title: Elizabeth Abbott

abstract: Elizabeth Louise Abbott is a Canadian writer, historian and animal rights activist. She is the former dean of women for St. Hilda's College at the University of Toronto and is currently a senior research associate at Trinity College, University of Toronto. Abbott has written numerous books, and has contributed to many publications, including The Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, Ottawa Citizen, The Gazette (Montreal), Quill & Quire, Huffington Post and London Free Press. Abbott ran to represent the riding of Toronto—Danforth in the House of Commons of Canada at the 2015 and 2019 Canadian federal elections as a member of the Animal Protection Party of Canada.

text:
# Elizabeth Abbott

**Elizabeth Louise Abbott** (born 1946) is a Canadian writer, historian and animal rights activist. She is the former dean of women for St. Hilda's College at the University of Toronto and is currently a senior research associate at Trinity College, University of Toronto.

Abbott has written numerous books, and has contributed to many publications, including *The Globe and Mail*, *Toronto Star*, *Ottawa Citizen*, *The Gazette* (Montreal), *Quill & Quire*, *Huffington Post* and *London Free Press*.

Abbott ran to represent the riding of Toronto—Danforth in the House of Commons of Canada at the 2015 and 2019 Canadian federal elections as a member of the Animal Protection Party of Canada.

## Personal life and education

Abbott was born in 1946 in Ottawa, Ontario to William Richard and Margaret Langley Abbott. In 1963, she received a Bachelor of Arts from Sir George Williams University, then attended McGill University, where she received a Master of Arts in 1966 and Doctor of Philosophy in 1971.

Abbott has a son, Ivan.

## Selected texts

### *A History of Mistresses*

*A History of Mistresses* examines the large, and often underground history of mistresses. Ranging from Roman Europe to Twentieth Century America, Abbott explores the lives of the 'scarlet women' and the implications of their extramarital relationships.

### *A History of Marriage*

*A History of Marriage*, the third book in Abbot's trilogy on the history of relationships. examines various rituals of courting, nuptials, marriage, sex, child-raising and divorce. The book was a finalist for the 2010 Governor General's Literary Award in the category of English non-fiction.

Seven Stories Press reprinted *A History of Marriage* in paperback in August 2015.

### *Haiti: A Shattered Nation*

*Haiti: A Shattered Nation* is an update of her 1988 book, *Haiti: The Duvaliers and their Legacy*, commissioned after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, for which she added a new introduction and two new chapters.

## Publications

* *Tropical Obsession: A Universal Tragedy in Four Acts Set in Haiti*, 1986
* *Haiti: The Duvaliers and their Legacy*, 1988
* *A History of Celibacy*, 1999
* *A History of Mistresses*, 2003
* *Sugar: A Bittersweet History*, 2008
* *A History of Marriage*, 2010
* *Haiti: A Shattered Nation*, 2011

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Abbott | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1946 (age 7778)<br>Ottawa, Canada |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | Writer, historian |
| Children | 1 |


title: Elizabeth A. Wilson

abstract: Elizabeth A. Wilson is a Samuel Candler Dobbs professor of women’s, gender, and sexuality studies at Emory University. She is a scholar of feminist science studies, and her work brings together psychoanalytic theory, affect theory, feminist and queer theory, and neurobiology. She is the author of Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition (1998), Psychosomatic: Feminism and the Neurological Body (2004), Affect and Artificial Intelligence (2010), and Gut Feminism (2015).

text:
# Elizabeth A. Wilson

**Elizabeth A. Wilson** is a Samuel Candler Dobbs professor of women’s, gender, and sexuality studies at Emory University. She is a scholar of feminist science studies, and her work brings together psychoanalytic theory, affect theory, feminist and queer theory, and neurobiology. She is the author of *Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition* (1998), *Psychosomatic: Feminism and the Neurological Body* (2004), *Affect and Artificial Intelligence* (2010), and *Gut Feminism* (2015).

## Education

Wilson graduated from University of Otago in New Zealand with a B.Sc. in psychology. As an undergraduate, she majored in psychology in part because they did not have a women's studies department though she continued her support of feminist issues outside of the classroom. She graduated from the University of Sydney with a Ph.D. in psychology.

## Career

Wilson is a Samuel Candler Dobbs professor of women’s, gender, and sexuality studies at Emory University. She joined Emory University in 2009. Prior to her appointment at Emory University, she was an Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of New South Wales. The Australian Research Council funded a project titled "The Embodiment of Melancholy: A Feminist Analysis of Depression" that investigated a multidisciplinary approach to understanding depression.

She has held positions at the University of Western Sydney, the Australian National University, and the University of Sydney. She was a member of the School of Social Science at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, and she was a Helen Putnam Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. While a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute, she completed research for her book *Gut Feminism*.

She is the author of *Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition* (1998), *Psychosomatic: Feminism and the Neurological Body* (2004), *Affect and Artificial Intelligence* (2010), and *Gut Feminism* (2015). *Neural Geographies* encourages feminist psychologists to think the biological body, and in *Psychosomatic* she continues this theme of exploring the relationship between biology and psychology. In *Affect and Artificial Intelligence*, she provides perspectives on artificial intelligence research, the relationship of humans and technology, and the psychosocial contexts of computers. Her most recent book, *Gut Feminism*, focuses on depression and explores how antidepressant pharmaceutical data can be useful to feminists. Her research adds to the work of feminist science scholars more broadly in rethinking the relationship between nature and culture.

## Works

* *Neural Geographies: Feminism and the Microstructure of Cognition*. Routledge. 1998. ISBN 978-0415916004.
* *Psychosomatic: Feminism and the Neurological Body*. Duke University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8223-3365-4.
* *Affect and Artificial Intelligence*. University of Washington Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-295-80000-4.
* *Gut Feminism*. Duke University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-8223-7520-3.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Ann Wilson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Otago,
University of Sydney |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies |
| Institutions | University of Western Sydney,
Australian National University,
University of Sydney,
Emory University |
|  | |


title: Elizabeth Harrison Walker

abstract: Elizabeth Harrison Walker was the third and youngest child of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison, and the only child with his second wife, Mary. She was only 4 when Benjamin Harrison died.

text:
# Elizabeth Harrison Walker

**Elizabeth Harrison Walker** (February 21, 1897 – December 25, 1955) was the third and youngest child of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison, and the only child with his second wife, Mary. She was only 4 when Benjamin Harrison died.

## Biography

Born in Indiana in 1897, she graduated from New York University School of Law in 1919 and was admitted to the bar in Indiana and New York.

Elizabeth Harrison participated in a 1916 Emergency Services Corps camp in New Jersey. This camp was conducted in the name of military preparedness as tensions grew in Europe, but the intention was never to train women for the trenches, rather to train women on how better to serve the war effort. At this camp, women learned to shoot rifles, ride horses, practice flag signaling, hike for 30 miles at a time, and perform first aid procedures.

On April 6, 1921, Elizabeth Harrison married James Blaine Walker (January 20, 1889  January 15, 1978), a grandnephew of Secretary of State James G. Blaine, a member of her father's cabinet. They had 2 children, Benjamin Harrison Walker (b. 1921 d. 1995) and Jane Harrison Garfield (née Walker) (b. 1929 d. 2020). Jane Walker married Newell Garfield, a grandson of Interior Secretary James Rudolph Garfield, and great-grandson of President James Garfield.

Jane and her husband, Newell, had one daughter, Eliza. Their only grandchildren were adopted. Benjamin married Elizabeth Sillcocks Walker and had two sons.

Elizabeth Harrison was the founder and publisher of *Cues on the News*, an investment newsletter for women.

She died from natural causes at 58 on Christmas in 1955. She was the last surviving child of Benjamin Harrison.

## Sources

* Charles W. Calhoun, *Benjamin Harrison*, 2005, (short biography-information about Mary Dimmick Harrison).
* DeGregorio, William A. (2001). *The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents* (5th ed.). Fort Lee, New Jersey: Barricade Books. pp. 331–334. ISBN 1-56980-208-4.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Harrison Walker | |
| --- | --- |
| Harrison in 1917 | |
| Born | (1897-02-21)February 21, 1897
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | December 25, 1955(1955-12-25) (aged 58)
New York City, U.S. |
| Alma mater | New York University School of Law (1919) |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Spouse | James Blaine Walker (m. 1921) |
| Children | 2 |
| Parent(s) | Benjamin Harrison
Mary Dimmick Harrison |


title: Ellen Clegg

abstract: Ellen Clegg was an American criminal, active in New York, who specialized in pick pocketing and shoplifting. A close associate of Fredericka Mandelbaum, she was well known to authorities in several major cities along with her husband James "Old Jimmy" Clegg and had an extensive arrest record. She was arrested with Tilly Miller, "Black" Lena Kleinschmidt and four other shoplifters in Boston on December 6, 1876; her picture taken by the Boston Police Department for the "Rogues' Gallery". She was later arrested in the city for pick pocketing two years later and sent to the House of Correction. Returning to New York, she was again arrested with Walter Price for shoplifting on November 24, 1879. Pleading guilty, she was sentenced to three years in Blackwell's Island by Judge Gildersleeve on December 16 while Price was sent to State Prison. Clegg returned to Boston after her term expired on April 16, 1882, where she was arrested for shoplifting on May 21, 1883, and sentenced to one year imprisonment in the House of Correction. She was returned to the House of Corrections when she was caught attempting to open a woman's handbag to steal her pocketbook on December 22, 1885, and again given a one-year sentence.

text:
# Ellen Clegg

**Ellen Clegg** (c. 1841–unknown) was an American criminal, active in New York, who specialized in pick pocketing and shoplifting. A close associate of Fredericka Mandelbaum, she was well known to authorities in several major cities along with her husband James "Old Jimmy" Clegg and had an extensive arrest record. She was arrested with Tilly Miller, "Black" Lena Kleinschmidt and four other shoplifters in Boston on December 6, 1876; her picture taken by the Boston Police Department for the "Rogues' Gallery". She was later arrested in the city for pick pocketing two years later and sent to the House of Correction.

Returning to New York, she was again arrested with Walter Price (then under the alias **Mary Gray**) for shoplifting on November 24, 1879. Pleading guilty, she was sentenced to three years in Blackwell's Island by Judge Gildersleeve on December 16 while Price was sent to State Prison.

Clegg returned to Boston after her term expired on April 16, 1882, where she was arrested for shoplifting on May 21, 1883, and sentenced to one year imprisonment in the House of Correction. She was returned to the House of Corrections when she was caught attempting to open a woman's handbag to steal her pocketbook on December 22, 1885, and again given a one-year sentence.

* Asbury, Herbert. *The Gangs of New York*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1928. ISBN 1-56025-275-8
* Byrnes, Thomas. *1886 Professional Criminals of America*. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1969.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Clegg | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | c. 1841 |
| Nationality | American |
| Other names | Mary Gray |
| Occupation | Criminal |
| Known for | New York pickpocket and shoplifter. |


title: Ellen Clara Sabin

abstract: Ellen Clara Sabin was the president of the Milwaukee-Downer College in the U.S. state of Wisconsin from 1891 to 1921. She was a well-known advocate for the education of women. Sabin developed her own curriculum and teaching style which she practiced in both Wisconsin and Oregon before accepting the position as college president at Downer College. "‘Education is liberation, and it may free women only from her ignorance, littleness, weakness, and fears.’" - Ellen Sabin.

text:
# Ellen Clara Sabin

**Ellen Clara Sabin** (November 29, 1850 – February 3, 1949; also known as **Ella**) was the president of the Milwaukee-Downer College in the U.S. state of Wisconsin from 1891 to 1921. She was a well-known advocate for the education of women. Sabin developed her own curriculum and teaching style which she practiced in both Wisconsin and Oregon before accepting the position as college president at Downer College.

"‘Education is liberation, and it may free women only from her ignorance, littleness, weakness, and fears.’" - Ellen Sabin.

## Early life

Sabin was born November 29, 1850, in Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, to Samuel H. and Adelia Bordine Sabin. When she was an infant, her family moved to California as part of the gold rush, and returned to Wisconsin in 1854. As the oldest of 11 children, Sabin was often responsible for her siblings. She, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, and Clara Bewick Colby were close childhood friends.

At the age of fifteen, Sabin enrolled in the University of Wisconsin. She was among the first women admitted to the university. At the university, she did not pursue any specific course of study. While attending college, she began teaching at the Sun Prairie Grade School in her hometown which was near the university. Sabin left the university after three years without graduating, accepted a job teaching seventh grade in Madison, Wisconsin. By the time Sabin was nineteen, she was the principal of the Fourth Ward School.

## Oregon educator

In 1872, Sabin moved with her family to Eugene, Oregon. She found the education system in Eugene unsatisfactory so she begin independently teaching the community. She began by teaching her siblings and a few neighbors. After a short while, her opened a private school with thirty children. A year later, she moved to Portland where she became the principal of a school known at the time as the Old North School of Portland. Sabin later became superintendent of Portland Public Schools and principal of the high school, overseeing 84 teachers and serving between 6,000 and 7,000 students. She was the first woman to hold a principal position in the Pacific Northwest.

## College president

News of Sabin's success in Portland reached Sabra Warner Lewis, an acquaintance of Sabin's back in Wisconsin. Although she had always specialized in elementary education, Sabin was contacted by Lewis’s brother, a trustee of a "small backwoods college in Wisconsin" known as Downer College for Women in Fox Lake, Wisconsin. Downer was in need of someone to take over the school's presidency. Even though Downer offered her twice the salary they had paid to any previous president, it was still substantially less than she was making in Portland. So when Sabin decided to accept the position of college president, she took a major decrease in pay.

After accepting the position of president in 1890, Sabin spent the next thirty years leading the Downer College and its successor institution. In 1895, Downer College merged with Milwaukee College, becoming Milwaukee-Downer College. Sabin continued as president of the new institution.

For many years, Milwaukee-Downer was one of the few colleges in Wisconsin that admitted women. To ensure women students got a quality education, Sabin developed a curriculum that taught women a wide range of practical subjects. She was quoted in 1895 saying, "A strong course of study will be provided, which will be equivalent in work to any of the leading female colleges in the country. Greek, Latin, French, and German will be taught." She also put emphasis on history and literature; however, mathematics was not a priority. Over the years, Sabin continued to introduce progressive and practical classes that were rarely offered to women, including physical education classes, despite the old fear the women were "too fragile" for such courses. Sabin was firm in setting goals for the women and strict courses so they could advance to their careers as rapidly, but also as well-prepared, as possible. She was an active part of the students lives, she would sit in on multiple classes to observe the teachings. Sabin was also known to "personally review each student’s program of study." Sabin was known to be strict towards her students but they recognized that it was out of concern for their education. She was regarded as being able to "scould beautifully."

While Sabin never graduated from college, she was awarded three honorary degrees from University of Wisconsin–Madison, Beloit College, and Grinnell College. She was also helped organize the *Wisconsin Federation of Women's Clubs* in 1896. That organization served as an important source of funding for many women's educational programs.

Sabin remained president of Milwaukee-Downer College until 1921. She was then honored as president emerita from 1921 to 1949. After she retired, Sabin moved to Madison. She died there on February 3, 1949.

## Role in women's education

Although higher education of women was an important issue to Sabin, it was still highly controversial during her time of presidency. Concerns circling women's education included belief that the female mind was not as apt to process information as a male's. From this "strain" of higher education, it was thought that women would become weak and lose the ability to produce healthy offspring. Furthermore, it was believed that if women were educated into college, women would hold higher positions and neglect any housework or housewife position and homes would fall-into disarray. Some women’s colleges at this time did not focus on "practical" and "classical" curriculum like Milwaukee-Downer, but rather, "preparing \[women\] for intelligent motherhood and properly subservient wifehood." As mentioned previously, the Sabin administration strived to teach women more "rigorous" courses of study and have an advanced and broad range of topics so to fully educate the female mind.

Sabin was the first female school principal in the Pacific Northwest, and later became Portland's school superintendent. In 1886 she led a successful effort to incorporate a night school into Portland's public school system. The night school, which had been founded by the Portland Woman's Union, was founded primarily to provide educational opportunities for wage-earning girls.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Clara Sabin | |
| --- | --- |
| Formal portrait, 1914 | |
| Born | November 29, 1850
Sun Prairie, Wisconsin |
| Died | February 3, 1949(1949-02-03) (aged 98)
Madison, Wisconsin |
| Education | Attended University of Wisconsin |
| Occupation | Educator |


title: Ellen Sprunger

abstract: Ellen Sprunger is a Swiss track and field athlete. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's heptathlon event where she finished in 18th place. She was also part of the Swiss 4 × 100 m team at the event. Her sister Lea was also part of the Swiss team.

text:
# Ellen Sprunger

**Ellen Sprunger** (born 5 August 1986, Nyon) is a Swiss track and field athlete.

She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's heptathlon event where she finished in 18th place. She was also part of the Swiss 4 × 100 m team at the event. Her sister Lea was also part of the Swiss team.

## Personal bests

100 metres: 11.52 w. 1.5 (2013)
200 metres: 23.21 0.2 (2016)
800 metres: 2:12.93 (2014)
100 metres hurdles: 13.35 w.2.0 (2012)
High jump: 1.73 (2014)
Long jump: 6.16 w. 0.9 (2013)
Shot put: 13.42 (2014)
Javelin throw: 46.83 (2012)
Heptathlon: 6124 (2012)

## InfoBox

Ellen Sprunger
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | Lausanne,Canton de Vaud |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 61 kg (134 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | Heptathlon<br>4×100 m relay |
| Coached by | Laurent Meuwly |
| Updated on 5 August 2012 | |


title: Ellen Steiber

abstract: Ellen Steiber is an American novelist and author of books for young readers, including some based on single episodes of The X-Files and Full House series.

text:
# Ellen Steiber

**Ellen Steiber** is an American novelist and author of books for young readers, including some based on single episodes of *The X-Files* and *Full House* series.

## Background

Steiber was raised in Newark and West Orange, New Jersey. She went to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she finished college at Carnegie, Steiber moved to New York City where she worked for a Japanese trading company. She worked there for a couple years and eventually became a children's book writer.

Through the 1980s, Steiber lived in New York City. During this time period, she studied karate and had a wide social circle of artists and writers. Then in 1991, her lifelong dream of moving to the southwest was finally fulfilled. Ellen now lives in Tucson, Arizona with Doug, her partner.

Steiber's interests include: folk music, folklore, Mexican culture and border arts, classic children book illustrations, poetry, and many different types of fiction books.


title: Ellen Gleditsch

abstract: Ellen Gleditsch was a Norwegian radiochemist and Norway's second female professor. Starting her career as an assistant to Marie Curie, she became a pioneer in radiochemistry, establishing the half-life of radium and helping demonstrate the existence of isotopes. She was Vice President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights 1937–1939.

text:
# Ellen Gleditsch

**Ellen Gleditsch** (29 December 1879 – 5 June 1968) was a Norwegian radiochemist and Norway's second female professor. Starting her career as an assistant to Marie Curie, she became a pioneer in radiochemistry, establishing the half-life of radium and helping demonstrate the existence of isotopes. She was Vice President of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights 1937–1939.

## Early life and education

Ellen Gleditsch was born in 1879 in Mandal, Norway. She was the daughter of Petra Birgitte Hansen (1857–1913) and headmaster Karl Kristian Gleditsch (1851–1913). Her siblings included architect Eivind Gleditsch(nl), Adler (1893–1978) who lived with her for the rest of her life following the death of their parents, Liv Gleditsch (1895–1977) who graduated with a degree in chemistry, and civil engineer and geodesist Kristian Gleditsch. The family moved to Trondhjem and then Fredrikshald in 1905. She was the niece of Jens Gran Gleditsch and Kristen Gran Gleditsch, a first cousin of Henry Gleditsch and second cousin of Rolf Juell Gleditsch and Odd Gleditsch, Sr. Her sister in law through Kristian was Nini Haslund Gleditsch (1908–1996).

Although she graduated from high school at the top of her class, the college entrance exams were not available to women at the time. Therefore, she worked as a pharmacy assistant where she was able to work toward a non-academic degree in chemistry and pharmacology in 1902. In 1905 with the support of her mentor Eyvind Bødtker, she passed the university entrance exam, but chose to study in Paris.

## Career

After starting her career in pharmacy, she went on to study radioactivity at the Sorbonne and work in Marie Curie's laboratory from 1907 to 1912. At the Curie Institute, Gleditsch performed a technique called *fractional crystallisations*, which purified radium. The work, which was highly specialized and few could complete, allowed her laboratory fees to be waived. She spent five years of analysis with Curie and returned even after leaving the lab to supervise experiments. In 1911, she received a "Licenciée en sciences degree" from the Sorbonne and was awarded a teaching post at University of Oslo where she worked with Margot Dorenfeldt. After working one year, Gleditsch won the first scholarship ever given to a woman from the American-Scandinavian Association to study in the United States, but was turned down by both of the schools at which she applied.

She went anyway and despite having been rejected was able to work at the laboratory of Bertram Boltwood at Yale University, where she measured the half-life of radium, creating a standard measurement that was used for many years. One of the scientists who had originally turned her away from Yale, co-authored two articles with her and in June 1914, Smith College awarded her an honorary doctorate for her work. In 1913–14, she returned to the University of Oslo and became the second woman to be elected to Oslo's Academy of Science in 1917. During the 1920s, Gleditsch made several trips to France to assist Curie, as well as a trip to Cornwall to investigate a mine located there.

In 1919, Gleditsch co-founded the Norwegian Women Academics' Association, to focus on development of science and the conditions under which women scientists worked. She also believed that cooperation of scientists would foster peace. She served as president of the organization from 1924 to 1928. Joining the International Federation of University Women in 1920, she served as its President from 1926 to 1929, working to provide scholarships to enable women to study abroad. In 1929, she made a trip to the United States traveling from New York to California with the intention of promoting scholarships for women.

Though her appointment as professor at Oslo in 1929 caused controversy, she successfully started a radioactivity research group there. Throughout the 1930s, she continued to produce articles in English, French, German and Norwegian. She also hosted a series of radio shows to promote and popularize scientific study. In the 1930s she directed, a laboratory doing radiochemistry in Norway, which was used as an underground laboratory by scientists fleeing from the Nazi regime. In 1939, she was appointed to the International committee on intellectual cooperation, where Marie Curie had also been sitting a few years earlier. When Norway was occupied during the war, she hid scientists and continued using her home for experiments. During a raid on her laboratory in 1943, the women scientists were able to rescue the radioactive minerals, but all of the men were arrested.

She retired from the university in 1946 and began working with UNESCO in their efforts to end illiteracy. In 1949, she was actively involved on the working committee and in 1952 was named to the Norwegian commission working to control use of the atomic bomb. That same year she resigned from UNESCO in protest over the admittance of Spain under Franco's fascist regime as a member. In 1962 at the age of 83, she received an honorary doctorate from the Sorbonne, the first woman to receive such an honor.

## Honours and awards

## Commemoration

* Oslo Municipality has named a road after her; Ellen Gleditsch's road is located in the district Stovner in Oslo.
* In November 2018, OsloMet named a university building (P35) on the Pilstredet campus after her.
* In 2019, she got a street named after her in her hometown Mandal. Ellen Gleditsch road is located on Malmøy.
* In 2021, Radiumhospitalet's new cyclotron was named Ellen Gleditsch.

## Works

* (with Marie Curie) Curie; Gleditsch (1908). "Action de l'émanation du radium sur les solutions des sels de cuivre". *Le Radium*. **5** (8): 225. doi:10.1051/radium:0190800508022500.
* Sur le radium et l'uranium contenus dans les mineraux radioactifs, *Comptes Rendus* 148:1451 (1909)
* 'Ratio Between Uranium and Radium in the Radio-active Minerals', *Comptes Rendus* 149:267 (1909).
* Sur le rapport entre l'uranium et le radium dans les mineraux actifs, *Radium* 8:256 (1911).
* "The Life of Radium". *American Journal of Science*. **41**: 112. 1916.

## Further reading


title: Eloísa Cartonera

abstract: Eloísa Cartonera is an Argentine cooperative publishing business of designers and writers, which publishes hand made books with extraordinary designs at a literary quality. It is the pioneer of the Cartonera movement.

text:
# Eloísa Cartonera

**Eloísa Cartonera** is an Argentine cooperative publishing business of designers and writers, which publishes hand made books with extraordinary designs at a literary quality. It is the pioneer of the Cartonera movement.

## Background

The initiative for Eloísa Cartonera was taken in 2001 when the Argentine economy was in crisis and people went on the streets to earn money. Among them were the so-called cartoneros, translated *cardboard people*, who worked on the streets to collect paper and cardboard as a way of living. In these years the culture sector found itself in a deep crisis, because books and artifacts were sold in reduced quantities.

Due to this situation writer Washington Cucurto and plastic artists Javier Barilaro and Fernanda Laguna started making art books made from waste cardboard. Out of solidarity with the employed, the objective of the making of art books was changed in 2003 to making literature accessible for anyone.

Established as well as upcoming Latin American writers have donated novels, stage plays and poems, with the result that ten years after its foundation more than 200 titles have been published. Examples are *La casa de cartón* (*The Cardboard House*) of Martín Adán, *El pianista* (*The pianist*) of Ricardo Piglia, *El todo que surca la Nada* (*The Everything that Cuts the Nothing*) of César Aira and the bilingual volume of verses of Haroldo de Campos.

The texts are bound manually in cardboard covers that have been hand-painted as well. Eloísa Cartonera publishes these works at prices that are often lower than the average paperback, whilst the *cartoneros* are offered a better price for the cardboard. Eloísa Cartonera has been the example for more than sixty *cardboard publishers* in Latin America and one in Mozambique.

## Recognition

In 2012 Eloísa Cartonera was rewarded with the Principal Award of the Dutch Prince Claus Awards *for generation beauty, intellectual incentives and income for many in a context of financial crisis and poverty*.

## Further reading

* Epplin, Craig (28 August 2014). *Late Book Culture in Argentina*. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781623562700.

## InfoBox

Eloísa Cartonera
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Founder | Washington Cucurto, Javier Barilaro and Fernanda Laguna |
| Country of origin | Argentina |
| Headquarters location | Buenos Aires |
| Publication types | *La casa de cartón* of Martín Adán, *El pianista* of Ricardo Piglia, *El todo que surca la Nada* of César Aira and the bilingual volume of verses of Haroldo de Campos |
| Fiction genres | Literature |
| Official website | http://www.eloisacartonera.com.ar/ |


title: Eloyi language

abstract: Eloyi, or Afu (Afo) or Ajiri, is a Plateau language of uncertain classification. It is spoken by the Eloyi people of Agatu LGA and Otukpo LGA of Benue State and Nassarawa State in Nigeria.

text:
# Eloyi language

**Eloyi**, or **Afu** (Afo) or **Ajiri**, is a Plateau language of uncertain classification. It is spoken by the Eloyi people of Agatu LGA and Otukpo LGA of Benue State and Nassarawa State in Nigeria.

## Classification

Armstrong (1955, 1983) classified Eloyi as Idomoid, but that identification was based on a single word list and Armstrong later expressed doubts. Other preliminary accounts classify it as Plateau, and Blench (2008) leaves it as a separate branch of Plateau.

Blench (2007) considers Eloyi to be a divergent Plateau language that has undergone Idomoid influence, rather than vice versa.

## Phonology

### Consonants

Consonants
|  | | Bilabial | Labio-
dental | Alveolar | Post-
alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial-
velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive | voiceless |  |  |  |  |  |  | k͡p |  |
| | voiced |  |  |  |  |  |  | g͡b |  |
| Affricate | |  |  | d͡z |  | d͡ʒ |  |  |  |
| Fricative | voiceless |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | voiced |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Nasal | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Rhotic | |  |  | / |  |  |  |  |  |
| Approximant | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

* Muniru et al. (2021) classify // as post-alveolar, but /d͡ʒ/, //, and // as palatal.
* Blench (2007) includes two palatal plosives, written c and j, which Muniru et al. (2021) interpret as /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, respectively. However, Muniru et al. do not find /t͡ʃ/ in their wordlists.
* Muniru et al. also place // in the labial-velar column of the table but describe it as a voiceless glottal fricative. Blench (2007) does not include // in the consonant inventory.
* Muniru et al. also found instances of labialization and palatalization.

### Vowels

Vowels
|  | Front | Central | Back |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Close |  |  |  |
| Close-mid |  |  |  |
| Open-mid |  |  |  |
| Open |  |  |  |

* Muniru et al. (2021) also found \[\] in \[ɾǿwɛ́\] 'red', though they state this may be due to the following \[\]. They also mention that there may be five tones: low, mid, high, rising-falling, and falling-rising.

## InfoBox

| Eloyi | |
| --- | --- |
| *Afu* | |
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Benue State, Nassarawa State |
| Native speakers | 100,000 (2021) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `afo` |
| *Glottolog* | `eloy1241` |


title: Elle'ments

abstract: Elle'ments is the debut studio album by German girl group No Angels. It was first released by Polydor–Zeitgeist and Cheyenne Records on 12 March 2001 in German-speaking Europe. After winning the inaugural season of the reality talent contest Popstars in late 2000, Polydor consulted a small team of German-based musicians to work with the quintet, including Thorsten Brötzmann, Peter Ries, Leslie Mándoki, and Peter Plate. Elle'ments is a pop record with an inclusion of styles such as dance, R&B, Latin and rock. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of the classical elements, and during that time was compared to English girl group the Spice Girls' Forever (2000) era. Upon its release, Elle'ments became an instant smash hit. The album peaked at number one in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, and was eventually certified 7× Gold in Germany and reached Platinum status in both Austria and Switzerland. Additionally, it was certified Platinum by the European International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Elle'ments became Germany's top-selling album of 2001, with 500,000 copies sold in its first six month of release. In total, Elle'ments sold 1.1 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the biggest-selling girl group albums in music history and one of the best-selling German albums of all time. The album yielded the record-breaking number-one hit single "Daylight in Your Eyes", and produced three further singles, including "Rivers of Joy", "When the Angels Sing" and a remake of British pop duo Eurythmics' 1985 single "There Must Be an Angel," the theme song to the animated feature The Little Polar Bear (2001), their second number-one hit in Austria and Germany. The latter song also appeared on Special Winter Edition reissue of the album, released in October 2001, along with several new songs. In fall 2001, No Angels embarked on their first concert tour, the Rivers of Joy Tour, in support of the album.

text:
# Elle'ments

***Elle'ments*** is the debut studio album by German girl group No Angels. It was first released by Polydor–Zeitgeist and Cheyenne Records on 12 March 2001 in German-speaking Europe. After winning the inaugural season of the reality talent contest *Popstars* in late 2000, Polydor consulted a small team of German-based musicians to work with the quintet, including Thorsten Brötzmann, Peter Ries, Leslie Mándoki, and Peter Plate. *Elle'ments* is a pop record with an inclusion of styles such as dance, R&B, Latin and rock. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of the classical elements, and during that time was compared to English girl group the Spice Girls' *Forever* (2000) era.

Upon its release, *Elle'ments* became an instant smash hit. The album peaked at number one in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, and was eventually certified 7× Gold in Germany and reached Platinum status in both Austria and Switzerland. Additionally, it was certified Platinum by the European International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). *Elle'ments* became Germany's top-selling album of 2001, with 500,000 copies sold in its first six month of release. In total, *Elle'ments* sold 1.1 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the biggest-selling girl group albums in music history and one of the best-selling German albums of all time.

The album yielded the record-breaking number-one hit single "Daylight in Your Eyes", and produced three further singles, including "Rivers of Joy", "When the Angels Sing" and a remake of British pop duo Eurythmics' 1985 single "There Must Be an Angel," the theme song to the animated feature *The Little Polar Bear* (2001), their second number-one hit in Austria and Germany. The latter song also appeared on Special Winter Edition reissue of the album, released in October 2001, along with several new songs. In fall 2001, No Angels embarked on their first concert tour, the Rivers of Joy Tour, in support of the album.

## Background

No Angels were formed in 2000 on the debut season of the RTL2 series *Popstars*, the German adaption of the international reality television franchise which set about producing a five-piece girl group. After several elimination rounds, Nadja Benaissa, Lucy Diakovska, Sandy Mölling, Vanessa Petruo and Jessica Wahls were chosen, and signed a recording contract with Cheyenne Records. With the final members of the group in place, the program followed the group during its recording sessions, photo and music video shoots and other promotional commitments such as showcases and instores. For their English language debut album, the band worked with a small group of German-based music producers, including Thorsten Brötzmann, Peter Ries, and Leslie Mándoki, as well as Rosenstolz member Peter Plate and his partner Ulf Leo Sommer, many who would beoame frequent collaborators on subsequent projects. Stylistically, *Elle'ments* takes influence from a number of different genres, such as Europop, teen pop, electro, and dance, and combines elements from pop rock, drum and bass, and contemporary R&B. The album received comparisons to artists such as Britney Spears, Destiny's Child, and the Spice Girls.

## Recording

Following their formation, the band members moved into a house in Munich and began work on their debut album at the Park Studios, in Tutzing, Bavaria where most their songs would be recorded. Parts of the recording sessions were tracked for the final episodes of *Popstars*, particularly the vocal recording of "Daylight in Your Eyes", "When the Angels Sing" and the leftover track "So Wanna Be with You". Album opener "Daylight in Your Eyes", a cover version of singer Victoria Faiella's 2000 pop rendition of the rock-tinged original song by American rock band New Life Crisis, was produced by Thorsten Brötzmann. Set against a "knee-bobbing dance beat", the "exhilarating production" features an "anthemic chorus". Brötzmann also contributed "Cold as Ice", a "cool, atmospheric" and "soft electro pop" ballad, in which a lovelorn woman realizes that her love interest is giving her the cold shoulder, and "Go Ahead and Take It", an uptempo fight song with a cheerleading motif that promotes female empowerment. "Send Me Flowers" is a pop rock song that is backed by a gospel choir. Lyrically, it has a woman demanding an apology from her lover. Closing track "That's the Reason", another Brötzmann production, co-written by Alexander Geringas, is a piano-led pop ballad with soft string arrangements and lyrics that talk about reminiscing past memories with a loved one.

Former Dschinghis Khan member Leslie Mándoki contributed the Eastern-flavored R&B track "Be My Man (The Plan)" in which a woman asks her lover to let her know about his motives, as well as the "moody" mid-tempo song "Faith Can Move a Mountain" that talks about finding comfort in others. "You Could Be the First" was produced by Patrik Majer and duo Plate & Sommer. Lyrically, the guitar-led mid-tempo song is about a woman who asks her husband to stop playing games with her; otherwise he would make her cry. Most of the other half of *Elle'ments* was produced by Peter Ries. Ries co-penned the mid-tempo ballad "When the Angels Sing" that features a cascading piano arrangement and dominant drum pattern. Lyrically, it finds the group thinking deeply over their relationship with their love interests from whom they parted. Uptempo song "Promises Can Wait" has a woman looking for fun instead of a love at first sight, while on mid-tempo ballad "Couldn't Care Less", built upon a pulsating backbeat and a harp pattern, she assures that she has recovered from a painful heartbreak. Dance-pop track "Rivers of Joy", another anthemic song about self-empowerment, combines elements of gospel music and Eurodance with prominent usage of a piano sample. Ballad "Cry for You", co-written by Thomas Anders, is a gentle, breezy pop song that is set against an acoustic guitar-driven instrumentation and a prominent saxophone riff. Lyrically, it talks about a woman's desire to reconcile with her former lover, who has broken up with her because of her own mistakes, leaving her in a devastated state of mind.

## Singles

After their formation, there was a period of indecision about what song would be released as No Angels' debut single. Cheyenne Records executives believed that the first single should be "Go Ahead and Take It", which had previously been promoted during the *Popstars* re-call sessions on Mallorca, while the group was adamant that their debut song should be "Daylight in Your Eyes". The executives at Cheyenne relented, and the song was chosen as their first single out of a total of ten songs that had been pre-selected to lead the parent album. Released on 5 February 2001, the song went gold within twenty-four hours in Germany and sold more than 500,000 copies within its first week of release. "Daylight in Your Eyes" peaked at number one on the German, Austrian and Swiss Singles and Airplay Charts, while also reaching the top of the Estonian Singles Chart. It became the second fastest-selling single ever in Germany up to then as well as one of the biggest-selling German singles of the 2000s.

"Rivers of Joy" was released as the album's second single on 30 April 2001. The gospel-tinged dance-pop track became the group's second top ten single in Germany and Switzerland but was significantly less successful than "Daylight in Your Eyes" and ended its chart run as *Elle'ments*'s lowest-selling single. "There Must Be an Angel", a cover version of the 1985 song by British musical duo Eurythmics, was released as the third single from *Elle'ments* which was reissued on 1 October 2001. An instant smash, it debuted at number one on the German Singles Chart and also went gold in Germany and Switzerland. "There Must Be an Angel" also reached the top in Austria and peaked at number two in Switzerland. The mid-tempo ballad "When the Angels Sing" was released as album's fourth and final single on a double A-side along with a duet with Scottish singer Donovan on a re-recording of his 1968 song "Atlantis", the theme song for Walt Disney's animated feature *Atlantis: The Lost Empire* (2001). Released on 19 November 2001, the single peaked at number five on the Austrian and German Singles Chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *laut.de* |  |

The album received generally mixed reviews. *laut.de* editor Eberhard Dobler felt that the producers on the album "built No Angels a easily digestible dance-love-star-nest \[...\] on an international pop level – the Eurodance track 'Rivers of Joy' proves it." He remarked that "while the thirteen songs are tailored to the market \[with\] a little bit of Spicy (the whole band concept), a little bit of Britney ('Be My Man (The Plan)'), a little bit of R&B ('Couldn't Care Less') and even guitar pop/rock ('Send Me Flowers') \[...\] the laughing potential of the lyrics is hard to beat." Linus Volkmann from *Intro* found that *Elle'ments* lacked "recognition value", but admitted that it "sounds pretty good – despite the tight studio time". He complimented the album for its "varied" mix of elements, with "each song describing excursions into different pop genres: A few times R&B, a few times Katrina and the Waves uptempo, a few times disco in 1970s funk fashion."

*Der Spiegel* called the songs "professionally arranged ready-made goods". In their review of the *Special Winter* reissue of the album, the editorial department of German television network ProSieben wrote: "Even the reissue of *Elle'ments* can't hide the fact that the rest of the girls' repertoire lacks the quality of their singles 'Daylight In Your Eyes', 'Rivers of Joy' and 'There Must Be an Angel'. Without a recognizable style of their own, without a recognizable line of their own, *Elle'ments* offers a collection of well-made pop songs, which unfortunately all too often fall back on tried, tested and well-known knitting patterns." As with Dobler, the staff compared the material to Britney Spears, the Spice Girls and Toni Braxton and concluded: "If you don't mind No Angels' lack of independence, *Elle'ments* undoubtedly offers a nice best-of-pop album \[...\] But if you look for authenticity and uniqueness, you are knocking at the wrong door."

## Chart performance

In March 2001, No Angels released *Elle'ments* in German-speaking Europe where it became an unprecedented success due to the sheer volume of interest in the group. The album debuted at number one on the Austrian, German, and Swiss Albums Charts, making the band the first act ever to simultaneously top the albums, singles, and airplay charts – along with "Daylight in Your Eyes" – in all three territories. In Germany, *Elle'ments* peaked at number one for three consecutive weeks in which it passed the sales mark of 500,000 units. By August 2001, it had reached double platinum status, indicating sales in excess of 600,000 copies. Following the release of its Special Winter Edition in October, *Elle'ments* re-entered the top ten at number seven. In total, the album spent 74 consecutive weeks within the top 100 of the German Albums Chart and was eventually certified triple platinum and 7× Gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for domestic sales in excess of 1.05 million copies. It was the highest-selling album of 2001 in Germany.

In Austria, *Elle'ments* charted four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the Ö3 Austria Top 40 Longplay chart. It was certified platinum by IFPI Austria, indicating sales in excess of 40,000 units, and became the fifth highest-selling album that year. In Switzerland, the album sold further 40,000 copies and also was awarded a platinum certification by IFPI Switzerland. It spent four non-consecutive weeks at number-one on the Swiss Hitparade and was ranked ninth on the Swiss year-end albums chart. *Elle'ments* also debuted at number six on *Billboard*'s European Top 100 Albums chart, and peaked at number five in its third week of release. Altogether, the album became the 41st biggest-selling album of 2001 in Europe – the only entry for any international *Popstars* winner that year – and was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for shipments of one million copies. In total, the album sold 1.1 million copies worldwide, becoming the most successful girl group album in German music history as well as one the biggest-sellings products to emerge from the *Popstars* reality television franchise. In 2013, *Elle'ments* was ranked among the twenty best-selling German albums of all time.

## Track listing

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Elle'ments*.

*Elle'ments* – Standard edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Daylight in Your Eyes" |  | Thorsten Brötzmann | 3:30 |
| 2. | "When the Angels Sing" |  | Peter Ries | 3:42 |
| 3. | "Promises Can Wait" | * Ries * Dawn Faith Schönherz | Ries | 3:21 |
| 4. | "You Could Be the First" | Ralf Lübke |  | 3:27 |
| 5. | "Cold as Ice" | * David Brunner * Christopher Cousins * Marc Klammer | Brötzmann | 4:04 |
| 6. | "Rivers of Joy" | * Niklas Pettersson * Hans Andersson | Ries | 3:28 |
| 7. | "Be My Man (The Plan)" |  | Mandoki | 3:28 |
| 8. | "Go Ahead And Take It" | * Brötzmann * Ulrich Wehner | Brötzmann | 2:50 |
| 9. | "Couldn't Care Less" | * Franciz & LePont | Peter Ries | 3:33 |
| 10. | "Faith Can Move a Mountain" | Julian Feifel | Mandoki | 3:28 |
| 11. | "Cry for You" |  | Ries | 4:49 |
| 12. | "Send Me Flowers" | Axel Breitung | Brötzmann | 3:49 |
| 13. | "That's the Reason" |  | Brötzmann | 3:15 |
| Total length: | | | | 46:52 |

*Elle'ments* – Special winter edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "There Must Be an Angel" |  | * Majer * Plate & Sommer | 3:55 |
| 2. | "When the Angels Sing" | * Ries * Thomas-Schmidtmer | Ries | 3:42 |
| 3. | "What Am I Supposed to Do" |  | Soul-O-Matic | 4:08 |
| 4. | "100% Emotional" |  | Peter Ries | 3:03 |
| 5. | "Daylight in Your Eyes" | * Bruno * Byrnes | Brötzmann | 3:30 |
| 6. | "Promises Can Wait" | * Ries * Schönherz | Ries | 3:21 |
| 7. | "You Could Be the First" | Lübke | * Majer * Plate & Sommer | 3:27 |
| 8. | "Cold as Ice" | * Brunner * Cousins * Klammer | Brötzmann | 4:04 |
| 9. | "Rivers of Joy" | * Pettersson * Andersson | Peter Ries | 3:28 |
| 10. | "Be My Man (The Plan)" | * Mandoki * Bencker | Mandoki | 3:28 |
| 11. | "Go Ahead and Take It" | * Brötzmann * Wehner | Brötzmann | 2:50 |
| 12. | "Couldn't Care Less" | * Franciz & LePont | Ries | 3:33 |
| 13. | "Faith Can Move a Mountain" | Feifel | Mandoki | 3:28 |
| 14. | "Cry for You" | * Anders * Geller | Peter Ries | 4:49 |
| 15. | "Send Me Flowers" | Breitung | Brötzmann | 3:49 |
| 16. | "That's the Reason" | * Brötzmann * Geringas | Brötzmann | 3:15 |
| Total length: | | | | 57:57 |

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Elle'ments*.

**Performers and musicians**

* Laszlo Bencker – various instruments
* Christoph Leis-Bendorff – vocal assistance
* Thorsten Brötzmann – keyboards
* Joan Faulkner – vocal assistance
* Nico Fintzen – keyboards
* Stefan Hansen – keyboards
* Tony Laketos – saxophone
* Ralf Lübke – guitar
* Anja Mähnken – vocal assistance
* Leslie Mándoki – various instruments
* Ossi Schaller – guitar
* Marion Schwaiger – vocal assistance
* Peter Weihe – guitar

**Technical**

* Thorsten Brötzmann – production
* Lines Hutter – engineer
* Jeo – mixing
* Stuart Jones – assistant engineer
* Söhnke Kirchner – mixing
* J. Quincy Kramer – mastering
* Bernhardt Kühmstedt – photography
* Patrik Majer – production
* Leslie Mándoki – production
* Plate & Sommer – production
* Ronald Reinsberg – art direction
* Peter Ries – production, mixing
* Mike Streefkerk – engineer
* Stefan Zeh – assistant engineer
* Martin Zehetbauer – engineer
* Ulf Zwerger – engineer

## Leftover tracks

* "Don't Hesitate" (appeared on the 2001 *Magix Video Maker* DVD/CD)
* "Let Me Be the One" (*Magix Video Maker*)
* "Nitelife" (*Magix Video Maker*)
* "So Wanna Be with You" (produced by Thorsten Brötzmann) (appeared on the 2004 compilation album *History of Popstars*)
* "Wherever You Go" (*Magix Video Maker*)

## Charts

## Certifications

Certifications for *Elle'ments*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | Platinum | 40,000* |
| Germany (BVMI) | 7× Gold | 1,050,000^ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Platinum | 40,000^ |
| Summaries | | |
| Europe (IFPI) | Platinum | 1,000,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

*Elle'ments* release history
| Region | Date | Edition(s) | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austria | 12 March 2001 | * Standard * limited | * Digital download * CD |  |  |
| | | | | | Germany |
| | | | | | Switzerland |
| Austria | 1 October 2001 | | | Special winter |  |
| | | | | Germany |
| | | | | Switzerland |
| Various | 26 November 2021 | 20th anniversary | Vinyl | BMG |  |

## InfoBox

| Elle'ments | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by No Angels | |
| Released | 12 March 2001 |
| Recorded | 2000–2001 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 46:52 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| No Angels chronology | |
| ***Elle'ments***
(2001) *Now... Us!*
(2002) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Elle'ments* | |
| 1. "Daylight in Your Eyes"
Released: 5 February 2001 2. "Rivers of Joy"
Released: 30 April 2001 3. "There Must Be an Angel"
Released: 12 August 2001 4. "When the Angels Sing"/"Atlantis"
Released: 19 November 2001 | |
|  | |


title: Ellipsoptera hamata

abstract: Ellipsoptera hamata, the coastal tiger beetle, is a species of flashy tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Ellipsoptera hamata

***Ellipsoptera hamata***, the **coastal tiger beetle**, is a species of flashy tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Subspecies

These four subspecies belong to the species *Ellipsoptera hamata*:

* *Ellipsoptera hamata hamata* (Audouin & Brullé, 1839)
* *Ellipsoptera hamata lacerata* (Chaudoir, 1854)
* *Ellipsoptera hamata monti* (Vaurie, 1951)
* *Ellipsoptera hamata pallifera* (Chaudoir, 1852)

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2017). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata - Myxophaga - Adephaga*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-33029-0.

## InfoBox

| *Ellipsoptera hamata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Ellipsoptera* |
| Species: | ***E. hamata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ellipsoptera hamata***<br>(Audouin & Brullé, 1839) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cicindela hamata*  Audouin and Brullé, 1839 | |


title: Qin Yilu

abstract: Qin Yilu was a military officer who served under the general and warlord Lü Bu in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Allowing for variant writing in the records, Qin Yilu was probably the same person as two others named Qin Yi.

text:
# Qin Yilu

**Qin Yilu** (died 199) was a military officer who served under the general and warlord Lü Bu in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Allowing for variant writing in the records, Qin Yilu was probably the same person as two others named **Qin Yi** (秦翊 and 秦誼).

## Life

Born in Yunzhong Commandery (雲中郡; west of present-day Togtoh County, Inner Mongolia), Qin Yilu served under Lü Bu, who was also from Bing Province like him. In 192, Qin Yilu was one of two men whom Lü Bu ordered to ambush and assassinate the warlord Dong Zhuo in Chang'an while in disguise as guards. He apparently followed Lü Bu when the latter fled from Chang'an and roamed around the Central Plains before seizing control of Xu Province from the warlord Liu Bei.

When Lü Bu was besieged by the allied forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei at the Battle of Xiapi in 198, Lü Bu sent Qin Yilu to seek reinforcements from the warlords Zhang Yang and Yuan Shu. Qin Yilu's wife, Lady Du (杜氏) and their son Qin Lang remained behind in Xiapi and stayed there as the city fell to Cao Cao's forces. Liu Bei's general Guan Yu repeatedly asked Cao Cao to let him marry Lady Du after their victory over Lü Bu. Cao Cao was curious about why Guan Yu wanted Lady Du so badly, and he guessed that she must be very beautiful, so he ordered his men to bring her to meet him. As a result, despite Guan Yu's pleas, Lady Du became Cao Cao's concubine and Qin Lang became Cao Cao's adopted son.

Qin Yilu was at Yuan Shu's camp when Xiapi fell. To replace his lost wife, Yuan Shu arranged a marriage between Qin Yilu and a noble lady from the imperial clan of the Han dynasty. However, Yuan Shu began to have designs on the imperial throne. Qin Yilu, uneasy of being associated with a traitor, heeded Liu Fu's advice and surrendered to Cao Cao, who controlled the formal Han government and the Han emperor.

Under Cao Cao, Qin Yilu was given a position as the Magistrate of Zhi County (銍縣), a small county in Pei State (沛國). When Liu Bei rebelled against Cao Cao and passed by Xiaopei (小沛; present-day Pei County, Jiangsu), Liu Bei's general Zhang Fei called on Qin Yilu and scorned him, "Another man took your wife, but you chose to be a magistrate under him! How can you behave so ignorantly as though nothing has happened! You wish to follow us?" Qin Yilu followed Liu Bei and travelled for several *li* before he regretted and decided to leave. Zhang Fei killed him.

Qin Yilu's son, Qin Lang, was adopted by Cao Cao and later became a prominent general in the state of Cao Wei – founded by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi – during the Three Kingdoms period.

* Chang, Qu (c. 4th century). *Chronicles of Huayang* (*Huayang Guo Zhi*).
* de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)*. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
* Chen, Shou (3rd century). *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*).
* Pei, Songzhi (5th century). *Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi zhu*).

## InfoBox

| Qin Yilu
秦宜祿 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Unknown
Togtoh County, Inner Mongolia |
| Died | 199
Pei County, Jiangsu |
| Occupation | Military officer |
| Spouse | Lady Du |
| Children | Qin Lang |


abstract: Queen's Students' Union (QSU) is the official representative body for students at Queen's University Belfast. Membership of the union is automatic and currently totals 24,560, making it one of the largest unions on the island of Ireland and in the United Kingdom. The Students' Union derives its existence and authority from the University's Statutes, and so is not entirely independent of it. Therefore, it must have amendments to its constitution approved by the University Senate. It aims to represent students' interests both with the university and the wider community, to create a sense of student spirit and provide services that aid its student members during their time at Queen's. The Students' Union can trace its origins to the nineteenth century, and has been based on University Road, directly opposite the University's main 'Lanyon Building', since it opened in 1967.

text:
# Queen's University Belfast Students' Union

**Queen's Students' Union** (**QSU**) is the official representative body for students at Queen's University Belfast. Membership of the union is automatic and currently totals 24,560, making it one of the largest unions on the island of Ireland and in the United Kingdom. The Students' Union derives its existence and authority from the University's Statutes, and so is not entirely independent of it. Therefore, it must have amendments to its constitution approved by the University Senate. It aims to represent students' interests both with the university and the wider community, to create a sense of student spirit and provide services that aid its student members during their time at Queen's. The Students' Union can trace its origins to the nineteenth century, and has been based on University Road, directly opposite the University's main 'Lanyon Building', since it opened in 1967.

## History

The history of the Students' Union can be traced back to the late nineteenth century and to what was then Queen's College, Belfast, which was founded in 1845 and became a separate university in 1908. Student facilities at the College remained minimal until the establishment of the all-male Students' Union Society (SUS), which began fundraising with the support of the College's management to build a dedicated Students' Union building providing services to the College's 400 students. The SUS was responsible for managing the Students' Union building which was located on University Square and was opened on 19 January 1897 by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, George Cadogan, 5th Earl Cadogan during celebrations to mark the College's Golden Jubilee and had been built at a cost of £8,000. The facilities offered by the Students' Union included a shop, cloakroom, billiards and smoking room and meeting and debating chambers as well as a dining room, which was the only part of building always opened to women students. Women had first been admitted to Queen's in September 1889 and in response to the male make-up of the SUS, the Women Students' Hall Society (WSH) was established in 1927 and became based in numbers 20 and 21 on the opposite side of University Square to the Students' Union building.

In 1900, the students' representative council (SRC) was established to provide representation to the institution's students in relations with management and staff, this was in contrast to the mainly social activities of the SUS and the WSH, who were both recognised societies of the SRC. The SRC had offices on University Square, close to the WSH premises and held its meetings in the Union building. These three student organisations came together in 1965 to address ways that they could work better and be more inclusive of all students at the University, in advance of the opening of a new Union building opposite the main Lanyon Building on University Road. This resulted in the establishment of a combined constitution for the three which were to be known as the students' representative council of the Students' Union, which took effect from 1 October 1966. Its name was shortened to the Students' Union in 1975, with the SRC renamed the Students' Union Council in the early 2000s.

As student numbers grew throughout the twentieth century (reaching 2,500 by the 1950s), the University tried to procure a new location for the Union and purchased a premises adjacent to Belfast City Hospital which had formally been the Deaf and Blind Institution, but the state of the building meant that another alternative had to be found. The University then decided to demolish the Queen's Elms building at the corner of University Road and Elmwood Avenue, and build a new Union from scratch, which was opened in 1967. A plan to demolish the Union building and replace it with what was called 'Lanyon II' three decades later was denied planning permission and so the decision was taken to redevelop the existing building and bring it up to modern standards. The original building had been constructed to cater for 6,000 and was struggling to cope with a student population that had reached almost 25,000 by 2005. The result was a £9 million facelift which began in 2005, and officially reopened on 21 March 2007. The work had been funded through donations from the University and Alumni, but the bulk came in the form of large loans being taken out by the Union.

In 2018, the Students' Union building was closed in order to make way for construction of a new building which combines both the Student Guidance Centre and the Students' Union. Interim facilities were provided in the Elmwood Teaching Centre whilst construction was taking place.

The new building, officially named One Elmwood, opened on 5 September 2022.

### Protests

In 2015, the Fossil Free QUB group occupied the university Administration Building to protest against the university's continued investments in fossil fuels. This group, led by QSU President Seán Fearon, succeeded in securing commitment from Queen's University that they would divest from fossil fuels by the year 2025.

## Governance

### Students' Union Council (SUC)

Currently, the Union is governed by an Executive Committee who are aided by a number of full-time staff, and answerable to the Students' Union Council (SUC).

Elections for the SUC take place in October and seats are filled through proportional representation (PR), with constituencies representing each faculty.

The Union existed as "Queen's Elms" in 1859 was followed by a replacement building in 1965.

### Executive

The Executive Management Committee (EMC) of the Union comprises the six sabbatical (full-time) officers, which was reduced from seven from the 2016/17 academic year, and the director and deputy director. In addition to this, there are 16 non-sabbatical (part-time) officers, including the Union Speaker, who also sit on the EMC. The EMC is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day work of the Union and works with the management board in setting strategy and measuring outputs, with the management board also having a number of external 'trustees' and representatives from the University.

The sabbatical officers are elected in March every year, take office from 1 July and represent the students in dealings with the University and other groups.

In November 2018, the Students' Union Council voted to create two new non-sabbatical officer positions: the Trans Students' Officer and the Irish Language Officer.

## Facilities

### Clubs and Societies

There are more than 50 sporting clubs, including Football (QUB AFC), hockey (QUB Hockey), boating (QUB Boat Club) and Gaelic games. As well as this there are more than one hundred non-sporting societies, including cultural groups like An Cumann Gaelach and the Ulster-Scots Society, gaming societies such as the Dragonslayers, activism societies like the Belfast chapter of oikos International, Amnesty International and debating groups such as the Literary and Scientific Society (Literific) and QUB Model UN, while most of the University's schools and departments also have a corresponding society such as the Law Society and the Belfast Medical Students Association (BMSA). There are also multiple societies serving international students, such as the International Students Society (QISS) and the Malaysian Students Society (MSSNI). Clubs and societies receive annual grants from the University via the VP Student Activities to carry out their educational roles; however, although political clubs and religious societies (such as the Christian Union and the Humanist Society) receive official recognition from the SU Council, they do not receive money from the Union. Most of the main political groups on the island are present at Queen's including: Labour Students (the student wing of the British Labour Party), Northern Ireland Conservative Future (the youth movement of the British Conservative Party), the Young Greens, Queens's Alliance (part of Alliance Youth), Ógra Fianna Fáil (the first branch in Northern Ireland), the Democratic Unionist Association, the Young Unionists, SDLP Youth, Sinn Féin Republican Youth, the Socialist Party and the Socialist Workers Party.

Queen's Students' Union is the long term venue of Q-Con, a gaming convention in the UK. It is an event critically acclaimed by members of the gaming industry, in particular because it is organised exclusively by the members of the Queen's University Dragonslayers society.

## Notable former officers

Until the establishment of the Students' Union in 1966, there were three main student organisations at Queen's. The first of these was the students' representative council which was located on University Square and was responsible for representing all students to the University's management. There were also two other groups who served a more social function in student life, the Students' Union Society was based in the Union building and was for male students only, while the Women Students' Hall provided some of the same services to female students and was located on University Square. In 1966 these three were merged to form Queen's University Belfast Students' Union.

54°35′4″N 5°56′13″W / 54.58444°N 5.93694°W / 54.58444; -5.93694

## InfoBox

Queen's Students' Union (QSU)
|
|  |
|
| Institution | Queen's University Belfast |
| Location | 1 Elmwood Avenue, Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Established | 1892 – Students' Union Society
1900 – Students' Representative Council
1966 – Students' Union |
| Sabbatical officers | SU PresidentKieran Minto SO Campaigns & EngagementSajid Khan SO UG EducationEli McBriarty SO PG EducationAmy Smith SO Equality & DiversitySuyi Yang SO WelfareJess Hindley |
| Members | 24,560 |
| Affiliations | Aldwych Group
National Union of Students (UK)
NUS-USI: Student Movement NI
Union of Students in Ireland |
| Website | www.q-su.org |


title: Queen's University Belfast A.F.C.

abstract: Queen's University Association Football Club is an intermediate, Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Premier Intermediate League.

text:
# Queen's University Belfast A.F.C.

**Queen's University Association Football Club** is an intermediate, Northern Irish football club playing in the NIFL Premier Intermediate League.

## History

The club, founded in 1910, a founder member of the Irish League B Division, is affiliated to Queen's University Belfast, and plays home matches at the newly built Arena at the Queen's University sports grounds, Upper Malone, Belfast \- also known as "the Dub".

From 2003 to 2011, the club played its home matches at Newforge Lane, the home of PSNI F.C., while the new stadium at the Dub was being constructed.

The team play in white shirts and black shorts/socks. The away kit is all blue.

The university allows for a 25% non association with regards to playing staff whilst the other 75% are required to have studied, or be studying, at Queen's University Belfast.

On the 4 January 2020, Queens University recorded their greatest win in their history by defeating Linfield by two goals to one in the Irish Cup. Shayne Lavery cancelled out Marc McKenna's opener for Queen's and Jonah Mitchell scored the winner halfway through the second half.

## Current squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  GK  NIR Neil Shields  GK  NIR Andrew Gawne  GK  NIR Conan Doherty  DF  NIR Jack Ovens *(On loan from Portadown)*  DF  NIR Adam Calvert  DF  NIR Adam Robinson  DF  NIR Joshua Corry  DF  NIR Matthew McManus  MF  NIR Adam Green  MF  NIR Ben Mulgrew  MF  NIR Eoin Brown  MF  NIR James Clarke | No. Pos. Nation Player  FW  NIR Charlie Chapman *(On loan from Linfield)*  MF  NIR Matthew Hughes  MF  NIR Ronan Young  FW  NIR Angus Youngson  FW  NIR Chris Middleton  FW  NIR Ciaran O'Hare  FW  NIR Leon Bonnes  FW  NIR Lorcan McIlroy  FW  NIR Marc McKenna |
| --- | --- |

## Honours

### Intermediate honours

### Junior honours

* **^1** The records for the 1920s and 1930s Collingwood Cup are a bit vague so the exact number of wins for QUB is uncertain.

## InfoBox

Queen's University Belfast
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Queen's University Belfast Association Football Club |
| Founded | 1910 |
| Ground | Upper Malone |
| Manager | James Lavery |
| League | NIFL Premier Intermediate League |
| 2023–24 | NIFL Premier Intermediate League, 5th of 14 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|


title: Quercus lowii

abstract: Quercus lowii is a species of oak (Quercus) native to the mountains of northern Borneo.

text:
# Quercus lowii

***Quercus lowii*** is a species of oak (*Quercus*) native to the mountains of northern Borneo.

## Range and habitat

*Quercus lowii* is native to Malaysian Borneo. It is mostly found in the vicinity of Mount Kinabalu in Sabah state, along with a single location in Sarawak.

*Quercus lowii* grows in montane rain forest between 1,500 and 2,500 metres elevation. It is typically found on soils derived from ultrabasic rocks.

## Conservation

*Quercus lowii* is affected by habitat loss from deforestation and replacement of its native forests with tree plantations. Its conservation status is assessed as near threatened.

## Taxonomy

*Quercus lowii* is classed in subgenus *Cerris*, section *Cyclobalanopsis*. Its specific name, *lowii*, was given in honour of Hugh Low (1824-1905), the British naturalist who collected the initial specimen.

Historically, it has also been referred to as *Cyclobalanopsis lowii*.

## InfoBox

| *Quercus lowii* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | *Quercus* |
| Subgenus: | *Quercus subg. Cerris* |
| Section: | *Quercus sect. Cyclobalanopsis* |
| Species: | ***Q. lowii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quercus lowii***
King | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cyclobalanopsis lowii* (King) Schottky | |


title: Ellis Bermingham, Countess of Brandon

abstract: Ellis Bermingham (1708-1789) was born in 1708 as Ellis (Elizabeth) Agar, daughter of James Agar MP of Gowran Castle, County Kilkenny and his second wife Mary Wemyss. She married, first (1726), Theobald Bourke, 7th Viscount Mayo, and after his death in 1742 married secondly (1745) Francis Bermingham, 14th Baron Athenry (1692–1750). She had no issue by either marriage. In 1758 Ellis Bermingham was granted the title "Countess of Brandon, in the County of Kilkenny", a title in the Peerage of Ireland. The title became extinct on her death on 11 March 1789. The Right Reverend Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton, Archbishop of Dublin, was Lady Brandon's nephew.

text:
# Ellis Bermingham, Countess of Brandon

**Ellis Bermingham** (1708-1789) was born in 1708 as Ellis (Elizabeth) Agar, daughter of James Agar MP of Gowran Castle, County Kilkenny and his second wife Mary Wemyss. She married, first (1726), Theobald Bourke, 7th Viscount Mayo, and after his death in 1742 married secondly (1745) Francis Bermingham, 14th Baron Athenry (1692–1750). She had no issue by either marriage.

In 1758 Ellis Bermingham was granted (for life only) the title "**Countess of Brandon**, in the County of Kilkenny", a title in the Peerage of Ireland. The title became extinct on her death on 11 March 1789.

The Right Reverend Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton, Archbishop of Dublin, was Lady Brandon's nephew.

## Countesses of Brandon (1758)

* Ellis Bermingham, Countess of Brandon (1708–1789)


title: Elmoia

abstract: Elmoia is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae, endemic to Hawaii. It is part of the Eurynogaster complex of genera. The genus is named in honor of D. Elmo Hardy.

text:
# Elmoia

***Elmoia*** is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae, endemic to Hawaii. It is part of the *Eurynogaster* complex of genera. The genus is named in honor of D. Elmo Hardy.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Elmoia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Dolichopodidae |
| Subfamily: | *incertae sedis* |
| Genus: | *Elmoia*
Evenhuis, 2005 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chrysotus saxatilis*
Grimshaw, 1901 | |


title: Elmon T. Gray

abstract: Elmon Taylor Gray was an American lumberman, real estate developer, philanthropist and Democratic member of the Senate of Virginia from Waverly, Virginia.

text:
# Elmon T. Gray

**Elmon Taylor Gray** (May 1, 1925 – September 27, 2011) was an American lumberman, real estate developer, philanthropist and Democratic member of the Senate of Virginia from Waverly, Virginia.

## Early and family life

Elmon Gray was born on May 1, 1925, to Garland (Peck) Gray and his wife Agnes Elizabeth (Aggie) Taylor. He attended segregated public schools, graduating from Waverly High School on the day of the Battle of Midway, and began studies at the Virginia Military Institute in 1942. He left VMI in 1944 to join the U.S. Navy as an ensign, and served on a minesweeper in the South Pacific until his discharge in 1946. He then returned to VMI and received his bachelor's degree in 1948. In 1990, he received an honorary degree from his alma mater.

He married Pamela Spencer Burnside, and they had two sons (Bruce Burnside Gray and Garland Gray II) and a daughter (Kathryn Taylor Gray).

## Career

Upon returning from World War II and graduating from VMI, Gray joined his father in the family lumber business, Gray Lumber Company, based in Waverly. He became its president in 1953, and in the following decades expanded its operations into real estate development in the Richmond suburbs. In 1992, as he retired from his part-time position in the Virginia Senate as described below, Gray Land & Timber Company sold substantial portions of the remaining timberland, and exchanged them for apartment rental properties, becoming GrayCo (which Elmon Gray headed until his death). He was also active with the Virginia Forestry Association (president 1969–71), the Reforestation Advisory Committee (1971) and the Ruritans. Gray also served on several board of directors, including on the Bank of Waverly, James River Bankshares, First and Merchants National Bank, Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO), and Universal Leaf Tobacco Company.

Gray also invested in his passion, thoroughbred horseracing. Although Virginia approved pari-mutual racing in 1988, he and his consortium of investors were unable to secure regulatory approvals for a horse track in Hampton Roads.

Active in philanthropic causes, Gray especially favored those with educational missions. He served on the VMI Board of Visitors from 1956 (and as President from 1964–66), as well as with the Sussex County School Board (1963–72), John Tyler Community College (1965–72), the University of Richmond (Board of Trustees 1969–73) and Elon University (Board of Trustees 1990–1999). He also served on the vestry of his local Episcopal Church (having been converted from his grandmother's Congregational Church to Christ Episcopal Church Waverly by his wife) and was a Mason. Gray also helped raise money for the Boy Scouts of America, Virginia Historical Society, Appomattox Regional Governor's School for the Arts and Technology, Stuart Hall, the National D-Day Memorial at Bedford and the Southeast 4-H Center in Wakefield.

In 1971, his father decided to retire from his part-time Senatorial seat, as his longtime Southside district underwent a major reorganization after the 1970 census and a federal court order consolidating Norfolk and Virginia Beach senatorial districts into one three-member district in 1971. Elmon Gray succeeded to much of his father's 6th Senatorial District, now renumbered the 16th Senatorial District, and encompassing Price George, Surry, Sussex Counties and the cities of Colonial Heights, Hopewell and Petersburg. Re-elected four times, Gray served five four-year terms.

In the Senate, Gray led efforts to improve higher education, and also thwarted efforts to curb abortion rights. He also led efforts to establish Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday as a state holiday, and protected the Southside economy, including truckers and gasoline retailers. Gray advocated a bridge across the James River to replace the Jamestown Ferry to aid economic development in Surry but the bridge was vehemently opposed by residents of a nearby upscale waterfront residential community as well as historic preservationists who were concerned that the proposed span would adversely affect the historical, environmental and visual characteristics of the Jamestown area. The plan was ultimately defeated when the Commonwealth Transportation Board unanimously killed plans for the span.

Gray announced his retirement from the Senate upon receiving a prostate cancer diagnosis, and expecting major redistricting following the 1990 census (which also affected his friend and fellow Senator Howard P. Anderson of Halifax). Shortly before retiring from the Senate, Gray helped persuade Sussex officials to consider allowing a large regional landfill to open in the county as a revenue-raising opportunity. Gray then sold 700 acres of his timberland at $4,415 an acre, for a total of $3.1 million for the site of the landfill, which drew the ire of many of his constituents who didn't want this massive garbage dump in their backyard. At a public hearing in 1991 on the proposed landfill, more than 700 people showed up at the Sussex County courthouse to oppose the landfill. Gray, the largest landowner in Sussex county, became increasingly unpopular in Waverly and Sussex due to his support of the mega-landfill. A local preacher stood in front of his congregation and referred to Gray as "the enemy" and landfill opponents compared him to Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein at a protest against the garbage dump due to his determination to open the landfill over the stiff opposition of local residents, and the totalitarian control they believed he had wielded over local government for decades based on his wealth. The Gray family's sawmill, land and timber holdings were estimated to be worth approximately $100 million in 1992.

Even in political retirement, Gray continued to lobby for a Jamestown-Surry bridge, for new economic development in Sussex, and to keep women out of his alma mater, Virginia Military Institute. "I never thought that any self-respecting girl would want to go there", he said of VMI and the lawsuit that would have required the all-male, state-sponsored military school to admit women. "Thank God the first phase went in our favor, but this thing is a long way from over", Gray said in 1991, referring to the possibility of appeals of the court's decision against allowing women into the school. The lawsuit was ultimately appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court which ruled against VMI. After defying the Supreme Court order for three months, VMI's governing board ultimately voted 9 to 8 to admit women in 1996, transforming the nation's last single-sex state-supported school into a co-ed institution.

After leaving the Senate, Gray moved from Waverly to a home overlooking the James River at Jordan Point in Prince George, and in his later years lived on Monument Avenue in Richmond. Gray survived his cancer diagnosis by two decades, his friend Sen. Anderson by more than a decade, and his beloved wife by nearly a year.

## Death and memorials

He died on September 27, 2011, about two and a half years after receiving VMI's Harry F. Byrd Jr. Public service award in March 2009. His funeral was conducted by Rev. David Anderson, son of his late friend Sen. Howard Anderson. VMI has his papers, awards a scholarship in his name, and named its athletic stadium jointly after Gray and fellow alumnus Minor. At the time of his death he was a parishioner of Merchant's Hope Episcopal Church in Prince George.

## InfoBox

| Elmon T. Gray | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Virginia Senate
from the 16th district | |
| **In office**
January 12, 1972  January 11, 1992 | |
| Preceded by | Garland Gray |
| Succeeded by | Henry L. Marsh III |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1925-05-01)May 1, 1925
Nansemond County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Died | September 27, 2011(2011-09-27) (aged 86)
Richmond, Virginia, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Pamela Spencer Gray |
| Children | Katharine Taylor Gray, Garland Gray II, Bruce Burnside Gray |
| Alma mater | Virginia Military Institute |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1944–1946 |
| Rank | Ensign |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
|  | |


title: Elmo the Mighty

abstract: Elmo the Mighty is a 1919 American silent Western film serial directed by Henry MacRae and J. P. McGowan. The film is now considered to be lost.

text:
# Elmo the Mighty

***Elmo the Mighty*** is a 1919 American silent Western film serial directed by Henry MacRae and J. P. McGowan. The film is now considered to be lost.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Elmo the Mighty | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotion in *Motion Picture News*, 1919 | |
| Directed by | Henry MacRae
J. P. McGowan |
| Produced by | Great Western Producing Company |
| Starring | Elmo Lincoln
Grace Cunard |
| Cinematography | A. McClain |
| Distributed by | Universal Film Manufacturing Company
Société des Etablissements L. Gaumont (France; 1920) |
| Release date | * June 16, 1919 (1919-06-16) |
| Running time | 18 episodes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: Emil Janel

abstract: Emil Janel was a Swedish-born, American artist. A still life painter, he is mainly known for his caricatures in the Scandinavian flat-plane style of woodcarving, and is considered by many to be one of the best of this genre.

text:
# Emil Janel

**Emil Janel** (21 September 1897  May 1981) was a Swedish-born, American artist. A still life painter, he is mainly known for his caricatures in the Scandinavian flat-plane style of woodcarving, and is considered by many to be one of the best of this genre.

## Biography

Emil Gottfred Janel was born in the village of Hansjö near Orsa in Dalarna County, Sweden. In 1923, Janel moved to Canada, then to Seattle. After some encouragement by a local store keeper, he eventually settled in San Francisco with his wife and began study at what is now the San Francisco Art Institute. During the 1930s, he spent considerable time at Russian River, where he produced carvings of a local species of Alder wood. It is said that he preferred that particular medium because of the similarity to flesh tones, and that he kept his carvings in a bucket of water to keep them wet while working on them. He used very thin aniline dyes on the non-flesh portions of his carvings. Emil is said to have referred to his style as "exaggerated realism".

## Honors

## Other sources

* Weissman, Ira & John Matthews (1984) *Master American Woodcarver - Emil Janel* (New York Woodcarving Press) ISBN 9780961343408
* Winnie, Thelma *The Little People of Emil Janel* (Western Collector Magazine: October 1964)
* Seal, Thomas (1973) *The Life and Works of Emil Janel: an Illustrated Essay* (Thomas C. Seal)


title: Em Som Maior

abstract: Em som maior is the only album recorded by Sambrasa Trio, a Brazilian group formed by Hermeto Pascoal, Humberto Clayber and Airto Moreira. It was released on an LP in 1965 and presents a fusion of various musical rhythms, including samba and jazz. In 2006, after long period of neglect, this album was reissued on CD as one of works included in Som Livre Masters series, organized by Charles Gavin.

text:
# Em Som Maior

***Em som maior*** is the only album recorded by Sambrasa Trio, a Brazilian group formed by Hermeto Pascoal, Humberto Clayber and Airto Moreira. It was released on an LP in 1965 and presents a fusion of various musical rhythms, including samba and jazz. In 2006, after long period of neglect, this album was reissued on CD as one of works included in Som Livre Masters series, organized by Charles Gavin.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Songwriters | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Sambrasa" | Airto Moreira | 3:42 |
| 2. | "Aleluia" | Ruy Guerra, Edu Lobo | 3:13 |
| 3. | "Samba novo" | Durval Ferreira | 2:44 |
| 4. | "Clerenice" | José Neto | 2:15 |
| 5. | "Duas contas" | Garoto | 2:40 |
| 6. | "Nem o mar sabia" | Roberto Menescal, Ronaldo Bôscoli | 2:26 |
| 7. | "Arrastão" | Edu Lobo, Vinicius de Moraes | 4:23 |
| 8. | "Coalhada" | Hermeto Pascoal | 3:04 |
| 9. | "João sem braço" | Humberto Clayber | 3:44 |
| 10. | "Lamento nortista" | Humberto Clayber | 3:17 |
| 11. | "A jardineira" | Humberto Porto, Benedito Lacerda | 1:56 |

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Em Som Maior | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sambrasa Trio | |
| Released | 1965 |
| Genre | Samba, Jazz |
| Length | 33:29 |
| Label | Som Maior(LP)/Som Livre(CD) |


title: Queen Formation

abstract: The Queen Formation is a geologic formation in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Guadalupian Epoch of the Permian period.

text:
# Queen Formation

The **Queen Formation** is a geologic formation in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Guadalupian Epoch of the Permian period.

## Description

The formation consists of up to 500 feet (150 m) of mostly sandstone, with some interbedded dolomite and anhydrite. It rests on the San Andres Formation, from which it is separated by an erosional surface showing karst features. The Queen Formation is overlain by the Seven Rivers Formation. The Queen Formation is part of the Artesia Group, which is interpreted as a sequence of shelf rocks of the Capitan reef.

## History of investigation

The unit was first named as the Queen sandstone of the upper San Andres Formation by Grant Blanchard and Morgan Davis in 1929. In 1937, W.B. Lang assigned the Seven Rivers Member to the (now abandoned) Chalk Bluff Formation. The unit was promoted to formation rank and assigned to the Whitehorse Group by Ronald DeFord and Russell Lloyd in 1940. The formation was assigned to the Artesia Group by D.B. Tait and coinvestigators in 1962.

"

## Footnotes

* Blanchard, W. Grant; Davis, Morgan J. (1929). "Permian Stratigraphy and Structure of Parts of Southeastern New Mexico and Southwestern Texas". *AAPG Bulletin*. **13** (8): 957–995. doi:10.1306/3D93286E-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
* DeFord, Ronald K.; Lloyd, E. Russell (1940). "West Texas-New Mexico Symposium: Part I Editorial Introduction". *AAPG Bulletin*. **24**. doi:10.1306/3D933188-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
* Kues, Barry S. (2006). "Geological studies of the Guadalupe Mountains area, New Mexico and West Texas, to 1928" (PDF). *New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series*. **57**: 127–144. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
* Kues, B.S.; Giles, K.A. (2004). "The late Paleozoic Ancestral Rocky Mountain system in New Mexico". In Mack, G.H.; Giles, K.A. (eds.). *The geology of New Mexico. A geologic history: New Mexico Geological Society Special Volume 11*. pp. 95–136. ISBN 9781585460106.
* Lang, W.B. (1937). "The Permian formations of the Pecos Valley of New Mexico and Texas". *American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin*. **21** (7): 833–898. doi:10.1306/3D932EDE-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
* Tait, D.B.; Motts, W.S.; Spitler, M.E. (1962). "Artesia Group of New Mexico and West Texas". *American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin*. **46** (4): 504–517. doi:10.1306/BC74383B-16BE-11D7-8645000102C1865D.

## InfoBox

| Queen Formation | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: | |
| Type | Formation |
| Unit of | Artesia Group |
| Underlies | Seven Rivers Formation |
| Overlies | San Andres Formation |
| Thickness | 500 feet (150 m) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone |
| Other | dolomite, anhydrite |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 32°11′28″N 104°45′18″W / 32.191°N 104.755°W / 32.191; -104.755 |
| Region | New Mexico |
| Country | United States |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Queen Post Office |
| Named by | Blanchard and Davis |
| Year defined | 1929 |
| Queen Formation (the United States)Queen Formation (New Mexico) | |


title: Pseudaletis taeniata

abstract: Pseudaletis taeniata is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Pseudaletis taeniata

***Pseudaletis taeniata*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudaletis taeniata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudaletis* |
| Species: | ***P. taeniata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudaletis taeniata***<br>Libert, 2007 | |
|


title: Cornufer vertebralis

abstract:
Cornufer vertebralis is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae.
It is found in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It has been observed as high above sea level as 350 meters up.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Cornufer vertebralis

***Cornufer vertebralis*** is a species of frog in the family Ceratobatrachidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It has been observed as high above sea level as 350 meters up. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Cornufer vertebralis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ceratobatrachidae |
| Genus: | *Cornufer* |
| Species: | ***C. vertebralis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cornufer vertebralis***
(Boulenger, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Batrachylodes vertebralis* Boulenger, 1887 | |


title: Bolbia

abstract: Bolbia is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

text:
# Bolbia

***Bolbia*** is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Brown, J.W., 2005: *World catalogue of insects* **volume 5** *Tortricidae*
* Razowski, J. & Pelz, V., 2003: Tortricidae collected in Ecuador in the years 1996–1999: Euliini (Lepidoptera). *Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo* **(N.F.) 24(4)**: 189-207.

## InfoBox

| ***Bolbia*** | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Subfamily: | Tortricinae |
| Genus: | ***Bolbia***<br>Razowski & Pelz, 2003 |
|


title: Chitrouni

abstract: Chitrouni is a village on the island of Anjouan in the Comoros. According to the 1991 census, the village had a population of 672. The current estimate for 2009 is 1,184 people.

text:
# Chitrouni

**Chitrouni** is a village on the island of Anjouan in the Comoros. According to the 1991 census, the village had a population of 672. The current estimate for 2009 is 1,184 people.

12°11′25.91″S 44°20′5.45″E / 12.1905306°S 44.3348472°E / -12.1905306; 44.3348472

## InfoBox

| Chitrouni | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ChitrouniLocation in Comoros | |
| Coordinates: 12°11′25.91″S 44°20′5.45″E / 12.1905306°S 44.3348472°E / -12.1905306; 44.3348472 | |
| Country | Comoros |
| Island | Anjouan |
| Population (2009 (est.)) | |
| Total | 1,184 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |


title: Pittosporum heterophyllum

abstract: Pittosporum heterophyllum, commonly known as Chinese Pittosporum, is a species of plant in the genus Pittosporum. Native to China and Tibet, it is a broadleaf evergreen shrub that grows to a maximum of 8–10 feet (2.4–3.0 m) tall. It has long been grown in gardens ornamentally, especially as a hedge or screen, in temperate gardens for its densely packed green foliage and the fragrant white to yellow flowers it produces in spring. As a landscaping plant, it is known for being more cold hardy than Pittosporum tobira and can be grown in hardiness zones 7-9 on the USDA scale.

text:
# Pittosporum heterophyllum

***Pittosporum heterophyllum***, commonly known as **Chinese Pittosporum**, is a species of plant in the genus *Pittosporum*. Native to China and Tibet, it is a broadleaf evergreen shrub that grows to a maximum of 8–10 feet (2.4–3.0 m) tall. It has long been grown in gardens ornamentally, especially as a hedge or screen, in temperate gardens for its densely packed green foliage and the fragrant white to yellow flowers it produces in spring. As a landscaping plant, it is known for being more cold hardy than *Pittosporum tobira* and can be grown in hardiness zones 7-9 on the USDA scale.

## InfoBox

| *Pittosporum heterophyllum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowers and foliage | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pittosporum* |
| Species: | ***P. heterophyllum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pittosporum heterophyllum***<br>Franch | |
|


title: SNN (gene)

abstract: Stannin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNN gene.

text:
# SNN (gene)

**Stannin** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SNN* gene.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| SNN | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Available structures  PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SNN, stannin | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 603032; MGI: 1276549; HomoloGene: 81710; GeneCards: SNN; OMA:SNN - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_003498   NM\_009223   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_003489   NP\_033249   Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 11.67 – 11.68 Mb Chr 16: 10.88 – 10.89 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |