title: Ross Honeywill

abstract: Ross Honeywill is an Australian social scientist. His books have been published in the US, China, Australia and New Zealand. An Adjunct Associate Professor in business and economics, Honeywill is Chairman of the Social Intelligence Lab, based in Melbourne Australia. He has a PhD from the University of Tasmania. He developed the NEO typology - a population classification revealing a measure of high-value consumption - for North America, Australia and Asia. He lives in Melbourne, Australia with conceptual artist and writer, Greer Honeywill.

text:
# Ross Honeywill

**Ross Honeywill** is an Australian social scientist. His books have been published in the US, China, Australia and New Zealand.

An Adjunct Associate Professor in business and economics, Honeywill is Chairman of the Social Intelligence Lab, based in Melbourne Australia. He has a PhD from the University of Tasmania.

He developed the NEO typology \- a population classification revealing a measure of high-value consumption \- for North America, Australia and Asia.

He lives in Melbourne, Australia with conceptual artist and writer, Greer Honeywill.

## Career

In 1997 professional services firm KPMG bought his Values Bank Research Centre and renamed it the Centre for Consumer Behaviour and appointed Honeywill director. Prior to KPMG Honeywill was a research director and management consultant. Before that, he worked as a retail manager and in arts administration.

## Books

Honeywill is the author of and contributor to business and social science books, as well as author of a number of mainstream books, including *NEO Power*, *Lamarck's Evolution* and *Wasted*. *Lamarck's Evolution* was launched by Nobel Laureate Professor Peter Doherty and John Long at the 2008 Melbourne Writers Festival. In 2011, *Wasted* was shortlisted in Australia for the Ned Kelly Award for true crime writing and is under development as a motion picture. The business/management book, *One Hundred Thirteen Million Markets of One*, is published in North America.

* 2001: *I-Cons: the essential guide to winning and keeping high-value customers* (with Verity Byth) Random House
* 2004: (Chinese edition) *I-Cons: the essential guide to winning and keeping high-value customers* (with Verity Byth) Citic Publishing, Mainland China
* 2006: *NEO Power: how the new economic order is changing the way we live, work and play* (with Verity Byth) Scribe Publications
* 2008: *Managing the Innovation Faultline* \- chapter in *Inside the Innovation Matrix* (with Verity Byth) Australian Business Foundation
* 2008: "Lamarck's Evolution: two centuries of genius and jealousy*. Pier 9 (a Murdoch Books imprint), ISBN 1921208600*
* 2010: *Wasted: the true story of Jim McNeil, violent criminal and brilliant playwright.* Viking (a Penguin imprint)
* 2012: *One Hundred Thirteen Million Markets of One: How the New Economic Order can remake the American economy* (with Chris Norton) Fingerprint, USA
* 2014: *It's Not a Glass Ceiling; It's a Masculine Fault Line* \- chapter in *Gender Discrimination and Inequality*, The Spinney Press - editor J Healey
* 2016: *The Man Problem: Destructive Masculinity in Western Culture*, Palgrave Macmillan (New York)
* 2018: *Somewhere Else to Die* A novel (recipient of Arts Tasmania grant for 2014) - under construction
* 2023: *Being NEO: Embrace your inner NEO and change the world*. Right Customer books (Melbourne)

## Journals and papers

* 2011: 'Water in the Wires' - fiction - *Island Magazine* edition 126 (Spring 2011)
* 2011: 'A Radical Dimension of Normality: Beauvoir as diviner of masculine madness in ordinary men'. *Sapere Aude - Journal of Philosophy*, Vol 3, No 6. (Brazil)
* 2012: *Rape: modern men making a choice* \- Centre for Gender Equity
* 2013: 'PM Takes a Stalinist Stance on Science' - *Australasian Science*, Vol 34, No 10 (December 2013)
* 2013: *Gender and Biological Determinism* \- Centre for Gender Equity
* 2014: *Tasmania - towards a new economy* ISBN 978-0-646-91654-5 A paper on the contribution of low-carbon values to a new Tasmanian economy

## Achievements

* 2016: Advisory Board member - University of Melbourne's Social Equity Institute
* 2015: Expert Panel "Women & Girls" - Department of Premier & Cabinet (Tasmania)
* 2013: Chairman of Judges - Tasmanian Literary Awards
* 2010–13: Chairman, Festival of Voices (Tasmania)
* 1993–97: Board-member, Melbourne International Film Festival


title: Buffalo Museum of Science

abstract: The Buffalo Museum of Science is a science museum located at Martin Luther King Jr. Park in Buffalo, New York, United States, northeast of the downtown district, near the Kensington Expressway. The historic building was designed by August Esenwein and James A. Johnson and was dedicated on January 19, 1929. It gave a permanent home to the exhibits that started to be collected by the Buffalo Young Men's Association, which had passed them to its 1861 creation, the Buffalo Natural History Society, with George W. Clinton chosen as the Society's first president. The attractions of the Buffalo Museum of Science include exhibits showcasing animals, astronomy, the science of technology, and additional science topics.

text:
# Buffalo Museum of Science

The **Buffalo Museum of Science** is a science museum located at Martin Luther King Jr. Park in Buffalo, New York, United States, northeast of the downtown district, near the Kensington Expressway. The historic building was designed by August Esenwein and James A. Johnson and was dedicated on January 19, 1929. It gave a permanent home to the exhibits that started to be collected by the Buffalo Young Men's Association (founded 1836), which had passed them to its 1861 creation, the Buffalo Natural History Society, with George W. Clinton chosen as the Society's first president.

The attractions of the Buffalo Museum of Science include exhibits showcasing animals, astronomy, the science of technology, and additional science topics.

## Exhibitions

### Explorations

Explorations is an interactive gallery for children ages two to seven featuring new themes every month.

### Explore You Science Studio

Explore You is a health systems science studio. The space was remodeled and opened in March 2012. The interactive exhibit gives a hands-on approach to health, exploring topics such as healthy choices, body systems, the heart, medical technology, genetics, and related research done in Western New York. It is sponsored by prominent local health insurance company Independent Health.

### Rethink Extinct Science Studio

The Rethink Extinct Science Studio opened in March 2015 as remodel of the previous Extinction Gallery. This exhibit focuses on all aspects of extinction throughout the history of life on this planet including present-day extinctions and endangered plants and animals.

The Extinction Gallery was a collection of fossils and cultural pieces relating to organisms that have gone extinct on the planet. Specimens include 50-million-year-old birds, feathers and flowers, the earliest known land plant, a trilobite trapped in a seashell nearly 400 million years ago, a cast of a *Tyrannosaurus rex* skull, a compression fossil replica of *Archaeopteryx,* *Triceratops horridus*, *Deinonychus antirrhopus*, and *Allosaurus fragilis*. Many of the pieces in this exhibit come from the previous Dinosaurs and Co. space at the museum. In addition, a specimen of *Albertosaurus sarcophagus* (nicknamed "Stanley") is displayed in the first floor lobby next to admissions.

### Nano

Nano is an interactive exhibition that engages family audiences in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. Hands-on exhibits present the basics of nanoscience and engineering, introduce some real world applications, and explore the societal and ethical implications of this new technology.

### Other exhibitions

Additional exhibitions include the Buffalo in Space Science Studio (opened in 2017), the Artifacts Science Studio (opened in March 2014), the In Motion Science Studio (opened in 2013), the Our Marvelous Earth Science Studio (opened in 2012), and the Bug Works Science Studio (opened in 2013).

In 2010 the museum began an extensive renovation campaign, the goal of which was to convert the old diorama based exhibits into interactive Science Studios. This campaign culminated with the renovation and reopening of the Kellogg Observatory in July 2018

## Previous exhibits

### Whem Ankh: The Cycle of Life in Ancient Egypt

Whem Ankh was an exhibit running from 1998 to 2013 displaying artifacts from the daily life as lived on the banks of the lower Nile River 2,200 years ago. Over 250 artifacts are included in the collection, including the mummies of Nes-hor and of Nes-min, priests in the temple of the Egyptian fertility god Min, and the coffin of Djed-hor-ef-ankh.

Intended as a temporary exhibit, it was made permanent due to its initial popularity, which it enjoyed through most of its tenure. Whem Ankh closed in July 2013, and was replaced by the "Artifacts" exhibit in March 2014.

### Marchand Hall of Wildflowers

The Marchand Hall of Wildflowers displayed numerous wax models of species of plant life created throughout several decades by naturalists George and Paul Marchand.

## Additional features

The museum also features the National Geographic 3D Cinema, Elements Café, and the Curiosity Shop.

42°54′22″N 78°50′36″W / 42.906132°N 78.843314°W / 42.906132; -78.843314

## InfoBox

Buffalo Museum of Science
| Buffalo Museum of Science, December 2009 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | December 5, 1861 |
| Location | Buffalo, New York, U.S. |
| Coordinates | 42°54′22″N 78°50′36″W / 42.906132°N 78.843314°W / 42.906132; -78.843314 |
| Type | Science |
| President | Gary Siddall |
| Curator | Kathryn Leacock |
| Website | www.sciencebuff.org |


title: Cyperus congestus

abstract: Cyperus congestus, commonly known as dense flat-sedge or clustered flat-sedge, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to southern Africa mostly in South Africa, Lesotho and Namibia.

text:
# Cyperus congestus

***Cyperus congestus***, commonly known as **dense flat-sedge** or **clustered flat-sedge**, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to southern Africa mostly in South Africa, Lesotho and Namibia.

## Description

The perennial sedge typically grows to a height of 1 metre (3.3 ft) and has a tufted habit. It blooms between July and March produces brown flowers. The sedge has a short rhizome connecting plants together. The culms are smooth and triangular in cross section, they are a pink-red toward the base. The leaves have a width of 4 to 8 millimetres (0.16 to 0.31 in) and are ridged with deep sharp depression down the middle. Between two and seven inflorescences can be found on each stem. The inflorescence are composed of up to 20 or smaller red-brown spikelets which are 10 to 28 mm (0.39 to 1.10 in) in length. After flowering it will form a trigonous dark brown-black nut with a narrow-obovoid shape that is approximately 1.5 mm (0.059 in) with a diameter of around 0.6 mm (0.024 in).

## Taxonomy

The species was first formally described by the botanist Martin Vahl in 1805 as part of the work *Enumeratio Plantarum* The name of the species is often misapplied to *Cyperus polystachyos*. The species name *congestus* is Latin and means crowded and probably referring to snug way in which the fruit lies along the spikelet. The only known synonym for the species is *Mariscus congestus* as described by C.B.Clarke.

## Distribution

Its native range includes Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Lesotho, and Namibia.

It colonises easily and has been introduced into Australia, where it has now become naturalised. Recognised as a weed in Western Australia it is found in swamps and around creeks in coastal areas of the Wheatbelt, Peel, South West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions where it grows in sandy-clay soils. The species is also found in coastal areas of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and around parts of Brisbane in Queensland. It is also a common weed found in New Zealand and Hawaii.

## InfoBox

| Dense flat-sedge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cyperus congestus* inflorescence, near Glen Innes, NSW, Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | *Cyperus* |
| Species: | ***C. congestus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyperus congestus***<br>Vahl | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Mariscus congestus* (Vahl) C.B.Clarke | |


title: Schistocerca pallens

abstract: Schistocerca pallens is a large “bird grasshopper” in the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae that occurs throughout tropical America. It is closely related to Schistocerca cancellata but shows no swarming behaviour or locust phase polymorphism, even under crowded laboratory conditions. Although not a swarming locust, it can occur at sufficiently high densities to cause economic damage. It is mainly a pest of sugar cane, but has also been recorded as damaging almond, banana, beans, breadfruit, carnauba wax palm, chickpeas, coconut palms, cotton, forage crops, groundnuts, indigo, legumes, maize, onions, rice, sorghum, sweet potato and tomatoes.

text:
# Schistocerca pallens

***Schistocerca pallens*** is a large “bird grasshopper” in the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae that occurs throughout tropical America. It is closely related to *Schistocerca cancellata* but shows no swarming behaviour or locust phase polymorphism, even under crowded laboratory conditions. Although not a swarming locust, it can occur at sufficiently high densities to cause economic damage. It is mainly a pest of sugar cane, but has also been recorded as damaging almond, banana, beans, breadfruit, carnauba wax palm, chickpeas, coconut palms, cotton, forage crops, groundnuts, indigo, legumes, maize, onions, rice, sorghum, sweet potato and tomatoes.

1. Hebard (1923) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Third paper. Orthopterous family Acrididae. *Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc.)* 49:165-313, 8 pls.
2. Rehn JAG (1908) Acrididae (Orthoptera) from São Paulo, Brazil, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species. *Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.)* 60:12-23
3. Walker F (1870) *Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, London* 3:425-604.
4. Bolívar I (1888) *Enumération des Orthoptères de l'île de Cuba, Memoires de la Société Zoologique de France (Mem. Soc. Zool. France)* 1:116-164
5. Thunberg (1815) *Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata plurimisque novis speciebus ditata ac descripta. Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg (Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg)* 5: 211-301.
6. Harvey AW (1981) A reclassification of the *Schistocerca americana* complex (Orthopera: Acrididae) *Acrida* 10(2): 61-77.
7. Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (2014). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 4 February 2020. `{{cite web}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Antoniou A & Robinson CJ (1974). Laboratory studies on the effects of crowding on phase and the life history of *Schistocerca paranense* (Thunberg)(Orthopera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae). *J. Nat. Hist.* **8**: 701-715
9. COPR (Centre for Overseas Pest Research) (1982) *The Locust and Grasshopper Agricultural Manual* COPR; ISBN 0-85135-120-4.

## InfoBox

| *Schistocerca pallens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Cyrtacanthacridinae |
| Tribe: | Cyrtacanthacridini |
| Genus: | *Schistocerca* |
| Species: | ***S. pallens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Schistocerca pallens***
(Thunberg, 1815) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Schistocerca formosa* Bruner, L., 1911
*Schistocerca gratissima* Rehn JAG 1908
*Schistocerca vittafrons* Bruner, L., 1908
*Schistocerca idonea* Scudder SH, 1899
*Cyrtacanthacris pectoralis* Walker F, 1870
*Cyrtacanthacris viridescens* Walker F, 1870
*Acridium pallens* (Thunberg, 1815)
*Gryllus pallens* Thunberg, 1815 | |


title: Estudiantes de Río Cuarto

abstract: Asociación Atlética Estudiantes is an Argentinian sports club located in the city of Río Cuarto, Córdoba Province. Although many sports are practised at the club, it is mostly known for its football team, which currently plays in the Primera Nacional, the 2nd level of the Argentine football league system.

text:
# Estudiantes de Río Cuarto

**Asociación Atlética Estudiantes** (usually known as **Estudiantes de Río Cuarto**) is an Argentinian sports club located in the city of Río Cuarto, Córdoba Province. Although many sports are practised at the club, it is mostly known for its football team, which currently plays in the Primera Nacional, the 2nd level of the Argentine football league system.

## First Division

Estudiantes played at the highest level of Argentine football on 3 consecutive occasions, having qualified to play the Campeonato Nacional in 1983, 1984 and 1985.

In 1983 Estudiantes was eliminated at the first stage failing to win a single game. Next year Estudiantes was eliminated at the first round stage by finishing 3rd in their group of 4 teams. The squad won its first game at the highest level and also achieved a draw against River Plate.

In 1985 Estudiantes finished 2nd in its group, qualifying to the next stage. During the group stage the team faced Boca Juniors, achieving a 1–1 tie in the first match, although the *Xeneize* then defeated Estudiantes 7–1 in the return fixture. In the 2nd stage Estudiantes would be finally eliminated by San Martín de Tucumán.

## InfoBox

Estudiantes de Río Cuarto
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Asociación Atlética Estudiantes |
| Nickname(s) | *El Celeste*
*Los Leones*
*Rey del Imperio* |
| Founded | September 21, 1912 (1912-09-21) |
| Ground | Antonio Candini,
Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina |
| Capacity | 12,000 |
| Chairman | Alicio Dagatti |
| Manager | Marcelo Vázquez |
| League | Primera Nacional |
| 2023 | Primera Nacional Zone A, 4th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Coprosma prisca

abstract: Coprosma prisca, commonly known as goatwood, is a flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. The Latin specific epithet prisca means “old” or “ancient”, though its application to this species is unknown.

text:
# Coprosma prisca

***Coprosma prisca***, commonly known as **goatwood**, is a flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. The Latin specific epithet *prisca* means “old” or “ancient”, though its application to this species is unknown.

## Description

It is a dense shrub growing to 3 m in height. The glossy, bright green, obovate to elliptic leaves are 20–70 mm long, 35 mm wide, with slightly recurved edges. The flowers are small and green, 6–8 mm long. The egg-shaped green fruits are 6–7 mm long. The flowering season is from late August to early October.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to Australia’s subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. It is common at low elevations along the coast.

## InfoBox

| *Coprosma prisca* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Coprosma* |
| Species: | ***C. prisca*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coprosma prisca***<br>W.R.B.Oliv. (1917) | |
|


title: Trichaster

abstract:
Trichaster is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Euryalidae. Species:
  - Trichaster acanthifer Döderlein, 1927
  - Trichaster flagellifer von Martens, 1866
  - † Trichaster ornatus
  - Trichaster palmiferus

text:
# Trichaster

***Trichaster*** is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Euryalidae.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Trichaster* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Trichaster flagellifer* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Ophiuroidea |
| Order: | Phrynophiurida |
| Family: | Euryalidae |
| Genus: | *Trichaster*<br>Agassiz, 1836 |
|


title: Faroese Women's Super Cup

abstract: The Faroese Women's Super Cup is a football competition contested between the 1. deild kvinnur champions and the winners of the Faroese Women's Cup from the previous season.

text:
# Faroese Women's Super Cup

The **Faroese Women's Super Cup** is a football competition contested between the 1. deild kvinnur champions and the winners of the Faroese Women's Cup from the previous season.

## History

The competition was introduced in 2019 and, as its men's counterpart, is organized in a partnership between the Faroe Islands Football Association and the charity organization Lions Club. In its first edition it was won by HB, the league and cup runners-up, as EB/Streymur/Skála had won the double, in the same day the HB men's team defeated rivals B36 to win the men's competition. The Super Cup will now officially open the season of Faroese women's football.

## Matches

### 2019

| EB/Streymur/Skála | 1–7 | HB |
| --- | --- | --- |
| B. Mikkelsen  59' | Report | Isaksen  4', 16'
Sevdal  7', 68', 90'
Benbakoura  49', 74' |

Tórsvøllur, TórshavnAttendance: 50Referee: Rani Skaalum

### 2020

|  | Cancelled | HB |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |

Tórsvøllur, TórshavnReferee: Áki Hansen

The match was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

### 2021

|  | 4–1 | NSÍ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Olsen  2'
á Lakjuni  63'
Andreasen  67' (pen.), 86' | Report | Lindholm  77' |

Tórsvøllur, TórshavnReferee: Jón Þór Baldvinsson

### 2022

|  | 0–0 | NSÍ |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |
| Penalties | | |
|  | 2–4 |  |

Tórsvøllur, TórshavnReferee: Heini Viðoy

### 2023

|  | 2–0 | NSÍ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| M. Olsen  14'
E. Klakstein  62' | Report |  |

Tórsvøllur, TórshavnReferee: Annfinn Hjaltalin

### 2024

|  | 2–1 | NSÍ |
| --- | --- | --- |
| E. Klakstein  5', 44' | Report | S. Joensen  31' |

Tórsvøllur, TórshavnReferee: Leivur Zachariassen

## Performances by club

| Team | Titles | Runners-up |
| --- | --- | --- |
| KÍ Klaksvík | 3 | 1 |
| NSÍ Runavík | 1 | 3 |
| HB | 1 | 0 |
| EB/Streymur/Skála | 0 | 1 |

## InfoBox

Stórsteypadystur kvinnur
| Founded | 2019 |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Faroe Islands |
| Number of teams | 2 |
| Current champions | (3rd title) |
| Most successful club(s) | KÍ (3 titles) |
| *2024* | |


title: Roseberry County, Northern Territory

abstract:
Roseberry County is one of the five counties in the Northern Territory which are part of the cadastral divisions of Australia.
The County of Rosebery was gazetted on 15 July 1885 and covered the area north of Pine Creek. The county was not subdivided into hundreds. The County of Rosebery fell into disuse on 7 January 1977.

text:
# Roseberry County, Northern Territory

**Roseberry County** is one of the five counties in the Northern Territory which are part of the cadastral divisions of Australia. The County of Rosebery was gazetted on 15 July 1885 and covered the area north of Pine Creek. The county was not subdivided into hundreds.

The County of Rosebery fell into disuse on 7 January 1977.

## County Name

Like the other Counties of the Northern Territory, Roseberry is named for a British Prime Minister. In this case Roseberry County is named after the Fifth Earl of Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, who was visiting the colony of South Australia at the time of the creation of the county and who a decade later he became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

## InfoBox

| County of Roseberry<br>Northern Territory | |
| --- | --- |
| 1886 map showing the small part of the Northern Territory subdivided into five counties | |
| County of Roseberry | |
| Coordinates | 13°37′0″S 131°26′0″E / 13.61667°S 131.43333°E / -13.61667; 131.43333 |
| Established | 15 July 1885 |
| Footnotes | Adjoining counties |


abstract: Buffalo Township is a township in Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,883 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Buffalo Township, Wright County, Minnesota

**Buffalo Township** is a township in Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,883 at the 2020 census.

## History

Buffalo Township was organized in 1858, and named after Buffalo Lake.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 29.3 square miles (76 km2), of which 26.2 square miles (68 km2) is land and 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) (10.35%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,938 people, 622 households, and 539 families residing in the township. The population density was 73.9 inhabitants per square mile (28.5/km2). There were 638 housing units at an average density of 24.3 per square mile (9.4/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.56% White, 0.62% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 622 households, out of which 46.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.8% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.2% were non-families. 10.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.35.

In the township the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $59,531, and the median income for a family was $62,434. Males had a median income of $41,424 versus $26,944 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,972. About 0.6% of families and 1.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Buffalo Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Buffalo Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaBuffalo Township, MinnesotaBuffalo Township, Minnesota (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 45°11′29″N 93°49′47″W / 45.19139°N 93.82972°W / 45.19139; -93.82972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Wright |
| Area | |
| Total | 29.3 sq mi (75.8 km2) |
| Land | 26.2 sq mi (68.0 km2) |
| Water | 3.0 sq mi (7.8 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,030 ft (314 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,883 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 55313 |
| Area code | 763 |
| FIPS code | 27-08470 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0663696 |


title: Cyperus consors

abstract: Cyperus consors is a species of sedge that is endemic to parts of southern parts of Brazil. The species was first formally described by the botanist Charles Baron Clarke in 1908.

text:
# Cyperus consors

***Cyperus consors*** is a species of sedge that is endemic to parts of southern parts of Brazil.

The species was first formally described by the botanist Charles Baron Clarke in 1908.

## InfoBox

| *Cyperus consors* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | *Cyperus* |
| Species: | ***C. consors*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cyperus consors***<br>C.B.Clarke | |
|


title: Salmon calcitonin

abstract: Salmon calcitonin is the type of calcitonin hormone found in salmon. Similar to humans, salmon calcitonin is a peptide hormone produced in the ultimobranchial region by parafollicular cells in response to hypercalcemia and lowers blood calcium and phosphate by promoting renal excretion.

text:
# Salmon calcitonin

**Salmon calcitonin** (sCT) is the type of calcitonin hormone found in salmon.

Similar to humans, salmon calcitonin is a peptide hormone produced in the ultimobranchial region by parafollicular cells in response to hypercalcemia and lowers blood calcium and phosphate by promoting renal excretion.

## Composition

Salcatonin is composed of 32 amino acids, of which 13 differ from human calcitonin. The structure of human calcitonin and salcatonin is as follows:

*Human calcitonin:*

H-Cys1-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys7-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-lle-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro-NH2

*Salcatonin:*

H-Cys1-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys7-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro-NH2

The cysteine in the first and seventh positions form a disulfide bond.

## Therapeutic usage

Synthetic salmon calcitonin may be used therapeutically in humans, as it is twenty times more active than human calcitonin and has a longer half-life. It is used as therapy for Paget's disease, severe hypercalcemia, and in some cases, gynecomastia. It is also used as a therapy against osteoporosis working as an inhibitor of osteoclastic resorption and production of osteoclast precursors), having an effectiveness of 40-50 times that of the human analogue. Studies have shown that treatment of with salcatonin can reduce the rate of new fractures in the lumbar spine and the forearm in postmenopausal women. They may also have analgesic effects, relieving bone pain.

## Pharmaceutical salmon calcitonin formulations

Calcitonin, as salmon calcitonin (sCT), is available in the pharmaceutical market as an injectable preparation for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous application. Noninvasive sCT preparation as a nasal spray is commercially produced and received US FDA approval under the proprietary name Miacalcin® in 1975 for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The bioavailability of Miacalcin® nasal spray relative to the injectable form is between 3% and 5%. Currently, a number of sCT oral preparations are under clinical trials and at least one of them has reached Phase III of clinical approval.


title: Estudiantes de Paraná

abstract: Club Atlético Estudiantes is an amateur Argentine sports club from Paraná, Entre Ríos. The club hosts a wide range of sports disciplines such as athletics, basketball, basque pelota, field hockey, golf, polo, rugby union, softball, scuba diving, squash, swimming, tennis, gymnastics and volleyball. The rugby team currently competes in the Torneo del Litoral tournament, being one of the few clubs from Entre Ríos that take part in the competition.

text:
# Estudiantes de Paraná

**Club Atlético Estudiantes** is an amateur Argentine sports club from Paraná, Entre Ríos. The club hosts a wide range of sports disciplines such as athletics, basketball, basque pelota, field hockey, golf, polo, rugby union, softball, scuba diving, squash, swimming, tennis, gymnastics and volleyball.

The rugby team currently competes in the Torneo del Litoral tournament, being one of the few clubs from Entre Ríos that take part in the competition.

## History

"Estudiantes Football Club" was founded on 5 May 1905, by football enthusiasts of the city of Paraná, Entre Ríos Province. By 1921 the club had acquired land in the city's Parque Urquiza and began building football pitches, as well as tennis courts there.

Rugby kit

Following a controversial city hall decision, the club briefly lost hold of their installations but re-acquired them in 1929. From then on the club would start to develop teams in many sports, adding tennis and athletics to their already existing football teams, thus becoming a multi-sports club.

After football became professional in 1931, the club decided to abandon the practise of the sport to keep its amateur principles active, therefore Estudiantes encouraged the addition of other activities such as rugby union and basketball. The club also changed its name to "Club Atlético Estudiantes". Estudiantes also added swimming and waterpolo after the construction of a swimming pool in 1937.

In 1953 however, the club would go into administration and briefly disbanded, with only the rugby and basketball teams surviving. By 1955, CAE was reborn and all teams started practicing again.

Many new sports, such as volleyball or field hockey, would appear at the club in the following decades to expand the offer of activities for the members.

## Titles

### Rugby union

## Events

### Rugby U20 World Cup

In 2010 the Estudiantes' stadium was one of the three venues of the World Rugby U-20 Championship. Some pool A and pool C matches and the playoffs were played at Estudiantes' Stadium.

| Date | Round | Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 Jun | Pool A | Wales | 22–13 | Samoa |
| 9 Jun | Pool A | Wales | 31–3 | Fiji |
| 17 Jun | 9th. place | Ireland | 37–10 | Samoa |
| 17 Jun | 9th. place | Scotland | 28–8 | Tonga |
| 21 Jun | 9th. place | Samoa | 3–23 | Tonga |
| 21 Jun | 9th. place | Ireland | 53–23 | Scotland |

## InfoBox

Estudiantes (Paraná)
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Club Atlético Estudiantes |
| Founded | 5 May 1905 (1905-05-05) |
| Location | Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina |
| Affiliations | Unión Entrerriana (Rugby) |
| Activities | List |
| Chairman | Emilio Fouces |
| Colors | Black, White <br> |
| Website | caeparana.com.ar |


title: Business (song)

abstract: "Business" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album, The Eminem Show (2002). "Business" was released as the final single from the album on July 22, 2003, but it was not released as an official single in the United States.

text:
# Business (song)

"**Business**" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album, *The Eminem Show* (2002). "Business" was released as the final single from the album on July 22, 2003, but it was not released as an official single in the United States.

## Composition & reception

"Business" is a hip hop song of four minutes and eleven seconds in length. It sees Eminem comparing himself and Dr. Dre, the song's producer, to fictional crime-fighting duo Batman and Robin, a comparison first explored in the music video for the previous Eminem single "Without Me". The lyrics are backed by a "cartoonish" beat: one of several Dr. Dre productions on *The Eminem Show* which, according to CultureDose writer Marty Brown, affords Eminem a "perfect sound-scape" to inspire emotions in the listener, calling the beat "a launchpad equally effective for humor or anger". Writing for Pitchfork Media, Ethan P. noted the "cartoonish" production to be similar in style to several of Eminem's early singles, claiming it to be fitting to the Batman and Robin theme on "Business", but noted that "this time he's actually talking about Batman and Robin!!". DX Magazine editor J-23 called this "classic" with Dre beats. Kris Ex On "Business": "Em names himself the gatekeeper of hip-hop and obliquely claims to be the best rapper alive: 'The flow's too wet/Nobody close to it/Nobody says it, but everybody knows the shit.'"

## Track listing

**UK CD1**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Bump Heads" (DJ Green Lantern version) (featuring G-Unit) |  | Eminem | 4:36 |
| 3. | "Business" (live in Barcelona – video) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| Total length: | | | | 13:16 |

**UK CD2**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "The Conspiracy" (DJ Green Lantern version) (freestyle) |  |  | 5:14 |
| 3. | "Business" (live in Detroit – video) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| Total length: | | | | 13:54 |

* **UK Cassette**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Bump Heads" (DJ Green Lantern version) (featuring G-Unit) |  | Eminem | 4:36 |
| 3. | "The Conspiracy" (DJ Green Lantern version) (freestyle) |  |  | 5:14 |
| Total length: | | | | 14:10 |

**German CD single**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "The Conspiracy" (DJ Green Lantern version) (freestyle) |  |  | 5:14 |
| 3. | "Business" (instrumental) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 4. | "Business" (live in Detroit – video) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| Total length: | | | | 18:14 |

**Australian CD single**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Bump Heads" (DJ Green Lantern version) (featuring G-Unit) |  | Eminem | 4:36 |
| 3. | "Business" (live in Detroit – video) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| Total length: | | | | 13:16 |

**German 3" CD single**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "The Conspiracy" (DJ Green Lantern version) (freestyle) |  |  | 5:14 |
| Total length: | | | | 9:34 |

**The Singles version**

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Business" |  | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Bump Heads" (DJ Green Lantern version) (featuring G-Unit) |  | Eminem | 4:36 |
| 3. | "Business" (acappella) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:17 |
| 4. | "Business" (live in Barcelona – video) | * Mathers * Young * Feemster * Elizondo | Dr. Dre | 4:20 |
| Total length: | | | | 17:33 |

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 2× Platinum | 140,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

The song was used in the 2022 San Diego Comic-Con trailer of the film *Shazam! Fury of the Gods*.

## InfoBox

| "Business" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Eminem | |
| from the album  *The Eminem Show* | |
| Released | July 22, 2003 |
| Recorded | 2001 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 4:11 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Dr. Dre |
| Eminem singles chronology | |
| "Sing for the Moment"
(2003) "**Business**"
(2003) "Just Lose It"
(2004) | |


title: Coprosma rhamnoides

abstract: Coprosma rhamnoides is an endemic shrub in New Zealand. It forms a small shrub up to 2 m tall. The leaves are very small, simple and variable in shape. The inconspicuous flowers are unisexual and believed to be wind pollinated. It is widespread in occurrence and can be the dominant small leaved divaricating shrub in some locations

text:
# Coprosma rhamnoides

***Coprosma rhamnoides*** (also known as **twiggy coprosma** or **red-currant coprosma**) is an endemic shrub in New Zealand. It forms a small shrub up to 2 m tall. The leaves are very small, simple and variable in shape. The inconspicuous flowers are unisexual and believed to be wind pollinated. It is widespread in occurrence and can be the dominant small leaved divaricating shrub in some locations

## Description

It is a dense shrub. which can sprawl over rocks. It is typically less than 1 metre tall. with thin, divaricating branches. This gives a distinct twiggy appearance which accounts for the common name ‘twiggy coprosma’.

The leaves are leathery and matte with a glabrous lamina which appears reticulate on the underside where it may also be pubescent.

The opposite leaves are often in bundles with very short petioles and are 7 – 12 mm long.

The leaves are variable in size and shape. This can depend on maturity. The common broad shape leaves are orbicular. The leaves narrow quickly into the pubescent petiole. The hairs continue onto the lower area of the leaf ).

The almost microscopic stipules at the base of the leaves are also pubescent with a sharp denticle at their apices.

The branches are small, about 10mm in diameter and numerous, which makes the shrub dense. The branches are rigid and growing in many directions which creates the twiggy appearance. The bark is a reddish brown colour, and when scratched, it exposes a yellow/green colour.

The flowers are small and borne in the axils. Both male and female corollas comprise four lobed petals. The male petal is 2.7mm, whereas the female is 1.3mm long and are more narrow and funnel shaped. The male has four stamens.

The fruit are fleshy, globose berries, of a crimson or ruby red colour distributed solitarily along the branchlets.

## Geographic Distribution and habitat

*C rhamnoides* species is endemic to New Zealand and is common throughout New Zealand, except for Otago, Southland and Fiordland.

### Habitat preferences

*C.rhamnoides* prefers lowland areas, including the lower ranges of mountains around the edges of forests or in shrubland. It frequently grows as understorey vegetation of *Leptospermum* (Manuka) and *Kunzea*.

### Life cycle/Phenology

*C. rhamnoides* has a small seed with fleshy red berry surrounding it. The seedlings start to appear after two/three months Once the shrub is grown, small flowers occur. This would be during Spring from September to October. The flowers are wind pollinated. Soon after, in November, the flowers form small green berries. These berries ripen and turn red by June the next year. The berries can remain on the shrub, and over ripen as they turn a crimson or black colour.

## Environmental Conditions

*C. rhamnoides* can grow in the most hardy conditions, under high wind and weather exposure and in sunny or rainy environmental conditions

## Predators, Parasites, and Diseases

Native lizards and frugivorous birds are likely seed dispersers for this species, including kererū, tūī, korimako (bellbird), stitchbird, and weka. Introduced rodents likely eat the fruit and seed.

The leaves are appetising for mammals such as goats, deer or cattle. However, as the twiggy coprosma name suggests, the divaricating structure makes it difficult for grazers to access the leaves and berries.

A slightly more adapted herbivore to the twiggy coprosma is the ‘coprosma leaf beetle’. This species can chew holes in the young leaves. This beetle appears around Spring time on the shrub. It can jump from leaf to leaf. Other herbivorous insects include three native caterpillars. These are the Dark Coprosma Carpet moth - Austrocidaria similata Coprosma pug moth - Pasiphila sandycias Pallid Coprosma leafroller - Leucotenes coprosmae Lastly, two coprosma scale insects are herbivores of the coprosma rhamnoides.

Two gall mites are parasites of the coprosma rhamnoides and also several gall midges. The mites can cause a discolouration in the leaves. They make the leaves turn yellow.

## Other information

Coprosma rhamnoides is the most common small-leaved coprosma in New Zealand. New Zealand has approximately 30 in total.

The coprosma rhamnoides is not usually grown in gardens, likely due to the scruffy and twig-like appearance. However, if it were to be cultivated, it can grow roots from semi-hardwood cuttings when placed in the ground.

## InfoBox

| *Coprosma rhamnoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Coprosma* |
| Species: | ***C. rhamnoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coprosma rhamnoides***<br>A.Cunn. | |
|


title: Tricharia

abstract: Tricharia is a genus of lichens in the family Gomphillaceae. It has an estimated 30 species.

text:
# Tricharia

***Tricharia*** is a genus of lichens in the family Gomphillaceae. It has an estimated 30 species.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Tricharia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Tricharia santessonii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Graphidales |
| Family: | Gomphillaceae |
| Genus: | *Tricharia*
Fée (1825) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Tricharia melanothrix*
Fée (1825) | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Microxyphiomyces* Bat., Valle & Peres (1961) * *Psathyromyces* Bat. & Peres (1964) | |


title: Fahraeusia

abstract: Fahraeusia chalcea is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Fahraeusia.

text:
# Fahraeusia

***Fahraeusia chalcea*** is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus ***Fahraeusia***.

## InfoBox

| *Fahraeusia chalcea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Superfamily: | Buprestoidea |
| Family: | Buprestidae |
| Genus: | ***Fahraeusia***
Obenberger, 1936 |
| Species: | ***F. chalcea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fahraeusia chalcea***
Obenberger, 1936 | |
|


title: Bonfrancesco Arlotti

abstract:
Bonfrancesco Arlotti was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Reggio Emilia (1477–1508). On 9 June 1477, Arlotti was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus IV as Bishop of Reggio Emilia.
He served as Bishop of Reggio Emilia until his death on 7 January 1508.

text:
# Bonfrancesco Arlotti

**Bonfrancesco Arlotti** (died 7 January 1508) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Reggio Emilia (1477–1508).

On 9 June 1477, Arlotti was appointed during the papacy of Pope Sixtus IV as Bishop of Reggio Emilia. He served as Bishop of Reggio Emilia until his death on 7 January 1508.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Bonfrancesco Arlotti | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Reggio Emilia | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Reggio Emilia |
| In office | 1477–1508 |
| Predecessor | Antonio Beltrando |
| Successor | Gianluca Castellini |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 7 January 1508
Reggio Emilia, Italy |


title: Buffalo Township Public Library

abstract: The Buffalo Township Public Library, now the Polo Public Library, is a library listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the Ogle County, Illinois city of Polo. The library joined the Register in March 1995.

text:
# Buffalo Township Public Library

The **Buffalo Township Public Library**, now the **Polo Public Library**, is a library listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the Ogle County, Illinois city of Polo. The library joined the Register in March 1995.

## Architecture

The brick Buffalo Township Public Library sits atop a limestone foundation and features a ceramic tile roof. The library was constructed between 1903 and 1904 and was built by the firm of Greig & Baum. The Classical Revival building was designed by the architectural firm of Patton and Smith. Patton and Miller designed over 100 Carnegie libraries nationwide, including 15 in Illinois.

## Significance

The Buffalo Township Public Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1995, for its significance in the area of education.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Buffalo Township Public Library | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Carnegie Buffalo Township Public Library in Polo, Illinois. | |
|  | |
| Location | 302 W. Mason St., Polo, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 41°59′13″N 89°34′38″W / 41.98694°N 89.57722°W / 41.98694; -89.57722 |
| Built | 1903-04 |
| Architect | Patton & Miller |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival |
| MPS | Illinois Carnegie Libraries MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 95001236 |
| Added to NRHP | November 7, 1995 |


title: D25/26 Beijing–Qiqihar through train

abstract: The D25/26 Beijing–Qiqihar through train (Chinese:D25/26次北京到齐齐哈尔南动车组列车) is Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Qiqihar express passenger trains by the Beijing Railway Bureau, Qiqihar passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Qiqihar originating on the Beijing train. CRH5 Type Passenger trains running along the Jingha Railway, Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway and Harbin–Qiqihar Intercity Railway across Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 1530 km. Beijing railway station to Qiqihar South railway station running 10 hours and 28 minutes, use trips for D25; Qiqihar South railway station to Beijing railway station to run 9 hours and 38 minutes, use trips for D26.

text:
# D25/26 Beijing–Qiqihar through train

The **D25/26 Beijing–Qiqihar through train** (Chinese:D25/26次北京到齐齐哈尔南动车组列车) is Chinese railway running between the capital Beijing to Qiqihar express passenger trains by the Beijing Railway Bureau, Qiqihar passenger segment responsible for passenger transport task, Qiqihar originating on the Beijing train. CRH5 Type Passenger trains running along the Jingha Railway, Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway and Harbin–Qiqihar Intercity Railway across Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities, the entire 1530 km. Beijing railway station to Qiqihar South railway station running 10 hours and 28 minutes, use trips for D25; Qiqihar South railway station to Beijing railway station to run 9 hours and 38 minutes, use trips for D26.


abstract: The Women's 4 × 400 metres relay race at the 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held at March 6, 2011 at 17:15 local time.

text:
# 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay

The **Women's 4 × 400 metres relay** race at the 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held at March 6, 2011 at 17:15 local time.

## Records

| Standing records prior to the 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **World record** | Russia (RUS) | **3:23.37** | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 28 January 2006 |
| **European record** | Russia (RUS) | **3:23.37** | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 28 January 2006 |
| **Championship record** | Belarus (BLR) | **3:27.83** | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 4 March 2007 |
| **World Leading** | Texas A&M University | **3:30.70** | New York City, United States | 5 February 2011 |

## Results

The race was held at 17:15.

| Rank | Lane | Nationality | Athlete | React | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 5 | Russia | Kseniya Zadorina
Kseniya Vdovina
Yelena Migunova
Olesya Forsheva | 0.244 | 3:29.34 | WL |
|  | 4 | Great Britain | Kelly Sotherton
Lee McConnell
Marilyn Okoro
Jenny Meadows | 0.189 | 3:31.36 |  |
|  | 3 | France | Muriel Hurtis-Houairi
Laetitia Denis
Marie Gayot
Floria Gueï | 0.197 | 3:32.16 | NR |
| 4 | 2 | Italy | Giulia Arcioni
Maria Enrica Spacca
Chiara Bazzoni
Marta Milani | 0.170 | 3:33.70 | NR |
| 5 | 6 | Germany | Claudia Hoffmann
Larissa Kettenis
Wiebke Ullmann
Janin Lindenberg | 0.208 | 3:33.80 |  |
| 6 | 1 | Ukraine | Hanna Titimets
Nataliya Lupu
Darya Prystupa
Antonina Yefremova | 0.253 | 3:34.08 |  |


title: Schikorr reaction

abstract:
The Schikorr reaction formally describes the conversion of the iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)2) into iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4). This transformation reaction was first studied by Gerhard Schikorr. The global reaction follows:
  - 3 Fe ( OH ) 2 ferrous   hydroxide ⟶ Fe 3 O 4 magnetite + H 2 hydrogen + 2 H 2 O water It is of special interest in the context of the serpentinization, the formation of hydrogen by the action of water on a common mineral.

text:
# Schikorr reaction

The **Schikorr reaction** formally describes the conversion of the iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)2) into iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4). This transformation reaction was first studied by Gerhard Schikorr. The global reaction follows:

$$\ce {{\underset {ferrous\ hydroxide}{3Fe(OH)2}-\>{\underset {magnetite}{Fe3O4}+{\underset {hydrogen}{H2}+{\underset {water}{2H2O}}}}}}$$

It is of special interest in the context of the serpentinization, the formation of hydrogen by the action of water on a common mineral.

## Reaction mechanism

The *Schikorr reaction* can be viewed as two distinct processes:

* the anaerobic oxidation of two Fe(II) (Fe2+) into Fe(III) (Fe3+) by the protons of water. The reduction of two water protons is accompanied by the production of molecular hydrogen (H2), and;
* the loss of two water molecules from the iron(II) and iron(III) hydroxides giving rise to its dehydration and to the formation of a thermodynamically more stable phase iron(II,III) oxide.

The global reaction can thus be decomposed in half redox reactions as follows:

2 (Fe2+ → Fe3+ \+ e) (oxidation of 2 iron(II) ions) 2 (H2O + e → ½ H2 \+ OH) (reduction of 2 water protons)

to give:

2 Fe2+ \+ 2 H2O → 2 Fe3+ \+ H2 \+ 2 OH

Adding to this reaction one intact iron(II) ion for each two oxidized iron(II) ions leads to:

3 Fe2+ \+ 2 H2O → Fe2+ \+ 2 Fe3+ \+ H2 \+ 2 OH

Electroneutrality requires the iron cations on both sides of the equation to be counterbalanced by 6 hydroxyl anions (OH):

3 Fe2+ \+ 6 OH \+ 2 H2O → Fe2+ \+ 2 Fe3+ \+ H2 \+ 8 OH 3 Fe(OH)2 \+ 2 H2O → Fe(OH)2 \+ 2 Fe(OH)3 \+ H2

For completing the main reaction, two companion reactions have still to be taken into account:

The autoprotolysis of the hydroxyl anions; a proton exchange between two OH, like in a classical acid–base reaction:

OH \+ OH → O2− \+ H2O acid 1 + base 2 → base 1 + acid 2, or also, 2 OH → O2− \+ H2O

it is then possible to reorganize the global reaction as:

3 Fe(OH)2 \+ 2 H2O → (FeO + H2O) + (Fe2O3 \+ 3 H2O) + H2 3 Fe(OH)2 \+ 2 H2O → FeO + Fe2O3 \+ 4 H2O + H2 3 Fe(OH)2 → FeO + Fe2O3 \+ 2 H2O + H2

Considering then the formation reaction of iron(II,III) oxide:

$$\ce {Fe^{II}O + Fe^{III}2O3 -\> Fe3O4}$$

it is possible to write the balanced global reaction:

3 Fe(OH)2 → (FeO·Fe2O3) + 2 H2O + H2

in its final form, known as the *Schikorr reaction*:

3 Fe(OH)2 → Fe3O4 \+ 2 H2O + H2

## Occurrences

The Schikorr reaction can occur in the process of anaerobic corrosion of iron and carbon steel in various conditions.

Anaerobic corrosion of metallic iron to give iron(II) hydroxide and hydrogen:

3 (Fe + 2 H2O → Fe(OH)2 \+ H2)

followed by the Schikorr reaction:

3 Fe(OH)2 → Fe3O4 \+ 2 H2O + H2

give the following global reaction:

3 Fe + 6 H2O → Fe3O4 \+ 2 H2O + 4 H2 3 Fe + 4 H2O → Fe3O4 \+ 4 H2

At low temperature, the anaerobic corrosion of iron can give rise to the formation of "green rust" (fougerite) an unstable layered double hydroxide (LDH). In function of the geochemical conditions prevailing in the environment of the corroding steel, iron(II) hydroxide and green rust can progressively transform in iron(II,III) oxide, or if bicarbonate ions are present in solution, they can also evolve towards more stable carbonate phases such as iron carbonate (FeCO3), or iron(II) hydroxycarbonate (Fe2(OH)2(CO3), chukanovite) isomorphic to copper(II) hydroxycarbonate (Cu2(OH)2(CO3), malachite) in the copper system.

## Application fields

Anaerobic oxidation of iron and steel commonly finds place in oxygen-depleted environments, such as in permanently water-saturated soils, peat bogs or wetlands in which archaeological iron artefacts are often found.

Anaerobic oxidation of carbon steel of canisters and overpacks is also expected to occur in deep geological formations in which high-level radioactive waste and spent fuels should be ultimately disposed. Nowadays, in the frame of the corrosion studies related to HLW disposal, anaerobic corrosion of steel is receiving a renewed and continued attention. Indeed, it is essential to understand this process to guarantee the total containment of HLW waste in an engineered barrier during the first centuries or millennia when the radiotoxicity of the waste is high and when it emits a significant quantity of heat.

The question is also relevant for the corrosion of the reinforcement bars (rebars) in concrete (Aligizaki *et al.*, 2000). This deals then with the service life of concrete structures, amongst others the near-surface vaults intended for hosting low-level radioactive waste.

## Hydrogen evolution

The slow but continuous production of hydrogen in deep low-permeability argillaceous formations could represent a problem for the long-term disposal of radioactive waste (Ortiz *et al.*, 2001; Nagra, 2008; recent Nagra NTB reports). Indeed, a gas pressure build-up could occur if the rate of hydrogen production by the anaerobic corrosion of carbon-steel and by the subsequent transformation of green rust into magnetite should exceed the rate of diffusion of dissolved H2 in the pore water of the formation. The question is presently the object of many studies (King, 2008; King and Kolar, 2009; Nagra Technical Reports 2000–2009) in the countries (Belgium, Switzerland, France, Canada) envisaging the option of disposal in clay formation.

## Hydrogen embrittlement of steel alloys

When nascent hydrogen is produced by anaerobic corrosion of iron by the protons of water, the atomic hydrogen can diffuse into the metal crystal lattice because of the existing concentration gradient. After diffusion, hydrogen atoms can recombine into molecular hydrogen giving rise to the formation of high-pressure micro-bubbles of H2 in the metallic lattice. The trends to expansion of H2 bubbles and the resulting tensile stress can generate cracks in the metallic alloys sensitive to this effect also known as hydrogen embrittlement. Several recent studies (Turnbull, 2009; King, 2008; King and Kolar, 2009) address this question in the frame of the radioactive waste disposal in Switzerland and Canada.

3 Fe2SiO4 \+ 2 H2O → 2 Fe3O4 \+ 3 SiO2 \+ 3 H2

## Further reading

* Aligizaki, Kalliopi K.; Mario R. de Rooij; Digby D. Macdonald (December 2000). "Analysis of iron oxides accumulating at the interface between aggregates and cement paste". *Cement and Concrete Research*. **30** (12): 1941–1945. doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00392-6. ISSN 0008-8846.

* Ardizzone, S.; L. Formaro (February 1983). "Temperature induced phase transformation of metastable Fe(OH)3 in the presence of ferrous ions". *Materials Chemistry and Physics*. **8** (2): 125–133. doi:10.1016/0254-0584(83)90046-9. ISSN 0254-0584.

* King, F.; M. Kolar (2009). "Theory manual for the steel corrosion model version 1.0. NWMO TR-2009-07 March 2009". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)

* Odziemkowski, M. S.; T. T. Schuhmacher; R. W. Gillham; E. J. Reardon (1998). "Mechanism of oxide film formation on iron in simulating groundwater solutions: Raman spectroscopic studies". *Corrosion Science*. **40** (2–3): 371–389. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(97)00141-8. ISSN 0010-938X.

* Ortiz, L.; G. Volckaert; D. Mallants (May 2002). "Gas generation and migration in Boom Clay, a potential host rock formation for nuclear waste storage". *Engineering Geology*. **64** (2–3): 287–296. doi:10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00107-7. ISSN 0013-7952.

* Regazzoni, A. E.; G. A. Urrutia; M. A. Blesa; A. J. G. Maroto (1981). "Some observations on the composition and morphology of synthetic magnetites obtained by different routes". *Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry*. **43** (7): 1489–1493. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(81)80322-3. ISSN 0022-1902.

For detailed reports on iron corrosion issues related to high-level waste disposal, see the following links:


title: Rajbari National Park

abstract: Rajbari (Bison) National Park is a national park in the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, in Tripura, India. It covers an area of about 31.63 square kilometres (12.21 sq mi).

text:
# Rajbari National Park

**Rajbari (Bison) National Park** is a national park in the Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary, in Tripura, India. It covers an area of about 31.63 square kilometres (12.21 sq mi).

## Biodiversity

The park is very famous across the country owing to its picturesque surroundings. It is one of the many places in India where one could witness Mother Nature at her best. One can expect to come across various wild animals including the world-famous Indian Gaur (also known as bison), deer, Golden langurs, Pheasants, and many such endearing species. The Bison reserve was entrenched in the Sanctuary to protect the endangered species. With the establishment of this reserve, the primary goal was to restore the natural living habitat of the Bison and strengthening laws put forth for the protection of them from poachers. The park receives plenty of water from the many rivulets and water bodies situated in the sanctuary. This supply for water ensures a regular and constant supply for nourishment to the plant and animal species.

## Flora and fauna

The sort of vegetation found in the Sanctuary is of great diversity. There are several herbs, shrubs, tree species, climbers etc. To be exact, there are 230 trees, 110 shrubs, 150 climbers and 400 herbs found in the sanctuary. Four types of forests can be found in this Sanctuary, they are

* Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forest,
* East Himalayan lower Bhabar sal,
* Moist mixed deciduous Forest
* Savannah woodland.

Bamboo is abundantly available in this sanctuary, as they are a big favourite among the bison. Along with this, the park is known to have a rich floral diversity as well, and many of these species have immense medicinal value, such as Tulsi, Rudraksha, Kalmegh and many more
Bison, gibbons, langurs, wild boars, wild cats, leopards etc. are some of the animal species that can be spotted at the Park. One must also keep a lookout for the captivating Pheasant-tailed Jacana, White-breasted Kingfisher, Indian Black drongo, Tailorbird, Jungle Myna, Hornbill, Doves, and many such species.

## InfoBox

| Rajbari National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Tripura, IndiaLocation in India | |
| Location | Tripura, India |
| Nearest town | Belonia |
| Coordinates | 23°17′N 91°24′E / 23.28°N 91.40°E / 23.28; 91.40 |
| Area | 31.63 square kilometres (12.21 sq mi) |
| Established | 2007 (2007) |
| Governing body | Tripura Forest Development & Plantation Corporation Limited |


title: Stick to the Status Quo

abstract: "Stick to the Status Quo" is a song from the Disney Channel Original Movie High School Musical. The song also appears on the soundtrack by the same name. It is sung by the minor cast of High School Musical after it is discovered that Troy Bolton, the protagonist of the film and captain of the school's varsity basketball team, auditioned for the winter musical Twinkle Towne. The song was also included in performances of High School Musical: The Concert, and its live album (2007). The song expresses frustration at the social hierarchy known as cliques for not allowing individuals from different cliques to interact or share interests, therefore the characters' verses challenge the status quo while the song's chorus defends it.

text:
# Stick to the Status Quo

"**Stick to the Status Quo**" is a song from the Disney Channel Original Movie *High School Musical*. The song also appears on the soundtrack by the same name. It is sung by the minor cast of *High School Musical* after it is discovered that Troy Bolton, the protagonist of the film and captain of the school's varsity basketball team, auditioned for the winter musical *Twinkle Towne*. The song was also included in performances of High School Musical: The Concert, and its live album (2007). The song expresses frustration at the social hierarchy known as cliques for not allowing individuals from different cliques to interact or share interests, therefore the characters' verses challenge the *status quo* while the song's chorus defends it.

## Charts and certifications

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2006–07) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Italy (FIMI) | 50 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 74 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 43 |
| US Pop 100 (*Billboard*) | 37 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000* |
| * Sales figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Stick to the Status Quo" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by *High School Musical* cast | |
| from the album  *High School Musical* | |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 4:28 |
| Label | Walt Disney |
| Songwriter(s) | David Lawrence and Faye Greenberg |
| Producer(s) | Faye Greenberg |


title: Ellekappa

abstract: Laura Pellegrini, best known as Ellekappa, is an Italian editorial cartoonist, comic artist and illustrator.

text:
# Ellekappa

**Laura Pellegrini** (born 12 November 1955), best known as **Ellekappa**, is an Italian editorial cartoonist, comic artist and illustrator.

## Life and career

Born in Rome, Pellegrini graduated from a fashion school for stylists before being employed as a clerk in a ministerial office. First close to anarchism and later to the Italian Communist Party, she made her comic debut in the political magazine *Città futura*. Since then she collaborated with numerous high-profile newspapers and magazines, notably *Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica, L'Unità, Il manifesto, Il Male, Linus, Cuore, Tango, Noi donne*. She also served as a collaborating writer in several satirical shows, notably *Striscia la notizia* and *Drive In*.

The main subjects of Ellekappa's generally black-and-white cartoons are two people, often women, discussing the daily events in a harsh and bitter tone, in a dialog generally consisting of just two lines. In 2007, she was awarded the Flaiano Prize for satire.

1. Zanatta, Sara; Zaghini, Samanta; Guzzetta, Eleonora (2009). "Ellekappa: una donna in prima linea". *Le donne del fumetto: l'altra metà dei comics italiani : temi, autrici, personaggi al femminile* (in Italian). Tunué. pp. 267–9. ISBN 978-88-89613-36-8.
2. "Ellekappa". *Enciclopedia Treccani* (in Italian). Retrieved 21 October 2023.
3. Dell’Arti, Giorgio; Parrini, Massimo. "Ellekappa" *Catalogo dei viventi*. Marsilio, 2009. ISBN 9788831795999.

## InfoBox

| Ellekappa | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Laura Pellegrini
12 November 1955 (1955-11-12) (age 68)
Rome, Italy |
| Occupation | Cartoonist |


title: Fall in Love Again

abstract: "Fall in Love Again" is Ms. Dynamite's second and final single from her second album, Judgement Days. It features a sample from When I Fall in Love by Ken Boothe.

text:
# Fall in Love Again

"**Fall in Love Again**" is Ms. Dynamite's second and final single from her second album, *Judgement Days*. It features a sample from When I Fall in Love by Ken Boothe.

## Track listing

Fall in Love Again
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Judgement Day" | 4:23 |

## Credits and personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 2006 | Digital download | Polydor Records |

## InfoBox

| "Fall in Love Again" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Ms. Dynamite | |
| from the album  *Judgement Days* | |
| Released | 2006 |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Hip hop, rap |
| Length | 4:23 |
| Label | Polydor Records |
| Songwriter(s) | Reza Safinia, Ken Boothe, Niomi McLean-Daley |
| Producer(s) | Reza Safinia |
| Ms. Dynamite singles chronology | |
| "Judgement Day" / "Father"
(2005) "**Fall in Love Again**"
(2006) "Wile Out"
(2010) | |


title: Roszheldorproject

abstract: JSC Roszheldorproject is a Russian company which carries out design and survey works for construction, overhaul and renovation projects in railway, industrial, social and cultural spheres, for construction and renovation of commercial property and residential constructions. The company was formed in 2006 through the merger of design and research institutes, which were formerly a part of JSC Russian Railways. The institutes of Roszheldorproject perform the full range of works for the integrated design of railway infrastructure and socially significant facilities. The company takes an active part in the implementation of global high speed rail project. Roszeldorproject was the general designer for a number of infrastructure transport projects that were key projects of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014.

text:
# Roszheldorproject

**JSC Roszheldorproject** is a Russian company which carries out design and survey works for construction, overhaul and renovation projects in railway, industrial, social and cultural spheres, for construction and renovation of commercial property and residential constructions.

The company was formed in 2006 through the merger of design and research institutes, which were formerly a part of JSC Russian Railways (in December, 2014 the company changed the type of business entity from OJSC to JSC according to Russian legislation). The institutes of Roszheldorproject perform the full range of works for the integrated design of railway infrastructure and socially significant facilities. The company takes an active part in the implementation of global high speed rail project. Roszeldorproject was the general designer for a number of infrastructure transport projects that were key projects of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014.

## Structure

Today, the company consists of 20 branches:

* Giprotransput,
* Giprotranssignalsvyaz,
* Dalzheldorproject,
* Zheldorproject Povolzhya,
* Zabaykalzheldorproject,
* Irkutskzheldorproject,
* Kavzheldorproject,
* Krasnoyarskzheldorproject,
* Lengiprotransput,
* Moszheldorproject,
* Nizhegorodzheldorproject,
* Saratovzheldorproject,
* Sibgiprotransput,
* Sibzheldorproject,
* Transelectroproject,
* Uralzheldorproject,
* Chelyabzheldorproject,
* Yugovoszheldorproject,
* Yaroslavzheldorproject,
* Zheldorenergo

Dalgiprotrans (a subsidiary company) and regional divisions.

## Projects

### Current projects

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
|  |  |
|  |  |

* Development of railway infrastructure in Eastern Polygon of JSC Russian Railways (renovation of the Trans-Siberian and the Baikal-Amur mainlines);
* Reconstruction and development of Small Moscow railway ring. Organization of passenger railway service;
* Complex renovation of railway stations and design of transport and transit centers for Moscow railway junction and Russian regions;
* Development of railway infrastructure to improve urban and suburban transport services at Yaroslavskoe, Gorkovskoe, Kurskoe, Kazanskoe, Paveletskoe, Kievskoe directions;
* Arrangements to increase railway traffic speed at the directions to Odintsovo, Usovo, Novopredelkino;
* Construction of side railway tracksand electrification of the Vyborg –Primorsk – Ermilovo section of the Oktyabrskaya Railway;
* Complex renovation of railway tracks on approaches to sea ports of Black and Baltic sea;
* Development of railway infrastructure of the Tobolsk – Surgut –Korotchaevo section of the Sverdlovskaya Railway;
* Complex development of the Mezhdurechensk – Taishet section of the Krasnoyarskaya Railway.

### Several completed projects in Russia

* Arrangement of railway connection Sochi – Adler – Sochi airport and construction of a new segment Adler – Sochi airport as a part of transport system of Sochi-2014 Olympic objects;
* Renovation of concert hall in Omsk Region at 27a Lenina Str., Omsk
* Complex renovation of railway stations of Moscow railway junction;
* Complex renovation of Saint Petersburg — Moscow railway line to adapt to high speed passenger trains;
* Organization of passenger terminals for airline passenger check-in and transportation at Belorussky, Savyolovsky, Paveletsky and Kievsky railway terminals in Moscow
* Arrangement of high speed passenger communication at Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod direction
* Construction of orthodox church, Promyshlennaya Str., Lesosibirsk
* Construction of orthodox Church in Bolotnoe, Bolotnoe district, Novosibirsk Region
* Reconstruction of General Education School No. 56
* Construction of recreation facilities and rehabilitation centers
* Reconstruction of the Finlyandsky Railway Bridge on the river Neva in Saint Petersburg
* Construction of a new line at the Zhuravka – Millerovo section; completed 2017-08-07, 122.5 km double-track, 25 kV 50 Hz, maximum speed of 160 km/h, cost 56 billion RUB.

### Major projects abroad

## InfoBox

Roszheldorproject
|
|  |
| Native name | АО «Росжелдорпроект» |
| Company type | Joint-stock company |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Headquarters | Russia: Moscow |
| Revenue | $441 million (2017) |
| Operating income | $65.4 million (2017) |
| Net income | $46.4 million (2017) |
| Total assets | $32 million (2017) |
| Total equity | $104 million (2017) |
| Number of employees | More than 6100 (December 2015) |
| Website | rzdp.com |


title: Sally Shaywitz

abstract: Sally Shaywitz is an American physician-scientist who is the Audrey G. Ratner Professor in Learning Development at Yale University. She is the co-founder and co-director of the Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity. Her research provides the framework for modern understanding of dyslexia.

text:
# Sally Shaywitz

**Sally Shaywitz** (born 1942) is an American physician-scientist who is the Audrey G. Ratner Professor in Learning Development at Yale University. She is the co-founder and co-director of the Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity. Her research provides the framework for modern understanding of dyslexia.

## Early life and education

Shaywitz was born and raised in The Bronx. She is the daughter of two Eastern European immigrants. Her father was a dressmaker and her mother a homemaker. She earned her undergraduate degree at City College of New York, and originally considered a career in law. She was accepted early to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. That year her mother was diagnosed with endometrial cancer, and died just before Shaywitz started her medical studies. When Shaywitz joined medical school, she was one of four women in a class of one hundred students. Shaywitz completed her residency in pediatrics and developmental pediatrics. Alongside completing her training, Shaywitz had three children, whom she raised in Westport, Connecticut.

## Research and career

Shaywitz started her medical career seeing patients out of her home in suburban Connecticut. She was eventually recruited by Yale University to look after patients with learning disorders, including dyslexia. In 1979 she was recruited by Yale University to see patients with learning disorders, including dyslexia. Her research involves longitudinal epidemiological and neurobiological studies. In 1983 she started tracking a random cohort of children continuously from kindergarten to their current age in their 40s. The longitudinal study data also showed that the achievement gap in reading between typical and dyslexic students occurs early – in first grade and persists. This finding impelled her to develop an evidence-based efficient screener to identify at risk beginning in kindergarten.

In 1983 she started tracking a cohort of people from kindergarten to adulthood, a study which became known as The Connecticut Longitudinal Study. She showed that boys and girls were equally as likely to be affected by dyslexia. These studies allowed Shaywitz to identify a neural signature of dyslexia, as well as demonstrating that dyslexia is not simply a reading disorder young people 'outgrow'. According to Shaywitz, dyslexia arises due to inefficient function in the neural systems responsible for skilled reading. Shaywitz developed the "Sea of Strengths" model, which explains that dyslexia is a deficit in language processing. Her research identified that there is no connection between dyslexia and intelligence so that you can be very smart and still read very slowly.

In 2003 Shaywitz published *Overcoming Dyslexia*, a book which helps people identify, understand and overcome challenges in reading. In 2020 she, together with her son, psychiatrist, Jonathan Shaywitz, published the much updated Overcoming Dyslexia 2nd edition.

## Awards and honors

## Selected publications

As of 2018, the definition of dyslexia as unexpected is codified in U.S. federal law (U.S. Public Law 115-391): *The term “dyslexia” means an unexpected difficulty in reading for an individual who has the intelligence to be a much better reader, most commonly caused by a difficulty in the phonological processing (the appreciation of the individual sounds of spoken language), which affects the ability of an individual to speak, read, and spell*.

* Sally E. Shaywitz; Bennett A. Shaywitz; Jack M. Fletcher; Michael D. Escobar (22 August 1990). "Prevalence of Reading Disability in Boys and Girls". *JAMA*. **264** (8): 998. doi:10.1001/JAMA.1990.03450080084036. ISSN 0098-7484. Wikidata Q105531840.
* Sally E Shaywitz; Bennett A Shaywitz (1 June 2005). "Dyslexia (specific reading disability)". *Biological Psychiatry*. list of psychiatry journals. **57** (11): 1301–1309. doi:10.1016/J.BIOPSYCH.2005.01.043. ISSN 0006-3223. PMID 15950002. Wikidata Q30991872.

## Personal life

Shaywitz is married to Bennett Shaywitz, a pediatric neurologist who headed that section at Yale from 1976 to 2015 and with whom she co-founded the Yale Center for Dyslexia & Creativity. They met and were married in 1963.

## InfoBox

| Sally E. Shaywitz | |
| --- | --- |
| Shaywitz in 2016 | |
| Born | 1942 (age 8182)
The Bronx |
| Alma mater | City University of New York
Albert Einstein College of Medicine |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | Yale University |
|  | |


abstract: The Women's 200m Breaststroke event at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games occurred on July 17, 2006 at the S.U. Pedro de Heredia Aquatic Complex in Cartagena, Colombia.

text:
# Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's 200 metre breaststroke

The **Women's 200m Breaststroke** event at the **2006 Central American and Caribbean Games** occurred on July 17, 2006 at the S.U. Pedro de Heredia Aquatic Complex in Cartagena, Colombia.

## Records

| World Record | Leisel Jones (AUS) | **2:21.72** | 2005-07-29 | Montreal, Canada |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CAC Record | Adriana Marmolejo (MEX) | **2:37.12** | 1998-08-10 | Maracaibo |

## Results

### Final

| Place | Swimmer | Country | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Adriana Marmolejo | Mexico | 2:34.59 | GR |
| 2 | Alia Atkinson | Jamaica | 2:38.31 |  |
| 3 | Daniela Victoria | Venezuela | 2:39.81 |  |
| 4 | Alba Álvarez | Mexico | 2:41.54 |  |
| 5 | Corina Gonçalves | Venezuela | 2:44.59 |  |
| 6 | Alicia Lightbourne | Bahamas | 2:45.22 |  |
| 7 | Kimba Collymore | Trinidad and Tobago | 2:49.42 |  |
| 8 | Monica Álvarez | Colombia | 2:53.09 |  |
|

### Preliminaries

| Rank | Swimmer | Country | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Adriana Marmolejo | Mexico | 2:37.99 | **Q** |
| 2 | Alba Álvarez | Mexico | 2:39.12 | **Q** |
| 3 | Alia Atkinson | Jamaica | 2:41.66 | **Q** |
| 4 | Daniela Victoria | Venezuela | 2:42.85 | **Q** |
| 5 | Corina Gonçalves | Venezuela | 2:45.19 | **Q** |
| 6 | Alicia Lightbourne | Bahamas | 2:45.55 | **Q** |
| 7 | Kimba Collymore | Trinidad and Tobago | 2:47.49 | **Q** |
| 8 | Monica Álvarez | Colombia | 2:50.76 | **Q** |
|  | | | | |
| 9 | Alexis Jordan | Barbados | 2:51.81 |  |
| 10 | Adrienne Indira Fraser | Aruba | 2:53.68 |  |
| 11 | Teisha Lightbourne | Bahamas | 2:53.84 |  |
| 12 | Danielle Beaubrun | Saint Lucia | 2:54.23 |  |
| 13 | Chinyere Pigot | Suriname | 2:59.43 |  |
| -- | Nilshaira Isenia | Netherlands Antilles | DNS |  |
|


title: Salt Point, New York

abstract: Salt Point is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in the Town of Pleasant Valley, Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 202. It lies northeast of Poughkeepsie following New York Route 115, the Salt Point Turnpike. East of Salt Point, the Taconic State Parkway allows for access to many of the surrounding towns and communities, with easy travel to New York City. The area code is 845.

text:
# Salt Point, New York

**Salt Point** is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in the Town of Pleasant Valley, Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 202. It lies northeast of Poughkeepsie following New York Route 115, the Salt Point Turnpike. East of Salt Point, the Taconic State Parkway allows for access to many of the surrounding towns and communities, with easy travel to New York City. The area code is 845.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 202 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

## Parks and recreation

The following parks are located within the general Salt Point area:

* Helen Aldrich Park, part of the Pleasant Valley town recreation system of parks
* Frances J. Mark Memorial Park, located in Clinton
* Friends' Park, also in Clinton

## Communities and locations around Salt Point

* Netherwood—A location southwest of Salt Point.
* Pleasant Valley—A hamlet southwest of Salt Point.
* Washington Hollow—A hamlet near the southeastern town line. It was the former location of the Dutchess County Fair.
* Hibernia—A location east of Salt Point.

| *Northwest:*
Pleasant Plains | *North:*
Clinton Hollow | *Northeast:*
Clinton Corners |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *West:*
Netherwood | **Salt Point** | *East:*
Hibernia |
| *Southwest:*
Pleasant Valley | *South:*
Lagrange &
Freedom Plains | *Southeast:*
Millbrook &
Washington Hollow |

## InfoBox

| Salt Point, New York | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Location of Salt Point, New York | |
| Coordinates: 41°48′22″N 73°47′41″W / 41.80611°N 73.79472°W / 41.80611; -73.79472 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| County | Dutchess County |
| Town | Pleasant Valley |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.83 sq mi (2.16 km2) |
| Land | 0.83 sq mi (2.15 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 250 ft (80 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 202 |
| Density | 243.67/sq mi (94.05/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
| FIPS code | 36-64892 |


title: Schilberg, Echt-Susteren

abstract: Schilberg is a neighborhood in the Dutch Limburgish village of Echt. It is home to Our Lady of Schilberg, a chapel and pilgrimage site. It was home to 1,870 people in 2021.

text:
# Schilberg, Echt-Susteren

**Schilberg** (Limburgish: Sjaelberg) is a neighborhood in the Dutch Limburgish village of Echt. It is home to Our Lady of Schilberg, a chapel and pilgrimage site. It was home to 1,870 people in 2021.

## Etymology

Schilberg was first mentioned around 1300 as Scheylberg, and means "leaning hill".

## Description

The neighborhood lies west of Pey village center and the N276 and east of Echt and the Roermond-Sittard railroad line. In the southeast lies the hamlet of Slek, in the northeast lies the residential area of Hingen. Schilberg is partly surrounded by agricultural fields, within walking distance from nature reserves. When the neighborhood was still rural, it consisted mainly of farmhouses and small houses for miners and employees of neighboring tile factories. The buildings were concentrated on the junction of Bosstraat and Heerweg. Most of the small houses have now disappeared. The buildings now vary from blocks of flats in the north, terraced houses just south of them, many detached and semi-detached houses and a few rows of terraced houses in the rest of the district.

It used to be a hamlet with a population of 63 people in 1840, but has become part of the town of Echt. The Chapel of Our Lady has been a site of pilgrimage since the 16th century. It used to be an independent parish until 1932 when it was merged into Echt.

## InfoBox

| Schilberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| The Onze Lieve-Vrouw Chapel in Schilberg | |
| SchilbergLocation in the NetherlandsSchilbergLocation in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands | |
| Coordinates: 51°06′04″N 5°52′43″E / 51.1010°N 5.8786°E / 51.1010; 5.8786 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Limburg |
| Municipality | Echt-Susteren |
| Town | Pey |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.88 km2 (0.34 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 1,870 |
| Density | 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 6101 |
| Dialing code | 0475 |


title: San Martino al Vento

abstract: San Martino al Vento is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Gaiole in Chianti, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 41. San Martino al Vento is about 28 km from Siena and 6 km from Gaiole in Chianti.

text:
# San Martino al Vento

**San Martino al Vento** is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Gaiole in Chianti, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 41.

San Martino al Vento is about 28 km from Siena and 6 km from Gaiole in Chianti.

## InfoBox

| San Martino al Vento | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
| View of San Martino al Vento | |
| San Martino al VentoLocation of San Martino al Vento in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 43°26′13″N 11°26′52″E / 43.43694°N 11.44778°E / 43.43694; 11.44778 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Tuscany |
| Province | Siena (SI) |
| *Comune* | Gaiole in Chianti |
| Elevation | 485 m (1,591 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 41 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Stick to Your Guns (film)

abstract: Stick to Your Guns is a 1941 American western film directed by Lesley Selander, written by J. Benton Cheney, and starring William Boyd, Andy Clyde, Brad King, Jennifer Holt, Dick Curtis, Weldon Heyburn, and Henry Hall. It was released on September 17, 1941, by Paramount Pictures.

text:
# Stick to Your Guns (film)

***Stick to Your Guns*** is a 1941 American western film directed by Lesley Selander, written by J. Benton Cheney, and starring William Boyd, Andy Clyde, Brad King, Jennifer Holt, Dick Curtis, Weldon Heyburn, and Henry Hall. It was released on September 17, 1941, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Stick to Your Guns | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Lesley Selander |
| Screenplay by | J. Benton Cheney |
| Produced by | Harry Sherman |
| Starring | William Boyd
Andy Clyde
Brad King
Jennifer Holt
Dick Curtis
Weldon Heyburn
Henry Hall |
| Cinematography | Russell Harlan |
| Edited by | Carroll Lewis |
| Music by | John Leipold |
| Production
company | Harry Sherman Productions |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * September 17, 1941 (1941-09-17) |
| Running time | 63 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Elizabeth T. Clement

abstract: Elizabeth Ann "Beth" Tripp Clement is an American lawyer who serves as the chief justice of Michigan since 2022. She has served as an associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017, after being appointed by Governor Rick Snyder.

text:
# Elizabeth T. Clement

**Elizabeth Ann "Beth" Tripp Clement** (born October 8, 1977) is an American lawyer who serves as the chief justice of Michigan since 2022. She has served as an associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017, after being appointed by Governor Rick Snyder.

## Biography

Clement graduated from Michigan State University in 1999 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science, and she earned her Juris Doctor from the Michigan State University College of Law in 2002. She owned and operated a private firm, Clement Law, PLLC, from 2002 to 2006, where she represented individuals and businesses primarily in the areas of family law, adoption, probate, estate planning, and criminal law.

## Career

### Legislative

Clement served in both legislative and executive branches of the Michigan government before being appointed to the bench. Before opening her own firm, Clement served as a legislative aide to State Senate Majority Floor Leader Mike Rogers and a policy advisor and legal counsel to state Senate Majority Leader Mike Bishop from 2006 through 2010.

In 2011, Clement joined the administration of Michigan's new governor, Rick Snyder, as deputy legal counsel. In 2014, Clement was promoted to deputy chief of staff and added the position of Snyder's cabinet secretary in 2015. She was promoted to Snyder's chief legal counsel in a staff shakeup by Snyder amidst the Flint water crisis in April 2016.

### Judicial

On November 1, 2017, Justice Joan Larsen was confirmed by the United States Senate to serve as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Larsen resigned from the Michigan Supreme Court soon after and received her commission on November 8, 2017. Clement was first mentioned as a potential candidate by the Gongwer News Service on November 1, 2017, and Clement's appointment was leaked to the press on November 15, 2017. Snyder formally appointed Clement to the Michigan Supreme Court on November 17, 2017. Clement is the third woman to serve in this seat on the Court during its eight-year term that was last up for election in 2010. Mary Beth Kelly was elected in November 2010, but announced her resignation from the Court in August 2015, to return to private practice effective October 1, 2015. Following Larsen's appointment by Snyder in October 2015, Larsen was elected to fill the remaining two years of Kelly's term in November 2016. After Larsen's resignation Clement served 12 months of the final 14 months of the term before she was elected to a full eight-year term in November 2018.

Early in her tenure on the court, Clement faced backlash from conservative activists over her being one of two Snyder appointees (along with Justice David Viviano) to join the Court's two Democratic justices to allow a proposal that would create an independent commission to draw the state's Congressional boundaries to proceed to the November ballot.

There was speculation that the Michigan Republican Party might have not endorsed Clement or nominated another candidate in her place. (Though candidates for the Michigan Supreme Court run on the non-partisan section of the ballot, the major two political parties nominate candidates for each seat) Clement was booed at the Michigan Republican Convention in August 2018 when her name was brought up for nomination for a full term, but she was nominated for a full term along with fellow incumbent Justice Kurtis T. Wilder. Clement later said she faced "bullying" and unusual "outside pressure" to vote to keep the redistricting proposal off the ballot. Clement's name and picture were even kept off literature distributed by volunteers before the 2018 mid-term elections, a decision a Michigan GOP spokesman said was driven by the fact that some volunteers felt uncomfortable supporting Clement. Despite this opposition, Clement was the only person nominated by the Michigan Republican Party to win a statewide election in 2018.

## Personal life

Clement resides in East Lansing, Michigan with her husband and four children. Her husband, Thomas P. Clement, has served as general counsel to the Michigan Supreme Court since May 2016.

## Electoral history

Michigan Supreme Court election, 2018
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Non-partisan | **Elizabeth T. Clement (incumbent)** | **1,871,462** | **29.88** |
|  | Non-partisan | **Megan Cavanagh** | **1,584,512** | **25.3** |
|  | Non-partisan | Kurtis T. Wilder (incumbent) | 1,519,394 | 24.26 |
|  | Non-partisan | Samuel Bagenstos | 717,062 | 11.45 |
|  | Non-partisan | Kerry Lee Morgan | 360,858 | 5.76 |
|  | Non-partisan | Doug Dern | 209,103 | 3.34 |

## InfoBox

| Beth Clement | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
November 22, 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Bridget Mary McCormack |
| Associate Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
November 17, 2017 | |
| Appointed by | Rick Snyder |
| Preceded by | Joan Larsen |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Elizabeth Ann Tripp
(1977-10-08) October 8, 1977 |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Thomas Clement |
| Children | 4 |
| Education | Michigan State University (BA, JD) |
|  | |


title: Faiava Island

abstract: Faiava Island is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia. Faiava Island lies in the atoll of Ouvéa, several yards off the pass separating Ouvéa Island and Mouli Island. The tiny Faiava Island has a land area of only around 0.2 km⁲. At the 1996 census there were 42 people living on the island.

text:
# Faiava Island

**Faiava Island** (also known as **Wasaü**) is one of the Loyalty Islands, in the archipelago of New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The island is part of the commune (municipality) of Ouvéa, in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia.

Faiava Island lies in the atoll of Ouvéa, several yards off the pass separating Ouvéa Island and Mouli Island. The tiny Faiava Island has a land area of only around 0.2 km2 (50 acres). At the 1996 census there were 42 people living on the island.

20°42′33″S 166°28′10″E / 20.70917°S 166.46944°E / -20.70917; 166.46944


title: Rotalier

abstract: Rotalier is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

text:
# Rotalier

**Rotalier** (French pronunciation: \[ʁɔtalje\]) is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 157 |  |
| 1975 | 167 | +0.89% |
| 1982 | 166 | −0.09% |
| 1990 | 181 | +1.09% |
| 1999 | 163 | −1.16% |
| 2009 | 170 | +0.42% |
| 2014 | 174 | +0.47% |
| 2020 | 153 | −2.12% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Rotalier | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Rotalier | |
| Location of Rotalier | |
| RotalierRotalier | |
| Coordinates: 46°35′23″N 5°28′40″E / 46.5897°N 5.4778°E / 46.5897; 5.4778 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Bourgogne-Franche-Comté |
| Department | Jura |
| Arrondissement | Lons-le-Saunier |
| Canton | Saint-Amour |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jean-Pierre Boutter |
| Area**1** | 4.07 km2 (1.57 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 150 |
| Density | 37/km2 (95/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 39467 /39190 |
| Elevation | 224–572 m (735–1,877 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: Burkina Faso participated at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea.

text:
# Burkina Faso at the 2015 Summer Universiade

**Burkina Faso** participated at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea.

## Medal summary

### Medal by sports

| Sport |  |  |  | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 0 | 1 | 0 | **1** |
| Total | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | Hugues Zango | Athletics | Men's Triple Jump | 9 July |

## Other Participants

* Diane Kiendrebeogo

## InfoBox

| Burkina Faso at the
2015 Summer Universiade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | BUR |
| NOC | Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee |
| Website | http://www.olympic.org/burkina-faso |
| in Gwangju, South Korea
3 – 14 July 2015 | |
| Competitors | 2 in 1 sport |
| Medals
Ranked 50th | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| Summer Universiade appearances | |
|  | |


title: Gene Edwards (soccer executive)

abstract: Gene Edwards is a former president of the United States Soccer Federation, and is a member of the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame and the CONCACAF Hall of Fame. Edwards had been a vice president of U.S. Soccer since 1968. Edwards was president of the United States Soccer Federation from 1974 to 1984. Edwards also served as a member of the FIFA Amateur Committee, the CONCACAF Executive Committee, and the Executive Committee of the United States Olympic Committee. Edwards was coach of the United States teams at the 1971 and 1975 Pan-American Games and the 1972 Olympic Games. Edwards was inducted into the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame in 1985.

text:
# Gene Edwards (soccer executive)

**Gene Edwards** is a former president of the United States Soccer Federation, and is a member of the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame and the CONCACAF Hall of Fame.

Edwards had been a vice president of U.S. Soccer since 1968. Edwards was president of the United States Soccer Federation from 1974 to 1984. Edwards also served as a member of the FIFA Amateur Committee, the CONCACAF Executive Committee, and the Executive Committee of the United States Olympic Committee. Edwards was coach of the United States teams at the 1971 and 1975 Pan-American Games and the 1972 Olympic Games. Edwards was inducted into the U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame in 1985.

## InfoBox

| Gene Edwards | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the United States Soccer Federation | |
| **In office**<br>March 11, 1974  February 10, 1984 | |
| Preceded by | James McGuire |
| Succeeded by | Werner Fricker |
| Vice President of United States Soccer Federation | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
|  | |


title: Campbell Leckie

abstract: Campbell Leckie was a Scottish-Canadian engineer. Leckie completed his technical school training in Scotland, becoming a marine engineer on ships in the Atlantic. He emigrated to Hamilton in 1873, working as a marine engineer and machinist in the Grand Trunk Railway shops. In 1897 he became engineer at the City Disposal Works and worked his way up to chief engineer in 1904 where he stayed until 1922.

text:
# Campbell Leckie

**Campbell Leckie** (1848, Glasgow – 14 January 1925, Hamilton, Ontario) was a Scottish-Canadian engineer.

Leckie completed his technical school training in Scotland, becoming a marine engineer on ships in the Atlantic. He emigrated to Hamilton in 1873, working as a marine engineer and machinist in the Grand Trunk Railway shops. In 1897 he became engineer at the *City Disposal Works* and worked his way up to chief engineer in 1904 where he stayed until 1922.

## Tribute

The Leckie Park neighbourhood on the Hamilton, Ontario Mountain was named after him. It is bounded by Highland Road West (north), Rymal Road East (south), 2nd Road West (west), and Upper Centennial Parkway (east). It is mostly a residential area on the south-east corner of the city. Landmarks include *Whitedeer Park* and *Cline Park*.