title: Spin diffusion

abstract: Spin diffusion describes a situation wherein the individual nuclear spins undergo continuous exchange of energy. This permits polarization differences within the sample to be reduced on a timescale much shorter than relaxation effects. Spin diffusion is a process by which magnetization can be exchanged spontaneously between spins. The process is driven by dipolar coupling, and is therefore related to internuclear distances. Spin diffusion has been used to study many structural problems in the past, ranging from domain sizes in polymers and disorder in glassy materials to high-resolution crystal structure determination of small molecules and proteins. In solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, spin diffusion plays a major role in Cross Polarization (CP) experiments. As mentioned before, by transferring the magnetization (and thus the population) from nuclei with different values for the spin-lattice relaxation (T1), the overall time for the experiment is reduced. Is a very common practice when the sample contains hydrogen. Another desirable effect is that the signal to noise ratio (S/N) is increased until a theoretical factor γA/γB, being γ the gyromagnetic ratio.

text:
# Spin diffusion

**Spin diffusion** describes a situation wherein the individual nuclear spins undergo continuous exchange of energy. This permits polarization differences within the sample to be reduced on a timescale much shorter than relaxation effects.

Spin diffusion is a process by which magnetization can be exchanged spontaneously between spins. The process is driven by dipolar coupling, and is therefore related to internuclear distances. Spin diffusion has been used to study many structural problems in the past, ranging from domain sizes in polymers and disorder in glassy materials to high-resolution crystal structure determination of small molecules and proteins.

In solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, spin diffusion plays a major role in Cross Polarization (CP) experiments. As mentioned before, by transferring the magnetization (and thus the population) from nuclei with different values for the spin-lattice relaxation (*T1*), the overall time for the experiment is reduced. Is a very common practice when the sample contains hydrogen. Another desirable effect is that the signal to noise ratio (S/N) is increased until a theoretical factor γAB, being γ the gyromagnetic ratio.

1. EPS2:Spin-Diffusion


title: Torah Lehranstalt

abstract: Torah Lehranstalt, also known as the Frankfurt Yeshiva or the Breuer Yeshiva, was an Orthodox Jewish yeshiva in Frankfurt am Main, founded in 1893 by Rabbi Dr. Solomon Breuer, the rabbi of the city's seceded Orthodox community.

text:
# Torah Lehranstalt

**Torah Lehranstalt**, also known as the **Frankfurt Yeshiva** or the **Breuer Yeshiva**, was an Orthodox Jewish yeshiva in Frankfurt am Main, founded in 1893 by Rabbi Dr. Solomon Breuer, the rabbi of the city's seceded Orthodox community (the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft, Khal Adath Jeshurun).

## History

Rabbi Breuer served as the rabbi of Frankfurt's seceded Orthodox Jewish community, having received the position after the death of his father-in-law, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. In 1893, he founded the Torah Lehranstalt yeshiva, aiming to raise his community's appreciation of Torah study.

The yeshiva was run in the style of the Hungarian yeshivas which Rabbi Breuer had studied in prior. Besides for the classic Gemara study, the yeshiva also included a secular studies program as well as classes in Jewish history and *Nevi'im*. There was also a focus on studying the laws of Shabbos, kashruth, prayer, and blessings.

In 1911, his son, Rabbi Joseph Breuer, joined the yeshiva faculty and introduced a learning program where the older students of Torah Lehranstalt studied together with the younger students from the community's Orthodox high school, the *Samson Raphael Hirsch Realschule*. This convinced the *Realschule* students to enroll in yeshiva after graduation.

In 1921, the yeshiva was divided into five levels of study, with approximately thirty students in each track. While the students were primarily Germans, many came from Hungary, Austria, and Moravia as well.

After the death of Rabbi Solomon Breuer in 1926, his son Rabbi Joseph Breuer became rosh yeshiva (dean). The yeshiva closed at the onset of the Holocaust.

Rabbi Breuer left Germany in 1938 and became the leader of Khal Adath Jeshurun community in New York.

In some sense, the Yeshiva Gedolah Frankfurt established in 2000, continues the tradition.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Torah Lehranstalt
| Other names | Frankfurt Yeshiva
Breuer Yeshiva |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Yeshiva |
| Active | 1893–1938 |
| Founder | Rabbi Salomon Breuer |
| Religious affiliation | Orthodox Judaism |
| Rosh yeshiva | Rabbi Salomon Breuer
Rabbi Joseph Breuer |
| Students | approx. 150 |
| Location | Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany |


title: Chase N. Peterson

abstract: Chase Nebeker Peterson was an American physician who became dean of admissions at his alma mater, Harvard University, and dean of the health sciences at the University of Utah, before being selected president of the University of Utah in 1983.

text:
# Chase N. Peterson

**Chase Nebeker Peterson** (December 27, 1929 – September 14, 2014) was an American physician who became dean of admissions at his alma mater, Harvard University, and dean of the health sciences at the University of Utah, before being selected president of the University of Utah in 1983.

## Biography

Chase N. Peterson MD grew up in Logan, Utah, where his father, E. G. Peterson, was the president of Utah State University. After attending a Massachusetts boarding school, Peterson earned his bachelor's and doctor of medicine degrees from Harvard University. He practiced medicine in Utah before returning to Harvard in 1967 to become dean of admissions. Instead of using quotas to admit more American Black students, Peterson notably hired an African-American to be part of the admissions staff and thereby increased recruiting of black students.

Peterson married Ane Grethe Ballif, who after her marriage was normally referred to as Grethe Ballif Peterson. Grethe was a graduate of Brigham Young University and pursued graduate studies at Radcliffe College, Southern Connecticut State College and the University of Utah.

While at Harvard, Peterson served as a bishop of the University Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

In 1978, Peterson left Harvard to become dean of health sciences at the University of Utah. In 1983 he succeeded David P. Gardner as president of the university. The first human implantation of an artificial heart and the Fleischmann–Pons experiment took place at the university on his watch. Peterson retired from the university in 1991, though continued teaching a course at the medical school until his death.

In 2006, Peterson received the Harvard Alumni Association medal.

Dr. Chase Peterson died at 84 of pneumonia on September 14, 2014.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Chase N. Peterson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 11th President of the
University of Utah | |
| **In office**
1983–1991 | |
| Preceded by | David P. Gardner |
| Succeeded by | Arthur K. Smith |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1929-12-27)December 27, 1929
Logan, Utah |
| Died | September 14, 2014(2014-09-14) (aged 84)
Salt Lake City, Utah |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
|  | |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Russian Chemical Reviews

abstract: The Russian Chemical Reviews journal was founded in 1932 and is currently published by the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The journal publishes high-quality authoritative and critical reviews on topical issues of modern chemistry and related sciences According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 7.0. In 2022, the journal moved to an open access publishing model. It has since become a diamond open access journal, with no charges to readers or authors.

text:
# Russian Chemical Reviews

The ***Russian Chemical Reviews*** journal was founded in 1932 and is currently published by the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The journal publishes high-quality authoritative and critical reviews on topical issues of modern chemistry and related sciences

According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 7.0.

In 2022, the journal moved to an open access publishing model. It has since become a diamond open access journal, with no charges to readers or authors.

## InfoBox

*Russian Chemical Reviews*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Chemistry |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Mikhail P Egorov |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1960-present |
| Publisher | ANO Editorial Board of the journal Uspekhi Khimii (Russia) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Open access | Diamond |
| Impact factor | 7.0 (2023) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Russ. Chem. Rev.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0036-021X (print)
1468-4837 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 37632471 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Clark County Water Reclamation District

abstract: The Clark County Water Reclamation District (District) is a government wastewater treatment agency in Clark County, Nevada. As a member of the Southern Nevada Water Authority, its mission is to treat millions of gallons of wastewater that is produced every day. The District is the largest water treatment agency in Southern Nevada and is responsible for treating wastewater from unincorporated parts of Clark County within the Las Vegas Valley, including most of the Las Vegas Strip, and the communities of Blue Diamond, Moapa Valley, Indian Springs, Laughlin, and Searchlight. The district was created by judicial decree in August 1954. Prior to that time, the treatment of sewage in unincorporated Clark County was by means of cesspools, septic tanks, and several small treatment plants operated by the hotels along the Las Vegas Strip. The continuing growth of both the tourist and residential portions of the community pointed out the need for more sanitary and efficient means of treating the wastewater. The District collects and reclaims an average of 83 million US gallons (310,000 m⁳) per day of wastewater. Current plans call for expansion of the district's facility to allow for up to 110 million US gallons (420,000 m⁳) per day of wastewater to be treated, which will be needed as the Las Vegas Valley continues to grow. Other wastewater in the Las Vegas Valley is treated by individual cities that operate their own treatment facilities.

text:
# Clark County Water Reclamation District

The **Clark County Water Reclamation District (District)** is a government wastewater treatment agency in Clark County, Nevada. As a member of the Southern Nevada Water Authority, its mission is to treat millions of gallons of wastewater that is produced every day. The District is the largest water treatment agency in Southern Nevada and is responsible for treating wastewater from unincorporated parts of Clark County within the Las Vegas Valley, including most of the Las Vegas Strip, and the communities of Blue Diamond, Moapa Valley, Indian Springs, Laughlin, and Searchlight.

The district was created by judicial decree in August 1954. Prior to that time, the treatment of sewage in unincorporated Clark County was by means of cesspools, septic tanks, and several small treatment plants operated by the hotels along the Las Vegas Strip. The continuing growth of both the tourist and residential portions of the community pointed out the need for more sanitary and efficient means of treating the wastewater.

The District collects and reclaims an average of 83 million US gallons (310,000 m3) per day of wastewater. Current plans call for expansion of the district's facility to allow for up to 110 million US gallons (420,000 m3) per day of wastewater to be treated, which will be needed as the Las Vegas Valley continues to grow.

Other wastewater in the Las Vegas Valley is treated by individual cities that operate their own treatment facilities.


title: Liotella elegans

abstract: Liotella elegans is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae,.

text:
# Liotella elegans

***Liotella elegans*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae,.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Northern Territory, Australia.

* Laseron, C. 1958. *Liotiidae and allied molluscs from the Dampierian Zoogeographical Province*. Rec. Aust. Mus. Vol. 24 (11) pp. 165–182, figs 1-87

## InfoBox

| *Liotella elegans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Skeneidae |
| Genus: | *Liotella* |
| Species: | ***L. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Liotella elegans***<br>Laseron, 1958 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chunula elegans* (Laseron, 1958) | |


title: Duncan K. Foley

abstract: Duncan K. Foley is an American economist. He is the Leo Model Professor of Economics at the New School for Social Research and an External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Economics at MIT and Stanford, and Professor of Economics at Columbia University. He has held visiting professorships at Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University, UC Berkeley, and Dartmouth College, as well as the New School for Social Research. Foley has served as the Co-Editor of ‘‘Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization’’ (1999–2001), as an Associate Editor of ‘‘Journal of Economic Theory’’ (1976–1981), and of ‘‘Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization’’ (1989–2014), and on the editorial boards of ‘‘Journal of Economic Literature’’ (1985–1991), ‘‘Metroeconomica’’ (1991–present), and ‘‘Princeton University Press Series on Complexity’’ (1993–2004). He also served on the Nominating Committee of the American Economics Association (1990). His most-cited work was on Marxian economics and value theory, in particular his seminal book that put Das Kapital in a modern form, offering an accessible and rigorous introduction to Marx’s thought – this work disrupted his path to tenure. However, at length he provides treatments of the history and theory of economics encompassing John Maynard Keynes, Hyman Minsky, David Ricardo, Jean-Baptiste Say, Adam Smith, and Piero Sraffa. Indeed, his work ranges across such topics as economics, physics, ecology, money, complexity and statistical reasoning, and problems of social coordination. Foley has contributed to political economy and public finance, monetary economics, global environmental economic policy and technological innovation, econometrics, Bayesian statistics and foundations for choice of theory, information theory, complex systems theory and economics, statistical equilibrium economic modeling, economic dynamics, and other macroeconomics. In the field of fair division, he is considered the first to introduce the concept of envy-free resource allocation.

text:
# Duncan K. Foley

**Duncan K. Foley** (born June 15, 1942) is an American economist. He is the Leo Model Professor of Economics at the New School for Social Research and an External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Economics at MIT and Stanford, and Professor of Economics at Columbia University (Barnard College and Columbia University Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences). He has held visiting professorships at Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University, UC Berkeley, and Dartmouth College, as well as the New School for Social Research (in 1995, prior to his permanent position starting in 1999).

Foley has served as the Co-Editor of ‘‘Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization’’ (1999–2001), as an Associate Editor of ‘‘Journal of Economic Theory’’ (1976–1981), and of ‘‘Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization’’ (1989–2014), and on the editorial boards of ‘‘Journal of Economic Literature’’ (1985–1991), ‘‘Metroeconomica’’ (1991–present), and ‘‘Princeton University Press Series on Complexity’’ (1993–2004). He also served on the Nominating Committee of the American Economics Association (1990).

His most-cited work was on Marxian economics and value theory, in particular his seminal book that put *Das Kapital* in a modern form, offering an accessible and rigorous introduction to Marx’s thought – this work disrupted his path to tenure.

However, at length he provides treatments of the history and theory of economics encompassing John Maynard Keynes, Hyman Minsky, David Ricardo, Jean-Baptiste Say, Adam Smith, and Piero Sraffa. Indeed, his work ranges across such topics as economics, physics, ecology, money, complexity and statistical reasoning, and problems of social coordination. Foley has contributed to political economy and public finance, monetary economics, global environmental economic policy and technological innovation, econometrics, Bayesian statistics and foundations for choice of theory, information theory, complex systems theory (thermodynamics / statistical mechanics) and economics (as well as classical political theory), statistical equilibrium economic modeling, economic dynamics, and other macroeconomics (including growth theory, business cycle theory and the theory of distribution). In the field of fair division, he is considered the first to introduce the concept of envy-free resource allocation.

## Personal life

Foley was born in Columbus, OH. He is married with one son, and is of Quaker descent.

## Awards and recognition

* 2015 Leontief Award, Global Development And Environment Institute, Tufts University
* 2013 *Social Fairness and Economics: Essays in the Spirit of Duncan Foley*
* Gildersleeve Lecturer, Barnard College of Columbia University, 2009
* Schumpeter Lectures, University of Graz, 2001
* International Who’s Who of Economics
* Ford Foundation Faculty Research Professor, 1969-70

## Selected publications

* 2010 "What's wrong with the fundamental existence and welfare theorems?", *Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization* 75
* 2009, “The economic fundamentals of global warming” in Jonathan M. Harris and Neva R. Goodwin (eds.), *Twenty-first Century Macroeconomics: Responding to the Climate Challenge* Edward Elgar Publishing
* 2008, *Adam’s Fallacy: A Guide to Economic Theology*. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press
* 2003, *Unholy Trinity: Labor, Capital, and Land in the New Economy*, London: Routledge
* 1999, co-author with Thomas R. Michl *Growth and Distribution*, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press (Japanese trans., 2002)
* 1998, co-editor (and contributor) with Peter S. Albin, *Barriers and Bounds to Rationality: Essays on Economic Complexity and Dynamics in Interactive Systems*, Princeton: Princeton University Press
* 1994, "A Statistical Equilibrium Theory of Markets," *Journal of Economic Theory* 62:2
* 1990, "Recent Developments in Economic Theory," *Social Research* 57:3
* 1986, *Understanding Capital: Marx's Economic Theory*, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press (Japanese trans., 1988; Italian trans., 1994)
* 1986, *Money, Accumulation and Crisis*, London/New York: Harwood Academic (Japanese trans., 1988; Italian trans., 1994)
* 1982, "The Value of Money, the Value of Labor Power, and the Marxian Transformation Problem". *Review of Radical Political Economics*. **14** (2): 37–46. 1982. doi:10.1177/048661348201400204. S2CID 154598942.
* 1971, co-author with Miguel Sidrauski, *Monetary and Fiscal Policy in a Growing Economy*, New York: Macmillan (Japanese trans., 1974)
* 1967, "Lindahl's Solution and the Core of an Economy with Public Goods", *Econometrica*, 38:1, pp. 66–72
* 1967, "Resource allocation and the public sector," *Yale Economic Essays 7:1, pp. 45–98*

Several working papers are also available here.

## InfoBox

| Duncan K. Foley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1942-06-15) June 15, 1942
Columbus, Ohio, US |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Economics |
| Institution | New School of Social Research and Santa Fe Institute |
| School or
tradition | Classical economics, Marxian economics, Keynesian economics, Neo-Ricardian economics, Neoclassical economics, Alternatives to capitalism |
| Alma mater | Yale University (Ph.D., Economics, 1966; National Science Foundation Grant Fellowship)
Swarthmore College (B.A. Mathematics, 1964; Phi Beta Kappa) |
| Doctoral
advisor | Herbert Scarf
James Tobin |
| Doctoral
students | Mark Gertler
Salimullah Khan |
| Influences | Karl Marx, Michel Aglietta, Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Nikolai Bukharin, Samuel Bowles, Maurice Dobb, William Baumol, Luigi Pasinetti, Erik Lindahl |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |


title: Stephen Tomusange

abstract: Stephen Salonga Tomusange was an Anglican bishop who served in Uganda during the second half of the 20th century. He was educated at King's College Budo and Buwalasi Theological College. He was ordained deacon in 1936 and priest in 1938. He served in the Diocese of the Upper Nile and was its Assistant Bishop from 1952 to 1961. He was translated to Soroti in 1961; and again to West Buganda in 1965. Tomusange retired in 1974.

text:
# Stephen Tomusange

**Stephen Salonga Tomusange** was an Anglican bishop who served in Uganda during the second half of the 20th century.

He was educated at King's College Budo and Buwalasi Theological College. He was ordained deacon in 1936 and priest in 1938. He served in the Diocese of the Upper Nile and was its Assistant Bishop from 1952 to 1961 (he was also Archdeacon of Teso from 1959). He was translated to Soroti in 1961; and again to West Buganda in 1965 (where he was also Dean). Tomusange retired in 1974.


title: Rissopsis

abstract: Rissopsis is a genus of very small, somewhat amphibious land snails that have a gill and an operculum, semi-terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusk in the family Iravadiidae.

text:
# Rissopsis

***Rissopsis*** is a genus of very small, somewhat amphibious land snails that have a gill and an operculum, semi-terrestrial gastropod mollusks or micromollusk in the family Iravadiidae.

## Species

Species within the genus *Rissopsis* include:

Species brought into synonymy * *Rissopsis brevis* May, 1919: synonym of *Austrorissopsis consobrina* (Tate & May, 1900)
* *Rissopsis expansa* Powell, 1930: synonym of *Eusetia expansa* (Powell, 1930)
* *Rissopsis ligula* Kilburn, 1975: synonym of *Rissopsis prolongata* (Turton, 1932)

## InfoBox

| *Rissopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha |
| Superfamily: | Rissooidea |
| Family: | Iravadiidae |
| Genus: | ***Rissopsis***
Garrett, 1873 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Rissopsis typica* Garrett, 1873
 | |


title: Châtres-la-Forêt

abstract: Châtres-la-Forêt is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Évron.

text:
# Châtres-la-Forêt

**Châtres-la-Forêt** (French pronunciation: \[ʃatʁ la fɔʁɛ\]) is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Évron.

## InfoBox

| Châtres-la-Forêt | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Évron | |
| The Château de Montecler | |
| Location of Châtres-la-Forêt | |
| Châtres-la-ForêtChâtres-la-Forêt | |
| Coordinates: 48°08′03″N 0°25′50″W / 48.1342°N 0.4306°W / 48.1342; -0.4306 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Mayenne |
| Arrondissement | Mayenne |
| Canton | Évron |
| Commune | Évron |
| Area**1** | 13.60 km2 (5.25 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 790 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 53600 |
| Elevation | 82–129 m (269–423 ft)
(avg. 103 m or 338 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Torotix

abstract: Torotix is a Late Cretaceous genus of aquatic birds. They lived along the shores of the Western Interior Seaway, but it is not clear whether they were seabirds or freshwater birds, as the genus is only known from a humerus. Consequently, the genus contains only one known species, Torotix clemensi. T. clemensi is represented by a single fossil specimen, a partial humerus recovered from the Lance formation of Wyoming. Its deposits are dated to the very end of the Cretaceous period, 66 million years ago.

text:
# Torotix

***Torotix*** is a Late Cretaceous genus of aquatic birds. They lived along the shores of the Western Interior Seaway, but it is not clear whether they were seabirds or freshwater birds, as the genus is only known from a humerus. Consequently, the genus contains only one known species, ***Torotix clemensi***. *T. clemensi* is represented by a single fossil specimen, a partial humerus (upper arm bone) recovered from the Lance formation of Wyoming. Its deposits are dated to the very end of the Cretaceous period, 66 million years ago.

## Classification

*Torotix* was first described by Brodkorb in 1963, who initially suggested that it was related to modern flamingos, in the order Phoenicopteriformes. Later researchers thought it was more likely to have been related to the Charadriiformes (waders/shorebirds). More recent comparative studies have found it to be most similar to Pelecaniformes.

A cladistic study of the wing bone found *Torotix* not to resemble that of the waved albatross (a procellariiform), northern gannet (of the order Suliformes), painted buttonquail (an ancient charadriiform), black-necked stilt (a more advanced charadriiform) or a *Phoenicopterus* flamingo noticeably more than any other. However, this comparison provided information only about ecological rather than phylogenetic similarities.

The family **Torotigidae** was initially established to unite this genus with *Parascaniornis* and *Gallornis*. However, the former is now considered a junior synonym of *Baptornis* (a hesperornithine), while the latter may be a very early fowl of the group Galloanserae.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| *Torotix*
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Pelecaniformes |
| Family: | Torotigidae
Brodkorb, 1963 |
| Genus: | *Torotix*
Brodkorb, 1963 |
| Species: | ***T. clemensi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Torotix clemensi***
Brodkorb, 1963 | |
|


abstract: Ferdinand Albert, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an officer in the army of the Holy Roman Empire. He was prince of Wolfenbüttel during 1735.

text:
# Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

**Ferdinand Albert** (German *Ferdinand Albrecht*; 29 May 1680 (O.S.), Bevern  2 September 1735 (O.S.), Salzdahlum), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an officer in the army of the Holy Roman Empire. He was prince of Wolfenbüttel during 1735.

## Life

Ferdinand Albert was the fourth son of Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Christina Wilhelmina of Hesse-Eschwege.

Ferdinand Albert fought on the side of Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1704 he became adjutant of the Emperor; in 1707 major general, and in 1711 lieutenant field marshal. During the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18, he fought under Prince Eugene of Savoy, participated in the battles of Belgrade and Petrovaradin, and became commander of the fortress of Komárno. In 1723, he became field marshal, and in 1733, *Generalfeldmarschall*.

After the death of his cousin and father-in-law Louis Rudolph in March 1735, Ferdinand Albert inherited the Principality of Wolfenbüttel and resigned as field marshal. He died six months later.

## Marriage

Ferdinand Albert married Antoinette Amalie (1696–1762), youngest daughter of his first cousin Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and his wife Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen, on 15 October 1712. They had 12 children who reached adulthood.

1. Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1 August 1713 – 26 March 1780) married Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia and had issue.
2. Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (28 August 1714 – 4 May 1774 (O.S.)) married Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia and had issue. He and his children were treated barbarically by Empress Elizabeth of Russia and he died in prison.
3. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (8 November 1715 – 13 January 1797) married Frederick the Great of Prussia, no issue.
4. Ludwig Ernest of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (25 September 1718 – 12 May 1788) died unmarried.
5. Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (12 January 1721 – 3 July 1792) died unmarried.
6. Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (29 January 1722 – 13 January 1780) married Prince Augustus William of Prussia and had issue, including Frederick William II of Prussia.
7. Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (13/23 January 1724 – 17 May 1802) married Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and had issue.
8. Albert of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (4 March 1725 – 30 September 1745) died unmarried.
9. Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (30 November 1726 –20 May 1766) died unmarried.
10. Theresa Natalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (4 June 1728 – 26 June 1778) died unmarried.
11. Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (4 September 1729 – 10 October 1796) married Frederick V of Denmark and had issue.
12. Frederick William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (17 January 1731 – 24 December 1732) died in infancy.
13. Frederick Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1732–1758) died unmarried at the Battle of Hochkirch.

## Issue

*Note: list may be incomplete.*

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Ferdinand Albert II | |
| --- | --- |
| *Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel* | |
| Portrait by Christoph Bernhard Francke | |
| Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | |
| Reign | 1 March 1735 – 2 September 1735 |
| Predecessor | Louis Rudolph |
| Successor | Charles I |
|  | |
| Born | (1680-05-29)29 May 1680 (O.S.)
Bevern, Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
| Died | 2 September 1735(1735-09-02) (aged 55) (O.S.)
Salzdahlum, Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel |
| Spouse | Antoinette Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel  (m. 1712) |
| Issue
*among others....* | Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Duke Anthony Ulrich
Elisabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia
Duke Louis Ernest
Duke Ferdinand
Luise, Princess of Prussia
Sophie, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Teresa Natalia, Abbess of Gandersheim
Juliana Maria, Queen of Denmark
Duke Frederick Francis |
| House | Guelph |
| Father | Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg |
| Mother | Christina Wilhelmina of Hesse-Eschwege |


abstract: The Chennai Central–Coimbatore Shatabdi Express is a Shatabdi Express train between Chennai Central and Coimbatore Junction in Tamil Nadu.

text:
# Chennai Central–Coimbatore Shatabdi Express

The **Chennai Central–Coimbatore *Shatabdi Express*** is a Shatabdi Express train between Chennai Central and Coimbatore Junction in Tamil Nadu.

## History

The Shatabdi Express which was running from 1995 and 2000 was stopped because it had occupancy of 60 percent as cited by Railways, It was replaced with an Intercity Express departing at identical timings. Later, Indian railways introduced a Duronto Express between Chennai and Coimbatore in 2011. It was converted to Shatabdi Express on 22 Nov 2013 with commercial stoppages to increase revenues as Duronto Express should have had no commercial halt then though it could have operational/ technical halt(s) if it was needed for railways.

## Rake composition & coaches

The 12243/44 MGR Chennai Central–Coimbatore Junction Shatabdi Express presently has 1 Executive class, 7 AC chair car and 2 end-on generator coaches. The train runs with modern LHB coaches.

The coaches in Light blue colour indicate AC Chair Cars and the coaches in Violet colour indicate Executive Chair Car.

| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | EOG | E1 | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | EOG |

## Route and stations

The train has 5 commercial stops in between the starting station and the ending station namely, Katpadi Junction, Jolarpettai Junction, Salem Junction, Erode Junction and Tiruppur.

By comparing with distance written on Chennai Division Map on Southern Railway website and distance written in timetable of a train having stoppages at AVADI and HINDU COLLEGE(H) on official website (If there is no reserved train having stoppages at both places, please view where schedule of unreserved trains is available on official website to verify because you don't find anything if you view the place on official website where only reserved train schedule is available.), the chargeable distance is increased by 6-7 km between AVADI and HINDU COLLEGE(H) and by comparing with distance written on Chennai Division Map and Salem Division Map both on Southern Railway website taking together, and on the other hand, distance written in timetable of a train on official website having stoppages at JOLARPETTAI and TIRUPATTUR JN (If there is no reserved train having stoppages at both places, please view where schedule of unreserved trains is available on official website to verify because you don't find anything if you view the place on official website where only reserved train schedule is available.), the chargeable distance is increased by about 4 km between JOLARPETTAI and TIRUPATTUR JN. Maybe the reason behind increasing is higher cost for special railway infrastructure of these regions (not sure). As per just mentioned Chennai Division Map and Salem Division Map both on Southern Railway website taking together, distance between MGR Chennai Central and IRUGUR(H) is 475.15 km and IRUGUR(H) to COIMBATORE JN is 17.70 km and taking their sum is 492.85 km which is real distance between MGR Chennai Central and Coimbatore but chargeable distance is 502 km. It is readers responsibility to check if following links are official or not:  (search maps on it)

1. https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view\_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1748&did=1384945469786E10FEB01DA729364AF74C1E333ABCD05.web103
2. "Duronto to run as Shatabdi trains". *The Hindu*. 20 November 2013.
3. "Chennai-Coimbatore Duronto Express withdrawn due to poor patronage: Southern Railway". *The Economic Times*. 20 November 2013.
4. "Kovai Duronto converted to Shatabdi with Rajdhani services". 21 November 2013.
5. "\[IRFCA\] Trains introduced by railway ministers".
6. "S. Rly introduces seven new trains".
7. "Southern Railway Welcomes You". *sr.indianrailways.gov.in*. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
8. "Duronto to run as Shatabdi". *The Hindu*. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
9. "Chennai-Coimbatore Duronto Express withdrawn due to poor patronage: Southern Railway". *The Economic Times*. 20 November 2013. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
10. "Kovai Duronto converted to Shatabdi with Rajdhani services". *Deccan Chronicle*. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
11. "Chennai Kovai Shatabdi to sport new look". Retrieved 24 March 2015.

## InfoBox

| MGR Chennai Central – Coimbatore
*Shatabdi Express* | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Service type | Shatabdi Express |
| Locale | Tamil Nadu |
| First service | 27 January 2011 (2011-01-27) as Duronto Express, 22 November 2013 (2013-11-22) as Shatabdi Express |
| Current operator(s) | Southern Railways |
| Route | |
| Termini | Chennai Central (MAS)
Coimbatore Junction (CBE) |
| Stops | 4 |
| Distance travelled | 492.85 km (Chargeable distance 502 km) |
| Average journey time | 6h 40m |
| Service frequency | 6 days a week |
| Train number(s) | 12243/12244 |
| On-board services | |
| Class(es) | Executive class, AC chair car |
| Seating arrangements | Yes |
| Sleeping arrangements | No |
| Catering facilities | Yes |
| Observation facilities | Large windows |
| Baggage facilities | Overhead racks |
| Technical | |
| Rolling stock | LHB coach |
| Track gauge | Broad – 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) |
| Operating speed | 77 km/h (average) |
|  | |


title: Rune Marthinussen

abstract: Rune Marthinussen is a retired Norwegian football midfielder. Hailing from Narvik, he spent most of his career in Mjølner, including the time Mjølner competed under the moniker Narvik FK. He played the 1994 Tippeligaen season in Tromsø IL and got 10 league games. In 2002 he helped Fredrikstad FK win promotion to the second tier, then was player-manager for two seasons in FK Vesterålen. After that he moved back to Tromsø and coached IF Skarp, then Tromsdalen UIL.

text:
# Rune Marthinussen

**Rune Marthinussen** (born 10 February 1970) is a retired Norwegian football midfielder.

Hailing from Narvik, he spent most of his career in Mjølner, including the time Mjølner competed under the moniker Narvik FK. He played the 1994 Tippeligaen season in Tromsø IL and got 10 league games. In 2002 he helped Fredrikstad FK win promotion to the second tier, then was player-manager for two seasons in FK Vesterålen. After that he moved back to Tromsø and coached IF Skarp, then Tromsdalen UIL.

## InfoBox

Rune Marthinussen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1970-02-10) 10 February 1970 | | |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Position(s) | midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Mjølner | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| –1993 | Mjølner |  |  |
| 1994 | Tromsø | 10 | (1) |
| 1995–2001 | Mjølner/Narvik FK |  |  |
| 2002 | Fredrikstad |  |  |
| 2003–2004 | Vesterålen |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2003–2004 | Vesterålen (player-manager) | | |
| 2005 | Skarp | | |
| 2006 | Tromsdalen (assistant) | | |
| 2007–2008 | Tromsdalen | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Springtime for the World

abstract: Springtime for the World is the fifth album by British band The Blow Monkeys, released in 1990. The work represented the band's ultimate transformation into a dance music act, a direction the band had been gradually moving since their biggest hit single, "It Doesn't Have to Be This Way", and the album it was taken from, She Was Only a Grocer's Daughter. The album's title track, "Springtime for the World", reached number 69 in the UK Singles Chart.

text:
# Springtime for the World

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| *New Musical Express* | 7/10 |
| *Select* | 2/5 |

***Springtime for the World*** is the fifth album by British band The Blow Monkeys, released in 1990. The work represented the band's ultimate transformation into a dance music act, a direction the band had been gradually moving since their biggest hit single, "It Doesn't Have to Be This Way" (number 5 in the UK Singles Chart in 1987), and the album it was taken from, *She Was Only a Grocer's Daughter*.

The album's title track, "Springtime for the World", reached number 69 in the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Dr. Robert (Robert Howard); except where noted

1. "In Too Deep" – 4:33
2. "Springtime for the World" – 3:25
3. "Vibe Alive!" – 2:50
4. "Reflections '89" – 2:57
5. "Be Not Afraid" (Robert Howard, Cheb Khaled) - 6:54
6. "If You Love Somebody" – 5:08
7. "La Passionara" – 4:43
8. "Let the People Dance" – 3:43
9. "Fruits of the Earth" – 4:43
10. "As the Dust Settles" – 6:02
11. "Checking Out" – 4:56 \[CD/MC only\]
12. "The Other Side of You" (Howard, Kiley, Anker, Henry) - 4:38 \[CD only\]

## Singles taken from the album

* "Springtime for the World" (1990) (UK Singles Chart no. 69)
* "La Passionara" \[Remix\] (1990)
* "If You Love Somebody" \[Remix\] (1990)

### The *Springtime for the World* EP

The three songs above were also released on a joint double A-side four-track EP, collectively entitled *Springtime for the World*, featuring two alternative versions of "If You Love Somebody".

1. (A1) "Springtime for the World"
2. (A2) "La Passionara"
3. (AA1) "If You Love Somebody" \[Musto & Bones 12"\]
4. (AA2) "If You Love Somebody" \[Musto & Bones Dub\]

## Personnel

**The Blow Monkeys**

* Dr. Robert – vocals, piano, guitar
* Mick Anker – bass guitar
* Neville Henry – saxophone
* Tony Kiley – drums

**Other musicians**

**Production**

* Dr. Robert and Hector for Springtime for the World Productions – production
* Andy Mason – engineering
* Ritchie Fermie for Bamn Productions – remix (track 8)
* Tommy Musto & Frankie Bones for Northcott/JSE Productions – additional production and mix (tracks AA1, AA2)
* Mike Rodgers – mix engineering (tracks AA1, AA2) at "D&D Studios", New York City

**Staff**

* Kate Garner – photography
* Paul McGarvey, Katie & Deirdre – RCA personnel

## Release details

**Album**

| Country | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| UK | 1990 | RCA/BMG/Ariola | CD | PD 74539 |
| | | | LP | PL 7459 |
| | | | MC | PK 74539 |

**Maxi-single**

| Country | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| UK | 1990 | RCA/BMG/Ariola | EP | PT 43626 |

## InfoBox

| Springtime for the World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Blow Monkeys | |
| Released | 25 June 1990 |
| Recorded | 1989 |
| Length | 44:58 (LP)
49:24 (MC)
54:02 (CD) |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Dr. Robert & Hector for Springtime for the World Productions |
| The Blow Monkeys chronology | |
| *Choices – The Singles Collection*
(1989) ***Springtime for the World***
(1990) *Blow Monkeys the Masters*
(1997) | |


title: Somewhere Down the Barrel

abstract: "Somewhere Down the Barrel" is the debut single by Australian pop rock band The Dissociatives, from their album of the same name, released in 2004. It peaked at #25 on the Australian ARIA Charts. The James Hackett directed music video won the ARIA Award for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2004.

text:
# Somewhere Down the Barrel

**"Somewhere Down the Barrel"** is the debut single by Australian pop rock band The Dissociatives, from their album of the same name, released in 2004. It peaked at #25 on the Australian ARIA Charts.

The James Hackett directed music video won the ARIA Award for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2004.

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 25 |

## InfoBox

| "Somewhere Down the Barrel" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by The Dissociatives | |
| from the album  *The Dissociatives* | |
| Released | 2004 (2004) |
| Length | 4:39 |
| Composer(s) | Daniel Johns, Paul Mac |
| Lyricist(s) | Daniel Johns |
| Producer(s) | Paul Mac |
| The Dissociatives singles chronology | |
| "**Somewhere Down the Barrel**"
(2004) "Horror With Eyeballs"
(2004) | |


title: Stenoma cathosiota

abstract: Stenoma cathosiota is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil. The wingspan is about 31 mm. The forewings are pale lilac grey, the costal edge ochreous yellow. The stigmata are fuscous, the plical obliquely beyond the first discal. There is a spot of faint brownish suffusion on the middle of the dorsum and there is a small fuscous spot beneath the costal edge in the middle, where a series of cloudy undefined fuscous dots rather strongly excurved in the disc runs to the dorsum about three-fourths. There is a rather large triangular fuscous spot beneath the costal edge towards the apex, where a curved series of small dark fuscous dots runs to the tornus and there is a terminal series of small black dots. The hindwings are pale yellowish, the dorsal half tinged very pale grey.

text:
# Stenoma cathosiota

***Stenoma cathosiota*** is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil.

The wingspan is about 31 mm. The forewings are pale lilac grey, the costal edge ochreous yellow. The stigmata are fuscous, the plical obliquely beyond the first discal. There is a spot of faint brownish suffusion on the middle of the dorsum and there is a small fuscous spot beneath the costal edge in the middle, where a series of cloudy undefined fuscous dots rather strongly excurved in the disc runs to the dorsum about three-fourths. There is a rather large triangular fuscous spot beneath the costal edge towards the apex, where a curved series of small dark fuscous dots runs to the tornus and there is a terminal series of small black dots. The hindwings are pale yellowish, the dorsal half tinged very pale grey.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma cathosiota* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. cathosiota*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma cathosiota***<br>Meyrick, 1925 | |
|


title: Rista Starački

abstract: Rista Stevanović, known by his nom de guerre, the demonym Starački, was a Serbian Chetnik commander. He was among the first Chetniks on the Kozjak together with commanders Jovan Dovezenski, Krsta Preševski, Spasa Garda, Đorđe Skopljanče, Vanđel Skopljanče and Ilija Jovanović-Pčinjski.

text:
# Rista Starački

**Rista Stevanović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Риста Стевановић, c. 1870–1940), known by his *nom de guerre*, the demonym **Starački** (Риста Старачки), was a Serbian Chetnik commander. He was among the first Chetniks on the Kozjak together with commanders Jovan Dovezenski, Krsta Preševski, Spasa Garda, Đorđe Skopljanče, Vanđel Skopljanče and Ilija Jovanović-Pčinjski.

## Life

Stevanović was born in Starac, near Preševo in the Ottoman Empire (now in Serbia). He was a teacher by profession.

After Vasilije Trbić had organized the self-defence of the village of Jablanica, he went on to Starac, which already had 30 organized and loyal fighters, from which he chose Rista Starački as commander.

He was among the first Chetniks on the Kozjak together with commanders Jovan Dovezenski, Krsta Preševski, Spasa Garda, Đorđe Skopljanče, Vanđel Skopljanče and Ilija Jovanović-Pčinjski.

He was later excluded from the Board, due to foreign influence, and became a night-watch of the Committee in Belgrade. Others that had been excluded for various reasons of insubordination were Jovan Dovezenski, Vanđel Skopljanče, Emilio Milutinović, Jovan Pešić, Vladimir Kovačević and Trenko Rujanović. Despite being excluded, he asked the Central Board several times for a band, though he was always rejected. He left the night-watch and then travelled to Ristovac, Pirot and Kragujevac. It was unlikely that an unemployed could travel that much, so the police soon noticed him. In 1908, he was a member of the Congress as a secretary of priest Novak Ristović. In 1924, he, Janko Pešić and Danilo Dimitrijević opened a shoe factory in Vranje.

He died in Samoljica, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Vojvoda
Rista Starački | |
| --- | --- |
| Rista Starački in Chetnik gear. | |
| Birth name | Rista Stevanović |
| Nickname(s) | Starački |
| Born | 1870
Starac, Ottoman Empire (now Serbia) |
| Died | 1940 (aged 70)
Samoljica, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (now Serbia) |
| Allegiance |  |
| Years of service | 1904–08 |


title: Châtres-sur-Cher

abstract: Châtres-sur-Cher is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department, central France.

text:
# Châtres-sur-Cher

**Châtres-sur-Cher** (French pronunciation: \[ʃatʁ syʁ ʃɛʁ\], literally *Châtres on Cher*) is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department, central France.

## Geography

The Rère forms the commune's northern border. The Cher forms part of the commune's southern border.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,059 |  |
| 1975 | 1,009 | −0.69% |
| 1982 | 1,110 | +1.37% |
| 1990 | 1,074 | −0.41% |
| 1999 | 1,129 | +0.56% |
| 2007 | 1,075 | −0.61% |
| 2012 | 1,106 | +0.57% |
| 2017 | 1,097 | −0.16% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Châtres-sur-Cher | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Châtres-sur-Cher | |
| Châtres-sur-CherChâtres-sur-Cher | |
| Coordinates: 47°15′57″N 1°54′25″E / 47.2658°N 1.9069°E / 47.2658; 1.9069 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Loir-et-Cher |
| Arrondissement | Romorantin-Lanthenay |
| Canton | Selles-sur-Cher |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20242026) | Claude de Carfort |
| Area**1** | 35.33 km2 (13.64 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,122 |
| Density | 32/km2 (82/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 41044 /41320 |
| Elevation | 87–157 m (285–515 ft)
(avg. 103 m or 338 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: El Arrayán Airport

abstract: El Arrayán Airport is an airport serving the city of Olanchito in Yoro Department, Honduras. The runway is just north of the city, and also serves as a local road segment. There is high terrain northwest through east of the airport. The Bonito VOR-DME is located 21.7 nautical miles (40.2 km) northwest of the airport. The La Ceiba NDB-DME is located 23.0 nautical miles (42.6 km) northwest of the airport.

text:
# El Arrayán Airport

**El Arrayán Airport** (IATA: **OAN**, ICAO: **MHEA**) is an airport serving the city of Olanchito in Yoro Department, Honduras.

The runway is just north of the city, and also serves as a local road segment. There is high terrain northwest through east of the airport.

The Bonito VOR-DME (Ident: **BTO**) is located 21.7 nautical miles (40.2 km) northwest of the airport. The La Ceiba NDB-DME (Ident: **LCE**) is located 23.0 nautical miles (42.6 km) northwest of the airport.

## InfoBox

| El Arrayán Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Serves | Olanchito, Honduras |
| Elevation AMSL | 722 ft / 220 m |
| Coordinates | 15°30′25″N 86°34′35″W / 15.50694°N 86.57639°W / 15.50694; -86.57639 |
| Map | |
| **OAN**Location of the airport in Honduras | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  15/33 540 1,772 Gravel | |
| Sources: GCM Google Maps SkyVector | |


title: Charpentiera elliptica

abstract: Charpentiera elliptica, the ellipticleaf pāpala, is an endangered species of flowering tree in the family Amaranthaceae, endemic to the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi. It inhabits coastal mesic and mixed mesic forests at elevations of 250–1,250 metres (820–4,100 ft). It is a perennial tree, growing up to 20 ft (6.1 m).

text:
# Charpentiera elliptica

***Charpentiera elliptica***, the **ellipticleaf pāpala**, is an endangered species of flowering tree in the family Amaranthaceae, endemic to the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi. It inhabits coastal mesic and mixed mesic forests at elevations of 250–1,250 metres (820–4,100 ft). It is a perennial tree, growing up to 20 ft (6.1 m).

## InfoBox

| *Charpentiera elliptica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Growing in Limahuli Garden and Preserve | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Amaranthaceae |
| Genus: | *Charpentiera* |
| Species: | ***C. elliptica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Charpentiera elliptica***
(Hillebr.) A.Heller | |
|


abstract: Bounded rationality in environmental decision making is the application of bounded rationality as it relates to environmental policy decisions.

text:
# Bounded rationality in environmental decision making

**Bounded rationality in environmental decision making** is the application of bounded rationality as it relates to environmental policy decisions.

## Background

Bounded rationality is the idea that rationality is limited when individuals make decisions. Limitations include the difficulty of the decision problem, the cognitive capability of the mind, and the time available to make the decision. This idea can be applied in any field that involves decision making, such as behavioral economics, cognitive psychology, and environmental policy. Established environmental policy theory is based on the assumption of *homo economicus*. This means that people are seen as fully rational and acting in a self-regarding manner. This assumption can be troublesome when making environmental policy because policymakers often have an incomplete picture about a given environmental problem. In Gigerenzer et al.'s 2001 book, *Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox,* they define a perfectly rational actor as "requiring unlimited cognitive capabilities. Fully rational man is a mythical hero who knows the solutions to all mathematical problems and can immediately perform all computations, regardless of how difficult they are." All environmental actors are human beings, therefore do not have unlimited cognitive abilities, and are prone to making decisions with incomplete information. The more actors that are involved with an environmental decision, the more complex that decision becomes, and the outcomes become less predictable.

## Policy making

The health of the environment is not the only thing in consideration when making environmental policy; other elements are considered such as economics. According to the Porter hypothesis, strict environmental regulations may induce competitiveness among firms, leading to technological innovations that produce cleaner byproducts and less overall harm to the environment. Policies that follow this hypothesis tend to fall under the category of a "green strategy", where the marginal abatement cost is greater than the damage caused to the environment. Some environmental policy decisions are made to have weaker regulations, resulting in a more stimulated resource export economy known as eco-dumping. Eco-dumping is the opposite of a green strategy, where the marginal abatement cost is less than the damaged caused to the environment. These approaches offer two extremes in environmental policy, where multifaceted wicked problems are attempted to be solved by single-faceted policy.


title: Springtime in Budapest

abstract: Springtime in Budapest is a 1955 Hungarian war drama film directed by Félix Máriássy and starring Tibor Molnár, Miklós Gábor and Zsuzsa Gordon. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga. It was based on a 1953 novel of the same title by Ferenc Karinthy.

text:
# Springtime in Budapest

***Springtime in Budapest*** (Hungarian: ***Budapesti tavasz***) is a 1955 Hungarian war drama film directed by Félix Máriássy and starring Tibor Molnár, Miklós Gábor and Zsuzsa Gordon. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga. It was based on a 1953 novel of the same title by Ferenc Karinthy.

## Cast

## Bibliography

* Cunningham, John. *Hungarian Cinema: From Coffee House to Multiplex*. Wallflower Press, 2004.
* Homoródy, József. *Magyar film, 1948-1963*. Filmtudományi Intézet, 1964.
* Liehm, Mira & Liehm, Antonín J. *The Most Important Art: Soviet and Eastern European Film After 1945*. University of California Press, 1980.

## InfoBox

| Springtime in Budapest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Félix Máriássy |
| Written by | Ferenc Karinthy
Gábor Thurzó |
| Based on | *Springtime in Budapest* by Ferenc Karinthy |
| Produced by | László Szirtes |
| Starring | Tibor Molnár
Miklós Gábor
Zsuzsa Gordon |
| Cinematography | György Illés |
| Edited by | Ferencné Szécsényi |
| Music by | Imre Vincze |
| Production
company | Mafilm |
| Release date | * 2 April 1955 (1955-04-02) |
| Running time | 109 minutes |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Fengbitou Archaeological Site

abstract: The Fengbitou Archaeological Site, officially known as Fengpitou (Chungkengmen) Archaeological Site, is an archaeological site in Chungmen Village, Linyuan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on the plateau north to the Chungkengmen Settlement. It’s at the southern direction of Fengshan Hill, with an area of 9.7 hectares. The archaeological culture can be dated back to 2,000 to 5,200 years ago, and the cultural layers includes Tapenkeng Culture, Fengpitou Type of Niuchoutzi Culture, and Fengpitou Culture, demonstrating the prehistoric development of southwestern Taiwan.

text:
# Fengbitou Archaeological Site

The **Fengbitou Archaeological Site** (traditional Chinese: 鳳鼻頭遺址; simplified Chinese: 凤鼻头遗址; pinyin: *Fèngbítóu Yízhǐ*), officially known as **Fengpitou (Chungkengmen) Archaeological Site** (in Taiwan's archaeological tradition, it is usually spelled n Wade–Giles system), is an archaeological site in Chungmen Village, Linyuan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, on the plateau north to the Chungkengmen Settlement. It’s at the southern direction of Fengshan Hill, with an area of 9.7 hectares. The archaeological culture can be dated back to 2,000 to 5,200 years ago, and the cultural layers includes Tapenkeng Culture, Fengpitou Type of Niuchoutzi Culture, and Fengpitou Culture, demonstrating the prehistoric development of southwestern Taiwan.

## History

The site was discovered by Japanese scholar Sueo Kaneko around 1941. In 1943, Naoichi Kokubu was also investigating the site. In 1945, Japanese archaeologist Kiyotari Tsuboi excavated the site and presented his findings at an international conference in 1953, and named it “Fengpitou”, and it was often called the site of the original name "Zhongkengmen" by this name. Later on, Chang Kuang-Chih, Huang Shih-Chiang, and Liu I-Chang also conducted investigations, trail excavations, and excavations. The site currently functions as orchard, plantation, and burial ground.

## Geology

The 9.77-hectare site is located at the slope of Fengshan Hill with a shape of a fan. The hill has a height of 15–20 meters and the site is located at the elevation of 28–55 meters above sea level.

## Discovery

The unearthed artifacts include the cord-marked potteries, net sinkers, and spearheads of the Tapenkeng Culture 4,300 to 5,000 years ago (3050 to 2350 B.C.E.); red cord-marked potteries, pottery vases, pottery bowls, ceramic spindle whorl, axe-hoe tools, spear tools, stone knives, and adzes, which are mostly made of picrite basalt and thus suspected to be related to Penghu, of the Niuchoutzi Culture 3,500 to 4,300 years ago (2350 to 1550 B.C.E.); and painted potteries, black potteries, polished black pottery jars, pottery cups, pottery bowls, ceramic spindle whorl, axe-hoe tools, adzes, stone knives, spearheads, net sinkers, earrings, stone rings, and middens of the Fengpitou Culture 2,000 to 3,500 years ago (1550 to 50 B.C.E.). In addition to the prehistoric cultural layer, remains of Qing Dynasty and Japanese Colonial Era can also be found.

## Designated as a national archaeological site

As the site contains rich cultural layers, represent the prehistoric development sequence in southwestern Taiwan, and serves as the representation of Fengpitou Culture, it is designated as national historic site on February 11, 2000, and was changed as a national archaeological site on May 1, 2006.

## InfoBox

Fengbitou Archaeological Site
| 鳳鼻頭遺址 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fengbitou Archaeological SiteShown within Kaohsiung | |
| Location | Linyuan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan |
| Coordinates | 22°30′38.1″N 120°22′2.4″E / 22.510583°N 120.367333°E / 22.510583; 120.367333 |
| Type | archaeological site |
| Part of | Fengshan Hill |
| Area | 9.77 hectares |
| Site notes | |
| Discovered | 1941 |
| Excavation dates | 1945, 1965 |


title: The Women's Venture Fund

abstract: The Women's Venture Fund is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping women of diverse backgrounds to establish businesses in urban communities from New York. The Women’s Venture Fund offers training, small business loans, and a network of business advisors to help women reach their business goals.

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# The Women's Venture Fund

**The Women's Venture Fund** is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping women of diverse backgrounds to establish businesses in urban communities from New York.

The Women’s Venture Fund offers training, small business loans, and a network of business advisors to help women reach their business goals.

## History

In 1994, Maria Otero, WVF's Founder and President, quit practicing law to create WVF.

In 2007, it was among over 530 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.

## Locations

The Women’s Venture Fund (WVF) has an office located at 220 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10001. The New York office first opened in 1997 which has provided technical assistance services to women entrepreneurs and over $1.5 million in funding to women owned businesses. WVF offers programs that address the business needs of minority and low-income women of urban communities.

1. Roberts, Sam (July 6, 2005). "New York Times: City Groups Get Bloomberg Gift of $20 Million". *The New York Times*. Retrieved May 25, 2010. Retrieved on August 29, 2007


abstract: Somewhere Between the Power Lines and Palm Trees is the third studio album by American band Dogstar, released on October 6, 2023, through the band's label Dillon Street Records. The album is their first since Happy Ending in 2000, and follows their 2020 reformation. It was supported by the single "Everything Turns Around". The band toured in support of the album the same year.

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# Somewhere Between the Power Lines and Palm Trees

***Somewhere Between the Power Lines and Palm Trees*** is the third studio album by American band Dogstar, released on October 6, 2023, through the band's label Dillon Street Records. The album is their first since *Happy Ending* in 2000, and follows their 2020 reformation. It was supported by the single "Everything Turns Around". The band toured in support of the album the same year.

## Background

Dogstar reunited for jam sessions in early 2020, after which they began writing together. In two and a half months, the band had written the songs for the album. It was crafted with the intention of playing it live, and the band stated that the lead single "Everything Turns Around" was intended to have "an uplifting message and a positive vibe that hopefully makes your day a little bit lighter". Most songs from the album were played live at the May 2023 BottleRock Napa Valley music festival.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Bret Domrose, Keanu Reeves and Robert Mailhouse.

*Somewhere Between the Power Lines and Palm Trees* track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Blonde" | 3:18 |
| 2. | "How the Story Ends" | 3:14 |
| 3. | "Everything Turns Around" | 3:00 |
| 4. | "Overhang" | 3:59 |
| 5. | "Dillon Street" | 3:38 |
| 6. | "Lily" | 2:44 |
| 7. | "Lust" | 2:34 |
| 8. | "Glimmer" | 4:43 |
| 9. | "Sunrise" | 3:20 |
| 10. | "Sleep" | 3:54 |
| 11. | "Upside" | 2:50 |
| 12. | "Breach" | 2:44 |
| Total length: | | 39:58 |

## Personnel

**Dogstar**

**Additional contributors**

## InfoBox

| Somewhere Between the Power Lines and Palm Trees | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dogstar | |
| Released | October 6, 2023 (2023-10-06) |
| Recorded | 2022 |
| Studio | Kingsize (Los Angeles) |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 39:58 |
| Label | Dillon Street |
| Producer | Dave Trumfio |
| Dogstar chronology | |
| *Happy Ending*
(2000) ***Somewhere Between the Power Lines and Palm Trees***
(2023) | |


title: Stenoma chloroloba

abstract: Stenoma chloroloba is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Peru, French Guiana, Guyana and Brazil. The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous suffused with white and sprinkled with fuscous and with the base irrorated with fuscous. There are three brown lines dilated and dark fuscous on the costa, edged anteriorly with white, the first at one-third, straight and direct, the second beyond the middle, rather oblique, angulated outwards in the middle, the third from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, slightly curved, sinuate inwards above the middle. There is a rather dark fuscous dot beneath the middle of the disc, and one within the angulation of the second line. A cloudy dark grey line, marked with undefined darker dots is found along the termen. The hindwings are pale grey, suffused with ochreous whitish anteriorly. The costa broadly expanded from the base to two-thirds, the margin rough scaled, vein 8 depressed and approximated to the cell, the broad costal area whitish yellowish, towards the margin white, with a dark yellowish-grey glandular mark above 8 towards the base.

text:
# Stenoma chloroloba

***Stenoma chloroloba*** is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Peru, French Guiana, Guyana and Brazil.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous suffused with white and sprinkled with fuscous and with the base irrorated with fuscous. There are three brown lines dilated and dark fuscous on the costa, edged anteriorly with white, the first at one-third, straight and direct, the second beyond the middle, rather oblique, angulated outwards in the middle, the third from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, slightly curved, sinuate inwards above the middle. There is a rather dark fuscous dot beneath the middle of the disc, and one within the angulation of the second line. A cloudy dark grey line, marked with undefined darker dots is found along the termen. The hindwings are pale grey, suffused with ochreous whitish anteriorly. The costa broadly expanded from the base to two-thirds, the margin rough scaled, vein 8 depressed and approximated to the cell, the broad costal area whitish yellowish, towards the margin white, with a dark yellowish-grey glandular mark above 8 towards the base.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma chloroloba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. chloroloba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma chloroloba***<br>Meyrick, 1915 | |
|


title: Sphingonotus caerulans

abstract: Sphingonotus caerulans is a species belonging to the family Acrididae subfamily Oedipodinae.The northern limit is northern France, eastern Sweden and southern Finland. In Central and Northern Europe the species is restricted to low-vegetation special habitats, in which the soil remains free of vegetation through constant rearrangement. It is very common in the Mediterranean area, especially in rocky heaths.

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# Sphingonotus caerulans

***Sphingonotus caerulans*** is a species belonging to the family Acrididae subfamily Oedipodinae.The northern limit is northern France, eastern Sweden and southern Finland. In Central and Northern Europe the species is restricted to low-vegetation special habitats, in which the soil remains free of vegetation through constant rearrangement (pioneer species of open habitats). It is very common in the Mediterranean area, especially in rocky heaths.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingonotus caerulans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sphingonotus caerulans* Germany | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Genus: | *Sphingonotus* |
| Species: | ***S. caerulans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphingonotus caerulans***<br>(Linnaeus, 1767) | |
|


title: Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta

abstract: The Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta is a squash tournament held in Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala in May. It is part of the PSA World Tour.

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# Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta

The **Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta** is a squash tournament held in Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala in May. It is part of the PSA World Tour.

## Past Results

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score in final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2018 | **Miguel Ángel Rodríguez** | Diego Elías | 11-7, 11-5, 11-6 |
| 2017 | **Mohamed Abouelghar** | Zahed Mohamed | 11-6, 11-5, 11-3 |
| 2016 | **Borja Golán** | César Salazar | 11-8, 13-11, 11-4 |
| 2015 | **Omar Mosaad** | César Salazar | 11-5, 8-11, 11-7, 11-6 |
| 2014 | **Marwan El Shorbagy** | Shawn Delierre | 11-7, 11-8, 11-7 |
| 2013 | **Miguel Ángel Rodríguez** | Stephen Coppinger | 11-5, 9-11, 11-8, 11-0 |
| 2012 | **César Salazar** | Arturo Salazar | 11-4, 11-2, 11-4 |
| 2011 | **Arturo Salazar** | Eric Gálvez | 14-12, 11-8, 11-2 |
| 2010 | **Arturo Salazar** | Eric Gálvez | 11-2, 11-9, 6-11, 10-12, 11-6 |
| 2009 | **Miguel Ángel Rodríguez** | Eric Gálvez | 7-11, 11-8, 11-2, 11-2 |
| 2008 | **José Ángel Becerril** | César Salazar | 12-10, 11-6, 6-11, 5-11, 11-7 |

## InfoBox

| Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta | |
| --- | --- |
| Details | |
| Event name | Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta |
| Location | Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala |
| Men's PSA World Tour | |
| Category | World Tour International 50 |
| Prize money | $50,000 |
| Most recent champion(s) | Miguel Ángel Rodríguez |
| Current | Torneo Internacional PSA Sporta 2017 |


title: Slaughterhouse Rock

abstract: Slaughterhouse Rock is a 1988 American supernatural horror film directed by Dimitri Logothetis, and starring Nicholas Celozzi, Tom Reilly, Donna Denton, Hope Marie Carlton, Tammara Hyler, Steven Brian Smith, Ty Miller, and Toni Basil. Its plot follows a college student who travels to Alcatraz Island with his friends, after having recurring nightmares of a rock band that was killed there.

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# Slaughterhouse Rock

***Slaughterhouse Rock*** (also known as ***Hell Island*** in the United Kingdom) is a 1988 American supernatural horror film directed by Dimitri Logothetis, and starring Nicholas Celozzi, Tom Reilly, Donna Denton, Hope Marie Carlton, Tammara Hyler, Steven Brian Smith, Ty Miller, and Toni Basil. Its plot follows a college student who travels to Alcatraz Island with his friends, after having recurring nightmares of a rock band that was killed there.

## Plot

Alex Gardner (Nicholas Celozzi), a college student suffers from recurring nightmares in which he experiences the deaths of the victims of a vicious killer who lived on Alcatraz, before it became a prison. When the nightmares begin manifesting in reality, and his friends see him hovering over his bed, his teacher (Donna Denton), an occultist, tells him to go to the island to face down the ghost of the killer.

The friends become stranded on the island, and Alex's brother Richard (Tom Reilly) becomes possessed, killing some friends and raping one of the girls. Alex is aided in his quest by the ghost of Sammy Mitchell (Toni Basil), a singer for the band Bodybag. Sammy teaches Alex how to levitate and escape his body, and is also the subject of a dance routine, intercut into the film. The friends lure the ghost of the killer, and Alex's brother into the prison chapel, and blow it up, releasing the curse.

## Cast

* Toni Basil as Sammy Mitchell
* Nicholas Celozzi as Alex Gardner
* Tom Reilly as Richard Gardner
* Donna Denton as Carolyn Harding
* Hope Marie Carlton as Krista Halpern
* Tammy Hyler as Jan Squire
* Steven Brian Smith as Jack
* Ty Miller as Marty
* Al Fleming as The Commandant and Monster
* Michael J. Scherlis as Tour Guide

## Production

Principal photography of *Slaughterhouse Rock* took place in Los Angeles, California, beginning March 23, 1987. Actor Larry Wilcox would reportedly star in the film, but was not involved with the production.

## Release

*Slaughterhouse Rock* premiered in Chicago, Illinois on January 22, 1988, before premiering in New York City on May 21 of that year.

### Critical response

Caryn James of *The New York Times* wrote, “There is always a way to improve on a stock formula, but *Slaughterhouse Rock* \[...\] manages to make these elements seem much worse and even more tired than they are,” though she praised the performance of Steve Brian Smith.

### Home media

RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (now Sony Pictures Home Entertainment) released *Slaughterhouse Rock* on VHS in 1988, while Image Entertainment later released the film on Laserdisc on November 18, 1992. On December 5, 2016, Code Red released *Slaughterhouse Rock* on Blu-ray, which was followed by a DVD release by Kino Lorber on May 30, 2017. It has also been released on blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome as part of a two-disk set with Hard Rock Zombies.

## InfoBox

| Slaughterhouse Rock | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Dimitri Logothetis |
| Written by | * Ted Landon * Sandra Willard * Nora Goodman |
| Story by | Dimitri Logothetis |
| Produced by | Louis George |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Nicholas von Sternberg |
| Edited by | Daniel Gross |
| Music by |  |
| Production<br>companies | * Arista Films * First American Film Capital |
| Distributed by | Taurus Entertainment Company |
| Release date | * January 22, 1988 (1988-01-22) (Chicago) |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $2.5 million |


title: Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection

abstract: Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Romantan- Seisōhen Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection, known in Japan as Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Romantan- Seisōhen, is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) which serves as a sequel to the 1996 anime television series Rurouni Kenshin, an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Nobuhiro Watsuki. It was animated by Studio Deen, directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and written by Reiko Yoshida. It was released from December 2001 to March 2002. The OVA series is set both during and after the timeline of the television series and tells of Kenshin and Kaoru's later days, much of which is not derived from the Rurouni Kenshin manga. It is mostly told from the point of view of Kamiya Kaoru. The story follows Himura Kenshin as he attempts searching for ways to atone for those who died at his hands, while Kaoru waits for Kenshin to return home. Kenshin's actions, however, alienate him from his estranged son, Kenji. Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection was originally released in North America as Samurai X: Reflection while it was being licensed by ADV Films. Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection is currently licensed by Aniplex of America for English-language releases. Reflection was released in the United States by ADV Films on DVD in March 2003, while a Director's Cut edition was later released. Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection was released on Blu-ray Disc by Aniplex of America in September 2011. Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection received mixed reviews upon its release; critics praised the art, animation and music of the series but criticised its story and character development.

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# Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection

***Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection***, known in Japan as ***Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Romantan- Seisōhen*** (Japanese: るろうに剣心 -明治剣客浪漫譚- 星霜編, "Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story – Time"), is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) which serves as a sequel to the 1996 anime television series *Rurouni Kenshin*, an adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Nobuhiro Watsuki. It was animated by Studio Deen, directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and written by Reiko Yoshida. It was released from December 2001 to March 2002.

The OVA series is set both during and after the timeline of the television series and tells of Kenshin and Kaoru's later days, much of which is not derived from the *Rurouni Kenshin* manga. It is mostly told from the point of view of Kamiya Kaoru. The story follows Himura Kenshin as he attempts searching for ways to atone for those who died at his hands, while Kaoru waits for Kenshin to return home. Kenshin's actions, however, alienate him from his estranged son, Kenji.

*Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* was originally released in North America as ***Samurai X: Reflection*** while it was being licensed by ADV Films. *Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* is currently licensed by Aniplex of America for English-language releases. *Reflection* was released in the United States by ADV Films on DVD in March 2003, while a Director's Cut edition was later released. *Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* was released on Blu-ray Disc by Aniplex of America in September 2011.

*Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* received mixed reviews upon its release; critics praised the art, animation and music of the series but criticised its story and character development.

## Plot

The OVA starts out as a montage of singular events surrounding the life of Kenshin Himura, told from the point of view of Kaoru Kamiya. Then the remainder of it involves Kenshin, who becomes tortured anew by the guilt of leading a happy life after such a destructive past. He makes the decision to wander again, and Kaoru strongly supports him, promising to welcome him home with a smile and their child. For fifteen years, he wanders, returning every once in a while. Kenshin eventually becomes ravaged by an unknown disease. To share his pain, Kaoru convinces Kenshin to infect her with the disease through sexual intercourse. Kenshin then leaves to go assist in the First Sino-Japanese War (primarily over control of Korea) as he had promised the Meiji Government, not fighting and killing, but instead helping people.

However, his son, Kenji, holds resentment towards Kenshin for leaving them. Now in his adolescence, he leaves for Kyoto hoping to learn Hiten Mitsurugi-Ryu fighting style from Seijuro Hiko, hoping to be as strong as his father. Soon however, Kenshin's friend Yahiko Myojin tracks him down at the request of Kaoru. Yahiko duels him to show him the delusions of achieving his father's greatness. Yahiko admits that he is a genius and has natural talent as a swordsman. In a one final strike, Yahiko lets Kenji experience the full brunt of Kenshin's Sakabatou; allowing Kenji to experience the strength of his father's philosophy firsthand. Falling to his knee, Yahiko presented Kenji with the Sakabatō as a late genpuku gift. After the war's end, Sagara Sanosuke discovers an ill Kenshin sometime after he had fallen overboard on a ship. Sanosuke arranges Kenshin's return to Tokyo by boat. Upon arriving, a bed-ridden Kaoru, gets up to walk outside the dojo on the cherry blossom path, seeing her husband struggling with each step to meet her. The two meet, and Kenshin collapses into her arms as he clutches her to him. Kenshin tells Kaoru that he returned for her, and Kaoru quietly greets him with his old name, Shinta, for he had asked it before he left the last time. Soon, they end up beneath a cherry blossom tree, where Kaoru tells him that they will invite everyone for a cherry blossom viewing, and continue to gather in the years to come. With the silence growing stronger, Kaoru realizes that Kenshin has died quietly in her arms. Upon brushing his hair off his left cheek, Kaoru notices Kenshin's scar has faded away, signifying that his journey of atonement is finally over. In the final scene before the credits, she holds his head in her arms and weeps.

After the credits finish rolling, there is a scene which Kenji, walking with a young girl, Chizuru, beneath the cherry blossoms, saying that they will live happily together.

## Cast

| Character | Japanese voice | English voice |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Himura Kenshin | Mayo Suzukaze | J. Shannon Weaver |
| Kamiya Kaoru | Miki Fujitani | Katherine Catmull |
| Myōjin Yahiko | Miina Tominaga | Derek Wade |
| Sagara Sanosuke | Yuji Ueda | Gray Haddock |
| Takani Megumi | Mika Doi | Rebecca Robinson |
| Hiko Seijūrō | Shūichi Ikeda | James Brownlee |
| Himura Kenji | Yuki Kaida | Joey Hood |
| Sanjō Tsubame | Yuri Shiratori | Meg Bauman |
| Udō Jin-e | Akio Otsuka | Martin Blacker |
| Yukishiro Enishi | Nozomu Sasaki | Bill Wise |
| Yamagata Arimoto | Hari Kaneko | Bill Harwell |
| Chief Muraki | Sukekiyo Kameyama | Charles C. Campbell |
| Ujiki | Mitsuru Miyamoto | Charles C. Campbell |
| Raikōji Chizuru | Reiko Fujita | Elena Carrillo |
|

## Release

*Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi, with the screenplay written by Reiko Yoshida, and animated by Studio Deen. Its two episodes were first released on VHS and DVD by SPE Visual Works on December 19, 2001, and March 20, 2002. A "Director's Cut" DVD, which included new scenes, was released on October 9, 2002. Aniplex released the series on a Blu-ray set on September 21, 2011.

In North America, the OVA was released by A.D. Vision, under the title *Samurai X: Reflection*, on March 25, 2003. The Director's Cut DVD was released on December 28, 2004. Aniplex of America released the OVA on a Blu-ray set, as *Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection*, on September 20, 2011.

In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Entertainment released the OVA on DVD on May 14, 2003. In the United Kingdom, A.D. Vision released the OVA on DVD on September 22, 2003.

### Music

The music for *Reflection* was composed by Taku Iwasaki. A soundtrack album, containing 18 tracks, was released on January 23, 2002.

## Reception

Although *Reflection* was not written by Watsuki, he stated that he "checked in on the script." Watsuki mentioned not having input in it, and let the director "run wild with it." In response to Kenshin's death in comparison to the happy ending in the manga version, he felt that his own work eventually would have reached Kenshin's death had he continued writing. He had not wished to pursue that line because "Kenshin went through so much crap and deserved a happy ending." He felt that neither version was better than the other because "it's a personal taste thing."

Mike Crandol of *Anime News Network* gave different opinions about the OVA series. On one hand, Crandal said that the OVA series were some of the best animation ever to come out of Japan, rivaling the American masters in fluidity of motion and with a musical score to match. On the other hand, Crandol says that fans of the original story will be disappointed as there are not many fight scenes and that the character Kenshin Himura is very different from his original version; for instance, he never uses his trademark idiomatic phrase "oro?", and it is thought he never gives a "true" smile. Crandol also comments about a "tedious and depressing melodrama". while IGN felt that some moments of the relationship between Kenshin and Kaoru were depressing. While criticizing the characters' sad decisions, Serdar Yegulalp from About.com wondered whether the OVAs had to make viewers accept Kenshin's death wish after so much time of wandering and feeling a mortal disease. However, some reviewers noted Kenshin's personality in the OVAs was one of the most complex ever to be animated remarking on the fact that he can not forget his bloody past, despite having a peaceful life. Don Houston from DVD Talk noted the controversy between the fandom as they refrained from treating *Reflection* as canon due to how tragic the life of Kenshin's family became. Ridwan Khan from Animefringe found that Enishi and Shishio's antagonisms against Kenshin in the original video animations were overshadowed by Kenshin's disease due to the bigger impact it has on the narrative.

## InfoBox

| Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the Blu-ray release, featuring Himura Kenshin (front) and Kamiya Kaoru (back) | |
| 星霜編<br>(*Rurouni Kenshin: Seisōhen*) | |
| Genre | Adventure, martial arts, romance |
| Original video animation | |
| Directed by | Kazuhiro Furuhashi |
| Produced by | * Ena Kiriyama * Keiichi Matsuda |
| Written by | Reiko Yoshida |
| Music by | Taku Iwasaki |
| Studio | Studio Deen |
| Licensed by |  |
| Released | December 19, 2001  March 20, 2002 |
| Runtime | 90 minutes |
| Episodes | 2 |


title: Clark Amendment

abstract: The Clark Amendment was an amendment to the U.S. Arms Export Control Act of 1976, named for its sponsor, Senator Dick Clark (D-Iowa). The amendment barred aid to private groups engaged in military or paramilitary operations in Angola. Even after the Clark Amendment became law, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush refused to concede that all U.S. aid to Angola had ceased. According to foreign affairs analyst Jane Hunter, Israel stepped in as a proxy arms supplier for the United States after the Clark Amendment took effect. The Clark Amendment was repealed by Congress in July 1985. Visiting Washington, DC on October 5, 1989, Angolan guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi praised the right-wing think tank The Heritage Foundation on behalf of his organization, UNITA, for advocating the Clark Amendment's repeal.

text:
# Clark Amendment

The **Clark Amendment** was an amendment to the U.S. Arms Export Control Act of 1976, named for its sponsor, Senator Dick Clark (D-Iowa). The amendment barred aid to private groups engaged in military or paramilitary operations in Angola.

Even after the Clark Amendment became law, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush refused to concede that all U.S. aid to Angola had ceased. According to foreign affairs analyst Jane Hunter, Israel stepped in as a proxy arms supplier for the United States after the Clark Amendment took effect. The Clark Amendment was repealed by Congress in July 1985.

Visiting Washington, DC on October 5, 1989, Angolan guerrilla leader Jonas Savimbi praised the right-wing think tank The Heritage Foundation on behalf of his organization, UNITA, for advocating the Clark Amendment's repeal.


title: Rhibosome

abstract: Rhibosome were a three piece electronic outfit, which formed in Perth in 1998. They issued a self-titled album via Hydrofunk Records in May 2002. The group performed at various festivals in Australia before they disbanded in 2004.

text:
# Rhibosome

**Rhibosome** were a three piece electronic outfit, which formed in Perth in 1998. They issued a self-titled album via Hydrofunk Records in May 2002. The group performed at various festivals in Australia before they disbanded in 2004.

## History

Rhibosome began in 1998 in Perth by two ex-members of Whak, a street theatre percussion group. Clayton Chipper and Dave McKinney began Rhibosome by fusing "live drumming and percussion with electronica." Later that year they performed at festivals in Canada, Singapore, Darwin and Melbourne. McKinney later reminisced:

> We had a machine each, like a bike, sorta like a Sulo bin filled with wheelchair batteries and a chassis bolted to the back. It had wheels on the front and back, and you could steer the whole thing with a joystick. It had loads of percussion instruments and foam and stuff.

Upon returning from overseas the duo commenced their next project, writing a live electronic soundtrack, *Glitch*, for urban circus company, Bizircus. These songs were adapted for their live set list. Rhibosome's line-up was Chipper on drums, tom toms, congas, bells, claves, bongos, scratches and tambourine; McKinney on congas, cowbell, timbales, drums, bells, scratches; together with Andrew Selmes on percussion, brushes and drums; and their live sound engineer, George Nikoloudis.

The group's debut single, "Impulse", appeared via Perth's Offworld Sounds label in 1999, which attracted praise in Australia and internationally. They also became one of the stalwarts of the Fremantle scene, regularly performing under their main name, but also as the *Big Ear DJs* at popular venues in the port city.

Rhibosome appeared at dance festivals, including Vibes on a Summer's Day, Gatecrasher and Science Fiction. They supported gigs by Coldcut, Rae & Christian, Faze Action, Norman Jay, Resin Dogs, Endorphin, Ashley Beedle, José Padilla, Adam Freeland, The Wiseguys, Freestylers, Aphrodite, Ben Harper and Scratch Perverts.

By May 2001 they had finished recording their debut album, provisionally titled *Rhiboflavin*. McKinney explained that in the previous six months, "we would write a song and it would morph and evolve. It's been a process of trial and error and we’ve only sort of really got the album happening in the last six months. It's been good in that way: each song has evolved massively, to the extent that some of the tracks are a complete remix of the way that they were originally." The album finally appeared in May 2002 as *Rhibosome* on Hydrofunk Records and was distributed by EMI. The group disbanded in 2004.

By July 2007 McKinney, performing as Fluid Dynamics, provided a "feel-good blend of funk, beats, breaks, and classic party tunes" according to Christie Eliezer on TheMusic.com.au. McKinney's project released a self-titled album in August, he followed with an Australian tour and then an international one to Europe in the next month.

## Members

* Clayton Chipper – drums, tom toms, congas, bells, claves, bongos, scratches, tambourine
* Dave McKinney – congas, cowbell, timbales, drums, bells, scratches
* Chad Hedley – congas, scratches
* Andrew Selmes – percussion, drums (brushes), drums
* Ryan Grieve (Music / Media Manager)
* George Nikoloudis (live sound engineer)

## Discography

### Albums

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Rhibosome* |  |

### Extended plays

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Rhibosome* | * Released: 2002 * Label: Hydrofunk/EMI (HF 21) * Format: LP |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Album |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Impulse" | 1999 | non album single |
| "Walkin'" | 2002 | *Rhibosome* |
| | | "Get Ready" |
||

## Awards and nominations

### West Australian Music Industry Awards

The Western Australian Music Industry Awards (commonly known as WAMis) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). Rhibosome won three awards.

| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (wins only) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *Rhibosome* | Favourite CD Launch | Won |
| | Rhibosome | Most Popular Local Original Electronic Act | Won |
| 2003 | Rhibosome | Most Popular Local Original Live Electronic Act | Won |

## InfoBox

| Rhibosome | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | Big Ear DJs |
| Origin | Perth, Western Australia |
| Genres | Electronica |
| Years active | 1998 (1998)–2004 (2004) |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | * Clayton Chipper * Ryan Grieve * Chad Hedley * Dave McKinney * George Nikoloudis * Andrew Selmes |


title: The Women (Hannah novel)

abstract: The Women is a historical fiction novel by American author Kristin Hannah published by St. Martin's Press in 2024. The book tells the story of Frances "Frankie" McGrath, a young nurse who serves in the United States Army Nurse Corps during the Vietnam War. The novel debuted at number one on The New York Times fiction best-seller list.

text:
# The Women (Hannah novel)

***The Women*** is a historical fiction novel by American author Kristin Hannah published by St. Martin's Press in 2024. The book tells the story of Frances "Frankie" McGrath, a young nurse who serves in the United States Army Nurse Corps during the Vietnam War. The novel debuted at number one on *The New York Times* fiction best-seller list.

## Background and inspiration

Hannah first came up with the idea for the novel 20 years prior to its publication. The story centered on a nurse and was initially a love story. She would occasionally revisit the project only put it aside again. She began to work on it in early 2020, shortly after completing her novel *The Four Winds*. It was developed during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic while she was confined to her home on a small island outside Seattle.

The book was inspired by Hannah's experience growing up during the war era, which she says "cast a huge shadow across \[her\] life". She was influenced by the public protests, marches, and social division about the war at the time as well as the later treatment of veterans upon returning home. In an interview with LibraryThing, Hannah commented:

> For years, I wanted to write about the turbulence and chaos and division of the times, but it wasn't until the pandemic, when I was on lockdown in Seattle, confined to my home essentially, and watching our nurses and doctors serving on the front lines of the pandemic, becoming exhausted amid the political division of the time that it all came together for me. That's when I knew I was ready to write about the women who served in the war and were forgotten at home.

Hannah also spoke about wearing a silver prisoner of war bracelet when she was about 10 years old, one which commemorated her close friend's father who had been shot down as pilot in the war. Her friend's father never returned home, and she wore the bracelet for many years, and as a result "was reminded of him and his service and war each day." In the book, after attending a march by Vietnam Veterans Against the War in Washington, D.C., Frankie encounters two volunteers for the National League of POW/MIA Families, from whom she buys a silver cuff bracelet on which the name of a missing soldier and the date of his disappearance are engraved: "Maj. Robert Welch 1-16-1967."

In her research, Hannah read several memoirs by nurses who served in Vietnam, many of whom experienced difficulty adjusting to civilian life and were afflicted with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Hannah chose Frankie to be the novel's central character, as opposed to fellow combat nurses Ethel or Barb, partly due to Frankie's naivete and Southern California origin, which Hannah felt she could empathize with due to her own upbringing in Garden Grove, California.

## Reception

The novel debuted at number one on *The New York Times* fiction best-seller list for the week ending February 10, 2024. As of the week ending March 30, 2024, the novel spent 8 consecutive weeks atop the list.

*Kirkus Reviews* assessed the novel as a "dramatic, vividly detailed reconstruction of a little-known aspect of the Vietnam War." In her review in *The New York Times Book Review*, Beatriz Williams wrote, "Hannah takes up the Vietnam epic and re-centers the story on the experience of women ... Hannah is in top form here, plunging the reader into the chaotic miseries of the combat zone. She deploys details to visceral effect." Alice Cary of *BookPage* wrote that "Hannah demonstrates her knack for blending broad sweeps of history with page-turning plots to immediately engross legions of readers in even the most difficult of subjects."

In her review for *The Boston Globe*, Meredith Maran panned the novel for resorting to cliché and criticized Hannah for "underestimating her readers", concluding, "Cut by half, edited to delete the predictable, the "matronizing," and the obvious, *The Women* would have been an even stronger contribution to Hannah's body of work, and to her millions of fans' understanding of American history."

## Film adaptation

In January 2024, Warner Bros. preemptively acquired the screen rights to *The Women* for a film adaptation.

## InfoBox

The Women
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Kristin Hannah |
| Audio read by | Julia Whelan |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Historical fiction |
| Publisher | St. Martin's Press |
| Publication date | February 6, 2024 |
| Publication place | New York |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 480 |
| ISBN | 978-1-250-17863-3 |


title: Liolaemus baguali

abstract: Liolaemus baguali is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is native to Argentina.

text:
# Liolaemus baguali

***Liolaemus baguali*** is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. It is native to Argentina.

## InfoBox

| *Liolaemus baguali* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Liolaemidae |
| Genus: | *Liolaemus* |
| Species: | ***L. baguali*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Liolaemus baguali***
Cei & Scolaro, 1983 | |
|