title: Pyralis kacheticalis

abstract: Pyralis kacheticalis is a species of snout moth. It is found in Ukraine and on Cyprus, as well as in Turkey and Russia. The wingspan is about 16–17 mm.

text:
# Pyralis kacheticalis

***Pyralis kacheticalis*** is a species of snout moth. It is found in Ukraine and on Cyprus, as well as in Turkey and Russia.

The wingspan is about 16–17 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Pyralis kacheticalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Pyralis* |
| Species: | ***P. kacheticalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyralis kacheticalis***<br>(Christoph, 1893) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Asopia kacheticalis* Christoph, 1893 * *Pyralis imperialis* Caradja, 1916 | |


title: Qu Leilei

abstract: Qu Leilei is a contemporary Chinese artist currently based in the UK. Qu grew up in China during the Cultural Revolution and spent some time forced in to hard labour as his parents were branded capitalists. Later, he served as an art director at China Central Television. In 1979, as one of the founding members of the avant-garde "Stars Group", together with, Wang Keping, Ma De Sheng, Mao Lizi, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Ah Cheng and Ai Weiwei, Qu took part in the first exhibitions of contemporary art in China. After Qu left China, he relocated to London to practice his art, lecture and exhibit internationally. His paintings were exhibited at a solo display in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford in 2005, the first time in the Ashmolean that a show was devoted singly to the work of a living artist. He has also had a solo exhibition at Beijings National Gallery. His works have been exhibited by the British Museum and the V&A in London. His work at the British museum is now part of their permanent collection and this was marked with a symposium about himself and the Stars movement and his work. Also in 2005, he was one of three finalists for the Arts Council England "Pearl Award for Creative Excellence".

text:
# Qu Leilei

**Qu Leilei** (曲磊磊, born 1951) is a contemporary Chinese artist currently based in the UK.

Qu grew up in China during the Cultural Revolution and spent some time forced in to hard labour as his parents were branded capitalists . Later, he served as an art director at China Central Television.

In 1979, as one of the founding members of the avant-garde "Stars Group", together with, Wang Keping, Ma De Sheng, Mao Lizi, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Ah Cheng and Ai Weiwei, Qu took part in the first exhibitions of contemporary art in China.

After Qu left China, he relocated to London to practice his art, lecture and exhibit internationally. His paintings were exhibited at a solo display in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford in 2005, the first time in the Ashmolean that a show was devoted singly to the work of a living artist. He has also had a solo exhibition at Beijings National Gallery. His works have been exhibited by the British Museum and the V&A in London. His work at the British museum is now part of their permanent collection and this was marked with a symposium about himself and the Stars movement and his work.

Also in 2005, he was one of three finalists for the Arts Council England "Pearl Award for Creative Excellence".

## Further reading

* Winchester, Rupert (Fall 2005). "Qu Lei Lei: Everyone's Life is an Epic". *ArtAsiaPacific* (46): 80. 17940479.


title: Elizabeth Romhild

abstract: Elizabeth Romhild is a Bangkok-based Danish-Armenian painter, sculptor, designer.

text:
# Elizabeth Romhild

**Elizabeth Romhild** (15 October 1960, Copenhagen, Denmark) is a Bangkok-based Danish-Armenian painter, sculptor, designer.

## Biography

Elizabeth Romhild was born in Denmark in the family of Armenian father and Danish mother. She spent her childhood in Iran. She went to school in England, lived in Saudi Arabia, the United States, Indonesia, in 1988 she settled in Thailand.

Elizabeth is a self-taught artist. At the age of 26 she started to paint realistic portraits, then seascapes, landscapes. The hero of Elizabeth's classic and modern works is a woman with her conscious and subconscious feelings and emotions.

Elizabeth Romhild works are in private collections in Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Italy, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia and in the US.

Since 1986 she participated in various solo and group exhibitions in Indonesia, Thailand, Denmark, London, Switzerland, Singapore, Italy, United States.

Elizabeth did UTOPIA for the international Bangkok Elephant Parade, which was auctioned by Christies and her elephant got the highest bid.

## Exhibitions

* Indonesia, 1986
    + "Yayasan Mitra Budaya Indonesia" Jakarta.
    + Water colour exhibition at Kalista Gallery, Jakarta
    + "Exposisi Cat Air 86" Mitra Budaya, Jakarta.
* Indonesia, 1988
    + First One Woman Show in Oils at Duta Fine Arts Gallery.
* Thailand, 1996
    + "Depth of Feelings" One Woman Show of Oils and Sketches.
* Thailand, 1997
    + The Grand Hyatt Erawan, Bangkok, coincided with the visit to Thailand of H.R.H. Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark.
    + Sheraton Grande, Bangkok, Solo Exhibition "Women & Oranges", a new collection of mildly erotic art.
    + International Visual Art Exhibition at Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok.
    + Collection of Oil paintings at Carpediem Gallery, Bangkok.
* Thailand, 1998
    + "Women Carnival" solo exhibition at Pacific City Club, Bangkok.
    + Group exhibition at Kuppa, Bangkok.
    + "Looking Back" a retrospect of all to-date work at 2 Oceans 23 Gallery, Bangkok.
* Denmark
    + "Sensualitet i farver" solo exhibition at Ebeltoft Kunstforening Gallery.
* Thailand, 1999
    + "Oriental Mystic", exhibition of inks at 2 Oceans 23, Bangkok.
    + December Group Show at 2 Oceans 23, Bangkok.
* Denmark
    + Exhibition of drawings at Gallery Babette, Ebeltoft.
* Thailand, 2000
    + "Women & Sensuality" solo exhibition at Pacific City Club, Bangkok.
* Denmark
    + "Elizabeth's Exotic World" solo exhibition at Galerie Knud Grothe, Copenhagen.
* Thailand, 2001
    + Preview solo exhibition of latest works at Pacific City Club, Bangkok.
* Denmark
    + "Seduction" solo exhibition of oil paintings at Ebeltoft Kunstforening Gallery in connection with the city's 700-year celebration.
* England, 2002
    + Valentine Show at Bloxham Galleries, London.
* Thailand
    + "Fever" solo exhibition at H Gallery, Bangkok.
* Denmark
    + "Forbidden Fruit" solo exhibition at Galerie Knud Grothe, Copenhagen.
* Thailand, 2003
    + "Passion Play" solo exhibition at H Gallery, Bangkok
* Switzerland, 2004
    + "Impromptu" solo exhibition at Palace Hotel, Gstaad.
    + Exhibition at Gallery Delio Romang, Gstaad.
    + Exhibition at Gallery Delio Romang, Lugano.
* Thailand
    + "Bliss" solo exhibition at H Gallery, Bangkok.
* Denmark
    + Solo exhibition at Galerie Knud Grothe, Copenhagen.
* Singapore
    + "Trail of the East" exhibition at Opera Gallery.
* Hong Kong, 2005
    + Exhibition at Opera Gallery.
* Singapore
    + Exhibition at Opera Gallery.
* Thailand, 2006
    + "Cynosure" solo exhibition at H Gallery, Bangkok
* Denmark
    + "Temptress" solo exhibition at Galerie Knud Grothe, Copenhagen
* Denmark, 2007
    + "ALLURE" solo exhibition at Galleri Soto, Aalborg
* Denmark, 2008
    + "DAWN" Solo exhibition at Galerie Knud, Grothe, Copenhagen
* Denmark Solo exhibition at Ebeltoft Kunst Forening, Ebeltoft, 2009
* Denmark Solo exhibition at Fredericia Kunst Forening, Fredericia
* Denmark "Kunst For Alvor" at Paradehuset Frederiksberg, Copenhagen
* Denmark "Elizabeth Romhild Other Spirit" solo exhibition at Gallery Clifford, Vejle
* Italy Florence Biennale Internazionale dell'arte Contemporanea, Florence, 2010
* Thailand "Wild & Whimsical" Solo exhibition at La Lanta Gallery
* USA The affordable art fair, New York City (represented by La Lanta Gallery)
* Denmark "EROS" Solo exhibition at Galerie Knud Grothe, Copenhagen
* Thailand, 2011
    + "As Eye Am" Solo exhibition at La Lanta Gallery
* Denmark, 2012
    + "Eye Catching" Solo exhibition at Galerie Knud Grothe, Copenhagen
* Thailand, 2013
    + "Art in the Ninth Reign" – Group Exhibition at Bangkok Art and Culture Centre, Thailand
    + "Parallel" Exhibition at La Lanta Fine Art Gallery, Bangkok
* Thailand 2015
    + MUSE at Rooftop Farmani Gallery, Bangkok

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Romhild | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 October 1960<br>Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Nationality | Danish-Armenian |
| Known for | Painter, sculptor, designer |


title: Elizabeth Harrower (actress)

abstract: Elizabeth Louise Harrower was an American actress and television writer.

text:
# Elizabeth Harrower (actress)

**Elizabeth Louise Harrower** (May 28, 1918 – December 10, 2003) was an American actress and television writer.

## Early years

Harrower was born during World War I in Alameda, California, during the great flu epidemic.

## Career

Harrower went on to find success in television, including ten appearances on *Dennis the Menace* (mostly as Dennis' teacher, Miss Perkins), four appearances on *Perry Mason* (The Case of the Waylaid Wolf, The Case of the Lurid Letter), and two appearances on *Gunsmoke* as Mrs. O'Roarke, among many other shows up until 1974.

She made her film debut in *Becky Sharp* (1935). She also appeared in other movies, including 1969's *True Grit* and *The Sterile Cuckoo*.

In the late 1970s, she served as head writer for the daytime soap opera *Days of Our Lives*, where her daughter Susan was a cast member. She also wrote for *The Young and the Restless* in the 1980s and early 1990s. Her last writing stint was on the short-lived soap *Generations* in 1991. In 2003, Harrower received rave reviews for her performance as a drunken con artist on *The Young and the Restless*.

## Personal life

In 1942, Harrower married Harry Seabold, an Air Force cadet she had met in fifth grade. Their daughter, actress Susan Seaforth Hayes, was born in 1943. The marriage ended in divorce. For many years, she and her daughter lived in the Alvarado Terrace Historic District of Los Angeles, where she was active with the Pico-Union community redevelopment project advisory committee.

In 2003, in Studio City, California, Harrower died of cancer at age 85.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1949 | *The Pilgrimage Play* | Woman of Samaria |  |
| 1952 | *Plymouth Adventure* | Elizabeth Hopkins | Uncredited |
| 1954 | *Thunder Pass* | Mrs. Hemp |  |
| 1958 | *Teacher's Pet* | Clara Dibney | Uncredited |
| 1958 | *Marjorie Morningstar* | Miss Kimble | Uncredited |
| 1959 | *Al Capone* | Proprietress | Uncredited |
| 1959 | *The FBI Story* | Clerk | Uncredited |
| 1960 | *I Passed for White* | Minor Role | Uncredited |
| 1962 | *Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse* | French Prisoner | Uncredited |
| 1962 | *House of Women* | Mrs. Potter | Uncredited |
| 1962 | *Don't Knock the Twist* | Ruth Emerson |  |
| 1962 | *The Wild Westerners* | Martha Bernard |  |
| 1964 | *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* | Mrs. Masters | Season 2 Episode 15: "Night Caller" |
| 1965 | *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* | Mrs. Jones | Season 3 Episode 19: "Wally the Beard" |
| 1965 | *Zebra in the Kitchen* | Town Gossip | Uncredited |
| 1965 | *Cat Ballou* | Minor Role | Uncredited |
| 1966 | *Batman* | Picnicking Woman | Uncredited |
| 1969 | *True Grit* | Mrs. Ross |  |
| 1969 | *The Sterile Cuckoo* | Landlady | Uncredited |
| 1971 | *Escape from the Planet of the Apes* | Reporter at Hotel | Uncredited |
| 1971 | *Shoot Out* | Housekeeper | Uncredited |
| 1974 | *I Love You... Good-bye* | Mrs. Freeman |  |

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Harrower | |
| --- | --- |
| Harrower in 1965 on *The Alfred Hitchcock Hour* | |
| Born | Elizabeth Louise Harrower
(1918-05-28)May 28, 1918
Alameda, California |
| Died | December 10, 2003(2003-12-10) (aged 85)
Studio City, California |
| Occupations | * Actress * television writer |
| Years active | 19491991 |
| Known for | *Dennis the Menace*
*The Young and the Restless* |
| Spouse | Harry Seabold |
| Children | Susan Seaforth Hayes |


title: Ellen Clapsaddle

abstract: Ellen Hattie Clapsaddle was an American illustrator/commercial artist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She is recognized as the most prolific souvenir postcard and greeting card artist of her era.

text:
# Ellen Clapsaddle

**Ellen Hattie Clapsaddle** (January 8, 1865 - January 7, 1934) was an American illustrator/commercial artist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She is recognized as the most prolific souvenir postcard and greeting card artist of her era.

## Childhood

Clapsaddle was born in the small farming community of South Columbia in Herkimer County, New York, near Columbia, New York on January 8, 1865.

She was the child of Dennis L. and Harriet Clapsaddle, née Beckwith. She is said to have been a shy and delicate child who displayed artistic ability and was highly encouraged by her parents to develop her skills in art.

Clapsaddle was the great-granddaughter of the American Revolutionary War hero, Major Dennis Clapsaddle.

## Education

Clapsaddle attended a one-room school until the 8th grade. She then boarded in Richfield Springs, Otsego County, New York, and attended the local Richfield Springs Seminary, a local academy that prepared young ladies for higher education. She graduated in 1882.

Upon the completion of her studies, around 1884, she returned to her parents' home in South Columbia, NY. Clapsaddle's father died on January 5, 1891, and she and her mother went to live with an aunt in Richfield Springs.

## Career

Clapsaddle started giving art lessons in 1894. She created her own landscapes and was commissioned to paint portraits of families in Richfield Springs. She also submitted her work to publishers in New York City and became a recognized commercial artist.

Two of her card designs, accepted by the International Art Publishing Company in New York City, became bestsellers. Several other purchases followed and the company retained her to work with their stable of artists. Thanks to the popularity of her designs, she became their premier illustrator, and the company invited her to move to the city around 1895. Her illustrations were often used in advertising and on porcelain goods, calendars, paper fans, trade and greeting cards.

In 1901, the International Art Publishing Company offered a paid two-year trip to Germany for Clapsaddle and her mother. Germany was the center of the high-end publishing world and many publishers in the United States depended on them for the final products that were shipped to the U.S. In Germany Clapsaddle worked directly with the German engravers who manufactured the company's products. Her designs began appearing in Valentine's Day cards, souvenir postcards, booklets, watercolor prints, calendars, and trade cards.

Clapsaddle spent some years in Germany, funded by the International Art Publishing Company, and then returned to New York well before her mother's death in 1905. It is said that she established the Wolf Company backed by the Wolf brothers—a full subsidiary of the International Art Publishing Company of New York City. She was the first and only female souvenir postcard artist of the era to establish her own enterprise. She was the sole artist and designer for this company. At that time, few women were even employed as full-time illustrators. For eight years she and the Wolf brothers enjoyed their success and there seemed to be no limit to the growth potential in the souvenir and postcard industry. (Some sources suggest that she was employed by the Wolf brothers). Nevertheless, confidence in the boom and high return in profits led her and her partners to invest heavily in the years that followed in several Germany engraving and publishing firms. She returned once again to Germany to work with their engravers and publishers.

## World War I

By 1914, World War I broke out. The majority of the souvenir postcard publishers in the United States depended on German supplying firms. Disconnected from their suppliers, U.S. publishers were forced out of business, including Clapsaddle. Many German factories suffered total destruction from bombings and all of Clapsaddle's original artwork of the period is believed lost. Clapsaddle herself returned to the United States in 1915. News of her safe arrival was posted in her hometown newspaper, the Richfield Springs Mercury, July 29, 1915: "People generally will be interested in knowing that the artist, Miss Ellen Clapsaddle, who is a native of this place, has returned from Berlin, where she has spent several years, and has notified her friends of her safe arrival in New York."

## Post-war

From 1915 on Clapsaddle worked and lived in New York City, visiting her second home in Richfield Springs NY often (as evidenced by many newspaper posts in the Richfield Springs Mercury). On April 9, 1920, Clapsaddle, who spent the winter months in New York City, moved to her home in the Chase House on Lake Street. In 1920, she was living in an apartment in Manhattan at the elegant Prince George Hotel, as stated in the 1920 census, as per the U.S Census. In 1930 she was living as a lodger in Manhattan, at 125 East 30th St. according to the U. S. Census

In January 1932, she was admitted to the Peabody Home for Aged and Indigent Women on Pelham Parkway in New York City.

## Death

She died January 7, 1934, one day short of her 69th birthday. Services were held in Richfield Springs on January 10, 1934, and she was buried alongside her parents in Lake View Cemetery.

## Art and legacy

Clapsaddle's greatest success was in the development of her artwork into single-faced cards that could be kept as souvenirs or mailed as postcards and she specialized in designing illustrations specifically for that purpose. Artistic designs had become highly prized particularly during the peak of production of the "golden age of souvenir postcards" (1898–1915) for their great marketing possibilities. Clapsaddle is credited with over 3000 designs in the souvenir post card field. More than half of her estimated 3,000 works depict children, often of different races and cultures of the world. Holidays, particularly Halloween, Valentine's Day, and Christmas, are a common theme in her work.

One of her 1910 card designs, *Midnight Angel*, was chosen by the United States Postal Service for the 1995 traditional Christmas Stamp. Clapsaddle's artwork still appears today in prints and commercial art.

Some private collectors have amassed more than 1,600 original *Clapsaddles*, as her souvenir postcards are commonly known. The original cards have appeared in local and state trade shows for years and many websites have large numbers available where the number varies from 900 to 1,000 cards are offered surpassing the numbers available for other artists of similar work. "Original" single-faced cards are sought after by collectors, as well as her signed "mechanical" cards. A long-time collector, Elizabeth Austin, created a "checklist" of Clapsaddle's souvenir postcards for other collectors so they can identify the ones they do not have. The late Ellen Budd expanded on the list with many missing cards and has published them as a reference work.

## Bibliography

* *Halloween Postcard Book—by Ellen Clapsaddle and others*, Applewood Books; 10pp., 2004.
* *Ellen H. Clapsaddle Signed Post Cards: An Illustrated Reference Guide*, Ellen H. Budd, EH Budd; 194pp., 1989.
* *The Official Guide to Flea Market Prices*, 2nd edition, Harry Rinker, House of Collectibles; 512pp., 2004.
* *Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween*, David J. Skal, 256pp., 2002.


title: Queenie Williams

abstract: Queenie Williams, also billed as Little Queenie Williams and later as Ina Williams, was an Australian child actress, singer, comedian, and dancer.

text:
# Queenie Williams

**Queenie Williams** (November 17, 1896 – June 9, 1962), also billed as **Little Queenie Williams** and later as **Ina Williams**, was an Australian child actress, singer, comedian, and dancer.

## Early life

Alfreda Ina Williams was born in Footscray, near Melbourne, in 1896, the daughter of Frank Williams and Annie Armstrong Williams. She trained as a dancer with Mrs. William Green and Florrie Green in Melbourne.

## Career

Williams appeared in *The Fatal Wedding* (1906), touring Australia and New Zealand with the Meynell & Gunn show. She also performed in Meynell & Gunn's *The Rake's Wife* (1906–1907), *The Grey Kimona* (1907), *The Little Breadwinner* (1908), and *The Old Folks at Home* (1909), as well as revivals of *The Fatal Wedding*.

Beginning in 1912, she toured with Pollard's Juvenile Opera Company in the United States and Canada in the years before and during World War I. She also became a solo act with a short musical comedy sketch called "Married via Wireless". She was noted for her slight stature and skills as a dancer; her singing voice was "of ample range, adequate volume and quality that is tenderly sympathetic." In 1914 she joined other actresses "who have agreed never to wear a bird's body or wing on their hats or to wear animal skins as furs."

After the war, as a young woman, she used the name "Ina Williams" on the vaudeville stage in the North America. Some of her other partners in vaudeville acts were Hal Skelly, Teddy MacNamara (in "The Guide of Monte Carlo"), Dick Keene, Johnny Dooley, and Jere Delaney. She retired from the stage in 1932.

## Personal life

Queenie Williams married theatrical manager Ernest Chester in 1914. They were separated by the end of 1919. She married again in 1923, to engineer Charles Stecher. They had a daughter and lived in New Jersey. Ina "Queenie" Williams died in 1962, in Los Angeles, aged 65 years.

## InfoBox

| Queenie Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Queenie Williams, from a 1910s publicity photograph | |
| Born | Alfreda Ina Williams
November 17, 1896
Footscray, Victoria, Australia |
| Died | June 9, 1962 (aged 65)
Los Angeles, California, US |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, singer, dancer |


title: Queen's School of Religion

abstract: Queen's School of Religion, formerly Queen's Theological College, is a school of religious studies affiliated with Queen's University at Kingston. The school is located on the Queen's University campus and graduates receive their degrees from Queen's University. It is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.

text:
# Queen's School of Religion

**Queen's School of Religion**, formerly **Queen's Theological College**, is a school of religious studies affiliated with Queen's University at Kingston. The school is located on the Queen's University campus and graduates receive their degrees from Queen's University. It is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.

## Mission

Queen's School of Religion administers the Department of Religious Studies on behalf of Queen's University, and is responsible for training people in the academic study of religion, and educating theological students for academic training and ordained ministry in the Christian faith tradition.

## History

Queen's College was founded in 1841 when the Presbyterian Church in Canada obtained a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria. When Queen's College opened its doors in 1842, there were 11 male students. In 1911, the Faculty of Theology was separated from Queen's College when the latter became the newly named secular institution Queen's University at Kingston in order to qualify for government education funding. Queen's Theological College was created by an Act of Parliament on April 1, 1912, as a training institution of the Presbyterian Church of Canada. Queen's Theological College entered the newly formed United Church of Canada upon the Union of the Presbyterian, Congregational, and Methodist Churches in Canada in 1925. Queen's Theological College became Queen's School of Religion on January 1, 2010, housing both the Department of Religious Studies and theological programs under one organisation.

In 1925, Queen's Theological College became one of the institutions for theological training for the newly formed United Church of Canada. As Queen's School of Religion, it remains one of six schools in The United Church of Canada with primary responsibility for educating persons for ordained ministry and is fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.

In November 2015, due to a decline in new admissions, the Queen's University theological programs were closed.

## Features and Facilities

Although officially a separate institution, Queen's School of Religion is the only affiliated college of Queen's University at Kingston and is located in one of the oldest historic university buildings, Theological Hall, in the heart of the Queen's campus.

Theological Hall was built in 1879 and designed by Gordon & Helliwell. Entirely funded by donations from the citizens of Kingston, the cornerstone of Theological Hall was laid in 1879 by the Marquis of Lorne, Governor-General of Canada, and his wife, Princess Louise, the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, and the building was completed in October 1880. The third-oldest building on the Queen's University campus, the massive limestone structure was built in Norman Romanesque style, featuring its trademark double-oak front doorway and central tower flying the Canadian flag. Originally built to house the Faculty of Arts and Science (and to this day is often referred to as the Old Arts and Science Building), Theological Hall was the university's main building throughout the late 19th century. The building features an ornate mediaeval-style Convocation Hall that served the university for convocation ceremonies until Grant Hall was built (between 1902 and 1905), and at one time a circular library at the west end of the building. Morgan Memorial Chapel, with its old-world vaulted ceilings and ecclesiastical stained-glass windows depicting scenes from the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament, was named in honour of the late professor of Theology, William Morgan, and serves the entire university community.

The interior of Convocation Hall is a mix of Romanesque and Gothic with an open, cathedral-like space featuring king-post hammer beam truss enlivened with embellished pendants and articulated bossed junctions, and a combination of red brick and buff brick incorporated into a decorative pattern. The side walls feature a series of round-arched windows, and the centre of the north wall features a rose window set in a Romanesque niche, which was unfortunately concealed from the interior by renovations in the mid-1960s.

Classroom and office space in Theological Hall was provided for the newly created Queen's Theological College under the provisions of an Act of Parliament respecting Queen's College at Kingston passed on April 1, 1912. From 1912 to 1925, Queen's Theological College prepared students for ordered ministry in the Presbyterian Church of Canada, but the college was transformed from a Presbyterian institution into a United Church of Canada theological institution serving Canada's new national church created by the union of the Methodist, Congregational, and Presbyterian denominations in Canada in 1925.

Theological Hall underwent major internal renovations between 1966 and 1967, which resulted in the creation of additional office space and the installation of an elevator, and today houses both Queen's School of Religion and Queen's University's Faculty of Arts and Science Department of Drama and the Department of Religious Studies.

## Programs

Queen's School of Religion offers the following graduate programs: (Master's degree)

* Master of Arts in Religion and Modernity (through the Department of Religious Studies)
* Master of Divinity
* Master of Divinity with a Concentration in Restorative Justice
* Master of Theological Studies
* Master of Theological Studies in Spiritual and Religious Care in a Pluralist Society
* Certificate in Theological Studies
* Certificate in Spiritual and Religious Care in a Pluralist Society

Queen's School of Religion offers the following undergraduate and non-degree programs (Bachelor's degrees and diploma programs):

* Bachelor of Arts and Honours Bachelor of Arts with concentrations in Religious Studies offered through the Department of Religious Studies
* Bachelor of Theology
* Diploma in Restorative Justice
* Diploma in Transformational Leadership

### Books

* Neatby, Hilda (1978). *History of Queen's University Vol I*. McGill-Queen's University Press.
* Neatby, Hilda (1983). *History of Queen's University Vol II*. McGill-Queen's University Press.
* Rawlyk, George & Quinn, Kevin (1980). *The Redeemed of the Lord Say So: A History of Queen's Theological College 1912-1972*. Queen's Theological College. ISBN 0-88911-016-6.

## InfoBox

Queen's School of Religion
| Theological Hall, home of the School of Religion | |
| --- | --- |
| Former names | Queen's Theological College |
| Motto | Sapientia et Doctrina Stabilitas |
| Motto in English | Wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times |
| Type | Seminary |
| Established | October 16, 1841 (1841-10-16) |
| Affiliation | Queen's University at Kingston, ATS |
| Director | Richard S. Ascough |
| Academic staff | 14 |
| Location | Kingston, Ontario, Canada<br>44°13′30″N 76°29′42″W / 44.224997°N 76.495099°W / 44.224997; -76.495099 |
| Website | www.queensu.ca/religion |


abstract: The Queen's School of Urban and Regional Planning (SURP) is a unit of the School of Graduate Studies and Research at Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Besides offering a two-year Master of Planning (M.PL.) program to students at a low student-to-faculty ratio, SURP also maintains extensive formal connections with all levels of government as well as crown corporations through its close affiliation with the National Executive Forum on Public Property. The school is the "implementing agent" of the Memorandum of Understanding between Queen's University and the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China. A variety of activities have been organized for the Chinese mineral and land administration officials since 1996. SURP also hosts the Queen's University's Executive Seminars on Corporate and Investment Real Estate for real estate professionals.

text:
# Queen's School of Urban and Regional Planning

The **Queen's School of Urban and Regional Planning** (SURP) is a unit of the School of Graduate Studies and Research at Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Besides offering a two-year Master of Planning (M.PL.) program to students at a low student-to-faculty ratio, SURP also maintains extensive formal connections with all levels of government as well as crown corporations through its close affiliation with the National Executive Forum on Public Property. The school is the "implementing agent" of the Memorandum of Understanding between Queen's University and the Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China. A variety of activities have been organized for the Chinese mineral and land administration officials since 1996. SURP also hosts the Queen's University's Executive Seminars on Corporate and Investment Real Estate for real estate professionals.

## InfoBox

School of Urban and Regional Planning
| Type | Faculty School |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1970 (1970) |
| Affiliation | Queen's University at Kingston |
| Dean | David L.A. Gordon |
| Location | Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
| Website | www.queensu.ca/surp |


title: Eloá Pimentel hostage crisis

abstract: The Eloá Pimentel hostage crisis, as it is known, refers to the October 2008 incident involving 15-year-old Brazilian girl Eloá Cristina Pimentel, who was kidnapped, taken against her will and held hostage before being murdered by her 22-year-old ex-boyfriend, Lindemberg Alves. Additionally, Pimentel's friend, Nayara da Silva, was shot by Alves. The tragedy received major media exposure, not only because of the murder, but also because of blatant mistakes made by the São Paulo police. Eloá Pimentel was held as a hostage for 100 hours – the longest kidnapping ever registered in the State of São Paulo. The trial of Alves commenced on 13 February 2012, exactly three years and four months after the crime.

text:
# Eloá Pimentel hostage crisis

The **Eloá Pimentel hostage crisis**, as it is known, refers to the October 2008 incident involving 15-year-old Brazilian girl Eloá Cristina Pimentel, who was kidnapped, taken against her will and held hostage before being murdered by her 22-year-old ex-boyfriend, Lindemberg Alves. Additionally, Pimentel's friend, Nayara da Silva, was shot by Alves.

The tragedy received major media exposure, not only because of the murder, but also because of blatant mistakes made by the São Paulo police. Eloá Pimentel was held as a hostage for 100 hours – the longest kidnapping ever registered in the State of São Paulo. The trial of Alves commenced on 13 February 2012, exactly three years and four months after the crime.

## Kidnapping

On 13 October 2008, Eloá Pimentel, Nayara da Silva and two male friends were working on a school project when Pimentel's 22-year-old ex-boyfriend, Lindemberg Fernandes Alves, broke into her apartment in Santo André, São Paulo, holding a pistol. He soon released the two boys but held Pimentel and da Silva. The *Grupo de Ações Táticas Especiais* (Special Tactical Actions Group, or GATE) closely followed the situation. On 16 October, da Silva was eventually released by Alves, but she offered to return to the apartment, as requested by the police, to try to negotiate with the kidnapper. After she entered the apartment, she was held hostage again. Hours later, after hearing gunshots, the GATE decided to storm the apartment, however many dispute this and state that there were no gunshots before the police forced their entry into the apartment. They eventually stopped and immobilized Alves, but not before he shot Pimentel twice and da Silva once. Pimentel was taken to the hospital, where she was declared brain dead and taken off life support on 18 October, at 23:30 BRT (2:30 GMT on 19 October), thirty minutes before the beginning of BRST.

## Aftermath

Pimentel's body was buried in Jardim Santo André cemetery, Santo André, in a ceremony attended by ten thousand people. Her heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys and cornea were donated to the benefit of seven people. It was later discovered that her father, Everaldo Pereira dos Santos, was a suspect in the murder of two people in the state of Alagoas. Dos Santos fled during the incident but was captured in Maceió on December 28, 2009.

Alves' trial lasted for four days in February 2012. He was found guilty on twelve counts and sentenced to 98 years and ten months of imprisonment. Brazilian law, however, limits the penalty time to thirty years.

## Controversy

The tragedy was widely discussed because of the mistakes committed by São Paulo police, especially the fact that they allowed da Silva to return to the apartment. Marcos do Val, a Brazilian SWAT instructor, also pointed out other mistakes such as allowing the kidnapping to last for so many days, not shooting Alves with a sniper, taking too long to storm the apartment after breaching the door and not using the back door or the windows.

The Brazilian media was heavily criticized following the outcome of the case. Former BOPE (Special Police Operations Battalion) member and sociologist Rodrigo Pimentel, in an interview with the Terra portal, condemned the Brazilian media's coverage, arguing that the TV stations RedeTV!, Rede Record, and Rede Globo were "irresponsible and criminal", and declared that the "Public Prosecutor's Office of São Paulo should hold these TV stations to account".

On 15 October 2008, RedeTV! journalist Sônia Abrão interviewed Alves and Pimental live by telephone, interfering with the hostage negotiations. Abrão's show, *A Tarde É Sua*, which had a daily average of 2 points on IBOPE, peaked at 5 points during the interview. According to sociologist and journalist Laurindo Leal Filho, who presented the program *Ver TV* on TV Câmara about ethics on television, the interference of a broadcaster in a case like this, besides being dangerous, is unconstitutional. The Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MP) decided to file a public civil action against the presenter for airing the interview. The MP stated that the interviews interfered with ongoing police activity and put the lives of the teenager and those involved in the operation at risk, and asked for a compensation of 1.5 million reais for collective moral damage.

In 2016, an episode of the true crime documentary television series *Investigação Criminal* was released about the case.

The "Eloá Case" was portrayed in TV Globo's *Linha Direta* program on 4 May 2023.

## InfoBox

| Eloá Pimentel hostage crisis | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Jardim Santo André
Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil |
| Date | 13 October 2008 (2008-10-13) – 17 October 2008 (2008-10-17)
13:30 – 18:08 (BRT (UTC-3)) |
| Attack type | Kidnapping, holding hostage, homicide |
| Deaths | 1 |
| Injured | 1 |
| Victims | * Eloá Pimentel * Nayara da Silva |
| Assailants | Lindemberg Alves |
| Verdict | Guilty for one count of murder, two counts of attempted murder, five counts of false imprisonment, four counts of weapon shooting |
| Convictions | 39 years and 3 months |


title: Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale

abstract: Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale is a 2010 American teen musical comedy-drama film directed by John and Sean Dunson and starring Ashlee Hewitt and Sterling Knight. The screenplay was written by Bo Ransdell, Ryan Dean and Thomas Martin and produced by Sean Dunson, John Dunson and Carlucci Weyant. Hewitt stars as Elle Daniels, an intern who dreams of becoming a singer. Hewitt announced to fans she was filming for the movie on June 20, 2009, while Knight's involvement was confirmed on March 5, 2010. The film premiered on April 24, 2010, at the Newport Beach Film Festival. It was released on DVD on April 26, 2011.

text:
# Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale

***Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale*** is a 2010 American teen musical comedy-drama film directed by John and Sean Dunson and starring Ashlee Hewitt and Sterling Knight. The screenplay was written by Bo Ransdell, Ryan Dean and Thomas Martin and produced by Sean Dunson, John Dunson and Carlucci Weyant.

Hewitt stars as Elle Daniels, an intern who dreams of becoming a singer. Hewitt announced to fans she was filming for the movie on June 20, 2009, while Knight's involvement was confirmed on March 5, 2010. The film premiered on April 24, 2010, at the Newport Beach Film Festival. It was released on DVD on April 26, 2011.

## Plot

Elle Daniels has dreamed of being a famous singer-songwriter for as long as she can remember. On the day of her audition for Berklee, the plane her parents are travelling in crashes. Crushed, Elle moves in with her uncle, Allen, who runs a small, independent record company called Spunn Records.

Allen offers Elle a job as an intern and even though this means supporting Spunn's biggest act, a bubblegum pop trio called Sensation, led by the horrendous, Stephanie, Elle swallows her pride and tries to forget about her dreams. She becomes good friends with fellow intern, Kit, and spends her days phoning radio stations and running errands.

But then Ty Parker, a famous pop singer extraordinaire, shows up at Spunn, saying that he needs something different, even if it means his fans shunning him. Allen agrees to set him up on a duet with Kandi Kane, a British pop star with "a million hits online" and Ty agrees to think about in search of something new and willing to take any risk it takes.

Elle, being convinced by Kit to start singing again, gives herself a makeover, goes to the recording studio and sings "Love is with Me Now", which Ty hears, and mistakes her for the British Kandi Kane, awestruck by her voice. Surprised and pleased, Elle plays along, leaving at midnight when she receives a text from uncle Allen. After discovering that she accidentally over recorded the Sensation single and feeling guilty for lying to Ty, Elle goes into hiding, donning stupid disguises.

Ty, who is all jumpy about signing Spunn, is also shocked to discover that Kandi is anything but blonde on an awkward meeting set up for the two by Allen, and leaves in a fit of rage, snapping at Allen that this time, it's about what he really wants.

Ty is determined to find the girl he met with the help of TJ but fails. Stephanie discovers that the song was Elle's and Sensation team up with Kandi to show Elle her place. On Kit's advice, Elle decides to give true love a shot, and with Kit's would-be boyfriend Andy (Shawn Caulin-Young)'s help, she reveals herself through the song she performed in the studio. Ty hears her sing, and Elle is viciously insulted by Sensation and Kandi for being an obsessive fan. Instead of supporting them, Ty walks out and comforts the heartbroken Elle and they start dating. He also convinces her that her talent would never hurt her, and the death of her parents had nothing to do with her. Allen also tells Elle that he admired her parents very much and the song that she accidentally over-recorded was "beautiful." He also said that Elle helped him remember that he wanted to make music then money, not the other way around.

All seems to be well and Ty convinces Elle to audition for Berklee again. They write a song "Fairytale" together, until Kandi returns for her claim on the single and emotionally tortures Ty to leave Elle or she would sue everyone related to him. Ty calls her a horrible person, but agrees to break up with Elle anyway to protect her.

Heartbroken, Elle misunderstands everything, which causes Kit and Andy to carry out an investigation where they hear the receptionist calling Kandi "Miss Smirkle." Although suspicious, Andy's courage fails, but Kit kisses him for support and he mans up immediately.

Pretending to have a pastry delivery for her by the studio, Andy goes to Kandi, buying Kit time to break into the room, where she is shocked to unearth the fact that Kandi is in fact Brenda Smirkle, an average girl who is using Kandi's identity to make money and is anything but British.

After getting immense proof on tape, Kit reveals Brenda's secret to Allen, who suggests that she leave before he reports her to the police for fraud and blackmail. He also dumps Sensation for their role in Brenda's plot, which Stephanie tries to protest until Kit reveals that Stephanie is bald which causes her and the girls to flee in horror about the secret. Ty rushes to make Elle's audition and arrives just as she is standing tongue-tied on the stage. He backs her up with a guitar and she blows the judges away by singing "Fairytale". She is immediately accepted to Berklee and forgives Ty after the performance. Both of them share a long-awaited, heart felt kiss, where Elle narrates that fairy tales do exist.

The film ends with colorful credits where "Happily Ever After" by Ashlee Hewitt plays in the background, indicating what happened to all the main characters. Elle graduated from Berklee, Ty's album went triple Platinum, Brenda (aka Kandi) went missing after pretending to be another different pop star, Stephanie is a wig model, Jamie and Becky work for Lady Gaga, and Kit and Andy were happily together with their own detective agency.

## Cast

## Reception

### Awards

In 2010, the film won the Audience Award for Best Family Film at the Newport Beach Film Festival.

## Release

The movie was released in France on Blu-ray disc, on October 5, 2011.

## InfoBox

| Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale | |
| --- | --- |
| *Promotional Poster* | |
| Directed by | Sean Dunson
John Dunson |
| Written by | Bo Ransdell
Ryan Dean
Thomas R. Martin |
| Based on | *Cinderella*
by Charles Perrault |
| Produced by | Carlucci Weyant |
| Starring |  |
| Distributed by | Frame Of Mind Entertainment |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Ellipsoptera cuprascens

abstract: Ellipsoptera cuprascens, the coppery tiger beetle, is a species of flashy tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Ellipsoptera cuprascens

***Ellipsoptera cuprascens***, the **coppery tiger beetle**, is a species of flashy tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Ellipsoptera cuprascens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cicindelidae |
| Genus: | *Ellipsoptera* |
| Species: | ***E. cuprascens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ellipsoptera cuprascens***<br>(LeConte, 1852) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cicindela cuprascens*  LeConte, 1852 | |


title: Ellipsoolithus

abstract: Ellipsoolithus is an oogenus of dinosaur egg. It contains only a single oospecies, E. khedaensis. The species was found in the Upper Sandy Carbonate Member of the Lameta Formation of India. These eggs were probably laid by a theropod dinosaur.

text:
# Ellipsoolithus

***Ellipsoolithus*** is an oogenus of dinosaur egg. It contains only a single oospecies, *E. khedaensis*. The species was found in the Upper Sandy Carbonate Member of the Lameta Formation of India. These eggs were probably laid by a theropod dinosaur.

### Bibliography

* D. M. Mohabey. 1998. Systematics of Indian Upper Cretaceous dinosaur and chelonian eggshells. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(2):348-362

## InfoBox

| *Ellipsoolithus*
Temporal range: Maastrichtian
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Egg fossil classification | |
| *Basic shell type*: | Ornithoid |
| *Morphotype*: | Ornithoid-ratite |
| Oofamily: | Elongatoolithidae |
| Oogenus: | *Ellipsoolithus*
Mohabey 1998 |
|


title: Quantilly

abstract: Quantilly is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

text:
# Quantilly

**Quantilly** (French pronunciation: \[kɑ̃tiji\]) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

An area of vineyards, forestry and farming comprising the village and two hamlets situated some 10 miles (16 km) north of Bourges, at the junction of the D16, D208 and the D59 roads. The grapes for Menetou-Salon wine are grown here.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 401 |  |
| 1975 | 352 | −1.84% |
| 1982 | 346 | −0.25% |
| 1990 | 456 | +3.51% |
| 1999 | 442 | −0.35% |
| 2007 | 435 | −0.20% |
| 2012 | 442 | +0.32% |
| 2017 | 470 | +1.24% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Sights

* The church of St Genou, dating from the eighteenth century.
* The nineteenth-century chateau of Champgrand.
* The eighteenth-century chateau of Quantilly.

## InfoBox

| Quantilly | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Quantilly | |
| QuantillyQuantilly | |
| Coordinates: 47°13′30″N 2°26′44″E / 47.225°N 2.4456°E / 47.225; 2.4456 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Cher |
| Arrondissement | Bourges |
| Canton | Saint-Martin-d'Auxigny |
| Intercommunality | Terres du Haut Berry |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Béatrice Damade |
| Area**1** | 12.69 km2 (4.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 481 |
| Density | 38/km2 (98/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 18189 /18110 |
| Elevation | 161–286 m (528–938 ft)
(avg. 225 m or 738 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Quantitative Biosciences Institute

abstract: The Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) was established in 2016 as an organized research unit (ORU) within the School of Pharmacy at the University of California-San Francisco. The current director of QBI is Nevan Krogan.

text:
# Quantitative Biosciences Institute

**The Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI)** was established in 2016 as an organized research unit (ORU) within the School of Pharmacy at the University of California-San Francisco. The current director of QBI is Nevan Krogan.

## History

In 1993, Irwin Kuntz, created an ORU within the School of Pharmacy, called the Molecular Design Institute (MDI). The Dean of the School of Pharmacy, B. Joseph Guglielmo with the support of the UCSF campus and the UC Office of the President transformed MDI into QBI.

Previously, QBI was a part of QB3, also known as QB3-UCSF. In March 2016, UCSF established QBI as a Organized Research Unit (ORU) within the School of Pharmacy.

## QBI Coronavirus Research Group

The institute formed the QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), a collaborative group of labs, aimed at finding solutions for COVID-19.


abstract: "From Toni with Love... The Video Collection is a greatest videos VHS/DVD compilation by American recording artist Toni Braxton, released by La Face Records on November 20, 2001. The collection contained all of Braxton's music videos from 1992 to 2001, including 2 alternate version videos, 4 remixes, and 2 Spanish videos. It also includes behind-the-scenes clips and two different video biographies of the singer.

text:
# From Toni with Love... The Video Collection

***"From Toni with Love... The Video Collection*** is a greatest videos VHS/DVD compilation by American recording artist Toni Braxton, released by La Face Records on November 20, 2001. The collection contained all of Braxton's music videos from 1992 to 2001, including 2 alternate version videos, 4 remixes, and 2 Spanish videos. It also includes behind-the-scenes clips and two different video biographies of the singer.

## Background and content

"From Toni with Love... The Video Collection" is the second greatest videos VHS/DVD compilation released by Toni Braxton, following her 1994 compilation, "The Hit Video Collection". The compilation contains Braxton's videos since her beginning in 1992, until the videos from "The Heat", in 2000. In addition to her 14 official videos, which also includes commentary from Braxton for each of the videos, the collection features 2 alternate version videos (the "unreleased" black and white version of "Another Sad Love Song" and the "European version of "Breathe Again"), 4 remixes ("How Many Ways", "You're Makin' Me High", "Un-Break My Heart" and "Spanish Guitar", 2 Spanish videos ("Breathe Again" and "Un-Break My Heart") and also the unreleased video of "Maybe". It also includes behind-the-scenes clips, live performances and two different video biographies of the singer.

## Reception

*Rotten Tomatoes* wrote that "'From Toni with Love' is so chock full of music videos, rare interviews, and previously unreleased remixes that it does seem like the singer is sending a love letter to her fans."

## Chart performance

"From Toni With Love... The Video Collection" was certified gold in Brazil, in 2009, for selling over 15,000 copies.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Love Shoulda Brought You Home" |  | Ralph Ziman | 4:27 |
| 2. | "Another Sad Love Song" | * Babyface * Simmons | * Antoine Fuqua * Ziman | 4:00 |
| 3. | "Breathe Again" | Babyface | Randee St. Nicholas | 4:29 |
| 4. | "Seven Whole Days" |  | Lionel C. Martin | 4:32 |
| 5. | "You Mean the World to Me" | * Babyface * Simmons * Reid | Martin | 4:00 |
| 6. | "How Many Ways" |  | Martin | 4:24 |
| 7. | "Let It Flow" | Babyface | Herb Ritts | 3:48 |
| 8. | "You're Makin' Me High" | * Babyface * Braxton * Wilson | Billie Woodruff | 3:54 |
| 9. | "Un-Break My Heart" | Diane Warren | Woodruff | 4:33 |
| 10. | "I Don't Want To" | R. Kelly | Woodruff | 4:18 |
| 11. | "How Could an Angel Break My Heart" | * Babyface * Braxton | Iain Softley | 4:18 |
| 12. | "He Wasn't Man Enough" |  | Woodruff | 4:39 |
| 13. | "Just Be a Man About It" |  | Woodruff | 4:48 |
| 14. | "Spanish Guitar" | Warren | Woodruff | 4:56 |

Extras - Special Features by Album (Toni Braxton)
| No. | Title | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Another Sad Love Song \[unreleased\]" | * Antoine Fuqua * Ralph Ziman | 4:05 |
| 2. | "Breathe Again \[European Version\]" | Randee St. Nicholas | 4:30 |
| 3. | "Breathe Again \[Spanish Version\]" | Nicholas | 4:30 |
| 4. | "How Many Ways \[Remix Video\]" | Lionel C. Martin | 4:03 |
| 5. | "Interview" |  | 3:48 |

Extras - Special Features by Album (Secrets)
| No. | Title | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "You're Makin' Me High \[Remix Video\]" | Video remix created by Back2Back | 3:40 |
| 2. | "Un-Break My Heart \[Remix Video\]" | Video remix created by Promo Only | 5:27 |
| 3. | "Un-Break My Heart \[Spanish Version\]" | Billie Woodruff | 4:30 |
| 4. | "Bio '97" |  | 5:02 |

Extras - Special Features by Album (Heat)
| No. | Title | Director(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Spanish Guitar \[Royal Garden's Flamenco Mix\]" | Video remix created by Back2Back | 4:41 |
| 2. | "Spanish Guitar \[Live in UK\]" |  | 5:01 |
| 3. | "He Wasn't Man Enough \[Live in UK\]" |  | 4:46 |
| 4. | "He Wasn't Man Enough \[The Making of the Video\]" |  | 7:00 |
| 5. | "Album Teaser" |  | 2:55 |
| 6. | "Bio 2000" |  | 6:00 |
| 7. | "The Heat \[TV Spot\]" |  | 0:30 |
| 8. | "Maybe \[The Unreleased Video\]" |  | 1:14 |

## InfoBox

| From Toni With Love... The Video Collection | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Video by Toni Braxton | |
| Released | November 20, 2001 |
| Recorded | 1992–2000 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 67 mins (only the music videos) |
| Label | La Face |
| Toni Braxton chronology | |
| *Toni Braxton: The Hit Video Collection*
(1994) ***From Toni With Love... The Video Collection***
(2001) | |


title: Tokio (album)

abstract: Tokio is the debut eponymous album by Japanese band Tokio. It was released on November 21, 1994. It reached eighth place on the Oricon weekly chart and charted for thirteen weeks.

text:
# Tokio (album)

***Tokio*** is the debut eponymous album by Japanese band Tokio. It was released on November 21, 1994. It reached eighth place on the Oricon weekly chart and charted for thirteen weeks.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arrangement | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Love You Only" | Tetsuo Kudō | Takashi Tsushimi | Tatsuya Nishiwaki | 3:56 |
| 2. | "Konna ni Aishiteru no Ni" (こんなに愛しているのに) | Tetsuo Kudō | Takashi Tsushimi | Ryōmei Shirai | 4:20 |
| 3. | "Koi no Curricula Machine" (恋のカリキュラマシーン) | Rolly Teranishi | Rolly Teranishi | Ryōmei Shirai | 4:10 |
| 4. | "Sherry Amour" (シェリー・アムール) | Sora Hibino | Hideki Aoki | Ryōmei Shirai | 4:38 |
| 5. | "Ashita no Kimi o Mamoritai (Yamato 2520) (Album Version)" (明日の君を守りたい) | Tetsuo Kudō | Takashi Tsushimi | Ryōmei Shirai | 5:31 |
| 6. | "Romanticist wa Kizutsukanai" (ロマンチストは傷つかない) | Kang Jin-hwa | Hideki Aoki | Ryōmei Shirai | 3:19 |
| 7. | "Sugao no Mama de I Love You" (素顔のままでアイ・ラヴ・ユー) | Tetsuo Kudō | Takashi Tsushimi | Tatsuya Nishiwaki | 3:53 |
| 8. | "Shijō Saidai no Crazy Love" (史上最大のクレイジー・ラヴ) | Kang Jin-hwa | Hideki Aoki | Ryōmei Shirai | 3:46 |
| 9. | "White X'mas Eve" | Tetsuo Kudō | Takashi Tsushimi | Tatsuya Nishiwaki | 6:15 |
| 10. | "Jidai (Tokio) o Yoroshiku!" (時代(TOKIO)をよろしく！) |  | Tatsuya Nishiwaki | Tatsuya Nishiwaki | 3:58 |

## InfoBox

| Tokio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tokio | |
| Released | November 21, 1994 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 44:02 |
| Label | Sony Music Records |
| Tokio chronology | |
| ***Tokio***
(1994) *Tokio Remix*
(1995) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Tokio* | |
| 1. "Love You Only"
Released: September 21, 1994 2. "Ashita no Kimi o Mamoritai (Yamato 2520)"
Released: December 12, 1994 | |
|  | |


title: Trilepisium

abstract: Trilepisium, the urnfigs or false-figs, is a small Afrotropical genus of plants in family Moraceae. They grow to medium-sized or large trees that occur in evergreen and semi-deciduous forests, flooded forests or forest patches and often along rivers and streams, and at elevations of up to 2,000 m and over.

text:
# Trilepisium

***Trilepisium***, the **urnfigs** or **false-figs**, is a small Afrotropical genus of plants in family Moraceae. They grow to medium-sized or large trees that occur in evergreen and semi-deciduous forests, flooded forests or forest patches and often along rivers and streams, and at elevations of up to 2,000 m and over.

## Description

The bole may be 60 cm wide, and is often fluted at the base. The smooth, grey bark is very lenticellate and exudes a cream-coloured latex when damaged. The yellowish to pinkish slash turns purple-red as it dries. They usually branch high up to form a small and loosely pyramidal crown with drooping twigs. Stipules of terminal buds eventually leave annular scars.

The glossy and very dark elliptic leaves have a prominent driptip, and measure up to 14 cm long. They are glossy below, and have two small lobes at the base.

The flowers appear in spring and are arranged in a whitish to mauve puff. The puff is about 1 cm in diameter, and consists of staminate male flowers and pistillate female flowers, without perianths, which obscure the view of the receptacle. The flowers protrude from the open apex of an urn-shaped receptacle which is about 1.5 cm long.

The fig-like fruit, embedded in the fleshy receptacles, are some 2 cm long. They are ellipsoidal in shape and hold a nutlet each. Ripe fruit have the appearance of blue plums.

## Species

The two species are distinguished on floral characteristics:

## Uses and species associations

The wood of *T. madagascariense* is suitable for furniture, and the sap yields a red dye. Its roasted seeds are eaten and it is sometimes cultivated. A methanol extract, fractions and isoliquiritigenin from *T. madagascariense* stem bark has been shown to possess antidiarrheal activities, and previously unknown trilepisflavan and trilepisuimic acid compounds were isolated from it in 2012.

*Trilepisium madagascariense* is a larval foodplant for the butterfly *Cyrestis camillus sublineata*. On the Seychelles the seeds are likely dispersed by frugivorous birds and fruit bats, but the pollinators are unknown.

## InfoBox

| Urnfigs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *T. madagascariense* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Tribe: | Dorstenieae |
| Genus: | *Trilepisium*<br>Thouars (1806) |
|
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bosqueia* Thouars ex Baill. (1863) * *Pontya* A.Chev. (1909) | |


title: Cleveron

abstract: Cleveron is an Estonian company which produces robotics-based parcel terminals for retail and logistics sectors. Cleveron headquarters are located in Viljandi, Estonia. Cleveron was established in 2007 when online furniture store ON24's logistics department grew to a logistics company. Initially, the company traded as SmartPOST. In 2010, the brand "SmartPOST" was acquired by Itella. Thereafter, the name Cleveron was used. Cleveron was named as the Company of the Year in Estonia in 2018. In 2014, Cleveron introduced the CleverBox. From 2018, the parcel locker is known as Cleveron 302. Most widely used by logistics companies like Itella SmartPost. In 2015, Cleveron introduced the robotics-based parcel pickup solution PackRobot. In 2018, the company changes all its product names, giving them a unified system. The PackRobot became Cleveron 401. This product is most known by the name The Pickup Tower, given by the US retailer Walmart, which was the first retail company to install it. In 2020 there are more than 1500 Pickup Towers in Walmart stores all over the USA. In 2017, Cleveron introduced the CleverFlex. At the time, CleverFlex was the world's largest extendable robotics-based parcel terminal. From 2018, the solution is known as Cleveron 402. Most notable users are Inditex (Zara), Falabella Retail, Decathlon. In 2018, Cleveron revealed the self-driving robot courier prototype Lotte. The aim of the car was to add a sustainable alternative to couriers and deliver parcels to the customer's personal parcel locker. The company claimed that the prototype would be ready for testing on the streets in the summer of 2020. In 2019, Cleveron introduced the world's first robotics-based grocery pickup solution Cleveron 501. The solution is used by the largest grocers in Estonia: Coop, Selver and Prisma. In 2020, Cleveron introduced a parcel handover solution specifically designed for small companies and businesses. The parcel locker could be bought one unit at a time, without needing installation or IT integrations. Companies which use Cleveron's products include Asda, Canadian Tire, Decathlon, Falabella, Inditex, Lojas Americanas and Walmart.

text:
# Cleveron

**Cleveron** is an Estonian company which produces robotics-based parcel terminals for retail and logistics sectors. Cleveron headquarters are located in Viljandi, Estonia.

Cleveron was established in 2007 when online furniture store ON24's logistics department grew to a logistics company. Initially, the company traded as SmartPOST. In 2010, the brand "SmartPOST" was acquired by Itella. Thereafter, the name Cleveron was used. Cleveron was named as the Company of the Year in Estonia in 2018.

In 2014, Cleveron introduced the CleverBox. From 2018, the parcel locker is known as Cleveron 302. Most widely used by logistics companies like Itella SmartPost.

In 2015, Cleveron introduced the robotics-based parcel pickup solution PackRobot. In 2018, the company changes all its product names, giving them a unified system. The PackRobot became Cleveron 401. This product is most known by the name The Pickup Tower, given by the US retailer Walmart, which was the first retail company to install it. In 2020 there are more than 1500 Pickup Towers in Walmart stores all over the USA.

In 2017, Cleveron introduced the CleverFlex. At the time, CleverFlex was the world's largest extendable robotics-based parcel terminal. From 2018, the solution is known as Cleveron 402. Most notable users are Inditex (Zara), Falabella Retail, Decathlon.

In 2018, Cleveron revealed the self-driving robot courier prototype Lotte. The aim of the car was to add a sustainable alternative to couriers and deliver parcels to the customer's personal parcel locker. The company claimed that the prototype would be ready for testing on the streets in the summer of 2020.

In 2019, Cleveron introduced the world's first robotics-based grocery pickup solution Cleveron 501. The solution is used by the largest grocers in Estonia: Coop, Selver and Prisma.

In 2020, Cleveron introduced a parcel handover solution specifically designed for small companies and businesses. The parcel locker could be bought one unit at a time, without needing installation or IT integrations.

Companies which use Cleveron's products include Asda, Canadian Tire, Decathlon, Falabella, Inditex, Lojas Americanas and Walmart.


title: Body image disturbance

abstract: Body image disturbance (BID) is a common symptom in patients with eating disorders and is characterized by an altered perception of one's own body. The onset is mainly attributed to patients with anorexia nervosa who persistently tend to subjectively discern themselves as average or overweight despite adequate, clinical grounds for a classification of being considerably or severely underweight. The symptom is an altered perception of one's body and a severe state of bodily dissatisfaction characterizing the body image disturbance. It is included among the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa in DSM-5. The disturbance is associated with significant bodily dissatisfaction and is a source of severe distress, often persisting even after seeking treatment for an eating disorder, and is regarded as difficult to treat. Thus, effective body image interventions could improve the prognosis of patients with ED, as experts have suggested. However, there is no hard evidence that current treatments for body image disturbance effectively reduce eating disorder symptoms. Furthermore, pharmacotherapy is ineffective in reducing body misperception and it has been used to focus on correlated psychopathology. However, to date, research and clinicians are developing new therapies such as virtual reality experiences, mirror exposure, or multisensory integration body techniques, which have shown some extent of efficacy.

text:
# Body image disturbance

**Body image disturbance** (**BID**) is a common symptom in patients with eating disorders and is characterized by an altered perception of one's own body.

The onset is mainly attributed to patients with anorexia nervosa who persistently tend to subjectively discern themselves as average or overweight despite adequate, clinical grounds for a classification of being considerably or severely underweight. The symptom is an altered perception of one's body and a severe state of bodily dissatisfaction characterizing the body image disturbance. It is included among the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa in DSM-5 (criterion C).

The disturbance is associated with significant bodily dissatisfaction and is a source of severe distress, often persisting even after seeking treatment for an eating disorder, and is regarded as difficult to treat. Thus, effective body image interventions could improve the prognosis of patients with ED, as experts have suggested. However, there is no hard evidence that current treatments for body image disturbance effectively reduce eating disorder symptoms. Furthermore, pharmacotherapy is ineffective in reducing body misperception and it has been used to focus on correlated psychopathology (e.g., mood or anxiety disorders). However, to date, research and clinicians are developing new therapies such as virtual reality experiences, mirror exposure, or multisensory integration body techniques, which have shown some extent of efficacy.

## History

The scientific study of bodily experiences began at the end of the 19th century. German physiologist Hermann Munk was the first to suggest the existence of a cortical representation of the body, supported by his vivisection experiments on the parietal cortex of dogs. A few years later, Carl Wernicke hypothesized a cortical map capable of collecting and processing sensory inputs from every point of the body. In 1905 Bonnier introduced the term *body schema*, defining it as the mental representation of the body necessary for the brain to perceive objects near, far, or within the body itself.

Bonnier also described three different partial body pattern alterations, *hyperschématie* (French; 'an overestimation of body size'), *hyposchématie* ('an underestimation of body size'), and *paraschématie* ('a displacement of body parts including internal organs'). Head and Holmes in 1911 expanded the concept of a body schema, introducing the concepts of *postural schema* and *surface schema*. They described a patient who could locate the stimuli applied to her body but could not locate her hand in space. They also defined the difference between schema and image. The *schema* defined as an unconscious representation necessary for movement and localization in space, and the "image" as a conscious body perception.

Therefore, in the history of medicine, distortions in the perception of one's body have mainly occurred in patients with neurological damage or with amputated limbs and a consequence of phantom limb syndrome. In the psychiatric field, the first systematic descriptions of bodily altered perception are already present in Schneider's classification of symptoms of schizophrenia in 1959. The German-American psychiatrist Hilde Bruch was the first physician to describe body image disturbance in eating disorders accurately.

## Characteristics

Hilde Bruch first identified and described body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. In her article "Perceptual and Conceptual Disturbances in Anorexia Nervosa" she wrote:

> What is pathognomic of anorexia is not the severity of the malnutrition per se—equally severe degrees are seen in other malnourished psychiatric patients—but rather the distortion of body image associated with it: the absence of concern about emaciation, even when advanced, and the vigor and stubbornness with which the often gruesome appearance is defended as normal and right, not too thin, and as the only possible security against the dreaded fate of becoming fat.
>
> Hilde Bruch, Perceptual and Conceptual Disturbances in Anorexia Nervosa, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1962

Body image disturbance is not specific to anorexia nervosa, as it is sometimes present in other eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Studies published in 2019 on *Cortex* have shown that it is possible to observe alterations in the perception of one's body in healthy subjects. A slightly altered perception of the body is a normal part of everyone's life and manifests itself more intensely in more vulnerable individuals (e.g., patients with eating disorders). Commonly, body image disturbance is confused with body dysmorphic disorder, an obsessive-compulsive disorder with which it shares some features.

Body image disturbance is a multifaceted construct including both perceptual and attitudinal issues. Some of the more common signs are:

* altered body size estimation and altered perception of the body and its shapes;
* mental images of one's body appearing distorted or overweight;
* frequently third-person mental view of one's body;
* negative body-related thoughts;
* frequent body-checking behaviors;
* frequent comparisons between one's own body and the bodies of others;
* emotions of anxiety, shame, and contempt for one's body.

Clinically speaking, a growing body of research suggests that body image disturbance plays a significant role in the onset, maintenance, and relapse of anorexia nervosa, as previously suggested by Bruch in 1962. However, despite increasing evidence, a review by Glashouwer in 2019 stated that the available empirical data are still insufficient and "provide no basis to answer the question whether body image disturbance is a (causal) risk factor for anorexia nervosa". As suggested by the author, this lack of evidence is partly related to terminology problems used in the body image field.

### In binge eating disorder

Body image disorder is a characteristic symptom of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In both of these disorders, an excessive focus on body shapes and sizes made the body image disturbance easier to identify, to describe, and study. Much less is known about the disorder in patients with binge eating disorder.

As early as 1993, Spitzer compared obese individuals with and without binge eating disorder (BED) and found that those with BED were more frequently concerned about body shape and weight. Additionally, binge eating disorder patients show more significant concerns about weight and body shape, more intense body dissatisfaction, and more frequent avoidance and body checking behaviors. On the other hand, few studies have investigated the altered body perception in patients with binge eating disorder and the results are conflicting. Some patients tend to overestimate their body shapes, in others, they do not. In some cases the perceptual disturbance manifests itself in a paradoxical way, with an underestimation of the real body shapes and sizes. This difference suggests different phenotypes in binge spectrum; hence, a perceptual disturbance can be considered an aggravation of the binge eating disorder, as claimed by Lewer and colleagues in 2017.

## Epidemiology

There are no reliable epidemiological data in the literature for body image disturbance.

There are numerous challenges with diagnosis, the most relevant of which is the unclear definition of body image disturbance within official diagnostic manuals such as the DSM and the ICD, which prevents its identification in the population. Further, there are challenges with diagnostic tools, both for recognition and screening. The altered perception of the body can only be measured through behavioral tasks delivered individually (See section below). It cannot be measured with questionnaires, or other tools typically used for broad-spectrum investigations.

As it is not always present in eating disorders, its prevalence is not comparable to that of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, and cannot be inferred from them. A negative body image may also be present in other psychiatric conditions such as PTSD, major depression, and body dysmorphic disorder. Taken together this data suggests the possible presence of perceptual disturbances in other pathological conditions not directly related to eating disorders. Therefore, the presence of a body image disturbance in other psychiatric diseases remains speculation, not yet supported by sufficient literature data, as suggested by Scheffers.

## Definition

### DSM-5

Different labels are used in research and clinical settings to describe body image disturbance, generating terminological confusion. Among the most used terms are *body image discrepancy*, *body image self-discrepancy*, *body image distortion*, *disturbed body image*, *disturbances in body estimations*, *body image disturbance*, and *negative body image*. Sometimes, the term *body dissatisfaction* is also used to refer to body image disturbance indiscriminately. Moreover, the DSM-5 defines this symptom vaguely: "a disturbance in the way one's body weight or shape is experienced". The lack of a clear definition is problematic from both a clinical and basic research point of view.

### Multidimensional

Despite the terminological problems, during the early 2000s numerous scholars agree that body image disturbance is a multidimensional symptom of various components associated with body image. Body image is a concept formed by the interaction of four body-related components: cognitive, affective, behavioral, and perceptual.

* Cognitive: thoughts and beliefs about one's body and its shape; a conscious mental representation of the body
* Affective: feelings and attitudes related to the body (e.g. bodily satisfaction/dissatisfaction).
* Behavioral: the actions that people perform to check on, modify, or hide their body parts.
* Perceptual: how the mind senses and perceives the body; it includes proprioceptive, interoceptive, tactile, and visual self-perception.

In people with body image disturbance all of these components are altered at the same time.

In 2021, Artoni *et al* proposed a clearer definition of body image disturbance as part of a study in *Eating and Weight Disorders*. The authors suggested using the term *bodily dissatisfaction* when there are alterations in either the affective, cognitive, or behavioral components of body image and strictly reserving the term *body image disturbance* only when all four components are altered, including perception. In short, they define body image disturbance as the presence of an altered perception of the shape and weight of one's body, which aggravates body dissatisfaction. The term is consistent with the DSM-5 description "a disturbance in the way weight and body shapes are experienced" and it is therefore "preferable to others".

## Components

### Cognitive

Patients with body image disturbance exhibit an alteration in how the body's image is stored in their memory—the conscious representation of their bodies. This representation is from a third-person, perspective, more precisely an allocentric representation of the body. This representation is evoked in self-image tasks, such as comparing one's body with others or drawing one's body shapes. However, patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa frequently perceive their body as larger than it is in reality.

Patients with anorexia nervosa have negative thoughts about their body, such as "I'm too fat," "I'm ugly," and other negative body-related thoughts. In some cases, however, the ideal internalized body is indicative of unhealthy thinness (e.g., a body without female shapes or one that communicates suffering). An unhealthy body shape could be a critical maintenance factor, generating more attention from family members, reducing the requests and expectations of others, and minimizing sexual attractiveness (especially in patients with sexual trauma).

### Affective

Affective components of body image are the feelings and emotions experienced towards one's body. Body dissatisfaction is frequently present in those with body image disturbance, sometimes related to anxiety and shame when the body is exposed or gazed at in a mirror. In some cases, anger and feelings of aggression towards one's body are reported. Fear is associated with thoughts of getting fat.

Congruent with the self-objectification theory, people with body image disturbance frequently experience the body only as an object to be modified rather than as a subject to take care of.

### Behavioral

The behavioral component of body image disturbance includes different body-checking behaviors such as repeatedly weighing during the day, spending significant time in front of the mirror or avoiding it, frequently taking selfies, checking parts of the body with hands (e.g. measuring the circumference of the wrists, arms, thighs, belly or hips). Other behaviors include avoiding situations in which the body is exposed (for example, when swimming), and wearing very loose and covering clothes. More generally, avoidance of bodily sensations, particularly the interoceptive ones, is reported.

### Perceptual

In body image disturbance, several perceptual domains are altered. Visual perception is the most studied, but research has found misperceptions in other sensory domains such as haptic, tactile, and affective-touch. Also, the body schema is overextended. Some research suggested that this is related to a general enlarged mental representation of body size. A 2017 study published in a companion journal to *Nature* highlighted how perceptual disturbance is present in those recovered from anorexia nervosa even without affective-cognitive body concerns. Finally, interoception, the sense of the current state of the body, is problematic in those with eating disorders.

## Onset

The age of onset for body image disturbance is often early adolescence, the age in which one's comparison to their peers becomes more significant and leads to a greater sensitivity towards criticism of, or teasing about, one's physical appearance. Furthermore, puberty leads to rapid changes in body size and shape that need to be integrated into one's body image. For this reason, adolescence is considered a critical age, with a greater vulnerability to internalizing ideals of thinness, which may ultimately lead to the development of body dissatisfaction, body image disturbance, or eating disorders. In a 2019 review, Sattler and colleagues analyzed eight on-topic studies. The authors found that most adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa already had body-checking behaviors, negative body-related emotions and feelings, low body satisfaction, and an altered estimate of their body size compared to healthy controls. Unfortunately, exactly how one passes from initial dissatisfaction with one's body to actual perceptual disorder is still unknown despite its clinical importance. The etiopathogenesis is still unknown and the subject of hypotheses in the clinical and neuroscientific fields.

## Relationship to other concepts

### Body dissatisfaction

Body dissatisfaction and body image disturbance are closely related. Personal, interpersonal, cultural, social, and ethnic variables largely influence bodily dissatisfaction, influencing the emergence of painful feelings towards one's body. In addition, social pressure is considered a risk factor for body dissatisfaction. For example, the frequent presence on media of thin female bodies determines, especially in young girls, a daily comparison between their bodies and models and actresses favoring bodily dissatisfaction; comparing an "ideal" and "real" body feed an intense dissatisfaction with one's body and increases the feeling of shame, disgust, and anxiety towards the one's body and appearance.

Dissatisfaction with one's body involves only three of the four components of the body image. Those with bodily dissatisfaction can have negative thoughts about one's body (e.g., "I'm ugly" or "I'm too short"). In addition, they may have behaviors related to bodily dissatisfaction (e.g., going on a diet or resorting to cosmetic surgery) . They may also have negative feelings of dissatisfaction with their body and be ashamed of showing it in public. However, all these aspects are not enough to define it as a body image disturbance. In fact, there is no perceptual alteration of one's body. Thus, "body image disturbance" cannot be used interchangeably with "body dissatisfaction", but they are closely related.

### Body dysmorphic disorder

Body image disturbance in anorexia and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are similar psychiatric conditions that both involve an altered perception of the body or parts of it but are not the same disorder. Body image disturbance is a symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN) and is present as criterion C in the DSM-5, and alters the perception of weight and shapes of the whole body. Patients with anorexia nervosa believe that they are overweight, perceive their body as being "fat" and misperceive their body's shape. Body dysmorphic disorder, meanwhile, is an obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by disproportionate concern for minimal or absent individual bodily flaws, which cause personal distress and social impairment—patients with body dysmorphic disorder are concerned about physical details, mainly the face, skin, and nose. Thus, both anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder manifest significant disturbances in body image but are different and highly comorbid. For example, Grant *et al* reported that 39% of AN patients in their sample had a comorbid diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder, with concerns unrelated to weight. Cerea *et al* reported that 26% of their AN sample had a probable BDD diagnosis with non-weight-related body concerns.

While a 2019 review by Phillipou *et al* in *Psychiatry Research* suggested that the two disorders could be taken together as "body image disturbances", plural, more in-depth studies are needed to confirm this new classification hypothesis.

#### Similarities

Previous studies found that both BDD and eating disorder groups were similar in body dissatisfaction, body checking, body concerns, and levels of perfectionism. Furthermore, both BDD and AN patients report higher intensities of negative emotions, lower intensities of positive emotions, lower self-esteem, and anxiety symptoms. Moreover, research find severe concerns about one's appearance, leading to a continuous confrontation with others' bodies in both diseases. In addition, body image disturbances and body dysmorphic disorder generally onset during adolescence. Finally, alterations in visual processes seems to be present in both disorders, with greater attention to detail, but with greater difficulty in perceiving stimuli holistically. Indeed, neurophysiology and neuroimaging research suggests similarities between BDD and AN patients in terms of abnormalities in visuospatial processing.

#### Differences

Despite many similarities, the two disorders also have significant differences. The first is gender distribution. Body image disturbance is much more present in females, unlike BDD, which has a much less unbalanced incidence. Furthermore, those with dysmorphophobia tend to have more significant inhibitions and avoidance of social activities than those with anorexia nervosa. Differences are self-evident when considering the focus of physical concerns and misperception in AN and BDD. BDD patients report concerns and misperception in specific body areas (mainly face, skin, and hair). In patients with AN, the altered perception could involve the arms, shoulders, thighs, abdomen, hips, and breasts, and concerns are about overall body shape and weight; thus leading to an alteration of the entire explicit (body image) and implicit (body schema) mental representation of the body. Furthermore, in anorexia nervosa, not only is visual perception of one's body altered, but both tactile and interoceptive perception are as well.

## Diagnosis

Body image disturbance is not yet clearly defined by official disease classifications. However, it appears in the DSM-5 under criterion C for anorexia nervosa and is vaguely described as "a disturbance in the way weight and body shapes are experienced". As a result, diagnosis is usually based on reported signs and symptoms; there are still no biological markers for body image disturbance. Numerous psychometric instruments to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of one's body image are used in clinical and research settings, helping in assessing the body image's attitudinal components. Recently, research developed other instruments to measure the perceptive component.

### Attitudinal assessment tools

* The Eating Disorder Inventory 3 (EDI-3) represents an improvement of the earlier versions of the EDI, a self-report questionnaire widely used both in research and clinical settings. It consists of 91 questions, and items are rated on a six-point Likert scale (always, usually, sometimes, rarely, never), with higher scores representing more severe symptoms. Precisely, the BD subscale of EDI-3 measures bodily dissatisfaction.
* The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT) is a self-administered questionnaire. It explores several areas in clinical and non-clinical populations: weight phobia, body image-related avoidance behavior, compulsive self-monitoring, detachment and estrangement feelings toward one's own body. Besides, explore specific worries about particular body parts, shapes, or functions. Higher scores indicate significant body uneasiness.
* The Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire investigates different areas related to body image disturbance. For example, it evaluates the parts of the body an individual finds most problematic, the psychological effects of their worries about their body, and effects on their social life and eating behavior.
* The Body Shape Questionnaire is a 34-item self-assessment questionnaire designed to measure the degree of dissatisfaction with the weight and shape of one's body. It includes questions about the fear of weight gain and about whether one has the urge or desire to lose weight.
* The Body Checking Questionnaire measures the frequency of body control behaviors, such as measuring specific body areas, using mirrors to check or avoid body shape, wearing loose-fitting, covering clothing, or checking for bony prominence with one's hands. Higher scores indicate a higher frequency of body checking behaviors.

### Perceptual assessment tools

* BID-CA (Test for Body Image Distortion in Children and Adolescents): Patients with a 180 cm rope simulate the circumference of the different parts of the body, including the hips, thighs, shoulder width and other parts of the body considered phobic. This estimate is compared to the actual patient size. The procedure is validated for children and adolescents but can also be used in adults.
* Visual Size Estimation Task (VSE): patients are placed standing in front of a wall at a distance of about one meter. They place two stickers on the wall that reflect the perceived dimensions of different body parts, such as the width of the shoulders, hips, or waistline. These values are then taken and compared with those measured directly on the patient.
* Tactile Estimation Task (TET): a standard gauge is used for measurement. During the measurement, patients estimate the distance between the two points of the gauge while it is placed on different parts of the body. Several measurements are made and the gauge is oriented in different directions (for example, at the height of the hips, it is placed both horizontally and vertically)
* 3D Morphing: Numerous 3D modeling computer programs allow directly modifying a human body model by increasing or decreasing its size. Patients modify the 3D avatar so that it represents their body image as closely as possible. The model values are then compared with the actual measurements of the patients.

## Multi-sensory perception

The perception of one's body is a multi-sensory process that integrates information deriving from different sensory cortices, including the visual, proprioceptive, tactile, interoceptive, and auditory-vestibular areas. All of these areas are involved in the perception of one's body. An important component is the premotor cortex (PMC) and the intraparietal sulcus. These two areas are active during illusory hand perception tasks in both hemispheres.

The somatosensory areas are also involved, in particular the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). An important area is the extrastriate body area located rostrocaudally in the occipital lobe and is specific to human bodies perception. Two other areas of considerable importance in the perception of the body are the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. The insular cortex is fundamental in the direct perception and integration of bodily signals from different cortical areas and, despite being an area historically delegated to the sole function of perceiving the state of internal organs as proposed by Sherrington in 1911, research advances demonstrate the central role of the insula in several domains, including the recognition that one's body belongs to us. Namely the "body ownership".

## Brain imaging

fMRI studies examining brain responses in anorexia nervosa patients to paradigms that include body image tasks have found altered activation across different brain areas, including the prefrontal cortex, precuneus, parietal cortex, insula, amygdala, ventral striatum, extrastriate body area, and fusiform gyrus. However, as Janet Treasure commented, "the research \[in the field\] is fragmented, and the mechanism of how these areas map onto the functional networks described above needs further study ... the mechanism by which the extremes of body distortion are driven and \[their\] circuitry is not known yet."

## Prevention

The Body Project is an eating disorder prevention program within a dissonant-cognitive framework. The program provides a forum for high school girls and college-age women to confront unrealistic-looking ideals and develop a healthy body image and self-esteem. It has been repeatedly shown to effectively reduce body dissatisfaction, negative mood, unhealthy diet, and disordered eating.

## Treatments

### Of cognition, affect, and behavior

Historically, research and clinicians have mainly focused on body image disturbance's cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Consequently, treatments generally target symptoms such as body checking, dysfunctional beliefs, feelings, and emotions relating to the body. One of the best-known psychotherapies in the field is CBT-E. CBT-E is a cognitive-behavioral therapy that has been enhanced with particular strategies to address the psychopathology of eating disorders. These include reducing negative thoughts and worries about body weight and shape, reducing clinical perfectionism, and body-checking behavior. In 2020 a review has shown that CBT-E effectively reduces core symptoms in eating disorders, including concerns about the body. Despite this, the results of CBT-E are no better than other forms of treatment. A therapy of choice for eating disorders in adults has not yet been identified.

Additionally, two other noteworthy body image treatments are Thomas F. Cash's "Body Image Workbook" and BodyWise. The former is an 8-step group treatment within a classic cognitive-behavioral framework. The latter is a psychoeducational-based treatment improved with cognitive remediation techniques to promote awareness of body image difficulties and to reduce cognitive inflexibility and body dissatisfaction.

### Of perception

Compared to the classic cognitive-behavioral therapeutic paradigms, since the early 2000s, new treatments for body image disturbance have been developed focusing on the disorder's perceptual component. Mirror Exposure is a new cognitive-behavioral technique that aims to reduce experiential avoidance, reduce bodily dissatisfaction, and improve one's misperception of one's body. During the exposure therapy, patients are invited to observe themselves in front of a large full-length mirror. There are different types of mirror exposure: guided exposure; unguided exposure; exposure with mindfulness exercises; and cognitive dissonance-based mirror exposure. To date, few studies have investigated the effects of mirror exposure in patients with body image disturbance. In the *International Journal of Eating Disorders*, Key *et al* (2002) conducted a non-randomized trial in a clinical sample and compared a body image group therapy with or without mirror exposure. They found a significant improvement in body dissatisfaction only in the mirror exposure therapy group. Despite the positive evidence, in 2018, a review in *Clinical Psychology Review* suggests that Mirror Exposure has a low-to-medium effect in reducing body image disturbance and further studies are needed to improve it.

Another treatment for body image disturbance is Virtual Reality (VR) Body Swapping. VR-Body Swapping is a technique that allows generating a body illusion during a virtual reality experience. Specifically, after building a virtual avatar using 3D modeling software, it is possible to generate the illusion that the avatar's body is one's own body. The avatar is a 3D human body model that simulates the actual size of the patient and can be modified directly. Some studies have found that applying this technique to those with anorexia nervosa reduces their misperception of their bodies but provides, at the moment, only a short-term effect.

However, other treatments have also been developed to integrate tactile, proprioceptive, and interoceptive perception into one's overall body perception. Hoop Training is a short-term 8-week intervention (10 minutes per session) designed to become aware of and reduce body misperception. During the exercise, several flexible circles of different sizes are placed in front of the patient. First, the patients indicate which of the different circles best fits the circumference of their hips. Once indicated, patients are invited to enter the circle and, raising it, underestimating whether their estimate was accurate or not. The exercise takes place until the patient identifies the correct circumference for her hips. The circle chosen initially can be compared with the one that can coincide with the actual size of the patient. Hoop Training is meant to work on the components cognitive, affective, and perceptive of body image disturbance and the first efficacy data were published in 2019.

Another perceptive treatment is the Body Perception Treatment (BPT) whose first efficacy data were published in 2021. BPT is a specific group intervention for body image disturbance focused on tactile, proprioceptive, and interoceptive self-perceptions during a body-focused experience. During the exercise, patients lie down on their backs in the supine position with closed eyes. Then the therapist guide patients to selectively focus attention on the different body parts in contact with the floor. In order: feet, calves, thighs, back, shoulders, hands, arms, head and the body in its entirety. In addition, patients are invited to pay attention to skin temperature, heart beat and flow of breath. The treatment is consistent with the hypothesized role of interoception in developing body image disturbance by Badoud and Tsakiris in 2017.

Both Hoop Training and Body Perception Treatment showed effective results in pilot studies and were designed to work within a multisensory integration framework. However, they complement, not replace, current standard therapies for eating disorders. However, both are also novelty treatments, and the results have not been replicated in independent studies. Thus, their actual effectiveness will have to be confirmed/disconfirmed by future research. As of the end of 2021 they have not yet been replicated.

## InfoBox

| Body image disturbance | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, psychology |
| Symptoms | Altered body self-perception, body uneasiness, body dissatisfaction, body-checking behavior |
| Complications | Eating disorders |
| Usual onset | Early adolescence |
| Risk factors | Body dissatisfaction, childhood neglect, childhood abuse |
| Diagnostic method | EDI-3, body uneasiness test, clinical diagnosis, Visual Size Estimation Task, 3D Morphing |
| Differential diagnosis | Body dysmorphic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| Prevention | Positive body image, good self-esteem, healthy eating behaviors |
| Treatment | Psychotherapy Psychiatric rehabilitation |