title: Süddeutsche Monatshefte

abstract: Süddeutsche Monatshefte was a German magazine published in Munich between January 1904 and September 1936. After beginnings as an art and literary venue, liberal but highly critical of modernism, it made a turn toward politics before World War I. Especially supportive of German conservatism, it was also sympathetic toward Völkisch ideologists, and published propaganda in favor of militarist politicians such as Alfred von Tirpitz. Having for its founder and editor Paul Nikolaus Cossmann, an assimilated Jew, Süddeutsche Monatshefte was generally antisemitic—strongly so after 1920, when it hosted calls for racial segregation. Its publication of conspiracy theories such as the stab-in-the-back myth paved the way for Nazi propaganda, but Süddeutsche Monatshefte was more closely aligned with the mainstream right. It played a part in conspiratorial alliances supporting the policies of Gustav von Kahr, although it also had Conservative Revolutionaries among its core contributors. In its late years, Süddeutsche Monatshefte turned to Bavarian nationalism and Wittelsbach loyalism, becoming a target for the Nazi regime. Cossmann was imprisoned for dissidence, then deported for his Jewishness; Leo Hausleiter took over, leading Süddeutsche Monatshefte until its disestablishment in 1936.

text:
# Süddeutsche Monatshefte

****Süddeutsche Monatshefte**** ("South German Monthly", also credited as **Süddeutscher Monatshefte**) was a German magazine published in Munich between January 1904 and September 1936. After beginnings as an art and literary venue, liberal but highly critical of modernism, it made a turn toward politics before World War I. Especially supportive of German conservatism, it was also sympathetic toward *Völkisch* ideologists, and published propaganda in favor of militarist politicians such as Alfred von Tirpitz. Having for its founder and editor Paul Nikolaus Cossmann, an assimilated Jew, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** was generally antisemitic—strongly so after 1920, when it hosted calls for racial segregation.

Its publication of conspiracy theories such as the stab-in-the-back myth paved the way for Nazi propaganda, but **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** was more closely aligned with the mainstream right. It played a part in conspiratorial alliances supporting the policies of Gustav von Kahr, although it also had Conservative Revolutionaries among its core contributors. In its late years, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** turned to Bavarian nationalism and Wittelsbach loyalism, becoming a target for the Nazi regime. Cossmann was imprisoned for dissidence, then deported for his Jewishness; Leo Hausleiter took over, leading **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** until its disestablishment in 1936.

## Beginnings

Established as a mainly social-liberal tribune by Cossmann, a Jewish writer who had converted to Catholicism, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** initially sought to reaffirm the cultural importance of Southern Germany and solidify its symbiotic relationship with Prussia, creating cultural bridges between Catholics and Protestants. Joining the directorial staff in the first edition was liberal pastor-politician Friedrich Naumann (its political director to 1913), who shared editorial oversight with painter Hans Thoma and composer Hans Pfitzner. Protestant social reformer Martin Rade and Joseph Schnitzer, a Modernist Catholic, were noted guest writers, with Cossmann acting as neutral host. During the federal election of 1907, the magazine hosted debates between Schnitzer and Center Party militant Martin Spahn, on Political Catholicism and its role in society (a divisive one, according to Schnitzer). However, according to historian Adam R. Seipp, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** was mainly an interface for traditional Munich—Catholic, "deeply conservative", "suspicious of outside influences", and antithetical to the modernist *Simplicissimus*.

Cossmann managed to attract important writers to the magazine's permanent staff, including Josef Hofmiller and Karl Alexander von Müller. In its early issues, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** hosted mainly essays by the likes of Hofmiller (such as his 1909 putdown of the modernist author Robert Walser), Carl Spitteler, and Karl Voll, and poetry by Paul Ilg.

Some of the cultural and social chronicles had nationalist undertones, debating over the requirements of German modernization. As Anglophiles, Hofmiller, Lujo Brentano, and Theodor Vogelstein suggested fusing Anglo–American lessons in modernity with the German *Volkstum*, to make Germany a more competitive capitalist nation; in 1906, a Dr. Paul Tesdorf went further, promoting eugenics as a means to engineer a better people. In contrast, Naumann and other authors worried about finance capitalism and oligopolies, exhorting a German nationalism based on "democratic capitalism" or syndicalism, and following closely the development of Marxist revisionism. In a February 1906 obituary for the "legal socialist" Anton Menger, Eugen Ehrlich commented that the term "socialism" had virtually lost its mystique.

The magazine took a distinctly liberal position on education reform, with Rade supporting the Jewish studies movement. Most of the contributors, in particular Gustav Wyneken, were critics of the Herbartian educational tradition; Wyneken's polemics with the more conservative Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster were taken up by **Süddeutsche Monatshefte**. In 1909, the journal was also one of the first to host Hans Driesch's philosophical tracts, discussing the concept of becoming in history and nature. In 1913, it aired Moritz Geiger's grievances against experimental psychology, implicitly a defense of classical phenomenology.

Debates about innovation were carried into the artistic realm. An early contributor, Henry Thode, wrote articles which censured modern art from conservative and antisemitic positions, attacking modernist critics such as Julius Meier-Graefe. In 1911, the debate was taken further: **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** hosted both Carl Vinnen's manifesto against French "invasion" in German art, as well as the more cautious, pro-modernist, replies to Vinnen, from: Thoma, Lovis Corinth, Gustav Klimt, Max Klinger, Max Slevogt, Count Kalckreuth, Wilhelm Trübner, and Auguste Rodin. In various other issues, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** carried polemical essays by aestheticists such as Rudolf Borchardt and Paul Zarifopol.

## Wartime and revolution

In January 1913, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** made official its doctrinal links with anti-democratic conservatism: Robert von Pöhlmann published an article condemning majoritarianism, demanding instead the remodeling of Germany into a **Kulturstaat** ("civilization-state"), with a politically enshrined social stratification. Naumann resigned in protest against veiled accusations him in Pöhlmann's article, but also because the magazine had discarded liberal democracy.

**Süddeutsche Monatshefte** saluted the July 1914 Crisis and the outbreak of World War I: in the September issue, Karl Mayr wrote that the war signified "internal transformation". The magazine's nationalism became extreme over the following months, with Cossmann arguing in favor of **Siegfriede** ("victory peace") and Müller celebrating Prussia as a "heroic-aristocratic warrior state"; similarly, Hermann Oncken and Friedrich Meinecke wrote praises of militarism and Prussian virtues. **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** promoted an increasingly radical right-wing platform, supporting militarists Alfred von Tirpitz and Erich Ludendorff while excoriating more moderate military and political elements. In 1916, Cossmann and his magazine defended Tirpitz's submarine war policy, submitting evidence that Tirpitz critic Veit Valentin had falsified military reports. These were times of notoriety for the magazine: prior to the war, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** circulation stood at a few hundred copies, rising to 3000-5000 ca. 1914, and increasing sharply after that, reaching 100,000 at times.

The journal hosted topical literature on war politics and alarming reports from the field, including Spahn's coverage of civilian defeatism in Alsace-Lorraine. In 1915, Eduard Meyer, Georg Kerschensteiner, and Ludwig Curtius published here their thoughts on the political and historical revelations of war, introducing theses about nationalist rivalry as the source of progress and European civilization. Aiming to strengthen German propaganda in neutral Spain, the magazine hosted exposes depicting Iberian Federalism as a product of French intrigues, and homages to the conservative Mauristas.

Taking much interest in the "Jewish Question" in German-occupied Poland, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** exaggerated the magnitude of conflicts between Jews and Poles. A special issue of February 1916 was dedicated to Ashkenazi Jews. It included a piece by Eugen Fuchs of the Jewish *Centralverein*, who urged for assimilation, the "unwavering cultivation of German sentiments". Also featured were articles by Zionists Max Bodenheimer and Franz Oppenheimer, who purported that "Eastern Jews" were natural allies of German nationalism. More radical Jewish intellectuals, primarily Kurt Blumenfeld and Moses Calvary, reacted against this juxtaposition, accusing Bodenheimer of having given up on Zionist ideals. Cossmann was also irritated by the "uncritical" views of Bodenheimer and his followers, which, he argued, were essentially "platitudes".

The editorship viewed the November 1918 Revolution and consequent fall of the monarchy as a disaster; its nationalist agitation was strengthened in the wake of the Munich Soviet Republic and the establishment of the Weimar Republic. In that context, its antisemitism also became more radical, integrating notions about "Jewish Bolshevism", and dropping ethical distinctions between assimilated and non-assimilated Jews, although Cossmann remained rather critical of such analogies. In February 1919, it became the first mainstream publication to host an article by Müller's brother-in-law Gottfried Feder. The self-taught economist and German Workers' Party ideologue explained his fight against "interest slavery", soon after developed into an explicitly antisemitic program. At around the same time, the **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** press put out a brochure by Elias Hurwicz, a Jewish Russian refugee in Berlin. Its pessimistic prognosis was that world revolution had become an unstoppable "torrent".

## Versailles and "stab-in-the-back" claim

Circulation remained high in 1918–1920, before steadily declining over the subsequent decade. Cossmann found backing from powerful industrialists, aristocrats, and Bavarian People's Party (BVP) figures, who also sponsored him and his secretary Franz von Gebsattel to buy and publish the daily **Münchner Neuste Nachrichten**, overbidding their Jewish competitors. This circle included Tirpitz, Prince Eugen zu Oettingen-Wallerstein of the secretive *Gäa-Club*, Gustav von Kahr, Albert Vögler, and corporate backers from the *Gute Hoffnungshütte*. Although Kahr's ally, Cossmann did not support its regionalist platform, and was only interesting to Bavarian nationalists as an enemy of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was sympathetic toward Karl Jarres of the mainstream German People's Party, trying to obtain him votes from the BVP. In December 1922, however, he and other **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** men were involved in Tirpitz's conspiratorial project against Weimar, which discussed the creation of a German dictatorship under Kahr.

From 1921, Cossmann's magazine took notice of the emerging Conservative Revolutionary movement, accepting its critique of *Völkisch* traditionalism, and bringing in the radical sociologist Max Hildebert Boehm as a contributor. Ricarda Huch also contributed, in March 1923, with **Schlagwörterkrieg** ("War of Slogans"), a national-anarchist satire of the League of Nations. Another noted presence was philosopher Oswald Spengler, whose writings for **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** talked about recapturing the "spirit of 1914", theorized as a voluntarist reshaping of power relations. Spengler reassured Cossmann's readers that the Treaty of Versailles was a mere "pause for breath" in the otherwise unstoppable progress of Pan-Germanism.

The journal railed above all against Versailles' War Guilt Clause, campaigning for the return of German colonies, and publishing in 1924 Heinrich Schnee's highly popular tract, **Die koloniale Schuldlüge** ("The Lie of the Colonial Guilt"). It also explored in depth the crisis of German nobility, with essays by aristocrats such as Otto von Taube and Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin. In his contribution, the latter also sketched out a plan for German settlement in the East.

**Süddeutsche Monatshefte** also became notorious by advocating for the stab-in-the-back myth, according to which Germany had not been truly defeated in 1918, but betrayed from within. The accusation, backed by the Spenglerian philosophical stance (defeat was a failure of national will), was notably taken up by Cossmann—with a focus on the wartime Social Democrats. The *Münchener Post* responded by criticizing Cossmann, and Cossmann sued the *Post* editor, Martin Gruber, for libel; it became a celebrity trial. Cossmann won when Judge Hans Frank, himself a radical nationalist, ruled that he had acted in the public interest by publishing wartime letters attributed to SPD pacifist Felix Fechenbach. **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** helped instigate the political trial against Fechenbach.

## Late 1920s polemics

In its final decade, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** became "mainstream", a "serious journal of the conservative bourgeoisie", hosting contributions by right-wing assimilated Jews such as Leo Baeck, alongside antisemitic Germans like Theodor Fritsch, Ernst Jünger, and Count Reventlow. Like the BVP, it was ambiguous toward the nascent Nazi movement in the wake of the Nazis' Beer Hall Putsch. Spengler, who felt that Nazi adventurism had ruined his own budding project for an industrialist timocracy, broke with the Cossmann club, denouncing its failure to preclude the Putsch.

By 1927, the magazine again had a focus on eugenics, as well as racial hygiene and natalism. Hosting a topical essay by Spengler, it had contributions by eugenicists Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, Alfred Ploetz, and Fritz Lenz. Issuing predictions about the "fate of our race", Lenz discussed the Nordic race in relation to the German people, while statistician Richard Korherr contributed *Geburtenrückgank* ("Birth Rate"), a much-read study of the West's population decline. These works were complimented in 1929 by a Friedrich Burgdörfer essay on biopolitics and the alleged Slavic population pressure on Germany's eastern frontier, suggesting counteraction through German recolonization. In other ways the magazine contradicted *Völkisch* tenets. Sexologist Max von Gruber wrote that most of the "greatest men of our race" were not purely Nordic, but "hybrids", and that productive miscegenation was in the national character. Franz Spina's 1928 piece on the Sudeten Germans expressed support for a rapprochement between Germany and the Czechoslovak Republic. Also, as noted by historian Bernd Weisbrod, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte**'s racial antisemitism was of the moderate variety embraced by the National Populists. This was notably illustrated by its hosting, in September 1930, of an article by Jünger, in which the novelist suggested that self-segregation was "the most efficient weapon" against Jews.

Returning to its critique of cultural imports at the height of the international Jazz Age, the magazine was focusing its attacks on modern American culture, and especially its African component. Korherr and Wilhelm von Schramm took up Spenglerian themes about the "inconsiderate", "nihilistic", "Americanized" architecture of modern Berlin. Jünger's articles, however, showed leniency toward modernization and a more critical stance against *Völkisch* tropes: he conceived of the "German national revolution" as an urban uprising, and decried peasant conservatism as outdated, "doomed to failure". **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** writers were also undecided about the import of physical education and the Weimar youth's emphasis on recreational sport: Ulrich von Wilamowitz deplored these developments, while Wilhelm Wien saw in them signs of recovery from "the postwar chaos".

The popularity of German occultism and alternative medicine was examined by Cossmann's journal, over several issues. Astrologers such as Oscar A. H. Schmitz were allowed to introduce their work to the magazine's middle-class readership, although their essays generally refrained from making astrological inferences. With articles by Sven Hedin and others, the magazine expressed skepticism against the fantastic travel accounts of F. Ossendowski, and against modern mysticism in general.

## Nazi ascendancy to power

Shortly after the onset of the Great Depression, **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** resumed campaigning for "the revival of war generation" and the fulfillment of its "historical destiny"—themes central to the essays of Edgar Julius Jung, which saw print in Cossmann's magazine. In the late 1920s, Jung was outlining here his vision of neo-feudalism and grassroots democracy, as conservative resources against centralizing SPD governments. With monarchism on the decline, the journal still gave exposure to Wilhelm II's apologists, hosting Adalbert Wahl's 1929 study "The Monarchy in German History".

Some of the journal's contributors looked into new forms of authoritarianism. Jünger's 1930 text lambasted liberalism and Italian Fascism, noting that the latter only existed as a "simplified and shortened" version of the former. He envisaged a "stricter solution" to Germany's political and economic woes. The economic crisis brought in opportunities for corporatist and social credit schemes, which were taken up by Ludwig Reiners, who proposed creating a national labor conscription service on such grounds. After a republican Voluntary Labor Service came into force in 1932, an article by Werner Beumelburg celebrated its role in national pedagogy and social advancement.

The journal's conservative position was at odds with Nazism, just as the latter was growing in popularity and numerical strength. Reventlow, who had since adhered to the Nazi Party, still frequented the **Süddeutsche Monatshefte**, where, in September 1930, he published a Nazi manifesto that called not just for "complete separation" from the Jews, but also for their "annihilation". Cossmann himself rejected Nazi racial theory but, as sociologist Werner Jacob Cahnman has noted, his earlier work in propaganda had unwittingly given the Nazis "a rousing slogan and terrific impetus". According to Cahnman, Cossmann "just did not wish to see the writing on the wall".

In early 1933, Cossmann and his collaborator Erwein von Aretin, who had openly criticized Adolf Hitler in 1923, called for a monarchist coup against the nascent Nazi regime that would see Crown Prince Rupprecht placed on the throne. Setting out its platform, the magazine's January cover bore the title "King Rupprecht". The pair were arrested and imprisoned. Cossmann, described by scholar Steven E. Aschheim as "a tragic victim of the breakdown of the German–Jewish symbiosis", was sent to the ghetto of Berg am Laim in 1941, and died at Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942.

The magazine continued to run to 1936 under Nazi publisher Leo Hausleiter, but became both insignificant and apolitical during this last phase. A late controversy came in October 1933, when Paul Wentzcke commemorated in his articles 1920s Rhenish separatism, depicting it as a popular self-help movement against Weimar incompetence. Some of the final issues had encomiums of Nazi architecture, penned by art reviewers such as Hubert Schrade (who celebrated the Nuremberg Rally as a "sacred space"). Having already hosted comments by Erwin Liek on holistic health in November 1932, other such issues had contributions by Nazified Neo-Adlerian therapists: Fritz Künkel, who favored reintegrating patients within the "greater community"; and Harald Schultz-Hencke, who talked about a "rediscovery of the soul" by psychiatric science. **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** also published, in February 1936, the first version of Carl Jung's introductory essay, "Psychological Typology".

* Philippe Alexandre, "La société allemande et les défis de la modernité. Points de vue libéraux dans les *Süddeutsche Monatshefte* (1904–1914)", in Michel Grunewald, Uwe Puschner (eds.), *Krisenwahrnehmungen in Deutschland um 1900. – Zeitschriften als Foren der Umbruchszeit im Wilhelminischen Reich/Perceptions de la crise en Allemagne au début du XXe siècle. – Les périodiques et la mutation de la société allemande à l'époque wilhelmienne*, pp. 195–213. Bern: Peter Lang, 2010. ISBN 978-3-03911-743-7
* Steven E. Aschheim, *Brothers and Strangers: The East European Jew in German and German Jewish Consciousness, 1800–1923*. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982.ISBN 0-299-09114-7
* Werner J. Cahnman, *German Jewry: Its History and Sociology*. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0-88738-253-3
* David Thomas Murphy, *The Heroic Earth. Geopolitical Thought in Weimar Germany, 1918–1933*. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1997.ISBN 0-87338-564-0
* Raffael Scheck, *Alfred Von Tirpitz and German Right-wing Politics: 1914—1930*. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press International, 1998. ISBN 0-391-04043-X
* Walter Struve, *Elites Against Democracy: Leadership Ideals in Bourgeois Political Thought in Germany, 1890–1933*. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.ISBN 0-691-07555-7
* Corinna Treitel, *A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the Genesis of the German Modern*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8018-7812-8
* Jeffrey Verhey, *The Spirit of 1914. Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.ISBN 0-521-77137-4

## InfoBox

**Süddeutsche Monatshefte**
| April 1913 cover of **Süddeutsche Monatshefte** | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | Paul Nikolaus Cossmann (first)<br>Leo Hausleiter (last) |
| Categories | art magazine, literary magazine, political magazine |
| Total circulation | 100,000 (ca. 1918) |
| First issue | January 1904 |
| Final issue | September 1936 |
| Company | Knorr & Hirth Verlag |
| Country | German Empire (to 1918)<br>Weimar Germany (1919–1933)<br>Nazi Germany (from 1933) |
| Based in | Munich, Bavaria |
| Language | German |


title: George McKinnon

abstract: George Yapple McKinnon was an American minor league baseball player, coach of college athletics, and a Navy communications officer during World War II. He is best known for his years coaching at Northwestern University.

text:
# George McKinnon

**George Yapple McKinnon** (November 24, 1918 – December 15, 2009) was an American minor league baseball player, coach of college athletics, and a Navy communications officer during World War II. He is best known for his years coaching at Northwestern University.

## Early years

McKinnon played college baseball at Northwestern University as a shortstop where he was named All-Big Ten and helped his team win a conference championship. After college, McKinnon went on to play minor league baseball during the 1941 season. He played 22 games as a second baseman for the Winnipeg Maroons in Manitoba, and 27 games as a third baseman for the Zanesville Cubs, a Chicago Cubs farm team in Ohio. For the 1941 season, he compiled a .203 Batting average with one home run.

## Military service

McKinnon served as a communications officer in the United States Navy aboard the ill-fated USS *Lexington*. Ensign McKinnon was soon seeing plenty of action aboard the aircraft carrier. "We were attacked by two waves of bombers, got 16 of 18, and it is doubtful if the other two got home," he told the Harry Grayson on April 22, 1942. "I saw the entire action and there was more cheering on our ship than at a Northwestern–Notre Dame football game." On May 8, 1942, things took a dramatic turn for the crew of the USS *Lexington*. The aircraft carrier was torpedoed and sunk by Japanese destroyers during the Battle of the Coral Sea. McKinnon, however, survived the sinking and served out the duration of the war for the Navy, but an eventual return to civilian life did not mean a return to the diamond, at least not as a player. After he was sent back to the US to recuperate, and Navy officials, noticing his outstanding baseball play and Northwestern University, assigned him to coaching duties with Navy football and Navy baseball teams.

## Coaching career

After the war, McKinnon earned his master's degree from Western Reserve University in 1947 and joined the coaching staff at Cleveland Heights High School the following year. He remained there for 12 years before returning to Northwestern as an assistant football coach to Ara Parseghian.

McKinnon began his coaching career in 1961 as an assistant to Ara Parseghian, head coach of the Northwestern Wildcats football team. McKinnon also coached the Northwestern Wildcats baseball team. During his 20 years as head baseball coach, McKinnon led the Wildcats to five 20-win seasons including a career-best 28–12 record in 1973. McKinnon served as the head coach of the baseball program from 1962 to 1981 and compiled a 304–391–6 record over that span. At the time of his retirement following the 1981 season, he was the school's winningest coach in any sport. He also took a teaching and coaching position at Fenn College (now part of Cleveland State University), coaching both basketball and baseball.

In 1978, McKinnon received an award for 25 years of leadership and devotion to collegiate baseball from the American Association of College Baseball Coaches. He became a member of the Illinois High School Baseball Coaches Association Hall of Fame and was inducted in the Northwestern Athletics Hall of Fame in 1994.

## Death

McKinnon died on December 14, 2009, at the age of 91.

## InfoBox

George McKinnon
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1918-11-24)November 24, 1918
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | December 14, 2009(2009-12-14) (aged 91)
Palm Harbor, Florida, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Northwestern, Western Reserve |
| Playing career | |
| c. 1940 | Northwestern |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Shortstop |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1945–1949 | Fenn College basketball |
| 1947–1949 | Fenn College baseball |
| 1960s | Northwestern football (assistant) |
| 1962–1981 | Northwestern baseball |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 322–405–7 (baseball)
20–40 (basketball) |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Awards | |
| * Northwestern Athletics Hall of Fame (1984) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Capys bamendanus

abstract: Capys bamendanus, the Cameroon protea playboy, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in central Cameroon.

text:
# Capys bamendanus

***Capys bamendanus***, the **Cameroon protea playboy**, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in central Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Capys bamendanus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Capys* |
| Species: | ***C. bamendanus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Capys bamendanus***<br>Schultze, 1909 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Capys disjunctus bamendanus* Schultze, 1909 | |


title: Zélie Hadamard

abstract: Zélie Hadamard was a French actress.

text:
# Zélie Hadamard

**Zélie Hadamard** (September 30, 1849 – October 5, 1902) was a French actress.

## Biography

Zélie Hadamard was born into a Jewish family in Oran, Algeria, in 1849. Her father, David Hadamard, was a noted Arabist who died whe she was six weeks old. Her first cousin was mathematician Jacques Hadamard, and her uncle was painter Auguste Hadamard.

She went to Paris and passed at the Conservatoire, where she studied under tragedian Pierre-François Beauvallet. She made her stage début at the *Odéon*. After playing in Brussels and Rouen she returned to Paris, where she appeared at several theatres. At the Odéon, and later the Comédie-Française, she filled and created many important parts, especially in classic tragedy.

She died in October 1902 due to complications from surgery, at the age of 53.

## Roles

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; Emanuel, Victor Rousseau (1904). "Hadamard, Zélie". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 131–132.

## InfoBox

| Zélie Hadamard | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1849-09-30)September 30, 1849
Oran, French Algeria |
| Died | October 5, 1902(1902-10-05) (aged 53)
Paris, France |
| Burial place | Montparnasse Cemetery |


title: Tropical Storm Lee (2011)

abstract: Tropical Storm Lee was the thirteenth named storm and fifteenth system overall of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season, developing from a broad tropical disturbance over the Gulf on September 2. It was designated as Tropical Storm Lee the next day. Prior to 2020, when Marco formed on August 22, Lee was tied with 2005's Maria as the earliest-forming 13th Atlantic tropical storm. The system was unusually large, and due to drifting, Lee brought flash flooding to the Gulf Coast. Flooding associated with the rains caused significant property damage in the areas, with drowning deaths reported in both Mississippi and Georgia. Elsewhere, the storm helped spread wildfires that destroyed homes and killed two people in Texas, and a traffic accident in Alabama resulted in one death. Rough surf offshore drowned one person in each of these states. After becoming extratropical, Lee caused historic flooding in Pennsylvania, New York, and Canada, mainly Quebec and Ontario. Lee was the first subtropical or tropical storm to make landfall in Louisiana since Hurricane Gustav in 2008. Its total damage was estimated to be around $2.8 billion.

text:
# Tropical Storm Lee (2011)

**Tropical Storm Lee** was the thirteenth named storm and fifteenth system overall of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season, developing from a broad tropical disturbance over the Gulf on September 2. It was designated as Tropical Storm Lee the next day. Prior to 2020, when Marco formed on August 22, Lee was tied with 2005's Maria as the earliest-forming 13th Atlantic tropical storm. The system was unusually large, and due to drifting, Lee brought flash flooding to the Gulf Coast. Flooding associated with the rains caused significant property damage in the areas, with drowning deaths reported in both Mississippi and Georgia. Elsewhere, the storm helped spread wildfires that destroyed homes and killed two people in Texas, and a traffic accident in Alabama resulted in one death. Rough surf offshore drowned one person in each of these states. After becoming extratropical, Lee caused historic flooding in Pennsylvania, New York, and Canada, mainly Quebec and Ontario.

Lee was the first subtropical or tropical storm to make landfall in Louisiana since Hurricane Gustav in 2008. Its total damage was estimated to be around $2.8 billion.

## Meteorological history

In late August 2011, much of the western Caribbean came under the influence of abundant tropical moisture. Combined with favorable upper diffluence, the moisture allowed for a perpetual area of disturbed weather to form; this, in return, contributed to the genesis of a weak tropical wave, or an elongated low-pressure feature at the lower levels of the atmosphere. The wave initiated a more-or-less westward, then west-northwestward drift across the Yucatán Peninsula toward the Gulf of Mexico, although it remained largely disorganized while doing so. After arriving in the gulf on August 31, the system failed to develop much under initially high wind shear; however, the National Hurricane Center forecast some potential for the formation of a tropical cyclone in a day or two. Strong convection increased mainly to its east during the next day, and by 23:00 UTC, data from a reconnaissance aircraft confirmed the presence of a closed circulation center. At this point, the system was considered sufficiently organized to be upgraded to a tropical depression, with its center located 255 mi (360 km) to the southwest of the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Situated within an area of weak steering currents, the depression remained nearly stationary during the initial stages of its existence. It exhibited a poor organization at the time; the circulation remained elongated, with a broad center of light winds removed from the sheared convective mass. Over the course of September 2 the convection began to deepen over its eastern portion, which later translated into an increase in the winds. Based on this increase in strength, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lee at 18:00 UTC. Lee meandered erratically north-northwestward to northward for the rest of the day, and with a small upper low advecting dry air into the circulation any deep convection over its western semicircle remained scarce during that time. By September 3, the storm sustained a large radius of maximum winds within the still elongated circulation; this unusual structure to purely tropical cyclones, combined with an overall hybrid appearance on satellite images, suggested Lee transitioned into a subtropical storm as it approached the Louisiana coast, similar to the transition of Tropical Storm Allison in 2001.

Stalling off the coast of Louisiana, the storm's windfield continued to expand and increase in strength, though two separate low-level centers became evident within the exceedingly large circulation later that day. Due to a large portion of circulation remaining over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, Lee weakened more slowly than a typical tropical cyclone would as it moves inland. Lee finally moved inland over south-central Louisiana on the morning of September 4 as a subtropical storm with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). By that evening, Lee had weakened to a tropical depression in operational estimates, due to land interaction and continental air being advected into the system. Lee had begun to interact with a strong upper-level trough (which would subsequently spawn Hurricane Nate in the Bay of Campeche a few days later) in the Mississippi Valley as it continued to move off to the east-northeast. It was designated an extratropical low adjacent to the trough on the morning of September 5, while maintaining tropical storm-force winds according to post-analysis. The extratropical remnants weakened further on September 6, as it entered northwestern Georgia. Early on September 7, at 00:00 UTC, the remnant low of Lee dissipated. However, the storm's mid-level circulation persisted, developing a new triple-point low along its occluded front, which quickly dominated the storm. For the next several days, the new low made a large, counterclockwise loop over a portion of the Eastern United States, before dissipating on September 11, over western Tennessee.

## Preparations and impact

In advance of the storm, oil companies in the Gulf of Mexico ordered the evacuation of employees from offshore platforms as a safety precaution. A tropical storm warning was posted from Pascagoula, Mississippi, westward to Sabine Pass, Texas, in response to Lee. Early on September 3, the warning was extended to the AlabamaFlorida border. In addition, a tropical storm watch was in place from the border eastward to Destin, Florida.

### Louisiana

Mayor Mitch Landrieu declared a state of emergency for all of New Orleans; officials accordingly ordered the closure of floodgates and the preparation of rescue boats across the city. In Grand Isle, many residents headed out of town after officials issued voluntary evacuations, and boat owners secured their vessels. Additionally, the Louisiana parishes of Terrebonne and Lafourche distributed sandbags at several coastal locations after specialists forecast torrential rainfall and flash flood warnings were issued.

Due to its unusually slow and erratic motion, Lee produced flooding rains across much of southern Louisiana. Headwinds from Lee fanned a large fire north in Natchitoches Parish; about 400 acres of land, including 10 adjacent homes and several buildings, were set ablaze and subsequently destroyed. High winds also produced a storm surge that submerged parts of Slidell by up to 4 ft (1.2 m), inundating several homes. About 38,000 residences in New Orleans were left without power at one point, though only minor flooding occurred around the city. Low-lying areas in adjacent parishes reported more significant effects; street flooding occurred in Plaquemines and St. Bernard Parishes, and floodwaters in Jefferson Parish prompted residents to evacuate. Moving ashore in the latter parish near Lafitte, the storm caused heavy rainfall, leaving roughly 60 percent of the area inundated.

### Mississippi

In light of heavy rainfall forecast for coastal areas, much of southern Mississippi was under a flash flood watch until the passage of the storm. A state of emergency was ordered for Jackson County; local fire stations initiated the free distribution of sandbags, and the harbor was closed off to all transient vessels. Similar preparations took place in Hancock County, where officials issued voluntary evacuations for low-lying areas. Rainfall totals in Waveland, MS measured 14.75 inches (375 mm). Gulf Islands National Seashore ordered the immediate closure of its portions of the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands, while its present visitors were instructed to leave.

Across the southern state, prolonged inclement weather from Lee and its remnants resulted in widespread moderate and localized extensive flooding. Several roads were inundated in the coastal counties of Hancock, Jackson, and Harrison, with the latter two reporting considerable property damage due to the floods. A potent tornado touched down in northern Harrison, leaving behind demolished trailers and downed trees and power lines throughout Saucier. In Stone County, some structures including one church sustained wind damage during the storm; officials further reported the worst of the winds were also attributed to a possible tornado, which uprooted trees and severely damaged one manufactured home. Further inland, moderate street flooding also occurred in Rankin and Wilkinson counties, while more significant floods, as well as scattered power outages, took place in Hinds County. In Tishomingo County, a vehicle was caught in rushing waters while attempting to cross a flooded road; one person drowned, though its two other occupants were unharmed.

### Alabama

With Lee tracking further inland, heavy precipitation up to 13 in (330 mm) fell across Alabama. At the height of the storm, about 220,000 customers reportedly lost power due to snapped electricity poles and power lines. It caused significant, albeit localized wind damage to structures across southern areas, in particular in and around Mobile and Baldwin Counties. Multiple properties sustained damage and two homes were demolished by the winds; throughout southern Mobile, dozens of downed trees caused additional disruptions. Also in the county, one person was killed in a traffic accident related to the storm. In Lillian, Baldwin, extreme winds suspected to be from a tornado ripped through suburban areas. A few homes sustained damaged in part due to uprooted trees, though no injuries were reported. Off the coast of Fort Morgan, one person drowned due to high surf. Additionally, the brisk winds blew piles of sand from local beaches onto adjacent city streets, and rough seas swept ashore numerous tarballs.

### Texas

Despite bringing little rain to Texas, Lee produced gusts and rough surf along its coasts. Offshore Galveston, a man drowned after losing control of his bodyboard due to strong winds. As Lee headed north inland over the Gulf Coast, high winds were reported as fueling up to 60 separate brush fires across Texas, which was suffering from exceptional drought conditions. The largest of these occurred in Bastrop County just east of Austin, consuming roughly 34,000 acres; it forced thousands to evacuate and destroyed 1,554 homes. In Gregg County, another fire burned down a home, which resulted in the deaths of two of its occupants. The spreading fires burned nearly 118,500 acres (480 km2) of land, simultaneously demolishing an estimated 700 residences in a two-day period.

### New York

Heavy rain from the remnants of Lee brought flooding to the Susquehanna River valley, dropping 10-12 inches of precipitation. In the Binghamton area, record flooding was observed along the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers. USGS river gauges recorded water levels as high as 17 ft above flood stage, topping previous record heights achieved in the Mid-Atlantic United States flood of 2006. In some areas, such as Conklin, several residents had finished rebuilding from the 2006 floods only months before Lee hit.

Most municipalities in Greater Binghamton and the Penn-York Valley saw water levels top the levees, inundating several downtown areas along the river. Many of the locations under water had not flooded since the mid-1930s, due to the construction of levees. Over 20,000 residents were forced to evacuate in Broome County, and downtown Binghamton was closed off. Residents who were downstream from the Forest Lake Dam and the Elk Lake Dam were evacuated. The village of Owego was particularly hard-hit, with 95% of the community under water. In the aftermath, several roads were closed, including Interstate 88, which was blocked by a mudslide, and NY Route 17.

Property damage far exceeded the flood of 2006, despite precautions taken in the wake of that natural disaster. Across eight counties in New York, an early tally estimated initial losses at $562.2 million. In the Triple Cities urban core, over 7,000 properties were damaged. Damages in Broome County alone were estimated to be $513 million, while in Tioga County, estimated losses were $478 million. Two deaths were blamed on the storm.

To the east, regions already suffering the aftereffects of flooding from Hurricane Irene almost two weeks earlier had those problems aggravated by 2–4 inches (51–102 mm) of new rain on saturated ground and rivers still swollen. The Wallkill River crested at 5 feet (1.5 m) above flood stage in Ulster County, and the village of Washingtonville in Orange County to the south was isolated as it had been after Irene by the rising waters of Moodna Creek. The Orange County Government Center in Goshen, just reopened a day earlier, was closed indefinitely. Roads were closed, including exits on the New York State Thruway in the Mohawk Valley, and south of the Interstate 84 exit at Newburgh, the entire highway. Some businesses that had spent considerable time and money to reopen after Irene were once again flooded. A Petco flooded because of the tropical storm resulting in almost 100 animals drowning after a failed attempt to take them to safety.

### Pennsylvania

Flooding in Wilkes-Barre led to a mandatory evacuation on September 8 of all of the areas that were affected by the 1972 Hurricane Agnes floods. The Susquehanna River reached a record high of 42.6 feet (13.0 m) in hard-hit Wilkes-Barre early on Friday, September 9. The levee system held in the northeastern Pennsylvania city. The river topped the 40.9 feet (12.5 m) level in flooding caused by Agnes. Other towns in northeastern Pennsylvania, which were not protected by a levee system, encountered historic flooding. West Pittston, Pittston, Tunkhannock, Edwardsville, Plymouth Township, and Nanticoke were just a few areas affected. About 100,000 people were displaced.

In Columbia County, the Bloomsburg Fair was forced to be cancelled for the first time in its 157-year history due to extensive damage to the fairgrounds

On the border of Northumberland and Columbia Counties, the well-known amusement park Knoebels receives flooding in the park. The flood was close to the damages of Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The park received major damage, with almost all of its employees chipping in that week to help reopen. The majority of the park opened the following week.

The prospect of flooding led Harrisburg to evacuate 10,000 people from low-lying areas of downtown. The Pennsylvania Governor's Residence was evacuated due to rising floodwaters. Lee caused the Susquehanna River to reach the third-worst flood stage in its history, and caused the Swatara Creek to reach its highest level ever. One drowning bison at the ZooAmerica wildlife park in Hershey, Pennsylvania, was shot because it could not be rescued from floodwaters. Another bison drowned before it could be rescued. The heavy rain caused a rockslide in the vicinity of the Conshohocken Curve, flooding near Belmont Avenue and a mudslide by Girard Avenue on the Schuylkill Expressway, a major artery into Philadelphia.

In Sullivan County, the village of Sonestown was almost completely destroyed. A dam on Birch Creek in the village of Mildred collapsed, causing a large swath of damage along US Route 220.

The eastern part of Lycoming County sustained major flood damage associated with the remnants of Lee. The boroughs of Picture Rocks and Hughesville and village of Glen Mawr had to be evacuated due to flooding on Muncy Creek. A bridge at the eastern end of Pennsylvania Route 973 over Loyalsock Creek collapsed on September 8. The Lycoming Valley Railroad bridge over Loyalsock Creek in Montoursville was heavily damaged by flooding, rendering it unusable. Heavy rain from the remnants of Tropical Storm Lee raised the creek "higher than anything we've seen in recorded history", according to a county official. Replacing the destroyed PA 87 bridge and repairs to the damaged railroad bridge and Pennsylvania Route 87 were estimated to cost more than $25 million.

In Dauphin County, damage totaled about $150 million. The storm destroyed 294 buildings and damaged another 2,234. In nearby Lebanon County, 2,212 homes sustained damage. Damage in York County reached $2.9 million.

Between 7 and 15 inches (180 and 380 mm) of rain fell in northwestern Lancaster County, the worst storm to strike the area since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. The city of Lancaster received 7.76 inches (197 mm) of rain, while the boroughs of Elizabethtown and Mount Joy measured 15 inches (380 mm) of rain. The rain swollen Chiques Creek ripped the five-ton Siegrist's Mill Covered Bridge, built in 1885, off its foundation and swept the bridge downstream.

### Washington D.C. area

The National Weather Service reported 7.03 inches (179 mm) of rain in three hours at Ft. Belvoir, 5.47 inches (139 mm) in the Franconia area, and 6.57 inches (167 mm) in Reston. Record rainfall resulted in the flooding of most creeks and waterways in suburban Northern Virginia, leading to four deaths, all by drowning. In Fairfax County, Virginia, VDOT estimated up to $10 million of damage to roads and bridges.

Tropical Storm Lee added to the rainfall from Hurricane Irene. The National Weather Service reported record 30-day total rainfalls in Prince George's County, Maryland, including 24.13 inches (613 mm) in Largo, 23.98 inches (609 mm) inches in Forestville, and 21.49 inches (546 mm) in Forest Heights.

## InfoBox

Tropical Storm Lee
| Tropical Storm Lee near peak intensity on September 2 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | September 2, 2011 |
| Extratropical | September 5 |
| Dissipated | September 7, 2011 |
| Tropical storm | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 60 mph (95 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 986 mbar (hPa); 29.12 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 18 total |
| Damage | $2.8 billion (2011 USD) |
| Areas affected | United States Gulf Coast and Eastern United States |
| IBTrACS / | |
| ---  Part of the **2011 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Boxers NYC Washington Heights

abstract: Boxers NYC Washington Heights, also known simply as Boxers Washington Heights or Boxers WaHi, was a gay sports bar in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was the fifth establishment opened by the Boxers NYC nightlife brand. The bar featured weekly events such as Latin nights, karaoke parties, urban nights, open mic events, drag shows, and screenings of NFL games and RuPaul's Drag Race. Its September 2018 debut was met with concern that it would contribute to gentrification of the area, but its approval was straightforward. The venue proved to be popular and received praise for its comfortable, welcoming atmosphere. Boxers Washington Heights announced its closure on September 29, 2020, citing difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Boxers NYC Washington Heights

**Boxers NYC Washington Heights**, also known simply as **Boxers Washington Heights** or **Boxers WaHi**, was a gay sports bar in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was the fifth establishment opened by the Boxers NYC nightlife brand. The bar featured weekly events such as Latin nights, karaoke parties, urban nights, open mic events, drag shows, and screenings of NFL games and *RuPaul's Drag Race*. Its September 2018 debut was met with concern that it would contribute to gentrification of the area, but its approval was straightforward. The venue proved to be popular and received praise for its comfortable, welcoming atmosphere. Boxers Washington Heights announced its closure on September 29, 2020, citing difficulties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Description

Like other Boxers NYC venues, Boxers Washington Heights was a gay sports bar that featured male bartenders in red boxer shorts and female bartenders in athletic tops and red shorts. In addition to alcohol, it served a selection of bar food. It also hosted a number of weekly events, including National Football League (NFL) game screenings, Latin nights, *RuPaul's Drag Race* viewing parties, karaoke, urban nights, open mic events, and drag shows starring artists like Marti Gould Cummings.

## History

Bob Fluet and Rob Hynds founded the Boxers NYC chain in 2010, when they opened the brand's flagship venue in Chelsea, Manhattan. Throughout the 2010s, the business expanded within New York City, including into Hell's Kitchen and the Upper East Side, as well as into Center City, Philadelphia. In March 2018, the chain was approved for a 15-year lease on a new location in Washington Heights; it opened on September 14, 2018. At that time, Boxers WaHi was the only gay bar in that neighborhood, which had been without such a venue since 2014. Fluet and Hynds selected Washington Heights because the area was "increasingly popular among New York City's millennial and LGBTQ residents, \[but it was not\] yet known for businesses that service these groups".

A September 2018 article in *Instinct* magazine questioned whether the bar's arrival would contribute to gentrification and displacement of the local Dominican community. Hynds stated that Boxers WaHi would be welcoming to all demographics, that it had hired a diverse staff, and that it would feature events appealing to different audiences. Some locals expressed concern that Boxers WaHi's presence would make the area more attractive to businesses and drive up the cost of rent. The local community board nevertheless approved the bar's application without much opposition, and the venue's soft opening on September 10, 2018, attracted a crowd of hundreds.

Hynds and a number of local drag queens noted that because New York City no longer had a single, centralized gay scene, it was possible that Washington Heights would soon become a hotspot for that community. Monét X Change, a resident of the Bronx nearby, stated: "There are new gay bars being built up in Washington Heights and Harlem. So, I feel like soon \[the gay scene is\] going to transition to the Upper West Side and Harlem."

Like other New York nightlife venues, Boxers WaHi was ordered to shutter in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May, it briefly operated as a food pantry for needy New Yorkers, and it reopened for outdoor dining and takeout in July. Fluet attempted to renegotiate the bar's lease to mitigate the financial strain caused by the pandemic, but he was unable to do so. On September 29, 2020, the bar's management announced that it had closed permanently.

## Reception

The Boxers NYC franchise has been referred to as "the gay Hooters". Richard Morgan of *New York Times* wrote, "\[A\]mid a gay renaissance of broader, nonconforming sensibilities—queer, transgender and woke—Boxers has bet on old-school, meat-market machismo.... Boxers' core appeal is its bartenders. The formula for their allure cuts a cunning line between candid and crude. They are about as explicitly erotic as a cover of *Men's Fitness*." Promoter Daniel Nardicio, who co-owns the cabaret-style East Village gay bar Club Cumming, said of Boxers: "They're not bland, but they're basic. They're kind of gay Hooters, but really they're gay TGI Fridays. And let me say, before the pitchforks come for me, we need that. We need a comfortable space. We are entitled to everything straight people have, including our own vanilla."

Of the Washington Heights location in particular, Ryan Shea of *Instinct* said: "I refer to Boxers WaHi as sophisticated meets sexy. There's a sprawling bar the minute you get inside with several gorgeous (and shirtless) hunks taking your drink order. The atmosphere is also welcoming and fun to be in. You can play pool, watch the game with some friends or chill and enjoy a drink or two with your date for the evening. This may sound redundant, as other gay bars do this exact same thing, but the overall vibe inside Boxers WaHi is immensely chill, which sets it apart from all the others."

## InfoBox

Boxers NYC Washington Heights
| Logo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | 3820 Broadway |
| Location | Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York, US |
| Coordinates | 40°50′07″N 73°56′37″W / 40.8353°N 73.9436°W / 40.8353; -73.9436 |
| Public transit |  |
| Owner | Bob Fluet<br>Rob Hynds |
| Type |  |
| Opened | September 14, 2018 (2018-09-14) |
| Closed | September 29, 2020 (2020-09-29) |
| Website | |
| boxersnyc.com/wahi | |


title: Báránd

abstract: Báránd is a village in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

text:
# Báránd

**Báránd** is a village in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

## Geography

It covers an area of 42.56 km2 (16 sq mi) and has a population of 2631 people (2015).

47°18′N 21°14′E / 47.300°N 21.233°E / 47.300; 21.233

## InfoBox

| Báránd | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Hajdú-Bihar |
| Area | |
| Total | 42.56 km2 (16.43 sq mi) |
| Population (2015) | |
| Total | 2,631 |
| Density | 61.8/km2 (160/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4161 |
| Area code | 54 |


title: Fishs Eddy (retailer)

abstract: Fishs Eddy is a dinnerware, flatware and glassware retailer originally based in Gramercy Park, Manhattan, New York City that specializes in found dishes and serving pieces.

text:
# Fishs Eddy (retailer)

**Fishs Eddy** is a dinnerware, flatware and glassware retailer originally based in Gramercy Park, Manhattan, New York City that specializes in found dishes and serving pieces.

## History

Fishs Eddy was founded in 1986, when founders and current owners Julie Gaines and David Lenovitz got lost in Upstate New York and stumbled upon a small town named Fishs Eddy. Gaines and Lenovitz discovered an old barn during that trip that had stockpiled restaurant dishware that had survived a fire. They offered to buy the whole lot, took it back to their apartment in Manhattan and used the inventory to open a store at 889 Broadway, near Union Square.

A graphic novel about the history of the story, by Gaines and illustrated by her and Lenovitz's son, called Minding the Store, was published in 2018.

## Aesthetic

Fishs Eddy is known for offering archive and antique dinnerware, including plates and cups purchased from American Airlines and the Syracuse China Corporation. The company also produces some of its own dinnerware, with an aesthetic often called quirky. Its product line includes dinnerware with faces of American politicians and a skyline of New York City. As of September 2018, the store was considered a top retailer of wine decanters.

The store has also released dinnerware and other items created in collaboration with retailers and celebrities, including Alan Cumming, Todd Oldham, Amy Sedaris and West Elm.


title: Dakota Cochrane

abstract: Dakota Galen Cochrane is an American mixed martial artist who fights in the Lightweight and Welterweight divisions. He has competed for Bellator MMA, Resurrection Fighting Alliance, Legacy Fighting Championship, Titan Fighting Championships, and Legacy Fighting Alliance. Cochrane is currently competing as a bare-knuckle boxer in the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC). He has victories over former UFC fighters Johny Hendricks and Chris Leben.

text:
# Dakota Cochrane

**Dakota Galen Cochrane** (born May 1, 1986) is an American mixed martial artist who fights in the Lightweight and Welterweight divisions. He has competed for Bellator MMA, Resurrection Fighting Alliance, Legacy Fighting Championship, Titan Fighting Championships, and Legacy Fighting Alliance. Cochrane is currently competing as a bare-knuckle boxer in the Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship (BKFC). He has victories over former UFC fighters Johny Hendricks and Chris Leben.

## Background

Cochrane attended University of Nebraska at Kearney, where he was an all-league pole vaulter and relay runner.

## Mixed martial arts career

### Early career

Cochrane competed seven times as an amateur, going undefeated. He made his pro debut in November 2009.

Cochrane began his professional career in late 2009, amassing a 4–0 start before his first loss to future UFC fighter TJ O'Brien in July 2010. O'Brien used his grappling to defeat Cochrane by rear naked choke early in the first round.

Cochrane bounced back from the loss bringing his record to 11–1 including a late replacement bout against former WEC champion Jamie Varner at Titan Fighting Championships 20 on September 23, 2011. The fight was taken on four days' notice and was fought at a catch-weight of 165 lb. Cochrane dominated the fight—both standing and on the ground—in a hard-fought unanimous-decision win.

### *The Ultimate Fighter*

Cochrane appeared in the first episode of *The Ultimate Fighter: Live* facing James Vick. He lost to Vick via split decision.

### Resurrection Fighting Alliance

Cochrane then fought former NCAA wrestling standout Ramico Blackmon at RFA 1 on December 16, 2011 in Kearney, Nebraska. Cochrane lost the fight by a 3-round unanimous decision in which Blackmon used his superior wrestling to neutralize Cochrane's stand up attack.

Cochrane lost for the second straight time in the RFA when he was submitted in the first round by Cliff Wright at RFA 2 on March 30, 2012. Cochrane took down Wright early in the round, but Wright was able to reverse the position, get Cochrane's back, and subsequently choke Cochrane unconscious with a rear naked choke.

Cochrane next defeated former UFC lightweight title contender Joe Stevenson in the main event of RFA 3 on June 30, 2012. After outstriking and outgrappling an out of shape Stevenson, Cochrane was able to sink in a rear naked choke to force the tap 64 seconds into the second round.

Cochrane won his second straight RFA fight at RFA 4 with a dominant victory over Derrick Burnsed. After escaping several submission attempts from Burnsed early on, Cochrane was able to latch on to a fight-ending armbar late in the first round.

Cochrane defeated Deivison Francisco Ribeiro via TKO due to elbows in the third round at RFA 6, Cochrane dominated the fight before finishing Ribeiro.

Cochrane stepped inside the cage again at RFA 17 against Christos Giagos for RFA's inaugural lightweight title on August 22 at the Sanford Pentagon, which was South Dakota's first-ever sanctioned MMA event. He lost the fight by KO due to a flying knee in round 2. This marked the first time Dakota had been knocked out in his career.

### Bellator MMA

Cochrane stepped in for an injured Derek Campos to face Alexander Sarnavskiy at Bellator 128 on October 10, 2014. He lost the fight via rear naked choke submission in the first round.

Cochrane faced Ryan Couture at Bellator 135 on March 27, 2015. He lost the fight via rear naked choke submission in the first round and was subsequently released from the promotion.

## Bare knuckle boxing

### World Bare Knuckle Fighting Federation

Cochrane replaced Brennan Ward at World Bare Knuckle Fighting Federation's inaugural event on November 9, 2018. He defeated Johny Hendricks by technical knockout in the second round.

### Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship

Cochrane's next bare-knuckle boxing match was against Chris Leben at Bare Knuckle Fighting Championship 6: Malignaggi vs. Lobov on June 22, 2019. Cochrane won the match by unanimous decision.

Cochrane faced Tyler Vogel at BKFC 15: Shewmaker vs. O'Bannon on December 11, 2020. He won by fifth-round TKO.

On September 10, 2021, Cochrane lost to Mike Richman at BKFC 21 by knockout in the second round.

Cochrane faced Josh Dyer at BKFC Fight Night: Omaha on May 13, 2022 and lost by first-round knockout.

Cochrane won his next bout against Eduardo Peralta at BKFC 33 on November 18, 2022 by knockout in the fifth round. Cochrane knocked out Noah Cutter on May 19, 2023 early in the first round at BKFC 43.

Cochrane faced Jeremie Holloway in the co-main event of BKFC Fight Night Omaha on May 17, 2024. He won the fight by knockout in the second round.

## Personal life

Dakota and his wife Lacey have three children.

Cochrane participated in gay pornography films, appearing on the gay porn website Sean Cody. Cochrane said he worked as a gay-for-pay actor and stopped participating in gay porn after his girlfriend at the time requested it.

## Championships and accomplishments

* **Dynasty Combat Sports**
    + DCS Welterweight Championship (One time, current)

* **Victory Fighting Championship**
    + VFC Welterweight Championship (One time)

* **Total Warrior Combat**
    + TWC Welterweight Championship (One time)

* **The Cage Inc.**
    + TCI Lightweight Championship (One time)

## Mixed martial arts record

Professional record breakdown
| **47 matches** | **34 wins** | **13 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 7 | 2 |
| **By submission** | 17 | 8 |
| **By decision** | 10 | 2 |
| **By disqualification** | 0 | 1 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 34–13 | Justin Baesman | Submission (arm-triangle choke) | DCS 77: New Years Knockout 2022 | January 14, 2022 | 2 | 3:52 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States | Won the vacant DCS Welterweight Championship. |
| Win | 33–13 | James Warfield | Submission (guillotine choke) | M-1 Global: Road to M-1 USA 2 | April 4, 2019 | 1 | 1:19 | Winterhaven, California, United States | Won the M-1 USA National Welterweight Championship. |
| Loss | 32–13 | Scott Futrell | Submission (rear naked choke) | DCS 45: Ballyard Brawl Night 2 | July 28, 2018 | 2 | 2:19 | Lincoln, Nebraska, United States | For the DCS Welterweight Championship |
| Win | 32–12 | Julian Lane | Submission (rear naked choke) | DCS 42: Rumble At The Ralston | May 25, 2018 | 1 | 2:35 | Ralston, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 31–12 | Drew Lipton | Submission (guillotine choke) | DCS 38: Seasons Beatings 2017 | December 9, 2017 | 1 | 0:21 | Lincoln, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 30–12 | Ciro Rodrigues | Decision (split) | LFA 25 | October 20, 2017 | 3 | 5:00 | Ralston, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 29–12 | Maki Pitolo | Submission (guillotine choke) | Victory FC 58 | July 22, 2017 | 2 | 4:58 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 28–12 | David Castillo | Decision (unanimous) | Victory FC Fight Night Harrah's 5 | June 3, 2017 | 3 | 5:00 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 27–12 | Jordan Larson | DQ (illegal knee) | Legacy Fighting Alliance Fight Night 1 | April 29, 2017 | 2 | 1:15 | Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States |  |
| Loss | 27–11 | E.J. Brooks | Decision (unanimous) | Victory FC 56 | April 14, 2017 | 3 | 5:00 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 27–10 | Jake Lindsey | Submission (guillotine choke) | Victory FC 55 | December 23, 2016 | 1 | 0:53 | Topeka, Kansas, United States | Won the VFC Welterweight Championship |
| Win | 26–10 | Jos Eichelberger | Submission (rear naked choke) | Legacy Fighting Championship 60 | October 7, 2016 | 2 | 4:47 | Hinckley, Minnesota, United States |  |
| Win | 25–10 | Jason Witt | Submission (rear naked choke) | Victory FC 52 | July 16, 2016 | 2 | 3:17 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 24–10 | Dequan Townsend | Decision (split) | TWC 29: Jaynes vs. Lamson | May 14, 2016 | 5 | 5:00 | Lansing, Michigan, United States | Won TWC Welterweight Championship |
| Loss | 23–10 | Valdir Araujo | TKO (punches) | Victory FC 49 | April 1, 2016 | 2 | 4:21 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 23–9 | Jake Lindsey | Submission (guillotine choke) | Victory FC 47 | January 29, 2016 | 3 | 3:43 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 22–9 | Raymond Gray | TKO (punches) | Dynasty Combat Sports 22: Seasons Beatings 2015 | November 28, 2015 | 1 | 3:11 | Lincoln, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 21–9 | Ben Neumann | Decision (unanimous) | RFA 32: Blumer vs. Higo | November 6, 2015 | 3 | 5:00 | Prior Lake, Minnesota, United States |  |
| Win | 20–9 | Sean Huffman | Submission (punches) | VFC: Fight Night at Harrahs 3 | September 11, 2015 | 1 | 1:53 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States | Return to Welterweight |
| Win | 19–9 | Mike Bruno | TKO (flying knee and punches) | Titan FC 34 | July 18, 2015 | 3 | 0:51 | Kansas City, Missouri, United States |  |
| Loss | 18–9 | Jesse Steele McCall | Submission (rear naked choke) | VFC: Fight Night at Harrahs 2 | June 6, 2015 | 1 | 4:57 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |
| Loss | 18–8 | Ryan Couture | Submission (rear naked choke) | Bellator 135 | March 27, 2015 | 1 | 3:23 | Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States |  |
| Win | 18–7 | Ted Worthington | TKO (punches) | Dynasty Combat Sports 12: Seasons Beatings 2014 | December 5, 2014 | 1 | 0:43 | Lincoln, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Loss | 17–7 | Alexander Sarnavskiy | Submission (rear naked choke) | Bellator 128 | October 10, 2014 | 1 | 2:32 | Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States |  |
| Loss | 17–6 | Christos Giagos | KO (flying knee and punches) | RFA 17: Cochrane vs. Giagos | August 22, 2014 | 2 | 2:04 | Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States | For inaugural RFA Lightweight Championship |
| Win | 17–5 | Anton Kuivanen | KO (flying knee) | Fight Night Finland: Cochrane vs. Kuivanen | June 14, 2014 | 1 | 0:48 | Helsinki, Finland |  |
| Win | 16–5 | Efrain Escudero | Decision (unanimous) | RFA 13: Cochrane vs. Escudero | March 7, 2014 | 3 | 5:00 | Lincoln, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Loss | 15–5 | Chris Heatherly | Submission (armbar) | Warriors for Heroes | October 26, 2013 | 1 | 4:13 | St. Louis, Missouri, United States | For the vacant Warriors for Heroes Welterweight Championship |
| Win | 15–4 | Carey Vanier | KO (elbow) | Victory FC 40 | July 27, 2013 | 1 | 4:23 | Ralston, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Loss | 14–4 | Marcus Edwards | Submission (rear naked choke) | Disorderly Conduct 19 – The Tribute | May 24, 2013 | 1 | 1:46 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 14–3 | Deivison Francisco Ribeiro | TKO (elbows) | RFA 6: Krause vs. Imada 2 | January 18, 2013 | 3 | 4:32 | Kansas City, Missouri, United States |  |
| Win | 13–3 | Derrick Burnsed | Submission (armbar) | RFA 4: Griffin vs. Escudero | November 2, 2012 | 1 | 4:38 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |  |
| Win | 12–3 | Joe Stevenson | Submission (rear naked choke) | RFA 3: Stevenson vs. Cochrane | June 30, 2012 | 2 | 1:04 | Kearney, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Loss | 11–3 | Cliff Wright | Submission (rear naked choke) | RFA 2: Yvel vs. Alexander | March 30, 2012 | 1 | 4:39 | Kearney, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Loss | 11–2 | Ramico Blackmon | Decision (unanimous) | RFA 1: Pulver vs. Elliott | December 16, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | Kearney, Nebraska, United States | 165 lb catchweight |
| Win | 11–1 | Jamie Varner | Decision (unanimous) | Titan FC 20 | September 23, 2011 | 3 | 5:00 | Kansas City, Kansas, United States | 165 lb catchweight |
| Win | 10–1 | George Sheppard | Decision (split) | The Cage Inc. – Battle at the Border 10 | June 30, 2011 | 5 | 5:00 | Hankinson, North Dakota, United States | Won the TCI Lightweight Championship |
| Win | 9–1 | Rod Montoya | Submission (rear naked choke) | Extreme Challenge 181 | December 16, 2010 | 1 | 1:20 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 8–1 | Marshall Martin | KO (punch) | The Cage Inc. – Battle at the Border 8 | April 15, 2011 | 2 | 1:57 | Hankinson, North Dakota, United States |  |
| Win | 7–1 | Marcus LeVesseur | Submission (triangle choke) | Seconds Out/Vivid MMA: Combat On Capital Hill 4 | November 12, 2010 | 1 | 4:08 | St. Paul, Minnesota, United States |  |
| Win | 6–1 | Will Shutt | Submission (arm-triangle choke) | Extreme Challenge 162 | October 1, 2010 | 1 | 1:36 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 5–1 | Jon Knutson | Decision (unanimous) | The Cage Inc. – Battle at the Border 6 | August 21, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 | Hankinson, North Dakota, United States |  |
| Loss | 4–1 | TJ O'Brien | Submission (rear naked choke) | Extreme Challenge – High Stakes | July 16, 2010 | 1 | 2:00 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 4–0 | Cory Simpson | Submission (rear naked choke) | The Cage Inc. – Battle at the Border 5 | May 15, 2010 | 2 | 2:40 | Hankinson, North Dakota, United States |  |
| Win | 3–0 | Carlos Cladio | Submission (rear naked choke) | The Cage Inc. – Proving Grounds 2 | April 2, 2010 | 1 | 2:05 | Hankinson, North Dakota, United States |  |
| Win | 2–0 | Jeremy Malaterre | Decision (unanimous) | Victory FC 30 – Night of Champions | February 5, 2010 | 3 | 5:00 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |
| Win | 1–0 | Alex Harper | Decision (unanimous) | Victory FC 29 – The Rising | November 13, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 | Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States |  |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Loss | 0–1 | James Vick | Decision (split) | The Ultimate Fighter: Live | March 9, 2012 | 1 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | 1-round TUF entry fight |

## Bareknuckle boxing record

Professional record breakdown
| **8 matches** | **6 wins** | **2 losses** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **By knockout** | 5 | 2 |
| **By decision** | 1 | 0 |

| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Win | 6–2 | Jeremie Holloway | KO | BKFC Fight Night: Omaha | May 17, 2024 | 2 | 0:42 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 5–2 | Noah Cutter | KO (punches) | BKFC 43 | May 19, 2023 | 1 | 0:56 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 4–2 | Eduardo Peralta | KO (punches) | BKFC 33 | November 18, 2022 | 5 | 0:35 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States | Middleweight (175 lb) debut. |
| Loss | 3–2 | Josh Dyer | KO (punches) | BKFC Fight Night: Omaha | May 13, 2022 | 1 | 1:39 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Loss | 3–1 | Mike Richman | KO (punch) | BKFC 21 | September 10, 2021 | 2 | 0:37 | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |  |
| Win | 3–0 | Tyler Vogel | TKO (doctor stoppage) | BKFC 15 | December 11, 2020 | 5 | 1:21 | Biloxi, Mississippi, United States | Light heavyweight (185 lb) debut. |
| Win | 2–0 | Chris Leben | Decision (unanimous) | BKFC 6 | June 22, 2019 | 5 | 2:00 | Tampa, Florida, United States |  |
| Win | 1–0 | Johny Hendricks | TKO (punches) | World Bare Knuckle Fighting Federation | November 9, 2018 | 2 | 0:21 | Casper, Wyoming, United States |  |

## InfoBox

| Dakota Cochrane | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dakota Galen Cochrane
(1986-05-01) May 1, 1986
Fairbury, Nebraska, United States |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) |
| Weight | 170 lb (77 kg; 12 st) |
| Division | Welterweight (2013, 2015–present)
Lightweight (2009–2015) |
| Reach | 71 in (180 cm) |
| Style | Boxing |
| Stance | Orthodox |
| Fighting out of | Omaha, Nebraska |
| Team | Premier Combat Center |
| Years active | 2009–present |
|  | |
| Mixed martial arts record | |
| **Total** | 47 |
| **Wins** | 34 |
| By knockout | 7 |
| By submission | 17 |
| By decision | 10 |
| **Losses** | 13 |
| By knockout | 2 |
| By submission | 8 |
| By decision | 2 |
| By disqualification | 1 |
|  | |
| Occupation | Boxer, Martial Arts |
| University | University of Nebraska at Kearney |
| Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog | |


title: Scout X-1A

abstract: Scout X-1A was an American sounding rocket which was flown in 1962. It was a five-stage derivative of the earlier Scout X-1, with an uprated first stage, and a NOTS-17 upper stage. The Scout X-1A used an Algol 1C first stage, instead of the earlier Algol 1B used on the Scout X-1. The second, third and fourth stages were the same as those used on the Scout X-1; a Castor 1A, Antares 1A and Altair 1A respectively. The fifth stage was the NOTS-17 solid rocket motor, which had been developed by the Naval Ordnance Test Station. The Scout X-1A was launched on its only flight at 05:07 GMT on 1 March 1962. It flew from Launch Area 3 of the Wallops Flight Facility. The flight carried an atmospheric re-entry experiment to an apogee of 214 kilometres (133 mi), and was successful. Following this, the Scout X-1A was replaced by the Scout X-2.

text:
# Scout X-1A

**Scout X-1A** was an American sounding rocket which was flown in 1962. It was a five-stage derivative of the earlier Scout X-1, with an uprated first stage, and a NOTS-17 upper stage.

The Scout X-1A used an Algol 1C first stage, instead of the earlier Algol 1B used on the Scout X-1. The second, third and fourth stages were the same as those used on the Scout X-1; a Castor 1A, Antares 1A and Altair 1A respectively. The fifth stage was the NOTS-17 solid rocket motor, which had been developed by the Naval Ordnance Test Station.

The Scout X-1A was launched on its only flight at 05:07 GMT on 1 March 1962. It flew from Launch Area 3 of the Wallops Flight Facility. The flight carried an atmospheric re-entry experiment to an apogee of 214 kilometres (133 mi), and was successful. Following this, the Scout X-1A was replaced by the Scout X-2.

* Wade, Mark. "Scout". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
* Krebs, Gunter. "Scout". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
* McDowell, Jonathan. "Scout". *Orbital & Suborbital Launch Database*. Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
* Heyman, Jos; Parsch, Andreas (2007-07-09). "LTV SLV-1 Scout". *Appendix 3: Space Vehicles*. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Retrieved 2009-06-22.

## InfoBox

| Manufacturer | Vought |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Size | |
| Height | 22 metres (72 ft) |
| Diameter | 1.01 metres (3 ft 4 in) |
| Mass | 17,000 kilograms (37,000 lb) |
| Stages | Five |
| Associated rockets | |
| Family | Scout |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Retired |
| Launch sites | Wallops LA-3 |
| Total launches | 1 |
| Success(es) | 1 |
| Failure(s) | 0 |
| UTC date of spacecraft launch | 1962-03-01 |
|  | |
| First stage – Algol 1C | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Maximum thrust | 471 kilonewtons (106,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 236 sec |
| Burn time | 40 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Second stage – Castor 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Maximum thrust | 286 kilonewtons (64,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 247 sec |
| Burn time | 27 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Third stage – Antares 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 X-254 |
| Maximum thrust | 60 kilonewtons (13,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 256 sec |
| Burn time | 39 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Fourth stage – Altair 1A | |
| Powered by | 1 X-248A |
| Maximum thrust | 14 kilonewtons (3,100 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 255 sec |
| Burn time | 40 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Fifth stage – NOTS-17 | |
| Powered by | 1 solid |
| Propellant | Solid |
|  | |
| \[edit on Wikidata\] | |


title: Zélie Lardé

abstract: Zélie Lardé Arthés (1901–1974) was a Salvadoran painter, considered the first Primitivist painter in El Salvador.

text:
# Zélie Lardé

**Zélie Lardé Arthés** (1901–1974) was a Salvadoran painter, considered the first Primitivist painter in El Salvador.

## Biography

Zélie Lardé was born on 11 August 1901 in San Salvador, El Salvador. Her brother was a scientist and archaeologist Jorge Lardé y Arthés. Her sister, Alice Lardé de Venturino was also a poet, and pedagogue in El Salvador.

In 1923, Zelié married the Salvadoran artist Salazar Arrué. They had three daughters – María Teresa, Aída Estela, and Olga Teresa. She later became the mother in law to the famous United States mathematician John Forbes Nash.

Zélie Lardé was a self-taught practitioner in arts and painting. She was the first in El Salvador to adopt the Russian art movement Primitivism, which later became a large movement in the 1970s in El Salvador.

In 1974 she died in San Salvador, battling cancer.

## Selected works

The majority of her works were represented by expressionist strokes of thick lines, using pure colors to express scenes of traditional Salvadoran daily life of peasants and lower society, as well as marginal sectors. The majority of her work can be found as illustrations in the first edition of the book by Salazar Aruebe - "Cuentes de Cipotes" (1961).

Other notable works of hers include:

* "Cuentos de cipotes", 1961
* Día de Fiesta
* Recreo de escuela
* Familia

## InfoBox

| Zélie Lardé | |
| --- | --- |
| Zélie Lardé Arthés | |
| Born | (1901-08-11)11 August 1901
San Salvador, El Salvador |
| Died | 27 October 1974(1974-10-27) (aged 73)
San Salvador, El Salvador |
| Occupation | painter |
| Movement | Primitivism |


abstract: The CSS Alabama's Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid commenced shortly after the ship left Liverpool and was commissioned as the CSS Alabama, a Confederate commerce raider, lasting from August 24, 1862 to about September 30, 1862. The primary area of operation during this expeditionary raid, was the Azores west of the African and European continents.

text:
# CSS Alabama's Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid

The **CSS *Alabama*'s Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid** commenced shortly after the ship left Liverpool and was commissioned as the CSS *Alabama*, a Confederate commerce raider, lasting from August 24, 1862 to about September 30, 1862. The primary area of operation during this expeditionary raid, was the Azores west of the African and European continents.

## Raid overview

On its voyage, CSS *Alabama*, newly commissioned on August 24, 1862, set sail for the eastern Atlantic Ocean in the area of the Azores, reaching the Western Azores along Pico Island and Faial Island by September 4. The following day, *Alabama* sighted the *Ocmulgee*, and came in close under the pretense of the United States colors. The *Ocmulgee*, with whales still beside her, was taken with no resistance, and Captain Raphael Semmes waited until the following morning to burn her, not wanting to alert other whalers in the area.

On September 7, slowly making its way around Flores Island, Sunday muster was held, and Capt. Semmes read to the crew the Articles of War. The *Ocmulgee*'s prisoners were let off at Lagens on Flores Island, and soon sighted another sail on the horizon. This time, it was the British colors hoisted as the *Alabama* gave chase, and shoots a 32-pounder just over the heads of the crew of the *Starlight* out of Boston, a fast schooner. The *Starlight* heaves to, and the crew is captured. The following morning, *Starlight*'s crew are paroled at Santa Cruz on Flores Island. Spotting another sail, CSS *Alabama* quickly overtakes a Portuguese whaling brig, letting her go. But luck returns, and on the afternoon of September 8 the ruse of the U.S. colors is used once again, successfully, to overtake the large whaler *Ocean Rover*, out of New Bedford, Massachusetts. The *Ocean Rover* is surprised to find that CSS *Alabama* is merely a "rebel" ship, and not a protecting U.S. privateer, such as Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, had promised the industry. The captain and crew are let off in their lifeboats to row the short distance to Flores, for which the *Ocean Rover*'s captain later claimed that Captain Semmes was nothing short of a barbarous rouge. That night yet another whaler is sighted, and as dawn breaks, Semmes uses the British colors again, giving equal time for both sets of false colors. The *Alert* (the ship made famous by the American author Richard Henry Dana Jr.in his memoir Two Years Before the Mast), out of New London, shows no colors, and Semmes orders her to heave to, after demonstrating yet again the Alabama's 32-pounder. The crew are paroled at Flores, and then Semmes proceeds to light the Atlantic sky with a three-ship torching.

Later the same day, September 9, while the blaze is still going, the crew spot yet another whaler. This time both hoist the U.S. colors. However, spotting the burning show afar behind CSS *Alabama*, the Captain of the *Weathergauge* out of Provincetown, Massachusetts figures that all is not right, and suddenly comes about, only to witness CSS *Alabama* change colors and fire a blank cartridge. The crew of CSS *Alabama* realize that wasting actual ammunition is not always necessary, given the ease of the Yankee surrenders. This time the prisoners are put off at Corvo Island, and CSS *Alabama* is off yet again, another sail having been spotted. After a thrilling all night chase, the new sail is found merely to be a Danish ship, and having no bones to pick with any of the world but Yankee vessels, Semmes lays off. The CSS *Alabama* returns to Corvo Island for the usual prisoner debarking, and the *Weathergauge* is put to the torch on September 10.

A three-day break is now had by Semmes, ample time to ensure that enough torching materials have been provisioned. Breaking the short lull, September 13 brings another sail sighted, and it's up with the U.S. colors again as the *Altamaha* out of New Bedford, another whaler, heaves to without chase. The now traditional blaze is made, and CSS *Alabama* overtakes yet another foreign ship in the evening, a Spaniard vessel.

The following night, September 14, shows the wise move in having targeted the Azores as chase is given yet again. This time two blank shots are required for the usual scare, and the final prize of this expedition is pulled over, the *Benjamin Tucker*, also out of New Bedford. In keeping with his tradition of not alerting the entire whaling industry, the match is put to the *Tucker* by mid-morning on the 15th.

His crew needing rest from such enlightening activities, Captain Semmes sets course to the west, on a two-week cruise toward the New England coast, with hopes to increase the burning pace, thus ending CSS *Alabama's* expeditionary raid of the eastern Atlantic and Azores area. During this raid, the capture of any ships was both unnecessary and unfeasible. Most of the targets were whalers.

With a total of ten prizes burned in the eastern Atlantic, CSS *Alabama* had destroyed $230,000 worth of property, nearing the original cost to purchase the *Alabama*.

From this raiding area in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, CSS *Alabama* departed and sailed west toward the northeastern seaboard of Newfoundland and New England along the North American coastline. Along the way, she experienced a long succession of gales and bad weather for almost two weeks while en route to the coast off North America.

## Raid bounty

**CSS Alabama's Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid**
| Date | Ship Name | Tonnage | Ship Type | Location | Disposition of Ship |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 5, 1862 | *Ocmulgee* | 454 | Whaler | Near Santa Cruz, Flores Island | Burned |
| September 9, 1862 | *Starlight* | ? | Schooner | Near Santa Cruz, Flores Island | Burned |
| September 9, 1862 | *Ocean Rover* | 313 | Whaler | Near Santa Cruz, Flores Island | Burned |
| September 9, 1862 | *Alert* | 398 | Whaling Bark | Near Azores | Burned |
| September 10, 1862 | *Weathergauge* | ? | Whaler | Near Corvo Island | Burned |
| September 13, 1862 | *Altahama* | 119 | Whaling Brig | Near Corvo Island | Burned |
| September 15, 1862 | *Benjamin Tucker* | 349 | Whaler | ? | Burned |
| September 16, 1862 | *Courser* | 121 | Whaling schooner | Near Flores Island | Burned |
| September 17, 1862 | *Virginia* | 346 | Whaler | Near Flores Island | Burned |
| September 18, 1862 | *Elisha Dunbar* | 257 | Whaling Bark | Near Flores Island | Burned |

* Hearn, Chester G., *Gray Raiders of the Sea*, Louisiana State Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8071-2114-2
* Luraghi, Raimondo, *A History of the Confederate Navy*, U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1-55750-527-6


title: Styloxus oblatipilis

abstract: Styloxus oblatipilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1964.

text:
# Styloxus oblatipilis

***Styloxus oblatipilis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1964.

## InfoBox

| *Styloxus oblatipilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Styloxus*** |
| Species: | ***S. oblatipilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Styloxus oblatipilis***<br>Chemsak & Linsley, 1964 | |
|


title: Employers of Poland

abstract: Employers of Poland is the oldest and the largest organisation of employers in Poland, associating 19 000 companies with over 5 million employees. Employers of Poland represent both individual companies and regional or sectoral organisations. The main goal of the organization is to help create an employer- and business-friendly state and legal environment. Employers of Poland cooperate with social partners – trade unions – in order to ensure economic growth, just and stable employment conditions and occupational safety. Since September 9, 2015, this goal has been pursued in the Social Dialog Council, a successor of the Tripartite Committee. Employers of Poland cooperate with institutional partners all over the world and are represented in a number of international organizations, working to create favourable conditions for Polish entrepreneurs both domestically and internationally. Employers of Poland are a member of the following international organizations: European Economic and Social Committee, International Organization of Employers, B20 Group, International Labour Organization, Business at OECD, International Coordinating Council of Employers' Organization, European Agency for Health and Safety at Work and the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound).

text:
# Employers of Poland

**Employers of Poland** (known as "**The Confederation of Polish Employers**" from 1989 to 2010) is the oldest and the largest organisation of employers in Poland, associating 19 000 companies with over 5 million employees.

Employers of Poland represent both individual companies and regional or sectoral organisations. The main goal of the organization is to help create an employer- and business-friendly state and legal environment. Employers of Poland cooperate with social partners – trade unions – in order to ensure economic growth, just and stable employment conditions and occupational safety. Since September 9, 2015, this goal has been pursued in the Social Dialog Council, a successor of the Tripartite Committee.

Employers of Poland cooperate with institutional partners all over the world and are represented in a number of international organizations, working to create favourable conditions for Polish entrepreneurs both domestically and internationally. Employers of Poland are a member of the following international organizations: European Economic and Social Committee, International Organization of Employers, B20 Group (as the only Polish employers' organization), International Labour Organization, Business at OECD, International Coordinating Council of Employers' Organization, European Agency for Health and Safety at Work and the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound).


title: Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health

abstract: The Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health, formerly named the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, is a non-profit research and public policy organization that promotes solutions to food insecurity, poor diet quality, and weight bias. Located in Hartford, Connecticut at The University of Connecticut, the Rudd Center was co-founded in March 2005 at Yale University by benefactor Leslie Rudd and Kelly D. Brownell. The Rudd Center moved from Yale to the University of Connecticut in December 2014.

text:
# Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health

**The Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health**, formerly named the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, is a non-profit research and public policy organization that promotes solutions to food insecurity, poor diet quality, and weight bias. Located in Hartford, Connecticut at The University of Connecticut, the Rudd Center was co-founded in March 2005 at Yale University by benefactor Leslie Rudd and Kelly D. Brownell. The Rudd Center moved from Yale to the University of Connecticut in December 2014.

## Weight bias and stigma

The Rudd Center's research and policy efforts aimed at reducing weight bias are led by Deputy Director Dr. Rebecca Puhl. Her work shows that 40% of U.S. adults have reported experiences of weight-based teasing, unfair treatment, and discrimination.

## Food marketing

In the United States, nearly $14 billion is spent per year on advertising by food, beverage, and restaurant companies, and much of this marketing promotes nutritionally poor foods.

The Rudd Center works to analyze these food marketing tactics and inform policy efforts to reduce unhealthy food marketing. Additionally, they seek to raise awareness about the ways in which food companies unfairly target children, teens, and communities of color.

## Economics and food security

The center focuses on the economic conditions underlying why certain demographics, primarily those that are less wealthy living in poorer areas, are subject to higher rates of obesity. The Center advocates policy to curb obesity by supporting legislation to regulate food labels and what children have access to in school zones.

Examples of economic policies that the Rudd Center has published research on include the Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax and the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP.)

In addition to the Center's economic research, they also conduct research on food security in America. For example, the Center has published research on federal food assistance programs, non-governmental initiatives addressing food insecurity, and the charitable food system.

## Public policy and government

The Rudd Center seeks to actively engage policy and lawmakers to influence outcomes on food policy, school and community nutrition, and anti-obesity campaigns. It maintains a legislative database through which researchers can search proposed legislation that affects current food policy and legislation filed in Congress. For example, an October 23, 2012 policy brief outlined the state of sugary drink taxes.

## Schools, families and communities

Much of the Rudd Center's work focuses on childhood wellness and nutrition. For example, the Center has published over two dozen studies on school wellness systems and the benefits of providing universal free school meals.

## InfoBox

Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health
| Formation | 2005 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Nonprofit organization |
| Location |  |
| Director | Marlene Schwartz |
| Deputy Director | Rebecca Puhl |
| Key people | Kelly Brownell, former director |
| Website | uconnruddcenter.org |


title: Sana (river)

abstract: The Sana is a river in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a tributary of the Una, which it flows into at Novi Grad. It is the longest of the nine rivers that flow through Sanski Most, and is 142 km long. It is not a navigable waterway.

text:
# Sana (river)

The **Sana** (Serbian Cyrillic: Сана, pronounced \[sǎːna\]) is a river in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a tributary of the Una, which it flows into at Novi Grad. It is the longest of the nine rivers that flow through Sanski Most, and is 142 km long. It is not a navigable waterway.

## Name

The name of the river derives from the Latin adjective *sānus*, feminine *sāna* hence *sana*, which roughly translates "healthy" (*Aqua Sanus* translates as healthy water / river).

## Course and sections

### Springs and Upper Sana

The Sana in its upper course is fast mountain river with upland freshwater ecology, and its waters being very clear and cold. Gushing out of the karst plateau with Ovčara as most prominent summit (1576 m), between Klekovača and Vitorog mountains, and flows toward alluvial plains of the Bosanska Krajina with lowland freshwater ecology. Well-spring areal is located in the vicinity of Marići village, between surrounding villages of Gornja and Donja Pečka, Gornji and Donji Vrbljani, and Medna, on the territories of Ribnik and Mrkonjić Grad municipality not far from the town of Šipovo. The source itself consists of four major and water abundant karstic well-springs, with relatively high average discharge, and after about hundred meters first three individual wellsprings merge with a main course, which is set by the small stream of Korana coming from the right form direction of Gornja Pečka village, receiving the Sana springs one-by-one, with first three supplementing it from the left and, after just a little more than one kilometre downstream, with the fourth from the right. This fourth well-spring is also known for the Mračaj karstic cave from which it emerges. From this point the Sana is formed river, with steady average discharge.

The river at this point is still with low average discharge, and receiving the waters of several other smaller streams, but after just about 17 km the Sana meet with its first major tributary, the short but water abundant river, the Ribnik. The area surrounding confluence of the two rivers is called Ribnik, and is divided between two settlements, Gornji and Donji Ribnik. From Ribnik, the Sana runs through a valley in a south-to-north-northwestern direction as it reach the historic town of Ključ.

### Middle course

At this point, passing through Ključ, the upper course ends and river enters its midsection narrow gorge, with steep but relatively low slopes, while turning its course to more clear south-to-north direction. The river here combines with the waters of several typical karstic streams, abundant in water but short in length. Its main tributary is water abundant the Sanica river, which flows east-to-west from the direction of Grmeč mountain, and in this section reaches the Sana from the left at Vrhpolje. Soon after, the Sana receives the Kijevska rijeka from the right and the Dabar from the left.

After 72 km and the altitude difference of 262.52 m, the Sana then passes through Sanski Most and combines with two significant tributary rivers, the Zdena and the Bliha river, both from the left, as well as the smaller Majdanuša from the left. From here it runs toward the town of Prijedor, where its middle section ends, and where it receives the waters of Gomjenica river from the right.

### Lower Sana

The Sana then turns sharply under an angle of almost 90 degrees and heads west. Near Blagaj Japra and Blagaj Rijeka, it receives the Japra from the left. In its final destination in Novi Grad, the Sana empties into the Una river as its most important and largest tributary. From Sanski Most, through Prijedor, to its confluence with the Una in Bosanski Novi, the average drop is 41.21 m. Between Prijedor and Novi Grad, the river also serves as a natural border between the two subregions, Potkozarje and Podgrmeč. In this section the Sana is characteristically lowland river.

Before the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a paper mill "Celpak" in Prijedor was draining wastewater into the Sana, just downstream from the town, so that the further flow of the river was considered polluted. From the outset of the war, and after the war to this day, the factory has been shut down and the discharge of wastewater is reduced to significantly smaller scale. At the center of Novi Grad the Sana reaches the Una river.

## Environmental concerns

Plans to harness hydropower on the Sana have been proposed; a concession was granted to begin a project in 2008 or 2009. The hydroelectric power plant *MHE Medna* opened in 2018 and was developed by the company Kelag in the upper reaches of the river, just a few kilometres from the Sana's source outlets. The project was protested by local and national NGOs for years, but without success. Opponents raised concerns that the dam would damage the river's flow (river morphology), ambient value, and beauty; and inflict habitat destruction of native fish such as the endangered Huchen (Danube salmon).

## Tourism and recreation

Rafting is one of the most popular forms of outdoor recreation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the river Sana is popular destination.

The Sana is known for an abundant ichthyofauna, rich in species, and recreational and fly fishing are very popular on entire course of the river. Most important is critically endangered endemic huchen, whose population is maintained healthy in the Sana and its tributary the river Sanica, while the Bliha, Dabar, Zdena, Gomjenica, Kozica, and especially the small river Banjica near Ključ are all important spawning grounds for both, huchen and its prey, common nase (Chondrostoma nasus) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus).

In the Sana's headwaters fly fishing is particularly popular, with the tributary Ribnik being famous throughout the world as a popular fly fishing destination, with a trophy sized greyling being abundant.

## InfoBox

| Sana | |
| --- | --- |
| The Sana river between the municipalities of Oštra Luka and Prijedor. | |
|  | |
| Location of the Sana's confluence with the Una | |
| Location | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Ribnik, Western Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| coordinates | 44°19′03″N 16°50′12″E / 44.3173773°N 16.8365586°E / 44.3173773; 16.8365586 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Una, in Novi Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| coordinates | 45°03′04″N 16°22′59″E / 45.051°N 16.383°E / 45.051; 16.383 |
| Length | 141.9 km (88.2 mi) |
| Basin size | 4,258 km2 (1,644 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | UnaSavaDanubeBlack Sea |