title: Prussian P 8

abstract: The Prussian Class P 8 of the Prussian state railways was a 4-6-0 steam locomotive built from 1906 to 1923 by the Berliner Maschinenbau and twelve other German factories. The design was created by Robert Garbe. It was intended as a successor to the Prussian P 6, which was regarded as unsatisfactory.

text:
# Prussian P 8

The **Prussian Class P 8** of the Prussian state railways (**DRG Class 38.10-40** of the Deutsche Reichsbahn) was a 4-6-0 steam locomotive built from 1906 to 1923 by the Berliner Maschinenbau (previously Schwartzkopff) and twelve other German factories. The design was created by Robert Garbe. It was intended as a successor to the Prussian P 6, which was regarded as unsatisfactory.

## Construction

Because Garbe was an advocate of the simplest possible designs, a straightforward, superheated steam, two-cylinder driving gear was envisaged. The P 8 benefited especially from superheated steam technology, which had just been developed by Wilhelm Schmidt (nicknamed 'Hot Steam Schmidt'), that led to outstanding performance for those times. The P 8 was a very economical locomotive that did not make great demands on the ability of the engine driver. At the outset Garbe even designed the P 8 as an express train locomotive, with the expectation of attaining a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph). As a result, the first units were fitted with low-wind-resistance, tapered driver's cabs.

The enthusiasm of crews for the new locomotive was at first muted. The boiler was very effective at evaporation (there was already evidence of a combustion chamber at the front end of the firebox), however against that there were numerous teething troubles, e.g. the driving rod bearings were too small. This led continually to overheating. The loosely coupled Prussian box tender led to disturbing riding qualities when running tender-first. Its riding performance was never fully satisfactory. As a result of poor weight compensation, the top speed estimated by Garbe was never achieved and it was eventually assessed at 100 km/h (60 mph).

One characteristic feature of the P 8 is the large distance between the centre and rear coupled axles. At the outset the P 8 only had a steam dome behind the sandbox; later a forward feed dome was added. Further constructional changes affected, *inter alia*, the driver's cab roofs, the smoke deflectors and various external assemblies.

There would appear to have been a number of boiler variations. The following combinations can be seen in photographs:

1/. boiler feeds on sides on boiler, steam dome in front of sandbox 2/. boiler feeds on sides of boiler, steam dome behind sandbox 3/. boiler feeds on top of boiler without feed dome, steam dome behind sandbox 4/. boiler feeds on top of boiler with feed dome, steam dome behind sandbox

At least some of very early engines (those with the "V" cabs) carried type (1) boilers and this type appears to have been the standard in the early years. Types (3) and (4) do not seem to have appeared until after World War I but ultimately became prevalent. See "100 Jahre Preussische P8" (*Eisenbahn Kurier*).

In order to be able to turn the locomotive even on small turntables, the Prussian state railways fitted the P 8 with tenders that originally held 21.5 m³ of water and 7 t of coal. Later the Deutsche Bundesbahn coupled the Class 38 with the tenders of withdrawn wartime locomotives the so-called 'Kriegslokomotiven', especially the bathtub tenders (*Wannentender*), which could carry more fuel. In addition the top speed when running tender-first was increased from 50 km/h (31 mph) to 85 km/h (53 mph).

In 1951, the Deutsche Bundesbahn rebuilt two P 8 with a small two-axle tender coupled with a shaft in order to improve the riding qualities when running in reverse, making them 4-6-4T locomotives. Listed as DB Class 78.10 (numbered above the Prussian T 18) they were withdrawn in 1961.

On the other hand, the Deutsche Reichsbahn also used tenders of DRG Class 17 steam locomotives that had been taken out of service. These were the so-called long-distance tenders.

## Employment

The P 8 could haul 300 t at 100 km/h (62 mph) and 400 t at 90 km/h (56 mph) on the flat and, after the world wars, could be found in almost the whole of Europe. The order to build the first 10 machines was issued to the firm of Schwartzkopff (later the Berliner Maschinenbau) in 1906. With up to 14 express coaches attached, the trial runs went brilliantly. The first engine of this, soon internationally famous, class was placed into service in the Lower Rhine with the number "Coeln 2401".

The P 8 could be used for a variety of duties and was found in heavy express train and goods train services heading almost every train. Even the railway authorities were very pleased with these engines, because the last P 8 locomotives were not mustered out by the Deutsche Reichsbahn until 1972, and by Deutsche Bundesbahn until 1974. More than 500 P 8 engines were in service for 50 years.

The majority of the P 8 class engines were built by Schwartzkopff (later Berliner Maschinenbau) who produced 1025 units, followed by Henschel in Kassel with 742 units. Besides the Prussian state railways, the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways (*Grossherzoglich Oldenburgische Staatseisenbahnen*) also bought five and the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway (*Grossherzoglich Mecklenburgische Friedrich-Franz-Eisenbahn*) 13 machines. All German locomotive manufacturers later built Class P 8 locomotives including Hartmann and Esslingen.

### P 8 Locomotives in the Baden State Railways

In order to compensate for the shortage of locomotives after the First World War as a result of ceasefire reparations and the large number of damaged locomotives, the Karlsruhe railway division reproduced 40 Prussian P 8 engines at the Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe. They were stationed in Villingen, Mannheim and Karlsruhe, and were given running numbers 1153 to 1192. Under the Deutsche Reichsbahn they were renumbered as 38 3793 to 38 3832 in 1925.

## P 8 Locomotives in other countries

In total 3,556 or 3,561 locomotives (according to different sources), were built for German states in 1906–1923, including 60 or 65 for occupation World War I service in Warsaw and Brussels. Of these, 627 had to be transferred to the victorious powers as reparations after the end of the First World War: Poland received 192 (reclassified as the Ok1), Belgium 167 (type 64), France 162, Italy 25 (FS gruppo 675), Romania 18 (CFR 230-series), Lithuania 11 (LG class K8) and Greece 10 locomotives as SEK class Ζδ (ZETA-delta). 41 locomotives were ceded to Saar railways. Up to 1923, the newly founded Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) replenished the fleet of P 8 locos with new machines, and possessed 2933 machines in total, numbered 38 1001 to 3832 and 38 3951 to 4051. In addition to 3,556 or 3,561 produced for the German railways, 65 new locomotives were produced for Poland in 1922–1923 (numbered as PKP class Ok1-201 to Ok1-265), and 75 for Romania (as the CFR 230.000 class), in 1921–1930. A further 18 locomotives were acquired secondhand from the DRG, and 230 locomotives were manufactured under licence in Romania by Reșița and Malaxa between 1932 and 1939.

A total of 3,948 P 8 locomotives were built (including the inter-war built in Romania), which makes it the most numerous passenger train locomotive ever to be built in the world.

In 1935, the former Saar Railways locomotives were taken into the DRG fleet as 38 3833 to 38 3875; this included two P 8s that the Saar Railways had acquired from Alsasce-Lorraine a few months earlier for working border services.

After the Second World War, numbers 38 1069, 1391, 1434, 1677, 1809, 1818, 2052, 2692, 3264, 3495 und 3525 remained in Austria. Number 38 2052 was returned to the Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1952. Locomotives 38 1391, 1434, 1818, 3495 and 3525 went to the Soviet Union. The remaining machines formed the Austrian **ÖBB Class 638**. In 2004, the Austrian Society for Railway History (ÖGEG) acquired two machines of this type from Romania (the P 8 'copies'), one of which carries out steam 'specials' under the fictitious number of ÖBB 638.1301. Polish locomotives Ok1 were taken over by the Germany during World War II, but along with new reparations, Poland received 429 of former P 8 engines after the war, used in line service until 1981. Three of the class were impounded by British forces after World War II in Norway. They were sent to Copenhagen for repair and eventually were purchased by the Danish State Railways where they became DSB class T numbered 297, 298 & 299. The last survivor was scrapped in 1973.

### France

In France, the 162 locomotives received as reparations were divided between five railways:

* The *Chemins de fer de l'Est* received 25 locomotives. They were renumbered 3311–3335 by the Est, and became 1-230.F.311 to 1-230.F.335 in the SNCF's *Région Est* list.
* The *Chemins de fer d'Alsace-Lorraine* received 25 locomotives. They were renumbered 2350–2374 by the AL, and the 22 survivors became 1-230.F.352 to 1-230.F.374 in the SNCF's *Région Est* list.
* The *Chemins de fer du Nord* received 75 locomotives. They were renumbered 3.1601 to 3.1675 by the Nord, and became 2-230.C.1 to 2-230.C.75 in the SNCF's *Région Nord* list.
* The *Chemins de fer de l'État* received 17 locomotives. They were renumbered 230-943 to 230-958 by the État, and the seven survivors became 3-230.E.943 to 3-230.E.958 in the SNCF's *Région Ouest* list.
* The *Chemin de fer du Midi* received 20 locomotives. There were renumbered 3701–3720 by the Midi, became 230-701 to 230-720 in the after the PO-Midi merger, and became 4-230.H.701 to 4-230.H.720 in the SNCF's *Région Sud-Ouest* list.

During World War II, many of the French P 8 locomotives were taken away by the German authorities, and while most returned, some were lost to East Germany and Poland. After the war, the SNCF decided to concentrate their P 8 locomotives on the *Région Est*. The État and its successor the *Région Ouest* had hated its former German locomotives, and withdrawn them as quickly as possible. Consequently, only 3-230.E.943 was still in service in 1946 when it was transferred to *Région Est* as 1-230.F.343. Of the former Midi locomotives, only 4-230.H.714 did not survive until 1946, when the remaining 19 became 1-230.F.401 to 1-230.F.420. In addition four German locomotives were discovered in France after the war, and these became 1-230.F.600 to 1-230.F.694; later 1-230.F.601 to 1-230.F.604.

Between 1948 and 1950, *Région Nord* had lent nine locomotives to Luxembourg as CFL 3902–3910. Four of these, along with 9 others were transferred to *Région Est* in 1950, where they became 1-230.F.210 to 1-230.F.272. The Nord had made extensive use of its P 8s and retained as may as it could. The last P 8 on *Région Nord* was retired in 1962, and the last on *Région Est* in 1966.

## Preserved P 8 Locomotives

* Frankfurt 2421, later **38 1182** (Berliner 4485 of 1910). It belongs to the DB Museum at Nuremberg (*Verkehrsmuseum Nürnberg*) and has been in operation for 61 years. As of 2008, it is stabled at the Gera locomotive depot (*Historisches Bahnbetriebswerk Gera*).
* Hannover 2412, later **38 1444** (Linke-Hofmann 963 of 1913). It was bought back by Linke-Hofmann-Busch in 1961, and placed in the company's private museum.
* Königsberg 2458, later **38 1772**, later DB 038 772-0 (Schichau 2275 of 1915). This was the last P 8 in service with Deutsche Bundesbahn Officially retired on December 5, 1974, it was still in service until February 13, 1975, for farewell journeys. It had covered 3,719,271 kilometres (2,311,048 mi) before its withdrawal. In the 1980s it was reactivated for steam specials by railway fans. Since it had to be taken out of service in 1993, number 38 1772 is preserved as a mobile memorial. It is at present in the *Bahnbetriebswerk Hanau*.
* Posen 2431, later Osten 2545, later 38 2155, later PKP **Ok1-359** (Berliner 6388 of 1917) is in the Polish Railways depot at Wolsztyn.
* Erfurt 2553, later **38 2267** (Henschel 15695 of 1918). It is owned by the Bochum-Dahlhausen Railway Museum (*Eisenbahnmuseum Bochum-Dahlhausen*), and usually heads trains on nostalgic trips through the Ruhr area. It is at present undergoing an overhaul.
* Elberfeld 2535, later **38 2383**, later DB 038 382-8 (Henschel 16539 of 1919). This was the penultimate P 8 in service with Deutsche Bundesbahn. Since 1977, it has been at the German Steam Locomotive Museum (*Deutsches Dampflokomotiv-Museum* or *DDM*) in Neuenmarkt.
* Danzig 2441, later Stettin 2536, later **38 2425**, later PKP Ok1-296 (Schichau 2739 of 1919) is in the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin.
* **Posen 2455**, later Osten 2566, later Breslau 2600, later 38 2460, later CFR 230.094 (Linke-Hofmann 1804 of 1919). It was sold by the DRG to Romania in August 1926, it was operated there until about 1974. After its sale to Manuel Jussen in spring 1998 it was restored in Romania in 2001. It represents the period of the early 1920s. The locomotive was used since 2008 as motive power for the "train of remembrance" (*Zug der Erinnerung*). It based at the Dieringhausen Railway Museum (*Eisenbahnmuseum Dieringhausen*).
* Stettin 2517, later **38 2884** (Vulcan 3641 of 1920). It is now in the Nuremberg Transport Museum.
* Halle 2586, later **38 3180**, later CFR 230.105 (Linke-Hofmann 2257 of 1921). It was to Romania in 1926 and repatriated to the Bavarian Railway Museum in Nördlingen in 1998.
* Elberfeld 2580, later **38 3199**, later CFR 230.106 (Linke-Hofmann 2276 of 1921). Another P 8 sold to Romania in 1926, where it served until 1974. Railway fans discovered it in the scrap yard and had it restored to full operation in Klausenburg in 1999 in the livery of the former Reichsbahn. Since 2002 the locomotive has been deployed again on museum services. It is based at the South German Railway Museum (*Süddeutsches Eisenbahnmuseum*) in Heilbronn.
* Elberfeld 3097, later **38 3650** (Borsig 11419 of 1922). It stands in the car park of a shopping center in Böblingen-Hulb, near Stuttgart. It was delivered to (Hamburg-)Harburg shed, and was on duty there until 1945; finally being withdrawn from service from Tübingen in 1972. It then stood immobilized in Bahnhof Breitenholz until 1979 and then was sold to the shopping centre to attract customers. Standing in the open there, the loco has meanwhile become very run down.
* Hannover 2591, later 38 3711, later DB **038 711-8** (Hohenzollern 4255 of 1922). It has been plinthed in Berenbostel (near Hannover) since it was withdrawn in 1974.
* Hannover 2676, later **38 3999**, later CFR 230.110 (Schichau 2998 of 1923). Another P 8 sold to Romania in 1926. It was repatriated in 1999, and is now in the Darmstadt-Kranichstein Railway Museum.
* Altona 2445, later ÉB 6445, later SNCB-NMBS **64.045** (Henschel 13855 of 1916). One of many war reparation P 8s, it is coupled to the tender of 22.153. It is currently stored non-operational in the museum-depot of Bruges, not open to the public.
* The Belgian heritage railway *Patrimoine Ferroviaire et Tourisme* (PFT-TSP) bought in 2002 (and transferred in March 2007) a refurbished P 8 from Romania. The former CFR 230.084 was repainted in Belgian livery and numbered 64 169 (as National Railway Company of Belgium has owned 168 P 8s as class 64). It had been manufactured by Henschel with the factory number 18939. In 2013, this loco had a new boiler certification and is authorized to run on the whole Belgian rail network (at 80 km/h).
* CFR **230.174** (Reșița 211 of 1933). On display at the Austrian Railway History Company (ÖGEG) site in Ampflwang, Austria
* CFR 230.301 (Reșița 315 of 1935). In service at the ÖGEG site as ÖBB **638.1301.**

## Remarks

As early as the end of the 1930s the Deutsche Reichsbahn planned to replace the now ageing P8 by a new locomotive. This led to the development of the DRG Class 23, of which only 2 examples had been built, however, by 1941. In 1950, the Deutsche Bundesbahn began to use the more advanced DB Class 23 as a replacement for the P8. The factories produced 105 examples by 1951. The change of motive power meant that the last Class 23 was withdrawn by the DB only one year after the last P8 had been retired.

* Davies, John (November 2003). *Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français locomotive list 1938–1975*. Woodbridge, Queensland: Dr. John Davies. ISBN 0-9585541-2-9.
* Durrant, A. E. (1972). *The Steam Locomotives of Eastern Europe*. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-4077-8.
* Hütter, Ingo (2015). *Die Dampflokomotiven der Baureihen 54 bis 59 der DRG, DRB, DB, und DR* (in German). Werl: DGEG Medien. ISBN 978-3-937189-85-7.
* Scheingraber, Günther; Weisbrod, Manfred (1993). *Preußen-Report. Band 7: Heißdampf-Personenzuglokomotiven P 6, P 8, P 10 und preußische Tender* (in German). Hermann Merker Verlag. ISBN 3-922404-53-7.
* Weisbrod, Manfred (1991). *Dampflokomotiven deutscher Eisenbahnen, Von Privatbahnen zur DRG (EFA 1.5)* (in German). Düsseldorf: Alba. pp. 26–27. ISBN 3-87094-139-1.

## Further reading

* Harder, Karl Julius (1974). *Die P8, Entstehung und Geschichte einer europäischen Dampflokomotive* (in German). Stuttgart: Francksche Verlagsbuchhandlung. ISBN 3-440-04116-6.
* Obermayer, Horst (January 2002). *Typenblätter Band No. 1* (in German). Eisenbahn Journal Archiv. ISBN 3-89610-093-9.
* Vandenberghen, J (1989). *La guerre 1914 - 1918 et les locomotives "Armistice", 2. Description des locomotives K.P.E.V.* (PDF) (in French). Brussels: SNCB. pp. 119–132.
* Vandenberghen, J. (1989). *La guerre 1914 - 1918 et les locomotives "Armistice", 3. Description des locomotives bavaroises, saxonnes, badoises, mecklebourgeoises, oldenbourgeoises* (PDF) (in French). Brussels: SNCB. p. 51.
* Wagner, Andreas; Bäzold, Dieter; Zschech, Rainer; Lüderitz, Ralph (1990). *Lokomotiven preußischer Eisenbahnen, Schnellzug- und Personenzuglokomotiven (EFA 2.3.1)* (in German). Düsseldorf: Alba. pp. 281–305, 331. ISBN 3-87094-133-2.
* Weisbrod, Manfred; Müller, Hans; Petznik, Wolfgang (1976). *Dampflokomotiven deutscher Eisenbahnen, Baureihe 01–39 (EFA 1.1)* (in German) (3rd ed.). Düsseldorf: Alba Buchverlag. pp. 226–230. ISBN 3-87094-081-6.
* Wenzel; Gress. *100 Jahre Preußische P8 Eisenbahn-Kurier Special 80* (in German). EK Verlag Freiburg.
* MCMXCVII Literary international, inc. Atlas Editions UK LTD. 1998 (printed in EU) D1 613 401(2) 28. Encyclopedic Leaflet system.
* Jochen Kretschmann berichtet in vielen seiner Erzählungen sehr eindringlich über den zeitweise sehr harten Alltag bei der DR(DDR) auf der P 8 (minderwertige Kohle (Braunkohle), Unterernährung, totale Erschöpfung des Personals).

## InfoBox

| Prussian P 8
DRG Class 38.10–40 | |
| --- | --- |
| Prussian P 8 in state railway livery | |
| Type and origin  Build date 1908 - 1926  Total produced ca. 3,700 | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte 4-6-0  German P 35.15  Gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge
1,524 mm (5 ft) Russian Railways  Leading dia. 1,000 mm (39.37 in)  Driver dia. 1,750 mm (68.90 in)  Length:
   Over beams 18,585 mm (60 ft 11+34 in)  Axle load 17.36 t (17.09 long tons; 19.14 short tons)  Adhesive weight 50.60 t (49.80 long tons; 55.78 short tons)  Service weight 69–76.69 t (67.91–75.48 long tons; 76.06–84.54 short tons)  Boiler pressure 12 bar (1,200 kPa; 170 psi)  Heating surface:   Firebox 2.58 m2 (27.8 sq ft)  Radiative 14.58 m2 (156.9 sq ft)  Evaporative 143.28 m2 (1,542.3 sq ft)  Superheater:
   Heating area 58.90 m2 (634.0 sq ft)  Cylinder size 575 mm (22.64 in)  Piston stroke 630 mm (24.80 in)  Train heating Steam from locomotive boiler  Loco brake Knorr automatic, single-chamber compressed-air brakes, working both sides of the coupled wheels, from 1913 bogie wheels also braked | |
| Performance figures  Maximum speed 110 km/h (68 mph) (forwards)
50 km/h (31 mph) (backwards)
85 km/h (53 mph) (backwards with tub tender)  Indicated power 868 kW (1,164 hp) | |
| Career  Retired 1974  Disposition Eighteen preserved, remainder scrapped | |


title: Pocket Communications

abstract: Pocket Communications was a PCS CDMA 1xRTT provider of unlimited cellular phone service based in San Antonio, Texas, United States. It offered service plans similar to those of Cricket Communications and MetroPCS with unlimited local phone and messaging service on a month to month basis with no contract. Its founder Paul Posner started as a local paging operator in San Antonio before becoming a dealer for Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems, Houston Cellular, and BellSouth Mobility in 7 markets in Texas and the Southeast under the name Discount Cellular & Paging. After selling these operations in 1997, Posner spent 7 years trying to acquire FCC licenses required to build a cellular network and was ultimately successful in FCC Auction 58 in 2004. Pocket launched service in 2006 in San Antonio and competed directly with Cricket Communications in the only US market where two flat-rate providers competed head to head. Pocket's unique marketing strategy included operating hundreds of small retail locations with just one employee, oversaturation of billboard advertising, and the use of chimpanzees in its advertising. In its first year of operations, Pocket became the fastest growth company in the history of the US wireless communications, achieving positive cash flow in just 6 months. Subsequent expansion from San Antonio to Laredo, the Rio Grande Valley, and Corpus Christi markets and a customer base of over 400,000 subscribers ultimately led to a merger offer from Cricket Communications in late 2010. Cricket was subsequently sold to ATT in 2015. ATT continues to operate Cricket as a stand-alone business and a "flanker brand. Aside from its company owned, small store distribution strategy, Pocket had a number of other innovative marketing strategies. Whereas traditional flat rate operators MetroPCS and Cricket built small coverage areas, recruited third party retailers to operate stores as dealers, and outsourced customer service, Pocket ran company-owned stores, its own call center, and built a wide area footprint that exceeded the coverage of all other cellular operators. In addition, Pocket created a SaaS "handset unlocking" product called Houdini that enabled locked CDMA devices from Verizon, Sprint, and other CDMA operators to be unlocked and re-programmed to operate on Pocket's network. This accounted for over 30% of total Pocket customers. Despite lobbying by the large cellular operators, unlocking cellphones remained a protected activity under DMCA rules and regulations. As a result of success in its own local markets, Pocket eventually spun out a separate company called Houdinisoft that unlocked over 3 million cellphones for 20+ other CDMA operators. Pocket took on private equity investment in order to expand its operations to the New York/Boston corridor but the 2008 financial market meltdown combined with the launch of a flat rate flanker brand Boost Mobile by Sprint quickly led to a decision to sell the Northeast operations to MetroPCS completing unbroken coverage between their Boston and New York markets., Metro PCS relaunched service on the former Pocket network in March 2011. Posner went on to form a technology incubator called Carnegie Technologies based in Austin, Texas. Carnegie developed products in satellite communications, IoT, fintech, and cellular/WiFi convergence.

text:
# Pocket Communications

**Pocket Communications** was a PCS CDMA 1xRTT provider of unlimited cellular phone service based in San Antonio, Texas, United States. It offered service plans similar to those of Cricket Communications and MetroPCS with unlimited local phone and messaging service on a month to month basis with no contract. Its founder Paul Posner started as a local paging operator in San Antonio before becoming a dealer for Southwestern Bell Mobile Systems, Houston Cellular, and BellSouth Mobility in 7 markets in Texas and the Southeast under the name Discount Cellular & Paging. After selling these operations in 1997, Posner spent 7 years trying to acquire FCC licenses required to build a cellular network and was ultimately successful in FCC Auction 58 in 2004. Pocket launched service in 2006 in San Antonio and competed directly with Cricket Communications in the only US market where two flat-rate providers competed head to head. Pocket's unique marketing strategy included operating hundreds of small retail locations with just one employee, oversaturation of billboard advertising, and the use of chimpanzees in its advertising. In its first year of operations, Pocket became the fastest growth company in the history of the US wireless communications, achieving positive cash flow in just 6 months. Subsequent expansion from San Antonio to Laredo, the Rio Grande Valley, and Corpus Christi markets and a customer base of over 400,000 subscribers ultimately led to a merger offer from Cricket Communications in late 2010. Cricket was subsequently sold to ATT in 2015. ATT continues to operate Cricket as a stand-alone business and a "flanker brand.

Aside from its company owned, small store distribution strategy, Pocket had a number of other innovative marketing strategies. Whereas traditional flat rate operators MetroPCS and Cricket built small coverage areas, recruited third party retailers to operate stores as dealers, and outsourced customer service, Pocket ran company-owned stores, its own call center, and built a wide area footprint that exceeded the coverage of all other cellular operators.

In addition, Pocket created a SaaS "handset unlocking" product called Houdini that enabled locked CDMA devices from Verizon, Sprint, and other CDMA operators to be unlocked and re-programmed to operate on Pocket's network. This accounted for over 30% of total Pocket customers. Despite lobbying by the large cellular operators, unlocking cellphones remained a protected activity under DMCA rules and regulations. As a result of success in its own local markets, Pocket eventually spun out a separate company called Houdinisoft that unlocked over 3 million cellphones for 20+ other CDMA operators.

Pocket took on private equity investment in order to expand its operations to the New York/Boston corridor but the 2008 financial market meltdown combined with the launch of a flat rate flanker brand Boost Mobile by Sprint quickly led to a decision to sell the Northeast operations to MetroPCS completing unbroken coverage between their Boston and New York markets., Metro PCS relaunched service on the former Pocket network in March 2011.

Posner went on to form a technology incubator called Carnegie Technologies based in Austin, Texas. Carnegie developed products in satellite communications, IoT, fintech, and cellular/WiFi convergence.

## Joint Venture

October 1 Leap (Cricket) acquires Pocket Communications South Texas market.

## Markets

The markets in Texas for Pocket Communications included San Antonio, Corpus Christi, Laredo, and the Rio Grande Valley. Pocket also served Hartford, Connecticut, New Haven, Connecticut, Waterbury, Connecticut, and Springfield, Massachusetts markets.

See also


title: Teachings of Joseph Smith

abstract: The teachings of Joseph Smith include many religious doctrines as well as political ideas and theories, many of which he said were revealed to him by God. Joseph Smith is the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and is recognized by multiple Latter Day Saint churches as the founder. Beginning in 1828, Smith began dictating the text of what later became the Book of Mormon, and also began dictating written revelations he said were inspired by God. Smith's teachings evolved over his lifetime until his death in 1844. Smith's teachings were published during his lifetime in several books, including the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, the Book of Abraham, and various essays he wrote in church newspapers. Many of his teachings were also published posthumously, including the transcription of sermons such as his King Follett Discourse, his writings in the official church history, and reminiscences of his teachings written by those who knew him.

text:
# Teachings of Joseph Smith

The **teachings of Joseph Smith** include many religious doctrines as well as political ideas and theories, many of which he said were revealed to him by God. Joseph Smith is the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and is recognized by multiple Latter Day Saint churches as the founder. Beginning in 1828, Smith began dictating the text of what later became the Book of Mormon, and also began dictating written revelations he said were inspired by God.

Smith's teachings evolved over his lifetime until his death in 1844. Smith's teachings were published during his lifetime in several books, including the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants (which included the Lectures on Faith), the Book of Abraham, and various essays he wrote in church newspapers. Many of his teachings were also published posthumously, including the transcription of sermons such as his King Follett Discourse, his writings in the official church history, and reminiscences of his teachings written by those who knew him.

## Nature of God

Historians have debated about Smith's early conception of God. According to Dan Vogel and Thomas Alexander, in the early-to-mid-1830s Smith viewed God the Father as a spirit. However, Terryl Givens and Brian Hauglid argue that although Smith sometimes spoke of God using trinitarian language, revelations he dictated as early as 1830 described God as an embodied being. Catholic philosopher Stephen H. Webb describes Smith having had a "corporeal and anthropomorphic understanding of God" evinced in his 1830 Book of Moses that described God as a physical being who literally resembles humans. Steven C. Harper states that because, in the 1830s, Smith privately described to some of his followers his 1820 first vision as a theophany of "two divine, corporeal beings," "its implications for the trinity and materiality of God were asserted that early".

Over time, Smith widely and clearly articulated a belief that God was an advanced and glorified man, embodied within time and space. By 1841, he publicly taught that God the Father and Jesus were distinct beings with physical bodies. Nevertheless, he conceived of the Holy Spirit as a "personage of Spirit". Smith extended this materialist conception to all existence and taught that "all spirit is matter", meaning that a person's embodiment in flesh was not a sign of fallen carnality, but a divine quality that humans shared with deity. Humans are, therefore, not so much God's creations as they are God's "kin". There is also considerable evidence that Smith taught, at least to limited audiences, that God the Father was accompanied by God the Mother. In this conception, God fully understood is plural, embodied, gendered, and both male and female.

## Church organization and structure

Smith's teachings were rooted in dispensational restorationism. He taught that the Church of Christ restored through him was a latter-day restoration of the early Christian faith, which had been lost in the Great Apostasy. At first, Smith's church had little sense of hierarchy, and his religious authority was derived from his visions and revelations. Though he did not claim exclusive prophethood, an early revelation designated him as the only prophet allowed to issue commandments "as Moses". This religious authority included economic and political, as well as spiritual, matters. For instance, in the early 1830s, Smith temporarily instituted a form of religious communism, called the United Order, that required Latter Day Saints to give all their property to the church, to be divided among the faithful.

### Priesthood

By the mid-1830s, Smith began teaching a hierarchy of three priesthoods—the Melchizedek, the Aaronic, and the Patriarchal. Each priesthood was a continuation of biblical priesthoods through lineal succession or through ordination by biblical figures appearing in visions. Upon introducing the Melchizedek or "High" Priesthood in 1831, Smith taught that its recipients would be "endowed with power from on high", fulfilling a desire for a greater holiness and an authority commensurate with the New Testament apostles.

#### Priesthood keys

Beginning in 1834, Smith began teaching the concept of priesthood "keys", and the requirement of literal priesthood ordination and a direct line of apostolic succession. Smith taught that he was the prophet, seer, and revelator of the restored church, and was given all the Priesthood keys necessary for the governance of the church by various angelic messengers in the Kirtland Temple and earlier, including Elijah, John the Baptist, and Saint Peter. He taught that he received revelations for the church from God, and was visited occasionally by angelic messengers.

### Clergy

Whereas the Book of Mormon had required clergy to work independently and support themselves, Smith later dictated revelations providing for clergy following the New Testament model of traveling "without purse or scrip", meaning that they would work as full-time clergy and be supported solely by donations from the church or from those to whom they taught.

## Scripture and revelation

### Book of Mormon

In 1830, Smith published the Book of Mormon, which he characterized as a religious history of the indigenous people of the Americas. This book contained discussions and sermons teaching many traditional Christian doctrines, such as the idea that Jesus' death represents an atonement for the sins of humanity, that he was the Messiah, and that he was one with God the Father. However, some scholars interpret the book as portraying modalism rather than the traditional Trinitarian formulation. The book also promoted baptism by immersion, the practice of laying on of hands, the rejection of infant baptism, the existence of a Great Apostasy (thus making Latter Day Saint doctrine firmly Restorationist), and the rejection of secret societies for ill gain. The book taught that all humanity, good and bad alike, will be resurrected and become immortal, receiving back their bodies whole, as a free gift of Jesus, but that the wicked would suffer a "spiritual death" by which they would be forever separated from God. Some of the book's more unorthodox teachings within the context of Christianity include a positive view of the fall of Man, the idea that indigenous Americans were descendants of the Israelites, and the idea that the Americas were a chosen continent reserved only for the righteous.

### Bible translation

Beginning later in 1830, Smith began producing a new revision of the Bible. This translation was a source of new doctrinal teachings, also influenced by the conversion of Sidney Rigdon, a former Disciples of Christ minister who converted to the church in 1831 with his entire congregation. Smith's version of the Bible generally followed the Authorized King James Version, with small changes; however, he also introduced large new passages, including a preface to Genesis and a significantly expanded 24th chapter of Matthew.

### Revelations

According to historian Richard Bushman, the "signal feature" of Smith's life was "his sense of being guided by revelation". Instead of presenting his ideas with logical arguments, Smith dictated authoritative scripture-like "revelations" and let people decide whether to believe, doing so with what Peter Coviello calls "beguiling offhandedness". Smith and his followers treated his revelations as being above teachings or opinions, and he acted as though he believed in his revelations as much as his followers. Smith's first recorded revelation was a rebuke chastising Smith for having let Martin Harris lose 116 pages of Book of Mormon manuscript. The revelation was written as if God were talking rather than as a declaration mediated through Smith; subsequent revelations assumed a similar authoritative style, often opening with words such as, "Hearken O ye people which profess my name, saith the Lord your God."

According to Smith's follower Parley P. Pratt, Smith dictated his revelations, which were recorded by a scribe without revisions or corrections. Revelations were immediately copied and then circulated among church members. Smith's revelations often came in response to specific questions. He described the revelatory process as having "pure Intelligence" flowing into him. Smith, however, never viewed the wording to be infallible. The revelations were not God's words verbatim, but "couched in language suitable to Joseph's time".

Many of Smith's teachings, such as the Word of Wisdom, were delivered as revelations. Others, however, were given in Smith's own voice. Smith gave varying types of revelations. Some were temporal, while others were spiritual or doctrinal. Some were received for a specific individual, while others were directed at the whole church. An 1831 revelation called "The Law" contained directions for missionary work, rules for organizing society in Zion, a reiteration of the Ten Commandments, an injunction to "administer to the poor and needy" and an outline for the law of consecration. An 1832 revelation called "The Vision" added to the fundamentals of sin and atonement, and introduced doctrines of life after salvation, exaltation, and a heaven with degrees of glory. Another 1832 revelation was the first to explain priesthood doctrine. Three months later, Smith gave a lengthy revelation called the "Olive Leaf" that discussed subjects such as light, truth, intelligence, and sanctification. A related revelation, given in 1833, put Christ at the center of salvation.

#### Publication

In 1833, Smith edited and expanded many of his previously dictated revelations, publishing them as the Book of Commandments, which later became part of the Doctrine and Covenants.

## Secular administration and commandments

### Zion

The Book of Mormon spoke of a city of Zion to be built in the Americas, which would be the same as the biblical New Jerusalem. Smith elaborated in 1830 that the location for this Zion would be somewhere near the United States border among the Native American tribes, and the "elect" of the world would be gathered to this location during the great Tribulation that preceded the second coming of Jesus.

### Word of Wisdom

In 1833, at a time of temperance agitation, Smith delivered a revelation called the "Word of Wisdom", which counseled a diet of wholesome herbs, fruits, grains and a sparing use of meat. It also recommended that Latter Day Saints avoid "strong" alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and "hot drinks" (later interpreted to mean tea and coffee). The Word of Wisdom was originally framed as a recommendation rather than a commandment and was not strictly followed by Smith and other early Latter Day Saints, though it later became a requirement in the LDS Church.

### Consecration

In 1830, Smith taught a doctrine of voluntary religious egalitarianism known as the Law of Consecration designed to achieve income equality, eliminate poverty, increase group self-sufficiency, and create the ideal utopian society Mormons referred to as Zion. Members of the Church could deed their real estate to a Church body called the United Order, this property would be divided and allocated to incoming Saints as a "stewardship" or "inheritance". This doctrine was an attempt to recreate the religious communism practiced by 1st century Christians (Acts 2:44, 4:32).

### Theodemocracy

Smith envisioned that the theocratic institutions he established would have a role in the worldwide political organization of the Millennium.

## Cosmology and Plan of salvation

### Degrees of glory

Beginning in 1832, Smith taught a doctrine based on 1 Corinthians 15 known as the degrees of glory, holding that those who repent and are worthy will receive greater blessings than those who are wicked, the greatest of which is eternal life, which is to live with God in the celestial kingdom. Those who were not as valiant, or did not receive ordinances necessary for entrance into the celestial kingdom, would enter the terrestrial kingdom. Those who were disobedient and unrepentant would enter the telestial kingdom.

### Exaltation

Through the gradual acquisition of knowledge, according to Smith, those who received exaltation could eventually become like God. These teachings implied a vast hierarchy of gods, with God himself having a father. In Smith's cosmology, those who became gods would reign, unified in purpose and will, leading spirits of lesser capacity to share immortality and eternal life.

In Smith's view, the opportunity to achieve exaltation extended to all humanity. Those who died with no opportunity to accept saving ordinances could achieve exaltation by accepting them in the afterlife through proxy ordinances performed on their behalf. Smith said that children who died in their innocence would be guaranteed to rise at the resurrection and receive exaltation. Apart from those who committed the eternal sin, Smith taught that even the wicked and disbelieving would achieve a degree of glory in the afterlife.

## Theology of family

During the early 1840s, Smith unfolded a theology of family relations, called the "New and Everlasting Covenant", that superseded all earthly bonds. He taught that outside the covenant, marriages were simply matters of contract, and that in the afterlife, individuals who were unmarried or who married outside the covenant would be limited in their progression towards Godhood. To fully enter the covenant, a man and woman must participate in a "first anointing", a "sealing" ceremony, and a "second anointing" (also called "sealing by the Holy Spirit of Promise"). When fully sealed into the covenant, Smith said that no sin nor blasphemy (other than murder and apostasy) could keep them from their exaltation in the afterlife. According to a revelation Smith dictated, God appointed only one person on Earth at a time—in this case, Smith—to possess this power of sealing. According to Smith, men and women needed to be sealed to each other in this new and everlasting covenant (also called "celestial marriage") in order to be exalted in heaven after death and that such celestial marriage, perpetuated across generations, could reunite extended families of ancestors and descendants in the afterlife.

### Polygamy

Plural marriage, or polygamy, was Smith's "most famous innovation", according to historian Matthew Bowman. Once Smith introduced polygamy, it became part of his "Abrahamic project," in the phrasing of historian Benjamin Park, wherein the solution to humanity's chaos would be found through accepting the divine order of the cosmos, under God's authority, in a "fusion of ecclesiastical and civic authority". Smith also taught that the highest level of exaltation could be achieved through polygamy, the ultimate manifestation of the New and Everlasting Covenant. In Smith's theology, marrying in polygamy made it possible for practitioners to unlearn the Christian tradition which identified the physical body as carnal, and to instead recognize their embodied joy as sacred. Smith also taught that the practice allowed an individual to transcend the angelic state and become a god, accelerating the expansion of one's heavenly kingdom.

There is wide evidence that Smith practiced polygamy (referred to by Latter Day Saints as plural marriage), and may have begun to do so as early as 1833. Polygamy (marriage to multiple partners) was illegal in many U.S. states, and in Western cultures was widely perceived as an immoral and misguided practice. The practice of polygamy was denied by the Church of Christ and most Church leaders, but not by Smith specifically. Many of those that practiced polygamy pointed to the theory that the patriarchs of the Bible might have had multiple wives, including Abraham and Jacob.

Although it has been alleged that Smith may have had children by his wives other than Emma (most historians believe he married at least thirty-three women, and probably as many as forty-eight), DNA investigations in three cases have established that their biological fathers were Smith's wives' other husbands. The DNA research, so far, has failed to confirm Smith's paternity for any children other than those borne by his legal spouse, Emma.

Most historians accept "sealing" records (in many cases notarized) as evidence that Smith taught and practiced polygamy. The records are supported by personal journals and diaries maintained by Smith's followers. These sources indicate that, though the doctrine was not widely taught during Smith's life, marriages of this type were performed for select members of the church in the early 1830s. Smith was married (sealed) to several dozen women, both during his life and by proxy after his death, though the records are incomplete. Evidence suggests that he may have cohabited only with his first wife, Emma, and she was the only one known with certainty to have borne his children. Historian Todd Compton notes that Smith's practices included elements of both polygyny and polyandry.

## Temples

During Smith's time in Kirtland, he instructed his followers to construct a temple as a "house of God." Later, the Nauvoo Temple was promoted as a place for recovering lost ancient knowledge.

### Endowment ceremony

On May 3, 1842, Joseph Smith prepared the second floor of his Red Brick Store, in Nauvoo, Illinois, to represent "the interior of a temple as circumstances would permit". The next day, May 4, he introduced the Nauvoo endowment ceremony to nine of his closest associates. The endowment is a two-part ordinance (ceremony) designed for participants to become kings, queens, priests, and priestesses in the afterlife. As part of the first ceremony, participants take part in a scripted reenactment of the Biblical creation and fall of Adam and Eve. The ceremony includes a symbolic washing and anointing, and receipt of a "new name" which they are not to reveal to others except at a certain part in the ceremony, and the receipt of the temple garment. Participants are taught symbolic gestures and passwords considered necessary to pass by angels guarding the way to heaven, and are instructed not to reveal them to others.

### Baptism for the dead

Smith first taught the doctrine of baptism the dead at the funeral sermon of a church member, Seymour Brunson. Smith later expanded upon this doctrine and stated that such baptisms are to be performed only in temples. Vicarious baptism is performed in connection with other vicarious ordinances in temples of the LDS Church, such as the endowment and celestial marriage.

## Ethics and behavior

A succinct statement of ethics by Smith is found in his 13th Article of Faith:

> We believe in being honest, true, chaste, benevolent, virtuous, and in doing good to all men; indeed, we may say that we follow the admonition of Paul—We believe all things, we hope all things, we have endured many things, and hope to be able to endure all things. If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things.

Smith said his ethical rule was, "When the Lord commands, do it".

He also taught:

> that which is wrong under one circumstance, may be and often is, right under another. God said thou shalt not kill—at another time he said thou shalt utterly destroy. This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted—by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the elders of the kingdom are placed. Whatever God requires is right ... even things which may be considered abominable to all those who do not understand the order of heaven.

Beginning in the mid-1830s and into the 1840s, as the Mormons became involved in conflicts with the Missouri and Illinois state governments, Smith taught that "Congress has no power to make a law that would abridge the rights of my religion," and that they were not under the obligation to follow laws they deemed as being contrary to their "religious privilege". Smith may have thus felt justified in promoting polygamy despite its violation of some traditional ethical standards.

## Political views

While campaigning for president in 1844, Smith had opportunity to take political positions on issues of the day. He considered the U.S. Constitution, and especially the Bill of Rights, to be inspired by God and "the \[Latter Day\] Saints' best and perhaps only defense." He believed a strong central government was crucial to the nation's well-being and thought democracy better than tyranny—although he also taught that a theocratic monarchy was the ideal form of government. In foreign affairs, Smith was an expansionist, though he viewed "expansionism as brotherhood" and envisioned expanding the United States with the permission of indigenous peoples and at the request of other sovereign peoples. In practice, Smith advocated accepting Texas into the Union, claiming the disputed Oregon country, and someday incorporating Canada and Mexico into the United States.

To protect U.S. business and agriculture, Smith favored high tariffs and a publicly-owned central national bank with democratically elected officers that would print currency but "never issue any more bills than the amount of capital stock in her vaults and the interest". He opposed imprisonment for debt or as a criminal penalty (except in the case of murder), recommended abolishing courts-martial for military deserters, and encouraged citizens to petition their state leaders to pardon all convicts. He suggested that courts instead sentence convicts to labor on public works projects, such as road building, and he argued that providing education would make prisons obsolete. He also advocated capital punishment for public officials who failed to aid people whose constitutional rights had been abridged.

Smith declared that he would be one of the instruments in fulfilling Nebuchadnezzar's statue vision in the Book of Daniel: that secular government would be destroyed without bloodshed, and would be replaced with a "theodemocratic" Kingdom of God. He taught that this kingdom would be governed by theocratic principles, but that it would also be multi-denominational and democratic, so long as the people chose wisely.

### Slavery and race

Smith held differing positions on the issue of slavery. Initially he opposed it, but during the mid-1830s, when the Mormons were settling in Missouri (a slave state) he justified slavery in an anti-abolitionist essay. In the early 1840s, after Mormons had been expelled from Missouri, he changed his position again and opposed slavery. During his presidential campaign of 1844, he proposed that the federal government end slavery by 1850 by financially compensating enslavers.

However, biographer Donna Hills notes that Smith's "feelings were complex...and cannot be neatly classified as liberal." Smith did not support black self-government and opposed interracial marriage. Although he welcomed black Americans, enslaved and free, into church membership, he instructed his followers not to baptize slaves without permission of their enslavers. He once said that black people "came into the world as slaves" but that this was a situational condition of enslavement rather than a permanent characteristic, and that black Americans were as capable of education as white Americans.

Smith and other early Mormons believed racial division was a temporary estrangement of an initially united human family, and they considered Smith's religious movement a divinely ordained way to restore humanity to its original relationship. However, they envisioned this unity in terms of a "white universalism" in which people of color and indigenous people would assimilate into whiteness and "overcome the legacy of spiritual inferiority of the cursed lineages" into which Smith and his followers believed people of color were born.

## Citations

1. Park, Benjamin E. (Summer 2010). "Salvation through a Tabernacle: Joseph Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Early Mormon Theologies of Embodiment". *Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought*. **43** (2): 1–44. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.43.2.0001. S2CID 171908868  via Scholarly Publishing Collective
2. Vogel, Dan (1989). "The Earliest Mormon Conception of God". *Line Upon Line*, in Bergera (1989, pp. 17–33)`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link); Alexander, Thomas (1989). "The Reconstruction of Mormon Doctrine: From Joseph Smith to Progressive Theology". *Line Upon Line*. p. 53, in Bergera (1989, pp. 53–66)`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
3. Givens & Hauglid (2019, p. 73)
4. Webb (2011, p. 254)
5. Harper (2019, p. 55)
6. Widmer (2000, p. 119); Alexander, Thomas (1989). "The Reconstruction of Mormon Doctrine: From Joseph Smith to Progressive Theology". *Line Upon Line*. p. 59, in Bergera (1989, pp. 53–66)`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link); Bloom (1992, p. 101)
7. Bushman (2005, pp. 421); Bloom (1992, p. 101)
8. Bushman (2005, pp. 455)
9. Remini (2002, p. 106); Givens (2014, p. 95); Coviello (2019, p. 59)
10. Bartholomew, Ronald E. (2013). "The Textual Development of D&C 130:22 and the Embodiment of the Holy Ghost". *BYU Studies Quarterly*. **52** (3): 4–24. JSTOR 43039922  via JSTOR; Givens (2014, p. 96)
11. Coviello (2019, pp. 65–68)
12. Paulsen, David L.; Pulido, Martin (2011). "'A Mother There': A Survey of Historical Teachings about Mother in Heaven". *Brigham Young University Studies*. **50** (1): 70–97. ISSN 0007-0106. JSTOR 43044842
13. Ostler, Blair (Winter 2018). "Heavenly Mother: The Mother of All Women". *Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought*. **51** (4): 171–182. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.51.4.0171. S2CID 214816567; Toscano, Margaret (Spring 2022). "In Defense of Heavenly Mother: Her Critical Importance for Mormon Culture and Theology". *Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought*. **55** (1): 37–68. doi:10.5406/15549399.55.1.02. S2CID 247971894.
14. Brooke (1994, p. 33)
15. Remini (2002, p. 84)
16. Quinn (1994, p. 7)
17. Quinn (1994, pp. 7–8); Bushman (2005, pp. 121, 175); Phelps (1833, p. 67)
18. Brodie (1971, pp. 106, 112, 121–22)
19. Quinn (1994, pp. 27–34); Bushman (2005, pp. 264–65)
20. Brodie (1971, p. 111); Bushman (2005, pp. 156–60); Quinn (1994, pp. 31–32); Prince (1995, pp. 19, 115–116, 119)
21. Phelps (1833, pp. 55–57).
22. Years later, Smith would state that "the Book of Mormon was the most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion Mormonism, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book."
23. Widmer, Kurt (2000), Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830-1915, Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, p. 6 .
24. Alma 31:36 (a high priest clapped his hands those listening to his sermon, and they were filled with the Holy Spirit); Moroni 2:2 (a set of Native American apostles of Jesus were given power for the laying on of hands)
25. This is widely viewed by secular scholars as an opposition to Freemasonry, although years later Smith would become a Freemason himself.
26. A later reinforcement of that teaching: Sermon given by Joseph Smith, Jr., March 20, 1842, Nauvoo, Illinois, in a grove on the west side of the Temple ("all men will come from the grave as they lie down; whether old or young, there will not be added unto their stature one cubit, neither taken from it.").
27. Bushman (2005, p. xxi)
28. Coviello (2019, p. 59)
29. Bushman (2005, p. xxi,173)
30. Bushman (2005, p. 69); Vogel (2004, pp. 128–129); Brodie (1971, pp. 55–57)
31. Bushman (2005, pp. xx, 129)
32. Bushman (2005, p. 130)
33. Bushman (2005, p. 174)
34. Brodie (1971, pp. 106–7); "D&C 42".
35. Brodie (1971, pp. 117–18); "D&C 76".
36. Bushman (2005, pp. 202–205); "D&C 84".
37. Bushman (2005, pp. 205–212); "D&C 93".
38. Quinn (1994, pp. 5–6, 9, 15–17, 26, 30, 33, 35, 38–42, 49, 70–71, 88, 198); Brodie (1971, p. 141)
39. Brodie (1971, p. 166); Bushman (2005, pp. 212–213); "D&C 89".
40. Brodie (1971, p. 289); Bushman (2005, p. 213); Ostling & Ostling (1999, pp. 177–78)
41. Quinn (1994, pp. 111–12, 115)
42. Larson (1978, pp. 201, 205); Widmer (2000, p. 119)
43. Widmer (2000, p. 119); Bushman (2005, pp. 535, 544)
44. Bushman (2005, pp. 455–56, 535–37)
45. Bushman (2005, p. 422)
46. Bushman (2005, p. 199)
47. Foster (1981, pp. 161–62)
48. Foster (1981, p. 145)
49. Bushman (2005, pp. 497–98); Brooke (1994, pp. 256–57)
50. Brooke (1994, p. 257)
51. Bushman (2005, pp. 497–98)
52. Davenport (2022, p. 143), quoting D&C 132:7.
53. Foster, Craig L. "Doctrine and Covenants Section 132 and Joseph Smith's Expanding Concept of Family". *Persistence of Polygamy*, in Bringhurst & Foster (2010, pp. 87–98)`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
54. Bowman, Matthew (March 3, 2016). Butler, Jon (ed.). "Mormonism". *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History*. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.326. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5.
55. Park (2020, pp. 91–92, 105, 153)
56. Foster (1981, pp. 206–11); Compton (1997, pp. 11, 22–23); Smith (2008, pp. 356); Brooke (1994, p. 255); Brodie (1971, p. 300)
57. Coviello (2019, pp. 56–57, 68–69, 82–88)
58. Bloom (1992, p. 105); Foster (1981, p. 145); Brodie (1971, p. 300); Coviello (2019, pp. 56–57)
59. name=quinn
60. Smith Jr., Joseph; manuscript by Willard Richards, George A. Smith and their assistants as finished in 1858. Roberts, Brigham Henry (ed.). *History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints*. Vol. 2. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. Retrieved 15 June 2009.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Provided by BYU Studies. Published in book form under the direction of the First Presidency in 1902
Tandy, Jon. "Differences between the RLDS and LDS Doctrine and Covenants on the subject of Marriage". Retrieved December 26, 2008. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
These citations refer to Section 101:4 of the 1835 Kirtland Edition, section CIX in the 1844 Nauvoo Edition and Section 111 in the 1950 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints version. They reads: "Inasmuch as this church of Christ has been reproached with the crime of fornication, and polygamy: we declare that we believe, that one man should have one wife; and one woman, but one husband." This section was removed from the LDS Church's publication of the Doctrine and Covenants in 1876 along with the insertion of Section 132 describing the new and everlasting covenant, including the plurality of wives. (D&C 132 Intro)
61. Perego, Ugo A.; Myers, Natalie M.; and Woodward, Scott R. (2005-05-29). "Reconstructing the Y-Chromosome of Joseph Smith Jr.: Genealogical Applications; Remembering the Wives of Joseph Smith" (PDF). *Journal of Mormon History*. **32** (2): 70–88. Archived from the original (PDF of Table of Contents only) on 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-07-02.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) See also Molecular Genealogy Research Project.
62. *In Sacred Loneliness*, pp. 15-16.
63. Bushman (2005, pp. 448–49); Park (2020, pp. 57–61)
64. Anderson and Bergera, 2
65. John D. Charles. (2004). *Endowed from on high: Understanding the symbols of the endowment.* Springfield, UT: Horizon Publishers.
66. Cook, Lyndon; Andrew F. Ehat (June 1991). *The Words of Joseph Smith*. Grandin Book Co. p. 49. ISBN 0-910523-39-8.
67. Doctrine and Covenants Covenant 124:29, Covenant 127:5-10 and Covenant 128
68. See the Thirteenth Article of Faith.
69. Roberts (1904, p. 170); Bushman (2005, p. 441)
70. Quinn (1994, p. 112) (quoting a letter Smith wrote to Nancy Rigdon after she had rejected his proposal of polygamous marriage); Ostling & Ostling (1999, p. 65).
71. Quinn (1994, p. 88).
72. Quinn (1994, pp. 88–89).
73. Bushman (2005, p. 377)
74. Bushman (2005, p. 522)
75. Bushman (2005, p. 516)
76. McBride (2021, p. 97)
77. McBride (2021, p. 97); Bushman (2005, p. 516)
78. Hickman, Martin B. (1968). "The Political Legacy of Joseph Smith". *Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought*. **3** (3): 22–27. ISSN 0012-2157. JSTOR 45224011  via JSTOR.
79. McBride (2021, pp. 101–102)
80. McBride (2021, pp. 103–104)
81. McBride (2021, pp. 104–105)
82. Brodie (1971, pp. 356–57); Bushman (2005, p. 521); Bloom (1992, p. 90)
83. Bushman (2005, pp. 522–23)
84. McBride (2021, p. 98); Park (2020, p. 70); Harris & Bringhurst (2015, p. 1)
85. Bushman (2005, pp. 289, 327–28); Harris & Bringhurst (2015, pp. 21–22); Hill (1977, pp. 380–383); Brodie (1971, pp. 173, 212)
86. Hill (1977, p. 384); Harris & Bringhurst (2015, pp. 27–28); McBride (2021, p. 99)
87. Hill (1977, p. 383)
88. Hill (1977, pp. 384–385)
89. Bushman (2005, p. 289)
90. Bushman (2005, p. 289); Harris & Bringhurst (2015, p. 19); Mueller (2017, p. 28)
91. Harris & Bringhurst (2015, p. 17)
92. Mueller (2017, pp. 34–35, 38, 91)
93. Mueller (2017, pp. 28–29, 39)


title: Brigitte Pientka

abstract: Brigitte Pientka is a computer scientist whose research involves formal methods for software system safety, including type theory, automated reasoning, and the operational semantics of functional programming. Born in Germany and educated in Germany and the US, she works in Canada as a professor of computer science at McGill University, where she heads the Computation and Logic Group.

text:
# Brigitte Pientka

**Brigitte Pientka** (born 1971) is a computer scientist whose research involves formal methods for software system safety, including type theory, automated reasoning, and the operational semantics of functional programming. Born in Germany and educated in Germany and the US, she works in Canada as a professor of computer science at McGill University, where she heads the Computation and Logic Group.

## Education and career

Pientka was born in 1971 in Coburg, Germany. She studied computer science at Technische Universität Darmstadt, earning a diplom (the German equivalent of a master's degree) in 1997. After visiting Cornell University as a Visiting Research Scholar, She went to Carnegie Mellon University for doctoral study in computer science. She completed her Ph.D. in 2003, with the dissertation *Tabled Higher-Order Logic Programming* supervised by Frank Pfenning.

She joined McGill University as an assistant professor of computer science in 2003, and is currently a full professor there.

## Recognition

A 2008 paper by Pientka and Jana Dunfield, "Programming with proofs and explicit contexts", won the 2018 Test of Time Award of the ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP).


title: Enallagma antennatum

abstract: Enallagma antennatum, the rainbow bluet, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in eastern and central North America. The IUCN conservation status of Enallagma antennatum is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

text:
# Enallagma antennatum

***Enallagma antennatum***, the **rainbow bluet**, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in eastern and central North America.

The IUCN conservation status of *Enallagma antennatum* is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.

## Further reading

* Kalkman, V. J. (2013). *Studies on phylogeny and biogeography of damselflies (Odonata) with emphasis on the Argiolestidae* (PhD). Leiden University. hdl:1887/22953.

## InfoBox

| *Enallagma antennatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Family: | Coenagrionidae |
| Genus: | *Enallagma* |
| Species: | ***E. antennatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enallagma antennatum***
(Say, 1839) | |
|


title: Rothley Temple

abstract: Rothley Temple, or more correctly Rothley Preceptory, was a preceptory in the village of Rothley, Leicestershire, England, associated with both the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller. The preceptory's chapel, constructed by the Knights Templar, is currently part of the Rothley Court Hotel.

text:
# Rothley Temple

**Rothley Temple**, or more correctly **Rothley Preceptory**, (pronounced *Rowth-Ley*) was a preceptory (a religious establishment operated by certain orders of monastic knights) in the village of Rothley, Leicestershire, England, associated with both the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller.

The preceptory's chapel, constructed by the Knights Templar, is currently part of the Rothley Court Hotel.

## History

### Foundation

Rothley Preceptory was established around the year 1231; however, records show "The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon" (more commonly known as the Knights Templar) owned land at Rothley as early as the reign of King John (1199–1216). On the establishment of the preceptory King Henry III granted the Knights Templar the manor and church at Rothley. The preceptory would come to own land in 13 neighbouring villages, including granges used for farming at Baggrave (near Hungarton) and Gaddesby. The knights of the preceptory also owned the Manor at Gaddesby.

Around 1250, the preceptory was recorded as having a yearly revenue of £62. 10s. 5d., which was used to help fellow Knights Templar in Acre, in modern-day Israel.

In 1284, King Edward I granted the preceptory's knights a charter, permitting them to hold a weekly market, on a Monday, at Rothley, and an annual fair in honour of Saint Barnabas each June. This lasted until 1306, when King Edward issued the knights with another charter permitting them to hold a market and festival at their manor at Gaddesby, instead of at Rothley. This charter afforded a weekly market on a Wednesday and an annual festival in July in honour of Mary Magdalen.

### End of the Knights Templar

After losing the Holy Land in 1291, the Knights Templar lost purpose, power and influence, and were forced to move their headquarters to France. Shortly after, King Philip IV of France, heavily indebted to the order, started a campaign against the Knights Templar, using his puppet Pope Clement V. King Philip had Pope Clement arrest the Templars for various offences, including: apostasy, idolatry, heresy, obscene rituals, homosexuality, financial corruption, fraud, and secrecy. Under torture, many confessed.

With these confessions, and after more bullying from the French King, on 22 November 1307 Pope Clement issued a Papal bull, known as the *Pastoralis Praeeminentiae*, which instructed the monarchs of Europe to arrest all of the Knights Templar, and to seize their properties on behalf of the church. King Philip had thereby freed himself of his debts.

Initially, King Edward II of England refused to believe the allegations against the Templars. However, in 1308, Rothley Preceptory, together with the Templars' other possessions in England, were seized by the Crown.

An inventory of the dissolved preceptory from 1309 reveals that the preceptory consisted of both a hall and a chapel (thought to have been built around 1240), and had over 350 sheep.

### Knights Hospitaller

In 1313 the preceptory and its lands were transferred to the Military Hospitaller Order of St John of Jerusalem, more commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller.

Rothley does not appear to have been administered by the Knights Hospitallers as an independent preceptory, and was merged with the joint Dalby and Heather Preceptory by 1371, another Hospitaller establishment within Leicestershire. One Preceptor then controlled all three of these preceptories from Dalby.

From around 1500 the land at all three preceptories – Dalby, Heather and Rothley – appears to have been rented out. In 1535, the three combined preceptories are recorded as providing the order with a sizable annual income of £231. 7s. 10d.

In the 15th century the Hospitallers made alterations to the chapel at the preceptory.

### Dissolution

The preceptory was suppressed and dissolved in 1540. The Lordship of the Manor of Rothley, previously held by the preceptory, was from 1565 until 1845 in the hands of the Babington family. The Babingtons chose not to demolish the preceptory's chapel, and it was incorporated, along with some fragments of the preceptory's domestic buildings, into the house they built on the site.

## Later history

### Abolition of the slave trade

Rothley Temple eventually passed to Thomas Babington (1758–1837) who was a prominent figure in the Clapham Sect and the fight to abolish the slave trade. A close friend of William Wilberforce, Babington and Wilberforce met frequently at Rothley Temple whilst drafting their anti-slavery bill. Babington later served as MP for Leicester and High Sheriff of Leicestershire and was buried in the chapel at Rothley Temple.

A large stone monument and plaque stand outside the building today, commemorating the building's, and Babington's, part in the abolition of slavery. In 1800, Rothley Temple was the birthplace of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859, later Lord Macaulay) named after his uncle.

### Rothley Court

The preceptory's chapel and part of the domestic buildings still exist, and are now part of the Rothley Court Hotel. Rothley Court, originally a stately home, incorporates part of the preceptory that was converted for residential use in the 16th century. Much of what can be seen today is from substantial renovation and extension works conducted by John Ely of Manchester, between 1894 and 1895.

The chapel was heavily restored in 1896. In 1951, Rothley Court and the chapel were protected as Grade I Listed Buildings.

A number of stone artefacts and partial grave slabs have been discovered over the years around the chapel, where they can be seen. This includes a recently restored effigy of a Templar knight, originally discovered in Rothley Churchyard in 1790; following a £2,000 restoration completed in 2011, the effigy has been placed within the chapel at Rothley Temple.

Rothley Temple is also the name of a lodge of the Freemasons. The lodge, founded in 1961/62, took its name from the preceptory because of its association with the Knights Templar.

## Preceptors

The Preceptor was head of the preceptory. Similar to an Abbot with an Abbey and a Prior with a Priory, the Preceptor was in charge of the preceptory's church and land, and managed the brethren of the order who lived at the preceptory. The Preceptor was answerable to the Grand Master of his order.

Preceptors under the Knights Templar:

* Stephen of Todmershe.
* John Feversham.
* Walter of Ewenightewith.
* William of Wald.
* Alexander Blundus.
* William of Colewell, occurs 1271.

The Preceptors under the Knights Hospitallers: *From around 1371, Rothley was controlled by the preceptor of Dalby Preceptory*

* John Dingley, c.1371.
* John Langstrothyr, c.1448.
* Thomas Newport, died 1522.
* Henry Babbington, c.1525.
* John Babbington, died 1534.
* Sir Henry Poole, 1535/6 – 1540.

## InfoBox

Rothley Preceptory
| The Templar Chapel built c.1240; incorporated into a later building | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Leicestershire | |
| Monastery information | |
| Other names | Rothley Temple |
| Order | Knights Templar<br>From 1313: Knights Hospitaller |
| Established | c.1231 |
| Disestablished | 1540 |
| Mother house | *from c.1371:* Dalby Preceptory |
| Site | |
| Location | Rothley, Leicestershire |
| Coordinates | 52°42′20″N 1°08′52″W / 52.7056°N 1.1478°W / 52.7056; -1.1478 |
| Visible remains | The Preceptory's chapel and part of the domestic buildings still remain as part of the Rothley Court Hotel. |


title: 1759

abstract: 1759 (MDCCLIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1759th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 759th year of the 2nd millennium, the 59th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1759, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In Great Britain, this year was known as the Annus Mirabilis, because of British victories in the Seven Years' War.

text:
# 1759

1759 in various calendars
| Gregorian calendar | 1759
*MDCCLIX* |
| --- | --- |
| Ab urbe condita | 2512 |
| Armenian calendar | 1208
ԹՎ ՌՄԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6509 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1680–1681 |
| Bengali calendar | 1166 |
| Berber calendar | 2709 |
| British Regnal year | 32 Geo. 2  33 Geo. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2303 |
| Burmese calendar | 1121 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7267–7268 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊寅年 (Earth Tiger)
4456 or 4249
*to*
己卯年 (Earth Rabbit)
4457 or 4250 |
| Coptic calendar | 1475–1476 |
| Discordian calendar | 2925 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1751–1752 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5519–5520 |
| Hindu calendars |  |
| \- *Vikram Samvat* | 1815–1816 |
| \- *Shaka Samvat* | 1680–1681 |
| \- *Kali Yuga* | 4859–4860 |
| Holocene calendar | 11759 |
| Igbo calendar | 759–760 |
| Iranian calendar | 1137–1138 |
| Islamic calendar | 1172–1173 |
| Japanese calendar | Hōreki 9
(宝暦９年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1684–1685 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4092 |
| Minguo calendar | 153 before ROC
民前153年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 291 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2301–2302 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳土虎年
(male Earth-Tiger)
1885 or 1504 or 732
*to*
阴土兔年
(female Earth-Rabbit)
1886 or 1505 or 733 |

**1759** (MDCCLIX) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1759th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, the 759th year of the 2nd millennium, the 59th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1759, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

In Great Britain, this year was known as the *Annus Mirabilis*, because of British victories in the Seven Years' War.

## Events

### JanuaryMarch

### AprilJune

### JulySeptember

### OctoberDecember

### Date unknown

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| --- | --- |
| Centuries: |  |
| Decades: |  |
| Years: |  |


title: Purley on Thames

abstract: Purley on Thames is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. Purley is centred 3 miles (4.8 km) north-west of Reading, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Pangbourne, and 22 miles (35 km) south-east of Oxford. Historically, Purley comprised three separate manors and associated settlements. In the centre there is an historic area named variously Lething or Burley (Domesday) which accommodated traders and craftsmen alongside the main Reading to Oxford road.

text:
# Purley on Thames

**Purley on Thames** (known locally as Purley) is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. Purley is centred 3 miles (4.8 km) north-west of Reading, 1 mile (1.6 km) east of Pangbourne, and 22 miles (35 km) south-east of Oxford. Historically, Purley comprised three separate manors and associated settlements. In the centre there is an historic area named variously Lething or Burley (Domesday) which accommodated traders and craftsmen alongside the main Reading to Oxford road.

## History

Purley has been settled since at least Saxon times. The original settlements were based on Purley Magna (to the east), Purley Parva (to the north-west) and Purley La Hyde (to the west). Ownership of these manors changed several times over successive centuries but the parish remained almost entirely agricultural until development began in the 20th century, with a population of 150–200. Since then it has grown to 4,232 (2001 Census) and around 4394 people in 2011.

A timbered Elizabethan manor house was constructed in the 1540s, to be replaced by a brick house in 1740. This was demolished around 1800 to be replaced by Purley Park, designed by James Wyatt in 1800 and on the brow of the hill to be well away from flooding. The house is a Grade II\* listed building. At the same time most of the eastern part of the parish was emparked; a new road, New Hill, constructed to provide access to the residual village, and the turnpike highway diverted to the south.

In 1948, the mansion was purchased to provide a home and school for people with Down syndrome. While the mansion itself has now been converted to apartments, the Purley Park Trust continues to support adults with learning difficulties with care homes in the former grounds. When the mansion was built, the farm was moved further west and was home to the South Berks Hunt for many years. Its Master of Foxhounds, Cecil Aldin, ran a remount depot there in World War I, employing his friend and fellow artist, Alfred Munnings as a horse doctor. After World War II the property was sold to Messrs G Percy Trentham who used it as the head offices for their civil engineering business. This building is also Grade II\* listed. In the 1990s this too was redeveloped and the barn, another listed building, which had originally been adjacent to the church, donated to the parish council as a community facility.

Purley Hall was built around 1608 to replace the manor house of Purley La Hyde and was home to personages such as Warren Hastings, Lady Baden-Powell, as a child, and Thomas Hawes, of South Sea Bubble fame.

Several smallholdings were established between World War I and World War II, including one by Mortimer Menpes, the artist and friend of Whistler. These have almost all now been redeveloped.

### Recent development

Purley lost most of its old houses due to enclosures around 1800 and redevelopment in the 20th century. After the sale of the estate of Purley Magna in the 1920s most of the eastern part of the parish has been developed but there is easy access to rural areas to the west and south. The area encompassing the other manors has also retained a rural character.

Changes in the 20th century began with ribbon development along the Oxford Road and Long Lane and in recent years these properties have been redeveloped with modern housing estates. The Purley River Estate was sold off in small plots in the 1930s and for many years suffered much non-planned development. As a result of the guidance plan agreed during the 1960s, it has gradually developed from self built, timber dwellings and converted railway carriages, to an area with more conventional housing. The gradual upgrading of the area has resulted in a diverse range of housing styles.

## Government

The civil parish of Purley on Thames stretches roughly 1.5 km both north–south and east–west and is within the West Berkshire Council unitary authority area. It has its own parish council of 13 elected members with the parish office at Goosecroft, off Beech Road. The parish is within the Reading West parliamentary constituency.

## Geography

Previously a rural village, Purley is in West Berkshire. It is bounded to the north by a stretch of the River Thames, to the east by the Borough of Reading, to the west by Pangbourne and to the south by Tilehurst and Sulham. The eastern half is almost completely redeveloped but the western half includes meadow land alongside the river and agricultural land on the north slope of the escarpment. There are small settlements in the extreme west, around Sulham Home Farm, and in the north west around Springs and Westbury Farms.

Due to its proximity to the River Thames, Purley has suffered periods of severe flooding, most recently in 2014. The part of Purley closest to the river has changed radically, with most properties having been built since the 1970s and, with a very few exceptions, it was a condition of planning approval that the houses were built at or above the 1947 flood level. A flood alleviation scheme, in the form of a clay bund and a pumping platform was completed by the Environment Agency in late 2014.

## Demography

The population has around 88% White British ethnicity, 4% other white ethnicity; residents identifying with an Asian ethnicity constituted 3%, with a Caribbean or African ethnicity 1% and those with a mixed ethnicity, 2%.

|
|  |
**2011 Published Statistics: Population, home ownership and extracts from Physical Environment, surveyed in 2005**
| Output area | Homes owned outright | Owned with a loan | Socially rented | Privately rented | Other | km2 roads | km2 water | km2 domestic gardens | Usual residents | km2 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Civil parish | 667 | 768 | 97 | 121 | 15 | 0.165 | 0.275 | 0.706 | 4,394 | 4.27 |

The majority of homes in Purley are detached houses, with minorities of small housing and shared ownership properties and several council estates. The area is largely unaffordable for most of the population - as of 2016, the average price of a property in Purley is £413,268 and the median UK wage is £26,500; the average house price is thus nearly 16 times the average salary.

## Transport

The parish is crossed from east to west by both the Great Western Main Line and the A329. The railway is mostly hidden in a deep cutting and the nearest stations are those at Tilehurst and Pangbourne. Purley is served by Reading Buses service 16 and Thames Travel service 143. For those with mobility problems, ReadiBus provides door to door minibus services and the Pangbourne and District Volunteer Centre provides help getting to medical facilities. Mapledurham Lock, on the Thames, is within the parish, despite its name.

## Education

Purley has two primary schools with three other primary schools and Denefield Academy within a short distance of its boundaries.

## Amenities

Purley is bounded to south and west by the North Wessex Downs area of outstanding natural beauty and has a good range of habitats from river and woodland supporting a diverse range of creatures. The Thames Path beside the river and a set of 12 designated footpaths provide many opportunities for ramblers. There are two recreation areas, a bowling green and Pike Shaw woods in the ownership of the parish council. There are three community halls: The Barn, the Memorial Hall and St Mary's Church hall, which host a large number of clubs and societies.

## Church

The parish church of St Mary was described as 'ancient' in a founding charter of Reading Abbey in 1121. It is believed it was burnt down in 1135 in The Anarchy and replaced by a Norman church around 1150. The new church was built on an excavated platform and graves dating from the 10th century or 11th century were discovered in 1982 only about a foot below the surface. This church was modified and added to in the 14th and 17th centuries and completely rebuilt in 1870 in the Gothic revivalist style by G E Street. A further major extension was added in 1983. The church is a Grade II\* listed building.

### Notable parish priests

The list of rectors dates from the mid-14th century. Purley's foremost clergymen suffered ejection during the 120 years of sectarian conflict commencing with Edward VI's reign. These included Richard Gatskyll, in Edward VI's reign, for being a Catholic, John Leke, in Mary I's reign, for having been married, Thomas Handcock, in 1563, for not being Protestant enough for the church overseen by Elizabeth I and Daniel Reynor, in 1662, who was a Congregationalist, and so unwilling to conform to the Act of Uniformity 1662 passed after the Restoration of Charles II. The current Church of England rector is David Archer.

## InfoBox

| Purley on Thames | |
| --- | --- |
| Village and civil parish | |
| St. Mary's Church of England Parish Church, Purley-on-Thames | |
| Purley on ThamesLocation within Berkshire | |
| Area | 4.27 km2 (1.65 sq mi) |
| Population | 4,394 (2011 census) |
| Density | 1,029/km2 (2,670/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | SU6676 |
| Civil parish | * Purley on Thames |
| Unitary authority |  |
| Ceremonial county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Reading |
| Postcode district | RG8, RG31 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Royal Berkshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: One Per Desk

abstract: The One Per Desk, or OPD, was a British innovative hybrid personal computer and telecommunications terminal based on the hardware of the Sinclair QL. The One Per Desk was built by International Computers Limited (ICL) and launched in the United Kingdom in 1984. It was the result of a collaborative project between ICL, Sinclair Research and British Telecom, begun in 1983, which originally intended to incorporate Sinclair's flat-screen CRT technology. Rebadged versions of the OPD were sold in the United Kingdom by British Telecom as the Merlin Tonto and as the Computerphone by Telecom Australia and the New Zealand Post Office. The initial orders were worth £4.5 million from British Telecom and £8 million from Telecom Australia, with ICL focusing on telecommunications providers as the means to reach small- and medium-sized businesses. Sales of the OPD worth $42 million were reportedly made by ICL within the first nine months of the product becoming available, largely involving contracts with British Telecom and the telecommunications authorities of Australia, Hong Kong and New Zealand.

text:
# One Per Desk

The **One Per Desk**, or **OPD**, was a British innovative hybrid personal computer and telecommunications terminal based on the hardware of the Sinclair QL. The One Per Desk was built by International Computers Limited (ICL) and launched in the United Kingdom in 1984. It was the result of a collaborative project between ICL, Sinclair Research and British Telecom, begun in 1983, which originally intended to incorporate Sinclair's flat-screen CRT technology.

Rebadged versions of the OPD were sold in the United Kingdom by British Telecom as the **Merlin Tonto** and as the **Computerphone** by Telecom Australia and the New Zealand Post Office. The initial orders were worth £4.5 million (for 1500 units) from British Telecom and £8 million from Telecom Australia, with ICL focusing on telecommunications providers as the means to reach small- and medium-sized businesses. Sales of the OPD worth $42 million were reportedly made by ICL within the first nine months of the product becoming available, largely involving contracts with British Telecom and the telecommunications authorities of Australia, Hong Kong and New Zealand.

## Hardware

From the QL, the OPD borrowed the 68008 CPU, ZX8301/8302 ULAs, 128 KB of RAM and dual Microdrives (re-engineered by ICL for greater reliability) but not the Intel 8049 Intelligent Peripheral Controller. Unique to the OPD was a telephony module incorporating an Intel 8051 microcontroller (which also controlled the keyboard), two PSTN lines and a V.21/V.23 modem, plus a built-in telephone handset and a Texas Instruments TMS5220 speech synthesiser (for automatic answering of incoming calls).

The OPD was supplied with either a 9-inch monochrome (white) monitor, priced at £1,195 plus VAT, or a 14-inch colour monitor at £1,625 plus VAT. The monitors also housed the power supply for the OPD itself.

Later, 3.5" floppy disk drives were also available from third-party vendors.

## Software

The system firmware (BFS or "Basic Functional Software") was unrelated to the QL's Qdos operating system, although a subset of SuperBASIC was provided on Microdrive cartridge. The BFS provided application-switching, voice/data call management, call answering, phone number directories, Viewdata terminal emulation and a simple calculator.

The Psion applications suite bundled with the QL was also ported to the OPD as *Xchange* and was available as an optional ROM pack, priced at £130. Other optional application software available on ROM included various terminal emulators such as Satellite Computing's ICL7561 emulator, plus their Action Diary and Presentation Software, address book, and inter-OPD communications utilities.

An ICL-supplied application was used to synchronise a national bingo game across hundreds of bingo halls in the UK. The integral V.23 dialup modem was used to provide remote communications to the central server.

Several of ICL's mainframe (Series 39) customers in the UK, in local government and Ministry of Defence sectors, used statistics applications on OPD systems to view graphical representations of mainframe reports. Here too, the integral V.23 modem was used to download data from the mainframe.

## Merlin Tonto

British Telecom Business Systems sold the OPD as the Merlin M1800 Tonto. BT intended the Tonto to be a centralised desktop information system able to access online services, mainframes and other similar systems through the BT telephone network. The Tonto retailed at £1,500 at launch. OPD peripherals and software ROM cartridges were also badged under the Merlin brand. BT withdrew support for the Tonto in February 1993. The name Tonto was derived from "The Outstanding New Telecoms Opportunity".

A data communications adapter was introduced for the Tonto as a plug-in option or fitted on new units, providing a standard RS423 interface for use with mainframe computers or data communications networks, permitting the use of the Tonto as a VT100 terminal. A separate *VT Link* product provided support for VT52 and VT100 emulation for mainframe access over dial-up connections.

Work on the Tonto influenced the design of a follow-on product by BT's Communications Terminal Products Group and Rathdown Industries known as the QWERTYphone, this aiming to provide the telephony features of the Tonto at "a much lower cost and in a more user-friendly manner".

## ComputerPhone

The device was branded as ComputerPhone by Telecom Australia and the New Zealand Post Office. Aimed at growing office automation market and seeking to integrate computing and telecommunications, combining support for both voice and data, the product was perceived as the first of its kind designed to meet the needs of managers, who would be relying on old-fashioned paper-based practices to perform their "complex and heavy workloads" involving a variety of ongoing activities including meetings, telephone calls, research, administration and numerous other tasks. Such potential users of information technology had apparently been ignored by office automation efforts, and personal computers were perceived as "exceeding most managers' requirements". The ComputerPhone attempted to sit between more specialised telephony devices and more advanced workstations, being marketed as an "executive" workstation in Australia, and more towards middle management in New Zealand. Advertisements emphasised the telephony, office suite, desktop calculator, videotex, terminal and electronic messaging capabilities.

## MegaOPD

An enhanced version of the OPD called the MegaOPD was produced in small numbers for the United States market. This had a 68008FN CPU, 256 KB of RAM as standard, an RS-232 port and enhanced firmware. The telephone answering function had a female voice, with a slight New Jersey accent.

## Legacy

ICL's strategic incoherence, particularly in its low-end personal computing products, was the subject of some criticism, with the One Per Desk being identified as "the pick of the bunch" in the company's attempts to address niche applications with arbitrary products. Described as a "wildly visionary product" and an "original concept marred by a woefully inadequate implementation", even years later it stubbornly remained a "constant reproach to the company".

## InfoBox

One Per Desk
| Merlin Tonto | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | OPD, Merlin Tonto, Computerphone |
| Manufacturer | International Computers Limited (ICL) |
| Type | personal computer / telecommunications terminal |
| Release date | 1984 (1984) |
| Operating system | BFS ("Basic Functional Software") |
| CPU | Motorola 68008 |
| Memory | 128 KB |
| Storage | 2× Microdrive |
| Graphics | ZX8301 |
| Sound | TMS5220 speech synthesiser |
| Connectivity | V.21/V.23 modem |


title: Chocó vireo

abstract: The Chocó vireo is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae that was discovered by Paul Salaman in 1991 and described in 1996. It is found in western Colombia and has recently been found in north-west Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Chocó vireo

The **Chocó vireo** (***Vireo masteri***) is a species of bird in the family Vireonidae that was discovered by Paul Salaman in 1991 and described in 1996. It is found in western Colombia and has recently been found in north-west Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Discovery

The Chocó vireo was first observed on August 25, 1991, by Paul Salaman in western Nariño located in southwest Colombia. The site, located at an altitude of 1,500 meters (five thousand feet), was in a narrow strip of intact, very wet forest along the Rio Nambi, in the Chocó region which is famed for its high biological diversity. In early June, 1992, ornithologist Gary Stiles observed and collected this species while working in Alto de Pisones in Risaralda department. The bird was small, a little more than four inches, lightweight at 11.4 grams, and greenish in color with a broad, wide yellowish wing bar. It had a distinctive facial pattern with a long white stripe above its eye.

Salaman decided to take the novel approach of auctioning off the naming rights to the vireo's scientific name in order to raise money for conservation of the bird's habitat. Bernard Master, the first American birder to have seen a representative of every bird family in the world, won the auction with a bid of US$75,000 and named it *Vireo masteri*. This donation was used to create the Pangan ProAves Reserve in Colombia.

## InfoBox

| Chocó vireo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Vireo masteri* in Ecuador | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Vireonidae |
| Genus: | *Vireo* |
| Species: | ***V. masteri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Vireo masteri***
P.G. Salaman & F.G. Stiles, 1996 | |
|
|  | |


title: Chokhatauri

abstract: Chokhatauri is a town in Georgia’s Guria region, 310 km west to the nation's capital of Tbilisi. It is an administrative center of Chokhatauri Municipality, which comprises the town itself and its adjoining 61 villages. The area of the town is 204 km⁲; population – 1815 (2014). Several historical monuments are scattered across the district, e.g. an early medieval fortress of Bukistsikhe, and a monastic complex of Udabno. Near the town is a health resort based on the natural mineral water Nabeglavi, which is similar to Borjomi in its chemical composition. Bakhmaro is another nearby mountain resort that is famous for its unique wooden cottages on stilts in the mist of the mountains. Nabeglavi mineral water and Bakhmaro spring water are bottled by Healthy Water Ltd. in Chokhatauri. Chokhatauri is also known as the birthplace of the LGBT rights activist Andria.

text:
# Chokhatauri

**Chokhatauri** (Georgian: ჩოხატაური) is a town in Georgia’s Guria region, 310 km west to the nation's capital of Tbilisi. It is an administrative center of Chokhatauri Municipality, which comprises the town itself and its adjoining 61 villages. The area of the town is 204 km2; population – 1815 (2014).

Several historical monuments are scattered across the district, e.g. an early medieval fortress of Bukistsikhe, and a monastic complex of Udabno.

Near the town is a health resort based on the natural mineral water Nabeglavi, which is similar to Borjomi in its chemical composition. Bakhmaro is another nearby mountain resort that is famous for its unique wooden cottages on stilts in the mist of the mountains. Nabeglavi mineral water and Bakhmaro spring water are bottled by Healthy Water Ltd. in Chokhatauri.

Chokhatauri is also known as the birthplace of the LGBT rights activist Andria.

* "Ch'okhatauri, Georgia Page". Falling Rain Genomics.

## References

## InfoBox

| Chokhatauri ჩოხატაური | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
|  | |
| ChokhatauriLocation of Chokhatauri in GeorgiaChokhatauriChokhatauri (Guria) | |
| Coordinates: 42°1′8″N 42°14′22″E / 42.01889°N 42.23944°E / 42.01889; 42.23944 | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Region | Guria |
| Municipality | Chokhatauri |
| Area | |
| Total | 204 km2 (79 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 150 m (490 ft) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 1,815 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (Georgian Time) |


title: Christia

abstract: Christia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae.

text:
# Christia

***Christia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae.

## Geographical distribution

Tropical & Subtropical Asia, including

The genus is also naturalized in Fiji and on some Caribbean islands such as St. Vincent, Martinique, Jamaica and St. Kitts.

## Species

Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of March 2024:

## InfoBox

| *Christia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Christia vespertilionis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Desmodieae |
| Subtribe: | Desmodiinae |
| Genus: | *Christia*<br>Moench |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lourea* Neck. ex Desv. * *Ploca* Lour. ex Gomes | |


title: Sonning Common Health Walks

abstract: The Sonning Common Health Walks was set up in 1996 by Dr William Bird, who is a general practitioner in Reading, Berkshire, England. The walks aim to reduce heart disease, reduce cholesterol and blood pressure, relieve depression and anxiety, reduce stress, help with weight management / obesity, and help with diabetes. Each walk is led by a Leader who is a trained volunteer. The leaders know the route. You walk at your own pace but you are advised to stretch yourself to raise your heart rate and get you breathing faster. Bird set up health walks from his practice in Sonning Common, Oxfordshire, and then worked with the Countryside Agency and the British Heart Foundation to expand it nationally.

text:
# Sonning Common Health Walks

The **Sonning Common Health Walks** was set up in 1996 by Dr William Bird, who is a general practitioner in Reading, Berkshire, England. The walks aim to reduce heart disease, reduce cholesterol and blood pressure, relieve depression and anxiety, reduce stress, help with weight management / obesity, and help with diabetes. Each walk is led by a Leader who is a trained volunteer. The leaders know the route. You walk at your own pace but you are advised to stretch yourself to raise your heart rate and get you breathing faster.

Bird set up health walks from his practice in Sonning Common, Oxfordshire, and then worked with the Countryside Agency and the British Heart Foundation to expand it nationally.