title: South African Class B 0-6-4T

abstract: The South African Railways Class B 0-6-4T of 1893 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal. Between 1893 and 1898, 175 Class B 0-6-4 tank engines were placed in service by the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. In 1899, twenty more were ordered, of which only two were delivered by the time the Imperial Military Railways took over all railway operations in the two Boer Republics during the Second Boer War. The other eighteen locomotives in this order were intercepted by the Imperial Military Railways, who diverted two of them to Lourenço Marques. At the end of the war, the survivors of these locomotives were taken onto the roster of the Central South African Railways, renumbered and designated Class B, while the two in Mozambique were taken onto the roster of the Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique. In 1912, when the remaining locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered again, but retained their Class B designation.

text:
# South African Class B 0-6-4T

The **South African Railways Class B 0-6-4T** of 1893 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

Between 1893 and 1898, 175 Class B 0-6-4 tank engines were placed in service by the *Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij* in the *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek*.

In 1899, twenty more were ordered, of which only two were delivered by the time the Imperial Military Railways took over all railway operations in the two Boer Republics during the Second Boer War. The other eighteen locomotives in this order were intercepted by the Imperial Military Railways, who diverted two of them to Lourenço Marques.

At the end of the war, the survivors of these locomotives were taken onto the roster of the Central South African Railways, renumbered and designated Class B, while the two in Mozambique were taken onto the roster of the *Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique*. In 1912, when the remaining locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered again, but retained their Class B designation.

## Forerunners

In 1891, the *Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij* (NZASM, often shortened to ZASM) of the *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek* (ZAR) placed an order with Emil Kessler's firm, the *Maschinenfabrik Esslingen* in Germany, for twenty 40 Tonner 0-6-2 tank steam locomotives. While these locomotives were satisfactory in service, the trailing wheels initially proved troublesome owing to insufficient sideways freedom of movement when traversing sharp curves.

## Manufacturers

To overcome this problem, the next order from the same manufacturer was for 0-6-4T locomotives which were practically identical to the 40 Tonners in their main dimensions, but with a four-wheeled trailing bogie. Because of the resultant increase in weight, these locomotives became known as the 46 Tonners.

The first twenty of these engines were delivered between 1893 and 1894 and numbered in the range from 61 to 80. They were followed by another 155 locomotives from the same manufacturer between 1894 and 1898, delivered in nine more batches and numbered in the range from 81 to 235.

In 1899, a further order for another twenty 46 Tonners was placed with the *Nederlandse Fabriek van Werktuigen en Spoorwegmaterieel* (Werkspoor) in the Netherlands. They were to have been numbered in the range from 236 to 255, following on the last of the Esslingen locomotives, but since delivery only commenced just before the outbreak of the Second Boer War, only numbers 236 and 237 actually entered service on the NZASM.

The remainder were intercepted by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) who took over the operation of the *Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment-Spoorwegen* (OVGS) and the NZASM on behalf of the invading British forces as possession was obtained of their railway lines. Sixteen of these engines were landed and erected at East London. The IMR diverted the other two to the *Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique* (CFM) in Lourenço Marques.

## Characteristics

Like their predecessor 40 Tonners, the 46 Tonners had Heusinger valve gear, outside plate frames and used saturated steam. The original design of the 46 Tonner called for a straight-backed coal bunker, but the last sixteen Esslingen-built and the twenty Werkspoor-built locomotives had bunkers that sloped outwards towards the top at the back, which increased the coal capacity by 20%. Their water tanks were also enlarged to a 10% larger capacity.

In service, difficulty was experienced with the trailing bogie wheels fouling the firebox and the heads of stays and rivets. This was partially overcome by fitting stops to the engine frame, but this restriction of the sideways movement of the bogie wheels resulted in derailments in tight curves such as on diverging points. The engines performed well at relatively low speeds, but were prone to serious lateral oscillations at higher speeds. Cases of derailment on straight track at speed demonstrated the limitations of a design where there was no leading carrying wheel to stabilise the engine and considerable overhang of the cylinders.

## Service

### NZASM

In NZASM service, all the Esslingen-built 46 Tonners were given names as well as engine numbers. The names are listed in Table 1.

The 46 Tonners became the standard mainline locomotives of the NZASM and were used on all kinds of traffic between Pretoria in the ZAR and Lourenço Marques in Mozambique. Since they did not have a leading bogie, they were found to be rough-riding and it became the practice to run them bunker forward whenever possible. The trailing bogie had a steadying effect on the locomotive when leading and the crew was not shaken up as much.

On 10 October 1895, on ZAR President Paul Kruger's birthday, 46 Tonner no. 104 *Van Rensburg* hauled the NZASM train to the last bolt ceremony at Heidelberg, Transvaal, where the Transvaal and Natal mainlines were linked up.

### Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway

One of the locomotives, no. 64 *Prinsloo*, was leased or sold to the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR) c. 1897. It retained both the NZASM number and name on the PPR.

### *Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique*

Between 1897 and 1898, some of the NZASM 46 Tonner locomotives were sold to the CFM. The CFM eventually had at least thirty 46 Tonners in service. The two locomotives which were delivered after the outbreak of the war and which were diverted to Lourenço Marques upon arrival, IMR numbers 249 and 250, were also taken onto the CFM roster at the end of the war. Between 1907 and 1920, during the Central South African Railways (CSAR) and South African Railways (SAR) eras, six more 46 Tonners were sold to the CFM.

### Imperial Military Railways

All the NZASM 46 Tonners, as well as sixteen of the eighteen locomotives which were not delivered to the NZASM as a result of the outbreak of the war, were taken onto the roster of the IMR when it took over all railway operations in the ZAR during the war. It would appear that the locomotives were not renumbered in IMR service.

### Central South African Railways

Hostilities ceased on 1 June 1902. On 1 July 1902, when the IMR was transferred to civilian control, the survivors of the NZASM 46 Tonners were taken onto the CSAR roster. They were designated Class B and renumbered by the CSAR, but records of the renumbering details are scant. The available information on NZASM-to-CSAR renumbering only covers those locomotives which the CSAR had sold to the CFM between 1907 and 1910, as shown in Table 1 and included in Table 2.

Several alterations were made to the locomotives by the IMR and CSAR. The original crank webs had solid crank-pin collars. New crank webs were fitted, which enabled solid bushed connecting and coupling rods to be fitted in place of the original split brass type. The original unbalanced slide valves were replaced with balanced slide valves.

The builders, works numbers, names, original engine numbers and known renumbering onto the rosters of the CFM, CSAR and SAR are listed in the table. The known CFM engine numbers are in the range from 20 to 49, but since the CFM locomotives were probably allocated CFM numbers in the order in which they were acquired, most of the actual CFM engine numbers are not known with the exception of NZASM no. 229 *Simon Turver* which definitely became CFM no. 26.

### South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

As a result of locomotive sales by the NZASM to the CFM before the war, wartime attrition and more sales by the CSAR to the CFM after the war, only 55 of the original 175 46 Tonner locomotives remained to be taken onto the SAR roster by 1910. They retained their Class B designation and their planned SAR number range was to be from 1 to 55. From the several gaps in the actual number sequence, it would appear that eleven of these locomotives were withdrawn or disposed of between 1910 and 1912. As a result, by the time the actual renumbering took place in 1912, only 44 of the locomotives remained to be taken onto the SAR roster.

In SAR service, the Class B was used as shunting engines in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, and towards the end of their service lives also in the Western Cape. The last 46 Tonner was withdrawn from SAR service and scrapped during 1919, but several had earlier been sold to gold mining companies.

### Industrial

Several Class B locomotives were sold to mines and other industries by the CFM, CSAR and SAR when they began to be withdrawn from government railways service. Some remained in industrial service well into the twentieth century. At least one, identified as ex NZASM no. 195 *Evensen*, later CFM no. 27, was purchased by the Randfontein Estates Gold Mine (REGM). Another saw service with Dunn's Locomotive Works in Witbank.

## Preservation

Four of the 46 Tonner locomotives are known to have survived.

* Esslingen-built SAR no. 19, NZASM no. 216 *Beelaerts van Blockland*, is at the James Hall Museum at Wemmer Pan in Johannesburg, restored as Consolidated Main Reef Mines & Estates no. 4.
* Esslingen-built SAR no. 41, NZASM no. 197 *Kracht*, is on display at the Outeniqua Transport Museum in George, restored incorrectly as NZASM no. 61 *Roos* and bearing the name *President Kruger*, which was the name carried by 40 Tonner no. 42 in the NZASM days.
* Esslingen-built SAR no. 44, NZASM no. 230 *Jan Wintervogel*, was donated by ESKOM to the SAR for preservation in 1971 and was steamed occasionally in the Spoornet era for steam enthusiasts' specials, filming and other activities.
* Werkspoor-built SAR no. 47, unnamed NZASM no. 236, was plinthed on the concourse at Pretoria station, restored incorrectly as NZASM no. 242.

## Illustration

1. Holland, D.F. (1971). *Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways*. Vol. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. pp. 113–119, 126. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
2. *SA Steam Overseas*, Compiled by John Middleton, SA Rail July–August 1987, p. 105
3. Middleton, John N. (1989). *South African Railways Locomotive Allocations – 1989* (4th, 1989 ed.). Auckland Park, South Africa: Railway Preservation Group. p. 20. ISBN 0-620-13670-7
4. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). *The Locomotive in South Africa – A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV – The N.Z.A.S.M.* (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, November 1944. pp. 844–845, 848.
5. Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). *Locomotives of the South African Railways* (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 10–11, 27–28. ISBN 0869772112.
6. The South African Railways – Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, pp. 17, 21, 25.
7. CFM locomotive list, compiled by Reimar Holzinger
8. Middleton, John N. (2002). *Railways of Southern Africa Locomotive Guide - 2002 (as amended by Combined Amendment List 4, January 2009)* (2nd, Dec 2002 ed.). Herts, England: Beyer-Garratt Publications. p. 15.
9. Holland, D. F. (1972). *Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways*. Vol. 2: 1910-1955 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, England: David & Charles. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7153-5427-8.
10. Central South African Railways (1907). *CSAR Rolling Stock Register*. Roster of CSAR Class B numbers 27 to 198 as from November 1907.
11. Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, pp. 7, 13, 18–19 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)

## InfoBox

| NZASM 46 Tonner 0-6-4T
IMR 46 Tonner 0-6-4T
CSAR Class B 0-6-4T
South African Class B 0-6-4T | |
| --- | --- |
| NZASM 46 Tonner no. 230 *Jan Wintervogel* at Witbank, Transvaal, April 1993 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Maschinenfabrik Esslingen  Builder 175 by Esslingen
20 by Werkspoor  Serial number **Esslingen:** 2598–2617, 2624–2633, 2656–2665, 2703–2712, 2714–2733, 2745–2789, 2824–2843, 2854–2873, 2877–2886, 2941–2950
**Werkspoor:** 1–10, 29–38  Model NZASM 46 Tonner  Build date 1893–1899  Total produced 195 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 0-6-4T  UIC C2'n2t  Driver 2nd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Coupled dia. 51+316 in (1,300 mm)  Trailing dia. 31+78 in (810 mm)  Wheelbase 19 ft 8+732 in (6,000 mm)   Axle spacing
(Asymmetrical) **1–2:** 5 ft 2+316 in (1,580 mm)
**2–3:** 4 ft 11+2732 in (1,520 mm)  Coupled 10 ft 2+132 in (3,100 mm)  Trailing 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 34 ft 8 in (10,566 mm)  Height 12 ft 4+12 in (3,772 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load 10 LT 12 cwt (10,770 kg)   Coupled 10 LT 12 cwt (10,770 kg)  Trailing 13 LT 19 cwt 1 qtr (14,190 kg)  Adhesive weight 31 LT 16 cwt (32,310 kg)  Loco weight 45 LT 12 cwt (46,330 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 4 LT (4.1 t)  Water cap. 1,503 imp gal (6,830 L)  Firebox:   Type Round-top  Grate area 15.6 sq ft (1.45 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 5 ft 9+12 in (1,765 mm)  Diameter 3 ft 10+58 in (1,184 mm)  Tube plates 12 ft 8+34 in (3,880 mm)  Small tubes **144:** 1+2532 in (45 mm)  Boiler pressure 160 psi (1,103 kPa)  Heating surface:   Firebox 91.2 sq ft (8.47 m2)  Tubes 845 sq ft (78.5 m2)  Total surface 936.2 sq ft (86.98 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 16+1516 in (430 mm) bore
24+1316 in (630 mm) stroke  Valve gear Heusinger  Valve type Slide  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 16,580 lbf (73.8 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators NZASM
Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway
CFM
Imperial Military Railways
Central South African Railways
South African Railways  Class NZASM 46 Tonner
CSAR & SAR Class B  Number in class NZASM 177, IMR 195, SAR 28  Numbers **NZASM:** 61–237
**CFM:** 20–49
**IMR:** 61–255
**CSAR:** 27-202
**SAR:** 1–2, 4–6, 8, 10–16, 18–22, 24–30, 33–43, 45–48, 50, 52, 54–55  Delivered 1893–1899  First run 1893  Withdrawn 1919 | |


title: South African Class C2 4-6-4T

abstract: The South African Railways Class C2 4-6-4T of 1896 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal. Between 1879 and 1885, the Natal Government Railways placed 37 4-6-0 tank steam locomotives in service, which were later designated Class G. In 1896, one of them was rebuilt to the first known 4-6-4T Baltic type locomotive, later designated Class H. In 1912, when this rebuilt engine was assimilated into the South African Railways, it was renumbered and became its only Class C2 locomotive.

text:
# South African Class C2 4-6-4T

The **South African Railways Class C2 4-6-4T** of 1896 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal.

Between 1879 and 1885, the Natal Government Railways placed 37 4-6-0 tank steam locomotives in service, which were later designated Class G. In 1896, one of them was rebuilt to the first known 4-6-4T Baltic type locomotive, later designated Class H. In 1912, when this rebuilt engine was assimilated into the South African Railways, it was renumbered and became its only Class C2 locomotive.

## Manufacturers

The Natal Government Railways (NGR) Class G 4-6-0 tank locomotives, sometimes known as the K&S Class after their builders, Kitson and Stephenson, were delivered between 1879 and 1884. They had plate frames and used Stephenson valve gear.

## Rebuilding

On 1 July 1896, George William Reid succeeded William Milne as Locomotive Superintendent of the NGR. Later in that year, he rebuilt one of the Stephenson-built batch of locomotives of 1882, no. 21, to a 4-6-4T wheel arrangement. In the process, the frame had to be extended to accommodate the trailing bogie and the coal bunker could be enlarged.

The locomotive was rebuilt for use in shuttle service on the South Coast line where, at the time, no turntable or triangle was available at the terminus. The modification was done to enable the locomotive to run equally well chimney or bunker forward.

As rebuilt, the locomotive was still equipped with both Salter and Ramsbottom safety valves. Contemporary photographs show that the Salter safety valves were later removed.

This locomotive was the first known in the world to have a 4-6-4 Baltic type wheel arrangement. Photographs show the rebuilt locomotive bearing NGR no. 1. The NGR later renumbered it to no. 39, but it remained known as a K&S type in NGR service until a classification system was introduced at some stage between 1904 and 1908, when it was designated Class H.

The rebuilding resulted in a heavier locomotive, with its weight increased from 29 long tons 2 hundredweight (29,567 kilograms) to 33 long tons 2 hundredweight (33,631 kilograms). It had an 8 feet 11 inches (2,718 millimetres) longer wheelbase and was 5 feet 4+12 inches (1,638 millimetres) longer over the couplers. A larger coal bunker increased its fuel carrying capacity from 1 long ton (1.0 tonne) to 2 long tons (2.0 tonnes), while larger water tanks increased its capacity from 700 to 1,130 imperial gallons (3,180 to 5,140 litres). The operating pressure of its boiler was reduced from 175 to 145 pounds per square inch (1,207 to 1,000 kilopascals).

## South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, NGR and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

In 1912, this locomotive became the sole Class C2 engine on the South African Railways and was renumbered 86.

## Service

The Class C2 remained in use on branch line work on the South Coast line and was later relegated to shunting work. It was withdrawn from service in 1931.

## Illustration

## InfoBox

| NGR Class H 4-6-4T
South African Class C2 4-6-4T | |
| --- | --- |
| NGR Class H 4-6-4T no. 39 arriving at Port Shepstone with the afternoon train from Durban, c. 1905 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Kitson and Company  Builder Robert Stephenson and Company
Natal Government Railways  Serial number 2487  Model NGR Class H  Build date 1896  Total produced 1 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-6-4T (Baltic)  UIC 2'C2'n2t  Driver 2nd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Leading dia. 25+34 in (654 mm)  Coupled dia. 39 in (991 mm)  Trailing dia. 25+34 in (654 mm)  Wheelbase 25 ft 7+14 in (7,804 mm)   Axle spacing
(Asymmetrical) **1-2:** 3 ft 7+12 in (1,105 mm)
**2-3:** 4 ft 1+12 in (1,257 mm)  Leading 5 ft (1,524 mm)  Coupled 7 ft 9 in (2,362 mm)  Trailing 5 ft (1,524 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 31 ft 5+14 in (9,582 mm)  Height 11 ft 7+12 in (3,543 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load 7 LT 18 cwt (8,027 kg)   Leading 5 LT 10 cwt (5,588 kg)  1st coupled 7 LT (7,112 kg)  2nd coupled 7 LT 18 cwt (8,027 kg)  3rd coupled 7 LT 4 cwt (7,316 kg)  Trailing 5 LT 10 cwt (5,588 kg)  Adhesive weight 22 LT 2 cwt (22,450 kg)  Loco weight 33 LT 2 cwt (33,630 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 2 LT (2.0 t)  Water cap. 1,130 imp gal (5,140 L)  Firebox:   Type Round-top  Grate area 11 sq ft (1.0 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 5 ft 7 in (1,702 mm)  Diameter 3 ft 2+78 in (987 mm)  Tube plates 10 ft 3+12 in (3,137 mm)  Small tubes **130:** 1+34 in (44 mm)  Boiler pressure 145 psi (1,000 kPa)  Safety valve Ramsbottom  Heating surface:   Firebox 58 sq ft (5.4 m2)  Tubes 611 sq ft (56.8 m2)  Total surface 669 sq ft (62.2 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 14 in (356 mm) bore
21 in (533 mm) stroke  Valve gear Stephenson  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 11,480 lbf (51.1 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators Natal Government Railways
South African Railways  Class NGR Class H, SAR Class C2  Number in class 1  Numbers NGR 21, renumbered 39
SAR 86  Delivered 1896  First run 1896  Withdrawn 1931 | |


title: South African Class E38

abstract: The Amcoal Class E38 of 1993 is a South African industrial electric locomotive. In 1993 Amcoal, now Anglo Coal, a wholly owned subsidiary of Anglo American, placed three Class E38 electric locomotives in service at its Kromdraai Colliery near Witbank, Mpumalanga.

text:
# South African Class E38

The **Amcoal Class E38** of 1993 is a South African industrial electric locomotive.

In 1993 Amcoal, now Anglo Coal, a wholly owned subsidiary of Anglo American, placed three Class E38 electric locomotives in service at its Kromdraai Colliery near Witbank, Mpumalanga.

## Manufacturer

The 3 kV DC Class E38 electric locomotive is an electric-only version of the Class 38-000 electro-diesel locomotive which was designed for Spoornet by a consortium under the leadership of Siemens. In 1992, three of these locomotives were built for Amcoal by Union Carriage & Wagon (UCW) in Nigel, Transvaal.

The locomotives were delivered in 1993 and numbered E38-001 to E38-003. UCW did not allocate builder's numbers to the locomotives it built for Anglo Coal, but used the Amcoal unit numbers for their record keeping.

## Spoornet’s Class 38-000

Prior to the production of the Class E38 for Amcoal Mines, UCW also built fifty Class 38-000 locomotives for Spoornet. The Class 38-000 is a dual mode electro-diesel locomotive, identical in exterior appearance and dimensions to the Class E38 but designed for 3 kV DC electric as well as diesel-electric operation and equipped with a 780 kW (1,050 hp) Caterpillar DITA 3508 diesel prime mover.

## Service

The three Class E38s now serve at the Landau Colliery near Witbank.

Media related to South African Class E38 at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| South African Class E38 | |
| --- | --- |
| 38-003 at Sentrarand in September 2009 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Electric  Designer Consortium led by Siemens  Builder Union Carriage & Wagon  Model Consortium Class E38  Build date 1992  Total produced 3 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   AAR B-B  Commonwealth Bo-Bo  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Wheel diameter 1,054 mm (41+12 in)  Wheelbase 11,700 mm (38 ft 4+58 in)   Bogie 2,600 mm (8 ft 6+38 in)  Pivot centres 9,100 mm (29 ft 10+14 in)  Length:
   Over couplers 16,314 mm (53 ft 6+14 in)  Width 2,780 mm (9 ft 1+12 in)  Height:
   Pantograph 4,130 mm (13 ft 6+58 in)  Electric system/s 3 kV DC catenary  Current pickup(s) Pantograph  Traction motors Four AC 6 pole ABB/6FRA5252   Continuous 378 kW (507 hp)  Loco brake Knorr-Bremse air brake
Spring applied, air release parking  Train brakes Knorr-Bremse W450/150-3 compressor  Couplers AAR knuckle | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph)  Power output:
   Continuous 1,500 kW (2,000 hp) continuous  Tractive effort:
   Starting 260 kN (58,000 lbf) @ 35% adhesion  Continuous 180 kN (40,000 lbf) @ 30 km/h (19 mph)  Factor of adh.:
   Starting 35%  Continuous 25% | |
| Career  Operators Amcoal
Anglo Coal  Class Class E38  Number in class 3  Numbers E38-001 to E38-003  Delivered 1993  First run 1993 | |


title: South African Trades Union Congress

abstract: The South African Trades Union Congress (TUC) was a national trade union federation in South Africa. The council was established in 1924, as the South African Association of Employees' Organisations. It was founded at a special congress, held after the collapse of the South African Industrial Federation, which was called by the Minister of Labour, Frederic Creswell. All the affiliated unions were registered under the Industrial Conciliation Act 1924 and represented white workers. The federation was expected to be very moderate, but unexpectedly elected the leading communist Bill Andrews as its general secretary. As president, it elected Jimmy Briggs, a Labour Party Senator. The unexpected radicalism of the federation led some long-established unions not to affiliate, while the Mine Workers' Union and South African Typographical Union soon resigned their membership. They were replaced by small industrial unions, many open to all workers. The federation also began working closely with the South African Federation of Non-European Trade Unions. In 1930, the federation merged with the Cape Federation of Labour Unions, forming the South African Trades and Labour Council.

text:
# South African Trades Union Congress

The **South African Trades Union Congress** (TUC) was a national trade union federation in South Africa.

The council was established in 1924, as the **South African Association of Employees' Organisations**. It was founded at a special congress, held after the collapse of the South African Industrial Federation, which was called by the Minister of Labour, Frederic Creswell. All the affiliated unions were registered under the Industrial Conciliation Act 1924 and represented white workers. The federation was expected to be very moderate, but unexpectedly elected the leading communist Bill Andrews as its general secretary. As president, it elected Jimmy Briggs, a Labour Party Senator.

The unexpected radicalism of the federation led some long-established unions not to affiliate, while the Mine Workers' Union and South African Typographical Union soon resigned their membership. They were replaced by small industrial unions, many open to all workers. The federation also began working closely with the South African Federation of Non-European Trade Unions. In 1930, the federation merged with the Cape Federation of Labour Unions, forming the South African Trades and Labour Council.

## Affiliates

The federation's founding affiliates were:

| Union | Abbreviation | Founded | Membership (1926) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Affiliated Plasterers' Trade Union of South Africa |  | 1896 | 193 |
| Amalgamated Building Trade Union of South Africa | ABTU |  | 510 |
| Amalgamated Engineering Union | AEU | 1893 | 2,800 |
| Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers | ASW | 1881 | 2,600 |
| Baking Employees' Association |  |  | 330 |
| Building Workers' Industrial Union | BWIU | 1916 | 2,000 |
| Johannesburg Tramwaymen's Union |  |  | 700 |
| Mineral Water Employees' Union |  |  |  |
| Mine Workers' Union | MWU | 1902 | 2,500 |
| Natal Mine Workers' Union |  | 1916 | 300 |
| National Vehicle Builders' Union |  |  | 250 |
| South African Association of Municipal Employees | SAAME | 1919 | 2,700 |
| South African Boilermakers' Society | SABS | 1916 | 800 |
| South African Co-ordinated Employees' Association |  |  |  |
| South African Engine Drivers' and Firemen's Association | SAED&FA | 1894 | 1,230 |
| South African Reduction Workers' Association | SARWA |  | 920 |
| South African Shop Assistants', Warehousemen's, Clerks' and Hairdressers' Association |  |  | 870 |
| South African Society of Bank Officials | SASBO | 1916 | 3,800 |
| South African Typographical Union | AATU | 1898 | 3,700 |
| Witwatersrand Tailors' Association |  | 1909 | 1,000 |
| Women Workers' General Union |  | 1925 | *N/A* |


title: South African Trades and Labour Council

abstract: The South African Trades and Labour Council (SAT&LC) was a national trade union federation in South Africa.

text:
# South African Trades and Labour Council

The **South African Trades and Labour Council** (SAT&LC) was a national trade union federation in South Africa.

## History

The federation was founded in 1930, when the South African Trades Union Council merged with the Cape Federation of Labour Unions. The federation was broadly split between the craft unions and mining unions, which generally only admitted white workers and took conservative positions; and a growing number of industrial unions, which admitted white, Asian and "coloured" members, and often worked closely with unions representing black workers.

In 1944, the federation adopted the Workers' Charter, which aimed to bring about a socialist government. In 1947, some unions of white workers resigned in opposition to the SAT&LC admitting black workers, and they formed the pro-apartheid Co-ordinating Council of South African Trade Unions. A further group of right-wing craft unions left in 1951 to form the South African Federation of Trade Unions.

In 1950, the Government of South Africa introduced the Suppression of Communism Act, which made it extremely difficult to maintain unions open to both black and white workers. The SAT&LC became increasingly divided, with some unions supporting the liberation of black workers, reform of the federation's discriminatory constitution, and the formation of local committees to organise all workers. Other unions, principally those craft unions already restricted to white workers, opposed these ideas. In 1954, they walked out of the federation's congress, and founded the new Trade Union Council of South Africa (TUCSA), which did not accept black workers.

Nineteen SAT&LC affiliates refused to join the TUCSA, and instead former a Trade Union Co-ordinating Committee. In 1955, this merged with the Council of Non-European Trade Unions, to form the South African Congress of Trade Unions.

## Affiliates

The following unions were affiliated in 1947:

| Union | Abbreviation | Founded | Membership (1947) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| African Cement Workers' Union |  |  | 147 |
| African Commercial and Distributive Workers' Union |  |  | 375 |
| African Sweet Workers' Union |  | 1937 | 325 |
| Agricultural Workers' Federation |  |  | 1,057 |
| Amalgamated Bricklayers' Trade Union of South Africa |  |  | 1,225 |
| Amalgamated Engineering Union | AEU | 1893 | 7,608 |
| Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers | ASW | 1881 | 3,793 |
| Brewery Employees' Union |  | 1929 | 225 |
| Building Workers' Industrial Union | BWIU | 1916 | 7,334 |
| Cape Explosive Industrial Workers' Union |  | 1927 | 225 |
| Cape Furniture Workers' Union |  |  | 1,250 |
| Cape Meat Trade Employees' Union |  |  | 199 |
| Cape Mineral Water Workers' Union |  |  | 138 |
| Cape Plywood Workers' Industrial Union |  |  | 135 |
| Cape Saw Mill Workers' Union |  |  | 150 |
| Cape Town Gas Workers' Union |  |  | 60 |
| Cape Town Lift Operators' Union |  |  | 11 |
| Cape Western District Bespoke Tailors' Union |  |  | 300 |
| Chemical and Allied Workers' Union |  |  | 259 |
| Chemical Workers' Union |  | 1943 | 180 |
| Concession Stores and Allied Trades Assistants' Union |  | 1926 | 668 |
| Durban Indian Municipal Employees' Society | DIMES | 1936 | 1,801 |
| Durban Municipal Transport Employees' Union |  | 1926 | 500 |
| East London and Border Furniture Workers' Union |  |  | 145 |
| East London Transport Workers' Union |  |  | 84 |
| Explosive and Fertiliser Workers' Union |  |  | 750 |
| Food and Canning Workers' Union | FCWU | 1941 | 2,025 |
| Food, Canning and Allied Workers' Union |  |  | 540 |
| Furniture Workers' Industrial Union (Natal) |  | 1930 | 807 |
| Furniture Workers' Industrial Union (Transvaal) | FWIU | 1925 | 1,610 |
| Garment Workers' Industrial Union | GWIU | 1934 | 2,180 |
| Garment Workers' Union | GWUSA | 1909 | 11,870 |
| General Building Workers' Union |  |  | 135 |
| Glass Workers' Union | GWU | 1943 | 359 |
| Glass Manufacturing Workers' Union |  |  | 56 |
| Hotel, Bar and Catering Trade Employees' Union | HB&CTEA |  | 1,050 |
| Iron Moulders' Society of South Africa | IMS | 1896 | 1,182 |
| Jewellers' and Goldsmiths' Society | J&G | 1939 | 180 |
| Johannesburg Municipal Transport Workers' Union | JMTWU | 1935 | 1,750 |
| Match Workers' Union |  | 1944 | 93 |
| Match Workers' Industrial Union |  |  | 150 |
| Mineral Water Workers' Union |  | 1944 | 75 |
| Motor Industry Employees' Union | MIEU | 1939 | 4,753 |
| Natal Liquor and Catering Trade Employees' Union | NL&CTEU | 1928 | 875 |
| Natal Sugar Industry Employees' Union |  | 1938 | 887 |
| National Baking Industrial Union |  | 1927 | 354 |
| National Union of Laundering, Cleaning and Dyeing Workers | NULCDW | 1940 | 575 |
| National Union of Commercial Travellers |  | 1937 | 1,274 |
| National Union of Distributive Workers | NUDW | 1936 | 7,420 |
| Oil and Petrol Employees' Union |  |  | 944 |
| Operative Plasterers' Trade Union of South Africa |  |  | 248 |
| Optical Workers' Union |  |  | 59 |
| Picture Framing Workers' Industrial Union |  |  | 9 |
| Port Elizabeth Non-European Municipal Workers' Union |  |  | 193 |
| Port Elizabeth Tram and Bus Workers' Union |  | 1930 | 329 |
| Pretoria Liquor and Catering Trade Employees' Union |  | 1925 | 160 |
| Pretoria Municipal Tram and Bus Workers' Union |  | 1942 | 329 |
| Pretoria Retail Meat Trade Employees' Union |  |  | 92 |
| Public Service and Provincial Council Workers' Union |  |  | 796 |
| Rope and Mat Workers' Industrial Union |  | 1937 | 177 |
| Shoe and Leather Repairer Workers' Union (Cape) |  |  | 97 |
| Shoe and Leather Repairer Workers' Union (Port Elizabeth) |  |  | 27 |
| South African Association of Municipal Employees | SAAME | 1919 | 7,519 |
| South African Boilermakers' Society | SABS | 1916 | 2,501 |
| South African Canvas and Rope Workers' Union | SAC&RWU | 1926 | 180 |
| South African Canvas and Rope Workers' Union (Cape) |  |  | 35 |
| South African Electrical Workers' Association | SAEWA | 1939 | 3,784 |
| South African Engine Drivers' and Firemen's Association | SAED&FA | 1894 | 2,616 |
| South African Hairdressers' Employees' Industrial Union | SAHEIU | 1944 | 1,788 |
| South African Iron and Steel Trades Association | ISTA | 1936 | 1,788 |
| South African Mine Workers' Union | MWU | 1902 | 17,500 |
| South African Reduction Workers' Association | SARWA | 1924 | 2,500 |
| South African Society of Bank Officials | SASBO | 1916 | 5,300 |
| South African Tin Workers' Union | SATWU | 1939 | 1,843 |
| South African Typographical Union | SATU | 1898 | 7,088 |
| Sweet Workers' Union | SWU | 1926 | 1,843 |
| Tailoring Workers' Industrial Union |  | 1934 | 725 |
| Tea, Coffee and Chicory Industry Employees' Union |  | 1943 | 94 |
| Tea, Coffee and Chicory Industry Employees' Union (Cape) |  |  | 67 |
| Textile Workers' Industrial Union | TWIU | 1935 | 1,625 |
| Timber Workers' Union |  |  | 75 |
| Tin Workers' Union |  |  | 263 |
| Tobacco Workers' Union |  | 1928 | 1,005 |
| Tramway and Omnibus Workers' Union | TOWU |  | 933 |
| Transvaal Explosives and Chemical Workers' Union |  | 1925 | 480 |
| Transvaal Leather and Allied Trades Industrial Union | TL&ATIU | 1928 | 1,651 |
| Transvaal Retail Meat Trade Employees' Union |  | 1938 | 410 |
| Trawler and Line Fishermen's Union |  |  | 175 |
| Twine and Bag Workers' Union |  | 1942 | 113 |
| Umbogintwini Industrial Workers' Union |  |  | 72 |
| Wholesale Meat Factory and Cold Storage Workers' Industrial Union |  |  | 58 |
| Witwatersrand Banking Employees' Association |  | 1934 | 420 |
| Witwatersrand Liquor and Catering Trade Employees' Union | Wit Liquor | 1926 | 370 |
| Witwatersrand Taxi Drivers' Union |  | 1941 | 97 |
| Witwatersrand Tea Room, Restaurant and Catering Trade Employees' Union |  | 1930 | 994 |

## General Secretaries

1930: William H. Andrews 1932: Alexander Gordon Forsyth 1937: Willie de Vries 1948: Alexander Gordon Forsyth 1951: Harry Boyder and Dulcie Hartwell 1953: Dulcie Hartwell  1. Kiloh, Margaret; Sibeko, Archie (2000). *A Fighting Union*. Randburg: Ravan Press. p. xxxii. ISBN 0869755277.
2. Lewis, Jon (1984). *Industrialisation and Trade Union Organization in South Africa, 1924-1955*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521263123.
3. "South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU)". *South African History Online*. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
4. Lichtenstein, Alex (March 2004). "'The Hope for White and Black'? Race, Labour and the State in South Africa and the United States, 1924-1956". *Journal of Southern African Studies*. **30** (1).
5. Miller, Shirley (1982). *Trade Unions in South Africa 1970-1980: a directory and statistics*. Cape Town: Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. ISBN 0799204692.
6. Simons, Harold; Simons, Ray (1987). *One Hundred Years of Job Reservation on the South African Mines*. International Labour Office. ISBN 9789221061588.
7. Alexander, Peter (2000). *Workers, War & the Origins of Apartheid*. J. Currey. ISBN 9780852557655.


title: South African Traditional Music Awards

abstract: The South African Traditional Music Awards are an annual award ceremony. SATMA Awards are about celebrating music made in the style of the people and various language groups of South Africa. Founded by Dumisani Goba, The awards aim to "eliminate tribalism and other divisive measures"; the official slogan is "My Culture, Your Culture, One Nation". The National Heritage Council were fundraisers and overseers for the SATMAs from 2008-2010; this role was then taken over by the SATMA Awards Foundation.

text:
# South African Traditional Music Awards

The **South African Traditional Music Awards** (SATMA Awards) are an annual award ceremony. SATMA Awards are about celebrating music made in the style of the people and various language groups of South Africa. Founded by Dumisani Goba, The awards aim to "eliminate tribalism and other divisive measures"; the official slogan is "My Culture, Your Culture, One Nation".

The National Heritage Council were fundraisers and overseers for the SATMAs from 2008-2010; this role was then taken over by the SATMA Awards Foundation.

## SATMA Awards 2014 Day One Categories

| Category | Nominee | Work nominated | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Best Isicathamiya album | Kholwa Brothers | Asenze Umehluko | Nominated |
| | Ntokozo Brothers | Mama wami | Nominated |
| | Ladysmith Black Mambazo | Abafana Bezamanani Musani ukumkhuluma | Nominated |
| | Beautiful Stars | Waduma Ngo Gogo | Nominated |
| | New Try singers | khetha ukuthula | Won |
| | High Stars | Sizinsizwa Thina | Nominated |
| Best Video Song | Mlethwa Majola | Nomi’yiphi | Won |
| | Thabisa | The journey | Nominated |
| | Phoka Moloi | phoka hlabeng tsa buthabuthe vol3 | Nominated |
| | Jessica Mbangeni | Africa Trubute to Nelson Rholihlahla Mandela | Nominated |
| Best peot | Ravhalusani Ratshitanga | Tata Mandela Senzokhaya Umhayi Zibondwe Zayekwa Maboys Buya | Nominated |
| | Ndumiso Maphumulo | Ze Ningondle | Won |
| | David Leshomo | Poko Le molodi wa setswana | Nominated |
| | Amatshatangubo | Kwathulumoya | Nominated |
| | Vendaboy Poet | Rrrrrrrrrr | Nominated |
| Best Newcomer artist | Dinatla Tsa | Ngwao Tsa koma | Nominated |
| | Thembeka Wittes | Ezamilingacambu | Nominated |
| | Ke itumetse |  | Nominated |
| | Ezika-bhaka | Thayi lemoto | Nominated |
| | Matlapineng | O bo bone botshelo | Nominated |
| | Makhongela | Xi French | Nominated |
| | Maaparankwe | E gatile bogole kae? | Nominated |
| | Dr Bone | Lindelani | Nominated |
| | Zola Soul | Thando Lokwenene | Nominated |
| | HA Makhubele | Mukonwana vol1 | Nominated |
| | Brain Bomber | Tsalelani | Nominated |
| | Moipone(Nomtiti wa boraro) | Ke Ntidiate | Nominated |
| | Uqhoshangokwenzakwakhe | Apoint 2 prove | Won |
| | Madanono | Ubudukluduklu | Nominated |
| Best Traditional Dance group | Tolodi ya dikgaga cultural group |  | Nominated |
| | Serantlhatlha arts Ensemble |  | Won |
| | Thagamoso cultural group |  | Nominated |
| | Serube Sa Ngwao |  | Nominated |
| | Sananapo trad dance group |  | Nominated |
| | Indlondlo Zulu Dancers |  | Nominated |
| | Zamani Zulu Dance Group |  | Nominated |
| | Totoba |  | Nominated |
| | Amaviyo |  | Nominated |
| | Ubuhle Bamangwane |  | Nominated |
| Best African Jazz Album | Freddy Moroamoche | Mohlake | Nominated |
| | De Makhotla | Maftown blies | Nominated |
| | Morayks | Lesotho | Won |
| | Movi M Movi M |  | Nominated |
| | Quincy K | Remembrance | Nominated |
| | Lindiwe Maxolo | Time | Nominated |
| | Lucky Vincent | Dikgaga tsa magaga | Nominated |
| | Prince Nyadzwela | The Project | Nominated |
| | Selqelo Selota | The Promise | Nominated |
| Best Praise Singer | Wise and Sbo | Ivangeli | Won |
| | Sijadu Ndimlo |  | Nominated |
| | Dithaga | tsa ga mme halenyane Moulu wa pitse | Nominated |
| | Vendaboy poet | Rrrrrrrr | Nominated |
| | Jessica Mbangeni | Igoli | Nominated |
| Best Vernecular Hip Hop Album | Proheed | Vengo | Nominated |
| | Sisco Tee | Itjhoba lama tjhoba | Nominated |
| | Team virus | Motswako univarsity | Nominated |
| | Zuluboy | Crisis Management | Nominated |
| | Siyabulela | Isxaka mlomo | Nominated |
| | Dr Bone | Lindelani | Won |
| | Dee Q B4E | Bolatse | Nominated |
| | Staggie G | Motswakolista | Nominated |
| Best Mbaqanga Album | Sandile Khwela | Insimbi | Won |
| | Mthokozisi Kumalo | Uqo | Nominated |
| | Abakezeli | Umshando | Nominated |
| Best Afro Soul Album | Luanga Choba | Launga who? | Nominated |
| | Funi Ndi | Tshifhinga | Nominated |
| | Musa | The Dream | Won |
| | Swazi Dlamini | Soul of Me | Nominated |
| | Naima Kay | Umsebenzi | Nominated |
| | Nokwazi | Ilambu | Nominated |
| | Zahara | Phendula | Nominated |
| | Ntando | Monday to Sunday | Nominated |
| | T Girl | Ingoma Kamkhulu | Nominated |
| Best Raggae Album | Unathi Njamela | Nyuva dem | Nominated |
| | Humbulani Ramagwedzha | Ndikhodiphina ndina inwi | Nominated |
| | Jah soldiers | Nndededze | Nominated |
| | One people Band | In memory of lucky Dube | Nominated |
| | Lumodi Woman | Woman President | Won |
| Best Female Album | Buselaphi Gijima | Ntuthwane | Nominated |
| | Mmaphuti Le Maserole | Theletsa Melodi | Nominated |
| | Luanga Choba | Luanga who? | Nominated |
| | No jefrey | Sithasami | Nominated |
| | Naima Kay | Umsebenzi | Nominated |
| | Zahara | Phendula | Nominated |
| | Mmaausi | Siile Sebatana | Nominated |
| | Jessica Mbangeni | Igoli | Won |
| | Salphina Kadiaka | Success | Nominated |
| | Sunglen Chabalala | Mbyana ya flora | Nominated |
| | Moipone(Nomtiti wa boraro) | Ke Ntidiate | Nominated |
| | Botlhale Boikanyo | Spoken words & music | Nominated |
| Best Male Album | Imfeze’Emnyama | Palesa | Won |
| | Lungelo Yilana | Ocijimpi | Nominated |
| | Usonkingana Namawelana |  | Nominated |
| | Ikoloy’amasotja |  | Nominated |
| | Amatshatangubo | Kwathula’moya | Nominated |
| | Ithwasa langempela Ithwasa langempela |  | Nominated |
| | Percy Mfana | Mbyana ya makhelwana | Nominated |
| | Mr Post | Hambanyisa tilo na misava | Nominated |
| | Abafana bakamgqumeni | I breakdown | Nominated |
| | Maqhinga Radebe | Ifacebook | Nominated |

## SATMA Awards 2014 Day Two Categories

* Best Xitsonga Album - Joe Shirimani – Ka Tika
* Best Tshivenda Album - Tycoon 4 Sho – Vhutshilo
* Best Indian Album -Flash Entertainers – Flash 45
* Best SiSwati Album - Zandi N – Hlala Ngent’fombi
* Best IsiNdebele Album -Amatshatangubo – Kwathula’moya
* Best SePedi Album - Julia Aphane – Serurubele/Butterfly
* Best Cultural Talk Show - Melumzi Xego – Forte FM
* Best SeSotho Album - Motho oa maloro mabe fanini No2 – Motho Oa Maloro Mabe Fanini
* Best Boeremusiek Album - Willie Jooster – Treklavier Treffers
* Best IsiXhosa Album - Jessica MbangeniIgoli
* Best San Album - Paulus – Mapondo
* Best SeTswana Album -Serantlhatlha Arts Ensemble – Serope Mperekele
* Best Maskandi Album - Amageza Amahle – Isisu Somkhwenyana
* Most Downloaded Song - Ezika-bhaka – Thayi Lemoto
* Best Music Radio Program - Umhlobo Wenene – Lavutha Ibhayi
* Song of the Year -
* Best Traditional DJ - Saba Mbixane
* Best Radio Station - Umhlobo wenene
* Founders Awards -

## Ceremonies

| # | Date | Multiple wins | Host(s) | Venue | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2006 |  |  | Durban ICC Arena |  |
|| |
| 2 | 2007 |  |  | | |
| 3 | 2008 | Mtshengiseni Gcwensa (3 awards) || |
| 4 | 2009 |  |  |
| 9 | 2014 |  | Zolisa Xaluva | University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape |  |
| 15 | 2021 | Qwabe Twins (3 awards) | Tsholofelo Maseko Mduduzi Ntuli | Mbombela Stadium, Mpumalanga |  |
| 16 | 2022 | Nombika Black Boyz (2 awards) |  | |  |

## Categories

### Current categories

* Best Male Artist/Group
* Best Female Artist/Group
* Best Afro Soul Song
* Best African Jazz Song
* Best Reggae Album
* Best Traditional Praise Singer
* Best Indigenous Poet
* Best Upcoming Artist/Group
* Best Traditional Accapella Music Song
* Best Traditional Music Community Radio Presenter
* Best Department of Art & Culture
* Best Department Cultural Affairs Chief Director
* Best Traditional Producer
* Best Traditional House Music Song
* Best SePedi Artist/Group
* Best TshiVenda Artist/Group
* Best Xitsonga Artist/Group
* Best Ndebele Artist/Group
* Best IsiXhosa Artist/Group
* Best SeTswana Artist/Group
* Best Siswati Artist/Group
* Best Indian Artist/Group
* Best Sesotho Artist/Group
* Best Boeremusiek Artist/Group
* Best Maskandi Artist/Group(Traditional/Digital)
* Best Traditional Collaboration Song
* Best Traditional Music Artist/Group of the year

## InfoBox

| South African Traditional Music Awards | |
| --- | --- |
| *Current: 15th SATMA* | |
| Sponsored by | SABC |
| Date | 2006 |
| Country | South Africa |
| Related | South African Music Awards |


title: Elaphria fuscimacula

abstract: Elaphria fuscimacula is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Elaphria fuscimacula is 9675.

text:
# Elaphria fuscimacula

***Elaphria fuscimacula*** is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Elaphria fuscimacula* is 9675.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Elaphria fuscimacula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Elaphria* |
| Species: | ***E. fuscimacula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphria fuscimacula***<br>(Grote, 1881) | |
|


title: Teachings from the Electronic Brain

abstract: Teachings from the Electronic Brain is a compilation of songs from throughout the career of British band The Future Sound of London, and was released in 2006. The diversity of their wide range of work is even more apparent on a compilation such as this.

text:
# Teachings from the Electronic Brain

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
| Remixmag | very favourable |

***Teachings from the Electronic Brain*** is a compilation of songs from throughout the career of British band The Future Sound of London, and was released in 2006. The diversity of their wide range of work is even more apparent on a compilation such as this.

## Album

The album also includes two songs they recorded under the name Amorphous Androgynous. Despite favourable reviews in the press, the album has been unpopular with fans, who have criticised its track list as being lazy, drawing largely from Dead Cities, and with tracks simply fading in and out rather than being properly mixed.

However, in an interview with *"Barcodezine"* (who found it favourable) Cobain states:

> *...well in our mind we tried to make it a nice balance of light and dark, feminine/masculine – all these qualities. There’s quite a few different sides to FSOL, there is the very, very abstract, what we term the more male, machine music. We tried to not go too extreme into that but keep it melodic, experimental, involving, yes the hits, but in maybe edited or slightly remixed form – there’s an edit of the Liz Fraser (Cocteau Twins) single on there. But actually, from our point of view, what we consider to be the most long-standing tracks, and try to get the balance right, which I think we’ve done quite well.*

## Track listing

1. "Papua New Guinea" (12" version) – 4:59
2. "Max" – 2:55
3. "Everyone in the World Is Doing Something Without Me" – 2:00
4. "My Kingdom" – 5:39
5. "Smokin' Japanese Babe" – 5:14
6. "Antique Toy" – 4:15
7. "Lifeforms" (radio edit) – 4:39
8. "Yage" – 6:23
9. "Expander" (12" version) – 4:52
10. "Glass" – 4:55
11. "The Far-Out Son of Lung and the Ramblings of a Madman" – 4:15
12. "The Lovers" – 5:57
13. "Mountain Goat" – 4:41
14. "Cascade" (shortform) – 4:17
15. "We Have Explosive" (7" edit) – 3:10

## Crew

* Artwork by \[design\] – Andrew Day in The Red Room, EMI
* Compiled by – Future Sound Of London, The
* Engineer – Stone Freshwaters (tracks: 12), Yage
* Mastered by – Ian Jones (4)
* Other \[directed by\] – FSOL (tracks: 13)
* Other \[project coordinator\] – Libby Jones, Paula Flack
* Producer – Future Sound Of London, The (tracks: 1 to 12, 14, 15), Philip Pin (tracks: 13)
* Written by – Brian Dougans, Elizabeth Fraser (tracks: 7), Garry Cobain
* "Max" written by Max Richter

## InfoBox

| Teachings from the Electronic Brain | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by The Future Sound of London | |
| Released | 28 August 2006 |
| Genre | Electronica, ambient, IDM |
| Length | 64:44 |
| Label | Astralwerks |
| Producer | Brian Dougans, Garry Cobain, Philip Pin |
| The Future Sound of London chronology | |
| *Alice in Ultraland*
(2005) ***Teachings from the Electronic Brain***
(2006) *A Gigantic Globular Burst Of Anti-Static*
(2007) | |


title: Sabres, Landes

abstract: Sabres is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

text:
# Sabres, Landes

**Sabres** (French pronunciation: \[sabʁ\]) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,143 |  |
| 1975 | 1,105 | −0.48% |
| 1982 | 1,058 | −0.62% |
| 1990 | 1,096 | +0.44% |
| 1999 | 1,107 | +0.11% |
| 2009 | 1,200 | +0.81% |
| 2014 | 1,210 | +0.17% |
| 2020 | 1,163 | −0.66% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Sabres | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Sabres | |
| SabresSabres | |
| Coordinates: 44°08′56″N 0°44′19″W / 44.1489°N 0.7386°W / 44.1489; -0.7386 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Landes |
| Arrondissement | Mont-de-Marsan |
| Canton | Haute Lande Armagnac |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Gérard Moreau |
| Area**1** | 160.13 km2 (61.83 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,165 |
| Density | 7.3/km2 (19/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 40246 /40630 |
| Elevation | 58–107 m (190–351 ft)
(avg. 76 m or 249 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Emmanuel Church, Sparkbrook

abstract: Emmanuel Church, Sparkbrook is a redundant Grade II listed parish church in the Church of England in Birmingham which has been converted to residential accommodation.

text:
# Emmanuel Church, Sparkbrook

**Emmanuel Church, Sparkbrook** is a redundant Grade II listed parish church in the Church of England in Birmingham which has been converted to residential accommodation.

## History

The foundation stone was laid on 24 September 1900. The church was designed by William Bidlake and opened in 1901, and was extended in 1927. It was a chapel of ease for Christ Church, Sparkbrook until 1928 when it acquired its own parish.

Emmanuel Church was closed in 1990 and the parish merged with St John's Church, Sparkhill. The building was converted into a residential care home for elderly people, operated by the Ashram Housing Association.

## InfoBox

| Emmanuel Church, Sparkbrook | |
| --- | --- |
| Emmanuel Church, Sparkbrook | |
|  | |
| 52°27′35.3″N 1°51′38.63″W / 52.459806°N 1.8607306°W / 52.459806; -1.8607306 | |
| Location | Sparkbrook |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| History | |
| Dedication | Emmanuel |
| Consecrated | 1901 |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade II listed |
| Architect(s) | William Bidlake |
| Groundbreaking | 1900 |
| Closed | 1990 |


title: Bonnie Scotland

abstract: Bonnie Scotland is a 1935 American film directed by James W. Horne and starring Laurel and Hardy. It was produced by Hal Roach for Hal Roach Studios. Although the film begins in Scotland, a large part of the action is set in British India.

text:
# Bonnie Scotland

***Bonnie Scotland*** is a 1935 American film directed by James W. Horne and starring Laurel and Hardy. It was produced by Hal Roach for Hal Roach Studios. Although the film begins in Scotland, a large part of the action is set in British India.

## Plot

Upon absconding from incarceration with only a week left to serve, Laurel and Hardy embark on a journey to Scotland clandestinely aboard a cattle boat. Stan, assuming the alias "Stanley McLaurel," harbors the belief that he is the rightful heir to his grandfather's substantial fortune. However, his inheritance merely comprises a set of bagpipes and a snuff container, the latter of which propels Hardy off an antiquated bridge while attempting to demonstrate its usage.

In their boarding house, Laurel exchanges their overcoats for a sizable fish intended for dinner. However, calamity ensues as the fish rapidly diminishes in size, Hardy's attire is singed beyond repair, and their endeavor to conceal the incriminating stove results in eviction and confiscation of their belongings for unpaid rent. Following an advertisement for a tailor's services, a misdirected floor choice leads them to unwittingly enlist in a Scottish regiment of the British Army, subsequently transporting them to India.

Their escapades in India are marked by recurrent clashes with the stern Sergeant Major and their involvement in aiding their comrade Alan in reuniting with his beloved Lorna McLaurel, Stanl's cousin. The local terrorist threat posed by Khan Mir Jutra prompts a perilous decoy mission to the palace, with Colonel MacGregor orchestrating a coordinated assault from an alternative direction. Inadvertently coerced into the mission, Laurel and Hardy remain oblivious to the impending danger until handed pistols and instructed to enact suicide.

However, Hardy's botched attempt results in the collapse of a colossal chandelier, followed by a chaotic pursuit culminating in a courtyard of beehives. This unforeseen encounter incites pandemonium among the terrorists and their own regiment, ultimately thwarting Khan Mir Jutra's nefarious intentions.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Bonnie Scotland | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | James W. Horne |
| Written by | Frank Butler
Jefferson Moffitt
Stan Laurel
Albert Austin
Wilson Collison
James W. Horne
Charley Rogers |
| Produced by | Stan Laurel
Hal Roach |
| Starring | Stan Laurel
Oliver Hardy
June Lang
William Janney
Anne Grey
Vernon Steele
James Finlayson |
| Cinematography | Art Lloyd
Walter Lundin |
| Edited by | Bert Jordan |
| Music by | Marvin Hatley
Leroy Shield |
| Production
company | Hal Roach Studios |
| Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Release date | * August 23, 1935 (1935-08-23) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: FC Rukh Lviv junior squads and academy

abstract: The FC Rukh Lviv junior squads and academy is a football academy and the club's junior squads of Ukrainian professional football club Rukh Lviv. Rukh Lviv has two junior teams (squads) that participate in the junior championships of the Ukrainian Premier League. There were some additional reserve teams that competed in lower leagues (Rukh-2). Four more teams from the club's academy participate in the Ukrainian Youth Football League which is a separate national football league not associated with the Ukrainian Premier League. The Ukrainian Youth Football League is designed for football academies and sports schools.

text:
# FC Rukh Lviv junior squads and academy

The **FC Rukh Lviv junior squads and academy** is a football academy and the club's junior squads of Ukrainian professional football club Rukh Lviv.

Rukh Lviv has two junior teams (squads) that participate in the junior championships of the Ukrainian Premier League. There were some additional reserve teams that competed in lower leagues (Rukh-2). Four more teams from the club's academy participate in the Ukrainian Youth Football League which is a separate national football league not associated with the Ukrainian Premier League. The Ukrainian Youth Football League is designed for football academies and sports schools.

## Brief history

The academy of FC Rukh began with the construction of the sports complex around the Vynnyky city lake in 2018.

In 2020 Rukh created its reserve teams including under-21 and under-19. Following the 2020–21 season, the competition among under-21 teams was discontinued and both squads were merged. In 2022 the Rukh under-19 team qualified for the UEFA Youth League.

## Honours

## Current squad

*As of 16 June 2024*.

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  UKR Yuriy Hereta  12 GK  UKR Markiyan Bakus  62 GK  UKR Sviatoslav Vanivskyi  4 DF  UKR Vitaliy Kholod  45 DF  UKR Oleksandr Hereha  67 DF  UKR Milan Mykhalchuk  75 DF  UKR Andriy Kitela  76 DF  UKR Oleksiy Tovarnytskyi  86 DF  UKR Illia Popovskyi  94 DF  UKR Denys Hryshkevych | No. Pos. Nation Player  19 MF  UKR Yevheniy Pastukh  48 MF  UKR Viktor Nikolayev  56 MF  UKR Maksym Boyko  70 MF  UKR Nazar Kasarda  71 MF  UKR Oleh Fedor  72 MF  UKR Roman Dobryanskyi  84 MF  UKR Artur Fedor  87 MF  UKR Nazar Rusyak  89 MF  UKR Andriy Stolyarchuk  47 FW  UKR Kostyantyn Kvas  64 FW  UKR Sviatoslav Botskiv  68 FW  UKR Serhiy Panchenko  85 FW  UKR Taras Shtokal  98 FW  UKR Denys Shaida |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

Rukh Lviv juniors
| Full name | Youth team of FC Rukh Lviv (U21/U19) |
| --- | --- |
| Ground | Stadion imeni Bohdana Markevycha<br>Vynnyky, Lviv Oblast |
| Capacity | 900 |
| President | Hryhoriy Kozlovskyi |
| League | Youth Championship |
| Website | Club website |


title: Pseudopostega truncata

abstract: Pseudopostega truncata is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It is only known from central Brazil. The length of the forewings is about 3.8 mm. Adults have been collected in December and January.

text:
# Pseudopostega truncata

***Pseudopostega truncata*** is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It is only known from central Brazil.

The length of the forewings is about 3.8 mm. Adults have been collected in December and January.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopostega truncata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Opostegidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopostega* |
| Species: | ***P. truncata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopostega truncata***<br>D.R. Davis & J.R. Stonis, 2007 | |
|


title: Oneonta Outlaws

abstract: The Oneonta Outlaws are a collegiate summer baseball team in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL).

text:
# Oneonta Outlaws

The **Oneonta Outlaws** are a collegiate summer baseball team in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL).

## History

### Previous Oneonta teams

Oneonta, located just 30 minutes from the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, first appeared on the baseball map in 1890 with the Oneonta Indians and was a mainstay in the New York–Penn League (NYPL) for more than 40 years, beginning with the arrival of the Oneonta Red Sox in 1966. From 1967 to 2009 the team competed in NYPL as the Oneonta Yankees/Tigers, and won 12 league championships, the most among all league franchises.

On January 27, 2010, Oneonta Mayor Dick Miller announced in a press release saying that the Tigers would be leaving Oneonta for Norwich, Connecticut for the 2010 season, and essentially ending its run as a pro team.

### Collegiate summer team

In conjunction with team shifting operations to Norwich, the **Saratoga Phillies** transferred their rights in the wood-bat New York Collegiate Baseball League (NYCBL) to Oneonta, and announced that the team would play in Damaschke Field. The team would later be named "Outlaws".

After winning the 2011 NYCBL title, the team moved to the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL) for the 2012 season, but returned a year later after local businessman Gary Laing bought the team. The Outlaws won another NYCBL title in 2013, but rejoined the PGCBL before the 2016 season.

## Season results

| Season | League | W-L | Manager | Postseason | Misc |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2021 | PGCBL | 14-21 | Joe Hughes | No |  |
| 2020 | PGCBL | -- | -- | -- | Season canceled due to COVID-19 |
| 2019 | PGCBL | 18-28 | Joe Hughes | No |  |
| 2018 | PGCBL | 16-29 | Joe Hughes | No |  |
| 2017 | PGCBL | 14-30 | Atlee Pearson | No |  |
| 2016 | PGCBL | 24-24 | Atlee Pearson | Yes (0-1) |  |
| 2015 | NYCBL | 26-18 | Joe Hughes | Yes (4-3) |  |
| 2014 | NYCBL | 27-19 | Joe Hughes | Yes (4-4) |  |
| 2013 | NYCBL | 25-15 | Joe Hughes | Yes (4-1) | **NYCBL Championship** |
| 2012 | PGCBL | 25-22 | Greg Zackrison | No |  |
| 2011 | NYCBL | 29-15 | Greg Zackrison | Yes (5-0) | **NYCBL Championship** |
| 2010 | NYCBL | 26-16 | Greg Zackrison | Yes (0-2) |  |
|

## Notable alumni

As of January 2021 there are 41 Outlaws alumni who got drafted in the MLB Draft and 52 players that continued to pro career.

## InfoBox

| Oneonta Outlaws | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Information | |
| League | PGCBL (2012, 2016-Present) (East Division) |
| Location | Oneonta, New York |
| Ballpark | Damaschke Field |
| Founded | 1966 (1966) |
| League championships | (NYPL): 1968, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1998
(NYCBL): 2011, 2013
(PGCBL): None |
| Former name(s) | Oneonta Red Sox (1966)
Oneonta Yankees (1967–1998)
Oneonta Tigers (1999–2009) |
| Former league(s) | NYCBL (2010-2011, 2013-2015)
NYPL (1966-2009) |
| Ownership | Gary Laing |
| Manager | Joe Hughes (2018-present) |
| Website | oneontaoutlaws.com |


title: Crispy (band)

abstract: Crispy was a Danish Eurodance trio that was formed in Copenhagen in 1997 by music producer Mads B.B. Krog and vocalists Christian Møller and Mette Christensen. Their most notable songs are "Licky Licky" from the 1998 album The Game, and the 2000 single "In & Out". Three of their songs were also featured in the four-panel dance game In the Groove. Crispy's debut album, The Game, was recorded in 1997 and released the following year. The Japanese version of the album contained four exclusive bonus tracks, including two unreleased songs, "Bad Girls" and "Happy King". The group was successful in Scandinavia and Asia, and was awarded the Pop Shop Award '98 for best Scandinavian debut release in 1998 among 15 nominees. Crispy performed across Europe and also toured Japan in the years they were active.

text:
# Crispy (band)

**Crispy** (later known as **XPY**) was a Danish Eurodance trio that was formed in Copenhagen in 1997 by music producer Mads B.B. Krog and vocalists Christian Møller and Mette Christensen. Their most notable songs are "Licky Licky" from the 1998 album *The Game*, and the 2000 single "In & Out". Three of their songs ("Bubble Dancer", "The Game" and "Kiss Me Red") were also featured in the four-panel dance game *In the Groove*.

Crispy's debut album, *The Game*, was recorded in 1997 and released the following year. The Japanese version of the album contained four exclusive bonus tracks, including two unreleased songs, "Bad Girls" and "Happy King". The group was successful in Scandinavia and Asia, and was awarded the Pop Shop Award '98 for best Scandinavian debut release in 1998 among 15 nominees. Crispy performed across Europe and also toured Japan in the years they were active.

## Career

### 1997-1998: Beginning of Crispy and *The Game*

In 1997, young music producer Mads B.B. Krog decided to form a dance-pop act, featuring Mette and Christian as the vocalists. Crispy's first single, "Kiss Me Red", was released in February 1998 in Scandinavia, and enjoyed only moderate recognition at first. They released "Calendar Girl" in April. The single, "Licky Licky", was much more successful, reaching the top 20 of the major dance charts in Denmark later that year. The single "Love is Waiting" was released in May 1999.

Crispy released their debut album, *The Game*, in mid-1998. The album was recorded and mixed in Denmark, Sweden and Germany. Several editions of *The Game* were released, the most common being the release of 12 tracks. The Japanese edition contained four exclusive bonus tracks, including two previously-unreleased songs, "Bad Girls" and "Happy King". The group became well-established in the Danish dance-pop scene.

### 1999: Tour and success

At the end of 1998 Crispy went on a promotion tour in Japan, performing among large crowds in the cities of Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. They also visited Singapore and the Philippines, where their album had also sold very well, and performed in Europe over the following year.

### 2000: Second album's cancellation and closure of Crispy

After the success of *The Game*, Crispy decided to make a new album. They recorded a large number of tracks, and released two of them ("I Like..." and "In & Out") as singles. The album was planned to be released sometime in mid-2000, but the release was cancelled due to the lead vocalist, Mette Christensen, having to leave the group just days after the release of "In & Out" due to being diagnosed with cancer, and as she was not well enough to continue. Out of respect for Mette, Christian and Mads did not release any further material as Crispy; the group renamed themselves XPY, and released their next two singles, "L/R" and "La Fiesta", under that name.

### 2000-2001: Activities as XPY and disbandment

After Mette's exit in 2000, Danish singer and actress Gry Bay joined XPY as the group's new female vocalist. However, this new project was not as successful as Crispy, and the group disbanded permanently in 2001.

Gry Bay later went on to achieve success as an actress in Denmark. Mads B.B. Krog became a businessman but remains a music producer and composer; he has released music under the name Blush and remixed the song "In & Out". Christian Møller retired from music, devoting himself to his personal life.

## Members

**Mette Christensen** † , also known as **Icy B** (Copenhagen, 25 September 1976 – October 2005), was Crispy's lead vocalist and co-wrote the song "Love Is Waiting". She had to leave the group because of an illness and died from cancer at 29 years old.

**Christian Møller** (Copenhagen, born 16 December 1974) was Crispy's main composer and lyricist, and also provided the male backing vocals.

**Mads B.B. Krog** (Copenhagen, born 9 June 1976) helped write Crispy's songs with Christian and was the group's main producer.

**Gry Bay** (Frederiksberg, born 15 August 1974) became the lead vocalist of the group in 2000 after Mette's exit.

## Discography

### Albums

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | DEN | |
| "Kiss Me Red" | 1998 |  | *The Game* |
| "Licky Licky" | | | |
| "Love Is Waiting" | | | |
| "Calendar Girl" | | | |
| "Mr. Dinosaur" | 1999 | | |
| "DJ Santa" | | |  |
| "I Like..." | | | 2000 |
| "In & Out" | | |
| as XPY | | | |
| "L/R" | | 2001 | 11 |
| "La Fiesta" | | 18 |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Crispy | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | XPY (2000–2001) |
| Origin | Copenhagen, Denmark |
| Genres | Dance-pop |
| Years active | 1997–2001 |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Past members | Mette Christensen †
Christian Møller
Mads B.B. Krog
Gry Bay |


title: Crested gallito

abstract: The crested gallito is a species of suboscine passerine bird in the tapaculo family Rhinocryptidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Rhinocrypta. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

text:
# Crested gallito

The **crested gallito** (***Rhinocrypta lanceolata***) is a species of suboscine passerine bird in the tapaculo family Rhinocryptidae. It is the only species placed in the genus ***Rhinocrypta***. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.

## Taxonomy

The crested gallito is the only species in its genus. Two subspecies are recognized, the nominate *Rhinocrypta lanceolata lanceolata* and *R. l. saturata*, which was described in 1939. The crested gallito is genetically most closely related to the sandy gallito (*Teledromas fuscus*).

## Description

The crested gallito is 21 cm (8.3 in) long. The male weighs 59 to 63.5 g (2.08 to 2.24 oz) and the female 51.5 to 64 g (1.82 to 2.26 oz). It is an unusual tapaculo, having long crown feathers that it often erects as a crest and even bends forward. It also has a long tail that it cocks upward. The nominate subspecies' head is cinnamon with white streaks, its upper parts including wings and tail olive gray. The throat and chest are pale gray, the sides of the breast chestnut, and the lower belly olive gray. *R. l. saturata* is similar but all of the colors are darker.

## Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of crested gallito ranges from northern Argentina through the central part of the country south to northern Río Negro Province and southern Buenos Aires Province. *R. l. saturata* is found in southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay.

The crested gallito inhabits Chaco forest from sea level to 1,800 m (5,900 ft), though *R. l. saturata* is found only in the lower elevations. It frequents thorny brush and undergrowth.

## Behavior

### Feeding

The crested gallito forages on the ground or through low branches for arthropods.

### Breeding

The crested gallito's nest is a ball of grass and other materials lined with hair or wool placed 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) up in a dense bush or small tree. Up to three eggs are laid, usually between September and December. Both sexes incubate. Shiny cowbirds (*Molothrus bonariensis*) are known to parasitize the nest.

### Vocalization

The crested gallito sings only during the breeding season, with "a loud, resonant, 'chirrup'...at intervals of 2-4 seconds." . The call is "a trilled 'wheer'" .

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the crested gallito as of Least Concern. It is overall uncommon but locally fairly common and occurs in several protected areas in Argentina. The population is not known but is believed to be stable.

## InfoBox

| Crested gallito | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Rhinocryptidae |
| Genus: | *Rhinocrypta*
G.R. Gray, 1841 |
| Species: | ***R. lanceolata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinocrypta lanceolata***
(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I, 1832) | |
|
|  | |


title: Oneirology

abstract: In the field of psychology, the subfield of oneirology is the scientific study of dreams. Research seeks correlations between dreaming and knowledge about the functions of the brain, as well as an understanding of how the brain works during dreaming as pertains to memory formation and mental disorders. The study of oneirology can be distinguished from dream interpretation in that the aim is to quantitatively study the process of dreams instead of analyzing the meaning behind them.

text:
# Oneirology

In the field of psychology, the subfield of **oneirology** (/ɒnɪˈrɒləi/; from Ancient Greek ὄνειρον, *oneiron*, "dream"; and -*λογία*, *-*logia**, "the study of") is the scientific study of dreams. Research seeks correlations between dreaming and knowledge about the functions of the brain, as well as an understanding of how the brain works during dreaming as pertains to memory formation and mental disorders. The study of oneirology can be distinguished from dream interpretation in that the aim is to quantitatively study the process of dreams instead of analyzing the meaning behind them.

## History

In the 19th century, two advocates of this discipline were the French sinologists Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys and Alfred Maury. The field gained momentum in 1952, when Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky discovered regular cycles. A further experiment by Kleitman and William C. Dement, then another medical student, demonstrated the particular period of sleep during which electrical brain activity, as measured by an electroencephalograph (EEG), closely resembled that of waking, in which the eyes dart about actively. This kind of sleep became known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and Kleitman and Dement's experiment found a correlation of 0.80 between REM sleep and dreaming.

## Field of work

Research into dreams includes exploration of the mechanisms of dreaming, the influences on dreaming, and disorders linked to dreaming. Work in oneirology overlaps with neurology and can vary from quantifying dreams to analyzing brain waves during dreaming, to studying the effects of drugs and neurotransmitters on sleeping or dreaming. Though debate continues about the purpose and origins of dreams, there could be great gains from studying dreams as a function of brain activity. For example, knowledge gained in this area could have implications for the treatment of certain mental illnesses.

## Mechanisms of dreaming

Dreaming occurs mainly during REM sleep, and brain scans recording brain activity have witnessed heavy activity in the limbic system and the amygdala during this period. Though current research has reversed the myth that dreaming occurs only during REM sleep, it has also shown that the dreams reported in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM differ qualitatively and quantitatively, suggesting that the mechanisms that control each are different.

During REM sleep, researchers theorize that the brain goes through a process known as synaptic efficacy refreshment. This is observed as brain waves self-firing during sleep, in slow cycles at a rate of around 14 Hz, and is believed to serve the purpose of consolidating recent memories and reinforcing old memories. In this type of brain stimulation, the dreaming that occurs is a by-product of the process.

### Stages of sleep

During normal sleep cycles, humans alternate between normal, NREM sleep and REM sleep. The brain waves characteristic of dreaming that are observed during REM sleep are the most commonly studied in dream research because most dreaming occurs during REM sleep.

### REM sleep

In 1952, Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep while working in the surgery of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed that the sleepers' eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids, later using a polygraph machine to record their brain waves during these periods. In one session, he awakened a subject who was wailing and crying out during REM and confirmed his suspicion that dreaming was occurring. In 1953, Aserinsky and his advisor published the ground-breaking study in *Science*.

Accumulated observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with REM sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness. Participant-nonremembered dreams during NREM are normally more mundane in comparison. During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming (which is about two hours each night). Most dreams last only 5 to 20 minutes. It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams, if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind.

During REM sleep, the release of certain neurotransmitters is completely suppressed. As a result, motor neurons are not stimulated, a condition known as REM atonia. This prevents dreams from resulting in dangerous movements of the body.

Animals have complex dreams and are able to retain and recall long sequences of events while they are asleep. Studies show that various species of mammals and birds experience REM during sleep, and follow the same series of sleeping states as humans.

The discovery that dreams take place primarily during a distinctive electrophysiological state of sleep (REM), which can be identified by objective criteria, led to rebirth of interest in this phenomenon. When REM sleep episodes were timed for their duration and subjects awakened to make reports before major editing or forgetting could take place, it was determined that subjects accurately matched the length of time they judged the dream narrative to occupy with the length of REM sleep that preceded the awakening. This close correlation of REM sleep and dream experience was the basis of the first series of reports describing the nature of dreaming: that it is a regular nightly occurrence, rather than an occasional phenomenon, and that it is a high-frequency activity within each sleep period occurring at predictable intervals of approximately every 60–90 minutes in all humans throughout the life span.

REM sleep episodes and the dreams that accompany them lengthen progressively across the night, with the first episode the shortest, of approximately 10–12 minutes duration, and the second and third episodes increasing to 15–20 minutes. Dreams at the end of the night may last typically 15 minutes, although these may be experienced as several distinct stories due to momentary arousals interrupting sleep as the night ends.

Dream reports can normally be made 50% of the time when an awakening occurs prior to the end of the first REM period. This rate of retrieval is increased to about 99% when awakenings occur during the last REM period of the night. This increase in the ability to recall appears to be related to intensification across the night in the vividness of dream imagery, colors and emotions. The dream story itself in the last REM period is farthest from reality, containing more bizarre elements, and it is these properties, coupled with the increased likelihood of morning waking review to take place, that heighten the chance of recall of the last dream.

## Definition of a dream

The definition of dream used in quantitative research is defined through four base components:

1. a form of thinking that occurs under minimal brain direction, external stimuli are blocked, and the part of the brain that recognizes self shuts down
2. a form of experience that we believed we experience through our senses
3. something memorable
4. have some interpretation of experience by self

In summary, a dream, as defined by G. William Domhoff and Adam Schneider, is "a report of a memory of a cognitive experience that happens under the kinds of conditions that are most frequently produced in a state called 'sleep.'"

### Commonplace bizarreness in dreaming

Certain kinds of bizarre cognitions, such as disjunctive cognitions and interobjects, are common in dreams.

### Interobject

Interobjects, like disjunctive cognitions, are a commonplace bizarreness of dreamlife. Interobjects are a kind of dream condensation that creates a new object that could not occur in waking life. It may have a vague structure that is described as "something between an X and a Y". Hobson dreamt of "a piece of hardware, something like the lock of a door or perhaps a pair of paint-frozen hinges."

### Authentic dreaming

Authentic dreams are defined by their tendency to occur "within the realm of experience" and reflect actual memories or experiences the dreamer can relate to. Authentic dreams are believed to be the side effect of synaptic efficacy refreshment that occurs without errors. Research suggests that the brain stimulation that occurs during dreaming authentic dreams is significant in reinforcing neurological pathways, serving as a method for the mind to "rehearse" certain things during sleep.

### Illusory dreaming

Illusory dreams are defined as dreams that contain impossible, incongruent, or bizarre content and are hypothesized to stem from memory circuits accumulating efficacy errors. In theory, old memories having undergone synaptic efficacy refreshment multiple times throughout one's lifetime result in accumulating errors that manifest as illusory dreams when stimulated. Qualities of illusory dreaming have been linked to delusions observed in mental disorders. Illusory dreams are believed to most likely stem from older memories that experience this accumulation of errors in contrast to authentic dreams that stem from more recent experiences.

## Influences on dreaming

One aspect of dreaming studied is the capability to externally influence the contents of dreams with various stimuli. One such successful connection was made to the olfactory system, influencing the emotions of dreams through a smell stimulus. Their research has shown that the introduction of a positive smelling stimulus (roses) induced positive dreams while negative smelling stimulus (rotten eggs) induced negative dreams.

### Memories and experience

Though there is much debate within the field about the purpose of dreaming, a leading theory involves the consolidation of memories and experiences that occurs during REM sleep. The electric involuntary stimulus the brain undergoes during sleep is believed to be a basis for a majority of dreaming.

The link between memory, sleep, and dreams becomes more significant in studies analyzing memory consolidation during sleep. Research has shown that NREM sleep is responsible for the consolidation of facts and episodes in contrast to REM sleep that consolidates more emotionally related aspects of memory. The correlation between REM and emotional consolidation could be interpreted as the reason why dreams are of such an emotional nature and produce strong reactions from humans.

### Interpersonal attachment

In addition to the conscious role people are aware of memory and experience playing in dreaming, unconscious effects such as health of relationships factor into the types of dreams the brain produces. Of the people analyzed, those suffering from "insecure attachments" were found to dream with more frequency and more vividly than those who were evaluated to have "secure attachments".

### Drugs affecting dreaming

Correlations between the usage of drugs and dreaming have been documented, particularly the use of drugs, such as sedatives, and the suppression of dreaming because of drugging effects on the cycles and stages of sleep while not allowing the user to reach REM. Drugs used for their stimulating properties (cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy) have been shown to also decrease the restorative properties of REM sleep and its duration.

## Dreaming disorders

Dreaming disorders are difficult to quantify due to the ambiguous nature of dreaming. However, dreaming disorders can be linked to psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder expressed as nightmares. Research into dreaming also suggests similarity and links in illusory dreaming and delusions.

### Post-traumatic stress disorder

Diagnostic symptoms include re-experiencing original trauma(s), by means of flashbacks or nightmares; avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma; and increased arousal, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, anger, and hypervigilance.

Links to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dreaming have been made in studying the flashbacks or nightmares the victims would suffer. Measurement of the brain waves exhibited by the subjects experiencing these episodes showed great similarity between those of dreaming. The drugs used to treat those suffering from these symptoms of flashbacks and nightmares would suppress not only these traumatic episodes but also any other sort of dreaming function.

### Schizophrenia

The symptoms of schizophrenia involve abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality primarily focused on delusions and hallucinations.

The delusions experienced by those with schizophrenia have been likened to the experience of illusory dreams that have come to be interpreted by the subject as actual experiences. Additional research into medication to suppress symptoms of schizophrenia have also shown to influence the REM cycle of those taking the medication and as a result influence the patterns of sleep and dreaming in the subjects.

## Further reading


title: Oneironautics

abstract: Oneironautics refers to the ability to travel within a dream on a conscious basis. Such a traveler in a dream may be called an oneironaut.

text:
# Oneironautics

**Oneironautics** (/ənrˈnɔːtɪks/) refers to the ability to travel within a dream on a conscious basis. Such a traveler in a dream may be called an **oneironaut**.

## Within one's dream

A lucid dream is one in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming. They are able to exert some or a complete control over the dream's characters, narrative and/or environment. Early references to the phenomenon are found in ancient Greek texts.

## Within the dream of another

The idea of one person being able to consciously travel or interact within the dream of another person, known variously as "**dream telepathy**", "**telepathic lucid dreaming**", or "**telepathic dreaming**", has been explored in the realms of science and fantasy fiction; in recent works, such an interaction is often depicted as a computer-mediated psychotherapeutic action, as is the case in *The Cell*, and *Paprika*, as well as through the direct intervention of another sleeping person, as in *Inception*, *Dreamscape*, and *Waking Life*. The concept is also included in the fantasy series *The Wheel of Time* as an ability "dreamwalkers" are able to use.

A trope in such works of fiction explores the ramifications of whether the sleeping protagonist should enter the sleeping brain of another as opposed to allowing another individual to enter one's own brain; the entering of another individual's brain often results in unpleasant surprises, depending upon the mental state of the host or the preparedness of the guest. Roger Zelazny's 1966 sci-fi novella *The Dream Master*, which applies computer-mediated dream telepathy in a psychotherapeutic setting, focuses on the protagonist's growing struggle to keep his balance as he enters the brain of a fellow psychotherapist who is blind, and subconsciously destructively hungers for the visual stimuli upon which dreams largely depend.


abstract: The Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble was an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best ensemble of the year, given between 1998 and 2002.

text:
# Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble

The **Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble** was an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best ensemble of the year, given between 1998 and 2002.

## Winners

Edward Burns, Matt Damon, Jeremy Davies, Vin Diesel, Adam Goldberg, Tom Hanks, Barry Pepper, Giovanni Ribisi and Tom Sizemore Annette Bening, Wes Bentley, Thora Birch, Chris Cooper, Peter Gallagher, Allison Janney, Kevin Spacey and Mena Suvari

### 2000s

Fairuza Balk, Billy Crudup, Patrick Fugit, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Kate Hudson, Jason Lee, Frances McDormand, Anna Paquin, and Noah Taylor Alec Baldwin, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Charles Durning, Sarah Jessica Parker, William H. Macy, David Paymer, Rebecca Pidgeon, and Julia Stiles Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Sir Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Sir Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Sir Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Dame Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Kristin Scott Thomas, Dame Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, and James Wilby Sean Astin, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Brad Dourif, Bernard Hill, Christopher Lee, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, and Elijah Wood Frances McDormand, Woody Harrelson, Sam Rockwell, Abbie Cornish, John Hawkes, and Peter Dinklage


abstract: The Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance is an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best breakthrough performance of the year.

text:
# Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance

The **Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance** is an annual film award given by the Online Film Critics Society to honor the best breakthrough performance of the year.

## Winners

(for her role as Selma Ježková in *Dancer in the Dark*) (for her role as Betty Elms / Diane Selwyn in *Mulholland Drive*) (for her role as Lee Holloway in *Secretary*) (for her role as Paikea Apirana in *Whale Rider*) (for her role as Maria Álvarez in *Maria Full of Grace*) * **2005: Owen Kline**

(for his role as Frank Berkman in *The Squid and the Whale*) (for his role as Borat Sagdiyev in *Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan*) (for her role as Tracy Edna Turnblad in *Hairspray*) (for her role as Eli in *Let the Right One In*) (for her roles as Mrs. O’Brien in *The Tree of Life*, Celia Rae Foote in *The Help*, and Rachel Singer in *The Debt*)  * "OFCS - Awards". Retrieved 2020-12-22.


title: Cristelle Pratt

abstract: Cristelle Pratt, a Fijian national, is Assistant Secretary-General for the Environment and Climate Action at the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), based in Brussels. She is a former Deputy Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

text:
# Cristelle Pratt

**Cristelle Pratt**, a Fijian national, is Assistant Secretary-General for the Environment and Climate Action at the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS), based in Brussels. She is a former Deputy Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

## Early life

Cristelle Pratt obtained degrees in marine law and policy from Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada and in geoscience from the Australian National University in Canberra.

## Career

After completing her education, Pratt held various positions with the private sector and with the Fijian government. She worked as a consultant for organizations such as the Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific (Crop), World Bank, UN Agencies and Australian Aid in the Asia and the Pacific regions, in areas such as climate change, disaster risk management and ocean governance.

In 2000, she joined the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), an organization serving 21 countries and territories, becoming director from 2004 to 2010. SOPAC, now a division of the Pacific Community (SPC), had the lead responsibility in Oceania for disaster risk management. In 2012 she became Deputy Secretary General of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), located in Suva, Fiji, on a fixed-term six-year contract. In this capacity she supported the development of a Pacific Island regional agenda, known as the *Framework for Pacific Regionalism*, as well as the development of a narrative on the *Blue Pacific Continent*.

In 2020, Pratt joined the OACPS as head of the newly created Environment and Climate Action Department. This aims to support member countries to carry out climate change adaptation and mitigation; protect biodiversity; promote the sustainable use and management of natural resources; strengthen ocean governance; and build resilience to disasters.

## InfoBox

| Cristelle Pratt | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Fijian |
| Occupation(s) | Assistant Secretary-General for the Environment and Climate Action at the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (OACPS). |
| Years active | 30 |


title: Open Rev.

abstract: Open Rev. is a web-based platform for open discussion and annotation of research publications and related material. Researchers can comment directly on text, formulas, and images in research papers, post related questions and answer questions posed by each other. Open Rev's web-based PDF viewer allows public discussion and open peer review of scientific publications. User contributions are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Open Rev. was a participant of the Harvard i-Lab Venture Incubation Program 2014 and has won awards from the Harvard Institute for Learning and Teaching and Education Innovation Pitch Competition.

text:
# Open Rev.

**Open Rev.** is a web-based platform for open discussion and annotation of research publications and related material.

Researchers can comment directly on text, formulas, and images in research papers, post related questions and answer questions posed by each other. Open Rev's web-based PDF viewer allows public discussion and open peer review of scientific publications. User contributions are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported.

Open Rev. was a participant of the Harvard i-Lab Venture Incubation Program 2014 and has won awards from the Harvard Institute for Learning and Teaching and Education Innovation Pitch Competition.

## History

Open Rev. was created by Erik Bauch and Georg Kucsko, PhD candidates in the Harvard Physics program. It officially launched in 2014. As of 2015, the user base had risen to over 1000 participants and included institutions such as Harvard, MIT, Northeastern University, Royal Holloway University of London, and Uppsala Universitet.

## Media

Open Rev. has been featured in *Harvard Physics*, the *Harvard Gazette* and the Harvard alumni magazine, *Colloquy*. In an interview in *Colloquy*, co- Bauch explained,

> “Up until now scientific discussions usually occurred at conferences, in journal club, or in hallways on the way to lunch. With Open Rev. we are trying to motivate people to take some of these discussions online and share their knowledge with the whole scientific community.”

## Features

* public commenting and Q&A on PDF papers
* private groups with tagging and discussions
* public groups to share papers by topic
* web-based PDF viewer with PDF search capability
* rate papers, comments and replies
* Latex and Markdown support
* picture upload
* anonymous commenting
* automatic extraction of metadata from PDFs
* tagging of PDFs
* import papers from arXiv

## InfoBox

Open Rev.
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Social software for academic research |
| Available in | English |
| Created by | Erik Bauch and Georg Kucsko |
| URL | openrev.org |
| Launched | Aug 2014 |
| Content license | Attribution Share-Alike Unported |


title: Open Ribera de Duero

abstract: The Open Ribera de Duero was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played in Spain. It was held in 1993 at Lerma Golf Club in Madrid.

text:
# Open Ribera de Duero

The **Open Ribera de Duero** was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played in Spain. It was held in 1993 at Lerma Golf Club in Madrid.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of<br>victory | Runner-up | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | José Salgado | 283 | −5 | 2 strokes | Andy Rogers |  |

## InfoBox

Open Ribera de Duero
| Tournament information | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Burgos, Spain |
| Established | 1993 |
| Course(s) | Lerma Golf Club |
| Par | 72 |
| Tour(s) | Challenge Tour |
| Format | Stroke play |
| Prize fund | 30,000 |
| Month played | July/August |
| Final year | 1993 |
| Tournament record score | |
| Aggregate | 283 José Salgado (1993) |
| To par | −5 *as above* |
| Final champion | |
| José Salgado | |
| Location map | |
| Lerma GCLocation in SpainLerma GCLocation in Castile and León | |


title: Crested Butte Community School

abstract: Crested Butte Community School (CBCS) is a K-12 school in Crested Butte, Colorado serving Crested Butte, Mt. Crested Butte, and many areas of unincorporated Gunnison County.

text:
# Crested Butte Community School

**Crested Butte Community School** (CBCS) is a K-12 school in Crested Butte, Colorado serving Crested Butte, Mt. Crested Butte, and many areas of unincorporated Gunnison County.

## History

CBCS was originally built in 1997 and was designed by the same architects as the school in Telluride, Colorado. Plans were made to expand and remodel the building in 2008. Construction for the new portion of the building began in 2009, and would significantly increase the number of classrooms, expand the size of the auditorium space, and improve the athletic facilities. In 2018, enrollment reached an unprecedented level, over 760 students, with more growth projected. Modular classrooms were needed in addition to the renovated building to accommodate the student population.

## Rankings

U.S. News ranked the CBCS high school #10 in Colorado and #260 in the country for 2017.

## Demographics

* Male - 55%
* Female - 45%
* Hispanic - 4%
* White - 91%
* 2 Races - 3%
* Other - 2%

## Notable alumni or staff

Alumni

Attended

Staff

38°51′55″N 106°58′33″W / 38.8653°N 106.9759°W / 38.8653; -106.9759

## InfoBox

| Crested Butte Community School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 818 Red Lady Ave
Crested Butte, Colorado 81224
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1997 (1997) |
| School district | Gunnison Watershed School District RE-1J |
| CEEB code | 060329 |
| Teaching staff | 44 |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Enrollment | 721 (2019-20) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 15 |
| Color(s) | Blue and silver
 |
| Athletics conference | 2A/3A - Mountain League |
| Nickname | Titans |
| Website | cbcs.gunnisonschools.net |