title: Sophia Jane

abstract: Sophia Jane was the first paddle steamer to operate in the coastal waters of New South Wales (NSW). She was launched on the Thames in 1826 and arrived in Sydney in May 1831.

text:
# Sophia Jane

***Sophia Jane*** was the first paddle steamer to operate in the coastal waters of New South Wales (NSW). She was launched on the Thames in 1826 and arrived in Sydney in May 1831.

## Construction

*Sophia Jane* was an auxiliary steamer, like all the early steamers, using her paddle wheels only when winds were inadequate or contrary. The vessel was built by Barnes and Miller of Ratcliffe, pupils of James Watt, for passenger service between England and France and parts of the British islands.

## Service in Australia

*Sophia Jane*, under command of Captain Edward Biddulph, identified as having been Lieutenant, Royal Navy, and part owner, arrived at Sydney on 13 May 1831, having come by sail, with her paddle wheels stowed and her engine not yet commissioned. Six weeks earlier Australia's first steamer, the small river vessel *Surprise*, had been launched in March with intended use on the Parramatta River. *Sophia Jane* became an operational steamer before *Surprise* and was "the first steamer to turn a paddle-wheel in Sydney Harbour."

At Sydney the vessel's particulars were noted as being 250 tons builder's measurement, 150 tons register, four years old but only operating two of those years in European waters, and considered one of the fastest sea going vessels built at the time. A specific speed reference notes the ship ran "the 60 knots from Newcastle to Sydney was seven and two-thirds hours, equal to nearly eight knots per hour in 1831" further noting "She has frequently towed ships of the largest class." Having been largely in the passenger service the ship had separate cabins for "gentlemen" with sixteen beds and "ladies" with eleven beds with a third for steerage passengers having twenty beds. In need additional beds could be added for a maximum of 54 passengers.

She was tried on a Sydney-Parramatta service however she was too deep in the draft and found more use coastal services including Newcastle and later the first run between Sydney and Wollongong.

On 12 June 1831 *Sophia Jane* towed *Lady Harewood* down the harbour as *Lady Harewood* set off for England. This was the first application in Australia of steam power to such a task. The reason for the tow was that weather conditions were miserable and squally.

However, at the same time there was a report that the ship's agent was under instructions to send her on to India unless she could be profitably sold in Australia. *Sophia Jane* advertised in the *Sydney Herald* on 13 June the first Australian steamship cruise to be held on 17 June.

Captain Biddulph sold shares in *Sophia Jane* and by August he had sold 54 of 64 shares.

## Fate

In 1845 *Sophia Jane* grounded on a reef off Wollongong. She was re-floated, but later that year her owners, facing more extensive repairs, decided to lay her up. Her engine, however, was still operational and was installed in *Phoenix*.

## Footnotes

1. Portus, A. B. (30 June 1904). "Early Australian Steamers (Part 1)". *Journal and Proceedings, the Australian Historical Society*. **2** (Part 8). The Australian Historical Society: 178–185. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
2. *Register of Shipping* (1833), Seq.№699.
3. Lee, Robert (2003). "Linking a Nation: Australia's Transport and Communications 1788–1970". *Australian Heritage Commission*. Chapter 2: Ports and Shipping, 1788-1970.
4. Portus, A. B. (30 June 1904). "Early Australian Steamers (Part 2)". *Journal and Proceedings, the Australian Historical Society*. **2** (Part 9). The Australian Historical Society: 207–208. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
5. Dumpleton, Bernard (1973). *The Story of the Paddle Steamer*. Melksham: Colin Venton. ISBN 0854750576. LCCN 73165644. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
6. "The first Australian tugboats" (June–August 2012), *Signals*, Issue №99, pp.36-40.
7. Andrews, Graeme (1982). *A Pictorial History of Ferries: Sydney and Surrounding Waterways*. Sydney: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 0589503863.
8. *Sydney Herald* (13 June 1831), p.4, "Domestic Intelligence".
9. MacAuslan, Duncan (July 2001). "Sources of Timetables for Sydney Ferries" (PDF). *The Times*. **18** (7). Australian Association of Time Table Collectors: 13. Retrieved 17 August 2006.

## InfoBox

*Sophia Jane*
| *Sophia Jane* | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Australia | |
| Builder | Barnes and Miller, Ratcliffe |
| Launched | 1826 |
| In service | 1828 |
| Out of service | 1845 |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Paddle steamer |
| Tons burthen |  |
| Length | 126 ft (38 m) (deck) |
| Beam | 20 ft (6.1 m) |
| Installed power | 50 hp (37 kW) steam engine |
| Speed | 7.7 kn (8.9 mph; 14.3 km/h) |


title: Sound of Lies

abstract: Sound of Lies is the fifth studio album by American rock band The Jayhawks. It peaked at number 112 on the Billboard 200. With the departure of Mark Olson, Gary Louris became the principal songwriter for Sound of Lies, with an occasional co-write with bassist Marc Perlman. New drummer Tim O'Reagan also contributed "Bottomless Cup".

text:
# Sound of Lies

***Sound of Lies*** is the fifth studio album by American rock band The Jayhawks. It peaked at number 112 on the *Billboard* 200.

With the departure of Mark Olson, Gary Louris became the principal songwriter for *Sound of Lies*, with an occasional co-write with bassist Marc Perlman. New drummer Tim O'Reagan also contributed "Bottomless Cup".

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Entertainment Weekly* | B− |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *Los Angeles Times* |  |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *NME* | 5/10 |
|  |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Spin* | 4/10 |

Sara Scribner of the *Los Angeles Times* felt that *Sound of Lies* was the work of the band "still reaching to discover what it is" in the wake of Mark Olson's departure, though noting that "despite battling emotions, muddled messages and elusive experimentation, this is still a brave album." David Browne of *Entertainment Weekly* wrote that while "the music can still have a breathtaking, across-the-great-divide sweep", the album as a whole "is caught between two worlds—it's a little bit wimpy country, a little bit wimpy rock & roll — and ends up lacking the power of either." Robert Christgau of *The Village Voice* assigned it a "dud" rating, indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought."

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Thom Owen called *Sound of Lies* "the band's most ambitious album to date" and felt that Louris' lyrics "have a naked, emotional honesty which would have been more affecting if the music echoed its sentiment, yet the record still has a subtle grace and power, proving that the Jayhawks remain a distinctive band without Olson."

## Track listing

All songs written by Gary Louris, unless otherwise noted.

1. "The Man Who Loved Life" – 5:00
2. "Think About It" (Louris, Marc Perlman) – 5:37
3. "Trouble" (Perlman, Louris) – 4:50
4. "It's Up to You" – 3:38
5. "Stick in the Mud" – 3:34
6. "Big Star" – 4:25
7. "Poor Little Fish" – 3:56
8. "Sixteen Down" – 5:23
9. "Haywire" – 5:21
10. "Dying on the Vine" (Louris, Perlman) – 5:52
11. "Bottomless Cup" (Tim O'Reagan) – 4:14
12. "Sound of Lies" – 3:56

European CD bonus track 1.
2. "I Hear You Cry" – 3:48 (Perlman)

2014 expanded reissue bonus tracks 1.
2. "I Hear You Cry" – 3:48 (Perlman)
3. "Sleepyhead" – 3:29 (B-side of "Big Star" single)
4. "Kirby's Tune" – 5:34 (Kraig Johnson, Louris, Perlman, Karen Grotberg, O'Reagan) (studio outtake – previously unreleased)
5. "It's Up to You" – 3:37 (alternate version – previously unreleased)
6. "Sound of Lies" – 4:24 (rough mix – previously unreleased)

## Personnel

The Jayhawks * Gary Louris – guitar, vocals
* Marc Perlman – bass, guitar, vocals
* Karen Grotberg – organ, piano, keyboards, Wurlitzer, vocals
* Tim O'Reagan – drums, vocals
* Kraig Johnson – guitar, E-Bow
* Jessy Greene – violin, viola, cello

Additional musicians Production notes * Brian Paulson – producer, mixing
* George Drakoulias – mixing
* Mark Haines – engineer
* Victor Janacua – engineer
* Brian Jenkins – engineer
* Jim Scott – mixing
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering
* Allen Sanderson – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
* Mike Scotella – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
* Joe Zook – assistant engineer
* Dan Corrigan – photography

## InfoBox

| Sound of Lies | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Jayhawks | |
| Released | April 22, 1997 |
| Genre | Alternative rock, alternative country, jangle pop, power pop |
| Length | 55:44 |
| Label | American |
| Producer | Brian Paulson, The Jayhawks |
| Jayhawks chronology | |
| *Tomorrow the Green Grass*
(1995) ***Sound of Lies***
(1997) *Smile*
(2000) | |


title: Sophie Wyss

abstract: Sophie Adele Wyss was a Swiss soprano who made her career as a concert singer and broadcaster in the UK. She was noted for her performances of French works, many of them new to Britain, for giving the world premieres of Benjamin Britten's orchestral song cycles Our Hunting Fathers (1936) and Les Illuminations (1940), and for encouraging other composers to set English and French texts. Among those who wrote for her were Lennox Berkeley, Arnold Cooke, Roberto Gerhard, Elizabeth Maconchy, Peter Racine Fricker, Alan Rawsthorne and Mátyás Seiber.

text:
# Sophie Wyss

**Sophie Adele Wyss** (5 July 1897  25 December 1983) was a Swiss soprano who made her career as a concert singer and broadcaster in the UK. She was noted for her performances of French works, many of them new to Britain, for giving the world premieres of Benjamin Britten's orchestral song cycles *Our Hunting Fathers* (1936) and *Les Illuminations* (1940), and for encouraging other composers to set English and French texts. Among those who wrote for her were Lennox Berkeley, Arnold Cooke, Roberto Gerhard, Elizabeth Maconchy, Peter Racine Fricker, Alan Rawsthorne and Mátyás Seiber.

## Life and career

Wyss was born to a musical family in La Neuveville, Canton of Bern, Switzerland. Her two sisters, Emilie Perret-Wyss and Colette Feschotte-Wyss, were also singers, and the three sometimes performed together. She studied at the Geneva Conservatoire and the Basle Music Academy. In 1925 she married a British army officer, Captain Arnold Gyde, who had retired from the armed forces and become a publisher in London. He also became the treasurer of the Committee for the Promotion of New Music, founded in 1943.

Making her home in England, Wyss embarked on a career as a soloist. At first she failed to impress the critics. After an early recital in London in 1927, *The Times* said, "Miss Wyss has some pleasant notes in her voice, but the tone was tight in the upper range. A pronounced wobble, which appeared now and then, and a tendency to go out of tune showed that she has not yet gained sufficient control over her voice." By the 1930s her notices had improved from reserved to enthusiastic. *The Times* said that Wyss "possesses a soprano voice of an exquisitely yielding quality ... a singer so completely satisfying that we would not trust ourselves to say how much of the pleasure we derived from her performances was due to her or the music itself."

In 1936, together with Adolph Hallis, Benjamin Britten, Alan Rawsthorne and Christian Darnton, Wyss was a founder of the Hallis Concert Society, which gave a number of innovative concerts in London in the period 1936–1939. These included British premieres of both contemporary and historical British and European music, including works of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, François Couperin, Alban Berg, Paul Hindemith, Elisabeth Lutyens and Elizabeth Maconchy.

Wyss encouraged British composers to set French texts for her to perform. The most famous work that resulted from this was Britten's *Les Illuminations* to words by Rimbaud, which Wyss premiered in London in 1940 with Boyd Neel and his orchestra. Wyss was equally at home with English texts, such as those in Britten's *Our Hunting Fathers* (1936) and *On This Island* (1937). Britten dedicated Vol. 2 of his Folk Song Arrangements (1942) to Wyss and Gyde's two sons, Arnold and Humphrey. Britten was also Humphrey's godfather. She gave the first performance of his 8 French Folksongs, in a 1942 National Gallery recital with Gerald Moore, and she and Britten later recorded five of these songs. However, by 1942, Britten's knowledge of voice and vocal technique had greatly increased, and he preferred Peter Pears's interpretation of *Les Illuminations* to Wyss's performance, which he described to a close friend as "hopelessly inefficient, subjective & (of all things) so coy & whimsey!!!" Though Wyss was keen to resume her professional relationship with Britten, he was no longer interested but confessed to Pears that he was "too fond of her to be rude, & not interested enough to be critical".

As a near neighbour of Gerald Finzi's, from 1941 Wyss performed in several of his concerts involving the Newbury String Players, singing the Aria from Finzi's *Dies Natalis* as well as works by William Byrd, Henry Purcell, George Frideric Handel, Ivor Gurney, and Ralph Vaughan Williams. Wyss gave many first performances of works in French or English by composers including Lennox Berkeley, Arnold Cooke, Roberto Gerhard, Elizabeth Maconchy, Peter Racine Fricker, Alan Rawsthorne, George Enescu, Antony Hopkins and Mátyás Seiber. She was also a leading exponent in the UK of songs by Gabriel Fauré, Claude Debussy, Reynaldo Hahn, Maurice Ravel and other French composers. During a career that lasted until the early 1960s Wyss broadcast extensively for the BBC, and made concert tours in continental Europe and Australia. She died in Bognor Regis on the south coast of England at the age of 86. In an obituary notice, *The Times* concluded, "Her contribution to British musical life was something special and will be hard to replace".

## Recordings

Wyss recorded for Decca Records from 1941 to 1946. The works she sang included some by English composers: Bliss's "The Hare" and "The Buckle" from his *Three Romantic Songs*; Britten's sets *Two French Folk Songs* and *Three French Folk Songs*, and Rawsthorne's *Three French Nursery Songs*. From the French repertoire she recorded Chabrier's "Villanelle des petits canards" and "Les cigales"; Debussy's "L'échelonnement des haies"; Duparc's "Chanson triste"; Fauré's *La bonne chanson*, "Aurore" (Op. 39/1), "Les roses d'Ispahan" (Op. 39/4) and "Les berceaux" (Op. 23/1); and Ravel's "Nicolette". Her accompanists included Britten and Kathleen Long. In 2012 Symposium Records released recordings made by Wyss in the 1950s. They were: Louis Durey's *Images à Crusoé*; George Enescu's *Sept chansons de Clément Marot*; Arthur Honegger's *Six poésies de Jean Cocteau*; Frank Martin's *Trois Chants de Noël*; and Jules Massenet's *Poème d'Avril*.

## Notes, references and sources

**Notes**

**References**

1. *Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, 5th ed., 1954, vol. IX, p. 377
2. "Deaths". *The Times*. London, England. 29 December 1983. p. 18. 'Gyde'. On Dec 25th, 1983 peacefully at Bognor Regis aged 86, Sophie Adele Gyde (née Sophie Wyss), widow of Captain Arnold Gynde *\[sic\]* and mother of Arnold and Humphrey.
3. "Sophie Wyss", *The Times*, 2 January 1986, p. 10
4. Gyde, Humphrey. Liner notes to Symposium Records CD 1409, retrieved 9 June 2014
5. Payne, Anthony. "Society for the Promotion of New Music", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 15 June 2014. (subscription required)
6. "Miss Sophie Wyss", *The Times*, 17 December 1927, p. 10
7. "Recitals of the Week", *The Times*, 22 March 1935, p. 14
8. Plant 2001. Details of the programmes of these concerts are given at the Concert Programmes: Darnton collection site of the Arts and Humanities Research Council (accessed 10 June 2014).
9. "Contemporary Music Centre", *The Times*, 31 January 1940, p. 11
10. Matthews 2013, p. 50.
11. Proms archive 1939 BBC, retrieved 15 June 2014
12. Matthews 2013, p. 57.
13. Kildea 2013, p. 136.
14. Bridcut 2010, p. 122.
15. Britten 1991a, Diary, 19 September 1936: p. 443.
16. *The Argus* (Melbourne), 20 July 1948. "Noted Swiss singer has brought old songs with 'a new look'", retrieved 9 June 2014
17. Bridcut 2010, p. 395.
18. Britten 1991b, Letter 397, 30 September 1942: p. 1089.
19. Britten 1991b, Letter 392, 25 September 1942: p. 1080.
20. Britten, Beth (2013). *My Brother Benjamin*. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571299959.
21. McVeagh, Diana. *Gerald Finzi: His Life and Music*. Boydell Press, 2005: pp. 120, 123, 128, 131.
22. "Lennox Berkeley: *The Low Lands of Holland*", Boosey & Hawkes, retrieved 5 July 2022
23. British Classical Music: The Land of Lost Content, Thursday 9 Aug 2012, Antony Hopkins: Portrait of a Composer CD1..., retrieved 9 June 2014
24. Stuart, Philip. *Decca Classical 1929–2009* retrieved 15 June 2014.

**Sources**


title: South African Class 11 2-8-2

abstract: The South African Railways Class 11 2-8-2 of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal Colony. In 1904, the Central South African Railways placed 36 Class 11 steam locomotives with a 2-8-2 Mikado type wheel arrangement in service. When these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways in 1912, they were renumbered but retained their Class 11 classification.

text:
# South African Class 11 2-8-2

The **South African Railways Class 11 2-8-2** of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal Colony.

In 1904, the Central South African Railways placed 36 Class 11 steam locomotives with a 2-8-2 Mikado type wheel arrangement in service. When these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways in 1912, they were renumbered but retained their Class 11 classification.

## Manufacturer

Built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL), the Class 11 was designed for goods train service on the Reef by P.A. Hyde, Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the Central South African Railways (CSAR) from 1902 to 1904. One locomotive, CSAR no. 700, was delivered early in 1904 for trial purposes. After successful trials, this locomotive was followed by a further 35 Class 11 locomotives which were delivered later that same year and numbered in the range from 701 to 735.

## Characteristics

The Class 11 was designed by Hyde to take full advantage of the new 80 pounds per yard (40 kilograms per metre) track of the CSAR which was gradually replacing the old 60 pounds per yard (30 kilograms per metre) sections on mainlines. Upon delivery, however, the class was found to be too heavy for a large part of the existing track and bridges on the line between Witbank and Germiston, where they were intended to work. It took nearly a year to carry out the programme of track and bridge strengthening and some of the new locomotives ended up being held in staging for all that time before the Chief Civil Engineer would allow them to run.

When introduced, these engines were up to date with contemporary locomotive practice. They were superheated, with Belpaire fireboxes. The cylinders were arranged outside the plate frames, with the 10 inches (254 millimetres) diameter outside admission piston valves arranged above the cylinders and actuated by Walschaerts valve gear. The drivers and intermediate coupled wheels were flangeless. The motion, axleboxes and several other details were identical or similar to equivalent parts of the Class 10, which was built at the same time by the same manufacturer, and their Type XM2 two-axle bogie tenders were identical.

The load-bearing springs of the trailing bissel consisted of single helical springs of round section. Since the single spring would not stand up to the load, it was soon replaced by a double spring. Laminated springs were subsequently fitted. Apart from this, the engines were trouble-free and gave more than seventy years of service. After withdrawal, many were sold into industrial service and some of these reached almost 100 years in service.

The Class 11 were powerful locomotives which gave good service at moderate speeds, but at higher speed the lightly loaded leading Bissel truck with its 6 long tons 1 hundredweight (6,147 kilograms) axle load proved unsatisfactory on curves.

## South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

In 1912, the CSAR Class 11 locomotives were renumbered in the range from 912 to 947, but their Class 11 classification was retained on the South African Railways (SAR).

The 2-8-2 Mikado type was rare in SAR service, the Class 11 and the narrow gauge Class NG15 *Kalahari* being the only South African Mikado types to be built in quantity. Apart from these, the SAR had the temporary use on lease of a few *Katanga Mikados* to alleviate a locomotive shortage during the First World War.

## Service

### Railways

The Witbank line was of such significant strategic importance that, as new and more powerful locomotives were placed in service, these often started their service life on this line. On the Witbank line, the Class 11's loads were later reduced from 1,050 to 900 long tons (1,067 to 914 tonnes) to reduce running times. This enabled them to run the double trip of 80 miles (129 kilometres) in each direction. When increased traffic between Witbank and Germiston and the consequent congestion began to cause considerable detention en-route which imposed excessive hours of duty on the trainmen, the Class 11 began to be replaced by Mallet type locomotives capable of handling loads of 1,600 long tons (1,626 tonnes) at an average speed of 9 to 10 miles per hour (14 to 16 kilometres per hour). On the Mallets, the trainmen once again worked single trips only.

When replaced by more powerful locomotives, the Class 11 was relegated to local workings and shunting duties. In the 1940s, most of them were relocated to the Cape Northern system, shedded at Kimberley, and the Cape Midlands system, shedded at Port Elizabeth, where they were employed on similar tasks until they were withdrawn from SAR service in 1975.

### Industrial

Fifteen of the Class 11 locomotives were sold into industrial service, and sometimes resold. All are now withdrawn from service.

* SAR no. 918 became President Brand Gold Mine no. 7 and later Freegold no. 8.
* SAR no. 921 went to Witbank Coal Mine and later became Tavistock Colliery no. 2.
* SAR no. 923 became Western Holdings no. 6.
* SAR no. 926 became President Brand Gold Mine no. 6.
* SAR no. 928 became President Steyn Gold Mine no. 8 and later Freegold no. 5.
* SAR no. 929 became President Steyn Gold Mine no. 6.
* SAR no. 932 became President Brand Gold Mine no. 8.
* SAR no. 933 became President Steyn Gold Mine no. 7 and later Freegold no. 7.
* SAR no. 936 went to ISCOR in Pretoria and later became Tavistock Colliery no. 1.
* SAR no. 938 went to President Brand Gold Mine for spare parts.
* SAR no. 940 went to ISCOR in Pretoria, later became South Witbank Colliery no. 6 and then Umgala Colliery no. 1 at Utrecht.
* SAR no. 943 went to South Witbank Coal Mine and later became Tavistock Colliery no. 3.
* SAR no. 944 became Free State Geduld Gold Mine no. 6 and later Freegold no. 6.
* SAR no. 945 became Free State Saaiplaas Gold Mine no. 2.
* SAR no. 946 went to Blue Circle Cement in Lichtenburg and is now part of a static display at the Andries Beyers Farming Museum in Lichtenburg.

## Modification

As built, the Class 11 had a gap between the running boards and the platform in front of the smokebox, with a stirrup-type step attached to the front edge of each running board and without side-steps at the locomotive's front. Many were later modified by having sloped extensions added between the running boards and the front platform to replace the stirrup, and with side-steps added next to the leading wheels. Some were modified in this way while still in SAR service, while others were done in various styles by their post-SAR industrial owners, as illustrated below.

While most other SAR locomotives with Belpaire fireboxes were later reboilered with the Watson Standard boilers which were introduced in the 1930s, no Class 11 locomotive ever underwent this modification. They served in the SAR for seventy years plus several more years in industrial service while retaining the distinctive appearance which comes with a Belpaire firebox.

## Preservation

| Number | Works nmr | THF / Private | Leaselend / Owner | Current Location | Outside South Africa | ? |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 918 | NBL / 16255 | Private | Steamnet 2000 | Kimberley Locomotive Depot |  |  |
| 929 | NBL / 16266 | Private | Sandstone Estate | Bloemfontein Locomotive Depot |  |  |
| 933 | NBL / 16270 | THF | MUSEUM | Bloemfontein Locomotive Depot |  |  |
| 942 | NBL / 16279 | THF | Plinth | Witbank (Station) |  |  |
| 946 | NBL / 16283 | Private | Agricultural Museum | Lichtenburg |  |  |

## Illustration

The main picture and the following photographs illustrate some of the modifications done to the running boards of the Class 11 locomotive, as well as the SAR and industrial liveries which were applied to it.

## InfoBox

| CSAR Class 11 2-8-2
South African Class 11 2-8-2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class 11 no. 933, ex CSAR no. 721, Sydenham, 1973 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Central South African Railways
(P.A. Hyde)  Builder North British Locomotive Company  Serial number 16207, 16250-16284  Model CSAR Class 11  Build date 1904  Total produced 36 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-8-2 (Mikado)  UIC 1'D1'h2  Driver 3rd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Leading dia. 30 in (762 mm)  Coupled dia. 48 in (1,219 mm)  Trailing dia. 30 in (762 mm)  Tender wheels 33+12 in (851 mm) as built
34 in (864 mm) retyred  Wheelbase 55 ft 8 in (16,967 mm)   Engine 29 ft 3 in (8,915 mm)  Coupled 13 ft 1+12 in (4,000 mm)  Tender 16 ft 9 in (5,105 mm)  Tender bogie 4 ft 7 in (1,397 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 64 ft 4+12 in (19,622 mm)  Height 12 ft 10 in (3,912 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load 15 LT 15 cwt (16,000 kg)   Leading 6 LT 1 cwt (6,147 kg)  1st coupled 15 LT 4 cwt (15,440 kg)  2nd coupled 15 LT 12 cwt (15,850 kg)  3rd coupled 15 LT 15 cwt (16,000 kg)  4th coupled 15 LT 15 cwt (16,000 kg)  Trailing 11 LT 7 cwt (11,530 kg)  Tender bogie **Bogie 1:** 24 LT 4 cwt (24,590 kg)
**Bogie 2:** 25 LT 3 cwt (25,550 kg)  Tender axle 12 LT 11 cwt 2 qtr (12,780 kg)  Adhesive weight 62 LT 6 cwt (63,300 kg)  Loco weight 79 LT 14 cwt (80,980 kg)  Tender weight 49 LT 7 cwt (50,140 kg)  Total weight 129 LT 1 cwt (131,100 kg)  Tender type XM2 (2-axle bogies)
XC, XC1, XE, XE1, XF, XF1, XF2, XJ, XM, XM1, XM2, XM3, XM4, XP1, XS permitted  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 10 LT (10.2 t)  Water cap. 4,000 imp gal (18,200 L)  Firebox:   Type Belpaire  Grate area 37 sq ft (3.4 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 7 ft 2 in (2,184 mm)  Diameter 5 ft 1+34 in (1,568 mm)  Tube plates 18 ft 14 in (5,493 mm)  Small tubes **121** 2+14 in (57 mm)  Large tubes **21:** 5+12 in (140 mm)  Boiler pressure 190 psi (1,310 kPa)  Safety valve Ramsbottom  Heating surface:   Firebox 142 sq ft (13.2 m2)  Tubes 1,829 sq ft (169.9 m2)  Total surface 1,971 sq ft (183.1 m2)  Superheater:
   Heating area 331 sq ft (30.8 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 20 in (508 mm) bore
26 in (660 mm) stroke  Valve gear Walschaerts  Valve type Piston  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin
AAR knuckle (1930s) | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 30,780 lbf (136.9 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators Central South African Railways
South African Railways
Freegold
Tavistock Colliery
Blue Circle Cement  Class CSAR & SAR Class 11  Number in class 36  Numbers CSAR 700-735, SAR 912-947  Delivered 1904  First run 1904  Withdrawn 1975 | |
| The 2nd & 3rd coupled axles had flangeless wheels | |


title: South Acre

abstract: South Acre is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village has almost disappeared, but the remnants are located about 1 km (0.62 mi) south-west of Castle Acre, 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the town of Swaffham, 20 km (12 mi) east of the town of King's Lynn and 50 km (31 mi) west of the city of Norwich. The River Nar flows between South Acre and Castle Acre. The villages name means 'cultivated land'. 'South' to distinguish from Castle Acre. In 1441 the village was the scene of the attempted murder of an important member of the local gentry, Sir Geoffrey Harsyk. A gang of local yeomen and labourers occupied the main road, preventing passage along it, singing "we are Robbynhodesmen, war war war". This was a direct reference to the legends of Robin Hood that were particularly popular in Norfolk in the fifteenth century, and, indeed, it is probable that events such as this fed directly into later versions of the tales. The civil parish has an area of 10.15 km⁲ (3.92 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 32 in 13 households, at the 2011 Census Narford was included and the population increased to 115 in 47 households. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland.

text:
# South Acre

**South Acre** is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village has almost disappeared, but the remnants are located about 1 km (0.62 mi) south-west of Castle Acre, 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the town of Swaffham, 20 km (12 mi) east of the town of King's Lynn and 50 km (31 mi) west of the city of Norwich. The River Nar flows between South Acre and Castle Acre.

The villages name means 'cultivated land'. 'South' to distinguish from Castle Acre.

In 1441 the village was the scene of the attempted murder of an important member of the local gentry, Sir Geoffrey Harsyk. A gang of local yeomen and labourers occupied the main road, preventing passage along it, singing "we are Robbynhodesmen, war war war". This was a direct reference to the legends of Robin Hood that were particularly popular in Norfolk in the fifteenth century, and, indeed, it is probable that events such as this fed directly into later versions of the tales.

The civil parish has an area of 10.15 km2 (3.92 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 32 in 13 households, at the 2011 Census Narford was included and the population increased to 115 in 47 households. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland.

## InfoBox

| South Acre | |
| --- | --- |
| South AcreLocation within Norfolk | |
| Area | 7.91 km2 (3.05 sq mi) |
| Population | 115 (2011) |
| Density | 15/km2 (39/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TF 809 143 |
| Civil parish | * South Acre |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | KING'S LYNN |
| Postcode district | PE32 |
|  | |
| Police | Norfolk |
| Fire | Norfolk |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
|


abstract: The South Africa men's national netball team, nicknamed the Puma Proteas, represents South Africa in men's international netball. The team is governed by Netball South Africa.

text:
# South Africa men's national netball team

The **South Africa men's national netball team**, nicknamed the **Puma Proteas**, represents South Africa in men's international netball. The team is governed by Netball South Africa.

## History

In 2021, **Netball South Africa** held the first International Male Netball Tournament, a tri-nations tournament, which featured Uganda, and Kenya. South Africa won the tournament.

In 2023, they won the inaugural Men's African Netball Championship. They defeated Zimbabwe 45-40 in the final to lift their maiden continental title.

## Competitive record

| International Male Netball Tournament | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Games | Location | Placing |
| 2021 | 2021 International Male Netball Tournament | Pretoria, South Africa |  |

| African Netball Championships | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Games | Location | Placing |
| 2023 | 2023 African Netball Championships | Gaborone, Botswana |  |

## Technical team

The technical team:

| Position | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Head Coach | Jabulani Vilani |
| Assistant Coach | Siphiwe Manyoni |
| Team Manager | Andrew Mpipi |
| Physio | Matome Seroto |
| Compliance Officer | Murvin Mabe |

## InfoBox

South Africa
| Nickname(s) | *Puma Proteas* |
| --- | --- |
| Association | Netball South Africa |
| Confederation | Africa Netball |
| Head coach | Jabulani Vilane |
| Captain | Shiko Mokaila |


abstract: The South Africa men's national under-18 field hockey team represents South Africa at international field hockey matches and tournaments.

text:
# South Africa men's national under-18 field hockey team

The **South Africa men's national under-18 field hockey team** represents South Africa at international field hockey matches and tournaments.

## Tournament record

### Youth Olympic Games

2014 \- 4th

### African Youth Games

2018 -

## Current squad

The squad was announced on 27 June 2018.

Head coach: Sihle Ntuli

1. Taine Bird
2. Guy Morgan
3. Codie Posthumus
4. Mustapha Cassiem
5. Mphumelelo Maphumulo
6. Matthew Lewis
7. Jared Campbell
8. Peter Jarvis
9. Luke Wynford
1. "South African Hockey Association". Retrieved 4 December 2021.
2. Etheridge, Mark (27 August 2014). "Hockey boys go down fighting as Games wrap up". *TeamSA*.
3. "African Youth Games | South Africa are Boys and Girls Champions - South African Hockey Association". *www.sahockey.co.za*.
4. "South African Hockey Sides named for the Youth Olympics Qualifiers". *SA Hockey*. 27 June 2018.

## InfoBox

South Africa
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Association | South African Hockey Association |
| Confederation | AfHF (Africa) |
|  | |
| Youth Olympic Games | |
| Appearances | 1 (*first in 2014*) |
| Best result | 4th (2014) |
| African Youth Games | |
| Appearances | 1 (*first in 2014*) |
| Best result | 1st (2014) |


title: Battle of Nola (216 BC)

abstract: The First Battle of Nola was fought in 216 BC between the forces of Hannibal and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Hannibal was attempting to seize the town of Nola: He failed to do so, and would make two more unsuccessful attempts on the city over the next two years. Hannibal moved to capture the city of Nola due to some leaders in the city offering to open their gates to him. A Roman force under the command of Marcellus arrived before Hannibal and was able to enter the city. Hannibal camped near the city, and daily skirmishes took place between the two armies. Marcellus learnt that the only support he enjoyed was the senators in the city. Marcellus took action to prevent betrayal by undermining the pro-Hannibal faction in the city. Marcellus learnt that some leaders in the city had been conspiring with Hannibal, and he discovered that should he make any sortie from the town or draw up for battle outside, they planned on plundering the baggage and closing the gates behind him. After this, Marcellus decided his situation was not sustainable. He took action to protect himself from a revolt, pulled his troops from the walls, and secretly organized them behind the gates. Hannibal drew up his men in battle order in anticipation of an attack or at least another skirmish. When nothing happened, Hannibal concluded that Marcellus had uncovered his plan and would not dare attempt a sortie with the threat of betrayal. Confident of this, he marched his soldiers forward to attempt an assault on the central gate. The Carthaginian forces approached with ladders and machines useful for an assault. When they did this, Marcellus sprang his trap and ordered his forces to charge out of the gates and personally lead the centre. Hannibal's troops found themselves caught off guard. Hannibal made attempts to change the tide of the ensuing battle; however, when the second line of the Roman troops charged from the gates, it became clear he couldn't win the battle. After sustaining heavy losses, Hannibal ordered a phased retreat from the field to save his army from further losses. Hannibal gave up hope of capturing Nola and withdrew to a camp near Acerræ. The victory, while not decisive enough to end Hannibal's fighting potential, was a boost to Roman morale. The battle was a minor Roman victory.

text:
# Battle of Nola (216 BC)

The **First Battle of Nola** was fought in 216 BC between the forces of Hannibal and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Hannibal was attempting to seize the town of Nola: He failed to do so, and would make two more unsuccessful attempts on the city over the next two years.

Hannibal moved to capture the city of Nola due to some leaders in the city offering to open their gates to him. A Roman force under the command of Marcellus arrived before Hannibal and was able to enter the city. Hannibal camped near the city, and daily skirmishes took place between the two armies. Marcellus learnt that the only support he enjoyed was the senators in the city. Marcellus took action to prevent betrayal by undermining the pro-Hannibal faction in the city. Marcellus learnt that some leaders in the city had been conspiring with Hannibal, and he discovered that should he make any sortie from the town or draw up for battle outside, they planned on plundering the baggage and closing the gates behind him. After this, Marcellus decided his situation was not sustainable.

He took action to protect himself from a revolt, pulled his troops from the walls, and secretly organized them behind the gates. Hannibal drew up his men in battle order in anticipation of an attack or at least another skirmish. When nothing happened, Hannibal concluded that Marcellus had uncovered his plan and would not dare attempt a sortie with the threat of betrayal. Confident of this, he marched his soldiers forward to attempt an assault on the central gate. The Carthaginian forces approached with ladders and machines useful for an assault. When they did this, Marcellus sprang his trap and ordered his forces to charge out of the gates and personally lead the centre. Hannibal's troops found themselves caught off guard. Hannibal made attempts to change the tide of the ensuing battle; however, when the second line of the Roman troops charged from the gates, it became clear he couldn't win the battle. After sustaining heavy losses, Hannibal ordered a phased retreat from the field to save his army from further losses. Hannibal gave up hope of capturing Nola and withdrew to a camp near Acerræ. The victory, while not decisive enough to end Hannibal's fighting potential, was a boost to Roman morale.

The battle was a minor Roman victory.

## InfoBox

| First Battle of Nola | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Second Punic War | |
| <br>Plan of the first battle of Nola | |
| Date Late 216 BC  Location Nola, present-day Italy40°55′34″N 14°31′39″E / 40.9261°N 14.5275°E / 40.9261; 14.5275  Result  Roman Victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Carthage | Roman Republic |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Hannibal | Marcus Claudius Marcellus |


title: Rhinecliff station

abstract: Rhinecliff station is an Amtrak intercity rail station located in the Rhinecliff hamlet of Rhinebeck, New York, United States. The station has one low-level island platform, with a wheelchair lift for accessibility. It is served by the Adirondack, Berkshire Flyer, Empire Service, Ethan Allen Express, Lake Shore Limited, and Maple Leaf. The original Rhinebeck station opened with the Hudson River Railroad in 1851. It was relocated south a year later to resolve a dispute with the Rhinecliff–Kingston ferry; the village of Rhinecliff grew around the new location. The Rhinebeck and Connecticut Railroad (R&C) opened in 1875, prompting the station to be renamed Rhinecliff. The New York Central Railroad (NYC), successor to the Hudson River Railroad, expanded the line to four tracks in 1910–1914. The project included a new Rhinecliff station with a brick station building and two island platforms. Passenger service on the former R&C ended in 1928 and the line was abandoned in 1938. NYC passenger service declined in the mid-20th century; the east platform was removed after the line was reduced to two tracks in 1962. The NYC merged into Penn Central in 1968, and Amtrak took over passenger service in 1971. Amtrak gradually added service; by 2000, Rhinecliff was served by 13 daily round trips. Rhinecliff station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as a contributing property to the Sixteen Mile District, which became part of the Hudson River Historic District in 1990. The station building closed in 2022 for a two-year renovation. A project to build a longer, accessible high-level platform is planned.

text:
# Rhinecliff station

**Rhinecliff station** (formerly **Rhinecliff–Kingston**) is an Amtrak intercity rail station located in the Rhinecliff hamlet of Rhinebeck, New York, United States. The station has one low-level island platform, with a wheelchair lift for accessibility. It is served by the *Adirondack*, *Berkshire Flyer*, *Empire Service*, *Ethan Allen Express*, *Lake Shore Limited*, and *Maple Leaf*.

The original Rhinebeck station opened with the Hudson River Railroad in 1851. It was relocated south a year later to resolve a dispute with the Rhinecliff–Kingston ferry; the village of Rhinecliff grew around the new location. The Rhinebeck and Connecticut Railroad (R&C) opened in 1875, prompting the station to be renamed Rhinecliff. The New York Central Railroad (NYC), successor to the Hudson River Railroad, expanded the line to four tracks in 1910–1914. The project included a new Rhinecliff station with a brick station building and two island platforms. Passenger service on the former R&C ended in 1928 and the line was abandoned in 1938.

NYC passenger service declined in the mid-20th century; the east platform was removed after the line was reduced to two tracks in 1962. The NYC merged into Penn Central in 1968, and Amtrak took over passenger service in 1971. Amtrak gradually added service; by 2000, Rhinecliff was served by 13 daily round trips. Rhinecliff station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as a contributing property to the Sixteen Mile District, which became part of the Hudson River Historic District in 1990. The station building closed in 2022 for a two-year renovation. A project to build a longer, accessible high-level platform is planned.

## Station design

Rhinecliff station is located on the west side of the hamlet of Rhinecliff along the east bank of the Hudson River. It has a single low-level island platform, 520 feet (160 m) long, between the two tracks of the CSX Hudson Subdivision. A wheelchair lift is used for accessibility. At the north end of the platform, a footbridge with elevators and stairs connects to the station building on the east side of the tracks. At the south end, a footbridge with stairs connects to a small park on the west and Shatzell Avenue on the east. A parking lot is located on the east side of the tracks, where an additional platform and pair of tracks formerly existed. Amtrak owns the station building and part of the parking lot; CSX owns the platform, tracks, and the remainder of the parking lot.

The station building is located on the north side of Hutton Street adjacent to its overpass crossing the tracks. Its lower floor is at track level and its upper floor is level with Hutton Street. The structure is cruciform in shape with Mission and Spanish Revival architectural styles. The exterior is tan brick in Flemish bond with arched windows and a light stone cornice. Corbels support the deep eaves of the red clay tiled roof. The interior is finished in brick and wood.

As of 2024, the station is served by twelve daily round trips: eight *Empire Service* round trips (one of which becomes the *Berkshire Flyer* during summer months) plus the single daily round trips of the *Adirondack*, *Ethan Allen Express*, *Lake Shore Limited*, and *Maple Leaf*.

## History

### Early stations

The Hudson River Railroad opened between Greenbush (across the Hudson River from Albany) and New York City on October 1, 1851. At the time, ferry service between Kingston and Rhinebeck used either of two wharves on the east (Rhinebeck) side – Slate Dock or Long Dock – as determined by majority vote of eastbound passengers. The two docks were located about 13 mile (0.5 km) apart, due west of Rhinebeck and north of where Rhinecliff village is now located. The railroad station was established adjacent to Slate Dock when the railroad opened.

This arrangement proved highly inconvenient to railroad passengers, who were forced to walk down the track or take a longer detour on roads if the ferry went to Long Dock, and thus often missed their trains. Ferries were also not timed to make connections with trains. These issues were intentional on the part of brothers William and Charles Handy Russell, who owned the ferry as well as significant stock in the railroad. They aimed to garner support to relocate both the ferry terminus and railroad station to Shatzell's Dock, about 0.45 miles (0.7 km) south of Slate Dock, where they owned land.

Local controversy followed the proposal. After a year of maneuvering by the Russells and their manager Thomas Cornell, the railroad's board of directors voted on October 8, 1852, to relocate the station to Shatzell's Dock. The western terminal of the ferry was changed from Kingston Point to Rondout on November 11, 1852. The eastern terminal was scheduled to change to Shatzell's Dock on that date, but it may have been delayed until the railroad began stopping at the dock on December 1. The station was located on the east side of the tracks just north of Shatzell Avenue.

A small village gradually grew around the station, though not to the size that the Russells hoped. They initially called it Shatzellville, then Boormanville (after a former president of the railroad), and finally Rhinecliff. The post office was renamed from Rhinebeck Station to Rhinecliff in 1861, but the train station stayed as Rhinebeck. A second track was added to the railroad in 1863–64. By 1867, a freight house was located on the west side of the tracks north of the station. The Hudson River Railroad was merged to become the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad (NYC&HR) in 1869.

### Rhinebeck and Connecticut

The Rhinebeck and Connecticut Railroad (R&C) was chartered on June 29, 1870, to build a railroad from Rhinecliff east to the Connecticut state line, where it would join the Connecticut Western Railroad. Construction began in October 1871. Freight service began in stages as construction proceeded eastward; the line fully opened between Slate Dock and Boston Corners on April 4, 1875. Passenger service on the line initially ran only as far west as Rhinebeck village, northeast of Rhinecliff. In 1875, the railroad built a short extension south from Slate Dock along the east side of the NYC&HR to Rhinecliff. Passenger trains began using the extension in mid-August 1875. Later that year, the R&C built a new spur to reach Slate Dock without crossing the Hudson River Railroad at grade. It split off from the mainline north of Rhinecliff, passed over the Hudson River Railroad on a trestle, and sloped down to reach the dock.

The R&C called the station Rhinecliff, though it remained "Rhinebeck" on NYC&HR schedules until the 1890s. The R&C used a single track on the east side of the station building. The aging station proved inadequate for the increased traffic; in 1877, a local newspaper likened it to a rookery. The NYC&HR soon moved a disused corrugated iron station building from Yonkers to Rhinecliff to replace the older station. The original ferry slip was on the north side of Shatzell's Dock; it was supplemented in 1877 by a second slip on the south side, and the original slip was later abandoned. Train ferry service between the Ulster and Delaware Railroad at Rondout and the R&C at Rhinecliff began in the late 1870s.

The R&C was merged into the Hartford and Connecticut Western Railroad (H&CW) in 1882. The construction of the Poughkeepsie Bridge in the 1880s triggered a series of acquisitions and mergers. The H&CW was leased by the Central New England and Western Railroad in 1889, forming a mainline running from Campbell Hall, New York, to Hartford, Connecticut. The eastern part of the former R&C was integrated into this mainline, while the western section became the Rhinecliff Branch. The line became part of the Philadelphia, Reading and New England Railroad in 1892, then the Central New England Railway (CNE) in 1899. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad obtained control of the CNE in 1904, though it largely continued to operate independently.

### 1914 station

The NYC&HR widened much of the line to four tracks in the early 20th century. In 1910, with quadruple-tracking south of Poughkeepsie largely complete, the company began work on the segment north from Poughkeepsie through Rhinecliff to Barrytown. At Rhinecliff, the cliff face was blasted out to make room for the additional tracks. In June 1912, the New York Public Service Commission ordered that the Shatzell Avenue grade crossing be closed. A new road bridge was to be built at Hutton Street, about 500 feet (150 m) to the north, with a footbridge at Shatzell Avenue.

As part of the quadruple-tracking, the railroad built a new station at Rhinebeck. In October 1913, the railroad issued a construction contract for the station building and platforms. The station was designed by the firm of Warren and Wetmore, which had previously designed Grand Central Terminal and other stations for the railroad. Due to the influence of wealthy Rhinebeck residents John Jacob Astor IV and Levi P. Morton, it was unusually large for a hamlet the size of Rhinecliff. The station opened in 1914 at a cost of $150,000 (equivalent to $3,370,000 in 2023), with the footbridge costing an additional $45,000. A new freight house was also constructed. The NYC&HR became the New York Central Railroad (NYC) in a 1914 merger.

While the NYC mainline (the Hudson Division) was well-used, the Rhinecliff Branch was not. By 1915, the line had just two daily round trips. This was reduced to a single mixed train round trip by 1921, and ended entirely in 1928. The line was used for freight service until August 1, 1938, when it was abandoned along with almost the entire remaining CNE system. By 1940, Rhinecliff was served by ten northbound and seven southbound daily trains on the NYC, split between New York–Albany local trains and intercity trains serving Upstate New York and beyond. Privately operated ferry service ended on December 17, 1942. The state acquired the landings and franchise; ferry service resumed on May 17, 1946. Kingston ferry service ended in January 1957, shortly before the opening of the Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge. The railroad sold the Shatzell Avenue footbridge to the town in 1958.

The New York Central began removing tracks from the main line in the 1950s as traffic decreased. Only three tracks were in use at Rhinecliff by 1960. By then, Rhinecliff was served by five northbound and six southbound daily trains, including the *Wolverine*. The portion of the line between Poughkeepsie and Barrytown was further reduced to two tracks in November 1962 with the activation of centralized traffic control. At Rhinecliff, the western platform and tracks (formerly the southbound tracks) remained in service; a parking lot replaced the eastern tracks and platform. On December 3, 1967, the NYC rebranded its trains in the New York–Albany–Buffalo corridor as *Empire Service*. The NYC merged into Penn Central in 1968. By September of that year, Rhinecliff was served by three of the eight daily *Empire Service* round trips.

### Amtrak era

Amtrak took over intercity passenger service, including the *Empire Service*, on May 1, 1971. Amtrak initially operated seven round trips on the corridor, of which Rhinecliff was served by six northbound (westbound) and four southbound (eastbound) trips. The *Lake Shore* operated from May 10, 1971, to January 4, 1972; the southbound train stopped at Rhinecliff during part of 1971. *Empire Service* was reduced to five daily round trips, all stopping at Rhinecliff, in April 1972. Amtrak gradually added services in the corridor – many of them modifications of existing *Empire Service* trains – that also served points outside the Empire Corridor. The *Adirondack* and *Empire State Express* (later *Niagara Rainbow*) were introduced in 1974, followed by the *Lake Shore Limited* in 1975. By 1977, Rhinecliff was served by all eight daily round trips that operated over the New York City–Albany section.

Rhinecliff station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as a contributing property to the Sixteen Mile District, which became part of the Hudson River Historic District in 1990. One round trip became the *Maple Leaf* in April 1981, while another peak-hour round trip became an express that skipped Rhinecliff and other intermediate stops. The westbound *Lake Shore Limited* ceased stopping at Rhinecliff on May 21, 1989; the eastbound train stopped intermittently until October 26, 1997. Brief revivals of seasonal ferry service to Kingston took place in 1992 and 2015. From 1993 to 2010, Amtrak called the station "Rhinecliff–Kingston". In 1994, Metro-North Railroad proposed to extend its Hudson Line commuter service to Rhinecliff from Poughkeepsie.

One *Empire Service* round trip became the *Ethan Allen Express* in 1996. Service increases in the 1990s brought the corridor to 14 daily round trips by 2000, of which 13 stopped at Rhinecliff. The westbound *Lake Shore Limited* stopped at Rhinecliff from 2005 to 2006, and the eastbound from 2007 to 2009. It resumed stopping in both directions in 2014. By early 2020, Rhinecliff was served by all 13 daily round trips on the corridor. Service was sharply reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but most resumed by the end of 2020. One *Empire Service* round trip stopping at Rhinecliff became the *Berkshire Flyer* during summers starting in 2022.

In March 2020, Amtrak reached an agreement with the town and county over special district taxes. The county had confiscated the title to the station building property in 2001 over Amtrak's nonpayment of the taxes, which the railroad is normally exempt from. The agreement allowed Amtrak to proceed with plans for renovations. In August 2022, the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) was awarded $28.2 million in federal funds for final design and construction of the renovations, with a planned 30% state match. The project will include a high-level platform longer than the existing platform, improvements to elevators and footbridges, and a new interlocking south of the station.

The station building closed on December 9, 2022, for a two-year renovation including plumbing repairs, elevator replacement, and bathroom improvements. In May 2023, Amtrak indicated that the station would remain in service during the four-to-six-year construction process for the platform. The town sold the south footbridge to Amtrak for $10 in June 2023. By August 2023, a timeline for the platform renovations had not been established because NYSDOT had not finished the design.

## InfoBox

| Rhinecliff, NY | |
| --- | --- |
| Looking south at Rhinecliff station in July 2007 | |
| General information | |
| Location | 455 Rhinecliff Road
Rhinecliff, New York, US
United States |
| Coordinates | 41°55′16″N 73°57′7″W / 41.92111°N 73.95194°W / 41.92111; -73.95194 |
| Owned by | * Amtrak (station building) * CSX (tracks and platforms) |
| Line(s) | CSX Hudson Subdivision |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Construction | |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | Amtrak: RHI |
| History | |
| Opened | October 1, 1851 |
| Rebuilt | 1852; 1870s; 1914
2020s (planned) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY 2023 | 203,593 (Amtrak) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Amtrak Following station  Hudsontoward Montreal  *Adirondack*  Poughkeepsietoward New York  Hudsontoward Pittsfield  *Berkshire Flyer*(seasonal)   Hudsontoward Niagara Falls, New York  *Empire Service*   Hudsontoward Burlington  *Ethan Allen Express*   Albany–Rensselaertoward Chicago  *Lake Shore Limited*   Hudsontoward Toronto  *Maple Leaf* | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Former services   Preceding station  Amtrak Following station  Hudsontoward Detroit (Michigan Central)  *Niagara Rainbow*  Poughkeepsietoward New York (Grand Central)  Preceding station New York Central Railroad Following station  Barrytowntoward Chicago  Main Line  Staatsburghtoward New York | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
| Designated | March 7, 1979 |
| Part of | Sixteen Mile District |
| Reference no. | 79001571 |
| Architectural style | Mission-Spanish Revival |
|  | |
| U.S. Historic district
Contributing property | |
| Designated | December 14, 1990 |
| Part of | Hudson River Historic District |
| Reference no. | 90002219 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: Rod Dell

abstract: Rod Dell is a former Australian rules football player. Dell played 18 games for North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League between 1965 and 1969.

text:
# Rod Dell

**Rod Dell** (born 9 November 1946) is a former Australian rules football player. Dell played 18 games for North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League between 1965 and 1969.

## InfoBox

| Rod Dell | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1946-11-09) 9 November 1946 | | |
| Original team(s) | Jacana | | |
| Height | 196 cm (6 ft 5 in) | | |
| Weight | 87 kg (192 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1965–1969 | North Melbourne | 18 (9) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1969. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Siri Sirimal

abstract: Siri Sirimal is a Sri Lankan television series directed by Sunil Costha that aired on Rupavahini from 2007 to 2008. It was adapted from Mark Twain's 1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The theme song and sound track for the series were composed by Dinesh Subasinghe.

text:
# Siri Sirimal

***Siri Sirimal*** is a Sri Lankan television series directed by Sunil Costha that aired on Rupavahini from 2007 to 2008. It was adapted from Mark Twain's 1876 novel *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer*. The theme song and sound track for the series were composed by Dinesh Subasinghe (for which he won the Golden award for best music director at the 2009 SIGNIS Awards).

## Plot

Sirimal (Ishan Shamsudeen) is a mischievous young boy who often skips school. One day, he plans to join Rosa but changes his mind when he catches sight of the young Daughter of Richman (Lusion Bulathsinghala). He decides to sneak back into class instead. Surprisingly, Sirimal's teacher (Edward Gunawardhana) makes him sit with the girls, a situation that Sirimal secretly enjoys as he gets to sit next to them. Among the girls, he also finds himself sitting beside Amy Lawrence, a friend with whom he is "engaged." Although Amy still has romantic feelings for him, Sirimal is too captivated by the Richman girls to notice her.

He was a poor boy who lives with his aunt. He steals food and gets caught by his aunt (Geetha Kanthy Jayakody) who beats and punishes him. He runs away to the small jungle near the river where he meets a boy who is elder to him. Almost instinctually (but probably a social facet of village boys), they fight and Sirimal tries to become prince over them.

Later in the Story Sirimal teams up with two other mischievous boys Rosa and Dasa, vowing never to be separated from each other. One night they come across three villagers, Gunaya (Cletus Mendis), Bempi(Kumara Thirimadhura) and Kattandiya at a cemetery and while sharing some stolen money they fight and Kattandiya is killed by Gunaya. Gunaya escapes by framing innocent Bempi. When the murder trial starts and Bempi is on the verge of being convicted, Sirimal & Rosa testify and the verdict changes.

Later, the same kids try to find a treasure at a haunted house. When they reach there they see that it belongs to thieves and they are running away with the hidden treasure. They follow but fail to catch the thieves . When Sirimal and Rosa try to catch the thieves they stumble into a dangerous arena and thwart it.

## Cast and crew

**Cast**

* Isham Shamsudeen
* Geetha Kanthi Jayakody
* Edward Gunawardena
* Maureen Charunee
* Kumara Thirimedura
* Lucian Bulathsinghala
* Sahan Kothalawela
* Tony Ranasinghe
* Cletus Mendis
* Gamini Jayalath
* Daya Alwis
* Asela Jayakody
* Chandra Kaluarachchi
* Saman Almeda
* G. R. Perera
* Chathura Rajasuriya
* Chamara Ranga
* Isuri Navodya
* Tharaka Nadishani
* Tharuka Madushan

**Crew**

* Director-Sunil Costha
* Cinema Autography-Prabath Roshan
* Editor-Kumara Galgamuwa
* Music score-Dinesh Subasinghe
* Vocals-Madawa Senivirathna & DRC Members Choir
* Art directors-Sunil Wijeratne & Sena Mabulage
* Make up-Priyantha Dissanayake
* Production executive- Nimal Wijesiri Senadeera
* Assistant Director- Newton Gunasekara

## Music

The score, which uses string and brass orchestra, was composed by Dinesh Subasinghe. The theme song "Mandho Kawdho" was very popular among children in Sri Lanka in 2007–2009.. It was sung by Madhawa Senivirathan and the Dee R Cee members vocal group. To conjure up the time period of the plot (the 1940s), Subasinghe used a digital effect which recreated the sound of an old gramophone record in some parts of the score.

## InfoBox

| *Siri Sirimal* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Sunil Costha, |
| Theme music composer | Dinesh Subasinghe |
| Country of origin | Sri Lanka |
| Original language | Sinhala |
| Production | |
| Cinematography | Prabath Roshan |
| Editor | Kumara Glamuruwa |
| Running time | 19 minutes per episode (39 episodes) |
| Production company | Shiran telesceane |
| Original release | |
| Network | Rupavahini |


title: Philippe Wilmès

abstract: Philippe Wilmès was a Belgian banker, businessman, and professor.

text:
# Philippe Wilmès

**Philippe Wilmès** (4 March 1938 – 24 May 2010) was a Belgian banker, businessman, and professor.

## Early life

Wilmès was orphaned at a young age when his parents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II. He was raised by his grandparents in Luxembourg.

Wilmès joined the merchant marine to fund his interest in mountaineering, serving for seven years as a sailor and then as an officer. He also taught climbing at ADEPS, and subsequently studied law at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain).

## Career

Wilmès worked at the Compagnie Maritime Belge for a period and then returned to UCLouvain as an assistant lecturer. He later spent a year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and lectured in Great Britain and Canada. In 1975, he became chief of staff to Jean Gol, a member of the Liberal Reformist Party (PRL). He was a founding member of the Belgian businessclub Cercle de Lorraine.

Wilmès served periods as president of the Société Nationale d’Investissement and Société Fédérale d’Investissement. He became a regent of the National Bank of Belgium in 1992, and was also a director of Tractebel, Petrofina, Compagnie Nationale à Portefeuille, and Fluxys.

## Personal life

His daughter Sophie Wilmès became Belgium's first female prime minister.


title: Tofubeats

abstract: Yūsuke Kawai Yūsuke Kawai, known professionally as Tofubeats, is a Japanese singer, record producer, and DJ. Kawai began producing music at the age of 14, under the name "DJ Newtown". He initially distributed his music online through websites such as 2channel and YouTube. He later released music with Maltine Records, a Japanese netlabel, before signing with the Warner Music Japan sublabel Unborde in 2013. Kawai also manages HIHATT, a label he launched in 2018. The video for his song "No. 1" featuring G.Rina was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Dance Video, and his album titled First Album for the Grand Prix at the 2015 CD Shop Awards.

text:
# Tofubeats

**Yūsuke Kawai** (河合 佑亮, *Kawai Yūsuke*, born 26 November 1990), known professionally as **Tofubeats**, is a Japanese singer, record producer, and DJ.

Kawai began producing music at the age of 14, under the name "DJ Newtown". He initially distributed his music online through websites such as 2channel and YouTube. He later released music with Maltine Records, a Japanese netlabel, before signing with the Warner Music Japan sublabel Unborde in 2013. Kawai also manages HIHATT, a label he launched in 2018.

The video for his song "No. 1" featuring G.Rina was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award Japan for Best Dance Video (in 2014), and his album titled *First Album* for the Grand Prix at the 2015 CD Shop Awards.

## Discography

### Albums

#### As Tofubeats

| No. | Album details | Charts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | JPN
 |
| 1 | *Lost Decade** First album * Released: 24 April 2013 | 40 |
| 2 | *First Album** First album on a major label * Released: 2 October 2014 | 11 |
| 3 | *Positive** Second album on a major label * Released: 16 September 2015 | 16 |
| 4 | *Fantasy Club** Third album on a major label * Released: 24 May 2017 | 19 |
| 5 | *Run** Fourth album on a major label * Released: 3 October 2018 | 22 |
| 6 | *Reflection** Fifth album on a major label * Released: 18 May 2022 | 14 |

#### As DJ Newtown

| No. | Album details |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | *high-school girl(we loved)** Released: 10 January 2009 |
| 2 | *Cutegirl.jpg** Released: 16 December 2009 |
| 3 | *Sweet Days, Sweet Memories** Released: 30 March 2011 |
| 4 | *S.U.B. Urban** Credited as Tofubeats & DJ newtown * Released: 10 July 2011 |
| 5 | *West Members** Released: 16 September 2019 |

#### EPs

| No. | Album details | Charts |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | JPN
 |
| 1 | *Beats for Rap** Released: 28 March 2008 | N/A |
| 2 | *Touch** Released: 25 July 2011 | N/A |
| 3 | *Summer Dreams** Released: 30 August 2012 | N/A |
| 4 | *Don't Stop The Music** First EP on a major label * Released: 13 November 2013 | 26 |
| 5 | *Disco no Kami-sama* (ディスコの神様)* Second EP on a major label * Released: 30 April 2014 | 35 |
| 6 | *TBEP** Released: 27 March 2020 | 70 |
| 7 | *A440** Collab with DJ Q * Released 27 January 2023 | N/A |

Remix albums 1. *Lost Decade Remixes* (19 September 2013)
2. *First Album Remixes* (28 January 2015)
3. *Positive Remixes* (20 January 2016)
4. *Fantasy Club Remixes & Instrumentals* (27 July 2018)
5. *RUN Remixes* (4 September 2020)
6. *Reflection Remixes* (3 November 2022)

### Singles

### Music videos

| Title | Director(s) |
| --- | --- |
| "Her Favorite" feat. Okadada & "Koromogae"
"Oshiete Kensaku" feat. Noko
"Shopping Mall"
"Callin" | tofubeats |
| "Suisei" feat. Onomatope Daijin | Arasounara Ōkan Moyase |
| "Come On Honey!" feat. Arai Hitomi from Tokyo Girls' Style | Shunsuke Sugiyama, Kuroudo Furuya, and Shōta Mori |
| "poolside" feat. PES (RIP SLYME) | Shunsuke Sugiyama, Kuroudo Furuya, and Hiroyuki Ohashi |
| "No.1" feat. G.Rina | Takuya Hosogane and Shunsuke Sugiyama |
| "Don't Stop The Music" feat. Chisato Moritaka
"Disco no Kamisama" feat. Takashi Fujii
"BABY" | Yuki Mori |
| "Stakeholder" | Shunsuke Sugiyama, Yūya Yamaguchi, and Takuma Miyamoto |
| "Lonely Nights" | Ryoji Kamiyama |

## InfoBox

| Tofubeats | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Yūsuke Kawai (河合 佑亮) |
| Also known as | DJ Newtown |
| Born | (1990-11-26) 26 November 1990
Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan |
| Genres | Hip hop, house, J-pop |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, record producer, DJ |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Labels | Warner Music Japan
Unborde
HIHATT
Maltine Records |
|  | |
| Website | www.tofubeats.com |


title: The Fatigues

abstract: "The Fatigues" is the 140th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. This was the sixth episode for the eighth season, originally airing on NBC on October 31, 1996. The episode, which centers on the theme of mentorships, won a Writers Guild of America award. In the episode, Jerry and George both become mentors, Kramer asks for Frank's help cooking for a Jewish singles night, and Elaine promotes a fatigues-wearing J. Peterman employee because she is too intimidated to fire him.

text:
# The Fatigues

"**The Fatigues**" is the 140th episode of the sitcom *Seinfeld*. This was the sixth episode for the eighth season, originally airing on NBC on October 31, 1996. The episode, which centers on the theme of mentorships, won a Writers Guild of America award.

In the episode, Jerry and George both become mentors, Kramer asks for Frank's help cooking for a Jewish singles night, and Elaine promotes a fatigues-wearing J. Peterman employee because she is too intimidated to fire him.

## Plot

Jerry is intrigued that his girlfriend Abby has a mentor. Cynthia, Abby's mentor, is dating Kenny Bania. After she sees Bania's act, Abby loses respect for Cynthia and parts ways with her. George is assigned a lecture on risk management because his résumé says he is an expert on the subject. He cannot study for it because he hates reading. When George discovers the blind can get any book on tape, he intentionally flunks an eye test so he can get his book on tape. However, the reader's voice sounds like him, grating on him.

Elaine summons Eddie Sherman, a mailroom employee, to fire him for incompetence. When she meets him, she is intimidated by his gruff voice and military fatigues, so she promotes him instead just to have an excuse for the summons. He does a terrible job, so Elaine promotes him again to get rid of him. The other writers quit in outrage because he was promoted over them, forcing Elaine to write the catalogue alone with Eddie.

Kramer runs a Jewish singles night at Frank's Knights of Columbus hall. He realizes he can not cook Jewish food, and begs for Frank's help. Frank refuses, still haunted by memories cooking for the army during the Korean War, when he sickened troops by over-seasoning three-week-old meat in an attempt to make it palatable.

When Cynthia dumps Bania because of his poor act, he turns to Jerry for advice. Jerry agrees to be his mentor. Hearing that Abby is looking for a new mentor, George takes her on so as to con her into studying and summarizing risk management for him. Their files get mixed, and Bania delivers Abby's summary of risk management (which earns good laughs) and George reads Jerry's routine on Ovaltine. Frank, displeased at Estelle's cooking, decides to cook again and helps Kramer get ready for Jewish singles night. Working well as a team of two, Elaine and Eddie finish the catalogue. When Elaine finds out he adopted his frightening persona after a failure to meet a nice Jewish woman and settle down, she takes him to the Jewish singles night. The food is a hit, and Frank feels reborn. Due to his impressive string of promotions, Cynthia makes Eddie a better job offer. Distraught at losing her last remaining writer, Elaine violently shakes him, making him choke on his food; this, combined with Eddie's fatigues, gives Frank a flashback of the food poisoning incident, driving him to throw his food off the tables and topple the entire buffet.

## Production

Writers Gregg Kavet and Andy Robin cited the episode as having the most painful editing stage of any *Seinfeld* episode they worked on. The filmed content ran long over the allotted 23 minutes, even by the standards of the typically packed *Seinfeld* episodes, and they said that the broadcast cut felt like a bare bones runthrough of the essential plot points. At least one piece of deleted content was cut for reasons other than length restrictions: Initially Frank's flashback scene included close-ups of the soldiers spewing vomit towards the viewer, with a plastic shield to prevent the camera lens from being dirtied. The network ordered these shots removed, stating that they crossed the line of good taste, which director Andy Ackerman said in retrospect was the right decision.

Frank's memory is dramatized with music set to Samuel Barber's "Adagio for Strings", as in the film *Platoon*; however, Kavet and Robin said they were not trying to parody any film in particular, but war films in general.

While most of the risk management book's quoted text was scripted by Kavet and Robin, actor Jason Alexander added on the line "And what makes it so risky?"

A professional chef was hired for the sole purpose of performing Frank's one-handed egg cracking, but he had difficulty performing under the pressure of filming, and after numerous takes with messy egg-crackings, the egg was cracked by a member of the production crew.

## Reception

The episode and Gregg Kavet and Andy Robin won for Episodic Comedy at the Writers Guild of America Awards 1997.

## InfoBox

| "**The Fatigues**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Seinfeld* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 8<br>Episode 6 |
| Directed by | Andy Ackerman |
| Written by | Gregg Kavet & Andy Robin |
| Production code | 806 |
| Original air date | October 31, 1996 (1996-10-31) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
|


title: Bicuiba

abstract: Bicuiba is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the nutmeg family, Myristicaceae. The only species is Bicuiba oleifera, which is endemic to southeastern Brazil. It grows in the forests of the Atlantic coast.

text:
# Bicuiba

***Bicuiba*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the nutmeg family, Myristicaceae. The only species is ***Bicuiba oleifera***, which is endemic to southeastern Brazil. It grows in the forests of the Atlantic coast.

## InfoBox

| *Bicuiba* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Myristicaceae |
| Genus: | *Bicuiba*
W.J.de Wilde |
| Species: | ***B. oleifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bicuiba oleifera***
(Schott) W.J.de Wilde | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Myristica oleifera* Schott * *Virola oleifera* (Schott) A.C. Sm. | |


title: Beacon Hill (web series)

abstract: Beacon Hill is a soap opera web series that premiered on March 5, 2014 at Beaconhilltheseries.com. Created by Linda Hill and Jessica Hill and executive produced by Crystal Chappell, season one stars Alicia Minshew and Sarah Brown as ex-lovers caught up in political and family drama in the affluent Boston neighborhood of Beacon Hill. Both roles were recast for season two with Nadia Bjorlin and Marem Hessler respectively. The series was nominated for a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series, and both Minshew and Brown were nominated for Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series the same year. Brown won a 2015 Indie Series Award for Best Lead Actress (Drama) for her role, and Chappell was nominated for an Indie Series Award for Best Supporting Actress (Drama). Season 2 aired in 2020 for 6 episodes.

text:
# Beacon Hill (web series)

***Beacon Hill*** (sometimes stylized ***Beacon Hill the Series***) is a soap opera web series that premiered on March 5, 2014 at Beaconhilltheseries.com. Created by Linda Hill and Jessica Hill and executive produced by Crystal Chappell, season one stars Alicia Minshew and Sarah Brown as ex-lovers caught up in political and family drama in the affluent Boston neighborhood of Beacon Hill. Both roles were recast for season two with Nadia Bjorlin and Marem Hessler respectively.

The series was nominated for a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series, and both Minshew and Brown were nominated for Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series the same year. Brown won a 2015 Indie Series Award for Best Lead Actress (Drama) for her role, and Chappell was nominated for an Indie Series Award for Best Supporting Actress (Drama).

Season 2 aired in 2020 for 6 episodes.

## Plot

New York City reporter Sara Preston returns home to Beacon Hill to find her senator grandfather ailing, the rest of her family in shambles and her ex-girlfriend Kate Wesley caught up in political drama.

## Cast

* Alicia Minshew (season 1) and Nadia Bjorlin (season 2) as New York City reporter Sara Preston
* Sarah Brown (season 1) and Marem Hassler (season 2) as Massachusetts State Representative Katherine "Kate" Wesley
* Ron Raines as Senator William Preston, Sara's grandfather, a longtime Democratic senator for Massachusetts who will stop at nothing to get what he wants
* Scott Bryce as Senator Tom Wesley, Katherine's father, a conservative Republican senator
* Crystal Chappell as Claire Preston, Sara's mother, an alcoholic
* John-Paul Lavoisier as Eric Preston, Sara's brother
* Melissa Archer as Evelyn Preston, William's wife
* Jessica Morris as Diane Hamilton, Sara's partner, an actress
* Louise Sorel as coffeehouse owner Emily Tanner
* Tina Sloan as coffeehouse owner Louise Cassell
* Ricky Paull Goldin as Andrew Miller, Katherine's chief of staff
* Rebecca Mozo as Laura Parker, Katherine's best friend

## Production

Created by Linda Hill and Jessica Hill, *Beacon Hill* is executive produced by veteran actress and producer Chappell, with Co-Executive Producer Christa Morris, Supervising Producer Hillary B. Smith and producers Goldin, Hill and Hill. Albert Alarr directed season 1, with Kevin Perry as director of photography and Paul F. Antonelli as music supervisor.

## Awards

*Beacon Hill* was nominated for a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series, and both Minshew and Brown were nominated for Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series the same year. Brown won a 2015 Indie Series Award for Best Lead Actress (Drama) for her role, and Chappell was nominated for an Indie Series Award for Best Supporting Actress (Drama).

## InfoBox

| *Beacon Hill* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 1 main title | |
| Created by | Linda Hill
Jessica Hill |
| Written by | Linda Hill
Jessica Hill
Skip Shea |
| Directed by | Albert Alarr |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 18 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Crystal Chappell * Christa Morris |
| Producers |  |
| Cinematography | Kevin Perry |
| Production companies | Bella Productions
Open Book Productions |
| Original release | |
| Network | Beaconhilltheseries.com |
| Release | March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05)
present |


title: Baṭḥari language

abstract: Baṭḥari is a nearly extinct Afro-Asiatic language of Oman, located on the southeast coast facing the Khuriya Muriya Islands. The language is very similar to Mehri and some members of the Bathari tribe speak Mehri instead of Bathari. The first westerner to discover the existence of Bathari was Bertram Thomas in 1929.

text:
# Baṭḥari language

**Baṭḥari** (Arabic: اللغة البطحرية "Baṭḥari language") is a nearly extinct Afro-Asiatic language of Oman, located on the southeast coast facing the Khuriya Muriya Islands (17°40′46″N 55°22′19″E). The language is very similar to Mehri and some members of the Bathari tribe speak Mehri instead of Bathari.

The first westerner to discover the existence of Bathari was Bertram Thomas in 1929.

## Name

The name *Bathari* has been variously rendered: *Batahari, Bautahari, Botahari, Bathara.*

The stress always falls on the last long syllable in Bathari, unless the stress unit is only composed of short syllables. In this case, the first syllable is stressed. As with other Modern South Arabian languages, Bathari nouns have two genders (masculine and feminine) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural), but the dual is reportedly obsolete. The ending *-(v)t* marks feminine nouns, apart from loanwords from Arabic that end in *-h'.'* Also, it is not Shahri but Bathari which retains (or perhaps has retaken, from Arabic) the Arabic-like 'ain.

Some Bathari words were mentioned in Johnstone's Mehri Lexicon and Jibbali Lexicon (1981). Stroomer affirms that it is a dialect of Mehri (p. xii), whereas Simeone-Senelle considers it a separate language. She does admit, however, that Bathari, along with Harsusi, is closely related to Mehri.

The most important steps towards a comprehensive descriptive grammar of Bathari language were made by Gasparini (2018).

## Threat of Extinction

In addition to the threat of Arabic, Mehri also threatens to replace the Bathari language due to its less prestigious position. The tribe seems to be dying out with the language also under threat from modern education solely in Arabic. The Bathari language is nearly extinct. Estimates are that the number of remaining speakers are under 100. In 2016, Janet Watson gave an estimate of 12 to 20 (in “Language, Culture, and the Environment”). In 2019, the UAE's The National newspaper put the number of remaining elderly fluent speakers left at just 12 to 17, as well as a few dozen middle-aged speakers who mixed it with Arabic.

## InfoBox

| Bathari | |
| --- | --- |
| Batahari | |
| Pronunciation | \[batˤħari\] |
| Native to | Oman |
| Region | Dhofar Province |
| Native speakers | 16 (2016) |
| Language family | Afro-Asiatic |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `bhm` |
| *Glottolog* | `bath1244` |
| ELP | Baṭḥari |
| Modern South Arabian Languages | |


title: Baure, Nigeria

abstract: Baure is a Local Government Area in Katsina State, Nigeria, sharing a border with the Republic of Niger. Its headquarters is located in the town of Baure in the northwest of the area at 12°50′10″N 8°44′47″E. It has an area of 707 km⁲ and a population of 197,425 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 824.

text:
# Baure, Nigeria

**Baure** is a Local Government Area in Katsina State, Nigeria, sharing a border with the Republic of Niger. Its headquarters is located in the town of Baure in the northwest of the area at 12°50′10″N 8°44′47″E / 12.83611°N 8.74639°E / 12.83611; 8.74639.

It has an area of 707 km2 and a population of 197,425 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 824.

## Climate

The climate in Baure is tropical savanna, with a warm season, an average annual temperature of 68°C, and 80 inches of precipitation.

### Average Temperature

With an average daily high temperature above 100°F, the hot season spans 2.5 months, from March 22 to June 8. At an average high temperature of 102°F and low temperature of 81°F, May is the hottest month in Baure. With an average daily maximum temperature below 88°F, the chilly season spans 1.7 months, from December 9 to January 31. With an average low of 60°F and high of 85°F, January is the coldest month of the year in Baure..

## InfoBox

| Baure | |
| --- | --- |
| LGA and town | |
| BaureLocation in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 12°47′N 8°46′E / 12.783°N 8.767°E / 12.783; 8.767 | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| State | Katsina State |
| Area | |
| Total | 707 km2 (273 sq mi) |
| Population (2006 census) | |
| Total | 197,425 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| 3-digit postal code prefix | 824 |
| ISO 3166 code | NG.KT.BU |
|  | |


title: Rhadinaea forbesi

abstract: Rhadinaea forbesi, also known commonly as Forbes' graceful brown snake and la hojarasquera de Forbes in Mexican Spanish, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Mexico.

text:
# Rhadinaea forbesi

***Rhadinaea forbesi***, also known commonly as **Forbes' graceful brown snake** and ***la hojarasquera de Forbes*** in Mexican Spanish, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Mexico.

## Etymology

The specific name, *forbesi*, is in honor of Dyfrig McHattie Forbes, who was both a Mexican planter and an amateur herpetologist.

## Geographic range

*R. forbesi* is found in the Mexican state of Veracruz.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of *R. forbesi* is forest, at altitudes of 518–1,500 m (1,699–4,921 ft).

## Behavior

*R. forbesi* is terrestrial and fossorial.

## Reproduction

*R. forbesi* is oviparous.

## Further reading

* Heimes P (2016). *Snakes of Mexico: Herpetofauna Mexicana Vol. I.* Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Chimaira. 572 pp. ISBN 978-3899731002.
* Liner EA (2007). "A Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico". *Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University* (80): 1–60. (*Rhadinaea forbesi*, p. 52).
* Smith HM (1942). "Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies of Mexican Snakes of the Genus *Rhadinaea* ". *Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington* **55**: 185–192. (*Rhadinaea forbesi*, new species, pp. 188–189 + Figure 3 on p. 192).

## InfoBox

| *Rhadinaea forbesi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Rhadinaea* |
| Species: | ***R. forbesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhadinaea forbesi***
H.M. Smith, 1942 | |
|


title: Richard Edwards (educator)

abstract: Richard Edwards was a Welsh American educator from Ceredigion (Cardiganshire). Emigrating to the United States with his family when he was a child, Edwards studied at the State Normal School in Bridgewater, Massachusetts and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He then led a number of schools: the Boys' High School in Salem, Massachusetts (1853–1854); the State Normal School in Salem (1854–1857); the Normal School in St. Louis, Missouri (1857–1861); Illinois State Normal University (1862–1876); and Blackburn University(1891–1893). From 1887 to 1891, he served as the Illinois Superintendent of Public Instruction.

text:
# Richard Edwards (educator)

**Richard Edwards** (December 23, 1822 – March 7, 1908) was a Welsh American educator from Ceredigion (Cardiganshire). Emigrating to the United States with his family when he was a child, Edwards studied at the State Normal School in Bridgewater, Massachusetts and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He then led a number of schools: the Boys' High School in Salem, Massachusetts (1853–1854); the State Normal School in Salem (1854–1857); the Normal School in St. Louis, Missouri (1857–1861); Illinois State Normal University (1862–1876); and Blackburn University(1891–1893). From 1887 to 1891, he served as the Illinois Superintendent of Public Instruction.

## Early life

Richard Edwards was born in Lledrod, Wales, on December 23, 1822. The son of Richard and Ann (Jones), Edwards was raised on the family farm until his family immigrated to the United States in 1833, settling in Ohio. In October 1844, Edwards took a teaching job, and after one term he enrolled in the State Normal School in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He then studied and taught at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. Edwards married Betsey J. Samson on July 5, 1849, and they had nine children together. Edwards graduated from the Bridgewater Normal in 1846 and taught there from 1848 until 1853.

## Teaching

In 1848, he returned to the State Normal School in Bridgewater to teach astronomy, physics, map-drawing, and geography. Five years later, he was named principal of the Boys' High School in Salem, Massachusetts, and in 1854, Edwards was named principal of the State Normal School in Salem. In 1857, Edwards agreed to become the principal of the Normal School in St. Louis, Missouri and led the school for four years, then was elected principal of St. Louis High School.

He received an honorary Master of the Arts degree from Harvard University in 1863, followed by an honorary Legum Doctor from Shurtleff College in 1867.

### Time at Illinois State University

Aware of his skill managing normal schools, the Illinois State Normal University in Bloomington, Illinois recruited Edwards in 1862. Edwards was elected chair of the mathematics department in May, then became president of the university that June.

Edwards’ presidency at Illinois State began the “Bridgewater Era,” a span of three presidencies with men educated under the Bridgewater Normal methodology. Edwards led the university until he resigned in January 1876. Under his guidance, the number of students had increased from 285 to 780. Edwards’ work on the curriculum of the university was a combination of elementary, secondary, and college-level education intended to hone the basic skills and knowledge of the teachers-in-training, turning the school into a “people’s university” as opposed to a “genuine normal school."

Edwards was outspoken in his beliefs in coeducation and women’s rights, especially during his time at ISNU. Edwards was an abolitionist who, as early as 1863, was advocating for the inclusion of African-American children in the normal school. He argued that the function of a public school was to educate everyone, and he would greatly protest if he was not allowed to when the decision to admit a young African-American girl to the model school arose in 1867.

## Later years

Edwards then became pastor of the Congregational Church of Princeton, Illinois; he had been ordained as a minister three years earlier. He resigned in 1884 to become financial agent for Knox College. In 1887, he was elected as a Republican as the Illinois Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving for four years. He then accepted the presidency of Blackburn University, who bestowed an honorary Doctor of Divinity upon him the same year. He returned to Bloomington in 1893, occasionally working with Illinois Wesleyan University. He became a member of the Illinois Industrial League in 1858. In 1862, he joined the Illinois Natural History Society and the Illinois State Teachers' Association. He led the latter group as president in 1863 and 1864. He died on March 7, 1908, and was buried in Evergreen Memorial Cemetery in Bloomington.

## Legacy

A building at Illinois State University named “Edwards Hall” was opened in 1920. It houses the Mennonite College of Nursing and Capen Auditorium.

## InfoBox

| Richard Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Third President of Blackburn College | |
| **In office**
1891–1893 | |
| Preceded by | Edwin L. Hurd |
| Succeeded by | James E. Rogers |
| Illinois Superintendent of Public Instruction | |
| **In office**
1887–1891 | |
| Governor | Richard J. Oglesby
Joseph W. Fifer |
| Preceded by | Henry Raab |
| Succeeded by | Henry Raab |
| Second President of Illinois State Normal University | |
| **In office**
1862–1876 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Edward Hovey |
| Succeeded by | Edwin C. Hewett |
| First principal of the Salem Normal School | |
| **In office**
1854–1857 | |
| Preceded by | *Position created* |
| Succeeded by | Alpheus Crosby |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1822-12-23)December 23, 1822
Ceredigion (Cardiganshire) |
| Died | March 7, 1908(1908-03-07) (aged 85)
Normal, Illinois |
|  | |


abstract: Richard Edwards was an officer of the Royal Navy who served for a brief time as Commodore Governor of Newfoundland.

text:
# Richard Edwards (Royal Navy officer, died 1773)

**Richard Edwards** (died 16 June 1773) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served for a brief time as Commodore Governor of Newfoundland.

## Career

Edwards entered the navy and rose through the rank. He received a promotion to the rank of post captain on 4 November 1740 and given command of the 24-gun HMS *Fox*. He commanded her until 1742, during which time he captured a 10-gun Spanish privateer named *Justa Resina*. He next commanded HMS *Torrington*, and by early 1746 was in command of HMS *Princess Mary*. He was appointed governor of Newfoundland that year, but was ordered to go to North America and place himself under the command of Commodore Peter Warren at Louisbourg, where he was besieging the fort.

Edwards arrived on 11 July, bringing with him two other ships, HMS *Larke* and HMS *Hector*. Louisbourg surrendered four days later, and Edwards sailed to Newfoundland to take up his original post. On its conclusion, he returned to England, and had little further active service, though he may have commanded a yacht.\[a\] He was refused a promotion to flag rank, unless he resumed his active service at the rank of captain. He secured the command of HMS *Princess Amelia*, but only for a short period. He was given the rank and pay of a rear-admiral from 3 June 1757 and was placed on the superannuated list. He died in England on 16 June 1773.

**a.** **^** The position of governor of the colony temporarily lapsed after Edwards's departure, and therefore the next commodore, James Douglas, was not a governor of the island. Also, no commodore or governor was sent in 1747, the next governor was Charles Watson in 1748.

## Citations

* "Edwards, Richard (? - 1773". *Government House, The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador*. Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site, Memorial University of Newfoundland. August 2000. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
* Charnock, John (1797). *Biographia Navalis; Or, Impartial Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of Officers of the Navy of Great Britain: From the Year 1660 to the Present Time; Drawn from the Most Authentic Sources, and Disposed in a Chronological Arrangement*. Vol. 5. R. Faulder.

## InfoBox

| Richard Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
| Died | 16 June 1773
England |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Rank | Rear-Admiral |
| Commands |  |
| Battles/wars |  |


title: Rhodocyclus gelatinosus

abstract: Rhodocyclus gelatinosus is a gram-negative bacterium which has been transferred to Rubrivivax gelatinosus.

text:
# Rhodocyclus gelatinosus

***Rhodocyclus gelatinosus*** is a gram-negative bacterium which has been transferred to Rubrivivax gelatinosus.

## InfoBox

| *Rhodocyclus gelatinosus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Rhodocyclales |
| Family: | Rhodocyclaceae |
| Genus: | *Rhodocyclus* |
| Species: | ***R. gelatinosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhodocyclus gelatinosus***<br>Imhoff et al. 1984 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 11169, ATCC 17011, ATH 2.2.1, BCRC 16415, CCRC 16415, CCTM 1912, CCUG 15841, CCUG 21977, CCUG 21990, CIP 107072, DSM 1709, HMSATH2.2.1, IAM 14808, IFO 16663, JCM 21318, KCTC 1373, LMG 4311, LMG 4438, NBRC 16663, NCIB 8290 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa, Rubrivivax gelatinosus | |


title: Rhinoprora

abstract: Rhinoprora is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Warren in 1895. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index lists this genus as a junior subjective synonym of Pasiphila Meyrick, 1883.

text:
# Rhinoprora

***Rhinoprora*** is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae first described by Warren in 1895. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index lists this genus as a junior subjective synonym of *Pasiphila* Meyrick, 1883.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Rhinoprora* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Tribe: | Eupitheciini |
| Genus: | *Rhinoprora*<br>Warren, 1895 |
|


title: Bawsey SSSI

abstract: Bawsey is a 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Kings' Lynn in Norfolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site. This site has Quaternary till, unsorted glacial sediments, with a depth of up to five metres. It is separated from the main East Anglian till sheet, and it is the type site for the Bawsey Calcareous Till. The site is private land with no public access.

text:
# Bawsey SSSI

**Bawsey** is a 2.6-hectare (6.4-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Kings' Lynn in Norfolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site has Quaternary till, unsorted glacial sediments, with a depth of up to five metres. It is separated from the main East Anglian till sheet, and it is the type site for the Bawsey Calcareous Till.

The site is private land with no public access.

Media related to Bawsey SSSI at Wikimedia Commons

52°44′46″N 0°29′13″E / 52.746°N 0.487°E / 52.746; 0.487

## InfoBox

Bawsey SSSI
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Norfolk |
| Grid reference | TF 680 194 |
| Interest | Geological |
| Area | 2.6 hectares (6.4 acres) |
| Notification | 1992 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |