title: South African Class D 2-6-4T

abstract: The South African Railways Class D 2-6-4T of 1898 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal. Between 1898 and 1900, the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway placed six 55 Tonner 2-6-4T "Adriatic" type tank steam locomotives in service. During the Second Boer War, the Transvaal government took possession of the railway and it was operated as part of the Netherlands-South African Railway Company, until the Imperial Military Railways took over all railway operations in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. At the end of the war, these locomotives were taken onto the roster of the Central South African Railways, renumbered and designated Class D. In 1912, when these engines were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered once again, but retained their Class D classification.

text:
# South African Class D 2-6-4T

The **South African Railways Class D 2-6-4T** of 1898 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

Between 1898 and 1900, the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway placed six 55 Tonner 2-6-4 "Adriatic" type tank steam locomotives in service. During the Second Boer War, the Transvaal government took possession of the railway and it was operated as part of the Netherlands-South African Railway Company, until the Imperial Military Railways took over all railway operations in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek.

At the end of the war, these locomotives were taken onto the roster of the Central South African Railways, renumbered and designated Class D. In 1912, when these engines were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered once again, but retained their Class D classification.

## The Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway

The Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR) was a private railway which operated between Pretoria West via Warmbad and Nylstroom to Pietersburg. It was constructed under a concession granted by the government of the South African Republic (ZAR) to Hendrik Jacobus Schoeman on 30 October 1895. Construction commenced in 1897 and the railway was opened to traffic as far as Nylstroom by 1 July 1898. Potgietersrus was reached on 1 October 1898 and Pietersburg on 1 May 1899.

## Manufacturer

In 1897, the PPR ordered six 2-6-4 locomotives from Beyer, Peacock & Company. At the time, these locomotives were amongst the most advanced designs yet to be seen in South Africa.

## Characteristics

The locomotives were the first in South Africa to be equipped with Belpaire fireboxes. The cylinders were arranged outside the plate frames, while the valves were arranged above the cylinders and actuated by Walschaerts valve gear.

## Service

### Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway

Five of the six locomotives were delivered to the PPR in 1898. They were to be numbered in the range from 1 to 6, but no. 5 was lost at sea. No. 6 was therefore renumbered to no. 5 to rectify the gap in the numbering sequence and a replacement for the lost locomotive was ordered from Beyer, Peacock & Company.

Of these locomotives, no. 1 was the only one to be named. It bore the name *President Kruger* in cast brass plates on the tank sides.

### NZASM

As a result of the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899, the ZAR government took possession of the PPR and its rolling stock in October 1899, just five months after completion of the railway. The line was then briefly worked by the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM), until that railway was itself seized by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) by the end of the same year.

With these locomotives being the only mainline engines to actually see service on the PPR, and with the railway only being in existence for five months before it was taken possession of by the NZASM, it was not officially classified. For lack of a classification, they are referred to as 55 Tonners, since the NZASM also classified its own locomotives according to their weight.

### Imperial Military Railways

At the outbreak of the war, control of all railways in the Cape of Good Hope and Colony of Natal was taken over by the invading British military. It was operated by the IMR, which was established on 7 October 1899 upon the appointment of Lieutenant Colonel E.P.C. Girouard KCMG DSO RE as Director of Railways for the South African Field Forces. While Girouard largely left control of the Cape Government Railways (CGR) and the Natal Government Railways (NGR) in the hands of the civilian staff, the railway lines of the Oranje-Vrijstaat Gouwerment-Spoorwegen (OVGS) in the Orange Free State and of the NZASM and its recently seized PPR in the ZAR came under the IMR's control as possession was obtained of their lines.

The replacement sixth locomotive was delivered to the IMR in 1900 and became the new no. 6.

### Central South African Railways

Hostilities ceased on 1 June 1902. On 1 July 1902, the IMR was transferred to civilian control and became the Central South African Railways (CSAR). These six locomotives were taken onto its roster, designated the CSAR's Class D and renumbered in the range from 209 to 214.

During 1904, all six locomotives were upgraded by the CSAR by having their cylinder diameter increased by 1 inch (25 millimetres), which improved their hauling capacity by 15%. This resulted in the engines being able to haul the same load as a 7th Class locomotive.

### South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, NGR and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

In 1912, these six locomotives retained their Class D designation on the South African Railways (SAR), but they were renumbered once again, in the range from 56 to 61. In SAR service, the Class D was used on suburban traffic on the Witwatersrand and in the Western Cape. They gave good service until they were withdrawn from service and scrapped in 1930.

## Works numbers

The Class D works numbers and renumbering are listed in the table.

**Class D 2-6-4T**
|
Works no. | Year
built | PPR
no. | IMR
no. | CSAR
no. | SAR
no. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3943 | 1897 | 1 | 1 | 209 | 56 |
| 3944 | 1897 | 2 | 2 | 210 | 57 |
| 3945 | 1897 | 3 | 3 | 211 | 58 |
| 3946 | 1897 | 4 | 4 | 212 | 59 |
| 3948 | 1897 | 5 | 5 | 213 | 61 |
| 4127 | 1900 |  | 6 | 214 | 60 |
|

Media related to South African Class D 2-6-4T at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| PPR 55 Tonner 2-6-4T
NZASM 55 Tonner 2-6-4T
IMR 55 Tonner 2-6-4T
CSAR Class D 2-6-4T
South African Class D 2-6-4T | |
| --- | --- |
| Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway no. 1 *President Kruger*,
CSAR Class D no. 209, SAR Class D no. 56 | |
| Type and origin  Power type Steam  Designer Beyer, Peacock & Company  Builder Beyer, Peacock & Company  Order number 8210, 8491  Serial number 3943–3946, 3948, 4127  Model PPR 55 Tonner  Build date 1897, 1900  Total produced 7 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 2-6-4  Driver 2nd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Leading dia. 30 in (762 mm)  Coupled dia. 46 in (1,168 mm)  Trailing dia. 30 in (762 mm)  Wheelbase 28 ft 3+12 in (8,623 mm)   Coupled 10 ft 2 in (3,099 mm)  Trailing 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers 35 ft 6+34 in (10,839 mm)  Height 12 ft 3 in (3,734 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load 11 LT 10 cwt (11,680 kg)   Leading 7 LT 15 cwt (7,874 kg)  Coupled 11 LT 10 cwt (11,680 kg)  Trailing 13 LT 5 cwt (13,460 kg)  Adhesive weight 34 LT 10 cwt (35,050 kg)  Loco weight 55 LT 10 cwt (56,390 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity 3 LT (3.0 t)  Water cap. 1,540 imp gal (7,000 L)  Firebox:   Type Belpaire  Grate area 16.8 sq ft (1.56 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 6 ft 6 in (1,981 mm)  Diameter 4 ft 34 in (1,238 mm)  Tube plates 10 ft 3+1116 in (3,142 mm)  Small tubes **185:** 1+34 in (44 mm)  Boiler pressure 170 psi (1,172 kPa)  Safety valve Ramsbottom  Heating surface:   Firebox 94.7 sq ft (8.80 m2)  Tubes 871.9 sq ft (81.00 m2)  Total surface 966.6 sq ft (89.80 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 16 in (406 mm) bore
22 in (559 mm) stroke  Valve gear Walschaerts  Valve type Slide  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort 15,610 lbf (69.4 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway
NZASM
Imperial Military Railways
Central South African Railways
South African Railways  Class PPR 55 Tonner
CSAR & SAR Class D  Number in class 6  Numbers PPR 1-6
CSAR 209-214
SAR 56-61  Delivered 1898, 1900  First run 1898  Withdrawn 1930 | |


title: Joseph Gaer

abstract: Joseph Gaer (1897-1969) was a Russian-born Jewish man who immigrated to the United States, where he became a university lecturer of literature, and then worked a number of government jobs including for the Federal Writers' Project. He also wrote and published, and founded a press and a publishing company.

text:
# Joseph Gaer

**Joseph Gaer** (originally named **Joseph Fishman**) (1897-1969) was a Russian-born Jewish man who immigrated to the United States, where he became a university lecturer of literature, and then worked a number of government jobs including for the Federal Writers' Project. He also wrote and published, and founded a press and a publishing company.

## Background

Joseph Fishman was born on March 16, 1897, in Edineț, in what was then Bessarabia, now Moldova. He immigrated to the US in 1917, and studied there and in Canada.

## Career

Fishman became a lecturer at University of California, Berkeley, in 1930, and taught there until 1935, when he began working in a series of positions for the federal government: first, as editor and field supervisor for the Federal Writers' Project until 1935, then as a consultant for the Farm Security Administration until 1941, and then as a special assistant for the Secretary of the Treasury.

Gaer served as assistant to research director J. Raymond Walsh in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), a federation of industrial unions. In 1943, as Gaer, he joined the CIO-PAC, the first political action committee in the United States.

Already a writer and editor, in 1945 he founded the Pamphlet Press and served as a director. In 1946, he became president of Boni & Gaer, a publishing company, until 1949. Boni & Gaer authors included: George Seldes, Michael Sayers, Carl Van Doren, Hewlett Johnson, Warren Weaver, Richard Sasuly, Victor Heine Bernstein, Milton Crane, Justin Gray, Eugene Weinstock, Gordon Kahn, and I. F. Stone.

In June 1953, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee announced its decision to subpoena Gaer (among others) as an ex-Treasury official as part of its efforts to investigate the relationship between Soviet defector Igor Gouzenko and Harry Dexter White, Helen Ware (sister of Harold Ware and daughter of Ella Bloor ("Mother Bloor"). That same month, when publishing a one-paragraph biography of Gaer, *Congressional Record* alleged that *Direction*, a magazine published by the Federal Workers Project, had been "pro-Communist."

## Death

Joseph Gaer died age 71 on December 7, 1969.

## Legacy

On June 9, 1945, the *Daily Worker* newspaper called Gaer "a master of the pamphlet form."

Gaer's papers are held at the Charles E. Young Research Library, a collection that includes "manuscripts of books written or edited by Joseph Gaer, and includes typescripts with holograph corrections and corrected galley and page proofs."

## Works

Books * *The Legend called Meryon* (1928)
* *How the Great Religions Began* (1929)
* *Everybody's Weather* (1944)
* *Our Jewish Heritage* (1957)

CIO Pamphlets * *People's plan for reconversion* (1944)
* *When a worker needs a friend* (1944)
* *Bretton Woods is no mystery* (1945)
* *Answer is full employment* (1945)
* *People's program for 1946* (1946)
* *Remember in November* (1946)


title: Charles Burton Gulick

abstract: Charles Burton Gulick was an American classical philologist. He taught at Harvard University from 1892 to 1937.

text:
# Charles Burton Gulick

**Charles Burton Gulick** (born September 30, 1868, in Jersey City, New Jersey; died May 23, 1962, in White Plains, New York) was an American classical philologist. He taught at Harvard University from 1892 to 1937.

## Biography

Charles Burton Gulick, son of traveling salesman Horace Gulick and his wife Anna Louise Sillcocks Gulick, studied classical philology at Harvard University. He earned his bachelor's degree in 1890 and his master's degree in 1891. In 1890, he was awarded a Bowdoin Prize for a translation into attic prose. Following this, he traveled to Germany and Greece for further study. Gulick spent his entire academic career at Harvard, starting as an instructor in Greek in 1892. In 1894, he earned his doctorate and was promoted to assistant professor. He became a full Professor of Greek in 1909 and was appointed Eliot Professor of Greek in 1925. Additionally, he served as a visiting professor at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1911–1912, President of the Classical Association of New England in 1928–1929, and President of the American Philological Association in 1929–1930. Gulick retired in 1937 due to deteriorating eyesight, which forced him to give up his academic work.

Gulick was interested in various aspects of Greek culture. He wrote two books on the private life of the Greeks and a bilingual edition of Athenaeus' "Deipnosophistae" for the Loeb Classical Library in 1927. With his considerable proficiency in the Greek language, he was able to revise the Greek grammar of his senior colleague, William Watson Goodwin, in 1930.

In 1913, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1940, to the American Philosophical Society.

## Selected works

* *De scholiis Aristophaneis quaestiones mythicae*. Dissertation, Harvard 1894. Published in: *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology*. Vol 5 (1894), S. 83–166 (public domain)
* *The Life of the Ancient Greeks*. New York 1902 (public domain)
* *Modern Traits in Old Greek Life*. Longmans, Green and Company. 1927. (public domain)
* *Athenaeus. The Deipnosophists*. 7 Vol, New York/London 1928 (*Loeb Classical Library*)

### As editor

* Morris Hicky Morgan: *Brief Notes on the Greek Lyric Poets*. Cambridge 1903
* William Watson Goodwin: *Greek Grammar*. Boston 1930

## Literature

* Arthur F. Stocker: *Gulick, Charles Burton*. In: Ward W. Briggs (Hrsg.): *Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists*. Westport, CT/London: Greenwood Press 1994, ISBN 978-0-313-24560-2, S. 239f.


# Roswell, New Mexico, minor league baseball history

Minor league baseball teams were based in Roswell, New Mexico, in various seasons between 1923 and 1959, before resuming play in 2011. Roswell teams played as members of the Panhandle-Pecos Valley League in 1923, West Texas–New Mexico League in 1937, Longhorn League from 1949 to 1955, Southwestern League in 1956, Sophomore League in 1959 and Pecos League from 2011 to present. The 1959 Roswell Pirates were a minor league affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Rosewll hosted home games at League Park in 1937 and Fair Park Stadium.

Joe Bauman hit a minor league record 72 home runs playing for the 1954 Roswell Rockets. Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Willie Stargell played for the 1959 Roswell Pirates.

## History

Minor league baseball started in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1923. The **Roswell Giants** began play as charter members the four–team Panhandle-Pecos Valley League, which had evolved from the West Texas League. The Roswell Giants joined the Amarillo Gassers, Clovis Cubs and Lubbock Hubbers as franchises in the new league. On August 15, 1923, Roswell had a record of 41–63 and were in fourth place when the Panhandle-Pecos Valley League permanently folded.

In 1937, the **Roswell Sunshiners** were charter members of the six–team Class D West Texas-New Mexico League. Roswell joined the Hobbs Drillers, Midland Cardinals, Monahans Trojans, Odessa Oilers and Wink Spudders in the West Texas-New Mexico League.

The Roswell Sunshiners finished with a record of 55–62, placing second in the 1937 West Texas-New Mexico League, as the Odessa and Midland franchises withdrew during the season. In the playoffs, Roswell defeated the Monahans Trojans 3 games to 2. In the Finals, the Wink Spudders swept Roswell in three games. The Roswell Franchise did not return to the league in 1938.

The 1949 **Roswell Rockets** joined the eight–team Longhorn League, playing with fellow members Ballinger Cats, Big Spring Broncs, Midland Indians, Odessa Oilers, San Angelo Colts, Sweetwater Swatters, and Vernon Dusters.

The Roswell Rockets finished last in their first Longhorn League season, placing eighth with a 57–82 record. The Rockets drew 43,584 fans for the season.

In 1950, the Roswell Rockets finished 89–62, placing second in the Longhorn League regular season standings. In the playoffs, the Big Spring Broncs swept Roswell in four games. The Rockets had home a season attendance total of 82,671, an average of 1,095.

Roswell advanced to the Longhorn League finals in 1951, as the Longhorn League became a Class C level league. The Rockets finished with a 79–61 record to place third in the 1951 regular season. In the playoffs, Roswell defeated the Big Spring Broncs 4 games to 2. In the finals the Odessa Oilers defeated Roswell 4 games to 2. They drew 65,361.

In 1952, Roswell finished 65–75 (6th), followed by 60–70 (5th) in 1953. They missed the playoffs in both seasons.

The 1954 Roswell Rockets finished 87–51, placing second in the regular season. In the playoffs, the Carlsbad Potashers defeated Roswell 4 games to 2. They drew 53,280 for the season. Rockets player Joe Bauman hit 72 home runs for Roswell in 1954, setting a single season minor-league home run record. Bauman also hit .400 with 150 walks, 188 runs and 224 RBI in 1954.

Bauman had been acquired from the Artesia Drillers after the 1953 season. Bauman owned and operated a filling station in Roswell in 1954 and resided there the rest of his life. Besides hitting 72 home runs in 1954, Bauman hit four in one game at home on August 31, 1954, in a 15–4 win over the Sweetwater Spudders. The four home runs gave him 68 on the season and came one night after Bauman hit a home run on "Joe Bauman Night" on August 30. Bauman hit 13 home runs in the last 14 games of the 1954 season to reach 72. As was common in the Longhorn League, fans would push money through the backstop fence to players after home runs. Bauman often made several hundred dollars through the practice.

In 1955, the Rockets were 79–56, placing 2second in the Longhorn League. In the playoffs, they defeated the Artesia Numexers 4 games to 3 to advance. In the Finals, the San Angelo Colts swept the Rockets in 4 games. Joe Bauman followed his record setting season by hitting .336 with 46 home runs and 132 RBI. The Rockets' 1955 attendance was 39,911.

The Roswell Rockets played in a newly named league in 1956. They finished 53–90 in 1956, placing ninth in the ten–team Southwestern League, as the Longhorn League expanded and was renamed. Roswell drew 18,367, an average of 257 per home game. The franchise folded after the 1956 season.

Roswell briefly regained a team on June 9, 1959, when the San Angelo Pirates of the Sophomore League moved to Roswell. The **Roswell Pirates** finished the season in Roswell. The San Angelo/Roswell Pirates finished with an overall record of 48–77. The franchise folded after the season. Baseball Hall of Fame member Willie Stargell played for the Roswell Pirates in 1959 and hit .274 with 7 home runs and 87 RBI. Joe Bauman managed the 1959 Roswell Pirates for part of the season.

Roswell was without minor league baseball until the 2011 Roswell Invaders began play as members of the independent level Pecos League. The Invaders continue play today.

## The ballparks

In 1937, the Roswell Sunshiners played home minor league games at **League Park**. The ballpark had a capacity of 1,200 and dimensions (left, center, right) of 330–500–425.

Beginning in 1949, the Roswell minor league teams were reported to have played home games at **Fair Park Stadium**. The ballpark was also called "Rocket Park" at times. Fair Park Stadium is still in use. The ballpark is now called "Joe Bauman Baseball Stadium" and hosts the Roswell Invaders. The location is 900 Block East Poe, Roswell, New Mexico.

## Notable alumni

### See also

Roswell Rockets players
Roswell Pirates players
Roswell Giants players

## InfoBox

| Roswell, New Mexico
minor league baseball teams | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minor league affiliations | |
| Class | Class D (1923, 1937, 1949–1950)
Class C (1951–1955)
Class B (1956)
Class D (1959)
Independent (2011–Present) |
| League | Panhandle-Pecos Valley League (1923)
West Texas–New Mexico League (1937)
Longhorn League (1949–1955)
Southwestern League (1956)
Sophomore League (1959)
Pecos League (2011–Present) |
| Major league affiliations | |
| Team | Pittsburgh Pirates (1959) |
| Minor league titles | |
| League titles (0) | None |
| Team data | |
| Name | Roswell Giants (1923)
Roswell Sunshiners (1937)
Roswell Rockets(1949–1956)
Roswell Pirates (1959)
Roswell Invaders (2011–Present) |
| Ballpark | League Park (1937)
Fair Park Stadium (1949–1956, 1959) |


title: Lil B

abstract: Brandon Christopher McCartney, professionally known as Lil B and as his alter ego the BasedGod, is an American rapper. He has recorded both solo and with Bay Area group The Pack. His solo work spans several genres, including hip hop, new age, jazz, indie rock and choral music. He describes his work as "based", a term which denotes a lifestyle of positivity and boldness; and is noted for his extensive use of social media to build an online cult following.

text:
# Lil B

**Brandon Christopher McCartney** (born August 17, 1989), professionally known as **Lil B** and as his alter ego **the BasedGod**, is an American rapper. He has recorded both solo and with Bay Area group The Pack. His solo work spans several genres, including hip hop, new age, jazz, indie rock and choral music. He describes his work as "based", a term which denotes a lifestyle of positivity and boldness; and is noted for his extensive use of social media to build an online cult following.

## Early life

McCartney was born on August 17, 1989, in Berkeley, California, and attended high school at Albany High in Albany. He adopted the name Lil B, and began rapping at age 15 with San Francisco Bay Area based hip hop group The Pack. After two locally successful mixtapes, at the peak of the Bay Area's hyphy movement, the group's song "Vans" became a surprise hit. The song was ranked as the fifth best of 2006 by *Rolling Stone* magazine. The strength of "Vans" led the group to release the *Skateboards 2 Scrapers* EP, featuring a "Vans" remix with Bay Area rappers Too $hort and Mistah F.A.B. In 2007, McCartney and The Pack released their first album, *Based Boys*.

## Career

### 2009–2010: Solo success and collaborations

On September 24, 2009, McCartney released his first digital album, *I'm Thraxx*, via independent label Permanent Marks. On December 22, 2009, McCartney released his second digital album, *6 Kiss*, to critical reception. On March 25, 2010, McCartney released his debut mixtape *Dior Paint*. On April 3, 2010, McCartney officially signed to fellow artist Soulja Boy's label SODMG Entertainment. On May 7, 2010, McCartney released a mixtape entitled *Base World Pt. 1*. On July 5, 2010, McCartney released a collaboration mixtape with Soulja Boy entitled *Pretty Boy Millionaires*. McCartney had recorded over 1,500 tracks as of July 2010, including hits "Like A Martian", "Wonton Soup", "Pretty Bitch", "I'm God", all of which were released for free. On September 21, 2010, McCartney released his debut studio album, *Rain in England*, through Weird Forest Records; it was described by *The Guardian* as "a beatless, Beat poetry-style set where McCartney, voice a-quiver with earnestness, ponders love, beauty and all the bad things in the world over naïf new-age synth washes".

### 2010–present: Mixtapes

On December 29, 2010, it was announced and confirmed that McCartney apparently signed an album deal with Amalgam Digital. On July 10, 2011, McCartney released the EP *Paint*, through his label BasedWorld Records.

On January 18, 2011, McCartney released his fourth digital album entitled *Angels Exodus*, through Amalgam Digital. On April 14, 2011, McCartney announced that his next album would be entitled *I'm Gay*, which caused a degree of controversy. On June 29, 2011, McCartney released his fifth digital album, *I'm Gay (I'm Happy)*, through Amalgam Digital; the album entered the *Billboard* R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart at number 56 and the Heatseekers Albums chart at number 20 for the week of July 16, 2011.

On May 17, 2012, McCartney released his first instrumental album, *Choices and Flowers*, under the alias "The Basedgod". On September 16, 2012, McCartney released a rock single entitled "California Boy". On December 30, 2012, McCartney released his second instrumental album entitled *Tears 4 God*, also under the alias "The Basedgod".

On December 24, 2013, McCartney released the mixtape *05 Fuck Em*, which contained 101 songs. On June 1, 2014, McCartney released a mixtape entitled *Hoop Life*, which would be known for containing a track entitled "F\*ck KD" that called out NBA player Kevin Durant. On October 14, 2014, McCartney released the *Ultimate Bitch* mixtape, featuring the song "No Black Person Is Ugly." On July 19, 2015, McCartney and Chance the Rapper announced that they recorded a new collaborative mixtape.

McCartney was featured in Terror Jr's remix of their song "Come First" released, in 2017.

On August 17, 2017, McCartney released *Black Ken*, describing it as his "first official mixtape." The mixtape reached number 24 on the Top Heatseekers chart and number 44 on the Independent Albums chart for the week of September 2, 2017.

## Artistry

McCartney and music critics refer to his rapping style as "based", a word that McCartney also uses to describe a positive, bold lifestyle. "Based" is a reclaimed word, as described by McCartney in *Complex*:

> Based means being yourself. Not being scared of what people think about you. Not being afraid to do what you wanna do. Being positive. When I was younger, based was a negative term that meant like dopehead, or basehead. People used to make fun of me. They was like, "You're based." They'd use it as a negative. And what I did was turn that negative into a positive. I started embracing it like, "Yeah, I'm based." I made it mine. I embedded it in my head. Based is positive.

### Rapping technique

*Slate* columnist Jonah Weiner labeled him as one of a "growing number of weird-o emcees", calling him a "brilliantly warped, post-Lil Wayne deconstructionist from the Bay Area". Musical critic Willy Staley described McCartney's work as "variegated", because it ranges from critical parodies of the hip-hop genre to "half new age, half spoken word". He further notes that McCartney draws from a large variety of genres, especially those not commonly used by other rappers. In an interview with Staley, McCartney agrees with this analysis, saying, "I can do 'Swag OD' but then my favorite musical artist right now could be Antony and the Johnsons. That's the difference between me and these other rappers, and other musical artists in general."

## Other ventures

### Author

*Takin' Over by Imposing the Positive!* is a book written by McCartney and published through Kele Publishing in 2009. The book is a collection of and written in the form of e-mails and text messages, and is written in such a way that the author is e-mailing the reader. Subjects include positivity, optimism, and living what he calls a "Based Lifestyle". The book was passed out in an unscripted NYU lecture in March 2012. On March 30, 2013, McCartney announced that he was in the process of writing his second book.

### Motivational speaker

McCartney has given motivational lectures at several colleges, including MIT and Carnegie Mellon University. They are generally focused around his personal experience in life and current events. On May 28, 2015, the rapper gave a lecture at UCLA, where he touched on subjects like money, the media, technology, space, awareness, and love.

### Basedmoji and vegEMOJI apps

McCartney launched the "Basedmoji" app on January 16, 2015. On January 17, 2015, McCartney released "vegEMOJI", in cooperation with vegan company "Follow Your Heart", despite the fact that McCartney is not yet a vegan, he has stated that he is cutting down on his consumption of processed foods, and that he is "ashamed of eating meat".

## Personal life

On January 16, 2015, McCartney's apartment building in Contra Costa County, California, caught on fire early in the morning on Thursday after an electrical fire spread through the building. McCartney and six other people were saved by 15-year-old Mateo Ysmael, who ran through the building to wake everyone up.

For the 2016 U.S. presidential election, he endorsed Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, citing his civil rights record.

McCartney has asked multiple women for pictures of their feet, hands, chests, hands, and thighs, with "I love Lil B" written on it. One Twitter post had people asking for the woman's age, with McCartney responding: "That's grown woman with her own place and fam she taking care of". It is not known if the woman is a legal adult. In 2018, McCartney sent private Twitter messages to a 17-year-old, asking for pictures of her body with "I love Lil B" written on it, failing to ask for her age. Other young women came forward, saying they were asked for pictures to post on his Twitter and Instagram.

## Feuds

### Joe Budden

In 2010, a number of exchanges between McCartney and Joe Budden were had over Twitter. Budden had been seeming to speak mockingly about McCartney's "Based" movement and his tweets, to which McCartney responded, initially friendly but then with insults. McCartney went on to release a diss track called "T Shirts & Buddens", which was then featured on his "Everything Based" mixtape. McCartney later apologized for his insults and noted his respect for Budden, calling him a "legend".

### The Game

In 2011, after hearing a verse from McCartney on the Lil Wayne mixtape *Sorry 4 the Wait*, Compton rapper Game referred to McCartney as the "wackest rapper of all time." McCartney responded by calling Game "irrelevant," to which Game then threatened to knock out McCartney. Game targeted McCartney in his verse in his track "Martians vs Goblins" featuring Lil Wayne and Tyler, the Creator, with the line "Tie McCartney up to a tank full of propane, swag, now watch him cook". McCartney addressed this on his track "Tank of Propaine" on his "White Flame" mixtape. Several weeks later, the two settled their differences through Twitter after which McCartney urged fans to purchase Game's *The R.E.D. Album*.

### Joey Bada$$

McCartney took offense to the lyrics in the song "Survival Tactics" by late rapper Capital STEEZ, a founding member of the group Pro Era. In this, he raps, "They say hard work pays off / Well, tell the BasedGod don't quit his day job." McCartney responded with a song titled "I'm The Bada$$". Joey Bada$$ then responded with a song titled "Don't Quit Your Day Job!" When the feud became public on Twitter, Joey became a target of a lot of attacks from McCartney's fans, which ended up with Joey deleting his Twitter account, though restoring it later. In an interview with WWPR-FM, Joey Badass denied that he deleted his Twitter account because of McCartney's fans. Later, in an interview with VladTV, Joey admitted the feud was created for publicity, and admitted he's a fan of McCartney's more serious work.

### Kevin Durant

In 2011, NBA superstar Kevin Durant tweeted his befuddlement with McCartney's popularity, and McCartney responded by "cursing" Durant that he would never win the NBA championship. The curse had been rescinded in 2012 but then reinstated in 2014. The feud between the two has simmered since then, resulting in McCartney releasing the diss track "Fuck KD" in 2014 and a commercial on NBA TV, where McCartney calls out Kevin Durant. McCartney has claimed the "curse of the Based God" to be responsible for Durant and his Oklahoma City Thunder team's loss to the Golden State Warriors in the Western Conference Finals of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The Thunder had been up 3 games to 1 in a best-of-7 series, but then went on to lose the series in stunning fashion after losing the next 3 games in a row. On July 4, 2016, following the announcement of Durant leaving the Thunder for the Golden State Warriors, McCartney rescinded the curse again. Durant proceeded to win NBA Championships the following two years, in 2017 and 2018.

### James Harden

During the Western Conference Finals of the 2015 NBA Playoffs, McCartney began questioning NBA superstar James Harden's "cooking dance", a dance allegedly coined by McCartney which he had been doing all season long, and tweeted that if he doesn't receive an answer from Harden regarding that dance then Harden will receive the "Based God curse" similar to Kevin Durant. McCartney attributed the Houston Rockets loss to the Golden State Warriors with the score of 99–98 in Game 2, and again in Game 3 with the score of 115–80, to the curse. On May 24, 2015, McCartney announced on *TMZ Sports* that he has placed Harden under the "Based God curse" for the remainder of the playoffs and until further notice. On May 27, 2015, McCartney was present at Oracle Arena for Game 5 where the Warriors ultimately defeated the Rockets with the score of 104–90, becoming the Western Conference champions. Additionally, during this same game Harden set an NBA Playoff record of 13 turnovers, prompting McCartney to publicly consider lifting the curse. On June 4, 2017, McCartney announced on a live taping of *First Take* that he has lifted the curse from Harden.

### A Boogie wit da Hoodie and PnB Rock

At the 2017 Rolling Loud Bay Area festival, McCartney was forced to cancel his set due to an alleged altercation with A Boogie wit da Hoodie backstage. Upon taking the stage to announce the cancellation of his set, he told the crowd he was attacked by "A Boogie and his whole crew" and that his equipment was also stolen, attributing the event to his criticism of New York hip hop in a recent Tweet. Footage of the altercation subsequently surfaced, and McCartney fans immediately expressed outrage on social media. Witnesses backstage also accused PnB Rock of being involved in the attack. Despite the incident, McCartney maintained a positive stance and even urged his supporters to forgive A Boogie later that day on Twitter.

The incident led to an immediate wave of support of McCartney from fans and other figures in the music industry. Schoolboy Q and Travis Scott, fellow performers at the festival, expressed their support for the rapper upon taking the stage for their respective sets. Other artists including Big Sean, Skepta, G-Eazy, 6lack, Kreayshawn, A-Trak, Alison Wonderland, SpaceGhostPurrp, Lupe Fiasco, Kaytranada, and Mike Dean also expressed their support of the rapper on social media. Amidst the fallout of the incident, PnB Rock was pulled from the festival's lineup and replaced by Kreayshawn. McCartney and A Boogie officially ended the feud two days later, through a phone call initiated by Kilo Curt of the late Mac Dre's Thizz Entertainment. Both artists took to Twitter to announce the end of the feud.

## Selected discography

## InfoBox

| Lil B | |
| --- | --- |
| Lil B in 2011 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Brandon Christopher McCartney |
| Also known as | * The BasedGod * Lil Boss |
| Born | (1989-08-17) August 17, 1989<br>Berkeley, California, U.S. |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Rapper * songwriter |
| Years active | 2004–present |
| Labels |  |
| Formerly of | The Pack |
|  | |
| Website | basedworld.com |


title: Spatial (platform)

abstract: Spatial is a Unity-powered UGC gaming platform that enables developers to publish and monetize multiplayer games across web, mobile, and VR. Spatial focuses on games developed using the Unity game engine and the C# programming language. The company is headquartered in New York.

text:
# Spatial (platform)

**Spatial** is a Unity-powered UGC gaming platform that enables developers to publish and monetize multiplayer games across web, mobile, and VR. Spatial focuses on games developed using the Unity game engine and the C# programming language. The company is headquartered in New York.

## History

Spatial was co-founded by Anand Agarawala and Jinha Lee in 2017. The company designed its first product, the Spatial AR collaboration workspace, intended to transform how people work by turning any room into an infinitely augmentable workspace.

In 2019, Spatial entered into a partnership with Microsoft to develop workplace software for the HoloLens AR headset. The following year, it released a collaboration and hangout app that ran on Meta's Quest 2 VR headset. In 2021, Spatial pivoted to building virtual showrooms for NFTs.

Spatial has collaborated with various artists, including Hermitage, NBA, !llmind, Krista Kim, Federico Clapis, and Jarlan Perez. In March 2023, Spatial partnered with OVER, Decentraland, and UNXD at the second edition for Metaverse Fashion Week.

In November 2023, Spatial announced the launch of a new season of in-house games available to play on web, mobile, and VR.

Spatial has released several browser-based games on its platform, including *Punch Hero,* *Racing Empire,* *Infinite Ascent,* *Shooty Shooty,* *Mostly Only Up,* *Buddy Blitz,* and *Cyber Punk*.

## InfoBox

Spatial
| Industry | Social gaming, virtual reality, augmented reality |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2017 |
| Founder | * Anand Agarawala (CEO) * Jinha Lee (CPO) |
| Headquarters | New York |
| Key people | Jacob Loewenstein Charles Ju |
| Number of employees | 51-200 |
| Website | spatial.io |


title: The Stables Recording Studio

abstract: The Stables Recording Studio was the original name of the recording studio now known as Red Moon Studios, located in Australia's Macedon Ranges. It was originally owned by Evermore front man Jon Hume) and was designed and built for the recording of Evermore's albums but has since been used by many other artists. Artists such as Lisa Mitchell, Amy Meredith, Alpine, Karise Eden, Clubfeet, Shannon Noll, Celia Pavey, Matt Corby, Lakyn Heperi, Adam Martin, Snakadaktal, Tina Arena, Delta Goodrem, Little Sea, Kaity Dunstan & Sticky Fingers have also written and recorded there. In 2017, the studio was sold to Australian producer/composer Jan Skubiszewski and his wife, who re-branded it Red Moon Studios.

text:
# The Stables Recording Studio

**The Stables Recording Studio** was the original name of the recording studio now known as Red Moon Studios, located in Australia's Macedon Ranges. It was originally owned by Evermore front man Jon Hume) and was designed and built for the recording of Evermore's albums but has since been used by many other artists.

Artists such as Lisa Mitchell, Amy Meredith, Alpine, Karise Eden, Clubfeet, Shannon Noll, Celia Pavey, Matt Corby, Lakyn Heperi, Adam Martin, Snakadaktal, Tina Arena, Delta Goodrem, Little Sea, Kaity Dunstan & Sticky Fingers have also written and recorded there.

In 2017, the studio was sold to Australian producer/composer Jan Skubiszewski and his wife, who re-branded it Red Moon Studios.

\[www.thestablesmusic.com |Official site\]

## InfoBox

The Stables Music
| Industry | Music Production |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Jon Hume |
| Headquarters | Victoria, Australia |
| Website | www.thestablesmusic.com |


title: Stanisławie

abstract: Stanisławie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczew, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies close to Tczew, 31 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Stanisławie

**Stanisławie** \[staniˈswavjɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tczew, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies close to Tczew, 31 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

## InfoBox

| Stanisławie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Stanisławie | |
| Coordinates: 54°5′36″N 18°42′28″E / 54.09333°N 18.70778°E / 54.09333; 18.70778 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Tczew |
| Gmina | Tczew |
| Population | 313 |


title: Tom Mueller

abstract: Thomas John Mueller is an American aerospace engineer and rocket engine designer. He was employee No.1 of SpaceX and is the founder and now CEO of Impulse Space. Mueller is best known for his engineering work on the Merlin, Draco, Super Draco and TR-106 rocket engines. He is considered one of the world's leading spacecraft propulsion experts and holds several United States patents for propulsion technology.

text:
# Tom Mueller

**Thomas John Mueller** is an American aerospace engineer and rocket engine designer. He was employee No.1 of SpaceX and is the founder and now CEO of Impulse Space.

Mueller is best known for his engineering work on the Merlin, Draco, Super Draco and TR-106 rocket engines. He is considered one of the world's leading spacecraft propulsion experts and holds several United States patents for propulsion technology.

## Early life and education

Mueller was born in St. Maries, Idaho. His father was a logger and wanted Mueller to be one as well. Mueller compares his story to that of Homer Hickam, growing up in a hard-working family and going off to be an engineer instead of following in his father's footsteps. As a kid, he would build and fly Estes model rockets. He continued to experiment with rockets, even building one out of his father's oxy-acetylene welder and discovering adding water would produce more thrust.

Mueller eventually became a logger, working four summers to pay his way through school. He attended the University of Idaho where in 1985 he earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. He moved to California upon graduating, turning down job offers in Idaho and Oregon. He attended a job fair upon his arrival in California and began working in satellite design and moved on to developing liquid rocket engines. Mueller went on to attend Loyola Marymount University where he obtained his master's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1992 from the Frank R. Seaver College of Science and Engineering.

## Career

### TRW Inc.

For 15 years, Mueller worked for TRW Inc., a conglomerate corporation involved in aerospace, automotive, credit reporting, and electronics. He managed the propulsion and combustion products department where he was responsible for liquid rocket engine development. He worked as a lead engineer during the development of the TR-106, a 650,000 lbf (2,900 kN) thrust, throttled, cost-contained hydrogen engine designed in 2000. During his time at TRW, Mueller felt that his ideas were being lost in a diverse corporation and as a hobby he began to build his own engines. He would attach them to airframes and launch them in the Mojave Desert along with other members of the Reaction Research Society. In late 2001, Mueller began developing a liquid-fueled rocket engine in his garage and later moved his project to a friend's warehouse in 2002. His design was the largest amateur liquid-fuel rocket engine, weighing 80 lb (36 kg) and producing 13,000 lbf (58 kN) of thrust. His work caught the attention of Elon Musk, SpaceX founder.

### SpaceX

In 2002 Mueller joined Musk as the founding employee of SpaceX. As Vice President of Propulsion Engineering and subsequently CTO of Propulsion at SpaceX, Mueller led the team that developed the Merlin 1A and Kestrel engines for the Falcon 1, the first liquid fueled orbital rocket launched by a private company; the Merlin 1C, Merlin 1D and MVac engines for the early iterations of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle; the Draco thrusters that provide the attitude control thrusters for the Dragon spacecraft and the SuperDraco storable-propellant engines used to power the capsule launch escape system. Dragon was the first spacecraft launched by a private company to dock at the International Space Station. In 2014, Mueller transitioned engine development to the SpaceX Propulsion Engineering team and in 2016 he moved into the role of Propulsion CTO. In January 2019 he became Senior Advisor (Part-Time). Tom Mueller announced that he retired from SpaceX on November 30, 2020.

### Impulse Space

Tom Mueller founded his own company, Impulse Space in September of 2021. The company develops chemical rocket engines, space tugs for moving satellites on-orbit, and planetary landers to deliver payloads to Mars.

## Awards

In 2014, Mueller was nominated for the Wyld Award, presented by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) for outstanding achievement in the development or application of rocket propulsion systems.

He was a commencement speaker for Loyola Marymount University graduate students in 2013, the year after SpaceX became the first private company to send a cargo payload to the International Space Station.

## InfoBox

| Tom Mueller | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Thomas John Mueller
(1961-03-11) March 11, 1961
St. Maries, Idaho, US |
| Education |  |
| Occupation(s) | Founder, CEO, of Impulse Space |
| **Engineering career** | |
| Significant design |  |
|  | |


title: South Korea at the 1980 Winter Olympics

abstract: South Korea, as Republic of Korea, competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, United States.

text:
# South Korea at the 1980 Winter Olympics

**South Korea**, as *Republic of Korea*, competed at the **1980 Winter Olympics** in Lake Placid, United States.

## Alpine skiing

**Men**

| Athlete | Event | Record | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hong In-Gi | Downhill | 2:03.08 | 40 |
| | Giant Slalom | 3:20.80 | 49 |
| | Slalom | *Did Not Finish* | - |

## Cross-country skiing

**Men**

| Athlete | Event | Record | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kim Dong-Hwan | 15 km | *Did Not Finish* | - |
| | 30 km | 1:51:13.35 | 51 |
| Kim Nam-Young | 15 km | 0:53:05.55 | 58 |
| | 30 km | *Did Not Finish* | - |
| Hwang Byung-Dae | 15 km | 0:53:05.60 | 59 |
| | 30 km | *Did Not Finish* | - |

## Figure skating

**Women**

| Athlete | Points | Places | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Shin Hye-Sook | 128.18 | 186 | 20 |

## Speed skating

**Men**

| Athlete | Event | Record | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lee Young-Ha | 500m | 39.33 | 19 |
| | 1000m | 1:20.04 | 22 |
| | 1500m | 2:02.37 | 22 |
| Ra Yoon-Soo | 1500m | 2:06.65 | 26 |
| | 5000m | 7:39.62 | 24 |
| | 10000m | 16:00.41 | 23 |

**Women**

| Athlete | Event | Record | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lee Nam-Soon | 500m | 43.85 | 14 |
| | 1000m | 1:31.30 | 26 |
| Lee Seong-Ae | 1000m | 1:32.04 | 30 |
| | 1500m | 2:20.67 | 26 |
| | 3000m | 4:58.77 | 24 |
| Kim Young-Hee | 1000m | 1:34.17 | 34 |
| | 1500m | 2:20.23 | 25 |
| | 3000m | 4:58.41 | 22 |

## InfoBox

| South Korea at the<br>1980 Winter Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | KOR |
| NOC | Korean Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.sports.or.kr (in Korean and English) |
| in Lake Placid | |
| Competitors | 10 in 4 sports |
| Officials | 10 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Winter Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Korea (2018) | |


title: Joseph Rogers (neuroscientist)

abstract: Joseph Rogers is an American neuroscientist known for his contributions to the research of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

text:
# Joseph Rogers (neuroscientist)

**Joseph Rogers** is an American neuroscientist known for his contributions to the research of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

## Biography

He received a B.A. from Emory University, a Ph.D. from the University of California, San Diego, and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Salk Institute, later serving there as a staff scientist. He has also held posts at University of Massachusetts Medical School and as a principal investigator in New England's Alzheimer's Disease Center at Harvard University.

## Research

The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders has been a main focus of his work. Contributions include "Inflammation and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis" in *Neurobiology of Aging*, "Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory Agents, and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Last 22 Years" co-authored with Pat McGeer and Edith McGeer, and as an editor of scholarly publications.

## Other professional activities

Rogers founded Sun Health Research Institute in 1986 near Phoenix, AZ, and served as its President and Senior Scientist until Banner Health's acquisition of the institute in 2008. He later served as Executive Director of Health Sciences in SRI International's Biosciences Division from 2012 to 2020.

Rogers is co-founder and board member of One Step Beyond, Inc., a non-profit organization serving individuals who have intellectual/developmental disabilities and their families in Glendale, AZ; Surprise, AZ; Scottsdale, AZ; and the Bay Area, CA.

## Honors

Rogers received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the national Alzheimer's Association.

## InfoBox

| Joseph Rogers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1945<br>United States |
| Education | B.A. Emory University; Ph.D. University of California, San Diego |
| Occupation | neuroscientist |
| Organization | SRI International |
| Known for | Alzheimer's Disease research, neurodegenerative disorders |
| Spouse | Mimi Rogers |
| Children | 3 |


title: Charles Gwathmey

abstract: Charles Gwathmey was an American architect. He was a principal at Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, as well as one of the five architects identified as The New York Five in 1969. Gwathmey was perhaps best known for the 1992 renovation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum in New York City. Born in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was the son of the American painter Robert Gwathmey and photographer Rosalie Gwathmey. He attended the High School of Music and Art in New York City, graduating in 1956. Charles Gwathmey attended the University of Pennsylvania and received his Master of Architecture degree in 1962 from Yale School of Architecture, where he won both the William Wirt Winchester Fellowship as the outstanding graduate and a Fulbright Grant. While at Yale, he studied under Paul Rudolph. Gwathmey was president of the board of trustees for The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies and was elected a fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1981.

text:
# Charles Gwathmey

**Charles Gwathmey** (June 19, 1938 – August 3, 2009) was an American architect. He was a principal at Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, as well as one of the five architects identified as The New York Five in 1969. Gwathmey was perhaps best known for the 1992 renovation of Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Museum in New York City.

Born in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was the son of the American painter Robert Gwathmey and photographer Rosalie Gwathmey. He attended the High School of Music and Art in New York City, graduating in 1956. Charles Gwathmey attended the University of Pennsylvania and received his Master of Architecture degree in 1962 from Yale School of Architecture, where he won both the William Wirt Winchester Fellowship as the outstanding graduate and a Fulbright Grant. While at Yale, he studied under Paul Rudolph.

Gwathmey was president of the board of trustees for The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies and was elected a fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1981.

## Career

In 1965, while not yet a licensed architect, he designed a house and studio for his parents in Amagansett, New York, that became famous and revolutionized beach house design. When he did take the professional licensing exam, he was surprised to see a multiple-choice question on the test that asked "Which of these is the organic house?" The choices included the house he designed for his parents. He wanted to answer that the organic house was his, but in order to pass the exam he chose Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater House. He knew that was the answer they wanted. He passed. By 1977, Gwathmey had designed 21 houses and renovations while still under 40 years old and ten years of practice. From 1965 through 1991, Gwathmey taught at Pratt Institute, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, Princeton University, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Texas, and the University of California at Los Angeles. He was Davenport Professor (1983 and 1999) and Bishop Professor (1991) at Yale, and the Eliot Noyes Visiting Professor at Harvard University (1985). Gwathmey was the Spring 2005 William A. Bernoudy Resident in Architecture at the American Academy in Rome

Gwathmey's firm designed the Museum Of Contemporary Art of North Miami, Florida in 1995, and the Astor Place Tower, a 21-story condominium project in Manhattan's East Village, in 2005. In 2011 the Ron Brown Building would be the new home of the United States Mission to the United Nations for which he was the lead architect. The building was dedicated to him. In her remarks, Ambassador Susan Rice thanked Gwathmey posthumously.

## Personal life

His first marriage to Emily Margolin, a writer, ended in divorce. He had one child from that marriage, Annie Gwathmey. In 1974 Gwathmey married Bette-Ann Damson.

Gwathmey died of esophageal cancer on August 3, 2009, one day before the opening of Bay Lake Tower, one of his projects. He was 71. His wife donated his archives to Yale University in 2010.

## Awards and honors

Gwathmey was the recipient of the Brunner Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1970, and in 1976 he was elected to the academy. In 1983, he won the Medal of Honor from the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and in 1985, he received the first Yale Alumni Arts Award from the Yale School of Architecture. In 1988 the Guild Hall Academy of Arts awarded Gwathmey its Lifetime Achievement Medal in Visual Arts, followed in 1990 by a Lifetime Achievement Award from the New York State Society of Architects. Gwathmey was the only architect named in the Leadership in America issue of *Time* magazine.

## Completed projects

| Building/project | Location | Country | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Robert Gwathmey Residence | Amagansett, New York | United States | 1965 |
| Straus Residence | Purchase, New York | United States | 1966 |
| Joseph Sedacca Residence | Northwest Harbor, New York | United States | 1968 |
| The Jack D. and Barbara Weiss Goldberg Residence | Manchester, CT | United States | 1969 |
| Cooper Residence | Orleans, MA | United States | 1969 |
| Dunaway Residence | New York, New York | United States | 1970 |
| The Loring Mandel House | Huntington Bay, New York | United States | 1970 |
| The Paul and Kay Breslow Apartment | New York, New York | United States | 1973 |
| The Maurice and Marilyn Cohn Residence | Amagansett, New York | United States | 1973 |
| East Campus Housing and Academic Center, Columbia University | New York, New York | United States | 1973 |
| The Charof Residence | Montauk, New York | United States | 1976 |
| The Buettner Residence | Sloatsburg, New York | United States | 1977 |
| The Richard and Thea Benenson House | Rye, New York | United States | 1977 |
| The David Geffen Apartment | New York, New York | United States | 1979 |
| The Lloyd Taft House | Cincinnati, Ohio | United States | 1979 |
| de Menil Residence | Amagansett, New York | United States | 1982 |
| Sycamore Place Senior Housing | Columbus, Indiana | United States | 1982 |
| Pence Place Family Housing | Columbus, Indiana | United States | 1984 |
| The Steven Spielberg Apartment | New York, New York | United States | 1985 |
| American Museum of the Moving Image | Queens, New York | United States | 1988 |
| The Morgan Stanley Building | New York City, New York | United States | 1990 |
| Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum addition | New York City, New York | United States | 1992 |
| Yale Arts Complex addition | New Haven, Connecticut | United States | 2006 |
| 445 Lafayette Street | New York City, New York | United States | 2006 |
| Glenstone (residence and guest house) | Potomac, Maryland | United States | 2006 |
| Bay Lake Tower | Walt Disney World Resort | United States | 2009 |
| Cleveland State University Student Center | Cleveland, Ohio | United States | 2010 |
| United States Mission to the United Nations | New York City, New York | United States | 2011 (lead architect-completed posthumously) |

Notes

## InfoBox

| Charles Gwathmey | |
| --- | --- |
| Gwathmey in 2006 | |
| Born | (1938-06-19)June 19, 1938
Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | August 3, 2009(2009-08-03) (aged 71)
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Architect |
| Parent(s) | Robert Gwathmey
Rosalie Gwathmey |


title: Borne Fontaine

abstract: Borne Fontaine is a permanent fountain, from artist Danièle Diwouta-Kotto, inaugurated in 2003. It is located in Douala (Cameroon).

text:
# Borne Fontaine

***Borne Fontaine*** (or *Kiosque à eau*) is a permanent fountain, from artist Danièle Diwouta-Kotto, inaugurated in 2003. It is located in Douala (Cameroon).

## The artwork

Borne Fontaine is a public artwork in Douala (Cameroon. Its creation was commissioned by Doual'art, produced by Danièle Diwouta-Kotto, then offered to the Douala Municipality. It was inaugurated in 2003 during the SUD - Salon Urbain de Douala 2007. It is an artwork of 3 by 4 meters, with a height of 6 meters.

Before its construction, Danièle Diwouta-Kotto, an architect whose firm secured the prime contractor, had had several conversations with the community. During these exchanges, the architect had invited people to imagine what might look like a fire hydrant ideal.

The people of Bessengu-Akwa wanted a framework that would be a meeting point, would offer an attractive sight and would also provide water. Following the interviews, the architect has made several proposals and people chose the model that corresponded most to their expectations.

This small building was therefore conceived as a public and paying fountain, as well as a food outlet. In particular, the roof reflects the style of the ephemeral building, created by the artist Jesús Palomino, in the workshop *Bessengue City* organized by Goddy Leye and theart center ArtBakery.

It is restored in 2013, the walls being repainted.

### Bibliographie

* Pensa, Iolanda (Ed.) 2017. Public Art in Africa. Art et transformations urbaines à Douala /// Art and Urban Transformations in Douala. Genève: Metis Presses. ISBN 978-2-94-0563-16-6
* Babina, L., and Douala Bell, M. (eds.). (2007): Douala in Translation. A View of the City and Its Creative Transformative Potentials, Rotterdam, Episode Publishers.
* Pucciarelli, M. (2015). «Culture and Safety in Douala: The Cases of New Bell and Bessengue », in Bonini Lessing, E. (ed.), Urban Safety and Security, Franco Angeli, pp- 69-79.
* Verschuren, K., X. Nibbeling and L. Grandin. (2012): Making Douala 2007-2103, Rotterdam, ICU art project.
* Kaze, R. and Tchakam, S. (2009): «Bessengué Akwa. L’institution communale démissionne». In Liquid n°03, (Juillet - Août - Septembre 2009).
* Marta Pucciarelli (2014) Final Report. University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Laboratory of visual culture.

### References

## InfoBox

| Borne Fontaine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Danièle Diwouta-Kotto |
| Year | 2003 |
| Medium | Building |
| Dimensions | 6 m × 3 m × 4 m (240 in × 120 in × 160 in) |
| Location | Vallée Bessengue, Bessengue Akwa Douala, Cameroon |
| Coordinates | 4°03′17″N 9°42′26″E / 4.054601°N 9.707102°E / 4.054601; 9.707102 |
| Owner | Municipality of Douala |


title: Slaughter Margin

abstract: Slaughter Margin is an adventure and supplement published by Games Workshop (GW) in 1987 for Judge Dredd: The Role-Playing Game, itself based on the Judge Dredd comics.

text:
# Slaughter Margin

***Slaughter Margin*** is an adventure and supplement published by Games Workshop (GW) in 1987 for *Judge Dredd: The Role-Playing Game*, itself based on the *Judge Dredd* comics.

## Description

*Slaughter Margin* is a boxed set that includes a complete scenario book, geomorphic floorplans and maps for locations in Mega-City One, and four sheets of counters, three overlay sheets, and eight sheets of players' aids.

## Publication history

The *Judge Dredd* role-playing game was first published under license by GW in 1985. Over the next two years, GW only published two supplements, *Citi-Block* and *Judge Dredd Companion*, and one adventure, *Judgement Day*. *Slaughter Margin* followed, being both a scenario and a supplement that included a 48-page scenario book written by Richard Halliwell, with art by Gordon Moore, and cardstock maps and extras.

## Reception

In *White Dwarf* #89, Richard Halliwell stated that "There's a lot in the *Slaughter Margin* box. It's certainly more than just a single *Judge Dredd* adventure with a few floor plans."

In the August 1987 edition of *Casus Belli* (#40), Pierre Rosenthal found both good and bad things in this package. He called the scenario superb. Likewise, he thought that all of the extras were of excellent quality. But he pointed out that the included extras were not necessary to play the scenario, and asked why the two elements -- the adventure, and the city plans and counters — had not been sold as two separate products, pointing out that by combining the two, "What was an inexpensive scenario then becomes an expensive supplement."


title: Soviet submarine tender Dmitriy Galkin

abstract: Dmitriy Galkin was a Don-class submarine tender of the Soviet Navy.

text:
# Soviet submarine tender Dmitriy Galkin

***Dmitriy Galkin*** was a Don-class submarine tender of the Soviet Navy.

## Development and design

The project of the submarine tenders was developed in the central design bureau "Baltsudoproekt" under the leadership of the chief designer V. I. Mogilevich. The main observer from the Navy was Captain 1st Rank G.V. Zemlyanichenko. The construction of the lead ship was completed in Nikolaev at the Black Sea shipyard in 1958. In total, seven tenders of project 310 were built for the Soviet Navy in 1958-1963.

*Don*-class submarine tenders had a total displacement of 7150 tons and 5030 tons while they're empty. Main dimensions: maximum length - 140 m, width - 17.67 m, draft - 5.6 m. Two-shaft diesel-electric main power plant with a capacity of 4000 hp. with. provided the ship with a full speed of 16 knots. The cruising range reached 3000 nautical miles (at a speed of 12.5 knots), autonomy - 40 days. The crew consisted of 350 people, including 28 officers.

They could serve four submarines of Project 611 or Project 613. The equipment of the floating base was capable of providing navigational and emergency repair of the hull, mechanisms and weapons and storage of 42 533-mm torpedoes in a special room. A 100-ton crane was housed at the bow of the ship.

The defensive armaments of the ships consisted of four single-barreled 100-mm artillery mounts B-34USMA and four 57-mm twin installations ZIF-31 with the Ryf control radar, the sonar station was not provided. After modernization, on two ships, instead of two aft 100-mm installations, a take-off and landing pad was equipped for basing one Ka-25 helicopter. On the last floating base of the series, the Osa-M air defense missile system was installed.

## Construction and career

The ship was built at Black Sea Shipyard in Mykolaiv and was launched on 11 September 1951 and commissioned on 29 December 1951.

In 1986 while off Tripoli, *Dmitry Galkin* was set up as a command ship and was appointed the flagship of the group. The group included: an air defense post, headed by the Head of the Air Defense of the Flotilla, Captain 1st Rank A. N. Bulavchik, Chief of Communications of the Flotilla, Captain 1st Rank V. I. Sushko, Officer of the Political Department, Captain of the 2nd Rank V. E. Vergiles, two of the most trained operators, Warrant Officers E.M. Podpleta and Warrant Officers V. V. Grabovenko.

She was decommissioned on 24 June 1991 and later scrapped.

### Pennant numbers

| Date | Pennant number |
| --- | --- |
| 1960 | 911 |
| 1967 | 11 |
| 1974 | 938 |
| 1976 | 900 |
| 1978 | 933 |
| 1980 | 940 |
|  | 939 |
| 1986 | 909 |
| 1988 | 877 |
| 1991 | 871 |

## InfoBox

| *Dmitriy Galkin* on 1 June 1988 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Soviet Union | |
| Name | * *Dmitriy Galkin* * (Дмитрий Галкин) |
| Namesake | Dmitriy Galkin |
| Builder | Black Sea Shipyard |
| Yard number | 618 |
| Laid down | 28 April 1959 |
| Launched | 31 March 1960 |
| Commissioned | 25 December 1960 |
| Decommissioned | 24 June 1991 |
| Identification | *See Pennant numbers* |
| Fate | Scrapped |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Don-class submarine tender |
| Displacement | * 2,316 tonnes (2,279 long tons) standard * 3,066 tonnes (3,018 long tons) full load |
| Length | 140 m (460 ft) |
| Beam | 17.7 m (58 ft) |
| Draught | 6.4 m (21 ft) |
| Propulsion | 4 × diesel engines, 8,000 hp (6,000 kW) |
| Speed | 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) |
| Range | 21,000 km (11,000 nmi; 13,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 300-450 |
| Sensors and
processing systems | * Hawk Screech * Slim Net * Rys-1 |
| Electronic warfare
& decoys | * 2 × Watch dog ECM systems * Vee cone communication system |
| Armament | * 4 × single 100 mm (4 in) guns * 4 × dual 57 mm (2.2 in) guns |


title: Rio Bank

abstract: Rio Bank is a locally owned and managed bank headquartered in McAllen, Texas, with 14 Texas locations across the Rio Grande Valley.

text:
# Rio Bank

**Rio Bank** is a locally owned and managed bank headquartered in McAllen, Texas, with 14 Texas locations across the Rio Grande Valley.

## History

In February 1985, Rio Bank opened its doors as a retail oriented bank primarily catering to consumers for both deposit and loan business.

In 1995, the bank opened its second banking center in North McAllen, Texas.

In 2002, the bank opened two new banking centers one in San Juan, Texas and the other in Palmview, Texas.

In 2005, the bank opened a new banking center in Brownsville, Texas and in 2009 opened a new banking center in Weslaco, Texas.

In 2018, Rio Bank acquired Elsa State Bank & Trust. The merger increased Rio Bank's current $350 million in assets by an additional $200 million. The merger added locations that Rio Bank previously did not service, such as Starr County, Texas and Cameron County, Texas.

In 2019, the bank is expected to complete their new corporate headquarters building and move their operations by the end of the year.

In April 2023, Rio Bank and the Texas Bankers Association sued the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and then-director Rohit Chopra over the agency's rule mandating that lenders collect and report demographic information on small business loans.


title: Drepanulatrix unicalcararia

abstract: Drepanulatrix unicalcararia, the spurred wave, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Drepanulatrix unicalcararia is 6682.

text:
# Drepanulatrix unicalcararia

***Drepanulatrix unicalcararia***, the **spurred wave**, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Drepanulatrix unicalcararia* is 6682.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Drepanulatrix unicalcararia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Drepanulatrix* |
| Species: | ***D. unicalcararia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Drepanulatrix unicalcararia***<br>(Guenée in Boisduval & Guenée, 1858) | |
|


title: Staritsky Peninsula

abstract:
The Staritsky Peninsula projects into the Taui Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk in Magadan Oblast, Russian Far East immediately south of Magadan, which occupies the isthmus of the peninsula.
It is separated from the mainland by the smaller Nagayev Bay on the west and Gertner Bay on the east. Before 1875 the it was known as the Miyekan Peninsula after the local even's name Miyekan for the Nagayev bay. In 1875 the hydrographer Mikhail Onatsevich mapped the local shores and named the peninsula after the Russian captain and hydrologist Konstantin Staritsky. Its highest point is Marchekanskaya Sopka, 59°30′34″N 150°49′27″E, elevation 694m, prominence 625m.

text:
# Staritsky Peninsula

The **Staritsky Peninsula** projects into the Taui Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk in Magadan Oblast, Russian Far East immediately south of Magadan, which occupies the isthmus of the peninsula. It is separated from the mainland by the smaller Nagayev Bay on the west and Gertner Bay on the east.

Before 1875 the it was known as the Miyekan Peninsula after the local even's name Miyekan for the Nagayev bay. In 1875 the hydrographer Mikhail Onatsevich mapped the local shores and named the peninsula after the Russian captain and hydrologist Konstantin Staritsky.

Its highest point is Marchekanskaya Sopka, 59°30′34″N 150°49′27″E / 59.50944°N 150.82417°E / 59.50944; 150.82417 (Marchekanskaya Sopka), elevation 694m, prominence 625m.

class=notpageimage|Staritsky PeninsulaStaritsky Peninsula (Far Eastern Federal District)Staritsky Peninsula (Russia)

59°30′N 150°50′E / 59.500°N 150.833°E / 59.500; 150.833


title: Editum

abstract: Editum is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae erected by Michael Fibiger in 2010.

text:
# Editum

***Editum*** is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae erected by Michael Fibiger in 2010.

## Species

* Fibiger, Michael (2010). "Revision of the Micronoctuidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea). Part 3, Taxonomy of the Tactusinae" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **2583**: 1–119.

## InfoBox

| *Editum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Hypenodinae |
| Tribe: | Micronoctuini |
| Subtribe: | Tactusina |
| Genus: | *Editum*<br>Fibiger, 2010 |
|


title: South Korea at the 1982 Asian Games

abstract: South Korea participated in the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi, India from November 19, 1982, to December 4, 1982.

text:
# South Korea at the 1982 Asian Games

**South Korea** (IOC designation:Korea) participated in the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi, India from November 19, 1982, to December 4, 1982.

## Medal summary

### Medal table

| Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Boxing | 7 | 2 | 3 | 12 |
| Tennis | 4 | 3 | 0 | 7 |
| Swimming | 3 | 4 | 5 | 12 |
| Athletics | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| Shooting | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 |
| Cycling | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
| Archery | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Weightlifting | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| Badminton | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| Basketball | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Table tennis | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| Wrestling | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Golf | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Hockey | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Gymnastics | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Rowing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Volleyball | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Handball | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (18 entries) | 28 | 28 | 37 | 93 |

### Medalists

#### Boxing

#### Swimming

## InfoBox

| South Korea at the
1982 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | KOR |
| NOC | Korean Olympic Committee |
| in New Delhi | |
| Competitors | 280 in 20 sports |
| Officials | 126 |
| Medals
Ranked 3rd | Gold 28 Silver 28 Bronze 37 Total 93 |
| Asian Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


abstract: Fatehabad Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Agra district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" was passed in 1956. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 93.

text:
# Fatehabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency

**Fatehabad Assembly constituency** is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Agra district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 93.

## Wards / Areas

Extent of Fatehabad Assembly constituency is Fatehabad Tehsil.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| From | Term | Name | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1952 | 01st Vidhan Sabha | Constituency not in existence | |
| 1957 | 02nd Vidhan Sabha | Laxmi Narain Bansal | Indian National Congress |
| 1962 | 03rd Vidhan Sabha | Banwari Lal Pipra | Republican Party of India |
| 1967 | 04th Vidhan Sabha | Hukam Singh Parihar | Samyukta Socialist Party |
| 1969 | 05th Vidhan Sabha | | |
| 1974 | 06th Vidhan Sabha | Rajendra Prasad Doneria | Indian National Congress |
| 1977 | 07th Vidhan Sabha | Hukam Singh Parihar | Janata Party |
| 1980 | 08th Vidhan Sabha | Mahesh Upadhyaya | Indian National Congress (I) |
| 1985 | 09th Vidhan Sabha | Amitab Lavania | Indian National Congress |
| 1989 | 10th Vidhan Sabha | Bahadur Singh | Janata Dal |
| 1991 | 11th Vidhan Sabha | Vijay Pal Singh | |
| 1993 | 12th Vidhan Sabha | Chotelal Verma | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 1996 | 13th Vidhan Sabha | Vijay Pal Singh | Janata Dal |
| 2002 | 14th Vidhan Sabha | Chotelal Verma | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2007 | 15th Vidhan Sabha | Rajendra Singh | |
| 2012 | 16th Vidhan Sabha | Chotelal Verma | Bahujan Samaj Party |
| 2017 | 17th Vidhan Sabha | Jitendra Verma | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | 18th Vidhan Sabha | Chotelal Verma | Bharatiya Janata Party |
|

## Election results

### 2022

2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Fatehabad
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Chotelal Verma | 108811 | 50.46 |  |
|  | SP | Roopali Dixit | 55576 | 25.77 |  |
|  | BSP | Shailendra Singh | 40958 | 18.99 |  |
|  | INC | Hotam Singh Nishad | 683 | .32 |  |
|  | NOTA | None of the Above | 2472 | 1.15 |  |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 215626 | 59.20% | −11.31% |

### 2017

2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Fatehabad
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BJP | Jitendra Verma | 101960 | 48.94% |  |
|  | SP | Rajendra Singh | 67596 | 32.45% |  |
|  | BSP | Umesh Sharma | 35050 | 16.82% |  |
|  |  | NOTA | 1470 | 0.71 |  |
|  |  | Remainder 4 candidates | 3717 | 1.78 |  |
| Turnout | | | 209793 | 70.51% | {{{change}}} |
|  | Bhartiya Janta Party **gain** from BSP | | Swing |  |  |

### 2012

2012 General Elections: Fatehabad
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BSP | Chotelal Verma | 73,098 | 39.7 |  |
|  | SP | Rajendra Singh | 72,399 | 39.32 |  |
|  | BJP | Girraj Singh Kushwaha | 20,502 | 11.13 |  |
|  |  | Remainder 9 candidates | 18,136 | 9.85 |  |
| Majority | | | 699 | 0.38 |  |
| Turnout | | | 184,135 | 69.53 |  |
|  | BSP **gain** from BJP | | Swing |  |  |

## InfoBox

| Fatehabad (फतेहाबाद) | |
| --- | --- |
| Constituency No. 93 for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
|  | |
| Constituency details | |
| Country | India |
| Region | North India |
| State | Uttar Pradesh |
| District | Agra |
| Total electors | 427320 (2022) |
| Reservation | None |
| Member of Legislative Assembly | |
| 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | |
| **Incumbent**  **Chotelal Verma** | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Elected year | 2022 |


title: Charles Guy Powles

abstract: Charles Guy Powles, was an officer in the New Zealand Military Forces who served in the Second Boer War and the First World War. Born in Wellington, Powles volunteered for the Fourth Contingent to fight in the Second Boer War, serving in Africa from April 1900 to June 1901. Afterwards he farmed but joined the New Zealand Military Forces in 1910 and served in the Staff Corps. On the outbreak of the First World War, he was appointed brigade major of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. He was involved in the campaign in Gallipoli, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. From 1916 to mid-1918 he served in the Middle East as assistant adjutant and quartermaster general of the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division. During this time he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. In the postwar period he resumed his career with New Zealand Military Forces, serving in instructing and staff posts before retiring in 1927 as commander of the Central Military District. He was the principal of Flock House in civilian life but was recalled to military service during the Second World War to command Waiouru Military Camp. He died in Te Horo, aged 78.

text:
# Charles Guy Powles

**Charles Guy Powles**, CMG DSO (15 December 1872 – 17 June 1951) was an officer in the New Zealand Military Forces who served in the Second Boer War and the First World War.

Born in Wellington, Powles volunteered for the Fourth Contingent to fight in the Second Boer War, serving in Africa from April 1900 to June 1901. Afterwards he farmed but joined the New Zealand Military Forces in 1910 and served in the Staff Corps. On the outbreak of the First World War, he was appointed brigade major of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. He was involved in the campaign in Gallipoli, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. From 1916 to mid-1918 he served in the Middle East as assistant adjutant and quartermaster general of the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division. During this time he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

In the postwar period he resumed his career with New Zealand Military Forces, serving in instructing and staff posts before retiring in 1927 as commander of the Central Military District. He was the principal of Flock House in civilian life but was recalled to military service during the Second World War to command Waiouru Military Camp. He died in Te Horo, aged 78.

## Early life

Born on 15 December 1872 in Wellington, New Zealand, Charles Guy Powles was the son of C. P. Powles, a long time member of the Wellington College board of governors. Once Powles completed his schooling, he took up farming. He had an interest in the military, having served for a number of years in the Wellington College Cadets.

## South Africa

Powles volunteered to join the Fourth Contingent raised for service in the Boer South African Republic. As a non-commissioned officer, he and the rest of the contingent, nicknamed the "Rough Riders", left New Zealand in March 1900 and landed in Portuguese East Africa the following month. The contingent were deployed as part of the Rhodesian Field Force around Mafeking. Aside from a brief action at Ottoshoop in August, the Rough Riders spent the majority of their war service in the Transvaal, carrying out reconnaissance patrols and pursuing Boer commandos. As part of the effort to deprive the Boers of resources, they also helped to destroy crops and round up civilians and cattle, during which they occasionally skirmished with armed commandos. In June 1901 the "Rough Riders" returned to New Zealand. By this time Powles was a lieutenant, having been commissioned the previous November.

## Military career

After his return from South Africa, Powles went back to farming. However he sought a career as a professional soldier and in 1910 joined the New Zealand Military Forces. After training at Trentham Military Camp, he was posted as a lieutenant to the newly formed Staff Corps. He served as the adjutant of the 6th (Manawatu) Mounted Rifles, of the Territorial Force, from July 1911. Two years later he became the commander of No. 5 (Wellington) Group and was still serving in this capacity at the time of the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914.

## First World War

Powles was seconded to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF), raised for service in the war, and, holding the rank of captain, was appointed as the brigade major of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. This brigade departed New Zealand with the main body of the NZEF in mid-October 1914, destined for the Middle East. Once they had arrived at Alexandria, in Egypt, in December 1914, the troops of the NZEF expected to continue onto Europe after a period of training.

However, in early April 1915, military planners in London decided that the NZEF would be part of the Allied forces that would open up a new front in the Middle East, by landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula. It was not until May that Powles's brigade was landed, sans horses, at Gallipoli. Powles would serve throughout the campaign at Gallipoli and in its final stages was commander of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment. For his services at Gallipoli he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order as well as being twice mentioned in despatches.

In early 1916, as part of the reorganisation of the NZEF that followed the Allied evacuation from Gallipoli, the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division was formed with Powles, promoted to acting lieutenant colonel, appointed assistant adjutant and quartermaster general. He would serve with the division for the next two years as it campaigned in the Sinai Desert and into Palestine. He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in April 1918, the citation noting it was in recognition of his services during the operations to capture Jerusalem. He had already been mentioned twice in despatches earlier in the Sinai and Palestinian campaign and was later awarded the Egyptian Order of the Nile, 3rd Class.

In June Powles was sent to Europe, where he was seconded to the British 61st Division, serving with it until the end of the war. He returned to New Zealand in March 1919. He was followed by his horse Bess, which had been his mount throughout the campaign in the Middle East; she was one of only four horses to return to New Zealand out of the ten thousand that departed the country during the war.

## Postwar period

Resuming his career with the New Zealand Staff Corps, Powles was based at Trentham Military Camp initially as second-in-command of the instructing facilities there and then as commandant of the camp itself. Over the next few years, he worked on an official history of the Sinai and Palestine campaign. This was based on a draft originally prepared by Major A. H. Wilkie, another veteran of the fighting in the Middle East, and was published in 1922 as *The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine*. This work, which was favourably reviewed, became the primary reference for New Zealand's contribution to the campaign in the Middle East for the next several decades.

In April 1922 Powles went to Wellington to serve as a staff officer on the headquarters of the New Zealand Military Forces. The following year he was appointed chief of staff to Major General Edward Chaytor, holding the rank of colonel. His final post before his retirement in December 1927 was as commander of the Central Military District.

## Later life

Returning to civilian life, Powles became the principal of the agricultural college at Flock House in Bulls. He took his horse Bess with him and when she died in 1934, Powles erected a memorial for her nearby Flock House and this subsequently came to informally be seen as a tribute to all of New Zealand's war horses. During the Second World War he was recalled to duty and served as the commandant of Waiouru Military Camp from 1941 until the cessation of hostilities. He then returned to civilian life. Powles died at Te Horo near Wellington on 17 March 1951. His son, Guy Powles, was a diplomat and in 1962 became New Zealand's first ombudsman.

## Publications

## InfoBox

| Charles Guy Powles | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1872-12-15)15 December 1872
Wellington, New Zealand |
| Died | 17 June 1951(1951-06-17) (aged 78)
Te Horo, New Zealand |
| Allegiance | New Zealand |
| Service/branch | New Zealand Military Forces |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Battles/wars |  |
| Awards | Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
Distinguished Service Order
Mention in Despatches (4)
Order of the Nile, 3rd Class (Egypt) |
| Relations | Guy Powles (son) |
| Other work | Military historian |


title: 3Dc

abstract: 3Dc, also known as DXN, BC5, or Block Compression 5 is a lossy data compression algorithm for normal maps invented and first implemented by ATI. It builds upon the earlier DXT5 algorithm and is an open standard. 3Dc is now implemented by both ATI and Nvidia.

text:
# 3Dc

**3Dc** (FourCC : ATI2), also known as **DXN**, **BC5**, or **Block Compression 5** is a lossy data compression algorithm for normal maps invented and first implemented by ATI. It builds upon the earlier DXT5 algorithm and is an open standard. 3Dc is now implemented by both ATI and Nvidia.

## Target application

The target application, normal mapping, is an extension of bump mapping that simulates lighting on geometric surfaces by reading surface normals from a rectilinear grid analogous to a texture map \- giving simple models the impression of increased complexity. This additional channel however increases the load on the graphics system's memory bandwidth. Pre-existing lossy compression algorithms implemented on consumer 3D hardware lacked the precision necessary for reproducing normal maps without excessive visible artefacts, justifying the development of 3Dc.

## Algorithm

Surface normals are three-dimensional vectors of unit length. Because of the length constraint only two elements of any normal need to be stored. The input is therefore an array of two-dimensional values.

Compression is performed in 4×4 blocks. In each block the two components of each value are compressed separately. For each block, each of the two components have a palette of 8 values to choose from. The palettes are generated from two values representing the start and end of a line and the other six values being generated as linear combinations of the start and end values.

Compression is natively achieved by finding the lowest and highest values of the 16 pixels to be compressed and storing each of those as an 8-bit quantity. Individual elements within the 4×4 block are then stored with 3-bits each, representing their position on an 8 step linear scale from the lowest value to the highest. Each pixel's 3-bit value (the palette index) would be chosen by choosing the palette entry with the minimum distance from the original values.

Total storage is 128 bits per 4x4 block once both source components are factored in. In an uncompressed scheme with similar 8-bit precision, the source data is 32 8-bit values for the same area, occupying 256 bits. The algorithm therefore produces a 2:1 compression ratio.

The compression ratio is sometimes stated as being "up to 4:1" as it is common to use 16-bit precision for input data rather than 8-bit. This produces compressed output that is literally 1/4 the size of the input but it is not of comparable precision.

## 3Dc+

3Dc+ (FourCC: ATI1) (also known as **BC4** or **Block Compression 4**) can compress textures, i.e. light maps, shadow maps, HDR textures and material properties. 3Dc+ provides 2:1 compression ratio with single component (DXT5 alpha) 8-bit integer textures and 4:1 compression ratio with normal maps and textures consisting of two 8-bit integer components