title: Prevost (bus manufacturer)

abstract: Prevost, formally known as Prevost Car, is a Canadian manufacturer of touring coaches and bus shells for high-end motorhomes and specialty conversions. The company is a subsidiary of the Volvo Buses division of the Volvo Group.

text:
# Prevost (bus manufacturer)

**Prevost** (/ˈprv/, French pronunciation: \[pʁevo\]), formally known as **Prevost Car**, is a Canadian manufacturer of touring coaches and bus shells for high-end motorhomes and specialty conversions. The company is a subsidiary of the Volvo Buses division of the Volvo Group.

## History

### Early years (1924–1969)

Prevost Car in 1924 by Eugène Prévost (1898–1965), a cabinet maker specializing in church pews and school furniture, who in 1924 was asked to build a custom bus body for a new REO truck chassis. *Les Ateliers Prévost*, as the company was then called, received several repeat orders. Between 1937 and 1939, Prevost Car's first bus manufacturing plant was built. Initially the vehicles were built around a wooden frame. In 1945 this changed, and bodies were made of metal.

The company was acquired by Paul Normand in 1957. In 1969, two American businessmen formed a partnership with André Normand, then President of Prevost, to become the company's owners. These three men, in turn, sold Prevost to Volvo Bus Corporation in 1995.

### Current era (2000–present)

For 2006, the XL-II was revised to become the X3-45. The H-Series received a new sound system, plus GPS and destination sign options.

For the 2008 model year, Prevost introduced the Volvo D13 engine from their parent company as a replacement for the then-current Detroit Diesel Series 60 offering. The Volvo I-Shift semi-automatic transmission was introduced as an alternative to the Allison B500R transmission. A set of new interior color schemes was also introduced.

In 2009, Prevost became distributor of the Volvo 9700 coach in Canada and the United States.

Beginning in 2011, the Prevost X3-45 was made available in a transit-style configuration as a commuter coach. The New York City Transit Authority was the launch customer for this configuration. Previously, 20 transit-style buses in the LeMirage predecessor model had been built for GO Transit in the late 1990s.

In 2019, the X3-45 was redesigned, getting a new headlight setup and a new rear end. It continues to be available in intercity and transit configurations.

As of June 2019, Prevost operates 15 parts and service centers in North America, nine of them in the United States.

For the 2024 Model Year, the H3-45 was redesigned with a new front end and interior facelift.

## Models

### Current

| Photo | Model | Production | Length(s) | Configuration(s) | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
H3-45 (3rd Generation) | H-Series
 | 1985–present * H3-40 (1989–1994) * H3-41 (1994–unknown) * H3-45 (1994–present) * H5-60 (1985–1992) | * H3-40: 40 feet * H3-41: 41 feet * H3-45: 45 feet * H5-60: 60 feet | Intercity Coach | Also available as a conversion shell |
|
X3-45 (2nd Generation) | X3-45 | 2005–present | 45 feet | Intercity Coach Transit Coach | 2nd generation model introduced in 2019
Also available as a conversion shell |
|
Volvo 9700 (North American Model) | Volvo 9700
 | 2009–present | | Intercity Coach | Assembled in Mexico by Volvo |

### Former

* LeMirage Series: 40-45 ft motorcoach series produced from 1976–2005, replaced by X3-45
* 50-PI-33 passenger coach
* 19-S transit bus manufactured from 1961 to 1967
* 33-S 33 to 37 passenger motorcoach manufactured in the 1960s
* Champion 41 to 50 passenger intercity coach manufactured from 1967 to 1981
* Marathon 47 to 53 passenger intercity motorcoach
* Prestige 41 to 50 passenger sightseeing/passenger motor coach manufactured from 1968 to 1981
* Panoramique 41 to 49 passenger intercity motorcoach manufactured from the 1960s
* Le Normand intercity passenger coach manufactured from 1957 to 1960
* Prévocar intercity motorcoach manufactured in 1953
* Skycruiser motorcoach manufactured from 1948 to 1949
* V48-S motorcoach first manufactured in 1965
* Citadin 33 to 37 transit bus manufactured in the 1950s
* 1924 motorbus
* 1939 suburban motor coach

## Ground Force One

*Ground Force One* is the nickname given to two heavily modified X3-45 VIP conversion coach owned by the United States Secret Service and used by the President of the United States and other high-ranking politicians or dignitaries. Prevost built the coach as a conversion shell, the Hemphill Brothers Coach Company fitted out the interiors of the coach, and it is assumed that other features, like armor plating, were added by the Secret Service.

## InfoBox

Prevost
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Manufacturing |
| Founded | 1924 |
| Headquarters | Sainte-Claire, Quebec, Canada |
| Products | Coaches
RV (Conversion Shells) |
| Parent | Volvo Buses (1995–present) |
| Website | prevostcar.com |


title: Present value of growth opportunities

abstract:
In corporate finance, the present value of growth opportunities (PVGO) is a valuation measure applied to growth stocks.
It represents the component of the company's stock value that corresponds to (expected) growth in earnings. It thus allows an analyst to assess the extent to which the share price represents the current business, and to what extent it reflects assumptions about the future.
PVGO can then also be used in relative valuation, i.e. when comparing between two investments. PVGO is calculated as follows:
  - PVGO = share price − earnings per share ÷ cost of capital. This formula arises by thinking of the value of a company as inhering two components:
(i) the present value of existing earnings, i.e. the company continuing as if under a "no-growth policy";
and (ii) the present value of the company's growth opportunities.
PVGO can then simply be calculated as the difference between the stock price and the present value of its zero-growth-earnings; the latter, the second term in the formula above, uses the calculation for a perpetuity.

text:
# Present value of growth opportunities

In corporate finance, the **present value of growth opportunities (PVGO)** is a valuation measure applied to growth stocks. It represents the component of the company's stock value that corresponds to (expected) growth in earnings. It thus allows an analyst to assess the extent to which the share price represents the current business, and to what extent it reflects assumptions about the future. PVGO can then also be used in relative valuation, i.e. when comparing between two investments (see similar re PEG ratio).

PVGO is calculated as follows:

PVGO = share price  earnings per share ÷ cost of capital.

This formula arises by thinking of the value of a company as inhering two components: (i) the present value of existing earnings, i.e. the company continuing as if under a "no-growth policy"; and (ii) the present value of the company's growth opportunities. PVGO can then simply be calculated as the difference between the stock price and the present value of its zero-growth-earnings; the latter, the second term in the formula above, uses the calculation for a perpetuity (see Dividend discount model § Some properties of the model).


title: Education in Missouri

abstract: Education in Missouri is provided by both public and private schools, colleges, and universities, and a variety of public library systems. All public education in the state is governed by the Missouri State Board of Education, which is made up of eight citizens appointed by the Governor of Missouri and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.

text:
# Education in Missouri

**Education in Missouri** is provided by both public and private schools, colleges, and universities, and a variety of public library systems. All public education in the state is governed by the Missouri State Board of Education, which is made up of eight citizens appointed by the Governor of Missouri and confirmed by the Missouri Senate.

## History

## Elementary and secondary education

Administration of primary and secondary public schools in the state is conducted by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Education is compulsory from ages seven to seventeen in Missouri, commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers: elementary school, middle school or junior high school, and high school. The public schools system includes kindergarten to 12th grade. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. High school athletics and competitions are governed by the Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHAA). Missouri education also includes a virtual school program called Missouri Course Access and Virtual School Program (MOCAP).

The Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) is an annual set of mandatory standardized tests taken by students in grades 3 through 8. Students also complete exams at the end of completing certain courses, with certain exams required for graduation, including Algebra I (required), Algebra II, American History, Biology (required), English I, English II (required), Geometry, Government (required), and Personal Finance. There also is an alternate MAP test designed for students with cognitive disabilities who meet grade level and eligibility criteria, and an assessment of English proficiency for students classified as English Learners.

### Homeschooling

Homeschooling in Missouri is not regulated by the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. The state does not provide any monetary assistance or curriculum or materials to home schoolers. Parents who decide to home-school must provide 1,000 hours of instruction during the school year pursuant to Section 167.031 of the Missouri revised statutes. Parents must also keep a daily log and sample of academic work. Homeschool students frequently attend their local colleges and universities. According to Missouri State University's Enrollment department, homeschool students had higher than average ACT scores and better end-of-semester GPA than their peers.

### Charter schools

Charter schools are permitted in metropolitan and urban areas of the state. The state board of education considers them public schools and there are no tuition charges.

## Colleges and universities

Public colleges and universities in Missouri are administered by the Missouri Department of Higher Education. The state system of higher education includes 13 four-year universities and 20 two-year colleges, which includes the University of Missouri System, the state's public university system. The flagship institution and largest university in the state is the University of Missouri in Columbia. The others in the system are University of Missouri–St. Louis, University of Missouri–Kansas City and Missouri University of Science and Technology. The state also maintains another set of public universities that are not part of the University of Missouri system, which include Southeast Missouri State University in Cape Girardeau, Missouri State University in Springfield, Truman State University in Kirksville, Northwest Missouri State University in Maryville and the University of Central Missouri in Warrensburg. The state also funds a $2000, renewable merit-based scholarship known as Bright Flight, which is given to Missouri students attending an in-state university who earned a composite score on the ACT or SAT in the top 3 percent in Missouri, or a score among the top 5% of test takers nationally.

Private universities in Missouri include Saint Louis University, Washington University in St. Louis, Maryville University and Rockhurst University in Kansas City. There are numerous junior colleges, trade schools, theological seminaries, and church universities.

## Further reading


title: Edward Biddle

abstract: Edward Biddle was an American soldier, lawyer, and statesman from Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775 and a signatory to the Continental Association, which was drafted and adopted by that Congress. On June 6, 1761, Edward married Elizabeth Ross, the sister of George Ross. After the war, he read law in the offices of her brother. By 1767, he had been admitted to the bar, and the couple moved to Reading where he began his practice. Although the couple had no children, they both came from large families. Betsy Ross who gained fame as the seamstress of the first American flag was the wife of her nephew. He was the uncle of Congressman Richard Biddle and financier Nicholas Biddle.

text:
# Edward Biddle

**Edward Biddle** (1738 – 5 September 1779) was an American soldier, lawyer, and statesman from Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775 and a signatory to the Continental Association, which was drafted and adopted by that Congress.

On June 6, 1761, Edward married Elizabeth Ross, the sister of George Ross. After the war, he read law in the offices of her brother. By 1767, he had been admitted to the bar, and the couple moved to Reading where he began his practice. Although the couple had no children, they both came from large families. Betsy Ross who gained fame as the seamstress of the first American flag was the wife of her nephew. He was the uncle of Congressman Richard Biddle and financier Nicholas Biddle.

## Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly

In 1767, Biddle began his career in the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly as a representative for Berks County. He served there until the colonial assembly went out of business during the Revolution. While a representative, in 1768, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He was also a member of the rebel provincial congress and later the state General Assembly until 1778. He was a leader within that body of the Whig or radical group in the struggle to set Pennsylvania's course in the revolution.

In 1774, Pennsylvania was divided about the looming revolution. The loyalists and the supporters of the Penn family in the Assembly were joined by the Quakers who opposed any war. As a result, in July, the Assembly sent a split delegation to the Continental Congress: Joseph Galloway, Charles Humphreys, and Samuel Rhoads were all moderates, while Biddle, Thomas Mifflin, John Morton, and George Ross were radicals. That first Continental Congress produced a statement or Declaration of Rights, as well as a plan of union and pleas to King George to resolve the issues that separated the colonies from Great Britain. They also produced a renewal of the Continental Association, the non-importation agreement adopted in the wake of the Stamp Act protests. Biddle was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Rights and later oversaw the printing of the resolutions the Congress had passed.

Early in 1775, Governor John Penn called the Assembly into session, intent on having Pennsylvania send its own declarations to the crown. These would be based on the Galloway Plan that had been rejected by the Continental Congress, and would try to reconcile Pennsylvania with the British government. But the legislature mirrored the growing split within the colonies. The Whigs, led by Biddle, Ross and John Dickinson won the day. Biddle was elected speaker, replacing Galloway who had held the post the previous year. The actions of the Continental Congress were approved, and a more radical delegation was named to the next Congress.

Biddle died in Chatsworth, Baltimore County, Maryland on September 5, 1779. He is buried in St. Pauls Churchyard in Baltimore.


title: Edward Bigland

abstract: Edward Bigland was an English lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Nottingham from 1689 to 1690.

text:
# Edward Bigland

**Edward Bigland** (ca. 1620  5 August 1704) was an English lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Nottingham from 1689 to 1690.

## Life

He was the son of Edward Bigland, rector of East Leake, Nottinghamshire. He matriculated at Queens' College, Cambridge at Easter 1637, graduating B.A. in 1641, and M.A. in 1644, and becoming a Fellow. He was admitted at Gray's Inn, 26 June 1648.

He became serjeant-at-law in 1680, and recorder of Nottingham. He was M.P. for Nottingham in 1689. He settled at Long Whatton, Leicestershire, and was buried there 5 August 1704.


title: Edward Adam

abstract: Edward Adam was a French chemist who, beginning in 1800 while studying at Montpellier, invented various still modifications to improve chemical rectification, upon which the industrialization of the manufacture of products such as liquor have since been based.

text:
# Edward Adam

**Edward Adam** (11 October 1768 – 11 November 1807) was a French chemist who, beginning in 1800 while studying at Montpellier, invented various still modifications to improve chemical rectification, upon which the industrialization of the manufacture of products such as liquor have since been based.

## InfoBox

| Edward Adam | |
| --- | --- |
| Illustration of a statue of Edward Adam built in Montpellier, designed by Gabriel-Vital Dubray | |
| Born | (1768-10-11)11 October 1768
Rouen, France |
| Died | 11 November 1807(1807-11-11) (aged 39)
Montpellier, France |
| Known for | Still modifications to improve chemical rectification |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Chemistry |
|  | |


title: Edward E. Lyon

abstract: Edward Eugene Lyon was a United States Army private received the Medal of Honor for actions on May 13, 1899, during the Philippine–American War. Private Lyon was part of the Young's Scouts, 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He later became a police sergeant. Private Lyon is buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood, California.

text:
# Edward E. Lyon

**Edward Eugene Lyon** (August 8, 1871  November 18, 1931) was a United States Army private received the Medal of Honor for actions on May 13, 1899, during the Philippine–American War. Private Lyon was part of the Young's Scouts, 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He later became a police sergeant.

Private Lyon is buried in Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood, California.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and Organization: Private, Company B, 2d Oregon Volunteer Infantry. Place and Date: At San Miguel de Mayumo, Luzon, Philippine Islands, May 13, 1899. Entered Service At: Amboy, Wash. Birth: Hixton, Wis. Date of Issue: January 24, 1906.

**Citation:**

> With 11 other scouts, without waiting for the supporting battalion to aid them or to get into position to do so, charged over a distance of about 150 yards and completely routed about 300 of the enemy, who were in line and in a position that could only be carried by a frontal attack.

## InfoBox

| Edward Eugene Lyon | |
| --- | --- |
| Edward Lyon on left with fellow Medal of Honor recipient Marcus W. Robertson on the right in Manila, Philippines | |
| Born | (1871-08-08)August 8, 1871
Hixton, Wisconsin |
| Died | November 18, 1931(1931-11-18) (aged 60)
California |
| Place of burial | Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood, California |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Rank | Private |
| Unit | Young's Scouts, 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | Philippine–American War |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |
| Other work | Police Officer |


title: Edward E. Masters

abstract: Edward E. Masters was an American diplomat. During the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, Masters actively aided and abetted the genocide by systematically supplying lists of members of the Communist Party of Indonesia to the death squads.

text:
# Edward E. Masters

**Edward E. Masters** (June 21, 1924 – March 21, 2014) was an American diplomat.

During the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66, Masters actively aided and abetted the genocide by systematically supplying lists of members of the Communist Party of Indonesia to the death squads.

## Early life

Masters was born on June 21, 1924, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. He graduated from high school in 1942. He joined Denison University but left soon to join the army. He served in the army for three years. He completed his undergraduate from George Washington University in 1948 and in 1949 he completed his master's degree from Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.

## Career

Masters served as an intelligent analyst in the State Department from 1949 to 1950. From 1950 to 1952 he was the resident officer and later military liaison officer in Frankfurt, West Germany. From 1953 to 1954 he was the political officer of the US embassy in Karachi, Pakistan. From 1955 to 1958 was the political officer in Madras, India. He was an intelligence specialist from 1958 to 1960 in the State Department.

Masters served as the chief intelligence officer of Indonesia-Malaya branch of the Intelligence Research Analysis branch Asia from 1960 to 1962. He was the head of the Thailand affairs at the State Department from 1962 to 1963. He served as the deputy chief of the United States embassy in Thailand from 1971 to 1975.

Masters was appointed the ambassador of the United States to Bangladesh on October 4, 1976. He left the post on November 27, 1977. He was appointed ambassador to Indonesia on November 3, 1977. he served there until November 10, 1981. He visited East Timor on September 14, 1977, after the Indonesian invasion. He was the founding president of United States-Indonesia society, a post he held from 1994 to 2001.

## Personal life and death

Masters was married to Allene Masters. He died at his home in Washington, D.C. on March 21, 2014, at the age of 89.

## InfoBox

| Edward E. Masters | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia | |
| **In office**
November 3, 1977  November 10, 1981 | |
| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | David D. Newsom |
| Succeeded by | John Herbert Holdridge |
| U.S. Ambassador to Bangladesh | |
| **In office**
October 5, 1976  November 27, 1977 | |
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | Davis Eugene Boster |
| Succeeded by | David T. Schneider |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1924-06-21)June 21, 1924
Columbus, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | March 21, 2014(2014-03-21) (aged 89)
Washington D.C., U.S. |
|  | |


title: Dara Baloch

abstract: Dara Baloch is a 1983 Pakistani, Action film and a musical film directed by Masud Butt and produced by Abbas Asghar. Film starring actor Sultan Rahi, Iqbal Hassan, Mustafa Qureshi, and Ilyas Kashmiri.

text:
# Dara Baloch

***Dara Baloch*** (Punjabi: دارا بلوچ) is a 1983 Pakistani, Action film and a musical film directed by Masud Butt and produced by Abbas Asghar. Film starring actor Sultan Rahi, Iqbal Hassan, Mustafa Qureshi, and Ilyas Kashmiri.

## Cast

| Acting | Roles |
| --- | --- |
| Sultan Rahi | Dara Baloch |
| Mustafa Qureshi | Ispector Haider |
| Anjuman | Tajji |
| Iqbal Hassan | Chan Badmash |
| Zummurud | Rajoo |
| Sawan | Khan Baloch |
| Bahar | Mother of Tajji |
| Ilyas Kashmiri | Baland Bakht |
| M. Ajmal | Kalo Jatt |
| Habib (Guest) | Thanaydar |
| Naghma (Guest) | Mother of Dara |
| Aliya (Guest actress) | Sister of Khan Baloch |
| Adeeb | Son of Baland Bakht |
| Zahir Shah | Son of Baland Bakht |
| Altaf Khan | Son of Baland Bakht |
| Iqbal Durrani | Son of Baland Bakht |
|

## Track list

The music of film Dara Baloch (1983) is by famous musician Wajahat Attre. The lyrics are penned by Hazin Qadri, and the singers are :

| # | Title | Singer(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Kithe Wasnan Aen Meria Dholia | Noor Jehan |
| 2 | Mar Gaee Nar Balocha | Noor Jehan |
| 3 | Akh Jadoon Chori Chori | Naheed Akhtar |
| 4 | Tomba Wajya Ishaq Wala Sohniya | Noor Jehan |
| 5 | Suraj Ban Gaye Bindiya Meri | Noor Jehan |
|

## InfoBox

| Dara Baloch (film) | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Masud Butt |
| Written by | Nasir Adeeb |
| Screenplay by | Nasir Adeeb |
| Produced by | Chaudhry Abbas Asghar |
| Starring | Sultan Rahi
Anjuman
Iqbal Hassan
Zumurrud
Mustafa Qureshi
Sawan
Bahar
Adeeb
Ilyas Kashmiri
M. Ajmal
Habib (Guests)
Naghma |
| Cinematography | Masud Butt |
| Edited by | Basarat Ali, Zamir Qaisar |
| Music by | Wajahat Attre
Film song lyrics = Hazin Qadri
**Singers**
Noor Jehan, Naheed Akhtar |
| Distributed by | Al Farid Production |
| Release date | * 2 December 1983 (1983-12-02) (Pakistan) |
| Running time | 160 minutes |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Language | Punjabi |


title: Emma Fordyce MacRae

abstract: Emma Fordyce MacRae was an American representational painter. She was a member of the Philadelphia Ten, a group of women artists who worked and exhibited together. Her work — including still lifes and paintings of women — shows the influence of Asian flower paintings and of Seurat.

text:
# Emma Fordyce MacRae

**Emma Fordyce MacRae** (April 27, 1887, Vienna – August 6, 1974) was an American representational painter. She was a member of the Philadelphia Ten, a group of women artists who worked and exhibited together. Her work  including still lifes and paintings of women  shows the influence of Asian flower paintings and of Seurat.

## Biography

MacRae grew up in New York City, where she attended Miss Chapin's School and the Brearley School. She enrolled at the Art Students League in 1911, studying first with Frank DuMond and Kenneth Hayes Miller, and beginning in 1915, with Luis Mora, Ernest Blumenschein, and John French Sloan. She also attended one of Robert Reid's summer courses.

MacRae's painting, "Green Jade," was shown at the Anderson Galleries in 1928, at an exhibit of artist members of the American Woman's Association. Many exhibitions and gallery showings followed. In 1937, MacRae's painting "A Persian Girl," was listed as deserving of special mention by *The New York Times* critic Edward Alden Jewell. In the 1940s, MacRae was chairman of the awards jury of the National Association of Women Artists.

Galleries rediscovered MacRae's art in the 1980s; the Richard York Gallery in New York exhibited thirty of her paintings in December 1983. In 1987, her painting of a Venetian cafe was part of "American Women Artists, 1830-1930," an exhibition displayed at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington, D.C. and in four other museums.

MacRae had studios in New York City and in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Where MacRae painted her New England landscapes form the Cape Ann Landscapes Tour.

Recent exhibitions of MacRae's work have been held at Cape Ann Museum and Greenwich, Connecticut.

## Collections and museums

## External resources

Review.

* American Art Review Volume 20 Number 2 March–April 2008 Article: Paintings of Emma Fordyce MacRae, N.A (1887–1974) by Karen E. Quinn.

## InfoBox

| Emma Fordyce MacRae | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 27, 1887<br>Vienna |
| Died | August 6, 1974 (aged 86) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education |  |
| Known for | still lifes, paintings of women |
| Notable work | * *Green Jade* (1928) * *A Persian Girl* (1937) |
| Movement | Philadelphia Ten |


title: Eino Raunio

abstract: Eino Albin Raunio was a Finnish politician. He was the minister of finance from 1968 to 1970. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1939 to 1970, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).

text:
# Eino Raunio

**Eino Albin Raunio** (18 January 1909, in Sääksmäki – 18 March 1979, in Forssa) was a Finnish politician. He was the minister of finance from 1968 to 1970. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1939 to 1970, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).

## InfoBox

| Eino Raunio | |
| --- | --- |
| Raunio (to the right) in 1969. | |
|  | |
| Minister of finance | |
| **In office**
1 January 1968  14 May 1970 | |
| Prime Minister | Rafael Paasio
Mauno Koivisto |
| Preceded by | Mauno Koivisto |
| Succeeded by | Päiviö Hetemäki |
| Member of the Finnish Parliament | |
| **In office**
1 September 1939  22 March 1970 | |
| Constituency | Häme |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Eino Albin Raunio
(1909-01-18)18 January 1909
Sääksmäki, Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Died | 18 March 1979(1979-03-18) (aged 70)
Forssa, Finland |
| Political party | Social Democratic |
| Spouse | Katri Elina Väyrynen |
|  | |


title: Old Town Hall, Loddon

abstract: The Old Town Hall is a former events venue in Bridge Street, Loddon, Norfolk, England. The structure, which is currently occupied for commercial use, is a grade II listed building.

text:
# Old Town Hall, Loddon

The **Old Town Hall** is a former events venue in Bridge Street, Loddon, Norfolk, England. The structure, which is currently occupied for commercial use, is a grade II listed building.

## History

In the mid-19th century, a group of local businessmen decided to form a company to raise funds for the erection of an events venue in the town: the site they selected on the west side of Bridge Street was owned by an individual, James Copeman, from whom they bought it for £30. The building was designed in the Jacobean style, built in red brick and was completed in time for the first court hearing on 10 August 1870.

The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with three bays facing onto Bridge Street with the outer bays projected forward as pavilions; the central bay featured a round headed doorway flanked by banded pilasters supporting a modillioned canopy while the outer bays contained mullioned and transomed bay windows with ornate parapets above. All three bays were surmounted by Dutch gables containing oculli and, in the case of the outer bays, decorated with finials. Internally, the principal room was the main assembly hall.

Petty session hearings were held in the building once a fortnight in the 19th century. The building was used for various public events including political meetings and, in March 1923, the first-class cricketer and local member of parliament, Michael Falcon, gave a speech there: Falcon lost his seat at the general election nine months later. During the Second World War, the building served as a civil defence report centre, as a recruiting post for ARP staff and as a first aid post; it also acted as an administration centre for children evacuated from London to families in the Norfolk area.

After the war the use of the building as an events venue declined and it was sold for commercial use: the company that had originally developed it was wound up in the 1960s. Following local government re-organisation in 1974, the building also became the offices of the local parish council. By the early 21st century part of the building was in use as a tourist information centre, but it also accommodated a local hairdressing salon. A programme of works to convert three of its rooms into additional guest accommodation for an adjacent public house, The Swan, was completed in August 2017.

## InfoBox

| Old Town Hall, Loddon | |
| --- | --- |
| Old Town Hall, Loddon | |
| Location | Bridge Street, Loddon |
| Coordinates | 52°32′08″N 1°28′51″E / 52.5356°N 1.4809°E / 52.5356; 1.4809 |
| Built | 1870 |
| Architectural style(s) | Jacobean style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Former Town Hall |
| Designated | 4 February 1977 |
| Reference no. | 1169370 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Norfolk | |


title: Chionodes fimus

abstract: Chionodes fimus is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska.

text:
# Chionodes fimus

***Chionodes fimus*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska.

## InfoBox

| *Chionodes fimus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Chionodes* |
| Species: | ***C. fimus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chionodes fimus***<br>Hodges, 1999 | |
|


title: Rosa 'Alexander'

abstract: Rosa 'Alexander' is an orange-red hybrid tea rose. The cultivar was bred by Jack Harkness and introduced into Great Britain in 1972 by R. Harkness Roses & Co, Ltd. It has been awarded the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) in 1993.

text:
# Rosa 'Alexander'

***Rosa* 'Alexander'** (**AKA HARlex**) is an orange-red hybrid tea rose. The cultivar was bred by Jack Harkness and introduced into Great Britain in 1972 by R. Harkness Roses & Co, Ltd. It has been awarded the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) in 1993.

## Description

'Alexander' is renowned for its "vigour and its brilliant colouring." It is a tall, upright hybrid tea rose, 6 to 8 ft (182–243 cm) in height, with a 3 to 4 ft (91-121 cm) plant spread. The rose has large (26-40 petals) double flowers, typically borne singly in large clusters. 'Alexander' has a mild fragrance and has a bloom color of orange or orange-red. The plant blooms in flushes from spring to fall. The rose's long stems make it ideal for cutting. The foliage is light green, and the plant has many thorns and prickles. It is susceptible to mildew and blackspot.

## History

'Alexander' was developed by Jack Harkness of Harkness Roses (R. Harkness & Co. Ltd) at Hitchin, Hertfordshire. The acclaimed nursery, which continues to sell roses today, was established in 1879 in Bedale, Yorkshire by brothers, John Harkness (1857-1933) and (Robert Harkness (1851-1920). Jack Harkness (1918-1994) is the grandson of the original co-founder John Harkness.

'Alexander' was bred by Jack Harkness and introduced into Britain in 1972. Harkness named the rose in honour of Field Marshall Harold Alexander (1891-1969). The parentage of the rose cultivar is a combination of: *Rosa* 'Tropicana' x (*Rosa* 'Ann Elizabeth' × *Rosa* 'Allgold') The rose has five child plants. The rose has won multiple awards including the ADR in 1973, the Hamburg Gold Medal in 1973, The Belfast Gold Medal in 1974, the James Mason Gold Medal in 1987, and the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) by the Royal National Rose Society (RNRS) in 1993.

## Child plants

* *Rosa* 'Breath of life', (Harkness, 1980)
* *Rosa* 'Grace Donnelly', (Horner, 1991)
* *Rosa* 'Breath of life', (Harkness, 1980)
* *Rosa* 'Remember me', (Cocker, 2003)
* *Rosa* 'Spanish sunset', (Franko Roses, 2008)

## InfoBox

| Rosa 'Alexander' | |
| --- | --- |
| *Rosa* 'Alexander' | |
| Genus | *Rosa* hybrid |
| Cultivar group | hybrid tea |
| Cultivar | HARlex |
| Breeder | Jack Harkness |
| Origin | Great Britain, 1972 |


title: Pittosporum kirkii

abstract: Pittosporum kirkii is a glabrous evergreen perennial shrub that reaches up to 5 metres (16 ft) in height and possesses distinctive coriaceous, fleshy, thick leaves. It is one of four shrubs endemic to New Zealand that frequently displays an epiphytic lifestyle. P. kirkii is commonly epiphytic, perched amongst nest epiphytes in the canopies of emergent or canopy trees in old-growth forest; however, it can be observed occasionally growing on the ground or over rocks. Kirk first observed P. kirkii on Great Barrier Island. It was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker from material collected by Thomas Kirk, possibly from the Thames Goldfields, and published in 1869. The initial brief description titled Pittosporum n. sp.? by Thomas Kirk was published in his paper on Great Barrier Island in 1868. This description along with herbarium specimens were sent to Dr. J. D Hooker at Kew Gardens in 1868, and he collaborated to name it after T. Kirk, by giving it the specific epithet kirkii within the publication that was otherwise written by Kirk. Kirk's (1869) description reads: Pittosporum Kirkii, Hook. f., n. sp., A handsome, laxly-branched shrub, 3–15 feet high, branchlets stout, rigid, ascending; bark reddish-purple, leaves alternate, crowded or whorled, linear-obovate, acute or obtuse, 2-5 inches long, gradually narrowed into rather broad purple petioles, excessively coriaceous, glabrous, pale-green above, lighter below, midrib stout, prominent and cuiously flattened beneath; flowers terminal in 3-7 flowered umbels, peduncles rather stout, decurved; sepals broadly lanceolate with membranous margins; petals ligulate, bright yellowe, recurved; capsules erect, clustered, glabrous, elliptic, 1-1 1/2 inches long, obtuse, 2-valved, remarkably compressed, but the valves contract in a curious manner when the capsule bursts. An illustration in Cheeseman et al. (1914) 1 was the first to highlight the male and female reproductive structures (dioecy) of P. kirkii. Pittosporum kirkii has a known restricted geographical range in the North Island, extending from Mangonui in Northland to Raetihi and in the Matemateāonga Range south of Ohakune with a mean altitude of 471 meters above sea level. It is also notably abundant on the offshore islands of Great Barrier and Little Barrier. Pittosporum kirkii is currently listed as in decline and is nowhere common throughout its range.

text:
# Pittosporum kirkii

***Pittosporum kirkii*** is a glabrous evergreen perennial shrub that reaches up to 5 metres (16 ft) in height and possesses distinctive coriaceous, fleshy, thick leaves. It is one of four shrubs endemic to New Zealand that frequently displays an epiphytic lifestyle. *P. kirkii* is commonly epiphytic, perched amongst nest epiphytes in the canopies of emergent or canopy trees in old-growth forest; however, it can be observed occasionally growing on the ground or over rocks (in a rupestral lifestyle). Kirk first observed *P. kirkii* on Great Barrier Island. It was described by Joseph Dalton Hooker from material collected by Thomas Kirk, possibly from the Thames Goldfields, and published in 1869. The initial brief description titled *Pittosporum n. sp.?* by Thomas Kirk was published in his paper on Great Barrier Island in 1868. This description along with herbarium specimens were sent to Dr. J. D Hooker at Kew Gardens in 1868, and he collaborated to name it after T. Kirk, by giving it the specific epithet *kirkii* within the publication that was otherwise written by Kirk.

Kirk's (1869) description reads:

> *Pittosporum Kirkii*, Hook. f., n. sp., A handsome, laxly-branched shrub, 3–15 feet high, branchlets stout, rigid, ascending; bark reddish-purple, leaves alternate, crowded or whorled, linear-obovate, acute or obtuse, 2-5 inches long, gradually narrowed into rather broad purple petioles, excessively coriaceous, glabrous, pale-green above, lighter below, midrib stout, prominent and cuiously flattened beneath; flowers terminal in 3-7 flowered umbels, peduncles rather stout, decurved; sepals broadly lanceolate with membranous margins; petals ligulate, bright yellowe, recurved; capsules erect, clustered, glabrous, elliptic, 1-1 1/2 inches long, obtuse, 2-valved, remarkably compressed, but the valves contract in a curious manner when the capsule bursts.

An illustration in Cheeseman et al. (1914)  was the first to highlight the male and female reproductive structures (dioecy) of *P. kirkii*.

*Pittosporum kirkii* has a known restricted geographical range in the North Island, extending from Mangonui in Northland (ca. 35o0'1S) to Raetihi and in the Matemateāonga Range south of Ohakune (ca. 39o3'8S) with a mean altitude of 471 (± 0.11) meters above sea level. It is also notably abundant on the offshore islands of Great Barrier and Little Barrier.

*Pittosporum kirkii* is currently listed as in decline and is nowhere common throughout its range.

## InfoBox

| *Pittosporum kirkii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Epiphytic specimen | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Declining (NZ TCS) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pittosporum* |
| Species: | ***P. kirkii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pittosporum kirkii***
Hook.f. ex Kirk | |
|


title: Breaking the Language Barrier

abstract: Breaking the Language Barrier is a 1961 American short documentary film. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. Hermon Lee Knox served as Director of Photography. According to a declassified National Reconnaissance Office document, "Although the film failed to win an Oscar when the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented its annual awards on April 9, 1962, Headquarters APCS and the 1352nd Photographic Group received plaques honoring the nomination of the film for consideration in the competition. In the 1962 competition held by the magazine Industrial Photography for motion pictures in the In-Plant Category, Breaking the Language Barrier, selected as the USAF entry, tied with The Idea of Michigan as the best general public-relations films. The announcement of the award was made in September 1962.

text:
# Breaking the Language Barrier

***Breaking the Language Barrier*** is a 1961 American short documentary film. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. Hermon Lee Knox served as Director of Photography.

According to a declassified National Reconnaissance Office document, "Although the film failed to win an Oscar when the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented its annual awards on April 9, 1962, Headquarters APCS and the 1352nd Photographic Group received plaques honoring the nomination of the film for consideration in the competition. In the 1962 competition held by the magazine Industrial Photography for motion pictures in the In-Plant Category, *Breaking the Language Barrier*, selected as the USAF entry, tied with *The Idea of Michigan* (Univ. of Michigan Television Center) as the best general public-relations films. The announcement of the award was made in September 1962.

## InfoBox

| Breaking the Language Barrier | |
| --- | --- |
| Production<br>company | Lookout Mountain Air Force Station |
| Distributed by | United States Air Force |
| Release date | * 1961 (1961) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Rasueros

abstract: Rasueros is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 297 inhabitants.

text:
# Rasueros

**Rasueros** is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 297 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Rasueros | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| RasuerosLocation in Spain.RasuerosRasueros (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 41°1′23″N 5°4′28″W / 41.02306°N 5.07444°W / 41.02306; -5.07444 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Ávila |
| Area | |
| Total | 40 km2 (20 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 181 |
| Density | 4.5/km2 (12/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: Old City Cemetery is a historic site in Tallahassee, Florida, the state capital. It was established in 1829 by the Territorial Legislative Council, and was acquired by the city in 1840. Burials for white people were segregated with separate areas and books for "colored" people. Cast iron fences surround the property. A historical marker commemorates its history. The Florida Archives have photos of the cemetery. Guided walking tours have been held.

text:
# Old City Cemetery (Tallahassee, Florida)

**Old City Cemetery** is a historic site in Tallahassee, Florida, the state capital. It was established in 1829 by the Territorial Legislative Council, and was acquired by the city in 1840. Burials for white people were segregated with separate areas and books for "colored" people.

Cast iron fences surround the property. A historical marker commemorates its history.

The Florida Archives have photos of the cemetery. Guided walking tours have been held.

## Burials

## InfoBox

| Old City Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | 1829 (1829) |
| Location | Tallahassee, Florida |
| Coordinates | 30°26′34″N 84°17′13″W / 30.4427°N 84.2870°W / 30.4427; -84.2870 |


title: Olga Nikitina

abstract: Olga Alekseyevna Nikitina is a Russian right-handed sabre fencer, 2019 team European champion, 2019 team world champion, and 2021 team Olympic champion. Nikitina was part of the gold medal winning Russian team at the 2019 World Fencing Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. She is a Russian Armed Forces athlete, and her clubs are the Russian Central Sports Army Club, and Moscow Sports School of Olympic Reserve No.42.

text:
# Olga Nikitina

**Olga Alekseyevna Nikitina** (Russian: Ольга Алексеевна Никитина, IPA: \[ˈolʲɡə nʲɪˈkʲitʲɪnə\]; born 26 November 1998) is a Russian right-handed sabre fencer, 2019 team European champion, 2019 team world champion, and 2021 team Olympic champion. Nikitina was part of the gold medal winning Russian team at the 2019 World Fencing Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. She is a Russian Armed Forces athlete, and her clubs are the Russian Central Sports Army Club, and Moscow Sports School of Olympic Reserve No.42.

## Medal record

### Olympic Games

| Year | Location | Event | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | Tokyo, Japan | Team Women's Sabre | 1st |

### World Championship

| Year | Location | Event | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Budapest, Hungary | Team Women's Sabre | 1st |

### European Championship

| Year | Location | Event | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Düsseldorf, Germany | Team Women's Sabre | 1st |

### Grand Prix

| Date | Location | Event | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01/10/2020 | Montreal, Canada | Individual Women's Sabre | 2nd |

### World Cup

| Date | Location | Event | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 03/22/2019 | Sint-Niklaas, Belgium | Individual Women's Sabre | 2nd |
| 11/22/2019 | Orléans, France | Individual Women's Sabre | 2nd |

## InfoBox

| Olga Nikitina | |
| --- | --- |
| Nikitina in September 2021 | |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Olga Alekseyevna Nikitina |
| Born | (1998-11-26) November 26, 1998<br>Lipetsk, Russia |
| Sport | |
| Country | Russia |
| Weapon | Sabre |
| Hand | right-handed |
| Club | * CSKA Moscow (Central Sports Army Club) \[RUS\] * Moscow Sports School of Olympic Reserve No.42 \[RUS\]. |
| Head coach | Anzor Gagulashvili |
| FIE ranking | current ranking |
| Medal record      Representing  ROC  2020 Tokyo Team sabre  Representing  Russia  World Championships  2019 Budapest Team sabre  European Championships  2019 Düsseldorf Team sabre  Military World Games  2019 Wuhan Team foil  2019 Wuhan Team sabre | |


title: Old Rectory, St Columb Major

abstract:
The Old Rectory is a grade II* listed Victorian moated Rectory, located on the banks of the River Menalhyl in St Columb Major, in Cornwall, England. It is a major work by the architect William White. The house is currently under renovation by a private owner to be used as a house. Commissioned by Dr Samuel Walker, Rector of St Columb, following the speculation that the proposed Cornish bishopric would be based at St Columb. It was built in 1851, on the site of a 14th-century moated medieval house. It is an asymmetrical plan rectory in a Gothic revival style. Over the years it has undergone a range of alterations. After undergoing several uses in the past it is currently privately owned and unoccupied. In 2011 it was listed by The Victorian Society as one Britain's most endangered buildings. After years of inaction by Cornwall Council the Victorian Society launched a petition in 2015 to save the building.
Photos in 2015 show the shocking state of neglect and water damage to the building.

text:
# Old Rectory, St Columb Major

**The Old Rectory** is a grade II\* listed Victorian moated Rectory, located on the banks of the River Menalhyl in St Columb Major, in Cornwall, England. It is a major work by the architect William White. The house is currently under renovation by a private owner to be used as a house.

Commissioned by Dr Samuel Walker, Rector of St Columb, following the speculation that the proposed Cornish bishopric would be based at St Columb. It was built in 1851, on the site of a 14th-century moated medieval house. It is an asymmetrical plan rectory in a Gothic revival style.

Over the years it has undergone a range of alterations. After undergoing several uses in the past it is currently privately owned and unoccupied.

In 2011 it was listed by The Victorian Society as one Britain's most endangered buildings.

After years of inaction by Cornwall Council the Victorian Society launched a petition in 2015 to save the building. Photos in 2015 show the shocking state of neglect and water damage to the building.

## Reading list

* Beacham, Peter & Pevsner, Nikolaus (2014) *Cornwall*. (The Buildings of England.) New Haven: Yale University Press; pp. 523-24
* Hals, William, (1740) *The Compleat History of Cornwall*
* Henderson, Charles (1930) *St Columb Major, Church and Parish*; p. 9
* King, Cathcart & James, David (1983) *Castellarium Anglicanum: an Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands*. London: Kraus International Publications; Volume I, p. 9
* Polsue, Joseph (1867) *A Complete Parochial History of the County of Cornwall* Truro: William Lake; London: John Camden Hotten, 1867–72, Vol. 1, p. 227
* Salter, Mike (1999) *The Castles of Devon and Cornwall*. Malvern: Folly Publications; p. 35

## InfoBox

| The Old Rectory | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of The Old Rectory in Cornwall | |
| Location | St Columb Major, Cornwall, England |
| Coordinates | 50°26′16″N 4°56′32″W / 50.4378°N 4.9422°W / 50.4378; -4.9422 |
| Built | 1849–1851 |
| Built for | Rev Dr Samuel Walker |
| Architect | William White |
| Architectural style(s) | Victorian Gothic Revival |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | The Old Rectory |
| Designated | 16 April 1986 |
| Reference no. | 1144096 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Old Rectory Meadows

abstract: Old Rectory Meadows is a 7.9-hectare (20-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest in Denham in Buckinghamshire. This site on the bank of the River Misbourne has wet alluvial and water meadows, marsh and alder carr woodland. It has plants which are rare in the county such as marsh arrowgrass, and its irregular structure provides a suitable habitat for insects. It is private land with no public access.

text:
# Old Rectory Meadows

**Old Rectory Meadows** is a 7.9-hectare (20-acre) Site of Special Scientific Interest in Denham in Buckinghamshire.

This site on the bank of the River Misbourne has wet alluvial and water meadows, marsh and alder carr woodland. It has plants which are rare in the county such as marsh arrowgrass, and its irregular structure provides a suitable habitat for insects.

It is private land with no public access.

51°34′34″N 0°30′39″W / 51.576°N 0.5107°W / 51.576; -0.5107

## InfoBox

Old Rectory Meadows
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Buckinghamshire |
| Grid reference | TQ033874 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 7.9 hectares |
| Notification | 1982 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |


title: Olde English (sketch comedy)

abstract: Olde English was an American sketch comedy troupe based in New York City. The group published over 100 comedy shorts on the internet, and performed live at several venues and festivals in the US.

text:
# Olde English (sketch comedy)

**Olde English** was an American sketch comedy troupe based in New York City. The group published over 100 comedy shorts on the internet, and performed live at several venues and festivals in the US.

## History

Olde English was formed by a group of students at Bard College, and was originally conceived by Ben Popik. While traveling in Europe during the summer of 2002, Popik chose the name for the group and began writing some of the early sketches. In the fall of 2002, Popik returned to Bard and held auditions for the group. By 2010, Olde English consisted of Adam Conover, Ben Popik, Raphael Bob-Waksberg, Dave Segal, and Caleb Bark, although several others had joined and left over the years.

Olde English produced videos for its website since 2002, usually posting one sketch every two weeks. In 2004, Olde English released its first self-produced DVD, *Gorilla Warfare*.

The group gained increased popularity in 2003 when their video "Gym Class" became a viral hit. In 2006, the group released a video titled "One Picture Every Day", starring Ben Popik and featuring an original song by former member Jesse Novak. The sketch is a parody of an internet phenomenon popularized by Noah Kalina and Jonathan Keller. The video was seen on *Good Morning America* as well as a Mountain Dew ad campaign. On January 17, 2007, Olde English announced that its videos would be regularly featured on the comedy website Super Deluxe.

Olde English performed live at the Chicago Sketch Comedy Festival (2005), the San Francisco Sketchfest (2005–2007) and the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival (2007).

Olde English's "Free NYC Rap", a rap music video protesting the restrictions for independent New York City filmmakers that were proposed in Fall 2007, was nominated for a 2007 ECNY award.

## Other projects

The members of Olde English—along with former members Joel Clark and Jesse Novak, as well as longtime collaborator Chioke Nassor—completed their first feature film, *The Exquisite Corpse Project* in 2012. The film first premiered at festivals in June 2012, and became available for commercial download at the end of April 2013.

## InfoBox

| Olde English | |
| --- | --- |
| Members of Olde English in 2010 (from left): Ben Popik, Raphael Bob-Waksberg, David Segal, Caleb Bark, and Adam Conover | |
| Medium | Film, theatre |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 2002–2013 |
| Genres | Sketch comedy |
| Members | Caleb Bark
Raphael "Raizin" Bob-Waksberg
Joel Clark
Adam Conover
Jon Dame
Tavit Geudelekian
Adam Janos
Jesse Novak
Ben Popik
Suzanne Richardson
Shira Sandler
Hana Scott-Suhrstedt
David Segal |
| Website | www.oldeenglish.org |


title: Olympic Refuge Foundation

abstract: The Olympic Refuge Foundation (ORF), is a non-governmental organization founded in September 2017 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The primary stated goals of the foundation are to support the protection, development and thriving of displaced young people through sport, worldwide. In March 2016, the IOC President Thomas Bach announced the creation of the Refugee Olympic Team, as "a symbol of hope for all refugees in the world" to "make the world better aware of the magnitude of this crisis". The Refugee Olympic Team competed for the first time at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the Olympic Flag. In September 2017 the IOC launched the Olympic Refuge Foundation to continue the support to refugees in the long-term. The Foundation aims to provide access to safe sport for one million young people affected by displacement by 2024. On 25 May 2022, the Olympic Refuge Foundation and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team were awarded with the 2022 Princess of Asturias Award for Sports.

text:
# Olympic Refuge Foundation

The **Olympic Refuge Foundation** (**ORF**), is a non-governmental organization founded in September 2017 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and based in Lausanne, Switzerland. The primary stated goals of the foundation are to support the protection, development and thriving of displaced young people through sport, worldwide.

In March 2016, the IOC President Thomas Bach announced the creation of the Refugee Olympic Team, as "a symbol of hope for all refugees in the world" to "make the world better aware of the magnitude of this crisis". The Refugee Olympic Team competed for the first time at the 2016 Summer Olympics, under the Olympic Flag. In September 2017 the IOC launched the Olympic Refuge Foundation to continue the support to refugees in the long-term. The Foundation aims to provide access to safe sport for one million young people affected by displacement by 2024.

On 25 May 2022, the Olympic Refuge Foundation and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team were awarded with the 2022 Princess of Asturias Award for Sports.

## InfoBox

Olympic Refuge Foundation
| Abbreviation | ORF |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | September 2017 (2017-09) |
| Founders | International Olympic Committee |
| Headquarters | Lausanne, Switzerland |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Website | https://olympics.com/en/olympic-refuge-foundation/ |


title: Corporations (Upper Canada)

abstract: There were two types of corporations at work in the Upper Canadian economy: the legislatively chartered companies and the unregulated joint stock companies. These two business forms had different legal standing; chartered corporations had a "separate personality" - they were a legal person quite distinct from its members or shareholders, a legal fiction which protected those shareholders with limited liability. In contrast, joint stock companies were made illegal by the English Bubble Act of 1720. Joint stock companies were considered extensive partnerships under common law, and English legislation limited these to a maximum of six partners. Without incorporation, the company was not considered a "separate personality." It could not hold property; this was held by trustees, who usually had to provide a bond or security. Without incorporation, the company could neither sue nor be sued at law. And without incorporation, shareholders were personally responsible for the debts to the company to the full extent of their personal property; shareholders were not protected by limited liability. There were, then, significant legal hurdles that made the joint stock company an unwieldy form of partnership. Despite the difficulties in the unincorporated joint stock company form, it became increasingly popular in the late eighteenth century in Britain as the means through which public works were carried out. General public feeling was that all corporations, chartered or otherwise, should only be founded for the public benefit. Although a limited number of companies were formed for the purpose of for-profit trade, others were simply a way of controlling forms of common property.

text:
# Corporations (Upper Canada)

There were two types of corporations at work in the Upper Canadian economy: the legislatively chartered companies and the unregulated joint stock companies. These two business forms had different legal standing; chartered **corporations** had a "separate personality" - they were a legal person quite distinct from its members or shareholders, a legal fiction which protected those shareholders with limited liability. In contrast, joint stock companies were made illegal by the English Bubble Act of 1720. Joint stock companies were considered extensive partnerships under common law, and English legislation limited these to a maximum of six partners. Without incorporation, the company was not considered a "separate personality." It could not hold property; this was held by trustees, who usually had to provide a bond or security. Without incorporation, the company could neither sue nor be sued at law. And without incorporation, shareholders were personally responsible for the debts to the company to the full extent of their personal property; shareholders were not protected by limited liability. There were, then, significant legal hurdles that made the joint stock company an unwieldy form of partnership.

Despite the difficulties in the unincorporated joint stock company form, it became increasingly popular in the late eighteenth century in Britain as the means through which public works were carried out. General public feeling was that all corporations, chartered or otherwise, should only be founded for the public benefit. Although a limited number of companies were formed for the purpose of for-profit trade, others were simply a way of controlling forms of common property.

## Joint-stock companies

The joint stock company was popular in building public works, since they should be for general public benefit, and would otherwise be sacrificed to "legislated monopolies" with "exclusive privileges" such as the Bank of Upper Canada. As late as 1849, even the "moderate" reform politician Robert Baldwin was to complain that "unless a stop were made to it, there would be nothing but corporations from one end of the country to the other." Radical reformers, like William Lyon Mackenzie, who opposed all such "legislated monopolies," saw joint stock associations as the only protection against "the whole property of the country... being tied up as an irredeemable appendage to incorporated institutions, and put beyond the reach of individual possession."

As a result, most of the joint stock companies formed in this period were created by political reformers who objected to the legislated monopolies granted to members of the Family Compact. The political connection results from the fact the company was a voluntary association that was "also a mini-republic. Typically, each was a self-governing body composed of members of equal standing who had freely consented to join. Members created an association, devised its rules and policies, and elected officers from among their ranks to carry out their wishes."

In Upper Canada, the joint stock company is an interesting example of the voluntary "mini-parliament" because it fostered notions of "responsible government" through its separation of ownership and management. Responsible government usually means cabinet responsibility to the elected House of Assembly; in alternate terms, of management to stockholders. However, responsible government had a second sense in the case of joint stock companies, i.e. the accountability of stockholders to management. Since joint stock companies lacked limited liability, stockholders were responsible for all the company's debts to the full extent of their personal property. They were an incubator of stakeholder democracy. The joint stock company required an unusually high level of "vigilance" from its members, a word borrowed from the "committees of vigilance" later established by the reformers; they remained ultimately responsible for the actions taken by their representatives in parliament and on the board of directors.

See Frederick H. Armstrong, *Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology*, rev. ed. (Toronto, Dundurn Press, 1985), Part VII, for a list of the joint stock companies incorporated during this period in Upper Canada.

* **Bank of the People**: The **Bank of the People** was a joint stock bank created by radical Reform politicians James Lesslie, James Hervey Price, and Dr John Rolph in Toronto in 1835. It was founded after they failed to establish a "Provincial Loan Office" in which farmers could borrow small sums guaranteed by their land holdings. The Bank of the People was the only bank in Upper Canada not to suspend payments during the financial panic of 1837–8. Many of the shareholders, however, took part in the Rebellion of 1837 and the Family Compact plotted to have it taken over by the Bank of Montreal in 1840.
* **Farmer's Bank**: Two brash Devonshire businessmen, Capt. George Truscott and John Cleveland Green had served in the British Army in Canada. They formed a private partnership and established the Agricultural Bank at Toronto in 1834. In 1835, they issued a circular calling for shareholders in a new (competing) "Farmer's Bank" with Charles Duncombe as its president. Truscott and Green turned to those opposed to the Bank of Upper Canada for financial support. Although Truscott & Green had touted Charles Duncombe as president of the new bank to solicit reform support, the chair of the general meeting of subscribers on 16 June was the Hon. John Elmsley, legislative councillor, and the largest shareholder in the Bank of Upper Canada. He engaged in a bitter proxy war and managed to take over control of the bank. Elmsley had clear but fragile ties with the Family Compact. He was a retired naval officer; a legislative councillor and former executive councillor; the son of a former chief justice from whom he inherited a large estate; and the son-in-law of Judge Levius Sherwood.
* **Farmers' Storehouse Company**: The Farmers' Storehouse was organized as an unincorporated joint stock company on the 7 February 1824. The Farmers' Storehouse was both a producers and consumer cooperative. Farmers sold their wheat an flour through the company and purchased their needs from its store. They could also obtain small loans equal to the share capital they held. The Farmers' Storehouse company also tried to establish itself as a bank. They built a warehouse 100 feet long by 20 ft. wide, and 20 ft. high where the St. Lawrence market building now stands in Toronto. The first president of the company was Joseph Shepard, a prominent Reform organizer with close ties to William Lyon Mackenzie. The company had 5 board members, a $3000 capitalization, and was operated by a store-keeper. It was widely emulated throughout the province by the "Newcastle District Accommodation Company" (near Peterborough) and the "Bath Freeholders' Bank" (near Kingston).
* **Toronto Mechanics' Institute**:
* **Toronto House of Industry**: In 1834, the United Kingdom passed a new Poor Law which created the system of Victorian workhouses (or "Houses of Industry") that Charles Dickens described in *Oliver Twist*. Sir Francis Bond Head, the new Lt. Governor of Upper Canada in 1836, had been a Poor Law administrator before his appointment. Head introduced legislation for these workhouses but a small group of reformers and dissenting ministers in Toronto led by James Lesslie and Dr William W. Baldwin founded the Toronto House of Industry as a joint stock company on alternate, humane principles. The Toronto House of Industry was started by the reformers in the 'unused' courthouse on Richmond Street in January 1837 where they had previously met as the "Canadian Alliance Society" of which Lesslie had been president.
* **Mississippi Emigration Society**: In the wake of the Upper Canada Rebellion, disappointed Reformers formed the Mississippi Emigration Society which proposed to purchase a large block of land at Davenport, Iowa for the erection of a mill, other property to be held in common, and redistribution among shareholders. The organizers included James Lesslie, Peter Perry, Francis Hincks, J. Hervey Price and Thomas Parke. Lesslie, Hincks and Price were all involved in the management of the Bank of the People, and were the designated agents for the company. The committee faced significant obstacles to purchasing a large contiguous block of land. Interest in the Mississippi Land Company slowly eroded throughout 1839, and those interested in emigration did so with their own resources.

### Churches

* **The Children of Peace**: The Children of Peace were a utopian Quaker sect that emerged during the War of 1812 under the leadership of David Willson. Today, they are primarily remembered for the Sharon Temple, an architectural symbol of their vision of a society based on the values of peace, equality and social justice. The group had no legal standing, hence they formed a joint-stock company in 1832 to manage their Temple and two other churches, as well as other assets, including what is probably Canada's first credit union.

### Steamship companies

## Chartered companies

William Lyon Mackenzie frequently complained about the manner in which members of the Family Compact utilized their official positions for monetary gain, especially through corporations such as the Bank of Upper Canada, and the two land companies (the Clergy Corporation and the Canada Company) that between them controlled two sevenths of all the land in the province. The Bank of Upper Canada, for example, had been founded by William Allan and the Rev. John Strachan, key members of the Family Compact, both of whom were Executive and Legislative Councillors. Although they lacked the minimum capital needed to found the bank, they persuaded the government to subscribe for a quarter of its shares. During the 1830s, a third of the bank's board were Legislative or Executive Councillors, and the remaining all magistrates. Despite repeated attempts, the elected Legislature - which had chartered the bank - could obtain no details about the bank's workings.

### Land companies

* **Canada Company**: The **Canada Company** was a large private chartered British land development company, incorporated by an act of British parliament on July 27, 1825, to aid the colonization of Upper Canada. The government of Upper Canada sold the company 10,000 km2 of land for £341000.
* **Clergy Corporation**: The Clergy Corporation was incorporated in 1819 to manage the Clergy Reserves, equal in size to the Crown Reserves held by the Canada Company. After the Rev. John Strachan was appointed to the Executive Council, the advisory body to the Lieutenant Governor, in 1815, he began to push for the Church of England's autonomous control of the clergy reserves on the model of the Clergy Corporation created in Lower Canada in 1817. Although all clergymen in the Church of England were members of the body corporate, the act prepared in 1819 by Strachan's former student, Attorney General John Beverly Robinson, also appointed the Inspector General and the Surveyor General to the board, and made a quorum of three for meetings; these two public officers also sat on the Legislative Council with Strachan. These three were usually members of the Family Compact.

### Bank and insurance companies

* **Bank of Upper Canada**: The **Bank of Upper Canada** was established in 1821 under a Charter granted by the legislature of Upper Canada in 1819 to a group of Kingston merchants. This charter was "stolen" by the more influential Executive Councillors to the Lt. Governor, the Rev. John Strachan and William Allan and moved to Toronto. The bank was closely associated with the group that came to be known as the Family Compact, and formed a large part of their wealth. Complaints about the bank were a staple of Reform agitation in the 1830s due to its monopoly and aggressive legal actions against debtors.
* **Bank of British North America**: The **Bank of British North America** was founded in 1835 in London, England with offices in Toronto, Montreal, Quebec City, Saint John, New Brunswick, Halifax and St. John's, Newfoundland.
* **British America Fire and Life Assurance Company**
* **Commercial Bank of the Midland District**: The Bank of Upper Canada used all of its influence to prevent any other bank from being chartered in the province. This monopoly was crucial to keeping its notes in circulation and boosting its profits. They succeeded only until 1832 when the Commercial Bank of the Midland District was chartered in Kingston.
* **Home District Savings Bank**: Banks in this period did not have savings accounts. In order to encourage the working poor of the city to save for periods of unemployment, the Lt. Governor pushed for the establishment of a Home District Savings Bank on June 5, 1830 "for the earnings of Journeymen Tradesmen, Mechanics, Servants, Labourers."

### Transportation companies

* **Desjardins Canal**: The Desjardins Canal, named after its promoter Pierre Desjardins, was built to give Dundas, Ontario, easier access to Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes system of North America. The project to build Desjardins Canal continued for ten years, from 1827 to 1837. It was a local operation with limited objectives and attracted financial backers and political support almost exclusively from within Upper Canada.
* **Toronto and Lake Huron Railroad company**:
* **First Welland Canal**: The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Canada that extends 42 km (26 mi) from Port Weller, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, to Port Colborne, Ontario, on Lake Erie. An act of the Legislature formed the Welland Canal Company on January 19, 1824, with a capitalization of $150,000 and William Merritt as the financial agent. As part of his fundraising duties, he travelled extensively, including the United States and Great Britain. Capital for the canal came primarily from New York, but control of the board of directors was vested in the Family Compact.

### Trading companies


title: Corriere delle dame

abstract: Corriere delle dame was a weekly Italian language fashion magazine published in Milan, Italy, between 1804 and July 1875. The magazine is one of the pioneers in women's emancipation in Italy.

text:
# Corriere delle dame

***Corriere delle dame*** was a weekly Italian language fashion magazine published in Milan, Italy, between 1804 and July 1875. The magazine is one of the pioneers in women's emancipation in Italy.

## History and profile

*Corriere delle dame* was established in 1804. The founder was Carolina Arienti (also known as Carolina Lattanzi), who was married to Giuseppe Lattanzi. She edited the magazine, which included articles about literature and theatre of France and Italy. It targeted men, women and children. However, it was mostly read by women from higher social classes. The magazine is the origin of the Lombard costume.

The magazine was published on a weekly basis. The headquarters of *Corriere delle dame* was in Milan. In 1811 the number of subscribers was 700. The magazine existed until July 1875.

## InfoBox

*Corriere delle dame*
| Categories | * Fashion magazine * Women's magazine |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | Weekly |
| Founder | Carolina Arienti |
| Founded | 1804 |
| Final issue | July 1875 |
| Country | Italy |
| Based in | Milan |
| Language | Italian |


title: Coupon leverage

abstract: Coupon leverage, or leverage factor, is the amount by which a reference rate is multiplied to determine the floating interest rate payable by an inverse floater. Some debt instruments leverage the particular effects of interest rate changes, most commonly in inverse floaters. As an example, an inverse floater with a multiple may pay interest at the rate, or coupon, of 22 percent minus the product of 2 times the 1-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The coupon leverage is 2, in this example, and the reference rate is the 1-month LIBOR.

text:
# Coupon leverage

**Coupon leverage**, or **leverage factor**, is the amount by which a reference rate is multiplied to determine the floating interest rate payable by an inverse floater. Some debt instruments leverage the particular effects of interest rate changes, most commonly in inverse floaters.

As an example, an inverse floater with a multiple may pay interest at the rate, or coupon, of 22 percent minus the product of 2 times the 1-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The coupon leverage is 2, in this example, and the reference rate is the 1-month LIBOR.


title: Cosmic Transitions

abstract: Cosmic Transitions is the second studio album by jazz quartet Isaiah Collier & The Chosen Few. It was released via Division 81 on 12 May 2021. The 56-minute album is split into 5 parts, which are based on planet Mercury's retrograde. Isaiah Collier & The Chosen Few is fronted by saxophonist Isaiah Collier, and also includes pianist Mike King, bassist Jeremiah Hunt, and drummer Michael Shekwoaga Ode.

text:
# Cosmic Transitions

***Cosmic Transitions*** is the second studio album by jazz quartet Isaiah Collier & The Chosen Few. It was released via Division 81 on 12 May 2021. The 56-minute album is split into 5 parts, which are based on planet Mercury's retrograde. Isaiah Collier & The Chosen Few is fronted by saxophonist Isaiah Collier, and also includes pianist Mike King, bassist Jeremiah Hunt, and drummer Michael Shekwoaga Ode.

## Recording and composition

The album was recorded in the Van Gelder Studio in New Jersey, United States, on 23 September 2020, which would be John Coltrane's birthday. The album was inspired by Coltrane's *A Love Supreme.* The beginning of *Cosmic Transitions* features chimes, shakers and a Tibetan singing bowl.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *DownBeat* |  |
| *Mojo* |  |

Joshua Myers of *DownBeat* praised the album in their review for its honor of jazz tradition. They also wrote, "From the downbeat, with a literal tolling of the bell, until the final note that finds Collier improvising, forcing the limits of his soprano saxophone, *Cosmic Transitions* is like the moments after an afternoon rainstorm." *Mojo*'s Ben Thompson praised the performances of Mike King and Michael Shekwoaga Ode. Thompson also touched on the jazz tradition, writing "*Cosmic Transitions’* greatest challenge was to feel and sound like a vital piece of collective self-expression rather than a carefully staged exercise in historical reconstruction."

Marcus J. Moore of *Bandcamp Daily* praised the album for how it pays homage to Coltrane and the studio, while asserting that it "stands well on its own." Moore writes, "It’s not only the best album in his short discography, it’s one of the most rewarding listens of the year so far." Leor Galil of the Chicago Reader called Collier a "vital force" in the Chicago jazz scene. Describing the album, Galil writes, "Collier guides his unit through passages tense and acerbic enough to throw every knobby detail into sharp relief, and he’s just as assured when he allows that agitation to dissolve into restrained and mellow complexity."

## Track listing

*Cosmic Transitions* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Invocation" | 6:35 |
| 2. | "I. Forgiveness" | 9:58 |
| 3. | "Part II. Humility" | 10:18 |
| 4. | "Part III. Understanding" | 11:20 |
| 5. | "Part IV. Truth and Guidance" | 3:14 |
| 6. | "Part V. Mercury's Retrograde" | 15:01 |
| Total length: | | 56:27 |

### Notes

* On the Bandcamp release, tracks one and two, as well as tracks four and five are merged.
* On some versions of the release, the roman numerals are stylized with spaces between characters (e.g. "I V").

## InfoBox

| Cosmic Transitions | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Isaiah Collier & The Chosen Few | |
| Released | 12 May 2021 (12 May 2021) |
| Recorded | 23 September 2020 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 56:27 |
| Label | Division 81 |
| Isaiah Collier & The Chosen Few chronology | |
| *Lift Every Voice (EP)*
(2020) ***Cosmic Transitions***
(2021) *Beyond*
(2022) | |


title: Coulomb stress transfer

abstract: Coulomb stress transfer is a seismic-related geological process of stress changes to surrounding material caused by local discrete deformation events. Using mapped displacements of the Earth's surface during earthquakes, the computed Coulomb stress changes suggest that the stress relieved during an earthquake not only dissipates but can also move up and down fault segments, concentrating and promoting subsequent tremors. Importantly, Coulomb stress changes have been applied to earthquake-forecasting models that have been used to assess potential hazards related to earthquake activity.

text:
# Coulomb stress transfer

**Coulomb stress transfer** is a seismic-related geological process of stress changes to surrounding material caused by local discrete deformation events. Using mapped displacements of the Earth's surface during earthquakes, the computed Coulomb stress changes suggest that the stress relieved during an earthquake not only dissipates but can also move up and down fault segments, concentrating and promoting subsequent tremors. Importantly, Coulomb stress changes have been applied to earthquake-forecasting models that have been used to assess potential hazards related to earthquake activity.

## Coulomb stress change

The Coulomb failure criterion requires that the Coulomb stress exceeds a value σf defined by the shear stress τB, normal stress σB, pore pressure p, and coefficient of friction μ of a failure plane, such that

σf = τB – μ(σB – p)

It is also often assumed that changes in pore fluid pressure induced by changes in stress are proportional to the normal stress change across the fault plane. These effects are incorporated into an effective coefficient of friction μ’, such that

Δσf = ΔτB – μ’(ΔσB)

This simplification allows for the calculation of Coulomb stress changes on a fault plane to be independent of the regional stress field but instead depends on the fault geometry, sense of slip, and coefficient of friction.

The significance of the Coulomb stress changes was discovered when mapped displacements of neighbouring fault movements were used to calculate Coulomb stress changes along faults. Results revealed that the stress relieved on faults during earthquakes did not simply dissipate, but also moved up and down fault segments. Moreover, mapped lobes of increased and decreased Coulomb stress around local faults exhibited increased and decreased rates of seismicity respectively shortly after neighboring earthquakes, but eventually return to their background rate over time.

## Earthquake stress triggering

Stress triggering describes the responsive rupturing of faults from increases in Coulomb stress caused by exogenous deformation events. Although neighboring displacements often yield small magnitude stress changes, areas of disturbed Coulomb stress states have been successfully used to explain the spatial distribution of stress triggered aftershock seismicity.

On June 28, 1992, a M7.3 earthquake that struck near Landers, California was followed (about three hours later) by the M6.5 Big Bear foreshock earthquake 40 km away. Calculated Coulomb stress changes from both of these earthquakes showed a westward lobe of 2.1–2.9 bars of increased Coulomb stress to have resulted from the displacement associated with both earthquakes. Of the roughly 20,000 aftershocks that occurred 25 days after June 28 within a 5 km radius, more than 75% occurred in areas where Coulomb stress had increased and less than 25% occurred in areas where Coulomb stress had dropped.

Another successful case study of earthquake prediction occurred along Turkey's North Anatolian fault system. From 1939 to 1999, the Anatolian fault system had witnessed ten earthquakes of M6.6 or greater. The evolution of the Coulomb stress changes along the North Anatolian fault as a result of these earthquakes showed that 11 of the 13 ruptures occurred in areas of increased Coulomb stress caused by a previous rupture. This method has been also used to predict seismicity around active volcanoes submitted to significant variation of stress in the magma chamber.

## Earthquake prediction

Although no official Coulomb stress transfer prediction model is being used by government agencies, geologic surveys often analyze earthquake threats using Coulomb stress theory. As an example, the last of the previous thirteen earthquakes along Turkey's North Anatolian Fault, near the town of Duzce, was successfully predicted by local geologists before the rupture occurred. This allowed for engineers to evacuate unstable structures and limit significant damage. Scientists estimate that the probability of another earthquake along the Anatolian fault system is 62% over the next 30 years and will be located threateningly close to Istanbul.

## Examples of earthquake sequences


title: Olive sunbird

abstract: The olive sunbird is a species of sunbird found in a large part of Africa south of the Sahel. It prefers forested regions, and is absent from drier, more open regions such as the Horn of Africa and most of south-central and south-western Africa. It is sometimes placed in the genus Nectarinia. The western subspecies are sometimes split as the western olive sunbird, Cyanomitra obscura, in which case Cyanomitra olivacea becomes the eastern olive sunbird

text:
# Olive sunbird

The **olive sunbird** (***Cyanomitra olivacea***) is a species of sunbird found in a large part of Africa south of the Sahel. It prefers forested regions, and is absent from drier, more open regions such as the Horn of Africa and most of south-central and south-western Africa. It is sometimes placed in the genus *Nectarinia*.

The western subspecies (roughly west of the East African Rift) are sometimes split as the **western olive sunbird**, *Cyanomitra obscura*, in which case *Cyanomitra olivacea* becomes the **eastern olive sunbird**

## Further reading

* Bowie, R.C.K.; Fjeldså, J.; Hackett, S.J.; Crowe, T.M. (2004). "Molecular evolution in space and through time: mtDNA phylogeography of the Olive Sunbird (*Nectarinia olivacea/obscura*) throughout continental Africa". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **33** (1): 56–74. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.013. PMID 15324839.

## InfoBox

| Olive sunbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Nectariniidae |
| Genus: | *Cyanomitra* |
| Species: | ***C. olivacea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyanomitra olivacea***
(Smith, 1840) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Nectarinia olivacea* | |


title: Olive straightbill

abstract:
The olive straightbill is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae.
It is found in the highlands of New Guinea.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

text:
# Olive straightbill

The **olive straightbill** (***Timeliopsis fulvigula***) is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is found in the highlands of New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## InfoBox

| Olive straightbill | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Illustration by William Matthew Hart | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Meliphagidae |
| Genus: | *Timeliopsis* |
| Species: | ***T. fulvigula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Timeliopsis fulvigula***
(Schlegel, 1871) | |
|


title: Cosmos no Sora ni

abstract: Cosmos no Sora ni is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Marron that was released for Windows on July 27, 2001. The story is told from the perspective of Yasuomi Nīzawa, who discovers more about his childhood memories as the high school cultural festival approaches. The gameplay in Cosmos no Sora ni follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the female main characters by the player character. Sales for the game were decent, if unremarkable—the game charted at number 12 in the sales ranking at the time of its release. The game is important to otaku culture and anime in general because Haruhi Sakuma is considered to be one of the first tsundere characters. Light novels, a comic anthology and audio dramas have been produced based on Cosmos no Sora ni.

text:
# Cosmos no Sora ni

***Cosmos no Sora ni*** (Japanese: 秋桜の空に, lit. *In the Cosmos Sky*) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Marron that was released for Windows on July 27, 2001. The story is told from the perspective of Yasuomi Nīzawa, who discovers more about his childhood memories as the high school cultural festival approaches. The gameplay in *Cosmos no Sora ni* follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the female main characters by the player character.

Sales for the game were decent, if unremarkable—the game charted at number 12 in the sales ranking at the time of its release. The game is important to otaku culture and anime in general because Haruhi Sakuma is considered to be one of the first tsundere characters. Light novels, a comic anthology and audio dramas have been produced based on *Cosmos no Sora ni*.

## Gameplay

*Cosmos no Sora ni* is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Yasuomi Nīzawa (the player can choose the protagonist's name). Much of its gameplay is spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue. The text is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Yasuomi is talking to, over background art. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story, which take the place of the background art and character sprites. There is no voice acting in the game.

There are five main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. Depending on which choice the player makes, the plot will progress in a specific direction. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. There are scenes with sexual CGs depicting Yasuomi and a given heroine having sex.

## Plot

### Story

Yasuomi Nīzawa was separated from his parents and moved into his grandfather's house after losing his memories as a child, as the amnesia distanced him from his parents. The main story of *Cosmos no Sora ni* takes place in the fall season when Yasuomi is a sophomore at Nanazaka High School (奈々坂学園, *Nanazaka Gakuen*). As everyone is preparing for the approaching cultural festival, Yasuomi begins to discover more about his past and memories. During this time, the protagonist bonds with a heroine of the player's choice through healing each other's pain. Each heroine has an emotional scar that plays a significant role in her story; for example, Suzuka's story deals with her guilt for being responsible for a childhood incident.

### Main characters

Yasuomi Nīzawa (新沢 靖臣, *Nīzawa Yasuomi*) Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (drama CD) Yasuomi is the protagonist of *Cosmos no Sora ni* who lost his memories in childhood. At a young age, he was separated from his parents and now he lives in his grandfather's house. He is a second-year student at Nanazaka High School who likes to prank other students. Suzuka Sakurabashi (桜橋 涼香, *Sakurabashi Suzuka*) Voiced by: Hōko Kuwashima (drama CD) Suzuka is the main heroine and Yasuomi's childhood friend who acts like an older sister towards him. As she is his next-door neighbor, she will often cook meals for him. Haruhi Sakuma (佐久間 晴姫, *Sakuma Haruhi*) Voiced by: Haruna Ikezawa (drama CD) Haruhi is a sophomore like Yasuomi but she belongs to a different class. She is the president of the women's swimming club at Nanazaka High School. Wakana Kusunoki (楠 若菜, *Kusunoki Wakana*) Voiced by: Yukari Tamura (drama CD) Wakana is a classmate of Yasuomi who has been in and out of the hospital. She is unusually short and frail because of her hospitalization. Uiko Amakozaki (尼子崎 初子, *Amakozaki Uiko*) Voiced by: Tomoko Kawakami (drama CD) Uiko is Yasuomi's classmate and a good friend of Wakana. Hiyori Koizumi (小泉 ひより, *Koizumi Hiyori*) Voiced by: Yūko Minaguchi (drama CD) Hiyori is a third-year student at university who is twenty-one years old.

## Development and release

*Cosmos no Sora ni* is the first visual novel developed by Marron. The game is structured around the theme of a protagonist and heroine healing each other. Furthermore, *Cosmos no Sora ni* is self-described as a "healing AVG of laughter and tears" (笑いと涙の癒し系AVG, *warai to namida no iyashikei AVG*). The scenario was written solely by Takei Tōka, and most of the game's art was drawn by Kō Iwadate, who was also in charge of character design. Super deformed (SD) art was drawn by Kō Sumeragi. On July 27, 2001, Hobibox released *Cosmos no Sora ni* as one CD-ROM compatible to the Windows 95/98/ME operating systems.

### Printed media

A 305-page light novel adaptation titled *Cosmos no Sora ni: Nanazaka no Mon* (秋桜の空に 〜奈々坂の門〜, lit. *In the Cosmos Sky ~The Gate of Nanazaka~*) was released by Softgarage under their KSS Novels imprint on June 14, 2002 (ISBN 4-87709-577-2). The light novel features an original story written by Takei Tōka, the scenario writer for the game, and cover art by Kō Iwadate, the game's artist and character designer. The internal illustrations were drawn by manga artist Rei Izumi. An anthology comic drawn by 19 different artists was released by Softgarage under their Sofgare Comics imprint on May 22, 2003 (ISBN 4-921068-95-X). A self-published light novel titled *Himawari no Chapel de Kimi to vs Cosmos no Sora ni* (ひまわりのチャペルできみとvs秋桜の空に) was included with the limited edition release of *Himawari no Chapel de Kimi to*, the third and final visual novel developed by Marron, on August 24, 2007. It was written by Takei Tōka and illustrated by Watsukiya. The story is a crossover of *Cosmos no Sora ni* and *Himawari no Chapel de Kimi to*.

### Music and audio dramas

All songs in *Cosmos no Sora ni* are sung by Yuiko. The game's opening theme is "Sayonara wo Sora ni" (さよならを空に, lit. *Goodbye to the Sky*) and ending theme is "Everlasting Flower". The insert song is "Yu" (, lit. *Healing*). An original soundtrack for the game was never released, but the songs were later included in the *Marron Vocal Collection* CD which was released by Hobirecords on July 31, 2008.

Hobirecords has released two sets of drama CDs, each comprising four CDs. The first set was released between January 17, 2003, and August 29, 2003. Jacket illustrations for the set were drawn by Kō Iwadate, the game's artist. The ending theme for CD volumes one, two and four is "Omoide wo Sora ni" (おもいでを空に, lit. *Memories to the Sky*) by Yukari Tamura (Wakana's voice actress), and "Everlasting Flower" is the ending theme for the third CD. The second set was released between March 12, 2004, and January 14, 2005. The fourth drama CD is only included as a bonus if the entire set is purchased. Kōhaku Kuroboshi provides the jacket illustrations for the set.

## Reception and legacy

In a national sales ranking of bishōjo games conducted by PCNews, *Cosmos no Sora ni* charted for the first time at number 12 at the time of its release. The game charted at 31 in the next ranking two weeks later. *Cosmos no Sora ni* placed fourth in the category "best adult game of the year 2002" on E-Login. *Cosmos no Sora ni* is considered to be a pioneer of the "older sister game" (姉ゲー, *anegē*) which started to gain popularity in 2003. *Cosmos no Sora ni* is also often speculated to be where the term "tsundere" originated from, as Haruhi Sakuma is one of the earliest examples of characters with tsundere traits.

## InfoBox

| Cosmos no Sora ni | |
| --- | --- |
| The cover art for *Cosmos no Sora ni* featuring heroines (clockwise from the top) Uiko, Haruhi, Suzuka, Wakana and Hiyori. | |
| 秋桜の空に | |
| Genre | Drama, Romance |
| Video game | |
| Developer | Marron |
| Publisher | Hobibox |
| Genre | Eroge, Visual novel |
| Platform | Windows |
| Released | * JP: July 27, 2001 |
| Light novel | |
| *Cosmos no Sora ni: Nanazaka no Mon* | |
| Written by | Takei Tōka |
| Illustrated by | Rei Izumi |
| Published by | Softgarage |
| Imprint | KSS Novels |
| Demographic | Male |
| Published | June 14, 2002 |


title: Priddy Mineries

abstract: Priddy Mineries is a nature reserve previously run by the Somerset Wildlife Trust. It is in the village of Priddy, on the Mendip Hills in Somerset. The reserve lies 3 miles north of Wells and 1.5 miles east of the village of Priddy. It is a site of 50 ha and is part of the Priddy Pools Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It is mostly grassland / heather mosaic with an area of valley mire and some nutrient-poor pools. The site is one of the beauty spots of Mendip partly due to these pools with the changing colours of the vegetation and the pines and the heather slopes. It is adjacent to Stock Hill woodland, and one of the paths form part of the long distance national footpath, the Monarch's Way. There are wide range of plant and small animal species. More than 20 species of dragonflies have been recorded, most of them breeding on site. In particular this is the only site in the Mendips for the Downy Emerald. There are numerous species of water bug including Water stick-insect and also all British species of amphibian, except for the Natterjack Toad, in good breeding numbers. The site was worked for lead for many centuries, probably 2000 years until 1908, and the earlier workings were obliterated by those of the Victorians which left a legacy of pools, mounds and spoil heaps. The buddle pits and condensation flues are the remains of the Waldegrave lead works of that time. The site is of great interest to industrial archaeologists and also to cavers on account of the existence of Waldegrave swallet and the possible rediscovery of Five Buddles Sink or Thomas Bushell’s Swallet. A barrow or Tumulus can be found in the northern part of the Reserve.

text:
# Priddy Mineries

**Priddy Mineries** (grid reference ST547515) is a nature reserve previously run by the Somerset Wildlife Trust. It is in the village of Priddy, on the Mendip Hills in Somerset.

The reserve lies 3 miles north of Wells and 1.5 miles east of the village of Priddy. It is a site of 50 ha (123 acres) and is part of the Priddy Pools Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It is mostly grassland / heather mosaic with an area of valley mire and some nutrient-poor pools. The site is one of the beauty spots of Mendip partly due to these pools with the changing colours of the vegetation and the pines and the heather slopes. It is adjacent to Stock Hill woodland, and one of the paths form part of the long distance national footpath, the Monarch's Way.

There are wide range of plant and small animal species. More than 20 species of dragonflies have been recorded, most of them breeding on site. In particular this is the only site in the Mendips for the Downy Emerald. There are numerous species of water bug including Water stick-insect (*Ranatra linearis*) and also all British species of amphibian, except for the Natterjack Toad, in good breeding numbers.

The site was worked for lead for many centuries, probably 2000 years until 1908, and the earlier workings were obliterated by those of the Victorians which left a legacy of pools, mounds and spoil heaps. The buddle pits and condensation flues are the remains of the Waldegrave lead works of that time. The site is of great interest to industrial archaeologists and also to cavers on account of the existence of Waldegrave swallet (opened 1934) and the possible rediscovery of Five Buddles Sink or Thomas Bushell’s Swallet (named after the man who first discovered it).

A barrow or Tumulus can be found in the northern part of the Reserve.

51°15′39″N 2°39′02″W / 51.26085°N 2.65059°W / 51.26085; -2.65059