title: Smaragde Mbonyintege

abstract:
Smaragde Mbonyintege is a Rwandan prelate of the Catholic Church who was Bishop of Kabgayi in Rwanda from 2006 to 2023. Smaragde Mbonyintege was born on 2 February 1947 in Cyeza parish, Kabgayi diocese, in the current Kayumbu Sector in Kamonyi District, Southern Province.
He received his primary and secondary education from church schools.
He studied in the Minor Seminary of St. Paul in Kigali.
He went on to the Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyakibanda, where he studied philosophy (1969-1972) and theology (1972-1975). He was ordained in 1975 in the Diocese of Kabgayi. He attended the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome from 1979 to 1983, earning an MA in Spiritual Theology. Mbonyintege was a teacher and spiritual director at the Nyakibanda Major Seminary from 1983 to 1996. In 1996 he was appointed Rector of the Nyakibanda Major Seminary.
On 22 January 2006 Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Bishop of Kabgayi, Rwanda, effective 26 March 2006.
He was succeeded as rector at the seminary by father Antoine Kambanda.
In 2009 he was elected President of the Episcopal Conference of Rwanda. Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 2 May 2023.

text:
# Smaragde Mbonyintege

**Smaragde Mbonyintege** (born 2 February 1947) is a Rwandan prelate of the Catholic Church who was Bishop of Kabgayi in Rwanda from 2006 to 2023.

Smaragde Mbonyintege was born on 2 February 1947 in Cyeza parish, Kabgayi diocese, in the current Kayumbu Sector in Kamonyi District, Southern Province. He received his primary and secondary education from church schools. He studied in the Minor Seminary of St. Paul in Kigali. He went on to the Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary of Nyakibanda, where he studied philosophy (1969-1972) and theology (1972-1975). He was ordained in 1975 in the Diocese of Kabgayi. He attended the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome from 1979 to 1983, earning an MA in Spiritual Theology.

Mbonyintege was a teacher and spiritual director at the Nyakibanda Major Seminary from 1983 to 1996. In 1996 he was appointed Rector of the Nyakibanda Major Seminary. On 22 January 2006 Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Bishop of Kabgayi, Rwanda, effective 26 March 2006. He was succeeded as rector at the seminary by father Antoine Kambanda. In 2009 he was elected President of the Episcopal Conference of Rwanda.

Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 2 May 2023.

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Smaragde Mbonyintege | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop Emeritus of Kabgayi | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Kabgayi |
| Appointed | 21 January 2006 |
| Installed | 26 March 2006 |
| Term ended | 2 May 2023 |
| Predecessor | Anastase Mutabazi |
| Successor | Balthazar Ntivuguruzwa |
| Other post(s) | President of the Association of Episcopal Conferences of Central Africa (2013-) |
| Previous post(s) | President of the Rwandan Episcopal Conference (2010-15) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 20 July 1975
by André Perraudin |
| Consecration | 26 March 2006
by Thaddée Ntihinyurwa |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Smaragde Mbonyintege
(1947-02-02) 2 February 1947
Kabgayi, Rwanda |
| Nationality | Rwandan |
| Denomination | Catholic Church |
| Alma mater | Saint Charles Borromeo Major Seminary
Pontifical Gregorian University |
| Motto | *Lumen Christi spes mea* |


title: Sheila MacNeil

abstract: Sheila MacNeil is a Professor of Tissue Engineering at the University of Sheffield. She works alongside NHS clinicians to use tissue engineered skin to benefit patients with burns, chronic ulcers and those recovering from surgery. She developed MySkin, skin bandages that are used to treat burns in 11 of 13 major UK burns units.

text:
# Sheila MacNeil

**Sheila MacNeil** is a Professor of Tissue Engineering at the University of Sheffield. She works alongside NHS clinicians to use tissue engineered skin to benefit patients with burns, chronic ulcers and those recovering from surgery. She developed MySkin, skin bandages that are used to treat burns in 11 of 13 major UK burns units.

## Early life and education

MacNeil studied physiology at the University of Aberdeen. She earned a PhD in the endocrinology of manic depression from the University of Sheffield. Here she explored why certain rare earth metals can benefit patients with manic depression.

## Research and career

In 1992, MacNeil began to develop cytokeratin for patients with extensive burns in a Sheffield Hospital. She joined the University of Sheffield in 2000. MacNeil founded the Sheffield spinout company CellTran in 2000, and remained as Director until 2007. CellTran was taken over by York Pharma in 2008. In 2004 MacNeil and colleagues developed MySkin, living bandages made from healthy skin cells. They went on to explore how aminopropionitrile in sweet peas could be bound with polymers, and created CryoSkin. They were awarded over £2,500,000 in funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. The products were voted the Biomedial Product of the Year in 2008. MacNeil was appointed Deputy Director of the University of Sheffield Kroto Research Institute in 2005. She established the university's Bachelors and master's degrees in bioengineering in 2011, which were accredited in 2014. She is part of the University of Leeds Doctoral Training Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. She won the 2014 President's Prize from the UK Society for Biomaterials.

Alongside acting as Director for Interdisciplinary Programmes at the university, she continues to lead on innovations in healthcare. Working with Chris Chapple at the Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MacNeil is developing biomaterials to repair tissues in the pelvic floor. They are also working on tissue engineered buccal mucosa to help scarring in the Urethra. She has worked with Wellcome Trust *Affordable Healthcare for India* programme to develop cell delivery membranes for corneal defects. MacNeil serves as an advisor for the New Zealand company Upside Biotechnologies. In 2017 she identified that certain sugars encourage blood vessel formation and can aid wound healing. She developed a new material for vaginal mesh which could release oestrogen and assist healing. She has over 464 peer-reviewed publications and has an H-index of 49.

In 2017 she was awarded the Medical Research Council Suffrage Science Award.

In 2018 Professor MacNeil was awarded the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Chapman Medal, an award which is presented for "distinguished research in the field of biomedical materials, particularly with respect to biomaterials innovation."

## InfoBox

| Sheila MacNeil | |
| --- | --- |
| MacNeil talks about her 2013 paper | |
| Alma mater | University of Aberdeen <br>University of Sheffield |
| Known for | Tissue engineering |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of Sheffield |
|  | |


title: Rhabdoblatta

abstract: Rhabdoblatta is a genus of cockroaches in the subfamily Epilamprinae. Species have been recorded from Africa, East, Southeast and South Asia.

text:
# Rhabdoblatta

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| Images at iNaturalist | |

***Rhabdoblatta*** is a genus of cockroaches in the subfamily Epilamprinae. Species have been recorded from Africa, East, Southeast and South Asia.

## Species

The *Cockroach Species File* lists the following species:

1. *Rhabdoblatta abdominalis* (Kirby, 1903)
2. *Rhabdoblatta adjacens* Anisyutkin, 2000
3. *Rhabdoblatta albina* (Saussure, 1895)
4. *Rhabdoblatta alligata* (Walker, 1868)
5. *Rhabdoblatta annandalei* (Shelford, 1909)
6. *Rhabdoblatta antecedens* Anisyutkin, 2000
7. *Rhabdoblatta asymmetrica* Bey-Bienko, 1968
8. *Rhabdoblatta atra* Bey-Bienko, 1970
9. *Rhabdoblatta bazyluki* Bey-Bienko, 1970
10. *Rhabdoblatta belokobylskii* Anisyutkin, 2005
11. *Rhabdoblatta beybienkoi* Anisyutkin, 2003
12. *Rhabdoblatta bicolor* Guo, Liu & Li, 2011
13. *Rhabdoblatta bielawskii* Bey-Bienko, 1970
14. *Rhabdoblatta birmanica* Princis, 1950
15. *Rhabdoblatta buonluoiensis* Anisyutkin, 2000
16. *Rhabdoblatta camerunensis* (Borg, 1902)
17. *Rhabdoblatta catori* (Hanitsch, 1931)
18. *Rhabdoblatta chaulformis* Yang, Wang, Zhou, Wang & Che, 2019
19. *Rhabdoblatta chromatica* Anisyutkin, 2000
20. *Rhabdoblatta cincta* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865)
21. *Rhabdoblatta circumdata* (Hanitsch, 1915)
22. *Rhabdoblatta communis* (Hanitsch, 1928)
23. *Rhabdoblatta curta* (Walker, 1868)
24. *Rhabdoblatta darevskii* (Bey-Bienko, 1965)
25. *Rhabdoblatta decorata* Anisyutkin, 2000
26. *Rhabdoblatta deflexa* (Saussure, 1873)
27. *Rhabdoblatta denticuligera* Anisyutkin, 2000
28. *Rhabdoblatta dilatata* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865)
29. *Rhabdoblatta doleschali* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865)
30. *Rhabdoblatta dytiscoides* (Hanitsch, 1915)
31. *Rhabdoblatta ecarinata* Yang, Wang, Zhou, Wang & Che, 2019
32. *Rhabdoblatta elegans* Anisyutkin, 2000
33. *Rhabdoblatta erubescens* (Gerstaecker, 1883)
34. *Rhabdoblatta everetti* (Hanitsch, 1931)
35. *Rhabdoblatta excellens* Anisyutkin, 2000
36. *Rhabdoblatta excelsa* (Navás, 1904)
37. *Rhabdoblatta eximia* Anisyutkin, 2000
38. *Rhabdoblatta exotica* Anisyutkin, 2000
39. *Rhabdoblatta extrema* Anisyutkin, 2000
40. *Rhabdoblatta ferruginosa* (Stål, 1877)
41. *Rhabdoblatta flavomarginata* (Shelford, 1906)
42. *Rhabdoblatta formosana* (Shiraki, 1906)
43. *Rhabdoblatta geminata* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1898)
44. *Rhabdoblatta gialaiensis* Anisyutkin, 2000
45. *Rhabdoblatta gjellerupi* (Hanitsch, 1923)
46. *Rhabdoblatta goliath* (Shelford, 1906)
47. *Rhabdoblatta gorochovi* Anisyutkin, 2000
48. *Rhabdoblatta guttigera* (Shiraki, 1906)
49. *Rhabdoblatta gyroflexa* Yang, Wang, Zhou, Wang & Che, 2019
50. *Rhabdoblatta humeralis* (Shiraki, 1931)
51. *Rhabdoblatta hybrida* (Saussure, 1895)
52. *Rhabdoblatta imitans* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893)
53. *Rhabdoblatta immaculata* (Kirby, 1903)
54. *Rhabdoblatta imperatrix* (Kirby, 1903)
55. *Rhabdoblatta incisa* Bey-Bienko, 1969
56. *Rhabdoblatta inclarata* (Walker, 1868)
57. *Rhabdoblatta inconspicua* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865)
58. *Rhabdoblatta insueta* (Walker, 1868)
59. *Rhabdoblatta intermedia* (Hanitsch, 1925)
60. *Rhabdoblatta javanica* (Saussure, 1869)
61. *Rhabdoblatta kabakovi* Bey-Bienko, 1969
62. *Rhabdoblatta karnyi* (Shiraki, 1931)
63. *Rhabdoblatta keraudreni* (Le Guillou, 1841)
64. *Rhabdoblatta klossi* (Hanitsch, 1927)
65. *Rhabdoblatta krasnovi* (Bey-Bienko, 1969)
66. *Rhabdoblatta kryzhanovskii* Bey-Bienko, 1958
67. *Rhabdoblatta laevicollis* (Saussure, 1873)
68. *Rhabdoblatta limbata* (Hanitsch, 1923)
69. *Rhabdoblatta lineaticollis* (Bolívar, 1897)
70. *Rhabdoblatta lugubrina* (Stål, 1877)
71. *Rhabdoblatta luteola* Anisyutkin, 2000
72. *Rhabdoblatta lutosa* Anisyutkin, 2000
73. *Rhabdoblatta luzonica* (Bey-Bienko, 1941)
74. *Rhabdoblatta lyncea* (Gerstaecker, 1883)
75. *Rhabdoblatta maculata* Yang, Wang, Zhou, Wang & Che, 2019
76. *Rhabdoblatta malagassa* (Saussure & Zehntner, 1895)
77. *Rhabdoblatta malcolmsmithi* (Hanitsch, 1927)
78. *Rhabdoblatta marginata* Bey-Bienko, 1969
79. *Rhabdoblatta marmorata* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893)
80. *Rhabdoblatta mascifera* Bey-Bienko, 1969
81. *Rhabdoblatta melancholica* (Bey-Bienko, 1954)
82. *Rhabdoblatta melanosoma* (Saussure, 1869)
83. *Rhabdoblatta memnonia* Anisyutkin, 2009
84. *Rhabdoblatta mentawiensis* (Hanitsch, 1928)
85. *Rhabdoblatta mentiens* Anisyutkin, 2000
86. *Rhabdoblatta meticulosa* (Stål, 1877)
87. *Rhabdoblatta modica* Anisyutkin, 2000
88. *Rhabdoblatta modiglianii* (Hanitsch, 1932)
89. *Rhabdoblatta monochroma* Anisyutkin, 2000
90. *Rhabdoblatta monticola* (Kirby, 1903)
91. *Rhabdoblatta nigrovittata* Bey-Bienko, 1954
92. *Rhabdoblatta obtecta* Hanitsch, 1915
93. *Rhabdoblatta ocellata* Princis, 1951
94. *Rhabdoblatta omei* Bey-Bienko, 1958
95. *Rhabdoblatta orlovi* Anisyutkin, 2000
96. *Rhabdoblatta pallescens* Anisyutkin, 2000
97. *Rhabdoblatta pallida* (Borg, 1902)
98. *Rhabdoblatta pandens* (Walker, 1868)
99. *Rhabdoblatta papua* (Saussure, 1895)
100. *Rhabdoblatta paravicinii* (Hanitsch, 1934)
101. *Rhabdoblatta parva* (Chopard, 1952)
102. *Rhabdoblatta parvula* Bey-Bienko, 1958
103. *Rhabdoblatta pectinata* (Saussure, 1869)
104. *Rhabdoblatta pedisequa* (Rehn, 1904)
105. *Rhabdoblatta pendleburyi* (Hanitsch, 1933)
106. *Rhabdoblatta perplexa* (Tepper, 1895)
107. *Rhabdoblatta pisarskii* Bey-Bienko, 1970
108. *Rhabdoblatta plebeja* (Stål, 1877)
109. *Rhabdoblatta plena* (Walker, 1868)
110. *Rhabdoblatta pluriramosa* (Karny, 1915)
111. *Rhabdoblatta pondokensis* Bruijning, 1948
112. *Rhabdoblatta praecipua* (Walker, 1868) \- **type species** (as *Epilampra praecipua* Walker)
113. *Rhabdoblatta princisi* (Bey-Bienko, 1957)
114. *Rhabdoblatta procera* (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865)
115. *Rhabdoblatta proximata* (Bruijning, 1948)
116. *Rhabdoblatta puncticollis* (Walker, 1868)
117. *Rhabdoblatta puncticulosa* Anisyutkin, 2000
118. *Rhabdoblatta punctipennis* (Saussure, 1895)
119. *Rhabdoblatta punctuata* Anisyutkin, 2000
120. *Rhabdoblatta punctulata* (Saussure, 1891)
121. *Rhabdoblatta punkiko* Asahina, 1967
122. *Rhabdoblatta pustulata* (Walker, 1868)
123. *Rhabdoblatta quadrinotata* (Walker, 1868)
124. *Rhabdoblatta rattanakiriensis* Anisyutkin, 1999
125. *Rhabdoblatta regina* (Saussure, 1869)
126. *Rhabdoblatta ridleyi* (Kirby, 1903)
127. *Rhabdoblatta rustica* (Stål, 1877)
128. *Rhabdoblatta ryabovi* Anisyutkin, 2009
129. *Rhabdoblatta saravacensis* (Shelford, 1906)
130. *Rhabdoblatta saussurei* (Kirby, 1903)
131. *Rhabdoblatta segregata* Anisyutkin, 2000
132. *Rhabdoblatta similis* (Bey-Bienko, 1954)
133. *Rhabdoblatta similsinuata* Yang, Wang, Zhou, Wang & Che, 2019
134. *Rhabdoblatta simlansis* (Baijal & Kapoor, 1966)
135. *Rhabdoblatta simulans* Anisyutkin, 2000
136. *Rhabdoblatta sinensis* (Walker, 1868)
137. *Rhabdoblatta sinuata* Bey-Bienko, 1958
138. *Rhabdoblatta speciosa* Anisyutkin, 2000
139. *Rhabdoblatta stipata* (Walker, 1868)
140. *Rhabdoblatta structilis* (Rehn, 1909)
141. *Rhabdoblatta sublurida* (Hanitsch, 1927)
142. *Rhabdoblatta subsparsa* (Walker, 1868)
143. *Rhabdoblatta subvittata* Bey-Bienko, 1968
144. *Rhabdoblatta takahashii* Asahina, 1967
145. *Rhabdoblatta takarana* Asahina, 1967
146. *Rhabdoblatta tamdaoensis* Anisyutkin, 2000
147. *Rhabdoblatta trilobata* (Saussure, 1891)
148. *Rhabdoblatta trongana* (Rehn, 1904)
149. *Rhabdoblatta unicolor* (Hanitsch, 1925)
150. *Rhabdoblatta usambarensis* (Rehn, 1931)
151. *Rhabdoblatta varia* (Walker, 1869)
152. *Rhabdoblatta vasta* (Walker, 1868)
153. *Rhabdoblatta vietica* Anisyutkin, 2000
154. *Rhabdoblatta vittata* Bey-Bienko, 1969
155. *Rhabdoblatta wittei* (Jolivet, 1954)
156. *Rhabdoblatta xiai* Liu & Zhu, 2001
157. *Rhabdoblatta yayeyamana* Asahina, 1967

## InfoBox

| *Rhabdoblatta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhabdoblatta praecipua* (Walker, 1868): type | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Family: | Blaberidae |
| Subfamily: | Epilamprinae |
| Genus: | *Rhabdoblatta*<br>Kirby, 1903 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Epilampra* Shelford, 1909 *Heterolampra* Kirby, 1903 *Morphnodes* Hebard, 1929 | |


title: 1441

abstract: 1441 (MCDXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1441st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 441st year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st year of the 15th century, and the 2nd year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1441, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

text:
# 1441

1441 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1441
*MCDXLI* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2194 |
| Armenian calendar | 890
ԹՎ ՊՂ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6191 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1362–1363 |
| Bengali calendar | 848 |
| Berber calendar | 2391 |
| English Regnal year | 19 Hen. 6  20 Hen. 6 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1985 |
| Burmese calendar | 803 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6949–6950 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚申年 (Metal Monkey)
4138 or 3931
*to*
辛酉年 (Metal Rooster)
4139 or 3932 |
| Coptic calendar | 1157–1158 |
| Discordian calendar | 2607 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1433–1434 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5201–5202 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1497–1498 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1362–1363 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4541–4542 |
| Holocene calendar | 11441 |
| Igbo calendar | 441–442 |
| Iranian calendar | 819–820 |
| Islamic calendar | 844–845 |
| Japanese calendar | Eikyō 13 / Kakitsu 1
(嘉吉元年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1356–1357 |
| Julian calendar | 1441
*MCDXLI* |
| Korean calendar | 3774 |
| Minguo calendar | 471 before ROC
民前471年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −27 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1983–1984 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金猴年
(male Iron-Monkey)
1567 or 1186 or 414
*to*
阴金鸡年
(female Iron-Rooster)
1568 or 1187 or 415 |

**1441** (MCDXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1441st year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 441st year of the 2nd millennium, the 41st year of the 15th century, and the 2nd year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1441, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.

## Events

### January–December

### Date unknown

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


abstract: Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering (SSGMCE) is an engineering college at Shegaon in Buldhana District of Maharashtra, India. It is affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University. SSGMCE was established on 23 August 1983 by Shri Gajanan Shikshan Sanstha, Shegaon. It is run by Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj Temple Trust. The college grants Bachelor's & Master's degrees in engineering in mechanical, electronics & telecommunication, computer science and engineering, and information technology. It also offers programs of Masters in Business Administration (MBA). It had a total enrollment of around 1,600 students in the academic year of 2017–2018.

text:
# Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering

**Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering** (**SSGMCE**) is an engineering college at Shegaon in Buldhana District of Maharashtra, India. It is affiliated to Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University. SSGMCE was established on 23 August 1983 by Shri Gajanan Shikshan Sanstha, Shegaon. It is run by *Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj Temple Trust*. The college grants Bachelor's & Master's degrees in engineering (BE & ME) in mechanical, electronics & telecommunication, computer science and engineering, and information technology. It also offers programs of Masters in Business Administration (MBA). It had a total enrollment of around 1,600 students in the academic year of 2017–2018.

## Associations

The institution is associated with the following associations:

1. IEEEInstitute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, New York City
2. E-Cell–Entrepreneurship Cell Students' Chapter
3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York
4. Association for Computing Machinery, New York
5. Computer Society of India, Mumbai
6. Society of Automative Engineers
7. Institute of Engineers
8. Indian Society for Technical Education
9. Maharashtra Energy Development Agency
10. Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers
11. Calcutta Mathematical Society
12. Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore
13. AIMS-Associations of Indian Management Schools
14. National Geographic Society
15. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai
16. ISBA

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering
| श्री संत गजानन महाराज अभियांत्रिकी महाविद्यालय, शेगाव | |
| --- | --- |
| **SSGMCE Shegaon** | |
| Other name | SSGMCE |
| Motto | In Pursuit of Technical Excellence |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1983 |
| Accreditation | NBA, NAAC |
| Chancellor | Governor of Maharashtra |
| Principal | Dr. S. B. Somani |
| Academic staff | 200+ |
| Students | 4100+ |
| Undergraduates | Yes |
| Postgraduates | Yes |
| Doctoral students | Yes |
| Other students | Yes |
| Location | Shegaon, Maharashtra, India |
| Campus | Urban |
| Affiliations | SGBAU |
| Website | www.ssgmce.ac.in |


title: Divertimento No. 1 (Mozart)

abstract: The Divertimento No. 1 in E-flat major, K. 113, is the first divertimento by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Composed in late 1771. It was most likely first performed on 22 or 23 November for a subscription concert in Milan.

text:
# Divertimento No. 1 (Mozart)

The **Divertimento No. 1** in E-flat major, K. 113, is the first divertimento by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (although he had previously composed the three cassations, K. 63, 99 and 100 in 1769). Composed in late 1771. It was most likely first performed on 22 or 23 November for a subscription concert in Milan.

## History

The work was not composed, contrary to Mozart's other divertimenti, in Salzburg, but rather on his second visit to Italy. The most probable dates of composition are from 13 August to 15 December 1771. The main purpose of the trip to Italy was for the production of *Ascanio in Alba*, a *festa teatrale* commissioned for the wedding celebrations in Milan for Ferdinand Karl (third son of Empress Maria Theresa) and Maria Beatrice d'Este, which was performed there on 17 October.

The autograph score of K. 113 is inscribed in the hand of Leopold Mozart with: "Concerto ò sia Divertimento à 8", and dated "Milano nel Mese Novemb: 1771". The work was most likely performed at a subscription concert on 22 or 23 November, and may have been mentioned in a letter that Leopold sent to his wife in Salzburg, stating: "...strong music we heard yesterday at Herr von Mayr's", although this has not been confirmed.

## Scoring and structure

The work is scored for two clarinets in B, two horns in E-flat, in F for the second movement, and strings. Later, Mozart re-scored the piece for a wind ensemble of pairs of oboes, clarinets, cor anglais, bassoons, horns and strings, although most performances use the earlier version. It is set in four movements:

1. Allegro
2. Andante in B-flat major
3. Minuet (Trio in G minor)
4. Allegro

All four movements are relatively short, beginning with a breezy *Allegro*, an *Andante*, a relatively traditional minuet with a trio in G minor and a vivacious finale *Allegro*. All the movements are reminiscent of the concertante form, making constant use of the two pairs of wind instruments as soloists throughout the work.


title: Canadian Somali Congress

abstract: The Canadian Somali Congress (CSC) is a Somali community organization based in Toronto, Ontario.

text:
# Canadian Somali Congress

The **Canadian Somali Congress** (**CSC**) is a Somali community organization based in Toronto, Ontario.

## Overview

Lawyer Ahmed Hussen serves as the CSC's national President.

The body works closely with national and regional authorities to strengthen civic relations. Among other initiatives, the Canadian Somali Congress has formed a partnership with the Canadian International Peace Project and Canadian Jewish Congress to establish the Canadian Somali-Jewish Mentorship Project, the first national mentoring and development project between a sizable Muslim community and the Jewish community.

## InfoBox

Canadian Somali Congress
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | CSC |
| Type | community organization |
| Purpose | social, educational and peer work |
| Headquarters | Toronto, Ontario |
| Region served | Canada |
| Official language | Somali, English, French |
| Website | www.canadiansomalicongress.com |


title: Langey

abstract: Langey is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Commune nouvelle d'Arrou.

text:
# Langey

**Langey** (French pronunciation: \[lɑ̃ʒɛ\]) is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Commune nouvelle d'Arrou.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 367 |  |
| 1968 | 429 | +16.9% |
| 1975 | 357 | −16.8% |
| 1982 | 363 | +1.7% |
| 1990 | 297 | −18.2% |
| 1999 | 315 | +6.1% |
| 2008 | 352 | +11.7% |

## InfoBox

| Langey | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Commune nouvelle d'Arrou | |
| Location of Langey | |
| LangeyLangey | |
| Coordinates: 48°02′39″N 1°11′14″E / 48.0442°N 1.1872°E / 48.0442; 1.1872 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Eure-et-Loir |
| Arrondissement | Châteaudun |
| Canton | Brou |
| Commune | Commune nouvelle d'Arrou |
| Area**1** | 19.48 km2 (7.52 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | 355 |
| Density | 18/km2 (47/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 28220 |
| Elevation | 110–159 m (361–522 ft)
(avg. 157 m or 515 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: Jordan Branch is a stream in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Saint Johns Creek. The stream headwaters arise at 38°24′46″N 91°08′07″W and it flows north-northeast passing under US Route 50 approximately six miles west of Union. It continues to the north-northeast for approximately two miles to its confluence with Saint Johns Creek at 38°27′58″N 91°06′55″W. Jordan Branch most likely takes its name from the Jordan River, in West Asia.

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# Jordan Branch (Saint Johns Creek tributary)

**Jordan Branch** (also called **Jordan Creek**) is a stream in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Saint Johns Creek.

The stream headwaters arise at 38°24′46″N 91°08′07″W / 38.4128285°N 91.1351469°W / 38.4128285; -91.1351469 and it flows north-northeast passing under US Route 50 approximately six miles west of Union. It continues to the north-northeast for approximately two miles to its confluence with Saint Johns Creek at 38°27′58″N 91°06′55″W / 38.4661622°N 91.1151473°W / 38.4661622; -91.1151473.

Jordan Branch most likely takes its name from the Jordan River, in West Asia.


title: Smaragda Karydi

abstract: Smaragda Karydi is a Greek TV and stage actress. She came into prominence playing the role of Dahlia in the TV series Sto Para Pente and later the TV series Fila ton vatraho sou co-starring with Τhodoris Atheridis.

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# Smaragda Karydi

**Smaragda Karydi** (Greek: Σμαράγδα Καρύδη) is a Greek TV and stage actress. She came into prominence playing the role of Dahlia in the TV series Sto Para Pente and later the TV series *Fila ton vatraho sou* (Frog or not) co-starring with Τhodoris Atheridis.

## Early days

Smaragda was born on 9 August 1969, and is the daughter of actors Dinos Karydis (1938–2024) (whom she later starred with in *Fila ton vatraho sou*) (Frog or not) and Tzoulia Argyropoulos.

She graduated from the Drama School of the Greek National Theatre and has worked as an actress in the Greek television in primary and secondary roles in the series. From 2005 until 2007 she has had one of the main roles in the popular TV series Sto Para Pente.

She has also starred in the films *Thiliki Etairia* written by Nikos Perakis in 1999, *O kalyteros mou filos* written by Lakis Lazopoulos and the cinema adaptation of the theatrical play *Mia melissa ton Avgousto* written by Thodoris Atheridis in 2007.

In the theatre she has starred in the plays *Apo erota*, *Mia melissa ton Avgousto*, and *Sinevi kai opoios thelei to pistevei* written and directed by Thodoris Atheridis.

## Selected filmography

### Television

* 1992-1993 – *Vamena kokkina mallia* (Βαμμένα κόκκινα μαλλιά; *Dyed red hair*)
* 1994 – *To Harama* (Το χάραμα)
* 1996 – *To Hroma tou fengariou\]* (Το χρώμα το φεγγαριού; *The colour of the moon*)
* 1996 – *Logo timis* ("Λόγω τιμής"; *Because of Honour*)
* 1996 – *Dipli Alithia* (Διπλή αλήθεια; *Double truth*)
* 1998 – *Gia sena* (Για σένα; *For you*)
* 1999 – *Eroica*
* 2002 – *Ah ke na 'kseres* (Αχ! και να 'ξερες; *If you only knew!*)
* 2003 – *Lefkos Ikos* (Λευκός Οίκος; *White house*)
* 2004 – *Babballoo* (Μπαμπαλού)
* 2005 – *Sto Para Pente* (Στο Παρά Πέντε, *In the nick of time*)
* 2007 – *Fila to vatraho sou* (Φίλα τον βατραχό σου; *Kiss your frog*)
* 2015 – *Ethniki Ellados* (Εθνική Ελλάδος; *The Greece national football team*)
* 2020 – *Min Arxizeis Tin Mourmoura* (Μην Αρχίζεις Την Μουρμούρα; *Don't start your whingeing*)

### Cinema

* 1999 – *Thiliki Eteria* (Θηλυκή Εταιρεία)
* 2001 – *O kalyteros mou filos* (My best friend)
* 2007 – *Mia Melissa ton Avgousto* (Μια μέλισσα τον Αύγουστο)
* 2009 – *H Klironomos* (Η Κληρονόμος)

### Theatre

* *Apo Erota* (Από έρωτα)
* *Mia Melissa Ton Avgousto* (Μια μέλισσα τον Αύγουστο)
* *Synevi ki opis theli to pistevi* (Συνέβη κι όποιος θέλει το πιστεύει)
* *The Witches of Smyrna* (Οι Μάγισσες της Σμύρνης)
* *The Wedding of Koutroulis* (Του Κουτρούλη ο γάμος)
* *Noises Off* (Το σώσε)

## InfoBox

| Smaragda Karydi
Σμαράγδα Καρύδη | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1969-08-09) 9 August 1969
Athens, Greece |
| Nationality | Greek |
| Citizenship | Greece |
| Education | National Theatre of Greece Drama School |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Television | Sto Para Pente |
| Partner | Thodoris Atheridis |
| Parent(s) | Dinos Karydis
Julia Argyropoulou |


title: Celio Roncancio

abstract: Celio Roberto Roncancio González was a male road racing cyclist from Colombia, who was a professional rider from 1988 to 1997.

text:
# Celio Roncancio

**Celio Roberto Roncancio González** (March 12, 1966 – June 8, 2014 in Manizales, Caldas) was a male road racing cyclist from Colombia, who was a professional rider from 1988 to 1997.

## Career

1994 3rd in Stage 5 Vuelta a Colombia, Manizales (COL) 4th in General Classification Vuelta a Colombia (COL) 1995 2nd in  Colombia National Championships, Road, Elite, Colombia (COL) 6th in General Classification Clásico RCN (COL) 1996 1st in  Colombia National Championships, Road, Elite, Colombia (COL) 5th in General Classification Clásico RCN (COL) 1997 3rd in Stage 11 Vuelta a Colombia, Puerto Salgar (COL) 10th in General Classification Clásico RCN (COL)

## InfoBox

Celio Roncancio
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-03-12)March 12, 1966 |
| Died | June 8, 2014(2014-06-08) (aged 48)<br>Manizales, Caldas, Colombia |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road racing |
| Role | Rider |


title: Rex (musical)

abstract: Rex is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick and libretto by Sherman Yellen, based on the life of King Henry VIII. The original production starred Nicol Williamson.

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# Rex (musical)

***Rex*** is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick and libretto by Sherman Yellen, based on the life of King Henry VIII. The original production starred Nicol Williamson.

## Production history

Following tryout engagements in Delaware, Washington and Boston, it opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on April 25, 1976, and closed June 5, 1976, after 14 previews and 49 regular performances. During tryouts, Harold Prince took over as director (uncredited), with the original director Edwin Sherin remaining. It is remembered for being a rare instance of a Richard Rodgers flop, and for being one of the early Broadway appearances of actress Glenn Close, her first in a musical. Until the Canadian premiere of *Rex* in 2010, this show was the only Richard Rodgers work since the 1940s not available for performance from the Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization. Clive Barnes, reviewing for *The New York Times*, wrote that it was "one of the most interminable musicals in years."

Andrew Lloyd Webber persuaded his then-wife, Sarah Brightman to record the ballad "Away From You", the only song from the musical that has been separately released.

Years after the show closed, and after Rodgers's death, Sheldon Harnick and Sherman Yellen reworked the musical, attempting to make its lead character more sympathetic, presenting it in a concert performance as part of the York Theatre's "Musicals In Mufti" series starring Melissa Errico and Patrick Page in 2000. It also had a one-night performance at Stages!, the Chicago Festival of New Musicals in 2007.

The first fully staged production of the revised version took place in February, 2010 in Toronto, Canada.

## Broadway cast

## Canadian premiere

*Rex* had its Canadian premiere in February 2010, in a newly revised version by Sheldon Harnick and Sherman Yellen, presented at the Fairview Library Theatre in Toronto. Much of the score and script was heavily revised by Messrs. Harnick and Yellen for this production.

Canadian Premiere cast

In this revised version, the songs "So Much You Loved Me," "Dear Jane" and "Tell Me, Daisy" which were cut from the original production, were restored, as was Henry's eleventh hour musical soliloquy "The Pears of Anjou." Further, two problematic songs "Wee Golden Warrior" and "Why?" were dropped.

Owing to the success of the Canadian production, *Rex* is reportedly being prepared for inclusion in the Rodgers & Hammerstein catalog of available musicals for production.

## Plot

Act One opens in 1520 at the Field of Cloth of Gold in Calais, France, a peace treaty organized by Cardinal Wolsey, Archbishop of York. Henry VIII, king of England is there with his wife, Catherine of Aragon, daughter Mary and a large part of his court, including his fool, Will Somers, and court musician Mark Smeaton with whom he shares his latest song composition, “No Song More Pleasing” which charms and delights everyone present. At the meeting with King Francis of France, Henry meets Anne Boleyn and immediately becomes smitten with her. Having failed to produce a male heir with his wife Catherine (“Where is My Son?”), Henry considers divorcing her and marrying Anne. Henry's court astrologer Comus, along with Will Somers, Mark Smeaton and Cardinal Wolsey humorously lament Henry's notorious wandering eye in “The Chase” leaving Henry to pluck the petals from a daisy to prophesize the outcome of his desire for Anne. Catherine refuses to grant Henry a divorce, so Henry founds the Church of England, and thus divorces and banishes Catherine. Passionately in love, Henry and Anne admit that they cannot bear to be “Away From You”, but after their marriage, things sour when Anne gives birth, not to a son, but to daughter “Elizabeth.” Things become further strained as Anne becomes intrigued with Mark Smeaton, and Henry with Jane Seymour, one of Anne's ladies-in-waiting. Charges of treason against Anne and Smeaton are laid and they are found guilty. Shortly before her execution, Anne and Henry reflect on their time together, “So Much You Loved Me.” Will promises Anne that he will look after Elizabeth. Henry marries Jane Seymour and they have a son together, Edward, but Jane dies in childbirth, leaving Henry conflicted as he rejoices in the arrival of his son, but questioning his methods in this pursuit.

Act Two opens 10 years later. Since the end of Act One, Henry has had three more wives: Anne of Cleves (divorced) and Catherine Howard (executed) and is now married to Katharine Parr, a matronly widow, who satisfies the elder Henry's need for companionship in his later years. Edward is now a child of 10, Elizabeth is a healthy young woman and, joined by their half-sister, Mary, they celebrate “Christmas at Hampton Court.” Francis of France arrives to discuss the terms for peace at the holiday and brings Henry a gift: pear trees from Anjou, a rare fruit which comes to fruition once every ten years. Following a ferocious altercation with Elizabeth, Henry realizes that he admires her regal courage and that Elizabeth is the "son" he never had; but to love and admire her duly, it must be “From Afar” and he banishes her from the kingdom. Will Somers cheers Elizabeth up, and then proceeds to humorously torment Comus who is in the course of charting the worst prediction of his career: Edward will not live to maturity and Elizabeth will become a great leader. Henry falls ill and reflects on the events and motives in his life, and while he is still determined to live to see the fruition of “The Pears of Anjou,” he dies. Elizabeth gives encouragement to the nervous Edward, telling him that with courage and determination, he will be a fine king "In Time." Edward ascends to the throne, but in a final tableau, we see Henry's realization and acceptance that Elizabeth will become the great ruler that he had always wanted to bequeath to England.

## Songs

Act 1 * "No Song More Pleasing" - Henry VIII and Mark Smeaton
* "The Field of Cloth of Gold" - King Frances, King Henry, Wolsey, Company
* "Where Is My Son?" - Henry VIII
* "Basse Dances" - Company
* "The Chase" - Comus, Will Somers, Mark Smeaton and Gentlemen
* "Why?" - Henry VIII
* "Away From You" - Henry VIII
* "As Once I Loved You" - Queen Catherine
* "Away From You" (reprise) - Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII
* "Elizabeth" - Mark Smeaton, Lady Margaret and Lady in Waiting
* "No Song More Pleasing" (reprise) - Lady Jane Seymour and Henry VIII
* "Away From You" (reprise) - Anne Boleyn
* "Te Deum" - Company

Act 2 * "Christmas at Hampton Court" - Princess Elizabeth, Prince Edward and Princess Mary
* "The Wee Golden Warrior" - Will Somers, Prince Edward, Princess Elizabeth, Ladies and Gentlemen
* "The Masque" - Will Somers, Prince Edward, Princess Elizabeth, Princess Mary, Ladies and Gentlemen
* "Sword Dance" - Sword Dancers
* "From Afar" - Henry VIII
* "In Time" - Princess Elizabeth and Will Somers
* "In Time" (reprise) - Princess Elizabeth and Prince Edward
* "Te Deum" (reprise) - Company

Songs cut before New York opening: "So Much You Loved Me," "Dear Jane," "Tell Me, Daisy," "Rex," "I'll Miss You" and "The Pears of Anjou"

## InfoBox

| *Rex* | |
| --- | --- |
| Music | Richard Rodgers |
| Lyrics | Sheldon Harnick |
| Book | Sherman Yellen |
| Productions | 1976 Broadway
2010 Toronto
2017 Utah Festival Opera and Musical Theatre |


title: Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam

abstract: Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam is a temple under construction at West Jakarta, Indonesia. As planned, it would be the first Dravidian architecture Hindu Temple in Jakarta. The temple will be built on an area of 4,000 square meters in Kalideres, West Jakarta, will also become a tourist destination. Not only places of worship, there will be parks and multipurpose rooms for the public, especially for local residents.

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# Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam

**Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam** is a temple under construction at West Jakarta, Indonesia. As planned, it would be the first Dravidian architecture Hindu Temple in Jakarta. The temple will be built on an area of 4,000 square meters in Kalideres, West Jakarta, will also become a tourist destination. Not only places of worship, there will be parks and multipurpose rooms for the public, especially for local residents.

## InfoBox

| Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam
Jakarta Murugan Temple
Kuil Sri Sanatana Dharma
ஸ்ரீ சனாதன தர்ம ஆலயம்ஸ் | |
| --- | --- |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Kalideres, West Jakarta |
| Deity | Murugan |
| Festivals | Thaipusam |
| Location | |
| Location | Jalan Bedugul |
| State | Jakarta |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Dravidian architecture |
| Creator | DPP Gema Sadhana |
| Completed | 2023 |
| Website | |
| https://jktmurugantemple.org/ | |


title: 1585 Broadway

abstract: 1585 Broadway, also called the Morgan Stanley Building, is a 42-story office building on Times Square in the Theater District neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects and Emery Roth & Sons and was developed by David and Jean Solomon. 1585 Broadway occupies a site on the west side of Broadway between 47th and 48th Streets. The building has served as the headquarters of financial-services company Morgan Stanley since 1995. 1585 Broadway consists of a low base, with setbacks that recede into a tower section measuring 685 ft (209 m) tall. The facade is designed with large signs at the base. The upper stories contain a facade of glass with aluminum spandrels, as well as a glass gable roof. At the ground level, the entire Broadway side contains stores, and the main entrances are placed on 47th and 48th Streets. The office entrances are connected by a wide lobby, which also connects to a basement cafeteria. Morgan Stanley's offices occupy the upper floors, with an executive suite at the 40th and 41st stories. The interior was designed by Gwathmey Siegel and Gensler. Solomon Equities had developed 1585 Broadway as a speculative development in 1989, on the site of the Strand Theatre and another building. Morgan Stanley had expressed interest in the space during construction but ultimately decided against it. When 1585 Broadway was completed in 1990, law firm Proskauer Rose was the only tenant, occupying eleven floors. The Solomons unsuccessfully attempted to attract more tenants and fell into debt, forcing the building into foreclosure in December 1991. The building was taken over by a consortium of banks who sold it to Morgan Stanley in 1993. Morgan Stanley moved into the building after several renovations. Proskauer Rose renovated its own space in 2000 and continued to occupy part of the building until 2010. Afterward, Morgan Stanley expanded into the former Proskauer Rose space and renovated each floor in the mid-2010s.

text:
# 1585 Broadway

**1585 Broadway**, also called the **Morgan Stanley Building**, is a 42-story office building on Times Square in the Theater District neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The building was designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects and Emery Roth & Sons and was developed by David and Jean Solomon. 1585 Broadway occupies a site on the west side of Broadway between 47th and 48th Streets. The building has served as the headquarters of financial-services company Morgan Stanley since 1995.

1585 Broadway consists of a low base, with setbacks that recede into a tower section measuring 685 ft (209 m) tall. The facade is designed with large signs at the base. The upper stories contain a facade of glass with aluminum spandrels, as well as a glass gable roof. At the ground level, the entire Broadway side contains stores, and the main entrances are placed on 47th and 48th Streets. The office entrances are connected by a wide lobby, which also connects to a basement cafeteria. Morgan Stanley's offices occupy the upper floors, with an executive suite at the 40th and 41st stories. The interior was designed by Gwathmey Siegel and Gensler.

Solomon Equities had developed 1585 Broadway as a speculative development in 1989, on the site of the Strand Theatre and another building. Morgan Stanley had expressed interest in the space during construction but ultimately decided against it. When 1585 Broadway was completed in 1990, law firm Proskauer Rose was the only tenant, occupying eleven floors. The Solomons unsuccessfully attempted to attract more tenants and fell into debt, forcing the building into foreclosure in December 1991. The building was taken over by a consortium of banks who sold it to Morgan Stanley in 1993. Morgan Stanley moved into the building after several renovations. Proskauer Rose renovated its own space in 2000 and continued to occupy part of the building until 2010. Afterward, Morgan Stanley expanded into the former Proskauer Rose space and renovated each floor in the mid-2010s.

## Site

1585 Broadway is on the western side of Broadway, between 47th Street to the south and 48th Street to the north. It is at the northwest corner of Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. The trapezoidal land lot covers 50,657 sq ft (4,706.2 m2), with a frontage of 206 ft (63 m) on 47th Street and a depth of 277.87 ft (84.69 m). The southeastern end of the building faces Duffy Square.

The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theatres. The Morgan Stanley Building shares the block with the Ethel Barrymore Theatre and Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on 47th Street and the Longacre Theatre on 48th Street. Across 48th Street are the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and Walter Kerr Theatre to the northwest and the Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan to the north. To the east across Times Square are 20 Times Square, TSX Broadway, the Palace and Embassy Theatres, and the I. Miller Building. In addition, the Hotel Edison and Lunt-Fontanne Theatre are to the south, and the Brooks Atkinson Theatre and Paramount Hotel are to the southwest. The site had contained two six-story buildings before 1986: the Strand Theatre, a movie house, as well as Leighton's Haberdashers and Clothiers, which had operated on Broadway for 67 years.

## Architecture

1585 Broadway was designed by Emery Roth & Sons and Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects and was Gwathmey Siegel's first high-rise design. It is 42 stories tall and measures 685 ft (209 m) to its roof. Irwin G. Cantor of WSP Cantor Seinuk was the structural engineer, while the Tishman Construction Company was the general contractor. 1585 Broadway has a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold green building certification. The building is also known as the Morgan Stanley Building for its anchor tenant, financial services company Morgan Stanley, which uses 1585 Broadway as a headquarters.

### Form and facade

The building was proposed with a facade and a gable roof made of glass, as well as a square tower set back from the base. As built, the base occupies the entire site; it is aligned with Broadway, which runs diagonally to the Manhattan street grid. The base is designed with several setbacks that, according to Gwathmey Siegel, "responds to the pedestrian scale of the street in the theater district". Above ground level, there are two rectangular setbacks. There is a double-height mechanical space on the fourth and fifth floors, with an outward curve toward Broadway; this delineates the transition between the base and tower. The mechanical space's facade contains ventilation and heating grilles rather than windows. The tower section is aligned with 47th and 48th Streets, which run parallel to the street grid.

The base is covered in glass and metal, with dark-glass panels hiding the signage behind them. Artkraft Strauss Sign Corporation manufactured the signs on the base, which were included to comply with city regulations. Ten dark-glass "fins" protrude over the sidewalk on Broadway, each containing one of the characters "1585 B'way". Each storefront has signs identifying the retailer there. Three horizontal boards are placed above the fourth-story setback, displaying financial quotations and news. Each board is 140 ft (43 m) wide and 10 to 12 ft (3.0 to 3.7 m) high; the boards constitute a large ticker tape. Two additional signs at the corners, measuring 30 by 60 ft (9.1 by 18.3 m), display market information. At Broadway's corners with 47th and 48th Streets, there are curved signs measuring 44 ft (13 m) tall, which display the current time in cities around the world. Morgan Stanley's name is only displayed at the corners, with 7 in-high (18 cm) letters.

The tower's facade is mostly a glass curtain wall with facade panels designed by PPG. The tower section contains silver aluminum spandrel panels at the corners. On the upper stories, the corners are notched inward and contain mirrored-glass panels. The remainder of the facade is made of panels that are either white, blue-green, or mirrored glass. These panels are framed by nearly invisible mullions. The facade panels appear in different colors under different lighting conditions. According to a book about Gwathmey Siegel's architecture, these materials were meant to create "images of both opacity and reflectivity, creating a simultaneous sense of fluidity and permanence". The roof is pitched on four sides, a modification of a mansard roof design, but with four backlit panels. Architectural critic Paul Goldberger described the roof as a "cross between a gabled roof and a cut-off pyramid".

### Features

The building has 1.3 million square feet (120,000 m2) of gross floor area. Because of zoning rules, there is no office entrance on Broadway, as that frontage is taken up by shops. Gwathmey Siegel designed the original lobby in 1990 as well as the executive suite of Morgan Stanley in 1995. Gensler designed the remainder of the offices.

#### Lobby and basements

The lobby connects the entrances on 47th and 48th Streets. It is a privately owned public space measuring 100 by 60 ft (30 by 18 m). The lobby is part of a corridor of privately owned public spaces connecting 44th to 49th Streets. The other spaces on this corridor are Shubert Alley, a passageway under the New York Marriott Marquis, the lobby of the Hotel Edison, and a driveway under the Crowne Plaza Times Square Manhattan.

The lobby contains a marble floor with white, dark-green, and black tiles arranged in a geometric pattern. The walls are made of gray granite with dark green marble strips. One wall curves inward to give the impression that it is shorter than it actually is. The lobby ceiling is made of wood and is supported by two large columns. The ceiling is arranged in a grid, with rectangular coffers measuring 5 ft (1.5 m) wide. There are incandescent lamps with reflectors within the ceiling, creating what *Architectural Lighting* magazine described as a "luminous" effect. Stephen Margulies designed the lobby lighting.

Behind a glass wall, the lobby contains escalators to a 500-seat dining room in the basement. An overpass passes above the dining-room escalators. The dining room was built in 1995; it was originally storage space and was not connected to the lobby. The lobby and dining room collectively measure 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m2). The sub-basement was originally used by law firm Proskauer Rose, whose chairman Alan S. Jaffe euphemistically referred to the space as a "concourse". Part of the sub-basement level became a law library in 2000; the space had 60,000 volumes and was staffed by 14 librarians, with capacity for 34 lawyers. The sub-basement also had locker rooms for the law firm's male and female employees. There are full-height frosted-glass panels, wooden decorations, and indirect lighting fixtures from the walls and ceiling. The space contains three concrete columns measuring 4 by 4 ft (1.2 by 1.2 m), which are covered with stainless-steel panels.

#### Executive suite

Morgan Stanley's executive suite is on the 40th and 41st stories of the tower and covers 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m2). It contains offices, dining rooms, meeting spaces, and boardrooms. The foyer to the executive suite contains windows facing in three directions, while the offices can accommodate 30 executives. The suite is clad in granite and three types of wood; architect Charles Gwathmey said this arose from Morgan Stanley's desire for "real materials". Anigre is used for the foyer's walls. Mahogany is used for the steps of the double-width staircase connecting the two floors, as well as for ceiling grids, similar to those in the lobby. Ebonized cherry wood is used for doors and other fixtures. The executive suite also contains a 35 ft-long (11 m) boardroom table, as well as various pieces of modern furniture. Some of the furniture is inspired by those at Frank Lloyd Wright's Coonley House.

## History

Times Square's Theater District had evolved into a business district after World War II. Nonetheless, there were relatively few large developments there in the mid-20th century. Between 1958 and 1983, only twelve buildings with at least 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) of space were developed in the 114-block area between Sixth Avenue, Times Square, Eighth Avenue, and Columbus Circle. 1585 Broadway was proposed in the 1980s, when there was high demand for office space in New York City. Husband-and-wife team David and Jean Solomon had become involved in acquiring and residential structures in Manhattan during the late 1970s, moving on to office buildings in the following decade. The Solomons decided to develop two structures on Times Square's northern periphery in the late 1980s: 750 Seventh Avenue and 1585 Broadway. Both of these structures were developed speculatively without a commitment from a specific tenant.

### Development

The Solomons acquired the Strand Theatre and Leighton's Haberdashers and Clothiers in 1986, with plans to build a 40-story tower on the two sites. This was one of several developments planned for Times Square at that time. The New York City Planning Commission (CPC) was considering enacting regulations that would have forced new buildings along Times Square's northern section to include bright signage as well as deep setbacks. David Solomon opposed these regulations on the basis that they were to be indiscriminate, "without thought of how to apply them to those new buildings architecturally". Leighton's closed in December 1986 to make way for the tower. To attain additional floor area, Solomon Equities purchased the Barrymore Theatre's unused air development rights from the Shubert Organization. In total, the structure would have 1.2 million square feet (110,000 m2).

Engineering consultant Irwin Cantor devised two plans for the building's superstructure: a tubular frame and a megastructure. By mid-1987, Morgan Stanley was negotiating with Solomon Equities for space in the proposed tower. Morgan Stanley executives did not like the prospect of seeing bright signage outside their windows, and the deal fell through for that reason. The Solomons decided to proceed with the tower anyway. The supply of office space in New York City was starting to outpace demand by then. Demolition of the site was underway by mid-1987. The CPC approved a planning regulation in September 1987, which required large new developments in Times Square to set aside about 5 percent of their space for "entertainment uses", such as broadcast studios or ground-floor stores. While 1585 Broadway was planned entirely as an office building, it had retail space on Broadway to comply with this rule. The ordinance also required the developers of such buildings to install large signs facing Times Square; the Solomons modified their plans as a result.

The aftermath of Black Monday had resulted in the New York City office market dropping sharply, but the office market was recovering by 1988. Law firm Proskauer Rose leased 426,000 sq ft (39,600 m2) at 1585 Broadway that August, with officials citing cheaper rents and newer mechanical systems in their decision. Proskauer Rose was one of several law firms leasing office space around Times Square at the time, and developers such as Solomon Equities were offering large incentives for these companies. The next year, Solomon Equities unsuccessfully attempted to convince the Chemical Bank to lease space at either 1585 Broadway or 750 Seventh Avenue. The News Corporation also considered leasing the rest of 1585 Broadway, along with space in 750 Seventh Avenue. David Solomon severed negotiations in mid-1989 because he felt that News Corp would not pay enough rent. News Corp ultimately canceled the negotiations altogether the next year, amid steep increases in interest rates. Solomon Equities hired Lois Pitts to market its new Times Square buildings.

### Completion and insolvency

#### Difficulties

1585 Broadway was completed in 1990 for $300 million. This coincided with the beginning of the early 1990s recession, when 14.5 percent of Manhattan office space was vacant. Furthermore, some 9 million square feet (840,000 m2) of office space in the western section of Midtown had been developed in the 1980s, of which only half had been leased. By March 1990, David and Jean Solomon had not been able to sign any other tenants besides Proskauer Rose for either of their Times Square buildings. Their Times Square skyscrapers, as well as a third project at 712 Fifth Avenue, were almost nearly empty. Proskauer Rose occupied 11 of the 42 floors at 1585 Broadway, taking up 365,000 sq ft (33,900 m2). The rest of the building, covering 944,400 sq ft (87,740 m2), remained available for lease in mid-1990. Since the structure was less than half occupied, the Solomons were not required to operate the exterior signs. As part of the Industrial and Commercial Incentive Program, which automatically distributed tax abatements to developers of industrial or commercial buildings in certain areas of New York City, the building also received a municipal tax abatement that lowered its tax bill by several million dollars.

A consortium of Swiss Bank Corporation, Bank of Montreal, and Toronto-Dominion Bank had given a first mortgage of $320 million, and Swiss Bank also made a $50 million subordinated loan. Other debt included $40 million owed to the European American Bank (EAB) and $17.5 million owed to the Commercial Bank of Kuwait. The first difficulties with the building's finances arose in September 1990, when the Solomons neglected to pay $46.425 million to the three first-mortgage lenders. The Solomons subsequently missed an interest payment that December, and debts accumulated to the point where Consolidated Edison shut off the building's heat service in early 1991. The Solomons were in default by that February, but the lenders were unable to press their claims. EAB successfully sued the Solomons in June 1991 for failure to pay back the loan, and several of the building's construction contractors filed mechanics' liens against the property throughout mid-1991.

Furthermore, Proskauer Rose did not pay rent for two years because the Solomons had promised $25 million of improvements and provided a work letter that exempted the tenant from paying rent until October 1991. Proskauer Rose decided not to pay its $453,606 monthly rent even when it came due, citing the fact that the Solomons had not made improvements to the building. Among the issues were faulty elevators, an unfinished facade, non-functional mechanical systems, and the fact that the driveway was not staffed 24 hours a day. At one point, Proskauer Rose paid the electric bill at the last minute before 1585 Broadway's power supply was about to be shut off. The law firm was paying for the building's utilities, insurance premiums, and security guards from their own budget, then credited these costs against its rent charges. By December 1991, Bank of Montreal and Toronto-Dominion Bank were considering foreclosing on the building. The debt had increased to $340 million by then.

#### Chapter 11 filing

At the end of December 1991, Solomon Equities filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition for 1585 Broadway, having not signed a single tenant for the building in the previous three years. In that time, the building's only tenant, Proskauer Rose, had never paid rent. 1585 Broadway had $231 million in assets and $482 million in debt, and it was losing $1.9 million monthly. As a result of the Chapter 11 filing, the foreclosure proceedings on the building were placed on hold, and David Solomon was relieved of his duty to pay $3.4 million in property taxes. Proskauer Rose then sued the Solomons, as well as the eight banks that held the building's debt, for not having finished the building. The parties were forming a settlement by April 1992.

The lenders could not agree on the terms of the restructuring, and more than five prospective tenants were turned away as a result. The lenders had arranged to sell 1585 Broadway to Primerica Corporation, which would have relocated its stock brokerage division, Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Company, into the building. The deal collapsed when Primerica acquired another brokerage, Shearson, and began laying off Smith Barney workers, making the additional space unnecessary. In another case, the Internal Revenue Service was looking to lease a 240,000 sq ft (22,000 m2) Midtown office, but 1585 Broadway's bankruptcy dissuaded the IRS from leasing there. The lenders' acrimonious negotiations also turned away financial-services company Mastercard, which was looking for a new Manhattan headquarters in late 1992 and had identified four buildings, including 1585 Broadway, as possible locations.

In 1993, the lenders hired Hines Interests Limited Partnership to manage the property. The bankruptcy courts approved a plan to reorganize 1585 Broadway in March 1993. The lenders began looking for a buyer for the entire building. Despite Solomon's negotiations with several potential small tenants, the lenders did not even want to show the building to anyone other than a large tenant. Furthermore, the lenders wanted $150 million for the property, which had to be sold before the building exited Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in September 1993. This was much less than the $400 million debt on the building, but it was very high for any investor who was buying the structure speculatively. Among the potential bidders were the Reliance National Insurance Company, which was seeking 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2). Morgan Stanley, the Quantum Fund, Milstein Properties, and Odyssey Partners all made bids of least $150 million. All of the bids were sealed, so none of the competing bidders knew how much the others had paid.

### Morgan Stanley takeover

#### 1990s

The lenders sold 1585 Broadway to the high bidder, Morgan Stanley, for $176 million in August 1993. This was about half what the building would have cost if it were newly built. David Solomon said there was a "bittersweet irony" to the sale, as Morgan Stanley had negotiated for space when the building was first being developed. The company had 4,590 workers in Manhattan at the time, having added 400 positions in the past two years. Morgan Stanley had considered moving to Connecticut but had decided to stay in New York City after being offered $40 million in tax abatements. A spokesman for Cushman and Wakefield said Morgan Stanley's purchase "gave people confidence that the financial community is staying in New York". The deal continued a revival of Times Square, which had commenced with the previous year's acquisition of 1540 Broadway by entertainment conglomerate Bertelsmann. Morgan Stanley's purchase showed that Manhattan's financial center was moving beyond its traditional nexus on Wall Street and the Financial District, and it also signified that companies outside the entertainment industry could occupy office space in Times Square.

1585 Broadway already had some space that could be used as trading floors, and the building's electrical system could support the high power requirements of workstations. Morgan Stanley executives had also liked the building's column-free spaces. The firm planned to use the second through sixth floors for its commodities, equities, fixed income, and forex divisions. Even after the acquisition of 1585 Broadway, Morgan Stanley still needed around 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2), so it bought 750 Seventh Avenue in 1994. Morgan Stanley was still required to place signs on the facade once the building was more than 50 percent occupied. This time, Morgan Stanley executives saw the benefits of getting a deeply discounted space as outweighing the drawbacks of large signs. 1585 Broadway's original architect, Gwathmey Siegel, designed a renovation for the building in 1994 and conducted the renovation the next year. Signs were installed on the exterior; the basement dining room and the executive suite were added; and 2,000 trading desks were added across four stories. Morgan Stanley also received a $100 million tax exemption after it purchased 1585 Broadway and 750 Seventh Avenue.

Morgan Stanley began moving into 1585 Broadway in mid-1995, relocating from 1251 Avenue of the Americas. Within a year, retail tenants began filling the ground-floor space, including Sunglass Hut and Starbucks. The building was also occupied by smaller tenants such as a charitable foundation administered by the estate of the late heiress Doris Duke. Proskauer Rose continued to take up space in 1585 Broadway, as its lease ran for twenty years. The law firm spent $4 million in 1996 to upgrade its technological equipment in 1585 Broadway. Though Proskauer Rose and Morgan Stanley were the building's only office tenants, they occupied the entire building. Morgan Stanley acquired Dean Witter Financial Services in 1997, and 1585 Broadway became part of Morgan Stanley Dean Witter's "midtown urban campus". The firm of Brennan Beer Gorman Monk designed an information booth for Morgan Stanley Dean Witter within one of 1585 Broadway's storefronts in 1998. The booth consisted of a cube suspended 8 ft (2.4 m) above ground, with 18 screens, as well as a ticker above the floor.

#### 2000s–present

Proskauer Rose renovated the 19th floor in 2000, adding seven conference rooms and 49 offices by relocating its law library to the sub-basement. The law firm renovated the rest of its space shortly afterward. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Morgan Stanley dispersed employees from its Times Square "campus" to reduce the risk created by concentrating of so many workers in a small area. The building's lobby was also closed to the public for security reasons, despite being a privately owned public space that legally had to remain open. To protect against vehicular attacks, Morgan Stanley installed planters outside 1585 Broadway in 2004. Morgan Stanley began turning off the building's lights at night in 2005 to reduce the risk of migratory birds crashing into the facade. The planters outside the building were removed in 2006; the New York City Police Department said that the barriers were ineffective at preventing vehicular attacks while also obstructing pedestrian flow. The same year, Morgan Stanley bought a building at 522 Fifth Avenue and relocated its private wealth management and investment management divisions there.

When Proskauer Rose's lease at 1585 Broadway expired in 2010, the firm sought to relocate to the nearby 11 Times Square rather than renew its lease at 1585 Broadway. Morgan Stanley planned to move into the space Proskauer Rose had vacated. There had been tension between the two tenants, since Proskauer Rose had occupied a comparatively small amount of space in the building while Morgan Stanley had used the structure as its headquarters. The financial firm retained its banking and trading divisions in 1585 Broadway but occupied several other structures in the city. The ground-floor storefront space was leased by tenants such as Skagen and Fossil Group. Morgan Stanley then conducted renovations on 1585 Broadway during the mid-2010s, overhauling one floor at a time. A 750 kW (1,010 hp) fuel cell was also installed at the building in 2016.

By early 2017, Morgan Stanley contemplated relocating to the new Hudson Yards development. The firm was also looking for other office space around Manhattan. Morgan Stanley stipulated that if it signed a lease with any landlord, then that landlord had to buy 1585 Broadway and 522 Fifth Avenue. Morgan Stanley could not find a buyer for 1585 Broadway, though it did manage to sell 522 Fifth Avenue in 2020. Morgan Stanley retained ownership of 1585 Broadway, even after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, when other companies were selling or subletting their space.

## Reception

According to architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, 1585 Broadway's facade was "a welcome departure from the stone-clad Postmodern towers of the 1980s", and it earned many accolades. Paul Goldberger wrote for *The New York Times*: "For this building has a real facade, designed to stand on its own, that looks reasonable even when not a square inch of the sign space is rented." At the end of 1991, Goldberger dubbed 1585 Broadway as the "best nearly empty building of the year". In 1992, Herbert Muschamp of the *Times* described 1585 Broadway as "a square chaperone dressed in starchy gray, peering down sternly at the indecorous doings in the street below". Ada Louise Huxtable characterized the building as "a stunning event", saying the design "carries the sheer, sleek precision of the modernist curtain wall to new intricacy and richness". Eve M. Kahn of *The Wall Street Journal* described 1585 Broadway as a "water-green, restrained corporate monolith".

After the building was renovated, Stanley Abercrombie wrote for *Interior Design* magazine in 1996: "Above the signage area, the tower is a cool, symmetrical shaft \[...\] continuing the downstairs glitter with quiet composure". Of the interior, Abercrombie wrote that Gwathmey Siegel had reconciled "a potentially overwhelming number of difficult and sometimes opposing demands into a work of architecture and interior design that appears seamless, coherent, and inevitable" while "making it all look easy". When 3 Times Square was being built on the opposite end of Times Square in 1998, Muschamp wrote that 1585 Broadway was the only new building in the area that "has broken boldly out of the mold of commercial design" prior to 3 Times Square's construction.

### Notes

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### Sources

## InfoBox

| 1585 Broadway | |
| --- | --- |
| Morgan Stanley Building | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Office |
| Location | 1585 Broadway
Manhattan, New York, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 40°45′36″N 73°59′08″W / 40.76000°N 73.98556°W / 40.76000; -73.98556 |
| Current tenants | Morgan Stanley |
| Construction started | 1989 |
| Completed | 1990 |
| Owner | Morgan Stanley |
| Height | |
| Roof | 685 ft (209 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 42 |
| Floor area | 1,336,576 sq ft (124,172.0 m2) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Emery Roth & Sons, Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects |
| Developer | Solomon Equities Inc. |
| Structural engineer | WSP Cantor Seinuk |
| Main contractor | Starrett Brothers and Eken |
| References | |
|  | |