title: Port Burwell, Nunavut

abstract: Port Burwell is a harbour on western Killiniq Island, formed as an arm of Ungava Bay, at the mouth of Hudson Strait. Previously within Labrador, and then the Northwest Territories, it is now situated within the borders of Nunavut, Canada. Cape Chidley is 25 miles (40 km) to the northeast. The community of Port Burwell lies on the shore at 60°25′30″N 64°50′00″W.

text:
# Port Burwell, Nunavut

**Port Burwell** is a harbour on western Killiniq Island, formed as an arm of Ungava Bay, at the mouth of Hudson Strait. Previously within Labrador, and then the Northwest Territories, it is now situated within the borders of Nunavut, Canada. Cape Chidley is 25 miles (40 km) to the northeast. The community of Port Burwell lies on the shore at 60°25′30″N 64°50′00″W / 60.42500°N 64.83333°W / 60.42500; -64.83333 (Port Burwell).

## History

A Dominion Government Meteorological Station was established at Port Burwell during an 1884 voyage led by Commander Andrew R. Gordon, R.N., a retired Naval Officer, and assistant director of the Dominion Meteorological Service. Gordon named it in honor of one of the expedition's meteorological observers, Herbert M. Burwell of London, Ontario. Burwell was left in charge of Observing Station No. 1 in the port's harbour on the western side of Gray Strait until it closed in 1886.

Gordon returned to Port Burwell with a Hudson's Bay Company expedition in 1885 on the *Alert*, and established an HBC trading post within the harbour. In 1904, Moravian missionaries established a mission and trading post at the northwest corner of the harbour. Twelve years later, the HBC moved one of their trading posts to the northeast area of the harbour.

In the 1920s, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment was set up at Port Burwell. The Royal Corps of Signals (RCCS) built a radio station, and the Coast Guard built a base.

The settlement of Killiniq grew around the port. In 1978, all the residents were re-settled from the deep port community to host communities of Nunavik.

60°24′N 64°51′W / 60.400°N 64.850°W / 60.400; -64.850 (Port Burwell)

1. "Port Burwell". *Geographical Names Data Base*. Natural Resources Canada.


title: Port Broughton railway line

abstract: Port Broughton railway line was an isolated 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge railway line serving Port Broughton on Spencer Gulf in South Australia. It opened in 1876 and closed in 1942. The railway was built to service the port of Port Broughton, and opened on 11 March 1876. It delivered grain from Mundoora, 16 kilometres (10 mi) inland and uphill. Horses were used to tow the empty wagons uphill, but they were sent downhill powered by gravity, with a driver to operate the brakes. The passenger service ceased on 17 September 1925. The use of the line for grain traffic continued until 1942. In 1906, Clarence Goode, a member for Stanley in the House of Assembly, proposed the use of steam or petrol-powered locomotives on the line. During January 1926, a Fordson rail tractor displaced the animal power. From 1931, the railways contracted out the service to a private operator. The railway ceased to be used on 3 August 1942, but the tractor continued to shunt wheat wagons between the station yard and the jetty at Port Broughton until 1949. There was a proposal to convert the line into a railway to connect at Brinkworth but it was never built.

text:
# Port Broughton railway line

**Port Broughton railway line** was an isolated 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow gauge railway line serving Port Broughton on Spencer Gulf in South Australia. It opened in 1876 and closed in 1942.

The railway was built to service the port of Port Broughton, and opened on 11 March 1876. It delivered grain from Mundoora, 16 kilometres (10 mi) inland and uphill. Horses were used to tow the empty wagons uphill, but they were sent downhill powered by gravity, with a driver to operate the brakes. The passenger service ceased on 17 September 1925. The use of the line for grain traffic continued until 1942.

In 1906, Clarence Goode, a member for Stanley in the House of Assembly, proposed the use of steam or petrol-powered locomotives on the line.

During January 1926, a Fordson rail tractor displaced the animal power. From 1931, the railways contracted out the service to a private operator. The railway ceased to be used on 3 August 1942, but the tractor continued to shunt wheat wagons between the station yard and the jetty at Port Broughton until 1949.

There was a proposal to convert the line into a railway to connect at Brinkworth but it was never built.

## InfoBox

| Port Broughton railway line | |
| --- | --- |
| Passenger carriage on the Port Broughton tramway | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Closed and removed |
| Locale | Mid North, South Australia |
| Termini |  |
| History | |
| Commenced | 11 March 1876 (1876-03-11) |
| Passenger service ended | 17 September 1925 (1925-09-17) |
| Closed | 3 August 1942 (1942-08-03) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 10 mi (16 km) |
| Track length | 10 mi (16 km) |
| Track gauge | 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) |


title: Port Brewing Company

abstract: Port Brewing Company is a craft brewery headquartered in San Marcos, California. It was founded in 2006 in San Marcos.

text:
# Port Brewing Company

33°08′29.87″N 117°08′57.53″W / 33.1416306°N 117.1493139°W / 33.1416306; -117.1493139

**Port Brewing Company** is a craft brewery headquartered in San Marcos, California. It was founded in 2006 in San Marcos.

## History

In 2006, Pizza Port owners Vince and Gina Marsaglia expanded the beer production in a brewing facility formerly owned by Stone Brewing Company in San Marcos. This existing brewery space led to an increase the amount of beers available for distribution. The new brewery project was named Port Brewing Company, LLC.

## Beers

### Year Round Beers

| Name | Style | ABV | Original Gravity | Hops |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Board Meeting | Double Brown Ale | 8.5% | 1.072 | Magnum and Challenger |
| Mongo IPA | American Double IPA | 8.5% | 1.08 | Columbus, Amarillo, Centennial, Cascade, and Simcoe |
| Old Viscosity Ale | Dark Strong Ale | 10.0% | 1.091 | German Magnum |
| Shark Attack | Double Red Ale | 9.0% | 1.088 | Cascade and Centennial |
| Wipeout IPA | American IPA | 7.5% | 1.065 | Amarillo, Centennial, and Simcoe |

### Seasonal Beers

Seasonal beer includes:

| Name | Availability | Style | ABV | Original Gravity | Hops |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Anniversary Ale | May/June | Imperial IPA | 10.0% | 1.09 | Columbus, Amarillo, and Simcoe |
| High Tide | October | Fresh Hopped IPA | 6.5% | 1.062 | Varies |
| Hop-15 | March/August | Imperial IPA | 10.0% | 1.088 | “Too many to name” |
| Hot Rocks | March | Stein Beer Lager | 6.5% | 1.062 | German Magnum and Tettnanger |
| Midnight Expression | Unknown | Schwarzbier | 5.0% | 1.048 | German Magnum and Saaz |
| Older Viscosity | June | Barrel-Aged Strong Ale | 12.0% | 1.091 | German Magnum |
| Santa's Little Helper | Late October/November | Imperial Stout | 10.0% | 1.092 | Magnum and Centennial |
| Santa's Little Helper | July | Barrel-Aged Imperial Stout | 12.0% | 1.092 | Magnum and Centennial |
| Summer Pale Ale | Summer | American Pale Ale | 6.0% | 1.052 | Amarillo, Cascade, Chinook, Columbus, and Simcoe |

### Draft Only

| Name | Availability | Style | ABV | Original Gravity | Hops |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Amigo Lager | Varies | American Pale Lager | 4.3% | 1.048 | Magnum and Saaz |
| Dawn Patrol | Unknown | English Dark Mild Ale | 5.0% | 1.048 | German Magnum |
| Grommet IPA | Spring | American IPA | 4.5% | 1.044 | Amarillo, Centennial, Cascade, and Simcoe |
| Port Pilsner | Spring | German Pilsner | 5.5% | 1.048 | Spalt, Tettnanger, Saaz, and Brewers Gold |

## Awards

Hop-15, their Double IPA has received numerous trophies from Great American Beer Festival, notably silver medal in 2003, silver medal in 2005, & bronze medal in 2008.

The brewery and head brewer Tomme Arthur were named Small Brewery of the Year at the 2007 Great American Beer Festival and 2008 Champion Brewery and Champion Brewer in the Small Brewing Company Category at the World Beer Cup.

1. "Great American Beer Festival, Category: 40 Imperial or Double India Pale Ale" (PDF). American Brewers Association. 2003.
2. "Great American Beer Festival, Category: 41 Imperial or Double India Pale Ale" (PDF). American Brewers Association. 2005.
3. "Great American Beer Festival, Category: 47 Imperial or Double India Pale Ale" (PDF). American Brewers Association. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
4. "Port Brewing / Lost Abbey starts distribution in Colorado". *The Full Pint*. September 10, 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
5. "2008 Brewers Association World Beer Cup Winners". American Brewers Association. 2008.

## InfoBox

Port Brewing Co. LLC
| Port Brewing Logo as of July 7, 2014 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | San Marcos, CA, USA |
| Opened | March 2006 |
| Key people | Tomme Arthur |
| Owned by | Vince Marsaglia, Gina Marsaglia, Tomme Arthur, Jim Comstock |


title: Saint-Hilaire, Puy-de-Dôme

abstract: Saint-Hilaire is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire, Puy-de-Dôme

**Saint-Hilaire** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ\] ) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire | |
| Saint-HilaireSaint-Hilaire | |
| Coordinates: 46°06′22″N 2°37′55″E / 46.106°N 2.632°E / 46.106; 2.632 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme |
| Arrondissement | Riom |
| Canton | Saint-Éloy-les-Mines |
| Intercommunality | CC Pays de Saint-Éloy |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Denis Astruc |
| Area**1** | 17.63 km2 (6.81 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 148 |
| Density | 8.4/km2 (22/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 63360 /63330 |
| Elevation | 406–596 m (1,332–1,955 ft)
(avg. 565 m or 1,854 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Reading Township, Perry County, Ohio

abstract: Reading Township is one of the fourteen townships of Perry County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,358 people in the township.

text:
# Reading Township, Perry County, Ohio

**Reading Township** is one of the fourteen townships of Perry County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,358 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the western part of the county, it borders the following townships:

The village of Somerset is located in northern Reading Township.

## Name and history

Reading Township was established around 1805, and named after Reading, Pennsylvania. It is the only Reading Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## InfoBox

| Reading Township, Perry County, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| The Randolph Mitchell House in New Reading | |
| Location of Reading Township in Perry County | |
| Coordinates: 39°47′7″N 82°19′8″W / 39.78528°N 82.31889°W / 39.78528; -82.31889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Perry |
| Area | |
| Total | 50.7 sq mi (131.3 km2) |
| Land | 50.4 sq mi (130.5 km2) |
| Water | 0.3 sq mi (0.9 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,079 ft (329 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,358 |
| Density | 86.5/sq mi (33.4/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 39-65760 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1086789 |


title: Elands Bay Cave

abstract: Elands Bay Cave is located near the mouth of the Verlorenvlei estuary on the Atlantic coast of South Africa's Western Cape Province. The climate has continuously become drier since the habitation of hunter-gatherers in the Later Pleistocene. The archaeological remains recovered from previous excavations at Elands Bay Cave have been studied to help answer questions regarding the relationship of people and their landscape, the role of climate change that could have determined or influenced subsistence changes, and the impact of pastoralism and agriculture on hunter-gatherer communities.

text:
# Elands Bay Cave

**Elands Bay Cave** is located near the mouth of the Verlorenvlei estuary on the Atlantic coast of South Africa's Western Cape Province. The climate has continuously become drier since the habitation of hunter-gatherers in the Later Pleistocene. The archaeological remains recovered from previous excavations at Elands Bay Cave have been studied to help answer questions regarding the relationship of people and their landscape, the role of climate change that could have determined or influenced subsistence changes, and the impact of pastoralism and agriculture on hunter-gatherer communities.

## History of Research

Renowned archaeologist John Parkington excavated Elands Bay Cave in the 1970s providing vast information of the cave's inhabitants. Parkington frequently used methods of comparing various characteristics in his findings in order to highlight phases of transformations at Elands Bay Cave. Other archaeologists and specialists have analyzed the findings from Parkington. Parkington, Cartwright, Cowling, Baxter, and Meadows (2000), analyzed wood charcoal and pollen data from Elands Bay Cave to explain the environmental change. Klein, in 2001 studied fossil remains and faunal data to indicate hunter-gatherer behavioral and cultural adaptations. In 1999, Cowling, Cartwright, Parkington, & Allsopp researched wood charcoal in order to explain environmental changes. Woodborne, Hart, & Parkington (1995) researched seal bones to construct the timing and the duration of hunter-gatherer coastal journeys. Orton (2006) examined raw materials to produce a lithic sequence for the Later Stone Age in Elands Bay Cave. Lastly, Matthews (1999) used taphonomy and previous research by Peter Andrews to understand the formation and interpretation of micromammals at Elands Bay Cave.

## Environment

The coastline of Elands Bay Cave has changed dramatically since the end of the Ice Age. A coastal plain once extended some 20 km west of Elands Bay Cave into the sea. Heavier rainfall and different ocean levels allowed Elands Bay Cave to be a lush environment in the past. Testing of faunal remains, bones, and wood charcoals provided evidence of wetter conditions in the terminal Pleistocene. During that time, the environment consisted of colder weather with heavier rain fall which created vegetation that was different than it is today. Now, it has become a drier environment with different species residing there. Rainfall from 9,600 to 13,600 years ago produced 400 mm comparable to today's 300 mm. More recent environmental conditions near Elands Bay Cave are characteristic of mild weather with an approximated 200–250 mm per year of rainfall occurring every winter. Elands Bay Cave is in close proximity (approximately 3 kilometers) to a rich intertidal environment supporting numerous shellfish species, sea birds, kelp beds, and marine mammals.

Over time, the climatic atmosphere near Elands Bay Cave became drier and the soil conditions turned to sand. Dense shrubs are maintained by older sand creating patches of subtropical plants in the area. These environmental changes resulted in a reduction of available resources such as fresh water, mussels, and shellfish.

Transitions from the last glaciation to the Holocene had a significant impact on the type of vegetation and wildlife that could be supported along the southern coast. Researchers suggest that because of increased aridity, the inhabitants of Elands Bay Cave abandoned the site and migrated elsewhere. Lack of archaeological remains concerning the dates of 8,000 to 4,400 and 4,000 BP support the theory of an occupation hiatus during these time frames.

## Excavations

Archaeological excavations at Elands Bay Cave began in the 1970s. Scientific interest has focused on investigating coastal changes, subsistence and seasonal mobility. Faunal remains representing the time period of 13.600-12.000 years ago were left behind by the cave's occupants. The majority of the faunal assemblage consists of grazing animals and is indicative of a grassland environment. The faunal remains were examined and compared to collections at the South Africa Museum in Cape Town. Few marine specimens were recovered from this time span and is indicative of the 12 km distance from the cave to the coast. Cartwright and Parkington (1997) excavated 6,700 fragments of wood charcoal that were retrieved through dry sieving large soil samples of 39 collections. Excavation of wood charcoal and pollen in the cave suggests that last glacial maximum had wetter conditions with lush forests and Afromontane elements 20,000 years ago. There were also varieties of charcoal tested from 20,000, 13,500, and 10,500 years ago. Researchers have also analyzed micromammals, such as mice, as paleoenvironmental indicators. Micromammal remains were encountered during excavations and occur throughout the units dating from 13,260 to 300 years before present. The micromammal specimens were recovered using 12mm and 3mm sieves, however, the researchers comment that this mesh size was likely too large to account for smaller faunal remains. Understanding the taphonomic processes that contributed to the deposition of the micromammal remains at Elands Bay Cave is important because it has identified a number of predators likely responsible for the accumulation of faunal material. that became a great tool for formation of micromammal collection. Excavations in Elands Bay Cave and surrounding areas support a hypothesis of migration in winter months. Assemblages of shellfish findings portray that the theory of shellfish changing in size during prehistoric times because of environment was overthrown and was replaced by consuming large amounts of shellfish at the time. Observations and excavations were done in Elands Bay Cave in order to properly identify species of fish bones with accurate representation in specific levels. Excavations that were conducted from 1970 to 1978 in Elands Bay Cave concluded that there was a stratified sequence of deposits that dated to the late Pleistocene. Between 8000 and 6000 years ago, the rise in sea level eventually resulted in the present location of Elands Bay Cave now on the coast. Excavations after 4,000 BP revealed there were 13 different species of fish represented at the site, 6 of which are still found today in the aquatic milieus. These findings supported the conclusion that due to the close proximity to the coast, fishing activities were the dominant subsistence strategy practiced by the people who occupied Elands Bay Cave. With the coastline in its present-day location by about 6000 years ago, the inhabitants of the cave were thus in a favorable location to exploit marine resources.

## Stratigraphy and Dating

There are 60 radiocarbon dates that represent activity during the Holocene, a large part of the terminal Pleistocene, and also the last glacial maximum. Stratigraphy dating and the Middle Stone Age artifacts are at the base, then ashy loam's before 20,000 years ago BP, lastly topped with shell middens. Upper shell middens range from 3,800 to 300 BP, though there was a disturbance of accumulation from 7,900 years ago that stopped for about 4,000 years. Around 11,000 to 9,000 years ago the terrestrial fauna began to change. Shell middens from the Holocene are on top of Pleistocene soil that was accumulated from the last glacial period. Prior to 9,000 BP, seals do not appear to be seasonal at Elands Bay Cave. The seal collection was divided into two collections: upper ranging from 1,400 BP and lower ranging from 10,000 BP to 9,500 BP. Charcoal that was 40,000 years old was studied. Proteoid fynbos was able to be harvested because of improved soils in 12,450 BP to 13,600 BP. In the terminal Pleistocene, approximately 16,000 to 8,000 years ago, ostrich egg shells and animal bones were introduced to the cave. Establishment of non-micro lithic industry was discovered to be from 10,000 BP continuing on to 8900 BP. It is found that major increase of formal tools took place in 9,500 BP. The transitions of tool assemblages in Elands Bay Cave are assumed to be from 8,800 to 8,500 BP. In 8,000 BP Holocene, Elands Bay Cave had microlithics for the first time. Radiocarbon dates indicate that Albany Industry was in use circa 13,000 and 9,000 BP.

## Findings

### Artefacts and Faunal Remains

Elands Bay Cave is perceived as the central site because it includes the largest sample sizes and covers more time spans. Elands Bay Cave has been used at different times for various purposes; evidence found at the cave suggests that there is a series of overlapping events that are in no constant order. The research that has been done in the cave concludes that people lived there around 4,400 to 3,000 years ago and that hunting and gathering activities persisted until the 17th century AD. Migration patterns were found due to shell midden evidence from marine resources archaeologists found displaying exploitation from that time. All the research contributes in various ways of monitoring stratigraphic anomalies within Elands Bay Cave.

### Culture

Group sizes varied at different points, some were just a few families and at other times there could have been up to 100 people. Either way, a community was built. Hunter-gatherers became more advanced in the Later Stone age compared to the Middle Stone Age. Expansion of hearths found inside Elands Bay Cave illustrates that people were skillful with fire. It also indicates cultural evolution by gathering together when it was dark or cold outside. They also discovered that hunter-gatherers stored food underground in containers and used ostrich eggs as portable water vessels. People from the Later Stone Age seemed to have gathered the most remains from fish and aerial birds which indicate artefactual observation conclusion of people fishing and fowling routinely.

### Seal Bones

Seal mandibles that were found at the cave were compared to mandibles from South Africa Museum and Department of Sea Fisheries Collection. The upper division of seals collection explained that seals were hunted during winter and spring months. This implies that hunter-gatherers would purposefully plan to be at the Elands Bay Cave at those times. The lower collection finds that there was no seasonal correlation to habitation and that the seals were 2 years old. The study of seal mandibles aid in gaining understanding of deaths and predict probable seasonal migration. Through carbon isotope testing, upper level dating of seal bones were found to not be consistent with findings of human remains at the same time. These findings were all to demonstrate that the cave was accessible and used to easily capture seals pups. Animal bones demonstrate drastic change in vegetation. Seal bones are plentiful after 11,000 to 10,000 BP. Bones used to identify seals in Elands Bay Cave are mainly the remains of limb bones, such as the humeri. These bone types can be distinguished from other wildlife skeletal remains because they lack a marrow cavity. During 11,000 to 10,000 BP sea levels rose, this allowed seals to be exploited through hunting.

### Wood and Pollen Findings

Before 4,000 BP people from Elands Bay Cave would gather wood from moister plants that would grow in different areas. Pollen in small denominations is discovered from the last glacial maximum but none from past that time. This is presented through the connection of higher moisture availability supporting fuel wood accessibility and variety. Samples of wood charcoal and pollen that are 17,000 to 20,000 years old (terminal Pleistocene) show a connection to vegetation rather than rainfall. Recent charcoal resembles xeric thicket and states that vegetation was more diverse. There is a drainage system that has gone through Elands Bay Cave, the Velorenvlei. It is speculated that the connection from that drainage system to Elands Bay Cave has a significant impact on the collection of pollen that is found in Elands Bay Cave. It is revealed that the moisture in the soil has been deteriorating from at least 4,000 years ago; other observations conclude similar findings because of evidence from pollen and faunal remains from the same epochs.

### Middens

The stratigraphy of Elands Bay Cave is dominated by shell midden as well as levels composed of ashy matrix interpreted as living floor features containing remnants of grasses possibly used as bedding, bone and shell. There was 40 cubic meters of shell middens found from the Holocene period. Aside from mussel shells, middens consisted of ostrich shells and other marine shells. It was discovered that ostrich eggs, used as water containers, were sometimes repurposed as beads after breaking. Some wood charcoal from 40,000 years ago from the terminal Holocene (300 years ago) to early late Pleistocene revealed that it was beyond range of carbon dating. There was only 25-44 g/m3 microfaunal found. In early Holocene, limpets were the dominant species represented within the midden levels. Four stratigraphic levels were observed throughout the middens and were documented. Stages 1,2, and 3 are the top three levels; they are believed to be dated to around 1,500 to 600 BP. The lower stage, level 4, is understood to be dated no older that 1,500 BP.

### Taphonomy

Archeological evidence supports taphonomy investigations in order to rule out assumptions of extinction or depletion of wildlife. It is important to identify who the predator is before environment analysis. It was found that the study of taphonomy was important because it allowed researchers to distinguish the factors responsible for the collection and establishment of habits and behaviors of different species. Researchers discovered that predator species contributed to micromammal accumulations and with this, helped recreate the environment they lived in. Remains from different predator birds show that the Barn Owl was not the only airborne wildlife using the cave as a shelter. Additional suspect predators include different owl species such as the spotted eagle owl, the giant owl, the Cape eagle owl, as well the black backed jackal and the grey mongoose.

### Bones

There were remains of sheep bones found at Elands Bay Cave between 2,000 and 1,500 BP. The first bone collectors in Elands Bay Cave were discovered to be people from the Stone Age. Some bones were gnawed and chewed, which predicted the habitation of carnivores and porcupines. Evidence suggests that mole rats could have been introduced by people bringing them when they migrated to Elands Bay Cave or, the more likely suggestion is that they were brought by Eagle owls after 10,000 BP. There are fluctuations in evidence which are reflections of periods when the owls used the cave. Fossil samples from mole rat humeri's were collected and tested. Jaws and foot bones are the most common bones used to identify species since they are long-lasting and easy to identify even when in pieces. Over time there was a reduction in mole rat sizes in the collections, likely because of weather and environmental changes. This would explain the appearance of certain animals like hedgehogs since they favor wetter climates. Some animals such as the Cape horse became extinct and others like the hedgehog came about. This could be seen through fossils found in soil deposits.

### Fish

Fish species within the faunal assemblage recovered from Elands Bay Cave increased over time and represent both estuary and marine varieties. This is a reflection of higher sea levels from the conversion of the last glaciation to the Holocene. Excavations from 1970 to 1978, revealed that the white steenbras was the most prevalent fish species. The varying size of the white steenbras over time may reflect a fishing technology that employed the use of fish gorges. Layers where bone gorges were present typically were void of small age classes. Fish species remained relatively unchanged throughout the Holocene levels, with the most common type being the Sparidae.

### Shellfish

Shellfish remains discovered after 4,000 BP indicate an increase in marine resource exploitation and represents a shift away from mammals as the dietary staple. This was produced because the coastline became part of the cave's basin. A high percentage, 90%, of shell middens from the Holocene period were black mussels. These types of findings in an area would indicate a settlement with shellfish being a large portion of their daily nutritional intake. In Elands Bay Cave there were three main shell middens remains: Black mussels, and two different classes of limpets. The shells that were found had not reached full adulthood within the cave, which leads archaeologists to believe that they were an essential part of their diet. There were notable different sizes outside the cave but it is speculated that it is because of the consumption inside the cave that the mussels were accessible and therefore, there was a slim chance for the shellfish to reach mature age.

## Artefacts

### Stone Tools

Until 9,000 years ago in the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene, stone tools were made out of quartz. There was an abundance of vein quartz, even if found in small forms like pebbles. Even though the principal material of the tools was quartz, other materials were also found in sizable quantities. These include a substantial amount of hornfels, tough siltstones, and dolerite. Aside from quartz and silcrete, the other materials are unknown on how they got to the location. Quality raw materials are suspected to have been brought from other regions. It is also suggested that they could have manifested through trade or simply carried in from migration.

## Discussion

Elands Bay Cave was not always occupied. There are conflicting theories of seasonal migration to the cave just like in the Early Holocene. Yet, lack of evidence of seals in Elands Bay Cave at that time leads some to suggest that it was not a seasonal habitation. Since there are no signs of transitions even with the vast diverse archeologically evidence of faunal and artifact remains, it suggests to some that people did live there for a long time not just occasionally. Hunter-gatherers were able to understand and use the land at a local and regional scale. This is demonstrated with the large amount of seal evidence in faunal collection in the terminal Pleistocene. Migration could have been an occurrence because of harsh weather and less agricultural resources which would lead them to find a location that produced more dietary supplements.

Although charcoal analysis proved faunal diversity, more research is needed to close gaps in charcoal records. Changing behavior, creating culture, and emergence of new systems need to still be studied in depth in order to gain a greater sense of the historical Elands Bay Cave community.

## InfoBox

| Elands Bay Cave | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Elands Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa |
| Coordinates | 32°19′03.5″S 18°19′04.6″E / 32.317639°S 18.317944°E / -32.317639; 18.317944 |


title: Episinus amoenus

abstract: Episinus amoenus is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

text:
# Episinus amoenus

***Episinus amoenus*** is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico.

## InfoBox

| *Episinus amoenus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | *Episinus* |
| Species: | ***E. amoenus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Episinus amoenus***<br>Banks, 1911 | |
|


title: Termination type

abstract:
In lithic reduction, termination type is a characteristic indicating the manner in which the distal end of a lithic flake detaches from a core. Common types include:
  - Step/snap termination – these occur when a flake snaps or breaks during removal, resulting in an abrupt right-angle break.
  - Hinge termination – results when the applied force rolls away from the core or objective piece, creating a rounded or blunted distal end.
  - Overshot/outrepasse/plunging termination - occurs when the applied force dips and removes a section of the opposite margin of the artifact or the distal end of the core. Also referred to as a reverse hinge termination.
  - Perverse termination - "twisting" breaks resulting from when the applied force is redirected through the material in a helical fashion;
  - Feather/monotomic termination – a smooth termination that results in a feathered distal end. The distal ends of these flakes are only a few molecules thick, are extremely sharp, and indicate a flawless detachment. These are the intended results of some lithic reduction techniques, and are very desirable for opportunistic tool use that does not require retouching or sharpening.

text:
# Termination type

In lithic reduction, **termination type** is a characteristic indicating the manner in which the distal end of a lithic flake detaches from a core (Andrefsky 1998:18). Common types include:

* **Step/snap termination** – these occur when a flake snaps or breaks during removal, resulting in an abrupt right-angle break.
* **Hinge termination** – results when the applied force rolls away from the core or objective piece, creating a rounded or blunted distal end.
* **Overshot/outrepasse/plunging termination** \- occurs when the applied force dips and removes a section of the opposite margin of the artifact or the distal end of the core. Also referred to as a reverse hinge termination.
* **Perverse termination** \- "twisting" breaks resulting from when the applied force is redirected through the material in a helical fashion;
* **Feather/monotomic termination** – a smooth termination that results in a feathered distal end. The distal ends of these flakes are only a few molecules thick, are extremely sharp, and indicate a flawless detachment. These are the intended results of some lithic reduction techniques, and are very desirable for opportunistic tool use that does not require retouching or sharpening.

* Andrefsky, William, Jr. (1998) *Lithics: Macroscopic approaches to analysis*. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.


title: Southwest Center City Philadelphia

abstract: Southwest Center City (SWCC), also known as Graduate Hospital, is a neighborhood that is located in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, bordering Center City Philadelphia. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by South Street, on the south by Washington Avenue, on the west by the Schuylkill River, and on the east by Broad Street. It is an area adjacent to the Fitler Square and Rittenhouse Square neighborhoods to the north and Point Breeze to the south, and is home to community service organizations, restaurants, churches, retail establishments, and some light industry.

text:
# Southwest Center City Philadelphia

**Southwest Center City** (**SWCC**), also known as **Graduate Hospital**, is a neighborhood that is located in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, bordering Center City Philadelphia. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by South Street, on the south by Washington Avenue, on the west by the Schuylkill River, and on the east by Broad Street.

It is an area adjacent to the Fitler Square and Rittenhouse Square neighborhoods to the north and Point Breeze to the south, and is home to community service organizations, restaurants, churches, retail establishments, and some light industry.

## Names

The neighborhood has many nicknames. The Philadelphia Planning Commission refers to it as **Southwest Center City**. Since the 1980s, it has been often referred to as **Graduate Hospital**, after the medical facility on the northern edge of the neighborhood. This name has become merely historical in nature since the hospital closed in 2007. Despite this, it is still used and is sometimes shortened to **G-Ho**. The area is also referred to as **South of South** or **So-So.** A small corner of this area is sometimes known as Devil's Pocket.

## Composition

The neighborhood consists primarily of nineteenth and twentieth-century rowhouses interspersed with corner stores, 22 churches and a few larger architectural landmarks. On the eastern half of the neighborhood is the Scottish Rite affordable housing complex which consists of two multi-story apartment buildings that cater mostly to elderly and low income individuals. The former buildings of Graduate Hospital lie on South Street, the northern border of the neighborhood. Along Grays Ferry Avenue is the former Philadelphia Naval Asylum or Naval Home, designed in 1826 by William Strickland. This National Historic Landmark, first constructed in 1833, closed in 1976, and has been developed into condos is now known as Naval Square. The Schuylkill Arsenal was originally built at the edge of this neighborhood, but has since been demolished.

## History

Prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854, this neighborhood was part of Moyamensing Township. Moyamensing was originally chartered by the Dutch governor Alexander d'Hinoyossa, and in 1684, William Penn confirmed the title.

The neighborhood began taking shape after the Civil War. In 1870, it was predominantly an Irish American community; however, the neighborhood was in a transitional period, and by 1920, a majority of its residents were African Americans. It continued to experience significant in-migration from the south prior to, during, and immediately after World War II. It remained a solid working-class neighborhood for most of the first half of the twentieth century.

In the 1960s a crosstown expressway running along South Street was planned. This would have created a barrier between Center City and the neighborhoods to the south. The result was widespread abandonment of properties in SWCC and the decay of the South Street business corridor. The loss of jobs and residents caused the neighborhood to decline as buildings were abandoned and left to deteriorate.

The Marian Anderson House, Franklin Hose Company No. 28, William S. Peirce School, Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Freight Shed, Royal Theater, St. Anthony de Padua Parish School, Edwin M. Stanton School, and Tindley Temple United Methodist Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Recent development

In recent years, the area has experienced growth and gentrification. Hundreds of single family homes and condominium units have been built or refurbished. As a result of the neighborhood's proximity to Center City and increasing desirability, a variety of new businesses catering to the increasingly gentrified population have opened. Despite the improvements, the neighborhood still contains some abandoned and dilapidated housing, especially towards the south.

The Grammy Award winning musician and local resident Kenneth Gamble founded Universal Companies in Southwest Center City to revitalize the neighborhood. Universal Community Homes, a division of the company, began the Universal Court housing project in the neighborhood in the 1990s. Originally, some tension existed between the company and the local South of South Neighborhood Association, but this was soon resolved as the project was deemed a success. Universal Companies has since opened several small neighborhood businesses, low-income housing, and a charter school.

### Children's Hospital Expansion 2017

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is expanding in the western part of the neighborhood and opened its first facility in 2017 along the Schuykill River. It replaced the Springfield Beer Distributor and the former JFK Vocational Center (earlier the Marine Corps Depot of Supplies), which were demolished. *The Philadelphia Inquirer* states that the area will be undergoing gentrification to the point that the area may no longer be known by its current name "Devil's Pocket." Furthermore, the area is expected to become a major contributor to Philadelphia's economy with the potential of $63 billion pumped into the economy as well as a job generator. The hospital has hired a consultant to plan the traffic patterns around the area as they did for Delaware Waterfront and New York's Battery Park. The plan is for "... three towers, of about 26 stories each, would be lined up along Schuylkill Avenue." The plans unveiled by the city show that Schuylkill Avenue is part of a six region area that also includes University City all the way to the Philadelphia International Airport that is part of a revitalization plan to stimulate the region.

The proposal for three new Schuylkill Avenue towers proposed by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is for the towers to take the place of the Springfield Beer Distributor, and the former JFK Vocational School, with each tower being 26 stories high.

## Culture

Every year since 1975, the area hosts Philadelphia's Odunde festival, a one-day festival and mostly a street market catered to African-American interests and the African diaspora. It is derived from the tradition of the Yoruba people of Nigeria, in celebration of the new year. It is centered at the intersection of Grays Ferry Avenue and South Street.

## InfoBox

| Southwest Center City
Graduate Hospital
South of South | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Philadelphia | |
| Naval Square | |
| Southwest Center City
Graduate Hospital
South of South | |
| Coordinates: 39°56′31″N 75°10′30″W / 39.942°N 75.175°W / 39.942; -75.175 | |
| Country | United States of America |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Philadelphia |
| City | Philadelphia |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.391 sq mi (1.01 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 14,919 |
| Density | 38,130/sq mi (14,720/km2) |
| ZIP Code | 19146 |


title: Qashqay (village)

abstract: Qashqay is a village in Abbas-e Sharqi Rural District, Tekmeh Dash District, Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 24 families.

text:
# Qashqay (village)

**Qashqay** is a village in Abbas-e Sharqi Rural District, Tekmeh Dash District, Bostanabad County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 24 families.

## InfoBox

| Qashqay | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Qashqay | |
| Coordinates: 37°35′11″N 47°12′36″E / 37.58625°N 47.20997°E / 37.58625; 47.20997 | |
| Country | Iran |
| County | Bostanabad |
| District | Tekmeh Dash |
| Rural District | Abbas-e Sharqi |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 86 |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IST) |


title: Borecki Dwór

abstract: Borecki Dwór is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ełk, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

text:
# Borecki Dwór

**Borecki Dwór** \[bɔˈrɛt͡ski ˈdvur\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ełk, within Ełk County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Borecki Dwór | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Borecki Dwór | |
| Coordinates: 53°43′20″N 22°18′31″E / 53.72222°N 22.30861°E / 53.72222; 22.30861 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ełk |
| Gmina | Ełk |


title: Rossellomorea

abstract: Rossellomorea is a genus of Gram-Positive or Gram-variable staining rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales. The type species of this genus is Rossellomorea aquimaris. Members of Rossellomorea are previously species belonging to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized by the scientific community as displaying phylogenetic heterogeneity among its members. Multiple studies using comparative phylogenetic analyses have been published in an attempt to clarify the evolutionary relationships between Bacillus species, resulting in the establishment of numerous novel genera such as Alkalihalobacillus, Brevibacillus, Solibacillus, Alicyclobacillus, Virgibacillus and Evansella. In addition, the genus Bacillus has been restricted to only include species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. The name Rossellomorea was named after the Spanish microbiologist Professor Ramon Rossello-Móra, of the Universitat de les illes Balears, Spain, for his work on microbial diversity and systematics in diverse habitats and his contributions to these fields as editor of the journal of Systematic and Applied Microbiology.

text:
# Rossellomorea

***Rossellomorea*** is a genus of Gram-Positive or Gram-variable staining rod-shaped bacteria in the family *Bacillaceae* from the order *Bacillales.* The type species of this genus is *Rossellomorea aquimaris.*

Members of *Rossellomorea* are previously species belonging to *Bacillus*, a genus that has been recognized by the scientific community as displaying phylogenetic heterogeneity among its members. Multiple studies using comparative phylogenetic analyses have been published in an attempt to clarify the evolutionary relationships between *Bacillus* species, resulting in the establishment of numerous novel genera such as *Alkalihalobacillus*, *Brevibacillus, Solibacillus*, *Alicyclobacillus,* *Virgibacillus* and *Evansella*. In addition, the genus *Bacillus* has been restricted to only include species closely related to *Bacillus subtilis* and *Bacillus cereus.*

The name *Rossellomorea* was named after the Spanish microbiologist Professor Ramon Rossello-Móra, of the Universitat de les illes Balears, Spain, for his work on microbial diversity and systematics in diverse habitats and his contributions to these fields as editor of the journal of Systematic and Applied Microbiology.

## Biochemical characteristics and molecular signatures

Members of this genus are aerobic and found mainly in marine environments. All members can produce endospores are most are motile by means of a single polar flagellum or peritrichous flagella. Colonies are generally light-yellow in colour. Most species are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. *Rossellomorea* can grow in temperatures ranging from 5 °C to 48 °C and generally also in the presence of 2–5% (w/v) NaCl. Most species are catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and moderately halophilic or halotolerant.

Analyses of genome sequences from *Rossellomorea* species identified three conserved signature indels (CSIs) for this genus in the proteins PBP1A family penicillin-binding protein, aminotransferase A and helicase-exonuclease AddAB subunit AddA, which in most cases are exclusively shared by either all or most members of this genus. These CSIs provide a reliable means to molecularly distinguish this genus from other *Bacillaceae* genera and bacteria.

## Taxonomy

*Rossellomorea*, as of May 2021, contains a total of 5 species with validly published names. This genus was identified as a monophyletic clade and phylogenetically unrelated to other *Bacillus* species in studies examining the taxonomic relationships within *Bacillus*. This branching pattern is also observed in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB).

A non-validly published species, "Bacillus haikouensis" is also found to group with other members of *Rossellomorea* in phylogenetic trees as well as share the same molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs). However, its transfer was not officially proposed due to the lack of culture strain information and further analysis should be conducted when additional information becomes available.

## InfoBox

| *Rossellomorea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacillota |
| Class: | Bacilli |
| Order: | Bacillales |
| Family: | Bacillaceae |
| Genus: | *Rossellomorea*<br>Gupta et al. 2020 |
|
| Species | |
| Information based on LPSN 2021 | |


title: Book Institute

abstract: The Book Institute is a Polish national cultural institution that was opened on 11 January 2004 in Krakow, Poland.

text:
# Book Institute

The **Book Institute** is a Polish national cultural institution that was opened on 11 January 2004 in Krakow, Poland.

## History

The establishment of the Book Institute was initiated by the Minister of Culture, Waldemar Dąbrowski. The institution includes Polish literature. At the time of its inauguration, the Book Institute operated in the Villa Decius, and after renovation, it moved to the building at 1 Szczepańska Street.

On 1 April 2010, the Book Institute took over the publishing of magazines under the patronage of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.

Since 2005, the Book Institute has funded the "Transatlantyk" award in the amount of 10,000, awarded to ambassadors of Polish literature abroad. The award was presented for the first time during the Congress of Translators of Polish Literature in Krakow in 2005.

In 2015, it moved to a historic building purchased from Radio Kraków at 6 Wróblewskiego Street.

1. Legierska, Anna (14 September 2017). "Waldemar Dąbrowski". *Culture.pl* (in Polish). Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
2. Kołodziej, Beata (22 June 2018). "Brytyjska tłumaczka Antonia Lloyd-Jones otrzymała nagrodę Transatlantyk" \[British translator Antonia Lloyd-Jones received the Transatlantyk award\]. *Dsieje.pl* (in Polish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2019.
3. Krupiński, Wacław; Jagiełło, Monika (25 November 2015). "Cztery kąty dla pisarzy. Nowa siedziba Instytutu Książki \[WIDEO\]" \[Four corners for writers. New headquarters of the Book Institute \[VIDEO\]\]. *Dziennik Polski* (in Polish). Archived from the original on 30 August 2023.
4. "Konkurs na opracowanie koncepcji architektonicznej Kolegium Tłumaczy Instytutu Książki w Krakowie" \[Competition for the Development of an Architectural Concept of the Translation College of the Book Institute in Krakow\]. *www.infoarchitekta.pl* (in Polish). Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2024.


title: Borealis Planitia

abstract: Borealis Planitia is a large plain on Mercury with a smooth floor, thought to be similar to a lunar mare. It is centered at 73.4° N, 79.5° W. The name is Latin for Northern Plain.

text:
# Borealis Planitia

**Borealis Planitia** /bɒrˈɪs pləˈnɪʃiə/ is a large plain on Mercury with a smooth floor, thought to be similar to a lunar mare. It is centered at 73.4° N, 79.5° W. The name is Latin for *Northern Plain*.

## InfoBox

Borealis Planitia
| Part of Borealis Planitia, photographed by MESSENGER | |
| --- | --- |
| Feature type | Planitia |
| Location | Borealis quadrangle, Mercury |
| Coordinates | 73°24′N 79°30′W / 73.4°N 79.5°W / 73.4; -79.5 |
| Eponym | Latin for "Northern Plain" |


title: Rossland (sternwheeler)

abstract: The Rossland was a sternwheel steamboat that ran on the Arrow Lakes in British Columbia. It was named after Rossland, British Columbia, once a prosperous mining town in the region.

text:
# Rossland (sternwheeler)

The ***Rossland*** was a sternwheel steamboat that ran on the Arrow Lakes in British Columbia. It was named after Rossland, British Columbia, once a prosperous mining town in the region.

## Design and construction

*Rossland* was the third steamboat built by the Canadian Pacific Railway for its steamboat lines running in the lakes of the Kootenays. She was designed by the superintendent of the C.P.R.'s Lake Service, the accomplished steamboat man James W. Troup, to be an express passenger and tourism boat, intended to make the 256-mile round trip from Arrowhead to Robson and back in one day.

*Rossland* was built at Nakusp at the shipyard owned by the master builder Thomas J. Bulger and his sons James M. and David T. Bulger. Most inland steamers of the Pacific Northwest were built with a flat bottom with as shallow a draft as possible so that they could move as far up the many shallow rivers to reach gold fields, farms or other areas where transportation was needed and roads or railroads were absent or inadequate. *Rossland* was an exception to this rule. She was intended to operate as a "lake boat" where depth of water was normally not a problem, and therefore she had a rounder and deeper bottom than the normal sternwheeler design. Her lake boat design would make *Rossland* faster and more efficient on the deep water of the Arrow Lakes. Her powerful engines were built by B.C. Iron Works, in Vancouver

## Service on Arrow Lakes

Following her launch, *Rossland* was towed to a nearby wharf by the vessel *Nakusp* for completion. Before passenger accommodations were installed, *Rossland* was worked towing barges while the *Lytton* was being overhauled. Passenger service for *Rossland* began in early 1898. At her maximum speed, 22 miles per hour, *Rossland* was easily the fastest vessel on the lakes. However, she burned too much coal at this pace, and normally did not run so fast. Steamboats were prone to damage and even destruction by fire, as *Nakusp* had been in 1897. In 1899 *Rossland* caught fire below the down of Nakusp. Captain Forslund was able to beach the vessel and extinguish the flames. Steamboat operation on the Arrow Lakes was seasonal, as they were generally frozen over during winter. The boats were moored in as safe a place as could be found during the freeze up, and sometimes work would be done on them to prepare them for the next season. Often work would be done on the boats to prepare them for the next season, and this occurred in *Rossland*'s case.

## Reconstruction

During the winter of 1908 to 1909, at a cost of $2,290, her texas deck (the highest cabin on the ship except for the pilot house) was extended all the way back to the stern to allow additional passenger accommodations. The *Rossland*'s hull, built entirely of wood, wore out quickly under heavy use, and became waterlogged. This was typical for wooden steamboats. If repair of the hull was impractical, sometimes a new hull would be built and the boat's cabins (called the "house") and machinery would be transferred to the new hull. In the winter of 1909–1910, this was done with the *Rossland*. She was brought into the shipyard at Nakusp, where builder James Bulger hauled her out of the water, unfastened her house and machinery, and jacked them up on timbers. Bulger and his workmen then launched the old hull back onto the lake and built a new hull under the old house and machinery. The supports were removed, and the vessel was relaunched. With a new hull, *Rossland* was practically a new steamboat. The texas was also extended a bit during the 1909–10 reconstruction.

## Effects of the Great War

When Canada entered the Great War in 1914, the young men of British Columbia were mobilized and many C.P.R. employees volunteered for Canada's armed services. Engineers, deck and engine room hands were especially wanted by the navy. As the young men left, the local farms and businesses declined, and there was a fall-off in tourism as well. In her last years, *Rossland* like other C.P.R. inland steamers, transported troops. The economic downturn caused by mobilization forced C.P.R. to take a number of its steamers out of operation. *Rossland* had been having boiler troubles, and rather than repairing them, C.P.R. took her out of service.

## Foundered at dock

On January 25, 1917, *Rossland*, moored at Nakusp, sank at the dock. Either her hull seams had opened or the weight of ice and snow on her decks and house had pressed her down so far that water poured in through ports that had been left open. She sank quickly, heeled over sharply on her port side, with the water up to the pilot house. *Rossland* was raised in March 1917. Her long-time master, Captain Forslund, bought her hull and used it as a wharf boat for his place south of Needles.

## Further reading

* Faber, Jim, *Steamer's Wake—Voyaging down the old marine highways of Puget Sound, British Columbia, and the Columbia River*, Enetai Press, Seattle, WA 1985 ISBN 0-9615811-0-7
* Mills, Randall V., *Sternwheelers up Columbia—A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country*, University of Nebraska, Lincoln NE (1977 reprint of 1947 ed.) ISBN 0-8032-5874-7
* Timmen, Fritz, *Blow for the Landing—A Hundred Years of Steam Navigation on the Waters of the West*, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho ISBN 0-87004-221-1

### Photographs of *Rossland* from the Provincial Archives of British Columbia

* *Rossland* at Nakusp, circa 1898 The short texas (upper cabin) dates this photograph as before the winter or 1909–1910.
* *Rossland* at Nakusp, 1910 or later The longer texas allows this photograph to be dated as after 1910. The close interaction between the railway and the Arrow Lakes steamers can be seen with the rail tracks and freight cars running right out to the docks.

## InfoBox

| *Rossland* (in center), with *Trail* on left and *Minto* on right, between 1898 and 1900 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Canada | |
| Name | *Rossland* |
| Owner | Canadian Pacific Railway |
| Route | Arrow Lakes |
| Builder | Thomas J. Bulger |
| Cost | $86,000 |
| Launched | November 18, 1897, at Nakusp, BC |
| In service | 1898 |
| Out of service | 1916 |
| Identification | CAN 107142 |
| Fate | Sunk at dock while out of service, January 25, 1917 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | inland lake boat, express passenger/tourism/general purpose |
| Tonnage | 884 gross; 531.5 net |
| Length | 183.5 ft (56 m) |
| Beam | 29.1 ft (9 m) |
| Depth | 7.0 ft (2 m) depth of hold |
| Installed power | coal-fired boiler, steam engines, twin horizontally mounted, 22" bore by 96" stroke, 32.2 horsepower nominal |
| Propulsion | sternwheel |
| Speed | 22 miles per hour (maximum) |
| Capacity | 300 passengers |


title: Rover (musician)

abstract: Timothée Régnier, better known by his stage name Rover, is a French musician, composer, and occasional actor from Paris who sings primarily in English. Active since 2005, he has released three studio albums, scored several films, as well as making a number of appearances in television shows and movies.

text:
# Rover (musician)

**Timothée Régnier**, better known by his stage name **Rover**, is a French musician, composer, and occasional actor from Paris who sings primarily in English. Active since 2005, he has released three studio albums, scored several films, as well as making a number of appearances in television shows and movies.

## Biography

### Early life and career beginnings: 1979–2008

Born on 24 September 1979, Timothée Régnier is the son of expatriates. From the age of seven, he lived in New York City, where he attended the French high school, along with Julian Casablancas and Nikolai Fraiture of the Strokes.

In 2008, after living in Beirut, Lebanon, for three years and playing guitar in the Franco-Lebanese punk rock group the New Government, which also included his brother Jérémie Régnier and Lebanese musician Zeid Hamdan, he was expelled due to issues with his visa.

### Solo recordings: 2011–present

After returning to France, Régnier decided to write and publish his own music, adopting the moniker Rover. He moved to his family's house in Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany, where he recorded the four-track, eponymous EP *Rover*, on which he played all instruments. Produced by Samy Osta, the record was released in 2011, and a year later, followed by a full-length album of the same name. The 2012 release was nominated for a Victoires de la Musique award in the New Discovery category (*Victoire du groupe ou artiste révélation du public*), which was ultimately won by C2C. In 2013, the album was re-released with a bonus disc and retitled *Reel to Reel*.

In November 2015, Rover published his second studio album, *Let It Glow*. After a hiatus of several years, the musician released his third album, titled *Eiskeller*.

### Soundtracks

Régnier has contributed music to and scored entire movie soundtracks. His contributions include the 2009 film *Montparnasse*, in which he also has a small role; 2010's *Le Jour de la grenouille*, where he appears as the minor character Donald; and one episode of the television series *Alex Hugo* (2014). He has composed music for the 2010 documentary *The Day Before Disclosure* and the 2013 drama film *Tonnerre*.

## Discography

**Studio albums**

* *Rover* (2012)
* *Rover + Reel to Reel* (2013 reissue)
* *Let It Glow* (2015)
* *Eiskeller* (2021)

**EPs**

* *Rover* (2011)
* *Anywhere from Now!* (2013)

**Soundtracks**

* *Montparnasse* (2009)
* *Le Jour de la grenouille* (2010)
* *The Day Before Disclosure* (2010)
* *Tonnerre* (2013)
* *Alex Hugo* (2014)
* *Tom* (2022)

## Selected filmography

List of film and television appearances, with year, title, and role shown
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | *Primorose Hill* | Marc's friend |  |
| 2009 | *Montparnasse* | Jeremy |  |
| 2010 | *Robert Mitchum est mort* | Car salesman |  |
| | *Le Jour de la grenouille* | Donald |  |
| 2013 | *Les Yeux fermés* |  |  |
| 2016 | *Orphan* |  |  |
| 2019 | *Mike* | Doctor | Television series – 2 episodes |
| | *A Bigger World* | Studio singer |  |

## InfoBox

| Rover | |
| --- | --- |
| Rover performing in 2012 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Timothée Régnier |
| Born | (1979-09-24) 24 September 1979<br>Paris, France |
| Occupations | * Musician * songwriter * composer * actor |
| Instruments | * Bass * guitar * piano |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Wagram, Cinq7 |
| Formerly of | The New Government |
|  | |
| Website | rover-music.com |


title: Rover (ice hockey)

abstract: A rover was a position in ice hockey used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. At the time ice hockey consisted of seven positions: the rover, along with the goaltender, two defencemen, and three forwards; the other positions still remain. Unlike the others, the rover did not have a set position, and roamed the ice at will, going where needed, much as a midfielder in association football might. As the skill level of players increased, the need to have a rover decreased. Shortly after it was formed in 1910, the National Hockey Association decided to exclude the rover. The league's successor, the NHL, did the same in 1917. However, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, formed in 1911, kept the rover. The Western Canada Hockey League also used a rover when it was founded in 1921. As the NHA and later NHL did not have a rover, but the PCHA did, a compromise was made during Stanley Cup matches, which, at the time, was a challenge cup. Games would alternate between the NHA/NHL rules and PCHA versions, allowing each team an advantage and disadvantage during games. The first Olympic ice hockey tournament in 1920 used a rover, but this position was eliminated for subsequent games. In 1923, both the PCHA and the WCHL decided to drop the rover position, as it was seen to be crowding the ice and therefore reducing the speed of play. Moreover, with both leagues in financial competition with the NHL, the added expense of a seventh starter was burdensome. With the decision to remove the rover, it disappeared from professional hockey forever.

text:
# Rover (ice hockey)

A **rover** was a position in ice hockey used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. At the time ice hockey consisted of seven positions: the rover, along with the goaltender, two defencemen, and three forwards; the other positions still remain. Unlike the others, the rover did not have a set position, and roamed the ice at will, going where needed, much as a midfielder in association football might.

As the skill level of players increased, the need to have a rover decreased. Shortly after it was formed in 1910, the National Hockey Association decided to exclude the rover. The league's successor, the NHL, did the same in 1917. However, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, formed in 1911, kept the rover. The Western Canada Hockey League also used a rover when it was founded in 1921.

As the NHA and later NHL did not have a rover, but the PCHA did, a compromise was made during Stanley Cup matches, which, at the time, was a challenge cup. Games would alternate between the NHA/NHL rules and PCHA versions, allowing each team an advantage and disadvantage during games.

The first Olympic ice hockey tournament in 1920 used a rover, but this position was eliminated for subsequent games.

In 1923, both the PCHA and the WCHL decided to drop the rover position, as it was seen to be crowding the ice and therefore reducing the speed of play. Moreover, with both leagues in financial competition with the NHL, the added expense of a seventh starter was burdensome. With the decision to remove the rover, it disappeared from professional hockey forever.

## Contemporary usage

The term is sometimes used to informally describe fast, rushing offensive defencemen, such as former NHL star Scott Niedermayer, as they often roam the ice creating offensive pressure instead of being simply "blueliners". Other players who have been described as modern "rovers" include Tyson Barrie, Brent Burns, Dustin Byfuglien, Bobby Orr, Erik Karlsson, Justin Schultz, Paul Coffey, Cale Makar and Roman Josi, due to their ability to either play forward and defense, or because of their strong puck handling skills. The term is also used to describe the extra attacker, who roams the ice instead of assuming one of the usual positions.

### Notes

1. Bowlsby 2012, p. 211
2. Boston Globe Jan. 30, 1912, p. 7

### Bibliography

* Bowlsby, Craig H. (2012). *Empire of Ice: The Rise and Fall of the PCHA, 1911–1926*. Knights of Winter Publishing (Canada). ISBN 978-0969170563.


title: Roy Huskey Jr.

abstract: Roy Milton Huskey, known professionally as Roy Huskey Jr., was a prominent American upright bass player in country music from Nashville, Tennessee. Huskey performed alongside musicians such as Chet Atkins, Garth Brooks, Johnny Cash, Vince Gill, George Jones, Steve Earle, Doc Watson and many others. His father, Roy Madison "Junior" Huskey, was also a notable bass player.

text:
# Roy Huskey Jr.

**Roy Milton Huskey** (December 17, 1956  September 6, 1997), known professionally as **Roy Huskey Jr.**, was a prominent American upright bass player in country music from Nashville, Tennessee. Huskey performed alongside musicians such as Chet Atkins, Garth Brooks, Johnny Cash, Vince Gill, George Jones, Steve Earle, Doc Watson and many others. His father, Roy Madison "Junior" Huskey, was also a notable bass player.

## Career

Huskey began his career at the age of 16 backing up Del Wood on the *Grand Ole Opry* in 1971. His first job as a touring musician was with Roy Acuff as one of his Smoky Mountain Boys. Eventually his work spanned a range of music styles including bluegrass, country, folk, Cajun and folk-rock.

Huskey received a Grammy with Emmylou Harris and the Nash Ramblers for their 1992 live album *At the Ryman*. He was also honored with a number of "Bass Player of the Year" awards from organizations such as the IBMA, SPBGMA, and ACM.

Huskey frequently performed dressed simply in a plaid shirt while smoking a cigar (often King Edward brand). He was often noted for his "rare musical intuitiveness" and late in life spoke of his ability to hear music in colors (see synesthesia).

## Death

Huskey died of lung cancer at Columbia Centennial Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 6, 1997, at the age of 40. Country musician Marty Stuart told *The Tennessean* "Roy Huskey was a pure original state of the art, bona fide, textbook example of a bass-playing genius, truly irreplaceable."

Acoustic musician and friend John Hartford said, "In as much as the bass is the heartbeat of country music, and in as much as he was country music's most important bass player, I would say country music has just had a major heart attack."

Sam Bush recorded a tribute, "Song for Roy", with help from Jon Randall, Emmylou Harris, and Byron House. The tribute appears on Bush's 1998 album, *Howlin' at the Moon*. Steve Earle and The Del McCoury Band recorded the song "Pilgrim" as a tribute to Huskey on his 1999 album *The Mountain*. The 1999 album *Trio II* by Emmylou Harris, Linda Ronstadt, and Dolly Parton was dedicated to Roy. T-Bone Burnett's 2006 album "The True False Identity" is dedicated to Roy Huskey Jr.

Roy Milton Huskey was son to former bassist, Roy Madison "Junior" Huskey. Roy Milton Huskey left behind a wife, Lisa Huskey, and two sons, Taylor Huskey (1983-2006), and JT Huskey.

## Notable instruments

In 2006, the Country Music Hall of Fame ran an exhibit called "Big Bass Men" in tribute to Junior Huskey and Roy Huskey Jr. The display featured an upright bassmade in Czechoslovakia in the 1880sthat both father and son had used on countless recordings. Another notable instrument Huskey inherited from his father was a Gibson 1920 Style-J mando bass. The elder Huskey owned two of the Style-J instruments and had given one to Roy Acuff. The other remained in the Roy Huskey Jr. estate following his death and was on loan for a time to bass player Dave Pomeroy.

## InfoBox

| Roy Huskey Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Roy Milton Huskey |
| Born | December 17, 1956
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | September 6, 1997(1997-09-06) (aged 40)
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Genres | Country |
| Instrument | Upright bass |
| Years active | 1971–1997 |
| Formerly of | Emmylou Harris, John Hartford, Chet Atkins, Garth Brooks, Johnny Cash, Vince Gill, George Jones, Steve Earle, Doc Watson, Del Wood, Roy Acuff |


title: Rosvall and Voutilainen

abstract: Viljo Rosvall and Janne Voutilainen were two Finnish-Canadian unionists from Thunder Bay, Ontario and members of the Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada who mysteriously disappeared on November 18, 1929, and were later found dead. The two were on their way to a bushcamp near Onion Lake to recruit sympathetic bushworkers for a large strike which was gaining momentum west of Thunder Bay in Shabaqua and Shebandowan.

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# Rosvall and Voutilainen

**Viljo Rosvall** and **Janne Voutilainen** were two Finnish-Canadian unionists from Thunder Bay, Ontario and members of the Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada who mysteriously disappeared on November 18, 1929, and were later found dead. The two were on their way to a bushcamp near Onion Lake to recruit sympathetic bushworkers for a large strike which was gaining momentum west of Thunder Bay in Shabaqua and Shebandowan.

## Discovery of the bodies and funeral

The bodies of Rosvall and Voutilainen were found by a union search party, which included Aate Pitkanen, at Onion Lake the following spring. The men's funeral on April 28, 1930 was the largest ever held in Thunder Bay. Adding to the legendary status of the event, a solar eclipse darkened the sky as the funeral procession marched to Riverside Cemetery. The funeral events were regarded as the symbolic beginning of the Great Depression for local residents.

## Cause of death

The official cause of death was ruled to be accidental drownings; however, the Finnish community in Thunder Bay suspected that the two were murdered by thugs employed by the bushcamp boss. Evidence that the two men had struggled before their deaths as well as the questionable matter that two experienced bushworkers had drowned in shallow water added to the feeling that foul play was involved. Furthermore, some community members claimed that they had gained knowledge that the hired thugs were in Finland, where they had been shipped after the murder.

## Legacy

The case of Rosvall and Voutilainen continues to be controversial. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate Rosvall and Voutilainen's role in Ontario's heritage. The plaque was erected in the memory of the two men in Centennial Park which has a small logging museum and is located approximately 20 kilometres downstream on Current River which flows out of Onion Lake where the bodies were found. The plaque reads

> On November 18, 1929, Finnish-Canadians Viljo Rosvall and Janne Voutilainen left the Port Arthur area for Onion Lake, 20 kilometres upstream from here to recruit bushworkers for a strike. Their bodies were found at Onion Lake the following spring. Local unionists and many Finnish-Canadians suspected foul play, but coroner's juries ruled the deaths accidental drownings. The two men's funeral on April 28, 1930, is remembered as the largest ever held in Port Arthur. As thousands of mourners marched to Riverside Cemetery, an eclipse of the sun darkened the sky. The mystery surrounding the deaths of Rosvall and Voutilainen endures, sustaining them in public memory as martyrs to the cause of organized labour.

As an event that has seeped into more mainstream Canadian consciousness, the case of Rosvall and Voutilainen has aroused interest from academics, unionists, and authors. For instance, Michael Ondaatje's 1987 novel *In the Skin of a Lion* gives a fictionalized account of the murder of Rosvall and Voutilainen.

## Continuing controversy

Historian Peter Raffo has carefully analyzed the oral and written evidence, and concluded, "According to the contemporary historical record, the likelihood is that Rosvall and Voutilainen were not murdered. The oral record - the myth - does not stand up well to close examination. Practically none of its details are sustained by the facts of the case... Not martyrs so much as tragic and brave victims."

Raffo's analysis, however, might be criticized from at least two different angles: firstly, the reliability of Raffo's access and interpretation of the oral record as a non-Finnish speaking academic; and secondly, as an interpretation based almost entirely on the "oral record" for evidence, largely neglecting other important elements in the case of Rosvall and Voutilainen.

Satu Repo, for instance, observes in her article "Rosvall and Voutilainen: Two Union Men Who Never Died" that

> The advances made by \[social historians such as\] E.P. Thompson in expanding historical writing about the working class to include the experienced, "lived" quality of history, the way the past felt to the contemporaries, are not easy to apply to Canadian working-class history. There are several reasons for this. Not only is it hard to find records from which to construct the subjective side of working-class lives, (this is presumably the case everywhere), but these records, even when they do exist, speak in the numerous languages of our ethnically fragmented population. The precondition to access to some of them requires a kind of double identity, an ability to be on intimate terms with some "other" Canadian experience, and at the same time the capability of communicating that experience to the mainstream culture. An additional problem, of course, is the highly selective nature of any such records. For obviously it is not some homogeneous working class, but certain self-conscious and articulate minorities who are likely to leave a record of any kind.

Repo thus raises the question of how accurate Raffo's analysis could be, given that Raffo lacked direct access to Finnish-language sources. It could be charged further that Raffo's article is an inappropriate attempt to use a highly emotional and controversial event in Thunder Bay labour history as merely a case study in oral history.

As for the second criticism, the reliance on oral history does not address many of the facts of the case. Voutilainen was a trapper who had maintained trap lines in the Onion Lake area for several years, and thus, intimately familiar with the area. How could an experienced trapper with an intimate knowledge of the local environment fall through ice and drown in (at most) three and a half feet of water? The testimony of the official coroner, Dr. Crozier, also raises doubts. Not only was his testimony highly agitated and hostile, but Crozier also belonged to an anti-union "citizens' group" formed around the time of the Winnipeg General Strike. Other inconsistencies include contradictory statements from the camp boss, Maki, and evidence of injuries on the bodies suggesting a struggle before their drowning. That violent methods were used by employers, the authorities, and/or vigilantes to disrupt or discourage union activity around this time in North America is not unusual. Numerous instances such as the lynching of Frank Little, the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, the Everett Massacre, or the Estevan Riot, to name only a few, clearly show that violent and brutal means were common place in class conflict.

Anti-union violence including targeted physical assaults and targeted murders continue to be common and a sad truth in the City of Thunder Bay to the present day. The oral history in Thunder Bay’s Finnish community is that Rosvall and Voutilainen were murdered for their pro-union efforts, resulting in the authorities in Thunder Bay conducting a major cover up in an attempt to conceal the truth. Thunder Bay remains a hotbed of anti-union violence against pro-union individuals, resulting in Thunder Bay being labelled the Capital of Anti-Union Violence in Canada. Anti-union violence remains common to this day aided by the authorities in Thunder Bay, including the police, Ministry of Labour and corrupt unions, all of whom are involved in covering up the truth.

## InfoBox

| Viljo Rosvall and Janne Voutilainen | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Thunder Bay, Ontario |
| Died | November 18, 1929 (disappearance) /<br>April 28, 1930 (funeral) |
| Occupation | Finnish-Canadian trade unionists |


title: Books of Mortals

abstract: Books of Mortals is a Christian science fiction fantasy series by American writers Ted Dekker and Tosca Lee. The series consists of a short story prequel titled The Keeper, followed by three novels: Forbidden, Mortal, and Sovereign.

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# Books of Mortals

***Books of Mortals*** is a Christian science fiction fantasy series by American writers Ted Dekker and Tosca Lee. The series consists of a short story prequel titled *The Keeper,* followed by three novels: *Forbidden*, *Mortal*, and *Sovereign*.

## Plot

### *The Keeper*

In a Russian wasteland, two hermits, Pavel and Gustov, have heard a horrible secret. As the two sit by a fire one night, they are visited by Talus, a man with a secret so terrible that he must share it with those who will help him protect the knowledge that will one day save all of humanity.

### *Forbidden*

### *Mortal*

### *Sovereign*

A war torn world where the Immortals, the Dark Bloods and the Corpses, to the Sovereigns have fought for the supremacy of Earth, and the Sovereigns are losing numbers. Filled with the blood of Jonathan, Jordin becomes one of the leaders of the Sovereigns. Although Jonathan is gone, his blood still heals and those that are healed become followers. Sovereigns are being hunted by Saric and Feyn, and they have to hide in abandoned mazes in the city. They have developed a virus that will kill their enemies, but Rom is convinced that killing Feyn goes against the teachings of Jonathan. Rom tries to bring Feyn to her senses, but Jordin has her own plan. Jordin promises to bring the heads of Saric and Feyn, and the virus will not be spread immediately. It is a dangerous journey for Jordin and Kaya as they try and take advantage of their enemy in a desperate attempt for survival.

## InfoBox

Books of Mortals
| Author | Ted Dekker & Tosca Lee |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Christian fiction |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print and eBook |


title: Born from the Same Stranger

abstract: Born from the Same Stranger is an ITV1 television series about people born from sperm and egg donors finding out who their biological parents are, as well as donors searching for their biological children. The show was released in 2024.

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# Born from the Same Stranger

**Born from the Same Stranger** is an ITV1 television series about people born from sperm and egg donors finding out who their biological parents are, as well as donors searching for their biological children. The show was released in 2024.

## InfoBox

| *Born from the Same Stranger* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 1 hour (including adverts) |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV1 |
| Release | 22 January 2024 (2024-01-22) <br>present |


title: Born in 68

abstract: Born in 68 is a 2008 French drama film directed by Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau. The film has the sub-title 'Nous nous aimerons jusqu'à la mort'.

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# Born in 68

***Born in 68*** (original title: ***Nés en 68***) is a 2008 French drama film directed by Olivier Ducastel and Jacques Martineau. The film has the sub-title 'Nous nous aimerons jusqu'à la mort' ('We will love each other until death').

## Plot summary

In 1968 Catherine, Yves and Hervé are 20, all students in Paris; the May revolt up-ends their lives. They attempt to form their own community with friends on an abandoned farm in the Lot. Their need for freedom and individual fulfilment leads them to make choices which separates them in the end with Catherine alone remaining at the farm. In 1989 the children of Catherine and Yves become adults in a world that has profoundly changed: with the end of communism and the AIDS epidemic, they revisit the militant legacy of the previous generation. Much like their parents before them, they begin to question the generation that preceded them, while fighting for a better world than the one into which they were born.

## Cast

## Awards and nominations

**Cabourg Film Festival**

* Golden Swann - Best Actress (Laetitia Casta) and Best Male Newcomer (Yannick Renier).

## Release

Originally finished as two 100-minute episodes which were scheduled on Arte, and France 2 during 2009, a 170-minute shorter version was offered to the Cannes Film Festival organizers, in relation to the 40th anniversary of the 1968 events. A DVD of this cinema version was released in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Born in 68 | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Olivier Ducastel
Jacques Martineau |
| Written by | Catherine Corsini
Olivier Ducastel
Guillaume Le Touze
Jacques Martineau |
| Produced by | Lola Gans
Philippe Martin |
| Starring | Laetitia Casta
Yannick Renier
Yann Trégouët |
| Cinematography | Matthieu Poirot-Delpech |
| Edited by | Dominique Galliéni |
| Music by | Philippe Miller |
| Distributed by | Pyramide Distribution |
| Release date | * 21 May 2008 (2008-05-21) |
| Running time | 173 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |
| Budget | €4.6 million |
| Box office | $538,748 |


abstract: Roland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass of Harristown, County Kildare, Ireland, was born in 1505 and died in 1578. He was the son of Sir Thomas Eustace (1480–1549), 1st Viscount Baltinglass and Margaret Talbot, daughter of Sir Peter Talbot of Malahide Castle, County Dublin.

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# Rowland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass

**Roland Eustace, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass** of Harristown, County Kildare, Ireland, was born in 1505 and died in 1578. He was the son of Sir Thomas Eustace (1480–1549), 1st Viscount Baltinglass and Margaret Talbot, daughter of Sir Peter Talbot of Malahide Castle, County Dublin.

## Early life

Little is known of his early life except that he seems to have lived at Blackrath (Calverston) until succeeding to the Baltinglass title and family estate at Harristown in 1549. This branch of the Eustace family held strongly to the Catholic faith through the Reformation. As a boy, Roland's father had completed New Abbey near Kilcullen which was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1539. In 1558, he took his seat in the first Irish Parliament of Queen Elizabeth, but strongly opposed her *Act of Uniformity* of that year and for this and other actions, he was ordered to be arrested in 1567 and conveyed to London, but the order was not carried out. During the interval, however, he had been commissioned as one of the Justices of the Peace for County Kildare during the temporary absence of the Lord Deputy in 1561.

## Family

Roland Eustace married Joan, daughter of James Butler, 8th Baron Dunboyne in about 1528. They had six sons and two daughters. The daughters were:

The sons were:

* James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass, (1530–1585)
* Edmund, who married Frances Pipho and secondly Joan, daughter of Richard Walsh of Carrickmines. Edmund was involved with his brothers in the Baltinglass Rebellion and escaped to Scotland in 1583 and later to Spain where he served in the Armada in 1588. He died childless in Portugal in 1597;
* Thomas, was executed in 1582 for his involvement in the Baltinglass Rebellion.
* William, fourth son was believed to have been slain in battle in 1581, for it was officially reported to Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State in London, "Head of William Eustace, another Baltinglass brethren, taken this morning." This report may not have been true because a branch of the Eustace family at Robertstown, County Kildare later made an unsuccessful claim to the Baltinglass title.
* Walter Eustace was captured in 1583 and executed.
* Richard Eustace, was living in Paris at the time of the Rebellion arranging for the delivery of ammunition and supplies to aid his brothers. He later became a priest in Rome.

Tickell, Sir Eustace F; The Eustace Family and Their Lands in County Kildare; (1955); Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society; Vol. XIII, No. 6; pp. 283.


title: Rudge Sisters

abstract:
The Rudge Sisters were English actresses and dancers from Birmingham. Their father, Henry Rudge, was a brass founder and chandelier maker. Their mother, Elizabeth, had a brief acting career in the Birmingham area. They also had two brothers who became brass founders. The Rudge sisters were:
  - Letitia Elizabeth Rudge – Letty Lind (1861–1923)
  - Sarah Rudge – Millie Hylton (1870–1920)
  - Elizabeth Rudge – Adelaide Astor
  - Lydia Rudge – Lydia Flopp (1877–1963)
  - Fanny Rudge – Fanny Dango The sisters were primarily dancers, but later developed their singing talents, working variously in pantomime; variety and music hall; Victorian burlesque, often at the Gaiety Theatre, Alexandra Theatre and Daly's Theatre, London, in the 1880s and 90s; and Edwardian musical comedy. Letty Lind became a famous skirt dancer and musical comedy star. Millie Hylton worked in the theatre and the music halls, eventually making a career in variety as a male impersonator and was the mother of actress Millie Sim. Adelaide Astor, a West End actress, and her husband George Grossmith Jr. had three children, Ena Sylvia Victoria (1896–1944), who became a stage and film actress; George (1906–c.2000), who became a theatrical manager; and Rosa Mary (1907–1988). Lydia Flopp appeared in pantomime. Fanny Dango worked in theatre in London and then had a long and successful career in Australia. While touring Australia, she made an astute property purchase, married a wealthy sheep farmer and settled there.

text:
# Rudge Sisters

**The Rudge Sisters** were English actresses and dancers from Birmingham. Their father, Henry Rudge, was a brass founder and chandelier maker. Their mother, Elizabeth, had a brief acting career in the Birmingham area. They also had two brothers who became brass founders. The Rudge sisters were:

Letty LindMillie HiltonAdelaide AstorLydia FloppFanny Dango

The sisters were primarily dancers, but later developed their singing talents, working variously in pantomime; variety and music hall; Victorian burlesque, often at the Gaiety Theatre, Alexandra Theatre and Daly's Theatre, London, in the 1880s and 90s; and Edwardian musical comedy.

Letty Lind became a famous skirt dancer and musical comedy star. Millie Hylton worked in the theatre and the music halls, eventually making a career in variety as a male impersonator and was the mother of actress Millie Sim (b. 1895). Adelaide Astor, a West End actress, and her husband George Grossmith Jr. had three children, Ena Sylvia Victoria (1896–1944), who became a stage and film actress; George (1906–c.2000), who became a theatrical manager; and Rosa Mary (1907–1988). Lydia Flopp appeared in pantomime. Fanny Dango worked in theatre in London and then had a long and successful career in Australia. While touring Australia, she made an astute property purchase, married a wealthy sheep farmer and settled there.

* Cruickshank, Graeme. "The Life and Loves of Letty Lind" in *The Gaiety*, Issue 22, Summer 2007


title: Rudge Cup

abstract: The Rudge Cup is a small enamelled bronze cup found in 1725 at Rudge, near Froxfield, in Wiltshire, England. The cup was found down a well on the site of a Roman villa. It is important in that it lists five of the forts on the western section of Hadrian's Wall, thus aiding scholars in identifying the forts correctly. The information on the cup has been compared with the two major sources of information regarding forts on the Wall, the Notitia Dignitatum and the Ravenna Cosmography. The cup is in the possession of the Duke of Northumberland and is on display at Alnwick Castle. A replica of the cup is on display at the British Museum.

text:
# Rudge Cup

The **Rudge Cup** is a small enamelled bronze cup found in 1725 at Rudge, near Froxfield, in Wiltshire, England. The cup was found down a well on the site of a Roman villa. It is important in that it lists five of the forts on the western section of Hadrian's Wall, thus aiding scholars in identifying the forts correctly. The information on the cup has been compared with the two major sources of information regarding forts on the Wall, the *Notitia Dignitatum* and the *Ravenna Cosmography*.

The cup is in the possession of the Duke of Northumberland and is on display at Alnwick Castle. A replica of the cup is on display at the British Museum.

## Description and use

The cup is 46mm high, with a rim diameter of 89-93mm (once circular, now a little squashed). The base, now missing, is 58mm in diameter. The Champlevé enamelling is in three zones: a lower zone consisting of a grid of rectangles; a central zone consisting of fourteen alternating rectangles (these being subdivided into four smaller rectangles with crenellations along the top), alternating with a leaf-shaped design; a third, narrow, grooved channel at the top containing the lettering given below.

It is believed that the cup once formed part of a set of ornamental souvenir bowls. However, the fact that there is no sign of a similar vessel covering the central and eastern sectors of the Wall suggests otherwise. Whether the Cup was a souvenir for a retired soldier, a libation vessel or a present to be given to other people is something that will probably never be clear.

The Cup appears to show a schematic drawing of Hadrian's Wall originally picked out in coloured enamels with turrets and milecastles, although this is open to debate.

The inscription on the cup is as follows:

.A.MAISABALLAVAVXELODUMCAMBOGLANSBANNA

in a continuous strip. This is now interpreted as:

A MAIS ABALLAVA VXELODUM CAMBOGLANS BANNA

It is believed that these names are from an itinerary of the Wall from west to east, listing the forts as Mais (Bowness), Aballava (Burgh-by-Sands), Uxelodunum (Stanwix), Camboglanna (Castlesteads) and Banna (Birdoswald).

## Dating and manufacture

It is likely that the Cup dates to the early 130s AD when interest and pride in the newly completed Wall would have been at their height.

It is unclear as to where and by whom the Cup was made. It may not necessarily have been made near the Wall. It seems possible that the same craftsman made the Cup and the Amiens Patera.

## Other similar sources

### Amiens Skillet

The Amiens Skillet, or Amiens Patera, is a bronze bowl with a single long handle found at Amiens, France ( a stopping place for Roman soldiers) in 1949. It is similar to the Rudge Cup in that it has a representation of the Wall and a list of forts from west to east.

The inscription on the bowl is as follows: MAIS ABALLAVA VXELODVNVM CAMBOG...S BANNA ESICA

The six forts listed on the Amiens Patera match the five forts on the Rudge Cup, with the addition of Aesica (Great Chesters). The list differs from the *Notitia Dignitatum* and the *Ravenna Cosmography*, in that it misses out Magnis (Carvoran), which should come between Banna (Birdoswald) and Aesica (Great Chesters). It is believed that this omission is because Magnis was not actually attached to the Wall but was south of the Vallum, having been originally built to guard the nearby Stanegate Roman road.

The patera is 56mm high, with a diameter of 100mm; the handle length is 90mm. Below the inscription a red, crenellated, line depicts (figuratively) a wall and seven towers. The base is decorated with rectangles, possibly depicting masonry foundations, coloured in blue and green enamel.

### Staffordshire Moorlands Pan

The Staffordshire Moorlands Pan, is a bronze cooking and serving vessel of *trulla* form found in Staffordshire in 2003. It has elaborate Celtic-style enamelled decoration and had a single handle, now broken. The inscription on the bowl lists four forts on Hadrian's Wall.

The inscription on the cup is as follows: MAIS COGGABATA VXELODVNVM CAMMOGLANNA RIGOREVALI AELI DRACONIS

The four forts listed do not match the first four forts listed on the Rudge Cup and Amiens Skillet. The second fort on the Staffordshire Bowl is Coggabata (Drumburgh), whereas the other two bowls have Aballava (Burgh-by-Sands) as the second fort. The reason for this discrepancy is unclear, but the small size of Coggabata may explain its omission from the Rudge Cup and Amiens Skillet. It is thought that *Rigorevali Aeli* means *On the line of Hadrian's Wall*, as Aelius is the family name of Hadrian. Draconis probably refers to either the manufacturer or the person for whom the bowl was made, Draco.

## Bibliography

Breeze, David J., ed. (2012). *The first souvenirs : enamelled vessels from Hadrian's Wall*. CWAAS extra series, no.37. \[Carlisle\]: Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. pp. 1–136. ISBN 9781873124581.


title: Rudford

abstract: Rudford is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Rudford and Highleadon, in the Forest of Dean district, in the county of Gloucestershire, England. It is located approximately 4 miles (6 km) north-west of Gloucester and 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Newent. The local church is dedicated to St Mary. In 1931 the parish had a population of 114.

text:
# Rudford

**Rudford** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Rudford and Highleadon, in the Forest of Dean district, in the county of Gloucestershire, England. It is located approximately 4 miles (6 km) north-west of Gloucester and 5 miles (8 km) south-east of Newent. The local church is dedicated to St Mary. In 1931 the parish had a population of 114.

## History

On 1 April 1935 the parish of Highleadon was merged with Rudford, on 16 September 1976 the parish was renamed "Rudford & Highleadon".

Media related to Rudford at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Rudford | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary's Church, Rudford | |
| RudfordLocation within Gloucestershire | |
| OS grid reference | SO779217 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | Gloucestershire |
| Fire | Gloucestershire |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|