title: June Nash

abstract: June C. Nash was a social and feminist anthropologist and Distinguished Professor Emerita at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She conducted extensive field work throughout the United States and Latin America, most notably in Bolivia, Mexico and Guatemala. She was also a part of feminist and working class social movements such as that of the Zapatistas in Mexico.

text:
# June Nash

**June C. Nash** (May 30, 1927 – December 9, 2019) was a social and feminist anthropologist and Distinguished Professor Emerita at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She conducted extensive field work throughout the United States and Latin America, most notably in Bolivia, Mexico and Guatemala. She was also a part of feminist and working class social movements such as that of the Zapatistas in Mexico.

## Early life and education

June Caprice Bousley was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1927 to Joseph and Josephine (Salloway) Bousley. She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in economics from Barnard College in New York City. After graduation, she worked for a year in Washington D.C. as a statistician before deciding to travel to Mexico. She first spent some time in Acapulco, but decided to travel to the mountains of Chiapas, Mexico where she worked alongside the American Friends Service Committee on various projects in Maya communities.

With a new interest in Maya peoples, Nash returned to the United States to pursue graduate studies, ultimately receiving both her Master's degree and doctorate from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Chicago in 1960. Her dissertation "Social relations in Amatenango del Valle: an Activity Analysis" detailed the social conditions of this town in Chiapas, Mexico.

## Career

Nash had a prolific career as an anthropologist spanning 50 years of field work and scholarship. She taught at Yale University and New York University before coming to the Cit University of New York in 1990. Her work was published in a wide variety of journals including the *Southwestern Journal of Anthropology*, *Human Organization*, the *Journal of Black Studies*, the *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences*, *American Ethnologist*, *International Labor and Working Class History*, the *Anthropology of Work Review*, and the *Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies*. She also contributed to the creation of two ethnographic films, *I Spent My Life in the Mines,* based on her work in Bolivia, and *Community and Industrial Cycle,* based on her work with General Electric employees in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

She received a number of awards, including the Conrad Arensburg Award for Ethnological Studies (1992), the American Anthropological Association's Distinguished Service Award (1995) and the Kalman Silvert Award of the Latin American Studies Association (2004).

The Roseberry-Nash Award for a graduate student paper was created in 2006 in honor of the contributions June Nash and William Roseberry have made to Latin American anthropology. The June Nash Travel Award was also created to honor Nash and is awarded by the Society for the Anthropology of Work to help fund a graduate student's participation in the annual AAA meetings.

### Field work

Kay Warren has described Nash's work and creativity as "inherently oppositional." Nash's political activism could be found throughout her various field work projects. The overlap of ethnography with this activism allows her work to function as social criticism. Her methodology for doing ethnography was to create a dialogue with the people with whom she lives. In an interview with Smith College she shared her views of anthropology and field work: "I think anthropology is very comprehensive. It takes into account all aspects of life," she explains. "It's a method of living with people."

Nash began her field work in Chiapas and continued to return there throughout her career. She continued to make field visits to Mexico and Guatemala, focusing her research on ecology and alternative development models.

#### Tin mining in Bolivia

Nash traveled to Bolivia where she applied Marxist theory to analyze structural violence in the lives of tin miners. In the preface to *We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us* (1979) she describes her work as follows:

"This book recounts the story of the people in their struggle to maintain their way of life. Given this background of massacres, resistance, and protest, the courage they show in this current situation is remarkable. It should be an inspiration for those who maintain that progress can be made only when the rank and file of workers are the architects of the institutions in which they work and lie, just as it is a refutation of those who reject the primary role of workers in bringing about such a future" (xxi)

The book exemplifies Nash's ability to provide personal, ethnographic accounts while contextualizing the individual experience in the social and economic conditions of the place. Her methodology of demonstrating local experiences of political processes via ethnography was ground-breaking for the time and foreshadowed the push for more interactive and participatory ethnography work being done today.

In 1992, her biography of Juan Rojas and his family, first published in 1976 in Spanish as *He Agotado Mi Vida en las Minas,* was published in English as *I Spent My Life in the Mines.*. Nash formed a strong bond with Rojas and his family throughout her field work, allowing her to learn about the life of a tin miner. The 1992 English version of the biography includes updated chapters on Roja's wife and grown children. Nash describes her relationship with Rojas as well as her position as an anthropologist speaking for others in the introduction to the book: "In many ways I feel that I was selected by Juan to be the medium through which he could narrate his life story" (pqg3 7) Rojas and Nash, along with the help of Eduardo Ibanez, shared the stories of this book via an ethnographic film documentary of the same name (*I Spent My Life in the Mines*) in 1977.

#### Capitalism and globalization

From her use of Marxist theory to her critique of globalization, Nash's scholarship consistently contributed to the critique of global capitalism. She decided to return to the United States and study corporations there after tin miners in Bolivia asked her about the conditions of working for corporations in the U.S. This motivation resulted in her monograph about General Electric workers at a plant in Pittsfield, Massachusetts (1989).

Following that, she returned to Chiapas and published *Crafts in the World Market: the Impact of Global Exchange on Middle American Artisans* detailing the ways in which traditional artisans were involved in the global market. Nash's most recent publications continue to analyze the ways in which globalization articulates itself at the local level. For example, her article entitled "Consuming Interests: Water, Rum, and Coca-Cola from Ritual Propitiation to Corporate Expropriation in Highland Chiapas" is a comparative study of Guatemala and Chiapas and the way the alcoholic beverage rum and Coca-Cola has been promoted and accepted for traditional and ritual uses.

#### Chiapas and the Zapatistas

Nash published extensively on various topics in Maya communities in Chiapas, ranging from discussions of violence, political anthropology and artisan practices. Since the 1994 Zapatista rebellion, Nash provided commentary on the social movement from her unique perspective as an anthropologist who has worked in the Chiapas area since the 1950s. She described the political organizing of the movement as “radical democratic mobilization” under a system that excludes indigenous peoples. Nash also emphasized that Zapatistas are responding to a global trend to militarize conflicts that involve indigenous peoples.

According to Nash, the Zapatistas are unique because women make up 30% of the movement's participants. She attributed the elevated status of women in the state of Chiapas to the formation of a women-led pottery collective in the 1970s. Though the collective was not active from the 1970s to the present, it was reactivated under the Zapatistas and has been a continuing source of strength for women in the area.

In her book *Mayan Visions*, she discusses the Maya of Chiapas from a historic perspective, and then brings the reader to the present to better understand how and why the Zapatista movement came to be under the forces of global capitalism and globalization.

## Gender in Latin America

Nash played an important role in establishing gender as an area of study in Latin America. Her edited volumes *Sex and Class in Latin America* (1976) with Helen Safa and *Women, Men and the International Division of Labor* with Maria P. Fernandez-Kelly both anticipated future scholarship in which sex and gender were analyzed as unique areas of inquiry. Nash boldly states in her introduction to the *Sex and Class in Latin America* volume,

"They (women) mediate between men in the nerve centers of complex societies, seen but rarely heard, stimulating production over which they have no control, becoming consumers of products they inspire but do not produce, and finally becoming “consumed”- petted, admired and seduced- by the men who produce them."(page 9)

Her feminist analysis was closely tied to her background in class and (re)production and was among the first critical analysis of its time of women in Latin America.

Since then, particularly in her work with the Zapatistas, Nash was criticized by some second-wave feminists for essentializing gender roles in her discussion of Latin American social movements. She wrote about the revitalization of traditional gender roles in the Zapatista movement, and responded to criticism by arguing that self-essentializing is a valuable tool for women participating in Latin American social movements. Warren shares the following excerpt from *Mayan Visions* to demonstrate Nash's argument:

"Just as the referential system of religion in the politics of indigenous peoples raises hackles with the sophisticated outside observer, so too does the self-referential language of motherhood and identification with the earth often used by women in these movements. In the postmodern, deconstructive mode now fashionable in anthropology, the very category of women is decried as essentialist.. . . We must go beyond deconstruction of the rhetoric to discover the incentives generating a common collective image among indigenous movements."

## Personal life

In 1951, June C. Bousley married Manning Nash (1924-2001), a fellow graduate student in anthropology at the University of Chicago. After completing her master's degree in 1953, she joined him in Guatemala for fieldwork. In 1960 and 1961, she conducted fieldwork in Burma with her husband, collaborating on research relating to marriage, family, and population growth. Later, in 1972, she married New York University sociology professor Herbert Menzel (1921-1987), and in 1997 she married again to Frank Reynolds, professor of history of religions and Buddhist studies at the University of Chicago Divinity School. She had two children, Eric and Laura, from her first marriage.

Nash died on December 9, 2019, at the age of 92.

## Selected works

* 2007 "Consuming Interests: Water, Rum, and Coca-Cola from Ritual Propitiation to Corporate Expropriation in Highland Chiapas" in *Cultural Anthropology*, Volume 22, number 4.
* 2003 "The Integration of Indigenous People in Civil Society" in *Social Analysis*, Volume 47, number 1.
* 2003 "The War of the Peace in Chiapas: Indigenous Women's Struggle for Peace and Justice," pages 285–312 in *What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America*, Susan Eva Eckstein and Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley, eds. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 2003 "Mesoamerican Indigenous Women and Religion" in *Latino(a) Research Review*, Volume 5, number 2–3.
* 2003 "The Domestication of Military Violence" in the Society for Feminist Anthropologists' *Anthropology* Newsletter.
* 2003 "Mexico Turns South for its Future," pages 6–10 in *Society for the Anthropology of North America*, Volume 6, number 1 (June).
* 2003 "Indigenous Development Alternatives," pages 57–98 in *Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems*, Volume 32, number 1.
* 2002 "Postscript: Gender in Place and Culture," in *Gender's Place: Feminist Anthropologies of Latin America*, Rosario Montoya, Lessie Jo Frazier, and Janise Hurtig, eds. New York and London: Routledge Press.
* 2002 "Globalization and the Cultivation of Peripheral Vision," pages 5–20 in *Anthropology Today*, Volume 17, number 4 (August).
* 2001 "Ethnicity, Race, and Gender: Intersection in the Americas, Opportunities for Dialogue and Advancement within the International Human Rights Framework" in *Race, Gender, Ethnicity and Human Rights in the Americas: A New Paradigm for Activists*, Celina Romany, ed.
* 2001. *Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization*. New York and London: Routledge Press.
* 2000 "Gender, Ethnicity, and Migration: Teaching Diversity" in *Cultural Diversity in the United States*, Ida Susser, ed. London and New York: Blackwell Publications.
* 2000 "Gendered Deities and the Survival of Culture," pages 297–316 in *Gender/Bodies, Religion*, Sylvia Marcos, ed. Cuernavaca, Mexico: Aler Books.
* 1997 "The Fiesta of the Word: The Zapatista Uprising and Radical Democracy in Mexico" pages 261-274 in *American Anthropology*. Volume 99(2).
* 1993 *Crafts in the World Market: The Impact of Global Exchange on Middle American Artisans*. Albany: State University of New York Press.
* 1992 *I Spent My Life in the Mines: The Story of Juan Rojas, Bolivian Tin Miner*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* 1989 *From Tank Town to High Tech: The Clash of Community and Industrial Cycles*. Albany : State University of New York Press.
* 1981 "Ethnographic Aspects of the World Capitalist System" pages 393-423 in *Annual Review of Anthropology*, Volume 10(1).
* 1979 *We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines*. New York: Columbia University Press.
* 1970 *In the Eyes of the Ancestors: Belief and Behavior in a Mayan Community*. New Haven: Yale University Press.

## Further reading

Nash, June.

2001 *Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization*. New York and London: Routledge Press. 1992 *I Spent My Life in the Mines: the Story of Juan Rojas, Bolivian Tin Miner*. New York: Columbia University Press. 1979 *We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines*. New York: Columbia University Press.


title: Prideaux-Brune rescue

abstract: On 9 August 1879, Ellen Frances Prideaux-Brune, Gertrude Rose Prideaux-Brune, Mary Katherine Prideaux-Brune, Beatrice May Prideaux-Brune and Nora O’Shaughnessy were out on a rowing boat trip off Bray Hill, Padstow, Cornwall, when they witnessed a boat being capsized by a squall. The women’s boat was being towed by a fishing boat, under the command of Padstow lifeboat's assistant coxswain. On seeing the accident, Ellen asked for the women’s boat to be cast off so they could row through heavy surf to the aid of those overboard. The women succeeded in pulling a survivor on board. For saving his life, and 'in acknowledgement of their intrepid and prompt services... at considerable risk of life', they were each awarded the RNLI’s Silver Medal for Gallantry. Their medals were awarded on 2 October 1879. The RNLI's Thanks of the Institution on Vellum were also awarded to the Hon JGP Vereker and to Padstow lifeboat Coxswain Samuel Bate, who helped save a boy who had also been thrown overboard in the same incident.

text:
# Prideaux-Brune rescue

On 9 August 1879, Ellen Frances Prideaux-Brune, Gertrude Rose Prideaux-Brune, Mary Katherine Prideaux-Brune, Beatrice May Prideaux-Brune and Nora O’Shaughnessy were out on a rowing boat trip off Bray Hill, Padstow, Cornwall, when they witnessed a boat being capsized by a squall.

The women’s boat was being towed by a fishing boat, under the command of Padstow lifeboat's assistant coxswain. On seeing the accident, Ellen asked for the women’s boat to be cast off so they could row through heavy surf to the aid of those overboard.

The women succeeded in pulling a survivor on board. For saving his life, and 'in acknowledgement of their intrepid and prompt services ... at considerable risk of life', they were each awarded the RNLI’s Silver Medal for Gallantry.

Their medals were awarded on 2 October 1879. The RNLI's Thanks of the Institution on Vellum were also awarded to the Hon JGP Vereker and to Padstow lifeboat Coxswain Samuel Bate, who helped save a boy who had also been thrown overboard in the same incident.


title: Populai Island

abstract: Populai Island is an island in the Louisiade Archipelago in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.

text:
# Populai Island

**Populai Island** (also known as Margaret Island) is an island in the Louisiade Archipelago in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Administration

The island is part of Gotai Ward. it belongs to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.

## Geography

Populai is located Southeast of Sideia Island. The island is part of the Sideia group, itself a part of Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.

## Demographics

The population of 15 is living in 1 village on the north coast.

## InfoBox

Populai Island
| Nickname: Margaret Island | |
| --- | --- |
| Populai Island | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Oceania |
| Coordinates | 10°35′19″S 150°52′55″E / 10.58861°S 150.88194°E / -10.58861; 150.88194 |
| Archipelago | Louisiade Archipelago |
| Adjacent to | Solomon Sea |
| Total islands | 1 |
| Major islands | * Populai |
| Area | 1.71 km2 (0.66 sq mi) |
| Length | 2.35 km (1.46 mi) |
| Width | 1 km (0.6 mi) |
| Coastline | 7 km (4.3 mi) |
| Highest elevation | 106 m (348 ft) |
| Administration | |
| **Papua New Guinea** | |
| Province | Milne Bay |
| Island Group | Samarai Islands |
| Island Group | Sideia Islands |
| Ward | Gotai |
| Largest settlement | Populai (pop. 15) |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 15 (2014) |
| Pop. density | 8.8/km2 (22.8/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | Papauans, Austronesians, Melanesians. |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone |  |
| ISO code | PG-MBA |
| Official website | www.ncdc.gov.pg |


title: Presidents of Chile timeline

text:
# Presidents of Chile timeline

The timeline shows changes, both personal or title, of the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Chile from 18 September 1810 until today, regardless of whether president, vice-president, supreme director, interim or junta.

## 19th century

## 20th century

## 21st century

## Notable

* *Presidents died before the end of term*:

Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, Pedro Montt, Elías Fernández, Pedro Aguirre Cerda, Juan Antonio Ríos, Salvador Allende * *Presidents democratically elected then resigned or overthrown*:

José Manuel Balmaceda, Arturo Alessandri, Emiliano Figueroa, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Salvador Allende * *the shortest and longest terms*:

Pedro Opazo (one day) and Augusto Pinochet (17 years) * *Most non-consecutive periods:*

Arturo Alessandri (three times, although his second term is seen as termination of the first term)


title: Shakatak discography

abstract: This article is the discography of British jazz-funk band Shakatak.

text:
# Shakatak discography

This article is the **discography** of British jazz-funk band Shakatak.

## Albums

### Studio albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | Certifications |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | UK
 | GER
 | NL
 | NOR
 | NZ
 | SWI
 | US | |
| 1981 | *Drivin' Hard* |  | 35 |  | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1982 | *Night Birds* | * Released: May 1982 * Label: Polydor * Formats: LP, MC | 4 |  | 32 | 25 | 35 |  |  |  |
| | *Invitations* | * Released: November 1982 * Label: Polydor * Formats: LP, MC | 30 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  |
| 1983 | *Out of This World* | * Released: September 1983 * Label: Polydor * Formats: LP, MC | 30 | 60 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1984 | *Down on the Street* | * Released: August 1984 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC | 17 | 18 | 14 | 19 |  | 16 |  |  |
| 1985 | *City Rhythm* | * Released: November 1985 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC * Also released as *Day By Day* |  |  | 36 |  |  | 25 |  |  |
| 1986 | *Into the Blue* | * Released: 25 June 1986 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP * Japan and Europe-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1987 | *Golden Wings* | * Released: 25 June 1987 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988 | *Manic & Cool* | * Released: March 1988 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC * First released in Japan in December 1987 with different track listing as *Never Stop Your Love* |  | 34 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *Da Makani* | * Released: 25 May 1988 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989 | *Niteflite* | * Released: June 1989 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *Turn the Music Up* | * Released: October 1989 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990 | *Fiesta* | * Released: 30 June 1990 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *Christmas Eve* | * Released: 1 November 1990 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1991 | *Bitter Sweet* | * Released: April 1991 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *Utopia* | * Released: 25 June 1991 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1992 | *Street Level* | * Released: 25 April 1992 * Label: Polydor, Inside Out * Formats: CD * Released everywhere other than Japan in 1993 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *Merry Christmas in Summer* | * Released: 16 November 1992 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| | *Christmas Dreams* | * Released: 26 November 1992 * Label: Polydor, Verve * Formats: CD * Japan and US-only release * Includes tracks from *Christmas Eve* |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1993 | *Under the Sun* | * Released: November 1993 * Label: Polydor, Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994 | *Full Circle* | * Released: October 1994 * Label: Polydor, Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997 | *Let the Piano Play* | * Released: 21 August 1997 * Label: Victor, Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998 | *View from the City* | * Released: 23 September 1998 * Label: Victor, Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001 | *Under Your Spell* | * Released: 21 June 2001 * Label: Victor, Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2003 | *Blue Savannah* | * Released: 23 July 2003 * Label: Victor, Passion Jazz * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2005 | *Beautiful Day* | * Released: 23 February 2005 * Label: Synergy/Victor, Shakatak * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007 | *Emotionally Blue* | * Released: 21 March 2007 * Label: Synergy/Victor, Shakatak * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2009 | *Afterglow* | * Released: 25 February 2009 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2011 | *Across the World* | * Released: 20 April 2011 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013 | *Once Upon a Time – The Acoustic Sessions* | * Released: 20 February 2013 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014 | *On the Corner* | * Released: 21 May 2014 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016 | *Times and Places* | * Released: 20 July 2016 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 | *In the Blue Zone* | * Released: 22 May 2019 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 | *Eyes of the World* | * Released: 20 September 2023 * Label: Victor, Secret * Formats: CD, LP, digital download |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory | | | | | | | | | |  |

### Live albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart positions | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | UK
 | GER
 | NL
 | SWI
 |
| 1984 | *Live in Japan* | * Released: April 1984 * Label: Polydor * Formats: 2xLP * Japan-only release |  |  |  |  |
| 1985 | *Live!* | * Released: February 1985 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC * Includes some tracks from the *Live in Japan* album | 82 | 48 | 21 | 23 |
| 1998 | *Live at Ronnie Scott's Club* | * Released: April 1998 * Label: Indigo, Victor * Formats: CD |  |  |  |  |
| 2011 | *Greatest Hits – Live at the Playhouse* | * Released: 25 March 2011 * Label: Secret * Formats: CD+DVD, digital download |  |  |  |  |
| 2016 | *In Concert* | * Released: 4 December 2016 * Label: Secret * Formats: CD+DVD, digital download |  |  |  |  |
| 2019 | *Live at the Duo Music Exchange* | * Released: 27 September 2019 * Label: Secret * Formats: CD+DVD |  |  |  |  |
| 2020 | *Greatest Hits Live* | * Released: 28 February 2020 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD+DVD, digital download |  |  |  |  |
| 2021 | *Live in Lockdown* | * Released: 25 June 2021 * Label: Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |  |  |
| 2024 | *Nightbirds Session + Greatest Hits Live at The Stables* | * Released: 2024 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD+DVD, digital download |  |  |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory | | | | | | |

### Compilation albums

| Year | Title | Details | Peak chart
positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | UK
 | US
Con. Jazz
 |
| 1982 | *The Best of Shakatak* | * Released: 1982 * Label: Polydor * Formats: LP * Japan-only release |  |  |
| | *The Greatest Shakatak* | * Released: 1982 * Label: Polydor * Formats: 2xLP * Japan-only release |  |  |
| 1984 | *Best Collection* | * Released: 1984 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |
| 1986 | The Best Of | * Released: 1 February 1986 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |
| 1988 | *The Very Best of Shakatak* | * Released: 1988 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |
| | *The Coolest Cuts* | * Released: October 1988 * Label: K-tel, Polydor * Formats: CD, LP, MC | 73 |  |
| 1990 | *Greatest Grooves* | * Released: July 1990 * Label: Connoisseur Collection * Formats: 2xLP |  |  |
| | *Perfect Smile* | * Released: October 1990 * Label: Verve Forecast * Formats: CD, MC * US-only release |  | 10 |
| 1991 | *Night Moves* | * Released: 1991 * Label: Pickwick * Formats: CD, MC |  |  |
| | *Open Your Eyes* | * Released: October 1991 * Label: Verve Forecast * Formats: CD, MC * US-only release |  | 12 |
| | *Remix Best Album* | * Released: December 1991 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, MC |  |  |
| 1993 | *The Christmas Album* | * Released: 1993 * Label: Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |
| 1996 | *The Collection* |  |  |  |
| | *Jazz Connections Volumes 1–6* | * Released: 1993 * Label: Inside Out * Formats: 6xCD * 6 compilation albums of their exclusive Japanese albums from the 1980s and early 1990s |  |  |
| 1998 | *Shinin' On* | * Released: June 1998 * Label: Instinct Jazz * Formats: CD * US-only release |  |  |
| 1999 | *Jazz in the Night* | * Released: December 1999 * Label: Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |
| 2000 | *The Magic of Shakatak – Magical Shakatak Moments 1990–2000* | * Released: 2000 * Label: Inside Out * Formats: 2xCD |  |  |
| | *The Collection Volume 2* | * Released: 25 September 2000 * Label: Spectrum Music * Formats: CD |  |  |
| 2001 | *After Dark* | * Released: 2001 * Label: Inside Out * Formats: CD |  |  |
| | *The Best of Shakatak* | * Released: 19 December 2001 * Label: Victor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |
| 2002 | *Dinner Jazz* | * Released: 2002 * Label: Passion Jazz * Formats: CD |  |  |
| 2003 | *Smooth Solos* | * Released: 2003 * Label: Passion Jazz * Formats: CD |  |  |
| 2004 | *Drive Time – Seventeen Smooth Jazz Gems* | * Released: November 2004 * Label: Passion Music * Formats: CD |  |  |
| 2008 | *The Best Of* | * Released: 2008 * Label: Secret * Formats: CD |  |  |
| | *The Ultimate Collection* | * Released: 4 June 2008 * Label: Victor * Formats: 2xCD * Japan-only release |  |  |
| 2011 | *Christmas Collection* | * Released: 2 November 2011 * Label: Victor * Formats: CD * Japan-only release |  |  |
| 2012 | *The 12 Inch Mixes* | * Released: 29 October 2012 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |  |  |
| 2013 | *More 12 Inch Mixes* | * Released: 2 September 2013 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |  |  |
| 2014 | *Snowflakes & Jazzamatazz – The Christmas Album* | * Released: 3 November 2014 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |  |  |
| 2020 | *All Around the World – 40th Anniversary Edition* | * Released: 14 August 2020 * Label: Secret * Formats: 3xCD+DVD, digital download |  |  |
| 2022 | *The Ultimate Chill Collection* | * Released: 2022 * Label: Secret * Formats: CD, digital download |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory | | | | |

### Repackaged sets

| Year | Title | Details |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1982 | *Drivin' Hard / Night Birds* | * Released: 1982 * Label: Polydor * Formats: MC |
| 1984 | *Drivin' Hard / Invitations* | * Released: 1984 * Label: Polydor * Formats: 2xLP * South Africa and Zimbabwe-only release |
| 1985 | *Volume 2 – Down on the Street / Night Birds* | * Released: 1985 * Label: Polydor * Formats: 2xLP * South Africa and Zimbabwe-only release |
| 2014 | *Golden Wings + Into the Blue* | * Released: 6 October 2014 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| 2016 | *Da Makani + Niteflite* | * Released: 4 March 2016 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| 2017 | *Bitter Sweet + Turn the Music Up* | * Released: 15 September 2017 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| | *Fiesta + Utopia* | * Released: 17 November 2017 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| 2018 | *Street Level + Under the Sun* | * Released: 31 August 2018 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| 2019 | *Full Circle + Let the Piano Play* | * Released: 25 October 2019 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| 2021 | *View from the City + Under Your Spell* | * Released: 29 January 2021 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |
| | *Blue Savannah + Beautiful Day* | * Released: 26 March 2021 * Label: Secret * Formats: 2xCD, digital download |

### Video albums

| Year | Title | Details |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1985 | *Twilight Sensation* | * Released: 26 January 1985 * Label: Victor * Formats: VHS, LaserDisc * Japan-only release |
| 1986 | *Into the Blue* | * Released: 1986 * Label: Polydor * Formats: LaserDisc * Japan-only release |
| 1988 | *Da Makani (1988 Kenwood Cup Yacht Race)* | * Released: 1988 * Label: Polydor * Formats: LaserDisc * Japan-only release |
| 1989 | *Turn the Music Up* | * Released: 1989 * Label: Polydor * Formats: VHS * Promo-only release |
| 2004 | *In Concert* | * Released: August 2004 * Label: in-akustik * Formats: DVD * Germany-only release |
| | *Live at the Playhouse* | * Released: October 2004 * Label: Secret * Formats: DVD |

## Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | | | | | | | | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | UK
 | AUS | BE (FLA)
 | FRA
 | GER
 | IRE
 | NL
 | SPA
 | US Dance
 | |
| 1980 | "Steppin'" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Drivin' Hard* |
| | "Feels Like the Right Time" | 41 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| 1981 | "Living in the U.K." | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Drivin' Hard* |
| | "Brazilian Dawn" | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Easier Said Than Done" | 12 |  | 18 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | *Night Birds* |
| 1982 | "Night Birds" | 9 | 92 | 32 |  |  | 27 | 34 | 8 | |  |
| | "Streetwalkin'" | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| | "Invitations" | 24 |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | *Invitations* |
| | "Stranger" | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1983 | "Dark Is the Night" | 15 |  |  |  |  | 18 | 32 |  |  | *Out of This World* |
| | "If You Could See Me Now" | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Out of This World" | 78 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1984 | "Down on the Street" | 9 |  | 23 | 25 | 17 | 30 | 31 |  | 27 | *Down on the Street* |
| | "Don't Blame It on Love" | 55 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| | "Watching You" | 79 |  | 32 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | |
| 1985 | "Megamix" (12" promo-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| | "City Rhythm" | 77 |  |  |  |  |  | 44 |  |  | *Day by Day* |
| | "Day by Day" (with Al Jarreau) | 53 |  |  |  |  |  | 46 |  | |  |
| 1986 | "Deja Vu (To the Wind)" (Japan-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Into the Blue* |
| | "This Boy Is Mine" (Japan-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1987 | "Something Special" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Manic & Cool* |
| | "Golden Wings" (12" Japan-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Golden Wings* |
| | "Mr. Manic & Sister Cool" | 56 |  |  |  | 18 |  | 31 |  |  | *Manic & Cool* |
| | "L'aggio L'amour" (Japan-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Golden Wings* |
| 1988 | "Walk the Walk" (Europe and Australasia-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Manic & Cool* |
| | "Racing with the Wind" (Japan-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Da Makani* |
| | "Dr! Dr!" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Manic & Cool* |
| | "Time of My life" (Germany-only release) |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | |  |
| | "The Coolest Shakatak Cuts (Megamix)" (12" promo-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| 1989 | "Turn the Music Up" | 83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Turn the Music Up* |
| | "Back to the Groove" (12" promo-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 1991 | "Bitter Sweet" (12" promo-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Bitter Sweet* |
| | "Silent Eve" (Japan-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Christmas Dreams* |
| 1993 | "One Day at a Time" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Street Level* |
| 1994 | "Brazilian Love Affair" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Full Circle* |
| 1997 | "Let the Piano Play" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Let the Piano Play* |
| 1998 | "Move a Little Closer" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *View from the City* |
| | "Say What You Want" (Japan promo-only release) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2001 | "Down on the Street 2001" (vs Wackside; Germany-only release) |  |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  |  | Non-album single |
| 2011 | "Trouble" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *Across the World* |
| 2014 | "The Greatest Gift" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *On the Corner* |
| | "On the Corner" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| 2019 | "To Be Loved" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *In the Blue Zone* |
| 2020 | "All Around the World Tonight" |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *All Around the World* |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory | | | | | | | | | | | |

1. "SHAKATAK | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". *www.officialcharts.com*. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
2. "Suche - Offizielle Deutsche Charts". *www.offiziellecharts.de*. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
3. "Dutch Charts - dutchcharts.nl". *dutchcharts.nl*. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
4. "norwegiancharts.com - Norwegian charts portal". *norwegiancharts.com*. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
5. "charts.org.nz - New Zealand charts portal". *charts.nz*. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
6. "Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade - hitparade.ch". *www.swisscharts.com*. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
7. "Shakatak – *Drivin' Hard*". *British Phonographic Industry*. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
8. "Shakatak – Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
9. "Shakatak – *Night Birds*". *British Phonographic Industry*. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
10. "Shakatak – *Invitations*". *British Phonographic Industry*. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
11. "Shakatak – Traditional Jazz Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
12. "Shakatak – Contemporary Jazz Albums". *Billboard*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
13. "ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS". *ultratop.be*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
14. "lescharts.com - Les charts français". *lescharts.com*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
15. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". *www.irishcharts.ie*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
16. "Dutch Charts - dutchcharts.nl". *dutchcharts.nl*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
17. Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). *Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002* (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
18. "Shakatak – Dance Club Songs". *Billboard*. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

## InfoBox

| Shakatak discography | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio albums | 33 |
| Live albums | 7 |
| Compilation albums | 31 |
| Video albums | 6 |
| Singles | 44 |
| Repackaged sets | 11 |


abstract: The Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean can be compared according to the different definitions of democracy. The V-Dem Democracy indices considers the Latin American and Caribbean countries with the highest democracy scores in 2023 as Costa Rica, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Jamaica and countries with lowest democracy scores as Nicaragua, Cuba and Venezuela. Democratic backsliding can be observed in parts of Latin America and the Caribbean. Democratization is reported by V-Dem Democracy Report 2024 in Brazil, Dominican Republic, Honduras and Bolivia.

text:
# Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean

The **Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean** can be compared according to the different definitions of democracy. The V-Dem Democracy indices considers the Latin American and Caribbean countries with the highest democracy scores in 2023 as Costa Rica, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Jamaica and countries with lowest democracy scores as Nicaragua, Cuba and Venezuela. Democratic backsliding can be observed in parts of Latin America and the Caribbean. Democratization is reported by V-Dem Democracy Report 2024 in Brazil, Dominican Republic, Honduras and Bolivia.

## Measures of democracy

The table below shows Latin American and Caribbean countries scored on 2 high-level V-Dem Democracy indices and 4 mid-level Democracy Component indices published in 2024 evaluating the state of democracy in year 2023.

V-Dem Democracy Indices (14th edition)
| Country | Democracy Indices | | Democracy Component Indices | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Electoral | Liberal | Liberal | Egalitarian | Participatory | Deliberative |
| Costa Rica | 0.868 | 0.816 | 0.953 | 0.886 | 0.648 | 0.945 |
| Uruguay | 0.845 | 0.77 | 0.922 | 0.821 | 0.768 | 0.849 |
| Argentina | 0.84 | 0.69 | 0.803 | 0.769 | 0.616 | 0.696 |
| Chile | 0.838 | 0.786 | 0.956 | 0.723 | 0.661 | 0.939 |
| Jamaica | 0.798 | 0.678 | 0.847 | 0.829 | 0.59 | 0.807 |
| Barbados | 0.796 | 0.678 | 0.849 | 0.825 | 0.295 | 0.887 |
| Brazil | 0.784 | 0.692 | 0.887 | 0.592 | 0.643 | 0.925 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 0.753 | 0.635 | 0.84 | 0.788 | 0.577 | 0.928 |
| Suriname | 0.753 | 0.631 | 0.837 | 0.713 | 0.572 | 0.773 |
| Panama | 0.73 | 0.571 | 0.76 | 0.541 | 0.518 | 0.737 |
| Colombia | 0.704 | 0.565 | 0.793 | 0.528 | 0.648 | 0.695 |
| Peru | 0.699 | 0.576 | 0.819 | 0.519 | 0.622 | 0.506 |
| Dominican Republic | 0.685 | 0.438 | 0.577 | 0.46 | 0.595 | 0.837 |
| Ecuador | 0.646 | 0.467 | 0.689 | 0.488 | 0.759 | 0.54 |
| Bolivia | 0.586 | 0.353 | 0.53 | 0.595 | 0.632 | 0.541 |
| Paraguay | 0.579 | 0.426 | 0.697 | 0.315 | 0.535 | 0.493 |
| Honduras | 0.534 | 0.394 | 0.695 | 0.389 | 0.544 | 0.675 |
| Mexico | 0.534 | 0.299 | 0.476 | 0.452 | 0.654 | 0.545 |
| Guyana | 0.512 | 0.332 | 0.578 | 0.686 | 0.513 | 0.38 |
| Guatemala | 0.505 | 0.309 | 0.536 | 0.294 | 0.489 | 0.46 |
| El Salvador | 0.388 | 0.111 | 0.151 | 0.315 | 0.469 | 0.261 |
| Haiti | 0.214 | 0.066 | 0.152 | 0.128 | 0.259 | 0.597 |
| Venezuela | 0.211 | 0.055 | 0.115 | 0.285 | 0.482 | 0.067 |
| Cuba | 0.176 | 0.058 | 0.151 | 0.771 | 0.236 | 0.3 |
| Nicaragua | 0.17 | 0.027 | 0.042 | 0.306 | 0.28 | 0.033 |


title: Dragon Knight (novel series)

abstract: The Dragon Knight is a series of fantasy novels begun in 1976 by American writer Gordon R. Dickson. The first book, based on the short story "St. Dragon and the George", was loosely adapted in the 1982 animated movie The Flight of Dragons by Rankin/Bass. The title here refers in part to an in-universe nomenclature, wherein the story's dragons use the name "george" as a synonym or substitute of "human", after 'St. George the Dragon-Slayer', and in part a reference to the latter.

text:
# Dragon Knight (novel series)

The ***Dragon Knight*** is a series of fantasy novels begun in 1976 by American writer Gordon R. Dickson. The first book, based on the short story "St. Dragon and the George", was loosely adapted in the 1982 animated movie *The Flight of Dragons* by Rankin/Bass. The title here refers in part to an in-universe nomenclature, wherein the story's dragons use the name "george" as a synonym or substitute of "human", after 'St. George the Dragon-Slayer', and in part a reference to the latter.

## Characters

### Jim Eckert

Baron Sir James Eckert de Bois de Malencontri et Riveroak, a.k.a. "the Dragon Knight" or sometimes "Sir Dragon".

The protagonist of the series, a minor academic originating in the 20th century, who to save his fiancée, Angela "Angie" Farell, follows her by astral projection to a parallel universe resembling medieval England, where his psyche is lodged in the body of a dragon named Gorbash. On consultation with the mystic Carolinus (see below), he is sent to rescue Angie from the immaterial evil known as the 'Dark Powers', and is mistitled a Baron by Carolinus (presumably to give him legal freedom of movement). At the end of *The Dragon and the George*, Jim regains his human form and obtains the land and titles of the deposed antagonist Sir Hugh, who re-appears later in the series.

In *The Dragon Knight*, Jim rules the estate Malencontri, with Angie as his wife; but finds himself capable of becoming a dragon, without the intervention of Gorbash, and becomes Carolinus' apprentice to control this ability. Having learnt this control enables several extraordinary deeds in the service of England, and later makes Jim eligible to join the 'Collegiate of Magickians' whereof Carolinus is a founder (a subplot emphasised in later books).

### Sir Brian Neville-Smythe

Jim and Angie's closest friend; an idealistic, impoverished, zealous knight, present as Jim's companion throughout the series. His understanding of the medieval world proves a great asset to Jim, who is occasionally perplexed by its customs.

### Silvanus Carolinus

Jim's mentor, and one of the three highest-rated (AAA+) magicians in the world. In some ways the modern stereotype or archetype of a Wizard: an omniscient, irascible, talkative old man capable of altering reality almost at will, consulted by every species of life-form, and often in conversation with intangible 'Powers'. Identified in later books as a founder of the Collegiate of Magickians to which he belongs. Noted for addressing every character, including royalty, by personal names or nicknames, without reference to title, and for extensive knowledge of anachronisms.

### Dafydd Ap Hywel

A Welsh longbowman, likely the greatest in the world, and Jim's ally. Descended in part from a long-extinct line of royalty, associated with the 'Drowned Hundred' of folklore. Married after the first book to the female archer known as Danielle.

### Aragh (changed to *Aargh* in later books)

A wolf capable of speech and noted for an unrepentantly-abrasive character, distinguished by a strong nationalism, possessiveness of territory, and an unceasing pragmatism. Of exceptional size, by descent from the Dire Wolves. Able to move without being seen or heard, even when watched. Ally to all the main characters, including Jim.

### Secondary characters

#### Lady Angela 'Angie' Eckert

Betrothed and later married to Jim, Angie appears as a damsel in distress in the first book, and later as chatelaine of Malencontri. Her role has varying degrees of importance, in that being a lady, she is required to remain at her own estate while Jim is away; to oversee all that occurs in it; and to maintain custom and courtesy in all situations. When the action is set in Malencontri, she is Jim's inseparable companion. Most of the books end with their re-union after an arduous adventure. As a rule, Angie takes negative stimuli with more poise than Jim, who is continually frustrated by the situations he encounters.

#### Gorbash

A Western dragon of the 'Cliffside' dragon colony, whose body was initially inhabited by Jim Eckert until Jim could bring his 'george' form into the medieval world. Not a companion as much as an alternate form assumed by Jim. Later a friend to the latter among the Cliffside dragons.

#### Smrgol

The "maternal grand-uncle" of the dragon Gorbash, and thus in some degree Jim's grand-uncle as well. Advisor to Jim/Gorbash throughout the first book (in which the two share a body). Depicted as comically pompous, but possessed of great courage and able to overawe the other dragons of his colony in any debate. Killed in the first book fighting a 'renegade' named Bryagh, who had earlier given Lady Angela to the Dark Powers.

#### Secoh

A wetland-dwelling "mere-dragon": one of a subspecies reduced in size and strength by the presence of the Dark Powers. Fought alongside Smrgol to kill the dragon Bryagh. Though initially cowardly and weak, Secoh increases in confidence, and is one of Jim's vital allies among the dragon community.

#### Giles o' the Wold

An itinerant archer, and leader of a band of similar men. Responsible for skirmishing against the forces of Sir Hugh outside the immediate vicinity of the Loathly Tower, the headquarters of the Dark Powers.

#### Danielle o' the Wold

Archer, daughter to Giles o' the Wold, and close friend to Aragh. Married to Dafydd after the first book. Thereafter she is mentioned by name, but usually in connection with her husband and their children, who are said to be numerous.

#### KinetetE

A female Magickian, described as "cadaverous-looking" and therefore depicted as severe of manner, and close colleague of Carolinus, KinetetE appears as Jim's magical advisor whenever Carolinus is unavailable. She is equal in rank to the latter, and appears initially as his judge in a magical contest. Addressed familiarly by Carolinus and Angie as "Kin".

#### Lady Geronde Isabel de Chaney

Chatelaine of Castle Malvern, betrothed to Sir Brian while they both wait for her father (**Sir Orrin**) to return home for permission to marry. Depicted as martial in character. Married to Sir Brian in *The Dragon and the Fair Maid of Kent*.

#### Sir John Chandos

A powerful and intelligent knight, who often enlists Jim to conduct difficult and unusual missions. Considered very handsome by his contemporaries, and therefore sometimes the object of Jim's jealousy when seen as too familiar with Angie.

#### Prince Edward Plantagenet

The hot-tempered, but good-natured son of the King, later identified as the historical 'Black Prince'. Edward owes Jim and Brian his freedom from captivity by the renegade Magickian Malvinne, and is known to speak on their behalf before the King.

#### King Edward III Plantagenet

The weak-willed, alcoholic monarch of England. Although he is Jim's superior and generally can be considered an ally, the King is impulsive and indecisive; character traits which occasionally put James and Angela's lives in danger.

#### May Heather

A young, but brave and loyal kitchen maid at Malencontri. Sometimes a source of worry to Sir James and Lady Angela, but otherwise considered an asset.

#### Rrrnlf

A humaniform, amphibious Giant, identified in a dialogue as a "Sea Devil". Described as essentially cone-shaped, in that he is largest in diameter at the head, and narrowest at the feet, with each area of the body narrower than the one above it. An ally to Sir James and Lady Angela, and able to travel from any body of water to any other regardless of physical removal. Usually depicted as amiable, cheerful, and slightly simple-minded, as well as affectionate and respectful of all whom he encounters.

#### Hob

The castle hobgoblin at Malencontri, and therefore sometimes identified as 'Malencontri hob'. His role is essentially that of a brownie in relation to the larger castle; but he is also Jim's messenger among the other mythical creatures, and sometimes a source of information. Implied to be immortal; originally a true goblin banished from the 'Kingdom of Demons' for his refusal to take part in wars, some centuries prior to the story.

#### Robert Falon

Jim and Angie's infant ward, introduced in *The Dragon, the Earl, and the Troll*, and said in later books to supply, in Angie's mind, the need of a son.

#### Sir Giles de Mer

A Selkie, companion to Jim and Brian.

### Villains

#### The Dark Powers

A malicious force, chief antagonist of the series, having an especial grudge against humans and magicians, that unceasingly attempts to set the world into either boredom or chaos. Their power is centered at Loathly Tower and all immediate terrain, within England.

#### Sir Hugh de Bois

The former lord of Malencontri, much disliked by Aragh and Sir Brian. Betrayed England to enlist in the services of the Dark Powers, and later fled England, to re-appear in later books. Deposed by Jim/Gorbash and their allies. Notable for having scarred Lady Geronde, so that she remains 'disfigured' according to the standards of her society until her marriage to Sir Brian, whereat she is restored to her former appearance by an act of magic considered unusual by the other characters.

#### The Earl of Cumberland

The King's royal cousin. Power-hungry and ruthless, the Earl frequently attempts various plots to take the throne, even as far as attacking the mythical land of Lyonesse. The Earl regards the Dragon Knight and his companions as a constant annoyance to his schemes, which they consistently dismantle.

#### Lady Agatha Falon

The Earl's witch ally. Robert Falon's malevolent aunt. Shown as a relatively benign character in *The Dragon, the Earl, and the Troll*, wherein she is introduced; but depicted as malicious in later books.

#### Bryagh

Renegade dragon who left the Cliffside dragon community (whereof Smrgol and Gorbash were members) to serve the Dark Powers. Killed by Smrgol and Secoh.

#### Malvinne

A rogue magickian in league with the Dark Powers. A long-time rival of Carolinus. Defeated by Jim and company.

#### Sandmirks

Matriarchal, rodentine creatures that impel terror in their intended victims by production of high-frequency sound. These sounds have no effect on wolves, but take full effect on dragons and men alike.

#### Harpies

Flying creatures resembling those of classic mythology, whose bites contain lethal venom.

#### Worm

A large, mainly-featureless creature with thick skin and many rows of teeth. Defeated by Jim and Brian.

#### Ogre

A large, dim-witted, fireproof humanoid noted for impressive gripping power but limited movement at the shoulder. Smrgol and Jim/Gorbash are among a very few dragons to have slain one.

#### Sea-Lizard or Sea-Serpent

An amphibious reptile of tremendous size, considered traditional enemy of the dragons. One of these, by magical intervention, leads an invasion (in *The Dragon at War*) of England to destroy the dragons of England, but fails when fought and beaten by Jim Eckert.

#### Granfer

A Kraken, initially depicted as benign advisor to all marine and amphibious life; but later revealed to be ambitious, according to Carolinus, "to rule the world". It is Granfer that permits a large-scale invasion of England by the sea-serpents, and who connects them to the Italio-French sorcerer Julio Ecotti for this purpose. Banished by Carolinus.

#### Ahriman

A 'Great Demon', antagonist of *The Dragon and the Djinn*.

#### Deep-Earth Goblins

Antagonists of *The Dragon and the Fair Maid of Kent*, wherein they appear as a cause of the Black Death's proliferation in England, well before the accepted historic date. Especial enemies of the Castle Hobgoblins, whom they expelled from the 'Kingdom of Demons' centuries before the events of the books.

### Other characters

#### Grottwold Weimar Hansen

University professor of various qualifications, whose experiments in astral projection transported Angie, and later the psyche and memories of Jim, into the medieval period. Considered "an unsavory character" by Jim, owing to their former rivalry for Angie's hand in marriage. Jim's instructor in hypnosis.

#### Dick Innkeeper

Owner of an inn, of moderate importance to the first book.

#### Son Won Phon

Chinese Magickian, who appears initially in *The Dragon at War* to challenge Jim's use of hypnosis on grounds that the latter was "Oriental magic" and ought have been taught by "a qualified Oriental instructor". Disproven by Carolinus. Son later appears as a specialist consulted by Carolinus, and in extension thereof by Jim.

#### Martti Lahti

Finnish magician, of a moderate rank (identified as 'B+') slightly higher than that of Jim, who appears among those observing Carolinus' challenge by Son Won Phon, and who prevents the injured Sir Brian and Dafydd ap Hywel dying from hemorrhage. Amiable, easy-mannered, and slightly condescending toward Jim.

#### Mnrogar

Self-proclaimed "King of the Trolls", this is a large and ancient troll living underneath the castle of an Earl. Although solitary, he maintains dominance over all the trolls in the region, and is therefore considered their superior. Addressed by Agatha Falon as "Grandfather" by reason of the years she spent as his ward.

### Entities

#### Auditing Department

Intangibly-constructed, nearly-omnipresent entity of immense influence and wry humor, called the **accounting office** in later books, whose purpose is largely (though not exclusively) to monitor the use of magic by Magickians of the Collegiate, and thus to determine their right to accomplish certain magical feats. Usually appears as a "bass voice" approximately one meter from the ground, but can appear speaking from or through the local environment itself. Invoked by Carolinus early on, it does not take revenge on him for speaking to itself familiarly, but is addressed with deference by Jim.

#### History

A force of nature that influences events to follow a certain monotonous order. Opposed and balanced by Chance.

#### Chance

A force of nature that influences events toward chaos. Opposed and balanced by History.

## Novels

* *The Dragon and the George* (1976, Nelson Doubleday) British Fantasy Award
* *The Dragon Knight* (1990, Tor Books)
* *The Dragon on the Border* (1992, Berkley Pub Group)
* *The Dragon at War* (1992, Ace Hardcover)
* *The Dragon, the Earl, and the Troll* (1994, Ace Books)
* *The Dragon and the Djinn* (1995, Ace Hardcover)
* *The Dragon and the Gnarly King* (1997, Tor Books)
* *The Dragon in Lyonesse* (1998, Tor Books)
* *The Dragon and the Fair Maid of Kent* (2000, Tor Books)
* *The Dragon and the Knight of Gahool* (2014, interrupted by author's death)

The series' only short story "St. Dragon and the George", first published in *The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction* of September 1957, was later expanded into the first novel of the series. It was later reprinted in several collections, among them *A Dragon-Lover's Treasury of the Fantastic*, edited by Margaret Weis.


title: Plummers Point

abstract: Plummers Point is a rural settlement in the Western Bay of Plenty District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is on a headland on the southern side of Tauranga Harbour, opposite Motuhoa Island, and between Mangawhai Bay and Te Puna Estuary. The East Coast Main Trunk forms its southern boundary. Ongarahu Pā is on 12 to 15 metre-high cliffs at the northern end. It is well-preserved and a tourist attraction.

text:
# Plummers Point

**Plummers Point** is a rural settlement in the Western Bay of Plenty District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. It is on a headland on the southern side of Tauranga Harbour, opposite Motuhoa Island, and between Mangawhai Bay and Te Puna Estuary. The East Coast Main Trunk forms its southern boundary.

Ongarahu Pā is on 12 to 15 metre-high cliffs at the northern end. It is well-preserved and a tourist attraction.

## Demographics

Plummers Point is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement, which covers 0.62 km2 (0.24 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 280 as of June 2023, with a population density of 452 people per km2. It became part of the larger Te Puna statistical area for the 2023 census. Previously it was part of Omokoroa Rural statistical area.

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | 132 |  |
| 2013 | 141 | +0.95% |
| 2018 | 153 | +1.65% |
| Source: | | |

Before the 2023 census, the settlement had a smaller boundary, covering 0.60 km2 (0.23 sq mi). Using that boundary, Plummers Point had a population of 153 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 12 people (8.5%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 21 people (15.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 60 households, comprising 69 males and 84 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.82 males per female. The median age was 51.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 21 people (13.7%) aged under 15 years, 24 (15.7%) aged 15 to 29, 69 (45.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 36 (23.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 98.0% European/Pākehā, 5.9% Māori, and 2.0% Pacific peoples. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 49.0% had no religion, 35.3% were Christian and 2.0% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 30 (22.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 15 (11.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $37,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 27 people (20.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 51 (38.6%) people were employed full-time, and 33 (25.0%) were part-time.

## InfoBox

| Plummers Point | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural settlement | |
| Plummers Point (lower centre) | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 37°39′29″S 176°02′49″E / 37.658°S 176.047°E / -37.658; 176.047 | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Region | Bay of Plenty |
| Territorial authority | Western Bay of Plenty District |
| Ward | Kaimai Ward |
| Electorates |  |
| Government | |
| Territorial Authority | Western Bay of Plenty District Council |
| Regional council | Bay of Plenty Regional Council |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.62 km2 (0.24 sq mi) |
| Population (June 2023) | |
| Total | 280 |
| Density | 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 3172 |


title: Pretty Woman (musical)

abstract: Pretty Woman is a musical with music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance, and a book by Garry Marshall and J. F. Lawton. The musical is based on the 1990 film of the same name written by Lawton and directed by Marshall. It centers on the relationship that develops between Vivian Ward, a free spirited Hollywood prostitute, and Edward Lewis, a wealthy businessman who hires her for a week to be his escort for several business and social functions. The original production of Pretty Woman premiered at the Oriental Theatre, Chicago in March 2018, with direction and choreography by Jerry Mitchell, and starring Samantha Barks and Steve Kazee, as Vivian and Edward. It made its Broadway debut at the David T. Nederlander Theatre on August 16, 2018, and closed one year later on August 18, 2019.

text:
# Pretty Woman (musical)

***Pretty Woman*** is a musical with music and lyrics by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance, and a book by Garry Marshall and J. F. Lawton. The musical is based on the 1990 film of the same name written by Lawton and directed by Marshall. It centers on the relationship that develops between Vivian Ward, a free spirited Hollywood prostitute, and Edward Lewis, a wealthy businessman who hires her for a week to be his escort for several business and social functions.

The original production of *Pretty Woman* premiered at the Oriental Theatre, Chicago in March 2018, with direction and choreography by Jerry Mitchell, and starring Samantha Barks and Steve Kazee, as Vivian and Edward. It made its Broadway debut at the David T. Nederlander Theatre on August 16, 2018, and closed one year later on August 18, 2019.

## Background

The musical is based on the 1990 film *Pretty Woman*. The film was produced on a budget of just $14 million, earning over $463 million in global box office receipts. Written by J. F. Lawton, and directed by Garry Marshall, the musical centers around Vivian Ward, a free spirited Hollywood prostitute who lives with her sarcastic wisecracking Greek American best friend and roommate Kit De Luca. Kit taught Vivian the prostitute trade. Vivian is hired by Edward Lewis, a handsome wealthy businessman, to be his escort for several business and social functions, and their developing relationship over the course of her week-long stay with him.

In March 2014, it was announced that a musical adaptation of the film was being developed for the stage, with original screenwriter Lawton and director Marshall attached to write the book. The following year Marshall revealed that rights had been secured. Although Marshall died in July 2016, producer Paula Wagner said that work on the musical would continue. In September 2017, it was announced that the show would receive its world premiere at the Oriental Theatre, Chicago, before an expected Broadway transfer in fall 2018.

In an interview, director Jerry Mitchell said that the score "will have the feel of late '80s-early '90s rock: That’s one of the great things about Bryan Adams—it's where he lives. So you’ve got the rock and roll stuff, the up-tempos." Roy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman" was originally excluded from the musical. On June 19, 2019, the show included "Oh, Pretty Woman" during the curtain call.

## Productions

### Chicago and Broadway

*Pretty Woman* made its world premiere at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago, Illinois on March 13, 2018, for a limited five week run until April 15. Following its initial run it transferred to Broadway at the Nederlander Theatre beginning previews on July 20, 2018 before the official opening on August 16, 2018. Cast for the Chicago and Broadway productions featured Samantha Barks, in her Broadway debut as Vivian Ward, Steve Kazee and Andy Karl as Edward Lewis, Orfeh as Kit De Luca, Jason Danieley as Philip Stuckey, Eric Anderson as Mr. Thompson, and Kingsley Leggs and Ezra Knight as James Morse. Kazee left the show after the Chicago engagement due to "family reasons" and was replaced by Andy Karl.

During previews on August 2, 2018, a performance was dedicated to Garry Marshall (who died in 2016) and was attended by Marshall's family and Julia Roberts, who played Vivian in the original film. A seat in the Nederlander Theatre was also dedicated in his honor. The musical broke the Nederlander Theatre box office record for an eight-performance week before its official opening August 16 with a gross of $1,142,989 (83.72% percent of its potential). On July 9, 2019 Wesley Orbison and Alex Orbison joined the cast on stage to perform "Oh, Pretty Woman" to celebrate the 55th anniversary of the song's release and to pay tribute to their late father Roy Orbison. The production closed on August 18, 2019, after 27 previews and 420 regular performances.

The production was directed and choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, with set design by David Rockwell, costume design by Gregg Barnes, lighting design by Kenneth Posner and Philip S. Rosenberg and sound design by John Shivers. The Broadway cast recording for the musical was made available from Atlantic Records digitally on September 21, 2018. Physical CDs of the cast album went on sale October 26, 2018.

### Hamburg

On December 13, 2018, it was announced that the musical will begin performances at Stage Theater an der Elbe, Hamburg, Germany on September 23, with an official opening night of September 29, 2019.

### North American tour

A North American tour was planned to begin in October 2020 at the Providence Performing Arts Center in Providence, Rhode Island, but it did not open due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tour finally kicked off on October 9, 2021 at the Providence Performing Arts Center and closed on May 7, 2023 at the SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center in Sacramento, California.

### West End

*Pretty Woman* began previews at the Piccadilly Theatre on the West End on February 13, 2020, before the official opening on March 2, 2020. Casting included Aimie Atkinson as Vivian Ward, Danny Mac as Edward Lewis, Rachael Wooding as Kit De Luca, Bob Harms as Happy Man/Mr Thompson, Neil McDermott as Philip Stuckey and Mark Holden as James Morse. The show closed on March 16, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reopened with the same principal cast on July 8, 2021 at the Savoy Theatre. Courtney Bowman joined the cast as Kit De Luca on November 15, 2022. Oliver Tompsett took over as Edward Lewis on April 4, 2023. The production closed on June 18, 2023.

### Cracow

A Polish-language production opened on February 14, 2021 at Teatr Variété in Cracow, directed by Wojciech Kościelniak, starring Adrianna Dorociak and Maria Tyszkiewicz as Vivian Ward and Rafał Drozd and Marek Nędza as Edward Lewis.

### Milan

In April 2021 Stage Entertainment Italy announced the first Italian version of the show, which opened on 28 September 2021 at the Teatro Nazionale in Milan.

### Spain (2022–2024)

A Spanish-language production officially opened on 27 September 2022 at the Teatre Apolo in Barcelona, starring Cristina Llorente as Vivian Ward and Roger Berruezo as Edward Lewis. On 4 October 2023 the production was transferred to the Teatro Gran Vía in Madrid.

### North American non-equity tour (2023–present)

A non-equity tour kicked off on 2 October 2023 at the Stanley Theatre in Utica, New York, starring Ellie Baker as Vivian Ward and Chase Wolfe as Edward Lewis.

### UK and Ireland tour (2023–present)

A UK and Ireland tour opened on 17 October 2023 at The Alexandra in Birmingham and ended on 28 September 2024 at the Lyceum Theatre in Sheffield. Cast included Amber Davies as Vivian, Oliver Savile as Edward, Ore Oduba as Happy Man / Mr Thompson and Natalie Paris as Kit De Luca.

### Netherlands (2023-2024)

A dutch version of the musical premiered on 8 October 2023 at the Beatrix Theater in Utrecht, with Shanna Slaap as Vivian Ward and Jan Kooijman as Edward Lewis. The show got a Diamond award for 175.000 tickets sold, and will end on the 26th of May.

## Musical numbers

The musical numbers from the original Broadway production are as follows:

A number of songs Adams and Vallance wrote for the musical ended up not being used in the show itself. However, several of them were included in subsequent Bryan Adams albums: "Please Stay" was recorded for the 2018 compilation album *Ultimate*, "I Could Get Used to This" can be found on the 2019 album *Shine a Light*, and "I've Been Looking for You" was included in the 2022 album *So Happy It Hurts*. Adams also re-recorded all the songs that did make it into the show for the album *Pretty Woman – The Musical*, released March 2022.

Bryan Adams expressed some frustration about the songwriting process for the musical in the Dutch newspaper *Metro*. "Writing that musical was a masterclass in songwriting, it was also a masterclass in not losing your mind, as there was so much re-writing and rejection during the process of the production. But that doesn’t mean that the rejected songs haven’t found a home. I love I've Been Looking for You, Please Stay, and I Could Get Used to This, and of course it’s too bad they aren’t in the musical, but that’s the way the Broadway ball bounces."

## Cast and characters

| Character | Chicago | Broadway | West End | North American tour | North American tour | UK tour |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | 2018 | | 2020 | 2021 | 2023 | 2023 |
| Vivian Ward | Samantha Barks | | Aimie Atkinson | Olivia Valli | Ellie Baker | Amber Davies |
| Edward Lewis | Steve Kazee | Andy Karl | Danny Mac | Adam Pascal | Chase Wolfe | Oliver Savile |
| Kit De Luca | Orfeh | | Rachael Wooding | Jessica Crouch | Rae Davenport | Natalie Paris |
| Happy Man / Mr. Thompson | Eric Anderson | | Bob Harms | Kyle Taylor Parker | Adam Du Plessis | Ore Oduba |
| Philip Stuckey | Jason Danieley | | Neil McDermott | Matthew Stocke | Liam Searcy | Ben Darcy |
| James Morse | Kingsley Leggs | Ezra Knight | Mark Holden |  |  |  |
| Giulio | Tommy Bracco | | Alex Charles | Matthew Vincent Taylor | Joshua Kring | Noah Harrison |
| David Morse | Robby Clater | | Antony Hewitt | Alex Gibbs | Kerry D'Jovanni | Chomba Taulo |

### Notable cast replacements

#### Broadway (2018-2019)

#### West End (2020-2023)

## Critical reception

*Pretty Woman* was generally poorly received by critics, with the show's writing being a frequent focus of criticism. Critics found that the gender dynamics of the movie's plot had aged poorly and that the musical had failed to bring the story up to date for 2018. In his review for *The New York Times*, Ben Brantley criticized the verbatim reuse of dialog from the movie, writing that the show's creators had "hewed suffocatingly close to the film’s story, gags and dialogue." Critics from *The Guardian* and *Variety* took issue with the show's glossiness and what they perceived as an attempt to make a "G-rated family show" from the source material.

The score by Bryan Adams and Jim Vallance was generally described as "pleasant" but "bland". Critics generally approved of the show's performers, particularly stars Andy Karl and Samantha Barks, but found they were unable to rise above the show's material. In a review for *Vulture*, Sara Holdren expressed sympathy for the show's performers, writing that they were "hooked up like defibrillators to a body that, no matter how much energy they pump into it, can’t be revived".

## Awards and nominations

### Broadway production

| Year | **Award** | **Category** | **Nominee** | **Result** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | Broadway.com Audience Awards | Favorite Leading Actor in a Musical | Andy Karl | Won |
| | | Favorite Featured Actress in a Musical | Orfeh | Won |
| | | Favorite Diva Performance | Won |
| | | Favorite Onstage Pair | Samantha Barks and Andy Karl | Nominated |
| | | Favorite Breakthrough Performance (Female) | Samantha Barks | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| *Pretty Woman* | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadway Playbill | |
| Music | Bryan Adams
Jim Vallance |
| Lyrics | Bryan Adams
Jim Vallance |
| Book | Garry Marshall
J. F. Lawton |
| Basis | *Pretty Woman*
by J. F. Lawton |
| Premiere | March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13): Oriental Theatre, Chicago |
| Productions | 2018 Chicago
2018 Broadway
2020 West End
2021 North American tour
2023 North American tour
2023 UK tour |


title: Private Life (1942 film)

abstract: Private Life is a 1942 French drama film directed by Walter Kapps and starring Marie Bell, Jean Galland, Robert Le Vigan and Ginette Leclerc. The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Gabutti.

text:
# Private Life (1942 film)

***Private Life*** (French: ***Vie privée***) is a 1942 French drama film directed by Walter Kapps and starring Marie Bell, Jean Galland, Robert Le Vigan and Ginette Leclerc. The film's sets were designed by the art director Raymond Gabutti.

## Synopsis

A celebrated and popular actress once had a brief affair with a man leading to the birth of her child. Her reputation and possible marriage to a film director are threatened by a rival spreading slander about her private life.

## Cast

1. Rège p.552
2. Siclier p.89
3. "Vie privée de Walter Kapps (1942)". *Unifrance*. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

## Bibliography

* Rège, Philippe. *Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1*. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
* Siclier, Jacques. *La France de Pétain et son cinéma*. H. Veyrier, 1981.

## InfoBox

| Private Life | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Walter Kapps |
| Written by | Jean-Louis Bouquet
Jacqueline de Marichalar |
| Produced by | André Dugès |
| Starring | Marie Bell
Jean Galland
Robert Le Vigan
Ginette Leclerc |
| Cinematography | Paul Cotteret |
| Music by | Claude Delvincourt |
| Production
company | Films Régent et Boisserand |
| Distributed by | Les Films Georges Muller |
| Release date | * 29 May 1942 (1942-05-29) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


title: Procas (beetle)

abstract: Procas is a genus of marsh weevils in the family of beetles known as Brachyceridae. There are at least 20 described species in Procas.

text:
# Procas (beetle)

***Procas*** is a genus of marsh weevils in the family of beetles known as Brachyceridae. There are at least 20 described species in *Procas*.

## Species

These 28 species belong to the genus *Procas*:

Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

* Media related to Procas at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Procas* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Procas granulicollis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Brachyceridae |
| Subfamily: | Erirhininae |
| Genus: | *Procas*<br>Stephens, 1831 |
|


title: Procatalepsis

abstract:
Procatalepsis, also called prolepsis or prebuttal, is a figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to their own argument and then immediately answers it. By doing so, the speaker hopes to strengthen the argument by dealing with possible counterarguments before the audience can raise them. In rhetoric, anticipating future responses and answering possible objections sets up one's argument for a strong defense. The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism states that there are three distinct theoretical uses of prolepsis: argumentation, literary discussion, and conjunction with narratological analyses of the order of events. In argumentation, procatalepsis is used to answer the opponent's possible objections before they can be made. In literary discussion, procatalepsis is used as a figure of speech in which a description is used before it is strictly applicable. Sayings such as "I'm a dead man" exemplify the suggestion of a state that has not yet occurred. In narratological analyses, prolepsis can be used with the order of events and presentation of events in texts. That refers to the study of narrative in respect to "flashforwards" in which a future event serves as an interruption of the present time of the text. Example:
"It is difficult to see how a pilot boat could be completely immune to capsizing or plunging, but pilot boat design criteria must meet the needs of the industry and pilotage authorities." As a linguistic phenomenon found in both classic and current languages, prolepsis is described as the construction whereby the subject of a subordinate clause occurs by anticipation as an object in the main clause. Although that definition is strictly technical as used in linguistics, it has also been used to describe the more general phenomenon of objects or phrases appearing earlier than intended or expected.

text:
# Procatalepsis

**Procatalepsis**, also called **prolepsis** or **prebuttal**, is a figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to their own argument and then immediately answers it. By doing so, the speaker hopes to strengthen the argument by dealing with possible counterarguments before the audience can raise them.

In rhetoric, anticipating future responses and answering possible objections sets up one's argument for a strong defense. The *Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism* states that there are three distinct theoretical uses of prolepsis: argumentation, literary discussion, and conjunction with narratological analyses of the order of events.

In argumentation, procatalepsis is used to answer the opponent's possible objections before they can be made. In literary discussion, procatalepsis is used as a figure of speech in which a description is used before it is strictly applicable. Sayings such as "I'm a dead man" exemplify the suggestion of a state that has not yet occurred. In narratological analyses, prolepsis can be used with the order of events and presentation of events in texts. That refers to the study of narrative in respect to "flashforwards" in which a future event serves as an interruption of the present time of the text.

Example:

> "It is difficult to see how a pilot boat could be completely immune to capsizing or plunging, but pilot boat design criteria must meet the needs of the industry and pilotage authorities."

As a linguistic phenomenon found in both classic and current languages, prolepsis is described as the construction whereby the subject of a subordinate clause occurs by anticipation as an object in the main clause. Although that definition is strictly technical as used in linguistics, it has also been used to describe the more general phenomenon of objects or phrases appearing earlier than intended or expected.

## Other examples in rhetoric and argument

Procatalepsis as a rhetorical technique is also related to and used in other forms and techniques. A hypophora is described as a figure of speech in which a speaker raises a question then immediately answers it. Since these questions are often raised as possible dissenting opinions or audience objections, the hypophora can be said to be a use of procatalepsis.

The straw man argument, an informal fallacy in which one misrepresents an opposing argument in order to further one's own, can serve as an example of misused procatalepsis. In this fallacy, the rhetor misconstrues the words, arguments, or views of an opponent, most often on purpose, to facilitate rebuttal or create a false impression on the audience. This, in effect, creates a "straw man" against which the rhetor will then defend and strengthen his or her argument.

The correct use of procatalepsis is still an effective tactic in an argument, since it allows the rhetor to answer opponents before they have a chance to raise the counterargument themselves. This "inoculation" can be subtle, but also signaled rather obviously (e.g., "Now, my opponent might argue that X. But, as you can see, Y"). The unique benefit to this more overt approach is twofold: The rhetor successfully replies to an opposing argument or audience objection, but also builds a sort of trust and authority with the audience. Then, if the opponent does in fact bring up the argument that the rhetor anticipated, the rhetor appears to be correct not only in the subject matter of the argument but in the general course of the argument itself.

## Inoculation

Procatalepsis is linked to the rhetorical term inoculation. The *Encyclopedia of Communication Theory* describes this rhetorical technique in relation to its medical definition: introducing small doses of viruses to the body in order to build up immunization. In rhetoric, the small dose of the threat parallels to the awareness of the opposing argument that is used to build up one's argument by defense in prolepsis. William McGuire proposed the Inoculation Theory in 1964 to challenge attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that make an argument more resistant when exposed to counter views in weakened, small doses. Persuasion research in the 1950s found that providing two sides of an issue created a greater resistance to later arguments. This is closely related to the rhetorical use of procatalepsis as an opposing argument to defend the intended view of the argument.

Inoculation and procatalepsis are both present in certain courtroom situations, as described in the *Encyclopedia of Communication Theory*. An attorney may set up their defense by disclaiming the negative views or classifications of the accused as untrue: "The prosecutor will call Ms. Jones evil, a bad mother, and a poor member of society, but these labels are not true. I will prove to you their inaccuracy." When the prosecutor asserts an attack on Ms. Jones' character, the jury is already prepared and expecting to hear it and they may question or even discount these accusations. The goal is not to overwhelm the audience members with anticipation or the opposing view of the argument, but rather to use the inverse argument to one's advantage through strategic rhetoric.


title: Princess Elene of Georgia

abstract: Elene was a Georgian princess royal (batonishvili), a daughter of Heraclius II, King of Kartli and Kakheti. She was the mother of Solomon II of Imereti, the last king to have reigned in the Georgian polities.

text:
# Princess Elene of Georgia

**Elene** (Georgian: ელენე; 1753 – 17 June 1786) was a Georgian princess royal (*batonishvili*), a daughter of Heraclius II, King of Kartli and Kakheti. She was the mother of Solomon II of Imereti, the last king to have reigned in the Georgian polities.

## Biography

Elene was born in 1753 as the eldest surviving child of Heraclius II and his third wife Darejan Dadiani. The young princess had a love affair with Prince Zakaria Andronikashvili (1740–1802), a respected soldier, who was 13 years older. Opposing the union, King Heraclius forced Andronikashvili into retirement to the Russian Empire and in 1770 married Elene off to Archil, a younger brother of King Solomon I of Imereti. Archil died on 6 October 1775, leaving one son and two daughters behind. Heraclius, watching his daughter plunging in depression, allowed her to wed, in 1785, the love of her youth, Zakaria Andronikashvili. Elene died on 17 June 1786 soon after she gave birth to a daughter, Khoreshan.

## Children and descendants

Elene had three children of her first marriage to Prince Archil of Imereti, one son and two daughters. Their son, David (born 1772), went on to become king of Imereti under the name of Solomon II with the help of his grandfather Heraclius II and stepfather Prince Andronikashvili in 1789. The elder daughter, Barbare (born 1771), would marry Prince David Tsulukidze and end her days in exile in Russia after the Russian conquest of Imereti in 1810. The younger daughter, Mariam (Maia; 1775–1861), was married twice, first to Prince Levan Dadiani (1774–1847) and then to Prince Malkhaz Andronikashvili (1773–1822), becoming mother of General Ivane Andronikashvili of the Crimean War fame.

Elene's daughter of the second marriage, Khoreshan (1786–1833), married in 1800 Prince Zurab (Dimitri) Orbeliani (1766–1827). This union produced five children, among them the poet and general Grigol Orbeliani (1804–1883), General Ilia Orbeliani (1815–1853), Colonel Zakaria Orbeliani (1806–1847) and Ephemia (1801–1849), mother of the popular Romanticist poet Nikoloz Baratashvili (1817–1845).

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Princess Elene | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1753 |
| Died | 17 June 1786 (aged 3233) |
| Spouse | Prince Archil of Imereti
Prince Zakaria Andronikashvili |
| Issue | Solomon II of Imereti
Barbare, Princess Tsulukidze
Mariam, Princess Dadiani, Princess Andronikashvili
Koreshan, Princess Orbeliani |
| Dynasty | Bagrationi |
| Father | Heraclius II of Georgia |
| Mother | Darejan Dadiani |


abstract: Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich was Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine as the second wife of Grand Duke Ernest Louis. She was nicknamed "Onor" by her family. She was regent of Hesse in the absence of her spouse during World War I.

text:
# Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich

**Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich** (Eleonore Ernestine Marie; 17 September 1871  16 November 1937) was Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine as the second wife of Grand Duke Ernest Louis. She was nicknamed "Onor" by her family. She was regent of Hesse in the absence of her spouse during World War I.

## Biography

### Family

She was the fourth child and second daughter of Prince Hermann of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich and Countess Agnes of Stolberg-Wernigerode.

### Grand Duchess of Hesse

Eleonore married Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse in Darmstadt on 2 February 1905. By marriage, she became Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine. As Grand Duchess, she took over the sponsor- and leadership of a number of charity organizations previously managed by her mother-in-law.

When her spouse left to join the First world war in 1914, she was appointed to serve the affairs of state as regent in his absence. She was regarded as a competent regent. She equipped a hospital train to the front.

The Hesse monarchy was abolished in 1918. Eleonore continued to manage her charitable programs after the introduction of democracy.

### Death

Eleonore died in an airplane crash on her way to her son Louis' wedding in London. Also killed in the crash was her elder son Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse, his wife Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, and their two sons, Ludwig and Alexander. The remains of their stillborn son was also found in the wreckage.

## Orders and decorations

## Issue

Eleonore and Ernest Louis had two sons:

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich | |
| --- | --- |
| Grand Duchess Eleonore in 1905 | |
| Grand Duchess consort of Hesse and by Rhine | |
| Tenure | 2 February 1905 – 9 November 1918 |
|  | |
| Born | (1871-09-17)17 September 1871
Lich, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Empire |
| Died | 16 November 1937(1937-11-16) (aged 66)
Steene near Ostend, Belgium |
| Burial | Neues Mausoleum, Park Rosenhöhe in Darmstadt |
| Spouse | Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine  (m. 1905; died 1937) |
| Issue |  |
| Names  Eleonore Ernestine Marie | |
| House | Solms-Hohensolms-Lich |
| Father | Hermann, Prince of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich |
| Mother | Countess Agnes of Stolberg-Wernigerode |


title: Project Ithaca

abstract: Project Ithaca is a 2019 Canadian science fiction thriller film directed by Nicholas Humphries and starring James Gallanders.

text:
# Project Ithaca

***Project Ithaca*** is a 2019 Canadian science fiction thriller film directed by Nicholas Humphries and starring James Gallanders.

## Plot

The film begins in a secret government lab run by the U.S. War Department, where a mysterious young girl is shown interfacing with alien technology recovered during the Roswell UFO incident. The young girl has strong telepathic abilities, and is able to relate her experiences in the alien device by typing them out on a computer monitor. The girl, called Sera, begins to die due to her interaction with the machine, and is rescued by a researcher named John.

The film then switches to a diverse group of humans aboard a UFO orbiting Earth, where the group is being held against their will. Each human is restrained separately, in a harness where their arms and legs are restrained by black tentacles. The tentacles tighten as they resist, and the energy created by their emotional responses is harnessed by the ship. When the humans fail to have enough emotional responses to provide energy for the ship, the ship responds by sending larger tentacles into the room, which envelop their heads and create a direct telepathic link with the ship, and they are taunted into responding emotionally.

It is revealed that each of the humans was abducted during different periods in Earth's history, ranging from the 20th to the 21st century, and that Sera is a human-alien hybrid whose mother was pregnant at the time of the Roswell encounter; Sera's powers come from being exposed in-utero to alien spores shed by the crashed UFO. None of the group know what the current year is, nor do they know how long they’ve been on the ship. Most of the group are merely regarded as missing people back on Earth, except for Zack, a famous musician of his time whose disappearance led to his girlfriend being convicted of his “murder”.

Sera and John determine that Sera, who can interface with the ship in the present as well as the past, can free the humans on the ship, but only by sacrificing herself. Despite John’s protests, she frees the groups and they return to Earth, where they begin walking toward a city in the distance. Sera is then shown directly linked to the ship's computer. The ship uses Sera to “open the door” to a larger alien fleet, which then arrives in Earth's solar system.

In a mid-credits scene, Sera unsuccessfully attempts to contact John on the computer monitor in the past.

## Cast

## Release

The film was released in select theaters and VOD in the United States on 7 June 2019.

## InfoBox

| Project Ithaca | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Nicholas Humphries |
| Written by | Anthony Artibello
Kevin C. Bjerkness |
| Produced by | Anthony Artibello
Jason Ross Jallet
James Milligan |
| Starring | James Gallanders |
| Distributed by | Saban Films |
| Release date | * 7 June 2019 (2019-06-07) (United States) |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Prokopyevsk

abstract: Prokopyevsk is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population: 210,130 (2010 Census); 224,597 (2002 Census); 273,838 (1989 Soviet census).

text:
# Prokopyevsk

**Prokopyevsk** (Russian: Прокопьевск, IPA: \[prɐˈkopʲjɪfsk\]) is a city in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Population:  210,130(2010 Census); 224,597(2002 Census); 273,838(1989 Soviet census).

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1926 | 11,000 |  |
| 1939 | 107,000 | +872.7% |
| 1959 | 281,958 | +163.5% |
| 1970 | 274,485 | −2.7% |
| 1979 | 266,167 | −3.0% |
| 1989 | 273,838 | +2.9% |
| 2002 | 224,597 | −18.0% |
| 2010 | 210,130 | −6.4% |
| 2021 | 177,819 | −15.4% |
| Source: Census data | | |

## History

It was founded in 1918 as the settlement of **Prokopyevsky** (Проко́пьевский) from the existing villages of Monastyrskoye and Prokopyevskoye, and was granted town status and renamed in 1931.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Prokopyevsk serves as the administrative center of Prokopyevsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as **Prokopyevsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction**—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Prokopyevsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as **Prokopyevsky Urban Okrug**.

## Economy

Prokopyevsk is one of the main centers of the extraction of coking coal in the Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass).

### Notes

### Sources

* Совет народных депутатов Кемеровской области. Закон №215-ОЗ от 27 декабря 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кемеровской области», в ред. Закона №131-ОЗ от 22 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Кемеровской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований" и Закон Кемеровской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кемеровской области"». Вступил в силу в день, следующий за днём официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №243, 28 декабря 2007 г. (Council of People's Deputies of Kemerovo Oblast. Law #215-OZ of December 27, 2007 *On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kemerovo Oblast*, as amended by the Law #131-OZ of December 22, 2014 *On Amending the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations" and the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Kemerovo Oblast"*. Effective as of the day following the official publication date.).
* Совет народных депутатов Кемеровской области. Закон №104-ОЗ от 17 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципальных образований», в ред. Закона №123-ОЗ от 22 декабря 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Кемеровской области "О статусе и границах муниципальных образований"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кузбасс", №242, 24 декабря 2004 г. (Council of People's Deputies of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Law #104-OZ of December 17, 2004 *On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations*, as amended by the Law #123-OZ of December 22, 2015 *On Amending the Law of Kemerovo Oblast "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations"*. Effective as of the official publication date.).

## InfoBox

| Prokopyevsk Прокопьевск | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Artyom Palace of Culture | |
|  | |
| Location of Prokopyevsk | |
| ProkopyevskLocation of ProkopyevskProkopyevskProkopyevsk (Kemerovo Oblast) | |
| Coordinates: 53°53′N 86°43′E / 53.883°N 86.717°E / 53.883; 86.717 | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Kemerovo Oblast |
| Founded | 1918 |
| City status since | 1931 |
| Government | |
| Head | Maksim Shkarabeynikov |
| Elevation | 280 m (920 ft) |
| Population (2010 Census) | |
| Total | 210,130 |
| Rank | 88th in 2010 |
| Administrative status | |
| Subordinated to | Prokopyevsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction |
| Capital of | Prokopyevsky District, Prokopyevsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction |
| Municipal status | |
| Urban okrug | Prokopyevsky Urban Okrug |
| Capital of | Prokopyevsky Urban Okrug, Prokopyevsky Municipal District |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (MSK+4 ) |
| Postal code(s) | 653000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3846 |
| OKTMO ID | 32737000001 |
| Website | pearlkuz.ru |


title: Processing aid

abstract: A processing aid is a substance used in the production of processed food, and which may end up in the finished product, but which is not, by law, required to be disclosed to the consumer as an ingredient.

text:
# Processing aid

A **processing aid** is a substance used in the production of processed food, and which may end up in the finished product, but which is not, by law, required to be disclosed to the consumer as an ingredient.

## Ethical concerns

NGOs, journalists, and food writers have raised concerns that the current laws on processing aids amount to a loophole that enables food producers to avoid transparency, and thereby to deceive consumers as to the contents of their food.

## Jurisdictions

### United Kingdom

Under the United Kingdom food labelling regulations, a "processing aid" is defined as follows:

> "Processing aid" means any substances not consumed as a food by itself, intentionally used in the processing of raw materials, foods or their ingredients, to fulfil a certain technological purpose during treatment or processing, and which may result in the unintentional but technically unavoidable presence of residues of the substance or its derivatives in the final product, provided that these residues do not present any health risk and do not have any technological effect on the finished product.

### United States

Under the law of the United States of America, a substance is legally a "processing aid" and can be excluded from ingredients labels if it meets any of the following criteria:

> 1. It is added to the food but later removed. E.g. activated charcoal, which removes certain impurities.
>
> 2. It is added to the food, but gets converted into a substance already present in the food. E.g. a pH adjuster that converts to salt and does not significantly add to the food's salt level.
>
> 3. It is added for a technical effect during processing but is not present at "significant" levels in the food. E.g. a preservative added to an ingredient, like anti-caking agent sodium silicoaluminate in the seasoning of some sausages.


title: Prostigma

abstract: In flies of the order Diptera, the prostigma is the anterior of the two pairs of spiracles opening on the pleura. The mesothoracic (anterior) pair is located between the pro- and mesothorax and the metathoracic pair between the meso- and metathothorax. The following illustration shows the prostigma as number 13 on the right side of the image. The function of the prostigma is to provide an airway into the insect's thorax to facilitate respiration.

text:
# Prostigma

In flies of the order Diptera, the **prostigma** (also called **stigma anteriore** or **anterior spiracle**) is the anterior of the two pairs of spiracles opening on the pleura. The mesothoracic (anterior) pair is located between the pro- and mesothorax and the metathoracic pair (developed mainly in nematocerous Diptera) between the meso- and metathothorax. The following illustration shows the prostigma as number 13 on the right side of the image. The function of the prostigma (as well as the anterior stigma) is to provide an airway into the insect's thorax to facilitate respiration.

Merz, B. & J.-P. Haenni. 2000. Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia), pp. 21–51. In *Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera*, Vol. 1. (Eds L. Papp & B. Darvas.) (Science Herald, Budapest.) 978 pp.


title: Prothinodes grammocosma

abstract: Prothinodes grammocosma is a species of moth in the family Tineidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1888. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

text:
# Prothinodes grammocosma

***Prothinodes grammocosma*** is a species of moth in the family Tineidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1888. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Prothinodes grammocosma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Prothinodes* |
| Species: | ***P. grammocosma*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prothinodes grammocosma***<br>(Meyrick, 1888) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tinea gammocosma* Meyrick, 1888 | |