title: Towers High School

abstract: Towers High School (THS) is a high school in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is a part of the DeKalb County School System. It is physically within the Belvedere Park census-designated place, but has a Decatur postal address. The school was built in 1963–1964 and currently includes 9th through 12th grades. In 1963, initially attending double sessions at Avondale High School, grades 8-10 moved into the school during the fall. The cafeteria and gymnasium were still to be completed. THS subsequently added a junior and senior class during the next two years. At that time period there were no middle schools, elementary was 1-7 and traditional high schools were 8–12. The first class graduated in 1966 and the first class to complete all five years at the school graduated on June 3, 1968.

text:
# Towers High School

**Towers High School** (**THS**) is a high school in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is a part of the DeKalb County School System. It is physically within the Belvedere Park census-designated place, but has a Decatur postal address.

The school was built in 1963–1964 and currently includes 9th through 12th grades. In 1963, initially attending double sessions at Avondale High School, grades 8-10 moved into the school during the fall. The cafeteria and gymnasium were still to be completed. THS subsequently added a junior and senior class during the next two years. At that time period there were no middle schools, elementary was 1-7 and traditional high schools were 8–12. The first class graduated in 1966 and the first class to complete all five years at the school graduated on June 3, 1968.

## School activities

The school offers activities including Air Force Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (AFJROTC GA-955) National Champions 2001 Armed Regulation Drill, At Club, Beta Club, Career Discovery (Mentoring), Drama Club, Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA), Forensics Club, Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA), Japanese/Anime Club, Literary Magazine, Mu Alpha Theta (Math Club), and National Honor Society.

## Athletics

The school's sports teams are named the Titans.

Towers High School recently re-formed a tennis and volleyball team.

The football team currently plays at Avondale Stadium.

## Notable alumni

1. "Towers High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
2. "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Belvedere Park CDP, GA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 7, 2020. \- Compare with the address and with school boundary maps.
3. "Home". Towers High School. Retrieved May 7, 2020. Towers High School 3919 Brookcrest Circle Decatur, Georgia 30032 \- Please note the school is not actually in the Decatur city limits: check the address against the map of the CDP.
4. "Tower High School Activities". May 15, 2008. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
5. Freeman, Scott (December 1, 1996). "Presumed Guilty". *Atlanta Magazine*. Jewell went to Towers High School, in Dekalb County
6. "Rep. Dar'shun Kendrick" (PDF). Georgia House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Towers High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 3919 Brookcrest Circle
Decatur, Georgia
United States | |
| Coordinates | 33°44′50″N 84°14′12″W / 33.747189°N 84.236628°W / 33.747189; -84.236628 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | "Titan Way" |
| Established | 1963 |
| School district | DeKalb County School System |
| Principal | Tiffany M Sims |
| Teaching staff | 49.00 (FTE) |
| Enrollment | 764 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 15.59 |
| Color(s) | Maroon and white |
| Mascot | Titans |
| Website | towershs.dekalb.k12.ga.us |


title: Elise Honegger

abstract: Elise Honegger, was a Swiss feminist and journalist. In 1885, she founded and chaired the first national women's organization in Switzerland, Schweizer Frauen-Verband.

text:
# Elise Honegger

**Elise Honegger** (28 November 1839 – 14 November 1912), was a Swiss feminist and journalist. In 1885, she founded and chaired the first national women's organization in Switzerland, Schweizer Frauen-Verband.

## Biography

Honegger was born in Stäfa on 28 November 1839.

In 1867 she married Mathias Egger with whom she had seven children. Honegger's husband was a newspaper publisher and around 1878 Elise edited the women's supplement of his publication *Republikaners*. Soon thereafter she divorced from her husband, taking employment as a freelance publisher and editor. Honneger established the women's newspaper *Schweizer Frauen-Zeitung* in 1879. The magazine was commercially successful, focusing on the role of wives and mothers (häusl).

Outside of her position as publisher, Honneger advocated for raising the status of women. In 1882 Honneger founded the Schweizer Frauen-Verband (Swiss Women's Association). In 1885 she was elected as the organization's first president. She soon came into conflict with the board and resigned in 1886.

She kept publishing her newspaper, selling it in 1911, remaining as editor almost until her death on 14 November 1912 in St. Gallen.

## InfoBox

| Elise Honegger | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1839-11-28)28 November 1839
Stäfa, Switzerland |
| Died | 14 November 1912(1912-11-14) (aged 72)
St. Gallen, Switzerland |
| Nationality | Swiss |
| Occupation(s) | Journalist, Activist |
| Spouse | Mathias Egger (1867-1879) |


title: Elise Holst

abstract: Elise Holst, was a Danish stage actress. She was active at the Royal Danish Theatre in 1827-1870, and is counted as among the elite of her profession at the time, famed as a tragedienne. Elise Holst was the daughter of the writer Jens Stephan Heger and the actress Eline Heger and married from 1834 to the actor Wilhelm Conrad Holst. She was instructed by her mother and made her debut in 1827. She mainly played the role of ingenue in tragedies, and are famed for her interpretations of the contemporary ideal of female virtue in the style of new classicism, and are described as a great tragedienne.

text:
# Elise Holst

**Elise (Elisabeth Frederikke Margrethe) Holst** (23 November 1811 – 8 April 1891), was a Danish stage actress. She was active at the Royal Danish Theatre in 1827-1870, and is counted as among the elite of her profession at the time, famed as a tragedienne.

Elise Holst was the daughter of the writer Jens Stephan Heger and the actress Eline Heger and married from 1834 to the actor Wilhelm Conrad Holst. She was instructed by her mother and made her debut in 1827. She mainly played the role of ingenue in tragedies, and are famed for her interpretations of the contemporary ideal of female virtue in the style of new classicism, and are described as a great tragedienne.


title: Elizabeth Scott (politician)

abstract: Elizabeth K. Scott is an American politician and educator who served as member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 39th district from 2013 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, she ran unsuccessfully for the state house in 2010 in the "heavily Democratic" 21st district, but since moved to the 39th district and was first elected to office there in 2012.

text:
# Elizabeth Scott (politician)

**Elizabeth K. Scott** (née **Warfel**, born February 11, 1966) is an American politician and educator who served as member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 39th district from 2013 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, she ran unsuccessfully for the state house in 2010 in the "heavily Democratic" 21st district, but since moved to the 39th district and was first elected to office there in 2012.

## Background

A self-identified strong proponent of individual rights and liberties, she has been a featured speaker at Tea Party events in Everett, Monroe, Olympia, and Puyallup from Tax Day 2009 until the present, speaking to audiences as large as four thousand people. In 2009, Scott served on the Edmonds Citizens' Levy Review Committee, where she argued against a proposed multimillion-dollar tax increase. A self-described "Midwest farm girl," Scott is also a member of the Washington State Farm Bureau, the National Rifle Association, and the Snohomish County Chapter of the Citizens' Alliance for Property Rights.

## 2010 Campaign

On July 4, Scott announced her candidacy for 21st Legislative District State Representative, position 2. In the top-two primary Scott bested two fellow candidates, a Republican and an independent, to advance to the general election against incumbent democrat Marko Liias. She was endorsed by state Republican leaders including then Attorney General Rob McKenna and U.S. Senate candidate Dino Rossi. In the general election, she reportedly won over 21,000 votes (45.6%), yet Liias still comfortably won by a margin of about 4,000 votes.

## State Legislator

After the 2010 loss, Scott moved to Monroe, in the more rural 39th legislative district. She ran for the open representative, position 2 seat left by Kirk Pearson, who was in turn running for the open state senate. Scott won second place in a crowded top-two primary against three Republicans and two Democrats, narrowly edging out Republican Monroe mayor Robert G. Zimmerman to face first place Eleanor Walters in the general election. Scott won the November election, 53% to Walters' 47%.

In her 2014 re-election bid Scott quadrupled her margin of victory from 6 percentage points to 24 (63% to 37%).

## Congressional Campaign

In 2015, Elizabeth Scott announced her candidacy for Washington's First Congressional District, held by incumbent Suzan DelBene. Scott campaigned for nearly 11 months before suspending her candidacy in May, 2016, citing health concerns. Scott was diagnosed with whooping cough earlier in 2016.

## Awards

* 2014 Guardians of Small Business award. Presented by NFIB.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Scott | |
| --- | --- |
| Scott in 2010 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Washington House of Representatives
from the 39th district | |
| **In office**
January 14, 2013  January 9, 2017 | |
| Preceded by | Kirk Pearson |
| Succeeded by | John Koster |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Elizabeth K. Warfel
(1966-02-11) February 11, 1966
Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Monroe, Washington |
| Alma mater | Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Seattle Pacific University |
| Website | www.elizabethscottforcongress.com |
|  | |


title: Elizabeth Scott Matheson

abstract: Elizabeth Scott Matheson was a Canadian physician, who completed her medical studies in 1898, and though recognized by government as the district doctor, the Northwest Territories College of Physicians and Surgeons refused to issue her a license. She returned to school and was again refused a license until 1904 when it was finally granted. Having served from 1892 to 1918 at the Onion Lake mission in Saskatchewan, Matheson became the assistant medical officer for the public school system of Winnipeg from 1918 until her retirement in 1941.

text:
# Elizabeth Scott Matheson

**Elizabeth Scott Matheson** (6 January 1866 – 15 January 1958) was a Canadian physician, who completed her medical studies in 1898, and though recognized by government as the district doctor, the Northwest Territories College of Physicians and Surgeons refused to issue her a license. She returned to school and was again refused a license until 1904 when it was finally granted. Having served from 1892 to 1918 at the Onion Lake mission in Saskatchewan, Matheson became the assistant medical officer for the public school system of Winnipeg from 1918 until her retirement in 1941.

## Early life

Elizabeth Beckett Scott was born near Cambellford, Canada West on 6 January 1866 to Elizabeth (née Beckett) and James Scott, who had immigrated from Scotland to Canada. She began her education at the age of four, attending school in Burnbrae. In 1878, the family moved to Morris, Manitoba, where Scott completed her primary education. She went on to secondary school, attending high school and normal school training in Winnipeg.

## Career

Upon finishing her studies, Scott began teaching in Winnipeg, but soon her brother Tom convinced her to return to Ontario and found her a position in the Sunnyside School District. In 1885, she met John Matheson, whom she would later marry, but at the time, he was thirty-seven and she was only nineteen, and Scott had reservations about their age difference and his boisterous life. In 1887, she volunteered to work at an orphanage and while there, attended the Women's Medical College in Kingston for a year. In 1888, she took a position to teach for seven years in Bombay with the Presbyterian Mission School. Contracting malaria, she returned to Manitoba. In 1891, she married Matheson, who had converted to Christianity and determined to enter missionary work. The following year, the couple were posted at the Anglican mission at Onion Lake, Saskatchewan.

The Mathesons established a school to teach the children of the area, as well as their own growing family. As the school was not well attended if students were left to make their own way there, the couple boarded them in their own home. By the end of their first year, they had about eighty students living with them. The need for a doctor for their growing household, convinced Matheson to return to medical school and in 1895, she enrolled at the Manitoba Medical College. During her year there, gave birth to her third child. At the end of the school term, she transferred to the Trinity Medical College for Women where she completed her education and successfully passed her examinations in 1898. She returned to the mission at Onion Lake and served as the area doctor, though the Northwest Territories College of Physicians and Surgeons refused to issue her a license. Her husband built her a three-storey hospital with a surgical room. In 1901, despite her lack of license, Matheson's care during the smallpox epidemic, led the government to recognize her as the district doctor and give her a contract for $300 per year.

As other physicians began to move into the area, Matheson's unlicensed status prompted her to apply again for approval, but she was rejected. Fearing that she might not be able to pass a licensing examination, in 1903, she returned to the Manitoba Medical College. She completed an additional year's schooling, graduating with a second medical degree in 1904. Still the College of Physicians and Surgeons for the Northwest Territories in Alberta refused her a license until her husband intervened. Near the end of his life, John became ill and Matheson took over his duties as principal at the school, as well as continuing her own medical practice. He died in 1916 and she would remain at Onion Lake until 1918. She relocated to Winnipeg in that year and took an appointment as the assistant medical inspector to the public schools. She would remain in this post until her retirement in 1941.

## Death and legacy

Matheson died on 15 January 1958 at the home of one of her nine children, Gladys, in San Antonio, Texas. In 1974, her biography *The Doctor Rode Side-Saddle* was published by her daughter, Ruth Matheson Buck.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Buck, Ruth Matheson (2003). *The Doctor Rode Side-saddle: The Remarkable Story of Elizabeth Matheson, Frontier Doctor and Medicine Woman*. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Regina Press. ISBN 978-0-88977-160-4.
* Carr, Ian; Beamish, Robert E. (1999). *Manitoba Medicine: A Brief History*. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-342-4.
* Hacker, Carlotta (1984). *The indomitable lady doctors*. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Goodread Biographies. ISBN 0-88780-129-3.
* Houston, C. Stuart (2012). "Matheson, Elizabeth (1866–1958)". *Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan*. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
* MacEwan, Grant (1975). "Elizabeth Scott Matheson: A Lady Doctor on the Frontier". *And mighty women too: stories of notable western Canadian women*. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: Western Producer Prairie Books. ISBN 0-919306-64-0.
* Youngberg, Gail; Holmlund, Mona (2003). *Inspiring Women: A Celebration of Herstory*. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Coteau Books. ISBN 978-1-55050-204-6.
* "British Columbia Marriage Registrations, 1859-1932: Matheson/Scott". *FamilySearch*. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Vital Statistics Agency. 8 December 1891. p. 724. volume 43 registration 14744. Retrieved 3 August 2017.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Scott Matheson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Elizabeth Beckett Scott
(1866-01-06)6 January 1866
near Cambellford, Canada West |
| Died | 15 January 1958(1958-01-15) (aged 92)
San Antonio, Texas |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation(s) | teacher, physician |
| Years active | 1888–1941 |


title: Transportation in Tulsa, Oklahoma

abstract: Transportation in Tulsa, Oklahoma includes a bus network and a system of raised highways and primary thoroughfares, laid out in mile-by-mile increments. In addition, throughout its entire length in Tulsa, historic Route 66 is a drivable road, with motels and restaurants reminiscent of the route's heyday era. Tulsa Transit, the city's transit bus operator, runs 97 buses on 19 different routes across Tulsa and in surrounding suburbs such as Broken Arrow, Sand Springs and Jenks. Tulsa Transit has two stations: the Memorial Midtown Station at 7952 E. 33rd St. in Midtown Tulsa, and the Denver Avenue Station at 319 S. Denver, across from the BOK Center in Downtown. Most routes go through one or both of the stations, facilitating the commute to work and events in Downtown or Midtown. Buses stop at specific stops such as Tulsa Community College, Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, CityPlex Towers, Cox Communications, the various medical facilities in Tulsa, and many shopping destinations, hotels, and schools. The bus schedules are periodically changed; votes are taken by Tulsa Transit to help decide what are the best specifics for certain routes. Tulsa is also implementing a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line along Peoria Avenue from 54th Street North to 81st Street South which will feature more frequent buses, upgraded stations, and faster travel times, one of the first 12 cities to adopt such a system.

text:
# Transportation in Tulsa, Oklahoma

**Transportation in Tulsa, Oklahoma** includes a bus network and a system of raised highways and primary thoroughfares, laid out in mile-by-mile increments. In addition, throughout its entire length in Tulsa, historic Route 66 is a drivable road, with motels and restaurants reminiscent of the route's heyday era.

Tulsa Transit, the city's transit bus operator, runs 97 buses on 19 different routes across Tulsa and in surrounding suburbs such as Broken Arrow, Sand Springs and Jenks. Tulsa Transit has two stations: the Memorial Midtown Station at 7952 E. 33rd St. in Midtown Tulsa, and the Denver Avenue Station at 319 S. Denver, across from the BOK Center in Downtown. Most routes go through one or both of the stations, facilitating the commute to work and events in Downtown or Midtown. Buses stop at specific stops such as Tulsa Community College, Oklahoma State University-Tulsa, CityPlex Towers, Cox Communications, the various medical facilities in Tulsa, and many shopping destinations, hotels, and schools. The bus schedules are periodically changed; votes are taken by Tulsa Transit to help decide what are the best specifics for certain routes. Tulsa is also implementing a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) line along Peoria Avenue from 54th Street North to 81st Street South which will feature more frequent buses, upgraded stations, and faster travel times, one of the first 12 cities to adopt such a system.

## History

Tulsa streets were simply dirt tracks until after the turn of the 20th century. The first contract for paving was awarded in 1906. Bricklaying did not begin until October of that year and proceeded slowly because local demand for bricks far exceeded the capacity of nearby brick plants. Later, streets were paved with concrete or asphalt.

### Streetcars

The Tulsa Street Railway Company (TSR) was formed in 1905 by a group of 18 private investors, led by real estate developer Grant Stebbins. By the end of 1906, TSR had electric streetcars operating downtown along Main, Third and Fifth Streets. One reference states that the street car lines were completed even before the streets were paved. In 1913 TSR was forced to withdraw its service on Cincinnati Hill by the City of Tulsa due to the danger of cars sliding down the hill. In 1909, the Oklahoma Union Traction Company (OUT) built another streetcar line that ran from Owen Park to 18th Street and Lewis, an area now known as Swan Lake. The route went through Downtown on Fourth Street, south on Elgin to 11th Street, and then turned south on Lewis. TSR then built a line from First and Peoria to Kendall College. By 1923, TSR owned 21 miles (34 km) of track and 52 trolley cars. Several more lines were built until the 1920s, when private cars and taxis became more abundant and ridership began to decline. TSR was sold in 1926 to United Service Company. The streetcar system was sold again in 1936 to National City Lines.

OUT went bankrupt in 1935. The trolley wires and rails were removed, and public transportation turned exclusively to buses.

### Tourist Shuttle

Starting Nov 2, 2012 the city of Tulsa introduced a newly-revived Tulsa Trolley system that would run every Friday & Saturday from 5pm through 2am to three of some of the City's most popular entertainment areas: the Blue Dome, Brady Arts, and Deco Districts, free of charge.

### Interurbans

In 1911, the Sand Springs Railway Company built an interurban line connecting Tulsa and Sand Springs. The Tulsa Sapulpa Union Line (originally the Sapulpa and Interurban Railway) connected the two towns with the oilfields. All of the lines are defunct. The Sand Springs line was the last interurban operating in Oklahoma when it ceased operating, on January 2, 1955. The Tulsa Sapulpa line went bankrupt in 1917 and again in 1934, when it acquired its present name. It still operates as a freight-hauling Class III short-line railroad with 23 miles of track connecting BNSF in Sapulpa with Union Pacific in Tulsa.

### Railroads

Into the late 1950s several trains of the Frisco, Katy or MKT and Santa Fe railways went in diverse directions from Tulsa's Tulsa Union Depot. Destinations included Chicago, Illinois; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Dallas, Houston, San Antonio and Galveston, Texas. For a brief period in recent years the Iowa Pacific company planned and operated test commercial runs of the *Eastern Flyer,* a passenger train between Tulsa and Oklahoma City.

## Highways

Interstate 44 and the Skelly Drive Bypass crosses Tulsa through midtown from east and west. Its sister highways, Interstate 244 and Interstate 444, make up the inner-dispersal loop surrounding downtown and wrap through the northern part of the city, reconnecting to Interstate 44 in the east and southwest parts of the city. U.S. Highway 412 leaves the city from its most eastern and western points, but through most of its duration in Tulsa, it is primarily concurrent with Interstate 244. U.S. Highway 64 forms the Broken Arrow Expressway to the east and goes as far as the Sand Springs Expressway to the west. U.S. Highway 75 traverses West Tulsa through downtown going north and south, and U.S. Highway 169, also called the Mingo Valley Expressway or the Pearl Harbor Memorial Expressway, generally crosses the city in its eastern areas in a north–south direction. State Highway 11 serves the Tulsa International Airport, connecting from I-244 and Highway 75. The Creek Turnpike splits away from Highway 169 from the South and Interstate 44 from the East, bypassing most of the city of Tulsa and the suburb of Broken Arrow, eventually reconnecting with I-44 in Catoosa to the east and Jenks to the west.

## Street network

Tulsa follows a systematic naming and numbering convention for all streets that are within its municipal jurisdiction. Admiral Place is the east–west-running dividing line for "streets north" and "streets south," and Main Street is the north–south-running dividing line for "west avenues" and "east avenues." Avenues west of Main Street are named for US cities west of the Mississippi River for one run of the alphabet, and afterward, numbered "west avenues" are assigned. Avenues east of Main Street are named for US cities east of the Mississippi River for approximately three runs of the alphabet, and afterward, numbered "east avenues" are assigned. Streets north of Admiral Place have important names in Tulsa's history for one run of the alphabet, and afterward, numbered "streets north" are assigned. Streets south of Admiral Place are numbered, beginning with "1st Street" and continuing southward. Street names and numbers are consistent throughout the Tulsa jurisdiction, regardless of whether a particular street is contiguous or continuous.

Addresses reflect their associated hundred block from either Admiral or Main. There are usually 16 blocks per mile, as counted by avenues, and there are 10 blocks per mile, as counted by streets. Other right-of-way labels (such as Place, Court, Drive, Terrace, etc.) may be used to describe an intermittent street or avenue, but the actual name will usually be the same as the adjacent street or avenue (such as Knoxville Avenue and its neighboring Knoxville Place, which are both assigned as the 3600 block east).

Major arterial streets can be found at every mile, as assigned by the township-and-range system, resulting in a well-defined grid of thoroughfares across the Tulsa region. As an example, east–west thoroughfares south of Admiral Place are streets ending with a 1, giving 11th Street, 21st Street, 31st Street, etc.

* Tulsa Transit
* Bates, Michael. "Tulsa streetcar and interurban lines in Google Maps." December 15, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2011.


title: Eleidy Aparicio

abstract: Eleidy María Aparicio Serrano is a Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Venezuela International 2003 and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 2004 pageant held in Beijing, China on October 16, 2004. Aparicio also represented her country in the World Coffee Queen 2004 beauty pageant, held in Houston, Texas, United States, on July 31, 2004, when she classified in the Top 6 finalists. Aparicio competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 2003 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented Costa Oriental.

text:
# Eleidy Aparicio

**Eleidy María Aparicio Serrano** is a Venezuelan model and beauty pageant titleholder pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Venezuela International 2003 and was the official representative of Venezuela to the Miss International 2004 pageant held in Beijing, China on October 16, 2004. Aparicio also represented her country in the *World Coffee Queen 2004* beauty pageant, held in Houston, Texas, United States, on July 31, 2004, when she classified in the Top 6 finalists.

Aparicio competed in the national beauty pageant Miss Venezuela 2003 and obtained the title of Miss Venezuela International. She represented Costa Oriental.

## InfoBox

| Eleidy Aparicio | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Eleidy María Aparicio Serrano
(1983-09-09)September 9, 1983
Cabimas, Zulia, Venezuela |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss Venezuela International 2003 |
| Hair color | Brown |
| Eye color | Brown |
| Major
competition(s) | Miss Venezuela 2003
(Miss Venezuela International 2003)
Miss International 2004
(Unplaced) |
|  | |


title: Elisabeth Binder

abstract: Elisabeth Binder is a medical doctor and neuroscientist specializing in the study of mood and anxiety disorders. She is the director of the Department of Translational Research of the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany. In addition to research, she serves as Vice-President of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) and is a member of the Executive Committee.

text:
# Elisabeth Binder

**Elisabeth Binder** is a medical doctor and neuroscientist specializing in the study of mood and anxiety disorders. She is the director of the Department of Translational Research of the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany. In addition to research, she serves as Vice-President of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) and is a member of the Executive Committee.

## Career

### Education

Binder received her MD from the University of Vienna (1995) and completed her PhD in Neuroscience at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia (2000). Since 2004, she has been an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Emory University School of Medicine. In 2007 she became a research group leader at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany. Since 2013 she has been the Director of the Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry of the Institute.

### Research focus/interests

As Director of Translational Research in Psychiatry, her major research focus is the identification of mechanisms by which genetic variants and environmental exposure interact to influence stress reactivity and, through these, the risk for affective and anxiety disorders. The ultimate goal of her research is to improve treatment options for patients by better understanding the underlying disease mechanisms.

### Awards

Binder has been awarded the Theodore Reich Young Investigator Award, given by the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics and the Max Hamilton Award, bestowed upon scientists who have made outstanding contributions to the field, awarded by the International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP).

In 2016 she became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

### Positions of trust and research assessments

Binder is a member of Munich Center for Neurosciences as well as an associate faculty member of Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. She also serves as Vice-President of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) and is a member of its Executive Committee.

## Publications

Binder has published extensively.

Key publications:

* Mehta, Divya; Klengel, Torsten; Conneely, Karen N.; Smith, Alicia K.; Altmann, André; Pace, Thaddeus W.; Rex-Haffner, Monika; Loeschner, Anne; Gonik, Mariya; Mercer, Kristina B.; Bradley, Bekh; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram; Ressler, Kerry J.; Binder, Elisabeth B. (14 May 2013). "Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder" (PDF). *PNAS*. **110** (20). National Academy of Sciences: 8302–8307. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.8302M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1217750110. PMC 3657772. PMID 23630272. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
* Klengel, Torsten; Mehta, Divya; Anacker, Christoph; Rex-Haffner, Monika; Pruessner, Jens C.; Pariante, Carmine M.; Pace, Thaddeus W. W.; Mercer, Kristina B.; Mayberg, Helen S.; Bradley, Bekh; Nemeroff, Charles B.; Holsboer, Florian; Heim, Christine M.; Ressler, Kerry J.; Rein, Theo; Binder, Elisabeth B. (2013). "Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene–childhood trauma interactions". *Nature Neuroscience*. **16** (1). Nature Publishing Group: 33–41. doi:10.1038/nn.3275. PMC 4136922. PMID 23201972.
* Mehta, Divya; Gonik, Mariya; Klengel, Torsten; Rex-Haffner, Monika; Menke, Andreas; Rubel, Jennifer; Mercer, Kristina B.; Pütz, Benno; Bradley, Bekh; Holsboer, Florian; Ressler, Kerry J.; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram; Binder, Elisabeth B. (September 2011). "Polymorphisms in FKBP5 define biologically distinct subtypes of PTSD: evidence from endocrine and gene expression studies". *Arch Gen Psychiatry*. **68** (9): 901–910. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.50. PMC 3686481. PMID 21536970.
* Binder, Elisabeth B.; Bradley, Rebekah G.; Liu, Wei; Epstein, Michael P.; Deveau, Todd C.; Mercer, Kristina B.; Tang, Yilang; Gillespie, Charles F.; Heim, Christine M.; Nemeroff, Charles B.; Schwartz, Ann C.; Cubells, Joseph F.; Ressler, Kerry J. (28 March 2008). "Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms in adults". *JAMA*. **299** (11): 1291–305. doi:10.1001/jama.299.11.1291. PMC 2441757. PMID 18349090.

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Binder | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Vienna, Austria |
| Education | MD, University of Vienna; PhD in Neuroscience, Emory University |
| Known for | Translational research, psychiatric genetics, clinical neuroscience |
| Awards | Theodore Reich Award (ISPG), Max Hamilton Award (CINP)<br>Carus-Preis (2017) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Neuroscience |
| Institutions | Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany |
|  | |


title: Elisabeth Meyer (photographer)

abstract: Elisabeth Meyer was a Norwegian photographer and journalist who is best known for her photo-journalistic work from travels through Iran and India in the 1920s and 1930s, among them early photographs of Mahatma Gandhi. Meyer traveled through Iran on her own and may have been the first Western woman to travel through Iran in this way. There was a total ban on photographing in Iran at the time and she was arrested several times, but released with a warning. In Turkey she visited Kemal Atatürk in his private residence and his bedroom covered in pink silk. In Irak she interviewed king Faisal in his "palais just outside Baghdad". In India the young Indira Nehru helped Meyer visit the imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi, and she described the meeting like this: «Any other man would appear ridiculous in that outfit, but with regard to Gandhi all criticism is silenced. I was never particularly enthusiastic about Gandhi, but now I am completely converted. He is one of the most sympathetic humans I have ever met, he is truly a great man.» Meyer also visited Syria, Mexico and Alaska. Meyer was born in Tønsberg to an affluent family. Her father gave her a Kodak folding camera for her travels, which seems to have led to her professional choice later. She joined the Oslo Camera Club in 1932, and then traveled to Berlin in 1937 to study photography at the Reimann School, where she studied with Walter Peterhans and Otto Croy. She worked as an apprentice for Joszef Pécsi in Budapest before returning to Norway, where she spent the war years. Meyer produced material for various publications including National Geographic Magazine and Aftenposten.

text:
# Elisabeth Meyer (photographer)

**Elisabeth Meyer** (1899 – 1968) was a Norwegian photographer and journalist who is best known for her photo-journalistic work from travels through Iran and India in the 1920s and 1930s, among them early photographs of Mahatma Gandhi. Meyer traveled through Iran on her own and may have been the first Western woman to travel through Iran in this way. There was a total ban on photographing in Iran at the time and she was arrested several times, but released with a warning. In Turkey she visited Kemal Atatürk in his private residence and his bedroom covered in pink silk. In Irak she interviewed king Faisal in his "palais just outside Baghdad". In India the young Indira Nehru helped Meyer visit the imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi, and she described the meeting like this: «Any other man would appear ridiculous in that outfit, but with regard to Gandhi all criticism is silenced. I was never particularly enthusiastic about Gandhi, but now I am completely converted. He is one of the most sympathetic humans I have ever met, he is truly a great man.» Meyer also visited Syria, Mexico and Alaska.

Meyer was born in Tønsberg to an affluent family. Her father gave her a Kodak folding camera for her travels, which seems to have led to her professional choice later. She joined the Oslo Camera Club in 1932, and then traveled to Berlin in 1937 to study photography at the Reimann School, where she studied with Walter Peterhans and Otto Croy. She worked as an apprentice for Joszef Pécsi in Budapest before returning to Norway, where she spent the war years. Meyer produced material for various publications including National Geographic Magazine and Aftenposten.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Elisabeth Meyer | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Elisabeth Meyer,
Photo: Ernest Rude 1924. | |
| Born | 1899 (1899)
Tønsberg, Norway |
| Died | 1968 (aged 6869) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation(s) | photographer
journalist |


title: Transient receptor potential channel

abstract: Transient receptor potential channels are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types. Most of these are grouped into two broad groups: Group 1 includes TRPC, TRPV, TRPVL, TRPM, TRPS, TRPN, and TRPA. Group 2 consists of TRPP and TRPML. Other less-well categorized TRP channels exist, including yeast channels and a number of Group 1 and Group 2 channels present in non-animals. Many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations such as pain, temperature, different kinds of taste, pressure, and vision. In the body, some TRP channels are thought to behave like microscopic thermometers and used in animals to sense hot or cold. Some TRP channels are activated by molecules found in spices like garlic (allicin), chili pepper (capsaicin), wasabi; others are activated by menthol, camphor, peppermint, and cooling agents; yet others are activated by molecules found in cannabis or stevia. Some act as sensors of osmotic pressure, volume, stretch, and vibration. Most of the channels are activated or inhibited by signaling lipids and contribute to a family of lipid-gated ion channels. These ion channels have a relatively non-selective permeability to cations, including sodium, calcium and magnesium. TRP channels were initially discovered in the so-called "transient receptor potential" mutant (trp-mutant) strain of the fruit fly Drosophila, hence their name. Later, TRP channels were found in vertebrates where they are ubiquitously expressed in many cell types and tissues. Most TRP channels are composed of 6 membrane-spanning helices with intracellular N- and C-termini. Mammalian TRP channels are activated and regulated by a wide variety of stimuli and are expressed throughout the body.

text:
# Transient receptor potential channel

**Transient receptor potential channels** (**TRP channels**) are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types. Most of these are grouped into two broad groups: Group 1 includes TRPC ( "C" for canonical), TRPV ("V" for vanilloid), TRPVL ("VL" for vanilloid-like), TRPM ("M" for melastatin), TRPS ("S" for soromelastatin), TRPN ("N" for mechanoreceptor potential C), and TRPA ("A" for ankyrin). Group 2 consists of TRPP ("P" for polycystic) and TRPML ("ML" for mucolipin). Other less-well categorized TRP channels exist, including yeast channels and a number of Group 1 and Group 2 channels present in non-animals. Many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations such as pain, temperature, different kinds of taste, pressure, and vision. In the body, some TRP channels are thought to behave like microscopic thermometers and used in animals to sense hot or cold. Some TRP channels are activated by molecules found in spices like garlic (allicin), chili pepper (capsaicin), wasabi (allyl isothiocyanate); others are activated by menthol, camphor, peppermint, and cooling agents; yet others are activated by molecules found in cannabis (i.e., THC, CBD and CBN) or stevia. Some act as sensors of osmotic pressure, volume, stretch, and vibration. Most of the channels are activated or inhibited by signaling lipids and contribute to a family of lipid-gated ion channels.

These ion channels have a relatively non-selective permeability to cations, including sodium, calcium and magnesium.

TRP channels were initially discovered in the so-called "transient receptor potential" mutant (*trp*-mutant) strain of the fruit fly *Drosophila*, hence their name (see History of *Drosophila* TRP channels below). Later, TRP channels were found in vertebrates where they are ubiquitously expressed in many cell types and tissues. Most TRP channels are composed of 6 membrane-spanning helices with intracellular N- and C-termini. Mammalian TRP channels are activated and regulated by a wide variety of stimuli and are expressed throughout the body.

## Families

In the animal TRP superfamily there are currently 9 proposed families split into two groups, each family containing a number of subfamilies. Group one consists of TRPC, TRPV, TRPVL, TRPA, TRPM, TRPS, and TRPN, while group two contains TRPP and TRPML. There is an additional family labeled TRPY that is not always included in either of these groups. All of these sub-families are similar in that they are molecular sensing, non-selective cation channels that have six transmembrane segments, however, each sub-family is unique and shares little structural homology with one another. This uniqueness gives rise to the various sensory perception and regulation functions that TRP channels have throughout the body. Group one and group two vary in that both TRPP and TRPML of group two have a much longer extracellular loop between the S1 and S2 transmembrane segments. Another differentiating characteristic is that all the group one sub-families either contain an N-terminal intracellular ankyrin repeat sequence, a C-terminal TRP domain sequence, or both—whereas both group two sub-families have neither. Below are members of the sub-families and a brief description of each:

### TRPA

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPA | TRPA1 | Vertebrates, arthropods, and molluscs |
| | TRPA-like | Choanoflagellates, cnidarians, nematodes, arthropods (only crustaceans and myriapods), molluscs, and echinoderms |
| | TRPA5 | Arthropods (only crustaceans and insects) |
| | | painless |
| | | pyrexia |
| | | waterwitch |
| | HsTRPA | Specific to hymenopteran insects |

TRPA, A for "ankyrin", is named for the large amount of ankyrin repeats found near the N-terminus. TRPA is primarily found in afferent nociceptive nerve fibers and is associated with the amplification of pain signaling as well as cold pain hypersensitivity. These channels have been shown to be both mechanical receptors for pain and chemosensors activated by various chemical species, including isothiocyanates (pungent chemicals in substances such as mustard oil and wasabi), cannabinoids, general and local analgesics, and cinnamaldehyde.

While TRPA1 is expressed in a wide variety of animals, a variety of other TRPA channels exist outside of vertebrates. TRPA5, painless, pyrexia, and waterwitch are distinct phylogenetic branches within the TRPA clade, and are only evidenced to be expressed in crustaceans and insects, while HsTRPA arose as a Hymenoptera-specific duplication of waterwitch. Like TRPA1 and other TRP channels, these function as ion channels in a number of sensory systems. TRPA- or TRPA1-like channels also exists in a variety of species as a phylogenetically distinct clade, but these are less well understood.

### TRPC

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPC | TRPC1 | Vertebrates |
| | TRPC2 | |
| | TRPC3 | |
| | TRPC4 | |
| | TRPC5 | |
| | TRPC6 | |
| | TRPC7 | |
| | TRP | Arthropods |
| | | TRPgamma |
| | | TRPL |
| | Unknown | Choanoflagellates, cnidarians, xenacoelomorphs, lophotrochozoans, and nematodes |

TRPC, C for "canonical", is named for being the most closely related to *Drosophila* TRP, the namesake of TRP channels. The phylogeny of TRPC channels has not been resolved in detail, but they are present across animal taxa. There are actually only six TRPC channels expressed in humans because TRPC2 is found to be expressed solely in mice and is considered a pseudo-gene in humans; this is partly due to the role of TRPC2 in detecting pheromones, which mice have an increased ability compared to humans. Mutations in TRPC channels have been associated with respiratory diseases along with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in the kidneys. All TRPC channels are activated either by phospholipase C (PLC) or diacyglycerol (DAG).

### TRPML

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPML | Unknown | Cnidarians, basal vertebrates, tunicates, cephalochordates, hemichordates, echinoderms, arthropods, and nematodes |
| | TRPML1 | Specific to jawed vertebrates |
| | | TRPML2 |
| | | TRPML3 |

TRPML, ML for "mucolipin", gets its name from the neurodevelopmental disorder mucolipidosis IV. Mucolipidosis IV was first discovered in 1974 by E.R. Berman who noticed abnormalities in the eyes of an infant. These abnormalities soon became associated with mutations to the MCOLN1 gene which encodes for the TRPML1 ion channel. TRPML is still not highly characterized. The three known vertebrate copies are restricted to jawed vertebrates, with some exceptions (e.g. *Xenopus tropicalis*).

### TRPM

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPM | Alpha/α (inc. TRPM1, 3, 6, and 7) | All choanoflagellates and eumetazoa (except tardigrades) |
| | Beta/β (inc. TRPM2, 4, 5, and 8) | |

TRPM, M for "melastatin", was found during a comparative genetic analysis between benign nevi and malignant nevi (melanoma). Mutations within TRPM channels have been associated with hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. TRPM channels have also become known for their cold-sensing mechanisms, such is the case with TRPM8. Comparative studies have shown that the functional domains and critical amino acids of TRPM channels are highly conserved across species.

Phylogenetics has shown that TRPM channels are split into two major clades, αTRPM and βTRPM. αTRPMs include vertebrate TRPM1, TRPM3, and the "chanzymes" TRPM6 and TRPM7, as well as the only insect TRPM channel, among others. βTRPMs include, but are not limited to, vertebrate TRPM2, TRPM4, TRPM5, and TRPM8 (the cold and menthol sensor). Two additional major clades have been described: TRPMc, which is present only in a variety of arthropods, and a basal clade, which has since been proposed to be a distinct and separate TRP channel family (TRPS).

### TRPN

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPN | TRPN/nompC | Placozoans, cnidarians, nematodes, arthropods, molluscs, annelids, and vertebrates (excluding amniotes) |

TRPN was originally described in *Drosophila melanogaster* and *Caenorhabditis elegans* as nompC, a mechanically gated ion channel. Only a single TRPN, N for "no mechanoreceptor potential C," or "nompC", is known to be broadly expressed in animals (although some Cnidarians have more), and is notably only a pseudogene in amniote vertebrates. Despite TRPA being named for ankyrin repeats, TRPN channels are thought to have the most of any TRP channel, typically around 28, which are highly conserved across taxa Since its discovery, *Drosophila* nompC has been implicated in mechanosensation (including mechanical stimulation of the cuticle and sound detection) and cold nociception.

### TRPP

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPP | PKD1-like | Animals (excluding arthropods) |
| | PKD2-like | Animals |
| | Brividos | Insects |

TRPP, P for "polycistin", is named for polycystic kidney disease, which is associated with these channels. These channels are also referred to as PKD (polycistic kidney disease) ion channels.

PKD2-like genes (examples include TRPP2, TRPP3, and TRPP5) encode canonical TRP channels. PKD1-like genes encode much larger proteins with 11 transmembrane segments, which do not have all the features of other TRP channels. However, 6 of the transmebrane segments of PKD1-like proteins have substantial sequence homology with TRP channels, indicating they may simply have diversified greatly from other closely related proteins.

Insects have a third sub-family of TRPP, called brividos, which participate in cold sensing.

### TRPS

TRPS, S for Soromelastatin, was named as it forms a sister group to TRPM. TRPS is broadly present in animals, but notably absent in vertebrates and insects (among others). TRPS has not yet been well described functionally, though it is known that the *C. elegans* TRPS, known as CED-11, is a calcium channel which participates in apoptosis.

### TRPV

| Family | Sub-Family | Known Taxa |
| --- | --- | --- |
| TRPV | Nanchung | Placozoans, cnidarians, nematodes, annelids, molluscs, and arthropods (possibly excluding arachnids) |
| | Inactive | |
| | TRPV1 | Specific to vertebrates |
| | | TRPV2 |
| | | TRPV3 |
| | | TRPV4 |
| | | TRPV5 |
| | | TRPV6 |
|

TRPV, V for "vanilloid", was originally discovered in *Caenorhabditis elegans*, and is named for the vanilloid chemicals that activate some of these channels. These channels have been made famous for their association with molecules such as capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist). In addition to the 6 known vertebrate paralogues, 2 major clades are known outside of the deterostomes: nanchung and Iav. Mechanistic studies of these latter clades have been largely restricted to *Drosophila*, but phylogenetic analyses has placed a number of other genes from Placozoa, Annelida, Cnidaria, Mollusca, and other arthropods within them. TRPV channels have also been described in protists.

### TRPVL

TRPVL has been proposed to be a sister clade to TRPV, and is limited to the cnidarians *Nematostella vectensis* and *Hydra magnipapillata*, and the annelid *Capitella teleta*. Little is known concerning these channels.

### TRPY

TRPY, Y for "yeast", is highly localized to the yeast vacuole, which is the functional equivalent of a lysosome in a mammalian cell, and acts as a mechanosensor for vacuolar osmotic pressure. Patch clamp techniques and hyperosmotic stimulation have illustrated that TRPY plays a role in intracellular calcium release. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that TRPY1 does not form a part with the other metazoan TRP groups one and two, and is suggested to have evolved after the divergence of metazoans and fungi. Others have indicated that TRPY are more closely related to TRPP.

## Structure

TRP channels are composed of 6 membrane-spanning helices (S1-S6) with intracellular N- and C-termini. Mammalian TRP channels are activated and regulated by a wide variety of stimuli including many post-transcriptional mechanisms like phosphorylation, G-protein receptor coupling, ligand-gating, and ubiquitination. The receptors are found in almost all cell types and are largely localized in cell and organelle membranes, modulating ion entry.

Most TRP channels form homo- or heterotetramers when completely functional. The ion selectivity filter, pore, is formed by the complex combination of p-loops in the tetrameric protein, which are situated in the extracellular domain between the S5 and S6 transmembrane segments. As with most cation channels, TRP channels have negatively charged residues within the pore to attract the positively charged ions.

### Group 1 Characteristics

Each channel in this group is structurally unique, which adds to the diversity of functions that TRP channels possess, however, there are some commonalities that distinguish this group from others. Starting from the intracellular N-terminus there are varying lengths of ankryin repeats (except in TRPM) that aid with membrane anchoring and other protein interactions. Shortly following S6 on the C-terminal end, there is a highly conserved TRP domain (except in TRPA) which is involved with gating modulation and channel multimerization. Other C-terminal modifications such as alpha-kinase domains in TRPM7 and M8 have been seen as well in this group.

### Group 2 Characteristics

Group two most distinguishable trait is the long extracellular span between the S1 and S2 transmembrane segments. Members of group two are also lacking in ankryin repeats and a TRP domain. They have been shown, however, to have endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequences towards on the C-terminal end illustrating possible interactions with the ER.

## Function

TRP channels modulate ion entry driving forces and Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport machinery in the plasma membrane, where most of them are located. TRPs have important interactions with other proteins and often form signaling complexes, the exact pathways of which are unknown. TRP channels were initially discovered in the *trp* mutant strain of the fruit fly *Drosophila* which displayed transient elevation of potential in response to light stimuli and were so named *transient receptor potential* channels. TRPML channels function as intracellular calcium release channels and thus serve an important role in organelle regulation. Importantly, many of these channels mediate a variety of sensations like the sensations of pain, temperature, different kinds of taste, pressure, and vision. In the body, some TRP channels are thought to behave like microscopic thermometers and are used in animals to sense hot or cold. TRPs act as sensors of osmotic pressure, volume, stretch, and vibration. TRPs have been seen to have complex multidimensional roles in sensory signaling. Many TRPs function as intracellular calcium release channels.

### Pain and temperature sensation

TRP ion channels convert energy into action potentials in somatosensory nociceptors. Thermo-TRP channels have a C-terminal domain that is responsible for thermosensation and have a specific interchangeable region that allows them to sense temperature stimuli that is tied to ligand regulatory processes. Although most TRP channels are modulated by changes in temperature, some have a crucial role in temperature sensation. There are at least 6 different Thermo-TRP channels and each plays a different role. For instance, TRPM8 relates to mechanisms of sensing cold, TRPV1 and TRPM3 contribute to heat and inflammation sensations, and TRPA1 facilitates many signaling pathways like sensory transduction, nociception, inflammation and oxidative stress.

### Taste

TRPM5 is involved in taste signaling of sweet, bitter and umami tastes by modulating the signal pathway in type II taste receptor cells. TRPM5 is activated by the sweet glycosides found in the stevia plant.

Several other TRP channels play a significant role in chemosensation through sensory nerve endings in the mouth that are independent from taste buds. TRPA1 responds to mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate), wasabi, and cinnamon, TRPA1 and TRPV1 responds to garlic (allicin), TRPV1 responds to chilli pepper (capsaicin), TRPM8 is activated by menthol, camphor, peppermint, and cooling agents; TRPV2 is activated by molecules (THC, CBD and CBN) found in marijuana.

## TRP-like channels in insect vision

The *trp*-mutant fruit flies, which lack a functional copy of trp gene, are characterized by a transient response to light, unlike wild-type flies that demonstrate a sustained photoreceptor cell activity in response to light. A distantly related isoform of TRP channel, TRP-like channel (TRPL), was later identified in *Drosophila* photoreceptors, where it is expressed at approximately 10- to 20-fold lower levels than TRP protein. A mutant fly, *trpl*, was subsequently isolated. Apart from structural differences, the TRP and TRPL channels differ in cation permeability and pharmacological properties.

TRP/TRPL channels are solely responsible for depolarization of insect photoreceptor plasma membrane in response to light. When these channels open, they allow sodium and calcium to enter the cell down the concentration gradient, which depolarizes the membrane. Variations in light intensity affect the total number of open TRP/TRPL channels, and, therefore, the degree of membrane depolarization. These graded voltage responses propagate to photoreceptor synapses with second-order retinal neurons and further to the brain.

It is important to note that the mechanism of insect photoreception is dramatically different from that in mammals. Excitation of rhodopsin in mammalian photoreceptors leads to the hyperpolarization of the receptor membrane but not to depolarization as in the insect eye. In *Drosophila* and, it is presumed, other insects, a phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling cascade links photoexcitation of rhodopsin to the opening of the TRP/TRPL channels. Although numerous activators of these channels such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were known for years, a key factor mediating chemical coupling between PLC and TRP/TRPL channels remained a mystery until recently. It was found that breakdown of a lipid product of PLC cascade, diacylglycerol (DAG), by the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase, generates PUFAs that can activate TRP channels, thus initiating membrane depolarization in response to light. This mechanism of TRP channel activation may be well-preserved among other cell types where these channels perform various functions.

## Clinical significance

Mutations in TRPs have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disorders, and may play an important role in cancer. TRPs may make important therapeutic targets. There is significant clinical significance to TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3 and TRPM8’s role as thermoreceptors, and TRPV4 and TRPA1’s role as mechanoreceptors; reduction of chronic pain may be possible by targeting ion channels involved in thermal, chemical, and mechanical sensation to reduce their sensitivity to stimuli. For instance the use of TRPV1 agonists would potentially inhibit nociception at TRPV1, particularly in pancreatic tissue where TRPV1 is highly expressed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, found in chili peppers, has been indicated to relieve neuropathic pain. TRPV1 agonists inhibit nociception at TRPV1

### Role in cancer

Altered expression of TRP proteins often leads to tumorigenesis, as reported for TRPV1, TRPV6, TRPC1, TRPC6, TRPM4, TRPM5, and TRPM8. TRPV1 and TRPV2 have been implicated in breast cancer. TRPV1 expression in aggregates found at endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and/or surrounding these structures in breast cancer patients confer worse survival.

TRPM family of ion channels are particularly associated with prostate cancer where TRPM2 (and its long noncoding RNA *TRPM2-AS*), TRPM4, and TRPM8 are overexpressed in prostate cancer associated with more aggressive outcomes. TRPM3 has been shown to promote growth and autophagy in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, TRPM4 is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with poorer survival, while TRPM5 has oncogenic properties in melanoma.

TRP channels take center stage in modulating chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer. Some TRP channels such as TRPA1 and TRPC5 are tightly associated with drug resistance during cancer treatment; TRPC5-mediated high Ca2+ influx activates the transcription factor NFATC3 (Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells, Cytoplasmic 3), which triggers p-glycoprotein (p-gp) transcription. The overexpression of p-gp is widely recognized as a major factor in chemoresistance in cancer cells, as it functions as an active efflux pump that can remove various foreign substances, including chemotherapeutic agents, from within the cell.

Contrarily, other TRP channels, such as TRPV1 and TRPV2, have been demonstrated to potentiate the anti-tumorigenic effects of certain chemotherapeutic agents and TRPV2 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer.

### Role in inflammatory responses

In addition to TLR4 mediated pathways, certain members of the family of the transient receptor potential ion channels recognize LPS. LPS-mediated activation of TRPA1 was shown in mice and *Drosophila melanogaster* flies. At higher concentrations, LPS activates other members of the sensory TRP channel family as well, such as TRPV1, TRPM3 and to some extent TRPM8. LPS is recognized by TRPV4 on epithelial cells. TRPV4 activation by LPS was necessary and sufficient to induce nitric oxide production with a bactericidal effect.

## History of *Drosophila* TRP channels

The original TRP-mutant in *Drosophila* was first described by Cosens and Manning in 1969 as "a mutant strain of *D. melanogaster* which, though behaving phototactically positive in a T-maze under low ambient light, is visually impaired and behaves as though blind". It also showed an abnormal electroretinogram response of photoreceptors to light which was transient rather than sustained as in the "wild type". It was investigated subsequently by Baruch Minke, a post-doc in the group of William Pak, and named TRP according to its behavior in the ERG. The identity of the mutated protein was unknown until it was cloned by Craig Montell, a post-doctoral researcher in Gerald Rubin's research group, in 1989, who noted its predicted structural relationship to channels known at the time and Roger Hardie and Baruch Minke who provided evidence in 1992 that it is an ion channel that opens in response to light stimulation. The TRPL channel was cloned and characterized in 1992 by the research group of Leonard Kelly. In 2013, Montell and his research group found that the TRPL (TRP-like) cation channel was a direct target for tastants in gustatory receptor neurons and could be reversibly down-regulated.

## InfoBox

| Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | TRP |
| Pfam | PF06011 |
| InterPro | IPR013555 |
| OPM superfamily |  |
| OPM protein | 3j5p |
| Membranome | 605 |
| Available protein structures:  Pfam structures / ECOD  PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj  PDBsum structure summary | |


title: Traugott Ochs

abstract: Traugott Ochs was a German court Kapellmeister, organist and conductor.

text:
# Traugott Ochs

**Traugott Ochs** (19 October 1854 – 28 August 1919) was a German court *Kapellmeister*, organist and conductor.

## Life

Born in Altenfeld, Ochs made his conducting debut with the Berlin Philharmonic on 24 October 1905. He led the Bielefeld Philharmonic from 1901. From 1907 to 1910, he was *Kapellmeister* of the Hofkapelle and conductor of the Loh-Orchester Sondershausen.

Ochs died in Berlin aged 64.

## Further reading

* Wilhelm May: *Traugott Ochs. Die Leitung von Hofkapelle und Konservatorium vor 100 Jahren.* In Wilhelm May: *Ich heiße Bahn und bin bei der Post. Gesammelte Beiträge aus der Geschichte Sondershausens.* Starke, Sondershausen 2011, ISBN 978-3-9811062-7-5, pp. 425429. (Reprint from 2007)


title: Elisabeth von Dücker

abstract: Elisabeth von Dücker was a German art historian. She worked as curator at the Altonaer Museum and at the Hamburg Museum der Arbeit. The themes of her exhibition projects were city history and women's work. She founded the “FrauenFreiluftGalerie Hamburg” in 1994.

text:
# Elisabeth von Dücker

**Elisabeth von Dücker** (25 February 1946, Miltenberg; — 9 July 2020. Hamburg) was a German art historian. She worked as curator at the Altonaer Museum and at the Hamburg Museum der Arbeit. The themes of her exhibition projects were city history and women's work. She founded the “FrauenFreiluftGalerie Hamburg” in 1994.

## Life

Elisabeth von Dücker studied art history as well as ethnic studies and classical archeology in West Berlin and Frankfurt am Main. Parallel to her studies, she trained to become a bookseller. From 1970 she lived in Hamburg.

From 1975 onwards she completed a scientific traineeship at the Altonaer Museum. Her politicization in the women's movement also began in 1975 when she joined a group that demonstrated against § 218. In 1978 she was awarded a Dr. phil. received his doctorate. Her dissertation dealt with the painted oeuvre of the cartoonist Thomas Theodor Heine, one of the founders of the Munich magazine *Simplicissimus*. In 1980 she was co-founder of the Ottensen district archive as the first history workshop in Hamburg.

Elisabeth von Dücker was the mother of a daughter. She was given her final resting place in the Bernadottestraße Cemetery in the Ottensen district of Hamburg.

## Career

As a research trainee at the Altona Museum, she designed an exhibition about the proletarian Hamburg district of Ottensen with the participation of local residents as an everyday history of a neighborhood. The exhibition “Ottensen. On the history of a district” was so successful with over 70,000 visitors that Elisabeth von Dücker was hired as a permanent curator.

In 1986 she moved to the Hamburg Museum der Arbeit, which was currently being set up, as a museum scientist. She was responsible for the area of everyday life and women's history. On a voluntary basis, she initiated the “Working Group for Women in the Museum of Work”, from which the “Working Group Mural” was formed, which, after three years of research, realized the mural “Women's Work in the Port of Hamburg” in 1989. The occasion was the 800th birthday of the Port of Hamburg. Painters created a 1,000 square meter painting on the north facade of the so-called Fischmarktspeicher, a former granary, at Große Elbstraße 39. The project, located at the interface of research, art and politics, was discussed nationally between approval and opposition . *Der Spiegel* wrote: “The monumental work, crowned by a combative-looking welder, reminded scoffers of Socialist Realism. The Hamburg “heroine of work,” complained the alternative *Tageszeitung*, could also “decorate the wall of a state-owned company in the GDR.”

The mural *Companiera* followed in 1992, which was dedicated to women's work in Latin America. When the warehouse was converted into an office building, the murals were demolished in 1994. Only photographs have survived.

With the mural painter Hildegund Schuster and the social scientist Emilija Mitrovic (1953–2020) from the working group and in cooperation with the Museum für Arbeit, she developed the concept of the “FrauenFreiluftGalerie Hamburg” in 1994. The conception and design of the gallery is based not only on archival research but also on oral history research, which was carried out with contemporary witnesses in over 100 interviews. Sixteen murals were created along the hillside on the Altona Elbe bank on the way to Neumühlen, which tell stories about port-related women's work from 1900 to the present. Artists from Hamburg and overseas designed the paintings in various styles on industrial-historical buildings and walls. The mural for the concentration camp workers in the harbor *The Women from Dessauer Ufer* was realized on a building owned by the city-owned Hamburg-Altonaer Fischerhafen GmbH in Ottensen, which was dedicated to the Hungarian and Czech Jewish women in the Women's Camp of the Neuengamme Concentration Camp in Hamburg-Veddel are remembered. In 2010, Hildegund Schuster created the mural “Women in the Port Logistics” along the inside of the retaining wall in front of Port Station Große Elbstraße 276. Since 2011, the painting *Women at Sea - Seawomen then and now* has been on the brick walls of Neumühlen pumping station No. 69.

As part of the official opening of the Museum of Work on the site of the former rubber goods factory *New-York Hamburger Gummi-Waaren Compagnie* in Barmbeck in 1997, the 400 square meter building by Elisabeth von Dücker was opened on the second floor A separate permanent exhibition “Women and Men – Worlds of Work and Worlds of Images” was installed. In later years this department was dismantled.

Three years after the new Prostitution Act came into force, Elisabeth von Dücker, now senior custodian of the Museum of Work, curated Europe's first cultural-historical exhibition on prostitution and prostitutes in 2005 under the title “Sex work. Prostitution - Life Worlds and Myths" with around 500 exhibits from the period from 1850 to 2005. For the show and the accompanying catalog she conducted 30 interviews with people from the milieu and cooperated with advisory institutions and projects of the whore movement from Germany and Holland and Italy. Supported by the sociologists Beate Leopold and Christiane Howe, Elisabeth von Dücker set up twelve rooms, each of which provided information about an aspect of prostitution, such as “health”, “law and customs”, the “fight for respect”, “customer, guest, John”, “Drug Prostitution and Trafficking in Women”. One room addressed the Nazi era with photos and documents on black walls, including the “prostitution room” in the Buchenwald concentration camp. The exhibition was also shown in Berlin and Bonn. It is considered the most successful in Elisabeth von Dücker's life's work.

She retired in 2007. When the Altona Museum was to be closed in 2010, she was one of the speakers for the citizens' initiative “Altona Museum Remains”. Due to the many protests, the Hamburg Senate revised its decision.


title: Transmembrane protein 179

abstract: Transmembrane protein 179 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM179 gene. The function of transmembrane protein 179 is not yet well understood, but it is believed to have a function in the nervous system.

text:
# Transmembrane protein 179

**Transmembrane protein 179** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM179 gene. The function of transmembrane protein 179 is not yet well understood, but it is believed to have a function in the nervous system.

## Gene

In humans, TMEM179 is located on the long arm of chromosome 14 on the reverse strand and maps to 14q32.33 with the genomic sequence starting at 104,592,993 bp and ending at 104,604,983 bp. Alternative names for this gene are "C14orf90" and "FLJ42486" TMEM179 contains four exons.

## mRNA

There are four isoforms of the TMEM179 protein due to alternative splicing of the pre mRNA transcript.

## Protein

Transmembrane protein 179 is 233 amino acids long. Transmembrane protein 179 has a predicted molecular weight of 26 kDa and a predicted isoelectric point of 5. Both the *Homo sapiens* and *Xenopus laevis* proteins contain a much higher than normal level of phenylalanine, a higher than normal level of leucine and tryptophan, and a lower than normal level of proline compared to other proteins from their respective organisms. Both the human and frog proteins have the repetitive structure of “LAFL” appearing twice in their protein which suggests that this repetitive sequence may have some significance.

| Isoform Name | Size (AA) | Exons used | Accession Number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Transmembrane protein 179 Isoform 1 | 233 | 1,2,3,& 4 | NP\_001273318.1 |
| Transmembrane protein 179 Isoform 2 | 174 | 1,2,& 3 | NP\_001273319.1 |
| Transmembrane protein 179 Isoform 3 | 102 | 1 | XP\_011535048.1 |
| Transmembrane protein 179 Isoform 4 | 131 | 2,3,& 4 | XP\_011535052.1 |

### Subcellular location

Transmembrane protein 179 is predicted to be localized to the endoplasmic reticulum(ER).

### Structure

Transmembrane protein 179 is predicted to have four transmembrane regions with the N-terminus located on the cytosol side of the membrane. The secondary structure of transmembrane protein 179 is predicted to be made up of mostly alpha helix (52.36%) with some regions of random coil (31.33%) and beta sheets (12.02%). transmembrane protein 179 is predicted to have two disulfide bridges, both located on the ER lumenal side of the membrane.

### Post-translational modifications

Transmembrane protein 179 is predicted to undergo various post-translational modifications such as S-palmitoylation, N-glycosylation, Glycation, Phosphorylation, and O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine.

## Expression

### Normal tissue expression

TMEM179 has been shown to be most highly expressed in brain and spinal cord tissue. The gene is also relatively highly expressed in tissues in the lungs, adrenal gland, and testis.

### Abnormal tissue expression

TMEM179 has been shown to be relatively highly expressed in glioma cells. TMEM179 has also been shown to be expressed highly in some other cancer cell lines. It was most highly expressed in a small cell lung cancer cell line. It was also expressed in cancer cell lines originating from the brain, renal/urinary/male reproductive systems, and Breast/female reproductive system.

## Regulation of Expression

The TMEM179 promoter was found to start at 104,604,641 bp and end at 104,606,647 bp on the reverse strand using Genomatix's Gene2Promoter tool. Genomatix's MatInspector tool found 732 predicted transcription factor binding sites for this promoter. Some transcription factors that are predicted to bind to the TMEM179 promoter that are of particular interest are EGR1—of which there are four predicted binding sites—and Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF), both of which are involved in the regulation of neuron growth.

## Interacting Proteins

Transmembrane protein 179 has no known protein interactions.

## Homology

### Paralogs

There are no known paralogs of the TMEM179 gene.

### Orthologs

Orthologs of TMEM179 have been found in animals as distantly related to humans as annelids and arthropods, but no orthologs have been found in more distantly related animals such as those in clades Porifera, Nematoda, and Cnidaria. No orthologs have been found in any nonanimal organisms.

Table of TMEM179 Orthologs
| Species | Taxonomic Group | Median Time of Divergence From *Homo sapiens* (Millions of Years Ago) | Accession Number | Sequence Identity to *Homo sapiens (%)* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Homo sapiens* | Mammalia | 0 | NP\_001273318.1 | 100 |
| *Mus musculus* | Mammalia | 88 | NP\_849246.2 | 94 |
| *Dromaius novaehollandiae* | Aves | 320 | XP\_025968310.1 | 84 |
| *Python bivittatus* | Reptila | 320 | XP\_007436683.1 | 83 |
| *Xenopus laevis* | Amphibia | 353 | XP\_018087798.1 | 76 |
| *Danio rerio* | Actinopterygii | 432 | XP\_003200427.1 | 66 |
| *Rhincodon typus* | Chondrichthyes | 465 | XP\_020385663.1 | 70 |
| *Branchiostoma belcheri* | Chordata | 699 | XP\_019647683.1 | 35 |
| *Biomphalaria glabrata* | Mollusca | 794 | XP\_013064109.1 | 38 |
| *Onthophagus taurus* | Arthropoda | 794 | XP\_022914672.1 | 33 |
| *Daphnia pulex* | Arthropoda | 794 | EFX83970.1 | 33 |
| *Capitella teleta* | Annelida | 794 | ELU12883.1 | 32 |

## Function

The function of transmembrane protein 179 is not yet well understood. TMEM179 has been identified in a patent involving the production of neural regenerating cells (NRCs) from marrow adherent stem cells (MASCs). According to this patent the methylation of CpG sequences in TMEM179 is decreased in NRCs compared to MASCs. This finding, coupled with the finding that TMEM179 is most highly expressed in the brain and spinal cord, provides strong evidence that transmembrane protein 179 plays a role in nervous system development. This function is also supported by the fact that no orthologs of TMEM179 have been found in nonanimal organisms or animals that lack a nervous system such as sea sponges.

## InfoBox

| TMEM179 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TMEM179, C14orf90, TMEM179A, transmembrane protein 179 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 2144891; HomoloGene: 16809; GeneCards: TMEM179; OMA:TMEM179 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001286389
NM\_001286390
NM\_207379   NM\_178915   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001273318
NP\_001273319   NP\_849246   Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 104.47 – 104.61 Mb Chr 12: 112.47 – 112.48 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Transmembrane protein 151b

abstract: Transmembrane protein 151B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM151B gene.

text:
# Transmembrane protein 151b

**Transmembrane protein 151B** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM151B gene.

## Nomenclature

The Transmembrane protein 151B gene is also known as TMEM151B, C6orf137, and bA444E17.5.

## Gene

The gene is located on the positive strand of chromosome 6 at the location 6p21.1 from the chromosome position 44270450 to 44279444, for a total length of 8,995 base pairs. It is a complex locus that contains both TMEM151B and SPATS1. TMEM151B has one paralog: TMEM151A.

## Transcript

The mRNA contains 3 exons, with a transcribed mRNA length of 4911bp, and the coding region containing 1701bp.

## Protein

The protein has a length of 566 amino acids and contains two transmembrane domains. According to Compute pI/Mw, molecular weight of approximately 61 kDa, which matches the weight listed on NCBI, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.72. The human TMEM151B protein composition is poor in lysine and arginine, lysine comprising 1.4% of the amino acids and arginine making up 0.8% of the total protein. The mouse ortholog is also arginine poor.

### Expression

RNA-seq gene expression profiling shows high expression in the brain, and notable expression in the testes. NCBI geo profiles similarly show localization to the brain tissues. Within the mouse brain, TMEM151B has high expression particularly within the cerebellum, medulla, and olfactory bulb according to the Allen Brain Atlas.

### Protein interactions

The TMEM151B protein interacts with one other protein according to BioGRID.

* **SREBF2**\- a transcription factor precursor which is imbedded in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane; activates genes involved with cholesterol biosynthesis.

## Homology and evolution

The TMEM151B gene is conserved within most vertebrates, and appears to be conserved within some invertebrates. Its paralog, TMEM151A, has a 47.7% sequence identity with TMEM151B. The evolution rate is relatively slow: between the rate of change in fibrinogen alpha and cytochrome c.

## Research

Alternative splicing of TMEM151B along with 4 other genes were linked to colorectal cancer. It was also found to be up-regulated in post-menopausal breast cancer. A SNP found within TMEM151B is associated with the development of lean muscle.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| TMEM151B | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TMEM151B, C6orf137, TMEM193, bA444E17.5, transmembrane protein 151B | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 2685169; HomoloGene: 19365; GeneCards: TMEM151B; OMA:TMEM151B - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001137560<br>NM\_001039704   NM\_001013749   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001131032   NP\_001013771   Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 44.27 – 44.31 Mb Chr 17: 45.85 – 45.86 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Ellen Tshabalala

abstract:
Zandile Ellen Tshabalala also known as Ellen Tshabalala is a former Chairperson of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). She was appointed Chairperson of the Board in September 2013, having previously served for six months prior as acting SABC Chairperson. She resigned on Wednesday, 17 December 2014.She died on 03 July 2022. In July 2014, it emerged that she allegedly lied on her CV when she applied for the post of Chairperson of the SABC. The CV she put before the parliamentary portfolio committee on communications, under which the SABC falls, said she graduated from the University of South Africa (UNISA) with a BCom and a postgraduate diploma in labour relations. This claim was repeated in a statement by the presidency of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, announcing her appointment. However, according to a Promotion of Access to Information Act application sent by the newspaper City Press, UNISA said Tshabalala had neither of the qualifications that she claimed. UNISA's executive director of legal services and information, Jan van Wyk wrote in a letter to the newspaper City Press: "According to our records, no qualification was awarded to the mentioned individual." According to Jan van Wyk, she registered for a BCom degree in 1988 and again in 1996 but had failed to complete the course. She had also registered for a diploma in labour relations in 1995. In 2011, Mercedes Benz had requested confirmation of her qualifications from UNISA when she applied for a job there. The university had informed an intermediary of her failure to attain the qualifications she claimed. Parliaments Portfolio Committee on Communications inquiry that began on 3 December 2014 into her qualifications found her guilty on two charges. She was found guilty of misconduct for lying to Parliament about her qualifications. She was further found guilty of lying in a sworn affidavit she submitted to Parliament in lieu of her academic records. She had claimed to have lost her qualification certificates when she had been burgled. She had initially refused to resign, claiming that there was a political agenda behind her guilty verdict. She further claimed that "elements within the alliance" were hell bent to purge and vilify her. "I am not willing to resign because I did nothing wrong." Though there was no clear indication that the ANC played a role in her resignation, the National Executive Committee took a decision to urge her to stop fighting and resign. At the time of the controversy, she was working on the following boards:
  - The President’s Advisory Council on Broad-Based BEE
  - Sishen Iron Ore Company
  - Transnet Limited – SOC
  - Transnet Foundation
  - Cape Empowerment Limited
  - Ascension Properties
  - Port Shepstone Harbour Development Company
  - Moral Regeneration Movement.

text:
# Ellen Tshabalala

**Zandile Ellen Tshabalala** also known as Ellen Tshabalala is a former Chairperson of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). She was appointed Chairperson of the Board in September 2013, having previously served for six months prior as acting SABC Chairperson. She resigned on Wednesday, 17 December 2014.She died on 03 July 2022.

In July 2014, it emerged that she allegedly lied on her CV when she applied for the post of Chairperson of the SABC.

The CV she put before the parliamentary portfolio committee on communications, under which the SABC falls, said she graduated from the University of South Africa (UNISA) with a BCom and a postgraduate diploma in labour relations. This claim was repeated in a statement by the presidency of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, announcing her appointment. However, according to a Promotion of Access to Information Act application sent by the newspaper City Press, UNISA said Tshabalala had neither of the qualifications that she claimed. UNISA's executive director of legal services and information, Jan van Wyk wrote in a letter to the newspaper City Press: "According to our records, no qualification was awarded to the mentioned individual."

According to Jan van Wyk, she registered for a BCom degree in 1988 and again in 1996 but had failed to complete the course. She had also registered for a diploma in labour relations in 1995. In 2011, Mercedes Benz had requested confirmation of her qualifications from UNISA when she applied for a job there. The university had informed an intermediary of her failure to attain the qualifications she claimed.

Parliaments Portfolio Committee on Communications inquiry that began on 3 December 2014 into her qualifications found her guilty on two charges. She was found guilty of misconduct for lying to Parliament about her qualifications. She was further found guilty of lying in a sworn affidavit she submitted to Parliament in lieu of her academic records. She had claimed to have lost her qualification certificates when she had been burgled.

She had initially refused to resign, claiming that there was a political agenda behind her guilty verdict. She further claimed that "elements within the alliance (Tripartite Alliance)" were hell bent to purge and vilify her. "I am not willing to resign because I did nothing wrong."

Though there was no clear indication that the ANC played a role in her resignation, the National Executive Committee (African National Congress) took a decision to urge her to stop fighting and resign.

At the time of the controversy, she was working on the following boards:

* The President’s Advisory Council on Broad-Based BEE
* Sishen Iron Ore Company
* Transnet Limited – SOC
* Transnet Foundation
* Cape Empowerment Limited
* Ascension Properties
* Port Shepstone Harbour Development Company
* Moral Regeneration Movement.

## InfoBox

| Zandile Ellen Tshabalala | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | South African |
| Known for | South African Broadcasting Corporation |
| Title | Former Chairperson of South African Broadcasting Corporation |


title: Elkins Constructors

abstract: Elkins Construction LLC is a privately held construction corporation headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It was created in 2015 by Wayne McCall and Barry Allred when Elkins Constructors, founded in 1955 by Martin Elkins, closed down. Wayne McCall, also president of Perry-McCall Construction stated that the two companies would compete and work together on larger projects. Elkins moved from their downtown offices near the Jacksonville Courthouse to the building where Perry-McCall was located on the Southside. The original company was purchased in 1984 by a group of investors that included then current CEO Allred. The company was one of Florida's largest privately held construction companies and the builder of choice for Lowe's. They perform general contracting, Design/build, and Construction management services for commercial, industrial, multi-family residential, institutional, and retail projects. Elkins Constructors, Inc. constructed 49 Lowe's Home Centers, 24 Wal-Mart Supercenters, 4 Kohls Department Stores, 2 Winn Dixie Supermarkets and 2 Stein Mart Department Stores, all in the southeast US. In addition to the aforementioned, their industry segments included condominiums, healthcare, education, church and senior living facilities. The Engineering News-Record magazine ranked Elkins Constructors Inc. as No. 28 in its Top 50 Green Contractors for 2007 (US) list.

text:
# Elkins Constructors

**Elkins Construction LLC** is a privately held construction corporation headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It was created in 2015 by Wayne McCall and Barry Allred when Elkins Constructors, founded in 1955 by Martin Elkins, closed down. Wayne McCall, also president of Perry-McCall Construction stated that the two companies would compete and work together on larger projects. Elkins moved from their downtown offices near the Jacksonville Courthouse to the building where Perry-McCall was located on the Southside.

The original company was purchased in 1984 by a group of investors that included then current CEO Allred. The company was one of Florida's largest privately held construction companies and the builder of choice for Lowe's. They perform general contracting, Design/build, and Construction management services for commercial, industrial, multi-family residential, institutional, and retail projects. Elkins Constructors, Inc. constructed 49 Lowe's Home Centers, 24 Wal-Mart Supercenters, 4 Kohls Department Stores, 2 Winn Dixie Supermarkets and 2 Stein Mart Department Stores, all in the southeast US.

In addition to the aforementioned, their industry segments included condominiums, healthcare, education, church and senior living facilities. The Engineering News-Record magazine ranked Elkins Constructors Inc. as No. 28 in its Top 50 Green Contractors for 2007 (US) list.

## InfoBox

Elkins Construction LLC
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Construction |
| Predecessor | Elkins Constructors |
| Founded | 1955 |
| Founder | Martin Elkins |
| Headquarters | Jacksonville, Florida, United States |
| Key people | Wayne McCall, President and COO |
| Products | General contracting, Design/build and Construction management services |
| Revenue | $157.9 million (2005) |
| Number of employees | 60 (2015) |
| Website | https://www.elkinsllc.com |


title: Trechus minshanicola

abstract: Trechus minshanicola is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 2004.

text:
# Trechus minshanicola

***Trechus minshanicola*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Deuve in 2004.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus minshanicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. minshanicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus minshanicola***<br>Deuve, 2004 | |
|


title: Trechus merenicus

abstract: Trechus merenicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1994.

text:
# Trechus merenicus

***Trechus merenicus*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1994.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus merenicus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. merenicus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus merenicus***<br>Belousov & Kabak, 1994 | |
|


title: Trechus mieheorum

abstract: Trechus mieheorum is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Schmidt in 2009.

text:
# Trechus mieheorum

***Trechus mieheorum*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Schmidt in 2009.

## InfoBox

| *Trechus mieheorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Trechus* |
| Species: | ***T. mieheorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Trechus mieheorum***<br>Schmidt, 2009 | |
|


title: Elizabeth Hickox

abstract: Elizabeth Conrad Hickox was a Wiyot master basket weaver and was considered one of the finest basket-weavers of her time. Her baskets differ from other Lower Klamath baskets through her own unique use of shape, technique, color scheme and design.

text:
# Elizabeth Hickox

**Elizabeth Conrad Hickox** (1872/5–July 19, 1947) was a Wiyot master basket weaver and was considered one of the finest basket-weavers of her time. Her baskets differ from other Lower Klamath baskets through her own unique use of shape, technique, color scheme and design.

## Early life

Elizbeth Conrad Hickox's birth year has been given as 1872 and 1875. Hickox's mother was Wiyot and her father, European-American. It was reported that Hickox's mother, Polly, had been abducted by her later husband, Charles Conrad. When Elizabeth was in her teens, she married Frank Merrill (Karuk), and they had two children together, Jessie and Bruce. She later married Luther Hickox in 1895. Luther Hickox owned a gold mine, was a part owner of a sawmill and later became a justice of the peace. The couple enjoyed a high social status among the Karuk people, as well as financial security.

Hickox lived along the Salmon River in Northern California.

## Artwork

Hickox used various materials to weave her baskets including grape root twining, white bear grass (*Xerophyllum tenax*), dyed Woodwardia fern, black maidenhair fern and dyed porcupine quills. She tended to use the fern *Adiantum aleuticum*, a dark material in contrast to the porcupine quills dyed yellow with *Letharia vulpina*. The choice to mostly use dark materials contrasted with the yellow was her own choice, and not subject to marketplace demands. Between 1911 and 1934, she made about five baskets a year.

Hickox and her daughter, Louise, weaved and sold their baskets to Grace Nicholson, who continued to buy their work even during the Great Depression. Though Hickox was Wiyot, Nicholson marketed her baskets as "Karuk" because they lived in the Karuk area. Before Hickox met Nicholson, she had already chosen to create fine-art baskets. After Nicholson stopped purchasing baskets in 1934, Hickox continued to weave "for pleasure, utility and gift-giving."

In 2020, the art of Hickox was exhibited in the exhibition *Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists* at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

## Death

Hickox died on July 19, 1947.

## Public collections

Elizabeth Hickox's baskets can be found in numerous public collections, including the following:

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Conrad Hickox | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | ca. 1872/1875
Karuk Territory, California |
| Died | (1947-07-19)July 19, 1947
California |
| Nationality | Wiyot Tribe |
| Known for | Native American basketry |
| Spouse(s) | Frank Merrill, Luther Hickox |
|  | |
| Patron(s) | Grace Nicholson |
|  | |


title: Ellen Corbett

abstract: Ellen Marie Corbett was an American Democratic politician from the San Francisco Bay Area. She served in the California State Senate, representing the 10th District, which included San Leandro, Hayward, Pleasanton, Union City, Fremont, Newark, Milpitas, and part of San Jose. She was the Senate Majority Leader. Ellen Corbett was elected to the California State Assembly in the 1998, and served there until 2004, when she was termed out. Previously, she served on the San Leandro City Council and was the first woman in the city's history directly elected as Mayor, serving as Mayor of San Leandro from 1994 to 1998. Corbett has also worked as an attorney, community college professor and civic activist. In 2016, Corbett was elected as a board member of the East Bay Regional Park District. Corbett attended Chabot Community College and California State University, East Bay, earning a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of California, Davis and a Juris Doctor degree from McGeorge Law School.

text:
# Ellen Corbett

**Ellen Marie Corbett** (December 31, 1954 – August 9, 2024) was an American Democratic politician from the San Francisco Bay Area. She served in the California State Senate, representing the 10th District, which included San Leandro, Hayward, Pleasanton, Union City, Fremont, Newark, Milpitas, and part of San Jose. She was the Senate Majority Leader.

Ellen Corbett was elected to the California State Assembly in the 1998, and served there until 2004, when she was termed out. Previously, she served on the San Leandro City Council and was the first woman in the city's history directly elected as Mayor, serving as Mayor of San Leandro from 1994 to 1998. Corbett has also worked as an attorney, community college professor and civic activist. In 2016, Corbett was elected as a board member of the East Bay Regional Park District.

Corbett attended Chabot Community College and California State University, East Bay, earning a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of California, Davis and a Juris Doctor degree from McGeorge Law School.

## Senate 10th District

The 10th District encompasses the southern part of the East Bay, located directly south of California's 9th State Senate district. As such, it includes the southern half of Alameda County and a portion of Santa Clara County.

## 2011 redistricting

After redistricting in 2011 by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission, the new 10th district now includes 40.7% of Alameda County and 17.4% of Santa Clara County. Cities in the district include Fremont, Hayward, Milpitas, and Santa Clara. The new boundaries took effect for the 2014 election for the district, in which Corbett was ineligible to run in due to term limits.

## 2014 US Congressional elections

Corbett termed out of the State Senate seat in 2014. In February 2013, addressing the possibility of her running for Eric Swalwell's seat in the US House of Representatives 15th congressional district, Corbett said "I would be honored to serve in \[the United States\] Congress, but it’s too early to discuss 2014."

After the 2013 legislative session, Corbett began campaigning against Swalwell, with the support of Pete Stark, whom Swalwell defeated in 2012. However, she finished in third place, missing a general election slot by 0.5% to Republican Hugh Bussell, a technology manager/educator from Livermore. Swalwell lead the primary with almost 50 percent of the vote, winning nearly 70 percent against Bussell in the November general election.

## Legislative positions

Corbett passed legislation to provide students with more information on student loan options, provide safeguards for car purchasers, and protect California homeowners who suffered during the nationwide housing crisis.

She received an 87% rating from Clean Water Action California in 2012, and a 99% lifetime rating from the California League of Conservation Voters.

Corbett publicly advocated for restoring of full funding to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in the 2012 U.S. Farm Bill, which had proposed cuts to the program.

## Legislative honors

In 2008, Corbett was named one of the Top 100 Attorneys in California and an Outstanding Legislator by the California State Sheriff’s Association. She received honors from the California Labor Federation, the Consumer Federation of California, the American Cancer Society, the California Congress of Seniors, the Sierra Club of California, the Environmental Working Group, the California League of Conservation Voters, Clean Water Action California, and the Hindu American Foundation.

## Personal life and death

Corbett lived in San Leandro, California, and died August 9, 2024, at the age of 69.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Corbett | |
| --- | --- |
| Corbett in 2013 | |
|  | |
| Member of the California State Senate
from the 10th district | |
| **In office**
December 4, 2006  November 30, 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Liz Figueroa |
| Succeeded by | Bob Wieckowski |
| Majority Leader of the California Senate | |
| **In office**
December 6, 2010  November 30, 2014 | |
| Preceded by | Dean Florez |
| Succeeded by | Bill Monning |
| Member of the California State Assembly
from the 18th district | |
| **In office**
December 7, 1998  November 30, 2004 | |
| Preceded by | Michael Sweeney |
| Succeeded by | Johan Klehs |
| Mayor of San Leandro | |
| **In office**
1994–1998 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1954-12-31)December 31, 1954
Oakland, California, U.S. |
| Died | August 9, 2024(2024-08-09) (aged 69) |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Children | 1 |
| Residence | San Leandro |
| Education | University of California, Davis (BS)
University of the Pacific (JD) |
|  | |