title: Spin density wave

abstract:
Spin-density wave (SDW) and charge-density wave (CDW) are names for two similar low-energy ordered states of solids. Both these states occur at low temperature in anisotropic, low-dimensional materials or in metals that have high densities of states at the Fermi level N ( E F ). Other low-temperature ground states that occur in such materials are superconductivity, ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. The transition to the ordered states is driven by the condensation energy which is approximately N ( E F ) Δ 2 where Δ is the magnitude of the energy gap opened by the transition. Fundamentally SDWs and CDWs involve the development of a superstructure in the form of a periodic modulation in the density of the electronic spins and charges with a characteristic spatial frequency q that does not transform according to the symmetry group that describes the ionic positions.
The new periodicity associated with CDWs can easily be observed using scanning tunneling microscopy or electron diffraction while the more elusive SDWs are typically observed via neutron diffraction or susceptibility measurements. If the new periodicity is a rational fraction or multiple of the lattice constant, the density wave is said to be commensurate; otherwise the density wave is termed incommensurate. Some solids with a high N ( E F ) form density waves while others choose a superconducting or magnetic ground state at low temperatures, because of the existence of nesting vectors in the materials' Fermi surfaces. The concept of a nesting vector is illustrated in the Figure for the famous case of chromium, which transitions from a paramagnetic to SDW state at a Néel temperature of 311 K. Cr is a body-centered cubic metal whose Fermi surface features many parallel boundaries between electron pockets centered at Γ and hole pockets at H. These large parallel regions can be spanned by the nesting wavevector q shown in red. The real-space periodicity of the resulting spin-density wave is given by 2 π / q. The formation of an SDW with a corresponding spatial frequency causes the opening of an energy gap that lowers the system's energy. The existence of the SDW in Cr was first posited in 1960 by Albert Overhauser of Purdue. The theory of CDWs was first put forth by Rudolf Peierls of Oxford University, who was trying to explain superconductivity. Many low-dimensional solids have anisotropic Fermi surfaces that have prominent nesting vectors. Well-known examples include layered materials like NbSe3, TaSe2 and K0.3MoO3 (a Chevrel phase) and quasi-1D organic conductors like TMTSF or TTF-TCNQ. CDWs are also common at the surface of solids where they are more commonly called surface reconstructions or even dimerization. Surfaces so often support CDWs because they can be described by two-dimensional Fermi surfaces like those of layered materials. Chains of Au and In on semiconducting substrates have been shown to exhibit CDWs. More recently, monatomic chains of Co on a metallic substrate were experimentally shown to exhibit a CDW instability and was attributed to ferromagnetic correlations. The most intriguing properties of density waves are their dynamics. Under an appropriate electric field or magnetic field, a density wave will "slide" in the direction indicated by the field due to the electrostatic or magnetostatic force. Typically the sliding will not begin until a "depinning" threshold field is exceeded where the wave can escape from a potential well caused by a defect. The hysteretic motion of density waves is therefore not unlike that of dislocations or magnetic domains. The current-voltage curve of a CDW solid therefore shows a very high electrical resistance up to the depinning voltage, above which it shows a nearly ohmic behavior. Under the depinning voltage (which depends on the purity of the material), the crystal is an insulator.

text:
# Spin density wave

**Spin-density wave** (SDW) and charge-density wave (CDW) are names for two similar low-energy ordered states of solids. Both these states occur at low temperature in anisotropic, low-dimensional materials or in metals that have high densities of states at the Fermi level $N(E\_{F})$. Other low-temperature ground states that occur in such materials are superconductivity, ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. The transition to the ordered states is driven by the condensation energy which is approximately $N(E\_{F})\Delta ^{2}$ where $\Delta $ is the magnitude of the energy gap opened by the transition.

Fundamentally SDWs and CDWs involve the development of a superstructure in the form of a periodic modulation in the density of the electronic spins and charges with a characteristic spatial frequency $q$ that does not transform according to the symmetry group that describes the ionic positions. The new periodicity associated with CDWs can easily be observed using scanning tunneling microscopy or electron diffraction while the more elusive SDWs are typically observed via neutron diffraction or susceptibility measurements. If the new periodicity is a rational fraction or multiple of the lattice constant, the density wave is said to be commensurate; otherwise the density wave is termed incommensurate.

Some solids with a high $N(E\_{F})$ form density waves while others choose a superconducting or magnetic ground state at low temperatures, because of the existence of nesting vectors in the materials' Fermi surfaces. The concept of a nesting vector is illustrated in the Figure for the famous case of chromium, which transitions from a paramagnetic to SDW state at a Néel temperature of 311 K. Cr is a body-centered cubic metal whose Fermi surface features many parallel boundaries between electron pockets centered at $\Gamma $ and hole pockets at H. These large parallel regions can be spanned by the nesting wavevector $q$ shown in red. The real-space periodicity of the resulting spin-density wave is given by $2\pi /q$. The formation of an SDW with a corresponding spatial frequency causes the opening of an energy gap that lowers the system's energy. The existence of the SDW in Cr was first posited in 1960 by Albert Overhauser of Purdue. The theory of CDWs was first put forth by Rudolf Peierls of Oxford University, who was trying to explain superconductivity.

Many low-dimensional solids have anisotropic Fermi surfaces that have prominent nesting vectors. Well-known examples include layered materials like NbSe3, TaSe2 and K0.3MoO3 (a Chevrel phase) and quasi-1D organic conductors like TMTSF or TTF-TCNQ. CDWs are also common at the surface of solids where they are more commonly called surface reconstructions or even dimerization. Surfaces so often support CDWs because they can be described by two-dimensional Fermi surfaces like those of layered materials. Chains of Au and In on semiconducting substrates have been shown to exhibit CDWs. More recently, monatomic chains of Co on a metallic substrate were experimentally shown to exhibit a CDW instability and was attributed to ferromagnetic correlations.

The most intriguing properties of density waves are their dynamics. Under an appropriate electric field or magnetic field, a density wave will "slide" in the direction indicated by the field due to the electrostatic or magnetostatic force. Typically the sliding will not begin until a "depinning" threshold field is exceeded where the wave can escape from a potential well caused by a defect. The hysteretic motion of density waves is therefore not unlike that of dislocations or magnetic domains. The current-voltage curve of a CDW solid therefore shows a very high electrical resistance up to the depinning voltage, above which it shows a nearly ohmic behavior. Under the depinning voltage (which depends on the purity of the material), the crystal is an insulator.

1. Grüner, G. (1 September 1988). "The dynamics of charge-density waves". *Reviews of Modern Physics*. **60** (4). American Physical Society (APS): 1129–1181. Bibcode:1988RvMP...60.1129G. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.60.1129. ISSN 0034-6861.
2. Mutka, H.; Zuppiroli, L.; Molinié, P.; Bourgoin, J. C. (15 May 1981). "Charge-density waves and localization in electron-irradiated 1T−TaS2". *Physical Review B*. **23** (10). American Physical Society (APS): 5030–5037. Bibcode:1981PhRvB..23.5030M. doi:10.1103/physrevb.23.5030. ISSN 0163-1829.
3. Pouget, J. P.; Hennion, B.; Escribe-Filippini, C.; Sato, M. (1 March 1991). "Neutron-scattering investigations of the Kohn anomaly and of the phase and amplitude charge-density-wave excitations of the blue bronze K0.3MoO3". *Physical Review B*. **43** (10). American Physical Society (APS): 8421–8430. Bibcode:1991PhRvB..43.8421P. doi:10.1103/physrevb.43.8421. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 9996473.
4. Patton, Bruce R.; Sham, L. J. (3 September 1973). "Conductivity, Superconductivity, and the Peierls Instability". *Physical Review Letters*. **31** (10). American Physical Society (APS): 631–634. Bibcode:1973PhRvL..31..631P. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.31.631. ISSN 0031-9007.
5. Snijders, P. C.; Weitering, H. H. (2010). "Electronic instabilities in self-assembled atom wires". *Rev. Mod. Phys*. **82** (1): 307–329. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82..307S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.307.
6. Zaki, Nader; et al. (2013). "Experimental observation of spin-exchange-induced dimerization of an atomic one-dimensional system". *Phys. Rev. B*. **87** (16): 161406(R). arXiv:1208.0612. Bibcode:2013PhRvB..87p1406Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.87.161406. S2CID 118474115.

## General References

1. A pedagogical article about the topic: "Charge and Spin Density Waves," Stuart Brown and George Gruner, *Scientific American* 270, 50 (1994).
2. Authoritative work on Cr: Fawcett, Eric (1988-01-01). "Spin-density-wave antiferromagnetism in chromium". *Reviews of Modern Physics*. **60** (1). American Physical Society (APS): 209–283. Bibcode:1988RvMP...60..209F. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.60.209. ISSN 0034-6861.
3. About Fermi surfaces and nesting: *Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids,* Walter A. Harrison, ISBN 0-486-66021-4.
4. Observation of CDW by ARPES: Borisenko, S. V.; Kordyuk, A. A.; Yaresko, A. N.; Zabolotnyy, V. B.; Inosov, D. S.; et al. (2008-05-13). "Pseudogap and Charge Density Waves in Two Dimensions". *Physical Review Letters*. **100** (19): 196402. arXiv:0704.1544. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100s6402B. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.100.196402. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 18518466. S2CID 5532038.
5. Peierls instability.
6. An extensive review of experiments as of 2013 by Pierre Monceau. Monceau, Pierre (2012). "Electronic crystals: an experimental overview". *Advances in Physics*. **61** (4). Informa UK Limited: 325–581. arXiv:1307.0929. Bibcode:2012AdPhy..61..325M. doi:10.1080/00018732.2012.719674. ISSN 0001-8732. S2CID 119271518.


title: Shantinatha Shiva Temple

abstract: Shantinatha Shiva Temple is a nava-ratna temple, built in 1828 at Mitrasenpur, Chandrakona in Ghatal subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal, India.

text:
# Shantinatha Shiva Temple

**Shantinatha Shiva Temple** is a *nava-ratna* temple, built in 1828 at Mitrasenpur, Chandrakona in Ghatal subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal, India.

## Geography

### Location

Shantinatha Shiva temple is located at 22°44′18″N 87°31′08″E / 22.7382°N 87.5189°E / 22.7382; 87.5189.

## The temple

David J. McCutchion says that the lower structure of the pinnacled or *ratna* design is a rectangular box with a curved cornice. The roof follows the curvature of the cornice, and “is surmounted by one or more towers or pinnacles called *ratna* (jewel). The simplest form has a single central tower (*eka-ratna*), to which may be added four more at the corners (*pancha-ratna*)”. By increasing the towers or pinnacles to nine (*nava-ratna*), thirteen, seventeen and twentyone up to a maximum of twentyfive. The *ratna* style came up in the 15th-16th century. The earliest *nava-ratna* temples in Midnapore were probably in the Sabang area in the early 18th century. McCutchion classifies the Shantinatha Shiva temple as a West Bengal *nava-ratna* with ridged turrets. He mentions that at Chandrakona (both at Dakhinbazar and Mitrasenpur), the four lowest turrets are octagonal with curved ridging and the upper five *pancha-ratna* with straight ridging. Built in 1828, it has rich terracotta and measures 19’ 6” square.

The Shantinatha Shiva temple, with nine pinnacles, has exquisite terracotta which showcases the Ramayana battles, several scenes from Krishna lila, Bhisma on a bed of arrows, Dasavtar of Vishnu, several musicians etc. Local authorities have renovated the temple using many colours. However, the details of the terracotta relief are still there.

The Shantinatha Shiva temple is a state protected monument.

See also - Other temples at Chandrakona: Chandrakona Jorbangla Temple, Malleswara Shiva Temple, Parvatinatha Temple

## InfoBox

| Shantinatha Shiva Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| Location | |
| Location | Chandrakona<br>Paschim Medinipur district |
| State | West Bengal |
| Country | India |
| Shown within West BengalShantinatha Shiva Temple (India) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 22°44′18″N 87°31′08″E / 22.7382°N 87.5189°E / 22.7382; 87.5189 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Navaratna |
| Completed | 1828 |


title: Vestfjord

abstract:
Vestfjord, meaning "West Fjord" in the Danish language, is a fjord in King Christian X Land, eastern Greenland.
This fjord is part of the Scoresby Sound system in the area of Sermersooq municipality.

text:
# Vestfjord

**Vestfjord**, meaning "West Fjord" in the Danish language, is a fjord in King Christian X Land, eastern Greenland. This fjord is part of the Scoresby Sound system in the area of Sermersooq municipality.

## Geography

This tributary fjord extends between high mountains for about 50 km (31 mi) in a west–east direction until its mouth in the confluence of the Rode Fjord *(Røde Fjord)* and the Fonfjord *(Fønfjord)* opposite the western end of Milne Land.

Two large glacier branches have their terminus in the Vestfjord, the Døde Bræ from the northwest and the Vestfjord Glacier from the southwest —the latter aligned with the fjord. They flow into the head of the Vestfjord at the fjord's western end and a nunatak reaching a height of 2,468 m (8,097 ft) rises between the two glaciers.

Geologically this fjord is part of the Vestfjord-Hinksland gneiss and schist zone crystalline complex.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Vestfjord | |
| --- | --- |
| VestfjordLocation in Greenland | |
| Location | Arctic |
| Coordinates | 70°30′N 28°45′W / 70.500°N 28.750°W / 70.500; -28.750 |
| Ocean/sea sources | Scoresby Sound<br>Greenland Sea |
| Basin countries | Greenland |
|  | |
| Max. length | 50 km (31 mi) |
| Max. width | 6.4 km (4.0 mi) |


title: The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour

abstract: The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour was a variety show with a cast of children, including some who later became well-known adult performers. It had a long run for more than three decades. The program was sponsored by Horn & Hardart, which owned restaurants, bakeshops and automats in New York City and Philadelphia.

text:
# The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour

***The Horn and Hardart Children's Hour*** (later known as ***The Children's Hour***) was a variety show with a cast of children, including some who later became well-known adult performers. It had a long run for more than three decades. The program was sponsored by Horn & Hardart, which owned restaurants, bakeshops and automats in New York City and Philadelphia.

## Radio

Launched on Halloween day, October 31, 1927, the program was initially broadcast on WCAU Radio in Philadelphia, hosted by Stan Lee Broza, and was later aired on NBC Radio in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s. The original New York host was Paul Douglas, followed by Ralph Edwards and finally Ed Herlihy.

Horn and Hardart's slogan was "Less work for mother dear whose gentle hands, lead us so kindly through little folk lands. We'll give her happiness, each kindness, each caress repaid with thoughtfulness. Less work for mother dear." There were several versions of this song heard on the program:

Less work for mother; let's lend her a hand. Less work for mother so she'll understand. She's your greatest treasure; Let's make her life a pleasure. Less work for mother dear.

## Television

When the program went to television, it was a radio-TV simulcast. The television premiere was on WCAU-TV in Philadelphia in 1948, followed by WNBT in New York in 1949, telecast on Sunday mornings. The hosts were Broza in Philadelphia and Herlihy in New York. A number of performers became quite successful after their work on the Philadelphia TV series, including Ted Arnold (musical director for Glenn Yarbrough and José Feliciano), Frankie Avalon, Rosemary Clooney, Buddy DeFranco, Eddie Fisher, Connie Francis, Joey Heatherton, Kitty Kallen, Rose Marie, Bernadette Peters, Ann Sheridan, Arnold Stang, Ezra Stone (radio's original Henry Aldrich) and Bea Wain. Al Alberts (of The Four Aces) had a 30-year children's variety show modeled on the *Horn & Hardart* show where he had appeared as a child.

Fred Rogers worked as a stage manager on the show, which he later described as "terrible" for forcing children to perform.

The closing song was sung to the tune of "A Bicycle built for Two":

Childhood, childhood Sweetest days of all Children playing hide and seek and ball Tripping to school so merry The Golden Rule to study Oh, how we'll miss, the years of bliss When our childhood days are gone.

The series came to an end in the winter of 1959. Stan Broza died on December 15, 1970.

## Listen to


title: Sloped armour

abstract: Sloped armour is armour that is oriented neither vertically nor horizontally. Such angled armour is typically mounted on tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), as well as naval vessels such as battleships and cruisers. Sloping an armour plate makes it more difficult to penetrate by anti-tank weapons, such as armour-piercing shells, kinetic energy penetrators and rockets, if they follow a more or less horizontal trajectory to their target, as is often the case. The improved protection is caused by three main effects. Firstly, a projectile hitting a plate at an angle other than 90° has to move through a greater thickness of armour, compared to hitting the same plate at a right-angle. In the latter case only the plate thickness must be pierced. Increasing the armour slope improves, for a given plate thickness, the level of protection at the point of impact by increasing the thickness measured in the horizontal plane, the angle of attack of the projectile. The protection of an area, instead of just a single point, is indicated by the average horizontal thickness, which is identical to the area density: the relative armour mass used to protect that area. If the horizontal thickness is increased by increasing the slope while keeping the plate thickness constant, a longer and thus heavier armour plate is required to protect a certain area. This improvement in protection is simply equivalent to the increase of area density and thus mass, and can offer no weight benefit. Therefore, in armoured vehicle design the two other main effects of sloping have been the motive to apply sloped armour. One of these is the more efficient envelopment of a certain vehicle volume by armour. In general, more rounded shapes have a smaller surface area relative to their volume. In an armoured vehicle that surface must be covered by heavy armour, so a more efficient shape leads to either a substantial weight reduction or a thicker armour for the same weight. Sloping the armour leads to a better approximation of the ideal rounded shape. The final effect is that of deflection, deforming and ricochet of a projectile. When it hits a plate under a steep angle, its path might be curved, causing it to move through more armour – or it might bounce off entirely. Also it can be bent, reducing its penetration. Shaped charge warheads may fail to penetrate or even detonate when striking armour at a highly oblique angle. However, these desired effects are critically dependent on the precise armour materials used in relation to the characteristics of the projectile hitting it: sloping might even lead to better penetration. The sharpest angles are usually designed on the frontal glacis plate, because it is the hull direction most likely to be hit while facing an attack, and also because there is more room to slope in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

text:
# Sloped armour

**Sloped armour** is armour that is oriented neither vertically nor horizontally. Such angled armour is typically mounted on tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), as well as naval vessels such as battleships and cruisers. Sloping an armour plate makes it more difficult to penetrate by anti-tank weapons, such as armour-piercing shells, kinetic energy penetrators and rockets, if they follow a more or less horizontal trajectory to their target, as is often the case. The improved protection is caused by three main effects.

Firstly, a projectile hitting a plate at an angle other than 90° has to move through a greater thickness of armour, compared to hitting the same plate at a right-angle. In the latter case only the plate thickness (the normal to the surface of the armour) must be pierced. Increasing the armour slope improves, for a given plate thickness, the level of protection at the point of impact by increasing the thickness measured in the horizontal plane, the angle of attack of the projectile. The protection of an area, instead of just a single point, is indicated by the average horizontal thickness, which is identical to the area density (in this case relative to the horizontal): the relative armour mass used to protect that area.

If the horizontal thickness is increased by increasing the slope while keeping the plate thickness constant, a longer and thus heavier armour plate is required to protect a certain area. This improvement in protection is simply equivalent to the increase of area density and thus mass, and can offer no weight benefit. Therefore, in armoured vehicle design the two other main effects of sloping have been the motive to apply sloped armour.

One of these is the more efficient envelopment of a certain vehicle volume by armour. In general, more rounded shapes have a smaller surface area relative to their volume. In an armoured vehicle that surface must be covered by heavy armour, so a more efficient shape leads to either a substantial weight reduction or a thicker armour for the same weight. Sloping the armour leads to a better approximation of the ideal rounded shape.

The final effect is that of deflection, deforming and ricochet of a projectile. When it hits a plate under a steep angle, its path might be curved, causing it to move through more armour – or it might bounce off entirely. Also it can be bent, reducing its penetration. Shaped charge warheads may fail to penetrate or even detonate when striking armour at a highly oblique angle. However, these desired effects are critically dependent on the precise armour materials used in relation to the characteristics of the projectile hitting it: sloping might even lead to better penetration.

The sharpest angles are usually designed on the frontal glacis plate, because it is the hull direction most likely to be hit while facing an attack, and also because there is more room to slope in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle.

## Principle

The cause for the increased protection of a certain point *at a given normal thickness* is the increased line-of-sight (*LOS*) thickness of the armour, which is the thickness along the horizontal plane, along a line describing the oncoming projectile's general direction of travel. For a given thickness of armour plate, a projectile must travel through a greater thickness of armour to penetrate into the vehicle when it is sloped.

The mere fact that the LOS-thickness increases by angling the plate is not however the motive for applying sloped armour in armoured vehicle design. The reason for this is that this increase offers no weight benefit. To maintain a given mass of a vehicle, the area density would have to remain equal and this implies that the LOS-thickness would also have to remain constant while the slope increases, which again implies that the normal thickness decreases. In other words: to avoid increasing the weight of the vehicle, plates have to get proportionally thinner while their slope increases, a process equivalent to shearing the mass.

Sloped armour provides increased protection for armoured fighting vehicles through two primary mechanisms. The most important is based on the fact that to attain a certain protection level a certain volume has to be enclosed by a certain mass of armour and that sloping may reduce the surface to volume ratio and thus allow for either a lesser relative mass for a given volume or more protection for a given weight. If attack were equally likely from all directions, the ideal form would be a sphere; because horizontal attack is in fact to be expected the ideal becomes an oblate spheroid. Angling flat plates or curving cast armour allows designers to approach these ideals. For practical reasons this mechanism is most often applied on the front of the vehicle, where there is sufficient room to slope and much of the armour is concentrated, on the assumption that unidirectional frontal attack is the most likely. A simple wedge, such as can be seen in the hull design of the M1 Abrams, is already a good approximation that is often applied.

The second mechanism is that shots hitting sloped armour are more likely to be deflected, ricochet or shatter on impact. Modern weapon and armour technology has significantly reduced this second benefit which initially was the main motive sloped armour was incorporated into vehicle design in the Second World War.

### The cosine rule

Even though the increased protection to a point, provided by angling a certain armour plate with a given normal thickness causing an increased line-of-sight (*LOS*) thickness, is of no consideration in armour vehicle design, it is of great importance when determining the level of protection of a designed vehicle. The LOS-thickness for a vehicle in a horizontal position can be calculated by a simple formula, applying the cosine rule: it is equal to the armour's normal thickness divided by the cosine of the armour's inclination from perpendicularity to the projectile's travel (assumed to be in the horizontal plane) or:

$$T\_{L}={\frac {T\_{N}{cos(\theta )}}}$$

where

* $T\_{L}$: Line of sight thickness
* $T\_{N}$: Normal thickness
* $\theta $: Angle of the sloped armour plate from the vertical

For example, armour sloped sixty degrees back from the vertical presents to a projectile travelling horizontally a line-of-sight thickness twice the armour's normal thickness, as the cosine of 60° is 1/2. When armour thickness or rolled homogeneous armour equivalency (RHAe) values for AFVs are provided without the slope of the armour, the figure provided generally takes into account this effect of the slope, while when the value is in the format of "x units at y degrees", the effects of the slope are not taken into account.

## Deflection

Sloping armour can increase protection by a mechanism such as shattering of a brittle kinetic energy penetrator (KEP) or a deflection of that penetrator away from the surface normal, even though the area density remains constant. These effects are strongest when the projectile has a low absolute weight and is short relative to its width. Armour piercing shells of World War II, certainly those of the early years, had these qualities and sloped armour was therefore rather efficient in that period. In the sixties however long-rod penetrators, such as armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot rounds, were introduced, projectiles that are both very elongated and very dense in mass. When hitting a sloped thick homogeneous plate, such a long-rod penetrator will, due to the incoming rear of the projectile acting as a lever, after initial penetration into the armour's LOS thickness, bend toward the armour's normal thickness and take a path with a length between the armour's LOS and normal thicknesses. Also the deformed penetrator tends to act as a projectile of a very large diameter and this stretches out the remaining armour, causing it to fail more easily. If these latter effects occur strongly – for modern penetrators this is typically the case for a slope between 55° and 65° – better protection would be provided by vertically mounted armour of the same area density. Another development decreasing the importance of the principle of sloped armour has been the introduction of ceramic armour in the 1970s. At any given area density, ceramic armour is also best when mounted more vertically, as maintaining the same area density requires the armour be thinned as it is sloped and the ceramic fractures earlier because of its reduced normal thickness.

Sloped armour can also cause projectiles to ricochet, but this phenomenon is much more complicated and as yet not fully predictable. High rod density, impact velocity, and length-to-diameter ratio are factors that contribute to a high critical ricochet angle (the angle at which ricochet is expected to onset) for a long rod projectile, but different formulae may predict different critical ricochet angles for the same situation.

### Basic physical principles of deflection

The behaviour of a real world projectile, and the armour plate it hits, depends on many effects and mechanisms, involving their material structure and continuum mechanics which are very difficult to predict. Using only a few basic principles will therefore not result in a model that is a good description of the full range of possible outcomes. However, in many conditions most of these factors have only a negligible effect while a few of them dominate the equation. Therefore, a very simplified model can be created providing a general idea and understanding of the basic physical principles behind these aspects of sloped armour design.

If the projectile travels very fast, and thus is in a state of hypervelocity, the strength of the armour material becomes negligible, because the energy of impact causes both projectile and armour to melt and behave like fluids, and only its area density is an important factor. In this limiting case, after the hit, the projectile continues to penetrate until it has stopped transferring its momentum to the target matter. In this ideal case, only momentum, area cross section, density and LOS-thickness are relevant. The situation of the penetrating metal jet caused by the explosion of the shaped charge of high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) ammunition, forms a good approximation of this ideal. Therefore, if the angle is not too extreme, and the projectile is very dense and fast, sloping has little effect and no relevant deflection occurs.

On the other extreme, the more light and slow a projectile is, the more relevant sloping becomes. Typical World War II Armour-Piercing shells were bullet-shaped and had a much lower velocity than a shaped charge jet. An impact would not result in a complete melting of projectile and armour. In this condition the strength of the armour material becomes a relevant factor. If the projectile would be very light and slow, the strength of the armour might even cause the hit to result in just an elastic deformation, the projectile being defeated without damage to the target. Sloping will mean the projectile will have to attain a higher velocity to defeat the armour, because on impact on a sloped armour not all kinetic energy is transferred to the target, the ratio depending on the slope angle. The projectile in a process of elastic collision deflects at an angle of 2 $\alpha $ (where $\alpha $ denotes the angle between the armour plate surface and the projectile's initial direction), however the change of direction could be virtually divided into a deceleration part, when the projectile is halted when moving in a direction perpendicular to the plate (and will move along the plate after having been deflected at an angle of about $\alpha $), and a process of elastic acceleration, when the projectile accelerates out of the plate (velocity along the plate is considered as invariant because of negligible friction). Thus the maximum energy accumulated by the plate can be calculated from the deceleration phase of the collision event.

Under the assumption that only elastic deformation occurs and that a target is solid, while disregarding friction, it is easy to calculate the proportion of energy absorbed by a target if it is hit by a projectile, which, if also disregarding more complex deflection effects, after impact bounces off (elastic case) or slides along (idealised inelastic case) the armour plate.

In this very simple model the portion of the energy projected to the target depends on the angle of slope:

**$E\_{d}/E\_{k}={sin^{2}(\alpha )}$**

where

* $E\_{d}$: Energy transferred to the target
* $E\_{k}$: Incident kinetic energy of projectile
* $\alpha $: Angle of the sloped armour plate from the projectile's initial direction

However, in practice the AP-shells were powerful enough that the forces involved reach the plastic deformation limit and the elasticity of the plate could accumulate only a small part of the energy. In that case the armour plate would yield and much of the energy and force be spent by the deformation. As such this means that approximately half the deflection can be assumed (just $\alpha $ rather than 2 $\alpha $) and the projectile will groove into the plate before it slides along, rather than bounce off. Plasticity surface friction is also very low in comparison to the plastic deformation energy and can be neglected. This implies that the formula above is principally valid also for the plastic deformation case, but because of the gauge grooved into the plate a larger surface angle $\alpha $ should be taken into account.

Not only would this imply that the energy transferred to the target would thus be used to damage it; it would also mean that this energy would be higher because the effective angle $\alpha $ in the formula is now higher than the angle of the armour slope. The value of the appropriate real $\alpha $' which should be substituted cannot be derived from this simple principle and can only be determined by a more sophisticated model or simulation.

On the other hand, that very same deformation will also cause, in combination with the armour plate slope, an effect that diminishes armour penetration. Though the deflection is under conditions of plastic deformation smaller, it will nevertheless change the course of the grooving projectile which again will result in an increase of the angle between the new armour surface and the projectile's initial direction. Thus the projectile has to work itself through more armour and, though in absolute terms thereby more energy could be absorbed by the target, it is more easily defeated, the process ideally ending in a complete ricochet.

## Historical application

One of the earliest documented instances of the concept of sloped armour is in the drawing of Leonardo da Vinci's fighting vehicle. Sloped armour was actually used on nineteenth century early Confederate ironclads, such as CSS Virginia, and partially implemented on the first French tank, the Schneider CA1 in the First World War, but the first tanks to be completely fitted with sloped armour were the French SOMUA S35 and other contemporary French tanks like the Renault R35, which had fully cast hulls and turrets. It was also used to a greater effect on the famous Soviet T-34 battle tank by the Soviet tank design team of the Kharkov Locomotive Factory, led by Mikhail Koshkin. It was a technological response to the more effective anti-tank guns being put into service at this time.

The T-34 had profound impact on German WWII tank design. Pre- or early war designs like the Panzer IV and Tiger I differ clearly from post 1941 vehicles like for example the Panther, Tiger II, Hetzer, Jagdpanzer IV, Jagdpanther and Jagdtiger, which all had sloped armour. This is especially evident because German tank armour was generally not cast but consisted of welded plates.

Sloped armour became very much the fashion after World War II, its most pure expression being perhaps the British Chieftain. However, the latest main battle tanks use perforated and composite armour, which attempts to deform and abrade a penetrator rather than deflecting it, as deflecting a long rod penetrator is difficult. These tanks have a more blocky appearance. Examples include the Leopard 2 and M1 Abrams. An exception is the Israeli Merkava.


title: Thomas Burman (sculptor)

abstract: Thomas Burman (1618–1674) was a 17th century English sculptor based in London.

text:
# Thomas Burman (sculptor)

**Thomas Burman** (16181674) was a 17th century English sculptor based in London.

## Life

Born in London in 1618 of Jewish parentage he was indentured as a bound apprentice to mason and sculptor Edward Marshall in 1633. He began working independently around 1640.

Around 1650 he took on John Bushnell as an apprentice who proved a worthy student. Andre Charles Boulle also studied under him.

He died on 17 March 1674 in the parish of St Martin's and is buried in the churchyard of St Paul's in Covent Garden in central London.

## Family

He was married to Rebekeh (Rebecca). They had a son Balthasar Burman who was also a sculptor - his most notable work being the tomb of Bishop Brian Duppa in Westminster Abbey.

## Known works


title: VIP Operator

abstract: Vip Operator was a mobile network operator in North Macedonia and a member of the A1 Telekom Austria Group.

text:
# VIP Operator

**Vip** **Operator** was a mobile network operator in North Macedonia and a member of the A1 Telekom Austria Group.

## History

On March 26, 2007, Vip operator acquired the third license for mobile communications operation from the Macedonian Agency for Electronic Communications, worth EUR 10 million, after winning the tender for the 10 year GSM 900/1800 license. Vip operator's commercial start was on 19 September 2007, only six months after acquiring the license.

In May 2008, Vip operator signed strategic partnership with the global brand Vodafone and by September 2011, it has a population coverage of more than 99% with its own network.

In July 2014 Vip launched its advanced 4G LTE network and by the end of 2014, it had over 622.000 customers with a market share of 28%.

In September 3 2019, Vip Operator defuncted and Vip Operator is now A1 Operator

## Network information

The IMSI \- Network Code of Vip is 294-03 and the MSISDN Network Codes are 077 (international: +389 77) and 078 (international: +389 78).

Vip operator is the Macedonian network of the Vodafone Group, as per agreement announced on 20 May 2008.

## InfoBox

Vip Operator DOOEL Skopje
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held company |
| Industry | Wireless Services; Telecommunication |
| Founded | March 26, 2007 (2007-03-26) |
| Defunct | 2019 |
| Headquarters | Skopje, North Macedonia |
| Key people | Mislav Galler-Executive Director, |
| Products | GPRS, GSM |
| Owners | A1 Telekom Austria Group |
| Website | www.vip.mk |


title: Châtres, Seine-et-Marne

abstract: Châtres is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

text:
# Châtres, Seine-et-Marne

**Châtres** (French pronunciation: \[ʃatʁ\] ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

## History

Châtres began as a Roman camp. Its name, formerly *Chastres*, is derived from Latin *castrum*.

Châtres is documented as the place where Saint Corbinian was born circa 670 and where he maintained a hermitage for fourteen years.

## Demographics

The inhabitants of Châtres are called *Châtriots*. As of 2017, its population is 678.

## Places of interest

Place of interest include the Château de Boulayes and its park.

## Agriculture

The area produces cereal grain.

## InfoBox

| Châtres | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Châtres | |
|  | |
| Location of Châtres | |
| ChâtresChâtres | |
| Coordinates: 48°42′38″N 2°48′35″E / 48.7106°N 2.8097°E / 48.7106; 2.8097 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Seine-et-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Provins |
| Canton | Fontenay-Trésigny |
| Intercommunality | CC Val Briard |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Michel Rollin |
| Area**1** | 15.13 km2 (5.84 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 711 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 77104 /77610 |
| Elevation | 89–117 m (292–384 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Catherine M. Russell

abstract: Catherine Mary Russell is an American attorney and political adviser who is the executive director of UNICEF as of 2022. Russell previously served as Director of the White House Presidential Personnel Office, United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues, and Chief of Staff to then-Second Lady of the United States Jill Biden.

text:
# Catherine M. Russell

**Catherine Mary Russell** (born March 4, 1961) is an American attorney and political adviser who is the executive director of UNICEF as of 2022. Russell previously served as Director of the White House Presidential Personnel Office, United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues, and Chief of Staff to then-Second Lady of the United States Jill Biden.

## Early life and education

Russell was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, to Paul Russell and Ann (née McCaffery) Russell. She grew up in Reading, Pennsylvania, with four siblings. Russell graduated from Boston College, magna cum laude, with a degree in philosophy, and received her Juris Doctor from George Washington University.

## Career

After law school, Russell began working in Democratic politics. In 1984, Russell worked on Walter Mondale’s presidential campaign, on which she met her husband, Tom Donilon. In 1987, Russell worked on Joe Biden’s presidential campaign.

On Capitol Hill, Russell was Counsel and then Senior Counsel to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Technology Subcommittee, chaired by Senator Patrick Leahy. She also served as Staff Director to Judiciary Committee when it was chaired by then-Senator Biden. In that role, Russell worked on the successful passage of the Violence Against Women Act and the Supreme Court nominations of Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer. Russell later served as Associate Deputy Attorney General under Janet Reno.

In 2007, Russell returned to work part-time for then-Senator Biden who was the Chair of the Foreign Relations Committee. She drafted the International Violence Against Women Act of 2007, modeled on the legislation Biden had introduced in 1994.

### Obama administration

#### Office of the Vice President

Russell is a longtime adviser to both Vice President Biden and his wife Dr. Jill Biden. During the 2008 presidential campaign, Russell was tapped to serve as chief of staff to then-second lady-elect Jill Biden—a position she held from 2009 to 2013.

In that role, Russell managed the second lady's staff and worked on her initiatives to increase access to community college education and to support military families, through the Joining Forces program. Russell also oversaw a process to develop the government's first strategy on tackling gender-based violence globally.

#### Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues

President Obama created the position in 2009, and made it a permanent ambassador-level position in 2013.

Senator Patrick Leahy, for whom Russell had worked as a staffer, spoke at her confirmation hearing and recalled her "brilliant mind" and "uncanny ability … to take the most complex issues, get them down to where even a Senator like myself and others could understand it."

Russell was confirmed unanimously by the Senate on August 1, 2013. Vice President Biden swore her into office on January 17, 2014.

In her nomination hearing, Russell said that, if confirmed, she would focus her work on six areas: first, ensuring that the State Department adopted gender issues into "all aspects of diplomacy"; second, promoting women's economic participation; third, implementing the National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security; fourth, combatting gender-based violence; fifth, expanding political participation; and sixth, investing in women and girls' health and education.

As part of that effort, Russell designed the U.S. Global Strategy to Empower Girls, released in March 2014. It enlisted the State Department, USAID, Peace Corps, and Millennium Challenge Corporation to pursue the same goal: "to ensure adolescent girls are educated, healthy, socially and economically empowered, and free from violence and discrimination." This marked the first time a country had produced an adolescent girls' strategy. Under Russell's leadership, the Office of Global Women's Issues worked with Secretary Kerry to secure $7 million for adolescent girls' empowerment programming in Afghanistan in March 2016. Her office also worked with USAID and UNICEF to produce a three-year, $5 million program to reduce gender-based violence in schools.

One of Russell's priorities was ending child marriage globally, which she outlined to the Senate in a 2016 testimony.

As Ambassador, Russell traveled to dozens of countries during her time as Ambassador, including Afghanistan in November 13 and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014. Russell's first trip was to Bali for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.

### Biden administration

On September 5, 2020, Russell was announced to be a member of the advisory council of the Biden-Harris Transition Team, which was planning the presidential transition of Joe Biden. On November 20, 2020, it was announced that Russell would serve as the director of the White House Presidential Personnel Office when Biden assumed office.

### UNICEF Director

On 10 December 2021, United Nations Secretary‑General António Guterres announced that Russell had been appointed executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

## Personal life

Since 1991, Russell has been married to Thomas E. Donilon, who was the National Security Advisor under President Obama, and is currently Chairman of BlackRock Investment . Her brother-in-law is Mike Donilon, a lawyer and political consultant who serves as Chief Advisor to President Joe Biden.

## InfoBox

| Cathy Russell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Executive Director of UNICEF | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
February 1, 2022 | |
| Secretary General | António Guterres |
| Preceded by | Henrietta H. Fore |
| Director of the White House Presidential Personnel Office | |
| **In office**
January 20, 2021  January 31, 2022 | |
| President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | John McEntee |
| Succeeded by | Gautam Raghavan |
| 2nd United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues | |
| **In office**
August 26, 2013  January 20, 2017 | |
| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Melanne Verveer |
| Succeeded by | Kelley Eckels Currie |
| Chief of Staff to the Second Lady of the United States | |
| **In office**
January 20, 2009  August 26, 2013 | |
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | ??? |
| Succeeded by | Sheila Nix |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-03-04) March 4, 1961
Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Spouse | Thomas E. Donilon |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Mike Donilon (brother-in law) |
| Education | Boston College (BA)
George Washington University (JD) |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Billy Lyall

abstract: William Lyall was a Scottish musician, known for his work with Pilot, The Alan Parsons Project, and the Bay City Rollers.

text:
# Billy Lyall

**William Lyall** (26 March 1953 – 1 December 1989) was a Scottish musician, known for his work with Pilot, The Alan Parsons Project, and the Bay City Rollers.

## Biography

### Career

Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Lyall was a singer, keyboard player and flautist with Pilot, and co-wrote "Magic", Pilot's 1974 hit single.

He contributed to the Alan Parsons Project with fellow Pilot members, and he was an early member of the Bay City Rollers. He was the keyboard player for Dollar between 1978 and 1982.

He left Pilot in early 1976, and released a solo album, *Solo Casting*, later that year. In 1979, he contributed string arrangements and synthesizers to an album by the band Runner.

### Personal life and death

Lyall moved to London in the early 1970s and lived in a red-brick mansion flat in Fitzjames Avenue, West Kensington. He died during the AIDS pandemic in 1989, at the age of 36. Bay City Rollers' manager Tam Paton later said that Lyall was gay.

## Discography

### With Pilot

#### Albums

| Year | Album |
| --- | --- |
| 1974 | *From the Album of the Same Name* |
| 1975 | *Second Flight* |
| 1976 | *Morin Heights* |
| 1977 | *Two's a Crowd* |

#### Singles

| Year | Title |
| --- | --- |
| 1974 | "Just a Smile" |
| | "Magic" |
| | "Ra-Ta-Ta" |
| 1975 | "January" |
| | "Call Me Round" |
| | "Just a Smile" (new version) |
| | "Lady Luck" |
| 1976 | "Running Water" |
| | "Canada" |
| | "Penny in My Pocket" |
| 1977 | "Get Up and Go" |
| | "Monday Tuesday" |

### With Dollar

#### Studio albums

| Title | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| *Shooting Stars* |  |
| *The Paris Collection* | * Released: 5 December 1980 * Label: WEA * Formats: LP |
| *The Dollar Album* | * Released: 22 October 1982 * Label: WEA * Formats: LP, MC |

#### Singles

| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| "Shooting Star" | 1978 |
| "Who Were You With in the Moonlight" | 1979 |
| | "Love's Gotta Hold on Me" |
| | "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" |
| "Love Street" | 1980 |
| | "The Girls Are Out to Get Ya" |
| | "Takin' a Chance on You" |
| "You Take My Breath Away" | 1981 |
| | "Hand Held in Black and White" |
| | "Mirror Mirror (Mon Amour)" |
| "Ring Ring" | 1982 |
| | "Tokyo" (Japan-only release) |
| | "Give Me Back My Heart" |
| | "Videotheque" |
| | "Give Me Some Kinda Magic" |
| | "Two Hearts" (Japan-only release) |

## InfoBox

| Billy Lyall | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | William Lyall |
| Born | (1953-03-26)26 March 1953<br>Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Died | 1 December 1989(1989-12-01) (aged 36) |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, musician |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals and keyboards |
| Years active | 1969–1989 |
| Formerly of | Pilot, Bay City Rollers, the Alan Parsons Project |


title: 1948 in Wales

abstract: This article is about the particular significance of the year 1948 to Wales and its people.

text:
# 1948 in Wales

This article is about the particular significance of the year **1948** to Wales and its people.

## Incumbents

## Events

## Arts and literature

### Awards

### New books

#### English language

#### Welsh language

### New drama

### Music

## Film

## Broadcasting

## Sport

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | List of years in Wales<br>Timeline of Welsh history 1948 in The United Kingdom  Scotland Elsewhere |


title: The High End of Low Tour

abstract: The High End of Low Tour was a worldwide arena tour by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was the twelfth tour the band embarked upon and the eighth to span multiple legs. The tour ran from June 3, 2009, until December 21, 2009. The only known tour date of the tour's seventh leg in 2010 was cancelled. During the last show in France, Manson announced that there would be no further tour dates in 2010. In the vein of the album themes and imagery revolving around Manson's conception of life as a movie, the live counterpart of The High End of Low reflects this theatricality by simulating each song in the live tour as a different act. Replete with cinema-derived stage lighting illuminating Manson, the separation between "backstage"/"onstage" has been lifted to portray this cinematic effect; Manson reapplies his makeup front-and-center onstage, stagehands assist with wardrobe changes in full view of the audience, and the final illustration of this concept is that prior to each song's commencement afterwards, a stagehand emerges and signifies that each new act has begun by use of a clapperboard in front of Manson, as if to convey the filmic mantra of "lights, camera, action" and the song begins. A new theatric stage was revealed in the first European leg of "The High End Of Low Tour". During "Great Big White World" Manson performed in an oversized white lightbox. The song was entirely sung behind the semi-transparent sheet, removed from the audience. "If I Was Your Vampire", which also deals with a similar lovelorn isolation, was alternately performed with this theatrical device on early dates of the tour. Marilyn Manson would also wear an all white hooded coat a stark contrast to his usual black attire for the show. Marilyn Manson joined Slayer as headliners for the Rockstar Energy Mayhem Festival tour in 2009. The press release for the tour stated that "Manson is currently in the studio working on his seventh studio album scheduled for release May 18th on Interscope Records." On February 2, Rolling Stone confirmed the album had been officially titled The High End of Low. After much fan speculation and no official announcement, Andy Gerold joined Marilyn Manson in the capacity of live bassist after former bassist Twiggy Ramirez switched to lead guitar duties. Gerold played his first show with the band on June 3, 2009, in Brno, Czech Republic. As of 2011, Gerold is still the youngest musician to play in the band, preceding former drummer Sara Lee Lucas by nearly seven years. During the summer of 2009, the band co-headlined the 2009 Mayhem Festival with Slayer. Later in October 2009, the band headlined the internationally advertised V-Rock Festival '09.

text:
# The High End of Low Tour

**The High End of Low Tour** was a worldwide arena tour by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was the twelfth tour the band embarked upon and the eighth to span multiple legs. The tour ran from June 3, 2009, until December 21, 2009. The only known tour date of the tour's seventh leg in 2010 was cancelled. During the last show in France, Manson announced that there would be no further tour dates in 2010.

In the vein of the album themes and imagery revolving around Manson's conception of life as a movie, the live counterpart of *The High End of Low* reflects this theatricality by simulating each song in the live tour as a different act. Replete with cinema-derived stage lighting illuminating Manson, the separation between "backstage"/"onstage" has been lifted to portray this cinematic effect; Manson reapplies his makeup front-and-center onstage, stagehands assist with wardrobe changes in full view of the audience, and the final illustration of this concept is that prior to each song's commencement afterwards, a stagehand emerges and signifies that each new act has begun by use of a clapperboard in front of Manson, as if to convey the filmic mantra of "lights, camera, action" and the song begins.

A new theatric stage was revealed in the first European leg of "The High End Of Low Tour". During "Great Big White World" Manson performed in an oversized white lightbox. The song was entirely sung behind the semi-transparent sheet, removed from the audience. "If I Was Your Vampire", which also deals with a similar lovelorn isolation, was alternately performed with this theatrical device on early dates of the tour. Marilyn Manson would also wear an all white hooded coat a stark contrast to his usual black attire for the show.

Marilyn Manson joined Slayer as headliners for the Rockstar Energy Mayhem Festival tour in 2009. The press release for the tour stated that "Manson is currently in the studio working on his seventh studio album scheduled for release May 18th on Interscope Records." On February 2, *Rolling Stone* confirmed the album had been officially titled *The High End of Low*.

After much fan speculation and no official announcement, Andy Gerold joined Marilyn Manson in the capacity of live bassist after former bassist Twiggy Ramirez switched to lead guitar duties. Gerold played his first show with the band on June 3, 2009, in Brno, Czech Republic. As of 2011, Gerold is still the youngest musician to play in the band, preceding former drummer Sara Lee Lucas by nearly seven years. During the summer of 2009, the band co-headlined the 2009 Mayhem Festival with Slayer. Later in October 2009, the band headlined the internationally advertised V-Rock Festival '09.

## Performance and show themes

For most of the tour, Manson wore the same sleeveless black shirt with a razor blade image on the front, as well as his signature black skin tight leather trousers. For most performances of "Devour" or "Great Big White World", Manson wore a white coat. For some performances of "Great Big White World", Manson would rip his way out of a box sealed in a plastic wrap. For performances of "Dried Up, Tied and Dead to the World", Manson would play guitar. For performances of "If I Was Your Vampire", "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon" " Running to the Edge of the World" "Leave a Scar", Manson used a microphone in the shape of a knife, as he previously used during the Rape of the World Tour. For performances of "Four Rusted Horses (Opening Titles Version)", Manson burnt a Bible, as he has notably done during past performances of "Antichrist Superstar".

For most performances of "Pretty as a Swastika" and "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon", banners baring the dollar sign logo were on stage. For performances of "Irresponsible Hate Anthem", Manson wore a Nazi helmet and held the flag of whichever country he was performing in. Also for performances of "Pretty as a Swastika", Manson wore the hat of a Nazi officer. During the European leg, for performances of "Devour" and "Coma White"/"Coma Black", a large promotional photo of his room was used as a backdrop. During European leg, for performances of "Cruci-Fiction in Space", Manson wore gloves with lasers attached to the fingers. For performances of "The Dope Show", Manson wore a top hat. For performances of "The Dope Show", dialogue from the film, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, would play before the song was performed. The dialogue features talk and usage of cocaine. Also for performances of "The Dope Show" and "Leave a Scar", Manson made use of film projectors. During the performance of "Running to the Edge of the World" on Barcelona, Spain, Manson sang to Evan Rachel Wood, with the knife microphone, as she pretended to bleed to death, lying on a bed that had been set up center stage.

## Set list

The most commonly played songs, in the order they were most generally performed, were:

1. "Intro"
2. "Cruci-Fiction in Space"
3. "Disposable Teens"
4. "Pretty as a Swastika"
5. "Little Horn"
6. "The Love Song"
7. "Irresponsible Hate Anthem"
8. "Four Rusted Horses (Opening Titles Version)"
9. "Arma-Goddamn-Motherfuckin-Geddon"
10. "Devour"
11. "Track 99"
12. "Dried Up, Tied and Dead to the World"
13. "Blank and White"
14. "Coma White" / "Coma Black (a) Eden Eye"
15. "Running to the Edge of the World"
16. "I Want to Kill You Like They Do in the Movies"
17. "We're from America"
18. "Leave a Scar" (contains intro from "Abuse, Part 1 (There Is Pain Involved)")
19. "The Dope Show" (contains intro from "Dewey Cox Cocaine")
20. "Wight Spider"
21. "Rock Is Dead" (contains intro from "Dancing with the One-Legged...")
22. "WOW"
23. "Great Big White World" (With "Fuck Frankie" intro)
24. "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)"
25. "Whole Wide World"
26. "Rock N Roll Nigger"
27. "If I Was Your Vampire"
28. "Tourniquet"
29. "The Beautiful People" (contains intro from "Baby, You're a Rich Man")

## Broadcasts & Recordings

It Is known that Multiple concerts were captured during this tour, though all the material has been archived.

## Tour dates

List of concerts, showing date, city, country, and venue
| Date | City | Country | Venue | Opening Act(s) | Attendance | Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| European Festival Tour | | | | | | |
| June 3, 2009 | Brno | Czech Republic | Velodrom | n/a |  |  |
| June 5, 2009 | Nürburgring | Germany | Rock Am Ring | |  |  |
| June 6, 2009 | Nuremberg | | Rock Im Park | |  |  |
| June 8, 2009 | Innsbruck | Austria | Olympiahalle | |  |  |
| June 9, 2009 | Bratislava | Slovakia | Incheba Expo | |  |  |
| June 11, 2009 | Dresden | Germany | Junge Garden | |  |  |
| June 13, 2009 | Derby | England | Download Festival | |  |  |
| June 17, 2009 | Porto | Portugal | Porto Portugal Coliseum | |  |  |
| June 19, 2009 | Bilbao | Spain | Kobetasonik Festival | |  |  |
| June 20, 2009 | Clisson | France | HELLFEST | |  |  |
| June 22, 2009 | Vienne | | Theatre Antique | |  |  |
| June 23, 2009 | Geneva | Switzerland | SEG Geneva Arena | |  |  |
| June 24, 2009 | Linz | Austria | Intersport Arena | |  |  |
| June 27, 2009 | Gothenburg | Sweden | Metaltown Festival | |  |  |
| June 28, 2009 | Dessel | Belgium | Graspop Metal Meeting | |  |  |
| July 1, 2009 | Kristiansand | Norway | The Quart Festival | |  |  |
| July 4, 2009 | Sopron | Hungary | Volt Festival | |  |  |
| Rockstar Mayhem Festival | | | | | | |
| July 10, 2009 | Wheatland | United States | Sleep Train Amphitheatre | n/a |  |  |
| July 11, 2009 | Mountain View | | Shoreline Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| July 12, 2009 | San Bernardino | | Glen Helen Pavilion | |  |  |
| July 14, 2009 | Auburn | | White River Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| July 17, 2009 | Phoenix | | Cricket Pavilion | |  |  |
| July 18, 2009 | Albuquerque | | Journal Pavilion | |  |  |
| July 19, 2009 | Greenwood Village | | Coors Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| July 21, 2009 | Bonner Springs | | Sandstone Amphitheater | |  |  |
| July 22, 2009 | Maryland Heights | | Verizon Wireless Amphitheater | |  |  |
| July 24, 2009 | Atlanta | | Lakewood Amphitheater | |  |  |
| July 25, 2009 | Noblesville | | Verizon Wireless Music Center | |  |  |
| July 26, 2009 | Tinley Park | | First Midwest Bank Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| July 28, 2009 | Toronto | Canada | Molson Amphitheater | |  |  |
| July 29, 2009 | Scranton | United States | Toyota Pavilion | |  |  |
| July 31, 2009 | Cuyahoga Falls | | Blossom Music Center | |  |  |
| August 1, 2009 | Pittsburgh | | Post-Gazette Pavilion | |  |  |
| August 2, 2009 | Clarkston | | DTE Energy Music Theatre | |  |  |
| August 4, 2009 | Mansfield | | Tweeter Center for the Performing Arts | |  |  |
| August 6, 2009 | Virginia Beach | | Virginia Beach Amphitheater | |  |  |
| August 7, 2009 | Camden | | Tweeter Center at the Waterfront | |  |  |
| August 8, 2009 | Hartford | | New England Dodge Music Center | |  |  |
| August 9, 2009 | Bristow | | Nissan Pavilion | |  |  |
| August 11, 2009 | Tampa | | Ford Amphitheatre | |  |  |
| August 12, 2009 | West Palm Beach | | Sound Advice Amphitheater | |  |  |
| August 14, 2009 | San Antonio | | AT&T Center | |  |  |
| August 15, 2009 | Dallas | | Superpages.com Center | |  |  |
| August 16, 2009 | Oklahoma City | | Zoo Amphitheater | |  |  |
| North America | | | | | | |
| August 21, 2009 | Paradise | United States | The Joint at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino | n/a |  |  |
| August 22, 2009 | San Diego | | House of Blues | |  |  |
| August 24, 2009 | Anaheim | | Grove of Anaheim | |  |  |
| August 25, 2009 | Pomona | | The Fox Theatre | |  |  |
| August 26, 2009 | Ventura | | Majestic Ventura Theatre
(Cancelled) | |  |  |
| August 28, 2009 | San Francisco | | The Warfield | |  |  |
| August 29, 2009 | Reno | | Grand Sierra Resort and Casino | |  |  |
| August 31, 2009 | Spokane | | Knitting Factory | |  |  |
| September 1, 2009 | Missoula | | Wilma Theatre | |  |  |
| September 3, 2009 | Spokane | | Knitting Factory | |  |  |
| September 4, 2009 | Boise | | Knitting Factory | |  |  |
| September 5, 2009 | Magna | | The Great Saltair | |  |  |
| September 7, 2009 | Portland | | Roseland Theatre | |  |  |
| September 8, 2009 | Victoria | Canada | Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre | |  |  |
| September 10, 2009 | Calgary | | Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium | |  |  |
| September 11, 2009 | Edmonton | | Shaw Conference Centre | |  |  |
| September 13, 2009 | Winnipeg | | MTS Centre | |  |  |
| September 14, 2009 | Maplewood | United States | Minneapolis Theater | |  |  |
| September 15, 2009 | Milwaukee | | The Rave/ Eagles Ballroom | |  |  |
| September 17, 2009 | Toronto | Canada | Air Canada Centre | |  |  |
| September 19, 2009 | London | | John Labatt Centre | |  |  |
| September 20, 2009 | Ottawa | | Scotiabank Place | |  |  |
| September 22, 2009 | Montreal | | Bell Centre | |  |  |
| September 23, 2009 | Quebec City | | Pavillon de la Jeunesse | |  |  |
| September 25, 2009 | Halifax | | Halifax Metro Centre | |  |  |
| September 26, 2009 | Moncton | | Moncton Coliseum | |  |  |
| Australia | | | | | | |
| October 5, 2009 | Perth | Australia | Challenge Stadium | n/a |  |  |
| October 7, 2009 | Adelaide | | Thebarton Theatre | |  |  |
| October 8, 2009 | | |  | |  |
| October 10, 2009 | Melbourne | | Festival Hall | |  |  |
| October 11, 2009 | | |  | |  |
| October 13, 2009 | Sydney | | Enmore Theatre | |  |  |
| October 14, 2009 | | | Hordern Pavilion | |  |  |
| October 17, 2009 | Brisbane | | Brisbane Entertainment Centre | |  |  |
| Asia | | | | | | |
| October 20, 2009 | Osaka | Japan | Zepp | n/a |  |  |
| October 21, 2009 | Nagoya | | Zepp | |  |  |
| October 22, 2009 | Tokyo | | Zepp | |  |  |
| October 24, 2009 | Mihama | | V-Rock Festival | |  |  |
| Europe | | | | | | |
| November 6, 2009 | Malmö | Sweden | Malmö Arena
(Cancelled) | n/a |  |  |
| November 8, 2009 | Oslo | Norway | Oslo Spektrum
(Cancelled) | |  |  |
| November 9, 2009 | Stockholm | Sweden | Ericsson Globe
(Cancelled) | |  |  |
| November 11, 2009 | Helsinki | Finland | Hartwall Arena | |  |  |
| November 12, 2009 | Saint Petersburg | Russia | New Arena | |  |  |
| November 13, 2009 | Moscow | | B1 Maximum Club | |  |  |
| November 15, 2009 | Riga | Latvia | Arena Riga | |  |  |
| November 17, 2009 | Warsaw | Poland | Stodola | |  |  |
| November 18, 2009 | Berlin | Germany | Tempodrome | |  |  |
| November 19, 2009 | Cologne | | Palladium | |  |  |
| November 21, 2009 | Hamburg | | Alsterdorfer Sporthalle | |  |  |
| November 23, 2009 | Frankfurt | | Jahrhunderthalle | |  |  |
| November 24, 2009 | Munich | | Zenith Halle | |  |  |
| November 26, 2009 | Treviso | Italy | Palaverde | |  |  |
| November 27, 2009 | Milan | | PalaSharp | |  |  |
| November 29, 2009 | Toulouse | France | Le Zénith | |  |  |
| December 1, 2009 | Lisbon | Portugal | Campo Pequeno bullring | |  |  |
| December 3, 2009 | Madrid | Spain | Palacio de los Deportes | |  |  |
| December 4, 2009 | Barcelona | | Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys | |  |  |
| December 6, 2009 | Lille | France | Zénith de Lille | |  |  |
| December 7, 2009 | Amsterdam | Netherlands | Heineken Music Hall | |  |  |
| December 9, 2009 | London | England | O2 Academy Brixton | |  |  |
| December 10, 2009 | | | | |  |  |
| December 13, 2009 | Birmingham | | O2 Academy Birmingham | |  |  |
| December 14, 2009 | Manchester | | Manchester Academy | |  |  |
| December 15, 2009 | Glasgow | Scotland | O2 Academy Glasgow | |  |  |
| December 17, 2009 | Nottingham | England | Trent FM Arena | |  |  |
| December 18, 2009 | Antwerp | Belgium | Lotto Arena | |  |  |
| December 20, 2009 | Luxembourg | Luxembourg | Rockhal | |  |  |
| December 21, 2009 | Paris | France | Le Zénith | |  |  |
|

## InfoBox

The High End of Low
| Tour by Marilyn Manson | |
| --- | --- |
| Associated album | *The High End of Low* |
| Start date | June 3, 2009 |
| End date | December 21, 2009 |
| No. of shows | 112 (planned)
108 (completed) |
| Marilyn Manson concert chronology | |


title: Small-cell carcinoma

abstract: Small-cell carcinoma is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract. Compared to non-small cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma is more aggressive, with a shorter doubling time, higher growth fraction, and earlier development of metastases. Extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is classified as a rare disorder. Ten-year relative survival rate is 3.5%. Survival can be higher or lower based on a combination of factors including stage, age, sex and race. While all lung cancers are associated with tobacco smoking, SCLC is very strongly associated with tobacco smoking.

text:
# Small-cell carcinoma

**Small-cell carcinoma** is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract. Compared to non-small cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma is more aggressive, with a shorter doubling time, higher growth fraction, and earlier development of metastases.

Extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is classified as a rare disorder. Ten-year relative survival rate (combined limited and extensive SCLC) is 3.5% (4.3% for women, 2.8% for men). Survival can be higher or lower based on a combination of factors including stage, age, sex and race. While all lung cancers are associated with tobacco smoking, SCLC is very strongly associated with tobacco smoking.

## Types of small-cell carcinomas

### Small-cell lung cancer

Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) has long been divided into two clinicopathological stages, termed limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES). The stage is generally determined by the presence or absence of metastases, whether or not the tumor appears limited to the thorax, and whether or not the entire tumor burden within the chest can feasibly be encompassed within a single radiotherapy portal. In general, if the tumor is confined to one lung and the lymph nodes close to that lung, the cancer is said to be LS. If cancer has spread beyond that, it is said to be ES.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, accounting for the highest mortality rates among both men and women. When associated with the lung, SCLC is sometimes called "oat cell carcinoma" due to the flat cell shape and scanty cytoplasm. Small cell mesothelioma – an extremely rare subtype of lung cancer – can be mistaken for small cell lung cancer.

Small-cell carcinoma is most often more rapidly and widely metastatic than non-small-cell lung carcinoma (and hence staged differently). There is usually early involvement of the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. The mechanisms of its metastatic progression are not well understood.

### Combined small-cell lung carcinoma

When SCLC is found with one or more differentiated forms of lung cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, the malignant tumor is then diagnosed and classified as a combined small cell lung carcinoma (c-SCLC). Small-cell lung carcinoma can occur in combination with a wide variety of other histological variants of lung cancer, including extremely complex malignant tissue admixtures. C-SCLC is the only currently recognized subtype of SCLC.

### Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma

Very rarely, the primary site for small-cell carcinoma is outside of the lungs and pleural space; in these cases, it is referred to as extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma (EPSCC). Outside of the respiratory tract, small-cell carcinoma can appear in the cervix, prostate, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, or bladder. It is estimated to account for 1,000 new cases a year in the U.S. Histologically similar to small-cell lung cancer, therapies for small-cell lung cancer are usually used to treat EPSCC. First-line treatment is usually with cisplatin and etoposide. In Japan, first-line treatment is shifting to irinotecan and cisplatin. When the primary site is in the skin, it is referred to as a Merkel-cell carcinoma.

### Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma localized in the lymph nodes

This is an extremely rare type of small cell, and there has been little information in the scientific community. It appears to occur in only one or more lymph nodes, and nowhere else in the body. Treatment is similar to small cell lung cancer, but survival rates are much higher than other small-cell carcinomas.

### Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate

Small-cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is a rare form of prostate cancer (approximately 1% of prostate cancers). Symptomatic metastasis of SCCP to the brain is rare, and carries a poor prognosis.

## Signs and symptoms

Small-cell carcinoma of the lung usually presents in the central airways and infiltrates the submucosa leading to narrowing of bronchial airways. Common symptoms include cough, dyspnea, weight loss, and debility. Over 70% of patients with small-cell carcinoma present with metastatic disease; common sites include liver, adrenals, bone, and brain.

Due to its high grade neuroendocrine nature, small-cell carcinomas can produce ectopic hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). Ectopic production of large amounts of ADH leads to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH). Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a well-known paraneoplastic condition linked to small-cell carcinoma. Approximately half of all individuals diagnosed with Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome will eventually be found to have a small-cell carcinoma of the lung.

## Genetics

TP53 is mutated in 70 to 90% of SCLCs. RB1 and the retinoblastoma pathway are inactivated in most SCLCs. PTEN is mutated in 2 to 10%. MYC amplifications and amplification of MYC family members are found in 30% of SCLCs. Loss of heterozygocity on chromosome arm 3p is found in more than 80% of SCLCs, including the loss of FHIT. One hundred translocations have been reported in SCLCs.

## Diagnosis

Small-cell carcinoma is an undifferentiated neoplasm composed of primitive-appearing cells. As the name implies, the cells in small-cell carcinomas are smaller than normal cells, and barely have room for any cytoplasm. Some researchers identify this as a failure in the mechanism that controls the size of the cells.

At the time of diagnosis, 60–70% of people already have metastases.

## Treatment

### LS-SCLC

In cases of LS-SCLC, combination chemotherapy is administered together with concurrent chest radiotherapy. Chest radiotherapy has been shown to improve survival in LS-SCLC. Because SCLC usually metastasizes widely very early on in the natural history of the tumor, and because nearly all cases respond dramatically to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, there has been little role for surgery in this disease since the 1970s. However, in cases of small, asymptomatic, node-negative SCLC's ("very limited stage"), surgical excision may improve survival when used prior to chemotherapy.

### ES-SCLC

In ES-SCLC, platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard of care.

Combination chemotherapy consists of a wide variety of agents, including cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and carboplatin. Response rates are high even in extensive disease, with between 15% and 30% of subjects having a complete response to combination chemotherapy, and the vast majority having at least some objective response. Responses in ES-SCLC are often of short duration, and the evidence surrounding the risk of treatment compared to the potential benefit of chemotherapy for people who have extensive SCLC is not clear.

### Chemotherapy

Small-cell lung cancer is most commonly treated with chemotherapy in a combination of two drugs, which is more effective than one drug alone.

1. Cisplatin and etoposide,
2. Carboplatin and etoposide.

#### Cisplatin-resistance

The drug paclitaxel may be useful in the treatment of cisplatin-resistant cancer. About 68.1% of cisplatin-resistant cells appear to be sensitive to paclitaxel and 66.7% of paclitaxel-resistant cells to cisplatin. The mechanism for this activity is unknown. Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy showed modest activity in SCLC patients refractory to both etoposide- and camptothecin-based chemotherapy. The newer agent lurbinectedin is active in relapsed SCLC and was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020.

### Immunotherapy

The FDA has approved three immunotherapies for small cell lung cancer:

Canadian regulator rejected funding Tecentriq (Atezolizumab) for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer in 2020 "as too costly" followed by United Kingdom also citing "drug’s cost-effectiveness."

### Radiation therapy

Chest radiation helps SCLC patients live longer by killing cancer cells and helping prevention of cancer recurrence. Another type of radiation, prophylactic cranial radiation, prevents central nervous system recurrence and can improve survival in patients with good performance status who have had a complete response or a very good partial response to chemoradiation in LD or chemotherapy in ED.

### In case of relapse

If small cell lung cancer comes back after treatment, the following combination of drugs may be used as a salvage therapy:

1. Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Procytox),
2. Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and
3. Vincristine (Oncovin)
4. Paclitaxel (Taxol)
5. Irinotecan (Camptosar)

Guidelines recommended as of 2018 that patients who relapse \> 6 months from initial therapy should be retreated with the original chemotherapy regimen. For patients who relapse in \< 6 months, single-agent chemotherapy either topotecan second-line therapy, or paclitaxel can be used.

#### Novel agents

Several newer agents, including temozolomide and bendamustine, have activity in relapsed SCLC. Of note, temozolomide yielded a response rate of 38% for brain metastases due to SCLC.

In a clinical trial of 50 patients, combination of olaparib and temozolomide in relapsed small-cell lung cancer yielded an overall response rate of 41.7%, median progression-free survival 4.2 months, and overall survival was 8.5 months.

Lurbinectedin showed increased overall survival rate in relapsed small cell lung cancer in a trial. Lurbinectedin is As of 2019 available in the U.S. under an expanded access program (EAP).

Trilaciclib, a CKD4/6 inhibitor, reduces chemotheraphy-induced toxicity in patients being treated for small-cell lung cancer.

In 2021, the FDA approved trilaciclib (Cosela) as a treatment to reduce the frequency of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression for patients receiving certain types of chemotherapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer.

## Prognosis

As of 2015, 5-year survival rates for small cell lung cancer (extensive and limited) range between 3.6% and 32.2% for women, and between 2.2% and 24.5% for men. Relative 5-year survival rate for both sexes has increased from 3.6% in 1975 to 6.7% in 2014. In *limited-stage* disease, relative 5-year survival rate (both sexes, all races, all ages) is 21.3%; however, women have higher 5-year survival rates, 26.9%, and men have lower survival rates, 21.3%. The prognosis is far grimmer in *extensive-stage* small-cell lung carcinoma where 5-year relative survival rate (both sexes, all races, all ages) is 2.8%; however, women have higher 5-year survival rates, 3.4%, and men have lower 5-year survival rates, 2.2%.

Small-cell carcinoma is very responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and in particular, regimens based on platinum-containing agents. However, most people with the disease relapse and median survival remains low. The overall incidence and mortality rates of SCLC in the United States have decreased during the past few decades.

Long-term survival of more than 5 years can be achieved with proper treatment. According to the 17th World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC), "patients who received chest radiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation along with a mean of five chemotherapy cycles could achieve a median survival of more than 5 years." In some cases, long-term survival of 10+ years is achieved with chemotherapy and radiation alone.

A 2023 article stated that the median overall survival is about 1 year, the worst of any lung cancer subtype.

## Epidemiology

Small cell lung carcinoma stand for 15% of lung cancers in the United States. Small cell lung cancer occurs almost exclusively in smokers – most commonly in heavy smokers and rarely in non-smokers.

## Society

In 2013, the US Congress passed the Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act, which mandated increased attention to certain recalcitrant cancers (cancers having a 5-year relative survival rate of less than 50%), including small cell lung cancer. That led to the National Cancer Institute supporting small cell–specific research.

### Notable cases

* Dustin Diamond, perhaps best known as an actor on Saved by the Bell, died one month after the diagnosis.
* Asbjørn Sennels, Danish football player, died three months after the diagnosis.

## Additional images

## InfoBox

| Small-cell carcinoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | Small-cell lung cancer, <br>oat-cell carcinoma |
|  | |
| Micrograph of a small-cell carcinoma of the lung showing cells with nuclear moulding, minimal amount of cytoplasm and stippled chromatin. FNA specimen. Field stain. | |
| Specialty | Oncology |


title: Shulan

abstract: Shulan is a county-level city in northern Jilin province, Northeast China. It falls under the administration of Jilin City, 71 kilometres (44 mi) to the south-southwest.

text:
# Shulan

**Shulan** (simplified Chinese: 舒兰; traditional Chinese: 舒蘭; pinyin: *Shūlán*) is a county-level city in northern Jilin province, Northeast China. It falls under the administration of Jilin City, 71 kilometres (44 mi) to the south-southwest.

## Administrative divisions

Shulan is divided into 5 subdistricts, 10 towns, and 5 townships. The city is also home to a National Economic and Technological Development Zone. The following table shows the township-level subdivisions of Shulan:

Township-Level Subdivisions of Shulan City
| English Name | Pinyin | Hanzi | Subdivision Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Beicheng Subdistrict | *Běichéng Jiēdào* | 北城街道 | Subdistrict |
| Nancheng Subdistrict | *Nánchéng Jiēdào* | 南城街道 | Subdistrict |
| Huancheng Subdistrict | *Huánchéng Jiēdào* | 环城街道 | Subdistrict |
| Jishu Subdistrict | *Jíshū Jiēdào* | 吉舒街道 | Subdistrict |
| Binhe Subdistrict | *Bīnhé Jiēdào* | 滨河街道 | Subdistrict |
| Baiqi | *Báiqí Zhèn* | 白旗镇 | Town |
| Chaoyang | *Chāoyáng Zhèn* | 朝阳镇 | Town |
| Shangying | *Shàngyíng Zhèn* | 上营镇 | Town |
| Ping'an | *Píng'ān Zhèn* | 平安镇 | Town |
| Shuiquliu | *Shuǐqūliǔ Zhèn* | 水曲柳镇 | Town |
| Fate | *Fǎtè Zhèn* | 法特镇 | Town |
| Xihe | *Xīhé Zhèn* | 溪河镇 | Town |
| Xiaocheng | *Xiǎochéng Zhèn* | 小城镇 | Town |
| Kaiyuan | *Kāiyuán Zhèn* | 开原镇 | Town |
| Jinma | *Jīnmǎ Zhèn* | 金马镇 | Town |
| Lianhua Township | *Liánhuā Xiāng* | 莲花乡 | Township |
| Liangjiashan Township | *Liàngjiǎshān Xiāng* | 亮甲山乡 | Township |
| Xin'an Township | *Xīn'ān Xiāng* | 新安乡 | Township |
| Qili Township | *Qīlǐ Xiāng* | 七里乡 | Township |
| Tiande Township | *Tiāndé Xiāng* | 天德乡 | Township |

## Geography

The city spans an area of approximately 4,557 square kilometers in area, bounded by the Songhua River to its west. The Hulan River also flows through the city. The city has an average elevation of 740 meters in height. Shulan is home to a total of 318 species of animals which are classified as protected by the government, including sables, tigers, oriental storks, black storks, Asian black bears, yellow-throated martens, lynx, red deer, hazel grouse, Siberian cranes, swans, and various types of hawks and eagles.

### Climate

The average annual temperature of Shulan 4.3 °C, and the annual precipitation averages 683 millimeters.

| Climate data for Shulan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 4.2
(39.6) | 11.0
(51.8) | 19.0
(66.2) | 28.6
(83.5) | 32.5
(90.5) | 37.0
(98.6) | 35.8
(96.4) | 34.6
(94.3) | 29.7
(85.5) | 26.9
(80.4) | 20.5
(68.9) | 10.7
(51.3) | 37.0
(98.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −10.1
(13.8) | −5.0
(23.0) | 3.2
(37.8) | 13.6
(56.5) | 20.7
(69.3) | 25.6
(78.1) | 27.5
(81.5) | 26.2
(79.2) | 21.4
(70.5) | 12.9
(55.2) | 1.3
(34.3) | −7.8
(18.0) | 10.8
(51.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −16.6
(2.1) | −11.7
(10.9) | −2.5
(27.5) | 7.5
(45.5) | 14.7
(58.5) | 20.1
(68.2) | 22.8
(73.0) | 21.2
(70.2) | 15.1
(59.2) | 6.8
(44.2) | −3.9
(25.0) | −13.6
(7.5) | 5.0
(41.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −22.5
(−8.5) | −18.2
(−0.8) | −8.1
(17.4) | 1.5
(34.7) | 8.6
(47.5) | 14.8
(58.6) | 18.4
(65.1) | 16.9
(62.4) | 9.4
(48.9) | 1.4
(34.5) | −8.7
(16.3) | −18.9
(−2.0) | −0.5
(31.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.4
(−42.5) | −40.3
(−40.5) | −27.8
(−18.0) | −15.0
(5.0) | −3.6
(25.5) | 4.5
(40.1) | 10.5
(50.9) | 5.8
(42.4) | −4.0
(24.8) | −13.5
(7.7) | −28.6
(−19.5) | −39.1
(−38.4) | −41.4
(−42.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 6.8
(0.27) | 8.5
(0.33) | 18.0
(0.71) | 33.5
(1.32) | 70.2
(2.76) | 106.5
(4.19) | 165.7
(6.52) | 148.3
(5.84) | 65.5
(2.58) | 38.9
(1.53) | 26.1
(1.03) | 12.1
(0.48) | 700.1
(27.56) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.8 | 6.1 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 12.8 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 14.6 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 122.2 |
| Average snowy days | 10.0 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9 | 9.2 | 11.5 | 54.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 63 | 58 | 51 | 59 | 69 | 78 | 81 | 74 | 64 | 65 | 69 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.9 | 176.5 | 206.2 | 204.7 | 226.8 | 230.4 | 215.2 | 213.2 | 219.9 | 184.6 | 142.6 | 132.5 | 2,301.5 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 59 | 56 | 51 | 49 | 50 | 46 | 50 | 59 | 55 | 50 | 48 | 52 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

From the Xia dynasty through the Qin dynasty, the region of present-day Shulan was inhabited by the Sushen People. Afterwards, during the Han dynasty, the area fell under the jurisdiction of the Xuantu Commandery. Upon the establishment of the Dongdan Kingdom, the area began inhabited by the Jurchen People.

Shulan's historical sites include the tombs of Wanyan Xiyin, the erstwhile "Chief Shaman" of the Jurchens and, later, the chief minister of the early Jin Empire, and his family members. Since 1961, they have been listed on the provincial register of the protected historical sites.

During the Qing dynasty, the so-called Outer Willow Palisade, separating the Mongolian and Manchurian lands to the west and east respectively, ended near the town of Fate (法特镇) within today's Shulan.

## Economy

Like much of China, Shulan experienced vast economic growth throughout the 2000s, with the city's GDP increasing from 4.309 billion Renminbi in 2005 to 12.801 by 2010. During this time, the city's average wages also rose dramatically, from 8,039 Renminbi in 2005 to 22,896 Renminbi five years later. The city's GDP peaked in 2014 at 21.052 billion Renminbi, and has remained stable at approximately 20 billion during the latter 2010's. During this economic slowdown, the Shulan's tertiary sector has grown in importance, accounting for 53.7% of the city's GDP as of 2018.

### Agriculture

As of 2018, the city's crop planting area is 134,000 hectares, including 48,000 hectares of rice, 79,000 hectares of corn, and 77,000 hectares of soybeans, and the city achieved total grain output of 914,000 tons. Shulan's animal husbandry sector includes 1.222 million live pigs, 327,000 heads of cattle, 1.201 million heads of chickens, and 1.806 million heads of swan. The city has also developed a considerable forestry industry.

### Natural Resources

Mineral deposits in Shulan include lignite, silica, white granite, and peat. The city also has China's only significant deposit of ball clay. Shulan's proven basic reserves of coal are 211 million tons, mainly lignite. The proven reserves of molybdenum in the city are 710,300 tons, which are mainly distributed in a few small towns. The city also has proven reserves totaling 97.097 million tons of ball clay, 5.67 million cubic meters of basalt, and about 200 million cubic meters of granite. There is also considerable reserves of mineral water.

## Education

There are 184 schools in the city, including 4 high schools, 1 vocational high school, 20 junior high schools, 95 primary schools, and 1 special education school. The city has a total of 53,000 students.

## Transportation

Key roadways which pass through Shulan include China National Highway 202, Jilin Provincial Highway 204, and Jilin Provincial Highway 205. The Labin Railway and the Jilin-Shulan Railway pass through the city. Major railway stations in the city include the Fengguang, Jishu, Dongfu, Ma'anling, Shangying, Xiaocheng, Shuiqiliu, Ping'an, and Shulan stations.

## InfoBox

| Shulan 舒兰市 | |
| --- | --- |
| County-level city | |
| ShulanLocation of the city | |
| Coordinates (Shulan municipal government): 44°24′21″N 126°57′56″E / 44.4059°N 126.9655°E / 44.4059; 126.9655 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jilin |
| Prefecture-level city | Jilin City |
| City Seat | Baiqi (白旗镇) |
| Area | |
| County-level city | 4,557.0 km2 (1,759.5 sq mi) |
| Urban | 180.00 km2 (69.50 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 234 m (768 ft) |
| Population (2017) | |
| County-level city | 703,000 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Urban | 133,200 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Sleeping in the Nothing

abstract: Sleeping in the Nothing is the second studio album by English singer Kelly Osbourne, released on 7 June 2005 by Sanctuary Records. Unlike the pop punk sound of her debut album, Shut Up, Sleeping in the Nothing features Osbourne singing to 1980s-inspired electro beats. For the role of producer, Osbourne worked with Linda Perry. The Japanese edition of the album contains a cover of the 1986 Stacey Q song "Two of Hearts" as a bonus track. Not long after the album's release, Osbourne was dropped by Sanctuary Records.

text:
# Sleeping in the Nothing

***Sleeping in the Nothing*** is the second studio album by English singer Kelly Osbourne, released on 7 June 2005 by Sanctuary Records. Unlike the pop punk sound of her debut album, *Shut Up*, *Sleeping in the Nothing* features Osbourne singing to 1980s-inspired electro beats. For the role of producer, Osbourne worked with Linda Perry.

The Japanese edition of the album contains a cover of the 1986 Stacey Q song "Two of Hearts" as a bonus track.

Not long after the album's release, Osbourne was dropped by Sanctuary Records.

## Promotion

Osbourne promoted the album with several appearances on TV shows and award ceremonies, including *CD:UK*, and the MTV Australia Video Music Awards 2005. Osbourne also made an appearance on *Friday Night with Jonathan Ross*, during which Ross made comments on Osbourne's weight in regards to the album cover, saying she had been "airbrushed". Osbourne later said of the appearance: "The band that was performing was New Order and they refused to play until he apologised. A lot of it wasn't shown on TV because if they saw what he really said to me, I don't think any parent in the world would ever watch his show again. What he said to me destroyed me for two years." Osbourne also said Ross' comments caused her to "sabotage" her record deal: "I thought, 'What the fuck is the point in me doing this shit when a grown man insults me in this way? I'm not strong enough to do this. I'd rather be the trust-fund kid that everyone thinks I am than work my arse off to get insulted.'" She admitted herself to rehab in June 2005, which stopped any further promotion for the album.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Blender* |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | C+ |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *Slant Magazine* |  |
| *Star-News* | favourable |
| *Stylus* | A− |

The album received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, many of which began with an admonition to forget about her previous work. *Billboard* said "the singer sounds incredibly at home in such surroundings." Giving the album three out of five stars, *Rolling Stone* called it an "occasionally invigorating disc of shiny dance rock". In a C+ review, *Entertainment Weekly* writer Timothy Gunatilaka wrote: "'Redlight' and 'I Can't Wait' make for fine party starters, and there are fairly groovy beats throughout.

## Commercial performance

*Sleeping in the Nothing* debuted and peaked at number fifty-seven on the UK Albums Chart, lasting one week in the chart. In the United States, the album reached number 117 on the US *Billboard* 200.

The first and only single from the album, "One Word", peaked at number one on three *Billboard* dance charts, making Osbourne the first artist in the history of the *Billboard* charts to top all three dance surveys in the same week. The single also reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

All songs written by Linda Perry, except where noted.

1. "One Word" – 4:01
2. "Uh Oh" – 3:12
3. "Redlight" – 3:42
4. "Secret Lover" (Kelly Osbourne, Linda Perry) – 3:24
5. "I Can't Wait" – 4:00
6. "Edge of Your Atmosphere" (Kelly Osbourne, Linda Perry) – 3:45
7. "Suburbia" (Kelly Osbourne, Linda Perry) – 3:34
8. "Don't Touch Me While I'm Sleeping" – 3:19
9. "Save Me" (Kelly Osbourne, Linda Perry) – 3:47
10. "Entropy" – 3:19
11. "One Word" (Chris Cox Remix) – 7:55 *(hidden track)*

**Japanese edition bonus track**

1.
2. "Two of Hearts" (John Mitchell, Sue Gatlin, Tim Greene) – 3:56
3.
4. "One Word" (Chris Cox Remix) – 7:55

## Charts

Chart performance for *Sleeping in the Nothing*
| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 57 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 117 |
| US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (*Billboard*) | 2 |

## InfoBox

| Sleeping in the Nothing | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Kelly Osbourne | |
| Released | 7 June 2005 |
| Recorded | 2004–2005 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 43:09 |
| Label | Sanctuary |
| Producer | Linda Perry |
| Kelly Osbourne chronology | |
| *Shut Up*
(2002) ***Sleeping in the Nothing***
(2005) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Sleeping in the Nothing* | |
| 1. "One Word"
Released: 19 April 2005 | |
|  | |


title: Thermal capillary wave

abstract:
Thermal motion is able to produce capillary waves at the molecular scale. At this scale,
gravity and hydrodynamics can be neglected, and only the surface tension contribution is
relevant. Capillary wave theory (CWT) is a classic account of how thermal fluctuations distort an interface.
It starts from some intrinsic surface h that is distorted. Its energy will be
proportional to its area:
  - E s t = σ ∫ d x d y [ 1 + 2 + 2 − 1 ] ≈ σ 2 ∫ d x d y [ 2 + 2 ], where the first equality is the area in this representation, and the second
applies for small values of the derivatives. The constant of proportionality, σ, is the surface tension. By performing a Fourier analysis treatment, normal modes are easily found. Each contributes an energy proportional to the square of its amplitude; therefore, according to classical statistical mechanics, equipartition holds, and the mean energy of each mode will be k T / 2. Surprisingly, this result leads to a divergent surface. This divergence is nevertheless very mild: even for displacements on the order of meters the deviation of the surface is comparable to the size of the molecules. Moreover, the introduction of an external field removes the divergence: the action of gravity is sufficient to keep the width fluctuation on the order of one molecular diameter for areas larger than about 1 mm2.

text:
# Thermal capillary wave

Thermal motion is able to produce capillary waves at the molecular scale. At this scale, gravity and hydrodynamics can be neglected, and only the surface tension contribution is relevant.

Capillary wave theory (CWT) is a classic account of how thermal fluctuations distort an interface. It starts from some intrinsic surface $h(x,y,t)$ that is distorted. Its energy will be proportional to its area:

$$E\_{\mathrm {st} }=\sigma \int dx\\,dy\\,\left\[{\sqrt {1+\left({\frac {dh}{dx}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {dh}{dy}\right)^{2}-1\right\]\approx {\frac {\sigma }{2}\int dx\\,dy\\,\left\[\left({\frac {dh}{dx}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {dh}{dy}\right)^{2}\right\],}}}}}}}$$

where the first equality is the area in this (de Monge) representation, and the second applies for small values of the derivatives (surfaces not too rough). The constant of proportionality, $\sigma $, is the surface tension.

By performing a Fourier analysis treatment, normal modes are easily found. Each contributes an energy proportional to the square of its amplitude; therefore, according to classical statistical mechanics, equipartition holds, and the mean energy of each mode will be $kT/2$. Surprisingly, this result leads to a divergent surface (the width of the interface is bound to diverge with its area). This divergence is nevertheless very mild: even for displacements on the order of meters the deviation of the surface is comparable to the size of the molecules. Moreover, the introduction of an external field removes the divergence: the action of gravity is sufficient to keep the width fluctuation on the order of one molecular diameter for areas larger than about 1 mm2 (Ref. 2).

1. J.S. Rowlinson and B. Widom "Molecular theory of capillarity" 2002


title: VIP Protection Unit (South Africa)

abstract: The VIP Protection Unit is an arm of the South African Police Service responsible for the static and in-transit protection of the president, deputy president, former presidents and deputy presidents, cabinet ministers, MECs and foreign dignitaries. The unit drew criticism in 2009 for on-road bullying tactics. It came to particular prominence in January 2009 following an alleged assault of a civilian who came too close to President Kgalema Motlanthe's vehicle cavalcade. For such actions, the unit received the "blue light gang" moniker. In February 2009, its Gauteng regional boss, Commander Sean Tshabalala, bemoaned the public's lack of respect. Columnist Max du Preez retorted "If you want respect, get out of the cushy cavalcade and go and fight some crime."

text:
# VIP Protection Unit (South Africa)

The **VIP Protection Unit** is an arm of the South African Police Service responsible for the static and in-transit protection of the president, deputy president, former presidents and deputy presidents, cabinet ministers, MECs and foreign dignitaries.

The unit drew criticism in 2009 for on-road bullying tactics. It came to particular prominence in January 2009 following an alleged assault of a civilian who came too close to President Kgalema Motlanthe's vehicle cavalcade. For such actions, the unit received the "blue light gang" moniker. In February 2009, its Gauteng regional boss, Commander Sean Tshabalala, bemoaned the public's lack of respect. Columnist Max du Preez retorted "If you want respect, get out of the cushy cavalcade and go and fight some crime."