abstract: Long-term contact lens use can lead to alterations in corneal thickness, stromal thickness, curvature, corneal sensitivity, cell density, and epithelial oxygen uptake, etc. Other changes may include the formation of epithelial vacuoles and microcysts as well as the emergence of polymegethism in the corneal endothelium. Decreased corneal sensitivity, vision loss, and photophobia have also been observed in patients who have worn contact lenses for an extended period of time. Many contact lens-induced changes in corneal structure are reversible if contact lenses are removed for an extended period of time. Knowledge concerning the form and function of the cornea and the various types of contact lenses and their common complications is important to understanding this article.

text:
# Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea

Long-term contact lens use can lead to alterations in corneal thickness, stromal thickness, curvature, corneal sensitivity, cell density, and epithelial oxygen uptake, etc. Other changes may include the formation of epithelial vacuoles and microcysts (containing cellular debris) as well as the emergence of polymegethism in the corneal endothelium. Decreased corneal sensitivity, vision loss, and photophobia have also been observed in patients who have worn contact lenses for an extended period of time. Many contact lens-induced changes in corneal structure are reversible if contact lenses are removed for an extended period of time.

Knowledge concerning the form and function of the cornea and the various types of contact lenses and their common complications is important to understanding this article.

## Changes in function and morphology

The effects of extended contact lens wear on the cornea have been studied extensively and are well-documented. When determining the effects of long-term contact lens use on the cornea, many studies do not differentiate between users of hard and soft contact lenses, while studies that have made this differentiation have found similar results. This is probably because most contact lens-induced changes to the cornea are caused by hypoxia, which occurs as long as any physical barrier to the surface of the cornea is present. In certain instances, hard contact lenses were shown to cause the same changes in corneal structure as soft contact lenses, though these changes were more dramatic because rigid lenses are capable of inflicting greater trauma on the eyes.

## Structural change

Long-term use of soft hydrogel contact lenses has been shown to alter the following in the cornea: epithelial oxygen uptake, epithelial thickness, stromal thickness, and corneal endothelial morphology. Furthermore, the formation of epithelial vacuoles and microcysts has been observed following long-term contact lens wear. Vacuoles are fluid-filled chambers that begin to appear one week after extended contact lens use begins; their number increases over time with extended contact lens wear. Microcysts tend to appear three months after contact lens wear begins and increase in number over time as long as contact lens wear resumes. On average, over five times as many epithelial microcysts than normal have been observed in long-term contact lens wearers.

Among patients who have worn soft hydrogel contact lenses for over a year, significant reductions in epithelial oxygen uptake, epithelial thickness, and stromal thickness have been recorded, while an increase in endothelial polymegethism was found. In patients who had worn contact lenses for approximately five years or more, a 30 to 50 μm reduction in central and peripheral corneal thickness has been recorded. Furthermore, the reduction was more pronounced in patients wearing hard contact lenses than in patients wearing soft contact lenses. Increased endothelial polymegethism is also found in long-term wearers of rigid gas permeable lenses as soon as one week after contact lens wear begins. This change is indicated by significant increases in Max/Min cell size ratio in contact lens wearers. Endothelial pleiomorphism is another factor that arises from long-term use of rigid gas permeable lenses; significant decreases in hexagonal cells are noted after one year, accompanied by increased numbers of cells of other than six sides.

Increased corneal curvature is yet another change known to arise from long-term contact lens wear; this increase in corneal curvature can be as much as 0.5 diopters greater than normal. Corneal surface irregularity and asymmetry are also caused by long-term contact lens wear; these problems are sometimes correlated with astigmatism in contact lens wearers and are thought to be caused by hypoxia, surface molding, and chronic and mild trauma to the cornea from contact lens use.

Long-term use of PMMA or thick hydrogel contact lenses have been found to cause corneal warpage (shape distortion).

There is some evidence to show that rigid gas permeable contact lenses are capable of slowing myopic progression after long-term wear. This same effect was not found in patients who had worn soft contact lenses for an extended period of time. Greater corneal steepening was found in patients wearing soft contact lenses than in patients wearing rigid gas permeable contact lenses, suggesting that the latter may slow the progression of myopia by flattening the cornea.

## Functional change

Corneal sensitivity is significantly diminished after extended contact lens wear (five or more years). However, this difference in sensitivity is not correlated with a change in the number of nerve fiber bundles in the subbasal plexus of the cornea. Long-term use of PMMA or thick hydrogel contact lenses have been found to cause increased eye irritability, photophobia, blurred vision, and persistent haloes.

Long-term use of rigid gas permeable contact lenses has been associated with slower myopic progression.

## Unchanged variables

The number of corneal keratocytes in the epithelial stroma has not been found to change with long-term contact lens wear. Endothelial cell density also does not change with long-term contact lens wear. No strong relationship has been found between long-term contact lens wear and corneal astigmatism.

## Reversibility of damage

Epithelial oxygen uptake has been found to return to normal levels one month after cessation of contact lens wear. Epithelial thickness has been found to return to a normal level as soon as one week following the cessation of contact lens wear. However, endothelial polymegethism does not seem to return to normal levels even long after the cessation of contact lens wear. Even after a six-month period in which contact lenses are not worn, polymegethism seems to remain. Stromal thickness does not return to a normal level even after an entire month in which contact lens wear is halted. The density of microcysts also remains as long as one month after contact lenses are removed, and microcysts do not disappear completely until two to three months after contact lens wear is completely halted.

Reductions in epithelial oxygen uptake and thickness are thought to be caused by long-term contact lens wear-induced hypoxia, which hinders epithelial metabolism and mitosis. Recovery of normal epithelial oxygen uptake can occur if contact lens wear is completely halted for one month. Because long periods of contact lens wear are correlated with extended hypoxia, the resurgence of cellular growth and epithelial metabolism following contact lens removal (and hence, improved oxygen circulation) leads to an initial, increased resurgence of microcysts containing cellular debris. Over time, however, microcysts will disappear if contact lenses are not worn.

Corneal sensitivity has been found to be significantly diminished following long-term contact lens wear. However, this difference in sensitivity is not correlated with a change in the number of nerve fiber bundles in the subbasal plexus of the cornea, suggesting that diminished corneal sensitivity following extended periods of contact lens wear is not caused by a reduction in nerve fiber bundles but possibly a change in functionality. One or two years of hard contact lens wear has not been shown to affect corneal sensitivity, but real changes are observed following five years of hard contact lens wear. However, this significant decrease in corneal sensitivity appears to be reversible. Following cessation of hard contact lens usage, corneal sensitivity has been shown to be fully regained after several months: patients who had worn hard contact lenses for a decade or longer were able to regain normal corneal sensitivity after four months of not wearing contact lenses at all.

Long-term use of PMMA or thick hydrogel contact lenses has been found to cause corneal warpage (shape distortion), increased eye irritability, photophobia, blurred vision, and persistent haloes. Collectively, these symptoms constitute Corneal Exhaustion Syndrom (CES), which is associated with corneal endothelium abnormalities including edema, polymegethism, irregular mosaic, and pigment deposition. Patients with CES suffer from compromised corneal endothelium resulting from chronic hypoxia and acidosis. These problems can be alleviated by providing a patient with lenses that allow for greater oxygen permeability.

## Cause

Increases in corneal curvature are thought to be caused by corneal thinning-induced ectasia.

Two explanations have been proposed for contact lens-induced stromal thinning. It is thought that contact lens-induced edema may inhibit stroma tissue synthesis. Alternatively, contact lens-induced hypoxia may trigger a lactic acid buildup that leads to the erosion of stromal tissue. The mechanism behind contact lens-induced polymegethism is unknown, though it is also thought to be a byproduct of corneal edema and epithelial hypoxia.

It is thought that constant adhesion of contact lenses to the cornea may lead to adaptation to mechanical stimuli, thus decreasing corneal sensitivity to tactile stimuli. A proposed explanation for the reduced sensitivity is the induced quiescence of free nerve endings following long term corneal exposure to contact lenses.


title: Princess of Conti

abstract: The title of Princess of Conti was a French noble title, held by the wife of the Prince of Conti between 1582 and 1803 with an intermission between 1614 and 1654.

text:
# Princess of Conti

The title of **Princess of Conti** was a French noble title, held by the wife of the Prince of Conti between 1582 and 1803 with an intermission between 1614 and 1654.

## Princesses of Conti

### First Creation

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Princess | Ceased to be Princess | Death | Husband |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jeanne-Françoise de Coeme, Lady of Lucé and Bonnétable | Louis de Coesme, Seigneur of Lucé
(Coesme) | 1560 | 1582 | | 27 December 1601 | | François I |
|  | Louise Marguerite of Guise | Henry I de Lorraine, Duke of Guise
(Guise) | 1588 | 24 July/1 May 1605 | | 3 August 1614
*husband's death* | 30 April 1631 | |

### Second Creation

| Picture | Name | Father | Birth | Marriage | Became Princess | Ceased to be Princess | Death | Husband |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Anne Marie Martinozzi | Girolamo Martinozzi
(Martinozzi) | 1637 | 22 February 1654 | | 21 February 1666
*husband's death* | 4 February 1672 | Armand I |
|  | Marie Anne de Bourbon, *Légitimée de France* | Louis XIV of France
(Bourbon) | 2 October 1666 | 16 January 1680 | | 9 November 1685
*husband's death* | 3 May 1739 | Louis Armand I |
|  | Marie Thérèse de Bourbon
 | Henri Jules de Bourbon, Prince of Condé
(Bourbon) | 1 February 1666 | 22 January 1688 | | 22 February 1709
*husband's death* | 22 February 1732 | François Louis |
|  | Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon
 | Louis III de Bourbon, Prince of Condé
(Bourbon) | 22 November 1693 | 9 July 1713 | | 4 May 1727
*husband's death* | 27 May 1775 | Louis Armand II |
|  | Louise Diane d'Orléans
 | Philippe d'Orléans
(Orléans) | 27 June 1716 | 21 January 1732 | | 26 September 1736 | | Louis François |
|  | Princess Maria Fortunata of Modena
 | Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena
(Este) | 24 November 1731 | 27 February 1759 | 2 August 1776
*husband's accession* | 21 September 1803 | | Louis François Joseph |


title: Princess of Gossip

abstract: Princess of Gossip is a young adult novel by Sabrina Bryan and Julia DeVillers. The book, published by MTV/Simon & Schuster was released on October 7 and sold out on Amazon.com on the first day.

text:
# Princess of Gossip

***Princess of Gossip*** is a young adult novel by Sabrina Bryan (The Cheetah Girls, Dancing with the Stars) and Julia DeVillers (How My Private, Personal Journal Became A Bestseller). The book, published by MTV/Simon & Schuster was released on October 7 and sold out on Amazon.com on the first day.

## Plot

*Princess of Gossip* tells the story of Avery Johnson, a fourteen-year-old high school freshman who just moved from Ohio to Southern California. While on MySpace, she is mistaken as a rising pop star's assistant. She scores an invite to a Hollywood Party and snaps a photo of a young starlet and her secret new beau. Finding this information too juicy to keep to herself, she starts a blog, the Princess of Gossip, and posts the story.

Overnight, she becomes the newest go-to girl for gossip. Designers are sending her priceless dresses, and she's getting the inside scoop on all things celebrity. When Avery shows up at school in her exclusive fashion swag, even Cecilia, the most popular girl in their class, takes notice. She begins to get jealous.

Then celebutante playboy Beckett Howard sees Avery wearing one of his father's designs and asks her out. The Princess of Gossip's true identity is still a secret, but when the paparazzi catch Avery and Beckett on a date, Cecilia gets even more jealous. There's only room for only one it girl at school. Can the Princess of Gossip hold onto her crown?

## Official Site

The official website, PrincessOfGossip.Ning.com, launched on September 8, 2008. Built on the Ning platform, the site is also a social network which allows users to create their own page and interact with other users. Perhaps the most innovative feature of the website is the character profiles. Visitors can interact with 8 characters from the book and the two co-authors through their own personal pages, the site chat room and through each character's blog entry. Each character has their own online "life" complete with Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter accounts.

## InfoBox

Princess of Gossip
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Sabrina Bryan, Julia DeVillers |
| Cover artist | Laywan Kwan |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young Adult |
| Publisher | MTV, Simon and Schuster |
| Publication date | October 8, 2008 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 384 |
| ISBN | 1-4165-7065-9 |
| OCLC | 209701117 |
| LC Class | PZ7.B8295 Pr 2008 |


title: Prisca Liberali

abstract: Prisca Liberali is an Italian chemist who is a senior group leader at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. Her research takes a systems biology approach to understand the behaviour of multi-cellular systems. She was awarded the EMBO Gold Medal and EMBO Membership in 2022.

text:
# Prisca Liberali

**Prisca Liberali** is an Italian chemist who is a senior group leader at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. Her research takes a systems biology approach to understand the behaviour of multi-cellular systems. She was awarded the EMBO Gold Medal and EMBO Membership in 2022.

## Early life and education

Liberali was born in Belgium, and grew up between Belgium and Luxembourg. Her parents worked for the European Union. She attended the Sapienza University of Rome, where she studied physical organic chemistry. She moved to the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, where she worked toward a doctorate in cell biology with Daniela Corda. Her doctorate looked at the mechanisms that regulate the function of the carboxy-terminal binding protein 3/brefeldin A-ribosylated substrate (CtBP3/BARS) in the membrane fission of mammal cells and was awarded by the Open University. Her PhD used high-contrast screening and mapping of genetics interactions.

## Research and career

After her PhD, Liberali then worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the Institute of Molecular Systems Biology at ETH Zurich.

In 2015, Liberali was made an assistant professor at the University of Basel. She was simultaneously appointed a group leader at the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, where she was made Senior Group Leader in 2021.

Liberali makes use of a systems biology approach to understand tissue organisation. She is interested in the collective properties of multi-cellular systems and how their properties arise from the behaviour of individual cells. With this information, Liberali looks to understand cell reprogramming and disease. Her early work considered intestinal organoids and how they develop from stem cells.

In June 2022, Liberali was awarded the EMBO Gold Medal by the European Molecular Biology Organization. She was awarded EMBO Membership in 2022.

### Awards and honours

### Selected publications

Her publications include:

* *Population context determines cell-to-cell variability in endocytosis and virus infection*
* *Self-organization and symmetry breaking in intestinal organoid development*
* *The closure of Pak1-dependent macropinosomes requires the phosphorylation of CtBP1/BARS*

## Personal life

Liberali is married with two children. Her husband is Dutch and her children can speak five languages. She has said that her guiding advice for someone about to start their own laboratory is "Sometimes good ideas need time, and the courage to just try them.".

## InfoBox

| Prisca Liberali | |
| --- | --- |
| Liberali presents at the Human Cell Atlas Computational Methods meeting in 2017 | |
| Born | Belgium |
| Alma mater | Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Sapienza University of Rome
Open University (PhD) |
| Awards | EMBO Gold Medal (2022)
EMBO Member (2022) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
ETH Zurich
University of Basel |
| Thesis | *Mechanisms regulating the dual function of CtBP3/BARS in mammal cell membrane fission and transcription* (2008) |
|  | |
| Website | liberalilab.org |


title: Prisca Matimba Nyambe

abstract: Prisca Matimba Nyambe, SC is a Zambian judge who also sits on international tribunals. She is known for dissenting from the majority decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) judgements which convicted Ratko Mladić and Zdravko Tolimir of war crimes. Nyambe was born on 31 December 1951 in Zambia and studied law at the University of Zambia, graduating in 1975. She was a resident magistrate in Kabwe, Zambia from 1978 to 1980, and a senior magistrate, in Harare and Gwelo, Zimbabwe, from 1980 to 1984. From 1984 to 1992 she was legal counsel to the Bank of Zambia, and from 1992 to 1996 worked in private practice. In February 1996, she became a senior legal officer at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), in Arusha, Tanzania, rising to be general counsel to the ICTR, until 2006. She was appointed a judge of the High Court of Zambia in 2006, retiring from the post in 2015. She became a Judge ad litem of the ICTY in 2004, and has been a judge of the United Nations' International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals since 2011. She served as a Council Member of the Law Association of Zambia from 1982 to 1994, being vice-chair in the final year. She sat on a Zambian Parliamentary Fact-Finding Committee into discriminatory laws against women. She was granted the honour of being appointed a State Counsel by the President of Zambia, Levy Mwanawasa, in 2005.

text:
# Prisca Matimba Nyambe

**Prisca Matimba Nyambe**, SC is a Zambian judge who also sits on international tribunals. She is known for dissenting from the majority decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) judgements which convicted Ratko Mladić and Zdravko Tolimir of war crimes.

Nyambe was born on 31 December 1951 in Zambia and studied law at the University of Zambia, graduating in 1975.

She was a resident magistrate in Kabwe, Zambia from 1978 to 1980, and a senior magistrate, in Harare and Gwelo, Zimbabwe, from 1980 to 1984.

From 1984 to 1992 she was legal counsel to the Bank of Zambia, and from 1992 to 1996 worked in private practice. In February 1996, she became a senior legal officer at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), in Arusha, Tanzania, rising to be general counsel to the ICTR, until 2006.

She was appointed a judge of the High Court of Zambia in 2006, retiring from the post in 2015. She became a Judge *ad litem* of the ICTY in 2004, and has been a judge of the United Nations' International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals since 2011.

She served as a Council Member of the Law Association of Zambia from 1982 to 1994, being vice-chair in the final year. She sat on a Zambian Parliamentary Fact-Finding Committee into discriminatory laws against women.

She was granted the honour of being appointed a State Counsel by the President of Zambia, Levy Mwanawasa, in 2005.

## InfoBox

| Prisca Matimba Nyambe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 31 December 1951 <br>Zambia |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Judge |


title: Edward Natapei

abstract: Edward Nipake Natapei Tuta Fanua`araki was a Vanuatuan politician. He was the prime minister of Vanuatu on two occasions, and was previously the minister of Foreign Affairs briefly in 1991, the acting president of Vanuatu from 2 March 1999 to 24 March 1999 and the deputy prime minister. He was the president of the Vanua'aku Pati, a socialist, Anglophone political party.

text:
# Edward Natapei

**Edward Nipake Natapei Tuta Fanua\`araki** (17 July 1954 – 28 July 2015) was a Vanuatuan politician. He was the prime minister of Vanuatu on two occasions, and was previously the minister of Foreign Affairs briefly in 1991, the acting president of Vanuatu from 2 March 1999 to 24 March 1999 (during a time in which he was the speaker of Parliament) and the deputy prime minister. He was the president of the Vanua'aku Pati, a socialist, Anglophone political party.

## Politics

Natapei was first elected to Parliament in 1983. In 1996, he was elected as speaker of Parliament, and in 1999 he was elected as President of Vanua'aku Pati. In a parliamentary vote on 25 November 1999, Natapei was a candidate for the position of prime minister, but was defeated by Barak Sopé, receiving 24 votes against 28 for Sope. When Sopé lost a vote of no confidence, Natapei became Prime Minister on 13 April 2001, receiving 27 votes in parliament, with one vote against him. He retained the position after the May 2002 election. Even though his party performed poorly in the July 2004 election, he was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for the Port Vila Constituency with the highest number of votes. He supported Ham Lini for the post of prime minister, but Lini was defeated; however, Serge Vohor was ousted in a motion of no confidence and Ham Lini was elected prime minister. Being Vanua'aku Party President entitled Natapei to the post of Speaker of the House, which he declined and referred to Sam Dan Avock, who was a Party Executive Member.

Natapei became minister for Infrastructure and Public Utilities in the Lini-led government in July 2005. A split in Vanua'aku Pati was resolved in August 2005, and Natapei was re-elected as its president, receiving 124 votes against 67 for Sela Molisa. In late July 2007 he became Minister of Public Utilities again, replacing Serge Vohor, as well as becoming Deputy Prime Minister.

## Second term as Prime Minister (2008–2011)

Natapei was elected Prime Minister on 22 September 2008, by the Parliament of Vanuatu after three weeks of negotiations following the country's September 2nd general election. Natapei received 27 of the 52 votes in Parliament to become prime minister for a second time and a second non-consecutive term. He narrowly beat his nearest opponent, Maxime Carlot Korman, another former Vanuatu Prime Minister and the leader of the Vanuatu Republican Party, who captured 25 votes in Parliament. Natapei succeeded Ham Lini as prime minister and headed a new coalition government encompassing his own Vanua'aku Pati, as well as Lini's National United Party, independents and several smaller political parties, such as Namangi Aute.

Natapei pledged to continue the policies and reforms of the outgoing Lini government. He announced that some of his government's primary policies would include transparency, good governance and fighting corruption.

Opposition leader Maxime Carlot Korman attempted a vote of no confidence motion just two days after Natapei became prime minister. The Opposition, led by Korman, claimed that two MPs had defected from the Natapei coalition and were now supporting Korman. However, the Speaker of the Parliament George Wells rejected Korman's motion against Natapei on a technicality saying that one of the two MPs in question had not withdrawn their support for Natapei's government. A no-confidence vote was nevertheless held on 3 October 2008, but the motion was defeated, with 20 votes in favor and 31 votes against. Because Natapei's government won the vote by a substantial margin, it was expected that the political situation would be stabilized as a result. Nevertheless, another motion of no confidence was attempted on 25 November 2008; Natapei survived the vote by a narrow margin of 26 to 24. Three Vanua'aku Pati MPs signed the motion of no confidence, and after they refused to withdraw their signatures, Natapei suspended them from the party immediately prior to the vote.

In November 2009 Prime Minister Natapei, facing another vote of no confidence, organized a second major cabinet reshuffle. Natapei removed half of his cabinet members and cut ties with two political parties, the National United Party and the Vanuatu Republican Party, when it was revealed that the parties and their members were planning to launch a no confidence motion against his government.

Natapei replaced the sacked cabinet members with sixteen members from the opposition Alliance. Among the highest profile reshuffles, Ham Lini, Natapei's predecessor and a member of the NUP, was replaced as Natapei's deputy prime minister by the leader of the Alliance bloc, Sato Kilman. In 2010 Maxime Carlot Korman was replaced as the Speaker of parliament by George Wells only for Kormanti to return later and succeed Wells in the position again . Alliance leader Sato Kilman confirmed that because of the reshuffle the Natapei government now had the support of 33 of the 52 MPs in the House.

On 27 November 2009, Natapei became ineligible to continue serving as prime minister. His parliamentary seat was declared vacant as he had missed three parliamentary sittings without informing the Speaker of the House. Despite being overseas on legitimate parliamentary business, his staff had failed to file the necessary paperwork with the Speaker to give notice of his absence. Serge Vohor became the acting prime minister. On December 5, however, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled that "the Speaker’s decision to unseat the PM on 27 November 2009 was ‘unconstitutional and of no legal effect’". On December 10, Parliament formally confirmed their confidence in Natapei, who thus remained Prime Minister.

As of June 2010 Natapei retained the prime ministership, with the support of 34 MPs (against 18 for the Opposition).

On December 2, 2010 Natapei was ousted by a vote of no confidence. He was succeeded by Sato Kilman.

On June 16, 2011 however, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled in a case put forward by Natapei, contesting the constitutionality of Kilman's election. Lunabek ruled that Kilman's election to office had indeed been unconstitutional, as "\[t\]he speaker of Parliament Maxime Carlot Korman \[had\] appointed Mr Kilman prime minister without following article 41 of the constitution which required he be elected by secret ballot". Kilman's premiership was annulled, and Natapei was restored as interim prime minister, instructed to convene Parliament for the election of a new prime minister. Natapei immediately indicated that he himself would not be a candidate for the position, and that he would support Serge Vohor's candidacy.

During his interim premiership, Natapei cancelled Vanuatu's diplomatic recognition of Abkhazia, issued by Kilman the previous month.

On June 26, Parliament elected Sato Kilman to the premiership, with 29 votes to Serge Vohor's 23, thus ending Natapei's interim duties.

### First cabinet

Natapei named his government's cabinet line-up on 22 September 2008, the day of his election as prime minister. His cabinet included members of his own Vanua'aku Pati (VP) as well as the National United Party (VNUP). Natapei's predecessor, outgoing Prime Minister Ham Lini, was named as the new Minister for Public Utilities and Works.

Natapei's full cabinet included:

A few days before the motion of no confidence was debated in Parliament Prime Minister Natapei brought into the government side the Union Of Moderate Parties (UMP) and reshuffled his cabinet for the first time as follows:

* Bakoa Kaltongga as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (VP)
* Sela Molisa as Finance Minister (VP)
* Joe Natuman as Minister of Health (VP) (Replacing Roro Sambo (VNUP))
* Ham Lini as DPM and Minister for Justice and Social Welfare (Replacing Joshua Kalsakau)(VNUP)
* James Bule as Minister for Trade, Commerce & Industries (VNUP)
* Patrick Crowby as the Minister for Internal Affairs (VNUP)
* Havo Moli as Minister of Agriculture
* Don Ken as Minister of Youth, Development and Training
* Serge Vohor as Minister of Infrastructure and Public Utilities (UMP)
* Raphael Worwor as Minister of Lands (UMP) (Replacing Joe Natuman)
* Charlot Salwai as Minister of Education (UMP) (Replacing Willie Ruben Abel)
* Esmon Saimon as Minister of Ni Vanuatu Business (Independent)

## Later career

Natapei was Leader of the Opposition during Sato Kilman's premiership (2011–2013). On 21 March 2013, Kilman resigned, after eight of his MPs (including two government ministers) had crossed the floor to join the Opposition. Natapei backed Moana Carcasses Kalosil (leader of the Green Confederation) as the new prime minister, and Carcasses appointed him deputy prime minister and minister for foreign affairs on 23 March. As Minister for Foreign Affairs, he applied Carcasses' policy in beginning a clean-up of the sale of diplomatic passports by previous governments. Within his first few days in office, he revoked the passports of "about ten" diplomats who are understood to have bought them. In a review praised by Transparency International, he indicated that more than two thirds of the country's diplomats could lose their position, as their appointment had not followed proper procedures.

Natapei lost office when the Carcasses government was brought down by a motion of no confidence on 15 May 2014.

Natapei died on 28 July 2015 at the age of 61 following a long illness.

## InfoBox

| Edward Natapei | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Prime Minister of Vanuatu | |
| **In office**
16 June 2011  26 June 2011
Acting | |
| President | Iolu Abil |
| Preceded by | Sato Kilman |
| Succeeded by | Sato Kilman |
| **In office**
22 September 2008  2 December 2010 | |
| President | Kalkot Mataskelekele
Maxime Carlot Korman (Acting)
Iolu Abil |
| Preceded by | Ham Lini |
| Succeeded by | Sato Kilman |
| **In office**
13 April 2001  29 July 2004 | |
| President | John Bani
Roger Abiut (Acting)
Alfred Maseng
Roger Abiut (Acting) |
| Preceded by | Barak Sopé |
| Succeeded by | Serge Vohor |
| Acting President of Vanuatu | |
| **In office**
2 March 1999  24 March 1999 | |
| Prime Minister | Donald Kalpokas |
| Preceded by | Jean Marie Leye Lenelgau |
| Succeeded by | John Bani |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 17 July 1954
Futuna Island, Tafea Province, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) |
| Died | 28 July 2015(2015-07-28) (aged 61)
Port Vila, Vanuatu |
| Political party | Vanua'aku Pati |
| Spouse | Leipaki Natapei |
|  | |


title: Egil A. Wyller

abstract: Egil Anders Wyller was a Norwegian philosopher, historian, non-fiction writer and translator. He was born in Stavanger, the son of Trygve Christian Wyller and Anne Kathrine Dons, and brother of Thomas Christian Wyller. He was assigned professor at the University of Oslo from 1969. Among his books are Tidsproblemet hos Olaf Bull from 1958 and Enhet og annethet from 1981. He has translated dialogues of Plato into Norwegian language, and been a co-editor of the book series Idé og tanke. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 2000.

text:
# Egil A. Wyller

**Egil Anders Wyller** (24 April 1925 – 6 March 2021) was a Norwegian philosopher, historian, non-fiction writer and translator. He was born in Stavanger, the son of Trygve Christian Wyller and Anne Kathrine Dons, and brother of Thomas Christian Wyller. He was assigned professor at the University of Oslo from 1969. Among his books are *Tidsproblemet hos Olaf Bull* from 1958 and *Enhet og annethet* from 1981. He has translated dialogues of Plato into Norwegian language, and been a co-editor of the book series *Idé og tanke*. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 2000.

## InfoBox

| Egil A. Wyller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1925-04-24)24 April 1925<br>Stavanger, Norway |
| Died | 6 March 2021(2021-03-06) (aged 95) |
| Occupation(s) | Philosopher, historian, writer |
| Employer | University of Oslo |
| Relatives | Thomas Christian Wyller (brother) |
| Awards | Order of St. Olav |


title: Egil (given name)

abstract: Egil or Egill is a masculine given name derived from Old Norse. It may refer to:

text:
# Egil (given name)

**Egil** or **Egill** is a masculine given name derived from Old Norse. It may refer to:

## People

### Various

### Egil

### Egill

* Egill Örn Egilsson (born 1966), also known as Eagle Egilsson, Icelandic director and cinematographer
* Egill Einarsson or Gillz (born 1980), Icelandic private fitness coach, author and musician
* Egill Knutzen (1914–1990), Norwegian fencer. He competed at the 1936, 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics
* Egill Skallagrímsson (910–990), famous Viking, community, leader, and Icelandic settler
* Egill Reimers (1878–1946), Norwegian architect and sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics

### Middle name


title: Prix de la langue française

abstract: The Prix de la langue française is chronologically the first grand prix of the literary season in France. Established in 1986 by the city of Brive-la-Gaillarde in the department of Corrèze, this prize rewards the work of a personality of the literary, artistic or scientific world, which has contributed significantly, through the style of his/her works or his/her action to illustrate the quality and beauty of the French language. It is presented annually at the opening of the Foire du livre de Brive-la-Gaillarde. The laureate wins 10,000 euros.

text:
# Prix de la langue française

The **Prix de la langue française** is chronologically the first grand prix of the literary season in France.

Established in 1986 by the city of Brive-la-Gaillarde in the department of Corrèze, this prize rewards the work of a personality of the literary, artistic or scientific world, which has contributed significantly, through the style of his/her works or his/her action to illustrate the quality and beauty of the French language. It is presented annually at the opening of the Foire du livre de Brive-la-Gaillarde.

The laureate wins 10,000 euros.

## Jury

The jury of the award, with a rotating presidency, is composed of members of the Académie française, the Académie Goncourt and other writers.

## Laureates


title: Prix de la critique

abstract: The Prix de la critique is a prize awarded by the Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée to the best comic album released for a year in France. Previously, from 1984 to 2003, it was called Prix Bloody Mary and awarded at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Concerned at first with albums of the Franco-Belgian comics school it was eventually interested in works coming from the comic book tradition of more distant lands. The winner of the award for that year is listed first, the others listed below are the nominees.

text:
# Prix de la critique

The **Prix de la critique** is a prize awarded by the Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée to the best comic album released for a year in France. Previously, from 1984 to 2003, it was called *Prix Bloody Mary* and awarded at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Concerned at first with albums of the Franco-Belgian comics school it was eventually interested in works coming from the comic book tradition of more distant lands.

The winner of the award for that year is listed first, the others listed below are the nominees.

## 1980s

## 1990s

## 2000s

## 2010s

## 2020s

## Sources


title: Edward William O'Rourke

abstract: Edward William O'Rourke was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Peoria in Illinois from 1971 to 1990.

text:
# Edward William O'Rourke

**Edward William O'Rourke** (October 31, 1917 – September 29, 1999) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Peoria in Illinois from 1971 to 1990.

## Biography

### Early life

One of eleven children, Edward O'Rourke was born on October 31, 1917, in Downs, Illinois, to Martin and Mary (née Hickey) O'Rourke. He decided to become a priest following his confirmation in 1930, and later recalled he "never had a moment of doubt that this was \[his\] calling." After attending Downs High School (1931–1935) and St. Henry College (1935–1938), he studied at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary in Mundelein, Illinois.

### Priesthood

Edward O'Rourke was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Joseph H. Schlarman on May 28, 1944. He then served as an assistant chaplain at the Newman Centre of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign until 1960. He also helped find housing and employment for hundreds of people fleeing Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

From 1960 to 1971, O'Rourke served as executive director of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference. He helped establish hundreds of economic development committees, cooperatives and other self-help programs in the United States and abroad. During the 1960s, he lectured widely on his experiences in developing countries, traveling more than 140,000 miles to 19 nations in one year alone.

### Bishop of Peoria

On May 24, 1971, O'Rourke was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Peoria by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on July 15, 1971, from Cardinal John Cody, with Bishops John Franz and George Speltz serving as co-consecrators. Later that year, O'Rourke sold the episcopal residence on Glen Oak Avenue and moved to a one-bedroom brick ranch house near St. Mary's Cathedral, donating the money to the diocesan fund for retired priests. He established the first Diocesan Pastoral Council in 1974. That same year he established he replaced the old system of six deaneries by dividing the diocese into fifteen vicariates. He ordained the first permanent deacons of the diocese in 1976.

In 1976, O'Rourke was aboard TWA Flight 355 from New York City to Chicago when it was hijacked by Croatian separatists. He was offered a chance to leave the plane but declined; he led the passengers in prayer and tried to persuade the hijackers to surrender.

During his tenure, O'Rourke established the Annual Stewardship Appeal (now known as the Annual Diocesan Appeal) and the Teens Encounter Christ program. He consolidated Costa Catholic School in Galesburg, Illinois, (1972), Jordan Catholic School in Rock Island, Illinois, (1974), La Salle Catholic School (1978) and Peoria Notre Dame High School (1988). He suffered from a number of health problems; he once underwent a hip replacement surgery, suffered a stroke in 1985, and was forced to use a pacemaker.

### Retirement and legacy

On January 22, 1990, Pope John Paul II accepted O'Rourke's resignation as bishop of the Diocese of Peoria. A few months after his retirement, he founded Renaissance Stand, an organization designed to help the long-term unemployed obtain jobs and job training.

Edward O'Rourke died in Peoria on September 29, 1999, at age 81. He is buried in the Bishop's Mausoleum at St. Mary's Cemetery in Peoria.

## Viewpoints

### Poverty

O'Rourke was a strong supporter of self-help projects to aid the poor over handouts, and favored non-governmental over government aid because he believed that governmental aid could end with a change in the policy or in the party in power.

### Rural life

In 1960, O'Rourke declared,

> "We must not exchange the family farm system for a few 'general farms incorporated.' Such an exchange would be tragic for families on the land and for nations as a whole. In America we have an agriculture which is efficient, which is conducive to good family life, which is a bulwark of religion and democracy. Let us not exchange it for a type of agriculture which has failed in every place and every age in which it has been tried."

In 1967, O'Rourke issued a critique of industrial agriculture, saying,

> "It neglects entirely the spiritual, social and cultural values of rural living. It means the uprooting of thousands of rural families...The spiritual, social and cultural values of the farm family and given priority in determining our agricultural priorities."

## InfoBox

| His Excellency, The Most Reverend
Edward William O'Rourke | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Peoria | |
| See | Diocese of Peoria |
| Installed | May 24, 1971 |
| Term ended | January 22, 1990 |
| Predecessor | John Baptist Franz |
| Successor | John J. Myers |
| Other post(s) | Executive director, National Catholic Rural Life Conference |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | May 28, 1944
by Joseph Henry Leo Schlarman |
| Consecration | July 15, 1971
by John Cody |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1917-10-31)October 31, 1917
Downs, Illinois, US |
| Died | September 29, 1999(1999-09-29) (aged 81)
Peoria, Illinois, US |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic Church |
| Education | St. Mary of the Lake Seminary |


title: Europeras

abstract: Europeras is a series of five operas by the composer John Cage. Cage explained the punning title thus: "For two hundred years the Europeans have been sending us their operas. Now I'm sending them back."

text:
# Europeras

***Europeras*** is a series of five operas by the composer John Cage. Cage explained the punning title thus: "For two hundred years the Europeans have been sending us their operas. Now I'm sending them back."

## Europeras I and II

Europeras I and II were premiered by the Frankfurt Opera in December 1987 after a delay caused by fire; both call on the full resources of the house and apply the technique of indeterminacy to plot, stage directions, lighting, costuming, props, and sets, as well as to the music, drawn from fragments of the 18th and 19th century repertoire and intermittently drowned out by a taped Opera Mix, "as if you were shouting to someone on the opposite side of the street and a large truck passes by."

The libretto, in twenty-four scenarios, likewise juxtaposes traditional operatic episodes: the libretto begins "Dressed as an Irish princess, he gives birth; they plot to overthrow the French." The area of the stage is divided into 64 quadrants corresponding to the I Ching and the nineteen singers share the space with dancers. Cage said "What I wanted to do was to have the programs such that if twelve people were sitting in a row each one would be looking at a different opera."
There is no conductor; performers are instead guided by large projections of a digital clock according to strict time intervals. Cage even went so far as to hand out two separate sets of librettos to the audience at the premiere, themselves culled from previous operatic works.

No recordings have yet been released of "Europeras I and II."

## Europeras III and IV

Europeras III and IV were commissioned by the Almeida Festival in London and premiered in 1990, subsequently touring. Both prominently feature gramophones, the former in combination with two pianists (replacing the orchestra). The latter is a chamber piece for singer, gramophone and table lamp.

Mode Records issued a 2-CD set of "Europeras III and IV" in 1995: catalog # 37/38.

## Europera V

The 60' Europera V, a commission of Yvar Mikhashoff for pianist, two singers, lighting and tape, premiered May 21, 1991 in Amsterdam. The production in the garden of the Museum of Modern Art in New York was the last performance attended by Cage before his death on August 12, 1992.

Mode Records issued a CD of 'Europera V" in 1994: catalog #36.

## Sources

* Revill, David. 1993. *The Roaring Silence: John Cage – a Life*. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-220-6, ISBN 978-1-55970-220-1


title: State Highway 58 (Tamil Nadu)

abstract: State Highway 58 is a two lane highway in Tamil Nadu, India.This road links Sadras - Thirukazhukundram - Chengalpattu - Kanchipuram - Arakkonam - Tiruthani Road

text:
# State Highway 58 (Tamil Nadu)

**State Highway 58** is a two lane highway in Tamil Nadu, India.This road links Sadras \- Thirukazhukundram \- Chengalpattu \- Kanchipuram \- Arakkonam \- Tiruthani Road

## InfoBox

| State Highway 58 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Highways and Minor Ports Department | |
| Length | 107.4 km (66.7 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | Sadras |
| To | Tiruttani |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| Districts | Kanchipuram, Vellore, Tiruvallur |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| **State Highways in Tamil Nadu** | |


title: Queanbeyan River

abstract: The Queanbeyan River, a perennial stream that is part of the Molonglo catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Monaro and Capital Country regions of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, in Australia. The river is 104 kilometres (65 mi) in length with a catchment area of 96,000 hectares. The Queanbeyan River and the Cotter River meet the potable water supply needs of the Canberra and Queanbeyan region and whose water quality is specifically protected under Federal legislation. It is believed that the local Aboriginal Ngarigo people used a word that sounded like queanbeyan to describe the river, said to mean "clearwater".

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# Queanbeyan River

The **Queanbeyan River**, a perennial stream that is part of the Molonglo catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Monaro and Capital Country regions of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, in Australia. The river is 104 kilometres (65 mi) in length with a catchment area of 96,000 hectares (240,000 acres). The Queanbeyan River and the Cotter River meet the potable water supply needs of the Canberra and Queanbeyan region and whose water quality is specifically protected under Federal legislation.

It is believed that the local Aboriginal Ngarigo people used a word that sounded like *queanbeyan* to describe the river, said to mean "clearwater".

## River course

The headwaters of the Queanbeyan River rise 70 kilometres (43 mi) east-southeast of Queanbeyan and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of the township of Bredbo, near the village of Jerangle. Fourteen tributaries upstream of the Googong Dam contribute to the river flow including the Burra, Urialla, Tinderry, Ballinafad, Groggy, Woolpack, Sherlock, Lyons, Towneys and Mile Creeks. The major river crossings above Googong Dam are the Boolboolma causeway on the Tinderry Road and a road bridge on the Captain's Flat-Jerangle Road.

Once inside the city precinct of Queanbeyan, the river is crossed by several bridges, including the Canberra-Goulburn railway, Morisset Street bridge, the Queens Bridge on Monaro Street (which becomes Bungendore Road or Kings Highway), and by a pedestrian footbridge near Isabella Street in East Queanbeyan. Queens Bridge was opened by Wal Fife, Minister for Transport and Highways, on 21 July 1975, according to a plaque on the bridge. The Queanbeyan River meets the Molonglo River at a confluence located in Oaks Estate, within the boundary of the Australian Capital Territory. The river descends 697 metres (2,287 ft) over its 104-kilometre (65 mi) course. The river's catchment area is 920 square kilometres (360 sq mi), more than double that of the Cotter River.

### Damming

The Queanbeyan Weir was constructed originally in 1901-02, providing a pool in the Queanbeyan River near the centre of the town for the town's water supply. It is now a place for town beautification with several parks located along the river, such as Blundell Park, Queen Elizabeth Park, and Ray Morton Park. The weir also provides for minor irrigation requirements. A buttressed concrete gravity wall which was 58 metres (190 ft) long, raised an extra 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to the height of 4 metres (13 ft) in 1951–1952. The weir has had serious impacts on native fish migration in the Queanbeyan River.

#### Googong Dam

The Googong Dam is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) upstream of the town of Queanbeyan. The dam was completed in 1979 and has a maximum carrying capacity of 124,500 megalitres (4,400×10~~^~~6 cu ft). The Commonwealth Government owns the dam, which is operated by ACTEW Corporation, the water utility provider, an ACT government-owned corporation. ACTEW also manages the dam foreshores. Lower flows in the river downstream of the dam since its construction, together with below average rainfall for the past decade, have modified the river channel and led to an increase in colonisation by willows and river plants which enjoy low flows. Management of the river includes eradication of these weeds.

## History

The Queanbeyan region is the traditional home of the Ngunnawal and the Ngarigo peoples. The first Europeans visitors to the area were led by Charles Throsby. While searching for the Murrumbidgee River in 1820, his party followed the course of the Queanbeyan River into a valley at the eastern end of the Limestone Plains near present-day Canberra.

The Queanbeyan River was the main water supply for the towns of Queanbeyan and during its early history it was an integral element to its economy. Wool scouring was carried out in the river near present-day Oaks Estate, formerly a part of Queanbeyan.

### Flooding

The first significant flood after European settlement of the site of Queanbeyan City was in 1851; others followed twice in 1852, twice in 1861, twice in 1870, 1891, 1910, 1922, 1925, 1952, 1974, 1975 and 1976. A timeline compiled by a member of the Queanbeyan and District Historical Museum Society gives similar dates, extending to 2012. It is yet to be updated to record another 6-metre (19.7 feet) flood on 6 June 2016.

During the 1976 flood the half completed Googong Dam was at risk of collapse under the weight of water behind it. In this eventuality low-lying parts of Queanbeyan and Canberra would have been inundated. The Queanbeyan Cemetery was flooded, with scores of bodies washed downstream into Lake Burley Griffin.

In December 2010 the Queanbeyan River peaked at 8.4 metres (28 ft) and broke its banks, flooding the Queanbeyan Riverside tourist park. All schools in the area were closed and some local schools were used as shelter for evacuated residents of around 100 houses and businesses. Following extensive rains in the catchment, in March 2012 there were flooding alerts, however the river did not breach its banks.

## Fishing

The Queanbeyan River was renowned as a beautiful river abounding in native Murray cod, which once extended to the vicinity of Googong Dam, and native Macquarie perch, which extended to at least the headwaters of Googong Dam. Due to this abundance of native fish, the Queanbeyan River, along with the Molonglo River, was often known as the "Fish River" in the early days of settlement. Sometimes the Queanbeyan River was further distinguished by being called the "South Fish River". On more than one occasion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries floods deposited live Murray cod in the main streets of Queanbeyan. A variety of ills including introduction of exotic fish such as trout, overfishing, willow encroachment, siltation, and weirs blocking migration saw native fish populations in the Queanbeyan River close to extinction by the time Googong Dam was built.

## Water quality

Under the *Seat of Government Acceptance Act, 1909*, the Government of New South Wales guaranteed the Australian Capital Territory access to resources including water by protecting and not polluting the waters of the Queanbeyan River.

The condition of the river as a native habitat below Googong Dam has been seen as unhealthy in recent years by the Queanbeyan City Council, with the river being overrun with carp and reeds. The Queanbeyan Council has put in place a resource development scheme to clean out the river, including a "catch a carp" competition where the winners won $500 or fishing gear.

European carp have not penetrated the river above Googong Dam, providing an excellent trout and native fish catchery in both the dam and the river upstream. Carp are present the entire length of the river, but in small quantities. Since construction of Googong Dam in 1979, the endangered Macquarie perch has been very occasionally reported in the reservoir, and rarely beyond the first waterfall upstream of Googong Dam, despite the introduction of 57 Macquarie perch in the 1980s.

## Other wildlife

The Queanbeyan River has a range of native wildlife ranging from wombats and kangaroos, which are often found grazing on the banks, to the not commonly seen platypus. The area surrounding the Queanbeyan River supports a large population of eastern grey kangaroos. There is also a small number of platypuses.

## InfoBox

| Queanbeyan
Burra Creek, Sallee Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Road bridge carrying the Kings Highway over the Queanbeyan River, in Queanbeyan | |
| Location of the Queanbeyan River mouth in the ACT | |
| Etymology | Aboriginal (Ngarigu): "clearwater" |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State/terr. |  |
| Regions |  |
| Local government areas |  |
| City | Queanbeyan |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Gourock Range |
| location | east of Bredbo, New South Wales |
| coordinates | 35°56′24″S 149°27′35″E / 35.94000°S 149.45972°E / -35.94000; 149.45972 |
| elevation | 1,260 m (4,130 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | confluence with the Molonglo River |
| location | Oaks Estate, Australian Capital Territory |
| coordinates | 35°20′13″S 149°13′51″E / 35.33694°S 149.23083°E / -35.33694; 149.23083 |
| elevation | 567 m (1,860 ft) |
| Length | 104 km (65 mi) |
| Basin size | 96,000 km2 (37,000 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Murrumbidgee catchment,
Murray-Darling basin |
| Reservoirs | Googong Reservoir, Queanbeyan Weir |
|  | |


title: Dacom

abstract: Dacom, Inc. was founded in 1966 by two ex-Lockheed engineers, Daniel Hochman, President, and Don Weber, Vice President, building on their pioneering work on digital image compression invented for satellite communications. Their work resulted in the first commercial digital fax machine and later the first sub-minute facsimile transmission over a single standard phone line. In 1973 Dacom was recipient of the IR-100 Award for the most significant new product in Information Technology. The patents and technology developed by Dacom have become the foundation of the modern desktop fax machine.

text:
# Dacom

**Dacom, Inc.** was founded in 1966 by two ex-Lockheed engineers, Daniel Hochman, President, and Don Weber, Vice President, building on their pioneering work on digital image compression invented for satellite communications. Their work resulted in the first commercial digital fax machine and later the first sub-minute facsimile transmission over a single standard phone line. In 1973 Dacom was recipient of the IR-100 Award (the name was later changed to the R&D 100 Awards) for the most significant new product in Information Technology. The patents and technology developed by Dacom have become the foundation of the modern desktop fax machine.

## History

From the late 1950s Daniel Hochman, a pioneer in digital electronics, was head of a division of Lockheed Missiles & Space Company in Sunnyvale, California. In 1959 Hochman's team at Lockheed unveiled a 9-pound miniature television system that could transmit pictures from as far as 1000 miles in space, and in the early 1960s was working to develop a high-speed communications system for the transmission of images from space. The team faced two related problems: the density of data of a high-resolution photograph, and the low-power, low-capacity transmitters on board satellites. To address these problems, Hochman brought in Donald Weber to work on the problem of data compression - to achieve a higher rate of data transmitted with the same low-power equipment.

In 1966 Hochman and Weber realized the potential application of the technology they had invented to create a digital facsimile machine, capable of transmitting images over a standard phone line in considerably less time than the then-current state-of-the-art analog facsimile machines offered by Xerox, Magnavox, and Stewart Warner. They left Lockheed to form their own company: Dacom (which stood for Data Compression).

The first systems were models DFC-10 and the Dacom 111, which came to market in the late 1960s. Hochman and Weber presented Dacom's data compression technology at the 1970 International Conference on Communications in a paper which has been since cited as a seminal work in the field of image digitization and data compression. The company was awarded a number of patents that constitute the foundation of modern data compression and facsimile transmission (see table below).

1971 brought a partnership with CBS and Savin to provide both development funds and commercial distribution for Dacom. Savin was a major distributor of Ricoh products at the time. The joint venture resulted in the creation of Rapifax Company, which purchased a majority interest in Dacom and was responsible for marketing Dacom products. The Dacom 412 Secure Fax, the first digital sub-minute facsimile came to market shortly after and in 1973 was awarded the IR-100 Best Product of the Year award.

Also, in 1973 a majority interest in Rapifax was sold to Ricoh, a Japanese manufacturing company, which purchased the CBS holdings in the company. Dacom became a wholly owned subsidiary of Rapifax and its technology was transferred to the parent company. Savin retained a 23% in Rapifax, which was subsequently sold to Ricoh as well. Ricoh moved R&D and manufacturing to Japan, a move unsuccessfully contested by Dacom founders in court. Dacom technology was ultimately incorporated into the Ricoh brand fax machines.

Dacom, Inc. succeeded not only in developing breakthrough technology but successfully marketed high-end facsimile equipment in the 1970s for general business and special niche markets, including government agencies, military communications, and remote newspaper publishing. In the mid-1970s, the Rapifax 100 established itself as the market leader in the "ultrafast facsimile market".

## Patents Assigned to Dacom, Inc.

| Patent No. | Description | Inventors | Date granted |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| FR2053965
CA917571
US4135214 | A method and apparatus wherein novel adaptive encoding and decoding processes are utilized to reduce the quantity of symbols or descriptors required to transmit | Donald R. Weber | 4/16/1971
12/26/1972
1/16/1979 |
| US3868477 | Binary facsimile communication system employing an automatic contrast enhancement method | Howard Katzman | 2/25/1975 |
| GB1409365
US3916095
CA1002175-7 | Dual-line data compression method and system for compressing, transmitting and reproducing facsimile data | Donald R. Weber
Lou Joseph
Edward A. Poe
Ralph W. Austed | 10/81975
10/28/1975
12/21/1975 |
| US3965290 | Video-to-binary conversion apparatus for use in image reproduction systems and the like to convert an input video signal to an output binary signal… | James G. Tisue | 6/24/1976 |
| US4000368 | An electronic non-uniform clock generating apparatus including a modulo N counter for counting uniform clock pulses in a controlled manner to develop a series | James G. Tisue | 12/28/1976 |
| US 4084196 | An electronic half-tone generating circuit for enabling a black and white facsimile transmission system to accurately and efficiently transmit and reproduce images including shades… | James G. Tisue
Donald R. Weber
Peter A. Johanson | 4/11/1978 |
| US4107610 | A data handling system for converting an analog signal into binary form for storage or transmission to a remote receiver and subsequent reconstruction back… | Donald R. Weber | 8/15/1978 |

## InfoBox

Dacom
|
|  |
| Industry | Fax and Data Compression |
| Founded | 1966 |
| Founder | Daniel Hochman and Donald Weber |
| Headquarters | Santa Clara, USA |
| Area served | Global |
| Products | Dacom Rapidfax 100, Dacom DFC-10, Dacom 111 Receiver, Dacom 212, Rapidfax 412 |


title: Euphione

abstract:
Euphione is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Polynoidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia, Malesia and Southern Africa. Species:
  - Euphione branchifera
  - Euphione chitoniformis
  - Euphione elisabethae McIntosh, 1885
  - Euphione ornata Knox, 1960
  - Euphione squamosa
  - Euphione suluensis

text:
# Euphione

***Euphione*** is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Polynoidae.

The species of this genus are found in Australia, Malesia and Southern Africa.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Euphione* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| *Clade*: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Family: | Polynoidae |
| Genus: | *Euphione*<br>McIntosh, 1885 |
|


title: The Glass Cafe

abstract: The Glass Cafe, is a young adult fiction novella by Gary Paulsen. It is about a twelve-year-old boy whose mother is a stripper.

text:
# The Glass Cafe

***The Glass Cafe*** (The full title *The Glass Cafe Or the Stripper and the State; How My Mother Started a War with the System That Made Us Kind of Rich and a Little Bit Famous*), is a young adult fiction novella by Gary Paulsen. It is about a twelve-year-old boy whose mother is a stripper.

## Plot introduction

Tony is fascinated with art, and goes to the club that his mom works at to draw pictures of some of the ladies. When his art teacher looks at the drawings, she wants to put them up in a museum for a contest. When people look at the pictures of the ladies Tony's mom gets in trouble and is sent to court for letting her son draw pornographic pictures. Tony's mom explains that it was just art, and tells them the story of the Glass Cafe.

## Publication history

## Reception

*The GlassCafe* was received favourably. Kirkus Reviews found it "Not too likely, but all good fun, and Paulsen claims that Al is based on an actual acquaintance. Introduce reluctant readers, Paulsen fans, or anyone who enjoys an occasional belly laugh to this prototypical preteen and his most memorable mom." while Publishers Weekly wrote "In one of his minor efforts, the prolific Paulsen serves up a righteous, pro–free-speech theme accompanied by big helpings of over-the-top plot lines." and "Paulsen looks to the endless run-on sentences and artless grammar of Tony's delivery for humor", concluding " Readers who like this style of writing can rest easy: Paulsen maintains that style all the way to the end."

## InfoBox

The Glass Cafe
| *The Glass Cafe* first edition cover. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Gary Paulsen |
| Cover artist | Brian Dugan |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Young adult fiction |
| Publisher | Wendy Lamb Books |
| Publication date | June 10, 2003 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| Pages | 112 pp *(first edition)* |
| ISBN | 0-385-32499-5 |
| OCLC | 50583384 |
| LC Class | PZ7.P2843 Gl 2003 |


title: Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns

abstract: Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns is a 2013 Indian romantic thriller drama film directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia. It is the sequel to the 2011 film, Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster and the second installment of the Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster film series. The film stars Jimmy Sheirgill and Mahi Gill, who reprised their roles from the previous film, while new additions to the cast include Irrfan Khan and Soha Ali Khan. The film was released on 8 March 2013. Jimmy Shergill won Best Actor Award for this film at 11th Norway Bollywood Film Festival in Oslo. A sequel titled Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3 was released on 27 July 2018 and got poor reviews because of its poor script and weak plotlines.

text:
# Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns

***Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns*** (transl.The master, the wife and the gangster returns; Hindi pronunciation: \[saːɦeːb biːbiː ɔːɾ\]) is a 2013 Indian romantic thriller drama film directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia. It is the sequel to the 2011 film, *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster* and the second installment of the *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster film series*. The film stars Jimmy Sheirgill and Mahi Gill, who reprised their roles from the previous film, while new additions to the cast include Irrfan Khan and Soha Ali Khan. The film was released on 8 March 2013. Jimmy Shergill won Best Actor Award for this film at 11th Norway Bollywood Film Festival in Oslo. A sequel titled *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3* was released on 27 July 2018 and got poor reviews because of its poor script and weak plotlines.

## Plot

The Royal Scandal, the war for power, and the fight for money continue with the return of Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster. Aditya Pratap Singh is crippled and is trying to recover from his physical disability and his wife's betrayal. The lover and seductress Madhavi Devi is now an MLA; her relationship with Aditya may have broken into shambles, but her relationship with alcohol is deep, dark, and daunting. Indrajeet Singh (Irrfan Khan), a ragged prince who has lost everything but his pride, pledges to get back his family's respect, which was once destroyed by Aditya's ancestors. Ranjana is a modern, ambitious girl who is madly in love with Indrajeet Singh. The story takes a new turn when Aditya falls in love with Ranjana and forces Birendra, her father, into their marriage.

## Cast

## Production

### Casting

The sequel was announced following the huge critical success of the first part, *Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster*. It was announced that Jimmy Sheirgill and Mahi Gill would be reprising their roles from the original film. In January 2012, Neil Nitin Mukesh was signed on to play the new gangster. However, due to differences between Mukesh and the film's producers, Mukesh was dropped from the part and Irrfan Khan was cast instead. Later in March, Soha Ali Khan was confirmed to play Irrfan Khan's love interest. Raj Babbar was soon cast to play the role of Soha Ali's father. Actress Neha Dhupia was to appear in an item number, but due to date issues, Mugdha Godse was signed instead.

### Filming

Filming began in April 2012 in Gujarat in Santarampur and Devgadh Baria of panchmahals district and was wrapped up in October 2012, working on an intended budget of Rs 70 million.

## Release

The film was released on 8 March 2013.

### Critical reception

The film was well-received by critics. The performances of the main cast and the dialogues especially met with universal acclaim.

Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 3.5/5 stars praising the performances of the main cast and the intricate character developments. Raja Sen of *Rediff.com* gave the film 4/5 stars and said *Saheb. Biwi Aur Gangster Returns* is better, sharper and more assured than the prequel. He called the dialogues "applause seeking" and also added, "Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns is a theatrically indulgent entertainer, one that makes no bones about its pulpiness and stays well and truly juicy." Ananya Bhattacharya of Zee News gave the film 4/5 stars and called it a 'masterpiece'. Anupama Chopra of Hindustan Times gave the film 3/5 stars saying that the film should be seen for its characters and dialogue. Rajeev Masand of IBN Live gave the film 3/5 stars saying that the film is an engaging watch. Rummana Ahmed from Yahoo India awarded the film 4.5/5 stars, praising Irrfan Khan's performance and calling the film overall "a compelling watch".

### Box office

*Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns* had a slow start but grew up as time proceed and managed ₹3.22 crore on its opening day while around ₹11.91 crore in its first weekend to make a good total. It eventually netted ₹28.72 in domestic market. It managed $15,000 from overseas. The movie worldwide grossed ₹28.80 crore.

## Soundtrack

| Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns | |
| --- | --- |
| Studio album by Sandeep Chowta | |
| Released | 10 February 2013 (2013-02-10) |
| Genre | Feature film soundtrack |
| Label | Junglee Music |

The film's soundtrack was released on 10 February 2013. The album contains five songs composed by Sandeep Chowta and lyrics penned by Sandeep Nath. A bonus song was later added to the film cut, "Dukh Thor Ditte Jugni", by music director Mukhtar Sahota, which became the opening song of the film.

### Track list

| No. | Title | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Idhar Gire" | Sowmya Raoh | 04:24 |
| 2. | "Jugni" | Jazzy B | 03:28 |
| 3. | "Media Se" | Paroma Dasgupta | 03:22 |
| 4. | "Bas Chal Kapat" | Piyush Mishra | 04:03 |
| 5. | "Kona Kona Dil Ka" | Devaki Pandit | 04:56 |
| 6. | "Dukh Thor Ditte Jugni (Music - Mukhtar Sahota)" | Harbhajan Shera |  |

## Sequel

After two successful films director and producer planned a third installment of this series. *Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3* released on July 27, 2018.

## InfoBox

| Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster Returns | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical Released Poster | |
| Directed by | Tigmanshu Dhulia |
| Written by | Tigmanshu Dhulia |
| Screenplay by | Tigmanshu Dhulia
Kamal Pandey |
| Story by | Tigmanshu Dhulia |
| Produced by | Tigmanshu Dhulia
Rahul Mittra
Nitin Tej Ahuja |
| Starring | Jimmy Sheirgill
Mahi Gill
Irrfan Khan
Soha Ali Khan |
| Cinematography | Yogesh Jani |
| Edited by | Rahul Srivastava |
| Music by | Sandeep Chowta
Mukhtar Sahota |
| Production
companies | Viacom 18 Motion Pictures
BrandSmith Motion Pictures
Moving Pictures
Tigmanshu Dhulia Films |
| Distributed by | Viacom 18 Motion Pictures |
| Release date | * 8 March 2013 (2013-03-08) |
| Running time | 124 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Hindi |
| Budget | ₹19 crore |
| Box office | ₹28.80 crore |


title: CIHW-FM

abstract: CIHW-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts to the Huron-Wendat Nation. Broadcasting on 100.3 FM, CIHW is a community radio station operated by the Huron-Wendat Nation at Wendake, an enclave of First Nations land within Quebec City.

text:
# CIHW-FM

**CIHW-FM** is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts to the Huron-Wendat Nation. Broadcasting on 100.3 FM, CIHW is a community radio station operated by the Huron-Wendat Nation at Wendake, an enclave of First Nations land within Quebec City.

## History

On May 31, 1984, Comité de la Radio Communautaire Huronne - Wyandot Inc. received approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to operate an FM radio station at Village-des-Hurons, Quebec. The station signed on the air in September 1984.

On April 15, 2016, the CRTC approved CIHW-FM's application to decrease the effective height of antenna above average terrain from 25 to 21.7 meters and relocate the transmitter. All other technical parameters would remain unchanged.

On January 17, 2018, Comité de la Radio communautaire Huronne-Wyandot inc. received CRTC approval to operate a Type B Native FM radio station in Wendake.

On April 24, 2019, CIHW-FM's license was licence was administratively renewed in 2019 and expired on August 31, 2022.

On June 20, 2024, Comité de la radio communautaire Huronne-Wyandot inc. received approval to operate at 100.3 MHz (channel 262A) at Wendake, Quebec with an average effective radiated power (ERP) of 239 watts (maximum ERP of 400 watts) and an effective height of the antenna above average terrain (EHAAT) of 18.9 metres.

46°52′03″N 71°21′43″W / 46.86750°N 71.36194°W / 46.86750; -71.36194

## InfoBox

CIHW-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 100.3 MHz (FM) |
| Programming | |
| Format | community radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Comité de la radio communautaire Huronne |
| History | |
| First air date | September 1984 |
| Technical information | |
| Class | LP |
| ERP | 50 watts<br>Horizontal polarization only |
| HAAT | 25 meters (82 ft) |
| Links | |
| Website | laradiodewendake.com |


title: CIIE.CO

abstract: CIIE.CO is an Indian startup accelerator and incubator that supports early-stage startups located at IIM Ahmedabad in Ahmedabad, India. It was founded in 2002 to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in India. It is a Center of excellence set up at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad with support from the Government of India's Department of Science and Technology and the Government of Gujarat. It provides investments, incubation, acceleration, infrastructure, training and access to a network of collaborators. As of August 2022, it has accelerated nearly 1000 startups, funded 300 and mentored and coached over 5000 startups across its various programs such as iAccelerator, Power of Ideas, Powerstart, India Innovation Growth Program, Start up Oasis, Bharat Inclusion Initiative. CIIE.CO provides funding in the form of government grants, pre-seed, seed and series, an investment starting from around ₹10 lakh to ₹15 lakh of grand capital up to US$5 million. It has similar incubation centres in Jaipur, Rajasthan and one facility in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

text:
# CIIE.CO

**CIIE.CO** is an Indian startup accelerator and incubator that supports early-stage startups located at IIM Ahmedabad in Ahmedabad, India. It was founded in 2002 to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in India. It is a Center of excellence set up at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad with support from the Government of India's Department of Science and Technology and the Government of Gujarat.

It provides investments, incubation, acceleration, infrastructure, training and access to a network of collaborators. As of August 2022, it has accelerated nearly 1000 startups, funded 300 and mentored and coached over 5000 startups across its various programs such as iAccelerator, Power of Ideas, Powerstart, India Innovation Growth Program, Start up Oasis, Bharat Inclusion Initiative. CIIE.CO provides funding in the form of government grants, pre-seed, seed and series, an investment starting from around 10 lakh to 15 lakh of grand capital up to US$5 million. It has similar incubation centres in Jaipur, Rajasthan and one facility in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

## History

The CIIE previously stood for Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship. It was originally set up in 2002 as a research institution with a grant pool from the Government of Gujarat, the Department of Science and Technology (India) and IIM Ahmedabad. In 2007, it became an incubation centre after its incorporation under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956. In 2008, a non-profit organization, CIIE Initiatives, was registered to help the emerging startup ecosystem in India. It continues to operate as an academic centre at IIM-A. It was rebranded as CIIE.CO in 2018, with the 'CO' denoting the continuum.

In 2009, CIIE started an accelerator program, iAccelerator, which focused on startups in information and communication technology. In July 2010, CIIE tied up with *The Economic Times* and the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India and launched 'Power of Ideas', a platform for aspiring and budding entrepreneurs.

In 2011, it launched INFUSE (Indian Fund for Sustainable Energy), a cleantech and sustainability focused fund in collaboration with the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), BP Plc and Technology Development Board (TDB). A A 100-crore budget was allocated for the INFUSE Ventures. The MNRE provided monetary support and guided the startups through policies and regulations. For institutional support, CIIE teamed up with the Asian Development Bank and the International Financial Corporation, both are part of the World Bank Group.

In 2013, the Centre for Innovation, Incubation and Entrepreneurship formed an incubator, Startup Oasis, in partnership with the Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO), Government of Rajasthan. Startup Oasis is based in Jaipur and has incubated 202 startups as of 2019.

In 2017, CIIE.CO launched Bharat Innovation Fund, a US $150-million fund announced in late 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visit to Silicon Valley. Bharat Innovation Fund is a public-private-academia partnership set up by the CIIE at IIM Ahmedabad in collaboration with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, Department of Science and Technology and Tata Trusts.

In December 2021, the Innocity Startup School, a 14-week non-residential programme, was started to help early-stage startups. In partnership with Bajaj Electricals, CIIE.CO launched a new incubation centre, Anant Bajaj Limitless Ideas Hub, in Jaipur in August 2021.

### iAccelerator

In 2009, CIIE.CO launched iAccelerator, which was the first accelerator program in India for startups offering mentorships, market connections and access to capital. iAccelerator program provides three-month residential mentorship and guidance to the batch of selected startups. During the three-month stay, these startups get investment, infrastructure and business mentoring from experts, mentors, investors, and tech enthusiasts. At the end of the incubation program, these startups pitch their innovation to early-stage angels and venture capitalists on the demo day.

### Bharat Inclusion Initiative

Bharat Innovation Fund is a public-private-academia partnership set up by the CIIE.CO in 2017 in collaboration with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion and Department of Science and Technology. In August 2018, as a part of Bharat Inclusion Initiative, CIIE.CO and J.P. Morgan collaboratively set up a $9.5 million financial inclusion lab, under which J.P. Morgan announced to provide up to $7 million over the next four years, making it the largest philanthropic commitment made by the banking giant outside the US. The financial lab was started to incubate and support the startups and entrepreneurs working to help the lower and middle income (LMI) segment in financial inclusion, health and education.

It has received a pledge of US$12.5 million from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Michael and Susan Dell Foundation, Omidyar Network and Tata Trusts.

## Projects

The organisation published *Stay Hungry Stay Foolish*, a non-fiction bestseller by author Rashmi Bansal, an alumnus of IIM-A. The book featured stories of 25 MBA IIM Ahmedabad graduates who left their jobs to pursue entrepreneurship. It has reached over a million readers.

In 2015, it conducted the 'Innovate for Digital India challenge' with Intel, the Department of Science and Technology and MyGov.in.

In May 2022, CIIE.CO came up with another book, *Startup Compass: How Iconic Entrepreneurs Got It Right*, published by HarperCollins, written by IIM-A alumni Ujwal Kalra and Shobhit Shubhankar. The book is based on the 'How to Start a Startup' series at IIM Ahmedabad and has comprehensive interviews by 15 Indian entrepreneurs, including Sanjeev Bikhchandani (Naukri.com), Deep Kalra (MakeMyTrip), Sachin Bansal (Flipkart), Falguni Nayar (Nykaa), Kunal Shah (CRED), Sahil Barua (Delhivery), Raghunandan G. (TaxiForSure). It has a foreword by Infosys founder N. R. Narayana Murthy.

## Portfolio

Some of the notable ventures backed by CIIE.CO, through its various initiatives and programs, includes Ridlr, CreditVidya, FireCompass, Detect Technologies, Recruiterbox, Chara Technologies, Forus Healthcare, MechMocha, SalesKen, Tookitaki, Zumutor Biologics and Razorpay. Razorpay, a payment gateway platform later turned into a unicorn startup, was incubated by CIIE.CO in Jaipur, at Startup Oasis.

From 2018 to 2021, CIIE.CO has conducted various craft-centric startup programs and supported more than 46 craft startups, out of which 17 startups received funding from the CIIE, including startups such as Khadigi, Kosha, Golden Feather, Fabriclore, Fabricmonde, P-Tal, Kalaghar, Dressfolk, Abira, Country Clay, Claybotik, Baansuli, Guddee. In July 2022, it announced to support over 100 early-age craft startups by the year 2025. The craft vertical at CIIE.CO offers over 15 craft companies with access to portfolio support through sprints, incubation and acceleration, seed funding and catalytic capital support of up to 50 lakh. In 2022, it also published a report on the crafts sector, outlining the startup opportunities in the sector.

## People

Kunal Upadhyay is the CEO of CIIE.CO and Managing Partner of Bharat Fund. 35 to 40 people work from the office at IIM-A, while the rest operate from different parts of the country.

## Research

The CIIE was set up as a research institution back in 2002. It has a team for research like management research, identifying trends and innovations, publications and thematic reports. In 2021, CIIE conducted a research study on the cultivated meat sector in India in partnership with The Good Food Institute, India.

## InfoBox

CIIE.CO
|
|  |
|
| Formerly | CIIE |
| Company type | Venture capital |
| Industry | Startup accelerator, Startup incubator |
| Founded | 2002 (2002) in Ahmedabad, India |
| Headquarters | IIM Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India |
| Number of locations | 5 (Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Indore, Bengaluru, Guwahati) |
| Key people | Kunal Upadhyay (CEO) |
| Services | Venture capital, Investment |
| Website | ciie.co |


title: CIHT-FM

abstract: CIHT-FM is a radio station licensed to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Stingray Group, it broadcasts a CHR/Top 40 format. CIHT's studios are located on Antares Drive in Nepean, while its transmitter is located in Camp Fortune, Quebec.

text:
# CIHT-FM

**CIHT-FM** (89.9 FM, *Hot 89.9*) is a radio station licensed to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Owned by Stingray Group, it broadcasts a CHR/Top 40 format. CIHT's studios are located on Antares Drive in Nepean, while its transmitter is located in Camp Fortune, Quebec.

## History

The station was licensed by the CRTC in 2001 to broadcast a rhythmic CHR/dance format known as *The Planet 89.9*. The station launched on February 7, 2003 as *The New Hot 89.9* under a rhythmic contemporary format, but flipped to its current format after 105.3 Kiss FM signed on the air in 2004. Both CIHT and CHBN-FM in Edmonton share the distinction of having been shifted from rhythmic top 40 to top 40 in less than a year after their 2003 sign-ons.

Ottawa was the largest market Newcap owned radio stations until its expansion into Toronto and Vancouver in 2014, thanks to the purchase of five stations from a blind trust being run by Bell Media as part of their merger with Astral Media. Even while they were the only English top 40 station in Ottawa, it is one of the few top 40 stations in Canada to continue supporting older music, making CIHT lean towards more of a hot adult contemporary direction than most top 40 stations in Canada, but on March 31, 2014, CIHT picked up new competition with CKQB-FM's flip from active rock to a rhythmic-leaning CHR format, a move that prompted CIHT to back off from the Hot AC fare and become more hit-driven with more currents.

The station produces the *Stingray Hit List Countdown* (formerly the *Canadian Hit 40* and the *Canadian Hit 30*), a weekly countdown show that is syndicated to other Stingray sister stations.

45°20′08″N 75°42′23″W / 45.33565°N 75.70633°W / 45.33565; -75.70633 (CIHT-FM Broadcast Location)

## InfoBox

CIHT-FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | National Capital Region |
| Frequency | 89.9 MHz (FM) |
| Branding | Hot 89.9 |
| Programming | |
| Format | CHR/Top 40 |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Stingray Group |
| Sister stations | CILV-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | February 7, 2003 |
| Call sign meaning | **CI H**o**T** (branding) |
| Technical information | |
| Class | C1 |
| ERP | 27,000 watts |
| HAAT | 262.4 meters (861 ft) |
| Links | |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | hot899.com |


title: CLSC

abstract: CLSCs in Quebec are free clinics and hospitals run and maintained by the Quebec government. They are a form of community health centre. The service was launched in the early 1960s after major reforms in the health and social services system were made by the Castonguay-Nepveu Commission during the Quiet Revolution era in the 1960s. Until the commission, most health and social services had been generally under jurisdiction of religious-affiliated agencies, primarily those of the Roman Catholic Church. After the commission, the Quebec government, with several measures made by the Quebec Liberal Party of Jean Lesage, took full control of the health and social services jurisdiction and later created the CLSCs. The province also granted access to a wide variety of services for free for most citizens. The Pointe-Saint-Charles Community Clinic was a model for the system. The network offers a wide variety of social, psychological, and health services. There are 147 CLSCs spread throughout the province.

text:
# CLSC

**CLSC**s (*centre local de services communautaires*, local community service centre) in Quebec are free clinics and hospitals run and maintained by the Quebec government. They are a form of community health centre.

The service was launched in the early 1960s after major reforms in the health and social services system were made by the Castonguay-Nepveu Commission during the Quiet Revolution era in the 1960s. Until the commission, most health and social services had been generally under jurisdiction of religious-affiliated agencies, primarily those of the Roman Catholic Church. After the commission, the Quebec government, with several measures made by the Quebec Liberal Party of Jean Lesage, took full control of the health and social services jurisdiction and later created the CLSCs. The province also granted access to a wide variety of services for free for most citizens. The Pointe-Saint-Charles Community Clinic was a model for the system.

The network offers a wide variety of social, psychological, and health services. There are 147 CLSCs spread throughout the province.


title: Saphenista ochraurea

abstract: Saphenista ochraurea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador. The wingspan is about 13 mm.

text:
# Saphenista ochraurea

***Saphenista ochraurea*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.

The wingspan is about 13 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Saphenista ochraurea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Saphenista* |
| Species: | ***S. ochraurea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Saphenista ochraurea***<br>Razowski & Becker, 2002 | |
|


title: Sanyam Shukla

abstract: Sanyam Shukla is an Indian badminton player who plays for Chhattisgarh badminton team. In 2015, he won the Mauritius International tournament in the men's doubles event partnered with Ramchandran Shlok. Shukla was part of the national men's team member that won the gold medal in 2019 South Asian Games.

text:
# Sanyam Shukla

**Sanyam Shukla** (born 19 April 1996) is an Indian badminton player who plays for Chhattisgarh badminton team. In 2015, he won the Mauritius International tournament in the men's doubles event partnered with Ramchandran Shlok. Shukla was part of the national men's team member that won the gold medal in 2019 South Asian Games.

## Achievements

### BWF International Challenge/Series (4 titles, 4 runners-up)

*Men's doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 2014 | Tata India International | Ramchandran Shlok | Manu Attri
B. Sumeeth Reddy | 15–21, 15–21 | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2015 | Mauritius International | Ramchandran Shlok | Andries Malan
Willem Viljoen | 21–19, 21–12 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | Bulgarian International | Arun George | Miha Ivanič
Andraž Krapež | 21–18, 21–13 | **Winner** |
|
| 2017 | India International Series | Arun George | Alwin Francis
Nandagopal Kidambi | 21–19, 21–15 | **Winner** |
|
| 2018 | Dutch International | Arun George | Nikita Khakimov
Andrey Parakhodin | 21–19, 21–19 | **Winner** |
|
| 2019 | Maldives International | Arun George | Keiichiro Matsui
Yoshinori Takeuchi | 9–21, 20–22 | **Runner-up** |
|
| 2021 | India International Challenge | Arun George | Krishna Prasad Garaga
Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala | 22–24, 21–13, 20–22 | **Runner-up** |

*Mixed doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | Bulgarian International | Ahillya Harjani | Dominik Stipsits
Antonia Meinke | 16–21, 5–21 | **Runner-up** |

BWF International Challenge tournament   BWF International Series tournament   BWF Future Series tournament

## InfoBox

| Sanyam Shukla | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Country | India |
| Born | (1996-04-19) 19 April 1996 |
| Men's & mixed doubles | |
| Highest ranking | 51 (MD 13 September 2018)
204 (XD 29 January 2015) |
| Medal record      Men's badminton  Representing  India  South Asian Games  2019 Kathmandu-Pokhara  Men's team | |
| BWF profile | |


title: CS Dinamo București (football)

abstract: Clubul Sportiv Dinamo București, commonly known as CS Dinamo București, or simply as Dinamo, is a Romanian football team based in Bucharest. The team represents the football section of the namesake multi-sport club and competes in Liga III.

text:
# CS Dinamo București (football)

**Clubul Sportiv Dinamo București**, commonly known as **CS Dinamo București**, or simply as **Dinamo**, is a Romanian football team based in Bucharest. The team represents the football section of the namesake multi-sport club and competes in Liga III.

## Ground

The team plays its home matches at the Comunal Stadium in Cernica, as Dinamo Stadium was closed in 2024 to build a new one on the same site.

## History

### Foundation

Originally founded in 1948, the football team of CS Dinamo București continues its activity through FC Dinamo 1948 after the privatization from 1993.

In 2014, Clubul Sportiv Dinamo București, which belongs to Internal Affairs Ministry, established a football academy, in which former legends of the club actively participate. Also, the senior football team was established in 2021 and was enrolled in Liga IV Bucharest.

## Honours

**Liga IV Bucharest**

## Players

### First-team squad

*As of 16 May 2024*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  1 GK  ROU Stefan Fara  96 FW  ROU Cristian Delciu |
| --- |

## League history

## InfoBox

CS Dinamo București
| Full name | Clubul Sportiv Dinamo București |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | * *Alb-roșii* (The White and Reds) |
| Short name | Dinamo |
| Founded | 14 May 1948 (1948-05-14) |
| Ground | Comunal |
| Owners | CS Dinamo București |
| League | Liga III |
| 2023–24 | Liga III, Seria IV, 1st |
| Website | Club website |


title: Sarah (LeRoy novel)

abstract: Sarah is a novel by Laura Albert, written under the name JT LeRoy, a persona that she has described as an "avatar," asserting that it enabled her to write things she could not have said as herself. Sarah is narrated by an unnamed boy whose mother Sarah is a lot lizard: a prostitute who works the truck stops in West Virginia. She can be abusive and abandoning, yet he longs for her love and has begun wearing her clothes and imitating her.

text:
# Sarah (LeRoy novel)

***Sarah*** is a novel by Laura Albert, written under the name JT LeRoy, a persona that she has described as an "avatar," asserting that it enabled her to write things she could not have said as herself.

*Sarah* is narrated by an unnamed boy whose mother Sarah is a lot lizard: a prostitute who works the truck stops in West Virginia. She can be abusive and abandoning, yet he longs for her love and has begun wearing her clothes and imitating her.

## Plot summary

The boy agrees to work for Glad, a benevolent pimp who specializes in "boy-girls." Glad gives him a raccoon penis bone, which he wears as an amulet for protection, good fortune, and sexual prowess as well as to signify his status as one of Glad's boy-girls. He is given the name Cherry Vanilla, but on his first date with a trucker he uses the name Sarah.

Hoping to outperform his rejecting mother and become the greatest lot lizard of them all, he goes off on his own into the wilds of West Virginia and is eventually taken up by a very powerful and very dangerous pimp known as Le Loup. Unaware that this new girl is a boy, Le Loup uses him not to turn tricks but as an object of veneration – and donations – with luck-conscious and magic-fearing truckers. Eventually Saint Sarah's mystique fades, and when he is revealed to be a boy Le Loup forces him to work alongside other boy prostitutes and live in captivity with them. After an agonizing year, Glad is finally able to rescue him from Le Loup, but the boy who returns is no longer capable of rejoining Glad's boy-girls; his mother Sarah is long gone as well.

***Sarah*** uses narrative elements and characterizations that also occur in the short stories of *The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things* (2001). But unlike *The Heart* or *Harold's End* (2004), ***Sarah*** is rich in humor and more fabulistic in its characters and situations. These qualities temper the harsh themes this novel shares with the other JT LeRoy books: abuse, exploitation, abandonment, betrayal, loss. Like them, it also explores the dynamics of identity and gender and employs the plot situation of having one's hidden life exposed and the shaming, hostility, and violence that ensue. Poet and critic Stephanie Burt called Sarah "a work of art" and "a book about the risks and thrills of false identity," which derives its power "from the glee with which it refuses realism: multiple subjects (sexual trauma, coming out, rural poverty) that American fiction usually depicts with flat-footed seriousness instead come together for a Technicolor romp."

The song "Cherry Lips" by Garbage refers to Cherry Vanilla from ***Sarah*** and the persona of JT LeRoy. The song "Sarah" by Bat for Lashes was also inspired by the novel ***Sarah***.

Blackstone Audio released an audiobook of ***Sarah*** in 2020, with actor Winsome Brown reading the novel and artist/filmmaker Leigh Ledare reading the foreword written by Billy Corgan for the novel's 2016 reissue by HarperCollins.

## InfoBox

Sarah
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | JT LeRoy |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Novel |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury |
| Publication date | 2000 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Paperback |
| Pages | 166 pp (paperback edition) |
| ISBN | 0-7475-4928-1 (paperback edition) |
| OCLC | 44059140 |


title: Sarah (Johnson book)

abstract: Sarah: How a Hockey Mom Turned Alaska's Political Establishment Upside Down is a biography of Sarah Palin written by Kaylene Johnson. Written before Palin was nominated for the Vice President of the United States, it describes her upbringing and her quick rise to power as Governor of Alaska. The book was called the "definitive primer" on Palin as of the time of her vice presidential nomination.

text:
# Sarah (Johnson book)

***Sarah: How a Hockey Mom Turned Alaska's Political Establishment Upside Down*** is a biography of Sarah Palin written by Kaylene Johnson. Written before Palin was nominated for the Vice President of the United States, it describes her upbringing and her quick rise to power as Governor of Alaska.

The book was called the "definitive primer" on Palin as of the time of her vice presidential nomination.

## History

The author, Kaylene Johnson, is a longtime Alaska resident who lives outside of Wasilla, where Palin had served as mayor. Epicenter Press, which published the book, is a small publisher of books about Alaska, based in Seattle, Washington, run by editor Kent Sturgis, who was raised in Alaska.

Surgis approached Johnson for a "quick turnaround" biography of Palin, who was then Governor of Alaska. He gave her three months to write the book, which would be published and distributed within a further three months. She accepted because she had long admired Palin and wanted to learn more about the Governor.

In September 2008, after Palin's nomination as vice president, it was reprinted by Tyndale House.

## Public and critical reception

The book had been selling relatively well in Alaska, with 6,500 books in print and 3,500 on order four months after publication. However, the vice presidential nomination by John McCain of the book's subject, who was then relatively unknown as a national political leader, caused an upsurge of interest. The day after McCain's announcement Barnes & Noble telephoned for an order of 15,000 copies. As of late October 2008, the book had been on *The New York Times* Best Seller list for six weeks, peaking at number three, with more than 350,000 in print.

The book has been described as "upbeat", "friendly", "admiring", and "laudatory".

## InfoBox

Sarah: How a Hockey Mom Turned Alaska's Political Establishment Upside Down
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Kaylene Johnson |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Biography |
| Publisher | Epicenter Press |
| Publication date | May 2008 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Pages | 160 |
| ISBN | 978-0-9790470-8-4 |
| Dewey Decimal | 979.8/052092 B 22 |
| LC Class | F910.7.P35 J64 2008 |