title: Bielów

abstract: Bielów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krosno Odrzańskie, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

text:
# Bielów

**Bielów** \[ˈbjɛluf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krosno Odrzańskie, within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

## InfoBox

| Bielów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Bielów | |
| Coordinates: 52°5′24″N 15°4′4″E / 52.09000°N 15.06778°E / 52.09000; 15.06778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Krosno Odrzańskie |
| Gmina | Krosno Odrzańskie |


title: Robert Portner

abstract: Robert Portner was an American grocer-turned-brewer who supplied beer to Union troops during the American Civil War. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, Portner found success after the war with the Robert Portner Brewing Company. Portner patented two brewing-related systems, one to purify air and the other to cool beer.

text:
# Robert Portner

**Robert Portner** (20 March 1837 – 29 May 1906) was an American grocer-turned-brewer who supplied beer to Union troops during the American Civil War. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, Portner found success after the war with the Robert Portner Brewing Company. Portner patented two brewing-related systems, one to purify air and the other to cool beer.

## Early life

Robert Portner was born in Rahden, Westphalia, Prussia, on March 20, 1837, and migrated to the United States in 1853. Portner spent eight years in New York and tried his hand at many professions, including baker, tobacconist, and saloon-keeper.

In 1861, with the outbreak of the Civil War, Portner wanted to see the action up close and personal. He traveled south to Alexandria, Virginia, where he bought a grocery store with his friend Frederick Recker and the two men found success selling food and supplies to Union soldiers stationed in the area. Noting the difficulty in importing beer, Portner and Recker paired with Edward Abner and a local brewer to form Portner and Company, where they brewed their own beer to sell to the troops.

## Robert Portner, Brewer

After the war, Portner and Company dissolved. Recker kept the grocery store and Portner focused on expanding the brewery. Portner learned the brewing process and eventually brewed enough to require storage cellars. He was in debt at the time and asked for extensions on his loans. Union Soldiers had left Alexandria and the demand for beer was not as high as it once was. The brewery continued to grow and Portner was able to pay off his debts.

Portner patented a system for chilling lager as well as an ice-making machine that improved the quality of his beer. He eventually had fifty refrigerated train cars used to ship his product. With his successes, Portner further expanded his company to include beer gardens.

## Robert Portner Brewing Company

In 1883, Portner had his brewery incorporated and sold shares of stock to his most successful employees. The first Board of Directors included himself as President, Paul Muhlhauser as Vice-President, Charles A. Strangmann as Secretary & Treasurer, and C. G. Herbort & B. Edward J. Eils. Over the next thirty-three years the brewery expanded and grew to cover two full city blocks and all the latest technological advancements. Depots and bottling houses throughout the South helped to expand the brewery's network, reaching as far south as Augusta, Georgia. Ultimately the brewery closed when Prohibition took effect in Virginia in 1916 and bottling plants including the one at 515 North Washington Street were shuttered. Portner's sons tried to keep the co

mpany alive by changing the name to the Virginia Feed & Milling Corporation and converting the brewery into a feed and grain business but did not fare nearly as well, and the company was out of business by 1930.

## Annaburg and family

In 1869, Portner was visited by Christian Mathis and Peter Valaer with an invitation to join Peter's brother Jacob as a partner in his brewery and Winter garden in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He visited Valaer's business, and though he was interested he knew he could not extract himself from his brewery in Alexandria. It was here, though, that he met Jacob and Peter's sister, Anna, whom he fell in love with and married in 1872. Robert and Anna Portner would go on to have 13 children.

In 1883, Portner bought Mathis' estate in Manassas, Virginia, Virginia. When they had visited in the past, Portner's wife had said that the land, with its view of the Bull Run Mountains, reminded her of her homeland in Switzerland, and that she loved it. As time went on, Portner purchased more and more surrounding farmland, growing his estate to nearly 2,200 acres. Comprising primarily the Weir family's Liberia estate and Wilmer McLean's famed Yorkshire estate, Annaburg would encompass a large portion of the Civil War battlefield, historic mansions, and several earthwork Fortifications including Fort Beauregard. Portner managed to turn miles of battle-scarred earth and scraggly cornfields into lush pastures for his stock and horse farms, successfully establish a dairy farm at Liberia, and considerably expand Mathis' original orchards and vineyards. He partnered with Washington, D.C. winemaker Christian Xander to produce wine from his grapes, which won a gold medal at the Paris Exposition of 1900. Annaburg also featured a 300-acre fenced in deer park where Portner often held deer and quail hunting parties.

By 1890, the original Italianate-style house that Mathis had built on the property had become too small for the Portner family, which now included Portner, his wife, and eleven children. He had the house moved and, working with prominent Washington, D.C. architect Gustav Friebus, Portner designed a new home that would combine elements of his favorite European mansions. Built between 1892 and 1894 at a cost of $150,000, Annaburg was a three-story, thirty-five room architectural gem, complete with indoor plumbing, electricity, and porches that wrapped around three sides. It also featured climate control system which combined two of Portner's brewery inventions, making it what is believed to be the first house in the country to have air-conditioning. Annaburg remained in the Portner family until 1947, when his descendants sold the estate to local developer Irving Jackson Breeden.

## Later life and death

Throughout his life, Portner suffered from weak nerves and rheumatism. As the stress of his multiple businesses mounted, as well as combating the ever-growing anti-saloon sentiment throughout the country, Portner found himself gradually weaker and in ill health. He took multiple trips to Europe to recuperate, none of which helped long term. By 1903 he had all but formally retired from active business activities and was living full-time at Annaburg. It was here, surrounded by his family, that he died on May 29, 1906. Three days later, he was buried in the family plot in the Manassas Cemetery alongside three of his children.

## InfoBox

| Robert Portner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | March 20, 1837
Rahden, Westphalia, Prussia |
| Died | May 29, 1906
Manassas, Virginia, US |
| Occupation(s) | Brewer, Brewery Owner |
| Known for | Owner, Robert Portner Brewing Company |


title: Robert Shanks (footballer)

abstract: Robert Shanks was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back in the Football League for Exeter City and Stockport County, in non-League football for Stockton, York City and Connah's Quay & Shotton, and was on the books of Huddersfield Town without making a league appearance.

text:
# Robert Shanks (footballer)

**Robert Shanks** was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back in the Football League for Exeter City and Stockport County, in non-League football for Stockton, York City and Connah's Quay & Shotton, and was on the books of Huddersfield Town without making a league appearance.

## InfoBox

Robert Shanks
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Shanks | | |
| Place of birth | Cowpen Bewley, County Durham, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 8+12 in (1.74 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Full-back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Stockton |  |  |
| 1926–1927 | York City | 13 | (0) |
| 1927– | Huddersfield Town | 0 | (0) |
|  | Connah's Quay & Shotton |  |  |
| 1929–1931 | Exeter City | 41 | (1) |
| 1931– | Stockport County | 13 | (1) |
| Total |  | **67** | **(2)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Robert G. Bushong

abstract: Robert Grey Bushong was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Robert G. Bushong was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Jacob and Lillie (Roberts) Bushong and the grandson of Anthony Ellmaker Roberts. He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale University in 1903 and from the law school of Columbia University, New York City, in 1906. He was admitted to the bar in 1906 and commenced practice in Reading. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1908 and 1909. He was the president judge of the orphans' court of Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1914 and 1915. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1916 and 1924. Bushong was elected as a Republican to the Seventieth Congress, and was not a candidate for renomination in 1928. He resumed the practice of law in Reading and resided in Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania. He died in Reading. Interment in Reading's Charles Evans Cemetery.

text:
# Robert G. Bushong

**Robert Grey Bushong** (June 10, 1883  April 6, 1951) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Robert G. Bushong was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Jacob and Lillie (Roberts) Bushong and the grandson of Anthony Ellmaker Roberts. He attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He graduated from Yale University in 1903 and from the law school of Columbia University, New York City, in 1906. He was admitted to the bar in 1906 and commenced practice in Reading. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1908 and 1909. He was the president judge of the orphans' court of Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 1914 and 1915. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1916 and 1924.

Bushong was elected as a Republican to the Seventieth Congress, and was not a candidate for renomination in 1928. He resumed the practice of law in Reading and resided in Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania. He died in Reading. Interment in Reading's Charles Evans Cemetery.

## Sources

* United States Congress. "Robert G. Bushong (id: B001171)". *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress*.
* The Political Graveyard
* "Robert G. Bushong." New York Times. 7 Apr 1951, 12.

## InfoBox

| Robert Grey Bushong | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Pennsylvania's 14th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1927  March 3, 1929 | |
| Preceded by | Charles J. Esterly |
| Succeeded by | Charles J. Esterly |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1908-1909 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1883-06-10)June 10, 1883
Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | April 6, 1951(1951-04-06) (aged 67)
Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Resting place | Charles Evans Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Robert Tinnell

abstract: Robert Tinnell is an American writer, film director and producer. Robert directed such films as Feast of the Seven Fishes (2019), Frankenstein and Me (1996), and Kids of the Round Table (1995). His producer credits include Back Fork (2019), The Hunted (2013) and Surf Nazis Must Die (1987). His graphic novel writing includes Flesh and Blood, The Living and The Dead, The Black Forest, The Wicked West, and the Eisner Award Nominee Feast of the Seven Fishes.

text:
# Robert Tinnell

**Robert Tinnell** is an American writer, film director and producer.

Robert directed such films as *Feast of the Seven Fishes* (2019), *Frankenstein and Me* (1996), and *Kids of the Round Table* (1995). His producer credits include *Back Fork* (2019), *The Hunted* (2013) and *Surf Nazis Must Die* (1987).

His graphic novel writing includes *Flesh and Blood*, *The Living and The Dead*, *The Black Forest*, *The Wicked West*, and the Eisner Award Nominee *Feast of the Seven Fishes*.

## Biography

Tinnell's work as a director includes the films *Kids of the Round Table* (1995), *Believe* (2000), and *Frankenstein and Me* (1996), the latter of which was very popular with fans of classic horror. Tinnell has frequently acknowledged his passion for horror, particularly classic horror films. Hammer Film Productions aficionados seek out *Frankenstein and Me* because of a sequence inspired by the 1960 Terence Fisher film *Brides of Dracula*, which starred Peter Cushing. Tinnell's film actually recreates a windmill set that is used in the Hammer film. In the same film, Tinnell meticulously recreated a scene reminiscent of *Night of the Living Dead* as well as other horror classics. All of the sequences featured children in the adult roles. Burt Reynolds and Louise Fletcher starred in *Frankenstein and Me*, alongside a young Ryan Gosling. (Stars Elisha Cuthbert and Gosling both had early film roles for Tinnell.)

As a producer, Tinnell worked in both the music video world as well as feature films. Among his credits as producer are the MTV Award-winning Paula Abdul music video "Straight Up," directed by David Fincher, and the notorious cult film *Surf Nazis Must Die* (released through Troma).

Tinnell is best known in comics for a series of horror graphic novels, including *The Black Forest*, *The Wicked West*, *The Living and The Dead*, and *Sight Unseen*. His book *Feast of the Seven Fishes* was nominated for an Eisner Award for Best Graphic Album – Reprint. While promoting *Feast of the Seven Fishes*, Tinnell was a guest on several popular radio cooking shows, including *The Splendid Table* with Lynne Rossetto Kasper, the *Rocco Dispirito Show*, and KCRW's *Good Food*.

## Personal life

Tinnell is the brother of film producer and graphic novel publisher Jeffrey Tinnell. Robert lives in West Virginia with his wife, Shannon, and two children, Isabella and Jack.

## Awards

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Robert Tinnell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Fairmont, West Virginia |
| Nationality | American |
| Area(s) | Writer, Director, Producer |
| Awards | MTV Music Video Awards – Paula Abdul “Straight Up” Fantasporto Film Festival Winner - Best Director – Frankenstein and Me Fantasporto Film Festival Nominee – Best Film – Frankenstein and Me Chicago International Children’s Film Festival – Multiple Nominations Cable Ace Nominee SIA Awards Berlin Film Festival Kinderfest The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award Eisner Award Nominee<br>Harvey Award Nominee |


title: Betty Lucas

abstract: Betty Helen Lucas, also known as Betty Lucas Peterson, was an Australian character actress and theatre director, known for her numerous roles on stage and television, starting from the post-WWII years in 1945.

text:
# Betty Lucas

**Betty Helen Lucas** (31 May 1924 – 7 April 2015), also known as **Betty Lucas Peterson**, was an Australian character actress and theatre director, known for her numerous roles on stage and television, starting from the post-WWII years in 1945.

## Early life

Lucas was born in the Sydney suburb of Coogee, New South Wales to Walter Lucas and Marion Gibson. She trained with May Hollinworth at her Metropolitan Theatre.

## Career

She moved to London in the early 1950s and appeared in stage roles, returning to Australia in 1965, she featured in TV serials, including played prominent roles in *Prisoner* as Clara Goddard in 1979, *Taurus Rising* as Faith Drysdale in 1982, and *Richmond Hill* as Mavis Roberts in 1988, Her numerous credits in TV roles in guest appearances in serials included *Homicide*, *Division 4*, *Matlock Police*, *Certain Women*, *A Country Practice*, *The Flying Doctors*, *Blue Heelers*, *All Saints*, *Always Greener*. and *Packed to the Rafters*

## Personal life

Lucas married in 1946 the actor, producer and writer Ralph Peterson, he died in 1996 and their son, Joel Peterson (1954–2017), became a cinematographer.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *Three in One* | Freda | Feature film (segment: "The City") |
| 1971 | *3 to Go* | Mother (Segment "Michael") | Short film |
| 1971 | *Girl in Australia* | Train Passenger | Feature film |
| 1974 | *Between Wars* | Mrs. Trenbow | Feature film |
| 1980 | *Rat Race* | Regina | Feature film, FRANCE |
| 1983 | *Stanley* (aka *Stanley: Every Home Should Have One*) | Lady Dunstan | Feature film |
| 1984 | *My First Wife* | Helen's Mother | Feature film |
| 1990 | *Wendy Cracked a Walnut* (aka *...Almost*) | Mrs. Taggart | Feature film |
| 1998 | *They* | Eight | Short film |
| 2005 | *Feed* | Janet | Feature film |
| 2006 | *Jindabyne* | Vanessa | Feature film |
| 2006 | *Pass Time* | Harriett | Short film |
| 2009 | *The Ballad of Betty & Joe* | The Fortune Teller | Short film |
| 2010 | *Herman and Marjorie* | Marjorie | Short film |
| 2011 | *Cupid* | Frida | Short film |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1957 | *The Shadow of Doubt* |  | Teleplay |
| 1961 | *Whiplash* | Guest lead role: Jo Acton | TV series, episode: "The Legacy" |
| 1962 | *ITV Play of the Week* | Guest role: Rose Jameson | TV series, episode: "Lean Liberty" |
| 1965 | *Dark Corridor* |  | Teleplay |
| 1967, 1970–73 | *Homicide* | Barbara Mason / Lisa Walters / Elsie Roberts / Florrie / Margaret Belmont / Shirley Barrett / Sybil Reid | TV series, 7 episodes |
| 1968 | *The Queen's Bishop* | Queen Pauline | Teleplay |
| 1968 | *Fiends of the Family* | Virginia | Teleplay |
| 1969–73 | *Division 4* | Rene Fisher / Mrs. McKenzie / Edie Suttle / Betty Parsons | TV series, 4 episodes |
| 1971 | *What For Marianne?* | Mrs. Malden | TV film |
| 1971, 1973 | *Matlock Police* | Nora Gould / Bess Anderson | TV series, 2 episodes: "The End of the Road", "Poor Jacko" |
| 1974 | *Things That Go Bump in the Night* | Irene | TV series, episode: "I See a Dark Stranger" |
| 1974 | *This Love Affair* | Guest role | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1974 | *Silent Number* | Guest role | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1974–75 | *Certain Women* | Heather | TV series, 9 episodes |
| 1975 | *The Seven Ages of Man* | Guest role | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1976 | *Do I Have to Kill My Child?* | Florence | TV film |
| 1976 | *The Alternative* | Melanie's Mother | TV film |
| 1978 | *Case for the Defence* | Fiona Malcolm | TV series, episode: "A Plea of Insanity" |
| 1978 | *Cop Shop* | Mary Reynolds | TV series, 2 episodes: "1.205", "1.206" |
| 1979 | *Prisoner* | Clara Goddard | TV series, 10 episodes |
| 1979 | *The Young Doctors* | Sophie Bertram | TV series, 3 episodes |
| 1980 | *Cop Shop* | Mary Reynolds | TV series, 2 episodes: "1.205", "1.206" |
| 1981 | *Bellamy* | Rose | TV series, episode 9: "Hot Shot" |
| 1981 | *Punishment* | Guest role | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1981 | *Homicide Squad* | Shirley Niven | TV film |
| 1981; 1984; 1991 | *A Country Practice* | Mrs. Bourke / Nancy Holt / Dot Dalton | TV series, 6 episodes |
| 1982 | *The Don Lane Show* | Guest | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1982 | *Taurus Rising* | Faith Drysdale | TV series |
| 1982 | *Silent Reach* | Sister Beatrix | TV miniseries, 2 episodes |
| 1983 | *The Body Corporate* | Joan Stelow | TV film |
| 1983 | *All the Rivers Run* | Janet Raeburn | TV miniseries, 2 episodes: "Part 4", "Part 7" |
| 1983 | *Skin Deep* | Betty Kennedy | TV film |
| 1984 | *Runaway Island* | The Hag | TV series, 2 episodes: "The Treasure of the Conquistadores: Parts 1 & 2" |
| 1987; 1989 | *The Flying Doctors* | Ethel Cameron / Phillipa | TV series, 2 episodes: "Give a Dog a Bad Name", "A Rhyme for Reason" |
| 1987 | *Willing and Abel* | Lead guest role: Maisie | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1988 | *Richmond Hill* | Mavis Roberts | TV series, episodes: "1.11", "1.35", "1.90" |
| 1988 | *The Last Resort* |  | TV series |
| 1988 | *The Dirtwater Dynasty* | Land Lady | TV miniseries, 1 episode |
| 1989 | *The Family Business* | Regular role | TV series, 13 episodes |
| 1989 | *Tanamera – Lion of Singapore* | Lady Bradshaw | TV miniseries, 7 episodes |
| 1990 | *More Winners* | Mrs. Finkel | TV film series, episode: "Mr Edmund" |
| 1991; 1995 | *G.P.* | Elwyn Matthews / Miss Shepherd | TV series, 2 episodes: "Darby & Joan", "Those Who Can't" |
| 1993 | *Seven Deadly Sins* |  | TV series, 1 episode |
| 1993 | *Hey Dad..!* | R.J. Thomas | TV series, episode: "Fishy Business" |
| 1993 | *Joh's Jury* | Evelyn | TV film |
| 1994 | *Mother and Son* | Mavis | TV series, episode: "The Lamingtons" |
| 1996 | *Pacific Drive* | Vonnie Wentworth | TV pilot |
| 1996 | *Water Rats* | Sybil Graham | TV series, episode: "Goldstein & Son" |
| 1996 | *Heartbreak High* | Violet Abernathy | TV series, episode: "4.16" |
| 1998 | *Murder Call* | Prudence Smith | TV series, episode: "Mix 'n' Match" |
| 1999, 2002, 2006, 2009 | *All Saints* | Sister Bernard / Hannah McNamara / Mae Mooney | TV series, 6 episodes |
| 2000, 2003 | *Blue Heelers* | Mary Barton / Dorothy Falcon-Price | TV series, 2 episodes: "Welcome Back", "Father's Day: Part 2" |
| 2001–02 | *Always Greener* | Florence Holiday | TV series, 5 episodes |
| 2002 | *Young Lions* | Grace Beaumont | TV series, episode: "Asylum Seekers" |
| 2005 | *The Surgeon* | Miriam Beck | TV series, 2 episodes: "1.5", "1.7" |
| 2010 | *Packed to the Rafters* | Mrs. Luscombe | TV series, episode: "To Tell or Not to Tell" |

## InfoBox

| Betty Lucas | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Betty Helen Lucas
(1924-05-31)May 31, 1924
Coogee, New South Wales, Australia |
| Died | April 7, 2015(2015-04-07) (aged 90) |
| Other names | Betty Lucas Peterson |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, theatre director |
| Years active | 1945–2011 |
| Spouse | Ralph Peterson |


title: Bhaktha Gowri

abstract: Bhaktha Gowri is a 1941 Indian Tamil language film directed by S. Nottani. The film stars S. D. Subbaiah and U. R. Jeevarathinam.

text:
# Bhaktha Gowri

***Bhaktha Gowri*** (alt. Bhaktha Gauri) is a 1941 Indian Tamil language film directed by S. Nottani. The film stars S. D. Subbaiah and U. R. Jeevarathinam.

## Plot

Lord Shiva blesses the Saivaite couple (K. K. Perumal and P. A. Rajamani) with a girl child (U. R. Jeevarathinam). The girl falls in love with a Vaishnavaite boy (S. D. Subbaiah). The boy's mother (Paramakudi S. Sivabhaghyam) opposes their love as the girl is a Saivaite. After much trials and tribulations the boy and girl are married with Lord Shiva's blessings who shows to the world that Shiva and Vishnu are one and the same.

## Cast

The list is adapted from The Hindu review article.

## Production

The film was produced by T. R. Sundaram under his own banner Modern Theatres and was directed by S. Notani. P. A. Rajamani who featured as the mother of U. R. Jeevarathinam is the elder sister of actress and playback singer P. A. Periyanayaki. P. S. Sivabhaghyam, better known as Paramakudi Sivabhaghyam was famous for her gramophone records.

## Soundtrack

S. Velsamy Kavi penned the lyrics. No single person was credited as the music composer. The group of instrumentalists are:

* T. M. Ibrahim... Organ, Piano
* B. Rangaiah Naidu... Clarinet
* M. K. Nadaraja Bhagavathar... Fiddle
* S. R. Marutha Pillai... Flute
* K. R. Harihara Iyer... Jalatharang
* S. Abdul Khader... Sarangi
* T. P. Chinniah... Tabela
* D. R. Rao... Gadam
* S. P. Ponraj... Udophon

The song "Theruvil varaandi, Velan thaeril varaandi", sung by U. R. Jeevarathinam is a hit even today.

## Reception

Randor Guy, writing in 2010 said the film is "Remembered for the melodious music and the hit of the day, Theruvil varaandee'".

Theruvil Varaandee on YouTube \- song from the film

## InfoBox

| Bhaktha Gowri | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | S. Notani |
| Screenplay by | D. V. Chari |
| Produced by | T. R. Sundaram |
| Starring | U. R. Jeevarathinam
S. D. Subbaiah
C. V. V. Panthulu
Kali N. Rathnam
T. S. Durairaj |
| Production
company | Modern Theatres |
| Release date | * 5 April 1941 (1941-04-05) (India) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Bhaktha Jana

abstract: Bhaktha Jana is a 1948 Indian Tamil language film directed and produced by P. Pullaiah. The film featured C. Honnappa Bhagavathar, V. Nagayya and Santha Kumari with K. Sarangapani and B. R. Panthulu playing supporting roles.

text:
# Bhaktha Jana

***Bhaktha Jana*** (transl.Devotee Jana) is a 1948 Indian Tamil language film directed and produced by P. Pullaiah. The film featured C. Honnappa Bhagavathar, V. Nagayya and Santha Kumari with K. Sarangapani and B. R. Panthulu playing supporting roles.

## Plot

Janaka (Santhakumari) has been a staunch devotee of Panduranga since her childhood days. Her mother does not approve of it as she feels such blind devotion will adversely affect her daughter's marriage prospects and her future. Frustrated by her mother's attitude, Jana leaves her home and is found by Panduranga (C. Honnappa Bhagavathar) in the guise of a hermit. He tells her to devote herself to Panduranga by worshipping him daily at his temple. Jana does do so accordingly, much to the discomfort and anger of another devotee, Panthoji (B. R. Panthulu). He doesn't like Janaka coming to the temple and offering worship to Panduranga and orders his disciples to throw her out. She is saved by Namadeva (V. Nagayya) who provides her asylum in his home. One night, the jewellery in the temple goes missing and is found with Janaka. Panthoji and his disciples accuse Jana of thievery. When they open Panduranga's shrine, they are shocked to see that the idol is missing. The next moment, they see the idol along with the jewellery in her hands. Panthoji realises that she has the blessings of Panduranga and apologises to her for his accusations.

## Cast

Adapted from Film News Anandan and *The Hindu*

Dance

## Production

*Bhaktha Jana* continued the trend of devotional films made in South Indian cinema from the 1930s and 1940s. P. Pullaiah directed and produced the film under his own banner Ragini Films.

## Soundtrack

Reema–Narayanan and B. Narasimha Rao were in charge of the music and score for *Bhaktha Jana* while the songs' lyrics were written by Papanasam Sivan and Rajagopal Iyer.

## Reception

Film historian Randor Guy notes that *Bhaktha Jana* is "remembered for the emotional story and fine on-screen narration by P. Pullaiah, and impressive performances by Shanthakumari, Panthulu and \[Nagayya\]".

## InfoBox

| Bhaktha Jana | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster | |
| Directed by | P. Pullaiah |
| Written by | Ayyalu Somayajulu (dialogues) |
| Produced by | P. Pullaiah |
| Starring | C. Honnappa Bhagavathar
V. Nagayya
Santha Kumari
K. Sarangapani
B. R. Panthulu |
| Cinematography | Sadhu. N. Nayak |
| Edited by | Shankar |
| Music by | Reema–Narayanan
B. Narasimha Rao |
| Production
company | Ragini Films |
| Distributed by | Ragini Films |
| Release date | * 1948 (1948) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Bhaari Bharjari Bete

abstract: Bharjari Bete is a 1981 Indian Kannada-language Western action film directed by Rajendra Singh Babu, starring Ambareesh, Jayamala and Shankar Nag. The supporting cast features Dinesh, Tiger Prabhakar and Vajramuni.

text:
# Bhaari Bharjari Bete

***Bharjari Bete*** (transl.Massive hunt) is a 1981 Indian Kannada-language Western action film directed by Rajendra Singh Babu, starring Ambareesh, Jayamala and Shankar Nag. The supporting cast features Dinesh, Tiger Prabhakar and Vajramuni.

## Cast

## Production

Vijayalakshmi Singh, sister of film's director Rajendra Singh Babu made her debut as costume designer with this film.

## Soundtrack

| Bhaari Bharjari Bete | |
| --- | --- |
| Soundtrack album by Ilayaraaja | |
| Released | 1981 |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Label | Saregama |

Ilayaraaja composed the music for the soundtracks with lyrics written by Chi. Udaya Shankar and R. N. Jayagopal. For the song ""Yaarigagi Aata", Ilaiyaraaja said the "brief demanded a ‘cabaret song’, but he did not want it to sound predictable. He showed how he had used an Indian raga \[..\], and made the beat choppy and modern". This song was set in Puriya Dhanashree raga. According to Deepa Ganesh of *The Hindu* wrote "Extremely modern and unconventional in its sensibility, the song is an outstanding rendition by S. Janaki. Ilayaraja lays out a brilliant rhythm pattern that keeps changing its contours".

Track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Bharjari Bete" | Chi. Udaya Shankar | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |  |
| 2. | "Jee Boomba" | Chi. Udaya Shankar | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |  |
| 3. | "Sweety Nanna Jodi" | Chi. Udaya Shankar | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki |  |
| 4. | "Hakki Goodu Ondu" | R. N. Jayagopal | Ilaiyaraaja |  |
| 5. | "Yarigaagi Ee Aata" | Chi. Udaya Shankar | S. Janaki |  |
| 6. | "Ammamma" | R. N. Jayagopal | S. Janaki |  |

## InfoBox

| Bharjari Bete | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Rajendra Singh Babu |
| Screenplay by | Rajendra Singh Babu |
| Story by | H. V. Subba Rao |
| Produced by | Pratima Devi
Shankar Singh |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | P. S. Prakash |
| Edited by | K. Balu |
| Music by | Ilaiyaraaja |
| Production
company | Mahatma Pictures |
| Release date | * 1981 (1981) |
| Running time | 133 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Robe Hill, U.S. Virgin Islands

abstract: Robe Hill is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.

text:
# Robe Hill, U.S. Virgin Islands

**Robe Hill** is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.

17°42′54″N 64°51′05″W / 17.71500°N 64.85139°W / 17.71500; -64.85139

## InfoBox

| Robe Hill, United States Virgin Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | United States Virgin Islands |
| Island | Saint Croix |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |


title: Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma

abstract: Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma is a 1986 Indian Kannada-language comedy film. The title of the film was borrowed from a devaranama written by 12th century Haridasa Purandara Dasa. This film was written and directed Singeetham Srinivasa Rao who also composed and scored the film's soundtrack. The film stars Rajkumar, Madhavi and K. S. Ashwath in the pivotal roles. The film, produced by Parvathamma Rajkumar under Dakshayini Combines, was received exceptionally well at the box office and was one of the biggest hits of 1986. The movie saw a theatrical run of 26 weeks. The dialogues and lyrics were penned by Chi. Udaya Shankar. The movie was reported to have an overwhelming response from the Kannada circuit. This was also one of the first Kannada movies to be released in Hyderabad. The movie was remade in Telugu in 1988 as Maharajasri Mayagadu starring Krishna and Sridevi with changes suiting the nativity.

text:
# Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma

***Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma*** (transl.Come, goddess of luck) is a 1986 Indian Kannada-language comedy film. The title of the film was borrowed from a devaranama written by 12th century Haridasa Purandara Dasa. This film was written and directed Singeetham Srinivasa Rao who also composed and scored the film's soundtrack. The film stars Rajkumar, Madhavi and K. S. Ashwath in the pivotal roles.

The film, produced by Parvathamma Rajkumar under Dakshayini Combines, was received exceptionally well at the box office and was one of the biggest hits of 1986. The movie saw a theatrical run of 26 weeks. The dialogues and lyrics were penned by Chi. Udaya Shankar. The movie was reported to have an overwhelming response from the Kannada circuit. This was also one of the first Kannada movies to be released in Hyderabad. The movie was remade in Telugu in 1988 as *Maharajasri Mayagadu* starring Krishna and Sridevi with changes suiting the nativity.

## Plot

Panduranga and Parvathi hail from middle-class families with the sole intention of earning money, Panduranga wants money to make his sisters lead a happy life and also wants to escape from his uncle Tarle Tammayya who forces him to marry his daughter. After failed attempts, Panduranga and Parvathi decide to pose as married couple for a competition conducted by Ananda Enterprises and also bring a missing baby along with them. All the couples are under the eye of the competition judges. Panduranga and Parvati pretend to be couple to fool them and also to avoid Tammayya's trouble. Panduranga makes Tammayya seem to be mentally ill. When Parvati's grandfather, whom Parvati hates because of his arrogance, discovers this he decides to choose them as a couple, however his other granddaughter is not interested and later relents after learning that Panduranga once saved her life. After a funny chase towards the end, Panduranga and Parvathi are selected as best couple.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Singeetham Srinivasa Rao who debuted as a music director with this movie. Singeetham requested Maestro Ilaiyaraaja to conduct the orchestra. The lyrics were by Chi. Udaya Shankar.

Track listing
| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Innu Hattira Hattira" | P. Susheela, Dr. Rajkumar |  |
| 2. | "Yenu Mayavo Yenu Marmavo" | Dr. Rajkumar, Vani Jairam |  |
| 3. | "Nee Atthare Entha Chenna" | Dr. Rajkumar, B. R. Chaya |  |
| 4. | "Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |  |
| 5. | "Yaava Kaviyu Bareyalara" | Dr. Rajkumar |  |
| 6. | "Ananda Ananda" | Dr. Rajkumar, Vani Jairam, Chi. Dattaraj |  |

## Awards

1985–86 Karnataka State Film Awards 34th Filmfare Awards South 11th International Film Festival of Indiascreened in the mainstream section

## InfoBox

| Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Singeetham Srinivasa Rao |
| Written by | Singeetham Srinivasa Rao
Chi. Udayashankar |
| Produced by | Parvathamma Rajkumar |
| Starring | Rajkumar
Madhavi
K. S. Ashwath |
| Cinematography | V. K. Kannan |
| Edited by | P. J. Mohan |
| Music by | Singeetham Srinivasa Rao |
| Production
company | Dakshayini Combines |
| Release date | * 17 January 1986 (1986-01-17) |
| Running time | 156 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Bhāva

abstract: Bhāv is a term in Jyotish denoting a fixed zodiacal division of the sky from the perspective of an observer. It corresponds to the concept of "house" in Western astrology. A natal chart is called bhāvchakra

text:
# Bhāva

**Bhāv** (Sanskrit: **भाव**, 'state, condition') is a term in Jyotish denoting a fixed zodiacal division of the sky from the perspective of an observer. It corresponds to the concept of "house" in Western astrology. A natal chart is called **bhāvchakra** (Sanskrit: **chakra**, 'wheel'.)

## Overview

In almost all traditional practice, the twelve houses (*bhāv*) of a chart have the same boundaries as the twelve signs in the chart; in other words, each sign is a house in the chart. The beginning of each house is the 0th degrees of the sign and the end is the 30th degree of the sign. What varies from chart to chart is the enumeration of these houses, i.e., which sign is the first house, which is the second, and so forth. This is determined by the position of the Lagna (the Ascendant, or the longitudinal point of the zodiac that was rising in the East at birth.) The house in which the Lagna falls is usually the first house of the chart, and the other houses follow it, counter-clockwise, in the sequence of the zodiac. It is possible, however, for the houses to be defined relative to some other factor, such as a planet, a sign, or any other factor.

Each of the twelve houses signifies a region of the concerns of life, and the identity of the sign of that house colors what may be expected from that life.

More than one system to align houses with signs are recognized in Jyotish. The most common method is described above, a method that Western astrologers call the whole sign house system; another is ***Sripathi***, introduced by Sripati, akin to a Porphyry house system. The modern ***Krishnamurti Paddhati*** also incorporates a Placidus house system.

The principle of House Division introduced in Sripathi Bhāv System is described as follows: "In the Sripathi system the 1st house cusp is the Lagna, and the 7th house cusp is the Descendant opposite it, the 10th house cusp is at the MC (Medium Coeli or Madhya Lagna), i.e. Zenith, and the 4th house cusp is at the IC (Imum Coeli or Patala Lagna) i.e. Nadir. The four quarters divided thus should be divided into three equal parts each, and thus we find the 12 house cusps in Sripathi system. To find the Bhava Sandhis (meeting points of houses) we should divide the distance between the house cusps into halves."

## The houses

The names of the 12 houses and the areas of life represented by them are:

1. **Lagna** \- Nature of Native, Appearance, Health, Character, Purpose of Life, behavior, birth, limbs, head
2. **Dhan** \- Wealth, Family, Domestic Comforts, Early Education, Inheritance, Speech, moveable assets
3. **Parakram** \- Younger Brothers and Sisters, Communication (Talking, Writing, Business Documents), Intelligence, fine arts Short Journeys, "great prowess (physical and mental)," hands, arms, shoulders
4. **Suhṛda** \- Mother, Emotions, Education, Home, Property and Land, Surrounding in Old Age, vehicles, the chest
5. **Sut** \- Children, Lovers, Recreation Devotion, Speculation and Gambling, the belly, accumulated karma
6. **Ripu**/**Roga** \- Diseases, Maternal uncle and aunt, Litigation, Servants, Mental Worries, Enemies, Foreigners, small intestine,
7. **Kām** \- Spouse, Business Partner, Death, Respect, passion, groin
8. **Mṛtyu** \- Death & Longevity, Obstacles, Suffering, Sexual organs and sexual attractiveness, Occult, Dowry, Inheritance, Imprisonment, Excretory organs, accidents
9. **Bhāgya** \- Father, Luck, Higher learning, Philosophy & Religion, Mentor or Guru, Prosperity, Travel, "deeds of virtue"
10. **Karm** \- Profession, Status & fame, Power, Father, Mother-in-law, Government, Clothes, Commerce, knees
11. **Aay** \- Friends, Hopes, Earnings, Club or Social Activities, Elder Brothers and Sisters, Daughter/Son-in-law, calves, shins and ankles
12. **Vyay** \- Expenses, Sleep (and convalescence), Sexual pleasures, Spirituality, Travel & Pilgrimage, Secret Enemies, Imprisonment, Hospitals, Asylums, Liberation, loss foreign residency, feet

## Classifications

In general, houses are classified into four categories:

* **Kendra**: the angular houses, that is the first, fourth, seventh and tenth houses. (*kendra*, from Greek *κἐντρα*, also describes the relationship between any houses or *grahas* which are about 90 degrees apart.) These are very strong houses for *grahas* to occupy.
* **Trikon**: the houses forming a triangle within the chart with the first house, about 120 degrees apart from one another, that is the first, fifth and ninth. These are the most auspicious houses. (From Greek *τρἰγωνα*.)
* **Dusthān**: the less fortunate houses which tend to rule unhappy areas. These houses make no clear geometric connection to the Lagna. *Dusthanas* include the sixth, eighth and twelfth houses.
* **Upachay**: "growth" or "remedial" houses, where malefic planets tend to improve, include the third, sixth, tenth and eleventh houses.

Succedent houses are called **pāṇaphara** (from Greek *ἐπαναφοραἱ*), and cadent houses are called **āpoklima** (Gk. *ἀποκλἰματα*).

In Indian Vedic astrology, also, the twelve houses are called Bhava. The houses are divided into four 'bhavs' which point to 'mood' or what the house stands for. These four bhavas are Dharma (duty), Artha (resources), Kama (desires) and Moksha (liberation). These bhavs are called 'purusharths or 'aims in life.' The ancient mystics of India realized that the austere path of the yogi was not for everyone. They found that each human existence has four worthwhile goals in life:

* Dharm – 1st, 5th and 9th Bhavas/Houses – The need to find our path and purpose.
* Arth – 2nd, 6th and 10th Bhavas/Houses – The need to acquire the necessary resources and abilities to provide for ourselves to fulfill our path and purpose.
* Kam – 3rd, 7th and 11th Bhavas/Houses – The need for desires and enjoyment.
* Moksh – 4th, 8th and 12th Bhavas/Houses – The need to find liberation and enlightenment from the world.

Theses 4 aims of life are repeated in above sequence 3 times through the 12 bhavas/houses:

* The first round, bhavs/houses 1 through 4, show the process within the Individual.
* The second round, bhavs/houses 5 through 8, show the alchemy between relating to Other people.
* The third round, bhavs/houses 9 through 12, show the Universalization of the self.

## Bibliography

* Hart deFouw and Robert Svoboda, *Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India*, Penguin, 1996
* Ronnie Gale Dreyer, *Vedic Astrology: A Guide to the Fundamentals of Jyotish*, Samuel Weiser, York Beach ME, 1997
* James T. Braha, *Ancient Hindu Astrology for the Modern Western Astrologer*, Hermetician Press, Hollywood FL, 1986
* David Pingree, *Jyotiḥśāstra*, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1981


title: Torrini (jeweller)

abstract: Torrini is a Florentine company of goldsmiths located in the Piazza del Duomo. Founded in 1369, it is arguably the oldest jewelry firm in the world.

text:
# Torrini (jeweller)

43°46′24″N 1°15′22″E / 43.7734482°N 1.2562321°E / 43.7734482; 1.2562321

**Torrini** is a Florentine company of goldsmiths located in the Piazza del Duomo. Founded in 1369, it is arguably the oldest jewelry firm in the world.

## History

Torrini's trademark was registered in 1369 with the Blacksmiths and Armourers Guild of the Florentine Republic by Jacopus Turini Della Scharperia (or Scarperia). The registration is documented in the State Archives of Florence with a signum, which is a half-clover with a spur, still used to seal the firm's works.

The Torrini Goldsmith Family's tradition of producing jewelry and artwork is passed down from father to son. Some of their works, created by members of the family, are now displayed in museums worldwide. For instance, Giovanni di Turino's (or Turini) Madonna and Child are exhibited at the National Gallery of Art Detroit Institute of Arts in the USA, while the Virgin with Child can be found at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Washington, DC. Another example of a Florentine hard stone inlay, the nineteenth-most recent set of Giocondo Torrini, is housed at the British Museum in London, and another piece exists at the RISD Museum in Providence, US.

## The Museum

The museum bears witness to the secular activities of the Torrini Goldsmith Lineage with its seventeenth-century history. Among the museum works there are rare examples of Renaissance silverware, and several eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century brooches made of semiprecious stones. They are periodically organized in traveling exhibitions devoted to monographic issues or particular artists.

* official website


title: Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin

abstract: Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin was an American geologist and educator. In 1893 he founded the Journal of Geology, of which he was editor for many years.

text:
# Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin

**Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin** (/ˈkrdər/; September 25, 1843 – November 15, 1928) was an American geologist and educator. In 1893 he founded the *Journal of Geology*, of which he was editor for many years.

## Biography

Chamberlin was born September 25, 1843, in Mattoon, Illinois. When he was three years old his family moved north to near Beloit, Wisconsin. His father was a Methodist circuit minister and farmer. He attended a preparatory academy before entering Beloit College, where he received a classical education in Greek and Latin, while becoming interested in natural science. While a student at Beloit he directed a church choir and participated in athletics and debate.

After graduation from Beloit College in 1866, Chamberlin worked for two years as a teacher and later principal in a high school near Beloit. He was married to Alma Wilson in 1867.

In 1868–1869, Chamberlin spent a year taking graduate courses, including geology, at the University of Michigan to strengthen his scientific background. Subsequently (1869–1873), he became professor of natural science at Whitewater Normal School in Wisconsin. He joined the Beloit faculty in 1873, where he was professor of geology, zoology, and botany. In 1873 he also became one of several part-time participants in conducting a comprehensive geological survey of Wisconsin. His geologic mapping work in southeastern Wisconsin, a region mantled with thick glacial deposits, led him to recognize multiple episodes of glaciation during the Pleistocene. His terminology for glacial stages in North America is still in use, with minor modifications.

In 1875 he started a business with his brother and sold spring water, a popular brand at the time.

In 1876 Chamberlin became chief geologist for the Wisconsin geological survey, supervising the completion of the survey and the publication of the four-volume report, for which he authored sections on glacial deposits, Paleozoic and Precambrian bedrock geology, lead-zinc ore deposits, artesian wells, and soils. The project brought him national attention and led to his appointment as head of the glacial division of the US Geological Survey in 1881. He later was president of the University of Wisconsin (1887 to 1892).

In 1890, and again in 1897, Chamberlin wrote "The method of multiple working hypotheses", in which he advocated the importance of simultaneously evaluating several hypotheses, rejecting those that conflict with available data, and ending with the one hypothesis supported by the data. This stood in contrast to what he called the *single ruling theory*, which encouraged scientists to find supporting data and not challenge it with difficult tests. The paper is considered a landmark on the scientific method, was an inspiration for the approach called strong inference, and was reprinted in 1965.

In 1892 Chamberlin accepted the offer to organize a department of geology at the new University of Chicago, where he remained as a professor until 1918. From 1898 to 1914 he was president of the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

In 1899 Chamberlin wrote, *An Attempt to Frame a Working Hypothesis of the Cause of Glacial Periods on an Atmospheric Basis*, and developed at length the idea that changes in climate could result from changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and wrote about climate actions:

> When the temperature is rising after a glacial episode, dissociation is promoted, and the ocean gives forth its carbon dioxide at an increased rate, and thereby assists in accelerating the amelioration of climate.
>
> A study of the life of the geological periods seems to indicate that there were very notable fluctuations in the total mass of living matter. To be sure there was a reciprocal relation between the life of the land and that of the sea, so that when the latter was extended upon the continental platforms and greatly augmented, the former was contracted, but notwithstanding this it seems clear that the sum of life activity fluctuated notably during the ages. It is believed that on the whole it was greatest at the periods of sea extension and mild climates, and least at the times of disruption and climatic intensification. This factor then acted antithetically to the carbonic acid freeing previously noted, and, so far as it went, tended to offset its effects
>
> It now becomes necessary to assign agencies capable of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate sufficiently above the normal rate of supply, at certain times, to produce glaciation; and on the other hand, capable of restoring it to the atmosphere at certain other times in sufficient amounts to produce mild climates.

Chamberlin was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901 and the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1903.

In 1905, Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton developed a theory of the formation of the Solar System that challenged the Laplacian nebular hypothesis. Their theory, the Chamberlin-Moulton planetesimal hypothesis, received favorable support for almost a third of a century, but passed out of favor by the late 1930s. It ultimately was discarded in the 1940s by the realization it was incompatible with the angular momentum of Jupiter. A portion of the theory stating that smaller objects  planetesimals  gradually collided to build the planets by accretion is still well-regarded. From his theories and other geological evidence he concluded that Earth was much older than assumed by Lord Kelvin (ca 100 million years) at the time. His speculations about the source of energy for such a long-lived Sun were prescient, involving the ability of the Sun to somehow extract energy from the inner structures of the atom.

In 1905, Chamberlin was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

In 1909, he and his son Rollin Thomas Chamberlin traveled to the East as members of the Oriental Educational Investigation Commission led by Ernest DeWitt Burton, and supported by John D. Rockefeller to reconnoiter the Eastern world as a potential site for the humanitarian projects of the nascent Rockefeller Foundation.

Chamberlin was awarded the inaugural Penrose Gold Medal of the Society of Economic Geologists in 1924, and the inaugural Penrose Medal of the Geological Society of America in 1927. He was president of the Geological Society of America in 1894.

Chamberlin remained active professionally up until his death in Chicago on November 15, 1928.

His papers are housed at the University of Chicago archives and the Beloit College archives. The Beloit College archives also contain the papers of his son, Rollin T. Chamberlin (1881-1948), who was also a geologist, and later chaired the geology department at the University of Chicago. There are buildings named for him on the Beloit College and University of Wisconsin–Madison campuses as well as a house in Burton-Judson Courts at The University of Chicago. The lunar crater Chamberlin and a crater on Mars are named in his honor. He is the namesake of Mount Chamberlin in California.

## Works

* *Outline of a Course of Oral Instruction* (1872)
* *Geology of Wisconsin: Survey of 1873-1879* (Contributed and edited second volume in 1877)
* Preliminary paper on the terminal moraine of the second glacial epoch (U.S. Geological Survey, 1882)
* The rock scorings of the great ice invasions (U.S. Geological Survey, 1886)
* Chamberlin, T. C. (1890). "The method of multiple working hypotheses". *Science*. **15** (366): 92–96. Bibcode:1890Sci....15R..92.. doi:10.1126/science.ns-15.366.92. PMID 17782687. (Reprinted in 1965: Chamberlin, T. C. (May 1965). "The method of multiple working hypotheses: With this method the dangers of parental affection for a favorite theory can be circumvented". *Science*. **148** (3671): 754–759. Bibcode:1965Sci...148..754C. doi:10.1126/science.148.3671.754. JSTOR 1716334. PMID 17748786. S2CID 7481185.)
* *Contribution to the Theory of Glacial Motion* (1904)
* With R. D. Salisbury, *Geology* (three volumes, 1907–09)
* *The Origin of the Earth* (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; London: At the Cambridge University Press, 1916.)
* "Biographical Memoir of Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin: 1843-1928". In *Biographical Memoirs, vol. 15*. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Chamberlin in the 1870s | |
| Born | (1843-09-25)September 25, 1843
Mattoon, Illinois |
| Died | November 15, 1928 (1928-11-16) (aged 85)
Chicago, Illinois |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Beloit College (A.B., 1866)
University of Michigan |
| Known for | Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal hypothesis |
| Children | Rollin Thomas Chamberlin (1881–1948), geologist and skeptic of Wegener's continental drift hypothesis |
| Awards | Hayden Memorial Geological Award (1920)
Penrose Gold Medal (1924)
Penrose Medal (1927) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Geology |
| Institutions | Columbian University
University of Wisconsin
University of Chicago |
| Doctoral advisor | Alexander Winchell |
|  | |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Rihonor de Castilla

abstract: Rihonor de Castilla is located in the shire of Senabria and belongs to the municipality of Pedralba de la Pradería, in the province of Zamora, Spain.

text:
# Rihonor de Castilla

**Rihonor de Castilla** is located in the shire of Senabria and belongs to the municipality of Pedralba de la Pradería, in the province of Zamora, Spain.

## Geography

The village is situated to the south of Sierra de la Culebra, next to the Portuguese border. The town is crossed by the river Fontano, also known as Comtessa or River Onor in its Portuguese stretch. It is 14 km from Puebla de Sanabria, 21 km from Pedralba de la Pradería, and 22 km from Bragança.

## Demography

The number of inhabitants has been waning slowly since the mid-20th century. In 2007, there were only 16 inhabitants in the village according to the Spanish Statistics National Institute. The beauty of the village and its landscapes, the traditions, and the enormous possibilities of development have attracted people wishing to settle in the village.

## Society

The main source of income has traditionally been commerce, since it is situated in the border between Spain and Portugal. At present, the economy is subsistence economy, because most plots of land are abandoned and most of its inhabitants are retired people. There is a grocery store providing the locals whereas the rest of the traders come from Portugal in their vehicles in order to sell their products.

The village has a unique special peculiarity in the Iberian Peninsula: actually, both the Portuguese village Rio de Onor and the Spanish village Rihonor de Castilla form only one village artificially divided by the borderline. For this reason, the inhabitants of these villages speak both Spanish and Portuguese influenced by the autochthonous language known as *rihonorés*, a dialect of the Leonese language.

The locals call the Spanish and Portuguese parts *Povo de cima* and *Povo de abaixo* respectively ('the town up' and 'the town down').

41°57′N 6°37′W / 41.950°N 6.617°W / 41.950; -6.617


title: Bojan Dojkić

abstract: Bojan Dojkić is a Serbian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Radnički Pirot.

text:
# Bojan Dojkić

**Bojan Dojkić** (born 25 October 1984, in Pirot) is a Serbian footballer who currently plays as a defender for Radnički Pirot.

## Career

Dojkić started his football career at Hajduk Kula, before transferred to Radnički Niš in January 2010.

In July 2010, it was announced that Bojan finally signed for Greek side Trikala. He made his debut in Greece during the 2010–2011 season on 12 September 2010 in a 0–1 away loss against Panetolikos. Dojkić appeared 6 times for Trikala, before signed with Bulgarian Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 30 December 2010. Now playing for FK Radnički from Niš.

## InfoBox

Bojan Dojkić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Bojan Dojkić | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-10-25) 25 October 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Pirot, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.94 m (6 ft 4+12 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Radnički Pirot | | |
| Number | 8 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2009 | Hajduk Kula | 28 | (0) |
| 2010 | Radnički Niš | 14 | (0) |
| 2010 | Trikala | 6 | (0) |
| 2011 | Lokomotiv Plovdiv | 0 | (0) |
| 2011–2012 | Radnički Niš | 28 | (1) |
| 2012–2014 | Pierikos | 67 | (1) |
| 2015 | Agrotikos Asteras | 18 | (0) |
| 2016 | Trikala | 7 | (1) |
| 2016 | Apollon Kalamarias |  |  |
| 2017 | Olympiacos Volos |  |  |
| 2017– | Radnički Pirot | 87+ | (2+) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 November 2013 | | | |


title: Potu Leavasa Jr.

abstract:
Potu Leavasa Jr. is a Samoan rugby union player.
His usual position is as a Flanker or Lock and he currently plays for Manawatu Turbos in NPC. In 2020 Mitre 10 Cup season, he played for Counties Manukau.
He played for Italian team for Zebre from 2021 to 2022. In 2018 Leavasa was named in the Samoa A squad.

text:
# Potu Leavasa Jr.

**Potu Leavasa Jr.** (Motoʻotua, 10 October 1996) is a Samoan rugby union player. His usual position is as a Flanker or Lock and he currently plays for Manawatu Turbos in NPC.

In 2020 Mitre 10 Cup season, he played for Counties Manukau. He played for Italian team for Zebre from 2021 to 2022.

In 2018 Leavasa was named in the Samoa A squad.

## InfoBox

Potu Leavasa Jr.
| Full name | Potu Leavasa Jr. |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1996-01-10) 10 January 1996 |
| Place of birth | Motoʻotua, Samoa |
| Height | 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in) |
| Weight | 115 kg (18 st 2 lb; 254 lb) |
| Notable relative(s) | Potu Leavasa (father) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Lock/Flanker  **Current team** Palmyra Rugby Club  Youth career  Auckland  Hamilton Marist  2015 Melbourne Rebels  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Southend Saxons   ()  2018−2019 Warringah  16  (15)  2020 Austin Gilgronis  6  (0)  2020 Counties Manukau  8  (5)  2021−2022 Zebre  21  (0)  2022− Manawatu Turbos  10  (5)  Correct as of 1 Apr 2022  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2018−2019 Samoa A  6  (0)  Correct as of 15 Jan 2021 | |


title: Sospeter Machage

abstract: Sospeter Magita Machage is a Kenyan diplomat who served as the Ambassador of Kenya to Russia and concurrently accredited to Ukraine, Republic of Belarus and Republic of Kazakhstan until 2010. He was appointed Ambassador on 20 April 2005. Machage served in the Public Service in different capacities for over twenty six years. He served as the Registrar, Kenyatta National Hospital from 1983 to 1984 and as Medical Officer of Health Kitui District from 1984 to 1986. He was the Provincial Medical Officer for Health Easter Province from 1986 to 1987. While in the private sector he served as the Chief of Staff and Deputy Director, Kendu Mission Hospital from 1987 to 1989. He was the Medical Officer In-charge Isibania Maternity and Nursing Home from 1989 to 1996. He served as a member of DDC, Medical Board Kuria District and Medical Board Transmara District. He also served as the Medical Officer In-charge St. Joseph's Mission Hospital (Kilgoris) from 1996 to 1999. He was Medical Advisor Catholic diocese of Ngong and Medical Director Transmara Medicare hospital. Prior to his appointment he served as Director, Ministry of Water and Natural Resources Management and Development and also Chairman Development, and Environment Committee of Lake Victoria Service Board. He graduated with doctorate degree in medicine – physician (MD) and general surgery from Kharkov State University and Crimea State Medical Institute (USSR) in 1983. In 2005 he joined the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, where he was awarded a First Class Honors master's degree in International Relations in 2009. He is currently pursuing PhD degree in international relations at the same university. In 2007 he became Professor and Academician of the Academy of Problems of Security, Defence and Order (Russia).

text:
# Sospeter Machage

**Sospeter Magita Machage** is a Kenyan diplomat who served as the Ambassador of Kenya to Russia and concurrently accredited to Ukraine, Republic of Belarus and Republic of Kazakhstan until 2010. He was appointed Ambassador on 20 April 2005.

Machage served in the Public Service in different capacities for over twenty six years. He served as the Registrar, Kenyatta National Hospital from 1983 to 1984 and as Medical Officer of Health Kitui District from 1984 to 1986. He was the Provincial Medical Officer for Health Easter Province from 1986 to 1987.

While in the private sector he served as the Chief of Staff and Deputy Director, Kendu Mission Hospital from 1987 to 1989. He was the Medical Officer In-charge Isibania Maternity and Nursing Home from 1989 to 1996. He served as a member of DDC, Medical Board Kuria District and Medical Board Transmara District. He also served as the Medical Officer In-charge St. Joseph's Mission Hospital (Kilgoris) from 1996 to 1999. He was Medical Advisor Catholic diocese of Ngong and Medical Director Transmara Medicare hospital.

Prior to his appointment he served as Director, Ministry of Water and Natural Resources Management and Development and also Chairman Development, and Environment Committee of Lake Victoria Service Board.

He graduated with doctorate degree in medicine – physician (MD) and general surgery from Kharkov State University and Crimea State Medical Institute (USSR) in 1983. In 2005 he joined the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, where he was awarded a First Class Honors master's degree in International Relations in 2009. He is currently pursuing PhD degree in international relations at the same university.

In 2007 he became Professor and Academician of the Academy of Problems of Security, Defence and Order (Russia).


title: Cleveland Knights

abstract: The Cleveland Knights were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The team played at the Cleveland Arena but lasted just 18 games before suspending operations during the only season of play.

text:
# Cleveland Knights

The **Cleveland Knights** were a minor professional ice hockey team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The team played at the Cleveland Arena but lasted just 18 games before suspending operations during the only season of play.

## History

Shortly after the Cleveland Barons purchased the Cleveland Arena, the Cleveland Knights were founded as a new member of the Eastern Amateur Hockey League. The team began play in the fall of 1949 but immediately ran into difficulties. With the Barons being the primary draw at the Arena, few people shoed up to watch the Knights games. Player/coach Louis Trudel led the team for 18 games but by the beginning of December the fate of the team had already been decided. Cleveland withdrew from the league on December 5 and the franchise was dissolved.

## Season-by-season record

***Note:** GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against*

| Season | GP | W | L | T | Pts | GF | GA | Finish | Coach | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1949–50 | 18 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 12 | 70 | 92 | *withdrew* | Louis Trudel | *none* |

## InfoBox

| Cleveland Knights | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Cleveland, Ohio |
| League | Eastern Amateur Hockey League |
| Operated | 1949–1950 |
| Home arena | Cleveland Arena |


title: Big Bam Boom

abstract: Big Bam Boom is the twelfth studio album by American duo Daryl Hall & John Oates, released by RCA Records on October 12, 1984. It marked the end of one of the most successful album runs by a duo of the 1980s. RCA issued a remastered version in July 2004 with four bonus tracks. The lead single "Out of Touch" was a #1 pop hit, and charted in several other areas. Another song, the Daryl Hall and Janna Allen-penned "Method of Modern Love", reached #5, and "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" reached #18. Musical styles on the album include pop, rock, and dance-rock, with R&B/soul influences. It has even more of an electronic, urban feel to it than their previous albums, combining their song structure and vocals with the latest technical advances in recording and playing. The album employed some of the most sophisticated equipment used in the recording industry at the time. Big Bam Boom peaked at No. 5 in the United States and sold over three million copies worldwide.

text:
# Big Bam Boom

***Big Bam Boom*** is the twelfth studio album by American duo Daryl Hall & John Oates, released by RCA Records on October 12, 1984. It marked the end of one of the most successful album runs by a duo of the 1980s. RCA issued a remastered version in July 2004 with four bonus tracks. The lead single "Out of Touch" was a #1 pop hit, and charted in several other areas (#24 Hot Black Singles, #8 on the Adult Contemporary charts and #1 on the dance charts, #48 in the UK). Another song, the Daryl Hall and Janna Allen-penned "Method of Modern Love", reached #5, and "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" reached #18.

Musical styles on the album include pop, rock, and dance-rock, with R&B/soul influences. It has even more of an electronic, urban feel to it than their previous albums, combining their song structure and vocals with the latest technical advances in recording and playing. The album employed some of the most sophisticated equipment used in the recording industry at the time.

*Big Bam Boom* peaked at No. 5 in the United States and sold over three million copies worldwide.

## Background and recording

The making of *Big Bam Boom* involved a mixture of traditional recordings and state-of-the-art technologies.

> We embraced each new device on its merits as a tool to enhance and integrate into the recording process. For us, they were instruments to be used to achieve an end: service and enrich the songs.

John Oates in his autobiography.

The duo opted to record on analog tape rather than the then-new digital multitrack machines, and due to their commercial success they were able to take advantage of the latest musical devices available at the time, specially the most advanced polyphonic synthesizers like Synclavier and the Fairlight.

Bob Clearmountain, one of the producers and drummer Mickey Curry recorded various drum sounds, manipulating delays and reverbs to create huge dramatic bottom end that is emblematic of this album and the 1980s in general.

Thanks to the new polyphonic synthesizers, the duo experimented with new sounds, for example, recording Boy Scout canteens, cardboard boxes, vocals, footsteps in gravel, etc., and combined them with newer and more sophisticated drum machines.

## Promotion

To promote the album, the duo embarked on the Big Bam Boom Tour – Live Through '85; they did most of the travel in a private plane. MTV provided tour date and ticket outlet announcements and the channel's name appeared on all tickets and print advertising, and was tagged on all radio spots. The duo performed a show at The Forum in Inglewood, California, on December 17, 1984, with a satellite-delivered live broadcast of the concert; it aired the following day. The radio broadcast was remastered and released on CD, via music download and streaming in 2015 under the title: *The LA Forum – 17 Dec 1984*.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Robert Christgau | B |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

In a review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called *Big Bam Boom* "a sprawling and diffuse album" and "a bigger, noisier record than its predecessors, with its rhythms smacking around in an echo chamber and each track built on layers of synthesizers and studio effects". In Erlewine's opinion, it was a disappointment coming after a trio of albums that had very few flaws. Erlewine also criticized the production on the album saying that "it obscures the dark undercurrent to many of the tunes, several of which seem to foreshadow the duo's long hiatus following this record".

## Track listing

*Big Bam Boom* – Standard edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dance on Your Knees" |  | 1:25 |
| 2. | "Out of Touch" |  | 4:21 |
| 3. | "Method of Modern Love" |  | 5:32 |
| 4. | "Bank on Your Love" |  | 4:17 |
| 5. | "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid" | Hall | 5:27 |
| 6. | "Going Thru the Motions" | * Hall * Oates * S. Allen * J. Allen | 5:39 |
| 7. | "Cold Dark and Yesterday" | Oates | 4:41 |
| 8. | "All American Girl" | * Hall * Oates * S. Allen | 4:28 |
| 9. | "Possession Obsession" | * Hall * Oates * S. Allen | 4:36 |
| Total length: | | | 40:13 |

*Big Bam Boom* – 2004 remastered edition (bonus tracks)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "Out of Touch" (12" version) | * Hall * Oates | 7:35 |
| 11. | "Method of Modern Love" (12" version) | * Hall * J. Allen | 7:48 |
| 12. | "Possession Obsession" (12" version) | * Hall * Oates * S. Allen | 6:28 |
| 13. | "Dance on Your Knees" (12" version) | * Baker * Hall | 6:38 |

## Personnel

### Production

* Producers – Daryl Hall, John Oates and Bob Clearmountain.
* Engineers – Jay Burnett and Bob Clearmountain
* Assistant Engineers – Gary Hellman, Bruce Buchalter and Michael Sauvage.
* Mixed by Bob Clearmountain
* "Mix Consultant and Additional Production"; also remixing on Tracks #10–13 – Arthur Baker
* Editing on Tracks #10–13 – The Latin Rascals
* Mastered by Bob Ludwig at Masterdisk (New York, NY).
* Keyboard Technician – Mike Klvana
* Keyboard and Synth Drum Technician – Anthony Aquilato
* Art Direction and Artwork – Mick Haggerty
* Cover Photography – Jean Pagliuso
* Inner Photography – Jean Pagliuso and Larry Williams
* Management and Direction – Tommy Mottola
* Director of Security – Eddie Anderson

## Charts and certifications

The album debuted at number 33 on the *Billboard* 200 the week of October 27, 1984 as the highest debut of the week. After five weeks it peaked at number five on the chart on December 1, 1984. The album remained on the chart for 51 weeks and was ranked as the 17th most successful album of 1985 on the *Billboard* 200. Additionally, it reached number 25 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart the week of January 12, 1985.

By December 1984, the album had sold one million copies in the US, and was certified Platinum on December 3, 1984. Eventually, it sold an additional one million copies, and was certified double Platinum by the RIAA on April 1, 1985.

In the United Kingdom the album debuted and peaked at number 28 on October 28, 1984 and was present on the chart for 13 weeks. It was certified Silver by the BPI on February 1, 1985 for shipments of 60,000.

### Weekly charts

| Chart (1984) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) | 20 |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (*RPM*) | 12 |
| Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) | 43 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 47 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 12 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 16 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 28 |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 5 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 25 |
|

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1985) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 17 |

### Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | 2× Platinum | 200,000^ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000^ |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Big Bam Boom | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hall & Oates | |
| Released | October 12, 1984 |
| Recorded | Summer 1984 |
| Studio | Electric Lady, New York City |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 40:13 |
| Label | RCA Records |
| Producer |  |
| Hall & Oates chronology | |
| *Rock 'n Soul Part 1*
(1983) ***Big Bam Boom***
(1984) *Live at the Apollo*
(1985) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Big Bam Boom* | |
| 1. "Out of Touch"
Released: October 1984 2. "Method of Modern Love"
Released: December 1984 3. "Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid"
Released: March 1985 4. "Possession Obsession"
Released: May 1985 | |
|  | |


title: Bill Smith (jewelry designer)

abstract: Bill Smith is an American fashion and jewelry designer who was the first black recipient of a Coty Award for his designs. He has designed for a number of companies, including costume jewelry for Coro and Richelieu, leather goods for Mark Cross, and furs for Ben Kahn, along with designing jewelry for Cartier.

text:
# Bill Smith (jewelry designer)

**Bill Smith** (born 1933) is an American fashion and jewelry designer who was the first black recipient of a Coty Award for his designs. He has designed for a number of companies, including costume jewelry for Coro and Richelieu, leather goods for Mark Cross, and furs for Ben Kahn, along with designing jewelry for Cartier.

## Biography

Born in 1936 in Madison, Indiana, in his early childhood Bill Smith was encouraged to develop and make the most of his talents. He went to Indiana University to study art and whilst there, also explored dance. In 1954 he headed to New York to study dance with Alwin Nikolais, but decided to focus on jewelry design and in 1958 set up a small business in Murray Hill, Manhattan. Whilst studying dance, he worked part-time soldering and casting for a jewelry company, which gave him technical and artisan knowledge to support his designing.

In June 1968, Bill Smith was made vice-president of Richelieu, at that time the second largest jewelry firm in America, after only two months with the company as their head designer. Later that year in October, he was commissioned to exclusively create all the jewelry for the Broadway production of *Coco*, a stage musical about the life of Coco Chanel starring Katharine Hepburn.

Bill Smith was one of six jewelry designers honoured with a special Coty Award in 1970 alongside Daniel Stoenescu and Steven Brody of Cadoro, Alexis Kirk, Marty Ruza and Cliff Nicholson.

His designs draw inspiration from his African heritage and have been described as sparse and sculptural. At the time of the Coty Award win his designs incorporated tassels, leather, and cord alongside metal and stone, and he had experience with precious and semi-precious stones and metals. Alongside more traditional jewelry, he offered chignon covers and belts, including one in fringed suede fastened with an eight-inch gilded mermaid, and a range of architectural ethnic-style crosses, titled "Peacemakers", hanging from silk cords.

In 1972, he posed with Naomi Sims for a fashion spread on black designers and their muses for the April 1972 issue of *The Look* magazine, which showcased one of his 18-carat gold cuffs for Cartier, modelled by Sims. Sims had introduced him to Kenton Corp, who set up *Bill Smith Design Studios, Inc.*, with Smith as the president, from where he was creating jewelry for Cartier and leather accessories for Mark Cross. The company had disestablished by 1981, when Smith was working as a consultant on accessory design for Omega Inc. and the Hattie Carnegie company which made accessories to accompany Anne Klein's clothing collections. He won an award for excellence in jewelry design in 1984 at the 6th Annual Black Designers Tribute.


title: Robert Youds

abstract: Robert Youds is a Canadian artist based in Victoria, British Columbia.

text:
# Robert Youds

**Robert Youds** (born 1954) is a Canadian artist based in Victoria, British Columbia.

## Life

Robert Youds was born in 1954 in Burnaby, British Columbia.With Light: Robert Youds "Since the 1980s, Robert Youds has conducted a singular investigation of the material conditions of the pictorial—a path that has led him from paintings with cut-out apertures through stretched lines of colour made of strands of latex and velvet cushions bound with ropes through to his recent constructions incorporating fluorescent, neon and LED lights".Barry Schwabsky. He holds an MFA from York University and a BFA from the University of Victoria.

## Exhibitions

Youds' solo exhibitions include: 2017 For Everyone a Fountain, Open Space, Victoria, BC, 2015 Say nothing, twice, Diaz Contemporary, Toronto, ON, 2014 - 2015 For Everyone a Sunset, Vancouver Art Gallery OffSite, Vancouver, BC 2002 Chicago International Art Fair, Feature exhibit, Post Gallery, Los Angeles, CA 2002 Post Gallery, Los Angeles, CA 1995 Forse Che Si, Forse Che No, The Power Plant, curated by Greg Bellerby, catalogue essay by Willard Holmes

Selected group shows include: 2019 Garden in the Machine, Surrey Art Gallery, Surrey, BC 2015 The Transformation of Landscape Art in Canada: The Inside and Outside of Being, Today Art Museum, Beijing, China, 2013 Rewilding Modernity, Mendel Art Gallery, Saskatoon, SK 2000 spilled edge soft corners, Galerie Christiane Chassay, Montreal, curated by Barbara Fischer 1999 Five Continents and One City, Museum of Mexico City, Mexico 1999 Les Peintures, Galerie Rene Blouin, Montreal, QC 1999 Postmark: An Abstract Effect, Site Santa Fe, Santa Fe, NM 1999 twistfoldlayerflake, Oliver Art Center, CCAC Institute, Oakland, CA 1997 L.A. International, Biennial Art Invitational, Post Gallery, CA 1996 Topographies, aspects of recent B.C. art, Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, BC

## Collections

Robert Youds' work is included in the permanent collections of the National Gallery of Canada and the Vancouver Art Gallery.

## InfoBox

| Robert Youds | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1954 (age 6970) |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Known for | Sculpture/Painting |
| Website | robertyouds.ca |


title: Robert Young (Islington North MP)

abstract: Reginald Stanley Young, known as Robert Young, was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. Born in Manchester, Young was educated at Manchester Grammar School, before becoming a theatre producer and critic. He also wrote Cricket on the Green. During World War I, he served in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps in France. Young joined the Labour Party, and at the 1929 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North, the first Labour MP for that constituency. He lost his seat at the 1931 general election to the Conservative candidate Albert Goodman. He stood again at the 1935 election, but Goodman retained the seat.

text:
# Robert Young (Islington North MP)

**Reginald Stanley Young** (28 May 1891 – 20 March 1985), known as **Robert Young**, was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.

Born in Manchester, Young was educated at Manchester Grammar School, before becoming a theatre producer and critic. He also wrote *Cricket on the Green*. During World War I, he served in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps in France.

Young joined the Labour Party, and at the 1929 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North, the first Labour MP for that constituency. He lost his seat at the 1931 general election to the Conservative candidate Albert Goodman. He stood again at the 1935 election, but Goodman retained the seat.


title: Bill Buck (environmentalist)

abstract: Bill Buck is an American environmentalist, writer, and multimedia producer. In 1987, he was awarded the Presidential Environmental Youth Award by President Ronald Reagan for his efforts to inform the public about a toxic waste dump in his local Casmalia, California. Taking a Stand Against Environmental Pollution profiled Buck's achievements as a youth activist during this time, including his participation in a number of controversial protests with the direct action organization Greenpeace. In 1989, as public pressure continued to build, the dump was permanently shut down. The site was later administered by the Environmental Protection Agency and remains on the list of Superfund sites in California. Buck began writing about environmental issues for The New York Times Special Feature Syndicate and national publications like "E" Magazine, including in-depth interviews with David R. Brower and other environmental leaders. He combined his expertise in journalism and multimedia production in 1997, working on President Bill Clinton's official Inauguration Day webcast in Washington, DC. Buck's credits in professional TV and film production include the MTV environmental documentary Connect (1997), the film Memoirs of a Geisha (2005), the PBS series Remaking American Medicine (2006) and The Story of Stuff animated series. In 2013, Buck published a book about San Francisco, California documenting unique aspects of the city. He writes for and publishes a website profiling America's National Trails System.

text:
# Bill Buck (environmentalist)

**Bill Buck** is an American environmentalist, writer, and multimedia producer. In 1987, he was awarded the Presidential Environmental Youth Award by President Ronald Reagan for his efforts to inform the public about a toxic waste dump in his local Casmalia, California.

*Taking a Stand Against Environmental Pollution* profiled Buck's achievements as a youth activist during this time, including his participation in a number of controversial protests with the direct action organization Greenpeace. In 1989, as public pressure continued to build, the dump was permanently shut down. The site was later administered by the Environmental Protection Agency and remains on the list of Superfund sites in California.

Buck began writing about environmental issues for *The New York Times* Special Feature Syndicate and national publications like *"E" Magazine*, including in-depth interviews with David R. Brower and other environmental leaders.

He combined his expertise in journalism and multimedia production in 1997, working on President Bill Clinton's official Inauguration Day webcast in Washington, DC. Buck's credits in professional TV and film production include the MTV environmental documentary *Connect* (1997), the film *Memoirs of a Geisha* (2005), the PBS series *Remaking American Medicine* (2006) and *The Story of Stuff* animated series.

In 2013, Buck published a book about San Francisco, California documenting unique aspects of the city. He writes for and publishes a website profiling America's National Trails System.

1. Finucane, Stephanie (October 8, 1987). "Righetti student wins EPA award". Santa Barbara News-Press. p. B1.
2. Newton, David E. (March 1990). *Taking a Stand Against Environmental Pollution*. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-10923-2.
3. Buck, William R.; Rembert, Tracey C. (September 1997). "Just Doing It". E Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
4. O'Connor, Rory (January 19, 1997). "Tech of the Town In Festive Capital, 'Online Playground'". *San Jose Mercury News*.
5. "Bill Buck IMDb page". *IMDb*. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
6. "Bill Buck Amazon page". *Amazon*. Retrieved 2014-07-16.


abstract: Big Horn County School District #4 is a public school district based in Basin, Wyoming, United States.

text:
# Big Horn County School District Number 4

**Big Horn County School District #4** is a public school district based in Basin, Wyoming, United States.

## Geography

Big Horn County School District #4 serves southern Big Horn County and a very small, detached tract of land in northeastern Park County, including the following communities:

## Schools

* Riverside High School (Grades 9–12)
* Cloud Peak Middle School (Grades 6–8)
* Manderson Elementary School (Grades K-5)
* Laura Irwin Elementary School (Grades K-5)

## Student demographics

The following figures are as of October 1, 2009.

* **Total District Enrollment**: 297
* **Student enrollment by gender**
    + Male: 157 (52.86%)
    + Female: 140 (47.14%)
* **Student enrollment by ethnicity**
    + Asian: 1 (0.34%)
    + Black or African American: 1 (0.34%)
    + Hispanic or Latino: 31 (10.44%)
    + Two or More Races: 3 (1.01%)
    + White: 261 (87.88%)