor the opportunity to reply to requests to expand the picture."

While the reporting mostly involved radio, there were also televised broadcasts that tested the medium's effectiveness in war coverage. Downs contributed to Murrow's *See It Now* episode "Christmas in Korea." In one televised report, he stood in a decimated Korean village next to the remains of a peasant's home as the camera showed an old man holding the hand of a child as they walked down the road. Downs concluded in saying: "This is the side of war we don't see very much of, but probably it's the most important part of all."

In 1951 he narrated an anti-crime series for CBS entitled "The Nation's Nightmare." Its 1952 vinyl release featured original artwork by Andy Warhol early in his career. The record sleeve is sought after due to its rarity, though the recording itself has been called "bizarre."

### Rome and the Middle East

In 1953, Downs was assigned to the Rome bureau, where he spent the next three years covering the Mediterranean and Vatican City. Over time his focus shifted to the Middle East and the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 1954 he recorded an interview with then-Egyptian Prime Minister Gamal Abdel Nasser, and went on to interview Israeli Presidents David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Sharett about the tensions with Egypt and the Arab world.

While still in Rome, Downs and other CBS foreign correspondents participated in a 1955 news broadcast hosted by Bing Crosby on Christmas Eve. The recording was later released on vinyl as *A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World*. He returned to the United States the following week for the 1955 edition of Edward R. Murrow's *Years of Crisis* radio series. He joined other Murrow Boys to discuss the most pressing international political developments of the past year.

In 1956, he was abruptly called back from Rome to make room for Winston Burdett, a move that ultimately marked the end of Downs' career as a foreign correspondent. He reported primarily from Washington for the rest of his tenure at CBS.

## Later career at CBS

### The McCarthy era and *See It Now*

By the early 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist campaigns created a sense of fear in Washington. Downs' wife, Roz, described the atmosphere: "Nobody at the State Department would talk to \[Downs\] anymore, nobody at the Defense Department would talk to him anymore, nobody in government would talk to anybody—they weren't even talking to their own friends anymore...Everybody was crazy—and frightened."

In 1950, CBS correspondents Howard K. Smith and Alexander Kendrick were named in the *Red Channels*, a list of 151 figures in entertainment in journalism accused of being "Red Fascists and their sympathizers" in the broadcasting field. It was also revealed that Winston Burdett had worked as a spy from 1937 to 1942 for the Communist Party, which he later renounced. Although Murrow protected his crew from being fired, CBS required its staff to sign a loyalty oath denouncing communism. Downs angrily approached him, refusing to sign. Murrow responded somberly: "You have no choice" and that "If you don't want to sign the oath, there is no way I can protect you." Downs soon went on air to attack the "cloak and dagger" atmosphere on Capitol Hill. He further alluded to McCarthy in 1953 on Murrow's radio show *This I Believe*, stating: "\[T\]he man who makes a career of 'people-hunting' or 'people-hating' is a man who desperately fears being chased or not loved."

As the controversy continued, Downs spent several years lobbying Murrow to use his television platform to challenge Senator McCarthy. Murrow shared his concerns, fearing that McCarthy's influence amounted to a "Nazi-like mass movement." However, he was conflicted about potentially abusing his own power as a newsman. After years of deliberation, Murrow and Fred Friendly aired an episode of *See It Now* on March 9, 1954, entitled "A Report on Senator Joseph R. McCarthy." It was a critical report featuring excerpts of McCarthy's own speeches. Downs ran nightly screenings of the broadcast at his home in Rome to packed houses, mostly consisting of Americans, including members of the State Department and military attachés.

On November 2, 1952, Downs made a somber appearance with Edward R. Murrow on *See It Now* after the Ivy Mike operation, the first successful testing of a thermonuclear weapon. It marked the closest the Doomsday Clock came to reaching midnight. He stated: "This seems to me to be more a day for a searching of the human soul perhaps than for any kind of scientific celebration."

### The Murrow-Cronkite rivalry

During World War II Downs established close friendships with both Edward R. Murrow and Walter Cronkite. This placed him in the middle of a heated rivalry between the two men. The antagonism began in 1944 when Murrow sought out Cronkite to replace Downs as the Moscow correspondent. Cronkite initially accepted, but when the United Press offered to raise his salary, he opted to stay with them. The move soured his relationship with Murrow.

Cronkite did eventually join CBS in 1950. However, as Murrow's career seemed on the decline and Cronkite's on the rise, the two found it increasingly difficult to work together. Cronkite was not a Murrow Boy, and he felt like an outsider soon after joining CBS. Joseph Persico compared Cronkite to Downs in their demeanor as reporters; the difference being that Murrow viewed Downs as a "satellite" rather than a potential rival, as Cronkite seemed to be.

This placed Downs in the middle of many of their confrontations. He and his wife threw dinner parties at their house in Bethesda, Maryland, incidentally setting the stage for heated arguments between Cronkite and Murrow:

> And so Cronkite and Murrow were both guests at the party they gave in their home in Washington early in Cronkite's television career. It was a heavy-drinking, broadcasting crowd. Downs began noisily berating Cronkite, telling him, "You're coming on too hard, trying to be a success, trying to push other people out of the way." Then, according to Downs's wife, Rosalind, Cronkite said a sympathetic word about sponsors. Sponsors, after all, paid the rent, Cronkite pointed out. It was the sort of statement designed to catch the attention of and to provoke Murrow, the news freedom purist against an apologist for commercialism in broadcasting. However, the purist was handsomely sponsored and the apologist, at this point, barely had his foot in television's door. As Roz Downs remembered that night, "They kept snapping at each other all evening. They were practically chin to chin. It was dreadful. After the party, my husband said, 'That was a small disaster. I didn't know they disliked each other that much.'"

At another dinner party, an argument between Murrow and Cronkite devolved into a "duel" in which they drunkenly took a pair of antique dueling pistols and pretended to shoot at each other. The tensions continued until Murrow's resignation from CBS in 1961.

### Election coverage

Outside of his tenure in the CBS Rome bureau, Downs spent much of his later career at CBS in Washington covering presidential elections with other members of the Murrow Boys. He accompanied both candidates on the campaign trail during the 1952 presidential election, and reported from the Republican National Convention in Chicago. At one point, he was among a crowd of reporters on the floor as vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon gave a press conference, with Murrow and Cronkite in the anchor booth for CBS. Producer Don Hewitt told him to remove his headset and place it on Nixon so that Murrow and Cronkite could speak to him directly. He did so, handed Nixon his microphone, and told him "Walter Cronkite and Ed Murrow want to talk to you." Nixon went on to answer their questions, audible only to him. This practice of placing headsets on personalities to talk to Cronkite became a CBS trademark and joke.

The last election he covered for CBS was in 1960, serving as the network's correspondent for former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson's primary campaign. Downs later drew notoriety among the news staff for an incident covering the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. Referring to the two inaugural balls taking place on the eve of Kennedy's swearing-in, Downs said on air: "Both the President's balls are in full swing tonight."

### Resignation

Following his replacement at the Rome bureau, the one assignment he said that he truly enjoyed after World War II, Downs felt his role at CBS had diminished. After holding out for years, he had finally come to accept that television would replace radio as the dominant broadcast news medium. Other staff members at CBS also took years to give up on radio, the most significant being CBS chief executive William S. Paley, one of the medium's strongest defenders. However, by 1953 Paley had fully embraced television as it became increasingly profitable.

Downs' career prospects gradually dwindled after years of relative prominence as a Murrow Boy. New management in New York believed his gruff voice was a poor fit for radio and that his looks were not suited for television. Despite this, he made sporadic televised appearances on *See It Now* and served as the occasional co-host of the *Longines Chronoscope* along with Edward P. Morgan, where they interviewed Eleanor Roosevelt in 1953. In 1957 he was made the anchor of a daily five-minute radio news summary, which he believed was a demotion, and felt overworked and underappreciated by the organization.

Downs soon lost the radio show and grew increasingly frustrated and bitter with management. His new boss Howard K. Smith said that he "was so apoplectic all the time, I found it hard to get along with him...It got to the point where I gave up on him. I didn't see him anymore." New York no longer wanted him to appear on radio and television. He was allowed to report on the State Department, but only if Smith read the reports on air for him, which Downs considered the "ultimate insult." It marked an overarching paradigm shift at the network. The Murrow Boys had been the first reporters to achieve fame in broadcast journalism. However, according to David Schoenbrun, by the 1960s the era of the Murrow Boys "freewheeling, making all the decisions, had definitely come to a close," and that challenging management "had become a cardinal sin that would not be tolerated." These issues preceded the departures of Murrow, Smith, and ultimately Downs himself. He later wrote in a letter to Eric Sevareid: "At least I can shout to the world this—I'm my own midget. The mistakes will be my mistakes—the failures will have my fiat—the successes, if any or none, will not be subject to people who worry about thick lenses, long noses, or advertising agency or affiliate bias."

He ultimately resigned as State Department correspondent for CBS in March 1962 during a shakeup that also saw the replacement of Douglas Edwards with Walter Cronkite as the anchor of *CBS Evening News*. Downs publicly stated that the departure was amicable, but hinted at his dissatisfaction with recent developments at the organization. One of his final major assignments for CBS was aboard the USS *Randolph* to cover the John Glenn orbital spaceflight mission on February 20, 1962.

## ABC News

Before quitting CBS, Downs considered taking time off to write a novel. He asked Murrow for his thoughts on how Downs' wife, Roz, would do if he decided to quit and become a writer. "'She'll bear up,' Murrow replied, 'until the second paycheck doesn't come in.'" Downs spent the next twenty months writing what he hoped would be the "Great American Novel." He struggled to find a publisher, and ultimately returned to reporting.

He joined ABC News on November 22, 1963, as a radio news anchor in the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination, and covered the swearing-in of President Lyndon Johnson. From then on, he worked as a "second-tier" reporter in ABC's Washington bureau.

He spent his later years working various roles, and was ABC's correspondent at the Defense Department from 1963 to 1970. He worked as a commentator covering the Nixon administration, during which time Downs drew accusations of bias from Vice President Spiro Agnew for his analysis of Nixon's "silent majority" speech, which Downs said followed the "Pentagon line" of asserting that American defeat abroad would promote recklessness among other world powers. As the Pentagon correspondent, Downs said on air that General Counsel of the Army Robert Jordan's blunt statement on the Mỹ Lai Massacre may have been the first time a "high defense official" publicly expressed concern that American soldiers in Vietnam "might have committed genocide."

In 1970, he switched to covering ecological issues, and in his later years he was given smaller assignments on *ABC Evening News*, where he worked alongside his former CBS colleagues Howard K. Smith and Harry Reasoner as well as Barbara Walters.

## Personal life

Upon returning to the United States after World War II, Downs married writer Rosalind "Roz" Gerson on December 18, 1946. Together they had three children. She had been hired at CBS as a desk assistant at the same time as Shirley Lubowitz, who later married Downs' colleague Joe Wershba. Downs died of laryngeal cancer in Bethesda, Maryland on May 3, 1978. That night Walter Cronkite and Harry Reasoner gave brief obituaries on *CBS Evening News* and *ABC Evening News*, respectively.

The dinosaur species *Yinlong downsi* was named after his son, paleontologist William Randall "Will" Downs III in 2006.

He was not related to the journalist Hugh Downs.

### Notes

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60. Sperber 1999, p. 341
61. Bernhard 2003, p. 107
62. Bliss 1991, p. 258
63. Bliss 1991, pp. 264–265
64. Morse, Leon (28 July 1951). "CBS, NBC Share Laurels with Sock Pubserve Airers on Dope Menace". *Billboard*. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
65. "The Beatles album artwork worth £70,000: Top 10 most valuable record sleeves revealed". *Daily Mirror*. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
66. Cloud & Olson 1996, pp. 298
67. "SEE? - CBS News". *The New Yorker*. 1 November 1958. p. 88.
68. CBS News Biographical Service (November 1959). "Bill Downs -- CBS News Washington Correspondent". CBS News Broadcast House. pp. 1–3.
69. Crosby, Bing (24 December 1956). *A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World*. Decca Records. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13.
70. CBS Radio News (1 January 1956). "Years of Crisis". CBS News. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
71. Cloud & Olson 1996, pp. 351–353
72. Sperber 1999, pp. 403–404, 654
73. Red Channels 1950, p. 6
74. Sperber 1999, p. 363
75. Persico 1988, pp. 314–315
76. Kelly 1959
77. Downs, Bill (1953). "The Armor of Cynicism". *This I Believe*. CBS Radio News. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
78. Brinkley 2012, p. 157
79. King & Chapman 2012, pp. 224, 231
80. "Doomsday Clock moves closer to midnight". CBS News. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
81. Sperber 1999, p. 527
82. "Roving Walkie-Talkie is Key to Thoro Job". *Billboard*. 19 July 1952. p. 16. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
83. Hewitt 2002, pp. 57–58
84. "CBS Assigns Its Top Reporters to Their Tasks" (PDF). *Springfield Republican*. 10 July 1960. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
85. Hewitt, Don (29 March 2009). "Remembering Edward R. Murrow". HuffPost. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
86. Cox 2002, p. 55
87. Downs, Bill; Morgan, Edward P. (26 August 1953). "Eleanor Roosevelt Interview". *Longines Chronoscope*. CBS News. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
88. Cloud & Olson 1996, pp. 227, 250
89. Cloud, Stanley; Olson, Lynne (March 1996). "Modern Celebrity Journalism is Born". *The American Enterprise*. pp. 32–33.
90. Doan, Richard K. (15 March 1962). "Major Shakeup at CBS: Edwards, Cronkite, Collingwood, Downs Involved". *New York Herald Tribune*.
91. Makemson 2009, p. 83
92. King & Chapman 2012, p. 222
93. Caro 2012, p. 141
94. "The Analyses That Touched It All Off" (PDF). *Broadcasting*. **77** (21): 50–52. 24 November 1969. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
95. Oliver 2006, p. 48
96. Bliss 1991, p. 102
97. Cronkite, Walter (3 May 1978). "CBS Evening News". *CBS News*. Archived from the original on 2014-06-25. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
98. Reasoner, Harry (3 May 1978). "ABC Evening News". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2019-08-08. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
99. Xu, X.; Forster, C. A; Clark, J. M; Mo, J. (7 September 2006). "A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China". *Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences*. **273** (1598): 2135–2140. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3566. PMC 1635516. PMID 16901832.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Bill Downs | |
| --- | --- |
| Downs in 1942 | |
| Born | William Randall Downs<br>(1914-08-17)August 17, 1914<br>Kansas City, Kansas, U.S. |
| Died | May 3, 1978(1978-05-03) (aged 63)<br>Bethesda, Maryland |
| Education | University of Kansas |
| Occupations |  |
| Years active | 1937–1978 |
| Spouse | Rosalind Gerson (m. 1946) |


title: Billbergia oxysepala

abstract: Billbergia oxysepala is a species of flowering plant in the genus Billbergia. This species is native to Ecuador and to the Brazilian State of Acre.

text:
# Billbergia oxysepala

***Billbergia oxysepala*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is native to Ecuador and to the Brazilian State of Acre.

## Cultivars

* *Billbergia oxysepala* × *eloiseae*

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia oxysepala* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Helicodea* |
| Species: | ***B. oxysepala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia oxysepala***<br>Mez | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Billbergia oxypetala* Ule | |


title: Billbergia meyeri

abstract: Billbergia meyeri is a species of flowering plant in the genus Billbergia. This species is native to Bolivia and Brazil.

text:
# Billbergia meyeri

***Billbergia meyeri*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is native to Bolivia and Brazil.

* Krömer, Thorsten; Kessler, Michael; Holst, Bruce K.; Luther, Harry E.; Gouda, Eric J.; Ibisch, Pierre L.; Till, Walter; Vásquez, Roberto (1 October 1999). "Checklist of Bolivian Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **20** (2): 201–223. ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41760025.
* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia meyeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Helicodea* |
| Species: | ***B. meyeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia meyeri***<br>Mez | |
|


title: Billbergia manarae

abstract: Billbergia manarae is a plant species in the genus Billbergia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

text:
# Billbergia manarae

***Billbergia manarae*** is a plant species in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is endemic to Venezuela.

* Holst, Bruce K. (1 February 1994). "Checklist of Venezuelan Bromeliaceae with Notes on Species Distribution by State and Levels of Endemism". *Selbyana*. **15** (1). ISSN 2689-0682. JSTOR 41759858.

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia manarae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Billbergia* |
| Species: | ***B. manarae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia manarae***<br>Steyerm. | |
|


title: Roberts Park, Saltaire

abstract:
Roberts Park is a 14 acres (5.7 ha) public urban park in Saltaire, West Yorkshire, England. Higher Coach Road, Baildon, is to the north and the park is bounded to the south by the River Aire.
A pedestrian footbridge crosses the Aire and links the park to the village of Saltaire.
The park is an integral part of the Saltaire World Heritage site. The park is grade II listed in English Heritage's Register of Parks and Gardens
and is a Green Flag Award winner.
Visitor numbers are estimated to be up to 3,000 people per day.

text:
# Roberts Park, Saltaire

**Roberts Park** is a 14 acres (5.7 ha) public urban park in Saltaire, West Yorkshire, England. Higher Coach Road, Baildon, is to the north and the park is bounded to the south by the River Aire. A pedestrian footbridge crosses the Aire and links the park to the village of Saltaire. The park is an integral part of the Saltaire World Heritage site.

The park is grade II listed in English Heritage's Register of Parks and Gardens and is a Green Flag Award winner. Visitor numbers are estimated to be up to 3,000 people per day.

## History

The park was designed and laid out by William Gay (1814–1893) for Sir Titus Salt (1803–1876) and was opened on 25 July 1871 by Sir Titus, although conceived of as early as 1850. The park was named Saltaire Park but was known informally as The People's Park, and Salt's Park. The development included a widening and deepening of the River Aire for boating and swimming purposes, and for the construction of a boathouse on the southern bank of the river. In the centre of the park is a semi-circular pavilion designed by architects Lockwood and Mawson, constructed in 1870.

In 1891 the park was purchased by Sir James Roberts (1848–1935). In 1903 to commemorate the fifty years Salts Mill had been operating and the centenary of his birth, a bronze statue of Sir Titus Salt was erected by the main promenade commissioned by Roberts. The bronze statue was by Francis Derwent Wood RA (1871–1926) of Chelsea, London.

In 1910 the park was offered to Shipley Urban District Council by Sir James Roberts, leader of the council at the time, but later in 1920, after a dispute with the council this offer was rescinded. In 1920 Sir James Roberts named the park Roberts Park as a memorial to his second son Bertram Foster Roberts (1876–1912) when he gave the park to Bradford Council on 1 August that year.

The park was accessible from Saltaire village via Victoria Road on the Saltaire Bridge across the Aire but after showing signs of collapsing the bridge was demolished in 1967. Later the two were reconnected with an iron footbridge over the river. In 1971 Saltaire including Roberts Park was designated a conservation area and in December 2001, Saltaire including Roberts Park was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. In 2009–10 the park was refurbished with help from lottery funds and other grants.

## Landmarks and refurbishment

The main entrances to the park are in the east by the lodge, and in the south east via a cast iron bridge. The park is divided by a long broad east-west promenade with east and west shelters at the ends. To the north of the promenade are serpentine paths and flower beds, and to the south a cricket ground and open playing field. At the centre of the park below the main promenade is the listed Lockwood and Mawson tea room pavilion housing the Half Moon Cafe operated by the cricket club. The cafe has Wi-Fi and adjacent toilet facilities. On either side of the Half Moon Pavilion are steps leading up to the promenade and a semi circular balustraded viewing platform on top of the pavilion. Centrally located in the few steps leading up to this platform from the promenade is the listed bronze statue of Sir Titus Salt.

To the north of the statue was the location of the original bandstand demolished during the second world war. As part of the park refurbishment the bandstand was rebuilt, but to a different design and on a larger scale. To the north of the bandstand, located next to the north entrance is the North Shelter containing a poster exhibition of the park's history. After refurbishment the park was opened on 22 May 2010 with a bandstand concert from the Hammonds Saltaire Band. In the east of the park next to the East Shelter is the Park Lodge and main gates. The pavilion, park lodge and all three shelters are listed buildings and were designed by Lockwood and Mawson or in the case of the shelters, thought to be. The work included the refurbishment of the park shelters, pavilion, park lodge, and statue plus additional park furniture, signage, the reinstatement of the park railings, and the resurfacing of 3,700 m2 of footpaths with resin bonded gravel. A children's play area and a 280 m2 BMX skate park were created in the east of the park.

The total cost of the refurbishment was £4.5 million with £3.2 million coming from the Heritage Lottery Fund, £1.2 million from Bradford Council, and £0.1 million from other sources. Work on restoration was started in February 2009 and completed in April 2010.

## InfoBox

| Roberts Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Bandstand, statue and Half Moon Pavilion | |
|  | |
| Type | Urban Park |
| Location | Saltaire, Shipley, City of Bradford, West Yorkshire |
| Nearest city | Bradford |
| Coordinates | 53°50′28″N 1°47′28″W / 53.841°N 1.791°W / 53.841; -1.791 |
| Area | 14 acres (5.7 ha) |
| Created | 1871 (1871) |
| Designer | William Gay |
| Etymology | Named in memory of Bertram Foster Roberts |
| Operated by | City of Bradford, Parks and Landscape Services |
| Visitors | up to 3,000 people per day |
| Open | Open all year |
| Status | Restored |
| Awards | Green Flag Award |


title: Billy Davis (linebacker)

abstract: William Henry Davis Jr. is a former American football linebacker who played one season with the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson. He was also a member of the Denver Broncos.

text:
# Billy Davis (linebacker)

**William Henry Davis Jr.** (born December 6, 1961) is a former American football linebacker who played one season with the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson. He was also a member of the Denver Broncos.

## InfoBox

Billy Davis
| No. 55 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1961-12-06) December 6, 1961
Alexandria, Virginia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 210 lb (95 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Mount Vernon
(Alexandria, Virginia) |
| College: | Clemson |
| Undrafted: | 1984 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Billy Davis (Arizona politician)

abstract: Billy Wayne Davis, sometimes known as Bill Davis, is a land developer and former state senator for the Arizona Senate in the United States.

text:
# Billy Davis (Arizona politician)

**Billy Wayne Davis**, sometimes known as **Bill Davis**, is a land developer and former state senator for the Arizona Senate in the United States.

## Early life

Billy Davis was born in Athens, Alabama, on May 7, 1945.

He is of Welsh, English, Irish, and Cherokee descent on his father's side and his mother's ancestors were from Switzerland.

Billy grew up and went to school in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

His father died when he was eleven years old.

Billy Davis married Billie J. Johnson on May 4, 1963, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. They have three grown children and live in Kennesaw, Georgia.

## Military career

Davis served four years in the Navy and two years in the Navy Reserves from 1963 to 1969, two of which were in Vietnam. Davis earned the National Defense Service Medal, The Vietnam Campaign Medal with Device (1960–), The Vietnam Service Medal (with two Bronze Stars) and the Navy Unit Commendation Ribbon and Letters of Commendations.

## Political career

Davis served two terms in the Arizona State Senate from January 3, 1983, through January 6, 1987, for the 19th district in Phoenix, Arizona.

In 1986, he was censured by the Senate Ethics Committee for failing to disclose his finances and poor judgment in his business practices.

He ran as a Congressional candidate in Georgia in 2016, during which time an investigation by FOX 5 found that he had been convicted of having lied on a 1997 loan application, for which he was incarcerated; had bankruptcies; and had a $782,560 judgment from a civil suit.

## InfoBox

| Billy Davis | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Arizona Senate
from the 19th district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1983  January 6, 1987 | |
| Committees Served | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1983  January 6, 1987 | |
| Vice Chairman Government Education Judiciary Rules | Billy Davis |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Billy Wayne Davis
(1945-05-07) May 7, 1945
Athens, Alabama |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Billie J. Davis (1963–present) |
| Children | Todd, Robyn and Jason |
| Alma mater | University of Tennessee
University of South Carolina
Hyles Anderson College |
| Website | Official website |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service | United States Navy Honorable Discharge
3rd June 1969 |
| Years of service | 1963 – 1969
Fallon, Nevada
(1963–1964)
Flight Training Exercises
Naval Air Station Chase Field, Beeville, Texas
(1964–1965)
Air Station Training
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), (1965–1967)
Aircraft Carrier Training |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam Two Tours |
| Awards | • The Vietnam Service Medal, with two Bronze Stars
National Defense Service Medal
• The Vietnam Campaign Medal, with Device (1960–)
• The Navy Unit Commendation Ribbon
• Letters of Commendations |
|  | |


title: Bill Taylor (footballer, born 1869)

abstract: William Taylor was an English professional footballer who made six appearances in the Football Alliance for Small Heath. Taylor was born in Smethwick, which was then in Staffordshire. He played for Langley Green Victoria before joining Small Heath in 1891 on the recommendation of Fred Wheldon. He played six games in the Football Alliance and four in the FA Cup, scoring one goal, but the club were unable to find a playing position which suited both Taylor and the team, and he left for Quinton at the end of the 1891–92 season.

text:
# Bill Taylor (footballer, born 1869)

**William Taylor** (1869 – after 1891) was an English professional footballer who made six appearances in the Football Alliance for Small Heath.

Taylor was born in Smethwick, which was then in Staffordshire. He played for Langley Green Victoria before joining Small Heath in 1891 on the recommendation of Fred Wheldon. He played six games in the Football Alliance and four in the FA Cup, scoring one goal, but the club were unable to find a playing position which suited both Taylor and the team, and he left for Quinton at the end of the 1891–92 season.

## InfoBox

Bill Taylor
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | William Taylor | | |
| Date of birth | 1869 | | |
| Place of birth | Smethwick, England | | |
| Position(s) | Utility player | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Langley Green Victoria |  |  |
| 1891–1892 | Small Heath | 6 | (0) |
| 1892–1??? | Quinton |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Robin Brew

abstract: Robin Brew is a male former competition swimmer for Great Britain and Scotland.

text:
# Robin Brew

**Robin Brew** (born 28 June 1962) is a male former competition swimmer for Great Britain and Scotland.

## Swimming career

Brew represented Great Britain at the Olympic Games and Scotland in the Commonwealth Games. He swam in the men's 200-metre individual medley at the 1984 Summer Olympics where he came fourth. His greatest sporting moment came at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics when he broke the Olympic record in the 200-metre individual medley in the semifinals. "I pretty much went to the Olympic Games without expectations. I'd done my research and I knew, really, that there were two swimmers way ahead of the game. On the day I had a great heat, I just tried too hard in the final and that for me has been a lesson in life; you've got to apply just the right amount of pressure. If you over hurt yourself early on it really comes back on you. It's got to be 100% not a 110%, 110% is a 90% return."

He competed at the Commonwealth Games in 1982, where he won a silver medal in the 200m Individual Medley event and a bronze medal in the 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay, and in 1986.

At the ASA National British Championships he won the 200 metres medley title in 1980 and 1983.

## Personal life

Robin Brew held the position as the Director of Swimming at Mount Kelly School, for 16 years after his father Archibald Brew who held the position for 20 years. His brother Paul Brew is also a former international swimmer. Both brothers attended Kelly College. Brew now runs his business RobinBrewSports acting as a triathlon and swim coach.

## InfoBox

Robin Brew
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Robin Brew |
| Nickname | Robdog |
| National team | Great Britain |
| Born | (1962-06-28) 28 June 1962<br>Portsmouth, England |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) |
| Weight | 94 kg (207 lb; 14.8 st) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
|  | |
| Strokes | Freestyle, medley |
| Club | Kelly College, Tavistock |
|  | |
| Medal record      Men's swimming  Representing  Scotland  Commonwealth Games  1982 Brisbane  200 m medley  1982 Brisbane  4×200 m freestyle | |


title: Roccy FM

abstract: Roccy FM is an Australian radio station that transmits on 93.9 MHz FM from Young, New South Wales, Australia and serves the towns in the South West Slopes region such as Cowra and Cootamundra.

text:
# Roccy FM

**Roccy FM** (ACMA callsign: 2LFF) is an Australian radio station that transmits on 93.9 MHz FM from Young, New South Wales, Australia and serves the towns in the South West Slopes region such as Cowra and Cootamundra.

## History

Roccy FM was first broadcast as FM93.9 as supplementary FM radio station to sister station 2LF, before rebranding as Star FM. This lasted until mid-2008, when owners Macquarie Media Group purchased stations from Southern Cross Broadcasting, and was made to sell both Star FM and 2LF. It was purchased by Broadcast Operations Group, and was made to drop the Star FM branding.

After holding a competition to suggest new names for the station, the breakfast duo at that time, Daniel Sewart and Rick Knight, announced that Roccy FM had been selected after listeners voted on their favourite selection from a short list of entrants. Roccy is a backronym for **R**adio **o**f **C**owra **C**ootamundra and **Y**oung, the largest towns in the stations broadcast area.

## InfoBox

Roccy FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | South West Slopes |
| Frequency | 93.9 MHz FM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Hot Adult Contemporary |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | 2LF |
| History | |
| Call sign meaning | **L**ambing **F**lats **F**M |
| Technical information | |
| Power | 40kW |
| Transmitter coordinates | 34°20′37″S 148°20′08″E / 34.34361°S 148.33556°E / -34.34361; 148.33556 |
| Translator(s) | 99.5 MHz Cowra
107.7 MHz Cootamundra
104.1 MHz Temora |
| Links | |
| Website | http://www.roccyfm.com.au/Roccy\_FM.html |


title: Billboard Top Country Singles of 1969

abstract: This is a list of Billboard magazine's ranking of the top country singles of 1969. "Daddy Sang Bass" by Johnny Cash was ranked as the year's No. 1 country single. The ranking was based on performance on the Billboard Country Chart during the period from January 4, 1969, to August 30, 1969. Accordingly, the list excludes songs like "Okie from Muskogee", which held the No. 1 spot for four consecutive weeks from November 15 to December 6. And "A Boy Named Sue" ranks No. 83 on the list even though it held the No. 1 spot for five consecutive weeks from August 23 to September 20

text:
# Billboard Top Country Singles of 1969

This is a list of *Billboard* magazine's ranking of the top country singles of 1969. "Daddy Sang Bass" by Johnny Cash was ranked as the year's No. 1 country single.

The ranking was based on performance on the *Billboard* Country Chart during the period from January 4, 1969, to August 30, 1969. Accordingly, the list excludes songs like "Okie from Muskogee", which held the No. 1 spot for four consecutive weeks from November 15 to December 6. And "A Boy Named Sue" ranks No. 83 on the list even though it held the No. 1 spot for five consecutive weeks from August 23 to September 20

| Rank | Peak | Title | Artist(s) | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Daddy Sang Bass" | Johnny Cash | Columbia |
| 2 | 1 | "Only the Lonely" | Sonny James | Capitol |
| 3 | 1 | "My Life (Throw It Away If I Want To)" | Bill Anderson | Decca |
| 4 | 1 | "Statue of a Fool" | Jack Greene | Decca |
| 5 | 1 | "Running Bear" | Sonny James | Capitol |
| 6 | 1 | "Hungry Eyes" | Merle Haggard | Capitol |
| 7 | 1 | "I Love You More Today" | Conway Twitty | Decca |
| 8 | 1 | "Galveston" | Glen Campbell | Capitol |
| 9 | 1 | "Who's Gonna Mow Your Grass" | Buck Owens & His Buckaroos | Capitol |
| 10 | 1 | "Johnny B. Goode" | Buck Owens & His Buckaroos | Capitol |
| 11 | 2 | "I’ll Share My World with You" | George Jones | Musicor |
| 12 | 1 | "Singing My Song" | Tammy Wynette | Epic |
| 13 | 4 | "(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn" | Bobby Bare | RCA |
| 14 | 1 | "Until My Dreams Come True" | Jack Greene | Decca |
| 15 | 2 | "Darling You Know I Wouldn't Lie" | Conway Twitty | Decca |
| 16 | 1 | "Woman of the World (Leave My World Alone)" | Loretta Lynn | Decca |
| 17 | 2 | "Rings of Gold" | Dottie West and Don Gibson | RCA |
| 18 | 3 | "Good Time Charlie's" | Del Reeves | United Artists |
| 19 | 3 | "Kaw-Liga" | Charley Pride | RCA |
| 20 | 2 | "Games People Play" | Freddy Weller | Columbia |
| 21 | 1 | "To Make Love Sweeter For You" | Jerry Lee Lewis | Smash |
| 22 | 2 | "One Has My Name (The Other Has My Heart)" | Jerry Lee Lewis | Smash |
| 23 | 4 | "My Woman's Good to Me" | David Houston | Epic |
| 24 | 3 | "Cajun Baby" | Hank Williams, Jr. | M-G-M |
| 25 | 2 | "The Carroll County Accident" | Porter Wagoner | RCA |
| 26 | 5 | "Be Glad" | Del Reeves | United Artists |
| 27 | 6 | "Leave My Dream Alone" | Warner Mack | Decca |
| 28 | 10 | "Who's Julie" | Mel Tillis | Kapp |
| 29 | 1 | "All I Have to Offer You Is Me" | Charley Pride | RCA |
| 30 | 7 | "You Gave Me a Mountain" | Johnny Bush | Stop |
| 31 | 10 | "Where the Blue and Lonely Go" | Roy Drusky | Mercury |
| 32 | 9 | "Kay" | John Wesley Ryles | Columbia |
| 33 | 16 | "The Name of the Game Was Love" | Hank Snow | RCA |
| 34 | 5 | "It's a Sin" | Marty Robbins | Columbia |
| 35 | 9 | "Yours Love" | Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton | RCA |
| 36 | 8 | "None of My Business" | Henson Cargill | Monument |
| 37 | 2 | "When the Grass Grows Over Me" | George Jones | Musicor |
| 38 | 12 | "Just Hold My Hand" | Johnny & Jonie Mosby | RCA |
| 39 | 15 | "Old Faithful" | Mel Tillis | Kapp |
| 40 | 4 | "Mr. Walker It's All Over" | Billie Jo Spears | Capitol |
| 41 | 9 | "All for the Love of a Girl" | Claude King | Columbia |
| 42 | 6 | "When Two Worlds Collide" | Jim Reeves | RCA |
| 43 | 5 | "There Never Was a Time" | Jeannie C. Riley | Plantation |
| 44 | 13 | "Ribbon of Darkness" | Connie Smith | RCA |
| 45 | 3 | "Big Wind" | Porter Wagoner | RCA |
| 46 | 11 | "California Girl (And the Tennessee Square)" | Tompall & the Glaser Brothers | M-G-M |
| 47 | 11 | "Sweetheart of the Year" | Ray Price | Columbia |
| 48 | 4 | "The Ballad of Forty Dollars" | Tom T. Hall | Mercury |
| 49 | 6 | "The Girl Most Likely" | Jeannie C. Riley | Plantation |
| 50 | 12 | "One More Mile" | Dave Dudley | Mercury |
| 60 | 18 | "Our House Is Not a Home (For It's Never Been Loved In)" | Lynn Anderson | Chart |
| 71 | 1 | "Stand by Your Man" | Tammy Wynette | Epic |
| 72 | 3 | "I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am" | Merle Haggard | Capitol |
| 77 | 19 | "Something's Wrong in California" | Waylon Jennings | RCA |
| 83 | 1 | "A Boy Named Sue" | Johnny Cash | Columbia |
| 85 | 1 | "Wichita Lineman" | Glen Campbell | Capitol |

1. "Billboard's 1969 Country Music Survey: Top Country Singles" (PDF). *The Billboard*. October 18, 1969. p. 10.
2. Joel Whitburn (1995). *The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits*. Billboard Books. ISBN 0823076326.


title: Rock N' Road

abstract: Rock N' Road is a 2014 Taiwanese romantic musical comedy television series created and produced by TVBS. It stars Chris Wu, Kimi Hsia, Mike Lee and Nita Lei. The original title literally translates to "A-List Road", which is in reference to the billing status of a celebrity. Filming began on 7 February 2014 and wrapped up on 19 June 2014; the drama was filmed as it aired. First original broadcast began on 16 March 2014 on CTS, airing every Sunday night at 10:00-11:30 pm and then 22 March 2014 on TVBS airing every Saturday night at 9:00-10:30 pm. The last of the 16 episodes aired on 6 July 2014.

text:
# Rock N' Road

***Rock N' Road*** (Chinese: A咖的路; pinyin: **A kā de lù**) is a 2014 Taiwanese romantic musical comedy television series created and produced by TVBS. It stars Chris Wu, Kimi Hsia, Mike Lee and Nita Lei. The original title literally translates to "A-List Road", which is in reference to the billing status of a celebrity. Filming began on 7 February 2014 and wrapped up on 19 June 2014; the drama was filmed as it aired. First original broadcast began on 16 March 2014 on CTS, airing every Sunday night at 10:00-11:30 pm and then 22 March 2014 on TVBS airing every Saturday night at 9:00-10:30 pm. The last of the 16 episodes aired on 6 July 2014.

## Synopsis

Lin Wei Zhen was a former teen singing sensation, but found herself upstaged by Zhou Shu Yu and his band during a New Year's performance in 2006 because she arrived late to the show. Since then her fame and career has diminished. She now finds herself going from amateur auditions to auditions trying to break back into the music industry. Zhou Shu Yu has since become one of the most successful and sought after music producers and songwriters in Asia. His longtime girlfriend Yang Jia Xin is also a popular singer and songwriters, but when Jia Xin falls into a creative slump she steals a song written by Wei Zhen's late father and passes it off as her own. Shu Yu finds out about Jia Xin plagiarizing Wei Zhen's song and sides with Wei Zhen. Unhappy that Shu Yu does not support her in her success with the new song she and Shu Yu's former bandmate and now manager Xu Da Li, both turn against Shu Yu causing him to lose everything he has worked so hard for. With only Wei Zhen by his side, Shu Yu helps her become the A-Lister she so highly sought after to become.

## Cast

### Main cast

### Supporting cast

* Mami Gu 古欣玉 as Lai Qian Nei 賴千芮
* Bernice Wang 王寶第 as Ivy
* Simon Twu 涂世旻 as Wang Mu Qun 王牧群
* Jeanine Yang 楊晴 as Zhuang Qiao Ru 莊巧如
* Chin Shih-chieh 金士傑 as Ge Zhong Ming 葛仲明
* Wang Chuan 王琄 as Li Mei Nu 李美女
* Allison Lin 林予晞 as Guan Guan 關關
* Ji Jun Wei 紀峻崴 as Ah Song 阿松
* Ma Nien-hsien 馬念先 as Ma Ding Ni 馬丁尼
* Zhang Pei Hua 張佩華 as Lai Du Cheng 賴篤成
* Grace Ko 葛蕾 as Zheng Shu Hua 鄭淑華
* Dong Ye 東野 as Ah Xiu 阿修
* Ann An 安思瑋 as Ann
* Chris Downs 夏克立 as Mei Da Duo 梅大鐸
* Cathy Chung 鍾欣怡 as young Bai Hui Lan 少年白蕙蘭

### Guest role

* Coco Lee 李玟 as herself
* Della Ding Dang 丁噹 as herself
* Yen-J 嚴爵 as himself
* Daniel Luo 羅時豐 as Taxi driver
* Cai Ming Xiu 蔡明修 as County Chief
* Joseph Ma 馬國賢 as himself
* Liu Xiang Jun 劉香君 as Shop owner
* Yao Hung 洪敬堯 as himself
* Jesse Tang as herself
* Roger Wang 王中平 as Lin Yu Liang
* Jacko Chiang 蔣偉文 as TV show host
* Chung Hsin-yu as herself
* Linda Chien 簡愷樂 as Kai Lok
* Jia Jia 家家 as herself
* Plungon 浩角翔起 as themselves
* Snow Liao 廖盈婷 as News anchor
* Fan Shi Xuan 范時軒 as TV show host
* Chu Chung Heng 屈中恆 as Paul Lan
* Michael Zhang 張勛傑 as Aaron

## Soundtrack

* You're the One and Only 你是唯一 by Mayday 五月天
* Happiness Coming 快樂快了 by Jia Jia 家家
* Heartbroken People Should Not Listen to Slow Songs 傷心的人別聽慢歌 by Mayday 五月天
* Onion 洋蔥 by Mayday 五月天
* Rolling Cart 軋車 by Mayday 五月天
* Loving to Wash Shrimps 愛洗蝦米 by Won Fu 旺福
* Backpackers 背包客 by Won Fu 旺福
* Salary Man's Diary 小職員日記 by Won Fu 旺福
* Singing for Lonely Souls 為你的寂寞唱歌 by Jia Jia 家家
* Pajama Party 睡衣Party by Jia Jia 家家
* Chocolate 巧克力 by Jia Jia 家家
* Friends 朋友 by Chris Wu 吳慷仁 & Kimi Hsia 夏于喬
* Gold Rush Years 淘金歲月 by Plungon 浩角翔起
* Get Rid of It 甩開 by Della Ding Dang 丁噹
* In the Spring 春天裡 by Della Ding Dang 丁噹
* To Insist 堅持 by Chris Wu 吳慷仁

## Broadcast

| Network | Country | Airing Date | Timeslot |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CTS | Taiwan | 16 March 2014 | Sunday 10:00-11:30 pm |
| TVBS | | 22 March 2014 | Saturday 9:00-10:30 pm |
||

## Episode ratings

**Competing dramas on rival channels airing at the same time slot were:**

| Air Date | Episode | Average Ratings | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 March 2014 | 1 | 0.61 | 3 |
| 23 March 2014 | 2 | 0.56 | 3 |
| 30 March 2014 | 3 | 0.49 | 4 |
| 6 April 2014 | 4 | 0.51 | 4 |
| 13 April 2014 | 5 | 0.40 | 4 |
| 20 April 2014 | 6 | 0.55 | 4 |
| 27 April 2014 | 7 | 0.61 | 3 |
| 4 May 2014 | 8 | 0.63 | 3 |
| 11 May 2014 | 9 | 0.57 | 4 |
| 18 May 2014 | 10 | 0.69 | 3 |
| 25 May 2014 | 11 | 0.70 | 3 |
| **1 June 2014: Airing of "2014 Hito Music Awards"** | | | |
| 8 June 2014 | 12 | 0.66 | 3 |
| 15 June 2014 | 13 | 0.48 | 4 |
| 22 June 2014 | 14 | 0.51 | 4 |
| 29 June 2014 | 15 | 0.52 | 3 |
| 6 July 2014 | 16 | 0.61 | 2 |
| **Average ratings** | | **0.57** |  |

## InfoBox

| *Rock N' Road* | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Also known as | A-List Road A咖之路 |
| A咖的路 | |
| Genre | Music, romance, comedy |
| Created by | TVBS |
| Written by | Feng Bo Di 馮勃棣
Wang Yu Qing 王雨晴
Yue Hui 月彙
Zhan Xiao Mi 詹小米 |
| Directed by | Lin Zi Ping 林子平 |
| Starring | Chris Wu
Kimi Hsia
Mike Lee 李政穎
Nita Lei 雷瑟琳 |
| Opening theme | You're the Only One 你是唯一 by Mayday 五月天 |
| Ending theme | Soon, Happiness 快樂快了 by Jia Jia 家家 |
| Country of origin | Taiwan |
| Original languages | Mandarin
Taiwanese |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 16 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Guo Jian Hong 郭建宏 |
| Producers | Zhang Man Na 張曼娜
Qiu Yu Ting 邱玉婷 |
| Production location | Taiwan |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Production companies | TVBS 聯意製作股份有限公司
TransWorld Production Co. 映畫傳播事業股份有限公司 |
| Original release | |
| Network | CTS
TVBS |
| Release | 16 March 2014 (2014-03-16)
6 July 2015 (2015-07-06) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Rock N'Roll Cop

abstract: Rock N'Roll Cop is a 1994 Hong Kong action crime drama film produced and directed by Kirk Wong, starring Anthony Wong Chau Sang, Wu Hsing-kuo, Yu Rongguang, Carrie Ng and Chen Ming Chen.

text:
# Rock N'Roll Cop

***Rock N'Roll Cop*** is a 1994 Hong Kong action crime drama film produced and directed by Kirk Wong, starring Anthony Wong Chau Sang, Wu Hsing-kuo, Yu Rongguang, Carrie Ng and Chen Ming Chen.

## Plot

In a rainy night, Captain Wong Kun and his colleagues were celebrating as Captain Wong' gained the opportunity to receive training in Beijing. After dinner, when Captain Wong's mentor is walking back home, Shum Chi-Hung and his fellows, known as the 'Chun-Lei Red Scarf', seek revenge and killed him.

The 'Chun-Lei Red Scarf' is known for being one of the most wanted criminals in both Shenzhen and Hong Kong. One day, they went to Mongkok and robbed a Mahjong school. Inspector Hung, selling gramophone records nearby, was involved in the gunfight. Later, as the Hong Kong Police received information from the Information Bureau, Hung was sent back to Shenzhen to collaborate with the Chinese authority in arresting the 'Chun-Lei Red Scarf'.

Hung then met Captain Wong. Together they start to seek for the 'Chun-Lei Red Scarf'. Th two parties met in a nightclub. After a gunfight, the 'Red Scarf' members fled away and hid themselves in Shenzhen.

Due to differences between their style, Hung and Captain Wong have some unhappy experience while helping each other at work. Hung asked to leave Shenzhen, but he also helped Wong to break the codes related to the 'Chun-Lei Red Scarf' before he left. Soon, Chi-Hung's girlfriend Hou-Yee went to Shenzhen to give Chi-Hung the money and fake passports he requested. Both Hong Kong and Chinese authority sent police to follow Hou-Yee at the same time. In order to control the situation, Captain Wong's team deliberately separated the Hong Kong police officials and destroy their plan. Desperate to solve the case, Inspector Hung decided to stay and help Captain Wong.

Hou-Yee was actually Captain Wong's former girlfriend. Wong wants Hou-Yee to stay away from danger as she helps Chi-Hung. When Hou-Yee met Chi-Hung, Chi-Hung killed Hou-Yee as she said she still 'remember' Captain Wong after all.

The Chinese Police arrested Chi-Hung at the same time. Inspector Hung's boss is angry of how Inspector Hung helped the Chinese authority. Through exerting diplomatic pressure, the Hong Kong Police forced the authority to send Chi-Hung back to Hong Kong. When Captain Wong and Hung are escorting Chi-Hung back to Hong Kong, Chi-Hung's gang suddenly appears to kidnap Hung and save their boss. Bearing the risk of being illegal immigrants as they cross the border, Captain Wong climbed over the border and have a gunfight with the criminals. Finally, Wong saved Hung from danger and killed Chi-Hung in a rural village in Hong Kong.

## Cast

## Box office

The film grossed HK$5,184,309 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 29 June to 13 July 1994 in Hong Kong.

## Note

List of Hong Kong films

## InfoBox

| Rock N'Roll Cop | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 省港一號通緝犯 |
|
| Jyutping | Saang2 Gong2 Jat1 Hou6 Tung1 Cap1 Faan6 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Directed by | Kirk Wong |
| Screenplay by | Lo Bing |
| Produced by | Kirk Wong |
| Starring | Anthony Wong Chau Sang, Wu Hsing-kuo, Yu Rongguang, Carrie Ng, Chen Ming chen |
| Cinematography | Ko Chiu Lam (H.K.S.C) |
| Edited by | Kam Ma |
| Music by | Danny Chung |
| Production<br>company | Sky Point Film Investment Ltd. |
| Release date | * 29 June 1994 (1994-06-29) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Language | Cantonese |
| Box office | HK$5,184,309 |


title: Rock N' Roll Climber

abstract: Rock N' Roll Climber is a rock climbing simulation video game for WiiWare developed by Japan-based studio Vitei and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on August 10, 2009 and in the PAL regions on November 13.

text:
# Rock N' Roll Climber

***Rock N' Roll Climber*** is a rock climbing simulation video game for WiiWare developed by Japan-based studio Vitei and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on August 10, 2009 and in the PAL regions on November 13.

## Gameplay

Players climb up a wall by using the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk to place their hands on divots and edges to grab on to. The game also supports the Wii Balance Board, allowing players to position their feet by shifting their weight as they stand on the board. Players work against both a time limit and a depleting stamina gauge, the latter which can be replenished by picking up energy drink bottles.

The game features a number of walls to climb including artificial indoor climbing walls and outdoor climbing faces that feature natural hazards such as loose footholds, waterfalls and slippery moss-covered rocks. Upon successfully reaching the top of the wall the player's avatar either performs an air guitar solo or picks up and plays an electric guitar in accomplishment.

## Development

The game was first revealed at Nintendo's 2009 Game Developers Conference presentation, where it was demonstrated onstage by designer Giles Goddard.

## Reception

IGN said the game was a "refreshingly creative idea" and featured a cool use for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, but was also slow and plodding in pace - albeit intentionally so. Nintendo Life also thought that the premise was interesting and its execution of rock climbing was fairly realistic and gratifying, but also noted that the game's slow pace and learning curve may put off some players. Wiiloveit.com thought the Balance Board controls were intuitive and "very rewarding" despite the challenge that came from using the peripheral.

## InfoBox

| Rock N' Roll Climber | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Vitei<br>Nintendo SPD Group No.3 |
| Publisher(s) | Nintendo |
| Producer(s) | Kensuke Tanabe |
| Engine | Unity (game engine) |
| Platform(s) | WiiWare |
| Release | * NA: August 10, 2009 * PAL: November 13, 2009 * JP: November 24, 2009 |
| Genre(s) | Simulation |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Birendra Nath Mazumdar

abstract: Birendra Nath Mazumdar M.D. was an Indian medical officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps serving in France in 1940. At the time, he was the only Indian officer in the British Army, and after his capture by the Germans, he was the only Indian POW to be held in Oflag IV-C, Colditz. After forcing a transfer to an all-Indian POW camp in France, he escaped to Switzerland in 1943.

text:
# Birendra Nath Mazumdar

**Birendra Nath Mazumdar** M.D. (1914 or 1915 – December 1997) was an Indian medical officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps serving in France in 1940. At the time, he was the only Indian officer in the British Army, and after his capture by the Germans, he was the only Indian POW to be held in Oflag IV-C, Colditz. After forcing a transfer to an all-Indian POW camp in France, he escaped to Switzerland in 1943.

## Early life

Mazumdar was the son of a surgeon, born into a wealthy Bengali Brahmin family. He came to Britain from Gaya in 1931, and qualified as a doctor.

## Second World War

Mazumdar joined the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1939 when war broke out. In February 1940, he was posted to the 18th British General Hospital at Étaples. In May 1940, he attempted to evacuate casualties to Boulogne, but was captured by the Germans. He became the only Indian prisoner at the Colditz castle officers' camp, where he was shunned and mocked by other prisoners.

In June 1942, several months after arriving at Colditz, he was summoned to Berlin to meet with Subhas Chandra Bose. There he was invited to join the Free India Legion. Although he was a supporter of India's independence, Mazumdar refused the offer because he had pledged an oath of allegiance to King George VI, and was returned to Colditz. He realised that his best chance of escaping would be to get transferred to an all-Indian camp in France, where security would be more lax. To achieve this, he staged a hunger strike in February 1943. After two weeks, Mazumdar was too weak to leave his bed but remained resolute. After 16 days, the Germans agreed to a transfer. His determination won him the respect of his fellow British prisoners. Mazumdar left Colditz on 24 February 1943.

Mazumdar was eventually transferred to a camp in Chartres. On 3 June 1943, he escaped along with his friend Dariao Singh. The two walked 900 kilometres in 6 weeks to Switzerland and freedom.

## Post-war career

Mazumdar returned to the United Kingdom in 1946. He resumed his medical career and worked as a GP firstly in Wales and then in Essex before retiring to Galmpton in Devon. In 1996 an archivist from the Imperial War Museum made several oral recordings with Mazumdar on the basis that these would not be released until after his death. Following his death in December 1997 aged 82, his widow Joan agreed to allow public access to the tapes.


title: Birendra Museum

abstract: The Birendra Museum is a museum located in Kathmandu Durbar Square, Kathmandu, Nepal. It is located alongside Tribhuvan Museum and Mahendra Museum. It contains personal artefacts that belonged to King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah, who is internationally known Nepalese king in the modern history.

text:
# Birendra Museum

The **Birendra Museum** is a museum located in Kathmandu Durbar Square, Kathmandu, Nepal. It is located alongside Tribhuvan Museum and Mahendra Museum. It contains personal artefacts that belonged to King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah, who is internationally known Nepalese king in the modern history.

## InfoBox

Birendra Museum
| Location at Kathmandu Durbar Square | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Kathmandu, Nepal |
| Coordinates | 27°42′15″N 85°18′26″E / 27.704283°N 85.307355°E / 27.704283; 85.307355 |
| Type | Palace museum |


title: Bir (Hepsi album)

abstract: Bir, is an album released by Turkish girl group Hepsi in April 2005. To date, the album has sold over 149,000 copies. It is ranked number 19 among the best-selling albums of 2005 in Turkey. Music videos have been produced for their debut single "Olmaz Oğlan", "Yalan", "Herşeye Rağmen" and "Üç Kalp".

text:
# Bir (Hepsi album)

***Bir*** ("one" in Turkish), is an album released by Turkish girl group Hepsi in April 2005. To date, the album has sold over 149,000 copies. It is ranked number 19 among the best-selling albums of 2005 in Turkey. Music videos have been produced for their debut single "Olmaz Oğlan", "Yalan", "Herşeye Rağmen" and "Üç Kalp".

## Track listing

| # | Song | Time | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Olmaz Oğlan" | 3:44 | Mete Özgencil | Mete Özgencil | Temel Zümrüt |
| 2. | "Nedenini Sorma" | 3:41 | Süleyman Yüksel | Süleyman Yüksel | Temel Zümrüt |
| 3. | "Yalan" | 3:40 | Süleyman Yüksel | Süleyman Yüksel | Temel Zümrüt |
| 4. | "Olta" | 2:58 | Mete Özgencil | Mete Özgencil | Devrim Kocaoğlu |
| 5. | "Dur Dur" | 3:34 | Yusuf Emrah Uzunca Şebnem Özberk | Paul Rein / Moh Denebi Published By Air Chyrsalis
Scandinavia AB / Kojam Music | Ozan Doğulu |
| 6. | "Üç Kalp" | 3:51 | Fecri Ebcioğlu | Bilinmiyor | Temel Zümrüt |
| 7. | "Özgür Değilim" | 2:18 | Mete Özgencil | Mete Özgencil | Devrim Kocaoğlu |
| 8. | "Herşeye Rağmen" | 4:00 | Süleyman Yüksel | Süleyman Yüksel | Temel Zümrüt |
| 9. | "Gitme" | 4:10 | Süleyman Yüksel | Süleyman Yüksel | Temel Zümrüt |
| 10. | "Gecelerce" | 3:50 | Süleyman Yüksel | Süleyman Yüksel | Temel Zümrüt |
| 11. | "Olmaz Oğlan" (Remix) | 3:58 | Mete Özgencil | Mete Özgencil | Serkan Dinçer |
| 12. | "Dün Tattın" | 4:02 | Mete Özgencil | Mete Özgencil | Ozan Doğulu |
| 13. | "Çok Güzelsin" | 3:49 | Mete Özgencil | Mete Özgencil | Temel Zümrüt |

## InfoBox

| Bir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hepsi | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Recorded | 2004–2005 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 47:35 |
| Language | Turkish |
| Label | Stardium |
| Hepsi chronology | |
| ***Bir***
(2005) *Hepsi 2*
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Bir* | |
| 1. "Olmaz Oğlan"
Released: April 2005 2. "Yalan"
Released: 2005 3. "Herşeye Rağmen"
Released: May 2005 4. "Üç Kalp"
Released: June 2005 | |
|  | |


title: Billy Gussak

abstract: William Gussak (1920–1994) was an American jazz and recording session drummer, best known for being the drummer on the classic 12 April 1954 recording of "Rock Around The Clock" by Bill Haley and His Comets. Some sources incorrectly spell his name as Guesak.

text:
# Billy Gussak

**William Gussak** (19201994) was an American jazz and recording session drummer, best known for being the drummer on the classic 12 April 1954 recording of "Rock Around The Clock" by Bill Haley and His Comets. Some sources incorrectly spell his name as Guesak.

## Career

Gussak was a well-respected session drummer, who had been used by Haley on some of his 1953 recordings, including "Real Rock Drive" and "Crazy Man, Crazy" in preference to the Comets' usual live drummer Dick Boccelli (also known as Dick Richards). According to one source , it was record producer Milt Gabler who insisted on using Gussak. "Gabler, who wanted to stress the big beat sound that he could get from *\[recording studio\]* Pythian Temple's acoustics, brought in his own session drummer ... Beginning with his three rim shots at the start of the record, Gussak would drop echoed snare bombs throughout, giving a dynamic to "Rock Around The Clock" that Haley's material had never had before."

Gussak continued as a studio drummer after "Rock Around The Clock" became successful, recording occasionally with Haley through 1954/55 and then recording with The Jodimars, the members of the Comets who had split away from Haley. Gussak later moved to California, where he recorded with Perry Como among others, before retiring due to arthritis. In the early 1960s he collaborated on some songs with eccentric musician Stephen "Brute Force" Friedland, at the time the boyfriend of his daughter.

Gussak is also credited with a number of patents in relation to drum design. He died in 1994.

## Sources

* Jim Dawson, *Rock Around the Clock: The Record That Started the Rock Revolution!* (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2005)
* John W. Haley and John von Hoelle, *Sound and Glory* (Wilmington, Delaware: Dyne-American, 1990)
* John Swenson, *Bill Haley* (London: W.H. Allen, 1982)
* Discography information from Bill Haley Central and *Bill Haley & His Comets, etc.: A Discography*, an unpublished reference work by Herbert Kamitz
* *What Was the First Rock 'n' Roll Record?* ISBN 0-571-12939-0 (paper)
* Charlie Gillette and SImon Frith, eds., *Rock File 4* (Panther Books, 1976) ISBN 0-586-04370-5


title: Bill Ratliff

abstract: William Roark Ratliff is an American politician and engineer who served as a member of the Texas Senate from 1988 to 2004. Between 2000 and 2003 he served as the 40th lieutenant governor of Texas, after previous Lieutenant Governor Rick Perry replaced George W. Bush, who resigned to become president of the United States.

text:
# Bill Ratliff

**William Roark Ratliff** (born August 16, 1936) is an American politician and engineer who served as a member of the Texas Senate from 1988 to 2004. Between 2000 and 2003 he served as the 40th lieutenant governor of Texas, after previous Lieutenant Governor Rick Perry replaced George W. Bush, who resigned to become president of the United States.

## Early life and education

Ratliff was educated at Sonora High School in Sonora in Sutton County in West Texas and then at the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied civil engineering. Ratliff, along with brothers Shannon and Jack, was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.

## Career

Ratliff worked as a civil engineer for thirty years.

### Texas Senate

He was first elected in 1988 as a Republican to the Texas Senate. In 1992, he was appointed chairman of the Senate Education Committee by Lieutenant Governor Bob Bullock. From 1997 to 1998, he served as President Pro Tempore of the Texas Senate.

Ratliff and his wife, the former Sally Sandlin, have three children and eight grandchildren. Son Bennett Ratliff of Coppell, a civil engineer, served nine years as a Coppell ISD School Board Trustee and was elected in 2012 to represent District 115 in the Texas House of Representatives. Another son, Robert Thomas Ratliff (born 1967) of Mt. Pleasant, is the Republican Vice-Chairman of the Texas State Board of Education.

Ratliff announced in 2003 that he would not run for reelection to the State Senate in 2004. Instead he soon resigned the Senate seat and was succeeded in a special election by Republican Kevin Eltife of Tyler. In 2005, Ratliff was awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award for "the example he has set of courage and principle in American public life".

### Lieutenant governor

In 2000, for the first time in Texas history, the Texas Senate was called upon to choose a new lieutenant governor after the election of George W. Bush as President of the United States and the resultant succession of lieutenant governor Rick Perry to become governor. In accordance with a 1984 amendment to the Texas Constitution of 1876, the Texas Senate chooses one of its own members to fill a vacancy in the position of lieutenant governor.

In the election for lieutenant governor, Ratliff defeated rival David Sibley of Waco. In 2001, Ratliff first announced that he would be a candidate for election to a full four-year term to the office of lieutenant governor in the 2002 state elections, and he received the endorsement of several prominent Republican legislators. However, he later withdrew from the race, and the position went to David Dewhurst, the Texas land commissioner.

## Political views

Ratliff is regarded as a moderate. He stated in an interview, "I am a Republican because I agree with the Republicans at least 51 percent of the time." He has taken bipartisan stands on a number of issues. While in the Texas Senate, he supported controversial reforms that transferred funds from richer to poorer school districts for more equitable funding. He also argued in favor of "patients' rights" in medical malpractice cases during a debate on tort reform, and in 2003 criticized other members of the State Senate for failing to raise taxes in order to prevent large budget cuts.

In early 2003, Ratliff was the only dissenting member of his party who joined with Democratic state senators in opposing a redistricting proposal of Texas's then thirty-two seats in the United States House of Representatives that he felt would lead to the under-representation of rural voters. In cooperation with ten Democrats, he signed a letter refusing to bring the matter to the Senate floor, which, by virtue of Texas Senate traditions that require a two-thirds vote of those present and voting to allow a bill to be debated, prevented the proposal from being passed.

Eventually a plan suitable to Republicans was enacted in the third of three special legislative sessions called in 2003 by Governor Perry. Under that plan, by 2011, Republicans held twenty-three U.S. House seats from Texas compared to nine for Democrats.

## InfoBox

| Bill Ratliff | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 40th Lieutenant Governor of Texas | |
| **In office**
December 28, 2000  January 21, 2003 | |
| Governor | Rick Perry |
| Preceded by | Rick Perry |
| Succeeded by | David Dewhurst |
| Member of the Texas Senate
from the 1st district | |
| **In office**
January 10, 1989  January 10, 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Anderson |
| Succeeded by | Kevin Eltife |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Roark Ratliff
(1936-08-16) August 16, 1936 |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sally Sandlin |
| Children | 3, including Bennett |
| Relatives | Plasma (grandson) |
| Education | University of Texas at Austin (BS) |
|  | |


title: Bisi Bisi

abstract:
Bisi Bisi is a 2004 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Ramanath Rugvedi and starring Ramesh Aravind, Anu Prabhakar and Madhuri Bhattacharya. The film was loosely based on the Hollywood film The Seven Year Itch (1955), and it was
remade in Telugu as Adirindayya Chandram (2005) and Hindi as Prem Kaa Game (2010).

text:
# Bisi Bisi

***Bisi Bisi*** (transl.Super hot) is a 2004 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Ramanath Rugvedi and starring Ramesh Aravind, Anu Prabhakar and Madhuri Bhattacharya. The film was loosely based on the Hollywood film *The Seven Year Itch* (1955), and it was remade in Telugu as *Adirindayya Chandram* (2005) and Hindi as *Prem Kaa Game* (2010).

## Cast

## Production

The film was shot in twenty-seven days.

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Milind Dharmasena. The music was released under the Anand Audio label.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "O Lovely Lady" | Uma Balu, Rohit M. | 4:28 |
| 2. | "Bengloora Hudugira" | Hemanth | 4:26 |
| 3. | "Hele Gelathi" | Shastri, Nanditha | 4:27 |
| 4. | "Nanna Hendthi" | Hemanth, Rohit M., Ramesh | 3:20 |
| Total length: | | | 16:41 |

## Reception

A critic from *Deccan Herald* wrote that "As the title itself suggests, this is an out and out comedy film. But, unlike others, it has a message". A critic from *Viggy* wrote that "In a nutshell, *Bisi Bisi* is a perfect entertainer for everyone. 100% paisa vasool! (transl.bang for your buck)".

## InfoBox

| Bisi Bisi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Ramanath Rugvedi |
| Written by | Rajendra Karanth (dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | Ramesh Aravind |
| Story by | Pal Chandani |
| Produced by | Pal Chandani |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Milind Dharmasena |
| Production<br>company | Ajay Films |
| Release date | * 8 January 2004 (2004-01-08) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Bisi, KwaZulu-Natal

abstract: Bisi is a town in Umzimkhulu Local Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.

text:
# Bisi, KwaZulu-Natal

**Bisi** is a town in Umzimkhulu Local Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.

## InfoBox

| Bisi | |
| --- | --- |
| BisiBisi | |
| Coordinates: 30°24′43″S 29°53′38″E / 30.412°S 29.894°E / -30.412; 29.894 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
| District | Harry Gwala |
| Municipality | Umzimkhulu |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.64 km2 (1.41 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 2,967 |
| Density | 820/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 98.2% |
| Coloured | 0.5% |
| Indian/Asian | 0.1% |
| White | 0.5% |
| Other | 0.7% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Xhosa | 54.1% |
| Zulu | 39.8% |
| English | 2.3% |
| Other | 3.7% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: Birbal Ram

abstract: Birbal Ram is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Ganganagar, Rajasthan as a member of the Indian National Congress.

text:
# Birbal Ram

**Birbal Ram** is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Ganganagar, Rajasthan as a member of the Indian National Congress.

## InfoBox

| Birbal Ram | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**
1980–1989 | |
| Preceded by | Begaram Chauhan |
| Succeeded by | Begaram Chauhan |
| **In office**
1991-1996 | |
| Preceded by | Begaram Chauhan |
| Succeeded by | Nihalchand Meghwal |
| Constituency | Ganganagar, Rajasthan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 30 January 1936 |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Chawli Devi |
| Source: | |


title: Birmingham Times

abstract: The Birmingham Times is a weekly African-American newspaper published in Birmingham, Alabama.

text:
# Birmingham Times

The ***Birmingham Times*** is a weekly African-American newspaper published in Birmingham, Alabama.

## History

The newspaper was founded in 1964 by Jesse Lewis Sr. in order to give the local Black community a greater voice during the civil rights struggle. Lewis wanted to provide an alternative to the *News and Post-Herald*, which only mentioned Black people in a negative light, and the *Birmingham World*, which Lewis felt only focused on discrimination. The paper did not own its own printing press and sometimes struggled with getting their printer to print the paper because of its anti-segregation stance. Lewis stated that he wanted the *Times* to be "committed to covering the fullness and totality of life, not just the controversial and political."

The paper was sold to Lewis's son James in 1998 with Cheryl Eldridge staying on as the editor in chief. In 2019 the paper was sold to The Foundation for Progress in Journalism (FPJ), a non-profit created honoring Lewis, with the aim to promote minorities advancement in journalism.

## InfoBox

The Birmingham Times
| front page of BT, August 15, 2020 | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| Publisher | Samuel Martin |
| Editor | Barnett Wright |
| Founded | 1964 |
| Headquarters | 115 3rd Avenue West Birmingham, Alabama |
| Website | birminghamtimes.com |