title: Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13!

abstract: Giri Giri Sekai Kyokugen Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13 is a 1992 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the seventh Dragon Ball Z film. It was originally released in Japan on July 11 at the Toei Anime Fair along with the third Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibōken film and the Rokudenashi Blues film. Early concept art for the reissue used the title Android Assault, but the final product went back to using Funimation's original title for the film. It was preceded by Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler and followed by Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan.

text:
# Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13!

***Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13*** is a 1992 Japanese anime science fiction martial arts film and the seventh *Dragon Ball Z* film. It was originally released in Japan on July 11 at the Toei Anime Fair along with the third *Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibōken* film and the *Rokudenashi Blues* film. Early concept art for the reissue used the title **Android Assault**, but the final product went back to using Funimation's original title for the film. It was preceded by *Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler* and followed by *Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan*.

## Plot

The mad scientist Dr. Gero is killed at the hands of his creations, the Androids 17 and 18. However, Gero had secretly copied his consciousness into an underground supercomputer that continued to manifest his dream of creating the ultimate android capable of killing Goku and destroying humanity.

At a shopping mall, Goku, Gohan, Chi-Chi, Krillin, Master Roshi, Oolong, and Future Trunks eat lunch in a restaurant. Two beings enter the city and begin causing mayhem as they hunt for Goku, eventually detecting his location in the restaurant above them. They use a massive energy attack in an attempt to kill Goku but he, Gohan, Krillin, and Trunks manage to survive and save the people inside of the restaurant from certain death. Goku is confronted by the culprits and correctly assumes that they are androids because he cannot sense their energy. Introducing themselves as Androids 14 and 15, they attack and overwhelm Goku before Trunks intervenes. Goku suggests that they take the fight elsewhere in order to avoid harming innocent people in the city, and they fly off as the androids pursue them.

Goku and Trunks engage the androids when another android soon appears—Android 13. He explains that despite Dr. Gero's death, his computer has been programmed to continue the mission to kill Goku out of revenge for defeating the Red Ribbon Army decades prior. 13 quickly overwhelms Goku while Trunks is outmatched by the combined assault of 14 and 15. However, Vegeta also arrives and joins the fight. Goku engages 13 while Trunks and Vegeta fight 14 and 15 respectively. Goku, Vegeta and Trunks all simultaneously power up to their Super Saiyan forms as Gohan and Krillin watch on. 13 manages to hold the upper hand against Goku, who is soon assisted by the arrival of Piccolo, while Trunks and Vegeta destroy 14 and 15. They surround 13, who proceeds to absorb 14 and 15's cores into his own being and undergo a transformation into a more hulking form.

With his newfound power, 13 completely overwhelms Goku and his allies. Seeing no other option for victory, Goku begins summoning energy for the *Spirit Bomb* attack while his allies attempt to hold off 13. 13 eventually realizes what Goku is doing and attempts to stop him, but Piccolo manages to hold him off just long enough for Goku to transform into a Super Saiyan again and he merges with the Spirit Bomb's energy. 13 attacks again, but Goku punches through 13's abdomen and sends him soaring into the core of the Spirit Bomb where he is obliterated by its massive energy. With 13's demise, the underground supercomputer shuts down for good. Krillin and Gohan are hospitalized where the group modestly celebrate their victory together. Elsewhere, Piccolo and Vegeta sit on an iceberg, isolated from the celebration.

## Cast

| Character name | Voice actor | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Japanese | English | |
| | Chinkel Post-Production/AB Groupe
(c.2001) | Funimation
(2003) |
| Goku | Masako Nozawa | David Gasman | Sean Schemmel |
| | Gohan | Jodi Forrest | Stephanie Nadolny |
| Piccolo | Toshio Furukawa | Big Green | Christopher Sabat |
| | | Paul Bandey |
| Kuririn | Mayumi Tanaka | Clearin | Krillin |
| | Sharon Mann | Sonny Strait |
| Future Trunks | Takeshi Kusao | Doug Rand | Eric Vale |
| Vegeta | Ryō Horikawa | Ed Marcus | Christopher Sabat |
| Android 13 | Kazuyuki Sogabe | Doug Rand | Chuck Huber |
| Android 14 | Hisao Egawa | Ed Marcus | Chris Rager |
| Android 15 | Toshio Kobayashi | Paul Bandey | Josh Martin |
| Dr. Gero | Kōji Yada | Ed Marcus | Kent Williams |
| Kame-Sennin | | Kōhei Miyauchi | Master Roshi |
| | | Mike McFarland |
| Chi-Chi | Naoko Watanabe | Sharon Mann | Cynthia Cranz |
| Oolong | Naoki Tatsuta | David Gasman | Brad Jackson |
| Narrator | Jōji Yanami | Ed Marcus | Kyle Hebert |

A third English dub produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video features an unknown voice cast.

## Music

### English dub soundtrack

The score for the Funimation English dub was composed by Mark Menza. The "Double Feature" release contains an alternate audio track containing the English dub with original Japanese background music by Shunsuke Kikuchi, an opening theme of "Cha-La Head-Cha-La", and an ending theme of "At the Brink: The Earth's Limit".

## Releases

It was released on DVD and VHS in North America on February 4, 2003. It was later released in Double Feature set along with *Bojack Unbound* (1993) for Blu-ray and DVD on February 10, 2009, both feature full 1080p format in HD remastered 16:9 aspect ratio and an enhanced 5.1 surround mix. The film was re-released to DVD in remastered thinpak collection on December 6, 2011, containing the second four *Dragon Ball Z* films.

1. Komatsu, Mikikazu (January 29, 2019). "Japan Box Office: Dragon Ball Super: Broly Becomes Top-Grossing Film in The Franchise". *Crunchyroll*. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
2. "Dragon Ball Z: Big Green Dub Cast - Behind The Voice Actors". *www.behindthevoiceactors.com*. Archived from the original on 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
3. *Dragon Ball Z: Movie Pack Collection Two*, Funimation Prod, 2011-12-06, archived from the original on 2015-12-31, retrieved 2016-04-12

## InfoBox

| Dragon Ball Z: Super Android 13! | |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese promotional art | |
| Directed by | Kazuhito Kikuchi |
| Screenplay by | Takao Koyama |
| Based on | *Dragon Ball*
by Akira Toriyama |
| Starring | *See below* |
| Cinematography | Toshiharu Takei |
| Edited by | Shin'ichi Fukumitsu |
| Music by | Shunsuke Kikuchi |
| Distributed by | Toei Company |
| Release date | * July 11, 1992 (1992-07-11) (Japan) |
| Running time | 46 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |
| Box office | ¥2.55 billion (Japan) |


title: Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game

abstract: Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game is a role-playing game published by R. Talsorian Games in 1999 that is based on the Dragon Ball Z anime.

text:
# Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game

***Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game*** is a role-playing game published by R. Talsorian Games in 1999 that is based on the *Dragon Ball Z* anime.

## Description

*Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game* is a role-playing game that uses the Instant Fuzion game rules. The book includes:

* an introduction to *Dragon Ball* and *Dragon Ball Z*
* a summary of the storyline
* the major heroes and villains
* The *Dragon Ball* world

The rules of Instant Fuzion are explained, including combat and fighting mastery. The book also explains how to write a *Dragon Ball Z* adventure.

## Publication history

*Dragon Ball Z*, the sequel to the *Dragon Ball* anime series, was produced from 1988 to 1996. In 1999, R. Talsorian Games acquired the license to produce a role-playing game based on the series. The result was *Dragon Ball Z: The Anime Adventure Game*, a 144-page softcover book written by Michael A. Pondsmith, Cindy Fukunaga, and Paul Sudlow, with illustrations and cover art by Akira Toriyama, and published by R. Talsorian Games in 1999.

In the 2014 book *Designers & Dragons: The '80s*, Shannon Appelcline explained that "Besides maintaining reprints of old products — such as the new ANimechaniX-branded *Mekton Zeta* (2000) — R. Talsorian also produced one new product during their last years in Albany, California: *The Dragonball Z Adventure Game* (1999), a new *Fuzion* game licensed from the very popular anime. Though no one could have predicted it in 1999, it would be the entire basis of the company for the next several years, because an even bigger change was coming."

Appelcline described how "*Core Fuzion* (2002) made R. Talsorian's new generic system available in a generalized form, but it was just a blip in R. Talsorian’s production. R. Talsorian's biggest focus was instead on the *Dragonball Z* RPG, which was doing very well in anime markets, though it was scarcely noticed in the RPG community. R. Talsorian published two *Dragonball Z* supplements: *Dragonball Z Book 2: The Frieza Saga* (2001) and *The Garlic Jr. • Trunks • Android Sagas* (2002)." Appelcline noted that ultimately "After 2002, it looked like R. Talsorian was gone. Nothing but *Dragonball Z* had been published since 1997, and now even that line came to an end."

## Reception

Lynx Winters pointed out ambiguous and badly written rules in combat, as well as rules that allowed players to "break" the game, and concluded, "this game doesn't work. The rules fall apart from the word 'go'."

## Reviews


title: The Story of Joseph and His Brethren

abstract: The Story of Joseph and His Brethren is a 1961 Yugoslavian/Italian film directed by Irving Rapper and Luciano Ricci. The film is also known as Joseph Sold by His Brothers, Joseph and His Brethren and Sold into Egypt in the United Kingdom. It was the last film of Belinda Lee.

text:
# The Story of Joseph and His Brethren

***The Story of Joseph and His Brethren*** (Italian: ***Giuseppe venduto dai fratelli***) is a 1961 Yugoslavian/Italian film directed by Irving Rapper and Luciano Ricci.

The film is also known as ***Joseph Sold by His Brothers***, ***Joseph and His Brethren*** (American DVD box title) and ***Sold into Egypt*** in the United Kingdom.

It was the last film of Belinda Lee.

## Plot summary

Joseph lives in the land of Canaan, where he is the favorite of his father Jacob's 12 sons. Joseph's brothers envy his favored position in the family and his uncanny ability to interpret people's dreams. When Jacob assigns Joseph to take a flock of sheep to sell, the brothers see their opportunity to be rid of him forever. They beat him and sell him to a slave trader. They then return to Jacob and tell him Joseph has been killed by a wild animal.

Joseph is bought by Potiphar, the pharaoh's superintendent of prisons. Potiphar's wife Henet is strongly attracted to Joseph and tries to seduce him. When he refuses, she falsely accuses him of attempting to rape her, and Joseph is thrown into prison. Later, when Potiphar learns what Henet has done, he kills her and then himself.

Joseph is joined in prison by the Pharaoh's butler and baker, who have fallen out of favor. The two have been plagued by dreams, which Joseph interprets correctly. When the Pharaoh himself has a dream he cannot decipher, his newly reinstated butler suggests he consult Joseph. Joseph interprets the dream to mean that Egypt will enjoy seven years of prosperity, followed by seven years of famine. Joseph suggests setting aside grain from the seven prosperous years in preparation for the famine. Pharaoh accepts the suggestion and appoints Joseph to take charge of the task.

Over the next several years, Joseph's power continues to grow. He marries a woman named Asenath and fends off an attack from the King of Syria. When the famine begins, Egypt has stored enough grain for itself, as well as some to sell to neighboring nations. When Joseph's family back in Canaan travel to Egypt to buy grain, his brothers fail to recognize him and Joseph shrewdly uses this to his advantage. He holds his brother Simeon (son of Jacob) hostage and orders the others to bring Jacob and Benjamin. Joseph reveals his identity and forgives his brothers.

## Cast

## Production

Columbia Pictures had intended to make a film with this title for several years starring Rita Hayworth but it never came to fruition.

It was one of two films Rapper directed in Italy, the other being *Pontius Pilate*. Actors were signed in November 1960 and filming took place in Rome.

Robert Morley was cast in a lead role. He wrote about his experiences making the film in an article saying:

> The Bible belt is a trade term for films of a biblical nature made in and around Rome by Italian producers. It is their pleasant custom to engage senior British actors to play the more mature prophets and aging kings while casting young and virile Americans in the more saintly roles of John the Baptist, Joseph or St Francis of Assisi. The female roles are divided between Belinda Lee and Yvonne Furneaux, depending upon which of them gets back from the Venice Film Festival in time.

Morley set fire to Belinda Lee's wig in one scene but says she was unharmed.

Lee died in a car crash in the US on 15 March 1961.

## Reception

The *New York Times* called it "the clumsiest, the silliest, the worst of the quasi Bible stories to come along since wide screen was born... if you go see it, be prepared to howl."

The *Monthly Film Bulletin* called it "sedate and extremely prosaic."

The *Daily Mail* reviewing *Joseph* in 1964 said Robert Morely put a stern face on a monstrous piece of miscasting" and "we come away sadly reflecting that properly handled, which she so rarely was, Belinda Lee might have been groomed into some kind of English Loren."

## InfoBox

| The Story of Joseph and His Brethren | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by |  |
| Written by |  |
| Produced by |  |
| Narrated by |  |
| Cinematography | Riccardo Pallottini |
| Edited by | Mario Serandrei |
| Music by | Mario Nascimbene |
| Production
companies | * Cosmopolis Film * Ermanno Donati * Luigi Carpentieri * Jolly Film |
| Distributed by | Colorama Features (US) |
| Release dates | * 30 November 1962 (1962-11-30)  (US)
March 1964 (UK) |
| Running time | 103 minutes (US) |
| Countries | * Yugoslavia * Italy * UK |
| Languages | * English * Italian |


title: Dragon Fin Soup

abstract: Dragon Fin Soup is a role-playing video game created by the independent development studio Grimm Bros. It is the studio's first title and was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Vita. It is influenced by roguelike games and uses procedural generation. The game has two modes: Story mode follows a story and is more like a typical role-playing game, while Survival mode skips the story and focuses on the surviving within the game and constrains players with permadeath—once the player character dies, the game must be restarted from the beginning.

text:
# Dragon Fin Soup

***Dragon Fin Soup*** is a role-playing video game created by the independent development studio Grimm Bros. It is the studio's first title and was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Vita. It is influenced by roguelike games and uses procedural generation. The game has two modes: Story mode follows a story and is more like a typical role-playing game, while Survival mode skips the story and focuses on the surviving within the game and constrains players with permadeath—once the player character dies, the game must be restarted from the beginning.

## Gameplay

*Dragon Fin Soup* is a role-playing game with roguelike qualities and graphics inspired by the Super NES, playing from a top-down, 2-dimensional perspective. Tactical combat and movement take place in turns, with both the player and enemies taking actions during each turn. The game includes scripted events and procedurally generated content. Two modes of play are available: Story mode has the player controlling the first playable character, Red Robin, as she works her way through a pre-scripted storyline in the vein of a typical role-playing game. Survival mode features permadeath gameplay, and starts players out in a forest where they must find supplies and fight through increasingly difficult randomly generated dungeons. The speed of gameplay matches the speed of the player; if the player moves quickly through the game world, then so do the enemies.

A range of activities can be pursued including fishing, crafting, gathering, mining, digging, and cooking. Players have 20 slots in which to store equipment and other useful items, are able to dual-wield weapons, and can acquire pets to join them in the game. The world includes many different locations to explore including forests, caves, mines, deserts, mansions, castles, and ruins. The climate in the game is randomly generated which affects both the weather and earthquakes in each area.

## Plot

The game takes place on Asura, a world situated on the back of an enormous dragon-turtle. The story follows Red Robin, an alcoholic yet cheerful mercenary, who drinks to forget events of her past. The game uses elements from fairy tales and legends including Robin Hood and Little Red Riding Hood.

## Development

The game is the first title by the five person independent development studio Grimm Bros. The development studio was founded in March 2013 by Human Head Studios' former COO Ash Monif and by Randis Albion, an artist that previously worked on *League of Legends*, *AquaNox: The Angel's Tears*, and *Magic: The Gathering*.

Development was part-funded through a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign. The campaign launched in March 2014 with an initial goal of US$24,000 to provide funding the base game. It concluded in April with $119,719 raised, achieving a stretch goal of porting the game to Sony platforms. As part of a 75-game wave of approvals, Valve accepted the game to be sold and distributed through their Steam software platform.

As of December 2019, the game has been abandoned by its developers, and the promised "Extra Chunky Edition" and further updates have been indefinitely postponed. No official announcements were made, but the developers' online presences are no longer maintained.

## InfoBox

| Dragon Fin Soup | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Grimm Bros |
| Publisher(s) | Grimm Bros |
| Platform(s) | Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita |
| Release | * WW: November 3, 2015 |
| Genre(s) | Roguelike, role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: The Star Democrat

abstract: The Star Democrat is an American newspaper published and mainly distributed in Easton, Maryland, in Talbot County, as well as in the surrounding counties of Caroline, Dorchester, Queen Anne's and Kent. The Star Democrat is published on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Sundays. The Tuesday edition is currently digital only.

text:
# The Star Democrat

***The Star Democrat*** is an American newspaper published and mainly distributed in Easton, Maryland, in Talbot County, as well as in the surrounding counties of Caroline, Dorchester, Queen Anne's and Kent. *The Star Democrat* is published on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Sundays. The Tuesday edition is currently digital only.

## History

### 1799–1977

*The Star Democrat* was founded in 1799 by Thomas Perrin Smith as *The Republican* and then *The Star*. The newspaper competed against the *Maryland Herald* (1790–1799). Smith bought the property where *The Republican* would print in 1801 and would use as his office and residence. The newspaper was a supporter of Thomas Jefferson. 'The Star' became known as *The Republican Star and Eastern Shore Political Luminary* sometime between the beginning of the newspaper and 1802. *The Star* became known all over the state of Maryland when the War of 1812 broke out. The newspaper in defiance of the British claiming rights to seize American ships, "To the citizens: Your independence, the legacy of the heroes of '76, has been attacked by a band of sea robbers and pirates. You are now called upon to assemble around the standards of your country and adopt measures that will convince the cowardly assins that we are the descendants of those heroes who once drove from our country, that we are willing and ready to do it again or perish with our constitution." In 1814, the newspaper bought the *Eastern Shore General Advertiser* (1802–1814) and became known as *The Republican Star and Eastern Shore General Advertiser*. On September 20, 1814, the newspaper's name changed to *The Republican Star*. In 1841, 'The Star' bought *Whig & Advocate* (1828–1841).

In 1841, Smith retired and turned the newspaper over to George W. Sherwood. Sherwood bought the *Eastern-Shore Star*. In 1843, Sherwood turned the newspaper over to T.K. Robson. Robson bought *The Easton Star*. In 1889, John Todd had publishing duties. Sometime between 1889 and 1896 the newspaper bought the *Easton Democrat*. In 1896, *The Republican Star and Eastern Shore Political Luminary* merged with a rival newspaper, *The Democrat*, to become *The Star-Democrat*. Sometime between 1896 and In 1911, the Chesapeake Bay Yacht Club bought the original property that Smith had bought and used.

### 1974–present

*The Star Democrat* expanded from a county weekly to a regional weekday paper in 1974 and added a Sunday edition, *The Sunday Star*, in October 1988. A website, www.stardem.com, was launched in 1996.

In the fall of 1978, the newspaper moved from downtown Easton to its current plant at 29088 Airpark Drive.

The paper is owned by Adams Publishing Group.

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

The Star Democrat
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tall Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | Adams Publishing Group |
| Founder(s) | Thomas Perrin Smith |
| Publisher | * Thomas Perrin Smith (1799–1841) * George W. Sherwood (1841–43 * T.K. Robson (1843–96) * John Todd (1889–96) * Easton Publishing Co. (1896–1961) * Jim Normandin (Current) |
| President | Jim Normandin |
| Editor-in-chief | Jonathan Carter |
| Sports editor | William Haufe |
| Founded | August 1799 (1799-08) |
| Headquarters |  |
| Country | United States |
| Circulation | 7,836 (as of 2021)<br> |
| OCLC number | 14221384 |
| Website | stardem.com |
|  | |


title: Doxa Proskinites F.C.

abstract: Doxa Proskinites Football Club is a Greek football club, based in Proskinites, Rhodope.

text:
# Doxa Proskinites F.C.

**Doxa Proskinites Football Club** is a Greek football club, based in Proskinites, Rhodope.

## Honours

### Domestic

* + **Thrace FCA Champions: 2**
        - 2014–15, 2015–16
    + **Thrace FCA Cup Winners: 1**
        - 2017-18

## InfoBox

Doxa Proskinites
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Doxa Proskinites Football Club |
| Founded | 2005 (2005) |
| Ground | Komotini Municipal Stadium |
| Capacity | 6,700 |
| Chairman | Georgios Liagkis |
| Manager | Ioannis Klitsiotis |
| League | Thrace FCA |
| 2017-18 | Gamma Ethniki (Group 1), 13th **relegated** |


title: The Signpost

abstract: The Signpost is the English Wikipedia's online newspaper. Managed by the volunteer community, it is published online with contributions from Wikimedia editors. The newspaper's scope includes the Wikimedia community and events related to Wikipedia, including Arbitration Committee rulings, Wikimedia Foundation issues, and other Wikipedia-related projects. It was founded in January 2005 by Wikipedian Michael Snow, who continued as a contributor until his February 2008 appointment to the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees. Former editor-in-chief The ed17 noted that during his tenure, from 2012 to 2015, the publication expanded its scope to report on the wider Wikimedia movement in addition to Wikipedia and its community. After it reported on the changes to European freedom of panorama law in June 2015, a number of publications referred to The Signpost for further information. The Signpost has been the subject of academic analysis in several journals, and was consulted by researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory and Dartmouth College. It has been covered by several publications, including the 2008 book Wikipedia: The Missing Manual, which called it essential for ambitious new Wikipedia editors.

text:
# The Signpost

***The Signpost*** (formerly ***The Wikipedia Signpost***) is the English Wikipedia's online newspaper. Managed by the volunteer community, it is published online with contributions from Wikimedia editors. The newspaper's scope includes the Wikimedia community and events related to Wikipedia, including Arbitration Committee rulings, Wikimedia Foundation issues, and other Wikipedia-related projects. It was founded in January 2005 by Wikipedian Michael Snow, who continued as a contributor until his February 2008 appointment to the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees.

Former editor-in-chief The ed17 noted that during his tenure, from 2012 to 2015, the publication expanded its scope to report on the wider Wikimedia movement in addition to Wikipedia and its community. After it reported on the changes to European freedom of panorama law in June 2015, a number of publications referred to *The Signpost* for further information.

*The Signpost* has been the subject of academic analysis in several journals, and was consulted by researchers from Los Alamos National Laboratory and Dartmouth College. It has been covered by several publications, including the 2008 book *Wikipedia: The Missing Manual,* which called it essential for ambitious new Wikipedia editors.

## History

The online newspaper, first published in January 2005 as *The Wikipedia Signpost*, was later renamed *The Signpost*. It was founded by the lawyer Michael Snow, a Wikipedian who later chaired the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees. Similar efforts had been made with *Wikipedia:Announcements* by Larry Sanger on November 20, 2001, *Wikimedia News* on Meta-Wiki November 14, 2002, and *Wikipedia-Kurier* in the German Wikipedia on December 10, 2003.

Snow wrote in its first issue: "I hope this will be a worthwhile source of news for people interested in what is happening around the Wikipedia community", and said that *The Signpost*'s name was suggested by the Wikipedia practice of editors digitally signing talk-page posts. He stepped down as editor of *The Signpost* in August 2005, continuing to write for the newspaper until his February 2008 appointment to the board of trustees. User Ral315 succeeded Snow as editor, writing in his first post: "I'd like to personally thank Michael for his work on the *Signpost*; it was a great idea that really helped Wikipedians learn more about the happenings on Wikipedia." He conducted a survey for *The Signpost* in September 2007, estimating a weekly readership of approximately 2,800 Wikipedia users based on survey results.

In July 2008, Ral315 wrote about transparency for *The Signpost*, acknowledging that at the request of the Wikimedia Foundation, the newspaper had decided not to publish an article about a pending legal case against the foundation. According to the editor, "I feel this was an unfortunate, but necessary move"; because of the newspaper's affiliation with the Wikimedia Foundation, an article about the lawsuit "might have had a severe effect on the case." Ral315 expressed concern about the future impact of the decision: "I'm still rather troubled by the very nature of this situation because it was the first time that I've felt pressured by the Wikimedia Foundation not to write or publish a story. This also leaves us with a dangerous precedent that I'm hoping only to keep in the most serious cases."

*The Signpost* published its 200th issue in November 2008. A total of 1,731 articles had been published, written by 181 contributors. Wikipedia user Ragesoss took over as editor of the newspaper in February 2009, in an issue that featured a new layout. Ragesoss resigned as editor in June 2010, and HaeB took over as the newspaper debated changing its name from *The Wikipedia Signpost* to *The Signpost*. That year, sister Wikipedia publications managed by volunteer contributors included *The Wikipedia Weekly*, a podcast, and *The Wikizine*, a news bulletin.

HaeB resigned as editor after he was hired by the Wikimedia Foundation in July 2011: "It would make it too much of a conflict of interest if I were to continue to make final editorial decisions for a community-run publication." After three interim editors-in-chief, Wikipedia user The ed17 took over in May 2012 as *The Signpost*'s eighth editor. He previously edited *The Bugle*, the publication of the WikiProject dedicated to improving the encyclopedia's military history articles. The *International Business Times* noted in a 2013 article that *The Signpost*'s investigative journalism uncovered a link between the Wiki-PR firm and conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia.

After its June 2015 reporting on the likelihood of increased copyright restrictions in Europe involving changes to freedom of panorama, *The Signpost* was consulted for information by publications in several languages, including English, German, Italian, Polish, and Russian.

Wikipedia users Gamaliel and Go Phightins! became editors-in-chief of *The Signpost* in January 2015. The ed17 noted that during his tenure, the newspaper expanded its scope beyond the English Wikipedia to the wider Wikimedia movement. In a January 2015 tenth-anniversary retrospective, Gamaliel emphasized that further improvements to the newspaper depended on collaboration and involvement by the Wikipedia community and invited users to contribute suggestions and join the editing team. In their first issue of the newspaper as editors-in-chief, Go Phightins! and Gamaliel wrote about *The Signpost*'s unique role: "We will strive to maintain our voice and standing as an independent entity, separate from the WMF, Wikimedia chapters, WikiEd, or other entities."

In January 2016, *Fortune* and *Ars Technica* relied on *The Signpost* in reporting a vote of no confidence by Wikipedia editors against Arnnon Geshuri joining the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. While reporting in February 2016 about controversy and confusion at the Wikimedia Foundation concerning executive director Lila Tretikov remaining in her position, *The Signpost* illustrated its article with a photo of black smoke emanating from a chimney in reference to the papal conclave used to select a pope. According to *Heise Online*, the photo indicated pressure on the board to take action. Andreas Kolbe wrote for *The Signpost* "that the creation of a successful search engine would transform volunteers into 'unpaid hamsters.'"

Go Phightins! and Gamaliel remained co-editors-in-chief until the latter's resignation from Wikipedia in May 2016; Go Phightins! would continue until August, when the role was passed to Andreas Kolbe and Pete Forsyth. In November of that year, Kolbe departed, and in June 2017, Evad37 assumed the role of sole editor-in-chief. Between 2018 and 2019, Bri and Kudpung both edited several issues; in March 2019, Smallbones was selected as the next editor-in-chief. In May 2022, he retired from the position, succeeded by EpicPupper and JPxG, who were co-editors-in-chief until the former's resignation in September of that year. Currently, the editor-in-chief is JPxG.

In 2018, a *Signpost* article by writer (and later editor-in-chief) Smallbones broke the news that World Patent Marketing, a company whose advisory board included then-acting United States Attorney General Matthew Whitaker, had likely made inappropriate edits to Whitaker's Wikipedia article, saying: "an editor with an account name almost identical to that of a WPM PR agent, as named in the FOIA release edited the article on Whitaker, adding external links in the text to both WPM's website and Whitaker's law office"; this was subsequently reported on, and cited, by *The Wall Street Journal* and Newser.

In 2023, a report in *The Signpost* claimed that there may have been manipulation of several Wikipedia pages related to Gautam Adani and his companies, by use of sock puppets. This story was then picked up by multiple Indian news outlets, including *The Times of India* and *The Hindu*.

## Content

*The Signpost* publishes stories relating to the Wikipedia community, the Wikimedia Foundation, and other Wikipedia-related projects, and is provided free of charge. The Wikipedia community manages the newspaper. From 2005 to March 2016, *The Signpost* was published weekly. In April 2016, the nominal periodicity was changed to "fortnightly" (every two weeks) due to a shortage of contributors. But in January and February 2017 only three issues were published, and none in March, April or May. It is now published monthly. Readers may choose to be notified of a new issue by email or, with a Wikipedia account, on their user talk page.

The newspaper informs Wikipedia editors about ongoing collaborative projects to improve articles on the site and is a location for centralized notices of recent academic studies about Wikipedia. *The Signpost* includes an arbitration report, formerly known as "The Report on Lengthy Litigation", which details proceedings by Wikipedia's Arbitration Committee.

*The Signpost* archives are publicly available, facilitating study of the history of Wikipedia.

## Analysis

In a 2009 article in the peer-reviewed academic journal *Sociological Forum*, Piotr Konieczny called *The Signpost* an example of a subcommunity within the larger Wikipedia community. In the social-movements journal *Interface* that year, Konieczny cited *The Signpost* as part of the "complexity and richness of those organizations" in which people can volunteer their time on the site.

Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Dartmouth College relied on *Signpost* archives to track Wikipedia editing outages, presenting their findings at the 2011 IEEEIWIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. In her 2013 study of Wikipedia and its reputation in higher education in the journal *New Review of Academic Librarianship*, Gemma Bayliss reviewed the *Signpost* Twitter feed to confirm the timeliness of her research.

## Reception

> If you expect to continue editing at Wikipedia ... subscribe to ... *The Wikipedia Signpost*.

—John Broughton, *Wikipedia: The Missing Manual*

In 2007 *The New York Times* called *The Signpost* a "mocked-up newspaper" with a retro style characteristic of Wikipedia and "its own special brand of kitsch". In his 2008 book *Wikipedia: The Missing Manual*, John Broughton recommended *The Signpost* as essential reading for aspiring Wikipedia contributors: "If you expect to continue editing at Wikipedia for any length of time, by all means subscribe to ... *The Wikipedia Signpost*."

*Fortune* called *The Signpost* "Wikipedia's insider newspaper". In a 2016 article *The Register*'s executive editor, Andrew Orlowski, called *The Signpost* "Wikipedia's own plucky newsletter." According to *Ars Technica* tech-policy editor Joe Mullin, documents were leaked to (and published by) *The Signpost* about the Knight Foundation's Knowledge Engine grant for a Wikimedia Foundation search-engine project in February 2016. Writing about the Knowledge Engine controversy, *Nonprofit Quarterly* editor-in-chief Ruth McCambridge directed technically minded readers to *The Signpost* "to better understand what was being planned." In his article for the German magazine *Heise Online*, Torsten Kleinz wrote: "When official communications ground to a halt, *The Signpost* ... jumped into the breach, brought unknown facts to light and initiated an informed discussion."

## Further reading

## InfoBox

The Signpost
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of *The Signpost* (February 24, 2016) | |
| Type | Monthly newspaper |
| Format | Online |
| Owner(s) | Wikipedia community |
| Founder(s) | Michael Snow |
| Publisher | English Wikipedia |
| Editor-in-chief | JPxG |
| Launched | January 10, 2005 |
| Language | English |
| Website | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia\_Signpost |
| Free online archives | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia\_Signpost/Archives |


title: The Sikh Awards

abstract: The Sikh Awards is an annual awards ceremony dedicated to recognising the contributions of the Sikh community to a variety of fields. The first annual Sikh Awards ceremony was held on October 10, 2010 as a tribute to the skills, achievements, and successes of the Sikh community. The event was organized by The Sikh Directory.

text:
# The Sikh Awards

**The Sikh Awards** is an annual awards ceremony dedicated to recognising the contributions of the Sikh community to a variety of fields. The first annual Sikh Awards ceremony was held on October 10, 2010 as a tribute to the skills, achievements, and successes of the Sikh community. The event was organized by The Sikh Directory.

## The Sikh Directory

*The Sikh Directory* was published in 2006 and has since been updated and published annually. It is currently the world’s largest and most comprehensive Sikh business directory. It is an established and trusted brand which educates the next generation, stimulates community networking and connects buyers and sellers.

The Sikh Directory’s main objective is to serve, connect and unite the Sikh community around the world, to help promote and magnify the competitiveness and breadth of Sikh businesses internationally.

## Award Categories

The awards are given to organisations and individuals that have shown considerable commitment to their respective fields, particularly Sikhs showing outstanding delivery of service and selfless voluntary service (seva).

* **Sikhs in Business**

"For the organisation or individual that can best demonstrate how it has made exceptional financial returns, shown strong growth, innovative strategies and clear market leadership in its sector. This category also incorporates Business Man, Business Women and Entrepreneur awards."

* **Sikhs in Charity**

"For an individual, organisation, or society which can best demonstrate that it has the community at heart and has had a positive impact whilst improving the health and wellbeing of society."

* **Sikhs in Education**

"For any Sikh educational establishment, teacher or individual that is taking a strategic approach to recognising, educating and developing the talent and skills within the community."

* **Sikhs in Entertainment**

"This category recognises directors, presenters, comedians, instrumentalists and musical artists etc… respected role models who promote the Sikh identity within the entertainment industry."

* **Sikhs in Media**

"For an individual or organisation that has made a substantial positive impact within the media industry, including newspapers, websites, radio and television stations and all other media platforms."

* **Sikhs in Profession**

"Nominees in this category are employees whose contributions have made an exceptional difference on a local or global scale, in any field such as financial, medical, technology, government or legal."

* **Sikhs in Seva**

"This category recognises an outstanding individual who has shown exceptional vision and contribution to society through means of Seva (Selfless Voluntary Service)."

* **Sikhs in Sports**

"For an individual that has made a significant contribution to the sports industry on a regional, national or global scale whilst promoting their Sikh Identity."

* **The Sikh Lifetime Achievement Award**

"For a Sikh who has made a significant contribution to Sikhism on a global scale, an individual who has demonstrated a positive impact on society whilst progressing Sikhism to higher levels."

* **The Sikh People's Choice Award**

"Chosen by the community through the online voting process this category recognises an individual who has had a positive impact on people’s lives and has great admiration from others."

* **The Special Recognition Award**

"This highly respected honour is bestowed to a Sikh or non-Sikh that through their passion, dedication and commitment have made a significant contribution for the greater good of society."

## Previous Award Winners

### 1st Awards Winners - 2010

### 2nd Awards Winners - 2011

### 3rd Award Winners - 2012

### 4th Award Winners - 2013

### 5th Award Winners - 2014

### 6th Award Winners - 2015

### 7th Award Winners - 2016

### 8th Award Winners - 2017

* Sikhs in Business - Harmeek Singh - Dubai
* Sikhs in Business - Balvinder Kaur Takhar - Canada
* Sikhs in Business - Balbir Singh Kakar - Canada
* Sikhs in Charity - Pakistan Sikh Council - Pakistan
* Sikhs in Education - Panth Rattan Bhai Sahiba Bibi ji Inderjit Kaur - United States
* Sikhs in Entertainment - Gurinder Kaur Chadha \- United Kingdom
* Sikhs in Profession - Jagmeet Singh Dhaliwal \- Canada
* Sikhs in Seva - Navdeep Singh Bhatia - Canada
* Sikhs in Sports - Yuvraj Singh Dhesi - Canada
* Sikh Lifetime Achievement Award - Sardarni Mann Kaur Ji - India
* Sikh People's Choice Award - Jaspreet Singh Nyotta - United Kingdom
* Special Recognition Award - Justin Trudeau \- Canada

### 9th Award Winners - 2018

### 10th Award Winners - 2019

## InfoBox

| Sikh Award | |
| --- | --- |
| *Current: 13th Sikh Awards* | |
| The Sikh Awards logo | |
| First awarded | October 10, 2010 (2010-10-10) |
| Website | http://www.sikhawards.com |


title: The Sync

abstract: The Sync was an independently owned and operated webcasting company that pioneered the presentation of original and exclusive webcast entertainment content. Started by Thomas Edwards and Carla Cole in 1997 and based in Laurel, Maryland, the company made history in 1998 by presenting Erica Jordan’s film “Walls of Sand” for real time viewing. This was the first time that a contemporary feature film was made available for online viewing. The Sync also produced original programming, most notably The Jenni Show starring Jennifer Ringley of JenniCam fame, and the daily monologue comedy show Snack Boy starring Terry Crummitt. The Sync also presented the "Independent Exposure" festival of independently made short films produced by Blackchair Productions. Net surfers could vote on the winning titles, with a new winner chosen on a monthly basis. The Sync went offline in 2002, following the collapse of the dot-com industry.

text:
# The Sync

**The Sync** was an independently owned and operated webcasting company that pioneered the presentation of original and exclusive webcast entertainment content. Started by Thomas Edwards and Carla Cole in 1997 and based in Laurel, Maryland, the company made history in 1998 by presenting Erica Jordan’s film “Walls of Sand” for real time viewing. This was the first time that a contemporary feature film was made available for online viewing.

The Sync also produced original programming, most notably *The Jenni Show* starring Jennifer Ringley of JenniCam fame, and the daily monologue comedy show *Snack Boy* starring Terry Crummitt.

The Sync also presented the "Independent Exposure" festival of independently made short films produced by Blackchair Productions. Net surfers could vote on the winning titles, with a new winner chosen on a monthly basis.

The Sync went offline in 2002, following the collapse of the dot-com industry.

* Entrepreneur Magazine article on The Sync:
* Washington Post interview with Carla Cole, co-founder of The Sync:


title: Dragon Kings (Dark Sun)

abstract: Dragon Kings is an accessory for the Dark Sun campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. The book was written by Timothy Brown, and was published in 1992.

text:
# Dragon Kings (Dark Sun)

***Dragon Kings*** is an accessory for the *Dark Sun* campaign setting for the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game. The book was written by Timothy Brown, and was published in 1992.

## Contents

*Dragon Kings* features tips for taking player characters from the Dark Sun setting all the way to 30th level. The first section of the book offers rules for creating high-level warriors, along with *Battlesystem* options, and 50-plus pages of high-powered spells.

Dragon Kings are the most powerful characters of Athas, and rule the world. This book provides information on these advanced beings, the new magical spells available to them, plus new psionic devotions and organizations, military vehicles and army lists, and more.

## Publication history

*Dragon Kings* was written by Timothy B. Brown and published by TSR, Inc.

## Reception

Berin Kinsman reviewed the module in the March/April issue of *White Wolf* magazine. He stated that "Over all, *Dragon Kings* is an attractive package with useful information for *AD&D* aficionados in general and Dark Sun buffs in particular." He rated it as a 3 out of a possible 5.

Rick Swan reviewed *Dragon Kings* for *Dragon* magazine #197 (September 1993). He commented that "Power-mad players who feel constrained by the level limits imposed by the standard *AD&D* rules should delight in this Dark Sun supplement". He thought that the rules for creating "stratospheric-level warriors" were "interesting", and called the *Battlesystem* options "useful but nonessential". He felt that "the real action" is in high-powered spells, giving examples of a spell which conjures a fortified tower more than 100 yards tall, a spell which creates up to a 480-yard radius forest with as many as 36,000 trees, and a spell to animate as many as 4,000 skeletons from an ancient civilization. He commented that "Dungeon Masters may shudder at the thought of coming up with scenarios to challenge 30th-level PCs—what are they gonna do, fight planets?"

## Reviews

## InfoBox

Dragon Kings
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Timothy Brown |
| Genre | Role-playing game |
| Publisher | TSR |
| Publication date | 1992 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover) |


title: Dragon Khan

abstract: Dragon Khan is a steel sit-down roller coaster in the PortAventura Park theme park in Salou and Vilaseca (Tarragona), Catalonia, Spain. It has eight inversions, which was a world record until the opening of the ten-inversion Colossus in Thorpe Park, United Kingdom in 2002. The ride, built by Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M), opened on May 2, 1995 and was one of the two roller coasters present on PortAventura's opening. The track is red with white and pastel blue supports; the trains are green, blue and purple.

text:
# Dragon Khan

**Dragon Khan** is a steel sit-down roller coaster in the PortAventura Park theme park in Salou and Vilaseca (Tarragona), Catalonia, Spain. It has eight inversions, which was a world record until the opening of the ten-inversion Colossus in Thorpe Park, United Kingdom in 2002.

The ride, built by Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M), opened on May 2, 1995 and was one of the two roller coasters present on PortAventura's opening. The track is red with white and pastel blue supports; the trains are green, blue and purple (a third train is run at peak times only).

## Ride experience

### Inversions

|  | Inversions |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | Vertical loop |
| 2 | Dive loop |
| 3 | Zero-g roll |
| 4 | Cobra roll |
| 5 | |
| 6 | Vertical loop |
| 7 | Interlocking corkscrews |
| 8 | |

### The ride

After boarding the ride, riders climb to the top of the lift hill 45 m (148 ft), crossing under one of Shambhala's return airtime hills. At the crest of the lift hill, Dragon Khan's track crosses under Shambhala's lift hill and hits a pre-drop. The track makes a right hand turn, then immediately dives down the first drop, threading under Shambhala's first drop and over its splashdown, and entering a 36 metres (118 ft) vertical loop. This is immediately followed by a dive loop. Right after this, the track goes through a zero-g roll which threads through the second vertical loop, and a cobra roll. The track then rises up into the midcourse brake run. Off the midcourse brake run, the track makes a near-miss with Shambhala's first drop as it drops to the right, crossing under the exit from the first loop, and into a second vertical loop which wraps around the zero g roll. Leaving the second loop, the track passes goes through a 270 degree counterclockwise upward helix, before entering a set of interlocking corkscrews. The ride then makes a left turn into the final brake run, passing under the center point in the cobra roll, before re-entering the Chinese-themed station. The track is 1,285 m (4,216 ft), and the ride's top speed is over 104 km/h (65 mph). The ride's duration is 1 minute and 45 seconds. The ride, thus far, has more inversions than any other B&M coaster made before or after.

The ride has a total of three trains, each containing seven cars. Riders are arranged four across in a single row for a total of 28 riders per train.

The theme for this ride is based on Chinese mythology: the dragon Khan was the reincarnated spirit of the evil Prince Hu of Beijing. His fury was unleashed each time a human dared to climb atop his back. This links in with the fact that the ride is located at the very back of the park in the Chinese themed area. Due to this ride's placement, it can be seen from anywhere inside the park, as well as from nearby hotels and the Reus airport.

## InfoBox

| Dragon Khan | |
| --- | --- |
| Dragon Khan's (red) layout under Shambhala (white) | |
| PortAventura Park | |
| Location | PortAventura Park |
| Park section | China |
| Coordinates | 41°05′15″N 1°09′39″E / 41.08750°N 1.16083°E / 41.08750; 1.16083 |
| Status | Operating |
| Opening date | 2 May 1995 (1995-05-02) |
| General statistics | |
| Type | Steel |
| Manufacturer | Bolliger & Mabillard |
| Designer | Werner Stengel |
| Model | Sitting Coaster |
| Lift/launch system | Chain lift hill |
| Height | 45.1 m (148 ft) |
| Drop | 49.1 m (161 ft) |
| Length | 1,269 m (4,163 ft) |
| Speed | 104.6 km/h (65.0 mph) |
| Inversions | 8 |
| Duration | 1:45 |
| Height restriction | 140–195 cm (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 5 in) |
| Trains | 3 trains with 7 cars. Riders are arranged 4 across in a single row for a total of 28 riders per train. |
| Dragon Khan at RCDB | |


title: The Spur

abstract: The Spur is a collection of interconnected Arts and Crafts bungalows in Clifton, Christchurch. The bungalows and layout of the site were both designed by Samuel Hurst Seager between 1902 and 1912. Seager purchased the site for the subdivision in 1902 and lived at No. 1 the Spur from 1902 until around 1912. Seager's original section was subdivided into eight bungalows, of his design, and four empty lots. The twelve plots were advertised as The Spur when sold by auction on 14 March 1914.

text:
# The Spur

**The Spur** is a collection of interconnected Arts and Crafts bungalows in Clifton, Christchurch.

The bungalows and layout of the site were both designed by Samuel Hurst Seager between 1902 and 1912. Seager purchased the site for the subdivision in 1902 and lived at No. 1 the Spur from 1902 until around 1912. Seager's original section was subdivided into eight bungalows, of his design, and four empty lots. The twelve plots were advertised as The Spur when sold by auction on 14 March 1914.

43°33′59.79″S 172°45′20.89″E / 43.5666083°S 172.7558028°E / -43.5666083; 172.7558028


title: The Taint (novel)

abstract: The Taint is an original novel credited to Michael Collier and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The work features the Eighth Doctor and Sam. This also marks the introduction of a new companion, Fitz Kreiner.

text:
# The Taint (novel)

***The Taint*** (also called ***Doctor Who and the Taint***) is an original novel credited to Michael Collier and based on the long-running British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. The work features the Eighth Doctor and Sam. This also marks the introduction of a new companion, Fitz Kreiner.

## Writing

The book was written by range editor Steve Cole. Repeating the arrangement done for the earlier *Longest Day*, Cole asked his friend, Michael Collier, for permission to publish under his name. Collier later became an author of historical fiction in his own right.

### Reviews

## InfoBox

The Taint
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Michael Collier |
| Series | *Doctor Who* book:
Eighth Doctor Adventures |
| Release number | 19 |
| Subject | Featuring:
Eighth Doctor
Sam, Fitz Kreiner |
| Publisher | BBC Books |
| Publication date | February 1999 |
| ISBN | 0-563-55568-8 |
| Preceded by | *The Face-Eater* |
| Followed by | *Demontage* |


title: Cheiridopsis pillansii

abstract: Cheiridopsis pillansii is a species of plant in the genus Cheiridopsis native to South Africa. It is a low-growing succulent with pairs of small, cushion-like leaves that are pale green to purple in color. C. pillansii, sometimes commonly called the "hoof mesemb", forms clumps up to 500 millimetres (20 in) wide.

text:
# Cheiridopsis pillansii

***Cheiridopsis pillansii*** is a species of plant in the genus *Cheiridopsis* native to South Africa. It is a low-growing succulent with pairs of small, cushion-like leaves that are pale green to purple in color. *C. pillansii*, sometimes commonly called the "hoof mesemb", forms clumps up to 500 millimetres (20 in) wide.

## InfoBox

| *Cheiridopsis pillansii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cheiridopsis pillansii* in cultivation | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Aizoaceae |
| Genus: | *Cheiridopsis* |
| Species: | ***C. pillansii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cheiridopsis pillansii***
L.Bolus | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Cheiridopsis brachystigma* L.Bolus
*Cheiridopsis crassa* L.Bolus
*Cheiridopsis gibbosa* Schick & Tischer
*Cheiridopsis pillansii* var. *crassa* (L.Bolus) Rowley | |


title: Spital Brook

abstract: The Spital Brook is a minor tributary of the River Lea in Hertfordshire, England. The Spital Brook rises in Hoddesdonpark Wood and flows eastwards, passing through Barclay Park, the former Hoddesdon Common, on its journey to the Lea, while an unnamed parallel stream to the south has been diverted to form ornamental waterbodies located within the former parkland of Broxbournebury. The stream crosses the Roman road, Ermine Street, before going under the A10 and Cock Lane. The original crossing place or ford of Spital Brook in Cock Lane remains and the original route it took ran parallel to the brook in a north–south direction. The brook passes through its namesake area, Spital Brook and marks the traditional boundary between the two parishes of Hoddesdon and Broxbourne. The stream runs parallel to the Lea Valley Lines by Broxbourne Station until it meets the River Lea close to Broxbourne Riverside, the former Broxbourne Lido. Spital Brook's profile is relatively steep for a Hertfordshire water course, and loses approximately 50 metres of height over the 1 kilometre upper section. Due to the brook's small catchment area, unless it is raining heavily, only the lower reach is likely to have water in it.

text:
# Spital Brook

Course of the Spital Brook

The **Spital Brook** is a minor tributary of the River Lea in Hertfordshire, England.

The Spital Brook rises in Hoddesdonpark Wood and flows eastwards, passing through Barclay Park, the former Hoddesdon Common, on its journey to the Lea, while an unnamed parallel stream to the south has been diverted to form ornamental waterbodies located within the former parkland of Broxbournebury. The stream crosses the Roman road, Ermine Street, before going under the A10 and Cock Lane. The original crossing place or ford of Spital Brook in Cock Lane remains and the original route it took ran parallel to the brook in a north–south direction. The brook passes through its namesake area, Spital Brook and marks the traditional boundary between the two parishes of Hoddesdon and Broxbourne. The stream runs parallel to the Lea Valley Lines by Broxbourne Station until it meets the River Lea close to Broxbourne Riverside, the former Broxbourne Lido.

Spital Brook's profile is relatively steep for a Hertfordshire water course, and loses approximately 50 metres of height over the 1 kilometre upper section. Due to the brook's small catchment area, unless it is raining heavily, only the lower reach is likely to have water in it.

51°45′01″N 0°00′44″W / 51.75023°N 0.01236°W / 51.75023; -0.01236

## InfoBox

| Spital Brook | |
| --- | --- |
| The Spital Brook in Hoddesdon | |


title: Playing with Fire (Blackpink song)

abstract: "Playing with Fire" is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Blackpink. It was released on November 1, 2016, together with "Stay", as the group's second digital single album titled Square Two, through YG Entertainment. The song was written by Teddy and composed by him alongside R. Tee. "Playing with Fire" peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and topped the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart, making Blackpink the K-pop female act with the most chart-toppers. It was the first song by a Korean girl group in history to enter the Canadian Hot 100.

text:
# Playing with Fire (Blackpink song)

"**Playing with Fire**" (Korean: 불장난; RR: *Buljangnan*) is a song recorded by South Korean girl group Blackpink. It was released on November 1, 2016, together with "Stay", as the group's second digital single album titled *Square Two*, through YG Entertainment. The song was written by Teddy and composed by him alongside R. Tee. "Playing with Fire" peaked at number three on the Gaon Digital Chart and topped the *Billboard* World Digital Song Sales chart, making Blackpink the K-pop female act with the most chart-toppers. It was the first song by a Korean girl group in history to enter the Canadian Hot 100.

## Background and release

In October 2016, a teaser image of Jennie was revealed, along with the name of one of the title tracks, "Playing With Fire", followed by teaser images of Lisa, Rosé, and Jisoo the next day. On October 31, the behind-the-scenes video for "Playing With Fire" was released.

## Commercial performance

"Playing with Fire" debuted at number 3 on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart, with 203,263 downloads (landing at number 2 on the component Download Chart) and 3,825,893 streams (debuting at number 4 on the component Streaming Chart). The following week, it fell to number 4, before reaching number 3 again in its third week. As of September 2018, the song has reached over 2,500,000 digital downloads and 100,000,000 streams in the country.

In the United States, the song debuted at number one on the *Billboard* World Digital Songs chart, selling 4,000 copies in its first week of release. It marked Blackpink's second number-one song on the chart following "Whistle" earlier in the year. With this, they became the K-pop female act with the most chart-toppers, surpassing 2NE1 and CL, who each earned one number-one song. "Playing with Fire" also entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92, making Blackpink the first South Korean girl group and only the fifth South Korean act (after Psy, EXO, CL, and BTS) to enter the chart. In the United Kingdom, the track had reached 10.9 million streams as of 2019.

## Music video and promotion

The music video for "Playing with Fire" was directed by Seo Hyun-seung, who previously worked with the group and directed the music video for "Boombayah", and it was released on Blackpink's official YouTube channel at midnight on November 1, 2016 KST. As of January 2023, the video has over 800 million views. Blackpink also released the dance practice video for "Playing With Fire" on YouTube on November 4, 2016. It was choreographed by Kyle Hanagami, who had worked with them for "Boombayah" from their previous single album *Square One*. The group had their comeback stage for both songs on November 6 on SBS's *Inkigayo* and on Mnet's *M Countdown* on November 10, 2016.

## Accolades

On South Korean music programs, "Playing with Fire" received two music show wins on the November 27 and December 4, 2016, episodes of *Inkigayo*. It won Artist of the Year – Digital Music (November) at the 2017 Gaon Chart Music Awards.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from Melon.

## Chart performance

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Playing with Fire"
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | November 1, 2016 |  | * YG Entertainment |  |

## InfoBox

| "Playing with Fire" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Blackpink | |
| from the album  *Square Two* | |
| Language | * Korean * English |
| Released | November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01) |
| Studio | The Black Label (Seoul) |
| Genre | Tropical house |
| Length | 3:17 |
| Label | YG |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Blackpink singles chronology | |
| "Boombayah"
(2016) "**Playing with Fire**"
(2016) "Stay"
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Playing with Fire" on YouTube
"Playing with Fire (JP Ver.)" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Richmond Boys Choir

abstract: The Richmond Boys Choir is a boys' choir and non-profit organization in Richmond, Virginia. RBC is funded by donations, sponsorships and federal and state grants.

text:
# Richmond Boys Choir

The **Richmond Boys Choir** (or **RBC**) is a boys' choir and non-profit organization in Richmond, Virginia. RBC is funded by donations, sponsorships and federal and state grants.

## History

The Richmond Boys Choir was founded in 1996 in Richmond, Virginia, as a collaboration between Theatre IV and the Boys & Girls Club of Richmond. In the fall of 1996 the RBC conducted its first citywide auditions. As a result, approximately 25 boys were chosen for membership. By 1997 RBC became an independent, non-profit 501(c)3. The choir was recognized in 2011 by the Virginia General Assembly as "Richmond's Ambassadors' of Song."

## Performance awards

The choir passed its 20th season in 2016 and regularly performs in the community of Richmond and on tour throughout the United States. The choir has also appeared on the nationally syndicated program *The Today Show*. In 2007, the choir was named a finalist in the National Endowment for the Arts *Coming Up Taller Awards*. The August 2015 edition of Richmond Magazine names the Richmond Boys Choir the city's best youth choir.

## InfoBox

**Richmond Boys Choir**
|
|  |
| Formation | 1996 in Richmond, Virginia |
| Type | Youth organization |
| Legal status | Non-profit organization |
| Purpose | "Building a richer humanity for male youth through personal, academic and musical excellence." |
| Headquarters | Richmond, Virginia |
| Location | * 200 South 3rd Street
Richmond, VA 23219 |
| Region served | United States |
| Key people | Donald Knight II (Chairman)
Craig Matthews (Artistic Director) |
| Parent organization | Theatre IV and Boys & Girls Clubs of Richmond |
| Website | richmondboyschoir.org |


title: Robert M. Douglas (judge)

abstract: Robert Martin Douglas was a North Carolina Supreme Court justice and political figure. At the beginning of his career, the young attorney served as private secretary to the Republican governor of North Carolina, and secretary to President Ulysses S. Grant.

text:
# Robert M. Douglas (judge)

**Robert Martin Douglas** (January 28, 1849 – February 8, 1917) was a North Carolina Supreme Court justice and political figure. At the beginning of his career, the young attorney served as private secretary to the Republican governor of North Carolina, and secretary to President Ulysses S. Grant.

## Early life and education

Born on January 28, 1849, at his maternal grandmother's home in Rockingham County, North Carolina, he was the first of two sons of Senator Stephen A. Douglas (Democrat of Illinois) and Martha Martin, originally of North Carolina. Martha died after the birth of her third child, a daughter, in 1853, and the unnamed infant died a few weeks later. Robert was only four. He and his brother Stephen spent considerable time when young with their maternal grandmother and the Martin family in their mother's home state. After his father married Adele Cutts, from a Maryland Catholic family, she had the boys baptized and reared them as Catholic with his permission.

The family split their time between homes in Washington, D.C. and Chicago, Illinois during his father's Senate service. Douglas attended Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland, and graduated from Georgetown College in Washington, D.C. in 1867. He later earned a Master's degree and a doctoral degree in law from the same institution.

## Career

In the aftermath of the American Civil War, Douglas turned away from the Democratic Party to which his father had belonged. He believed that the party had died during the war. He became a leading Republican and active in Reconstruction era governments. In 1868, Douglas served as private secretary to the Governor of North Carolina. From 1869 to 1873, he was appointed private secretary to President Ulysses S. Grant.

For the next decade, he served as United States Marshal for North Carolina. In 1888 he was appointed to serve as Master in Chancery to the United States Circuit Court. He continued until 1896, when he was elected as associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court.

In 1901, Justice Douglas and Chief Justice David M. Furches (also a Republican) were impeached by the Democratic Party-controlled North Carolina House of Representatives "for issuing an allegedly unconstitutional *mandamus* ordering the State Treasurer to pay out money." Neither was removed from office by the necessary two-thirds vote of the North Carolina Senate, although a simple majority of senators favored removal. Douglas served his eight-year term and then retired from the court. A principal contributor to the building of St. Agnes Church in Greensboro, Douglas authored the article on "North Carolina" for the *Catholic Encyclopedia*.

Douglas died at his home in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 8, 1917.

## Marriage and family

On June 23, 1874, Douglas married Jessie Madeline Dick, daughter of the Honorable Robert Paine Dick, a Supreme Court justice of North Carolina. They had four children together:

* Madeleine Douglas (who later married Col. Edward Warren Myers)
* Robert Dick Douglas (1875–1960)
* Stephen Arnold Douglas (born 1879)
* Martin F. Douglas (born 1886)

## InfoBox

| Robert M. Douglas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
1897–1905 | |
| Private Secretary to the President | |
| **In office**
1869–1873 | |
| President | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Preceded by | Robert Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Levi P. Lucke |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1849-01-28)January 28, 1849
Rockingham County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | February 8, 1917(1917-02-08) (aged 68)
Greensboro, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Other political
affiliations | Democratic |
| Spouse | Jessie Madeline Dick  (m. 1874) |
| Children |  |
| Parent(s) | Stephen A. Douglas
Martha Martin |
| Education |  |
| Occupation | Jurist, politician |
|  | |


title: Bert Streckfuss

abstract: Albert Frederick Streckfuss was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL), and with Williamstown and Port Melbourne in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).

text:
# Bert Streckfuss

**Albert Frederick Streckfuss** (22 September 1888 – 23 June 1974) was an Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL), and with Williamstown and Port Melbourne in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).

## Family

The son of Heinrich Moritz Streckfuss (1833-1917), and his second wife, Lina Streckfuss (1848-1918), née Lohse, Albert Frederick Streckfuss was born in Goornong, Victoria on 22 September 1888.

He married Lilian Victoria Chambers in 1912.

## Football

### South Melbourne (VFL)

Recruited from the Metropolitan Junior Football Association's (MJFA) Beverley Football Club, Streckfuss made two appearances for South Melbourne in the 1909 VFL season.

He wasn't selected in South Melbourne's premiership team but was a member of the side which defeated West Adelaide to win the Championship of Australia.

In 1910 he played more regularly, making 16 appearances, two of them in the finals series.

#### 28 May 1910

He was involved in a controversial incident that year in a game against Carlton, knocked unconscious by a George Topping king-hit, which resulted in a field invasion. The Carlton player was banned for 35 matches, but Streckfuss was fined (£10) as well, after it was later revealed in court that he had earlier struck Carlton's Andrew McDonald (Four weeks into the 1910 season, it had already become a matter of controversy that a number of serious offences on the football field had not been reported.)

### Wiilamstown (VFA)

Cleared from South Melbourne on 10 May 1911, Streckfuss went to Williamstown in 1911.

### Port Melbourne (VFA)

Cleared from Williamstown, Streckfuss played 8 senior matches and kicked 11 goals for Port Melbourne in 1915.

He played in the Port Melbourne team that lost the 1915 First Semi-Final to Brunswick 10.14 (74) to 8.8 (56) on 26 July 1915.

## Umpire

During the 1920s, Streckfuss served as a VFL boundary umpire. The 109 games that he umpired from 1921 to 1930 includes a stint as a VFL goal umpire in 1930. He officiated in eight finals.

## Death

He died on 23 June 1974.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Bert Streckfuss | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Streckfuss in 1910 | | | |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Albert Frederick Streckfuss | | |
| Date of birth | (1888-09-22)22 September 1888 | | |
| Place of birth | Goornong, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 23 June 1974(1974-06-23) (aged 85) | | |
| Place of death | Prahran, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Beverley | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1909–1910 | South Melbourne | 18 (5) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1910. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: El Dorado County Superior Court

abstract: The Superior Court of California, County of El Dorado, also known as the El Dorado County Superior Court, is the California superior court with jurisdiction over El Dorado County.

text:
# El Dorado County Superior Court

The **Superior Court of California, County of El Dorado**, also known as the **El Dorado County Superior Court**, is the California superior court with jurisdiction over El Dorado County.

## History

El Dorado County was one of the original counties established when California became a state.

Although Coloma, the initial county seat, promised to build several new buildings to serve the county government, an observer noted in 1856 "the present buildings are not suitable in which to transact the business of the Empire county" and the county seat was moved to Placerville in 1857. At least one Coloma resident objected to the move, claiming a new jail and court house were already complete but unoccupied.

In Placerville, a new county courthouse was completed in 1861. It was destroyed by fire on May 15, 1910, and replaced by a new concrete courthouse, completed in 1912 at the same site at a cost of US$131,000 (equivalent to $4,140,000 in 2023). The credited architects were Cuff & Diggs of Sacramento.

Court operations eventually outgrew the existing facility and an annex was added in the 1970s; in addition, new court facilities were opened at the County Government Center in the early 1990s.

## Venues

15km
10miles 4 3  2  1El Dorado County Superior Court locations:
1 Placerville Main, 495 Main St
2 Placerville Bldg C, 2850 Fairlane Ct
Placerville Fair Lane, 295 Fair Ln
3 Cameron Park, 3321 Cameron Park Dr
4 South Lake Tahoe, 1354 Johnson Blvd

In addition to the buildings in Placerville, satellite courts for El Dorado County operate in Cameron Park and South Lake Tahoe.

## InfoBox

| El Dorado County Superior Court | |
| --- | --- |
| 1913 courthouse in Placerville (photographed in 2006) | |
| Established | 1850 |
| Jurisdiction | El Dorado County, California |
| Location |  |
| Appeals to | California Court of Appeal for the Third District |
| Website | eldoradocourt.org |
| Presiding Judge | |
| Currently | Hon. Suzanne N. Kingsbury |
| Assistant Presiding Judge | |
| Currently | Hon. Vicki Ashworth |
| Court Executive Officer | |
| Currently | Tania G. Ugrin-Capobianco |


title: Blacksmoke

abstract: Blacksmoke is an occasional art collective and musical group. Founding members include Jimmy Cauty of The KLF, heavy metal musician James Fogarty, and Keir. Blacksmoke output includes original music, remix and production, compositions for films and TV, as well as photography and video.

text:
# Blacksmoke

**Blacksmoke** (also known as The Blacksmoke Organisation) is an occasional art collective and musical group. Founding members include Jimmy Cauty of The KLF, heavy metal musician James Fogarty, and Keir (ex-manager of The Black Dog and 808 State). Blacksmoke output includes original music, remix and production, compositions for films and TV, as well as photography and video.

## Background

Among the work so far produced by the Blacksmoke Organisation are limited edition prints of stamps known as *The Stamps of Mass Destruction* the *Post Terrorist Modernist* EP, and the *Post-Terrorism Xmas Shop*. The anger over 9/11 is immediately apparent in the samples and vocals of many of the original tracks as well as the graphics.

### Stamps of Mass Destruction

Limited edition prints of first-, second- and third-class stamps featuring the Queen's head with a gas mask on. These were exhibited at the artrepublic gallery in Brighton, until they earned the attention of the Royal Mail. All unsold copies of the stamps of mass destruction prints were sent to the Royal Mail for destruction. A second series of the stamps was later released: fourth-, fifth- and sixth-class, which had the Queen's head completely engulfed in a chemical warfare protection suit and thus were presumably not subject to the legal action taken by the Royal Mail.

## Musical outputs

### 2003

The first Blacksmoke releases were MP3s hosted on the Blacksmoke website, the tracks including "Gimpo Gimpo" and a remix of same entitled "Fuck the Fucking Fuckers". K Foundation collaborator Gimpo who is organiser of the annual "M25 SPIN" was the inspiration for the track but, contrary to reports, has not provided vocals.

On 23 September 2003, BBC Radio 1's Breezeblock with Mary Anne Hobbs show broadcast a 15-minute mix session. The session comprised the MP3s cut together with samples of mobile phones and Big Ben plus other sound effects. The BBC cut the final 3 minutes 30 seconds from the session due to the post Iraq war political climate. The cut material was "Silent Night", one of the previously available download-only tracks. A few months later, the collective added an MP3 of the Breezeblock version of "Silent Night" to their website for download.

On 5 November 2003 Blacksmoke made available an MP3 EP on their website which they described as "post-terrorist modernism for the Boom Bang Generation". A Blacksmoke press release drew connections with Bonfire Night and called Guy Fawkes Britain's "most notorious terrorist". The downloadable cover art featured Big Ben exploding like the World Trade Center and asked if the artwork "depicted the destruction of government buildings in Baghdad or Kabul, would we pay any attention?" There were media reports of "outrage".

### 2004 onwards

In July 2004 Blacksmoke appeared at The Big Chill festival. Cauty played an eclectic and experimental DJ set, which he described as "an updated version of \[The KLF's ambient album\] *Chill Out*", while a film by Gimpo called *Docklands Light Railway* was screened. An alternative version of the soundtrack to the film was later featured as an hour-long mix radio session on Resonance FM on 28 August. This was described as an industrial ambient mix.

The Blacksmoke Organisation were commissioned by Disney to rework the original theme tune to their 1960s movie "The Love Bug" for a 2005 remake entitled Herbie: Fully Loaded. Blacksmoke produced two versions, appearing within the movie and on the Herbie: Fully Loaded soundtrack.

In May 2008 The Blacksmoke Organisation exhibited a new artwork entitled "Tom & Jerry" at the Photo Fictions: New Narrative Photography exhibition, held at the Show Cave Gallery in Los Angeles.

## Remixes

Blacksmoke have done a number of distinctive remixes of other artists. Some of them have been available for download from their website, others are available on commercial recordings.

## InfoBox

| Blacksmoke | |
| --- | --- |
| A Blacksmoke Stamp of Mass Destruction by Jimmy Cauty | |
| Background information | |
| Also known as | The Blacksmoke Organisation |
|  | |
| Members |  |


title: Pneumatic trail

abstract: Pneumatic trail or trail of the tire is a trail-like effect generated by compliant tires rolling on a hard surface and subject to side loads, as in a turn. More technically, it is the distance that the resultant force of side-slip occurs behind the geometric center of the contact patch.

text:
# Pneumatic trail

**Pneumatic trail** or **trail of the tire** is a trail-like effect generated by compliant tires rolling on a hard surface and subject to side loads, as in a turn. More technically, it is the distance that the resultant force of side-slip occurs behind the geometric center of the contact patch.

## Causes

Pneumatic trail is caused by the progressive build-up of lateral force along the length of the contact patch, such that lateral forces are greater towards the rear of the contact patch (though less so when the rear of the contact patch begins sliding) and this creates a torque on the tire called the self aligning torque. Because the direction of the side-slip is towards the outside of a turn, the force on the tire is towards the center of the turn. Therefore, this torque tends to turn the front wheel in the direction of the side-slip, away from the direction of the turn.

## Variation

Pneumatic trail is at its maximum when the slip angle is zero and decreases as slip angle increases. Pneumatic trail increases with vertical load.


title: DuraSpace

abstract: DuraSpace was a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization founded in 2009 with the merger of the Fedora Commons organization and the DSpace Foundation, two of the world's largest providers of open source digital repository software. In 2011, DuraSpace launched DuraCloud, an open source digital preservation software service. In July 2019, DuraSpace merged with Lyrasis, becoming a division of that organization.

text:
# DuraSpace

**DuraSpace** was a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization founded in 2009 with the merger of the Fedora Commons organization and the DSpace Foundation, two of the world's largest providers of open source digital repository software. In 2011, DuraSpace launched DuraCloud, an open source digital preservation software service. In July 2019, DuraSpace merged with Lyrasis, becoming a division of that organization.

## History

DuraSpace was founded in 2009 with the merger of the Fedora Commons organization and the DSpace Foundation, two of the world's largest providers of open source digital repository software for managing and providing access to digital content. In July 2019 DuraSpace merged with Lyrasis, becoming a division of that organization.

collaborates with open source software projects, academics, technologists, curators and related commercial partners to create innovative, interoperable technologies and open standards and protocols that share an interest in preserving digital scholarship and culture.

In January 2019 Lyrasis and DuraSpace announced their intention to merge. This was the second time the two organizations had planned a merger. This second attempt was successful, and in July 2019 DuraSpace became a division of Lyrasis with responsibility for community developed software programs.

## Technology

The DuraSpace portfolio of open source technologies is developed by librarians, archivists, technologists and researchers. For stewards of knowledge open source software has several important advantages over proprietary software. Open source is developed through free sharing and the transparent exchange of ideas and resources among peers. DSpace and Fedora communities have used this process to build software platforms for repositories in more than 1,500 institutions in over 100 countries. The DuraSpace open technology software portfolio crosses the boundaries of institutional systems, the Web, and cloud infrastructure and provides software solutions that address requirements of both data curation and long-term preservation.

* DSpace is a turn-key application for managing and providing access to digital content in an open access repository most often used as an open access repository for managing faculty and student output.
* Fedora is a modular repository platform for the management and dissemination of digital content in the form of digital objects. Fedora repository software is used by libraries, archives and research projects to preserve and provide specialized types of access to very large and complex aggregations of historic and cultural images, artifacts, text, media, datasets, and documents.
* DuraCloud is a hosted service and open technology launched by DuraSpace in 2011. It uses commercial cloud infrastructure to provide preservation support and access services for libraries, research centers, and other cultural heritage organizations. Columbia University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, ICPSR, State Library of North Carolina, and other institutions use DuraCloud to preserve digital resources.
* VIVO is a linked data application for research discovery.

## Supporting organization

The DuraSpace organization receives financial support from organizations that use DSpace, Fedora and DuraCloud open source software. DuraSpace does not receive significant funding from government agencies or private foundations. 154 organizations contributed at one of four levels of financial support in years 2017/18 becoming members of DuraSpace.

DuraSpace in turn provides the user community with tools, services, and leadership in support of the ongoing development of open source technologies news and information, publications, education and professional development services, and community mailing lists/forums.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

DuraSpace
| Merged into | Lyrasis |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | July 2009 (2009-07) |
| Dissolved | July 2019 (2019-07) |
| Tax ID no. | 26-0389639 |
| Website | duraspace.org |


title: Dynamization

abstract: In computer science, dynamization is the process of transforming a static data structure into a dynamic one. Although static data structures may provide very good functionality and fast queries, their utility is limited because of their inability to grow/shrink quickly, thus making them inapplicable for the solution of dynamic problems, where the input data changes. Dynamization techniques provide uniform ways of creating dynamic data structures.

text:
# Dynamization

In computer science, **dynamization** is the process of transforming a static data structure into a dynamic one. Although static data structures may provide very good functionality and fast queries, their utility is limited because of their inability to grow/shrink quickly, thus making them inapplicable for the solution of dynamic problems, where the input data changes. Dynamization techniques provide uniform ways of creating dynamic data structures.

## Decomposable search problems

We define problem $P$ of searching for the predicate $M$ match in the set $S$ as $P(M,S)$. Problem $P$ is *decomposable* if the set $S$ can be decomposed into subsets $S\_{i}$ and there exists an operation $+$ of result unification such that $P(M,S)=P(M,S\_{0})+P(M,S\_{1})+\dots +P(M,S\_{n})$.

## Decomposition

Decomposition is a term used in computer science to break static data structures into smaller units of unequal size. The basic principle is the idea that any decimal number can be translated into a representation in any other base. For more details about the topic see Decomposition (computer science). For simplicity, binary system will be used in this article but any other base (as well as other possibilities such as Fibonacci numbers) can also be utilized.

If using the binary system, a set of $n$ elements is broken down into subsets of sizes with

$$2^{i}\*n\_{i}$$

elements where $n\_{i}$ is the $i$-th bit of $n$ in binary. This means that if $n$ has $i$-th bit equal to 0, the corresponding set does not contain any elements. Each of the subset has the same property as the original static data structure. Operations performed on the new dynamic data structure may involve traversing $\log \_{2}\left(n\right)$ sets formed by decomposition. As a result, this will add $O(\log \left(n\right))$ factor as opposed to the static data structure operations but will allow insert/delete operation to be added.

Kurt Mehlhorn proved several equations for time complexity of operations on the data structures dynamized according to this idea. Some of these equalities are listed.

If

* $P\_{S}\left(n\right)$ is the time to build the static data structure
* $Q\_{S}\left(n\right)$ is the time to query the static data structure
* $Q\_{D}\left(n\right)$ is the time to query the dynamic data structure formed by decomposition
* $\overline {I}$ is the amortized insertion time

then

* $Q\_{D}\left(n\right)=O\left(Q\_{S}\left(n\right)\cdot \log \left(n\right)\right)$
* $\overline {I}=O\left(\left(P\_{S}\left(n\right)/n\right)\cdot \log \left(n\right)\right).$

If $Q\_{S}\left(n\right)$ is at least polynomial, then $Q\_{D}\left(n\right)=O\left(Q\_{S}\left(n\right)\right)$.

## Further reading


title: Dziśnity, Ostróda County

abstract: Dziśnity is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małdyty, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Małdyty, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Ostróda, and 48 km (30 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Dziśnity, Ostróda County

**Dziśnity** \[d͡ʑiɕˈnitɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małdyty, within Ostróda County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Małdyty, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Ostróda, and 48 km (30 mi) west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Dziśnity | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dziśnity | |
| Coordinates: 53°50′18″N 19°47′10″E / 53.83833°N 19.78611°E / 53.83833; 19.78611 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ostróda |
| Gmina | Małdyty |
| Population | 180 |


title: Polerady (Prague-East District)

abstract: Polerady is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

text:
# Polerady (Prague-East District)

**Polerady** is a municipality and village in Prague-East District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

## History

The first written mention of Polerady is from 1290.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 230 |  |
| 1880 | 260 | +13.0% |
| 1890 | 265 | +1.9% |
| 1900 | 293 | +10.6% |
| 1910 | 291 | −0.7% |
| 1921 | 328 | +12.7% |
| 1930 | 348 | +6.1% |
| 1950 | 206 | −40.8% |
| 1961 | 250 | +21.4% |
| 1970 | 237 | −5.2% |
| 1980 | 264 | +11.4% |
| 1991 | 213 | −19.3% |
| 2001 | 229 | +7.5% |
| 2011 | 233 | +1.7% |
| 2021 | 472 | +102.6% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Polerady | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Main street | |
|  | |
| PoleradyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°12′2″N 14°35′36″E / 50.20056°N 14.59333°E / 50.20056; 14.59333 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Prague-East |
| First mentioned | 1290 |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.86 km2 (1.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 182 m (597 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 745 |
| Density | 190/km2 (500/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 250 63 |
| Website | www.obecpolerady.cz |


title: Džbánov

abstract: Džbánov is a municipality and village in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

text:
# Džbánov

**Džbánov** is a municipality and village in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The similarity with the Czech word *džbán* (i.e. 'jug') is only coincidental. The name of the village probably originates in the personal name Čban that belonged to one of the first reeves or settlers. Later the village was called *Čbánov* and then *Džbánov*.

## Geography

Džbánov is located about 28 kilometres (17 mi) southeast of Pardubice. It lies in the Svitavy Uplands. The highest point is at 404 m (1,325 ft) above sea level.

## History

Džbánov was founded in the mid-13th century. The first written mention of Džbánov is from 1292. In the 14th century, it was property of the Zbraslav Monastery. After the Hussite Wars, the village property was split between several placeholders (the emperor, the town of Vysoké Mýto, royal chamber, and the noble family of Kostka of Postupice). The town of Vysoké Mýto owned the whole village from the late 16th century to 1850. Afterwards the village became autonomous municipality.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1869 571       1880 576 +0.9%  1890 589 +2.3%  1900 587 −0.3%  1910 578 −1.5% | Year Pop. ±%  1921 572 −1.0%  1930 532 −7.0%  1950 441 −17.1%  1961 425 −3.6%  1970 394 −7.3% | Year Pop. ±%  1980 365 −7.4%  1991 363 −0.5%  2001 303 −16.5%  2011 333 +9.9%  2021 364 +9.3% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Transport

Džbánov is located on the railway line Litomyšl–Choceň.

## Sights

Džbánov is poor in monuments. The only protected cultural monument is the rural homestead No. 17 from the early 19th century.

## InfoBox

| Džbánov | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre of Džbánov | |
|  | |
| DžbánovLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°54′59″N 16°9′34″E / 49.91639°N 16.15944°E / 49.91639; 16.15944 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Pardubice |
| District | Ústí nad Orlicí |
| First mentioned | 1292 |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.59 km2 (2.54 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 294 m (965 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 377 |
| Density | 57/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 566 01 |
| Website | www.dzbanov.cz |


title: Dzierżążno-Leśnictwo

abstract: Dzierżążno-Leśnictwo is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kartuzy, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Kartuzy and 24 km (15 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk. For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

text:
# Dzierżążno-Leśnictwo

**Dzierżążno-Leśnictwo** \[d͡ʑɛrˈʐɔ̃ʐnɔ lɛɕˈnit͡stfɔ\] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Kartuzy, within Kartuzy County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Kartuzy and 24 km (15 mi) west of the regional capital Gdańsk.

For details of the history of the region, see *History of Pomerania*.

## InfoBox

| Dzierżążno-Leśnictwo | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Dzierżążno-Leśnictwo | |
| Coordinates: 54°19′57″N 18°16′57″E / 54.33250°N 18.28250°E / 54.33250; 18.28250 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Pomeranian |
| County | Kartuzy |
| Gmina | Kartuzy |


title: Dynamic stock modelling

abstract: Dynamic stock modelling (DSM) is a new development in material flow accounting and explicitly considers the role of in-use stocks in past, present, and future material use.

text:
# Dynamic stock modelling

**Dynamic stock modelling** (**DSM**) is a new development in material flow accounting and explicitly considers the role of in-use stocks in past, present, and future material use.

## For resource use

In-use stocks of buildings, infrastructure, and (durable) products play several important roles in social metabolism:

* They supply physical services such as transportation or shelter to people.
* They are 'capital containers' and 'resource repositories' representing large accumulations of fixed capital and materials; for example, steel and concrete in buildings.
* They are 'dynamics determiners'; their lifetime determines replacement flows and when new technologies can penetrate the market.
* They are 'wealth watchers' and can serve as an indicator of the amount of services utilized within a given socio-economic system.
* They are 'consumption couplers' because their technical properties determine the energy and material throughput required to operate them.
* They are 'city shapers' as the location and density of buildings determines transport patterns and other parameters of the urban fabric.

Dynamic stock modelling (DSM) explicitly considers these different roles of in-use stocks. DSM has a long tradition in modelling population and fixed capital; over the last twenty years, applications for product and material stocks have been developed. Age-cohort-based models, state-of-the-art in DSM, are of a descriptive nature: Each age-cohort is assigned an expected lifetime and the cohort's use phase ends when its lifetime elapses. At any given point in time, in-use stocks are composed of different age-cohorts, each with its specific material content and energy efficiency. In DSM, the assumed total stock size is determined by exogenously specified parameters such as population and per capita service level and the age-cohort lifetime model can be used to adjust the inflows into and the outflows from stocks.

## Further applications

DSM is the basis for many other types of modelling; examples include integrated assessment models, system dynamics models, population balance models, and dynamic material flow accounting (MFA) models. The latter are an important manner in which the material and technological detail of MFA is enhanced. DSM of materials additionally allows for the modelling of the end-of-life product flow which is the sum of all discarded products leaving the use phase according to the lifetime distribution chosen. This enables forecasting of waste volume and recycling potential and provides essential information for resource and energy use reduction strategies. The connection between dynamic DSM and waste input-output (IO) models, a special IO model type designed for handling waste, is currently under development and will allow for simultaneous assessment of environmental impacts of material production and recycling.

1. Pauliuk, Stefan; Müller, Daniel B. (2014). "The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation". *Global Environmental Change*. **24**: 132–42. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.006. hdl:11250/2367975.
2. Müller, Esther; Hilty, Lorenz M.; Widmer, Rolf; Schluep, Mathias; Faulstich, Martin (2014). "Modeling Metal Stocks and Flows: A Review of Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Methods". *Environmental Science & Technology*. **48** (4): 2102–13. Bibcode:2014EnST...48.2102M. doi:10.1021/es403506a. PMID 24494583.
3. Elshkaki, A (2005). "Dynamic stock modelling: A method for the identification and estimation of future waste streams and emissions based on past production and product stock characteristics". *Energy*. **30** (8): 1353–63. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.019.
4. Van Der Voet, Ester; Kleijn, René; Huele, Ruben; Ishikawa, Masanobu; Verkuijlen, Evert (2002). "Predicting future emissions based on characteristics of stocks". *Ecological Economics*. **41** (2): 223–34. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00028-9.
5. b. Müller, Daniel (2006). "Stock dynamics for forecasting material flows—Case study for housing in the Netherlands". *Ecological Economics*. **59**: 142–56. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.09.025.


title: The Taipei Chinese PEN (magazine)

abstract: The Taipei Chinese PEN: A Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Chinese Literature from Taiwan, known as The Chinese PEN before 2007, is a quarterly English-language literary magazine on contemporary Taiwanese literature. The journal was founded by Nancy Ing in 1972, and published by the Taipei Chinese P.E.N. Center, one of the PEN International centers. The magazine is supported by Taiwan's Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Museum of Taiwan Literature, and Hao Ran Foundation. In addition, subscription fees cover the magazine's production costs.

text:
# The Taipei Chinese PEN (magazine)

***The Taipei Chinese PEN: A Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Chinese Literature from Taiwan*** (當代台灣文學英譯 or 當代台灣文學選譯), known as *The Chinese PEN* before 2007, is a quarterly English-language literary magazine on contemporary Taiwanese literature. The journal was founded by Nancy Ing in 1972, and published by the Taipei Chinese P.E.N. Center (Chinese P.E.N. Center from 1924 to 1975), one of the PEN International centers.

The magazine is supported by Taiwan's Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Museum of Taiwan Literature, and Hao Ran Foundation. In addition, subscription fees (largely from PEN International members and western universities) cover the magazine's production costs.

* Hung, Eva (1995). "Periodicals as Anthologies: A Study of Three English-Language Journals of Chinese Literature". In Kittel, Harald (ed.). *International Anthologies of Literature in Translation*. Erich Schmidt Verlag. pp. 239–250. ISBN 3-503-03714-4.
* Kossler, Melissa (1992-10-13). "Magazine spreads word of Taiwan literary merit".

## InfoBox

*The Taipei Chinese PEN*
| Categories | Taiwanese literature |
| --- | --- |
| Publisher | Taipei Chinese P.E.N. Center |
| Founder | Nancy Ing |
| Founded | 1972 |
| Country | Taiwan |
| Language | English |
| Website | The Taipei Chinese PEN |
| ISSN | 2077-0448 |


title: Cheiridopsis peculiaris

abstract: Cheiridopsis peculiaris is a species of succulent plant in the genus Cheiridopsis native to South Africa. Its name refers to the peculiar leaf shape compared to other species in its genus. Like other Cheiridopsis it has leaf pairs, but unusually the outer pair grows flat along the ground while the other pair faces toward the sky.

text:
# Cheiridopsis peculiaris

***Cheiridopsis peculiaris*** is a species of succulent plant in the genus *Cheiridopsis* native to South Africa. Its name refers to the peculiar leaf shape compared to other species in its genus. Like other *Cheiridopsis* it has leaf pairs, but unusually the outer pair grows flat along the ground while the other pair faces toward the sky.

## InfoBox

| *Cheiridopsis peculiaris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Aizoaceae |
| Genus: | *Cheiridopsis* |
| Species: | ***C. peculiaris*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cheiridopsis peculiaris***<br>N.E.Br. | |
|