title: Cheong Choong Kong

abstract: Cheong Choong Kong is a Malaysian businessman and former chief executive officer of Singapore Airlines. After the collision of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 during take-off, he appeared as the public face of the airline. He is currently the chairman of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation and has recently had a cameo appearance on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 television sitcom The Yang Sisters as San Poh.

text:
# Cheong Choong Kong

**Cheong Choong Kong** (simplified Chinese: 张松光; traditional Chinese: 張松光; pinyin: *Zhāng Sōng Guāng*; Jyutping: *Zoeng1 Cung4 Gwong1*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Tiuⁿ Siông-kong*; born 9 June 1941) is a Malaysian businessman and former chief executive officer of Singapore Airlines. After the collision of Singapore Airlines Flight 006 during take-off, he appeared as the public face of the airline. He is currently the chairman of the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation and has recently had a cameo appearance on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 television sitcom The Yang Sisters as San Poh.

## Education

After completing his studies at the Methodist Boys' School in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Cheong obtained a Bachelor of Science with First Class Honours in Mathematics from the University of Adelaide in 1964. He studied in Australia as a Colombo Plan scholar.

He also received a Master of Science (1966) and a Ph.D. (1968) in Mathematics from Australian National University. His main fields of study were random processes and related areas of applied and theoretical probability.

## Career

He began his career as a mathematics lecturer in the University of Malaya (1968), eventually becoming associate professor and serving as head of the department.

He left academics in 1974 to work with Singapore Airlines. He spent 29 years at Singapore Airlines; he eventually became the company's CEO.

In 1998, *Fortune* named him Asian Businessman of the Year, noting that SIA had an "unbroken 27-year record of profitability through turbulent economic times."

He was first appointed to the board of OCBC on 1 July 1999. He served as vice chairman from 26 March 2002 to 30 June 2003. On 1 July 2003, he was elected chairman of the board.

He is now a Director of several companies, including Singapore Press Holdings Ltd, Great Eastern Holdings Ltd, Great Eastern Life Assurance Company Ltd and Overseas Assurance Corporation Ltd.

On August 31, 2014, Kong retired as the chairman of OCBC Bank veterans board of directors.

In February 2018, BRIEF-Frasers Centrepoint Trust announced the appointment of Kong as the new chairman.

## Affiliations

He served as Chairman of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation and of its successor, Singapore International Media from July 1989 to September 1995. He has also served as the Chairman of the Council of the National University of Singapore. His service was for two consecutive two-year terms ending on July 31, 2004. He has served as Vice-Chairman of the Singapore-US Business Council. Finally, Cheong has held directorships in companies which include Singapore Press Holdings Ltd, Great Eastern Holdings Ltd and United Eagle Airlines Co Ltd.

## Bibliography

* Berger, Nancy and Michael Marquardt (2000). *Global Leaders in the Twenty-first Century*. Albany: State University of New York Press.
* Singh, Kulwant et al. (2004). *Business Strategy in Asia: A Casebook*. Singapore: Thomson.
* Tjosvold, Dean and Kwok Leung (2004). *Leading in High-Growth Asia*. Singapore: World Scientific.

## InfoBox

| Cheong Choong Kong | |
| --- | --- |
| 张松光 | |
| Born | (1941-06-09) 9 June 1941
Malaysia |
| Alma mater | University of Adelaide,
Australian National University |
| Occupation(s) | Chairman, OCBC |


title: Smokin' at the Half Note

abstract: Smokin' at the Half Note is an album by Wes Montgomery and the Wynton Kelly Trio that was released in 1965. It was recorded live in June 1965 at the Half Note Club in New York City and September 22, 1965 at Van Gelder Studios in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. The album combines guitarist Montgomery with the Miles Davis rhythm section from 1959–1963 of Wynton Kelly, Paul Chambers, and Jimmy Cobb. The album's versions of "Unit 7" and "Four on Six" have helped to establish these pieces as jazz standards.

text:
# Smokin' at the Half Note

***Smokin' at the Half Note*** is an album by Wes Montgomery and the Wynton Kelly Trio that was released in 1965. It was recorded live in June 1965 at the Half Note Club in New York City and September 22, 1965 at Van Gelder Studios in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. The album combines guitarist Montgomery with the Miles Davis rhythm section from 1959–1963 of Wynton Kelly, Paul Chambers, and Jimmy Cobb. The album's versions of "Unit 7" and "Four on Six" have helped to establish these pieces as jazz standards.

## History

Montgomery had performed numerous times previously with Kelly, and his trio with Chambers and Cobb had recorded earlier Montgomery albums for the Riverside label such as *Full House*. In the summer of 1965, the quartet toured the major jazz clubs in the US and also appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival on the afternoon of Sunday, July 4. Drummer Jimmy Cobb had previously toured briefly with Montgomery in an organ trio with Melvin Rhyne in 1963. The performance was part of Alan Grant's "Portrait In Jazz" series, and Grant is heard as the announcer.

Only two of the original LP's five tracks were recorded at the Half Note: "No Blues" and "If You Could See Me Now." At the behest of producer Creed Taylor, the other three were re-recorded three months later at Rudy Van Gelder's studio in New Jersey.

In 1998, Verve reissued the show on disc two of *Impressions: The Verve Jazz Sides* with a scrambled track order and some crucial cuts. The first five tracks are from the original Verve LP. Tracks six through eleven are from the posthumously released *Willow Weep for Me*, without that album's string arrangements.

Pat Metheny stated to *The New York Times* in 2005 that the solo on "If You Could See Me Now" from this album was his favorite of all time. He called *Smokin' at the Half Note* "the absolute greatest jazz-guitar album ever made. It is also the record that taught me how to play."

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| Jazz Institute of Chicago | (no rating) |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz* |  |

Allmusic jazz critic Jim Smith called the album "essential listening for anyone who wants to hear why Montgomery's dynamic live shows were considered the pinnacle of his brilliant and incredibly influential guitar playing." and wrote that "Montgomery never played with more drive and confidence, and he's supported every step of the way by a genuinely smokin' Wynton Kelly Trio."

In his review for the Jazz Institute of Chicago, jazz writer Stuart Nicolson extensively reviewed each song. He praised the album in general, writing "it was in jazz where his impact was most powerfully felt. His style and sound became the role-model for subsequent generations of guitar players and can be heard echoed in the playing of George Benson, Emily Remler, Bruce Forman, Joe Diorio, Pat Metheny, Mark Whitfield, Kevin Eubanks, David Becker and a host of others. These recordings go some way to illustrate why Montgomery turned the jazz world on its collective ear, the effects of which are still with us today."

## Track listing

### Original LP (1965)

Side-A (live)

1. "No Blues" (Miles Davis) – 13:00
2. "If You Could See Me Now" (Tadd Dameron, Carl Sigman) – 6:45

Side-B (studio)

1. "Unit 7" (Sam Jones) – 7:30
2. "Four on Six" (Montgomery) – 6:45
3. "What's New?" (Bob Haggart, Johnny Burke) – 6:00

### CD release (1986– )

1. "No Blues" (Miles Davis) – 12:57
2. "If You Could See Me Now" (Tadd Dameron, Carl Sigman) – 8:21
3. "Unit 7" (Sam Jones) – 6:45
4. "Four on Six" (Montgomery) – 6:44
5. "What's New?" (Bob Haggart, Johnny Burke) – 6:11

### Remastered CD (2005– )

1. "No Blues" (Miles Davis) – 12:57
2. "If You Could See Me Now" (Tadd Dameron, Carl Sigman) – 8:21
3. "Unit 7" (Sam Jones) – 6:44
4. "Four on Six" (Montgomery) – 6:43
5. "What's New?" (Bob Haggart, Johnny Burke) – 6:10
6. "Willow Weep for Me" (Ann Ronell) – 9:08
7. "Portrait of Jennie" (Gordon Burdge, J. Russell Robinson) – 3:27
8. "The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 6:12
9. "Oh, You Crazy Moon" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) – 5:29
10. "Misty" (Erroll Garner) – 6:55
11. "Impressions" (John Coltrane) – 5:03

## Personnel

**Musicians**

**Production**

## InfoBox

| Smokin' at the Half Note | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album / studio album by
The Wynton Kelly Trio and
Wes Montgomery | |
| Released | November 1965 |
| Recorded | June 1965 and September 22, 1965 |
| Venue | The Half Note Club (recording in June) |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 40:58 |
| Label | Verve |
| Producer | Creed Taylor |
| Wes Montgomery chronology | |
| *Bumpin'*
(1965) ***Smokin' at the Half Note***
(1965) *Smokin' Guitar*
(1965) | |
|  | |
| Wynton Kelly chronology | |
| *Undiluted*
(1965) ***Smokin' at the Half Note***
(1965) *Blues on Purpose*
(1965) | |
|  | |


title: Smith signal

abstract: The Smith signal is an attitude carding signal in contract bridge showing additional values in the first suit led by the defence, while the signal itself is given in the first suit played by declarer.

text:
# Smith signal

The **Smith signal** (also known as **Smith echo** or **Smith Peter**) is an attitude carding signal in contract bridge showing additional values (or lack thereof) in the first suit led by the defence, while the signal itself is given in the first suit played by declarer.

## Example

|  | 7 3 |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| A 10 9 5 4 | **W    N↑ S↓    E** | Q J 2 |
|  | K 8 6 |  |

Against a 3NT contract, West leads the spade five to East's jack and declarer's king. Declarer then attacks diamonds to establish the suit and West wins the ace on the second round. Playing the Smith Peter signal, East plays high-low to show the queen of spades; if East had not held the queen, he would have played low-high in diamonds.

There are several variations, depending on partnerships agreement, as to exactly when this signal applies. It can be played either against notrump contracts only, or against all contracts. It can be used by both players, or used only by the opener, or used only by his partner. Alternatively, it can be played "upside-down" -- i.e. low-high shows values in the opening-lead suit, while high-low denies it.


title: Social Security Reserve Fund (Spain)

abstract: The Social Security Reserve Fund was created in 2000 with the aim of investing current social security surpluses to finance future State Pension Scheme shortfalls. It was created as one of the recommendations of the tri-partite Pacto de Toledo of 1995 between government, employers and trade unions. In 2009 the fund amounted to 60 Bn€ and in 2010 assets had increased to 64 Bn€.

text:
# Social Security Reserve Fund (Spain)

The **Social Security Reserve Fund** (nicknamed *la hucha de las pensiones*, "the piggy bank of the pensions") was created in 2000 with the aim of investing current social security surpluses to finance future State Pension Scheme shortfalls. It was created as one of the recommendations of the tri-partite *Pacto de Toledo* of 1995 between government, employers and trade unions. In 2009 the fund amounted to 60 Bn€ and in 2010 assets had increased to 64 Bn€.

## Origins

The establishment of the Social Security Reserve Fund was part of the 1994 Toledo Pact agreement between government, employers and unions. Under the agreement the surpluses of the social security system were to be paid into the reserve fund with the aim of security pension payments in the future when demographics bring the pensions system into deficit.

## Finances

Starting in 2000 and until 2008 the Spanish government paid 45 Bn euros into the fund while investment income from the fund reached a total of 17 Bn eur.

The economic crisis caused a significant reduction in employment and a similar fall in payroll taxes leading to a social security deficit. In 2012 and 2013 the government tapped the fund for 18 Bn eur as a measure to avoid not meeting its deficit target und EU rules. In 2014 it is expected to withdraw another 11 Bn, Having reached 66 Bn euros in 2010 it fell to 59 Bn in 2012 and will end 2013 with 53 Bn eur.

### Fund

**Social Security Reserve Fund (Spain)<br>(in million of euros)**
| Year | Total Fund | Capital retired |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 601 |  |
| 2001 | 2.433 |  |
| 2002 | 6.169 |  |
| 2003 | 12.025 |  |
| 2004 | 19.330 |  |
| 2005 | 27.185 |  |
| 2006 | 35.879 |  |
| 2007 | 45.716 |  |
| 2008 | 57.223 |  |
| 2009 | 60.022 |  |
| 2010 | 64.375 |  |
| 2011 | 66.815 |  |
| 2012 | 63.008 | 7,003 |
| 2013 | 53.744 | 18.651 |
| 2014 | 41.634 | 33.951 |
| 2015 | 32.481 | 47.201 |
| 2016 | 15.020 | 67.337 |
| 2017 | 8.095 | 74.437 |
| 2018 | 5.043 | 77.437 |
| *Fuente: Seguridad Social (España)* | |


title: Chersotis larixia

abstract: Chersotis larixia is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy and Sicily, Crete, Turkey, and east to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, and Turkmenistan. In Europe, it is found in mountainous regions, like the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Maritime Alps, up to heights of 2,000 meters.

text:
# Chersotis larixia

***Chersotis larixia*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy and Sicily, Crete, Turkey, and east to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria, Iran, Lebanon, and Turkmenistan. In Europe, it is found in mountainous regions, like the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Maritime Alps, up to heights of 2,000 meters.

## Description

The wingspan is about 38 mm. Warren (1914) states *R larixia* Guen. Like *elegans* Ev. but with all the markings, as it were, blurred and unconcise; slightly larger in size and occurring always at a higher elevation than that species, in Europe it is found in the Alps of S. France and N. Italy : and in the Mts. of Armenia, Persia, and W. Turkestan in Asia.

## Subspecies

* *Chersotis larixia asiatica* (Schwingenschuss, 1938) (Crete, Turkey, Iran)
* *Chersotis larixia larixia* (Guenée, 1852) (south-western Europe)
* *Chersotis larixia erebina* Boursin, 1940 (Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia)

## Biology

Adults are on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed on various low-growing plants.

## InfoBox

| *Chersotis larixia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Chersotis* |
| Species: | ***C. larixia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chersotis larixia***<br>(Guenée, 1852) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Agrotis larixia* Guenée, 1852 * *Rhyacia larixia* (Guenée, 1852) | |


title: Chersotis oreina

abstract: Chersotis oreina is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Western Alps and in Pyrenees (Spain), at about 2000 m. a.s.l. It is very similar to Chersotis alpestris, but this species has no tuft of black hair at the base of the abdomen and the upper dots on the wings are elliptical or rectangular, while in C. alpestris they are round. The wingspan is about 30 mm. The moth flies from July to September.

text:
# Chersotis oreina

***Chersotis oreina*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Western Alps (France, Switzerland and Italy) and in Pyrenees (Spain), at about 2000 m. a.s.l. It is very similar to *Chersotis alpestris*, but this species has no tuft of black hair at the base of the abdomen and the upper dots on the wings are elliptical or rectangular, while in *C. alpestris* they are round. The wingspan is about 30 mm. The moth flies from July to September.

## InfoBox

| *Chersotis oreina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Chersotis* |
| Species: | ***C. oreina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chersotis oreina***<br>Dufay, 1984 | |
|


title: Chery QQ Ice Cream

abstract: The Chery QQ Ice Cream is a battery electric city car manufactured by Chery since 2021.

text:
# Chery QQ Ice Cream

The **Chery QQ Ice Cream** (Chinese: 奇瑞QQ冰淇淋; pinyin: *Qíruì QQ Bīngqílín*) is a battery electric city car manufactured by Chery since 2021.

## Overview

The Chery QQ Ice Cream was first showed in July 2021 in an ice cream-themed camouflage wrap and was described by the automaker as an SUV. The QQ Ice Cream was later revealed at the Chengdu Auto Show in August as the fourth new nameplate under the Chery QQ series of a small cars, intended to be a competitor of the slightly smaller and similarly shaped Wuling Hongguang Mini EV. The QQ Ice Cream is marketed towards the female car buyer demographic, and a variant for ride-sharing companies is planned to be offered. The QQ Ice Cream is expected to be sold at a starting price of 30.000 (4,655) and will be one of the cheapest EVs to be on sale in China.

The QQ Ice Cream is the first Chery vehicle to use the automaker's iCar Ecology technology, which has signed deals with Chinese electronic manufacturer Haier and cloud computing company Alibaba Cloud to develop cloud-based internet of things services and connect the car to internet-connected devices at home or the office as well as nearby businesses.

The QQ Ice Cream was launched in the Philippines in 2023 under the Jetour badge.

## Specifications

The Chery QQ Ice Cream is powered by a 27 hp Chery TZ160XFDM13A electric motor, which uses a lithium iron phosphate battery pack. The car has an electric range of about 175 km (109 mi) and a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).

## Concepts

At the Chengdu Auto Show, Chery presented a racing-inspired concept alongside and based on the QQ Ice Cream, called the Chery QQ Ice Cream Lightning Edition. It features components such as a large rear wing, fender add-ons, side skirts, splitters, turbofan wheels, and a modified grille.

* Chery eQ1, another electric microcar by Chery Automobile

## InfoBox

| Chery QQ Ice Cream | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Chery |
| Also called | Jetour Ice Cream (Philippines)
MASADA QQ (South Korea)
Cenntro Avantier (Europe) |
| Production | 2021–present |
| Assembly | China |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | City car |
| Body style | 3-door hatchback |
| Powertrain | |
| Electric motor | Permanent magnet synchronous motor |
| Power output | 20 kW (27 hp; 27 PS) |
| Transmission | 1-speed direct-drive |
| Battery |  |
| Range | Standard range 120 km NEDC
Long range 170 km NEDC |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 1,960 mm (77.2 in) |
| Length | 2,980 mm (117.3 in) |
| Width | 1,496 mm (58.9 in) |
| Height | 1,637 mm (64.4 in) |


title: Sobno

abstract: Sobno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łukta, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Łukta, 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Ostróda, and 27 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Sobno

**Sobno** \[ˈsɔbnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łukta, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Łukta, 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Ostróda, and 27 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Sobno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sobno | |
| Coordinates: 53°51′N 20°7′E / 53.850°N 20.117°E / 53.850; 20.117 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ostróda |
| Gmina | Łukta |
| Elevation | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Population | 30 |


abstract: The socioeconomic impact of female education constitutes a significant area of research within international development. Increases in the amount of female education in regions tends to correlate with high levels of development. Some of the effects are related to economic development. Women's education increases the income of women and leads to growth in GDP. Other effects are related to social development. Educating girls leads to a number of social benefits, including many related to women's empowerment.

text:
# Socioeconomic impact of female education

The **socioeconomic impact of female education** constitutes a significant area of research within international development. Increases in the amount of female education in regions tends to correlate with high levels of development. Some of the effects are related to economic development. Women's education increases the income of women and leads to growth in GDP. Other effects are related to social development. Educating girls leads to a number of social benefits, including many related to women's empowerment.

## Research

Recent research in human development has established a strong link between women's education and international development. International development is an academic discipline concerned with the social and economic progress in impoverished regions. In particular, researchers seek to determine what factors explain differences in rates of development. Women's education is one of the major explanatory variables behind the rates of social and economic development, and has been shown to have a positive correlation with both. According to notable economist Lawrence Summers, "investment in the education of girls may well be the highest-return investment available in the developing world." Closing gender disparity is also one of the U.N. Millennium Developmental Goals.

### Measurement

There are multiple ways researchers measure the effects of women's education on development. Typically, studies concern themselves with the gender gap between the education levels of boys and girls and not simply the level of women's education. This helps to distinguish the specific effects of women's education from the benefits of education in general. Note that some studies, particularly older ones, do simply look at women's total education levels. One way to measure education levels is to look at what percentage of each gender graduates from each stage of school. A similar, more exact way is to look at the average number of years of schooling a member of each gender receives. A third approach uses the literacy rates for each gender, as literacy is one of the earliest and primary aims of education. This provides an idea of not just how much education was received but how effective it was.

The most common way to measure economic development is to look at changes in growth of GDP. In order to ensure that a connection holds, correlations are analyzed across different countries over different periods of time. Typically the result given is a relatively steady average effect, although variation over time can also be measured. The benefits of education to an individual can also be analyzed. This is done by first finding the cost of education and the amount of income that would have been earned during years enrolled in school. The difference between the sum of these two quantities and the total increase in income due to education is the net return.

## Effects on economic development

Both individuals and countries benefit from women's education. Individuals who invest in education receive a net monetary gain over the course of their lifetime. According to Harry Patrinos, lead education economist at the World Bank, "the profitability of education, according to estimates of private rate of return, is indisputable, universal, and global." The principle holds particularly for women, who can expect a 1.2% higher return than men on the resources they invest in education. Providing one extra year of education to girls increases their wages by 10-20%. This increase is 5% more than the corresponding returns on providing a boy with an extra year of schooling.

This individual monetary gain creates an increase in the overall economic productivity of a country. Girls are underrepresented in schooling, meaning that investments aimed specifically at educating women should produce bigger dividends. Although investment in women's education is not present everywhere, David Dollar and Roberta Gatti have presented findings that show that this decision, along with other failures to invest in women are not "an efficient economic choice for developing countries" and that "countries that under-invest grow more slowly." Looking holistically at the opportunity cost of not investing in girls, the total missed GDP growth is between 1.2% and 1.5%. When looking at different regions, it is estimated that 0.4–0.9% of the difference in GDP growth is accounted for solely by differences in the gender gap in education. The effect of the educational gender gap is more pronounced when a country is only moderately poor. Thus the incentive to invest in women goes up as a country moves out of extreme poverty.

In addition to total economic growth, women's education also increases the equitability of the distribution of wealth in a society. Increased women's education is important for achieving this as it targets the impoverished women, a particularly disadvantaged group. There is also evidence that lower gender disparity in educational attainment for a developing country correlates with lower overall income disparity within society.

## Effects on social development

Women's education leads to significant social development. Some of the most notable social benefits include decreased fertility rates and lower infant mortality rates, and lower maternal mortality rates. Closing the gender gap in education also increases gender equality, which is considered important both in itself and because it ensures equal rights and opportunities for people regardless of gender. Women's education has cognitive benefits for women as well. Improved cognitive abilities increase the quality of life for women and also lead to other benefits. One example of this is the fact that educated women are better able to make decisions related to health, both for themselves and their children. Cognitive abilities also translate to increased political participation among women. Educated women are more likely to engage in civic participation and attend political meetings, and there are several instances in which educated women in the developing world were able to secure benefits for themselves through political movements. Evidence also points to an increased likelihood of democratic governance in countries with well-educated women.

There are also benefits relating to the woman's role in the household. Educated women have been found to experience less domestic violence, regardless of other social status indicators like employment status. Women with an education are also more involved in the decision-making process of the family and report making more decisions over a given time period. In particular, these benefits extend to economic decisions. Besides the intrinsic value of increasing a woman's agency, having women play a more active role in the family also brings about social benefits for family members. In a household where the mother is educated, children and especially girls are more likely to attend school. In households where a mother is not educated, adult literacy programs can indirectly help to teach mothers the value of education and encourage them to send their children to school. There are also a number of other benefits for children associated with having an educated mother over an educated father, including higher survival rates and better nutrition.

## Limitations of impact

There are some cases in which women's education has less of an effect on development. Economically, the benefits of investing in women are much smaller in areas facing high levels of poverty. Also, in some cases the education women receive is of much lower quality than what men receive, lowering its effectiveness. This phenomenon can be accompanied by the so-called hidden curriculum in schools, where certain values are reinforced. Emphasis on the superiority of boys can cause educated women to pass up economic opportunities in favor of lower-paying traditionally female jobs, with poor economic and social consequences. In other cases, curricula can differ based explicitly on gender. For example, in Saudi Arabia, curriculum differentiation for men and women is backed by government policy that creates differentiated access to fields of study. These policies also promote ideas of stereotypical gender roles by using educational environments and texts to enforce gendered ideas of women's duties to the family above all else, including their own work and education. In primary school, female students study needlework, domestic science, and child welfare while male students study wood and metal crafts. In secondary school, male students are given access to technical and vocational training that female students are not.

There are also situations in which women's education helps development on the macro-scale but is inefficient for a family. For example in Saudi Arabia, the rise in female employment as well as the developments in female education have not had much of an impact on the gender division in the Saudi workforce. The majority of working women in Saudi Arabia work in traditional female occupations for example teaching, medicine, nursing, and social work. This causes the workforce to be segregated and makes it difficult for women graduates to find employment. As a result the country suffers a major problem, which is a high unemployment rate of educated women.In societies where women are married off and leave the family while men stay back and take care of their parents, investing in sons is more valuable to parents. Additionally, while investing in women's education has a higher overall return when looking at all levels of education, through primary school investing in men has a higher rate of return. This gives families who are only planning to send their children to primary school incentives to invest in their sons' education over their daughters' education. Socially, societal gender roles may stifle the ability of women's education to improve gender equality for women. This is particularly the case when education for women is only seen culturally as a tool for making women more attractive wives.

Some researchers don't claim that women's education necessarily has little effect on development, but instead question the methodologies of the research showing that it has a sizable effect. One issue that researchers acknowledge is the difficulty in comparing education levels. The same number of years of schooling in two different countries may have very different educational content. Similarly, what is termed 'primary school' in different countries may vary widely. Also, while extensive information for education in developed countries exists, data is only available for a small number of developing countries. This brings into question to what extent the results can be generalized for all developing countries. Additionally, while the pure economic benefits are relatively uncontroversial, there is some discrepancy over how to measure the social benefits, with some variability between studies.

## Relationship between female education and socioeconomic factors in India

Communities throughout India can be used as valuable case studies to illustrate the complex relationship between education and socioeconomic systems. There are many social factors that have prevented women from education throughout India, including traditional conservative thinking, early marriage, child labor, and structural and institutional factors. This can be seen in the gender disparity in literacy throughout the country, as men are 80.9% literate and women are 64.6% literate. While India as a whole seems to prove the theory that a lack of female education is a barrier to economic development, an inside look at education and socioeconomics between states shows a more complex relationship. Comparison of states can also illustrate the complexity in education being both a cause and effect of social and economic factors.

The state with the highest rate of female literacy, at 91.98%, is the southern state of Kerala. 26.9% of female students in Kerala are likely to pursue higher education, while men are less likely at 19.3%. The state's GDP is ranked 11th out of all Indian states. The extremely high female literacy rate, especially when compared to the national rate of female literacy at 65.46%, is attributed to a historical, societal value of women compared to other Indian states. This can be seen in comparative women participation and some autonomy in academia and the arts, playing roles in politics, administration, festivals, and social reform. Women have the power to inherit land and choose their spouse, which provides Kerala with one of the lowest early marriage rates in India. The strongest connection between educational impact on social systems is the low fertility rate in Kerala, achieving "below replacement level fertility two decades ahead of the all-India target year of 2011." Explanations of this connection are speculated to be educated women having more opportunities that demand more time than a woman can handle with more children, and educated women having more knowledge, access, and choice in family planning devices like contraceptives. The state also demonstrates low infant and child mortality rates, the lowest in all of India—a universal indicator of educational impact—as women feel more confident and able in their child's care and is more aware of health practices.

The state with the lowest female literacy is the state of Rajasthan, at 52.66%. 20.8% of male students in Rajasthan go on to pursue higher education, while a lesser 14.9% of women seek further education. The complexity in the comparison of Kerala and Rajasthan is seen in the higher ranking of Rajasthan in terms of GDP, ranked 9th highest out of all of the Indian states, with Kerala at 11th. Although Kerala's female literacy rates and female higher education applicants far exceed Rajasthan's, Rajasthan's GDP is ranked higher. This shows regional contradictions in the theory that increases in female education can drive development and exposes the complexity of this discourse. The sex ratio of Rajasthan might hint a lower value placed in females, with 800-900 females per 1000 males, while the sex ratio of Kerala is over 1000 females per males. Female child labor in Rajasthan has led to high student drop outs, especially in the cotton industry, and child marriage is still an issue in-of-itself that leaves females less likely to attend school. Another economic cause of this low literacy is the many children throughout Rajasthan without access to education and communities that don't value education due to poor facilities. Paradoxically, while child labor is the largest contribution to keeping children out of school in Rajasthan, improved access to and condition of educational facilities could in help break the vicious cycle of poverty that is attached to child labor. Societal value of females, ending child labor, and improving educational facilities are keys in Rajasthan's improvement in female and male literacy and poverty rates.


abstract: Chestler-le-Street District Council elections were generally held every four years between the council's creation in 1974 and its abolition in 2009. Chester-le-Street was a non-metropolitan district in County Durham, England. On 1 April 2009 the council's functions passed to Durham County Council, which became a unitary authority.

text:
# Chester-le-Street District Council elections

**Chestler-le-Street District Council elections** were generally held every four years between the council's creation in 1974 and its abolition in 2009. Chester-le-Street was a non-metropolitan district in County Durham, England. On 1 April 2009 the council's functions passed to Durham County Council, which became a unitary authority.

## Political control

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority before coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council from 1973 until its abolition in 2009 was held by the following parties:

| Party in control | | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | 1973–2009 |

### Leadership

The leaders of the council from 1976 until its abolition in 2009 were:

| Councillor | Party | | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| George Staines |  | Labour | 1976 | 10 May 1991 |
| Malcolm Pratt |  | Labour | 10 May 1991 | 4 May 2003 |
| Linda Ebbatson |  | Labour | 13 May 2003 | 31 Mar 2009 |

## Council elections

| Election | Labour | Liberal Democrat | Conservative | Independent | Total | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  |  |  |  | | |
| 1973 | 23 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 33 |  |
| 1976 | 22 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 33 |  |
| 1979 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 5 | 33 | New ward boundaries |
| 1983 | 23 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 33 |  |
| 1987 | 24 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 33 | District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same |
| 1991 | 27 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 33 |  |
| 1995 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 33 | District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same |
| 1999 | 30 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 33 |  |
| 2003 | 29 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 34 | New ward boundaries |
| 2007 | 26 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 34 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## By-election results

The following is an incomplete list of by-elections to Chester-le-Street District Council.

### 1995-1999

Chester Central By-Election 1 August 1996
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  | 188 | 54.0 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 95 | 27.3 |  |
|  | Conservative |  | 65 | 18.6 |  |
| Majority | | | 93 | 26.7 |  |
| Turnout | | | 348 | 27.3 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Pelton By-Election 20 March 1997
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  | 667 | 88.1 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 90 | 11.9 |  |
| Majority | | | 577 | 76.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 757 | 19.0 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 1999-2003

Ouston By-Election 30 September 1999
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  | 422 | 83.9 |  |
|  | Conservative |  | 81 | 16.1 |  |
| Majority | | | 341 | 67.8 |  |
| Turnout | | | 503 | 20.5 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Chester-le-Street West By-Election 5 April 2001
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  |  | 60.3 | −13.6 |
|  | Conservative |  | 454 | 33.9 | +33.9 |
|  | Independent |  | 44 | 5.8 | +5.8 |
| Majority | | | 199 | 26.4 |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2003-2007

Chester North By-Election 2 October 2003
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  | 1,114 | 48.2 | −10.0 |
|  | Conservative |  | 604 | 26.1 | −15.7 |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 423 | 18.3 | +18.3 |
|  | BNP |  | 170 | 7.4 | +7.4 |
| Majority | | | 510 | 22.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,311 | 60.4 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Edmondsley and Waldridge By-Election 16 September 2004
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  | 628 | 42.2 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 537 | 36.1 |  |
|  | Conservative |  | 324 | 21.8 |  |
| Majority | | | 91 | 6.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 1,489 | 37.9 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Pelton Fell By-Election 10 February 2005
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour |  | 310 | 87.0 |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats |  | 46 | 12.9 |  |
| Majority | | | 264 | 74.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 356 | 33.6 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

Pelton By-Election 15 June 2006
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Dorothy Rand | 530 | 64.0 | +23.8 |
|  | Conservative | Amanda Hall | 139 | 16.8 | −1.8 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Philip Nathan | 113 | 13.6 | +13.6 |
|  | Independent | George Gardner | 46 | 5.6 | −35.6 |
| Majority | | | 391 | 47.2 |  |
| Turnout | | | 828 | 19.8 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2007-2009

Chester Central By-Election 27 September 2007
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labour | Lawson Armstrong | 324 | 59.4 | −11.1 |
|  | Conservative | Nick Varley | 89 | 16.3 | −13.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Sean Kilkenny | 81 | 14.9 | +14.9 |
|  | BNP | Andrew Gowland | 51 | 9.4 | +9.4 |
| Majority | | | 235 | 43.1 |  |
| Turnout | | | 545 | 25.7 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

1. "Compositions calculator". *The Elections Centre*. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
2. "Council minutes". *Durham County Council*. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
3. "Council's new leader". *Newcastle Evening Chronicle*. 11 May 1991. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
4. "Council to have first woman leader". *Northern Echo*. 9 May 2003. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
5. "Liberals capture Eastbourne and exceed ambition to win 1,000 loval government seats". *The Times*. 9 June 1973.
6. "Heavy Labour losses in district polls". *The Times*. 8 May 1976.
7. *Local elections in Britain: a statistical digest,* edited by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher. 1993
8. The District of Chester-le-Street (Electoral Arrangements) Order 1976
9. "How votes were cast in local government elections". *The Times*. 7 May 1983. p. 4.
10. "Results in Thursday's local elections". *The Times*. 9 May 1987.
11. The Durham (District Boundaries) Order 1986
12. "Complete round-up of results from Thursday's local council elections". *The Times*. 4 May 1991.
13. "Complete list of results from Thursday's council elections". *The Times*. 6 May 1995. p. 10.
14. legislation.gov.uk - The Durham and Tyne and Wear (County and District Boundaries) Order 1992. Retrieved on 5 November 2015.
15. legislation.gov.uk - The Durham and Tyne and Wear (County and District Boundaries) (Variation) Order 1993. Retrieved on 5 November 2015.
16. legislation.gov.uk - The Durham, Northumberland and Tyne and Wear (County and District Boundaries) Order 1992. Retrieved on 5 November 2015.
17. "Chester-le-Street". BBC News. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
18. "Chester-le-Street". BBC News. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
19. legislation.gov.uk - The District of Chester-le-Street (Electoral Changes) Order 1999. Retrieved on 4 October 2015.
20. "Chester-le-Street". BBC News. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2013.


title: Cheshire Historic District

abstract: The Cheshire Historic District encompasses the historic town center of Cheshire, Connecticut. Centered on the junction of Main Street and Academy Road, the district's architecture is reflective of the town's development over two centuries, and includes many of its civic buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# Cheshire Historic District

The **Cheshire Historic District** encompasses the historic town center of Cheshire, Connecticut. Centered on the junction of Main Street and Academy Road, the district's architecture is reflective of the town's development over two centuries, and includes many of its civic buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## Description and history

The town of Cheshire was settled in 1694 by colonists from adjacent Wallingford, which it remained a part of until incorporating separately in 1780. The town center arose around the location of the first meeting house, where the First Congregational Church (built 1826) now stands. It was a predominantly agricultural community, with the only industry consisting of saw and grist mills serving local needs. It briefly benefited in the mid-19th century from the mining of copper and barite, a time at which it also saw expansion of industry occasioned by improved transportation. In the 20th century it was transformed into a suburban bedroom community.

The historic district is roughly linear in shape, anchored by a stretch of Main Street between Horton Avenue and Cornwall Avenue, and also extending for a distance along Wallingford Road. It covers about 35 acres (14 ha), and is predominantly residential, with a significant concentration of houses built before 1850. Most of these are wood-frame structures, either 1-1/2 or 2+12 stories in height, with gabled roofs. In addition to the First Congregational Church, there are two other churches in the district, as well as the 1867 town hall, an unusually late example of Greek Revival architecture. On South Main Street is a well-preserved late 18th-century commercial building.

Panorama of Cheshire Historic District. Left to right: Town Hall, Congregational Church, Historical Society, and Civil War memorial.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cheshire Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Main St., Highland Ave., Wallingford Rd., S. Main, Cornwall, and Spring Sts., Cheshire, Connecticut |
| Coordinates | 41°29′50″N 72°54′15″W / 41.49722°N 72.90417°W / 41.49722; -72.90417 |
| Area | 35 acres (14 ha) |
| Built | 1720 (1720) |
| Architect | Hoadley, David; Et al. |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Late Victorian, Colonial Cape;Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 86002793 |
| Added to NRHP | August 29, 1986 |


title: Spot (producer)

abstract: Glenn Michael Lockett, better known as Spot, was an American record producer best known for being the house producer and engineer for the influential independent punk record label SST Records. He styled his name SPʘT, using all capital letters and adding a dot inside the O.

text:
# Spot (producer)

**Glenn Michael Lockett** (July 1, 1951 – March 4, 2023), better known as **Spot**, was an American record producer best known for being the house producer and engineer for the influential independent punk record label SST Records. He styled his name **SPʘT**, using all capital letters and adding a dot inside the O.

## Early life

Glenn Michael Lockett was born in the Los Angeles area to a white mother (maiden name Katz) and an African-American father on July 1, 1951. With his older sister Cynthia, he was raised in upper-middle-class Hollywood. Lockett's father Claybourne, known as Buddy to his soldier friends, had been a fighter pilot with the 100th Fighter Squadron in WW II, an all-Black formation that was part of the Tuskegee Airmen. Lockett moved from Hollywood to Hermosa Beach in the mid-1970s, where he met Greg Ginn while working at a vegetarian restaurant called Garden of Eden. Lockett also freelanced for *Easy Reader*, authoring record reviews under the name Spot.

Befriending Ginn, Spot was briefly bassist for Panic, the band which would soon become Black Flag.

## Career

Spot recorded, mixed, produced or co-produced most of SST's pivotal acts between 1979 and 1986. He is credited on albums by such notable bands as Black Flag, Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Hüsker Dü, Saint Vitus, Misfits, and Descendents. After leaving SST in 1986, Spot moved to Austin, Texas.

Spot was an accomplished photographer and published a book of his work titled *Sounds of Two Eyes Opening*. In 2018, a gallery showing of his photographs was mounted at Pacific Coast Gallery in Hermosa Beach.

## Production and engineering discography

## Death

Spot died on March 4, 2023, at Morningside Healthcare in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, where he was recovering from a stroke he had suffered three months earlier. He had been suffering from fibrosis since late 2021 and was awaiting a lung transplant prior to his stroke.

## InfoBox

| Spot | |
| --- | --- |
| Spot on roller skates with Easy Reader in 1979 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Glenn Michael Lockett |
| Born | July 1, 1951
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Died | March 4, 2023(2023-03-04) (aged 71)
Sheboygan, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupation | Record producer |
| Years active | 1977–2022 |
| Labels | SST |
| Formerly of | Panic |
|  | |
| Website | spotinator.com (archived copy) |


title: Kasan Wala

abstract: Kasan Wala Dera is a small village situated in the Soon Valley, Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan. This village, or Dera, is part of Union Council Kund. The village has few houses, and is located near Dada Golra Mosque on the way to Naushehra from Khushab. It is located in the Soon valley, and Naushehra is just 20 kilometers away. Dera Kasan is about 35 kilometres from Khushab City. The Rehan clan of Awan Tribe resides here.

text:
# Kasan Wala

**Kasan Wala Dera** is a small village situated in the Soon Valley, Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan. This village, or Dera, is part of Union Council Kund. The village has few houses, and is located near Dada Golra Mosque on the way to Naushehra from Khushab. It is located in the Soon valley, and Naushehra is just 20 kilometers away. Dera Kasan is about 35 kilometres from Khushab City. The Rehan clan of Awan Tribe resides here.


title: Robert Holloway

abstract: Robert Alexander Holloway is a New Zealand former cricketer. He played 15 first-class matches, including 14 for Otago in the Plunket Shield, during the 1960s as an opening batsman. A good club batsman who is considered to have not fulfilled his potential in representative cricket, Holloway also played for Southland in the Hawke Cup.

text:
# Robert Holloway

**Robert Alexander Holloway** (born 15 November 1940) is a New Zealand former cricketer. He played 15 first-class matches, including 14 for Otago in the Plunket Shield, during the 1960s as an opening batsman. A good club batsman who is considered to have not fulfilled his potential in representative cricket, Holloway also played for Southland in the Hawke Cup.

## Early life

Holloway was born at Invercargill in 1940 and was educated at Southland Boys' High School in the city. In his final two years at school, Holloway was a prefect and served as a sergeant in the school's cadet force. He won academic honours at school and was a member of several school sports teams, playing in the rugby union XV, cricket XI, and basketball side. A tall man, he played rugby as a flank forward and was described as a "rugged, fiery forward" who was the school's "main lineout forward".

As a cricketer, Holloway often played at school as an opening batsman. He played for the school's first XI for four years and in his final year he was described as "the most powerful batsman in the team". He was also a useful leg spin bowler―against Otago Boys' High School he took four wickets for 43 runs from 35 overs and was described as an "outstanding" bowler. As a batsman, he was "a player of great concentration and determination". His straight drive was a particular strength, and he was selected for both Southland's and Otago's Brabin Shield sides whilst at school as well as the senior Southland team.

## Senior cricket

Holloway played in Otago's Brabin Shield team for three seasons from the 1958–59 season. A "courageous knock" against Canterbury's under-20 side at the end of 1958 was noted by *The Press*, and he "scored well", making 73 runs against the Wellington side, in the 1959–60 tournament. In early 1960 he was one of Southland's top scorers against Canterbury B, having first "saved the day" in a first-innings stand of 45 for the eighth-wicket. He played in the Hawke Cup for Southland at the beginning of December 1960 and was again in Otago's Brabin Shield side for the season―both his leg-spin bowling and "attractive" batting in a partnership of 81 drawing attention at the end of the month― although he missed out on selection for a representative Brabin side in January 1961 due to injury.

In club cricket Holloway played for North East Valley Cricket Club in Dunedin. He and Bert Sutcliffe, who scored 125 not out, put on an unbroken first-wicket stand of 200 in a club match in October 1960, Holloway scoring 71 not out. He later played for Union Cricket Club in Invercargill and had a reputation as a "prolific" and consistent run scorer in club cricket.

With four of Otago's team touring South Africa with the New Zealand national side, Holloway was one of seven debutants when he was named in the representative side for the first time in December 1961. Opening the batting on Christmas Day against Wellington, he scored 21 runs in his first first-class innings in Otago's first Plunket Shield match of the 1961–62 season. According to *The Press*, he "played dourly but commendably in the circumstances" as Otago were dismissed for a score of 79 with only Holloway and Sutcliffe, who scored 22, batting with any "resistance". He went on to play in two more Shield matches over the Christmas and New Years period against Auckland and Northern Districts, but during the last match injured his ankle whilst fielding and was unavailable for the matches against Canterbury and Central Districts later in January, although he did play in a non-first-class match for Southland against Fiji during the month.

The following season Holloway played in all five of Otago's Plunket Shield matches, opening the batting in each match and scoring a total of 160 runs. He made 27 runs in the team's first match of the season but was run out "in a disastrous way" just as he was "getting on top of the bowling". In the second match of the 1962–63 season he carried his bat for 61 not out in a total of 122 against Central Districts, becoming the third Otago player to do so. This innings was his first half-century and remained his highest first-class score. He batted "very solidly" according to *The Press*, and was one of only two Otago batsmen to reach double-figures in their first innings.

Otago did not win a match in 1962–63, but *The Press* considered that if their younger players, including Holloway, who it described as "a sturdy opening bat", continued to develop that they were likely to improve with time. Holloway was selected to play against the touring MCC side, featuring in an Otago Invitational XI in March 1963. Opening once more, he scored just five runs in the match.

Holloway played in all five of Otago's matches in 1963–64, scoring a total of 147 runs. He started well with a half-century in the side's first match of the season and a score of 46 in the second against Northern Districts, but Otago again failed to win a match. The side did, however, take batting points in the match against Northern Districts―their first points of any kind since the 1961–62 season―after Holloway was part of an "excellent" top-order batting performance.

The last first-class match Holloway played was the following season. He was called into the Otago side for the final match of the season after captain Jack Alabaster was dropped. Batting at number three, he was out for a duck in his first innings and scored 13 in the second. Later in the month he was in the Southland Hawke Cup side that played Central Otago and the following season played against Manawatu in the same competition.

In total Holloway played in 15 first-class matches and scored 373 runs with two half-centuries; his batting average was just 13.81 runs per innings. He played "off the front foot" and was considered a particularly strong driver of the ball. Although he was considered a fine club batsman and effective medium-pace change bowler, *The Press* considered that he "never fulfilled the promise he showed as a youngster". He played his final Hawke Cup match for Southland in January 1968, having played against the touring Fijians earlier in the same month.

## Later life

Holloway moved to Christchurch in 1968. He played club cricket with Riccarton Cricket Club in the city, scoring a half-century on debut for the side. He worked for the Farmer's Co-operative Insurance Association. He served on the executive committee of the Old Boys' Association of Southland Boys' High School during the 1970s.

1. McCarron A (2010) *New Zealand Cricketers 1863/64–2010*, p. 69. Cardiff: The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. ISBN 978 1 905138 98 2
2. *The Southlandian*, 1963, p. 56. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
3. *The Southlandian*, 1957, pp. 2, 5. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
4. *The Southlandian*, 1958, pp. 2, 5, 17, 33. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
5. *The Southlandian*, 1958, p. 27, p. 33.
6. *The Southlandian*, 1957, p. 29.
7. *The Southlandian*, 1957, p. 36.
8. *The Southlandian*, 1958, p. 34.
9. *The Southlandian*, 1956, p. 43. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
10. *The Southlandian*, 1955, p. 33. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
11. *The Southlandian*, 1958, p. 35.
12. *The Southlandian*, 1959, p. 29. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
13. Bob Holloway, CricketArchive. Retrieved 12 September 2022. (subscription required)
14. Canterbury Beats Otago in Brabin Shield Match, *The Press*, vol. XCVII, issue 28782, 31 December 1958, p. 7. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
15. Wellington Well Ahead in Brabin Tournament, *The Press*, vol. XCIX, issue 29092, 2 January 1960, p. 12. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
16. Canterbury B wins, *The Press*, vol. XCIX, issue 29095, 6 January 1960, p. 6. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
17. Canterbury B game, *The Press*, vol. XCIX, issue 29094, 5 January 1960, p. 10. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
18. Wickets Fall Frequently in Brabin Cup Matches, *The Press*, vol. XCX, issue 29401, 31 December 1960, p. 11. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 13 September 2022.)
19. NZ Brabin team, *The Press*, vol. C, issue 29403, 4 January 1961, p. 12. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 13 September 2022.)
20. Senior Competition Opens in Dunedin, *The Press*, vol. XCIX, issue 29337, 17 October 1960, p. 11. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
21. Transfer to Chch, *The Press*, vol. CVIII, issue 31840, 19 November 1968, p. 19. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 16 September 2022.)
22. Gains for Riccarton, *The Press*, vol. CVIII, issue 31861, 13 December 1968, p. 7. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 16 September 2022.)
23. Otago squad announced, *The Press*, vol. C, issue 29688, 5 December 1961, p. 7. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 13 September 2022.)
24. Otago batsmen fail against Wellington attack, *The Press*, vol. C, issue 29705, 26 December 1961, p. 10. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
25. Northern Districts back in game against Otago, *The Press*, vol. CI, issue 29713, 5 January 1962, p. 10. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
26. Canterbury Gains First Innings Lead of 99, *The Press*, vol. CI, issue 30015, 27 December 1962, p. 10. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
27. Yuile Bewilders Otago Batsmen, *The Press*, vol. CI, issue 30018, 31 December 1962, p. 10. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
28. Seconi Adrian (2016) Carrying bat Otago rarity, *Otago Daily Times*, 18 March 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
29. Robert Holloway, CricInfo. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
30. Collapses by Otago, *The Press*, vol. CII, issue 30045, 1 February 1963, p. 11. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
31. Reinforced Otago Side, *The Press*, vol. CII, issue 30054, 12 February 1963, p. 15. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
32. Otago Shows Signs of Convalescence, *The Press*, vol. CIII, issue 30330, 4 January 1964, p. 12. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
33. First Points For Two Seasons, *The Press*, vol. CIII, issue 30331, 6 January 1964, p. 12. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 14 September 2022.)
34. J. Alabaster Dropped, *The Press*, vol. CIV, issue 30665, 3 February 1965, p. 10. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 15 September 2022.)
35. Vigorous Cricket in Senior Matches, *The Press*, vol. CIX, issue 31891, 20 January 1969, p. 3. (Available online via Papers Past. Retrieved 16 September 2022.)
36. *The Southlandian*, 1968, p. 73. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 12 September 2022.)
37. *The Southlandian*, 1975, p. 55. Invercargill: Southland Boys' High School. (Available online. Retrieved 16 September 2022.)

## InfoBox

Bob Holloway
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Alexander Holloway |
| Born | (1940-11-15) 15 November 1940<br>Invercargill, New Zealand |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Opening batsman |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1961/62–1964/65 | Otago |
|  | |
| FC debut | 25 December 1961 Otago v Wellington |
| Last FC | 5 February 1965 Otago v Wellington |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 15  Runs scored 373  Batting average 13.81  100s/50s 0/2  Top score 61  Catches/stumpings 5/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPN CricInfo, 11 September 2022 | |


title: Robert Berkeley (MP for Chippenham)

abstract: Robert Berkeley (1566–1614), of Pattenden, Kent, was an English politician.

text:
# Robert Berkeley (MP for Chippenham)

**Robert Berkeley** (1566–1614), of Pattenden, Kent, was an English politician.

## Life

He was the son of Sir Maurice Berkeley of Bruton, Somerset by his second marriage to Elizabeth Sands. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Chippenham in 1601.

He married Elizabeth Lougher, whose father was a civil lawyer and had at least four sons and two daughters. He died in 1614 and was buried in Canterbury cathedral.


title: Toshiei Mizuochi

abstract: Toshiei Mizuochi is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet. A native of Tokamachi, Niigata and high school graduate, he was elected for the first time in 2004. Mizuochi, whose father was killed in action during the Pacific War, serves as the president of the Japan War-Bereaved Families Association since 2015.

text:
# Toshiei Mizuochi

**Toshiei Mizuochi** (水落 敏栄, *Mizuochi Toshiei*, born September 13, 1943) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Tokamachi, Niigata and high school graduate, he was elected for the first time in 2004. Mizuochi, whose father was killed in action during the Pacific War, serves as the president of the Japan War-Bereaved Families Association since 2015.


title: Blake Falls Reservoir

abstract: The Blake Falls Reservoir is a reservoir in the Adirondack Park in Parishville, New York. It is a popular recreational fishing spot, stocked with brown bullhead, northern pike, smallmouth bass, walleye, and yellow perch.

text:
# Blake Falls Reservoir

The **Blake Falls Reservoir** is a reservoir in the Adirondack Park in Parishville, New York. It is a popular recreational fishing spot, stocked with brown bullhead, northern pike, smallmouth bass, walleye, and yellow perch.

## InfoBox

| Blake Falls Reservoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Blake Falls ReservoirLocation within New YorkBlake Falls ReservoirBlake Falls Reservoir (the United States) | |
| Location | Adirondack Park, St. Lawrence County, New York, US |
| Coordinates | 44°28′53″N 74°45′22″W / 44.4815117°N 74.7560711°W / 44.4815117; -74.7560711 |
| Type | Reservoir |
| Primary inflows | Raquette River |
| Primary outflows | Raquette River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 631 acres (255 ha) |
| Average depth | 7.2 ft (2.2 m) |
| Max. depth | 45 ft (14 m) |
| Surface elevation | 1,250 ft (380 m) |
|  | |
| Islands | **6** |


title: Point Lowly

abstract: Point Lowly is the tip of a small peninsula north north-east of Whyalla in the Upper Spencer Gulf region of South Australia. The wider peninsula is shared by a combination of defence, industrial, residential, recreational and tourism interests. Port Bonython lies immediately to the north-west and is marked for future industrial expansion, driven by anticipated growth in the State's mining industry. The icons of the peninsula are the historic Point Lowly Lighthouse and the mass breeding aggregation of Australian giant cuttlefish which occurs inshore each winter. Point Lowly was named by Matthew Flinders during explorations in 1802. It also bears the lesser-known alternative name of Cap Lafontaine, given by French explorer Nicolas Baudin during his explorations in the same period. A boat-ramp exists north of the lighthouse for the benefit of commercial aquaculture operations and recreational users. Waters near Point Lowly include several popular grounds for snapper fishing. The fishing of snapper in all South Australian waters is prohibited from 1 November through 15 December.

text:
# Point Lowly

**Point Lowly** is the tip of a small peninsula north north-east of Whyalla in the Upper Spencer Gulf region of South Australia. The wider peninsula is shared by a combination of defence, industrial, residential, recreational and tourism interests. Port Bonython lies immediately to the north-west and is marked for future industrial expansion, driven by anticipated growth in the State's mining industry. The icons of the peninsula are the historic Point Lowly Lighthouse and the mass breeding aggregation of Australian giant cuttlefish which occurs inshore each winter.

Point Lowly was named by Matthew Flinders during explorations in 1802. It also bears the lesser-known alternative name of *Cap Lafontaine*, given by French explorer Nicolas Baudin during his explorations in the same period.

A boat-ramp exists north of the lighthouse for the benefit of commercial aquaculture operations and recreational users. Waters near Point Lowly include several popular grounds for snapper fishing. The fishing of snapper in all South Australian waters is prohibited from 1 November through 15 December.

## Wildlife

Diving and snorkelling during the giant Australian cuttlefish aggregation each winter is a popular recreational activity. The Northern Spencer Gulf population has been in steady decline for over a decade. Their decline is the subject of local and international concern. As of October 2013, research into the possible causes of the decline by SARDI, the EPA and University of Adelaide is ongoing.

Visiting southern right whales and humpback whales can occasionally be sighted from Point Lowly during winter months.

## Development

The Government of South Australia plans to develop a large section of the peninsula into the Port Bonython Minerals Precinct. The proposals include an iron ore export port, a seawater desalination plant for BHP's use and Port Bonython Fuels, a fuel distribution hub owned by Mitsubishi. As of July 2015, Port Bonython Fuels is under construction, the desalination plant has been deferred and the iron ore export wharf is yet to receive necessary state and federal environmental approvals.

Industrialization plans near Point Lowly have been met with public opposition from several community groups based in nearby Whyalla. Groups include Save Point Lowly, the Cuttlefish Coast Coalition and the Alternative Port Working Party. Their concerns relate to the cumulative impacts of these developments which could displace or deter other users and degrade the peninsula's environmental and social value.

Point Lowly was first made accessible by road from Whyalla in 1948. It was previously accessible by a rough track. Shack sites were made available in the late 1940s, with three applications received by 19 December 1947.

## Landforms

The Point Lowly peninsula is a low plateau, sloping NW - SE, in the Simmens quartzite member, of the Neoprotorozoic Tent Hill formation. The southern shore of the peninsula features 20 metre high bluffs over sloping shore platforms and small beaches. The bluffs and cliffs of the eastern side of the peninsula slope down to pebble beaches with some sand at high tide.

To the north, Fitzgerald Bay acts as a sand trap, shown by the storage of Holocene sands in wide nearshore low tide sandflats. Small areas of sand ridges exist at the head of the bay, where Holocene sand grit has been mixed with the Pleistocene red sands from the Gulf floor. The beach here is narrow high tide reflective in morpho-dynamic terms. Volcanics are exposed in cliffs and platforms at Backy Point. Small areas of sand dune are found near Point Lowly and at Weeroona Bay. At the Weroona Bay dunes backshore low cobble ridges occur, possibly formerly covered by white Holocene sands that are now immediately inland. No dating is available for these deposits; however, further north in the Gulf similar deposits are Pleistocene in age.

## Shared use

A variety of people and entities utilize the Point Lowly peninsula. These include:

## InfoBox

| Point Lowly<br>Whyalla, South Australia | |
| --- | --- |
| Point Lowly | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 32°59′58″S 137°47′7″E / 32.99944°S 137.78528°E / -32.99944; 137.78528 |
| Population | 34 (SAL 2021) |
| Postcode(s) | 5600 |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| • Summer (DST) | ACDT (UTC+10:30) |
| LGA(s) | City of Whyalla |
| State electorate(s) | Giles |
| Federal division(s) | Grey |
| **Suburbs around Point Lowly:**  Port Bonython Point Lowly North *Spencer Gulf*  Port Bonython Point Lowly *Spencer Gulf*  Whyalla *Spencer Gulf* *Spencer Gulf* | |


title: Drepanulatrix nevadaria

abstract: Drepanulatrix nevadaria is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Drepanulatrix nevadaria is 6687.

text:
# Drepanulatrix nevadaria

***Drepanulatrix nevadaria*** is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Drepanulatrix nevadaria* is 6687.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Drepanulatrix nevadaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Drepanulatrix* |
| Species: | ***D. nevadaria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Drepanulatrix nevadaria***<br>(Hulst, 1888) | |
|


title: The Squatter's Son

abstract: The Squatter's Son is an Australian film completed in 1911 and directed by E. I. Cole. It was based on a play which Cole and his company had performed throughout Australia. It is considered a lost film.

text:
# The Squatter's Son

***The Squatter's Son*** is an Australian film completed in 1911 and directed by E. I. Cole. It was based on a play which Cole and his company had performed throughout Australia.

It is considered a lost film.

## Plot

John Lenton is a squatter who lives at Wilunga. The villainous Dudley Ward also works there. Ward is masquerading at Lenton's nephew, who was murdered overseas by Ward.

Lenton's father refuses to give his son permission to marry Violet Gartson, the woodchipper's daughter. Joe Garston is given £200 by old Lenton to take Violet away from the station. Jack is disinherited by his father for refusing to give up Violet.

Dudley Ward murders Jack's father with Jack's knife. Jack arrested for his father's murder but charge "not proven." Joe Garston, who knows Dudley Ward is the murderer, scorns his offer to marry Violet.

Joe drugged and dragged away to the scrub. Violet finds a letter proving Dudley Ward to be the murderer. Ward's bushranging gang carry Violet off to the Gap. Little Cecil Lenton's birthday. Dudley Ward, who in case of Cecil's death becomes the heir, tries to murder the little chap. Exciting rescue. Jack Lenton falls into the hands of the bushrangers. The denouement; virtue rewarded and vice punished.

### Film scenes

* The two cousins, Jack Lenton and Dudley Ward
* The true and the false - Mr Lenton refuses to let his son Jack to marry the woodchoppers daughter, Violet Garston
* Bribery
* Altering the will - Jack disinherited
* The murderer Jack arrested
* Dudley's scheming
* Old Garston knows the murderer
* Drugged by Dudley
* The Bushrangers
* Dudley the chief
* The little heir Dudley Ward next in succession
* attempted assassination
* Gallant rescue
* Violet and Jack in the hands of bushrangers
* Saved by a faithful horse
* Mulga Joe, the black boy, destroys the bridge
* Escape
* The squatter's son comes in to his own

## Original play

| The Squatter's Son | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Edward Irham Cole or Clarence Burnett |
| Directed by | Edward Irham Cole |
| Date premiered | 21 January 1910 |
| Place premiered | Coliseum, Ballarat |
| Original language | English |
| Subject | bushrangers |
| Genre | melodrama |

Authorship of the play is sometimes attributed to Clarence Burnett. Other accounts say it was Cole.

The play debuted in Ballarat in early 1910. Reviewing this performance, the *Ballarat Star* said "there is a high- standard of excellence, in the'plot, which Is of a very sensational nature, cleverly worked out. It is full of incident, and the scenery is typical! of Australia."

In October 1910 the play was described as "the most famous" of Cole's "repertoire of pieces". It was often revived throughout Cole's career.

The play was beig performed as late as 1920.

## Production

*The Squatter's Son* was filmed at locations "in the vicinity of Melbourne".

The film was told in 25 scenes with the main characters being two cousins.

## Reception

The *Geelong Advertiser* said of the film "the drama is most sensation and exciting and well portrayed. It had a decidedly Australian flavor, embracing as it does every phase of bush life, from the squatter to the sundowner and the blackfellow. In addition to the sensationalism the fun was fast and furious and kept the large and appreciative audience in a continued state of laughter."

The *Argus* said "the settings are artistic and natural and the acting good."

The *Ballarat Star* said it "elicited much applause" from the audience.

The *Prahran Telegraph* said it was "admirably arranged, acted and reproduced... it is not one of those stories in which the bush criminals become heroes."

According to the Perth *Sunday Times* the film's (unnamed) star "is a magnificent type of the Australian bushman. During the action of the photographic drama, the chief artist rides, shoots, fights and swims and hews trees, he being a handsome, muscular athlete who was specially selected for his splendid qualities. He is, or was, a tip-top amateur actor, but is now being rushed with engagements by Eastern managers." The same paper in a different review praised the film as "a gem of cinematography".

The *Launceston Daily Telegraph* praised the "story being comprehensively portrayed in a concise manner, lacking us it docs the unnecessary padding so frequent in Australian motion dramas."

The *Kalgoorlie Miner* claimed "As a sample of an Australian dramatic film *The Squatter's Son* stands in the front rank, and it gives a reflex. of the ups and downs of life as it occurred in the adventurous days."

## InfoBox

| The Squatter's Son | |
| --- | --- |
| The Age 24 April 1911 | |
| Directed by | E. I. Cole |
| Based on | play by E. I. Cole or Clarence Burnett |
| Starring | E. I. Cole's Bohemian Dramatic Company |
| Production
company | Pathé Frères |
| Release date | * 13 April 1911 (1911-04-13) |
| Running time | 3,800 feet |
| Country | Australia |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |


title: The Squaw Man's Son

abstract: The Squaw Man's Son is a 1917 American Western silent film directed by Edward LeSaint, written by Charles Maigne and Edwin Milton Royle, and starring Wallace Reid, Anita King, Dorothy Davenport, Donald Bowles, Clarence Geldart and Frank Lanning. It was released on July 26, 1917, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# The Squaw Man's Son

***The Squaw Man's Son*** is a 1917 American Western silent film directed by Edward LeSaint, written by Charles Maigne and Edwin Milton Royle, and starring Wallace Reid, Anita King, Dorothy Davenport, Donald Bowles, Clarence Geldart and Frank Lanning. It was released on July 26, 1917, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Squaw Man's Son | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Edward LeSaint |
| Screenplay by | Charles Maigne
Edwin Milton Royle |
| Produced by | Jesse L. Lasky |
| Starring | Wallace Reid
Anita King
Dorothy Davenport
Donald Bowles
Clarence Geldart
Frank Lanning |
| Cinematography | Allen M. Davey |
| Production
company | Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Company |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * July 26, 1917 (1917-07-26) |
| Running time | 50 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English intertitles |