title: Robert Jenison House

abstract: The Robert Jenison House is a historic house at 1 Frost Road in Natick, Massachusetts. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney, and clapboard siding. The house was built c. 1738 by Robert Jenison. It is one of the town's oldest buildings, and its builder is known to have built a number of other houses in Sudbury and Sherborn. The house was originally part of a 200 acre tract of land that was sold by the Natick Indians despite protests from John Eliot. There is an outbuilding on the property that is marked as the site where Vice President Henry Wilson learned to make shoes. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, where it is listed at 470 Winter Street.

text:
# Robert Jenison House

The **Robert Jenison House** is a historic house at 1 Frost Road in Natick, Massachusetts. It is a 2+12-story wood-frame house, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney, and clapboard siding. The house was built c. 1738 by Robert Jenison. It is one of the town's oldest buildings, and its builder is known to have built a number of other houses in Sudbury and Sherborn. The house was originally part of a 200 acre tract of land that was sold by the Natick Indians despite protests from John Eliot. There is an outbuilding on the property that is marked as the site where Vice President Henry Wilson learned to make shoes.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, where it is listed at 470 Winter Street.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Robert Jenison House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Natick, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°19′21″N 71°20′9″W / 42.32250°N 71.33583°W / 42.32250; -71.33583 |
| Built | 1738 |
| Architect | Robert Jenison |
| NRHP reference No. | 78000456 |
| Added to NRHP | September 6, 1978 |


title: Electricity Corporation of New Zealand

abstract: The Electricity Corporation of New Zealand Ltd (ECNZ), also known as Electricorp is a New Zealand state-owned enterprise (SOE) formed on 1 April 1987, as a transition entity in the process of deregulating the New Zealand electricity market. Most of ECNZ's remaining liabilities were resolved in the late 2000s, and ECNZ is now a residual entity with the sole remaining task of winding up a series of land title issues.

text:
# Electricity Corporation of New Zealand

The **Electricity Corporation of New Zealand Ltd** (**ECNZ**), also known as **Electricorp** is a New Zealand state-owned enterprise (SOE) formed on 1 April 1987, as a transition entity in the process of deregulating the New Zealand electricity market. Most of ECNZ's remaining liabilities were resolved in the late 2000s, and ECNZ is now a residual entity with the sole remaining task of winding up a series of land title issues.

## Formation

In the 1980s the New Zealand Electricity Department (NZED), a government department, controlled and operated almost all New Zealand electricity generation and operated the electricity transmission grid. The first phase of deregulation saw the New Zealand Government corporatise the NZED and form the state-owned enterprise ECNZ.

## Division

In 1994, Transpower was separated from ECNZ and created as an SOE to own and operate the national grid. In 1996, ECNZ was split into two SOEs, ECNZ and Contact Energy, and on 1 April 1999 ECNZ was split into three electricity generation SOEs:

All three remain in existence, along with Contact Energy and Manawa Energy (formerly Trustpower, which was split into an electrical retailer business and a separate generation company (Manawa). The retail arm was sold to Mercury).

ECNZ was originally proposed to be wound up by 2009, but resolving the few remaining land title issues has taken years longer than originally expected.


title: Boletinellaceae

abstract: Boletinellaceae are a small family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterized by small pores on the underside of the cap rather than gills. Though in the order Boletales, research shows they and Gyroporaceae are more closely related to earthballs of Sclerodermataceae than Boletaceae. Genera include Boletinellus and Phlebopus, the latter genus showing some Gondwanan distribution found in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. It contains the gigantic Phlebopus marginatus, the cap of which can reach 1 metre in diameter.

text:
# Boletinellaceae

**Boletinellaceae** are a small family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterized by small pores on the underside of the cap rather than gills. Though in the order Boletales, research shows they and Gyroporaceae are more closely related to earthballs of Sclerodermataceae than Boletaceae.

Genera include *Boletinellus* and *Phlebopus*, the latter genus showing some Gondwanan distribution found in Australia, Sri Lanka and elsewhere. It contains the gigantic *Phlebopus marginatus*, the cap of which can reach 1 metre in diameter.

## InfoBox

| Boletinellaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Boletinellus merulioides* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Suborder: | Sclerodermatineae |
| Family: | Boletinellaceae
P.M.Kirk, P.F.Cannon & J.C.David (2001) |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Boletinellus*
Murrill (1909) | |
| Genera | |
| *Boletinellus*
*Phlebopus* | |


title: Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones

abstract: Bernardo de Irigoyen is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. It has 10,889 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [INDEC], and is the head town of the General Manuel Belgrano Department. It carries the name of prominent politician and diplomat Bernardo de Irigoyen.

text:
# Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones

**Bernardo de Irigoyen** is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. It has 10,889 inhabitants as per the 2001 census \[INDEC\], and is the head town of the General Manuel Belgrano Department. It carries the name of prominent politician and diplomat Bernardo de Irigoyen.

## Geography

### Location

The city is located in the easternmost point of Argentina, on the border with Brazil, next to Dionísio Cerqueira (state of Santa Catarina) and Barracão (state of Paraná), an important entrance to the country. It lies on Barracón Hill, at an altitude of 835 m, the highest point in Misiones, by National Route 14, which connects the Argentine Mesopotamia with other regions.

The municipality contains part of the 84,000 hectares (210,000 acres) Urugua-í Provincial Park, created in 1990.

### Climate

Bernardo de Irigoyen has a humid subtropical climate with abundant rainfall in every season (*Cfa* in Köppen climate classification), closely bordering a subtropical highland climate (*Cfb*) as the hottest month averages exactly 22 °C or 71.6 °F). Due to its elevation, it has the coolest climate among the cities of Misiones province, with an annual mean of 18.3 °C or 64.9 °F.

| Climate data for Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones (1991–2020, extremes 1984–present) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.3
(95.5) | 34.3
(93.7) | 35.7
(96.3) | 31.2
(88.2) | 29.1
(84.4) | 26.3
(79.3) | 27.3
(81.1) | 31.8
(89.2) | 35.3
(95.5) | 35.2
(95.4) | 33.7
(92.7) | 34.7
(94.5) | 35.7
(96.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.1
(82.6) | 27.6
(81.7) | 26.9
(80.4) | 24.4
(75.9) | 20.6
(69.1) | 19.3
(66.7) | 19.6
(67.3) | 22.1
(71.8) | 23.3
(73.9) | 25.0
(77.0) | 26.3
(79.3) | 27.5
(81.5) | 24.2
(75.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.9
(73.2) | 22.6
(72.7) | 21.7
(71.1) | 19.6
(67.3) | 16.2
(61.2) | 15.2
(59.4) | 14.9
(58.8) | 16.9
(62.4) | 18.0
(64.4) | 19.8
(67.6) | 21.0
(69.8) | 22.5
(72.5) | 19.3
(66.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.0
(66.2) | 18.8
(65.8) | 17.9
(64.2) | 15.9
(60.6) | 12.9
(55.2) | 11.9
(53.4) | 11.2
(52.2) | 12.8
(55.0) | 13.8
(56.8) | 15.6
(60.1) | 16.5
(61.7) | 18.3
(64.9) | 15.4
(59.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 9.8
(49.6) | 9.1
(48.4) | 5.9
(42.6) | 1.7
(35.1) | −1.0
(30.2) | −1.7
(28.9) | −3.7
(25.3) | −3.1
(26.4) | −0.5
(31.1) | 2.5
(36.5) | 3.9
(39.0) | 7.7
(45.9) | −3.7
(25.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 207.1
(8.15) | 189.1
(7.44) | 181.0
(7.13) | 173.9
(6.85) | 196.1
(7.72) | 185.5
(7.30) | 135.2
(5.32) | 106.4
(4.19) | 198.1
(7.80) | 277.9
(10.94) | 194.8
(7.67) | 204.5
(8.05) | 2,249.6
(88.57) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.5 | 12.8 | 11.8 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 12.8 | 131.1 |
| Average snowy days | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77.6 | 78.6 | 77.9 | 77.7 | 79.0 | 79.8 | 74.5 | 67.4 | 70.4 | 75.3 | 72.1 | 75.2 | 75.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 229.4 | 200.6 | 213.9 | 204.0 | 179.8 | 159.0 | 186.0 | 207.7 | 180.0 | 192.0 | 231.0 | 229.4 | 2,412.8 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.4 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 6.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 51.7 | 47.6 | 53.9 | 55.8 | 58.6 | 48.3 | 55.9 | 57.9 | 46.2 | 45.0 | 58.8 | 52.9 | 52.7 |
| Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (percent sun 1991–2000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Secretaria de Mineria | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

* Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (in Spanish)

## InfoBox

| Bernardo de Irigoyen | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Bernardo de IrigoyenLocation of Bernardo de Irigoyen in ArgentinaBernardo de IrigoyenBernardo de Irigoyen (Argentina) | |
| Coordinates: 26°15′S 53°59′W / 26.250°S 53.983°W / -26.250; -53.983 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Misiones |
| Department | General Manuel Belgrano |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,064 km2 (411 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 835 m (2,740 ft) |
| Population (2001 census) | |
| Total | 10,889 |
| Density | 10/km2 (27/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |
| CPA base | 3366 |
| Dialing code | +54 3741 |


title: Chumbe Island

abstract: Chumbe Island is a private island in the Mjini Magharibi Region, Tanzania, off the coast of Mjini District. It is situated in the Zanzibar Channel. The island is known for its ecological innovation and exceptional coral reefs. The Chumbe Lighthouse is also located on the island.

text:
# Chumbe Island

**Chumbe Island** (*Kisiwa cha Chumbe*, in Swahili) is a private island in the Mjini Magharibi Region, Tanzania, off the coast of Mjini District. It is situated in the Zanzibar Channel. The island is known for its ecological innovation and exceptional coral reefs. The Chumbe Lighthouse is also located on the island.

## Overview

The island has two historic buildings, a small Swahili mosque and the lighthouse, both built around the beginning of the 20th century. In 1992 the fringing reef west of Chumbe Island was officially closed to fishing, boating, and diving. In 1994, the island and its surrounding waters were declared the Chumbe Island Coral Park, which contains the Chumbe Reef Sanctuary and the Closed Forest Reserve. The park is run by the nonprofit private organization Chumbe Island Coral Park, Ltd. (CHICOP), which conducts marine research and small amounts of eco-tourism on the island.

After the government of Tanzania established the protected area around the island and the fringing coral reef in 1994, the government gave the management rights to CHICOP, which is in charge of the CHICOP management plant. The Chumbe Reef Sanctuary is registered as a marine protected area by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and the first marine park in TanzaniaThe high quality of the reef is attributable to the fact that the island was within a military zone which limited human impact on the marine life.

## Private Marine Park

Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CHICOP) is a private nature reserve that was developed from 1991 for the conservation and sustainable management of uninhabited Chumbe Island off Zanzibar, one of the last pristine coral islands in the region.

The park includes a fully protected coral reef sanctuary and forest reserve that harbour extremely rare and endangered animals, a Visitor and Education centre, a small eco-lodge, nature trails and historical ruins. All buildings and operations are based on state-of-the-art eco-technology aiming at zero impact on the environment (rainwater catchment, photovoltaic energy and solar water heating, composting toilets, vegetative greywater filtration etc.).

The company objectives are non-commercial, while operations follow commercial principles. The overall aim of CHICOP is to create a model of financially and ecologically sustainable Park management, where ecotourism supports conservation, research and comprehensive Environmental Education programs for local schools and other benefits for local people.

CHICOP has won several awards relating to its environmental and sustainable development work, most notably the UN 500 Roll of Honour:

One of the main settings in Giles Foden's 2002 novel *Zanzibar*, the island of Lyly, appears to be based on Chumbe Island. As depicted by the author, Lyly Island has a lighthouse and a mosque.

## Biodiversity

Chumbe Island and the surrounding area display an exceptional amount of biodiversity in both plant and animal life. For example, at least 90% of all hard coral species that have been recorded in Eastern African reefs have been found near Chumbe Island. In addition to coral, around 400 fish species that are part of 50 fish families have been documented, including more rare species of fish like the Giant Grouper, *Epinephelus lanceolatus.*

Seabirds such as roseate terns have successfully bred on Chumbe Island, as well and coconut crabs are frequently seen. The creation of this protected area has allowed for the free breeding of fish, coral and other marine species that have begun to repopulate the over-exploited nearby areas such as those directly off the coast of Zanzibar.

### Important Bird Area

A 4,000 ha site encompassing adjacent Kombeni and Kiwani bays on the south-western side of Unguja as well as Chumbe Island, has been designated an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Terek sandpipers, crab plovers, as well as the breeding colony of some 750 pairs of roseate terns on Chumbe, as estimated in 1994.

* Chumbe Island website
* Description of park management "Private sector management of marine protected areas - The Chumbe Island Coral Park Project in Zanzibar, Tanzania." Proceedings of the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) Regional Workshop for the Indian Ocean, Maputo, Mozambique. 26–28 November 2001.

## InfoBox

Chumbe Island
| Old Swahili mosque on Chumbe Island of Zanzibar | |
| --- | --- |
| Chumbe Island | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Zanzibar Channel |
| Coordinates | 06°16′39″S 39°10′59″E / 6.27750°S 39.18306°E / -6.27750; 39.18306 |
| Archipelago | Zanzibar Archipelago |
| Adjacent to | Indian Ocean |
| Length | 1.0 km (0.62 mi) |
| Width | 0.3 km (0.19 mi) |
| Administration | |
| **Tanzania** | |
| Region | Mjini Magharibi Region |
| District | Mjini |
| Ward | Malindi |
| Demographics | |
| Languages | Swahili |
| Ethnic groups | Hadimu |


title: Praesepe (company)

abstract: Praesepe plc, formerly known as Aldgate, is a British bingo, arcade gaming and gambling company formed in 2007 and is based in Milton Keynes. It owns the high street gambling arcade chain Cashino.

text:
# Praesepe (company)

**Praesepe plc**, formerly known as **Aldgate**, is a British bingo, arcade gaming and gambling company formed in 2007 and is based in Milton Keynes. It owns the high street gambling arcade chain Cashino.

## History

Praesepe was founded in October 2007 by Nick Harding and a private equity firm Marwyn Partners as Aldgate Capital PLC.

In 2008, the company acquired Shipley Amusements for £25 million.

In autumn 2012, Praesepe became a subsidiary of Gauselmann, the German gaming and gambling company founded by Paul Gauselmann.

## InfoBox

Praesepe
| Industry | Gambling |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2007 |
| Founder | Nick Harding |
| Headquarters | Milton Keynes, UK |
| Parent | Gauselmann |
| Subsidiaries | Cashino |


title: Poundarigapuram

abstract:
Poundarigapuram is a village in the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
In older days the village name Poundarigapuram is also known as "Yenathimangalam" Poundarigapuram is a small village located near the temple town of Kumbakonam. Nestling among the fertile fields, nurtured by the soothing waters of the river Kaveri, the village, although small in size, is great in name and fame.
In fact, the village derives its name from Poundarika, a special type of yaga. Ayya Kumara Tata Desika, who was the Rajaguru to the ruler of Thanjavur, performed this special yaga in Vennar Bank near Thanjavur, about three hundred years ago. This village was set up and named Poundarikapura, in commemoration of this special yaga.
This village are nearby all Navagraha temples.

text:
# Poundarigapuram

**Poundarigapuram** is a village in the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. In older days the village name Poundarigapuram is also known as "Yenathimangalam"

Poundarigapuram is a small village located near the temple town of Kumbakonam. Nestling among the fertile fields, nurtured by the soothing waters of the river Kaveri, the village, although small in size, is great in name and fame. In fact, the village derives its name from Poundarika, a special type of yaga. Ayya Kumara Tata Desika, who was the Rajaguru to the ruler of Thanjavur, performed this special yaga in Vennar Bank near Thanjavur, about three hundred years ago. This village was set up and named Poundarikapura, in commemoration of this special yaga. This village are nearby all Navagraha temples.

## Nearby temples

1. Uppliyappan koil = 3 km
2. Raghusthalam = 3km
3. Sri prithiyangiradevi temple = 2km
4. Suriyanar koil = 10km
5. Mahamaham tank =11 km

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Poundarigapuram had a total population of 3089 with 1542 males and 1547 females. The sex ratio was 1003. The literacy rate was 76.37

* "Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001". Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009.

## InfoBox

| Poundarigapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Thanjavur |
| Taluk | Kumbakonam |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 3,089 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TN 68 |


title: Eddie Carnett

abstract: Edwin Elliott Carnett was an American professional baseball player. He played in the major leagues, primarily as an outfielder and first baseman, appearing for three different teams during the 1940s. Listed at 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) and 185 lb (84 kg), he batted and threw left-handed.

text:
# Eddie Carnett

**Edwin Elliott Carnett** (October 21, 1916 – November 4, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He played in the major leagues, primarily as an outfielder and first baseman, appearing for three different teams during the 1940s. Listed at 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) and 185 lb (84 kg), he batted and threw left-handed.

## Baseball career

Carnett was noticed by big league scouts when he was pitching in high school. He was signed by the Chicago Cubs in 1935, assigned to the Class C Ponca City Angels of the Western Association in his hometown, Ponca City, Oklahoma, and won 19 games. In 1936, he was in spring training with the Los Angeles Angels, the Cubs' top farm club in the Pacific Coast League, but an accident during a "pepper" game led to a serious shoulder injury that jeopardized his career. He was reassigned back to Ponca City, pitched with the injury and lost ten straight games, took off some time to work on his hitting, and then won 16 consecutive games.

Carnett, nicknamed "Lefty", entered the major leagues in 1941 with the Boston Braves, playing in two games before joining the United States Navy during World War II (1942–43). After he was discharged, he played for the Chicago White Sox in 1944 and the Cleveland Indians in 1945, mostly as an outfielder and first baseman. In his three-season career, Carnett pitched 513 innings in six appearances, and posted a 3.40 earned run average with four strikeouts, three walks, and no decisions. His career batting statistics included a .268 batting average with 25 doubles, 8 triples, 1 home run, and 67 runs batted in.

After World War II ended, he played for the AAA PCL Seattle Rainiers in 1946 before returning to Class C balls and eventually returned to Ponca City to play for the Jets in 1954 and 1955 prior to their moving to Gainesville, Texas.

## Death

Carnett died in November 2016 in Ringling, Oklahoma, two weeks after celebrating his 100th birthday. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living former Major League Baseball player; that distinction then passed to Bobby Doerr, who was born on April 7, 1918.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Eddie Carnett | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Outfielder / First baseman** | |
| **Born:** (1916-10-21)October 21, 1916
Springfield, Missouri, U.S. | |
| **Died:** November 4, 2016(2016-11-04) (aged 100)
Ringling, Oklahoma, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 19, 1941, for the Boston Braves | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 7, 1945, for the Cleveland Indians | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .268 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 67 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Eddie Carr (American football)

abstract: Edwin Forest "Eddie" Carr was an American professional football halfback who played three season in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the San Francisco 49ers.

text:
# Eddie Carr (American football)

**Edwin Forest "Eddie" Carr** (April 27, 1923 - January 7, 2011) was an American professional football halfback who played three season in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the San Francisco 49ers.

## Biography

Carr was born in 1923. He attended Olney High School in Philadelphia where he won three letters in football, three in baseball, and one in basketball. He then attended Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania. He was selected as the most valuable player on the Valley Forge football team in 1945.

Carr signed with the San Francisco 49ers in 1947. At the time, he was reported to be 19 or 20 years old, though databases indicate that he was actually 24 years old in the fall of 1947. He played at the halfback position for the 49ers from 1947 to 1949, appearing in a total of 30 AAFC games, three as a starter. He totaled 283 rushing yards and 246 receiving yards, intercepted 14 passes, and scored nine touchdowns.

During the 1949 season, Carr sustained a severe leg injury. He was leading the AAFC in interceptions at the time of his injury. He underwent surgery and attempted a comeback in 1950. He re-injured the leg and was advised by doctors to stop playing football. Instead, Carr sought to rehabilitate the leg, lifting a 50-pound weight with the leg 200 times a day. He signed a new contract with the 49ers in 1952 but did not appear in any further regular-season games.

Carr died on January 7, 2011, at the age of 87.

## InfoBox

Eddie Carr
| Eddie Carr in 1949 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | April 27, 1923 |
| Died: | January 7, 2011<br>Pasco County, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 185 lb (84 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Olney (PA) |
| College: | none |
| Position: | Halfback |
| Career history | |
| San Francisco 49ers* (1947-1949) | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played: 30  Starts: 3  Yards rushing: 283  Yards receiving: 246  Touchdowns: 8  Interceptions: 16 | |
|  | |


title: Poulamon

abstract: Poulamon is a community in Isle Madame, in the province of Nova Scotia, located in Richmond County. On the Western side of Poulamon is Martinique and on the Eastern side is D'Escousse Poulamon or "Poulamond" translated from French means tomcod, also commonly known as frostfish in reference to the Microgadus tomcod that was once swam abundant around Isle Madame. Poulamon, like the rest of Isle Madame has many historic building stock including the Former "Beaton's General Store" which once served as the location for a blacksmith shop, barber shop and fish processing facility among other businesses. In the 1800s and early 1900s Poulamon had a strong agricultural base with cattle and sheep grazing occurring on Eagle Island and Crow Island brought there by boat from Poulamon.

text:
# Poulamon

class=notpageimage|Poulamon in Nova Scotia

**Poulamon** is a community in Isle Madame, in the province of Nova Scotia, located in Richmond County. On the Western side of Poulamon is Martinique and on the Eastern side is D'Escousse

Poulamon or "Poulamond" translated from French means tomcod, also commonly known as frostfish in reference to the Microgadus tomcod that was once swam abundant around Isle Madame.

Poulamon, like the rest of Isle Madame has many historic (status and non-status) building stock including the Former "Beaton's General Store" which once served as the location for a blacksmith shop, barber shop and fish processing facility among other businesses.

In the 1800s and early 1900s Poulamon had a strong agricultural base with cattle and sheep grazing occurring on Eagle Island and Crow Island brought there by boat from Poulamon.

45°34′58.98″N 61°0′39.08″W / 45.5830500°N 61.0108556°W / 45.5830500; -61.0108556 (Poulamon, Nova Scotia)


title: Edenton, Ohio

abstract: Edenton is a small unincorporated community in Wayne Township, Clermont County, Ohio. State Routes 133 and 727 intersect through it, and Stonelick State Park is nearby.

text:
# Edenton, Ohio

**Edenton** is a small unincorporated community in Wayne Township, Clermont County, Ohio. State Routes 133 and 727 intersect through it, and Stonelick State Park is nearby.

## History

Edenton was laid out in 1837. A post office called Edenton was established in 1848, and remained in operation until 1983.

## Notable people

* H. Anna Quinby (1871–1931), lawyer, editor, business manager, social reformer

39°13′41″N 84°03′11″W / 39.228°N 84.053°W / 39.228; -84.053

## InfoBox

| Edenton, Ohio | |
| --- | --- |
| **Edenton** | |
| Coordinates: 39°13′41″N 84°03′11″W / 39.228°N 84.053°W / 39.228; -84.053 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Ohio |
| County | Clermont County |
| Township | Wayne Township |


title: Edenticosa

abstract: Edenticosa is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 1960 by Roewer. As of 2017, it contains only one species, Edenticosa edentula, on the island of Bioko.

text:
# Edenticosa

***Edenticosa*** is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 1960 by Roewer. As of 2017, it contains only one species, ***Edenticosa edentula***, on the island of Bioko.

## InfoBox

| *Edenticosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Lycosidae |
| Genus: | *Edenticosa* |
| Species: | ***E. edentula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Edenticosa edentula***<br>(Simon, 1910) | |
|


title: Prajnalok Mahasthavir

abstract: Prajnalok Mahasthavir (1879–1971) was a scholar, writer and orator of Pali and a preacher, educationist and writer of Buddhism.

text:
# Prajnalok Mahasthavir

**Prajnalok Mahasthavir** (1879–1971) was a scholar, writer and orator of Pali and a preacher, educationist and writer of Buddhism.

## Life

Born on 31 December 1879 as Dharmaraj Barua in the village of Vaidyapara in Boalkhali, Chittagong, he came in contact with Acharya Punnachar Mahasthavir at the age of 21. He received from the acharya *shramanya* and *upasampada* at Shakyamuni Vihara and in 1909 he studied Dharma and Vinaya at Naikhaine. Returning to Bengal, he formed an association called *Zinshasan Samagam* with his young vikkhu student friends to propagate Buddhism.

In Akyab, he established the *Bangiya Bauddha Samity* and a vihara with support from Bengali Buddhists, and was made principal of Dharmadut Vihara. In 1928, Prajnalok and Sudhanshu Bimal Barua, along with a number of Buddhists of Bengali origin, established the Buddhist Mission Press in Rangoon. The Press, which was destroyed in bombing during World War II, initiated the study of the Tripitaka in Bengali and, in 1930, started to publish the periodical *Sanghashakti*. When the Press was destroyed, Prajnalok walked back home through northern Burma and Assam. He died in Chittagong on 12 May 1971.

## Work

He wrote and edited more than thirty books, including *Mahavagga* (1937), a translation of *Vinayapitaka* published by the *Tripitaka Publication Fund* in Chittagong. While in Sitakunda, he translated Vikkhu Patimokhka's writings with commentaries and wrote textbooks *Pali Patham Sikkha*and *Vikkhu Kartavya O Grhi Kartavya*. He also translated, compiled and edited *Milinda Prashna* (2 volumes), *Theragatha, Lokaniti*, *Telaktaha Gatha*, *Pali Tripitaka* (pamphlet), *Prabas Suhrd*, *Grhiniti*, *Namrup*, *Buddher Yoganiti*, *Bidarshan Bhavana*, *Aryasatya*, *Dhammapada*, *Sutta Vibhanga* and *Buddher Dharma Parichaya*.

## InfoBox

| Prajnalok Mahasthavir | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dharmaraj Barua
31 December 1879
Vaidyapara in Boalkhali, Chittagong |
| Occupation(s) | Scholar, writer and orator of Pali and a preacher, educationist and writer of Buddhism |
| Notable work | Wrote and edited more than thirty books, including *Mahavagga* (1937) |


title: Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2003

abstract: The 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe was the 56th Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The Fringe ran from 3–25 August 2003 and presented 1541 shows over 207 venues. 2003 was the first year that over one million tickets were sold at the Fringe.

text:
# Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2003

The **2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe** was the 56th Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The Fringe ran from 3–25 August 2003 and presented 1541 shows over 207 venues. 2003 was the first year that over one million tickets were sold at the Fringe.

## Venues

The Pod, a 400-seater theatre on Festival Square, was erected for the first time and hosted acts including Daniel Kitson, Tommy Tiernan and Danny Bhoy

The Spiegeltent moved to a new location on George Square Gardens, to where it has returned each year since.

Unusual venues at the 2003 Fringe included a public toilet, a bus and a lift.

## Awards

### Comedy

#### Perrier Comedy Awards

**Perrier Comedy Award**

Winner:

Nominees:

**Best Newcomer Award**

Winner:

Nominees:

#### So You Think You're Funny?

#### BBC New Comedy Award

### Theatre

#### Scotsman Fringe First Awards

* *Pandora 88* (Fabrik)
* *Those Eyes, That Mouth* (Grid Iron Theatre Company)
* *Pugilist Specialist* (The Riot Group)
* *The People Next Door* (Traverse Theatre Company)
* *Boy Steals Train* (78th Street Theatre Lab)
* *NE 2nd Avenue* (Teo Castellanos)
* *Pickle* (Indian ink)
* *Baby Jane: Show Number 113* (The People Show)
* *The Birds of Sarajevo* (Théâtre de la Fenêtre)
* *The Echo Chamber* (en masse theatre)
* *Love, Sex and Cider* (Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama)
* *Thebans* (Theatre Babel)
* *White Cabin* (Akhe Group)
* *Ladies and Gents* (Semper Fi)
* *A Very Naughty Boy* (VSM)


title: Edinburgh Festival Fringe 1948

abstract: The 1948 Edinburgh Festival Fringe was the second edition of what would become the world's largest arts festival, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It was in this year the word "Fringe" is commonly accepted as having first been associated with the event, after it was used by an Edinburgh Evening News critic. The term would come to define the event, and spawn the genre of fringe theatre. It was, however, still several years before it became common parlance in connection with the event or theatre in general, and also some time before any formal organisation of the event took place.

text:
# Edinburgh Festival Fringe 1948

The **1948 Edinburgh Festival Fringe** was the second edition of what would become the world's largest arts festival, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It was in this year the word "Fringe" is commonly accepted as having first been associated with the event, after it was used by an Edinburgh Evening News critic. The term would come to define the event, and spawn the genre of fringe theatre. It was, however, still several years before it became common parlance in connection with the event or theatre in general, and also some time before any formal organisation of the event took place.

## Background

The previous year, eight theatre companies had performed, uninvited, in Edinburgh during the "official" Edinburgh International Festival in August, which had been set up to help the reconciliation and rebuilding process in Europe after the Second World War. They had not had the explicit intention of establishing an actual unofficial event of their own, merely they sought to take advantage of the presence of audiences to showcase their own works, or, in certain cases, such as that of Glasgow Unity Theatre, perhaps make a statement about the elitism of the official festival. They referred to themselves as the "Festival Adjuncts" or elsewhere as the "Semi Official Festival".

Shows had received good reviews and been well-attended, which was a factor in groups returning to do likewise in 1948.

## Participants

The participants remained broadly the same. Returning groups included local group the Christine Orr Players, Glasgow Unity Theatre, and the Pilgrim Players from England. However, there were also new companies taking part, including the Glyndebourne Children's Theatre.

## Programme

A similar set of venues was used for the 1948 event as had been used in 1947. The YMCA on South St Andrew Street again hosted the Christine Orr Players, while the Gateway Theatre also housed productions. A list (incomplete) of participating productions includes:

## Reception

The most historically significant press notice that the event attracted was that of playwright and journalist Robert Kemp in the Edinburgh Evening News on 14 August 1948:

> 'Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!'

This is considered to be the origin of the phrase "fringe" to describe the event, and, by extension, fringe theatre in general.

## Bibliography


title: Edgar Sanderson

abstract: Edgar Sanderson (1838–1907) was an English cleric, schoolteacher and historical writer.

text:
# Edgar Sanderson

**Edgar Sanderson** (1838–1907) was an English cleric, schoolteacher and historical writer.

## Life

Born at Nottingham on 25 January 1838, he was son of Edgar Sanderson by his wife Eliza Rumsey; his father owned a lace-factory in Nottingham, and later kept schools at Stockwell and Streatham Common. The younger Sanderson was educated at the City of London School and at Clare College, Cambridge from 1856, where he won a scholarship. He graduated B.A. in 1860, proceeding M.A. in 1866.

After holding a mastership at King's Lynn grammar school, Sanderson was ordained deacon in 1862 and priest in 1863. At first curate of St. Dunstan's, Stepney, while master of Stepney grammar school, he held successively curacies at Burcombe-cum-Broadway in Dorset (with a mastership at Weymouth school), and at Chieveley, Berkshire. From 1870 to 1873 Sanderson was headmaster of Stockwell grammar school; from 1873 to 1877 of Macclesfield grammar school; and from 1877 to 1881 of Huntingdon grammar school.

Subsequently, Sanderson lived at Streatham Common, writing educational manuals and popular historical works. He died at 23 Barrow Road, Streatham Common, on 31 December 1907, and was buried at Norwood cemetery.

## Works

Sanderson's major works, which sold well, were:

* *History of the British Empire*, 1882; 20th edit. 1906. A handbook.
* *Outlines of the World's History, Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern*, 1885, issued both in four parts and in one volume; revised edit. 1910.
* *History of the World from the Earliest Historical Time to 1898*, 1898.
* *The British Empire in the 19th Century: its Progress and Expansion at Home and Abroad*, 6 vols. 1898-9 (with engravings and maps); reissued in 1901 as *The British Empire at Home and Abroad*.
* *King Edward VII: His Life & Reign. The Record of a Noble Career*, 6 vols. posthumously published 1910; completed by Lewis Melville.

## Family

Sanderson married in 1864 Laetitia Jane, elder daughter of Matthew Denycloe, surgeon, of Bridport. She died in October 1894, leaving two sons and four daughters.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Sanderson, Edgar". *Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement)*. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Edita Ungurytė

abstract: Edita Ungurytė is a road cyclist from Lithuania. She represented her nation at the 2009 UCI Road World Championships.

text:
# Edita Ungurytė

**Edita Ungurytė** (born 30 July 1987) is a road cyclist from Lithuania. She represented her nation at the 2009 UCI Road World Championships.

## InfoBox

Edita Ungurytė
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1987-07-30) 30 July 1987<br>Panevėžys, Lithuania |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road cycling |
| Professional teams | |
| 2008 | Usc Chirio Forno D'asolo |
| 2010 | Acs Chirio-Forno D'asolo |
|  | |


title: Editar Adhiambo Ochieng

abstract: Editar Adhiambo Ochieng is a Kenyan activist and feminist who advocates for women's rights and supports survivors of sexual violence. In 2020, Ochieng became the first winner of the Wangari Maathai Award in Kenya for her contribution to curb the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in the Kibera slum.

text:
# Editar Adhiambo Ochieng

**Editar Adhiambo Ochieng** is a Kenyan activist and feminist who advocates for women's rights and supports survivors of sexual violence. In 2020, Ochieng became the first winner of the Wangari Maathai Award in Kenya for her contribution to curb the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in the Kibera slum.

## Personal life

Ochieng was born and raised in Kibera, one of the largest slums in Nairobi. At the age of six, she was raped, and at 16 years old, Ochieng was gang-raped after which her attackers publicly bragged about their crime. Ochieng refers to these personal experiences as examples of the normalized sexual violence against women and highlights the strength of women strength in enduring such crimes. Ochieng states that this obsolete mindset serves as the driving force for her activism.

## Career

Ochieng founded the Feminist for Peace, Rights and Justice Centre in Kibera. She is an intersectional feminist. Her centre aims to build leadership among young women, serving as a multi-generational organizing and networking platform. Ochieng encourages women to speak their stories and raise awareness to showcase the commonality of these experiences. The centre she runs serves as a support network for vulnerable women, such as those leaving abusive relationships. According to the government of Kenya, 45% of women and girls ages 15–49 have experienced violence. Many cases go unreported, and few receive medical care or justice.

Ochieng's work addresses a range of issues faced by women in the community. She provides sanitary products to vulnerable women, supports the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 as a way to include women in peace and security plans, and educates women on their constitutional rights. She is also a Toolkit Organiser with Peace Brigades International Kenya, collaborating with other Nairobi women human rights defenders (WHRD). She was among 56+ people arrested during a march on July 7, 2020 against police brutality, as over 100 people had been killed by Kenyan police up to that point in 2020.

### COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Ochieng coordinated door-to-door services, food donations, and reusable masks for sexual violence survivors and vulnerable women in the community, as well as regularly informing locals about the pandemic. To prioritise food and relief, Ochieng mapped out the most vulnerable areas of the settlement. She is also responsible for the creation of a 'Feminist Library', which seeks to educate children who are unable to attend school due to the health crisis.

Ochieng was a panelist during the annual discussion on the human rights of women held by the UN Human Rights Council, which was centered around the theme of COVID-19 and women's rights.

Ochieng unsuccessfully vied for a parliamentary seat in the Kibra Constituency on the Ukweli party's ticket during the by-election of November 7, 2019, garnering 59 votes out of a total of 41,984 cast. This was after she qualified in primaries and her name was published in the competitive list of politicians who participated in the by-election that was held in 2019 November.

### Awards

In 2020, Ochieng's contributions in Kibera during the COVID-19 pandemic were recognised when she won the Wangari Maathai Award, making her the first recipient of the award.

1. pm, Michael Musyoka on 9 June 2020-2:39. "Former Kibra Aspirant Editar Ochieng' Wins Wangari Maathai Award". *Kenyans.co.ke*. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
2. "Kibra Activist Editar Ochieng' Wins Wangari Maathai Award". *Muhabarishaji*. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
3. "Editar Adhiambo Ochieng, Kenyan Woman Human Rights Defender | PBI United Kingdom". *peacebrigades.org.uk*. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
4. "A Trip Through Kenya's Kibera Slum". International Medical Corps. 27 March 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
5. "THE DEFENDERS - WOMEN'S SAFETY". *the-defenders.co.uk*. Archived from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
6. "Faces of 4 brilliant, youthful Kenyan women doing greatness behind progressive politics arena". *www.msn.com*. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
7. "HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL HOLDS SECOND PANEL OF ITS ANNUAL FULL-DAY DISCUSSION ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF WOMEN ON COVID-19 AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS, THEN HOLDS INTERACTIVE DIALOGUE WITH THE COMMISSION OF INQUIRY ON BURUNDI | UN GENEVA". *www.ungeneva.org*. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
8. am, John Paul Simiyu on 8 November 2019-7:52. "IEBC Announces Kibra Final Tally \[VIDEO\]". *Kenyans.co.ke*. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)


title: Edita Vilkevičiūtė

abstract: Edita Vilkevičiūtė is a Lithuanian model. Throughout her whole career, she has appeared in 25 Vogue covers. In 2015, she was one of the highest paid models in the world thanks to the frangrace ads for Roberto Cavalli and Viktor & Rolf.

text:
# Edita Vilkevičiūtė

**Edita Vilkevičiūtė** (born 1 January 1989) is a Lithuanian model. Throughout her whole career, she has appeared in 25 Vogue covers. In 2015, she was one of the highest paid models in the world thanks to the frangrace ads for Roberto Cavalli and Viktor & Rolf.

## Early life

Vilkevičiūtė was born on New Year's Day in 1989. She has a younger sister who is an event planner, her father is a teacher, and her mother is a homemaker. Vilkevičiūtė described her childhood as "simple and perfect" with "a lot of nature around and forests." She learned instruments, played basketball, and rode horses.

## Career

Vilkevičiūtė was on holiday in Palanga when she was encouraged to enter a modeling contest organized by D-Max management, model agency in Vilnius . With her father's permission, she was first placed to a small agency in Spain, called "lagencia". The start was not great until she was noticed and signed by Women Management's Milan division at the age of 17 years, later, VIVA in Paris in 2006. Her runway debut was at Just Cavalli for the spring/summer 2006 shows in Milan. The following month, she featured in her first *Vogue Paris* editorial, shot by Katja Rahlwes, followed by another in February 2007 by Mark Segal.

She later walked for Paul Smith, Preen, and Marios Schwab in London. She made a comeback after not participating in fashion weeks at Milan and New York at the spring/summer 2008 Paris fashion week, walking for Shiatzy Chen, Balenciaga, Chanel, Dries van Noten, Miu Miu, and Louis Vuitton. In 2008 she was chosen for Dolce and Gabbana's Spring/Summer campaign, captured by Mario Testino. She featured prominently in the 2008 Versace Fragrance, Marc O'Polo, Giuseppe Zanotti and Eres Paris print campaigns. During Fall/Winter 2008–09, she opened and closed shows for Burberry and La Perla. In the same year she went on to succeed Angela Lindvall as the muse of Versace perfumes, and Karl Lagerfeld signed her up to play Coco Chanel in his film *Chanel, The Silent Film*. In late 2008, she participated in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2008, in the "PINK" section.

She is the current face of Karl Lagerfeld, GAP in Japan, Dior Beauty and Emporio Armani. In the autumn/winter 2008 campaigns, Vilkevičiūtė replaced Hilary Rhoda as the face of clothing line Etro. She also did a campaign for Louis Vuitton's Mon Monogram range of personalised leather goods. Vilkevičiūtė has graced the pages of many fashion magazines around the world including covers for *Marie Claire* in August 2007 and May 2008, *Vogue* in Germany (August 2009) and Russia (May 2007), *Numéro* in September 2008, *Allure*, and *i-D*.

During the Spring/Summer 2009 season she walked over 35 runways for some of the world's top designers, such as Chloe, Shiatzy Chen, Chanel, Stella McCartney, Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent, Zac Posen, and Dolce & Gabbana, and later participated in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2009, in the sections "All Aboard" and "Enchanted Forest". In the same year, she appeared nude in a steamy photo shoot for *Interview* magazine with Zac Efron. Vilkeviciute's career made further progress, as she opened for Valentino Garavani in Paris. She was photographed by both Terry Richardson and Patrick Demarchelier as the face of Yves Saint Laurent cosmetics and Blumarine respectively. She met up with Demarchelier again, on an editorial featured in the March 2009 edition of *Vogue Paris*.

In 2010, Vilkevičiūtė appeared on the covers of the *Numéro*, Vogue Spain, Numéro Tokyo, Vogue Greece, Vogue Germany and Muse magazines. She also participated in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2010, in the segments "Country Girls" (where she wore "Angel" wings for the first time) and "PINK Planet".

Took her own self-portrait for the new Rag & Bone Do-It-Yourself ad campaign spring 2011 along with models Sasha Pivovarova, Abbey Lee Kershaw, Candice Swanepoel, Karolína Kurková and Lily Aldridge. In August 2011, Vilkevičiūtė appeared on the cover of *Numéro China*. She turned down the chance to become a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2011, in preference of appearing on the runway for Versace's collaboration with H&M. She also fronted Patrizia Pepe's Autumn/Winter 2011–12 campaign.

As of 2012 Vilkeviciute is the model for Calvin Klein's new fragrance "Eternity Aqua for Her". She appeared in the 2012 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Mario Sorrenti.

In mid-2013 she became the new face of Bulgari Omnia Crystalline Fragrance and she appeared in the Fall campaign ads of Juicy Couture. She was also featured on the October 2013 cover of *Vogue Paris* and on the cover of the December 2013 edition of *Lui* France with an editorial entitled "Edita at the Beach". In 2014 she became the face for Viktor & Rolf 'Bonbon' Fragrance Campaign shot by Inez & Vinoodh .

In February 2014 she appeared in a Vogue Paris editorial, photographed by Katja Rahlwes. In November 2014 she was on the cover of Vogue Spain and the magazine 032C which fashion director is Rihanna's personal wardrobe stylist Mel Ottenberg. In this year she worked at editorials for Vogue China, Vogue Germany, W Magazine, Vogue Australia and many more. She made runway appearance during New York Fashion Week as exclusive for Versus x Anthony Vaccarello and for the Paris Fashion Week walking for Mugler, Isabel Marant, Balmain and Anthony Vaccarello . She keeps working with brands as H&M, Mango, Esprit, Next Uk, Massimo Dutti & Calvin Klein . In 2015 Edita has been chosen as the face of Juicy Couture's spring-summer 2015 advertisements. And she has signed on to do both print and TV ads for the new Cavalli fragrance, as part of a worldwide campaign with Jonas Akerlund as the film director and Mario Sorrenti as the print photographer. She will be the face of the new Roberto Cavalli fragrance for woman ‘Paradiso’, which will be revealed in February 2015. In Roberto Cavalli’s own words, she is "a supermodel of stunning beauty. She sums up the spirit of the fragrance and perfectly embodies the Paradiso woman, a bold and utterly feminine creature who irradiates her sophisticated glamour without being afraid to assert her natural seductiveness."

## Public image

Models.com ranks her on the "Industry Icons" list. In 2015, for the first year she joined the rankings as one of the highest paid models in the world by Forbes.

## Personal life

Vilkevičiūtė married Björn Frederic Gerling in July 2017.

## InfoBox

| Edita Vilkevičiūtė | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1989-01-01) 1 January 1989<br>Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union (now Lithuania) |
| Spouse | Björn Frederic Gerling  (m. 2017) |
| **Modeling information** | |
| Height | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| Hair color | Blonde |
| Eye color | Blue-green |
| Agency |  |
|  | |


title: Edith Michell

abstract: Edith Mary Ann Michell was an English female chess master. At the beginning of her career, she twice won Redhill Chess Club championships in 1906 and 1909. More than two decades later, she became the three times winner of the British Women's Chess Championship in 1931 (jointly), 1932, and 1935. She took 4th at Meran 1924. She tied for 4-5th at London 1927 and took 4th at Folkestone 1933, both won by Vera Menchik. She was the wife of Reginald Pryce Michell.

text:
# Edith Michell

**Edith Mary Ann Michell** (née Tapsell) (26 July 1872 in Croydon, Surrey – 18 October 1951 in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex) was an English female chess master.

At the beginning of her career, she twice won Redhill Chess Club championships in 1906 and 1909. More than two decades later, she became the three times winner of the British Women's Chess Championship in 1931 (jointly), 1932, and 1935.

She took 4th at Meran 1924 (unofficial European women's championship, Helene Cotton and Edith Holloway won). She tied for 4-5th at London 1927 (the 1st Women's World Chess Championship) and took 4th at Folkestone 1933 (the 4th Women's World Chess Championship), both won by Vera Menchik.

She was the wife of Reginald Pryce Michell.


title: Edith Minturn Stokes

abstract: Edith Minturn Stokes was an American philanthropist, artistic muse and socialite during the Gilded Age.

text:
# Edith Minturn Stokes

**Edith Minturn Stokes** (June 20, 1867 - June 12, 1937) was an American philanthropist, artistic muse and socialite during the Gilded Age.

## Early life and family background

Edith Minturn was born on June 20, 1867, in West Brighton, Staten Island, New York. She was the third child and second daughter of the shipping magnate Robert Bowne Minturn Jr. (1836-1889) and his wife Susannah Shaw (1839-1926). The Minturn family was well connected both politically, and with other prominent families via marriage. Her uncle, Robert Gould Shaw, was killed while commanding the nation’s first all-black regiment.

Minturn was educated at home, with music and French lessons, and went on a Grand Tour of Europe, as was expected of society women.

Minturn had several siblings. Her brother Robert Shaw Minturn married Bertha Howard Potter, granddaughter of Bishop Alonzo Potter, niece of Henry Codman Potter, and great-granddaughter of Eliphalet Nott. Her sister Sarah May Minturn married Henry Dwight Sedgwick. They were grandparents of Edie Sedgwick and great-grandparents of Kyra Sedgwick. Their son Robert Minturn Sedgwick married Helen Peabody, daughter of Endicott Peabody. Her sister Mildred Scott married Arthur Hugh Scott, the headmaster of a French boarding school for boys. They eventually relocated to England. Her sister Gertrude Minturn married Amos Richard Eno Pinchot. They had two children, one of whom, Rosamond Pinchot, was an actress famed mostly for her great beauty.

## Philanthropy and artistic muse

She was the President of the New York Kindergarten Association, ran a sewing school for immigrant women, and was a benefactor of St. George's Church in New York City.

Edith Minturn Stokes began modelling by participating in the then popular pastime known as tableaux vivants; she was spotted at these and became a model for Daniel Chester French in his Greenwich Village atelier.

So it was that she posed for his sculpture *The Republic*, which was a centerpiece of the Court of Honor of the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. It was a 65-foot-high (20 m) plaster statue covered in gold leaf, and with an illuminated crown. The sculpture was decommissioned and deliberately destroyed in 1896 and the sculptor was commissioned to produce a smaller version, the Statue of the Republic, a 24-foot-tall (7.3 m) gilded bronze sculpture that was erected in 1918 and still stands.

Peter Marié accumulated a collection of watercolor-on-ivory miniatures of society beauties, and she was one of those he selected. These are now on display at the New-York Historical Society Museum.

John Singer Sargent’s portrait *Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Phelps Stokes* is on display in the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

## Personal life

On 25 August 1895, at Pointe-á-Pic, Quebec, she married Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes (1867-1944).

The couple had no biological children, but in 1908 adopted a 3 year old girl, Helen, a daughter of Raj Lieutenant Colonel Maldion Byron Bicknell and his wife Mildred Bax-Ironside, who did not want to raise children in India, where they were stationed. Helen married twice, first in 1928 to Edwin Katte Merrill, and had two daughters and two sons. Her second husband was Donald Bush. Helen died in 2004.

Edith suffered from a series of strokes in late life, and died on June 12, 1937, in her home at 953 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

## InfoBox

| Edith Minturn Stokes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Edith Minturn
June 20, 1867
West Brighton, Richmond County, New York (state), U.S. |
| Died | June 12, 1937(1937-06-12) (aged 69)
Manhattan, New York City, U.S. |
| Spouse | Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes (m. 1895) |
| Children | Helen Phelps Stokes (adopted daughter) |
| Parent(s) | Robert Bowne Minturn Jr.
Suzannah Shaw |
| Relatives | Robert Bowne Minturn (paternal grandfather)
Robert Gould Shaw (maternal uncle)
Henry Dwight Sedgwick (brother-in-law)
Amos Pinchot (brother-in-law)
Rosamond Pinchot (niece)
Edie Sedgwick (grand-niece) |


title: Edith Mellish

abstract: Edith Mary Mellish was a New Zealand Anglican deaconess and nun. She was born in Pailles, Mauritius on 10 March 1861. Her father, Edward Mellish, was a banker and businessman, and she grew up in Mauritius, England, and Hong Kong. Her mother, Ellen Borrowes, died while she was a baby, and her father remarried twice. Mellish joined the St Andrew's Deaconess Community in London and was ordained deaconess in 1891 just after her 30th birthday; at the time, that was the minimum age for ordination. The second Anglican bishop of Christchurch, Churchill Julius, sent a request to London for a deaconess to be sent who could establish a religious community in Christchurch. Frederick Temple, the bishop of London, recommended Mellish to him. Bishop Julius, who travelled to London with his wife and daughters in 1893 for health reasons, met Mellish and they returned to New Zealand on the Ruahine; they arrived in Auckland on 14 August 1893, and Mellish arrived in Lyttelton on 22 August. Mellish founded the Community of the Sisters of Bethany, and in 1895, the sisters moved to Barbadoes Street. In 1912, the community was renamed to avoid confusion with another community, and they were from then known as the Community of the Sacred Name. Sister Edith, from 1911 known as Mother Edith, was ill from 1914. She died in Christchurch on 25 May 1922. Her requiem was held at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Phillipstown, and she was buried at Linwood Cemetery.

text:
# Edith Mellish

**Edith Mary Mellish** (10 March 1861  25 May 1922) was a New Zealand Anglican deaconess and nun. She was born in Pailles, Mauritius on 10 March 1861. Her father, Edward Mellish, was a banker and businessman, and she grew up in Mauritius, England, and Hong Kong. Her mother, Ellen Borrowes, died while she was a baby, and her father remarried twice. Mellish joined the St Andrew's Deaconess Community in London and was ordained deaconess in 1891 just after her 30th birthday; at the time, that was the minimum age for ordination.

The second Anglican bishop of Christchurch, Churchill Julius, sent a request to London for a deaconess to be sent who could establish a religious community in Christchurch. Frederick Temple, the bishop of London, recommended Mellish to him. Bishop Julius, who travelled to London with his wife and daughters in 1893 for health reasons, met Mellish and they returned to New Zealand on the *Ruahine*; they arrived in Auckland on 14 August 1893, and Mellish arrived in Lyttelton (Christchurch's port) on 22 August.

Mellish founded the Community of the Sisters of Bethany, and in 1895, the sisters moved to Barbadoes Street. In 1912, the community was renamed to avoid confusion with another community, and they were from then known as the Community of the Sacred Name. Sister Edith, from 1911 known as Mother Edith, was ill from 1914. She died in Christchurch on 25 May 1922. Her requiem was held at the Church of the Good Shepherd in Phillipstown, and she was buried at Linwood Cemetery.


title: Edward Barnes Leisenring Jr.

abstract: Edward Barnes Leisenring Jr. was president of the Westmoreland Coal Company from 1961 to 1988 and chairman of the board from 1988 to 1998.

text:
# Edward Barnes Leisenring Jr.

**Edward Barnes Leisenring Jr.** (pronounced LYES-en-ring) (January 25, 1926 – March 2, 2011) was president of the Westmoreland Coal Company from 1961 to 1988 and chairman of the board from 1988 to 1998.

## Biography

Edward B.(Ted) Leisenring was born on January 25, 1926, to Edward Barnes Leisenring Sr. in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. In 1951 he married Julia du Pont Bissell and they had three children: Erica B. Leisenring, Edward W. Leisenring and John Leisenring. In 1978 as Chairman of the Bituminous Coal Operators Association he ignored pleas from President Jimmy Carter to settle quickly, while leading industry negotiators during a bitter 111-day mine workers’ strike. Ultimately he helped win a settlement that gave miners a 37% pay increase over the next 3 years but failed to address the critical issue of wildcat strikes. Mr. Leisenring was president of Westmoreland Coal Company, the oldest coal company in America, from 1961 to 1988 and chairman for another 10 years. Incorporated in 1854, Westmoreland traces its roots to a company founded in 1835 by Mr. Leisenring's great-grandfather John Leisenring jr.. He was a graduate of the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Conn. and Yale University in 1944. In addition to his job at Westmoreland he was also the longest serving director of the Norfolk Southern Railroad serving on its board from 1961 to 1998. He was a director of Fidelity Bank from 1960 to 1996, SKF industries from 1966 to 1996. He also contributed his time as Vice Chairman of the Eisenhour Fellowships and The Philadelphia Contributionship, the nation's oldest insurance company. He served on the board of the Lankenau Hospital and Foundation for over 50 years contributing his time and efforts in many capacities including Vice Chairman. He died of heart failure on March 2, 2011, at his winter home in Aiken, S.C


title: Edward Copleston

abstract: Edward Copleston was an English churchman and academic, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1814 till 1828 and Bishop of Llandaff from 1827.

text:
# Edward Copleston

**Edward Copleston** (2 February 1776  14 October 1849) was an English churchman and academic, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, from 1814 till 1828 and Bishop of Llandaff from 1827.

## Life

Born into an ancient West Country family, Copleston was born at Offwell in Devon, and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, to which he gained a scholarship at the age of 15.

He was elected to a tutorship at Oriel College, Oxford, in 1797, and in 1800 was appointed to St Mary Hall, Oxford and also became Vicar of the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, Oxford. As Oxford Professor of Poetry (1802–1812) he gained a reputation by his literary criticism and sound latinity.

After holding the office of dean at Oriel for some years, he succeeded to the provostship in 1814, and owing largely to his influence the college reached a remarkable degree of prosperity during the first quarter of the 19th century. He was influential in the choice of Fellows who were in due course to become prominent during the Oxford Movement, though he himself was of a more rationalist cast of mind and belonged to the group of so-called Oriel Noetics.

In 1826 he was appointed Dean of Chester, and in the next year he was consecrated Bishop of Llandaff. Here he gave his support to the new movement for church restoration in Wales, and during his occupation of the see more than twenty new churches were built in the diocese. The political problems of the time interested him greatly, and his writings include two letters to Sir Robert Peel, one dealing with the 'Variable Standard of Value', the other with the 'Increase of Pauperism' (Oxford, 1819).

The palace of the Bishops of Llandaff (at Mathern, Monmouthshire) had been sold so Copleston resided occasionally at Llandough Castle near Cowbridge and passed his later life between the Deanery of St.Paul's and Hardwick House in Chepstow, where he died.

His great-grandson, John Copleston, was also a clergyman.

## InfoBox

| Edward Copleston | |
| --- | --- |
| Early 19th-century portrait of Edward Copleston by Thomas Phillips. | |
|  | |
| Bishop of Llandaff | |
| **In office**
1827–1849 | |
| Dean of Chester | |
| **In office**
1826-? | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1776-02-02)2 February 1776
Offwell, Devon, England |
| Died | 14 October 1849(1849-10-14) (aged 73) |
| Education | Corpus Christi College, Oxford |
|  | |


title: Edward Corbet

abstract: Edward Corbet was an English clergyman, and a member of the Westminster Assembly.

text:
# Edward Corbet

**Edward Corbet** (c.1603 – 5 January 1658) was an English clergyman, and a member of the Westminster Assembly.

## Life

He was born at Pontesbury in Shropshire, and was educated at Shrewsbury and Merton College, Oxford, where he was admitted a probationer fellow in 1624. Meanwhile, he had taken his B.A. degree on 4 December 1622, and became proctor on 4 April 1638. At Merton he distinguished himself he resisted the attempted innovations of William Laud, and subsequently gave evidence at the archbishop's trial.

He was chosen one of the Westminster Assembly of divines, and a preacher before the Long parliament. He received the thanks of the house, and by an ordinance dated 17 May 1643 was instituted to the rectory of Chartham, Kent. He held this living until 1646, when he returned to Oxford as one of the seven ministers appointed by the parliament to preach the loyalist scholars into obedience. He was also elected one of the parliamentary visitors of the university, but rarely sat among them. On 20 January 1648 he was installed public orator and canon of the second stall in Christ Church, Oxford, in the place of the ejected Henry Hammond; he resigned both places in August, possibly for reasons of conscience. The same year he proceeded D.D. on 12 April. At the beginning of 1649 he was presented, on the death of Dr. Thomas Soame, to the rectory of Great Hasely, near Oxford.

Corbet married Margaret, daughter of Sir Nathaniel Brent, by whom he had three children, Edward, Martha, and Margaret. He died in London on 5 January 1658, aged about 55, and was buried on the 14th in the chancel of Great Hasely near his wife, who had died in 1656. By his will he left amongst other books Robert Abbot's Commentaries on *Romans* in manuscript.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Corbet, Edward". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Edward Cornelius

abstract: Edward Cornelius was an Australian convicted murderer and petty criminal. His criminal record began in his mid-teenage years and he served his first prison sentence three years later. He was convicted of killing Rev. H. Laceby Cecil during a robbery of a vicarage in the inner Melbourne suburb of Collingwood. Cornelius was executed at Pentridge Prison, Victoria in June 1936, the third of eleven people to be hanged there after the closure of Melbourne Gaol in 1924.

text:
# Edward Cornelius

**Edward Cornelius** (*c.* 1910 - 22 June 1936) was an Australian convicted murderer and petty criminal. His criminal record began in his mid-teenage years and he served his first prison sentence three years later. He was convicted of killing Rev. H. Laceby Cecil during a robbery of a vicarage in the inner Melbourne suburb of Collingwood. Cornelius was executed at Pentridge Prison, Victoria in June 1936, the third of eleven people to be hanged there after the closure of Melbourne Gaol in 1924.

## Biography

### Early life

Edward Cornelius was born in about 1910 in Longford, Tasmania.\[A\] He attended the Longford State School, receiving his Qualifying Certificate in January 1925, aged 13 years, for admission to a State High School.

On 24 February 1925 Cornelius, a school-student from Longford, was involved in what was described as a "schoolboy scuffle" or "skylarking" on the Launceston railway station, prior to the departure of the Deloraine train. His hand was in the jamb of a carriage doorway when it was slammed shut by one of his companions, resulting in the fingers of his left hand being badly crushed. Cornelius was taken to the Launceston Public Hospital and admitted for treatment.

As a child Cornelius was committed to the care of the State Department for Neglected Children as an uncontrollable child.

### Criminal activities

On 30 July 1925 Cornelius was convicted of "wilful damage to property" in the Launceston Police Office, and ordered to pay costs of 8 shillings and damages of 21 shillings.

On 9 September 1926 in the Launceston Police Office Cornelius was convicted of larceny, and ordered to pay a fine of 10 shillings.

When he reached the age of 18, Cornelius was apprenticed to Messrs. Hodges and Bond, garage proprietors at 71 York Street, Launceston. Cornelius had been absent from work for a few days due to illness when, in the early afternoon of 5 July 1928, in company with another young man, he went to the York-street garage of his employer. While his companion waited outside, Cornelius went inside to enquire "if there were any letters for him". The office door was closed but the key was in the lock. Cornelius entered the office and stole an envelope containing cheques and three £1 notes. He and his companion then went to Prince's Park where Cornelius opened the envelope, divided the cash amongst themselves and flushed the cheques down a toilet. Cornelius was apprehended the next day and pleaded guilty before the Launceston Police Magistrate. On July 14 he was sentenced in the Hobart Supreme Court to six months' imprisonment. The Chief Justice, Herbert Nicholls, said that unfortunately he was unable to deal with the prisoner under the First Offenders' Act, as he had a previous conviction of larceny.

Cornelius was released from prison on 5 November 1928. The reference to his release in the Tasmanian *Police Gazette* included the following description: "motor mechanic, age 19 years, height 5 feet 8 inches, fair complexion, fair hair, dark-blue eyes, thick nose, native of Tasmania; scar first joint of right finger, first three fingers of left hand have been crushed at tips".

At about 8 o'clock in the evening of 16 January 1929 Cornelius and another younger man stole a Hupmobile motor-car belonging to Father T. J. O'Donnell, parked outside the Roman Catholic Presbytery at Latrobe, in northern Tasmania. They drove the car south-east towards Deloraine, but ran out of petrol three miles short of the township and the vehicle was abandoned. The next morning a passing motorist reported seeing the abandoned car near Deloraine. Later that morning the Deloraine police spoke to two strangers in town (Cornelius and his companion) and questioned them regarding their movements the previous night. With Cornelius' answers "not being deemed satisfactory", he was taken to the station where he eventually admitted to having taken the vehicle. Cornelius told police he had been out of work for some time and wanted to get to Launceston. He had been looking for work along the coast, but ran short of money and had started to walk to Launceston when he saw the car at Latrobe. While Cornelius was being questioned his companion absconded. In the Latrobe Police Court on 18 January 1929, Cornelius was sentenced to three months' imprisonment in Hobart Gaol for having unlawfully used a motor car without the consent of the owner. Cornelius' companion was later detained at Launceston and was "dealt with" in the Latrobe Children's Court.

### The Ulverstone robbery

Cornelius was released from his second period of incarceration on 17 April 1929, aged about 19 years.

In early July 1929 Edward Cornelius and two other young men, Alfred Miles and Stanley Robinson, walked the 73 miles (117 km) from Launceston to Ulverstone seeking employment, arriving at their destination on July 4. On the night of their arrival in Ulverstone the three young men were observed in the vicinity of a motor garage belonging to Motors Pty. Ltd., in which a new Chevrolet car was parked. Later that night they broke into the garage and stole the car, as well as a cash-box containing money and cheques, a clock and a gold-mounted fountain pen. Cornelius, Miles and Robinson drove the Chevrolet back to Launceston, along the way throwing away the emptied cash-box and some of the cheques. On July 6, the three men travelled from Launceston to Melbourne aboard the *Loongana* passenger vessel, but were arrested by Victorian detectives on arrival. Cash of about £30 each was found in the possession of Miles and Robinson, but Cornelius had thrown his share of the stolen money (about £40) into the Yarra River when he saw the detectives approaching. On July 8, the three young men were remanded for a week in the Melbourne City Court on charges of vagrancy, pending the arrival of a police escort and warrant from Tasmania.

On July 18, Cornelius, Miles and Robinson were brought before the Hobart Criminal Court, where they pleaded guilty to the charges. The prisoners were sentenced on the following day. Cornelius, with previous convictions, was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. Robinson, who also had previous convictions, received a 12 months' sentence and Miles, with no criminal record, was placed on a bond.

Cornelius was released from prison on 4 October 1930 "by remission".

### Housebreaking

In March 1932, in the Sydney Quarter Sessions, Cornelius (under the name Thomas Shaw) received a six months' sentence for breaking and entering.

On 29 September 1932 a hairdresser named John Kennedy (charged under the name John Davis) and Cornelius (under the name Frank Lane), motor mechanic, both of Napier Street, Fitzroy, were charged at the Preston Court with having broken into and stolen articles valued at £120 from five separate dwellings in the Melbourne suburbs of Preston, Brunswick and Thornbury. Both men pleaded guilty to the charges of housebreaking and theft. On October 17 Kennedy (Davis) and Cornelius (Lane) were each sentenced to four years' imprisonment with hard labour. On October 22 Cornelius was transferred to Pentridge Prison.

Cornelius was released from Pentridge Prison on 21 October 1935 and found accommodation in a flat at 128 Gipps Street, East Melbourne.

### The murder of Rev. Cecil

On the morning of Thursday, 12 December 1935, Cornelius called at the vicarage of St. Saviour's Anglican church in Collingwood, after having heard "a rumor that there was a considerable amount of money" there. At that time of the year the church had been receiving money to assist a Christmas appeal. The vicarage was located at 25 Smith Street, a block away from the church on the corner of Mason and Oxford streets. When Rev. H. Laceby Cecil opened the door, Cornelius pretended to be there "to make arrangements about a marriage" and was invited inside. They entered the study where the vicar asked him questions about the impending marriage, which he wrote on a form. The form was handed to Cornelius, who also signed a 'Notice of Marriage' card under an assumed name of Francis Edward Layne (or Loyne). Cornelius then left and walked down Smith Street to Victoria Parade, before turning and walking back to the vicarage. He entered the open front door and crept into the study. Cornelius had been carrying tools wrapped in brown paper (a wheel-spanner, a crescent-spanner, a screwdriver and a rule), which he placed on the desk while he began to rifle through the drawers looking for money. As he did so, Rev. Cecil entered the room, saying "What are you after?" Cornelius grabbed the wheel-spanner and struck Cecil several times on the head, who then fell against the couch. Cornelius went to close the front door and when he turned, Cecil was in the passage, bleeding from his wounds. Cornelius hit him several more times with the spanner, and the vicar fell onto the floor of the passage-way. Cornelius searched Cecil's pockets and found about £8 in notes. He also grabbed a watch-chain and two watches, one gold and one silver. Cornelius washed blood from his face and hands using a jug from the dining room. As he left by the back door, by Cornelius' later confession, Rev. Cecil "seemed to be unconscious and was moaning". As he left, he threw the spanner into "a crevice between two buildings".

Rev. Cecil's body was discovered on the evening after his murder when six parishioners arrived at the vicarage for a scheduled vestry meeting. After knocking at the front door and waiting, they tried the back door. Finding it unlocked they entered and found the vicar's body in the hallway with his head battered. In the kitchen the vestrymen found a meal had been in preparation; the gas was still burning beneath a kettle, the bottom of which was burnt out. After a squad of detectives arrived at the scene, "news of the tragedy spread quickly in the district and large crowds stood outside the house until a late hour". The following morning detectives found a blood-stained and rusty iron wheel-spanner in a crevice between a chimney and a toilet outhouse at the vicarage, with a piece of brown paper adhering to one end.

On 22 January 1936 an inquest into the death of Rev. H. Laceby Cecil was held at the Morgue by the City Coroner. The Government pathologist, Dr. Mollison, described numerous wounds on the deceased's head, arms and hands and stated that death had been caused by the head injuries, hæmorrhage and shock, evidently from being struck with the spanner that was found in the grounds of the vicarage. Bruises found on the arms and fingers had been received while trying to ward off the blows. The Coroner's finding was that Rev. Cecil had died from injuries inflicted by "some person or persons unknown".

One piece of physical evidence from the crime scene was the partially-completed 'Notice of Marriage' card found in the study, with the date written in one hand and a name, "Francis Edward Layne" (or "Loyne"), written in another. While searching through criminal records detectives investigating the murder found that Edward Cornelius had used the name 'Frank Lane' when convicted of house-breaking charges in 1932, and had been released from Pentridge Prison only seven weeks before the vicarage murder. Cornelius' place of abode was determined to be a front upstairs flat at 128 Gipps Street, East Melbourne, and detectives arrived there at early in the morning of 12 February 1936. Cornelius and a young woman named Edna Wall were taken to the Detective Office in Russell Street for questioning.

During the interrogation Cornelius was taken to the shop of a secondhand dealer in Prahran, from where detectives had previously ascertained the spanner used to murder Rev. Cecil had been purchased. The wife of the shop-owner identified Cornelius as the man to whom she had sold the spanner for nine pence on 11 December 1935. After intensive questioning Cornelius finally admitted to killing Cecil, but claimed the vicar had attacked him and he had acted in self-defence. He dictated a statement detailing the sequence of events, written down by one of the detectives, and afterwards Cornelius signed the document. He was then charged and taken to Pentridge Prison.

A second inquiry into Rev. Cecil's death was held on 27 and 28 February 1936. On the first day of the inquest John Long, Cornelius' legal representative, strongly objected to his client's alleged confession being introduced as evidence and to its subsequent publication. Knowing it was inevitable Cornelius would be committed for trial, Long was concerned the admission of the statement would prejudice his client's case. After a lengthy legal argument the Police Magistrate ruled that the statement was admissible and could be read into evidence. A number of witnesses gave evidence to the inquest over the two days. After Long announced his client would reserve his defence, Cornelius was committed for trial on a murder charge.

### Trial and appeal

Edward Cornelius was tried for the murder of Rev. H. Laceby Cecil over three days, beginning 24 March 1936, in the Melbourne Criminal Court before Justice Martin. Cornelius pleaded not guilty. His counsel began by challenging the admissibility of the statement made on February 12, claiming the accused had signed the document under duress and detectives had obtained a sample of his handwriting by trickery. After hearing the arguments of both sides the judge ruled that the statement was admissible. On the second day, after the witnesses for the prosecution had given their evidence, Mr. Long opened the case for the defence by putting Cornelius in the witness box. The accused man admitted to causing Rev. Cecil's death but claimed he had been attacked by the vicar and his actions were in self-defence. During the summing up by the defence counsel, Long claimed that Rev. Cecil "had an opportunity to avoid a struggle". He added that "it was probable he was anticipating the return of the accused, was setting a trap for him, and that he grabbed Cornelius by the throat". In instructing the jury Justice Martin made the point that "a householder was entitled to use such force as was necessary to protect his goods". He concluded that "if the jury... thought that accused, in striking the blows, intended to do grievous bodily harm, then undoubtedly he was guilty of murder". The jury returned after an hour's consideration with a verdict of guilty of murder. When Cornelius was asked if he had anything to say why sentence should not be passed on him, replied "in a tremulous voice": "I am not guilty of this offence. I am afraid the jury has made a grave mistake in bringing in such a verdict". Justice Martin then pronounced a sentence of death.

On 16 April 1936 an appeal was heard in the Victorian Court of Criminal Appeal where it was argued by Cornelius' counsel that the "written statement he made to the police had been wrongly admitted at his trial, and that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence". The Court unanimously upheld the prisoner's conviction and sentence.

On 9 June 1936 the Full Bench of the High Court unanimously dismissed an application by John Long, counsel for Cornelius, for special leave to appeal against his conviction. After this decision the Victorian Cabinet met to discuss the case, with the trial judge, Justice Martin, also attending. At the Cabinet meeting it was decided to recommend against the commutation of the sentence of death. The date of Cornelius' execution was set for June 22.

### Execution

Cornelius was being kept in an observation cell in D Division at Pentridge. For several months Cornelius shared death row in Pentridge Prison with the convicted murderer, Arnold Sodeman. The two men spent much of the day playing draughts on the day before Sodeman was hanged on 1 June 1936.

Edward Cornelius was hanged at Pentridge Prison at eight o'clock in the morning on 22 June 1936. It was reported that he appeared calm before the death sentence was carried out; when asked if he had anything to say, he replied, "Nothing. I'm right".

## The victim

* **Harold Laceby Cecil** – born on 21 November 1876 at Oxley, Victoria (near Wangaratta), the eldest child of Charles Cecil and Agnes (*née* Vincent). Cecil attended the Perry Divinity Hall theological college in Bendigo and was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in November 1900, appointed to Drake, New South Wales (near the border with Queensland); he was ordained as an Anglican priest in June 1903 at Grafton by the Bishop of Grafton and Armidale. From 1900 to 1911 he had charge of parishes in northern New South Wales: curate of the Drake parish (1900 to 1904); vicar of Mid-Richmond (1904 to 1907); vicar of Tweed Heads-Murwillumbah (1908 to 1911). In 1911 Rev. Cecil returned to Victoria, taking charge of the Werribee parish from 1911 to May 1918. During World War I he was a chaplain in the Royal Australian Air Force. He was appointed minister at St. Saviour's church in Collingwood in May 1918. In March 1928 (after the death of his father in January 1928) Cecil travelled to England aboard the SS *Ceramic* "for a few months in England and Ireland", the purpose of his trip being "to have a long overdue holiday, and also to gain experience of work in the poorer quarters of London". Cecil wrote a book about his travels called *A Wandering Vicar: A Peep at England, Scotland and Ireland*, published in 1929 by H. Hearne & Company. Rev. H. Laceby Cecil was a bachelor and lived alone. He was murdered, aged 59 years, on 12 December 1935 by Cornelius during a robbery at his home. Rev. Cecil was buried in the Daylesford cemetery on December 15.

A. There is a wide variation in documents and newspaper references in regard to Edward Cornelius' age and/or year of birth. In general the later Victorian records specifically record his year of birth as 1906 or state his age as indicating a 1906 year of birth (or thereabouts), whereas the earlier Tasmanian records indicate he was younger than that. For instance, Cornelius' Victorian prisoner record states his date of birth was 1906 and newspaper reports in early 1936 nominate his age as 29 years. His earlier Tasmanian prisoner record does not show a date of birth (due to damage to the document), but the photographs and criminal record prove the individuals in both documents are identical. The Tasmanian prisoner document records the crushed fingertips of his left hand, which occurred in a well-documented incident in February 1925 when Cornelius was a 13-year-old schoolboy (according to the contemporary newspaper reports). If he were born in 1906, Cornelius would have been an 18- or 19-year-old in 1925, rather than a 13-year-old schoolboy. Considering he had received his Qualifying Certificate a month earlier, enabling his admission to High School, a year of birth as early as 1906 is highly unlikely. The year of birth of "about 1910" was chosen on the basis of Cornelius receiving an apprenticeship in 1928 when he turned 18. His first custodial sentence was also in 1928.

## InfoBox

| Edward Cornelius | |
| --- | --- |
| Edward Cornelius, photographed in March 1936. | |
| Born | *c.* 1910\[A\]
Longford, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 22 June 1936(1936-06-22) (aged 24)
HM Prison Pentridge, Coburg, Victoria, Australia |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Other names | Frank Lane, Thomas Shaw |
| Occupation | Motor mechanic |
| Criminal status | Executed |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
|  | |


title: Prasanta Pattanaik

abstract: Prasanta Kumar Pattanaik, is an Indian-American emeritus professor at the Department of Economics at the University of California. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society. Along with Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow, Pattanaik is an advisory editor for the journal Social Choice and Welfare. He is a recipient of the Padma Shri award of 2020 by the Government of India in Literature and Education.

text:
# Prasanta Pattanaik

**Prasanta Kumar Pattanaik** (born 5 April 1943), is an Indian-American emeritus professor at the Department of Economics at the University of California. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society.

Along with Amartya Sen and Kenneth Arrow, Pattanaik is an advisory editor for the journal *Social Choice and Welfare*.

He is a recipient of the Padma Shri award of 2020 by the Government of India in Literature and Education.

## Education

Pattanaik gained his degree in economics from Utkal University, Odisha, India. He then went on to study for his masters and doctorate, both in economics, at the prestigious Delhi School of Economics University of Delhi.

Pattanaik studied under, the Nobel Prize winning economist, Amartya Sen and his "leadership role" in the study of social choice theory has been acknowledged by Sen.

## Selected bibliography

### Book series

Pattanaik is one of the series editors for the Springer series *Studies in Choice and Welfare*, which included being co-editor of *Rational choice and social welfare theory and applications: essays in honor of Kotaro Suzumura*.

### Books

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (1971). *Voting and collective choice: some aspects of the theory of group decision-making*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521079617. OCLC 874575799.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta (1978). *Strategy and group choice*. Amsterdam New York New York: North-Holland Publishing Co. Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier North-Holland. ISBN 9780444851260.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Salles, Maurice (1983). *Social choice and welfare: contributions to economic analysis*. Amsterdam New York New York: North-Holland Publishing Co. Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. ISBN 9780444864871. *Papers presented at the symposium on collective choice, which was held in Caen, from 4 September to 9 September 1980.*
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Gaertner, Wulf (1988). *Distributive justice and inequality: a selection of papers given at a conference, Berlin, May 1986*. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783540194217.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Basu, Kaushik; Suzumura, Kotaro (1995). *Choice, welfare, and development: a festschrift in honour of Amartya K. Sen*. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198287896.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Cullenberg, Stephen (2004). *Globalization, culture, and the limits of the market: essays in economics and philosophy*. Themes in Economics. New Delhi New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195664461.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Tadenuma, Koichi; Xu, Yongsheng; Yoshihara, Naoki (2008). *Rational choice and social welfare theory and applications: essays in honor of Kotaro Suzumura*. Studies in Choice and Welfare. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9783540798316.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta (2009). *Essays on individual decision-making and social welfare*. New Delhi New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195695960.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Anand, Paul; Puppe, Clemens (2009). *The handbook of rational and social choice: an overview of new foundations and applications*. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199290420.

### Chapters in books

Also available as: a journal article. Also available as: a journal article. * Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Dhongde, Shatakshee (2009), "Preference, choice, and rationality: Amartya Sen's critique of the theory of rational choice in economics", in Morris, Christopher (ed.), *Amartya Sen*, Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–39, ISBN 9780521618069.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (2009), "Rights, individual preferences and collective rationality", in Kanbur, Ravi; Basu, Kaushik (eds.), *Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume I: Ethics, welfare, and measurement*, Oxford New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 213–230, ISBN 9780199239115

### Journal articles

**1965–1969**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (December 1967). "A note on Leibenstein's 'Notes on welfare economics and the theory of democracy'". *The Economic Journal*. **77** (308): 953–956. doi:10.2307/2229616. JSTOR 2229616.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (January 1968). "A note on democratic decision and the existence of choice sets". *The Review of Economic Studies*. **35** (1): 1–9. doi:10.2307/2974402. JSTOR 2974402.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (November–December 1968). "Risk, impersonality, and the social welfare function". *Journal of Political Economy*. **76** (6): 1152–1169. doi:10.1086/259479. JSTOR 1830155. S2CID 154782047.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Sen, Amartya (August 1969). "Necessary and sufficient conditions for rational choice under majority decision". *Journal of Economic Theory*. **1** (2): 178–202. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(69)90020-9.

**1970–1974**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (January 1970). "Sufficient conditions for the existence of a choice set under majority voting". *Econometrica*. **38** (1): 165–170. doi:10.2307/1909248. JSTOR 1909248.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (September 1970). "Domestic distortions and the gains from trade". *The Economic Journal*. **80** (319): 638–649. doi:10.2307/2229957. JSTOR 2229957.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Batra, Raveendra N. (October 1972). "On some suggestions for having non-binary social choice functions". *Theory and Decision*. **3** (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/BF00139349. S2CID 121130018.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (December 1973). "On the stability of sincere voting situations". *Journal of Economic Theory*. **6** (6): 558–574. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(73)90076-8.

**1975–1979**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (January 1975). "Strategic voting without collusion under binary and democratic group decision rules". *The Review of Economic Studies*. **42** (1): 93–103. doi:10.2307/2296823. JSTOR 2296823.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (February 1976). "Counter-threats and strategic manipulation under voting schemes". *The Review of Economic Studies*. **43** (1): 11–18. doi:10.2307/2296596. JSTOR 2296596.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Dutta, Bhaskar (January 1978). "On nicely consistent voting systems". *Econometrica*. **46** (1): 163–170. doi:10.2307/1913653. JSTOR 1913653.

**1980–1984**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Sengupta, Manimay (January 1982). "Outcomes of admissible Nash equilibria and sophisticated voting when decisions are based on pairwise comparisons". *Mathematical Social Sciences*. **2** (1): 39–54. doi:10.1016/0165-4896(82)90043-9.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Peleg, Bezalel (August 1984). "An axiomatic characterization of the lexicographic maximin extension of an ordering over a set to the power set". *Social Choice and Welfare*. **1** (2): 113–122. doi:10.1007/BF00452883. S2CID 121720013.

**1985–1989**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Barrett, C.R.; Salles, Maurice (May 1986). "On the structure of fuzzy social welfare functions". *Fuzzy Sets and Systems*. **19** (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0165-0114(86)80072-0.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Barrett, C.R. (September 1987). "Aggregation of probability judgments". *Econometrica*. **55** (5): 1237–1241. doi:10.2307/1911272. JSTOR 1911272.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Gaertner, Wulf (March 1988). "An interview with Amartya Sen". *Social Choice and Welfare*. **5** (1): 69–79. doi:10.1007/BF00435498. S2CID 153883889.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (November 1988). "On the consistency of libertarian values". *Economica*. **55** (220): 517–524. doi:10.2307/2553913. JSTOR 2553913.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Barrett, C.R. (1989). "Bargaining over employment and wages, with threats of strikes and lockouts: An extension of the Nash solution". *European Journal of Political Economy*. **5** (2–3): 333–345. doi:10.1016/0176-2680(89)90053-0.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Barrett, C. Richard (October 1989). "Fuzzy sets, preference and choice: some conceptual issues". *Bulletin of Economic Research*. **41** (4): 229–254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8586.1989.tb00341.x.

**1990–1994**

**1995–1999**

**2000–2004**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Xu, Yongsheng (September 2000). "On diversity and freedom of choice". *Mathematical Social Sciences*. **40** (2): 123–130. doi:10.1016/S0165-4896(99)00043-8.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Dutta, Indranil; Xu, Yongsheng (May 2003). "On measuring deprivation and the standard of living in a multidimensional framework on the basis of aggregate data". *Economica*. **70** (278): 197–221. doi:10.1111/1468-0335.t01-1-00279. S2CID 18619347.

**2005–2009**

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (December 2005). "Little and Bergson on Arrow's concept of social welfare". *Social Choice and Welfare*. **25** (2–3): 369–379. doi:10.1007/s00355-005-0009-7. S2CID 1451237.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Xu, Yongsheng (April 2007). "Minimal relativism, dominance, and standard of living comparisons based on functionings". *Oxford Economic Papers*. **59** (2): 354–374. doi:10.1093/oep/gpl030. S2CID 36357167.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Chakraborty, Achin; Xu, Yongsheng (January 2008). "On the mean of squared deprivation gaps". *Economic Theory*. **34** (1): 181–187. doi:10.1007/s00199-006-0128-0. S2CID 62881711.

**2010–2014**

### Discussion papers

* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Sengupta, Manimay (1988). *Poverty measurement: a generalization of Sen's result*. Christchurch, New Zealand: Department of Economics, University of Canterbury. OCLC 153036842. Discussion paper number 8807.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Sengupta, Manimay (1991). *On an index of poverty*. Christchurch, New Zealand: Department of Economics, University of Canterbury. OCLC 154042194. Discussion paper number 9105.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K. (1997). *Cultural indicators of well-being: some conceptual issues*. Geneeva and Paris: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), UNESCO. OCLC 38002114. Occasional paper series on culture and development, 2.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Dasgupta, Indraneel; Kumar, Subodh (1999). *On falsifiability of the maximization hypothesis*. Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: School of Economics, Deakin University. ISBN 9780730027737. Working paper series 9903.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Barberà, Salvador; Bossert, Walter (2001). *Ranking sets of objects*. Montréal, Canada: Université de Montréal, Département de sciences économiques. OCLC 47035661.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Xu, Yongsheng; Bossert, Walter (2001). *The measurement of diversity*. Montréal, Canada: Université de Montréal, Département de sciences économiques. OCLC 48754480.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Dutta, Indranil; Gundersen, Craig (2006). *Measures of food insecurity at the household level*. Helsinki, Finland: United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER). OCLC 315670257.
* Pattanaik, Prasanta K.; Dasgupta, Indraneel (2010). *Comparative statics for a consumer with possibly multiple optimum consumption bundles*. Bonn, Germany: Bonn Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH, Institute for the Study of Labor (Institut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, IZA). OCLC 643195342. IZA discussion paper number 4818.

## InfoBox

| Prasanta Kumar Pattanaik | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1943-04-05) 5 April 1943 |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Social choice theory and microeconomic theory |
| Institution | University of California |
| Alma mater | University of Delhi |
| Influences | Amartya Sen |
| Awards | Padma Shri |
|  | |