title: Stefan Postma

abstract: Stefan Postma is a Dutch former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently a goalkeeping coach at his last club, AGOVV Apeldoorn.

text:
# Stefan Postma

**Stefan Postma** (born 6 October 1976) is a Dutch former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is currently a goalkeeping coach at his last club, AGOVV Apeldoorn.

## Club career

### Early career

Postma started his professional career at FC Utrecht before moving to De Graafschap.

### Aston Villa

Postma was signed by Aston Villa on 14 May 2002 for 1.5 million pounds, upon Peter Schmeichel's transfer to Manchester City. Postma's debut came as a substitute in a 0–1 defeat against Southampton on 21 October, following the dismissal of Peter Enckelman.

After newly appointed Villa manager David O'Leary purchased Danish keeper Thomas Sørensen, Postma became the club's second choice goalkeeper at the club. He made two appearances in the 2003–04 season and three in 2004–05.

### Wolves

Towards the end of his time at Villa, Postma was linked with transfers to several European clubs before going on loan to Wolverhampton Wanderers at the start of the 2005-06 season. In January 2006, he signed a contract to remain at Wolves until the end of the season. It was announced on 5 May that year that he would leave Wolves in the summer, and he returned to the Eredivisie with ADO Den Haag .

### Later career

In August 2008, Postma rejoined former club De Graafschap on a six-month contract.

## Personal life

In 2006, Postma became embroiled in a sex scandal when his ex-girlfriend posted a pornographic video featuring his partner penetrating him with a strapon on YouTube. The Mirror reported that Postma had "originally managed to keep the video secret by buying it when his ex tried to sell it on eBay."

1. Stephan Postma, Yahoo! Sport UK, URL accessed January 10, 2006.
2. Postma extends his stay at Wolves BBC News, January 6, 2006, URL accessed January 10, 2006.
3. Postma will not be offered a new deal BBC Sport, May 5, 2006 URL accessed same day.

## InfoBox

Stefan Postma
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Stefan Postma | | |
| Date of birth | (1976-10-06) 6 October 1976 | | |
| Place of birth | Utrecht, Netherlands | | |
| Height | 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | AGOVV Apeldoorn (Goalkeeping coach) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–2000 | Utrecht | 33 | (0) |
| 2000–2002 | De Graafschap | 67 | (0) |
| 2002–2006 | Aston Villa | 13 | (0) |
| 2005–2006 | Wolverhampton Wanderers (loan) | 12 | (0) |
| 2006 | Wolverhampton Wanderers | 17 | (0) |
| 2006–2008 | ADO Den Haag | 28 | (0) |
| 2008 | De Graafschap | 0 | (0) |
| 2009 | Ermis Aradippou | 4 | (0) |
| 2009–2011 | AGOVV Apeldoorn | 65 | (0) |
| Total |  | **239** | **(0)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 00:52, 3 September 2011 (UTC) | | | |


title: Egervölgy

abstract: Egervölgy is a village in Vas County, Hungary.

text:
# Egervölgy

**Egervölgy** is a village in Vas County, Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Egervölgy | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Vas county in Hungary | |
| EgervölgyLocation of Egervölgy | |
| Coordinates: 47°07′06″N 16°54′33″E / 47.11839°N 16.90903°E / 47.11839; 16.90903 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Vas |
| Area | |
| Total | 8.86 km2 (3.42 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 410 |
| Density | 46.28/km2 (119.9/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 9684 |
| Area code | 94 |


title: Chromotropic acid

abstract: Chromotropic acid is a chemical compound with the formula (HO)2C10H4(SO3H)2. It can be used for as a reagent in the quantitative determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Chromotropic acid is also used for testing for the presence of formaldehyde. The usefulness of this reagent in quantitative determination is the formation of a red coloration (peaking at 580 nm wavelength) when chromotropic acid in 50% sulfuric acid reacts with formaldehyde. The coloration is specific to this aldehyde and is not produced from other organic species such as other aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. The NIOSH Formaldehyde method #3500 is the reference analytical standard that uses chromotropic acid.

text:
# Chromotropic acid

**Chromotropic acid** is a chemical compound with the formula (HO)2C10H4(SO3H)2.

It can be used for as a reagent in the quantitative determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

Chromotropic acid is also used for testing for the presence of formaldehyde. The usefulness of this reagent in quantitative determination is the formation of a red coloration (peaking at 580 nm wavelength) when chromotropic acid in 50% sulfuric acid reacts with formaldehyde. The coloration is specific to this aldehyde and is not produced from other organic species such as other aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. The NIOSH Formaldehyde method #3500 is the reference analytical standard that uses chromotropic acid.

1. "Safety (MSDS) data". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
2. Dawson, R.M.C.; et al. (1959). *Data for Biochemical Research*. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3. Duane Letourneau and Norman Krog (1952). "The Use of Chromotropic Acid for the Quantitative Determination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic Acid". *Plant Physiology*. **27** (4): 822–7. doi:10.1104/pp.27.4.822. PMC 547994. PMID 16654508.
4. Jingping Zhang, David Thickett, and Lorna Green (1994). "Two Tests for the Detection of Volatile Organic Acids and Formaldehyde". *Journal of the American Institute for Conservation*. **33** (1): 47–53. doi:10.2307/3179669. JSTOR 3179669.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Sanath Rao, Shruthakirthi D Shenoy, Suraj Davis, Sudharkar Nayak (2004). "Detection of Formaldehyde in Textiles by Chromotropic Acid Method". *Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology*. **70** (6): 342–344. PMID 17642659.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## InfoBox

Chromotropic acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 4,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Beilstein Reference | 1827764 |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.194 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C10H8O8S2/c11-8-3-6(19(13,14)15)1-5-2-7(20(16,17)18)4-9(12)10(5)8/h1-4,11-12H,(H,13,14,15)(H,16,17,18) YKey: HLVXFWDLRHCZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C10H8O8S2/c11-8-3-6(19(13,14)15)1-5-2-7(20(16,17)18)4-9(12)10(5)8/h1-4,11-12H,(H,13,14,15)(H,16,17,18)Key: HLVXFWDLRHCZEI-UHFFFAOYAH | |
| SMILES * O=S(=O)(O)c1cc(O)c2c(c1)cc(cc2O)S(=O)(=O)O | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C10H8O8S2 |
| Molar mass | 320.29 g·mol−1 |
| Acidity (p*K*a) | 5.36, 15.6 |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Warning** |
| Hazard statements | H315, H319, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Joubertin

abstract: Joubertin is a red French wine grape variety that was historically grown in the Savoie wine region of southeast France. The grape was once prized for its productivity and high yields but its plantings have declined as the grape has fallen out of favor and it is now on the verge of extinction. In the 20th century, ampelographers Louis Levadoux and Linda Bisson categorized Joubertin as a member of the Peloursin eco-geogroup along with Bia blanc, Béclan, Dureza, Exbrayat, Durif, Jacquère, Mondeuse blanche, Peloursin, Servanin and Verdesse.

text:
# Joubertin

**Joubertin** is a red French wine grape variety that was historically grown in the Savoie wine region of southeast France. The grape was once prized for its productivity and high yields but its plantings have declined as the grape has fallen out of favor and it is now on the verge of extinction.

In the 20th century, ampelographers Louis Levadoux and (decades later) Linda Bisson categorized Joubertin as a member of the Peloursin eco-geogroup along with Bia blanc, Béclan, Dureza, Exbrayat, Durif, Jacquère, Mondeuse blanche, Peloursin, Servanin and Verdesse.

## Synonyms

Various synonyms have been used to describe Joubertin and its wines including Jaubertin, Pinot Joubertin, Plant d´Aix, Plant de la Claye and Plant de la Mure.


title: Sisyrinchium funereum

abstract: Sisyrinchium funereum is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae known by the common names Funeral Mountain blue-eyed grass and Death Valley blue-eyed-grass. It is endemic to the Mojave Desert of the United States, where it is known only from the Funeral Mountains and Death Valley area in eastern California, and the Ash Meadows area just over the border in Nevada. It grows in wet, highly alkaline habitat, such as seeps and mineral springs.

text:
# Sisyrinchium funereum

***Sisyrinchium funereum*** is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae known by the common names **Funeral Mountain blue-eyed grass** and **Death Valley blue-eyed-grass**. It is endemic to the Mojave Desert of the United States, where it is known only from the Funeral Mountains and Death Valley area in eastern California, and the Ash Meadows area just over the border in Nevada. It grows in wet, highly alkaline habitat, such as seeps and mineral springs.

## Description

*Sisyrinchium funereum* is rhizomatous perennial herb takes a clumpy form, producing pale green, waxy stems up to 70 to 76 centimeters in maximum height. The flower has six tepals measuring up to 1.5 centimeters long. They are light blue to purple-blue with yellow bases. The tepal tips are often squared or notched. The fruit is a beige capsule.

## InfoBox

| *Sisyrinchium funereum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Sisyrinchium* |
| Species: | ***S. funereum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sisyrinchium funereum***
E.P.Bicknell | |
|


title: Châtres, Aube

abstract: Châtres is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

text:
# Châtres, Aube

**Châtres** (French pronunciation: \[ʃatʁ\] ) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 449 |  |
| 1968 | 477 | +6.2% |
| 1975 | 429 | −10.1% |
| 1982 | 573 | +33.6% |
| 1990 | 590 | +3.0% |
| 1999 | 579 | −1.9% |
| 2008 | 597 | +3.1% |

## InfoBox

| Châtres | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Châtres | |
| ChâtresChâtres | |
| Coordinates: 48°30′11″N 3°50′58″E / 48.5031°N 3.8494°E / 48.5031; 3.8494 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Aube |
| Arrondissement | Nogent-sur-Seine |
| Canton | Creney-près-Troyes |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Dominique Girard |
| Area**1** | 15.76 km2 (6.08 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 703 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 10089 /10510 |
| Elevation | 76 m (249 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: The 42nd Street station was an express station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two island platforms. The next stop to the north was 50th Street for local trains and 57th Street for express trains. The next stop to the south was 34th Street for local trains and 14th Street for express trains. The station closed on June 13, 1942.

text:
# 42nd Street station (IRT Second Avenue Line)

The **42nd Street station** was an express station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two island platforms. The next stop to the north was 50th Street for local trains and 57th Street for express trains. The next stop to the south was 34th Street for local trains and 14th Street for express trains. The station closed on June 13, 1942.

## InfoBox

| 42ND. ST. | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Manhattan Railway elevated station | |
| General information | |
| Location | East 42nd Street and 2nd Avenue
New York, NY 10017
Midtown Manhattan, Manhattan |
| Coordinates | 40°44′59.33″N 73°58′19.91″W / 40.7498139°N 73.9721972°W / 40.7498139; -73.9721972 |
| Operated by | Interborough Rapid Transit Company
City of New York (after 1940) |
| Line(s) | Second Avenue Line |
| Platforms | 2 island platforms |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| History | |
| Opened | March 1, 1880 (March 1, 1880) |
| Closed | June 13, 1942 (June 13, 1942) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services | |
| Preceding station Interborough Rapid Transit Following station  57th Streettoward Bronx Park  Second AvenueExpress  14th Streettoward City Hall  57th Streettoward Ditmars Boulevard  Second AvenueQueens   50th Streettoward 129th Street  Second AvenueLocal  34th Streettoward South Ferry | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Drub, West Yorkshire

abstract: Drub is a hamlet in the Kirklees district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. It is located between Cleckheaton, Birkenshaw, and Gomersal and is considered part of the latter. The name "Drub" derives from rubbish found in coal, was transported which was the former function of Drub Lane as a thoroughfare.

text:
# Drub, West Yorkshire

**Drub** is a hamlet in the Kirklees district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. It is located between Cleckheaton, Birkenshaw, and Gomersal and is considered part of the latter. The name "Drub" derives from rubbish found in coal, was transported which was the former function of Drub Lane as a thoroughfare.

1. *Yorkshire CCXXXII.NW (includes: Batley; Cleckheaton; Gomersal.)* (Map). OS Six-inch England and Wales, 1842-1952. Ordnance Survey. 1948. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
2. "Gomersal West Riding". *A vision of Britain through time*. GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
3. "The village off the M62 which has become a millionaires' row". Yorkshire Live. 11 July 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2024.

## InfoBox

| Drub | |
| --- | --- |
| Drub Lane leading through the settlement | |
| DrubLocation within West Yorkshire | |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|


title: Ring-a-Ding Girl

abstract: "Ring-a-Ding Girl" is episode 133 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on December 27, 1963 on CBS. In this episode, a movie star receives a mystical summon to return to her hometown on a matter of life and death.

text:
# Ring-a-Ding Girl

"**Ring-a-Ding Girl**" is episode 133 of the American television anthology series *The Twilight Zone*. It originally aired on December 27, 1963 on CBS. In this episode, a movie star (played by Maggie McNamara) receives a mystical summon to return to her hometown on a matter of life and death.

## Opening narration

> Introduction to Bunny Blake. Occupation: film actress. Residence: Hollywood, California, or anywhere in the world that cameras happen to be grinding. Bunny Blake is a public figure; what she wears, eats, thinks, says is news. But underneath the glamour, the makeup, the publicity, the buildup, the costuming, is a flesh-and-blood person, a beautiful girl about to take a long and bizarre journey into The Twilight Zone.

## Plot

In her house in Hollywood, California, actress Barbara "Bunny" Blake receives a ring from her hometown fan club in Howardsville, Virginia, and she tells her manager that her loyalty is still to her town because they all paid to help her go to Hollywood to pursue her acting career. Looking into the stone, she sees her sister Hildy imploring Bunny to come home. Though she is due to film a movie in Rome, Bunny makes an impromptu trip to Howardsville to surprise Hildy and her family.

Hildy and her son Bud hope that Bunny will attend the annual founder's day picnic, which coincidentally happens to be that very afternoon. Upon hearing this and after seeing a vision of local television newsreader Ben Braden also asking her to "come home", Bunny suffers a seizure, and Hildy calls over an old friend, the town doctor, who diagnoses Bunny with exhaustion from her hectic career and orders her to rest, over her protests. As he is also the chairman/organizer for the annual founder's day picnic, Bunny requests that he postpone the entire event so that she can see her friends in more personal settings, but he refuses and surmises that she has been spoiled by her Hollywood lifestyle.

As she sees a vision of her high school's custodian, Cyrus Gentry, requesting her help for the town, Bunny flees to the bathroom. The doctor gives Bunny's prescription slip to Hildy, but Bunny insists on accompanying Bud to the drugstore. On the way, they stop by her old school to meet Gentry, whom she asks to leave the school gates open. She then goes to the local TV station for an impromptu interview with Braden. In the interview, she announces a one-woman show in the high school gymnasium for the same time as the picnic. When Braden points out the conflict, she flippantly says the people will enjoy her show more.

Hildy accuses Bunny of "showing off" by forcing the town to choose between seeing her or attending the picnic. Bunny insists that she loves the town and its people and that she is using her show as a way of thanking them. Hildy at first intends to go to the picnic with Bud. When Bunny sees a vision in her ring of a jetliner and its passengers, including herself and her manager, Hildy reconsiders and agrees to attend Bunny's show. As they are about to leave, it begins to rain. As they hear sirens outside, Bunny envisions herself on the jetliner in the rain, and she hugs her slightly bewildered sister. A breaking news flash comes on over the radio, and while Hildy and Bud are listening to the first reports of an airplane crash, Bunny quietly says goodbye, goes outside in the rain and vanishes.

A police officer calls to inform Hildy that Bunny was killed in the plane crash. The radio news anchor notes conflicting reports from onlookers who said that Bunny was on the plane and several townspeople who had seen her in town that day. The anchorman notes that many of the townspeople were in the auditorium waiting to see Bunny's show and that they would have died had they gone to the picnic because the jetliner crashed on the grounds. Hildy finds Bunny's ring, which had fallen to the floor and is now chipped and charred, and she realizes that Bunny had predicted her impending death in the plane crash and had come in spirit via the ring to save her friends and family.

## Closing narration

> We are all travelers. The trip starts in a place called birth, and ends in that lonely town called death. And that's the end of the journey, unless you happen to exist for a few hours, like Bunny Blake, in the misty regions of the Twilight Zone.

## Cast

* DeVoe, Bill. (2008). *Trivia from The Twilight Zone*. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-136-0
* Grams, Martin. (2008). *The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic*. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9703310-9-0
* Zicree, Marc Scott: *The Twilight Zone Companion*. Sillman-James Press, 1982 (second edition)

## InfoBox

| "**Ring-a-Ding Girl**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Twilight Zone* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 5<br>Episode 13 |
| Directed by | Alan Crosland, Jr. |
| Written by | Earl Hamner, Jr. |
| Featured music | stock |
| Production code | 2623 |
| Original air date | December 27, 1963 (1963-12-27) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Chromotherapy

abstract: Chromotherapy, sometimes called color therapy, colorology or cromatherapy, is an alternative medicine that is considered pseudoscience and quackery. Chromotherapists claim to be able to use light in the form of color to balance "energy" lacking from a person's body, whether it be on physical, emotional, spiritual, or mental levels. For example, they thought that shining a colored light on a person would cure constipation. Historically chromotherapy has been associated with mysticism and occultism. Color therapy is unrelated to photomedicine, such as phototherapy and blood irradiation therapy, which are scientifically accepted medical treatments for a number of conditions, as well as being unrelated to photobiology, which is the scientific study of the effects of light on living organisms.

text:
# Chromotherapy

**Chromotherapy**, sometimes called **color therapy**, **colorology** or **cromatherapy**, is an alternative medicine that is considered pseudoscience and quackery. Chromotherapists claim to be able to use light in the form of color to balance "energy" lacking from a person's body, whether it be on physical, emotional, spiritual, or mental levels. For example, they thought that shining a colored light on a person would cure constipation. Historically chromotherapy has been associated with mysticism and occultism.

Color therapy is unrelated to photomedicine, such as phototherapy and blood irradiation therapy, which are scientifically accepted medical treatments for a number of conditions, as well as being unrelated to photobiology, which is the scientific study of the effects of light on living organisms.

## History

Avicenna (980–1037), seeing color as of vital importance both in diagnosis and in treatment, discussed chromotherapy in *The Canon of Medicine*. He wrote that "color is an observable symptom of disease" and also developed a chart that related color to the temperature and physical condition of the body. His view was that red moved the blood, blue or white cooled it, and yellow reduced muscular pain and inflammation.

Pioneer of photography Robert Hunt performed experiments on the effects of different wavelengths of light on the germination and growth of plants, detailed in his 1844 book *Researches on Light*. Apparently influenced by this work, from 1860 Augustus Pleasonton started to conduct original experiments, and in 1876 published the book *The Influence of the Blue Ray of the Sunlight and of the Blue Color of the Sky*, detailing how the color blue can improve the growth of crops and livestock and can help heal diseases in humans. This led to the birth of modern chromotherapy, influencing contemporary scientists Dr. Seth Pancoast and Edwin Dwight Babbitt to conduct experiments and publish *Blue and Red Light; or, Light and Its Rays as Medicine* (1877) and *The Principles of Light and Color* (1878) respectively.

Pancoast's book has been described by historians as a confusing mix of color therapy, mysticism and occultism. He held a lifelong interest in the Kabbalah and was a founding member of the Theosophical Society. Pancoast held the view that God is light and "the one universal pathological agent" that could cure disease. He would expose medications to colored light before administering them to a patient and also utilized sun-baths fitted with colored panes of glass. Throughout the 19th century "color healers" claimed colored glass filters could treat many diseases, including constipation and meningitis. In Germany in the late 1890s, Georg von Langsdorff promoted Babbitt's ideas and mixed color therapy with psychometry and spiritualism.

The Buddhist monk Bhante Dharmawara was a notable advocate of color therapy who promoted the use of green, blue and yellow for health. Other notable advocates include Anthroposophist Theo Gimbel who authored many books on the subject and founded the Hygeia Institute for Colour Therapy in 1968.

### Dinshah P. Ghadiali

In 1933, Indian scientist Dinshah P. Ghadiali published *The Spectro Chromemetry Encyclopaedia*, a work on color therapy. Ghadiali claimed to have discovered why and how the different colored rays have various therapeutic effects on organisms. He believed that colors represent chemical potencies in higher octaves of vibration, and for each organism and system of the body there is a particular color that stimulates and another that inhibits the work of that organ or system. He also thought that, by knowing the action of the different colors upon the different organs and systems of the body, one can apply the correct color that will tend to balance the action of any organ or system that has become abnormal in its function or condition. The American Medical Association published refutations of Ghadiali's color therapy claims. In 1958, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) facilitated a permanent injunction against Ghadiali's Visible Spectrum Research Institute.

Ghadiali's son, Darius Dinshah, continues to provide information about color therapy via his Dinshah Health Society, a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing non-pharmaceutical home color therapy, and his book *Let There Be Light*.

## Colored chakras

Practitioners of ayurvedic medicine believe the body has seven "chakras", which some claim are 'spiritual centers', and are thought to be located along the spine. New Age thought associates each of the chakras with a single color of the visible light spectrum, along with a function and organ or bodily system. According to this view, the chakras can become imbalanced and result in physical and mental diseases, but application of the appropriate color can allegedly correct such imbalances.

## Scientific rejection

Chromotherapy is regarded by health experts and historians as pseudoscience and quackery.

According to a book published by the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that alternative uses of light or color therapy are effective in treating cancer or other illnesses". Regarding Dinshah Ghadiali's work, science writer Martin Gardner had described him as "perhaps the greatest quack of them all". According to Gardner, photographs of Ghadiali at work in his laboratory are "indistinguishable from stills of a grade D movie about a mad scientist".

Historian Deborah Ascher Barnstone has noted that chromotherapy is "distinct from scientifically verified light treatments such as neonatal jaundice treatment. As, unlike chromotherapy, the light used in such therapies, whether scientifically proven or not, was not always colored, their particulars are not relevant in this context."

Photobiology, the term for the scientific study of the effects of light on living tissue, has sometimes been used instead of the term chromotherapy in an effort to distance it from its roots in Victorian mysticism and to strip it of its associations with symbolism and magic. Light therapy is a specific treatment approach using high intensity light to treat specific sleep, skin and mood disorders.

A review of the existing research on chromotherapy found that there is no evidence to support a causal link between specific colors to health outcomes, there is not enough evidence to support a causal link between specific colors and emotional or mental states, and there is no research to suggest there exists one-to-one relationships between specific colors and emotions.

Chromotherapy has been accused of oversimplifying psychological responses to colors, making sweeping statements based on myths or beliefs that lack empirical support. Guidelines for chromotherapy lack consistency and appear to be subjective judgements that have inconclusive and nonspecific applicability in healthcare systems. While twelve colors have been reported as beneficial for health and well-being, a rigorous definition of each of these colors has yet to be provided, making it impossible to know if all color therapists are using the same wavelengths for these colors.

More recently, concern regarding the theory has questioned the risks associated with the emergence of light-emitting diode (LED) based lamps that have been created for use in chromotherapy, these lamps are classified as low risk for exposure and do not require any warnings to accompany the products. However, certain chromotherapy procedures require the individual to place the lamps near their eyes, which is not the recommended use for these lights and may alter the exposure duration to a level that can cause risk of retinal damage. With no consensus or regulation regarding how these products are to be used and whether eyewear is required, this treatment puts participants at risk for serious eye damage.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Chromotherapy
| Alternative medicine | |
| --- | --- |
| Edwin Dwight Babbitt, an early proponent of Chromotherapy | |
| Claims | Colored light can balance "energy" in a human body. |
| Year proposed | 1876 |
| Original proponents | Augustus Pleasonton |
| Subsequent proponents | Seth Pancoast, Edwin Dwight Babbitt |


title: Joubert and White Building

abstract: The Joubert and White Building is located at 77-79 Warren Street in Glens Falls, New York. The property was acquired in 1864 to be the corporate headquarters and manufacturing facility for Joubert and White Company - manufacturers of high-grade buckboards. The building is located at the corner of Warren and Jay streets. The Joubert and White Building is a three-story, flat-roofed, brick factory structure above a cut limestone foundation. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Joubert and White Building

The **Joubert and White Building** is located at 77-79 Warren Street (formerly 45-47 Warren Street) in Glens Falls, New York. The property was acquired in 1864 to be the corporate headquarters and manufacturing facility for Joubert and White Company \- manufacturers of high-grade buckboards. The building is located at the corner of Warren and Jay streets.

The Joubert and White Building is a three-story, flat-roofed, brick factory structure above a cut limestone foundation. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## Construction

In 1864, after borrowing $50, Edward Joubert and J. Huyler White formed a partnership and began to develop a 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m2) manufacturing building at what was then 45-47 Warren Street (now 77-79 Warren Street) The building consisted of a large building for manufacturing, a second building on Jay Street was used for storage of completed vehicles and a lumberyard where their lumber was seasoned until ready to use.

## Joubert and White Company

Joubert and White began the manufacture of high-grade buckboards in Glens Falls in 1865. They were the innovators and inventors of a famous model that was known for its suspension system and was sought by many wealthy people here and abroad. Notable owners of the buckboard included Cornelius Vanderbilt, John Jacob Astor, J. Pierpont Morgan, Louis Tiffany, Spencer Trask, Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. A standard buckboard was constructed by running two planks of wood between the front and rear axles and mounting the passenger seat body on the planks. The only shock absorption was in the flexibility of the planks. When riding on the rough roads of their day, passengers felt like they were riding a bucking horse, hence the name. Joubert devised a way to attach two steel leaf springs, bowed upwards to the planks, with the passenger seat attached to the top of the springs. The seats moved vertically on the springs and also rocked forward and back, making for a more cushioned ride. In 1880, Joubert patented his suspension design in 1880. Some 50 carriage and sleigh models by Joubert and White were considered to be of superior quality. A good buggy would sell for $50 to $75, while the Joubert and White buckboard might cost $500 to $800 with some as high as $1000 or more if customized.

By 1897 the company had 35 employees, made 75 vehicles annually and reached $50,000 in sales. Joubert handled the manufacturing details for the firm before he died in 1890. White, who handled sales, kept the business and traveled the country as the "Buckboard King" taking mail orders by catalog. Production continued into the 20th century, only falling off with the coming of the gasoline-powered automobiles. When White died in 1916, the company went out of business with assets of $100,000, which were divided among the heirs of Joubert and White.

## Empire Automobile Company

Starting in 1910, the Joubert and White Building also housed the Empire Automobile Company owned by D.H. Cowles and Frank M. Starbuck. Catering to the affluent of the Saratoga Springs, New York-Adirondack Mountains resort-touring season, Cowles and Starbuck provided an automobile storage and repair facility. Patrons had the opportunity to have their autos serviced overnight, before continuing via auto or carriage to their destinations in the Adirondacks. In 1933, Empire Automotive began to share their space with Comac Sales, Inc. \- another automobile dealership. Empire Auto remained in business until 1935, dealing in such brands as Chevrolet, Cadillac, Essex, Hudson, and LaSalle automobiles, as well as GMC trucks.

## Decline and Rehabilitation

After the closing of Empire Automobile Company, Comac Sales, Inc., a Chevrolet dealer, occupied the building until 1956 when it changed ownership and became Whiteman Chevrolet. Whiteman remained in the Joubet and White Building until 1957, when they moved to their current location on Dix Avenue in Glens Falls. The Joubert and White Building remained vacant until it was occupied by Campbell Wholesale Plumbing and Heating Corporation in 1960. The Joubert and White Building housed various businesses after the closing of Campbell in 1970, including Armando Candle Mill Inc., a Parts Plus auto part store, an H&R Block tax preparation store, and a martial arts studio, before then becoming warehouse space for Glen Street Associates in 2008. In 2011 the building was renovated and leased for commercial and residential use under the name Warren Street Square.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Joubert and White Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Joubert and White Building, August 2009 | |
|  | |
| Location | 77-79 Warren St.,
Glens Falls, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°18′33″N 73°37′42″W / 43.30917°N 73.62833°W / 43.30917; -73.62833 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1864 |
| MPS | Glens Falls MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84003360 |
| Added to NRHP | September 29, 1984 |


title: Sisters Island (Tasmania)

abstract: Sisters Island is a small island with an area of 1.43 hectares, off Sisters Beach on the northwest coast of Tasmania, south-eastern Australia. The island is locally known as 'Snook Island' due to the large schools of Snook that local fishermen frequently come across close to the perimeter of the island.

text:
# Sisters Island (Tasmania)

**Sisters Island** is a small island with an area of 1.43 hectares (3.5 acres), off Sisters Beach on the northwest coast of Tasmania, south-eastern Australia. The island is locally known as 'Snook Island' due to the large schools of Snook that local fishermen frequently come across close to the perimeter of the island.

## Features

Much of the island is covered with a dense canopy of *Coprosma repens*. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species include little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, Pacific gull and sooty oystercatcher.

## History

### Ship wrecks

*L'Enterprise* was a French schooner wrecked on the Island in 1802 or 1803.

## InfoBox

Sisters Island
| Sisters Island taken from near Rocky Cape | |
| --- | --- |
| Sisters IslandLocation in Tasmania | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Tasmania, Australia |
| Coordinates | 40°54′14″S 145°34′44″E / 40.90389°S 145.57889°E / -40.90389; 145.57889 |
| Adjacent to | Bass Strait |
| Major islands | Tasmania |
| Area | 0.0143 km2 (0.0055 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Australia** | |


title: Runner Duck

abstract: Runner Duck is a video game developer headquartered in the UK. It was founded by Dave Miller and Jon Wingrove in 2016.

text:
# Runner Duck

**Runner Duck** is a video game developer headquartered in the UK. It was founded by Dave Miller and Jon Wingrove in 2016.

## History

Runner Duck was founded in December 2016 as an independent games development studio by former AAA, casual and mobile game developers Dave Miller and Jon Wingrove. The founders had previously worked on popular games such as *Race Driver: Grid*, *Colin McRae: DiRT 2*, and the *Buzz!* series.

Runner Duck released their first game, Bomber Crew in October 2017, published by Curve Games.

In 2018, Runner Duck won the MCV/Develop Award for "Best New Studio".

In March 2019, Curve Games parent company Catalis Group acquired *Runner Duck* with the aim of continuing the "crew" franchise with Curve Games as the publisher.

## Games developed

| Title | Year | Platform(s) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Bomber Crew* | 2017 | Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch |
| *Space Crew* | 2020 | Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch |

## InfoBox

Runner Duck Games Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Video games |
| Founded | December 2016 (2016-12) |
| Founder | * Dave Miller * Jon Wingrove |
| Headquarters | UK |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people |  |
| Owner | Catalis Group (2016–2019) NorthEdge Capital (2019–present) |
| Members | 4 |


title: The Theoretical Minimum

abstract: The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics is a popular science book by Leonard Susskind and George Hrabovsky. The book was initially published on January 29, 2013 by Basic Books. The Theoretical Minimum is a book and a Stanford University-based continuing-education lecture series, which became a popular YouTube-featured content. The series commenced with What You Need to Know (above) reissued under the title Classical Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum. The series presently stands at four books covering the first four of six core courses devoted to: classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, special relativity and classical field theory, general relativity, cosmology, and statistical mechanics. Videos for all of these courses are available online. In addition, Susskind has made available video lectures over a range of supplement subject areas including: advanced quantum mechanics, the Higgs boson, quantum entanglement, string theory, and black holes. The full series delivers over 100 lectures amounting to something on the order of 200 hours of content, with some of the individual lectures having received over a million YouTube views.

text:
# The Theoretical Minimum

***The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics*** is a popular science book by Leonard Susskind and George Hrabovsky. The book was initially published on January 29, 2013 by Basic Books.

**The Theoretical Minimum** is a book and a Stanford University-based continuing-education lecture series, which became a popular YouTube-featured content. The series commenced with *What You Need to Know* (above) reissued under the title *Classical Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum*.

The series presently stands at four books (as of early 2023) covering the first four of six core courses devoted to: classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, special relativity and classical field theory, general relativity, cosmology, and statistical mechanics. Videos for all of these courses are available online. In addition, Susskind has made available video lectures over a range of supplement subject areas including: advanced quantum mechanics, the Higgs boson, quantum entanglement, string theory, and black holes. The full series delivers over 100 lectures amounting to something on the order of 200 hours of content, with some of the individual lectures having received over a million YouTube views.

## *What You Need to Know* book overview

The book is a mathematical introduction to various theoretical physics concepts, such as principle of least action, Lagrangian mechanics, Hamiltonian mechanics, Poisson brackets, and electromagnetism. It is the first book in a series called *The Theoretical Minimum*, based on Stanford Continuing Studies courses taught by world renowned physicist Leonard Susskind. The courses collectively teach everything required to gain a basic understanding of each area of modern physics, including much of the fundamental mathematics.

## Full lecture series

### Core Course 1: Classical Mechanics

The book, also published in 2014 by Penguin Books under the title *Classical Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum* (ISBN 978-0141976228), is complemented by video recordings of the complete lectures which are available on-line. There is also a supplemental website for the book.

### Core Course 2: Quantum Mechanics

The second book in the series, by Leonard Susskind and Art Friedman, was published in 2014 by Basic Books under the title *Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum* (ISBN 978-0465062904). Video recordings of the complete lectures are available on-line.

### Core Course 3: Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory

The third book in the series, by Leonard Susskind and Art Friedman, was published in 2017. This covers special relativity and classical field theory.

### Core Course 4: General Relativity

The fourth book in the series, by Leonard Susskind and André Cabannes, was published in January 2023. This covers the general theory of relativity.

### Core Courses 5-6

Lectures in the remaining two courses, on the subjects of:

* Cosmology.
* Statistical mechanics.

are available on-line as video recordings, or in written notes

### Supplemental Courses

Further lecture courses in the Theoretical Minimum series have been delivered by Susskind, on these subjects (or with these titles):

* Advanced quantum mechanics.
* Higgs boson.
* Quantum entanglement.
* Relativity.
* Particle Physics 1: Basic Concepts.
* Particle Physics 2: Standard Model.
* Particle Physics 3: Super-symmetry and Grand Unification.
* String theory.
* Cosmology and black holes.

These are also available on-line as video recordings.

## InfoBox

The Theoretical Minimum
| Hardcover edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Leonard Susskind, George Hrabovsky |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Popular science |
| Publisher | Basic Books |
| Publication date | January 29, 2013 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print, e-book, audiobook |
| Pages | 256 pp. |
| ISBN | 978-0465028115 |


title: Stefan Popov (musician)

abstract: Stefan Popov is an internationally recognised Bulgarian cellist. He started playing the cello at the age of 12 and, having won a scholarship, continued his training at the Moscow Conservatory where he studied under Sviatoslav Knushevitsky and Mstislav Rostropovich from 1961 to 1966. He became a prize-winner in many music competitions, including Geneva, Florence and Vienna. In 1966, as a finalist he won a medal in the International Tchaikovsky Competition for cello. Around the same time as the Tchaikovsky competition, he was also awarded a prize from the Union of Soviet Composers for his performance of Russian music. From 1971 to 1975 he taught at the Boston University and he was the head of the cello department of the New England Conservatory. From 1977 to date, he lives in the United Kingdom, where he is a professor of cello at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He performs regularly and leads numerous cello masterclasses privately, as well as at music festivals and in state conservatoires throughout the world. He has had performances broadcast on radio and television, as well as having recorded numerous CDs. In 2006, he recorded and transcribed Beethoven's violin concerto for cello, to coincide with the 200 year anniversary of its first performance. He stated that he did this also in part "to compensate for the fact that no Beethoven cello concerto was ever written" and to commemorate what is generally regarded as one of the greatest concertos for any instrument. In 2008 he was awarded the "Chevalier du violoncelle" title at the Eva Janzer Memorial Cello Center for his contribution to the cause of cello playing.

text:
# Stefan Popov (musician)

**Stefan Popov** (born 3 April 1940) is an internationally recognised Bulgarian cellist. He started playing the cello at the age of 12 and, having won a scholarship, continued his training at the Moscow Conservatory where he studied under Sviatoslav Knushevitsky and Mstislav Rostropovich from 1961 to 1966. He became a prize-winner in many music competitions, including Geneva, Florence and Vienna. In 1966, as a finalist he won a medal in the International Tchaikovsky Competition for cello. Around the same time as the Tchaikovsky competition, he was also awarded a prize from the Union of Soviet Composers for his performance of Russian music.

From 1971 to 1975 he taught at the Boston University and he was the head of the cello department of the New England Conservatory. From 1977 to date, he lives in the United Kingdom, where he is a professor of cello at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He performs regularly and leads numerous cello masterclasses privately, as well as at music festivals and in state conservatoires throughout the world.

He has had performances broadcast on radio and television, as well as having recorded numerous CDs. In 2006, he recorded and transcribed Beethoven's violin concerto for cello, to coincide with the 200 year anniversary of its first performance. He stated that he did this also in part "to compensate for the fact that no Beethoven cello concerto was ever written" and to commemorate what is generally regarded as one of the greatest concertos for any instrument.

In 2008 he was awarded the "Chevalier du violoncelle" title at the Eva Janzer Memorial Cello Center for his contribution to the cause of cello playing.


title: Edward K. Gill

abstract: Edward Kent Gill was an American Republican Party politician who served as Mayor of Cranford, New Jersey and was elected to two terms of office in the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1982 until his death, where he represented the 21st Legislative District.

text:
# Edward K. Gill

**Edward Kent Gill** (November 14, 1917  February 9, 1985) was an American Republican Party politician who served as Mayor of Cranford, New Jersey and was elected to two terms of office in the New Jersey General Assembly, from 1982 until his death, where he represented the 21st Legislative District.

## Biography

Gill was born in England on November 14, 1917. He was raised in Newark, and attended Weequahic High School before serving in the United States Air Force during World War II. Gill earned his undergraduate degree from Rutgers University and was awarded a Master of Business Administration degree from New York University. He started working at Western Electric in the 1930s, and during his four decades there was promoted to director, retiring from the company in 1979. for 40 years, retiring in 1979 as a director.

Active in many Cranford community organizations, Gill was president of the Taxpayers Association, and served on the Housing Board and the Board of Health. He served as the township's mayor from 1967 to 1970. He was elected to the State Assembly in 1981, seeking an open seat when incumbent C. Louis Bassano ran for the State Senate. Gill and his running mate, Chuck Hardwick, defeated Democrats Edward Jonathan Bell and John D. Mollozzi by a wide margin. In 1983, Hardwick and Gill defeated Democrats Barbara Brande and Eugene J. Carmody. Gill won by a relatively narrow 2,509 votes over Brande, who had been the first woman to serve as Mayor of Cranford. He had announced that he would not run for a third term in the Assembly.

Gill died at age 67 on February 9, 1985, at Muhlenberg Hospital in Plainfield, New Jersey due to heart disease. He was survived by his wife, the former Margaret Lizzotte, as well as by a daughter, four sons and three grandchildren.


title: Christopher Painter

abstract: Christopher Painter is a composer who was born at Port Talbot, South Wales in 1962 and studied music at University College, Cardiff. His composition studies were initially with Timothy Taylor and Richard Elfyn Jones and in 1984 he began to study with Alun Hoddinott.

text:
# Christopher Painter

**Christopher Painter** is a composer who was born at Port Talbot, South Wales in 1962 and studied music at University College, Cardiff. His composition studies were initially with Timothy Taylor and Richard Elfyn Jones and in 1984 he began to study with Alun Hoddinott.

## Studies

He studied full-time with Hoddinott until 1989 and complemented these studies with consultations and masterclasses with Samuel Adler (Eastman School of Music, New York); George Benjamin; John McCabe (London College of Music); Edward Gregson (Royal Northern College of Music); Robert Saxton (Worcester College, Oxford); Robert Simpson and Marek Stachowski (Warsaw University). In addition to his composition studies, Christopher also studied brass band conducting with Edward Gregson; choral conducting with Stanley Saunders (University of Guelph, Canada) and Rod Walker (University of Texas, USA) and latterly, orchestral conducting with Christopher Adey.

## Awards

Christopher Painter was the first recipient of the *Afan Thomas Composer's Award* and has also won the *National Eisteddfod Composition Prize* (Newport 1988) and was featured in the *Welsh Arts Council's Young Welsh Composer Forum* in 1987. In 1997, he was the first Welsh winner of the *Gregynog Composer Award of Wales* which was given for his *Sonata for Harp* which was premièred on 28 June at the 1997 Gregynog Festival.

## Career

Appointed as Composer-in-Association with North Wales based *Ensemble Cymru* in October 1997, Painter wrote a number of works for this ensemble, including the children's dance work, *Yggdrasil*, a Millennium Commission/Techniquest commission as part of the Sounds for Science education project.

In 1999 Christopher Painter was Composer-in-Residence with both the National Youth Orchestra of Wales and National Youth Brass Band of Wales. His work, *Invisible Cities*, for the National Youth Orchestra of Wales, not only received performances around the UK but was also subsequently released on CD by the orchestra.

In 2001 Painter began to teach in the composition department at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama where he has specialised in teaching counterpoint, harmony, music typesetting and orchestration to postgraduate composition students.

The Royal Society of Arts awarded Christopher Painter a Fellowship in December 2003.

In August 2005, Christopher Painter won the prestigious *Tlws y Cerddor (Musicians Medal)* at the National Eisteddfod of Wales for his chamber work, *Yr Hanes Swynol (A History of Charms)*. He won the award for a second time in 2010 for *Syniadau’r Serch (Thoughts on Love)*, a cycle of songs for baritone, violin and harp.

Between Autumn 2005 and Spring 2006 Painter was Composer-in-Residence with the *Thueringen Philharmonie* in Gotha, Germany. Here he worked closely with Welsh conductor Alun Francis, a long-time champion of his music, and his tenure ended with the première of a major work for the orchestra, *Forest of Dreams*, which received two performances and was broadcast on German television. The work subsequently received its UK première with the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, under the direction of Jac van Steen, in April 2009.

In 2010, the *Lunar Saxophone Quartet* premièred his *Lunar Seas* on their These Visions tour and the work was released on Signum Classics. This followed an earlier recording, also on Signum, of his *Sonata for Alto Saxophone*, commissioned by Welsh saxophonist, Lara James.

In 2006, his *Symphony No.3 - Fire in the Snow* received its première in Mexico City where it was twice performed by the Orchestra Filharmonico de la UNAM under the direction of Alun Francis. The second performance was broadcast live on Mexican national television to an estimated audience in excess of one million people.

In March 2011, *Furnace of Colours* was premièred by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and soprano Claire Booth, conducted by Jac van Steen, and broadcast on BBC Radio 3.

More recent works include *Hanes Taliesin (Taliesin’s Tale)* for solo clarinet and dancer; *Images in the Mist* for the Richards String Quartet and *The Gregynog Suite* for solo harp, commissioned by the Gregynog Festival and premièred by Catrin Finch.

Christopher Painter’s works are published by Arcomis Publishing; Maecenas Music; Oriana Publications and Vanderbeek & Imrie


title: Veppankulam

abstract: Veppankulam is a village in the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

text:
# Veppankulam

**Veppankulam** is a village in the Pattukkottai taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Demographics

The dominant community of the Tamil Kshatriya martial race is a village inhabited by a large number of Kshatriya warrior group Thevar Community people, who are also collectively known as Mukkulathor or Thevar people. As per the 2001 census, Veppankulam had a total population of 1474 with 679 males and 795 females. The sex ratio was 1.171. The literacy rate was 84.89. Veppankulam Coconut Research Station is the largest in the state, having 97 acres (390,000 m2) of land with coconut varieties ECT, WCT, Yellow, Green, Jafna, etc., VHC1 & VHC2 are the new varieties cross-produced by a team of professors in this station. VHC stands for Veppankulam Hybrid Coconut. This station is coconut research arm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

Mariyamman Temple, located in south of this village is a famous temple in surrounding area. This temple is further beautified by a small pond called Poongulam.

* "Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.

## InfoBox

| Veppankulam VPM | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Taluk | Pattukkottai |
| Government | |
| Panchayat President | ramathash |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 1,474 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio

abstract: Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio, the tiny hawkmoth, is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found from Uttar Pradesh in India, east through Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar to China, south to Peninsular Malaysia through Vietnam and Thailand. The wingspan is 27–31 mm. Larvae have been recorded on Galium gracile, Oldenlandia and Hedyotis uncinella.

text:
# Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio

***Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio***, the **tiny hawkmoth**, is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found from Uttar Pradesh in India, east through Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar to China (as far north as Anhui), south to Peninsular Malaysia through Vietnam and Thailand.

The wingspan is 27–31 mm.

Larvae have been recorded on *Galium gracile*, *Oldenlandia* and *Hedyotis uncinella*.

* Pittaway, A. R.; Kitching, I. J. (2018). "*Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio* (Boisduval, \[1875\]) -- Tiny hawkmoth". *Sphingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic*. Retrieved December 17, 2018.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphingonaepiopsis* |
| Species: | ***S. pumilio*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphingonaepiopsis pumilio***<br>(Boisduval, \[1875\]) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Runner (band)

abstract: Runner were a short-lived British rock band, formed in 1978 out of a friendship between Steve Gould of the band Rare Bird and Alan Merrill of the band Arrows. Steve Gould had been touring with Merrill's live band Arrows after his band Rare Bird broke up in 1976. When the Arrows broke up in 1978 both singers were looking for new projects. They went into the studio to do a rough demo with bass player Mick Feat, who was playing with Van Morrison at the time, and drummer Dave Dowle who was playing with the band Whitesnake. After a demo from the band they were signed by Arista Records subsidiary Acrobat Records in the UK and Island Records in the USA immediately. They went to The Manor recording studio in Oxfordshire England and recorded their first and only album with James Guthrie producing. The Runner album charted in the US, spending four weeks on the Billboard 200 and peaking at #167, but due to musical differences the band broke up whilst recording their second album with Alex Sadkin producing. After the band split, Mick Feat and Steve Gould went on to record with Alvin Lee, Dave Dowle with the Maggie Bell band Nightflyer, and Alan Merrill joined Rick Derringer's band Derringer. The band Runner never toured, in spite of their making the American charts.

text:
# Runner (band)

**Runner** were a short-lived British rock band, formed in 1978 out of a friendship between Steve Gould of the band Rare Bird and Alan Merrill of the band Arrows.

Steve Gould had been touring with Merrill's live band Arrows after his band Rare Bird broke up in 1976. When the Arrows broke up in 1978 both singers were looking for new projects. They went into the studio to do a rough demo with bass player Mick Feat, who was playing with Van Morrison at the time, and drummer Dave Dowle who was playing with the band Whitesnake.

After a demo from the band they were signed by Arista Records subsidiary Acrobat Records in the UK and Island Records in the USA immediately. They went to The Manor recording studio in Oxfordshire England and recorded their first and only album with James Guthrie producing.

The *Runner* album charted in the US, spending four weeks on the Billboard 200 and peaking at #167, but due to musical differences the band broke up whilst recording their second album with Alex Sadkin producing.

After the band split, Mick Feat and Steve Gould went on to record with Alvin Lee, Dave Dowle with the Maggie Bell band Nightflyer, and Alan Merrill joined Rick Derringer's band Derringer.

The band Runner never toured, in spite of their making the American charts.

## Discography

* ***Runner*** (Acrobat/Island, 1979)
    1. "Fooling Myself" (2:58)
    2. "Run for Your Life" (4:10)
    3. "Broken Hearted Me" (3:42)
    4. "Truly from Within" (3:21)
    5. "Dynamite" (4:22)
    6. "Sooner Than Later" (3:23)
    7. "Rock & Roll Soldiers" (3:29)
    8. "Gone Too Long" (5:42)
    9. "Living Is Loving You" (3:01)
    10. "Restless Wind" (4:11)

## InfoBox

| Runner | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Rock |
| Years active | 1978–1980 |
| Labels | Island |
|  | |
| Past members | Alan Merrill
Steve Gould
Mick Feat
Dave Dowle |


title: Limba language

abstract: The Limba language, Hulimba, is a Niger–Congo language of Sierra Leone and Guinea. It is not closely related to other languages and appears to form its own branch of the Niger–Congo family. Dialects include Tonko, Sela, Kamuke, Wara-wara, Keleng, Biriwa, and Safroko. The eastern variety, spoken primarily in Guinea, is quite distinct. Limba has a system of noun classes, marked by an old, eroded set of prefixes augmented by a newer set of enclitics.

text:
# Limba language

The **Limba** language, *Hulimba*, is a Niger–Congo language of Sierra Leone and Guinea. It is not closely related to other languages and appears to form its own branch of the Niger–Congo family. Dialects include *Tonko, Sela, Kamuke* (or *Ke*), *Wara-wara, Keleng, Biriwa,* and *Safroko*. The eastern variety, spoken primarily in Guinea, is quite distinct. Limba has a system of noun classes, marked by an old, eroded set of prefixes augmented by a newer set of enclitics.

## Distribution

*Ethnologue* lists the following two varieties of Limba, spoken in Guinea and Sierra Leone.

**East Limba** is spoken in Ouré-Kaba, Guinea.

**West-Central Limba** is spoken in northern Sierra Leone. It is spoken in the Little Scarcies River area in east Bombali District and northeast Kambia District, as well as north of Makeni.

## Phonology

Like neighboring Temne, Limba has an unusual contrast among its consonants. It distinguishes dental and alveolar, but the dental consonants are apical and the alveolar consonants are laminal, the opposite of the general pattern.

## Grammar

### Noun classes

Noun classes are distinguished by the form of the definite article (class particle) which follows the noun, and sometimes also by a prefix. Roughly, the following classes can be deduced from the examples given by Mary Lane Clarke:

A. Person class

* Examples:
* **Wukọnọ wo** \- a Kono person;
* **sapiri wo** \- crowbar;
* **kaň wo** \- the sun

Definite article (follows the noun): **wo**; pronoun ("he, she, it" as subject): **wunde, wun**

B. People class

* Examples:
* **Bikọnọ be** \- Kono people;
* **sapiriň be** \- crowbars;
* **bia be** \- people, ancestors

Definite article: **be**; pronoun: **bende, ben**

C. Language class

* Examples:
* **Hukọnọ ha** \- the Kono language;
* **hutori ha** \- toe

Definite article: **ha**; pronoun: -?- (presumably this is neuter according to class, and so on through the neuter classes)

D. Country class

* Examples:
* **Kakọnọ ka** \- Konoland

Definite article: **ka**

E. Bodkins class

* Examples:
* **tatọli ta** \- bodkins;
* **tatori ta** \- toe

Definite article: **ta**

F. Cascade class

* Examples:
* **kutintọ ko** \- cascade;
* **kekeň ko** \- country;
* **kutiň ko** \- dog

Definite article: **ko**

G. Dogs class, plurals of F.

* Examples:
* **ňatintọ ňa** \- cascades;
* **ňakeň ňa** \- countries
* **ňatiň ňa** \- dogs

Definite article: **ňa**

H. Arrival class

* Examples:
* **matebeň ma** \- calm (noun);
* **matalaň ma** \- arrival;
* **masandiň ma** \- needle

Definite article: **ma**

I. Needles class, plurals of H.

* Examples:
* **masandi ma** \- needles;
* **matubucuciň ma** \- signs;
* **mendeň ma** \- days, sleeps

Definite article: **ma**

J. Yam class

* Examples:
* **ndamba ki** \- yam;
* **nbēn ki** (the **b** is a "smothered b") - bracelet;
* **nkala ki** \- vine

Definite article: **ki**

K. Bracelets class, plurals of J.

* Examples:
* **ndambeň ki** \- yams;
* **nbēni ki** ("smothered b" as above) - bracelets;
* **nbuliň ki** (also with "smothered b") - windpipes

Definite article: **ki**

L. Meat class

* Examples:
* **piňkari ba** \- gun, musket;
* **bọňa ba** (**bọňa** has "smothered b", as above) - path, way;
* **bara ba** \- meat, flesh

Definite article: **ba**

M. Boxes class, plurals of L.

* Examples:
* **piňkariň ba** \- guns, muskets;
* **bọňeň ba** (**bọňeň** also has "smothered b") - paths, ways;
* **kankaren ba** \- boxes, trunks

Definite article: **ba**

N. Yarn class

* Examples:
* **mulufu mu** \- woof, yarn;
* **muceňi mu** \- suffering;
* **mufukeki mu** \- fan

Definite article: **mu**

O. Waves class

* Examples:
* **muňkuliň mu** \- waves;
* **mudọňiň mu** \- habitations

Definite article: **mu**

P. Kusini-fruits class

* Examples:
* **busini bu** \- fruits of the kusini tree

Definite article: **bu**

Q. A class with definite article **wu**

* Examples: - ? -

Other nouns, including nouns of quantity, etc., take no article. It may be that they are classless:

* Examples:
* **Alukorana** \- the Qur'an (Arabic);
* **disa** \- fringe, shawl;
* **duba** \- ink (from Mandingo);
* **kameci** \- late, brown rice

## Further reading

* Clarke, Mary Lane. 1922 \[1971\]. *A Limba-English Dictionary or Tampeṅ Ta Ka Taluṅ Ta Ka Hulimba Ha In Huiṅkilisi Ha*. Westmead, Farnborough: Gregg International Publishers Limited. (1971 reprint of 1922 book published by Houghton.)
* Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'". *Language Isolates in Africa* workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4

## InfoBox

| Limba | |
| --- | --- |
| *Yimba* | |
| Native to | Sierra Leone, Guinea |
| Native speakers | (520,000 cited 1993-2019) |
| Language family | Niger–Congo? |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:
`lia`  West–Central
`lma`  East |
| *Glottolog* | `limb1267` |


title: The Theory of Everything (2006 film)

abstract: The Theory of Everything is a 2006 television drama film directed by David de Vos. It was first broadcast on the Trinity Broadcast Network on November 1, 2006.

text:
# The Theory of Everything (2006 film)

***The Theory of Everything*** is a 2006 television drama film directed by David de Vos. It was first broadcast on the Trinity Broadcast Network on November 1, 2006.

## Plot

Doug (David de Vos) is a flight instructor and owner of a pilot school. He, his wife Abby and their two daughters, Lindsay (Janna Savatchee) and Amanda (Amanda de Vos) face serious financial problems, as they are near financial ruin, and need $300,000 to expand the pilot school.

Doug has to work hard and has hardly any time for his family, even arriving at home late on Christmas Eve. During the meal Doug receives a phone call from a lawyer who informs him that his parents are not his biological parents, but that he was adopted by an open adoption by them. The lawyer asks him to come to a meeting, where problems concerning his biological father are to be discussed.

The lawyer introduces him to his half sister, Delilah (Mary Jo DuPrey), who was disowned from their father. Her only interest is to have her father judged unfit in order to sell his property. The lawyer asks whether they want to look after the property and their father. If they would, they would also take responsibility of him. Doug decides to do so without asking Abby.

Doug goes to see his biological father, Dr. Gene Holland, who initially shoots at him with a gun when Doug arrives, only to subsequently recognize Doug as his son. The house is in chaos, but Gene seems not to be aware of it. His only interest seems to be to find the solution for the Theory of everything an equation long regarded as the Holy Grail of physics, which Gene thinks may prove the existence of God.

Doug tells him about his financial problems, and Gene wants to help him. They create a financial plan and find investors that give Doug the necessary capital. While celebrating, Gene falls to ground and is taken to the hospital. There, Doug is informed by a doctor who knows Gene very well that Gene suffers from prion disease. Doug relates this to Abby, and they decide to move in with Gene, as Doug knows that his father will die within six months to a year. Gene befriends Doug's family, and tells them about Doug's biological mother, Lory, whom Gene loved very much, and died of cancer. Gene reveals that the reason he gave Doug up for adoption was that his wife decided to give birth to Doug and "go to Jesus" instead of undergoing radiation therapy.

The illness halts Gene's studies, and his daughter, Delilah, manages to get a verdict that incapacitates Gene. The house is destroyed immediately after the police take him out of the house and put him in a hospital. Doug salvages Gene's work and brings it to the hospital, as Gene sees Doug as his last hope to help him to finish his work. Doug assists Gene in his work until Gene again loses his consciousness.

Some time later, Doug sees Gene in the garden of the hospital. Gene can barely remember Doug. He knows that he was searching for something, but has forgotten what it was. Doug and Abby decide to abduct Gene and bring him via private plane to Alaska, where Gene can see the aurora borealis. Upon seeing the borealis, Gene says that he no longer fears death, as he thinks that he found the path to Jesus and his late wife, Lory. Doug eventually gives Gene's papers to physics researchers.

## Critical reception

*The Dove Worldview* wrote that the film is powerful. Dennis Amith writes that the film "is a wonderful Christian film". James Strickland wrote that it is a great film.

## Awards

* 2007 Crown Award Winner - Best Picture (Gold)
* 2007 Crown Award Winner - Best Evangelistic Film (Gold)
* 2007 Crown Award Winner - Best Drama over $250,000 (Gold)

## InfoBox

| *The Theory of Everything* | |
| --- | --- |
| DVD cover | |
| Screenplay by | David de Vos |
| Directed by | David de Vos |
| Music by | Brian Mann |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Producer | Blue Yonder Pictures |
| Running time | 86 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Release | November 1, 2006 (2006-11-01) |


title: 1971 Rothmans 3 Hour

abstract: The 1971 Rothmans 3 Hour was motor race for Group E Series Production Touring Cars. It was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst, in New South Wales, Australia on 12 April 1971. The race, which was Heat 1 of the 1971 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, was won by Allan Moffat driving a Ford Falcon GTHO.

text:
# 1971 Rothmans 3 Hour

The **1971 Rothmans 3 Hour** was motor race for Group E Series Production Touring Cars. It was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst, in New South Wales, Australia on 12 April 1971. The race, which was Heat 1 of the 1971 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, was won by Allan Moffat driving a Ford Falcon GTHO.

## Classes

As a heat of the 1971 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, classes were defined by a Capacity/Price Units formula with the value for each model calculated by multiplying the engine capacity in litres by the retail price.

* Class A : 0 to 3,000 CP units
* Class B : 3,001 to 4,600 CP units
* Class C : 4,601 to 9,000 CP units
* Class D : 9,001 to 18,000 CP units
* Class E : Over 18,000 CP units

## Results

| Position | Drivers | No. | Car | Entrant | Class | Laps |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Allan Moffat | 40 | Ford XW Falcon GTHO Phase 2 | Ford Motor Company of Australia | E | 65 |
| 2 | John French | 41 | Ford XW Falcon GTHO Phase 2 | Ford Motor Company of Australia | E | 65 |
| 3 | Peter Brock | 23 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | Holden Dealer Team | D | 65 |
| 4 | Colin Bond | 22 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | Holden Dealer Team | D | 64 |
| 5 | Don Holland | 26 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | Max Wright Motors Pty Ltd | D | 64 |
| 6 | Bob Morris | 31 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | Mark VI Car Air Conditioning | D | 63 |
| 7 | Doug Chivas | 34 | Chrysler VG Valiant Pacer | Geoghegans Sporty Cars | D | 62 |
| 8 | Mick Brown | 24 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | M Brown | D | 62 |
| 9 | Bill Evans | 18 | Ford Escort Twin Cam | Bill Evans Developments | C | 61 |
| 10 | Barry Seton | 21 | Ford Escort Twin Cam | Barry Seton | C | 61 |
| 11 | Murray Carter | 37 | Ford XW Falcon GTHO Phase 2 | Bob Rollington | E | 60 |
| 12 | Bob Forbes, John Millyard | 13 | Fiat 124 Coupe | Fiat Dealers Team | C | 60 |
| 13 | Norm Beechey | 32 | Chrysler VG Valiant Pacer | Shell Racing | D | 60 |
| 14 | Bruce McPhee | 42 | Holden HT Monaro GTS350 | Bardahl International Oil Corporation | E | 57 |
| 15 | Bert Fenton | 38 | Ford XW Falcon GTHO Phase 2 | BP Muirfield | E | 57 |
| 16 | Lakis Manticas | 4 | Morris Cooper S | British Leyland Works | B | 57 |
| 17 | Bill Stanley | 5 | Morris Cooper S | Marque Motors | B | 57 |
| 18 | Doug Whiteford | 3 | Datsun 1200 | Datsun Racing Team | A | 55 |
| 19 | Peter Cray, Carl Kennedy | 1 | Mazda 1300 | Tynan Motors | A | 53 |
| 20 | Caroline O'Shanessy | 8 | Morris Cooper S | Miss C O'Shanessy | B | 21 |
| 21 | Jim Murcott | 20 | Ford Escort Twin Cam | J Murcott | C | ? |
| DNF | Phillip Edwards, N Ledingham | 7 | Morris Cooper S | Phillip Edwards | C | ? |
| DNF | G Kratzman, Eric Olsen | 19 | Ford Escort Twin Cam | G Kratzman | C | ? |
| DNF | Paul Gulson | 6 | Morris Cooper S | Marque Motors | C | ? |
| DNF | Peter White, D Goodwin | 25 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | Peter White | D | ? |
| DNF | Les Grose | 9 | Morris Cooper S | Les Grose | C | ? |
| DNF | Don Smith | 27 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | WH Motors | D | ? |
| DNF | James Laing-Peach | 14 | Mazda Capella Rotary | Mazda House | C | 44 |
| DNF | Geoff Leeds | 30 | Holden LC Torana GTR XU-1 | Commonwealth Industrial Gases Ltd | D | 37 |
| DNF | Clive Millis, Terry Southall | 15 | Mazda Capella Rotary | Clive Millis Motors | C | 34 |
| DNF | Leo Geoghegan | 36 | Chrysler VG Valiant Pacer | Geoghegans Sporty Cars | D | 31 |
| DNF | Phil Barnes | 39 | Ford XW Falcon GTHO Phase 2 | Byrt Ford Pty Ltd | E | 29 |
| DNF | Geoff Hunter, Joe Butta | 35 | Chrysler VG Valiant Pacer | Harvey Drew Pty Ltd | D | 29 |
| DNF | Ross Hewison | 16 | Ford Escort Twin Cam | John Hiles Ford | C | 19 |
| DNF | Alan Cant, Bob Cook | 33 | Chrysler VG Valiant Pacer | Central Motors (Nepean) Pty Ltd | D | 3 |

35 cars started the event and 14 failed to finish.

Allan Moffat recorded the fastest practice time (2:46.4) and the fastest race lap (2:46).

1. Max Stahl, Fords 1-2 in Opener, Racing Car News, May 1971, pages 54 & 55
2. Australian Title Conditions, 1971 CAMS Manual of Motor Sport, page 82
3. John Medley, Bathurst - Cradle of Australian Motor Racing, 1997, page 423
4. Stewart Wilson & Max Stahl, Ford - The racing History, 1989, page 286
5. Medley does not include Murcott in his list of outright finishers but does include him in his list of Class C finishers
6. Grose is shown by Stahl as competing in the race and he is not included in Medley’s list of finishers
7. David McKay, Ferodo Fever, Modern Motor, June 1971


title: Colasposoma rufimembris

abstract: Colasposoma rufimembris is a species of leaf beetle of Senegal, described by Maurice Pic in 1942.

text:
# Colasposoma rufimembris

***Colasposoma rufimembris*** is a species of leaf beetle of Senegal, described by Maurice Pic in 1942.

## InfoBox

| *Colasposoma rufimembris* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Colasposoma* |
| Subgenus: | *Colasposoma (Colasposoma)* |
| Species: | ***C. rufimembris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Colasposoma rufimembris***<br>Pic, 1942 | |
|


abstract: Christopher Packe (1686–1749) was an English physician and geologist. His 1743 work A New Philosophico-chorographical Chart of East Kent was the first geological map of Southern England.

text:
# Christopher Packe (physician and cartographer)

**Christopher Packe** (1686–1749) was an English physician and geologist. His 1743 work *A New Philosophico-chorographical Chart of East Kent* was the first geological map of Southern England.

## Life

Packe was born at St. Albans, Hertfordshire, on 6 March 1686. He was probably the son of Christopher Packe the chemist. Packe was admitted to Merchant Taylors' School on 11 September 1695. He was created M.D. at Cambridge in 1717, and was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 25 June 1723. At the request of Robert Romney, the then vicar, he gave an organ to the Church of St Peter, St. Albans, the organ being inaugurated on 16 January 1726.

About 1726 Packe settled at Canterbury. He practiced as a physician, with a good reputation, for nearly a quarter of a century. He died on 15 November 1749, and was buried in St. Mary Magdalene, Canterbury.

## Bibliography

Packe had a heated controversy with Dr. John Gray of Canterbury respecting the treatment of Robert Worger of Hinxhill, Kent, who died of concussion of the brain, caused by a fall from his horse. The relatives, not satisfied with Packe's treatment, called in Gray and two surgeons, who, Packe alleged in letters in the "Canterbury News-Letter" of 8 and 15 October 1726, killed the patient by excessive bleeding and trepanning. He further defended himself in *A Reply to Dr. Gray's three Answers to a written Paper, entitled Mr. Worger's Case*, 4to, Canterbury, 1727.

Packe wrote also:

* *A Dissertation upon the Surface of the Earth, as delineated in a specimen of a Philosophico-Chorographical Chart of East Kent,* 4to, London, 1737. The essay had been read before the Royal Society on 25 November 1736, and the specimen chart submitted to them.
* *ANKOΓΡAΦIA (sic), sive Convallium Descriptio,* an explanation of a new philosophico-chorographical chart of East Kent, 4to, Canterbury, 1743. The chart itself, containing a "graphical delineation of the country fifteen or sixteen miles round Canterbury," was published by a guinea subscription in 1743. This is the world's first geomorphological map: to make it Packe measured heights above sea level with a sophisticated barometer, as well as using an adapted theodolite mounted on top of the main tower of Canterbury Cathedral.
* His letters to Sir Hans Sloane, extending from 1737 to 1741, are in the British Museum, Additional (Sloane) MS. 4055.

## Family

Packe married Mary Randolph, of the Precincts, Canterbury, on 30 July 1726 at Canterbury Cathedral. Their son Christopher graduated M.B. in 1751 as a member of Peterhouse, Cambridge, practised as a physician at Canterbury, and published *An Explanation of ... Boerhaave's Aphorisms . . . of Phthisis Pulmonalis* in 1754. He died on 21 October 1800, aged 72, and was buried by the side of his father.


title: Federal Government College, Enugu

abstract: The Federal Government College, Enugu (FGCE), locally known as Fedi, is a secondary or high school in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.

text:
# Federal Government College, Enugu

The **Federal Government College, Enugu** (**FGCE**), locally known as Fedi, is a secondary or high school in Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.

## History

The school was created by the Nigerian government in 1973 as one of the federally funded unity schools to bring together students from regions across Nigeria. The school has facilities for both boarding and day students. Students range from Junior Secondary One (JS1) through Senior Secondary Three (SS3). Students must complete the Federal Common Entrance Exams in order to apply for attendance. There are approximately 3,000 students in attendance.

The school is situated on a campus in Independence Layout, a residential area in Enugu, the capital city of Enugu State.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

Federal Government College Enugu
| Motto | Pro-unitate |
| --- | --- |
| Motto in English | For unity |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1973 |
| Administrative staff | about 200 |
| Students | about 3,000 |
| Location | Enugu, Nigeria<br> |
| Campus | -- |
| Colours | Red and white |
| Sporting affiliations | Fedcol games |
| Website | www.fgcenugu.sch.ng |


title: Charles Heinz (singer)

abstract: Charles Robert Heinz was a pop and religious singer, and minister of music, in Germantown, Tennessee. His father was an elder in the family's church. In his mid-teens, he recorded two of the earliest 45RPM pop-music records for Satellite Records, which soon became Stax. At 16, he was preparing for the release of "Destiny", backed by "Prove Your Love". He asked a girl named Freda that he be invited to her 13th birthday party, and they began dating. The flip-side song proved a local hit on release in 1959, but in September 1960, his "Suddenly", backed by "Nobody Cares", was released, with less success. After dating for three years, he and Freda "ran away", and married with her parents permission. He took a job in the management of a retail store, and moved his family to Alabama to take a promotion. Becoming dissatisfied with his work, he moved the family back to Tennessee; his father sensed a spiritual dissatisfaction, and urged a pastor friend to see whether their interests would be as close as he sensed. The son and the pastor found a common ground, and Heinz became involved in the pastor's use of music with this congregation. Heinz found this activity fulfilling, and in time took charge of and developed the music program beyond expectations, and made it his career. In February, 2011, he celebrated his retirement from the ministry, and died in April of the same year at the age of 70.

text:
# Charles Heinz (singer)

**Charles Robert Heinz** (November 16, 1940 – April 2011) was a pop and religious singer, and minister of music, in Germantown, Tennessee.

His father was an elder in the family's church.

In his mid-teens, he recorded two of the earliest 45RPM pop-music records for Satellite Records, which soon became Stax. At 16, he was preparing for the release of "Destiny", backed by "Prove Your Love". He asked a girl named Freda (whom he would later marry) that he be invited to her 13th birthday party, and they began dating.

The flip-side song proved a local hit on release in 1959, but in September 1960, his "Suddenly", backed by "Nobody Cares", was released, with less success.

After dating for three years, he and Freda "ran away", and married with her parents permission.

He took a job in the management of a retail store, and moved his family to Alabama to take a promotion.

Becoming dissatisfied with his work, he moved the family back to Tennessee; his father sensed a spiritual dissatisfaction, and urged a pastor friend to see whether their interests would be as close as he sensed. The son and the pastor found a common ground, and Heinz became involved in the pastor's use of music with this congregation. Heinz found this activity fulfilling, and in time took charge of and developed the music program beyond expectations, and made it his career.

In February, 2011, he celebrated his retirement from the ministry, and died in April of the same year at the age of 70.


title: Sphingonotus corsicus

abstract: Sphingonotus corsicus, the Corsican sand grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in Corsica and other Mediterranean countries. The IUCN conservation status of Sphingonotus corsicus is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was assessed in 2015.

text:
# Sphingonotus corsicus

***Sphingonotus corsicus***, the **Corsican sand grasshopper**, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in Corsica and other Mediterranean countries.

The IUCN conservation status of *Sphingonotus corsicus* is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The IUCN status was assessed in 2015.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingonotus corsicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sphingonotus corsicus*, corsican sand grasshopper, France | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Oedipodinae |
| Tribe: | Sphingonotini |
| Genus: | *Sphingonotus* |
| Species: | ***S. corsicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphingonotus corsicus***
Chopard, 1924 | |
|


title: Boscadjack

abstract: Boscadjack is an area of high ground in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, which gives its name to two farming settlements. The area lies to the west of the River Cober about one mile (1.6 km) from Wendron. According to the Post Office the 2011 census population was included in the civil parish of Sithney

text:
# Boscadjack

**Boscadjack** is an area of high ground in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, which gives its name to two farming settlements. The area lies to the west of the River Cober about one mile (1.6 km) from Wendron. According to the Post Office the 2011 census population was included in the civil parish of Sithney

Media related to Boscadjack at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Boscadjack | |
| --- | --- |
| BoscadjackLocation within Cornwall | |
| OS grid reference | SW672314 |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Helston |
| Postcode district | TR13 0 |
|  | |
| Police | Devon and Cornwall |
| Fire | Cornwall |
| Ambulance | South Western |
|  | |
|


title: 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase

abstract:
In enzymology, a 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
  - acetyl-CoA + 5-hydroxypentanoate ⇌ acetate + 5-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 5-hydroxypentanoate, whereas its two products are acetate and 5-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the CoA-transferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase. Other names in common use include 5-hydroxyvalerate CoA-transferase, and 5-hydroxyvalerate coenzyme A transferase.

text:
# 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase

In enzymology, a **5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase** (EC 2.8.3.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

acetyl-CoA + 5-hydroxypentanoate $\rightleftharpoons $ acetate + 5-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 5-hydroxypentanoate, whereas its two products are acetate and 5-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the CoA-transferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is **acetyl-CoA:5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase**. Other names in common use include **5-hydroxyvalerate CoA-transferase**, and **5-hydroxyvalerate coenzyme A transferase**.

* Eikmanns U, Buckel W (1990). "Properties of 5-hydroxyvalerate CoA-transferase from Clostridium aminovalericum". *Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler*. **371** (11): 1077–82. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1990.371.2.1077. PMID 2085413.

## InfoBox

| 5-hydroxypentanoate CoA-transferase | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 2.8.3.14 |
| CAS no. | 111684-68-5 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
| Search  PMC articles  PubMed articles  NCBI proteins | |


title: Droitwich Transmitting Station

abstract: The Droitwich transmitting station is a large broadcasting facility for long-wave and medium-wave transmissions, established in 1934 in the civil parish of Dodderhill, just outside the village of Wychbold, near Droitwich in Worcestershire, England. The site is the location of the British Broadcasting Corporation's most powerful long-wave transmitter, which together with the two Scottish long-wave transmitters at Burghead and Westerglen forms a network broadcasting on the same frequency. The masts can be seen to the east from the M5 motorway, between Droitwich and Bromsgrove, as well as to the west from the Herefordshire/Worcestershire border. At night, the two sets of aircraft warning lights are visible from a long distance. The station is owned and operated by Arqiva.

text:
# Droitwich Transmitting Station

The **Droitwich transmitting station** is a large broadcasting facility for long-wave and medium-wave transmissions, established in 1934 in the civil parish of Dodderhill, just outside the village of Wychbold, near Droitwich in Worcestershire, England (grid reference SO929663). The site is the location of the British Broadcasting Corporation's most powerful long-wave transmitter, which together with the two Scottish long-wave transmitters at Burghead and Westerglen forms a network broadcasting on the same frequency. The masts can be seen to the east from the M5 motorway, between Droitwich and Bromsgrove, as well as to the west from the Herefordshire/Worcestershire border. At night, the two sets of aircraft warning lights are visible from a long distance. The station is owned and operated by Arqiva.

## Technical specifications

The long-wave frequency used was 200 kilohertz (frequently referred to by the wavelength, 1,500 metres) until 1 February 1988 when it was changed to 198 kilohertz, and the power is currently 500 kilowatts. The carrier frequency is controlled by a rubidium atomic frequency standard in the transmitter building, enabling the transmission to be used as an off-air frequency standard. For long-wave, a T-aerial is used, which is suspended between two 213-metre-high (700 ft) guyed steel lattice radio masts, which stand 180 metres (590 ft) apart from each other. There are also two guyed mast radiators at the site. The northerly mast is actually the transmitting antenna whilst the southern mast is a passive reflector causing the rf signal to form a cardioid pattern tending in a NE direction so as not to interfere with the similar set up in Bristol. The smaller mast system transmits digital radio signals. The main large system is used for transmitting AM medium-wave radio programmes on 693 kilohertz and 1053 kilohertz and, until 2023, on 1215 kilohertz.

## Transmissions

BBC Radio 4 Longwave is transmitted on 198 kHz. This signal also carries radio data encoded using phase modulation, giving a time-of-day signal, and radio teleswitch control signals for Economy 7 electric-heating systems.

BBC Radio 5 Live is broadcast on 693 kHz medium wave (MW), providing coverage for most of the English Midlands and Wales at a signal strength (150 kW) which is one of the strongest for that station, equal to Brookmans Park and second only to Moorside Edge.

During World War II coded messages, which were read during normal programmed broadcasts, were sent to the French Resistance using the transmitter.

In 2011, as a result of budget cuts, the BBC announced that there would be no re-investment in long wave transmissions, which may mean an eventual end to BBC Radio 4 Longwave broadcasts. The same year, *The Guardian* reported that the transmitter relies upon a pair of glass valves, of which there are fewer than 10 left in the world, and the BBC did not believe it was safe enough to manufacture more, because "slightly faulty" replacements could cause catastrophic failure. In 2023, the BBC announced that it would close down longwave transmissions sometime in 2024 and would end separate programming for the longwave transmitter in March 2024.

It is expected that Radio 4 will end long wave transmissions in 2025. 30 June 2025 will see the cessation of the usage of Radio 4's long wave frequencies for the radio teleswitching service, and it is expected that BBC Radio 4 will switch off its long wave transmitters on, or shortly after, this date.

## Reception

The Radio 4 LW signal from Droitwich covers most of England and Wales. There are supplementary long-wave transmitters in Scotland (Burghead and Westerglen, both 50 kW). The station can also be heard clearly in most of the Republic of Ireland, particularly along eastern and southern counties. Reception is also possible in Western Europe, including Italy and Sweden.

## Services available

| Frequency | kW | Service |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 198 kHz | 500 | BBC Radio 4 |
| 693 kHz | 150 | BBC Radio 5 Live |
| 1053 kHz | 500 (night) 125 (day) | Talksport |

Formerly:

| Frequency | kW | Service | Ceased |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1215 kHz | 200 | Absolute Radio | January 20, 2023 |

## InfoBox

Droitwich
| Masts at the Droitwich transmitting station | |
| --- | --- |
| Droitwich Transmitting Station (Worcestershire) | |
| Location | Droitwich, Worcestershire |
| Mast height | 213.36 metres (700 ft) |
| Coordinates | 52°17′48″N 2°06′19″W / 52.296666666667°N 2.1052777777778°W / 52.296666666667; -2.1052777777778 |
| Grid reference | SO929663 |
| Built | 1934 |


title: Colchicum

abstract: Colchicum is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than 10 cm (4 in). All species in the genus are toxic.

text:
# Colchicum

***Colchicum*** (/ˈkɒlɪkəm/ *KOL-chik-əm* or /ˈkɒlkɪkəm/ *KOL-kik-əm*) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than 10 cm (4 in). All species in the genus are toxic.

## Common names

The common names **autumn crocus, meadow saffron** and **naked lady** may be applied to the whole genus or to many of its species; they refer to the "naked" crocus-like flowers that appear in late summer or autumn, long before the strap-like foliage which appears in spring.

*Colchicum* and *Crocus* look alike and can be confused by the casual observer. To add to the confusion, there are autumn-flowering species of crocus. However, colchicums have 3 styles and 6 stamens, while crocuses have 1 style supporting 3 long stigmas and 3 stamens. In addition, the corm structures are quite different—in *Colchicum*, the corm is irregular, while in crocuses, the corm is like a flattened ball. *Crocus* is in the iris family, Iridaceae.

## Etymology

The name of the genus derives from Κολχίς (Colchis), the Ancient Greek name for the region of კოლხეთი (Kolkhida) in modern Georgia (Caucasus). Colchis features in Greek mythology as the land to which the Argonauts journeyed in quest of the golden fleece and where Jason encountered Medea. The Greek toponym *Colchis* is thought by scholars to derive from the Urartian *Qulḫa*, pronounced "Kolcha" (guttural "ch" - as in Scots *loch*).

## Relationships

*Colchicum melanthioides*, also known as *Androcymbium melanthioides*, is probably the best known species from the tropical regions. In contrast to most temperate colchicums, the flower and leaves are produced at the same time, the white flowers usually in a small corymb that is enclosed by white bracts. Close relatives such as *Colchicum scabromarginatum* (*Androcymbium scabromarginatum*) and *Colchicum coloratum* (*Androcymbium burchellii*) have flowers with very short stalks and may be pollinated by rodents.

## Cultivation

Temperate colchicums are commonly grown in gardens as ornamental flowers. Species found in cultivation include:

There are also cultivars and hybrids such as:-

* *C.* 'Dick Trotter' (violet with white centre)
* *C.* 'Disraeli' (purple white),
* *C.* 'Giant' (red with white centre)
* *C.* 'Harlekijn' (white with purple band)
* *C.* 'Lilac Wonder' (lilac)
* *C.* 'Pink Goblet' agm (violet-purple)
* *C.* 'Poseidon' (purple)
* *C.* 'Rosy Dawn' agm (rose pink)
* *C.* 'Violet Queen' (purple)
* *C.* 'Waterlily' agm (double, lilac-pink)

Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).

In the United Kingdom, the National Collection of colchicums is maintained at Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk.

## Medicinal uses and poisonous properties

Plants in this genus contain toxic amounts of the alkaloid colchicine which is used pharmaceutically to treat gout and Familial Mediterranean fever. The use of the roots and seeds in traditional medicine is thought to have arisen due to the presence of this drug.

Its leaves, corm and seeds are poisonous. Murderer Catherine Wilson is thought to have used it to poison a number of victims in the 19th century. The species known to contain the most lethal amount of colchicine is *C. autumnale*.

## Species

The following are the species included in the genus *Colchicum*. Many species previously classified in *Androcymbium*, *Bulbocodium* and *Merendera* were moved to *Colchicum* based on molecular genetic evidence. *Androcymbium* is currently considered a separate genus by some.

## Sources

* Suite 101. Plants and Bulbs: Hardy Fall-Blooming Bulbs for Your Garden
* Veseys: Information for gardeners
* A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Bowles, E. A., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1952
* The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1, Walters, S. M., et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 1984

## InfoBox

| *Colchicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Colchicum speciosum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Colchicaceae |
| Genus: | *Colchicum*<br>L. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Abandium* Adans. * *Bulbocodium* L. * *Celsia* Boehm. nom. illeg. * *Eudesmis* Raf. nom. superfl. * *Fouha* Pomel * *Geophila* Bergeret nom. reg. * *Hermodactylum* (R.Br.) Bartl. nom. inval. * *Merendera* Ramond * *Monocaryum* (R.Br.) Rchb. * *Paludana* Salisb. nom. illeg. * *Synsiphon* Regel | |


title: Egilshöll

abstract: Egilshöll, also known as Egilshöllin, is a multi-purpose sports and entertainment facility located in the Grafarvogur district of Iceland's capital Reykjavík. It features three football pitches, an ice rink, school sports hall, gym, shooting range, tennis courts and a cinema.

text:
# Egilshöll

**Egilshöll** (Icelandic pronunciation: \[ˈeijɪlsˌhœtl̥\]), also known as **Egilshöllin**, is a multi-purpose sports and entertainment facility located in the Grafarvogur district of Iceland's capital Reykjavík. It features three football pitches, an ice rink, school sports hall, gym, shooting range, tennis courts and a cinema.

## Events

### Concerts

Egilshöllin has also been used as a music venue hosting numerous events of the Iceland Symphony Orchestra amongst others.

| Performer | Date | Attendance | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Metallica | 4 July 2004 | 18,000 |  |
| Plácido Domingo | 14 March 2005 | 5,000 |  |
| Iron Maiden | 7 June 2005 | 16,000 |  |
| Duran Duran | 30 June 2005 | 11,000 |  |
| Foo Fighters | 5 July 2006 | *Unknown* |  |
| Queens of The Stone Age | 5 July 2006 | *Unknown* |  |
| Roger Waters | 12 June 2006 | 15,000 |  |

## InfoBox

Egilshöllin
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Reykjavík, Iceland |
| Coordinates | 64°08′49″N 21°46′10″W / 64.14694°N 21.76944°W / 64.14694; -21.76944 |
| Capacity | 18,000 (concerts), 2,000 (football), 250 (ice rink) |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | 16 March 2001 |
| Opened | 25 April 2002 (2002-04-25) |
| Expanded | 2007, 2010, 2015 |
| Tenants | |
| Skautafélagið Björninn (ice skating)<br>Skotfélag Reykjavíkur (shooting sport) | |
| Website | |
| egilshollin.is | |