title: Sabicea batesii

abstract: Sabicea batesii is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in western tropical Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Sabicea batesii

***Sabicea batesii*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in western tropical Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Sabicea batesii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sabicea* |
| Species: | ***S. batesii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sabicea batesii***
Wernham | |
|


title: Eleanor Smeal

abstract: Eleanor Marie Smeal is an American women's rights activist. She is the president and a cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation and has served as president of the National Organization for Women for three terms, in addition to her work as an activist, grassroots organizer, lobbyist, and political analyst. Smeal has appeared frequently on television, on shows including Crossfire, Good Morning America, Larry King Live, Nightline, and The Today Show. She has also appeared frequently on radio and testified before Congress. Smeal has organized numerous events around and given speeches on the concepts of feminism, equality, and human rights as they pertain to people in and outside of the United States.

text:
# Eleanor Smeal

**Eleanor Marie Smeal** (née **Cutri**; born July 30, 1939) is an American women's rights activist. She is the president and a cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation (founded in 1987) and has served as president of the National Organization for Women for three terms, in addition to her work as an activist, grassroots organizer, lobbyist, and political analyst.

Smeal has appeared frequently on television, on shows including *Crossfire*, *Good Morning America*, *Larry King Live*, *Nightline*, and *The Today Show*. She has also appeared frequently on radio and testified before Congress. Smeal has organized numerous events around and given speeches on the concepts of feminism, equality, and human rights as they pertain to people in and outside of the United States.

## Early life and education

Eleanor Smeal is of Italian ancestry, born on July 30, 1939, to Peter Anthony Cutri and Josephine E. (Agresti), in Ashtabula, Ohio. Her father emigrated to America from Calabria, Italy and became an insurance salesman. After graduating from Strong Vincent High School in 1957, Smeal attended Duke University. At the time, Duke was not integrated and women made up only 25% of the enrolled students.

Smeal participated in the fight for integration at Duke and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1961. She also holds an M.A. in political science and public administration from the University of Florida. Since 2001, Smeal is also the publisher of *Ms.* magazine which is owned and published by the Feminist Majority Foundation.

## Personal life

While attending Duke University Eleanor met Charles Smeal, an engineering student, whom she married on April 27, 1963. Eleanor and Charles had two children together and lived in the area of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Smeal's interest in feminism and her awareness of feminist issues became increasingly stronger during the late 1960s. Already confronted with a lack of day-care facilities for her young child, while also dealing with a back disability, Smeal realized there was no disability insurance for wives and mothers. It was this issue that pushed Smeal into researching further into feminism. Then in 1968, Smeal began a term lasting four years on the board of the local League of Women Voters, and then two years later, joined (along with her husband) the National Organization for Women (NOW). Newspapers in the 1970s described her as the first housewife to lead the National Organization for Women.

## Political activism

Smeal joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1970 and served as president from 1977 to 1982 and again from 1985 to 1987. During this time, in 1986, she led the first national pro-choice march, which drew over 100,000 activists to Washington, DC.

After leaving NOW in 1987, Smeal saw a need for a new feminist organization that combined research, educational outreach, and political action. A 1986 Newsweek/Gallup poll reported that 56% of women in the US self-identify as feminists. Smeal reconciled her vision of a new feminist organization and the task of empowering women and men who support equity by cofounding the Feminist Majority Foundation in 1987.

Several legislative measures bear Smeal's imprint including the Free Access to Clinic Entrances legislation (influenced by *Madsen v. Women's Health Center*) that President Bill Clinton signed into law in 1994, the unsuccessful attempt to defeat Proposition 209 in California, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, the Equal Credit Act, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, the Violence Against Women Act, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the unsuccessful 1970s and 1980s fight to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.

## Presidency in NOW organization

### First Term of Presidency (1977-1979)

Eleanor Smeal was first elected as the President of NOW in 1977, preceded by President Karen DeCrow. In total, Smeal was elected as NOW's President three times.

Smeal was elected at a time when conference delegates had authorized a NOW ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) Strike Force to campaign for ratification. Upon hearing that the deadline for the ratification for ERA, Smeal convinced Elizabeth Holztman, a member of the United States House of Representatives, to bring the proposal to Congress. In this time of great desire for equal rights, Smeal played a key role and was a major organizer of the 1978 March for ERA. This march brought over 100,000 marchers and as a result, Congress voted to extend the deadline for ERA to June 30, 1982.

### Second Term of Presidency (1979-1982)

In 1979, Smeal was reelected as NOW's President, running for her second term as the head of the organization. In her second run as President, Smeal focused her efforts on making Social Security more fair for women, testifying against restrictions on abortion funding for military personnel and their dependents, and Lesbian and Gay rights. Smeal led NOW organizers to help stage the 1979 National March for Lesbian and Gay rights.

At the time of Smeal's second term of Presidency in NOW, Ronald Reagan was also elected as the United States President. Around the time of his inauguration in January, Smeal and the NOW organization launched and led a national campaign to stop Reagan's anti-abortion "Human Life Amendment." Smeal was also the first person to coin the term "gender gap" when she analyzed in the National NOW Times just how different the votes by men versus the votes by women really are. Despite the grand efforts made by NOW during Smeal's presidency to get the ERA ratified, towards the end of Smeal's second term in 1982, the Amendment was shy three states and therefore did not get passed.

At the end of her second term, which lasted longer than a traditional two-year term due to the decision to allow Smeal to continue her efforts, uninterrupted, on ratifying the ERA, Smeal had boosted NOW to a whopping 220,000 members and a budget of $13 million annually. While Smeal worked extensively on the ERA, some members felt that she lacked focus in areas such as minority and abortion rights, which became part of the focus of Smeal's successor, Judy Goldsmith.

### Third Term of Presidency (1985-1987)

Smeal's run for presidency the third time around was hard-fought against previous President Judy Goldsmith. Smeal initially supported Goldsmith when she ran for Presidency after Smeal's second term, but now challenged Goldsmith the second time around. Smeal, during a telephone interview, stated that while she and Goldsmith did not differ on the philosophical concepts of equal rights, they differed on the political realities of how to obtain those rights to the fullest. Much of the campaign focused not on the issues the candidates themselves supported, but rather on their tactical approaches towards the issues.

One of the biggest reasons Smeal decided to run for yet another term as President was not only due to the support of many other NOW members, but from her wish that NOW could be more outspoken, assertive, and publicly active on multiple different issues. These issues included abortion rights, on the role of women in the church, and the Vatican's policy on reproduction. Smeal also noted that while Goldsmith was in power the organization lost its focus and membership declined and she wanted to do something about that.

In July 1985, Smeal won by a 139-vote margin over Goldsmith. Upon being elected for the third and final time as NOW's President, Smeal stated she would continue Goldsmith's efforts on reproductive rights as well as set forth plans to stage a reproductive rights march for the next year. This march, which took place in 1986 was the first March for Women's Lives and brought over 150,000 people to Washington and Los Angeles in support of women's reproductive rights. In 1987 Smeal also founded the Feminist Majority.

## Work on behalf of the Equal Rights Amendment

Smeal is a longtime supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and has campaigned for its passage since the 1970s. She has campaigned for the ERA for over fifty years. In January 2022 she led a rally outside of Lafayette Square in front of the White House exactly two years after Virginia became the 38th state to ratify the Amendment in January 2020. Smeal continues to lobby for the ratification of the ERA and is one of the most prominent activists for its passage.

## Recognition

In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Smeal's name and picture.

Also in 1979, *Time* magazine chose her as one of 50 Faces for America's Future (August 6, 1979).

In 1983, World Almanac chose Smeal as one of the most influential women in the United States.

In 2010 Smeal delivered the commencement address at Rutgers University's graduation and was conferred a Doctorate of Human Letters *honoris causa*.

In 2015 Smeal was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

*U.S. News & World Report* chose her as the fourth most influential Washington lobbyist.

## Writing

In 1980 she coined the term "gender gap" in reference to a difference in how men and women vote by political party; the term is now commonly used in writing with that meaning. Her 1984 book *How and Why Women Will Elect the Next President* successfully identified a gender gap in politics.

She contributed the piece "The Art of Building Feminist Institutions to Last" to the 2003 anthology *Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium*, edited by Robin Morgan.

## InfoBox

| Eleanor Smeal | |
| --- | --- |
| Smeal in 2009 | |
| Born | Eleanor Marie Cutri
(1939-07-30) July 30, 1939
Ashtabula, Ohio |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Florida
Duke University |
| Known for | Cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation
Twice served as president of the National Organization for Women |


title: Bolesław Filipiak

abstract: Bolesław Filipiak was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Dean of the Roman Rota from 1967 to 1976, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.

text:
# Bolesław Filipiak

| Styles of
**Bolesław Filipiak** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | none |

**Bolesław Filipiak** (1 September 1901  14 October 1978) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Dean of the Roman Rota from 1967 to 1976, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1976.

## Biography

Bolesław Filipiak was born in Ośniszczewko (now in Inowrocław County), Province of Posen, German Empire the oldest of the seven children of Hilarego and Weronika (née Biegałów) Filipiak. He studied at the University of Poznań and the seminary in the same city before being ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Antoni Laubtiza on 29 May 1926. He following a period of pastoral work in Gniezno, Filipiak went to Rome to study at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare and the Institute *Utriusque Iuris* (from where he obtained a doctorate in canon and civil law on 13 April 1935).

From 1935 to 1944 he served as private secretary to Cardinal August Hlond, the primatial Archbishop of Gniezno. Filipiak was jailed in Nazi prisons for a year and then made a member of the archdiocesan tribunal of Gniezno in 1945. He was then president of the tribunal of third instance for matrimonial causes reserved to the Holy See until 1947.

Within the Roman Curia, he was named Auditor (24 September 1947) and later Dean of the Roman Rota (26 June 1967). Filipiak was made an honorary canon of the cathedral chapter of Gniezno on 15 October 1947, and of Poznań on 8 September 1958. He also served as President of the Appellate Tribunal of Vatican City.

On 1 May 1976 Filipiak was appointed Titular Bishop of Plestia by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 14 May from Cardinal Pericle Felici, with Archbishop Antoni Baraniak and Bishop Andrzej Deskur serving as co-consecrators, in the church of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino. Pope Paul created him Cardinal Deacon of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana in the consistory of 24 May 1976. Owing to ill health the Cardinal could not participate in the conclave of August 1978.

Filipiak died in Poznań on the opening day of the October 1978 conclave, at age 77. He is buried in the Cathedral-Basilica of Ss. Peter and Paul.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Bolesław Filipiak | |
| --- | --- |
| Dean Emeritus of the Roman Rota | |
| From the left, Aleksander Laszenko, August Hlond and priest Bolesław Filipiak. | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 26 June 1967 |
| Term ended | 1 May 1976 |
| Predecessor | Francis James Brennan |
| Successor | Charles Lefebvre |
| Other post(s) | Cardinal-Deacon of San Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana (1976-78) |
| Previous post(s) | Titular Archbishop of Plestia (1976) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 29 May 1926
by Antoni Laubitz |
| Consecration | 14 May 1976
by Pericle Felici |
| Created cardinal | 24 May 1976
by Pope Paul VI |
| Rank | Cardinal-Deacon |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Bolesław Filipiak
1 September 1901
Osniszczewko, Gniezno, Congress Poland |
| Died | 14 October 1978(1978-10-14) (aged 77)
Poznań, Poland |
| Buried | Poznań Cathedral |
| Parents | Hilari Filipiak
Weronika z Biegałów |
| Alma mater | University of Poznań
Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Saint Apollinare |


title: Chionodes figurella

abstract: Chionodes figurella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Washington to California and Nevada. The wingspan is 15–21 mm. The forewings are ochreous, thickly suffused with stone-grey and dark ochreous scales, which totally obscure the ground-color except on the veins, which are visible as thin whitish ochreous lines. The hindwings are silvery white. The larvae feed on Elymus species, including Elymus glaucus.

text:
# Chionodes figurella

***Chionodes figurella*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Washington to California and Nevada.

The wingspan is 15–21 mm. The forewings are ochreous, thickly suffused with stone-grey and dark ochreous scales, which totally obscure the ground-color except on the veins, which are visible as thin whitish ochreous lines. The hindwings are silvery white.

The larvae feed on *Elymus* species, including *Elymus glaucus*.

## InfoBox

| *Chionodes figurella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Chionodes* |
| Species: | ***C. figurella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chionodes figurella***<br>(Busck, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gelechia figurella* Busck, 1912 | |


title: Pippin Drysdale

abstract: Pippin Drysdale is an Australian ceramic artist and art teacher. She is regarded as the foremost interpreter of the Australian landscape in the field of ceramics. Her works are known for their intensity of colour and linear markings that interpret the artist's relationship with the Australian landscape. She was recognized as one of Western Australia’s State Living Treasures in 2015. She is Australia's highest earning ceramicist.

text:
# Pippin Drysdale

**Pippin Drysdale** (born 18 May 1943) is an Australian ceramic artist and art teacher. She is regarded as the foremost interpreter of the Australian landscape in the field of ceramics. Her works are known for their intensity of colour and linear markings that interpret the artist's relationship with the Australian landscape. She was recognized as one of Western Australia’s State Living Treasures in 2015. She is Australia's highest earning ceramicist.

## Biography

Drysdale was born in Melbourne in 1943 into a wealthy family, and grew up in Perth from the age of three. Her father, John Hastings "Bunny" Carew-Reid, was a successful businessman and real estate developer. As a teenager she had art lessons from William Boissevain. At school, she excelled at art, but struggled with other subjects due to an undiagnosed vision problem that, although eventually discovered and corrected at age 12, set her on a rebellious course during her formative years. She failed her Junior Certificate at Methodist Ladies' College, Perth. After leaving school, she attended a business college, from which she was expelled, and then a technical college, where she failed all subjects. She then worked for a short stint at her father's company as a typist, then as a secretary in Canberra, then worked odd jobs in England for a year, and traveled throughout Europe. Returning to Australia in the early 1960s, she moved to Melbourne, married Christopher Drysdale in 1967 (divorced in 1972), and had a son, Jason. In Melbourne she began selling art (Mexican paper flowers sold as "Pip’s Flowers"). She returned to Fremantle, Perth in the 1970s, and started a successful business selling herbs. Through a relationship with a potter who made ceramic structures for her herbs, Drysdale first discovered clay. That led to an Advanced Diploma in Ceramics at Western Australia School of Art and Design in 1982, followed by a 1982 trip to America where she studied with Daniel Rhodes and Toshiko Takaezu at the Anderson Ranch Art Center. Rhodes encouraged her to further her education at university level; Takaezu told her to ignore traditions and create her own sensibilities and techniques to suit her own environment. Returning to Australia, Drysdale obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Fine Art) at Curtin University in 1986.

After graduating, she worked and studied at Grazia Deruta Majolica Pottery, the Artists’ Union of Russia, Tomsk State University and Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity.

## Career

Drysdale is a painter, a colourist, whose chosen canvases are ceramics. She draws inspiration from the landscapes of Australia’s vast desert country. Places that inspire her include the Pilbara, the Eastern Goldfields-Esperance area, the Kimberley and Tanami Desert, as well as landscapes in Pakistan, India, Russia and Italy. She is stimulated by the colours and textures of landscape, putting her emotional interpretations into her work. Drysdale has taught ceramic art in Australia, Canada, UK, Italy and Russia. In 2007 she was awarded a Master of Craft, from *Craft Australia*, New South Wales and in 2015 the Government of Western Australia conferred on her the *Living Treasure Award*.

### Early career

Drysdale went from an initial period of throwing bowls to making slab plates that she used as canvases for expressionistic drawing with coloured slips, glazes, and resists. She cites Willem de Kooning as an early influence. Her early work is notable for eschewing the "brown sauce" that often douses craft pottery in favour of "complex colours and nervous decoration".

### Maturity

Moving from slab plates to thrown vessels, Drysdale still retained her spontaneous style of decoration. She likes pure, simple forms where the forms do not intrude on the canvas-like aspects of the vessel. After residencies in Europe, the USA and Russia, during which she learned about majolica decoration and lustres, she produced the *Totem* and *Carnivale* series. Supported by one of many Australia Council grants awarded to her, Drysdale was able to study lustres in depth, producing the *Over The Top* series, full of rich gold and platinum lustres.

Western Australia inspired the series *Landscape Lustre* (1994), *Pinnacles* (1995) and *Eastern Goldfields*. At this time Drysdale started a collaboration with master potter Warrick Palmateer, allowing her to concentrate on surface art while he threw the vessels.

This glaze and lustre period reached its apogee in the *Pakistan* series, where multiple, liberal layers of glaze were followed each time by dousing in paraffin wax, scraping back, and filling.

### Late period

Drysdale moved from the toxicity of waxes and lustres to the much safer Liquitex medium, which also allowed her to further refine her line work.

A 1998 airplane flight Drysdale took over northern Australia stands out to her as a key turning point. Flying low over Australia's Great Sandy Desert and the Tanami Desert, she was deeply impressed by the endless lines of parallel sand dunes stretching to the horizon, and their repetitive interplay of shadow and light. The linearity of her work also echoes the exposed rock strata everywhere to be seen in Australian deserts, so that truly "her ceramics are grounded in the tonal and linear patterns of the land". She was also influenced by indigenous painting (she owns works by indigenous artists Queenie McKenzie and Kitty Kantilla) and painter Fred Williams. McKenzie's influence can be seen in the serried, stacked segments of landscape that recede to the horizon line, and Kantilla's influence is clearly evident in the motif of parallel, slanting or vertical lines within these landscape segments.

Coalescing all these influences and ideas together, Drysdale arrived at her signature style of intense colour and fine linework in the first *Tanami* series called *Red Desert* (Frankfurt, 2003), which was a great success. Her technique encompasses the selection of a suitable vessel, the adding the layers of glaze, then the careful linear incisions with a knife through a masking resist to inscribe the tracery that defines and shapes each work. Because the masking medium quickly dries into a form too hard to inscribe, Drysdale can work only on one small section at a time. The inscribed lines are then brushed out and filled with thickly applied colour, and the excess colour is removed.

Another feature of Drysdale's later oeuvre are her assemblages of asymmetrical pieces, suites of closed forms that echo geological features of Australia, such as the *Devils Marbles* series, inspired by the Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve in the Northern Territory.

Drysdale finds constant renewal of self in the creative process, dating back to her earliest contact with clay:

> Finally, I decided to take up clay. I can't believe that I'm still sitting here today, committed to clay. I finally found something that I thought was going to be a life time thing. I think the thing about being a ceramic artist, a potter, is that you are constantly learning and are challenged by it so you never get bored. You're just constantly extending yourself in lots of ways.

### Studio

Drysdale's studio for the last 30 years has been her home in the port of Fremantle, a worker's cottage, now heavily renovated, bought for her by her father. Her pottery is thrown by Warrick Palmateer, a fellow Curtin graduate. She has a studio team of helpers to do the glaze mixing, colour testing, firing, bisque-ware sanding, internet work and shipping of work. The porcelain clay is pugged multiple times, wrapped to "sweat" for four weeks, then repugged before use.

### Collections

Drysdale's works are found in many private collections. She is represented in Australia by Sabbia Gallery. The 12th Duke of Devonshire, Peregrine Cavendish, has a large collection (over 100) of Drysdale's works.

Her work is represented in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia, Art Gallery of Western Australia, Powerhouse Museum, Auckland Art Gallery, Queensland Art Gallery, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, National Museum of Scotland, Museum of Fine Arts, Gifu, Tomsk State Gallery and Museum, Novosibirsk State Art Museum, as well as in the Victoria and Albert Museum ceramic collection, London.

## Honours

### Early work

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |

### References

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Pippin Drysdale | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Pippin Louise Carew-Reid
(1943-05-18) 18 May 1943
Toorak, Melbourne, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Alma mater | Curtin University |
| Known for | Ceramic art |
| Style | Modernism, Abstract expressionism |
| Website | pippindrysdale.com |


title: Queen Mamea

abstract: Queen Mamea was the name given to a ruler of Raiatea and Huahine in the Society Islands by English speaking European and American newspapers during the annexation of the Leeward Islands. According to erroneous newspaper accounts, she ruled around 1,000 subjects and her reign began in the early to mid 1870s. In 1890 she successfully resisted an armed French annexation by withdrawing to the interior of her kingdom and waiting for the French to run out of supplies. Mamea repeated the tactics during a second invasion of 1896 and appealed to other foreign powers for assistance, including offering her kingdom as a state to the United States. She was captured in a surprise attack and granted the French control over her lands before being replaced by a new chief.

text:
# Queen Mamea

**Queen Mamea** (before c.1870  after 1896) was the name given to a ruler of Raiatea and Huahine in the Society Islands by English speaking European and American newspapers during the annexation of the Leeward Islands.

According to erroneous newspaper accounts, she ruled around 1,000 subjects and her reign began in the early to mid 1870s. In 1890 she successfully resisted an armed French annexation by withdrawing to the interior of her kingdom and waiting for the French to run out of supplies. Mamea repeated the tactics during a second invasion of 1896 and appealed to other foreign powers for assistance, including offering her kingdom as a state to the United States. She was captured in a surprise attack and granted the French control over her lands before being replaced by a new chief.

## Life summarized in newspaper accounts

### Early reign

Mamea had been queen of Raiatea and Huahine in the Society Islands since the early to mid 1870s. She was described as the "handsomest woman in the South Seas" with strong features and hair that she styled upwards.

Mamea had around 1,000 subjects and was a cousin of Oscar Tomare, prince of the island of Bora Bora. Mamea proposed marriage to a herder by the name of Macello and offered him a position as a chief but she was refused and Macello married a mixed race Tahitian girl. Mamea brought an end to the traditional practice of cannibalism on her islands. The French, who occupied nearby Tahiti, desired Mamea's realm as did the German and British Empires. A French invasion of 1890 was successfully resisted after Mamea withdrew her warriors to a series of canyons in the island's interior where she had stockpiled several years of food supplies. The besieging French forces were forced to withdraw after their own supplies ran low.

### 1896 French annexation

French forces made renewed attempts to annex Mamea's kingdom in 1896 with the governor of Tahiti declaring "we will annex the island and you must submit". A French fleet destroyed each of the queen's coastal settlements and captured her palace. Mamea withdrew to the woods and hills of the interior with her 500 warriors, said to be the fiercest in the South Seas, and 300 women. They carried with them the idol of their god Tāne. In a retaliatory raid on the French missionaries of Uturoa in northern Raiatea Mamea's forces killed several traders.

In March 1896 Mamea sent word via an American merchant that she wished her kingdom to be admitted as a state within the United States. Mamea sought assistance from the British resident at Rarotonga in the Cook Islands and was advised to submit to the French. Shortly thereafter Mamea was captured in a surprise attack and agreed to grant France control of the island, its shipping and permission to establish a coaling station. The British opposed the deal and requested that France restore the island to Mamea's control; this was refused and Mamea was replaced by a new chief. Mamea was compensated by the payment of 4,000 francs. (~23,000 US Dollars in 2015)

By June 1896 Mamea's former subjects were flying the British flag and claiming to be under the protection of Queen Victoria. The French protested that the island was in their possession and brought the British consul from Papeete who advised the islanders that they were not permitted to use the flag. This was ignored and French forces shot down at least one flagstaff, but struggled to keep up with the islanders who simply raised more. Inevitably, the islands ended up under de facto French rule following the annexation of the Leeward Islands.

## Historic female rulers

The fact of Queen Mamea's existence is convoluted by misunderstanding of Tahitian history and culture during the 1880s and 1890s. The life of two historical female monarchs in the 1880s and 1890s possibly influenced the character of her: Queen Tuarii of Raiatea and Queen Teuhe of Huahine who actively resisted French rule. The two islands were never politically united under one ruler before their annexation to France. Numerous other women ruled the Society Islands during the 19th-century. Raiatea had two female rulers: Tehauroa (r. 1881–1884) and the aforementioned Tuarii (r. 1888–1897). Huahine had four queens: Teriitaria II (r. 1815–1852), Tehaapapa II (r. 1868–1893), the aforementioned Teuhe (r. 1888–1890), and Tehaapapa III (r. 1893–1895). Bora Bora had two female rulers: Teriimaevarua II (r. 1860–1873) and Teriimaevarua III (r. 1873–1895).


title: 1847

abstract: 1847 (MDCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1847th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 847th year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1847, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

text:
# 1847

1847 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1847
*MDCCCXLVII* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2600 |
| Armenian calendar | 1296
ԹՎ ՌՄՂԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6597 |
| Baháʼí calendar | 3–4 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1768–1769 |
| Bengali calendar | 1254 |
| Berber calendar | 2797 |
| British Regnal year | 10 Vict. 1  11 Vict. 1 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2391 |
| Burmese calendar | 1209 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7355–7356 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙午年 (Fire Horse)
4544 or 4337
*to*
丁未年 (Fire Goat)
4545 or 4338 |
| Coptic calendar | 1563–1564 |
| Discordian calendar | 3013 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1839–1840 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5607–5608 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1903–1904 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1768–1769 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4947–4948 |
| Holocene calendar | 11847 |
| Igbo calendar | 847–848 |
| Iranian calendar | 1225–1226 |
| Islamic calendar | 1263–1264 |
| Japanese calendar | Kōka 4
(弘化４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1774–1775 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 12 days |
| Korean calendar | 4180 |
| Minguo calendar | 65 before ROC
民前65年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 379 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2389–2390 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳火马年
(male Fire-Horse)
1973 or 1592 or 820
*to*
阴火羊年
(female Fire-Goat)
1974 or 1593 or 821 |

**1847** (MDCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1847th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 847th year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1840s decade. As of the start of 1847, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

## Events

### January–March

### April–June

### July–September

### October–December

### Date unknown

## Births

### January

### February

### March

### April

### May

### June

### July

### August

### September

### October

### November

### December

## Deaths

### January–June

### July–December

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Cradley, West Midlands

abstract: Cradley is a village in the Black Country and Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the county of the West Midlands, England, near Halesowen and the banks of the River Stour. Colley Gate is the name of the short road in the centre of Cradley. It was part of the ancient parish of Halesowen, but unlike much of the rest of that parish, which was an exclave of Shropshire, Cradley was always in Worcestershire, until the creation of the West Midlands county in 1974. This meant that for civil administrative purposes, Cradley formerly had the officers which a parish would have had. The population of the appropriate Dudley Ward taken at the 2011 census was 13,340. There are two villages named Cradley in the Midlands of England although the names are pronounced differently; the "other" Cradley lies about 30 miles to the southwest, near to the Malvern Hills in south Worcestershire, but just across the county boundary in Herefordshire. In the 19th century a new settlement grew up in heathland on the other side of the river and became known as Cradley Heath. This was in the ancient parish of Rowley Regis. Previously the residents of Cradley had the right to graze their animals on that heath, subject to a small annual payment to the lord of the manor.

text:
# Cradley, West Midlands

**Cradley** (/ˈkrdli/) is a village in the Black Country and Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the county of the West Midlands, England, near Halesowen and the banks of the River Stour. Colley Gate is the name of the short road in the centre of Cradley. It was part of the ancient parish of Halesowen, but unlike much of the rest of that parish, which was an exclave of Shropshire, Cradley was always in Worcestershire, until the creation of the West Midlands county in 1974. This meant that for civil administrative purposes, Cradley formerly had the officers which a parish would have had. The population of the appropriate Dudley Ward (Cradley and Wollescote) taken at the 2011 census was 13,340.

There are two villages named Cradley in the Midlands of England although the names are pronounced differently; the "other" Cradley lies about 30 miles to the southwest, near to the Malvern Hills in south Worcestershire, but just across the county boundary in Herefordshire.

In the 19th century a new settlement grew up in heathland on the other side of the river and became known as Cradley Heath. This was in the ancient parish of Rowley Regis. Previously the residents of Cradley had the right to graze their animals on that heath, subject to a small annual payment to the lord of the manor.

## History

Withgar, the last of the Saxons, was the last lord to live within the manor. His house, which was very likely on the site of the old "Farther Leys Barn" (Fatherless Barn) was no doubt a timber built structure like a barn, his family living at one end while his servants and ceorls occupied the other where they slept on straw.

Cradley appears in the Domesday Book thus:

*CRADELEIE. Pagan holds it under William son of Ansculf. Withgar held it. There is one hide, no part in Demesne, 4 villagers and 11 smallholders with 7 ploughs. The value was 40 shillings; now 24 shillings.*

The manor of Cradley was bought and sold over the centuries, and also changed hands as a result of forfeiture and political favours. In 1473, following the forfeiture of it by James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, it passed to the Crown, and King Edward IV gave the largest part of it to his Queen. She had built a chapel, dedicated to Erasmus, the Dutch humanist, adjoining the abbey church at Westminster, and endowed it with the manors of Cradley and Hagley, but the manor reverted to Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, when the attainder was reversed by Henry VII. In 1564, the 7th Earl's grandson sold it, together with Oldswinford, Hagley and Clent, to Sir John Lyttleton of Frankley. The boundary of Cradley, as re-surveyed in 1733, has remained virtually unchanged ever since.

During the English Civil War, Parliamentary troops were quartered in Cradley.

Renowned typeface designer William Caslon is believed to have been born in Cradley in 1693, although there are those who maintain that he was born in Halesowen.

Cradley was formerly a township and chapelry in the parish of Hales-owen, in 1866 Cradley became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished. In 1951 the parish had a population of 9846.

### Religious history

In 1770, John Wesley visited Cradley, and wrote:

*"Monday, 19, March 1770 - I rode to Cradley (from Wednesbury). Here also the multitude obliged me to stand abroad, although the north wind whistled about my head. About one I took the field to Stourbridge. Many of the hearers were as wild as colts untamed; but the bridle was in their mouths. At six I began in Dudley. The air was as cold as I had almost ever felt, but I trust God warmed many hearts."*

The Evangelicals, who had broken away from the established church, built a chapel in Cradley in 1789.

| Cradley Chapel Patronage Act 1799 | |
| --- | --- |
| Act of Parliament | |
| Parliament of Great Britain | |
| Citation | 39 Geo. 3. c. lxxii |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | 12 July 1799 |

The local Anglican church, St. Peter's, was built by a group of Dissenters who gathered together to form the Independent Congregational Society. However, a special Act of Parliament in 1799 (39 Geo. 3. c. lxxii), passed on 12 July 1799, took St. Peter's into the Church of England.

The Dissenting tradition remained strong, and many local Unitarian, Wesleyan, Methodist and Baptist churches flourished.

### Industrial history

Cradley achieved prominence in the 19th century as a centre of iron chain making, though the most important centre was the adjacent (but distinct) Cradley Heath. The chain was made on a hearth by hammering cut lengths of red-hot wrought iron rod into oval links, one link passing through the next to form a cable. The anchors and chain for the Titanic were made at N. Hingley and Sons, a firm founded in Cradley, but which had moved to nearby Netherton by the time the chain and anchors were made.

Chain making was not the first or only iron trade carried on in Cradley and the neighbouring towns. For hundreds of years nails had been made in the Black Country, and many thousands of men and women were employed in the trade. It was the staple industry until the mid-19th century. Nail making by hand went into decline after the introduction of machine made nails in about 1830 and many nail makers adapted their smithies and forges, and redirected their skills to making chain.

Cradley is less famous for coal mining than chain making, but between 1850 and 1950 the collieries were no less important than the chain works in the local economy and for the legacy they left.

The coal mining and chain making that made Cradley famous are now in the past, and most of the other iron-based trades have declined to a shadow of their former selves.

### Recent times

The legendary football player, Steve Bloomer was born in Bridge Street, Cradley on 20 January 1874.

Organisations and publications such as the Black Country Society and The Black Country Bugle keep the name of Cradley well known to thousands of people.

Many local pubs have been demolished in recent years,"The Black Horse" and "The Bulls Head" were both situated in Overend and have made way for private housing. More recently (2008) "The Top Crown" was razed to the ground.

Although Cradley was historically a village in its own right, increasing residential development during the first half of the 20th century has been it swallowed up into Halesowen so it became not only part of the Halesowen Borough, but also part of the town of Halesowen. Cradley's old High Street is located along what is now known as Colley Lane.

A number of pre-1900 homes remain in Cradley, but most of the housing stock dates from after the First World War, and there is a substantial mix of private and council properties.

Buses connect Cradley with Halesowen, Stourbridge and Birmingham. Cradley Heath and Lye railway stations are nearby.

#### Social housing

Two large housing development took place in Cradley during the 1960s and 1970s, Tanhouse Estate and Huntington Gardens.

Huntington Gardens was situated in the north of Cradley near the border with Cradley Heath, on the site of poor housing stock that had previously formed New Street, Victoria Street and Little Hill. The estate was completed by 1973 and consisted of 153 maisonettes and flats, as well as four lock-up shops. Residents also had access to garages as well as two sub stations. Some improvements were made to the already-troubled estate in 1988 - these amounted to nothing more than new porches, secured accesses, landscaping, fenced-off gardens and new playgrounds. But these improvements were inadequate for a neighbourhood in terminal decline, and by the end of the 1990s it was one of the worst estates in the West Midlands. Vandalism, graffiti, litter, drug-taking, burglaries and car crime were rife, and these problems had contributed to an increasing number of empty properties on the estate. Demand for properties was low, and by the end of the year 2000, local residents started to work in conjunction with local council officials to try to determine a solution to the estate's plight. A consultation process with residents showed that 80% were in favour of demolition, and within a year all of the residents had been rehoused. Demolition took place in 2003 and the site has since been sold for private residential development.

Tanhouse Estate is situated to the south of Cradley adjoining the countryside, and on its completion consisted of several hundred low-rise council homes, several blocks of flats up to three storeys high, two 20-storey tower blocks and a 10-storey block. These homes were popular on their construction due to modern convenience that many of their occupants had never previously experienced, but within 20 years the estate was one of the most notorious in the West Midlands. Many of the homes had fallen into disrepair, and the local area was plagued by drug-taking, theft, vandalism and car crime. The local ambulance crew would refuse to answer calls from houses on the estate unless protected by police, due to a string of vandal attacks on ambulances. Two of the estate's tower blocks were razed to the ground in July 1999, and the site of both blocks has since been developed for housing. The remaining tower block was renovated at around the same time, and the estate's fortunes have since improved.

#### Education

William Caslon's name lives on in the local *Caslon Primary School* that was built after the Second World War.

A secondary modern school was built to serve Cradley in 1939, just before the outbreak of the Second World War, and was named Homer Hill Secondary Modern School. In 1972, however, a reorganisation of education in Halesowen saw the school closed and the buildings occupied by Homer Hill Middle School. This reorganisation saw 5-7 infant, 7-11 junior and 11-16/18 secondary schools replaced by 5-9 first, 9-13 middle and 13-16/18 secondary schools. However, this system was scrapped in September 1982 on the reintroduction of the traditional age ranges in Halesowen. Homer Hill Middle School was consequently closed and reorganised into Cradley High School, an 11-16 comprehensive school. The school was rebuilt between 1987 and 1992, with the fully completed new school being opened on 5 June 1992. It closed 16 years later.

## InfoBox

| Cradley | |
| --- | --- |
| St Peter's Church | |
| CradleyLocation within the West Midlands | |
| Metropolitan borough |  |
| Metropolitan county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
|  | |
| Police | West Midlands |
| Fire | West Midlands |
| Ambulance | West Midlands |
|  | |
|


title: Bolesław Gościewicz

abstract: Bolesław Gościewicz was a Polish sports shooter. He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Bolesław Gościewicz

**Bolesław Gościewicz** (14 April 1890  26 August 1973) was a Polish sports shooter. He competed in two events at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Bolesław Gościewicz
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1890-04-14)14 April 1890
Voškoniai, Russian Empire |
| Died | 26 August 1973(1973-08-26) (aged 83)
Łódź, Poland |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Sports shooting |


title: Rostock Zoo

abstract: Rostock Zoo is a zoo in the city of Rostock, founded in 1899. It covers 56 hectares and with 4,500 animals from 320 species, Rostock Zoo is the largest zoo on the German east coast. Rostock Zoo is studbook keeper of Polar bears within the European Endangered Species Programme. The director of Rostock Zoo is Udo Nagel.

text:
# Rostock Zoo

**Rostock Zoo** (German: *Zoologische Garten Rostock*) is a zoo in the city of Rostock, founded in 1899. It covers 56 hectares and with 4,500 animals from 320 species, Rostock Zoo is the largest zoo on the German east coast. Rostock Zoo is studbook keeper of Polar bears within the European Endangered Species Programme. The director of Rostock Zoo is Udo Nagel.

## History

### From foundation to 1945

Around 1864, previous military grounds were transferred into a garden, and by 1866 completed and named *Trotzenburg*. In 1898, the first fenced animals were introduced, as wild boar and different kind of deer. The next year was the official opening for the *Hirschgarten* an der *Trotzenburg*, and the first zookeeper, Carl Lange, was employed to take care of the different animals.

### 1945 to 1989

The air bombings during World War II on the city of Rostock were extremely heavy. All buildings and enclosures in Rostock Zoo were destroyed. In 1951, the garden architect, Arno Lehmann, started the renovation and rebuilding of the zoo. Many people from the town volunteered in this work, with direct manual work, as well as with their support. The zoo was re-opened for the public in 1952, was enlarged in 1956, and renamed and refounded 16 January 1956 as *Zoologischen Garten Rostocks*

In 1960, the two first Asian elephants arrived to the new built elephant enclosure, and later Rostock Zoo took over the breeding of Arabian horse and became the largest breeder of the horse in the entire East Germany. In 1963, the first polar bear was born in the zoo, and it was given the name *Katja*. In 1973, the zoo was once again enlarged with an added 56 Hectares, coordinated with a new master plan.

Since 1980, Rostock Zoo is studbook keeper of Polar bears within the European Endangered Species Programme.

### Since 1989

In 1992, *Gemeinnützige GmbH Zoologischer Garten Rostock* was founded and chaired by Rostock Zoo director, Udo Nagel, and from 1992 until 1998, several new animal enclosures were established, among them painted dogs, eared seals and Hussar monkey, and since then more enclosures has been created or renovated.

In 1999, the zoo celebrated the Jubileum named *100 Jahre Tiergärtnerei*, after being a garden for a hundred years.

The female African elephant, Sara, who was the oldest in a European zoo, died 2013, and ended the Zoo's keeping of elephants, and the elephant enclosure was replaced with Pygmy hippopotamus.

## Darwineum

Named after the originator of the theory of biological evolution by natural selection, Charles Darwin, *Darwineum* was opened on 8 September 2012. This living museum, which covers 20,000 m2, and contains over 80 species of animals, was the largest building project throughout Rostock Zoo history, at a cost of more than 28 million Euro.

In two interactive expositions is biological diversity on earth exposed, as well as the evolution behind it, starting with the Big Bang Theory and the creation of the Observable Universe. Theme Boxes with living fossils, aquarium with corals, seahorses and Germany's largest circular tank for jellyfish. The center of the exhibition is the *Tropenhalle*, a 4,000 m2 tropical exhibition with gibbons, gorillas, orangutans and De Brazza's monkey. Next to the *Tropenhalle* is an exhibition which shows the culture evolution of Man.

## InfoBox

| Zoologischer Garten Rostock | |
| --- | --- |
| Entrance at Barnstorfer Ring | |
|  | |
| 54°4′41.1″N 12°5′25.26″E / 54.078083°N 12.0903500°E / 54.078083; 12.0903500 | |
| Date opened | 4 January 1899 |
| Location | Rennbahnallee 21
18059 Rostock |
| Land area | 56 ha (140 acres) |
| No. of animals | 4500 (2012) |
| No. of species | 320 (2012) |
| Annual visitors | 637.000 (2013) |
| Owner | Zoologischer Garten Rostock gGmbH |
| Website | www.zoo-rostock.de |


title: Bombardier Transportation Austria

abstract: Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH is an Austrian subsidiary company of Bombardier Transportation located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded in the 19th century by Jacob Lohner as Lohner-Werke or simply Lohner as a luxury coachbuilding firm. Around 1900 the firm produced electric-cars, being the first in Austria to do so; the cars were designed by Ferdinand Porsche. During the early 1900s the firm manufactured aircraft, after World War I the company manufactured trams, and after World War II the company began manufacturing scooters and mopeds using engines from Rotax, with which it merged in 1959, forming Lohner Rotax. In 1970 Canadian firm Bombardier Transportation acquired a controlling share in the company and renamed it Bombardier-Rotax GmbH. Under Bombardier the company became Bombardier Wien Schienenfahrzeuge (BWS), later Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH. It relocated to a specialised factory in 2007, and now produces only trams.

text:
# Bombardier Transportation Austria

**Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH** is an Austrian subsidiary company of Bombardier Transportation located in Vienna, Austria.

It was founded in the 19th century by Jacob Lohner as **Lohner-Werke** or simply *Lohner* as a luxury coachbuilding firm. Around 1900 the firm produced electric-cars, being the first in Austria to do so; the cars were designed by Ferdinand Porsche. During the early 1900s the firm manufactured aircraft, after World War I the company manufactured trams, and after World War II the company began manufacturing scooters and mopeds using engines from Rotax, with which it merged in 1959, forming *Lohner Rotax*. In 1970 Canadian firm Bombardier Transportation acquired a controlling share in the company and renamed it **Bombardier-Rotax GmbH**. Under Bombardier the company became **Bombardier Wien Schienenfahrzeuge** (BWS), later **Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH**. It relocated to a specialised factory in 2007, and now produces only trams.

## History

In 1821 German Heinrich Lohner (1786–1855) established a workshop in Vienna, Austria, establishing himself as a wagonmaster. In 1823 he formed a joint venture with master saddlemaker (*Sattlermeister*) Ludwig Laurenzi, *Laurenzi & Lohner*. After the death of Ludwig Laurenzi in 1863 the company became *Jacob Lohner & Co.* under Heinrich Lohner's son Jacob Lohner (1821–92). Jacob Lohner transformed his father's craft business into a factory eventually manufacturing between 300 and 500 vehicles per year. The company supplied vehicles to the courts of the royal houses of Norway, Sweden, and Romania, as well as to the Austrian emperor; the company received the distinction *k.u.k. Hofwagenlieferant* ("Royal carriagemakers").

In 1887 Jacob Lohner's son Ludwig Lohner (1858–1925) took over the company. He decided that self-powered cars were the future, initially working with Béla Egger, and in 1898 hiring Ferdinand Porsche (from Béla Egger's electricity company). During his employment Porsche designed a number of vehicles. The Lohner Porsche chaise was powered by batteries, with two front wheel electric motors mounted in the wheel hubs. One of his electric vehicles was a popular exhibit at the *Exposition Universelle* (Paris world fair, 1900). Porsche later developed petrol-engined cars with electric transmissions, some versions of which had additional batteries. Vehicles using the petrol electric transmission with hub motors were sold to the German army and to the Viennese fire brigade. Porsche left the Lohner company in 1905, and joined Daimler affiliate company *Österreichische Daimler Motoren Commanditgesellschaft Bierenz Fischer & Co.*; vehicles were later built using the Lohner Porsche system under the Mercedes brand of Daimler.

In 1909, the firm undertook aircraft manufacture, producing reconnaissance aircraft for the Austro-Hungarian army during the First World War, and a series of flying-boat patrol aircraft for the Navy, which were later copied by the Italian Macchi aviation firm for the Italian military in World War I. Lohner also produced aircraft for the budding Spanish Air Force.

After World War I the company abandoned aircraft production, and shifted its production to the manufacturing of trams, and coachbodies. During the Great Depression the factory in Floridsdorf shut down.

During the Anschluss with Germany, Lohner produced aircraft wings. The plant was damaged in 1944, and post World War II the company was in public administration until 1949 when it was returned to the control of the Lohner family.

In 1949 Lohner began manufacturing scooters and mopeds which were designed by Otto Kauba, a production range that would include the well-known of which was the Lohner L125. The scooter range included popular models such as the *Sissy*, L125 and L98, but sales were eventually reduced due to the popularity of the motorcar. Tram production also resumed post World War II.

In 1959, the Lohner factory merged with Rotax which had supplied engines for its motorscooters. During the 1960s contracts included hay-loaders, gun carriages for the Austrian Army, and Bombardier Ski-Doos which were produced under license from 1966 to 1970.

In 1970 the company was acquired by Bombardier purchased a majority of shares in the company and renamed it *Bombardier-Rotax GmbH*.

### Bombardier Transportation

Reorganized later as a division of Bombardier-Rotax named *Bombardier Wien Schienenfahrzeuge* (BWS). After Bombardier's acquisition of Adtranz in 2001, the company's production plan designated the Vienna works for carbody production, specialising in Light rail vehicles (LRV).

The company moved to a new plant in the Donaustadt district of Vienna in 2007. As of 2012 the company operates as *Bombardier Transportation Austria GmbH & Co. KG*, and manufactures trams.

## Aircraft

1. Sources:
    * Branko Remek (2012), *Automobil a spalovací motor* (in Czech), Grada Publishing a.s., Lohner, p.60, ISBN 9788024735382
    * Kurt Bauer (2003), *Faszination des Fahrens: unterwegs mit Fahrrad, Motorrad und Automobil* (in German), Böhlau Verlag Wien, Kleine Enzyklopädie des Fahrens, "Lohner", pp.250-1, ISBN 9783205770978
2. Franz Straka (December 2007), "Ära Lohner : Von der Kutsche bis zur Motorisierung", *www.strassenbahn-europa.at* (in German), Railway - Media - Group
3. Sources:
4. Gunston 1993, 188
5. "Ejército del Aire - 1913", *www.ejercitodelaire.mde.es* (in Spanish), archived from the original on 2010-09-25, retrieved 2010-11-05, 17-XII-1913 : Primer bombardeo aéreo de la historia con auténticas bombas de aviación: Los Capitanes Barrón y Cifuentes sobre biplano Lohner en Ben Karrix, Marruecos
6. Rudolf Santner (1994), *Österreichische Motorräder und Beiwagen: 1918-1960* (in German), Weishaupt Verlag, p. 77, ISBN 9783705900103, Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg begann Lohner 1949 mit der Herstellung von Rollern nach Plänen und unter der Leitung von Ing. Otto Kauba. Dieser von einem Rotax- Motor (Lizenz Sachs) eher mäßig schnell fortbewegte Roller war ab 1950 käuflich..
7. Franz Straka, "Ära Lohner : Von der Kutsche bis zur Motorisierung", *www.strassenbahn-europa.at* (in German)
8. "Bombardier Sets Course for the Future With New European Passenger-Vehicle Manufacturing Network Strategy", *www.thefreelibrary.com*, Business Wire, 13 November 2001, archived from the original on 11 April 2019, retrieved 14 February 2012
9. "The Passenger-Vehicle Manufacturing Network Strategy in Europe" (PDF), *www2.bombardier.com*, Bombardier Transportation, 13 November 2001, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013
10. Sources:

### Sources

* Gunston, Bill (1993). *World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.

### Literature

## InfoBox

Bombardier Transportation Austria
|
|  |
| Industry | Vehicle engineering |
| Headquarters | Vienna, Austria |
| Products | Aircraft, trams, other vehicles |


title: Bombardier Regina

abstract: The Regina is a Swedish model of electric multiple unit passenger train, manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. It is used by the national passenger railway SJ along with numerous regional and private operators, in variants designated X50, X51, X52, X53, X54 and X55, and in two-, three-, and four-carriage models. The Regina units are short trains built for local and regional service. The Regina is wider than other Swedish trains; at 3.45 m, it allows five-across seating, increasing passenger capacity by 25%. The car body is built of stainless steel, with only bolsters and coupler pockets made of mild steel. The length is 54 m, 80 m and 105 m, and the capacity is 165-294 seats. A variant of the Regina is used in China as the CRH1. Unlike X 2000, Regina trainsets are corrugateless due to eliminate molybdenum content and add titanium instead. Top speeds of various models range from 180 to 200 km/h. As part of the Gröna tåget project, a modified X52 train set the Swedish rail-speed record of 303 km/h (188 mph) on 14 September 2008; the goal was to reach 250 km/h (155 mph) in regular service.

text:
# Bombardier Regina

The **Regina** is a Swedish model of electric multiple unit passenger train, manufactured by Bombardier Transportation (formerly Adtranz). It is used by the national passenger railway SJ along with numerous regional and private operators, in variants designated **X50**, **X51**, **X52**, **X53**, **X54** and **X55**, and in two-, three-, and four-carriage models. The Regina units are short trains built for local and regional service. The Regina is wider than other Swedish trains; at 3.45 m (11 ft 3+78 in), it allows five-across seating, increasing passenger capacity by 25%. The car body is built of stainless steel, with only bolsters and coupler pockets made of mild steel. The length is 54 m (177 ft 2 in), 80 m (262 ft 6 in) and 105 m (344 ft 6 in), and the capacity is 165-294 seats. A variant of the Regina is used in China as the CRH1. Unlike X 2000, Regina trainsets are corrugateless due to eliminate molybdenum content and add titanium instead.

Top speeds of various models range from 180 to 200 km/h (110 to 125 mph). As part of the **Gröna tåget** ("the green train") project, a modified X52 train set the Swedish rail-speed record of 303 km/h (188 mph) on 14 September 2008; the goal was to reach 250 km/h (155 mph) in regular service.

## X55, new high-speed train

In late 2007 it was announced that SJ were ordering twenty units furnished for inter-city service. These trains, designated **X55** (also marketed as **SJ 3000**), were delivered during 2011 and 2012, and are used on the routes connecting Stockholm with destinations like Sundsvall, Karlstad or even Oslo, and Falun, allowing the displaced X 2000 units to be used instead to lengthen the busy trains running to Gothenburg and Malmö. These units are four-carriage trains with a first-class section and an on-board bistro; four-across seating. There is an option for another 20 units.

## InfoBox

| Regina | |
| --- | --- |
| Upptåget X52 operated by Transdev for the regional public transport authourity of Uppsala | |
| In service | 2000–present |
| Manufacturer | Bombardier Transportation |
| Built at | Kalmar Verkstad, Kalmar, Sweden (X50–X54 models)
Bombardier Hennigsdorf works, Hennigsdorf, Brandenburg, Germany (X55 model) |
| Constructed | 2000–2013 |
| Number built | 109 |
| Formation | 2 or 3 cars |
| Fleet numbers | various |
| Capacity | 165–294 |
| Operators |  |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Stainless steel without corrugate due to molybdenum-free and titanium-containing |
| Train length | * *Two cars:* 53.9 m (176 ft 10 in) * *Three cars:* 80.5 m (264 ft 1 in) |
| Width | 3,450 mm (11 ft 3+78 in) |
| Maximum speed | * **Service:** * 180–200 km/h (110–125 mph) * **Design:** * 250 km/h (155 mph) * **Record:** * 303 km/h (188 mph) |
| Weight | * *Two cars:* 120 t (118.1 long tons; 132.3 short tons) * *Three cars:* 165 t (162.4 long tons; 181.9 short tons) |
| Traction system | 107–143 kN (24,000–32,000 lbf) |
| Power output | * *Two cars:* 1,590 kW (2,132 hp) * *Three cars:* 2,120 kW (2,843 hp) |
| Transmission | Westinghouse-Natal (WN) drive |
| Electric system(s) | 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC catenary |
| Current collector(s) | Pantograph |
| Safety system(s) | ATC-2, ERTMS |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |


title: Bolo de arroz

abstract: Bolo de arroz is a Portuguese rice muffin, common in Portugal, the Lusosphere countries and regions and countries with significant Portuguese immigrant populations, such as Canada, Australia, Luxembourg, the United States, and France, among others.

text:
# Bolo de arroz

**Bolo de arroz** is a Portuguese rice muffin, common in Portugal, the Lusosphere countries and regions (which include Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Timor, Timor Leste, Goa, Malacca and Macau) and countries with significant Portuguese immigrant populations, such as Canada, Australia, Luxembourg, the United States, and France, among others.

receita de bolinho de arroz fácil receita de bolo caseiro Receita de bolo fofinho Dadinhos de tapioca receita

## InfoBox

Bolo de arroz
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Course | Dessert |
| Place of origin | Portugal |
| Region or state | produced worldwide within the Lusosphere |
| Main ingredients | Egg yolks |
| Variations | Regional |


title: Presque Isle (community), Wisconsin

abstract: Presque Isle is an unincorporated community located in the town of Presque Isle, Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. Presque Isle is 32.5 miles (52.3 km) northwest of Eagle River and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the Michigan state line. Presque Isle has a post office with ZIP code 54557.

text:
# Presque Isle (community), Wisconsin

**Presque Isle** is an unincorporated community located in the town of Presque Isle, Vilas County, Wisconsin, United States. Presque Isle is 32.5 miles (52.3 km) northwest of Eagle River and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the Michigan state line. Presque Isle has a post office with ZIP code 54557.

## History

In 1905, J.J. Foster erected a lumber mill on the side of a pond at the headwaters of the Presque Isle River. The townsite commands a large hill virtually on the Continental Divide and the waters flow north from this point to Lake Superior. Foster named the community Fosterville. William S. Winegar bought the mill in 1910 and the town was renamed in his honor. The mill closed in 1933 and Walleye Rearing Ponds were established on the mill grounds by the State of Wisconsin. In 1959, the town changed its name again, now to Presque Isle which matches the name of the surrounding township which comprises approximately 77 square miles. The village is currently the site of the Presque Isle Community Center, Presque Isle Fire Department, and the Presque Isle Community Library.

## Transportation

The community of Presque Isle is located at the corner of Vilas County Highways W and B. It is located approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south of the southern terminus of M-64.

## InfoBox

| Presque Isle, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Presque Isle, WisconsinPresque Isle, Wisconsin | |
| Coordinates: 46°14′50″N 89°43′46″W / 46.24722°N 89.72944°W / 46.24722; -89.72944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Vilas |
| Elevation | 508 m (1,667 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 54557 |
| Area code(s) | 715 & 534 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1580803 |


title: Sabicea amazonensis

abstract: Sabicea amazonensis is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in tropical South America. Zemagho, et al. assign Sabicea amazonensis to their subgenus, Sabicea Aubl. subgenus Sabicea, on the basis of morphological characters. There are no synonyms.

text:
# Sabicea amazonensis

***Sabicea amazonensis*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in tropical South America. Zemagho, *et al.* assign *Sabicea amazonensis* to their subgenus, *Sabicea* Aubl. subgenus *Sabicea*, on the basis of morphological characters.

There are no synonyms.

## Description

*Sabicea amazonensis* is a twining creeper which has equal to almost equal leaves. The stipules are entire to two-toothed and less than 15 mm long. The bracts are free or almost free. The inflorescence is unbranched and sessile or almost sessile. The calyx lobes are less than 3 mm long. The corolla throat is covered in short trichomes. The ovary is 3–5 locular, and the mature red fruits are sessile.

## Distribution

It is native to Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Sabicea amazonensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sabicea* |
| Species: | ***S. amazonensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sabicea amazonensis***<br>Wernham | |
|


title: Pink corydoras

abstract: The pink corydoras is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the subfamily Corydoradinae of the family Callichthyidae. It originates in inland waters in South America, and is found in the Meta River basin in Colombia. A maximum body length of 4.2 cm has been reported. It was named in honor of pet-book publisher Herbert R. Axelrod (1927–2017), who helped collect type series and sent it to the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Germany.

text:
# Pink corydoras

The **pink corydoras** (***Corydoras axelrodi***) is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the subfamily Corydoradinae of the family Callichthyidae. It originates in inland waters in South America, and is found in the Meta River basin in Colombia. A maximum body length of 4.2 cm has been reported. It was named in honor of pet-book publisher Herbert R. Axelrod (1927–2017), who helped collect type series and sent it to the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Pink corydoras | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Callichthyidae |
| Genus: | *Corydoras* |
| Species: | ***C. axelrodi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Corydoras axelrodi***
Rössel, 1962 | |
|


abstract: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 (SLCO1B3) also known as organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLCO1B3 gene. OATP1B3 is a 12-transmembrane domain influx transporter. Normally expressed in the liver, the transporter functions to uptake large, non-polar drugs and hormones from the portal vein.

text:
# Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3

**Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3** (SLCO1B3) also known as **organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3** (OATP1B3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *SLCO1B3* gene.

OATP1B3 is a 12-transmembrane domain influx transporter. Normally expressed in the liver, the transporter functions to uptake large, non-polar drugs and hormones from the portal vein.

## Clinical significance

OATP1B3 has also been identified as a transporter aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer and implicated in prostate cancer progression. Increasing mRNA expression of OATP1B3 was also correlated to prostate cancer Gleason score.

In addition, lower expression of OATP1B3 mRNA was also detected in testicular cancer.

## Substrates

Small molecules that are transported by SLCO1B3 include:

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| SLCO1B3 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | SLCO1B3, HBLRR, LST-2, LST-3TM13, LST3, OATP-8, OATP1B3, OATP8, SLC21A8, solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3 | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 605495; MGI: 1351899; HomoloGene: 75119; GeneCards: SLCO1B3; OMA:SLCO1B3 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_019844
NM\_001349920   NM\_020495
NM\_178235   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_062818
NP\_001336849   NP\_065241   Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 20.81 – 20.92 Mb Chr 6: 141.58 – 141.63 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet

abstract: Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet Ph.D. was an Argentine zoologist. Ringuelet published more than 100 scientific papers on the ecology, limnology, biogeography, and conservation of South American freshwaters, and was a mentor to a whole generation of Argentine biologists. Ringuelet's research interests were exceptionally broad, including numerous studies of leeches (Hirudinea), harvestmen spiders (Opiliones), crustaceans, chironomid flies and Neotropical fishes. The UNLP is named in his honor. Ringuelet was born in La Plata, September 10, 1914. He graduated in 1939 with a Doctor of Natural Sciences at the Institute of Museum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP). Ringuelet published his first scientific work in 1936. Ringuelet went on to publish 17 works of Arachnology, with one relating to the Order Scorpiones and the others to the Order Opiliones, 44 papers on the Hirudinea leeches, 24 on various crustaceans, and 14 specifically on Biogeography. Ringuelet held several professorships at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata: Adjunct professor of general Zoology (1944–1948), Acting Professor (1946–1947) and Head (1947–1955) Invertebrate Zoology, Professor Acting Zoogeography (1958), Vertebrate Zoology Professor (1957–1966), Professor of Ecology and Zoogeography and Professor of Limnology (1969–1978). He was also Professor of Systematic Zoology in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (1956–1964). In recognition of his career, the National University of La Plata was appointed Extraordinary Professor Emeritus degree (1980). From 1978 until his death Ringuelet was a Senior Researcher at the National Research Council (CONICET).

text:
# Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet

**Raúl Adolfo Ringuelet** Ph.D. (1914 – 1982) was an Argentine zoologist.

Ringuelet published more than 100 scientific papers on the ecology, limnology, biogeography, and conservation of South American freshwaters, and was a mentor to a whole generation of Argentine biologists. Ringuelet's research interests were exceptionally broad, including numerous studies of leeches (Hirudinea), harvestmen spiders (Opiliones), crustaceans, chironomid flies and Neotropical fishes. The UNLP is named in his honor.

Ringuelet was born in La Plata, September 10, 1914. He graduated in 1939 with a Doctor of Natural Sciences at the Institute of Museum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP). Ringuelet published his first scientific work in 1936. Ringuelet went on to publish 17 works of Arachnology, with one relating to the Order Scorpiones and the others to the Order Opiliones, 44 papers on the Hirudinea leeches, 24 on various crustaceans, and 14 specifically on Biogeography.

Ringuelet held several professorships at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata: Adjunct professor of general Zoology (1944–1948), Acting Professor (1946–1947) and Head (1947–1955) Invertebrate Zoology, Professor Acting Zoogeography (1958), Vertebrate Zoology Professor (1957–1966), Professor of Ecology and Zoogeography (1960, per vitam in 1972) and Professor of Limnology (1969–1978). He was also Professor of Systematic Zoology in the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (1956–1964).

In recognition of his career, the National University of La Plata was appointed Extraordinary Professor Emeritus degree (1980). From 1978 until his death Ringuelet was a Senior Researcher at the National Research Council (CONICET).

## Selected publications

## Notes and references


abstract: Elmwood Township is a charter township of Leelanau County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,892 at the 2020 census, making it the largest township in Leelanau County by population. The southeasternmost township of Leelanau County, Elmwood Township is suburbanized, as it is immediately adjacent Traverse City, the largest city in Northern Michigan.

text:
# Elmwood Township, Leelanau County, Michigan

**Elmwood Township** is a charter township of Leelanau County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,892 at the 2020 census, making it the largest township in Leelanau County by population. The southeasternmost township of Leelanau County, Elmwood Township is suburbanized, as it is immediately adjacent Traverse City, the largest city in Northern Michigan.

## History

Elmwood Township was organized on December 21, 1863.

In 1987, Elmwood Township was granted a charter, and converted from a civil township to a charter township, due largely to growth in and around Traverse City. In 1989, the city of Traverse City annexed the southeasternmost corner of the township.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 30.9 square miles (80 km2), of which 20.1 square miles (52 km2) is land and 10.8 square miles (28 km2) (35.08%) is water.

Elmwood Township lies upon the West Arm of Grand Traverse Bay. Part of Lake Leelanau is located within the far northwest of Elmwood Township.

### Adjacent municipalities

**By land**

**By water**

### Major highways

## Communities

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,264 people, 1,697 households, and 1,259 families residing in the township. The population density was 212.6 inhabitants per square mile (82.1/km2). There were 1,914 housing units at an average density of 95.4 per square mile (36.8/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.26% White, 0.28% African American, 0.89% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.52% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.39% of the population.

There were 1,697 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $51,063, and the median income for a family was $55,597. Males had a median income of $41,458 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $27,574. About 1.3% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Most of Elmwood Township is served by the Traverse City Area Public Schools district, with coeducational public schools to the south in Grand Traverse County. However, a few square miles of northeastern Elmwood Township are served by Suttons Bay Public Schools, with coeducational public schools to the north in Suttons Bay.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Elmwood Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Charter township | |
| Charter Township of Elmwood | |
| Nickname: "Gateway to Leelanau County" | |
| Location within Leelanau County (red) and the administered community of Greilickville (pink) | |
| Elmwood TownshipLocation within the state of Michigan | |
| Coordinates: 44°48′23″N 85°40′13″W / 44.80639°N 85.67028°W / 44.80639; -85.67028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Leelanau |
| Organized | 1863 |
| Charter | 1987 |
| Government | |
| Supervisor | Jeff Shaw |
| Clerk | Connie M. Preston |
| Area | |
| Total | 30.9 sq mi (80.0 km2) |
| Land | 20.1 sq mi (51.9 km2) |
| Water | 10.8 sq mi (28.1 km2) |
| Elevation | 620 ft (189 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 4,892 |
| Density | 212.6/sq mi (82.1/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 49621, 49684 |
| Area code | 231 |
| FIPS code | 26-25700 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626235 |


title: Rose Magers

abstract: Rose Mary Magers-Powell, formerly known as Rose Magers, is a retired female volleyball player from the United States. As a middle blocker, Magers-Powell won a silver medal with the United States women's national volleyball team at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles under the guidance of coach Arie Selinger. Magers-Powell also helped the United States win the bronze medal at the 1982 FIVB World Championship in Peru and the silver medal at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas.

text:
# Rose Magers

**Rose Mary Magers-Powell** (born June 25, 1960), formerly known as **Rose Magers**, is a retired female volleyball player from the United States. As a middle blocker, Magers-Powell won a silver medal with the United States women's national volleyball team at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles under the guidance of coach Arie Selinger.

Magers-Powell also helped the United States win the bronze medal at the 1982 FIVB World Championship in Peru and the silver medal at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas.

## College

Magers-Powell played college women's volleyball for three years with the University of Houston, and then transferred to Louisiana State University for her last year of college.

## Coaching

Magers-Powell is currently head coach of women's volleyball at Alabama A&M University in Huntsville.

## Personal life

Magers-Powell resides in Huntsville, Alabama with her husband Harry Powell and has two sons, William Powell and Brandon Powell.

1. "Rose Magers". *Olympedia*. Archived from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
2. "RCVC Director". *Rocket City Volleyball Club*. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
3. Vecsey, George (August 8, 1984). "Triumph and Defeat for American Women; Volleyball; China Ends U.S. Quest". *The New York Times*. p. A15. Retrieved September 5, 2024. (subscription required)
4. "Rose Magers-Powell". *Alabama A&M Athletics*. Archived from the original on August 18, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
5. "Name: Rose Magers-Powell". *Huntsville Madison County Athletic Hall of Fame*. Archived from the original on August 18, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Rose Magers | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Rose Mary Magers-Powell |
| Born | Rose Mary Magers
June 25, 1960 (1960-06-25) (age 64)
Big Spring, Texas, U.S. |
| Height | 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) |
| College / University | University of Houston
Louisiana State University |
| Volleyball information | |
| Position | Middle blocker |
| Number | 8 |
| National team | |
| 1982–1984  United States | |
| Medal record      Women's volleyball  Representing the  United States  Olympic Games  1984 Los Angeles Team  World Championship  1982 Peru   Pan American Games  1983 Caracas  Team | |


title: Preston Tylk

abstract: Preston Tylk is a 2000 American mystery thriller film written and directed by Jon Bokenkamp and starring Luke Wilson, Norman Reedus, Dennis Farina and Mili Avital.

text:
# Preston Tylk

***Preston Tylk*** (also titled ***Bad Seed***) is a 2000 American mystery thriller film written and directed by Jon Bokenkamp and starring Luke Wilson, Norman Reedus, Dennis Farina and Mili Avital.

## Cast

## Release

The film was shown at the Seattle International Film Festival on June 6, 2000.

## Reception

The film has a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews.

Ken Eisner of *Variety* gave the film a mixed review and wrote that it "is lacking a certain oomph in both action and character payoffs, though, and may have a hard time edging more polished fare off crowded screens."

*TV Guide* gave the film a negative review: "This drably photographed psychological thriller seems to confuse coincidence with fatalism, and guilty consciences prevail as these two lost souls embrace their comeuppance."

## InfoBox

| Preston Tylk | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Jon Bokenkamp |
| Written by | Jon Bokenkamp |
| Produced by | James Frey
Dan Glasser
Roni Eguia |
| Starring | Luke Wilson
Norman Reedus
Dennis Farina
Mili Avital |
| Cinematography | Joey Forsyte |
| Edited by | Ann Truelove |
| Music by | Kurt Kuenne |
| Release date | * June 6, 2000 (2000-06-06) (Seattle) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Elaphromyia multisetosa

abstract: Elaphromyia multisetosa is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Elaphromyia of the family Tephritidae.

text:
# Elaphromyia multisetosa

***Elaphromyia multisetosa*** is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus *Elaphromyia* of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

China, Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Elaphromyia multisetosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Tephritinae |
| Tribe: | Tephrellini |
| Genus: | *Elaphromyia* |
| Species: | ***E. multisetosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphromyia multisetosa***<br>Shiraki, 1933 | |
|


title: Dario Bandiera

abstract: Dario Bandiera is an Italian actor and comedian.

text:
# Dario Bandiera

**Dario Bandiera** (born 9 February 1970) is an Italian actor and comedian.

## Life and career

Born in Syracuse, Sicily, Bandiera began his career working in tourist villages as an entertainer. In 1992 he moved to Rome to study acting and in early 1990s he started appearing in television programs such as *Domenica In* and *Stasera mi butto* and then, between 1994 and 1996, he was a regular in the variety show *Beato tra le donne*. Bandiera made his film debut in 1994, in the comedy film *Miracolo italiano*.

After several other roles on stage, television and in films, his breakout came in 2003 as a semi-regular entertainer in the talk show *Maurizio Costanzo Show*. In 2007 he was nominated to Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actor thanks to his performance in Giovanni Veronesi's *Manual of Love 2*.

## InfoBox

| Dario Bandiera | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1970-02-09) 9 February 1970<br>Syracuse, Sicily |
| Occupation | actor |


title: Sableuse River

abstract:
The Sableuse River is a watercourse in the Matapedia Valley, in administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent, in Quebec, Canada. Its origin lies in the Sableuse ponds in Saint-Vianney while its mouth lies in the Sableuse River Bay on Lake Matapedia. This river flows into the regional county municipalities (RCM):
  - La Matapedia Regional County Municipality: municipality Saint-Vianney, Quebec and the unorganized territory of Lac-Matapedia, Quebec;
  - La Matanie Regional County Municipality: municipality Sainte-Paule. This course river of the Matapedia Valley is descending towards the Southwest; it passes through the territory of Sainte-Paule and Matapedia Lake. The Sableuse River flows into the bay of Sableuse River, located on the North shore of Matapedia Lake which discharge empties on the Eastern side in the Matapedia River. The latter flows Southeast into the Matapedia Valley up to the Restigouche River which flows East up to the west bank of the Chaleur Bay. The latter opens to the East on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

text:
# Sableuse River

The **Sableuse River** is a watercourse in the Matapedia Valley, in administrative region of Bas-Saint-Laurent, in Quebec, Canada. Its origin lies in the Sableuse ponds in Saint-Vianney while its mouth lies in the Sableuse River Bay on Lake Matapedia.

This river flows into the regional county municipalities (RCM):

This course river of the Matapedia Valley is descending towards the Southwest; it passes through the territory of Sainte-Paule and Matapedia Lake (at the Eastern boundary of the territory of Sayabec).

The Sableuse River flows into the bay of Sableuse River, located on the North shore of Matapedia Lake which discharge empties on the Eastern side in the Matapedia River. The latter flows Southeast into the Matapedia Valley up to the Restigouche River which flows East up to the west bank of the Chaleur Bay. The latter opens to the East on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

## Etymology

The Sableuse River has officially carried the name since at least 1972, before which some referred to it as *Matane River*. The Sableuse River Bay, whose name was designated in 2003, was also formerly referred to as the *Matane River Bay*.

## Geography

The Sableuse River is located in the La Matapédia Regional County Municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent administrative region. Its source, the Sableuse ponds, lie at 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) Northwest of the village of Saint-Vianney.

This source begins on the West side of the "Chemin des Towagodi Lakes" and is located at:

* 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) at the Western boundary of the West of Matane Wildlife Reserve;
* 24.8 kilometres (15.4 mi) Southeast of South Coastal of Gulf of Saint Lawrence;
* 14.9 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the confluence of the Sableuse River.

From its source, the Sableuse river course is often forming many small coils. Its course flows over 23.5 kilometres (14.6 mi) distributed in following segments:

* 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) West, up to the discharge (from the Northwest) of a small lake;
* 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the Southwest, up to the road path bridge of the 4th row;
* 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) Southwest up to the discharge (from the Northwest) of two little lakes;
* 5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi) Southwest up to the confluence of the Inconnue River (Sableuse River) (from the East);
* 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) Southwest up to the discharge (from the Northwest) of Portage Lake, Chaud Lake and Towago Lake;
* 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) Southward up to Crooked Creek (from the Northeast);
* 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) Southwest, cutting the Soucy Road, up to the confluence of the river

The river's mouth is located in the Seignory of Lac-Matapédia in the unorganized territory of Lac-Matapédia near Sayabec. Its outflow occurs in the Sableuse River Bay in Matapedia Lake, right in front of the Matane Island. This confluence is located at 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) from the mouth of Matapedia Lake.

## InfoBox

| Sableuse River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| City | Rimouski |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Sableuse ponds, Saint-Vianney, Quebec, MRC La Matapédia, Quebec |
| coordinates | 48°38′28″N 67°25′21″W / 48.64111°N 67.42250°W / 48.64111; -67.42250 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Sableuse River Bay, Matapedia Lake, Lac-Matapédia (unorganized territory), Quebec |
| coordinates | 48°34′53″N 67°35′25″W / 48.58139°N 67.59028°W / 48.58139; -67.59028 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 23.5 km (14.6 mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | (from the confluence) Inconnue River (Sableuse River) |
| right | (from the confluence) |


title: Elysville, Maryland

abstract:
Elysville is an unincorporated community in Howard County, Maryland, United States.
A postal stop operated between February 22, 1834, and February 3, 1854.

text:
# Elysville, Maryland

**Elysville** is an unincorporated community in Howard County, Maryland, United States. A postal stop operated between February 22, 1834, and February 3, 1854.

## Industry

A quarry was constructed on the north side of the Patapsco river in the "Limestone Valley". Joseph Evans and Anne Ellicott settled the site building a small mill in the late 18th century.

The Elysville Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1829, by Thomas Ely to manufacture cotton textiles. A mill was built on the northern side of the river at Ben's Branch. In 1831, railroad construction of the B&O started through the area. Ely purchased the Evans property on his death in 1833, with a location on Southern shore. The mill was funded by $25,000 in stock sales in July 1845 and erected between August 1845 and the spring of 1846. The mill was owned for a period of time by the Okisko Company, before being acquired by the Alberton Manufacturing Company in 1853. The population was 106 and the mill village was called Alberton at least through the 1870s. The mill changed names to the Sagoman Manufacturing Company, then was then acquired by James S. Gary in 1860, who created still another firm which operated the mill until the 1940s when the C.R. Daniels Company took control.

## Transit

In 1853, The Elysville and Canton railroad proposed a rail line through the river valley. In 1877 a stagecoach line was founded with once daily trips to Baltimore for one dollar to compete with rail service charging $1.50.

39°19′2″N 76°48′47″W / 39.31722°N 76.81306°W / 39.31722; -76.81306


title: Solariella quinni

abstract: Solariella quinni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Solariellidae.

text:
# Solariella quinni

***Solariella quinni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Solariellidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Pernambuco.

## InfoBox

| *Solariella quinni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Solariellidae |
| Genus: | *Solariella* |
| Species: | ***S. quinni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Solariella quinni***<br>Barros & Pereira, 2008 | |
|


title: Rauch (company)

abstract: Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH & Co OG is an Austrian beverage company based in Rankweil, Vorarlberg, Austria. It was founded in 1919 and has remained a family business for four generations. The Rauch brand is particularly known for producing a range of juices, isotonic drinks, ice coffees and ice teas, including Happy Day, Bravo, Cafemio, Juice Bar, Nativa, Istonic Sport, Willi Dungl, MyTea and Yippy. The company exports products to about 100 countries and also offers private-label production services such as Bravo sold throughout the former Yugoslavia, and Albania.

text:
# Rauch (company)

**Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH & Co OG** is an Austrian beverage company based in Rankweil, Vorarlberg, Austria. It was founded in 1919 and has remained a family business for four generations.

The Rauch brand is particularly known for producing a range of juices, isotonic drinks, ice coffees and ice teas, including Happy Day, Bravo, Cafemio, Juice Bar, Nativa, Istonic Sport, Willi Dungl, MyTea and Yippy. The company exports products to about 100 countries and also offers private-label production services such as *Bravo* sold throughout the former Yugoslavia, and Albania.

## History

The family business was founded by Franz Josef Rauch in 1919 as a cider press for the surrounding farmers. In the interwar period, however, the fruit juice production was already carried out industrially. In 1962 the company was taken over by the next generation and got internationally oriented.

In the 1970s, Rauch became the market leader in the Austrian market with the brands Happy Day and Bravo and sold Tetra Pak instead of glass bottles. When a campaign against smoking was launched in Austria with the slogan "Ohne Rauch geht's auch" ("it's possible without smoke"), the company Rauch created the advertising slogan "Ohne Rauch geht's nicht, wenn man denn vom Fruchtsaft spricht" ("Without smoke it is not possible, if one speaks of the fruit juice") and was thus known until the 1980s. The slogan worked because Rauch is not only the name of the company, but also means smoke in German.

In 1998, the beverage supply was also extended to ice tea. In addition, the brewery Fohrenburg was taken over in Bludenz.

On 8 June 2016, the Federal Competition Authority of Austria (BWB) announced a decision of the Cartel Court on 3 March 2016 against Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH & Co OG and Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH. Due to vertical price adjustments of final retail prices to retail customers in the period from September 2003 to March 2012, a fine of EUR 1.7 million was imposed.

In 2017, the beverage producer was honored as the "Top Brand 2017" in the fruit drinks category in Germany. It was the most successful year so far in the company's history and the company was able to increase sales by 2.4 percent from EUR 881 million to EUR 902 million.

2019 was the first year in which Rauch sales grew over EUR 1 billion, which fell by 5.3 percent to EUR 965 million in 2020, presumably due to their gastronomy partners' massive losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Company

### Business areas

The production covers three business areas: the actual fruit juice production, semi-manufactured products and co-packing. The products are exported to over 90 countries.

Today, Rauch is the world's only bottler of beverages for Red Bull. In 2019, Rauch and the Red Bull company revealed plans to build a canning facility in Arizona within the following five years.

Rauch also cooperates with the German Bitburger Brewery Group. As part of this cooperation since February 2008 Rauch products are distributed by Bitburger.

### Locations

The company has a total of 17 locations in 12 European countries and one in North America, with each subsidiary being assigned to a respective national subsidiary of Rauch. The following production branches exist:

### Sponsoring

In ski racing, Rauch Fruchtsäfte partners with the Austrian Ski Association (ÖSV) as well as the Slovenian (Slo.Ski) and the racers Anna Veith, Katharina Liensberger and Petra Vlhová.

Rauch fruit juices supports the football clubs FC Red Bull Salzburg and in Germany since 2017 the RB Leipzig.

In cooperation with Red Bull, the Rauch logo can also be seen on the Formula 1 car from Red Bull Racing since its inaugural season.

Also, in beach volleyball, Rauch fruit juices sponsors of various events, such as the 2017 World Cup in Vienna.

## Export refunds

Since Commission Regulation (EC) No. 259/2008 in March 2008, recipients of the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) have been published on the internet. As a result, it has been announced that Rauch receives export refunds from these funds to offset the difference between world sugar prices and high EU prices (due to protective tariffs and production quotas) in order to remain internationally competitive. In the years 2008 to 2010, Rauch was by far the largest beneficiary of this money in Austria. Since 2011, the prices of EU sugar and the world market price are more or less balanced and compensation payments have therefore been halted.

## InfoBox

Rauch Fruchtsäfte GmbH & Co OG
| Company type | Public |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Beverage |
| Founded | 1919 |
| Founder | Franz Josef Rauch |
| Headquarters | Rankweil, Vorarlberg, Austria |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Jürgen Rauch (managing director) |
| Products | Beverage |
| Revenue | €1 billion (2020) |
| Website | www.rauch.cc |