title: Drum (1976 film)

abstract: Drum is a 1976 American drama film based on the 1962 Kyle Onstott novel of the same name. It was released by United Artists and is a sequel to the film Mandingo, released in 1975. The film stars Warren Oates, Pam Grier and Ken Norton, and was directed by Steve Carver.

text:
# Drum (1976 film)

***Drum*** is a 1976 American drama film based on the 1962 Kyle Onstott novel of the same name. It was released by United Artists and is a sequel to the film *Mandingo*, released in 1975. The film stars Warren Oates, Pam Grier and Ken Norton, and was directed by Steve Carver.

## Plot

Drum has been born to a white prostitute, who raises him with her black lesbian lover. Drum grows up to be a fighter and is often forced to bare-knuckle-box other slaves to the brink of death for the entertainment of the owners, one of whom is a gay Frenchman named Bernard DeMarigny. DeMarigny wants to sleep with Drum, but his advances are rejected by the slave and DeMarigny vows revenge against Drum. Drum and his friend Blaise are eventually sold to plantation owner Hammond Maxwell, and are both taken to his plantation to work. Regine is purchased by Maxwell as well and is taken to the plantation for his own personal desires as a bedwench.

After arriving at Maxwell's plantation, Regine is set up in the bedroom above Hammond. Augusta Chauvel, Maxwell's fiancé is jealous and has other plans for Regine. Maxwell's daughter Sophie wants to sleep with Drum, but he won't for fear of being killed. Sophie also attempts to sleep with Blaise, and after being rejected, tells her father that Blaise has raped her. Blaise is put in chains and Maxwell decides that he must be castrated for the alleged rape. Sophie gets sent off to boarding school after getting caught showing Blaise what he's been missing, while he is chained up.

Meanwhile, a dinner party has been arranged to celebrate the engagement of Maxwell and Chauvel. DeMarigny has been invited to attend the celebration and the guests end up discussing the best way to castrate a slave at the dinner party. While the party is taking place, Drum frees Blaise from his chains and there ends up being a revolt from the slaves at the engagement party. An agreement was made that they would not shoot Blaise; while Drum is attempting to deescalate a possible revolt, DeMarigny shoots Blaise. Drum then turns and grabs hold of DeMarigny's privates and rips them off, telling the slaves to take the house and the revolt begins. Both slaves and slavers are killed during the battle, but Maxwell and Chauvel are all saved by Drum. Maxwell tells Drum he must run during the revolt because if the slavers catch him after the revolt he will have to kill him. Chauvel tells Maxwell that all he has to do is tell the slavers that Drum was loyal and they won't kill him, but Maxwell says he still must kill Drum. Drum is then seen running from the plantation.

## Cast

## Production

### Development

The film was initially being directed by Burt Kennedy, but he was replaced due to creative differences with the executive producer, Dino De Laurentiis. Carver then took over as director with only four days of preparation, the film's print made use of material filmed by both Kennedy and Carver. According to a 2020 interview with Carver, Burt Kennedy had only shot the opening sequence in Puerto Rico. Embarrassed by the script, Kennedy walked off the picture. Carver stated that "a lot of the actors followed him off of the picture". Carver then had to recast several roles and brought on "Pam Grier, Royal Dano and Brenda Sykes and several others".

## Release

### Home media

A restored edition of *Drum* has been released on DVD and blu-ray by Kino Lorber (2014), which includes an audio commentary by director Steve Carver.

## Reception

### Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 11% based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. Vincent Canby of *The New York Times* wrote: "Life on the old plantation was horrendous, I agree, but movies like this are less interested in information than titillation, which, in turn, reflects contemporary obsessions rather more than historical truths."

## InfoBox

| Drum | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Steve Carver |
| Screenplay by | Norman Wexler |
| Based on | *Drum*
by Kyle Onstott |
| Produced by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Lucien Ballard |
| Edited by | Carl Kress |
| Music by | Charlie Smalls |
| Production
company | Dino De Laurentiis Company |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
| Release date | * July 30, 1976 (1976-07-30) |
| Running time | 110 minutes
100 minutes (UK) |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Brian Smith (rugby, born 1966)

abstract: Brian Anthony Smith is an Australian rugby union coach and former rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played for both Australia and Ireland in rugby union.

text:
# Brian Smith (rugby, born 1966)

**Brian Anthony Smith** (born 9 September 1966) is an Australian rugby union coach and former rugby union and rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played for both Australia and Ireland in rugby union.

## Early life

Smith was born in St George, Queensland. He completed secondary school at Brisbane State High School before being selected to play rugby union for Queensland.

In 1983, Smith represented Australian Schools when they defeated New Zealand Schools 12–9 in Sydney, Australia.

## Career

Smith won six caps for Australia in 1987. He played in two Varsity matches for Oxford University as well as captaining them. He played for Wests Bulldogs. He also played nine times for Ireland between 1989 and 1991 as a fly-half. For the 1990/91 season he played club rugby for Leicester Tigers in England.

He later played rugby league for the Balmain Tigers (1991 to 1993) and Eastern Suburbs (1994) in the NSWRL competition. In 1992, he played City Origin. Smith played for the Maroons in 1992 and 93. He played mainly as a five-eighth and also as a halfback.

He has coached rugby union at the Ricoh Rugby Club in Japan, Eastern Suburbs in Sydney, Bath Rugby, the youth setup in New South Wales, and was coaching co-ordinator at the ACT Brumbies. He has coached at representative level with the Australia Sevens side. While Director of Rugby at London Irish in the Guinness Premiership, Smith was linked with the Ireland job as a replacement for Eddie O'Sullivan. In July 2008 he was appointed England attack coach.

## InfoBox

Brian Anthony Smith
| Martin Johnson and Brian Smith | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1966-09-09) 9 September 1966 |
| Place of birth | St George, Queensland, Australia |
| Height | 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) |
| School | Brisbane State High School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Fly-half  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1990–91 Leicester Tigers   ()  Provincial / State sides  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1985/87 Queensland   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1987 Australia  5  (25)  1989-91 Ireland  9  (27)  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  Ricoh Rugby Club  New South Wales  ACT Brumbies  Australia Sevens  Eastern Suburbs  Bath Rugby  London Irish  The Scots College | |
| Rugby league career | |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Five-eighth, Halfback |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  1991–93 Balmain Tigers 37    198  1994 Eastern Suburbs 6    30  Total 43 0 0 0 228 | |
|  | |


title: Extended ASCII

abstract: Extended ASCII is a repertoire of character encodings that include the original 96 ASCII character set, plus up to 128 additional characters. There is no formal definition of "extended ASCII", and even use of the term is sometimes criticized, because it can be mistakenly interpreted to mean that the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) had updated its ANSI X3.4-1986 standard to include more characters, or that the term identifies a single unambiguous encoding, neither of which is the case. The ISO standard ISO 8859 was the first international standard to formalise a (limited) expansion of the ASCII character set: of the many language variants it encoded, ISO 8859-1 – which supports most Western European languages – is best known in the West. There are many other extended ASCII encodings. EBCDIC likewise developed many extended variants over the decades. All modern operating systems use Unicode which supports thousands of characters. However, extended ASCII remains important in the history of computing, and supporting multiple extended ASCII character sets required software to be written in ways that made it much easier to support the UTF-8 encoding method later on.

text:
# Extended ASCII

**Extended ASCII** is a repertoire of character encodings that include (most of) the original 96 ASCII character set, plus up to 128 additional characters. There is no formal definition of "extended ASCII", and even use of the term is sometimes criticized, because it can be mistakenly interpreted to mean that the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) had updated its ANSI X3.4-1986 standard to include more characters, or that the term identifies a single unambiguous encoding, neither of which is the case.

The ISO standard ISO 8859 was the first international standard to formalise a (limited) expansion of the ASCII character set: of the many language variants it encoded, ISO 8859-1 ("ISO Latin 1")  which supports most Western European languages   is best known in the West. There are many other extended ASCII encodings (more than 220 DOS and Windows codepages). EBCDIC ("the other" major character code) likewise developed many extended variants (more than 186 EBCDIC codepages) over the decades.

All modern operating systems use Unicode which supports thousands of characters. However, extended ASCII remains important in the history of computing, and supporting multiple extended ASCII character sets required software to be written in ways that made it much easier to support the UTF-8 encoding method later on.

## History

ASCII was designed in the 1960s for teleprinters and telegraphy, and some computing. Early teleprinters were electromechanical, having no microprocessor and just enough electromechanical memory to function. They fully processed one character at a time, returning to an idle state immediately afterward; this meant that any control sequences had to be only one character long, and thus a large number of codes needed to be reserved for such controls. They were typewriter-derived impact printers, and could only print a fixed set of glyphs, which were cast into a metal type element or elements; this also encouraged a minimum set of glyphs.

Seven-bit ASCII improved over prior five- and six-bit codes. Of the 27=128 codes, 33 were used for controls, and 95 carefully selected printable characters (94 glyphs and one space), which include the English alphabet (uppercase and lowercase), digits, and 31 punctuation marks and symbols: all of the symbols on a standard US typewriter plus a few selected for programming tasks. Some popular peripherals only implemented a 64-printing-character subset: Teletype Model 33 could not transmit "a" through "z" or five less-common symbols ("\`", "{", "|", "}", and "~"). and when they received such characters they instead printed "A" through "Z" (forced all caps) and five other mostly-similar symbols ("@", "\[", "\\", "\]", and "^").

The ASCII character set is barely large enough for US English use and lacks many glyphs common in typesetting, and far too small for universal use. Many more letters and symbols are desirable, useful, or required to directly represent letters of alphabets other than English, more kinds of punctuation and spacing, more mathematical operators and symbols (× ÷ ⋅ ≠ ≥ ≈ π etc.), some unique symbols used by some programming languages, ideograms, logograms, box-drawing characters, etc.

The biggest problem for computer users around the world was other alphabets. ASCII's English alphabet almost accommodates European languages, if accented letters are replaced by non-accented letters or two-character approximations such as ss for ß. Modified variants of 7-bit ASCII appeared promptly, trading some lesser-used symbols for highly desired symbols or letters, such as replacing "#" with "£" on UK Teletypes, "\\" with "¥" in Japan or "₩" in Korea, etc. At least 29 variant sets resulted. 12 code points were modified by at least one modified set, leaving only 82 "invariant" codes. Programming languages however had assigned meaning to many of the replaced characters, work-arounds were devised such as C three-character sequences "??\<" and "??\>" to represent "{" and "}". Languages with dissimilar basic alphabets could use transliteration, such as replacing all the Latin letters with the closest match Cyrillic letters (resulting in odd but somewhat readable text when English was printed in Cyrillic or vice versa). Schemes were also devised so that two letters could be overprinted (often with the backspace control between them) to produce accented letters. Users were not comfortable with any of these compromises and they were often poorly supported.

When computers and peripherals standardized on eight-bit bytes in the 1970s, it became obvious that computers and software could handle text that uses 256-character sets at almost no additional cost in programming, and no additional cost for storage. (Assuming that the unused 8th bit of each byte was not reused in some way, such as error checking, Boolean fields, or packing 8 characters into 7 bytes.) This would allow ASCII to be used unchanged and provide 128 more characters. Many manufacturers devised 8-bit character sets consisting of ASCII plus up to 128 of the unused codes: encodings which covered all the more used Western European (and Latin American) languages, such as Danish, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and more could be made.

128 additional characters is still not enough to cover all purposes, all languages, or even all European languages, so the emergence of many proprietary and national ASCII-derived 8-bit character sets was inevitable. Translating between these sets (transcoding) is complex (especially if a character is not in both sets); and was often not done, producing mojibake (semi-readable resulting text, often users learned how to manually decode it). There were eventually attempts at cooperation or coordination by national and international standards bodies in the late 1990s, but manufacturer-proprietary sets remained the most popular by far, primarily because the international standards excluded characters popular in or peculiar to specific cultures.

## Proprietary extensions

Various proprietary modifications and extensions of ASCII appeared on non-EBCDIC mainframe computers and minicomputers, especially in universities.

Hewlett-Packard started to add European characters to their extended 7-bit / 8-bit ASCII character set HP Roman Extension around 1978/1979 for use with their workstations, terminals and printers. This later evolved into the widely used regular 8-bit character sets HP Roman-8 and HP Roman-9 (as well as a number of variants).

Atari and Commodore home computers added many graphic symbols to their non-standard ASCII (Respectively, ATASCII and PETSCII, based on the original ASCII standard of 1963).

The TRS-80 character set for the TRS-80 home computer added 64 semigraphics characters (0x80 through 0xBF) that implemented low-resolution block graphics. (Each block-graphic character displayed as a 2x3 grid of pixels, with each block pixel effectively controlled by one of the lower 6 bits.)

IBM introduced eight-bit extended ASCII codes on the original IBM PC and later produced variations for different languages and cultures. IBM called such character sets *code pages* and assigned numbers to both those they themselves invented as well as many invented and used by other manufacturers. Accordingly, character sets are very often indicated by their IBM code page number. In ASCII-compatible code pages, the lower 128 characters maintained their standard ASCII values, and different pages (or sets of characters) could be made available in the upper 128 characters. DOS computers built for the North American market, for example, used code page 437, which included accented characters needed for French, German, and a few other European languages, as well as some graphical line-drawing characters. The larger character set made it possible to create documents in a combination of languages such as English and French (though French computers usually use code page 850), but not, for example, in English and Greek (which required code page 737).

Apple Computer introduced their own eight-bit extended ASCII codes in Mac OS, such as Mac OS Roman. The Apple LaserWriter also introduced the Postscript character set.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed the Multinational Character Set, which had fewer characters but more letter and diacritic combinations. It was supported by the VT220 and later DEC computer terminals. This later became the basis for other character sets such as the Lotus International Character Set (LICS), ECMA-94 and ISO 8859-1.

## ISO 8859

In 1987, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published a set of standards for eight-bit ASCII extensions, ISO 8859. The most popular of these was ISO 8859-1 (also called "ISO Latin 1") which contains characters sufficient for the most common Western European languages. Other standards in the 8859 group included ISO 8859-2 for Eastern European languages using the Latin script and ISO 8859-5 for languages using the Cyrillic script, and others.

One notable way in which the ISO standards differ from some vendor-specific extended ASCII is that the 32 character positions 8016 to 9F16, which correspond to the ASCII control characters with the high-order bit 'set', are reserved by ISO for control use and unused for printable characters (they are also reserved in Unicode). This convention was almost universally ignored by other extended ASCII sets.

## Windows-1252

Microsoft intended to use ISO 8859 standards in Windows, but soon replaced the unused C1 control characters with additional characters, making the proprietary Windows-1252 character set, which is sometimes mislabeled as *ANSI*. The added characters included "curly" quotation marks and other typographical elements like em dash, the euro sign, and letters missing from French and Finnish. This became the most-used extended ASCII in the world, and often is used on the web even when 8859-1 is specified.

## Character set confusion

The meaning of each extended code point can be different in every encoding. In order to correctly interpret and display text data (sequences of characters) that includes extended codes, hardware and software that reads or receives the text must use the *specific* extended ASCII encoding that applies to it. Applying the wrong encoding causes irrational substitution of many or all extended characters in the text.

Software can use a fixed encoding selection, or it can select from a palette of encodings by defaulting, checking the computer's nation and language settings, reading a declaration in the text, analyzing the text, asking the user, letting the user select or override, and/or defaulting to last selection. When text is transferred between computers that use different operating systems, software, and encodings, applying the wrong encoding can be commonplace.

Because the full English alphabet and the most-used characters in English are included in the seven-bit code points of ASCII, which are common to all encodings (even most proprietary encodings), English-language text is less damaged by interpreting it with the wrong encoding, but text in other languages can display as mojibake (complete nonsense). Because many Internet standards use ISO 8859-1, and because Microsoft Windows (using the code page 1252 superset of ISO 8859-1) is the dominant operating system for personal computers today, unannounced use of ISO 8859-1 is quite commonplace, and may generally be assumed unless there are indications otherwise.

Many communications protocols, most importantly SMTP and HTTP, require the character encoding of content to be tagged with IANA-assigned character set identifiers.


title: Dan Sparks (basketball)

abstract: Daniel E. Sparks is an American former professional basketball player and college coach. He played in the American Basketball Association for the Miami Floridians during the 1968–69 and 1969–70 seasons after a split collegiate career at Vincennes University and Weber State University. Sparks was selected in both the 1968 ABA and NBA drafts by the Miami Floridians and Cincinnati Royals, respectively. In 2015, Sparks was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame. Although he garnered success as a player, having won the NJCAA national championship at Vincennes in 1965 and having served as Weber State's team MVP during their NCAA Tournament season in 1967–68, he is best known for his coaching career. He coached at the junior college level for 33 seasons, primarily at his alma mater Vincennes, and amassed 869 wins during his hall of fame career. Sparks coached 25 NJCAA All-Americans and 33 future professional players in his career, including Eric Williams, Shawn Marion, Tyrone Nesby, and Carl Landry. He is the state of Indiana's all-time winningest coach and was the national coach of the year in 1985–86.

text:
# Dan Sparks (basketball)

**Daniel E. Sparks** (born April 17, 1944) is an American former professional basketball player and college coach. He played in the American Basketball Association for the Miami Floridians during the 1968–69 and 1969–70 seasons after a split collegiate career at Vincennes University and Weber State University. Sparks was selected in both the 1968 ABA and NBA drafts by the Miami Floridians and Cincinnati Royals, respectively.

In 2015, Sparks was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame. Although he garnered success as a player, having won the NJCAA national championship at Vincennes in 1965 and having served as Weber State's team MVP during their NCAA Tournament season in 1967–68, he is best known for his coaching career. He coached at the junior college level for 33 seasons, primarily at his *alma mater* Vincennes, and amassed 869 wins (versus only 247 losses) during his hall of fame career. Sparks coached 25 NJCAA All-Americans and 33 future professional players in his career, including Eric Williams, Shawn Marion, Tyrone Nesby, and Carl Landry. He is the state of Indiana's all-time winningest coach (706 victories) and was the national coach of the year in 1985–86.

## InfoBox

Dan Sparks
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1945-04-17) April 17, 1945
Bloomington, Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) |
| Listed weight | 200 lb (91 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Bloomington South
(Bloomington, Indiana) |
| College |  |
| NBA draft | 1968: 4th round, 41st overall pick |
| Selected by the Cincinnati Royals | |
| Playing career | 1968–1970 |
| Position | Power forward |
| Number | 32 |
| Coaching career | 1971–2013 |
| Career history | |
| As player: | |
| 19681970 | Miami Floridians |
| As coach: | |
| 1971–1974 | Vincennes (assistant) |
| 19741978 | Kansas City Kings (assistant / scout) |
| 1979–2005 | Vincennes |
| 2005–2006 | Northern Colorado (assistant) |
| 2006–2013 | Wabash Valley |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| **As player:*** NJCAA national champion (1965)  **As coach:**
* NABC National JC Coach of the Year (1986) * NJCAA national champion (1972) | |
|  | |
| Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: Elephant ear

abstract:
Elephant ear may refer to:
  - The ear of an elephant

text:
# Elephant ear

**Elephant ear** may refer to:

## Plants

* Several genera in the family Araceae (Arums)
    + *Alocasia*, genus of broad-leaved perennials in tropical & subtropical Asia to Eastern Australia
    + *Caladium*, ornamental plants with arrowhead-shaped leaves originally from South America
    + *Colocasia* (taro), a genus of flowering plants native to tropical Polynesia and southeastern Asia
    + *Philodendron giganteum*, a species of plant found in the Caribbean and South America
    + *Xanthosoma*, a genus native to tropical America cultivated for their starchy corms
* Burdock, a thistle in the genus *Arctium*
* *Bergenia crassifolia* or other plants in genus *Bergenia*, shade-loving flowering garden plant

## Other uses


title: Professional Concerts

abstract: The "Professional Concerts" were subscription concerts established in 1783 and given at the Hanover Square Rooms in London. Leading musicians of the day performed at the concerts.

text:
# Professional Concerts

The **"Professional Concerts"** were subscription concerts established in 1783 and given at the Hanover Square Rooms in London. Leading musicians of the day performed at the concerts.

## History

### Background

Other regular concerts began in London around this time: the subscription concerts established by Johann Christian Bach and Carl Friedrich Abel, which ran from 1764 to 1782, and the Concerts of Antient Music, which began in 1776. The prestigious Hanover Square Rooms, accommodating about 900 people, opened in 1775 with a concert given by Bach and Abel.

### Establishment

The committee directing the Professional Concerts included Wilhelm Cramer, leader of the orchestra; William Dance, principal second violin; the cellist James Cervetto; and the composer and violinist William Shield. The subscription was five guineas for twelve weekly concerts.

Performers at the Professional Concerts included the tenor Samuel Harrison from about 1783, the oboist Friedrich Ramm in 1784, the pianist and singer Maria Theresia von Paradis in 1785, and the violinist George Bridgetower in 1790. William Thomas Parke wrote that in 1788 the Professional Concerts "were allowed to be of the most perfect and gratifying kind, the band being composed of performers of the first talent in the kingdom, and the company of the most elegant description."

### Rivalry with Salomon's concerts

Johann Peter Salomon had been excluded from the Professional Concerts, and set up his own concerts in 1791, continuing until 1795. He brought Joseph Haydn to London to appear there.

The directors of the Professional Concerts, unable to make Haydn break his engagements with Salomon, invited his pupil Ignaz Pleyel to conduct concerts, hoping that rivalry between them would induce Haydn to perform at the concerts. This did not succeed, Haydn and Pleyel remaining on friendly terms. At Pleyel's first appearance in February 1792, which included a symphony he had written for the occasion, Haydn was in the audience.

The Professional Concerts, suffering from the popularity of Salomon's concerts, ended in 1793.


title: Eduard Lasker

abstract: Eduard Lasker was a German politician and jurist. Inspired by the French Revolution, he became a spokesman for liberalism and the leader of the left wing of the National Liberal party, which represented middle-class professionals and intellectuals. He promoted the unification of Germany during the 1860s and played a major role in codification of the German legal code. Lasker at first compromised with Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who later strenuously opposed Lasker regarding freedom of the press. In 1881, Lasker left the National Liberal party and helped form the new German Free Thought Party.

text:
# Eduard Lasker

**Eduard Lasker** (born **Jizchak Lasker**) (14 October 1829  5 January 1884) was a German politician and jurist. Inspired by the French Revolution, he became a spokesman for liberalism and the leader of the left wing of the National Liberal party, which represented middle-class professionals and intellectuals. He promoted the unification of Germany during the 1860s and played a major role in codification of the German legal code. Lasker at first compromised with Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who later strenuously opposed Lasker regarding freedom of the press. In 1881, Lasker left the National Liberal party and helped form the new German Free Thought Party.

## Biography

He was born at Jarotschin, a village in Posen, the son of a Jewish tradesman. He attended the *gymnasium*, and afterwards the University of Breslau. In 1848, after the outbreak of the revolution, he went to Vienna and entered the student's legion which played a prominent role in the disturbances; he fought against the imperial troops during the siege of the city in October. He then continued his legal studies at Breslau and Berlin, and after a visit of three years to England, then the model state for German liberals, entered the Prussian judicial service.

### National Liberal Party

In 1870 he left the government service, and in 1873 was appointed to an administrative post in the service of the city of Berlin. He had been brought to the notice of the political world by some articles he wrote from 1861 to 1864, which were afterwards published under the title *Zur Verfassungsgeschichte Preußens* (Leipzig, 1874), and in 1865 he was elected member to the Prussian House of Representatives. He joined the radical German Progress Party, and in 1867 was also elected to the German parliament, but he helped to form the National Liberal Party, and in consequence lost his seat in Berlin, which remained faithful to the radicals; after this he represented Magdeburg and Frankfurt in the Prussian, and Meiningen in the German parliament. He threw himself with great energy into his parliamentary duties, and quickly became one of its most popular and most influential members. An optimist and idealist, he joined to a fervent belief in liberty an equal enthusiasm for German unity and the idea of the German state. His motion that Baden should be included in the North German Confederation in January 1870 caused much embarrassment to Otto von Bismarck, but was not without effect in hastening the crisis of 1870.

### Judicial reform

His great work, however, was the share he took in the judicial reform during the ten years 1867 to 1877. The codification of the law during this period is attributable more to him than to any other single individual. While he again and again was able to compel the government to withdraw or amend proposals that seemed dangerous to liberty, he opposed those liberals who, unable to obtain all the concessions they called for, refused to vote for the new laws as a whole.

### Breaking with his party

A speech made by Lasker on 7 February 1873, in which he attacked the management of the Pomeranian railway, caused a great sensation, and his exposure of the financial mismanagement brought about the fall of Hermann Wagener, one of Bismarck's most trusted assistants. By this action he caused, however, some embarrassment to his party. This is generally regarded as the beginning of the reaction against economic liberalism by which he and his party were to be deprived of their influence. He refused to follow Bismarck in his financial and economic policy after 1878; always unsympathetic to the chancellor, he was now selected for his most bitter attacks.

### Last years

Between the radicals and socialists on the one side and the government on the other, like many of his friends, he was unable to maintain himself. In 1879 he lost his seat in the Prussian parliament; he joined the Secession, but was ill at ease in his new position. Broken in health and spirits by the incessant labors of the time when he did half the work of the Reichstag, he went in 1883 for a tour in America, and died suddenly in New York City in January 1884. Carl Schurz spoke at his New York funeral.

Lasker's death was the occasion of a curious episode, which caused much discussion at the time. The United States House of Representatives adopted a motion of regret, and added to it these words:

> That his loss is not alone to be mourned by the people of his native land, where his firm and constant exposition of, and devotion to, free and liberal ideas have materially advanced the social, political and economic conditions of these people, but by the lovers of liberty throughout the world.

This motion was sent through the American minister at Berlin to the German foreign office, with a request that it might be communicated to the president of the Reichstag. It was to ask Bismarck officially to communicate a resolution in which a foreign parliament expressed an opinion in German affairs exactly opposed to that which the emperor at his advice had always followed. Bismarck therefore refused to communicate the resolution, and returned it through the German minister at Washington. Further, Bismarck forbade civil servants and public officers to attend Lasker's funeral.

## Work

* *Zur Geschichte der parlamentarischen Entwickelung Preußens* (Leipzig, 1873)
* *Die Zukunft des Deutschen Reichs* (Leipzig, 1877)
* *Wege und Ziele der Kulturentwicklung* (Leipzig, 1881)
* *Fünfzehn Jahre parlamentarischer Geschichte 1866-1880* appeared edited by W. Cahn (Berlin, 1902). See also

**Attribution:**

## Further reading

* Harris, James F. "Eduard Lasker and Compromise Liberalism." *Journal of Modern History* (1970): 342-360. in JSTOR
* Harris, James F. *A study in the theory and practice of German liberalism: Eduard Lasker, 1829-1884* (University Press of America, 1984)
* Krieger, Leonard. 'The German idea of freedom: History of a political tradition from the Reformation to 1871 *(1957). pp 438-63*
* Mork, Gordon R. "Bismarck and the" Capitulation" of German Liberalism." *Journal of Modern History* (1971): 59-75. in JSTOR
* Sheehan, James J.: *German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century.* (1978)

### In German

## InfoBox

| Eduard Lasker | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Eduard Lasker | |
|  | |
| Member of the Reichstag
(German Empire) | |
| **In office**
21 March 1871  5 January 1884 | |
| Constituency | Sachsen-Meiningen 2 (1881–1884)
Meiningen 2 (1871–1881) |
| (North German Confederation) | |
| **In office**
1867–1871 | |
| Constituency | Sachsen-Meiningen 2 |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jizchak Lasker
(1829-10-14)14 October 1829
Jarotschin, Province of Posen, Prussia |
| Died | 5 January 1884(1884-01-05) (aged 54)
New York, New York, United States |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Politician, jurist |
|  | |


title: China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)

abstract: National Highway 228 was a hypothetical highway encircling the island of Taiwan as part of the National Highway System of the People's Republic of China. It never came into existence due to the political status of Taiwan. The People's Republic of China claims control over Taiwan while it is currently administered and controlled by the Republic of China. Taiwan has its own highway system and does not recognize the designation by the People's Republic of China. This observation was eventually dropped in new National Highway plans, replaced by the Dandong-Dongxing Highway in 2013.

text:
# China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)

**National Highway 228** was a hypothetical highway encircling the island of Taiwan as part of the National Highway System of the People's Republic of China. It never came into existence due to the political status of Taiwan. The People's Republic of China claims control over Taiwan while it is currently administered and controlled by the Republic of China. Taiwan has its own highway system and does not recognize the designation by the People's Republic of China.

This observation was eventually dropped in new National Highway plans, replaced by the Dandong-Dongxing Highway in 2013.

## InfoBox

| National Highway 228 | |
| --- | --- |
| 228国道 | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 956 km (594 mi) |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: SS Aguila (1916)

abstract: SS Aguila was a British steam passenger liner. She was built in Dundee in 1917 and was sunk by enemy action in the North Atlantic in 1941. She belonged to Yeoward Line, which carried passengers and fruit between Liverpool, Lisbon, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Aguila is Spanish for eagle, and a popular name for ships. This was the second in Yeoward Brothers' fleet, the first Aguila having been built in 1909 and sunk by U-28 in 1915.

text:
# SS Aguila (1916)

**SS *Aguila*** was a British steam passenger liner. She was built in Dundee in 1917 and was sunk by enemy action in the North Atlantic in 1941. She belonged to Yeoward Line, which carried passengers and fruit between Liverpool, Lisbon, Madeira and the Canary Islands.

*Aguila* is Spanish for eagle, and a popular name for ships. This was the second in Yeoward Brothers' fleet, the first *Aguila* having been built in 1909 and sunk by *U-28* in 1915.

## Building and equipment

The Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company of Dundee built *Aguila*, completing her in November 1917. She had nine corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of 189 square feet (18 m2) that heated three single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of 7,054 square feet (655 m2). These fed steam at 180 lbf/in2 to a three-cylinder triple expansion steam engine that was rated at 395 NHP and drove a single screw, giving her a speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph).

*Aguila* bore similarities to *Ardeola* that Caledon had built for the Yeoward Line in 1912. The two ships had the same beam, *Aguila* was just 5.1-foot (1.6 m) longer and her engine was rated as producing 50 more NHP. In the early 1920s *Aguila* was joined by a pair of slightly longer sister ships, *Alondra* and *Avoceta*, completed by Caledon in April 1922 and January 1923.

By 1930 *Aguila* had wireless direction finding equipment, and from 1934 she had an echo sounding device. Up to 1933 *Lloyd's Register* records no code letters for *Aguila*, but when the new wireless telegraph call signs were introduced for 1934, she was designated GPVD.

## Second World War service

From October 1939 until 1940 *Aguila* continued her peacetime run between Liverpool and the Canary Islands. Her only convoy protection was on outward voyages from Liverpool to the North Atlantic west of Portugal, where she would leave the convoy to enter neutral Portuguese waters and proceed to Lisbon unescorted. After calling at Lisbon she would continue unescorted to Las Palmas and Tenerife, and return unescorted to Liverpool.

France's surrender to Germany in June 1940 gave the *Kriegsmarine* naval bases on France's Atlantic coast, leading to German and Italian submarines' First Happy Time in the Battle of the Atlantic. Allied shipping losses increased and from August 1940 Yeoward Brothers changed the movements of its ships. In August 1940 *Aguila* had a normal outward run with Convoy OG 40, leaving Liverpool on 3 August and reaching Lisbon on 14 August. Three days later she left Lisbon for Las Palmas, but on 19 August the Italian submarine *Barbarigo* shelled her with its 100 mm (4 in) guns. The *Regia Marina* vessel claimed five hits on *Aguila*, but in fact the liner was undamaged and reached Las Palmas on 20 August.

After her narrow escape *Aguila* did not call at Tenerife, but instead went south to Freetown in Sierra Leone. There the UK formed inbound convoys to the British Isles, but if *Aguila* hoped to join one she was unsuccessful. From Freetown she turned north and steamed unescorted to Madeira, where she stopped for five days before continuing to Gibraltar. There she joined Convoy HG 43, which left on 4 September and reached Liverpool on 19 September.

On 11 October 1940 *Aguila* left Liverpool with Convoy OG 44, but stayed with the convoy all the way to Gibraltar. She then sailed unescorted to Lisbon and back to Gibraltar (24 October – 3 November), and made a separate unescorted trip to Las Palmas, Tenerife and Cadiz and again back to Gibraltar (3–19 November). Then she joined Convoy HG 47, which left Gibraltar on 20 November and reached Liverpool on 4 December.

*Aguila* survived Liverpool's Christmas Blitz of 20–22 December. From 29 December to 23 July she made three round trips: by convoy from Britain to Gibraltar, unescorted from there to Lisbon and back, and then by convoy from Gibraltar home to Britain. From the first and third trips *Aguila* returned to her home port of Liverpool, but during her second trip Liverpool suffered the May Blitz, and on 3 May part of the port was devastated when the munitions ship *Malakand* burned and exploded in Huskisson Dock. Therefore, when *Aguila* returned a fortnight later in Convoy HG 61 it was diverted to the Firth of Clyde. The arrangement was only temporary. On 23 July *Aguila* was back in her home port, arriving in Liverpool with Convoy HG 67.

## Final voyage and loss

class=notpageimage|Approximate position of *Aguila*'s wreck

*Aguila* loaded general cargo in Liverpool and embarked at least 86 Royal Navy personnel bound for Gibraltar and six civilian passengers. The RN personnel included nine Fleet Air Arm, seven Royal Naval Patrol Service, three RNR, 11 RNVR, 22 Women's Royal Naval Service (Wrens) and 35 others. The 22 Wrens were all volunteers for duties at Gibraltar: 12 as cypher officers and 10 as wireless operators. Also with them was a QARNNS nurse, Sister Kate Gribble.

*Aguila* was one of 23 merchant ships that formed Convoy OG 71, which left Liverpool on 13 August. Allied convoys included ships of other nationalities as well as British. OG 71 included two from Ireland one each from Denmark, Greece and Norway. The Republic of Ireland was neutral so its ships, *Clonlara* and *Lanarhone*, were not blacked out. *Aguila*'s Master, Arthur Firth, objected that their lights compromised HG 71's protection at night.

*Aguila*'s naval contingent included the Convoy Commodore, Vice Admiral PE Parker DSO, and his staff. At first OG 71's only escorts were the Norwegian Navy destroyer HNoMS *Bath* and two Royal Navy ships; the sloop HMS *Leith* and corvette *Zinnia*.

Two days out they were augmented by five more RN corvettes. On 17 August a *Luftwaffe* Focke-Wulf Fw 200 *Condor* sighted OG 71, and the next day it became the first convoy to be attacked by a U-boat wolfpack. *Bath* fell behind while defending the convoy, and in the small hours of 19 August at 0205 hrs she was torpedoed and sunk by *U-204* 400 nautical miles (740 km) southwest of Ireland. Three minutes later *U-559* attacked the main convoy about 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) west of Ushant, sinking the cargo ship *Alva*. The corvette HMS *Hydrangea* went to rescue *Bath*'s survivors, thus further depleting OG 71's escort, while HMS *Campanula* and the Irish *Clonlara* rescued *Alva*'s survivors.

Two hours later the wolfpack again attacked OG 71, and *U-201* torpedoed and sank *Aguila* and the cargo ship *Ciscar*. The corvette HMS *Wallflower* rescued 10 survivors including Captain Firth and one of the RN contingent. The tugboat *Empire Oak* rescued six of *Aguila*'s crew (joining 11 she rescued from *Alva*), but on 22 August west of Porto *U-564* sank *Empire Oak*, with the loss of all six of the men from *Aguila* (and nine of the 11 from *Alva*).

The wolfpack attack continued until 23 August, and OG 71's total losses were eight of her 23 merchant ships plus two of her escorts. Thereafter all neutral Irish ships were blacked out when sailing in Allied convoys.

## Monuments

The lost members of *Aguila*'s crew are commemorated in the Second World War section of the Merchant Navy War Memorial at Tower Hill in London. The lost members of her naval contingent are commemorated on the Royal Navy monuments at Chatham, Plymouth and Portsmouth.

A *Black Swan*-class sloop, HMS *Wren*, was launched in 1942. A plaque in her sick bay commemorated the 22 Wrens lost with *Aguila*. In 1951 the RNLI named a new Liverpool-class lifeboat *Aguila Wren* in their memory. It was stationed at Aberystwyth in Wales until 1964, and then at Redcar in Yorkshire until 1972.

The National Memorial Arboretum has an Aguila Memorial: a giant wren on a granite obelisk dedicated to the 22 Wrens and Sister Gribble. 12 of the Wrens had been based at Scarborough, North Yorkshire, where they are remembered by a memorial bench and plaque on the Lighthouse Pier that was dedicated in 1972.

## Sources

* Cook, Bernard (2006). *Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present*. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851097708.
* Crabb, Brian James (2006). *Beyond the Call of Duty: The Loss of British Commonwealth Mercantile and Service Women at Sea During the Second World War*. Donington: Shaun Tyas. ISBN 1 900289 66-0.
* Fletcher, Marjorie (1989). *WRNS: A History of the Women's Royal Naval Service*. London: BT Batsford. ISBN 0713461853.
* Mason, Ursula (1992). *Britannia's daughters: the story of the WRNS*. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0850522714.

49°14′N 17°34′W / 49.23°N 17.56°W / 49.23; -17.56

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | *Aguila* |
| Namesake | Spanish for eagle |
| Owner | Yeoward Line |
| Operator | Yeoward Brothers |
| Port of registry | Liverpool |
| Route | LiverpoolLisbonLas PalmasTenerifeLiverpool |
| Builder | Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Co, Dundee |
| Yard number | 242 |
| Launched | 12 September 1916 |
| Completed | November 1917 |
| Identification |  |
| Fate | Sunk by torpedo, 19 August 1941 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | * 3,255 GRT * tonnage under deck 2,162 * 1,855 NRT |
| Length | 315.3 ft (96.1 m) |
| Beam | 44.2 ft (13.5 m) |
| Draught | 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m) |
| Depth | 18.5 ft (5.6 m) |
| Decks | two |
| Installed power | 395 NHP |
| Propulsion |  |
| Speed | 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h) |
| Sensors and
processing systems |  |
| Armament | DEMS |
| Notes | sister ships: *Alondra*, *Avoceta* |


title: 1818 in the United States

abstract: Events from the year 1818 in the United States.

text:
# 1818 in the United States

Events from the year **1818 in the United States**.

## Incumbents

### Federal government

## Events

### Ongoing

## Births

## Deaths

## Further reading

* Richard V. Carpenter, J. W. Kitchell. The Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1818. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 6, No. 3 (October, 1913), pp. 327–424
* The Diocese of Baltimore in 1818. Archbishop Maréchal's Account to Propaganda, October 16, 1818. The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 1, No. 4 (January, 1916), pp. 439–453
* Charles H. Rammelkamp, Thos Lippincott. Thomas Lippincott, a Pioneer of 1818 and His Diary. Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Vol. 10, No. 2 (July, 1917), pp. 237–255
* Leona Rostenberg, Timothy Fuller. Diary of Timothy Fuller: In Congress, January 12 – March 15, 1818. The New England Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3 (September, 1939), pp. 521–529
* Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, J. H. Easterby. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney's Plantation Diary, April 6 – December 15, 1818. The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 4 (October, 1940), pp. 135–150
* Leo M. Kaiser. Stephen F. Austin's Oration of July 4, 1818. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 1 (July, 1960), pp. 71–79
* Alfred Owen Aldridge. The Character of a North American as Drawn in Chile, 1818. Hispania, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September, 1966), pp. 489–494
* John Faucheraud Grimké, Thomas Smith Grimké, Adrienne Koch. A Family Crisis: Letters from John Faucheraud Grimké and Thomas Smith Grimké to Henry Grimké, 1818. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 69, No. 3 (July, 1968), pp. 171–192
* Stephen W. Stathis. Dr. Barton's Case and the Monroe Precedent of 1818. The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 32, No. 3 (July, 1975), pp. 465–474
* Ernest F. Dibble. Captain Hugh Young and His 1818 Topographical Memoir to Andrew Jackson. The Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 3 (January, 1977), pp. 321–335
* John P. Resch. Politics and Public Culture: The Revolutionary War Pension Act of 1818. Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Summer, 1988), pp. 139–158
* Sandra F. VanBurkleo. "The Paws of Banks": The Origins and Significance of Kentucky's Decision to Tax Federal Bankers, 1818 – 1820. Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 1989), pp. 457–487
* James A. Edstrom. "With . . . Candour and Good Faith": Nathaniel Pope and the Admission Enabling Act of 1818. Illinois Historical Journal, Vol. 88, No. 4 (Winter, 1995), pp. 241–262

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: |  |


title: TV3+ (Norwegian TV channel)

abstract: TV3+ Norway is a television channel broadcasting to Norway owned by the Viaplay Group. The channel was launched on 8. September 2007 replacing ZTV Norway on cable, satellite and terrestrial in preparation for the launch of the digital terrestrial television network in Norway which launched in 2009 and after ZTV was declining in viewers. Viasat 4 took over all of TV3 football segments which have been broadcast there since 1988 The channel opened with the European Championship qualifying match between Moldova and Norway. Its main focus is on entertainment, sports and documentaries, transmitting series such as Most Shocking, Stargate Atlantis, The 4400, Star Trek, The Simpsons, Family Guy, The Riches, UEFA Champions League matches and Futurama, with short news bulletins from P4 on weeknights. Viasat 4 also transmits several comedy series, such as Cheers, Married... with Children and 8 Simple Rules. TV3+ was originally to be named TV4, but after complaints from Swedish TV4 AB at the Patent Office, the channel was renamed 4 before becoming Viasat 4. The original intention was that the channel would broadcast free-to-air via RiksTV. The operator of the commercial muxes was, however, intending to broadcast pay television, so the channel would be a part of the encrypted RiksTV package. In 2010, Viasat 4 showed 16 World Cup matches from South Africa, including the bronze final between Germany and Uruguay. Viasat obtained the rights from NRK. The name of the channel was changed from Viasat 4 to V4 in June 2020 as part of an overall rebranding of Viasat TV channels, and to TV3+ Norway in August 2022 to emphasize its connection with TV3 Norway.

text:
# TV3+ (Norwegian TV channel)

**TV3+ Norway** (formerly V4, Viasat4, ZTV Norway and Viasat Plus) is a television channel broadcasting to Norway owned by the Viaplay Group. The channel was launched on 8. September 2007 replacing ZTV Norway on cable, satellite and terrestrial in preparation for the launch of the digital terrestrial television network in Norway which launched in 2009 and after ZTV was declining in viewers. Viasat 4 took over all of TV3 football segments which have been broadcast there since 1988

The channel opened with the European Championship qualifying match between Moldova and Norway. Its main focus is on entertainment, sports and documentaries, transmitting series such as Most Shocking, Stargate Atlantis, The 4400, Star Trek, The Simpsons, Family Guy, The Riches, UEFA Champions League matches and Futurama, with short news bulletins from P4 on weeknights. Viasat 4 also transmits several comedy series, such as Cheers, Married... with Children and 8 Simple Rules.

TV3+ was originally to be named TV4, but after complaints from Swedish TV4 AB at the Patent Office, the channel was renamed 4 before becoming Viasat 4.

The original intention was that the channel would broadcast free-to-air via RiksTV. The operator of the commercial muxes was, however, intending to broadcast pay television, so the channel would be a part of the encrypted RiksTV package.

In 2010, Viasat 4 showed 16 World Cup matches from South Africa, including the bronze final between Germany and Uruguay. Viasat obtained the rights from NRK.

The name of the channel was changed from Viasat 4 to *V4* in June 2020 as part of an overall rebranding of Viasat TV channels, and to **TV3+ Norway** in August 2022 to emphasize its connection with TV3 Norway.

## Programming

*List of programs broadcast by TV3+*

## InfoBox

TV3+ Norway
| Country | United Kingdom |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Norway |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Viaplay Group |
| Sister channels | TV3, TV6, V Film, V Series, V Sport |
| History | |
| Launched | 8. September 2007, 18:00 |
| Replaced | ZTV |
| Former names | Viasat Plus (2000-2001), ZTV Norway (2002-2007), Viasat 4 (2007-2020), V4 (2020-2022) |
| Links | |
| Website | **Official website** |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Terrestrial | |
| RiksTV | Channel 9 |
|  | |


title: Puttalam line

abstract: The Puttalam line is a 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge railway line in the rail network of Sri Lanka. The 133 km (83 mi) railway line begins at Ragama junction and runs through the major towns along the north-west coast of the country, through to Periyanagavillu. It has forty two stations along its length.

text:
# Puttalam line

| Puttalam Line |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The **Puttalam line** (originally called the North-Western Line) is a 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge railway line in the rail network of Sri Lanka. The 133 km (83 mi) railway line begins at Ragama junction and runs through the major towns along the north-west coast of the country, through to Periyanagavillu. It has forty two stations along its length.

## Route definition

The line starts from Ragama and runs through the towns of Kandana, Ja-Ela, Seeduwa, Katunayake, Negombo, the line becomes single-track from this point onwards, and passes through, Lunuwila, Naththandiya, Madampe, Chilaw, Bangadeniya, Mundel and ends at Puttalam.

The passenger trains by Sri Lanka Railways are operated up to Noor Nagar station beyond the Puttalam station and railway section beyond Noor Nagar station is used by Holcim Sri Lanka Limited for the transportation of raw materials from quarry to the factory at Puttalam.

This line is also used for the transportation of oil by trains to the Colombo International Airport.

## History

Construction of the rail line to Puttalam commenced on 3 July 1907, with the laying of a railway line from Ragama to Ja-Ela. The project was initiated by Sir Henry Arthur Blake, Governor of Ceylon. The first passenger operations commenced on 9 November 1908. The Negombo railway station was opened on 1 December 1909, with the line extended to Chilaw in 1916. In November 1920 work commenced on the extension to Puttalam, which was officially opened on 12 May 1926.

In 1943 the track from Bangadeniya to Puttalam was removed, as the rails were required on other strategically important routes due to shortages caused by World War II. It was re-laid in 1946 with a number of new stations added to the line. The line was also extended beyond Puttalam to Periyanagavillu, where the route forked, with one line running to Aruwakkalu and the other to Illuwankulam.

In 2011 a 20 km (12 mi) dual track between Ragama and Ja-Ela was officially opened. In 2017 the government commenced investigating the feasibility of extending the rail line from Puttalam via Norocholai power station (servicing the country's main coal power plant) to Mahawa, connecting the Northern and Puttalam lines.

## Operations

This line is served by passenger and freight trains mostly class S8 and S9 are used for daytime passenger trains whilst S10 and S11 help during rush hour. Some trains are hauled by the locomotives M2 or M4. The main terminals of the trains are Negombo, Madampe, Chilaw, Puttalam and Noornagar. An uncontrollable crowd is seen during the peak hours (Mainly from Colombo To Negombo).

## InfoBox

| Puttalam line | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Owner | Sri Lanka Railways |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 42 |
| Service | |
| Type | Intercity rail |
| System | Sri Lanka Railways |
| Operator(s) | Sri Lanka Railways |
| History | |
| Opened | 12 May 1926 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 133 km (83 mi) |
| Track gauge | 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) |
| Electrification | No |
| Operating speed | 100 kmph |
| Route map   Puttalam Line | |


title: Old Cowtown Museum

abstract: Old Cowtown Museum is an accredited history museum located in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is located next to the Arkansas River in central Wichita. The Museum was established in 1952, and is one of the oldest open-air history museums in central United States with 54 historic and re-created buildings, including a period farm and out-buildings, situated on 23 acres of land off the original Chisholm Trail. Cowtown is a combination of attraction, museum, living history site, and historic preservation project. The City of Wichita works with the Historic Wichita Cowtown, Inc. Board, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization, to further the Museum and its mission.

text:
# Old Cowtown Museum

**Old Cowtown Museum** is an accredited history museum located in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is located next to the Arkansas River in central Wichita. The Museum was established in 1952, and is one of the oldest open-air history museums in central United States with 54 historic and re-created buildings, including a period farm and out-buildings, situated on 23 acres of land off the original Chisholm Trail. Cowtown is a combination of attraction, museum, living history site, and historic preservation project. The City of Wichita works with the Historic Wichita Cowtown, Inc. Board, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization, to further the Museum and its mission.

## Overview

Private owners moved it twice then third move to Cowtown in 1952. The Museum focuses on life in Wichita during the last part of the 19th century. Cowtown's unique programming tells the story of Wichita's transformation from a frontier settlement to a cattle town to an agricultural and manufacturing area. Its artifact collection includes 12,000+ items dating from the period and ranging from farm wagons to tea spoons. The museum also contains a number of live animals, such as a short-horned Durham milk cow, two sheep, and chickens. The *Old Cowtown* experience includes costumed interpreters, hands-on activities, educational programming and a calendar of diverse events throughout the year.

Cowtown is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, the highest national recognition achievable by a museum. Only 3% of all museums in the United States are accredited.

### Early Wichita history

The first permanent settlement in Wichita was a collection of grass houses inhabited by the Wichita tribe in 1864. Pioneer trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site in the 1860s (whom the Chisholm Trail was named). Wichita was founded in 1868 by businessmen then incorporated as a city in 1870. The Chisholm Trail ran along the east side of Wichita from 1867 to 1871. In 1872 the Wichita and Southwestern Railroad completed a branch line from Wichita to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at Newton. As a result, Wichita became a railhead for cattle drives from Texas, from which it has derived its nickname "**Cowtown**." Wichita's neighboring town on the opposite (west) bank of the Arkansas River, Delano, a village of saloons and brothels, had a particular reputation for lawlessness, largely accommodating the rough, visiting cattlemen. The Wichita/Delano community gained a wild reputation, however, the east (Wichita) side of the river was kept more civil, thanks to numerous well-known lawmen who passed through, employed to help keep the rowdy cowboys in line. Among those was Wyatt Earp. After railroads were extended west and south, Wichita lost the railhead for cattle drives along with the rowdy cowboys that came with it. In 1880, Delano was annexed by Wichita, then a land boom involving speculation occurred in the late 1880s, and by 1890 the population of Wichita had exploded to nearly 24,000.

## Movie film set

Various movies have used the Old Cowtown Museum site as a film set:

* Bender Claim, The - filmed in 2013
* Bloody Dawn - filmed in 2006
* Midnight Shanghai - filmed in 2016
* Only Good Indian, The \- filmed in 2007
* Road to Valhalia - filmed in 2013
* Skylark \- filmed in 1992
* Touched by Fire - filmed in 2004
* Wichita \- filmed in 2013

## Hours and Admission

Hours in 2024 * Monday and Tuesday = Closed.
* Wednesday to Saturday = 10:00 a.m. to 5 p.m.
* Sunday = Noon to 5 p.m. Every Sunday (April to October) is free

Admission in 2024 * Senior (62+) = $9.00
* Adult (18-61) = $10.00
* Youth (5-17) = $8.00
* Children (under 4) = Free
* Cowtown Members receive free admission
* Special prices for groups (15+ people and schools)

## Further reading

* *Where the Old West Comes to Life : The Story of Old Cowtown Museum*; Keith Wondra; 131 pages; 2011. (PDF)
* *Old Cowtown Museum and the Image of Wichita, Kansas*; Jay Price; 18 pages; 2001. (PDF)
* *Wichita : Illustrated History 1868 to 1880*; Eunice Chapter; 52 pages; 1914. (PDF)
* *History of Wichita and Sedgwick County Kansas : Past and present*; O.H. Bentley; 454 + 479 pages; 1910. (Vol 1) (Vol 2)
* *Historical Atlas of Sedgwick County, Kansas*; John Edwards; 50 pages; 1882. (Online)
* *Route of the Chisholm cattle trail in Kansas*; Kansas Historical Society

## InfoBox

Old Cowtown Museum
| Darius Sales Munger House, built in 1868 at 901 N. Waco | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Kansas | |
| Established | 1952 |
| Location | 1865 West Museum Blvd,
Wichita, Kansas 67203,
United States |
| Coordinates | 37°41′38″N 97°21′44″W / 37.69389°N 97.36222°W / 37.69389; -97.36222 |
| Type | Old West Museum |
| Website | oldcowtown.org |


title: Premier Ultimate League

abstract: The Premier Ultimate League (PUL) is a professional women's ultimate league that formed in 2019. The mission of the PUL is "to achieve equity in the sport of ultimate by increasing accessibility to the sport for, and visibility of women, transgender, intersex, non-binary, genderqueer, and genderfluid people through high-quality competition, leadership experiences, and community partnerships". The league strives for gender, racial, and economic diversity in the sport of ultimate frisbee. PUL players are paid $40 per league game. The PUL is organized as a 501c6 nonprofit entity. In its inaugural year it raised funds by holding a "Sponsor-A-Player" program, raising $120,000 in one week. This program was repeated for the 2020 and 2022 seasons with similar success. The PUL is also sponsored by apparel company VC Ultimate.

text:
# Premier Ultimate League

The **Premier Ultimate League** (**PUL**) is a professional women's ultimate league that formed in 2019. The mission of the PUL is "to achieve equity in the sport of ultimate by increasing accessibility to the sport for, and visibility of women, transgender, intersex, non-binary, genderqueer, and genderfluid people through high-quality competition, leadership experiences, and community partnerships". The league strives for gender, racial, and economic diversity in the sport of ultimate frisbee. PUL players are paid $40 per league game.

The PUL is organized as a 501c6 nonprofit entity. In its inaugural year it raised funds by holding a "Sponsor-A-Player" program, raising $120,000 in one week. This program was repeated for the 2020 and 2022 seasons with similar success. The PUL is also sponsored by apparel company VC Ultimate.

## History

The league began with eight teams in 2019. The inaugural championship was won by the Medellin Revolution.

The 2020 season saw the addition of four new teams and the organization of the league into two divisions, Central and East. On April 24, 2020, the PUL announced the cancellation of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the PUL elected to hold a limited 2021 competition season with games occurring across three weekends in August 2021 in New York, Milwaukee, and Portland, Maine. With three teams competing at each event, the Raleigh Radiance, Milwaukee Monarchs, and Medellin Revolution emerged victorious.

Starting in 2022 the league was divided into three divisions; Midwest, South, and East. The Medellin Revolution defeated the DC Shadow in the 2022 championship game to win their second successive championship.

In December 2022 it was announced that Medellin would be leaving the PUL to join a new Latin American league, and that they would be replaced by the Philadelphia Surge.

In November 2023 it was announced that Columbus would be leaving temporarily, and the remaining teams would be redistributed into two divisions, North and South.

## Rules

The PUL rules are a hybrid version of USA Ultimate 11th edition rules with influences from both World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) rules and Ultimate Frisbee Association (UFA, formerly American Ultimate Disc League or AUDL) rules.

The playing field is 80 yards long and 40 yards wide, with 20 yard end zones. Games consist of four 12-minute quarters with 2 minutes between quarters and a 10-minute halftime. Play at the end of the first three quarters concludes with the end of the current possession once the clock expires. In the 4th quarter and overtime (which lasts 4 minutes), play ends when the result of the throw is determined once the clock hits 0:00. If a tie exists at the end of the first overtime period, a second sudden death overtime occurs in which the first team to score wins. The clock does not run between the scoring of a goal and when the subsequent pull is touched. There are 70 seconds allotted between pulls.

PUL games are self-officiated with the assistance of observers, not referees. Marking and throwing fouls follow USAU 11th edition rules, while receiving and positioning fouls follow the WFDF rules. This, along with the end-of-quarter rules, are intended to reduce the likelihood of dangerous contact and injuries. Observers actively call up/down, in/out of bounds or end zone, offsides, and delay of game infractions. Foul discussions must move quickly: before asking an observer for a ruling, players may only discuss for 10 seconds, and observers must rule within 10 seconds or the play is considered contested.

Time-outs allow teams to substitute any number of players on the field, as well as reset the stall count to zero. Defensive players must be within two yards of the offender they are covering in order to call a pick.

The PUL employs a player overrule option similar to the UFA's integrity rule so that players can reverse a call made in favor of their team if they feel the ruling was incorrect or unfairly benefited their team.

## Teams

New York GridlockRaleigh RadianceAtlanta SoulAustin TorchIndianapolis RedNashville NightshadeMinnesota StrikeMilwaukee MonarchsPortland RisingDC Shadow Philla. Surgeclass=notpageimage|PUL teams

| Team | City/area | Founded | First season |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **North** | | | |
| Indianapolis Red | Indianapolis, IN | 2018 | 2019 |
| Milwaukee Monarchs | Milwaukee, WI | 2020 | 2021 |
| Minnesota Strike | Twin Cities, MN | 2019 | 2022 |
| New York Gridlock | New York, NY | 2019 | 2019 |
| Philadelphia Surge | Philadelphia, PA | 2023 | 2023 |
| Portland Rising | Portland, ME | 2020 | 2021 |
| **South** | | | |
| Atlanta Soul | Atlanta, GA | 2018 | 2019 |
| Austin Torch | Austin, TX | 2019 | 2019 |
| DC Shadow | Washington, DC | 2020 | 2021 |
| Nashville Nightshade | Nashville, TN | 2018 | 2019 |
| Raleigh Radiance | Raleigh, NC | 2018 | 2019 |

### Former teams

| Team | Location | First season | Last season |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Columbus Pride | Columbus, OH | 2019 | 2023 |
| Medellin Revolution | Medellin, Colombia | 2019 | 2022 |
|

## InfoBox

Premier Ultimate League
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Ultimate |
| Founded | 2019 |
| First season | 2019 |
| No. of teams | 11 |
| Most recent
champion(s) | Raleigh Radiance
(2023) |
| Official website | premierultimateleague.com |


title: Ronald Ridge

abstract: Ronald Ridge is a narrow ridge, 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) west of Donald Ridge, which it resembles, in the Pioneer Heights, Heritage Range, Antarctica. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Ronald C. Taylor, meteorologist at Little America V Station in 1957.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Ronald Ridge". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Ronald Ridge

**Ronald Ridge** (79°37′S 83°20′W / 79.617°S 83.333°W / -79.617; -83.333) is a narrow ridge, 5 nautical miles (9 km) long, located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) west of Donald Ridge, which it resembles, in the Pioneer Heights, Heritage Range, Antarctica.

Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1961–66. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Ronald C. Taylor, meteorologist at Little America V Station in 1957.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Ronald Ridge". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: China National Highway 301

abstract: China National Highway 301 (G301) runs from Suifenhe, Heilongjiang to Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia. It is 1,680 kilometres in length and runs northwest from Suifenhe towards Manzhouli.

text:
# China National Highway 301

**China National Highway 301** (**G301**) runs from Suifenhe, Heilongjiang to Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia. It is 1,680 kilometres in length and runs northwest from Suifenhe towards Manzhouli.

## Route and distance

| **Route and distance** |
| --- |
| City Distance (km)  Suifenhe City, Heilongjiang 0  Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 183  Hailin, Heilongjiang 207  Shangzhi, Heilongjiang 370  Acheng District, Heilongjiang 491  Harbin, Heilongjiang 518  Zhaodong, Heilongjiang 595  Anda, Heilongjiang 678  Daqing, Heilongjiang 719  Ranghulu, Heilongjiang 734  Lindian, Heilongjiang 805  Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 902  Meilisi, Heilongjiang 927  Gannan County, Heilongjiang 998  Arun Banner, Inner Mongolia 1041  Yakeshi, Inner Mongolia 1380  Dayan, Inner Mongolia 1386  Hailar District, Inner Mongolia 1464  Old Barag Banner, Inner Mongolia 1485  Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia 1680 |

## InfoBox

| National Highway 301 | |
| --- | --- |
| 301国道 | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
|  | |
| Part of  AH6 | |
|  | |
| Length | 1,680 km (1,040 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | Suifenhe, Heilongjiang |
| To | Manzhouli, Inner Mongolia |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| G248   G302 | |


title: Pink Floyd Revisited

abstract: Pink Floyd Revisited is a live DVD recorded by rock band Mostly Autumn in 2004. This was a recording of a one-off concert at the Civic Hall in Stratford-Upon-Avon where they played a whole set of Pink Floyd covers. It was only available for a limited period of time and has become quite sought after by Mostly Autumn fans. The V Shows DVD was also included in the same box making it a double DVD set.

text:
# Pink Floyd Revisited

***Pink Floyd Revisited*** is a live DVD recorded by rock band **Mostly Autumn** in 2004. This was a recording of a one-off concert at the Civic Hall in Stratford-Upon-Avon where they played a whole set of Pink Floyd covers. It was only available for a limited period of time and has become quite sought after by Mostly Autumn fans. *The V Shows* DVD was also included in the same box making it a double DVD set.

## Track listing

1. "Pigs on the Wing - Part 1" (Waters)
2. "Echoes" (Gilmour/Waters/Wright/Mason)
3. "Fat Old Sun" (Gilmour)
4. "Another Brick in the Wall - Part 2" (Waters)
5. "Sheep" (Waters)
6. "Julia Dream" (Waters)
7. "Hey You" (Waters)
8. "Comfortably Numb" (Gilmour/Waters)
9. "Run Like Hell" (Gilmour/Waters)
10. "Pigs on the Wing - Part 2" (Waters)

## Personnel

* Bryan Josh \- Lead/Backing Vocals; Lead/Rhythm/Acoustic Guitars
* Heather Findlay - Lead/Backing Vocals; Acoustic Guitars; Tambourine
* Iain Jennings - Keyboards
* Angela Gordon - Keyboards; Recorders; Backing Vocals
* Liam Davison - Lead/Backing Vocals; Lead/Rhythm/Acoustic Guitars; Slide Guitars
* Andy Smith - Bass Guitars
* Andrew Jennings - Drums

## InfoBox

| Pink Floyd Revisited | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Mostly Autumn | |
| Released | 2004 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Classic Rock Records |
| Producer | Bob Carruthers |
| Mostly Autumn chronology | |
| *The V Shows*
(2004) ***Pink Floyd Revisited***
(2004) *Storms Over Still Water*
(2005) | |


title: SS Aire (1886)

abstract: SS Aire was a cargo steamship built for the Goole Steam Shipping Company in 1886.

text:
# SS Aire (1886)

**SS *Aire*** was a cargo steamship built for the Goole Steam Shipping Company in 1886.

## History

The ship was built by William Dobson and Company in Walker Yard for the Goole Steam Shipping Company as one of a trio of ships including *Calder* and *Ouse* and launched on 27 November 1886.

In 1905 she was acquired by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. In 1922 she was acquired by the London and North Western Railway and in 1923 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.

She was sent for scrapping on 4 October 1930.

## InfoBox

| *Aire* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Aire* |
| Namesake | River Aire |
| Operator |  |
| Port of registry | Goole |
| Builder | William Dobson and Co, Walker Yard |
| Yard number | 14 |
| Launched | 27 November 1886 |
| Out of service | 4 October 1930 |
| Fate | Scrapped 1930 |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 698 gross register tons (GRT) |
| Length | 212.5 feet (64.8 m) |
| Beam | 28.8 feet (8.8 m) |
| Draught | 13.8 feet (4.2 m) |


title: 1818 in birding and ornithology

text:
# 1818 in birding and ornithology

## Deaths

## Species described

## Museums established or collections begun

## Important publications

* Johann Friedrich Naumann begins *Die Eier der Vögel Deutschlands und der benachbarten Länder* (The Eggs of Birds of Germany and Neighbouring Lands) with Christian Adam Buhle.
* George Graves a comprehensive instruction guidebook for beginners in natural history *The naturalist's pocket-book, or Tourist's companion : being a brief introduction to the different branches of natural history : with approved methods for collecting and preserving the various productions of nature*

## InfoBox

| **Years in birding and ornithology:** | 1815 1816 1817 **1818** 1819 1820 1821 |
| --- | --- |
| **Centuries:** | 18th century · **19th century** · 20th century |
| **Decades:** | 1780s 1790s 1800s **1810s** 1820s 1830s 1840s |
| **Years:** | 1815 1816 1817 **1818** 1819 1820 1821 |


title: Tagetes minuta

abstract: Tagetes minuta is a tall upright marigold plant from the genus Tagetes, with small flowers, native to the southern half of South America. Since Spanish colonization, it has been introduced around the world, and has become naturalized in Europe, Asia, Australasia, North America, and Africa. Tagetes minuta has numerous local names that vary by region. In the Andes it is known as Huacatay or Wacatay, and in other regions it is common as chinchilla, chiquilla, chilca, zuico, suico, or anisillo. Other names include muster John Henry, southern marigold, khakibos, stinking roger, wild marigold, and black mint. It is called by the Quechua terms huacatay in Peru or wakataya in Bolivia. It is used as a culinary herb in Peru, Ecuador, and parts of Chile and Bolivia. It is commonly sold in Latin grocery stores in a bottled, paste format as black mint paste.

text:
# Tagetes minuta

***Tagetes minuta*** is a tall upright marigold plant from the genus *Tagetes*, with small flowers, native to the southern half of South America. Since Spanish colonization, it has been introduced around the world, and has become naturalized in Europe, Asia, Australasia, North America, and Africa. *Tagetes minuta* has numerous local names that vary by region. In the Andes it is known as Huacatay or Wacatay, and in other regions it is common as *chinchilla*, *chiquilla, chilca, zuico, suico*, or *anisillo*. Other names include **muster John Henry**, **southern marigold**, **khakibos**, **stinking roger**, **wild marigold**, and **black mint**. It is called by the Quechua terms ***huacatay*** in Peru or ***wakataya*** in Bolivia.

It is used as a culinary herb in Peru, Ecuador, and parts of Chile and Bolivia. It is commonly sold in Latin grocery stores in a bottled, paste format as black mint paste.

## Description

This species of marigold may grow to become from 0.62 meters tall.

## Uses

*Tagetes minuta* has been eaten in various forms since pre-Columbian times. Dried leaves may be used as a seasoning and huacatay paste is used to make the popular Peruvian potato dish called *ocopa*. An herbal tea can be brewed from the leaves. An extraction of the plant, "Marigold oil", is used in the perfume, tobacco, and soft drink industry.

In addition to food, the plant can be used to produce dye, and as a green manure crop for biomass and a bio-fumigant for control of selected species of nematodes.

## Toxicity

The oils contained in the oil glands that are found throughout the above ground portions of the plant may cause irritation to the skin and in some cases are said to cause photodermatitis.

## InfoBox

| *Tagetes minuta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Tagetes* |
| Species: | ***T. minuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tagetes minuta***<br>L. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tagetes bonariensis* Pers. * *Tagetes glandulifera* Schrank * *Tagetes glandulosa* Schrank ex Link * *Tagetes porophyllum* Vell. * *Tagetes tinctoria* Hornsch. | |


title: Pseudaechmea

abstract: Pseudaechmea is a genus of the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae. The genus name is from the Greek pseudos (false) and the genus Aechmea. The genus was established by Lyman Smith and R.W. Read in 1982. The sole species is Pseudaechmea ambigua, treated as a synonym of Billbergia ambigua by Plants of the World Online as of November 2022.

text:
# Pseudaechmea

***Pseudaechmea*** is a genus of the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae. The genus name is from the Greek *pseudos* (false) and the genus *Aechmea*. The genus was established by Lyman Smith and R.W. Read in 1982. The sole species is ***Pseudaechmea ambigua***, treated as a synonym of ***Billbergia ambigua*** by Plants of the World Online as of November 2022.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudaechmea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudaechmea*
L.B.Sm. & Read |
| Species: | ***P. ambigua*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudaechmea ambigua***
L.B.Sm. & Read | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Billbergia ambigua* (L.B.Sm. & Read) Betancur & N.R.Salinas | |


title: Pratt Lyons

abstract: Pratt Gilbert Lyons Jr. is a former professional American football player who played defensive end for two seasons for the Tennessee Oilers. Lyons played collegiate football at Troy University and was drafted by the Oilers in the fourth round of the 1997 NFL draft.

text:
# Pratt Lyons

**Pratt Gilbert Lyons Jr.** (born September 17, 1974) is a former professional American football player who played defensive end for two seasons for the Tennessee Oilers.

Lyons played collegiate football at Troy University and was drafted by the Oilers in the fourth round of the 1997 NFL draft.

## InfoBox

Pratt Lyons
| No. 98 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive end |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1974-09-17) September 17, 1974<br>Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) |
| Weight: | 295 lb (134 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Fort Worth (TX) Trimble Tech |
| College: | Troy State |
| NFL draft: | 1997 / round: 4 / pick: 107 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played - started: 32 - 12  Tackles: 34  Sacks: 4.5 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Boddapalle

abstract: Boddapalle is a village in Y. Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

text:
# Boddapalle

**Boddapalle** is a village in Y. Ramavaram Mandal, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, This Village had a population of 177, out of which 96 were male and 81 were female. Population of children below 6 years of age were 7%. The literacy rate of the village is 48%.

## InfoBox

| Boddapalle | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Dynamic map | |
| BoddapalleLocation in Andhra Pradesh, IndiaBoddapalleBoddapalle (India) | |
| Coordinates: 17°30′14″N 81°55′59″E / 17.5040°N 81.9330°E / 17.5040; 81.9330 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Andhra Pradesh |
| District | East Godavari |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.37 km2 (0.14 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 177 |
| Density | 478/km2 (1,240/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Telugu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Sohbat Gola

abstract: Sohbat Gola is a village in Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 28°17'0N 69°2'10E with an altitude of 71 metres.

text:
# Sohbat Gola

**Sohbat Gola** is a village in Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located at 28°17'0N 69°2'10E with an altitude of 71 metres (236 feet).

28°17′0″N 69°2′10″E / 28.28333°N 69.03611°E / 28.28333; 69.03611

## InfoBox

| Sohbat Gola | |
| --- | --- |
| Sohbat Gola | |
| Coordinates: 28°10′N 69°01′E / 28.17°N 69.02°E / 28.17; 69.02 | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Province | Sindh |
| Elevation | 71 m (233 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (PST) |