abstract: The Women's downhill competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2023 was held at Roc de Fer ski course in Méribel, France, on Saturday, 11 February. Switzerland's Jasmine Flury won the gold medal, Nina Ortlieb of Austria took the silver, and the bronze medalist was Corinne Suter of Switzerland. The race course was 2.413 km (1.50 mi) in length, with a vertical drop of 685 m (2,247 ft) from a starting elevation of 2,150 m (7,054 ft) above sea level. Flury's winning time of 88.03 seconds yielded an average speed of 98.680 km/h (61.3 mph) and an average vertical descent rate of 7.781 m/s (25.5 ft/s).

text:
# FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2023 – Women's downhill

| Women's Downhill | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | *Roc de Fer*
Méribel, France |
| Vertical | 685 m (2,247 ft) |
| Top elevation | 2,150 m (7,054 ft) |
| Base elevation | 1,465 m (4,806 ft) |
| Longest run | 2.413 km (1.50 mi) |

The **Women's downhill** competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2023 was held at Roc de Fer ski course in Méribel, France, on Saturday, 11 February.

Switzerland's Jasmine Flury won the gold medal, Nina Ortlieb of Austria took the silver, and the bronze medalist was Corinne Suter of Switzerland.

The race course was 2.413 km (1.50 mi) in length, with a vertical drop of 685 m (2,247 ft) from a starting elevation of 2,150 m (7,054 ft) above sea level. Flury's winning time of 88.03 seconds yielded an average speed of 98.680 km/h (61.3 mph) and an average vertical descent rate of 7.781 m/s (25.5 ft/s).

## Results

The race started at 11:00 CET *(UTC+1)* under clear skies. The air temperature was −5 °C (23 °F) at the starting gate and −4 °C (25 °F) at the finish.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Time | Diff |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2 | Jasmine Flury | Switzerland | 1:28.03 |  |
|  | 5 | Nina Ortlieb | Austria | 1:28.07 | +0.04 |
|  | 8 | Corinne Suter | Switzerland | 1:28.15 | +0.12 |
| 4 | 10 | Cornelia Hütter | Austria | 1:28.40 | +0.37 |
| 4 | 7 | Mirjam Puchner | Austria | 1:28.40 | +0.37 |
| 6 | 15 | Ilka Štuhec | Slovenia | 1:28.45 | +0.42 |
| 7 | 1 | Stephanie Venier | Austria | 1:28.60 | +0.57 |
| 8 | 9 | Kira Weidle | Germany | 1:28.64 | +0.61 |
| 9 | 14 | Lara Gut-Behrami | Switzerland | 1:28.74 | +0.71 |
| 10 | 11 | Ragnhild Mowinckel | Norway | 1:28.87 | +0.84 |
| 11 | 20 | Priska Nufer | Switzerland | 1:28.89 | +0.86 |
| 12 | 4 | Laura Gauché | France | 1:29.06 | +1.03 |
| 13 | 13 | Elena Curtoni | Italy | 1:29.08 | +1.05 |
| 14 | 19 | Laura Pirovano | Italy | 1:29.09 | +1.06 |
| 15 | 16 | Kajsa Vickhoff Lie | Norway | 1:29.10 | +1.07 |
| 16 | 3 | Romane Miradoli | France | 1:29.10 | +1.07 |
| 17 | 18 | Joana Hählen | Switzerland | 1:29.29 | +1.26 |
| 18 | 17 | Nicol Delago | Italy | 1:29.44 | +1.41 |
| 19 | 29 | Isabella Wright | United States | 1:29.71 | +1.68 |
| 20 | 25 | Elvedina Muzaferija | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1:29.94 | +1.91 |
| 21 | 21 | Anouck Errard | France | 1:30.14 | +2.11 |
| 22 | 24 | Cande Moreno | Andorra | 1:30.15 | +2.12 |
| 23 | 23 | Tricia Mangan | United States | 1:30.24 | +2.21 |
| 24 | 22 | Greta Small | Australia | 1:30.33 | +2.30 |
| 25 | 28 | Ania Monica Caill | Romania | 1:32.25 | +4.22 |
| 26 | 27 | Sabrina Simader | Kenya | 1:32.36 | +4.33 |
|  | 12 | Breezy Johnson | United States | Did not finish | |
| | 26 | Emma Aicher | Germany | |
| | 6 | Sofia Goggia | Italy | Disqualified | |

## InfoBox

| FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2023
at the Women's downhill | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Roc de Fer |
| Location | Méribel, France |
| Dates | 11 February |
| Competitors | 29 from 13 nations |
| Medalists | |
| Switzerland  Austria  Switzerland | |
|


title: USS Bayonne

abstract: JDS Buna (PF-14) USS Bayonne (PF-21), a Tacoma-class frigate in commission in 1945 and from 1950 to 1953, thus far has been the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Bayonne, New Jersey. She later served in the Soviet Navy as EK-25 and in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force as JDS Buna (PF-14), JDS Buna (PF-294) and as YAC-11.

text:
# USS Bayonne

**USS *Bayonne* (PF-21)**, a *Tacoma*-class frigate in commission in 1945 and from 1950 to 1953, thus far has been the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Bayonne, New Jersey. She later served in the Soviet Navy as ***EK-25*** and in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force as **JDS *Buna* (PF-14)**, **JDS *Buna* (PF-294)** and as ***YAC-11***.

## Construction and commissioning

*Bayonne* was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1487) on 6 May 1943, at Cleveland, Ohio, by the American Ship Building Company and launched on 11 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Hannah Gallagher. She was placed in non-commissioned service on 22 September 1944, for a voyage to Baltimore, Maryland, where she arrived on 2 October 1944, and was placed out of service on 6 October 1944. Upon the completion of her fitting-out, she was commissioned at Baltimore, on 14 February 1945.

## Service history

### US Navy, World War II, 1945

*Bayonne* moved south to Hampton Roads, Virginia, at the end of February 1945 and, on 3 March 1945, put to sea bound for Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, whence she conducted her shakedown training. On 3 April 1945, she departed the Guantánamo Bay operating area and, after stops at Kingston, Jamaica, and New York City, entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for post-shakedown repairs. She completed repairs early in May 1945 and on 7 May 1945 headed for New York City. Arriving the following day, *Bayonne* remained there for almost two months.

Selected for transfer to the Soviet Navy in Project Hula, a secret program for the transfer of U.S. Navy ships to the Soviet Navy at Cold Bay in the Territory of Alaska in anticipation of the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan, *Bayonne* got underway on 3 July 1945 and steamed via the Panama Canal to Bremerton, Washington, where she entered the Puget Sound Navy Yard for a short period of repairs. During the last week of August 1945, she proceeded to Cold Bay and soon began the training of her new Soviet crew.

### Soviet Navy, 1945–1949

Following the completion of training for her Soviet crew, *Bayonne* was decommissioned on 2 September 1945 at Cold Bay and transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease immediately along with her sister ship USS *Poughkeepsie* (PF-26). Commissioned into the Soviet Navy immediately, *Bayonne* was designated as a *storozhevoi korabl* ("escort ship") and renamed ***EK-25*** in Soviet service. She soon departed Cold Bay bound for Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Soviet Union. Too late for World War II service with the Soviet Navy, *EK-25* served as a patrol vessel in the Soviet Far East.

In February 1946, the United States began negotiations for the return of ships loaned to the Soviet Union for use during World War II. On 8 May 1947, United States Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal informed the United States Department of State that the United States Department of the Navy wanted 480 of the 585 combatant ships it had transferred to the Soviet Union for World War II use returned, *EK-25* among them. Negotiations for the return of the ships were protracted, but on 14 November 1949 the Soviet Union finally returned *EK-25* to the U.S. Navy at Yokosuka, Japan.

### US Navy, Korean War, 19501953

Reverting to her old name, *Bayonne* was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet and remained inactive at Yokosuka until recommissioned there on 28 July 1950 for service in the Korean War.

On 11 September 1950, *Bayonne* left Kobe, Japan, in company with Task Group (TG) 90.7, bound for the west coast of Korea. On 15 September 1950, she screened the amphibious force when United Nations forces landed at Inchon. She continued service in Korean waters for the next 16 months, making voyages to Japan intermittently for repairs and liberty. Until the end of August 1951, *Bayonne* continued to serve with TG 90.7; after that she operated with TG 92.1 in the waters near Wonsan and Songjin on Korea's east coast.

*Bayonne* was decommissioned at Yokosuka on 31 January 1953.

### Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, 19531957

In October 1953, the United States loaned *Bayonne* to Japan for service in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, which named her **JDS *Buna* (PF-14)** (ぶな (PF-14), "fagus crenata"). The JMSDF reclassified her as *PF-294* on 1 September 1957. The U.S. Navy struck her name from the Navy list on 1 December 1961 and transferred her to Japan outright in August 1962. *Buna* was reclassified as an "auxiliary stock craft" (YAC) and renamed ***YAC-11*** on 1 February 1965. Decommissioned on 31 March 1965, she was returned to the United States on 27 June 1967 for disposal and sunk as a target on 1 March 1968.

## Awards

The U.S. Navy awarded *Bayonne* six battle stars for her service in the Korean War.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

## InfoBox

| USS *Bayonne* (PF-21), c. 1951. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Bayonne* |
| Namesake | City of Bayonne, New Jersey |
| Reclassified | PF-21, 15 April 1943 |
| Builder | American Ship Building Company, Cleveland, Ohio |
| Yard number | 1013 |
| Laid down | 6 May 1943, as PG-129 |
| Launched | 11 September 1943 |
| Sponsored by | Mrs. Hannah Gallagher |
| In service | 22 September 1944 |
| Out of service | 6 October 1944 |
| Commissioned | 14 February 1945 |
| Decommissioned | 2 September 1945 |
| Fate | Transferred to the Soviet Navy, 2 September 1945 |
| Acquired | Returned by Soviet Navy, 14 November 1949 |
| Recommissioned | 28 July 1950 |
| Decommissioned | 31 January 1953 |
| Honors and<br>awards | 6 battle stars, Korean War |
| Fate | Transferred to Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, 31 January 1953 |
| Stricken | 1 December 1961 |
| Acquired | Returned by Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, 27 June 1967 |
| Fate | Sunk as a target, 1 March 1968 |
| Soviet Union | |
| Name | *EK-25* |
| Acquired | 2 September 1945 |
| Commissioned | 2 September 1945 |
| Fate | Returned to United States, 14 November 1949 |
| Japan | |
| Name | *Buna* |
| Acquired | 31 January 1953 |
| Renamed | *YAC-11*, 1 February 1965 |
| Reclassified | Auxiliary stock craft (YAC), 1 February 1965 |
| Decommissioned | 31 March 1965 |
| Fate | Returned to United States, 27 June 1967 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | *Tacoma*-class frigate |
| Displacement | * 1,430 long tons (1,453 t) light * 2,415 long tons (2,454 t) full |
| Length | 303 ft 11 in (92.63 m) |
| Beam | 37 ft 11 in (11.56 m) |
| Draft | 13 ft 8 in (4.17 m) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × 5,500 shp (4,101 kW) turbines * 3 boilers * 2 shafts |
| Speed | 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) |
| Complement | 190 |
| Armament |  |


title: Stig Carlsson (ice hockey)

abstract: Stig Johannes Carlsson was a Swedish ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1948 Winter Olympics and the 1956 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Stig Carlsson (ice hockey)

**Stig Johannes Carlsson** (17 January 1924  14 December 1978) was a Swedish ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1948 Winter Olympics and the 1956 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Stig Carlsson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Swedish |
| Born | (1924-01-17)17 January 1924
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 14 December 1978(1978-12-14) (aged 54)
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Ice hockey |


title: Cyprus at the 2022 Commonwealth Games

abstract: Cyprus competed at the 2022 Commonwealth Games at Birmingham, England from 28 July to 8 August 2022. It was Cyprus' 11th appearance at the Games. Marios Georgiou and Zoi Konstantopoulou were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony.

text:
# Cyprus at the 2022 Commonwealth Games

**Cyprus** competed at the **2022 Commonwealth Games** at Birmingham, England from 28 July to 8 August 2022. It was Cyprus' 11th appearance at the Games.

Marios Georgiou and Zoi Konstantopoulou were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Georgios Balarjishvili | Judo | Men's -66kg | 1 August |
| Gold | Ilias Georgiou | Gymnastics | Men's horizontal bar | 2 August |
| Silver | Sokratis Pilakouris | Gymnastics | Men's rings | 1 August |
| Silver | Anna Sokolova | Gymnastics | Women's rhythmic individual all-around | 5 August |
| Silver | Anna Sokolova | Gymnastics | Women's hoop | 6 August |
| Bronze | Georgios Angonas
Michalis Chari
Ilias Georgiou
Marios Georgiou
Sokratis Pilakouris | Gymnastics | Men's artistic team all-around | 29 July |
| Bronze | Marios Georgiou | Gymnastics | Men's artistic individual all-around | 31 July |
| Bronze | Marios Georgiou | Gymnastics | Men's parallel bars | 2 August |
| Bronze | Marios Georgiou | Gymnastics | Men's horizontal bar | 2 August |
| Bronze | Alexandros Poursanidis | Athletics | Men's hammer throw | 6 August |
| Bronze | Anna Sokolova | Gymnastics | Women's ball | 6 August |

## Competitors

It is expected that Cyprus will send 46 competitors to the Games.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| Badminton | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Beach volleyball | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Boxing | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Cycling | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Gymnastics | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| Judo | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Swimming | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Table tennis | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Triathlon | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Weightlifting | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Wrestling | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Total | 37 | 18 | 55 |

## Athletics

Men Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Milan Trajkovic | 110 m hurdles | 13.47 | 3 **Q** | 13.49 | 6 |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Rank | Distance | Rank |
| Nikandros Stylianou | Pole vault |  | | 5.25 | 4 |
| Christos Tamanis | |  | | 5.15 | 6 |
| Christoforos Genethli | Discus throw | 57.40 | 11 **q** | 57.80 | 12 |
| Apostolos Parellis | | 57.99 | 9 **q** | 62.08 | 7 |
| Alexandros Poursanidis | Hammer throw |  | | 73.97 |  |

Women Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Natalia Christofi | 100 m hurdles | 13.42 | 5 | Did not advance | |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Rank | Distance | Rank |
| Despoina Charalambous | High jump | 1.71 | 17 | did not advance | |
| Filippa Fotopoulou | Long jump | 6.59 | 4 **q** | 6.47 | 8 |
| Androniki Lada | Discus throw |  | | 53.04 | 9 |
| Chrystalla Kyriakou | Hammer throw | 62.09 | 7 **q** | 60.97 | 11 |

## Badminton

| Athlete | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Eleni Christodoulou | Women's singles | Bye | Yeo (SGP)
**L** (12–21, 8–21) | Did not advance | | | | |
| Eva Kattirzi | | Akoumba Ze (CMR)
**W** (21–10, 21–11) | Nantuo (GHA)
**W** (21–10, 21–8) | Kashyap (IND)
**L** (2–21, 7–21) | Did not advance | | | |
| Eleni Christodoulou
Eva Kattirzi | Women's doubles |  | Laurens Jordaan &
Scholtz (RSA)
**L** (15–21, 14–21) | Did not advance | | | | |

## Beach volleyball

On 26 September 2021, Cyprus guaranteed qualification for both the men's and women's tournaments by winning the European Qualifiers. The FIVB later confirmed the women ultimately qualified directly via the World Rankings (for performances between 16 April 2018 and 31 March 2022).

| Athletes | Event | Preliminary Round | | | | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | |
| Antonios Liotatis
Charalambos Zorbis | Men's | New Zealand (NZL)
**L** 0-2 | England (ENG)
**L** 0-2 | Tuvalu (TUV)
**W** 2-0 | 3 **q** | Canada (CAN)
**L** 0-2 | Did not advance | | |
| Zoi Konstantopoulou
Erika Nystrom | Women's | Trinidad and Tobago (TTO)
**W** 2-0 | Sri Lanka (SRI)
**W** 2-0 | Australia (AUS)
**L** 0-2 | 2 **Q** | Vanuatu (VAN)
**L** 0-2 | Did not advance | | |

### Men's tournament

**Group C**

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SW | SL | SR | SPW | SPL | SPR | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | O'DeaFuller (NZL) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | MAX | 126 | 97 | 1.299 | Quarterfinals |
| 2 | BelloBello (ENG) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2.000 | 119 | 93 | | 1.280 |
| 3 | LiotatisZorbis (CYP) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0.500 | 102 | 114 | 0.895 | Ranking of third-placed teams |
| 4 | MalosaIssac (TUV) | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0.000 | 83 | 126 | 0.659 |  |

Source: birmingham2022.com

|  | Qualified for the Quarterfinals |
| --- | --- |

| 30 July 2022
19:00 | **O'DeaFuller (NZL)** | 2–0 | LiotatisZorbis (CYP) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–18, 21–13)
Report | | | |
| ||

---

| 1 August 2022
14:30 | **BelloBello (ENG)** | 2–0 | LiotatisZorbis (CYP) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–11, 21–18)
Report | | | |
| ||

---

| 3 August 2022
14:30 | **LiotatisZorbis (CYP)** | 2–0 | MalosaIssac (TUV) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–13, 21–17)
Report | | | |
| ||

Quarterfinals

| 5 August 2022
19:00 | **DearingSchachter (CAN)** | 2–0 | LiotatisZorbis (CYP) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–9, 21–11)
Report | | | |
| ||

### Women's tournament

**Group B**

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SW | SL | SR | SPW | SPL | SPR | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ArtachoClancy (AUS) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 0 | MAX | 126 | 62 | 2.032 | Quarterfinals |
| 2 | KonstantopoulouNyström (CYP) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2.000 | 111 | 84 | | 1.321 |
| 3 | BandaraWeerasinghe (SRI) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0.500 | 40 | 84 | 0.476 | Ranking of third-placed teams |
| 4 | ArmstrongChase (TTO) | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0.000 | 37 | 126 | 0.294 |  |

Source: birmingham2022.com

|  | Qualified for the Quarterfinals |
| --- | --- |

| 31 July 2022
19:00 | **KonstantopoulouNyström (CYP)** | 2–0 | ArmstrongChase (TTO) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–7, 21–17)
Report | | | |
| ||

---

| 2 August 2022
19:00 | **KonstantopoulouNyström (CYP)** | 2–0 | BandaraWeerasinghe (SRI) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–8, 21–10)
Report | | | |
| ||

---

| 4 August 2022
14:30 | **ArtachoClancy (AUS)** | 2–0 | KonstantopoulouNyström (CYP) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (21–14, 21–13)
Report | | | |
| ||

Quarterfinals

| 5 August 2022
15:30 | **PataToko (VAN)** | 2–0 | KonstantopoulouNyström (CYP) | Smithfield |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | (29–27, 30–28)
Report | | | |
| ||

## Boxing

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Rafail Pafios | Light middleweight | Mohlerepe (LES)
**L** 0 - 5 | did not advance | | | | |
| Odysseas Atmatzidis | Middleweight | T-Hallett (COK)
**W** 5 - 0 | Mbundwike (TAN)
**L** 2 - 3 | did not advance | | | |

## Cycling

### Road

Men

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alexandros Agrotis | Road race | 3:37:08 | 24 |
| Andreas Miltiadis | | 3:42:43 | 71 |
| Andreas Miltiadis | Time trial | 49:50.49 | 10 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Antri Christoforou | Road race | 2:44:46 | 9 |
| | Time trial | 45:08.55 | 21 |

### Mountain Biking

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Christos Philokyprou | Men’s cross-country | did not finish | |

## Gymnastics

### Artistic

Men Team Final & Individual Qualification

| Athlete | Event | Apparatus | | | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | F | PH | R | V | PB | HB | | |
| Georgios Angonas | Team | 11.800 | ~~10.700~~ | ~~12.600~~ | 13.800 | ~~12.050~~ | 13.250 | 74.200 | 17 **Q** |
| Michalis Chari | | 11.050 | 11.200 |  | 13.700 | 12.750 | ~~11.500~~ |  | |
| Ilias Georgiou | |  | 12.850 | 13.350 **Q** |  | 14.300 **Q** | 14.150 **Q** |  | |
| Marios Georgiou | | 12.700 | 13.850 **Q** | 12.950 | 14.150 | 14.350 **Q** | 13.900 **Q** | 81.900 | 3 **Q** |
| Sokratis Pilakouris | | 12.200 |  | 14.400 **Q** | ~~DNS~~ |  | | | |
| **Total** | | 36.700 | 37.900 | 40.700 | 41.650 | 41.400 | 41.300 | 239.650 |  |

Individual Finals

| Athlete | Event | Apparatus | | | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | F | PH | R | V | PB | HB | | |
| Georgios Angonas | All-around | 12.250 | 12.550 | 11.850 | 13.750 | 12.550 | 12.950 | 75.900 | 13 |
| Ilias Georgiou | Rings |  | | WD |  | | | Withdrew | |
| | Parallel bars |  | | | | 13.600 |  | 13.600 | 6 |
| | Horizontal bar |  | | | | | 14.466 | 14.466 |  |
| Marios Georgiou | All-around | 13.050 | 13.900 | 13.350 | 13.650 | 14.250 | 13.550 | 81.750 |  |
| | Pommel horse |  | 13.166 |  | | | | 13.166 | 7 |
| | Parallel bars |  | | | | 14.533 |  | 14.533 |  |
| | Horizontal bar |  | | | | | 14.133 | 14.133 |  |
| Sokratis Pilakouris | Rings |  | | 14.300 |  | | | 14.300 |  |

Women Individual Qualification

| Athlete | Event | Apparatus | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | V | UB | BB | F | | |
| Tatiana Bachurina | Qualification | 11.550 | 11.600 | 10.100 | 10.600 | 43.850 | 22 **Q** |

Individual Finals

| Athlete | Event | Apparatus | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | V | UB | BB | F | | |
| Tatiana Bachurina | All-around | 11.750 | 10.900 | 11.200 | 10.750 | 44.600 | 16 |

### Rhythmic

Team Final & Individual Qualification

| Athlete | Event | Apparatus | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Hoop | Ball | Clubs | Ribbon | | |
| Neofyta Mavrikiou | Team | ~~23.650~~ | 23.850 | 23.700 | ~~20.100~~ | 91.300 | 21 |
| Anastasia Pingou | | 24.850 | 25.900 | 24.050 | 25.300 | 100.100 | 19 **Q** |
| Anna Sokolova | | 28.800 **Q** | 27.850 **Q** | 28.200 **Q** | 28.100 **Q** | 112.950 | 1 **Q** |
| **Total** | | 53.650 | 77.600 | 75.950 | 53.400 | 260.600 | 5 |

Individual Finals

| Athlete | Event | Apparatus | | | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Hoop | Ball | Clubs | Ribbon | | |
| Anastasia Pingou | All-around | 24.400 | 24.500 | 24.400 | 22.900 | 96.200 | 15 |
| Anna Sokolova | All-around | 28.700 | 27.800 | 28.000 | 27.600 | 112.100 |  |
| | Hoop | 28.300 |  | | | 28.300 |  |
| | Ball |  | 28.800 |  | | 28.800 |  |
| | Clubs |  | | 27.300 |  | 27.300 | 7 |
| | Ribbon |  | | | 24.600 | 24.600 | 8 |

## Judo

Cyprus entered six judoka (five men and one woman). Georgios Balarjishvili won Cyprus' first ever Commonwealth Games gold medal in the sport of judo.

Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final/BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Petros Christodoulides | -60 kg | Williams (SLE)
**W** **10** \- 00 | Tsala Tsala (CMR)
**W** **10** \- 01 | Zulu (ZAM)
**W** **01** \- 00 | Hall (ENG)
**L** **00** \- 10 |  | Yadav (IND)
**L** **00** \- 10 | 5 |
| **Georgios Balarjishvili** | -66 kg |  | Nash (NIR)
**W** **10** \- 00 | Katz (AUS)
**W** **01** \- 00 | Short (SCO)
**W** **01** \- 00 |  | Allan (SCO)
**W** **01** \- 00 |  |
| Dato Matsoukatov | -73 kg |  | Mahit (VAN)
**W** **10** \- 00 | Green (NIR)
**W** **10** \- 00 | Njie (GAM)
**L** **PEN** |  | Majeed (MAS)
**L** **00** \- 10 | 5 |
| Odysseas Georgakis | -81 kg |  | Fleming (NIR)
**L** **00** \- 01 | did not advance | | | | 9 |
| Giannis Antoniou | +100 kg |  | Takayawa (FIJ)
**W** **10** \- 00 | Deschenes (CAN)
**L** **00** \- 10 | Did not advance | McWatt (SCO)
**L** **00** \- 10 | Did not advance | 7 |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final/BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Sofia Asvesta | -52 kg | Renicks (SCO)
**W** **10** \- 00 | Eastonn (AUS)
**L** **00** \- 10 | Did not advance | Griesel (RSA)
**L** **00** \- 01 | Did not advance | 7 |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Christos Manoli | 50 m freestyle | 24.87 | 47 | did not advance | | | |
| Markos Iakovidis | | 23.72 | 26 | did not advance | | | |
| Christos Manoli | 100 m freestyle | 53.18 | 43 | did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m freestyle | 1:56.16 | 27 |  | | did not advance | |
| Filippos Iakovidis | 50 m backstroke | 26.15 | 21 | did not advance | | | |
| Sofoklis Mougis | | 26.40 | 23 | did not advance | | | |
| Sofoklis Mougis | 100 m backstroke | 58.09 | 23 | did not advance | | | |
| Markos Iakovidis | 50 m breaststroke | 28.78 | 21 | did not advance | | | |
| Panayiotis Panaretos | | 28.46 | 17 | did not advance | | | |
| Panayiotis Panaretos | 100 m breaststroke | 1:02.83 | 16 **Q** | 1:02.76 | 16 | did not advance | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Anna Hadjiloizou | 50 m freestyle | 25.44 | 9 **Q** | 25.56 | 10 **Q** | did not advance | |
| | 100 m freestyle | 56.48 | 16 **Q** | 56.92 | 16 | did not advance | |

## Table tennis

Cyprus accepted a Bipartite Invitation for the para table tennis competition and selected Pantelis Kailis to compete.

Singles

| Athletes | Event | Group stage | | | | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Charbel Elias | Men's singles | Crea (SEY)
**W** 4 - 0 | Evan (WAL)
**L** 0 - 4 |  | 2 | did not advance | | | | | |
| Marios Yiangou | | Jones (RSA)
**W** 4 - 0 | Chen (CAN)
**L** 2 - 4 |  | 2 | did not advance | | | | | |
| Iosif Elia | | McCreery (NIR)
**L** 1 - 4 | Sultan (SEY)
**W** 4 - 3 |  | 2 | did not advance | | | | | |
| Panteleimon Kailis | Men's singles C8–10 | Agunbiade (NGR)
**L** 0 - 3 | Chee (MAS)
**L** 0 - 3 | Stacey (WAL)
**L** 0 - 3 | 4 |  | | | did not advance | | |
| Foteini Meletie | Women's singles | Chung (TTO)
**W** 4 - 3 | Bardsley (ENG)
**L** 1 - 4 |  | 2 | did not advance | | | | | |

Doubles

| Athletes | Event | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Christos Savva
Iosif Elia | Men's doubles | Bye | Desai /
Shetty (IND)
**L** 0 - 3 | Did not advance | | | | |
| Marios Yiangou
Charbel Elias | | Bye | Abiodun /
Aruna (NGR)
**L** 0 - 3 | Did not advance | | | | |
| Marios Yiangou
Foteini Meletie | Mixed doubles | Wykes /
Silcock (JEY)
**L** 1 - 3 | Did not advance | | | | | |

Team

| Athletes | Event | Group stage | | | | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Charpel Elias
Iosif Elia
Christos Savva
Marios Yiangou | Men's team | Ghana (GHA)
**W** **3** \- 1 | South Africa (RSA)
**W** **3** \- 1 | Nigeria (NGR)
**L** **0** \- 3 | 2 **Q** | England (ENG)
**L** **0** \- 3 | did not advance | | |

## Triathlon

Individual

| Athlete | Event | Swim (750 m) | Trans 1 | Bike (20 km) | Trans 2 | Run (5 km) | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Panayiotis Antoniou | Men's | 9:57 | 1:01 | 29:13 | 0:22 | 17:53 | 58:26 | 28 |
| Stavri Pericleous | Women's | 11:02 | 1:36 | 37:55 | 0:40 | 19:23 | 1:10:36 | 29 |

## Weightlifting

| Athlete | Event | Weight Lifted | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Snatch | Clean & jerk | | |
| Antonis Martasidis | Men's -96 kg | 150 | NM | DNF | |

## Wrestling

**Key**:

* VT \- Victory by Fall.
* PP \- Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
* PO \- Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Charalampos Choiras | Men's -86 kg | Eslami (ENG)
**L** 4 - 6 | did not advance | | | | 10 |
| Alexios Kaouslidis | Men's -125 kg | Bye | Grewal (IND)
**L** 1 - 10 | did not advance | | | 8 |

## InfoBox

| Cyprus at the
2022 Commonwealth Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Cyprus | |
| CGF code | CYP |
| CGA | Cyprus Olympic Committee |
| Website | olympic.org.cy (in Greek) |
| in Birmingham, England
28 July 2022 (2022-07-28) – 8 August 2022 (2022-08-08) | |
| Competitors | 55 (37 men and 18 women) in 12 sports |
| Flag bearers | Marios Georgiou
Zoi Konstantopoulou |
| Medals
Ranked 17th | Gold 2 Silver 3 Bronze 6 Total 11 |
| Commonwealth Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Elisabeth Berglund

abstract: Gudrun Elisabeth Berglund is a retired Swedish swimmer who won a bronze medal at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. She competed in three freestyle events at the 1968 Summer Olympics, but was eliminated in preliminaries. Berglund was born in Timrå and started swimming in a club in 1960–1961; she later moved to Ytterhogdal. After retirement from swimming she worked as a gym coach and teacher of Swedish to foreigners. She is a board member of the Swedish Ski Association.

text:
# Elisabeth Berglund

**Gudrun Elisabeth Berglund** (born 26 May 1949) is a retired Swedish swimmer who won a bronze medal at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. She competed in three freestyle events at the 1968 Summer Olympics, but was eliminated in preliminaries.

Berglund was born in Timrå and started swimming in a club in 1960–1961; she later moved to Ytterhogdal. After retirement from swimming she worked as a gym coach and teacher of Swedish to foreigners. She is a board member of the Swedish Ski Association.

## InfoBox

Elisabeth Berglund
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1949-05-26)26 May 1949<br>Timrå, Sweden |
| Height | 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) |
| Weight | 51 kg (112 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Club | Timrå AIF |
| Medal record      Women's swimming  Representing  Sweden  European Championships  1970 Barcelona  4×100 m freestyle | |


title: 2009–10 Frölunda HC season

abstract: The 2009–10 Frölunda HC season was the team's 30th season in Elitserien. Frölunda captured a playoff spot, ending up 7th in the regular season. The team met Linköpings HC in the quarterfinals, where they led the series 3–1. However, Linköping won the three following games and thus Frölunda were knocked out of the playoffs.

text:
# 2009–10 Frölunda HC season

The **2009–10 Frölunda HC season** was the team's 30th season in Elitserien.

Frölunda captured a playoff spot, ending up 7th in the regular season. The team met Linköpings HC in the quarterfinals, where they led the series 3–1. However, Linköping won the three following games and thus Frölunda were knocked out of the playoffs.

## Pre-season

### Nordic Trophy

#### Game log

| 2008 Nordic trophy game log | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| ***Legend***:   Win (3 points)   Overtime win (2 point)   Loss (0 points)   Overtime loss (1 point) | | | | | | | | | |

### Exhibition games

#### Game log

| Exhibition games game log | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Legend***:   Win   Loss   Tie | | | | | | | | | |

## Regular season

### Standings

| Elitserien | GP | W | L | T | OTW | OTL | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **y**HV71 | 55 | 25 | 16 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 188 | 155 | **95** |
| **x**Djurgårdens IF | 55 | 26 | 17 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 161 | 130 | **92** |
| **x**Linköpings HC | 55 | 27 | 20 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 163 | 139 | **92** |
| **x**Skellefteå AIK | 55 | 26 | 20 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 146 | 141 | **88** |
| **x**Färjestads BK | 55 | 25 | 20 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 132 | 144 | **87** |
| **x**Brynäs IF | 55 | 20 | 17 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 144 | 124 | **84** |
| **x**Frölunda HC | 55 | 22 | 22 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 155 | 156 | **78** |
| **x**Timrå IK | 55 | 18 | 19 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 138 | 150 | **75** |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| **e**Modo Hockey | 55 | 16 | 20 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 161 | 150 | **74** |
| **e**Luleå HF | 55 | 19 | 23 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 139 | 143 | **74** |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| **r**Södertälje SK | 55 | 14 | 27 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 131 | 176 | **63** |
| **r**Rögle BK | 55 | 13 | 30 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 127 | 173 | **55** |

**x** – clinched playoff spot; **y** – clinched regular season league title; **e** – eliminated from playoff contention; **r** – played in relegation series

### Game log

| 2008–09 game log | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| ***Legend***:   Win (3 points)   Overtime win (2 point)   Loss (0 points)   Overtime loss (1 point)   Tie (1 point) | | | | | | | | | |

## Playoffs

### Quarterfinal vs. (4) Linköpings HC

| Playoffs | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ***Legend***:   Win   Loss | | | | | | | | | |

## Statistics

### Skaters

| Name | Pos | Nationality | GP | G | A | P | PIM | GP | G | A | P | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Regular season | | | | | Playoffs | | | | |
| Tomi Kallio | RW | Finland | 55 | 18 | 22 | 40 | 40 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 6 |
| Fredrik Pettersson | RW | Sweden | 54 | 20 | 18 | 38 | 67 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 |
| Mathis Olimb | LW | Norway | 55 | 9 | 25 | 34 | 20 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| Niklas Andersson | LW | Sweden | 54 | 15 | 17 | 32 | 50 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 29 |
| Joel Lundqvist | C | Sweden | 49 | 11 | 20 | 31 | 34 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Janne Niskala | D | Finland | 50 | 12 | 16 | 28 | 34 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 6 |
| Christian Bäckman | D | Sweden | 47 | 10 | 18 | 28 | 46 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| Per-Johan Axelsson | LW | Sweden | 47 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Joakim Andersson | C | Sweden | 55 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 42 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Mikael Johansson | C | Sweden | 55 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 14 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Carl Klingberg | RW | Sweden | 42 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 16 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Riku Hahl | C | Finland | 26 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
| Tobias Viklund | D | Sweden | 48 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Philip Larsen | D | Denmark | 42 | 1 | 9 | 10 | 20 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Martin Røymark | RW | Norway | 55 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Nicklas Lasu | LW | Sweden | 51 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Patric Blomdahl | LW | Sweden | 49 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 90 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 16 |
| Ville Mäntymaa | D | Finland | 28 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 18 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Oscar Hedman | D | Sweden | 52 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Andreas Karlsson | C | Sweden | 15 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| Kristián Kudroč | D | Slovakia | 28 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 76 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Peter Andersson | D | Sweden | 21 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Mikko Lehtonen | D | Finland | 9 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Jens Karlsson | RW | Sweden | 10 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Henrik Tömmernes | D | Sweden | 27 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Jussi Makkonen | C | Finland | 9 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Johan Holmqvist | G | Sweden | 55 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Johan Sundström | LW | Sweden | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Johan Alm | D | Sweden | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Jonathan Johansson | C | Sweden | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Henrik Lundberg | G | Sweden | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Charlie Torstensson | G | Sweden | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Erik Andersson | C | Sweden | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Pontus Hansson | G | Sweden | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Gusten Törnqvist | G | Sweden | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sebastian Idoff | G | Sweden | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |

### Goaltenders

## Transactions

| Acquired  **Player** **Former team** **Date** **Notes**  Tobias Viklund Skellefteå AIK 1 April   Carl Klingberg Frölunda J20 22 April   Henrik Tömmernes Frölunda J20 22 April   Ville Mäntymaa JYP 26 April   Mathis Olimb Augsburger Panther 27 April   Martin Røymark Sparta Warriors 27 April   Sebastian Idoff Frölunda J20 13 May   Mikko Lehtonen Timrå IK 16 July   Joel Lundqvist Dallas Stars 24 July   Per-Johan Axelsson Boston Bruins 27 July   Christian Bäckman Columbus Blue Jackets 9 October   Kristián Kudroč Brynäs IF 29 October   Jussi Makkonen Dinamo Minsk 4 December   Gusten Törnqvist Almtuna IS 29 January   Jens Karlsson Borås HC 31 January | Leaving  **Player** **New team** **Date** **Notes**  Magnus Kahnberg Brynäs IF 31 March   Ronnie Sundin retired 2 April   Jonas Johnson retired 2 April   Tuukka Mäntylä Tappara 2 April   Ari Ahonen KalPa 2 April   Johan Andersson Växjö Lakers HC 2 April   Philip Larsen Dallas Stars 20 April   Erik Karlsson Ottawa Senators 7 May   Joe DiPenta Buffalo Sabres 11 July   John Pohl Chicago Wolves 29 July   Karl Fabricius Luleå HF 1 September   Jonas Nordquist Brynäs IF 1 September   Mikko Lehtonen Kärpät 21 November   Jussi Makkonen JYP 27 January   Kristián Kudroč Ässät 31 January |
| --- | --- |

## Drafted players

Frölunda HC players picked in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft at the Staples Center in Los Angeles.

| Round | Pick | Player | Nationality | NHL team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5th | 131st | John Klingberg | Sweden | Dallas Stars |

## InfoBox

| 2009–10 Frölunda HC | |
| --- | --- |
| League | 7th Elitserien |
| 2009–10 record | 22–22–11 |
| Home record | 16–7–5 |
| Road record | 6–15–6 |
| Goals for | 155 |
| Goals against | 156 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Kent Norberg |
| Coach | Ulf Dahlén |
| Assistant coach | Stephan Lundh
Emil Olsén
Dan Jablonic |
| Captain | Joel Lundqvist |
| Alternate captains | Per-Johan Axelsson
Riku Hahl |
| Arena | Scandinavium |
| Average attendance | 11,399 |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Fredrik Pettersson (20) |
| Assists | Mathis Olimb (25) |
| Points | Tomi Kallio (40) |
| Penalty minutes | Patric Blomdahl (90) |
| Goals against average | Sebastian Idoff (2.01) |
|


title: Bubiai

abstract: Bubiai is a village in Kaunas district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2021 census, the village has a population of 642 people.

text:
# Bubiai

**Bubiai** is a village in Kaunas district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. According to the 2021 census, the village has a population of 642 people.

## InfoBox

| Bubiai | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Eldership administration building | |
| BubiaiLocation in Lithuania | |
| Coordinates: 54°59′28″N 23°37′55″E / 54.99111°N 23.63194°E / 54.99111; 23.63194 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| Ethnographic region | Aukštaitija |
| County | Kaunas County |
| Municipality | Kaunas district municipality |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 642 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Bodegisel

abstract: Bodegisel was a Frankish duke (dux). He was the son of Mummolin, duke of Soissons, and served the kings Chilperic I and Childebert II. Bodegisel was dux of Provence. He was celebrated in song by the contemporary poet Venantius Fortunatus, who praised the education and eloquence he displayed as rector of Marseilles under Sigebert I, a position Bodegisel held until about 565. In 584, Bodegisel accompanied Rigunth, the daughter of Chilperic I, to Spain for her marriage to Reccared, the son of the Visigothic king Liuvigild, although the marriage never took place. After his return, he was sent on an embassy to Constantinople on behalf of Childebert II. Bodegisel stopped at Carthage on the return trip, and he was murdered there, being torn to pieces by a mob. A. C. Murray, paraphrasing Gregory of Tours, says he was struck with a sword as he stepped outside their lodging when a crowd gathered in response to the murder of a merchant committed by one of their retainers. The bishop and contemporary historian Gregory of Tours records that Bodegisel was able to accomplish the unusual feat of passing on his estate to his heirs undiminished. However, this history does not explicitly identify Bodegisel's heirs—notably, it does not prove that he was the father of Arnulf of Metz. According to Hans-Walter Herrmann and Ulrich Nonn, confusion between Bodegisel and a later duke named Bobo is responsible for the semi-legendary duke Boggis who appears in sources from the ninth century on. Bobo was a member of an illustrious Austrasian family and a nephew of the deacon Adalgisel Grimo, but where his dukedom was located is unknown. According to the thirteenth-century Vita sanctae Odae viduae, Saint Chrodoara was married to a certain duke Boggis and became a nun after his death. According to Herrmann and Nonn, Chrodoara may have been the wife of Bodegisel. Writing in the eleventh century, Sigebert of Gembloux named Boggis a duke of Aquitaine and misplaces his life towards 711. The Vita Landberti episcopi Traiectensis, a life of Bishop Lambert of Maastricht, refers to "Chrodoara... widow of the recently deceased Boggis, duke of Aquitaine" as a "paternal aunt" of Lambert's. A spurious charter of king Charles the Bald dated 30 January 845 and the Charte d'Alaon, a modern fabrication, give Bodegisel/Boggis an erroneous genealogy that claims he was a son of king Charibert II and gives him a brother named Bertrand who succeeded him.

text:
# Bodegisel

**Bodegisel** (also spelled **Bodygisil**, died 585 or 588) was a Frankish duke (*dux*). He was the son of Mummolin, duke of Soissons, and served the kings Chilperic I and Childebert II.

Bodegisel was *dux* of Provence. He was celebrated in song by the contemporary poet Venantius Fortunatus, who praised the education and eloquence he displayed as *rector* of Marseilles under Sigebert I, a position Bodegisel held until about 565.

In 584, Bodegisel accompanied Rigunth, the daughter of Chilperic I, to Spain for her marriage to Reccared, the son of the Visigothic king Liuvigild, although the marriage never took place. After his return, he was sent on an embassy to Constantinople (capital of the Byzantine Empire) on behalf of Childebert II. Bodegisel stopped at Carthage on the return trip, and he was murdered there, being torn to pieces by a mob. A. C. Murray, paraphrasing Gregory of Tours, says he was struck with a sword as he stepped outside their lodging when a crowd gathered in response to the murder of a merchant committed by one of their retainers.

The bishop and contemporary historian Gregory of Tours records that Bodegisel was able to accomplish the unusual feat of passing on his estate to his heirs undiminished. However, this history does not explicitly identify Bodegisel's heirs—notably, it does not prove that he was the father of Arnulf of Metz.

According to Hans-Walter Herrmann and Ulrich Nonn, confusion between Bodegisel and a later duke named **Bobo** is responsible for the semi-legendary (and conflated) duke **Boggis** who appears in sources from the ninth century on. Bobo was a member of an illustrious Austrasian family and a nephew of the deacon Adalgisel Grimo (died 634), but where his dukedom was located is unknown.

According to the thirteenth-century *Vita sanctae Odae viduae*, Saint Chrodoara was married to a certain duke Boggis and became a nun after his death. According to Herrmann and Nonn, Chrodoara may have been the wife of Bodegisel. Writing in the eleventh century, Sigebert of Gembloux named Boggis a duke of Aquitaine and misplaces his life towards 711. The *Vita Landberti episcopi Traiectensis*, a life of Bishop Lambert of Maastricht, refers to "Chrodoara ... widow of the recently deceased Boggis, duke of Aquitaine" as a "paternal aunt" of Lambert's. A spurious charter of king Charles the Bald dated 30 January 845 and the *Charte d'Alaon*, a modern fabrication, give Bodegisel/Boggis an erroneous genealogy that claims he was a son of king Charibert II and gives him a brother named Bertrand who succeeded him.


title: Sceloporus occidentalis longipes

abstract: Sceloporus occidentalis longipes is a subspecies of the western fence lizard, commonly called the Great Basin fence lizard. Several subspecies of the western fence lizard, a species of phrynosomatid lizard, are found in the far western part of North America.

text:
# Sceloporus occidentalis longipes

***Sceloporus occidentalis longipes*** is a subspecies of the western fence lizard, commonly called the **Great Basin fence lizard**. Several subspecies of the western fence lizard, a species of phrynosomatid lizard, are found in the far western part of North America.

* Hobart M. Smith (1995) *Handbook of Lizards: Lizards of the United States and of Canada*, Cornell University Press, 557 pages ISBN 0-8014-8236-4
* C. Michael Hogan (2008) "Western fence lizard (*Sceloporus occidentalis*)", Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
* "Great Basin Fence Lizard - Sceloporus occidentalis longipes". californiaherps.com. Retrieved 19 May 2014.

## InfoBox

| Great Basin fence lizard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Phrynosomatidae |
| Genus: | *Sceloporus* |
| Species: | *S. occidentalis* |
| Subspecies: | ***S. o. longipes*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Sceloporus occidentalis longipes***<br>Baird, 1859 | |


title: Samuel G. Smith Farm

abstract: Samuel G. Smith Farm is a historic home and farm located in Center Township, Wayne County, Indiana. The farmhouse was built in 1888, and is a two-story, Italianate style brick dwelling with Queen Anne style design elements. Also on the property are the contributing log house, carriage house, barn, corn crib, chicken house, and ice house. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

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# Samuel G. Smith Farm

**Samuel G. Smith Farm** is a historic home and farm located in Center Township, Wayne County, Indiana. The farmhouse was built in 1888, and is a two-story, Italianate style brick dwelling with Queen Anne style design elements. Also on the property are the contributing log house (c. 1820), carriage house, barn, corn crib, chicken house, and ice house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Samuel G. Smith Farm | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Samuel G. Smith Farm, September 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | West of Richmond at 3431 Crowe Rd., Center Township, Wayne County, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 39°50′23″N 84°56′51″W / 39.83972°N 84.94750°W / 39.83972; -84.94750 |
| Area | 6 acres (2.4 ha) |
| Built | 1888 (1888) |
| Built by | Powel & Co., Edward; Bryant, Edward B. |
| Architectural style | Italianate, Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 83000044 |
| Added to NRHP | January 14, 1983 |


title: Trail, Missouri

abstract: Trail is an unincorporated community in northern Ozark County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately twenty-two miles northeast of Gainesville. Access is from Missouri Route 14 in Douglas County south via route AC. The village site is located adjacent to Trail Creek. Trail Creek flows into Bryant Creek, about one mile to the southwest. The Trail cemetery lies about a mile to the northeast along Trail Creek.

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# Trail, Missouri

**Trail** is an unincorporated community in northern Ozark County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately twenty-two miles northeast of Gainesville. Access is from Missouri Route 14 in Douglas County south via route AC. The village site is located adjacent to Trail Creek. Trail Creek flows into Bryant Creek, about one mile to the southwest. The Trail cemetery lies about a mile to the northeast along Trail Creek.

## History

A post office called Toledo was established in 1890, and remained in operation until 1963. The community name was derived from a family name of local residents.

## InfoBox

| Trail, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| Community | |
| Trail, MissouriLocation of Trail, MissouriTrail, MissouriTrail, Missouri (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 36°46′5″N 92°17′43″W / 36.76806°N 92.29528°W / 36.76806; -92.29528 | |
| Country | U. S. A. |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Ozark County |
| Elevation | 230 m (750 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |


title: Trail Airport

abstract: Trail Airport is located 6.1 nautical miles southeast of Trail, British Columbia, Canada and is situated in a valley beside the Columbia River. The airport serves both Trail and nearby Nelson and Castlegar. The airport consists of one 4,001 ft × 75 ft asphalt runway and provides a GPS approach from the north and the south. Since April 10, 2006, Pacific Coastal has been flying into the airport using their Beechcraft 1900s, and occasionally their bigger Saab 340s. In December 2017, with funding from the B.C. Air Access Program, the City of Trail built a new 4,200 sq.ft. airport terminal building to give the 22,000+ yearly travelers a better travel experience with designated drop-off and pick-up zones, ample short-term and long-term parking, and a spacious waiting area.

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# Trail Airport

**Trail Airport** (IATA: **YZZ**, TC LID: **CAD4**) is located 6.1 nautical miles (11.3 km; 7.0 mi) southeast of Trail, British Columbia, Canada and is situated in a valley beside the Columbia River. The airport serves both Trail and nearby Nelson and Castlegar.

The airport consists of one 4,001 ft × 75 ft (1,220 m × 23 m) asphalt runway and provides a GPS approach from the north (runway 16) and the south (runway 34).

Since April 10, 2006, Pacific Coastal has been flying into the airport using their Beechcraft 1900s, and occasionally their bigger Saab 340s.

In December 2017, with funding from the B.C. Air Access Program, the City of Trail built a new 4,200 sq.ft. airport terminal building to give the 22,000+ yearly travelers a better travel experience with designated drop-off and pick-up zones, ample short-term and long-term parking, and a spacious waiting area.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Pacific Coastal Airlines | Vancouver |

## InfoBox

| Trail Regional Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner/Operator | City of Trail |
| Serves | West Kootenay |
| Location | Trail, British Columbia |
| Time zone | PST (UTC−08:00) |
| Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC−07:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,427 ft / 435 m |
| Coordinates | 49°03′20″N 117°36′33″W / 49.05556°N 117.60917°W / 49.05556; -117.60917 |
| Website | https://trail.ca/en/live/trail-regional-airport.aspx |
| Map | |
| YZZLocation in British Columbia | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  16/34 4,001 1,220 Asphalt | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Elfrīda Karlsone

abstract: Elfrīda Karlsone was a Latvian athlete. She competed in the women's discus throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

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# Elfrīda Karlsone

**Elfrīda Karlsone** (18 April 1904 – 4 June 1983) was a Latvian athlete. She competed in the women's discus throw at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Elfrīda Karlsone
| Elfrīda Karlsone in 1928 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Elfrīda Karlsone-Kukaine-Bērziņa |
| Nationality | Latvian |
| Born | (1904-04-18)18 April 1904
Riga |
| Died | 4 June 1983(1983-06-04) (aged 79)
London, Ontario, Canada |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Discus throw |


title: Trap–neuter–return

abstract: Trap–neuter–return (TNR), also known as trap–neuter–release, is a controversial method that attempts to manage populations of feral cats. The process involves live-trapping the cats, having them neutered, ear-tipped for identification, and, if possible, vaccinated, then releasing them back into the outdoors. If the location is deemed unsafe or otherwise inappropriate, the cats may be relocated to other appropriate areas. Often, friendly adults and kittens young enough to be easily socialized are retained and placed for adoption. Feral cats cannot be socialized, shun most human interaction and do not fare well in confinement, so they are not retained. Cats suffering from severe medical problems such as terminal, contagious, or untreatable illnesses or injuries are often euthanized. In the past, the main goal of most TNR programs was the reduction or eventual elimination of free-roaming cat populations. It is still the most widely implemented non-lethal method of managing them. While that is still a primary goal of many efforts, other programs and initiatives may be aimed more towards providing a better quality of life for feral cats, stemming the population expansion that is a direct result of breeding, improving the communities in which these cats are found, reducing "kill" rates at shelters that accept captured free-roaming cats, in turn improving public perceptions and possibly reducing costs, and eliminating or reducing nuisance behaviors to decrease public complaints about free-roaming cats. Scientific research has not found TNR to be an effective means of controlling the feral cat population. Literature reviews have found that when studies documented TNR colonies that declined in population, those declines were being driven primarily by substantial percentages of colony cats being permanently removed by a combination of rehoming and euthanasia on an ongoing basis, as well as by an unusually high rate of death and disappearance. TNR colonies often increase in population for a number of reasons: cats breed quickly, and the trapping and sterilization rates are frequently too low to stop this population growth; food is usually being provided to the cats; and public awareness of a TNR colony tends to encourage people in the surrounding community to dump their own unwanted pet cats there. The growing popularity of TNR, even near areas of particular ecological sensitivity, has been attributed in part to a lack of public interest regarding the environmental harm caused by feral cats, and the unwillingness of both scientific communities and TNR advocates to engage.

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# Trap–neuter–return

**Trap–neuter–return** (**TNR**), also known as **trap–neuter–release**, is a controversial method that attempts to manage populations of feral cats. The process involves live-trapping the cats, having them neutered, ear-tipped for identification, and, if possible, vaccinated, then releasing them back into the outdoors. If the location is deemed unsafe or otherwise inappropriate, the cats may be relocated to other appropriate areas (barn/farmyard homes are often considered best). Often, friendly adults and kittens young enough to be easily socialized are retained and placed for adoption. Feral cats cannot be socialized, shun most human interaction and do not fare well in confinement, so they are not retained. Cats suffering from severe medical problems such as terminal, contagious, or untreatable illnesses or injuries are often euthanized.

In the past, the main goal of most TNR programs was the reduction or eventual elimination of free-roaming cat populations. It is still the most widely implemented non-lethal method of managing them. While that is still a primary goal of many efforts, other programs and initiatives may be aimed more towards providing a better quality of life for feral cats, stemming the population expansion that is a direct result of breeding, improving the communities in which these cats are found, reducing "kill" rates at shelters that accept captured free-roaming cats, in turn improving public perceptions and possibly reducing costs, and eliminating or reducing nuisance behaviors to decrease public complaints about free-roaming cats.

Scientific research has not found TNR to be an effective means of controlling the feral cat population. Literature reviews have found that when studies documented TNR colonies that declined in population, those declines were being driven primarily by substantial percentages of colony cats being permanently removed by a combination of rehoming and euthanasia on an ongoing basis, as well as by an unusually high rate of death and disappearance. TNR colonies often increase in population for a number of reasons: cats breed quickly, and the trapping and sterilization rates are frequently too low to stop this population growth; food is usually being provided to the cats; and public awareness of a TNR colony tends to encourage people in the surrounding community to dump their own unwanted pet cats there. The growing popularity of TNR, even near areas of particular ecological sensitivity, has been attributed in part to a lack of public interest regarding the environmental harm caused by feral cats, and the unwillingness of both scientific communities and TNR advocates to engage.

## Terminology

**TNR** usually stands for *trap–neuter–return*. It is sometimes described as **trap–neuter–release**. The word *return* emphasizes that most feral cats are returned to their original locations under such a program. Variant acronyms and terms include: **TNSR** (for 'trap–neuter/spay–return'), **TNVR** ('trap–neuter–vaccinate–return'), **TNRM** ('trap–neuter–release–maintain/manage') where 'maintain' generally means caregivers feed and monitor the feral cats after they are returned to their territories, and **TTVAR** ('trap–test–vaccinate–alter–release').

**TVHR** ('trap–vasectomize/hysterectomize–release') refers to a different method of cat population management, despite its similar name. TVHR differs in the type of sterilization surgery performed on the cats. Unlike traditional spays (ovariohysterectomy) and neuters (castration), which are done in TNR, the vasectomies and hysterectomies in TVHR result in sterile but sexually active cats.

**RTF** ('return to field') or **TNS** ('trap, neuter, shelter return') are alternative approaches that simply focus on the trap and desex portion and do not include a colony management aspect. In some instances, a receiving shelter will return a cat to where it was found; in other cases shelters are completely bypassed – a person takes a free-roaming live-trapped cat in for desexing, then returns it to where it was found.

## Advocacy and opposition

TNR as a method of managing free-roaming cat populations is controversial. Global attitudes towards these cats vary from those who see them as pets to those who target them as invasive species that need to be eliminated. Many international, national, and regional organizations and association, both professional and advocacy-based, have publicly aligned themselves into three basic groups: those that stridently oppose managing, maintaining, or tolerating free-roaming cats and hence TNR; those who conditionally support TNR as a part of a community cat management program (which includes community cat oversight and monitoring); and those who unconditionally support and endorse TNR.

Organizations that oppose TNR on the basis of animal welfare and wildlife preservation include:

* PETA: PETA does not endorse TNR, citing research finding it is not an effective intervention along with data finding short life expectancies and inhumane living conditions for feral cats.
* The International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council: "The IWRC supports the humane removal of feral cat and dog populations, including feral cat colonies, through the rehabilitation and adoption of suitable animals into domestic environments and humane euthanasia of animals that cannot be rehabilitated and re-homed." They point out that as domestic animals "subsidized" by people, they exceed the ability for the environment to support them without resulting in damage to wildlife.
* The Wildlife Society: "TNR undermines the work of wildlife professionals and severely jeopardizes the integrity of native biodiversity."
* American Bird Conservancy (ABC): "Cats have been introduced into new habitats across the globe with terrible results. Outdoors, cats are a non-native and invasive species that threaten birds and other wildlife, disrupt ecosystems, and spread diseases." They advocate responsible pet ownership and "oppose Trap, Neuter, Release (TNR) for feral cats because of the persistent and severe threats posed by feral cat colonies."
* RSPCA Australia: "As a long term strategy, in most of Australia, \[TNR\] is difficult to recommend. Since resources for cat control are limited, resources in and around towns and cities would be better spent on education, increased community awareness about responsible cat ownership, targeted desexing programs particularly for low-income earners, and better laws and regulations. These strategies should reduce the number of owned animals and their offspring entering the unowned cat population. For remote Australia where feral cats are completely unsocialised and therefore not candidates for rehoming, the most cost-effective and humane option is likely to be targeted and ongoing lethal control in priority areas where adverse environmental impacts are highest."
* Canadian Veterinary Medical Association: "As typically applied, trap-neuter-release (TNR) alone is ineffective at reducing cat population sizes over reasonable time frames (e.g., less 10 years), with removal strategies such as high-volume adoptions, relocations and euthanasia being more efficacious."
* Australian Veterinary Association: "These programs cannot be supported as a generalised and key strategy in the management of cats."

Some organizations that conditionally support TNR include:

* The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals: "The ASPCA endorses Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) as the only proven humane and effective method to manage community cat colonies." It clarifies its position by stating that managing "involves a colony caretaker who provides food and adequate shelter and monitors the cats' health."
* The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS): "we support Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) and similar sterilization programs, legislation that allows for and supports non-lethal population control, and coalition-based approaches that involve community leaders, citizens, and stakeholders to implement effective community cat management programs." They further clarify this view by stating: "The HSUS believes that the humane reduction and eventual elimination of unowned cat populations should be the end goal for all TNR participants and supporters. TNR should be considered a humane means to an end, not a method of permanently maintaining outdoor cat populations. The HSUS estimates that the population of feral cats in the US ranges from 50 to 70 million. In contrast, the number of pet cats in the US is approximately 76 million.
* The American Humane Association: "In some situations, safe cat colonies can be maintained by caretakers. American Humane Association supports trap, neuter and release programs for colony cats – especially for feral cats. Whenever possible, homes should be found for colony cats that might be successfully socialized."
* The UK's Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA): the RSPCA "supports Trap, Neuter and Release (TNR) programmes with veterinary support. Healthy cats should be neutered, ear-tipped and returned or, where appropriate, re-sited."

## Advantages and disadvantages

Various studies and arguments have been presented both in support of and in opposition to free-roaming cats and TNR.

### Purported reductions in population over time

In general, trap-neuter-release programs are not effective at reducing the population of feral cats, as they do not affect the carrying capacity of the environment. In order to be successful, a trap-neuter-release program must drive the net reproduction rate below 2 kittens per mother, which can be extremely difficult given the high reproductive capacity of feral cats (with a queen being capable of weaning about 9.4 kittens/year).

Some long-term studies have claimed or been cited to show that TNR is effective in stopping reproduction and reducing the population over time, but the methodology, analysis and conclusions of some of these studies have been called into question. Reviews of these studies, as well as mathematical models of population growth, have shown that TNR colonies only decrease in population where cats experience very high rates of permanent removal (of at least 50% of the colony cats per year, such as by a combination of adoption and euthanasia), combined with high sterilization rates, and low rates of immigration of new cats into the colony. Unless all of these conditions are met, TNR colonies will not decrease in size over time.

* An eleven-year study of a TNR program at the University of Central Florida achieved a population decrease of 66%, from 68 cats in 1996 (when the census was first completed after some trapping) to 23 cats in 2002. No new kittens were born after 1995, and newly arrived stray or abandoned cats were neutered or adopted to homes. However, as many proponents fail to note, TNR was not the sole reason for success. The population reduction was primarily from adoption (47%) and euthanasia (11%), or due to the cats no longer living on site with their whereabouts unknown (15%).
* A TNR program begun in 1992 by the Merrimack River Feline Rescue Society (MRFRS) on the central waterfront of Newburyport, Massachusetts, has been widely cited as an example of TNR success on a community level; however, only superficial reports about what took place have been available and there is very little statistical data to support the claims.

The success of specific focused studies to advocate TNR as a solution for controlling and reducing free-roaming cat populations worldwide is problematic. More broad-based approaches include using matrix population models to estimate the efficacy of euthanasia versus trap-neuter-return for management of free-roaming cats, such as the one researchers established for use in urban environments.

Efforts to assess the effectiveness have been hampered by the lack of sufficient monitoring data. Having some professional assistance, adapting the population monitoring framework developed over decades by wildlife biologists, and systematic monitoring can evolve into a relatively low-cost, high-value adjunct to ongoing management efforts.

The potential problem of TNR advocacy and increased public awareness of non-lethal intervention actually contributing to the increasing numbers of free-roaming pets, by enabling pet owners to make conscious decisions to illegally dump or abandon their animal without having to worry about lethal control measures, has been a contentious point. In a widely cited example of cat control by relocation (cats from Bidwell Park, California, were trapped and moved to a private sanctuary), the high visibility of the project encouraged more abandonment. In another study, to explain the ingression of cats it was found that "the high quality and visibility of the program \[...\] may have encouraged abandonment of cats if owners believed that the cats would be well taken care of after abandonment. Abandonment may also have occurred if owners believed that cats would be better off under the care of the program rather than surrendered to a shelter where they would face the risk of euthanasia." Some of the cats that came in to the TNR colony had already been sterilized; some of these had ear-tips and some did not.

Introgression, particularly of intact cats, has been noted to be a barrier to decreasing cat populations over time through TNR efforts. It has become apparent that while the TNR process can reduce or limit the growth rate of the colony through reproduction, it may not reduce the population numbers if it is the sole method of intervention. Population reduction occurs primarily through adoptions of non-feral cats, natural death or euthanasia of sick animals, and disappearance or emigration of cats. TNR works together with these factors to reduce reproduction and thus to minimize replacement of animals lost from the colony. Other factors such as immigration of cats from surrounding areas can counteract its effect. Thus, the impact of TNR interventions on unowned cat populations can be complex, and ongoing management of colonies becomes an important component in optimizing reductions in the cat population.

### Euthanasia debate

TNR is often presented to public officials and policymakers as a viable alternative to euthanasia with several benefits.

#### Reducing euthanasia numbers

* It has been claimed that euthanasia in shelters is the leading cause of death of cats. Proponents of TNR use this statistic to promote methods of cat population control that do not include euthanasia. However, in the USA there are no exact numbers of animals being euthanized each year. Only a few states require animal shelters to keep records about animals being euthanized, and there is no agency responsible for collecting or verifying this data. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) has noted a marked decrease in euthanasia rates since 2011 and the Humane Society of the United States reported that euthanasia of animals in shelters has been declining sharply since 1970. In addition, the reasons for euthanasia vary. Animals may be euthanized because of shelter over-crowding, for medical reasons (illness or injury), for court-mandated reasons, or because of financial/staff limitations.
* When the number of animals coming into a shelter exceeds its ability to care for, hold, or find foster placements, the facility may end up euthanizing animals. This could include even adoptable kittens or cats simply because they cannot be taken care of. A common outcome for a cat judged to be "feral" after being taken to a traditional shelter not practicing no-kill sheltering is euthanasia (humanely putting the animal to death). Feral cats do not tolerate being caged or handled and many shelters are unable to manage them without putting the animal or the staff at risk. TNR could alleviate this.
* Facilities have reported notable decreases in intakes and euthanasia since implementing TNR programs. It is not clear, however, if these decreases can be directly attributed to TNR, or to concurrent efforts to increase and implement owned pet spay-neuter programs, new initiatives of adoption campaigns where animals at risk of euthanasia are transported to areas where animals for adoptions are needed, or public awareness campaigns to enhance adoption rates.

#### Cost savings

* Proponents of TNR claim that while neutering cats may be costly, euthanizing them costs more. However, the cost savings associated with TNR are location-specific and accurate estimates involve taking into account numerous variables including volunteer support, donations, grants, and local spay-neuter agreements for low-cost services. Cost savings fluctuate based on the type of TNR program implemented, the extent of animal control involvement, the volunteer base available, and the community's overall support of TNR. Over time, through attrition and sterilization efforts, if the free-roaming population declines, savings may be realized by total decreased expenditures on them.
* In a 10-year study in Orange County, Florida, after a feral cat sterilization program was instituted in which 7,903 feral cats neutered, the cost was an estimated $442,568, as compared to $1,098,517 if they had been impounded and euthanized.
* In Port Orange, Florida, a TNR program started in 2013 in the city's business areas resulted in fewer stray cats and money saved. In the first year, 214 cats were sterilized for $13,000, which was much less than over $50,000 spent in 2010, when most of the impounded cats were euthanized. A theoretical savings of $123,000 was projected based on not having to impound the offspring that the cats may have produced if not spayed.

#### Improved morale and public support

* A 2011 survey of U.S. pet owners found that 71% agreed that "Animal shelters should only be allowed to euthanize animals when they are too sick to be treated or too aggressive to be adopted," while only 25% agreed that "Sometimes animal shelters should be allowed to euthanize animals as a necessary way of controlling the population of animals."
* In 2019, a study was published that concluded "for most Brisbane City (Australia) residents, when awareness is raised about the problem of urban stray cats and management strategies, the majority are supportive of a TNR community program with little or no persuasion required."
* TNR programs may have a side effect of reducing the stress and strain volunteers and staff have related to euthanasia in shelters. A 2019 study concluded that euthanasia-related strain is prevalent among shelter employees. Such strain is associated with increased levels of general job stress, work-to-family conflict, somatic complaints, and substance use, and with lower levels of job satisfaction.

### Improving the cats' health and welfare

It has been claimed that TNR programs improve the welfare of free-roaming cats in many ways:

* Spayed female cats will no longer be burdened by pregnancy or nursing litters: Females have been found to be pregnant throughout the year. A study of the reproductive capacity of free-roaming cats showed they may have an average of 1.4 litters a year, with a median of 3 kittens/litter.
* Alleviating unnecessary suffering of kittens: 75% of the kittens born to free-roaming cats being studied died or disappeared before 6 months of age. Trauma was found to be the most common cause of death.
* Improved overall heath: The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) notes that properly managed programs can improve quality of life through better nutrition, vaccination to prevent disease, and euthanasia of sick and debilitated cats. However, management of colonies is not a mandated practice, nor is ongoing monitoring and follow-up care once released after the neuter-spay. Vaccinations, medical examination, care, or treatments may or may not be a part of any given TNR effort.
* Fighting may decline, thus reducing injuries: A study between four colonies, two of neutered males and two of intact males, found that the frequency of agonistic behavior was lower in the neutered groups. However, the agonistic behavior that was noted in the neutered groups was attributable to interactions involving intact males who had moved into them. As noted above, introgression of cats is a common factor noted in studies.

Not all free-roaming cats, or cats that end up in live traps, are feral. Some are owned, but have been allowed to roam outdoors; some have escaped their homes or owners and are strays; some may have been abandoned or "dumped." The assessment, after trapping, of "social" (friendly and adoptable), "social but timid or scared" (may adjust and be adoptable), "not social" (not feral, prefers to not be handled, hard to adopt out) or "feral" is crucial if TNR is intended to be in the best interest of the animal. When programs provide for feral kittens to be socialized and adopted, and for friendly cats to be adopted, the welfare of those cats is improved.

Managed TNR programs that involve continuous active intervention on detection along with treatment and prevention of some of the more common diseases and parasites may help improve their overall health.

The overall effect of TNR on the health and welfare of free-roaming cats as a whole is not possible to measure. In numerous studies, many of the cats simply disappeared, so follow-up was impossible. They are subject to injury, illness, or death from numerous things: trauma from humans or human machines or other animals, predation by wildlife, toxins and poisons, contagious diseases, exposure to harsh weather, malnutrition, infections, and parasitic debilitation.

The TNR process itself can result in inhumane outcomes. In 2016, investigative reporting by WFLA found that in Hillsborough County, Florida, TNR cats were being returned to the outdoors the day after their surgical sterilizations, because the Tampa Bay Humane Society did not have "a place to put them for a couple of days" where they could be observed in recuperation. WFLA said they had possession of images of TNR cats bleeding from opened surgical wounds, images of TNR cat with maggots in their incisions, and an image of a bloodied cat trap whose occupant had bled out; the TV station's managers declined to allow these images to be broadcast. Officials overseeing that TNR program said that their greatly reduced shelter euthanasia rates were worth it even if their TNR outcomes "weren't perfect".

### Fewer complaints

TNR may help reduce public complaints pertaining to free-roaming cats. Female cats will 'call' (come into season and be receptive to the male cat) regularly, about every three weeks during sexually active times of the year if they do not get pregnant. Having un-spayed female cats in an area will attract un-neutered males with the attendant problems of spraying, fighting and caterwauling.

* After starting a TNR program in 1995, animal control in Orange County, Florida, received fewer complaints about cats, even after broadening the definition of a nuisance complaint.
* A study of a TNR program at Texas A&M University in 1998–2000 reported that the number of cat complaints received by the university's pest control service decreased from year 1 to year 2.

### Effects on wildlife from hunting

Numerous studies have shown that free-roaming cats can have a significant negative impact on native wildlife through their predation. They cause considerable wildlife destruction and ecosystem disruption, including the deaths of hundreds of millions of birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. They have been linked to the extinction of 63 species and pose a threat to 360 more.

Free-roaming domestic cats are considered an "alien" species and are listed as invasive in a multitude of countries around the world.

Cats are now thought to be the single largest cause of anthropogenic bird mortality in North America.

There have been recorded instances of species extinction caused by them on islands. In 2004, targeted eradication programs had successfully removed free-roaming domestic cats from at least 49 islands. Citing eradication of invasive mammals from islands as a proven conservation tool, with clear evidence of subsequent native species recovery, it is gaining recognition as a recommended method of sustaining native biodiversity on islands.

Free-roaming cats have been documented hunting and killing prey without eating it.

### Risks to human and animal health

Stray animals in general may have significant impacts on public health due to factors such as a lack of preventive measures (e.g. vaccines, deworming), easy access to intermediate hosts (e.g. rats and birds), and unrestricted entry to public areas such as parks and playgrounds. Their presence is a major risk for the transmission of zoonotic diseases.

Free-roaming cats can act as vectors for diseases that can impact humans as well as other animals, domestic and wild. Transmissions can occur within the species and to other species. Feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, ectoparasites (fleas, mites, lice, ticks), intestinal and protozoan parasites, *Rickettsia*, *and Coxiella ("Q Fever")* are examples of inter and intra-species shared diseases and parasites.

There are numerous zoonotic pathogens shed in feline feces, such as *Campylobacter* and *Salmonella* spp; ascarids (e.g., *Toxocara cati*); hookworms (*Ancylostoma* spp); and the protozoan parasites *Cryptosporidium* spp, *Giardia* spp, and *T. gondii*. Contaminated soil is an important source of infection for humans, herbivores, rodents, and birds and several studies suggest that pet feces contribute to bacterial loading of streams and coastal waters.

Free-roaming cat populations have been identified as a source for several zoonotic diseases that can and have affected humans, including:

## Treatment by country

Domestic cats can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Of the 700 million cats in the world, 480 million of them are feral. Control of free-roaming dogs and cats is a worldwide problem. Beyond pragmatic and scientific considerations, cultural heritage, ethical beliefs, and social and economic impacts play critical roles in efforts to address it.

The legal status of free-roaming and stray cats varies from location to location, as do the histories and efforts of TNR programs. There are numerous governments supporting trap–neuter–return.

### Australia

In a 2017 news release in the *Sydney Morning Herald*, Threatened Species Commissioner Gregory Andrews reportedly summarized the reason for the federal government's intention to wipe out 2 million feral cats – about a third of the population – by saying that they are "the single biggest threat to our native animals, and have already directly driven into extinction 20 out of 30 mammals lost." This cull was planned to continue until 2020.

### Canada

Across Canada, municipalities have replaced old animal control bylaws with "responsible pet ownership" rules intended to direct the obligations of pet behavior to their owners. A common feature of the accelerating trend is a requirement that owners get a license for their cats and ensure they do not roam.

In January 2012, a bylaw officer in Merritt, British Columbia, removed cat food and asked the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to consider criminal charges against those feeding the stray cats. No charges were laid, but the rescue group's business license was revoked and it was forced to move from its storefront location.

The City of Toronto, Ontario, includes TNR in its animal services and has a bylaw specifically addressing TNR and managed colonies. The Toronto Animal Services offers spay and neuter for colonies that are registered and have an assigned trained caretaker.

### Denmark

TNR was practiced in Denmark in the mid-1970s, as reported at the 1980 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) symposium in London. Denmark's Society for the Protection of Cats practiced both tattooing and tipping the ear of the neutered cats to identify them.

### France

In 1978, the city of Paris issued a Declaration of Rights of the Free-living Cat. In that year, Cambazard founded École du Chat and TNR'd its first cat, continuing to help thousands of cats in the following years.

### Israel

Like Turkey, Israel struggles with a continually increasing population of stray cats. Cats exist in every location with people, from the southernmost city of Eilat to communities in the Golan Heights. Moreover, it is illegal in Israel to remove cats from the streets as a result of pressure from Let the Animals Live. Due to large amounts of food left by people feeding them, colonies of cats are continuing to increase, with estimates putting the population within the city of Jerusalem at 2,000 cats per square kilometer. Efforts to trap, neuter, return the cats within Israel are not working, as the population is too large to feasibly catch enough cats to make a difference. Moreover, there is no national agreement on what to do regarding the cat population. As a result their population is increasing with no future plan of action. In January 2019, from a push by people who feed the cats, Jerusalem planned to instill "feeding stations" throughout the city. The goal was to facilitate specific areas for feeding to help the populations of stray cats and to improve their welfare. This plan was criticized by ecologists and conservationists, stating that it does nothing to help the welfare of the cats, with Amir Balaban of the Society for the Protection of Nature stating that "If someone cares about animals, they should take them home."

### Italy

Killing feral cats has been illegal in the Lazio Region, which includes Rome, since 1988. A study in 2006 found almost 8,000 were neutered and reintroduced to their original colony from 1991 to 2000. It concluded that spay/neuter campaigns brought about a general decrease in cat numbers among registered colonies and censused cats, but the percentage of cat immigration (due to abandonment and spontaneous arrival) was around 21 percent. It suggested that TNR efforts without an effective education of people to control the reproduction of house cats (as a prevention for abandonment) are a waste of money, time and energy.

Since August 1991, feral cats have been protected throughout Italy when a no-kill policy was introduced for both cats and dogs. Feral cats have the right to live free and cannot be permanently removed from their colony; cat caretakers can be formally registered; and TNR methods are outlined in the national law on the management of pets.

### South Korea

Negative attitudes towards cats in general and free-roaming cats in particular are culturally entrenched in South Korea. The 2011 South Korean amendment of its Animal Protection Law required humane methods to be used in the transportation and euthanasia of animals. Some areas have government supported TNR programs, but these programs are often scorned by the public and poorly managed. Negative attitudes and fear towards cats in general have been slow to change and free-roaming cats may be subjected to abuse or violence. In recent years, however, South Korea's attitude toward feral cats has improved.

### New Zealand

The Department of Conservation (DOC) is legislatively mandated to control feral cats on public conservation land. It has eradicated feral cats from several offshore islands. Control techniques include poisoning, trapping and shooting. Lethal controls follow efficient and humane best-practice techniques and adhere to the Animal Welfare Act 1999.

The Department of Conservation does not support TNR: "We don't support the "trap, desex, release" approach to managing stray cats. This is because cats are predatory animals that continue to pose a threat to wildlife."

### Turkey

Turkey has a significant problem with free-roaming dogs and cats and the country is struggling with ways to manage the problem. Its Animal Protection Law prohibits killing "ownerless animals" except where permitted by the Animal Health Police Law. They are required to be taken to animal shelters established or permitted by the local authorities. In keeping with the tenents of its main religion, most Turks are very much against euthanasia of animals for "population control"; recent efforts to curb an ever-increasing population include TNR for roaming cats and dogs.

### United Kingdom

The earliest documented practice of trap–neuter–return was in the 1950s, led by animal activist Ruth Plant in the UK. In the mid-1960s, former model Celia Hammond gained publicity for her TNR work "at a time when euthanasia of feral cats was considered the only option". Hammond "fought many battles with local authorities, hospitals, environmental health departments" but stated that she succeeded over the years in showing that control "could be achieved by neutering and not killing".

The first scientific conference on "the ecology and control of feral cats" was held in London in 1980 and its proceedings published by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). Subsequent UFAW publications in 1982, 1990, and 1995 were the primary scientific references for feral-cat control for many years.

In 2008, the Scottish Wildcat Association began utilizing TNR of feral cats to protect the regionally endangered Scottish wildcat. Their goals include:

* Saving the genetically pure Scottish wildcat
* Removing all feral cats from the region
* Using humane, neutering-based feral cat controls
* Establishing buffer zones to prevent feral cats returning to the area

### United States

There is no federal law in the US that explicitly sets policy on feral cats, and state and local laws vary in their approaches. The Endangered Species Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act may be relevant to the legality of TNR. In a federal case, *American Bird Conservancy v. Harvey* (2014), conservationists sued Rose Harvey, the Commissioner of New York State Parks, under the Endangered Species Act for failing to prohibit activities supporting feral cats in a state park where the Piping Plover, a threatened species, was known to nest. Under a settlement and judicial order, the State of New York agreed to remove all of the cats to a shelter, and to trap and permanently remove any cats found in the park in the future.

There are legal theories that TNR programs may have liability under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, a strict liability statute that states that "it shall be unlawful at any time, by any means or in any manner, to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, attempt to take, capture, or kill \[...\] any migratory bird, any part, nest, or egg of any such bird," including unintentional taking, except if otherwise regulated or permitted by the government, and provides for criminal penalties of up to $15,000 in fines and up to six months of incarceration for each bird unlawfully taken. (An example of a successful prosecution under the MBTA was United States v. Moon Lake Electric Association Incorporated; in that case a power company was found guilty and sentenced to fines and probation because birds were being electrocuted on power poles that it owned.) Because TNR colonies are supported by people, it is possible that predation of birds by TNR cats might be ruled an illegal intentional take by the courts.

On January 29, 2019, the Hawaii Invasive Species Council adopted a resolution supporting the keeping of pet cats indoors and the use of peer-reviewed science in pursuing humane mitigation of the impacts of feral cats on wildlife and people.

TNR of cats is illegal in Alaska, owing to a law against the release of cats into the wild, even if they were originally captured there. This has left trap-and-kill the only legal method of controlling the feral cat population there; however, the law against TNR is not well enforced and there are proposals to exempt sterilized cats from the rules.

Governments have been sued to try to block their TNR efforts. In December, 2010, an injunction was granted to prevent a planned TNR program of the City of Los Angeles until an environmental review was completed under the California Environmental Quality Act. The judge did not rule on any environmental issues, or prohibit other organizations from doing TNR in the city.

## Further reading


title: Transient screen

abstract: A transient screen is a pop-up screen such as a notification or dialog screen on a mobile phone. It covers only part of the screen as well as dimming the remaining area. It helps to give the user a potentially high priority message, such as a new text message, voice mail or incoming phone call, either when the user gives the phone their attention, for example, by opening a flip phone or when running an application such as a game in the foreground.

text:
# Transient screen

A **transient screen** is a pop-up screen such as a notification or dialog screen on a mobile phone.

It covers only part of the screen as well as dimming the remaining area. It helps to give the user a potentially high priority message, such as a new text message, voice mail or incoming phone call, either when the user gives the phone their attention, for example, by opening a flip phone or when running an application such as a game in the foreground.


title: Traugott Maximilian Eberwein

abstract: Traugott Maximilian Eberwein, was a German composer and conductor, who is attributed with the start of early musical history in Rudolstadt.

text:
# Traugott Maximilian Eberwein

**Traugott Maximilian Eberwein** (27 October 1775 – 2 December 1831), was a German composer and conductor, who is attributed with the start of early musical history in Rudolstadt.

## Family

Eberwein was born into a musical family, his father Alexander Bartholomäus Eberwein (1751-1811) was a court musician and his brother Carl Eberwein was a composer who frequently worked with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, putting his work into music such as Faust.

Eberwein had three children with his wife Catharina Bianchi, Caecilie Eberwein (1800-1800), Julius Eberwein (1802-1870) and Ludwig Eberwein (1805-1884).

## Biography

Eberwein was taught music at an early age by his father, where he learned all sorts of instruments and already started composing music at the age of seven with a Timpani. In 1782, he was already making money for the family by playing music at weddings and funerals. In 1791, after his father thought he gained a basic understanding of music, he stopped teaching him. He later continued getting taught by Johann Matthäus Rempt. Eberwein later went to study musicology and violin and became a pupil of F.L.Æ. Kunzen in Frankfurt, and Ernst Johann Christoph Schick in Mainz.

While visiting Johann Christian Eberwein in 1799, he gathered the attention of Louis Frederick II, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt which led to him getting invited to his residence, to which he at first politely declined. Once he had returned back to Weimar, he met and later married Catharina Bianchi, the daughter of Andreas Giorgio Maria Bianchi, a wealthy Italian businessman. After his marriage, in 1803 he got the opportunity for a Study trip throughout Italy, where he studied under Fedele Fenaroli in Naples. After his return from the Study trip, he went to Vienna where he visited Joseph Haydn, whom he impressed after showing him some of his work. After this, he also visited other composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Antonio Salieri. In 1810, he went back to Vienna to visit Beethoven and Selieri where he then met Anton Reicha.

On 18 October 1831, he performed his last public Opera "Das befreite Jerusalem", at the Theater Rudolstadt. He died on 2 December 1831 due to an illness.

## Works

### Operas

* Piedro und Elvira
* Claudine von Villa Bella
* Das befreite Jerusalem
* Ferdusi
* Das goldene Netz

### Singspiele

* Die hohle Eiche
* Das Storchnest
* Der Mond
* Die Fischerin
* Das Schachtournier

### Songs

* Ergo bibamus (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)
* Der Jahrmarkt zu Plundersweilen (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

### Other

* Overture in C-Dur
* Symphony No. 3 in Es-Dur op. 84
* Mass in As-Dur op. 87

## Further reading

* Larsen, Peter (1999). *Traugott Maximilian Eberwein (1775-1831), Hofkapelldirektor und Komponist in Rudolstadt.* ISBN 3-932622-28-6