title: TAC (video game)

abstract: T.A.C. is a top-down tactical combat computer wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1983 for Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and IBM PC. The game takes place during the Second World War and simulates clashes involving the United States, the USSR, Germany and the United Kingdom.

text:
# TAC (video game)

***T.A.C.*** (Tactical Armor Command) is a top-down tactical combat computer wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1983 for Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and IBM PC. The game takes place during the Second World War and simulates clashes involving the United States, the USSR, Germany and the United Kingdom.

## Publication history

*TAC* is a wargame designed by Ralph Bosson of Microcomputer Games, a division of Avalon Hill. The game was originally released for Apple II in 1983. It was later ported to Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64 and IBM PC.

## Description and gameplay

*TAC* simulates, on a tactical scale, armored vehicle combat during the Second World War. It can be played by a single player against the computer at four different difficulty levels, or against another player simultaneously on the same computer.

### Scenarios

The game offers five different scenarios:

1. A standard engagement between the two forces.
2. An attack against a defensive position that is protected by a minefield which can only be removed by infantry units.
3. An attack against a defensive position unguarded by mines, where the defender must successfully escape along a given route.
4. The player faces a continuous stream of Russian tanks and tries to destroy as many as possible.
5. The two forces are initially separated by a minefield which they must clear in order to engage.

### Set-up

Each player chooses which nation to play: United States, Soviet Union, Germany or the United Kingdom. For each nation, eight types of armored vehicles are available. After choosing a scenario, each player is allocated a certain number of points with which to buy different units, including infantry, tanks and anti-tank guns. For example, a player choosing the Americans can choose armored vehicles like the M4 Sherman, the M10 Wolverine, the M26 Pershing, the M3 Lee or the M8 Greyhound.

### Map

The game takes place on a map representing a 1,800 × 2,000 meter section of a plain in northern Germany. The map is divided into fifteen sectors, identified by a letter (for the vertical axis) and a number (for the horizontal axis) and consisting of plain or forest. Each side can control up to eight units via the keyboard. Direction of movement, for example, on the Apple II and Commodore 64 is controlled with keys U, H, J and N, and on the IBM PC with the 8, 6, 2, and 4 keys on the number pad. (On the Atari 8-bit, all input is done with the joystick.)

### Movement: Armor

When the movement phase begins, an armored unit advances in a straight line as far as possible, unless the player orders it to turn or turn around.

### Movement: Infantry and artillery

Each unit of infantry and artillery units has a transport vehicle. When the unit is loaded on to the transport, it is in transport mode and cannot engage in combat. The unit becomes one with the transport vehicle, and if it is destroyed, the unit is also destroyed. When the infantry or artillery unit is unloaded, it is in combat mode and can fight. The unit is now independent of its transport vehicle and if the transport vehicle is destroyed, the unit can continue to fight.

Without a transportation vehicle, infantry units can only move one square per player directional input. Artillery cannot move at all without a transportation vehicle.

### Combat

Combat can take five different forms:

1. Apart from infantry, most units can attempt indirect fire against unseen enemies in suspected locations.
2. Armored combat vehicles can also overrun infantry or artillery units.
3. Infantry can storm armored vehicles
4. Infantry units can engage in a firefight with another infantry unit.
5. Artillery pieces can aim direct fire at any type of target.

## Reception

In the August 1983 edition of *Softalk* (Vol. 3, No. 12), Ralph Bosson was impressed by the game, calling the graphics "first rate" and the attention to detail "awe inspiring." He concluded, "*TAC* is a superb entry from Avalon Hill. It is a carefully researched and designed game of impressive sophistication, yet it's surprisingly easy to play and even a little addicting."

In the October 1983 edition of *Computer Gaming World*, Dick Richards saw it as a fun and relatively realistic simulation of tactical combat between armored vehicles, and thought it retained its replayability over time. He did think that the game could have been even better had it incorporated a greater variety of different terrains, such as roads, rivers and ravines. Richards concluded "My overall reaction to *TAC* is positive. The graphics and sound effects are good."

A review in the November–December 1983 issue of *Softline* highlighted the superior graphics and sound effects of the game as well as its addictive game system.

Alex Pournelle, son of Jerry Pournelle of *BYTE*, reviewed *TAC* in February 1984. He stated that it well replicated Avalon Hill board games while adding computer assistance to rules and data. While criticizing the documentation as insufficient and advising Avalon Hill to provide more scenarios, Alex said that *TAC* "is fun and refreshingly different". While naming it as his game of the month, the absence of the German Flak 88 disappointed Jerry.

In the May 1984 edition of *Electronic Games*, Neil Shapiro was enthusiastic, calling the game "the best simulation of tank warfare this reviewer has seen on or off a computer screen." He called the sound quality "fantastic" and the quality of the graphics "beautifully executed." His only criticism was the lack of varied terrain, saying, "While the simulated "wooded plain" does have groves of trees in which to hide, such things as gullies and hills would have enriched the contest." Shapiro concluded, "From the high-resolution display of the battlefield to the canny, computer opponent, just about every aspect of both simulation and play is tops."

## InfoBox

| TAC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Microcomputer Games |
| Publisher(s) | Avalon Hill |
| Designer(s) | Ralph Bosson |
| Platform(s) | Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64, IBM PC |
| Release | 1983 |
| Genre(s) | Wargame |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, two-player |


title: Sam O'Dea

abstract: Sam O'Dea is a New Zealand beach volleyball player. Sam and his brother Ben O'Dea represented New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, where they won the bronze medal in the men's pair competition. They were the nation's first men's beach volleyball team to compete at the Games. The pair also won the bronze medal at the Shepparton Open in Australia on the 2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour. O'Dea is the grandson of Bob O'Dea, who played rugby union for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, in the 1950s.

text:
# Sam O'Dea

**Sam O'Dea** (born 24 November 1990) is a New Zealand beach volleyball player.

Sam and his brother Ben O'Dea represented New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, where they won the bronze medal in the men's pair competition. They were the nation's first men's beach volleyball team to compete at the Games. The pair also won the bronze medal at the Shepparton Open in Australia on the 2017 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour.

O'Dea is the grandson of Bob O'Dea, who played rugby union for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, in the 1950s.

## InfoBox

| Sam O'Dea | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | New Zealander |
| Born | (1990-11-24) 24 November 1990 |
| Height | 198 cm (6 ft 6 in) |
| Beach volleyball information | |
| Current teammate | |
| Years Teammate  2017–present Ben O'Dea | |
| Medal record      Men's beach volleyball  Representing  New Zealand  Commonwealth Games  2018  Gold Coast  FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour  2017 Shepparton Open | |


title: Caples House Museum

abstract: The Caples House Museum, also known as the Dr. Charles G. and Lucinda McBride Caples Farmstead, is a historic house museum in Columbia City, Oregon, United States. Dr. Charles Caples and Lucinda McBride Caples emigrated across the Oregon Trail as children and married in Oregon in 1855. Charles (1832–1906) was the first physician in Columbia County and built his home in 1870 during the early years of Columbia City. He and the Caples family made important contributions to the development of the town, including establishment of its first school. Lucinda served as a midwife and her husband's medical assistant, and had family connections to many prominent Oregonians of the period. In 1959, the Caples' daughter, Dell Caples Houghton, bequeathed the house and its immediate surroundings to the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) for use as a museum. As of 2003, the property included the historic house, toolshed, and barn, a remnant portion of the Caples' historic apple and pear orchard, and four non-historic buildings including a gift shop and social hall. The house and toolshed remain in excellent historic condition. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The DAR continues to operate the property as a museum as of 2018.

text:
# Caples House Museum

The **Caples House Museum**, also known as the **Dr. Charles G. and Lucinda McBride Caples Farmstead**, is a historic house museum in Columbia City, Oregon, United States. Dr. Charles Caples and Lucinda McBride Caples emigrated across the Oregon Trail as children and married in Oregon in 1855. Charles (1832–1906) was the first physician in Columbia County and built his home in 1870 during the early years of Columbia City. He and the Caples family made important contributions to the development of the town, including establishment of its first school. Lucinda (d. 1916) served as a midwife and her husband's medical assistant, and had family connections to many prominent Oregonians of the period. In 1959, the Caples' daughter, Dell Caples Houghton, bequeathed the house and its immediate surroundings to the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) for use as a museum. As of 2003, the property included the historic house, toolshed, and barn, a remnant portion of the Caples' historic apple and pear orchard, and four non-historic buildings including a gift shop and social hall. The house and toolshed remain in excellent historic condition.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. The DAR continues to operate the property as a museum as of 2018.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dr. Charles G. and Lucinda McBride Caples Farmstead | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Caples house in 2009 | |
| Location | 1925 1st Street<br>Columbia City, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°53′25″N 122°48′29″W / 45.890169°N 122.808024°W / 45.890169; -122.808024 |
| Area | Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1870 |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 05001060 |
| Added to NRHP | September 21, 2005 |


title: Pyrodes

abstract: Pyrodes is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Protorma nitidus.

text:
# Pyrodes

***Pyrodes*** is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species ***Protorma nitidus***.

## Description

*Pyrodes nitidus* can reach a length of 30–40 millimetres (1.2–1.6 in). The basic coloration is metallic blue-green or purple-green. Pronotum and elytra are densely punctured, with a large ridge on each side of the thorax.

## Distribution and habitat

This species can be found in Argentina, south-eastern Brazil and Paraguay.

## InfoBox

| *Pyrodes nitidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| From Brazil | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Subfamily: | Prioninae |
| Tribe: | Mallaspini |
| Genus: | *Pyrodes*
Audinet-Serville, 1832 |
| Species: | ***P. nitidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrodes nitidus***
(Fabricius, 1787) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerambyx nitidus* (Fabricius) Gmelin, 1790 * *Prionus angulatus* Olivier, 1795 * *Prionus nitidus* Fabricius, 1787 * *Prionus pallasii* Germar, 1824 * *Prionus speciosus* Olivier, 1795 * *Pyrodes aeneus* Buquet, 1860 * *Pyrodes angulatus* (Olivier) Audinet-Serville, 1832 * *Pyrodes speciosus* (Olivier) Audinet-Serville, 1832 | |


title: Terry and Gerry

abstract: Terry and Gerry are a British pop band, originally formed in the early 1980s by Terry Lilley and Gerry Colvin in Birmingham, England. Unusually for the time the band was based on a skiffle sound, making use of a washboard for percussion instead of a drum kit. Terry Lilley plays double bass, and Gerry Colvin sings lead vocals and plays acoustic guitar.

text:
# Terry and Gerry

**Terry and Gerry** are a British pop band, originally formed in the early 1980s by Terry Lilley and Gerry Colvin in Birmingham, England. Unusually for the time the band was based on a skiffle sound, making use of a washboard for percussion instead of a drum kit. Terry Lilley plays double bass, and Gerry Colvin sings lead vocals and plays acoustic guitar.

## History

Gerry Colvin had studied American Studies at university and worked for an American bank before turning to music. Americana and comment on American politics and culture were to feature strongly in some of the band's songs ("Kennedy Says", "Reservation", "A Thousand Towns", "Pizza Pie and Junk"). Terry Lilley had previously been a member of punk band Dennis & the Din Makers and later of Vision Collision.

Terry and Gerry took their style from 1950's pop artists – they wore black evening suits and ribbon ties in the style of the Everly Brothers while sounding more akin to Britain's Lonnie Donegan. The songs written by Colvin/Lilley were remarkable for their brevity with the three songs on the first side of their debut EP *Butter's on the Bread* totalling just four minutes and five seconds. *Butter's on the Bread* referred to the miners' strike of 1984.

*Butter's on the Bread* appeared on Robert Lloyd's Vindaloo records but subsequent records were released on the in Tape record label run by Marc Riley (ex The Fall).

BBC disc jockey and Donegan fan John Peel promoted the band when apparently by chance he picked out their demonstration tape because his wife's best friends were also known as Terry and Gerry. He thought the coincidence was too great to ignore. The band recorded three sessions for the John Peel programme.

Their second and most successful release "Clothes Shop" was reviewed by Morrissey on BBC Radio who declared "I like it – don't know why". It reached number 5 in the UK Indie Chart.

The band's third release "Banking on Simon" was used in abridged form as the theme to the ITV children's television music-themed quiz game *Poparound*, which was produced by Central Independent Television and ran for two series between 1985 and 1986. Terry and Gerry appeared on one edition of the programme to perform the song (with "Doreen" playing washboard). Despite the use of the A-side as a children's TV theme the B-side featured a song about a young man named Joey tragically addicted to illegal drugs. At the time the name Joey had a particular stigma attached to it after children cruelly used it to abuse others in reference to Joey Deacon a man with cerebral palsy who had appeared on BBC children's TV show *Blue Peter*. Another theme was recorded for the *Newshound* show but not released on record.

Terry and Gerry's only LP record *From Lubbock to Clintwood East* is a reference to Buddy Holly's hometown Lubbock, Texas and a fictitious suburb that is a play on the name of the actor Clint Eastwood.

"Reservation", a comment on European treatment of indigenous Americans also serves as a comment on UK housing policy. It was backed by "Pizza Pie and Junk" a tale from the point of view of a British person saving up to fly to America on Freddie Laker's or Richard Branson's cut-price airlines and what they might find.

"Last Bullet in the Gun" is an uncharacteristically slow-paced song that offered no hope or joy and which describes a suicide. It was to be the band's last single and it reached No. 1 in the indie charts.

## After Terry and Gerry

In 1986 Gerry Colvin worked with other musicians as The Man Upstairs co-writing "Consumer Song", "Country Boy" and "I Bet They're Really Missing Me Downstairs" on the collectable The Consumers' EP.

Gerry Colvin collaborated with singer-songwriter Alison Moyet on the song "Find Me" which appears on her 1991 album *Hoodoo*. He went on to front two bands, Gerry Colvin's Inexperience and The Atlantics, both of which were popular live acts. Colvin subsequently performed and recorded with Nick Quarmby, Martin Fitzgibbon, Allen Maslen and Marion Fleetwood as ColvinQuarmby.

Terry Lilley studied for and achieved a higher national diploma in jazz studies; the only double-bass player to do so.

Jeremy Paige formed Rumblefish releasing an album on East West Records in 1992 and then Low Art Thrill releasing an album on Island Records in 1996, both with various supporting singles.

Mick Howson joined the Destroyers, a 15 piece gypsy band playing hurdygurdy.

In 2007 Cherry Red Records issued a retrospective collection of studio and live recordings

In 2014 autumn dates were advertised for Terry and Gerry performing as part of a John Peel Commemorative tour. During this tour, the band sold a new 6 track recording called "Dear John EP". In April 2015 Terry and Gerry were the special guests of Status Quo on the "Aquostic – Live" tour culminating with a performance at the Royal Albert Hall.

## Band members

* Terry Lilley – double bass and singing
* Gerry Colvin – guitar and singing
* Su Richardson (aka, Su Sonic, Doreen Deville) – washboard and singing
* Andy Downer – guitar and singing
* Jeremy Paige replaced Andy Downer for 'Reservation'
* Mick Howson ex Ricky Cool and the Icebergs founder member replaced Jeremy Paige for 'Last Bullet in the Gun'

## Discography

* *Butter's on the Bread EP*: (Vindaloo Records UGH7) 7-inch

Side 1:Hello

* 1. Butter's on the Bread
* 2. T.V. Song

Side A.

* 1. Dennis & Brian
* 2. Wait Until You're Older

**Clothes Shop**/ Kennedy Says (In Tape Records IT 014) released 2/3/85 12-Inch EP (IT 018) includes Butter's on the Bread, Dennis and Brian, Wait Until You're Older (Live)

**Banking on Simon**/ Joey (In Tape Records 019) released 10/8/85 12-Inch includes The Good, The Bad and the Usherette and Wolfman's Request

**From Lubbock To Clintwood East** LP: (In Tape Records Twenty-Two) released 7/12/85

Side 1: Hello/ Joey/ Ballad of a Nasty Man/ C.A.R.S/ A Thousand Towns/ Percy Crusoe/ The Good, the Bad and the Usherette/ Side 2: Fashion Rodeo/ The Armchair Terrorist's Song/ How Long Johnny?/ Reservation/ A Sea Shanty for the Gravy Boat/ Hello (Slow version)/ Oscar's Theme

The cassette version of the album adds Wolfman's Request, Kennedy Says and Clothes Shop to side 1.

**Reservation**/ Pizza Pie & Junk (In Tape Records IT 027), released 19/4/86 Nb the single version of 'Reservation' differs from the LP version.

**The Last Bullet in the Gun**/ Victory Polka/ Independents' Day/ Joey (ITTI 036) released 6/9/86

**Let's Get The Hell Back To Lubbock** (Cherry Red Records cdmred315) released 23/4/07 is a comprehensive CD compilation of Terry & Gerry studio recordings with some additional live tracks.

**Dear John EP** (no label) released October 2014. Track listing: The Cossacks of Cadbury Road/ This Town Will/ Johnny Who?/ Fate Unknown/ Down on Animal Farm/ Bias Binding (original version which previously appeared on Yeah Yeah Noh's Prick Up Your Ears EP in 1985)

## Sources

* Sleeve notes

## InfoBox

| Terry and Gerry | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Birmingham, England |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | 1980s-present |
|  | |
| Members | * Terry Lilley * Gerry Colvin |
|  | |
| Website | terryandgerry.com |


title: Centraco

abstract: Centraco, is a factory operated by the society for packaging radioactive waste and industrial effluents. Located on the Marcoule nuclear site in an area of 11 hectares in the Codolet commune (Gard), this nuclear facility is operational since 1999.

text:
# Centraco

**Centraco** (*"Centre nucléaire de traitement et de conditionnement"*, a French "nuclear installation for the treatment and conditioning" of radioactive waste), is a factory operated by the society for packaging radioactive waste and industrial effluents (fr:Cyclife France, formerly fr:SOCODEI). Located on the Marcoule nuclear site in an area of 11 hectares in the Codolet commune (Gard), this nuclear facility is operational since 1999.

## Types of radioactive waste

Nuclear waste treated by Centraco are very low, low and intermediate activity (TFA, FMA). They come from the nuclear industry (mainly from EDF and Areva), research centers (Atomic Energy Commission, CEA), and small producers such as hospitals and universities.

Types of waste treated in the plant:

* Metallic objects from maintenance operations in controlled area and the dismantling of nuclear power plants;
* Burnable (i.e., incinerable) waste, mainly gloves and overalls;
* Liquid waste such as cleaning solutions, oils, solvents, resins, and sludges from nuclear installations.

## Waste treatment

The main goal is to minimize the waste volume before it is conditioned and packaged. The Centraco plant consists of two main units dealing with waste by type:

* The melting of metals
* The incineration plant for burnable waste and liquid effluents.

Residues from each unit are mixed with a conditioning matrix and then packaged. The final volume of waste is reduced by a factor of 10.

### The incineration plant

The furnace of the incineration plant consists of three chambers:

* A primary chamber with a temperature of 900 – 1000 °C
* A secondary chamber with a temperature of 1100 – 1200 °C
* A tertiary chamber.

Solid waste is fed into the primary chamber. Liquid waste is injected either in the primary chamber, or in the secondary chamber according to their chemical composition and thermal power output.

The ashes and slags are collected and immobilized within a cementitious matrix. They are then packed in metal drums and shipped to the National Agency for Radioactive Waste (ANDRA).

The incinerator has a rated capacity of 5000 tons of waste / year.

An explosion on September 12, 2011, caused the death of an employee, and injured four others. This happened in a furnace at the site of reprocessing nuclear waste at Marcoule. It was an "industrial accident" and not "nuclear accident".

### The furnace

The smelter includes an induction furnace for the manufacture of ingots and metal ferrules. The metals are melted in the furnace at 1600 °C. Impurities are removed manually, then the molten metal is poured into a ladle and is then cast into ingots, or centrifuged to form a tube.

The ingots, cylinders of about 1.5 ton, are considered as final waste products of low and intermediate activity and then sent to the Storage Center of Aube (Centre de Stockage de l'Aube, CSA) in Soulaines-Dhuys for long-term storage (300 years) on surface.

The steel tubes are recycled for manufacturing gamma radiation shields for medium-level waste (MLW) such as inner shells, or internal shielding, for *γ*-irradiating drums, allowing so the reuse of part of the metallic waste.


title: Expedition 57

abstract: Expedition 57 was the 57th expedition to the International Space Station, which began on October 4, 2018, upon the departure of Soyuz MS-08.

text:
# Expedition 57

**Expedition 57** was the 57th expedition to the International Space Station, which began on October 4, 2018, upon the departure of Soyuz MS-08.

## History

Soyuz MS-09 crew, Alexander Gerst, Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor, and Sergey Prokopyev, since June 2018 aboard the ISS, were expected to be joined by Aleksey Ovchinin and Nick Hague in October 2018. The latter two crew members boarded Soyuz MS-10 on October 11, 2018, but the launch was aborted mid-flight due to a booster failure; the crew landed safely after a ballistic descent.

The impact of the Soyuz MS-10 failure and subsequent investigation on the ISS crew schedule was not initially clear. The Expedition 57 initial crew needed to depart by mid-December 2018 in Soyuz MS-09 due to the limited on-orbit lifespan of "about 200 days" of the Soyuz capsule, or no later than early January 2019 allowing for a small margin on the lifespan. NASA would have attempted to avoid de-crewing the ISS, commanding the station from the ground is feasible if necessary.

On 23 October 2018, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that Soyuz flights to the ISS were expected to resume in December 2018. The Soyuz MS-11 spacecraft commanded by cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, carrying him and two flight engineers, Anne McClain and David Saint-Jacques, was launched on December 3, 2018, marking the 100th orbital launch of the year; the Expedition 57 initial crew departed on December 20 and Expedition 58 started as a three-person increment.

## Crew

| Position | (First part)
October 4 – December 3, 2018 | (Second part)
December 3–20, 2018 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Commander | Alexander Gerst, ESA
Second spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 1 | Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor, NASA
First spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 2 | Sergey Prokopyev, RSA
First spaceflight | |
| Flight Engineer 3 |  | Oleg Kononenko, RSA
Fourth spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 4 |  | Anne McClain, NASA
First spaceflight |
| Flight Engineer 5 |  | David Saint-Jacques, CSA
First spaceflight |

Originally NASA Astronaut Jeanette Epps was assigned as flight engineer for Expeditions 56 and 57, becoming the first African American space station crew member and the 15th African American to fly in space, but on January 16, 2018, NASA announced that Epps had been replaced by her backup Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor. On January 20, Epps' brother Henry posted a statement on Facebook, since deleted, that "My sister Dr. Jeannette Epps has been fighting against oppressive racism and misogyny in NASA and now they are holding her back and allowing a Caucasian Astronaut to take her place!" Jeanette Epps stated that she could not comment on her brother's post or the reason why she was pulled off the mission, but did state that she has no medical condition or family problem preventing her from flying, and that her training had been successful. *The Washington Post* stated that "Last-minute crew changes are not unusual at NASA."

Cosmonaut Nikolai Tikhonov was slated to make his first spaceflight on the Soyuz MS-10 spacecraft, but was removed from the crew due to delays in launching the Russian Nauka module. This is the second time that Tikhonov has been removed from an ISS crew for such reason.

## Spacewalks

| **EVA #** | **Spacewalkers** | **Start (UTC)** | **End (UTC)** | **Duration** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
| Expedition 57
EVA 1\* | Oleg Kononenko Sergey Prokopyev | December 11, 2018 15:59 | December 11, 2018
23:44 | 7 hours 45 minutes |
| | The cosmonauts went outside to install a plug and thermal insulation on the Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft which was damaged by a powertool causing an air leak. The cosmonauts gave Soyuz MS-09 a clean bill of health before they patched it up clearing the vessel for entry on December 20, 2018. Get ahead task included swapping experiments on the *Rassvet* module. | | | |

*denotes spacewalks performed from the *Pirs* docking compartment in Russian Orlan suits.

## Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS

Resupply missions that visited the International Space Station during Expedition 57:

| Spacecraft
– ISS flight number | Country | Mission | Launcher | Launch
(UTC) | Docked/Berthed
(UTC) | Undocked/Unberthed
(UTC) | Duration (Docked) | Deorbit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Progress MS-10**
– ISS 71P | Russia | *Logistics* | Soyuz-FG | 16 Nov 2018, 18:14:08 | 18 Nov 2018, 19:28 | 4 Jun 2019, 08:40 | 197d 13h 12m | 4 Jun 2019, 08:40 |
| **Cygnus NG-10**
– CRS NG-10E | United States | *Logistics* | Antares 230 | 17 Nov 2018, 09:01:31 | 19 Nov 2018, 12:31 | 8 Feb 2019, 16:16 | 81d 3h 45m | Feb. 25, 2019, 09:05 |
| **SpaceX CRS-16**
– CRS SpX-16 | United States | *Logistics* | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 5 Dec 2018, 18:16 | 8 Dec 2018, 15:36 | 13 Jan 2019, 23:33 | 36d 7h 57m | 14 Jan 2019 |

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4. Berger, Eric (October 11, 2018). "A Soyuz crew makes an emergency landing after rocket fails". *Ars Technica*. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
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9. "Future Expeditions". *NASA*. 2018. Retrieved November 2, 2018.
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12. Karen Northon (January 4, 2017). "NASA Assigns Upcoming Space Station Crew Members". NASA press release 17-001. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
13. Karen Northon (January 18, 2018). "NASA Announces Updated Crew Assignments for Space Station Missions". NASA press release 18-004. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
14. Kaplan, Sarah (January 22, 2018). "NASA pulled this astronaut from a space station crew. Her brother blames racism". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
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17. Ben Evans (May 30, 2018). "No U.S. Crew Will Command The International Space Station in 2019". AmericaSpace. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
18. Ben Evans (October 30, 2016). "As Soyuz MS-01 Lands, International Partners Look Ahead to Reduced Crewing in 2017". AmericaSpace. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
19. "Russian Spacewalkers Complete Crew Vehicle Inspection – Space Station".

## InfoBox

Expedition 57
| Promotional Poster | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Mission type | Long-duration expedition |
| Mission duration | 76 days, 17 hours, 43 minutes |
|  | |
|  | |
| Expedition | |
| Space station | International Space Station |
| Began | 4 October 2018 (4 October 2018) UTC |
| Ended | 20 December 2018 (20 December 2018) UTC |
| Arrived aboard | Soyuz MS-09
Soyuz MS-11 |
| Departed aboard | Soyuz MS-09
Soyuz MS-11 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 3–6 |
| Members |  |
| EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 7 hours, 45 minutes |
|  | |
|
Expedition 57 mission patch

From left: Auñón-Chancellor, Gerst and ProkopyevISS expeditions | |


abstract: The men's 1500 metres at the 2016 European Athletics Championships took place at the Olympic Stadium on 7 and 9 July. The gold medal was won by Filip Ingebrigtsen from Norway while David Bustos from Spain won silver and Henrik Ingebrigtsen, older brother of Filip, won bronze medal.

text:
# 2016 European Athletics Championships – Men's 1500 metres

The **men's 1500 metres** at the 2016 European Athletics Championships took place at the Olympic Stadium on 7 and 9 July. The gold medal was won by Filip Ingebrigtsen from Norway while David Bustos from Spain won silver and Henrik Ingebrigtsen, older brother of Filip, won bronze medal.

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 2016 European Athletics Championships | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **World record** | Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) | **3:26.00** | Rome, Italy | 14 July 1998 |
| **European record** | Mo Farah (GBR) | **3:28.81** | Monaco | 19 July 2013 |
| **Championship record** | Fermín Cacho (ESP) | **3:35.27** | Helsinki, Finland | 9 August 1994 |
| **World Leading** | Asbel Kiprop (KEN) | **3:29.33** | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 5 June 2016 |
| **European Leading** | Homiyu Tesfaye (GER) | **3:35.05** | Rabat, Morocco | 22 May 2016 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7 July 2016 | **18:25** | **Round 1** |
| 9 July 2016 | **21:50** | **Final** |

All times are local times (UTC+2)

## Results

### Round 1

First 3 (Q) and next 3 fastest (q) qualify for the final.

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 3 | Jake Wightman | Great Britain | 3:39.32 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Henrik Ingebrigtsen | Norway | 3:39.66 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Florian Carvalho | France | 3:39.73 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Filip Sasínek | Czech Republic | 3:39.77 | q |
| 5 | 3 | Richard Douma | Netherlands | 3:39.80 | q |
| 6 | 1 | Filip Ingebrigtsen | Norway | 3:40.23 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Homiyu Tesfaye | Germany | 3:40.44 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | David Bustos | Spain | 3:40.60 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | Isaac Kimeli | Belgium | 3:41.25 | q |
| 10 | 1 | Peter Callahan | Belgium | 3:41.75 |  |
| 11 | 1 | Tom Lancashire | Great Britain | 3:42.08 |  |
| 12 | 3 | Timo Benitz | Germany | 3:42.40 |  |
| 13 | 2 | Ismael Debjani | Belgium | 3:42.62 | Q |
| 14 | 2 | Mourad Amdouni | France | 3:42.64 | Q |
| 15 | 1 | Mohad Abdikadar Sheikh Ali | Italy | 3:42.91 |  |
| 16 | 2 | Lee Emanuel | Great Britain | 3:42.92 | Q |
| 17 | 2 | Snorre Holtan Løken | Norway | 3:42.97 |  |
| 18 | 1 | Petr Vitner | Czech Republic | 3:43.22 |  |
| 19 | 3 | Levent Ates | Turkey | 3:43.25 |  |
| 20 | 2 | Marc Alcalá | Spain | 3:43.43 |  |
| 21 | 2 | Dmitrijs Jurkevics | Latvia | 3:43.44 |  |
| 22 | 3 | Volodymyr Kyts | Ukraine | 3:43.58 |  |
| 23 | 1 | Bryan Cantero | France | 3:43.65 |  |
| 24 | 2 | Jonas Leanderson | Sweden | 3:44.09 |  |
| 25 | 3 | Amine Khadiri | Cyprus | 3:44.61 |  |
| 26 | 1 | Tamás Kazi | Hungary | 3:44.64 |  |
| 27 | 2 | Benjamin Kovács | Hungary | 3:45.16 |  |
| 28 | 1 | Eoin Everard | Ireland | 3:45.46 |  |
| 29 | 2 | Marco Pettenazzo | Italy | 3:45.65 |  |
| 30 | 1 | Andreas Vojta | Austria | 3:46.32 |  |
| 31 | 2 | Andreas Bueno | Denmark | 3:46.44 |  |
| 32 | 2 | Hélio Gomes | Portugal | 3:46.66 |  |
| 33 | 3 | Joao Bussotti Neves | Italy | 3:50.58 | q |
| 34 | 3 | Llorenç Salas | Spain | 3:51.49 |  |
| 35 | 2 | Harvey Dixon | Gibraltar | 3:51.82 |  |
|  | 1 | Johan Rogestedt | Sweden | DQ | R163.2 |
|  | 2 | Jakub Holuša | Czech Republic | DQ | R163.2 |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Filip Ingebrigtsen | Norway | 3:46.65 |  |
|  | David Bustos | Spain | 3:46.90 |  |
|  | Henrik Ingebrigtsen | Norway | 3:47.18 |  |
| 4 | Richard Douma | Netherlands | 3:47.32 |  |
| 5 | Florian Carvalho | France | 3:47.32 |  |
| 6 | Lee Emanuel | Great Britain | 3:47.57 |  |
| 7 | Jake Wightman | Great Britain | 3:47.68 |  |
| 8 | Filip Sasínek | Czech Republic | 3:47.76 |  |
| 9 | Isaac Kimeli | Belgium | 3:47.92 |  |
| 10 | Homiyu Tesfaye | Germany | 3:47.93 |  |
| 11 | Ismael Debjani | Belgium | 3:49.12 |  |
| 12 | Joao Bussotti Neves | Italy | 3:50.43 |  |
| 13 | Mourad Amdouni | France | 3:51.61 |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Men's 1500 metres <br>at the 2016 European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Olympic Stadium |
| Location | Amsterdam |
| Dates | * July 7 (heats) * July 9 (final) |
| Competitors | 37 from 20 nations |
| Winning time | 3:46.65 |
| Medalists | |
| Norway  Spain  Norway | |
|


title: Seminole, Alabama

abstract: Seminole is an unincorporated community in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. Seminole is located along U.S. Route 90, 14.4 miles (23.2 km) east of Robertsdale. In the Top Gear: US Special the town's 'State Line Convenience' was the location of an attack on the main presenters by residents angered by slogans written on their cars.

text:
# Seminole, Alabama

**Seminole** is an unincorporated community in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. Seminole is located along U.S. Route 90, 14.4 miles (23.2 km) east of Robertsdale.

In the Top Gear: US Special the town's 'State Line Convenience' was the location of an attack on the main presenters by residents angered by slogans written on their cars.

## History

The community is named after the Seminole tribe. A post office operated under the name Seminole from 1894 to 1967.

## InfoBox

| Seminole, Alabama | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Seminole, AlabamaSeminole, Alabama | |
| Coordinates: 30°30′55″N 87°28′26″W / 30.51528°N 87.47389°W / 30.51528; -87.47389 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alabama |
| County | Baldwin |
| Elevation | 98 ft (30 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 36574 |
| Area code | 251 |
| GNIS feature ID | 126545 |


title: Eucalyptus coccifera

abstract: Eucalyptus coccifera, commonly known as the Tasmanian snow gum, is a small to medium-sized tree endemic to Tasmania. It has smooth, grey and cream-coloured bark, elliptic to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between three and nine, usually white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus coccifera

***Eucalyptus coccifera***, commonly known as the **Tasmanian snow gum**, is a small to medium-sized tree endemic to Tasmania. It has smooth, grey and cream-coloured bark, elliptic to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between three and nine, usually white flowers and conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus coccifera* is a tree that typically grows to a height of 15 metres (49 ft) but is sometimes a mallee to 5 m (16 ft). The bark is smooth and light grey to white, with streaks of tan. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile, blue-green, elliptic to heart-shaped leaves 15–45 mm (0.59–1.77 in) long and 7–23 mm (0.28–0.91 in) wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, elliptic to lance-shaped, the same glossy green to bluish on both sides, 50–100 mm (2.0–3.9 in) long and 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) wide on a petiole 8–22 mm (0.31–0.87 in) long. The flowers are borne in groups of three, seven or nine in leaf axils on a peduncle 4–12 mm (0.16–0.47 in) long, the individual buds on a pedicel 1–7 mm (0.039–0.276 in) long. Mature buds are oval, glaucous, 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide with a warty, hemispherical to more less flattened operculum. Flowering occurs between December and February and the flower are white, or rarely, pink. The fruit is a woody conical, hemispherical or cup-shaped capsule 6–12 mm (0.24–0.47 in) long and 8–13 mm (0.31–0.51 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus coccifera* was first formally described in 1847 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in William Jackson Hooker's *London Journal of Botany*. The specific epithet (*coccifera*) is derived from the Neo-Latin *coccus*, from ancient Greek *kokkos* (κόκκος), "seed of tree fruit" and Latin *ferre*, "to carry", referring to the leaves having a *Coccus* infection.

*Eucalyptus coccifera* is a member of the peppermint group (series *Piperitae*) within subgenus *Eucalyptus* (formerly *Monocalyptus*). It is endemic to central and southern Tasmania, where it generally occupies sub-alpine habitats above 800 metres (2,600 ft) in altitude.

## Distribution and habitat

*Eucalyptus coccifera* is endemic to Tasmania, and is the dominant species of many exposed, rocky, dolerite rich sub-alpine regions in Tasmania's south and Central Plateau.

## Ecology

### Reproduction and propagation

*Eucalyptus* flower buds generally take around a year to fully develop, however development takes longer in *E. coccifera* and other high altitude species. Insects and birds pollinate the emergent flowers, and fertilization can take up to 20 days after pollination. *E. coccifera* flowering typically occurs between November and February. After fertilization, the hard woody capsule develops. Seeds are released through the capsule valves, which open when the capsule dries. This drying out is either caused by extreme heat and drought, or by fire. Dispersal of seed relies partially on wind, but mostly on gravity: the seeds will usually fall within a couple of metres of the parent tree. *E. coccifera* is also known to regenerate from underground lignotubers after fire.

#### Clinal variation

The distribution of *E. coccifera* is limited by altitude: rarely will it be found lower than 800 metres (2,600 ft), or higher than 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. Around 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) the tree line is often unclear, and *E. coccifera* can be found in small stands or even as solitary trees. At these altitudes, *E. coccifera* generally grows to heights below 10 metres (33 ft), often blending into the alpine shrubbery at the highest reaches of its distribution. A strong correlation has been found between increasing altitude and declining stem growth rate in *E. coccifera*.

At the lower range of its altitudinal cline, *E. coccifera* has been observed growing to 40 metres (130 ft) in height, but it is more commonly measured at around 20 metres (66 ft), especially in sheltered sites on the Central Plateau and in Mt. Field National Park.

Whilst individual and population tree height is the primary change in *Eucalyptus coccifera* at higher altitudes, observational studies have shown that with increasing altitude, the degree of leaf and bud glaucousness intensifies. This is most likely linked to the increased frost resistance of *E. coccifera* with increasing altitude. The juvenile foliage of *E. coccifera* is also more likely to persist for longer at high altitude.

#### Geological associations

The dominant bedrock underlying both the Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington sub-alpine habitats is Jurassic dolerite. Dolerite is also a feature of the geology of the Central Plateau. These dolerite-rich substrates provide sufficient drainage for the establishment of *E. coccifera populations*, which prefers well-drained soils. They also offer a potentially rich nutrient source to the sub-alpine plant communities, but the slow rate at which dolerite weathers results in soil of only moderate fertility.

#### Associations with rainfall and water availability

It is generally accepted that in Tasmania annual rainfall increases with altitude, and thus the most exposed *E. coccifera* populations must contend with high annual rainfall (greater than 1,300 mm \[51 in\] on Mt. Wellington, and around 2,500 mm \[98 in\] at Mt. Field). Despite this, water availability can often be an issue for *E. coccifera* and other subalpine species. This is due to the sporadic nature of Tasmanian rainfall, and a number of other factors including soil type, slope and wind action.

The rocky substrates of sub-alpine Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington drain very effectively, therefore waterlogging isn’t generally a problem. However, it has been shown that waterlogging is a limiting factor on the growth rate of *E. coccifera* and can, as a consequence, affect the success of the species in susceptible areas.

#### Other environmental associations

*Eucalyptus coccifera* has a high tolerance to frost and to drought, allowing it to occupy very exposed substrates at high altitude. *E. coccifera* must contend with hot and dry temperatures during the peak of summer, as well as very cold, frosty conditions in winter.

##### Temperature and light

At 1,250 metres (4,100 ft) above sea level on Mt. Wellington, the mean maximum temperature in July is 1.9 °C (35.4 °F), and the mean minimum is −2.0 °C (28.4 °F). In January, the mean maximum is 12.8 °C (55 °F) and the mean minimum is 4.4 °C (39.9 °F). There is a stronger maritime effect (oceanic climate) on Mt. Wellington, due to its closer proximity to the ocean, than at Mt. Field. This results in milder temperatures, especially in summer. Despite the increased exposure of sites at very high altitudes, solar radiation is not thought to markedly affect temperatures, nor does it have much impact on the growth rate of *E. coccifera*.

##### Frost, snow and mist

Whilst *E. coccifera* is considered fairly frost-hardy, rare extreme frost events are thought to be one of the principle determinants of subalpine species distribution. Similarly, the duration of snow lie dictates, to a large extent, the species that can persist in alpine/sub-alpine habitats. As snow lie in Tasmania is not permanent, woody species such as *E. coccifera* and its underlying shrub population can persist at higher altitudes.

Another factor that can impact on the growth of *E. coccifera* is mist. Mist is generally more prevalent with increasing altitude, particularly in the colder months, and can affect the ability of eucalypts (and other plants) to photosynthesize by decreasing light penetration and increasing condensation on leaves.

#### Co-occurring species

| Altitude and coordinates | Eucalypt species present | Vegetation type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 250 metres (820 ft) E4755 S52743 | *Eucalyptus obliqua*, *Eucalyptus regnans* (dominant) | Wet sclerophyll forest |
| 700 metres (2,300 ft) E4728 S52746 | *Eucalyptus delegatensis* (subsp. *tasmaniensis*) | Mixed forest |
| 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) E4695 S52746 | *Eucalyptus coccifera* (dominant), *Eucalyptus subcrenulata* (dominant), *Eucalyptus urnigera* | Subalpine woodland |
| 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) E4657 S52742 | *Eucalyptus coccifera* | Subalpine sclerophyll heath |

Table 1. Showing changes in eucalypt species with increasing altitude in Mt. Field National Park.

The understorey of subalpine habitats is typically dominated by woody shrubs of the families Ericaceae (genera *Richea*, *Epacris* and *Cyathodes*) and Proteaceae (*Orites acicularis*, *Orites revoluta*). Low-lying conifers of the Cupressaceae (*Diselma archerii*) and Podocarpaceae (*Microachrys tetragona*, *Phaerosphaera hookeriana*) are also common in these sclerophyllous heaths.

At lower altitudes, other eucalypt species such as *E. subcrenulata* (Mt. Field), *E. urnigera* (Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington) and *E. delegatensis* (Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington) become increasingly common in *E. coccifera* woodland.

## Further reading

Reid, J.B., Robert, S.H., Brown, M.J., & Hovenden, M.J. (editors) (1999). ‘Vegetation of Tasmania’, Australian Biological Resources Study.

## InfoBox

| Tasmanian snow gum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus coccifera* tree line in Mt. Field National Park. | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. coccifera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus coccifera***
Hook.f. | |
|


title: Sam Obi

abstract: Samuel Onyeka Obi was a Nigerian politician and Actor. He was a speaker of Delta State house of assembly and former acting governor of Delta State from 2010 to 2011. Until his death, he was the general overseer of Oracle of God Ministry, Asaba, Delta State.

text:
# Sam Obi

**Samuel Onyeka Obi** (1961/2 – 3 April 2020) was a Nigerian politician and Actor. He was a speaker of Delta State house of assembly and former acting governor of Delta State from 2010 to 2011. Until his death, he was the general overseer of Oracle of God Ministry, Asaba, Delta State.

## Career

Obi started his political career as a councillor, before becoming a local government chairman in Delta State. During the first term of the former governor of Delta State James Ibori, he served as the chairman, board of directors of The Pointer Newspaper which was owned by the Delta State government. In 2003, he contested and won a seat in the Delta State house of assembly, representing Ika North East and served for three terms which ended in 2015. On 29 July 2010, he was elected as the 10th speaker of Delta State house of assembly to replace the 9th speaker Martin Okonta representing Ika South constituency who was removed by the Court of appeal, Abuja on 12 May 2010.

On 10 November 2010, he became the acting governor of Delta State after the Court of Appeal, Benin annulled the 2007 Delta State gubernatorial election that produced the governor of the state Emmanuel Uduaghan. The Court of Appeal, Benin nullified the election on 9 November 2010 and ordered a re-run within 90 days. On 10 January 2011, Obi handed over to Emmanuel Uduaghan after he won the by-election that was held on 6 January 2011. On 7 June 2011, he was replaced by Victor Ochei representing Aniocha North constituency as the 11th speaker of Delta State house of assembly after he nominated him to replace him. He served as a special adviser in the first term of the governor of Delta State Ifeanyi Okowa and left in 2019.

Later in his life, he founded the Oracle of God Ministries Church, Asaba where he was the general overseer until his death.

## Personal life

Obi is from Ibiegwa quarters, Ute-Okpu, Ika North East, Delta State, Nigeria. He was a prince and member of Ute-Okpu royal family. His elder brother HRM Obi Solomon Chukwuka I is the current Obi of Ute-Okpu kingdom.

## Death

Obi died on 3 April 2021, at his residence in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria after a brief illness.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableSam Obi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member representing Ika North East constituency in Delta State house of assembly | |
| **In office**
2003–2015 | |
| 10th Speaker of Delta State house of assembly | |
| **In office**
29 July 2010  7 June 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Martin Okonta |
| Succeeded by | Victor Ochei |
| Governor of Delta State | |
| **Acting** | |
| **In office**
10 November 2010  10 January 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Emmanuel Uduaghan |
| Succeeded by | Emmanuel Uduaghan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Samuel Onyeka Obi
1961 or 1962 (age 62–63) |
| Died | (aged 59)
Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria |
| Cause of death | Undisclosed illness |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Occupation | * Politician * pastor |
|  | |


title: CapBridge

abstract: CapBridge is an online investment platform, headquartered in Singapore. It was founded in 2015 and backed by Singapore Exchange. CapBridge was approved by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Government of Singapore to operate both a primary capital raising platform utilizing a Capital Markets Securities License, and a private securities exchange - 1exchange with a Recognized Market Operator license.

text:
# CapBridge

**CapBridge** is an online investment platform, headquartered in Singapore. It was founded in 2015 and backed by Singapore Exchange. CapBridge was approved by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Government of Singapore to operate both a primary capital raising platform utilizing a Capital Markets Securities License, and a private securities exchange - 1exchange with a Recognized Market Operator license.

## History

The company was founded in 2015 by Johnson Chen. It raised funding of S$4 million (US$2.9 million) from VC investor Tim Draper in October 2017. In May 2018, the company secured $5 million in Series A funding in an over-subscribed round.

In November 2018, the company received license from the Monetary Authority of Singapore to operate a securities exchange, 1exchange, as a recognised market operator. Singapore Exchange (SGX) has its investment in CapBridge through its subsidiary Asian Gateway Investments.

In February 2019, the company launched a product called *Preferred Access*. It allows investors to access multiple private equities or venture capital investments for a minimum amount of SGD $5,000. CapBridge also has a Capital Market Services license from the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

## InfoBox

CapBridge
|
|  |
| Industry | Fintech |
| Founded | 2015 (2015) |
| Founder | Johnson Chen |
| Headquarters | Singapore |
| Area served | Asia-Pacific |
| Key people | Johnson Chen CEO |
| Website | capbridge.sg |


title: Puszcza Zielona

abstract: Puszcza Zielona is a forest in Poland which extends from the Narew River and the border with the region of Masuria. It is bounded on the east by the Pisa River and on the west by the Orzyc River. The forest lies in a lowland and contains a wet sandy soil, but it is rich in various minerals which are mined. The Green Wilderness is usually associated with the White Wilderness, and together the two forests are often referred to as the Kurpie Forest because the two forests were populated by inhabitants who, over the centuries retained their distinct ethnic character. Due to isolation they developed a unique culture of their own, called Kurpie.

text:
# Puszcza Zielona

**Puszcza Zielona** (Polish: \[ˈpuʂt͡ʂa ʑɛˈlɔna\]; lit.'Green Wilderness') is a forest in Poland which extends from the Narew River and the border with the region of Masuria. It is bounded on the east by the Pisa River and on the west by the Orzyc River. The forest lies in a lowland and contains a wet sandy soil, but it is rich in various minerals which are mined.

The Green Wilderness (Puszcza Zielona) is usually associated with the White Wilderness (Puszcza Biała), and together the two forests are often referred to as the Kurpie Forest (Puszcza Kurpiowska) because the two forests were populated by inhabitants who, over the centuries retained their distinct ethnic character. Due to isolation they developed a unique culture of their own, called Kurpie.

## History

The forest was first ordered colonized by Duke Janusz I of Warsaw in the first half of the 14th century by peasants and petty nobles. Colonization continued on and off subsequently, and its inhabitants, because of their isolation by living deep in a forest, developed a distinct culture. Other neighboring Poles gave them the name of *kurpś*, because they retained their ancient tradition of making shoes made of fibers from the linden tree and sealed with lime.

## Current status

Because of deliberate cutting down of forest, even though the area is not suitable for agriculture, much of the forest remains in broken patches. Villages which once housed Kurpie-style structures have now been replaced, for the most part, by more modern structures.

After the Fall of Communism, portions of the forest are being preserved and protected as nature preserves by the Polish government.

## Nature preserves pertaining to Puszcza Zielona

## InfoBox

| Puszcza Zielona | |
| --- | --- |
| Today’s remnants of a Kurpie forest | |
| Map | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Masovian Voivodeship, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland |
| Coordinates | 53°18′50.61″N 21°27′7.84″E / 53.3140583°N 21.4521778°E / 53.3140583; 21.4521778 |


title: Demity

abstract: Demity is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoskinia, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Płoskinia, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Braniewo, and 67 km (42 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Demity

**Demity** \[dɛˈmitɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płoskinia, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Płoskinia, 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Braniewo, and 67 km (42 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Demity | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Demity | |
| Coordinates: 54°18′N 19°59′E / 54.300°N 19.983°E / 54.300; 19.983 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Braniewo |
| Gmina | Płoskinia |


title: Centraalstaal

abstract: Centraalstaal BV or rather CIG Centraalstaal is a Dutch company, with headquarters in Groningen, Netherlands. It is part of Central Industry Group (CIG) a group of nine autonomous companies under two separate corporate umbrellas, located in the northern part of Germany and the Netherlands, and owned by the investment company Nimbus. Centraalstaal is currently internationally active in the shipbuilding industry, the architecture industry and the art industry.

text:
# Centraalstaal

**Centraalstaal BV** or rather *CIG Centraalstaal* is a Dutch company, with headquarters in Groningen, Netherlands. It is part of Central Industry Group (CIG) a group of nine autonomous companies under two separate corporate umbrellas, located in the northern part of Germany and the Netherlands, and owned by the investment company Nimbus.

Centraalstaal is currently internationally active in the shipbuilding industry, the architecture industry and the art industry.

## History

### Foundation of Centraalstaal

In the early 1970s the Dutch shipbuilding industry was under severe pressure from foreign competition. One of the challenges faced by the small shipyards in the north of the Netherlands were the huge investments that were required for modern production technologies. In these circumstances several of these shipyards decided to cooperate with each other in order to obtain a stronger position in the international shipbuilding industry. A result of this cooperation was the decision to cut production costs by starting a company that would provide prefabricated (precut and preformed) steel to the shipyards, thereby eliminating the necessity for each shipyard to invest in expensive prefabrication equipment. In 1972 this resulted in the creation of a prefabrication factory and head office in the city of Groningen, which became known by the name of Centraalstaal BV. Centraalstaal initially started as a pre-processing plant with the sole purpose to support the shipbuilding industry in the north of the Netherlands.

### Central Industry Group

In 1977 the Central Industry Group was formed. It was a holding company which owned Centraalstaal and soon grew to 10 companies that offered a wide range of services to the international shipbuilding industry. These included engineering services, engineering, software development, ship's equipment and steel prefabrication.

On most projects, in both the shipbuilding and the architecture industry, Centraalstaal worked together in close coordination with sister companies Numeriek Centrum Groningen and Vuyk Engineering Groningen for the engineering work that precedes the manufacturing process. Both companies are part of the Central Industry Group.

Positive market conditions and a growing demand for Centraalstaal's services from outside the Netherlands resulted in the creation of two sister companies. In 1998, Ostseestaal GMBH was set up in Stralsund, Germany, in order to be able to cope with the demand coming from the German and East European markets. In 2008, Centraalstaal India Steel Pvt Ltd. was started in Hangarkatta, India, to cover the Asian market. The three Centraalstaal companies were independent from each other but were all part of the Central Industry Group and worked together on joint projects under the banner of Centraalstaal International (CSI).

### Disentanglement of CIG

The Financial crisis of 2007–2008 resulted in a major shipping downturn. It struck the shipyards in the north of the Netherlands and in turn CIG Centraalstaal was affected. For some years it survived by going into the architecture and art- markets, but in the long run these markets proved too small for the production capacity of Centraalstaal. Another problem was that shipyards increasingly opted to buy their metal parts elsewhere. This might have had to do with prices, but also with souring relations because Centraalstaal had started her own shipping line.

In 2017 Centraalstaal still had 120 employees. A first reorganization let to 35 lay-offs. A second reorganization in 2016 brought the number of employees back to 50. In November 2016 the holding Central Industry Group (CIG) asked for an automatic stay for herself and daughter CIG Shipbuilding. At that moment all CIG companies still had 230 employees, and a solution was expected to be found. Indeed, the investment company Nimbus announced that it would buy all 13 daughter companies of SIG only a few days later.

### 2019 Situation

After the take-over by Nimbus CIG became a group of nine autonomous companies under two separate corporate umbrellas, located in the northern part of Germany and the Netherlands. *The companies are autonomous and there are few cross-bondings.* Indeed, some German operations seem to have become totally independent. SEC Bremen is still a leading manufacturer of container lashing equipment. Ostseestahl and Ampereship, both in Stralsund seem to prosper and expand. All these do not refer to CIG publicly. On the other hand, CIG Piping Technology in Bremen still uses the CIG name.

The Dutch part of the holding still uses the name Central Industry Group. It uses company names CIG Centraalstaal, CIG Architecture and DEKC Maritime (previously Vuyk Engineering Groningen). All these are based in the old Central Industry Group office in Groningen. In September 2019 CIG International divested THR Marine, a company specialized in the design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of winches, anchors and mooring equipment.

### 2021

On June 4. 2021, Centraalstaal filed for an automatic stay (*surseance van betaling*)). The company filed for bankruptcy a few days later on June 7. 2021.

## Activities of CIG Centraalstaal

### Shipbuilding industry

Since the start of the company in 1972, Centraalstaal provides prefabricated 'building kits' to the international shipbuilding industry. These building kits consist of an assortment of precut and preformed plates and profiles that are used by shipyards in order to assemble the hull and the superstructure of a ship. Although the company's main customer base is in the Netherlands, Centraalstaal has delivered prefabricated steel to approximately 150 shipyards worldwide.

### Architecture industry

Centraalstaal is active in the architecture industry as a manufacturing and engineering partner to architects and construction companies for the construction of building façades and structures involving three dimensionally shaped metal plates. Since 2003, the company has worked on a wide range of different projects on both a national and an international level. For the production of the metal plates Centraalstaal uses production methods and construction methods that are directly adopted from the shipbuilding industry.

| Project | Place | Architect | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Lord's Media Centre* | London, United Kingdom | Future Systems London / Amanda Levete | 2003 |
| *Millenium Square Mast* | London, United Kingdom | Tuchschmid Switzerland | 2005 |
| *BMW Ekris* | Utrecht, Netherlands | ONL Oosterhuis | 2006 |
| *F-Zuid Amsterdam* | Amsterdam, Netherlands | ONL Oosterhuis- Lénárd Rotterdam | 2007 |
| *Ozeaneum Stralsund* | Stralsund, Germany | Benisch Architects | 2008 |
| *Sidra Trees* | Doha, Qatar | RHWL Architects London | 2009 |
| *Connection Bridge Marina Hotel* | Abu Dhabi, UAE | Asymptote New York | 2009 |
| *Münchner Freiheit Bussbahnhof* | München, Germany | OX2 Architects | 2009 |
| *CET Building* | Budapest, Hungary | ONL Oosterhuis – Lénárd Rotterdam | 2010 |
| *Naples metro Universita / Traiano* | Naples, Italy | Anish Kapoor / Future Systems London / Amanda Levete | 2010 |

### Art industry

Centraalstaal has been active in the art industry as a manufacturer of works of art consisting of 3D shaped metal plates. The most notable artworks that Centraalstaal has produced are the 'Hive' and the 'Memory' sculptures designed by London-based artist Anish Kapoor. The 'Memory' sculpture has been on display in the Guggenheim Museum of Berlin and is currently on display in the Guggenheim Museum in New York. The 'Hive' sculpture has been on display in the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Both sculptures were made out of Cor-Ten steel'.

## InfoBox

Central Industry Group (CIG)
| Industry | Shipbuilding, Maritime design |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Founder | Shipyards in the north of the Netherlands |
| Headquarters | Groningen |
| Website | https://www.centralindustrygroup.com/ |


title: Ras Al-Khair

abstract: Ras Al-Khair is a town and port currently under development in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is on the eastern coast, 60 km (37 mi) north of Jubail. It is also known under its project name of "Minerals Industrial City".

text:
# Ras Al-Khair

**Ras Al-Khair** (Also called **Ras Az-Zour**, **Ras Azzour**) is a town and port currently under development in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is on the eastern coast, 60 km (37 mi) north of Jubail. It is also known under its project name of "Minerals Industrial City".

## Industry

The new city, RAZMIC (Ras Al Zour Mineral Industrial City), is planned to exploit the mineral deposites of phosphate and bauxite found within Saudi Arabia. Therefore, a di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) plant will be built, an aluminium smelter, an aluminium rolling mill, an ammonia plant, an alumina refinery and facilities to produce phosphoric and sulphuric acid. Power will be supplied by the 2,400 MW Ras Al-Khair Power and Desalination Plant.

The official ground breaking for the aluminium project by the Saudi Arabian Mining Company (MA'ADEN) and Alcoa was on 19 June 2010. The project was scheduled to be completed by 2014. Among other projects a residential village for the MAADEN employees was built with 500 housing units.

The King Salman Global Maritime Industries Complex is under construction in Ras Al-Khair, and will be the largest shipyard in the world when it is completed.

## Transportation

### Airport

The town is served by King Fahd International Airport, the terminal is at a driving distance of 180 km (112 mi) to the south.

### Rail

Ras Az-Zour will be linked by the Saudi Railways Organization to the bauxite mines at Zabirah with a new railway line branch of the North-South Project. Later the line will be extended to meet the line from Riyadh via Buraidah to Haditha at the so-called Zubairah Junction. As part of the Saudi Landbridge Project another line will connect the new port to Jubail and to Dammam. Thus Ras Al-Zour will be connected to the bauxite mine near Zabirah, the phosphate deposits near Jalamid and the agricultural center at Al-Basyata as well as to the oil processing facilities via the Jubail line.

### Sea

The proposed seaport is thought to become a major export hub for aluminium products and ammonium phosphate.

## Renaming

In July 2011, King Abdullah changed the name of **Ras Az-Zour** to **Ras Al-Khair** (with *Khair* meaning light or bright to have a more positive naming), according to a statement by President of the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu Prince Saud bin Abdullah bin Thunayan to the Saudi Press Agency on 6 July 2011.

27°27′21″N 49°18′01″E / 27.4557°N 49.3002°E / 27.4557; 49.3002


title: Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney

abstract: Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney (1842–1924) was a British painter and Orientalist, noted for his portraits.

text:
# Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney

**Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney** (1842–1924) was a British painter and Orientalist, noted for his portraits.

## Life and career

Macartney was born on 3 March 1842 to Maxwell Macartney, a doctor, and Maxwell's first wife Emily Eliza Hayes. He was a student at Clare College, graduating in 1866. As well as a painter Macartney was an orientalist academic, producing several English versions of oriental text and a barrister at the Inner Temple. Macartney, along with his half brother, Sir Mervyn Macartney, were amongst the founders of the Art Workers' Guild in 1884. Macartney lived at Foxholds House, Thatcham which was designed by Sir Mervyn Macartney in 1895, and is now home to the regional office of English Nature. He married Louisa Gardiner and their son Carlile Aylmer Macartney was a noted academic specialising in the history and politics of East-Central Europe and in particular the history of Austria and Hungary.

## Work

Macartney painted both landscapes and portraits, exhibiting them at Dudley Museum and Art Gallery, the Grosvenor Gallery, the Walker Art Gallery, Manchester City Art Gallery and at the Royal Academy of Art.

Several of his paintings are in the collections of the Tate Gallery, Royal Society of Medicine, British Dental Association Dental Museum and the Government Art Collection.

## InfoBox

| Carlile Henry Hayes Macartney | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 8 March 1842<br>Britain |
| Died | 1924 |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Painter |
| Movement | Orientalist |


title: 2016 European Athletics Championships

abstract:
The 2016 European Athletics Championships was held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, between 6 and 10 July 2016. It was the first time the Netherlands hosted the event. Due to 2016 being an Olympic year, there was no racewalking and the marathon competition was replaced by half marathon. The Russian team did not participate due to the suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation by the International Association of Athletics Federations. However, Yuliya Stepanova was individually cleared by the IAAF to compete as an independent athlete; she participated in the European championships under the flag of the European Athletic Association. Germany and Great Britain topped the medal table with 16, with Poland winning 12 medals.
Poland won and topped the victory column with 6 gold medals.

text:
# 2016 European Athletics Championships

The **2016 European Athletics Championships** was held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, between 6 and 10 July 2016. It was the first time the Netherlands hosted the event.

Due to 2016 being an Olympic year, there was no racewalking and the marathon competition was replaced by half marathon. The Russian team did not participate due to the suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation by the International Association of Athletics Federations. However, Yuliya Stepanova was individually cleared by the IAAF to compete as an independent athlete; she participated in the European championships under the flag of the European Athletic Association.

Germany and Great Britain topped the medal table with 16, with Poland winning 12 medals. Poland won and topped the victory column with 6 gold medals (Germany & Great Britain tied with 5).

## Event schedule

Legend
| Key | P | Q | H | ½ | F |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Value | Preliminary round | Qualifiers | Heats | Semifinals | Final |

## Results

### Men

#### Track

| Chronology: 2012 | 2014 | **2016** | 2018 | 2020 |
| --- |

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
 | Churandy Martina
Netherlands (NED) | 10.07 **SB** | Jak Ali Harvey
Turkey (TUR) | 10.07 | Jimmy Vicaut
France (FRA) | 10.08 |
| 200 metres
 | Bruno Hortelano
Spain (ESP) | 20.45 | Ramil Guliyev
Turkey (TUR) | 20.51 | Daniel Talbot
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 20.56 |
| 400 metres
 | Martyn Rooney
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 45.29 | Pavel Maslák
Czech Republic (CZE) | 45.36 | Liemarvin Bonevacia
Netherlands (NED) | 45.41 **SB** |
| 800 metres
 | Adam Kszczot
Poland (POL) | 1:45.18 | Marcin Lewandowski
Poland (POL) | 1:45.54 | Elliot Giles
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 1:45.54 **PB** |
| 1500 metres
 | Filip Ingebrigtsen
Norway (NOR) | 3:46.65 | David Bustos
Spain (ESP) | 3:46.90 | Henrik Ingebrigtsen
Norway (NOR) | 3:47.18 |
| 5000 metres
 | Ilias Fifa
Spain (ESP) | 13:40.85 | Adel Mechaal
Spain (ESP) | 13:40.85 | Richard Ringer
Germany (GER) | 13:40.85 **SB** |
| 10,000 metres
 | Polat Kemboi Arıkan
Turkey (TUR) | 28:18.52 | Ali Kaya
Turkey (TUR) | 28:21.42 | Antonio Abadía
Spain (ESP) | 28:26.07 |
| Half marathon
 | Tadesse Abraham
Switzerland (SUI) | 1:02:03 | Kaan Kigen Özbilen
Turkey (TUR) | 1:02:27 | Daniele Meucci
Italy (ITA) | 1:02:38 |
| | Switzerland (SUI) | 3:12:04 | Spain (ESP) | 3:12:06 | Italy (ITA) | 3:12:41 |
| 110 metres hurdles
 | Dimitri Bascou
France (FRA) | 13.25 | Balázs Baji
Hungary (HUN) | 13.28 **NR** | Wilhem Belocian
France (FRA) | 13.33 |
| 400 metres hurdles
 | Yasmani Copello
Turkey (TUR) | 48.98 | Sérgio Fernández
Spain (ESP) | 49.06 | Kariem Hussein
Switzerland (SUI) | 49.10 |
| 3000 metres steeplechase
 | Mahiedine Mekhissi-Benabbad
France (FRA) | 8:25.63 | Aras Kaya
Turkey (TUR) | 8:29.91 **PB** | Yoann Kowal
France (FRA) | 8:30.79 |
| 4 × 100 metres relay
 | Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
James Dasaolu
Adam Gemili
James Ellington
Chijindu Ujah | 38.17 | France (FRA)
Marvin René
Stuart Dutamby
Mickael-Meba Zeze
Jimmy Vicaut | 38.38 **SB** | Germany (GER)
Julian Reus
Sven Knipphals
Roy Schmidt
Lucas Jakubczyk | 38.47 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay
 | Belgium (BEL)
Julien Watrin
Jonathan Borlée
Dylan Borlée
Kévin Borlée | 3:01:10 **EL** | Poland (POL)
Rafał Omelko
Kacper Kozłowski
Łukasz Krawczuk
Jakub Krzewina | 3:01:18 **SB** | Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
Rabah Yousif
Delano Williams
Jack Green
Matthew Hudson-Smith | 3:01:44 **SB** |
| **WR** world record | **ER** European record | **CR** championship record | **NR** national record | **WL** world leading | **EL** European leading | **PB** personal best | **SB** seasonal best
 | | | | | | |

#### Field

| Chronology: 2012 | 2014 | **2016** | 2018 | 2020 |
| --- |

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High jump
 | Gianmarco Tamberi
Italy (ITA) | 2.32 | Robbie Grabarz
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 2.29 | Chris Baker
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
Eike Onnen
Germany (GER) | 2.29 |
| Pole vault
 | Robert Sobera
Poland (POL) | 5.60 | Jan Kudlička
Czech Republic (CZE) | 5.60 | Robert Renner
Slovenia (SLO) | 5.50 |
| Long jump
 | Greg Rutherford
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 8.25 | Michel Tornéus
Sweden (SWE) | 8.21 **SB** | Ignisious Gaisah
Netherlands (NED) | 7.93 |
| Triple jump
 | Max Hess
Germany (GER) | 17.20 **EL** | Karol Hoffmann
Poland (POL) | 17.16 **PB** | Julian Reid
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 16.76 **SB** |
| Shot put
 | David Storl
Germany (GER) | 21.31 **EL** | Michał Haratyk
Poland (POL) | 21.19 | Tsanko Arnaudov
Portugal (POR) | 20.59 **SB** |
| Discus throw
 | Piotr Małachowski
Poland (POL) | 67.06 | Philip Milanov
Belgium (BEL) | 65.71 | Gerd Kanter
Estonia (EST) | 65.27 **SB** |
| Javelin throw
 | Zigismunds Sirmais
Latvia (LAT) | 86.66 **PB** | Vítězslav Veselý
Czech Republic (CZE) | 83.59 | Antti Ruuskanen
Finland (FIN) | 82.44 |
| Hammer throw
 | Paweł Fajdek
Poland (POL) | 80.93 | Ivan Tikhon
Belarus (BLR) | 78.84 | Wojciech Nowicki
Poland (POL) | 77.53 |
| Decathlon
 | Thomas Van der Plaetsen
Belgium (BEL) | 8218 | Adam Helcelet
Czech Republic (CZE) | 8157 **SB** | Mihail Dudaš
Serbia (SRB) | 8153 |
| **WR** world record | **ER** European record | **CR** championship record | **NR** national record | **WL** world leading | **EL** European leading | **PB** personal best | **SB** seasonal best
 | | | | | | |

### Women

#### Track

| Chronology: 2012 | 2014 | **2016** | 2018 | 2020 |
| --- |

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 100 metres
 | Dafne Schippers
Netherlands (NED) | 10.90 | Ivet Lalova-Collio
Bulgaria (BUL) | 11.20 | Mujinga Kambundji
Switzerland (SUI) | 11.25 |
| 200 metres
 | Dina Asher-Smith
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 22.37 **SB** | Ivet Lalova-Collio
Bulgaria (BUL) | 22.52 **SB** | Gina Lückenkemper
Germany (GER) | 22.74 |
| 400 metres
 | Libania Grenot
Italy (ITA) | 50.73 | Floria Gueï
France (FRA) | 51.21 | Anyika Onuora
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 51.47 **SB** |
| 800 metres
 | Nataliya Pryshchepa
Ukraine (UKR) | 1:59.70 | Rénelle Lamote
France (FRA) | 2:00.19 | Lovisa Lindh
Sweden (SWE) | 2:00.37 **PB** |
| 1500 metres
 | Angelika Cichocka
Poland (POL) | 4:33.00 | Sifan Hassan
Netherlands (NED) | 4:33.76 | Ciara Mageean
Ireland (IRL) | 4:33.78 |
| 5000 metres
 | Yasemin Can
Turkey (TUR) | 15:18.15 | Meraf Bahta
Sweden (SWE) | 15:20.54 | Stephanie Twell
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 15:20.70 |
| 10,000 metres
 | Yasemin Can
Turkey (TUR) | 31:12.86 **EL**, **EU23** | Dulce Félix
Portugal (POR) | 31:19.03 **PB** | Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal
Norway (NOR) | 31:23.45 **PB** |
| Half marathon
 | Sara Moreira
Portugal (POR) | 1:10:19 | Veronica Inglese
Italy (ITA) | 1:10:35 | Jéssica Augusto
Portugal (POR) | 1:10:55 |
| | Portugal (POR) | 3:33:53 | Italy (ITA) | 3:36:38 | Turkey (TUR) | 3:39:59 |
| 100 metres hurdles
 | Cindy Roleder
Germany (GER) | 12.62 **EL** | Alina Talay
Belarus (BLR) | 12.68 | Tiffany Porter
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 12.76 |
| 400 metres hurdles
 | Sara Slott Petersen
Denmark (DEN) | 55.12 **SB** | Joanna Linkiewicz
Poland (POL) | 55.33 | Léa Sprunger
Switzerland (SUI) | 55.41 |
| 3000 metres steeplechase
 | Gesa-Felicitas Krause
Germany (GER) | 9:18.85 **EL** | Luiza Gega
Albania (ALB) | 9:28.52 **NR** | Özlem Kaya
Turkey (TUR) | 9:35.05 **SB** |
| 4 × 100 metres relay
 | Netherlands (NED)
Jamile Samuel
Dafne Schippers
Tessa van Schagen
Naomi Sedney | 42.04 **NR** | Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
Asha Philip
Dina Asher-Smith
Bianca Williams
Daryll Neita | 42.45 **SB** | Germany (GER)
Tatjana Pinto
Lisa Mayer
Gina Lückenkemper
Rebekka Haase | 42.48 |
| 4 × 400 metres relay
 | Great Britain & N.I. (GBR)
Emily Diamond
Anyika Onuora
Eilidh Doyle
Seren Bundy-Davies | 3:25.05 **WL** | France (FRA)
Phara Anacharsis
Brigitte Ntiamoah
Marie Gayot
Floria Gueï | 3:25.96 **SB** | Italy (ITA)
Maria Benedicta Chigbolu
Maria Enrica Spacca
Chiara Bazzoni
Libania Grenot | 3:27.49 **SB** |
| **WR** world record | **ER** European record | **CR** championship record | **NR** national record | **WL** world leading | **EL** European leading | **PB** personal best | **SB** seasonal best
 | | | | | | |

#### Field

| Chronology: 2012 | 2014 | **2016** | 2018 | 2020 |
| --- |

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| High jump
 | Ruth Beitia
Spain (ESP) | 1.98 **SB** | Mirela Demireva
Bulgaria (BUL)
Airinė Palšytė
Lithuania (LTU) | 1.96
1.96 **SB** | *Not awarded* | |
| Pole vault
 | Ekaterini Stefanidi
Greece (GRE) | 4.81 **CR** | Lisa Ryzih
Germany (GER) | 4.70 **SB** | Angelica Bengtsson
Sweden (SWE) | 4.65 **SB** |
| Long jump
 | Ivana Španović
Serbia (SRB) | 6.94 | Jazmin Sawyers
Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 6.86 | Malaika Mihambo
Germany (GER) | 6.65 |
| Triple jump
 | Patrícia Mamona
Portugal (POR) | 14.58 **NR** | Hanna Minenko
Israel (ISR) | 14.51 | Paraskevi Papachristou
Greece (GRE) | 14.47 |
| Shot put
 | Christina Schwanitz
Germany (GER) | 20.17 **EL** | Anita Márton
Hungary (HUN) | 18.72 | Emel Dereli
Turkey (TUR) | 18.22 |
| Discus throw
 | Sandra Perković
Croatia (CRO) | 69.97 | Julia Fischer
Germany (GER) | 65.77 | Shanice Craft
Germany (GER) | 63.89 |
| Javelin throw
 | Tatsiana Khaladovich
Belarus (BLR) | 66.34 **NR** | Linda Stahl
Germany (GER) | 65.25 **SB** | Sara Kolak
Croatia (CRO) | 63.50 **NR** |
| Hammer throw
 | Anita Włodarczyk
Poland (POL) | 78.14 | Betty Heidler
Germany (GER) | 75.77 **SB** | Hanna Skydan
Azerbaijan (AZE) | 73.83 |
| Heptathlon
 | Anouk Vetter
Netherlands (NED) | 6626 **NR** | Antoinette Nana Djimou
France (FRA) | 6458 **SB** | Ivona Dadic
Austria (AUT) | 6408 **NR** |
| **WR** world record | **ER** European record | **CR** championship record | **NR** national record | **WL** world leading | **EL** European leading | **PB** personal best | **SB** seasonal best
 | | | | | | |

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Host nation)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Poland (POL) | 6 | 5 | 1 | 12 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 5 | 4 | 7 | 16 |
| 3 | Great Britain & N.I. (GBR) | 5 | 3 | 8 | 16 |
| 4 | Turkey (TUR) | 4 | 5 | 2 | 11 |
| 5 | Netherlands (NED)\* | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 |
| 6 | Spain (ESP) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
| 7 | France (FRA) | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 |
| 8 | Italy (ITA) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| | Portugal (POR) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 10 | Belgium (BEL) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 11 | Belarus (BLR) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 12 | Switzerland (SUI) | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 13 | Norway (NOR) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 14 | Croatia (CRO) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| | Greece (GRE) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| | Serbia (SRB) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 17 | Denmark (DEN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Latvia (LAT) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| | Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 20 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 21 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 22 | Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 23 | Hungary (HUN) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 24 | Albania (ALB) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Israel (ISR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| | Lithuania (LTU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 27 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Azerbaijan (AZE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Estonia (EST) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Ireland (IRL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Slovenia (SLO) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (32 entries) | | 44 | 45 | 44 | 133 |

## Participating nations

Athletes from a total of 50 member federations of the European Athletics Association competed at these Championships. Russia, suspended, did not participate. EAA accepted the participation of Russian-born athlete Yuliya Stepanova as an independent neutral athlete.

## InfoBox

| 23rd European Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Dates | 6–10 July |
| Host city | Amsterdam |
| Venue | Olympic Stadium |
|  | |
| Level | Senior |
| Type | Outdoor |
| Events | 44 |
| Participation | 1,329 athletes from
50 nations |
| 2014 Zürich 2018 Berlin | |


title: Dallas Smith

abstract: Dallas Hendry Smith is a Canadian singer and songwriter, who performs both as a solo country music artist and as lead singer for the hard rock band Default. He is currently signed to Big Loud Records. Smith is the current record holder of most number one hits among all male Canadian artists on Billboard's Canada Country chart, at eleven. With Side Effects, Smith also became the first Canadian country artist in the Nielsen BDS era to chart four consecutive number one singles from one album, a feat he would then top with his next album, Timeless. At the end of 2012, Mediabase named Smith the most played Canadian country act and number eight overall at the format.

text:
# Dallas Smith

**Dallas Hendry Smith** (born December 4, 1977) is a Canadian singer and songwriter, who performs both as a solo country music artist and as lead singer for the hard rock band Default. He is currently signed to Big Loud Records. Smith is the current record holder of most number one hits among all male Canadian artists on *Billboard*'s Canada Country chart, at eleven. With *Side Effects*, Smith also became the first Canadian country artist in the Nielsen BDS era to chart four consecutive number one singles from one album (Shania Twain charted three consecutive number one hits from her 1997 release *Come On Over*), a feat he would then top with his next album, *Timeless*.

At the end of 2012, Mediabase named Smith the most played Canadian country act and number eight overall at the format.

## Music career

### Early career

Dallas Smith always had a passion for music growing up. Some of his main influences were The Beatles and female country singers Reba McEntire and The Judds. Due to his shyness, Smith was reluctant to express his musical talent until he made the decision to face his fear and play cover songs with a band consisting of some of his friends. He signed his first record deal when he was 21.

### 1999–2009: Default

Before his solo career, Smith was the lead singer of multi-platinum band Default, a Canadian hard rock/post-grunge band from Vancouver, British Columbia. Formed in 1999, it continued until 2013. Default's debut 2001 album, *The Fallout*, achieved instant success due to strong radio play of "Wasting My Time" and "Deny". In 2002 Default won the Juno Award for "Best New Group". On April 30, 2003, the record achieved a platinum album RIAA certification, signifying a million records sold. The band also released the album *Elocation* (2003) which was certified gold, *One Thing Remains* (2005) and *Comes and Goes* (2009).

### 2011–2012: *Jumped Right In* and Boys of Fall Tour

*Jumped Right In* was released on May 22, 2012, via 604 Records under the production of Joey Moi. The album features tracks written by Smith along with Moi, Rodney Clawson, Craig Wiseman, Dustin Lynch, Chris Tompkins, Zac Maloy, Chad Kroeger and more. It peaked at number 19 on the Canadian Albums Chart and has generated five charted singles on the Canadian Hot 100. The album was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2013 Juno Awards and was also nominated as Album of the Year for the 2013 Canadian Country Music Association Awards. The album has sold over 100,000 digital singles to date.

In November 2012, Smith performed on his first solo tour, co-headlining with Chad Brownlee. The tour was billed as the Boys of Fall Tour and traveled across Canada, hitting 22 cities. The tour sold out on 20 of its dates, including the Commodore Theatre in Vancouver. Smith performed at many Canadian country festivals through 2012 and 2013. In March 2013, Smith went on a sold-out Canadian tour with Bob Seger.

Stemming from the success of the Boys of Fall Tour, Smith and Brownlee teamed up to create the annual Boys of Fall Charity Golf Tournament and Concert. The tournament took place at the Redwoods Golf Course in Langley, British Columbia on August 27, 2013, and was sponsored by the radio station JRfm. Proceeds from the event were donated to Basics for Babies, an organization that assists families coping with the challenges of raising a young infant by providing them with needed food, formula, and diapers. The tourney's fifth year took place on Tuesday, August 22, 2017.

### 2013: *Tippin' Point EP*

In October 2013, Smith signed with Republic Nashville and released his first American single, "Tippin' Point". It was written by Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard of Florida Georgia Line with Jaren Johnston. In 2013, Smith was nominated for Male Artist of the Year, Single of the Year and Album of the Year by the Canadian Country Music Association. Smith performed on the CCMA broadcast award ceremony, which took place on September 8, 2013.

Smith released an extended play, *Tippin' Point*, on March 4, 2014, in the US and Canada. Three singles have been released from the EP so far. The title track was a top 5 single on the Canadian country radio chart and was pronounced the fastest country single to be Gold certified by Music Canada. Since then, the single has been certified Platinum in Canada and the "Tippin' Point" video was ranked number 1 on CMT Canada. In the US, the song "Tippin' Point" was ranked number 1 on Sirius XM's The Highway Hot 45 Countdown and has sold over 120,000 singles. Smith followed up the success of the first single by releasing "Slow Rollin'" in March 2014. The track was a top 5 single at Canadian country radio. A third single, "A Girl Like You", was released in June 2014.

Smith's single "Slow Rollin'" is performed by Lady Antebellum on the deluxe edition of their album *747*.

### 2014–2017: *Lifted* and *Side Effects*

In 2014, Smith entered a recording studio in Nashville to record his second full-length studio album with producer Joey Moi. The album, *Lifted*, was released on November 25, 2014. Smith released the first single off the album, "Wastin' Gas", on October 28, 2014, followed by album's lead track "Lifted" and finally "Cheap Seats". "Wastin' Gas" became Smith's first #1 Canada Country hit, as well as his first charting entry on the *Billboard* Country Digital Songs and Country Indicator airplay charts in the United States.

In 2016, Smith released his third solo album *Side Effects*. The singles released from the album included "Kids with Cars", "One Little Kiss", "Autograph", lead title track "Side Effects" and "Sky Stays This Blue". In September 2016, Smith also joined Keith Urban for the Canadian leg of his Ripcord World Tour.

### 2018–2020: *The Fall* EP and *Timeless*

In March 2019, Smith released his EP *The Fall*. The EP featured four straight #1 singles, "Make 'Em Like You", "Rhinestone World", "Drop", and "Timeless". Smith co-headlined the Friends Don't Let Friends Tour Alone Tour with Dean Brody across Canada in the Fall of 2020.

In July 2020, a Nielsen Music study found Smith to be the sixth-highest played Canadian artist on domestic radio in the first half of 2020, ahead of Drake and Chad Brownlee, and slightly behind Virginia to Vegas and Justin Bieber.

Smith's fourth studio album, *Timeless* was released on August 28, 2020, and contains all previously released material from *The Fall*, as well as the singles, "Like a Man" and "Some Things Never Change". In November 2020, Smith released his first Christmas single "Classic".

### 2021–present: Self-titled album and Some Things Never Change Tour

In August 2021, Smith signed a global recording deal with Big Loud Records. Along with Big Loud, and producer Scott Cooke, Smith launched the joint venture Local Hay Records which signed Shawn Austin as their flagship artist. In September 2021, Smith hosted and headlined the "Lifted Hotel Festival" in Vancouver, British Columbia, with all proceeds from the event going towards his organization, the Lifted Dallas Smith Charitable Foundation which supports mental health. Other featured performers included Austin, Jojo Mason, Andrew Hyatt, and Kelly Prescott. In November 2021, Smith announced his headlining Some Things Never Change Tour, which ran in early 2022 and included James Barker Band, Meghan Patrick, Jojo Mason, and Shawn Austin among the opening acts.

Smith released "Hide from a Broken Heart" as his first global single on Big Loud on November 29, 2021. Smith debuted the song at the 2021 Canadian Country Music Awards that day, where he won Entertainer of the Year, Male Artist of the Year, Single of the Year for "Like a Man", and best selling Canadian album for *Timeless*. He then featured on the Josh Ramsay single "Best of Me" in February 2022. In June 2022, Smith released the single "One Too" with fellow Canadian country singer MacKenzie Porter. He was subsequently named Male Artist of the Year and won the Fans' Choice at the 2022 Canadian Country Music Awards. In January 2023, Smith released the single "Singing in a Beer". The song was included on his self-titled fifth studio album *Dallas Smith*, which was released on October 27, 2023. Smith released two instant gratification tracks "Fixer Upper" and "CRZY" alongside the opening of pre-orders for his self-titled album. The album's first track, "Use Me", became its fifth single to Canadian country radio, and was released to radio formats in Australia and the United Kingdom as well.

In October 2023, it was announced that Smith will take his first acting role, appearing alongside Allan Hawco and Charlie Gillespie in *Soul's Road*, the forthcoming debut film of music video director Joel Stewart.

## Personal life

Smith married his longtime girlfriend Kristen in 2012 and the couple has two daughters together. He also has a son from a previous marriage.

## Discography

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Association | Category | Nominated Work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012 | Canadian Country Music Awards | Rising Star Award |  | Nominated |
| | | Single of the Year | "Somebody Somewhere" | Nominated |
| | British Columbia Country Music Association Awards | Video of the Year | "Somebody Somewhere" | Won |
| | Entertainer of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Album of the Year | *Jumped Right In* | Nominated |
| | Single of the Year | "Somebody Somewhere" | Nominated |
| | Fans Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | Male Vocalist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| 2013 | Juno Awards | Country Album of the Year | *Jumped Right In* | Nominated |
| | Canadian Music Week Radio Awards | Best New Country Solo Artist |  | Won |
| | Sirius XM Indie Award | Country Artist of the Year |  | Won |
| | Canadian Country Music Awards | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Single of the Year | "Jumped Right In" | Nominated |
| | Album of the Year | *Jumped Right In* | Nominated |
| | 2014 | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Single of the Year | "Tippin' Point" | Nominated |
| | Album of the Year | *Tippin' Point EP* | Nominated |
| | British Columbia Country Music Association | Album of the Year | *Tippin' Point* | Won |
| | Entertainer of the Year |  | Won |
| | Fans Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | Male Vocalist of the Year |  | Won |
| | Single of the Year | "Tippin' Point" | Won |
| | | Video of the Year | Nominated |
| 2015 | Juno Awards | Country Album of the Year | *Lifted* | Won |
| | British Columbia Country Music Association | Album of the Year | *Lifted* | Won |
| | Entertainer of the Year |  | Won |
| | Fans Choice Award |  | Won |
| | Male Vocalist of the Year |  | Won |
| | Single of the Year | "Wastin' Gas" | Won |
| | Video of the Year | "Lifted" | Nominated |
| | Canadian Country Music Awards | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Single of the Year | "Wastin' Gas" | Nominated |
| | Album of the Year | *Lifted* | Won |
| | 2016 | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Single of the Year | "Cheap Seats" | Nominated |
| | Interactive Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | British Columbia Country Music Association | Entertainer of the Year |  | Won |
| | Fans Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | Male Vocalist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Single of the Year Award | "One Little Kiss" | Nominated |
| | | Video of the Year | Nominated |
| 2017 | Juno Awards | Country Album of the Year | *Side Effects* | Nominated |
| | Canadian Country Music Awards | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Album of the Year | *Side Effects* | Won |
| | Single of the Year | "Autograph" | Won |
| 2018 | Canadian Country Music Awards | Male Artist of the Year |  | Won |
| | | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| | | Single of the Year | "Side Effects" | Nominated |
| | | Video of the Year | "Sky Stays This Blue" | Won |
| 2019 | Canadian Country Music Awards | Male Artist of the Year |  | Won |
| | | Entertainer of the Year |  | Won |
| | | Album of the Year | *The Fall* | Nominated |
| | | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| 2020 | Juno Awards | Country Album of the Year | *The Fall* | Nominated |
| | Canadian Country Music Awards | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | Entertainer of the Year |  | Won |
| | Single of the Year | "Drop" | Nominated |
| | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| 2021 | Juno Awards of 2021 | Country Album of the Year | *Timeless* | Nominated |
| | 2021 Canadian Country Music Awards | Album of the Year | *Timeless* | Nominated |
| | Male Artist of the Year |  | Won |
| | Entertainer of the Year |  | Won |
| | Single of the Year | "Like a Man" | Won |
| | Fans' Choice Award |  | Nominated |
| 2022 | Canadian Country Music Association | Entertainer of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | | Fans' Choice |  | Won |
| | | Male Artist of the Year |  | Won |
| | Country Music Association Awards | Global Country Artist Award |  | Nominated |
| 2023 | Canadian Country Music Association | Entertainer of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | | Fans' Choice |  | Nominated |
| | | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | | Musical Collaboration of the Year | "One Too" (with MacKenzie Porter) | Won |
| | | Video of the Year | "One Too" (with MacKenzie Porter) | Nominated |
| 2024 | | Album of the Year | *Dallas Smith* | Nominated |
| | | Fans' Choice |  | Nominated |
| | | Male Artist of the Year |  | Nominated |
| | | Musical Collaboration of the Year | "Day After Day" (with Shawn Austin) | Nominated |
|

## InfoBox

| Dallas Smith | |
| --- | --- |
| Smith circa 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Dallas Hendry Smith |
| Born | (1977-12-04) December 4, 1977<br>New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada |
| Origin | Langley, British Columbia, Canada |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter |
| Years active | 1999–present |
| Labels |  |
| Spouse | Kristen Smith (m. 2012) |
|  | |
| Website | dallassmithmusic.com |


title: Samuel Hailstone

abstract: Samuel Hailstone (1768–1851) was an English botanist.

text:
# Samuel Hailstone

**Samuel Hailstone** (1768–1851) was an English botanist.

## Life

Hailstone was born at Hoxton, near London, in 1768. His family shortly afterwards settled in York. He was articled to John Hardy, a solicitor at Bradford. On the expiration of his articles Hardy took him into partnership. The scanty leisure of a busy professional life was devoted to botany, and Hailstone became known as the leading authority on the flora of Yorkshire. He formed collections illustrating the geology of the district, and of books and manuscripts relating to Bradford. He contributed papers to the *Magazine of Natural History* (1835, viii. 261-5, 549-53), and a list of rare plants to Thomas Dunham Whitaker's *History of Craven* (1812, pp. 509–19). His valuable herbarium was presented by his sons to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and is now in the museum at York.

His brother was the Rev. John Hailstone, the geologist. He married in 1808 Ann, daughter of Thomas Jones, surgeon, of Bradford. His wife died in 1833, aged 53. He died at Horton Hall, Bradford, on 26 December 1851, aged 83, leaving two sons, John, a clergyman, and Edward. Edward (1818–90) succeeded his father as solicitor at Bradford, and finally retired to Walton Hall, near Wakefield, where he accumulated a remarkable collection of antiquities and books, among them the most extensive series of works relating to Yorkshire ever brought together, which he left to the library of the dean and chapter, York. Edward Hailstone died at Walton 24 March 1890, aged 72. He printed a catalogue of his Yorkshire library in 1858, and published *Portraits of Yorkshire Worthies, with biographical notices* (1869).