title: Premeaux-Prissey

abstract: Premeaux-Prissey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, in eastern France.

text:
# Premeaux-Prissey

**Premeaux-Prissey** (French pronunciation: \[pʁemo pʁisɛ\]; also *Prémeaux-Prissey*) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department, in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 416 |  |
| 1968 | 429 | +3.1% |
| 1975 | 379 | −11.7% |
| 1982 | 336 | −11.3% |
| 1990 | 332 | −1.2% |
| 1999 | 373 | +12.3% |
| 2008 | 397 | +6.4% |

## Wine

Some of the vineyards in Premeaux-Prissey are part of the *appellation d'origine contrôlée* (AOC) Nuits-Saint-Georges, which is named after the neighbouring commune, and some only qualify for the more general label Côte de Nuits-Villages.

## InfoBox

| Premeaux-Prissey | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Premeaux | |
|  | |
| Location of Premeaux-Prissey | |
| Premeaux-PrisseyPremeaux-Prissey | |
| Coordinates: 47°06′47″N 4°56′07″E / 47.1131°N 4.9353°E / 47.1131; 4.9353 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Côte-d'Or |
| Arrondissement | Beaune |
| Canton | Nuits-Saint-Georges |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Umberto Chetta |
| Area**1** | 9.05 km2 (3.49 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 364 |
| Density | 40/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 21506 /21700 |
| Elevation | 203–374 m (666–1,227 ft)
(avg. 236 m or 774 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Chaucheprat Point

abstract: Chaucheprat Point is a low headland at the northwest corner of Jonassen Island in Antarctic Sound. The name "Cap Chaucheprat", after M. Chaucheprat, Private Secretary to Vice Admiral Claude de Rosamel, was applied to a feature in this vicinity by Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1838. The present name revives the d'Urville naming, which probably was related to the heights of Jonassen Island.

text:
# Chaucheprat Point

**Chaucheprat Point** (63°32′S 56°42′W / 63.533°S 56.700°W / -63.533; -56.700) is a low headland at the northwest corner of Jonassen Island in Antarctic Sound. The name "Cap Chaucheprat", after M. Chaucheprat, Private Secretary to Vice Admiral Claude de Rosamel, was applied to a feature in this vicinity by Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1838. The present name revives the d'Urville naming, which probably was related to the heights of Jonassen Island.

* This article incorporates public domain material from "Chaucheprat Point". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Extranet

abstract: An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information accessible from an organization's intranet. An extranet is similar to a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for authorized parties, without granting access to an organization's entire network. Historically, the term was occasionally also used in the sense of two organizations sharing their internal networks over a virtual private network (VPN).

text:
# Extranet

An **extranet** is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information accessible from an organization's intranet. An extranet is similar to a DMZ in that it provides access to needed services for authorized parties, without granting access to an organization's entire network.

Historically, the term was occasionally also used in the sense of two organizations sharing their internal networks over a virtual private network (VPN).

## Enterprise applications

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, several industries started to use the term 'extranet' to describe centralized repositories of shared data (and supporting applications) made accessible via the web only to authorized members of particular work groups - for example, geographically dispersed, multi-company project teams. Some applications are offered on a software as a service (SaaS) basis.

For example, in the construction industry, project teams may access a project extranet to share drawings, photographs and documents, and use online applications to mark-up and make comments and to manage and report on project-related communications. In 2003 in the United Kingdom, several of the leading vendors formed the Network for Construction Collaboration Technology Providers (NCCTP) to promote the technologies and to establish data exchange standards between the different data systems. The same type of construction-focused technologies have also been developed in the United States, Australia and mainland Europe.

## Advantages

* Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
* Share product catalogs exclusively with trade partners
* Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts
* Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies
* Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies, such as an online banking application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated banks
* improved efficiency: since the customers are satisfied with the information provided it can be an advantage for the organization where they will get more customers which increases the efficiency.

## Disadvantages

* Extranets can be expensive to implement and maintain within an organization (e.g., hardware, software, employee training costs), if hosted internally rather than by an application service provider.
* Security of extranets can be a concern when hosting valuable or proprietary information.
* Partner and customer access may result in contentious or controversial debates

## Further reading


title: Don Bramlett

abstract: Donald Kirk Bramlett was an American professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Memphis. Bramlett died on February 1, 2023, at the age of 60.

text:
# Don Bramlett

**Donald Kirk Bramlett** (October 5, 1962 – February 1, 2023) was an American professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Memphis.

Bramlett died on February 1, 2023, at the age of 60.

## InfoBox

Don Bramlett
| No. 95 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1962-10-05)October 5, 1962
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died: | February 1, 2023(2023-02-01) (aged 60)
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 270 lb (122 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Evangelical Christian |
| College: | Memphis, Carson–Newman |
| Undrafted: | 1987 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: OGLE-TR-10b

abstract:
OGLE-TR-10b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star OGLE-TR-10. The planet was first detected by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey in 2002. The star, OGLE-TR-10, was seen dimming by a tiny amount every three days. The transit lightcurve resembles that of HD 209458 b, the first transiting extrasolar planet. However, the mass of the object had to be measured by the radial velocity method because other objects like red dwarfs and brown dwarfs can mimic the planetary transit. In late 2004 it was confirmed as the fifth planetary discovery by OGLE. The planet is a typical "hot Jupiter", a planet with a mass half that of Jupiter and orbital distance only 1/24 that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three days to complete. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star. OGLE-TR-10 was identified as a promising candidate by the OGLE team during their 2001 campaign in three fields towards the Galactic Center.
The possible planetary nature of its companion was based on spectroscopic follow-up.
A reported a tentative radial velocity semi-amplitude of 100±43 m/s, and a mass for the putative planet of 0.7 ± 0.3 MJup was confirmed in 2004 with the UVES/FLAMES radial velocities. However, the possibility of a blend could not be ruled out. A blend scenario as an alternative explanation from an analysis combining all available radial velocity measurements with the OGLE light curve. OGLE-TR-10b has a mass of 0.57 ± 0.12 MJup and a radius of 1.24 ± 0.09 RJup. These parameters bear close resemblance to those of the first known transiting extrasolar planet, HD 209458 b. The planets with the longer periods in the hot Jupiter class all have small masses, while all the short-period planets have masses roughly twice as large. This trend may be related to the survival of planets in proximity to their parent stars.

text:
# OGLE-TR-10b

**OGLE-TR-10b** is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star OGLE-TR-10.

The planet was first detected by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey in 2002. The star, OGLE-TR-10, was seen dimming by a tiny amount every three days. The transit lightcurve resembles that of HD 209458 b, the first transiting extrasolar planet. However, the mass of the object had to be measured by the radial velocity method because other objects like red dwarfs and brown dwarfs can mimic the planetary transit. In late 2004 it was confirmed as the fifth planetary discovery by OGLE.

The planet is a typical "hot Jupiter", a planet with a mass half that of Jupiter and orbital distance only 1/24 that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three days to complete. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star.

OGLE-TR-10 was identified as a promising candidate by the OGLE team during their 2001 campaign in three fields towards the Galactic Center. The possible planetary nature of its companion was based on spectroscopic follow-up. A reported a tentative radial velocity semi-amplitude (from Keck-I/HIRES) of 100±43 m/s, and a mass for the putative planet of 0.7 ± 0.3 MJup was confirmed in 2004 with the UVES/FLAMES radial velocities. However, the possibility of a blend could not be ruled out.

A blend scenario as an alternative explanation from an analysis combining all available radial velocity measurements with the OGLE light curve. OGLE-TR-10b has a mass of 0.57 ± 0.12 MJup and a radius of 1.24 ± 0.09 RJup. These parameters bear close resemblance to those of the first known transiting extrasolar planet, HD 209458 b.

The planets with the longer periods in the hot Jupiter class all have small masses (~0.7 MJup), while all the short-period planets (i.e., very hot Jupiters) have masses roughly twice as large. This trend may be related to the survival of planets in proximity to their parent stars.

Media related to OGLE-TR-10b at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

OGLE-TR-10b
| Size comparison of OGLE-TR-10b with Jupiter. | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | Konacki et al. |
| Discovery site | Las Campanas Observatory in Chile |
| Discovery date | Dec 20, 2002 |
| Detection method | Transit |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Semi-major axis | 0.04162 ± 0.00004 AU (6,226,300 ± 6,000 km) |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 3.10129 ± 0.00001 |
| Inclination | 84.5 ± 0.6 |
| Semi-amplitude | 100 ± 43 |
| Star | OGLE-TR-10 |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean radius | 1.26 ± 0.07 RJ |
| Mass | 0.63 ± 0.14 MJ |
| Mean density | 0.42 /cm3 |
| Surface gravity | 0.94 |
|  | |


title: Porphyromonadaceae

abstract: Porphyromonadaceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria described by Noel R. Krieg in 2015. It contains nine genera, five of which are validly published by the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Bacteria with 16S ribosomal RNA highly similar to the Porphyromonas genus, as compared to the larger taxonomic order Bacteroidales, are classified in this family. Bacteria of the Porphyromonadaceae family have coccobacilli shapes, and are obligately anaerobic, non-spore forming, and non-motile. Many of its species are members of animal gastrointestinal and oral microbiomes, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, which causes periodontal disease.

text:
# Porphyromonadaceae

**Porphyromonadaceae** is a family of Gram-negative bacteria described by Noel R. Krieg in 2015. It contains nine genera, five of which are validly published by the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Bacteria with 16S ribosomal RNA highly similar to the Porphyromonas genus, as compared to the larger taxonomic order Bacteroidales, are classified in this family.

Bacteria of the Porphyromonadaceae family have coccobacilli shapes, and are obligately anaerobic, non-spore forming, and non-motile. Many of its species are members of animal gastrointestinal and oral microbiomes, such as *Porphyromonas gingivalis*, which causes periodontal disease.

## InfoBox

| Porphyromonadaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Colonies of *Porphyromonas gulae* growing on a TSA plate | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Bacteroidia |
| Order: | Bacteroidales |
| Family: | Porphyromonadaceae<br>Krieg 2012 |
|
| Genera | |
|  | |


title: Rudy Sablan

abstract: Rudolph Guerrero Sablan was a Guamanian politician and member of the Democratic Party of Guam. Sablan served as the 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Guam from January 6, 1975 to January 1, 1979 under Governor Ricardo Bordallo.

text:
# Rudy Sablan

**Rudolph Guerrero Sablan** (November 13, 1931 – July 24, 1995) was a Guamanian politician and member of the Democratic Party of Guam. Sablan served as the 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Guam from January 6, 1975 to January 1, 1979 under Governor Ricardo Bordallo.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Sablan was born in Agana, Guam, which is now known as Hagåtña. He graduated from Father Dueñas Memorial School in 1950 as the valedictorian of his class. Sablan attended Boston College from 1950 to 1952 and received his bachelor's degree in political science 1954 from the former Loyola University of Los Angeles, which is now part of Loyola Marymount University.

Sablan was hired by a Navy Public Works Center after college before being drafted in the United States Army in 1956. He attend basic training in Hawaii and remained there to serve as an intelligence analyst and area studies specialist with the 14th Radio Broadcasting and Leaflet Battalion. He served until December 1957 and returned to Guam after an honorable discharge.

## Career

### Civil service

Once he had returned to Guam, Sablan took a job within the territorial government. He was quickly promoted to administrative positions within government agencies, including the Director of Labor and Personnel by 1961. His work caught the attention of Governor Manuel F.L. Guerrero, who appointed Sablan as both assistant Secretary of Guam and executive assistant to the Governor during the 1960s. The appointments allowed Sablan to oversee much of Guam's executive branch.

### Political career

In 1974, Governor Carlos Camacho, a Republican and the first elected Governor of Guam, sought re-election for a second term, together with his Lt. Governor Kurt Moylan. Four Democrats declared their intention to challenge Camacho, including Ricardo Bordallo, former Gov. Manuel Flores Leon Guerrero (who teamed with David D.L. Flores as his running mate for Lt. Governor); Pedro C. Sanchez, the former President of University of Guam (who teamed with Esteban U. Torres), and Joaquin C. "Kin" Arriola (teamed with school principal, Ted S. Nelson). On the Republican side, a rival team, Senator Paul McDonald Calvo with running mate Tony Palomo, challenged Governor Camacho for the GOP nomination.

Democratic gubernatorial candidate Ricardo Bordallo chose Rudy Sablan as his running mate for Lt. Governor. The Bordallo-Sablan team won the 1974 Democratic primary election, defeating the three other candidates. Governor Carlos Camacho won the Republican nomination, beating the Calvo-Palomo ticket, but badly dividing Guam's Republican Party. The Republican split worked to the Democrat's advantage, allowing Bordallo to defeat Governor Camacho in the November gubernatorial election.

Governor Bordallo and Lt. Governor Rudy Sablan were sworn into office on January 6, 1975. Sablan became the second elected Lt. Governor in Guam's history. However, Bordallo and Sablan frequent, public spats and disagreements on policy issues plagued the Bordallo-Sablan administration throughout their four-year term. The political relationship between the Governor and Lt. Governor broke down by the 1978 general election. In 1978, Rudy Sablan ran against Governor Bordallo in the gubernatorial election. Sablan chose Jose L. "Joe" Leon Guerrero as his running mate for Lt. Governor, while Governor Bordallo replaced Sablan with Dr. Pedro C. Sanchez, a historian and educator, on his ticket. Governor Bordallo defeated Sablan in the 1978 Democratic primary, taking 34.2% while Sablan-Guerrero placed second with 25% of the vote. Ricardo Bordallo ultimately lost his re-election bid to Republican Paul McDonald Calvo in November 1978.

Four years later, Sablan once again announced his candidacy for Governor of Guam in the 1982 gubernatorial election. Sablan again picked his Joe Leon Guerrero, as his running mate for Lt. Governor (Sablan and Guerrero had also run on the same ticket in 1978). However, the Sablan-Guerrero lost a rematch in Democratic primary to Ricardo Bordallo and his new running mate, Edward Diego Reyes. Bordallo defeated Sablan by 35 percentage points in the Democratic primary to win the nomination. Bordallo, in a second political rematch from 1978, then beat Governor Paul McDonald Calvo in the November 1982 general election. (Calvo had previously ousted Bordallo from office in 1978).

### Later career and life

Governor Ricky Bordallo appointed Sablan as a member of Commission on Self-Determination, which oversaw the future relationship between Guam and the United States, from 1983 until 1987. Sablan remained a proponent the Guam Commonwealth Act, even after the end of the Bordallo-Reyes administration in 1987. In December 1989, Sablan testified in support of the Guam Commonwealth Act at the sole U.S. congressional hearing on the Act, which was held in Honolulu.

In 1983, Sablan was appointed Chairman of the board of directors of the Guam Airport Authority, a territorial government agency which operates the island's international airport (now known as Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport). Under Sablan, the airport's terminals and runways were modernized and expanded to encourage a growing tourism industry.

Sablan worked to reconcile the various, often infighting, factions of the Democratic Party of Guam by 1993. He endorsed the 1994 gubernatorial campaign of Governor Carl Gutierrez and Lt. Gov. Madeleine Bordallo and has been credited with helping the Gutierrez-Bordallo team win the 1994 general election.

Sablan became an integral advisor to the new Gutierrez administration. Governor Carl Gutierrez appointed Sablan to the Commission on Self-Determination from 1994 until his death in 1995. (Sablan had previously served on the Commission from 1983 to 1987 under Governor Ricky Bordallo). In 1994 and 1995, Gutierrez appointed Sablan as part of a team who represented Guam at the Base Reuse and Realignment Commission hearings in San Francisco, California.

Sablan died on July 24, 1995 (equivalent to the early morning of July 25, Guam time) at the age of 63. He was survived by his wife, Esperanza "Ancha" Cruz San Nicolas; their two children, Rudy and Essie; and three grandchildren, Marie Antoinette, Jessica, and Mario. He was buried at Pigo Catholic Cemetery in Agana.

## InfoBox

| Rudy Sablan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Guam | |
| **In office**
January 6, 1975 (1975-01-06)  January 1, 1979 (1979-01-01) | |
| Governor | Ricardo Bordallo |
| Preceded by | Kurt Moylan |
| Succeeded by | Joseph F. Ada |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Rudolph Guerrero Sablan
(1931-11-13)November 13, 1931
Agana, Guam |
| Died | July 24, 1995(1995-07-24) (aged 63)
United States |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Esperanza Cruz San Nicolas  (m. 1960) |
| Children | 2 |
| Alma mater | Loyola University of Los Angeles |
|  | |


title: Bill Smith (footballer, born 1887)

abstract: William Smith was an English professional footballer who played as a centre-forward for various clubs in the years immediately prior to the First World War.

text:
# Bill Smith (footballer, born 1887)

**William Smith** (23 June 1887 – 21 March 1929) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre-forward for various clubs in the years immediately prior to the First World War.

## Football career

Smith was born in Denaby Main, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and played his early football for the nearby Hickleton Main Colliery before joining Brentford of the Southern League in October 1912. At Griffin Park, he soon gained a reputation as a prolific goal-scorer with 12 goals from 27 appearances.

In the 1913 close-season, he moved to the south coast to join Southampton and made his debut for the "Saints" in the opening match of the 1913–14 season. Despite "showing persistence and industry", he struggled to reproduce the form he had at Brentford. After scoring only four goals in his first fourteen appearances, he was replaced by Percy Prince. Smith was recalled for a further five matches in December/January without managing to score and lost his place again, this time to new signing Arthur Hollins.

In the summer of 1914, Smith returned to Yorkshire to join Halifax Town of the Midland League.

## InfoBox

Bill Smith
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | William Smith | | |
| Date of birth | 23 June 1887 | | |
| Place of birth | Denaby Main, England | | |
| Date of death | 21 March 1929(1929-03-21) (aged 41) | | |
| Place of death | Leeds, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Hickleton Main Colliery | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1912–1913 | Brentford | 27 | (12) |
| 1913–1914 | Southampton | 20 | (4) |
| 1914–1915 | Halifax Town |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Synaptic fatigue

abstract: Synaptic fatigue, or short-term synaptic depression, is an activity-dependent form of short term synaptic plasticity that results in the temporary inability of neurons to fire and therefore transmit an input signal. It is thought to be a form of negative feedback in order to physiologically control particular forms of nervous system activity. It is caused by a temporary depletion of synaptic vesicles that house neurotransmitters in the synapse, generally produced by persistent high frequency neuronal stimulation. The neurotransmitters are released by the synapse to propagate the signal to the postsynaptic cell. It has also been hypothesized that synaptic fatigue could be a result of postsynaptic receptor desensitization or changes in postsynaptic passive conductance, but recent evidence has suggested that it is primarily a presynaptic phenomenon.

text:
# Synaptic fatigue

**Synaptic fatigue**, or short-term synaptic depression, is an activity-dependent form of short term synaptic plasticity that results in the temporary inability of neurons to fire and therefore transmit an input signal. It is thought to be a form of negative feedback in order to physiologically control particular forms of nervous system activity.

It is caused by a temporary depletion of synaptic vesicles that house neurotransmitters in the synapse, generally produced by persistent high frequency neuronal stimulation. The neurotransmitters are released by the synapse to propagate the signal to the postsynaptic cell. It has also been hypothesized that synaptic fatigue could be a result of postsynaptic receptor desensitization or changes in postsynaptic passive conductance, but recent evidence has suggested that it is primarily a presynaptic phenomenon.

## Background

Chemical synapses allow for signal transmission by a presynaptic cell releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse to bind to receptors on a postsynaptic cell. These neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic cell and housed in vesicles until released. Once neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and a signal is relayed, re-uptake begins which is the process of transport proteins clearing out the neurotransmitters from the synapse and recycling them in order to allow for a new signal to be propagated. If stimulation is occurring at a high enough frequency and with enough strength, neurotransmitters will be released at a faster rate than re-uptake can recycle them which will ultimately deplete them until there are no longer readily releasable vesicles and a signal can no longer be transmitted.

## Functional significance

It has previously been shown that repeated short trains of action potentials causes an exponential decay of the synaptic response amplitudes in the neurons of many neural networks, specifically the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). Recent research has suggested that only repeated burst stimulation, as opposed to single or paired pulse stimulation, at a very high frequency can result in SF. Some cells like aortic baroreceptor neurons could have devastating effects including the inability to regulate aortic blood pressure if the onset of synaptic fatigue were to affect them. Metabotropic glutamate autoreceptor activation in these neurons may inhibit synaptic transmission by inhibiting calcium influx, decreasing synaptic vesicle exocytosis and modulating the mechanisms governing synaptic vesicle recovery and endocytosis. These glutamate autoreceptors are able to inhibit synaptic fatigue in order to prevent the detrimental physiological consequences that could result from dysfunctional blood pressure regulation in the aorta (not true)

## Synaptic recovery

When synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse that bind with post-synaptic membrane proteins to pass a signal, neurotransmitter re-uptake occurs to recycle neurotransmitters in the presynaptic cell in order to be released again. Neurotransmitter vesicles are recycled through the process of endocytosis. Because each presynaptic cell can link up to thousands of connections with other neurons, synaptic fatigue and its recovery can cause interactions with other neuronal circuits and can affect the kinetics with other processes of neurons. It is important that the recycling of neurotransmitters take place at an effective and efficient rate in order to prevent synaptic fatigue from negatively affecting signal transmission.

### Timing

Maintaining a readily releasable vesicle pool is important in allowing for the constant ability to pass physiological signals between neurons. The timing it takes for neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft and then be recycled back to the presynaptic cell to be reused is not currently well understood. There are two models currently proposed to attempt to understand this process. One model predicts that the vesicle undergoes complete fusion with the presynaptic cellular membrane once all its contents have been emptied. It then must retrieve vesicular membrane from other sites which could take up to tens of seconds. The second model tries to explain this phenomenon by assuming the vesicles immediately begin to recycle neurotransmitters after release, which takes less than a second to complete endocytosis. One study showed varying times of complete endocytosis ranging from 5.5-38.9 seconds. It also indicated that these times were completely independent of long term or chronic activity.

## Affected cells

Synaptic fatigue can affect many synapses of many different types of neurons. The existence and observations of synaptic fatigue are accepted universally, although the exact mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are not completely understood. It is generally seen in mature cells at high frequencies of stimuli (\>1 Hz). One specific example is that the gill withdrawal reflex of the Aplysia is caused by homosynaptic depression. Although homosynaptic and heterosynaptic depression can lead to long-term depression and/or potentiation, this particular case is a short-term example of how homosynaptic depression causes synaptic fatigue. Perforant path–granule cells (PP-GC) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in adult rats have been shown to experience fatigue at lower frequencies (0.05-0.2 Hz). In the developing rat PP-GCs, two types of synaptic plasticity were shown to lead to synaptic fatigue. A low frequency reversible depression of presynaptic vesicle release and a form of nonreversible depression caused by AMPA silencing. The second form of plasticity disappears with maturation of PP-GCs, although the reversible low frequency depression remains unchanged.

## Role in neural plasticity

Synaptic vesicles are thought to be part of three distinct pools: the readily releasable pool (comprises approximately 5% of total vesicles), the recycling pool (about 15%), and the reserve pool (the remaining 80%). The reserve pool seems to only begin to release vesicles in response to intense stimulation. There have been several studies that suggest the reserve vesicles are seldom ever released in response to physiological stimuli which raises questions about their importance. This release in vesicles, regardless of which pool they are released from, is considered a form of short term synaptic plasticity because it is changing the functional characteristics of the presynaptic cell ultimately temporarily altering its firing properties. The difference between this and long-term potentiation is the fact that this phenomenon only occurs for the duration of time it takes to recycle and reuse neurotransmitters as opposed to it occurring over the long-term such as the characteristics underlying long-term potentiation. Further research should be conducted to identify the importance of the reserve pool vesicles in presynaptic cells.

## Role in CNS pathologies

Synaptic Fatigue has not been shown to directly cause or result in a central nervous system pathology, although the degrees at which it is activated in cells has been studied as result of particular pathologies and diseases. Long-term changes in a neuron or synapse, resulting in a permanent change in a neuron's excitatory properties can cause synaptic fatigue to occur from much more or less activation that could potentially lead to some sort of physiological abnormality.

### Alzheimer's disease

Hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are impairment of cognition, aggregation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), neurofibrillary degeneration, loss of neurons with accelerated atrophy of specific brain areas, and decrease of synapse number in surviving neurons. Research indicates both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms resulting in AD. One specific abnormality includes an increased amount of presynaptic protein APP. A study was conducted where synaptic fatigue was compared between transgenic mice overexpressing APP/PS1 with their littermates who did not overexpress the protein. The results showed that fatigue was more significantly pronounced in the APP/PS1 mice, which indicates a decrease in the amount of readily releasable pools of vesicles in the presynaptic neuron. Conclusions from this study include synaptic fatigue being primarily a presynaptic phenomenon and not being affected by postsynaptic receptor desensitization, synaptic fatigue is not a result of Ca2+ ions building up in the terminal, and most importantly that synaptic fatigue is an important player and can be studied when researching the causes and effects of some neurodegenerative diseases.

### Depression

Antidepressants have short-term and long-term effects in depressed patients. The short-term effects are explained by a hypothesis that states that depression is acutely brought on by an immediate decrease in catecholamines in the brain. Antidepressants act immediately to inhibit this decrease and restore normal levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. Under stressed conditions, vesicle exocytosis is potentiated and a release of catecholamines causes depression of presynaptic cells because of depleted neurotransmitters. Therapeutic doses of fluoxetine have been shown to decrease these neuronal fatigue states by inhibiting vesicle release and thereby preventing synaptic fatigue in hippocampal neurons. These findings show that fluoxetine as well as other antidepressants that act through the same mechanisms as fluoxetine enhance neurorecovery and neurotransmission to reduce the risk of depression.

## Unanswered questions

* Although now synaptic fatigue is thought to primarily be a presynaptic phenomenon, could postsynaptic processes account for a larger portion of the causes that are currently understood for synaptic fatigue?
* Recycling of synaptic-vesicle membrane proteins is rapid, as indicated by the ability of many neurons to fire fifty times a second, and quite specific, in that several membrane proteins unique to the synaptic vesicles are specifically internalized by endocytosis. Endocytosis usually involves clathrin-coated vesicles, though non-clathrin-coated vesicles may also be used. After the endocytic vesicles lose their clathrin coat, however, they usually do not fuse with larger, low pH endosomes, as they do during endocytosis of plasma-membrane proteins in other cells (see Figure 17-46). Rather, the recycled vesicles are immediately refilled with neurotransmitter.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21521/


title: Elcanidae

abstract: Elcanidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic orthopterans. Members of the family are distinguished by the presence of spurs on the distal part of the metatibia, unique among orthopterans, these have been suggested to have been used for controlling gliding, swimming aids, or for jumping on water. The group combines characteristics from both major groups of orthopterans, with long antennae and nymphal morphology similar to Ensifera, but with wing venation and adult morphology more similar to Caelifera. Elcanidae is part of Elcanoidea, which is thought to have diverged from living orthopterans by the beginning of the Permian, around 300 million years ago. The family also includes Permelcanidae, known from the Early-Late Permian. The relationship of Elcanoidea to Ensifera and Caelifera is currently unresolved. Elcanids are known from the Late Triassic to Paleocene of Eurasia, North and South America. Some members of the group exhibited aposematic coloration. They are thought to have been herbivorous.

text:
# Elcanidae

**Elcanidae** are an extinct family of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic orthopterans. Members of the family are distinguished by the presence of spurs on the distal part of the metatibia, unique among orthopterans, these have been suggested to have been used for controlling gliding, swimming aids, or for jumping on water. The group combines characteristics from both major groups of orthopterans, with long antennae and nymphal morphology similar to Ensifera, but with wing venation and adult morphology more similar to Caelifera. Elcanidae is part of Elcanoidea, which is thought to have diverged from living orthopterans by the beginning of the Permian, around 300 million years ago. The family also includes Permelcanidae, known from the Early-Late Permian. The relationship of Elcanoidea to Ensifera and Caelifera is currently unresolved. Elcanids are known from the Late Triassic to Paleocene of Eurasia, North and South America. Some members of the group exhibited aposematic coloration. They are thought to have been herbivorous.

## Taxonomy

* subfamily Archelcaninae Gorochov, 2011
* subfamily Elcaninae Handlirsch, 1906
    + *Cratoelcana* Martins-Neto, 1991Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
        - *Cratoelcana damianii* Martins-Neto, 1991
        - *Cratoelcana zessini* Martins-Neto, 1991
    + *Ellca* Kočárek, 2020
    + *Eubaisselcana* Gorochov, 1986Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
        - *Eubaisselcana mongolica* Gorochov, 1986
        - *Eubaisselcana sharovi* Gorochov, 1986
    + *Minelcana* Gorochov *et al.*, 2006
    + *Panorpidium* Westwood, 1854
        - *Panorpidium bimaculatum* Gorochov *et al.*, 2006Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
        - *Panorpidium maculosum* Zhou et al. 2022 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
        - *Panorpidium proximum* Gorochov *et al.*, 2006 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
        - *Panorpidium parvum* Gorochov *et al.*, 2006 – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)
        - *Panorpidium sibirica* Sharov, 1968Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
        - *Panorpidium spica* Kim *et al.*, 2021Jinju Formation, South Korea, Early Cretaceous (Albian)
        - *Panorpidium tessellatum* Westwood, 1854 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
        - *Panorpidium yixianensis* Fang *et al.*, 2015 – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
    + *Probaisselcana* Gorochov, 1989
        - *Probaisselcana cretacea* Gorochov *et al.*, 2006 – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Hauterivian
        - *Probaisselcana euryptera* Tian *et al.*, 2019 – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
        - *Probaisselcana karatavica* Sharov, 1968Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
        - *Probaisselcana oculata* Hu & He, 2023 \- Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
* *Incertae sedis*
    + *Burmelcana* Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
        - *Burmelcana longirostris* Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    + *Cascadelcana* Fang *et al.*, 2018a
    + *Cenoelcanus* Schubnel *et al.*, 2020
    + *Elcanonympha* Heads *et al.*, 2018
        - *Elcanonympha diana* Heads *et al.*, 2018 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    + *Hispanelcana* Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010Álava amber, Escucha Formation, Spain, Albian
        - *Hispanelcana alavensis* Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
        - *Hispanelcana arilloi* Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
        - *Hispanelcana lopezvallei* Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
    + *Longioculus* Poinar *et al.*, 2007
        - *Longioculus burmensis* Poinar *et al.*, 2007 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    + *Hukawnelca* Uchida, 2021
        - *Hukawnelca gracile* Uchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    + *Caelielca* Uchida, 2021
        - *Caelielca spinocrus* Uchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    + *Monitelcana* Xu *et al.*, 2022
        - *Monitelcana penalveri* Xu *et al.*, 2022 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

## InfoBox

| Elcanidae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Unidentified female elcanid included in Burmese amber, showing metatibial spurs | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Superfamily: | Elcanoidea |
| Family: | Elcanidae
Handlirsch, 1906 |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Elcana*
Giebel, 1856 \[synonym of *Panorpidium*\] | |
| Subfamilies and genera | |
| See text | |


title: Presque Isle County Courthouse

abstract: The Presque Isle County Courthouse, also known as the Onaway Courthouse, is a government building located on the corner of State and Maple Streets in Onaway, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Presque Isle County Courthouse

The **Presque Isle County Courthouse**, also known as the **Onaway Courthouse**, is a government building located on the corner of State and Maple Streets in Onaway, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## History

Merritt Chandler was born in 1843 near Adrian, Michigan. He made a fortune in lumbering and then in building roads; in 1886 he platted the village of Onaway. By 1903, Onaway had a population of 3000, making it the largest settlement in Presque Isle County. In 1908, Chandler constructed this building and donated it to the county in an effort to wrest the county seat away from Rogers City. He was unable to have the county seat moved, so in 1911 a drive started to carve out a new county for Onaway, to be called "Forest County." The drive failed, but as a compromise, county court sessions were alternated between Rogers City and Onaway until the 1940s.

The building served various functions over the years, but began to fall into disrepair. In the late 1990s, restoration efforts began, and over $1 million was spent to improve the heating and electrical system, replace the roof and windows, refinish the interior, and install a clock in the clocktower.

As of 2009, the building houses the Onaway Branch of the Presque Isle District Library, the Onaway Historical Museum, the Chamber of Commerce, and offices of the City of Onaway.

## Description

The Presque Isle County Courthouse is a two-story asymmetric structure built of poured concrete block building on a fieldstone foundation. Its Eclectic design incorporates Italian Villa, Romanesque, and Renaissance Revival styles. It has a low-pitched hip roof with overhanging eaves supported by bracketry, and a square off-center tower.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Presque Isle County Courthouse | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Michigan State Historic Site | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interactive map showing the location for Presque Isle County Courthouse | |
| Location | State and Maple Sts., Onaway, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 45°21′28″N 84°13′47″W / 45.35778°N 84.22972°W / 45.35778; -84.22972 |
| Area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | 1908 (1908) |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian, Eclectic |
| NRHP reference No. | 80001889 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | April 3, 1980 |
| Designated MSHS | May 17, 1978 |


title: Boteka Airport

abstract: Boteka Airport is an airport serving Boteka, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Boteka Airport

**Boteka Airport** (ICAO: **FZGT**) is an airport serving Boteka, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## InfoBox

| Boteka Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Serves | Boteka, Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Elevation AMSL | 380 m / 1,247 ft |
| Coordinates | 00°19′00″S 019°04′00″E / 0.31667°S 19.06667°E / -0.31667; 19.06667 |
| Map | |
| FZGTLocation of airport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  930 3,051 | |
| Source: Great Circle Mapper | |


title: Don Brandon

abstract: Donald P. Brandon is an American former college baseball head coach and former college athlete. He coached at Anderson University in Indiana for 38 seasons.

text:
# Don Brandon

**Donald P. Brandon** (born c.1941) is an American former college baseball head coach and former college athlete. He coached at Anderson University in Indiana for 38 seasons.

## Biography

Brandon served as head coach of the Anderson Ravens baseball team in 1972 and from 1974 to 2010. He recorded 1,110 wins and 588 losses, for a .654 winning percentage. He led the Ravens to 13 conference titles, 12 NAIA District titles, 5 NAIA World Series appearances (1984, 1987, 1993, 1998, and 2003) and the 1991 National Christian College Athletic Association National Championship.

Brandon attended Anderson University and Ball State University, where he earned degrees in 1963 and 1967, respectively. He later earned a doctorate at Springfield College in Massachusetts in 1976. While a student at Anderson, Brandon earned varsity letters in baseball and football, and also played on the basketball team. Anderson's baseball coach at that time was former Brooklyn Dodgers player Carl Erskine.

Brandon first coached at Anderson in 1968, as an assistant with the football and basketball teams. He later was an assistant baseball coach under Erskine. Brandon served as head coach of the baseball team in 1972, with Erskine coaching a final season in 1973. Brandon then was head coach from 1974 through 2010.

Born in Vinemont, Alabama, Brandon graduated from high school in Cullman, Alabama, in 1959. He was inducted to the Cullman County, Alabama, Sports Hall of Fame in 2011, and the Anderson University Athletic Hall of Fame in 2010. Brandon married in 1962; he and his wife have two children.

## Head coaching record

### College football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Anderson Ravens** *(Hoosier–Buckeye Conference)* (1976–1977) | | | | | | | | |
| 1976 | Anderson | 3–6 | 3–5 | 7th |  |
| 1977 | Anderson | 3–6 | 3–5 | 6th |  |
| **Anderson:** | | 6–12 | 6–10 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 6–12 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Don Brandon
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c.1941 (age 8283)
Vinemont, Alabama, U.S. |
| Alma mater |  |
| Playing career | |
| Football | |
| 1959–1962 | Anderson (IN) |
| Basketball | |
| 1960–1963 | Anderson (IN) |
| Baseball | |
| 1960–1963 | Anderson (IN) |
|  | |
| Position(s) | End (football)
Pitcher (baseball) |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| Football | |
| 1964 | Anderson (IN) (JV) |
| 1965–1966 | Anderson HS (IN) (assistant JV) |
| 1967 | Anderson HS (IN) (JV) |
| 1968–1975 | Anderson (IN) (assistant) |
| 1976–1977 | Anderson (IN) |
| Basketball | |
| 1968–? | Anderson (IN) (assistant) |
| Baseball | |
| 1965–1967 | Anderson HS (IN) (assistant) |
| 1968–1971 | Anderson (IN) (assistant) |
| 1972 | Anderson (IN) |
| 1973 | Anderson (IN) (assistant) |
| 1974–2010 | Anderson (IN) |
| Track and field | |
| 1965–1967 | Anderson HS (IN) |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1975–1978 | Anderson (IN) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 1,110–588 (.654) (college baseball)
6–12 (college football) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| NCCAA National Championship (1991) | |
| Awards | |
| Football
2× All-Hoosier Conference (1961–1962)
Baseball
2× All-Hoosier Conference (1962–1963) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Botelhos

abstract: Botelhos is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil. The city was originally known as São José dos Botelhos but was elevated as a municipality on August 30, 1911 and renamed as Botelhos since 1915. Botelhos is known for its many religious denominations and Mateus Jerônimo Guiddi has been the mayor of the municipality since 2013.

text:
# Botelhos

**Botelhos** is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.

The city was originally known as *São José dos Botelhos* but was elevated as a municipality on August 30, 1911 and renamed as *Botelhos* since 1915. Botelhos is known for its many religious denominations and Mateus Jerônimo Guiddi has been the mayor of the municipality since 2013.

## InfoBox

| Botelhos | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| BotelhosLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 21°37′58″S 46°23′42″W / 21.63278°S 46.39500°W / -21.63278; -46.39500 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State | Minas Gerais |
| Mesoregion | Sudoeste de Minas |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Eduardo Jose Alves de Oliveira (PP) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 14,949 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Extranghero

abstract: Extranghero is a superhero comedy film co-written and directed by Ben Feleo and starring Andrew E., Michelle Aldana, and Jorge Estregan. Produced by Viva Films, it was released on December 12, 1997.

text:
# Extranghero

***Extranghero*** is a superhero comedy film co-written and directed by Ben Feleo and starring Andrew E., Michelle Aldana, and Jorge Estregan. Produced by Viva Films, it was released on December 12, 1997.

## Plot

Botong and his father leave their province to find a decent livelihood in Manila. Botong unknowingly tags along with a group of robbers who offer him a "job". The group breaks into a house and attempts to molest a sleeping woman. Botong recognizes the woman whose name is Kristy, realizes the ill intent of the robbers and stops them. The robbers are arrested by the police. Kristy convinces her mother, Doña Isabel, to let Botong stay in their house. He then works at their house as a househelp.

Botong helps Kristy prepare for a party and the two start to develop feelings for each other. The two dance in the party. Kristy's fiancé, Ivan arrives late and sees them dancing. Irritated, he insults Botong and kicks him out of the party. Kristy's mother notices her daughter's feelings for Botong and pleads Kristy to not commit the same mistake as she did. Ivan shortly proposes to Kristy to marry him. Kristy rejects Ivan and Botong who is nearby sides with her. This ensues a fight which leads to Kristy's mother and Kristy herself to evict him for his own good. Ivan also leaves heartbroken.

Two meteors from space strike Earth. One hits Ivan while driving a car and another hits Botong. Botong goes to space due to the collision, where he talks to a celestial entity which says he will give him a "better role" beyond "being a protagonist". Botong is then sent back to Earth and finds out that he gained superpowers. He helps stop thugs and is called in the press as "Extranghero" for being an "extra" in one of his exploits. Meanwhile, Ivan, after being trapped in his burning car, extricates himself and burns a reporter covering his accident to death. His bodyguards and secretary Espertina pledge their loyalty to Ivan.

Botong and his dad end up in jail and meet the robbers Botong encountered earlier. With his powers, Botong and his father escape. The two apply for a job as a messenger and maintenance employee, with Botong using his powers to help them get hired. Botong continues to explore his powers helping others while not in costume.

Ivan uses his powers for evil with the help of his goons. Donning a costume, he introduces himself as a supervillain to the media. Ivan orders his minions to kidnap Kristy. Kristy successfully flees but is stuck in a railroad as a train approaches, only to be saved by Extranghero. Ivan then kidnaps Kristy himself and keeps her in a warehouse. Ivan then promises to Kristy that she will become his queen and have a family and they will rule the world. Kristy rejects Ivan again and Espertina objects saying Ivan promised the same to her. He reminds her that she pledged to follow his every wish. Ivan then kisses Kristy against her wishes.

Extranghero arrives and fights Ivan. Ivan entrusts Kristy to Espertina and the two women fight as well. Kristy manages to escape Espertina's custody which leads to Ivan giving Espertina some superhuman abilities. Espertina overpowers Kristy and pushes her from a platform which kills her. Extranghero is devastated while holding Kristy in his arms. Electricity appears in his hands which Extranghero uses to revive Kristy. This also gives her temporary powers so she can continue her fight with Espertina. Extranghero continues his fight with Ivan and throws a large flammable container, seemingly killing Ivan and causing an explosion.

Extranghero flies out with Kristy and leaves her with her mother. Botong arrives, feigning jealousy to his superpowered alter ego. Kristy confess and they attempt to kiss but are stopped by her mother. Botong's father arrives and tells his son that their boss is looking for them. Doña Isabel recognizes Botong's father as her husband meaning that Botong and Kristy are siblings. However Isabel disclosed that she adopted Kristy due to her separation with her long lost son meaning that the two could indeed be together.

Ivan appears, still alive, to everyone's surprise.

## Cast

* Andrew E. as Extranghero/Botong
* Michelle Aldana as Kristy
* Jorge Estregan as Ivan
* Julie Lorette as Espertina
* Zeny Zabala as Doña Isabel
* Joji Isla as Cadio
* Blakdyak

## Music

Filipino-Chinese rapper group, Chinese Mafia did the title soundtrack of *Extranghero*, "Kapangyarihan".

## InfoBox

| Extranghero | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Ben Feleo |
| Written by | * Ben Feleo * Ana Santos * Reynaldo Castro |
| Produced by | William Leary |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ernie dela Paz |
| Edited by | Rene Tala |
| Music by | Andrew Espiritu |
| Production<br>company | Viva Films |
| Release date | * December 12, 1997 (1997-12-12) |
| Running time | 106 minutes |
| Country | Philippines |
| Language | Filipino |


title: DXHY

abstract: DXHY, broadcasting as 106.3 Radyo Natin, is a radio station owned and operated by MBC Media Group through its licensee Cebu Broadcasting Company. Its studios and transmitter are located along 13-15th Sts. Brgy. Nazareth, Cagayan de Oro. It is one of the few Radyo Natin stations in major markets.

text:
# DXHY

**DXHY** (106.3 FM), broadcasting as **106.3 Radyo Natin**, is a radio station owned and operated by MBC Media Group through its licensee Cebu Broadcasting Company. Its studios and transmitter are located along 13-15th Sts. Brgy. Nazareth, Cagayan de Oro. It is one of the few Radyo Natin stations in major markets.

## InfoBox

Radyo Natin CDO (DXHY)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Misamis Oriental, parts of Lanao del Norte and Bukidnon |
| Frequency | 106.3 MHz |
| Branding | 106.3 Radyo Natin |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Cebuano, Filipino |
| Format | Community Radio |
| Network | Radyo Natin Network |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Sister stations | 96.9 Easy Rock, 104.7 Yes FM, DZRH Cagayan de Oro |
| History | |
| First air date | 2007 |
| Call sign meaning | **H**ayaha**Y** |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | NTC |
| Class | CDE |
| Power | 10,000 watts |
| Links | |
| Website | Facebook page |


title: OGLE-TR-10

abstract: OGLE-TR-10 is a distant, magnitude 16 star in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is located near the Galactic Center. This star is listed as an eclipsing type variable star with the eclipse due to the passage of the planet as noted in the discovery papers.

text:
# OGLE-TR-10

**OGLE-TR-10** is a distant, magnitude 16 star in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is located near the Galactic Center. This star is listed as an eclipsing type variable star with the eclipse due to the passage of the planet as noted in the discovery papers.

## Planetary system

This star is home to OGLE-TR-10b, a transiting planet found by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey in 2002.

The OGLE-TR-10 planetary system
| Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.63 ±0.14 MJ | 0.04162 ±0.00004 | 3.10129 ±0.00001 | 0 |  |  |

## InfoBox

OGLE-TR-10
|
Artist's impression of the planetary system OGLE-TR-10. | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| Constellation | Sagittarius |
|
| Right ascension | 17h 51m 28.2594s |
| Declination | −29° 52 35.231 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.780 |
| Characteristics | |
|
| Spectral type | G2V |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.780 |
| Apparent magnitude (I) | 14.92 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | planetary transit variable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 0.208(63) mas/yr
Dec.: −5.284(40) mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 0.8016 ± 0.0394 mas |
| **Distance** | 4,100 ± 200 ly
(1,250 ± 60 pc) |
| **Absolute magnitude (MV)** | 4.32 |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.18 ± 0.04 |
| **Radius** | 1.15 ± 0.01 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.12 dex |
| **Age** | \>1.1 Gyr |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| V5125 Sagittarii, SBC9 2452 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Robert Malet

abstract: Robert Malet was a Norman-English baron and a close advisor of Henry I.

text:
# Robert Malet

**Robert Malet** (c. 1050  by 1130) was a Norman-English baron and a close advisor of Henry I.

## Early life

Malet was the son of William Malet, and inherited his father's great honour of Eye in 1071. This made him one of the dozen or so greatest landholders in England. According to the Domesday book he held 221 manors in Suffolk, 32 in Yorkshire, eight in Lincolnshire, three in Essex, two in Nottinghamshire, and one in Hampshire. He also inherited the family property in Normandy.

## Public life

From 1070 to 1080, Malet was High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, and helped suppress the rebellion of Ralph Wader. Afterwards, he appeared frequently at King William I's court. All changed with the accession of William II. By 1094 Malet's English lands had been taken away from him. The reasons are unknown, and no more is known of Malet's activities during William II's reign. Most likely he was in Normandy, and it may be that his falling out with William II was due to his preference for Duke Robert of Normandy in the rivalry between the two brothers.

Malet reappeared in the public record three days after the death of William II in 1100, as a witness to Henry I's coronation charter. He must have been with Henry at the time of William's death, or rushed from Normandy when word came. In any case, Malet soon regained his office as Sheriff of Suffolk, and his honour of Eye.

It was thought that Malet had some quarrel with the king, and again lost his lands, on the basis of some statements by Orderic Vitalis, but most historians now think Orderic confused Malet with his successor, William Malet. However it appears that Robert Malet remained in the king's confidence and held his lands until his death.

Some sources claim that a Robert Malet died at the battle of Tinchebrai (28 September 1106), though there is no specific evidence linking this to Robert Malet of Suffolk.

Until some time before 1130, Malet was appointed Lord Great Chamberlain (or Master Chamberlain), the first person to hold this position. Little is known about the role attached at the time to this title or what it entailed. It is possible, however, that the position succeeded that of a *Lord High Steward*. While the rest of the financial responsibilities of the parent job were separated from that job and were given under the newly-formed title of Lord High Treasurer in 1126. So perhaps Malet became *Lord Great Chamberlain* in 1126 when the job of Lord High Treasurer seems to have been formed.

* Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 234A-25
* C. Warren Hollister, "Henry I and Robert Malet", *Viator*, Vol. 4, 1973, pp. 115–22
* Cyril Hart, "William Malet and His Family", *Anglo-Norman Studies XIX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1996*, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 1997, pp. 123–66
* C.P. Lewis, "The King and Eye: A Study in Anglo-Norman Politics", *English Historical Review*, vol. 104, 1989, pp. 569–87


title: Psary Małe

abstract: Psary Małe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Września, within Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Września and 42 km (26 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Psary Małe

**Psary Małe** \[ˈpsarɨ ˈmawɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Września, within Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Września and 42 km (26 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Psary Małe | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Psary Małe | |
| Coordinates: 52°20′N 17°31′E / 52.333°N 17.517°E / 52.333; 17.517 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Września |
| Gmina | Września |


title: Popular Song (song)

abstract: "Popular Song" is a song by Lebanese-British recording artist Mika, released as the second single in the United States from his third studio album, The Origin of Love. The song features American singer Ariana Grande and is included on her debut album, Yours Truly. The track was written by Mika, Priscilla Renea, Mathieu Jomphe and Stephen Schwartz, and produced by Mika and Greg Wells. The radio version featuring Ariana Grande was produced by Jason Nevins. It was released as a promotional single on 21 December 2012. It was initially sent to impact contemporary hit radio in the United States on 13 August 2013, but its release was moved up a week earlier. The song samples and remixes "Popular" from the musical Wicked. The album version of the song features vocals from Priscilla Renea, and features mature language. The single version replaces Renea with Ariana Grande, removes the mature language, and modifies the instrumental arrangement and tempo to create a version which heavily links to Mika's former hits, "Grace Kelly" and "We Are Golden".

text:
# Popular Song (song)

"**Popular Song**" is a song by Lebanese-British recording artist Mika, released as the second single in the United States from his third studio album, *The Origin of Love*. The song features American singer Ariana Grande and is included on her debut album, *Yours Truly*. The track was written by Mika, Priscilla Renea, Mathieu Jomphe and Stephen Schwartz, and produced by Mika and Greg Wells. The radio version featuring Ariana Grande was produced by Jason Nevins. It was released as a promotional single on 21 December 2012. It was initially sent to impact contemporary hit radio in the United States on 13 August 2013, but its release was moved up a week earlier.

The song samples and remixes "Popular" from the musical *Wicked*. The album version of the song features vocals from Priscilla Renea, and features mature language. The single version replaces Renea with Ariana Grande, removes the mature language, and modifies the instrumental arrangement and tempo to create a version which heavily links to Mika's former hits, "Grace Kelly" and "We Are Golden".

## Background

The original version of the song was made available on Mika's third studio album, *The Origin of Love*, and features vocals from songwriter Priscilla Renea. This version is based on the original from *Wicked*, and uses a very rough tempo and instrumentation, to fit in with the theme of the album. However, for the track's release as a single, Mika decided to completely change the arrangement, and create something similar to his hit single "Grace Kelly". To do this, he enlisted the help of American actress and performer Ariana Grande, rewrote some of the lyrics, changed the instrumentation and tempo, and reworked the song's structure.

The new version was released to the iTunes Store on 21 December 2012, being released as the album's second single in the United States.

## Music video

The music video was released on 29 April 2013, directed by Chris Marrs Piliero. It features a gothic theme, being set in a 'spooky, dark, "Addams Family"-esque high school'. The video features product placement from Sony and Mini. Mika uses a Sony Xperia Z to text an invitation for a dinner party to his popular classmates who are bullying him. This is interlaced with scenes of the two brewing a potion in a witch's cauldron and scenes of them falling victim to bullying. Mika and Grande return to Mika's mansion in his talking car, a 2013 Mini Cooper. At the dinner party, the bullies consume their drinks drugged with the potion, and turn to stone. They are then ruthlessly smashed into pieces by Mika and Grande, with the former using a candlestick and the latter using a food tray. However, the video ends with a twist: as Mika and Grande have a toast and the former takes a sip from his drink, the video flashes back to when the two were children and Mika is seen kicking down Grande's castle made of wooden blocks. As Grande glares coldly at him, Mika subsequently turns to stone as well. The video then ends with Grande smirking evilly at the camera. The gothic theme of the video and its vengeful nature, as well as the costume worn by Mika as he and Grande are shown 'cooking', is generally considered reminiscent of the aesthetic and plot of the Stephen Sondheim musical *Sweeney Todd*, tying back to the musical theatre roots of the song established in modifying a song from *Wicked*.

As of October 2024, the video has accumulated over 215 million views on Vevo.

## Critical reception

Bryon Flitsch of MTV's Buzzworthy noted that "Popular Song" is a different view of Mika's previous efforts, stating that its "peppy beat + catchy melody + playful lyrics = perfect song to bounce around to." Furthermore, Flitsch also praised Grande's vocals in the song for being "flawless" alongside Mika's. Marques Daniels of examiner.com felt that "Popular Song" is a song to inspire bullied and unpopular people to stand up. Daniels also praised the song for being a stand out track.

## Commercial performance

"Popular Song" debuted and has since peaked at number 87 in the US *Billboard* Hot 100, and was certified gold in 2015 by the RIAA for selling over 500,000 copies in the country.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Popular Song"
| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 71 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 8 |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Wallonia) | 12 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 92 |
| Romania (Romanian Top 100) | 100 |
| South Korea (Circle) | 133 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 87 |
| US Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 41 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Popular Song"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Popular Song"
| Region | Date | Format | Version | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 21 December 2012 | Digital download | Version featuring Ariana Grande | Casablanca |  |
| Austria | | | | 10 January 2013 |  |
| | | | | Belgium |  |
| | | | | Denmark |  |
| | | | | Germany |  |
| | | | | Finland |  |
| | | | | France |  |
| | | | | Italy |  |
| | | | | Japan |  |
| | | | | Netherlands |  |
| | | | | Norway |  |
| | | | | Russia |  |
| | | | | Sweden |  |
| | | | | Switzerland |  |
| | | | | United Kingdom |  |
| Italy | 24 January 2014 | | Radio airplay | Universal |  |

## InfoBox

| "Popular Song" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Mika featuring Ariana Grande | |
| from the album  *The Origin of Love and Yours Truly* | |
| Released | 21 December 2012 |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Length | 4:05 (album version)
3:20 (radio edit) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Mika singles chronology | |
| "Origin of Love"
(2012) "**Popular Song**"
(2012) "Live Your Life"
(2013) | |
|  | |
| Ariana Grande singles chronology | |
| "Put Your Hearts Up"
(2011) "**Popular Song**"
(2012) "The Way"
(2013) | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Popular Song" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Check-in QR code

abstract: The check-in code or the venue code is a QR code to record check-in locations for contact tracing and epidemiologic investigations. It was widely used in Australia and China during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2022.

text:
# Check-in QR code

The **check-in code** or the **venue code** (Chinese: 场所, *Chǎngsuǒgmǎ*) is a QR code to record check-in locations for contact tracing and epidemiologic investigations. It was widely used in Australia and China during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2022.

## Mechanism

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, some regulations were made for contact tracing, and then some governments required people to scan a QR code to record their locations of all the places that they have visited. As for the example of the Suzhou venue code, the QR code was generated via WeChat by the asset owner or the landlord, and then the location and the person would be recorded when the QR code scanner scanned this QR code.

## Purposes

As all the people scan the QR code when they visit specific locations, their locations and their personal information are recorded. If one of them is infected with COVID-19, people who have visit the same location will be warned, which is convenient for epidemiologic investigations.


title: Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes

abstract: The Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are three years old or older, over a distance of 6+1⁄2 furlongs on the all weather track held annually in September at Presque Isle Downs & Casino racetrack in [[Summit Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania|Summit Township, Pennsylvania]. The event currently carries a purse of $300,000.

text:
# Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes

The **Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes** is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares that are three years old or older, over a distance of 6+12 furlongs on the all weather track held annually in September at Presque Isle Downs & Casino racetrack in \[\[Summit Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania|Summit Township, Pennsylvania\]. The event currently carries a purse of $300,000.

## History

The race was inaugurated in 2007 with an attractive purse offered of $400,000 over the distance of six furlongs. The distance of the event was increased to 6+12 furlongs in 2009. That same year, 2009, the event was upgraded to a Grade III and two years later in 2011 to a Grade II.

The event has become the highlight of the meet and attracts fine fillies and mares from Canada and USA including dual winner of the event Informed Decision who later won the 2009 Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint, and Groupie Doll won the Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint in 2012 and 2013.

The event was not held in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

## Records

**Speed record:**

* 6+12 furlongs: 1:13.92 - Roses For Debra (2024) (new track record)
* 6 furlongs: 1:07:95 - Wild Gams (2008)

**Margins:**

* 4+14 lengths  Hotshot Anna (2018)

Most wins by a jockey  Most wins by a trainer * 2  Jonathan E. Sheppard (2009, 2010)
* 2  William B. Bradley (2012, 2013)
* 2  Gary Mandella (2014, 2015)
* 2  Hugh H. Robertson (2018, 2019)
* 2  Saffie Joseph Jr. (2022, 2023)

Most wins by an owner * 2  Augustin Stable (2009, 2010)
* 2  Fred Bradley, William Bradley, Carl Hurst & Brent Burns (2012, 2013)
* 2  HnR Nothhaft Horse Racing (2014, 2015)
* 2  Hugh H. Robertson (2018, 2019)

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Age | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Distance | Time | Purse | Grade | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes** | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2024 | Roses for Debra | 5 | Irad Ortiz Jr. | Christophe Clement | Cheyenne Stable & John O'Meara | 6+12 furlongs | 1:13.92 | $300,250 | II |  |
| 2023 | Accomplished Girl | 3 | Edgard Zayas | Saffie Joseph Jr. | Gentry Farms | 6+12 furlongs | 1:15.29 | $298,500 | II |  |
| 2022 | Artie's Princess\* | 5 | Jose L. Ortiz | Saffie Joseph Jr. | Kenneth Ramsey & Estate of Sarah Ramsey | 6+12 furlongs | 1:14.57 | $400,600 | II |  |
| 2021 | *Race not held* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2020 | *Race not held* | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | Hotshot Anna | 5 | Antonio A. Gallardo | Hugh H. Robertson | Hugh H. Robertson | 6+12 furlongs | 1:15.32 | $400,000 | II |  |
| 2018 | Hotshot Anna | 4 | Antonio A. Gallardo | Hugh H. Robertson | Hugh H. Robertson | 6+12 furlongs | 1:14.73 | $400,600 | II |  |
| 2017 | Ami's Mesa | 4 | Luis Contreras | Josie Carroll | Ivan Dalos | 6+12 furlongs | 1:14.68 | $400,800 | II |  |
| 2016 | Sarah Sis | 4 | Florent Geroux | Ingrid Mason | Joe Ragsdale | 6+12 furlongs | 1:16.42 | $400,200 | II |  |
| 2015 | Living The Life (IRE) | 5 | Joe Bravo | Gary Mandella | HnR Nothhaft Horse Racing | 6+12 furlongs | 1:15.17 | $400,000 | II |  |
| 2014 | Living The Life (IRE) | 4 | Mike E. Smith | Gary Mandella | HnR Nothhaft Horse Racing | 6+12 furlongs | 1:15.26 | $400,400 | II |  |
| 2013 | Groupie Doll | 5 | Rajiv Maragh | William B. Bradley | Fred Bradley, William Bradley, Carl Hurst & Brent Burns | 6+12 furlongs | 1:14.88 | $400,200 | II |  |
| 2012 | Groupie Doll | 4 | Rajiv Maragh | William B. Bradley | Fred Bradley, William Bradley, Carl Hurst & Brent Burns | 6+12 furlongs | 1:16.32 | $400,600 | II |  |
| 2011 | Musical Romance | 4 | Juan Leyva | William A. Kaplan | William A. Kaplan & Pinnacle Racing Stable (Adam Lazarus, managing partner) | 6+12 furlongs | 1:16.40 | $400,800 | II |  |
| 2010 | Informed Decision | 5 | Julien R. Leparoux | Jonathan E. Sheppard | Augustin Stable | 6+12 furlongs | 1:15.62 | $400,400 | III |  |
| 2009 | Informed Decision | 4 | Julien R. Leparoux | Jonathan E. Sheppard | Augustin Stable | 6+12 furlongs | 1:15.10 | $398,000 | III |  |
| 2008 | Wild Gams | 5 | Miguel Mena | Benjamin W. Perkins Jr. | New Farm (Everett & Nancy Novak) | 6 furlongs | 1:07.95 | $400,000 | Listed |  |
| 2007 | Miss Macy Sue | 4 | Eusebio Razo Jr. | Kelly R. Von Hemel | Roll Reroll Stables | 6 furlongs | 1:08.21 | $400,000 | Listed |  |

***Legend:***
All Weather Track
***Notes:***
\*Artie's Princess finished first in the 2022 running of the race, but in March 2023 the horse was disqualified due to a medication violation. In July 2023, the disqualification was reversed by the Pennsylvania Horse Racing Commission.

## InfoBox

Presque Isle Downs Masters Stakes
| Grade II race | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Presque Isle Downs & Casino
Summit Township, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Inaugurated | 2007 |
| Race type | Thoroughbred \- Flat racing |
| Website | presqueisledowns.com |
| Race information | |
| Distance | 6+12 furlongs |
| Surface | All Weather Track |
| Track | left-handed |
| Qualification | fillies and mares, three years old and older |
| Weight | Base weights with allowances:
4-year-olds and up: 124 lbs.
3-year-olds: 120 lbs.
Graded stakes race winners 1 lbs. added |
| Purse | 300,000 (2023) |


title: Oak Pacific Interactive

abstract: Oak Pacific Interactive, established in 2002, is a Beijing-based Chinese holding company. Oak Pacific Interactive is the second-largest operator of social networking websites in China, after taking ownership of one of the most viewed Web sites in China MOP.com, information technology portal Donews and social networking site Xiaonei. In April 2008, Oak Pacific Interactive raised US$430 million from an investment group led by Japanese telecom company Softbank in exchange for a 35 percent stake.

text:
# Oak Pacific Interactive

**Oak Pacific Interactive** (Chinese: 千橡互动集团), established in 2002, is a Beijing-based Chinese holding company.

Oak Pacific Interactive is the second-largest operator of social networking websites in China, after taking ownership of one of the most viewed Web sites in China MOP.com, information technology portal Donews and social networking site Xiaonei.

In April 2008, Oak Pacific Interactive raised US$430 million from an investment group led by Japanese telecom company Softbank in exchange for a 35 percent stake.


title: Conrail Shared Assets Operations

abstract: Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CSAO) is the commonly used name for modern-day Conrail, an American railroad company. It operates three networks, the North Jersey, South Jersey/Philadelphia, and Detroit Shared Assets Areas, where it serves as a contract local carrier and switching company for its owners, CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. When most of the former Conrail's track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure but owns no equipment outside MOW equipment.

text:
# Conrail Shared Assets Operations

**Conrail Shared Assets Operations** (**CSAO**) is the commonly used name for modern-day Conrail (reporting mark **CRCX**), an American railroad company. It operates three networks, the North Jersey, South Jersey/Philadelphia, and Detroit Shared Assets Areas, where it serves as a contract local carrier and switching company for its owners, CSX Transportation and the Norfolk Southern Railway. When most of the former Conrail's track was split between these two railroads, the three shared assets areas (a total of about 1,200 miles of track) were kept separate to avoid giving one railroad an advantage in those areas. The company operates using its own employees and infrastructure but owns no equipment outside MOW equipment.

## North Jersey Shared Assets Area

The **North Jersey Shared Assets Area** stretches from the North Bergen Yard in North Bergen, New Jersey south into Jersey City and Newark, and beyond to Manville (Port Reading Junction) and Trenton, much of which is operated over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and New Jersey Transit lines through trackage rights. Primary connections are to CSX's River Subdivision north to Albany, New York at North Bergen, NS's Southern Tier Line northwest to Buffalo, New York at Croxton Yard in Jersey City, NS's Lehigh Line west to Allentown, Pennsylvania and CSX's Trenton Subdivision southwest to Philadelphia at Manville, and the Conrail South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area at Trenton. Oak Island Yard in Newark is the principal yard for the region with smaller ones at Bayonne, Greenville (Jersey City), Linden, Manville, Metuchen, Newark, Old Bridge, and Port Reading in Woodbridge.

## South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area

The New Jersey Department of Transportation anticipated in 2010 increased freight activity in South Jersey that has led to capital improvement and expansion projects for this designated area.

The **South Jersey/Philadelphia Shared Assets Area** is operated out of Pavonia Yard in Camden, New Jersey, with smaller yards in Marcus Hook, Paulsboro, Millville, Morrisville, Frankford Junction, Burlington, Port Richmond and South Philadelphia.

### Delair Bridge

The south track at the Delair Lift Bridge (part of the Delair Branch) is used by Conrail; the north track is used by New Jersey Transit's Atlantic City Line.

## Detroit Shared Assets Area

The **Detroit Shared Assets Area** consists of:

* Detroit Line, from junction with Norfolk Southern Detroit Line in Gibraltar, Michigan at MP 20 to junction with Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-West Detroit.
* North Yard Branch, from junction with Conrail Detroit Line at CP-West Detroit to junction with Conrail Sterling Secondary at CP-North Yard.
* Sterling Secondary and Utica Industrial Track, from junction with the Conrail North Yard Branch at CP-North Yard to the end of the Utica Industrial Track at MP 27.
* Michigan Line (runs parallel to Michigan Avenue, US Hwy 12), CP-Townline in Dearborn (junction with Amtrak Michigan Line) to CP-Bay City Jct.
* Lincoln Secondary, from junction with CSXT Toledo Terminal Subdivision at Carleton to Ecorse Junction in Detroit. Trains can operate track authority EC-1 forms issued by the CSX RL Dispatcher located in Calumet City, Illinois.

CP-West Detroit, Delray, CP-YD, and River Rouge Yard lie close to each other on the Utica/MP 20 line, giving the whole a rough K-shape. Various spurs and industrial tracks branch off from this trackage. Mileage in both directions is measured from the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.

## Locomotives

Conrail Shared Assets utilizes the following types of locomotives, all supplied by CSX and Norfolk Southern.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Conrail Shared Assets Operations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Map | |
| Overview | |
| Headquarters | Mount Laurel, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Reporting mark | CRCX |
| Locale | three separate networks, in the Detroit, Philadelphia, and Newark, New Jersey areas |
| Dates of operation | June 1, 1999present |
| Predecessor | Conrail |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Other | |
| Website | www.conrail.com |