title: Coleophora borea

abstract: Coleophora borea is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in the United States, including Ohio. The larvae feed on the seeds of Fallopia scandens. They create a trivalved, tubular silken case.

text:
# Coleophora borea

***Coleophora borea*** is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in the United States, including Ohio.

The larvae feed on the seeds of *Fallopia scandens*. They create a trivalved, tubular silken case.

## InfoBox

| *Coleophora borea* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Coleophoridae |
| Genus: | *Coleophora* |
| Species: | ***C. borea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coleophora borea***<br>Braun, 1921 | |
|


title: Coleophora bojalyshi

abstract: Coleophora bojalyshi is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Uzbekistan.

text:
# Coleophora bojalyshi

***Coleophora bojalyshi*** is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Uzbekistan.

## InfoBox

| *Coleophora bojalyshi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Coleophoridae |
| Genus: | *Coleophora* |
| Species: | ***C. bojalyshi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coleophora bojalyshi***<br>Falkovich, 1972 | |
|


title: Coleotechnites macleodi

abstract: The brown hemlock needleminer is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the north-eastern parts of the United States, as well as Canada. The wingspan is 9–11 mm. There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on Tsuga canadensis.

text:
# Coleotechnites macleodi

The **brown hemlock needleminer** (***Coleotechnites macleodi***) is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the north-eastern parts of the United States, as well as Canada.

The wingspan is 9–11 mm. There is one generation per year.

The larvae feed on *Tsuga canadensis*.

## InfoBox

| *Coleotechnites macleodi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Coleotechnites* |
| Species: | ***C. macleodi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coleotechnites macleodi***<br>(Freeman, 1965) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Pulicalvaira macleodi* Freeman, 1965 | |


title: Coelopini

abstract: Coelopini is a tribe of kelp flies in the family Coelopidae.

text:
# Coelopini

***Coelopini*** is a tribe of kelp flies in the family Coelopidae.

## Genera

## InfoBox

| Coelopini | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Sciomyzoidea |
| Family: | Coelopidae |
| Subfamily: | Coelopinae |
| Tribe: | Coelopini<br>Hendel, 1910 |
|


title: Stephen G. Alter

abstract: Stephen G. Alter is professor of History at Gordon College, Wenham. Alter received his B.M. from Southern Methodist University, M.A. from Rice University and Ph.D. from University of Michigan. His 2005 work published from the Johns Hopkins University Press is the first "full-length study" of William Dwight Whitney.

text:
# Stephen G. Alter

**Stephen G. Alter** is professor of History at Gordon College, Wenham. Alter received his B.M. from Southern Methodist University, M.A. from Rice University and Ph.D. from University of Michigan.

His 2005 work published from the Johns Hopkins University Press is the first "full-length study" of William Dwight Whitney.

## Bibliography

* Stephen G. Alter (14 June 2002). *Darwinism and the Linguistic Image: Language, Race, and Natural Theology in the Nineteenth Century*. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7244-0.
* Stephen G. Alter (9 March 2005). *William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language*. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8020-9.


title: Colin Boyd (footballer)

abstract: Colin G. Boyd is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray and Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1970s. Boyd, who was from Sale, spent the 1973 VFL season at Footscray. A defender, he played for VFA club Williamstown in 1975 and 1976. In the second of those years he was a Field Medal winner, for the 'best and fairest' in the league's second division. and also played in Williamstown's premiership win over Mordialloc at Toorak Park. Boyd was also runner-up in the Club best and fairest award in both seasons. He was selected on a half-back flank in Williamstown's 1970's Team-of-the-Decade. Boyd played 37 games and kicked 3 goals for the VFA Seagulls. Essendon gave him a second chance at VFL football in 1977 and he missed just three games in his first season and was awarded 16 Brownlow Medal votes. Only Simon Madden took home more votes for Essendon in the count. By 1979 he was playing most of his football in the reserves and won the Gardiner Medal. From 1980 to 1987, Boyd played at Leongatha and was their captain-coach in 1980, 1981 and 1987.

text:
# Colin Boyd (footballer)

**Colin G. Boyd** (born 27 July 1954) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray and Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1970s.

Boyd, who was from Sale, spent the 1973 VFL season at Footscray. A defender, he played for VFA club Williamstown in 1975 and 1976. In the second of those years he was a Field Medal winner, for the 'best and fairest' in the league's second division. and also played in Williamstown's premiership win over Mordialloc at Toorak Park. Boyd was also runner-up in the Club best and fairest award in both seasons. He was selected on a half-back flank in Williamstown's 1970's Team-of-the-Decade. Boyd played 37 games and kicked 3 goals for the VFA Seagulls.

Essendon gave him a second chance at VFL football in 1977 and he missed just three games in his first season and was awarded 16 Brownlow Medal votes. Only Simon Madden took home more votes for Essendon in the count. By 1979 he was playing most of his football in the reserves and won the Gardiner Medal.

From 1980 to 1987, Boyd played at Leongatha and was their captain-coach in 1980, 1981 and 1987.

## InfoBox

| Colin Boyd | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Colin G. Boyd | | |
| Date of birth | (1954-07-27) 27 July 1954 | | |
| Original team(s) | St Patrick's, Sale | | |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Weight | 81 kg (179 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1973 | Footscray | 10 (0) |
| 1977–1979 | Essendon | 34 (0) |
| Total |  | **44 (0)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1979. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Fan Baiqun

abstract: Fan Baiqun is a Chinese football player.

text:
# Fan Baiqun

**Fan Baiqun** (Chinese: 范柏群; born 18 February 1986) is a Chinese football player.

## Club career

In 2005, Fan Baiqun started his professional footballer career with Tianjin Teda in the Chinese Super League. He eventually made his Super League debut for Tianjin on 30 March 2008 in a game against Hangzhou Greentown. In February 2012, Fan was loaned to China League One side Shenyang Shenbei until 31 December. In January 2013, Fan was loaned to another League One club Tianjin Songjiang for one year. Tianjin Songjiang extended his loan deal for one year in December 2013.

On 25 January 2017, Fan moved to League Two side Sichuan Longfor. On 31 January 2018, Fan transferred to China League One side Zhejiang Greentown.

## Career statistics

*Statistics accurate as of match played 31 December 2020.*

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Tianjin Teda | 2005 | Chinese Super League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | | 0 | 0 |
| | 2007 | | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | - | | 0 | 0 |
| | 2008 | | 6 | 0 | - | | - | | - | | 6 | 0 |
| | 2009 | | 2 | 0 | - | | - | | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| | 2010 | | 5 | 0 | - | | - | | - | | 5 | 0 |
| | 2011 | | 3 | 0 | - | | - | | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| | 2015 | | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | | - | | 9 | 0 |
| | 2016 | | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 | - | | - | | 15 | 1 |
| | Total | | 36 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 1 |
| Shenyang Shenbei (loan) | 2012 | China League One | 21 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - | | - | | 23 | 0 |
| Tianjin Songjiang (loan) | 2013 | | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 23 | 1 |
| | 2014 | | 28 | 4 | 0 | 0 | - | | - | | 28 | 4 |
| | Total | | 51 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 5 |
| Sichuan Longfor | 2017 | China League Two | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | - | | - | | 21 | 1 |
| Zhejiang Greentown | 2018 | China League One | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - | | - | | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 129 | 7 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 138 | 7 |

## InfoBox

Fan Baiqun
范柏群
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1986-02-18) February 18, 1986 | | |
| Place of birth | Tianjin, China | | |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Tianjin Teda | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2005–2016 | Tianjin Teda | 36 | (1) |
| 2012 | Shenyang Shenbei (loan) | 21 | (0) |
| 2013–2014 | Tianjin Songjiang (loan) | 51 | (5) |
| 2017 | Sichuan Longfor | 20 | (1) |
| 2018–2020 | Zhejiang Greentown | 1 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 December 2020 | | | |


title: DTA Evolution

abstract: The DTA Evolution is a French ultralight trike, designed and produced by DTA sarl of Montélimar. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

text:
# DTA Evolution

The **DTA Evolution** is a French ultralight trike, designed and produced by DTA sarl of Montélimar. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

## Design and development

The aircraft was designed as a simple trike, with an exceptional payload, to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of 450 kg (992 lb). The aircraft has a maximum gross weight of 400 kg (882 lb). It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit without a cockpit fairing, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its 10.30 m (33.8 ft) span DTA Dynamic 16 wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The powerplant is a twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition 50 hp (37 kW) Rotax 503 engine, with the liquid cooled 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582, the four cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912 or 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912S engines optional.

With the Rotax 503 and the Dynamic 16 wing, the aircraft has an empty weight of 166 kg (366 lb) and a gross weight of 400 kg (882 lb), giving a useful load of 234 kg (516 lb). With full fuel of 50 litres (11 imp gal; 13 US gal) the payload is 198 kg (437 lb).

A number of different wings can be fitted to the basic carriage, including the DTA Dynamic, DTA Diva and the strut-braced DTA Magic.

## Operational history

In September 2003 a French flying team flew an Evolution from Paris to Dakar, making use of the aircraft's high payload to carry all needed supplies.

## Specifications (Evolution with Dynamic 16 wing)

*Data from* Bertrand

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Capacity:** one passenger
* **Wingspan:** 10.30 m (33 ft 10 in)
* **Wing area:** 14.50 m2 (156.1 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 166 kg (366 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 400 kg (882 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 50 litres (11 imp gal; 13 US gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Rotax 503 or twin cylinder, air-cooled, two stroke aircraft engine, 37 kW (50 hp)
* **Propellers:** 3-bladed composite

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 115 km/h (71 mph, 62 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kn)
* **Stall speed:** 50 km/h (31 mph, 27 kn)
* **Rate of climb:** 3.6 m/s (710 ft/min)
* **Wing loading:** 27.6 kg/m2 (5.7 lb/sq ft)

## InfoBox

| Evolution | |
| --- | --- |
| Role | Ultralight trike |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | DTA sarl |
| Status | In production (2013) |


title: Eva Nogales

abstract: Eva Nogales is a Spanish-American biophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she served as head of the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology of the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (2015–2020). She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. Nogales is a pioneer in using electron microscopy for the structural and functional characterization of macromolecular complexes. She used electron crystallography to obtain the first structure of tubulin and identify the binding site of the important anti-cancer drug taxol. She is a leader in combining cryo-EM, computational image analysis and biochemical assays to gain insights into function and regulation of biological complexes and molecular machines. Her work has uncovered aspects of cellular function that are relevant to the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

text:
# Eva Nogales

**Eva Nogales** (born in Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish-American biophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she served as head of the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology of the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (2015–2020). She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.

Nogales is a pioneer in using electron microscopy for the structural and functional characterization of macromolecular complexes. She used electron crystallography to obtain the first structure of tubulin and identify the binding site of the important anti-cancer drug taxol. She is a leader in combining cryo-EM, computational image analysis and biochemical assays to gain insights into function and regulation of biological complexes and molecular machines. Her work has uncovered aspects of cellular function that are relevant to the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

## Early life and education

Eva Nogales obtained her BS degree in physics from the Autonomous University of Madrid in 1988. She later earned her PhD from the University of Keele in 1992 while working at the Synchrotron Radiation Source under the supervision of Joan Bordas.

## Career

During her post-doctoral work in the laboratory of Ken Downing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Eva Nogales was the first to determine the atomic structure of tubulin and the location of the taxol-binding site by electron crystallography. She became an assistant professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1998. In 2000 she became an investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. As cryo-EM techniques became more powerful, she became a leader in applying cryo-EM to the study of microtubule structure and function and other large macromolecular assemblies such as eukaryotic transcription and translation initiation complexes, the polycomb complex PRC2, and telomerase.

## Selected publications

* Nogales, Eva; Whittaker, Michael; Milligan, Ronald A.; Downing, Kenneth H. (January 1999). "High-Resolution Model of the Microtubule". *Cell*. **96** (1): 79–88. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80961-7. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9989499.
* Löwe, J; Li, H; Downing, K. H; Nogales, E (9 November 2001). "Refined structure of αβ-tubulin at 3.5 Å resolution11Edited by I. A. Wilson". *Journal of Molecular Biology*. **313** (5): 1045–1057. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5077. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 11700061.
* Nogales, Eva (1 June 2001). "Structural Insights into Microtubule Function". *Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure*. **30** (1): 397–420. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.397. ISSN 1056-8700. PMID 11441808.

## Awards

## Personal life

Nogales is married to Howard Padmore and they have two children.

1. "How to See Living Machines". *Medical Design Technology*. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
2. "Eva Nogales". *HHMI.org*. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
3. "Nogales Lab – CryoEM – Publications". *cryoem.berkeley.edu*. Archived from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
4. Nogales, E.; Wolf, S. G.; Khan, I. A.; Ludueña, R. F.; Downing, K. H. (1995-06-01). "Structure of tubulin at 6.5 A and location of the taxol-binding site". *Nature*. **375** (6530): 424–427. Bibcode:1995Natur.375..424N. doi:10.1038/375424a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 7760939. S2CID 4338992.
5. Nogales, E., Wolf, S. G. and Downing, K. H. (1998.) Structure of the ab tubulin dimer by electron crystallography. *Nature*, 391, 199-203.
6. Nogales, E.; Whittaker, M.; Milligan, R. A.; Downing, K. H. (1999-01-08). "High-resolution model of the microtubule". *Cell*. **96** (1): 79–88. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80961-7. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9989499. S2CID 18422680.
7. Callaway, Ewen (2015-09-10). "The revolution will not be crystallized: a new method sweeps through structural biology". *Nature*. **525** (7568): 172–174. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..172C. doi:10.1038/525172a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 26354465.
8. Downing, Kenneth H.; Nogales, Eva (2010). "Cryoelectron Microscopy Applications in the Study of Tubulin Structure, Microtubule Architecture, Dynamics and Assemblies, and Interaction of Microtubules with Motors". *Cryo-EM, Part C: Analyses, Interpretation, and Case studies*. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 483. pp. 121–142. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(10)83006-X. ISBN 9780123849939. ISSN 1557-7988. PMC 4165512. PMID 20888472.
9. Michael A. Cianfrocco, George A. Kassavetis, Patricia Grob, Jie Fang, Tamar Juven-Gershon, James T. Kadonaga, Eva Nogales (2013.) Human TFIID Binds to Core Promoter DNA in a Reorganized Structural State. *Cell*, 152(1):120–131.
10. "Stop-Motion View of DNA-Binding Complex May Animate Drug Discovery". *GEN – Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News*. 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
11. "The 3D Structure of Telomerase: Uncovering Its Role in Human Disease". *Drug Discovery from Technology Networks*. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
12. "Early Career Life Scientist Award". *ASCB*. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
13. "Announcing the winners of the 2015 Protein Society Awards". *EurekAlert!*. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
14. "Eva Nogales". *nasonline.org*. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
15. "9 campus faculty selected for membership in American Academy of Arts and Sciences | The Daily Californian". *The Daily Californian*. 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
16. "Women in Cell Biology Awards". *ASCB*. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
17. "Nogales Receives 2019 Grimwade Medal". *Biosciences Area*. 2019-03-07. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
18. "AAAS Honors Outstanding Scientific Contributors as 2021 AAAS Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science". *www.aaas.org*. Retrieved 2022-03-16.
19. Shaw Prize 2023
20. Phelan, Laura (1 December 2014). "Eva Nogales". *The Biophysical Society*. Retrieved 29 December 2023.

## InfoBox

| Eva Nogales | |
| --- | --- |
| Nogales in 2023 | |
| Born | May 16, 1965 (1965-05-16) (age 59)
Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain |
| Alma mater | B.S., physics, Autonomous University of Madrid in 1988, PhD, University of Keele, 1992 |
| Occupation(s) | Biophysicist, professor |
| Known for | The first to determine the atomic structure of tubulin by electron crystallography |
| Spouse | Howard Padmore |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Early Career Award, American Society for Cell Biology (2005)
Chabot Science Award for Excellence (2006)
Shaw Prize (2023) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Synchrotron Radiation Source |
|  | |


title: Dietrichingen

abstract: Dietrichingen is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.

text:
# Dietrichingen

**Dietrichingen** is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.

## InfoBox

| Dietrichingen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Dietrichingen within Südwestpfalz district | |
| Dietrichingen Dietrichingen | |
| Coordinates: 49°11′20″N 7°24′52″E / 49.18889°N 7.41444°E / 49.18889; 7.41444 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | Südwestpfalz |
| Municipal assoc. | Zweibrücken-Land |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201924) | Ulrike Vogelgesang |
| Area | |
| Total | 9.38 km2 (3.62 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 245 m (804 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 350 |
| Density | 37/km2 (97/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 66484 |
| Dialling codes | 06338 |
| Vehicle registration | PS |
| Website | www.dietrichingen.de |


title: Evert Horn

abstract: Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas was a Swedish field marshal and governor of Narva.

text:
# Evert Horn

**Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas** (11 June 1585 – 30 July 1615) was a Swedish field marshal and governor of Narva.

## Biography

He was born at Haapsalu Castle in the Swedish province of Estonia. He was a son of Field Marshal Carl Horn and Agneta von Dellwig. His younger brother was Field Marshal Gustav Horn, Count of Pori (1592–1657). In 1608, Horn was assigned to service with Jakob De la Gardie (1583–1652), Chief Commander in Finland. Evert Horn was appointed Governor (*Ståthållare*) of Narva in 1613 and Field Marshal in 1614. During the Ingrian War, he was killed by a bullet during the early days of the Swedish siege of Pskov in 1615.

## Personal life

In 1613, he married Margareta Fincke (c. 1611–1647), daughter of Governor Gödik Fincke (c. 1546–1617) and his first wife Ingeborg Boije (c. 1550–1580). Their son Gustav Evertsson Horn af Marienborg (1614–1666) was a member of the Privy Council of Sweden and Governor General of Finland.


title: Caen Guided Light Transit

abstract: The Caen guided light transit or Caen TVR, locally known as "the Tram", was an electrically powered guided bus system in Caen, France, which used Bombardier Guided Light Transit technology. After a construction time lasting three years, the system opened on 18 November 2002 at a total cost of 227 million euros. The Caen transport company, Twisto (CTAC), was the operator of the TVR system and called the system the "Tram". Service was provided by 24 three-section articulated vehicles, guided by a central non-supporting rail. The entire passenger line was guided, and in normal service the vehicles were powered by electricity drawn from an overhead wire through a pantograph. The vehicles had auxiliary diesel engines and steering wheels and were able to operate away from the guide rail, but only in diesel mode, and under normal operating conditions they ran only in electric mode when carrying passengers along the route, using their diesel engines only when travelling to and from the depot (garage). The use of pantographs for current collection meant the Caen vehicles could not move laterally away from the overhead wire when operating in electric mode, and for this reason they were not considered to be trolleybuses, under the English language meaning of that word, and the system is sometimes referred to as a "rubber-tyred tramway". The system closed on 31 December 2017 to allow for the construction of the present Caen tramway.

text:
# Caen Guided Light Transit

The **Caen guided light transit** or Caen *TVR*, locally known as "the Tram", was an electrically powered guided bus system in Caen, France, which used Bombardier Guided Light Transit (*TVR* in French) technology.

After a construction time lasting three years, the system opened on 18 November 2002 at a total cost of 227 million euros. The Caen transport company, Twisto (CTAC), was the operator of the *TVR* system and called the system the "Tram".

Service was provided by 24 three-section articulated vehicles, guided by a central non-supporting rail. The entire passenger line was guided, and in normal service the vehicles were powered by electricity drawn from an overhead wire through a pantograph. The vehicles had auxiliary diesel engines and steering wheels and were able to operate away from the guide rail, but only in diesel mode, and under normal operating conditions they ran only in electric mode when carrying passengers along the route, using their diesel engines only when travelling to and from the depot (garage). The use of pantographs for current collection meant the Caen vehicles could not move laterally away from the overhead wire when operating in electric mode, and for this reason they were not considered to be trolleybuses, under the English language meaning of that word, and the system is sometimes referred to as a "rubber-tyred tramway".

The system closed on 31 December 2017 to allow for the construction of the present Caen tramway.

## History

It was in 1988 that the SMTCAC (*Syndicat Mixte des Transports en Commun de l'Agglomération Caennaise*) first considered developing public transport on a large scale. However, the opening of the bus system was not without problems as well as lack of interest in the system by the population with only 23% backing the project, in 1994, Viacités, one of the guided bus' network partners closed a contract with the consortium STVR (*Société the transport sur Voie Réservée*), existing construction company Spie Batignolles and Bombardier Transportation proceeded with infrastructure and vehicle construction. Due to financial contracts the municipality had no other choice but to push the project forward despite a relative lobby against the *tram*.

## Network

The total network was 15.7 kilometres long and comprised two lines, A and B, with a 5.7-kilometre (3.5 mi) common section running north–south in central Caen. The central section, between *Copernic* and *Poincaré*, encompassed 15 stops. The entire network served a total of 34 stops. There were plans for a second line running from east to west.

The *tram* served 40% of the public transport trips, 70 000 inhabitants and 60 000 jobs situated within 400m of the line.

Service frequency was high (3.5 to 7 minutes between vehicles) and operated between 05:30 and 00:30. Speed was 30% higher than conventional buses and stops were never more than 450 m apart.

### Construction

* D-850 (April 2000): Beginning of construction.
* D-730 (15 September 2000): Beginning of trackbed construction.
* D-120 (May 2002): Rolling stock tests.
* D-60 (15 July 2002): First test run.
* *D* Day (18 November 2002): Beginning of commercial operation (three days after an inauguration ceremony).

### Safety

The system had been plagued with faults, due to design and operation; on 21 October 2004 a young boy named Nathan was run over and killed by a TVR vehicle in Rue Roger-Bastion. The vehicle, being bus-based, restricted to its guiding rail and lacking grip to brake in time, could not avoid the 11-year-old.

## Rolling stock

Service was provided by Bombardier GLT guided buses, each 24.5 m (80 ft 4+58 in) long and 3.4 m (11 ft 1+78 in) high, and weighing 38 t (37.4 long tons; 41.9 short tons). Their top speed was 70 km/h (43 mph).

Upon the closure of the system, 12 vehicles were transferred to the Nancy Guided Light Transit for use as spare parts donors. until the system there was closed in 2023.

## Replacement with light rail

Viacités confirmed on 14 December 2011 its plans to abandon the TVR in favour of a tramway by 2019, due to its unreliability.

The light rail was set take 18 months to construct and has an approximately €170 million price tag. The conversion to light rail also meant the termination of two concession contracts that Keolis and Bombardier-Spie Batignolles consortium STVR hold. In late 2014, the French government pledged €23.3 million towards Caen's light rail conversion project, which was expected to cost approximately €230 million.

The new tramway which opened on 27 July 2019 follows the same route as the old system, including a new branch Presqu'île.

## InfoBox

| Caen guided light transit | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Native name | *Tramway de Caen* |
| Locale | Caen, Normandy, France |
| Transit type | GLT/TVR, a type of guided bus |
| Number of lines | 2 |
| Number of stations | 34 |
| Daily ridership | 42,000 (2008) |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 18 November 2002 (18 November 2002) |
| Ended operation | 31 December 2017 (31 December 2017) |
| Operator(s) | Twisto |
| Technical | |
| System length | 15.7 km (9.8 mi) |
| Track gauge | Central guideway with rubber tyres |
| System map | |


title: Projection (mathematics)

abstract:
In mathematics, a projection is an idempotent mapping of a set into a subset. In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a projection, even if the idempotence property is lost.
An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane: the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a disk. Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the three-dimensional Euclidean space onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are:
  - The projection from a point onto a plane or central projection: If C is a point, called the center of projection, then the projection of a point P different from C onto a plane that does not contain C is the intersection of the line CP with the plane. The points P such that the line CP is parallel to the plane does not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane. The projection of the point C itself is not defined.
  - The projection parallel to a direction D, onto a plane or parallel projection: The image of a point P is the intersection of the plane with the line parallel to D passing through P. See Affine space § Projection for an accurate definition, generalized to any dimension. The concept of projection in mathematics is a very old one, and most likely has its roots in the phenomenon of the shadows cast by real-world objects on the ground. This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time different versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations. In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surface of the Earth onto a plane, which, in some cases, but not always, is the restriction of a projection in the above meaning. The 3D projections are also at the basis of the theory of perspective. The need for unifying the two kinds of projections and of defining the image by a central projection of any point different of the center of projection are at the origin of projective geometry.

text:
# Projection (mathematics)

In mathematics, a **projection** is an idempotent mapping of a set (or other mathematical structure) into a subset (or sub-structure). In this case, idempotent means that projecting twice is the same as projecting once. The restriction to a subspace of a projection is also called a *projection*, even if the idempotence property is lost. An everyday example of a projection is the casting of shadows onto a plane (sheet of paper): the projection of a point is its shadow on the sheet of paper, and the projection (shadow) of a point on the sheet of paper is that point itself (idempotency). The shadow of a three-dimensional sphere is a disk. Originally, the notion of projection was introduced in Euclidean geometry to denote the projection of the three-dimensional Euclidean space onto a plane in it, like the shadow example. The two main projections of this kind are:

* The **projection from a point onto a plane** or **central projection**: If C is a point, called the **center of projection**, then the projection of a point P different from C onto a plane that does not contain C is the intersection of the line CP with the plane. The points P such that the line CP is parallel to the plane does not have any image by the projection, but one often says that they project to a point at infinity of the plane (see Projective geometry for a formalization of this terminology). The projection of the point C itself is not defined.
* The **projection parallel to a direction D, onto a plane** or **parallel projection**: The image of a point P is the intersection of the plane with the line parallel to D passing through P. See Affine space § Projection for an accurate definition, generalized to any dimension.

The concept of **projection** in mathematics is a very old one, and most likely has its roots in the phenomenon of the shadows cast by real-world objects on the ground. This rudimentary idea was refined and abstracted, first in a geometric context and later in other branches of mathematics. Over time different versions of the concept developed, but today, in a sufficiently abstract setting, we can unify these variations.

In cartography, a map projection is a map of a part of the surface of the Earth onto a plane, which, in some cases, but not always, is the restriction of a projection in the above meaning. The 3D projections are also at the basis of the theory of perspective.

The need for unifying the two kinds of projections and of defining the image by a central projection of any point different of the center of projection are at the origin of projective geometry.

## Definition

Generally, a mapping where the domain and codomain are the same set (or mathematical structure) is a projection if the mapping is idempotent, which means that a projection is equal to its composition with itself. A projection may also refer to a mapping which has a right inverse. Both notions are strongly related, as follows. Let p be an idempotent mapping from a set A into itself (thus *p**p* = *p*) and *B* = *p*(*A*) be the image of p. If we denote by π the map p viewed as a map from A onto B and by i the injection of B into A (so that *p* = *i**π*), then we have *π**i* = Id*B* (so that π has a right inverse). Conversely, if π has a right inverse i, then *π**i* = Id*B* implies that *i**π**i**π* = *i* ∘ Id*B**π* = *i**π*; that is, *p* = *i**π* is idempotent.

## Applications

The original notion of projection has been extended or generalized to various mathematical situations, frequently, but not always, related to geometry, for example:

## Further reading


title: Prompter (opera)

abstract: The prompter in an opera house gives the singers the opening words of each phrase a few seconds early. Prompts are mouthed silently or hurled lyrically in a half-voice, audible (hopefully) only on stage. Opera prompters are traditionally housed in a stuffy wooden box at the center-front edge of the stage, above the orchestra pit. They are visible to the performers and no one else. Technology has brought cool air and small display screens, among other advances, to support their work. Effective prompting can be a challenge. The American prompter Philip Eisenberg recounted the story of a Maria Callas performance during which she needed louder prompts. The famed diva swooped down in a curtsy right in front of the prompter’s box and — mid-curtsy, unnoticed by the audience — gave the Italian command "più forte!" (louder) to her boxed colleague. Prompters attend all rehearsals, mark up any adjustments or clarifications to the score, and generally "prepare" singers for a role. Their profile is low, and opera program books often credit them only under "musical preparation" or some similar moniker. However, occasionally singers or conductors will acknowledge or bend down to shake their hands during curtain calls of premieres or chorally-complex operas.

text:
# Prompter (opera)

The **prompter** (French/German: *souffleur*; Italian: *rammentatore*, *suggeritore*) in an opera house gives the singers the opening words of each phrase a few seconds early. Prompts are mouthed silently or hurled lyrically in a half-voice, audible (hopefully) only on stage. (This is in contrast to the prompter in a theatre who aids actors who have forgotten their words or lines.)

Opera prompters are traditionally housed in a stuffy wooden box at the center-front edge of the stage, above the orchestra pit. They are visible to the performers and no one else. Technology has brought cool air and small display screens, among other advances, to support their work.

Effective prompting can be a challenge. The American prompter Philip Eisenberg recounted the story of a Maria Callas performance during which she needed louder prompts. The famed diva swooped down in a curtsy right in front of the prompter’s box and — mid-curtsy, unnoticed by the audience — gave the Italian command "più forte!" (louder) to her boxed colleague.

Prompters attend all rehearsals, mark up any adjustments or clarifications to the score, and generally "prepare" singers for a role. Their profile is low, and opera program books often credit them only under "musical preparation" or some similar moniker. However, occasionally singers or conductors (e.g. at the Met) will acknowledge or bend down to shake their hands during curtain calls of premieres or chorally-complex operas.

* Langhans, Edward A. (2001). "Prompter". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians* (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.


title: Product of Society

abstract: Product of Society is the debut album by the American thrash metal band Defiance. It was released in 1989 on Roadracer Records. It was the only album by Defiance to feature Ken Elkington on vocals and had cover art by Ed Repka. The first album is much more straightforward tech thrash metal style comparing to their other albums, which would have a more progressive/complex sound until The Prophecy. Re-released in 2008 by Metal Mind Productions from Poland as a new digipack edition on golden disc, digitally remastered using 24-Bit process and limited to 2000 numerated copies. Annihilator guitarist Jeff Waters produced the album. However, the band was very unsatisfied with his production, which sounds very thin and takes away from the thrash metal crunch that gives the music its tonal identity.

text:
# Product of Society

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Product of Society*** is the debut album by the American thrash metal band Defiance. It was released in 1989 on Roadracer Records. It was the only album by Defiance to feature Ken Elkington on vocals and had cover art by Ed Repka. The first album is much more straightforward tech thrash metal style comparing to their other albums, which would have a more progressive/complex sound until *The Prophecy*.

Re-released in 2008 by Metal Mind Productions from Poland as a new digipack edition on golden disc, digitally remastered using 24-Bit process and limited to 2000 numerated copies.

Annihilator guitarist Jeff Waters produced the album. However, the band was very unsatisfied with his production, which sounds very thin and takes away from the thrash metal crunch that gives the music its tonal identity.

## Track listing

1. "The Fault" – 3:09
2. "Death Machine" – 3:54
3. "Product of Society" – 3:27
4. "Forgotten" – 3:43
5. "Lock Jaw" – 3:40
6. "Insomnia" – 3:55
7. "Deadly Intentions" – 2:53
8. "Aftermath" (instrumental) – 1:27
9. "Tribulation" – 5:04
10. "Hypothermia" – 5:18

### Re-release bonus tracks

1.
2. "Hypothermia" (demo) – 5:25
3. "Aftermath" (instrumental) (demo) – 1:39
4. "Deadly Intentions" (demo) – 3:16
5. "M.I.A. (Forgotten)" (demo) – 3:58
6. "Product of Society" (demo) – 3:38
7. "Riff Raff" (live) – 4:14
8. "Matt's Drum Solo" (live) – 1:07
9. "Checkmate into Skits/Illusions" (live) – 8:39

## Personnel

* Ken Elkington – lead vocals
* Doug Harrington – guitars
* Jim Adams – guitars
* Mike Kaufmann – bass
* Matt Vander Ende – drums

Guests

## InfoBox

| Product of Society | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Defiance | |
| Released | February 6, 1989 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Genre | Thrash metal |
| Length | 36:30 |
| Label | Roadracer |
| Producer | Jeff Waters |
| Defiance chronology | |
| ***Product of Society***
(1989) *Void Terra Firma*
(1990) | |


title: Provancher Creek

abstract: Provancher Creek is a tributary of the upper part of the Mégiscane River located to the west of Gouin Reservoir, flowing entirely into forest area in the town of La Tuque, in the administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada. The "Provancher Creek" flows in the Provancher and Poisson townships. Forestry is the main economic activity of this valley; recreational tourism activities, second. The forested road R1009 (East-West) intersects and cuts the lower Provancher Creek Valley; this road is connected in turn to the East with the forest road R1009 which serves the western part of the Gouin reservoir. The surface of "Provancher Creek" is usually frozen from mid-November to late April, however, safe ice circulation is generally from early December to late March.

text:
# Provancher Creek

**Provancher Creek** (French: “Ruisseau Provancher”) is a tributary of the upper part of the Mégiscane River located to the west of Gouin Reservoir, flowing entirely into forest area in the town of La Tuque, in the administrative region of Mauricie, in Quebec, in Canada.

The "Provancher Creek" flows in the Provancher and Poisson townships. Forestry is the main economic activity of this valley; recreational tourism activities, second.

The forested road R1009 (East-West) intersects and cuts the lower Provancher Creek Valley; this road is connected in turn to the East with the forest road R1009 (direction North-South) which serves the western part of the Gouin reservoir.

The surface of "Provancher Creek" is usually frozen from mid-November to late April, however, safe ice circulation is generally from early December to late March.

## Geography

The hydrographic slopes adjacent to Provancher Creek are:

"Provancher Creek" originates at the mouth of Provancher Lake (length: 3.6 kilometres (2.2 mi); altitude: 413 metres (1,355 ft)). The mouth of this head lake is located in Provancher Township, east of Médora and Chassigne lakes. This mouth is at:

From the mouth of the head lake, the course of the "Provancher Creek" flows entirely in the forest zone over 17.5 kilometres (10.9 mi) mainly in Provancher Township, according to the following segments:

* 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) north, to the outlet (coming from the west) of an unidentified lake;
* 7.6 kilometres (4.7 mi) to the north, forming many small coils, to the discharge (from the southeast) of an unidentified lake;
* 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) north, up to a bend in the river;
* 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi) westward, forming a curve towards the North which passes in the canton of Poisson, to return in the canton of Provancher, until the mouth of the river.

The mouth of the "Provancher Creek" merges with the "Rat Lake Water" which is crossed to the North by the Mégiscane River. This mouth is located at:

From the mouth of the Provancher Creek, the current flows over 144.95 kilometres (90.07 mi) to Gouin Dam, according to the following segments:

From this dam, the current flows along the Saint-Maurice River to Trois-Rivières.

## Toponymy

The terms "Provencher" and its derivative "Provancher" are family names of French origin.

The French toponym "ruisseau Provancher" was formalized on December 5, 1968 at the Commission de toponymie du Québec, e.g. at the creation of this commission.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Provancher Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Mauricie |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Provancher Lake |
| location | La Tuque (Provancher Township), Mauricie, Quebec |
| coordinates | 48°14′38″N 75°30′34″W / 48.24389°N 75.50944°W / 48.24389; -75.50944 |
| elevation | 413 m (1,355 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Mégiscane River |
| location | La Tuque (Provancher Township), Mauricie, Quebec |
| coordinates | 48°20′25″N 75°30′40″W / 48.34028°N 75.51111°W / 48.34028; -75.51111 |
| elevation | 406 m (1,332 ft) |
| Length | 17.5 km (10.9 mi) |


title: Provand's Lordship

abstract: Provand's Lordship is a medieval historic house museum in Glasgow, Scotland, located in the Townhead area at the top of Castle Street within sight of Glasgow Cathedral and next to the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art.

text:
# Provand's Lordship

**Provand's Lordship** is a medieval historic house museum in Glasgow, Scotland, located in the Townhead area at the top of Castle Street within sight of Glasgow Cathedral and next to the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art.

## History

Provand's Lordship was built as part of St Nicholas's Hospital by Andrew Muirhead, Bishop of Glasgow in 1471. A western extension, designed by William Bryson, was completed in 1670.

In the 19th century it was acquired by the Morton Family who used it as a sweet shop. Following a generous donation Sir William Burrell, in the form of cash as well a collection of seventeenth-century Scottish furniture in the late 1920s, the house was bought by the specially-formed Provand's Lordship Society, whose aim was to protect it. In 1978, the building was acquired by the City of Glasgow District Council who restored it. It was reopened to the public in 1983, and, following further restoration work which lasted two years, re-opened again in 2000.

55°51′45″N 4°14′13″W / 55.8624°N 4.2369°W / 55.8624; -4.2369


title: Protium serratum

abstract: Protium serratum is a small-medium tree species in the genus Protium and the family Burseraceae. The Catalogue of Life does not record any subspecies. Its distribution is: Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

text:
# Protium serratum

***Protium serratum*** is a small-medium tree species in the genus *Protium* and the family Burseraceae. The Catalogue of Life does not record any subspecies.

Its distribution is: Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

1. Engler HGA (1883) *In: DC. Monographiae Phanerogamarum* 4: 88
2. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2014). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
3. Encyclopedia of Life: *Protium serratum* (retrieved 14/8/2017)

## InfoBox

| *Protium serratum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Protium serratum*: fruiting branch | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Burseraceae |
| Genus: | *Protium* |
| Species: | ***P. serratum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protium serratum***
(Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Tingulonga serrata* Kuntze
*Schinus saheria* Buch.-Ham.
*Schinus niara* Buch.-Ham.
*Schinus benghalensis* Buch.-Ham.
*Icica serrata* DC.
*Icica indica* Wight & Arn.
*Icica bengalensis* Voigt
*Dracontomelon laoticum* Evrard & Tardieu
*Bursera serrata* Wall. ex Colebr.
*Amyris ambrosiaca* Moc. & Sesse | |


title: Protium connarifolium

abstract: Protium connarifolium is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is found in Malaysia and the Philippines.

text:
# Protium connarifolium

***Protium connarifolium*** is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is found in Malaysia and the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Protium connarifolium* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Burseraceae |
| Genus: | *Protium* |
| Species: | ***P. connarifolium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protium connarifolium***
(Perk.) Merr. | |
|


title: Protium heptaphyllum

abstract: Protium heptaphyllum, also known as almécega, breu, and almíscar, is a species of tree from South America commonly found in the areas of Brazil, the Guyanas, and Venezuela. The plant is typically harvested by locals for resin, food, wood, and other medical uses.

text:
# Protium heptaphyllum

***Protium heptaphyllum*,** also known as **almécega**, **breu**, and **almíscar**, is a species of tree from South America commonly found in the areas of Brazil, the Guyanas, and Venezuela. The plant is typically harvested by locals for resin, food, wood, and other medical uses.

## Description

*Protium heptaphyllum* is a large, woody tree that is evergreen and can grow to be 10 to 20 meters tall (32 to 65 feet).

## Ecology

*Protium heptaphyllum* has been found to flourish in Amazonia. The biome that this species occupies is the tropical rainforest. This species can be found sandy soils throughout these regions that are wet. Seed dispersal is carried out by animals in these regions, more specifically leaf-cutting ants. These organisms take leaves from the plants to the fungus they share a symbiotic relationship with. This is not only beneficial to the plant, as this helps the plant get its seeds dispersed, but it also helps the ant keep the symbiotic relationship it carries out with their fungus. These ants are also known to be good pollinators for this species. Studies have not been able to fully understand the relationship between this species and the leaf-cutting ants, but it has been proven that they help with seed-dispersal and pollination. *Protium heptaphyllum* is a subtropical plant, it can resist temperatures up to 4 degrees Celsius.

## Cultivation

*Protium heptaphyllum* is cultivated throughout Brazil, since it is a plant that adapts to sand and clay soils. This species cannot be cultivated in swampy soils or next to rivers where there is constant flooding.

## Uses

Fruit in the months from January to March. The fruits have a sweet and refreshing pulp and look like Halls candy, which can be consumed fresh. The tree can be planted in squares and large gardens for producing great shade or in revegetation projects for permanent preservation, aiming to provide food for birds and monkeys. The resin has medicinal and insecticidal properties. The wood has a reddish color and is used in civil constructions, floors, carpentry and joinery, its dense canopy provides ornamental purposes to the plant and can be used in urban or rural areas. *P. heptaphyllum* also releases chemicals from the resin on its leaves that can be used to create essential oils.

## InfoBox

| *Protium heptaphyllum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Branch of *Protium heptaphyllum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Burseraceae |
| Genus: | *Protium* |
| Species: | ***P. heptaphyllum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Protium heptaphyllum***<br>(Aubl.) Marchand | |
|


title: Colin Bradley

abstract: Colin Bradley was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Colin Bradley

**Colin Bradley** (2 March 1921 – 6 September 2013) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Colin Bradley | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Colin Bradley | | |
| Date of birth | (1921-03-02)2 March 1921 | | |
| Date of death | 6 September 2013(2013-09-06) (aged 92) | | |
| Original team(s) | Preston | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1942–44 | Melbourne | 16 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1944. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Col du Berthiand

abstract: The Col du Berthiand is a mountain pass rising to 780 metres (2,560 ft) above sea level, situated on the Montagne de Berthiand in the Jura mountains. It is located in the department of Ain in France and joins the commune of Serrières-sur-Ain with Nurieux-Volognat.

text:
# Col du Berthiand

The **Col du Berthiand** is a mountain pass rising to 780 metres (2,560 ft) above sea level, situated on the Montagne de Berthiand in the Jura mountains. It is located in the department of Ain in France and joins the commune of Serrières-sur-Ain with Nurieux-Volognat.

## Toponymy

The name, like those of the Montagne de Berthiand and the hamlet of Berthiand originate from *Bertoldingos* ("with the Bertoldingi") derived from the family name Bertoald.

## Cycling

The Tour de France has traversed the Col du Berthiand on four occasions, the last being during the 2016 Tour de France, with Rafał Majka first over the top. The riders who crossed in the lead are shown in the table:

| Year | Stage | Category | Start | Finish | Leader at the summit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | 20 | 2 | Aix-les-Bains | Mâcon | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) |
| 2002 | 18 | 2 | Cluses | Bourg-en-Bresse | Jörg Jaksche (GER) |
| 2006 | 18 | 2 | Morzine | Mâcon | Sylvain Calzati (FRA) |
| 2016 | 15 | 1 | Bourg-en-Bresse | Culoz | Rafał Majka (POL) |

In the more distant past, it illustrated the skill of Charly Gaul, in particular during the Circuit des Six-Provinces in 1954, but also during the Tour des provinces du Sud-Est in 1955.

## InfoBox

| Col du Berthiand | |
| --- | --- |
| Passage of the 2002 Tour de France on the Col du Berthiand | |
| Elevation | 780 m (2,559 ft) |
| Traversed by | RD979 |
| Location | Ain, France |
| Range | Jura |
| Coordinates | 46°10′22″N 05°29′38″E / 46.17278°N 5.49389°E / 46.17278; 5.49389 |
| Col du BerthiandLocation of the Col du Berthiand | |


title: Col di Manza

abstract: Col di Manza is a hill between the towns of Colle Umberto and San Fior in the province of Treviso in Italy, facing the higher hill of Castello Roganzuolo. It is notable as the site of a villa built for the painter Titian.

text:
# Col di Manza

**Col di Manza** (Venetian language \- *Col de Manzha*) is a hill between the towns of Colle Umberto and San Fior in the province of Treviso in Italy, facing the higher hill of Castello Roganzuolo. It is notable as the site of a villa built for the painter Titian.

* AA.VV., *Lungo le vie di Tiziano. I luoghi e le opere di Tiziano, Francesco, Orazio e Marco Vecellio tra Vittorio Veneto e il Cadore*, a cura di M. Mazza, Skira, 2007.
* Giuseppe Cadorin, *Dello amore ai veneziani di Tiziano Vecellio, delle sue case in Cadore e in Venezia e delle vite de'suoi figli. Notizie*, Venezia, Carlo Hopfener editore, 1833.
* E. Svalduz, *Tiziano, la casa in Col di Manza e la Pala di Castello Roganzuolo*, in *Studi Tizianeschi. Annuario della Fondazione Centro studi Tiziano e Cadore*, Numero V, 2007, pp. 97–111.

45°55′42″N 12°19′43″E / 45.9282°N 12.3287°E / 45.9282; 12.3287


title: Colierul de turcoaze

abstract: Colierul de turcoaze is a 1986 Romanian action film directed by Gheorghe Vitanidis.

text:
# Colierul de turcoaze

**Colierul de turcoaze** is a 1986 Romanian action film directed by Gheorghe Vitanidis.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Colierul de turcoaze | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Gheorghe Vitanidis |
| Starring | Marga Barbu <br>Florin Piersic |
| Release date | * 3 March 1986 (1986-03-03) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Romania |
| Language | Romanian |


title: Colleteria

abstract: Colleteria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae, native to Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Among other differences from the genus Chione, from which they were split, they have fruit with two pyrenes.

text:
# Colleteria

***Colleteria*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae, native to Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Among other differences from the genus *Chione*, from which they were split, they have fruit with two pyrenes.

## Species

Currently accepted species include:

## InfoBox

| *Colleteria* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cinchonoideae |
| Genus: | *Colleteria*<br>David W.Taylor (2003) |
|
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Wandersong* David W.Taylor (2014), nom. superfl. | |


title: Collegium of Mining

abstract:
The Collegium of Mining was an executive body in the Russian Empire from 1722, when the Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing split into two. It was closed in 1783 under Catherine II of Russia, before being reopened in 1796. Its Presidents were:
  - H. W. Bruce (1719–1726)
  - A. K. Zybin (1726–1731)
  - A. F. Tomilov (1742–1753)
  - M. S. Opochinina (1753–1760)
  - I. A. Schlatter (1760–1767)
  - A. E. Musin-Pushkin (1767–1771)
  - M. F. Soymonov (1771–1781)
  - I. I Ryazanov (1781–1784)
  - A. A. Nartov (1796–1798)
  - A. B. Alyab'ev (1798–1802)
  - A. W. Korsakov (1802–1806)

text:
# Collegium of Mining

The **Collegium of Mining** (*Berg-kollegia*; also **College**) was an executive body in the Russian Empire from 1722, when the Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing split into two. It was closed in 1783 under Catherine II of Russia, before being reopened in 1796.

Its Presidents were:

H. W. Bruce (1719–1726) A. K. Zybin (1726–1731) A. F. Tomilov (1742–1753) M. S. Opochinina (1753–1760) I. A. Schlatter (1760–1767) A. E. Musin-Pushkin (1767–1771) M. F. Soymonov (1771–1781) I. I Ryazanov (1781–1784) A. A. Nartov (1796–1798) A. B. Alyab'ev (1798–1802) A. W. Korsakov (1802–1806)


title: Stenoma coniophaea

abstract: Stenoma coniophaea is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

text:
# Stenoma coniophaea

***Stenoma coniophaea*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma coniophaea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. coniophaea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma coniophaea***<br>Meyrick, 1930 | |
|


title: Colonna, Lazio

abstract: Colonna is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Latium, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Rome, on the Alban Hills. With a population of some 4,300, it is the smallest of the Castelli Romani.

text:
# Colonna, Lazio

**Colonna** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Latium, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Rome, on the Alban Hills. With a population of some 4,300, it is the smallest of the Castelli Romani.

## History

### Ancient era

The territory of Colonna is believed to have included the ancient community of Labici, located in the area of the modern comune of Monte Compatri. Labici was conquered in 418 BC by the Romans under the dictator Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus Fidenas and razed to the ground. The Labicani then founded Labicum Quintanas near the Tower of the Pasolina near Colonna. The place is noted as **Ad Quintanas**, a station on the Via Labicana, between Rome and Ad Bivium.

### Middle Ages

*Labicum Quintanas* became an episcopal see in the 4th century. The inhabited area began to decay and disappeared with the Gothic War (535554).

Colonna is mentioned for the first time in 1047, in a deed of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, a guest at the castle, which had taken its name from a column of the ancient Labicum Quintanense, when he stopped there during his march that with his army to Naples along the Via Casilina.

In 1101 Peter, child of Gregory III, Count of Tusculum, received as inheritance the territory and the Castle of Columna, with Monte Porzio Catone, Monte Compatri and other surrounding possessions. Peter was the founder of Colonna family, which took the name from this property.

In 1298 Pope Boniface VIII ordered the destruction of Colonna and its castle as punishment against the Colonna family. With the advent of Pope Clement V (1305) the Colonna family resumed the fief with all of its territories.

### Modern age

In 1662, the Colonna family sold the  *Castrum Columnae*  to Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi. In 1710 the Ludovisi family sold it to the Rospigliosi-Pallavicini family.

The Rospigliosi-Pallavicini maintained the feudal dominion on Colonna up to 5 June 1848. In 1849 the Comune and the Municipality of Colonna was constituted.

## Main sights

The Baronial Palace (Italian: *Palazzo Baronale*) was built by the Colonna family in the 16th century on the site of the Roman  *castrum*  on the highest part on the hill. The main façade has an ashlar portal, while the opposite front has a double order of five arcades. The southwest side was modified when the church dedicated to Saint Nicholas was erected in the 18th century by the Pallavicini family.

## Culture

In the first Sunday of July, the Donkeys' Palio (Italian: *Palio degli Asini*) is held. The seven quarters of the town compete riding donkeys in medieval dress.

There's a museum at the former train station with vintage railway cars, a collection of photographs of the station's history, and a reconstruction of the stationmaster's office.

## Transportation

The commune is connected to Rome and southern Italy through the Via Casilina. It also has a station on the Rome–Cassino railway; the one on the Rome–Fiuggi narrow gauge railway is now abandoned, having been replaced by regional bus service operated by Cotral.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Colonna | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Colonna | |
| View of Colonna, Lazio | |
|  | |
| Location of Colonna | |
| ColonnaLocation of Colonna in ItalyColonnaColonna (Lazio) | |
| Coordinates: 41°50′N 12°45′E / 41.833°N 12.750°E / 41.833; 12.750 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Metropolitan city | Rome (RM) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Fausto Giuliani |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 343 m (1,125 ft) |
| Population (31 August 2015) | |
| Total | 4,290 |
| Density | 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Colonnesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 00030 |
| Dialing code | 06 |
| Patron saint | St. Nicholas of Bari |
| Website | Official website |


title: Colombian military decorations

abstract: Colombian military decorations date back as far as the founding of the country. An early decoration was the Cruz de Boyacá that was awarded to the generals who led their forces to victory in the Battle of Boyacá in 1819. This early decoration lives on today as an incarnation of the highest order presented by the Colombian state. There is one decoration higher, but it is only awarded for military conflicts in defence of Colombia. Other than military decorations, Colombia presents decorations on behalf of the National Government, decorations for the National Police, and decorations from the Congress of Colombia.

text:
# Colombian military decorations

**Colombian military decorations** date back as far as the founding of the country. An early decoration was the *Cruz de Boyacá* that was awarded to the generals who led their forces to victory in the Battle of Boyacá in 1819. This early decoration lives on today as an incarnation of the highest order presented by the Colombian state. There is one decoration higher, but it is only awarded for military conflicts in defence of Colombia. Other than military decorations, Colombia presents decorations on behalf of the National Government, decorations for the National Police, and decorations from the Congress of Colombia.

## Military Order of St. Matthew (Orden Militar de San Mateo)

Colombia's highest award, named for the Battle of San Mateo estate during the South American wars of independence, and particularly honoring the sacrifice of Captain Antonio Ricaurte, who sacrificed himself during the battle. The order recognizes military personnel for acts of exceptional valor in time of war (specifically a war to defend Colombia; it is not authorized for civil war, internal disturbance, or international conflict). The decoration is a dark blue Maltese cross w/ball tips, rimmed gold, silver, or iron according to class and resting on a green-enameled laurel wreath; the round purple center medallion bears the bust of Capt. Antonio Ricaurte surrounded by a band inscribed "Ricaurte" above & "1814 - 1914" below. The reverse of the medallion is white, rimmed gold, silver, or iron according to class, inscribed "Colombia - Orden Militar de San Mateo - 1ra (or 2do or 3ca) clase." The cross is suspended by a ring from a ribbon that is half yellow (left) & half equal stripes of blue & red, with an open gold, silver, or iron frame at the top of ribbon. Comes in 3 classes: 1st class -dark blue cross with bright gold rim, finials, & bust; 2nd class -dark blue cross with polished silver rim, finials, & bust; 3rd class -polished iron cross without enamel. The Order was created by Public Law number 40 of 1913 and modified by Decree number 349 of 1914.

## Order of Boyaca (Orden de Boyacá)

The Order of Boyaca is awarded for exceptional services to the armed forces of Colombia, as well as to extraordinary citizens who have not served in the military forces, and is often given in recognition of 50 years military service. The badge of the order is a gold rimmed, dark blue enameled cross pattée with a large gold medallion bearing the profile of Simon Bolivar, surrounded by a blue band inscribed, "Orden de Boyaca" in gold. The star of the order has an enameled copy of the cross on a silver 8-pointed star of multiple rays, with additional "pencils" of rays between the points. The badge is suspended from a blue ribbon with narrow yellow-blue-red edges. Presented in six classes: Gran Cruz Extraordianaria (reserved for Heads of State and President-elects), Gran Cruz, Gran Official, Comendador, Official, Caballero, and Compañero.

| Ribbon bars of the Order of Boyaca" | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Knight | Officer | Commander | Silver Cross | Grand Cross |
|

## Order of San Carlos (Orden de San Carlos)

## Antonio Nariño Military Order of Merit (Orden del Mérito Militar "Antonio Nariño")

Awarded for acts of courage or outstanding service in time of war or while maintaining public order. The badge is a cross pattée of eight points, with a large central medallion embossed with the profile Antonio Narino; a pair of crossed swords appear between the arms of the cross, resting on multiple rays between the angles. The breast star has a gold or silver copy of the badge on an 8-pointed star of multiple rays. The ribbon is yellow with medium width yellow-narrow blue-narrow red border stripes.

## José María Córdova Order of Military Merit (Orden del Mérito Militar "José María Córdova")

Awarded for acts of valor or outstanding service. Badge is a black-enameled cross pattée having a red outward-pointing triangle in each arm, with a large central medallion bearing the profile of Jose Maria Córdova; cross rests within a hollow circle inscribed with the name of the order. The breast star has the badge of the order on a star of eight rays with distinctive spaces appearing between each bundle of rays. The ribbon is red with medium width yellow-narrow blue-narrow red -very narrow yellow edges. It has been presented to non-citizens, for example the Canadian Major General Meating, with whom Colombian troops served on a UN mission.

## Admiral Jose Prudencio Padilla Order of Naval Merit (Orden del Mérito Naval "Almirante Padilla")

Awarded to naval personnel for acts of courage or outstanding service to maritime science or naval development. The badge is a silver cross pattée with raised rim & slightly concave terminations, with a large oak leaf in the angles between each arm; the very large central medallion bears a silver fouled anchor on horizontal yellow-blue-red stripes, enclosed within a ring. The breast star has the badge of the order on a star of 16 rays (major rays are square bundles of three, while the minor rays each consist of a single sharp ray) with distinctive spaces appearing between each bundle of rays. The badge is suspended by a spread-wing condor from an aquamarine ribbon with three equally-spaced medium width white stripes.

| Ribbon bars of the Order of Naval Merit "Admiral Padilla" | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Companion | Knight | Officer | Commander | Grand Officer | Grand Cross |
|

## Cross of Aviation Merit of the Colombian Aerospace Force (Cruz de la Fuerza Aeroespacial al Mérito Aeronáutico)

Awarded to Aerospace Force personnel for acts of courage or for outstanding service to the Colombian Aerospace Force. The cross is a silver trefle cross with eagle claws adorning the terminations, and with two Prussian blue stripes along the vertical arms; the round central medallion bears the Aerospace Force crest within a circlet of laurel. The silver or gold 8-point breast star of multiple rays bears a copy of the badge in its center. The badge is suspended by a flying condor from a sky blue ribbon with narrow yellow-blue-red edges.

## Police Star Order (*Orden Estrella de la Policia*)

Awarded to sworn personnel of the National Police of Colombia for acts of courage or for outstanding service to the community, the National Police and the nation.

## José Fernández Madrid Order of Medical Merit (Orden del Mérito Sanitario "José Fernández Madrid")

Awarded to military medical personnel for acts of courage or outstanding service to science or military medicine. The badge is a dark green enameled cross pattée surrounded by an open wreath, with a large round central medallion bearing the profile of Jose Fernandez Madrid. The breast star has a copy of the badge of the order on a star of eight rays, with distinctive spaces appearing between each bundle of rays. The ribbon is white, with medium width yellow-narrow blue-narrow red edges.

## Medal for Service in War Overseas (Medalla por Servicios en Guerra Internacional)

The Medal for Service in War Overseas was created in 1952 by Decree number 812, and awarded in 2 categories to military personnel for acts of bravery or meritorious acts during war or international conflict overseas, this consists of either a darkened iron Padua cross with inset, beaded rim (resembles German Iron Cross) or a faceted bronze 5-point star (looks like the US Bronze Star). Each is embossed with the Colombian coat of arms in the center, within a circular laurel wreath for the Bronze Star; the reverse bears an appropriate campaign symbol and the name of the operation or conflict (e.g. Korean taeguk & "Campaña de Corea"), with addition of "Acción Distinguida de Valor" for the Iron Cross. The medals are suspended by a ring from a distinctive ribbon. To date, the medal has only been authorized for the Korean War: the ribbon is white, with a red & blue Korean taeguk & black trigram symbols from the South Korean flag, and very narrow yellow-blue-red edges and hollow bronze mounting frame at top. Additional awards are indicated by a bronze oak leaf mounted to the ribbon. Category 1 for distinguished valor; iron cross (Cruz de Hierro); Category 2 for merit or devotion to duty in action; bronze star (Estrella de Bronce).

## Medal for Distinguished Service in Preserving Public Order (Medalla Servicios Distinguidos en "Orden Público")

Also created in 1952, by Decree number 803. However, this medal is awarded to military personnel for acts of courage or distinguished merit during civil disturbances within Colombia. The medal is a gray steel cross pattée with raised rim & stippled arms, having a large central medallion embossed with the national coat of arms; rays appear between the arms of the cross, with crossed saber & rifle appearing between the arms of the cross & resting on the rays. The cross is suspended by a ring from a lead-gray ribbon with medium width yellow-narrow blue-narrow red edges; small 5-point stars or 16-point suns on the ribbon & ribbon bar indicate additional awards. 2nd Award -bronze star; 3rd Award -bronze & silver stars; 4th Award -bronze, silver, & gold stars; 5th Award -bronze, silver, & 2 gold stars; 6th Award -bronze, silver, & 3 gold stars; 7th Award -gold sun on a circlet of laurel; 8th Award -2 gold suns on laurel circlets; 9th Award -3 gold suns on laurel circlets; 10th Award -4 gold suns on laurel circlets.

## Military Medal of Valor (Medalla Militar al Valor)

Awarded for acts of valor or daring in action during time of peace or civil disturbance. The medal is a rounded gray steel disk with small rectangles cut out at the quadrants (resembles a rounded cross formée), with the arms of the "cross" highlighted by raised rays at each edge and having a round central medallion bearing the Army, Navy or Aerospace Force coat of arms within a circle. The medal is suspended by a ring from a dark green ribbon with red center stripe. The service ribbon has the Army, Navy, or Aerospace Force emblem in center; small bronze, silver, or gold stars on the ribbon indicate additional awards. The decoration was created by Government Decree number 2281, dated 10 November 1998.

## Medal for Those Wounded in Action (Medalla Militar "Herido en Acción")

Presented to those who sustain wounds in combat or as a result of enemy action. The medal is a silvered 16-point sunburst with small 5-point stars between the angles of the points, with a raised disk in the center embossed with the coat-of-arms of the appropriate military service (Army, Navy, or Aerospace Force) below the inscription, "Herido en Acción." Reverse of the disk reads, "Medalla Militar - Herido en Acción" in a circle. The medal is suspended from a bar at the bottom of a royal blue ribbon with medium width yellow-narrow blue-narrow red edges; the number of awards are indicated by small 5-point stars on the ribbon or service badge. 1st Award -bronze star; 2nd Award -bronze & silver stars; 3rd Award -bronze, silver, & gold stars; 4th Award -bronze, silver, & 2 gold stars; 5th Award -bronze, silver, & 3 gold stars. Note: the service badge consists of a horizontal blue enameled oval, bordered by a gold wreath, with small 5-point stars in the center according to number of awards

## Medal for Military Service (Medalla por Tiempo de Servicio)

Awarded for honorable military service of more than fifteen years, the decoration consists of a silver eight-pointed star of multiple rays, each ray tipped with a small silver ball. In the center of the medal is the national coat of arms surrounded by an inscribed blue enamel band. The medal is suspended from a yellow ribbon with wide blue borders; additional narrow blue stripes in the center of the yellow stripe indicate higher awards. 40 years -badge on a sash with 5 narrow blue stripes; 35 years -badge on a neck ribbon with 4 narrow blue stripes; 30 years -badge on a neck ribbon with 3 narrow blue stripes; 25 years -badge on a chest ribbon with 2 narrow blue stripes; 20 years -badge on a chest ribbon with 1 narrow blue stripe; 15 years -badge on a chest ribbon.

## Armed Forces Medal "For Faith in the Cause" (Medalla “Fe en la Causa")

The Armed Forces Medal is a medal awarded by the Military Forces for service in the missions entrusted to the NFC by the Constitution. Alongside a joint-services division of the medal, divisions also exist to honor those who are service personnel of the service branch belonged upon receipt of the medal.

## Order of precedence

Promulgated in Decree 4949 of 2007, the following is the order of precedence of Colombian military decorations:

1. Orden Militar de "San Mateo"
2. Orden de Boyacá
3. Orden de "SanCarlos"
4. Medalla Servicios en "Guerra Internacional"
5. Orden del Mérito Militar "Antonio Nariño"
6. Orden del Mérito Militar "José María Córdova"
7. Orden del Mérito Naval "Almirante Padilla"
8. Cruz de la Fuerza Aeroespacial al "Mérito Aeronáutico"
9. Orden del Mérito Sanitario "José Fernández Madrid"
10. Orden Estrella de la Policía
11. Orden Militar 13 de junio
12. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos en "Orden Público"
13. Orden Cruz al Merito Policial
14. Orden al Merito "Coronel Guillermo Fergusson"
15. Medalla Militar "Al Valor"
16. Medalla Militar "Herido en Acción"
17. Medalla Militar "Francisco José de Caldas"
18. Medalla por Tiempo de Servicio (40;35;30;25;20;15)
19. Medalla Militar "Campaña del Sur"
20. Medalla Militar "Soldado Juan Bautista Solarte Obando"
21. Medalla Militar Ministerio de Defensa Nacional
22. Medalla Militar Servicios Distinguidos al Comando General de las Fuerzas Militares
23. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos a la Armada Nacional
24. Medalla "Marco Fidel Suárez"
25. Medalla "Batalla de Ayacucho"
26. Medalla "San Jorge"
27. Medalla "Santa Bárbara"
28. Medalla "Torre de Castilla"
29. Medalla "San Gabriel"
30. Medalla al Mérito Logístico y Administrativo "General Francisco de Paula Santander"
31. Medalla "Brigadier General Ricardo Charry Solano"
32. Medalla Militar "Alas Doradas"
33. Medalla Servicios distinguidos a la "Fuerza de Superficie"
34. Medalla Servicios distinguidos a la "Infantería de Marina"
35. Medalla Servicios distinguidos a la "Fuerza Submarina"
36. Medalla Servicios distinguidos a la "Aviación Naval"
37. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos al "Cuerpo de Guardacostas"
38. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos a la "Inteligencia Naval"
39. Medalla de Servicios Distinguidos a la "Ingeniería Naval"
40. Medalla al Mérito Logístico y Administrativo "Contralmirante Rafael Tono"
41. Medalla "Servicios distinguidos a la Dirección General Marítima"
42. Medalla "Águila de Gules"
43. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos a la "Seguridad y Defensa de Bases Aeroespacial"
44. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos al "Cuerpo Logístico"
45. Medalla Militar "Servicios Distinguidos a la Justicia Penal Militar"
46. Medalla "Orden Por La Libertad Personal"
47. Medalla Militar "Escuela Superior de Guerra"
48. Medalla Militar "Al Mérito de la Reserva"
49. Medalla Militar "General José Hilario López Valdés"
50. Medalla Militar "Escuela Militar de Cadetes"
51. Medalla Militar "Centenario Escuela Militar De Cadetes General Jose María Córdova"
52. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos a la "Escuela Naval de Cadetes Almirante Padilla"
53. Medalla Militar "Servicios Meritorios Inteligencia Militar "Guardián de la Patria"
54. Medalla Militar "Escuela de Suboficiales del Ejército "Sargento Inocencio Chinca"
55. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos a la "Escuela Naval de Suboficiales"
56. Medalla Servicios Distinguidos a la Escuela de Formación de Infantería de Marina
57. Medalla "Escuela de Lanceros"
58. Medalla Militar "Escuela de Armas y Servicios José Celestino Mutis Bossio"
59. Medalla Militar Escuela de Soldados Profesionales "Teniente General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla"
60. Medalla Militar "Honor al Deber Cumplido"
61. Medalla "Guardia Presidencial"
62. Medalla Policía Militar "General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
63. Medalla "Cadete José María Rosillo"
64. Medalla "Alumno Distinguido"


title: Collace

abstract: Collace is a parish in Perthshire, Scotland, 8 miles northeast of Perth, in the Carse of Gowrie district. The parish boundary includes the neighbouring villages of Kinrossie and Saucher. The traditional industries of the area are farming, quarrying (sandstone) and weaving, but the latter is now gone. Dunsinane Hill, mentioned in the Shakespeare play Macbeth, is located near Collace. King's Seat, a low hill east of the village, is marked romantically on older maps as "Macbeth's Castle". Bandirran Stone Circle stands just south of the village.

text:
# Collace

**Collace** (/kəˈls/) is a parish in Perthshire, Scotland, 8 miles (13 kilometres) northeast of Perth, in the Carse of Gowrie district. The parish boundary includes the neighbouring villages of Kinrossie and Saucher.

The traditional industries of the area are farming, quarrying (sandstone) and weaving, but the latter is now gone.

Dunsinane Hill, mentioned in the Shakespeare play *Macbeth*, is located near Collace. King's Seat, a low hill east of the village, is marked romantically on older maps as "Macbeth's Castle".

Bandirran Stone Circle stands just south of the village.

## Buildings

The current Collace parish church building dates from 1812 to 1813 and is on the site of an earlier church dedicated in 1242. Four stained glass windows from 1919 depict scenes from the life of Christ. In the graveyard are important 17th- and 18th-century gravestones, a rare medieval Discoid stone and a conserved mort-house. Next to the church are the remains of a medieval building with a Romanesque arch which was used as the mausoleum for the Nairne family. The chief mansion house is Dunsinnan House, former seat of the extinct Nairne of Dunsinnan baronetcy. An example of a 19th-century morthouse is located in the churchyard.

## Notable residents

56°28′37″N 3°17′35″W / 56.4770°N 3.2930°W / 56.4770; -3.2930


title: Colt Lightning rifle

abstract: The Colt Lightning Carbine or Colt Lightning Rifle was a slide-action (pump-action) rifle manufactured by Colt from 1884 until 1904 and was originally chambered in.44-40 caliber. Colt eventually made the Lightning Rifle in three different frame sizes, to accommodate a wide range of cartridges, from.22 Short caliber and.38-40 to.50-95 Express. Its profile resembles the pump-action rimfire rifles made by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company and Remington Arms. The Lightning saw use as a sporting arm in America and was adopted for use by the San Francisco Police Department, but was never as popular or as reliable as the various lever-action rifles of its day. It is however reported to have been used by American forces in the Spanish-American War, most likely as privately purchased weapons.

text:
# Colt Lightning rifle

The **Colt Lightning Carbine** or **Colt Lightning Rifle** was a slide-action (pump-action) rifle manufactured by Colt from 1884 until 1904 and was originally chambered in .44-40 caliber. Colt eventually made the Lightning Rifle in three different frame sizes, to accommodate a wide range of cartridges, from .22 Short caliber and .38-40 to .50-95 Express. Its profile resembles the pump-action rimfire rifles made by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company and Remington Arms. The Lightning saw use as a sporting arm in America and was adopted for use by the San Francisco Police Department, but was never as popular or as reliable as the various lever-action rifles of its day. It is however reported to have been used by American forces in the Spanish-American War, most likely as privately purchased weapons.

## Variants

The medium-frame Colt Lightning Magazine Rifle was manufactured between 1884 and 1904. It was the first slide-action rifle offered by Colt. Colt records indicate 89,777 were produced, in .32-20, .38-40, and .44-40 as a companion arm to the Colt Single Action Army revolver. Two versions were offered: a rifle with a 26 in (66 cm) barrel and 15-round magazine, and a carbine with a 20 in (51 cm) barrel and 12-round magazine. The San Francisco Police Department acquired 401 rifles all of which had 26 in (66 cm) round .44-40 barrels and bore S.F.P 1 through S.F.P 401 stampings on the lower tang.

The small-frame Lightning (also referred to as "Second Model Colt Lightning") was the first rimfire rifle made by Colt and was manufactured between 1887 and 1904 as a plinking and gallery gun. Colt records indicate 89,912 were made, in .22 Short and .22 Long. Barrel length was 24 in (61 cm) and the rifles had a blued finish, case-hardened hammer, and a walnut stock.

The large-frame Lightning (also called the "Express Model") was manufactured between 1887 and 1894. Colt records indicate 6,496 were made in different big game calibers such as .38-56 WCF, .40-60 and .50-95 Express. Barrel length was 22 or 28 in (56 or 71 cm).

## Modern versions

Reproduction Lightning rifles are still manufactured today by companies such as Uberti, Taurus, and Pedersoli for hunting, historical reenactment, and competition purposes such as Cowboy Action Shooting in calibers such as .38 Special/.357 Magnum, .44-40, and .45 Colt. Of these calibers, only the .44-40 was offered in the Lightning when it was originally produced by Colt.

## InfoBox

| Colt Lightning Rifle | |
| --- | --- |
| Colt- Lightning .22 Rifle | |
| Type | Slide action Light Rifle |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Used by | United States
San Francisco Police Department
 |
| Wars | Spanish-American War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Colt's Patent Firearms |
| Produced | 1884–1904 |
| Specifications | |
| Cartridge | various; see text |
| Barrels | round, octagon |
| Action | Slide |
| Feed system | Tube magazine |
| Sights | Iron |


title: Colt M1878

abstract: The Colt M1878 is a double-action revolver that was manufactured by Colt's Manufacturing Company from 1878 until 1907. It is often referred to as the "Frontier" or the "Double Action Army" revolver. A total of 51,210 Model 1878 revolvers were manufactured, including 4,600 for the US Ordnance Department. These are known as the "Philippine" or "Alaskan" models.

text:
# Colt M1878

The **Colt M1878** is a double-action revolver that was manufactured by Colt's Manufacturing Company from 1878 until 1907. It is often referred to as the "Frontier" or the "Double Action Army" revolver. A total of 51,210 Model 1878 revolvers were manufactured, including 4,600 for the US Ordnance Department. These are known as the "Philippine" or "Alaskan" models.

## History

Samuel Colt experimented with double-action revolver systems, but he considered them to be unreliable. After Colt's patent expired in 1857, other manufacturers began producing double-action revolvers, but Colt's Manufacturing did not manufacture its own double-action revolver until 1877, twenty years after the patent had expired.

The M1878 was designed by William Mason, Colt's factory manager and Charles Brinckerhoff Richards, Superintendent of Engineering. It was similar in design to the Colt Model 1877. The Model 1878 had a larger frame, and is therefore sometimes referred to as the "large frame" double-action revolver, while the Model 1877 is likewise referred to as the "small frame" double-action revolver. The Model 1878 was considered a more robust and reliable design than the Model 1877.

## Design and features

The design of the Model 1878 was based on the Model 1877, which in turn was based heavily on the design of the earlier Colt Single Action Army revolver. A strut is added to connect the trigger movement to the hammer. The top of the trigger slips beyond the strut so that the hammer will stay in full cock if it is pulled back manually.

The Model 1878 had a larger frame than the Model 1877, which allowed it to fire larger and more powerful cartridges such as the .45 Colt and .44-40 Winchester, and used the same barrel & ejector parts as the Single Action Army revolver and a very similar cylinder. At one time, the factory modified Model 1878 cylinders for use in single-action revolvers in an attempt to use up spare parts.

## Variants

The Model 1878 was available in .32-20, .38 Colt, .38-40, .41 Colt, .44-40, .45 Colt, .455 Webley, and .476 Eley. The most popular calibers were the .44-40 Winchester and .45 Colt.

Standard grips were black checkered hard rubber but some early revolvers were produced with checkered walnut grips. Barrel lengths were available from 2+12 to 7+12 inches. Revolvers with 4-inch and shorter barrels did not have an ejector.

In 1902, 4,600 Model 1878 revolvers were produced for a U.S. Army contract. They were intended to equip the Philippine Constabulary under Brigadier General Henry T. Allen during the Philippine–American War (1899–1902). These revolvers had 6-inch barrels, hard rubber grips, and were chambered for the .45 Colt cartridge. They also had strengthened mainsprings and lengthened the triggers to give the user more leverage, thus giving a more reliability and consistent trigger pull, this is the primary reason for the enlarged trigger guards. The strengthened mainspring was necessary to fire the .45 Colt Government rounds which had a less sensitive primer compared to the civilian .45 Colt ammunition. Many people have incorrectly assumed that this was to allow the revolver to be operated while wearing gloves in cold weather, that means that the "Alaskan Model" is a misnomer.These revolvers are also unofficially designated the Colt 1902 Philippine Model (Colt M1902).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Colt M1878 | |
| Type | Revolver |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Wars | North-West Rebellion, Spanish-American War |
| Production history | |
| Designer | William Mason |
| Designed | 1878 |
| Produced | 1878–1907 |
| Specifications | |
| Caliber | .32-20 WCF, .38 Long Colt, .38-40 WCF, .41 Long Colt, .44-40 WCF, .455 Webley, .45 Colt, .476 Eley |
| Action | double-action revolver |
| Feed system | 6-shot cylinder |


title: Collagen, type IX, alpha 2

abstract: Collagen alpha-2(IX) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL9A2 gene. This gene encodes one of the three alpha chains of type IX collagen, the major collagen component of hyaline cartilage. Type IX collagen, a heterotrimeric molecule, is usually found in tissues containing type II collagen, a fibrillar collagen. This chain is unusual in that, unlike the other two type IX alpha chains, it contains a covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side chain. Mutations in this gene are associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

text:
# Collagen, type IX, alpha 2

**Collagen alpha-2(IX) chain** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *COL9A2* gene.

This gene encodes one of the three alpha chains of type IX collagen, the major collagen component of hyaline cartilage. Type IX collagen, a heterotrimeric molecule, is usually found in tissues containing type II collagen, a fibrillar collagen. This chain is unusual in that, unlike the other two type IX alpha chains, it contains a covalently attached glycosaminoglycan side chain. Mutations in this gene are associated with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| COL9A2 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | COL9A2, DJ39G22.4, EDM2, MED, STL5, collagen type IX alpha 2, collagen type IX alpha 2 chain | | |
| External IDs | OMIM: 120260; MGI: 88466; HomoloGene: 37535; GeneCards: COL9A2; OMA:COL9A2 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_001852   NM\_007741   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_001843   NP\_031767   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 40.3 – 40.32 Mb Chr 4: 120.9 – 120.91 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Colls v Home and Colonial Stores

abstract: Colls v Home and Colonial Stores is an English tort law case concerning the entitlement to daylight where a right to light exists.

text:
# Colls v Home and Colonial Stores

***Colls v Home and Colonial Stores*** is an English tort law case concerning the entitlement to daylight where a right to light exists.

## Facts

Home and Colonial Stores owned land at 44 Worship Street, Shoreditch, London EC2. They proposed to erect a tall building on the site. Colls owned a property immediately opposite number 44 and objected to the erection of the new building due to the effect this would have on light to a clerks’ office on the ground floor of his building.

He applied for an injunction to restrain the new development. He argued that he was entitled to an easement, under section 3 of the Prescription Act 1832, in respect of all the light currently enjoyed by his building.

## Judgment

The House of Lords held that Colls was entitled to "sufficient light" to light his premises "according to the ordinary notions of mankind". As, he would have in excess of this amount, even after the erection of the new building, he had not suffered an actionable interference with his easement of light.

The extent of the entitlement to light was described by Lord Lindley in the following terms:

"Generally speaking an owner of ancient lights is entitled to sufficient light according to the ordinary notions of mankind for the comfortable use and enjoyment of his house as a dwelling-house, if it is a dwelling-house, or for the beneficial use and occupation of the house if it is a warehouse, a shop, or other place of business."

## InfoBox

| Colls v Home and Colonial Stores | |
| --- | --- |
| Decided | 2 May 1904 |
| Citation | \[1904\] UKHL 1 |
| Transcript | judgment |


title: Falcondoite

abstract: Falcondoite, a member of the sepiolite group, was first discovered in the Dominican Republic, near the town of Bonao. The mineral was found in a deposit mined by Falconbridge Dominica, and so was named "falcondoite" after the company. Falcondoite is frequently associated with sepiolite, garnierite, talc, and serpentine, and is commonly nickel-bearing. While the chemical formula for falcondoite can vary, the mineral must contain more nickel than magnesium to be considered its own species. The ideal chemical formula for falcondoite is (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O.

text:
# Falcondoite

**Falcondoite**, a member of the sepiolite group, was first discovered in the Dominican Republic, near the town of Bonao. The mineral was found in a deposit mined by **Falcon**bridge **Do**minica, and so was named "**falcondo**ite" after the company. Falcondoite is frequently associated with sepiolite, garnierite, talc, and serpentine, and is commonly nickel-bearing. While the chemical formula for falcondoite can vary, the mineral must contain more nickel than magnesium to be considered its own species. The ideal chemical formula for falcondoite is (Ni,Mg)4Si6O15(OH)2·6H2O.

## Occurrence

Falcondoite occurs in an extensive deposit of laterite near the town of Bonao in the Dominican Republic. This deposit is part of a serpentinized harzburgite massif, which is composed of limonitic and serpentinitic ore. It's found in whitish-green veins of garnierite that is rich in sepiolite material. These veins are often only millimeters to centimeters thick, and can be formed by the infill of tension fractures. Some commonly associated minerals include sepiolite, garnierite, talc, and serpentine. While falcondoite is most closely associated to sepiolite, it's characterized by containing more nickel.

## Physical properties

Falcondoite is a whitish-green to green colored translucent mineral with a resinous luster and a white streak. It exhibits a hardness of 2–3 on the Mohs hardness scale. Falcondoite is a brittle and friable mineral with distinct cleavage. It occurs as aggregates of microscopic, fibrous crystals that are typically smaller than 10 μm in size, which have a refractive index of less than 1.55. Under cross-polarized light, these crystals experience extinction parallel or nearly parallel with positive elongation along the c-axis. The mineral has a measured density of 1.9 g/cm3 and a specific gravity of 1.9.

## Chemical properties

Falcondoite is considered to be a variety of clay-like, nickel-bearing hydrous silicate, which is a common component of garnierite mineralization. It is categorized as a phyllosilicate whose structure consists of single tetrahedral sheets of six-membered rings that are connected by octahedral sheets or bands. Falcondoite and sepiolite form a solid solution series of garnierite, with sepiolite being characterized as containing more magnesium, while falcondoite generally contains more nickel. Falcondoite's chemical formula can range from \[Ni8Si12O30(OH)4(OH2)4·8(H2O)\] to \[(Ni4Mg4)Si12O30(OH)4(OH2)4·8(H2O)\] with the weight percent of NiO being up to 38.03%. Some common impurities of falcondoite include aluminum, chromium, and iron.

## Chemical composition

| Element | wt.% |  | Oxide | wt.% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Oxygen (O) | 49.00% |  | SiO2 | 48.00% |
| Nickel (Ni) | 23.45% |  | NiO | 29.84% |
| Silicon (Si) | 22.44% |  | H2O | 16.79% |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 3.24% |  | MgO | 5.37% |
| Hydrogen (H) | 1.88% |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |
| Total: | 100.01% |  | Total: | 100% |

## Crystallographic properties

Falcondoite is in the orthorhombic crystal system, with space group Pncn. The unit cell dimensions are a = 13.5 Å, b = 26.9 Å, c = 5.24 Å, and α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°. The standard unit cell volume is equal to 1903 Å3. Falcondoite is biaxial positive with a refractive index value of 1.55, and a birefringence of δ=0.01 - 0.02. X-ray diffraction analysis of falcondoite shows a pattern similar to that of sepiolite. Some of the measured peaks end up broadened possibly due to poor crystallinity, so accurate d-values were difficult to obtain.

Powder X-Ray Diffraction data:

| d-spacing | Intensity |
| --- | --- |
| 12.2 Å | 100 |
| 9.8 Å | \< 5 (talc) |
| 7.5 Å | 5 |
| 4.53 Å | 10 |
| 4.30 Å | 15 |
| 3.75 Å | 10 |
| 3.33 Å | 30 (+quartz) |
| 3.19 Å | 25 |
| 3.03 Å | \< 5 |
| 2.80 Å | 5 |
| 2.62 Å | 30 |
| 2.53 Å | 35 (broad) |
| 2.44 Å | 30 |
| 2.39 Å | 20 |
| 2.26 Å | 20 |
| 2.12 Å | 5 |
| 2.07 Å | 15 |
| 1.95 Å | \< 5 |
| 1.87 Å | \< 5 |

## InfoBox

| Falcondoite | |
| --- | --- |
| General | |
| Category | Phyllosilicate |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | (Ni,Mg)4Si615()2·62 |
| IMA symbol | Fcd |
| Strunz classification | 9.EE.25 |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic |
| Crystal class | Dipyramidal (2/m 2/m 2/m)
(same H-M symbol) |
| Space group | *Pncn* |
| Unit cell | a = 13.5 , b = 26.9 Å
c = 5.24 Å; α=90° = β=90° = γ=90°; Z = 4 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Whitish-green |
| Crystal habit | Fibrous and microscopic crystals |
| Cleavage | Distinct |
| Fracture | Friable |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2 - 3 |
| Luster | Resinous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent |
| Specific gravity | 1.9 |
| Density | 1.9 g/cm3 |
| Optical properties | Biaxial |
| Birefringence | δ=0.01 - 0.02 |
| Dispersion | r \< v strong |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | Non-fluorescent |
| References |  |