title: Lead shielding

abstract: Lead shielding refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose. Lead can effectively attenuate certain kinds of radiation because of its high density and high atomic number; principally, it is effective at stopping gamma rays and x-rays.

text:
# Lead shielding

**Lead shielding** refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose. Lead can effectively attenuate certain kinds of radiation because of its high density and high atomic number; principally, it is effective at stopping gamma rays and x-rays.

## Operation

Lead's high density is caused by the combination of its high atomic number and the relatively short bond lengths and atomic radius. The high atomic number means that more electrons are needed to maintain a neutral charge and the short bond length and a small atomic radius means that many atoms can be packed into a particular lead structure.

Because of lead's density and large number of electrons, it is well suited to scattering x-rays and gamma-rays. These rays form photons, a type of boson, which impart energy onto electrons when they come into contact. Without a lead shield, the electrons within a person's body would be affected, which could damage their DNA. When the radiation attempts to pass through lead, its electrons absorb and scatter the energy. Eventually though, the lead will degrade from the energy to which it is exposed. However, lead is not effective against all types of radiation. High energy electrons (including beta radiation) incident on lead may create bremsstrahlung radiation, which is potentially more dangerous to tissue than the original radiation. Furthermore, lead is not a particularly effective absorber of neutron radiation.

## Types

Lead is used for shielding in x-ray machines, nuclear power plants, labs, medical facilities, military equipment, and other places where radiation may be encountered. There is great variety in the types of shielding available both to protect people and to shield equipment and experiments. In gamma-spectroscopy for example, lead castles are constructed to shield the probe from environmental radiation. Personal shielding includes lead aprons (such as the familiar garment used during dental x-rays), thyroid shields, and lead gloves. There are also a variety of shielding devices available for laboratory equipment, including lead castles, structures composed of lead bricks, and lead *pigs*, made of solid lead or lead-lined containers for storing and transporting radioactive samples. In many facilities where radiation is produced, regulations require construction with lead-lined plywood or drywall to protect adjoining rooms from scatter radiation.

### Wear

A *lead apron* or *leaded apron* is a type of protective clothing that acts as a radiation shield. It is constructed of a thin rubber exterior and an interior of lead in the shape of a hospital apron. The purpose of the lead apron is to reduce exposure of a hospital patient to x-rays to vital organs that are potentially exposed to ionizing radiation during medical imaging that uses x-rays (radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography).

Protection of the reproductive organs with a lead rubber apron is considered important because DNA changes to sperm or egg cells of the patient may pass on genetic defects to the offspring of the patient, causing serious and unnecessary hardship for child and parents.

The thyroid gland is especially vulnerable to x-ray exposure. Care should be taken to place a lead apron over the thyroid gland before taking dental radiographs. Aprons used for dental imaging should include thyroid collars. However, in poorer or loosely regulated countries, possibly due to the cost of such equipment (approx. 40 USD), no such lead protection is given to the patients themselves, though the operators do get out of the x-ray room for their own safety.

The correct thickness of lead-equivalent (Pbeq) wear will depend on how long and how often the person is working in an exposed environment. The minimum requirement is to wear 0.25 mm Pbeq when not behind lead shielding. In a theatre using fluoroscopy (e.g. orthopaedics, cardiology or interventional radiology) 0.35 or 0.5 mm lead may be appropriate because of the higher KV employed, and on proximity to the primary beam.


title: Robert Bajic

abstract: Robert Bajic, is an Australian footballer.

text:
# Robert Bajic

**Robert Bajic** (born 29 July 1977 in Whyalla, South Australia), is an Australian footballer.

## Club career

Bajic began his career in 1994 with Adelaide Raiders in the SA Premier League. The following year he moved to Queensland to play with Rocklea United FC in the Brisbane league before being promoted in 1998 to the Brisbane Premier League with the Rochedale Rovers. Bajic spent five seasons with Rochdale, but returned to his home state in 2003, re-signing with the Raiders to again play in the SASL. The withdrawal of Adelaide City from the National Soccer League gave Bajic the chance to move into the top Australian league with new club Adelaide United FC for the 2003–04 NSL season. Bajic, however, only played 4 matches that season, finding himself behind incumbent Adelaide City goalkeeper David Scarsella. The collapse of the NSL forced Bajic to move back to the SASL, playing for Enfield City Falcons in 2004, but with the launch of the A-League for 2005–06, Bajic was re-signed with Adelaide United.

Bajic was overlooked for much of the early 2005–06 season in favour of Daniel Beltrame, but made a total of 11 appearances of Adelaide's 27 league matches as they took the inaugural A-League Premiership. With 24 saves and two clean sheets in 2005–06, Bajic will remain with Adelaide United for the 2006–07 season.

In April 2008, Bajic was overlooked by Adelaide United as there were already two other goalkeepers that were currently in the squad (Daniel Betltrame and Eugene Galekovic). This meant that Bajic was released from his contract with the club once Adelaide would complete the 2008 Asian champions league group stage.

He was signed on an injury replacement loan for Gold Coast United custodian Vanstratten who had sustained a painful injury. He will now be the back up keeper to original backup keeper Scott Higgins.

## A-League career statistics

(*Correct as of 26 January 2008*)

| Club | Season | League | | | Finals | | | Asia | | | Total | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists |
| Adelaide United | 2005–06 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | 11 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2006–07 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
| | 2007–08 | 7 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 36 | 0 | 0 |

## Honours

**With Adelaide United:**

## InfoBox

Robert Bajic
|  | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Robert Bajic | | |
| Date of birth | (1977-07-29) 29 July 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Whyalla, South Australia | | |
| Height | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Adelaide Raiders | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1994 | Adelaide Raiders | 14 | (0) |
| 1995–1997 | Rocklea United |  |  |
| 1998–2002 | Rochedale Rovers |  |  |
| 2003 | Adelaide Raiders | 0 | (0) |
| 2003–2004 | Adelaide United | 4 | (0) |
| 2004 | Enfield City | 12 | (0) |
| 2005–2008 | Adelaide United | 33 | (0) |
| 2006 | Adelaide Galaxy (loan) | 10 | (0) |
| 2009 | Gold Coast United | 0 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | Sông Lam Nghệ An |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 November 2011<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18 December 2007 | | | |


title: Chang Chun-hung

abstract: Chang Chun-hung is a Taiwanese politician.

text:
# Chang Chun-hung

**Chang Chun-hung** (Chinese: 張俊宏; pinyin: *Zhāng Jùnhóng*; born 17 May 1938) is a Taiwanese politician.

## Political career

Chang was a member of the Kuomintang until 1973, when he left to join the Tangwai movement and won his first political office, a seat on the Taipei City Council. He served until 1977, when he was named to the Taiwan Provincial Consultative Council. During this period, Chang, Kang Ning-hsiang and Huang Shin-chieh published *Taiwan Political Review*, an opposition magazine. Chang also edited another Tangwai publication, *The Intellectual*. In 1979, Chang helped establish *Formosa Magazine* and served as the publication's chief editor. The Kaohsiung Incident occurred later that year, and Chang was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment on charges of sedition. He was released on 30 May 1987, and became secretary general of the Democratic Progressive Party the next year. In 1991, Chang was elected to the National Assembly. He resigned his seat to pursue a position as representative of Taipei South. Chang retained his position in the Legislative Yuan via party list proportional representation until 2005.

## Personal

Chang is married to fellow politician Hsu Jung-shu.

## InfoBox

| Chang Chun-hungMLY | |
| --- | --- |
| 張俊宏 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **In office**
1 February 1996  31 January 2005 | |
| Constituency | Republic of China |
| **In office**
1 February 1993  31 January 1996 | |
| Constituency | Taipei 2 (South) |
| Acting Chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party | |
| **In office**
23 March 1996  18 July 1996 | |
| Preceded by | Shih Ming-teh |
| Succeeded by | Hsu Hsin-liang |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| **In office**
1992–1993 | |
| Secretary-General of the Democratic Progressive Party | |
| **In office**
1988–1992 | |
| Preceded by | Huang Erh-hsuan |
| Succeeded by | Chen Shih-meng |
| Member of the Taiwan Provincial Consultative Council | |
| **In office**
1977–1979 | |
| Member of the Taipei City Council | |
| **In office**
1973–1977 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1938-05-17) 17 May 1938
Nantō, Nantō, Taichū Prefecture, Taiwan, Empire of Japan (today Nantou City, Taiwan |
| Nationality | Republic of China |
| Political party | Democratic Progressive Party (since 1986) |
| Other political
affiliations | Kuomintang (until 1973) |
| Spouse | Hsu Jung-shu |
| Occupation | politician |
|  | |


title: Raúl Aguilar Batres

abstract: Raúl Aguilar Batres was a Guatemalan civil engineer. He is the inventor of the street naming and house numbering conventions that are used in Guatemala City and other cities in Guatemala.

text:
# Raúl Aguilar Batres

**Raúl Aguilar Batres** (December 1, 1910 – May 13, 1964) was a Guatemalan civil engineer. He is the inventor of the street naming and house numbering conventions that are used in Guatemala City and other cities in Guatemala.

## Biography

Aguilar Batres was born December 1, 1910, in Guatemala City. He graduated from the *Universidad Nacional* in 1939 with a degree in civil engineering. He served as a university professor, as an assistant engineer on the Joint Commission on the boundary with Mexico, and in the Guatemala City Department of Planning. Aguilar Batres devised a system to rename and number the streets of Guatemala City, dividing the city into 25 zones. North-south streets were numbered as *Avenidas* and east-west streets as *Calles*. Hyphenated numbers were assigned to addresses to indicate distance in meters from a specified cross street. The system was introduced in 1947 and subsequently adopted by other cities such as Quetzaltenango. Aguilar Batres died May 13, 1964.

### Legacy

Calle de Amatitlán in Guatemala was renamed Calzada Raúl Aguilar Batres within a few years of Aguilar Batres' death. A monument, featuring a marble bust sculpted by Rodolfo Galeotti Torres was created in 1970 and placed on Calzada Aguilar Batres in zone 11 of Guatemala City.

## Further reading


title: Sisyrinchium atlanticum

abstract: Sisyrinchium atlanticum, the eastern blue-eyed grass or Atlantic blue-eyed-grass, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae.

text:
# Sisyrinchium atlanticum

***Sisyrinchium atlanticum***, the **eastern blue-eyed grass** or **Atlantic blue-eyed-grass**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae.

## Habitat

The preferred habitat is moist sandy shores and grasslands.

## Range

The species is found in eastern North America, from Maine south to Florida and Mississippi.

## InfoBox

| *Sisyrinchium atlanticum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Sisyrinchium* |
| Species: | ***S. atlanticum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sisyrinchium atlanticum***<br>E.P.Bicknell | |
|


title: The Consuming Fire

abstract: The Consuming Fire is a space opera novel by American writer John Scalzi. The book was published by Tor Books on October 16, 2018. Audible released an audio book version narrated by Wil Wheaton. It is the middle volume of The Interdependency trilogy and a sequel to The Collapsing Empire; the third and final book, The Last Emperox, was published on 14 April 2020. The Consuming Fire reached #15 on The New York Times bestseller list for combined print and e-book fiction.

text:
# The Consuming Fire

***The Consuming Fire*** is a space opera novel by American writer John Scalzi. The book was published by Tor Books on October 16, 2018. Audible released an audio book version narrated by Wil Wheaton. It is the middle volume of The Interdependency trilogy and a sequel to *The Collapsing Empire*; the third and final book, *The Last Emperox*, was published on 14 April 2020. *The Consuming Fire* reached #15 on *The New York Times* bestseller list for combined print and e-book fiction.

## Plot

Following the events of The Collapsing Empire, End is now isolated from Hub as the result of a Flow shoal breakdown. Seeking to unite the population of the Interdependency behind an agenda to get ahead of the coming collapse of Flow-supported space travel, Grayland II (Cardenia Wu-Patrick) claims, in her capacity as head of the Church of the Interdependency, to have had visions affirming the need to plan for the collapse. This causes religious disquiet in the church, and political intrigue from the House of Nohamapetan and the House of Wu with the aim of claiming the throne from Grayland II through a coup d'etat. Meanwhile, Marce Claremont follows a lead provided by his erstwhile rival, the researcher Hatide Roynold, and together they learn that the Interdependency will once again be connected by Flow shoals in a different configuration on a timescale of hundreds of years, and that in the meantime evanescent shoals will appear and disappear. Seeking to learn more about the possibility of survival while cut off from other parts of the Interdependency, Marce and Hatide, accompanied by Marines, depart to study the survival of life on Dalasýsla, a system which was cut off for eight hundred years until the emergence of an evanescent Flow shoal.

Kiva Lagos, meanwhile, deals with the aftermath of Nadashe Nohamapetan's actions. Tasked by Grayland II with the upkeep of the House of Nohamapetan's business affairs on Hub, Kiva becomes a hindrance to the Countess's plans for regaining wealth and political favour. When Grayland II shoots down the Countess's plans to regain control of her House, the Countess retaliates at Kiva with an attempt on her life. Kiva survives but her lover Senia, lawyer for the Nohamapetan house, is seriously injured. In response, Kiva assaults the Countess's chief of staff. Nadashe is covertly sprung from imprisonment through the efforts of the Nohamapetan and Wu conspirators, who stage the incident as a failed escape attempt with no survivors. Kiva, investigating the House of Nohamapetan's affairs, discovers clues pointing to Nadashe being alive.

Marce and Hatide, while visiting Dalasýsla, meet survivors who have adapted to the changed conditions over hundreds of years. Coming under attack from Nohamapetan-hired mercenaries, Marce and a few members of his expedition manage to survive while the ship carrying Hatide and the rest of the expedition is destroyed. Marce returns to Hub with the help of Tomas Chenevert, a deposed king from outside the Interdependency who has had his consciousness transferred to a ship after his death. They return in time to witness Grayland II decide on a course of action in response to the anticipated coup d'etat attempt. Learning the identities of the traitors, she invites them to a party and proceeds to honour and promote her allies, Kiva and the Archbishop of the Church, and denounce and arrest the rest. The book ends with Marce offering a solution to the problem of getting the Hub population to End without coming under attack from Ghreni Nohamapetan and his allies, who strategically positioned themselves to control the passage to End in earlier events.

## Reception

Its reviews were largely positive and said that "sits perfectly in its second-book role, leaving the reader deeply invested in the developing story, with plenty left to tell" but that it "falls into a tired mode" part way through before the storytelling "brights" again. Reviewers also praised the world-building, outcomes of the villains, successful set up of its sequel, pace of writing, and humor.

## InfoBox

The Consuming Fire
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John Scalzi |
| Cover artist | Nicolas "Sparth" Bouvier |
| Language | English |
| Series | The Interdependency series |
| Genre | Science fiction (space opera) |
| Publisher | Tor Books |
| Publication date | October 16, 2018 |
| Publication place | United States of America |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 978-0-7653-8897-1 |
| Preceded by | *The Collapsing Empire* |
| Followed by | *The Last Emperox* |


title: The Street Swingers

abstract: The Street Swingers is an album by jazz trombonist and pianist Bob Brookmeyer with guitarists Jim Hall and Jimmy Raney, recorded in late 1957 for the World Pacific label.

text:
# The Street Swingers

***The Street Swingers*** is an album by jazz trombonist and pianist Bob Brookmeyer with guitarists Jim Hall and Jimmy Raney, recorded in late 1957 for the World Pacific label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated that "the tunes are fairly basic and all of the cool-toned musicians are up-to-par on the lightly swinging material."

## Track listing

1. "Arrowhead" (Jim Hall) - 8:59
2. "Street Swingers" (Bob Brookmeyer) - 6:20
3. "Hot Buttered Noodling" (Jimmy Raney) - 6:01
4. "Musicale du Jour" (Brookmeyer) - 8:49
5. "Raney Day" (Hall) - 5:24
6. "Jupiter" (Raney) - 5:06

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| The Street Swingers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Bob Brookmeyer, Jim Hall and Jimmy Raney | |
| Released | 1958 |
| Recorded | December 13 & 16, 1957
Coastal Studios, New York City |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Label | World Pacific
PJ 1239 |
| Producer | Richard Bock |
| Bob Brookmeyer chronology | |
| *Jazz Concerto Grosso*
(1957) ***The Street Swingers***
(1958) *Kansas City Revisited*
(1958) | |
|  | |
| Jim Hall chronology | |
| *Jazz Guitar*
(1957) ***The Street Swingers***
(1958) *A Girl & a Guitar*
(1958) | |
| Jimmy Raney chronology | |
| *2 Guitars*
(1957) ***The Street Swingers***
(1957) *Two Jims and Zoot*
(1964) | |
|  | |


abstract: Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition (SISR) defines the syntax and semantics of annotations to grammar rules in the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS). Since 5 April 2007, it is a World Wide Web Consortium recommendation. By building upon SRGS grammars, it allows voice browsers via ECMAScript to semantically interpret complex grammars and provide the information back to the application. For example, it allows utterances like "I would like a Coca-cola and three large pizzas with pepperoni and mushrooms." to be interpreted into an object that can be understood by an application. For example, the utterance could produce the following object named order: If used against this grammar that includes SISR markup in addition to the standard SRGS grammar in XML format:

text:
# Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition

**Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition** (SISR) defines the syntax and semantics of annotations to grammar rules in the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS). Since 5 April 2007, it is a World Wide Web Consortium recommendation.

By building upon SRGS grammars, it allows voice browsers via ECMAScript to semantically interpret complex grammars and provide the information back to the application. For example, it allows utterances like "I would like a Coca-cola and three large pizzas with pepperoni and mushrooms." to be interpreted into an object that can be understood by an application. For example, the utterance could produce the following object named order:

```
 {
   drink: {
     liquid:"coke",
     drinksize:"medium"
   },
   pizza: {
     number: "3",
     pizzasize: "large",
     topping: [ "pepperoni", "mushrooms" ]
   }
 }

```

If used against this grammar that includes SISR markup in addition to the standard SRGS grammar in XML format:

```
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE grammar PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD GRAMMAR 1.0//EN"
                  "http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.dtd">
<grammar xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar" xml:lang="en"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/06/grammar
                             http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/grammar.xsd"
         version="1.0" mode="voice" tag-format="semantics/1.0" root="order">
   <rule id="order">
      I would like a
      <ruleref uri="#drink"/>
      <tag>out.drink = new Object(); out.drink.liquid=rules.drink.type;
           out.drink.drinksize=rules.drink.drinksize;</tag>
      and
      <ruleref uri="#pizza"/>
      <tag>out.pizza=rules.pizza;</tag>
   </rule>
   <rule id="kindofdrink">
      <one-of>
         <item>coke</item>
         <item>pepsi</item>
         <item>coca cola<tag>out="coke";</tag></item>
      </one-of>
   </rule>
   <rule id="foodsize">
      <tag>out="medium";</tag> <!-- "medium" is default if nothing said -->
      <item repeat="0-1">
         <one-of>
            <item>small<tag>out="small";</tag></item>
            <item>medium</item>
            <item>large<tag>out="large";</tag></item>
            <item>regular<tag>out="medium";</tag></item>
         </one-of>
      </item>
   </rule>
   <!-- Construct Array of toppings, return Array -->
   <rule id="tops">
      <tag>out=new Array;</tag>
      <ruleref uri="#top"/>
      <tag>out.push(rules.top);</tag>
      <item repeat="1-">
         and
         <ruleref uri="#top"/>
         <tag>out.push(rules.top);</tag>
      </item>
   </rule>
   <rule id="top">
      <one-of>
         <item>anchovies</item>
         <item>pepperoni</item>
         <item>mushroom<tag>out="mushrooms";</tag></item>
         <item>mushrooms</item>
      </one-of>
   </rule>
   <!-- Two properties (drinksize, type) on left hand side Rule Variable -->
   <rule id="drink">
      <ruleref uri="#foodsize"/>
      <ruleref uri="#kindofdrink"/>
      <tag>out.drinksize=rules.foodsize; out.type=rules.kindofdrink;</tag>
   </rule>
   <!-- Three properties on rules.pizza -->
   <rule id="pizza">
      <ruleref uri="#number"/>
      <ruleref uri="#foodsize"/>
      <tag>out.pizzasize=rules.foodsize; out.number=rules.number;</tag>
      pizzas with
      <ruleref uri="#tops"/>
      <tag>out.topping=rules.tops;</tag>
   </rule>
   <rule id="number">
      <one-of>
         <item>
            <tag>out=1;</tag>
            <one-of>
               <item>a</item>
               <item>one</item>
            </one-of>
         </item>
         <item>two<tag>out=2;</tag></item>
         <item>three<tag>out=3;</tag></item>
      </one-of>
   </rule>
</grammar>

```


title: Christense Sorensen

abstract: Christense Sorensen (1885–1958) was an Australian hospital matron and army nurse. She served during the First World War and later became a civilian matron. She held positions in the Australian Army Nursing Service, Brisbane General Hospital, and Rosemount Repatriation Hospital. Upon her retirement she had treated more than a million patients.

text:
# Christense Sorensen

**Christense Sorensen** MBE RRC (1885–1958) was an Australian hospital matron and army nurse. She served during the First World War and later became a civilian matron. She held positions in the Australian Army Nursing Service, Brisbane General Hospital, and Rosemount Repatriation Hospital. Upon her retirement she had treated more than a million patients.

## Early life

Christense Sorensen was born on 5 September 1885 in Sandgate, Queensland. Her father was Conrad Emanuel Sorensen, a drayman and veterinarian from Denmark, and her mother was Hannah Maria Antonetta, originally from Norway. Christense was the youngest of two daughters and was educated at Sandgate State School. When her mother became blind after the birth of her eleventh child, Christense took over looking after the household.

Sorensen decided that she would become a nurse when she was 10 years old after seeing a person with polio.

## Career

### Early career

Sorensen began training at the Brisbane General Hospital in September 1910. She continued her training until 1913 after which she was placed in charge of the infectious diseases branch of the hospital. She became a registered nurse on 8 January 1914 and was subsequently promoted to sister.

### First World War

Sorensen was appointed to the Australian Army Nursing Service on 10 November 1914 as a staff nurse. She was posted to No.1 Australian General Hospital in Cairo and then seconded to the Middle East Staff in July 1915. She also served on the British hospital ship *Guildford Castle*. Sorensen was promoted to sister in December 1915 and was sent to the British Stationary Hospital in Poona, India, in October 1916. She tended to sick soldiers in Poona until January 1917 when she returned to Egypt.

In February 1917, Sorensen was forced to return to Australia due to poor health. In August that year, she returned to duty at No.60 British General Hospital in Salonika. Sorensen was made head nurse and then temporary matron in August 1918. The hospital, which was entirely under canvas, contained 2,000 patients with malaria, dysentery, and blackwater fever.

Sorensen was sent to No.3 Australian Auxiliary Hospital in Dartford in February 1919 and took a massage course at Guy's Hospital. She finally returned to Australia in January 1920 and her A.I.F. appointment ended in March that year.

Sorensen's experiences during the First World War were reported to have given her knowledge which she would not have otherwise received for her profession. Her service was praised by Major (Dr) Lee Abbott who said "Quite a number of cases she absolutely dragged out of the grave by her assiduous care and resource."

### Civilian nursing

Sorensen returned to civilian nursing in April 1921 as matron of Rosemount Repatriation Hospital. It was reported that while she worked in the hospital, she was held in high esteem by the patients and medical staff. She remained there until March 1922, when she became matron of the Brisbane Children's Hospital. After undertaking her midwifery certificate at Queen Alexandra Hospital for Women, Hobart, Sorensen was appointed deputy general matron.

In 1928, she was appointed matron of Brisbane General Hospital, succeeding Miss E. J. Bourne. At this time, the hospital was the largest in the southern hemisphere. In her position Sorensen took control of all the hospitals that came under the Brisbane and South Coast Hospitals Board's jurisdiction. While in the Brisbane General Hospital, she appealed to volunteers to nurse patients with polio and was appointed to a professional committee to address a shortage of nurses. She remained in this post until her retirement on 31 December 1951. Upon her retirement, it was reported that she had nursed more than a million patients over her career. She was highly regarded by "senior medical men to the most junior nurse". When asked for her reflections on nursing, she remarked "I'd have it all over again if I could."

### Honours

## Personal life

Sorensen was respected as a matron for her dedication to the profession, although she was renowned and feared for her strictness. She was a member of nursing organisations including the Nurses' Advisory Sub-Committee of Queensland, and the Australian Trained Nurses' Association. She was also a founding member and fellow of The College of Nursing, Australia. She was awarded an M.B.E. for her services to nursing in 1952. In her retirement, Sorensen lived with two of her sisters in Taringa, Queensland.

Sorensen was a keen reader, an admirer of art, and a keen golfer. She was a Baptist and regularly attended Sandgate Baptist Church.

## Death and legacy

Sorensen had a stroke in 1956 and died on 2 January 1958 in the Repatriation Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland. After her death, some of Sorensen's former colleagues set up the Christense Sorensen Memorial Fund to provide assistance to student nurses. In 1976, a ward for sick nurses was unveiled at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital named in Sorensen's honour.

## InfoBox

| Christense SorensenMBE RRC | |
| --- | --- |
| Picture of Matron Christense Sorensen, taken circa 1915. | |
| Born | 5 September 1885
Sandgate, Queensland, Australia |
| Died | 2 January 1958
Greenslopes, Queensland |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Brisbane General Hospital |
| Occupations |  |
| Parent | Conrad Emanuel Sorensen (father) Hannah Maria Antonetta (mother) |
| Honours | MBE Royal Red Cross (first class)
Médaille des Epidémies |


title: Shenan Chuang

abstract: Shenan Chuang is a Taiwanese businessperson. She is the chief executive officer for Ogilvy & Mather Greater China. In 2013, she was named one of Forbes Asia's "Women in the Mix".

text:
# Shenan Chuang

**Shenan Chuang** (Chinese: 莊淑芬) is a Taiwanese businessperson. She is the chief executive officer for Ogilvy & Mather Greater China. In 2013, she was named one of *Forbes Asia's* "Women in the Mix".

## Career

Chuang first started working at public relations firms in Taiwan. In 1995, she started working for Ogilvy & Mather in Taiwan. She became CEO for Ogilvy & Mather Taipei in 2000. *Forbes* has credited Chuang for "helping revolutionize the mainland ad industry," in China. Today, she serves as CEO of Ogilvy & Mather Greater China. She also owns an art gallery, O Gallery, which works with local artists in Beijing. Chuang has been interviewed based on her interest and desire to see women gain more power in the workplace.

In 2010 and 2011, Chuang was one of *Fortune China's* "Top 25 Business Women in China." She was named "Agency Head of the Year" by *Campaign Asian Pacific* in 2010. In 2013, she was named one of *Forbes Asia's* "Women in the Mix".

## Personal life

She was born in Taiwan.


title: Between Us (2016 film)

abstract: Between Us is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Rafael Palacio Illingworth. The film stars Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Lio Tipton, Scott Haze, Peter Bogdanovich and Lesley Ann Warren. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2016. It received a limited release and through video on demand on January 6, 2017, by IFC Films.

text:
# Between Us (2016 film)

***Between Us*** is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Rafael Palacio Illingworth. The film stars Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Lio Tipton, Scott Haze, Peter Bogdanovich and Lesley Ann Warren.

The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2016. It received a limited release and through video on demand on January 6, 2017, by IFC Films.

## Plot

A couple for over six years, Dianne and Henry live together in a small apartment. At lunch with family, they receive a lot of pressure to progress in their relationship.

The couple goes to look at new apartments to buy, but Henry is clearly resistant. Their relationship has become routine and faintly boring. Dianne says she doesn't need to further their commitment, yet is more open to the idea, even eyeing engagement rings.

At a screening of a film he's been working on, Henry meets Veronica. She likes the film but says it needs music, so suggests he come see her band doing a gig.

Dianne organizes big events, and meets Robert through work. Her company is doing a publicity event for his website. Going with him in his car to Long Beach, he makes a pass at her. Although she explains she's in a steady relationship, he kisses her.

Dianne and Henry spontaneously get married at city hall, not even having wedding bands. They ask their limo driver to take them somewhere for drinks. Soon their giddyness changes, and Dianne starts crying. Leaving in the limo, they decide to go home.

Not long after the couple argues over the kiss. Henry storms off, and Dianne stays behind, drinking. Shortly thereafter she calls Robert, who comes for her in the car they had taken previously, driven by Nadia, who's clearly with him.

Meanwhile, Henry finds Veronica at a gig, and they party wild through to the morning in a group. She tries to get a few to have an orgy with her and Henry, but they get no takers.

Dianne has met Liam, a performer from an alternative theatrical piece she watches with Robert and Nadia. They spend all night talking and drinking. By morning, they go to hers for a drink and have sex. Dianne makes it clear it was a one off and isn't interested in more, disappointing him as he's going through a divorce.

Henry has gone to Veronica's but it's not clear if they've had sex or not. He leaves her, splayed out naked and face down on her bed. Henry heads home, arriving before Liam has left. Enraged, he tries to fight him, but Liam is much stronger and pins him to the floor. Liam untruthfully says Dianna told him their relationship was over.

Once they are alone, Henry goes to the bedroom supposedly to get things. When he comes out, they have a slap match and she starts to cry. He subdues her with an embrace. At first she declares she hates him, and he responds me too several times over, the struggle becomes a mutual embrace. They sway together, dancing.

## Cast

## Production

In June 2015, Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Adam Goldberg, Betsy Brandt, Lesley Ann Warren, Alison Sudol, Scott Haze, John Ross Bowie, Peter Bogdanovich, were all cast in the film, with Rafael Palacio Illingworth directing from his own screenplay.

## Release

The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2016. Shortly after, IFC Films acquired U.S distribution rights to the film. It was released on January 6, 2017.

## Reception

The film has 64% rating from Metacritic.

1. "'Between Us': Tribeca Review". Hollywood Reporter. 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
2. Nolfi, Joey (June 3, 2021). "*America's Next Top Model* star Lio Tipton 'proud' to come out as queer and non-binary". *Entertainment Weekly*. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
3. McNary, Dave (June 25, 2015). "Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman Wrapping on Romance 'The Force'". *Variety*. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
4. Kimber Myers (2016-04-21). "Tribeca Review: 'Between Us' Starring Olivia Thirlby, Ben Feldman, Analeigh Tipton & Adam Goldberg". IndieWire. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
5. "Between Us". *Tribeca Film Festival*. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
6. N'Duka, Amanda (October 18, 2016). "IFC Films Acquires Tribeca Pic 'Between Us'". *Deadline Hollywood*. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
7. Davis, Edward (December 22, 2016). "Exclusive: Olivia Thirlby & Ben Feldman Face Forever In Trailer For 'Between Us'". *The Playlist*. Retrieved December 22, 2016.

## InfoBox

| Between Us | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Rafael Palacio Illingworth |
| Written by | Rafael Palacio Illingworth |
| Produced by | * Bert Hamelinck * Eleonore Meie * Madeline Samit |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Todd Banhazl |
| Edited by | Daniel Raj Koobir |
| Production<br>companies | * Caviar * Nora Films |
| Distributed by | IFC Films |
| Release dates |  |
| Running time | 94 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Resource Interchange File Format

abstract: Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) is a generic file container format for storing data in tagged chunks. It is primarily used for audio and video, though it can be used for arbitrary data. The Microsoft implementation is mostly known through container formats like AVI, ANI and WAV, which use RIFF as their basis.

text:
# Resource Interchange File Format

**Resource Interchange File Format** (**RIFF**) is a generic file container format for storing data in tagged chunks. It is primarily used for audio and video, though it can be used for arbitrary data.

The Microsoft implementation is mostly known through container formats like AVI, ANI and WAV, which use RIFF as their basis.

## History

RIFF was introduced in 1991 by Microsoft and IBM and used as the default format for Windows 3.1 multimedia files. It is based on Interchange File Format introduced by Electronic Arts in 1985 on the Amiga. IFF uses the big-endian convention of the Amiga's Motorola 68000 CPU, but in RIFF multi-byte integers are stored in the little-endian order of the x86 processors used in IBM PC compatibles. A RIFX format, which is big-endian, was also introduced.

In 2010 Google introduced the WebP picture format, which uses RIFF as a container.

## Explanation

RIFF files consist entirely of "chunks". The overall format is identical to IFF, except for the endianness as previously stated, and the different meaning of the chunk names.

All chunks have the following format:

* 4 bytes: an ASCII identifier for this chunk (examples are "fmt " and "data"; note the space in "fmt ").
* 4 bytes: an unsigned, little-endian 32-bit integer with the length of this chunk (except this field itself and the chunk identifier).
* variable-sized field: the chunk data itself, of the size given in the previous field.
* a pad byte, if the chunk's length is not even.

Two chunk identifiers, "RIFF" and "LIST", introduce a chunk that can contain subchunks. The RIFF and LIST chunk data (appearing after the identifier and length) have the following format:

* 4 bytes: an ASCII identifier for this particular RIFF or LIST chunk (for RIFF in the typical case, these 4 bytes describe the content of the entire file, such as "AVI " or "WAVE").
* rest of data: subchunks.

The file itself consists of one RIFF chunk, which then can contain further subchunks: hence, the first four bytes of a correctly formatted RIFF file will spell out "RIFF".

More information about the RIFF format can be found in the Interchange File Format article.

RF64 is a multichannel file format based on RIFF specification, developed by the European Broadcasting Union. It is BWF-compatible and allows file sizes to exceed 4 gigabytes. It does so by providing a "ds64" chunk with a 64-bit (8-byte) size.

## Use of the INFO chunk

The optional INFO chunk allows RIFF files to be "tagged" with information falling into a number of predefined categories, such as copyright ("ICOP"), comments ("ICMT"), artist ("IART"), in a standardised way. These details can be read from a RIFF file even if the rest of the file format is unrecognized. The standard also allows the use of user-defined fields. Programmers intending to use non-standard fields should bear in mind that the same non-standard subchunk ID may be used by different applications in different (and potentially incompatible) ways.

## Compatibility issues

### Initial difficulties with MIDI files

In line with their policy of using .RIFF for all Windows 3.1 "multimedia" files, Microsoft introduced a new variant on the existing MIDI file format used for storing song information to be played on electronic musical instruments. Microsoft's MIDI file format consisted of a standard MIDI file enclosed in a RIFF wrapper, and had the file extension .RMI. Since the existing MIDI file format already supported embedded "tagging" information, this caused the disadvantage of having to deal with two file formats for the same type of information.

The MIDI Manufacturers Association have since embraced the RIFF-based MIDI file format, and used it as the basis of an "extended midifile" that also includes instrument data in "DLS" format, embedded within the same .RMI file.

### INFO chunk placement problems

For cataloguing purposes, the optimal position for the INFO chunk is near the beginning of the file. However, since the INFO chunk is optional, it is often omitted from the detailed specifications of individual file formats, leading to some confusion over the correct position for this chunk within a file.

When dealing with large media files, the expansion or contraction of the INFO chunk during tag-editing can result in the following "data" section of the file having to be read and rewritten back to disk to accommodate the new header size. Since media files can be gigabytes in size, this is a potentially disk-intensive process. One workaround is to "pad out" the leading INFO chunk using dummy data (using a "dummy chunk" or "pad chunk") when the file is created. Later editing can then expand or contract the "dummy" field to keep the total size of the file header constant: an intelligently written piece of software can then overwrite just the file header when tagging data is changed, without modifying or moving the main body of the file.

Some programs have tried to address the problem by placing the INFO chunk at the end of a media file, after the main body of the file. This has resulted in two different conventions for chunk placement, with the attendant risk that some combinations of software can cause a file's INFO data to be ignored or permanently overwritten during editing. More sophisticated programs will take into account the possibility of "unexpected" chunk placement in files and respond accordingly. For instance, when the audio-editing program Audacity encounters a .WAV file with end-placed INFO data, it will correctly identify and read the data, but on saving, will relocate the INFO chunk back to the file header.

Although CorelDRAW 10 nominally uses a RIFF file structure, the program's initial release placed the INFO chunk at the end, so that any embedded preview bitmap would not be displayed under Windows' file manager by default. A "patch" utility supplied with the program fixes this problem.

## RIFF info tags

RIFF information tags are found in WAV audio and AVI video files.

| Tag ID | Tag name | Writable | Values / notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DTIM | DateTimeOriginal | N | ICC Profile "dtim" format values |
| TAPE | TapeName | N |  |

### Converting DTIM time to normal time

The field consists of two values (v\[0\] and v\[1\]) separated with a space (0x20). Sample code:

```
// time in seconds - "concatenate" date & time elements with a decimal point delimiter
TimeInSeconds = (v[0] * (2^32) + v[1]) * 10^(-7);

// shift basis from Jan 1, 1601 to Unix epoch Jan 1, 1970 (369 years & leap days)
UnixTimeStamp = TimeInSeconds - 134774 * 24 * 3600;

```

## Some common RIFF file types

* WAV (Windows audio)
* AVI (Windows audiovisual)
* RMI (Windows "RIFF MIDIfile")
* CDR (CorelDRAW vector graphics file)
* ANI (Animated Windows cursors)
* PAL (Palette)
* DLS (Downloadable Sounds)
* WebP (An image format developed by Google)
* XMA (Microsoft Xbox 360 console audio format based on WMA Pro)

* IFF (the big-endian format from which RIFF derives)
* AIFF
* BWF Broadcast Wave Format
* TLV (the generic format that RIFF is an example of)
* FourCC (the chunk identification approach used by many TLV formats, including IFF, as verbose Magic number)

## InfoBox

RIFF
| Internet media type | application/x-riff |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | August 1991 (1991-08) |
| Type of format | Container format |
| Extended from | Interchange File Format |
| Extended to | AVI, ANI, PAL, RDIB, RMIDI, RMMP, WAV |
| Open format? | Yes |
| Free format? | Yes |


title: Simplicial homotopy

abstract:
In algebraic topology, a simplicial homotopypg 23 is an analog of a homotopy between topological spaces for simplicial sets. If
  - f, g : X → Y are maps between simplicial sets, a simplicial homotopy from f to g is a map
  - h : X × Δ 1 → Y such that the diagram formed by f, g and h commute; the key is to use the diagram that results in f = h and g = h for all x in X.

text:
# Simplicial homotopy

In algebraic topology, a **simplicial homotopy**pg 23 is an analog of a homotopy between topological spaces for simplicial sets. If

$$f,g:X\to Y$$

are maps between simplicial sets, a simplicial homotopy from *f* to *g* is a map

$$h:X\times \Delta ^{1}\to Y$$

such that the diagram (see ) formed by *f*, *g* and *h* commute; the key is to use the diagram that results in $f(x)=h(x,0)$ and $g(x)=h(x,1)$ for all *x* in *X*.


title: John Stransky Jr.

abstract: John Stransky Jr. was an American sound engineer. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Sound Mixing for the television film My Sweet Charlie. Stransky died on March 22, 1996 of pancreatic cancer at the Motion Picture & Television Fund cottages in Woodland Hills, California, at the age of 91.

text:
# John Stransky Jr.

**John Stransky Jr.** (June 19, 1904 – March 22, 1996) was an American sound engineer. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Sound Mixing for the television film *My Sweet Charlie*.

Stransky died on March 22, 1996 of pancreatic cancer at the Motion Picture & Television Fund cottages in Woodland Hills, California, at the age of 91.

## InfoBox

| John Stransky Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1904-06-19)June 19, 1904
Pukwana, South Dakota, U.S. |
| Died | March 22, 1996(1996-03-22) (aged 91)
Woodland Hills, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Sound engineer |
| Children | 2 |


title: Charles Poole

abstract: Charles Henry Poole (1874–1941) was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament in New Zealand.

text:
# Charles Poole

**Charles Henry Poole** (1874–1941) was a Liberal Party Member of Parliament in New Zealand.

## Early life

Charles Poole was born in Ireland in 1874 before moving to Australia aged 11. He was a seaman by trade and also spent time living in Canada before settling in New Zealand. Upon arriving, he became an ardent leader of the local prohibition movement.

## Political career

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19051908 | 16th | Auckland West | |  | Liberal |
| 19081911 | 17th | Auckland West | |  | Liberal |
|  | | | | | |
| 19141919 | 19th | Auckland West | |  | Liberal |

Poole won the Auckland West electorate in the 1905 general election, but was defeated in 1911 by James Bradney of the Reform Party. He won the electorate back in 1914, and retired in 1919. Poole was a dedicated Seddonite and possessed a rather aggressive oratory style, like Seddon himself.

## Death

Poole died in 1941 in California where he was cremated. His ashes were shipped to Auckland and interred there.

## InfoBox

| Charles Poole | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Auckland West | |
| **In office**
10 December 1914  17 December 1919 | |
| Preceded by | James Bradney |
| Succeeded by | Michael Joseph Savage |
| **In office**
6 December 1905  7 December 1911 | |
| Succeeded by | James Bradney |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1874
Ireland |
| Died | 1941
California, United States |
| Political party | Liberal |
|  | |


title: Dhanpal Ganesh

abstract: Dhanpal Ganesh is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Chennaiyin in the Indian Super League. He has also played for the India national team.

text:
# Dhanpal Ganesh

**Dhanpal Ganesh** (born 13 June 1994) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Chennaiyin in the Indian Super League. He has also played for the India national team.

## Career

### Pune

Born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Ganesh became the first player from the Pune Academy to sign with the first-team at Pune in July 2011. He made his professional debut for the club on 18 December 2011 against Churchill Brothers at the Fatorda Stadium; he came on in the 94th minute for Othallo Tabia as Pune won the match 2–0. He made his first start for the club in the I-League on 18 April 2012 against Salgaocar in a 2–0.

#### Pailan Arrows (loan)

For the 2012–13 I-League season Ganesh was loaned out to the Pailan Arrows for the whole season. He made his debut for the Arrows on 28 August 2012 in the Durand Cup against Air India in which he started as Arrows drew the match 1–1. He then made his league debut for Pailan Arrows on the league opening day against Mumbai on 6 October 2013. He came on as an 87th-minute substitute for Holicharan Narzary as the Arrows won the match 3–2.

### Return to Pune

After a season with the Arrows, Dhanpal was back at Pune for the 2013-14 season. He would make 12 appearances in the league and would feature regularly in the starting line-up in the second half of the season. He kept up his good form and made his debut in the AFC Champions League in a qualifier against Hanoi T&T in a 0–3 loss. Dhanpal would score his first senior goal for Pune in the opening game of Pune's 2014 Durand Cup campaign in a 3–0 win over Churchill Brothers. He started in the first ever Pune Derby against Bharat FC but was sent-off following off the ball challenge on the 88th minute of the game which ended 1-1.

### Chennaiyin

In July 2015 Ganesh was drafted to play for Chennaiyin in the 2015 Indian Super League.

## International

On 20 June 2012 it was confirmed that Ganesh would play for the India U23 team during 2013 AFC U-22 Asian Cup qualification. He made his debut for the under-23 team on 23 June 2012 against Lebanon U23 in the 2013 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualifiers in which India won 5–2. He made his senior debut on 17 March 2015 against Nepal, coming on as a substitute for Eugeneson Lyngdoh.

## Career statistics

*As of 27 March 2020*

| Club | Season | League | | | Federation Cup/Super Cup | | Durand Cup | | AFC | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Pune | 2011–12 | I-League | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  | 2 | 0 |
| | 2013–14 | | 12 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 18 | 0 |
| | 2014–15 | | 16 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 |  |  | 24 | 1 |
| Pune total | | | 30 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 44 | 1 |
| Pailan Arrows (loan) | 2012–13 | I-League | 18 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |  |  | 21 | 1 |
| Chennaiyin (loan) | 2015 | Indian Super League | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |
| Chennaiyin | 2016 | | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |
| | 2017–18 | | 17 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  | 18 | 2 |
| | 2018–19 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| | 2019–20 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  | 5 | 0 |
| Chennaiyin total | | | 22 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 29 | 2 |
| Chennai City (loan) | 2016–17 | I-League | 17 | 1 | 3 | 1 |  |  |  |  | 20 | 2 |
| Career total | | | 87 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 110 | 6 |

## Honours

### Club

Chennaiyin

## InfoBox

Dhanpal Ganesh
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1994-06-13) 13 June 1994 | | |
| Place of birth | Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Chennaiyin | | |
| Number | 17 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Pune | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011–2016 | Pune | 30 | (0) |
| 2012–2013 | Pailan Arrows (loan) | 18 | (0) |
| 2015 | Chennaiyin (loan) | 0 | (0) |
| 2016− | Chennaiyin | 28 | (2) |
| 2017 | Chennai City (loan) | 17 | (1) |
| International career | | | |
| 2012 | India U23 | 3 | (0) |
| 2015– | India | 5 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 12:03, 14 December 2020 (UTC)<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11 August 2017 | | | |


title: The Street Trust

abstract: The Street Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit advocacy organization based in Portland, Oregon, United States. The Street Trust advocates for the safety and ease of biking, walking and riding public transit in communities. The organization does legislative work at the statewide and national levels and endorses legislation and ballot measures. It successfully lobbied Portland's mass transit company, TriMet, to accommodate bicycles on buses and prevailed in a lawsuit to uphold Oregon's Bicycle Bill. Originally incorporated as the Bicycle Transportation Alliance in 1991, the organization changed its name to The Street Trust in January 2017.

text:
# The Street Trust

**The Street Trust** (formerly the **Bicycle Transportation Alliance**) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit advocacy organization based in Portland, Oregon, United States. The Street Trust advocates for the safety and ease of biking, walking and riding public transit in communities. The organization does legislative work at the statewide and national levels and endorses legislation and ballot measures. It successfully lobbied Portland's mass transit company, TriMet, to accommodate bicycles on buses and prevailed in a lawsuit to uphold Oregon's Bicycle Bill.

Originally incorporated as the Bicycle Transportation Alliance in 1991, the organization changed its name to The Street Trust in January 2017.

## History and advocacy

The Street Trust had its origins as the **Portland Area Bicycle Coalition**, a volunteer group founded in 1991 after a resident was not allowed to bring his bike on board a TriMet bus. The group submitted a petition with over 5000 signatures to local authorities requesting that buses be equipped with bike racks. Following its success, the coalition incorporated as a not-for-profit organization and changed its name to the Bicycle Transportation Alliance.

The organization filed a lawsuit against the city in 1993, *Bicycle Transportation Alliance v. City of Portland*. The suit argued that bicycle provisions were required for new roadway provisions under the 1971 Oregon Bicycle Bill. The Bicycle Transportation Alliance succeeded in 1995, compelling the City of Portland to provide bike lanes on new streets in the Rose Quarter. In the case, Oregon Court of Appeals further found that the provision in the Bicycle Bill "establishes an annual spending 'floor' of one percent" which governments must spend on facilities for bicycles.

Following the success, the BTA was able to influence the outcome of the measures taken by the Portland Bureau of Transportation through its participation in stakeholder working groups and advisory committees. In 2009, the organization lobbied in favor of allowing Idaho stops under Oregon law. By 2011, the organization had begun issuing a 'bike-friendly report card' comparing the bicycle-friendliness of Oregon cities. The report card was later expanded to apply to the entire United States. The Bicycle Transportation Alliance also supported efforts to introduce a bicycle tax in Oregon, saying that it would increase the influence of cyclists.

In 2016, the BTA announced it was changing its name to The Street Trust, reflecting an expansion of its mission to encompass pedestrians and transit users as well as cyclists. At the same time, it sought a 501(c)(4) designation, which would permit it to endorse political candidates. The name change was finalized in January 2017.

In 2021, The Street Trust was one of the main organization's supporting an amendment to the Oregon Bicycle Bill to improve the composition of the Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Advisory Committee and increase funding for bicycle trails and footpaths in Oregon.

The Street Trust's bicycle boulevards campaign is working to create a comprehensive network of low-traffic streets in order to improve safety and increase bicycle ridership. It has led other campaigns including the For Every Kid Campaign that sought dedicated funding for safe routes to school in the Metropolitan Portland region.

## Leadership

Sarah Iannarone was named executive director of The Street Trust in January 2021. Rob Sadowsky served as executive director for five years before he was fired in 2017.

## Programs

*Safe Routes to School* is a collaboration with Oregon Walks that seeks to increase the number of children walking and bicycling to school. The partnership provides technical advice and assistance for Oregon communities. The Street Trust, along with Oregon Walks, received a pedestrian safety grant in 2008 from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT).

The Street Trust developed a Bike Safety and Awareness Program, which conducts courses in bicycle safety in fourth through seventh-grade classrooms. The bicycle safety program is supported by ODOT.

The organization donated 32 bicycles valued at about $5,000 in total to the Central Point Police Department's bicycle safety program in March 2008.

### Annual events

The Street Trust sponsors the Bike More Challenge, an annual challenge to workplaces and individual cyclists to commute by bicycle to work during the month of September. According to BikePortland, a local bicycle blog, the Challenge started in 1995 and as of 2016 included over 1200 participant businesses and more than 11,000 cyclists.

The Street Trust presents the annual *Alice Awards* (formerly Alice B. Toeclips Awards), recognizing individuals, businesses, and organizations in Oregon and southwest Washington whose work has supported the organization's mission.

## InfoBox

The Street Trust
|
|  |
| Formation | 1990 (1990) |
| Founders | Rex Burkholder |
| Founded at | Portland, Oregon |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Tax ID no. | 93-1057956 |
| Executive director | Sarah Iannarone |
| Revenue (2018) | $963,092 |
| Website | www.thestreettrust.org |
| Formerly called | Bicycle Transportation Alliance |


title: Cholestatic pruritus

abstract: Cholestatic pruritus is the sensation of itch due to nearly any liver disease, but the most commonly associated entities are primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, obstructive choledocholithiasis, carcinoma of the bile duct, cholestasis, and chronic hepatitis C viral infection and other forms of viral hepatitis.

text:
# Cholestatic pruritus

**Cholestatic pruritus** is the sensation of itch due to nearly any liver disease, but the most commonly associated entities are primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, obstructive choledocholithiasis, carcinoma of the bile duct, cholestasis (also see drug-induced pruritus), and chronic hepatitis C viral infection and other forms of viral hepatitis.

## Cause

Cholestasis means "the slowing or stopping of bile flow" which can be caused by any number of diseases of the liver (which produces the bile), the gallbladder (which stores the bile), or biliary tract (also known as the biliary tree, the conduit that allows the bile to leave the liver and gallbladder and enter the small intestine). When this occurs, conjugated bilirubin and the waste products that usually would be cleared in bile reflux back into the bloodstream. This causes a primarily conjugated hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice; the liver conjugates the bile to make it water-soluble and because the bile has already been processed by the liver, when it gets backed up because of a blockage and is refluxed into the blood, the blood will have high levels of conjugated bilirubin. This is in contrast to primarily unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia which is the water-insoluble form that is bound to serum albumin; the liver has not had a chance to conjugate the bilirubin yet and can be caused either because too much unconjugated bilirubin is made (such as in massive hemolysis or ineffective erythropoiesis) or because too little is conjugated (Gilbert's disease or Crigler–Najjar syndrome). Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia does not typically cause pruritus.

It is thought that bile salts that deposit into the skin are responsible for the pruritus (itching) because the levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream and the severity of the pruritus does not appear to be highly correlated. Patients that have been administered bile salt chelating agents do report some relief, however, and patients that have complete liver cell failure (and therefore cannot make these products to begin with) do not have pruritus. This suggests that products made by the liver must have some role in pruritus although it is not known exactly which product is responsible.

## InfoBox

| Cholestatic pruritus | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Hepatic pruritus, biliary pruritus |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology, dermatology, hepatology |


title: 2021 Rugby Europe U20 Championship

abstract: The 2021 Rugby Europe U20 Championship was the fourth edition of the tournament. It took place in Coimbra, Portugal between 7–13 November. The competition consisted of eight teams and was a direct eliminations tournament with classification matches. All the teams played three matches during the competition. Spain defeated Portugal 15–9 to win the Under 20 Championship. Czechia and Poland had qualified for the U20 Championship in a qualifier that included Switzerland in the 2019/2020 season. The tournament was scheduled for March 2020 but was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# 2021 Rugby Europe U20 Championship

The **2021 Rugby Europe U20 Championship** was the fourth edition of the tournament. It took place in Coimbra, Portugal between 7–13 November. The competition consisted of eight teams and was a direct eliminations tournament (knock-out matches) with classification matches. All the teams played three matches during the competition. Spain defeated Portugal 15–9 to win the Under 20 Championship. Czechia and Poland had qualified for the U20 Championship in a qualifier that included Switzerland in the 2019/2020 season.

The tournament was scheduled for March 2020 but was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Teams

## Results

### Round 1

#### Quarter-finals

| Spain | 47 - 18 | Germany |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Netherlands | 25 - 13 | Belgium |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Romania | 26 - 29 | Russia |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Portugal | 64 - 0 | Czech Republic |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

### Round 2

#### 5th-7th Place Semi-finals

| Germany | 13 - 17 | Belgium |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Romania | 41 - 20 | Czech Republic |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

#### Cup Semi-finals

| Spain | 25 - 19 | Netherlands |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

| Russia | 10 - 23 | Portugal |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

### Round 3

#### 3rd Place

| Netherlands | 14 - 39 | Russia |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

#### 7th Place

| Germany | 37 - 18 | Czech Republic |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

#### Cup Final

| Portugal | 9 - 15 | Spain |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

#### 5th Place Final

| Belgium | 24 - 34 | Romania |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

## Bracket

### Cup Quarterfinals

### 5th/7th Place Playoffs

## InfoBox

| 2021 Rugby Europe U20 Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Countries | Portugal |
| Number of teams | 8 |
| Champions | Spain |
| Runners-up | Portugal |
| Matches played | 12 |
| Tries scored | 58 <br>(average 4.8 per match) |
|  | |


title: Bevato

abstract: Bevato is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is a part of Bongolava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 14,000 in 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 35% of the population.

text:
# Bevato

**Bevato** is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is a part of Bongolava Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 14,000 in 2001 commune census.

Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 35% of the population.

## References and notes

18°41′S 46°15′E / 18.683°S 46.250°E / -18.683; 46.250

## InfoBox

| Bevato | |
| --- | --- |
| BevatoLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 18°41′S 46°15′E / 18.683°S 46.250°E / -18.683; 46.250 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Bongolava |
| District | Tsiroanomandidy |
| Elevation | 883 m (2,897 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 14,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |


title: Chao'an station

abstract: Chao'an Station is a metro station on the Guangzhou Metro's Guangfo Line. It is located underground at the junction of Zhaoxiang Road (兆祥路) and North Chao'an Road (朝安北路) in the Chancheng District of Foshan. The station is surrounded by textile and cotton factories and is near the Huanshi Children's Garments Trade Centre (环市童装交易中心), China's largest children garment trade centre. It was completed on 3 November 2010.

text:
# Chao'an station

**Chao'an Station** (Chinese: 朝安站; pinyin: *Cháo'ān Zhàn*; Jyutping: *ciu4ngon1 zaam6*) is a metro station on the Guangzhou Metro's Guangfo Line (FMetro Line 1). It is located underground at the junction of Zhaoxiang Road (兆祥路) and North Chao'an Road (朝安北路) in the Chancheng District of Foshan.

The station is surrounded by textile and cotton factories and is near the Huanshi Children's Garments Trade Centre (环市童装交易中心), China's largest children garment trade centre. It was completed on 3 November 2010.

## Station layout

| **G** | - | Exits |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **L1
Concourse** | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| **L2
Platforms** | Platform 2 | Guangfo  towards Xincheng Dong (Pujun Beilu) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| | Platform 1 | Guangfo  towards Lijiao (Guicheng) |

## Exits

| Exit number | | Exit location |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Exit A | | Zhaoxiang Donglu |
| Exit B | | Chao'an Beilu |
| Exit C | | Zhaoxiang Donglu |

23°01′40″N 113°08′00″E / 23.0277°N 113.1333°E / 23.0277; 113.1333

## InfoBox

| Chao'an
朝安 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Chancheng District, Foshan, Guangdong
China |
| Operated by | Foshan Railway Investment Construction Group Co. Ltd.
Guangzhou Metro Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Guangfo line |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 3 November 2010 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Foshan Metro Following station  Pujun Beilutowards Xincheng Dong  Guangfo Line  Guichengtowards Lijiao | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: John Strangfeld

abstract: John R. Strangfeld is an American businessman. He is the former chairman, chief executive officer, and president of Prudential Financial.

text:
# John Strangfeld

**John R. Strangfeld** is an American businessman. He is the former chairman, chief executive officer, and president of Prudential Financial.

## Career

Strangfeld has been with Prudential since July 1977, serving in various management positions, including the executive in charge of Prudential's Global Asset Management Group since 1996, senior managing director of The Private Asset Management Group from 1995 to 1996, and chairman at PRICOA Capital Group (London) Europe from 1989 to 1995. Strangfeld was appointed CEO of Prudential Financial in 2008.

Strangfeld is also a member of the Raven Society, the oldest and most prestigious honorary society at the University of Virginia. He holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. Strangfeld was on the board of trustees at Susquehanna University from 1999 until February 2017 when he became an emeritus board member.

## Education

Strangfeld received a B.S. in business administration from Susquehanna University and an M.B.A. from the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. He was the keynote speaker at the 2017 Susquehanna University commencement ceremony, in which he received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree alongside two other speakers.

## Compensation

While CEO of Prudential Financial in 2008, John Strangfeld earned a total compensation of $16,302,184, which included a base salary of $970,769, a cash bonus of $3,300,000, stocks granted of $7,207,765, and options granted of $4,678,905.


title: Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton

abstract: Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton, styled Earl of Wiltshire from 1685 until 1699, and Marquess of Winchester from 1699 until 1722, was a British landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English House of Commons from 1705 to 1708 and in the British House of Commons between 1708 and 1717, when he was raised to the peerage as Lord Powlett and sat in the House of Lords.

text:
# Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton

**Charles Powlett** (sometimes spelled **Paulet**), **3rd Duke of Bolton** KG PC (3 September 1685  26 August 1754), styled **Earl of Wiltshire** from 1685 until 1699, and **Marquess of Winchester** from 1699 until 1722, was a British landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English House of Commons from 1705 to 1708 and in the British House of Commons between 1708 and 1717, when he was raised to the peerage as Lord Powlett and sat in the House of Lords.

## Early life

Powlett was born in 1685 at Chawton, Hampshire, the eldest son of Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton, and his second wife Frances Ramsden, daughter of William Ramsden of Byram, Yorkshire. He was educated at Enfield School although his father had to remove him in 1699 for absenteeism and unruly behaviour. He travelled abroad with Anthony Ashley from 1700 to 1704. In 1705 he was a volunteer in the Portuguese campaign.

## Political career

Powlett was home in time to stand successfully as Whig at a by-election for Lymington on 7 December 1705. In 1708, he was elected MP for Hampshire in a close contest. However, the church interest supported the Tories following the Sacheverell trial, and he was defeated there in 1710 and 1713. In 1714 he was appointed Gentleman of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.

At the 1715 general election, Powlett was returned as MP for Carmarthenshire. In the same year he was appointed Governor of Milford Haven and Vice-Admiral of South Wales. He was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthenshire and Glamorgan. He was created Lord Powlett of Basing on 12 April 1717 and had to give up his seat in the House of Commons. He became Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards in 1717.

In 1722 he succeeded to his father's estates and to the Dukedom of Bolton, making him one of the largest landowners in Hampshire and bringing control of some parliamentary seats; thus he became one of the principal electoral managers for the Whig government. He was appointed High Steward of Winchester, Warden of the New Forest and Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire and Dorset in the same year. He became a Privy Councillor on 1 June 1725 and was Lord Justice for the year 1725 to 1726. In 1726 he was appointed Commissioner for surveying lands for naval docks and Governor of the Isle of Wight.

In 1733 Powlett voted against the government and was dismissed from all his posts. In 1739, he became a founding governor of the Foundling Hospital in London, an orphanage for abandoned children. He became captain of the gentlemen pensioners in 1740. He was reconciled to Walpole and in 1742 was re-appointed to nearly all his previous posts, but he lost them all again in 1746.

## Jockey Club

He apparently founded an early form of the Jockey Club. A notice of 1729 records that “The Jockey Club, consisting of several Noblemen and Gentlemen, are to meet one Day next Week at Hackwood, the Duke of Bolton’s Seat in Hampshire, to consider of the Methods for the better keeping of their respective Strings of Horses at New Market.” In 1733 another newspaper noted he was going "to dine with the Jockey Club, at William's Coffee-house, St. James's."

## Family

On 21 July 1713, he married Lady Anne Vaughan, a daughter of the 3rd Earl of Carbery. The marriage was not a happy one, and there were no children. In 1728, he began a long-standing affair with the well-known London actress, Lavinia Fenton. Lady Anne died in 1751 and the Duke married Lavinia Fenton on 20 October 1751 at Aix-en-Provence. She had already borne him three illegitimate sons: Charles, Percy, and Horatio Armand Powlett.

The third Duke of Bolton died in 1754, aged 68, at Royal Tunbridge Wells and was buried at Basing.

## InfoBox

| Lieutenant-General His GraceThe Duke of BoltonKG PC | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait by James Seymour of the 3rd Duke of Bolton and 8th Marquis of Winchester. Probably in Kingsclere. | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 3 September 1685 |
| Died | 26 August 1754 (aged 68) |
| Spouse(s) | Lady Anne Vaughan (m. 1713, d. 1751)<br>Lavinia Fenton (m. 1751) |
|  | |


title: Devise and bequeath

abstract: A devise is real property given by will. A bequest is personal property given by will. Today, the two words are often used interchangeably due to their combination in many wills as devise and bequeath, a legal doublet. The phrase give, devise, and bequeath, a legal triplet, has been used for centuries, including the will of William Shakespeare. The word bequeath is a verb form for the act of making a bequest.

text:
# Devise and bequeath

A **devise** is real property given by will. A **bequest** is personal property given by will. Today, the two words are often used interchangeably due to their combination in many wills as *devise and bequeath*, a legal doublet. The phrase *give, devise, and bequeath*, a legal triplet, has been used for centuries, including the will of William Shakespeare.

The word *bequeath* is a verb form for the act of making a *bequest*.

## Etymology

Bequest comes from Old English *becwethan*, "to declare or express in words" — cf. "quoth".

## Interpretations

Part of the process of probate involves interpreting the instructions in a will. Some wordings that define the scope of a bequest have specific interpretations. "All the estate I own" would involve all of the decedent's possessions at the moment of death.

A *conditional bequest* is a bequest that will be granted only if a particular event has occurred by the time of its operation. For example, a testator might write in the will that "Mary will receive the house held in trust if she is married" or "if she has children," etc.

An *executory bequest* is a bequest that will be granted only if a particular event occurs in the future. For example, a testator might write in the will that "Mary will receive the house held in a trust set when she marries" or "when she has children".

In some jurisdictions a bequest can also be a deferred payment, as held in *Wolder v. Commissioner*, which will impact its tax status.

## Explanations

In microeconomics, theorists have engaged the issue of bequest from the perspective of consumption theory, in which they seek to explain the phenomenon in terms of a bequest motive.

## Oudh Bequest

The **Oudh Bequest** is a *waqf* which led to the gradual transfer of more than six million rupees from the Indian kingdom of Oudh (Awadh) to the Shia holy cities of Najaf and Karbala between 1850 and 1903. The bequest first reached the cities in 1850. It was distributed by two *mujtahids*, one from each city. The British later gradually took over the bequest and its distribution; according to scholars, they intended to use it as a "power lever" to influence Iranian *ulama* and Shia.

## American tax law

### Recipients

In order to calculate a taxpayer's income tax obligation, the gross income of the taxpayer must be determined. Under Section 61 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code gross income is "all income from whatever source derived". On its face, the receipt of a bequest would seemingly fall within gross income and thus be subject to tax. However, in other sections of the code, exceptions are made for a variety of things that do not need to be included in gross income. Section 102(a) of the Code makes an exception for bequests stating that "Gross income does not include the value of property acquired by gift, bequest, or inheritance." In general this means that the value or amount of the bequest does not need to be included in a taxpayer's gross income. This rule is not exclusive, however, and there are some exceptions under Section 102(b) of the code where the amount of value must be included. There is great debate about whether or not bequests should be included in gross income and subject to income taxes; however, there has been some type of exclusion for bequests in every Federal Income Tax Act.

### Donors

One reason that the recipient of a bequest is usually not taxed on the bequest is because the donor may be taxed on it. Donors of bequests may be taxed through other mechanisms such as federal wealth transfer taxes. Wealth Transfer taxes, however, are usually imposed against only the very wealthy.


title: The Squatter's Secret

abstract: The Squatter's Secret is a 1928 romantic adventure novel by Arthur Wright (1870-1932). Like most of Wright's novels, it appeared in serialised form in newspapers prior to publication.

text:
# The Squatter's Secret

***The Squatter's Secret*** is a 1928 romantic adventure novel by Arthur Wright (1870-1932). Like most of Wright's novels, it appeared in serialised form in newspapers prior to publication.

## InfoBox

The Squatter's Secret
| Author | Arthur Wright |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | NSW Bookstall Company |
| Publication date | 1928 |
| Publication place | Australia |


title: Carl Vandyk

abstract:
Carl Vandyk was a successful London photographer born in Bunde, Germany. From 1882 he owned a studio at Gloucester Road taking images of the British Royal Family including Queen Victoria, King George V as well as other notables such as Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Christian X of Denmark, Buffalo Bill and Enrico Caruso. From 1901 the studio moved to Buckingham Palace Road, London. Carl became a British citizen on 4 February 1886. Carl's son Herbert Vandyk (1879–1943) took over the family business in 1913 after studying in London, Berlin and Paris and went on to accumulate 22 Royal Warrants. Carl Vandyk owned three London hotels close to his studios:
  - The Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, London SW
  - The Rubens Hotel, Buckingham Palace Road, London SW
  - The Vandyke Hotel, Cromwell Road, London SW7 Carl had two brothers, Aaron Vandyke (1843–1892) and Herman Vandyke (1838–1919) who were also in the photographic trade. Aaron had studios in Liverpool from c.1869 until c.1902 and Herman in West London from c.1881 until c.1904.

text:
# Carl Vandyk

**Carl Vandyk** (17 January 1851 – 18 November 1931) was a successful London photographer born in Bunde, Germany. From 1882 he owned a studio at Gloucester Road taking images of the British Royal Family including Queen Victoria, King George V as well as other notables such as Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Christian X of Denmark, Buffalo Bill and Enrico Caruso. From 1901 the studio moved to Buckingham Palace Road, London.

Carl became a British citizen on 4 February 1886.

Carl's son **Herbert Vandyk** (1879–1943) took over the family business in 1913 after studying in London, Berlin and Paris and went on to accumulate 22 Royal Warrants.

Carl Vandyk owned three London hotels close to his studios:

* The Rembrandt Hotel, Thurloe Place, London SW
* The Rubens Hotel, Buckingham Palace Road, London SW
* The Vandyke Hotel, Cromwell Road, London SW7

Carl had two brothers, **Aaron Vandyke** (1843–1892) and **Herman Vandyke** (a.k.a. Hyman) (a.k.a. Vandyck) (1838–1919) who were also in the photographic trade. Aaron had studios in Liverpool from c.1869 until c.1902 and Herman in West London from c.1881 until c.1904.

## InfoBox

| Carl Vandyk | |
| --- | --- |
| Carl Vandyk, c. 1900s | |
| Born | (1851-01-17)17 January 1851
Bunde, Germany |
| Died | 18 November 1931(1931-11-18) (aged 80)
London |
| Occupation | photographer |


title: Bevatron

abstract: The Bevatron was a particle accelerator — specifically, a weak-focusing proton synchrotron — at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S., which began operating in 1954. The antiproton was discovered there in 1955, resulting in the 1959 Nobel Prize in physics for Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain. It accelerated protons into a fixed target, and was named for its ability to impart energies of billions of eV.

text:
# Bevatron

The **Bevatron** was a particle accelerator  specifically, a weak-focusing proton synchrotron  at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S., which began operating in 1954. The antiproton was discovered there in 1955, resulting in the 1959 Nobel Prize in physics for Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain. It accelerated protons into a fixed target, and was named for its ability to impart energies of billions of eV ("billions of eV synchrotron").

## Antiprotons

At the time the Bevatron was designed, it was strongly suspected, but not known, that each particle had a corresponding anti-particle of opposite charge, identical in all other respects, a property known as charge symmetry. The anti-electron, or positron, had been first observed in the early 1930s and theoretically understood as a consequence of the Dirac equation at about the same time. Following World War II, positive and negative muons and pions were observed in cosmic-ray interactions seen in cloud chambers and stacks of nuclear photographic emulsions. The Bevatron was built to be energetic enough to create antiprotons, and thus test the hypothesis that every particle has a corresponding anti-particle. In 1955, the antiproton was discovered using the Bevatron. The antineutron was discovered soon thereafter by the team of Bruce Cork, Glen Lambertson, Oreste Piccioni, and William Wenzel in 1956, also at the Bevatron. Confirmation of the charge symmetry conjecture in 1955 led to the Nobel Prize for physics being awarded to Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1959.

Shortly after the Bevatron came into use, it was recognized that parity was not conserved in the weak interactions, which led to resolution of the tau-theta puzzle, the understanding of strangeness, and the establishment of CPT symmetry as a basic feature of relativistic quantum field theories.

## Requirements and design

In order to create antiprotons (mass ~938 MeV/2) in collisions with nucleons in a stationary target while conserving both energy and momentum, a proton beam energy of approximately 6.2 GeV is required. At the time it was built, there was no known way to confine a particle beam to a narrow aperture, so the beam space was about four square feet in cross section. The combination of beam aperture and energy required a huge, 10,000 ton iron magnet, and a very large vacuum system.

A large motor-generator system was used to ramp up the magnetic field for each cycle of acceleration. At the end of each cycle, after the beam was used or extracted, the large magnetic field energy was returned to spin up the motor, which was then used as a generator to power the next cycle, conserving energy; the entire process required about five seconds. The characteristic rising and falling, wailing, sound of the motor-generator system could be heard in the entire complex when the machine was in operation.

In the years following the antiproton discovery, much pioneering work was done here using beams of protons extracted from the accelerator proper, to hit targets and generate secondary beams of elementary particles, not only protons but also neutrons, pions, "strange particles", and many others.

## The liquid hydrogen bubble chamber

The extracted particle beams, both the primary protons and secondaries, could in turn be passed for further study through various targets and specialized detectors, notably the liquid hydrogen bubble chamber. Many thousands of particle interactions, or "events", were photographed, measured, and studied in detail with an automated system of large measuring machines (known as "Franckensteins", for their inventor Jack Franck) allowing human operators (typically the wives of graduate students) to mark points along the particle tracks and punch their coordinates into IBM cards, using a foot pedal. The cards decks were then analyzed by early-generation computers, which reconstructed the three-dimensional tracks through the magnetic fields, and computed the momenta and energy of the particles. Computer programs, extremely complex for their time, then fitted the track data associated with a given event to estimate the energies, masses, and identities of the particles produced.

This period, when hundreds of new particles and excited states were suddenly revealed, marked the beginning of a new era in elementary particle physics. Luis Alvarez inspired and directed much of this work, for which he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1968.

## Bevalac

The Bevatron received a new lease on life in 1971, when it was joined to the SuperHILAC linear accelerator as an injector for heavy ions. The combination was conceived by Albert Ghiorso, who named it the Bevalac. It could accelerate a wide range of stable nuclei to relativistic energies. It was finally decommissioned in 1993.

## End of life

The next generation of accelerators used "strong focusing", and required much smaller apertures, and thus much cheaper magnets. The CERN PS (Proton Synchrotron, 1959) and the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS (Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, 1960) were the first next-generation machines, with an aperture roughly an order of magnitude less in both transverse directions, and reaching 30 GeV proton energy, yet with a less massive magnet ring. For comparison, the circulating beams in the Large Hadron Collider, with ~11,000 times higher energy and enormously higher intensity than the Bevatron, are confined to a space on the order of 1 mm in cross-section, and focused down to 16 micrometres at the intersection collision regions, while the field of the bending magnets is only about five times higher.

The demolition of the Bevatron began in 2009 and was completed in early 2012.

## InfoBox

Bevatron
| Donald Cooksey, Harold Fidler, Ernest Lawrence, William Brobeck, and Robert Thornton overlooking model of Bevatron, 1950 | |
| --- | --- |
| General properties | |
| Accelerator type | Synchrotron |
| Beam type | proton |
| Target type | fixed target |
| Beam properties | |
| Maximum energy | 13 GeV |
| Physical properties | |
| Circumference | 400 ft |
| Location | Berkeley, California |
| Coordinates | 37°52′39″N 122°15′03″W / 37.877392°N 122.250811°W / 37.877392; -122.250811 |
| Institution | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |
| Dates of operation | 1954 - 1993 |


title: Vazquez Hermanos Circus

abstract: Circo Hermanos Vazquez is a Mexican circus established in 1969. The modern circus is American.

text:
# Vazquez Hermanos Circus

**Circo Hermanos Vazquez** is a Mexican circus established in 1969. The modern circus is American.

## History

The Circus Hermanos Vazquez started in the year 1969, during a period of cultural and social change in Mexico. Run by the brothers Jose Guillermo and Rafael Vazquez, the circus opened for the first time in Mexico City. Other participants were Aurora Vázquez and Antonia De Vazquez y José G. Vázquez.

The modern Circo Hermanos Vazquez is established in the United States, and is directed by Guillermo Jr, Jose, Jesus, Ramon, and Aldo Vazquez.

## InfoBox

Circo Hermanos Vazquez
|
|  |
| Company type | Private company |
| Industry | Entertainment |
| Founded | 1969 (1969) |
| Founders | Jose Guillermo
Rafael Vázquez
Aurora Vázquez
Antonia De Vazquez |
| Headquarters | 700 Vazquez LN, Donna, TX |
| Key people | Guillermo Jr. Vazquez
Jose Vázquz
Jesus Vazquez
Ramon Vazquez
Aldo Vazquez |
| Website | circovazquez.com |


title: Chao, Virú

abstract: Chao is a town in Northern Peru, capital of the district of Chao in the region La Libertad. This town is located about 65 km south of Trujillo. Chao is primarily an agricultural center in the Chao Valley.

text:
# Chao, Virú

**Chao** is a town in Northern Peru, capital of the district of Chao in the region La Libertad. This town is located about 65 km south of Trujillo. Chao is primarily an agricultural center in the Chao Valley.

## Climate

| Climate data for Chao (San Carlos), elevation 141 m (463 ft), (1991–2009) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.2
(82.8) | 29.1
(84.4) | 29.2
(84.6) | 27.7
(81.9) | 25.0
(77.0) | 23.5
(74.3) | 22.2
(72.0) | 21.8
(71.2) | 22.5
(72.5) | 23.4
(74.1) | 24.0
(75.2) | 25.4
(77.7) | 25.2
(77.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.9
(69.6) | 21.8
(71.2) | 21.5
(70.7) | 19.6
(67.3) | 17.3
(63.1) | 16.3
(61.3) | 16.2
(61.2) | 16.1
(61.0) | 16.4
(61.5) | 16.5
(61.7) | 17.7
(63.9) | 18.9
(66.0) | 18.3
(64.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.6
(0.02) | 1.6
(0.06) | 1.2
(0.05) | 0.7
(0.03) | 0.4
(0.02) | 0.3
(0.01) | 0.1
(0.00) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.1
(0.00) | 1.6
(0.06) | 0.9
(0.04) | 1.3
(0.05) | 8.8
(0.34) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.5 | 74.5 | 75.7 | 77.5 | 83.6 | 85.3 | 82.9 | 82.8 | 80.2 | 71.8 | 76.8 | 79.7 | 78.9 |
| Source: Sistema Nacional de Información Ambiental (precipitation 2001–2009, humidity 2000–2009) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Chao | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Chao | |
| Coordinates: 8°32′25.07″S 78°40′38.96″W / 8.5402972°S 78.6774889°W / -8.5402972; -78.6774889 | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | La Libertad |
| Province | Virú |
| District | Chao |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Ney Heli Gamez Espinoza |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |


title: FC Aliança Nacional

abstract: Futebol Club Aliança Nacional or with is a football club based in Pantufo in the São Tomé and Príncipe Championship and plays at its own field. The team never claimed any national and insular titles, but won the cup in 1996.

text:
# FC Aliança Nacional

**Futebol Club Aliança Nacional** or with (**de Pantufo**) (Portuguese meaning the Football Club National Alliance) is a football club based in Pantufo in the São Tomé and Príncipe Championship and plays at its own field. The team never claimed any national and insular titles, but won the cup in 1996.

Its logo is a seal with a white rim reading the club name surrounded by an orange line. Inside is a black portion with two orange half crescents and an inner white crescents with the acronym ANP, the last three letters in the middle, the N is colored white and the other two are black and a slightly smaller size.

## History

The team lost in the semi-final to Sporting Clube Praia Cruz in 1994. Years later, the club was relegated to the second division and later returned to the first division where they reached second place in the 2001 season. They remained in the top division until 2009 when they were relegated after finishing 12th place. The club spent five years in the Second Division until they achieved promotion again in 2014 and returned to the Premier Division for the 2015 season.

## Honours

1996

## Seasons

### Island championships

| **Season** | **Division** | **Place** |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2001 | 1st | 2nd. |
| 2009/10 | 1st | 12th. |

| Season | Div. | Pos. | Pl. | W | D | L | GS | GA | GD | P | Cup | Qualification/relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | 2 | **7** | 18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |  | None |
| 2015 | 2 | **7** | 18 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 22 | 28 | -6 | **24** |  |  |
| 2016 | 2 | **3** | 22 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 33 | 20 | +13 | **41** |  |  |
| 2017 | 2 | **6** | 22 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 26 | 27 | -1 | **33** |  |  |

## Statistics

* **Best position:** 2nd (national)
* **Best position at cup competitions:** 1st (national)
* **Appearance at a national cup competition:** 1

## InfoBox

Aliança Nacional
| Full name | Futebol Club Aliança Nacional |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Campo de Pantufo
Pantufo, São Tomé Island,
São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Capacity | 1,000 |
| Chairman | Casimiro Bernardes |
| Manager | Ricardo Piedade |
| League | São Tomé First Division |
| 2017 | 6th |


title: Devis Miorin

abstract: Devis Miorin is an Italian former cyclist.

text:
# Devis Miorin

**Devis Miorin** (born 24 March 1976 in San Vito al Tagliamento) is an Italian former cyclist.

## Major results

1997 1st Overall Giro della Valle d'Aosta 1998 1st Trofeo Alcide Degasperi 1999 1st Giro del Medio Brenta 2002 3rd Overall Uniqa Classic 1st Stage 1

## InfoBox

Devis Miorin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1976-03-24) 24 March 1976<br>San Vito al Tagliamento |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional teams | |
| 2000–2001 | Mobilvetta Design–Rossin |
| 2002–2004 | De Nardi–Pasta Montegrappa |
| 2005 | Liquigas–Bianchi |
| 2006 | Team Endeka |
| 2007 | Kio Ene–Tonazzi–DMT |
| 2008 | Nippo–Endeka |
|  | |


title: The Swan and the Goose

abstract: The classical legend that the swan sings at death was incorporated into one of Aesop's Fables, numbered 399 in the Perry Index. The fable also introduces the proverbial antithesis between the swan and the goose that gave rise to such sayings as ‘Every man thinks his own geese are swans’, in reference to blind partiality, and 'All his swans are turned to geese', referring to a reverse of fortune.

text:
# The Swan and the Goose

The classical legend that the swan sings at death was incorporated into one of Aesop's Fables, numbered 399 in the Perry Index. The fable also introduces the proverbial antithesis between **the swan and the goose** that gave rise to such sayings as ‘Every man thinks his own geese are swans’, in reference to blind partiality, and 'All his swans are turned to geese', referring to a reverse of fortune.

## The fable and its variations

The fable recorded by Aphthonius of Antioch concerns a swan that its owner mistook for a goose in the dark and was about to kill it until the swan's song alerted him to the mistake he was making. At the start is the claim that this will encourage young people to study, and it ends with the dubious statement "that music is so powerful that it can even avert death".

When Gabriele Faerno versified the fable as *Cygnus et Anser* (the swan and the goose) in his *Fabulae C Aesopicae* (1543), he underlined the usefulness of eloquence in his summing up and Giovanni Maria Verdizotti followed him in his Italian version, *il cigno et l’occa*. The latter also provides the moral that fair speech is sometimes of great profit (*un bel parlar à tempo è gran guadagno*) while the similar story in La Fontaine's Fables, which he titles the Swan and the Cook (*Le cygne et le cuisinier*, III.12), comes to rest on the sentiment that gentle speech does no harm (*le doux parler ne nuit de rien*). English versions of the fable were recorded by Roger L'Estrange (1698) and George Fyler Townsend (1867) and the latter's text was set as the final piece in Bob Chilcott's *Aesop’s Fables* (2008).

Another fable based on the same folklore appears in the Perry Index as number 233 but was much less recorded. In this a man buys a swan and invites guests to dinner so as to hear it sing. When it does not, he orders the bird to be served up at the meal, whereupon its bursts into song and the man blames himself for not having commanded that at the start.

Laurentius Abstemius created another in his *Hecatomythium* in which the swan is asked by a stork (rather than a goose) why it greets death so ecstatically when most beings fear to die. It replies that it welcomes death as a release from all life's miseries. Others, however, interpreted the song as a farewell to the joys of life, as in the madrigal "The Silver Swan" by Orlando Gibbons, which also brings in the contrast between swan and goose:

"Farewell, all joys! O Death, come close mine eyes! More Geese than Swans now live, more Fools than Wise."