title: Eleutherodactylus counouspeus

abstract: Eleutherodactylus counouspeus, also known as Counou robber frog and yellow cave frog, is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, southwestern Haiti. The specific name counouspeus refers to its type locality, Counou Bois Cave, with speus being Greek for "cave". Hedges and colleagues suggested in 2008 that it should be placed in its own monotypic subgenus, Schwartzius, reflecting its distinctiveness and honoring Albert Schwartz for "his contributions to the herpetology of the West Indies."

text:
# Eleutherodactylus counouspeus

***Eleutherodactylus counouspeus***, also known as **Counou robber frog** and **yellow cave frog**, is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to the Massif de la Hotte, southwestern Haiti. The specific name *counouspeus* refers to its type locality, Counou Bois Cave, with *speus* being Greek for "cave". Hedges and colleagues suggested in 2008 that it should be placed in its own monotypic subgenus, *Schwartzius*, reflecting its distinctiveness and honoring Albert Schwartz for "his contributions to the herpetology of the West Indies."

## Description

*Eleutherodactylus counouspeus* is a relatively large *Eleutherodactylus* species: males can grow to 48 mm (1.9 in) and females to 57 mm (2.2 in) in snout–vent length. The snout is truncate. The tympanum is oval and distinct. The digital discs are well-developed. The fingers lack webbing while the toes have rudimentary webbing. The dorsum is greenish yellow to tan, with black or gray markings. These include an interocular bar that is often followed by a scapular +-shaped blotch. The limbs have rather diffuse dark-gray spotting. The throat is yellowish green, heavily mottled with brownish. The belly is pinkish with admixture of yellow-green, suffused with brown stippling. Males have an external (but not prominent) vocal sac.

## Habitat and conservation

*Eleutherodactylus counouspeus* occurs in limestone caves and crevices in closed, humid forest at elevations of 303–1,200 m (994–3,937 ft) above sea level, as well as in disturbed forest habitats. Eggs are deposited in caves and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).

It is a moderately common species but threatened by habitat loss. The species occurs in the Pic Macaya National Park, but there is no active management for conservation, and habitat loss continues in the park. It is also present in the better managed Grand Bois National Park.

## InfoBox

| *Eleutherodactylus counouspeus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Eleutherodactylidae |
| Genus: | *Eleutherodactylus* |
| Species: | ***E. counouspeus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eleutherodactylus counouspeus***
Schwartz, 1964 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Euhyas counouspea*  (Schwartz, 1964) | |


title: Eli Gabay

abstract: Eli Gabay is a Canadian actor. He is known for voicing Quetzal, the teacher at School in the Sky, as well as voicing Max and Emmy's father, in Dragon Tales and a gangster named Abrego in the anime, Black Lagoon. Gabay also loaned his voice in other anime such as Earth Maiden Arjuna, Master Keaton and Shakugan No Shana. Besides animation, Gabay has played live-action roles such as Miguel in Bordello of Blood, the pilot in The Edge and Carlos in the NC-17 movie Bliss. Gabay has also appeared in TV shows, such as The Commish and ReGenesis.

text:
# Eli Gabay

**Eli Gabay** (also credited as **Eli Gabe**; born 1 June 1959) is a Canadian actor.

He is known for voicing Quetzal, the teacher at School in the Sky, as well as voicing Max and Emmy's father, in *Dragon Tales* and a gangster named Abrego in the anime, *Black Lagoon*. Gabay also loaned his voice in other anime such as *Earth Maiden Arjuna*, *Master Keaton* and *Shakugan No Shana*.

Besides animation, Gabay has played live-action roles such as Miguel in *Bordello of Blood*, the pilot in *The Edge* and Carlos in the NC-17 movie *Bliss*. Gabay has also appeared in TV shows, such as *The Commish* and *ReGenesis*.

## Notable roles

1. Chantal Strand (26 August 2013). "I remember their Mom was played by Kathleen Barr, pretty sure Eli Gabbay played their Dad". Retrieved 26 August 2013.

## InfoBox

| Eli Gabay | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1959-06-01) 1 June 1959<br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Other names | Eli Gabe |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1986–present |


title: 2009–10 Frauen-Bundesliga

abstract: The 2009–10 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga is the 20th season of Germany's premier women's football league. It started on 20 September 2009 and ended on 9 May 2010. On the 21st day of play Turbine Potsdam claimed the championship thus defending their title from the previous season. Tennis Borussia Berlin and SC Freiburg will be relegated to the second tier.

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# 2009–10 Frauen-Bundesliga

The **2009–10 season of the Frauen-Bundesliga** is the 20th season of Germany's premier women's football league. It started on 20 September 2009 and ended on 9 May 2010. On the 21st day of play Turbine Potsdam claimed the championship thus defending their title from the previous season. Tennis Borussia Berlin and SC Freiburg will be relegated to the second tier.

## Final standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Turbine Potsdam (C) | 22 | 19 | 2 | 1 | 84 | 15 | +69 | 59 | 2010–11 UEFA Champions League round of 32 |
| 2 | FCR 2001 Duisburg | 22 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 73 | 16 | +57 | 54 | 2010–11 UEFA Champions League qualifying round |
| 3 | FFC Frankfurt | 22 | 17 | 0 | 5 | 84 | 29 | +55 | 51 |  |
| 4 | Bayern Munich | 22 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 42 | 35 | +7 | | 39 |
| 5 | VfL Wolfsburg | 22 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 45 | 30 | +15 | | 37 |
| 6 | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr | 22 | 10 | 2 | 10 | 35 | 36 | 1 | | 32 |
| 7 | Hamburg | 22 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 31 | 51 | 20 | | 28 |
| 8 | FF USV Jena | 22 | 6 | 3 | 13 | 31 | 60 | 29 | | 21 |
| 9 | FC Saarbrücken | 22 | 5 | 4 | 13 | 30 | 54 | 24 | | 19 |
| 10 | Essen-Schönebeck | 22 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 25 | 58 | 33 | | 16 |
| 11 | SC Freiburg (R) | 22 | 4 | 1 | 17 | 14 | 53 | 39 | 13 | Relegation to 2010–11 2. Bundesliga |
| 12 | Tennis Borussia Berlin (R) | 22 | 2 | 3 | 17 | 17 | 74 | 57 | | 9 |

Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated

## Results

| Home \ Away | NEU | TBB | DUI | ESS | FRA | FRE | HSV | JEN | FCB | POT | SAB | WOF |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| SC 07 Bad Neuenahr |  | 2–1 | 1–3 | 1–2 | 1–5 | 3–0 | 0–0 | 6–2 | 3–0 | 0–4 | 2–1 | 1–0 |
| Tennis Borussia Berlin | 0–2 |  | 0–2 | 1–2 | 1–6 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 0–3 | 2–2 | 0–6 | 2–2 | 0–3 |
| FCR 2001 Duisburg | 4–1 | 4–1 |  | 2–0 | 0–2 | 5–0 | 4–0 | 3–0 | 7–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 4–0 |
| Essen-Schönebeck | 0–0 | 2–2 | 1–1 |  | 3–8 | 3–2 | 2–3 | 3–3 | 0–2 | 1–5 | 0–1 | 2–2 |
| FFC Frankfurt | 5–2 | 13–0 | 2–3 | 4–0 |  | 5–1 | 4–2 | 3–1 | 2–3 | 2–1 | 4–0 | 1–2 |
| SC Freiburg | 4–1 | 2–0 | 0–3 | 1–1 | 0–2 |  | 0–2 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 0–4 | 1–0 | 1–3 |
| Hamburg | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–4 | 2–0 | 0–4 | 0–1 |  | 1–3 | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1–0 | 2–2 |
| FF USV Jena | 0–3 | 4–0 | 0–6 | 2–2 | 0–3 | 2–0 | 2–2 |  | 1–2 | 1–4 | 3–1 | 1–6 |
| Bayern Munich | 0–1 | 5–0 | 1–2 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–0 |  | 3–3 | 6–2 | 2–1 |
| Turbine Potsdam | 1–0 | 3–1 | 2–1 | 7–0 | 4–1 | 5–0 | 6–0 | 7–0 | 2–0 |  | 5–1 | 2–0 |
| FC Saarbrücken | 0–4 | 3–1 | 0–6 | 3–1 | 1–4 | 5–0 | 2–4 | 5–2 | 0–0 | 0–3 |  | 0–2 |
| VfL Wolfsburg | 2–0 | 3–0 | 1–3 | 3–0 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 3–3 | 2–0 | 4–0 | 1–3 | 2–2 |  |

Source:
Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

## Top scorers

| Rank | Player | Team | Goals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Inka Grings | Duisburg | 28 |
| 2 | Kerstin Garefrekes | FFC Frankfurt | 19 |
| 3 | Anja Mittag | Turbine Potsdam | 17 |
| 4 | Fatmire Bajramaj | Turbine Potsdam | 16 |
| 5 | Célia Okoyino da Mbabi | SC 07 Bad Neuenahr | 15 |
| | Conny Pohlers | FFC Frankfurt | 15 |

## InfoBox

Frauen-Bundesliga
| Season | 2009–10 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Turbine Potsdam |
| Relegated | Tennis Borussia Berlin<br>SC Freiburg |
| Matches played | 132 |
| Goals scored | 511 (3.87 per match) |
| Top goalscorer | Inka Grings (28) |
| Biggest home win | 13–0 Frankfurt v Berlin |
| Biggest away win | 0–6 Berlin v Potsdam, Saarbrücken v Duisburg, Jena v Duisburg |
| Highest scoring | 13–0 Frankfurt v Berlin |
| Longest winning run | Turbine Potsdam (13), Day 6–18 |
| Longest unbeaten run | Turbine Potsdam (18), Day 1–18 |
| Longest losing run | Tennis Borussia Berlin (12), Day 10–21 |
| Highest attendance | 4,320 FFC Frankfurt v Turbine Potsdam |
| Lowest attendance | 67 Tennis Borussia Berlin v VfL Wolfsburg |
| Average attendance | 766 |
| 2008–09 2010–11 | |


abstract: Sainte-Sabine is a parish municipality in Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. Its population is 386 as of the Canada 2011 Census. It is named after the Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine, where cardinal Louis-Nazaire Bégin often went during his theology studies in Rome.

text:
# Sainte-Sabine, Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec

**Sainte-Sabine** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃t sabin\]) is a parish municipality in Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. Its population is 386 as of the Canada 2011 Census.

It is named after the Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine, where cardinal Louis-Nazaire Bégin often went during his theology studies in Rome.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Sabine had a population of 343 living in 195 of its 237 total private dwellings, a change of -4.2% from its 2016 population of 358. With a land area of 66.89 km2 (25.83 sq mi), it had a population density of 5.1/km2 (13.3/sq mi) in 2021.

## InfoBox

| Sainte-Sabine | |
| --- | --- |
| Parish municipality | |
| Location within Les Etchemins RCM. | |
| Sainte-SabineLocation in southern Quebec. | |
| Coordinates: 46°29′N 70°21′W / 46.483°N 70.350°W / 46.483; -70.350 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Chaudière-Appalaches |
| RCM | Les Etchemins |
| Constituted | August 26, 1908 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Luce Bisson |
| Federal riding | Lévis—Bellechasse |
| Prov. riding | Bellechasse |
| Area | |
| Total | 68.00 km2 (26.25 sq mi) |
| Land | 66.60 km2 (25.71 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 386 |
| Density | 5.8/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Pop 2006-2011 | 5.4% |
| Dwellings | 235 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | G0R 4H0 |
| Area code(s) | 418 and 581 |
| Highways | No major routes |
| Website | www.ste-sabine.qc.ca |


title: Rooibos wine

abstract: Rooibos wine is a variety of wine in which wood from the rooibos and honeybush plants is used instead of the traditional oak wood during the maturation phase. It has its origin in the Western Cape, South Africa. The wine has a unique flavor component and due to the anti-oxidative effect of the plants can be produced without the use of sulfur dioxide.

text:
# Rooibos wine

**Rooibos wine** is a variety of wine in which wood from the rooibos (*Aspalathus linearis*) and honeybush (*Cyclopia* spp.) plants is used instead of the traditional oak wood during the maturation phase. It has its origin in the Western Cape, South Africa. The wine has a unique flavor component and due to the anti-oxidative effect of the plants can be produced without the use of sulfur dioxide.

## Production

Fresh rooibos has a high antioxidant content (particularly vitamin C) and a relatively low tannin content, making it a potential alternative to the use of sulfur dioxide in the preservation of wine along with honeybush. During the maturation phase of rooibos wine, the wood of rooibos (*Aspalathus linearis*) and honeybush (*Cyclopia* spp.) is used instead of the traditional oak. Studies at the University of Stellenbosch showed that treatment with rooibos and honeybush plant material protects red wine from the negative effects associated with exposure to oxygen making sulfur dioxide unnecessary. The use of rooibos and honeybush plant material as a preservative in the production of red wine has been patented. The rooibos wine product is free of SO2 and has a unique flavour profile that can be ascribed to the aging of the wine in rooibos and honeybush wood.

## Notable brands

The Stellenbosch-based Audacia produced the first rooibos wine – a Merlot – in South Africa in 2013 . Their rooibos product range has since expanded to include Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, a Red Blend and a White Blend. KWV South Africa (Pty) LTD followed in 2014 with a rooibos Pinotage under their Earth’s Essence brand.

1. Morton, Julia F. (1983). "Rooibos tea, aspalathus linearis, a caffeineless, low-tannin beverage". *Economic Botany*. **37** (2): 164–73. doi:10.1007/BF02858780. JSTOR 4254477. S2CID 30957644.
2. Iswaldi, I; Arráez-Román, D; Rodríguez-Medina, I; Beltrán-Debón, R; Joven, J; Segura-Carretero, A; Fernández-Gutiérrez, A (2011). "Identification of phenolic compounds in aqueous and ethanolic rooibos extracts (Aspalathus linearis) by HPLC-ESI-MS (TOF/IT)". *Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry*. **400** (10): 3643–54. doi:10.1007/s00216-011-4998-z. PMID 21509483. S2CID 3247287.
3. Hesseling, E (2014). "Audacia's 'tea wood' wine". *www.wineland.co.za*. Archived from the original on 2016-08-18.
4. "Rooibos wine targets health-conscious drinkers". *Reuters*. 9 March 2015.
5. De Wet, A (2015) The use of rooibos (*Aspalathus linearis*) and honeybush (*Cyclopia* spp.) as wood alternative in red winemaking, Thesis (MSc), Stellenbosch University, 2015.
6. Jooste, B (2015) Rooibos-wooded wine - a world first from Stellenbosch: ministerial, Agriprobe, Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 5-6.
7. "Improved process for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and products produced by such process".
8. "Audacia - the Red Wine Boutique Winery".
9. "Earth's Essence". Archived from the original on 2015-10-24. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
10. "KWV Launches World's First 'Natural' Pinotage Using Patented Technology". 18 November 2014.


title: Cryptolechia pateropa

abstract: Cryptolechia pateropa is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Cryptolechia pateropa

***Cryptolechia pateropa*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Cryptolechia pateropa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Cryptolechia* |
| Species: | ***C. pateropa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptolechia pateropa***<br>Meyrick, 1931 | |
|


title: Burgh Muir

abstract: The Burgh Muir is the historic term for an extensive area of land lying to the south of Edinburgh city centre, upon which much of the southern part of the city now stands following its gradual spread and more especially its rapid expansion in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The name has been retained today in the partly anglicised form Boroughmuir for a much smaller district within Bruntsfield, vaguely defined by the presence of Boroughmuir High School, and, until 2010, Boroughmuirhead post office in its north-west corner. In terms of today's street names, the historic muir extended from Leven Street, Bruntsfield Place and Morningside Road in the west to Dalkeith Road in the east, and as far south as the Jordan Burn and east to Peffermill, thus covering an area of approximately five square miles. The names of the historic roads that bounded it were the "Easter Hiegait", corresponding to Dalkeith Road, and the "Wester Hiegait" corresponding to Bruntsfield Place and Morningside Road. The last surviving open space of the former burgh muir is Bruntsfield Links, a public park adjoining the Meadows to the north.

text:
# Burgh Muir

55°56′N 3°11′W / 55.933°N 3.183°W / 55.933; -3.183

The **Burgh Muir** is the historic term for an extensive area of land lying to the south of Edinburgh city centre, upon which much of the southern part of the city now stands following its gradual spread and more especially its rapid expansion in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The name has been retained today in the partly anglicised form *Boroughmuir* for a much smaller district within Bruntsfield, vaguely defined by the presence of Boroughmuir High School, and, until 2010, Boroughmuirhead post office in its north-west corner.

In terms of today's street names, the historic muir (*Scots* for 'moor') extended from Leven Street, Bruntsfield Place and Morningside Road in the west to Dalkeith Road in the east, and as far south as the Jordan Burn and east to Peffermill, thus covering an area of approximately five square miles. The names of the historic roads that bounded it were the "Easter Hiegait", corresponding to Dalkeith Road, and the "Wester Hiegait" corresponding to Bruntsfield Place and Morningside Road.

The last surviving open space of the former burgh muir is Bruntsfield Links, a public park adjoining the Meadows to the north.

## General history

The burgh muir was part of the ancient Forest of Drumselch, used for hunting and described in a 16th-century chronicle as originally an abode of "hartis, hindis, toddis \[foxes\] and siclike maner of beastis". It was given to the city as common land by David I in the 12th century and cleared of woodland by a decree of James IV in 1508. The open space was used for grazing cattle which would be driven there through the Cowgate (literally, "cow road") from byres within the town walls where the cows were milked.

No record of David I's gift of the burgh muir has survived, many of the burgh records having been lost during the Wars of Independence and when the Earl of Hertford sacked the city in 1544. It is possible that it was given at the same time as the founding of Holyrood Abbey in the 12th century, the abbey charter (c.1143) containing the first mention of Edinburgh as a royal burgh.

Three areas of the muir were exempted from the city's jurisdiction, due to having been previously granted under separate Royal Charters: the Grange (church-held farmland) of St. Giles ("Sanct Gilysis Grange"), and the Provostry lands of Whitehouse and Sergeantry lands of Bruntsfield, both held from the Crown by royal officials.

The Grange lands were forfeited in the reign of David II and awarded to Sir Walter de Wardlaw, Bishop of Glasgow, passing to his kin, the Wardlaws, until 1506, and then to the merchant, John Cant, whose family owned them until 1632. Cant donated 18 acres of his land to help establish the Dominican nunnery of St. Catherine of Siena in 1517, intended to provide for widows of some of the nobility slain at Flodden in 1513. This was the last convent established in pre-Reformation Scotland, from which the surrounding area of Sciennes took its name. A small Chapel of St. John the Baptist built c.1512-13 by Sir John Craufurd, a prebendary of the Grange of St. Giles, as a hermitage for vagabonds, was given to the Sisters by him for use as their conventual chapel. It is believed to have stood on the site later occupied by Sciennes Hill House. In 1632, the lands held by the Cants passed to another merchant family, the Dicks (later Dick Lauder), who inhabited Grange House until the 19th century. Increasingly empty and neglected after 1848, the house was demolished in 1936.

The Bruntsfield lands, held originally by the King's Sergeant, Richard Broune (hence Brounisfield, later Bruntsfield), were granted by Robert II to Alan de Lawdre in 1381. The Lauder family sold them to the merchant John Fairlie in 1603, whose family sold them in turn to Sir George Warrender, a Bailie and later Lord Provost of Edinburgh, in 1695. His descendants signed the estate over to Edinburgh Corporation (Council) in the 1930s. The second Bruntsfield House on the site, dating from the time of the Lauders in the 16th century, still stands.

The Whitehouse lands have had a more complex history. Records show that prior to 1449 they were held by a family of the surname Hog before coming into the hands of Lord Chancellor William Crichton in the reign of James II (c.1449). They passed through numerous hands down the centuries, including Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell (1581) and Walter Scott of Buccleuch (1594), until they were increasingly subfeued in the 19th century, the feudal superiors being, from 1890 onwards, two brothers named Reid. One feuar was the Order of Ursulines which established St. Margaret's Convent (now the Gillis Centre) in 1834, the first Catholic institution established in Scotland since the Reformation.

When the Earl of Hertford attacked Edinburgh in 1544 as part of what was later called the 'Rough Wooing' the original Bruntsfield House was burned to the ground, and it is generally assumed that a similar fate befell the Grange and Whitehouse, as one of Hertford's men wrote, "And the nexte mornyge, very erly we began where we lefte, and continued burnyge all that daye and the two dayes nexte ensuing contynually so that neyther within the wawles nor in the suburbes was lefte any one house unbrent..." It is unclear whether the convent at Sciennes suffered.

## James IV's charter of 1508

The land outwith the exempted portions began to be feued in the early 16th century. The Burgh Records record that in 1490 "...all the haill counsale, deikynis \[leaders of craft trades\], and community consentit to the assedatioun \[feuing\] of the space of the burrowmuir", but it was not until 1508 that a Royal Charter issued by James IV gave the Council licence to feu, stipulating that "the foresaid lands shall be leased in feu-farm as aforesaid, and their heirs and all dwellers on the same lands be subject to the jurisdiction of our foresaid Burgh, the Provost, Baillies and Officers thereof, present and to come, and that they repair every week with their victuals and other goods to the market of our said Burgh..." A Council enactment of 30 April 1510 obliged the feuars "to build upon the said acres dwelling-houses, malt-barns, and cowbills, and to have servants for the making of malt betwixt \[that date?\] and Michaelmas 1512; and failing their doing so, to pay £40 to the common works of the town, and also to pay £5 for every acre of three acres of the Common Muir set to them". The Scottish lawyer and antiquarian William Moir Bryce (whose exhaustive researches inform much of this article), writing in an age influenced by the Temperance Movement, thought this a "strange obligation", but it made sense at a time before piped urban water supplies, when beer was the common drink in preference to water drawn from lochs and wells which often proved injurious to health.

## Clearing the land

The feuing of the Muir led to the rapid clearing of the remaining woodland on the muir, to dispose of which more easily the Council granted anyone fronting their tenement with wood the liberty of extending the front by seven feet into the street. The resulting timber frontages were followed by wooden fore-stairs which reduced the width of the street even more (until banned by the Council in 1674. A later parliamentary act of 1727 forbade stone-built stairs). According to the 18th-century historian William Maitland, "...the buildings which before had stonern fronts were now converted into wood, and the Burgh into a wooden city". An English visitor William Brereton, commented in 1635 on what he perceived as the hideous effect of these wooden frontages,

> Here they usually walk in the middle of the street, which is a fair, spacious, and capacious walk. This street is the glory and beauty of this city: it is the broadest street (except in the Low Countries, where there is a navigable channel in middle of the street) and the longest street I have seen, which begins at the palace, the gate whereof enters straight into the suburbs, and is placed at the lower end of the same. The suburbs make an handsome street; and indeed the street, if the houses, which are very high, and substantially built of stone (some five, some six stories high), were not lined to the outside and faced with boards, it were the most stately and graceful street that ever I saw in my life; but this face of boards, which is towards the street, doth much blemish it, and derogate from glory and beauty; as also the want of fair glass windows, whereof few or none are to be discerned towards the street, which is the more complete, because it is as straight as may be. This lining with boards (wherein are round holes shaped to the proportion of men's heads), and this encroachment into the street about two yards, is a mighty disgrace unto it, for the walls (which were the outside) are stone; so, as if this outside facing of boards were removed, and the houses built uniform all of the same height, it were the most complete street in Christendom.

One of the last timber-fronted houses at the corner of the West Bow and the Lawnmarket was demolished as late as 1878 as part of city improvement measures.

## Feuing the land

A record survives from 1511 listing the first 16 feuars who were each given three acres of land on the north side of the burgh loch, divided into a half-acre lot for building and two and a half acres of farmland. This was followed by a further 27 lots granted in 1530, mainly for the South Muir, but including one to the widow of Walter Chapman situated just north of the convent at "Seynis" (Sciennes). Over time most of the South Muir plots came into the possession of the Dick family as owners of the Grange estate. The list of feuars in 1530 also survives, albeit with some gaps.

In 1586, the council, led by Provost William Little, decided on a further round of feuing by auctioning lots on the Wester Muir and Easter Muir which extended down the southern slope of the muir as far as the Pow Burn (the Dicks of Grange became owners of the Braid estate beyond the burn in 1631). The Wester Muir comprised the lands which developed by a process of sub-leasing, known in Scots Law as subinfeudation, into the districts of Greenhill, Burghmuirhead and Morningside. The Easter Muir comprised the lands which developed likewise into the districts of the Grange, Blackford, Mayfield and Newington.

The feuing of the Grange Estate was sanctioned by a private Act of Parliament in 1825 which allowed its owner, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, to feu land for the building of residential villas; the first being constructed in 1845.

The Marchmont district, lying directly south of the Meadows, developed on land first feued by the Warrenders of Bruntsfield in 1869.

## Military use

The burgh muir was the traditional Edinburgh location for military training and *wappenshaws* (district inspections of arms) held periodically in accordance with a 1548 Act of Parliament in the reign of James V, which "...decretyt and ordaynit that wapinschawingis be haldin be the lordis and baronys spirituale and temporale four tymis in the yere." It was also where troops were mustered, for example in 1384, and before the Lauder Bridge incident in 1482. A contingent also assembled here to fight the English army before the battle of Flodden in 1513, and again in 1523 and 1542.

In total, the Scottish Army rendezvoused on the muir on at least six occasions prior to invading England. Sir Alexander Lauder of Bruntsfield (along with his two brothers) and his descendant, also Sir Alexander Lauder of Bruntsfield, both died in battle serving the Crown at Flodden and Pinkie respectively; their lands passing to their heirs.

A stone built into the western boundary wall of the former Morningside Parish Church, known as the "Bore Stone" or "Hare Stane" (from Old Scots *heir*, meaning 'army') is popularly believed to be the stone which held the Royal Standard at the muster for Flodden on the muir in 1513. An accompanying plaque states that it was placed there by the owner of Greenhill House, Sir John Stuart Forbes of Pitsligo, in 1852. The story attached to its origin was established by Sir Walter Scott in his epic poem 'Marmion' (1808) which contains the lines, *"The royal banner, floating wide:/The Staff, a pine tree strong and straight:/Pitched deeply in a massive stone/Which still in memory is shown."* However, the identification of the stone in Morningside Road with this poetic statement was discredited in an essay published by Henry Paton in 1942. Firstly, the stone has no hole-socket for holding a pole. Secondly, the Royal Treasurer's Accounts for 1513 make it clear that the King left Edinburgh before his standard and other banners had been made ready, and that they were sent after him. The standard must therefore have been first raised at Ellem, near Duns in Berwickshire where the Scottish host assembled before marching into England. According to the historian William Maitland, writing in 1753, the stone was originally situated on the eastern side of the road "almost opposite to the south-eastern corner of the Park-wall of Tipperlin Lone", suggesting it was a boundary marker belonging to the since vanished village of Tipperlin which bordered that side of the road.

## Use during the plague

In times of plague, of which there were several outbreaks in the 16th and 17th centuries, infected victims of "the pest" were sent to the muir as a primitive quarantine measure. Some records suggest that hopeless cases were sent to the chapel at Sciennes (see above), while suspected cases were lodged on the southern slope of the muir in temporary huts clustered round the Chapel of St. Roque, the patron saint of the plague-stricken, built on the Grange c.1503.

> Horse or hand-drawn wooden carts conveyed the hapless victims out to the Burgh Muir between the hours of 9.p.m. and 5 a.m. These primitive ambulances were preceded by "Bailies of the Mure", voluntarily recruited men wearing black or grey tunics and St Andrew's Crosses. They carried long staffs used to touch infected materials and rang hand-bells to warn citizens of their dangerous charges. The carts halted at the Burgh or South Loch, now the Meadows. On its south bank were prepared large cauldrons of boiling water in which other Bailies of the Mure, known as "clengeris" \[cleansers\], carrying long staffs with metal hooks at the tips, attempted to disinfect the victims' clothes.

The Town Council laid down strict regulations to contain the plague. People suspected of infection, because they lived in proximity to others who had died, were taken with their household goods to be "clengit" (cleansed) on the muir. In October 1568, a shoemaker, John Forrest, was appointed as cleanser on the west part of the "Borrow Mure." Another shoemaker and a weaver were made Baillies of the Muir, among whose responsibilities was giving permission to those cleansed to return home. No-one was allowed to visit those suspected of infection on the muir except in the company of these officers. They were issued with similar gowns bearing a white St Andrew's cross on the back and front, and carried a stick with a white cloth on the end "quhairby thai may be knawin quhaireuer thay pas".

In 1585, during another plague outbreak, a "Greitt Fowle Luge" was built on the muir at a location named Purves's Acres. The quarantined "cleansed" were lodged to the west of this building, and newly suspected "foul" persons to the east. There were so many people on the muir that the council ordered that their beer should be brewed thinner. Cleansed persons allowed home were confined to their houses for 15 days. Stealing infected goods was a hanging offence, and a "foul" hangman was employed for the purpose of executing offenders on the muir. It is recorded that Smythie, the "fowle hangman", was chained to his own gibbet on 23 July 1585 for disobedience.

When land in the west muir area was feued in 1597, the council reserved a path at the east end leading to the Braid Burn for use during times of pestilence. Many of the afflicted must have died en route and been buried by the wayside, as evidenced by human remains later unearthed in private gardens. The dead were buried in unmarked burial pits, some of which have left traces in the grounds of the present-day Astley Ainslie Hospital.

## As a place of execution

Edinburgh had several execution sites in the past. An area of ground known as "the Gallowgreen" (when its feuing was recorded in 1668) was the site of a gibbet of uncertain date, erected on the eastern edge of the burgh muir. It was deliberately placed to face down the road to Dalkeith, presumably to deter highway robbers. It is known that a horse-thief, also accused of being a "commone gyde to Inglis Thevis" ("a common guide to English thieves"), was hanged "at the galloss of the burrow mure" in 1563; and it is also recorded that two men were hanged for stealing infected clothing during an outbreak of the plague in 1585. In the following year the Town Council ordered the gibbet, described as "foullet and decayand, bayth in the timmer \[timber\] wark and the wallis", to be replaced close to the same spot (at the present-day junction of East Preston Street and Dalkeith Road) and enclosed by walls of sufficient height "sua tht doggis sal not be abill to cary the cariounis \[dead flesh\] furth of the samyn"; a statement that implies the practice of hanging the bodies or body parts of malefactors in chains. The new gibbet is described in the Town Council Minutes of 1568 as consisting of two or more stone pillars connected at the top by one or more wooden cross-beams, with the whole structure surrounded by a wall to keep out stray dogs.

Other executions here included the hanging of members of the outlawed McGregor clan, of whom a total of 38 were judicially killed on the spot between 1603 and 1624, as were four 'Gypsies' in 1611, for failing to observe a parliamentary act of 1609 which had banished all "Egyptianis" from the kingdom. They were followed by 11 more Gypsies in 1624, whose womenfolk were initially sentenced to drowning, but eventually ordered to leave Scotland.

The ground at this part of the Muir was also used for the unmarked burials of malefactors. For example, the torso of James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose, without his heart (removed from his coffin at the instigation of his niece), was unceremoniously buried in unconsecrated ground after his execution on 21 May 1650. Following the Restoration his remains were disinterred in 1661 and eventually placed in an elaborate tomb in St. Giles.

The diarist John Nicoll recorded the event,

> \[A guard of honour of four captains with their companies\] went out thaireftir to the Burrow mure quhair his corps wer bureyit, and quhair sundry nobles and gentrie his friendis and favorites, both hors and fute wer thair attending; and thair, in presence of sundry nobles, earls, lordis, barones and otheris convenit for the tyme, his graif \[grave\] was raisit, his body and bones taken out and wrappit up in curious clothes and put in a coffin, quhilk, under a canopy of rich velwet, wer careyit from the Burrow-mure to the Toun of Edinburgh; the nobles barones and gentrie on hors, the Toun of Edinburgh and many thousandis besyde, convoyit these corpis all along, the callouris \[colours\] fleying, drums towking \[beating\], trumpettis sounding, muskets cracking and cannones from the Castell roring; all of thame walking on till thai come to the Tolbuith of Edinburgh, frae the quhilke his heid wes very honorablie and with all dew respectis taken doun and put within the coffin under the cannopie with great acclamation and joy; all this tyme the trumpettis, the drumes, cannouns, gunes, the displayit cullouris geving honor to these deid corps. From thence all of thame, both hors and fute, convoyit these deid corps to the Abay Kirk of Halyrudhous quhair he is left inclosit in ane yll \[aisle\] till forder ordour be by his Majestie and Estaites of Parliament for the solempnitie of his Buriall.

Executions at the gallows on the burgh muir ended in 1675 after the ground had been leased, first to a wright and burgess of Edinburgh in 1668, then, in 1699, to a brewer in the Pleasance. The gibbet continued to be marked on all maps and plans of the district until 1823.

## Present day

The older form of the Burgh Muir name is retained by a street between Church Hill and Holy Corner in Morningside, which recalls the vanished hamlet of Burghmuirhead.

Boroughmuirhead post office moved in 2010 from the site it occupied for over a century to nearby Bruntsfield Place, thus losing its association with the historic area. In 2018, Boroughmuir High School moved to a new site at 111 Viewforth, thus also losing its association with the area while retaining its name.


abstract: The Two-woman event of the FIBT World Championships 2015 was held on 26–28 February 2015.

text:
# FIBT World Championships 2015 – Two-woman

| FIBT World Championships 2015
/ | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Two |  | men |  | women |
| Four |  | men |  |  |
| Skeleton |  | men |  | women |
| Mixed |  |  | team |  |

The **Two-woman** event of the FIBT World Championships 2015 was held on 26–28 February 2015.

## Results

The first two runs were started on 26 February at 14:45 and the last two runs on 28 February at 13:30.

| Rank | Bib | Country | Athletes | Run 1 | Run 2 | Run 3 | Run 4 | Total | Behind |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2 | United States | Elana Meyers
Cherrelle Garrett | 56.65 | 56.64 | 56.62 | 56.56 | **3:46.47** |  |
|  | 4 | Germany | Anja Schneiderheinze-Stöckel
Annika Drazek | 57.00 | 56.68 | 56.68 | 56.54 | **3:46.90** | +0.43 |
|  | 7 | Germany | Cathleen Martini
Stephanie Schneider | 56.82 | 56.99 | 56.83 | 56.89 | **3:47.53** | +1.06 |
| 4 | 8 | Germany | Stefanie Szczurek
Erline Nolte | 57.12 | 56.97 | 57.09 | 56.86 | **3:48.04** | +1.57 |
| 5 | 1 | United States | Jamie Greubel
Lauren Gibbs | 57.36 | 57.01 | 56.94 | 56.79 | **3:48.10** | +1.63 |
| 6 | 5 | United States | Jazmine Fenlator
Natalie Deratt | 57.15 | 56.99 | 57.09 | 57.10 | **3:48.33** | +1.86 |
| 7 | 6 | Belgium | Elfje Willemsen
Sophie Vercruyssen | 57.10 | 57.01 | 57.35 | 57.16 | **3:48.62** | +2.15 |
| 7 | 3 | Canada | Kaillie Humphries
Melissa Lotholz | 57.37 | 57.03 | 57.14 | 57.08 | **3:48.62** | +2.15 |
| 9 | 14 | Romania | Maria Constantin
Andreea Grecu | 57.40 | 57.23 | 57.45 | 57.19 | **3:49.27** | +2.80 |
| 10 | 17 | Germany | Miriam Wagner
Lisa Buckwitz | 57.46 | 57.28 | 57.28 | 57.35 | **3:49.37** | +2.90 |
| 11 | 9 | Austria | Christina Hengster
Sanne Dekker | 57.55 | 57.43 | 57.30 | 57.41 | **3:49.69** | +3.22 |
| 12 | 13 | Russia | Aleksandra Rodionova
Nadezhda Paleeva | 57.53 | 57.58 | 57.32 | 57.36 | **3:49.79** | +3.32 |
| 13 | 10 | Russia | Nadezhda Sergeeva
Yulia Shokshueva | 57.73 | 57.64 | 57.35 | 57.48 | **3:50.20** | +3.73 |
| 14 | 11 | Great Britain | Mica McNeill
Aleasha Kiddle | 57.58 | 57.53 | 57.58 | 57.67 | **3:50.36** | +3.89 |
| 15 | 12 | Great Britain | Victoria Olaoye
Nikki McSweeney | 57.93 | 57.61 | 57.59 | 57.56 | **3:50.69** | +4.22 |
| 16 | 16 | Netherlands | Marije van Huigenbosch
Melissa Boekelman | 57.80 | 57.68 | 57.60 | 57.67 | **3:50.75** | +4.28 |
| 17 | 15 | Belgium | An Vannieuwenhuyse
Lies Defreyne | 57.86 | 57.72 | 57.80 | 58.19 | **3:51.57** | +5.10 |

## InfoBox

| Two-woman
at the FIBT World Championships 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Winterberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track, Winterberg |
| Date | 26–28 February 2015 |
| Competitors | 34 from 17 nations |
| Winning time | 3:46.47 |
| Medalists | |
| United States  Germany  Germany | |
|


title: Caminalcules

abstract: Caminalcules are a fictive group of animal-like life forms, which were created as a tool for better understanding phylogenetics in real organisms. They were created by Joseph H. Camin and consist of 29 living 'species' and 48 fossil forms. The name of the taxon Caminalcules seems to come from Camin's last name and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's animalcules.

text:
# Caminalcules

**Caminalcules** are a fictive group of animal-like life forms, which were created as a tool for better understanding phylogenetics in real organisms. They were created by Joseph H. Camin (University of Kansas) and consist of 29 living 'species' and 48 fossil forms.

The name of the taxon Caminalcules seems to come from Camin's last name and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's animalcules.

## History

Joseph H. Camin (1922–1979) drew the Caminalcules in the early 1960s or possibly even earlier to study the nature of taxonomic judgement. He assured that there was genetic continuity in the Caminalcules by the preservation of all characters except for changes that he desired in all successive animals. He did not keep track of the changes he made in the different species. The images of the Caminalcules were made using master stencils. The images of the living OTUs (29 species) were made available in the early 1960s; those of the fossil ones (48 species) later in the decade. These images were copied using xerography. Copies of all OTUs were in the possession of Dr. Paul A. Ehrlich (Stanford University), Dr. W. Wayne Moss (Philadelphia Academy of Sciences) and Robert R. Sokal (State University of New York at Stony Brook) in 1983. The original drawings by Joseph H. Camin have unfortunately been lost.

The Caminalcules first appeared in print in the journal *Systematic Zoology* (now *Systematic Biology*) in 1983, four years after Camin's death in 1979. Robert R. Sokal published four succeeding papers about them, titled "A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Caminalcules." These papers included the complete set of living and fossil species, as well as their cladogram, which Sokal had received from Camin in 1970.

At a symposium dedicated to Camin, Dr. W. Wayne Moss said that "his collaborative studies on methods and principles of systematics at Kansas in the 1960s resulted in the appearance of that delightful taxon, the Caminalcules", and that "his thoughts helped to launch the infant field of phenetics and cladistics in North America". This quote demonstrates the importance of the Caminalcules for the field of phylogenetics.

Ulrich Wirth introduced also the fictive animal group Didaktozoa in 1993, which was inspired by rotifers. According to Ulrich, the Didaktozoa are handier than the Caminalcules and were created in a way that more biologists would agree with, since phenomena such as homologous structures, apomorphy and organ reduction were taken into account in their creation.

## Use in assessment and development of taxonomic methods

The Caminalcules have a known phylogeny, whereas for real organisms it is generally impossible to obtain one. Therefore, Camin expected that they would be useful in evaluating different taxonomic techniques, such as phenetic and cladistic analysis. This was indeed the case; for example, Robert R. Sokal used the Caminalcules to investigate the ability of different numerical methods to estimate the true cladogram as well as the consequences of introducing fossil species into a data set for cladistic and phenetic classifications. Whereas nowadays cladograms are usually created by applying algorithmic methods to gene sequences, Sokal numerically compared the morphological characteristics of organisms, rather than their genetic information.

The Caminalcules can be used as a tool for evaluating taxonomic methods by virtue of their similarity to data sets of real organisms. Many of their properties, including evolutionary rates, species longevity, homoplasy, parallelism, and other measures for quantifying evolutionary change, are within the range of values that have been observed for real organisms. However, the taxonomic diversity distribution of the Caminalcules differs from the taxonomic diversity distributions of real animals and plants, since it does not follow a hollow curve.

## Use in education

Caminalcules are commonly used in secondary school and undergraduate university curriculums as a tool for teaching principles of phylogeny and evolution. They can, for example, be used to illustrate the concepts of parsimony and convergent evolution.

Students are typically asked to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the morphological characteristics of the Caminalcules and taking into account evolutionary principles. In an article in *American Biology Teacher*, Robert P. Gendron published instructions for a lesson plan in which students are first asked to construct a potential tree based solely on the living Caminalcules, followed by a definitive tree that includes the fossil species. Many secondary and tertiary educational institutions around the world have adopted lesson plans that follow this sequence. Some examples are the New York City Lab School for Collaborative Studies, the University of Miami, Carleton College, and the Turkana Basin Institute. Notably, the United States’ National Park Service also uses the Caminalcules in their lesson plans about evolution.

Using Caminalcules to practice the construction of phylogenetic trees has an advantage over using data sets consisting of real organisms, because it prevents the students’ pre-existing knowledge about the classification of real organisms to influence their reasoning during the exercise. They may only use the given data set and the principles of evolution to come to a solution, which is how real taxonomic problems are solved as well.

There are many other popular phylogenetic exercises that use different sets of ‘organisms’, some of which were inspired by the Caminalcule exercises. Potential alternative data sets include sets of twigs, chocolate bars, Chinese masks, and dragons. Students may also be asked to create their own sets of fictional organisms, which has the additional value of demonstrating macroevolutionary processes. Furthermore, in the case of data sets without a known phylogeny, unlike the case of the Caminalcules, students may find multiple, equally correct solutions. This may demonstrate the fact that taxonomic questions do not always have a single correct response, since the true phylogeny often remains unknown.

## Further reading


title: Convention of the Estates of Scotland

abstract: The Convention of Estates of Scotland was a sister institution to the Scottish Parliament which sat from the early sixteenth century. Initially, it was only attended by the clergy and nobles, but the burgh commissioners were later added. The Convention of Estates differed from Parliament in that it could be summoned by the King for the limited purpose of raising taxation, but could not pass other legislation. Like its predecessor General Council it played an important role in political and legislative affairs in Scotland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. During the Glorious Revolution in Scotland, the Scottish Privy Council asked the King of England, William of Orange, to summon the Convention of Estates of 1689 to determine the throne of Scotland. It offered it to William and Mary, adopting the Articles of Grievances and Claim of Right Act 1689, and transformed itself into a full parliament.

text:
# Convention of the Estates of Scotland

The **Convention of Estates of Scotland** was a sister institution to the Scottish Parliament which sat from the early sixteenth century. Initially, it was only attended by the clergy and nobles, but the burgh commissioners were later added. The Convention of Estates differed from Parliament in that it could be summoned by the King for the limited purpose of raising taxation, but could not pass other legislation.

Like its predecessor General Council it played an important role in political and legislative affairs in Scotland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

During the Glorious Revolution in Scotland, the Scottish Privy Council asked the King of England, William of Orange, to summon the Convention of Estates of 1689 to determine the throne of Scotland. It offered it to William and Mary, adopting the Articles of Grievances and Claim of Right Act 1689, and transformed itself into a full parliament.

## Further reading

R. S. Rait, *The Parliaments of Scotland* (Edinburgh, 1920).

K. M. Brown, R. J. Tanner and A. J. Mann (eds), *The History of the Scottish Parliament, volumes 1 and 2* (Edinburgh, 2004–6)


title: Cuckquean

abstract: A cuckquean is the wife of an adulterous husband, and the gender-opposite of a cuckold. In evolutionary biology, the term is also applied to females who are investing parental effort in offspring that are not genetically their own. Similar prying within a family is called wittoldry. The term is derived from Early Modern English dating back to AD 1562 and is composed of the terms cuck "someone whose partner is unfaithful" and quean "disreputable woman".

text:
# Cuckquean

A **cuckquean** is the wife of an adulterous husband (or partner for unmarried companions), and the gender-opposite of a cuckold. In evolutionary biology, the term is also applied to females who are investing parental effort in offspring that are not genetically their own. Similar prying within a family is called *wittoldry*. The term is derived from Early Modern English dating back to AD 1562 and is composed of the terms *cuck* "someone whose partner is unfaithful" and *quean* "disreputable woman".

## Cuckqueanry as a fetish

A cuckquean fetishist is aware of her partner's activity, sometimes actively encouraging it, and derives sexual pleasure from it. Among some fetishists, the cuckquean's humiliation or victimization is a major element of the paraphilia.

In the fetish cuckqueaning subculture, the male takes on the role of being sexually dominant, while the female takes on a submissive role. The wife usually only becomes involved with the man or his lover(s) when he permits it—sometimes remaining altogether celibate.

In cuckqueaning, the male is known as *hothusband* and the other female is known as *cuckcake*. Cuckqueaning is often known as *hothusbanding*.

Cuckqueanry, like cuckolding, is commonly depicted as a heteronormative sexual fantasy and/or activity played out between a husband and wife, but can involve any number of gender and sexual orientations. When the fetish is simply androphilic or heterosexual, the wife has sex only with her husband; when it is bisexual, the wife may have sex with both her husband and the other woman (or women), or only with the husband's lover(s).

The fetish specifics can vary widely. Sometimes the husband and his lover(s) treat the cuckquean lovingly; sometimes it involves nothing but swinging, swapping husbands or sharing a lover. But when it goes beyond this, the fetish can require that the cuckquean be humiliated or debased. Sometimes this may be accidental or incidental (e.g., the parties involved are too aroused to stop), but at other times the humiliation may be intentional, and the husband and his lover(s) act out a story or perform a ritual in which they force the cuckquean to perform humiliating acts, or enter into circumstances that debase her. In many cuckqueaning relationships, women fantasize that their partners impregnate other women.


title: Culture of Birbhum

abstract: Culture of Birbhum refers to the culture of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Birbhum is known not only for its red soil and the shallow serpentine rivers ridden with sand islands, but also for the notable poets. Many poets belonging to the age of Vaishnava Padabali and Shakta Padabali of Bengali poetry were born here, as for example, Jaydeb, the celebrated author of Geetagovinda, and Chandidas (Rami). The bauls of Birbhum, their philosophy and their songs form a notable representation of the folk culture of the district. Baulism is a religiously liberal philosophy and lifestyle which might have some links to Sahajiya movement of 16th century. Chandidas and many other poets were part of the Sahajiya movement. The bauls earn their living by singing and collecting alms. They accommodate people from any caste and creed. Poet Rabindranath Tagore was inspired by their philosophy. Birbhum has also been home to famous kabiyals, kirtaniyas and other folk culture groups. Birbhum has a number of other major attractions. The temple and hot spring at Bakreshwar is famous and draws in pilgrims from far and near. Tarapith attracts pilgrims throughout the year. Birbhum has many old temples, such as the ones at Jaydev Kenduli, Surul and Nanoor, with delicate decorative tiles made of terra cotta. Patharchapuri contains the tomb of Data Mehboob Shah, a Sufi Pir. It sees pilgrims, mostly Muslims but some Hindus as well, all through the year.

text:
# Culture of Birbhum

**Culture of Birbhum** refers to the culture of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Birbhum is known not only for its red soil and the shallow serpentine rivers ridden with sand islands, but also for the notable poets. Many poets belonging to the age of *Vaishnava Padabali* and *Shakta Padabali* of Bengali poetry were born here, as for example, Jaydeb, the celebrated author of *Geetagovinda*, and Chandidas (Rami).

The bauls of Birbhum, their philosophy and their songs form a notable representation of the folk culture of the district. Baulism is a religiously liberal philosophy and lifestyle which might have some links to Sahajiya movement of 16th century (derived from Sahajyan, a form of Vajrayana Buddhism, influenced also by Vaishnavism and Sufism). Chandidas and many other poets were part of the Sahajiya movement. The bauls earn their living by singing and collecting alms. They accommodate people from any caste and creed. Poet Rabindranath Tagore was inspired by their philosophy. Birbhum has also been home to famous kabiyals, kirtaniyas and other folk culture groups.

Birbhum has a number of other major attractions. The temple and hot spring at Bakreshwar is famous and draws in pilgrims from far and near. Tarapith attracts pilgrims throughout the year. Birbhum has many old temples, such as the ones at Jaydev Kenduli, Surul and Nanoor, with delicate decorative tiles made of terra cotta (burnt clay). Patharchapuri contains the tomb of Data Mehboob Shah, a Sufi Pir. It sees pilgrims, mostly Muslims but some Hindus as well, all through the year.

## Fairs and festivals

The numerous fairs of Birbhum starts with *Poush Mela*, beginning on the 7th day of the month of *Poush* at Santiniketan and at Dwarbasini on the day of Makar Sankranti follows through the Bengali month of *Poush* (spread across December and January) till Makar Sankranti. Particularly lively is the fair at Jaydev Kenduli, with the participation of bauls, the itinerant singers, in large numbers.

Festivities have varied with the seasons. Nagar sankirtan is popular in the month of *Baisakh*, and so is worshipping of Manasa in the month of *Shravan*. Durga Puja and Kali Puja is celebrated in *Ashvin*. *Aghrayan* sees Nabanna and *Falgun* has Dol. These are just examples of Hindu festivities. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha (Bakri-eid, locally) are prominent Muslim festivities in this district. During Ramadan month Muslims fast. On the Day of Ashura during the month of Muharram, processions are taken out to commemorate the deaths of Hassan and Hussein, the grandsons of Muhammad.

Many of the festivals and religious rituals in Birbhum, even though universal among most of the rest of greater Bengal, has some local specialities. For example, in the Durga puja the closing ceremony involves "Baich khela" which is a competition of circumscribing the village by men carrying on their shoulder the whole idol of goddess Durga and her companion icons on bamboo supports accompanied by many petromax lamps ("hajak light" in the local jargon), dhak beat, firecrackers and fanfare. The next day (ekadashi i.e. the eleventh lunar day) evening all the devotees go around in an event called "laru kurano" (meaning: picking up sweet cakes called naru). This event is marked by a representative group of these households visiting houses of all the relatives and acquaintances in the village with a plastic bag. At every home they are given sweetcakes which they collect and bring home, thus exchanging sweet cakes along with sweet greetings at least on this day of the year.

People of Birbhum patronise folk entertainment programmes such as jatra, kavigan, raibenshe and alkap. They often travel long distances to watch jatra overnight, and return home next morning.

## Gramadevata

In addition to being a confluence of Vaishnava, Shakta and Saiva cultures, Birbhum villages also observe prehistoric customs like the worship of a gramadevata (*gram* means village and *devta* means deity) in many forms at different places.

One form of gramadevata popular in villages of Birbhum is Dharmathakur, symbolized by a stone, worshipped mainly by Bauri, Bagdi, Hari, Dom, etc. castes. In some places there are festivals called Dharmer Gajan. According to some authorities, these are transformed old deities and totems which continued even after these castes accepted Buddhism as a result of the oppression by the higher castes. Later on these old deities were equated to either Shiva or Buddha.

Another gramadevata is the goddess of snakes - *Manasa* who might have been a transformation of the feminine snake totem to a form more acceptable to later society. Now Goddess Manasa is worshiped for protection from snake bite. Vajrayana Buddhists had an equivalent of Manasa named *Janguli*. In *Manasamangal*, the house made for Lakhinder was on top of *Santhali* mountains, which might have been a reference to Santhal Pargana which was historically a part of Birbhum.


title: Cunene labeo

abstract: The Cunene labeo or Kunene labeo is a species of fish in the family Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows. It is native to Angola and Namibia. This fish occupies rocky habitat in flowing river waters. It is recorded from the Bengo, Cuanza, and Cunene Rivers. Little is known about the biology or population sizes of this fish. It faces no apparent threats except a dam on the Cunene River, which separates populations on the upper river from those on the lower parts.

text:
# Cunene labeo

The **Cunene labeo** or **Kunene labeo** (***Labeo ansorgii***) is a species of fish in the family Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows. It is native to Angola and Namibia.

This fish occupies rocky habitat in flowing river waters. It is recorded from the Bengo, Cuanza, and Cunene Rivers.

Little is known about the biology or population sizes of this fish. It faces no apparent threats except a dam on the Cunene River, which separates populations on the upper river from those on the lower parts.

## InfoBox

| Cunene labeo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Labeoninae |
| Genus: | *Labeo* |
| Species: | ***L. ansorgii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Labeo ansorgii***
Boulenger, 1907 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Labeo rocadasi* Boulenger, 1910 | |


title: Cunene River

abstract: The Cunene or Kunene is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands southwards to the border with Namibia. It then flows in a westerly direction along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.

text:
# Cunene River

The **Cunene** (Portuguese spelling) or **Kunene** (common Namibian spelling) is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands southwards to the border with Namibia. It then flows in a westerly direction along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.

## Geography

One of the few perennial rivers in the region, the Cunene is about 1,050 km (650 mi) long, with a drainage basin 106,560 km2 (41,140 sq mi) in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at its mouth. The Epupa Falls lie on the river. Olushandja Dam dams a tributary of the river, the Etaka, and helps to provide the Ruacana Power Station with water.

The main stream rises in 12° 30′ S. and about 160 miles in a direct line from the sea at Benguella, runs generally from north to south through four degrees of latitude, but finally flows west to the sea through a break in the outer highlands.

Between the mouths of its two tributaries, the Cunene traverses a swampy plain, inundated during high water, and containing several small lakes at other times of the year. From this swampy region divergent branches run S.E. They are mainly intermittent, but the Kwamatuo, which leaves the main stream in about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S., flows into a large marsh or lake called Etosha, which occupies a depression in the inner table-land about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From the S.E. end of the Etosha lake streams issue in the direction of the Okavango, to which in times of great flood they contribute some water.

On leaving the swampy region the Cunene turns decidedly to the west, and descends to the coast plain by a number of cataracts, of which the chief (in 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E.) has a fall of 330 ft. The river becomes smaller in volume as it passes through an almost desert region with little or no vegetation. The stream is sometimes shallow and fordable, at others confined to a narrow rocky channel. Near the sea the Cunene traverses a region of sand-hills, its mouth being completely blocked at low water. The river enters the Atlantic in 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. There are indications that a former branch of the river once entered a bay to the south.

## Dam controversies

The Namibian government proposed in the late 1990s to build the Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam on the Cunene. In 2012 the Governments of Namibia and Angola announced plans to jointly build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains. According to the indigenous Himba who would have been most affected by the construction of the dam, the dam would threaten the local ecosystem and therefore the economic basis of the Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issued a declaration to the African Union and to the United Nations Human Rights Council of the United Nations, titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains," which outlines the fierce objections against the dam from the traditional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River.

In September 2012, the United Nations special rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited the Himba, and heard their concerns.

On November 23, 2012, hundreds of Himba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them.

On March 25, 2013, over a thousand Himba and Zemba people marched in Opuwo to protest once more against Namibia's plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Cunene River without consulting with the indigenous peoples that do not consent to the construction plans.

## Attraction

Tourists frequent campsites or lodges at Epupa, which offer water sports on the river, including rafting and canoeing. Ancient baobab trees grow alongside the gorge, and there is an attractive and well-kept viewpoint high above the village and falls.

1. "South West Coast".
2. "Cunene". *The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language* (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
3. "Cunene" (US) and "Cunene". *Lexico UK English Dictionary*. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
4. "Cunene". *Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary*. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
5. Nakayama 2003, p. 9.
6. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kunene". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.
7. "Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam". galdu.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
8. "Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights". newsodrome.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
9. "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains". earthpeoples.org. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
10. "Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations". earthpeoples.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
11. "German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia". earthpeoples.org. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
12. "Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam". Catherine Sasman for The Namibian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
13. "KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls". Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

### Sources

* C. Michael Hogan (2012). "Kunene River". In P. Saundry; C. Cleveland (eds.). *Encyclopedia of Earth*. Washington DC.: National Council for Science and the Environment.
* F. C. de Moor; H. M. Barber-James; A. D. Harrison; C. R. Lugo-Ortiz (2000). "The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river". *African Journal of Aquatic Science*. **25** (1).
* Nakayama, Mikiyasu (2003). *International Waters in Southern Africa*. United Nations University Press. ISBN 92-808-1077-4. Google eBook.

## InfoBox

| Cunene River
Kunene River | |
| --- | --- |
| Cunene (Kunene) River near Epupa Falls | |
| Course of the Kunene (Cunene) River, parts in Angola highlighted in blue | |
| Location | |
| Countries | Angola and Namibia |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Angolan Highlands |
|  | |
| Mouth | Atlantic Ocean |
| coordinates | 17°15′09″S 11°45′05″E / 17.25250°S 11.75139°E / -17.25250; 11.75139 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 1,050 km (650 mi) |
| Basin size | 106,560 km2 (41,140 sq mi) to 108,943 km2 (42,063 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | (Period: 1971–2000)221.7 m3/s (7,830 cu ft/s) 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Waterfalls | Epupa Falls, Ruacana Falls |


title: Crystal Lake, Texas

abstract: Crystal Lake is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, located in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 20 in 2000. It is located within the Palestine, Texas micropolitan area.

text:
# Crystal Lake, Texas

**Crystal Lake** is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, located in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 20 in 2000. It is located within the Palestine, Texas micropolitan area.

## History

Crystal Lake had several homes and a golf course in the 1930s. A church called Antioch Church and several scattered homes were located in the community in 1982 and only one business was reported in the community in 1985. It had a population of 20 in 2000.

## Geography

Crystal Lake stands along U.S. Highway 84 and the Texas State Railroad, 8 mi (13 km) east of Palestine in eastern Anderson County. It stands near a lake with the same name.

## Economy

Crystal Lake is a thriving church and recreation community with fishing and camping facilities that are used by the Crystal Lake Country Club.

## Education

Crystal Lake had a school that belonged to the Swanson Spring school district in the 1930s. It served 49 students in 1932 and was then consolidated with the Palestine Independent School District in 1955. Today the community is served by the Slocum Independent School District.

## InfoBox

| Crystal Lake, Texas | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Crystal LakeCrystal Lake | |
| Coordinates: 31°41′23″N 95°30′19″W / 31.68972°N 95.50528°W / 31.68972; -95.50528 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Texas |
| County | Anderson |
| Elevation | 331 ft (101 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code(s) | 430 & 903 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2034804 |


title: Crystal Lake (Benzie County, Michigan)

abstract: Crystal Lake, the largest lake of this name in Michigan, is located near Lake Michigan in Benzie County about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Traverse City and about 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast of Frankfort at 44°39′N 86°09′W. It measures approximately 2.5 by 8 miles, and has a maximum depth of 165 feet (50 m). At 9,854 acres (40 km⁲), it is Michigan's ninth largest inland lake. Up to and through the American Civil War years Crystal Lake was known as "Cap Lake" due to the frequent whitecaps visible on its surface. Crystal Lake is adjacent to the southern reaches of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore. In 1873, an effort was made to connect Crystal Lake with Lake Michigan via a channel. The lake level of Crystal Lake was higher than that of Lake Michigan and when the channel was opened, the water level in Crystal Lake dropped about 20 ft (6.1 m). Although the project was a failure, the lowering of the lake level uncovered sandy beaches, including the current public beach at Beulah. The watershed that feeds Crystal Lake is very small, and fertilizer and sewage outflows are minimal, leading to the exceptionally clear water that gives it its current name. The surface area of the lake is 35% of the total area of the drainage basin.

text:
# Crystal Lake (Benzie County, Michigan)

**Crystal Lake**, the largest lake of this name in Michigan, is located near Lake Michigan in Benzie County about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Traverse City and about 2 miles (3.2 km) northeast of Frankfort at 44°39′N 86°09′W / 44.650°N 86.150°W / 44.650; -86.150. It measures approximately 2.5 by 8 miles (4.0 by 12.9 km), and has a maximum depth of 165 feet (50 m). At 9,854 acres (40 km2), it is Michigan's ninth largest inland lake. Up to and through the American Civil War years Crystal Lake was known as "Cap Lake" due to the frequent whitecaps visible on its surface. Crystal Lake is adjacent to the southern reaches of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.

In 1873, an effort was made to connect Crystal Lake with Lake Michigan via a channel. The lake level of Crystal Lake was higher than that of Lake Michigan and when the channel was opened, the water level in Crystal Lake dropped about 20 ft (6.1 m). Although the project was a failure, the lowering of the lake level uncovered sandy beaches, including the current public beach at Beulah.

The watershed that feeds Crystal Lake is very small, and fertilizer and sewage outflows are minimal, leading to the exceptionally clear water that gives it its current name. The surface area of the lake is 35% of the total area of the drainage basin (land and water combined).

1. "Watershed Facts". Crystal Lake & Watershed Association. Archived from the original on 2016-05-10. Retrieved 6 June 2018.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Crystal Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Crystal Lake | |
| Location | Benzie County, Michigan |
| Coordinates | 44°39′N 86°09′W / 44.650°N 86.150°W / 44.650; -86.150 |
| Primary outflows | Outlet Creek |
| Catchment area | 22.5 sq mi (58 km2) |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Max. length | 8.11 miles (13 km) |
| Max. width | 2.5 miles (4 km) |
| Surface area | 9,854 acres (40 km2) |
| Average depth | 70 ft (21 m) |
| Max. depth | 165 ft (50 m) |
| Surface elevation | 600 ft (183 m) |
|  | |
| Islands | none |
| Settlements | Beulah, Benzonia, Frankfort, Elberta |


title: Sway (Tove Styrke song)

abstract: "Sway" is a song by Swedish singer Tove Styrke from her third studio album, Sway (2018). Styrke wrote the song with Joe Janiak and Mozella in Los Angeles. Janiak handled the production with Elof Loelv as co-producer. It was previewed by Styrke while touring with Lorde in the spring of 2018. Sony Music released the song as the album's fifth single on 2 May 2018, two days before the album. Musically, "Sway" is a pop song with electronica influences. Described by Styrke as a love story, the song's lyrics speak of an infatuation and the different feelings associated with it. "Sway" received positive reviews from music critics, some of whom highlighted it as one of the best tracks on the album. Upon its release, the song appeared below the top 100 of the Sverigetopplistan singles chart, reaching number four on the Heatseeker chart. The Joanna Nordahl-directed music video depicting a queer romance between two skaters earned critical praise and a Grammis nomination. Styrke has performed the song live on numerous occasions, including the Sway Tour (2018).

text:
# Sway (Tove Styrke song)

"**Sway**" is a song by Swedish singer Tove Styrke from her third studio album, *Sway* (2018). Styrke wrote the song with Joe Janiak and Mozella in Los Angeles. Janiak handled the production with Elof Loelv as co-producer. It was previewed by Styrke while touring with Lorde in the spring of 2018. Sony Music released the song as the album's fifth single on 2 May 2018, two days before the album. Musically, "Sway" is a pop song with electronica influences. Described by Styrke as a love story, the song's lyrics speak of an infatuation and the different feelings associated with it.

"Sway" received positive reviews from music critics, some of whom highlighted it as one of the best tracks on the album. Upon its release, the song appeared below the top 100 of the Sverigetopplistan singles chart, reaching number four on the Heatseeker chart. The Joanna Nordahl-directed music video depicting a queer romance between two skaters earned critical praise and a Grammis nomination. Styrke has performed the song live on numerous occasions, including the Sway Tour (2018).

## Background and release

While composing her third studio album *Sway* (2018), Tove Styrke aimed to create "clean and simple" yet interesting songs. She collaborated with producer Elof Loelv on most of the album tracks in Stockholm, and also worked with British musician Joe Janiak during her stay in Los Angeles. She stated that visiting the city was a refreshing change of environment after working in Stockholm for a year and a half. The sessions with Janiak resulted in the creation of two songs, the title track "Sway" and "On a Level". On working with Janiak, she told 7digital, "He's a really good writer and he comes up with creative ideas that are fun for me. And me being very meticulous it's good to have someone who's not that meticulous and more of a 'feeling' person." The two co-wrote "Sway" with American songwriter Mozella, and Janiak produced the track with Loelv as co-producer. Henrik Edenhed mixed the track and Randy Merrill handled mastering.

In an interview for *Billboard*, Styrke explained that she intended to open the album with "Sway" and position "On a Level" as the final track. She said, "\[T\]hey've got something in common, in terms of being bigger than many of the other songs. But it's big in another sense. It's more nighttime, it's a little bit more tight in how it sounds, and a little bit romantic." She described "Sway" as her favorite album track in terms of the emotion it conveys, "It's so sweet. I'm obsessed with it ... 'Sway' is not just the title track; it represents the whole album so well." She previewed the song in concert prior to its official release while supporting Lorde on the Melodrama World Tour in the spring of 2018. The song was digitally released on 2 May 2018 through Sony Music, two days ahead of the album's release. The song was added for airplay on Swedish radio stations on 9 May 2018.

## Composition and lyrics

"Sway" is a three-minute and 30-second uptempo pop song with elements of electronica. It features instrumentation provided by drums and handclaps, and begins with the sound of a drink can cracking open. In an interview for *Värmlands Folkblad*, Styrke characterized the sound of the song as "big" despite the minimal production with few components. According to Owen Myers of *The Fader*, Styrke uses a double-time vocal delivery. Hannah Mylrea of *NME* classified her vocals as staccato, while *Pitchfork*'s Margaret Farrell wrote that she pauses "to catch her breath between vowels".

Styrke referred to "Sway" as a "very romantic" love story. The lyrics of the song illustrate the protagonist singing to a potential love interest. *i-D* writer Ivan Guzman, who coined the track an "elated head rush of a song", wrote that its lyrics express the "mixture of anxiety and euphoria that comes with ripping off the band-aid and just kissing your crush". Styrke told *Dagens Nyheter* that the song is about a friendship that is disrupted by romantic feelings and the subsequent uncertainty of where the relationship might lead. Farrell noted the piece as a "nervous stream of consciousness more than a mating call, capturing the anxiety of being forced to read a vibe". In the pre-chorus, Styrke sings, "I don't see nothing wrong with you and me getting along." She defined the feelings as either "anti-romantic" or "super romantic" and stated that they occupy one's mind no matter how strong.

Styrke based "Sway" on a specific night when she fell in love, although she had experienced similar emotions numerous times before. In a story for *Paper*, she recounted the feeling as "only exist\[ing\] now, in a flow, with a person and nothing up to that moment or after it matters". The lyrics were influenced by the variety of thoughts that can cross one's mind on such a night. She described it as amplifying newly-found private emotions and turning them into an almost anthemic expression. In the chorus, she proclaims, "Sway with me. Don't speak, stay with me." Regarding this sentiment, she elaborated, "'Sway with me' is like saying 'exist with me' in a way. Move through these feelings with me, flow with me, sway with me."

## Reception

"Sway" was met with general praise from music critics. At the time of its release, Jacob Moore of *Pigeons & Planes* called it a "sweeping, feel-good take on love" and selected it as one of the "Best Songs of the Week". Moore asserted, "Styrke is perfectly capable of writing immediate, insanely catchy pop songs, but she consistently pushes her music into interesting new territory." *Renowned for Sound* writer Francesca Lamaina applauded Styrke's vocal and songwriting abilities throughout *Sway*'s "eight extraordinary songs". In connection with this, Lamaina deemed the title track a "fast-paced, romantic and playful" song and named it "the perfect opener" for the album. Mylrea, writing for *NME*, lauded the track as "expertly crafted", and Simon Österhof of *Västerbottens-Kuriren* called it "fantastic".

In a review for *Pitchfork*, Farrell observed that Styrke's vocal range had expanded considerably on the album, resulting in a more daring and playful sound. Farrell specifically pointed to "Sway", which the writer described as a "woozy, seductive overture" where her "voice maneuvers around come-ons like an ice cube melting through hot fingers". Markus Larsson from *Aftonbladet* regarded the song as one of the best efforts of the album along with lead single "Say My Name". Similarly, Idolator's Matt Nied picked "Sway" as a standout track while writing, "Emerging as a highlight on an already hit-filled tracklist, this could easily dominate the charts." In a lukewarm review in *Nya Wermlands-Tidningen*, Mas Karin Gustafsson stated that the song and "On the Low" blend into each other due to the "cool" approach of other album tracks.

Adam Graham of *The Detroit News* selected "Sway" as the ninth-best-single of 2018, writing that "Swedish pop singer Tove Styrke flows like Migos on this pop jam that's stickier than flypaper". Joakim Almén of *Café* picked it as the 22nd-best-song of 2018, calling it one of the most distinguished pop songs of the year. Commercially, "Sway" became the second of *Sway*'s singles to miss the top 100 of the Sverigetopplistan singles chart, after "On the Low". The single debuted and peaked at number four on the Heatseeker chart on 11 May 2018.

## Music video

Joanna Nordahl directed the music video for "Sway". She also directed the video for the album's second single "Mistakes". Styrke appointed Nordahl as the visual creative director for *Sway*, as she believed it was crucial to collaborate with a female director who shared her perspectives and understood her vision. While conceptualizing the video treatment, Nordahl drew inspiration from Styrke's description of the album as a "collection of love stories" from varying viewpoints. Having contemplated a skateboard-themed film for some years, she identified an ideal match for the song when Styrke played it to her. She told *Paper*, "The flow and movement in the song really reminded me of warm summer nights, skating, and the sense of empowerment and freedom that I associate with that, so it felt like a perfect match."

Nordahl disclosed that the biggest challenge was ensuring the video's authenticity and respect for skateboarding culture. She elaborated, "\[C\]asting real skaters/non-actors was crucial, but of course also meant that the casting process was going to be hard. Young London skaters are not known for their love of appearing in pop videos." Several weeks of unsuccessful screen testing and searching made Nordahl consider changing the entire concept, until skaters and real-life best friends Arran Horton and Bailey Marklew were cast in the lead roles. Marklew caught her attention while he was skating past her on the street. He was passionate about filmmaking and understood her vision, and then introduced her to Horton. Styrke told *Instinct* that some of the footage used in the video were shot by Horton and Marklew themselves. Kikki Strupat and Shaun Rhodes briefly appear as a couple in the video. Tim Lorentzén was the cinematographer and Khuram Mirza was the producer.

Shot on location in London, the video for "Sway" is a documentary-style depiction of a queer romance between two skaters. Nordahl aimed to create a relatable narrative in an "unexpected" setting and capture an authentic bond between two individuals. She recognized the significance of representing queer stories and believed that a music video was a suitable medium to convey the message. She said that the relationship between the two skaters can be interpreted in different ways by different viewers as some may see them as a couple, while others may see them as friends or lovers. However, she believed all interpretations of the characters were equally valuable. Styrke commented that the video effectively captures the feeling she was aiming for when she wrote the song.

The video premiered on 21 May 2018 via Styrke's official YouTube channel. The video commences with the two skaters at a skatepark during the day. As the first chorus sets in, the scene transitions to the streets of London at night, where they continue to skate. After the second chorus, the music pauses, and they relax in an apartment while smoking and drinking water. The music resumes as they share a passionate kiss. Later, they are shown dancing in an underground club where Styrke is performing. This is interspersed with various shots of the actors' real-life footage of their friendship over the years. The visual was met with critical praise; Guzman of *i-D* declared it "stunning", and Lindsay Howard of *Variance* deemed it "simply perfect". *Nöjesguiden* named the music video the ninth-best of 2018. In 2019, the visual earned Styrke and Nordahl a Grammis nomination in the category Music Video of the Year.

## Live performances

Prior to the song's commercial release, Styrke performed "Sway" while opening for Lorde on North American dates of the Melodrama World Tour in the spring of 2018, and later while supporting Katy Perry on Witness: The Tour in Europe. Styrke did a televised performance of the song on the TV4 morning show *Nyhetsmorgon* on 6 May 2018, followed by a rendition on SVT1's *Allsång på Skansen* on 31 July 2018. She sang the song live during a Pride celebration in Växjö on 12 May 2018. She later performed it at various music festivals throughout the summer.

The song was part of her set list on the Sway Tour during the fall of 2018. Styrke stated that it "worked the best" out of the album's songs on tour, dubbing it as the album's "anthem". During the main part of the show, "Sway" was the final song performed before the encore. Styrke concluded the performance by throwing roses to the audience. In a review of the show, Melinda Reyes Hiltunen from *Norrköpings Tidningar* lauded the distribution of roses as an innovative end to the show. In December 2018, Styrke presented a live acoustic version of the song on *Musikhjälpen*, held in Lund. She also performed the song on the Hard Tour (2022–23).

## Credits and personnel

Credits are adapted from the *Sway* liner notes and Tidal.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Sway"
| Chart (2018) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan) | 4 |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Sway"
| Country | Date | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | 2 May 2018 |  | Sony Music |  |
| Sweden | 9 May 2018 | | Radio airplay |  |

## InfoBox

| "Sway" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Tove Styrke | |
| from the album  *Sway* | |
| Released | 2 May 2018 (2018-05-02) |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | Sony Music |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | * Joe Janiak * Elof Loelv (co) |
| Tove Styrke singles chronology | |
| "On the Low"
(2018) "**Sway**"
(2018) "Stuck"
(2018) | |


title: Sway (dance)

abstract: The term sway has a specific meaning in the technique of ballroom dances. Sway describes a dancer's body position in which the entire body gracefully deflects from the vertical, normally away from the standing foot and the direction of movement. Entrance to and exit from this position are matters of fine technical detail and differ in various dance figures. Sway may be an element of both stationary and moving dance figures. In moving figures, sway is commonly achieved as a natural result of body swing, but small amounts from other sources may be useful as an inflection. Sway comes primarily from an incline of the entire body, but a portion may also come from gradual bending of the trunk. It is customary to consider any bending of the trunk to occur more as a stretching of one side of the rib cage more than as a compression of the other side. This description helps to produce sway without the body line breaking awkwardly at the waist. Substantial abdominal strength may be needed to fully utilize this technique. Possible angles of sway range from having the upper body substantially trailing the lower through a movement, to having the upper body a very small amount in advance. The purposes of sway are both better control of dance motion and aesthetics.

text:
# Sway (dance)

The term **sway** has a specific meaning in the technique of ballroom dances. Sway describes a dancer's body position in which the entire body gracefully deflects from the vertical, normally away from the standing foot and the direction of movement. Entrance to and exit from this position are matters of fine technical detail and differ in various dance figures.

Sway may be an element of both stationary and moving dance figures. In moving figures, sway is commonly achieved as a natural result of body swing, but small amounts from other sources may be useful as an inflection. Sway comes primarily from an incline of the entire body, but a portion may also come from gradual bending of the trunk. It is customary to consider any bending of the trunk to occur more as a *stretching* of one side of the rib cage more than as a *compression* of the other side. This description helps to produce sway without the body line breaking awkwardly at the waist. Substantial abdominal strength may be needed to fully utilize this technique.

Possible angles of sway range from having the upper body substantially trailing the lower through a movement, to having the upper body a very small amount in advance. The purposes of sway are both better control of dance motion and aesthetics.


title: Culture of the Isle of Wight

text:
# Culture of the Isle of Wight

As an island, the Isle of Wight maintains a culture close to, but distinct from, that of the south of England. A high proportion of the population are now 'overners' rather than locally born, and so with a few notable exceptions it has more often formed the backdrop for cultural events of wider rather than island-specific significance.

The Island has inspired many creative works. Local people often seek to defend their real or perceived culture, and local politics is often dictated by a desire to preserve the traditions and habits of the Island.

The first creative flowering occurred during the reign of Queen Victoria, under whose patronage the island became a fashionable destination for the gentry.

## Literature and other media

Alfred, Lord Tennyson was made Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater on the Isle of Wight by Queen Victoria in 1884.

The poet Algernon Charles Swinburne grew up at Bonchurch, and said in a letter that he had climbed Culver Cliff at 17. He is buried at Bonchurch.

The author Maxwell Gray (Mary Gleed Tuttiett) was born in Newport, and a number of her novels, including the best-known, *The Silence of Dean Maitland*, are set on the island.

The isle has been the setting for several novels, including Julian Barnes's dystopian novel *England, England*, and detective thrillers such as *The Fallen* by Robert Rennick. It also features in John Wyndham's novel *The Day of the Triffids* and Simon Clark's sequel *The Night of the Triffids*.

The Iranian-born poet Mimi Khalvati was educated at Upper Chine School in Shanklin; many of her poems are about the island, especially in the book "The Chine".

Sandown-based author Edward Upward sets part of his book "In the Thirties" on the Isle of Wight.

The 1973 film *That'll Be the Day*, starring David Essex, Rosemary Leach and Ringo Starr, was filmed on the island, at Puckpool holiday camp, Ryde, Sandown High School, Shanklin beach and Wroxall.

The 2005 film *Fragile* was filmed almost entirely on the Isle of Wight, with the exception of a few exterior shots. Prominent locations featured in the film include Ryde's Union Street, the Military Road at Compton Bay, Ryde Pier and Red Funnel's Red Osprey car ferry.

The 2022 book *Roman Vectis: Archaeology and Identity in the Isle of Wight*, by the Isle of Wight's former county archaeologist David Tomalin, examines the nature and identity of islanders in Roman and later times.

## Painting

The "Isle of Wight School" of Romantic painters specialised in views of the South West Coast; prominent were George Morland and J. M. W. Turner.

## Photography

Julia Margaret Cameron was a prominent early photographer, who has a museum dedicated to her at Dimbola Lodge in Freshwater. She specialised in portraits of the celebrities who visited her neighbour Lord Tennyson.

Beken of Cowes, established in 1888 by pharmacist Alfred Edward Beken, pioneered yachting photography and is a leading British marine photography company.

## Local media

The island was one of the first British regions to get a community television station, with TV 12. In October 2002 the Restricted Service Licence (RSL) for the Isle of Wight (Rowridge transmitter) was awarded to a new not-for-profit local television station, Solent TV, which was the first not-for-profit community television station in the UK. It went into receivership in 2007.

It is an oft-quoted statistic that 92% of islanders read the local newspaper, the *Isle of Wight County Press*, which is published most Fridays. In the early nineties a local radio station, Isle of Wight Radio , commenced broadcasting on 1242 medium wave, later moving to 107 and 102 FM. This is now also available via the internet, along with social media such as Island Pulse.

## Major events

Many events take place each year across the island, all designed to appeal to different groups of people. Many of these take place in the summer, and so attract many tourists visiting the island. A few notable examples include:

| Event | Description | Running dates |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Isle of Wight Festival | A music festival which takes place annually at Seaclose Park in Newport. After three early festivals featuring such acts as Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan and The Who, the festival was discontinued in 1970; but was revived in a modern format in 2002. | 1968–1970;<br>2002–present |
| Bestival | A music festival held in the late summer, at a country park, Robin Hill. The event is considered much more alternative and diverse, which appeals to families. Many people attending wear fancy dress. A few notable acts include The Scissor Sisters and The Pet Shop Boys. | 2004–2016 |
| Isle of Wight Garlic Festival | An annually held fundraising event organised until 2006 by the Newchurch Parish Sports & Community Association and since then by the Garlic Festival Ltd. Held on the outskirts of Newchurch near Apse Heath, it has over 250 stallholders selling many locally produced foods such as garlic beer, garlic seafood and garlic ice cream. Music performances take place and the event also has a large central arena for other activities. | 1985–present |
| Cowes Week | Cowes Week is the longest running regular regatta in the world, and takes place on the Solent. | 1826–present |
| White Air | White Air was an extreme sports festival held in Yaverland, on the eastern side of the island, near Sandown. The event was in 2009 held in Brighton, due to difficulties between the organisers and the Isle of Wight Council. | 1996–2008 |
| Isle of Wight Walking Festival | The Isle of Wight Walking Festival is the UK's largest annual walking festival which takes place annually on the Isle of Wight each May. | 1998–present |

## Marmotinto

Marmotinto is the art of creating pictures using coloured sand or marble dust. It was first popularised in England at a dinner party given by George III who was taken with a display arranged under glass at his dinner table by a Bavarian named Benjamin Zobel (Memmingen, Germany, 21 September 1762 - London, England, 24 October 1830), a friend of George Morland, a painter prominent in the "Isle of Wight School" . It became popular in Victorian times as the tourist industry began and Alum Bay and Totland were briefly developed as a tourist destination for steamers. There are fine examples at Osborne House.

Although marmotinto with marble and other coloured dust was known in Italy and elsewhere on the continent, marmotinto with coloured sand is an art form possibly unique to the Isle of Wight, due to the availability of the raw materials and to the inherent limitations of the art form.

## Music

The Bees (UK band) are a local band who have recently met with some national success.

The band Level 42 are from Gurnard.

The Island has a full symphony orchestra, and well as several brass bands, swing and jazz groups.

Singer-songwriter Robyn Hitchcock lived on the island in the late 20th century, and occasionally refers to local geography or uses Wight-specific terms in his lyrics (the song "Let's Go Thundering" refers to "sliding down a mossy chine", for example).

Wet Leg is a British indie rock band from the Isle of Wight, founded in 2019 by Rhian Teasdale and Hester Chambers. Their debut single "Chaise Longue" became a viral hit in 2021. Their self-titled debut album (2022) debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, ARIA Albums Chart, and the Irish Albums Chart.

Champs are a UK based band formed of two brothers, Michael and David Champion from Niton. Their first album, Down Like Gold, was released in 2014. Their second album, Vamala, was released in 2015.Their third album, The Hard Interchange, was released in September 2019.\[4\] The album was created over a span of three years.

## Skateboarding

Local skateboarding team 'Wight Trash' and its associated retail brand was launched with the help of Inbiz and a Prince's Trust loan in April 2004. They have featured in skateboarding videos and events.

## Views of the Island

The Isle of Wight has traditionally seen as a place for retirees and holiday makers. The Beatles song "When I'm Sixty-Four" mentions "every summer we could rent a cottage on the Isle of Wight".

This non-threatening image is also used to comic effect by the Monty Python team in their 1976 sketch *Mr Neutron*:

**Commander**: OK. We'll bomb Neutron out. Get me Moscow! Peking! and Shanklin, Isle of Wight! *Cut to stock film of B52s on a bombing raid.* **Voice Over**: And so the Great Powers and the people of Shanklin, Isle of Wight, drew their net in ever-tightening circles around the most dangerous threat to peace the world has ever faced. They bombed Cairo, Bangkok, Cape Town, Buenos Aires, Harrow, Hammersmith, Stepney, Wandsworth and Enfield... But always it was the wrong place.

Today the island maintains this image, while also being seen nationally as a destination for the 'sea and sandcastles' style of family holiday. In an episode of the TV panel game *QI*, Alan Davies described the Isle of Wight as still stuck in the 1950s.

## Paganism

The Isle of Wight has an active branch of the Pagan Federation (many of whom style themselves as "Druids"), and amongst the inmates incarcerated inside Parkhurst Prison paganism makes up the third most popular religion, according to the Isle of Wight County Press.

The Isle of Wight was the last area of English paganism until 686CE when, according to Bede, Cædwalla of Wessex conquered the island, killing its inhabitants and installing Christians in their place. A "sheela-na-gig" is preserved in the gateway to Holy Cross Church in Binstead.

Historically several women were alleged to be witches (such as the nineteenth-century Bembridge woman Molly Downer), although not apparently persecuted. This seems to have been a psychiatric matter rather than religious.

## Morris Dancing

The Isle of Wight has many Morris sides, the newest being a mixed-sex side - Guith Morris (Guith being the name of the Island pre Roman/Saxon times); The Men of Wight, a traditional side; Bloodstone Border Morris, who are a mixed-sex border style side, named after Bloodstone Copse on the Island; The Wight Bells, an all women group established over 10 years; The Oyster Girls, who dance wearing clogs; Mr Baker's Dozen, a traditional English side; The Island Cloggies, an all-female group and Moonshine border Morris, a mixed sex group who wear black, purple, blue and green.