title: Edith Hamlin

abstract: Edith Ann Hamlin (June 23, 1902 – February 18, 1992) was an American landscape and portrait painter, and muralist. She is known for her social realism murals created while working with the Public Works of Art Project, Federal Art Project and the Section of Painting and Sculpture during the Great Depression era in the United States and for her decorative style paintings of the American desert.

text:
# Edith Hamlin

**Edith Ann Hamlin** (June 23, 1902 – February 18, 1992) was an American landscape and portrait painter, and muralist. She is known for her social realism murals created while working with the Public Works of Art Project, Federal Art Project and the Section of Painting and Sculpture during the Great Depression era in the United States and for her decorative style paintings of the American desert.

## Biography

Born in Oakland, California, she was exposed to art by her father, Charles Hamlin, who took her on sketching trips as a small child. Hamlin won a scholarship to the California School of Fine Arts (1922–1924) and later attended the Teachers College at Columbia University from 1929 until 1932.

She maintained a studio in San Diego throughout the 1920s. In 1933, Hamlin established a studio in San Francisco, and was briefly married to artist Albert Barrows. By 1936 they divorced.

During the early 1930s, she traveled around New Mexico and Arizona. She was selected to paint murals for the Public Works of Art Project at the Coit Tower, and completed a WPA Federal Art Project mural for Mission High School in San Francisco. On the second floor of Coit Tower, she completed a mural named "Sports and Hunting in California". It currently has limited public access due to its location. She worked with Maynard Dixon on the murals, and married him in 1937, after she divorced her first husband in 1936.

She also painted for the Department of the Interior Building in Washington, DC.

Hamlin completed another project for the WPA as she painted two large murals for the Mission High School (San Francisco).

She and Dixon moved to Tucson in 1939 and maintained a summer home in Mt. Carmel, Utah. In Tucson, she completed numerous public murals including two for the Santa Fe Railroad. After Dixon died in 1946, Hamlin had his ashes buried on a hill near their house where she also constructed a studio for herself. She married the artist Frank Knight Dale who did not live long and she returned to San Francisco in 1953, where she died in 1992.

## Legacy

The Maynard and Edith Hamlin Dixon House and Studio, operated by the Thunderbird Foundation, offers guided tours by appointment of their home and studio in Mount Carmel, Utah. Their house has been on the Register of Historic Places since 2002.

## Notable work

### Arizona projects and murals

* *Grand Canyon Pueblo & Taos Pueblo*, Painted in the Tucson Medical Center Old Administration Building for Santa Fe Railroad Chicago City Ticket Office, Oil and Canvas 1947. Buck Weaver and Milford Zornes assisting.
* *The Legend of Sun and Earth*, Arizona Biltmore Hotel Dining Room; Phoenix, Arizona, Oil and Canvas, 1949.
* *Christ and the Children*, St. Ambrose Catholic Church; Tucson, Arizona, Ethyl Silicate, 1950. (Over Painted)
* *Fray Marcos de Niza on an Exploration Trip to Arizona*, Jacome's Department Store; Tucson, Arizona, Steel-Reinforced Concrete, 1951 with Jack Maul, Ettore DeGrazia and George Hardy assisting (Jacome donated the pieces to the city, and it now hang at the Tucson Convention Center, one at the west entrance and the other outside the Leo Rich Theatre).
* *Tucson in the ‘70s’ Old Pueblo Club*; Tucson, Arizona, Oil and Panel, 1952.

### California projects and murals

* *Mission San Francisco de Asis*, (painted with Jay Risling assisting), Mission High School Library, San Francisco, California
* *Civilization Through the Arts and Crafts as Taught to the Neophyte Indians,* (painted with Betty Willey)*,* Mission High School Library, San Francisco, California
* *Sports and Hunting in California* mural, Coit Tower, San Francisco, California
* *Overland Pioneers*, Tracy Post Office, Tracy, California, (painting is now missing)
* *Spaniards*, Tracy Post Office, Tracy, California
* *Days of the First Railroad*, Tracy Post Office, Tracy, California

* Arnold, Elliott, Tucson Festival of Arts, 1951.
* Ainsworth, Edward, Widening Horizons: Painters of the Western Desert, 1952.
* Kovinick, Phil. The Women artist in the American West, 1976.
* Eric Firestone Gallery, Women Artist of the West, 2004
* DVD- Maynard Dixon Art and Spirit 2008

## InfoBox

| Edith Hamlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlin, photo by Sonya Noskowiak | |
| Born | June 23, 1902
Oakland, California, US |
| Died | February 18, 1992 (aged 89)
San Francisco, California, US |
| Alma mater | California School of Fine Arts
Columbia University |
| Known for | Painting, murals |
| Movement | Social realism |
| Spouse(s) | Albert Barrows (1933–1936)
Maynard Dixon (1937–1946) |


title: Prem Pratigyaa

abstract: Prem Pratigyaa is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film starring Mithun Chakraborty and Madhuri Dixit. The film is directed by Bapu and written by Jainendra Jain. The film was a remake of the Tamil film Vandichakkaram and was a commercial success. At the 35th Filmfare Awards, Dixit received a nomination for Best Actress for her performance in the film.

text:
# Prem Pratigyaa

***Prem Pratigyaa*** (transl.Promise of Love) is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film starring Mithun Chakraborty and Madhuri Dixit. The film is directed by Bapu and written by Jainendra Jain. The film was a remake of the Tamil film *Vandichakkaram* and was a commercial success.

At the 35th Filmfare Awards, Dixit received a nomination for Best Actress for her performance in the film.

## Plot

Raja (Mithun Chakraborty) and his friend Charan (Satish Kaushik) come to a city to make a living. After failing to secure a job, one day they are teased and ragged by Kallu Dada (Ranjeet). The quarrel gets physical and Raja wins. As a result, Raja becomes the local underworld don and starts collecting protection money from shopkeepers. He also becomes an alcoholic. Raja meets with Laxmi (Madhuri Dixit) and is attracted to her, he comes to her assistance when her father, Mohan, passes away, by helping to cremate him; he comes to her aid again when Kallu and his goons attempt to molest her; and when the municipality tears down her hut, he decides to let her live with him. Due to her influence, he gives up his bad habits. As things go well, they both decide to get married. But on the wedding day, Laxmi's old beau, a Professor (Vinod Mehra), shows up and proposes marriage with her. Meanwhile, Raja is also arrested and held for killing Kallu.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music of the film is composed by Bappi Lahiri on lyrics written by Indeevar.sheeshe ki umar and pyar kabhi kam nahi karna popular Songs of album.

| Song | Singer |
| --- | --- |
| "Sheeshe Ki Umar Pyale Ki" | Kishore Kumar |
| "Bahon Mein Botal, Botal Mein Daru, Daru Mein Meri Nasha" | Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle |
| "Na Janun Ram" | Asha Bhosle |
| "Pyar Kabhi Kam Nahi Karna, Koi Sitam Kar Lena" | Asha Bhosle, Bappi Lahiri |
| "Chalna Hai Tera Kaam" (Happy) | Bappi Lahiri |
| "Chalna Hai Tera Kaam" (Sad) | Bappi Lahiri |
|

## Awards

**35th Filmfare Awards**:

**Nominated**

## InfoBox

| Prem Pratigyaa | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional Poster | |
| Directed by | Bapu |
| Written by | Jainendra Jain |
| Based on | Vandichakkaram (Tamil) |
| Produced by | B. Loganathan |
| Starring | Mithun Chakraborty<br>Madhuri Dixit |
| Cinematography | Baba Azmi |
| Edited by | Anil Malnad |
| Music by | Bappi Lahiri |
| Release date | * 19 May 1989 (1989-05-19) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |


title: Edward Bentham

abstract: Edward Bentham was an Oxford based theologian who in 1763, with some evident reluctance, became Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University.

text:
# Edward Bentham

**Edward Bentham** (23 July 1707 – 1 August 1776) was an Oxford based theologian who in 1763, with some evident reluctance, became Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University.

## Life

### Family, provenance and early years

Edward Bentham was born at Ely where his father, the Rev. Samuel Bentham, was employed as a minor canon at the cathedral. The Benthams were a clerical family, and Edward was the sixth priest in a continuous descent from Thomas Bentham (1513/14–1579), Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. His younger brother, James Bentham achieved distinction as an antiquarian and historian of Ely Cathedral. The family were distant cousins of the philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832).

### Oxford

In 1717, on the recommendation of Dr. Smalridge, then a fellow of Christ Church college, Bentham was sent away to Oxford where he sang as a chorister at Christ Church, before entering the college as a student on 28 March 1724. He studied under the supervision of John Burton, a cousin who became also a friend. He was listed as a scholar in 1726. Sources commend Bentham's erudition and even temperament. As soon as he had taken his Bachelor of Arts degree he was invited by the principal of Magdalen Hall to become vice-principal of that college, and took up the appointment on 6 March 1730 (Gregorian), still aged only 22. However, the appointment proved short-lived, since on 23 April 1731 he was elected to the fellowship at Oriel College, where he was appointed a tutor the next year. He retained the tutorship at Oriel till 1752.

Further promotions and appointments followed. He obtained his Bachelor of Divinity degree on 26 March 1743, becoming a Doctor of Divinity in 1749. On 22 April 1743 he was allocated a Prebendary stall at Hereford Cathedral. At Oxford he was nominated as a canon at Christ Church in April 1754, the previous canon, a Dr. Newton, having died. Bentham's installation followed on 9 June 1754, and while canon he also acted as subdean and treasurer for more than another twelve years. He set in place reforms to address the "great confusion" in the "affairs of the \[cathedral\] treasury" which he found on taking up his appointment. (There is also mention made of the "negligence of the deputy \[treasurer\]".)

It was at this time, on 22 June 1754, that Edward Bentham married Elizabeth Bates (died 1790) from Alton in the nearby county of Hampshire.

### Regius professorship

Edward Bentham's appointment to the Oxford regius professorship of divinity took place in May or June 1763, following the death of the previous incumbent, John Fanshawe. The professorship came with an automatic entitlement to a canonry at Christ Church: unfortunately, however, the eighth prebendary chair to which this canonry entitled him was lower in the Christ Church cathedral hierarchy than the fifth prebendary chair which Bentham had up till now occupied since 1754. In this sense, it was impossible to avoid the observation that elevation to the regius professorship represented not merely an academic promotion but also a canonical demotion. In this context the Archbishop of Canterbury supplied a critique of the appointment (which he had himself recommended to the king and energetically encouraged Bentham to accept) in a letter written to the Archbishop of York on 31 May 1763: "I am sorry for poor Bentham, but I am glad for the University". It is also reported that Edward Bentham's brother, the church historian James Bentham, saw the regius professorship as a step along the way to further ecclesiastical promotion; but in the event Edward Bentham was still serving as the Oxford University regius professor of divinity when he died more than thirteen years later, in October 1776.

Bentham was an active regius professor. Encouraged by Archbishop Secker, in 1764 he instigated a yearly course of thrice weekly lectures for those intending to seek ordination into the English priesthood. The "striking innovation" in this context, according to the twentieth-century historian R.Greaves, was that Bentham did not charge any fees to students attending the lectures. Surviving notes by students indicate a real-world practical approach, coupled with an adherence to the lecturer's own moderate high church biblical orthodoxy.

### Death

> **Edward Bentham (1707-1776): publications
(not a complete list)** * *Reflections upon the Nature and Usefulness of Logick (1740)*
> * *Introduction to Moral Philosophy (1745)*
> * *Letter to a Young Gentleman of Oxford (1749)*
> * *A Letter to a Fellow of a College*
> * *De studiis theologicis praelectio (1764)*
> * *Reflections on the Study of Divinity (1771)*
> * *An Introduction to Logick (Scholastick and Rational) (1773)*
> * *De tumultibus Americanis (1776)*

During his lifetime Bentham was noted as an early riser who had often completed half a day's work before many others had begun their day. He enjoyed good health, but during his final years suffered a sporadic weakness in his eyes, attributed to "too free an use of them when he was young". He was incapacitated by his final illness from 23 July 1776, but battled on with his studies "like a faithful soldier, in the exercise of his religion", dying at the start of the next month.

## Evaluation

Edward Bentham had a wide circle of friends in the academic world, but he also had his critics, and he seems to have made a long term enemy of William King, the Master of St Mary Hall (college), who after his death described Bentham waspishly as "Half a casuist, half lawyer, half Courtier, half Cit, Half Tory, half Whig (may I add, half a Wit?)".

After his death there were many, including his brother James, who went into print with the opinion that he should have advanced further in his career than he did, but there are signs elsewhere that he lacked some of the ambition and political skill necessary for such advancement, "a very honest, virtuous, good man; a good husband and father, and an excellent brother, but ...\[a\] poor creature ... in conversation, manner, and behaviour...a plodding, industrious man, bred under his cousin John Burton of Eton," according to the antiquary William Cole who evidently knew him. The criticisms are more quotable, and more quoted, than the plaudits, but it is nevertheless clear that Edward Bentham was also widely admired and liked.

Media related to Edward Bentham at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Edward Bentham | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 23 July 1707
Ely, England |
| Died | 1 August 1776
Oxford, England |
| Occupation | Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford University |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Bates |
| Children | Edward (died young)
Thomas
Elizabeth |
| Parent | The Rev. Samuel Bentham |


title: Edmund Creffield

abstract: Franz Edmund Creffield, commonly known as Edmund Creffield and by the pseudonym Joshua, was a German-American religious leader who founded a movement in Corvallis, Oregon, that became known locally as the "Holy Rollers". The movement, mainly popular among women, was widely regarded as a cult. Creffield, who believed himself the second coming of Jesus, had a number of run-ins with the authorities and the local citizenry over the next several years, often stemming from his relations with his female followers and his increasingly erratic behavior. In 1906 Creffield was murdered by George Mitchell, whose sister was one of Creffield's followers. After being acquitted of wrongdoing in the killing, Mitchell was himself murdered by his sister in revenge, with another follower's subsequent death by suicide. The story attracted national attention and was major news for a time in the Pacific Northwest.

text:
# Edmund Creffield

**Franz Edmund Creffield**, commonly known as **Edmund Creffield** and by the pseudonym **Joshua** (c. 1870–1906), was a German-American religious leader who founded a movement in Corvallis, Oregon, that became known locally as the "Holy Rollers". The movement, mainly popular among women, was widely regarded as a cult. Creffield, who believed himself the second coming of Jesus, had a number of run-ins with the authorities and the local citizenry over the next several years, often stemming from his relations with his female followers and his increasingly erratic behavior.

In 1906 Creffield was murdered by George Mitchell, whose sister was one of Creffield's followers. After being acquitted of wrongdoing in the killing, Mitchell was himself murdered by his sister in revenge, with another follower's subsequent death by suicide. The story attracted national attention and was major news for a time in the Pacific Northwest.

## Early life

Franz Edmund Creffield was originally from Germany; it is unclear how he came to Oregon. He first appeared in Portland in 1903, and he quickly became involved in the Salvation Army. Later that year he was sent on mission to the town of Corvallis. Soon after, he broke with the Salvation Army and formed his own group, which he called the Bride of Christ Church. Townspeople regarded the church as a cult and called them "Holy Rollers" because they rolled on the floor for hours during their services.

## Bride of Christ Church

Creffield did not say anything outrageous when he first came to Corvallis in 1903, preaching mostly about "the beauty of the full Gospel." Soon his followers believed he was receiving messages directly from God. Creffield preached for hours on end and his followers loudly rolled on the floor pleading for God's forgiveness. When their cacophonous meetings began running into the early morning hours, Creffield was barred from holding services within city limits.

During the summer he and his followers camped out on Kiger Island in the Willamette River. When the fall rains started Sarah Hurt and her three children, Maud, Frank, and Mae, some of his most ardent followers, invited him and about twenty others to move into their house just outside Corvallis. In October the group burned most of the house’s contents including furniture, utensils, heirlooms, a cat, and a dog. Reports that a baby had been sacrificed were false.

People soon began to ask if Creffield could really "live in the same locked house with a number of young girls, and do nothing in the world but be religious."

In January 1904, twenty vigilantes called the White Caps tarred and feathered Creffield, and told him to leave town and never come back. The next day Creffield and Maud Hurt were married in a room where "the odor of \[pine\] tar was noticeable."

In February Creffield was accused of having adulterous relations in Portland with Maud’s aunt, Donna Starr. Adultery was a criminal offense, so a warrant was put out for his arrest. A statewide manhunt went on for months. Meanwhile, many of his followers fasted and spent their days lying flat on the floor praying. Most were committed to either the Oregon State Insane Asylum or the Boys and Girls Aid Society in Portland.

In July, one month after Sarah Hurt was committed, Creffield was discovered nude and starving under her house. Creffield said he was innocent, but was found guilty and served seventeen months in the Oregon State Penitentiary. When released, he claimed he was Jesus Christ risen from the dead, his resurrection being his emergence from prison.

Creffield said he was responsible for the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and his followers, all of whom had been released from the asylum, believed him. "Creffield is Jesus Christ," Cora Hartley said. "He condemned the city of San Francisco and brought the earthquake; he has condemned the city of Corvallis and an earthquake will destroy this place." She and the others obeyed his order to evacuate to the coast.

## Assassination

In April, Louis Hartley, a wealthy mine owner, followed his wife, Cora, and daughter, Sophie, when they went to Newport to meet up with Creffield and the others. As the group boarded a ferry, Hartley fired a revolver four times at Creffield. The gun snapped harmlessly because the centerfire cartridges were wrong for the rimfire gun.

Others were also gunning for Creffield, so he fled to Seattle with Maud. There, George Mitchell, Esther's brother, found him and, in front of witnesses, killed him.

Multnomah County’s district attorney, John Manning, sent King County’s prosecuting attorney, Kenneth Mackintosh, a letter saying, "I investigated many, many charges against him \[Creffield\] while he was on his Holy Rolling tour in Oregon, the character of which were perfectly awful, in so far as being low, degenerate and brutal, and if permitted, I would like an opportunity to testify before the grand jury, before Mitchell is indicted … I think the taking of the law in one’s own hands, under such circumstances, to mete out summary justice is almost excusable.". Mackintosh was appalled by Manning’s suggestion.

O.V. Hurt, Creffield's father-in-law, hired one of the best law firms in Seattle to defend George. Numerous witnesses testified to telling George that "free love" took place in 1903. They said they told George that Creffield preached that Christ would be reborn and one of the Brides of Christ would be the new Mary and that he needed to lay his hands upon them and purify them. They said they told George that mothers were debauched in front of their daughters, including Sarah and her then sixteen-year-old daughter, Mae. They said they told George that finally Creffield announced that the new Mary was Esther Mitchell, the then sixteen-year-old sister of George."

Many believe that much of the testimony was perjury, a tactic to avoid hearsay and put Creffield on trial. George was found not guilty by reason of insanity and released. Two days later, Esther shot and killed him using a gun Maud bought using their witness fees.

O.V. was devastated, but still loved his daughter so he hired the same lawyers who had defended George, to defend her. Before the case went to trial, Maud died by suicide. Esther was found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed to Western State Hospital, an asylum in Steilacoom, Washington.

Esther was released from the asylum in 1909. She died by suicide in 1914.

## Footnotes

## Further reading

* Gerald J. Baldasty, *Vigilante Newspapers: A Tale of Sex, Religion, and Murder in the Northwest.* Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005.
* Linda Crew, *Brides of Eden: A True Story Imagined.* (Historical fiction.) New York: Harper Collins, 2001.
* Rosemary Gartner and Jim Phillips, "The Creffield-Mitchell Case, Seattle, 1906: The Unwritten Law in the Pacific Northwest," *Pacific Northwest Quarterly,* vol. 94, no. 2 (Spring, 2003), pp. 69–82. In JSTOR
* Theresa McCracken and Robert B. Blodgett, *Holy Rollers: Murder and Madness in Oregon's Love Cult.* Caldwell, ID: Caxton Press, 2002.
* Jim Phillips and Rosemary Gartner, *Murdering Holiness: The Trials of Franz Creffield and George Mitchell.* Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2003.
* Minerva Kiger Reynolds, *Corvallis in 1900.* Corvallis, OR: Minerva Kiger Reynolds, n.d. \[1976\].


title: Eduard Lassen

abstract: Eduard Lassen was a Belgian-Danish composer and conductor. Although of Danish birth, he spent most of his career working as the music director at the court in Weimar. A moderately prolific composer, Lassen produced music in a variety of genres including operas, symphonic works, piano works, lieder, and choral works among others. His most successful pieces were his fine vocal art songs for solo voice and piano which often used elements of German and Belgian folk music.

text:
# Eduard Lassen

**Eduard Lassen** (13 April 1830  15 January 1904) was a Belgian-Danish composer and conductor. Although of Danish birth, he spent most of his career working as the music director at the court in Weimar. A moderately prolific composer, Lassen produced music in a variety of genres including operas, symphonic works, piano works, lieder, and choral works among others. His most successful pieces were his fine vocal art songs for solo voice and piano which often used elements of German and Belgian folk music.

## Biography

He was born in Copenhagen, but was taken as a child to Brussels to which his father was president of the *Jewish Consistor of Belgium*. He was educated at the Brussels Conservatory where he earned prizes for piano (1844) and composition (1847). He won the Prix de Rome in 1851, which provided him with the opportunity to make a long tour in Germany and Italy. While touring he met Louis Spohr and Franz Liszt and composed much of his first opera *Le roi Edgard*. After returning to Brussels in 1855, Lassen actively sought to get his opera performed but was unable to do so. Liszt, however, agreed to produce the opera at the Grossherzogliches Theater (now the Staatskapelle Weimar) and the work premiered in Weimar in 1857. The following year, Liszt recommended Lassen as his replacement as the court music director in Weimar, which involved conducting both the opera and the court orchestra. He happily took the job and remained in that role until his retirement in 1895. While there he conducted several world premieres including the first performance of Camille Saint-Saëns's *Samson et Dalila* in 1877. He also conducted the first performance in Weimar, and the first outside Munich, of Wagner's *Tristan und Isolde* (1874).

He remained in Weimar after his retirement and died there in 1904, shortly after receiving an honorary doctorate from the University of Jena.

## Works

A moderately prolific composer, Lassen produced four operas, a significant amount of instrumental music to stage plays, two symphonies (in D major, performed 1867/published 1868 and C major, Op. 78, published 1884), a Violin Concerto in D major, Op.87 (1888), a festival march for symphony orchestra, two overtures, and 11 character pieces for piano. He also produced a significant amount of choral music, lieder, and art songs for voice and piano.

Lassen's operas, *Landgraf Ludwig's Brautfahrt* (1857), *Frauenlob* (1861), and *Le Captif* (1868), did not have lasting success, though his music to Goethe's *Faust* (1876) gained popularity and was praised by Franz Liszt. His incidental music to Hebbel's *Die Nibelungen* (1873) was also well known. In 1878–79, Liszt combined excerpts from both these works in a single piano transcription, *Aus der Musik zu Hebbels Nibelungen und Goethes Faust* (S.496).

Lassen's solo songs and duets show a variety of treatment from the folklike *Sei nur ruhig, lieber Robin* or the songs with dance rhythms to the through-composed *Abendlandschaft* (with its more interesting modulations and accompaniment) to the rhapsodic and improvisatory *Ich hab im Traum geweinet*. Many of his songs, for instance *Vöglein wohin so schnell*, were translated into both English and French and were popular at the end of the 19th century.


title: Pratt Kempthorne

abstract: John Pratt Kempthorne was an Anglican priest in the last three decades of the Nineteenth century and the first three of the 20th. Kempthorne was educated at Church of England Grammar School, Auckland; St John's College, Auckland; and Bishopdale College. He was ordained deacon in 1873, and priest in 1876. After a curacy in Stoke he held incumbencies at Reefton, Greymouth and Nelson. He was Archdeacon of Waimea from 1916 to 1926.

text:
# Pratt Kempthorne

**John Pratt Kempthorne** (called Pratt; b Auckland 16 Oct 1849 - d Nelson 10 Sep 1931) was an Anglican priest in the last three decades of the Nineteenth century and the first three of the 20th.

Kempthorne was educated at Church of England Grammar School, Auckland; St John's College, Auckland; and Bishopdale College. He was ordained deacon in 1873, and priest in 1876. After a curacy in Stoke he held incumbencies at Reefton, Greymouth and Nelson. He was Archdeacon of Waimea from 1916 to 1926.

1. Bester, René́ (2010). *Harvest of Grace: Essays in Celebration of 150 Years of Mission in the Anglican Diocese of Nelson*. ISBN 9780473177775.
2. Find a grave
3. Crockford's Clerical Directory 1929 p 729: London, OUP, 1929
4. NZETC
5. "Harvest of Grace: Essays in Celebration of 150 Years of Mission in the Anglican Diocese of Nelson" Bester, R (Ed) p112: Nelson, New Zealand; Anglican Diocese of Nelson; 2010 ISBN 9780473177775


title: Eduardo Roquero

abstract: Dr. Eduardo V. Roquero or Dr. Ed was a Filipino physician and politician. Coming from a family of politicians, his father, an uncle and also one of his brothers all served as mayors of Pigkawayan, North Cotabato. Hon. Eduardo V. Roquero began as a Rural Health Physician and NGO Family Planning Physician of San Jose del Monte in the 1980s, at that time, he was also the owner and director of Roquero General Hospital. He served as Municipal Mayor of San Jose del Monte from 1988–1992 and 1994–2000 and City Mayor of San Jose del Monte from 2000–2004 and 2007–2009, making him the first city mayor from the time San Jose del Monte was converted from a municipality in 2000 to become the province's first component city. Under his administration, San Jose del Monte was converted from a 5th Class to a 1st Class Municipality. He also served as the city's first Representative to the House of Representatives from the time its congressional district was carved out of the fourth congressional district of Bulacan. Known as the Brain and Father of Cityhood and the Man behind San Jose del Monte's Golden Age of Governance, Hon. Eduardo V. Roquero received numerous recognitions and awards such as Most Outstanding Mayor of the Philippines in 2008 and Most Outstanding Congressman of the Philippines in 2006. A year after his death in 2009, he was given the "Dangal ng Lahing San Jose Award" which is the highest form of recognition to a public servant.

text:
# Eduardo Roquero

**Dr. Eduardo V. Roquero** or **Dr. Ed** (October 18, 1949–August 24, 2009) was a Filipino physician and politician.

Coming from a family of politicians, his father, an uncle and also one of his brothers all served as mayors of Pigkawayan, North Cotabato. Hon. Eduardo V. Roquero began as a Rural Health Physician and NGO Family Planning Physician of San Jose del Monte in the 1980s, at that time, he was also the owner and director of Roquero General Hospital.

He served as Municipal Mayor of San Jose del Monte from 1988–1992 and 1994–2000 and City Mayor of San Jose del Monte from 2000–2004 and 2007–2009, making him the first city mayor from the time San Jose del Monte was converted from a municipality in 2000 to become the province's first component city. Under his administration, San Jose del Monte was converted from a 5th Class to a 1st Class Municipality. He also served as the city's first Representative to the House of Representatives from the time its congressional district was carved out of the fourth congressional district of Bulacan.

Known as the Brain and Father of Cityhood and the Man behind San Jose del Monte's Golden Age of Governance, Hon. Eduardo V. Roquero received numerous recognitions and awards such as Most Outstanding Mayor of the Philippines in 2008 and Most Outstanding Congressman of the Philippines in 2006. A year after his death in 2009, he was given the "Dangal ng Lahing San Jose Award" which is the highest form of recognition to a public servant.

## InfoBox

| The HonorableEduardo V. Roquero, M.D. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City Mayor of San Jose del Monte | |
| **In office**
June 30, 2007  August 24, 2009 | |
| Preceded by | Angelito M. Sarmiento |
| Succeeded by | Reynaldo S. San Pedro (Acting) |
| **In office**
June 30, 1995  June 30, 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Reynaldo Villano |
| Succeeded by | Angelito M. Sarmiento |
| **In office**
February 2, 1988  June 30, 1992 | |
| Preceded by | Reynaldo Villano |
| Succeeded by | Reynaldo Villano |
| Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from San Jose del Monte's at-large congressional district | |
| **In office**
June 30, 2004  June 30, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | *District created* |
| Succeeded by | Arthur Robes |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 18, 1949
Midsayap, Cotabato, Philippines (now Pigcawayan, Cotabato) |
| Died | August 24, 2009(2009-08-24) (aged 59)
Manila, Philippines |
| Political party | Lakas-CMD (2008-2009) |
| Other political
affiliations | KAMPI (2007-2008)
Lakas-NUCD (2004-2007)
LDP (1995-2004)
NPC (1992-1995)
Liberal (1988-1992) |
| Spouse | Isabelita Roquero |
| Profession | Physician |
|  | |


title: Prestwood Local Nature Reserve

abstract: Prestwood Local Nature Reserve or Prestwood is a 2.1 hectares Local Nature Reserve in Prestwood in Buckinghamshire. It is in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is owned by Wycombe District Council and leased to the Chiltern Society. The site was a dump for motor vehicles until 1976, when it was acquired by Wycombe Council. The Chiltern Society took over the management in 2013. It is steeply sloping chalk grassland with a diverse range of species, including birds such bullfinches, blackcaps and garden warblers, are butterflies such as dingy, grizzled skippers and green hairstreaks. There is a car park for the site and picnic tables off Hampden Road near Perks Lane.

text:
# Prestwood Local Nature Reserve

**Prestwood Local Nature Reserve** or **Prestwood (Picnic Site)** is a 2.1 hectares (5.2 acres) Local Nature Reserve in Prestwood in Buckinghamshire. It is in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is owned by Wycombe District Council and leased to the Chiltern Society.

The site was a dump for motor vehicles until 1976, when it was acquired by Wycombe Council. The Chiltern Society took over the management in 2013. It is steeply sloping chalk grassland with a diverse range of species, including birds such bullfinches, blackcaps and garden warblers, are butterflies such as dingy, grizzled skippers and green hairstreaks.

There is a car park for the site and picnic tables off Hampden Road near Perks Lane.

51°41′02″N 0°44′56″W / 51.684°N 0.74875°W / 51.684; -0.74875


title: Education in Kalpetta

text:
# Education in Kalpetta

## University

1. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode (14 km from Kalpetta)

## Professional education

1. College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Pookode (14 km from Kalpetta)
2. Oriental School of Hotel Management located at Lakkidi (15 km from Kalpetta)
3. Oriental College of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts at Vythiri (8 km from Kalpetta)
4. DM WIMS Medical College located at Meppadi (15 km) is the only Medical College in Wayanad district
5. College of Dairy Science and Technology, Pookode offers B.Tech degree course in Dairy Science & Technology
6. Oriental Institute for Management Studies, Vythiri
7. College of Engineering, Thalapuzha, Wayanad
8. DM WIMS Nursing College located at Meppadi
9. Centre for Computer Science and Information Technology of Calicut University at Muttil offers MCA (Master of Computer Application) course
10. B.Ed Centre of Calicut University is situated at Kaniyambetta (10 km from Kalpetta)
11. Fatima Mata Nursing School, Kalpetta
12. Government Polytechnic College, Meppadi
13. KMM Government ITI, Kalpetta
14. Face Psycho Clinic and Training Centre (functioning inside Shanthi Pain & Palliative Care Society building) offers Calicut University's Diploma Course in Psychological Counseling

## Arts and science colleges

1. NMSM Government College, Kalpetta (Neelikandy Moideen Sahib Memorial)
2. WMO Arts & Science College, Muttil
3. Green Mount Arts & Science College, Padinjarethara
4. PM Charitable Trust, Arts & Science College, Meppadi

## Schools

1. Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kalpetta
2. WMO English Academy, Muttil
3. SKMJ Higher Secondary School, Kalpetta
4. NSS English Medium School, Kalpetta
5. De Paul Public School, Kalpetta
6. MCF Public School, Kalpetta
7. St Joseph's Convent School, Kalpetta
8. Government Higher Secondary School, Munderi, Kalpetta
9. HIM UP School, Kalpetta
10. Government LP School, Kalpetta
11. SDM LP School, Kalpetta
12. Al Falah English Medium School, Kalpetta
13. Kristhuraja Public School, Vellaramkunnu
14. KeyPees International School, Ootty Road, Kunnumbetta


title: Education in Libya

abstract: Education in Libya begins with primary education, which is both free and compulsory. Children in Libya between the ages of 6 and 15 attend primary school and then attend secondary school for three additional years. About 60 percent of students are assigned to a vocational secondary program, while the remaining 40 percent are assigned to a more academic-focused secondary program, based on test scores and interests. Under Gaddafi, primary and secondary education focused on his treatise on political philosophy, the Green Book, with older students studying "Jamahiriya studies".

text:
# Education in Libya

**Education in Libya** begins with primary education, which is both free and compulsory. Children in Libya between the ages of 6 and 15 attend primary school and then attend secondary school for three additional years (15- to 18-year-olds). About 60 percent of students are assigned to a vocational secondary program, while the remaining 40 percent are assigned to a more academic-focused secondary program, based on test scores and interests. Under Gaddafi, primary and secondary education focused on his treatise on political philosophy, the Green Book, with older students studying "Jamahiriya studies".

## Brief overview

About 766,807 students in 2000 attended primary school and had 97,334 teachers; approximately 717,000 students were enrolled in secondary, technical, and vocational schools; and about 287,172 students were enrolled in Libya's universities.

In 2001 public expenditures on education amounted to about 2.7 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Although no figures were found for government expenditures on education, Libyan television announced on September 1, 2004, that a new ministry for education had been formed, the General People's Committee for Higher Education. As of 2005, the quality of the education system in Libya has been ranked 110 out of 111 countries.

In the early 1980s, estimates of total literacy were between 50 and 60 percent, or about 70 percent for men and 35 percent for women, but the gender gap has since narrowed, especially because of increased female school attendance. For 2001 the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report estimates that the adult literacy rate climbed to about 80.8 percent, or 91.3 percent for males and 69.3 percent for females. According to 2004 U.S. government estimates, 82 percent of the total adult population (age 15 and older) is literate, or 92 percent of males and 72 percent of females. The United Nations Development Programme recorded about an 89.9 percent adult literacy rate in 2014, while UNICEF estimated that as high 99.9 percent literacy rates among youths ages 15 to 24 for both sexes in 2012.

## History

### The Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969)

Despite the poor economic situation in the 1950s, the Kingdom of Libya decreed the creation of its first modern university, the University of Libya in Benghazi, on December 15, 1955. The "Al-Manar" palace was assigned to be the first campus of the University. The university originally hired faculty from outside of Libya, and relied on the Egyptian government to pay the many staff members' salaries for the first four years.

The Kingdom of Libya founded many new institutions and revived many old ones. These institutions included koranic schools and were largely religious in nature.

### Gaddafi Regime (1969–2011)

Education during Muammar Gaddafi's rule in Libya was defined by his treatise on political philosophy, known as the Green Book and belief in an eventual decentralization of various government institutions. The book was a central part of the Libyan curriculum for primary and secondary education under his regime. Students from ages 9 to 18 were required to study Gaddafi's government in classes referred to as "Jamahiriya studies". Jamahiriya covered various aspects of Libya's government, either taken directly from the Green Book or compiled from the Green Book into various companion texts. British author George Tremlett reported that students would study the Green Book for two hours each week in 1993. Other subjects also integrated these political philosophies, such as Geography texts denying current national borders to promote pan-arabist beliefs. In order to enforce these views, all curriculum designers were required to be part of the lijan thawriya, local committees dedicated to the interpretation of the Green Book.

Starting in 1972, the number of teacher training schools increased as well as enrollment in vocational schools. There was a large increase in students pursuing post-secondary education in both universities and in the technical and vocational sector. In 1975, there were only two universities and around 13,418 students enrolled in post-secondary education. By 2004, there were nine universities and 84 technical and vocational schools with over 270,000 post-secondary students.

By the 1980s, Libya's government realized it could not meet the demands for skilled workers and post-secondary educators, and began reforms to help meet these demands. In 1988, then secretary of education Maatouq M. Maatouq helped establish the Ministry of Technical and Vocational training, which oversaw trade schools and secondary-level vocational programs. That year, Gaddafi also asked Dr. Saleh Ibrahim to create Libya's first postgraduate school, which by 2004 had trained 80 percent of Libya's post-secondary teaching staff.

### Post-Gaddafi Era (2011–present)

The Libyan Civil War in 2011 resulted in a delay to the start of the next year's classes on all levels which drew criticism for the National Transitional Council. It also drew attention several faults in the education system under Gaddafi. According to the Tripoli Post, students at the University of Tripoli felt that the Gaddafi regime had provided them with low quality education.

Following the 2011 civil war, the new education ministry began efforts to rewrite curricula. New curricula and texts began implementation in January 2012. Under the interim regime, efforts have been made to remove Gadiffi's influence from all levels education until it can be addressed appropriately. Acting education minister Suliman El-Sahli stated the ministry hopes "All historical eras will be presented objectively, without propaganda".

Under the Gaddafi regime, vocational education was tailored largely for domestic, public sector jobs. Efforts to shift focus in vocational towards private sector jobs and improved international relations became an important issue for the new government in Libya. In 2013, the Libyan Board for Technical and Vocational Education signed a memorandum of understanding with UK based TVET UK in order to facilitate efforts to modernize the institutions established in the 1970s and 1980s and overhaul vocational education in Libya. TVET UK agreed to work with UK based suppliers to set up workshops in Libya to prepare the transition of skilled works into new private sector industries. In May 2013, the General National Congress began a funding initiative to send students to study overseas. The program had chosen 2,004 educators with master's degrees and 5,692 students to complete their education abroad at its inception, with plans to send another 3,616 top students over the coming years and to provide another 31,000 students with English language training. Initially, the fund gave scholarships to students who fought in militias during the civil war, but was later expanded to allow women and handicapped students to receive scholarships as well.

### Bibliography

* Mohammed Faraj Dghaim, "Al Jami'a Al Libiya fi Eidi'a Al Khamseen: Safha Mushriqa fi tarikh Libia", *Al Jamei Magazine*, No. 10, Al-fateh 2005, Al Fateh University.


title: Thomas Vose Daily

abstract: Thomas Vose Daily was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn in New York from 1990 to 2003. He previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Palm Beach in Florida from 1984 to 1990 and as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston in Massachusetts from 1975 to 1984

text:
# Thomas Vose Daily

**Thomas Vose Daily** (September 23, 1927 – May 14, 2017) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn in New York from 1990 to 2003. He previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Palm Beach in Florida from 1984 to 1990 and as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston in Massachusetts from 1975 to 1984

## Biography

### Early life

Thomas Daily was born in Belmont, Massachusetts to John F. and Mary McBride (née Vose) Daily, on September 23, 1927. He attended at Boston College and later St. John's Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts.

### Priesthood

Daily was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Boston on January 10, 1952, by Cardinal Richard Cushing at Boston's Cathedral of the Holy Cross. Following ordination, he was assigned as curate for St. Ann's Parish in Quincy, Massachusetts. He remained in that post through the rest of that decade. In 1960, Daily joined the Missionary Society of St. James the Apostle and moved to the Limatambo area of Cusco, Peru. He spent five years as a missionary in Peru.

After returning to Boston, Daily was assigned again to St. Ann's, where he served as assistant pastor until 1971. He was appointed to the position of secretary to Cardinal Humberto Medeiros and later vicar for temporalities.

### Auxiliary Bishop of Boston

On December 28, 1974, Pope Paul VI appointed Daily as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston. He was consecrated on February 11, 1975, by Cardinal Medeiros. In 1976, Daily was appointed vicar general of the archdiocese. Because of his fluency in Spanish, he was given special duties regarding the Spanish-speaking members of the archdiocese.

### Bishop of Palm Beach

On July 17, 1984, Daily was appointed by Pope John Paul II as the first bishop of the new Diocese of Palm Beach. Among his most noteworthy actions were his leading of anti-abortion prayer vigils at local women's health clinics. From 1987 to 2005, Daily also served as the supreme chaplain of the Knights of Columbus.

### Bishop of Brooklyn

On February 20, 1990, John Paul II appointed Daily as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn, succeeding Bishop Francis J. Mugavero. Daily was installed on April 18, 1990. Shortly after his installation, he responded to a reporter's question by stating that the then-Governor of New York, Mario Cuomo, would not be welcomed as a speaker in the diocese's parishes because of Cuomo's pro-choice position on abortion rights for women.

### Sex abuse scandal

In 2002, Daily was criticized for his past involvement in cases of priests accused of sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Boston. He has acknowledged his "profound regret" over some of his decisions in the Boston Archdiocese.

### Retirement and legacy

On August 1, 2003, Daily announced his resignation as a bishop had finally been accepted by the Vatican, ten months after he had submitted a letter of resignation upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Daily served as a member of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America and as a board member of the Society of St. James the Apostle in Boston and the National Catholic Office for Persons with Disabilities in Washington, D.C.

Thomas Daily died on May 15, 2017, at the Bishop Mugavero Residence in Douglaston, Queens in New York City He was 89.

1. "Bishop Thomas V. Daily". *Diocese of Brooklyn*. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
2. "Bishop Thomas Vose Daily \[Catholic-Hierarchy\]". *www.catholic-hierarchy.org*. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
3. Goldman, Ari L. (February 21, 1990). "New Brooklyn Bishop to Bar Cuomo Over Abortion". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
4. Daniel J. Wakin (2003-08-03). "Brooklyn Bishop Ending Tenure Amid Storm Over Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
5. Pam Belluck (2002-03-23). "In Court Files, How Bishop Handled a Problem Priest". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
6. Wakin, Daniel J. (August 2, 2003). "Brooklyn Bishop Ending Tenure Amid Storm Over Scandal". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
7. Belluck, Pam (March 23, 2002). "In Court Files, How Bishop Handled a Problem Priest". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
8. Kandra, Greg (May 15, 2017). "RIP, Bishop Thomas Daily". *Aleteia*. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
9. "Most Rev. Thomas V. Daily, Bishop Emeritus of Brooklyn, dies at 89". *Brooklyn Daily Eagle*. May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.

## Episcopal succession

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Thomas Vose Daily | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Brooklyn | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Archdiocese | New York |
| Diocese | Brooklyn |
| Appointed | February 20, 1990 |
| Installed | April 18, 1990 |
| Term ended | August 1, 2003 |
| Predecessor | Francis Mugavero |
| Successor | Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | January 10, 1952
by Richard Cushing |
| Consecration | February 11, 1975
by Humberto Sousa Medeiros, Thomas Joseph Riley, and Lawrence Joseph Riley |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1927-09-23)September 23, 1927
Belmont, Massachusetts, US |
| Died | May 14, 2017(2017-05-14) (aged 89)
Douglaston, Queens, New York City, US |
| Buried | Bishop's Chapel of the Immaculate Conception Center; Douglaston, Queens, New York |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic Church |
| Alma mater | Boston College
St. John's Seminary |
| Motto | Dominus lux mea
(The Lord is my light) |
| Styles of
**Thomas Vose Daily**   Reference style   Spoken style Your Excellency  Religious style Bishop | |


title: Stardom Fight in the Top

abstract: Stardom Fight in the Top was a professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. The event took place on June 26, 2022, in Nagoya, Japan at the Nagoya International Conference Hall, with a limited attendance due in part to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic at the time.

text:
# Stardom Fight in the Top

**Stardom Fight in the Top** (トップのスターダムファイト, *Toppu no sutādamufaito*) was a professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. The event took place on June 26, 2022, in Nagoya, Japan at the Nagoya International Conference Hall, with a limited attendance due in part to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic at the time.

## Production

### Background

The show featured six professional wrestling matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. The press conference for the event was held on June 7, 2022 and was broadcast on Stardom's YouTube channel.

### Event

The preshow match was broadcast on Stardom's YouTube channel. Ruaka defeated Cosmic Angels' Unagi Sayaka and Waka Tsukiyama in a three-way match. During the preshow transmission, a masked silhouette was shown attacking Saya Kamitani and Rossy Ogawa in a hallway. The second match saw Momo Kohgo and Saya Iida defeating Lady C & Miyu Amasaki in a tag team match. The third match had Himeka picking a victory over Mina Shirakawa. Saki Kashima, Momo Watanabe & Starlight Kid retained the Artist of Stardom Championship in the three-way elimination tag team match against Donna Del Mondo's Giulia, Maika & Mai Sakurai, and God's Eye's World of Stardom Champion Syuri, Ami Sourei & Mirai. The fifth match saw Tam Nakano and Natsupoi fighting in the first-ever steel cage match held by Stardom, continuing a feud that started long ago at Stardom Yokohama Dream Cinderella 2021 on April 4 when Natsupoi unsuccessfully challenged Nakano for the Wonder of Stardom Championship.

The main event had the SWA World Champion Mayu Iwatani and the Goddesses of Stardom Champions Koguma & Hazuki taking on Utami Hayashishita, the Wonder of Stardom Champion Saya Kamitani, and the High Speed Champion AZM in a steel cage match in which the last member to fail to escape the cage was AZM who attracted her team's loss. After their victory, Iwatani, Koguma & Hazuki challenged Starlight Kid, Momo Watanabe & Saki Kashima for the Artist of Stardom Championship on further notice. Kid came out to accept the challenge.

## Results

| No. | Results | Stipulations | Times |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1P | Ruaka defeated Unagi Sayaka and Waka Tsukiyama | Three-way match | 6:01 |
| 2 | Stars (Momo Kohgo and Saya Iida) defeated Queen's Quest (Miyu Amasaki and Lady C) by submission | Tag team match | 8:53 |
| 3 | Himeka defeated Mina Shirakawa | Singles match | 10:05 |
| 4 | Oedo Tai (Saki Kashima, Momo Watanabe and Starlight Kid) (c) defeated God's Eye (Syuri, Ami Sourei and Mirai) and Donna Del Mondo (Giulia, Maika and Mai Sakurai) | Three-way six-woman tag team match for the Artist of Stardom Championship | 23:00 |
| 5 | Tam Nakano defeated Natsupoi | Steel cage match | 25:05 |
| 6 | Stars (Mayu Iwatani, Hazuki and Koguma) defeated Queen's Quest (Utami Hayashishita, Saya Kamitani and AZM) | Six-woman tag team steel cage match
With no pinfalls or submissions, the match could be won only by escaping the steel cage. | 24:36 |
| (c)  – the champion(s) heading into the match  P  – the match was broadcast on the pre-show | | | |

1. Kreikenbohm, Philip (June 26, 2022). "Stardom Fight In The Top ~Nagoya Summit Battle~". *cagematch.net*. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
2. *World Wonder Ring Stardom*. ［発売中］『STARDOM Fight in the Top 2022～名古屋でら頂上決戦～』愛知・名古屋国際会議場イベントホール. *Stardom* (in Japanese). Retrieved June 6, 2022.
3. Grabianowski, Ed. "How Pro Wrestling Works". *HowStuffWorks, Inc.* Discovery Communications. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
4. *World Wonder Ring Stardom* (June 7, 2022). 【6/7 (火) 18:00 生配信】6・26『STARDOM Fight in the Top 2022～名古屋でら頂上決戦～』記者会見【#STARDOM 】. *stardom.com* (in Japanese). Retrieved June 7, 2022.
5. *World Wonder Ring Stardom* (June 26, 2022). 【第1試合まで無料配信！】6・26『STARDOM Fight in the Top 2022～名古屋でら頂上決戦～』#STARDOM. *youtube.com* (in Japanese). Retrieved June 26, 2022.
6. NoPrimaDonna (June 26, 2022). "FIRST-EVER STARDOM STEEL CAGE MATCHES: 6/26 STARDOM FIGHT IN THE TOP REPORT FROM NAGOYA, JAPAN". *pwinsider.com*. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
7. Peterson, Karen (June 27, 2022). "Stardom Fight in the Top Report: Six-Woman Tag Cage Match, Tam Nakano vs. Natsupoi". *postwrestling.com*. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
8. *World Wonder Ring Stardom* (June 7, 2022). ６・26名古屋・『STARDOM Fight in the Top 2022～名古屋でら頂上決戦～』の全対戦カード発表記者会見. *wwr-stardom.com* (in Japanese). Retrieved June 8, 2022.
9. World Wonder Ring Stardom \[@we\_are\_stardom\] (June 5, 2022). "Mayu Iwatani, Hazuki & Koguma vs Utami Hayashishita, Saya Kamitani & AZM - Cage Match, June 26 Nagoya ppv "Stardom Fight in the Top 2022."" (Tweet). Retrieved June 6, 2022  via Twitter.

## InfoBox

| Stardom Fight in the Top | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster featuring various wrestlers | |
| Promotion | World Wonder Ring Stardom |
| Date | June 26, 2022 |
| City | Nagoya, Japan |
| Venue | Nagoya International Conference Hall |
| Attendance | 1,213 |
| Event chronology | |
| **Previous**
Flashing Champions **Next**
New Blood 3 | |


title: Biathlon World Championships 2015

abstract: The 47th Biathlon World Championships were held in Kontiolahti, Finland from 5 March to 15 March 2015. There were a total of 11 competitions: sprint, pursuit, individual, mass start, and relay races for men and women, and mixed relay. All the events during this championships also counted for the 2014–15 Biathlon World Cup season.

text:
# Biathlon World Championships 2015

**The 47th Biathlon World Championships** were held in Kontiolahti, Finland from 5 March to 15 March 2015.

There were a total of 11 competitions: sprint, pursuit, individual, mass start, and relay races for men and women, and mixed relay. All the events during this championships also counted for the 2014–15 Biathlon World Cup season.

## Schedule

*All times are local (UTC+2).*

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 March | 18:15 | 2 × 6 km + 2 × 7.5 km mixed relay |
| 7 March | 14:00 | Men's 10 km sprint |
| | 17:30 | Women's 7.5 km sprint |
| 8 March | 14:15 | Men's 12.5 km pursuit |
| | 17:00 | Women's 10 km pursuit |
| 11 March | 18:15 | Women's 15 km individual |
| 12 March | 18:15 | Men's 20 km individual |
| 13 March | 18:15 | Women's 4 × 6 km relay |
| 14 March | 17:30 | Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay |
| 15 March | 14:30 | Women's 12.5 km mass start |
| | 17:15 | Men's 15 km mass start |

## Medal winners

### Men

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 km sprint
 | Johannes Thingnes Bø
Norway | 24:12.8
(0+1) | Nathan Smith
Canada | 24:24.9
(0+1) | Tarjei Bø
Norway | 24:38.1
(0+0) |
| 12.5 km pursuit
 | Erik Lesser
Germany | 30:47.9
(0+0+0+0) | Anton Shipulin
Russia | 31:04.9
(0+1+0+0) | Tarjei Bø
Norway | 31:06.6
(0+0+1+0) |
| 20 km individual
 | Martin Fourcade
France | 47:29.4
(0+1+0+0) | Emil Hegle Svendsen
Norway | 47:50.3
(0+0+0+0) | Ondřej Moravec
Czech Republic | 48:09.9
(0+1+0+0) |
| 4 × 7.5 km relay
 | GermanyErik Lesser
Daniel Böhm
Arnd Peiffer
Simon Schempp
 | 1:13:49.5
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+0) (0+2)
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+0) (0+1) | NorwayOle Einar Bjørndalen
Tarjei Bø
Johannes Thingnes Bø
Emil Hegle Svendsen
 | 1:14:04.9
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+0) (0+3)
(0+0) (0+2)
(0+0) (0+1) | FranceSimon Fourcade
Jean-Guillaume Béatrix
Quentin Fillon Maillet
Martin Fourcade
 | 1:14:23.1
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+1) (0+1)
(0+1) (0+0)
(0+1) (0+0) |
| 15 km mass start
 | Jakov Fak
Slovenia | 36:24.9
(0+0+1+0) | Ondřej Moravec
Czech Republic | 36:25.9
(1+0+0+0) | Tarjei Bø
Norway | 36:28.6
(0+0+1+0) |

### Women

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7.5 km sprint
 | Marie Dorin Habert
France | 22:16.8
(0+1) | Weronika Nowakowska-Ziemniak
Poland | 22:26.4
(0+0) | Valentyna Semerenko
Ukraine | 22:36.5
(0+1) |
| 10 km pursuit
 | Marie Dorin Habert
France | 30:07.7
(0+0+2+1) | Laura Dahlmeier
Germany | 30:23.0
(1+0+0+1) | Weronika Nowakowska-Ziemniak
Poland | 30:39.3
(0+1+2+0) |
| 15 km individual
 | Ekaterina Yurlova
Russia | 41:32.2
(0+0+0+0) | Gabriela Soukalová
Czech Republic | 41:55.4
(0+0+0+1) | Kaisa Mäkäräinen
Finland | 41:56.6
(0+1+1+0) |
| 4 × 6 km relay
 | GermanyFranziska Hildebrand
Franziska Preuß
Vanessa Hinz
Laura Dahlmeier
 | 1:11:54.6
(0+0) (0+2)
(0+1) (0+2)
(0+0) (0+1)
(0+0) (0+0) | FranceAnaïs Bescond
Enora Latuillière
Justine Braisaz
Marie Dorin Habert
 | 1:12:54.9
(0+0) (0+1)
(0+1) (0+1)
(1+3) (0+1)
(0+2) (0+0) | ItalyLisa Vittozzi
Karin Oberhofer
Nicole Gontier
Dorothea Wierer
 | 1:13:00.7
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+1) (0+3)
(0+2) (0+2)
(0+0) (0+1) |
| 12.5 km mass start
 | Valentyna Semerenko
Ukraine | 34:32.9
(0+0+0+0) | Franziska Preuß
Germany | 34:39.1
(0+0+0+1) | Karin Oberhofer
Italy | 34:45.5
(1+1+0+0) |

### Mixed

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 × 6 + 2 × 7.5 km W+M relay
 | Czech RepublicVeronika Vítková
Gabriela Soukalová
Michal Šlesingr
Ondřej Moravec
 | 1:20:27.2
(0+2) (0+2)
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+0) (0+2)
(0+1) (0+1) | FranceAnaïs Bescond
Marie Dorin Habert
Jean-Guillaume Béatrix
Martin Fourcade
 | 1:20:47.4
(0+1) (0+3)
(0+0) (0+1)
(0+0) (0+3)
(0+0) (0+0) | NorwayFanny Welle-Strand Horn
Tiril Eckhoff
Johannes Thingnes Bø
Tarjei Bø
 | 1:20:54.9
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+0) (1+3)
(0+0) (0+0)
(0+0) (0+0) |

## Medal table

### Top nations

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | France (FRA) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | Norway (NOR) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 4 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 5 | Russia (RUS) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 6 | Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 7 | Slovenia (SVN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Poland (POL) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 9 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 10 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 11 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (11 entries) | | 11 | 11 | 11 | 33 |

### Top athletes

All athletes with three or more medals.

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Marie Dorin Habert (FRA) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
| 2 | Johannes Thingnes Bø (NOR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| | Martin Fourcade (FRA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| | Ondřej Moravec (CZE) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 5 | Tarjei Bø (NOR) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |

## InfoBox

Biathlon World Championships 2015
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Host city | Kontiolahti |
| Country | Finland |
| Events | 11 |
| Opening | 5 March |
| Closing | 15 March |
|  | |


title: El Puente, Cantabria

abstract: El Puente is the capital of the municipality of Guriezo. In 2008 it had a population of 535 inhabitants (INE). The town is located 40 meters above sea level, and is 67.5 miles away from the Cantabrian capital Santander.

text:
# El Puente, Cantabria

**El Puente** is the capital of the municipality of Guriezo (Cantabria, Spain). In 2008 it had a population of 535 inhabitants (INE). The town is located 40 meters above sea level, and is 67.5 miles away from the Cantabrian capital Santander.

## InfoBox

| El Puente | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| El Puente | |
| Coordinates: 43°20′49″N 3°19′27″W / 43.34694°N 3.32417°W / 43.34694; -3.32417 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Cantabria |
| County | Asón-Agüera |
| Municipality | Guriezo |
| Elevation | 40 m (130 ft) |
| Population (2008) | |
| Total | 535 |


title: Rope Cosmetology

abstract: Rope Cosmetology, a.k.a. Rope Makeover or Oniroku Dan: Rope Makeover, is a 1978 Japanese film in Nikkatsu's Roman Porno series, directed by Shōgorō Nishimura and starring Naomi Tani.

text:
# Rope Cosmetology

***Rope Cosmetology*** (団鬼六 縄化粧, *Dan Oniroku nawa geshō*), a.k.a. ***Rope Makeover*** or ***Oniroku Dan: Rope Makeover***, is a 1978 Japanese film in Nikkatsu's *Roman Porno* series, directed by Shōgorō Nishimura and starring Naomi Tani.

## Synopsis

Kanako is a married woman who receives an invitation from Tomoe, a lesbian lover from her past, to attend a showing of artwork by Isaku, Tomoe's husband. Isaku's paintings have an S&M theme which surprises Kanako. Tomoe persuades Kanako to begin going with her to a class in which she is learning how to behave like a proper female dog. Kanako's husband, Eiichirō, is suspicious about her activities. After hiring a private detective and learning about her perverse hobbies, Eiichirō throws Kanako into a landfill. The film ends with Eiichirō apparently taking his dog for a walk. The camera pans down to show that, despite his apparent objections to her lessons, Eiichirō is in fact walking Kanako, who is on all fours on a dog leash.

## Cast

* Naomi Tani: Kanako Ishino
* Aoi Nakajima: Tomoe Takita
* Katsu Yamada: Eiichirō Ishino
* Akira Takahashi: Isaku Takita
* Tayori Hinatsu: Takita's assistant

## Background and critical appraisal

Lead actress Naomi Tani and director Shōgorō Nishimura had worked together previously in the successful *Lady Black Rose* (1978). Jasper Sharp uses *Rope Cosmetology* to help explain Tani's popularity in the *pink film* genre. Despite her image as a proud, matronly, high-class woman, she was willing, if not eager, to submit to extremes of degradation to make her films memorable. Sharp notes that the highlight of the film, in this respect, is when Tani is covered in butter and raped by a German Shepherd Dog. After delving into the extreme and perverse side of *Roman Porno* with *Rope Cosmetology*, director Nishimura returned to his usual, more standard fare with his next film, *Forbidden Ordeal* (1979).

Allmovie writes of the film, "Well-directed and convincingly played, the film manages to walk the fine line between the nauseating misogyny of Japan's appalling 'turtle girl' films and the outright silliness of American and British 'pony girl' efforts, presenting a reasonable introduction to the oft-misunderstood world of erotic discipline."

## Availability

*Rope Cosmetology* was released theatrically in Japan on December 2, 1978. It was released to home video in VHS format on April 27, 1990, and re-released on September 10, 1993. It was released on DVD in Japan on March 21, 2007, as part of Geneon's seventh wave of Nikkatsu *Roman Porno* series.

## Bibliography

### English

* *Dan Oniroku Nawagesho* at AllMovie
* "DAN ONIROKU NAWAGESHO". Complete Index to World Film. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
* *Dan Oniroku nawagesho (1978)* at IMDb
* Sharp, Jasper (2008). *Behind the Pink Curtain: The Complete History of Japanese Sex Cinema*. Guildford: FAB Press. ISBN 978-1-903254-54-7.
* Weisser, Thomas; Yuko Mihara Weisser (1998). *Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films*. Miami: Vital Books : Asian Cult Cinema Publications. pp. 220, 353. ISBN 1-889288-52-7.

### Japanese

## InfoBox

| Rope Cosmetology | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster for *Rope Cosmetology* (1978) | |
| Directed by | Shōgorō Nishimura |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by | Yoshiki Yūki |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Yonezō Maeda |
| Edited by | Toyoharu Nishimura |
| Distributed by | Nikkatsu |
| Release date | * December 2, 1978 (1978-12-02) |
| Running time | 67 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Chumbe Lighthouse

abstract: The Chumbe Lighthouse is a historic lighthouse located on Chumbe Island on Malindi ward of Mjini District in the Mjini Magharibi Region of Tanzania's Zanzibar Island.

text:
# Chumbe Lighthouse

The **Chumbe Lighthouse** (*Mnara wa Taa wa Chumbe*, in Swahili) is a historic lighthouse located on Chumbe Island on Malindi ward of Mjini District in the Mjini Magharibi Region of Tanzania's Zanzibar Island.

## InfoBox

Chumbe Lighthouse
| Chumbe Lighthouse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Chumbe Island<br>Zanzibar |
| Coordinates | 6°16′48.5″S 39°10′37.5″E / 6.280139°S 39.177083°E / -6.280139; 39.177083 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1904 |
| Construction | stone tower |
| Height | 34 metres (112 ft) |
| Shape | 5-stage square tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | unpainted tower, white lantern |
| Operator | Chumbe Island Coral Park |
|  | |
| Light | |
| Focal height | 37 metres (121 ft) |
| Lens | 4th order Fresnel lens |
| Range | 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) |
| Characteristic | Fl W 11s. |
|  | |


title: Space Game

abstract: Space Game is a public artwork by American artist Joseph Mendla. The piece is located at 1515 West Canal Street, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. This piece was made originally for an indoor setting to be placed as three pieces and no base. Mendlay ended up giving this piece to Peck Meat Packing Corporation. The concrete base and lights were added. Even after the Peck family sold their slaughterhouse business in the late 1980s the sculpture still remains.

text:
# Space Game

***Space Game*** is a public artwork by American artist Joseph Mendla. The piece is located at 1515 West Canal Street, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. This piece was made originally for an indoor setting to be placed as three pieces and no base. Mendlay ended up giving this piece to Peck Meat Packing Corporation. The concrete base and lights were added. Even after the Peck family sold their slaughterhouse business in the late 1980s the sculpture still remains.

## Description

Space Game was constructed during the years of 1972-1982 and was installed on May 20, 1982. The materials are welded steel with a concrete base and recessed lights. There are three large abstract parts to this sculpture. The farthest back and largest piece when looking from front is painted black. The middle piece is painted red and the last is painted white.

## Historical information

Space Game was made originally for an indoor three piece set. Later on Mendla ended up giving it to the Peck family. The Peck family owned a Slaughterhouse business called Peck Meat Packing Corporation. When the sculpture was received they added recessed lights and a concrete base. The pieces were then put all together to form one big abstract piece. The Peck family ended up selling their business in the late 1980s but the sculpture is still located on site.

## Artist

Artist Joseph Mendla has a B.F.A. at the Philadelphia College of Art, also from University of Pennsylvania he received a M.F.A. in sculpture. Mendla also was the founder of the sculpture department at the Louisville School of Art. He also completed the foundry at Layton School of Art shortly after his arrival in there in 1971 . Most of Mendla's own original design was brought into the equipment at Hartbronze. Hartbronze Inc was founded by Joseph Mendla and Hilary Goldblatt. Heartbronze was at the time the only commercial foundry dedicated to solely cast-metal sculptures. The foundry was located in the Peck Meat Packing building where Space game is located.

## Condition

The condition of the sculpture itself is at a state of treatment urgent, last surveyed in November 1993.

## InfoBox

| Space Game | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Joseph Mendla |
| Year | 1971 |
| Type | painted steel |
| Dimensions | 210 cm × 190 cm × 140 cm (83 in × 76 in × 56 in) |
| Location | 1515 West Canal Street, Milwaukee |
| Coordinates | 43°1′51.835″N 87°55′55.409″W / 43.03106528°N 87.93205806°W / 43.03106528; -87.93205806 |
| Owner | Emmber Foods Inc. Administrative office, 1515 West Canal Street |


title: Church of the Virgin Mary (Senica)

abstract: The Church of the Virgin Mary is a Roman Catholic church located in a minor square in Senica, Slovakia.

text:
# Church of the Virgin Mary (Senica)

The **Church of the Virgin Mary** is a Roman Catholic church located in a minor square in Senica, Slovakia.

## History

Built in 1631, it was originally intended as a Protestant place of worship, but became Catholic in 1654. A major construction makeover occurred a year later, in 1655. The tower of the church, located on the west side, had an upper stage in late Baroque added (1754–1788). Further changes took place in 1936 and 1949, the latter being in desperate need, due to damage caused during World War II. At this time, the church was renovated with a more contemporary style.

The Church of the Virgin Mary is of a simple three-aisle design, with a plain, undecorated facade. The core of the church is enlivened by only four support pillars decorated with sloping roofs. In between are four rectangular windows with semicircular tops. The facade of the rearranged main entrance tower (not in use at this time) is horizontally decorated with cornices and smaller rectangular windows. The dome, designed in quasi-Baroque style in 1959, was part of the reconstruction of the roof made in the beginning of the 20th century. It was covered by copper shingles in 1963.

The Renaissance entry portal consists of an edicule and an upper shield in which its coat-of-arms are placed. The entry point is lined with pilasters.

48°40′46″N 17°22′04″E / 48.6795°N 17.3678°E / 48.6795; 17.3678


title: Chuck Sabo

abstract: Chuck Sabo is an American drummer, musical director, songwriter, and producer who has performed and recorded with prominent artists including XTC, Natalie Imbruglia, Elton John, Tom Jones, Chaka Khan, Bryan Adams, Cher, Tina Turner, Pet Shop Boys, Billy Preston, Roy Orbison, Terence Trent D'Arby, Seal, Right Said Fred, Shakespear's Sister, Take That, OMD, 808 State, Tashan, Belinda Carlisle, Kiki Dee, Étienne Daho, Axel Bauer and Michel Polnareff.

text:
# Chuck Sabo

**Chuck Sabo** is an American drummer, musical director, songwriter, and producer who has performed and recorded with prominent artists including XTC, Natalie Imbruglia, Elton John, Tom Jones, Chaka Khan, Bryan Adams, Cher, Tina Turner, Pet Shop Boys, Billy Preston, Roy Orbison, Terence Trent D'Arby, Seal, Right Said Fred, Shakespear's Sister, Take That, OMD, 808 State, Tashan, Belinda Carlisle, Kiki Dee, Étienne Daho, Axel Bauer and Michel Polnareff.

## Early life

Chuck Sabo (Charles Edward Sabo Jr.) was born August 22, 1958, and grew up in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in a family of non-musicians. His parents supported his interest in and aptitude for playing the drums, and he began his career playing in cover bands in the Allentown area.

## Career

### 1980s

Sabo moved to New York City in 1980 at age 21. While taking drum lessons with Sonny Igoe he worked moving furniture to subsidize his music career. In the early part of the decade he made his first significant industry connections, recording his first major label project (1982's *The Eleventh Hour*) with Tom Dickie and the Desires managed by Tommy Mottola.

He also played in the early 1980s in New York City with the Comateens, and his stint in NYC ended after he recorded their final album, *Deal With It,* in 1984. After touring Europe with the group to support the album, he decided to stay in London.

He began his UK career being offered gigs with two bands, Decadence, managed by Mick Rossey, who was also managing Flock of Seagulls, and Glasgow band Talking Drums, who were managed by Miles Copeland. He went with Talking Drums and moved to Glasgow for a short time, but soon returned to London, where he played with a number of bands and became further known on the music scene.

In 1988 he was the session drummer for Étienne Daho's album *Pour Nos Vies Martiennes*. The following year he toured Europe with Daho.

### 1990s

Sabo played on Martyn Ware's 1991 British Electric Foundation album *Music of Quality and Distinction, Vol. 2*, which included recordings with Tina Turner, Chaka Khan, Terence Trent D'Arby, Billy Preston, and others. In 1992 he played on Tashan's 1992 album *For the Sake of Love*, produced by Ware. He toured with Shakespears Sister and played on their album *Hormonally Yours* as well as Right Said Fred's album *Up*. In 1993 he was the session drummer on Take That's album *Everything Changes*.

In 1994, while he was recording Marcella Detroit's album *Jewel*, its producer Chris Thomas arranged for Sabo to play on the last track ("Duets for One") on Elton John's *Duets* album. That led to sessions for *The Lion King* soundtrack, where Sabo played on "Circle of Life," "Can You Feel the Love Tonight," and "I Just Can't Wait to Be King." Sessions with Kiki Dee and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) followed.

In 1996 Étienne Daho called on him again, this time for his 1996 album *Eden*.

In 1997 Sabo played on Natalie Imbruglia's hit Grammy-winning RCA album *Left of the Middle* and toured with Imbruglia supporting it.

### 21st century

In 2000, Sabo played on XTC's final studio album, *Wasp Star (Apple Venus Volume 2)*. His work the following year included Jimmy Nail's album *Ten Great Songs and an OK Voice*, and a return engagement with Imbruglia for her second album, *White Lilies Island*.

The success of the Natalie Imbruglia project and others enabled Sabo and his then-wife Jeanette Landry to set up a home studio, where among other projects they wrote and recorded with singer Sally Ann Marsh, who was later signed to Jive Records. Her success led them to a publishing deal with Dalmatian Songs in the U.K. and with BMG in the rest of the world.

In 2007 he joined the drum faculty of the Institute of Contemporary Music Performance in London.

In 2019 he released three singles, "This Cowboy Ain't Going Home," "The Politician," and "Keep Running Forever," in advance of his forthcoming debut album *Running the Human Race* and a single ("Dark & Rainy Street") co-produced by Chris Thomas.

## Select discography

| Song or Album | Artist | Year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| "Killer" | Seal | 2005 |
| *White Lilies Island* | Natalie Imbruglia | 2001 |
| "The Way You Make Me Feel" | Bryan Adams/Ronan Keating | 2000 |
| *Wasp Star* | XTC | 2000 |
| *Left of the Middle* | Natalie Imbruglia | 1997 |
| *Universal* | Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark | 1996 |
| *Can You Feel the Love Tonight* | Elton John | 1994 |
| *Jewel* | Marcella Detroit | 1994 |
| "Babe" | Take That | 1993 |
| *Up* | Right Said Fred | 1992 |
| *Hormonally Yours* | Shakespear's Sister | 1992 |
| *Seal* | Seal | 1991 |
| *Music of Quality and Distinction, Vol. 2* | British Electric Foundation | 1991 |
| *Pour Nos Vies Martiennes* | Étienne Daho | 1988 |
| *Deal With It* | Comateens | 1984 |

## Collaborations

**With David Knopfler**

* 1986 *Cut the Wire*

**With Michel Polnareff**

* 1990 *Kāma-Sūtra*

**With Elton John**

**With Marcella Detroit**

**With Natalie Imbruglia**

**With Ronan Keating**

**With Melanie C**

## InfoBox

| Chuck Sabo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1958-08-22) August 22, 1958<br>Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | Drums, percussion, bass, guitar, keyboards, vocals |
| Years active | 1981–present |
|  | |
| Website | chucksabo.com |


title: Special Assistance Plan

abstract: The Special Assistance Plan is a programme in Singapore introduced in 1979 which caters to academically strong students who excel in both their mother tongue as well as English. It is available only in selected primary and secondary schools. In a SAP school, several subjects may be taught in the mother tongue, alongside other subjects that are taught in English. SAP schools currently cater only to those studying Mandarin as their mother tongue although theoretically, future SAP schools for other mother tongues are a possibility.

text:
# Special Assistance Plan

The **Special Assistance Plan** (**SAP**; Chinese: 特别辅助计划; pinyin: *Tèbié Fǔzhù Jìhuà*) is a programme in Singapore introduced in 1979 which caters to academically strong students who excel in both their mother tongue as well as English. It is available only in selected primary and secondary schools. In a SAP school, several subjects may be taught in the mother tongue, alongside other subjects that are taught in English. SAP schools currently cater only to those studying Mandarin as their mother tongue although theoretically, future SAP schools for other mother tongues are a possibility.

## List of schools

Special Assistance Plan schools (or SAP schools, Chinese: 特选学校) refers to schools that offers the Special Assistance Plan. The SAP is offered at both primary (elementary) school level as well as secondary (high school) level, in Special Assistance Plan primary schools (Chinese: 特选小学) and Special Assistance Plan high schools (Chinese: 特选中学) respectively.

### SAP Primary Schools

| Name | Type 2 | Area | Notes | Website | GEP |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ai Tong School 爱同学校 | Mixed | Bishan | Affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan |  |
| Catholic High School (Affiliated Primary School) 公教中学 (附小) | Boys | Bishan |  |  | Yes |
| CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School (Affiliated Primary School) 圣尼格拉女校 (小学部) | Girls | Ang Mo Kio |  |  |  |
| Holy Innocents’ Primary School 圣婴小学 | Mixed | Hougang |  |  |  |
| Hong Wen School 宏文学校 | Mixed | Kallang |  |  |  |
| Kong Hwa School 光华学校 | Mixed | Geylang | Affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan |  |  |
| Maha Bodhi School 菩提学校 | Mixed | Geylang |  |  |  |
| Maris Stella High School (Primary) 海星中学 (附小) | Boys | Toa Payoh |  |  |  |
| Nan Hua Primary School 南华小学 | Mixed | Clementi |  |  | Yes |
| Nanyang Primary School 南洋小学 | Mixed | Bukit Timah |  |  | Yes |
| Pei Chun Public School 公立培群学校 | Mixed | Toa Payoh |  |  |
| Pei Hwa Presbyterian Primary School 培华长老会小学 | Mixed | Bukit Timah |  |  |
| Poi Ching School 培青学校 | Mixed | Tampines |  |  |
| Red Swastika School 卍慈学校 | Mixed | Bedok |  |  |
| Tao Nan School 道南学校 | Mixed | Marine Parade | Affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan |  | Yes |

### SAP High Schools

| Name | Type | School Code | Area | Notes | Website |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Anglican High School 圣公会中学 | Mixed | 7101 | Tanah Merah | Affiliated to: |  |
| Catholic High School 公教中学 | Boys | IP: 9131 Special: 7102 | Bishan | Affiliated to: |  |
| CHIJ Saint Nicholas Girls' School 圣尼各拉女校 | Girls | IP: 9134 Special: 7118 | Ang Mo Kio | Affiliated to: |  |
| Chung Cheng High School (Main) 中正中学 (总校) | Mixed | 7104 | Marine Parade | Affiliated to: |  |
| Dunman High School 德明政府中学 | Mixed | 3101 | Tanjong Rhu |  |  |
| Hwa Chong Institution 华侨中学 | Boys | 0806 | Bukit Timah | Offers the *Hwa Chong Diploma* ; Affiliated to: |  |
| Maris Stella High School 海星中学 | Boys | 7111 | Toa Payoh | Affiliated to: |  |
| Nan Chiau High School 南侨中学 | Mixed | 7112 | Sengkang | Affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan |  |
| Nan Hua High School 南华中学 | Mixed | 3047 | Clementi |  |  |
| Nanyang Girls' High School 南洋女子中学校 | Girls | 7114 | Bukit Timah | Offers the *Hwa Chong Diploma* ; Affiliated to: |  |
| River Valley High School 立化中学 | Mixed | 3103 | Boon Lay |  |  |

## Admission

A student's admission to a SAP school (or any secondary school for that matter) is decided based on their results in the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE). To enter a SAP school, a student must achieve a PSLE aggregate score that puts him in the top 10% of his cohort, with an 'A' grade for both the Chinese and English (before AL).

This means that only a relatively small group of students who are academically and linguistically strong may enter a SAP school. Consequently, SAP schools have a reputation of being the "elite" group of secondary schools in the country, alongside independent and autonomous schools. This stems from the Singaporean tradition of effective bilingualism in the education of the elite students from SAP schools. Some students, regardless of whether they are in a SAP school, are offered a chance at effective trilingualism in secondary education starting from age 13. The first language, English, is the international language of commercial and the administrative and legal language of Singapore, a former British colony. The mother tongue reflecting the cultural and ethnic identity of the student. The "third languages" are foreign and Asian languages which are considered by MOE to be "economically, politically and culturally vital", such as Japanese, German, Spanish, French, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, Chinese (Special Programme) and Malay (Special Programme). In order to qualify for these programmes, a student must obtain a PSLE score of AL8 or better for foreign language, and AL24 for Asian Language.

## Historical context

Many SAP schools were historically Chinese language medium schools, i.e. they taught all academic subjects in Mandarin (including science and mathematics), and which may have taught English as a foreign language. Following Singapore's independence in 1965, the government recognised four official languages in Singapore (English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil), but clearly designated English as the main language of basic and higher education, government and law, science and technology as well as trade and industry. This is reflected in the Bilingual Policy which came into effect in 1966. While according official recognition to the languages of different ethno-linguistic communities in Singapore, it sought to promote English as a neutral common language to unite a culturally diverse nation of immigrants. English was also held to be the language of international higher education, science/technology and commerce. As such, it was indispensable to Singapore, given her ambition to become a 'Global City', articulated as early as 1972.

As the English language gained importance, more parents inclined to send their child to English-medium schools, which adversely affected enrollment of Chinese-medium schools. In 1977, admission to Chinese-medium elementary schools made up only 10 per cent of the nation's cohort, which increasingly reflected the increasingly critical status of the Chinese-medium schools, in stark contrast over a decade. The need to preserve traditional Chinese schools with rich heritage and culture became a pressing agenda for the government, with raising English standards and attracting capable students into such schools a key priority, as pointed out by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.

In 1979, the Ministry of Education (MOE) designated nine Chinese-medium secondary schools as Special Assistance Plan (SAP) schools. These schools were intended to provide top-scoring primary school leavers with the opportunity to study both English and Mandarin to high levels of competence. Also, these schools were to preserve the character of traditional Chinese-medium secondary schools and allay fears that the Government was indifferent to Chinese language and culture amid declining enrolments in Chinese-medium schools. The selected schools were given additional teaching resources and given assistance to run classes with a lower student-to-teacher ratio.

The programme was deemed highly successful with five of the designated schools consistently attaining top ten positions in the secondary school ranking in the 1990s, outperforming several established English-medium schools. This supported the Government to further expand the programme to two other institutions with strong Chinese heritage, including Nan Chiau High School, which was initially listed as an SAP school candidate in 1978. Six top performing SAP high schools are also approved by the Ministry of Education to offer Integrated Programme (IP) to their full cohort, with The Chinese High School, Nanyang Girls' High School being the piloting schools with Hwa Chong Junior College in 2004, followed by River Valley High School in 2006 and Dunman High School in 2008. Catholic High School and CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School were approved to offer Joint Integrated Programme in 2013 with Singapore Chinese Girls' School.

## Societal significance

With rapid economic development and exposure to Western, particularly American popular culture and values in the 1970s and 1980s, Singapore began to change from a lower income, poorly educated society to a more confident, educated, vocal and individualistic society. Around the same time, in the 1980s, the world was witnessing the rise of Japan and the Asian newly-industrialised economies or NIEs, of which Singapore was one. Economically, America appeared unable to compete with rising Asian manufacturing competitors, especially Japan and was facing budget deficits. Singapore politicians from the dominant People's Action Party synthesised these various situations and developed certain ideas that came to be known as the Asian Values discourse.

According to this line of argument, Singapore, along with Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Japan, had succeeded so spectacularly in no small part because of their shared Confucianist cultural heritage, which emphasised values such as hard work, education, family unity, deference and loyalty to authority figures, community spirit (in contrast to Western individualism), etc.

To better sell this argument to a multi-ethnic population where the non-Chinese / non-'Confucianist' communities formed at least a quarter of the population, the discourse was re-branded 'Asian Values', rather than Confucian Work Ethic. In Singapore, traditional Asian culture was seen as a source of the nation's economic success thus far. As such, the government embarked on programmes and campaigns to promote traditional culture, including the revitalised *Speak Mandarin Campaign* (targeted at English rather than dialect speakers, as was historically the case) as well as SAP schools.

## Concerns and criticisms

The SAP school programme is periodically criticised in the national media by Singaporeans who are concerned about the ethnic segregation that it inevitably promotes. SAP schools offer mother tongue lessons in only one language: Mandarin. This means that the vast majority, if not all, of the students in SAP schools will be ethnically Chinese. These students will have little opportunities to interact with people of other races, which can potentially cause issues in a multi-racial country like Singapore. Besides, the SAP does not have Malay or Tamil equivalents, which might be viewed by some as MOE not placing these two languages on an equal level as Mandarin. In addition, subjects that are related to Chinese culture may also be taught in Mandarin, such as Chinese literature, the history of China and Chinese–English translation studies.


title: Special Atomic Demolition Munition

abstract: The Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM), also known as the XM129 and XM159 Atomic Demolition Charges, and the B54 bomb was a nuclear man-portable atomic demolition munition (ADM) system fielded by the US military from the 1960s to 1980s but never used in combat.

text:
# Special Atomic Demolition Munition

The **Special Atomic Demolition Munition** (**SADM**), also known as the **XM129** and **XM159 Atomic Demolition Charges**, and the **B54** bomb was a nuclear man-portable atomic demolition munition (ADM) system fielded by the US military from the 1960s to 1980s but never used in combat.

## History and design

At the time of the weapon's development, the existing Atomic Demolition Munition (ADM) was the T-4 Atomic Demolition Munition. Its transport required 4 men, each carrying a 40-pound (18 kg) section of the weapon.

Development began in June 1960 and an interim Mark 54 Mod 0 (now called the **B54-0**) weapon was put into production in April 1963. Production of the **B54 Mod 1** SADM began in August 1964. The weapon was 12 inches (305 mm) in diameter, 18 inches (457 mm) long, and weighed 58.5 pounds (26.5 kg). It included the warhead, a fuzing and firing system with a mechanical timer, a ferroelectric firing set, and a sealed housing. The body was constructed with aluminum forgings and molded fiberglass, and foam-rubber insulation was used between the warhead and case. Dials were illuminated with tritium-phosphor paint for easy night-reading. A housing for underwater emplacement was provided that included external controls.

The **B54 Mod 2** started production in June 1965. The weapon was the same size as previous mods but now weighed more – 70 pounds (32 kg).

The yield was estimated to be 10 to 1,000 tons of TNT (42 to 4,184 GJ).

## Use

### Offensive use

ADM employment manuals describe the use of ADMs tactically in both offensive and defensive operations.

In offensive operations, ADMs are described as being useful for improving flank and rear security of a unit, impeding counterattacks and assisting in enemy entrapment.

### Engineering and defensive use

ADM employment manuals describe the use of ADMs defensively for combat engineering purposes. Possible targets described include bridges, dams, canals, tunnels, airfields, railroad marshaling yards, ports and industrial plants, and power facilities.

Extensive tables were provided to enable the selection of the correct yield for each particular target. These tables accounted for various employment particulars such as depth of burial, fallout considerations, and minimum safe separation distances between adjacent weapons and personnel.

## Suicide attack allegations

On December 27, 2018, the *Green Bay Press-Gazette* interviewed veteran Mark Bentley, who had trained for the Special Atomic Demolition Munition program to manually place and detonate the SADM. The report stated that he and other soldiers training for the program knew this was a suicide mission because either it would be unrealistic to outrun the timer on the bomb, or soldiers would be obligated to secure the site before the timer went off.

However, employment manuals specifically describe the firing party and their guard retreating from the emplacement site, at which point security of the device is provided through a combination of passive security measures, including concealment, camouflage, and the use of decoys, as well as active security measures including booby traps, obstacles (such as concertina wire and landmines), and long-range artillery fire. Further, the SADM included a Field Wire Remote Control System (FWRCS), a device that enabled the sending of safe/arm and firing signals to the weapon via a wire for safe remote detonation of the weapon.

1. Semiannual Historical Report, Activities for the Period 1 July 1969 – 31 December 1968, Vol I (PDF) (Report). Headquarters Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. p. 260. DASA-69-0492. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021. Operational Review of the XM-129/XM-159 Atomic Demolition Charge (B54 SADM)
2. History of the Mk 54 Weapon (Report). Sandia National Labs. February 1968. Archived from the original on 2021-05-22. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
3. Sublette, Carey (12 June 2020). "Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved 2021-03-24.
4. Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM), Chapter 3.
5. Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM), Page 3-1.
6. Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM) (Report). Headquarters, Department of the Army. August 1971. FM 5-26.
7. Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM), Chapter 6.
8. Paul Srubas, Green Bay (Wis.) Press-Gazette (January 7, 2019). "His job was to place atomic bombs. Place them, not drop them. Set the timer. Run like hell". *Green Bay Press-Gazette*. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2019  via Associated Press.
9. Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM), Pages 3-15 to 3-16.
10. Bartlett, J G (11 February 1964). Electromagnetic Radiation Susceptibility of the B54-0 (SADM) and the Field Wire Remote Control System (U) (Report). Sandia National Lab. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

### Bibliography


title: Château de Monte-Cristo

abstract: The Château de Monte-Cristo is a writer's house museum located at Le Port-Marly in the Yvelines department of northern France. It was originally built as a residence for writer Alexandre Dumas.

text:
# Château de Monte-Cristo

The **Château de Monte-Cristo** is a writer's house museum located at Le Port-Marly in the Yvelines department of northern France. It was originally built as a residence for writer Alexandre Dumas.

## History

The château was designed by the architect Hippolyte Durand and built between 1844 and 1847 for writer Alexandre Dumas, at the cost of 500,000 francs. Dumas named it after his novel, *The Count of Monte Cristo* (1844). He called the château his personal "paradise on earth".

In 1848, short of money, Dumas sold the property for 31,000 francs.

Between 1954 and 1964, the château was the site of the British School of Paris. It fell into disrepair, and in 1969, its owners applied to replace the château with 400 flats. The local authority bought and renovated the property. Since 1994, the two châteaux and gardens have been restored. The entire property is operated as a public historic museum memorializing Dumas.

## Architecture

The château is Neo-Renaissance in style, with three storeys. Its façades are decorated with floral motifs, angels, and musical instruments, with a sculpture of a historical writer above each ground-floor window. Dumas' family shield appears above the main door.

Among its rooms is the Moors Salon, restored by Hassan II of Morocco. In the garden is a Neo-Gothic pavilion, which Dumas used as a writing office and named the Château d'If, after another setting from *The Count of Monte Cristo*.

48°53′8″N 2°6′12″E / 48.88556°N 2.10333°E / 48.88556; 2.10333


title: Château de Chambonneau

abstract: The Château de Chambonneau is a castle in the commune of Gizay in the Vienne department of France that still shows good parts of the original "chateau fort". It is built down a hill, close to the Miosson. The original castle dates from the time of Philippe VI, the beginning of the 14th century. The present château dates between 1335 and 1609. The remaining original parts represent the keep and 75% of the towers and lower buildings.

text:
# Château de Chambonneau

The **Château de Chambonneau** is a castle in the *commune* of Gizay in the Vienne department of France that still shows good parts of the original "chateau fort". It is built down a hill, close to the Miosson (a tributary of the Clain river). The original castle dates from the time of Philippe VI, the beginning of the 14th century. The present château dates between 1335 and 1609. The remaining original parts represent the keep and 75% of the towers and lower buildings.

## History

The former manor (built aside from the present-day château) lasted until the 14th century. It belonged to the abbey of Ligugé, which sold it in the 11th century to the Anguittard family. At this time, only a feudal motte existed, on the summit of the hill. There are two theories to explain the origin of the castle's name:

* generally, place names with *Chambon* or *Chambonneau* come from the stem *Xambo*, that is to say, 'bend in a river'. This name is often reinterpreted as meaning *champ bon* (good field) and it has thus been understood for a long time as signifying the alluvial soil.
* in this particular case, other sources conserved in private archives  would indicate an old name of *camboniac* or *campus bonac* \- good camp (in modern French: *camp bon*) - indicating that it protected the surroundings against enemies.

At the start of the 14th century, new owners, the Frottiers de Chambonneau, constructed an imposing castle designed to reflect developments in artillery. Instead of building on the site of the former stronghold, as was usually done, they decided to build the new castle at the foot of the hill so as to profit from the proximity of the river to construct moats.

The castle was built to a quadrangular plan, with round towers at the corners, two other towers (rounded on the exterior only) in the middle of the longer sides, and two more towers to defend the gate. The gate was protected by a châtelet. All of the towers were approximately 17 metres (56 ft) high, the square keep 26 metres (85 ft).

In 1356, after the capture of Jean II de France (Jean *le bon*) during the Battle of Poitiers, the English were looking for shelter for the night, to avoid a surprise attack. They presented themselves that evening at Chambonneau, with Jean le Bon in front, demanding shelter for the night. The lord trustingly opened up, and thus lost his castle in one minute. It was, then, in this castle that Jean le Bon spent his first meal in captivity (maybe also the night?).

## Transformation into a residence

Under Louis XI, calmer times allowed work to make the castle more comfortable. The curtain wall and towers were demolished on the west side, the keep and gatehouse towers lowered in height, and accommodation buildings constructed symmetrically on either side of the gatehouse.

In the 16th century, by royal edict the manor was the first to be auctioned in Poitou. Its owner was effectively in debt through gambling. The new owner built between 1605 and 1609 two farms in an L-shape in front of the castle and, in the corners, two pigeon lofts containing 4000 pigeon holes. The southern loft still has its spiral staircase dating from the time of Henri IV. Also added at this time were a chapel (1578) and new accommodation extending the earlier building to the south.

Under the First Empire (1810), the castle was bought by Monsieur de La Chaslerie, maternal ancestor of the count of Beaucorps-Créquy (Créquy family). The two gatehouse towers, already greatly reduced in height, were completely removed in 1953, in order to allow access for the owner's wife's car.

The Château de Chambonneau has been listed since 1964 as a *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture.

46°27′24″N 0°26′18″E / 46.45667°N 0.43833°E / 46.45667; 0.43833