abstract: The Very Best of the Human League is a greatest hits compilation by British band The Human League. It was released in the US only in July 1998 by Ark 21 Records independently of The Human League, who were at the time signed to Eastwest Records. The album includes the greatest hits released from the band, spanning from their debut album 1979's Reproduction, to their (then) most recent album Octopus. The cover reuses the album cover from the 1995 version of Greatest Hits. In 2003 a compilation album of the Human League's greatest hits with the same name was released by Virgin Records.

text:
# The Very Best of The Human League (1998 album)

***The Very Best of the Human League*** is a greatest hits compilation by British band The Human League. It was released in the US only in July 1998 by Ark 21 Records independently of The Human League, who were at the time signed to Eastwest Records.

The album includes the greatest hits released from the band, spanning from their debut album 1979's *Reproduction*, to their (then) most recent album *Octopus*.

The cover reuses the album cover from the 1995 version of *Greatest Hits*.

In 2003 a compilation album of the Human League's greatest hits with the same name was released by Virgin Records.

## Track listing

1. "Don't You Want Me" – 3:58
2. "Love Action (I Believe in Love)" (single edit) – 3:51
3. "Mirror Man" – 3:51
4. "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" – 3:44
5. "Tell Me When" (7" edit) – 4:42
6. "Stay with Me Tonight" – 4:01
7. "Human" (single edit) – 3:48
8. "Together in Electric Dreams" – 3:53
9. "Heart Like a Wheel" – 4:29
10. "One Man in My Heart" – 4:05
11. "Being Boiled" – 3:39
12. "The Lebanon" (single edit) – 3:44
13. "Don't You Want Me" (Snap! Remix) – 3:58

## InfoBox

| The Very Best of the Human League | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by The Human League | |
| Released | July 1998 |
| Recorded | 1979–1998 |
| Genre | Synthpop |
| Length | 69:21 |
| Label | Ark 21 |
| The Human League chronology | |
| *Soundtrack to a Generation*
(1996) ***The Very Best of the Human League***
(1998) *The Golden Hour of the Future*
(2002) | |


title: The Tragedy (Picasso)

abstract: Poor People by the Sea, also known as The Tragedy, is an oil on panel painting made in 1903 by Pablo Picasso. It is currently in Washington, DC, in the National Gallery of Art.

text:
# The Tragedy (Picasso)

***Poor People by the Sea*** (Des pauvres au bord de la mer), also known as *The Tragedy*, is an oil on panel painting made in 1903 by Pablo Picasso. It is currently in Washington, DC, in the National Gallery of Art.

## Description

A painting from Picasso's Blue Period (1901-1904), the painting depicts a family of poor people by the sea. The three figures are rendered in an almost monochrome palette in different shades of blue. The three figures, barefoot and cold, allude to the Holy Family and reflect a sense of melancholy and closure in their silent despair.

Nevertheless, the individuals stand out for their majestic dignity. In particular, the austere figure of the mother portrayed from behind references the firm volumetric rendering of the anatomical modeling of the bodies of some Giottesque figures. Despite the use of the almost monochrome palette, Picasso manages to clearly separate the three constituent elements of the universe: water (the sea), air (the sky) and earth (the beach).

## Exhibition and ownership history

The painting was exhibited for the first time in 1912 in Cologne, Germany at the Internationale Kunstausstellung des Sonderbundes Westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler zu Cöln, Städtische Ausstellungshalle, no. 210, as *Die Armen am Meer*. According to the National Gallery of Art it was previously owned by Alfred Flechtheim \[1878-1937\], Düsseldorf, Professor Kreis, Düsseldorf, Paul Schüler \[1876-1942\] Bochum, Germany, Paul P. Rosenberg et Cie., Paris, and Chester Dale \[1883-1962\], New York, who bequeathed it to the NGA.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| The Tragedy | |
| --- | --- |
| Artist | Pablo Picasso |
| Location | Washington |


title: The Trafford Centre tram stop

abstract: The Trafford Centre is a tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink's Trafford Park Line, and the line's current terminus. It is located adjacent to Barton Dock Road between Ellesmere Circle and Bright Circle, and serves the like-named shopping centre. This stop was previously known as intu Trafford Centre before intu ceased ownership of the shopping centre, the tram stop's namesake, in November 2020.

text:
# The Trafford Centre tram stop

**The Trafford Centre** is a tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink's Trafford Park Line, and the line's current terminus. It is located adjacent to Barton Dock Road between Ellesmere Circle and Bright Circle, and serves the like-named shopping centre.

This stop was previously known as *intu Trafford Centre* before intu ceased ownership of the shopping centre, the tram stop's namesake, in November 2020.

## History

In 2013, the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Greater Manchester Local Enterprise Partnership announced it may fund the construction of the Trafford Park Line as far as The Trafford Centre using the Earnback mechanism of the Greater Manchester City Deal, estimating that the line could be open to passengers by 2018/19 (subject to a satisfactory business case, Transport and Works Act Order and public consultation).

This stop was endorsed by former owner intu Properties, and opened on 22 March 2020. An alternative route to this stop also featured in Salford City Council's unitary development plan (2004–2016), whereby The Trafford Centre would be directly connected to Eccles via the A57 at Barton-upon-Irwell.

The stop opened to passengers on 22 March 2020, and the first passenger service tram (3073) stopped at The Trafford Centre just after 06:51.

Following the administration of the intu Group, the shopping centre was renamed to drop references to its former owner in November 2020. The changes took place gradually on the Metrolink network. Online references to the tram stop were altered from *intu Trafford Centre* to *The Trafford Centre* around January 2021.

## Layout

The Trafford Centre tram stop consists of two platforms (island platform).

On the east end of the platforms, there is one double-sided canopy, each with six seats and three perch seats underneath. Also underneath each one (nearer to the centre of the platform) is a ticket machine. Two passenger help points are also located on either side of the canopies.

Near the ticket machines, two dot matrix passenger information displays stand serving one platform each, and show estimated departure times for trams in minutes up to 30 minutes prior (up to three at a time) and number of carriages.

There isn't much except three signs on the west end of the platforms, each indicating the name of the stop, its fare zone, and tram destinations. Only one out of the three shows any closure notices for passengers.

## Services

Services run every 12 minutes on all routes. Some routes (not shown here) only run during peak times.

From this stop, services run to Castlefield in Manchester city centre via Imperial War Museum (for IWM North), and Wharfside (for Old Trafford Stadium).

| Preceding station | Manchester Metrolink | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Terminus* |  | The Trafford Centre–Deansgate |  | Barton Dock Roadtowards Deansgate-Castlefield |

## Connecting transport

### Other trams

The Trafford Centre tram stop is close to another stop on the line, Barton Dock Road, which serves Trafford Palazzo. It is a 5-10 minute walk between the two. There is a link bridge between The Trafford Centre and Trafford Palazzo that makes it easier for passengers accessing the eastern half of The Trafford Centre to instead alight at Barton Dock Road.

### Buses

Some bus services serve The Trafford Centre tram stop directly, on routes **150** (Gorton–The Trafford Centre bus station) and **250** (Piccadilly Gardens–The Trafford Centre bus station).

The Trafford Centre has its own bus station, serving a variety of routes. It is a 5-minute walk away from the tram stop, though there are direct connections between them by bus as mentioned just above.

### Trains

This tram stop is not directly connected to any railway stations, but the nearest one is Patricroft, approximately 1.5 miles away walking.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| The Trafford Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| Manchester Metrolink tram stop | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Dumplington, Trafford<br>England |
| Coordinates | 53°28′04″N 2°20′52″W / 53.46789°N 2.34772°W / 53.46789; -2.34772 |
| Line(s) | Trafford Park Line |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Other information | |
| Status | In operation |
| Fare zone | 3 |
| Key dates | |
| 22 March 2020 | Opened as *intu Trafford Centre* |
| January 2021 | Renamed *The Trafford Centre* |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | |


title: The Washington Times (1894–1939)

abstract: The Washington Times (1894–1939) was an American, English-language daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1894 and merged with The Washington Herald to create the Washington Times-Herald in 1939.

text:
# The Washington Times (1894–1939)

***The Washington Times*** (1894–1939) was an American, English-language daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1894 and merged with *The Washington Herald* to create the *Washington Times-Herald* in 1939.

## History

The paper was created by Indiana instrument manufacturer Charles G. Conn (1844–1931) while he served as a United States Congressman. The first publisher was Stilson Hutchins. Subsequent owners included newspaper syndicate owner Frank A. Munsey, (known as the "Dealer in Dailies" and the "Undertaker of Journalism"), Arthur Brisbane, and William Randolph Hearst.

After Hearst's acquisition of *The Washington Herald*, the newspaper's operations moved to the Philip M. Jullien designed Washington Times and Herald Building in 1923.

## Reporters and columnists

*Washington Times* writers and columnists included Arthur Brisbane, Ruth Jones pen name "Jean Eliot", Rilla Engle, Evelyn Hunt, A. Cloyd Gill, Homer Dodge, Avery Marks, humorist Kirk Crothers Miller, William Lenhart McPherson, Robert Halsey Patchin, "dean of the Washington press" Colonel Matthew Fitzimmons Tighe, and William Lee Trenholm.

## Editors

Harry Atwood Colman, Louis Ashley Dougher, Earl Godwin, Ralph A. Graves, Ruth Eleanor Jones, Alonzo T. MacDonald, Arthur D. Marks, Caryll Neil Odell, M. G. Seckendorff, and Edward Dwight Shaw.

## Subsequent mergers

Cissy Patterson, editor of both *The Washington Times* and the *Washington Herald* since 1930, leased them from Hearst in 1937. Patterson bought the two papers in 1939, merging them into the *Washington Times-Herald*. Patterson ran the merged paper from its creation in 1939 until her death in 1948. It was subsequently purchased by Joseph Medill Patterson and Robert McCormick. In 1954, the *Times-Herald* was purchased by Phillip L. Graham, owner of *The Washington Post*. For a time, the combined paper was officially known as ***The Washington Post and Times-Herald***. The *Times-Herald* portion of the nameplate became less and less prominent on a second line in ensuing years, however, and was dropped entirely in 1973.

## Archives, curated collections, and reproductions

**WorldCat (OCLC)**  1. 994500257 (1894–1895) digital
2. 956165476 (1894–1895) digital
3. 1058793340 (1894–1895) digital
4. 710019837 (1902–1939) digital
5. 11987295 (1897–1901) digital
6. 1058847256 (1901–1902) digital
7. 10630160 (1902–1939) digital

**Library of Congress Control Number**

9. LCCN sn84-26749 (digital versions, searchable online *via* *Chronicling America* database)

* Roberts, Chalmers McGeagh (1977). *The Washington Post: The First 100 Years*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25854-5.

## InfoBox

The Washington Times
| Cover page of the *Washington Times* from February 26, 1922, prior to merger | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Charles G. Conn |
| Publisher | The Washington Times Publishing Company |
| Founded | March 18, 1894 (1894-03-18) |
| Ceased publication | 1939 |
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C. |
| City | Washington, D.C. |
| Country | United States |
| ISSN | 2151-5263 |
| OCLC number | 16069817 |
|  | |


title: Dubravci, Karlovac County

abstract: Dubravci is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D3 highway.

text:
# Dubravci, Karlovac County

**Dubravci**  is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D3 highway.

## InfoBox

| Dubravci | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dubravci | |
| Coordinates: 45°27′11″N 15°26′35″E / 45.45306°N 15.44306°E / 45.45306; 15.44306 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Karlovac County |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.1 km2 (0.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 152 |
| Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: The Whiteoaks of Jalna

abstract: The Whiteoaks of Jalna was a 1972 Canadian television drama miniseries based on the Jalna novels by Mazo de la Roche. At CA$2 million, it set a record expense at the time for a Canadian television miniseries. The series was exported internationally including the United Kingdom and France. Scriptwriting was led by Timothy Findley, supported by Claude Harz and Grahame Woods.

text:
# The Whiteoaks of Jalna

***The Whiteoaks of Jalna*** was a 1972 Canadian television drama miniseries based on the Jalna novels by Mazo de la Roche. At CA$2 million, it set a record expense at the time for a Canadian television miniseries. The series was exported internationally including the United Kingdom and France. Scriptwriting was led by Timothy Findley, supported by Claude Harz and Grahame Woods.

## Plot

## Production

* Due to the convoluted nature of the storyline, which jumped back and forth between the 1850s to the 1970s, CBC published a family tree of the characters in the miniseries, so viewers could follow the story.
* The miniseries was originally planned to extend beyond 13 episodes, but production was curtailed by a CBC technicians' strike that year.
* Despite this being a CBC production, the original run of the mini-series was blacked out on CKLW-TV in Windsor, Ontario (then partially owned by the CBC), as the CBC originally planned to sell the series to an American network or syndicator. Such a sale did not materialize.
* The miniseries was rebroadcast in 1974, but was re-edited with extra footage added and some scenes (especially those taking place in the modern day) cut.

## Sources

* *TV North: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Canadian Television*, by Peter Kenter and Martin Levin

## InfoBox

| *The Whiteoaks of Jalna* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | Paul Harding
Kate Reid |
| Country of origin | Canada |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Production | |
| Producers | John Trent
Richard Gilbert |
| Running time | 60 min (time slow) |
| Original release | |
| Network | CBC |
| Release | 23 January (1972-01-23)
30 April 1972 (1972-04-30) |


title: The Workshop (play)

abstract: The Workshop is a 2017 Off-Broadway play written by Torrey Townsend and produced by theater incubator SoftFocus. Directed by Knud Adams, the play stars Austin Pendleton, as well as Tim Platt, Cesar J. Rosado, Claire Siebers, Laura Lassy Townsend, and Christopher Dylan White.

text:
# The Workshop (play)

***The Workshop*** is a 2017 Off-Broadway play written by Torrey Townsend and produced by theater incubator SoftFocus. Directed by Knud Adams, the play stars Austin Pendleton, as well as Tim Platt, Cesar J. Rosado, Claire Siebers, Laura Lassy Townsend, and Christopher Dylan White.

## Summary

On a university campus in New York City, professor and former playwright Ward Stein (Pendleton) leads four graduate students in a workshop on writing.

## Reception

The play was received positively by critics. A *New York Times* "Critic's Pick", *The Workshop* is described as "an incisive and insightful tale of ambition and envy, inspiration and mediocrity" by reviewer Elisabeth Vincentelli, who says "the show should resonate with a wide swath of theatergoers." Sarah Holdren of Vulture.com says the play's "combustion of frustration and exhilaration makes for one hell of an evening of theater." In *Time Out*, Helen Shaw writes, "You can tell Torrey Townsend has studied his craft... Townsend’s well-performed play is bracingly cynical."

## InfoBox

| The Workshop | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Torrey Townsend |
| Date premiered | July 27, 2017 |
| Place premiered | New York, New York (HB Playwrights Theatre) |
| Official site | |


title: Profundisepta

abstract: Profundisepta is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets.

text:
# Profundisepta

***Profundisepta*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets.

## Species

Species within the genus *Profundisepta* include:

* Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). *All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia*. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
* McLean J.H. & Geiger D.L. (1998). *New genera and species having the Fissurisepta shell form, with a generic-level phylogenetic analysis (Gastropoda: Fissurellidae).* Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 475: 1-32

## InfoBox

| *Profundisepta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Profundisepta voraginosa* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Lepetellida |
| Superfamily: | Fissurelloidea |
| Family: | Fissurellidae |
| Subfamily: | Zeidorinae |
| Genus: | *Profundisepta*
McLean & Geiger, 1998 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Puncturella profundi*
Jeffreys, 1877 | |


title: Pelaverga

abstract: Pelaverga is a red wine grape variety native to Piedmont. It is described as rare and pale, and lends itself to making lightly sparkling, strawberry-flavoured wines. It may also be used as a table grape.

text:
# Pelaverga

**Pelaverga** is a red wine grape variety native to Piedmont. It is described as rare and pale, and lends itself to making lightly sparkling, strawberry-flavoured wines.

It may also be used as a table grape.

## Synonyms

Pelaverga is also known under a range of synonyms, among them: Caleura, Calora, Cari, Cario, Carola, Carolon, Peilaverga, Pela Verga, Uva Coussa, and Uva delle Zuche.

## InfoBox

| Pelaverga | |
| --- | --- |
| Grape (*Vitis*) | |
| Color of berry skin | Noir |
| Species | *Vitis vinifera* |
| Also called | See list of synonyms |
| Origin | Italy |
| VIVC number | 9101 |


# Results breakdown of the 1983 Spanish local elections (La Rioja)

This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in La Rioja on 8 May 1983. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Logroño** | 109,536 |  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |

## Municipalities

### Logroño

*Population: 109,536*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Logroño election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 24,960 | 48.88 | +14.96 | **15** | +5 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL)1 | 20,617 | 40.38 | +29.31 | **12** | +9 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) | 2,075 | 4.06 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 1,543 | 3.02 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 1,317 | 2.58 | –3.35 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Independents (INDEP) | 547 | 1.07 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –41.86 | 0 | –12 |
|  | Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –5.25 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 51,059 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 51,059 | 100.00 | +1.23 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –1.23 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 51,059 | 62.88 | +3.76 | |
| Abstentions | | 30,142 | 37.12 | –3.76 | |
| Registered voters | | 81,201 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |


title: RER C

abstract: RER C is one of the five lines in the Réseau Express Régional, a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. The 186-kilometre (116 mi) line crosses the region from north to south. Briefly, between September 1979 and May 1980, the line was known as the Transversal Rive Gauche. The line is operated by SNCF. The line runs from the northern termini Pontoise (C1), Versailles-Château-Rive-Gauche (C5) and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (C7) to the southern termini Massy-Palaiseau (C2), Dourdan-la-Forêt (C4) and Saint-Martin d'Étampes (C6). The RER C line is the second-longest in the network, created from an amalgamation and renovation of several old SNCF commuter lines unlike RER A and B which had newer sections owned and constructed by RATP. Each day, over 531 trains run on the RER C alone, and carries over 540,000 passengers daily, 150,000 passengers more than the entirety of the TGV network. It is the most popular RER line for tourists, who represent 15% of its passengers, as the line serves many monuments and museums, including the Palace of Versailles. However, the numerous stops, combined with the old and fragile infrastructure the line inherited, makes the Parisian section of the RER C slow and inefficient. The numerous old curves and steep grades on RER C mean trains sometimes need to slow down to 30 km/h (19 mph) to safely pass sections with tight alignments. In contrast, RER A was constructed with more modern standards enabling much higher average operating speeds. These problems are particularly evident on trips to and from the northern suburbs to the city center as taking Transilien lines and transferring to the Métro can be faster than taking the RER C with its closely spaced stops. In addition, the RER C's complicated operating schedule created by its complex network of numerous branches means the entire line is vulnerable to delays from even small incidents.

text:
# RER C

**RER C** is one of the five lines in the Réseau Express Régional (English: Regional Express Network), a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. The 186-kilometre (116 mi) line crosses the region from north to south. Briefly, between September 1979 and May 1980, the line was known as the *Transversal Rive Gauche*. The line is operated by SNCF.

The line runs from the northern termini Pontoise (C1), Versailles-Château-Rive-Gauche (C5) and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (C7) to the southern termini Massy-Palaiseau (C2), Dourdan-la-Forêt (C4) and Saint-Martin d'Étampes (C6).

The RER C line is the second-longest in the network, created from an amalgamation and renovation of several old SNCF commuter lines unlike RER A and  which had newer sections owned and constructed by RATP. Each day, over 531 trains run on the RER C alone, and carries over 540,000 passengers daily, 150,000 passengers more than the entirety of the TGV network.

It is the most popular RER line for tourists, who represent 15% of its passengers, as the line serves many monuments and museums, including the Palace of Versailles. However, the numerous stops, combined with the old and fragile infrastructure the line inherited, makes the Parisian section of the RER C slow and inefficient. The numerous old curves and steep grades on RER C mean trains sometimes need to slow down to 30 km/h (19 mph) to safely pass sections with tight alignments. In contrast, RER A was constructed with more modern standards enabling much higher average operating speeds. These problems are particularly evident on trips to and from the northern suburbs to the city center as taking Transilien lines and transferring to the Métro can be faster than taking the RER C with its closely spaced stops. In addition, the RER C's complicated operating schedule created by its complex network of numerous branches means the entire line is vulnerable to delays from even small incidents.

## History

Line C was opened on 26 September 1979, following the construction of a new 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) tunnel connecting the Gare d'Orsay railway terminus (now Musée d'Orsay) with the *Invalides*, terminus of the Rive Gauche line to Versailles, along the banks of the Seine. Services operated between Versailles-Château-Rive-GaucheInvalidesQuai-d'Orsay, branching to Massy – Palaiseau, and JuvisyDourdan / Saint-Martin d'Étampes. At that point the line was named the *Transversal Rive Gauche*.

In May 1980, service was extended to Saint-Quentin-en-YvelinesVersailles – ChantiersGare des Invalides. The RER C designation was then only introduced from this point onwards, replacing the *Transversal Rive Gauche* name.

On 25 September 1988, the VMI ("Vallée de Montmorency – Invalides") branch to the north-west opened. This branch mostly used the infrastructure of the "ligne d'Auteuil" (incorporated into the "ligne de petite ceinture" from 1867, closed to passengers from 22 July 1934), and a new 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) tunnel connection between Batignolles and Saint-Ouen, connecting to the RER C's main trunk at Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel via a curved bridge (the only one in Paris) over the Seine river. That extended services to Montigny – Beauchamp and Argenteuil.

The station Porte de Clichy, located between Pereire – Levallois and Saint-Ouen, opened on 29 September 1991. In 1992, the line was extended from Juvisy to Versailles. A further 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) extension from Montigny – Beauchamp to Pontoise was opened on 28 August 2000. On the same day a new station, Bibliothèque François Mitterrand, opened in order to create a new connexion with Métro Line 14, located between Paris-Austerlitz and Boulevard Masséna, which was closed and replaced by the new station. Another new station, Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône-Liesse, opened on 24 March 2002.

On 27 August 2006, the C3 branch (from Ermont–Eaubonne to Argenteuil) was transferred to the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail network (Transilien Line J).

On 16 December 2006, Boulevard Victor was renamed Boulevard Victor – Pont du Garigliano to highlight the new interchange with tramway line T3.

In February 2012, the station Versailles – Rive Gauche was renamed Versailles-Château-Rive-Gauche, to highlight its proximity to the Palace of Versailles and to avoid confusion with other stations in Versailles served by RER C.

In December 2023, the line between Versailles-Chantiers and Massy-Palaiseau was transferred to the new Transilien Line V which operates a shuttle service between the two stations. The line between Savigny-sur-Orge and Massy-Palaiseau was also separated from RER C and is since served by the tram-train line T12 Express.

## Services

Like all other RER lines in Paris, the *mission code*, or the *name of service*, consists of four letters. The names of services are displayed on trains and on passenger information display systems. The four-letter code begins with a letter that corresponds to the train's terminus. For example, trains displaying NORA terminate at Pontoise because NORA starts with the letter 'N' (and codes that start with the letter 'N' indicate the destination of Pontoise).

Several services had the code name changed in 2015, for example *KUMA* to *KYVI*.

| Letter | Destination | Codes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| A | Gare d'Austerlitz | ANNE |
| B | Bretigny | BALI |
| C | Versailles-Chantiers | CARO, CIME, CITY |
| D | Dourdan or Dourdan-la-Forêt | DEBA, DEBO, DYVI |
| E | Saint-Martin-d'Étampes | ELAO, ELBA |
| F | Bibliothèque François Mitterrand | FOOT |
| G | Montigny–Beauchamp | GATA, GOTA, GUTA |
| J | Juvisy | JILL, JOEL |
| K | Chaville-Vélizy | KAMA, KUMA, KYVI |
| L | Invalides | LARA, LOLA, LURA |
| M | Massy-Palaiseau | MONA |
| N | Pontoise | NARA, NORA |
| O | Musée d'Orsay | ORDO, ORET, ORSE, ORSU |
| P | Pont du Garigliano | PAUL, PUMA |
| R | Pont de Rungis–Aéroport d'Orly | ROMI |
| S | Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines–Montigny-le-Bretonneux | SARA, SLIM, SLOM |
| V | Versailles-Château-Rive Gauche | VERO, VICK, VITY, VURT |
| Y | Dourdan or Étampes | YACK, YETI, YONA |

## Future

The extension of the Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines branch to Coignières station, with intermediate stops at Trappes and La Verrière, was included in Phase 1 (2013-2020) of the Schéma directeur de la région Île-de-France (SDRIF) adopted by the Regional Council of Île-de-France on September 25, 2008. However, this vital project to serve the Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines conurbation (improved service to La Verrière and Trappes stations, and control of (high) ridership at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines - Montigny-le-Bretonneux station) has been delayed due to the high infrastructure costs involved, estimated at over 120 million at June 2008 economic conditions. The project requires work to be carried out on the line to make the Trappes crossing safer. The project is now expected to be completed around 2030.

## InfoBox

| RER C | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| RER C train crossing the Pont Rouelle, with the Eiffel Tower in the background, as seen from Île aux Cygnes | |
| Overview | |
| Termini |  |
| Connecting lines | *  *  *  * |
| Stations | 75 |
| Service | |
| Type | Rapid transit/commuter rail |
| System | Réseau Express Régional |
| Operator(s) | SNCF |
| Rolling stock | Z 5600, Z 8800, Z 20500, Z 20900 |
| Ridership | 140 million journeys per year |
| History | |
| Opened | 26 September 1979<br>(last extension in 2006) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 185.6 km (115.3 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification |  |
| Route map | |


title: 1981–82 Northern Football League

abstract: The 1981–82 Northern Football League season was the 84th in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England. At the end of the season the Northern League expanded to two divisions for the first time since 1899–1900.

text:
# 1981–82 Northern Football League

The **1981–82 Northern Football League season** was the 84th in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England. At the end of the season the Northern League expanded to two divisions for the first time since 1899–1900.

## Clubs

Division One featured 20 clubs which competed in the league last season, no new clubs joined the division this season.

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Blyth Spartans | 38 | 25 | 8 | 5 | 77 | 31 | +46 | 83 |  |
| 2 | Whitby Town | 38 | 23 | 11 | 4 | 64 | 21 | +43 | | 80 |
| 3 | South Bank | 38 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 72 | 44 | +28 | | 67 |
| 4 | Tow Law Town | 38 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 76 | 58 | +18 | | 62 |
| 5 | Spennymoor United | 38 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 59 | 37 | +22 | | 61 |
| 6 | Billingham Synthonia | 38 | 17 | 9 | 12 | 57 | 46 | +11 | | 60 |
| 7 | Bishop Auckland | 38 | 17 | 8 | 13 | 63 | 51 | +12 | | 59 |
| 8 | Durham City | 38 | 17 | 5 | 16 | 75 | 67 | +8 | | 56 |
| 9 | Shildon | 38 | 16 | 8 | 14 | 57 | 53 | +4 | | 56 |
| 10 | North Shields | 38 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 67 | 61 | +6 | | 55 |
| 11 | Ferryhill Athletic | 38 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 57 | 59 | 2 | | 54 |
| 12 | Horden Colliery Welfare | 38 | 15 | 6 | 17 | 55 | 58 | 3 | | 51 |
| 13 | Crook Town | 38 | 15 | 6 | 17 | 60 | 69 | 9 | | 51 |
| 14 | Evenwood Town | 38 | 13 | 9 | 16 | 57 | 66 | 9 | | 48 |
| 15 | Penrith | 38 | 13 | 10 | 15 | 63 | 66 | 3 | 49 | Transferred to the North West Counties League |
| 16 | Consett | 38 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 46 | 64 | 18 | 40 |  |
| 17 | West Auckland Town | 38 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 42 | 67 | 25 | | 37 |
| 18 | Ashington | 38 | 9 | 8 | 21 | 50 | 87 | 37 | | 35 |
| 19 | Whitley Bay | 38 | 8 | 7 | 23 | 47 | 83 | 36 | | 31 |
| 20 | Willington | 38 | 3 | 10 | 25 | 46 | 102 | 56 | | 19 |

Source: fchd
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.

## InfoBox

Northern Football League
| Season | 1981–82 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Blyth Spartans |
| Matches played | 380 |
| Goals scored | 1,190 (3.13 per match) |
| 1980–81 1982–83 | |


title: Catling

abstract:
Catling is an English surname that may also refer to a kitten, a juvenile cat. Notable people with the surname include:
  - Brian Catling, English sculptor, poet, novelist, film maker, and performance artist
  - Hector Catling (1924–2013), British archaeologist
  - Patrick Skene Catling, British children's book author and book reviewer
  - Richard Catling (1912–2005), British police officer in British Palestine and Commissioner of Police in Kenya
  - Richard W. V. Catling British archaeologist, son of archaeologist Hector W. Catling
  - Thomas Catling (1838–1920), editor of Lloyd's Weekly News, author of My Life's Pilgrimage (1911)
  - Thomas Thurgood Catling, son of Thomas Catling, editor for Lloyd's News and other journals It may also refer to:
  - Catlin (surgery), a long, double-bladed surgical knife

text:
# Catling

**Catling** is an English surname that may also refer to a kitten, a juvenile cat. Notable people with the surname include:

* Brian Catling (b. 1948), English sculptor, poet, novelist, film maker, and performance artist
* Hector Catling (1924–2013), British archaeologist
* Patrick Skene Catling (born 1925), British children's book author and book reviewer
* Richard Catling (1912–2005), British police officer in British Palestine and Commissioner of Police in Kenya
* Richard W. V. Catling British archaeologist, son of archaeologist Hector W. Catling
* Thomas Catling (1838–1920), editor of *Lloyd's Weekly News*, author of *My Life's Pilgrimage* (1911)
* Thomas Thurgood Catling (b. 1863), son of Thomas Catling, editor for *Lloyd's News* and other journals

It may also refer to:


title: Catch a Christmas Star

abstract: Catch a Christmas Star is a 2013 Hallmark Channel film starring Shannon Elizabeth and directed by John Bradshaw. The film first aired on November 17, 2013.

text:
# Catch a Christmas Star

***Catch a Christmas Star*** is a 2013 Hallmark Channel film starring Shannon Elizabeth and directed by John Bradshaw. The film first aired on November 17, 2013.

## Plot

Chris Marshall (a widower for the past five years, with two children) works as a New Jersey high school basketball coach.

His daughter Sophie learns that Chris' first love in high school was Nikki Crandon, who has since become a successful pop star. Thus, Sophie plots to get the two back together.

## Cast

## Accolades

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | Young Artist Award | Best Young Actor in a TV Movie | Kyle Harrison Breitkopf | Won |  |
| | | Best Young Actress in a TV Movie | Julia Lalonde | Nominated | |

## InfoBox

| *Catch a Christmas Star* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | John Bradshaw |
| Starring | Shannon Elizabeth
Steve Byers |
| Theme music composer | Stacey Hersh |
| Country of origin | Canada
United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Editor | Mark Arcieri |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Release | 17 November 2013 (2013-11-17) |


title: Cecil M. Buffalo Jr. House

abstract: The Cecil M. Buffalo Jr. House is a historic house at 16324 Arch Street Pike in Landmark, Arkansas. It is a single-story semi-circular structure, finished mainly in glass and fieldstone, with some vertical board siding. The outside portion of the semi-circle is mainly finished with sliding glass doors, while the inside portion has more windows. The building is topped by a flat roof. The house was built in 1968 to a design by Oklahoma architect Dean Bryant Vollendorf, and is a good example of his "Baysweep" style. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

text:
# Cecil M. Buffalo Jr. House

The **Cecil M. Buffalo Jr. House** is a historic house at 16324 Arch Street Pike in Landmark, Arkansas. It is a single-story semi-circular structure, finished mainly in glass and fieldstone, with some vertical board siding. The outside portion of the semi-circle is mainly finished with sliding glass doors, while the inside portion has more windows. The building is topped by a flat roof. The house was built in 1968 to a design by Oklahoma architect Dean Bryant Vollendorf, and is a good example of his "Baysweep" style.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cecil M. Buffalo Jr. House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 16324 Arch Street Pike, Landmark, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 34°38′27″N 92°18′33″W / 34.64083°N 92.30917°W / 34.64083; -92.30917 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1968 (1968) |
| Architect | Dean Bryant Vollendorf |
| Architectural style | Mid-Century Modern |
| NRHP reference No. | 100002951 |
| Added to NRHP | September 17, 2018 |


title: Cecil M. Harden

abstract: Cecil Murray Harden was an American educator who became a Republican politician and an advocate of women's rights. She served five terms in the U.S. Representative representing Indiana's 6th congressional district. Harden was the only Republican woman elected to represent Indiana in the U.S. Congress until 2012, when Susan Brooks and Jackie Walorski were elected to serve in the 113th United States Congress beginning in January 2013. Initially assigned to the Veterans' Affairs Committee in the 81st Congress, the next term she transferred to the House Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments, where she served as the chair of the Inter-Governmental Relations subcommittee of Government Operations during the 83rd Congress. Harden also served six years (1953–1959) on the Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service during the Eisenhower administration. In 1957 Harden and U.S. Representative Florence Dwyer proposed legislation in the U.S. House in support of equal pay for women. Harden also joined with U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith and U.S. Representative Frances Bolton to encourage inclusion of issues of interest to women in the Republican Party's platform. In addition, Harden helped her constituents in Indiana by securing federal funding for flood control projects, especially in the Wabash River valley, and was critical of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's plan in 1956 to close its heavy water plant in Dana, Indiana. Harden, who became active in politics in 1932, served as the Republican precinct vice chairman from 1932 to 1940; vice chairman of the Fountain County, Indiana, Republican Party from 1938 until 1950; Indiana's Republican National committeewoman from 1944 to 1959 and from 1964 to 1972; and delegate-at-large to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, 1968, and in 1972. Harden was appointed to serve as special assistant for women's affairs to U.S. Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield and served on the National Advisory Committee for the White House Conference on Aging in 1972–73.

text:
# Cecil M. Harden

**Cecil Murray Harden** (November 21, 1894 – December 5, 1984) was an American educator who became a Republican politician and an advocate of women's rights. She served five terms in the U.S. Representative (January 3, 1949 to January 3, 1959) representing Indiana's 6th congressional district. Harden was the only Republican woman elected to represent Indiana in the U.S. Congress until 2012, when Susan Brooks and Jackie Walorski were elected to serve in the 113th United States Congress beginning in January 2013.

Initially assigned to the Veterans' Affairs Committee in the 81st Congress, the next term she transferred to the House Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments (later called Government Operations), where she served as the chair of the Inter-Governmental Relations subcommittee of Government Operations during the 83rd Congress. Harden also served six years (1953–1959) on the Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service during the Eisenhower administration. In 1957 Harden and U.S. Representative Florence Dwyer proposed legislation in the U.S. House in support of equal pay for women. Harden also joined with U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith and U.S. Representative Frances Bolton to encourage inclusion of issues of interest to women in the Republican Party's platform. In addition, Harden helped her constituents in Indiana by securing federal funding for flood control projects, especially in the Wabash River valley, and was critical of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's plan in 1956 to close its heavy water plant in Dana, Indiana.

Harden, who became active in politics in 1932, served as the Republican precinct vice chairman from 1932 to 1940; vice chairman of the Fountain County, Indiana, Republican Party from 1938 until 1950; Indiana's Republican National committeewoman from 1944 to 1959 and from 1964 to 1972; and delegate-at-large to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, 1968, and in 1972. Harden was appointed to serve as special assistant for women's affairs to U.S. Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield (March 1959 to March 1961) and served on the National Advisory Committee for the White House Conference on Aging in 1972–73.

## Early life and education

Cecil Murray was born on November 21, 1894, at Covington in Fountain County, Indiana, to Jennie (Clotfelter) and Timothy J. Murray. Cecil's father was a real estate broker and a longtime leader of the local Democratic Party.

She attended local public schools and graduated from Covington High School in 1912. Murray enrolled at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, but left IU to become a teacher in the Troy township schools, at later in her hometown of Covington.

On December 22, 1914, Cecil Murray married Frost Revere Harden, "who eventually became an automobile dealer in Covington." Their only child, a son named Murray Harden (1915-1989), became a doctor in Lafayette, Indiana.

## Career

### Local and state politics

Despite her father's ties to the Democratic Party, Harden became active in the local Republican Party. She first became interested in local politics in 1931, when President Herbert Hoover appointed her husband as Covington's postmaster. Harden became even more active in Republican politics in 1933, after President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office and appointed a Democrat to replace her husband as the Covington postmaster.

Harden entered politics in 1932 as the Republican precinct vice chairman, a position she retained until 1940. Beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, Harden was active in Indiana politics. In 1938, she became vice chairman of the Fountain County Republican Party, a position she held until 1950, and served as the vice chair of an Indiana congressional district.

Harden joined the Republican National Speakers Bureau in 1940. She was elected Indiana's Republican National committeewoman in 1944, serving until 1959, and again from 1964 to 1972. Harden also served as a delegate-at-large to the Republican National Conventions in 1948, 1952, 1956, and 1968.

### U.S. House of Representatives

In 1948, when Indiana Republican Noble J. Johnson resigned from the United States Congress to accept a federal judgeship, Harden won the Republican Party's nomination to run for his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the general election in the fall. In her first bid for elective office, Harden narrowly defeated Democrat John James (Jack J.) O'Grady by a margin of only 483 votes out of a total of 132,000 votes cast in the race. O'Grady, a native of Terre Haute, Indiana, was a U.S. Army veteran who had represented Vigo County, Indiana, in both houses of the Indiana legislature. Harden was elected to the 81st Congress and the four succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1949 to January 3, 1959, a total of five consecutive terms in the U.S. House as a representative of Indiana's 6th congressional district. Harden voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

In her first term in Congress in 1949, Harden was initially assigned to the Veterans' Affairs Committee, but the next term she transferred to the House Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments (later called Government Operations). During the 83rd Congress, Harden chaired the Inter-Governmental Relations subcommittee of Government Operations. She also served six years (1953–59) on the Committee on the Post Office and Civil Service. While serving on these congressional committees, Harden toured military installations to evaluate and looking for ways to improve the military's procurement procedures. In an effort to cut government costs under the Eisenhower administration, she also urged military and other government offices to consider using private companies to perform some of their work.

Harden, an advocate for women's rights, joined with Maine's U.S. Senator, Margaret Chase Smith, and Ohio's U.S. Representative, Frances Bolton, to urge the Republican Party to adopt platform planks of interest to women. In 1957, Harden and New Jersey's U.S. Representative, Florence Dwyer, offered "a bill to provide equal pay for women."

Harden served her Indiana constituents by promoting flood control in the Wabash River valley, helping to secure federal funding for flood control projects in her state. She was also critical of U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's plan in 1956 to close its heavy water plant in Dana, Indiana, which was within her congressional district. Harden claimed that 900 workers would become unemployed as a result of the closure.

Harden, who aligned her political interests with the Eisenhower administration, lost her bid for a sixth term in the U.S. House to Democrat Fred Wampler, a Terre Haute high school football coach, in 1958 by slightly more than a two-percent margin. Harden was one of Indiana's seven Republican congressional members who were defeated in the 1958 election (and one of the forty-seven seats in the U.S. House that the Republicans lost in the election). Her defeat was blamed, in part, on a recession that negatively affected industrial employment in Terre Haute.

### Other service

Although her final congressional term ended in January 1959, Harden remained in Washington, D.C. Two months later, in March 1959, she was appointed to serve as special assistant for women's affairs to U.S. Postmaster General Arthur Summerfield. Harden remained at this post until President John F. Kennedy's Democratic administration replaced Eisenhower's Republican administration in March 1961. Harden also continued to serve as a Republican national committeewoman for Indiana from 1964 until 1972, and as a delegate-at-large for the Republican National Conventions in 1968 and in 1972. In 1970, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Harden to the National Advisory Committee for the White House Conference on Aging, where she served in 1972–73.

## Later years

Harden outlived her husband, Frost Harden, by nearly two decades. Following her retirement from politics in the early 1970s, Harden returned to her home in Covington, Indiana. She spent her final years in an assisted living facility.

## Death and legacy

Cecil Harden died of cancer on December 5, 1984, at the age of ninety, in Lafayette, Indiana. Her remains are at Mount Hope Cemetery in Fountain County.

The "Cecil Murray Harden Papers, 1938–1984," are housed in the collections of the Indiana Historical Society in Indianapolis.

On December 14, 1974, President Gerald R. Ford signed a bill renaming Mansfield Lake in Parke County, Indiana, in Harden's honor. As U.S. Representative she had been involved in securing funds for the project. Under the Flood Control Act of 1938, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers designed and built the lake by damming Big Raccoon Creek as part of flood control project for Big Raccoon Creek and the Lower Wabash River watersheds in Parke County. Construction began on the 2,060-acre (830-hectare) lake in October 1956; it was completed in July 1960. Indiana's Department of Natural Resources administers recreational uses of the lake in the Raccoon State Recreational Area.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## InfoBox

| Cecil Murray Harden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 6 district | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1949  January 3, 1959 | |
| Preceded by | Noble J. Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Fred Wampler |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Cecil Murray
( 1894 -11-21)November 21, 1894
Covington, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | December 5, 1984(1984-12-05) (aged 90)
Lafayette, Indiana, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Frost Revere Harden |
| Children | Murray Harden |
|  | |


title: Causalism

abstract: Causalism holds behavior and actions to be the result of previous mental states, such as beliefs, desires, or intentions, rather than from a present conscious will guiding one's actions. One of the foremost proponents for this view was Donald Davidson (philosopher), who believed "that reasons explain actions just inasmuch as they are the causes of those actions". His views were mainly set out in his famous paper ‘Actions, Reasons and Causes’ (1963). Causalism is in accord with how most people have traditionally explained their actions, but critics point out that certain habitual actions such as scratching an itch are only noticed during or after the fact, if at all, making the causalist explanation that such behaviors have a mental antecedent that isn’t recalled seem ad hoc.

text:
# Causalism

**Causalism** holds behavior and actions to be the result of previous mental states, such as beliefs, desires, or intentions, rather than from a present conscious will guiding one's actions.

One of the foremost proponents for this view was Donald Davidson (philosopher), who believed "that reasons explain actions just inasmuch as they are the causes of those actions". His views were mainly set out in his famous paper ‘Actions, Reasons and Causes’ (1963).

Causalism is in accord with how most people have traditionally explained their actions, but critics point out that certain habitual actions such as scratching an itch are only noticed during or after the fact, if at all, making the causalist explanation that such behaviors have a mental antecedent that isn’t recalled seem ad hoc.

* Frankfurt, Harry. 1988. "The Problem of Action", in *The Importance of What We Care About.* Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
* Mele, Alfred. 1997. "Introduction", in *Philosophy of Action*. Oxford: Oxford UP.


title: Caulfield South

abstract: Caulfield South is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Caulfield South recorded a population of 12,328 at the 2021 census. Caulfield South is bounded by Glen Huntly Road to the north, Booran Road to the east, North Road to the south and Kooyong Road to the west. Although it has no railway station, it is serviced by tram routes 64 and 67. Elsternwick, Glen Huntly and Caulfield railway stations are all within a short drive, with both Elsternwick and Glenhuntly stations accessible via the number 67 tram. One landmark of note is the Caulfield General Medical Centre, which began life as one of the local mansions, the Glen Eira. This was purchased in 1915 by the Australian Department of Defence and turned into No. 11 Army General Hospital where it served as a rehabilitation centre for returned servicemen from the Great War who sustained permanent or severe injuries. It has since undergone many changes of purpose and management and currently caters primarily for rehabilitation and geriatric medicine. The Brighton Cemetery is also located in Caulfield South, and pre-dates the Caulfield Roads Board - the first official recognition of the suburb of Caulfield. Opened in 1855 it became, together with St Kilda Cemetery, an alternative resting place for those who had lived south of the Yarra River. There are up 70,000 people interred, including famous Australian artists, politicians and military heroes. Caulfield South has many parks and gardens, the most notable of which is Princes Park. The area was a council landfill up until the middle of the twentieth century, when it was transformed into public park lands. It has been improved further and now includes several ovals and playing fields, sports clubs, pavillons, open spaces, children's playgrounds and many paved walking tracks with dog walking welcome. The Rosstown Railway once ran through Caulfield South, and its traversal through several suburban blocks remains public land to this day, an easy identifier of where the track once ran. The architecture of Caulfield South is predominately period-style detached 2 and 3 bedroom family homes with both front and rear gardens. Not all properties have off-street parking and rely on space available on the street. The architectural styles range from the early 1900s and onwards with common styles being Edwardian weather board to Californian Bungalow to Red Brick Clinker pairs which share a common wall. An increasing trend is the demolition of the original house to construct a large, two-storey modern house. There are also a growing number of higher density apartments and flats appearing, especially close to the tram lines. Native wildlife that inhabit the suburb include both ring tail and brush tail possums, magpies, crested pigeons, rainbow lorikeets and wattle birds. Based on findings from the 2011 census and their own research, The Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation at Monash University estimates that the suburb has 5,005 Jewish residents, comprising 44.4% of the suburb's population. Results from the 2016 census indicated a Jewish population of 4,008, a percentage of 33.9.

text:
# Caulfield South

**Caulfield South** is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 10 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Glen Eira local government area. Caulfield South recorded a population of 12,328 at the 2021 census.

Caulfield South is bounded by Glen Huntly Road to the north, Booran Road to the east, North Road to the south and Kooyong Road to the west. Although it has no railway station, it is serviced by tram routes 64 and 67. Elsternwick, Glen Huntly and Caulfield railway stations are all within a short drive, with both Elsternwick and Glenhuntly stations accessible via the number 67 tram.

One landmark of note is the Caulfield General Medical Centre, which began life as one of the local mansions, the *Glen Eira*. This was purchased in 1915 by the Australian Department of Defence and turned into *No. 11 Army General Hospital* where it served as a rehabilitation centre for returned servicemen from the Great War who sustained permanent or severe injuries. It has since undergone many changes of purpose and management and currently caters primarily for rehabilitation and geriatric medicine.

The Brighton Cemetery is also located in Caulfield South, and pre-dates the Caulfield Roads Board - the first official recognition of the suburb of Caulfield. Opened in 1855 it became, together with St Kilda Cemetery, an alternative resting place for those who had lived south of the Yarra River. There are up 70,000 people interred, including famous Australian artists, politicians and military heroes.

Caulfield South has many parks and gardens, the most notable of which is Princes Park. The area was a council landfill up until the middle of the twentieth century, when it was transformed into public park lands. It has been improved further and now includes several ovals and playing fields, sports clubs, pavillons, open spaces, children's playgrounds and many paved walking tracks with dog walking welcome.

The Rosstown Railway once ran through Caulfield South, and its traversal through several suburban blocks remains public land to this day, an easy identifier of where the track once ran.

The architecture of Caulfield South is predominately period-style detached 2 and 3 bedroom family homes with both front and rear gardens. Not all properties have off-street parking and rely on space available on the street. The architectural styles range from the early 1900s and onwards with common styles being Edwardian weather board to Californian Bungalow to Red Brick Clinker pairs which share a common wall. An increasing trend is the demolition of the original house to construct a large, two-storey modern house. There are also a growing number of higher density apartments and flats appearing, especially close to the tram lines.

Native wildlife that inhabit the suburb include both ring tail and brush tail possums, magpies, crested pigeons, rainbow lorikeets and wattle birds.

Based on findings from the 2011 census and their own research, The Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation at Monash University estimates that the suburb has 5,005 Jewish residents, comprising 44.4% of the suburb's population. Results from the 2016 census indicated a Jewish population of 4,008, a percentage of 33.9.

## Education

Caulfield South Primary School is located in Bundeera Road.

The Japanese School of Melbourne (JSM), a Japanese international school, is located in Caulfield South. Several Japanese families settled in the area around Caulfield due to the location of the JSM. There were nine temporarily-located Japanese families in Caulfield South in 1987, and the Japanese population increased after that point due to the school.

The suburb is also home to the Fink Karp Ivany campus of Mount Scopus Memorial College, a Jewish day school. 25% of Jewish children in Caufield South attend government schools and the remainder attend independent schools.

* City of Caulfield – Caulfield South was previously within this former local government area.

## InfoBox

| Caulfield South
Melbourne, Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Cemetery at Caulfield South | |
| Caulfield South | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 37°53′28″S 145°01′34″E / 37.891°S 145.026°E / -37.891; 145.026 |
| Population | 12,328 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 3,740/km2 (9,680/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 3162 |
| Elevation | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Area | 3.3 km2 (1.3 sq mi) |
| Location | 10 km (6 mi) from Melbourne |
| LGA(s) | City of Glen Eira |
| State electorate(s) | Caulfield |
| Federal division(s) | Goldstein |
| **Suburbs around Caulfield South:**  Elsternwick Caulfield Caulfield East  Elsternwick Caulfield South Glen Huntly  Gardenvale Brighton East Ormond | |


title: Causal closure

abstract: Physical causal closure is a metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of metaphysics and the mind. In a strongly stated version, physical causal closure says that "all physical states have pure physical causes" — Jaegwon Kim, or that "physical effects have only physical causes" — Agustin Vincente, p. 150. Those who accept the theory tend, in general although not exclusively, to the physicalist view that all entities that exist are physical entities. As Karl Popper says, "The physicalist principle of closedness of the physical... is of decisive importance and I take it as the characteristic principle of physicalism or materialism."

text:
# Causal closure

**Physical causal closure** is a metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of metaphysics and the mind. In a strongly stated version, physical causal closure says that "all physical states have *pure* physical causes" — Jaegwon Kim, or that "physical effects have *only* physical causes" — Agustin Vincente, p. 150.

Those who accept the theory tend, in general although not exclusively, to the physicalist view that all entities that exist are physical entities. As Karl Popper says, "The physicalist principle of closedness of the physical ... is of decisive importance and I take it as the characteristic principle of physicalism or materialism."

## Definition

Physical causal closure has stronger and weaker formulations.

The stronger formulations assert that no physical event has a cause outside the physical domain — Jaegwon Kim. That is, they assert that for physical events, causes *other* than physical causes do not exist. (Physical events that are not causally *determined* may be said to have their objective *chances of occurrence* determined by physical causes.)

Weaker forms of the theory state that "Every physical event has a physical cause." — Barbara Montero, or that "Every physical effect (that is, caused event) has physical sufficient causes" — Agustin Vincente, (According to Vincente, a number of caveats have to be observed, among which is the postulate that "physical entities" are entities postulated by a true theory of physics, a theory of which we are ignorant today, and that such a true theory "will not include mental (or in general, dubious) concepts" (Note 5, p. 168).) or that "if we trace the causal ancestry of a physical event we need never go outside the physical domain." — Jaegwon Kim. Weaker forms of physical causal closure are synonymous with the *causal completeness*, the notion that "Every physical effect that has a sufficient cause has a sufficient physical cause." That is, weaker forms allow that *in addition* to physical causes, there may be other kinds of causes for physical events.

The notion of reductionism supplements physical causal closure with the claim that *all* events ultimately can be reduced to physical events. Under these circumstances, mental events are a subset of physical events and caused by them.

## Importance

Physical causal closure is especially important when considering dualist theories of mind. If no physical event has a cause outside the physical realm, it would follow that non-physical mental events would be causally impotent in the physical world. However, as Kim has agreed, it seems intuitively problematic to strip mental events of their causal power. Only epiphenomenalists would agree that mental events do not have causal power, but epiphenomenalism is objectionable to many philosophers. One way of maintaining the causal powers of mental events is to assert token identity non-reductive physicalism—that mental properties supervene on neurological properties. That is, there can be no change in the mental without a corresponding change in the physical. Yet this implies that mental events can have two causes (physical and mental), a situation which apparently results in overdetermination (redundant causes), and denies the strong physical causal closure. Kim argues that if the strong physical causal closure argument is correct, the only way to maintain mental causation is to assert type identity reductive physicalism—that mental properties are neurological properties.

## Criticism

The validity of the physical causal closure has long been debated. In modern times, it has been pointed out that science is based on removing the subject from investigations, and by seeking objectivity. This outsider status for the observer, a third-person perspective, is said by some philosophers to have automatically severed science from the ability to examine subjective issues like consciousness and free will. A different attack upon the physical causal closure discussed by Hodgson is to claim science itself does not support the physical causal closure. Some philosophers have criticized the argument for the physical causal closure by supporting teleology and mental-to-physical causation via a *soul*.

### Ignoring phenomena

There seem *prima facie* to be irreducible purpose-based (or teleological) explanations of some natural phenomena. For instance, the movement of a writer's fingers on the keyboard and a reader's eyes across the screen is irreducibly explained in reference to the *goal* of writing an intelligible sentence or of learning about the physical causal closure arguments, respectively. On the face of it, an exclusively non-teleological (descriptive) account of the neurological and biological features of hand movement and eye movement misses the point. To say, "I am moving my fingers *because* my brain signals are triggering muscle motion in my arms" is true, but does not exhaustively explain all the causes. In Aristotelian terms, a neurological account explains the efficient cause, while the purpose-based account explains the final cause.

The physical causal closure thesis challenges this account. It attempts to reduce all teleological final (and formal) causes to efficient causes. Goetz and Taliaferro urge that this challenge is unjustified, partly because it would imply that the *real* cause of arguing for the physical causal closure is neurobiological activity in the brain, not (as we know it is) the purpose-based attempt to understand the world and explain it to others.


title: Sheats Apartments

abstract: The Sheats Apartments, also known as L'Horizon and sometimes mistakenly as the Sheets Apartments, is a historic eight-unit, multi-family building located at 10919 Strathmore Drive, in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It is colloquially referred to as The Treehouse by UCLA students.

text:
# Sheats Apartments

The **Sheats Apartments**, also known as **L'Horizon** and sometimes mistakenly as the **Sheets Apartments**, is a historic eight-unit, multi-family building located at 10919 Strathmore Drive, in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It is colloquially referred to as **The Treehouse** by UCLA students.

## History

Designed in 1948 in the futuristic style by Los Angeles architect John Lautner, it was completed in 1949 for Neo-Fauvist artist Helen Taylor Sheats, who assisted in the design, and her second husband, dean of University of California Extension Paul Henry Sheats, who was also a professor at UCLA.

Because of its proximity to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), it was intended for and has been used primarily for student occupancy. In their book *An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles*, David Gebhard and Robert Winter praised its functionality by noting, "each apartment \[is\] completely separated from the others . . . with its own terraces, decks, and outdoor garden space." However, its condition in recent years has deteriorated, with visiting professor and former presidential candidate Michael Dukakis calling it "a dump" in 2004.

On June 21, 1988, the City of Los Angeles designated the building as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.

## InfoBox

| Sheats Apartments | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | 10919 Strathmore Drive, Westwood, Los Angeles, California |
| Coordinates | 34°04′04″N 118°26′58″W / 34.06778°N 118.44944°W / 34.06778; -118.44944 |
| Built | 1949 |
| Architect | John Lautner |
| Architectural style(s) | Futurist |
| Governing body | private |
|  | |
| Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument | |
| Designated | June 21, 1988 |
| Reference no. | 367 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location within Los Angeles | |


title: Cecilia Blanco

abstract: Cecilia Blanco García is a Spanish judoka. She competed in two Summer Olympics: in 2004 in Athens in the 70 kg event where she lost the repechage semifinals to Qin Dongya and in 2012 in London in the 70 kg event where she lost her second match to Raša Sraka. Blanco won three silver medals and one bronze medal (2010) at the European Judo Championships.

text:
# Cecilia Blanco

**Cecilia Blanco García** (born 23 February 1979 in Madrid) is a Spanish judoka. She competed in two Summer Olympics: in 2004 in Athens in the 70 kg event where she lost the repechage semifinals to Qin Dongya and in 2012 in London in the 70 kg event where she lost her second match to Raša Sraka. Blanco won three silver medals (2001, 2004, 2011) and one bronze medal (2010) at the European Judo Championships.

1. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Cecilia Blanco". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
2. "Cecilia Blanco". *London 2012 Olympics*. London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
3. "Cecilia Blanco – Results Overview". *Judo Inside*. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012.

## InfoBox

Cecilia Blanco
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Cecilia Blanco García |
| Born | (1979-02-23) 23 February 1979<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Occupation | Judoka |
| Sport | |
| Country | Spain |
| Sport | Judo |
| Weight class | 70 kg |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Olympic Games | 7th (2004) |
| World Champ. | 5th (2001, 2010) |
| European Champ. | (2001, 2004, 2011) |
| Medal record      Women's judo   Representing   Spain   European Championships   2001 Paris  70 kg  2004 Bucharest  70 kg  2011 Istanbul  70 kg  2010 Vienna  70 kg  IJF Grand Slam   2011 Tokyo  70 kg  IJF Grand Prix   2010 Abu Dhabi  70 kg  2011 Baku  70 kg | |
|  | |
| Profile at external databases | |
| IJF | 424 |
| JudoInside.com | 6201 |
|  | |
| Updated on 15 November 2022 | |


title: Cayco (Cusco)

abstract: Cayco is a 5,108-metre-high (16,759 ft) mountain in the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, on the border of the districts of Santa Teresa and Vilcabamba. Cayco lies southwest of Choquetacarpo and northeast of Pumasillo and a lake named Pumasillococha.

text:
# Cayco (Cusco)

**Cayco** (possibly from Quechua for a type of hunt) is a 5,108-metre-high (16,759 ft) mountain in the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province, on the border of the districts of Santa Teresa and Vilcabamba. Cayco lies southwest of Choquetacarpo and northeast of Pumasillo and a lake named Pumasillococha (possibly from in the Quechua spelling *Pumasilluqucha*).

## InfoBox

| Cayco | |
| --- | --- |
| CaycoPeru | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,108 m (16,759 ft) |
| Coordinates | 13°14′57″S 72°54′33″W / 13.24917°S 72.90917°W / -13.24917; -72.90917 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Peru, Cusco Region |
| Parent range | Andes, Vilcabamba |


title: Sheer Mag

abstract: Sheer Mag is an American rock band from Philadelphia formed in 2014. A combination of 1970s rock and punk ethos, the band continued to gather attention, releasing three 7-inch EPs before March 2016. In January 2015, Rolling Stone featured the band as one of "10 New Artists You Need To Know", describing them as "a gang of punks with a not-so-secret love of Seventies classic rock." Four of five band members attended the State University of New York at Purchase. In 2016, the band was part of the Coachella 2016 line-up and performed on Late Night with Seth Meyers. On May 10, 2017, Sheer Mag released "Need To Feel Your Love", the first track off their first full-length record, Need to Feel Your Love. On June 19, 2019, they announced their second LP, A Distant Call.

text:
# Sheer Mag

**Sheer Mag** is an American rock band from Philadelphia formed in 2014. A combination of 1970s rock and punk ethos, the band continued to gather attention, releasing three 7-inch EPs before March 2016. In January 2015, *Rolling Stone* featured the band as one of "10 New Artists You Need To Know", describing them as "a gang of punks with a not-so-secret love of Seventies classic rock." Four of five band members attended the State University of New York at Purchase. In 2016, the band was part of the Coachella 2016 line-up and performed on *Late Night with Seth Meyers*. On May 10, 2017, Sheer Mag released "Need To Feel Your Love", the first track off their first full-length record, *Need to Feel Your Love*. On June 19, 2019, they announced their second LP, *A Distant Call*.

## History

Sheer Mag's core members—Christina Halladay, Matt Palmer, and siblings Kyle and Hart Seely—all met while studying at SUNY Purchase. After graduating they all moved to Philadelphia and formed the band in 2014. They all moved into a house together, referring to their home as 'The Nuthouse', where they recorded their debut self-titled 7-inch EP later that year. It was released on their own label, Wilsons RC, in September 2014.

Following its positive reception they went on their first full U.S. tour the next spring, with their EP finding a UK/EU release with London punk label Static Shock Records \- a relationship that would continue for future releases.

They released their second EP in April 2015, this time a co-release with Brooklyn label Katorga Works. In March 2016 they released a third 7-inch vinyl EP. In early 2017 Wilsons RC and Static Shock released a compilation LP covering all songs from their previous releases.

On May 10, 2017, Sheer Mag released the title track off their first full-length record, *Need to Feel Your Love*, which came out 14 July.

On June 19, 2019, they announced their second LP, *A Distant Call* would be released on August 23 the same year.

The track "Expect the Bayonet" from *Need to Feel Your Love* served as the walkout track for Bernie Sanders at a comeback presidential campaign rally in Queens, New York during October 2019. The *RollingStone* politics podcast *Useful Idiots* uses the same track as its theme music.

In August 2023, the band signed with Third Man Records and shared their first new song in four years, "All Lined Up". Their third album, *Playing Favorites*, was released on March 1, 2024.

## Members

## Discography

### Studio albums

### EPs

* *I* (Wilsuns Recording Company / Static Shock, 2015)
* *II* (Wilsuns Recording Company / Katorga Works / Static Shock, 2015)
* *III* (Wilsuns Recording Company / Static Shock, 2016)

### Compilation albums

* *Compilation (I, II & III)* (Wilsuns Recording Company / Static Shock / Get Better, 2017)

### Live albums

* *Live!* (Shout Recordings, 2019)

## InfoBox

| Sheer Mag | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Genres | Punk rock, hard rock, power pop |
| Years active | 2014–present |
| Labels | Wilsuns RC, Static Shock Records, Third Man |
|  | |
| Members | * Tina Halladay * Matt Palmer * Kyle Seely * Hart Seely |
|  | |
| Past members | * Allen Chapman * Ian Dykstra * Cameron Wisch |
|  | |
| Website | sheer-mag.com |


title: Celine Kiernan

abstract: Celine Kiernan is an Irish author of fantasy novels for young adults. She is best known for The Moorehawke Trilogy. Set in an alternate renaissance Europe, the trilogy combines fantasy elements with an exploration of political, humanitarian and philosophical themes.

text:
# Celine Kiernan

**Celine Kiernan** (born October 1967 in Dublin) is an Irish author of fantasy novels for young adults. She is best known for The Moorehawke Trilogy. Set in an alternate renaissance Europe, the trilogy combines fantasy elements with an exploration of political, humanitarian and philosophical themes.

## Publications

### The Moorehawke Trilogy

The first book of the Moorehawk Trilogy, *The Poison Throne*, was first published in Ireland in 2008. It won the 2009 *Readers' Association of Ireland Award* for best book, was included in the *White Raven Collection* (2009) and short listed for the 2009 Irish Book Awards in two categories (best newcomer and best children's book). It was long-listed for the 2010 Australian Inkys Award.

All three books in The Moorehawke Trilogy (*The Poison Throne*, *The Crowded Shadows*, and *The Rebel Prince*) have gone on to international publication, being translated into nine languages and published in the English language territories of UK, US and AUS/NZ. In 2010, the trilogy was included in Dymocks "Kids' Top 51".

### *Into the Grey*

Kiernan's fourth novel, *Into the Grey* (known as *Taken Away* in AUS/NZ) was published in 2011. It is set in 1974 Ireland, and continues Kiernan's exploration of political, historical and philosophical themes through fantasy elements. It is the first book to receive both the CBI Book of the Year Award (formerly known as the Bisto Award) and the CBI Children's Choice Award – both of which were awarded on 28 May 2012. It won the 2013 *Readers' Association of Ireland Award* for best book

### *Resonance*

Kiernan's fifth novel, *Resonance*, is scheduled for publication in 2014. Set in Victorian Ireland, it is described by its publishers as "metaphysical gothic".

## InfoBox

| Celine Kiernan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | October 1967
Dublin, Ireland |
| Occupation | Novelist |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy |
| Notable awards | Readers Association of Ireland Award
2009 *The Poison Throne*
CBI Book of The Year
2012 *Into The Grey*
 |


title: Cedar Realty Trust

abstract: Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. is a real estate investment trust that invests in shopping centers. It is a subsidiary of Wheeler Real Estate Investment Trust. As of December 31, 2022, the company owned 19 properties with 2.9 million square feet of leasable space primarily in the Northeastern United States, including 7 properties in Pennsylvania. The company's major tenants are TJX Companies, Kohl's, Shaw's, Dollar Tree, and Walmart. The only notable property owned by the company is The Shoppes at Trexler.

text:
# Cedar Realty Trust

**Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.** is a real estate investment trust that invests in shopping centers. It is a subsidiary of Wheeler Real Estate Investment Trust. As of December 31, 2022, the company owned 19 properties with 2.9 million square feet of leasable space primarily in the Northeastern United States, including 7 properties in Pennsylvania. The company's major tenants are TJX Companies (4.8% of revenues), Kohl's (4.2% of revenues), Shaw's (3.8% of revenues), Dollar Tree (3.5% of revenues), and Walmart (3.5% of revenues). The only notable property owned by the company is The Shoppes at Trexler.

## History

The company was founded in 1984 as Cedar Shopping Centers. In October 2003, the company became a public company via an initial public offering.

In 2005, the company acquired a 27-property portfolio for $90 million.

In 2009, RioCan Real Estate Investment Trust acquired a 15% stake in the company as part of a joint venture agreement.

In 2010, the company acquired 7 shopping centers from PREIT for $168 million.

In 2011, the company changed its name to Cedar Realty Trust. It also sold 5 sites in Ohio anchored by Discount Drug Mart.

In 2011, Bruce Schanzer became chief executive officer.

In July 2022, the company sold a portfolio of 33 shopping centers to a joint venture between a fund managed by DRA Advisors LLC and KPR Centers for $879 million.

In August 2022, Wheeler Real Estate Investment Trust acquired the company. M. Andrew Franklin became president and chief executive officer of the company and Crystal Plum became chief financial officer.

## InfoBox

Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Founded | 1984 (1984) |
| Headquarters | Virginia Beach, Virginia |
| Key people | M. Andrew Franklin, President & CEO
Crystal Plum, CFO |
| Revenue | $34 million (2022) |
| Net income | $44 million (2022) |
| Total assets | $234 million (2022) |
| Total equity | $82 million (2022) |
| Parent | Wheeler Real Estate Investment Trust |
| Website | cedarrealtytrust.com |
| **Footnotes / references**
 | |


abstract: The Sheffield Amalgamated Union of File Trades was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1915 by the merger of the Machine File Forgers' Union and the Machine File Cutters' Union. In 1917, it merged with the hand-file forgers and file hardeners unions. From 1918, it admitted all workers in the file trade who were not eligible to join other unions. It merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1970.

text:
# Sheffield Amalgamated Union of File Trades

The **Sheffield Amalgamated Union of File Trades** was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1915 by the merger of the Machine File Forgers' Union and the Machine File Cutters' Union. In 1917, it merged with the hand-file forgers and file hardeners unions. From 1918, it admitted all workers in the file trade who were not eligible to join other unions. It merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1970.

## InfoBox

Sheffield Amalgamated Union of File Trades
| Merged into | Transport and General Workers' Union |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1915 |
| Dissolved | 1970 |
| Location |  |


title: Sheffield Amateur League

abstract: The Sheffield Amateur League was a football competition for clubs in the Sheffield area of England. For many years it was behind only the Sheffield Association League in terms of seniority in the Sheffield and Hallamshire Football Association area.

text:
# Sheffield Amateur League

The **Sheffield Amateur League** was a football competition for clubs in the Sheffield area of England. For many years it was behind only the Sheffield Association League in terms of seniority in the Sheffield and Hallamshire Football Association area.

## Honours

### League champions

| Season |  |
| --- | --- |
| 1904–05 | Clifton Mission |
| 1905–06 | Sharrow St Andrews |
| 1906–07 | Hathersage |
| 1907–08 | Midland Juniors |
| 1908–09 | Penistone Church |
| 1909–10 | Tinsley Church |
| 1910–11 | Penistone Church |
| 1911–12 | Atlas & Norfolk Works |
| 1912–13 | Hallam reserves |
| 1913–14 | Hallam reserves |
| 1914–15 | Blackburn |
| 1915–16 | *No competition due to WWI* |
| 1916–17 | |
| 1917–18 | |
| 1918–19 | |
| 1919–20 | Hathersage |
| 1920–21 | Malin Bridge Old Boys |
| 1921–22 | Darnall Old Boys |
| 1922–23 | Hallam |
| 1923–24 | Norton Woodseats |
| 1924–25 | Malin Bridge Old Boys |
| 1925–26 | Attercliffe Victory |
| 1926–27 | Hallam |
| 1927–28 | Dronfield Woodhouse |
| 1928–29 | Stocksbridge Church |
| 1929–30 | Stocksbridge Church |
| 1930–31 | Lopham Street United Methodists |
| 1931–32 | Fulwood |
| 1932–33 | Atlas & Norfolk Works |
| 1933–34 | Carbrook Hall Sports |
| 1934–35 | New Stubbin Colliery |
| 1935–36 | Dore |
| 1936–37 | Maltby Main |
| 1937–38 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1938–39 | St Phillips C&I |
| 1939–40 | Stocksbridge Works |
| 1940–41 | *Merged with Sheffield City League during WWII to form Amateur-City League* |
| 1941–42 | |
| 1942–43 | |
| 1943–44 | |
| 1944–45 | |
| 1945–46 | Tinsley Park WMC |
| 1946–47 | Tinsley Park WMC |
| 1947–48 | Hamptons Sports |
| 1948–49 | Aughton Juniors |
| 1949–50 | Oak Street |
| 1950–51 | Aughton Juniors |
| 1951–52 | Travellers Sports |
| 1952–53 | Crookes WMC |
| 1953–54 | Woodhouse Mill WMC |
| 1954–55 | Woodhouse Mill WMC |
| 1955–56 | Ecclesfield Colliery Rovers |
| 1956–57 | Travellers Sports |
| 1957–58 | Parson Cross |
| 1958–59 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1959–60 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1960–61 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1961–62 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1962–63 | *Competition not finished* |
| 1963–64 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1964–65 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1965–66 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1966–67 | Darnall Liberals |
| 1967–68 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1968–69 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1969–70 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1970–71 | Ecclesfield Red Rose |
| 1971–72 | Ecclesfield Red Rose reserves |
| 1972–73 | Windsor |
| 1973–74 | Woodhouse Ashberry |
| 1974–75 | Windsor |
| 1975–76 | Woodhouse Ashberry |
| 1976–77 | Mosborough Trinity |
| 1977–78 | Windsor |
| 1978–79 | *Competition not finished* |
| 1979–80 | Bellhouse Road WMC |
| 1980–81 | Arthur Lee & Son |
| 1981–82 | Bradley Well |
| 1982–83 | Bradley Well |
| 1983–84 | Mosborough Trinity |
| 1984–85 | Bradley Well |
| 1985–86 | Mosborough Trinity |
| 1986–87 | Mosborough Trinity |

## InfoBox

Sheffield Amateur Football League
| Founded | 1904 |
| --- | --- |
| Folded | 1987 |
| Country | England |


title: Celebrate – Live

abstract: Celebrate – Live was the only live album released for The Archers, and the last release of their original contract with Light Records. Recorded at “Melodyland Christian Center,” in Southern California.

text:
# Celebrate – Live

***Celebrate – Live*** was the only live album released for The Archers, and the last release of their original contract with Light Records. Recorded at “Melodyland Christian Center,” in Southern California.

## Track listing

1. "Celebrate" (Riso)
2. "Wonderful To Feel Your Love" (Thomas)
3. "Where Could I Go" (Coats)
4. "Lord, Keep Your Lovin' Hand On Me" (Learning)
5. "Sunshine On A Cloudy Day" (Archer, Dan Cutrona)
6. "I'm Gonna Rise" (Nancye Short-Tsapralis)
7. "It Wouldn't Be Enough" (Aldridge)
8. "Waitin', Anticipatin'" (T. Archer, S. Archer)
9. "Fresh Surrender" (Billy Rush Masters)
10. "Stand Up" (Archer, Phil Kristianson)
11. "Celebrate (Reprise)" (Riso)

### Personnel

## InfoBox

| Celebrate - Live | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by The Archers | |
| Released | 1980 |
| Recorded | at Melodyland Christian Center in California |
| Genre | Christian rock |
| Label | Light |
| The Archers chronology | |
| *Stand Up!*
(1979) ***Celebrate - Live***
(1980) *The Lord's Prayer*
(1980) | |


title: Celebrating Christmas

abstract: Celebrating Christmas is the second Christmas worship album of contemporary worship music composed of Christmas songs led by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Team. The album appeared on the Billboard Top Heatseekers Albums Chart.

text:
# Celebrating Christmas

***Celebrating Christmas*** is the second Christmas worship album of contemporary worship music composed of Christmas songs led by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong Team. The album appeared on the *Billboard* Top Heatseekers Albums Chart.

## Track listing

1. "Angels We Have Heard on High"/"Gloria" (traditional by Luke Munns; chorus from "Gloria" by Reuben Morgan) - lead vocals: Darlene Zschech, soprano: Keegan Joyce
2. "Joy to the World" (traditional; arranged by Craig Gower & Nigel Hendroff) - lead vocals: Erica Crocker
3. "Christmas Time Again" (Barry Southgate) - lead vocals: Barry Southgate
4. "O Rejoice" (Mia Fieldes) - lead vocals: Darlene Zschech
5. "O Come, O Come, Emmanuel" (instrumental; arranged by Hendroff)
6. "O Little Town of Bethlehem" (traditional; arranged by Peter King) - lead vocals: Holly Watson
7. "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" (traditional; arranged by Ross Irwin) - lead vocals: Steve McPherson, feat. James Morrison
8. "Hark the Herald Angels Sing" (traditional; arranged by Luke-Henri Peipman & Steve McPherson - lead vocals: Barry Southgate, b. Julie Basset, Steve McPherson, Dee Ulurewa, Tulele Faletolu
9. "Emmanuel" (Raymond Badham) - lead vocals: Tulele Faletolu
10. "What Child Is This" (traditional; arranged by King) - lead vocals: Cindy Larsen
11. "Can You Hear?" (David Andrew & Fieldes) - lead vocals: Steve McPherson
12. "Saviour Christ the King" (Craig Gower) - lead vocals: Miriam Webster

## Personnel

* Darlene Zschech \- worship pastor, executive producer, senior lead vocals, backing vocals
* Steve McPherson - producer, lead vocals, backing vocals
* Erica Crocker - lead vocals, backing vocals
* Barry Southgate \- lead vocals, backing vocals
* Holly Watson - lead vocals, backing vocals
* Tulele Faletolu - lead vocals, backing vocals
* Cindy Larsen - lead vocals, backing vocals
* Miriam Webster - lead vocals, backing vocals
* Keegan Joyce - lead vocals
* Julie Basset - backing vocals
* Annie McIntosh - backing vocals
* Nathan Phillips - backing vocals
* Dee Uluirewa - backing vocals

## InfoBox

| Celebrating Christmas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Hillsong Church | |
| Released | 2005 |
| Genre | Contemporary worship music, Christmas |
| Length | 48:02 |
| Label | Hillsong Music Australia |
| Producer | Darlene Zschech, Steve McPherson |
| Hillsong Music Australia
Christmas albums chronology | |
| *Christmas*
(2001) ***Celebrating Christmas***
(2005) *Born Is the King*
(2011) | |


title: Celiptera carbonensis

abstract: Celiptera carbonensis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Peru.

text:
# Celiptera carbonensis

***Celiptera carbonensis*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Peru.

## InfoBox

| *Celiptera carbonensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Genus: | *Celiptera* |
| Species: | ***C. carbonensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Celiptera carbonensis***<br>Barbut & Lalanne-Cassou, 2003 | |
|


title: Cathedral Bank

abstract: Cathedral also known as Cathedral Investment Bank, is an Investment Banking and financial services group that provides services to a number of clients mostly associated with the Catholic Church and other religious entities. The groups consists of a number of different corporations registered in several offshore banking jurisdictions.

text:
# Cathedral Bank

**Cathedral** also known as Cathedral Investment Bank, is an Investment Banking and financial services group that provides services to a number of clients mostly associated with the Catholic Church and other religious entities. The groups consists of a number of different corporations registered in several offshore banking jurisdictions.

## History

Cathedral Group is very old financial institution that has been delivering financial services since the beginning of the 20th century. Since its beginning, the group has been focused on management of family offices and related products including investment banking services for bigger projects within the western European region (now the Eurozone). Cathedral Group has sustained lengthy operations to serve the financial needs in different industries around the world.

Initiated Operations in July 1987, Cathedral Investment Bank, making business a Cathedral Investment Bank Corporation Ltd. Sustained operations to serve the financial needs in different industries around the globe. It initially started operations privately as a financial institution in four international jurisdictions but quickly grew to an international investment banking institution.

Some media networks had suggested that Cathedral Group controls at least 120 companies around the world under different figures and various corporate activities.

Since its inception, it has been a very controversial institution because of its high secrecy and a very tight information control policy. According to declarations of Charles J. Mack ex financial services director at the European Central Bank “the high confidentiality of Cathedral will put Switzerland in a ridiculous position”.

Its registration under the name of Cathedral Investment Bank occurred in (1987) but it has been suggested that Cathedralis Argentaria (its predecessor) has been delivering financial services for a wide number of regional clients in Europe (Specially religious entities) since 1910. The relevance and influence of this organization over that time is clearly suggested on the "Codicum manuscriptorum Ecclesiae Cathedralis Dunelmensis" which is one of the most relevant manuscripts of secular historical importance.

### Reputation

Cathedral Investment Bank is one of the Largest Offshore Financial Institutions worldwide.

## Operations

Cathedral Group has physical presence in 7 different countries, and delivers services to more a wide array of customers in approximately 35 countries worldwide.

### Subsidiaries

Companies that the bank controls include:

* Cathedral Offshore Global Investments
* Cathedral Investment Bank
* Cathedral Investments Group
* Cathedral Investment Bank Derivatives (CIBDer)
* Cathedral Investment Private Banking
* Cathedral Banking Services

### COEx Offshore Exchange Market

Created in July 2002, the COEx or Offshore Exchange Market is the first private offshore stock exchange market to be managed by an offshore private entity allowing trading stocks of most offshore Jurisdictions emulating a local Stock Exchange Market Globally.

This market opens from Sunday to Friday from the Australian open and until the final closing of the NYSE in US Friday closing.

Because this market has no physical execution center (Blockchain Market) it allows trading activities 24 hours 6 days a week with no holidays all year round.

Local onshore and offshore traders connect themselves directly from an executing terminal that allows them to trade those stocks.

COEx is also a controversial market, it has been addressed as an efficient solution for global stock exchange trading in a simple and efficient way, but some onshore competitors have recursively indicated their worries mainly because of the lack of compatibility with a Blockchain-type Market Transactions and the ability of the system to maintain a papertrail of local inbound and outbound transactions.

## InfoBox

Cathedral Investment Bank
| Company type | Private Bank |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Predecessor | CIBC Ltd 1987 |
| Founded | 1987 (Although the organization has been in existence since at least the early 1900s) |
| Headquarters | Caribbean |
| Products | Venture capital, offshore banking, investment banking |
| Number of employees | \>11,100 (as of Apr 2015) |
| Website | cathedralbank.com |


title: Shengang District

abstract: Shengang District is a district in northwestern Taichung City, Taiwan, known for its origin of suncakes.

text:
# Shengang District

**Shengang District** (Chinese: 神岡區; pinyin: *Shéngāng Qū*) is a district in northwestern Taichung City, Taiwan, known for its origin of suncakes.

## Administrative divisions

Shengang, Zhuangqian, Beizhuang, Zhuanghou, Zunqian, Zundu, Xinzhuang, Shanpi, Shekou, Shenan, Sanjiao, Dashe, Anli, Fengzhou, Shenzhou and Xizhou Village.

## Native products

## Tourist attractions

## Transportation

National Highway 1 and National Highway 4 run through Shengang.

## Notable natives

## InfoBox

| Shengang 神岡區Kamioka | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Shengang District | |
|  | |
| Location in Taichung City | |
| Coordinates: 24°15′32.3″N 120°39′47.2″E / 24.258972°N 120.663111°E / 24.258972; 120.663111 | |
| Country | Taiwan |
| Special municipality | Taichung |
| Established (District) | 2010 |
| Area | |
| Total | 35.0445 km2 (13.5308 sq mi) |
| Population (February 2023) | |
| Total | 64,362 |
| Density | 1,800/km2 (4,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
| Website | www.shengang.taichung.gov.tw (in Chinese) |


title: Shemokmedi

abstract: Shemokmedi is a village in the Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia. It is located in western Georgia, on the Bzhuzhi river, at elevation of 190 m above sea level, 7 km east of the city of Ozurgeti. The village is home to the late medieval Shemokmedi Monastery.

text:
# Shemokmedi

**Shemokmedi** (Georgian: შემოქმედი) is a village in the Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia. It is located in western Georgia, on the Bzhuzhi river, at elevation of 190 m above sea level, 7 km east of the city of Ozurgeti. The village is home to the late medieval Shemokmedi Monastery.

## History

Archaeological reconnaissance works conducted at Shemokmedi from 1991 to 1994 yielded fragments of pottery characteristic of the Kura–Araxes culture, suggesting that the area had already been inhabited in the Early Bronze Age.

The recorded history of Shemokmedi is inextricably bound to the monastery complex which sits on a small hill overlooking the village. The monastery was founded by the Gurieli family, rulers of the Principality of Guria, in the 15th century as a seat of a Georgian Orthodox bishop. Furthermore, it was a safe-house of church treasures and, by the late 19th century, had accumulated an extensive collection of various objects from other Georgian monasteries. At that time, the locale was fortified, housing a castle owned by the Gurieli.

During the 1819–1820 uprising in Imereti and Guria against the Imperial Russian rule, the Shemokmedi castle, then in possession of Prince Kaikhosro Gurieli, was the principal rebel stronghold in Guria. It was there that, in April 1820, the Gurians put the captured Russian interim governor of Imereti, Colonel Puzyrevsky, to death and dashed an attempt by the Russian punitive force to attack the castle. On 24 July 1820, the Russian general Aleksey Velyaminov stormed and captured Shemokmedi. The castle, dubbed by the Russian officials "an abode of brigandage", was razed to the ground in an act of revenge; houses were all burned down and farmlands and vineyards were destroyed to punish the locals with "extreme poverty".

## Population

As of the 2014 national census, Shemokmedi had the population of 1,322. Most of them (99.5%) are ethnic Georgians.

| Population | 2002 census | 2014 census |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Total | 1,608 | 1,322 |

## People from Shemokmedi

* Ivan Dumbadze (1851–1916), an Imperial Russian general and official.
* Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko (1858–1943), a Russian theatre director and writer.
* Filipp Makharadze (1868–1941), a Georgian Bolshevik politician.
* Varlam Simonishvili (1888–1950), a Georgian folk singer.
* Rezo Esadze (born 1934), a Georgian film director and actor.

## InfoBox

| Shemokmedi შემოქმედი | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of the village from Shemokmedi Monastery | |
| ShemokmediLocation of ShemokmediShemokmediShemokmedi (Guria) | |
| Coordinates: 41°54′31″N 42°04′06″E / 41.90861°N 42.06833°E / 41.90861; 42.06833 | |
| Country | Georgia |
| Region | Guria |
| Municipality | Ozurgeti |
| Elevation | 190 m (620 ft) |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 1,322 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (Georgian Time) |
|  | |