abstract: Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas were given on March 18, 1968. He spoke about student protests, the Vietnam War, and the gross national product. At the time, Kennedy's words on the latter subject went relatively unnoticed, but they have since become famous.

text:
# Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas

**Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas** were given on March 18, 1968. He spoke about student protests, the Vietnam War, and the gross national product. At the time, Kennedy's words on the latter subject went relatively unnoticed, but they have since become famous.

## Background

Kennedy had given his first campaign speech earlier that morning at Kansas State University before flying into Lawrence Municipal Airport to give his speech at the University of Kansas. Classes were cancelled in advance of Kennedy's appearance.

## The speech

The speech was delivered at 1:30 PM in Phog Allen Fieldhouse before 20,000 people. The arena itself was over capacity; the school had only 16,000 enrolled students, and many sat on the basketball court, leaving only a minimal amount of open space around the lectern in the center.

Shortly before the speech, Kennedy warned the student union, "Some of you may not like what you're going to hear in a few minutes, but it's what I believe; and if I'm elected president, it's what I'm going to do..."

### Summary

Most of Kennedy's speech was given extemporaneously, with phrases from older speeches linking together sections from his remarks at KSU. He began on the subject of the Vietnam War, calling for an end to the bombing campaign and negotiations with the Viet Cong.

On the matter of student protests, he quoted William Allen White (a university alum), as he had in his earlier speech:

> "If our colleges and universities do not breed men who riot, who rebel, who attack life with all the youthful vision and vigor, then there is something wrong with our colleges. The more riots that come out of our college campuses the better the world for tomorrow."

These words surprised many members of the audience.

He continued onto the matter of poverty, expressing his own feeling of horror at the conditions poor Americans faced:

> I have seen children in Mississippi starving, their bodies so crippled from hunger and their minds have been so destroyed for their whole life that they will have no future. I have seen children in Mississippi – here in the United States – with a gross national product of $800 billion dollars – I have seen children in the Delta area of Mississippi with distended stomachs, whose faces are covered with sores from starvation, and we haven't developed a policy so we can get enough food so that they can live, so that their children, so that their lives are not destroyed, I don't think that's acceptable in the United States of America and I think we need a change. I have seen Indians living on their bare and meager reservations, with no jobs, with an unemployment rate of 80 percent, and with so little hope for the future, so little hope for the future that for young people, for young men and women in their teens, the greatest cause of death amongst them is suicide.

He continued, borrowing imagery from Michael Harrington's book, *The Other America*:

> I run for the presidency because I have seen proud men in the hills of Appalachia, who wish only to work in dignity, but they cannot, for the mines are closed and their jobs are gone and no one – neither industry, nor labor, nor government – has cared enough to help. I think we here in this country, with the unselfish spirit that exists in the United States of America, I think we can do better here also. I have seen the people of the black ghetto, listening to ever greater promises of equality and of justice, as they sit in the same decaying schools and huddled in the same filthy rooms – without heat – warding off the cold and warding off the rats.

Kennedy notably outlined why he thought the gross national product was an insufficient measure of success. He emphasized the negative values it accounted for and the positive ones it ignored:

> Even if we act to erase material poverty, there is another greater task, it is to confront the poverty of satisfaction - purpose and dignity - that afflicts us all.
>
> Too much and for too long, we seemed to have surrendered personal excellence and community values in the mere accumulation of material things. Our Gross National Product, now, is over $800 billion dollars a year, but that Gross National Product - if we judge the United States of America by that - that Gross National Product counts air pollution and cigarette advertising, and ambulances to clear our highways of carnage. It counts special locks for our doors and the jails for the people who break them. It counts the destruction of the redwood and the loss of our natural wonder in chaotic sprawl. It counts napalm and counts nuclear warheads and armored cars for the police to fight the riots in our cities. It counts Whitman's rifle and Speck's knife, and the television programs which glorify violence in order to sell toys to our children.
>
> Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud that we are Americans.
>
> If this is true here at home, so it is true elsewhere in world.

Towards the end of his speech, he quoted George Bernard Shaw:

> "Some people see things as they are and say, 'why?' I dream things that never were and say, 'why not?'"

These words would become a centerpiece of Kennedy's presidential campaign, and he would repeat them on several occasions.

Kennedy was interrupted 38 times during his speech for applause.

## Aftermath

It took Kennedy 15 minutes to make it out of the arena to his car. He later departed on a flight for Washington, D.C. Campaign staffer Jim Tolan would later say of the students' reception, "It was the first time I was ever scared with \[Kennedy\]. Those kids were out of control. He could have gotten hurt they liked him so much."

### Legacy

At the time, Kennedy's criticism of the gross national product did not receive much attention, though it has since become famous, receiving significant coverage in the writings of economic critics. His words are credited as the beginning of the Beyond GDP movement. In an interview in 2008, Barack Obama said that Kennedy's University of Kansas oration was "one of the most beautiful of his speeches."

1. "CHARISMA AMIDST THE CHAOS". *KU History*. University of Kansas. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
2. Newfield, Jack (1988). *Robert Kennedy: A Memoir* (reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Group. pp. 64, 234–235. ISBN 0-452-26064-7.
3. Thomsen, Brian M. (2010). *The Dream That Will Not Die: Inspiring Words of John, Robert, and Edward Kennedy*. Macmillan. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9781429935326.
4. Abramsky, Sasha (2013). *The American Way of Poverty: How the Other Half Still Lives*. Nation Books. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9781568589558.
5. Halberstam, David (5 March 2013). *The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy*. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781480405899.
6. Havens, John (2014). "18". *Hacking Happiness: Why Your Personal Data Counts and How Tracking it Can Change the World*. Penguin. ISBN 9781101621950.
7. Fox, Justin (2012). "The Economics of Well-Being". *Harvard Business Review*. Harvard Business Publishing. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
8. Durning, Alan (17 March 2008). "RFK & GDP, 40 YEARS LATER". Sightline Institute.
9. Leonhardt, David (20 August 2008). "Obamanomics". *The New York Times Magazine*.


title: Robert Jeffrey

abstract: Robert Latham Jeffrey was a Canadian singer, actor, director, producer and writer. He was known for his tenor range and lively interpretations for concert and musical stage.

text:
# Robert Jeffrey

**Robert Latham Jeffrey** (May 3, 1934 – September 17, 2004) was a Canadian singer, actor, director, producer and writer. He was known for his tenor range and lively interpretations for concert and musical stage.

## Early life

Robert Latham Jeffrey was born on May 3, 1934, in Winnipeg's North Kildonan neighbourhood, in Manitoba, to parents William & Nellie Jeffrey. He was the first born, later joined by two brothers; Donald and Martin. It seemed that Robert (Bob) Jeffrey had always been interested in singing. His vocal talent was appreciated at an early age when the eight-year-old Jeffrey was appointed head chorister at St. John's Cathedral in Winnipeg. His singing led to juvenile guest spots on CBC radio's "Sunday School of the Air."

By the time his voice changed and he was an up-and-coming tenor, the new medium of television had come to Winnipeg. Robert became a regular on CBC variety shows broadcast from his home town.

## Emerging vocal artist: the 1950s

In his late teen years he began a stage career with Winnipeg's new Rainbow Stage summer theatre company, performing in "Guys and Dolls", "Annie Get Your Gun" and taking the role of Lieutenant Cable in "South Pacific".

Then in 1957 Ettore Mazzoleni heard him sing at the Manitoba Music Festival and a scholarship sent him to The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. While studying at the conservatory, Jeffrey took the tenor role in the Canadian premiere of Michael Tippett's "A Child of Our Time", under Mazzoleni's direction, at the University of Toronto's Convocation Hall. He also undertook classical repertoire with choirs throughout Ontario, including the tenor roles in Handel's "Messiah" and Mendelssohn's "Elija", in Sudbury. In 1958 he won the Kiwanis Music Festival Award in the 'Male Lieder' category, for a performance at Eaton Auditorium.

In the late 1960s, he was cantor at St. Thomas's Anglican Church (Toronto), under the direction of Walter MacNutt. At this time he also researched a CBC radio programme on religious music, under the direction of Brian Freeland. Jeffrey's last appearance on the concert stage was in a 1994 production of "Amahl and the Night Visitors" for music director Lloyd Bradshaw at St. Anne's Anglican Church in Toronto.

## 1960s and 70s: international stage

In 1960 he was invited to join the Stratford Shakespeare Festival production of "H.M.S. Pinafore", under the direction of Sir Tyrone Guthrie, as chorus and understudy to the leading role. Guthrie recognized an emerging acting presence and encouraged the singer's interest in the musical stage. Pinafore was a great success in Stratford and was transferred to New York for a limited engagement at the Phoenix Theatre. Jeffrey was back in Stratford in 1961 for the Guthrie production of "Pirates of Penzance". This was another success with a return to New York and a three-month U.S. tour.

These U.S. visits exposed the singer to American audiences. Mr. Jeffrey was highlighted during the Pinafore run at New York's Phoenix Theatre as 'One to Watch' in Dan Blum's noted "Theatre World" publication.

"H.M.S. Pinafore" then went on to London in 1962 for a Command Performance before Queen Elizabeth II at Her Majesty's Theatre.

While in the British capital, Robert Jeffrey was offered the role of Tony in H. M. Tennent's Scandinavian tour of "West Side Story". He replaced David Holliday in Copenhagen and went on to plaudits, opposite Jill Martin as Maria, in Oslo, Goteborg, Stockholm and Helsinki.

In 1963, back in London, he appeared in the new musical "House of Cards", at the Players' Theatre.

Returning to Toronto in 1964, he appeared as Mr. Ringo in one of the early productions of Susan Douglas Rubeš' Young People's Theatre, "The Dandy Lion". This was his second stage appearance in the city. He had previously starred in a new Bernard Slade musical "The Gay Chaperone" (The Duenna) at Toronto's Crest Theatre in January 1961.

In 1968 Jeffrey joined a roster of Canadian musical comedy stars (including Jack Creley and Rita Howell) in the annual touring revue "Spring Thaw," established him as a stage presence across the country for the next three years (1968, 69, 70). These tours led to a return to Winnipeg's Rainbow Stage for two seasons, in "Finian's Rainbow" (1964) with Burt Wheeler and "Mame" (1972), in the role of Patrick Dennis, with Libby Morris.

In the summer of 1968 Jeffrey landed a role in the Toronto production of "Your Own Thing" at the Bayview Playhouse. In November he was back on that stage as one of the quartet of performers for the Canadian premiere of "Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris" (with Stan Porter, Arlene Meadows and Loro Farrell). The successful run of this production led to an invitation to open in the show in Boston with Arlene Meadows, Robert Guillaume and Judy Lander, at the Charles Playhouse. Jeffrey remained in Boston for two years, joined in the Brel show by such artists as Denise LeBrun, Sally Cooke, George Ball and Shawn Elliott. He went on to join productions in Montreal (at Place des Arts), Ottawa (in the recently opened National Arts Centre) and Philadelphia (with Elly Stone), with a return to Boston in 1981. In 1972 he joined the large cast of Brel interpreters in a Carnegie Hall fifth anniversary presentation of the hit show, a "Homage a Jacques", with the celebrated Jacques Brel in attendance.

On his return to Toronto from Boston in 1973, Jeffrey continued in the world of cabaret inspired by the Brel show. "Of Moon & June & Honeymoon," a song revue which Jeffrey co-devised with director Ron Ror, set to music by Doug Randle, opened at Old Angelo’s cabaret on Elm Street with a cast of Christine Chandler, Brian McKay and Barbara Barsky. The show was re-packaged for Cleveland in August and opened Hamilton's new Hamilton Place Theatre in September.

At the end of the Toronto run, artistic director Michael Ayoub saw the show and invited the production to open his Muskoka Festival (re-staged by Bernard Hiatt), based in Gravenhurst, Ontario, that summer.

His arrival in Muskoka in 1973 led to a long-term affiliation with that company which included roles in Muskoka Festival productions of *Dames at Sea*, *Flicks*, *I Do! I Do!*(1974) with Jamie Ray, and *Eight to the Bar* (1979) with Nancy Palk. In 1983 he directed Michael Burgess and Kate Hennig in *Side by Side by Sondheim*. In 1984 he co-directed (with Paul Russell) a workshop production of a new Adamo and O'Donnell musical, *Robin for Good*. The following year saw a fully staged production with Marianne Woods, Jonathan Whittaker and James Fagan Tait.

In 1972 he played Sancho Panza in Heinar Piller's Grand Theatre (London, Ontario) production of "Man of La Mancha"(with Michael Fletcher and Denise Ferguson). He also directed a production of "Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris" for The Playhouse (Fredericton). This led to directing (and performing in) another revival of the show for Marlene Smith and Strut Productions, at the Teller's Cage in Toronto (1975).

The 1970s were the years of cabaret in Toronto, and across Canada. Jeffrey was booked solid. After "Moon & June" in Toronto, he was invited to be part of Roderick Cook "One More Time"(1974) with Connie Martin and David Brown at the Colonial Tavern. This was followed by "In Gay Company" with Susan Keller at the Teller's Cage (1975).

In 1976 Jeffrey appeared in David Y.H. Lui's Vancouver production of Ben Bagley's "The Decline and Fall of the Entire World as Seen through the Eyes of Cole Porter" with Ross Petty and Roma Hearn.

Back in Toronto in 1977 he directed and appeared in another revival of "Jacques Brel," with Barbara Collier, Nora McClellan and Rudy Webb, at the Bayview Playhouse. This production continued with an extended run at the city's Prince Hotel followed by performances at the Sly Fox Cabaret in Ottawa. In 1980 he directed "To Eternity through Noise & Smoke" for Magda Zalan's Podium Productions, which featured Nancy Palk, Sean Hewitt, Marcia Tratt and Joe Zeigler, at Toronto's St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts.

In 1979 Tony Lloyd, artistic director of Theatre Sudbury invited Jeffrey to direct Peter Mews, Marylu Moyer and Pam Hyatt in "Anne of Green Gables: The Musical"(1980). He had previously appeared in Sudbury in classical concerts and as Mack the Knife in "The Threepenny Opera" (1972) and was delighted to return. This directorial project was followed by Theatre Sudbury roles in 1982 productions of "Oliver!" (Mr. Bumble) and "The Sound of Music" (Max). This was followed in 1983 with the title role in "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown", with Grant Cowan and Marcia Tratt. In 1984 he appeared in "Flicks" and in 1986 he was Captain Andy in "Show Boat".

In the early eighties, he also returned to productions for Toronto's Young Peoples Theatre, where he had earlier success in "The Dandy Lion." He played a lively Tigger in 1973's "Winnie the Pooh" with Don Francks as Pooh, at the St. Lawrence Centre. In 1980 he was offered the title role in "The Popcorn Man" and in the next year returned for "The Threepenny Opera" with Salome Bey (1981). These last two productions were at Young People's Theatre's new venue on Toronto's Front Street.

Mr. Jeffrey's last stage appearance was in the Ontario Tour of Walter Learning and Alden Nowlan's "A Gift to Last" (1991).

## Television

Robert Jeffrey had been introduced to television in the 1950s in Winnipeg, as soon as the Winnipeg studios of CBC opened.

After 1958, during his Toronto studies, he appeared on CBC's "Hit Parade", with Robert Goulet and Giselle Mackenzie, recorded at the CBC Jarvis Street studios. Both of Guthrie's Gilbert and Sullivan productions for Stratford Festival had been adapted for television by Norman Campbell, in 1960 and 61.

When Jeffrey returned from Europe in 1964, he was interviewed by Fred Rogers for his new CBC children's show and made appearances on the new "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". He followed this with guest spots on "Butternut Square" and then on Ernie Coombs' "Mr. Dressup." In 1972 he was invited to appear on several episodes of TVOntario's "Polka Dot Door."

He was frequently cast on variety shows such as "Music Album" and there were several appearances on Elwood Glover's Luncheon Date during the 1970s. In 1979 he undertook the title role of Dodi Robb and Pat Patterson's "The Popcorn Man" in a CBC children's music special. This led to repeating the role on stage.

## Later years and legacy

In his later years, passing the spotlight to the next generation, Robert Jeffrey joined with Sandy Stewart (producer), Pat Stewart and Paul G. Russell (1985) to adapt the classic television quiz show Reach for the Top for in-school play as "Schoolreach." Reach for the Top had launched the career of Jeopardy!'s Alex Trebek years before. Reach was privately produced by Sandy Stewart from 1985 to 1996.

In 1996, Jeffrey and Russell, as Paulus Productions Inc., acquired Reach for the Top. In the year 2000, they re-established "Reach" on television, first with Canadian Learning Television, then with Access TV (now CTV Two Alberta), Knowledge Network and TVOntario. The Reach Organization (Reach for the Top and Schoolreach) continues to sponsor student co-curricular play in the format made popular on television, across Canada.

To honour the 50th anniversary of the National Finals of Reach for the Top (2016), the estate of Robert Jeffrey contributed to the establishment of the Reach for the Top Foundation, offering cash awards to celebrate student achievement.

In the 1990s, Robert Jeffrey, through Paulus Productions Inc., was a founding member of PFG (the Paulus Film Group), which nurtured a younger generation of Canadian filmmakers whose output included feature films and award-winning videos for broadcast on the Bravo (Canada) network. Besides Jeffrey, PFG was made up of Daniel Hill, Robert Crossman, Drew Mullin, David Greene, Aaron Woodley and Paul G. Russell.

Robert Jeffrey served as executive producer on a number of these projects and was often cast in cameo roles by the directors. Several PFG films, such as "Bed & Breakfast," won recognition at film festivals in Atlanta, Columbus, Houston, Los Angeles, Palm Springs, Chicago and Toronto.

Robert died of heart failure at his home in Toronto, on September 17, 2004. His archive is at the University of Guelph.

## Further reading

* Nordell, Roderick (2 May 1970) "Jacques Brel is Alive & Well" The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Massachusetts. p. 17
* Hirsch, Samuel (4 May 1970) "A Genuine Hit is Alive and Well and Celebrating Spring in Boston" Boston Herald Traveler, Boston, Massachusetts. p. 14
* Kneeland, Paul F. (20 March 1971) "Gift of love beads, cookies cheer 'Jacques Brel' start" The Boston Globe, Boston, Massachusetts. p. 8.
* Hicklin, Ralph (30 July 1968) "Oh fie on your diffidence" The Telegram, Toronto, Ontario. P.38
* Cohen, Nathan (27 November 1968) "Brel play just short of being a knockout" Toronto Daily Star, Toronto, Ontario. p. 44
* Kraglund, John (24 April 1959) "Music in Toronto" The Globe and Mail, Toronto, Ontario. p. 19

## InfoBox

| Robert Latham Jeffrey | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Latham Jeffrey
(1934-05-03)May 3, 1934
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |
| Died | September 17, 2004(2004-09-17) (aged 76)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation | Entertainer |


title: Betty Churcher

abstract: Elizabeth Ann Dewar Churcher was an Australian arts administrator, best known as director of the National Gallery of Australia from 1990 to 1997. She was also a painter in her own right earlier in her life.

text:
# Betty Churcher

**Elizabeth Ann Dewar Churcher** AO (*née* **Cameron**; 11 January 1931  31 March 2015) was an Australian arts administrator, best known as director of the National Gallery of Australia from 1990 to 1997. She was also a painter in her own right earlier in her life.

## Early life and education

Elizabeth Cameron was born on 11 January 1931 in Brisbane. From age 7 to 15 she attended Somerville House school, paid for by her grandmother. There she was taught art by Patricia Prentice. She left school after grade 10 because her father did not think she needed a higher education.

In 1942 as an 11-year-old, Churcher saw Blandford Fletcher's *Evicted* at the Queensland Art Gallery, which inspired her to become an artist. After leaving school, she studied under artist Caroline Barker.

Churcher won a Royal Queensland Art Society travelling scholarship to Europe and attended the Royal College of Art in London. She received a Master of Arts from the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, in 1977.

## Career

| External images | |
| --- | --- |
| Photograph | |
| 2008 photograph by Dean Golja | |

In the years preceding the formation of the Queensland Branch of the Contemporary Art Society, Betty and her husband Roy Churcher involved a new group of people who were interested in contemporary art (in particular modernism) in Brisbane. (Roy was a key instigator of the establishment of the society, and became one of two inaugural vice-presidents when it was established in 1961.)

Between 1972 and 1975, Churcher was art critic for *The Australian* newspaper.

She became Dean of School of Art and Design in 1982, and taught Art History at the progressive Phillip Institute of Technology (now RMIT University) until 1987, when she was appointed director of the Art Gallery of Western Australia. She left in 1990 after disagreements with Robert Holmes à Court about the gallery's acquisition of a Pierre Bonnard painting.

She was then appointed director of the Australian National Gallery. She hosted several television shows in the 1990s and authored several books, including *The Art of War* about war artists.

While director of the National Gallery, she was dubbed "Betty Blockbuster" because of her love of blockbuster exhibitions and for her love of movies. Churcher initiated the building of new galleries on the eastern side of the building, opened in March 1998, to house large-scale temporary exhibitions. She changed the name of the Gallery from the Australian National Gallery to its current title. During her tenure the museum also purchased *Golden Summer, Eaglemont* by Arthur Streeton for $3.5 million. This was the last great picture from the Heidelberg School still in private hands.

Churcher dedicated her time to displaying hidden artworks and lesser known acquisitions of the National Gallery of Australia in a television program called *Hidden Treasures* on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

## Recognition

In 1996 a portrait of Churcher painted by her son, Peter Churcher, and titled *Betty at Home* was a finalist in the Archibald Prize. The prize is awarded for the "best portrait painting preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics". Davida Allen painted a portrait of her in 1990, titled *Hey Betty*.

In 2001, Churcher was inducted into the Victorian Honour Roll of Women.

## Death and legacy

Churcher died of cancer on 31 March 2015 at the age of 84.

After her death she was described by one writer as "a seminal figure in the arts sector, a superior curator and administrator as well as a gifted communicator who introduced Australians to the world of art outside the national collections".

The National Gallery of Australia introduced the Betty Churcher Memorial Oration in 2022; the inaugural speaker was the Australian director of the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, Melissa Chiu.

## Family

Betty was married to Roy (1933–2014) and had four sons and seven grandchildren. One son is the artist Peter Churcher.

## Bibliography

### Books

* Churcher, Betty (1973). *Understanding Art*. Adelaide: Rigby. ISBN 0-85179-699-0.
* (1984). *Molvig The Lost Antipodean*. Melbourne: Penguin. ISBN 0-7139-1524-2.
* (2005). *The Art of War*. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-85099-5.
* (2011). *Notebooks*. Miegunyah Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85842-6.
* with Lucy Quinn (2013). *Treasures of Canberra*. Braddon, Australian Capital Territory: Halstead Press. ISBN 9781920831981.
* (2013). *Adam & Sarah Explore Turner*. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia. ISBN 9780642334374.
* (2014). *Australian Notebooks*. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. ISBN 9780522864199.
* (2015). *The Forgotten Notebook*. Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. ISBN 9780522868678.

### Critical studies and reviews

## InfoBox

| Betty ChurcherAO | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Elizabeth Ann Dewar Cameron
(1931-01-11)11 January 1931
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |
| Died | 31 March 2015(2015-03-31) (aged 84)
Wamboin, New South Wales, Australia |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Education | Somerville House |
| Alma mater | Royal College of Art
The Courtauld Institute of Art
Australian National University |
| Occupation | Arts administrator |
| Known for | Director of the National Gallery of Australia (1990–1997) |
| Spouse | Roy Churcher  (m. 1955; died 2014) |
| Children | Peter Churcher, Ben Churcher, Tim Churcher, Paul Churcher |


title: Betty Caywood

abstract: Betty Caywood Bushman was an American sportscaster. She was one of the first female Major League Baseball broadcasters, providing color commentary on radio broadcasts for the Kansas City Athletics in September 1964. Caywood had previously worked as a weather reporter on a Chicago television station. On September 16, 1964, she was hired by Athletics' owner Charles Finley to provide a female perspective on the games. Caywood provided color commentary while Monte Moore and George Bryson provided the play-by-play. Baseball author Bill James wrote of Caywood in his 1986 Baseball Abstract "Don't get me wrong, I'm all for having a woman announcer but it would help if she was a baseball fan." She did not return to the broadcasts in 1965. Caywood was born in Chicago grew up in Kansas City, Missouri where she graduated from Westport High School in 1948 and graduated from Marymount College in Salina, Kansas. She later earned a master's degree in speech therapy from Northwestern University. Caywood, then known as Betty Caywood Bushman, returned to the baseball broadcast booth on August 16, 2008, joining the WHB radio broadcast of games for the independent baseball team, the Kansas City T-Bones. Caywood died on September 3, 2020, in Kansas City, Missouri.

text:
# Betty Caywood

**Betty Caywood Bushman** (born **Betty Jean Congour**; March 10, 1931 – September 3, 2020) was an American sportscaster. She was one of the first female Major League Baseball broadcasters, providing color commentary on radio broadcasts for the Kansas City Athletics in September 1964.

Caywood had previously worked as a weather reporter on a Chicago television station. On September 16, 1964, she was hired by Athletics' owner Charles Finley to provide a female perspective on the games. Caywood provided color commentary while Monte Moore and George Bryson provided the play-by-play. Baseball author Bill James wrote of Caywood in his 1986 Baseball Abstract "Don't get me wrong, I'm all for having a woman announcer but it would help if she was a baseball fan." She did not return to the broadcasts in 1965.

Caywood was born in Chicago grew up in Kansas City, Missouri where she graduated from Westport High School in 1948 and graduated from Marymount College in Salina, Kansas. She later earned a master's degree in speech therapy from Northwestern University.

Caywood, then known as Betty Caywood Bushman, returned to the baseball broadcast booth on August 16, 2008, joining the WHB radio broadcast of games for the independent baseball team, the Kansas City T-Bones.

Caywood died on September 3, 2020, in Kansas City, Missouri.

## InfoBox

| Betty Caywood | |
| --- | --- |
| Caywood in 1964 | |
| Born | Betty Jean Congour
(1946-09-07)September 7, 1946
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | September 3, 2020(2020-09-03) (aged 73)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupations | * Radio sportscaster * Weather presenter |
| Known for | First woman to regularly broadcast Major League Baseball games |
| Spouse | * +Frank Caywood  (m. 1951; div. 1957)     +Jordan Bushman  (m. 1965; died 2020) |
| Children | 4 |


title: Betty Chew

abstract: Betty Chew Gek Cheng is a Malaysian politician from the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) opposition coalition who served as Member of the Malacca State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kota Laksamana from March 2004 to May 2013 and Durian Daun from November 1999 to March 2004. She also served as Malacca State Women Chief of DAP of as of 2005. She is also the spouse and wife of Lim Guan Eng, the present National Chairman and former Secretary-General of DAP, former Minister of Finance and former Chief Minister of Penang as well as the daughter-in-law of another former Secretary-General and former National Chairman of DAP, Lim Kit Siang. In 2005, she suffered a surprise defeat when running for re-election to the DAP Malacca committee, placing second-last, finishing ahead of only her husband. However, while her husband automatically qualified to sit on the committee by virtue of his position as party Secretary-General, Chew did not. Chew was "saddened by the results", but said she accepted her defeat. However, Teresa Kok, a DAP Member of Parliament, suggested there was a conspiracy behind the defeat of Lim and Chew in their re-election campaigns. In 2006, it was reported that Chew would become the first Malacca assemblyman to give birth while in office. At the time, Chew had 4 children with Lim. In 2008, Chew defeated newcomer Lee Kiat Lee for the Kota Laksamana seat where she had 11043 votes while Lee had only 3801 votes.

text:
# Betty Chew

**Betty Chew Gek Cheng** (Chinese: 周玉清; pinyin: *Zhōu Yùqīng*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Chiu Ge̍k-chheng*; born 15 August 1964) is a Malaysian politician from the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) opposition coalition who served as Member of the Malacca State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kota Laksamana from March 2004 to May 2013 and Durian Daun from November 1999 to March 2004. She also served as Malacca State Women Chief of DAP of as of 2005. She is also the spouse and wife of Lim Guan Eng, the present National Chairman and former Secretary-General of DAP, former Minister of Finance and former Chief Minister of Penang as well as the daughter-in-law of another former Secretary-General and former National Chairman of DAP, Lim Kit Siang.

In 2005, she suffered a surprise defeat when running for re-election to the DAP Malacca committee, placing second-last, finishing ahead of only her husband. However, while her husband automatically qualified to sit on the committee by virtue of his position as party Secretary-General, Chew did not. Chew was "saddened by the results", but said she accepted her defeat. However, Teresa Kok, a DAP Member of Parliament, suggested there was a conspiracy behind the defeat of Lim and Chew in their re-election campaigns.

In 2006, it was reported that Chew would become the first Malacca assemblyman to give birth while in office. At the time, Chew had 4 children with Lim.

In 2008, Chew defeated newcomer Lee Kiat Lee for the Kota Laksamana seat where she had 11043 votes while Lee had only 3801 votes.

## Election results

**Malacca State Legislative Assembly**
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 | N17 Durian Daun |  | **Betty Chew Gek Cheng** (**DAP**) | **7,380** | **64.77%** |  | Chew Chong Lin (MCA) | 4,011 | 35.2% | 11,605 | 3,369 | 73.88% |
| 2004 | N20 Kota Laksamana |  | **Betty Chew Gek Cheng** (**DAP**) | **8,944** | **62.74%** |  | Lim Eng Tack (MCA) | 5,302 | 37.19% | 14,471 | 3,642 | 76.34% |
| 2008 | |  | **Betty Chew Gek Cheng** (**DAP**) | **11,043** | **73.35%** |  | Lee Kiat Lee (MCA) | 3,801 | 25.25% | 15,055 | 7,242 | 79.53% |

## InfoBox

| Betty Chew Gek Cheng | |
| --- | --- |
| 周玉清 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Malacca State Legislative Assembly
for Kota Laksamana | |
| **In office**
21 March 2004  5 May 2013 | |
| Preceded by | *Position established* |
| Succeeded by | Lai Keun Ban |
| Majority | 7,242 |
| Member of the Malacca State Legislative Assembly
for Durian Daun | |
| **In office**
29 November 1999  21 March 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Yew Kok Kee |
| Succeeded by | *Position abolished* |
| Majority | 3,369 |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1964-08-15) 15 August 1964
Tengkera, Malacca, Malaysia |
| Political party | Democratic Action Party (DAP) |
| Other political
affiliations | Pakatan Harapan (PH)
(since 2015)
Pakatan Rakyat (PR)
(2008-2015)
Barisan Alternatif (BA)
(1998-2004) |
| Spouse | Lim Guan Eng |
| Children | 4 |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Bibliophile mailing list

abstract: The Bibliophile Mailing List is an electronic mailing list for sellers and collectors of rare, out-of-print and scarce books. Booksellers, librarians, students, scholars, and book lovers, share news and discussions on all manner of topics of interest to bibliophiles, as well as posting books wanted and books for sale listings.

text:
# Bibliophile mailing list

The **Bibliophile Mailing List** is an electronic mailing list for sellers and collectors of rare, out-of-print and scarce books. Booksellers, librarians, students, scholars, and book lovers, share news and discussions on all manner of topics of interest to bibliophiles, as well as posting books wanted and books for sale listings.

## History

The Bibliophile Mailing List was started in 1994 by Michael Medlin at the Claremont Colleges in the United States. By early 1995 the Iris.Claremont.Edu server hosting the list could no longer handle the bandwidth. The list membership had grown to over 550, and with an average of 15 to 20 posts per day, the volume of email was large. In February 1995 responsibility for managing the list was taken on by Shoshana Edwards, owner of Books From Bree. The list was moved to SmartDOCS.com in the Santa Clarita Valley of Southern California, where it was run on an Oracle-based server.

In the summer of 1997 Lynn DeWeese-Parkinson took over the list adding a bit of whimsy by changing the title from "List Owner" to "Grand Poohbah" and declaring its location in the polity of Bibliotenango. The list and the whimsy has continued with events such as the annual "running of the book scouts" on the day of St. John of God, the patron of booksellers. Today its membership is just over 1000 booksellers, collectors, librarians, and general bibliophiles.

## Operation

Bibliophile is a closed list. Only subscribers are allowed to post and are expected to observe the amenities of good manners and professional behavior. It is not monitored but the discussions are followed by its Grand Poohbah who attempts to keep them within freely drawn bounds. It has a fee of $30 per year due after a two-week free trial period. Its members are drawn from around the world and include many of the most knowledgeable of bibliophiles.

* Hollowell, Hugh (July 14, 2007). "Selling books on Biblio List". *Book Links*. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2008.
* Lightner, Barbara (February 2002). "The Grand Pooh-Bah: An Interview with Lynn deWeese-Parkinson". *IOBA Standard Vol III, no. 1*.

## InfoBox

Bibliophile Mailing List
| Type of site | e-list and virtual community |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Lynn DeWeese-Parkinson |
| Created by | Michael Medlin |
| URL | www.bibliophilegroup.com |
| Registration | Subscription |
| Launched | 1994 |
| Current status | 1000 members |


title: Robert Bellamy Clifton

abstract: Robert Bellamy Clifton FRS was a British scientist.

text:
# Robert Bellamy Clifton

**Robert Bellamy Clifton** FRS (13 March 1836 – 21 February 1921) was a British scientist.

## Academic career

Clifton was educated at University College, London and St John's College, Cambridge where he studied under Sir George Stokes. In 1860 he went to Owens College, Manchester as Professor of Natural Philosophy. In 1865 he was appointed Professor of experimental Natural Philosophy at Oxford University. While at Oxford he designed Clarendon Laboratory and gave research space to Charles Vernon Boys. On 4 June 1868 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. He was president of the Physical Society (now Institute of Physics) from 1882 until 1884. From 1868 until his retirement in 1915 he was a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford.

## Family

Clifton's father was the clergyman Robert Cox Clifton. His daughter Catharine Edith was married to the surgeon Henry Souttar.

## InfoBox

| Robert Bellamy Clifton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 13 March 1836
Gedney, Lincolnshire |
| Died | 21 February 1921 (1921-02-22) (aged 84)
Oxford |


title: Robert Findlay (umpire)

abstract: Robert Findlay is an Australian rules football umpire currently officiating in the Australian Football League. He joined the Victorian Football League in 2001, umpiring in the 2008 Grand Final. He was appointed to the AFL list in 2009 and made his debut in Round 4 of that year, in a match between Richmond and Melbourne.

text:
# Robert Findlay (umpire)

**Robert Findlay** is an Australian rules football umpire currently officiating in the Australian Football League.

He joined the Victorian Football League in 2001, umpiring in the 2008 Grand Final. He was appointed to the AFL list in 2009 and made his debut in Round 4 of that year, in a match between Richmond and Melbourne.

## InfoBox

| Robert Findlay | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Findlay in April 2018 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Robert Findlay | | |
| Nickname(s) | Rob | | |
| Height | 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 70 kg (154 lb) | | |
| Other occupation | Engineer | | |
| Umpiring career | | | |
| Years | **League** | **Role** | **Games** |
| 2009– | AFL | Field umpire | 330 |


title: Bicuco

abstract: Bicuco is a traditional Filipino ethnic weapon in the province of Tarlac, Pangasinan and La Union. It has a sharp edge blade made of high carbon steel with the edge and its long false edge sharpened with a polished wood grip. It is a long knife intended as working knife used primarily for slaughtering livestock animals and preparing meat. As a weapon, this long knife doubles as a self defense knife that can cut a body quite handily.

text:
# Bicuco

**Bicuco** (also spelled, Bikuko) is a traditional Filipino ethnic weapon in the province of Tarlac, Pangasinan and La Union. It has a sharp edge blade made of high carbon steel with the edge and its long false edge sharpened with a polished wood grip. It is a long knife intended as working knife used primarily for slaughtering livestock animals and preparing meat. As a weapon, this long knife doubles as a self defense knife that can cut a body quite handily.

## InfoBox

| Bicuco | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Sword |
| Place of origin | Philippines |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Filipino (Tarlac, Pangasinan and La Union) |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 25 in (64 cm) |
| --- | |
| Blade type | Single edge |
| Hilt type | wood |
| Scabbard/sheath | wood |


title: Best of Grim Reaper

abstract: Best of Grim Reaper is a compilation album by Grim Reaper. The songs are drawn from Grim Reaper's singles and albums.

text:
# Best of Grim Reaper

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Best of Grim Reaper*** is a compilation album by Grim Reaper. The songs are drawn from Grim Reaper's singles and albums.

## Track listing

All songs written by Bowcott and Grimmett, except where noted

1. "See You in Hell" – 4:17
2. "Fear No Evil" – 4:01
3. "Rock You to Hell" – 4:02
4. "Wrath of the Reaper" – 3:13
5. "Lust for Freedom" – 4:27
6. "Never Coming Back" – 3:35
7. "All Hell Let Loose" – 4:24
8. "The Show Must Go On" (Bowcott, DeMercado) – 7:27
9. "Let the Thunder Roar" – 4:08
10. "Run for Your Life" – 3:40
11. "Waysted Love" (Bowcott, DeMercado) – 4:19
12. "Now or Never" – 2:52
13. "Fight for the Last" – 2:59
14. "Dead on Arrival" – 4:32
15. "Lay It on the Line" – 4:07
16. "Suck It and See" – 2:32
17. "Final Scream" – 5:28

## InfoBox

| Best of Grim Reaper | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Grim Reaper | |
| Released | September 28, 1999 |
| Label | RCA |
| Grim Reaper chronology | |
| *See You in Hell/Fear No Evil*
(1999) ***Best of Grim Reaper***
(1999) | |


title: Elachista christenseni

abstract: Elachista christenseni is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Greece.

text:
# Elachista christenseni

***Elachista christenseni*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Greece.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista christenseni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. christenseni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista christenseni***<br>Traugott-Olsen, 2000 | |
|


abstract: The Platinum Collection Volume 1: Shout to the Lord is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. The album appeared on the Billboard 200 and reached No. 8 on the Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart.

text:
# The Platinum Collection Volume 1: Shout to the Lord

***The Platinum Collection Volume 1: Shout to the Lord*** is a compilation praise and worship album of contemporary worship music by the Hillsong Church. The album appeared on the *Billboard* 200 and reached No. 8 on the Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart.

## Track listing

Disc 1:

1. "People Just Like Us" (Russell Fragar; from *People Just Like Us*)
2. "He's Real (All the Power You Need)" (Fragar; from *Shout to the Lord*)
3. "My Redeemer Lives" (Reuben Morgan; from *By Your Side*)
4. "Church On Fire" (Fragar; from *Touching Heaven Changing Earth*)
5. "Joy in the Holy Ghost" (Fragar; from *God Is in the House*)
6. "Show Me Your Ways" (Fragar; from *Shout to the Lord*)
7. "I Will Run to You" (Darlene Zschech; from *God Is in the House*)
8. "What the Lord has Done in Me" (Morgan; from *By Your Side*)
9. "Jesus, You Gave it All" (Zschech; from *Touching Heaven Changing Earth*)
10. "I Give You My Heart" (Morgan; from *God Is in the House*)
11. "The Potter's Hand" (Zschech; from *Touching Heaven Changing Earth*)
12. "Jesus, Lover of My Soul" (John Ezzy, Daniel Grul and Steve McPherson; from *Shout to the Lord*)
13. "Dwelling Places" (Miriam Webster; from *By Your Side*)
14. "The Great Southland" (Geoff Bullock; from *The Power of Your Love*)
15. "Hear Our Praises" (Morgan; from *Shout to the Lord 2000*)

Disc 2:

1. "All Things Are Possible" (Zschech; from *All Things Are Possible*)
2. "I Believe the Promise" (Fragar; from *God Is in the House*)
3. "Touching Heaven, Changing Earth" (Morgan; from *Touching Heaven Changing Earth*)
4. "God Is in the House" (Fragar & Zschech; from *God Is in the House*)
5. "This is How We Overcome" (Morgan; from *By Your Side*)
6. "Your Love Keeps Following Me" (Fragar; from *People Just Like Us*)
7. "Jesus What a Beautiful Name" (Tanya Riches; from *God Is in the House*)
8. "The Power of Your Love" (Bullock; from *The Power of Your Love*)
9. "Eagles Wings" (Morgan; from *By Your Side*)
10. "And That My Soul Knows Very Well" (Zschech; from *God Is in the House*)
11. "Shout to the Lord" (Zschech; from *Shout to the Lord*)
12. "Love You So Much" (Fragar; from *All Things Are Possible*)
13. "Holy Spirit Rain Down" (Fragar; from *Touching Heaven Changing Earth*)
14. "So You Would Come" (Fragar; from *All Things Are Possible*)
15. "You Said" (Morgan; from *By Your Side*)
16. "Can't Stop Talking" (Fragar; from *All Things Are Possible*)
17. "That's What We Came Here For" (Fragar & Zschech; from *Touching Heaven Changing Earth*)

## InfoBox

| The Platinum Collection Volume 1: Shout to the Lord (Featuring Darlene Zschech) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Hillsong Church | |
| Released | 2000 |
| Genre | Contemporary worship music |
| Length | 149:57 |
| Label | Hillsong Music Australia |
| Producer | Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team |
| Hillsong Music Australia
Compilation albums chronology | |
| *Extravagant Worship: The Songs of Reuben Morgan*
(2001) ***The Platinum Collection Volume 1: Shout to the Lord (Featuring Darlene Zschech)***
(2000) *The Platinum Collection Volume 2: Shout to the Lord 2*
(2003) | |


title: Beautiful (Miliyah Kato song)

abstract: "Beautiful" is a song by Japanese singer-songwriter Miliyah Kato from her debut studio album Rose (2005). The song was written by Minoru Komori and Kato herself, while the production was done by Hiro Matsui. The single was released for the two versions of CD and digital download on 17 November 2004 through Mastersix Foundation as the second single from Rose. The limited version of the CD accompanied the bonus DVD featuring the two music videos, "Beautiful" and "Yozora". "Beautiful" is a up-tempo J-pop track with the elements of R&B and hip-hop. The single peaked at number 26 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. The song served as the commercial song to the Lotte chewing gum brand Pure White Gum and the theme song to the Japanese television show Ryuha-R. The single's B-side track, "At the Fever" is a hip-hop track featuring the four Japanese rappers, Twigy, Nipps, Dev Large, and Shinnosk8. The song was later released as the promotional single for 12-inch single on 26 January 2005.

text:
# Beautiful (Miliyah Kato song)

"**Beautiful**" is a song by Japanese singer-songwriter Miliyah Kato from her debut studio album *Rose* (2005). The song was written by Minoru Komori and Kato herself, while the production was done by Hiro Matsui. The single was released for the two versions of CD and digital download on 17 November 2004 through Mastersix Foundation as the second single from *Rose*. The limited version of the CD accompanied the bonus DVD featuring the two music videos, "Beautiful (BR Remix)" and "Yozora".

"Beautiful" is a up-tempo J-pop track with the elements of R&B and hip-hop. The single peaked at number 26 on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. The song served as the commercial song to the Lotte chewing gum brand Pure White Gum and the theme song to the Japanese television show *Ryuha-R*. The single's B-side track, "At the Fever" is a hip-hop track featuring the four Japanese rappers, Twigy, Nipps, Dev Large, and Shinnosk8. The song was later released as the promotional single for 12-inch single on 26 January 2005.

## Commercial performance

In Japan, "Beautiful" debuted at its peak, number 28 on Oricon Weekly Singles Chart, with the sales of 6,943 copies. It stayed on the chart for nine weeks, selling 16,272 copies in total.

## Track listing

CD single/digital download
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Beautiful" | * Miliyah Kato * Minoru Komori | * Hiro Matsui | 4:54 |
| 2. | "At the Fever" (featuring Twigy, Nipps, Dev Large, Shinnosuk8) | * Kato * Twigy * H. Kimura * H. Kon * Shinnosuk8 | Dev Large | 4:54 |
| 3. | "Never Let Go" (Dance Hall Remix featuring Rudeboy Face) | * Kato |  | 4:14 |
| 4. | "Beautiful" (BR Remix) | * Kato * Komori | * Shingo. S | 12:00:00 |
| Total length: | | | | 19:14 |

Limited edition bonus DVD
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Beautiful" (BR Remix / Music video) | * Miliyah Kato * Minoru Komori | Shintaro Ehara |
| 2. | "Yozora" (Music video) | * Kato * M. Takesue * H. Kon |  |

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japan (Oricon) | 26 |
|

## Certification and sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Japan (RIAJ) | None | 16,272 (CD) |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Catalogue Num. | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | 17 November 2004 | Digital download |  | Mastersix Foundation |  |
| | CD | SRCL-5854 | |  |
| | CD+DVD | SRCL-5852/3 | |  |
|

## InfoBox

| "Beautiful" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Miliyah Kato | |
| from the album  *Rose* | |
| B-side | "At the Fever" |
| Released | November 17, 2004 (2004-11-17) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:54 |
| Label | Mastersix Foundation |
| Songwriter(s) | * Miliyah Kato * Minoru Komori |
| Producer(s) | * Hiroshi Matsui * Dev Large |
| Miliyah Kato singles chronology | |
| "Never Let Go" / "Yozora"
(2004) "**Beautiful**"
(2004) "Dear Lonely Girl"
(2005) | |


title: Behind the Screams

abstract: Behind the Screams: The Dream Masters Revealed is a book that chronicles the making of A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master written by Mick Strawn and author Blake Best.

text:
# Behind the Screams

***Behind the Screams: The Dream Masters Revealed*** is a book that chronicles the making of *A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master* written by Mick Strawn and author Blake Best.

## Publication

Mick Strawn, who was the production designer on *A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors* and of *A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master* approached author Blake Best to co-write this book with him on December 13, 2017. The formal announcement of the book was delivered by Best and Strawn on December 14, 2017, and the book's production began on January 1, 2018. The book was released in August 2018 in order to coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the film.

The book was conceived by Strawn and Best as a way of sharing previously untold stories about the making of the film. It began with stories from the makeup effects crews who had worked on the film but also included stories from production and the cast of the film, including Rachel Talalay, Robert Shaye, and Robert Englund.

William Forsche supplied previously unpublished photos for the book and also revealed a list of several other makeup effects artists who had also contributed to the book.

On August 24, 2018, the book was released at Creepycon Halloween and Horror Convention in Knoxville, TN.

## InfoBox

Behind the Screams
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Mick Strawn, Blake Best |


title: Riccarda Dietsche

abstract: Riccarda Dietsche is a Swiss athlete. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Riccarda Dietsche

**Riccarda Dietsche** (born 30 April 1996) is a Swiss athlete. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Riccarda Dietsche
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Born | (1996-04-30) 30 April 1996 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | 100 metres |


title: Richard Walls

abstract: Richard Francis Walls was a New Zealand politician and businessman.

text:
# Richard Walls

**Richard Francis Walls** QSO JP (9 October 1937 – 30 October 2011) was a New Zealand politician and businessman.

## Member of Parliament

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 197578 | 38th | Dunedin North | |  | National |

Walls was a Member of Parliament for Dunedin North from 1975 to 1978. A member of the National Party, he won the normally safe Labour seat as part of Robert Muldoon's landslide victory of 1975. He was the first National MP to represent a significant portion of Dunedin, a long-standing Labour stronghold, in 21 years. Walls was defeated after only one term by Labour's Stan Rodger; to date, he is the last National MP to represent Dunedin.

Following his defeat, Walls attempted to re-enter parliament by seeking the National nomination for the Auckland seat of East Coast Bays in a 1980 by-election. He made the initial five person shortlist, but after being hospitalised suddenly, he was too ill to travel to Auckland for the selection meeting.

## Local-body politics

Walls was first elected onto Dunedin City Council in 1980. Prior to that he served on the St. Kilda Borough Council (1962–1965) and on the Otago Harbour Board (1965–1974; Chairman 1971–1973). He was Mayor of Dunedin for two terms from 1989 to 1995, when he was defeated by Sukhi Turner. He was re-elected to the Dunedin City Council as a councillor in 1998. He remained a city councillor until 2010 and was chair of the Finance and Strategy Committee from 2007 to 2010. In the 2010 Dunedin local elections, he stood in the Central ward, but was unsuccessful.

## Outside politics

In 2010 Walls was chairman of Dunedin International Airport Limited; a fellow of the Institute of Directors in New Zealand (FInstD) and a fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Management (FNZIM). He was a justice of the peace and was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services in the 1996 Queen's Birthday Honours.

He died suddenly in his Dunedin home on 30 October 2011 at the age of 74, and is survived by his wife June and three children.

* The Cyclopedia of Otago-Southland 1998

## InfoBox

| Richard WallsQSO JP | |
| --- | --- |
| Walls c. 1980 | |
|  | |
| 52nd Mayor of Dunedin | |
| **In office**
14 October 1989  14 October 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Cliff Skeggs |
| Succeeded by | Sukhi Turner |
| Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Dunedin North | |
| **In office**
29 November 1975  25 November 1978 | |
| Preceded by | Ethel McMillan |
| Succeeded by | Stan Rodger |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Richard Francis Walls
(1937-10-09)9 October 1937
Dunedin, New Zealand |
| Died | 30 October 2011(2011-10-30) (aged 74)
Dunedin, New Zealand |
| Political party | National |
| Spouse | June Walls |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |


title: Richard White (Irish judge)

abstract: Richard White was an Irish judge who held office as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland; he is remembered mainly for his complaints to the English Crown about the corruption and inefficiency of his judicial colleagues.

text:
# Richard White (Irish judge)

**Richard White** (died 1367) was an Irish judge who held office as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland; he is remembered mainly for his complaints to the English Crown about the corruption and inefficiency of his judicial colleagues.

## Early life

He was born at Clongill, near Navan in County Meath; the White family owned Clongill Castle until the seventeenth century. He was not, as far as is known, related to Richard (or Robert) White, who was appointed Prior of the Order of Knights Hospitaller at Kilmainham in 1384. Like all Irish barristers of the time he studied law in England and was living there in 1352, when he was given a licence to import corn into Ireland.

He returned to Ireland in 1354. In 1359 he was appointed King's Serjeant in Ireland; as was the common practice at the time, the appointment was for a limited period and covered a part of Ireland only. He became Lord Chief Justice in November 1363.

## Mission to England

At this time several senior Irish officials, most notably Thomas de Burley, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, were the subject of serious charges of corruption and maladministration. In 1364 White was a member of a delegation of nobles and officials, headed by Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare and Simon Fleming, 1st Baron Slane, which was sent by the Irish House of Commons to England to report on the state of Irish government, to complain of the corruption of several officials, and to ask for Burley's removal. White was in England from April to July 1364; Nicholas Lumbard acted as Lord Chief Justice in his place.

The delegation had some success, at least in the short term: Burley was removed as Lord Chancellor (though he was later reinstated) and White himself was appointed to a new commission to inquire into the state of the Irish administration, whose other members included the Earl of Kildare, and John Hussey, Baron Galtrim. White seems to have enjoyed the personal favour of King Edward III, who gave him a licence to acquire land to the value of £20, although as a rule it was strictly forbidden for Irish officials to buy property. Significantly, the King ordered that White and his colleagues should not be "troubled" at home for their mission to England, which suggests that they were afraid of reprisals from Burley and his allies.

## Last years and descendants

In 1365 he was entrusted with the task of keeping the peace in Munster. He died in 1367. The Richard Whyte who was living at Clogell (Clongill) in 1541 was probably his descendant, as was Patrick White, listed as one of "the gentlemen of East Meath" in 1598. Christopher White, who married Jane Netterville early in the following century, was probably Patrick's son.


title: Belek Ghazi

abstract: Belek Ghazi was a Turkish bey in the early 12th century.

text:
# Belek Ghazi

**Belek Ghazi** (*Nuruddevle Belek* or *Balak*) was a Turkish bey in the early 12th century.

## Early life

His father was Behram and his grandfather was Artuk Bey, an important figure of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century. He was a short-term governor of Suruç (now a district center in Şanlıurfa Province of Turkey). The city was captured during the First Crusade in 1098. He took part in the Seljuk expedition to Antioch which was recently lost to Crusaders, but the campaign ended in failure. He was also present during the Crusade of 1101 which resulted in Seljuk victory.

## Beylik in Harput

In 1112, Belek captured Harput (an ancient city near to present day Elazığ in Turkey) from Mengüceks. He founded a beylik. This beylik is now known as the Harput branch of the Artukids (the other two being the Hasankeyf branch of Sökmen and Mardin branch of Ilghazi). Next year he married Ayşe Hatun, widow of Anatolian Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan. By this prestigious marriage, he formed family ties with the Seljuk family.

In 1120, Belek together with Danishmends defeated a coalition of Mengüceks and Constantine Gabras of the Byzantine Empire. Two years later, after the death of Ilghazi, Belek became the leader of the Artukids. In 1122, he defeated the forces of the County of Edessa and took Joscelin I as captive. The next year, Baldwin II of Jerusalem too was captured by Belek. These two victories gained Belek fame both in Muslim countries and in Europe. From 1123 to 1124, Belek served as emir of Aleppo.

## Death and aftermath

In 1124, he was invited to defend Tyre, the only port the Muslims used in Syria against the attacking Crusaders. In the meantime, Belek was besieging Manbij, after he imprisoned its emir Hassan al-Ba'labakki ibn Gümüshtigin who pledged allegiance to Joscelin I, in which he managed to capture the city but the castle was still controlled by the defenders led by Hassan's brother Isa. A Crusader force led by Joscelin I tried to help the defenders, but Belek forced them to retreat to Turbessel (now*Tilbaşar*), and maintained the siege until he was hit and killed by an arrow on 6 May 1124. His cousin Husam al-Din Timurtash ibn Ilghazi took his dead body back to Aleppo on the next day. Shortly after his death Harput was annexed by the Artukids of Hasankeyf. Nevertheless, in 1185 another beylik was founded by Artukids in Harput.

1. Albert of Aix. LIBER VIII, CAP. XXIII.
2. Yücel-Yaşar, p.167
3. Belek Gazi
4. Yücel-Yaşar,p.153
5. Yücel Yaşar, p168
6. Harari 2007, p. 87.
7. Purton 2009, p. 225.
8. Richards 2010, p. 619.

## Sources

* Yücel, Yaşar; Sevim, Ali (1990). *Türkiye Tarihi Cilt I*. Ankara: AKDTYK Yayınları.
* Gurur (2015). "Belek Gazi hayatı". Bilgi Dünyası.

## Bibliography

* Harari, Yuval Noah (2007). *Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry 1100–1550*. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-292-8.
* Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). *A History of the Early Medieval Siege, C. 450-1220*. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781843834489.
* Richards, D. S. (2010). *The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'L-Ta'Rikh.: The Years 491-541/1097-1146 the Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response*. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754669500.

## InfoBox

| GhaziBelek | |
| --- | --- |
| Statue of Belek in Elazığ | |
|  | |
| Governor of Suruç | |
| **In office**
1095 (?)  1098 | |
| Bey of Artukids | |
| **In office**
1112–1124 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | unknown |
| Died | 6 May 1124
Manbij |
| Nationality | Turk |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Seljuq Empire |
| Battles/wars | Conquest of Harput
Battle against Mengüceks
Battle against countship of Edessa |
|  | |


title: Richard Henkes

abstract: Richard Henkes was a German Roman Catholic priest of the Society of the Catholic Apostolate (Pallottines). Henkes served as a teacher but was best known for his preaching abilities in the pulpit where he made strong-worded condemnations of Nazism and the actions the Nazis were said to have made. Henkes offered indirect assistance to the German Resistance during World War II and was one of the more vocal German priests to condemn Nazism. This often worried his superiors who believed that Henkes placed his schools at great risk. He was critical of the regime's murder of the disabled and other atrocities which forced the S.S. to arrest him. His first arrest in 1938 saw him released but his second arrest in 1943 saw him sent to the Dachau concentration camp. It was during that time that he befriended Josef Beran who taught him the Czech language. Henkes' cause for beatification gained interest not long after he died though waned in the following decades until around 2000 when formal requests were made to launch the cause. The cause began in 2002 and Henkes was titled as a Servant of God. He was declared Blessed on 15 September 2019.

text:
# Richard Henkes

**Richard Henkes** (26 May 1900 – 22 February 1945) was a German Roman Catholic priest of the Society of the Catholic Apostolate (Pallottines). Henkes served as a teacher but was best known for his preaching abilities in the pulpit where he made strong-worded condemnations of Nazism and the actions the Nazis were said to have made. Henkes offered indirect assistance to the German Resistance during World War II and was one of the more vocal German priests to condemn Nazism. This often worried his superiors who believed that Henkes placed his schools at great risk. He was critical of the regime's murder of the disabled and other atrocities which forced the S.S. to arrest him. His first arrest in 1938 saw him released but his second arrest in 1943 saw him sent to the Dachau concentration camp. It was during that time that he befriended Josef Beran (future cardinal) who taught him the Czech language.

Henkes' cause for beatification gained interest not long after he died though waned in the following decades until around 2000 when formal requests were made to launch the cause. The cause began in 2002 and Henkes was titled as a Servant of God. He was declared Blessed on 15 September 2019.

## Life

Richard Henkes was born in mid-1900 in Ruppach-Goldhausen as one of eight children to a stonemason.

His father often worked abroad as a stonemason so religious instruction to the eight children fell to their mother who used to sprinkle each of them with holy water each night before the children went to bed. His teacher Hans gave Henkes good reports when he was at school. On one occasion a Pallottine priest who served in the Cameroon missions came to the parish where he spoke of his work. This enthralled Henkes who began desiring joining the missions himself.

Henkes entered the Pallottines in Limburg in 1919 not long after he completed his studies (passing his Abitur) under them which had begun earlier in Vallendar in 1912. He felt homesick when he moved to Vallendar but his friends there provided him with enough support to continue on with his studies. Henkes' spiritual director at this time was the Servant of God Joseph Kentenich. In 1918 he passed his exams in Montabaur before being summoned at that time to Griesheim and Darmstadt for service; he returned to Vallendar in late 1918.

Between his first vows in 1921 and his ordination he suffered from a spiritual crisis that he later resolved. He received his ordination to the priesthood on 6 June 1925 in Limburg from the local bishop Augustinus Kilian. Henkes became a teacher following his sacerdotal ordination and taught in Pallottine and Schoenstatt schools from 1926. From 1931 he served in Katscher and Frankenstein as well as in Branitz to teach and minister to the faithful. He became a noted preacher in the pulpit but was also known amongst girls and religious sisters as a noted retreat-master. His preaching never faltered when the Nazis were present during his sermons to observe him since he had been known for making criticisms against Nazism and the actions that the regime did. He criticized the Nazis for their killing disabled people and condemned murder and other atrocities.

Sometime around 1927 he began to demonstrate signs of exhaustion and so was sent to recuperate and regain his strength. But he was later sent to a hospital for evaluation in which doctors told him to rest. Henkes refused this which irritated his doctors who believed Henkes' excessive work would aggravate his condition. He was later diagnosed with tuberculosis for the lungs and was sent to recover in a sanatorium. His provincial superior wanted to send him to South Africa since he believed that the favorable climate would prove beneficial to Henkes' health. The doctors advised against his transfer due to the seriousness of his condition. In 1928 he recovered enough to the point that he could resume teaching.

The Nazis arrested Henkes on 7 March 1937 in Roppach following a sermon he made in which he denounced the Nazi regime. Henkes was to be hauled before a special court in Breslau but was released. But this did not make him exempt from future suspicion or observation. But he did collaborate to some extent with the German Resistance though had an indirect role in it. He continued his strong denouncements of the Nazis to a point that often concerned his superiors who worried for the schools that Henkes was teaching in. This was not due to his teaching methods or views on Nazism. But it was rather because his strong denouncements could jeopardize the schools themselves. The Nazis soon had enough of his critical statements and so arrested him on 8 April 1943 in Branitz for abusing the pulpit to make politicized statements. Henkes was imprisoned first in Ratibor and then on 10 July 1943 moved to the Dachau concentration camp where he was forced to do manual labour on the S.S. plantation. In the camp he befriended the future cardinal Josef Beran. The latter taught Henkes the basics of the Czech language since Henkes wanted to master it in order to use it to speak with Czech people.

In the second-half of 1944 he served as a canteen-keeper for the inmates in Block XVII. Henkes volunteered in December 1944 to work with patients in Block XVII who had contracted typhus. He became infected with the disease himself due to prolonged exposure to the ill. Henkes died around eight weeks or so later in the camp. His remains were cremated but his ashes were smuggled out in secret so as to receive a proper burial on 7 June 1945 in Limburg; his ashes were then transferred in 1990 to another location in Limburg.

## Beatification

The order's General Chapter in Rome in 1947 expressed their favor in launching a beatification process for Henkes and several other priests slain during the war. But the beatification and canonization of the order's founder Vincenzo Pallotti caused the order to almost forget about Henkes' potential cause due to the order's work with the Pallotti cause. In 1980 former inmates from Dachau who knew Henkes met with Pope John Paul II in Fulda (during the pope's apostolic visit) and mentioned Henkes to him; that same group of priests in 1995 applied to the Bishop of Limburg Franz Kamphaus and asked for the cause to be opened. But the Pallottines themselves had not made a decision on the cause but decided to approve it due to later developments and support. The Bishop of Plzeň (in the Czech Republic) sent a letter on 17 January 2001 to the Pallottines indicating his support to the cause if it were to be opened.

The diocesan process was launched in Limburg on 25 May 2003 and concluded on 23 January 2007. The investigation was handed over to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who validated the process on 13 March 2009. Pope Francis confirmed on 21 December 2018 that Henkes would be beatified; it was celebrated in the Limburg Cathedral on 15 September 2019 with Cardinal Kurt Koch presiding over the celebration on the pope's behalf. The postulator for this cause is the Pallottine priest Jan Korycki.

## InfoBox

| Blessed
Richard Henkes
SAC | |
| --- | --- |
| c. 1940. | |
| Martyr | |
| Born | (1900-05-26)26 May 1900
Ruppach, Westerwaldkreis, German Empire |
| Died | 22 February 1945(1945-02-22) (aged 44)
Dachau concentration camp, Germany |
| Beatified | 15 September 2019, Limburg, Germany by Cardinal Kurt Koch |
| Feast | 21 February |


abstract: The Belvidere Historic District is a 132-acre (53 ha) historic district encompassing the town of Belvidere, the county seat of Warren County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 3, 1980 for its significance in architecture, commerce, community planning, industry, politics and government during the 19th century. The district is bounded by Market and Race streets; Greenwich and Mansfield avenues; and the Pequest River. It contains 228 contributing buildings, including the Warren County Courthouse.

text:
# Belvidere Historic District (Belvidere, New Jersey)

The **Belvidere Historic District** is a 132-acre (53 ha) historic district encompassing the town of Belvidere, the county seat of Warren County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 3, 1980 for its significance in architecture, commerce, community planning, industry, politics and government during the 19th century. The district is bounded by Market and Race streets; Greenwich and Mansfield avenues; and the Pequest River. It contains 228 contributing buildings, including the Warren County Courthouse.

## History and description

Belvidere was selected as the county seat of the newly formed Warren County in 1825 and was incorporated as a town in 1845. The two and one-half story brick Warren County Courthouse was built in 1825, remodeled around 1870, and extended in 1960. The Maxwell–Robeson–Cummins House was built in 1834 by politician John P. B. Maxwell. The two and one-half story stone building features Federal architecture. Dr. George Cummins, local historian, lived here around 1900. The United Presbyterian Church was built in 1859. The Twin Mills are the two and one-half story brick Cotton Mill and the two and one-half story frame McMurtrie's Mill.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Belvidere Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
| New Jersey Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Maxwell–Robeson–Cummins House | |
|  | |
| Location | Belvidere, New Jersey |
| Coordinates | 40°49′45″N 75°04′37″W / 40.82917°N 75.07694°W / 40.82917; -75.07694 |
| Area | 132 acres (53 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Late Victorian, Federal |
| NRHP reference No. | 80002525 |
| NJRHP No. | 2747 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 3, 1980 |
| Designated NJRHP | April 27, 1978 |


title: Belair (airline)

abstract: Belair, legally Belair Airlines AG, was a Swiss charter airline headquartered in Glattbrugg operating out of Zürich Airport and EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg. It was a subsidiary of Air Berlin and operated under the Air Berlin brand name until 31 March 2017. During the 2017 summer season, it flew on behalf of its sister company Niki and was shuttered by then-bankrupt Air Berlin on 28 October 2017.

text:
# Belair (airline)

**Belair**, legally *Belair Airlines AG*, was a Swiss charter airline headquartered in Glattbrugg operating out of Zürich Airport and EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg. It was a subsidiary of Air Berlin and operated under the Air Berlin brand name until 31 March 2017. During the 2017 summer season, it flew on behalf of its sister company Niki and was shuttered by then-bankrupt Air Berlin on 28 October 2017.

## History

### The first Balair (1925–1931)

*Basler Aviation AG - Balair* was founded by Balz Zimmermann in 1925 in Basel. The name *Balair* is a reference to the French name of Basel: Bâle. The first route was from Basel to Freiburg and Mannheim. In 1929, Balair grew at Basel Airport, the largest airport in Switzerland, with direct flights to Zürich, Geneva, Lyon, Karlsruhe and Frankfurt. In response to the Great Depression, Balair (based in Basel) and Ad Astra Aero (based in Zürich) merged on 1 January 1931 to form Swissair, headquartered in Zürich. Up to that point, Balair had carried over 18,000 passengers, 320 tons of cargo, and 143 tons of mail. The company only flew in the summer and was mainly financed by federal subsidies and mail transportation for the Swiss post office.

### The second Balair (1953–1993)

On 5 October 1952, the Basel electorate voted for the creation of a limited company. Soon, the second Balair was founded in January 1953, with Hans Peter Tschudin elected as the first president. In its early years, Balair was active in flight training, maintenance, and handling Swissair aircraft at Basel-Mulhouse Airport. Balair entered the charter business by acquiring two Vickers VC.1 Vikings in June 1957. In 1959, Swissair acquired a 40% stake in Balair. Two Swissair DC-4s were added to the fleet and later the DC-6 came into service in 1961.

During the Biafran airlift (1967–71), chartered aircraft, including C-97 Stratocruisers, delivered humanitarian aid to a remote Biafran airstrip in eastern Nigeria.

The airline's first jet aircraft was the Convair 990 Coronado and then the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 entered service followed by a Douglas DC-8-63CF which it flew on routes to Colombo, Bangkok and Rio de Janeiro.

In 1979, Balair added a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 to its fleet. By 1982, Balair became an all-jet airline and by 1986, the Airbus A310-300 and MD-82 were the mainstay of the fleet. Later, Swissair operated charter flights using the Balair name. By this time, Swissair was a majority owner.

### BalairCTA (1993–1995)

In 1993, Balair and CTA – Compagnie de Transport Aérien were merged and formed a new airline named **BalairCTA**. For political reasons, the registered office of the company was in Geneva and the accounting department in Basel. The operational base was moved to Zürich. Despite restructuring and mass layoffs, the Swissair charter business was unprofitable and operations ended in 1995. Short-haul operations were transferred to Crossair and long-haul operations to Swissair.

### The new Balair (1997–2001)

In 1997, Swissair's charter business was outsourced again, and on 1 November 1997, BalairCTA resumed operations as a subsidiary of Swissair, reverting to the *Balair* name. On short and medium-haul routes, two Boeing 757-200s were operated exclusively for tour operator Hotelplan and its subsidiaries ESCO-Reise and M-Travel. The lessee was also Hotelplan. Balair also had two Boeing 767-300ERs for long-haul operations. However, the new Balair was affected by the failure of Swissair. On 5 October 2001, the last Balair flight landed in Zürich. The Boeing 767s were returned to the lessor.

### Belair (2001–2017)

After consulting Migros (its parent company), Hotelplan founded a new charter airline named **Belair** and transferred their Boeing 757s to it. It entered into the commercial register on 16 October 2001. The minor name change meant it was possible to repaint the two Migros-owned Boeing 757s with very little effort. 120 Balair employees were employed by the new company.

The first Belair commercial flight took place on 3 November 2001, departing from Zürich. Flights were mainly to Mediterranean resorts. Besides the two Boeing 757s it operated, Belair also leased a Boeing 767-300ER for long-haul operations.

As part of the partnership with REGA (Swiss Air Rescue), a 757 was redesigned by Belair to be used as a rescue aircraft for repatriations in case of disasters.

#### Part of Air Berlin

Air Berlin acquired 49% of Belair in 2007 and fully owned it after October 2009. This increased Air Berlin's presence in Switzerland and provided Migros customers access to more flights. While Air Berlin owned Belair, Belair was managed from Berlin and Air Berlin only published consolidated financial statements. Air Berlin Switzerland (Air Berlin pilots), the CHS Switzerland (Air Berlin flight attendants), and Belair were combined to form the new company Belair on 1 January 2010.

Belair flew from Zürich, Basel, and Geneva to Mediterranean destinations and the Canary Islands. The aircraft used to have *Belair* signage combined with Air Berlin's corporate design, but then wore Air Berlin's livery. Due to bilateral traffic rights, certain routes to non-EU countries continued to use Belair's IATA code, 4T.

#### Shutdown

On 15 January 2017, it was announced that Belair would shut down all routes from EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg.

On 1 April 2017, the four Airbus A321-200s began to operate on behalf of Niki and switched from Air Berlin to Niki flight numbers on routes to EU destinations.

Belair ceased operations on 28 October 2017. In December 2017, it was reported that Belair lacked the funds to pay outstanding salaries and other expenses and might face bankruptcy.

## Destinations

These are the final destinations of Belair before its shutdown on 28 October 2017:

| Airport | Country | IATA | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Alicante–Elche Miguel Hernández Airport | Spain | HG |  |
| EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg | Switzerland
France
Germany | HG | Base |
| Brindisi Airport | Italy | HG |  |
| Catania-Fontanarossa Airport | Italy | HG |  |
| Faro Airport | Portugal | HG |  |
| Fuerteventura Airport | Spain | HG |  |
| Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport | Portugal | HG |  |
| Gran Canaria Airport | Spain | HG |  |
| Lanzarote Airport | Spain | HG |  |
| Palma de Mallorca Airport | Spain | HG |  |
| Pristina International Airport | Kosovo | 4T |  |
| Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport | North Macedonia | 4T |  |
| Tenerife South Airport | Spain | HG |  |
| Zürich Airport | Switzerland | HG and 4T | Base |
|

## Fleet

Belair (including its predecessor Balair) has operated the following aircraft throughout its existence:

Belair retired fleet
| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Airbus A310-300 | 3 | 1986 | 1999 |  |
| Airbus A319-100 | 3 | 2009 | 2017 | Operated for Air Berlin. |
| Airbus A320-200 | 1 | 2009 | 2017 | Operated for Air Berlin on behalf of Niki. |
| Airbus A321-200 | 3 | 2017 | 2017 | |
| Boeing 747-200B | 1 | 1975 | 1975 | Leased from Swissair for one day. |
| Boeing 757-200 | 2 | 2001 | 2010 |  |
| Boeing 767-300ER | 4 | 1999 | 2001 |  |
| | 1 | 2002 | 2009 | Leased from Air Berlin. |
| Boeing C-97G Stratofreighter | 10 | 1969 | 1970 |  |
| Cessna AT-17 Bobcat | 1 | 1956 | 1961 |  |
| Convair 990 Coronado | 1 | 1968 | 1971 | Leased from Swissair. |
| de Havilland Dove | 5 | Unknown | Unknown |  |
| Douglas C-47 Skytrain | 1 | 1967 | 1974 |  |
| Douglas C-54 Skymaster | 3 | 1959 | 1969 |  |
| Douglas DC-4 | 2 | 1959 | 1970 |  |
| Douglas DC-6 | 7 | 1961 | 1982 |  |
| Douglas DC-8-55CF | 1 | 1971 | 1979 |  |
| Douglas DC-8-62CF | 1 | 1976 | 1981 | Leased from Swissair. |
| Douglas DC-8-63PF | 1 | 1973 | 1985 |  |
| Fokker F27 Friendship | 7 | 1964 | 1996 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 | 1 | 1988 | 1988 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-9-33CF | 1 | 1970 | 1976 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-9-34 | 1 | 1976 | 1985 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 | 1 | 1979 | 1982 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-82 | 3 | 1985 | 1995 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-83 | 4 | 1990 | 1995 |  |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-87 | 4 | 1993 | 1996 |  |
| Transall C-160 | 1 | 1968 | 1970 |  |
| Vickers VC.1 Viking | 2 | 1958 | 1963 |  |
|

## Accidents and incidents

* **15 May 1960**: a Douglas DC-4 (registered HB-ILA) was being ferried from Jeddah to Dakar when it crashed in the Djebel Marr Mountains due to a navigation error. All 12 crew members were killed.

* **13 September 1964**: a Fokker F-27 Friendship (registered HB-AAI) was approaching Málaga Airport with a steep descent. It touched down heavily, causing the center section of the wings to break apart and skidded before coming to rest. All 45 occupants on board survived.

* Hengi, B.I. (2000). *Airlines Remembered: Over 200 Airlines of the Past, Described and Illustrated in Colour*. Midland. ISBN 9781857800913.

Media related to Belair at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Belair
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| IATA ICAO Call sign  4T BHP BELAIR | |
| Founded | * 1925 (1925)
(as *Balair I*) * January 1953 (1953-01)
(as *Balair II*) * 16 October 2001 (2001-10-16)
(as *Belair*) |
| Commenced operations | * June 1957 (1957-06)
(as *Balair II*) * 1 January 1993 (1993-01-01)
(as *BalairCTA*) * 1 November 1997 (1997-11-01)
(as *Balair*) * 3 November 2001 (2001-11-03)
(as *Belair*) |
| Ceased operations | * 1 January 1931 (1931-01-01)
(as *Balair I*; merged with Ad Astra Aero to form Swissair) * 27 October 2017 (2017-10-27)
(as *Belair*) |
| Operating bases |  |
| Frequent-flyer program |  |
| Alliance | Oneworld (affiliate; 2012–2017) |
| Parent company |  |
| Headquarters | Opfikon, Zürich, Switzerland |


title: Bellaspira margaritensis

abstract: Bellaspira margaritensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

text:
# Bellaspira margaritensis

***Bellaspira margaritensis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 10 mm and 16 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Colombia and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Bellaspira margaritensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Drilliidae |
| Genus: | *Bellaspira* |
| Species: | ***B. margaritensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bellaspira margaritensis***<br>McLean & L. Poorman, 1970 | |
|


title: Bembidion assimile

abstract: Bembidion assimile is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.

text:
# Bembidion assimile

***Bembidion assimile*** is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Bembidion assimile* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Bembidion* |
| Species: | ***B. assimile*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bembidion assimile***<br>Gyllenhal, 1810 | |
|