title: Fazeer Mohammed

abstract: Fazeer Mohammed is a Trinidadian cricket commentator and journalist. Mohammed has commentated since 1987, and is best known for his commentary on the West Indies cricket team.

text:
# Fazeer Mohammed

**Fazeer Mohammed** is a Trinidadian cricket commentator and journalist. Mohammed has commentated since 1987, and is best known for his commentary on the West Indies cricket team.

## Career

Mohammed is a Trinidadian commentator who is generally considered an objective commentator. He began commentating in 1987, and has commentated in the West Indies, including for Pearl Radio station alongside Curtly Ambrose, and the Regional Super50 tournament for ESPN, and also tour series matches abroad. He has been called "the successor \[of Tony Cozier\] as the voice rights-holder in and of the West Indies". Mohammed has written for the *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack*, including the 1997–98 West Indies tour of Pakistan, which he described as "an unqualified disaster", and the 1999–2000 return series, in which the West Indies won the third Test by one wicket. He has also written for ESPNcricinfo.

After Brian Lara scored 400 in a 2003–04 Test against England, Mohammed echoed Lara's words that the achievement was less important than Lara's 375 against England in 1994, since the West Indies lost the series. From 2007 to 2010, he worked for the Caribbean New Media Group, where he worked as a talkshow host and cricket commentator. In November 2010, during his talkshow *First Up*, Mohammed was involved in an argument with Surujrattan Rambachan about Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar; Mohammed was sacked from the organisation a few days later. In 2013, he criticised the West Indies cricket team for not selecting Sunil Narine in their home series against Zimbabwe; Mohammed described Shane Shillingford, who was selected instead of Narine, as "a pelter".

In November 2015, Mohammed was selected by ABC Radio Grandstand to be a commentator for the 2015–16 West Indies tour to Australia; Mohammed was the only West Indian ABC commentator on the tour. Prior to the Boxing Day Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, West Indies coach Phil Simmons banned Mohammed from speaking to the West Indies players; Mohammed had been critical of the West Indian team's preparation for the match, and had previously annoyed Simmons and the West Indies players with his outspoken views on the state of West Indian regional cricket, and criticism of Marlon Samuels. In April 2016, Mohammed criticised the West Indies selection policy for continuing not to select players such as Shivnarine Chanderpaul, Dwayne Bravo and Kieron Pollard.

On 27 August 2017 at Headingley while commentating on the second Test between England and the West Indies on BBC Test Match Special Mohammed delighted radio audiences by singing a calypso by Lord Relator about Sunil Gavaskar, written after the Indian tour of the West Indies in 1970–71.

## InfoBox

| Fazeer Mohammed | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Occupation(s) | Cricket commentator and journalist |
| Years active | 1987- |


title: Veda och Mörtsal

abstract: Veda och Mörtsal is a smaller locality in Högsjö parish, Härnösand Municipality, Sweden. It had 61 inhabitants in 2015. It comprises two villages halfway between Kramfors and Härnösand. The ferry that served as transport to Nyadal, on the other side of the Ångerman River, before the Höga Kusten Bridge was built, was in Veda. The settlement lies less than 1 kilometer from Utansjö.

text:
# Veda och Mörtsal

**Veda och Mörtsal** is a smaller locality in Högsjö parish, Härnösand Municipality, Sweden. It had 61 inhabitants in 2015. It comprises two villages halfway between Kramfors and Härnösand. The ferry that served as transport to Nyadal, on the other side of the Ångerman River, before the Höga Kusten Bridge was built, was in Veda. The settlement lies less than 1 kilometer from Utansjö.

## InfoBox

| Veda | |
| --- | --- |
| Smaller locality | |
| VedaVeda | |
| Coordinates: 62°47′N 17°54′E / 62.783°N 17.900°E / 62.783; 17.900 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Ångermanland |
| County | Västernorrland County |
| Municipality | Härnösand Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 17 ha (42 acres) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 61 |
| Density | 360/km2 (930/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Smaller locality code | S7915 |


title: José Antonio Redolat

abstract: José Antonio Redolat is a Spanish runner who specializes in the 1500 metres.

text:
# José Antonio Redolat

**José Antonio Redolat** (born 17 February 1976 in Campanar) is a Spanish runner who specializes in the 1500 metres.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Spain | | | | | |
| 1995 | European Junior Championships | Nyíregyháza, Hungary | 2nd | 1500 m | 3:46.70 |
| 1997 | European U23 Championships | Turku, Finland | 20th (h) | 800 m | 1:52.97 |
| | Mediterranean Games | Bari, Italy | 7th | 800 m | 1:48.49 |
| 1998 | European Indoor Championships | Valencia, Spain | 8th | 1500 m | 3:48.74 |
| | Ibero-American Championships | Lisbon, Portugal |  | 1500 m | DNF |
| | European Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 32nd (h) | 800 m | 1:49.86 |
| 1999 | World Indoor Championships | Maebashi, Japan | 14th (h) | 1500 m | 3:45.52 |
| 2000 | European Indoor Championships | Ghent, Belgium | 1st | 1500 m | 3:40.51 |
| | Olympic Games | Ghent, Belgium | 22nd (sf) | 1500 m | 3:45.46 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 6th | 1500 m | 3:34.29 |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 11th | 1500 m | 3:48.28 |
| 2004 | World Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 7th | 1500 m | 3:56.55 |
| 2007 | European Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom |  | 3000 m | DNF |

### Personal bests


title: 1925 Belgian general election

text:
# 1925 Belgian general election

General elections were held in Belgium on 5 April 1925. The result was a victory for the Belgian Labour Party, which won 78 of the 187 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. Voter turnout was 92.8% in the Chamber election and 92.7% in the Senate election.

An extra seat in the Chamber of Representatives was assigned to the arrondissement of Verviers, after the annexation of Eupen-Malmedy.

Following the elections, Aloys Van de Vyvere formed a Catholic minority government. After he failed to receive the confidence of the other parties in parliament, a Catholic-Labour government was formed led by Prosper Poullet.

## Results

### Chamber of Representatives

|  | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|  | Belgian Labour Party | 821,116 | 39.46 | 78 | +10 |
|  | Catholic Party | 778,366 | 37.41 | 78 | 0 |
|  | Liberal Party | 304,757 | 14.65 | 23 | –10 |
|  | Frontpartij | 80,407 | 3.86 | 6 | +2 |
|  | Communist Party of Belgium | 34,149 | 1.64 | 2 | +2 |
|  | Christian Workers' Alliance | 19,642 | 0.94 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Farmers | 16,106 | 0.77 | 0 |  |
|  | Middle Class Party | 9,999 | 0.48 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Christian Democrats | 4,450 | 0.21 | 0 |  |
|  | Legionnaires | 4,005 | 0.19 | 0 |  |
|  | Agricultural Unions | 2,966 | 0.14 | 0 |  |
|  | Radical Socialists | 2,117 | 0.10 | 0 |  |
|  | National Legion | 919 | 0.04 | 0 |  |
|  | Neutral | 731 | 0.04 | 0 |  |
|  | Walloon National Party | 642 | 0.03 | 0 |  |
|  | Independents | 281 | 0.01 | 0 |  |
| Total | | 2,080,653 | 100.00 | 187 | +1 |
|  | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,346,096 |  |  | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver, Belgian Elections | | | | | |

### Senate

|  | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|  | Belgian Labour Party | 828,854 | 40.87 | 39 | +6 |
|  | Catholic Party | 757,804 | 37.36 | 38 | +4 |
|  | Liberal Party | 324,823 | 16.02 | 13 | –5 |
|  | Catholic dissidents | 52,286 | 2.58 | 3 | New |
|  | Frontpartij | 46,417 | 2.29 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Farmers | 5,800 | 0.29 | 0 | New |
|  | Middle Class Party | 1,965 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Radical Socialists | 1,486 | 0.07 | 0 | New |
|  | Catholic National Party | 1,332 | 0.07 | 0 | New |
|  | Walloon National Party | 654 | 0.03 | 0 | New |
|  | Independents | 6,776 | 0.33 | 0 | New |
| Total | | 2,028,197 | 100.00 | 93 | 0 |
|  | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,346,096 |  |  | |
| Source: Belgian Elections | | | | | |

## InfoBox

1925 Belgian general election
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  187 seats in the Chamber of Representatives
93 seats in the Senate | |
| First party Second party Third party   Leader Joseph Van Roosbroeck Aloys Van de Vyvere Édouard Pecher  Party Labour Catholic Liberal  Leader since 1918 *Candidate for PM* 1924  Last election 68 seats, 34.81% 70 seats, 34.02% 33 seats, 17.80%  Seats won 78 78 23  Seat change  10  8  10  Popular vote 821,116 778,366 304,757  Percentage 39.48% 37.42% 14.65%  Swing  4.47%  3.40%  3.15% | |
| ---  **Government before election**
Theunis I
Catholic-Liberal **Government after election**
Van de Vyvere
Catholic | |


title: Reshmin Chowdhury

abstract:
Reshmin Chowdhury is a British sports journalist broadcaster and event host. She currently lead presents live Premier League football on Talksport every Saturday morning in GameDay Exclusive.
She presents live coverage of the Women's Super League and major women's football tournaments for BBC Sport. She has worked across all football coverage with BT Sport for 9 years, including most notably the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League the FA Cup and the UEFA Europa Conference League. She recently fronted the FIFA World Cup in Qatar for BeIN Sports, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games with Eurosport and Discovery Plus, and presented for ITV Sport during UEFA Euro 2020.

text:
# Reshmin Chowdhury

**Reshmin Chowdhury** (born 16 December 1977) is a British sports journalist broadcaster and event host. She currently lead presents live Premier League football on Talksport every Saturday morning in GameDay Exclusive. She presents live coverage of the Women's Super League and major women's football tournaments for BBC Sport. She has worked across all football coverage with BT Sport for 9 years, including most notably the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League the FA Cup and the UEFA Europa Conference League. She recently fronted the FIFA World Cup in Qatar for BeIN Sports, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games with Eurosport and Discovery Plus, and presented for ITV Sport during UEFA Euro 2020.

## Early life

Chowdhury was born and brought up in London, England and is of Bangladeshi origin. Chowdhury described her childhood as growing up "in an extremely open-minded, progressive Bengali Muslim family and within a huge second-generation community where education, culture, religion and music were the cornerstones of my upbringing."

Chowdhury attended Woodford County High School for Girls. In 2000, she graduated with a 2.1 BSc (Hons) in Politics with Economics from the University of Bath. In 2003, she studied for an NCTJ Post-Graduate Diploma in Newspaper Journalism at Harlow College.

## Broadcasting career

Chowdhury spent her university placement year as a TV News Helpdesk Operator at Reuters TV News. Early roles included travelling to Borneo for the ITV1 programme *Survivor*, UK Editor of global online events guide whatsonwhen.com and producing specialist business reports for various international print media. She worked in Madagascar, Dubai, Greece, South Africa, Maldives and Nigeria.

In 2005, Chowdhury moved to television news and joined ITN as a news assistant and producer on the main news bulletins, before producing digital and online news for ITN ON. She was a producer and had a few stints as weekend reporter with BBC London before moving to BBC News and Bloomberg Television.

From September 2008, she spent two seasons as a presenter with Real Madrid TV. She was the first journalist to interview Cristiano Ronaldo following his then world-record signing for Real Madrid. She also secured the world exclusive with Karim Benzema whom she interviewed in French.

Chowdhury has been part of the BBC Sport team since May 2010. She was a sports presenter for the BBC News Channel in the UK and BBC World. Also Match of the Day 2 \- Stand-in Presenter; 2018 FIFA World Cup – Live match Presenter in Salford; 2018 & 2019 Wimbledon Championships – Reporter; FA Women's Super League and The Women's Football Show – Presenter; 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Final – Presenter; FA Cup – Reporter; Football Focus – Reporter; 2016 Summer Paralympics – Reporter (BBC Radio 5 Live); London 2012 Olympics – Presenter (BBC World).

In August 2014, Chowdhury joined the BT Sport team as presenter of their nightly news round-up show *SportsHUB*.

Reshmin currently presents BT Sport’s coverage of the UEFA Europa League and UEFA Europa Conference League and has presented across the FA Cup, the UEFA Women's Champions League and the FA Women’s Super League. She has been a lead reporter on BT Sport's coverage of the UEFA Champions League, working in multiple languages, plus the BDO World Darts Championship.

Chowdhury hosted live coverage of group games for BBC Sport during the 2018 FIFA World Cup as well as a daily show for Yahoo Sports in the UK.

In August 2019, Chowdhury became the lead Presenter of the newly launched “GameDay Exclusive” every Saturday, hosting live Premier League football on Talksport.

In the summer of 2021, she was one of the main anchors for the coverage of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo on streaming provider Discovery+ and Eurosport. She returned to host the Winter Olympics Beijing 2022.

In April 2022, Reshmin presented the FIFA World Cup Draw Qatar 2022 in Doha alongside Idris Elba.

She has co-presented the UEFA Champions League Group stage Draw to a global audience for four consecutive years from 2017 to 2020.

She co-presented The Best FIFA Football Awards 2020 alongside Ruud Gullit and 2021 along with Jermaine Jenas.

She twice co-hosted the BT Sport Industry Awards and many other ceremonies and events.

In 2022 she presented on the English language BeIN Sports channels for the FIFA World Cup in the MENA region.

## Singing career

Chowdhury spent much of her extra-curricular time as a vocalist. She has worked alongside musician Nitin Sawhney. She was the lead singer in the UK touring theatre production of *The Mahabharata* and recorded vocals on the 2006 film *The Namesake*.

## Awards and nominations

In November 2013, Chowdhury was nominated for the Media Award sponsored by *FC Business Magazine* at the Asian Football Awards. In November 2015, she won the Media Award at the Asian Football Awards.

## InfoBox

| Reshmin Chowdhury | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1977-12-16) 16 December 1977
London, England |
| Education | BSc Politics with Economics, NCTJ Newspaper Journalism |
| Alma mater | Woodford County High School for Girls
University of Bath |
| Occupation(s) | Sports journalist, broadcaster, singer |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Employer(s) | BBC, TNT Sports, Talksport. |


title: Fei Yi

abstract: Fei Yi, courtesy name Wenwei, was a Chinese diplomat, military general, politician, and regent of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Fei Yi started his career as an attendant to Liu Shan, the eldest son and heir apparent of Liu Bei, a warlord who became the founding emperor of Shu. After Liu Shan became emperor in 223, Fei Yi gradually rose to prominence under the regency of Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu. During this time, he concurrently served as a military adviser under Zhuge Liang and as Shu's ambassador to its ally state Wu. He also played a significant role in the conflict between the Shu general Wei Yan and Zhuge Liang's chief clerk Yang Yi. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Fei Yi served as a deputy to the new regent Jiang Wan and progressively assumed greater responsibilities as Jiang Wan gradually relinquished his powers due to poor health. In 244, Fei Yi led Shu forces to victory at the Battle of Xingshi against their rival state Wei and succeeded Jiang Wan as regent of Shu two years later following the latter's death. On the first day of the Chinese New Year in 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by a Wei defector, Guo Xiu.

text:
# Fei Yi

**Fei Yi** (died 16 February 253), courtesy name **Wenwei**, was a Chinese diplomat, military general, politician, and regent of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Fei Yi started his career as an attendant to Liu Shan, the eldest son and heir apparent of Liu Bei, a warlord who became the founding emperor of Shu. After Liu Shan became emperor in 223, Fei Yi gradually rose to prominence under the regency of Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu. During this time, he concurrently served as a military adviser under Zhuge Liang and as Shu's ambassador to its ally state Wu. He also played a significant role in the conflict between the Shu general Wei Yan and Zhuge Liang's chief clerk Yang Yi. After Zhuge Liang's death in 234, Fei Yi served as a deputy to the new regent Jiang Wan and progressively assumed greater responsibilities as Jiang Wan gradually relinquished his powers due to poor health. In 244, Fei Yi led Shu forces to victory at the Battle of Xingshi against their rival state Wei and succeeded Jiang Wan as regent of Shu two years later following the latter's death. On the first day of the Chinese New Year in 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by a Wei defector, Guo Xiu.

## Early life

Fei Yi was born in Meng County (鄳縣), Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡), which is located northwest of present-day Luoshan County, Henan, during the late Eastern Han dynasty. His father died when he was still young so he was raised by an older relative Fei Boren (費伯仁), whose aunt was the mother of Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing). When Liu Zhang invited Fei Boren to join him, Fei Yi accompanied Fei Boren as a travelling student and entered Yi Province.

In 214, after the warlord Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province from Liu Zhang and became the new Governor, Fei Yi chose to remain in Yi Province. During this time, he became as equally famous as two other notable scholars: Xu Shulong (許叔龍) from Runan Commandery and Dong Yun from Nan Commandery.

### Behaviour at the funeral of Xu Jing's son

When Xu Jing's son died, Fei Yi and Dong Yun wanted to attend the funeral so Dong Yun asked his father Dong He to help them arrange their transport. After Dong He provided them a small chariot with no rear covering, Dong Yun seemed reluctant to board it while Fei Yi eagerly got on board. When they reached their destination, they saw that Zhuge Liang and other key officials had showed up in well-decorated carriages. As they dismounted the carriage, Dong Yun showed signs of embarrassment while Fei Yi appeared calm and composed.

After they returned, Dong He asked the chariot driver and learnt that Dong Yun and Fei Yi reacted differently when they saw that their transport was of inferior design compared to others'. Dong He then told his son: "I always thought that you and Wenwei are on par with each other. Now I have the answer to my question."

## Service under Liu Bei

In 221, after Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu, he designated his eldest son Liu Shan as crown prince and appointed Fei Yi and Dong Yun to serve as the newly anointed heir apparent's close attendants.

## Service during Zhuge Liang's regency

When Liu Shan became the Shu emperor in 223 following Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor, served as regent because Liu Shan was still underage at the time. After his coronation, Liu Shan appointed Fei Yi as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎).

Around the autumn of 225, when Zhuge Liang returned from a military campaign against rebels and the Nanman tribes in southern Shu, Fei Yi and many of his colleagues travelled tens of *li* out of the capital Chengdu to welcome him back. Most of the officials were around the same age as Fei Yi and their ranks in the Shu government were about the same as his. Among all of them, Zhuge Liang chose only Fei Yi to ride in the same carriage as him for their journey back to Chengdu. The others felt very surprised and they changed their opinions of Fei Yi after this.

### As Shu's ambassador to Wu

In 223, Shu reestablished its alliance with its former ally state Wu against their common rival state Wei. After Zhuge Liang returned from his southern campaign in 225, he commissioned Fei Yi as a Colonel of Illustrious Trust (昭信校尉) and sent him as Shu's ambassador to Wu.

During his mission to Wu, Fei Yi kept his cool when the Wu emperor Sun Quan tried to ridicule and poke fun at him. Sun Quan treated Fei Yi to alcoholic drinks, saw that he appeared drunk, and then bombarded him with a series of questions about current affairs. Fei Yi gave an excuse that he was no longer sober and declined to answer immediately. He noted down all the questions, went back and thought through carefully, and came back to Sun Quan later with all the answers without missing out any question. Some Wu officials such as Zhuge Ke and Yang Dao (羊衜), who were known for their oratorical talents, attempted to challenge Fei Yi and pose difficult questions to him. However, Fei Yi managed to respond in a calm and dignified manner, and provide well-reasoned answers to their questions. He held his ground well throughout his mission.

In one instance, a drunk Sun Quan asked Fei Yi: "Yang Yi and Wei Yan behave like immature boys. Even though their contributions are insignificant, they can still cause big trouble because they are in positions of power. If one day Zhuge Liang is no longer around, there will definitely be disaster. All of you are confused. No one has considered the long-term implications of this problem. Isn't that harmful to your descendants?" Fei Yi, stunned by Sun Quan's question, could not respond immediately and started glancing around as he tried to think of an answer. Fei Yi's deputy, Dong Hui, stepped up, looked at Fei Yi and said: "You can say that the conflict between Yang Yi and Wei Yan is a private issue between them. They don't have wild ambitions unlike Ying Bu and Han Xin. As of now, our priority is to eliminate our powerful enemy and reunify the Empire. Only after we have achieved that can we consider our mission accomplished and be able to expand our legacy. If we put our priority aside and focus on preempting internal problems such as this, it would be equivalent to not building a boat at all to avoid getting caught in a storm. That wouldn't be beneficial at all in the longer term." Sun Quan was very amused by Dong Hui's reply.

In another instance, Sun Quan instructed his officials: "When the Shu ambassador arrives, all of you just remain seated, continue eating, and don't stand up to greet him." When Fei Yi arrived, Sun Quan and his officials deliberately ignored his presence and continued feasting. Fei Yi then said: "When a fenghuang shows up, the qilin will stop eating (and acknowledge the fenghuang's presence). Donkeys and mules are ignorant. That's why they continue eating (and ignore the fenghuang)." Zhuge Ke replied: "We planted parasol trees for the fenghuang's arrival. A brambling came along instead. Why don't we scare away the brambling and force it to go back to where it came from?" Fei Yi stopped chewing on the pastry and asked for a brush to compose a rhapsody. Zhuge Ke also did the same. They then exchanged their works and praised each other.

Sun Quan was so impressed with Fei Yi that he told him: "Sir, you are one of the most virtuous men in the Empire. You will definitely become an important pillar of state in Shu. By then, I am afraid you will no longer be able to visit us often." Sun Quan also gave Fei Yi a precious sword, which he used to carry with him all the time, as a parting gift. Fei Yi told him: "I am untalented. What makes me deserve such an honour? A sword is meant to be used against enemies of the state and to put an end to chaos. I hope that you, Great King, will do your best to rule your kingdom and work together (with Shu) to support the Han dynasty. I may be ignorant and weak, but I will never disappoint the hopes you have placed in me."

### As a military adviser

Fei Yi was promoted to the position of a Palace Attendant (侍中) after returning from his diplomatic mission to Wu.

In 227, Zhuge Liang mobilised military forces from throughout Shu in preparation for a large-scale campaign against Shu's rival state Wei in the following year. As the troops gathered at the staging area in Hanzhong Commandery, Zhuge Liang summoned Fei Yi from Chengdu and appointed him as an Army Adviser (參軍). In his *Chu Shi Biao* (literally "memorial on the case to go to war"), Zhuge Liang named Fei Yi, Guo Youzhi and Dong Yun as examples of trustworthy, loyal and competent officials who could provide good advice and assist the emperor Liu Shan in governing Shu more effectively.

Between 227 and 230, Fei Yi alternated between his roles as a military adviser and Shu's ambassador to Wu. Apart from serving as an assistant to Zhuge Liang during the military campaigns against Wei, he was also often sent by the Shu government on diplomatic missions to Wu during this period of time. In 230, he was reassigned to serve as Central Protector of the Army (中護軍) and then as a Major (司馬) in the Shu army.

### Role in the conflict between Wei Yan and Yang Yi

Wei Yan, a senior Shu general, was on bad terms with Yang Yi, Zhuge Liang's chief clerk. Wei Yan was known for being boastful, and his colleagues generally gave in to him. Yang Yi was one of the few who made no concession to Wei Yan, so Wei Yan deeply resented him. Zhuge Liang was upset by the lack of harmony between Wei Yan and Yang Yi, but he was unwilling to take sides because he appreciated the talents of both men and needed their help.

When Wei Yan and Yang Yi got into heated quarrels, the former drew his sword and brandished it in front of the latter. Yang Yi sobbed as tears rolled down his cheeks. Fei Yi then stepped in to stop them from fighting and managed to keep them under control while Zhuge Liang was still alive.

#### Battle of Wuzhang Plains

In 234, Zhuge Liang became critically ill during a stalemate at the Battle of Wuzhang Plains against Wei forces. During this time, when Li Fu asked Zhuge Liang who could succeed him as the head of the Shu government, Zhuge Liang replied that Jiang Wan could succeed him and that Fei Yi could succeed Jiang Wan. After Li Fu left, Zhuge Liang secretly instructed Yang Yi, Fei Yi and Jiang Wei to lead the army back to Shu after his death, with Wei Yan and Jiang Wei in charge of the rearguard. If Wei Yan refused to follow orders, they were to retreat without him. After Zhuge Liang died, Yang Yi ordered news of his death to be kept secret, and then instructed Fei Yi to meet Wei Yan and assess his intentions.

When Wei Yan refused to follow Zhuge Liang's final orders and submit to Yang Yi's command, Fei Yi pretended to help Wei Yan make new arrangements for part of the Shu army to remain behind and continue with the campaign, while the rest would return to Shu. Fei Yi then wrote a letter about the new arrangements, got both of them to sign it, and told Wei Yan that he would read out the letter to all the officers later. He also told Wei Yan: "I will go back and explain your point of view to Chief Clerk Yang. The Chief Clerk is a civil official who knows little about military affairs. He will definitely not oppose the new arrangements."

Fei Yi then left Wei Yan and sped back to the main camp. Wei Yan soon regretted his decision and tried to stop Fei Yi but could not catch up with him in time. After sending his subordinate to find out the situation in the main camp, he was shocked to learn that Fei Yi had lied to him because all the Shu units were preparing to retreat in accordance with Zhuge Liang's final orders. Wei Yan turned furious as he wanted to continue the battle, so he tried to stop the Shu army from retreating by leading his own unit to destroy the gallery roads leading back to Shu.

Wei Yan and Yang Yi separately wrote to the Shu government to accuse each other of treason; the Shu government believed Yang Yi's account and suspected that Wei Yan was plotting a rebellion. Wei Yan eventually met his end at the hands of the Shu general Ma Dai, and the conflict came to an end.

#### Reporting Yang Yi

After returning to Chengdu, Yang Yi thought that he had made great contributions so he strongly believed that he would be chosen to succeed Zhuge Liang as the new head of the Shu government. However, he felt deeply disappointed when it turned out that Zhuge Liang had picked Jiang Wan instead. Jiang Wan was appointed as the Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令), while Yang Yi became a Central Military Adviser (中軍師) – an appointment with no real power.

Yang Yi had all along viewed himself highly and saw himself as superior to Jiang Wan because he started serving in Shu earlier than the latter. After Jiang Wan became the new head of the Shu government, Yang Yi frequently grumbled and complained to express his dissatisfaction. His colleagues ignored him due to his poor choice of words in conveying his frustration. Fei Yi was the only one who comforted him.

Yang Yi once told Fei Yi: "When the Imperial Chancellor died, I should have brought along my men and defected to Wei if I knew I'd end up in this situation today! I deeply regret but there's nothing I can do now." Fei Yi secretly reported Yang Yi to the Shu government. As a result, in 235 Yang Yi was demoted to the status of a commoner and exiled to Hanjia Commandery (漢嘉郡; around present-day Lushan County, Sichuan), where he committed suicide later. However, Yang's family could return to Shu.

## Service during Jiang Wan's regency

### As Prefect of the Masters of Writing

Fei Yi rose to the position of Rear Military Adviser (後軍師) following Zhuge Liang's death in 234. He soon succeeded Jiang Wan as Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) in May 235.

At the time, as Shu was in a state of war, Fei Yi had numerous issues to attend to on a daily basis given his role as Prefect of the Masters of Writing. However, he was known for his exceptionally high level of intellect, fast speed of processing information, and excellent memory. He could grasp all the key points in a document and remember them after skimming through the document only once. Therefore, on a typical day at work, he usually completed all his tasks in the morning and spent the afternoon meeting people and engaging in leisure activities. He was particularly skilful at playing weiqi. Despite his indulgences in fun and entertainment, he never neglected his work and duties.

### As General-in-Chief and Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing

In late October or November 243, Jiang Wan moved from Hanzhong Commandery to Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan) due to poor health. In late November or December that year, Jiang Wan relinquished his positions as General-in-Chief (大將軍) and Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事) to Fei Yi, thus making Fei Yi the *de facto* head of the Shu government.

In 244, Dong Yun succeeded Fei Yi as Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) and attempted to follow Fei Yi's daily schedule and lifestyle when he held that appointment. However, within ten days, Dong Yun quickly realised that his work was gradually piling up. He sighed: "The ability of a talented person can be so significantly different from that of another. I think I can never catch up (with Fei Yi). Despite working all day long, I still have many things that I haven't attended to yet."

### Battle of Xingshi

In early 244, the Wei regent Cao Shuang led an army to Mount Xingshi (興勢山; located north of present-day Yang County, Shaanxi) and prepared to attack the Shu-controlled Hanzhong Commandery. In late April or May, the Shu emperor Liu Shan granted Fei Yi acting imperial authority and ordered him to lead the Shu army into battle against the invaders.

Before Fei Yi departed, the Shu official Lai Min visited him and asked to play a game of weiqi with him. At the time, all the preparations for battle had been made and the troops were ready to march off. While documents attached with feathers kept coming in, Fei Yi continued playing with Lai Min and seemed deeply engrossed in the game. Lai Min told him: "I was actually testing you! You are a trustworthy person and you will definitely be able to defeat the enemy."

By June 244, the Wei army had become stuck in a perilous situation as they could not advance beyond Mount Xingshi and their supplies were running low. Sensing that defeat was imminent, Cao Shuang's adviser Yang Wei (楊偉) tried to persuade his superior to pull back the Wei army before it was too late. However, Cao Shuang listened to Deng Yang and Li Sheng instead and ordered his troops to hold their positions. After Cao Shuang's co-regent Sima Yi wrote to Cao Shuang's deputy Xiahou Xuan and warned him of the danger they were in, Xiahou Xuan became fearful and managed to convince Cao Shuang to retreat. In late June or July, while the Wei army was retreating, Fei Yi led the Shu forces to launch a three-pronged attack and inflicted a devastating defeat on the enemy with Cao Shuang barely escaping alive.

### As the Inspector of Yi Province

After Fei Yi returned to Chengdu from his victory at Mount Xingshi, he was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Cheng District (成鄉侯) as a reward for his achievement.

Towards the end of 244, as Jiang Wan's health deteriorated, he stepped down from his gubernatorial appointment as the Inspector of Yi Province (益州刺史) and passed it on to Fei Yi.

## Fei Yi's regency

Following Jiang Wan's death in November or December 246, Fei Yi became the new regent and head of the Shu government. By the time he came to power, his contributions to Shu and personal fame were on par with his predecessor.

In 248, Fei Yi moved from the Shu capital Chengdu to Hanzhong Commandery near the Wei–Shu border. Throughout their regencies, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi still maintained control over state affairs in Chengdu even though they were away in Hanzhong for extended periods of time. For example, the Shu emperor Liu Shan had to consult them and gain their approval before giving out rewards and punishments to officials. Such was Liu Shan's high levels of trust in and reliance on these two regents during his reign.

In the summer of 251, when Fei Yi returned to Chengdu, he heard from fortune-tellers that it was inauspicious for him to remain in the capital, so in winter he moved out of Chengdu to Hanshou County (漢壽縣; northeast of present-day Jiange County, Sichuan).

In 252, Liu Shan granted Fei Yi permission to have a personal staff to assist him in running the day-to-day affairs.

### Assassination

On 16 February 253, while hosting a party on the first day of the Chinese New Year in Hanshou County (漢壽縣; northeast of present-day Jiange County, Sichuan), a drunk Fei Yi was stabbed and killed by Guo Xiu (郭脩; a.k.a. Guo Xun 郭循), a former Wei civilian who became a general in Shu. The assassin also met his end at the hands of Fei Yi's subordinates. He was honoured with the posthumous title "Marquis Jing" (敬侯; literally "respectful marquis") and buried at a location about 1 kilometre east from the eastern gate of the present-day Zhaohua Ancient City in Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan.

Guo Xiu, whose courtesy name was Xiaoxian (孝先), was quite well known in Liang Province before he joined Shu. After he was captured in battle by the Shu general Jiang Wei, he reluctantly surrendered and pledged allegiance to Shu. The Shu emperor Liu Shan appointed him as General of the Left (左將軍). Guo Xiu once attempted to assassinate Liu Shan under the pretext of congratulating the emperor. However, Liu Shan's bodyguards noticed something suspicious about his behaviour and stopped him before he could get close to the emperor. Frustrated at his failure to assassinate the Shu emperor, Guo Xiu switched his target to the regent Fei Yi instead and succeeded. In September or October 253, the Wei emperor Cao Fang issued an imperial decree to praise Guo Xiu for his "heroic service to Wei" and compare him to Nie Zheng and Jie Zhitui, as well as to confer posthumous honours on him and grant rewards to his family.

The fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi rebutted Cao Fang's imperial decree and argued that Guo Xiu was not a hero and his assassination of Fei Yi was not "in the service of Wei". He pointed out three reasons. First, Guo Xiu was a civilian when he was captured by the enemy so he was not exactly "serving" Wei and hence his assassination of Fei Yi should not be considered an action "in the service of Wei". Second, Wei was not threatened by Shu in the same way Yan was threatened by Qin during the late Warring States period, therefore Guo Xiu's assassination of Fei Yi should not be seen in the same light as Jing Ke's assassination attempt on the King of Qin. Third, from Pei Songzhi's point of view, Liu Shan and Fei Yi were respectively a ruler and a regent of average calibre, so their deaths would not deal significant damage to Shu. Pei Songzhi thus concluded that Guo Xiu was simply an opportunist seeking to become (in)famous by assassinating the regent of a state.

## Argument about the conflict between Sima Yi and Cao Shuang

Following Sima Yi's execution of Cao Shuang, Fei Yi defended his position on the matter in a rhetoric manner. First, he offered the common view about the affair, followed by his counter argument of the event along with his judgement on who was morally in the right and in the wrong.

> “Let's say that someone believes that Cao Shuang, along with his brothers, were of the mediocre and common sort. That their positions, privilege and benefits were only due to their relation to the Imperial Clan. Moreover, with time they became excessive and arrogant, would usurp royal prerogatives, had close ties with vile persons, monopolize power by establishing those of their clique and plotted against the interest of the State. Then, Sima Yi took a risk to punish them and in one strike, they were exterminated. That this act is proof enough that he was worthy of his appointment and realized the desire of the scholars and commoners alike."

> “However, someone else may believe that Sima Yi resented Cao Rui for not entrusting all of the State's affairs to him solely. Therefore, Cao Shuang and his actions were irrelevant to Sima's decision. Since the management of the State was already divided, as time passed, this arrangement became even more flawed. From the start, Sima did not give honest counsel and loyal admonishment. Rather, he used the opportunity to have all of them slaughtered at once when they were unprepared. In that case, how could it be considered as a great man acting in consideration of the State or doing his duty? If indeed Cao Shuang really wanted to act against his ruler and had desire to rebel, then on the day Sima Yi acted, Cao Fang was left alone and vulnerable with Cao Shuang and his brothers. However, Sima Yi with his son Sima Shi from the rear, closed the city gates and raised troops, putting Cao Fang in danger and proclaiming there would be no peace talk. Can we consider a person acting as such a loyal minister with the intention of saving his lord? If we follow this view then the fact that Cao Shuang did not commit a great fault should be obvious. Now if Sima Yi acted because Cao Shuang usurped power and was extravagant, then a fair punishment would have been to remove him from office. However, Sima Yi exterminated all of Cao Shuang's clan and this was an injustice, ending Cao Zhen's bloodline. Even He Yan along with his son who were relatives of the Wei imperial line were also executed. This was an usurpation of power and Sima Yi's actions were excessive and improper."

## Family

Fei Yi had at least two sons and one daughter. His first son, Fei Cheng (費承), inherited his peerage as the Marquis of Cheng District (成鄉侯) and served as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎) in the Shu imperial palace. Fei Yi's second son, Fei Gong (費恭), married a Shu princess (probably one of Liu Shan's daughters), had quite a huge reputation, and served as an official in Shu's imperial secretariat. However, he died at a relatively young age but must have lived at least until April 268 since Luo Xian recommended him during a feast to Sima Yan as a talented individual. Fei Yi's daughter married Liu Xuan, the eldest son and heir apparent of Liu Shan.

## Appraisal

Chen Shou, the third-century historian who wrote Fei Yi's biography in the *Sanguozhi*, praised Fei Yi for being compassionate, generous and charitable towards others. He gave credit to Fei Yi and Jiang Wan for following in Zhuge Liang's footsteps and pointed out that in doing so they managed to secure Shu's borders and maintain peace and harmony within Shu. However, he also criticised them for not putting in their best to govern a small state like Shu and keeping it safe.

The fifth-century historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated the *Sanguozhi*, disagreed with Chen Shou's point of view. He argued that Fei Yi and Jiang Wan did well during their regencies when they refrained from making risky moves that could jeopardise Shu's future and when they successfully countered a Wei invasion and maintained peace within Shu's borders. He also pointed out that readers may find Chen Shou's concluding remarks confusing because Chen Shou did not provide any evidence to support his claim that Fei Yi and Jiang Wan did not put in their best to govern Shu and keep it safe.

Despite being in a position of power and prestige, Fei Yi remained humble and always showed respect towards others. He had no excess wealth for himself and his family. His sons lived like commoners as they wore clothes of plain design, had simple meals, travelled on foot, and had no escorts to accompany them when they travelled.

The Shu general Zhang Ni had noted that Fei Yi tended to be too good-natured and overly trusting of the people around him. He once warned Fei Yi: "In the past, Cen Peng commanded troops and Lai Xi wielded the staff of imperial authority; both of them were assassinated. In the present-day, you, General, occupy a position of great importance and power so you should learn from these historical examples and be more vigilant." As Zhang Ni foresaw, Fei Yi indeed met his end at the hands of the assassin Guo Xiu.

The fourth-century historian Yu Xi commented in his *Zhilin* (志林) that it was a tragic irony that Fei Yi's positive attributes brought about his downfall: Fei Yi, being too open and generous, lowered his guard against people around him and failed to save himself from Guo Xiu, a defector from a rival state.

Chang Qu, who wrote extensively about the history of the Sichuan region in the *Chronicles of Huayang* (*Huayang Guo Zhi*), praised Jiang Wan and Fei Yi for perpetuating Zhuge Liang's principles. Furthermore, for keeping the land of Shu Han safe while they were encircled by two bigger states rendering the weak as strong. He also recorded that the people of Shu named Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun as the four heroic chancellors of their state.

1. (\[延熙\]十六年歲首大會，魏降人郭循在坐。禕歡飲沈醉，為循手刃所害，謚曰敬侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
2. (\[延熙\]十六年春正月，大將軍費禕為魏降人郭循所殺于漢壽。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 33.
3. de Crespigny (2007), p. 212.
4. (費禕字文偉，江夏鄳人也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
5. (少孤，依族父伯仁。伯仁姑，益州牧劉璋之母也。璋遣使迎仁，仁將禕遊學入蜀。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
6. Sima (1084), vol. 67.
7. (會先主定蜀，禕遂留益土，與汝南許叔龍、南郡董允齊名。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
8. (時許靖喪子，允與禕欲共會其葬所。允白父和請車，和遣開後鹿車給之。允有難載之色，禕便從前先上。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
9. (及至喪所，諸葛亮及諸貴人悉集，車乘甚鮮，允猶神色未泰，而禕晏然自若。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
10. (持車人還，和問之，知其如此，乃謂允曰：「吾常疑汝於文偉優劣未別也，而今而後，吾意了矣。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
11. Sima (1084), vol. 69.
12. (先主立太子，禕與允俱為舍人，遷庶子。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
13. Sima (1084), vol. 70.
14. (後主踐位，為黃門侍郎。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
15. (丞相亮南征還，羣寮於數十里逢迎，年位多在禕右，而亮特命禕同載，由是衆人莫不易觀。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
16. (亮以初從南歸，以禕為昭信校尉使吳。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
17. (禕別傳曰：孫權每別酌好酒以飲禕，視其已醉，然後問以國事，并論當世之務，辭難累至。禕輙辭以醉，退而撰次所問，事事條荅，無所遺失。) *Fei Yi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
18. (孫權性旣滑稽，嘲啁無方，諸葛恪、羊衜等才愽果辯，論難鋒至，禕辭順義篤，據理以荅，終不能屈。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
19. (襄陽記曰：董恢字休緒， ... 以宣信中郎副費禕使吳。孫權甞大醉問禕曰：「楊儀、魏延，牧豎小人也。雖甞有鳴吠之益於時務，然旣已任之，勢不得輕，若一朝無諸葛亮，必為禍亂矣。諸君憒憒，曾不知防慮於此，豈所謂貽厥孫謀乎？」禕愕然四顧視，不能即荅。恢目禕曰：「可速言儀、延之不協起於私忿耳，而無黥、韓難御之心也。今方歸除彊賊，混一函夏，功以才成，業由才廣，若捨此不任，防其後患，是猶備有風波而逆廢舟檝，非長計也。」權大笑樂。) *Xiangyang Qijiu Ji* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 39.
20. (恪別傳曰：權甞饗蜀使費禕，先逆勑羣臣：「使至，伏食勿起。」禕至，權為輟食，而羣下不起。禕啁之曰：「鳳皇來翔，騏驎吐哺，驢騾無知，伏食如故。」恪荅曰：「爰植梧桐，以待鳳皇，有何燕雀，自稱來翔？何不彈射，使還故鄉！」禕停食餅，索筆作麥賦，恪亦請筆作磨賦，咸稱善焉。) *Zhuge Ke Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 64.
21. (權甚器之，謂禕曰：「君天下淑德，必當股肱蜀朝，恐不能數來也。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
22. (禕別傳曰：權乃以手中常所執寶刀贈之，禕荅曰：「臣以不才，何以堪明命？然刀所以討不庭、禁暴亂者也，但願大王勉建功業，同獎漢室，臣雖闇弱，終不負東顧。」) *Fei Yi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
23. (還，遷為侍中。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
24. (亮北住漢中，請禕為參軍。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
25. (上疏曰：「侍中郭攸之、費禕、侍郎董允等，先帝簡拔以遺陛下，至於斟酌規益，進盡忠言，則其任也。愚以為宮中之事，事無大小，悉以咨之，必能裨補闕漏，有所廣益。若無興德之言，則戮允等以彰其慢。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 39.
26. (以奉使稱旨，頻煩至吳。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
27. (建興八年，轉為中護軍，後又為司馬。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
28. (延旣善養士卒，勇猛過人，又性矜高，當時皆避下之。唯楊儀不假借延，延以為至忿，有如水火。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
29. (亮深惜儀之才幹，憑魏延之驍勇，常恨二人之不平，不忍有所偏廢也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
30. (值軍師魏延與長史楊儀相憎惡，每至並坐爭論，延或舉刃擬儀，儀泣涕橫集。禕常入其坐間，諫喻分別，終亮之世，各盡延、儀之用者，禕匡救之力也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
31. Sima (1084), vol. 72.
32. (\[李\]福謝：「前實失不諮請公，如公百年後，誰可任大事者？故輒還耳。乞復請，蔣琬之後，誰可任者？」亮曰：「文偉可以繼之。」又復問其次，亮不荅。福還，奉使稱旨。) *Yi Bu Qijiu Zaji* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 45.
33. (秋，亮病困，密與長史楊儀、司馬費禕、護軍姜維等作身歿之後退軍節度，令延斷後，姜維次之；若延或不從命，軍便自發。亮適卒，祕不發喪，儀令禕往揣延意指。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
34. (延曰：「丞相雖亡，吾自見在。府親官屬便可將喪還葬，吾自當率諸軍擊賊，云何以一人死廢天下之事邪？且魏延何人，當為楊儀所部勒，作斷後將乎！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
35. (因與禕共作行留部分，令禕手書與己連名，告下諸將。禕紿延曰：「當為君還解楊長史，長史文吏，稀更軍事，必不違命也。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
36. (禕出門馳馬而去，延尋悔，追之已不及矣。延遣人覘儀等，遂使欲案亮成規，諸營相次引軍還。延大怒，纔儀未發，率所領徑先南歸，所過燒絕閣道。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
37. (儀旣領軍還，又誅討延，自以為功勳至大，宜當代亮秉政， ... 而亮平生宓指，以儀性狷狹，意在蔣琬，琬遂為尚書令、益州刺史。儀至，拜為中軍師，無所統領，從容而已。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
38. (初，儀為先主尚書，琬為尚書郎，後雖俱為丞相參軍長史，儀每從行，當其勞劇，自為年宦先琬，才能踰之，於是怨憤形于聲色，歎咤之音發於五內。時人畏其言語不節，莫敢從也，惟後軍師費禕往慰省之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
39. (儀對禕恨望，前後云云，又語禕曰：「往者丞相亡沒之際，吾若舉軍以就魏氏，處世寧當落度如此邪！令人追悔不可復及。」禕密表其言。\[建興\]十三年，廢儀為民，徙漢嘉郡。 ... 儀自殺，其妻子還蜀。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 40.
40. (亮卒，禕為後軍師。頃之，代蔣琬為尚書令。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
41. Sima (1084), vol. 73.
42. (禕別傳曰：于時戰國多事，公務煩猥，禕識悟過人，每省讀書記，舉目暫視，已究其意旨，其速數倍於人，終亦不忘。常以朝晡聽事，其間接納賔客，飲食嬉戲，加之博弈，每盡人之歡，事亦不廢。) *Fei Yi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
43. (琬自漢中還涪，禕遷大將軍，錄尚書事。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
44. Sima (1084), vol. 74.
45. (董允代禕為尚書令，欲斆禕之所行，旬日之中，事多愆滯。允乃歎曰：「人才力相縣若此甚遠，此非吾之所及也。聽事終日，猶有不暇爾。」) *Fei Yi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
46. (延熈七年，魏軍次于興勢，假禕節，率衆往禦之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
47. (in Chinese) Dictionary definition of 羽檄
48. (光祿大夫來敏至禕許別，求共圍棊。于時羽檄交馳。人馬擐甲，嚴駕已訖，禕與敏留意對戲，色無厭倦。敏曰：「向聊觀試君耳！君信可人，必能辨賊者也。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
49. (禕至，敵遂退，封成鄉侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
50. (琬固讓州職，禕復領益州刺史。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
51. (\[延熙九年\]冬十一月，大司馬蔣琬卒。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 33.
52. (禕當國功名，略與琬比。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
53. (\[延熙\]十一年，出住漢中。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
54. (自琬及禕，雖自身在外，慶賞威刑，皆遙先諮斷，然後乃行，其推任如此。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
55. (後\[延熙\]十四年夏，還成都，成都望氣者云都邑無宰相位，故冬復北屯漢壽。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
56. (\[延熙\]十四年夏，大將軍費禕還成都。冬，復北駐漢壽。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 33.
57. (延熙十五年，命禕開府。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
58. "Fei Yi Tomb". *meet99.com* (in Chinese). Retrieved 31 May 2018.
59. (魏氏春秋曰：脩字孝先，素有業行，著名西州。姜維劫之，脩不為屈。劉禪以為左將軍，脩欲刺禪而不得親近，每因慶賀，且拜且前，為禪左右所遏，事輙不克，故殺禕焉。) *Wei Shi Chunqiu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 4.
60. (\[嘉平五年\]八月，詔曰：「故中郎西平郭脩，砥節厲行，秉心不回。乃者蜀將姜維寇鈔脩郡，為所執略。往歲偽大將軍費禕驅率羣衆，陰圖闚𨵦，道經漢壽，請會衆賔，脩於廣坐之中手刃擊禕，勇過聶政，功逾介子，可謂殺身成仁，釋生取義者矣。夫追加襃寵，所以表揚忠義；祚及後胤，所以獎勸將來。其追封脩為長樂鄉侯，食邑千戶，謚曰威侯；子襲爵，加拜奉車都尉；賜銀千鉼，絹千匹，以光寵存亡，永垂來世焉。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 4.
61. (臣松之以為古之舍生取義者，必有理存焉，或感恩懷德，投命無悔，或利害有機，奮發以應會，詔所稱聶政、介子是也。事非斯類，則陷乎妄作矣。魏之與蜀，雖為敵國，非有趙襄滅智之仇，燕丹危亡之急；且劉禪凡下之主，費禕中才之相，二人存亡，固無關於興喪。郭脩在魏，西州之男子耳，始獲於蜀，旣不能抗節不辱，於魏又無食祿之責，不為時主所使，而無故規規然糜身於非所，義無所加，功無所立，可謂「折柳樊圃」，其狂也且，此之謂也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 4.
62. (殷基通語曰：司馬懿誅曹爽，禕設甲乙論平其是非。) *Tongyu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
63. (甲以為曹爽兄弟凡品庸人，苟以宗子枝屬，得蒙顧命之任，而驕奢僭逸，交非其人，私樹朋黨，謀以亂國。懿奮誅討，一朝殄盡，此所以稱其任，副士民之望也。) *Tongyu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
64. (乙以為懿感曹仲付己不一，豈爽與相干？事勢不專，以此陰成疵瑕。初無忠告侃爾之訓，一朝屠戮，讒其不意，豈大人經國篤本之事乎！若爽信有謀主之心，大逆已搆，而發兵之日，更以芳委爽兄弟。懿父子從後閉門舉兵，蹙而向芳，必無悉寧，忠臣為君深慮之謂乎？以此推之，爽無大惡明矣。若懿以爽奢僭，廢之刑之可也，滅其尺口，被以不義，絕子丹血食，及何晏子魏之親甥，亦與同戮，為僭濫不當矣。) *Tongyu* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
65. (子承嗣，為黃門侍郎。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
66. (承弟恭，尚公主。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
67. (禕別傳曰：恭為尚書郎，顯名當世，早卒。) *Fei Yi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
68. (禕長女配太子璿為妃。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
69. (評曰：蔣琬方整有威重，費禕寬濟而博愛，咸承諸葛之成規，因循而不革，是以邊境無虞，邦家和一，然猶未盡治小之宜，居靜之理也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
70. (臣松之以為蔣、費為相，克遵畫一，未甞徇功妄動，有所虧喪，外郤駱谷之師，內保寧緝之實，治小之宜，居靜之理，何以過於此哉！今譏其未盡而不著其事，故使覽者不知所謂也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 4.
71. (禕別傳曰：禕雅性謙素，家不積財。兒子皆令布衣素食，出入不從車騎，無異凡人。) *Fei Yi Biezhuan* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 44.
72. (\[張\]嶷初見費禕為大將軍，恣性汎愛，待信新附太過，嶷書戒之曰：「昔岑彭率師，來歙杖節，咸見害於刺客，今明將軍位尊權重，宜鑒前事，少以為警。」後禕果為魏降人郭脩所害。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 43.
73. (斯乃性之寬簡，不防細微，卒為降人郭脩所害，豈非兆見於彼而禍成於此哉？) *Zhilin* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 64.
74. (爰迄琬、禕，遵脩弗革，攝乎大國之間，以弱為強，猶可自保。) *Huayang Guo Zhi* vol. 7.
75. (華陽國志曰：時蜀人以諸葛亮、蔣琬、費禕及允為四相，一號四英也。) *Huayang Guo Zhi* annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 39.

## InfoBox

| Fei Yi | |
| --- | --- |
| 費禕 | |
| Statue of Fei Yi in the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple in Chengdu, Sichuan | |
|  | |
| General-in-Chief (大將軍) | |
| **In office**<br>November or December 243 (November or December 243)  16 February 253 (16 February 253) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Preceded by | Jiang Wan |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Wei |
| Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing (錄尚書事)<br>(jointly held with Jiang Wei from 247) | |
| **In office**<br>November or December 243 (November or December 243)  16 February 253 (16 February 253) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Preceded by | Jiang Wan |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Wei |
| Inspector of Yi Province<br>(益州刺史) | |
| **In office**<br>244 (244)  16 February 253 (16 February 253) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Preceded by | Jiang Wan |
| Prefect of the Masters of Writing<br>(尚書令) | |
| **In office**<br>May 235 (May 235)  244 (244) | |
| Monarch | Liu Shan |
| Preceded by | Jiang Wan |
| Succeeded by | Dong Yun |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown<br>Luoshan County, Henan |
| Died | 16 February 253<br>Jiange County, Sichuan |
| Resting place | Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan |
| Relations |  |
| Children |  |
| Occupation | Diplomat, military general, politician, regent |
| Courtesy name | Wenwei (文偉) |
| Posthumous name | Marquis Jing (敬侯) |
| Peerage | Marquis of Cheng District<br>(成鄉侯) |
|  | |


title: Fei Xing

abstract: Li Wenbing is a Chinese film director and screen editor best known under his pseudonym Fei Xing. Having origins in a musically gifted family, Li studied music for the majority of his childhood and adolescence. After university, Li abandoned his area of focus to write television dramas. Some of his early works as a screenwriter include and, courtroom drama and detective thriller series respectively. Later Li used his experience writing to attempt to direct several of his own television shows first producing, a series of romantic comedies employing dark humor to both entertain and enlighten audiences of the hardships of those in the entertainment business. A departure from his usual genre of focus, Li soon returned to crime fiction in his most recent non-film production. Li is considered in the avant-garde of modern Chinese cinema; in 2010 he self-composed and directed China's first crime oriented feature film,. In 2012 Li introduced his second movie, which won five awards at the China International Film Festival in London the following year. This work combined the acting of mainland actor and actress Sun Hong Lei and Yu Nan as well as Hong Kong actor and singer Aaron Kwok that helped it gain large investments.

text:
# Fei Xing

**Li Wenbing** (born December 6, 1970) is a Chinese film director and screen editor best known under his pseudonym Fei Xing. Having origins in a musically gifted family, Li studied music for the majority of his childhood and adolescence. After university, Li abandoned his area of focus to write television dramas. Some of his early works as a screenwriter include (*Baofeng Fating*) and (*The Whole Truth*), courtroom drama and detective thriller series respectively. Later Li used his experience writing to attempt to direct several of his own television shows first producing (Meimeng Rensheng), a series of romantic comedies employing dark humor to both entertain and enlighten audiences of the hardships of those in the entertainment business. A departure from his usual genre of focus, Li soon returned to crime fiction in (Feichang Baodao) his most recent non-film production.

Li is considered in the avant-garde of modern Chinese cinema; in 2010 he self-composed and directed China's first crime oriented feature film, (T*he Man Behind The Courtyard House*). In 2012 Li introduced his second movie, (Silent Witness) which won five awards at the China International Film Festival in London the following year. This work combined the acting of mainland actor and actress Sun Hong Lei and Yu Nan as well as Hong Kong actor and singer Aaron Kwok that helped it gain large investments.

## Early life

Li was born in Suzhou, Anhui Province. His father a folk music composer, and his mother sang in both Chinese and Western operas at the time. Under these influences, he studied the liuqin lute from a young age, and enrolled in Anhui Vocational College of Art after completing senior high school.

As a child, Li had always harbored a secret love for films, especially Hollywood blockbusters. He became aware of his calling to the film business when, as a senior in high school, he secretly wrote the script for a new movie. As a practical joke, he told his classmates "I have just seen an American movie, the story goes like this...", and described his own plot in great length and detail. Unexpectedly, the story was so provoking to the group of teenagers, that the next day, two girls from his class skipped school to search for the film in the movie theater. When questioned about the absence of the film, Li confessed to his prank, but his classmates still did not believe that he had written it saying "How could you have arranged such a wonderful story?!" This experience would come to impact Li's in his later decision to enter into the movie industry.

Upon graduating from college, Li moved south to Shenzhen in Canton province, where he became a professional instrumentalist. Shortly after the outset of his musical career, Li was recognized for his shrewdness in screenwriting and started composing television shows, which he later came to direct. After realizing that his dream was to be a filmmaker, Li abruptly left Shenzhen to move back to his home of Anhui and began his livelihood as a director.

## Filmography

### Film Director

* *The Man Behind the Courtyard House* (2011)
* *Silent Witness* (2013)

### Television Series Writer

* *Baofeng Fating* (2004)
* *The Whole Truth* (2004)

### Television Series Director

* *Meimeng Rensheng* (2007)
* *Feichang Baodao* (2007)

## Awards

Chinese Image Film Festival Young Director's Award—2011

Chinese Image Film Festival Best Film Award—2011

Chinese International Film Festival London Best Director's Award—2013

Chinese International Film Festival London Best Screenwriter's Award—2013


abstract: Following the first round of the 2024 French legislative election on 30 June 2024, runoff elections in each constituency where no candidate received a vote share greater than 50 percent were scheduled for 7 July. Candidates permitted to stand in the runoff elections needed to either come in first or second place in the first round or achieve more than 12.5 percent of the votes of the entire electorate.

text:
# Results of the 2024 French legislative election in Aisne

Following the first round of the 2024 French legislative election on 30 June 2024, runoff elections in each constituency where no candidate received a vote share greater than 50 percent were scheduled for 7 July. Candidates permitted to stand in the runoff elections needed to either come in first or second place in the first round or achieve more than 12.5 percent of the votes of the entire electorate (as opposed to 12.5 percent of the vote share due to low turnout).

## Aisne

### 1st constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Nicolas Dragon | National Rally | | | 24,774 | 54.49 |
|  | Damien Delavenne | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 10,380 | 22.83 |
|  | Charles Culoli | New Popular Front |  | Socialist Party | 8,654 | 19.03 |
|  | Jean-Loup Pernelle | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 701 | 1.54 |
|  | Philippe Tréguier | Reconquête | | | 644 | 1.42 |
|  | Matthieu Léon Boufflet | Independent | | | 316 | 0.69 |
| Total | | | | | 45,469 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 45,469 | 96.56 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 429 | 0.91 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 1,189 | 2.53 |
| Total votes | | | | | 47,087 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 72,055 | 65.35 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### 2nd constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | First round | | Second round | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | | % | Votes | % |
|  | Philippe Torre | National Rally | | | 21,496 | 47.06 | 22,409 | 49.42 |
|  | Julien Dive | The Republicans | | | 16,288 | 35.66 | 22,933 | 50.58 |
|  | Anne-Sophie Dujancourt | New Popular Front |  | La France Insoumise | 6,511 | 14.26 |  | |
|  | Didier Kaczmarek | Reconquête | | | 561 | 1.23 |  | |
|  | Corrine Bécourt | Far-left |  | *Communist Party* | 497 | 1.09 |  | |
|  | Anne Zanditénas | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 322 | 0.70 |  | |
| Total | | | | | 45,675 | 100.00 | 45,342 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 45,675 | 97.82 | 45,342 | 97.26 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 303 | 0.65 | 390 | 0.84 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 716 | 1.53 | 888 | 1.90 |
| Total votes | | | | | 46,694 | 100.00 | 46,620 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 73,165 | 63.82 | 73,181 | 63.71 |
| Source: | | | | | | | | |

### 3rd constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Eddy Casterman | Union of the far right |  | Independent | 23,577 | 57.64 |
|  | Jean-Louis Bricout | Miscellaneous left |  | Socialist Party | 15,385 | 37.62 |
|  | Damien Créon | Sovereigntist right |  | Debout la France | 1,165 | 2.85 |
|  | Laetitia Voisin | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 763 | 1.87 |
|  | Anne-Marie Fournier | Reconquête | | | 11 | 0.03 |
| Total | | | | | 40,901 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 40,901 | 96.60 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 487 | 1.15 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 952 | 2.25 |
| Total votes | | | | | 42,340 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 65,988 | 64.16 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### 4th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | José Beaurain | National Rally | | | 25,913 | 55.04 |
|  | Benjamin Maurice | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 10,448 | 22.19 |
|  | Lola Prié | New Popular Front |  | Socialist Party | 9,335 | 19.83 |
|  | Flora Bouillaguet | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 832 | 1.77 |
|  | Philippe Goujard | Far-right | | | 553 | 1.17 |
| Total | | | | | 47,081 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 47,081 | 97.13 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 400 | 0.83 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 992 | 2.05 |
| Total votes | | | | | 48,473 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 78,936 | 61.41 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

### 5th constituency

| Candidate | | Party or alliance | | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jocelyn Dessigny | National Rally | | | 27,670 | 53.00 |
|  | Jeanne Roussel | Ensemble |  | Renaissance | 10,881 | 20.84 |
|  | Karim Belaïd | New Popular Front |  | Socialist Party | 10,272 | 19.67 |
|  | Jade Gilquin | The Republicans | | | 2,665 | 5.10 |
|  | Yona Merbouche | Far-left |  | Lutte Ouvrière | 721 | 1.38 |
| Total | | | | | 52,209 | 100.00 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | | | | 52,209 | 96.72 |
| Invalid votes | | | | | 743 | 1.38 |
| Blank votes | | | | | 1,029 | 1.91 |
| Total votes | | | | | 53,981 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | | | 82,551 | 65.39 |
| Source: | | | | | | |

1. "2ème circonscription (0202) - Elections Législatives 2024 - Publication des résultats des élections en France".


title: Joseph Lacasse

abstract: Joseph Lacasse was a Belgian artist who enjoyed a career that spanned some sixty-five years, during which he stood at the helm of Abstraction.

text:
# Joseph Lacasse

**Joseph Lacasse** (1894,Tournai1975, Paris) was a Belgian artist who enjoyed a career that spanned some sixty-five years, during which he stood at the helm of Abstraction.

## Early years

Born in Tournai, Belgium in 1894 in a working-class family, Lacasse started his apprenticeship to become a painter-decorator as early as 1905. He was accepted the following year as a free student at the Ecole des Beaux Arts of Tournai where he continued his training until 1921. As a young boy, Lacasse worked alongside his father as a stone-cutter in a local quarry. His abstract pastels, dated 1910, were painted after a day of hard work, where the austere structure of the quarry fired his imagination. These early pastels are completely geometrical, though not symmetrical, and their aggressive shapes are softened by rounded lines. They are dominated by a powerful black construction, traced with great surety.

After surviving the First World War, Lacasse became a successful painter of figurative scenes illustrating the condition of the working classes, often depicted against a religious background. Following a trip to South Italy in 1921, where he painted his ‘motherhood’ series, always in a style of emphasized realism, he decided to enroll at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels where Lacasse met his future wife, Stephanie Lupsin, daughter of the renowned art dealer.

## The First Paris Period

Following several travels to Italy, Brittany and Spain, Lacasse finally decided to settle in Paris in 1925. Here, his acquaintance with Robert Delaunay was crucial to his colouristic development. During this period he also became friend with neighbouring Constantin Brâncuși and the writers Robert Garric and Henry Poulaille. Throughout the thirties, Lacasse turned to Abstraction for consolation from the disillusionment over the painting and the forced removal of his frescoes at the Dominican Chapel at Juvisy during 1931-32.

In 1933 Lacasse founded the gallery *L’Equipe* inspired by his socialist ideas that artists of all disciplines should come together to exchange ideas and to fight for the right to be shown. The gallery played an important role on the Parisian art scene with exhibitions showing the works of many including Jacques Lipchitz, Moïse Kisling, Francis Picabia and Pablo Picasso. Lacasse himself had a one-man show at *L’Equipe* in 1937 during which he showed some of his abstract work. Lacasse’s coloristic developments of the time also testify his great admiration for Robert Delaunay whom, according to Michel Seuphor, he met in 1931 and whose gatherings at his studio Lacasse attended during 1938 and 1939. Other artists he met included Serge Poliakoff, who then started visiting *L'Equipe*. At the time of their meeting Poliakoff was still committed to figuration. In 1939 *L'Equipe* published its first three magazines.

## The Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Lacasse decided to join General de Gaulle’s Resistance by moving to London with the Free French Forces. During the five years of wars Lacasse seemed to have put aside painting while teaching sculpture and ceramics in Stoke-on-Trent. During this period he was totally cut off from his family.

## The Second Paris Period

His absence from Paris cost him dearly for the Parisian artistic community had continued without him. In a moment of depression, he destroyed more than a hundred paintings. Having become a French citizen in 1946, Lacasse, encouraged by his wife and friends, went back to painting. Until his death in 1975, Lacasse’s work became the subject of countless exhibitions abroad including UK, Germany and the USA.

Tachism Abstraction Belgian Art École de Paris

## InfoBox

| Joseph Lacasse | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Joseph Lacasse
5 August 1894
Tournai, Belgium |
| Died | 26 October 1975
Paris, France |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | Abstraction |


title: Velorini

abstract: Velorini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Thomson in 1864.

text:
# Velorini

**Velorini** is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Thomson in 1864.

## Taxonomy

## InfoBox

| Velorini | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Lamiinae |
| Tribe: | Velorini<br>Thomson, 1864 |
|


title: José Guirao

abstract: José Guirao Cabrera was a Spanish cultural manager and art expert who served as Minister of Culture and Sport in the government of Pedro Sánchez between 2018 and 2020. He was also Member of the Congress of Deputies. Previously, he was director of the Reina Sofía Museum between 1994 and 2001 and director of the La Casa Encendida from 2002 and 2014. He was also Director-General of the Montemadrid Foundation until his appointment as minister, a private non-profit organization that works in favor of inclusion and equal opportunities, promotes a participatory citizenship with access to education, employment and culture and favors the conservation of the environment.

text:
# José Guirao

**José Guirao Cabrera** (9 June 1959 – 11 July 2022) was a Spanish cultural manager and art expert who served as Minister of Culture and Sport in the government of Pedro Sánchez between 2018 and 2020. He was also Member of the Congress of Deputies.

Previously, he was director of the Reina Sofía Museum between 1994 and 2001 and director of the La Casa Encendida from 2002 and 2014. He was also Director-General of the Montemadrid Foundation until his appointment as minister, a private non-profit organization that works in favor of inclusion and equal opportunities, promotes a participatory citizenship with access to education, employment and culture and favors the conservation of the environment.

## Career

Guirao was born on 9 June 1959 in Pulpí, Province of Almería, in Andalusia and was the son of Lucas Guirao Valverde and Mercedes Cabrera Rodríguez. He was the youngest of four siblings; Bernardino, Beatriz and Ana Isabel. Guirao graduated in Spanish Philology from the University of Murcia, although he studied one of the grades in the University of Granada. His deskmate was Luis García Montero, poet and current Director of Instituto Cervantes. Guirao was the manager of the Cultural Department of the Provincial Council of Almería from 1983 to 1987.

From 1988 to 1993, Guirao occupied the position of Chief Manager of Cultural Assets at the Regional Government of Andalusia. He developed projects such as the General Plan of Cultural Heritage of Andalusia, the Law 1/91 of the Historical Heritage of Andalusia, the project of the Andalusian Center of Contemporary Art and the creation of the Andalusian Institute of Historical Heritage.

In 1993, Guirao was appointed to the position of Manager of Fine Arts and Archives at the Ministry of Culture. In 1994, he was appointed Director of the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía. During his tenure, the project of the expansion of the museum was awarded to architect Jean Nouvel. He was also responsible for the reorganization of the collections and the commitment to emerging artists in the museum's programming. With the change of government led by Prime Minister José María Aznar in 1996, Guirao remained in office until 2000.

From 2001 to 2014, Guirao was the director of the cultural centre La Casa Encendida in Madrid. In 2013, the centre became part of the Fundación Montemadrid, and he was appointed Chief Manager of this foundation.

José Guirao was a member of the Federico García Lorca Foundation, of the Antonio Gala Foundation, of the Museo del Prado of the Museum of Contemporary Spanish Engraving Foundation. In addition, he was a guest professor of the master's degree in Cultural Management at the Carlos III University of Madrid.

### Minister of Culture

In June 2018, Guirao was chosen to succeed Màxim Huerta as Minister of Culture and Sport, after Huerta's resignation and took office on 14 June. His mandate had as main objectives the reform of the "Ley del Mecenazgo" and the "Ley del Deporte", to attend to the precarious situation of cinema and to mediate in the internal war of the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores. As a minister, he stated that, despite being against bullfighting, he should not impose anything and the changes should be in accordance with a balanced and settled social evolution and respecting what is a "Mediterranean tradition". One of the first measures he took was the cancellation of the merger between the Teatro Real and the Teatro de la Zarzuela and the approval of the first measures of the "Estatuto del Artista" in June 2018. He was also very much in favor of promoting the visibility of women's sports at the same level as men's sports. In August 2018, he was the first Spanish Minister of Culture to recognize video games as "culture".

On 21 August of that year, he threatened cinema managers to review the lowering of VAT on movie tickets if they did not comply with it, since at least 50% of movie theaters had not applied the reduction from 21% to 10% that the Spanish government had approved few weeks ago. Despite the controversy generated by these statements, in September Guirao stated that this "wake-up call" was useful.

On 11 December 2018, he announced that in the first quarter of 2019 the conflict generated by the Salamanca Papers would come to an end, so that it would no longer be returning to the Catalan government the documents that were confiscated from it after the Spanish Civil War. Guirao also rejected the return of a set of documents that the Catalan government requested because he alleged that they were not covered by the law.

In March 2019, the Provincial Committee of the PSOE chose him to be first in the electoral list to the Congress of Deputies for the constituency of Almería. He was elected MP in the general election of April. He was re-elected as deputy for Almeria in the November 2019 general election.

After the Notre-Dame fire in Paris on 15 April 2019, Guirao convened an interministerial meeting for 16 April to study measures for heritage protection in emergency situations and said that day in an interview that the government plans to review the security of all the country's monuments. On 26 April, after the extraordinary meeting of the "Historical Heritage Council", he announced that the government would approve the implementation of 3.5 million euros for plans to safeguard cultural property in the event of emergencies.

In June 2019 Guirao reached an agreement with the Duchess of the Infantado whereby the Ministry of Culture became able to use the entire Palacio del Infantado, ending a process that began in 1960.

On 9 January 2020 it was announced that Guirao was discontinued as Minister of Culture and Sport and was succeeded by José Manuel Rodríguez Uribes on 13 January. Shortly after, on 29 January, he resigned from his seat in the Congress. The unexpected dismissal of Guirao left unfinished the new "Patronage Law", whose draft was already finished; the reform of the "National Institute of Performing Arts and Music" and the approval of its regulatory law; the extension of the "historical heritage law" which had as a novelty the inclusion of the cultural landscape, industrial, photographic and audiovisual heritage as new assets to be protected; and the approval of tax benefits for international production, whose draft was ready to be submitted for approval.

### Post-ministry

In May 2020 he was re-appointed Chief Manager of Fundación Montemadrid. In that position, Guirao had to deal with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the foundation and worked on the renovation of the Palacio de la Música de Madrid. Guirao stepped down as director of the foundation at the end of 2021 and was succeeded by Amaya de Miguel in April 2022.

In August 2021 he published the book that he coordinated together with the academic Magdalena Cantero entitled *Aún hay tiempo. Paisajes para después de la pandemia* ("There is still time. Landscapes for after the pandemic"). On 17 September 2021 the minister of Culture Miquel Iceta appointed Guirao commissioner for the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the death of Pablo Picasso, as president of the National Commission created to organize the events of that ephemeris. On 10 November, Guirao testified as a witness before the Provincial Court of Valencia in the trial for the alleged fraud in the purchase and donation of works by the painter Gerardo Rueda by the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern.

## Death

Guirao was diagnosed with cancer in March 2021. He died from the disease at his home in Madrid on 11 July 2022 at the age of 63. A private funeral was held the following morning, followed by cremation.

## Honors

## Selected works

* Guirao, C. J. (1994). *Nicolás Muller: Fotógrafo*. Barcelona: Lunwerg.
* Esteban, L. P., Guirao, C. J., & Sedano, E. P. (1998). *Estudio sobre el estado de conservación del Guernica de Picasso*. Madrid: Museo Nacional Reina Sofía.
* Aguirre, E., Guirao, C. J., Capa, C., Capa, R., Fusi, J. P., Whelan, R., Coleman, C., Centro de arte Reina Sofía (Madrid, Espagne). (1999). *Capa, cara a cara: Fotografías de Robert Capa sobre la Guerra Civil española : de la colección del Museo Nacional de Arte Reina Sofía. Madrid: Museo nacional centro de arte reina Sofía.*
* Museo Juan Barjola (Gijón, Spain), Guirao, C. J., & Museo Juan Barjola. (2003). *Isidro Tascón*. Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones del Principado de Asturias..
* Guirao, C. J. (2006). *Balthus*. Madrid: Unidad Editorial.
* Guirao, C. J., & Domínguez, C. (2013). *Moderne Farbkonzepte: Albert Oehlen*. Madrid: La Casa Encendida.
* Goytisolo, J., Gallego, R. M., Aranda, V., Doctor, R. R., Guirao, J., Ridao, J. M., Rizzante, M., Kundera, M. (2018). *Campos de Níjar*.
* Bergel, S. B. Y., Padros, C., Malvarez, P. L. A., Guirao, C. J., & In Fundacion Profesor Uria,. (2020). *Derecho del arte: Anuario Iberoamericano 2019*.
* *Aún hay tiempo. Paisajes para después de la pandemia* (2021)

## InfoBox

| José Guirao | |
| --- | --- |
| Guirao in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Culture and Sport | |
| **In office**
14 June 2018  13 January 2020 | |
| Monarch | Felipe VI |
| Prime Minister | Pedro Sánchez |
| Preceded by | Màxim Huerta |
| Succeeded by | José Manuel Rodríguez Uribes |
| Member of the Congress of Deputies | |
| **In office**
21 May 2019  29 January 2020 | |
| Constituency | Almería |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-06-09)9 June 1959
Pulpí, Spanish State |
| Died | 11 July 2022(2022-07-11) (aged 63)
Madrid, Spain |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | University of Murcia |
|  | |


title: 1924 New Year Honours

abstract: The 1924 New Year Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were published in The London Gazette on 1 January 1924. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes and then divisions as appropriate.

text:
# 1924 New Year Honours

The **1924 New Year Honours** were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were published in *The London Gazette* on 1 January 1924.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, *etc.*) and then divisions (Military, Civil, *etc.*) as appropriate.

## British Empire

### Viscount

### Baron

### Privy Councillor

### Baronet

### Knight Bachelor

India Dominions, Colonies, Protectorates

### Order of the Bath

#### Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)

Military Division

#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)

Military Division Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Civil Division

#### Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)

Military Division Royal Navy Army * Major-General Denis Joseph Collins, CMG, MD, KHS, Deputy Director of Medical Services, Southern Command, East Indies.
* Colonel George Peabody Scholfield, CMG, CBE, Deputy Chief Engineer, Southern Command.
* Colonel George Napier Johnston, CMG, DSO, Commanding Royal Artillery, 52nd (The Lowland) Division, Territorial Army.
* Colonel (temporary Colonel Commandant) Rowland Henry Mangles, CMG, DSO, Brigade Commander, Cairo Brigade, the British Troops in Egypt.
* Colonel Lewis Francis Philips, CMG, CBE, DSO, Brigade Commander, 128th (Hampshire) Infantry Brigade, Territorial Army.
* Colonel (temporary Colonel on the Staff) Henry Thomas Sawyer, DSO, Director of Veterinary Services, India Headquarters Staff, East Indies.
* Major-General Harry Ashley Vane Cummins, CMG, Indian Army, General Officer Commanding, Bombay District, East Indies.
* Colonel (temporary Colonel Commandant) William Frank Bainbridge, CMG, CBE, DSO, Indian Army, Commander, Jullundur Brigade Area, Northern Command, East Indies.
* Colonel Arthur Holroyd Bridges, CIE, DSO, Indian Army, General Staff Officer, 1st Grade, General Staff, Rawalpindi District, East Indies.

Royal Air Force Civil Division * Engineer Captain Francis Evans Percy Haigh, Royal Navy (Retd.)
* Colonel Commandant Picton Phillips, CMG, MVO, ADC, Royal Marines.
* Instructor Captain John White, MA, Royal Navy.
* Edward Rodolph Forber, CBE, Principal Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Health.
* Roland Venables Vernon, Assistant Secretary, Middle East Department, Colonial Office.
* William Young, Commissioner of Customs and Excise.

### Order of the Star of India

#### Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)

#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI)

#### Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI)

* James Donald, CIE, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bengal.
* Lieutenant-Colonel William Frederick Travers O'Connor, CIE, CVO, British Envoy at the Court of Nepal.
* Ernest Sampson Lloyd, Indian Civil Service, Acting Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras.
* Leonard Frederick Morshead, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Board of Revenue, Bihar and Orissa.
* Henry Duffield Craik, Indian Civil Service, Chief Secretary to the Government of the Punjab.
* Samuel Andrew Smyth, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner, Mandalay Division, Burma.
* Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Hugh Jeffery, CIE, Indian Army, General Staff, Army Headquarters.
* Colin Gurdon Adam, Indian Civil Service, Private Secretary to His Excellency the Governor of Bombay.
* M R Ry Diwan Bahadur Thodla Raghavayya Pantulu Garu, Diwan of Travancore State, Madras.
* Raja Ejaz Rasul Khan of Jehangirabad, United Provinces.

### Order of Saint Michael and Saint George

#### Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)

#### Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)

* Edward John Arnett, a Senior Resident in the Northern Provinces of Nigeria.
* William Benjamin Chaffey, Councillor of the Borough of Mildura, State of Victoria, in recognition of his services in connection with irrigation settlement in the State.
* Captain the Honourable Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford, MVO, in recognition of his services as Secretary to the Governor-General of the Union of South Africa.
* Eric Rücker Eddison, Principal in the Board of Trade, in recognition of his services as Secretary to the Imperial Economic Conference.
* The Honourable Richard Feetham, Judge of the Transvaal Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of the Union of South Africa, for services as Legal Adviser to the High Commissioner for South Africa.
* John Cyril Douglas Fenn, Chief Secretary to the Government of Cyprus.
* Edward Shaw Hose, British Resident, Negri Sembilan, Acting Chief Secretary to Government, Federated Malay States.
* William Warren Kerr, CBE, formerly President of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of Australia and Chairman of the Royal Commission on Taxation appointed by the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia, in recognition of his services to the Commonwealth of Australia.
* Thomas Luff Perkins, AMICE, ARIBA, lately Director of Public Works, Hong Kong.
* The Honourable John Scaddan, Minister for Mines, Railways, Industries and Woods and Forests, and Member of the House of Assembly, State of Western Australia.
* Henry Benjamin Shawe, ISO, Secretary for the Interior, Union of South Africa.
* The Honourable Percival Donald Leslie Fynn, Treasurer and Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Southern Rhodesia.
* Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Marshall Hole, for service in the London Office of the British South Africa Company.
* James Robertson, Secretary, Department of the Administrator and Clerk to the Executive and Legislative Councils of Southern Rhodesia.
* Joseph Addison, Counsellor of His Majesty's Embassy at Berlin.

### Order of the Indian Empire

#### Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE)

#### Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE)

#### Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE)

* Lancelot Graham, Indian Civil Service, Officiating Secretary to the Government of India, Legislative Department.
* Crewe Armand Hamilton Townsend, Indian Civil Service, Officiating Chief Secretary to the Government of the Punjab.
* Edmund Willoughby Legh, Indian Civil Service, Acting Secretary to the Government of Madras, Revenue Department.
* Herbert Philip Duval, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Judicial Department, and Remembrancer of Legal Affairs, Bengal.
* James Campbell Ker, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Bombay, General and Educational Departments.
* Frederick Fleetwood Bion, Chief Engineer, Public Works Department, Irrigation Branch, United Provinces.
* Walter Sidney Bremner, Chief Engineer and Secretary to Government, Bihar and Orissa.
* Percival Stanley Keelan, Chief Engineer, Mining, Bengal Coal Company.
* Colonel William Menzies Coldstream, Superintendent, Survey of India.
* Clement Wansbrough Gwynne, OBE, Indian Civil Service, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, Home Department.
* Robert Benson Ewbank, Indian Civil Service, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Education, Health and Lands.
* Behari Lai Dhingra, MD, Chief Minister, Jind State, Punjab.
* Shrimant Jagdeo Rao Puar, Bhau Sahib Maharaj, Chief Councillor, State Council, Dewas State (Senior Branch).
* Maulvi Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad, Nawab Nizamat Jang Bahadur, OBE, Minister in charge of the Political Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Government, Hyderabad State.
* Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, Muntazim-ud-Daula, Member of the Gwalior State Council.
* Philip Graham Rogers, Indian Civil Service, Postmaster-General, Bombay.
* Charles William Dunn, Indian Civil Service, Registrar, Co-operative Societies, Burma.
* Raymond Evelyn Gibson, Indian Civil Service, Collector, Hyderabad and Sukkur, Sind.
* Major Guy Hamilton Russell, DSO, Commandant, South Waziristan Scouts, North-West Frontier Province.
* Bertrand James Glancy, Indian Civil Service, Member, Board of Control, Kashmir.
* M R Ry Diwan Bahadur Lewis Dominic Swamikannu Pillai Avargal, ISO, Secretary, Madras Legislative Council.
* Hugh Byard Clayton, Indian Civil Service, Municipal Commissioner for the City of Bombay.
* Ernest William Proctor Sims, Manager and Engineer-in-Chief, Junagadh State Railway.
* Khan Bahadur Muhammad Abdul Karim Khan, ISO, MBE, Landowner and Provincial Darbari, of Gul Imam, Dera Ismail Khan District, North-West Frontier Province.
* Maung Maung Bya, MBE, Assistant Registrar of Co-operative Societies, Burma.
* Sardar Bahadur Sheo Narayan Singh, Honorary Magistrate, Jullundur District, Punjab.
* George Deuchars, formerly Indian Public Works Department, lately Government Director of Indian Hallway Companies, India Office.

### Royal Victorian Order

#### Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)

#### Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)

#### Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)

#### Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th class (MVO)

* Major Henry Angus Watson, CBE.
* Thomas Fell Molyneux, OBE.
* Frederic Stanley Osgood, OBE, MVO (5th Class).
* Haywood Temple Holmes, ISO, MVO (5th Class).
* George Slythe Street.

#### Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 5th class (MVO)

* Frederick James Bailey, (dated 15 October 1923).

### Kaisar-i-Hind Medal

First Class, for Public Services in India * Robert Niel Reid, Indian Civil Service, Collector, Rajshahi, Bengal.
* Sam Higginbottom, Principal, Agricultural Institute, Allahabad.
* Captain William Ewart Gladstone Solomon, Indian Educational Service, Principal, School of Art, Bombay.
* Edmund Tydeman, Indian Educational Service, Inspector of Training Institutions, Punjab.
* Commissioner Arthur Robert Blowers, Commissioner of the Salvation Army for South India and Ceylon, Madras.
* Dr. Augustus Sousa, Assistant Director of Public Health, III Range, Allahabad, United Provinces.
* Reverend John Roderic McKenzie, Head of the Scottish Episcopal Mission, Chanda, Central Provinces.
* Reverend Mother Marie Leonie, née Gabrielle Mallaret, Superioress, St Joseph's Convent, Moulmein, Burma.
* Khan Bahadur Abu Nasr Muhammad Yahia, Zamindar, Honorary Magistrate, Sylhet, Assam.
* Dr. Louisa Helena Hart, Medical Missionary, Madanapalle, Madras.

### Order of the British Empire

#### Medal of the Order of the British Empire

Civil Division

### King's Police Medal (KPM)

England & Wales Police * Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Sutherland Walker, CBE, Chief Constable, Worcestershire Constabulary.
* Major William Hugh Dunlop, Chief Constable, East Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.
* Captain Dennis Granville, MVO, OBE, Chief Constable, Dorsetshire Constabulary.
* John Henderson Watson, OBE, Chief Constable, Bristol City Police Force.
* Frederick Walter Mullineux, Chief Constable, Bolton Borough Police Force.
* John Berry, Chief Constable, Barrow-in-Furness Borough Police Force.
* Harry Haigh, Assistant-Chief Constable, West Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.
* John Waller, MBE, Assistant Chief Constable, Durham Constabulary.
* Charles Goddard, Superintendent, Berkshire Constabulary.
* William Davis, Superintendent, Hampshire Constabulary.
* William Whitty, MBE, Superintendent, Grimsby Borough Police Force.
* Fred Taylor, MBE, Chief Superintendent, Manchester City Police Force.
* Alfred Beesley, Sergeant (CID), Metropolitan Police (now Chief Constable of the Folkestone Borough Police Force).
* Walter Hobbs, Sergeant (CID), Metropolitan Police.
* Alfred Flint, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* John Butherford, Constable (CID), Metropolitan Police.
* John Dubber, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* John Cozens, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* Arthur Cyril Goodison, Constable, Leeds City Police Force.
* Sam Roe, Constable, Glossop Borough Police Force.
* Charles Sadgrove, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* Joseph Allen, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* John Cooper, Constable, Metropolitan Police.
* Henry Lovegrove, Constable, Metropolitan Police.

Fire Brigades * Major Cyril Clarke Boville Morris MC, MIME, Senior Divisional Officer, London Fire Brigade.
* Arthur R. Corlett, OBE, Superintendent of the Manchester (Police) Fire Brigade.
* John W. Dane, Chief Officer, Croydon Fire Brigade.
* Henry Stancliff Leedom, Fireman, London Fire Brigade.

Scotland * John Morren, Chief Constable of the Counties of Roxburgh, Berwick and Selkirk.
* James Sparks, Constable, Glasgow City Police Force.
* George Ferguson, Constable, Glasgow City Police Force.

Ireland * Edward Joseph Conran, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* James Armstrong, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Samuel Wallace Kennedy, District Commandant, Class "B" Special Constabulary, Londonderry City.
* John Johnston, Head Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* Anthony Henry, Head Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
* James Smylie, Head Constable, Royal Ulster Constabulary.

India * Alexander John Happell, Superintendent, Madras Police.
* William, Rees John, Assistant Superintendent, Madras Police.
* Hugh Keene, Assistant Superintendent, Madras Police.
* Claude Robert Charsley, Assistant Superintendent, Madras Police.
* Edward Hilder Colebrook, Assistant Superintendent, Madras Police.
* Frank William Goodsell, Sergeant, Madras Police.
* Muchakkal Gopalan Nayar, Constable, Malabar Special Police, Madras Police.
* Ariakkal Vettath Bappu, Head Constable, Madras Police.
* Frederick William O'Gorman, Acting Superintendent, Bombay Police.
* Chinnappa Gurupadappa Shivashetti, Sub-Inspector, Bombay Police.
* Pawadappa Annappa, Head Constable, Bombay Police.
* Bhau Ramchandra Nikam, Head Constable, Bombay Police.
* Chaturbhai Kishabhai Amin, Sub-Inspector, Bombay Police.
* Rasulmian Miyanbhai, Head Constable Kathiawar Agency Police, Bombay Police.
* Chimandas Dewandas Motwani, Deputy Superintendent, Bombay Police.
* Raghabendra Nath Banarji, Deputy Superintendent, Bengal Police.
* Keshab Lai Bahhacharji, Inspector, Bengal Police.
* Eric Hodson, Officiating Additional Superintendent, Bengal Police.
* William Cook, Assistant Commissioner, Calcutta City Police, Bengal Police.
* Surendra Nath Banarji, Officiating Deputy Superintendent, Bengal Police.
* Niaz Ahmad Khan, Sub-Inspector, United Provinces Police.
* Saiyed Sajjad Hussain, Sub-Inspector, United Provinces Police.
* Victor William Smith, OBE, Superintendent, Punjab Police.
* William George Clarke, MBE, Additional Superintendent, Punjab Police.
* Thomas Raleigh Bassett, Assistant Superintendent, Punjab Police.
* Kirori Singh, Foot Constable, Punjab Police.
* Maung Thaing, Deputy Superintendent (retired), Burma Police.
* Hare Krishna Das, Inspector, Bihar and Orissa Police.
* Ram Beas Pandey, Constable, Bihar and Orissa Police.
* William Henry Montagu Wilson, Superintendent, Bihar and Orissa Police.
* Walter Cyril Plumb, Officiating District Officer, North-West Frontier Police.
* Francis Herbert DuHeaume, Assistant District Officer, North-West Frontier Police.
* Zabardast Khan, Sub-Inspector, North-West Frontier Police.
* Akhmad Khan, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier Police.
* Maizulla Khan, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier Police.
* Mehr Dil, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier Police.
* Zaman Jan, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier Police.
* Gulan Khan, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier Police.
* Sultan Ahmad, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier Police.
* Gheba Khan, Head Constable, Zhob-Loralai Police, Baluchistan Police.

His Majesty has also graciously consented to the King's Police Medal being handed to the nearest relatives of the undermentioned Officers, who were killed on duty on 18 August 1922, and who would have received the decoration had they survived:.

* Chandansing Briavansing, Sowar, Palanpur Agency Police, Bombay Police.
* Issarsing Sawatsing, Sowar, Palanpur Agency Police, Bombay Police.

Bar to the King's Police Medal British Oversea Dominions, Colonies, Protectorates and Mandated Territories * John Cochrane, Chief of Police, Gibraltar.
* Captain George Echlin Smith, Commandant of Police and Governor of Prisons, Zanzibar.
* Richard Shearman Godley, OBE, Deputy Commissioner, South African Police, Union of South Africa.
* William Ernest Earle, Inspector, South African Police, Union of South Africa.
* Claude Myles, Inspector, South African Police, Union of South Africa.
* Alfred Ernest Trigger, MBE, Inspector, South African Police, Union of South Africa.
* William Christopher Loftus, Inspector, South African Police, Union of South Africa.
* Layton Herbert Burgess, Head Constable, South African Police, Union of South Africa.
* Nathu son of Boota, Railway Police, Constable, Federated Malay States.
* Garba Kano, Police Constable, Nigeria.
* Captain Joseph Cyril Brundell, British South Africa Police, Superintendent, Criminal Investigation Department and Chief Immigration Officer.
* Kamel Irani, Inspector, Palestine Police Force.

His Majesty has also graciously consented to the King's Police Medal being handed to the nearest relatives of the undermentioned Officers, who were killed on duty and who would have received the decoration had they survived;

* Charles Gilbertson White, Volunteer Fireman, East Fremantle Fire Brigade, Western Australia.
* Frederick George Henderson, Trooper, Tasmanian Police Force.

### Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)

### Air Force Cross (AFC)

* Flying Officer Basil Royston Carter.

### Promotions

Dated 31 December 1923.

Royal Navy Commander to Captain Lieutenant-Commander to Commander * William V. Rice, DSO.
* William S. F. Macleod, OBE.
* A. Gordon Hine, DSO.
* Robert Mends.
* Edward W. Kitson.
* Cecil S. Sandford, OBE.
* Cecil R. E. W. Perryman, DSC.
* Kenneth H. L. Mackenzie.
* Robert L. Burnett.
* Cuthbert H. Heath-Caldwell, DSC.
* Gerald P. Bowen, OBE.
* Guy O. Lydekker, DSC.
* Henry F. Minchin.
* Eldred S. Brooksmith, DSC.
* George A. Scott, DSC.
* Edward R. B. Kemble.
* W. Tofield Makeig-Jones.
* Douglas A. Budgen.
* Frederic C. Bradley.

Engineer-Commander to Engineer-Captain * Frank A. Butler.
* Frank R. Goodwin, DSO.
* Alfred W. McKinlay, OBE.

Engineer Lieutenant-Commander to Engineer Commander * Geoffrey Hick.
* Ernest McK. Phillips.
* Alexander H. Parry.
* Percival W. Allen.
* Harold T. Evans.
* Augustus Shackle.
* Cyril T. Clover.
* Herbert A. Slade.
* David N. H. Bowen.
* Frederick R. G. Turner, OBE.
* Frank V. King.

Surgeon Commander to Surgeon Captain * Arthur R. H. Skey, MB.
* Robert H. Mornement, OBE.
* James H. Fergusson.
* Henry C. Whiteside.
* John R. Muir, MB.

Paymaster Commander to Paymaster Captain * Harry M. C. Elliott.
* William E. Crocker.
* Frederick A. F. Banbury.
* Edgar B. Swan.
* Charles E. Batt, CMG.
* Henshaw R. Russell, CMG.
* Herbert S. Measham, CMG.

Royal Marines * Lieutenant Richard W. Spraggett, MC, to Captain.

Royal Naval Reserve Commander to Captain * Alfred V. R. Lovegrove, DSO, RD.

Lieutenant-Commander to Commander * John Walker, RD.
* Arthur R. D. Collins, OBE, RD.
* John E. Haswell, RD.
* Richard H. Buck, RD.

Paymaster Lieutenant-Commander (Registrar Class) to Paymaster Commander * Edwin A. Taffs, RD.
* Herbert M. Hambling, RD.

Royal Air Force General Duties Branch Air Commodore to Air Vice-Marshal Wing Commander to Group Captain Squadron Leader to Wing Commander Flight Lieutenant to Squadron Leader * Alfred William Clifford Vernon Parr.
* Oswyn George William Gifford Lywood, OBE.
* Thomas Geoffrey Bowler.
* William Hickley Lovell O'Neill, MC.
* Francis Edgcombe Hellyer, OBE.
* Edward Ardley Beaulah.
* Eric Roby Vaisey.
* Cyril Bertram Cooke.
* Robert Dickinson Oxland.
* Richard Cecil Hardstaff.
* Douglas Iron, OBE.
* Arthur Trafalgar Williams.
* Edward Dawson Atkinson, DFC, AFC.
* Claude Russell Cox, AFC.
* James Milne Robb, DFC.
* Harold Melsome Probyn, DSO.
* Reginald Frederick Stuart Leslie, DSC, DFC, AFC.
* John Leacroft, MC.
* Vincent Greenwood.
* William Hastings de Warrenne Waller, AFC.
* Leonard Horatio Slatter, OBE, DSC, DFC.
* Lionel Mundy Bailey, AFC.
* Thomas Edward Barham Howe, AFC.
* Siegfried Richards Watkins, AFC.
* Victor Somerset Erskine Lindop.
* Walter Hunt Longton, DFC, AFC.
* Horace Percy Lale, DSO, DFC.

Flying Officer to Flight Lieutenant * Edward Selwyn Moulton-Barrett.
* Robert Alexander Birkbeck, DFC.
* Desmond Fitzgerald Fitz-Gibbon, DSC.
* Aubrey Beauclerk Ellwood, DSC.
* Cyril Chapman, DSC.
* John Auguste Boret, MC, AFC.
* Thomas Arthur Warne-Browne, DSC.
* Albert Edward Dark.
* Clifford Westly Busk, MC.
* Eric Burton.
* Norbert Marie Sackville Russell.
* Arthur Gordon Jarvis, AFC.
* John Eric MacLennan.
* Robert Mordaunt Foster, DFC.
* Charles Crawford.
* Percy Harold Davy.
* William Harold Markham.
* Harold Thomas Lydford, AFC.
* Maurice Burbidge.
* Clarence Edward Williamson-Jones, DFC.
* Harold Hunter Down, AFC.
* Lynden Charles Wynne-Tyson.
* Francis Charles Beresford Savile.
* Frank Wright.
* George Gaywood Banting.
* Arthur Mostyn Wray, MC, AFC.
* John Bussey.
* Walter English Swann.
* George Vivian Howard, DFC.
* Seymour Caley Harker.
* George Dermot Daly, DFC.
* Charles Frederick Le Poer Trench.
* Clifford Arthur Bernard Bowman Wiilcock, AFC.
* William Munro Yool.
* Herbert Nind Hampton, DFC.
* Frank Linden Hopps, AFC.
* Louis William Jarvis.
* Henry Michael Moody, MC.
* Charles James Wilfred Hatcher, AFC.
* Dudley Price.
* Stanley Harry Wallace, MC.
* John Henry Bentham.
* Richard Llewellyn Crofton, MBE.
* Vivian Steel Parker.
* William Stanley Watson.
* Walter John Seward.
* Bruce Bernard Caswell.
* Edward Leslie Barrington, MC, DFC.
* Stuart Douglas Culley, DSO.
* James MacGregor Fairweather, DFC.
* William James Daddo-Langlois.
* Harold Victor Bobbins.
* Stephen Charles Strafford, DFC.
* Erie Hardy Richardson.
* John Robert Irving Scambler, AFC.
* Robert John Rodwell.
* Andrew MacGregor, DFC.
* George Howard Homer Scutt, MC.
* John Wakeling Baker, MC.
* Hugh Robert Junor, DFC.
* Francis Joseph Fogarty.
* Humphrey William Baggs.
* Leslie Gordon Harvey.
* Allan Lancelot Addison Perry-Keene.
* Edward Percy Mackay.
* William Henry Pools, AFC, MM.
* Christopher Holt Stilwell.
* John McFarlane, MC.
* Noel Hamilton Jay.
* Reginald James Read.
* Frederick Thomasson, DFC, MM.
* Theodore Linley Lowe.
* Herbert Hackney.
* James Clement Foden, AFC.
* Hubert Poyntz-Gaynor Leigh.
* Douglas Leslie Blackford.

Stores Branch Flight Lieutenant to Squadron Leader * George Stevens, OBE.
* Francis George Maxwell Williams.
* John Samuel Goggin.
* Percy Mead Brambleby.
* Frederick Grave, MBE.

Flying Officer to Flight Lieutenant * George Arthur Curtis.
* Alfred George Knight, MBE.
* Eric Leighton Ridley.
* John Hobbs.
* Lewis Edward Carter, DCM.
* Charles Edward Cullen.
* Frederick Whilton, DCM.
* Leonard Henry Vernon.

Stores Branch Accountants Squadron Leader to Wing Commander * William Hughes Holroyd.
* Herbert John Down.

Flying Officer to Flight Lieutenant * Edwin James Grout.
* Robert Milne Grundy.
* Herbert Wellstead Capener.
* Robert Frederick Charles Metcalfe.
* Sidney Glanvill Linssen.
* Edward Charles Mackintosh Knott.