title: San Francisco de Yuruaní

abstract: San Francisco de Yuruaní, also known as Kumarakapay, is a town in Venezuela. The majority of people there are members of the indigenous Pemon people.

text:
# San Francisco de Yuruaní

**San Francisco de Yuruaní**, also known as **Kumarakapay**, is a town in Venezuela. The majority of people there are members of the indigenous Pemon people.

## Economy

The town's economy relies almost entirely on tourism, mainly coming from Brazil.

## Kumarakapay massacre

In 2019, Western countries announced international aid to Venezuela. Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro, who portrayed the efforts as an international effort aiming for his overthrow, enforced a program to obstruct the aid program. Numerous clashes occurred between Government forces and Pemon protesters.

On Friday 22 February 2019 the Venezuelan Army sent troops to the Brazilian border, driving through Kumarakapay, despite the fact the tribe held autonomy over the town. Local Indigenous Protesters and leaders in Kumarakapay attempted to halt advancing personnel carriers by building a road blockade, managing to detain several soldiers.

The other Venezuelan soldiers fired back at them, killing five Pemon and injuring around 12 more. The army is reported to have pursued protestors and dissidents into their homes where they were shot. Hundreds of Pemon fled into the local woods and surrounding communities to escape. 23 people were arrested and tortured by the army shortly afterwards. Among those killed was a local tour guide, Rolando Garcia, and his wife, Zoraida Rodríguez, who was killed on the doorsteps outside her own home.

Justo Noguera, the governor of Bolivar, responded that the Pemons' attempt to stop the military vehicles was a terrorist attack; also denying that the people killed were civilians.

### Aftermath

The next day, residents of San Francisco de Yuruaní attempted to stop another group of soldiers on their way to the border. Jose Montoya, a Venezuelan General serving as the Army's commander for the region, attempted to intervene on behalf of the Pemon.

The military responded faster than the previous time, arresting Montayo and four Pemons almost immediately. One local overheard an officer yell, "So you Pemon tribesmen think you’re tough? You’re going to die here." Montayo and his companions have not been seen since.

Over 966–1,500 tribesmen from the region, many from Kumarakapay, fled to Brazil shortly after the attacks, fearful of further reprisals and human rights violations, forming one of the largest exoduses in South American history. The town's mayor also fled the country to Brazil.

The army later killed 11 people in Santa Elena de Uairén.

Former governor Andrés Velásquez declared that fourteen people were killed and that many of them had gunshots wounds in their heads, indicating involvement of snipers. He further explained that "many have died due to lack of attention because the Santa Elena hospital did not have blood, saline solution, reactives nor oxygen, or operating rooms to intervene the patients", that the people died bleeding and the hospital personnel could not do anything to help them. By the end of the conflict, National Assemblyman Romel Guzamana, a chieftain of the Pemon community in Gran Sabana, stated that at least 25 Pemon were killed in what has been described as a "massacre" by Venezuelan troops. The National Assembly added that 80 Pemons had disappeared since the massacre, in addition to the death toll claimed by Guzamana.

### Reactions

The Venezuelan authorities later accused the Pemon locals of being backed by foreign governments; Jorge Arreaza, tweeting," From Peru they enter through Colombia and receive support also in Brazil. It is a coup strategy of triangulation of Lima Cartel governments to produce violence, death and political destabilization in Venezuela." Jorge Rodriguez voiced similar beliefs.

The principal leader of the Venezuelan opposition, Juan Guaidó, tweeted later that the incident in Kumarakapay, as well as Maduro's treatment of Indigenous communities in general, was "murder" that would "not go unpunished."

1. "Venezuelan army opens fire on Pemon tribe, Venezuela". *Survival International*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
2. "Venezuelan Hot Sauce Has a Secret Ingredient: Ants". *National Geographic*. 2015-09-21. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
3. OAS (2009-08-01). "OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development". *Organization of American States*. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
4. "Venezuelan Massacres Investigated". *Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
5. "Sector turismo en Bolívar está paralizado casi en 100%". *Crónica Uno* (in Spanish). 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
6. "'Venezuelan blood is being spilled': tension flares near border with Brazil". *The Guardian*. 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
7. "As tensions over aid rise, Venezuelan troops fire on villagers, kill two". *The Straits Times*. 2019-02-23. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
8. "Soldiers held hostage, villagers killed: the untold story of Venezuelan aid violence". *Reuters*. 2019-05-21. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
9. Bonet, Natalia Garcia. "Venezuela: indigenous people are forgotten victims of crisis". *The Conversation*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
10. "Venezuelan troops kill one in first bloodshed linked to aid standoff". *Saudi Gazette*. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
11. "As tensions over aid rise, Venezuelan troops fire on villagers, two dead". *WION*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
12. "Crisis en Venezuela: informan de 2 muertos y varios heridos por choque entre militares e indígenas pemones cerca de la frontera con Brasil". *BBC News* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
13. "The Murder of Venezuela's Visionary Adventure Guide". *Outside Online*. 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
14. "In Venezuela, One Member Dies as Church Keeps Operating Amid Challenges". *Adventist World*. 2019-03-02. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
15. Diario, El Nuevo. "El Nuevo Diario". *El Nuevo Diario* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
16. "Más de 960 indígenas pemones desplazados a Brasil, luego del ataque armado de febrero". *Crónica Uno* (in Spanish). 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
17. Fernández, Glorimar (2021-01-03). "Perfil | Salvador Franco comandó el Cuerpo de Seguridad Indígena Aretauka". *El Pitazo* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
18. "Fallece líder pemón Ricardo Delgado por COVID-19 en Brasil". *Efecto Cocuyo*. 2020-12-03. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
19. "NowThis: The Massacre You Haven't Heard About | RFK Human Rights". *Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
20. "Al menos 14 muertos en la frontera de Venezuela con Brasil". *The Objective* (in Spanish). 24 February 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
21. "Confirman 25 muertos en Santa Elena de Uairén y denuncian uso de presos para reprimir". *NTN24* (in Spanish). 24 February 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
22. "El Parlamento venezolano denuncia la desaparición de 80 indígenas". *Diario Las Americas* (in Spanish). 9 April 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
23. PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (2019-12-23). "Venezuela: Vladimir Padrino confirma que grupo rebelde tomó Batallón de Luepa en Gran Sabana, cerca de la frontera con Brasil; hay un muerto y roban fusiles y municiones | Jorge Arreaza señala que los rebeldes tienen su base de operaciones en el Perú | Pemones | Batallón 513 Mariano Montilla | Nicolás Maduro | MUNDO". *El Comercio* (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
24. "Venezuela condena possível refúgio a desertores pelo governo brasileiro". *Brasil de Fato* (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
25. "Crisis mounts in Venezuela as indigenous activists are shot dead by soldiers". *Indianz*. Retrieved 2021-11-22.

## InfoBox

| Kumarakapay | |
| --- | --- |
| San Francisco de Yuruaní | |
|  | |
| Kumarakapay | |
| Coordinates: 5°03′30″N 61°05′50″W / 5.05833°N 61.09722°W / 5.05833; -61.09722 | |
| Country | Venezuela |
| State | Bolívar (state) |
| Municipality | Gran Sabana |
| Ethnicities | |
| Majority | Pemon |


title: Fiske Goodeve Fiske-Harrison

abstract: Fiske Goodeve Fiske-Harrison of Copford Hall, Lord of the Manor of Copford was High Sheriff of Essex. He was born Fyske Goodeve Harrison on 2 September 1793 at Copford Hall, Essex, to John Haynes Harrison. John Haynes Harrison had inherited the manor from his first cousin, Hezekiah Haynes, a Major General in the army of Oliver Cromwell. Hezekiah Haynes had inherited it from his father, John Haynes, who had purchased it from the Mountjoy family. However, John Haynes lived mainly in the Americas where he was the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and later Connecticut. John Haynes Harrison married Sarah Thomas Fiske, only child and heiress of Reverend John Fiske of Thorpe Morieux, Suffolk. The Fiske Family Papers, a history of the family, states that she was heiress to £18,000 on her marriage in 1789. Fiske-Harrison was educated at Charterhouse School, 1806-1810, and St John's College, Cambridge. He served in the East Essex Regular Militia, rising to the rank of Major. He changed his surname to Fiske-Harrison on inheriting his mother's estates after her death, and became Lord of the Manor of Copford on his father's death in 1839. He married Jane, daughter of James Sparrow, in 1826. He served as a magistrate, rising to Justice of the Peace, and as High Sheriff of Essex in 1827. He died in 1872. On his death Copford Hall, and the Lordship of the Manor, passed to his brother, and the most recent holder of the title and the hall was his descendant, MP for Maldon in Essex, Brian Harrison. The current Fiske-Harrison family, of Fiske & Co the City of London bank, are descended from his cousin William Fiske, Lord of Stadhaugh Manor in Laxfield Suffolk.

text:
# Fiske Goodeve Fiske-Harrison

**Fiske Goodeve Fiske-Harrison** (2 September 1793 – 1872) of Copford Hall, Lord of the Manor of Copford was High Sheriff of Essex.

He was born Fyske Goodeve Harrison on 2 September 1793 at Copford Hall, Essex, to John Haynes Harrison.

John Haynes Harrison had inherited the manor from his first cousin, Hezekiah Haynes, a Major General in the army of Oliver Cromwell. Hezekiah Haynes had inherited it from his father, John Haynes, who had purchased it from the Mountjoy family. However, John Haynes lived mainly in the Americas where he was the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and later Connecticut.

John Haynes Harrison married Sarah Thomas Fiske, only child and heiress of Reverend John Fiske of Thorpe Morieux, Suffolk. *The Fiske Family Papers*, a history of the family, states that she was heiress to £18,000 on her marriage in 1789.

Fiske-Harrison was educated at Charterhouse School, 1806-1810, and St John's College, Cambridge. He served in the East Essex Regular Militia, rising to the rank of Major (gazetted in 1828).

He changed his surname to Fiske-Harrison on inheriting his mother's estates after her death, and became Lord of the Manor of Copford on his father's death in 1839. He married Jane, daughter of James Sparrow, in 1826.

He served as a magistrate, rising to Justice of the Peace, and as High Sheriff of Essex in 1827.

He died in 1872.

On his death Copford Hall, and the Lordship of the Manor, passed to his brother, and the most recent holder of the title and the hall was his descendant, MP for Maldon in Essex, Brian Harrison. The current Fiske-Harrison family, of Fiske & Co the City of London bank, are descended from his cousin William Fiske, Lord of Stadhaugh Manor in Laxfield Suffolk.


title: Dali University

abstract: Dali University is a provincial public university located in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China. The university is affiliated with the Yunnan Provincial People's Government. The university is located in the famous tourist city Dali, Yunnan, which was the capital of Nanzhao Country over 1,000 years ago. The University has two campuses, one is ancient city and the other is water lily. It covers an area of 2,500 mu or about 410 acres. And it covers ten academic disciplines, including education, management, economics, law, philosophy, literature, science, engineering, medicine, agriculture and art. The University has one college, sixteen schools, eight research institutes, forty-nine undergraduate degree programs, twenty-eight master's degree programs and more than seventeen thousand full-time students. The university is located in the foothills of the Cang Mountains, overlooking Erhai Lake and the city of Dali. It is honored as University in the landscape, the landscape of the University.

text:
# Dali University

**Dali University** is a provincial public university located in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China. The university is affiliated with the Yunnan Provincial People's Government.

The university is located in the famous tourist city Dali, Yunnan, which was the capital of Nanzhao Country over 1,000 years ago. The University has two campuses, one is ancient city and the other is water lily. It covers an area of 2,500 mu or about 410 acres. And it covers ten academic disciplines, including education, management, economics, law, philosophy, literature, science, engineering, medicine, agriculture and art. The University has one college, sixteen schools, eight research institutes, forty-nine undergraduate degree programs, twenty-eight master's degree programs and more than seventeen thousand full-time students. The university is located in the foothills of the Cang Mountains, overlooking Erhai Lake and the city of Dali. It is honored as *University in the landscape, the landscape of the University*.

## History

Dali University can be traced back to its predecessors, Dali Medical College and Dali Teachers College, which were established in 1978. In 2001, the two schools merged to form Dali College.

## Campus

Dali University covers an area of 2,500 mu (about 410 acres) located in China’s historical and cultural city Dali (Ancient Town). It has two campuses, one is at *Gucheng* (Ancient City campus) and the other one is at *Xiaguan* (Water Lily Campus). The Ancient City campus is located in the foothills of the Cangshan mountains, overlooking the Erhai Lake and the city of Dali. The Water Lily Campus is located in downtown.

Dali University's buildings are a blend of ancient and contemporary art. The University campus consists of large academic buildings, dormitory buildings, libraries, large parks like public spaces, athletics facilities, department stores, dining halls and the central administrative offices. The University provides shuttle bus service inside campus. Additionally, just outside the university main gate, students can access public transport to downtown or other stations.

## Academics

### Research

### Academic organization

#### College

Dali College

#### Schools

#### Research institutes

### Academic exchanges

* Established partnership with Fauna & Flora International（FFI）
* Established partnership with The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
* Established partnership with Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA)
* Sign a cooperation agreement with Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Kingdom of Thailand)
* Mr Laurie, the famous psychiatrist, the professor of Edinburgh University held a lecture August 2013
* The academic symposium between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’universities and Chinese universities March 2013
* Teaching master's degree courses with Deakin University (Australia) December 2012
* The academic symposium of China's geophysical and applied mathematics September 2012
* Sign a cooperation agreement with Namseoul University (South Korea) September 2012
* The academic symposium of the law between China and Japan March 2012
* Sign a cooperation agreement with Sunraysia Institute of TAFE (Australia) September 2011
* The meet of exchange between Korea Maritime University and Dali University December 2010
* The first international academic symposium of the Bai nationality language August 2009
* The academic symposium of the folklore cross-strait May 2008
* The symposium of minority traditional culture protection in Dali-Lijiang Railway District with the Asian development bank March 2008
* The academic symposium of the Bai nationality folk song with Japan August 2006

### Libraries and collection

Dali University Libraries are networking, electronics and intelligence, and holding some 2.15 million volumes.

Dali University has one collection, saving a lot of ethnic medicine literature and many historical references of the local culture that are more than one thousand years old.

## Rankings and reputation

Dali University is an international university that enjoys a high reputation in Southeast Asia and throughout South Asia. As of 2013, there were more than 5000 international students graduated from Dali University. They were from 42 countries and regions, including Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, USA and South Korea.

As of 2022, the Best Chinese Universities Ranking ranked Dali University 5th in Yunnan Province after (Yunnan University, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, and Yunnan Agricultural University) and 308th in China. Dali is the only university in Dali City to rank among the top 5 universities in Yunnan province, apart from major universities, located in the provincial capital city of Kunming.

Dili University ranked 2082th worldwide and 361th in China by the University Rankings by Academic Performance 2023/24.

As of 2024, Dali University was ranked # 2138 globally, # 932 in Asia and # 358 in China in the 2024-2025 Best Global Universities by *the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.*

## International Co-operation

The University has established many exchange and cooperation projects and academic research working with more than 40 foreign universities.

Representatives and Delegations from Puducherry / Pondicherry ( Mr. K Lakshminarayanan - MLA , Former Minister , Mrs. Radha Srinivasagoplane , Dr. Bikash Kali Das - Chinese Consultant ) visited Dali University 2016 .07. 29

The consul general and vice consul general of Australia consulate general in Chengdu visited Dali University February 2014

The delegation from Thailand's ministry of education visited Dali University July 2013

The Republic of Suriname ambassador visited Dali University February 2013

The vice president of faculty of education of Deakin University in Australia visited Dali University September 2012

The ambassador of Thailand's foreign office and diplomatic academy visited Dali University September 2012

The delegation of Burma’s association of culture and education visited Dali University September 2012

Nepal Medical Association delegation visited Dali University October 2011

The Mildura City (in Australia) delegation visited Dali University September 2011

Taiwan's Chienkuo Technology University delegation visited Dali University August 2011

The South and South-east Asia press corps visited Dali University June 2011

The women's basketball team of St. Mary’s College of Maryland visited Dali University May 2011

The consul general of Pakistan consulate general in Chengdu visited Dali University April 2011

The economic counselor of consulate general of Pakistan in Chengdu visited Dali University. March 2011

25°40′27″N 100°09′12″E / 25.6742°N 100.1533°E / 25.6742; 100.1533

## InfoBox

Dali University
| 大理大学 | |
| --- | --- |
| Front facade of ancient city campus | |
| Motto | 博学达真 大德至理 |
| Motto in English | Dade Dudgeon learned to reason |
| Type | Provincial Public |
| Established | 1978 (1978) (Dali Medical College & Dali Teachers College)<br>2001 (2001) (Dali University) |
| President | Zhang Qiaogui |
| Administrative staff | 1,200 |
| Students | 17,900 |
| Location | Dali, Yunnan,  People's Republic of China |
| Campus | Urban, 410 acres |
| Colours |  |
| Website | www.dali.edu.cn |


title: Samuel Long (Jamaica)

abstract: Samuel Long (1638–1683), planter and politician in the West Indies, was born in Wiltshire, England, the second son of Timothy Long (1610–1691) and his wife, Jane, the only daughter of Oliver Brunsell, the vicar of Wroughton. Nothing of his early life is known, except that on 20 October 1661 he married Elizabeth Streete. He was the speaker of the House of Assembly of Jamaica for 1671 and 1673.

text:
# Samuel Long (Jamaica)

**Samuel Long** (1638–1683), planter and politician in the West Indies, was born in Wiltshire, England, the second son of Timothy Long (1610–1691) and his wife, Jane, the only daughter of Oliver Brunsell, the vicar of Wroughton. Nothing of his early life is known, except that on 20 October 1661 he married Elizabeth Streete.

He was the speaker of the House of Assembly of Jamaica for 1671 and 1673.

## Further reading

* Nicol, Cheryl (2016). *Inheriting the Earth: The Long Family's 500 Year Reign in Wiltshire*. Hobnob Press. ISBN 1906978379.


title: Seaford line

abstract: The Seaford line is a commuter railway line in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. It is the city's second longest metropolitan railway line at 35.9 kilometres (22.3 mi).

text:
# Seaford line

The **Seaford line** is a commuter railway line in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. It is the city's second longest metropolitan railway line at 35.9 kilometres (22.3 mi).

## History

Before the extension of the line to Noarlunga Centre in 1978, the Willunga line ran from Hallett Cove station on a different route through Reynella, Morphett Vale and Hackham to Willunga (south-east of Noarlunga). It closed in 1969 and in September 1972 a track-removal train removed the tracks, and for six years Noarlunga had no train service.

The South Australian Railways and its successor, the State Transport Authority, extended the current railway southwards in stages from Hallett Cove to cater for increasing residential development in the southern area. Opening dates for passenger services were: Hallett Cove Beach on 30 June 1974; Christie Downs on 25 January 1976 (This was a temporary terminus just north of Beach Road and adjacent to Hyacinth Crescent, and was in a different location to the current Christie Downs station, which opened in November 1981.); and Noarlunga Centre on 2 April 1978.

Prior to 2014, most trains were operated by 3000 class railcars augmented at times by 2000 class railcars. Since the electrification of the line, the latter are no longer authorised to operate on the line. Most services are now operated by 4000 class electric multiple units. A number of railcars needed for peak-hour services are now stabled overnight in secure sidings at Port Stanvac, north of Lonsdale station, and at a much bigger facility adjacent to Seaford Meadows. The last freight trains on the line, to and from Port Stanvac Refinery, ceased in the late 1990s.

### Re-sleepering and electrification

In 2008, the State Government announced a plan to upgrade and electrify the Seaford line with the Federal Government also to provide funding. In December 2009, Stage 1 of the Noarlunga line upgrade was completed between Adelaide and Brighton. This work saw the track removed, with the track bed and track renewed. Dual gauge sleepers were laid to allow for the line to be converted to standard gauge at a future date. Stage 2 commenced in February 2011 with the line closed for six months and continued the upgrade works between Oaklands and Noarlunga. Most stations (Brighton, Seacliff, Marino, Marino Rocks and Lonsdale) received a minor upgrade due to the presence of asbestos in many station shelters, necessitating their replacement.

On 2 January 2013, the line closed to allow for its electrification and extension, with trains being replaced by bus services. Rail services resumed on 1 December 2013. The completed project was opened by the South Australian Transport and Infrastructure Minister Tom Koutsantonis on 18 January 2014. Electric train services commenced in February 2014 after testing was completed on the line. At the time, only four 4000 class electric multiple units had entered service, so most services continued to be operated by 3000 class railcars.

### Seaford extension

In 2005, the State Government announced the line would be extended 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) to the southern suburb of Seaford. The plan was cancelled in December 2007 after a study concluded that the extension could not be justified. The government announced that it would retain the corridor to Aldinga for a possible extension further south in the future. In July 2008, a feasibility study was commissioned by the government into extending the line. This extension was given approval after the Federal Government announced a $291 million investment in the project as part of the 2009/10 Federal Budget.

Construction started in 2011 with the extension opening on 23 February 2014. The extension included a new 1.2-kilometre (0.75 mi) elevated rail bridge over the Onkaparinga River, a rail bridge over Old Honeypot Drive, and new railway stations at Seaford Meadows and Seaford. New road bridges were also constructed over the extension at Goldsmith Drive, Seaford Road and Lynton Terrace.

### Future extension to Aldinga Beach

In 2019, Renewal SA delivered a Draft Structure Plan of a 94 hectare area of land in Aldinga which is set to include a new school and a train station.

## Route

The line runs south from Adelaide station paralleling the Belair line as far as Goodwood. It then branches off in a south-west direction through the suburbs of Edwardstown, Oaklands Park and Marion to the coast at Brighton, where it turns south towards Noarlunga Centre in the southern suburbs. The line was known as the Marino and Hallett Cove line when it finished at Hallett Cove. Most trains terminated at Marino, with only about a quarter going to Hallett Cove.

Like the rest of the Adelaide network, the line is broad gauge. Dual gauge sleepers have been laid to allow for the line to be converted to standard gauge at a future date. The line is 35.9 kilometres (22.3 mi) long and is the second longest of the Adelaide suburban railway lines. The line is double track throughout. The Australian Rail Track Corporation standard-gauge main line passes over the line just south of Goodwood station, and the Flinders line branches off south of Woodlands Park.

### Line guide

| Seaford Line | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Name | Distance from
Adelaide | Year opened | Serving suburbs | Connections |
| **Adelaide** | 0.0 km | 1856 | Adelaide | Gawler Grange
Outer Harbor Port Dock Bus  Tram |
| **Mile End** | 2.0 km | 1898 | Mile End |  |
| **Adelaide Showground** | 4.0 km | 2014 | Keswick, Wayville |  |
| **Goodwood** | 5.0 km | 1883 | Forestville, Goodwood | Belair |
| **Clarence Park** | 6.3 km | 1913 | Black Forest, Clarence Park | Bus |
| **Emerson** | 7.1 km | 1928 | Black Forest, Clarence Park |  |
| **Edwardstown** | 7.9 km | 1913 | Edwardstown |  |
| **Woodlands Park** | 9.1 km | 1925 | Ascot Park, Edwardstown | Flinders Bus |
| **Ascot Park** | 10.2 km | 1914 | Ascot Park |  |
| **Marion** | 11.4 km | 1954 | Marion |  |
| **Oaklands** | 12.9 km | 1913 | Oaklands Park, Warradale | Bus |
| **Warradale** | 13.7 km | 1956 | Warradale |  |
| **Hove** | 14.6 km | 1914 | Hove |  |
| **Brighton** | 16.0 km | 1913 | Brighton | Bus |
| **Seacliff** | 17.0 km | 1915 | Seacliff | Bus |
| **Marino** | 18.3 km | 1913 | Kingston Park, Marino | Bus |
| **Marino Rocks** | 18.9 km | 1915 | Marino |  |
| **Hallett Cove** | 21.4 km | 1915 | Hallett Cove | Bus |
| **Hallett Cove Beach** | 22.9 km | 1974 | Hallett Cove | Bus |
| **Lonsdale** | 26.7 km | 1976 | Lonsdale |  |
| **Christie Downs** | 28.9 km | 1976 | Christie Downs |  |
| **Noarlunga Centre** | 30.2 km | 1978 | Noarlunga Centre | Bus |
| **Seaford Meadows** | 34.7 km | 2014 | Seaford Meadows |  |
| **Seaford** | 36.0 km | 2014 | Seaford | Bus  Regional Coach |

### Former stations

## Services

, 2011

Trains to and from Adelaide operate every 5–10 minutes during the weekday peak periods, every 10–20 minutes off-peak on weekdays, and every 30 minutes on weekends plus in the late evening. Previously, some stations were also serviced by trains from Brighton and from the Flinders branch line on weekdays.

## InfoBox

| Seaford line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Seaford railway station, the terminus of the line, January 2023 | |
| Overview | |
| Locale | Adelaide, South Australia |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 24 |
| Service | |
| Type | Commuter rail |
| Operator(s) | Adelaide Metro |
| Rolling stock |  |
| History | |
| Opened |  |
| Re-sleepered
(concrete) | 2009–2011 |
| Electrified | January 2013–14 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 35.9 km (22.3 mi) |
| Number of tracks |  |
| Track gauge | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) |
| Electrification | 25 kV 50 Hz AC from overhead catenary |
| Route map | |


title: John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair

abstract: John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair (1720–1789) was a Scottish soldier and politician.

text:
# John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair

**John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair** (1720–1789) was a Scottish soldier and politician.

## Life

He was eldest son of George Dalrymple of Dalmahoy, fifth son of John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair, and a baron of the court of exchequer of Scotland, by his wife Euphame, eldest daughter of Sir Andrew Myrton of Gogar. He passed advocate of the Scottish bar in 1741, but he entered the army and attained the rank of captain. He was a favourite with his uncle John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair, who having in 1707 obtained a new charter containing, in default of male issue, a reversionary clause in favour of any one of the male descendants of the first Viscount Stair whom he should nominate, selected him to succeed him in the states and honours on his own death. He therefore, in 1745, assumed the title, and voted as Earl of Stair in 1747, but by a decision of the House of Lords in 1748 the titles were assigned to his cousin James Dalrymple, who became 3rd Earl of Stair.

John Dalrymple succeeded to the title as fifth earl on the death of his cousin William, William Dalrymple-Crichton, 5th Earl of Dumfries, 4th Earl of Stair, on 27 July 1768. He was chosen a Scottish representative peer in 1771, and in the House of Lords opposed the measures which led to the American War of Independence. He presenting a petition on behalf of Massachusetts in 1774. In the general election of 1774 he was not returned to parliament.

Stair died on 13 October 1789.

## Works

Stair wrote pamphlets, mainly on national finance. Their gloomy character and their predictions, earned for him, according to Horace Walpole, the nickname "Cassandra of the State". They included:

* *The State of the National Debt, Income, and Expenditure*, 1776.
* *Considerations preliminary to the fixing the Supplies, the Ways and Means, and the Taxes for the year 1781*, 1781.
* *Facts and their Consequences submitted to the Consideration of the Public at large*, 1782.
* *An Attempt to balance the Income and Expenditure of the State*, 1783.
* *An Argument to prove that it is the indispensable Duty of the Public to insist that Government do forthwith bring forward the consideration of the State of the Nation*, 1783.
* *State of the Public Debts*, 1783.
* *On the Proper Limits of Government's Interference with the Affairs of the East India Company*, 1784.
* *Address to, and Expostulation with, the Public*, 1784.
* *Comparative State of the Public Revenue for the years ending on 10 October 1783 and 10 Oct. 1784*, 1785.

## Family

By his wife, a daughter of George Middleton, banker, London, Dalrymple had one son John, who succeeded him as sixth earl.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Dalrymple, John (1720-1789)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 13. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Sanganji shell mound

abstract:
Sanganji shell mound is a Late-to-Final Jōmon shell mound in Shinchi, Fukushima, Tōhoku region, Japan. The shell mound was excavated in 1952 by the Special Committee for Jomon Chronology of the Japanese
Archaeological Association and in 1954 by the University of Tokyo Department of Anthropology. The remains of over 40 individuals were excavated from the site. The remains are now housed in The University Museum at the University of Tokyo.

text:
# Sanganji shell mound

**Sanganji shell mound** is a Late-to-Final Jōmon shell mound in Shinchi, Fukushima, Tōhoku region, Japan. The shell mound was excavated in 1952 by the Special Committee for Jomon Chronology of the Japanese Archaeological Association and in 1954 by the University of Tokyo Department of Anthropology. The remains of over 40 individuals were excavated from the site. The remains are now housed in The University Museum at the University of Tokyo.

## mtDNA evidence

Researchers extracted the DNA from the teeth, dating to around 3000 BP, of four of the human remains excavated from the Sanganji shell mound. Two of the individuals belong to Haplogroup N9b, while the other two belong to Haplogroup M7a2. In comparison to ancient Jomon populations, Haplogroup N9b is found most frequently in Jomon populations from Hokkaido and the Tōhoku region but rare elsewhere in Japan. In comparison to modern populations, Haplogroup N9b is found most frequently among the Udege people, while the haplogroup can also be found in modern Japanese people, albeit at low frequencies. Likewise, Haplogroup M7a2 is found most frequently among the Udege people, while the haplogroup is extremely rare in modern Japan.

## aDNA evidence

Researchers performed the first aDNA tests on ancient Jomon samples using three of the Sanganji Jomon individuals tested above. When compared against modern populations, the Sanganji Jomon individuals group most closely with modern East Asians, but are genetically distinct and descended from a population that diverged from other East Asians a long time ago. In comparison to modern populations, the Sanganji Jomon individuals are closest to modern Japanese, showing strongest genetic affinity for the Ainu people, followed by the Ryukyuan people. From this study, researchers estimate that the modern Japanese population inherited less than 20% of their DNA from the ancient Jomon populations.

## Bibliography

* Hideaki, Kanzawa-Kiriyama (2013a). *Ancient genomic DNA analysis of Jomon people* (Ph.D.). Graduate University for Advanced Studies.
* Hideaki, Kanzawa-Kiriyama (2013b). "Ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences of Jomon teeth samples from Sanganji, Tohoku district, Japan" (PDF). *Anthropological Science*. **121** (2): 89–103. doi:10.1537/ase.121113.
* Hideaki, Kanzawa-Kiriyama; et al. (2016). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". *Journal of Human Genetics*. **62** (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845.
* Suzuki, Hisashi (1957–1958). "A Prehistoric Human Ilium Penetrated by an Arrow Head". *The Journal of Anthropological Society of Nippon*. **66** (3): 112–115. doi:10.1537/ase1911.66.112.

## InfoBox

Sanganji shell mound
| 三貫地貝塚 | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Japan | |
| Alternative name | Sanganji kaizuka |
| Location | Shinchi, Fukushima, Japan |
| Region | Tōhoku region |
| Coordinates | 37°50′39″N 140°54′19″E / 37.844266°N 140.905269°E / 37.844266; 140.905269 |
| Type | shell mound |
| History | |
| Founded | 4,000 BP |
| Abandoned | 2,500 BP |
| Periods | Neolithic |
| Cultures | Late-to-Final Jōmon period |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1952–1954 |


title: Straumgjerde

abstract: Straumgjerde is a village in Sykkylven Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located where the lake Fitjavatnet empties into the Sykkylvsfjorden. It is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of the municipal center of Aure and about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of Ikornnes. The mountain Råna lies 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of the village. The 0.47-square-kilometre (120-acre) village has a population (2018) of 488 and a population density of 1,038 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,690/sq mi).

text:
# Straumgjerde

**Straumgjerde** is a village in Sykkylven Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located where the lake Fitjavatnet empties into the Sykkylvsfjorden. It is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of the municipal center of Aure and about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of Ikornnes. The mountain Råna lies 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of the village.

The 0.47-square-kilometre (120-acre) village has a population (2018) of 488 and a population density of 1,038 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,690/sq mi).

## InfoBox

| Straumgjerde | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| StraumgjerdeLocation in Møre og RomsdalStraumgjerdeStraumgjerde (Norway) | |
| Coordinates: 62°20′07″N 6°35′37″E / 62.3352°N 6.5936°E / 62.3352; 6.5936 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Western Norway |
| County | Møre og Romsdal |
| District | Sunnmøre |
| Municipality | Sykkylven Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.47 km2 (0.18 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 488 |
| Density | 1,038/km2 (2,690/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 6220 Straumgjerde |


title: Tsinghua International School

abstract: Tsinghua International School is a non-profit, WASC-accredited international school in Beijing, that was founded in 2009. THIS is attached to one of Beijing's top public secondary schools, Tsinghua Fuzhong. Tsinghua Fuzhong is the secondary school affiliated to Tsinghua University. THIS shares some facilities with Tsinghua Fuzhong, but remains an independent school. The school has around 430 students in grades 1-12. THIS is in the Advanced Placement program and its courses are derived from the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The colleges attended by alumni are impressive for a small school, including names like Columbia University, Brown University and MIT.

text:
# Tsinghua International School

**Tsinghua International School** (**THIS**, Chinese: 清华大学附属中学国际部) is a non-profit, WASC-accredited international school in Beijing, that was founded in 2009. THIS is attached to one of Beijing's top public secondary schools, Tsinghua Fuzhong. Tsinghua Fuzhong is the secondary school affiliated to Tsinghua University. THIS shares some facilities with Tsinghua Fuzhong, but remains an independent school. The school has around 430 students in grades 1-12.

THIS is in the Advanced Placement program and its courses are derived from the Common Core State Standards Initiative. The colleges attended by alumni are impressive for a small school, including names like Columbia University, Brown University and MIT.

## Facilities

THIS has an elementary school, middle school, and high school. They recently finished the construction of their teaching building with modern classrooms and science labs. In addition, the school just finished construction of an indoor gym. Other facilities include:

* Library
* Science laboratories
* Cafeteria
* Athletics track
* Basketball courts
* Soccer field
* Computer labs
* Soundproof music studio
* Drama studio
* Black Box Theatre
* Teachers' lounge
* Computer lab
* New Multi-story Gym

## High school program

The US-based high school curriculum prepares students for colleges in the United States, Canada, and other western countries. Multiple advanced placement courses such as AP World History, AP English Language and Composition, and AP Physics are available, while new courses are being introduced in the future.

### Selection for high school courses

* English/Language Arts
* Chinese
* Social Studies
* Visual Arts and Performing Arts
* Foreign Languages and Linguistics
* Mathematics
* Physical Sciences
* Computer Technology
* Physical Education and Health

## Student life

### Extracurricular activities

THIS teachers provide a variety of after-school extracurricular activities for all elementary school, middle school, and high school students. Activities, including sports, are held every day from 3:30 to 5:30.

THIS is a member of ISAC (International Schools Athletic Conference) and has recently also joined ACAMIS (Association of China and Mongolia International Schools). Middle school and high school extracurricular activities include:

* Dance Club
* Rock/Pop band
* Choir Club
* Community Service Club
* Speech and Debate Club
* Model United Nations (MUN)
* MEAT Club (Middle School Events & Activities Team)
* Engineering Club
* Woodworking Club
* SciNex (Science Club)
* Middle School Math Club
* High School Math Club
* Author's Circle
* Traditional Dance Club
* Fashion Design Club
* Theatre
* English Newspaper, *The Spartan Times*
* Chinese Newspaper
* Korean Club
* Japanese Club
* Visual Art Club

### Dining service

The catering services at THIS provide breakfast, lunch, and dinner for middle school students, high school students, and faculty members. They serve a variety of dishes that are reasonably priced. Some dishes include noodles, Japanese tofu, and stir-fried rice.

Elementary students have lunch prepared for them beforehand and are given morning snacks every day.

### Transportation service

Daily school buses at designated pick-up points before and after school are provided for elementary school, middle school, and high school students. THIS has eleven bus routes for students to choose from across Beijing.

Tsinghua University

## InfoBox

| Tsinghua International School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Zhongguancun North Rd.
Haidian, Beijing 100084
People's Republic of China | |
| Information | |
| Type | International School/Private School |
| Founded | 2009 (2009) |
| Director | Alicia Jones (primary school), Scott Pare(secondary school), Ming Weng (college counseling) |
| Division principals | Ping Shi (executive principal), Wenping Li (assistant principal), Maxine Klimasara (academic assistant principal) |
| Grades | Grade 1-12 |
| Enrollment | 430 |
| Campus type | Large private campus |
| Color(s) | Purple, White |
| Mascot | Spartans |
| Newspaper | *The Spartan Times* |
| Website | www.this.edu.cn |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese | 清华大学附属中学国际部 |
| Traditional Chinese | 清華大學附屬中學國際部 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qīnghuá Dàxué Fùshǔ Zhōngxué Guójìbù | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Russell K. Hotzler

abstract: Russell K. Hotzler is the eighth and current president of New York City College of Technology. Prior to this presidency, Hotzler served as the Vice Chancellor for Academic Program Planning at The City University of New York. Hotzler holds a Bachelor of Science Degree and a Master of Science degree in Metallurgical Engineering and a Ph.D. In Physical Metallurgy from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, where he also served as a member of the faculty. Hotzler also is Chair of the New York State Regents Advisory Committee on Accreditation.

text:
# Russell K. Hotzler

**Russell K. Hotzler** is the eighth and current president of New York City College of Technology. Prior to this presidency, Hotzler served as the Vice Chancellor for Academic Program Planning at The City University of New York. Hotzler holds a Bachelor of Science Degree and a Master of Science degree in Metallurgical Engineering and a Ph.D. In Physical Metallurgy from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, where he also served as a member of the faculty. Hotzler also is Chair of the New York State Regents Advisory Committee on Accreditation.


title: Samuel Cole Williams

abstract: Samuel Cole Williams was an American jurist, historian, educator, and businessman. He was born and raised in the state of Tennessee, where he primarily had his career in Johnson City in East Tennessee.

text:
# Samuel Cole Williams

**Samuel Cole Williams** (January 15, 1864  December 14, 1947) was an American jurist, historian, educator, and businessman. He was born and raised in the state of Tennessee, where he primarily had his career in Johnson City in East Tennessee.

## Early life

Samuel C. Williams was born January 15, 1864, near Humboldt, Tennessee. At the urging of family friend Horace Lurton, later a U. S. Supreme Court Justice, Williams pursued law training. He attended Vanderbilt University's School of Law and graduated in June 1884. After a few years of legal practice in Jonesborough, Tennessee, Williams moved to Johnson City, Tennessee, in 1892.

Williams joined politician Walter P. Brownlow in forming Watauga Light and Power Company and the Johnson City Transit Company (Johnson City Streetcar Company). In conjunction with John Cox he established the Banking and Trust Company which later became known as Unaka National Bank, Tennessee National Bank, and finally Hamilton National Bank. Judge Williams also had interests in the Empire Chair Company and the John Sevier Hotel.

## Government and public service

In 1912 Williams became Chancellor of First Chancery Division of Tennessee. In 1913 he was appointed to complete a vacated seat on the Tennessee Supreme Court. The next year he was elected to the court for a four-year term. He was re-elected in 1918.

He left the Tennessee Supreme Court to serve as first dean of the Lamar School of Law (also known as Emory University School of Law) in Atlanta, Georgia, from 1919 to 1924.

He was appointed to codify the laws of Tennessee in 1928 and again in 1938. His eight-volume work, **Williams Annotated Code of Tennessee**, commonly known as *The Williams Code*, became a model for other state revisions.

## Historian and writer

In 1925 Judge Williams retired to his estate, *Aquone*, at Johnson City, Tennessee. The house, named after a Cherokee word for "resting place", was modeled after a Maryland colonial house which Williams had visited. His personal library was fashioned after the design of Sir Walter Scott's study at Abbotsford House. The home is listed on both the Tennessee Historical Register and the National Register of Historic Places.

In his later years Williams devoted much of his time to writing. His history texts and articles carried his personal, if wordy, enthusiastic style which helped to popularize local history studies. Tennessee Governor Prentice Cooper appointed Williams to head the rejuvenated Tennessee Historical Commission in 1941. In that position he founded publications and arranged the 1944 purchase of a Johnson City farm, which was designated as the Tipton-Haynes Historic Site. During these years Williams founded the East Tennessee Historical Society. He also provided the land and financing for construction of the public library in Johnson City, dedicated and named in memory of his late son, Mayne Williams.

During his final years, Williams helped prepare for the Tennessee Sesquicentennial in 1946. He served as a member of the Advisory Committee on the Rules of Civil Procedure in the Federal Courts.

Judge Williams was an avid scholar and collector of Tennessee history; he donated many of his items to libraries and museums. His papers are held by the East Tennessee State University Archives of Appalachia, the University of Tennessee's Frank H. McClung Museum, and the Archives of Emory University.

He died December 14, 1947.

## Works

* *History of the Lost State of Franklin* (1924)
* *Lieut. Henry Timberlake's Memoirs, 1756–1765* (editor, 1927)
* *Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 1540–1800* (1928)
* *Adair's History of the American Indians* (editor, 1930) (see James Adair (historian))
* *Beginnings of West Tennessee: In the Land of the Chickasaws, 1541–1841* (1930)
* *General John T. Wilder, Commander of the Lightning Brigade* (1936)
* *Dawn of Tennessee Valley and Tennessee History* (1937)
* *History of Johnson City and its Environs* (1940)
* *Phases of Southwest Territory History* (1940)
* *The Lincolns and Tennessee* (1942)
* *Tennessee During the American Revolutionary War* (1944)
* *Phases of the History of the Supreme Court of Tennessee* (1944)
* *The Admission of Tennessee into the Union* (1945)
* *William Tatham, Wataugan* (1947)


title: Sébastien Ricard

abstract: Sébastien Ricard is a Canadian musician and actor from Quebec, most noted as a member of the hip hop band Loco Locass. As an actor, he won the Prix Jutra for Best Actor at the 12th Jutra Awards in 2010 for his performance as Dédé Fortin in Through the Mist, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 15th Jutra Awards in 2013 for his performance as Ji-Guy in Before My Heart Falls.

text:
# Sébastien Ricard

**Sébastien Ricard** (born May 25, 1972) is a Canadian musician and actor from Quebec, most noted as a member of the hip hop band Loco Locass.

As an actor, he won the Prix Jutra for Best Actor at the 12th Jutra Awards in 2010 for his performance as Dédé Fortin in *Through the Mist (Dédé, à travers les brumes)*, and was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the 15th Jutra Awards in 2013 for his performance as Ji-Guy in *Before My Heart Falls (Avant que mon cœur bascule)*.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2001 | *February 15, 1839 (15 février 1839)* | Amable Daumais |  |
| 2003 | *The Barbarian Invasions (Les Invasions barbares)* | Jérôme |  |
| 2006 | *Family History (Histoire de famille)* | Singer |  |
| 2006 | *From My Window, Without a Home… (De ma fenêtre, sans maison...)* | Pierre |  |
| 2009 | *Through the Mist (Dédé, à travers les brumes)* | Dédé Fortin |  |
| 2010 | *TS: Travailleur social* | Hugo |  |
| 2010 | *Cinéma des aveugles* |  |  |
| 2012 | *Before My Heart Falls (Avant que mon cœur bascule)* | Ji-Guy |  |
| 2013 | *Gabrielle* | Raphaël |  |
| 2013 | *Une jeune fille* | Serge |  |
| 2014 | *Antoine & Marie* | Antoine Girard |  |
| 2015 | *Chorus* | Christophe Ducharme |  |
| 2017 | *On This Day I Die (Qu'en ce jour je meure)* |  |  |
| 2017 | *Hochelaga, Land of Souls (Hochelaga, terre des âmes)* | Léopold Lacroix |  |
| 2018 | *Mad Dog Labine* | Guénille |  |
| 2018 | *Pauvre Georges!* | Carlo Galluccio |  |
| 2019 | *The Acrobat (L'Acrobate)* | Christophe |  |
| 2020 | *The Vinland Club (Le Club Vinland)* | Frère Jean |  |
| 2020 | *Live Story* | Alex |  |
| 2021 | *Maria Chapdelaine* | Samuel Chapdelaine |  |
| 2023 | *One Summer (Le temps d'un été)* | François Riendeau |  |
| 2024 | *Hotel Silence* | Jean |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002 | *Tabou* | Émile Vandelac |  |
| 2004 | *Fortier* | Frappier twins | Three episodes |
| 2006-2009 | *Les Hauts et les bas de Sophie Paquin* | Mathieu | 12 episodes |
| 2007 | *Nos étés* | André-Jules Belzile | Four episodes |
| 2012 | *En thérapie* | David |  |
| 2015-2016 | *The Clan (Le Clan)* | Jean-François Gagnon | 12 episodes |
| 2017 | *Délateurs* | Donald Lavoie | One episode |
| 2017 | *Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie* | Pianist | One episode |
| 2017 | *Olivier* | Monsieur Surprenant | Three episodes |
| 2017-2018 | *Les Simone* | Éloi Morel | 17 episodes |
| 2019-2022 | *Une autre histoire* | Vincent Gagnon | 67 episodes |
| 2023 | *Le Gangster et le ministre* | Lucien Rivard |  |
| 2023 | *The Wall (La Faille)* | Damien Morency | Eight episodes |

## InfoBox

| Sébastien Ricard | |
| --- | --- |
| Sébastien Ricard at the FrancoFolies de Montréal in 2013 | |
| Born | (1972-05-25) May 25, 1972<br>Quebec City, Quebec |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Years active | 1990s–present |


title: Samuel Lombard Brown

abstract: Samuel Lombard Brown was an Irish politician and barrister. He studied at University College Cork (UCC), graduating MA, and at King's Inns. He also attended lectures in feudal and English law at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) from 1876 to 1877. He was Barrington lecturer in political economy at UCC from 1879 to 1883, and was called to the bar in 1881. In 1905 he was elected a bencher of the King's Inns and a member of the bar council. The acknowledged leader of the bar, he appeared in many of the important chancery cases of his day. He was to the fore of the campaign in 1915 to secure the Hugh Lane bequest for Dublin. He retired from practice in 1926. He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from 1923 to 1925 and from 1926 to 1936. He was elected at a by-election on 12 December 1923, replacing Horace Plunkett, but lost his seat at the 1925 Seanad election. He was re-elected at a by-election on 10 February 1926, replacing Windham Wyndham-Quin. He was re-elected at the 1934 Seanad election and served until the Free State Seanad was abolished in 1936. A member of the largely ex-unionist independent group in the Seanad, Brown was a supporter of Cumann na nGaedheal and raised funds for the party. As president of the Irish Society for the Protection of Birds, he introduced a bill for the protection of wild birds in 1927. Although initially rejected by the Dáil, it was passed two years later in a considerably enlarged form. Brown accepted appointment as regius professor of laws (1934–1939) at TCD. He never married, and died on 14 December 1939 at his home, in Merrion Square, Dublin.

text:
# Samuel Lombard Brown

**Samuel Lombard Brown** (10 January 1856 – 14 December 1939) was an Irish politician and barrister.

He studied at University College Cork (UCC), graduating MA, and at King's Inns. He also attended lectures in feudal and English law at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) from 1876 to 1877. He was Barrington lecturer in political economy at UCC from 1879 to 1883, and was called to the bar in 1881. In 1905 he was elected a bencher of the King's Inns and a member of the bar council. The acknowledged leader of the bar, he appeared in many of the important chancery cases of his day. He was to the fore of the campaign in 1915 to secure the Hugh Lane bequest for Dublin. He retired from practice in 1926.

He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from 1923 to 1925 and from 1926 to 1936. He was elected at a by-election on 12 December 1923, replacing Horace Plunkett, but lost his seat at the 1925 Seanad election. He was re-elected at a by-election on 10 February 1926, replacing Windham Wyndham-Quin. He was re-elected at the 1934 Seanad election and served until the Free State Seanad was abolished in 1936.

A member of the largely ex-unionist independent group in the Seanad, Brown was a supporter of Cumann na nGaedheal and raised funds for the party. As president of the *Irish Society for the Protection of Birds*, he introduced a bill for the protection of wild birds in 1927. Although initially rejected by the Dáil, it was passed two years later in a considerably enlarged form.

Brown accepted appointment as regius professor of laws (1934–1939) at TCD. He never married, and died on 14 December 1939 at his home, in Merrion Square, Dublin.

## InfoBox

| Samuel Lombard Brown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator | |
| **In office**
10 February 1926  29 May 1936 | |
| **In office**
12 December 1923  17 September 1925 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1856-01-10)10 January 1856
County Meath, Ireland |
| Died | 14 December 1939(1939-12-14) (aged 83)
Dublin, Ireland |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater |  |
|  | |


title: Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906

abstract: The Canon de 65 M modele 1906 where M stands for "montagne", or briefly 65 mm Mle 1906 where "mle" stands for "modèle", was a French mountain gun which entered service with the régiments d'artillerie de montagne in 1906 and was one of the first soft-recoil guns in service. The carriage of the Mle 1906 was hinged and could be broken down into four mule loads for transport. By 1939, the weapon was generally used as an infantry support gun. After 1940, the Germans used the guns as the 6,5 cm GebK 221(f). The gun was also used by Israel in 1948 Arab–Israeli War as Napoleonchik, and by Albania, Poland and Greece.

text:
# Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906

The **Canon de 65 M modele 1906** where M stands for "montagne", or briefly **65 mm Mle 1906** where "mle" stands for "modèle", was a French mountain gun which entered service with the *régiments d'artillerie de montagne* in 1906 and was one of the first soft-recoil guns in service. The carriage of the Mle 1906 was hinged and could be broken down into four mule loads for transport. By 1939, the weapon was generally used as an infantry support gun. After 1940, the Germans used the guns as the **6,5 cm GebK 221(f)**. The gun was also used by Israel in 1948 Arab–Israeli War as ***Napoleonchik***, and by Albania, Poland and Greece.

## Combat history

### France

During World War I the French Armée d’Orient used the Mle 1906 against the forces of the Central Powers in the mountains of Macedonia. There were 72 Mle 1906 guns in service in the Balkans theatre during the allied breakout from the Salonica bridgehead on September 15–29, 1918. The initial success of this allied offensive led Bulgaria to capitulate on October 9, 1918, later in October 1918 Serbia was liberated and lastly Austria-Hungary capitulated in November 1918 when faced with invasion from Italian forces from the south.

Still in service with the French Army in 1939-1940, a few were taken over by the Wehrmacht, as *6,5 cm Gebirgskanone 221 (f)*.

### Israel

The Canon de 65 M (Montagne) Modèle 1906 was used by the Israel Defence Forces in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and was nicknamed *Napoleonchik* by the Israelis due to its old look.

The first use of two of these cannons, lacking sights, was made in the Battle of Degania in northern Israel, which was also the first time the Israeli side employed field artillery. Subsequent uses were made in numerous major operations in the war, including Operation Bin Nun and Operation Pleshet.

### Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| 65 mm mle 1906 in Yad Mordechai, Israel. | |
| Type | Mountain artillery |
| Place of origin | France |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Albania
France
Germany
Greece
Israel
Poland
North Vietnam |
| Wars | World War I, World War II, Polish–Soviet War, Greco-Turkish War, First Indochina War, 1948 Arab–Israeli War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Colonel Ducrest |
| Manufacturer | Schneider |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 400 kg (882 lbs) |
| Barrel length | 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) L/20.5 |
| --- | |
| Shell | Fixed QF 65 × 167 mm R |
| Shell weight | 4.4 kg (10 lbs) |
| Caliber | 65 mm (2.5 in) |
| Breech | Nordenfelt eccentric screw |
| Recoil | Hydro-spring |
| Carriage | Box trail |
| Elevation | −9° to +35° |
| Traverse |  |
| Rate of fire | 18 rpm |
| Muzzle velocity | 330 m/s (1,082 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 6.5 km (4 mi) |


title: Zéménafla

abstract: Zéménafla is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Sinfra, Sinfra Department, Marahoué Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District. Zéménafla was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

text:
# Zéménafla

**Zéménafla** is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Sinfra, Sinfra Department, Marahoué Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District.

Zéménafla was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

## InfoBox

| Zéménafla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| ZéménaflaLocation in Ivory Coast | |
| Coordinates: 6°33′N 5°47′W / 6.550°N 5.783°W / 6.550; -5.783 | |
| Country | Ivory Coast |
| District | Sassandra-Marahoué |
| Region | Marahoué |
| Department | Sinfra |
| Sub-prefecture | Sinfra |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


title: C16orf71

abstract: Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71 is a protein in humans, encoded by the C16orf71 gene. The gene is expressed in epithelial tissue of the respiratory system, adipose tissue, and the testes. Predicted associated biological processes of the gene include regulation of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation in those tissue types. 1357 bp of the gene are antisense to spliced genes ZNF500 and ANKS3, indicating the possibility of regulated alternate expression.

text:
# C16orf71

**Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71** is a protein in humans, encoded by the C16orf71 gene. The gene is expressed in epithelial tissue of the respiratory system, adipose tissue, and the testes. Predicted associated biological processes of the gene include regulation of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation in those tissue types. 1357 bp of the gene are antisense to spliced genes ZNF500 and ANKS3, indicating the possibility of regulated alternate expression.

## Gene

### Locus

The gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 16 at 16p13.1. Its genomic sequence begins on the plus strand at 4,734,242 bp and ends at 4,749,396 bp.

## mRNA

### Alternative Splicing

Three different protein encoding transcript variants, or isoforms, have been identified for C16orf71. One non-protein coding transcript variant was identified for the gene.

| Name | Length (bp) | Protein (aa) | Mass (kDa) | Biotype |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 (primary assembly) | 2716 | 520 | 55.7 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X2 | 2324 | 136 | 14.6 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X3 | 2435 | 156 | 16.8 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X1 | 2562 | 537 | 57.5 | Protein coding |
| Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 Transcript-003 | 3705 | No protein |  | Retained intron |

## Protein

### General properties

The primary encoded protein consists of 520 amino acid residues, 11 total exons, and is 15.14 kb long, with a molecular weight of approximately 55.68 kDa. The predicted isoelectric point was reported to be 4.81, indicating it is relatively unstable. The gene was reported to be well expressed, at 1.1 times the average gene level.

### Composition

Alanine was the most abundant amino acid, contributing to 11.54% of the molecular weight of the protein. Serine was the second most abundant, contributing 10.19% to the overall molecular weight. The average Alanine frequency in vertebrate proteins is approximately 7.4% and the average Serine frequency is approximately 8.1%.

### Domains

C16orf71 has one identified domain of unknown function, DUF4701, that is conserved in all mammals and some species of reptiles and birds. DUF4701 spans from amino acid residue 21 to 520 in the protein.

### Post-translational modifications

C16orf71 is predicted to undergo multiple post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, N-glycosylation, and amidation.

### Protein Interactions

#### Experimentally proven interactions

Experimentation with C16orf71 has revealed interactions with four other proteins, ARHGAP1, ZNFX1, PLVAP, and MBTPS1. ARHGAP1, ZNFX1, and MBTPS1 are associated with regulation in signaling and metabolism while PLVAP is associated with the formation of small lipid rafts in the plasma membrane of vertebrate endothelial and adipose cells.

#### Predicted interactions

The majority of the predicted interactions involved with the protein related to regulation of mitotic processes, cellular differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and signaling. Additional related processes included the formation and differentiation of B cells, T cells, endothelial cells, endoderm, and endocrine glands.

| Interactor | Function |
| --- | --- |
| CREB1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) | Induction of growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion, and cell survival in epidermal cells Mediation of growth, differentiation, survival, and migration in early developmental stages
Mediation of metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration in mature adult tissue |
| TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) | Cellular differentiation, migration, and proliferation in immune cells |
| TNIP2 (TNPAIP3 interacting protein 2) | Negative regulation of apoptosis for endothelial cells |
| OBSL1 (obscurin-like 1) | Mitotic regulation, cytoskeleton and microtubule organization and assembly |
| DUSP3 (dual specificity phosphatase 3) | Negative regulation of multiple enzymatic cascades and signaling pathways Positive regulation of the mitotic cell cycle |
| FGFRL1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1) | Fibroblast growth activity |
| GNPAT (glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase) | Involved in multiple metabolic and biosynthesis processes for cellular lipids, ether lipids, glycerophospholipids, phosphatidic acid, and phospholipids |
| AURKA (aurora kinase A) | Regulation for G2/M transition, nuclear division, mitotic spindle organization, the centrosome cycle, cytokinesis, and spindle stabilization |
| NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) | Adipose tissue development, regulation of nicotinamide metabolism, signal transduction, cell-cell signaling, and vitamin metabolism. |

### Subcellular localization

C16orf71 was observed in nuclear speckles of the nucleus through experimental protocols involving fluorescent in situ hybridization with antibodies. Nuclear speckles, also known as interchromatin granule clusters, are enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors. These highly dynamic structures are located in interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm in mammalian cells and have been observed to cycle throughout various nuclear regions and active transcription sites.

## Structure

The secondary structure of C16orf71 is predicted to consist primarily of coils, with small regions of alpha helices and two segments of beta sheets throughout the span of the protein.

Protein sequences of the gene's mammalian orthologs were analyzed to reveal similar results, while distant reptilian and avian ortholog sequences predicted more regions of beta sheets.

## Expression

### Tissue expression pattern

Human expression for the gene has been observed primarily in respiratory epithelial tissue, specifically the trachea, larynx, nasopharynx, and bronchus. C16orf71 is also moderately expressed in adipose tissue and testes.

#### DNA microarray experimental data

DNA microarray analysis from various experiments provided information on the expression levels of C16orf71 in unique, varying conditions.

The gene appears to have higher levels of expression in the omental adipose tissue of obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects.

C16orf71 was also observed to have decreased expression when there was a depletion of HIF-1 alpha, HIF-2 beta, or both. HIF, or hypoxia-inducible factors, are responsible for the mediation of hypoxia effects within the body. In addition, HIFs promote clotting and restoration of various epithelial tissues and are vital in the development of mammalian embryos, sperm, and ova.

Data from an experiment also indicated noticeably lower expression of the gene in sperm affected with teratozoospermia, a condition where sperm have abnormal morphology affecting the fertility in males, compared to normal sperm.

C16orf71 was observed to be present in all stages of development, with similar levels of expression throughout.

#### Toxicogenomics experimental data

Three chemicals, bisphenol A, butyraldehyde, and polychlorinated biphenyls, have been experimentally tested with C16orf71 for evidence of interaction.

Bisphenol A is suspected to cause impairment in male reproduction. An experiment utilizing seminiferous tubule culture was conducted to observe the effects on meiosis and potential germ-line abnormalities. Gene expression analysis revealed decrease expression for C16orf71 when exposed to the chemical.

Butyraldehyde has been observed to affect inflammatory responses in bronchial airway tissue on a genetic level. Microarray analysis was used to determine levels of expression in human alveolar epithelial cells after exposure to the compound. Results indicated decreased expression for C16orf71 when exposed to the chemical.

Polychlorinated biphenyl was used in an experiment to determine its effects on external male genital development. Human fetal corpora cavernosa cells were used as the model tissue. Toxicogenomic analysis indicated the chemical affected all genes involved with genitourinary development and revealed lowered expression levels for C16orf71.

### Regulation of expression

1357 bp of the gene are antisense to spliced genes ZNF500 and ANKS3, indicating possibility of regulated alternate expression. A ZNF500 transcription factor binding domain was found on the minus strand within the promoter region of the gene. ZNF500 is predicted to play a role in gene regulation, transcription, and cellular differentiation.

The beginning of the promoter region was predicted to be 117 bp upstream from the 5' UTR of C16orf71 and is 1371 bp long. The region was analyzed for predicted transcription factors and regulatory elements. Predicted transcription factors in the promoter region related to the regulation of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of sperm and epithelial tissue components.

#### Predicted transcription factors

| Transcription factor | Associated functions |
| --- | --- |
| Ascl1 (Mammaliam achaete scute homolog 1) | B-cell differentiation, maturation, and development Negative regulation of transcription and apoptosis
Positive regulation of cell cycle and cellular differentiation
Response to hypoxia and epidermal growth factor
Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
| ZNF500 (Zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3) | Cartilage development Negative regulation of gene expression and cellular senescence
T-cell and stem cell differentiation
Positive regulation of transcription |
| SMAD4 transcription factor involved in TGF-beta signaling | Regulation of apoptosis, T-cell and endothelial cell activation Endoderm formation and development
Negative regulation of cell growth and death
Response to hypoxia
Thyroid gland development
Tissue morphogenesis |
| Cysteine-serine-rich nuclear protein 1 | TGF-beta induced apoptosis Regulation of early development and differentiation
Extracellular matrix formation |

## Homology

### Paralogs

No human paralogs for the gene were found.

### Orthologs

Orthologs have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data is available. C16orf71 and its domain of unknown function, DUF4701, was present in mammals. The most distant orthologs identified were reptilian.

### Molecular evolution

The *m* value, or number of corrected amino acid changes per 100 residues, for the gene C16orf71 was plotted against the divergence of species in millions of years. When compared to the data of hemoglobin, fibrinopeptides, and cytochrome C, it was determined that the gene has the closest progression to fibrinopeptides, suggesting a relatively rapid pace of evolution. *M* values for C16orf71 were derived from percentage of identity of species mRNA sequences compared to the human sequence using the formula derived from the Molecular Clock Hypothesis.


title: Straumnes

abstract: Straumnes is a village in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located just east of the village of Laukvika along the Vesterålsfjorden on the northwestern side of the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago. Strandlandet Church is located in this village.

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# Straumnes

**Straumnes** is a village in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located just east of the village of Laukvika along the Vesterålsfjorden (a part of the Norwegian Sea) on the northwestern side of the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago. Strandlandet Church is located in this village.

## InfoBox

| Straumnes | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the Straumnes area | |
|  | |
| StraumnesStraumnes | |
| Coordinates: 68°23′36″N 14°27′59″E / 68.3932°N 14.4663°E / 68.3932; 14.4663 | |
| Country | Norway |
| Region | Northern Norway |
| County | Nordland |
| District | Lofoten |
| Municipality | Vågan Municipality |
| Elevation | 5 m (16 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Post Code | 8315 Laukvik |


title: Tropical Storm Laura (2008)

abstract: Tropical Storm Laura was a large but short-lived tropical cyclone that developed over the north-central Atlantic Ocean in late September during the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. Laura's remnants later impacted the Netherlands, Germany, and Norway. The 12th named storm of the season, Laura formed out of a large extratropical area of low pressure located about 1,015 miles (1,633 km) west of the Azores on September 29. Laura slowly developed tropical characteristics throughout the day as it moved over warmer waters. On the afternoon of September 30, Laura had acquired enough tropical characteristics to be designated a tropical storm. Shortly after being declared tropical, Laura began to undergo an extratropical transition, which did not fully take place until the morning of October 1. Laura degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone later that morning, and the final advisory by the National Hurricane Center was issued. The remnants of Laura contributed to heavy rainfall and power outages in the British Isles, the Netherlands, and Norway on October 5 to 8.

text:
# Tropical Storm Laura (2008)

**Tropical Storm Laura** was a large but short-lived tropical cyclone that developed over the north-central Atlantic Ocean in late September during the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season. Laura's remnants later impacted the Netherlands, Germany, and Norway. The 12th named storm of the season, Laura formed out of a large extratropical area of low pressure located about 1,015 miles (1,633 km) west of the Azores on September 29. Laura slowly developed tropical characteristics throughout the day as it moved over warmer waters. On the afternoon of September 30, Laura had acquired enough tropical characteristics to be designated a tropical storm. Shortly after being declared tropical, Laura began to undergo an extratropical transition, which did not fully take place until the morning of October 1. Laura degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone later that morning, and the final advisory by the National Hurricane Center was issued. The remnants of Laura contributed to heavy rainfall and power outages in the British Isles, the Netherlands, and Norway on October 5 to 8.

## Meteorological history

On September 26, a very large extratropical area of low pressure developed along a quasi-stationary frontal system a few hundred miles west of the Azores. The low intensified into the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) at 12:00 UTC on September 27. Over the following days, the low began to lose its frontal features and began to transition into a subtropical cyclone as it traveled in a general westward direction. By September 29, the low had developed sufficient convection and was declared Subtropical Storm Laura. Upon being upgraded, cold cloud tops began to wrap around the center of Laura and consolidate near the center of circulation. The convection organized around the center quickly and a satellite pass over the storm revealed that it could be intensifying. A later satellite pass disregarded the possibility of intensification as the intensity was confirmed to be at 60 mph (97 km/h). The overall structure of Laura remained subtropical but there were indications that it was acquiring tropical characteristics.

During the afternoon, satellites revealed that Laura had developed a deep warm core, a characteristic of a tropical cyclone, but the wind field remained subtropical in nature. By the nighttime hours, the radius of the strongest winds contracted to 80 mi (130 km), much smaller than what is typical of a subtropical cyclone. However, Laura was still under the influence of an upper-level low and cloud tops remained shallow. However, the cloud tops became colder overnight and Laura was on the verge of becoming a tropical cyclone by the morning of September 30, but strong interaction with the upper-level low meant it was still subtropical. Despite moving over colder waters, a water vapor satellite image determined that Laura had separated itself from the upper-level low, signifying it had developed into a tropical cyclone. Laura was re-classified as a tropical storm at a relatively high latitude, 40.6°N. Laura peaked as a tropical cyclone, attaining maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 994 millibars (29.4 inHg). Not long after being declared tropical, early signs of an extratropical transition appeared. Cold air began to enter the storm on the west side and forecast models showed Laura becoming extratropical the next morning and non-tropical later the next day.

Overnight, convection associated with Laura began to diminish and lose tropical characteristics, but still retained its status. Early on October 1, the extratropical transition was fully apparent. Laura remained tropical but the cloud pattern was becoming frontal and there was little convection around the center of the system. With minimal shower and thunderstorm activity remaining around the center of Laura, the storm degenerated into a remnant-low pressure area on October 1 while still producing tropical storm-force winds. The next day, the remnant system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and began to re-intensify as it rapidly tracked towards the north. Early on October 3, the system slowed down as it turned towards the east and strengthened into a hurricane-force cyclone, with winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 990 millibars (29 inHg), reaching its extratropical peak. After accelerating towards the east, another large extratropical cyclone absorbed the remnants of Laura while located several hundred miles west of the British Isles on October 4.

## Impact

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in the United Kingdom
Highest-known totals
| Precipitation | | | Storm | Location | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rank | mm | in | | | |
| 1 | 150.0 | 5.91 | Bertha 2014 | Inverness, Highland |  |
| 2 | 135.0 | 5.31 | Charley 1986 | Abergwyngregyn, Gwynedd |  |
| 3 | 130.0 | 5.12 | Nadine 2012 | Ravensworth, North Yorkshire |  |
| 4 | 76.0 | 2.99 | Lili 1996 | Chale Bay, Isle of Wight |  |
| 5 | 61.7 | 2.43 | Zeta 2020 | Chipping, Lancashire |  |
| 6 | 48.8 | 1.92 | Grace 2009 | Capel Curig, Conwy |  |
| 7 | 42.2 | 1.66 | Gordon 2006 | Wainfleet All Saints, Lincolnshire |  |
| 8 | 38.0 | 1.50 | Gonzalo 2014 | Glenmoriston, Highland |  |
| 9 | 31.0 | 1.22 | Bill 2009 | Shap, Cumbria |  |
| 10 | 30.0 | 1.18 | Laura 2008 | Windermere, Cumbria |  |

As a tropical cyclone, Laura never approached land, and no damages or fatalities occurred. Since the storm remained over open waters for most of its life, several ships and oil platforms recorded tropical storm-force winds. The highest recorded winds were at an oil platform with the call sign *VEP717* at 03:00 UTC on October 1. Winds were recorded up to 47 knots (54 mph; 87 km/h). Despite the lack of impact, the storm's remnants were caught in an upper-level jet stream, and steered towards Europe. There, they contributed to heavy rainfall across portions of Britain on October 5, causing localized accumulation of flood waters. As a result, Glebe Road near Windermere, England was closed in both directions, and along the A65 road between Old Hutton and Kirkby Lonsdale, previously saturated soil, combined with overwhelmed storm drains resulted in localized flooding. Traffic on the M6 Motorway was slowed due to poor driving conditions. One person had to be rescued from her car after driving into a flooded street. The UK Environment Agency issued 76 flood watches and 21 severe flood warnings as a result of the rainfall.

On October 8, the remnants of Laura reached the Netherlands. At the time, its rain bands began interacting with a cold front associated with a well-developed low west of Norway, dropping up to 113 mm (4.4 in) of precipitation in the northwestern Netherlands. Consequently, streets and homes in the village of Hippolytushoef were reportedly inundated. The large amounts of precipitation broke the daily and monthly rainfall records for October, which were previously set in 2006. Gradually passing through Norway, the remnants of the storm caused significant damage to electric utilities. As a result, more than 10,000 people lost power in southern parts of the country.

## InfoBox

Tropical Storm Laura
| Tropical Storm Laura at peak intensity on September 30 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | September 29, 2008 |
| Extratropical | October 1 |
| Dissipated | October 4, 2008 |
| Tropical storm | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 60 mph (95 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 994 mbar (hPa); 29.35 inHg<br>(990 mbar (29.53 inHg) while extratropical) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | None |
| Damage | Minimal |
| Areas affected | Azores, Atlantic Canada, Greenland, Europe |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **2008 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Royal vole

abstract: The royal vole, also called the Korean red-backed vole, is a species of vole endemic to the Korean Peninsula. It lives underground in a burrow, emerging at night to feed on grasses, seeds and other vegetation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

text:
# Royal vole

The **royal vole** (***Craseomys regulus***), also called the **Korean red-backed vole**, is a species of vole endemic to the Korean Peninsula. It lives underground in a burrow, emerging at night to feed on grasses, seeds and other vegetation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

## Taxonomy

British zoologist Oldfield Thomas first described the royal vole in 1907 as *Craseomys regulus*, with the type locality bein in Mingyong in South Korea, 170 km (106 mi) southeast of Seoul. It was later transferred to the genus *Myodes*, becoming *Myodes regulus*, but many authorities believed it was a subspecies of *Myodes rufocanus*. *Myodes* was later deemed a junior synonym of *Lemmus* and the species was returned to *Craseomys*. It has unrooted molar teeth, a characteristic shared by the very similar *Craseomys shanseius* but not *C. rufocanus*, and molecular analysis shows that it is a distinct species.

## Description

This vole has a head-and-body length of about 110 mm (4.3 in) with a tail of 42 to 51 mm (1.7 to 2.0 in). An adult royal vole weighs 23 to 39 g (0.8 to 1.4 oz). The ears are large and are covered in short fur, and the body hair is fine and soft. The dorsal pelage is reddish-brown, the flanks greyish-brown and the underparts buffy-brown. The tail is bicoloured, dark above and pale beneath. Apart from the unrooted molar teeth, it can be distinguished from the grey red-backed vole by having a redder back, a more buffy (rather than greyer) underparts and a longer tail.

## Distribution

The royal vole is endemic to the Korean peninsula. Its range includes all the southern parts of the peninsula as far north as the southern and western edges of the Kaema Plateau, where it gives way to the grey red-backed vole (*Craseomys rufocanus*). It is not present in the extreme northeasterly part of North Korea. It occupies a range of habitats including mountain forests, bamboo woodland, scrub-covered hillsides, rocky slopes, rough grassland, cultivated land and river banks.

## Ecology

The species is mainly nocturnal, and is herbivorous, foraging for plant material including grasses and seeds. It lives underground in a large and deep tunnel system that it excavates. This includes larder chambers for storing food and a nesting chamber lined with grasses, but not latrine chambers. It is a social species, issuing alarm calls to alert others to danger. Predators include foxes, martens, weasels, raccoon dogs, owls, birds of prey and snakes. Breeding takes place three to five times a year, with three or four young being born after a gestation period of 23 days.

## Status

*C. regulus* is not facing any particular threats and is adaptable, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

## Bibliography

* Won, Byeong-o (원병오) (2004). *한국의 포유동물 (Hangugui poyudongmul, Mammals of Korea)*. Seoul: Dongbang Media. ISBN 89-8457-310-8.

## InfoBox

| Royal vole | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Cricetidae |
| Subfamily: | Arvicolinae |
| Genus: | *Craseomys* |
| Species: | ***C. regulus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Craseomys regulus***
Thomas, 1907 | |
|