title: Diffusing-wave spectroscopy

abstract: Diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) is an optical technique derived from dynamic light scattering (DLS) that studies the dynamics of scattered light in the limit of strong multiple scattering. It has been widely used in the past to study colloidal suspensions, emulsions, foams, gels, biological media and other forms of soft matter. If carefully calibrated, DWS allows the quantitative measurement of microscopic motion in a soft material, from which the rheological properties of the complex medium can be extracted via the microrheology approach.

text:
# Diffusing-wave spectroscopy

**Diffusing-wave spectroscopy** (**DWS**) is an optical technique derived from dynamic light scattering (DLS) that studies the dynamics of scattered light in the limit of strong multiple scattering. It has been widely used in the past to study colloidal suspensions, emulsions, foams, gels, biological media and other forms of soft matter. If carefully calibrated, DWS allows the quantitative measurement of microscopic motion in a soft material, from which the rheological properties of the complex medium can be extracted via the microrheology approach.

## One-speckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy

Laser light is sent to the sample and the outcoming transmitted or backscattered light is detected by an optoelectric sensor. The light intensity detected is the result of the interference of all the optical waves coming from the different light paths.

The signal is analysed by calculating the intensity autocorrelation function called g2. $g\_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle \_{t}{\langle I(t)\rangle \_{t}^{2}}}}$

For the case of non-interacting particles suspended in a (complex) fluid a direct relation between g2-1 and the mean squared displacement of the particles \<Δr2\> can be established. Let us note P(s) the probability density function (PDF) of the photon path length s. The relation can be written as follows:

$g\_{2}(\tau )-1=\[\int {dsP(s)\exp(-(s/l\*)k\_{0}^{2}\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle )}\]^{2}$

with $k\_{0}={\frac {2\pi n}{\lambda }}$ and $l\*$ is the transport mean free path of scattered light.

For simple cell geometries, it is thus possible to calculate the mean squared displacement of the particles \<Δr2\> from the measured g2-1 values analytically. For example, for the backscattering geometry, an infinitely thick cell, large laser spot illumination and detection of photons coming from the center of the spot, the relationship between g2-1 and \<Δr2\> is:

$g\_{2}(\tau )-1=\exp \left(-2\gamma {\sqrt {\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle k\_{0}^{2}\right)}}$, γ value is around 2.

For less thick cells and in transmission, the relationship depends also on l\* (the transport length).

For quasi-transparent cells, an angle-independent variant method called cavity amplified scattering spectroscopy makes use of an integrating sphere to isotropically probe samples from all directions, elongating photon paths through the sample in the process, allowing for the study of low turbidity samples under the DWS formalism.

## Multispeckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy (MSDWS)

This technique either uses a camera to detect many speckle grains (see speckle pattern) or a ground glass to create a large number of speckle realizations (Echo-DWS). In both cases an average over a large number of statistically independent intensity values is obtained, allowing a much faster data acquisition time.

$g\_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle \_{p}{\langle I(t)\rangle \_{p}^{2}}}}$

MSDWS is particularly adapted for the study of slow dynamics and non ergodic media. Echo-DWS allows seamless integration of MSDWS in a traditional DWS-scheme with superior temporal resolution down to 12 ns. Camera based adaptive image processing allows online measurement of particle dynamics for example during drying.


title: Farms for City Children

abstract: Farms for City Children is a UK registered charity which aims to provide experience of farm and countryside life for over 3,200 inner-city children per year.

text:
# Farms for City Children

**Farms for City Children** is a UK registered charity which aims to provide experience of farm and countryside life for over 3,200 inner-city children per year.

## Foundation

In 1976 author Michael Morpurgo and his wife, Clare Morpurgo (the oldest daughter of Sir Allen Lane, the founder of Penguin Books), established the charity Farms for City Children, with the primary aim of providing children from inner city areas with experience of the countryside. Clare Morpurgo used her legacy after her father's death to found the charity. The programme involves the children spending a week at a countryside farm, during which they take part in purposeful farm work.

The first children arrived in January 1976 at Nethercott House; the charity now has three farms, in Devon, Gloucestershire and Pembrokeshire. In 1999 the couple were created Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in recognition of these services to youth.

Michael Morpurgo has described how the relationship between young boy with a stammer who came with Farms for City Children to Devon for a week and a horse on the farm was partly responsible for inspiring the novel *War Horse*.

## Aims and activities

The Farms for City Children charity describes itself thus:

> "Over the years the formula has changed very little. Simply, children are involved in everything necessary to keep the farms going. They learn hands-on where their food comes from, the importance of caring for animals and the land, and the value of working co-operatively as a team. The rewards are, unusually, non-material and self-generated: children discover an active enjoyment in life and a sense of achievement, the effects of which remain with them long after they have waved the farms goodbye."

A group of up to 40 children from urban primary schools, accompanied by four or five teachers, spend 7 days on the farm, during which time the children will be split into three groups. The farm jobs are rotated so that each group does each job at least twice, with the result that the second time around the children feel "more like experienced farmers". Jobs include feeding livestock, mucking out, grooming horses and donkeys, assisting at milking time, beekeeping and working in the vegetable gardens. Naturally, many of the activities are seasonal and can include lambing in spring and making bonfires and pressing apples for juice in the autumn.

## The farms

Currently the charity has three farms:

## Funding

Farms for City Children relies on funding from charitable trusts, foundations and businesses, as well as by individual private donations and community fundraising. The charity subsidises over half the true cost of each child's place, £300 per child; in addition it needs to raise money to maintain the three historic farm properties. Over three farms for each class of 36 children, that is the equivalent of £32,400 a week. The charity's website has a shop which sells merchandise including signed copies of some of Michael Morpurgo's books, with the profits being received by the charity.

## United States

An American charity, Farms for City Kids, was set up in 1992 by Karli and Jim Hagedorn, who had learned of Farms for City Children on a visit to the UK. Farms for City Kids has objectives similar to those of Farms for City Children but is not connected or affiliated with it. Its farm in Vermont was purchased in 1992.

## InfoBox

Farms for City Children
| Formation | 1976 (1976) |
| --- | --- |
| Founder |  |
| Registration no. | 325120 |
| Legal status | Registered charity |
| Region |  |
| Website | www.farmsforcitychildren.org |


title: Steve Cox (American football)

abstract: Stephen Everett Cox is an American former professional football punter and placekicker. Cox was drafted by the Cleveland Browns and played for them for four seasons. Cox played four more seasons for the Washington Redskins. Cox was one of the last straight-ahead style placekickers in the National Football League (NFL). Cox transferred to the University of Arkansas from Tulsa University following the 1977 season. After sitting out 1978 due to NCAA transfer rules, Cox added the punting job to his kicking duties. Steve was named All-Southwest Conference in 1979 and 1980, and was also named an All-American in 1980 by the UPI, the Sporting News, College & Pro Football Newsweekly, and Football News after leading the nation in punting by averaging 46.5 yards per punt. Cox was inducted into the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 2004. Though primarily a punter and kickoff specialist, Cox was also used for long field goal attempts. On October 21, 1984, Cox kicked a 60-yard field goal in a game against Cincinnati. The kick was the second-longest field goal at the time, but has since been matched by Morten Andersen, Rob Bironas, and Dan Carpenter and surpassed by Justin Tucker, Jason Elam, Matt Bryant, David Akers and twice by Sebastian Janikowski. Cox's kick remains one of only 26 field goals of 60 yards or more in NFL history and one of only two which was done with the straight-ahead style. Cox earned a Super Bowl ring with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII. Cox punted four times and kicked off seven times for the Redskins.

text:
# Steve Cox (American football)

**Stephen Everett Cox** (born May 11, 1958) is an American former professional football punter and placekicker. Cox was drafted by the Cleveland Browns and played for them for four seasons. Cox played four more seasons for the Washington Redskins. Cox was one of the last straight-ahead style placekickers in the National Football League (NFL).

Cox transferred to the University of Arkansas from Tulsa University following the 1977 season. After sitting out 1978 due to NCAA transfer rules, Cox added the punting job to his kicking duties. Steve was named All-Southwest Conference in 1979 and 1980, and was also named an All-American in 1980 by the UPI, the Sporting News, College & Pro Football Newsweekly, and Football News after leading the nation in punting by averaging 46.5 yards per punt.

Cox was inducted into the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 2004.

Though primarily a punter and kickoff specialist, Cox was also used for long field goal attempts. On October 21, 1984, Cox kicked a 60-yard field goal in a game against Cincinnati. The kick was the second-longest field goal at the time (behind Tom Dempsey's record kick), but has since been matched by Morten Andersen, Rob Bironas, and Dan Carpenter and surpassed by Justin Tucker, Jason Elam, Matt Bryant, David Akers and twice by Sebastian Janikowski. Cox's kick remains one of only 26 field goals of 60 yards or more in NFL history and one of only two which was done with the straight-ahead style (the other being Tom Dempsey).

Cox earned a Super Bowl ring with the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XXII. Cox punted four times and kicked off seven times for the Redskins.

## InfoBox

Steve Cox
| No. 15, 12 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Punter / Kicker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1958-05-11) May 11, 1958<br>Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Weight: | 195 lb (88 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Charleston (AR) |
| College: | Arkansas |
| NFL draft: | 1981 / round: 5 / pick: 134 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Punts: 386  Punting yards: 16,212  Average punt: 42.0 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Energy tax

abstract: An energy tax is a tax that increases the price of energy. Arguments in favour of energy taxes have included the pursuit of macroeconomic objectives, e.g., fiscal deficit reduction in the 1990s, as well as environmental benefits, i.e., reduced pollution. A weakness of energy taxes is that they impose a burden in the form of reduced economic output and employment.

text:
# Energy tax

An **energy tax** is a tax that increases the price of energy. Arguments in favour of energy taxes have included the pursuit of macroeconomic objectives, e.g., fiscal deficit reduction in the 1990s, as well as environmental benefits, i.e., reduced pollution. A weakness of energy taxes is that they impose a burden (or cost) in the form of reduced economic output and employment.

## United States

In 1993, then President Bill Clinton proposed a BTU tax. A BTU tax is a type of energy tax. The tax would have taxed all fuel sources based on their heat content except for wind, solar, and geothermal. It was never adopted. The BTU tax passed the House, but was rejected by the Senate in light of the lobbying effort mobilized against its adoption. The rejected proposal was watered down, as the Clinton administration tried to salvage their efforts by offering to exempt manufacturers and base the tax on the cost rather than the heat content of energy. Many of the House Democrats who voted for the tax and who lost their seats in the 1994 midterm election, blamed their loss on their vote for the BTU tax. Getting "BTU'd" became Beltway slang at the time for those who lost reelection by voting for the controversial proposal.

### Colorado

On 7 November 2006, citizens of Boulder, Colorado (a city with roughly 100,000 residents situated in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains) voted in favor of initiative 202, the Boulder Climate Action Plan Tax. That marks the first time in the nation that a municipal government has imposed an energy tax directly upon its residents to combat global warming. It applies to energy consumption with deductions for carbon-neutral and renewable energy sources (such as Xcel Energy’s WindSource).

The tax appears on consumer's energy bills and is used to fund the city’s Office of Environmental Affairs that is in charge of programs designed to reduce Boulder's carbon footprint.

The CAP tax is to generate roughly $1 million annually. The City Council has the authority to increase the rates as needed. As of October 2009, the rate is assigned as follows:

| Electricity User Type | Tax Rate | Average Annual Tax |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Residential | $0.0049/kWh | $21 |
| Commercial | $0.0009/kWh | $94 |
| Industrial | $0.0003/kWh | $9,600 |


title: Enhanced Messaging Service

abstract: Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) was a cross-industry collaboration between magic4, Ericsson, Motorola, Siemens and Alcatel among others, which provided an application-level extension to Short Message Service (SMS) for cellular phones available on GSM, TDMA and CDMA networks. EMS is defined in 3GPP Technical Specification 3GPP TS 23.040. EMS was an intermediate technology, between SMS and MMS, providing some of the features of MMS. EMS was a technology designed to work with existing networks, but was ultimately made obsolete by MMS. An EMS-enabled mobile phone could send and receive messages that had special text formatting, animations, pictures, icons, sound effects and special ringtones. EMS messages sent to devices that did not support it would be displayed as SMS messages, though they may be unreadable due to the presence of additional data that cannot be rendered by the device. In some countries, EMS messages could not generally be sent between subscribers of different mobile phone carriers, as they will frequently be dropped by the inter-carrier network or by the receiving carrier. However, in other countries, such as the UK, inter-carrier interoperability was generally achieved. EMS never really picked up due to interoperability limitations and in fact very few operators ever introduced it. On June 9, 2008, the CTIA organization officially released an RFI for Enhanced Messaging implementation with focus on Group Messaging. The EM term in this context loosely refers to an improved mobile messaging product that combines the simplicity of Text Messaging with the successful rich features of the Internet's instant messaging. Other references to this new service have been made as "SMS 2" or "Instant SMS".

text:
# Enhanced Messaging Service

**Enhanced Messaging Service** (**EMS**) was a cross-industry collaboration between magic4, Ericsson, Motorola, Siemens and Alcatel among others, which provided an application-level extension to Short Message Service (SMS) for cellular phones available on GSM, TDMA and CDMA networks. EMS is defined in 3GPP Technical Specification 3GPP TS 23.040 (originally GSM 03.40).

EMS was an intermediate technology, between SMS and MMS, providing some of the features of MMS. EMS was a technology designed to work with existing networks, but was ultimately made obsolete by MMS. An EMS-enabled mobile phone could send and receive messages that had special text formatting (such as bold or italic), animations, pictures, icons, sound effects and special ringtones. EMS messages sent to devices that did not support it would be displayed as SMS messages, though they may be unreadable due to the presence of additional data that cannot be rendered by the device.

In some countries, EMS messages could not generally be sent between subscribers of different mobile phone carriers, as they will frequently be dropped by the inter-carrier network or by the receiving carrier. However, in other countries, such as the UK, inter-carrier interoperability was generally achieved. EMS never really picked up due to interoperability limitations and in fact very few operators ever introduced it.

On June 9, 2008, the CTIA organization officially released an RFI for Enhanced Messaging implementation with focus on Group Messaging. The EM term in this context loosely refers to an improved mobile messaging product that combines the simplicity of Text Messaging with the successful rich features of the Internet's instant messaging. Other references to this new service have been made as "SMS 2" or "Instant SMS".


title: English translations of the Quran

abstract:
Following is a list of English translations of the Quran. The first translations were created in the 17th and 19th centuries by non-Muslims, but the majority of existing translations have been produced in the 20th and 21st centuries. The earliest known English translation is The Alcoran (1649) which is attributed to Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I. It was translated from the French translation, L'Alcoran de Mahomet, by the Sieur du Ryer. The Koran, Commonly Called the Alcoran of Mohammed (1734) was the first scholarly translation of the Quran and was the most widely available English translation for 200 years and is still in print. George Sale based this two-volume translation on the Latin translation by Louis Maracci (1698). Thomas Jefferson had a copy of Sale's translation, now in the Library of Congress, that was used for House Representative Keith Ellison's oath of office ceremony on 3 January 2007. Muslims did not begin translating the Quran into English until the early 20th century. The Qur'an (1910) was translated by Mirza Abul Fazl of Allahabad, India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qur'an in English. The English Translation of the Holy Qur'an with Commentary (1917), translated by Maulana Muhammad Ali, was "the first English translation by an Ahmadiyyah follower to be generally available and to be made accessible to the West." Muhammad Ali was the leader of the Lahori Ahmadis. Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam, exclusively used Ali's translation. The meaning of the Qur'an (1940) by Muhammad Asad AKA Leopold Weis, was first original work by a European in English on interpretation of Quran and have translation. He started writing the commentary while living in Arabia in the 30s. The Koran Interpreted (1955) by Arthur Arberry was the first English translation of the Quran by an academic scholar of Arabic, Islam, and Sufism. Arberry attempted to maintain the rhythms and cadence of the Arabic text. For many years, it was the scholarly standard for English translations. The Holy Qur'an: Arabic Text and English Translation (1990) was the first translation by a Muslim woman, Amatul Rahman Omar. The Noble Quran: Meaning With Explanatory Notes (2007) by Taqi Usmani is the first English translation of the Quran ever written by a traditionalist Deobandi scholar. Clear Quran (2012) by Talal Itani, a computer programmer Arab American, emphasis on simplicity and literal translation, available online at al-quran.info and m.clearquran.com.
  - The Easy Quran: A Translation in Simple English. Translated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. 2022,. ISBN 978-1915357007 (https://tahapublishers.com/book/the-easy-quran). It is considered the easiest and most accessible translation by far, useful for both children and adults.

text:
# English translations of the Quran

Following is a **list of English translations of the Quran**. The first translations were created in the 17th and 19th centuries by non-Muslims, but the majority of existing translations have been produced in the 20th and 21st centuries.

The earliest known English translation is *The Alcoran* (1649) which is attributed to Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I*.* It was translated from the French translation, *L'Alcoran de Mahomet*, by the Sieur du Ryer.

*The Koran, Commonly Called the Alcoran of Mohammed* (1734) was the first scholarly translation of the Quran and was the most widely available English translation for 200 years and is still in print. George Sale based this two-volume translation on the Latin translation by Louis Maracci (1698). Thomas Jefferson had a copy of Sale's translation, now in the Library of Congress, that was used for House Representative Keith Ellison's oath of office ceremony on 3 January 2007.

Muslims did not begin translating the Quran into English until the early 20th century. *The Qur'an* (1910) was translated by Mirza Abul Fazl of Allahabad, India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qur'an in English. *The English Translation of the Holy Qur'an with Commentary* (1917), translated by Maulana Muhammad Ali, was "the first English translation by an Ahmadiyyah follower to be generally available and to be made accessible to the West." Muhammad Ali was the leader of the Lahori Ahmadis. Wallace Fard Muhammad, the founder of the Nation of Islam, exclusively used Ali's translation.

*The meaning of the Qur'an* (1940) by Muhammad Asad AKA Leopold Weis, was first original work by a European in English on interpretation of Quran and have translation. He started writing the commentary while living in Arabia in the 30s.

*The Koran Interpreted* (1955) by Arthur Arberry was the first English translation of the Quran by an academic scholar of Arabic, Islam, and Sufism. Arberry attempted to maintain the rhythms and cadence of the Arabic text. For many years, it was the scholarly standard for English translations.

*The Holy Qur'an: Arabic Text and English Translation* (1990) was the first translation by a Muslim woman, Amatul Rahman Omar.

*The Noble Quran: Meaning With Explanatory Notes* (2007) by Taqi Usmani is the first English translation of the Quran ever written by a traditionalist Deobandi scholar.

*Clear Quran* (2012) by Talal Itani, a computer programmer Arab American, emphasis on simplicity and literal translation, available online at al-quran.info and m.clearquran.com.

* *The Easy Quran: A Translation in Simple English.* Translated by Tahir Mahmood Kiani. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. 2022, (originally published independently, 2019). ISBN 978-1915357007 (https://tahapublishers.com/book/the-easy-quran). It is considered the easiest and most accessible translation by far, useful for both children and adults.

## Non-Muslim translations

### Notes

## Ahmadi translations

### Notes

1. Mohammad Khan's translation reflects an Ahmadiyya worldview.
2. A revised edition was published in 1951; Ali spent the last five years of his life working towards it. It was redesigned with a new typeface and an expanded index in 2002.
3. Amatul Rahman Omar was the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English, working with her husband Abdul Mannan Omar.

## Intra-faith translations

### Notes

1. Features verse-by-verse commentaries and essays by both Shiite and Sunni scholars.

## Qur'anist translations

### Notes

1. Rashad Khalifa is a controversial teacher and computer scientist. He claimed to have used mathematics and computers to find hidden meanings in the Qur'an.
2. This is an English translation of the Urdu translation, Mafhum-al-Quran (1961).
3. The translation attempts to explain Qur'anic verses by cross-references within the Qur'an.
4. They claim to offer a non-sexist understanding of the text.

## Shi'a translations

### Notes

1. This volume includes Arabic text and English translation arranged chronologically. It also includes an abstract (Allahabad).
2. This translation attempts a poetic rendering of the Qur'an.
3. This was claimed to be the first solo translation of the Qur'an by an American woman. The Sahih international (1997) version, was translated by three American women. It has also been called a feminist translation.

## Sunni translations

### Notes

1. An English convert to Islam penned this translation at the behest of the Emir of Hyderabad while on a sojourn in India. Pickthall's widely printed translation was regarded as "an important milestone in the long course of Koranic interpretation" by later esteemed Qur'an translator A. J. Arberry, who also noted a few problems with Pickthall's verse numbering, which deviated in places from what had by then become the standard Arabic edition by Gustav Fluegel.
2. The anglophile British-Indian Abdullah Yusuf Ali undertook this work at a time when the Qur'an had yet never been properly presented in English from a Shia perspective and only non-Muslim translations were available, which were sometimes overly unsympathetic. It has become one of the most widely used English editions of the Qur'an due to the quality of the translation and its use of extensive footnotes. In the 1980s, the book was appropriated by the Saudi religious establishment and edited to fit the country's Wahhabi/Salafist perspective. This latter version is today widely distributed as the Amana Edition.
3. This is the first English translation of Abul Ala Maududi's original Urdu translation of the Qur'an.
4. The suras are presented in chronological order.
5. Muhammad Asad.is a Jewish convert to Islam.
6. Irving is a Canadian Muslim who is an author, professor, translator, and activist. His English-only edition uses a North American vernacular.
7. This translation uses Simple English, also called basic English.
8. This is a translation by three American women converts, naming themselves Saheeh International.
9. The husband-and-wife team behind this translation are disciples of Abdalqadir as-Sufi
10. This translation is among the most widely read translations in the world.
11. This volume presents the Arabic text using a Romanized transliteration system that allows English-speaking readers to pronounce the Arabic. The English translation is an amalgamation of other translations.
12. The translator is a member of the Gülen Movement, a Turkish Islamic group.
13. This is a translation of Javed Ahmed Ghamidi’s Urdu translation.
1. Reading Islam's Holy Book by Eric Walberg, *Al-Ahram Weekly*, 20–26 September 2007 Issue No. 863
2. "Thomas Jefferson's Copy of the Koran To Be Used in Congressional Swearing-in Ceremony". *loc.gov*. U.S. Library of Congress. 3 January 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
3. Ahmed-Ullah, Noreen S. (10 April 2007). "A new look at a holy text". *Chicago Tribune*. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
4. Ali, Maulana Muhammad (2012). *The Holy Qur'an*. Dublin, Ohio: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha'at Islam Lahore Inc., U.S.A. pp. I-1. ISBN 978-0-913321-01-0.
5. Asad, Muhammad (1980). *The Message of the Qur'ān ebook*. Distributor: E. J. Brill. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. ISBN 978-1-904510-35-2. OCLC 1036705681.
6. Nawi, Zaharudin; Marzuki, Zunaidah Mohd (20 June 2017). "Mufti Muḥammad Taqī 'Usmānī and his scholarly contribution to the Qur'anic studies: Mufti Muhammad Taqī 'Usmānī dan sumbangan ilmiahnya dalam bidang al-Quran". *Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues*. **2** (1): 106. doi:10.53840/alirsyad.v2i1.29. ISSN 2550-1992. S2CID 164280586.
7. "Koran, commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammed". *Posner Memorial Collection |.cmu.edu*. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
8. Muhammad. *The Koran translated by Rodwell*  via Internet Archive.
9. Richard Bell, The Qur’ān. Translated, with a critical re-arrangement of the Surahs, T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, Consulted online at “Quran Archive - Texts and Studies on the Quran” on 20 Nov. 2022:
10. Muhammad (1955). *The Koran Translated by A. J. Arberry*  via Internet Archive.
11. "The Qur'an". *wwnorton.com*. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
12. "The Holy Quran by Mohammad Khan". *quran-archive.org*. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
13. The Holy Qur'an - original source (1917, revised 1920), by Maulana Muhammad Ali
14. Salahuddin, Pir, *The Wonderful Koran. A New English Translation*, Raftar-i-Zamana Publications, Consulted online at “Quran Archive - Texts and Studies on the Quran” on 21 Nov. 2022:
15. Burke, Daniel (4 December 2015). "Could this Quran curb extremism?". *CNN*. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
16. "The Study Quran". HarperOne. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
17. "The Qur'an as it explains itself, 5th Edition, March 2012" (PDF).
18. Abu’l-Fazl, *The Qur’an. Arabic Text And English Translation: Arranged Chronologically: With An Abstract,* Asgar & Co., Allahabad, India, Consulted online at “Quran Archive - Texts and Studies on the Quran” on 21 Nov. 2022:
19. "M. H. Shakir | The Holy Quran; Arabic Text & English Translation". *quran-archive.org*. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
20. "The Holy Quran - Muhammad Sarwar". *quran-archive.org*. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
21. Saffarzadeh Commemoration Due Iran Daily, 18 October 2010
22. Art News in Brief Tehran Times, 28 October 2008
23. Useem, Andrea (18 April 2007). "Laleh Bakhtiar: An American Woman Translates the Qur'an". Publishersweekly.com. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
24. Dihlawi, Hairat. The Koran, I. M. H. Press, Delhi, Consulted online at “Quran Archive - Texts and Studies on the Quran” on 21 Nov. 2022:
25. Mohammed, Khaleel (2005). "Assessing English Translations of the Qur'an". *Middle East Quarterly*. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
26. Ali, Hashim Amir (1974). *The message of the Qur'an presented in perspective*. Internet Archive. Rutland, Vt., C. E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 978-0-8048-0976-4.
27. Zavadski, Katie (26 March 2017). "How Three American Women Translated One of the World's Most Popular Qurans". *The Daily Beast*.
28. "Saheeh International: The Saheeh International™ Team & Dar Abul-Qasim". Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.


title: Enekbatus cryptandroides

abstract: Enekbatus cryptandroides is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. The dense shrub typically grows to a height of 0.7 metres (2 ft) and blooms between September and October, producing pink-white flowers. The species shares features with Enekbatus clavifolius, both of which have ten stamens that are oppositely arranged to the sepals and petals. They also have tuberculate and usually often fruit containing many smooth seeds partly covered by an adherent scurfy layer. It is found in the Mid West and Goldfields regions of Western Australia between Wiluna and east of Kalgoorlie where it grows in sandy-clay soils. The species was first formally described as Baeckea cryptandroides by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1876 as part of the work Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. It was reclassified to the Enekbatus genera in 2010 by Barbara Rye and Malcolm Trudgen in the work Enekbatus, a new Western Australian genus of Myrtaceae with a multi-locular indehiscent fruit, as published in the journal Nuytsia.

text:
# Enekbatus cryptandroides

***Enekbatus cryptandroides*** is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

The dense shrub typically grows to a height of 0.7 metres (2 ft) and blooms between September and October, producing pink-white flowers. The species shares features with *Enekbatus clavifolius*, both of which have ten stamens that are oppositely arranged to the sepals and petals. They also have tuberculate and usually often fruit containing many smooth seeds partly covered by an adherent scurfy layer.

It is found in the Mid West and Goldfields regions of Western Australia between Wiluna and east of Kalgoorlie where it grows in sandy-clay soils.

The species was first formally described as *Baeckea cryptandroides* by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1876 as part of the work *Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae*. It was reclassified to the *Enekbatus* genera in 2010 by Barbara Rye and Malcolm Trudgen in the work *Enekbatus, a new Western Australian genus of Myrtaceae with a multi-locular indehiscent fruit,* as published in the journal *Nuytsia.*

## InfoBox

| *Enekbatus cryptandroides* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Enekbatus* |
| Species: | ***E. cryptandroides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enekbatus cryptandroides***<br>(F.Muell.) Trudgen & Rye | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Baeckea cryptandroides* | |


title: Enekbatus planifolius

abstract: Enekbatus planifolius is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. The spreading shrub typically grows to a height of 1.1 metres (4 ft). It blooms between September and October producing pink flowers. It is found on gentle slopes in the Mid West region of Western Australia around Morawa where it grows in sandy-silty soils.

text:
# Enekbatus planifolius

***Enekbatus planifolius*** is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

The spreading shrub typically grows to a height of 1.1 metres (4 ft). It blooms between September and October producing pink flowers.

It is found on gentle slopes in the Mid West region of Western Australia around Morawa where it grows in sandy-silty soils.

## InfoBox

| *Enekbatus planifolius* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority One — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Enekbatus* |
| Species: | ***E. planifolius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enekbatus planifolius***
Trudgen & Rye | |
|


title: Enekbatus sessilis

abstract: Enekbatus sessilis is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. The bushy shrub typically grows to a height of 0.3 to 0.7 metres. It blooms between August and September producing white-pink-purple flowers. It is found on sand plains and flats in the Mid West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia between Northampton and Dalwallinu where it grows in sandy-loamy-clay soils containing gravel over laterite or sandstone.

text:
# Enekbatus sessilis

***Enekbatus sessilis*** is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

The bushy shrub typically grows to a height of 0.3 to 0.7 metres (1 to 2 ft). It blooms between August and September producing white-pink-purple flowers.

It is found on sand plains and flats in the Mid West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia between Northampton and Dalwallinu where it grows in sandy-loamy-clay soils containing gravel over laterite or sandstone.

## InfoBox

| *Enekbatus sessilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Enekbatus* |
| Species: | ***E. sessilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enekbatus sessilis***<br>Trudgen & Rye | |
|


title: Ephestia animella

abstract: Ephestia animella is a species of snout moth in the genus Ephestia. It was described by Kari Nupponen and Jari Junnilainen in 1998 and is known from Russia. It has been recorded at an elevation range of 900 to 1000 metres.

text:
# Ephestia animella

***Ephestia animella*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Ephestia*. It was described by Kari Nupponen and Jari Junnilainen in 1998 and is known from Russia. It has been recorded at an elevation range of 900 to 1000 metres.

## InfoBox

| *Ephestia animella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Ephestia* |
| Species: | ***E. animella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ephestia animella***<br>Nupponen & Junnilainen, 1998 | |
|


title: Entwine

abstract: Entwine was a Finnish gothic metal band from Lahti. Entwine played their last gig on 9 Nov 2019 at Lahti.

text:
# Entwine

**Entwine** was a Finnish gothic metal band from Lahti. Entwine played their last gig on 9 Nov 2019 at Lahti.

## History

Entwine was originally assembled under the name *Kaamos* in 1995 by guitarist and vocalist Tom Mikkola, drummer Aksu Hanttu and bassist Teppo Taipale. They were originally a death metal band with harsh male vocals. In 1997 they decided to change their name to *Entwine* and their musical style to gothic metal/rock.

Rhythm guitarist and vocalist Panu Willman was added to the band's line-up in 1997. In December of that same year, Entwine recorded its first demo entitled *Divine Infinity*. In February 1998 keyboard player Riitta Heikkonen joined the band.

Entwine's debut album *Treasures Within Hearts* was released in September 1999. In April 2000 both Willman and Taipale left the band, with the latter being replaced by Joni Miettinen. Vocalist Mika Tauriainen was added to the band in the following month.

The band's next album *Gone* was released in April 2001. It received the award of "Album of the Month" from German magazine *Hammer* and the song "New Dawn" entered the "Finnish Single Charts" in one of the top ten positions.

Jaani Kähkönen joined the band as a live session guitarist in late 2001, but soon became a permanent member of Entwine. In early 2002 the band recorded their third album, *Time of Despair*, which was produced by Anssi Kippo. Entwine then toured Europe with Theatre of Tragedy and Ram-Zet to promote this release.

In 2003 Entwine recorded their fourth album, *diEversity*, released in March 2004. This album showed an evolution on their sound, abandoning some of the band's gothic roots and opting for a heavier style. This new style incorporated heavy, de-tuned rhythm guitars alongside more melodic vocals than in previous albums. The band's first single "Bitter Sweet" reached No. 3 on the "Finnish Single Charts" and the album itself reached No. 11 on the "Official Chart of Finland".

Entwine released in August 2005 an EP containing five tracks, entitled *Sliver*.

In August 2006 Entwine released their fifth album entitled *Fatal Design* and toured in Europe with German gothic rock band Zeraphine.

On December 8, 2006, keyboardist Riitta Heikkonen announced her departure from the band citing personal reasons. No replacement is planned.

On May 3, 2008, Entwine announced that they had begun work on their sixth studio album which was produced by Hiili Hiilesmaa (HIM, Apocalyptica, Sentenced). The album was set to be released on January 14, 2009, but was pushed back to the 28th. With the title Painstained.

A compilation album was released on June 23, 2010, with the name Rough n' Stripped.

The band announced in January 2014 that they had begun recording their seventh album. On December 22, 2014, the vocals were completed. On May 12, 2015, Entwine stated that they were in the final stages of programming, mixing and mastering the album. On June 25, 2015, the band announced on their official Facebook page that the album had been completed and was now ready for release. The album, *Chaotic Nation* was eventually released on 2 October 2015.

## Line-up

**Current members**

* Mika Tauriainen \- vocals (Since 1999)
* Tom Mikkola \- guitars (Since 1995)
* Jaani Kähkönen - guitars (Since 2001)
* Joni Miettinen - bass guitar (Since 2000)
* Aksu Hanttu - drums (Since 1995)

**Former members**

* Teppo Taipale - bass guitar (1995–1999)
* Panu Willman - vocals, guitars (1997–1999)
* Riitta Heikkonen - keyboards (1997–2006)

**Timeline**

## Discography

### Albums

* *The Treasures Within Hearts* (1999)
* *Gone* (2001)
* *Time of Despair* (2002)
* *DiEversity* (2004)
* *Fatal Design* (2006)
* *Painstained* (2009)
* *Chaotic Nation* (2015)

### EPs

* *Sliver* (2005)

### Compilations

* *Rough n' Stripped* (2010)

### Singles

* *New Dawn* (2000)
* *The Pit* (2002)
* *Bitter Sweet* (2004)
* *Surrender* (2006)
* *Chameleon Halo* (2006)
* *Strife* (radio only single 2008)
* *Save Your Sins* (2010)
* *Plastic World* (2015)

### Demos

* *Divine Infinity* (1997)

## InfoBox

| Entwine | |
| --- | --- |
| Entwine at Kuopio Rockcock 2008 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Lahti, Finland |
| Genres | Gothic metal, hard rock |
| Years active | 1995–2019 |
| Labels | Spinefarm |
|  | |
| Members | Jaani Kähkönen
Joni Miettinen
Aksu Hanttu
Mika Tauriainen
Tom Mikkola |
|  | |
| Past members | Riitta Heikkonen
Panu Willman
Teppo Taipale
Saara Hellström |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.entwine.org |


title: Eois pallidula

abstract: Eois pallidula is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Java, Bali, Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. The habitat consists of lowland areas. The ground colour of the wings is bone-white with a fine dull yellow fasciation.

text:
# Eois pallidula

***Eois pallidula*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Java, Bali, Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. The habitat consists of lowland areas.

The ground colour of the wings is bone-white with a fine dull yellow fasciation.

## InfoBox

| *Eois pallidula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eois* |
| Species: | ***E. pallidula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eois pallidula***<br>(Warren, 1896) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hydrelia pallidula* Warren, 1896 | |


title: Eois pallidicosta

abstract: Eois pallidicosta is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Peru. The wingspan is about 26 mm. The forewings are red-brown, with a creamy grey costal streak with five dark speckles. The hindwings are paler towards the base and along the costa.

text:
# Eois pallidicosta

***Eois pallidicosta*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Peru.

The wingspan is about 26 mm. The forewings are red-brown, with a creamy grey costal streak with five dark speckles. The hindwings are paler towards the base and along the costa.

## InfoBox

| *Eois pallidicosta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eois* |
| Species: | ***E. pallidicosta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eois pallidicosta***<br>(Warren, 1907) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cambogia pallidicosta* Warren, 1907 | |


title: Entotympanic

abstract: The entotympanic is a bone found in the ear region of many placental mammals. When present it forms the medioventral part of the auditory bulla; it is a neomorphic element derived from the tubal cartilage and the sheath of the tympanohyal. It is found in a wide variety of placental mammals, including Xenarthra, Afroinsectophilia, Hyracoidea, Pholidota, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Chiroptera, Dermoptera, and Scandentia; it is reduced or absent in Glires, Primates, Eulipotyphla, and Artiodactyla. It is the only common neomorphic element of the mammalian skull. The entotympanic contacts the ectotympanic, with which it makes up the auditory bulla.

text:
# Entotympanic

The **entotympanic** is a bone found in the ear region of many placental mammals. When present it forms the medioventral part of the auditory bulla; it is a neomorphic element derived from the tubal cartilage and the sheath of the tympanohyal. It is found in a wide variety of placental mammals, including Xenarthra, Afroinsectophilia, Hyracoidea, Pholidota, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Chiroptera, Dermoptera, and Scandentia; it is (apparently secondarily) reduced or absent in Glires, Primates, Eulipotyphla, and Artiodactyla (including Cetacea). It is the only common neomorphic element of the mammalian skull.

The entotympanic contacts the ectotympanic, with which it makes up the auditory bulla.


title: Entoto Mountains

abstract: The Entoto Mountains or Entoto Hills is a mountainous region in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It lies immediately north of Addis Ababa, in the Ethiopian Highlands and central region of Ethiopia. A prominent peak at the top of the Entoto Mountains is Mount Entoto. It served as Menelik II's capital before the founding of Addis Ababa. According to the Bible Society in 2011, thousands of women work on the mountains carrying very heavy loads of eucalyptus wood on their backs to the city below, for an income of less than 50 pence a day.

text:
# Entoto Mountains

The **Entoto Mountains** or **Entoto Hills** (Amharic: እንጦጦ) is a mountainous region in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It lies immediately north of Addis Ababa, in the Ethiopian Highlands and central region of Ethiopia.

A prominent peak at the top of the Entoto Mountains is Mount Entoto. It served as Menelik II's capital before the founding of Addis Ababa.

According to the Bible Society in 2011, thousands of women work on the mountains carrying very heavy loads of eucalyptus wood on their backs to the city below, for an income of less than 50 pence a day.


title: Entitlement theory

abstract: Entitlement theory is a theory of distributive justice and private property created by Robert Nozick in chapters 7 and 8 of his book Anarchy, State, and Utopia. The theory is Nozick's attempt to describe "justice in holdings"—or what can be said about and done with the property people own when viewed from a principle of justice.

text:
# Entitlement theory

**Entitlement theory** is a theory of distributive justice and private property created by Robert Nozick in chapters 7 and 8 of his book *Anarchy, State, and Utopia*. The theory is Nozick's attempt to describe "justice in holdings" (Nozick 1974:150)—or what can be said about and done with the property people own when viewed from a principle of justice.

## Principles

Nozick's entitlement theory comprises three main principles:

1. **A principle of justice in acquisition** – This principle deals with the initial acquisition of holdings. It is an account of how people first come to own unowned and natural world property, what types of things can be held, and so forth.
2. **A principle of justice in transfer** – This principle explains how one person can acquire holdings from another, including voluntary exchange and gifts.
3. **A principle of rectification of injustice** – how to deal with holdings that are unjustly acquired or transferred, whether and how much victims can be compensated, how to deal with long past transgressions or injustices done by a government, and so on.

Nozick believes that if the world were wholly just, only the first two principles would be needed, as "the following inductive definition would exhaustively cover the subject of justice in holdings":

1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding.
2. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding.
3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2. (Nozick 1974:151)

Thus, entitlement theory would imply "a distribution is just if everyone is entitled to the holdings they possess under the distribution" (Nozick 1974:151). However, not everyone follows these rules: "some people steal from others, or defraud them, or enslave them, seizing their product and preventing them from living as they choose, or forcibly exclude others from competing in exchanges" (Nozick 1974:152). Thus the third principle of rectification is needed.

Entitlement theory is based on John Locke's ideas. Under entitlement theory, people are represented as ends in themselves and equals, as Kant claimed, though different people may own (i.e. be entitled to) different amounts of property. Nozick's ideas create a strong system of private property and a free-market economy. The only just transaction is a voluntary one. Taxation of the rich to support full robust social programs for the poor is unjust because the state is acquiring money by force instead of through a voluntary transaction. However, Nozick's ideas can endorse the creation of a minimal social program for the poor. Every person in the state of nature can achieve a certain level of welfare according to their own abilities. This level of welfare, while not equal, must be maintained via the Lockean proviso. Given the justice of acquisition condition and the Lockean proviso, "It is conceivable that in the normal operation of the economy, a private property regime might at some times, for some people, fail to provide access to this level of welfare when left to itself. If so, then justice—as the libertarian understands it—demands that the state act to correct the distribution of welfare generated by the spontaneous play of market forces."

## Differences from other ideals

Entitlement theory contrasts sharply with the Principles of Justice in Rawls' *A Theory of Justice*, which states that each person has an equal claim to basic rights and liberties, and that inequality should only be permitted to the degree that such inequality is "reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage" (Rawls 1999: 53). There is a further provision that such inequalities are only permissible insofar as there is an equality of opportunity to benefit from these inequalities. Nozick instead argues that people who have or produce certain things have rights over them: "on an entitlement view, \[production and distribution\] are not ... separate questions ... things come into the world already attached to people having entitlements over them" (Nozick 1974:160). Nozick believes that unjustly taking someone's holdings violates their rights. "Holdings to which ... people are entitled may not be seized, even to provide equality of opportunity for others" (Nozick 1974:235). Thus, a system which works to reduce the rightfully earned holdings of some so that they can be equally distributed to others is immoral.

"The major objection to speaking of everyone's having a right *to* various things such as equality of opportunity, life, and so on, and enforcing this right, is that these 'rights' require a substructure of things and materials and actions; and *other* people may have rights and entitlements over these. No one has a right to something whose realization requires certain uses of things and activities that other people have rights and entitlements over" (Nozick 1974:238).

## Criticism

In his later work *The Examined Life*, Nozick reflects that entitlement theory's defense of people's holdings may have some problems, in that it could eventually lead to the vast majority of resources being pooled in the hands of the extremely skilled, or, through gifts and inheritance, in the hands of the extremely skilled's friends and children. Nozick says:

"Bequeathing something to others is an expression of caring about them .. yet bequests \[are\] sometimes passed on for generations to persons unknown to the original earner, ... producing continuing inequalities of wealth and position. .. The resulting inequalities seem unfair. One possible solution would be to restructure an institution of inheritance so that taxes will subtract from the possessions people can bequeath the value of what they themselves have received through bequests. People then could leave to others only the amount they themselves have added. The simple subtraction rule does not perfectly disentangle what the next generation has managed itself to contribute—inheriting wealth may make it easier to amass more—but it is a serviceable rule of thumb" (Nozick 1989:30-31).

Furthermore, the notion of taxation being inherently unjust, and market transactions being inherently just, depends on the notion that they actually are as involuntary or voluntary as they appear: in a nation that permits free emigration of its citizens, taxation is not entirely involuntary, while market transactions for necessary goods and services can hardly be said to be entirely voluntary, and if the wealthy, or organized labor, or those in control of de facto industry standards are able to exert undue influence on such a market, they frequently skew those transactions to favor their own interests.

* Robert Nozick. *Anarchy, State, and Utopia*. New York: Basic Books, 1974.
* Robert Nozick. *The Examined Life*. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.
* Rawls, John. *A Theory of Justice*. Rev. ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.


title: Entity (disambiguation)

abstract: An entity is something that exists as itself. Entity may also refer to:

text:
# Entity (disambiguation)

An **entity** is something that exists as itself.

**Entity** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

### Film and television

### Music

### Other uses in arts and entertainment

## Specific uses of *entity*

### In the humanities

### In computing

* Entity (computer science), a user-relevant virtual object with an identity independent of change to its attributes
    + Entities (or the entity class) in the entity–relationship model, a conceptual model for data which can be used to design and create relational databases
        - Enhanced entity–relationship model or extended entity–relationship model, a high-level or conceptual data model for design of databases incorporating extensions to the original entity–relationship model
    + Entity-control-boundary, entity-boundary-control or boundary-control-entity, an architectural pattern used in use-case driven object-oriented software design that structures the classes composing a software according to their responsibilities in the use-case realization
* Character entity reference, an XML/HTML escape code for a single typographical character
* SGML entity, a primitive data type in Standard Generalized Markup Language


title: Entrelac

abstract:
Entrelac is a knitting technique used to create a textured diamond pattern. While the result resembles basket-woven strips of knitted fabric, the actual material comprises interconnected squares on two different orientations. Unlike many textured knitting techniques, Entrelac allows for colorwork as well. Though single-color entrelac is the norm, it is often used to create colored patterns. The use of variegated yarn with long color repeats for entrelac has become commonplace, since careful use can create distinct squares of color with only one yarn.
Entrelac can be knit flat (back-and-forth) or in the round for a cylinder, as for the hat at right. However, unlike typical round knitting, the knitting is turned after a full round of squares so the next set is knitted in the opposite direction.

text:
# Entrelac

**Entrelac** is a knitting technique used to create a textured diamond pattern. While the result resembles basket-woven strips of knitted fabric, the actual material comprises interconnected squares on two different orientations.

Unlike many textured knitting techniques, Entrelac allows for colorwork as well. Though single-color entrelac is the norm, it is often used to create colored patterns. The use of variegated yarn with long color repeats for entrelac has become commonplace, since careful use can create distinct squares of color with only one yarn. Entrelac can be knit flat (back-and-forth) or in the round for a cylinder, as for the hat at right. However, unlike typical round knitting, the knitting is turned after a full round of squares so the next set is knitted in the opposite direction.

## Method

Knitting entrelac requires only the knit and purl stitches, an ability to "k2tog" and "p2tog" (knit or purl two stitches together) and to pick up stitches. Entrelac can be done entirely in garter stitch although stockinette is more common.

A unique aspect of entrelac is that a "row" of knitting actually contains many smaller "rows" within the squares. Squares within a row (for instance, the first set of blue squares in the hat above) are knitted in sequence and then topped with a new row of squares (black squares in the example above). The knitter picks up stitches along the side edge of an existing square and knits along them, knitting or purling two together as needed each time they reach the live stitches along the top of the neighboring square. Because of the picked-up stitches, the back of stockinette entrelac is generally less attractive than the front, as seen in the photo to the left.

For garments and projects requiring square edges, the entrelac is ringed in triangles, knit in the same way as the squares but with increases and decreases. A row of triangles is the typical starting point for an entrelac project, though they can also be started with connected squares, as in the scarf to the left, which was knit from side to side starting with the white row.

Entrelac fabric is often felted to create the illusion of an intarsia argyle pattern; the felting flattens the entrelac texture but leaves the different-colored squares, as if the object were knitted in different colors at the same time.

## Other uses

The Entrelac technique can also be used in crochet or Tunisian crochet.

* Horne, Brenda (1993). *Enjoy Entrelac Knitting*. Kangaroo Press. ISBN 978-0-86417-554-0.
* Robinson, Debby (1986). *The Encyclopedia of Knitting Techniques*. London: Michael Joseph (Mermaid Books). ISBN 0-7181-3124-X.
* Stanley, Montse (2001). *Knitter's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide to the Principles and Techniques of Handknitting*. Reader's Digest. ISBN 978-0-7621-0248-8.
* Ellen, Allison (1992). *The Handknitter's Design Book*. David and Charles UK. ISBN 978-0-7153-9936-1.


title: Erbessa ovia

abstract: Erbessa ovia is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1893. It is found in Ecuador, Peru and Brazil.

text:
# Erbessa ovia

***Erbessa ovia*** is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1893. It is found in Ecuador, Peru and Brazil.

* Miller, James S. (2009). "Generic revision of the Dioptinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea: Notodontidae) Part 1: Dioptini". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **321** (2): 1–676. hdl:2246/5978.

## InfoBox

| *Erbessa ovia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Genus: | *Erbessa* |
| Species: | ***E. ovia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Erbessa ovia***<br>(H. Druce, 1893) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neolaurona ovia* H. Druce, 1893 | |


title: Eric Lee (labor organizer)

abstract: Eric Lee is an American-born activist and author. He was born in New York City and is the founding editor of LabourStart, an online news service for the international trade union movement. He is also the author of The Labour Movement and the Internet: The New Internationalism and several other books.

text:
# Eric Lee (labor organizer)

**Eric Lee** (born 1955) is an American-born activist and author. He was born in New York City and is the founding editor of LabourStart, an online news service for the international trade union movement. He is also the author of The Labour Movement and the Internet: The New Internationalism (Pluto Press, 1996) and several other books.

## Career

Lee worked as an editor for the social democratic magazine *The New International Review*. While living in Israel, he worked as a computer programmer and was politically active in the peace movement and the left.

In the 1990s, Lee created and ran the website BibiWatch, dedicated to criticism of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu.

In this same year, he served on the Central Committee of the United Workers Party.

Lee is the author of *The Labour Movement and the Internet: The New Internationalism*

In 1998, Lee moved to London to work as ICT Coordinator for Labour and Society International while also consulting British and international trade unions. His articles have been published around the world and is a frequent speaker at a variety of conferences.

## Personal

Lee is active in the democratic left and trade unions.

## InfoBox

| Eric Lee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1955-07-14) 14 July 1955<br>New York, New York, U.S. |
| Title | Editor of LabourStart |


title: Epilepia melanobasis

abstract: Epilepia melanobasis is a species of snout moth in the genus Epilepia. It was described by George Hampson in 1906, and it is known from South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Epilepia melanobasis

***Epilepia melanobasis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Epilepia*. It was described by George Hampson in 1906, and it is known from South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Epilepia melanobasis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Epilepia* |
| Species: | ***E. melanobasis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epilepia melanobasis***<br>(Hampson, 1906) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Macalla melanobasis* Hampson, 1906 | |


title: Epipedobates

abstract: Epipedobates is a genus of poison dart frogs native to northern South America west of the Andes, including the western slopes. Common name phantasmal poison frogs has been suggested for the genus.

text:
# Epipedobates

***Epipedobates*** is a genus of poison dart frogs native to northern South America (Colombia and Ecuador) west of the Andes, including the western slopes. Common name **phantasmal poison frogs** has been suggested for the genus.

## Taxonomy

*Epipedobates* was erected in 1987 in an attempt to split dendrobatids into monophyletic genera, accommodating species that had until then been placed in *Phyllobates*. In the major revision of poison dart frogs in 2006, most of the species formerly placed in *Epipedobates* were then transferred to *Ameerega*, leaving behind just five species. The species count of *Epipedobates* had increased to seven by early 2024.

## Description

Dorsal colouration is cryptic, brown. A pale oblique lateral stripe is present. Dorsal skin is smooth or with irregularly scattered granules or tubercles, most distinct and prevalent posteriorly. In adult males, third finger is swollen.

## Species

There are seven species:

| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | *Epipedobates anthonyi* (Noble, 1921) | Anthony's poison arrow frog | Ecuador and Peru. |
|  | *Epipedobates boulengeri* (Barbour, 1909) | marbled poison frog or marbled poison-arrow frog | Colombia (Cauca, Nariño, Valle del Cauca Departments, including Gorgona Island) and northwestern Ecuador |
|  | *Epipedobates espinosai* (Funkhouser, 1956) |  | Ecuador |
|  | *Epipedobates machalilla* (Coloma, 1995) |  | West Ecuador |
|  | *Epipedobates maculatus* (Peters, 1873) | Confusing Poison Frog | Panama |
|  | *Epipedobates narinensis* (Mueses-Cisneros, Cepeda-Quilindo, and Moreno-Quintero, 2008) |  | Colombia |
|  | *Epipedobates tricolor* (Boulenger, 1899) | Phantasmal poison frog | Ecuador |
|

## InfoBox

| *Epipedobates* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Epipedobates tricolor* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Dendrobatidae |
| Subfamily: | Colostethinae |
| Genus: | *Epipedobates*
Myers, 1987 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Prostherapis tricolor*
Boulenger, 1899 | |
| Diversity | |
| 7 species (see text) | |


title: Epectaptera umbrescens

abstract: Epectaptera umbrescens is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Schaus in 1905. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Epectaptera umbrescens

***Epectaptera umbrescens*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Schaus in 1905. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Epectaptera umbrescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Epectaptera* |
| Species: | ***E. umbrescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epectaptera umbrescens***<br>Schaus, 1905 | |
|


title: Eric Schwitzgebel

abstract: Eric Schwitzgebel is an American professor of philosophy at the University of California, Riverside. His main interests include connections between empirical psychology, philosophy of mind, and the nature of belief, as well as Classical Chinese philosophy. He received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, under the supervision of Elisabeth A. Lloyd, Alison Gopnik, and John Searle. He has run the online blog The Splintered Mind since 2006.

text:
# Eric Schwitzgebel

**Eric Schwitzgebel** is an American professor of philosophy at the University of California, Riverside. His main interests include connections between empirical psychology, philosophy of mind, and the nature of belief, as well as Classical Chinese philosophy. He received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, under the supervision of Elisabeth A. Lloyd, Alison Gopnik, and John Searle. He has run the online blog *The Splintered Mind* since 2006.

## Philosophy

Schwitzgebel has written three books and many articles on a wide variety of philosophical and psychological topics.

### Empirical analysis of ethicists

Schwitzgebel has studied the behavior of philosophers, particularly ethicists, using empirical methods. The articles he has published investigate whether ethicists behave more ethically than non-philosophers. In a 2009 study, Schwitzgebel investigated the rate at which ethics books were missing from academic libraries compared to similar philosophy books. The study found that ethics books were in fact missing at higher rates than comparable texts in other disciplines.

Subsequent research has measured the behavior of ethicists at conferences, the perceptions of other philosophers about ethicists, and the self-reported behavior of ethicists. Schwitzgebel's research did not find that the ethical behavior of ethicists differed from the behavior of professors in other disciplines. In addition, his research found that the moral beliefs of professional philosophers were just as susceptible to being influenced by irrelevant factors as those of non-philosophers. Schwitzgebel has concluded that, "Professional ethicists appear to behave no differently than do non-ethicists of similar social background."

### Dispositionalist theory of belief

Schwitzgebel has defended a highly unorthodox "dispositionalist" account of belief, contrary to the usual "representationalist" theory that sees belief as equal to certain mental representations. According to Schwitzgebel, beliefs should be understood as series of cognitive, behavioral, and conscious tendencies. To substantiate this idea, he proposes a variety of thought experiments and counterexamples trying to demonstrate the inadequacy of the traditional view.

### Knowledge about conscious experience

Schwitzgebel has argued, primarily in his 2011 book, *Perplexities of Consciousness*, that much of our conscious experience is actually not known or intelligible to us, challenging common perspectives.

## Books


title: Eric Scott (writer)

abstract: Eric Scott (1910–1971) was an Australian writer, actor and director best known for his work in radio. He was one of the key writers for producer/actor George Edwards along with Maurice Francis, Lorna Bingham and Sumner Locke Elliott.

text:
# Eric Scott (writer)

**Eric Scott** (1910–1971) was an Australian writer, actor and director best known for his work in radio. He was one of the key writers for producer/actor George Edwards along with Maurice Francis, Lorna Bingham and Sumner Locke Elliott.

## Select credits

* *The Phantom Drummer* (1941)
* *Passport to Danger* (1942)
* *Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde* (1944)
* *Owen Foster and the Devil* (1945)
* *These Old Shades* (1947)
* *This Happened to Me* (1948)
* *Out of the Darkness* (1950)
* *Two Lives Have I* (1950)
* *Mystery Stable* (1952)
* *The Man in the Iron Mask* (1952)
* *Apple Trees* (1952)
* *Angel's Flight* (1954)


title: Erik Folk

abstract: Erik Folk is a former American college football placekicker who played for the University of Washington. He is most remembered for kicking game-winning field goals to beat USC in 2009 and 2010. He went undrafted in the 2012 NFL draft, and was signed as a free agent by the Atlanta Falcons before being released during the preseason.

text:
# Erik Folk

**Erik Folk** (born January 26, 1989) is a former American college football placekicker who played for the University of Washington. He is most remembered for kicking game-winning field goals to beat USC in 2009 and 2010.

He went undrafted in the 2012 NFL draft, and was signed as a free agent by the Atlanta Falcons before being released during the preseason.

## High school

Folk helped Sherman Oaks Notre Dame High School to an 11-1 record and a Serra League championship as a senior in 2006. The team finished the regular season 10-0 before beating Dana Hills, 45-10, in the first round of the playoffs, subsequently lost to Long Beach Poly, 31-21, the following week. Folk's team finished as the No. 6 team in the state, according to MaxPreps. *Los Angeles Daily News* second-team all-area kicker and other awards and accomplishments including, CalHiSports all-state third-team, PrepStar all-region selection, booted 53-of-53 PATs and seven field goals as a senior, kicked a 56-yarder vs. Birmingham High in 2006.

He also kicked a 50-yarder vs. Canyon, the Knights spent part of 2005 season ranked No. 1 in the state before falling to Dominguez in the CIF Southern Section Western Division final.

## College

During the 2009 season, it was Folk’s 22-yarder with three seconds to play that made the difference in a 16-13 upset win over No. 3 USC.

Folk repeated his last-second heroics against No. 18 USC the following year, hitting a 32-yard game-winning field goal. He was named Pac-10 Special Teams player of the week on October 4, 2010.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | Bench press |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 5 ft 10+12 in
(1.79 m) | 195 lb
(88 kg) | 14 reps |
| All values from Pro Day | | | | | | | | | | | | |

On June 18, 2012, Folk was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons. in 2012, but was released before the regular season.

## Personal

Folk was born to Anton and Kathryn Folk. He is the younger brother of Tennessee Titans kicker Nick Folk, who was a first-team All-Pac-10 punter in 2006. He also has another brother, Greg Folk, who played soccer at UCLA.

## InfoBox

Erik Folk
| No. 17 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Kicker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1989-01-26) January 26, 1989
Woodland Hills, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 199 lb (90 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Sherman Oaks (CA) Notre Dame |
| College: | Washington |
| Undrafted: | 2012 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Eric Albarracin

abstract: Eric Albarracin, is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) coach and retired wrestler and soldier. He was a three-time university national champion, a seven-time armed forces champion and a US national team member in both freestyle and Greco Roman wrestling. Internationally, Albarracin won silver medals in the freestyle 54 kg division at the Pan American Championships and at the Military World Wrestling Championships. Currently, he coaches professional mixed martial arts competitors from Brazil, and in this capacity participated in The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 2, The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 4, The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 2, and the Ultimate Fighter 24. After that, Albarracin coached Olympic champion and former UFC Flyweight and Bantamweight Champion Henry Cejudo. Albarracin was recruited to the first team he coached, Team Nogueira and received the nickname Captain America in Brazil. In addition to Cejudo, Albarracin has also coached Bellator champions Patricio Pitbull and Patricky Pitbull, UFC Flyweight Champion Deiveson Figueiredo, Paulo Costa, and The Korean Zombie. Albarracin has also assisted in the UFC title camps of champions Zhang Weili, Jiří Prochazka and Jon Jones. Albarracin is a former U.S. Army captain, and was the officer-in-charge of Modern Army Combatives, a hand-to-hand combat system.

text:
# Eric Albarracin

**Eric Albarracin** (born c. 1983), is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) coach and retired wrestler and soldier.

He was a three-time university national champion, a seven-time armed forces champion and a US national team member in both freestyle and Greco Roman wrestling. Internationally, Albarracin won silver medals in the freestyle 54 kg division at the Pan American Championships and at the Military World Wrestling Championships. Currently, he coaches professional mixed martial arts competitors from Brazil, and in this capacity participated in The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 2, The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 4, The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 2, and the Ultimate Fighter 24. After that, Albarracin coached Olympic champion and former UFC Flyweight and Bantamweight Champion Henry Cejudo. Albarracin was recruited to the first team he coached, Team Nogueira and received the nickname Captain America in Brazil. In addition to Cejudo, Albarracin has also coached Bellator champions Patricio Pitbull and Patricky Pitbull, UFC Flyweight Champion Deiveson Figueiredo, Paulo Costa, and The Korean Zombie . Albarracin has also assisted in the UFC title camps of champions Zhang Weili, Jiří Prochazka and Jon Jones.

Albarracin is a former U.S. Army captain, and was the officer-in-charge of Modern Army Combatives, a hand-to-hand combat system.

## InfoBox

Eric Albarracin
| Eric Albarracin (left) in 2007 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 1982 (age 4142)<br>New York, New York, United States |
| Weight | 121 lb (55 kg) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Freestyle wrestling |
| Club | U.S. Army |
| Medal record      Representing the  United States  Pan American Championships  1997 San Juan 54 kg  Military World Wrestling Championships  2000 Camp Lejeune 54 kg | |


title: Erhard Domay

abstract: Erhard Domay was a German Protestant theologian, mainly notable as the author and editor of several works on liturgy.

text:
# Erhard Domay

**Erhard Domay** (30 April 1940, Gießen \- 25 June 2012) was a German Protestant theologian, mainly notable as the author and editor of several works on liturgy.

## Life

He studied Protestant theology and German studies at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and the Philipps-Universität Marburg from 1960 to 1964.

## Selected works

* Erhard Domay: Und es lohnt sich doch. Tagebuch eines Pfarrers, Gütersloh 1977.
* Erhard Domay, Johannes Jourdan und Horst Nitschke (Hg.): Rufe. Religiöse Lyrik der Gegenwart, Band 1 Gütersloh 1979, Band 2 Gütersloh 1981.
* Erhard Domay (ed.): Mit Vertrauen leben. Lesebuch für Gespräche über den Glauben, Band 1 Auf dem Weg zu mir selbst, Stuttgart 1983; Band 2 Auf der Suche nach Gott, Stuttgart 1984.
* Erhard Domay: Dein heiliger Engel sei mit mir. Gedanken und Bilder von den Wegen Gottes in unserer Welt, Lahr 1991.
* Erhard Domay (ed.): Menschenzeit Gotteszeit. Ein Vorlesebuch zum Kirchenjahr für Schule und Gemeinde, Lahr 1992.
* Erhard Domay: Vorlesebuch Symbole. Geschichten zu biblischen Bildwörtern. Für Kinder von 6-12 Jahren, Lahr 1994 3. Auflage.
* Erhard Domay (ed.): Leben in Gemeinschaft mit der Schöpfung. Ein Vorlesebuch für Schule und Gemeinde, Lahr 1994.
* Erhard Domay: Mein Engel hat immer Zeit für mich. Mit sechs farbigen Abbildungen. Verlag Ernst Kaufmann, Lahr 1993. (Katholischer Kinder- und Jugendbuchpreis der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz 1995 Empfehlung)
* Erhard Domay in Zusammenarbeit mit Ursel Heinz: Wende dich zu mir. Gebete mit Sterbenden, Gütersloh 1995.
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): der gottesdienst, Liturgische Texte in gerechter Sprache. Teil 1: Der Gottesdienst, Gütersloh 1997.
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): der gottesdienst, Liturgische Texte in gerechter Sprache. Teil 2: Das Abendmahl/Die Kasualien, Gütersloh 1998.
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): der gottesdienst, Liturgische Texte in gerechter Sprache. Teil 3: Die Psalmen, Gütersloh 1998.
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): der gottesdienst, Liturgische Texte in gerechter Sprache. Teil 4: Die Lesungen, Gütersloh 2001.
* Erhard Domay and Vera-Sabine Winkler, Im Brennglas der Worte. Zeitgenössische Lyrik als Element der Liturgie, Gütersloh 2002.
* Erhard Domay, Spiritualität leben, Gütersloh 2002
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): Werkbuch Gerechte Sprache in Gemeinde und Gottesdienst, Gütersloh 2003.
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): Gottesdienstbuch in gerechter Sprache. Gebete, Lesungen, Fürbitten und Segenssprüche für die Sonn- und Feiertage des Kirchenjahres, Gütersloh 2003.
* Erhard Domay and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): Die Feste im Kirchenjahr. Gottesdienste und Erläuterungen zum Feiern in gerechter Sprache, Gütersloh 2004.
* Erhard Domay, Burkhard Jungcurt and Hanne Köhler (ed.s): Singen von deiner Gerechtigkeit. Das Gesangbuch in gerechter Sprache, Gütersloh 2005.
* Erhard Domay: Neue Gottesdienstgebete. Gebete für alle Sonn- und Feiertage des Kirchenjahres, Gütersloh 2005.
* Margarete Luise Goecke-Seischab and Erhard Domay: Botschaft der Bilder. Christliche Kunst sehen und verstehen lernen, Lahr, 2005, 2. veränderte Auflage (1. Auflage 1990).
* Ulrike Bail, Frank Crüsemann, Marlene Crüsemann, Erhard Domay, Jürgen Ebach, Claudia Janssen, Hanne Köhler, Helga Kuhlmann, Martin Leutzsch and Luise Schottroff (ed.s), Gütersloh 2006, 3. Auflage 2007.


title: Erhard Ernst von Röder

abstract: Erhard Ernst von Röder was a Prussian Field Marshal General, Minister of War and Minister of Finance.

text:
# Erhard Ernst von Röder

**Erhard Ernst von Röder** (26 July 1665  26 October 1743) was a Prussian Field Marshal General, Minister of War and Minister of Finance.

## Life

Röder was a native of Königsberg, Brandenburg-Prussia. From 1689 Röder served as Hauptmann (Captain) of the regiment *Kurprinz*. As leader of the Leibkompanie, he had a close relationship with King Frederick William I of Prussia. Röder served in the War of the Spanish Succession and then returned as a colonel and brigadier to Prussia.

In 1705 Röder was appointed commandant of the fortress Plassenburg. In 1714, he was promoted to major general and returned to Prussia. Then in 1728 he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief of all troops and fortifications in the Duchy of Prussia then again in 1736 to First Minister of War and of Finance.

In 1734 Röder was again sent into the field. Together with the Prussian Auxiliary Corps, he went to the Rhine, with Prince Eugene to wage war against France in the War of the Polish Succession. He died at the estate Juditten near Königsberg.

Biography


title: Erhard Egidi

abstract: Erhard Egidi was a German cantor, organist and composer of sacred music. He was Kantor at the Neustädter Kirche, Hannover, from 1972 to 1991, where he focused on music in church services, but also conducted concerts, with a preference for works of Johann Sebastian Bach and his own teacher Ernst Pepping. He was appointed Kirchenmusikdirektor, responsible for the church music of Hanover.

text:
# Erhard Egidi

**Erhard Egidi** (23 April 1929 – 8 September 2014) was a German cantor, organist and composer of sacred music. He was *Kantor* at the Neustädter Kirche, Hannover, from 1972 to 1991, where he focused on music in church services, but also conducted concerts, with a preference for works of Johann Sebastian Bach and his own teacher Ernst Pepping. He was appointed Kirchenmusikdirektor (church music director), responsible for the church music of Hanover.

## Career

Born in Rheinsberg, he studied in Berlin at the Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule (Spandau academy of church music) with Gottfried Grote, Ernst Pepping and Herbert Schulze. He was cantor at St. Lamberti, Hildesheim from 1954. He included contemporary music, for example in 1957 a concert for Trinity Sunday with works including works by Johann Nepomuk David, Burkhard's *Die Sintflut*, and Pepping's setting of the Gospel for the Sunday, *Jesus und Nikodemus* from the Gospel of John, and a setting of the Epistle, "O welch eine Tiefe des Reichtums".

From 1972 Egidi was cantor at the Neustädter Kirche, Hannover, later appointed Kirchenmusikdirektor (church music director), responsible for the church music of Hanover. His first concert with the chorale *Kantorei St. Johannis* presented Bach's Missa in A and Mozart's *Vesperae solennes de confessore*. As a keyboard player, he performed works for harpsichord, such as Bach's Goldberg Variations, and for clavichord, for example a sonata by Friedrich Wilhelm Rust. He performed Bach's *Clavierübung III* with his wife Maria on two organs in 1986. Each autumn, the choir toured with an a cappella program. In 1980 it included a concert at the Marktkirche in Wiesbaden, with Leonhard Lechner's motet *Ach Gott, Dir tu ich klagen*, Bach's motet *Der Geist hilft unser Schwachheit auf*, BWV 226, and Pepping's Missa *Dona nobis pacem*. Destinations have included Copenhagen (1972), Paris (1973), Strasbourg (1979), Black Forest (1982, including Bach's *Jesu, meine Freude*), and Vaduz (1987), and small towns without choirs.

Egidi founded a chamber orchestra *Kammerorchester St. Johannis*, mostly of teachers and students of the Musikhochschule Hannover, to play with the choir and perform instrumental concerts. He performed in 1979 Handel's *Messiah*, with soloists Ute Frühhaber, Renate Naber, Lutz-Michael Harder and Heiner Eckels. In 1982 he conducted Bach's *St Matthew Passion* with Harder as the Evangelist, and Gerhard Faulstich as vox Christi. On 11 June 1983 Egidi conducted Bach's Mass in B minor for the "20. Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag". The last movement, *Dona nobis pacem* (Give us peace), matched a visible participation of members of the Peace movement in the audience. In 1986 he combined Stravinsky's *Canticum sacrum* and *Ein deutsches Requiem* by Brahms, in 1988 he conducted Stravinsky's *Cantata* and Mozart's *Great Mass in C minor*, in 1990 Bach's Mass in B minor.

In November 1990 he performed a *Trauermusik* (Funeral music) by Johann Anton Coberg that had been lost for 300 years. The owner had found the print of 1683, a score of 40 pages, on a farm close to Loccum. Coberg had been the first organist at the Neustädter Kirche, who composed the work likely for the memory of Heinrich von Voß, who had served at the court of Ernst August and died on 23 September 1682. The first performance on 24 October 1682 was conducted by cantor Arnold Meyer. The work is set for up to eight voices and continuo and contains the ten stanzas of the hymn "Herr Jesus Christ, meins Lebens Licht" (1608), interspersed with concertos on Bible passages and a concluding motet for double choir. Egidi prepared the parts from the score and combined the work in concert on 25 November 1990 with Bach's motet *Komm, Jesu, komm* and cantata *Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme*, BWV 140, and Stravinsky's *Psalmensymphonie*.

In his last concert before his retirement in 1991, Egidi performed once more in 1991 Bach's *St Matthew Passion*, with Dantes Diwiak as the Evangelist, Anselm Richter as vox Christi, Monika Frimmer, Ralf Popken and Joachim Gebhardt. The review by Hugo Thielen on 12 March 1991 in the HAZ stressed the dramatic drive and the concentrated performance.

He kept playing concerts for historic keyboard instruments, such as a program for clavichord on 13 October 2001. Several of his private organ students became cantors, such as Axel Fischer and Alexander Kuhlo. Egidi composed works for use in the church, some were published by Carus-Verlag.

Egidi died on 8 September 2014 at the age of 85.

## InfoBox

| Erhard Egidi | |
| --- | --- |
| Neustädter Kirche, Hannover, where he was responsible for the Protestant church music of Hannover, 2009 | |
| Born | (1929-04-23)23 April 1929
Rheinsberg, Germany |
| Died | 8 September 2014(2014-09-08) (aged 85)
Hannover, Germany |
| Education | Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule |
| Occupation | *Kantor* |
| Years active | 1954 (1954)–1991 |


title: CS Dinamo București (water polo)

abstract: CS Dinamo București is a professional water polo club based in Bucharest, Romania.

text:
# CS Dinamo București (water polo)

**CS Dinamo București** is a professional water polo club based in Bucharest, Romania.

## Honours

* **Champions: 32 times**
    + 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
* **LEN Champions League**
    + 1968
    + 1975; 1988
    + 4 1967; 1973
* **LEN Cup Winners' Cup**
    + 1986

## InfoBox

Dinamo București
| Founded | 1949 |
| --- | --- |
| League | Romanian Superliga |
| Based in | Bucharest |
| Arena | Bazinul Anatolie Grinţescu |
| Colors |  |
| President | Cristian David |
| Head coach | Andrei Iosep |
| Championships | 32 Romanian Leagues |
| Website | http://www.csdinamo.eu/polo |


title: Camp Unirondack

abstract: Camp Unirondack is a social-justice and intentional community-centered youth summer camp and conference center that is located in the western foothills of the Adirondack Mountains near Lowville, New York, on Haudenosaunee Land. The camp was founded in 1951 when the New York State Convention of Universalists purchased 9 acres (36,000 m⁲) of a "forever wild" peninsula on Beaver Lake near the border of the Adirondack Park. Unirondack is a member of the Council of Unitarian Universalist Camps & Conferences and serves the Saint Lawrence Unitarian Universalist District and the Metro New York City Unitarian Universalist District, as well as bordering regions, including Quebec, Ontario, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Each UU church in the region has a liaison to the Camp Unirondack Board.

text:
# Camp Unirondack

**Camp Unirondack** is a social-justice and intentional community-centered youth summer camp and conference center that is located in the western foothills of the Adirondack Mountains near Lowville, New York, on Haudenosaunee Land.

The camp was founded in 1951 when the New York State Convention of Universalists purchased 9 acres (36,000 m2) of a "forever wild" peninsula on Beaver Lake (a part of the Beaver River flow) near the border of the Adirondack Park. Unirondack is a member of the Council of Unitarian Universalist Camps & Conferences and serves the Saint Lawrence Unitarian Universalist District and the Metro New York City Unitarian Universalist District, as well as bordering regions, including Quebec, Ontario, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Each UU church in the region has a liaison to the Camp Unirondack Board.

## Mission

Unirondack’s mission is to provide an environment that inspires people to explore responsible roles in the web of life through physical, mental, and spiritual challenges. The camp today is Unitarian Universalist (UU) in terms of programming and principles, and although many campers are UU, being so is not required for attendance.

Unirondack prides itself as a welcoming space for all genders, identities, and expressions inseparable from the organization's identity. It was among the first summer camps in the country to offer gender-inclusive cabins to their summer campers, and staff have participated in numerous national conferences to speak on the importance of LGBTQ inclusion in the summer camp world. Unirondack has no gender-specific restrooms, offers gender-inclusive cabins for all youth sessions, upholds respect for all individual pronouns, and offers queer-focused programming for all ages and generations.

Core values at Unirondack include:

* Camper Empowerment: Taking camper feedback into account when evaluating programs and policies. In the past, this has included schedule changes, the renaming buildings and cabins, staff and camp policies, the implementation of gender-inclusive housing and bathrooms, and menu changes.
* Campers' freedom in choosing activities: Each week, campers choose a week-long activity, a daily one-time-only activity, and have a daily period of daily Free Time. In order to maintain a sense of community, there are also morning and evening activities that are camp-wide.
* Sense of community: Unirondack strives to create community through sharing music and poetry at the campfire, being together at meals, and through games and activities. Unirondack staff aim to encourage respect for each individual, a goal influenced by the camp's Unitarian Universalist background.
* Radical inclusivity: Inclusion of historically marginalized groups through racial equality, gender inclusivity, or intersectional feminism, and reflection on how the camp has fallen short of that goal.

## History

In the 1950s through the 1970s, summer sessions for different age groups were often organized around liberal educational themes. For example, World Citizenship Camp for middle schoolers explored cultural programming and relations between many different countries, often employing foreign exchange college students as counsellors. Liberal American kids often made their first acquaintances with people from Asia, Africa and Europe during these sessions. Another session was set aside for Liberal Religious Youth of high-school age in the Iroquois Federation, and later also the Mohawk Federation of upstate New York, who organized their own programs each year. One of the founders of Unirondack, Rev. Howard Gilman, was particularly well known for his efforts to bring inner-city youth outdoors to the Adirondacks during this period, where they met multi-ethnic age-group counterparts from less urban environments and formed lifelong friendships. Many learned to swim, canoe and fish in Beaver Lake and enjoyed the fellowship of singing around campfires each night, all non-urban experiences.

## Programming

The camp has a sand beach on Beaver Lake, athletic fields, many row boats and canoes, and a combination boathouse/arts and crafts studio. Outdoor recreation, exploration, social events, educational activities, and arts and crafts are a regular part of camp programming.

Although Unirondack hosts spring and fall sessions and works weekends throughout the year, The focus of the camp is the summer sessions. The summer sessions are named after famous Unitarians or Universalists. Each is a week-long and is for a specific age range of campers:

* Barton, for ages 9–12
* Channing I & II, for ages 12–14
* Parker I & II, for ages 14–16
* Ballou I & II, for older 15-18 yr olds
* Trip Camp, for ages 15–18
* Family Camp for all ages

The camp also organizes week-long backpacking and canoeing trips throughout the summer. UU Congregations in the region may lease the camp for weekend retreats or meetings, or may visit the camp for "work/play weekends", a low-key way to enjoy the woods and contribute to the upkeep of the camp. Attendees spend Saturday morning cleaning and repairing facilities and the rest of the weekend hiking, canoeing, or otherwise relaxing in the outdoors.

## InfoBox

| Camp Unirondack | |
| --- | --- |
| Camp UnirondackLocation within the state of New York | |
| Location | Lewis County, New York, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 43°52′11.58″N 075°9′19″W / 43.8698833°N 75.15528°W / 43.8698833; -75.15528 |
| Established | 1951 (1951) |
| Website | www.unirondack.org |


title: FF Developments

abstract: FF Developments Limited (FFD) was a British company founded by Major A.P.R. (Tony) Rolt to exploit the 4WD technology begun originally at Dixon-Rolt Developments in partnership with Freddie Dixon and, from 1950 at Harry Ferguson Research. Rolt became Technical Director at Harry Ferguson Research until 1971, when the company was closed down. According to Ward's Auto World the influence that FFD had on all wheel drive (AWD) development transcended its size.

text:
# FF Developments

**FF (Ferguson Formula) Developments Limited** (FFD) was a British company founded by Major A.P.R. (Tony) Rolt to exploit the 4WD technology begun originally at Dixon-Rolt Developments in partnership with Freddie Dixon and, from 1950 at Harry Ferguson Research. Rolt became Technical Director at Harry Ferguson Research until 1971, when the company was closed down.

According to Ward's Auto World the influence that FFD had on all wheel drive (AWD) development transcended its size.

## History

The company was founded in Coventry in 1971 by Tony Rolt. to exploit the 4WD technology begun originally at Dixon-Rolt Developments in partnership with Freddie Dixon and, from 1950 at Harry Ferguson Research.

FFD developed a number of prototype cars with the aim of selling the technology to car makers, much as Harry Ferguson Research had done after Ferguson's death. This included one of two Triumph Stags. One of their first successful conversions was for the Opel Admiral and Opel Senator cars used by BRIXMIS in Berlin, followed by Vauxhall-Bedford approved conversions of the Bedford CF van. The company also engineered the prototype AMC Eagle, the first mass-produced car in the world to feature full-time 4WD.

In 1981 Rolt's son, Stuart, joined the company as marketing director, becoming Chief Executive in 1986.

In 1983, FFD teamed up with the management of the British branch Schuler Presses to develop an aftermarket conversion for the Range Rover. The result was the Schuler Super Ranger, which could outperform the standard Range Rover on and off-road. The car subsidiary was bought out of the parent company subsequently renamed Overfinch

The arrival of the Audi Quattro opened the word's eyes to the advantages of 4WD. This prompted Ford's Bob Lutz to commission a 4WD Ford Sierra, which led to subsequent 4WD Ford models and to licensing of the Ferguson Formula world-wide through patents holder GKN and mass production of the components by GKN German subsidiary Viscodrive

Ferguson Formula 4WD was a key element in four Group B rally cars, the Peugeot 205 T16, the Lancia Delta S4, the Ford RS200 and the MG Metro 6R4. It was also used in the Lancia Delta Integrale.

In 1990 the company opened an engineering centre in Detroit.

Following its sale to the automotive consultancy group Ricardo in 1994, the company was renamed Ricardo-FFD. Stuart Rolt remained the CEO until 1996.

## Projects

1. "No giant here - FF Developments Ltd - company profile". Ward's Auto World. Dec 1989.
2. "Decembers Past 2001: 30 Years ago: December 1971". Classic Driver. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14.
3. "Chairman's profile: Stuart Rolt". the British Racing Drivers' Club.


title: Ozolinone

abstract: Ozolinone is a loop diuretic which was never marketed. It is an active metabolite of etozoline.

text:
# Ozolinone

**Ozolinone** is a loop diuretic which was never marketed.

It is an active metabolite of etozoline.

## InfoBox

Ozolinone
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Routes of
administration | Oral |
| ATC code | * None |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | * In general: uncontrolled |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (2*Z*)-2-(3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidin-1-yl-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetic acid | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.054.876 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C11H16N2O3S |
| Molar mass | 256.32 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * O=C(O)/C=C1/N(C)C(=O)C(S1)N2CCCCC2 | |


title: Evan Roberts (botanist)

abstract: Evan Roberts was a Welsh botanist and conservationist. Evan Roberts was an internationally known and recognised botanist, who lived and worked all his life in Capel Curig (Gelli), in Snowdonia, Gwynedd, North Wales. Roberts worked as a quarryman until the age of 44, when silicosis forced him to retire. He was later employed by the Nature Conservancy Council as warden of Cwm Idwal.

text:
# Evan Roberts (botanist)

**Evan Roberts** (1909  May 1991) was a Welsh botanist and conservationist.

Evan Roberts was an internationally known and recognised botanist, who lived and worked all his life in Capel Curig (Gelli), in Snowdonia, Gwynedd, North Wales.

Roberts worked as a quarryman until the age of 44, when silicosis forced him to retire. He was later employed by the Nature Conservancy Council as warden of Cwm Idwal.

* Robin Gwyndaf: *The Mountain Man* A portrayal of Evan Roberts, Capel Curig, rockman, botanist and conservationist. First published in Welsh in 1987, in English translation in May 2006 (ISBN 0-9552995-0-0)