title: Scrubs season 5

abstract: The fifth season of the American comedy television series Scrubs premiered on NBC on January 3, 2006 and concluded on May 16, 2006 and consists of 24 episodes. For the first twelve episodes, two new episodes were broadcast back-to-back every Tuesday at 9:00 p.m. ET. Then NBC returned to broadcasting one new episode every week, followed by a rerun. For the first three weeks of this, the rerun episode was a cast favorite episode, with available audio commentary tracks on NBC's website to accompany the episodes. Guest stars in the fifth included Jason Bateman and Mandy Moore, as well the introduction of new recurring characters played by Elizabeth Banks and Travis Schuldt. This season was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. Season 5 begins with J.D. living in a hotel. He has become an attending physician now on the same level as Dr. Cox. In the season premiere, Elliot has taken a new fellowship in another hospital, only to be fired in the next episode. Elliot then returns to Sacred Heart and becomes an attending. Turk and Carla are trying to have a baby, despite Turk still having doubts. Finally, some new interns have arrived at Sacred Heart, chief among them being Keith Dudemeister. Season 5 also focuses on the relationship between J.D. and Dr. Cox, who now find themselves equals.

text:
# Scrubs season 5

The fifth season of the American comedy television series *Scrubs* premiered on NBC on January 3, 2006 and concluded on May 16, 2006 and consists of 24 episodes. For the first twelve episodes, two new episodes were broadcast back-to-back every Tuesday at 9:00 p.m. ET. Then NBC returned to broadcasting one new episode every week (at 9:00 p.m. ET), followed by a rerun. For the first three weeks of this, the rerun episode was a cast favorite episode, with available audio commentary tracks on NBC's website to accompany the episodes. Guest stars in the fifth included Jason Bateman and Mandy Moore, as well the introduction of new recurring characters played by Elizabeth Banks and Travis Schuldt. This season was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.

Season 5 begins with J.D. living in a hotel. He has become an attending physician now on the same level as Dr. Cox. In the season premiere, Elliot has taken a new fellowship in another hospital, only to be fired in the next episode. Elliot then returns to Sacred Heart and becomes an attending. Turk and Carla are trying to have a baby, despite Turk still having doubts. Finally, some new interns have arrived at Sacred Heart, chief among them being Keith Dudemeister. Season 5 also focuses on the relationship between J.D. and Dr. Cox, who now find themselves equals.

## Cast and characters

### Main cast

## Production

Both Gabrielle Allan and Matt Tarses, two writers since the first season, left at the end of season 4. Eric Weinberg left in the middle of season 5 to work on a pilot. Tim Hobert and Tad Quill were promoted to executive producers mid-season. The staff writer of season 4 did not return for season 5. Kevin Biegel and Aseem Batra were hired as staff writers for this season.

## Episodes

*Scrubs* season 5 episodes
| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date | Prod.
code | U.S. viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 94 | 1 | "My Intern's Eyes" | Bill Lawrence | Bill Lawrence | January 3, 2006 (2006-01-03) | 501 | 7.69 |
| Now an attending physician, J.D. has to deal with his own interns as Dr. Cox tests whether he is still willing to bend the rules despite more responsibility. Turk hesitates at the thought of Carla getting pregnant. Meanwhile, Elliot starts her fellowship at County Hospital and tries not to appear foolish. | | | | | | | |
| 95 | 2 | "My Rite of Passage" | Bill Lawrence | Janae Bakken | January 3, 2006 (2006-01-03) | 502 | 7.84 |
| Despite trying to do the opposite, J.D. finds himself treating his interns poorly after discovering they laugh at his jokes out of fear. The hospital staff attempt to avoid Jordan to drive her away, and Elliot's fellowship abruptly ends. The episode guest stars Alexander Chaplin as Sam Thompson. | | | | | | | |
| 96 | 3 | "My Day at the Races" | Michael Spiller | Eric Weinberg | January 10, 2006 (2006-01-10) | 503 | 6.87 |
| Trying to complete a list of goals before his 30th birthday, J.D. signs up for a triathlon. Meanwhile, Turk takes on a patient who wishes to be hypnotized instead of put under anesthesia during surgery, and Elliot finds she and Jake (Josh Randall) know little about each other. J.D. and Elliot move in together. | | | | | | | |
| 97 | 4 | "My Jiggly Ball" | Rick Blue | Tim Hobert | January 10, 2006 (2006-01-10) | 504 | 6.87 |
| J.D. struggles to find something positive to talk about when assigned to introduce Dr. Kelso at an awards dinner, especially after Kelso chooses a wealthier patient for a drug trial after promising the opportunity to another. Carla and Turk attempt to help Elliot, stuck working in a free clinic, get her job at Sacred Heart back. Everyone except for J.D. seems to know of a game called "Jiggly Ball". | | | | | | | |
| 98 | 5 | "My New God" | Victor Nelli, Jr. | Aseem Batra | January 17, 2006 (2006-01-17) | 506 | 5.87 |
| Dr. Cox's born-again Christian sister, Paige Cox (Cheryl Hines), visits the hospital and wants him to participate in his son's baptism: Dr. Cox wants nothing to do with it or her for that matter. Elliot tries to convince Turk why Carla finds babymaking to be romantic. The Janitor and J.D. begin a friendship, which is sabotaged by one of Janitor's more elaborate pranks. The song playing during the Janitor's "Evil Stare" is "Koyaanisqatsi" by Philip Glass, with "In the Sun" by Joseph Arthur playing through the ending scene. | | | | | | | |
| 99 | 6 | "My Missed Perception" | Bill Lawrence | Kevin Biegel | January 17, 2006 (2006-01-17) | 507 | 5.93 |
| J.D. has to deal with the consequences when he mistakes a patient's reaction to her approaching death as a wish to end treatment. Carla desperately tries to gather the hospital staff for a group photo, while Turk and Elliot try to discover the cause of a patient's mysterious and unexplainable pain. The episode features a cameo appearance by Gary Busey. | | | | | | | |
| 100 | 7 | "My Way Home" | Zach Braff | Neil Goldman & Garrett Donovan | January 24, 2006 (2006-01-24) | 505 | 5.45 |
| J.D. gets called in to work on his day off, but the only thing he wants to do is get home. Meanwhile Elliot tries to convince everyone she is an expert on endocrinology following her brief fellowship, Carla has doubts over being a parent, and Turk has to wrestle over an issue that will either help his career or break his conscience. | | | | | | | |
| 101 | 8 | "My Big Bird" | Rob Greenberg | Debra Fordham | January 24, 2006 (2006-01-24) | 508 | 5.73 |
| J.D., Elliot, Turk and Carla are all formally interrogated following the death of a patient, where it is learned that J.D. and Turk were unnecessarily visiting a patient's home, Carla was gathering the staff to purchase lottery tickets in a group effort, and Elliot was dealing with the wife of a married man she kissed. The episode guest stars Jason Bateman as Mr. Sutton and Peter Jacobson as Mr. Foster. | | | | | | | |
| 102 | 9 | "My Half-Acre" | Linda Mendoza | Bill Callahan | February 7, 2006 (2006-02-07) | 509 | 6.17 |
| J.D. is set up on a blind date with a patient's niece and tries to take Elliot's advice to avoid scaring her off. Meanwhile, Turk joins the hospital air-band, but when he steps on Dr. Kelso's toes, he has to learn to swallow his pride. Dr. Cox worries about being an unsatisfactory father. The episode guest stars Mandy Moore as Julie Quinn. | | | | | | | |
| 103 | 10 | "Her Story II" | Chris Koch | Mike Schwartz | February 7, 2006 (2006-02-07) | 510 | 7.10 |
| Narrated from Carla's viewpoint: J.D. lets the little things bother him with Julie, but just as he gets over them, the big things make themselves plain. Meanwhile, Carla gets a fertility test when a new nurse makes her feel even older. The episode features a cameo appearance by Billy Dee Williams. | | | | | | | |
| 104 | 11 | "My Buddy's Booty" | Randall Winston | Mark Stegemann | February 28, 2006 (2006-02-28) | 511 | 6.73 |
| J.D. and Elliot, worried about their favorite patient Mrs. Wilk undergoing a risky procedure — and J.D. still having trouble getting over Julie — both agree to find a booty call, but his suggestion backfires when Elliot chooses J.D.'s nemesis/intern, Keith. Carla encourages Turk to fight for a female-friendly hospital gym, and Dr. Cox and the Janitor strike a lopsided friendship over drinks. | | | | | | | |
| 105 | 12 | "My Cabbage" | John Inwood | Ryan A. Levin | February 28, 2006 (2006-02-28) | 512 | 8.20 |
| J.D. tries relentlessly to get rid of Keith while sticking up for his favorite intern, "Cabbage", while the staff says goodbye to Mrs. Wilk. The Janitor keeps a magpie in the hospital which proves very adept at stealing things, much to Dr. Kelso's displeasure. The episode features a cameo appearance by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. | | | | | | | |
| 106 | 13 | "My Five Stages" | Jay Alaimo | Tad Quill | March 7, 2006 (2006-03-07) | 513 | 5.71 |
| When the hospital's favorite patient Mrs. Wilk is told she will die after getting an infection, Dr. Cox and J.D. seem to go through the five stages of grief as well. Meanwhile, Elliot realizes that her booty call Keith has become more than a booty call, and the Janitor and Ted team up to give Dr. Kelso a taste of his own medicine. The episode guest stars Dave Foley as Dr. Hedrick. | | | | | | | |
| 107 | 14 | "My Own Personal Hell" | Adam Bernstein | Eren Celeboglu | March 14, 2006 (2006-03-14) | 514 | 5.80 |
| Dr. Cox is named the best doctor in the area in a leading publication. Dr. Cox struggles to treat an unnervingly rude and haughty patient who is a friend of Dr. Kelso's. After struggling to conceive, Carla, who has already taken a fertility test, questions Turk's fertility and tries to "spermjack" him to find out. Elliot finds out J.D. does not like Keith. | | | | | | | |
| 108 | 15 | "My Extra Mile" | Ken Whittingham | Mark Stegemann | March 21, 2006 (2006-03-21) | 515 | 5.84 |
| J.D. encourages his colleagues to go the extra mile with their patients. This causes a dilemma as J.D. is torn between sticking to his principles and losing a very attractive girlfriend who is only interested in him because of his hair. Turk and Carla are having trouble making a baby, and a doctor attributes it to the stress they are under. Turk is worried about getting a permanent position when he finds out he is the fourth most-skilled surgeon. | | | | | | | |
| 109 | 16 | "My Bright Idea" | Michael Spiller | Janae Bakken | March 28, 2006 (2006-03-28) | 517 | 6.75 |
| J.D. and Turk find out that Carla is pregnant before she does, and J.D. convinces Turk to tell the entire hospital staff in order to surprise Carla. Carla, however, reveals that upon hearing the news of pregnancy, her biggest joy will be to tell her friends one by one. J.D. gets the Janitor to swallow a GPS tracker. | | | | | | | |
| 110 | 17 | "My Chopped Liver" | Will Mackenzie | Debra Fordham | April 4, 2006 (2006-04-04) | 516 | 6.23 |
| Carla is forced to do Kelso's job, saying "no" to people's requests. J.D.'s patient who needs a liver transplant recovers, but his brother, who donated, gets worse. Dr. Cox is forced to attend a couples' dinner with Elliot and Keith, with the result that the other interns try to befriend him as well (much to J.D.'s dismay). J.D. himself gets in the way of "Turk Time", causing resentment from his best friend.
The episode's storyline regarding a liver transplant led to a nomination at *The Sentinel for Health Awards* in 2006 in the primetime comedy section. | | | | | | | |
| 111 | 18 | "My New Suit" | Victor Nelli, Jr. | Tim Hobert | April 11, 2006 (2006-04-11) | 518 | 5.92 |
| J.D. finds himself constantly lying in order not to hurt the feelings of his visiting brother Dan (Tom Cavanagh). Carla and Turk cannot decide on baby names. Dr. Cox is forced to work with Ted after a conversation with Kelso goes wrong. | | | | | | | |
| 112 | 19 | "His Story III" | John Inwood | Angela Nissel | April 18, 2006 (2006-04-18) | 519 | 5.72 |
| Narrated by The Janitor: J.D. begins a video postcard for his mother but gets locked in a water tower for the day by the Janitor. Finding himself with free time, the Janitor bonds with a severely quadriplegic patient who cannot communicate. Elliot and Carla argue over an intern's mistake. Turk is embarrassed by his impending fatherhood when Dr. Cox accuses him of having a stereotypically white personality. | | | | | | | |
| 113 | 20 | "My Lunch" | John Michel | Tad Quill | April 25, 2006 (2006-04-25) | 520 | 6.00 |
| After repeatedly running into annoying recurring patient Jill Tracy (Nicole Sullivan), J.D. feels guilty when she dies of an apparent drug overdose and he did not act on warning signs. Carla and Elliot convince Todd to admit to being gay, but contrary to what they had hoped, this does not change his personality for the better. Dr. Cox consoles J.D. by telling him he should not take patients' deaths personally. Three patients, one of whom is a friend of Dr. Cox, receive transplant organs from Jill Tracy, which later turn out to be infected by rabies. All three patients die, causing Dr. Cox to break down, blaming himself for their deaths.
The plot is based on the May and June 2004 deaths of four Texas patients who received donor organs from a patient whose cause of death was originally determined to be a cocaine overdose, but later turned out to be rabies. | | | | | | | |
| 114 | 21 | "My Fallen Idol" | Joanna Kerns | Bill Callahan | May 2, 2006 (2006-05-02) | 521 | 5.07 |
| Feeling guilty over the deaths of three patients, Dr. Cox comes to work drunk and is forced to take a leave of absence. The Sacred Heart staff organize shifts to visit Cox at home and console him in the hope of his return, but initially, J.D. refuses to take part. Eventually, J.D. heads to Cox to console him and lift him up, telling him that it would have been nearly impossible to have caught the problem ahead of time, and that had he been in the position, he would have made the same call to rush the organs, as it was the right thing to do seeing as two of them wanted only to help them as soon as possible. That and the support of all his co-workers, was enough to bring Cox out of his slump. Meanwhile, Turk begins a new orthopedic rotation, but struggles to connect with his new, overly sensitive attending. The episode guest stars Paul Adelstein as Dr. Stone. | | | | | | | |
| 115 | 22 | "My Déjà Vu, My Déjà Vu" | Linda Mendoza | Mike Schwartz | May 9, 2006 (2006-05-09) | 522 | 6.20 |
| After five years working at Sacred Heart, J.D. gets the impression that the same events keep unfolding at Sacred Heart. Dr Cox, returning to work, seems to have lost his self-confidence and Elliot takes it upon herself to help him regain it. Turk annoys Carla by doing the things she cannot while pregnant. | | | | | | | |
| 116 | 23 | "My Urologist" | Richard Alexander Wells | Neil Goldman & Garrett Donovan | May 16, 2006 (2006-05-16) | 523 | 6.19 |
| J.D. begins to fall for Dr. Kim Briggs (Elizabeth Banks), a urologist who has supposedly always been present but was invisible to J.D. because she wore a wedding ring. She shares a patient with J.D., but when Dr. Cox reveals that she is refusing to do a risky surgery to keep her statistics up, he begins to have mixed feelings. Elliot considers breaking up with Keith after he refuses to stand up for himself, but Carla, amid her pregnancy hormones, tries to save the relationship. Meanwhile, Dr. Kelso decides to trust the Janitor to fetch cash from a deposit at home, which he regrets.
During the opening title sequence, Dr. Kim Briggs steps into the credits and switches the X-ray around, saying, "That's backwards, it's been bugging me for years." | | | | | | | |
| 117 | 24 | "My Transition" | Bill Lawrence | Aseem Batra & Kevin Biegel | May 16, 2006 (2006-05-16) | 524 | 6.57 |
| J.D. and Kim's romance escalates when they go on their first date, but Elliot will not give them much time alone, as she is becoming good friends with Kim too. Dr. Cox and Jordan celebrate as Jack moves out of diapers by giving his baby things away at Carla's baby shower but learn that Jordan is pregnant again. Later when J.D. goes to talk to Kim, she reveals that she is pregnant. | | | | | | | |

General references

## InfoBox

| *Scrubs* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 5 | |
| DVD cover | |
| No. of episodes | 24 |
| Release | |
| Original network | NBC |
| Original release | January 3 (2006-01-03)
May 16, 2006 (2006-05-16) |
| Season chronology | |
|


title: Eucalyptus parramattensis

abstract: Eucalyptus parramattensis, commonly known as the Parramatta red gum or drooping red gum, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern New South Wales. It has smooth, mottled bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and hemispherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus parramattensis

***Eucalyptus parramattensis***, commonly known as the **Parramatta red gum** or **drooping red gum**, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern New South Wales. It has smooth, mottled bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and hemispherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus parramattensis* is a tree that typically grows to a height of 15–18 m (49–59 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, mottled grey, brown and yellow bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull green to bluish leaves that are 50–120 mm (2.0–4.7 in) long and 5–30 mm (0.20–1.18 in) wide. Adult leaves are narrow lance-shaped to lance-shaped, the same shade of glossy green on both sides, 70–150 mm (2.8–5.9 in) long and 12–25 mm (0.47–0.98 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 8–25 mm (0.31–0.98 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) wide with a conical operculum. Flowering occurs from November to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical capsule 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide, with the valves protruding above the rim.

## Taxonomy

*Eucalyptus parramattensis* was first formally described in 1913 by Edwin Cuthbert Hall in *Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales* from material collected by Richard Thomas Baker.

Two subspecies and one variety are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:

* *Eucalyptus parramattensis* subsp. **decadens** L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell is usually a poorly-formed tree with larger leaves, buds and fruit than subspecies *parramattensis*;
* *Eucalyptus parramattensis* E.C.Hall subsp. *parramattensis* has a conical operculum;
* *Eucalyptus parramattensis* var. **sphaerocalyx** Blakely has a rounded operculum.

## Distribution and habitat

Parramatta red gum grows in woodland, on flat and gently sloping country, often in wet sites on sandy soils. Subspecies *parramattensis* is found to the north-west of Sydney, subspecies **decadens** in the lower Hunter River and var. **sphaerocalyx** occurs from near Parramatta to the foothills of the Blue Mountains.

## InfoBox

| Parramatta red gum | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus parramattensis* at Burrendong Arboretum | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. parramattensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus parramattensis***<br>E.C.Hall | |
|


title: Cottonwood Mountains (Lassen County)

abstract: The Cottonwood Mountains are a mountain range in eastern Lassen County, California, near Nevada.

text:
# Cottonwood Mountains (Lassen County)

The **Cottonwood Mountains** are a mountain range in eastern Lassen County, California, near Nevada.

## InfoBox

| Cottonwood Mountains | |
| --- | --- |
| Cottonwood MountainsLocation of Cottonwood Mountains in California | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,150 m (7,050 ft) |
| Geography | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| District | Lassen County |
| Range coordinates | 40°58′33.630″N 120°4′9.764″W / 40.97600833°N 120.06937889°W / 40.97600833; -120.06937889 |
| Topo map | USGS Buckhorn Lake |


title: Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004)

abstract: Tropical Storm Bonnie was a tropical storm that made landfall on Florida in August 2004. The second storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, Bonnie developed from a tropical wave on August 3 to the east of the Lesser Antilles. After moving through the islands, its fast forward motion caused it to dissipate. However, Bonnie later regenerated into a tropical storm near the Yucatán Peninsula. Bonnie attained its peak intensity with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,001 mbar on August 11 while located over the Gulf of Mexico. Afterwards, the storm turned to the northeast and hit Florida with winds of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). The storm accelerated to the northeast and became an extratropical cyclone to the east of New Jersey. Bonnie was the first of five tropical systems in the 2004 season to make landfall in Florida, coming ashore the day before Hurricane Charley struck. Bonnie was also the second of a record eight storms to reach tropical storm strength during the month of August. Bonnie's impact was minimal. Throughout the Caribbean Sea, the storm's effects consisted primarily of light rainfall, and in Florida, heavy rainfall caused flooding and minor damage. The tropical storm caused a tornado outbreak across the Southeastern United States which killed three people and inflicted over $1 million (2004 USD) in damage.

text:
# Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004)

**Tropical Storm Bonnie** was a tropical storm that made landfall on Florida in August 2004. The second storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, Bonnie developed from a tropical wave on August 3 to the east of the Lesser Antilles. After moving through the islands, its fast forward motion caused it to dissipate. However, Bonnie later regenerated into a tropical storm near the Yucatán Peninsula. Bonnie attained its peak intensity with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,001 mbar (29.56 inHg) on August 11 while located over the Gulf of Mexico. Afterwards, the storm turned to the northeast and hit Florida with winds of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). The storm accelerated to the northeast and became an extratropical cyclone to the east of New Jersey. Bonnie was the first of five tropical systems in the 2004 season to make landfall in Florida, coming ashore the day before Hurricane Charley struck. Bonnie was also the second of a record eight storms to reach tropical storm strength during the month of August.

Bonnie's impact was minimal. Throughout the Caribbean Sea, the storm's effects consisted primarily of light rainfall, and in Florida, heavy rainfall caused flooding and minor damage. The tropical storm caused a tornado outbreak across the Southeastern United States which killed three people and inflicted over $1 million (2004 USD) in damage.

## Meteorological history

The origins of Bonnie were in a tropical wave that emerged from the coast of Africa on July 29 and entered the Atlantic Ocean. It moved westward, attaining convection and a mid-level circulation. Convection steadily increased, and, upon the development of a low-level circulation center, the system organized into Tropical Depression Two on August 3 while 415 miles (668 km) east of Barbados. It moved rapidly westward at speeds of up to 23 mph (37 km/h); after crossing through the Lesser Antilles on August 4, it degenerated back into a tropical wave. The tropical wave continued to move rapidly to the west-northwest, until it reached the western Caribbean Sea. While south of Cuba and through the Cayman Islands, the system slowed down to regenerate convection, and it re-developed into a tropical depression on August 8. Operationally, the system was classified a tropical wave until a day later. The depression moved through the Yucatán Channel, and intensified into Tropical Storm Bonnie on August 9 while 70 miles (110 km) north of the Yucatán Peninsula.

Bonnie continued to the west-northwest; late on August 9, the storm presented a 9-mile (15-km) wide eyewall, a very unusual occurrence in a small and weak tropical storm. Bonnie quickly strengthened while turning to the north, a directional shift caused by a break in the mid-level ridge. The storm briefly weakened late on August 10; it re-strengthened again the following day to attain a peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h). Soon after, strong southwesterly wind shear disrupted the storm, causing Bonnie to weaken again. On August 12, Bonnie made landfall just south of Apalachicola as a 45 mph (72 km/h) tropical storm. It quickly weakened to a tropical depression, and accelerated northeastward through the southeastern United States. After paralleling the Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina coastlines, Bonnie lost its tropical characteristics on August 14 to the east of New Jersey. Its remnant low continued northeastward, making landfall in Massachusetts and Maine and continuing into Atlantic Canada.

## Preparations

About 16 hours before the storm moved through the Lesser Antilles, the government of Saint Lucia declared a tropical storm warning. Guadeloupe, Martinique, Dominica, St. Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius, Puerto Rico and the U.S Virgin Islands issued tropical storm watches. Combined with the threat of Hurricane Charley, Bonnie forced the evacuation of 154 oil platforms and 32 oil rigs. The cease in production was equivalent to over 1.2 million barrels of loss in crude oil, or 0.2% of the annual oil production in the Gulf of Mexico. Natural gas reserves were also limited. The lack of gas production due to the storms was equivalent to 7.4% of the total daily production in the Gulf of Mexico.

Early forecasts suggested that Bonnie would attain 80 mph (130 km/h) winds or Category 1 status. In response to the threat, 15 shelters in 7 northwestern Florida counties were put on standby. In the hours prior to landfall,2 shelters were opened, 4 were put on standby, and health and cleanup teams were deployed to the area. Parts of Gadsden, Wakulla, and Levy Counties issued voluntary evacuations, and numerous schools were closed. In anticipation of the storm, Florida Governor Jeb Bush issued a state of emergency.

## Impact

### Caribbean Sea

As a tropical depression, the storm moved rapidly through the Lesser Antilles; consequently, most islands only experienced minor effects. For example, Saint Lucia received light and sporadic rain showers, accompanied by sustained winds of 20–25 mph (32–40 km/h) and gusts to 35 mph (56 km/h). In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, however, the depression dropped up to 9.2 inches (230 mm) of rain in 24 hours. The rainfall blocked storm drains, including those near the airport, which was forced to shut down. The rainfall caused debris to collect on roads throughout the island. Although the storm passed just 70 miles (110 km) north of the Yucatán Peninsula, the storm dropped only 0.6 inches (15 mm) of rain due to its small size.

### North America

In Florida, Bonnie produced up to 4.1 inches (100 mm) of rainfall in Pace, with peak wind gusts of 42 mph (68 km/h). Bonnie was accompanied by a 4 ft (1.2 m) storm surge; moderate wave action caused slight beach erosion. Rainfall and storm surge flooded roads, forcing the evacuation of 2,000 residents in Taylor County. The winds downed trees and caused scattered power outages. A tornado in Jacksonville damaged several businesses and houses.

Bonnie triggered a tornado outbreak throughout portions of the Mid-Atlantic states. One tornado in Pender County, North Carolina destroyed 17 homes and damaged 59 houses, causing three deaths and $1.27 million in damage (2004 USD). In Stella, Bonnie generated a waterspout that struck a campground, damaged nine trailers, and wrecked small boats. A tornado in Richlands damaged several houses as well. A suspected tornado in Danville, Virginia destroyed the roofs of several businesses. In South Carolina, tornadoes across the state damaged nine homes. Also, rainfall peaking at 6.07 inches (154 mm) in Loris caused flooding across the state. The flooding, including a one-foot depth along U.S. Route 501, washed away a road and a bridge in Greenville County. In addition, 600 people across the state were left without electricity.

In Pennsylvania, the remnants of the storm dropped up to 8 inches (200 mm) of rain in Tannersville. The rainfall caused the Schuylkill River to reach a crest peak of 12.89 ft (3.93 m) at Berne. The flooding blocked several roads across eastern Pennsylvania. In addition, Bonnie produced gusty winds, leaving thousands without power. In Delaware, the storm dropped up to 4 inches (100 mm) of rain, forcing 100 to evacuate from the floodwaters. The flooding closed part of U.S. Route 13, and an overflown creek in New Castle County caused moderate flooding damage to stores. In Maine, moisture from the remnants of Bonnie produced heavy rainfall, with localized totals of up to 10 inches (250 mm). The rainfall flooded or washed out roads across the eastern portion of the state. In Aroostook County, near the town of St. Francis, the rainfall caused a mudslide which narrowed a county road to one lane.

As an extratropical low combined with a frontal system, Bonnie continued to produce moderate rainfall in Canada, peaking at 3.5 inches (89 mm) in Edmundston, New Brunswick. The rainfall caused basement flooding and road washouts; slick roads caused a traffic fatality in Edmundston.

## Aftermath and records

Twenty-two hours after Bonnie struck Florida, Hurricane Charley passed over the Dry Tortugas. This was the first time in recorded history that two tropical storms struck Florida within 1 day. Previously, Hurricane Gordon and Tropical Storm Helene struck the state within five days of each other in September 2000. Originally, it was thought that two storms in the 1906 season hit the state within 12 hours; however, the suspected tropical storm was determined to be a tropical depression in a more recent analysis. Bonnie was the first of five tropical systems to make landfall in Florida during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season, and the second of a record eight disturbances to reach tropical storm strength during the month of August.

Because Bonnie hit Florida immediately before Charley, damage between the two storms was often difficult to differentiate. President George W. Bush responded to the storm by declaring much of Florida a Federal Disaster Area on August 13, 2004.

## InfoBox

Tropical Storm Bonnie
| Tropical Storm Bonnie near peak intensity on August 11 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | August 3, 2004 |
| Dissipated | August 14, 2004 |
| Tropical storm | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 65 mph (100 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 1001 mbar (hPa); 29.56 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 3 direct, 1 indirect |
| Damage | $1.27 million (2004 USD) |
| Areas affected | Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cuba, Yucatán Peninsula, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maine |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **2004 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Ruatara (chief)

abstract: Ruatara was chief of the New Zealand Māori tribe Ngāpuhi. He introduced European crops to New Zealand and was host to the first Christian missionary, Samuel Marsden. Ruatara's pā was at Rangihoua on the northern shore of the Bay of Islands.

text:
# Ruatara (chief)

**Ruatara** (c.1787 – 3 March 1815) was chief of the New Zealand Māori tribe Ngāpuhi. He introduced European crops to New Zealand and was host to the first Christian missionary, Samuel Marsden.

Ruatara's  was at Rangihoua on the northern shore of the Bay of Islands.

## Early life

Ruatara's father was Te Aweawe of the Ngati Rahiri and Ngati Tautahi subtribes (hapū) of the nation Ngāpuhi, and his mother Tauramoko, of Ngati Rahiri and Ngati Hineira hapū. Marsden thought Ruatara's father was Kaparu, the younger brother of Te Pahi, and that his mother was a sister of Hongi Hika but this is likely not the case.

Ruatara's second wife was Rahu, whose sister married Waikato, a chief of the Te Hikutu hapu within the Ngāpuhi iwi. The Te Hikutu people moved to Rangihoua after Ruatara married Rahu.

## Australia

In 1805, he first attempted to travel abroad, and signed up as a sailor on a whaling ship, the *Argo*, but was cheated and stranded in Sydney the following year by its captain. Undeterred, he signed up on the sealing vessel *Santa Anna* in 1807. After many hardships he reached London in 1809. He stayed in London for a little over two weeks before returning to Sydney on the *Ann*, on which he met Samuel Marsden. In Sydney, he stayed with Marsden and studied British agricultural practices, and had a small farm at Parramatta in 1811 where he was visited by Kawiti Tiitua, the son of the chief Tara of the southern Bay of Islands.

## Facilitating early European settlement to New Zealand

Ruatara returned to New Zealand in 1812, and succeeded the recently deceased Te Pahi as the leading chief of Rangihoua. Rangihoua had been Te Pahi's pā until his death in 1810 at the hand of whalers who wrongly accused him of being responsible for the Boyd Massacre.

Ruatara introduced wheat to his compatriots, along with a mill to grind it, given to him by Marsden. By 1814, he had "laid the foundations of a flourishing wheat industry"; he "possessed considerable business acumen", although his plans to set up a steady export industry were cut short by his death shortly thereafter. Marsden lamented Ruatara's death at some length, noting "I attributed Duaterra's sickness to his exertions, he was a man of great bodily strength, and possessed an active and a comprehensive mind: which on his return to New Zealand he exerted to the utmost day and night to carry the plans he had formed into execution."

On 25 December 1814, Ruatara and Hongi Hika welcomed Marsden and missionaries John King, William Hall and Thomas Kendall on Ngāpuhi land, and hosted his Christian mission station, the first to be established in New Zealand. Ruatara thus "secured a monopoly over the first permanent European settlement in New Zealand, a goose that would reliably lay eggs of iron, if not gold. He had also introduced Christianity into the country as a side-effect. Ruatara's Māori neighbours were left in no doubt about who ran the new mission station or about who was the new rising star of the Bay of Islands." Through the mission, he obtained European plants, tools and pistols, "distributing European goods and knowledge" to Maori and thus increasing his mana (power, influence, prestige).

Ruatara described Marsden and Kendall as "his Pākehā", and was their protector until he died.

According to historian James Belich,

"Above all it was Ruatara's enthusiasm for things European that led them to conclude that Māori were the perfect prospects for conversion. \[Missionaries\] saw his premature death as near-martyrdom. \[...\] A fourteen-page poem on his death won a prize at Cambridge University in 1823. Behind the admirably convertible Māori of the missionary and humanitarian literature lies the ghost of Ruatara."

## Death

Ruatara died on 3 March 1815, following a month-long "raging fever". His uncle Hongi Hika continued to host Marsden's mission until his own death in 1828.

1. Foster, Bernard John (1966). "Ruatara". *An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand*.
2. Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. I". *The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate*. Auckland: Upton. pp. 25–26.
3. Ballara, Angela. "Ruatara". *Dictionary of New Zealand Biography*. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
4. Marsden, Samuel. "Letter: Reverend Samuel Marsden to Reverend Josiah Pratt, 28 October 1815". *Marsden Online Archive*. University of Otago. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
5. James Belich, *Making Peoples; A History of the New Zealanders*, 1996, ISBN 0-8248-2517-9, p. 141–142.
6. Jones, Alison; Jenkins, Kuni Kaa (1 January 2011). *He Kōrero: Words Between Us: First Māori–Pākehā Conversations on Paper*. Huia Publishers.
7. Marsden, Samuel. "Journal: Reverend Samuel Marsden's First Visit to New Zealand in December 1814". *Marsden Online Archive*. University of Otago. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
8. J. Belich, op.cit., p. 143
9. "Maori intermediaries: Ruatara", New Zealand History online, New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage
10. "The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857". *A Glimpse of New Zealand as it Was*. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
11. J. Belich, op.cit., p. 148

## Literature


title: Finstall

abstract: Finstall is a village and civil parish in the Bromsgrove District of Worcestershire, England, with a population of 663. Finstall Park, the home ground of Bromsgrove RFC, can be found in the village along with Bromsgrove Cricket, Tennis and Hockey Clubs, as well as their corresponding sporting facilities and club houses. It has one pub, The Cross Inn.

text:
# Finstall

**Finstall** is a village and civil parish in the Bromsgrove District of Worcestershire, England, with a population of 663.

Finstall Park, the home ground of Bromsgrove RFC, can be found in the village along with Bromsgrove Cricket, Tennis and Hockey Clubs, as well as their corresponding sporting facilities and club houses. It has one pub, The Cross Inn.

## InfoBox

| Finstall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| FinstallLocation within Worcestershire | |
| Population | 663 |
| Civil parish | * Finstall |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BROMSGROVE |
| Postcode district | B60 |
| Dialling code | 01527 |
|


title: Samuel Satthianadhan

abstract: Samuel Satthianadhan was an Indian writer, educationist and social reformer.

text:
# Samuel Satthianadhan

**Samuel Satthianadhan** (1860 – 4 April 1906) was an Indian writer, educationist and social reformer.

## Early life

Satthianadhan was born in 1860 to missionary Rev W. T. Satthianadhan and his wife Annal Arockiam (anglicized to Anna John). Rev. Satthianadhan was a first-generation Hindu convert and was known as Thiruvengadam before his conversion. His ancestors were High Caste Hindu Vaishnavaite Balija Ruling Naickers family from Madurai.

Satthianadhan had his schooling at Anglican High School, Vepery, Madras and joined Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1878. Satthianadhan returned to Madras in 1883 and joined the Indian government service.

## Career

Satthianadhan served as a headmaster of Rajahmundry School from 1883 to 1885 when he was appointed as a lecturer in the Government Arts College, Kumbakonam. In about 1890, Satthianadhan was appointed Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy at the Presidency College, Madras.

## Family

Satthianadhan married Krupabai (1861–1893), daughter of Haripunt Khisty, a Maharashtrian Brahmin convert in 1883. Krupabai is the first Indian woman novelist to write in English. On Krupabai's death in 1893, Satthianadhan married Kamala who was 13 years younger to him. Kamala Satthianadhan graduated from the Presidency College, Madras in 1898, becoming the first woman in South India to complete her graduation.

## Works

* *Missionary work in India: From a native Christian point of view*. 1889.
* *Four years in an English University*. Srinivasa Varadachari & Co. 1893.
* *History of education in the Madras Presidency*. Varadachari. 1894.
* *The present position and future prospects of the Indian Christian community*. 1900.


title: T. Lynn Ocean

abstract: T. Lynn Ocean is an American author of present-day Southern fiction. Ocean's first publication was in the 'North Myrtle Beach Times,' after she pleaded the editor and offered to write for free. Her first column, the 'Humor Me', was published in 1995. In 2005, St. Martin's Press released her first novel, "Fool Me Once." Often working as a freelance writer for major newspapers and publications—including her local paper, The Sun News—Ocean has had three novels published. These are Fool Me Once, Sweet Home Carolina, and Southern Fatality. Her most recent novel, Southern Fatality, is the first installment of a mystery series featuring the character Jersey Barnes. Her other novel Southern Poison was published on September 2, 2008 She was a guest author at the 2007 South Carolina Book Festival held in Columbia, South Carolina, and the 2008 Virginia Festival of the Book in Charlottesville, Virginia. Ocean is a member of the Mystery Writers Association, as well as a member of International Thriller Writers. She lives in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and earned her degree from Texas State University. Ocean and her husband live in Little River, South Carolina.

text:
# T. Lynn Ocean

**T. Lynn Ocean** is an American author of present-day Southern fiction. Ocean's first publication was in the 'North Myrtle Beach Times,' after she pleaded the editor and offered to write for free. Her first column, the 'Humor Me', was published in 1995. In 2005, St. Martin's Press released her first novel, "Fool Me Once."

Often working as a freelance writer for major newspapers and publications—including her local paper, The Sun News—Ocean has had three novels published. These are *Fool Me Once*, *Sweet Home Carolina*, and *Southern Fatality*. Her most recent novel, *Southern Fatality*, is the first installment of a mystery series featuring the character Jersey Barnes. Her other novel Southern Poison was published on September 2, 2008

She was a guest author at the 2007 South Carolina Book Festival held in Columbia, South Carolina, and the 2008 Virginia Festival of the Book in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Ocean is a member of the Mystery Writers Association, as well as a member of International Thriller Writers. She lives in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and earned her degree from Texas State University.

Ocean and her husband live in Little River, South Carolina.

## Novels

| Year | Title | ISBN | Comments |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | ***Fool Me Once*** | ISBN 0-312-33669-1 | First Edition. |
| 2006 | ***Sweet Home Carolina*** | ISBN 0-312-34334-5 | First Edition. |
| 2007 | ***Southern Fatality : a Jersey Barnes Mystery*** | ISBN 978-0-312-37367-2 | Will be released as a paperback in July 2008. |
| 2008 | ***Southern Poison: a Jersey Barnes Mystery*** | ISBN 978-0-312-38346-6 | Second Jersey Barnes Mystery. |
| 2014 | ***Mayhem in Myrtle Beach*** |  | Ebook |
| 2014 | ***Carolina Booty*** | ISBN 978-1-310-059551 | First Edition |
| 2014 | ***Choosing Charleston*** |  | Ebook |

## InfoBox

| T. Lynn Ocean | |
| --- | --- |
| Author T. Lynn Ocean at a book signing in Myrtle Beach, SC. | |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Nationality | American |
| Genre | Thriller, Fiction, Mystery |
| Website | |
| www.tlynnocean.com | |


title: George Hele

abstract: George Alfred Hele was an Australian cricket umpire who umpired 16 Test matches between 1928 and 1933. He was most famous for his role in the infamous Bodyline series, played between Australia and England during the latter team's 1932–33 tour of Australia. From Adelaide, South Australia, Hele played club cricket, but retired at an early age after an injury. He also played Australian rules football for the West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian Football League (SAFL). He took up umpiring at club level in 1918, and progressed to first-class level shortly after, debuting as an umpire during the 1920–21 Australian cricket season. As South Australia's primary umpire, Hele served in almost every first-class match in the state during the 1920s, both in Sheffield Shield matches involving the South Australian cricket team and in state matches against touring international sides. Hele made his Test umpiring debut in November 1928, during England's 1928–29 tour of Australia. He umpired in all five matches during the series, becoming the first person to do so. Subsequently, officiating in Australian series against South Africa and the West Indies, Hele was perhaps best known for his role in the Bodyline series, umpiring all five Tests during the controversial series. Although maintaining his neutrality throughout the series, he later said he had been "horrified" at the intimidatory bowling tactics utilised by England's captain, Douglas Jardine, and had "never seen more vicious bowling". Hele later moved to Victoria, and officiated his last first-class match in early 1935. Throughout his life, he had been an avid collector of cricket memorabilia and writing, including souvenirs personally received from players he had umpired. During his umpiring career, he was also said to have possessed "one of the finest cricket libraries in Australia".

text:
# George Hele

**George Alfred Hele** (16 July 1891 – 28 August 1982) was an Australian cricket umpire who umpired 16 Test matches between 1928 and 1933. He was most famous for his role in the infamous Bodyline series, played between Australia and England during the latter team's 1932–33 tour of Australia. From Adelaide, South Australia, Hele played club cricket, but retired at an early age after an injury. He also played Australian rules football for the West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian Football League (SAFL). He took up umpiring at club level in 1918, and progressed to first-class level shortly after, debuting as an umpire during the 1920–21 Australian cricket season. As South Australia's primary umpire, Hele served in almost every first-class match in the state during the 1920s, both in Sheffield Shield matches involving the South Australian cricket team and in state matches against touring international sides.

Hele made his Test umpiring debut in November 1928, during England's 1928–29 tour of Australia. He umpired in all five matches during the series, becoming the first person to do so. Subsequently, officiating in Australian series against South Africa and the West Indies, Hele was perhaps best known for his role in the Bodyline series, umpiring all five Tests during the controversial series. Although maintaining his neutrality throughout the series, he later said he had been "horrified" at the intimidatory bowling tactics utilised by England's captain, Douglas Jardine, and had "never seen more vicious bowling". Hele later moved to Victoria, and officiated his last first-class match in early 1935. Throughout his life, he had been an avid collector of cricket memorabilia and writing, including souvenirs personally received from players he had umpired. During his umpiring career, he was also said to have possessed "one of the finest cricket libraries in Australia".

## Early life

Hele was born on 16 July 1891 to Elizabeth Ann (née Patterson) and Andrew William Hele, in an inner suburb of Adelaide. He was named after George Giffen, who was one of Australia's leading cricketers of the late 19th century. His father had been a keen participant in both football and cricket, and kept wicket for the Bowden Cricket Club in the Adelaide and Suburban Cricket Association. He also served as an umpire, umpiring first-class games between South Australia and Victoria during both the 1913–14 and 1914–15 seasons. Hele left school at the age of 13, and took up work in a factory manufacturing soft drinks. Like his father, he played as a wicket-keeper, keeping wicket for the Brompton Methodists, and later for the West Torrens Cricket Club in the higher-level SACA District competition. However, his playing career was short, as he was forced to retire due to a persistent injury. Like his father, Hele was also a keen footballer, and played senior matches for the West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian Football League (SAFL) during the period surrounding World War I. His brother, Robert Roy Hele, also played for West Torrens, and was later a SANFL commissioner.

## Umpiring career

Following his father into umpiring, Hele umpired his first district cricket match in 1918, a B-grade game at the Adelaide Oval. He was unable to umpire the following season due to work commitments, but began umpiring regularly the following season, becoming one of Adelaide's leading club cricket umpires. Hele was selected to make his first-class umpiring debut in a match towards the end of the 1920–21 Australian season, between South Australia and a touring English side, captained by Johnny Douglas. The match, beginning on 11 March 1921, lasted four days, and was won by Douglas' side by an innings and 63 runs, with Wilfred Rhodes and C. A. G. Russell both recording double centuries in an innings total of 627. Hele umpired his first Sheffield Shield game the following season, a five-day game between South Australia and New South Wales, and would umpire regularly for the rest of the 1920s, becoming the South Australian Cricket Association's first-choice umpire by the middle of the decade. In March 1927, whilst umpiring a grade cricket game between Sturt and Kensington at the Adelaide Oval, Hele was struck in the temple by a ball thrown from the square leg fielder, and, after collapsing, had to be escorted from the field. Hele served as secretary of the South Australian Cricket Umpires' Association, and, following on from his football playing career, also served as a goal umpire for SAFL matches, subsequently also filling the role of secretary of the South Australian National Football Umpires' Association.

In November 1928, Hele (along with Dave Elder, who had been umpiring Tests since the 1911–12 Ashes series) was selected to umpire in the First Test of the 1928–29 Ashes series, held at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground. A South Australian umpire had not been selected to umpire in Test cricket since George Watson umpired alongside Bob Crockett in 1912. Hele and Elder umpired in each of the first four Tests, with Elder replaced by New South Welshman Alfred Jones for the final match in Melbourne, Victoria. The matches in the series were notable for their duration, having been played under the "timeless" format. The final Test of the series lasted for eight days, while the two preceding Tests had each lasted for seven days. In recognition of his service, which made him the first person to umpire each match in a five-Test series, Hele was presented with a commemorative cricket ball by the proprietors of the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack at the conclusion of the series. Hele was subsequently selected to umpire during matches in the West Indies' tour of Australia in 1930–31 and the South African tour of Australia in 1931–32, as well as continuing to umpire Sheffield Shield matches. He was chosen to umpire during England's 1932–33 Australian tour, which became known for the use of intimidatory bowling tactics by England's captain, Douglas Jardine, colloquially referred to as "Bodyline". Although Hele remained neutral throughout the controversial tour, he would write at the series' end that, in his opinion, "we have seen the last of this type of bowling in Australia".

Continuing to umpire in South Australia, Hele was employed by a local Adelaide paper, *The Advertiser*, to explain some of the lesser-known laws of cricket and their interpretations, in a series entitled "Cricket As Umpires See It". He would also occasionally write columns for *The Mail*. Hele moved to Melbourne in 1933, for work, and took up umpiring in the VCA District competition. He was used by the Victorian Cricket Association (VCA) as the state's main umpire, officiating in most games involving Victoria in the 1933–34 and 1934–35 seasons, although he did not umpire at Test level again. Hele officially retired from umpiring in August 1935. He remained involved in cricket after his retirement. He occasionally appeared on Melbourne radio stations 3AW and 3UZ, where he was interviewed on umpiring matters. Serving as an umpires coach for the VCA until well into his sixties, Hele actually substituted for another umpire in a first-class match in 1948. During the third day of the testimonial match for Sir Donald Bradman, in December 1948, Andrew Barlow was hit on the head by a pull shot from Vic Raymer, and was relieved by Hele for the rest of the day.

## Later life

In 1974, Hele and former South Australian cricketer Richard Whitington wrote *Bodyline Umpire*, a book reflecting on the Bodyline era. In the book, Hele criticised Douglas Jardine's tactics during the series, expressing that he had "never seen more vicious bowling". Hele died in Preston, a suburb of Melbourne, on 28 August 1982, having been widowed thirteen years previously. His obituary was published in the 1982 edition of the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. He had married Matilda Jane Hann on 12 March 1918 at the Baptist Church on Flinders Street in the Adelaide city centre. Their son, Raymond George Hele (1920–1983), also served as an umpire, umpiring a total of 31 first-class games between 1949 and 1960. The Heles thus became the first family to have three generations umpire first-class cricket in Australia.

## Reputation

Although known primarily for his role in the Bodyline series, Hele was recognised as the best umpire in South Australia at the time of his selection to umpire in Test matches, and was held in high regard by players and officials from both Australian teams and touring international teams. In an interview after Hele's first Test series as umpire, the English captain, Percy Chapman reported that, although the English missed the retired Bob Crockett, Hele had "proved a worthy successor to that great umpire, and \[he\] would hold his own anywhere". Despite Hele's opinion of Douglas Jardine's tactics during the bodyline, Jardine respected his umpiring ability, and in a 1932 letter to an Australian cricket official, placed him on the same level as England's Frank Chester: "as you know, we in England bracket Hele and Chester as the two best umpires in the world". Similarly, Sir Donald Bradman wrote in his 1950 book *Farewell to Cricket* that both he and the Englishmen agreed that Hele was "the best Australian umpire between the two wars". In 1959, writing his book *Australian Cricket: A History*, noted cricket journalist Johnny Moyes wrote "in the opinion of those qualified to judge, \[Hele\] was perhaps the finest umpire Australia has produced". As late as 1970, a journalist described Hele as a "gentle man, still tall and erect, and with a keen eye".

Hele was on friendly terms with many of the notable players whom he umpired, and he maintained a collection of "souvenirs" which had been given to him by players and officials in gratitude for his service. These included:

Also an avid collector of cricket memorabilia and writing, Hele was said to possess "one of the finest cricket libraries in Australia", with a collection of over 350 books, often personally autographed by their authors.

1. The exact suburb in which Hele was born is uncertain. The *Australian Dictionary of Biography* suggests Hele was born in Hindmarsh, whereas both Cricinfo and CricketArchive, two leading cricket statistics websites, suggest Hele was born in Brompton, to the north of Hindmarsh.
2. Up until the last decades of the 20th century, umpires for Sheffield Shield matches were selected by the cricket association of the state in which the game was played. Umpires thus rarely officiated outside of their home states. Hele's first match as umpire outside South Australia only occurred when he made his Test debut in Brisbane in 1928 – his first 14 matches were all played at the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide.

## InfoBox

George Hele
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | George Alfred Hele |
| Born | (1891-07-16)16 July 1891
Adelaide, South Australia |
| Died | 28 August 1982(1982-08-28) (aged 91)
Preston, Victoria, Australia |
| Umpiring information | |
| Tests umpired | 16 (1928–1933) |
| FC umpired | 56 (1921–1934) |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 2 November 2012 | |


title: CapFriendly

abstract: CapFriendly was a Canadian hockey website that specialized in the business aspect of the National Hockey League (NHL). The site contained the contract information of NHL players and coaches in a salary cap database, as well as explanations on specific aspects of the NHL collective bargaining agreement. CapFriendly was launched in May 2015 following the closure of the website CapGeek. The site was the result of a merger with HockeysCap in 2016. It was run by co-partners Jamie Davis and Dominik Zrim, the respective founders of HockeysCap and CapFriendly. The website began as an amateur effort and was not affiliated with the NHL, but it became known for accurate and up-to-date information with fans, and several hockey journalists regularly referencing its data and armchair general manager capability. On September 19, 2023, CapFriendly announced SalarySwish, a website specializing in the business aspect of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their first website that is not focused on hockey. On June 9, 2024, it was reported that the site was set to be purchased by the Washington Capitals. The site was sunset on July 10, 2024, once the purchase was complete; it was emphasized that the site would stay functional during the 2024 NHL entry draft and the beginning of the 2024 NHL free agency period.

text:
# CapFriendly

**CapFriendly** was a Canadian hockey website that specialized in the business aspect of the National Hockey League (NHL). The site contained the contract information of NHL players and coaches in a salary cap database, as well as explanations on specific aspects of the NHL collective bargaining agreement. CapFriendly was launched in May 2015 following the closure of the website CapGeek. The site was the result of a merger with HockeysCap in 2016. It was run by co-partners Jamie Davis and Dominik Zrim, the respective founders of HockeysCap and CapFriendly. The website began as an amateur effort and was not affiliated with the NHL, but it became known for accurate and up-to-date information with fans, and several hockey journalists regularly referencing its data and armchair general manager capability.

On September 19, 2023, CapFriendly announced *SalarySwish*, a website specializing in the business aspect of the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their first website that is not focused on hockey.

On June 9, 2024, it was reported that the site was set to be purchased by the Washington Capitals. The site was sunset on July 10, 2024, once the purchase was complete; it was emphasized that the site would stay functional during the 2024 NHL entry draft and the beginning of the 2024 NHL free agency period.

## InfoBox

CapFriendly
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Screenshot Screenshot of the CapFriendly homepage on June 12, 2024. | |
| Type of business | Private |
| Available in | English, French |
| Founded | 2015 |
| Dissolved | 2024 |
| Headquarters | Canada |
| URL | https://www.capfriendly.com |
| Registration | Optional |
| Launched | 2015 |
| Current status | Defunct |


title: École de maistrance

abstract: The École de maistrance is the training school for future non-commissioned officers in the French Navy. It was set up in 1933 under this name, it is now part of the Brest Naval Training Centre and within the remit of the Direction du personnel militaire de la marine (DPPM). It is currently headed by capitaine de frégate Gabriel Steffe. The school has an annual intake of up to 400 young people aged 18 to 25, from "bac à bac +2" level - on 14 July 2008, for example, it had 224 students in total, including 55 women. The initial course lasts 18 weeks, followed by 6 months' specialist training and 3 weeks complementary training in management. Students wear the rank badge of a "second maître maistrancier", with the blue stripes bordered in red, and become second maîtres on graduation. In 1958 the École de maistrance received the banner of the École des mousses, decorated with the Légion d'honneur, the Croix de guerre 1914-1918, the Croix de guerre 1939-1945 and the Croix de guerre des Théâtres d'opérations extérieures.

text:
# École de maistrance

The **École de maistrance** is the training school for future non-commissioned officers in the French Navy. It was set up in 1933 under this name, it is now part of the Brest Naval Training Centre and within the remit of the Direction du personnel militaire de la marine (DPPM). It is currently headed by capitaine de frégate Gabriel Steffe.

The school has an annual intake of up to 400 young people aged 18 to 25, from "bac à bac +2" level - on 14 July 2008, for example, it had 224 students in total, including 55 women. The initial course lasts 18 weeks, followed by 6 months' specialist training (3.5 years for medical students) and 3 weeks complementary training in management. Students wear the rank badge of a "second maître maistrancier" (equivalent to quartermaster, 1st class), with the blue stripes bordered in red, and become second maîtres on graduation.

In 1958 the École de maistrance received the banner of the École des mousses, decorated with the Légion d'honneur, the Croix de guerre 1914-1918, the Croix de guerre 1939-1945 and the Croix de guerre des Théâtres d'opérations extérieures.

## InfoBox

| École de maistrance | |
| --- | --- |
| The École de maistrance marching along the Champs-Élysées on Bastille Day 2008 | |
| Type | Military college |
| Established | 1988 |
| Location | Brest, France<br>48°22′10″N 4°31′34″W / 48.36944°N 4.52611°W / 48.36944; -4.52611 |
| Website | École de maistrance - official pages |


abstract: Cottonwood Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge in McHenry County, North Dakota. It is managed under J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge. This is a limited-interest national wildlife refuge. The FWS has an easement on private property allowing it to manage wildlife habitat, but the land remains private property. There is no public access except from adjacent public roads. Limited-interest refuges were created in the 1930s and 1940s in response to declining waterfowl populations and the need to get people back to work during the Great Depression. Many landowners sold easements allowing the federal government to regulate water levels and restrict hunting.

text:
# Cottonwood Lake National Wildlife Refuge

**Cottonwood Lake National Wildlife Refuge** is a National Wildlife Refuge in McHenry County, North Dakota. It is managed under J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge.

This is a limited-interest national wildlife refuge. The FWS has an easement on private property allowing it to manage wildlife habitat, but the land remains private property. There is no public access except from adjacent public roads. Limited-interest refuges were created in the 1930s and 1940s in response to declining waterfowl populations and the need to get people back to work during the Great Depression. Many landowners sold easements allowing the federal government to regulate water levels and restrict hunting.

47°52′10″N 100°39′36″W / 47.86944°N 100.66000°W / 47.86944; -100.66000

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


title: Tuba Nur Sönmez

abstract: Tûba Nur Sönmez is the incumbent Ambassador of the Republic of Turkey to Kuwait and former adviser to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey on foreign policies, public and cultural diplomacies. She succeeded Ambassador Ayşe Hilal Sayan Koytak who resumed office on 26 October 2017. She attended and graduated from the political science department of International Islamic University Malaysia, She worked as an advisor to the Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkey)(Turkish: Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı) and as the Foreign Affairs Coordinator at the Justice and Development Party (Turkey)(AK Parti) Headquarters. She speaks English, Arabic, Persian and Malay.

text:
# Tuba Nur Sönmez

**Tûba Nur Sönmez** is the incumbent Ambassador of the Republic of Turkey to Kuwait and former adviser to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey on foreign policies, public and cultural diplomacies. She succeeded Ambassador Ayşe Hilal Sayan Koytak who resumed office on 26 October 2017.

She attended and graduated from the political science department of International Islamic University Malaysia, She worked as an advisor to the Ministry of European Union Affairs (Turkey)(Turkish: Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı) and as the Foreign Affairs Coordinator at the Justice and Development Party (Turkey)(AK Parti) Headquarters. She speaks English, Arabic, Persian and Malay.


title: Bowling (solitaire)

abstract: Bowling Solitaire is a patience or solitaire card game that uses a single deck standard playing cards to simulate a round of ten-pin bowling. Two completely different games of Bowling Solitaire were created independently of each other. One was published in the book A Gamut of Games by Sid Sackson in 1969. The other was featured in a computer game by Sierra Online in 1988.

text:
# Bowling (solitaire)

**Bowling Solitaire** is a patience or solitaire card game that uses a single deck standard playing cards to simulate a round of ten-pin bowling.

Two completely different games of Bowling Solitaire were created independently of each other. One was published in the book *A Gamut of Games* by Sid Sackson in 1969. The other was featured in a computer game by Sierra Online in 1988.

## Sid Sackson's Bowling Solitaire (1969)

This solitaire game was designed by Sid Sackson, and published in his book *A Gamut of Games* (1969). Sackson wrote that he created the game because of his distaste for traditional solitaire games *in which a red 9 is placed on a black 10*. Besides being popular with modern hobby gamers, Bowling Solitaire has been published as a separate game, and has also been implemented with a digital port.

### Rules

**Setup**: Bowling Solitaire uses the Ace through 10 from two suits. From a shuffled pile of these 20 cards, ten cards representing the "pins" are randomly placed face-up in the same pattern as the pins are arranged for a normal game of ten pin bowling. Three "bowling ball" piles of face-down cards (five, three, and two cards respectively) are also dealt.

**Game-play**: The top card of all bowling ball piles is turned face up, one of which is selected to "bowl" at the ten face-up pins. A single pin card can be removed if it matches the number on this ball card. Alternatively two or three pin cards that are adjacent can be removed if the final digit of their total value corresponds to the value of the bowling ball card used. Some restrictions apply (e.g. you can't use the very first ball card played to knock over any pins in the back row; pins knocked over must be adjacent).

The next card in the bowling ball pile used is turned face up, and another of the three face-up bowling ball cards is used in the same manner, until no further plays are possible.

**Scoring**: Removing all ten pins in this way counts as a strike, and concludes the frame. If a strike is not achieved, the top cards from all the ball piles are discarded, and play continues by turning over new cards on each of the piles. This action represents using a second bowling ball. Successfully removing all ten pins with these new cards also concludes the frame and counts as a spare. In the event all ten pins are not knocked over with this continued play, and if no further moves are possible, the frame is concluded with the number of pins removed representing the number of pins knocked over.

To begin a new frame, the 20 cards are shuffled and the process is repeated. A complete game consists of ten such frames. Scoring otherwise works exactly the same as it does in actual ten pin bowling.

### Versions

Although Bowling Solitaire was created to be a solitaire game played with a standard deck of playing cards, its popularity led to a version with custom cards. This was published by Eagle-Gryphon Games in 2016, and was included along with their game *Elevenses for One*.

A digital port using Java was created by Timothy S. Adam.

## Sierra Online's Bowling Solitaire (1988)

This solitaire game was designed by Warren Schwader and featured in the 1988 computer game *Hoyle: Official Book of Games Vol 2: Solitaire* by Sierra Online. It has subsequently been implemented on several websites and programs that implement digital versions of solitaire games. The object of the game is to try to fill as many Pins as possible for each of the ten frames.

### Rules

**Setup**: Bowling has ten "Pin Piles". Two "Ball Piles" located below the deck can contain up to three cards each. The scoring frame is located either above or below the gameplay.

**Game-play**: To begin playing, turn up one card at a time from the deck. The card turned up must be planted on one of the Pin Piles, or placed onto one of the Ball Piles. All the Pin Piles should be filled in order from lowest ranking cards (towards the bottom) to the highest ranking cards (towards the top right). There are only ten Pins, but there are thirteen ranks of cards. The difficult part of this game is anticipating what ranks will not be drawn from the Deck.

Here is an example of a possible arrangement:

```
9 _ Q K
 5 _ 7
  2 4
   A
```

Only a ten or a Jack can be placed onto the empty Pin between the nine and Queen. Only a six can fill the empty space between the five and seven. Place multiple cards of the same rank into the same piles. If a three or an eight is drawn, they must be put in the Ball Pile because it cannot be placed with the Pins.

**Scoring**: Bowling Solitaire is scored the same way regular ten-pin bowling is scored. To get a strike, fill all the Pins before placing a card in the Ball Pile. To receive a spare, fill all Pins before placing cards into the second Ball Pile. Otherwise, points are scored by the amount of spaces filled before both Ball Piles are filled. After both Ball Piles have been filled with three cards each, that round of the game will end. The game consists of ten rounds.


title: Finspång witch trial

abstract: The Finspång witch trial was a witch trial which took place in Finspång, Östergötland in Sweden in 1617. Between seven and nine women died as a result. It has a special place in Sweden's history as one of the very few larger witch trials in Sweden outside the period of 1668–1676, which was otherwise the time of the real witch hunt in Sweden. Also because it seems that the condemned were executed by burning, which was not the common way of execution for witch craft in Sweden. It was the biggest witch trial in Sweden before 1668, and resulted in the biggest execution for sorcery in Sweden outside of the 1668–76 witch hunt.

text:
# Finspång witch trial

The **Finspång witch trial** was a witch trial which took place in Finspång, Östergötland in Sweden in 1617. Between seven and nine women died as a result. It has a special place in Sweden's history as one of the very few larger witch trials in Sweden outside the period of 1668–1676, which was otherwise the time of the real witch hunt in Sweden. Also because it seems that the condemned were executed by burning, which was not the common way of execution for witch craft in Sweden. It was the biggest witch trial in Sweden before 1668, and resulted in the biggest execution for sorcery in Sweden outside of the 1668–76 witch hunt.

## Background

The Finspång witch trial was long treated as a legend, but it now confirmed to have occurred. The witch trial does not seem to have occurred from public hysteria, but rather, it was ordered from above. Östergötland was during the 1610s ruled as an independent Duchy by the king's cousin John, Duke of Östergötland, and his consort, Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden. The royal couple, especially the Princess, is considered to have been directly responsible as the instigators of the witch trial, together with their private chaplain, Claudius Prytz.

Prytz had, as soon as he was installed, imparted the witch ideology to the couple by accusing a woman of having enchanted the Duke and Duchess. As a result, the woman was burned at the stake. The legend says, that when she stood at the stake, the woman had grabbed the clothes of the Vicar Prytz and tried to drag him into the flames, but the executioner had pulled him loose. The case seems to have imparted to the Duke and Duchess a strong belief in witches.

Until then, witch trials had been uncommon in Östergötland, as they had been in all Sweden. The laws made it hard to give a death sentence on the charges of sorcery and witch craft. The Duke, who was allowed to issue laws in the duchy, changed this and issued new laws about sorcery which made it much easier to punish alleged sorcery by death.

## Trial

The documents of the trial are not clear. In 1616, there is a mention that the executioner of Finspång was occupied with the task of "lowering witches in the water and torture them to a confession". The ordeal of water seems to have been frequently used as well as torture, which was not otherwise common in Sweden; torture devices were specially made to be used in this trial, which was conducted in a similar manner to witch trials in other countries where they were more common. A commission of priests was gathered to judge.

In 1617, the trial was finished and resulted in the execution of at least seven named women: Elin i Näs and Kerstin i Näs, Ingrid i Rippestorp, Margareta i Eketorp, Kirstin i Tråbrunna, Ingrid from Gållbo i Regna and Ingrid Orres from Vånga. Elin had been the first to be arrested. Lusse from Mullsäter died in prison before the execution. Lussi i Svartorp had been exposed to the ordeal of water and confessed to have been in Blockula and had sex with Satan with the women who had pointed her out, but her execution was delayed until 1620. At the same time, there is a mention of "two evil and reputed sorceresses, which their noble Graces Duke John and his noble consort Her Highness Maria Elizabeth condemned upon the order of God, burned on a village called Skoby vad."

The seven condemned of the Finspång witch trial were taken out to the woods, to a cliff above a great bonfire, and pushed to their death in the fire below. If this is true, the method of execution would have been quite unique in the Swedish witch trials, where the condemned were usually decapitated before they were burned; though there are cases where the method of execution is unclear, there is only one case, that of Malin Matsdotter in 1676, where the condemned witch is confirmed to have been burned alive.

The witch trial of Finspång has been a legend in folklore. A part of the woods has been called the Blockula-hills. A tarn is called the Sorceress Tarn. A cave is reputed to have been the hiding place for accused women from the trial. Out in the wood, the legend says that one can hear female voices crying out: "I am innocent!", and the one who dared mocked them will fall dead before the sun set, as a farm hand once did.

## Aftermath

The witch hunt of Östergötland in the 1610s can be seen as the first Swedish witch hysteria, but it was clearly ordered from above and not the result of a public belief. Next time a witch hysteria broke out in Sweden, in the great witch hunt of 1668–76, the 1610s witch hunts were taken as a bad example of those critical to the witch trials, such as the prime minister, Per Brahe: "To take to strong messures against those affected, as they believe in too much which is not real, will only increase the sorcery, as it happened in the reign of Duke John." And later: "The Prime Minister was reminded of the Princess of Duke John. She began to burn some, and in the end, they were not a single wife who was not accused." It is notable, that the witch hysteria of 1668–76 only reached the parts of the country which had no previous experience of witch trials, and never touched Götaland.


title: Samuel Sawaji Jr.

abstract:
Samuel Sawaji Green Jr. is a Japanese American professional basketball player who last played for the Yokohama Excellence of the B.League in Japan.
He was selected by the Akita Northern Happinets with the 14th overall pick in the 2012 bj League draft.

text:
# Samuel Sawaji Jr.

**Samuel Sawaji Green Jr.** (born January 5, 1990) is a Japanese American professional basketball player who last played for the Yokohama Excellence of the B.League in Japan. He was selected by the Akita Northern Happinets with the 14th overall pick in the 2012 bj League draft.

## Career statistics

Legend
| GP | Games played | GS | Games started | MPG | Minutes per game |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FG% | Field goal percentage | 3P% | 3-point field goal percentage | FT% | Free throw percentage |
| RPG | Rebounds per game | APG | Assists per game | SPG | Steals per game |
| BPG | Blocks per game | PPG | Points per game | **Bold** | Career high |

### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012–13 | Akita | 9 | 1 | 3 | **.778** |  | .500 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 1.8 |
| 2013–14 | Osaka | 22 | 1 | 10.4 | .529 |  | .400 | 1.6 | 0.2 | **0.5** | 0 | **3.7** |
| 2013–14 | Tokyo CR | 16 | 9 | **12.6** | .400 | .000 | .286 | **3.1** | **0.6** | 0.4 | 0 | 3.4 |
| 2014–15 | Gunma | 42 |  | 6.6 | .592 | .000 | **.700** | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 2.2 |
| 2015–16 | Toyama | 31 |  | 4.6 | .377 | **.143** | .600 | .8 | .2 | .1 | .0 | 1.9 |
| 2016–17 | Iwate | **50** | 2 | 7.6 | .465 |  | .621 | 1.6 | .3 | .1 | .0 | 2.2 |
| 2017–18 | Shiga | 20 |  | 3.9 | .421 | .000 | .500 | .5 | .1 | .1 | .0 | 0.8 |
| 2018–19 | Saitama | 55 | 16 | 14.5 | .460 | .341 | .726 | 2.8 | .7 | .4 | .0 | 5.5 |
| 2019–20 | Tokyo CR | 27 | 8 | 18.7 | .492 | .275 | .533 | 3.3 | 1.5 | .5 | .0 | 5.4 |

### Playoffs

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015–16 | Toyama | 5 |  | 2.80 | .556 | 1.000 | .500 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 |

## InfoBox

Samuel Sawaji Jr.
澤地サミュエル・ジュニア
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1990-01-05) January 5, 1990<br>U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese/American |
| Listed height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Listed weight | 212 lb (96 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Nile C. Kinnick (Yokosuka, Kanagawa) |
| College |  |
| Playing career | 2012–2023 |
| Position | Forward |
| Career history | |
| 2012–2013 | Akita Northern Happinets |
| 2013–2014 | Osaka Evessa |
| 2014 | Tokyo Cinq Rêves |
| 2014–2015 | Gunma Crane Thunders |
| 2015–2016 | Toyama Grouses |
| 2016–2017 | Iwate Big Bulls |
| 2017–2018 | Shiga Lakestars |
| 2018–2019 | Saitama Broncos |
| 2019–2020 | Tokyo Cinq Rêves |
| 2020–2022 | Tokyo Hachioji Bee Trains |
| 2022-2023 | Yokohama Excellence |
|  | |


title: T. J. Richards

abstract: Tobias John Martin Richards, invariably referred to as "T. J. Richards", was a South Australian coachbuilder and motor body manufacturer who founded the company which would eventually form the manufacturing base of Chrysler Australia.

text:
# T. J. Richards

**Tobias John Martin Richards** (3 February 1850 – 28 July 1939), invariably referred to as "T. J. Richards", was a South Australian coachbuilder and motor body manufacturer who founded the company which would eventually form the manufacturing base of Chrysler Australia.

## History

### Early life

Richards was the eldest son of John Martin Richards (1824 – 2 June 1867) and his wife Catherine T. Richards (1823 – 15 April 1908), née Reed, Wesleyan Methodists from Cornwall who migrated to Australia in 1842, where she met and married John, who had a position with the Tasmanian government. They had one daughter before moving to South Australia, with some of her relatives, in 1845. Tobias was born at Montacute, then the site of a copper mine. John and Catherine went on to have total of 15 children.

Richards grew up in Kapunda, and was still living there when his father, a teacher and journalist, drowned in the waters of a local dam while intoxicated. Tobias Richards was a witness at the inquest.

### Career

Richards first employment was with Adamson Brothers, a farm machinery manufacturer in Kapunda. He tried other trades, including cordial manufacturing in Gawler before working as a blacksmith in Unley around 1881. He learned the craft of coachbuilding from Mr. L. Maraun of Hindmarsh Square or Pirie Street, which led in 1885 to his opening a small coachbuilding shop in Pulteney Street, Adelaide. In 1887 he first exhibited a waggonette at the Adelaide Show

Richards moved to West Mitcham, near the railway station, some time before 1889. At the 1893 Adelaide Show he exhibited a "first-class assortment of vehicles, comprising expresses, waggonettes, and buggies". By 1896 he was showing his firm's products at such country shows in Terowie, Mount Barker, Mount Pleasant, Snowtown, Gawler, Kadina, Jamestown, Kapunda. By 1900 he had additional premises on Hindmarsh Square. By 1905 his display at the Autumn Show exhibited some 35 designs, mostly sulkies, including his "King of the Road" design and despite the prevailing depression had his staff working overtime.

He served for many years as a coachbuilding judge at Sydney Royal Shows and was in 1908 elected president of the Coachbuilders' and Wheelwrights' Society and was a prominent member of the Chamber of Manufactures, Australian Natives' Association, Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society, and the Master Carriage and Waggon Builders' Association. He retired from business in 1911 and the firm became TJ Richards & Sons, and added motor body building to their range around the same time.

Richards was a keen gardener and player of croquet and lawn bowls.

## Subsequent Company history

From 1911 the Hindmarsh Square premises was advertised as "King of the Road Works" and "Australia's leading coachbuilders". In 1914 the firm began selling Dixi, Palmer-Moore and Swift motor vehicles and Rudge and Pope motor-cycles from premises at 95–99 Pulteney Street. The following year they won the exclusive agency for Studebaker automobiles, while H. C. Richards independently opened an agency in Blyth Street for Oakland cars (he returned to head the company when his father retired). T. J. Richards & Sons was founded in 1916 and opened a new workshop and showroom in an adjoining building at 132 Pirie Street in 1917, but three years later sold the whole complex, which occupied substantial frontages on Hindmarsh Square, Pirie Street and Hyde Street and included two 3-storey buildings and moved to a large new factory covering 14 acres (5.7 ha) on Leader Street Keswick (now Le Cornu's furniture warehouse) and manufacture concentrated on their "King of the Road" motor bodies, which were built on chassis made by such companies as Dodge and Hudson's Terraplane.

In 1928 a second factory was opened at Mile End, covering 11 acres. In the same year the company forged a relationship with the Chrysler Corporation and subsequently the production of bodies for Chrysler, Dodge, DeSoto and Plymouth automobiles became its main activity. In 1936 the recently formed Australian company Chrysler Dodge Distributors Limited purchased a financial stake in TJ Richards & Sons, taking a controlling interest the following year. In 1941 TJ Richards & Sons was renamed to Richards Industries Limited and the Richards family sold their remaining interest in the company to Chrysler Dodge Distributors Limited in 1946. The name was changed again, to Chrysler Dodge DeSoto Distributors Limited, and the parent company also changed its name, to Chrysler Dodge Distributors (Holdings) Pty Ltd. In 1951 the American Chrysler Corporation bought 85% of Chrysler Dodge Distributors (Holdings) Pty Ltd and renamed it Chrysler Australia.

## Family

Richards married Matilda Emily Freeman (16 February 1854 – 25 January 1938) of Mount Barker on 31 March 1875. Their children included:

* H. C. (Herbert Clarence) Richards (30 January 1876 – 11 April 1949) married Mary Ann Macklin (11 January 1873 – 15 November 1968) of Macclesfield on 13 April 1899. He took over as Chairman of Directors of T. J. Richards & Sons with the retirement of his father, was Mayor of Unley 1921–1922 and a Member of Parliament.
* H. E. (Henry Ernest) (29 April 1878 – 18 May 1915) married Marguerite (or Margaret) Josephine "Daisy" Evans (17 October 1882 – 25 May 1947) on 4 November 1903. He worked as a coachbuilder for his father, but died after crashing his motorcycle into a dray.
* C. G. (Cecil Graham) Richards (19 November 1880 – ) married Ethel M. Raven on 2 August 1904.
* C. A. (Claude Alfred Victor) Richards (11 October 1882– ) was for many years managing director of T. J. Richards & Sons.
* W. E. (William Egbert Tobias) Richards (23 June 1884 – ) married Annie Lillian Evans (15 March 1884 – ) on 6 April 1909
* (Beatrice) Alice Richards (30 September 1886 – ) married John George "Jack" Emmett (24 Apr 1884 – ) on 10 December 1913
* A. S. (Alfred Samuel) Richards (7 April 1890 – ) married Ada Lily Cole (4 Feb 1890 – ) on 25 September 1915
* Eveline (Evelyn?) Matilda Jane Richards (1 October 1892 – ) married Arthur William Temme (29 Aug 1888 – ) on 26 June 1914, home at Kingswood
* Mabel Agnes Annie Richards (28 October 1894 – ), who may have married G. L. "Leslie" Heath of Kingswood

Their home until 1914 was "Mundaring", Lower Mitcham, then 93 Cambridge Terrace, Malvern, South Australia, where he died.


title: Seaford branch line

abstract: The Seaford branch line is a rural railway line in East Sussex constructed in 1864 primarily to serve the port of Newhaven and the town of Seaford. It now sees fairly regular trains across the line except for the branch to the closed Newhaven Marine station.

text:
# Seaford branch line

The **Seaford branch line** is a rural railway line in East Sussex constructed in 1864 primarily to serve the port of Newhaven and the town of Seaford. It now sees fairly regular trains across the line except for the branch to the closed Newhaven Marine station.

## History

Engineered by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway's Chief Engineer Frederick Banister, the first section of the line was opened in 1847 to aid the transport of goods to and from Newhaven. The line was extended in 1864 to serve the holiday town of Seaford. There used to be extensive sidings at Newhaven Docks and even a railway swing bridge over the River Ouse to connect to the other side. These have now been removed or have become overgrown, as has the defunct Newhaven Marine station, which has been fenced off from the public. Once a thriving station serving ferries to and from France, the walk of just under 1/4 mile to Newhaven Harbour station and the cessation of winter ferries forced its closure. The line was electrified (750  DC third rail) by the Southern Railway in 1935. The line between Newhaven Harbour and Seaford was reduced to single track to save costs in 1975.

## Route

* Services, generally originating from Brighton, stop at Lewes on the East Coastway Line, the last station before the branch line splits off.
* The branch line starts at Southerham Junction on the East Coastway Line.
* The first station on the line is Southease, which serves the village of Southease and also has links to the South Downs Way
* The line then continues, running alongside the River Ouse to Newhaven Town, which is the station serving the town centre of Newhaven, across a swing bridge over the nearby river.
* The following station Newhaven Harbour no longer serves ferries to France.
    + Immediately after Newhaven Harbour station, a small branch splits off to Newhaven Marine, which was closed to passengers in August 2006 but remained technically open until October 2020. Originally built to link with cross-channel ferries, this short branch line is now closed to passengers, but occasional freight trains still use the sidings, as well as a small number of passenger trains terminating at Newhaven Harbour using the branch line to reverse.
* The line then becomes a single-track and is one of a few single-track third-rail lines in the country.
* It passes the closed station of Bishopstone Beach Halt, and over a foot crossing that offers access to the abandoned village of Tide Mills.
* The line then straightens out and calls at two more stations.

## Train services

Train services are operated by Southern. Class 377 "Electrostars" are used on the line to transport passengers to Lewes and Brighton.

The normal off peak train service on the line is two trains per hour between Brighton and Seaford calling at London Road, Moulsecoomb, Falmer, Lewes, Southease (1tph only), Newhaven Town, Newhaven Harbour (1 tph only), Bishopstone and Seaford. Services alternate between calling at Southease and Newhaven Harbour.

Currently, there are no regular direct services from the branch line towards London, with passengers needing to change at Lewes in order to travel towards Gatwick Airport and London Victoria.

## Passenger volume

Comparing the number of passengers in year beginning April 2002 to the year beginning April 2010, Southease has increased by 96%, Newhaven Town by 45%, Bishopstone by 58% and Seaford by 56%. Newhaven Harbour has declined by 51%.

| Station usage | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Station name | 2002–03 | 2004–05 | 2005–06 | 2006–07 | 2007–08 | 2008–09 | 2009–10 | 2010–11 | 2011–12 | 2012–13 | 2013–14 | 2014–15 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 | 2017–18 | 2018–19 | 2019–20 | 2020–21 | 2021–22 | 2022–23 |
| Southease | 6,225 | 7,093 | 7,245 | 8,527 | 8,855 | 8,442 | 9,994 | 12,228 | 13,816 | 11,634 | 18,042 | 20,662 | 17,966 | 13,184 | 18,162 | 22,008 | 22,052 | 10,302 | 23,564 | 23,206 |
| Newhaven Town | 216,136 | 232,450 | 234,952 | 261,348 | 302,576 | 302,526 | 308,682 | 313,082 | 318,812 | 318,664 | 306,102 | 320,388 | 326,310 | 236,416 | 280,712 | 307,638 | 342,606 | 123,406 | 283,664 | 319,038 |
| Newhaven Harbour | 92,947 | 103,572 | 91,875 | 59,780 | 52,730 | 48,214 | 40,446 | 45,644 | 44,794 | 44,212 | 46,178 | 50,878 | 55,070 | 52,342 | 57,982 | 53,266 | 49,450 | 14,020 | 18,298 | 23,176 |
| Bishopstone | 19,282 | 17,128 | 18,099 | 24,041 | 27,542 | 28,784 | 29,632 | 30,432 | 34,556 | 31,852 | 30,876 | 30,934 | 28,982 | 20,320 | 33,686 | 39,422 | 41,660 | 15,878 | 36,450 | 43,104 |
| Seaford | 493,247 | 596,021 | 630,624 | 697,956 | 769,510 | 797,008 | 765,776 | 769,870 | 777,108 | 761,888 | 790,062 | 797,914 | 767,482 | 539,322 | 627,538 | 676,442 | 673,764 | 205,142 | 474,382 | 552,902 |
| The annual passenger usage is based on sales of tickets in stated financial years from Office of Rail and Road estimates of station usage. The statistics are for passengers arriving and departing from each station and cover twelve-month periods that start in April. Methodology may vary year on year. Usage from the periods 2019-20 and especially 2020-21 onwards have been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Seaford branch line | |
| --- | --- |
| A Southern Class 377 on the level crossing by Newhaven Town station in 2007 | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Operational |
| Owner | Network Rail |
| Locale | East Sussex
South East England |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 5 |
| Service | |
| Type | Heavy rail |
| System | National Rail |
| Services | Southerham Junction–Seaford |
| Operator(s) | Southern |
| Rolling stock | Class 377 "Electrostar" |
| History | |
| Opened | 1864 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 7 miles 66 chains (12.59 km) |
| Number of tracks | 2 (Southerham Junction–Newhaven Harbour)
1 (Newhaven HarbourSeaford) |
| Character | Rural |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification | 750  DC third rail |
| Route map
(Click to expand) | |


title: John Dalrymple, 6th Earl of Stair

abstract: John Dalrymple, 6th Earl of Stair (1749–1821) was a Scottish peer, soldier and diplomat.

text:
# John Dalrymple, 6th Earl of Stair

**John Dalrymple, 6th Earl of Stair** (1749–1821) was a Scottish peer, soldier and diplomat.

## Life

The eldest son of John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair, and his wife, a daughter of George Middleton, banker of London, was born 24 September 1749. As captain of the 87th Foot he served in the American War of Independence, taking part in the successful attack on New London, Connecticut under Benedict Arnold as his aide.

On 5 January 1782 Dalrymple was appointed minister plenipotentiary to Poland, and from 5 August 1785 until 1788 was minister plenipotentiary to Berlin. He succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father in 1789, and was a Scottish representative peer from 1793 to 1807, and from 1827 until death.

Stair died without issue on 1 June 1821. He was succeeded by his cousin John Dalrymple, 7th Earl of Stair whose father was William Dalrymple, brother of the 5th Earl of Stair John Dalrymple, 5th Earl of Stair.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Dalrymple, John (1749-1821)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 13. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Tuba Yakan

abstract: Tuba Yenen Yakan is a European champion Turkish female karateka competing in the kumite 55 kg division. She is a member of Kocaeli BB Kağıt SK. She won the gold medal in the women's 55 kg event at the 2023 World Karate Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. Born Tuba Yenen on January 8, 1991, she is married to national karateka Mehmet Yakan.

text:
# Tuba Yakan

**Tuba Yenen Yakan** (born Yenen on January 8, 1991) is a European champion Turkish female karateka competing in the kumite 55 kg division. She is a member of Kocaeli BB Kağıt SK. She won the gold medal in the women's 55 kg event at the 2023 World Karate Championships held in Budapest, Hungary.

Born Tuba Yenen on January 8, 1991, she is married to national karateka Mehmet Yakan.

## Achievements

2015 2017

## InfoBox

| Tuba Yakan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Tuba Yenen<br>(1991-01-08) January 8, 1991 |
| Residence | Kocaeli |
| Nationality | Turkish |
| Height | 161 cm (5 ft 3 in) |
| Weight | 53 kg (117 lb; 8 st 5 lb) |
| Division | 55 kg |
| Style | Karate Kumite |
| Team | Kocaeli BB Kağıt SK |
| Medal record      Women's karate  Representing  Turkey  World Championships  2023 Budapest Kumite 55 kg  2012 Paris Team kumite  European Championships  2012 Adeje Team kumite  2013 Budapest Kumite 55 kg  2014 Tampere Team kumite  2017 İzmit Kumite 55 kg  2015 Istanbul Kumite 55 kg  2017 İzmit Team kumite  2019 Guadalajara Kumite 55 kg  2015 Istanbul Team kumite  2018 Novi Sad Kumite 55 kg  2023 Guadalajara Kumite 55 kg  2024 Zadar Kumite 55 kg  2024 Zadar Team kumite  European Games  2023 Krakow Kumite 55 kg  Mediterranean Games  2013 Mersin Kumite 55 kg  2018 Tarragona Kumite 55 kg  2022 Oran Kumite 55 kg  Islamic Solidarity Games  2021 Konya Kumite 55 kg | |