title: Shirley Tse

abstract: Shirley Tse is a U.S. contemporary artist based in California. Her art is often installation-based, employing sculpture, photography and/or video that may function as stand-alone works or in relation to one another. She explores conceptual themes including plasticity, multiplicity and multi-dimensional thinking, balancing attention to the physical attributes of raw materials, craft, form and socio-political issues such as global mobility, social negotiation and sustainability. Critic Doug Harvey wrote that Tse has "continually produc[ed] elegant and idiosyncratic artifacts that engage the audience formally, while producing a convincing mash-up of late modernist sculptural concerns and something between identity politics and autobiography." Tse has exhibited at venues including MoMA PS1, the New Museum, M+, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. In 2019, she was selected to represent Hong Kong in the 58th Venice Biennale, becoming the first woman to present a solo show at the event's Hong Kong pavilion. Her work belongs to the public collections of the New Museum, M+, and Hong Kong Heritage Museum, among others, and she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2009. She is on the faculty of the School of Art at California Institute of the Arts (CalArts).

text:
# Shirley Tse

| Shirley Tse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 謝淑妮 |
| Simplified Chinese | 谢淑妮 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Xiè Shūnī  Yue: Cantonese  Jyutping Ze6 Suk6 Nei4 | |
|  | |

**Shirley Tse** (Chinese: 謝淑妮) (born 1968, Hong Kong) is a U.S. contemporary artist based in California. Her art is often installation-based, employing sculpture, photography and/or video that may function as stand-alone works or in relation to one another. She explores conceptual themes including plasticity, multiplicity and multi-dimensional thinking, balancing attention to the physical attributes of raw materials, craft, form and socio-political issues such as global mobility, social negotiation and sustainability. Critic Doug Harvey wrote that Tse has "continually produc\[ed\] elegant and idiosyncratic artifacts that engage the audience formally, while producing a convincing mash-up of late modernist sculptural concerns and something between identity politics and autobiography."

Tse has exhibited at venues including MoMA PS1, the New Museum, M+, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. In 2019, she was selected to represent Hong Kong in the 58th Venice Biennale, becoming the first woman to present a solo show at the event's Hong Kong pavilion. Her work belongs to the public collections of the New Museum, M+, and Hong Kong Heritage Museum, among others, and she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2009. She is on the faculty of the School of Art at California Institute of the Arts (CalArts).

## Early life and career

Tse was born in 1968 in Hong Kong, the fourth of five children in a working-class family with a history of diasporic labor. Her younger sister, Sara Tse Suk-ting, is a Hong Kong-based artist; in 2010 they had in a joint show, "Parallel Worlds," at Osage Kwun Tong in Hong Kong. Tse initially planned to study philosophy but turned to art during an education abroad program in 1990–91 at University of California, Berkeley. She completed a BA in fine arts at Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1993, before moving to Southern California to attend Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, where she earned an MFA in 1996.

By the end of her graduate studies, Tse had identified the formal and conceptual motif that would occupy her earlier career: global circulation of cheap plastic consumer goods and packaging. In her first professional decade, she had solo exhibitions at Para/Site (Hong Kong), Murray Guy (New York), Shoshana Wayne Gallery and the Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts (both California), among others. She appeared in group shows at the Art Gallery of Ontario, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery (New Zealand), Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna, New Museum, SFMOMA, and Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts (Taiwan), as well as at the 2002 Biennale of Sydney.

Later exhibitions included solos at Shoshana Wayne (2007–22), the 58th Venice Biennale and M+, and surveys at Kettle's Yard (UK), K11 Art Foundation (Hong Kong) and the Pasadena Museum of California Art, among others. Tse has been a faculty member at CalArts since 2001, and was co-director of the Program in Art from 2011–14.

## Work and critical reception

Tse's working method fuses idea, material and object, bringing diverse correspondences and differences in form, surface and association into play. Critics such as *Artforum'*s Ralph Rugoff note in her work a "conceptual agility \[and\] formal inventiveness" that "collapses all kinds of seemingly contradictory elements": micro and macro, organic and industrial, machined and handmade, subject and object, natural and cultural, literal and metaphorical. Others have sometimes connected her emphasis on accretion, contingency, handwork and sprawl to the sculptors Eva Hesse and Louise Bourgeois.

In her early work (roughly 1995–2006), Tse focused on synthetic plastics as a medium, using the ubiquitous, malleable material to interweave contemporary concepts ranging from urban development and 20th-century changeability and mobility to her own bicultural identity as an Asian woman living in the United States. Her subsequent installations and exhibitions shifted to a wider range of materials and have explored the plasticity of ideas and narrative, multi-dimensional thought, social negotiation, democracy and climate.

### Early work, 1995–2006

In the latter 1990s, Tse began attracting attention for sculptures exhibited in group shows that she made of plastic grocery bags, bubble-wrap, clear packing tape and molded polystyrene packaging. Her work then was divided between such objects—often hand-crafted and staged as modular accumulations—and photographic series. In the latter work, she placed vaguely geometric constructions made from inflated plastic bags and sutured solar blankets in national-park settings and photographed them. Critics suggested the rumpled forms initially appeared comically out of place but gradually came to seem no less "natural" than the surrounding rocks, desert and sky. They further noted the reversal of the relationship between surface and structure in Tse's work, with collapsible materials determining form to generate re-readings of the art-historical legacies of minimalism) or the earthworks of Robert Smithson, for example.

Tse's first major American solo exhibitions (at the Shoshana Wayne and Murray Guy galleries in 2000) centered on the work *Polymathicstyrene* (1999–2000), an ice-blue, shelf-like polystyrene structure that ran, waist-high, around the perimeter of gallery spaces reaching 200 feet. It featured abstract surfaces created by laborious power routing that Doug Harvey described as elegant reliefs recalling "architectural models, elaborate micro-circuitry or Gigeresque blends of flesh and technology"; *New York Times* critic Ken Johnson called it "intricately sculptured … into a series of abstract topographical designs that suggest miniature land- or cityscapes, ancient and futuristic. \[The\] telescoping of space, time, illusion and form is exhilarating."

Tse's exhibition "Polytocous" (2002) featured what *Artforum* called "proliferating, self-consuming nonpaintings": minimal but painterly, 48" square wall panels of cut, excised, twisted and sutured pieces of pastel polyethylene-vinyl acetate (PEVA) that evoked surrogate skins, prosthetic devices and motherboard circuitry. With *Shelf Life* (2002), a platform-like structure of 20 enormous blocks of white, high-density packing foam that visitors were encouraged to climb upon, she moved to an environmental scale. *Los Angeles Times* critic Christopher Knight likened its abstract, micro-macro shape to "a cross between a virus and a space station, a sperm and a sperm whale" and its carved, spare surface to hieroglyphs. In the large-scale, free-standing, plastic "Power Towers" (2004), Tse made her first moves toward overt representational imagery and direct reference to ecological issues.

### Later exhibitions and series, 2007–present

Tse's later work is distinguished by its shifts to organic and other non-plastic materials, legible imagery and identifiable references derived from history, literature and theory, among other sources. Her exhibition "Sink Like a Submarine" (2007) drew unexpected connections between forms, raw materials and processes associated with military weaponry, handicraft and the loom, the industrial revolution and information systems. Its sculptures—described as wry, "wonderfully wacky," and "tender and disturbing"—had indeterminate forms that evoked imagined purposes ranging from machine to shelter. The show's title assemblage bore a human heart of carved jade both cradled and caged in a small tower (made of cast replicas of recovered submarine parts) that resembled a booby-trap land mine.

Critic David Pagel described Tse's playful "Quantum Shirley Series" (2007–19) as "a cartoon-style fusion of physics, ethnicity and self-portraiture." The wide-ranging sculpture-installations have employed maps, fabric, music stands, stones, text and video in explorations of multidimensional identity and experience that drew upon quantum theory, the history of colonial trade, and both personal and Chinese diasporic stories. For example, in *Platform* (2010) she crumpled and sewed a world map into a mini mountain, highlighting global connections, family migration histories and the notion of multiple, parallel selves.

In her exhibition inspired by Oscar Wilde's children's tale "The Happy Prince" ("Lift Me Up So I Can See Better," 2016), Tse considered multiple perspectives, hope, sadness and the possibility of change through two quasi-figurative, interrelated groups of handcrafted sculpture. She arrayed a series of small, wire-mesh, head-like sculptures with irregular, bulbous glass "eyes" like spectators on bleachers witnessing loose enactments of the story by a set of quirky, totem-like sculptures mounted to self-fashioned stands.

Tse's site-responsive installation for 58th Venice Biennale, "Stakeholders" (2019)—and a significantly reworked version, "Stakes and Holders" at M+ (2020)—centered on themes of accommodation, interdependency, plurality, improvised play and contemporary life in the 21st century. She produced this work using new methods (woodturning, 3D printing), media (HAM radio) and materials, creating unexpected likenesses and configurations with varied components and ordinary objects. *Negotiated Differences* was a central work in the shows—a sprawling, creature-like, floor-to-ceiling sculpture of carved wood spindles and 3D-printed joints made of wood, metal and plastic filament that were slotted together like toy-building set pieces with joints made by 3D printing. Reviews described it as a marriage of difference, old and new, subtraction and addition, which served as a metaphor for cooperation, symbiosis and the entanglements and knots of daily life. *Playcourt* referenced Tse's childhood memories and colonial histories, exploring negotiation and reclamation through sculptures that used badminton rackets, radio antennas and "shuttlecocks" made of vanilla pods and rubber—both once colonial commodities.

After Tse relocated to Lompoc, CA during the COVID-19 pandemic, she turned more intently to the theme of sustainability, in both an ecological sense (she used no store-bought materials) and economic sense—as a conceptual choice she priced the work based on her studio rental cost, shifting the focus from commodity to the conditions necessary to make art. Her resulting exhibition, "Lompoc Stories" (2022), presented a video and nine sculptures made with materials gleaned from her new environs (which included a space base, oil field and prison) that meld the natural with the human-made: cat fur, snake skin, diatomite, fiber optics, a helmet and a basement window, among other things. She continued to focus on found materials, sustainability and the concept of "degrowth" in the sculptures and video work of her show, "Portal, Virus, Arctic" (2023).

## Recognition

Tse has received a John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in 2009, fellowships from the City of Los Angeles (COLA, 2008) and California Community Foundation (2012), a Durfee Foundation grant (2001), and a commission from Capp Street Project in San Francisco in 2002. She was awarded artist residencies at the America Art Foundation Project (Vietnam), Arctic Circle Residency (Norway), Banff Center for the Arts, Linkshouse Orkney Arts (Pier Arts Centre, Scotland) and Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. Tse's work belongs to the public collections of the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, M+, New Museum, RISD Museum and Vancouver Art Gallery.

## InfoBox

| Shirley Tse | |
| --- | --- |
| Artist Shirley Tse, 2019 | |
| Born | 1968<br>Hong Kong |
| Nationality | U.S. |
| Education | Art Center College of Design, Chinese University of Hong Kong |
| Known for | Installation art, sculpture, photography, video |
| Awards | Guggenheim Fellowship, California Community Foundation Fellowship, City of Los Angeles (COLA) Fellowship |


title: Richard Limon Stanton

abstract: Richard Limon (Dick) Stanton was an Australian geologist. Stanton was Professor of Geology at the University of New England in New South Wales from 1975 to 1986. He was appointed a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) in 1975.

text:
# Richard Limon Stanton

**Richard Limon (Dick) Stanton** AO FAA (16 February 1926 – 25 August 2020) was an Australian geologist.

Stanton was Professor of Geology at the University of New England in New South Wales from 1975 to 1986. He was appointed a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA) in 1975.

## Awards

1. Marks, Robert E. (2020). "Obituary: Richard Limon Stanton AO FAA DistFRSN" (PDF). *Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales*. **153** (2): 229–232. doi:10.5962/p.361946. ISSN 0035-9173. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
2. "Stanton, Richard Limon (1926 - 2020)". *Encyclopedia of Australian Science*. Retrieved 16 February 2024.

## InfoBox

| Richard Limon StantonAO FAA | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1926-02-16)16 February 1926
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | 25 August 2020(2020-08-25) (aged 94)
Canberra, Australia |
| Occupation | Geologist |


title: Evelyn Gill Walker House

abstract: The Evelyn Gill Walker House is a historic house at 18 South Spruce Street in Paris, Arkansas. Built by mason Tolbert E. Gill over a several-year period beginning in 1938, it is a distinctive example of Gill's Rustic style, with a stone veneer exterior and decorative components. It has a 1+1⁄2-story gabled main section, with a flat-roof porch in front, and a flat-roof ell in the rear. The ell features a turret with a bell-cast top, with a surrounding curved staircase leading to an open deck on the ell's roof. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

text:
# Evelyn Gill Walker House

The **Evelyn Gill Walker House** is a historic house at 18 South Spruce Street in Paris, Arkansas. Built by mason Tolbert E. Gill over a several-year period beginning in 1938, it is a distinctive example of Gill's Rustic style, with a stone veneer exterior and decorative components. It has a 1+12-story gabled main section, with a flat-roof porch in front, and a flat-roof ell in the rear. The ell features a turret with a bell-cast top, with a surrounding curved staircase leading to an open deck on the ell's roof.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Evelyn Gill Walker House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 18 S. Spruce St., Paris, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 35°17′30″N 93°44′0″W / 35.29167°N 93.73333°W / 35.29167; -93.73333 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built by | Tolbert E. Gill |
| Architectural style | Rustic |
| NRHP reference No. | 93000985 |
| Added to NRHP | September 16, 1993 |


title: Dodson, Oregon

abstract: Dodson is an unincorporated community in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. It is located about 4½ miles (7.2 km) east of Multnomah Falls and one mile west of Warrendale, in the Columbia River Gorge on Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30. It is across the Columbia River from Skamania, Washington. Dodson is within the Cascade Locks ZIP code. Dodson was a railroad station on the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company line named for Ira Dodson, who was an early settler in the area. Dodson station was moved several times and was once located near present-day Warrendale. Circa 1885 the station was also known as "Dodsons". Author Ralph Friedman says Dodson is a "hamlet that time and tracks have passed by". At one time Dodson had a gas station and a motel. Bonneville Grade School in Dodson closed in 1996 because of declining enrollment. The school also served the students of Warrendale and Bonneville. Dodson was the site of the McGowan salmon cannery and a fish wheel c. 1900. In February 1996, a series of massive debris flows, resulting from the same severe weather that caused flooding in the Willamette Valley, occurred between Dodson and Warrendale, destroying homes and blocking the railroad and I-84 for several days. A 1.65 acre parcel in the landslide area was bequeathed to the Friends of the Columbia Gorge Land Trust, which hopes to convey the property into public ownership.

text:
# Dodson, Oregon

**Dodson** is an unincorporated community in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States. It is located about 4½ miles (7.2 km) east of Multnomah Falls and one mile west of Warrendale, in the Columbia River Gorge on Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30. It is across the Columbia River from Skamania, Washington. Dodson is within the Cascade Locks ZIP code.

Dodson was a railroad station on the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company line (today owned by Union Pacific) named for Ira Dodson, who was an early settler in the area. Dodson station was moved several times and was once located near present-day Warrendale. Circa 1885 the station was also known as "Dodsons". Author Ralph Friedman says Dodson is a "hamlet that time and tracks have passed by". At one time Dodson had a gas station and a motel. Bonneville Grade School in Dodson closed in 1996 because of declining enrollment. The school also served the students of Warrendale and Bonneville.

Dodson was the site of the McGowan salmon cannery and a fish wheel c. 1900. In February 1996, a series of massive debris flows, resulting from the same severe weather that caused flooding in the Willamette Valley, occurred between Dodson and Warrendale, destroying homes and blocking the railroad and I-84 for several days. A 1.65 acre parcel in the landslide area was bequeathed to the Friends of the Columbia Gorge Land Trust, which hopes to convey the property into public ownership.

45°36′19″N 122°02′08″W / 45.605395°N 122.03564°W / 45.605395; -122.03564


title: Delphinium luteum

abstract: Delphinium luteum, known by the common name yellow larkspur, is a species of small perennial herb in the buttercup family bearing bright yellow cornucopia-shaped flowers. Endemic to the rocky, foggy hillsides of coastal Sonoma County, California, it is critically endangered, with about 200 individuals believed to be in existence as of 2005. The plant was never distributed beyond the coastal area of Sonoma and Marin counties, and has never been abundant. Activities in the area including quarrying, grazing, agriculture, and development further reduced the population of yellow larkspur to its current near-extinction. It has been listed as an endangered species since the 1970s. Extremely isolated patches of the plant still exist on private property near Bodega Bay, where it is protected. Yellow larkspur is pollinated by hummingbirds and insects, and often hybridizes with two other Delphinium species if it receives their pollen. However, pure unhybridized individuals of yellow larkspur exist and the genetic diversity within the species is high. Recent conservation attempts have focused on specifically preserving yellow larkspur's genetic identity. A closely related flower native to the same region, Baker's larkspur, is also critically endangered, and the two species are often studied together.

text:
# Delphinium luteum

***Delphinium luteum***, known by the common name **yellow larkspur**, is a species of small perennial herb in the buttercup family bearing bright yellow cornucopia-shaped flowers. Endemic to the rocky, foggy hillsides of coastal Sonoma County, California, it is critically endangered, with about 200 individuals believed to be in existence as of 2005.

The plant was never distributed beyond the coastal area of Sonoma and Marin counties, and has never been abundant. Activities in the area including quarrying, grazing, agriculture, and development further reduced the population of yellow larkspur to its current near-extinction. It has been listed as an endangered species since the 1970s. Extremely isolated patches of the plant still exist on private property near Bodega Bay, where it is protected.

Yellow larkspur is pollinated by hummingbirds and insects, and often hybridizes with two other *Delphinium* species if it receives their pollen. However, pure unhybridized individuals of yellow larkspur exist and the genetic diversity within the species is high. Recent conservation attempts have focused on specifically preserving yellow larkspur's genetic identity. A closely related flower native to the same region, Baker's larkspur, is also critically endangered, and the two species are often studied together.

## Further reading

Koontz, J.A., Soltis, P.S., & Brunsfeld, S.J. (2001). Genetic diversity and tests of the hybrid origin of the endangered yellow larkspur. *Conservation Biology*, vol. 15, number 6, 1608.

## InfoBox

| *Delphinium luteum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered (ESA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | *Delphinium* |
| Species: | ***D. luteum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Delphinium luteum***
Heller | |
|


title: Scott Naylor

abstract: Scott Naylor is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s, and has coached in the 2010s and 2020s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Wigan, the Salford Reds/Salford City Reds and the Bradford Bulls, as a wing, centre or second-row, and has coached at club level for the Salford Red Devils and in Betfred League 1 and Championship for Oldham.

text:
# Scott Naylor

**Scott Naylor** (2 February 1972) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s, and has coached in the 2010s and 2020s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Wigan, the Salford Reds/Salford City Reds (two spells) and the Bradford Bulls, as a wing, centre or second-row, and has coached at club level for the Salford Red Devils and in Betfred League 1 and Championship for Oldham.

## Playing career

### International honours

Scott Naylor won caps for England while at the Bradford Bulls in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup against Australia, Fiji (1-try), Ireland (interchange/substitute) and New Zealand.

### World Club Challenge appearances

Naylor played at centre in the Bradford Bull's (Super League VI champions) 41-26 victory over the Newcastle Knights (2001 NRL Premiers) in the 2002 World Club Challenge at Alfred McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield, England on Friday 1 February 2002, in front of a crowd of 21,113.

### Super League Grand final appearances

Naylor played at centre in the Bradford Bulls' 6-8 defeat by St. Helens in the 1999 Super League Grand Final during 1999's Super League IV at Old Trafford, Manchester on Saturday 9 October 1999, in front of a crowd of 50,717, he played at centre in the 37-6 victory over the Wigan Warriors in the 2001 Super League Grand Final during 2001's Super League VI at Old Trafford, Manchester on Saturday 13 October 2001, in front of a crowd of 60,164, and he played at centre and scored a try in the 18-19 defeat by St. Helens in the 2002 Super League Grand Final during 2002's Super League VII at Old Trafford, Manchester on Saturday 19 October 2002, in front of a crowd of 61,138.

### Challenge Cup final appearances

Naylor played at centre in the Bradford Bulls' 24-18 victory over the Leeds Rhinos in the 2000 Challenge Cup Final during 2000's Super League V at Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland on Saturday 9 October 1999, in front of a crowd of 67,247, he played at centre in the 6-13 defeat by St. Helens in the 2001 Challenge Cup Final during 2001's Super League VI at Murrayfield Stadium, Edinburgh, Scotland on Saturday 13 October 2001, in front of a crowd of 68,250, and he played at centre in the 22-20 victory over the Leeds Rhinos in the 2003 Challenge Cup Final during 2003's Super League VIII at Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales on Saturday 19 October 2002, in front of a crowd of 71,212.

### Club career

Naylor made his début for the Wigan Warriors in the 34-14 victory over the Dewsbury Rams in the 1991–92 Regal Trophy preliminary round at Central Park, Wigan on Tuesday 29 October 1991, he scored no tries for the Wigan Warriors, and he played his last match for the Wigan Warriors in the 18-0 victory over the Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1991–92 Regal Trophy second round at Craven Park, Kingston upon Hull on Sunday 6 December 1992.

## Honoured at Bradford Bulls

Naylor was included in Bradford Bulls' 'Bull Masters'.

## InfoBox

Scott Naylor
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1972-02-02) 2 February 1972<br>unknown |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight | 16 st 0 lb (102 kg) |
| Position | Wing, Centre, Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1991–92 Wigan 2 0 0 0 0  1993–97 Salford Reds 110 41 0 0 164  1998–03 Bradford Bulls 149 62 0 0 248  2004 Salford City Reds 8 0 0 0 0  Total 269 103 0 0 412  Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2000 England 4 1 0 0 4 | |
| Coaching information | |
| Club  **Years** **Team** **Gms** **W** **D** **L** **W%**  201219 Oldham | |
| Source: | |


title: Renato Pirocchi

abstract: Renato Pirocchi was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1961 Italian Grand Prix on September 10, 1961. He qualified in 29th position and finished 12th, five laps behind, scoring no championship points. After a successful time in Formula Junior at the turn of the 1960s, Pirocchi participated in several non-Championship Formula One races during the 1961 season, but often failed to qualify. He finished 12th at Syracuse, and shared a drive to 11th place at Zeltweg with Lorenzo Bandini, but was many laps adrift on both occasions.

text:
# Renato Pirocchi

**Renato Pirocchi** (26 March 1933 – 29 July 2002) was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1961 Italian Grand Prix on September 10, 1961. He qualified in 29th position (out of 33) and finished 12th, five laps behind, scoring no championship points.

After a successful time in Formula Junior at the turn of the 1960s, Pirocchi participated in several non-Championship Formula One races during the 1961 season, but often failed to qualify. He finished 12th at Syracuse, and shared a drive to 11th place at Zeltweg with Lorenzo Bandini, but was many laps adrift on both occasions.

## Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key)

| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | WDC | Points |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1961 | Pescara Racing Club | Cooper T45 | Maserati Straight-4 | MON | NED | BEL | FRA | GBR | GER
DNA |  |  | NC | 0 |
| | Cooper T51 | | | |  |  |  |  |  |  | ITA
12 | USA |

## Sources

* Steve Small, *The Grand Prix Who's Who*, 1995.
* John Thompson, *The Formula One Record Book*, 1974.

## InfoBox

Renato Pirocchi
| Pirocchi at 1961 Modena Grand Prix | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1933-03-26)26 March 1933
Notaresco, Italy |
| Died | 29 July 2002(2002-07-29) (aged 69)
Chieti, Italy |
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Active years | 1961 |
| Teams | Non-works Cooper |
| Entries | 1 |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Podiums | 0 |
| Career points | 0 |
| Pole positions | 0 |
| Fastest laps | 0 |
| First entry | 1961 Italian Grand Prix |
| Last entry | 1961 Italian Grand Prix |


abstract: The 2018 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche is a women's cycle stage race held in France from 13 September to 18 September, 2018. The tour has an UCI rating of 2.1.

text:
# 2018 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche

The **2018 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche** is a women's cycle stage race held in France from 13 September to 18 September, 2018. The tour has an UCI rating of 2.1.

## Stages

List of stages
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 13 September | Saint-Marcel-d'Ardèche to Beauchastel | 65 km (40.4 mi) | Flat stage | Alexis Ryan (USA) |
| 2 | 13 September | Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux to Cruas | 31.3 km (19.4 mi) | Flat stage | Arlenis Sierra (CUB) |
| 3 | 14 September | Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut to Villeneuve-de-Berg | 125 km (77.7 mi) | Mountain stage | Ruth Winder (USA) |
| 4 | 15 September | Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne to Mont-Serein Station | 117 km (72.7 mi) | Mountain stage | Eider Merino (ESP) |
| 5 | 16 September | Grandrieu to Mont Lozère | 139 km (86.4 mi) | Mountain stage | Katarzyna Niewiadoma (POL) |
| 6 | 17 September | Savasse to Montboucher-sur-Jabron | 113 km (70.2 mi) | Mountain stage | Ruth Winder (USA) |
| 7 | 18 September | Chomérac to Privas | 90 km (55.9 mi) | Mountain stage | Erica Magnaldi (ITA) |
| Total | | | 680.3 km (422.7 mi) | | | | |

## Classification leadership

| Stage | Winner
 | General classification
 | Young rider classification
 | Points classification
 | Mountains classification
 | Sprints classification
 | Combination classification
 | Combativity classification
 | Teams classification
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Alexis Ryan | Alexis Ryan | Katia Ragusa | Arlenis Sierra | Alison Jackson | Tanja Erath | Susanne Andersen | Berangere Staelens | Canyon–SRAM |
| 2 | Arlenis Sierra | Arlenis Sierra | Susanne Andersen | Alexis Ryan | Heidi Franz | Melissa Van Neck | | | Kseniya Dobrynina |
| 3 | Ruth Winder | Ruth Winder | Sara Poidevin | Arlenis Sierra | | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Eider Merino | United States (National Team) |
| 4 | Eider Merino | | Margarita Victoria Garcia | | Ruth Winder | Tanja Erath | Olga Shekel | Kseniya Dobrynina | Spain (National Team) |
| 5 | | | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | | | | Arlenis Sierra | Melissa Van Neck | Erica Magnaldi |
| 6 | Ruth Winder | | | | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | | Ruth Winder | Tanja Erath | Tesfoam Gebru Eyeru |
| 7 | | | Erica Magnaldi | | Kseniya Dobrynina | | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Kseniya Dobrynina |
| **Final** | | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Sara Poidevin | Ruth Winder | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Kseniya Dobrynina | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Kseniya Dobrynina | Spain (National Team) |

## InfoBox

2018 Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche
| Race details | |
| --- | --- |
| Dates | 13–18 September 2018 |
| Stages | 7 stages |
| Distance | 680.3 km (422.7 mi) |
|


title: Social Security Treasury Venezuela

text:
# Social Security Treasury Venezuela

Social security is a human and social fundamental and inalienable right guaranteed by the State to all Venezuelans residing in the territory of the Republic, and all foreigners legally impeached on it, regardless of ability to pay, provided social, work activity, through development, wages, earnings and income, according to the principle of progressivity and the terms of the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela, as well as the different national laws, treaties, agreements and conventions signed and ratified by the Republic.

## Historical Review

The Social Security Treasury Venezuela is created with the appointment of the Treasurer of the Social Security System by the late President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Hugo Chávez, to ensure this fundamental right. It is an autonomous institution with legal personality and its own, distinct and independent of the National Treasury, and is under the Ministry of Popular Power for social work process.

## Main Function

The Treasury of Social Security has the purpose of raising financial funds Social Security System, in order to ensure the quasi-fiscal support and the operation and management of the Information System of Social Security for registration, affiliation and identification people, subject to the scope of the Organic Law of Social Security System.

## At Present

It has a directory of more than 3,000 public institutions registered and affects a population of more than 850,000 workers. The Social Security Treasury is responsible for managing the **Special Retirement and Pension System of the National Public Administration** and assign under the following conditions:

* **Regulatory Retirement**: Every worker with 25 years of service in the public service and aged 55 for Women and 60 for Men .
* **Disability Retirement**: Every worker who has worked in public administration at least 3 continuous years, and who has suffered an accident that incapacitated leave between 50 and 70% of its physical or mental capacity.
* **On retirement survival**: Spouse or Children of a worker who enjoyed the benefit of Regulatory Retirement .
* **Special Retirement**: It is directly administered by the Vice President of Venezuela, as conditions to be retired or retired must be reviewed and approved by his office.

To enjoy this benefit, the agency or entity must be solvent with employer contributions and contributions of workers.

## In the future

The Treasury of Social Security is the responsibility of unifying all existing social security services in Venezuela.

## Basic Information

Is located in Av. Francisco Solano López, con calle San Geronimo, Edificio Los Llanos. Parroquia El Recreo, Caracas \- Venezuela

## InfoBox

Social Security Treasury Venezuela
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | TSS |
| Formation | 2012 June 1 |
| Founder | Hugo Chávez |
| Type | GO |
| Location |  |
| Coordinates | 10°29′43.41″N 66°52′38.31″W / 10.4953917°N 66.8773083°W / 10.4953917; -66.8773083 |
| Services | Social security |
| Official language | Spanish language |
| Treasurer | Dr. Rafael Ángel Ríos Bolívar |
| Website | www.tss.gob.ve |


title: Short-headed broad-nosed bat

abstract: The short-headed broad-nosed bat is a bat species found in Bolivia, northwestern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.

text:
# Short-headed broad-nosed bat

The **short-headed broad-nosed bat** (***Platyrrhinus brachycephalus***) is a bat species found in Bolivia, northwestern Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| Short-headed broad-nosed bat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Phyllostomidae |
| Genus: | *Platyrrhinus* |
| Species: | ***P. brachycephalus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platyrrhinus brachycephalus***
Rouk & Carter, 1972 | |
|
|  | |


title: Bcos U Will Never B Free

abstract: Bcos U Will Never B Free is the debut studio album by the English musician Rex Orange County. It was released free of charge on Bandcamp and SoundCloud on 4 September 2015, and officially on 7 November 2016. Following its five year anniversary, the album was released on vinyl for the first time.

text:
# Bcos U Will Never B Free

***Bcos U Will Never B Free*** is the debut studio album by the English musician Rex Orange County. It was released free of charge on Bandcamp and SoundCloud on 4 September 2015, and officially on 7 November 2016. Following its five year anniversary, the album was released on vinyl for the first time.

## Background

Rex Orange County taught himself to make his own music at the age of 16, producing on the digital audio workstation Logic, and playing the guitar. *Bcos U Will Never B Free* was created between the summer of 2014 and 2015 on his bedroom floor, and was inspired due to "teen angst" according to Rex Orange County, stating that during the album's recording, he was "really angry", "kind of sad", and "self pitying".

In 2020, Rex Orange County further talked about how the album was created, stating he felt he "had a lot \[he\] wanted to say." He said he didn't have a strong intention with the album and that he had simply felt determined to "make something and put it out to the world."

## Promotion

### Singles

The album's lead single, "Corduroy Dreams", was released to SoundCloud on 18 May 2015. It has received a Silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry.

The album's second single, "Japan", was released to SoundCloud on 25 June 2015. Its music video was released on 12 November 2015, and shows Rex Orange County getting his head shaved.

### Performances

Rex Orange County held a live performance celebrating the album on 4 September 2020, performing a medley of the songs "A Song About Being Sad", "Belly (The Grass Stains)", and "Corduroy Dreams".

## Track listing

All songs written by Alex "Rex Orange County" O'Connor (with the exception of "Cape Fear", written and performed by Cosmo Pyke).

2016 reissue
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Rex (Intro)" | 1:47 |
| 2. | "Paradise" | 3:37 |
| 3. | "Belly (The Grass Stains)" | 4:19 |
| 4. | "Corduroy Dreams" | 3:26 |
| 5. | "Japan" | 1:46 |
| 6. | "Portrait of Ned" | 1:53 |
| 7. | "Green Eyes, Pt. II" | 3:20 |
| 8. | "A Song About Being Sad" | 2:16 |
| 9. | "Know Love" | 4:01 |
| 10. | "Curfew..." | 1:44 |
| Total length: | | 28:12 |

Original 2015 release and select vinyl versions
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3. | "Cape Fear (feat. Cosmo Pyke)" | 1:11 |
| Total length: | | 29:23 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Bcos U Will Never B Free*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Charts (ARIA) | 28 |
| UK Albums Sales Chart (OCC) | 26 |
| US Top Album Sales (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Top Alternative Albums (*Billboard*) | 23 |
| US Top Rock Albums (*Billboard*) | 49 |
| US Vinyl Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Edition | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 4 September 2015 |  | 11-track free of charge | Self-released |
| | 7 November 2016 | * Digital download * streaming | | 10-track |
| | 4 September 2020 | LP | 11-track | RCA Records |

1. Pellegrino, Dante (30 January 2022). "Review: Rex Orange County - Bcos U Will Never Be Free". *Above the Bridge*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
2. *Rex Orange County: Bcos U Will Never B Free - Music Streaming - Listen on Deezer*, retrieved 2020-08-25
3. "Rex Orange County to release 'Bcos U Will Never B Free' on vinyl for the first time". *DIY*. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
4. "Rex Orange County is An Old Soul Moving at Lightspeed". *Pitchfork*. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
5. Young, Alex (6 August 2020). "Rex Orange County's Bcos U Will Never B Free Receives First-Ever Vinyl Release". *Consequence*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
6. "corduroy dreams - Rex Orange County". *SoundCloud*. Rex Orange County. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
7. "Rex Orange County - Corduroy Dreams". *British Phonographic Industry*. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
8. "japan - Rex Orange County". *SoundCloud*. Rex Orange County. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
9. Kest, Noah (10 February 2018). "Rex Orange County is More Than a Flower Boy Feature". *34th Street Magazine*. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
10. Graves, Shahlin (5 September 2020). "Watch: Rex Orange County's 'Bcos U Will Never B Free' fifth anniversary performance video". *Coup de Main Magazine*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
11. "bcos u will never b free by Rex". *Bandcamp*. 4 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
12. "Discography Rex Orange County". *australian-charts.com*. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
13. "Official Albums Sales Chart". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
14. "Rex Orange County Chart History (Top Album Sales)". *Billboard*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
15. "Rex Orange County Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". *Billboard*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
16. "Rex Orange County Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". *Billboard*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
17. "Rex Orange County Chart History (Vinyl Albums)". *Billboard*. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

## InfoBox

| Bcos U Will Never B Free | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Rex Orange County | |
| Released | 4 September 2015 (2015-09-04) |
| Recorded | 2014–2015 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 29:23 |
| Label | Self-released |
| Producer | Rex Orange County |
| Rex Orange County chronology | |
| ***Bcos U Will Never B Free***
(2015) *Apricot Princess*
(2017) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Bcos U Will Never B Free* | |
| 1. "Corduroy Dreams"
Released: 18 May 2015 2. "Japan"
Released: 25 June 2015 | |
|  | |


title: Silent Years

abstract: Silent Years is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by Louis J. Gasnier and starring Rose Dione, Tully Marshall and George A. McDaniel.

text:
# Silent Years

***Silent Years*** is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by Louis J. Gasnier and starring Rose Dione, Tully Marshall and George A. McDaniel.

## Plot

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Connelly, Robert B. *The Silents: Silent Feature Films, 1910-36, Volume 40, Issue 2*. December Press, 1998.
* Munden, Kenneth White. *The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1*. University of California Press, 1997.

## InfoBox

| Silent Years | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Louis J. Gasnier |
| Written by | Harriet T. Comstock (novel)
Winifred Dunn
Eve Unsell |
| Starring | Rose Dione
Tully Marshall
George A. McDaniel |
| Cinematography | Joseph A. Dubray |
| Production
company | Robertson-Cole Pictures Corporation |
| Distributed by | Film Booking Offices of America |
| Release date | * November 27, 1921 (1921-11-27) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Ravenhead

abstract: Ravenhead is an area of St Helens in the North West of England. It is bordered by Thatto Heath, Sutton and the Town Centre. The area is thought to take its name from a farm once located nearby, while the 'head' portion of the name represents its location at one of the higher points of the town. In this respect, Ravenhead joins other local placenames such as Burtonhead, Micklehead and Eltonhead.

text:
# Ravenhead

**Ravenhead** is an area of St Helens in the North West of England. It is bordered by Thatto Heath, Sutton and the Town Centre. The area is thought to take its name from a farm once located nearby (Ravenhead Farm), while the 'head' portion of the name represents its location at one of the higher points of the town. In this respect, Ravenhead joins other local placenames such as Burtonhead, Micklehead and Eltonhead.

## Local facilities

Shops in the main residential area of Ravenhead are limited to a newsagent (Ravenhead), computer repair store (Thatto Heath) and a Spar local store (Toll-Bar). There is also a laundry (business not for individual use) and a 'Fives Football Centre' (closed down), opened by BBC television pundit and former England footballer Alan Shearer.

St. John's Centre operates out of St. John's Parish Church (or Ravenhead Church as locals call it) and runs various community activities. Alexandra Court is a residential housing care home, run by Arena Options Ltd for the over 65s.

## Ravenhead Retail Park

The Ravenhead Retail Park, to the north of Ravenhead near the Town Centre, is an out of town shopping area featuring a number of high-street outlets. Amongst these are B&Q and CurrysPCWorld, both of which at the time of building were the largest of the chain's stores in the country. Since the initial build, the retail park has been extended and now includes stores such as Bath Store, Pets At Home and Boots Pharmacy. It is rated amongst the top 20 retail parks in the country.

The presence of the retail park means Ravenhead boasts popular food outlets such as Burger King, Frankie and Bennys, Subway and a nearby McDonald's.

## Religion & the ecclesiastical parish

The Ecclesiastical Parish of Ravenhead is a Church of England parish, formed on 19 August 1870 by Order of Council. Though there have been some subsequent boundary changes to the parish, it still encompasses some of the neighbouring areas of Thatto Heath, Sutton Heath and Nutgrove.

Ravenhead is served by the Church of England parish church of St. John the Evangelist. St. Johns has a smaller, sister church, Emmanuel in neighbouring Thatto Heath. The church is also the home to St. John's Centre - a community outreach project which hosts youth activities, community lunches and various other organised events.

The church is part of the Eccleston Team, which partners St. John's & Emmanuel with St. Matthew, Thatto Heath; St. Luke, Eccleston; St. James, Eccleston and Christ Church, Eccleston. This means the benefice that the churches fall within are significantly wider than the parish boundary.

There is an Independent Methodist Church in West Street.

## Industry

Ravenhead played a significant part in the development of St Helens' glass industry, as the base for Pilkington's Head Office. and the Ravenhead Glass factory. Ravenhead Glass has since closed down, indicative of the decline in the glass industry in the town, and the former Head Office of Pilkington has been transformed into serviced office space, following the acquisition of Pilkington by Nippon Sheet Glass in 2006.

Pilkington's Head Office was formerly the home of Pilkington's Glass Museum, however it was closed in 2005 and incorporated into The World Of Glass museum in the Town Centre.

Formerly Ravenhead was home to Ravenhead Coal Mine. It along with numerous small pits were served by private rail lines running off from the main branch line of the Liverpool line, feeding down to the canal and direct to the city centre.

## References & external sources

## InfoBox

| Ravenhead | |
| --- | --- |
| RavenheadLocation within Merseyside | |
| OS grid reference | SJ505945 |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | ST HELENS |
| Postcode district | WA10 |
| Dialling code | 01744 |
|  | |
| Police | Merseyside |
| Fire | Merseyside |
| Ambulance | North West |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Delphinium madrense

abstract: Delphinium madrense, commonly known as Sierra Madre larkspur and Edwards' Plateau larkspur, is a species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the south-western United States (Texas) and northern Mexico.

text:
# Delphinium madrense

**Delphinium madrense**, commonly known as **Sierra Madre larkspur** and **Edwards' Plateau larkspur**, is a species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to the south-western United States (Texas) and northern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas).

## Description

The stems are from 30 to 80 centimeters long. The base is often reddish and puberulent. There are both basal and cauline leaves. There are between 0-8 basal leaves at the anthesis. There are between 3-11 cauline leaves at the anthesis. The leaf blade is either semicircular or cordate. The inflorescence has 5-75 flowers on it. The flowers sepals range from dark blue to light blue in color. The lower petal blades are elevated. The fruit is between 15 and 21 centimeters long. The fruit type is follicle. The flower color could also be white, alongside blue. The bloom period is in the months of March, April, May, and June.

## InfoBox

| *Delphinium madrense* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Ranunculales |
| Family: | Ranunculaceae |
| Genus: | *Delphinium* |
| Species: | ***D. madrense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Delphinium madrense***
S.Watson | |
|


title: Scopula sincera

abstract: Scopula sincera is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Angola, Malawi, South Africa and Zambia.

text:
# Scopula sincera

***Scopula sincera*** is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Angola, Malawi, South Africa and Zambia.

## InfoBox

| *Scopula sincera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Scopula* |
| Species: | ***S. sincera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scopula sincera***<br>(Warren, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Craspedia sincera* Warren, 1901 | |


title: Reggie Nalder

abstract: Reggie Nalder was a prolific Austrian film and television character actor from the late 1940s to the early 1990s. His distinctive features—partially the result of disfiguring burns—together with a haunting style and demeanor led to his being called "The Face That Launched a Thousand Trips".

text:
# Reggie Nalder

**Reggie Nalder** (born **Alfred Natzler**; 4 September 1907 – 19 November 1991) was a prolific Austrian film and television character actor from the late 1940s to the early 1990s. His distinctive features—partially the result of disfiguring burns—together with a haunting style and demeanor led to his being called "The Face That Launched a Thousand Trips".

## Life and career

Born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, he was the son of actor and operetta singer Sigmund Natzler. He was a cousin of actresses and singers Grete Natzler and Hertha Natzler. As a young man he performed at second-rate Vienna theatres and from the 1930s in several cabarets in Paris. After World War II he worked for the German language service of the BBC.

Nalder is perhaps best remembered for his roles as an assassin in Alfred Hitchcock's 1956 remake of *The Man Who Knew Too Much*, the vampire Kurt Barlow in the 1979 TV adaptation of the Stephen King novel *Salem's Lot*, and the Andorian ambassador Shras in the *Star Trek* episode "Journey to Babel".

Nalder appeared, at the request of star Frank Sinatra, in a brief, uncredited role as a communist spymaster named Dmitri in John Frankenheimer's 1962 film *The Manchurian Candidate*. He also had a brief role in the 1981 Walt Disney film *The Devil and Max Devlin* but stated in an interview that he could not stand working with Bill Cosby, the star of the film. He described him as "a pig", as well as "rude, arrogant, and very untalented."

Nalder's television work also included episodes of the series *77 Sunset Strip*, *It Takes A Thief*, *Surfside Six*, Boris Karloff's *Thriller* ("The Terror In Teakwood" and "The Return Of Andrew Bentley"), *McCloud* and *I Spy*. Nalder was also credited as "Detlef Van Berg" in the X rated films *Dracula Sucks* (1978) and *Blue Ice* (1985), but performed in no scenes of a pornographic nature.

## Death

Nalder died of bone cancer in Santa Monica, California in 1991, aged 84.

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Reggie Nalder | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Alfred Reginald Natzler
(1907-09-04)4 September 1907
Vienna, Austro-Hungary |
| Died | 19 November 1991(1991-11-19) (aged 84)
Santa Monica, California |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1940s–1990s |


title: Sena Nhavi

abstract: Sena Nhavi, also known as Saint Sena, and Sena, is a Hindu saint-poet (sant-kavi) of the Varkari sect dedicated to the god Vithoba.

text:
# Sena Nhavi

**Sena Nhavi** (literally **Sena the barber**, a name often used in English sources), also known as **Saint Sena**, and **Sena**, is a Hindu saint-poet (*sant-kavi*) of the Varkari sect dedicated to the god Vithoba.

## Life

Sena the barber (*nhavi*), a "caste" (see Bara Balutedar) and worked in the service of the king of Bandhavgarh. He gave up his profession and created devotional abhangas in praise of the god Vithoba.

The *Bhaktavijaya* of Mahipati (1715–90), a hagiographical work on Hindu saints, devotes a chapter to the life of Sena Nhavi. It narrates how Vithoba came to the aid of Sena Nhavi. Sena Nhavi was a pious barber who worshipped Vishnu (Vithoba is considered a form of Vishnu or his avatar Krishna) daily in the morning. He was born into a low caste due to sins in a previous birth (see Reincarnation). Once, the king of Bandhavgarh called Sena to his service. The court official came with the message to Sena's house; however Sena was busy at his daily worship and instructed his wife to inform the messenger that he was not at home. This was repeated five times. A neighbour reported to the king that Sena was at home worshiping, which infuriated the king. He ordered Sena to be arrested for not coming to the palace despite royal orders and that he be bound in chains and be thrown into the river. Vithoba-Krishna went to the palace in the form of Sena to serve the king. While "Sena" massaged the king's head with oil, the king saw the reflection of the four-armed Krishna in a cup of oil, but when he looked up he saw "Sena". The perplexed king fainted. When he woke up, he requested "Sena" to wait on peril of death. However, "Sena" asked permission to go to his home once. The king rewarded "Sena" with a bag of gold coins, which "Sena" placed in his bag of equipment. Vithoba left the bag back at Sena's house and disappeared. The king lost all his senses and pined for Sena. The court official hurriedly came to fetch Sena, who felt that king had called him as he was angry with Sena.

Sena arrived at the court, when the king stood up and greeted up. The king rushed towards Sena, caught Sena's feet (see Pranāma, a sign of respect in Indian culture) and requested him to show his four-armed form. The king brought the bowl of oil and looked at the reflection of Sena in the oil, but could see the four-armed divine form that he had experienced. The surprised Sena explained to the king that he had seen Sena's patron god, Krishna himself. The king thanked Sena as he had seen Krishna due to association with Sena. When Sena found the gold coins in his bag of equipment, he distributed the coins to the Brahmins, the priest caste. The tale ends by stating that the Muslim king turned into a devotee of Krishna and Sena Nhavi was "pleased" as his Lord, Vishnu was pleased.

Two of Sena's abhangas say that he died at midday on the 12th lunar day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of Shravana.

## Teachings in abhangas

There are many abhangs written by Sena Nhavi. He says in an abhanga that those who keep the company of evil-doers live in hell. The wicked should be kicked and disgraced. In another abhanga, he calls himself a sinner, who was tamed by passion and anger, who did not keep company with the righteous and did not meditate on God. He surrenders to God and implores him to be his saviour and rescue him from the sinful life. In another abhanga, he sings how fortunate he is to have received the grace of the Lord, who with compassion pardoned his sins. Sena detested practising austerities like inhaling smoke or meditating amidst fire, in a forest or on a mountain. He warned that someone can be a victim of deception in the forest, citing how the sage Vibhandaka was deluded by a maiden in the forest. (Vibhandaka's penance was disturbed by the celestial maiden Urvashi). Like other Varkari saints, he advocates the chanting of God's name. Sena says that God's grace is beyond discrimination of caste or quality. Sena also refers to his profession as a barber in an abhanga. He sang that we ("barbers") are skilled in the "art of shaving" and support the four caste-system (Varna (Hinduism)). They show the "mirror of discrimination", use the "pinches of dispassion", massage the head with the "water of tranquillity", cut the "hair of egotism" and the "nails of passion". An abanga in the *Shrisakalsantagatha*, a collection of abhangas from various saints, is dedicated to the god Shiva of the Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple.

## Remembrance

A hagiography to Sena appears in the abhangas of the 14th century Varkari saint-poet Janabai. In one of his abhangas, the Varkari saint-poet Tukaram (1577–c.1650) uses the example of Sena Nhavi and other saints who were low in the caste hierarchy to illustrate that caste is irrelevant when compared to devotion and merit. Sena was also described as a "model of devotion" by the 15th century north-Indian saint Ravidas, which suggests that he was widely known even outside Maharashtra. A temple dedicated to the saint also exists in Hubli.

### References

### Sources

* Abbott, Justin Edwards; Godbole, Narhar R. (1988). *Stories of Indian Saints: An English Translation of Mahipati's Marathi Bhaktavijaya*. Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0469-4.
* Kosambi, Meera (2000). *Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra*. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-1878-0.
* Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). "Sen". *The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z*. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
* Lorenzen, David N. (2006). *Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History*. Yoda Press. ISBN 978-81-902272-6-1.
* Ranade, Ramchandra Dattatraya (1983). *Mysticism in India: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra*. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-669-7.
* Sharma, Arvind (2000). *Women Saints in World Religions*. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4619-5.

## InfoBox

| Sena Nhavi | |
| --- | --- |
| Detail of Bhagat Sena from a painting of a gathering of holy men of different faiths, by Mir Kalan Khan, ca.1770–75 | |
| Personal | |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Sect | Varkari |


title: Cherokee Town, Oklahoma

abstract: Cherokee Town is a ghost town in Garvin County, Oklahoma. It's located 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Pauls Valley.

text:
# Cherokee Town, Oklahoma

**Cherokee Town** is a ghost town in Garvin County, Oklahoma. It's located 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Pauls Valley.

## History

Before the Civil War, there was a trading post near Little Sandy Creek, about a mile from where a heavily used trail crossed the Washita River. The stop was unnamed until a group of Cherokees who forcefully resettled from Texas moved near the vicinity of the post. The Cherokee people built homes and other infrastructure around the area, and along with the post, which has its own blacksmithing place, made the now forming town popular. The town was then on referred to as “Cherokee Town”. Despite the village remaining small, it was well known around the area. After the Civil War, mainly during the 1870s, the trail became very important across the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations, as it connected Boggy Depot and Fort Sill. Cherokee Town started to gain importance when a cross-country stage line was started, designated at 20 miles (32 km) intervals. Many goods wagons and buggies would come through the town. Militia and their subsequent wagons with weapons would go through the town as-well. As a result of the conundrum, the town slowly increased. Several stores were developed, even hotels and campsites were created too. There was a masonic hall and a town doctor. Blacksmithing was the towns main driving point and moneymaker. The blacksmith was deemed a pan important person throughout the community. Church services were held at the town, and there were subscription schools too. As the population of the Chickasaw nation increased, new paths were created and replaced to different areas, cutting off the towns traffic.

## InfoBox

| Cherokee Town, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Ghost town | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Garvin |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |


title: Shimazu Tadahisa

abstract: Shimazu Tadahisa was the founder of the Shimazu samurai clan. According to a record of his life, he was reportedly born in Sumiyoshi Taisha in Osaka. He was initially Koremune no Tadahisa (惟宗忠久) but after being given the position of jitō of the Shimazu Estate by Minamoto no Yoritomo, he took the name of Shimazu. Tadahisa was a son of the Shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199) by the sister of Hiki Yoshikazu. He then received the domain of Shioda in 1186 and was then named Shugo of Satsuma province. He sent Honda Sadachika to take possession of the province in his name and accompanied Yoritomo in his expedition to Mutsu in 1189. He went to Satsuma in 1196, subdued Hyūga and Ōsumi provinces, and built a castle in the domain of Shimazu (Hyūga) which name he also adopted. He died in 1227 and was buried in Kamakura, near his father's tomb. His descendants ran the Shimazu clan for hundreds of years.

text:
# Shimazu Tadahisa

**Shimazu Tadahisa** (島津 忠久, 1179-1227) was the founder of the Shimazu samurai clan.

According to a record of his life, he was reportedly born in Sumiyoshi Taisha in Osaka. He was initially *Koremune no Tadahisa* (惟宗忠久) but after being given the position of *jitō* (land steward) of the Shimazu Estate by Minamoto no Yoritomo, he took the name of Shimazu.

Tadahisa was a son of the Shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199) by the sister of Hiki Yoshikazu.

He then received the domain of Shioda (Shinano province) in 1186 and was then named *Shugo* of Satsuma province. He sent Honda Sadachika to take possession of the province in his name and accompanied Yoritomo in his expedition to Mutsu in 1189. He went to Satsuma in 1196, subdued Hyūga and Ōsumi provinces, and built a castle in the domain of Shimazu (Hyūga) which name he also adopted. He died in 1227 and was buried in Kamakura, near his father's tomb. His descendants ran the Shimazu clan (named after him) for hundreds of years.

* Sansom, George (1961). *A History of Japan: 1334-1615.* Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
* Turnbull, Stephen (1998). *The Samurai Sourcebook.* London: Cassell & Co.


title: Beckhill

abstract: Beckhill is a small council estate in the Meanwood area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It has received negative local publicity in the past, but is now the subject of urban regeneration. The area is situated south of Stainbeck Road and north of Potternewton Lane. To the East is the Miles Hill Estate. Beckhill falls within the Chapel Allerton ward of Leeds City Council.

text:
# Beckhill

**Beckhill** (or **Beck Hill**) is a small council estate in the Meanwood area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It has received negative local publicity in the past, but is now the subject of urban regeneration. The area is situated south of Stainbeck Road and north of Potternewton Lane. To the East is the Miles Hill Estate. Beckhill falls within the Chapel Allerton ward of Leeds City Council.

## Location

The area was built in the 1970s and consists mainly of brick built terrace houses. The estate had a small newsagents on Beckhill Approach which was demolished in 2014. There is only one entrance to the estate via car, from Stainbeck Road, however there are ginnels linking it with Potternewton Lane from Beckhill Gate.

## Schools

Miles Hill primary school was on Beckhill Approach, and had 170 pupils. The 2004 and 2007 league tables showed a challenging situation. The school was closed in 2007, and demolished in 2008. At the same time the estate children's play area in the former school grounds was closed due to maintenance costs. Beckhill is part of the intake area for St Urban's Catholic primary school. Miles Hill primary was recently replaced by the new Mill Field primary school on Potternewton Mount, which led to concerns over the road crossing in Potternewton Lane, as pupils now had to walk from their estates to the new school. However, this appears to be resolved by the addition of new zebra crossings.

## History

### Past

In 2004 there was a problem with gang behaviour in this and other estates, and in 2006 it was reported that children were committing burglaries. There used to be a public house called the Hilltop in Beckhill Grove but it was demolished in 2007, making space for a planned local regeneration development by East North East Homes Leeds. In July 2007 authorisation was given to demolish a large number of properties on Beckhill Approach and Beckhill Garth, to make way for new family housing. Beckhill became the focus of negative press attention in December 2008, following the 'Beckhill Stabbing'. As of 2014, knife crime continued to be a problem on the estate.

### Present and future

Since 2007, the Beckhill Implementation Group (BIG) received funding from the NHS for activities to promote health and wellbeing on the estate. BIG won an Effective Partnership Working Award on 18 March 2009. Groundwork Leeds is still involved in improvement of this environment. In 2007 the average value of a house on Beckhill Chase was approximately half that of the average house in Leeds, and at least one of those houses was built in 1968. In Beckhill Grove there are 39 homes, built about the same time.

There is an active Beckhill Tenants and Residents' Association. £10,000 funding was agreed by Leeds City Council (North East Inner Area Committee) in 2008 for a study into the feasibility of providing a new community centre for Beckhill. The Three Churches Project focuses on this and other nearby estates. In 2008 the group completed a four-month project with people from estates including Beckhill, and performed a play based on Shakespeare's *The Two Gentlemen of Verona*. New council housing is planned for the estate, as a second phase of Leeds City Council's intention to build 80 properties across three sites in Leeds.

Houses on the estate around Beckhill Approach were demolished in 2012 and the estate's newsagent was demolished in 2014.

## InfoBox

| Beckhill | |
| --- | --- |
| Beckhill Approach, from Stainbeck Road | |
| BeckhillBeckhillLocation within West Yorkshire | |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | LEEDS |
| Postcode district | LS7 |
| Dialling code | 0113 |
|  | |
| Police | West Yorkshire |
| Fire | West Yorkshire |
| Ambulance | Yorkshire |
|  | |
|


title: Silent Worship

abstract: The song "Silent Worship" is a 1928 English-language adaptation for voice and piano by Arthur Somervell of Alessandro's aria "Non lo dirò col labbro" from Handel's 1728 opera Tolomeo (Ptolemy). It is the ninth song in Somervell's collection Ten Songs of Handel (8) and Giovanni Bononcini (2). Other arrangements of Somervell's translation include voice accompanied by a symphony orchestra, and unison choir.

text:
# Silent Worship

The song "**Silent Worship**" is a 1928 English-language adaptation for voice and piano by Arthur Somervell of Alessandro's aria "Non lo dirò col labbro" from Handel's 1728 opera *Tolomeo* (*Ptolemy*). It is the ninth song in Somervell's collection *Ten Songs* of Handel (8) and Giovanni Bononcini (2). Other arrangements of Somervell's translation include voice accompanied by a symphony orchestra, and unison choir.

## Handel / Somervell comparison

Musically Arthur Somervell's song is a simple arrangement of the original Handel aria – with the orchestral parts reduced for piano, one or two slight changes in harmony, and the instrumental ending (postlude) omitted.

The text is treated quite differently in the two versions:

* In the original Italian baroque aria as set by Handel, the first part of the aria uses a single couplet to express a single two-fold thought: "I will not say it with my lips, they do not have the courage". The words are repeated several times, to emphasize the lack of courage. The second part of the aria expresses a complement to the first, its antithesis – twice as many words for half as much music – and therefore not repeated: "Perhaps, with sparks from yearning eyes, my gaze will speak to reveal how I am consumed by flames". The first part of the aria is then repeated, in A–B–A *da capo aria* form.
* Somervell's unrelated English text consists of a 16-line narrative, in which only a single line is repeated. Even the *da capo* – the reprise of the first part at the end – has a new paraphrase of the first text rather than the simple verbatim repetition which the baroque aria uses.

"Silent Worship" is featured in the 1996 film adaptation of Jane Austen's novel *Emma*, where it is sung by Gwyneth Paltrow (as Emma) and Ewan McGregor (as Frank Churchill). Somervell's English adaptation was done more than a century after Austen's 1815 novel, but the original Italian aria was recorded in Jane Austen's own handwritten songbooks. In the film, Somervell's piano introduction to the song is shortened.

## "Silent Worship"

Did you not hear my lady
Go down the garden singing?
Blackbird and thrush were silent
To hear the alleys ringing.
Oh saw you not my lady
Out in the garden there?
Shaming the rose and lily
For she is twice as fair.
Though I am nothing to her
Though she must rarely look at me
And though I could never woo her
I love her till I die.
Surely you heard my lady
Go down the garden singing?
Silencing all the songbirds
And setting the alleys ringing.
But surely you see my lady
Out in the garden there,
Rivaling the glittering sunshine
With a glory of golden hair.

## "Non lo dirò col labbro"

Allessandro's cavatina in act 1 of *Tolomeo*:

Non lo dirò col labbro
Che tanto ardir non hà.
Forse con le faville
Dell'avide pupille,
Per dir come tutt'ardo,
Lo sguardo parlerà.

I will not say it with my lips
Which have not that courage.
Perhaps the sparks
Of my burning eyes,
Revealing my passion,
My glance will speak.

## Score comparison


title: Žitište shooting

abstract: On 2 July 2016, a Serbian man killed five people and injured twenty-two others after he opened fire with an assault rifle in a café in the village of Žitište, in the Central Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. The perpetrator was later identified as Siniša Zlatić.

text:
# Žitište shooting

On 2 July 2016, a Serbian man killed five people and injured twenty-two others after he opened fire with an assault rifle in a café in the village of Žitište, in the Central Banat District of Vojvodina, Serbia. The perpetrator was later identified as Siniša Zlatić (Serbian Cyrillic: Синиша Златић).

## Shooting

On the nights of 1 July 2016 and 2 July 2016, Zlatić visited a café during a local festival, where he noticed his estranged wife with a group of friends. He returned home and retrieved an AK-47 assault rifle he illegally owned. He then returned to the café and at about 1:40 a.m. local time started shooting into the air. The attacker then shot his wife and another woman dead before randomly shooting other diners in the café, killing three men and injuring 22 other people. Café diners then grabbed the gun from the attacker as he tried to run away. Police located the gunman in the vicinity and quickly apprehended him.

## Aftermath

On 1 March 2017, the high court in Zrenjanin sentenced Zlatić to 40 years in prison, the longest possible sentence according to Serbian laws at that time.

## InfoBox

| Žitište shooting | |
| --- | --- |
| ŽitišteThe location of the attack | |
| Location | Žitište, Central Banat District, Vojvodina, Serbia |
| Coordinates | 45°28′57.98″N 20°33′4.82″E / 45.4827722°N 20.5513389°E / 45.4827722; 20.5513389 |
| Date | 2 July 2016 (2016-07-02) |
| Attack type |  |
| Weapons | AK-47 assault rifle |
| Deaths | 5 |
| Injured | 22 |
| Perpetrator | Siniša Zlatić |
| Motive | Unclear, jealousy suspected |


title: The Multiracial Activist

abstract: The Multiracial Activist (TMA) is a left-libertarian activist journal covering social and civil liberties issues of interest to individuals who perceive themselves to be biracial or multiracial. In addition, interracial couples and families and transracial adoptees are also constituencies covered. The magazine is based in Alexandria, Virginia.

text:
# The Multiracial Activist

***The Multiracial Activist*** (**TMA**) is a left-libertarian activist journal covering social and civil liberties issues of interest to individuals who perceive themselves to be biracial or multiracial. In addition, interracial couples and families and transracial adoptees are also constituencies covered. The magazine is based in Alexandria, Virginia.

## History

Founded in April 1997 by James A. Landrith, Jr., *The Multiracial Activist* is registered with the Library of Congress in Washington, DC under ISSN 1552-3446.

In addition to covering news on its core constituencies, *The Multiracial Activist* is involved in various civil liberties coalitions. Coalition topics include racial classifications, domestic surveillance, racial profiling, financial privacy, national identification cards, immigration reform, and general civil liberties issues. *The Multiracial Activist* participated as a plaintiff in a controversial lawsuit initiated by the Center for National Security Studies against the Department of Justice in December 2001.

## Advocacy

*The Multiracial Activist* participated in the efforts in the late 1990s to allow respondents to the U.S. Census and other government forms that collect racial classification data to check more than one racial classification box. Beginning in 1998, *The Multiracial Activist* published a letter from Bob Jones University, which eventually led to the repeal of their long-standing ban on interracial relationships among their student population.

In addition to working on racial classification issues, multiracial identity and interracial marriage, *The Multiracial Activist* and its founder currently serve on a diverse variety of civil liberties coalitions. Most notable are the Coalition for Patient Privacy, Asylum Working Group (sponsored by Human Rights First), Liberty Coalition and In Defense of Freedom.

## Books

*The Multiracial Activist* has been profiled in numerous books. Most notable are: 2003 *The Fundamentals of Extremism*, 2004 *Social Identities: Multidisciplinary Approaches* by Gary Taylor and Spencer Steve, 2004 *The Politics of Multiracialism: Challenging Racial Thinking* edited by Heather M. Dalmage, and 2006 *Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?* by G. Reginald Daniel.

## InfoBox

*The Multiracial Activist*
| Logo for "The Multiracial Activist" | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | James Landrith |
| Categories | Multiracial, interracial marriage, libertarianism, public policy |
| Frequency | Bi-monthly |
| Founded | 1997 |
| Company | Pious Pagan Publishing |
| Country | United States |
| Based in | Alexandria, Virginia |
| Language | English |
| Website | www.multiracial.com |
| ISSN | 1552-3446 |


title: Thangka wall

abstract: A thangka wall is, in Tibetan religious architecture, a stone-built structure used for hanging giant, or monumental, appliqued thangkas, or scrolls, in some of the major Buddhist monasteries of Tibet. These giant thangkas are called gos ku, goku, gheku, kiku in Tibetan, and thongdrel in Bhutan. The thangka wall stands on a hillside from where it overlooks the monastic settlement. Its form is that of a narrow, elongated and tall rectangular building with a battered façade and a flat roof surrounded by a parapet. The side and rear walls are normally vertical. Thangkas are only displayed hung on the walls on special occasions such as major festivals, when they are or were unrolled by monks at the top of the wall, with considerable ceremony. Tibetan Buddhists believe that viewing the thangka with the proper spirit brings great spiritual benefits. Often the thangka was only displayed on one day in the year. Smaller monasteries that lack a special thangka wall, like those in Bhutan, may hang their large thangkas from the other monastery buildings, often in the main courtyard. This was presumably the practice everywhere before the emergence of special thangka walls. The creation of silk appliqué thangkas appears to have begun in China, perhaps in the 14th century, using existing Chinese textile techniques to copy painted Tibetan thangkas. These reached Tibet, where they were well received, and the Tibetans, also already used to silk appliqué for decorating tents and clothes, began to make their own. Initially these were relatively small, for hanging inside prayer-halls, but by at least the 15th century some were being made large enough that large outside locations were needed to display them.

text:
# Thangka wall

A **thangka wall** is, in Tibetan religious architecture, a stone-built structure used for hanging giant, or monumental, appliqued thangkas, or scrolls, in some of the major Buddhist monasteries of Tibet. These giant thangkas are called *gos ku*, *goku*, *gheku*, *kiku* (cloth image) in Tibetan, and *thongdrel* in Bhutan. The thangka wall stands on a hillside from where it overlooks the monastic settlement. Its form is that of a narrow, elongated and tall rectangular building with a battered façade and a flat roof surrounded by a parapet. The side and rear walls are normally vertical.

Thangkas are only displayed hung on the walls on special occasions such as major festivals, when they are or were unrolled by monks at the top of the wall, with considerable ceremony. Tibetan Buddhists believe that viewing the thangka with the proper spirit brings great spiritual benefits. Often the thangka was only displayed on one day in the year.

Smaller monasteries that lack a special thangka wall, like those in Bhutan, may hang their large thangkas from the other monastery buildings, often in the main courtyard. This was presumably the practice everywhere before the emergence of special thangka walls. The creation of silk appliqué thangkas appears to have begun in China, perhaps in the 14th century, using existing Chinese textile techniques to copy painted Tibetan thangkas. These reached Tibet, where they were well received, and the Tibetans, also already used to silk appliqué for decorating tents and clothes, began to make their own. Initially these were relatively small, for hanging inside prayer-halls, but by at least the 15th century some were being made large enough that large outside locations were needed to display them.

## Tibetan designations

At Tashilhunpo monastery in Shigatse, the thangka wall has had the following designations:

* *kugopea* (Samuel Turner, 1800);
* *gö-ku-pea* (Laurence Austin Waddell, 1895), ie cloth-image tower;
* *kiku tamsa* (Laurence Austine Waddell, 1895; William Carey, 1901; Sarat Chandras Das, 1902), ie cloth-image support;
* *gos-sku-spe'u* (Michael Aris, 1982), ie cloth-image tower support.

At Palcho Chode monastery in Gyantse, the thangka wall is called

* *gheku* tower (Victor Chan, 1994), ie cloth-image tower;
* *goku tramsa* (*The Tibet Album*, 2006) or *gos sku thang sa* (Michael Henss, 2011), ie cloth-image support.

The words *kugo*, *gos-sku*, *goku*, *gheku* and *kiku* refer to the monumental thangka (*kugo* being apparently the result of inverting the two syllables of *goku* while *gheku* and *kiku* are supposed to be informal pronunciations of *gos sku* or *goku*).

## Architectural designations

In English-language writings, this type of building is referred to as "thangka wall" (Victor Chan, 1994; Andreas Gruschke, 2001; *The Tibet Album*, 2006; Michael Henss, 2011; *Tibet*, Lonely Planet, 2015; Diana Lange, 2016), or sometimes "support wall" (*Tibet*, Lonely Planet, 2015) or "display wall" (Ronald M. Bernier, 1997).

American explorer F. Bailey Vanderhoef, Jr. uses the term "pylon" in his memoirs published in 1938.

In the original captions attached to the photos taken by the 1938–39 German expedition to Tibet, the Palcho Chode edifice is called *große Gebetsmauer* (large prayer wall) while its counterpart at Tashilhunpo is termed *große Tangamauer* (large thangka wall).

## Inventory

At least four large monasteries in China's Tibet Autonomous Region possess a giant thangka wall : Sera (Lhasa), Palcho Chode (Gyantse), Tashilhunpo (Shigatse) and Riwo Dechen (Qonggyai). The walls at Sera and Riwo Dechen are recent additions while those at Tashilhunpo and Palcho Chode are centuries-old monuments.

### Sera (Lhasa)

The thangka wall at Sera stands near the Chöding hermitage (Tsongkhapa's retreat before the monastery was built). The wall is a recent replacement to a scaffolding erected on a slope. It has some semblance to its counterpart at Tashilhunpo (see beneath). The wall is used for lifting giant thangkas of the Buddha during the Shoton festival in August. The wide yard fronting the building is where the faithful gather to gaze on the giant thangkas.

### Palcho Chode (Gyantse)

The massive, stark thangka wall at Palcho Chode towers above a hillside in the north-eastern part of the monastic enclosure built in 1425. The building of the wall is not supposed to have taken place before the 1430s when the associated monumental thangkas were commissioned.

During the Gyantse festival in the fourth month of the Tibetan year, the wall is used, within a two-year cycle, to display the Sakyamuni thangka in alternation with the Maitreya thangka. A third one, the Dīpankara thangka, is no longer displayed due to its poor state of repair.

### Tashilhunpo (Shigatse)

The Tashilhunpo thangka wall stands on a hillside in the north-eastern part of the monastic complex. Because of its overbearing position, it can be seen from afar. It is the largest and the most impressive thangka wall still extant. It is approximately 32 metres high by 42 metres long at the base. It was built in 1468

The wall is used for displaying giant representations of Maitreya (the Buddha of the future), Amitabha (the Buddha of the infinite light), and Sakyamuni (the enlightened Buddha) on the basis of one different thangka a day during the festival taking place on the 14th, 15th and 16th of the fifth Tibetan month (ie 1, 2 and 3 July).

### Riwo Dechen (Qonggyai)

The Riwo Dechen kagyupa monastery in the Qonggyai Town possesses a thangka wall that overbears the other monastic buildings and can be seen from afar. It is a recently built addition to the complex. The front face of the building has a strong batter. A stone masonry retaining wall marks out the platform that extends outside the thangka wall.

A giant thangka of Maitreya, the Buddha of the future, is preserved and maintained by the monastery.

## Mounting of the thangka

A silk brocade is used to mount the thangka onto the wall. While mounting the thangka on the wall, it may alter some details on the iconography and overall aesthetic of the thangka. Hanging thangkas on damp thangka walls can also be detrimental to the condition of the thangka.


title: Reggie Newhouse

abstract: Reginald Jahon Newhouse is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2003 after playing college football at Baylor. His father Robert was a running back in the NFL for the Dallas Cowboys.

text:
# Reggie Newhouse

**Reginald Jahon Newhouse** (born February 16, 1981) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2003 after playing college football at Baylor.

His father Robert was a running back in the NFL for the Dallas Cowboys.

## InfoBox

Reggie Newhouse
| No. 18, 87 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1981-02-16) February 16, 1981<br>Dallas, Texas |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 191 lb (87 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College: | Baylor |
| Undrafted: | 2003 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 5  Receiving yards: 50  Receiving touchdowns: 0 | |
|  | |


title: 2019 Samaria combined attack

abstract: The 2019 Samaria combined attack was a Palestinian stabbing and shooting attack, which was carried out at the Ariel junction and Giti Avishar junction in the Samaria region in the West Bank on March 17, 2019. On March 18, a day after the attack, Rabbi Achiad Ettinger, one of the victims who was head of the Oz and Emuna Yeshiva in the Neve Sha'anan neighborhood in Tel Aviv, died of his injury. One IDF soldier and an Israeli civilian were killed in the attack. Another Israeli civilian was seriously wounded in the attack.

text:
# 2019 Samaria combined attack

The **2019 Samaria combined attack** was a Palestinian stabbing and shooting attack, which was carried out at the Ariel junction and Giti Avishar junction in the Samaria region in the West Bank on March 17, 2019. On March 18, a day after the attack, Rabbi Achiad Ettinger, one of the victims who was head of the Oz and Emuna Yeshiva in the Neve Sha'anan neighborhood in Tel Aviv, died of his injury.

One IDF soldier and an Israeli civilian were killed in the attack. Another Israeli civilian was seriously wounded in the attack.

## Background

In the six months preceding the attack, several deadly attacks were carried out in Samaria by individual Palestinian militants who attacked Israeli civilians and soldiers, which included among others the shooting attack in the Barkan industrial zone, the shooting attack at Givat Assaf, and the attack at the Ofra junction.

In order to secure the region, an IDF force from the artillery brigade was stationed in the Ariel area which was only trained for one week before being deployed to secure the Ariel area.

## The attack

On Sunday morning, March 17, 2019 a Palestinian militant arrived at the Ariel junction in the West Bank and noticed the IDF soldier, Gal Keidan of the Thunder Battalion, securing the bus station at the junction. The militant stabbed him, grabbed his weapon and shot him to death. The IDF soldier who stood next to him did not fire at the attacker, but his commander fired across the road and wounded the attacker.

Rabbi Achiad Ettinger, who was armed, approached the militant, shot him and injured him, but the militant managed to shoot back and critically wounded Ettinger. Afterwards, the militant hijacked a vehicle that approached the junction. He drove to the Giti Avishar junction, where he shot another IDF soldier who as a result was seriously injured.

The militant then drove towards the Palestinian town of Burukin, where he abandoned the vehicle and continued escaping on foot.

## Aftermath

On March 18, a day after the attack, Rabbi Achiad Ettinger, who was head of the Oz and Emuna Yeshiva in the Neve Sha'anan neighborhood in Tel Aviv, died of his injury.

## The perpetrator

The militant who carried out the attack was Omar Abu Lilah, a 19 year old Palestinian from the village of Zawiya located near Ariel. Abu Lilah was a student at the Al-Quds Open University in Salfit.

## Manhunt for shooter ends in his death

On March 19, during an attempt, carried out at the village of 'Abwein, by the IDF and the Shin Bet, to capture the militant, a fire exchange took place during which the militant was shot and killed.

## InfoBox

| 2019 Samaria combined attack | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Israeli–Palestinian conflict | |
| The Giti Avishar junction, where the second part of the attack took place (the photo was taken from the Barkan industrial zone) | |
| Location | Ariel junction and the Giti Avishar junction, West Bank |
| Date | 17 March 2019 (2019-03-17) |
| Attack type | Stabbing attack, shooting attack |
| Weapons | A knife and a rifle taken from an IDF soldier |
| Deaths | 3 (Including the perpetrator) |
| Injured | 1 |
| Perpetrators | A Palestinian militant (Omar Abu Lilah) |
| Motive | Palestinian nationalist terrorism |


title: Cherokee Strip (Kansas)

abstract: The Cherokee Strip of Kansas, in the United States, was a disputed strip of land on the southern border of the state.

text:
# Cherokee Strip (Kansas)

The **Cherokee Strip** of Kansas, in the United States, was a disputed strip of land on the southern border of the state.

## Description

In 1825 the Osage Nation was given a reservation in eastern Indian territory in what is now Kansas. In the Treaty of New Echota, May 23, 1836, the northern border of the Cherokee Nation's land was set as the southern border of the Osage lands. When Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act on May 30, 1854, it set the southern border of the Kansas Territory as the 37th parallel north. It was thought at the time that the Osage northern border was also the 37th parallel.

The Cherokees immediately complained, saying that it was not the true boundary and that the border of Kansas should be moved north to accommodate the actual border of the Cherokee land.

The situation languished during the troubles in Kansas leading up to the Civil War. In the 1866 Cherokee Reconstruction treaty, the Cherokee agreed to cede, in trust to the United States, such portion of their land that is in present-day Kansas. A commission was set up to survey the disputed land. The survey, approved December 11, 1871, found that the border was "off by 2.46 miles" (3.96 km). The strip in question ran from the Neosho River to the 100th meridian and amounted to 434,679.36 acres (679.19 square miles; 1,759.08 square kilometres).

Under terms of Article 17 of the Treaty of 1866, the land was to be sold "at not less than $1.25 an acre" ($3.09/ha) for the first year and then offered for sale at local land offices. The first year 156,848.47 acres (245.08 square miles; 634.74 square kilometres) were sold, and the balance of 277,830.89 acres (434.11 square miles; 1,124.34 square kilometres) was turned over to land offices during the summer of 1879. As required, the proceeds were placed in the United States Treasury subject to order of the Cherokee national council.


title: Cedar, Indiana

abstract: Cedar is an unincorporated community in Butler Township, DeKalb County, Indiana.

text:
# Cedar, Indiana

**Cedar** is an unincorporated community in Butler Township, DeKalb County, Indiana.

## History

Cedar was named after Cedar Creek. The post office was discontinued in 1914.

## Geography

Cedar is located at 41°18′46″N 85°09′22″W / 41.31278°N 85.15611°W / 41.31278; -85.15611.

1. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
2. "Cedar, Indiana". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
3. Baker, Ronald L. (October 1995). *From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History*. Indiana University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-253-32866-3. ..name comes from the stream Cedar Creek...
4. "DeKalb County". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.

## InfoBox

| Cedar | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| CedarCedar | |
| Coordinates: 41°18′46″N 85°09′22″W / 41.31278°N 85.15611°W / 41.31278; -85.15611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Indiana |
| County | DeKalb |
| Township | Butler |
| Elevation | 866 ft (264 m) |
| ZIP code | 46738 |
| FIPS code | 18-10965 |
| GNIS feature ID | 432258 |


title: Becki

abstract:
Becki is a feminine given name. It is a pet form of Rebecca. Becki may refer to:
  - Becki Newton, American actress
  - Becki Pipette, English singer

text:
# Becki

**Becki** is a feminine given name. It is a pet form of Rebecca. Becki may refer to:

1. "MFnames.com - Origin and Meaning of Becki". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-02-10.

## InfoBox

Becki
| Gender | Female |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Word/name | Hebrew |
| Other names | |
| Related names | Rebecca, Becky, Beck, Rivkah |


title: Chab Dai

abstract: Chab Dai is an organization founded in Cambodia in 2005 by Helen Swornthat focuses on abolishing sexual abuse, human trafficking, and exploitation. It aims to bring an end to trafficking and sexual exploitation through coalition building, community prevention, advocacy and research. While the organization was founded in Cambodia, Chab Dai also has additional offices in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. In August 2023, they joined other Anti-Trafficking Organizations in a statement about the factual inaccuracies of the movie Sound of Freedom (film)

text:
# Chab Dai

**Chab Dai** ("joining hands" in Khmer) is an organization founded in Cambodia in 2005 by Helen Swornthat focuses on abolishing sexual abuse, human trafficking, and exploitation. It aims to bring an end to trafficking and sexual exploitation through coalition building, community prevention, advocacy and research. While the organization was founded in Cambodia, Chab Dai also has additional offices in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. In August 2023, they joined other Anti-Trafficking Organizations in a statement about the factual inaccuracies of the movie Sound of Freedom (film)

## Helen Sworn

Sworn had a career in business administration before she attended bible college in the United Kingdom. She began actively opposing human trafficking in 1999. In 2005, she founded Chab Dai, a network of Christian organizations opposing human trafficking. She was interviewed in the 2011 human trafficking documentary film *Nefarious: Merchant of Souls*. Sworn stepped down as Executive Director in 2023.


title: John Ronan (ice hockey)

abstract: John Ronan is an American ice hockey coach and former forward, who is currently an assistant coach for the Union Garnet Chargers.

text:
# John Ronan (ice hockey)

**John Ronan** is an American ice hockey coach and former forward, who is currently an assistant coach for the Union Garnet Chargers.

## Career

Ronan was a four-year player at Maine. As a two-way forward, he helped the Black Bears reach the championship game in 2004 and was lauded by his coach for inspiring the team to victory after finding themselves down 1–4 to Harvard. Ronan played professionally for several years, mostly in the lower North American leagues, but did spend a season in the Dutch Premier League shortly before his retirement.

Ronan returned to Maine to finish his degree in 2013 and then worked as a volunteer assistant at Union during the Dutchmen's national championship run. The following year he became a full time assistant in the USHL before returning to the college ranks and eventually wound up back at Union. He remained as an assistant under Rick Bennett until his former boss was suspended in January 2022 after allegations of improper coaching conduct. Ronan was made the interim head coach and remained in that position after Bennett's resignation a week later. Ronan led the team to an 8–8–1 finish.

After the season, Union decided to name Josh Hauge as the new head coach, however, Ronan was retained as an assistant with the Dutchmen.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Union Dutchmen**  *(ECAC Hockey)* (2022–present) | | | | | | | | |
| 2021–22 | Union | 8–8–1 | 5–5–1 | 7th | ECAC Quarterfinals |
| **Union:** | | 8–8–1 | 5–5–1 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | |  |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

† mid-season replacement

## InfoBox

John Ronan
| Current position | |
| --- | --- |
| Title | Assistant coach |
| Team | Union |
| Conference | ECAC Hockey |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1980-07-06) July 6, 1980
South Boston, Massachusetts, USA |
| Alma mater | University of Maine |
| Playing career | |
| 2001–2005 | Maine |
| 2004–2005 | Alaska Aces |
| 2005–2006 | Florida Everblades |
| 2006–2007 | Rocky Mountain Rage |
| 2006–2008 | Austin Ice Bats |
| 2008–2009 | Huntsville Havoc |
| 2009–2010 | Flint Generals |
| 2010–2011 | Eaters Limburg |
| 2011–2012 | Evansville Icemen |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Forward |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 2013–2014 | Union (volunteer asst.) |
| 2014–2015 | Youngstown Phantoms (asst.) |
| 2015–2016 | Mercyhurst (asst.) |
| 2016–2022 | Union (asst.) |
| 2022 | Union (interim) |
| 2022–Present | Union (asst.) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 8–8–1 .500 |
|  | |