title: Preslav Petrov (footballer, born 1997)

abstract: Preslav Milenov Petrov is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a defender for Spartak Varna.

text:
# Preslav Petrov (footballer, born 1997)

**Preslav Milenov Petrov** (Bulgarian: Преслав Миленов Петров; born 14 February 1997) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a defender for Spartak Varna.

## Career

### Ludogorets Razgrad

Petrov made his professional debut for the first team on 20 May 2018 in a league match against Botev Plovdiv.

### Spartak Varna

In June 2023, Petrov joined Spartak Varna.

## Career statistics

### Club

*As of 19 June 2019*

| Club performance | | | League | | Cup | | Continental | | Other | | Total | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Club | League | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Bulgaria | | | League | | Bulgarian Cup | | Europe | | Other | | Total | |
| Ludogorets Razgrad II | B Group | 2015–16 | 9 | 2 |  | |  | |  | | 9 | 2 |
| | Second League | 2016–17 | 15 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 15 | 0 |
| | 2017–18 | 27 | 2 |  | |  | |  | | 27 | 2 |
| | 2017–18 | 28 | 0 |  | |  | |  | | 28 | 0 |
| | Total | | 79 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 79 | 4 |
| Ludogorets Razgrad | First League | 2017–18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 1 | 0 |
| | Total | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career statistics | | | 80 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 4 |

1. Petrov Stats
2. Талантите на Лудогорец надиграха мъжете на Ботев (Пловдив) за 2:2
3. "Спартак (Варна) няма спирка: Трети футболист на ФК ЦСКА 1948 акостира на "Коритото"" (in Bulgarian). topsport.bg. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.

## InfoBox

Preslav Petrov
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Preslav Milenov Petrov | | |
| Date of birth | (1997-02-14) 14 February 1997 | | |
| Place of birth | Ruse, Bulgaria | | |
| Position(s) | Full-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Spartak Varna | | |
| Number | 3 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–2017 | Ludogorets | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2015–2020 | Ludogorets II | 99 | (4) |
| 2018–2020 | Ludogorets | 1 | (0) |
| 2020 | Montana | 4 | (1) |
| 2021 | Dobrudzha Dobrich | 9 | (2) |
| 2021–2022 | Yantra Gabrovo | 32 | (3) |
| 2022–2023 | CSKA 1948 II | 5 | (0) |
| 2023– | Spartak Varna | 12 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2017–2018 | Bulgaria U21 | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 20 June 2024 | | | |


title: Edward Littleton (died 1629)

abstract: Sir Edward Littleton was a politician from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family and an important Staffordshire landowner of the Jacobean era and the early Caroline era. Although loyal to the monarchy, he seems to have been of Puritan sympathies and was a close ally of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex. He represented Staffordshire in the English parliament of 1624.

text:
# Edward Littleton (died 1629)

**Sir Edward Littleton** (c. 1577  25 July 1629) was a politician from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family and an important Staffordshire landowner of the Jacobean era and the early Caroline era. Although loyal to the monarchy, he seems to have been of Puritan sympathies and was a close ally of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex. He represented Staffordshire in the English parliament of 1624.

## Background

Littleton's parents were Sir Edward Littleton (died 1610) of Pillaton Hall, near Penkridge, Staffordshire, and **Margaret Devereux**, the daughter of Sir William Devereux of Merevale Hall, Warwickshire .

The elder Sir Edward Littleton was an important and politically active member of the Staffordshire landed gentry. He was a partisan of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex in the turbulent final decade of Elizabeth I. Margaret Devereux was Essex's first cousin, once removed. Sir Edward was the earl's agent in his home county of Staffordshire and played a part – tangential, he claimed – in the Essex Rebellion of 1601. He was lucky to escape with his life but his fortunes recovered quickly, especially after the accession of James I. He represented his county in Parliament from 1604 until a month before his death.

## Early life and education

Littleton was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford in 1594, aged 17 – evidence for his birth date. He left after a year for a year of legal training – a common practice in the period, when the Inns of Court were often used as finishing schools for the landed gentry – at the Inner Temple, his father's Inn of Court. He was admitted on 23 November 1595, free of charge, on the orders of the parliament of that year, at the instance of *Thomas Coventree*, Autumn Reader for 1594. This Thomas Coventry was an important judge, father of Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, and an ally of Edward Coke, the leading jurist of his day and another Inner Temple man. These connections with some of the key figures in the Elizabethan state can only have helped when the elder Littleton was embroiled in the Essex rebellion, as Coke was one of those who conducted his interrogation.

Littleton married Mary Fisher, the daughter of a Warwickshire landowner: the marriage settlement is dated 15 January 1599. At his marriage, Littleton was granted an annual allowance of £100 by his father. Two years later, faced by a large fine because of his association with Essex, the elder Littleton protested to Cecil that:

“My living is divided into three parts, of which my mother has one, my brethren and sisters another, and the third, which amounteth not to two hundred pounds per annum, must suffice for the maintenance of myself and thirteen children.”

This was special pleading, designed to get easy terms, but his son's allowance was certainly a substantial sum for him to find.

On his accession, James I distributed honours widely. The younger Littleton received his knighthood on 23 April 1603, while the king was still making his way from Scotland to the capital. He was made a justice of the peace for Staffordshire in 1605 – both signal honours for a man who was not yet in possession of his family's fortune. However, that came about fairly soon, with his father's death on 17 December 1610.

## Landowner

The Littletons had been based at Pillaton since the early years of the 16th century. They were one of the gentry families that profited greatly from the English Reformation and their most important estates were former ecclesiastical property – especially that of the Collegiate church of St Michael and All Angels at Penkridge. When the elder Sir Edward Littleton succeeded to the family estates in 1574, they comprised a swathe of lands across the Midlands: some 6,000 acres in the Penkridge area and another 600 elsewhere in Staffordshire, 1,400 acres in Warwickshire, 900 acres in Shropshire and 940 acres in Worcestershire. These he consolidated by purchasing the deanery manor at Penkridge, formerly held on an 80-year lease, and regaining possession of the family holdings in Teddesley Hay, north east of Penkridge. The younger Edward thus inherited a very large, potentially profitable, portfolio of property.

However, there were many calls on his resources and his financial situation was essentially similar to his father's. Again the estates had to support a vigorous and well-connected widow, as Margaret Devereux long outlived her husband, surviving until 23 January 1627. Mary Fisher bore eight children, four of each sex, and there were many more distant relatives with allowances. It seems also that Littleton himself was a generous host and kept a “bountiful and liberal house.” He was also honoured, but perhaps unfortunate, to be pricked High Sheriff of Staffordshire soon after succeeding to his estates, in 1613. He was forced, therefore, probably in 1614, when his shrievalty ended, to transfer his household from Pillaton to Worcester to reduce his expenses. His finances did recover, although there were complaints about the depredations of his large flocks of sheep, so it is likely that part of his recovery plan was more efficient exploitation of his own demesne lands.

He had lost his place as a justice of the peace, as this post could not be held simultaneously with that of sheriff. The move to Worcester might have threatened his future as a magistrate, but he was reappointed in Michaelmas 1615 and became active again as a justice from 1618, which may be when he returned to Pillaton.

Littleton now became closely involved in a long-running dispute between the minister of Penkridge and his parishioners. John Bowen was installed by Littleton in 1617. The Littletons held advowson, the right to present clergy to St Michaels, a source of considerable power and profit. However, their relationship to the church was more than the normal one of lay patronage. As proprietor of the deanery manor of Penkridge, Littleton was chief officer of the royal peculiar, the ecclesiastical institution – independent of the diocese of Lichfield – that survived when the College of St Michael was abolished in 1547 until 1858. This carried more power, but also more responsibility and potential for embarrassment.

Bowen created considerable enmity and numerous complaints were made by the parishioners of Penkridge. He was accused of nonconformity, which suggests that he was a Puritan, although he was also accused of fathering an illegitimate child. The case went to the Court of High Commission, the supreme judicial authority within the Church of England, which dismissed it. However, Littleton's vigorous defence of Bowen landed him in the Star Chamber. There he was forced to admit that he not properly investigated some of the allegations against Bowen, including that he had denounced the Book of Sports. Issued in 1617, this had been designed to draw a line between Puritans and religious conservatives, as it specifically permitted a number of traditional religious practices deemed pagan by radical Protestants. That Bowen was opposed, or said to be opposed, to it tends to confirm that he was considered a Puritan. Under the Stuarts, official policy was moving towards a High Church perspective.

However, Littleton seems to have been considered basically loyal. He was regularly called on to perform the offices commensurate with his status as a leading member of the county gentry. For example, he was a commissioner for the subsidy, administering royal taxation, in 1611, 1621–2, 1624, 1625 and 1628. He became captain in the horse militia. He administered the Oath of Supremacy to justices. He was even commissioner for swans in the Midland counties in 1627.

## Parliamentary career

Littleton was elected knight of the shire for Staffordshire in 1624. He was a close ally of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, just as his father had been of the 2nd earl some three decades earlier. Essex was a cousin, as well as his ally. He had a Staffordshire seat at Chartley Castle, between Stafford and Uttoxeter. It was Essex, as Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire, who secured Littleton's appointment as captain of the horse militia. Littleton was returned second in order of precedence to William Bowyer – an anomaly, since Bowyer was considerably below Littleton in the county hierarchy. Bowyer seems to have been a compromise candidate – unconnected to any major faction in the county and elected a total of five times between 1621 and 1640 – although he too was probably a moderate Puritan, like Littleton.

Littleton represented his county in what became known, sarcastically, as the Happy Parliament, following a coinage of Sir Edward Coke. It was the last of James's reign. Littleton's main contributions to the parliament were made through his work on three committees., dealing with

* The Somervile estate. The Parliament was presented with "An Act for Settling and Establishing of the Inheritance of Sir Will, Somervile, Knight, deceased." This stemmed from the case of John Somervile, a Catholic landowner from Warwickshire, who had set off for London in 1583, openly threatening to kill the queen, and had attacked some bystanders with his sword. Apprehended, he incriminated others and was condemned to death, but was found dead in his cell. His Protestant daughters and his brother, Sir William Somerville, were able to recover parts of his estates, but his son, also Sir William, was now seeking a final settlement. Apparently, the issue threatened to lead to intimidation and violence, as the House was soon demanding the presence of "the Party that gave Warning to Sir Will. Somervile's Brothers to be here To-morrow Morning, to acquaint the House with the Manner of it."
* The Egerton affair. This involved the important Staffordshire estate of Wrinehill, acquired by the prominent MP Sir John Egerton (died 1614) from his improvident cousin, Edward Egerton, but now the centre of a complex property dispute because of Sir John's disputed will. By this stage, Edward had gone so far as to introduce a bill to have the estate returned to him by John's son, Roland Egerton, who defended his own interests by getting himself elected to the parliament of 1624. The case proved almost intractable, although Sir Roland's family was ultimately to keep the estate.
* The naturalisation of three Scotsmen.

On 27 April Littleton he named Sir William Powell, a Staffordshire magistrate, as a recusant officeholder. This was the extent of his activity in what was a short-lived parliament. Although a partisan of Essex, a politician with a national profile, Littleton was thus confined almost entirely to matters of a regional importance, in which he probably had considerable knowledge and expertise.

It is possible that he considered contesting the 1628 election at Stafford, as the mayor and aldermen wrote to "Sir Edward Littleton" about the election. However, the contents of the letter are unknown, and the addressee might easily have been his son. He never again sat in parliament.

## Later years and death

In 1625 Littleton's eldest son and heir, also Edward, married Hester Courten, daughter of Sir William Courten, an immensely wealthy London textile merchant and financier, originally from Menen in Flanders. Courten had been immensely generous to the Crown, always desperate for money, but was still only a tradesman. It was some measure of Courten's desire to see his children accepted in English society that he parted with a huge dowry, some £5,000, to the Littletons, still gentry of merely regional importance. It is likely that this made possible the purchase of a baronetcy for the younger Edward Littleton in 1627. Charles I, even more rapacious for money than his father, was selling large numbers of baronetcies through favoured courtiers. There were to be four Littleton Baronets of Pillaton, the title lapsing in 1812.

By this time, the king's need for money had led to deadlock with both Houses of Parliament and a political crisis that was to become systemic. Charles imposed a forced loan on the country arbitrarily. Essex was one of the leaders of the opposition to this measure. He was stripped of his offices and in July 1627 Littleton was appointed *Custos Rotulorum* of Staffordshire, the county's senior administrative post, in place of the earl. He relinquished the post voluntarily when Essex was restored to his other offices in December 1628. Meanwhile, Littleton was also appointed commissioner for the forced loan in Staffordshire.

Littleton died on 25 July 1629 at Pillaton Hall, his Staffordshire home. He was buried the next day in St Michael's church, Penkridge. In his will, dated 1 June 1629, he left his wife 200 sheep, as well as cattle and agricultural equipment. He left instructions that a monument be erected to himself, his wife, his father and mother. This was duly completed by his son, the 1st baronet. an impressive two-tiered structure, it features effigies of Littleton and Mary Fisher on the upper tier, with his parents below. It was installed against the north wall of the chancel, but has since been relocated to the east wall.

## Marriage and family

Edward Littleton married **Mary Fisher**. She was the daughter of a Warwickshire landowner, Clement Fisher of Packington and Mary Repington, daughter of Sir Francis Repington, also of Warwickshire gentry background. The Fishers, like the Littleton's, had risen in the world by acquiring ecclesiastical lands (mainly those of Kenilworth priory) and allying themselves to the most important local magnate (in their case, Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick), so the couple were well-matched socially and politically. *Fisher* was used for several generations by the Littletons as a name for younger sons.

They had four sons and four daughters.

* Fisher Littleton married Anne Baynton of Wiltshire.
* Sir Walter Littleton married Priscilla Pemberton of Rushden, Northamptonshire.
* William Littleton married the daughter, name unknown, of John Webster, a resident of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
* Lettice Littleton married in turn two Worcestershire landowners: William Washbourne of Washbourne and John Clent of Knightwick.
* Mary Littleton married Euseby Shuckburgh of Naseby, Northamptonshire.
* Margaret Littleton married in turn two Warwickshire knights: Sir George Browne of Radford Semele and Sir Francis Fisher of Packington, her cousin.


title: Edwards Building

abstract: Edwards Building is a historic department store building located at Rochester in Monroe County, New York. It is a seven-story building built in 1908 in the Renaissance Revival style. The building is elaborately clad in white terra cotta and features Chicago style windows. It was built to house the Edward's Department Store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Edwards Building

**Edwards Building** is a historic department store building located at Rochester in Monroe County, New York. It is a seven-story building built in 1908 in the Renaissance Revival style. The building is elaborately clad in white terra cotta and features Chicago style windows. It was built to house the Edward's Department Store.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Edwards Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Edwards Building, September 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | 26-34 St. Paul St., Rochester, New York |
| Coordinates | 43°9′26″N 77°36′33″W / 43.15722°N 77.60917°W / 43.15722; -77.60917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1908 |
| Architect | Crandall & Strobel; Edwards Department Store |
| Architectural style | Renaissance |
| MPS | Department Store TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 84000287 |
| Added to NRHP | October 11, 1984 |


title: Preston Trombly

abstract: Preston Andrew Trombly is an American musician and broadcast personality. He is a program host on Sirius XM's Symphony Hall classical music channel. Trombly earned his Bachelor of Music from the University of Connecticut in 1969. He received a Master of Musical Arts degree from the Yale School of Music in 1972. He has been a Fellow in Composition and Conducting at the Tanglewood Music Center (1970), a Guggenheim Fellow (1974–1975), and a resident fellow at the MacDowell Colony. Trombly's visual art has been shown in multiple exhibitions, principally in the New York area. In the early 1980s Trombly was active as a saxophonist and jazz clarinetist. He played with the Jaki Byard group, and also as a soloist. He has taught at Vassar College, CUNY and the Catholic University of America. Trombly was a classical music program host at WNCN-FM from 1991 to 1993, and at WQXR-FM from 1991 to 2000. He was also a newscaster and staff announcer at WOR-AM from 1991 to 2008. He joined Sirius Satellite Radio in 2000. In 1997 Trombly married Margaret Mary Kelly, then the director of the Forbes Magazine Collection.

text:
# Preston Trombly

**Preston Andrew Trombly** (born December 30, 1945, in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American musician and broadcast personality. He is a program host on Sirius XM's Symphony Hall classical music channel.

Trombly earned his Bachelor of Music from the University of Connecticut in 1969. He received a Master of Musical Arts degree from the Yale School of Music in 1972. He has been a Fellow in Composition and Conducting at the Tanglewood Music Center (1970), a Guggenheim Fellow (1974–1975), and a resident fellow at the MacDowell Colony. Trombly's visual art has been shown in multiple exhibitions, principally in the New York area.

In the early 1980s Trombly was active as a saxophonist and jazz clarinetist. He played with the Jaki Byard group, and also as a soloist. He has taught at Vassar College, CUNY and the Catholic University of America.

Trombly was a classical music program host at WNCN-FM from 1991 to 1993, and at WQXR-FM from 1991 to 2000. He was also a newscaster and staff announcer at WOR-AM from 1991 to 2008. He joined Sirius Satellite Radio in 2000.

In 1997 Trombly married Margaret Mary Kelly, then the director of the Forbes Magazine Collection.


title: Edward Spring Knapp

abstract: Edward Spring Knapp, of New York City, was a philatelist known for his remarkable collections of postage stamps and postal history.

text:
# Edward Spring Knapp

**Edward Spring Knapp** (September 10, 1879 – April 5, 1940), of New York City, was a philatelist known for his remarkable collections of postage stamps and postal history.

## Collecting interests

Knapp specialized in the postage stamps postal history of the United States and the Confederate States of America. However, he even specialized more within his United States collecting interests: his collection of posted hotel covers contained very rare items and was considered unsurpassed. His hotel covers collection won numerous awards including international ones in 1926 and 1936.

Knapp worked with Stanley Bryan Ashbrook on several projects, including determining the exact position of each stamp printed on a pane of stamps, called plating. Their work on plating the 5¢ New Orleans Confederate Provisional and the 10¢ Frameline are most notable.

## Sale of philatelic estate

Knapp died in 1940, and in 1941 and 1942 his collections were sold. The Confederate States of America collection was sold separately. However, the rest of the collection was massive and required three auction sessions to be conducted by Parke-Bernet Galleries before all the philatelic material was evaluated and sold.

Material in the collection sold at auction were photographed before sale, and illustrations of 7,822 philatelic items were published in 186 volumes and placed into the library at the Collectors Club of New York. Another set of three volumes entitled *Philatelic Iconography: Being Illustrations of Rare and Unusual Stamps, Covers, and Cancellations Included in the Edward S. Knapp Collections* was published in 1941, and it contained material not included in the 186 volumes. A copy is now located in the National Postal Museum at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

## Honors and awards

Edward Knapp was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1941.

## InfoBox

| Edward Spring Knapp | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | September 10, 1879 |
| Died | April 5, 1940 (1940-04-06) (aged 60) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Projects | prominent student of United States and Confederate States of America philately and postal history; created world-famous collections of postal history |
| Awards | APS Hall of Fame |
|  | |


title: Pristan'-Przheval'sk

abstract: Pristan'-Przheval'sk is an urban-type settlement in the Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. Administratively, it is part of the city Karakol. The town was named after the Russian geographer, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, who is buried nearby. It lies 12 km north west of Karakol. Its population was 2,829 in 2021. Kyrgyz and Dungan rebels attacked Przheval'sk during the 1916 Basmachi revolt. This was met by repression and in Przheval'sk 70% of the Kyrgyz died along with 90% of their cattle.

text:
# Pristan'-Przheval'sk

**Pristan'-Przheval'sk** is an urban-type settlement in the Issyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. Administratively, it is part of the city Karakol. The town was named after the Russian geographer, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, who is buried nearby. It lies 12 km north west of Karakol. Its population was 2,829 in 2021.

Kyrgyz and Dungan rebels attacked Przheval'sk during the 1916 Basmachi revolt. This was met by repression and in Przheval'sk 70% of the Kyrgyz died along with 90% of their cattle.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 3,039 |  |
| 1979 | 3,398 | +1.25% |
| 1989 | 3,886 | +1.35% |
| 1999 | 3,399 | −1.33% |
| 2009 | 2,917 | −1.52% |
| 2021 | 2,829 | −0.25% |
| Note: resident population; Sources: | | |

## InfoBox

| Pristan'-Przheval'sk | |
| --- | --- |
| Pristan'-Przheval'sk | |
| Coordinates: 42°34′8.58″N 78°17′49.06″E / 42.5690500°N 78.2969611°E / 42.5690500; 78.2969611 | |
| Country | Kyrgyzstan |
| Region | Issyk-Kul |
| City | Karakol |
| Elevation | 1,621 m (5,318 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 2,829 |
| Time zone | UTC+6 |
|  | |


title: Edward P. Morgan

abstract: Edward Paddock Morgan was an American journalist and writer who reported for newspapers, radio, and television media services including ABC, CBS networks, and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). A native of Walla Walla, Washington, Morgan began his news career with The Seattle Star in 1932. He worked in print journalism for two decades, for United Press International, The Chicago Daily News, and Collier's Weekly before joining CBS as a radio and TV reporter. From 1955 to 1967, Morgan broadcast an evening radio program of news and commentary, "Edward P. Morgan and the News," which won him the George Foster Peabody Award in 1956. In 1956, Morgan was based in New York City and working for the ABC Radio Network. He broadcast a professional news report of the collision of the ocean liners SS Andrea Doria and MS Stockholm off the Massachusetts coast, not telling listeners that his 14-year-old daughter had been aboard the Andrea Doria and was believed to have been killed. His daughter, Linda Morgan, was discovered alive the next day, having been catapulted to a deck of the Stockholm when its bow knifed into her cabin. Dubbed by media the "miracle girl", she had received only a broken arm. Morgan then made another broadcast emotionally describing the difference between reporting the news about strangers and how different it was with his own loved ones involved. In 1960 Morgan received the Alfred I. duPont Award. Morgan moved to ABC News in the early 1960s where, with Howard K. Smith, he anchored portions of ABC's coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the 1964 political conventions. He retired as an ABC commentator and Newsday Syndicate columnist in 1975. Edward P. Morgan died January 27, 1993, at his home in McLean, Fairfax County, Virginia. His first marriage in 1937 was to Jane Stolle. Their daughter Linda was born in 1942. In 1945, the marriage dissolved. He married his second wife Katherine Sage Sohier on July 18, 1960. Sohier had two daughters from her first marriage to Walter Denegre Sohier.

text:
# Edward P. Morgan

**Edward Paddock Morgan** (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 1993) was an American journalist and writer who reported for newspapers, radio, and television media services including ABC, CBS networks, and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).

A native of Walla Walla, Washington, Morgan began his news career with *The Seattle Star* in 1932. He worked in print journalism for two decades, for United Press International, *The Chicago Daily News*, and *Collier's Weekly* before joining CBS as a radio and TV reporter.

From 1955 to 1967, Morgan broadcast an evening radio program of news and commentary, "Edward P. Morgan and the News," which won him the George Foster Peabody Award in 1956.

In 1956, Morgan was based in New York City and working for the ABC Radio Network. He broadcast a professional news report of the collision of the ocean liners SS *Andrea Doria* and MS *Stockholm* off the Massachusetts coast, not telling listeners that his 14-year-old daughter had been aboard the *Andrea Doria* and was believed to have been killed.

His daughter, Linda Morgan, was discovered alive the next day, having been catapulted to a deck of the *Stockholm* when its bow knifed into her cabin. Dubbed by media the "miracle girl", she had received only a broken arm. Morgan then made another broadcast emotionally describing the difference between reporting the news about strangers and how different it was with his own loved ones involved.

In 1960 Morgan received the Alfred I. duPont Award.

Morgan moved to ABC News in the early 1960s where, with Howard K. Smith, he anchored portions of ABC's coverage of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the 1964 political conventions. He retired as an ABC commentator and *Newsday Syndicate* columnist in 1975. Edward P. Morgan died January 27, 1993, at his home in McLean, Fairfax County, Virginia.

His first marriage in 1937 was to Jane Stolle. Their daughter Linda was born in 1942. In 1945, the marriage dissolved. He married his second wife Katherine Sage Sohier (née Burden) on July 18, 1960. Sohier had two daughters from her first marriage to Walter Denegre Sohier.


title: Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire

abstract: Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire KB was an English nobleman.

text:
# Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire

**Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire** KB (7 April 1470 – 24 March 1499) was an English nobleman.

## Origins

Edward Stafford, born 7 April 1470, was the only child of John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 8 May 1473), third son of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, by Anne Neville (1414–1480), the daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, by his second marriage to Joan Beaufort, the legitimated daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, by his mistress and later third wife, Katherine Swynford.

Edward Stafford's mother was Constance Greene (d. 2 March 1475), the only daughter and heiress of Henry Greene, esquire, of Drayton in Lowick, Northamptonshire.

## Career

Stafford's father died 8 May 1473, and Stafford succeeded to the earldom at the age of three. He was made a Knight of the Bath on 18 April 1475, and on 16 March and 1 June of that year Sir Ralph Hastings was appointed steward of his lands during his minority, while his 'governance and tuition' were entrusted to his grandmother, Anne, Duchess of Buckingham.

On 6 July 1483 Stafford bore the Queen's crown at the coronation of King Richard III, and on 24 August of that year he was present at the creation of the King's, son, Edward, as Prince of Wales.

On 30 June 1484, at the age of fourteen, Stafford had licence to enter on his lands. On 25 November 1487 he attended the coronation of King Henry VII's Queen, Elizabeth of York. He was with the forces which fought against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath on 17 June 1497, and on 11 September 1498 entertained the King at Drayton.

Stafford died at Drayton on 24 March 1499 at the age of 28, and was buried at Lowick. His widow, Margaret, died between 8 August 1500 and 9 September 1504.

Stafford left a will dated 21 March 1499, summarized by Harris in *Testamenta Vetusta*, requesting burial in St. Peter's Church, Lowick:

> My body to be buried in the Church of St. Peter of Lufwyke, in the County of Northampton, in Our Lady's aisle, by my grandfather Greene; and I will that my executors make a convenient tomb there for me.

## Marriage and issue

By settlement dated 13 July 1494 Stafford married Margaret Grey, the daughter of Edward Grey, Viscount Lisle, by Elizabeth Talbot, *suo jure* Baroness Lisle of Kingston Lisle. They had no issue, and the earldom of Wiltshire became extinct at Stafford's death.

The earldom of Wiltshire was re-created on 28 January 1510 for Edward Stafford's cousin, Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire. Burke erroneously states that Edward Stafford's widow, Margaret, married Henry Stafford. However Cokayne, Vol. XII, p. 738, states that this alleged marriage did not take place. Moreover, Burke mistakenly identifies Stafford's widow, Margaret, as the *daughter* of John Grey, Viscount Lisle, whereas she was the daughter of Edward Grey, Viscount Lisle, and his wife, Elizabeth Talbot (d. 8 September 1487), and the *sister* of John Grey (d. 6 or 9 September 1504), 2nd Viscount Lisle.

* Burke, John (1831). *A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland, and Scotland, extinct, dormant, and in abeyance*. Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. p. 493.
* Cokayne, George Edward (1932). *The Complete Peerage edited by H.A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden*. Vol. VIII. London: St Catherine Press.
* Cokayne, George Edward (1959). *The Complete Peerage edited by Geoffrey H. White*. Vol. XII (Part II). London: St Catherine Press.
* Dockray, Keith (2004). "Stafford, Henry, earl of Wiltshire (c.1479–1523)". *Oxford Dictionary of National Biography* (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/70804. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families*. Vol. II (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1449966386.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families*. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City. ISBN 978-1449966393.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.). *Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families*. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah. ISBN 978-1460992708.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## InfoBox

| Edward Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire | |
| --- | --- |
| Effigy of Edward Stafford, Lowick Church, 1796 drawing | |
| Born | 7 April 1470 |
| Died | 24 March 1499(1499-03-24) (aged 28)<br>Drayton, Northamptonshire |
| Buried | Lowick, Northamptonshire |
| Spouse(s) | Margaret Grey |
| Father | John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire |
| Mother | Constance Greene |


title: Edward Hagen (handballer)

abstract: Edward Christian John Hagen was an American male handball player. He was a member of the United States men's national handball team. He was part of the team at the 1936 Summer Olympics, playing 2 matches. On club level he played for Cake Bakers Sport Club in the United States.

text:
# Edward Hagen (handballer)

**Edward Christian John Hagen** (March 4, 1908 - August 16, 1963) was an American male handball player. He was a member of the United States men's national handball team. He was part of the team at the 1936 Summer Olympics, playing 2 matches. On club level he played for Cake Bakers Sport Club in the United States.

1. "Profile of Edward Hagen". *Sports Reference*. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2016.

## InfoBox

| Edward Hagen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Edward Christian John Hagen | | |
| Born | (1908-03-04)4 March 1908
Philadelphia, United States | | |
| Died | 16 August 1963(1963-08-16) (aged 55)
Philadelphia, United States | | |
| Nationality | United States | | |
| Senior clubs | | | |
| Years | **Team** | | |
| ?-? | Cake Bakers Sport Club | | |
| National team 1 | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| ?-? | United States | 2 | (0) |
| 1 National team caps and goals correct
as of only during the 1936 Summer Olympics | | | |


title: Pristimantis yustizi

abstract:
Pristimantis yustizi is a species of frogs in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Venezuela.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pristimantis yustizi

***Pristimantis yustizi*** is a species of frogs in the family Strabomantidae.

It is endemic to Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis yustizi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. yustizi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis yustizi***
(Barrio-Amorós & Chacón-Ortiz, 2004) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus yustizi* Barrio-Amorós & Chacón-Ortiz, 2004 | |


title: Pristimantis xylochobates

abstract:
Pristimantis xylochobates is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is endemic to Colombia.
Its natural habitat is tropical moist montane forests.
Like many species in the region, it is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pristimantis xylochobates

***Pristimantis xylochobates*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitat is tropical moist montane forests. Like many species in the region, it is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis xylochobates* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. xylochobates*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis xylochobates***
(Lynch & Ruíz-Carranza, 1996) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus xylochobates* Lynch & Ruíz-Carranza, 1996 | |


title: Pristimantis xestus

abstract:
Pristimantis xestus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is endemic to Colombia.
Its natural habitat is tropical high-altitude grassland.

text:
# Pristimantis xestus

***Pristimantis xestus*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitat is tropical high-altitude grassland.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis xestus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. xestus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis xestus***
(Lynch, 1995) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus xestus* Lynch, 1995 | |


title: Pristimantis walkeri

abstract:
Pristimantis walkeri is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is endemic to Ecuador.
Its natural habitats are tropical dry forests, moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Pristimantis walkeri

***Pristimantis walkeri*** is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are tropical dry forests, moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Pristimantis walkeri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Strabomantidae |
| Genus: | *Pristimantis* |
| Species: | ***P. walkeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pristimantis walkeri***
(Lynch, 1974) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eleutherodactylus walkeri* Lynch, 1974 | |


title: Princess Taiping (sailing vessel)

abstract: The Princess Taiping was a replica of a Ming Dynasty Chinese junk built for a sailing trip from China to the United States and back. The ship sank approximately 42 nautical miles (78 km) from its final destination on Saturday, 25 April 2009. If successful, it would have been the first ship of its kind known to have done so.

text:
# Princess Taiping (sailing vessel)

The **Princess Taiping** (Chinese: 太平公主; pinyin: *Tàipíng Gōngzhǔ*) was a replica of a Ming Dynasty Chinese junk built for a sailing trip from China to the United States and back. The ship sank approximately 42 nautical miles (78 km) from its final destination on Saturday, 25 April 2009. If successful, it would have been the first ship of its kind known to have done so. (Fifty years earlier, a junk called *Free China* had been sailed to San Francisco but none had ever made the more difficult return journey to China.)

## History

The ship was commissioned by 61-year-old Liu Ningsheng ("Nelson Liu"), possibly the first Taiwanese person to ever circle the earth in a yacht, to demonstrate the plausibility of the theory that the Chinese explored the American West Coast decades before the voyages of Christopher Columbus. The ship was a replica of war ships in the navies of Zheng He and Koxinga. It was 54 feet (16 m) long and 45 feet (14 m) wide. Thirty craftsmen from Fuzhou, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou spent six years building the ship, without nuts and bolts, using traditional Chinese shipbuilding techniques. It was entirely wind-powered, with three cotton sails.

The ship was launched in June, 2008 from Xiamen, in the People's Republic of China. It set off on June 26 from Keelung, Taiwan, with Liu as skipper. It made 17,000 miles (27,000 km) of its trip, stopping in California, Hawaii, and Japan, among other places, before it was rammed by the *Champion Express*, a 650-foot (200 m) Liberian-flagged Norwegian chemical tanker, near the Su Ao Harbor in northeastern Taiwan, 20–30 miles from the end of its voyage back in Keelung. The *Princess Taiping* sank. Although the *Champion Express* did not stop to give assistance, Liu sent a distress signal by radio beacon. The skipper and all ten members of his international crew were rescued by a Taiwanese helicopter and rescue ship after several hours in the water.

At the time of the sinking, a similar replica of a Ming Dynasty vessel was under construction in Tainan. This replica named "Taiwan Cheng Kung" set sail from Anping Harbour on Saturday 4 December 2010 and travelled to the estuary of Luermen Creek in Taiwan.

* Keying (ship), junk that sailed from Hong Kong to London in New York in 1846-1848
* Richard Halliburton, an American adventurer who commissioned a junk in 1939; the *Sea Dragon* with him aboard disappeared mid-Pacific.

24°51′N 122°20′E / 24.850°N 122.333°E / 24.850; 122.333


title: Princess Taihe

abstract: Princess Taihe, later known as Princess Ding'an (定安公主) or Princess Anding (安定公主), was a princess of the Chinese Tang dynasty and a khatun (empress) of Huigu. She was married to Huige's Chongde Khan as part of the Heqin system of marriages between Tang princesses and Huigu khans, but suffered through Huigu's subsequent collapse before being welcomed back to the Tang court.

text:
# Princess Taihe

**Princess Taihe** (太和公主, personal name unknown), later known as **Princess Ding'an** (定安公主) or **Princess Anding** (安定公主), was a princess of the Chinese Tang dynasty and a khatun (empress) of Huigu. She was married to Huige's Chongde Khan as part of the Heqin system of marriages between Tang princesses and Huigu khans, but suffered through Huigu's subsequent collapse before being welcomed back to the Tang court.

## Background and entry into marriage

It is not known when Princess Taihe was born, although it is known that she was a daughter of Emperor Xianzong (r. 805820) and Emperor Xianzong's wife Consort Guo, and that she was younger than her full brother Li Heng, who was born in 795. She was Emperor Xianzong's 10th daughter over all.

Late in Emperor Xianzong's reign, Huigu, then reigned by Baoyi Khan, made repeated overtures to request a Tang princess to be married to Baoyi Khan under the Heqin system. Eventually, after a mission headed by the Huigu diplomat Hedagan (合達干), Emperor Muzong agreed to have Princess Taihe's older sister Princess Yong'an married to Baoyi Khan—but as Baoyi died in 821, the marriage never took place. After Baoyi Khan died in 821 and was succeeded by Chongde Khan, Chongde Khan continued to seek marriage with a Tang princess, and he sent a delegation including a number of officials and two Huigu princesses, along with a bride price of horses and camels. Later in 821, Li Heng, who was by now emperor (as Emperor Muzong), agreed to marry Princess Taihe to Chongde Khan. When another neighbor state, Tufan, became aware of the Tang-Huigu marriage, it was incensed and attacked Fort Qingsai (青塞堡, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), but the Tufan attack was repelled. On August 28, she departed the Tang capital Chang'an, escorted by the general Hu Zheng (胡証), assisted by the other officials Li Xian (李憲) and Yin You (殷侑). Anticipating a possible attempt to Tufan forces to intercept Princess Taihe's train, Huigu forces were dispatched to escort them as well as to attack Tufan's borders. Emperor Muzong issued an edict permitting Princess Taihe to maintain a staff on the same level of staffing as an imperial prince.

Princess Taihe's train did not arrive at the Huigu court until late 822. When they approached the Huigu court, Chongde Khan sent a group of several hundred soldiers to welcome her and escort her to the Huigu court, but Hu declined on the basis that his mission was to escort the princess *to Chongde Khan* and therefore he had to complete that final leg of the mission. After they arrived at the Huigu court and an appropriate date was set, Chongde Khan created her as Khatun—the Khan's wife. The wedding, as described by the *Old Book of Tang*, went in this manner:

> The Khan first ascended a tower and sat to the east, and set up a tent under the tower for the Princess. He sent a group of Huigu princesses to teach the Princess in the ways of Huigu. The Princess took off her Tang robes and put on Huigu robes. Accompanied by an old woman servant, she exited the tent and approached the tower from the west, bowing. The Khan sat and accepted her bow. She then bowed again and then reentered the tent. She took off her robes and put on Khatun robes, and all of her clothes were madder-colored. She also bore a gold crown with protrusions like horns. She then exited the tent and again bowed to the Khan. A large litter was set up, with a small seat in the front. A fortune teller assisted her in ascending the litter, and the chieftains of Huigu's nine tribes bore the litter. They made nine right turns before stopping at the tower. The Princess then descended from the litter and ascended the tower, and she sat with the Khan in the same eastern direction. The Huigu officials then bowed to both the Khan and the Khatun. The Khatun had her own headquarter tent, and two chancellors served her.

Before Hu and his staff were ready to depart, Princess Taihe held a feast for them, and it was said that she wept for over a day and kept them for that duration, before they actually departed. Chongde Khan awarded them with great treasure.

## As Khatun

In 824, Chongde Khan died and was succeeded by his brother Yaoluoge Hesa (藥羅葛曷薩) (as Zhaoli Khan). Princess Taihe remained in Huigu, although it is not clear whether she remarried Zhaoli Khan or any other person. In 832, Zhaoli Khan was assassinated by his subordinates, and his nephew Yaoluge Hu (藥羅葛胡) succeeded him (as Zhangxin Khan).

In 839, after a rebellion by the officials Anyunhe (安允合) and Chaile (柴勒), Zhangxin Khan was able to defeat and kill them, but a subsequent attack by another official, Jueluowu (掘羅勿), along with the Shatuo chief Zhuye Chixin, defeated Zhangxin Khan, and Zhangxin Khan committed suicide. The nobles supported another member of the royal family, Yaoluoge Hesa (藥羅葛闔馺, not same person as Zhaoli Khan) as khan. That year, it was said that in addition to these wars, there was a major plague and major snow storm, causing great deaths of the Huigu livestock and leading to its sudden decline.

In 840, a major Xiajiasi attack on Huigu destroyed the Huigu headquarters, and both Yaoluoge Hesa and Jueluowu were killed in battle. The remaining Huigu forces scattered. In 841, one of the major generals, Wamosi, submitted to Tang (which was then ruled by Emperor Muzong's son Emperor Wuzong), and Emperor Wuzong issued an edict to Wamosi ordering him to seek out Princess Taihe. Meanwhile, though, Princess Taihe was actually taken captive by the Xiajiasi khan Are (阿熱), but Are, who claimed ancestry from the Han dynasty general Li Ling and thus a common ancestry with Tang emperors (through Li Ling's grandfather Li Guang), treated her with respect and sent a group of generals to escort Princess Taihe back to Tang territory. On the way, though, one of the remnant Huigu leaders who had claimed khan title, Yaoluoge Wuxi (藥羅葛烏希, with title of Wujie Khan) ambushed the Xiajiasi escort and took Princess Taihe. He had her write to Emperor Wuzong requesting that Emperor Wuzong create him the new khan and also lend the border city of Zhenwu (振武, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) to him to allow him to plan the rebuilding of Huigu. Emperor Wuzong responded with an edict that instructed Wujie Khan to remain outside Tang borders and requested Princess Taihe to personally return to Chang'an to report on Huigu's status.

Wujie Khan did not follow Emperor Wuzong's orders, and Huigu remnants under him pillaged Tang's northern territory in earnest. He also made another request to borrow the border city of Tiande (天德, in modern Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia), which Emperor Wuzong rejected. Emperor Wuzong further wrote a rebuking letter to Wujie Khan and warning of consequences, again ordering him to have Princess Taihe personally report and make requests. Emperor Wuzong also mobilized the forces of the circuits on the northern border, preparing a major retributive campaign against Wujie Khan. In winter 842, he also had the chancellor Li Deyu write a letter in his own name, addressed to Princess Taihe, sending it to the Huigu remnants along with winter clothes as a gift for Princess Taihe:

> Before, the Empire was willing to let go its beloved daughter to intermarry with Huigu. This was to seek peace for the Empire, and it was believed that Huigu would assist us in quieting the borders and defend against foreign attacks. But recent Huigu actions were thoroughly unreasonable, and its horses often headed south. Are you, Aunt, not fearful of the anger that the spirits of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong would have? As you intrude and disturb the Empire's borders, do you not think of the kindness and love of the Grand Empress Dowager \[(i.e., Consort Guo)\]? You, Aunt, are the mother of the state in Huigu, and you should have enough power to issue orders. If the Khan does not accept your orders, then he will be ending the relationship between the two states. After that, he will no longer be able to use you, Aunt, as his defense.

In 843, Wujie Khan launched an attack on Zhenwu. Tang forces, commanded by the general Shi Xiong, prepared a surprise counter-attack. When he arrived near the Huigu camp, he noticed that there were some special wagons lined with rugs, and that the servants in those wagons were wearing red- and green-colored robes that appeared to be Chinese. He sent a scout to make contact and found out that these were Princess Taihe's train. He then had the scout again inform Princess Taihe of his plans to attack, and asked her and her servants to remain calm and not move during the attack. At night, he made a surprise attack on Wujie Khan's tent, and Wujie Khan's forces collapsed. Wujie Khan fled, and Shi then escorted Princess Taihe back to Tang territory.

## After return to Tang

On April 4, 843, Princess Taihe arrived at Chang'an. Emperor Wuzong ordered the chancellors and the other officials to welcome and honor her. She took off her grand clothes and jewels, and she approached the palace, apologizing for the failure of her mission. Emperor Wuzong sent eunuchs to comfort her and put her robes and jewels back on, and then welcomed her into the palace. The next day, she had a reunion with her mother Grand Empress Dowager Guo, and she was created the title of Grand Princess Ding'an (per the *New Book of Tang*) or Grand Princess Anding (per the *Zizhi Tongjian*). Seven princesses did not attend the welcoming ceremony, and Emperor Wuzong, in anger, took away a portion of their stipend and the silk customarily given to them. This was the last historical reference to her, and it is not known when she died.

## Notes and references

## Sources


title: Pressure-retarded osmosis

abstract: Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a technique to separate a solvent from a solution that is more concentrated and also pressurized. A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis. The technique can be used to generate power from the salinity gradient energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water.

text:
# Pressure-retarded osmosis

**Pressure retarded osmosis** (**PRO**) is a technique to separate a solvent (for example, fresh water) from a solution that is more concentrated (e.g. sea water) and also pressurized. A semipermeable membrane allows the solvent to pass to the concentrated solution side by osmosis. The technique can be used to generate power from the salinity gradient energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water.

## History

This method of generating power was invented by Prof. Sidney Loeb in 1973 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.

Richard Norman submitted a manuscript describing the concept to *Science* in May 1974. In that manuscript, Norman clearly indicated that he was unaware of any prior work on the topic. Loeb submitted a comment on Norman's cost analysis to *Science* in January 1975. In that publication, Loeb proposed the term "pressure retarded osmosis". He further wrote "To facilitate examination of the concept in some detail, the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation awarded a grant (No. 337) to our Research Authority in May 1974."

## Scientific and technical background

The ideal power production formula, which applies to an idealized situation, predicts that the optimal hydraulic pressure difference, $\Delta P$ is one-half the osmotic pressure difference between the saline and pure water streams $\Delta \Pi /2$. For a seawater to fresh water PRO system, the ideal case corresponds to an optimal power pressure of 26 bars. This pressure is equivalent to a column of water (hydraulic head) 270 meters high.

In a real-world system, both the hydraulic pressure and the osmotic pressure will vary through the PRO system as a result of friction, water removal, and salt build up near the membranes. These factors reduce the achievable power below the ideal limit. The amount of membrane area that can be used is limited by cost and other practical considerations, and this factor limits achievable power production. A significant portion of the electrical power generated by PRO must be used by the pumps that circulate water through the plant. Appropriate membranes are also necessary. All these factors have limited the economic viability of PRO.

PRO has the potential to extract osmotic power from waste streams, such as desalination plant brine discharge or treated wastewater effluent. The potential power output is proportional to the salinity difference between the fresh and saline water streams. Desalination yields very salty brine, while treated municipal wastewater has relatively little salt. Combining those streams could produce energy to power both facilities. However, powering an existing wastewater treatment plant by mixing treated wastewater with seawater in a mid-size city could require a membrane area of 2.5 million square meters.

## Process

PRO uses a water–permeable membrane with an osmotic pressure difference to drive water flux from a low–concentration "diluate" stream, into a slightly pressurized higher–concentration. An energy recovery device on this stream provides the energy output, and must exceed the pumping pressure input for net power production.

## Testing

The world's first osmotic plant with capacity of 10 kW was opened by Statkraft, a state-owned hydropower company, on 24 November 2009 in Tofte, Norway. It had been estimated that PRO could generate 12 TWh annually in Norway, sufficient to meet 10% of Norway's total demand for electricity.

In January 2014, Statkraft terminated their pressure-retarded osmosis pilot project due to economic feasibility concerns.

Starting in 2021, SaltPower is building another commercial osmotic power plant in Denmark using very high salinity brine from a geothermal power plant.

## Further reading


title: Pressure-sensitive paint

abstract: Pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) is a method for measuring air pressure or local oxygen concentration, usually in aerodynamic settings. PSP is paint-like coating which fluoresces under a specific illumination wavelength in differing intensities depending on the external air pressure being applied locally to its surface.

text:
# Pressure-sensitive paint

**Pressure-sensitive paint (PSP)** is a method for measuring air pressure or local oxygen concentration, usually in aerodynamic settings. PSP is paint-like coating which fluoresces under a specific illumination wavelength in differing intensities depending on the external air pressure being applied locally to its surface.

## How it works

A model surface is painted with the PSP coating with an airbrush or automotive type paint gun. The PSP consists of an oxygen sensitive probe suspended in an oxygen permeable binder. The model is then placed in an oven so the PSP layer can cure. Once cured, the model is placed in a wind tunnel or appropriate test environment. LED lamps of a specific wavelength are used to excite the pressure-sensitive probe within the paint. Once excited, the pressure-sensitive probe is transitioned to a higher energy state where it may either emit a photon or be quenched by local oxygen present. This competing process of emission and quenching determines the intensity response of the paint layer. The result is a dimmer fluorescence where there is higher pressure and brighter response at lower pressures.

The intensity emitted from the surface is then recorded through a long-pass filter by a CCD or scientific grade camera and stored for conversion to pressure using a previously determined calibration. Images of the paint layer are recorded at three conditions. A wind-off image at a known reference condition which is typically standard atmospheric conditions with the tunnel turned off. A wind-on image at a loaded condition where the wind tunnel is running at condition. And lastly a background image where the ambient light present is captured without the illumination source. The background image is then subtracted from the wind-off reference and the wind-on condition image in data processing. Photographs of the surface can be obtained from outside the wind tunnel's test section, which means that the model need never be disturbed or touched in order to obtain the pressure distribution. Computer-aided photography can be used to produce false-color images, where the color range corresponds to the pressure variations.

## Applications

Due to the high cost of constructing airplanes, the first designs of proposed aircraft are usually subjected to aerodynamic testing in wind tunnels. In these tunnels, models (usually subscale) are subjected to airflows to simulate an actual airplane in free flight. The aerodynamic forces acting on the model are measured, and are used to predict the response of an airplane when subjected to equivalent airflows.

Automobiles are also subjected to aerodynamic testing in wind tunnels. Automobile companies use data collected in these tests to measure areas of high and low pressure. This data helps engineers improve designs to increase performance for the vehicles. By changing these designs, engineers can help improve gas mileage and reduce noise.

In order to measure the aerodynamic forces on the whole model, beam balances are connected to the model. However, it is also imperative to understand how those forces are distributed across the aerodynamic surfaces of the aircraft, and this understanding is more difficult to obtain. The classic approach has been to use an array of pressure taps to measure surface pressure distributions on a model. Pressure taps provide limited spatial resolution and are often limited by model geometry and can be very expensive to integrate into complex geometries.

PSP provides a low-cost alternative that is less invasive than pressure tap arrays. PSP also offers superior spatial resolution, with each pixel of the imaging camera acting as a pressure tap. PSP can achieve accuracy within 150 Pa of pressure tap measurements with good setup and experience.

Time-resolved PSP applications involve pulsed excitation and delay and gating of the imaging devices. One can thus determine pressure differentials as a function of time. In this case, the imaging devices must be synchronized to the excitation. Multi-channel digital delay/pulse generators provide that synchronization.

## Binary Pressure Sensitive Paint

Another area of interest has been the measurement of surface pressure in low-speed wind tunnels. Binary PSP systems are used in low-speed wind tunnel environments where pressure gradients are small and error sources are more significant. Model shift between reference condition and loaded condition, variation in paint thickness, lamp instability, and temperature are significant sources of error in PSP data. Binary PSP mitigates many of these error sources by employing a second probe into the paint layer, known as the reference probe. This reference probe is used to ratio out the effects of these errors producing high quality PSP pressure maps at low speeds.

## Advantages

The greatest advantage of the new technology is its much reduced preparation time compared to installing an array of pressure taps. The same model can be used for other testing, such as load-bearing tests or radar-reflection tests, since the PSP will not interfere with other preparations or setups. There are far more data points than other methods. There is essentially a "pressure tap" at every pixel instead of being limited to the actual pressure taps.


title: Blockbuster (2018 film)

abstract: Blockbuster is a 2018 French comedy film about a man trying to win back his superhero-loving girlfriend after she dumps him over a video he made to amuse his ailing dad. The film was released worldwide on 24 January 2018 by Netflix although departed in January 2021.

text:
# Blockbuster (2018 film)

***Blockbuster*** is a 2018 French comedy film about a man trying to win back his superhero-loving girlfriend after she dumps him over a video he made to amuse his ailing dad. The film was released worldwide on 24 January 2018 by Netflix although departed in January 2021.

## Cast

* Syrus Shahidi as Jéremy
* Charlotte Gabris as Lola
* Tom Hygreck as Mathias
* Gunther Love as Mickael (as Sylvain Quimène)
* Laura Boujenah as Sarah
* Foëd Amara as Sam
* Lionel Abelanski as Simon
* Laurent Bateau as Lola's father

## Production

The film was originally getting off the ground thanks to the crowdfunding platform KissKissBankBank before Netflix stepped in.

## InfoBox

| Blockbuster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | July Hygreck |
| Written by | * July Hygreck (screenplay) * Tom Hygreck (screenplay) |
| Starring | * Syrus Shahidi * Charlotte Gabris * Tom Hygreck |
| Production<br>companies | * Virginie Films * Rosebud Entertainment Pictures * Other Angle Pictures |
| Distributed by | Netflix |
| Release date | * 24 January 2018 (2018-01-24) (United States) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | France |
| Language | French |


abstract: The Mixed relay event of the Biathlon World Championships 2015 was held on 5 March 2015.

text:
# Biathlon World Championships 2015 – Mixed relay

The **Mixed relay** event of the Biathlon World Championships 2015 was held on 5 March 2015.

## Results

The race was started at 18:15 EET.

| Rank | Bib | Team | Time | Penalties (P+S) | Deficit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 6 | Czech Republic
Veronika Vítková
Gabriela Soukalová
Michal Šlesingr
Ondřej Moravec | **1:20:27.2**
19:50.5
19:44.8
20:42.1
20:09.8 | **0+3 0+5**
0+2 0+2
0+0 0+0
0+0 0+2
0+1 0+1 |  |
|  | 2 | France
Anaïs Bescond
Marie Dorin Habert
Jean-Guillaume Béatrix
Martin Fourcade | **1:20:47.4**
20:35.6
19:16.2
21:24.4
19:31.2 | **0+1 0+7**
0+1 0+3
0+0 0+1
0+0 0+3
0+0 0+0 | +20.2 |
|  | 1 | Norway
Fanny Welle-Strand Horn
Tiril Eckhoff
Johannes Thingnes Bø
Tarjei Bø | **1:20:54.9**
20:20.3
20:21.7
20:08.6
20:04.3 | **0+0 1+3**
0+0 0+0
0+0 1+3
0+0 0+0
0+0 0+0 | +27.7 |
| 4 | 8 | Belarus
Nadezhda Skardino
Darya Domracheva
Vladimir Chepelin
Yuryi Liadov | **1:20:58.2**
20:09.0
18:59.4
20:56.1
20.52.5 | **0+1 0+6**
0+0 0+0
0+0 0+0
0+0 0+3
0+1 0+3 | +31.0 |
| 5 | 11 | Austria
Lisa Hauser
Katharina Innerhofer
Sven Grossegger
Simon Eder | **1:21:27.5**
20.06.3
20.42.8
20:42.4
19.56.0 | **0+2 0+1**
0+0 0+0
0+1 0+1
0+1 0+0
0+0 0+0 | +1:00.3 |
| 6 | 5 | Germany
Luise Kummer
Franziska Preuß
Daniel Böhm
Benedikt Doll | **1:21:50.0**
21:06.5
20:04.9
20.36.7
20:01.9 | **0+2 0+4**
0+1 0+1
0+0 0+1
0+1 0+1
0+0 0+1 | +1:22.8 |
| 7 | 18 | Italy
Dorothea Wierer
Karin Oberhofer
Dominik Windisch
Lukas Hofer | **1:21:51.9**
20:30.0
20:01.1
21:01.5
20:19.3 | **0+6 0+4**
0+2 0+0
0+0 0+1
0+2 0+1
0+2 0+2 | +1:24.7 |
| 8 | 7 | United States
Susan Dunklee
Hannah Dreissigacker
Lowell Bailey
Leif Nordgren | **1:22:13.8**
20:01.2
21:10.6
20:54.6
20:07.4 | **1+5 0+3**
0+1 0+1
1+3 0+2
0+0 0+0
0+1 0+0 | +1:46.6 |
| 9 | 16 | Finland
Mari Laukkanen
Kaisa Mäkäräinen
Ahti Toivanen
Olli Hiidensalo | **1:22:26.7**
20.35.2
18.54.4
21:55.5
21:01.6 | **0+5 0+3**
0+3 0+0
0+0 0+0
0+0 0+1
0+2 0+2 | +1:59.5 |
| 10 | 4 | Russia
Yana Romanova
Olga Podchufarova
Maxim Tsvetkov
Anton Shipulin | **1:22:27.4**
20:27.0
20:40.7
21:32.8
19:46.9 | **0+1 0+1**
0+0 0+0
0+1 0+0
0+0 0+1
0+0 0+0 | +2:00.2 |
| 11 | 3 | Ukraine
Juliya Dzhyma
Valj Semerenko
Serhiy Semenov
Dmytro Pidruchnyi | **1:22:37.5**
21:20.8
18.46.3
20:50.8
20:39.6 | **0+2 0+8**
0+1 0+1
0+1 0+2
0+0 0+3
0+0 0+2 | +2:10.3 |
| 12 | 22 | Canada
Audrey Vaillancourt
Rosanna Crawford
Nathan Smith
Brendan Green | **1:22:55.1**
21:22.5
20:02.3
20:46.2
20:44.1 | **0+3 0+1**
0+1 0+1
0+1 0+0
0+1 0+0
0+1 0+0 | +2:27.9 |
| 13 | 13 | Switzerland
Aita Gasparin
Elisa Gasparin
Benjamin Weger
Mario Dolder | **1:23:33.4**
21:00.3
20:10.3
21:20.9
21:01.9 | **0+2 0+5**
0+0 0+0
0+1 0+2
0+0 0+1
0+1 0+2 | +3:06.2 |
| 14 | 15 | Poland
Karolina Pitoń
Magdalena Gwizdoń
Łukasz Szczurek
Krzysztof Pływaczyk | **1:23:41.8**
21:36.6
19:35.5
21:30.4
20:59.3 | **0+1 0+2**
0+1 0+1
0+0 0+0
0+0 0+1
0+0 0+0 | +3:14.6 |
| 15 | 10 | Slovenia
Andreja Mali
Anja Eržen
Klemen Bauer
Jakov Fak | **1:24:15.4**
20.32.7
23:00.7
20:32.7
20:09.3 | **0+2 3+5**
0+0 0+2
0+1 3+3
0+1 0+0
0+0 0+0 | +3:48.2 |
| 16 | 9 | Sweden
Elisabeth Högberg
Mona Brorsson
Fredrik Lindström
Peppe Femling | **1:24:28.2**
21:15.1
21.14.6
20.53.4
21:05.1 | **0+5 0+3**
0+3 0+0
0+0 0+0
0+1 0+1
0+1 0+2 | +4:01.0 |
| 17 | 12 | Slovakia
Paulína Fialková
Jana Gereková
Tomáš Hasilla
Martin Otčenáš | **1:25:11.9**
20.40.8
20:04.1
21:21.3
23:05.7 | **0+4 2+6**
0+0 0+1
0+1 0+1
0+0 0+1
0+3 2+3 | +4:44.7 |
| 18 | 14 | Bulgaria
Emilia Yordanova
Desislava Stoyanova
Vladimir Iliev
Krasimir Anev | **1:25:24.7**
21:45.7
22:10.0
21:29.6
19.59.4 | **0+6 1+6**
0+2 0+0
0+1 1+3
0+2 0+3
0+1 0+0 | +4:57.5 |
| 19 | 24 | Estonia
Kadri Lehtla
Daria Yurlova
Kauri Kõiv
Kalev Ermits | **1:25:32.8**
20:38.2
21:30.0
21:45.1
21:39.5 | **1+5 0+3**
0+1 0+1
0+1 0+0
0+0 0+2
1+3 0+0 | +5:05.6 |
| 20 | 17 | Romania
Luminița Pișcoran
Florina Ioana Cîrstea
George Buta
Cornel Puchianu | **1:25:44.5**
20:28.6
22:51.5
21:28.8
20:55.6 | **0+5 0+2**
2+0 0+0
0+0 0+2
0+0 0+0
0+3 0+0 | +5:17.3 |
| 21 | 21 | Japan
Fuyuko Suzuki
Yurie Tanaka
Mikito Tachizaki
Kazuya Inomata | **1:25:50.8**
19.52.6
21:39.4
22:01.5
22:17.3 | **0+5 1+7**
0+0 0+0
0+3 0+2
0+0 0+2
0+2 1+3 | +5:23.6 |
| 22 | 25 | China
Tang Jialin
Zhang Yan
Ren Long
Tang Jinle | LAP
21:20.2
21:12.4
22:36.7

 | **0+8 0+4**
0+2 0+1
0+2 0+0
0+2 0+0
0+2 0+3 |  |
| 23 | 19 | Lithuania
Diana Rasimovičiūtė
Natalija Paulauskaitė
Karol Dombrovski
Tomas Kaukėnas | LAP
21:26.4
22:54.2
22:41.8

 | **0+1 1+6**
0+0 0+1
0+1 0+1
0+0 0+1
0+0 1+3 |  |
| 24 | 23 | Kazakhstan
Anna Kistanova
Darya Usanova
Yan Savitskiy
Maxim Braun | LAP
22:58.6
20.51.9
23:12.6

 | **3+9 0+8**
0+3 0+3
0+0 0+3
2+3 0+1
1+3 0+1 |  |
| 25 | 20 | Great Britain
Amanda Lightfoot
Nerys Jones
Lee-Steve Jackson
Scott Dixon | LAP
21:28.0
23:50.8
22:10.2

 | **0+6 1+7**
0+0 0+3
0+3 1+3
0+1 0+1
0+2 0+0 |  |
| 26 | 26 | South Korea
Mun Ji-hee
Ko Eun-jung
Jun Je-uk
Kim Jong-min | LAP
21:51.2
23:13.7
23:45.4

 | **0+5 3+8**
0+2 0+0
0+2 2+3
0+0 0+2
0+1 1+3 |  |

## InfoBox

| Mixed relay
at the Biathlon World Championships 2015 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Kontiolahti, Finland |
| Date | 5 March 2015 |
| Competitors | 104 from 26 nations |
| Winning time | 1:20:27.2 |
| Medalists | |
| Czech Republic  France  Norway | |
|


title: Elgy Johnson

abstract: Elgy Sibley Johnson was a mathematician and professor at University of the District of Columbia from the school's foundation in 1976 until his retirement in 1983. Johnson had formerly been the acting president of Federal City College from 1972 through 1974 where he chaired the mathematics department. Johnson graduated from Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, N.C. He received his master's degree in mathematical statistics at the University of Michigan and a law degree from Catholic University. His doctorate in mathematics at Catholic University was titled Properties of solutions of nonlinear differential equations. He was the 25th African American to earn a PhD. in mathematics. He was a member of the Mu Lambda chapter of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

text:
# Elgy Johnson

**Elgy Sibley Johnson** (November 8, 1912 – March 12, 1987) was a mathematician and professor at University of the District of Columbia from the school's foundation in 1976 until his retirement in 1983. Johnson had formerly been the acting president of Federal City College from 1972 through 1974 where he chaired the mathematics department.

Johnson graduated from Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, N.C. He received his master's degree in mathematical statistics at the University of Michigan and a law degree from Catholic University. His doctorate in mathematics at Catholic University was titled *Properties of solutions of nonlinear differential equations*. He was the 25th African American to earn a PhD. in mathematics. He was a member of the Mu Lambda chapter of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

## Personal life

Johnson was married to Lola Craft and later divorced. He married Bernice Johnson in 1984.

## InfoBox

| Elgy S. Johnson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Jacksonville, Florida, US |
| Died | 1987<br>Washington D. C. |
| Occupation | mathematician |


title: Rosa 'About Face'

abstract: Rosa 'About Face',, is an orange grandiflora rose cultivar, bred by Tom Carruth in 2003, and introduced into the United States by Jackson & Perkins in 2005. The rose was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 2005.

text:
# Rosa 'About Face'

***Rosa* 'About Face'**, (aka **WEKosupalz**), is an orange grandiflora rose cultivar, bred by Tom Carruth in 2003, and introduced into the United States by Jackson & Perkins in 2005. The rose was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 2005.

## Description

'About Face' is a tall upright shrub, 5 to 6 ft (150—185 cm) in height with a 3 to 4 ft (90—120 cm) spread. Blooms are medium-large, 4—5 in (10—12 cm) in diameter, with a full, cupped, old fashioned bloom form, and a petal count of 26 to 35. Blooms are generally borne singly on long stems, or in small clusters. The flowers are orange-yellow on the outside, with a reverse of dark orange-red, eventually fading to pink and yellow. The rose has a strong, apple fragrance and large, glossy, dark green foliage. 'About Face' is very disease resistant. It blooms in flushes from spring through fall. The plants does well in USDA zone 6b and warmer.

## Child plants

'About Face' was used to hybridize two child plants. *Rosa* 'Anna's Promise', bred by Tom Carruth in 2013, was created from a cross between 'Voodoo' and 'About Face'. 'Anna's Promise' is a grandiflora rose cultivar. Its flowers are orange and pink in color, with a copper reverse. *Rosa* 'Good as Gold' is a hybrid tea rose, bred by Tom Carruth before 2013. Its stock parents are 'Golden Beauty' and 'About Face'. The flowers are orange and yellow with touches of red.

## Awards

## InfoBox

| *Rosa* 'About Face' | |
| --- | --- |
| *Rosa* 'About Face' | |
| Genus | *Rosa* hybrid |
| Hybrid parentage | (('O Sole Mio' x Unnamed Seedling) x 'Midas Touch') x 'Hot Cocoa' |
| Cultivar group | Grandiflora |
| Cultivar | WEKosupalz |
| Breeder | Carruth |
| Origin | United States, 2003 |


title: Ristinkirkko, Lahti

abstract: Ristinkirkko is the main church in Lahti, Finland. The modernist church, completed in 1978, was one of the last design projects of the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.

text:
# Ristinkirkko, Lahti

**Ristinkirkko** (English: *Church of the Cross*) is the main church in Lahti, Finland. The modernist church, completed in 1978, was one of the last design projects of the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.

## Background

An earlier parish church in Lahti, built in 1890, was as long back as in the 1920s found to be too small, due to the town's rapid population growth from a few hundred in the 1880s to over 8,000 in the 1920s. Its appearance and timber construction were also considered too parochial, and unsuited to Lahti's new city status (chartered in 1905). Therefore, plans had been brewing since the 1930s for a new church to be built, although these had had to be put on hold for the war years.

In 1950, an architectural design contest was held for a new church, and was won by Aalto. However, the plan to demolish the old church and build a new modernist one sparked off a heated controversy which lasted almost two decades, and it wasn't until 1969 that the Lahti Parish had received green light and were in a position to commission a full architectural plan from Aalto. By this time the planned location for the church had also changed, necessitating changes to the earlier design.

The old church was demolished in 1977 to make way for the new build. Parts of the old church belfry were retained and housed in the new church, including the church bells, as well as two logs which were used by Aalto to create a simple altar cross. The roof-top cross from the old church is also now on display by the Ristinkirkko main entrance.

Alvar Aalto never saw the finished church. He died in May 1976, whereas the church was only completed two years later, consecrated during the Advent season of 1978. The final stages of the project were instead overseen by Aalto's wife, architect Elissa Aalto.

## Architecture

The overall feel of the design is minimalist and brutalist. The exterior of the church building is constructed mostly of red brick, with a massive cast concrete belfry rising from its roof to a height of 40 metres (130 ft) above the surrounding terrain.

In contrast, the interior is light, with white walls and large windows providing natural daylight.

The basic shape of the overall floorplan is an equilateral triangle, with two of the three points cut off, forming an irregular pentagon. Attached to one of the long sides is a wedge-shaped entrance vestibule, and to another, an annexe housing the sacristy, a small chapel and other ancillary facilities.

Viewed from the main entrance, the nave of the church narrows towards the chancel, located in one of the northern corner of the triangle, and the fan-shaped ceiling becomes gradually lower, creating an impression of a theatre or concert hall. The pulpit is to the left of the 'stage' (as viewed from the back of the church), elevated and slightly indented into the wall.

The southerly elevation, with the main entrance facing towards the city's central market square, is dominated by a pattern of 52 small windows, forming the shape of a large cross.

The church organ was constructed by Veikko Virtanen (who also built the organs in the Turku Cathedral and Temppeliaukio Church), to Aalto's exterior design. The acoustics were designed by Hamilkar Aalto (son of Alvar), and are considered excellent. For this reason, the church is used as a concert venue for the annual Lahti International Organ Festival, as well as frequently hosting other music performances.

In Aalto's original plan the seating capacity was 1,400, but this was reduced in the final design to 1,150.

## Setting

Ristinkirkko is situated in a dominant position in the Lahti cityscape, in the vicinity of the market square, the city hall designed by Eliel Saarinen, and other notable buildings.

It is surrounded by the small *Kirkkopuisto* park, originally created for the old church, which Aalto made a particular effort to conserve, resulting in only a few old trees needing to be felled to make way for the new church.

The park also houses the city's war memorial along with a 1952 sculpture *Vapauden Hengetär* ('Spirit of Freedom') by Wäinö Aaltonen. Earlier an open-air church was intended to be built in the park, but this plan never materialised.

## InfoBox

| Ristinkirkko | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of the Cross | |
| Ristinkirkko viewed from the south | |
|  | |
| 60°59′08″N 25°39′26″E / 60.985555°N 25.657241°E / 60.985555; 25.657241 | |
| Location | Lahti |
| Country | Finland |
| Denomination | Lutheran |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Architect(s) | Alvar Aalto |
| Architectural type | Modernism |
| Completed | 1978 |
| Specifications | |
| Capacity | 1,150 |
| Number of spires | 1 |
| Spire height | 40 metres (130 ft) (top of spire, relative to surrounding ground) |
| Bells | 3 |
| Administration | |
| Parish | Keski-Lahden seurakunta (Central Lahti parish) |


title: State cessions

abstract: The state cessions are the areas of the United States that the separate states ceded to the federal government in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The cession of these lands, which for the most part lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, was key to establishing a harmonious union among the former British colonies. The areas ceded comprise 236,825,600 acres, or 10.4 percent of current United States territory, and make up all or part of 10 states. This does not include the areas later ceded by Texas to the federal government, which make up parts of five more states.

text:
# State cessions

The **state cessions** are the areas of the United States that the separate states ceded to the federal government in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The cession of these lands, which for the most part lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, was key to establishing a harmonious union among the former British colonies.

The areas ceded comprise 236,825,600 acres (370,040.0 sq mi; 958,399 km2), or 10.4 percent of current United States territory, and make up all or part of 10 states. This does not include the areas later ceded by Texas to the federal government, which make up parts of five more states.

## Background

Most of the British American colonies were established in the 17th and early 18th century when geographical knowledge of North America was incomplete. Many of these colonies were established by royal proclamation or charter that defined their boundaries as stretching "from sea to sea"; others did not have western boundaries established at all. These colonies thus ended up with theoretical extents that overlapped each other and conflicted with the claims and settlements established by other European powers. The British government's Royal Proclamation of 1763, while not resolving the disputes over the colonies' trans-Appalachian claims, succeeded in slowing down the movement of people into the region and the making of new claims in it. Many, however, ignored the proclamation, and various frontier settlement enterprises, owing allegiance to disparate colonial governments, continued.

By the time of the American Revolution, the boundaries between the Thirteen Colonies that became the United States had been for the most part surveyed and agreed upon. Their land claims also corresponded in varying degrees to the actual reality on the ground in the west at the eve of the Revolution. Kentucky, for instance, was organized into a county of Virginia in 1776, with Virginia serving as practical sovereign over the area until its admission into the Union as a separate state in 1792. Massachusetts' claims to land in modern-day Michigan and Wisconsin, by contrast, amounted to little more than lines drawn on a map.

The Treaty of Paris (1763) that ended the war known as the French and Indian War in North America had France cede most of its claims to land on the continent to Great Britain and Spain. Great Britain, gaining the eastern half of France's southern lands, extended the claims of its colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia to the Mississippi River; in some cases, this reinforced earlier charter claims.

## The resolution of the claims

The Treaty of Paris (1783) that ended the American Revolution established American sovereignty over the land between the Appalachians and the Mississippi; the jobs of determining how that land should be governed, and how the conflicting claims to it by several of the states should be resolved, were one of the first major tasks facing the new nation.

The potential for trouble arising from these claims was twofold. One problem was obvious: in many cases more than one state laid claim to the same piece of territory, but clearly only one would be ultimately recognized as the sovereign. The other conflict also threatened the peace of the new union. Only seven of the thirteen states had western land claims, and the other, "landless" states were fearful of being overwhelmed by states that controlled vast stretches of the new frontier. Virginia in particular, which already encompassed 1 in 5 inhabitants of the new nation, laid claim to modern-day Kentucky, and the vast territory it called Illinois County, and the smaller states feared that it would come to completely dominate the union.

In the end, most of the trans-Appalachian land claims were ceded to the Federal government between 1781 and 1787; New York, New Hampshire, and the hitherto unrecognized Vermont government resolved their squabbles by 1791, and Kentucky was separated from Virginia and made into a new state in 1792. The cessions were not entirely selfless—in some cases the cessions were made in exchange for federal assumption of the states' Revolutionary War debts—but the states' reasonably graceful cessions of their oft-conflicting claims prevented early, perhaps catastrophic, rifts among the states of the young Republic, and assuaged the fears of the "landless" states enough to convince them to ratify the new United States Constitution. The cessions also set the stage for the settlement of the Upper Midwest and the expansion of the U.S. into the center of the North American continent, and also established the pattern by which land newly acquired by the United States would be organized into new states rather than attached to old ones.

Georgia held on to its claims over trans-Appalachian land for another decade, and this claim was complicated by the fact that much of the land was also disputed between the United States and Spain. When Georgia finally sold the land west of its current boundaries to the United States for cash in 1802, the last phase of western cessions was complete.

## Details of the cessions

### States with land claims

| State | Date ceded | Date accepted | Claims and cessions |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Connecticut | May 11, 1786 | May 28, 1786 | Ceded a swath between present north and south border-latitudes west to the Mississippi River, across present-day Pennsylvania (notably the Wyoming Valley disputed in the Pennamite–Yankee War), Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, except for a portion south of Lake Erie. Sovereignty over this "Western Reserve" was ceded to the federal government in 1800. |
| Georgia | April 24, 1802 | June 16, 1802 | Ceded the "Yazoo lands", between 35th parallel and 31st parallel of latitude west to the Mississippi River, across present-day Alabama and Mississippi. Unique among the cessions, Georgia charged the federal government $1.25 million for this land, which it apparently paid. |
| Massachusetts | November 13, 1784 | April 19, 1785 | Ceded a swath between present north and south border-latitudes west, across present-day New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea-to-sea grant from The British Crown. |
| New York | February 19, 1780 | October 29, 1782 | Ceded claims west of Lake Ontario. New York was allowed to keep the land claimed by it and Massachusetts west of the Preemption Line in 1786, which eventually became Western New York. |
| North Carolina | December 22, 1789 | February 25, 1790 | Ceded its trans-Appalachian Washington District, a swath between present north and south border-latitudes west to the Mississippi River, from which the federal government created the Southwest Territory, and subsequently the State of Tennessee. |
| South Carolina | March 8, 1787 | August 9, 1787 | Ceded a swath, approximately 12 miles (19 km) wide (north–south), west from its northwestern tip to the Mississippi River, across extreme southwest North Carolina, northern Georgia, plus the southern edge of present-day Tennessee, along with the northern edge of present-day Alabama and Mississippi. In a separate agreement, South Carolina and Georgia adjusted their common boundary. Note that the claim by South Carolina had been for land between the headwaters of the Savannah River and the southern boundary of North Carolina, and thence westward. In fact, however, later and more accurate surveying showed that the headwaters of the Savannah River actually extended into North Carolina. This meant that this strip of land for South Carolina had actually been illusory. |
| Virginia | January 2, 1781 | March 1, 1784 | Ceded its vast claim to the territory north of the Ohio River, which would subsequently become the Northwest Territory, but initially retained its remaining trans-Appalachian claim, the Kentucky County, south of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi River  present-day Kentucky. Also ceded land to the federal government that became part of the District of Columbia; this land was later retroceded back to Virginia. |

### States without land claims

| State | Notes |
| --- | --- |
| Delaware | No land claim farther west. Its western border forms part of the Mason–Dixon line. |
| Maryland | No land claim farther west, but ceded land to the federal government that became part of the District of Columbia (and is now the entirety of it). Maryland's northern border forms part of the Mason–Dixon line. |
| New Hampshire | Prior to the American Revolution, New Hampshire claimed territory west of Connecticut River, in present-day southern Vermont, territory that was also claimed by New York. The resulting "New Hampshire Grants" dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III, and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars. |
| New Jersey | No land claim farther west. |
| Pennsylvania | Original land grant from King Charles II of England to William Penn was for the land between the 42nd parallel and the 38th parallel in latitude, and extending west five degrees in longitude from the western boundary of New Jersey and northwestern boundary of Delaware. Its southern border forms part of the Mason–Dixon line. Pennsylvania claimed the portion of land along Lake Erie commonly known as the Erie Triangle; after Massachusetts and Connecticut ceded their claims to it, the Erie Triangle was sold to Pennsylvania by the federal government in 1792. |
| Rhode Island | No land claim farther west. |

## Texas

Later in the 19th century, there was one more case of a state ceding some of its land to the federal government. Before the Republic of Texas joined the United States in 1845, it *claimed* a good deal of land that had never been under the *de facto* control of the Texan government – Texan attempts to exercise control of these territories as a sovereign state (most famously, the Santa Fe expedition) had ended in disaster. Thus, there was a border dispute between Texas, Mexico, and Native American tribes that the U.S. government inherited upon the annexation of Texas. This was one of the causes of the Mexican–American War of 1846–47 (another being the western land aspirations of the U.S. coupled with the refusal by the United Mexican States to sell its territory to the U.S.). After the American victory in that war, the Mexican government recognized American sovereignty over the disputed Texan lands and also ceded/sold the land extending west to the Pacific Ocean. The Mexican government was paid $25,000,000 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.

In addition, the maximalist land claims of the Republic of Texas did not set the northern and western borders of the State of Texas. Most, but not all, of its northern boundary had been set by a treaty between the United States and the Spanish Empire – along the Red River.

In an act of Congress, the Compromise of 1850, Texas ceded its conflicting northern and western territorial claims to the U.S. in return for debt relief, removing its conflicting claims from the U.S. territorial gains of the Mexican–American War. This ceded land eventually became portions of the states of Kansas (1861), Colorado (1876), Wyoming (1890), Oklahoma (1907), and New Mexico (1912).

## Further reading


title: Frederick Kemmelmeyer

abstract: Frederick Kemmelmeyer was a German-born American painter. He was entirely self-taught and his work is generally classified as folk art.

text:
# Frederick Kemmelmeyer

**Frederick Kemmelmeyer** (c. 1755 - c. 1821) was a German-born American painter. He was entirely self-taught and his work is generally classified as folk art.

## Biography

His approximate birth year has been established through census records, but no birth certificate or baptismal record has been found. Naturalization papers in Annapolis, Maryland, dating from 1788, list a Frederick Kimmelmeiger, who is assumed to be him, although it is not known when or why he came to the United States. Speculation has centered around a Friedrich Kimmelmeyer who served as a medic with the Hessians during the Revolution, deserted to the Americans, and was briefly married in South Carolina, but no firm connection has been made.

Soon after becoming a citizen, he placed advertisements in the *Maryland Gazette* and the *Baltimore Advertiser*, offering his services as a drawing instructor, a painter of miniatures and a sign painter. Many of his early works are copies of European lithographs and engravings.

He remained in Baltimore until 1803, when he became an itinerant portrait painter. Over the next fourteen years, his travels can be traced through his advertisements, beginning in Alexandria, Virginia, where he opened a school. Shortly after, he relocated to Georgetown. Several of his paintings from that period are portraits of George Washington or scenes from battles that feature him. By 1805, he appears to have been in Hagerstown, then went a bit further, to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. This was followed, in 1810, by advertisements in Winchester, Virginia. Two years later, he taught and painted in what is now West Virginia. His last known advertisement appeared in 1816, in Hagerstown. A combination of age and alcoholism apparently had a serious negative effect on his ability to paint.

His last years are largely undocumented. Only eleven portraits have been positively identified as his.

## Further reading

* Powers, A. Nicholas (2013). "Research Note: Frederick Kemmelmeyer—From Hessian Soldier to American Artist". *Journal of Early Southern Decorative Arts*. **34**. ISSN 0098-9266.

Media related to Frederick Kemmelmeyer at Wikimedia Commons


title: Sporothrix brasiliensis

abstract: Sporothrix brasiliensis is a fungus that is commonly found in soil. It is an emerging fungal pathogen that is causing disease in humans and cats mainly in Brazil and other countries in South America. Similar to other species in Sporothrix genus, this fungus causes the disease sporotrichosis. However, it has been observed that more severe disease results from infection by Sporothrix brasiliensis compared to other species. The fungus is a thermally dimorphic fungus as it is found in the mycelium phase at room temperature and as yeast in the warmer temperatures of host bodies.

text:
# Sporothrix brasiliensis

***Sporothrix brasiliensis***  is a fungus that is commonly found in soil. It is an emerging fungal pathogen that is causing disease in humans and cats mainly in Brazil and other countries in South America.

Similar to other species in *Sporothrix* genus, this fungus causes the disease sporotrichosis. However, it has been observed that more severe disease results from infection by *Sporothrix brasiliensis* compared to other species. The fungus is a thermally dimorphic fungus as it is found in the mycelium phase at room temperature and as yeast in the warmer temperatures of host bodies.

## Morphology

The two morphologies displayed by *Sporothrix brasiliensis* are a hyphal form which occurs in the environment and a yeast form which occurs at higher temperatures (36 - 37 °C) such as within the bodies of mammals.

### Hyphal Phase

The hyphal form of *S.brasiliensis* occurs at room temperature. Melaninization level of the hyphal form can vary from light (albino) to dark (pigmented) phenotypes. Sympodial conidia are obovoid shaped with a glassy (hyaline) appearance while sessile conidia are dark colored and globose.

### Yeast Phase

The yeast form of *S.brasiliensis* occurs at higher temperatures. Micro-morphologically the yeast takes the shape of an elongated cigar.

## Habitat and Ecology

*S.brasiliensis* is commonly found in the soil and is saprophytic in its mycelium phase. The main vector of the pathogen is thought to be cats which spread the fungus through bites and scratches as well as lesions found on the bodies of cats. It is believed that the origin of the pathogen comes from the ingestion of rats by cats where it zoonotically spread to humans.

## Epidemiology

*Sporothrix brasiliensis* was first described in the Southeastern region of Brazil and sporotrichosis caused by the fungus was endemic to the region prior to 1990. However disease has quickly spread to other parts of Brazil and neighboring countries in South America with reported cases in Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Columbia and Panama. A review in 2015 reported that of 5,814 cases of sporotrichosis in Brazil, 88% of cases were caused by *S.brasiliensis.* The fungus has been isolated from intestinal and feline fecal samples which suggest that feces from infected cats may contaminate soil and contribute to the spread of the disease.

## Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis is traditionally associated with subcutaneous exposure of *Sporothrix* propagules typically through minor injury while coming in contact with plants, soil, or organic matter. However zoonotic transmission through cats mainly through scratching, biting, or coming in contact with skin lesions has been the main mode of transmission for *S.brasiliensis,* constituting the current epidemic in South America. While cutaneous infection is most common, pulmonary sporotrichosis from inhaling conidia, and disseminated sporotrichosis can also occur, primarily in individuals who are immunocompromised. It is believed that *S.brasiliensis* is more virulent than other species that cause sporotrichosis like *S.schenckii* and results in larger, longer lasting lesion with a higher degree of local and systemic inflammation as demonstrated on mice. A report in May 2020 reported a fatal case of pulmonary sporotrichosis caused by *S.brasiliensis* in a patient with no history of skin trauma or immunocompromise further supporting the notion of increased fungal virulence in *S.brasiliensis* relative to *S.schenckii.*

### Treatment

Sporotrichosis caused by *S.brasiliensis* is difficult to treat due to resistance to main antifungal therapies. Current treatment recommendations for both felines and humans mainly include the antifungal drug itraconazole. Alternative therapies include the use of terbinafine and potassium iodine for cutaneous infection, and amphotericin B for severe pulmonary and disseminated forms of infection.

### Issues with Treatment

While itraconazole has shown moderate effectiveness against *S.brasiliensis, s*trains of the fungus that display resistance against the drug have been documented. In addition, the treatment of felines is particularly difficult as care requires prolonged intervals of time daily and many cats fail to respond well to therapies. As such abandonment of treatments is frequent and typically occurs with the observed healing of skin lesions. Due to this the recurence of disease can typically occur with higher severity while increasing the chances of antifungal resistance strain development. Failure to complete treatment regimens also contributes to the continued spread of the disease to other cats and humans.

## InfoBox

| *Sporothrix brasiliensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Ophiostomatales |
| Family: | Ophiostomataceae |
| Genus: | *Sporothrix* |
| Species: | ***S. brasiliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sporothrix brasiliensis***<br>Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro (2007) | |
|