title: Bolo Pasha

abstract: Bolo Pasha, originally named Paul Bolo, was a Frenchman who was a Levantine financer, traitor, and a German agent. The New York Times wrote that he "circumnavigated the globe, engaged in various curious occupations, participated in many shady schemes." The French secret police and Scotland Yard failed to collect enough evidence to convict him of treason, but he was eventually convicted with the help of evidence collected by the New York Attorney General. He was executed by firing squad on April 17, 1918.

text:
# Bolo Pasha

**Bolo Pasha**, originally named **Paul Bolo**, (September 24, 1867, Marseilles – April 17, 1918, Vincennes) was a Frenchman who was a Levantine financer, traitor, and a German agent. *The New York Times* wrote that he "circumnavigated the globe, engaged in various curious occupations, participated in many shady schemes." The French secret police and Scotland Yard failed to collect enough evidence to convict him of treason, but he was eventually convicted with the help of evidence collected by the New York Attorney General. He was executed by firing squad on April 17, 1918.

## Early life

Paul Bolo was born in Marseille, the younger brother of "an eloquent French prelate". He changed occupations frequently. His first place of employment was a barber's shop where he worked as an assistant. After a few months, he became the owner of a small soap shop. His soap business eventually failed and so he decided to sell lobsters. The lobster sales were large, but expenses were greater than the income and the venture failed. He then left Marseille and became involved with a silk manufacturing company in Lyon. He later managed a photographic shop, but this business also was short-lived.

Bolo's next sojourn was in Paris where he quickly became "a man about town". He was easy-going and intelligent and became a frequent guest in the "convivial circles" of Paris. He married a woman who was older and much richer than he was; she died and left her fortune to him, and he went to Egypt.

## Travel to Egypt and beyond

Bolo was an adventurer, and Egypt was considered to be "the Mecca of adventurers" at that time. A multicultural country appealed to this inquisitive Frenchman.

Almost as soon as Bolo arrived in Egypt he sought a meeting with the ruler, Abbas Hilmi, the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Hilmi, who spoke fluent French, was as eager to meet with Europeans visiting Cairo as they were eager to meet with him. Bolo and Hilmi liked each other from the first meeting. They met frequently, and at one of those meetings, Bolo was presented with the title of Pasha. Paul Bolo thus became Bolo Pasha.

Bolo accompanied Hilmi on various outings: to a petrified forest and on boat trips along the Nile, with richly decorated boats. Bolo and Hilmi were seen together, visiting the statue of the Sphinx, the pyramids and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, which is situated in the Citadel of Cairo. Gradually Bolo became an intimate friend of Hilmi, and as such he was present at some unusual court ceremonies, some of which he planned himself. One was a reception for a Consul-General from one of the European countries.

This was a carefree time in Bolo's life, but Hilmi had foreseen trouble. Hilmi thought he was about to be deposed, and he knew his country's history: a deposed Khedive would not be admired. Hilmi decided to use his friend Bolo to help him save as much as possible of his fortune. Newspaper articles of the time preserve this history:

> In November, 1914, in an effort to prevent the permanent sequestration of the ex-Khedive's property in Egypt, Bolo sent an Italian friend to Constantinople, where Abbas then was, with two letters. One was to the effect that Abbas owed Bolo $10,000,000, and the other was a promise by Bolo to refund the money. Bolo then arranged a meeting with Sadik Pasha, counselor to Abbas Hilmi, at Rome for February 1, 1915, and he thereupon proposed to Abbas' representative a plan for the establishment of a bank in Switzerland, which was in reality to be used for the dissemination of German propaganda. Bolo and Sadik Pasha went to Vienna to meet Abbas Hilmi, who refused to consider the scheme. Bolo thereupon made an alternative proposal to the effect that he purchase an interest in some of the leading newspapers of France, at the same time guaranteeing the publication of a number of articles favorable to the German cause.
>
> Abbas Hilmi is said to have favored the last proposition, and after a conference with Count Monts, the former German Ambassador to Rome, dispatched Sadik Pasha to Berlin to propose the project to Foreign Minister von Jagow. Von Jagow is said to have agreed and offered to provide 10,000,000 marks to be paid in ten monthly instalments. A brief time after that Abbas Hilmi, accompanied by Chefik Pasha, arrived at the Hotel Savoy, Zurich, where Bolo and Commandatore Cavallini already were installed. It is noteworthy that at the same time Bolo and his party were at the Hotel Savoy, Herr Erzberger, leader of the German party, was at the Hotel du Saint Gothard, and that Bolo introduced him to many of his friends. The next day at a conference at the Savoy, Bolo was said to have accepted Von Jagow's proposal of 10,000,000 marks monthly, to be paid through the ex-Khedive.
>
> The story has it that on March 21, 1915, the former Egyptian ruler received the first instalment through the Dresden Bank and sent it to an agent in Italy to be paid to Bolo. The French spy refused to accept the money in that way and arrangements were thereupon made to have the money deposited in a Geneva bank, where Bolo represented it to be a part of the personal fortune of Abbas Hilmi.

Bolo found himself suspected because of his frequent trips between Paris and Geneva. During March 1915, Bolo met with Hilmi in Switzerland. Apparently Bolo was given $2,500,000 to be used to pay the French media in order to influence the public to accept peace with Germany.

## Travel to United States

On February 22, 1916, Bolo arrived in New York City. He spent almost a month there, leaving on March 17, 1916. During the time he spent in New York, Bolo tried to avoid being seen in the company of German agents, but he traveled to Washington, DC, for a secret meeting with Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, the German ambassador in Washington to the United States.

Von Bernstorff masterminded an operation to organize German sabotage in the U.S. He was assisted by the Military Attaché Captain Franz von Papen, who purchased an established New York import/export firm, G. Amsinck & Co., to act as an intermediary for the financing of German espionage and sabotage in the US and launder the financial transactions. In 1915 von Bernstorff and Bolo had devised a scheme to destabilise the French war effort by corrupting the French press in order to force an early armistice with Germany. The Paris newspaper *Le Journal*, owned by Senator Charles Humbert, was to be one of the papers to carry misleading 'fake news'.

The banking firm Muller, Schall and Company acted for the pair and used G. Amsinck & Co. as a front to facilitate the transfer of $1,700,000 to fund the subterfuge. Amsinck and Co. had also arranged payments to the men who attempted to sabotage the Welland Canal in 1916. Von Papen was expelled from the US in December 1915 after various unexplained sabotage incidents and explosions. G. Amsinck & Co.'s involvement was finally exposed when the US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 and the US severed diplomatic relations. This led to raids by the FBI on various business premises including Deutsche Bank, and the Bolo connection was discovered. Amsinck was mostly purged of its German connections and staff, and re-organised as G. Amsinck & Co., Inc.

When the French government appealed to the governor of New York asking for help in collecting evidence against Bolo, Merton E. Lewis, the Attorney General of New York State, was assigned to the case. He collected some "sensational" evidence:

> The evidence, which included photographic reproductions of many telltale checks, letters, and telegrams, revealed the fact that Count Bernstorff, then German Ambassador at Washington, had eagerly fallen in with Bolo's proposition to betray France by corrupting the press in favor of a premature peace and had advanced him the enormous sum of $1,683,500 to finance the plot. The State Department and Ambassador Jusserand examined the evidence and attested its genuineness.

One of the most important pieces of evidence was the letter Bolo wrote to the New York City branch of the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916:

> Gentlemen: You will receive from Messrs. Amsinck & Co. deposits for the credit of my account with you, which deposits will reach the aggregate amount of about $1,700,000, which I wish you to utilize in the following manner:
>
> First—Immediately on receipt of the first amount on account of this sum pay to Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Co., New York City, the sum of $170,068.03, to be placed to the credit of the account with them of Senator Charles Humbert, Paris.
>
> Second—Establish on your books a credit of $5,000, good until the 31st of May, In favor of Jules Bois, Biltmore Hotel, this amount to be utilized by him at the debit of my account according to his needs, and the unused balance to be returned to me.
>
> Third—Transfer to the credit of my wife, Mme. Bolo, with agency T of Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris a sum of about $524,000, to be debited to my account as such transfers are made by you at best rate and by small amounts.
>
> Fourth—You will hold, subject to my instructions, when all payments are complete, a balance of not less than $1,000,000.
>
> Yours truly, BOLO PASHA

## Arrest and trial

Bolo was arrested in Paris on September 29, 1917, and held in Fresnes Prison. He was tried at court-martial (France was under a military government during the war) and was charged with treason. Bolo exclaimed:

> I am no traitor. I have asked to be judged, and I am willing to die, but not as a traitor!

When asked why he never kept records of his money transfers, Bolo responded: "I am the master of money, not its slave!"

Abbas Hilmi was summoned as a witness, but he failed to arrive in Paris. However, Bolo's second wife was a strong witness on his behalf, as was his brother. Senator Charles Humbert, whom Bolo had mentioned in his letter to the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916, was summoned as a witness. The senator testified that "he never suspected for a moment that there was any hidden motive in the deal for the bonds of the newspaper."

In his last appeal to the court, Albert Salles, Bolo's attorney, said:

> Do not condemn Bolo Pasha to satisfy public opinion. Do not condemn him to satisfy public passion. Please do not permit yourselves to be the cause of a miscarriage of justice that will be bitterly regretted in after years.

Salles' speech was to no avail. The court convicted Bolo and sentenced him to death. The conviction was based on circumstantial evidence, and the decision was made after only 15 minutes of deliberation.

Bolo Pasha was executed by firing squad at the Fort Neuf de Vincennes on the morning of April 17, 1918.

After the execution, Georges Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France, addressed the American people:

> This Bolo Pasha, who had had his way with everybody and in almost every situation, had met a strong man at last! Bolo Pasha was one of those gentlemen who began life by betraying women; he ended it by betraying nations. There is a great difference between betraying women and betraying nations! Women forgive and forget, but nations never, never! And so at the conclusion of their little interview Mr. Clemenceau escorted Bolo Pasha to the Forest of Vincennes, and placing him with his back to a wall, compelled him to face the business end of twelve French rifles. Bolo Pasha will never betray another nation. I want to tell you Americans that that is the only way to treat a traitor!

* Westbrook, Shelby (2009). *Bolo Pacha: A Forgotten Story About Men & Women Who Made History in WWI*. Trafford On Demand Pub. ISBN 978-1426921759. OCLC 601050592.


title: Rose Mapendo

abstract: Rose Mapendo is a Congolese human rights activist. She founded the Rose Mapendo Foundation with the mission to empower the women of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi to rise above their circumstances and unite to bring peace to their region.

text:
# Rose Mapendo

**Rose Mapendo** (born 1963) is a Congolese human rights activist. She founded the Rose Mapendo Foundation with the mission to empower the women of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi to rise above their circumstances and unite to bring peace to their region.

## Biography

### Early life

Rose Mapendo was born in Mulenge, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in 1963. She grew up in a humble Tutsi family, who professed the Christian religion. She belongs to the Banyamulenge Tutsi tribe. Raised for marriage and motherhood according to her family's culture, Mapendo never went to school. She married when she was 16, as is common among women of the tribe. Later, in 1994, she moved to the city of Mbuji-Mayi so that her children could go to school and her husband began his career as a butcher.

### Genocide in the Democratic Republic of Congo

In 1994, there was an outbreak of genocide in Rwanda. On August 2, 1998, the government of the DRC ordered the genocide of the Tutsi people in the Congo. During this time the police visited Rose on multiple occasions questioning her about the location of her husband and their money. She lied, saying that her husband was not home, and had gone to buy cows for his business. In reality, he was at home and in hiding assuming the men were being taken into custody, but they would never take the women and children. She was wrong. They later heard on televised news that the president was willing to kill all Tutsis and keep their belongings and money, but, with nowhere to go, the family hid at home cloaked in darkness with no activity to give the home the appearance that it was abandoned. Rose paid friends and neighbors to make any purchases that she needed. Eventually, however, her family was found. They were carried in a truck to a prison camp on the night of September 23, 1998, along with four other Tutsi families.

### Experiences in the camp

They were in the camp for sixteen months. Under the surveillance of guards, the government ordered the murder of all the men there, including Mapendo's husband. Women and children were starved, and two women and two children in her camp were murdered by the government. In the camp they had no food or health system, and everyone had lice. Children had to defecate in the cell because there was no sanitation. To save her son from being killed by a soldier she had to give a soldier her 17-year-old daughter as a sex partner. At this time, she was pregnant and sick. Rose gave birth to twins on the cold, unsanitary floor during a dark night at the camp with other prisoners, including seven of her children, present. With no medical attention, Rose tied the umbilical cords using the thread binding her hair and cut them with a piece of wood. In an effort to save the babies' lives, as well as show her capacity for forgiveness, she named them after two of the camp's commanders. This strategy seemed to work, as the wife of a commander visited one day to bring a piece of clothing and some bread. Also, when the orders came for the prisoners to be killed. the commander had them transferred to another prison situated in Kinshasa (capital of the DRC) as he could not be responsible for the death of his namesake. While there, the soldier who had taken her daughter visited the camp along with the son of the president, (now current presidentJoseph Kabila), who left money and gave the order not to hurt the prisoners. Within two weeks the group was dropped off at a human rights center and then transferred to American aid center. After ten days, they were transferred to a Red Cross-run protection center in Cameroon by the US government's emergency program to resettle Tutsi refugees from the Congo.

Meanwhile, Nangabire, her 11-year-old daughter, was with Mapendo's father and mother-in-law in the Congo when the surrounding village was attacked. They fled to Rwanda and stayed with a family member for approximately three years before Rose sent Nangabire to stay with her parents in Kenya.

In July 2000, Mapendo and her children received refugee status and moved to the United States. During this time, Rose did not know if Nangabire had survived. After a long search, Rose received word that her parents and daughter were alive. In 2007, Nangabire received refugee status and was reunited with her family in the US. Though she had suffered greatly, being separated from her family, she overcame all of the challenges of moving to a new country, learning a new language, and finding her way through the educational system and is now a wife and mother in her twenties and working as a caregiver (hoping to be a nurse).

### Life in the United States and humanitarian projects

While in the United States, Mapendo saved money to send to the widows of refugees. She also organized a number of demonstrations to raise public awareness about the problems faced by refugees, and to raise money for those who lived in refugee camps or who were otherwise displaced.

In addition, Mapendo starred in the documentary *Pushing the Elephant*, which tells the story of the separation between her and Nangabire during the Congolese genocide and their reunion in Arizona. The film tries to convey to people the importance of the fight against violence and for human rights. She has also influenced others to follow suit.

## Personal life

Mapendo currently lives in Phoenix, Arizona, and has ten children. They study at the local schools and universities, worship at the local church and work in various fields. The twins born while in the death camp graduated from high school in the spring of 2017. Rose is now a grandmother of six.

## Awards

2007 - Volvo for Life Award
2008 - CNN Hero
2009 - Winner of the United Nations Humanitarian of the Year Award
2015 - Muhammad Ali Humanitarian of the Year Award for Gender Equality

## InfoBox

| Rose Mapendo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1963<br>Mulenge, Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Nationality | Congolese |
| Occupation | Activist |


title: Rose Mandel

abstract: Rose Mandel was a Polish-born American photographer, who was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967.

text:
# Rose Mandel

**Rose Mandel** (August 2, 1910 – March 12, 2002) was a Polish-born American photographer, who was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967.

## Early life

Rose Mandel was born in a Jewish family in Czaniec, Poland. She studied child psychology with Jean Piaget in Geneva, at the Rousseau Institute. She lived in Paris in the 1930s. In 1942, during World War II, she and her husband Arthur left Europe for America. They arrived in Staten Island, New York on a steamer carrying hundreds of immigrants, including the celebrated French artist Marcel Duchamp. Her country destroyed, family members and friends killed in the Holocaust, she made the San Francisco Bay Area her new home. An introduction to Edward Weston inspired Mandel to study photography as an art form. She studied photography at the California School of Fine Arts, with Ansel Adams and Minor White as instructors. One of her classmates, who became a close friend, was Richard Diebenkorn.

## Career

Mandel was interested in exploring the many avenues of the photographic process. From the late 1940s through the early 1970s, she created original portraits, close-ups of nature, abstractions of water and street photographs. Rose Mandel roamed the streets of San Francisco with her “cumbersome 4-by-5-inch view camera and tripod, capturing store fronts, doorways, advertisements, and graffiti, the kind of things people pass everyday but rarely notice amid the urban clutter”. These black and white photographs she captured displayed “sanctuaries charged with human hopes and longings...touching on all the intangible havens of the human spirit stored in half-forgotten memories”. Many of these sequenced images are on exhibit at the Art Institute of Chicago. Rose Mandel stressed sequence imaging rather than single images, “an approach with resounding influence in contemporary photography”. “For Mandel, the photograph was meant not simply to describe the world but also to suggest its infinite forms and evoke its many moods,” says Julian Cox, founding curator of photography and chief curator, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Mandel had a strong understanding of psychology from her earlier studies and that combined with her knowledge of abstract expressionism allowed her to capture photographs that peer back at the viewer. This along with the subjects she chose to photographs being carefully chosen led her to be described as “a painter with a camera” Mandel was senior photographer for the art department at the University of California. The art that was created outside of her work was hers alone, and was not driven by a need to promote or sell. Mandel did not participate in the art market, only printed in modest numbers, and was not interested in gallery representation or aggressive marketing. She did however take part in several solo and group exhibitions. Her 1948 show, "On Walls and Behind Glass", at the San Francisco Museum of Art, focused on street photography. It comprised Mandel's twenty contact prints, incorporating reflections and graffiti in San Francisco.

In 1954, she had a solo exhibit at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, titled "The Errand of the Eye," after an Emily Dickinson poem. The photographs in this show were mostly nature subjects in closeup. This sequence of 49 photographs dating from 1951 to 1954 consisted of contact prints of delicate flowers, weeds, branches, twigs, and thorns, in which an area of the picture was in sharp focus while the rest was selectively blurred. Following the 1954 exhibition The Errand of the Eye, landscapes made in and around the shoreline of the Berkeley Marina and San Francisco Bay became Mandel's primary focus. In 1956, photographs by Rose Mandel accompanied an *ARTnews* profile of Richard Diebenkorn. "I never tried to imitate painting," Mandel explained late in life. "I wanted to be very photographic, 100 percent photographic." Her work was recognized with a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967. From the mid-1960s through about 1972, Mandel moved away from the intimate contact-print format, which she described as being time capsules of her innermost feelings. Mandel's last photographs were made between 1970 and 1972.

## Personal life

Rose Mandel died in Berkeley, California, in 2002, aged 91 years. In 2013, a retrospective titled "The Errand of the Eye: Photographs by Rose Mandel," featuring 80 of her works, was organized by the de Young Museum in San Francisco, California.

## InfoBox

| Rose Mandel | |
| --- | --- |
| crop of picture by Richard Muffley | |
| Born | 2 August 1910
Czaniec |
| Died | 12 March 2002
Berkeley |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | photography |


title: Bomberman 64 (2001 video game)

abstract: Bomberman 64 is a Japanese Nintendo 64 game released in 2001. It was the final Nintendo 64 game to be released in Japan. The game features four distinct gameplay modes, each with unique gameplay, based on different games in the Bomberman franchise.

text:
# Bomberman 64 (2001 video game)

***Bomberman 64*** (ボンバーマン64, *Bonbāman Rokujūyon*) is a Japanese Nintendo 64 game released in 2001. It was the final Nintendo 64 game to be released in Japan. The game features four distinct gameplay modes, each with unique gameplay, based on different games in the *Bomberman* franchise.

## Gameplay

Unlike previous *Bomberman* games on the system, *Bomberman 64* is fully 2D without any 3D graphics. It features four different game modes, each of which features a different gameplay style:

""Bomberman" features traditional *Bomberman* gameplay, particularly based on that seen in the *Bomberman* titles on SNES. As in past games, players control Bomberman, moving around a grid and using bombs to destroy obstructions and defeat enemies while looking for an exit; once found, all enemies must be defeated for the exit to be used. Unlike previous games, stages each feature two exits; choosing different exits will determine which stages the player must complete in each route, along with which boss the player battles in the final stage. The mode also includes a "Battle Royale" multiplayer mode, in which up to four players compete to be the last one standing,

"Panic Bomber" is based on the 1994 *Bomberman* spinoff of the same name, a puzzle game in which players attempt to match falling blocks of the same color in order to create bombs to clear the tiles on their screen and damage opponents. The mode features a single player score attack mode, and a four player battle royale mode.

"SameGame" is based on the 1985 game of the same name, a single-player tile-matching puzzle game in which players must select adjacent tiles of the same color to clear them from a grid, attempting to get the highest score possible without running out of moves.

"Bomberman Park" is a single-player mode based on *Bomberman Land* (2000). Similar to that game, players explore an amusement park and participate in several minigames. By earning high scores in each of the minigames, players will gain access to additional areas of the park with their own minigames. Several of the minigames are ported directly from *Bomberman Land*.

## Release

The game was released on December 20, 2001. It was the final game released for the Nintendo 64 in Japan.

It is often confused with the 1997 game *Bomberman 64*, which was released in Japan as *Baku Bomberman*.

## InfoBox

| Bomberman 64 | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Racjin |
| Publisher(s) | Hudson Soft |
| Series | *Bomberman* |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo 64 |
| Release | * JP: December 20, 2001 |
| Genre(s) | Action |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Bolshoi cosmological simulation

abstract:
The Bolshoi simulation, a computer model of the universe run in 2010 on the Pleiades supercomputer at the NASA Ames Research Center, was the most accurate cosmological simulation to that date of the evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe.
The Bolshoi simulation used the now-standard ΛCDM (Lambda-CDM) model of the universe and the WMAP five-year and seven-year cosmological parameters from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe team. "The principal purpose of the Bolshoi simulation is to compute and model the evolution of dark matter halos, thereby rendering the invisible visible for astronomers to study, and to predict visible structure that astronomers can seek to observe." “Bolshoi” is a Russian word meaning “big.” The first two of a series of research papers describing Bolshoi and its implications were published in 2011 in the Astrophysical Journal. The first data release of Bolshoi outputs has been made publicly available to the world's astronomers and astrophysicists. The data include output from the Bolshoi simulation and from the BigBolshoi, or MultiDark, simulation of a volume 64 times that of Bolshoi. The Bolshoi-Planck simulation, with the same resolution as Bolshoi, was run in 2013 on the Pleiades supercomputer using the Planck satellite team's cosmological parameters released in March 2013. The Bolshoi-Planck simulation is currently being analyzed in preparation for publication and distribution of its results in 2014. Bolshoi simulations continue to be developed as of 2018.

text:
# Bolshoi cosmological simulation

The **Bolshoi simulation**, a computer model of the universe run in 2010 on the Pleiades supercomputer at the NASA Ames Research Center, was the most accurate cosmological simulation to that date of the evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe. The Bolshoi simulation used the now-standard ΛCDM (Lambda-CDM) model of the universe and the WMAP five-year and seven-year cosmological parameters from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe team. "The principal purpose of the Bolshoi simulation is to compute and model the evolution of dark matter halos, thereby rendering the invisible visible for astronomers to study, and to predict visible structure that astronomers can seek to observe." “Bolshoi” is a Russian word meaning “big.”

The first two of a series of research papers describing Bolshoi and its implications were published in 2011 in the Astrophysical Journal. The first data release of Bolshoi outputs has been made publicly available to the world's astronomers and astrophysicists. The data include output from the Bolshoi simulation and from the BigBolshoi, or MultiDark, simulation of a volume 64 times that of Bolshoi. The **Bolshoi-Planck simulation**, with the same resolution as Bolshoi, was run in 2013 on the Pleiades supercomputer using the Planck satellite team's cosmological parameters released in March 2013. The Bolshoi-Planck simulation is currently being analyzed in preparation for publication and distribution of its results in 2014.

Bolshoi simulations continue to be developed as of 2018.

## Contributors

Joel R. Primack's team at the University of California, Santa Cruz, partnered with Anatoly Klypin's group at New Mexico State University, in Las Cruces to run and analyze the Bolshoi simulations. Further analysis and comparison with observations by Risa Wechsler's group at Stanford University and others are reflected in the papers based on the Bolshoi simulations.

## Rationale

A successful large-scale simulation of the evolution of galaxies, with results consistent with what is actually seen by astronomers in the night sky, provides evidence that the theoretical underpinnings of the models employed, i.e., the supercomputer implementations ΛCDM, are sound bases for understanding galactic dynamics and the history of the universe, and opens avenues to further research. The Bolshoi Simulation isn't the first large-scale simulation of the universe, but it is the first to rival the extraordinary precision of modern astrophysical observations.

The previous largest and most successful simulation of galactic evolution was the Millennium Simulation Project, led by Volker Springel. Although the success of that project stimulated more than 400 research papers, the Millennium simulations used early WMAP cosmological parameters that have since become obsolete. As a result, they led to some predictions, for example about the distribution of galaxies, that do not match very well with observations. The Bolshoi simulations use the latest cosmological parameters, are higher in resolution, and have been analyzed in greater detail.

## Methods

The Bolshoi simulation follows the evolving distribution of a statistical ensemble of 8.6 billion particles of dark matter, each of which represents about 100 million solar masses, in a cube of 3-dimensional space about 1 billion light years on edge. Dark matter and dark energy dominate the evolution of the cosmos in this model. The dynamics are modeled with the ΛCDM theory and Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, with the model including cold dark matter (CDM) and the Λ cosmological constant term simulating the cosmic acceleration referred to as dark energy.

The first 100 million years (Myr) or so of the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang can be derived analytically. The Bolshoi simulation was started at redshift z=80, corresponding to about 20 Myr after the Big Bang. Initial parameters were calculated with linear theory as implemented by the CAMB tools, part of the WMAP website. The tools provide the initial conditions, including a statistical distribution of positions and velocities of the particles in the ensemble, for the much more demanding Bolshoi simulation of the next approximately 13.8 billion years. The experimental volume thus represents a random region of the universe, so comparisons with observations must be statistical.

The Bolshoi simulation employs a version of an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm called an adaptive refinement tree (ART), in which a cube in space with more than a predefined density of matter is recursively divided into a mesh of smaller cubes. The subdivision continues to a limiting level, chosen to avoid using too much supercomputer time. Neighboring cubes are not permitted to vary by too many levels, in the case of Bolshoi by more than one level of subdivision, to avoid large discontinuities. The AMR/ART method is well suited to model the increasingly inhomogeneous distribution of matter that evolves as the simulation proceeds. “Once constructed, the mesh, rather than being destroyed at each time step, is promptly adjusted to the evolving particle distribution.” As the Bolshoi simulation ran, the position and velocity of each of the 8.6 billion particles representing dark matter was recorded in 180 snapshots roughly evenly spaced over the simulated 13.8-billion-year run on the Pleiades supercomputer. Each snapshot was then analyzed to find all the dark matter halos and the properties of each (particle membership, location, density distribution, rotation, shape, etc.). All this data was then used to determine the entire growth and merging history of every halo. These results are used in turn to predict where galaxies will form and how they will evolve. How well these predictions correspond to observations provides a measure of the success of the simulation. Other checks were also made.

## Results

The Bolshoi simulation is considered to have produced the best approximation to reality so far obtained for so large a volume of space, about 1 billion light years across. “Bolshoi produces a model universe that bears a striking and uncanny resemblance to the real thing. Starting with initial conditions based on the known distribution of matter shortly after the Big Bang, and using Einstein’s general theory of relativity as the ‘rules’ of the simulation, Bolshoi predicts a modern-day universe with galaxies lining up into hundred-million-light-year-long filaments that surround immense voids, forming a cosmic foam-like structure that precisely matches the cosmic web as revealed by deep galaxy studies such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. To achieve such a close match, Bolshoi is clearly giving cosmologists a fairly accurate picture of how the universe actually evolved.” The Bolshoi simulation found that the Sheth–Tormen approximation overpredicts the abundance of halos by a factor of $10$ for redshifts $z\>10$.

## Support

This research was supported by grants from NASA and the National Science Foundation (U.S.) to Joel Primack and Anatoly Klypin, including massive grants of supercomputer time on the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) supercomputer Pleiades at NASA Ames Research Center. Hosting of the Bolshoi outputs and analyses at Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) is partially supported by the MultiDark grant from the Spanish MICINN Programme.

A visualization from the Bolshoi simulation was narrated in the National Geographic TV special *Inside the Milky Way*. The Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk used footage from the Bolshoi cosmological simulation in the performance of her musical number “Dark Matter” in her Biophilia concert.

## References for figure

* Mantz, A., Allen, S. W., Ebeling, H., & Rapetti, D. 2008, MNRAS, 387, 1179
* Henry, J. P., Evrard, A. E., Hoekstra, H., Babul, A., & Mahdavi, A. 2009, ApJ,691, 1307
* Vikhlinin, A., Kravtsov, A. V., Burenin, R. A., et al. 2009, ApJ, 692, 1060
* Rozo, E., Rykoff, E. S., Evrard, A., et al. 2009, ApJ, 699, 768


title: Rotaliana

abstract: Rotaliana is a subclass of benthic Foraminifera with multichambered tests of perforate hyaline calcite. Tests may be planospiral, low or high trochospiral, or serial. Interiors may be complex with secondary chambers and interconnecting canal systems. Rotaliana are separate from the planktonic Globigerinana although both have tests of similar composition. The Textulariana, which contains forms that are rather similar, differs in be agglutinated. Sixteen orders are included among which are the Asterigerinida, Bolivinitida, Discorbida, and Rotaliida. Loeblich and Tappan (1988), with Foraminifera an order, lists 24 superfamilies within the suborder Rotaliina, which are equivalent to or contained within the orders of the Rotaliina Mikhalevich.

text:
# Rotaliana

**Rotaliana** is a subclass of benthic Foraminifera with multichambered tests of perforate hyaline calcite. Tests may be planospiral, low or high trochospiral, or serial. Interiors may be complex with secondary chambers and interconnecting canal systems. Rotaliana are separate from the planktonic Globigerinana although both have tests of similar composition. The Textulariana, which contains forms that are rather similar, differs in be agglutinated.

Sixteen orders are included (Mikhalevich, 1980) among which are the Asterigerinida, Bolivinitida, Discorbida, and Rotaliida. Loeblich and Tappan (1988), with Foraminifera an order, lists 24 superfamilies within the suborder Rotaliina, which are equivalent to or contained within the orders of the Rotaliina Mikhalevich.

Forminiferal Genera and Their Classification

## InfoBox

| Rotaliana
Temporal range: Triassic \- Holocene | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ammonia beccarii* (Rotaliidae) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| (unranked): | SAR |
| (unranked): | Rhizaria |
| Phylum: | Foraminifera |
| Class: | Rotaliata |
| Subclass: | **Rotaliana**
Mikhalevich, 1980 |
|
| Orders | |
| see text | |


title: Rotaliida

abstract: The Rotaliida are an order of Foraminifera, characterized by multilocular tests (shells) composed of bilamellar perforate hyaline lamellar calcite that may be optically radial or granular. In form, rotaliid tests are typically enrolled, but may be reduced to biserial or uniserial, or may be encrusting with proliferated chambers. Chambers may be simple or subdivided by secondary partitions; the surface is smooth, papillate, costate, striate, or cancellate; the aperture is simple or with an internal toothplate, entosolenian tube, or hemicylindrical structure; it may have an internal canal or stolen systems. Rotaliids are primarily oceanic benthos, although some are common in shallower estuarine waters. They also include many important fossils, such as the nummulitids.

text:
# Rotaliida

The **Rotaliida** are an order of Foraminifera, characterized by multilocular tests (shells) composed of bilamellar perforate hyaline lamellar calcite that may be optically radial or granular.

In form, rotaliid tests are typically enrolled, but may be reduced to biserial or uniserial, or may be encrusting with proliferated chambers. Chambers may be simple or subdivided by secondary partitions; the surface is smooth, papillate, costate, striate, or cancellate; the aperture is simple or with an internal toothplate, entosolenian tube, or hemicylindrical structure; it may have an internal canal or stolen systems.

Rotaliids are primarily oceanic benthos, although some are common in shallower estuarine waters. They also include many important fossils, such as the nummulitids.

## Taxonomy

The Rotaliida are now divided into the following superfamilies:

## InfoBox

| Rotaliida
Temporal range: Middle Triassic \- present, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ammonia beccarii* (Rotaliidae) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Rhizaria |
| Phylum: | Retaria |
| Subphylum: | Foraminifera |
| Class: | Globothalamea |
| Order: | Rotaliida
Delage & Hérouard, 1896 |
|
| Suborders and superfamilies | |
| See text | |


title: Bonny Oaks Arboretum

abstract: Bonny Oaks Arboretum is an arboretum located at 6183 Adamson Circle, Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is open daily without charge. The arboretum is a small round park in front of the Dent House, now the Hamilton County Agriculture Center, whose gardens and some buildings date from the mid-19th century. It contains 55 types of trees and shrubs, identified by common and scientific names, including the large willow oak which is over 100 years old.

text:
# Bonny Oaks Arboretum

**Bonny Oaks Arboretum** is an arboretum located at 6183 Adamson Circle, Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is open daily without charge.

The arboretum is a small round park in front of the Dent House, now the Hamilton County Agriculture Center, whose gardens and some buildings date from the mid-19th century. It contains 55 types of trees and shrubs, identified by common and scientific names, including the large willow oak which is over 100 years old.

35°04′23″N 85°10′59″W / 35.073°N 85.183°W / 35.073; -85.183


title: Bonny Norton

abstract: Bonny Norton,, is a professor and distinguished university scholar in the Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia, Canada. She is also research advisor of the African Storybook and 2006 co-founder of the Africa Research Network on Applied Linguistics and Literacy. She is internationally recognized for her theories of identity and language learning and her construct of investment. A Fellow of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), she was the first recipient in 2010 of the Senior Research Leadership Award of AERA's Second Language Research SIG. In 2016, she was co-recipient of the TESOL Award for Distinguished Research and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

text:
# Bonny Norton

**Bonny Norton**, FRSC, is a professor and distinguished university scholar in the Department of Language and Literacy Education, University of British Columbia, Canada. She is also research advisor of the African Storybook and 2006 co-founder of the Africa Research Network on Applied Linguistics and Literacy. She is internationally recognized for her theories of identity and language learning and her construct of investment. A Fellow of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), she was the first recipient in 2010 of the Senior Research Leadership Award of AERA's Second Language Research SIG. In 2016, she was co-recipient of the TESOL Award for Distinguished Research and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

## Biography

Born in 1956 and raised in South Africa during the turbulent apartheid years, Norton learnt at an early age the complex relationship between language, power, and identity. As a reporter for the student newspaper at the University of the Witwatersrand (WITS) in Johannesburg, she investigated the draconian language policies of the state, which sought to impose the Afrikaans language on resistant African students, precipitating the Soweto Riots in 1976. After completing a BA in English and history, a teaching diploma, and an Honours Degree in applied linguistics at WITS in 1982, she received a Rotary Foundation Graduate Scholarship to do an MA in linguistics (1984) at Reading University in the UK. Thereafter she joined her partner, Anthony Peirce, in Princeton University, US, where she spent three years as a TOEFL language test developer at the Educational Testing Service, and had two children, Michael and Julia. The family moved to Canada in 1987, where Norton completed a PhD in language education (1993) at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. Prior to her appointment at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1996, she was awarded postdoctoral fellowships from the US National Academy of Education Spencer Foundation and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

## Research program

Norton is centrally concerned with the ways in which language and literacy research can address larger social inequities, while supporting educational change at the grassroots level. Her research seeks to make visible the relations of power that language learners and teachers navigate in diverse classrooms and communities. An advocate for international development, her trajectory of research extends from Canada to sub-Saharan Africa, focussing on a broad range of topics including digital literacy, popular culture, health literacy, language assessment, and teacher education. In 2006, she co-founded the Africa Research Network on Applied Linguistics and Literacy, and is active in the innovative African Storybook in which her former UBC graduate students, Juliet Tembe and Sam Andema, are team members. The ASP is an open-access digital initiative of the South African Institute for Distance Education, which promotes early literacy for African children through the provision of hundreds of children's stories in multiple African languages, as well as English, French, and Portuguese. Its spin-off, the Global-ASP, is translating these stories for children worldwide. In her capacity as Research Advisor of the African Storybook, Norton has worked with Espen Stranger-Johannessen, also of UBC, to initiate the African Storybook blog and YouTube channel to advance this and other projects.

## Recent awards

Major recent awards/distinctions include:

## Selected works

### Books and journal special issues

* Norton, B. (Guest Ed.) (2014). Multilingual literacy and social change in African communities \[Special issue\]. *Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35*(7).
* Norton, B. (2013). *Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation. 2nd edition.* Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
* Higgins, C. & Norton, B. (Eds.) (2010). *Language and HIV/AIDS.* Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
* Norton, B., & Toohey, K. (Eds). (2004). *Critical pedagogies and language learning.* New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Norton, B., & Pavlenko, A. (Eds.). (2004). *Gender and English language learners.* Alexandria, VA: TESOL Publications.
* Kanno, Y., & Norton, B. (Guest Eds.). (2003). Imagined communities and educational possibilities \[Special issue\]. *Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 2*(4).
* Norton, B. (2000). *Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change.* Harlow, England: Longman/Pearson Education.
* Norton, B. (Guest Ed.). (1997). Language and identity \[Special issue\]. *TESOL Quarterly, 31*(3).

### YouTube videos

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Bonny Norton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1956 (age 6768)<br>Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Known for | identity and language learning, learner investment, mentorship |
| Awards | FRSC |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | language education, applied linguistics, literacy and development |
| Institutions | University of British Columbia |
|  | |
| Website | faculty.educ.ubc.ca/norton |


title: Bonny Lin

abstract: Bonny Lin is an American political scientist currently serving as senior fellow for Asian security and director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

text:
# Bonny Lin

**Bonny Lin** is an American political scientist currently serving as senior fellow for Asian security and director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

## Education

Lin holds a BA in government from Harvard, a MA in Asian studies (focused on China) from the University of Michigan, and a PhD in political science from Yale.

## Career

Prior to joining CSIS in June 2021, Lin was a political scientist at the RAND Corporation and acting associate director of the Strategy and Doctrine Program of RAND Project AIR FORCE.

From 2015 to 2018, Lin was a county director and senior adviser for China in the Office of the U.S. Secretary of Defense.

## Publications

### Articles

### Congressional testimonies

## InfoBox

| Bonny Lin | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | 林碧莹 |
| Education | Yale University (PhD), University of Michigan (MA), Harvard College (BA) |
| Occupation | Political scientist |
| Employer | Center for Strategic and International Studies |
| Organization(s) | RAND Corporation, Institute for Defense Analysis |


title: Borbo micans

abstract: Borbo micans, the marsh swift, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in tropical Africa. In South Africa it is restricted to the riverine and lowland forests of KwaZulu-Natal and swamp areas close to Manguzi Forest, the Pongola River and Kosi Bay in Maputaland. The habitat consists of swamps and marshes in open country or near streams and lakes in rainforests. The wingspan is 32–36 mm for males and 36–40 mm for females. Adults are probably on wing year-round, but it is more common in autumn and winter in southern Africa. The larvae probably feed on various Poaceae swamp grasses, including Hypolytrum heteromorphum.

text:
# Borbo micans

***Borbo micans***, the **marsh swift**, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in tropical Africa. In South Africa it is restricted to the riverine and lowland forests of KwaZulu-Natal and swamp areas close to Manguzi Forest, the Pongola River and Kosi Bay in Maputaland. The habitat consists of swamps and marshes in open country or near streams and lakes in rainforests.

The wingspan is 32–36 mm for males and 36–40 mm for females. Adults are probably on wing year-round, but it is more common in autumn and winter in southern Africa.

The larvae probably feed on various Poaceae swamp grasses, including *Hypolytrum heteromorphum*.

## InfoBox

| Marsh swift | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Borbo micans* figure 19 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Hesperiidae |
| Genus: | *Borbo* |
| Species: | ***B. micans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Borbo micans***<br>(Holland, 1896) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Parnara micans* Holland, 1896 | |


title: Rough Justice (Porridge)

abstract: "Rough Justice" is the third episode from the third series of the BBC sitcom Porridge, which aired on 4 March 1977. In the episode, Judge Rawley's watch is stolen, and the prisoners hold a kangaroo court with Harris as the suspect.

text:
# Rough Justice (Porridge)

"**Rough Justice**" is the third episode from the third series of the BBC sitcom *Porridge*, which aired on 4 March 1977. In the episode, Judge Rawley's watch is stolen, and the prisoners hold a kangaroo court with Harris as the suspect.

## Synopsis

The episode opens with Warren visiting Fletcher's cell wishing to have his love letters written by Rawley instead of Fletcher, as Rawley is an educated man. Fletcher insists on doing the job himself because Rawley is likely to write with sophisticated words, plus love letters are Fletcher's forte. Rawley arrives and says he will take up Warren's suggestion of helping out prisoners' family members with legal issues. However, Rawley refuses to accept any price for this, which Fletcher berates him for.

Harris returns from the pig farm with a horrible smell and a bad mood. The other prisoners mock him for his smell, but Harris is upset because he was relegated to the farm due to Rawley being given a clerical job. Fletcher tells Harris to "naff off" before getting to work on Warren's letter to his wife. Unfortunately, Fletcher writes "Rita" instead of Elaine, as he was thinking about Rita Hayworth at the time. Fletcher decides to cross out Rita and replace it with Errol Flynn. Just then, Rawley returns to the cell. Rawley comments that Harris was abusive to him, but the others say they will protect Rawley from further harassment. Rawley then says that he has grown to like and trust his fellow inmates, until he discovers his watch has been stolen. This causes the others to blame each other until they deduce that Harris was in the cell earlier and he must have taken it, due to his penchant for sneak thievery.

That night, Fletcher persuades Rawley to hold a kangaroo court with Rawley as the judge and Fletcher as the prosecutor. Fletcher reasons he has been in court enough times to know enough about legal procedure. Rawley is reluctant but agrees to go ahead.

The following day, they use the boiler room as the court room. Rawley is the judge, Fletcher is the prosecutor, Warren is the defence counsel and Godber is the witness. McLaren is the prisoner escort and roughly drags Harris into the room. Due to the fact Fletcher insisted on a proper enquiry, Rawley notes that the hearsay evidence would not be admissible in court and has no choice but to clear Harris. McLaren offers to extract a confession from Harris and, upon twisting his arm, Harris admits he stole the watch and promises to return it to Rawley.

That evening, Rawley informs Fletcher and Godber that his appeal was successful, and he is due to leave. During recreation time, Mr Mackay permits Rawley to bid farewell to the other inmates. Rawley thanks the men for accepting him and promises to be more open minded about the penal system. Rawley also gives Fletcher his watch as a parting gift. However, Harris had removed the mechanism from the watch, rendering it useless. The episode ends with a still of Fletcher angrily throwing the watch in the air.

## InfoBox

| "**Rough Justice**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Porridge* episode | |
| Episode no. | Season 3<br>Episode 3 |
| Directed by | Sydney Lotterby |
| Written by | Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais |
| Original air date | 4 March 1977 (1977-03-04) |
|
|


title: Rotorschmiede VA115

abstract: The Rotorschmiede VA115 is a German helicopter, designed and produced by Rotorschmiede GmbH of Munich, introduced at the AERO Friedrichshafen airshow in 2015. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly. The aircraft first flew in the summer of 2015.

text:
# Rotorschmiede VA115

The **Rotorschmiede VA115** is a German helicopter, designed and produced by Rotorschmiede GmbH of Munich, introduced at the AERO Friedrichshafen airshow in 2015. The aircraft is supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

The aircraft first flew in the summer of 2015.

## Design and development

The VA115 was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations, as well as the German 120 kg class and European Class 6 microlight helicopter rules. As its designation indicates, the aircraft has a standard empty weight of 115 kg (254 lb).

The VA115 features dual, coaxial main rotors with NACA 23012 airfoils, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear and a two-cylinder, air-cooled, two stroke, fuel-injected 50 hp (37 kW) Hirth F23 engine.

The aircraft fuselage is made from metal tubing, with a small cockpit fairing. Its dual two-bladed rotors each have diameters of 4.5 m (14.8 ft). The aircraft has a typical empty weight of 115 kg (254 lb) and a gross weight of 275 kg (606 lb), giving a useful load of 160 kg (353 lb). With full fuel of 19 litres (4.2 imp gal; 5.0 US gal) the payload for the pilot and baggage is 146 kg (322 lb).

Reviewer Werner Pfaendler, described the VA115 as "beautifully engineered".

## Specifications (VA115)

*Data from* Tacke and manufacturer

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** one
* **Length:** 3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)
* **Width:** 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
* **Height:** 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in)
* **Airfoil:** NACA 23012
* **Empty weight:** 114 kg (251 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 275 kg (606 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 19 litres (4.2 imp gal; 5.0 US gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Hirth F23 two cylinder, air-cooled, two stroke, fuel-injected aircraft engine, 37 kW (50 hp)
* **Main rotor diameter:** 2 × 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)
* **Main rotor area:** 32 m2 (340 sq ft)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kn)
* **Endurance:** 4 hrs
* **Disk loading:** 8.6 kg/m2 (1.8 lb/sq ft)

## InfoBox

| Rotorschmiede VA115 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Helicopter |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Rotorschmiede GmbH |
| First flight | Summer 2015 |
| Status | In production (2017) |


title: Rotorua (New Zealand electorate)

abstract: Rotorua is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was first established in 1919, and has existed continuously since 1954. The current MP for Rotorua is Todd McClay of the National Party, who won the electorate in the 2008 general election from incumbent Labour MP Steve Chadwick.

text:
# Rotorua (New Zealand electorate)

**Rotorua** is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was first established in 1919, and has existed continuously since 1954. The current MP for Rotorua is Todd McClay of the National Party, who won the electorate in the 2008 general election from incumbent Labour MP Steve Chadwick.

## Population centres

In the 1918 electoral redistribution, the North Island gained a further three electorates from the South Island due to faster population growth. Only two existing electorates were unaltered, five electorates were abolished, two former electorate were re-established, and three electorates, including Rotorua, were created for the first time.

The initial electorate, which was formed through the 1918 electoral redistribution, had a long coastline along the Bay of Plenty, and incorporated, beside Rotorua, the towns and villages of Whakatāne, Taupō, Tokoroa, Putāruru, Mangakino, Edgecumbe, Tāneatua, and Murupara. In the 1922 electoral redistribution, the electorate lost some area to the Bay of Plenty electorate, and a larger area to the Waikato electorate. The 1927 electoral redistribution saw Rotorua become landlocked, with the Tauranga electorate taking the coastline including Tāneatua and Edgecumbe, and Whakatāne going to the Bay of Plenty electorate. The electorate moved south and took in Lake Taupō, with Tūrangi just beyond the southern boundary located in the Waimarino electorate. The electorate also grew in the north-west, gaining the town of Matamata.

In the 1937 electoral redistribution, the electorate shifted further south again. Matamata was lost again, and the peaks of Tongariro, Ngauruhoe, and Ruapehu now formed the boundary to the Waimarino electorate. The 1946 electoral redistribution saw the Rotorua electorate abolished, with the Bay of Plenty electorate moving west and incorporating the town of Rotorua, most of the southern area going to the Waimarino electorate including the town of Taupō, and some area in the north-west going to the Waikato electorate including Tokoroa.

The First Labour Government was defeated in the 1949 election and the incoming National Government changed the Electoral Act, with the electoral quota once again based on total population as opposed to qualified electors, and the tolerance was increased to 7.5% of the electoral quota. There was no adjustments in the number of electorates between the South and North Islands, but the law changes resulted in boundary adjustments to almost every electorate through the 1952 electoral redistribution; only five electorates were unaltered. Five electorates were reconstituted (including Rotorua) and one was newly created, and a corresponding six electorates were abolished; all of these in the North Island. These changes took effect with the 1954 election. The electorate was again landlocked and much smaller than prior to its abolition. Significant settlements included Rotorua, Tokoroa, Taupō, and Mangakino, with Lake Taupō forming the southern boundary.

## Demographics

Over forty per cent of the population of Rotorua is under the age of thirty, much of this because 37% of the electorate's residents are Māori, who are on the whole younger than the national average (22.7 years old versus a national average of 35.9). There are also fewer voters earning over $30,000 per year, with the majority of workers coming from working class and semi-skilled professionals. Rotorua also has more unemployed people (6.5%) than most electorates, being ranked 52nd in the nation.

The country quota applied until 1945 and the Rotorua electorate was initially classed as fully rural. Based on the 1926 New Zealand census, the 1927 Electoral Redistribution determined that 24% of the electorate's population was urban. Based on the 1936 census, the 1937 Electoral Redistribution determined that 36% of the electorate's population was urban.

The current Rotorua electorate is positioned in the Bay of Plenty region in the central North Island. It is dominated by the town of Rotorua, and also contains the Eastern Bay of Plenty towns of Kawerau, Murupara and Galatea, the last two of which are located on the outskirts of Te Urewera National Park. In 2008, its boundaries were extended to the geographical bay, with the addition of coastline stretching from a cluster of rural towns including Pukehina and Maketu to the outskirts of Te Puke.

## History

An electorate based around Rotorua has been a part of the New Zealand electoral landscape since the 1919 election, with a gap from 1946 to 1954. Previously the town of Rotorua was in the East Coast electorate (from 1871), then the East Coast electorate again (from 1890), then the Bay of Plenty electorate (from 1893), and then (just) in the Tauranga electorate again (from 1911 to 1919).

William Henry Wackrow was nominated in March 1922 as the opposition candidate for that year's election. Wackrow withdrew in November and was replaced by Cecil Clinkard, who lost against the incumbent, Frank Hockly of the Reform Party.

Geoffrey Sim of the National Party won the 1943 election. When the Rotorua electorate was abolished for the 1946 election, Sim successfully stood in Waikato electorate instead.

After the electorate was re-established through the 1952 Electoral Redistribution, Ray Boord of the Labour Party won the 1954 election. Boord served two parliamentary terms and was beaten by National's Harry Lapwood in the 1960 election. Lapwood served for six parliamentary terms and retired in 1978.

Lapwood was succeeded by his party colleague Paul East in the 1978 election. East also served six parliamentary terms until 1996. With the advent of Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting in 1996, the Rotorua electorate was greatly expanded to include areas previously part of the Eastern Bay of Plenty and Tarawera electorates. Both Tarawera and Rotorua were safe National Party electorates, and in the ensuing battle for the nomination, the two incumbents, East and Max Bradford, faced off for a Rotorua nomination eventually secured by Bradford, with East securing a high list position.

Bradford won the 1996 election with a nearly 6,000 votes margin. Despite both electorates being reasonably loyal to the National Party, Bradford's tenure as MP for Rotorua was just three years, before being ousted by Labour MP Steve Chadwick in the 1999 election. Chadwick's initial majority of 4,978 votes blew out to over 7,500 in 2002 before it was reined in to just 662 in 2005, as the National Party consolidated the centre-right vote, with its biggest gains being in the provincial North Island. In 2005, Chadwick's party was less popular than their candidate, coming 1,645 votes behind National.

In 2008 Chadwick was defeated by National candidate Todd McClay who won the electorate with a majority of 5,067 votes. In the 2011 election McClay again returned as the member for Rotorua, increasing his majority to 7,357 votes. In 2014, McClay was elected as MP for a third term beating television personality Tāmati Coffey by a similar majority to that in the previous election.

Rotorua is also an electorate where the New Zealand First party does well, with its biggest appeal among provincial New Zealanders, and as results in 1996 indicate, Māori: in the three most recent elections, New Zealand First has polled around three per cent higher in Rotorua than it did in the rest of New Zealand.

### Members of Parliament

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

**Key**

Reform   United   Labour   National

| **Election** | **Winner** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1919 election |  | Frank Hockly |
| 1922 election | | |
| 1925 election | | |
| 1928 election |  | Cecil Clinkard |
| 1931 election | | |
| 1935 election |  | Alexander Moncur |
| 1938 election | | |
| 1943 election |  | Geoffrey Sim |
| (Electorate abolished 1946–1954, see
Bay of Plenty, Waimarino, and Waikato) | | |
| 1954 election |  | Ray Boord |
| 1957 election | | |
| 1960 election |  | Harry Lapwood |
| 1963 election | | |
| 1966 election | | |
| 1969 election | | |
| 1972 election | | |
| 1975 election | | |
| 1978 election |  | Paul East |
| 1981 election | | |
| 1984 election | | |
| 1987 election | | |
| 1990 election | | |
| 1993 election | | |
| 1996 election |  | Max Bradford |
| 1999 election |  | Steve Chadwick |
| 2002 election | | |
| 2005 election | | |
| 2008 election |  | Todd McClay |
| 2011 election | | |
| 2014 election | | |
| 2017 election | | |
| 2020 election | | |
| 2023 election | | |

### List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Rotorua electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

| **Election** | **Winner** | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1999 election |  | Max Bradford |
| 2008 election |  | Steve Chadwick |
| 2014 election |  | Fletcher Tabuteau |
| 2017 election | | |

## Election results

### 2023 election

| 2023 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Todd McClay | | 19,339 | 52.95 | +9.66 | 15,317 | 41.36 | +12.71 |
|  | Labour | Ben Sandford | | 10,416 | 28.52 | -12.57 | 8,922 | 24.09 | -22.59 |
|  | Te Pāti Māori | Merepeka Raukawa-Tait | | 2,731 | 7.48 |  | 851 | 2.30 | +1.39 |
|  | ACT | Marten Rozeboom | | 1,732 | 4.74 | +1.93 | 3,543 | 9.57 | +0.51 |
|  | NewZeal | Kariana Black-Vercoe | | 1,252 | 3.43 | +2.44 | 491 | 1.33 | +0.87 |
|  | Independent | John Naera | | 354 | 0.97 |  |  | | |
|  | Green |  | | | | | 2,885 | 7.79 | +3.04 |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 2,835 | 7.66 | +4.04 |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 638 | 1.72 | +1.25 |
|  | NZ Loyal |  | | | | | 618 | 1.67 |  |
|  | Freedoms NZ |  | | | | | 233 | 0.63 |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 177 | 0.48 | +0.01 |
|  | DemocracyNZ |  | | | | | 107 | 0.29 |  |
|  | Animal Justice |  | | | | | 54 | 0.15 |  |
|  | New Conservative |  | | | | | 50 | 0.14 | -1.70 |
|  | New Nation |  | | | | | 35 | 0.09 |  |
|  | Women's Rights |  | | | | | 33 | 0.09 |  |
|  | Leighton Baker Party |  | | | | | 28 | 0.08 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 700 |  |  | 216 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 36,524 |  |  | 37,033 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 8,923 | 24.43 | +22.23 |  | | |

### 2020 election

| 2020 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Todd McClay | | 16,212 | 43.29 | -10.08 | 10,951 | 28.65 | -19.68 |
|  | Labour | Claire Mahon | | 15,387 | 41.09 | +10.17 | 17,845 | 46.68 | +14.38 |
|  | Green | Kaya Sparke | | 1,887 | 5.04 | +0.80 | 1,816 | 4.75 | +0.61 |
|  | NZ First | Fletcher Tabuteau | | 1,412 | 3.77 | -4.93 | 1,383 | 3.62 | -6.28 |
|  | ACT | Pete Kirkwood | | 1,053 | 2.81 |  | 3,463 | 9.06 | +8.73 |
|  | New Conservative | Alan Tāne Solomon | | 564 | 1.51 | +1.19 | 703 | 1.84 | +1.57 |
|  | Advance NZ | Kiri Ward | | 563 | 1.50 |  | 518 | 1.36 |  |
|  | ONE | Kari-Ann Varcoe | | 372 | 0.99 |  | 177 | 0.46 |  |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 606 | 1.59 | -1.12 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 347 | 0.91 | -0.35 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 179 | 0.47 | +0.15 |
|  | Vision NZ |  | | | | | 141 | 0.37 |  |
|  | Outdoors |  | | | | | 50 | 0.13 | +0.07 |
|  | Sustainable NZ |  | | | | | 21 | 0.05 |  |
|  | Social Credit |  | | | | | 16 | 0.04 | +0.02 |
|  | TEA |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 |  |
|  | Heartland |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 701 |  |  | 260 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 37,450 |  |  | 38,228 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 825 | 2.20 | -20.25 |  | | |

### 2017 election

| 2017 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Todd McClay | | 18,788 | 53.37 | -2.42 | 17,390 | 48.33 | -3.54 |
|  | Labour | Ben Sandford | | 10,887 | 30.92 | -2.75 | 11,622 | 32.3 | +11.21 |
|  | NZ First | Fletcher Tabuteau | | 3,062 | 8.70 | +1.35 | 3,561 | 9.90 | -2.26 |
|  | Green | Richard Gillies | | 1,491 | 4.24 |  | 1,488 | 4.14 | -2.58 |
|  | Māori Party | Wendy Biddle | | 702 | 1.99 |  | 454 | 1.26 | -0.17 |
|  | Independent | Rachel Clark | | 162 | 0.46 |  |  | | |
|  | Conservative | Owen Patterson | | 114 | 0.32 | -1.5 | 97 | 0.27 | -3.73 |
|  | Opportunities |  | | | | | 974 | 2.71 |  |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 120 | 0.33 | -0.09 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 116 | 0.32 | -0.15 |
|  | Ban 1080 |  | | | | | 66 | 0.18 | -0.12 |
|  | People's Party |  | | | | | 30 | 0.08 |  |
|  | Outdoors |  | | | | | 23 | 0.06 |  |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 19 | 0.05 | -0.16 |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 | -0.03 |
|  | Internet |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 | -0.78 |
|  | Mana |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 | -0.78 |
| Informal votes | | | | 379 |  |  | 133 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 35,585 |  |  | 36,117 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 7,901 | 22.45 | +0.34 |  | | |

### 2014 election

| 2014 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Todd McClay | | 18,145 | 55.79 | −1.38 | 17,660 | 51.87 | +0.60 |
|  | Labour | Tāmati Coffey | | 11,297 | 33.67 | +1.54 | 7,181 | 21.09 | −0.86 |
|  | NZ First | Fletcher Tabuteau | | 2,466 | 7.35 | +0.28 | 4,139 | 12.16 | +1.61 |
|  | Conservative | Michael Davidson | | 610 | 1.82 | −1.13 | 1,361 | 4.00 | +0.99 |
|  | ACT | Lyall Russell | | 132 | 0.39 | +0.39 | 142 | 0.42 | −0.43 |
|  | Green |  | | | | | 2,289 | 6.72 | −1.85 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 486 | 1.43 | +0.15 |
|  | Internet Mana |  | | | | | 272 | 0.80 | −0.24 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 160 | 0.47 | −0.03 |
|  | Ban 1080 |  | | | | | 101 | 0.30 | +0.30 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 72 | 0.21 | −0.61 |
|  | Independent Coalition |  | | | | | 33 | 0.10 | +0.10 |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 16 | 0.05 | +0.01 |
|  | Civilian |  | | | | | 11 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | Focus |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 | +0.01 |
| Informal votes | | | | 328 |  |  | 122 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 33,548 |  |  | 34,049 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 7,418 | 22.11 | −1.93 |  | | |

### 2011 election

| 2011 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Y Todd McClay | | 17,188 | 56.17 | +2.26 | 16,159 | 51.27 | +0.92 |
|  | Labour | Steve Chadwick | | 9,831 | 32.13 | -6.35 | 6,919 | 21.95 | -8.08 |
|  | NZ First | Fletcher Tabuteau | | 2,166 | 7.08 | +7.08 | 3,326 | 10.55 | +4.21 |
|  | Conservative | Daryl Smith | | 903 | 2.95 | +2.95 | 948 | 3.01 | +3.01 |
|  | Mana | Grant Rogers | | 510 | 1.67 | +1.67 | 327 | 1.04 | +1.04 |
|  | Green |  | | | | | 2,700 | 8.57 | +3.58 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 404 | 1.28 | -0.50 |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 269 | 0.85 | -1.78 |
|  | United Future |  | | | | | 258 | 0.82 | -0.02 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 159 | 0.50 | +0.06 |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 19 | 0.06 | +0.02 |
|  | Alliance |  | | | | | 15 | 0.05 | -0.05 |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 14 | 0.04 | +0.02 |
| Informal votes | | | | 835 |  |  | 307 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 30,598 |  |  | 31,517 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 7,357 | 24.04 | +8.62 |  | | |

**Electorate** (as at 26 November 2011): 42,886

### 2008 election

| 2008 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Todd McClay | | 17,700 | 53.91 | +15.31 | 16,836 | 50.35 | +8.46 |
|  | Labour | N Steve Chadwick | | 12,635 | 38.48 | -2.29 | 10,044 | 30.04 | -6.63 |
|  | Green | Raewyn Saville | | 1,665 | 5.07 | +1.36 | 1,666 | 4.98 | +1.21 |
|  | Kiwi | Daryl Smith | | 365 | 1.11 | +1.11 | 183 | 0.55 | +0.55 |
|  | United Future | Arthur Solomon | | 241 | 0.73 | -6.22 | 282 | 0.84 | -2.12 |
|  | RAM | Grant Rogers | | 145 | 0.44 | +0.44 | 24 | 0.07 | +0.07 |
|  | Libertarianz | Fred Stevens | | 82 | 0.25 | +0.25 | 15 | 0.04 | +0.01 |
|  | NZ First |  | | | | | 2,122 | 6.35 | -2.89 |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 879 | 2.63 | +1.44 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 596 | 1.78 | +0.22 |
|  | Progressive |  | | | | | 200 | 0.60 | -0.26 |
|  | Family Party |  | | | | | 193 | 0.58 | +0.58 |
|  | Bill and Ben |  | | | | | 186 | 0.56 | +0.56 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 147 | 0.44 | +0.18 |
|  | Alliance |  | | | | | 33 | 0.10 | +0.03 |
|  | Pacific |  | | | | | 13 | 0.04 | +0.04 |
|  | Workers Party |  | | | | | 8 | 0.02 | +0.02 |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 7 | 0.02 | -0.03 |
|  | RONZ |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 | -0.02 |
| Informal votes | | | | 364 |  |  | 154 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 32,833 |  |  | 33,438 |  |  |
|  | National **gain** from Labour | | **Majority** | 5,065 | 15.43 | +13.25 |  | | |

### 2005 election

| 2005 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Y Steve Chadwick | | 12,420 | 40.77 | -10.63 | 11,350 | 36.67 | -0.96 |
|  | National | Gil Stehbens | | 11,758 | 38.60 | +14.88 | 12,965 | 41.89 | +21.46 |
|  | United Future | Russell Judd | | 2,119 | 6.96 | +1.63 | 916 | 2.96 | -4.12 |
|  | NZ First | Fletcher Tabuteau | | 2,055 | 6.75 | -2.53 | 2,860 | 9.24 | -7.21 |
|  | Green | Raewyn Saville | | 1,131 | 3.71 | -0.14 | 1,168 | 3.77 | -2.13 |
|  | Destiny | Elaine Herbert | | 604 | 1.98 | +1.98 | 397 | 1.28 | +1.28 |
|  | ACT | Carl Peterson | | 378 | 1.24 | +1.24 | 367 | 1.19 | -4.15 |
|  | Māori Party |  | | | | | 484 | 1.56 | +1.56 |
|  | Progressive |  | | | | | 267 | 0.86 | -0.69 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 83 | 0.23 | -0.66 |
|  | Alliance |  | | | | | 20 | 0.06 | -0.83 |
|  | Christian Heritage |  | | | | | 16 | 0.05 | -1.18 |
|  | Democrats |  | | | | | 16 | 0.05 | +0.05 |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 10 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | Family Rights |  | | | | | 9 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | RONZ |  | | | | | 9 | 0.03 | +0.03 |
|  | Direct Democracy |  | | | | | 7 | 0.02 | +0.02 |
|  | One NZ |  | | | | | 5 | 0.02 | -0.05 |
|  | 99 MP |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 | +0.01 |
| Informal votes | | | | 326 |  |  | 125 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 30,465 |  |  | 30,950 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Majority** | 662 | 2.17 | -25.51 |  | | |

### 2002 election

| 2002 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Y Steve Chadwick | | 14380 | 51.40 | +1.70 | 10700 | 37.63 | -0.80 |
|  | National | Malcolm Short | | 6636 | 23.72 | -8.88 | 5809 | 20.43 | -10.30 |
|  | NZ First | Fletcher Tabuteau | | 2595 | 9.28 | +5.60 | 4677 | 16.45 | +10.64 |
|  | United Future | Russell Judd | | 1490 | 5.33 | +5.33 | 2014 | 7.08 | +7.08 |
|  | Green | Richard Kake | | 1078 | 3.85 | -0.37 | 1679 | 5.90 | +0.61 |
|  | NZ Equal Rights Party | Cliff Lee | | 806 | 2.88 | +0.07 |  | | |
|  | Christian Heritage | Ross Prichard | | 391 | 1.40 | -0.86 | 350 | 1.23 | -1.19 |
|  | Independent | Reg Turner | | 232 | 0.83 | +0.83 |  | | |
|  | Progressive | David Espin | | 194 | 0.69 | +0.69 | 442 | 1.55 | +1.55 |
|  | Alliance | Julie Poupard | | 175 | 0.63 | -1.75 | 252 | 0.89 | -5.98 |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 1518 | 5.34 | -0.48 |
|  | ORNZ |  | | | | | 791 | 2.78 | +2.78 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 156 | 0.55 | -0.53 |
|  | Mana Māori |  | | | | | 28 | 0.10 | -0.09 |
|  | One NZ |  | | | | | 19 | 0.07 | -0.03 |
|  | NMP |  | | | | | 1 | 0.00 | -0.01 |
| Informal votes | | | | 335 |  |  | 114 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 27977 |  |  | 28436 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | **Majority** | 7744 | 27.68 | +10.59 |  | | |

### 1999 election

| 1999 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | Labour | Steve Chadwick | | 14,474 | 49.70 |  | 11,299 | 38.42 | +15.27 |
|  | National | N Max Bradford | | 9,496 | 32.60 | -8.10 | 9,037 | 30.73 | -5.31 |
|  | Green | Lynne Dempsey | | 1,230 | 4.22 |  | 1,557 | 5.29 |  |
|  | NZ First | Robert Dixon | | 1,070 | 3.67 |  | 1,708 | 5.81 | -12.37 |
|  | NZ Equal Rights Party | Cliff Lee | | 819 | 2.81 |  |  | | |
|  | Alliance | Pirihira Kaio | | 692 | 2.38 |  | 2,018 | 6.86 | -2.90 |
|  | Christian Heritage | Ross Prichard | | 657 | 2.26 |  | 713 | 2.42 | -1.99 |
|  | Christian Democrats | Andrew James Parr | | 619 | 2.13 |  | 536 | 1.82 |  |
|  | Natural Law | Martin Sharp | | 68 | 0.23 |  | 27 | 0.09 | +0.02 |
|  | ACT |  | | | | | 1,710 | 5.82 | +1.12 |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 316 | 1.07 | -0.33 |
|  | United NZ |  | | | | | 144 | 0.49 | -0.09 |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 127 | 0.43 | +0.42 |
|  | Animals First |  | | | | | 55 | 0.19 | +0.02 |
|  | Mana Māori |  | | | | | 54 | 0.18 | +0.11 |
|  | McGillicuddy Serious |  | | | | | 42 | 0.14 | -0.20 |
|  | One NZ |  | | | | | 29 | 0.10 |  |
|  | Mauri Pacific |  | | | | | 16 | 0.05 |  |
|  | The People's Choice |  | | | | | 9 | 0.03 |  |
|  | NMP |  | | | | | 4 | 0.01 |  |
|  | South Island |  | | | | | 3 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Freedom Movement |  | | | | | 1 | 0.00 |  |
|  | Republican |  | | | | | 1 | 0.00 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 545 |  |  | 264 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 29,125 |  |  | 29,406 |  |  |
|  | Labour **gain** from National | | **Majority** | 4,978 | 17.09 |  |  | | |

### 1996 election

| 1996 general election: Rotorua | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Notes: | | Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively. | | | | | | | |
| Party | | Candidate | | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% |
|  | National | Max Bradford | | 12,124 | 40.70 |  | 10,734 | 36.04 |  |
|  | Alliance | Keith Ridings | | 6,228 | 20.91 | -10.78 | 2,909 | 9.76 |  |
|  | NZ First | Charles Sturt | | 5,029 | 16.88 |  | 5,417 | 18.18 |  |
|  | Labour | Rosemary Michie | | 4,149 | 13.93 |  | 6,895 | 23.15 |  |
|  | Christian Coalition | Geoff Winter | | 834 | 2.80 |  | 1,316 | 4.41 |  |
|  | ACT | Stephen Wrathall | | 371 | 1.24 |  | 1,402 | 4.70 |  |
|  | Conservatives | Dennis Quirke | | 225 | 0.75 |  | 74 | 0.24 |  |
|  | Progressive Green | Allan Williams | | 192 | 0.64 |  | 102 | 0.34 |  |
|  | McGillicuddy Serious | Adrian Holroyd | | 183 | 0.61 |  | 102 | 0.34 |  |
|  | Te Tawharau | Hawea Vercoe | | 183 | 0.61 |  | 11 | 0.03 |  |
|  | Natural Law | Frank Gwynne | | 37 | 0.12 |  | 22 | 0.07 |  |
|  | Legalise Cannabis |  | | | | | 417 | 1.40 |  |
|  | United NZ |  | | | | | 174 | 0.58 |  |
|  | Animals First |  | | | | | 52 | 0.17 |  |
|  | Green Society |  | | | | | 24 | 0.08 |  |
|  | Mana Māori |  | | | | | 22 | 0.07 |  |
|  | Ethnic Minority |  | | | | | 12 | 0.04 |  |
|  | Superannuitants & Youth |  | | | | | 12 | 0.04 |  |
|  | Libertarianz |  | | | | | 3 | 0.01 |  |
|  | Asia Pacific |  | | | | | 2 | 0.00 |  |
|  | Advance NZ |  | | | | | 1 | 0.00 |  |
| Informal votes | | | | 198 |  |  | 80 |  |  |
| **Total valid votes** | | | | 29,783 |  |  | 29,783 |  |  |
|  | National **hold** | | **Majority** | 5,896 | 19.79 |  |  | | |

### 1993 election

1993 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Paul East** | **5,893** | **34.18** | **−22.69** |
|  | Alliance | Keith Ridings | 5,464 | 31.69 |  |
|  | Labour | John Chadwick | 5,018 | 29.10 |  |
|  | Christian Heritage | B Kohath | 374 | 2.16 |  |
|  | Independent | Reg Turner | 164 | 0.95 |  |
|  | McGillicuddy Serious | Graeme Cairns | 147 | 0.85 |  |
|  | Defence Movement | R Reed | 133 | 0.77 |  |
|  | Natural Law | Martin Sharp | 47 | 0.27 |  |
| Majority | | | 429 | 2.48 | −28.38 |
| Turnout | | | 17,240 | 80.65 | −0.66 |
| Registered electors | | | 21,376 |  |  |

### 1990 election

1990 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Paul East** | **9,710** | **56.87** | **+1.22** |
|  | Labour | Bruce Raitt | 4,440 | 26.00 |  |
|  | Green | Ronald Reed | 1,732 | 10.14 |  |
|  | NewLabour | Kevin John Goddard | 725 | 4.24 |  |
|  | Independent | Clifford Owen Lee | 229 | 1.34 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Margaret Lynley Crosby | 170 | 0.99 |  |
|  | Democrats | Trevor Barnard | 66 | 0.38 |  |
| Majority | | | 5,270 | 30.86 | +17.29 |
| Turnout | | | 17,072 | 81.31 | −11.99 |
| Registered electors | | | 20,995 |  |  |

### 1987 election

1987 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Paul East** | **9,883** | **55.32** | **+10.17** |
|  | Labour | Rosemary Michie | 7,458 | 41.74 |  |
|  | Democrats | H O Dassler | 523 | 2.92 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,425 | 13.57 | +9.39 |
| Turnout | | | 17,864 | 93.30 | −7.75 |
| Registered electors | | | 19,145 |  |  |

### 1984 election

1984 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Paul East** | **8,746** | **45.15** | **−0.20** |
|  | Labour | Brian Arps | 7,935 | 40.96 |  |
|  | NZ Party | Ross Alan Aubertin | 2,094 | 10.81 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Kevin Douglas Steele | 594 | 3.06 |  |
| Majority | | | 811 | 4.18 | −4.90 |
| Turnout | | | 19,369 | 101.05 | +13.53 |
| Registered electors | | | 19,167 |  |  |

### 1981 election

1981 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Paul East** | **7,709** | **45.35** | **+1.14** |
|  | Labour | Johnny W. Lepper | 6,165 | 36.26 |  |
|  | Social Credit | J L Doel | 3,124 | 18.37 |  |
| Majority | | | 1,544 | 9.08 | −2.76 |
| Turnout | | | 16,998 | 87.52 | +17.49 |
| Registered electors | | | 19,421 |  |  |

### 1978 election

1978 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Paul East** | **7,126** | **44.21** |  |
|  | Labour | Peter Tapsell | 6,106 | 37.88 | +1.82 |
|  | Social Credit | Graeme John Eustace | 2,565 | 15.91 |  |
|  | Values | Margaret Jane Larsen | 321 | 1.99 |  |
| Majority | | | 1,020 | 6.32 |  |
| Turnout | | | 16,118 | 70.03 | −15.24 |
| Registered electors | | | 23,013 |  |  |

### 1975 election

1975 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Harry Lapwood** | **11,561** | **52.40** | **+3.94** |
|  | Labour | Peter Tapsell | 7,956 | 36.06 |  |
|  | Social Credit | C F Smith | 1,617 | 7.33 |  |
|  | Values | Lois McKinnon | 925 | 4.19 |  |
| Majority | | | 3,605 | 16.34 | +11.58 |
| Turnout | | | 22,059 | 85.27 | −3.33 |
| Registered electors | | | 25,868 |  |  |

### 1972 election

1972 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Harry Lapwood** | **7,997** | **48.46** | **−1.44** |
|  | Labour | N F Pachoud | 7,211 | 43.70 |  |
|  | Social Credit | R W Johnson | 903 | 5.47 |  |
|  | New Democratic | R O Fairweather | 330 | 2.00 | −5.89 |
|  | Liberal Reform | C J Tapper | 59 | 0.35 |  |
| Majority | | | 786 | 4.76 | −2.93 |
| Turnout | | | 16,500 | 88.60 | +0.59 |
| Registered electors | | | 18,623 |  |  |

### 1969 election

1969 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Harry Lapwood** | **7,772** | **49.90** | **−1.42** |
|  | Labour | Charles Bennett | 6,574 | 42.20 |  |
|  | Social Credit | R O Fairweather | 1,229 | 7.89 |  |
| Majority | | | 1,198 | 7.69 | −8.14 |
| Turnout | | | 15,575 | 88.01 | +5.57 |
| Registered electors | | | 17,695 |  |  |

### 1966 election

1966 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Harry Lapwood** | **7,450** | **51.32** | **−1.20** |
|  | Labour | Frank Knipe | 5,152 | 35.50 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Edith Janette Lamason | 2,465 | 16.98 | +6.75 |
| Majority | | | 2,298 | 15.83 | +0.56 |
| Turnout | | | 14,514 | 82.44 | −7.88 |
| Registered electors | | | 17,605 |  |  |

### 1963 election

1963 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Harry Lapwood** | **7,623** | **52.52** | **+5.69** |
|  | Labour | James Phillip Cranston | 5,406 | 37.25 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Edith Janette Lamason | 1,485 | 10.23 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,217 | 15.27 | +13.13 |
| Turnout | | | 14,514 | 90.32 | +0.62 |
| Registered electors | | | 16,068 |  |  |

### 1960 election

1960 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Harry Lapwood** | **7,831** | **46.83** |  |
|  | Labour | Ray Boord | 7,473 | 44.69 | −8.59 |
|  | Social Credit | C R Tunnicliffe | 1,416 | 8.46 |  |
| Majority | | | 358 | 2.14 |  |
| Turnout | | | 16,720 | 89.70 | −3.73 |
| Registered electors | | | 18,638 |  |  |

### 1957 election

1957 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Ray Boord** | **8,204** | **53.28** | **+4.76** |
|  | National | Murray Linton | 6,195 | 40.23 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Herbert James Buckingham | 998 | 6.48 |  |
| Majority | | | 2,009 | 13.04 | +7.51 |
| Turnout | | | 15,397 | 93.43 | −1.14 |
| Registered electors | | | 16,479 |  |  |

### 1954 election

1954 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Ray Boord** | **7,211** | **48.52** |  |
|  | National | Percy Allen | 6,389 | 42.99 |  |
|  | Social Credit | Hubert C. McCready | 1,261 | 8.48 |  |
| Majority | | | 822 | 5.53 |  |
| Turnout | | | 14,861 | 94.57 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 15,714 |  |  |

### 1943 election

1943 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **National** | **Geoffrey Sim** | **5,304** | **49.74** |  |
|  | Labour | Alexander Moncur | 4,589 | 43.03 | −14.23 |
|  | Democratic Labour | William Henry Tong | 521 | 4.88 |  |
|  | Real Democracy | Tom Godfrey Burnham | 164 | 1.53 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 85 | 0.79 | +0.12 |
| Majority | | | 715 | 6.70 |  |
| Turnout | | | 10,663 | 92.29 | +0.62 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,553 |  |  |

### 1938 election

1938 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Alexander Moncur** | **6,211** | **57.26** | **+14.12** |
|  | National | Henry William Nixon | 4,563 | 42.06 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 73 | 0.67 | +0.11 |
| Majority | | | 1,648 | 15.19 | +2.39 |
| Turnout | | | 10,847 | 91.67 | +3.03 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,832 |  |  |

### 1935 election

1935 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Alexander Moncur** | **4,894** | **43.14** | **+10.60** |
|  | Independent | Frederick Doidge | 3,442 | 30.34 |  |
|  | United | Cecil Clinkard | 2,785 | 24.55 | −8.60 |
|  | Democrat | H. Hugh Corbin | 223 | 1.97 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 64 | 0.56 | −0.08 |
| Majority | | | 1,452 | 12.80 | +12.19 |
| Turnout | | | 11,408 | 88.64 | +8.81 |
| Registered electors | | | 12,870 |  |  |

### 1931 election

1931 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **United** | **Cecil Clinkard** | **3,117** | **33.15** | **−10.34** |
|  | Labour | Alexander Moncur | 3,060 | 32.54 |  |
|  | Independent | Edward Earle Vaile | 1,815 | 19.30 |  |
|  | Country Party | D R F Campbell | 1,411 | 15.01 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 61 | 0.64 | −0.84 |
| Majority | | | 57 | 0.61 | −1.80 |
| Turnout | | | 9,464 | 79.83 | −4.27 |
| Registered electors | | | 11,855 |  |  |

### 1928 election

1928 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **United** | **Cecil Clinkard** | **3,617** | **43.49** | **+21.59** |
|  | Reform | Frank Hockly | 3,417 | 41.08 | −18.61 |
|  | Labour | A. G. Christopher | 659 | 7.92 |  |
|  | Country Party | S. H. Judd | 624 | 7.50 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 125 | 1.48 | +0.91 |
| Majority | | | 200 | 2.40 | −35.39 |
| Turnout | | | 8,442 | 84.10 | −5.34 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,038 |  |  |

### 1925 election

1925 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Reform** | **Frank Hockly** | **4,384** | **59.69** | **+6.54** |
|  | Liberal | Cecil Clinkard | 1,608 | 21.90 | −24.95 |
|  | Labour | John William Sumner | 1,148 | 15.63 |  |
|  | Country Party | Frank Colbeck | 204 | 2.78 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 42 | 0.57 | −0.53 |
| Majority | | | 2,776 | 37.80 | +31.50 |
| Turnout | | | 7,386 | 89.44 | −1.11 |
| Registered electors | | | 8,258 |  |  |

Table footnotes:

### 1922 election

1922 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Reform** | **Frank Hockly** | **3,407** | **53.15** | **+2.70** |
|  | Liberal | Cecil Clinkard | 3,003 | 46.85 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 71 | 1.10 | −0.22 |
| Majority | | | 404 | 6.30 | −20.53 |
| Turnout | | | 6,481 | 90.55 | +8.83 |
| Registered electors | | | 7,157 |  |  |

### 1919 election

1919 general election: Rotorua
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Reform** | **Frank Hockly** | **3,258** | **50.45** |  |
|  | Liberal | Malcolm Larney | 1,525 | 23.61 |  |
|  | Labour | George Thomas Jones | 854 | 13.22 |  |
|  | Independent | W. C. Hewitt | 497 | 7.70 |  |
|  | Independent | Patrick Keegan | 324 | 5.02 |  |
| Majority | | | 1,733 | 26.83 |  |
| Informal votes | | | 86 | 1.31 |  |
| Turnout | | | 6,544 | 81.73 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 8,007 |  |  |

Table footnotes:

1. Some sources list Keegan as an Independent Reform Party supporter
1. Compared to ONE Party
2. 2017 Internet Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with Mana Party in the 2014 election
3. 2017 Mana Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with the Internet Party in the 2014 election
1. Profile of Todd McClay on New Zealand Parliament website.
2. McRobie 1989, pp. 75–80.
3. McRobie 1989, pp. 78f.
4. McRobie 1989, pp. 82f.
5. McRobie 1989, pp. 86f.
6. McRobie 1989, pp. 90f.
7. McRobie 1989, pp. 94f.
8. McRobie 1989, pp. 99f.
9. McRobie 1989, pp. 95–100.
10. McRobie 1989, p. 99.
11. McRobie 1989, pp. 90, 98.
12. “Average” Māori – who is she? Te Puni Kōkiri: Kōkiri 1, 2007
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14. McRobie 1989, pp. 38–75.
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19. Wilson 1985, p. 184.
20. Wilson 1985, pp. 184, 211.
21. Wilson 1985, p. 211.
22. "Part III – Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
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28. Official Count Results – Rotorua, 2011
29. "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
30. Official Count Results – Rotorua, 2008
31. Official Count Results – Rotorua, 2005
32. Official Count Results - Rotorua, 2002
33. Official Count Results - Electorate - Rotorua, 1999
34. Official Count Results - Party Vote - Rotorua, 1999
35. "Rotorua 46" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
36. *Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place* (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 97.
37. *Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place* (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 101.
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39. Norton 1988, p. 339.
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* McRobie, Alan (1989). *Electoral Atlas of New Zealand*. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
* Norton, Clifford (1988). *New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science*. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

## InfoBox

| Rotorua | |
| --- | --- |
| Single-member constituency
for the New Zealand House of Representatives | |
| Location of Rotoruawithin Bay of Plenty | |
| Region | Bay of Plenty |
| Major settlements | Rotorua |
| Current constituency | |
| Current MP | Todd McClay |
| Party | National |