title: Cheltenham Masonic Hall

abstract: The Cheltenham Masonic Hall built by Foundation Lodge is believed to be the second oldest purpose-built Masonic Lodge in England. Grand Lodge in London did not build a purpose-built lodge room until 1877. It is one of the few Temples in the country which has continuously been used as a Lodge room for considerably over 100 years. It is also the oldest public building, other than ecclesiastical, in Cheltenham still used for the purpose for which it was designed.

text:
# Cheltenham Masonic Hall

The **Cheltenham Masonic Hall** built by Foundation Lodge is believed to be the second oldest purpose-built Masonic Lodge in England. Grand Lodge in London did not build a purpose-built lodge room until 1877. It is one of the few Temples in the country which has continuously been used as a Lodge room for considerably over 100 years.

It is also the oldest public building, other than ecclesiastical, in Cheltenham still used for the purpose for which it was designed.

## The building

Foundation lodge is one of the world's oldest continuous lodges. It was founded in 1753 and moved to Cheltenham in 1817 and its brethren were responsible for building the magnificent Masonic Hall.

Built in 1823 Cheltenham Masonic Hall was one of the world's first purpose built Masonic Hall, outside London.

While Cheltenham Masonic Hall has been an integral part of the development and growth of the town since 1823, its early members played an important part in the society which has given the town many of its important institutions and contributed to the town as we know it today. Completed in November 1823 the upper storeys are unusual in that they are built like an Egyptian tomb, with a cant – the sides sloping slightly inwards.

Foundation Lodges Cheltenham Masonic Hall (Original builders and sole users for 34 years), one of the first purpose-built Masonic Halls outside London, was constructed around 1820 for use by Foundation Lodge No 82, by Foundation Lodge member George Allan Underwood, who was initiated into the Foundation Lodge in 1818. He designed many famous buildings in Cheltenham, The Imperial Spa, the buildings now used as the Municipal Offices, the Long Room at Montpellier Spa, Holy Trinity Church and the Lower Assembly Rooms in Bath.

The freehold site, bought for £670 by Sir James Agg-Gardiner MP for Cheltenham, a Foundation Lodge member, was gifted to the Foundation Lodge, and the building of the Masonic Hall, which cost £4,000.00 was financed by selling £25.00 shares. Over the years the building deteriorated mainly due to the dirt and smoke which had accumulated from the fires, candles, smoking and over 180 years of use. A scheme of work was drawn up in 1981 to repair, clean and decorate. Finished in 1984/85 it restored the interior and exterior to its original Regency splendour and included the complete remodelling of the kitchen. Great care is taken to maintain the building in its original state. In 2000 the Lodge Room floor was strengthened and there is a programme of ongoing work to protect the building for many more years.

* Foundation Stone Lodge was established in 1753 by the Stonemasons who built the first Masonic Hall in London. Many Lodges may use a Masonic Hall and presently over 30 Lodges can meet in separate Lodge rooms in Grand Lodge in Great Queen Street in London.

* Our history is illustrated by our emblem of masons laying the foundation stone of a building. Now known as Foundation Lodge it remained in London until 1807 and then moved to Abingdon near Oxford.

* Ten years later it moved to Cheltenham where it was established in the town by about 15 of the town's worthy men who were central to starting many of the organisations which have been responsible for creating the ambiance of Cheltenham.

* Our Lodge number is 82 in the register of the Grand Lodge of England making us one of the oldest lodges in the country; if not the world. In 1820 the 15 brethren of Foundation Lodge decided that they wanted to meet in their own building rather than in one of the town's hotels and set about building their own Masonic Hall.

Over the years many of the towns leading 'personalities' have been Freemasons such as MPs, mayors, solicitors, doctors and a range of professional men. Dr Edward Jenner was a member of the Foundation Lodge.

The Masonic Hall is the only building in Cheltenham, other than ecclesiastical, still used for the purpose for which it was originally designed. Foundation Lodge had been meeting in other premises in the town and held its first meeting here in November 1823. Over 400 Freemasons now meet here, attending 9 lodges and side orders, on a regular basis. After the first 34 years of use, Foundation lodge was joined by the other Cheltenham lodges.

The walls of the Refectory or Banquet Hall were elaborately painted with images of the canopied stalls of the Knights Templar, while at the window end of the same there are canopied recesses with recumbent effigies of Knights. The carving on the mantlepiece bear emblems of the degrees of Malta and the Rose Croix is an especially interesting representation of the Bridge over the River and the Cross with a serpent on the shield; and even the cast iron grate having the Maltese Cross.

Over one door is the Paschal Lamb, the badge of the Knights Templar. Over another is a Bible on a cushion, whilst over the door to the passage is the armour and helmet of a Knight Templar and a motto, "*Quis Domine Habitabat*."

The ceiling was painted to resemble the lines of a tent, representing the canopy of an encampment. It was removed by Brother C. Rainger after it became defective and dirty. This brother was also responsible for the work of uncovering the paintings on the walls, which were papered over for some twenty years or more.

Once through the original heavy arched timber door, it is best to turn left through the double doors into the dining room.

The painted walls, hung with shields, resemble a Knights Templar encampment and were produced when the lodge was built.

Originally the ceiling resembled a canopy and the room was lit by gas light and candles. This, with up to 60 people smoking cigars and pipes meant that it was not long before it was all obliterated. There is evidence that the walls had been papered over, possibly when it was hired out as a Dancing Academy in the early 1900’s. Until heating was installed in 1925 the room was heated by the single fireplace. While the mahogany tables are original new chairs have recently been purchased. The ‘dents’ on the tables were principally caused by the practice of banging special ‘firing’, or ‘toast’, glasses on the table.

The Interior

The steward and caretaker originally lived in attic rooms but, in 1902, an adjoining house was purchased for the Lodge Steward. Originally lit by candles, then gas lamps, electric light was installed in the dining room in 1894 at a cost of 5 guineas and in the hall and other rooms one year later. Central heating was installed in 1925.

On entering the high ceilinged Lodge Room one can immediately appreciate the atmosphere, sense of majesty and quiet dignity which is an important element in our Masonic ceremonies. Designed to accommodate about 65 people the room is lofty but not over large which helps to preserve the family composition of our membership and maintain the close personal relationships between the members. It has none of that impersonality that so often characterises many vast installations in modern times and has been in constant use since 1823.

The decoration is in the high Regency style and, like the rest of the building, no expense was spared when carrying out the original construction. Note the high ceiling covered with a myriad of golden stars on a deep blue background, whilst a golden sunburst conceals the ventilator opening in the centre. Immediately below the ceiling runs a decorative frieze of Graeco-Roman floral design known as the Anthemion. This is a representation of honeysuckle, symbolising fidelity, which was a motif much favoured by the Adam brothers in their decoration of some of the great houses in the latter part of the 18th century. The same pattern is in the exquisitely executed wrought-iron work, backed by crimson velvet, which forms the front of the gallery at the west end of the room. There, too, is represented the Lyre, the emblem of music.

Cheltenham Masonic Hall consists principally of a Lodge Room, Dining Room, Robing Rooms, Bar, Kitchen, Library and Museum and a very distinctive spiral staircase. A fully equipped basement kitchen is used by a professional chef to provide food for up to 60 brethren and guests on lodge nights.

The ceiling was raised to accommodate the beautiful ‘gentleman’s’ pipe organ presented to Foundation Lodge in 1832. Believed to date from the late 1700’s, it has been recently completely overhauled and, despite its great age, still sounds out boldly to accompany the singing parts of our ceremonies. On the north wall is a beautifully tiled fireplace emblazoned with Masonic emblems in gold. This was the only means of heating the room until central heating was installed. The picture also shows the beautiful ironwork round the organ gallery.

Access to the organ gallery is by a narrow winding staircase in the north-west corner of the room. It is supported by two Ionic pillars seen in the picture; one surmounted by the Celestial and the other the Terrestrial Globe, pointing out Masonry Universal

The Stairs

Turn left out of the dining room and go up the short flight of stairs. To the left is the bar and to the right a robing room. Immediately in front is a spiral staircase with very intricate and beautiful wrought ironwork. On the left at the top of the stairs is a further robing room, to the right - an ante room leading to the library and museum. The door immediately in front leads into the Lodge Room.

At the East end of the Lodge room is a dais on which sits the Master’s chair, surmounted by a crimson canopy, draped and tasselled, which was erected in 1834. Foundation’s original Master and Senior and Junior Warden’s fine mahogany chairs were presented by various members around 1825. These are placed either side of the present Master’s chair, for distinguished visitors. These chairs were superseded by the magnificent gilded, throne-like, chairs brought by Royal Union Lodge in 1830 when they came to meet in the Hall, the first Lodge to do so after the opening by Foundation Lodge. The magnificent chair in the picture is the Senior Wardens chair. The Worshipful Masters chair is under the canopy in the picture above.

The present seating, which was obtained from a redundant church in Somerset, replaced the original benches as they became very unstable at the time of the restoration of the building. Nevertheless they are almost contemporaneous with the building, having been made in 1840. The centre carpet is traditional Masonic black and white squares surrounded by a pale blue, plain, carpet. This colour is carried up onto the walls above the lower wall portion of deep red which forms a backing to the lighter colour of the seats. A Victorian version of the honeysuckle frieze separates the two colours. Note that almost the entire wall space is covered with Honours Boards upon which are inscribed, annually, the name of the Master or Head of the specific order.

Honours Board

The honours boards of Foundation Lodge, date back to 1817. and contain the names of many distinguished gentlemen who have been the Worshipful Master of Foundation Lodge, many of them the patrons of the many activities and buildings of Cheltenham.

## Site

The site of the Masonic Hall must have been an important one in 1818, the price paid by members of Foundation Lodge for it was considerable. Originally the building stood independently in the large garden, but the area has been built up. The existing garden is now surrounded by a box tree hedge and an old acacia tree.

## The Lodge Furniture

The building has many old and valuable pieces of furniture contained in the Lodge. The Worshipful Masters, Senior and Junior Wardens chairs in the regular use of all the Lodges are the property of the Royal Union. They are of similar, though not identical design and are fine examples of Georgian craftsmanship apart from their Masonic interest.

The Worshipful Master's chair has two Corinthian columns and is decorated with four plumb rules on the several faces of the legs, but it is also decorated with the square and compasses and on the back the open book of the sacred word, square and compasses and the level and plumb rule. Surmounting the columns were two globes, now gone, and at the back is the mark of a support for a lantern which is now removed. On the top of the ornament over the back is a Royal Crown which has been added on at a later date. This crown implies that the chair was in use for the Royal Arch Degree, or it may refer to the Lodge being a "Royal" Lodge.

The Senior Warden's Chair has some delicate little emblems introduced in the carving – the Fellow Craft tools and the Senior Warden level, in a supporting ribbon.

The Junior Warden's Chair has been broken and a new top of a different style added on, containing a group of tools. The two columns supporting the back are unfluted and were Ionic columns, but the capitals are broken, whilst the upper parts have gone. The ornaments on the legs are of the plumb rule as in the W.M.'s chair.

There is also a set of five chairs of simple mahogany with badges for W.M., S.W., J.W. and two P.M.'s. The two beautiful little Chippendale pattern chairs generally used by the Deacons, are more recent gifts, were not made for Masonic Lodges, but were gifts of Brother John Waghorne.

The organ was given to the Lodge around 1833, and the Lodge roof was raised to accommodate it. It is played for masonic ceremonies on average 4 times per week and is still considered a good instrument.

At the East end of the Lodge room is a dais on which sits the Master’s chair, surmounted by a crimson canopy, draped and tasselled, which was erected in 1834. Foundation’s original Master and Senior and Junior Warden’s fine mahogany chairs were presented by various members around 1825. These are placed either side of the present Master’s chair, for distinguished visitors. These chairs were superseded by the magnificent gilded, throne-like, chairs brought by Royal Union Lodge in 1830 when they came to meet in the Hall, the first Lodge to do so after the opening by Foundation Lodge. The magnificent chair in the picture is the Senior Wardens chair. The Worshipful Masters chair is under the canopy in the picture above.

The present seating, which was obtained from a redundant church in Somerset, replaced the original benches as they became very unstable at the time of the restoration of the building. Nevertheless they are almost contemporaneous with the building, having been made in 1840. The centre carpet is traditional Masonic black and white squares surrounded by a pale blue, plain, carpet. This colour is carried up onto the walls above the lower wall portion of deep red which forms a backing to the lighter colour of the seats. A Victorian version of the honeysuckle frieze separates the two colours. Note that almost the entire wall space is covered with Honours Boards upon which are inscribed, annually, the name of the Master or Head of the specific order.

* *Foundation Lodge 1753 to 1965* privately printed history by W Bro Paul Dyke.
* Records of Foundation Lodge, Gloucestershire Public Record Office,

## InfoBox

| Cheltenham Masonic Hall | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Town or city | Cheltenham, Gloucestershire |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 51°54′07″N 02°04′24″W / 51.90194°N 2.07333°W / 51.90194; -2.07333 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | G. Underwood (Foundation Lodge) |


title: Ebor, Manitoba

abstract: Ebor is an unincorporated community in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. It is approximately 31 kilometers southwest of Virden, Manitoba in the Rural Municipality of Pipestone.

text:
# Ebor, Manitoba

**Ebor** is an unincorporated community in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. It is approximately 31 kilometers (19 miles) southwest of Virden, Manitoba in the Rural Municipality of Pipestone.

## InfoBox

| Ebor | |
| --- | --- |
| EborLocation of Ebor in Manitoba | |
| Coordinates: 49°44′28″N 101°19′55″W / 49.74111°N 101.33194°W / 49.74111; -101.33194 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| Region | Westman Region |
| Census Division | No. 6 |
| Government | |
| Governing Body | Rural Municipality of Pipestone Council |
| MP | Larry Maguire |
| MLA | Greg Nesbitt |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 204 |
| NTS Map | 062F11 |
| GNBC Code | GAHKB |


title: São Francisco do Sul

abstract: São Francisco do Sul is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. It covers an area of 540 km⁲ and had an estimated population of 53,746 in 2020.

text:
# São Francisco do Sul

**São Francisco do Sul** is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. It covers an area of 540 km2 (208 miles2) and had an estimated population of 53,746 in 2020.

## Location

It was founded as a village by the Portuguese in 1658.  Despite the date of its foundation, there's a previous record that a famous navigator left Honfleur, Normandy in France by the year of 1503 and arrived at São Francisco do Sul, at the Bay of Babitonga, Jean Binot Paulmier De Gonneville is also recognised by many historians as one of the first, if not the first, Europeans to arrive.  It is situated on the northern end of the Island of São Francisco at the entrance to the Babitonga Bay.

São Francisco do Sul is an important part of the Brazilian infrastructure. It provides large bulk shipping facilities and is served by the major container shipping lines connecting with the South American east and west coasts, Africa, Asia, North and Central America, the Caribbean and Europe.

During the past decade, São Francisco do Sul has become a popular tourism destination for South American and international guests. The municipality contains the 6,667 hectares (16,470 acres) Acaraí State Park, created in 2005.

## Climate

| Climate data for São Francisco do Sul (1976–2005) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 38.5
(101.3) | 40.3
(104.5) | 34.8
(94.6) | 33.7
(92.7) | 32.3
(90.1) | 30.8
(87.4) | 33.8
(92.8) | 33.9
(93.0) | 31.7
(89.1) | 32.6
(90.7) | 35.4
(95.7) | 38.4
(101.1) | 40.3
(104.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6
(83.5) | 28.6
(83.5) | 27.9
(82.2) | 25.9
(78.6) | 23.9
(75.0) | 21.8
(71.2) | 20.9
(69.6) | 21.3
(70.3) | 21.8
(71.2) | 23.2
(73.8) | 25.1
(77.2) | 27.1
(80.8) | 24.7
(76.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.4
(75.9) | 24.4
(75.9) | 23.7
(74.7) | 21.5
(70.7) | 19.4
(66.9) | 17.5
(63.5) | 16.5
(61.7) | 17.2
(63.0) | 18.0
(64.4) | 19.5
(67.1) | 21.2
(70.2) | 23.0
(73.4) | 20.5
(69.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.5
(70.7) | 21.9
(71.4) | 21.0
(69.8) | 18.8
(65.8) | 16.7
(62.1) | 14.6
(58.3) | 13.8
(56.8) | 14.6
(58.3) | 15.5
(59.9) | 17.1
(62.8) | 18.6
(65.5) | 20.2
(68.4) | 17.9
(64.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 15.7
(60.3) | 14.0
(57.2) | 13.6
(56.5) | 10.5
(50.9) | 7.4
(45.3) | 4.3
(39.7) | 4.5
(40.1) | 5.2
(41.4) | 6.0
(42.8) | 2.6
(36.7) | 11.0
(51.8) | 15.0
(59.0) | 2.6
(36.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 205.0
(8.07) | 180.0
(7.09) | 158.0
(6.22) | 102.0
(4.02) | 100.0
(3.94) | 100.0
(3.94) | 84.0
(3.31) | 80.0
(3.15) | 119.0
(4.69) | 119.0
(4.69) | 117.0
(4.61) | 128.0
(5.04) | 1,492
(58.77) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 87 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 171 | 146 | 153 | 152 | 158 | 133 | 144 | 124 | 103 | 111 | 141 | 169 | 1,705 |
| Source 1: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Climatempo (precipitation) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## International relations

### Twin towns – Sister cities

São Francisco do Sul is twinned with:

## InfoBox

| São Francisco do Sul | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Municipality of São Francisco do Sul | |
| Historic center of São Francisco do Sul | |
|  | |
| Location in Santa Catarina state | |
| São Francisco do SulLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 26°14′34″S 48°38′16″W / 26.24278°S 48.63778°W / -26.24278; -48.63778 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | South |
| State | Santa Catarina |
| Mesoregion | Norte Catarinense |
| Microregion | Joinville |
| Founded | 1658 |
| Area | |
| Total | 540 km2 (210 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 53,746 |
| Density | 100/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| **HDI** (2010) | 0.762 – high |
| Website | saofranciscodosul.sc.gov.br |


title: John Pull

abstract: John Henry Pull was an amateur archaeologist. After service as a soldier in World War I, where he learnt surveying skills, he worked as a gramophone salesman, a postman, and later a security guard, but his main interest was always archaeology. He was a key member of the Worthing Archaeological Society. He was responsible for the finding and excavation of some of the most important neolithic sites in Southern Britain including the flint mines at Blackpatch, Harrow Hill, Church Hill, Cissbury in Sussex, England, in 1922. Because he was not a professional archaeologist, he was unpopular with some of the experts in the field at the time, who constantly shrugged off Pull's work as amateur and unimportant. In the end, much of Pull's work and findings were given to Worthing Museum and Art Gallery which holds a large archive. The main results of the Pull's excavations at Blackpatch, Church Hill and Cissbury between 1922 and 1956 housed in the archive were finally published in 2001 by Miles Russell of Bournemouth University. The earthworks comprising his first investigated site at Blackpatch were bulldozed over in the 1950s. Fifty years later, a Time Team episode focused on the area of Pull's work and was able to confirm some of his presumptions about the site. Pull was killed and his work cut short when he was shot during a bank robbery while working as a bank guard at Lloyds Bank, Durrington, Worthing.

text:
# John Pull

**John Henry Pull** (25 June 1899 – 10 November 1960) was an amateur archaeologist. After service as a soldier in World War I, where he learnt surveying skills, he worked as a gramophone salesman, a postman, and later a security guard, but his main interest was always archaeology. He was a key member of the Worthing Archaeological Society. He was responsible for the finding and excavation of some of the most important neolithic sites in Southern Britain including the flint mines at Blackpatch, Harrow Hill, Church Hill, Cissbury in Sussex, England, in 1922. Because he was not a professional archaeologist, he was unpopular with some of the experts in the field at the time, who constantly shrugged off Pull's work as amateur and unimportant.

In the end, much of Pull's work and findings were given to Worthing Museum and Art Gallery which holds a large archive. The main results of the Pull's excavations at Blackpatch, Church Hill and Cissbury between 1922 and 1956 housed in the archive were finally published in 2001 by Miles Russell of Bournemouth University. The earthworks comprising his first investigated site at Blackpatch were bulldozed over in the 1950s. Fifty years later, a *Time Team* episode focused on the area of Pull's work and was able to confirm some of his presumptions about the site.

Pull was killed and his work cut short when he was shot during a bank robbery while working as a bank guard at Lloyds Bank, Durrington, Worthing.

## Further reading

* Miles Russell, *Rough quarries, rocks and hills : John Pull and the neolithic flint mines of Sussex*, 2001


title: Boy Meets World (album)

abstract: Boy Meets World is the debut solo album by American rapper Fashawn, with all songs produced by Exile. It was released by the independent record label One Records on October 20, 2009. The album features guest performances by Aloe Blacc, Evidence, Blu, Planet Asia, Mistah Fab, Co$$, Devoya and J. Mitchell. Music videos were made for "Life as a Shorty", "Samsonite Man", "Our Way", "Sunny CA" and "The Ecology/The Score". Boy Meets World received critical acclaim from critics who praised the production and Fashawn's storytelling. The album subsequently received attention and recognition from highly respected hip-hop artists. Boy Meets World is now frequently regarded as an underground classic, and garnered much interest in producer Exile, who had previously produced rapper Blu's album Below the Heavens, which also was released to similar acclaim.

text:
# Boy Meets World (album)

***Boy Meets World*** is the debut solo album by American rapper Fashawn, with all songs produced by Exile. It was released by the independent record label One Records on October 20, 2009.

The album features guest performances by Aloe Blacc, Evidence, Blu, Planet Asia, Mistah Fab, Co$$, Devoya and J. Mitchell. Music videos were made for "Life as a Shorty", "Samsonite Man", "Our Way", "Sunny CA" and "The Ecology/The Score".

*Boy Meets World* received critical acclaim from critics who praised the production and Fashawn's storytelling. The album subsequently received attention and recognition from highly respected hip-hop artists. *Boy Meets World* is now frequently regarded as an underground classic, and garnered much interest in producer Exile, who had previously produced rapper Blu's album *Below the Heavens*, which also was released to similar acclaim.

## Background and development

By 2007, Fashawn had gained attention in the music industry by releasing a series of successful mixtapes. Meanwhile, Exile had joined forces with Blu to release *Below the Heavens*, an album that would go on to receive wide acclaim. Fashawn gravitated toward Exile's production on *Below the Heavens*, and both soon came into contact through their respective management teams. In an interview recalling their initial encounter, Exile said:

> "The first time I ever heard Fashawn rap, my imagination just started going. I started thinking about the possibilities of his voice, and what \[stories he could\] spit over my beats. I could hear that there might be something special, so I wanted to get him some more beats to see what we could come up with."

The album was recorded at studio sessions in both Fashawn's hometown of Fresno, California and Exile's hometown of Los Angeles, California. Fashawn wrote lyrics for the album up until six months before its release, thus making him between 18 and 19 years old during most of the album's creative process.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| DJBooth |  |
| *HipHopDX* |  |
| *The Phoenix* |  |
| The Smoking Section |  |
| *XXL* | 4/5 |

Upon its release, *Boy Meets World* received universal critical acclaim, with many hip hop critics and listeners regarding the album as a hip hop "classic". Fashawn was acclaimed for his ability to articulate the inner struggles and dreams of a young kid growing up in a tough environment. *XXL* Magazine gave the album an XL rating, concluding that *Boy Meets World* "is a strong debut from such a young MC, and it resonates a lot more than the work of some rappers decades his senior." *HipHopDX* described *Boy Meets World* as "one of this year’s finest albums yet, hoping to supply food for thought for the new school while staying true to the culture’s roots, balancing the lyrical and street aspects of Hip Hop with one pen.".

In addition to positive reviews from media outlets, *Boys Meets World* also garnered the attention of many respected artists in the hip-hop community. Legendary producer Large Professor noted, "The album is what I call traditional, real hip-hop. Mad different dimensions, I was very impressed."

## Track listing

All tracks are produced by Exile

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | 2:16 |
| 2. | "Freedom" | 3:07 |
| 3. | "Hey Young World" (featuring Aloe Blacc & Devoya) | 4:06 |
| 4. | "Stars" | 4:28 |
| 5. | "Life As a Shorty" (featuring J. Mitchell) | 4:21 |
| 6. | "The Ecology" | 2:42 |
| 7. | "Our Way" (featuring Evidence) | 3:32 |
| 8. | "Why" | 4:26 |
| 9. | "Samsonite Man" (featuring Blu) | 5:13 |
| 10. | "The Score" (featuring Planet Asia) | 2:45 |
| 11. | "Breathe" (featuring Bravo) | 3:10 |
| 12. | "Father" | 3:24 |
| 13. | "Sunny CA" (featuring Co$$ & Mistah Fab) | 5:40 |
| 14. | "Bo Jackson" (featuring Exile) | 2:56 |
| 15. | "Lupita" | 4:21 |
| 16. | "When She Calls" | 4:18 |
| 17. | "Boy Meets World" | 10:02 |

## InfoBox

| Boy Meets World | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Fashawn | |
| Released | October 20, 2009 (2009-10-20) |
| Recorded | 2008–2009 |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Length | 75:03 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Exile |
| Fashawn chronology | |
| ***Boy Meets World***
(2009) *The Ecology*
(2015) | |


title: Eexterzandvoort

abstract: Eexterzandvoort is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Aa en Hunze, and lies about 15 km east of Assen on the road from Eext to Eexterveen. On the north of the hamlet is the stream Hunze, and on the eastern side is the road N33. As well on the northern side (Hunzedal) of the hamlet as on the southern side (Breevenen) are areas from the foundation Drentsch Landschap situated. The foundation tries on these areas to bring back the situation as it was before the cultivation started. The statistical area "Eexterzandvoort", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 140.

text:
# Eexterzandvoort

**Eexterzandvoort** is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Aa en Hunze, and lies about 15 km east of Assen on the road from Eext to Eexterveen. On the north of the hamlet is the stream Hunze, and on the eastern side is the road N33.

As well on the northern side (Hunzedal) of the hamlet as on the southern side (Breevenen) are areas from the foundation Drentsch Landschap situated. The foundation tries on these areas to bring back the situation as it was before the cultivation started.

The statistical area "Eexterzandvoort", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 140.

## InfoBox

| Eexterzandvoort | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamlet | |
|  | |
| Eexterzandvoort in the municipality of Aa en Hunze. | |
| Coordinates: 53°2′N 6°47′E / 53.033°N 6.783°E / 53.033; 6.783 | |
| Country | Netherlands |
| Province | Drenthe |
| Municipality | Aa en Hunze |
| Population (1 January 2008) | |
| Total | 154 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Pulaski (town), Wisconsin

abstract: Pulaski is a town in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,591 at the 2018 census.

text:
# Pulaski (town), Wisconsin

**Pulaski** is a town in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,591 at the 2018 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 44.6 square miles (115.6 km2), of which, 43.3 square miles (112.1 km2) of it is land and 1.4 square miles (3.5 km2) of it (3.02%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 381 people, 135 households, and 102 families residing in the town. The population density was 8.8 people per square mile (3.4/km2). There were 155 housing units at an average density of 3.6 per square mile (1.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.16% White, 0.26% African American and 1.57% Native American.

There were 135 households, out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $43,036, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $21,923 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,561. About 8.5% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 30.3% of those age 65 or over.

43°09′28″N 90°21′17″W / 43.15778°N 90.35472°W / 43.15778; -90.35472


title: Bill Down

abstract: William John Denbigh Down was a British cleric who was the ninth Bishop of Bermuda and later the Assistant Bishop of Leicester. Educated at St John's College, Cambridge, Down was ordained in 1960. His first post was as a curate at St Paul's Church, Salisbury, after which he was secretary to the Missions to Seaman, chaplain of St Michael Paternoster Royal, and honorary chaplain to the Carmen's Company until his ordination to the episcopate in 1990. He returned to England as the Assistant Bishop of Leicester in 1995 before retiring in 2001.

text:
# Bill Down

**William John Denbigh Down** (born 15 July 1934) was a British cleric who was the ninth Bishop of Bermuda and later the Assistant Bishop of Leicester.

Educated at St John's College, Cambridge, Down was ordained in 1960. His first post was as a curate at St Paul's Church, Salisbury, after which he was secretary to the Missions to Seaman, chaplain of St Michael Paternoster Royal, and honorary chaplain to the Carmen's Company until his ordination to the episcopate in 1990. He returned to England as the Assistant Bishop of Leicester in 1995 before retiring in 2001.

## InfoBox

| Bill Down | |
| --- | --- |
| Assistant Bishop of Leicester | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Leicester |
| In office | 1995–2001 |
| Predecessor | Godfrey Ashby |
| Successor | John Austin |
| Other post(s) | Bishop of Bermuda (1990–1995)
Honorary assistant bishop in Oxford (2001–present) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1959 (deacon); 1960 (priest) |
| Consecration | 1990 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1934-07-15) 15 July 1934
Surrey, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Denomination | Anglican |
| Parents | William & Beryl Down |
| Spouse | Sylvia Aves (m. 1960) |
| Children | 2 sons; 2 daughters |
| Profession | Missionary; writer |
| Alma mater | St John's College, Cambridge |


title: Boy Meets Girl (play)

abstract: Boy Meets Girl is a three-act, seven-scene play, written by Bella and Samuel Spewack, staged and produced by George Abbott. It is a farce with a large cast, fast pacing, two settings and a film sequence. The action centers around two scenarists at the Royal Studios in Hollywood, their volatile producer, the fading western actor they write for, and a pregnant single waitress whose baby they turn into a film star. The play's title comes from a trope common to early film plots: Boy Meets Girl, Boy Loses Girl, Boy Gets Girl. Though not original to the play, the phrase received a boost in popular usage as a result. The set designs were by Arne Lundborg. The show was a critical and popular success, winning the Dramatists Guild award for Best Comedy of the Season. It ran for twenty months on Broadway, closing after 669 performances. It was adapted for film in 1938, but had only two minor revivals on Broadway in later decades.

text:
# Boy Meets Girl (play)

***Boy Meets Girl*** is a three-act, seven-scene play, written by Bella and Samuel Spewack, staged and produced by George Abbott. It is a farce with a large cast, fast pacing, two settings and a film sequence. The action centers around two scenarists at the Royal Studios in Hollywood, their volatile producer, the fading western actor they write for, and a pregnant single waitress whose baby they turn into a film star. The play's title comes from a trope common to early film plots: Boy Meets Girl, Boy Loses Girl, Boy Gets Girl. Though not original to the play, the phrase received a boost in popular usage as a result.

The set designs were by Arne Lundborg. The show was a critical and popular success, winning the Dramatists Guild award for Best Comedy of the Season. It ran for twenty months on Broadway, closing after 669 performances. It was adapted for film in 1938, but had only two minor revivals on Broadway in later decades.

## Characters

Characters are listed in order of appearance within their scope.

### Leads

* **Robert Law** is a thirtyish scenarist from Vermont at Royal Studios, an advocate of realism. Supposed to represent Charles MacArthur.
* **Larry Toms** is a somewhat sullen, puritanical, and self-absorbed fading western star at Royal Studios.
* **J. Carlyle Benson** is Law's older creative partner, expensively married, yet a romanticist. Thought to be based on Ben Hecht.
* **C. Elliot Friday (C.F.)** is a mercurial producer, the only college graduate at Royal Studios. Attributed to Irving Thalberg.
* **Susie Seabrook** is a pregnant single waitress, whose husband turned out to be a bigamist. Her goal is to finish high school.

### Supporting

* **Rossetti** is the vulpine agent for Larry Toms, an opportunist and an impartial guller of clients.
* **Miss Crews** is Mr. Friday's cool, collected secretary, always popping in and out with messages and unwelcome news.
* **Rodney Bevans** is a proud young scion of English nobility, currently employed as an extra at the studio.
* **Green** is a studio songwriter who is a target of Law's mischief, C.F.'s ire, and Miss Crews' wit.
* **Otto Slade** is Green's composer partner, who has only three lines but plays piano onstage.

* **Peggy** is a manicurist who works on C.F.'s nails in the first act and disavows any interest in seeing a Larry Toms movie.
* **A Nurse** appears briefly in Act II Scene 2 pushing a pram with Happy in it.
* **Doctor** appears briefly in Act II Scenes 2 and 3.
* **Chauffeur** is assigned to Susie; called Simpson by her, he delivers her high school algebra book in Act II Scene 2.
* **A Young Man** located by Miss Crews in Act II Scene 2 for Susie, who is looking for Rodney but doesn't know his name.
* **Studio Officer** is a studio policeman called Smitty, who appears briefly in Act II Scene 3.
* **Cutter** is a film editor at Royal Studios, called Simmons by C.F., who appears briefly in Act II Scene 3.
* **Another Nurse** is seen in Act III Scene 1 interacting with Susie and Larry.
* **Major Thompson** is a middle-aged English gentleman, who confirms Bevan's identity in the last scene.

### Voice-only

* **B.K.** is the Royal Studio chief executive, heard only thru an intercom, supposedly based on Louis B. Mayer.
* **Radio Announcer** is an emcee broadcasting live from the film premiere, and later on a radio spot.

### Film-only

* **Happy** is Susie's baby boy, seen only on film at the beginning of Act II.

## Synopsis

"The story is too crack-brained to be intelligibly recorded here". --Brooks Atkinson

## Original production

### Background

The Spewacks had worked on the screenplay for *Rendezvous* at MGM studios during 1934; *Boy Meets Girl* was based on experiences and personalities they had encountered there. The first public announcement of it came when George Abbott put it on his production schedule during October 1935. Rehearsals started October 27, 1935. The first cast announcements came a day later, with Jerome Cowan, Joyce Arling, Charles McClelland, Royal Beal, and for a while Broderick Crawford, selected for the play.

George Abbott revealed to Victor Knox of the *Buffalo Evening News* that Warner Brothers had helped finance the play, but he and the Spewacks controlled the production. He further emphasized that the studio's stake amounted to only a quarter interest, and would play little part in determining film rights.

### Cast

Cast during the tryout in Philadelphia and the original Broadway run
| Role | Actor | Dates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Robert Law | Allyn Joslyn | Nov 18, 1935 - Feb 20, 1937 | After 524 performances, Joslyn left for Hollywood. |
| | Roy Roberts | Feb 22, 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Larry Toms | Charles McClelland | Nov 18, 1935 - Nov 28, 1936 |  |
| | Don Douglas | Nov 30, 1936 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| J. Carlyle Benson | Jerome Cowan | Nov 18, 1935 - May 30, 1936 | Cowan left to make movies in Hollywood. |
| | Millard Mitchell | Jun 01, 1936 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Mr. Friday (C.F.) | Royal Beal | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 | One night Beal suffered a burst appendix in Act I, but finished the performance after a shot of morphine. |
| Susie | Joyce Arling | Nov 18, 1935 - Apr 17, 1937 | This was Arling's first starring and fourth stage role, all for George Abbott productions. |
| | TBD | Apr 19, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 | Took over role when Arling was sent to a new road company by George Abbott. |
| Rossetti | Everett H. Sloane | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Miss Crews | Lea Penman | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Rodney Bevans | James MacColl | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 1937 | Audiences were convinced MacColl was really English, but he was actually a NYC native. |
| | Richard Waring | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Green | Garson Kanin | Nov 18, 1935 - Feb 22, 1936 | Kanin left to join the cast of *Star Spangled* only to see it flop. |
| | Jerry Sloane | Feb 24, 1936 - Apr 4, 1936 | Sloane was promised a role in the next road company for yielding the part to Kanin again. |
| | Garson Kanin | Apr 6, 1936 - Jun 1937 |  |
| | Sidney Andrews | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Otto Slade | Maurice Sommers | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 | Sommers was the only cast member to never miss a performance during the entire run. |
| Peggy | Peggy Hart | Nov 18, 1935 - Mar 14, 1936 | Hart left the play to get married. |
| | Julie Lawrence | Mar 16, 1936 - May 2, 1936 |  |
| | Edith Van Cleve | May 4, 1936 - Jun 1937 | She was a production assistant for George Abbott and simultaneously in the cast of *Three Men on a Horse*. |
| | Barbara Leeds | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| A Nurse | Helen Gardner | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Doctor | Perry Ivins | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Chauffeur | Edison Rice | Nov 18, 1935 - Dec 21, 1936 | Rice left to join the cast of the second company opening in Chicago. |
| | Juan Varro | Dec 23, 1936 - Jun 1937 | Varro was also an assistant stage manager. |
| | Unknown | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 | This character was dropped from the theater program after May 1937 |
| A Young Man | Philip Faversham | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 1937 | He was the son of William Faversham and Julie Opp. |
| | Carl Frank | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Studio Officer | George W. Smith | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 1937 | Besides acting, Smith also served as stage manager for the play. |
| | Juan Varro | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 |  |
| Cutter | Robert Foulk | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 1937 | Foulk was also an assistant stage manager for this play. |
| | George W. Smith | Jun 1937 - Jun 1937 |  |
| Another Nurse | Marjorie Lytell | Nov 18, 1935 - Feb 22, 1936 | She was the wife of Philip Faversham, also in this play. |
| | Georgette McKee | Feb 24, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 | McKee took over when Lytell left to appear in *Star Spangled*. |
| | Barbara Leeds | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 1937 |  |
| | Unknown | Jun 1937 - Jun 19, 1937 | This character was dropped from the theater program after May 1937 |
| Major Thompson | John Clarke | Nov 18, 1935 - Jun 19, 1937 | Clarke was an English opera singer whom Abbott persuaded to take this straight dramatic role. |
| Happy | Judith Ann Roy |  | Though the character was a boy, the second act film sequence was played by George Abbott's niece. |
|

### Tryouts

*Boy Meets Girl* had its sole tryout at the Broad Street Theatre in Philadelphia, opening on November 18, 1935, for a week-long run. Both local reviewers were positive about the play and cast, predicting Broadway success for it, and neither had any suggestions for improvement. One mentioned the rumor that the screenplay writer characters of Robert Law and J. Carlyle Benson were based on Charles MacArthur and Ben Hecht. The same reviewer labelled the farce as "a satire without the ire" and thought it a burlesque.

The critics may have had no suggestions, but according to George Abbott audiences reacted negatively to one part of the film sequence, showing C.F. auditioning babies for the part of Happy. Viewers felt sorry for the infants who didn't get the job, so that first part of the film sequence was cut after Philadelphia.

### Premiere

The Broadway debut for *Boy Meets Girl* occurred at the Cort Theatre on November 27, 1935. Columnist Rowland Field spotted Ben Hecht, George M. Cohan, Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart, Irving Berlin, Herbert Bayard Swope, Helen Lynd, Philip Dunning, and Max Gordon among the first-night crowd. Burns Mantle noted the audience's laughter "frequently rose to shrieks and seldom dwindled to anything as non-committal as a giggle".

### Reception

Arthur Pollock in the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle* said: "There are plays so bad that to dismiss them with a line is to overestimate them. And there are plays so good description seems superfluous. *Boy Meets Girl* is nothing more than a knockout". He felt that *Boy Meets Girl* successfully stood comparison with *Once in a Lifetime*, an earlier satire on Hollywood, as well as with George Abbott's own *Broadway*. As for the play's two screenwriters being based on real-life figures, Pollock was dismissive: "Some say the two are meant to be Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur, but the play proves that that rumor has no foundation. They are too funny."

Both Burns Mantle in the *Daily News* and Brooks Atkinson in *The New York Times* attributed much of the play's success to George Abbott's casting and direction. Atkinson called it "an extraordinarily hilarious comedy" and stated: "George Abbott has cast it and directed it with uncommon exactitude and vitality".

By March 22, 1936, the play had had over 145,000 viewers, with an average weekly gross of $18,000 and advance sales of $70,000, and was coming up to its 150th performance on April 1, 1936.

### Change of Venue

*Boy Meets Girl* gave its last performance at the Cort Theatre on May 15, 1937, opening at the Ambassador Theatre on May 17, 1937. The move was to make way for George Abbott's new comedy, *Room Service*, and was accompanied by a 50% discount on ticket prices.

### Closing

The original Broadway run closed at the Ambassador Theatre on June 19, 1937, after 669 performances.

## Second Company

Three weeks after the Broadway premiere, the sale of advance tickets was such that George Abbott announced that a second company of the Broadway production would open in Chicago on January 19, 1936. The second company would star Polly Walters, Eric Dressler, Harold Vermilyea, and Philip Van Zandt. Before doing short tryout runs in Buffalo, New York and Cincinnati, Ohio, there was a morning preview of it before a picked audience of players and other stage folks at the Cort Theatre.

The first tryout opened at the Erlanger Theatre in Buffalo on January 6, 1936. The play's opening dialogue was punctured by an unexpected intruder, a yowling gray cat so vocal it drowned out lines in the first act. Stage crew members chased it up and down the aisles and across the orchestra pit to the delight of the audience, before it disappeared into the basement.

The second tryout opened at the Cox Theatre in Cincinnati on January 12, 1936. One local reviewer said: "What the poverty of the English language forces me to call the plot of *Boy Meets Girl* revolves about the antics of two pleasantly insane scenarists. From the curtain's rise there is not a dull, and scarcely a lucid, moment...".

The second company's premiere opened at the Selwyn Theatre in Chicago on January 19, 1936. Charles Collins of *The Chicago Tribune* was impressed: "The casting of the various types is adroit; the stage direction by George Abbott... is keen and brisk; and the acting is skilfull and merry". The second company closed its run at the Selwyn Theater on May 2, 1936, after which it became the touring company for *Boy Meets Girl*, visiting cities in the Midwest.

## Adaptions and revivals

### Stage Revivals

On June 22, 1943, a revival was mounted at the Windsor Theatre by Lucia Victor's New York Stock company, with Rodney Hale directing. The production, for a limited engagement of two weeks, starred Joey Faye, Lewis Charles, Sara Lee Harris, and Norman MacKay. Burns Mantle in the *Daily News* gave a brief review, saying it was adequate "so long as the audience is confined to patrons without memories of the original production".

A second revival was mounted in April 1976 by the Phoenix Theatre repertory company at the Playhouse Theatre on 48th Street. Directed by John Lithgow, it starred Lenny Baker, Charles Kimbrough, Mary Beth Hurt, and Frederick Coffin. The production was panned by one reviewer, who said: "The humor of its jokes has gone flat over time", and suggested Lithgow should stick to acting.

### Film

*Boy Meets Girl* was adapted for *Boy Meets Girl (1938 film)*, directed by Lloyd Bacon and starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien, Marie Wilson, Dick Foran, and Ralph Bellamy. Films and television shows with the same title from subsequent years are different stories.

1. ""Boy Meets Girl" Amuses At Broad". *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 19, 1935. p. 6  via Newspapers.com.
2. Mantle, Burns (November 28, 1935). ""Boy Meets Girl" Is a Hit". *Daily News*. New York, New York. p. 604  via Newspapers.com.
3. "'Boy Meets Girl' Gets $500 Prize". *Democrat and Chronicle*. Rochester, New York. April 28, 1936. p. 13  via Newspapers.com.
4. "News of the Stage". *The New York Times*. New York, New York. June 19, 1937. p. 20  via NYTimes.com.
5. Knox, Victor (January 6, 1936). ""Boy Meets Girl" Satire On Metro Studio, It Seems". *Buffalo Evening News*. Buffalo, New York. p. 12  via Newspapers.com.
6. Atkinson, Brooks (November 28, 1936). "The Play". *The New York Times*. New York, New York. p. 38  via NYTimes.com.
7. Cohen, Harold V. (October 22, 1935). "The Drama Desk". *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. 14  via Newspapers.com.
8. "Abbott Ready With New Play By The Spewacks". *Daily News*. New York, New York. October 27, 1935. p. 450  via Newspapers.com.
9. "The New York Stage". *The Buffalo News*. Buffalo, New York. October 28, 1935. p. 24  via Newspapers.com.
10. Knox, Victor (January 10, 1936). "Film Financing No Menace To Dramatists, Says Abbott". *Buffalo Evening News*. Buffalo, New York. p. 14  via Newspapers.com.
11. Chapman, John (February 22, 1937). "Mainly About Manhattan". *Daily News*. New York, New York. p. 187  via Newspapers.com.
12. "A Boy One Year Old". *The Brooklyn Daily Eagle*. Brooklyn, New York. November 29, 1936. p. 57  via Newspapers.com.
13. "Stage Notes". *Daily News*. New York, New York. June 2, 1936. p. 331  via Newspapers.com.
14. "The Call Boy's Chat". *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. November 24, 1935. p. 65  via Newspapers.com.
15. Field, Rowland (March 15, 1936). "Both Sides of the Curtain". *Times Union*. Brooklyn, New York. p. 10  via Newspapers.com.
16. "Garson Kanin Back in "Boy Meets Girl"". *The Brooklyn Citizen*. Brooklyn, New York. April 8, 1936. p. 14  via Newspapers.com.
17. Pollock, Arthur (November 29, 1935). "The Theater". *The Brooklyn Daily Eagle*. Brooklyn, New York. p. 21  via Newspapers.com.
18. Harper, Ray (March 16, 1936). "Rialto Rambling". *The Brooklyn Citizen*. Brooklyn, New York. p. 16  via Newspapers.com.
19. "G. M. Cohan At It Again". *Daily News*. New York, New York. May 3, 1936. p. 61  via Newspapers.com.
20. "Theatre Notes". *Daily News*. New York, New York. December 21, 1935. p. 32  via Newspapers.com.
21. "Drama News". *Times Union*. Brooklyn, New York. February 22, 1936. p. 15  via Newspapers.com.
22. Sheaffer, Lew (March 27, 1936). "Youngest Stage Star Is Queens Baby Girl". *The Brooklyn Daily Eagle*. Brooklyn, New York. p. 29  via Newspapers.com.
23. Field, Rowland (December 1, 1935). "Both Sides of the Curtain". *Times Union*. Brooklyn, New York. p. 10  via Newspapers.com.
24. "Theatre Notes". *Daily News*. New York, New York. March 23, 1936. p. 178  via Newspapers.com.
25. "Price Cut on "Boy Meets Girl"; "Room Service" a Pickup". *Daily News*. New York, New York. May 16, 1937. p. 298  via Newspapers.com.
26. "Drama News". *The Brooklyn Daily Eagle*. Brooklyn, New York. December 14, 1935. p. 4  via Newspapers.com.
27. "Cat Adds Gusto To Hilarity of Opening Night". *Buffalo Evening News*. Buffalo, New York. January 7, 1936. p. 9  via Newspapers.com.
28. Carberry, Edward (January 13, 1936). "Merry Farce Opens at Cox". *The Cincinnati Post*. Cincinnati, Ohio. p. 9  via Newspapers.com.
29. Collins, Charles (January 20, 1936). "'Boy Meets Girl', Daft and Droll, Smartly Ironic". *The Chicago Tribune*. Chicago, Illinois. p. 15  via Newspapers.com.
30. "The Stage". *The Chicago Tribune*. Chicago, Illinois. April 23, 1936. p. 15  via Newspapers.com.
31. "The New York Stage". *The Buffalo News*. Buffalo, New York. June 23, 1943. p. 8  via Newspapers.com.
32. Mantle, Burns (June 23, 1943). ""Boy Meets Girl" Is Revived in 48th St". *Daily News*. New York, New York. p. 237  via Newspapers.com.
33. le Sourd, Jacques (April 14, 1976). "'Boy Meets Girl' revival not a classic". *The Reporter Dispatch*. White Plains, New York. p. 41  via Newspapers.com.

## InfoBox

| Boy Meets Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Bella and Samuel Spewack |
| Directed by | George Abbott |
| Date premiered | November 27, 1935 (1935-11-27) |
| Place premiered | Cort Theatre,<br>New York City |
| Original language | English |
| Subject | Farce on events in a film studio |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Setting | The fictional Royal Studio in Hollywood, 1935. |


title: Boy Meets Girl (band)

abstract: Boy Meets Girl is an American pop-music duo consisting of keyboardist and vocalist George Merrill and singer Shannon Rubicam. They are perhaps best known for their hit song "Waiting for a Star to Fall" from 1988 and for writing two of Whitney Houston's number one hits: "How Will I Know" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody".

text:
# Boy Meets Girl (band)

**Boy Meets Girl** is an American pop-music duo consisting of keyboardist and vocalist George Merrill and singer Shannon Rubicam. They are perhaps best known for their hit song "Waiting for a Star to Fall" from 1988 and for writing two of Whitney Houston's number one hits: "How Will I Know" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)".

## Career

The members of Boy Meets Girl, George Merrill and Shannon Rubicam, wrote and composed a number of songs for other artists. Most famous are their two number one hits written for Whitney Houston, "How Will I Know" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". They also wrote the songs "Don't Tell Me We Have Nothing" and "Haunting Me" for Deniece Williams and the song "I Know You By Heart", which was recorded by Dolly Parton and Smokey Robinson for Parton's 1987 *Rainbow* album, and later covered by Bette Midler for the *Beaches* soundtrack. The duo also performed backing vocals on Deniece Williams's number one hit, "Let's Hear It for the Boy". Merrill also sang backing vocals on Bette Midler's *Some People's Lives* album.

Boy Meets Girl usually produced a demo version, or, in some cases such as "Don't Tell Me We Have Nothing", a studio version, before Merrill and Rubicam handed the songs to the intended artists.

The duo's first album as a recording act was self titled, and its lead-off song, "Oh Girl", a bitter tale of a failed relationship was released as a single by A&M Records. The song reached number 39 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 singles chart in May 1985. The *Boy Meets Girl* album peaked at number 76 on the album chart.

Three years later, the group released its follow-up album, *Reel Life*, which featured the single "Waiting for a Star to Fall". With this selection, after years of writing and composing songs for other artists, the duo earned mainstream success in their own right. In the United States, "Waiting for a Star to Fall" peaked at number 5 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and at number 1 on the *Billboard* Adult Contemporary chart. The song reached number 9 in the UK Singles Chart and was also a top 40 Australian hit in April 1989. It was featured in the 1990 movie *Three Men and a Little Lady*. Reportedly, the song was inspired by an actual falling star that Merrill and Rubicam had seen at one of Whitney Houston's concerts at the Greek Theatre. The duo submitted the song to Houston for consideration on her next album, but her producer at the time, Clive Davis, rejected it.

Boy Meets Girl's follow-up single "Bring Down the Moon" peaked at No. 49 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 (and No. 28 Adult Contemporary). *Reel Life* contained both singles and spent several weeks at No. 50 in the United States and peaked at No. 74 in the United Kingdom.

Boy Meets Girl's third album, *New Dream*, was released in the UK & Europe in 1990, but RCA Records chose not release it in the US during their label reorganization. It was finally remastered and released in 2005.

In the early 2000s, the couple, who had married during the 1980s, divorced, but continued their musical collaboration. In 2003, they released their fourth album, *The Wonderground*, on their own label, and arranged for RCA Records to re-release their two RCA albums. Their debut album recorded for A&M Records was also re-released. The various artists album *Number One With a Bullet* also contains their original demo tape for "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)".

In 2005, "Waiting for a Star to Fall" was involved in a "sample battle". Two electronic music groups, Cabin Crew and Sunset Strippers, wanted to sample the song and remix it. Sunset Strippers, from the UK, won the right for the samples from the band's record label, releasing "Falling Stars". However, Cabin Crew, from Australia, and vocalist George Merrill re-recorded the vocals for the remixed song, entitled "Star to Fall" or "Star2Fall". A year earlier, Scottish electronic musician Mylo had also used samples of the song, mixing it with Kim Carnes's cover of "Bette Davis Eyes", for his song entitled "In My Arms".

In January 2021, the duo released "More Deeply (In Love with You)", the first single from their EP *5*.

## Discography

### Albums and EPs

| Year | Album | Chart positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | UK
 |
| 1985 | *Boy Meets Girl* | 76 |  |
| 1988 | *Reel Life* | 50 | 74 |
| 1991 | *New Dream* |  |  |
| 2003 | *The Wonderground* |  |  |
| 2021 | *5* (EP) |  |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | | | |

### Singles

| Year | Song | Peak chart positions | | | | Certifications | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | US
 | US AC
 | AUS
 | UK
 | | |
| 1985 | "Oh Girl" | 39 |  |  |  |  | *Boy Meets Girl* |
| | "The Touch" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1986 | "Heartbreaker" |  |  |  |  |  | single only |
| 1988 | "Waiting for a Star to Fall" | 5 | 1 | 35 | 9 |  | *Reel Life* |
| 1989 | "Bring Down the Moon" | 49 | 28 |  | 92 | |  |
| | "Stormy Love" |  |  |  |  | |  |
| 1991 | "Waiting for a Star to Fall" (re-issue) |  |  |  | 76 | |  |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Boy Meets Girl | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop rock, adult contemporary |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Labels | A&M, RCA, Boy Meets Girl |
|  | |
| Members | George Merrill
Shannon Rubicam |
|  | |
| Website | www.boymeetsgirlmusic.com |


title: Rural City of Marong

abstract: The Rural City of Marong was a local government area about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north-northwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The rural city covered an area of 1,488.93 square kilometres (574.9 sq mi), and existed from 1861 until 1994.

text:
# Rural City of Marong

The **Rural City of Marong** was a local government area about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north-northwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The rural city covered an area of 1,488.93 square kilometres (574.9 sq mi), and existed from 1861 until 1994.

## History

Marong was first incorporated as a road district on 27 August 1861, and became a shire on 23 December 1864. On 1 October 1915, the Borough of Raywood, which was gazetted on 17 January 1865 on 23.31 square kilometres (9.00 sq mi) of land 28 kilometres (17 mi) north of Bendigo, was united with Marong. On 1 October 1990, the Shire of Marong became a rural city, under the Local Government Act 1989.

### Amalgamation

The council briefly made State headlines in the circumstances surrounding its amalgamation. The Kennett Liberal government, elected in 1992, had embarked on an ambitious program of local government reform and restructuring across Victoria. Under the Local Government (General Amendment) Act 1993, a Local Government Board, chaired by Leonie Burke, was established to advise the State Government on municipal matters. In a report on 17 February 1994, the Local Government Board recommended that the five councils in the Bendigo region merge to form a "super city", with a population of about 81,000, much as Geelong had done the previous year. Marong, Eaglehawk and Huntly had earlier objected to the proposal, and the Board noted a weak no vote against the merger proposal in a referendum in the region; about 70% had voted against, but with a turnout of between 30% and 40% of eligible voters.

The three councils filed a writ in the Supreme Court, alleging failure to follow process by the Minister for Local Government, Roger Hallam, but by the time the new "super city" was announced, the writ had not yet been heard, and on 24 March 1994, the Rural City of Marong successfully applied for an injunction blocking the publication of the gazette the following day abolishing the five councils and appointing three commissioners, led by Peter Ross-Edwards, the former leader of the Victorian National Party. The government responded by introducing legislation, the City of Greater Bendigo Bill 1994, to Parliament, to effectively override the Supreme Court action, with Hallam saying "the bill would make clear that the Government is determined to achieve its objective for a more efficient municipal structure for the Bendigo region." Marong mayor Robert Hynes described the action as "terribly disappointing", adding, "One way or another, I believe it does mean an end to our fight... it seems the Government are above the law to me." On 6 April 1994, Marong voted to drop the Supreme Court action, effectively in doing so voting itself out of existence, and on 7 April 1994, the Rural City of Marong was abolished, and along with the City of Bendigo, the Borough of Eaglehawk and the Shires of Huntly and Strathfieldsaye, was merged into the newly created City of Greater Bendigo. On 29 April 1994, the Minister confirmed the Bill was not being proceeded with.

## Wards

The Rural City of Marong was divided into three wards on 30 May 1988, each of which elected three councillors:

* Central Ward
* North Ward
* South Ward

## Towns and localities

* Council seat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1954 | 5,421 |
| 1958 | 5,960\* |
| 1961 | 6,100 |
| 1966 | 6,483 |
| 1971 | 6,905 |
| 1976 | 8,168 |
| 1981 | 9,869 |
| 1986 | 11,744 |
| 1991 | 14,723 |

* Estimate in the 1958 Victorian Year Book.

## InfoBox

| Rural City of Marong
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Victoria | |
| Former Shire Hall at Marong | |
| Population | 15,880 (1992) |
| • Density | 10.665/km2 (27.623/sq mi) |
| Established | 1861 |
| Area | 1,488.93 km2 (574.9 sq mi) |
| Council seat | Marong |
| Region | North Central Victoria |
| County | Bendigo |
|  | |
| **LGAs around Rural City of Marong:**  Korong East Loddon Huntly  Bet Bet Rural City of Marong Bendigo (C)  Tullaroop Maldon Strathfieldsaye | |


title: Rural City of Seymour

abstract: The Rural City of Seymour was a local government area about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The rural city covered an area of 945.07 square kilometres (364.9 sq mi), and existed from 1863 until 1994.

text:
# Rural City of Seymour

The **Rural City of Seymour** was a local government area about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The rural city covered an area of 945.07 square kilometres (364.9 sq mi), and existed from 1863 until 1994.

## History

Seymour was incorporated as a road district on 5 May 1863, and became a shire on 24 February 1871. It lost a part of its area to the Shire of Yea on 15 May 1907. On 2 November 1993, Seymour was proclaimed a rural city.

On 18 November 1994, the Rural City of Seymour was abolished, and along with the Shires of Broadford and Pyalong, and parts of the Shire of McIvor, was merged into the newly created Shire of Mitchell. The Avenel district was transferred to the newly created Shire of Strathbogie.

## Wards

The Rural City of Seymour was divided into four ridings, each of which elected three councillors:

* Avenel Riding
* Seymour North Riding
* Seymour South Riding
* Tallarook Riding

## Towns and localities

* Council seat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1954 | 11,596 |
| 1958 | 12,340\* |
| 1961 | 9,254 |
| 1966 | 11,248 |
| 1971 | 11,103 |
| 1976 | 10,632 |
| 1981 | 11,218 |
| 1986 | 11,412 |
| 1991 | 11,690 |

* Estimate in the 1958 Victorian Year Book.

## InfoBox

| Rural City of Seymour
Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Victoria | |
| Population | 12,210 (1992) |
| • Density | 12.920/km2 (33.462/sq mi) |
| Established | 1863 |
| Area | 945.07 km2 (364.9 sq mi) |
| Council seat | Seymour |
| Region | Hume |
| County | Anglesey, Delatite, Moira, Dalhousie |
| **LGAs around Rural City of Seymour:**  McIvor Goulburn Goulburn  Pyalong Rural City of Seymour Yea  Pyalong Broadford Yea | |


title: Russet-backed oropendola

abstract: The russet-backed oropendola is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in wooded habitats in the highlands of the northern and central Andes and the Venezuelan Coastal Range, and in lowlands of the western Amazon. It is generally common and widespread. Males are larger than females, but otherwise the genders are similar. Its plumage is mainly olive and brown, and the outer rectrices are contrastingly yellow. The lowland nominate subspecies has a black bill, while the highland subspecies all have pale bills. These have been regarded as separate species, but as they hybridize freely, all major authorities now regard them as a single species.

text:
# Russet-backed oropendola

The **russet-backed oropendola** (***Psarocolius angustifrons***) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in wooded habitats in the highlands of the northern and central Andes and the Venezuelan Coastal Range, and in lowlands of the western Amazon. It is generally common and widespread. Males are larger than females, but otherwise the genders are similar. Its plumage is mainly olive and brown, and the outer rectrices are contrastingly yellow. The lowland nominate subspecies has a black bill, while the highland subspecies all have pale bills. These have been regarded as separate species, but as they hybridize freely, all major authorities now regard them as a single species.

## InfoBox

| Russet-backed oropendola | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Colombia | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Icteridae |
| Genus: | *Psarocolius* |
| Species: | ***P. angustifrons*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psarocolius angustifrons***
(Spix, 1824) | |
|
|  | |
| Range of russet-backed oropendola (in green) | |


title: Brad Davis (basketball)

abstract: Bradley Ernest Davis is an American former professional basketball player who spent the bulk of his National Basketball Association (NBA) career with the Dallas Mavericks. He has been associated with the Mavericks for the team's entire existence as either a player, assistant coach or broadcaster.

text:
# Brad Davis (basketball)

**Bradley Ernest Davis** (born December 17, 1955) is an American former professional basketball player who spent the bulk of his National Basketball Association (NBA) career with the Dallas Mavericks. He has been associated with the Mavericks for the team's entire existence as either a player, assistant coach or broadcaster.

## Early years

Born in Monaca, Pennsylvania, Davis graduated from Monaca High School and played basketball there under head coach Dave Nichol. As a senior, he received Class B all-Pennsylvania honors. Davis also tried out for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball.

## College career

Davis accepted a basketball scholarship from the University of Maryland, to play under head coach Lefty Driesell. As a freshman, he was named the starter at point guard, playing alongside guard John Lucas, while averaging 12.6 points, 4.6 assists and 3.3 rebounds.

As a junior, he averaged 12.4 points, 4.9 assists, 3.5 rebounds and 0.9 steals. He declared for the NBA draft after the season, finishing with an average of 12.2 points and 5.1 assists per game during his three-year stint in college.

## Professional career

Davis was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round (15th pick overall) of the 1977 NBA draft. As a rookie, he missed eight weeks with a broken hand and was passed on the depth chart by fellow rookie Norm Nixon. In his second season, he was waived after 10 games on October 27, 1978.

In 1978, he played with the Montana Sky of the Western Basketball Association. Although he was a teammate of Cazzie Russell, the squad finished in last place.

On February 12, 1979, he signed as a free agent with the Indiana Pacers, to provide depth after Kevin Stacom was traded. He was released eighteen games into the 1979–80 season on October 20. In 1979, he signed with the Anchorage Northern Knights of the Continental Basketball Association, where he helped them win the league championship.

On February 29, 1980, he was signed as a free agent by the Utah Jazz. The coaching staff didn't feel that he was going to make the team, so the organization gave the Pistons permission to invite Davis to their camp, by making him a free agent.

On April 24, 1980, he was invited to a two-day tryout camp by the Detroit Pistons. On July 11, he signed a free agent contract with the Detroit Pistons. He was cut on October 8. He played with the Anchorage Northern Knights of the Continental Basketball Association during the 1979–80 basketball season.

On December 2, 1980, Davis signed as a free agent with the NBA expansion team Dallas Mavericks, when the franchise was nearly two months into the 1980–81 season and became the starting point guard. On March 27, 1981, he signed a contract extension. In the 1982–83 season, set a team record with 7.2 assists per game, set an NBA record for a guard with a .572 field goal percentage and tied for the team lead with 80 steals. On June 23, 1983, he signed a contract extension. He became a fan favorite and spent the rest of his NBA career (12 seasons) with the Mavericks. In the 1984–85 season, he ranked third in the league in 3-point shooting and free-throw percentage. In the 1987–88 season, he was a part of a team that reached the Western Conference Finals only to lose to the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers in seven games. On August 1, 1992, he announced his official retirement. He averaged 8.6 points, 5.1 assists, 1.9 rebounds and 24.2 minutes per game during his career.

Davis was the final Maverick remaining from the team's first season, the franchise leader in assists, games played and minutes played. On November 14, 1992, Davis was the first Maverick to have his number retired when his #15 jersey was raised to the rafters of Reunion Arena.

## Personal life

In 1993, Davis became an assistant for the Mavericks under head coach Dick Motta. At the same time, he took a position as the color commentator for Mavericks televised games. He later moved to radio broadcasts.

Davis was the radio analyst until the 2007–08 season, when he swapped positions with Mavericks TV commentator Bob Ortegel. They later switched back to their original roles and Davis remained the color commentator on Mavericks' radio broadcasts. He also serves as the Mavericks' player development coach and a community services representative for the team.

He is the brother of former NBA player Mickey Davis. He is married to Kelli Davis and father to three children: son Michael and daughters Erin and Cara Davis.

## InfoBox

Brad Davis
| Davis with Los Angeles Lakers in 1977 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1955-12-17) December 17, 1955<br>Monaca, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Listed height | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Listed weight | 180 lb (82 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Monaca (Monaca, Pennsylvania) |
| College | Maryland (1974–1977) |
| NBA draft | 1977: 1st round, 15th overall pick |
| Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers | |
| Playing career | 1977–1992 |
| Position | Point guard |
| Number | 30, 20, 12, 15 |
| Career history | |
| 19771978 | Los Angeles Lakers |
| 1978–1979 | Montana Sky |
| 1979 | Indiana Pacers |
| 1979–1980 | Anchorage Northern Knights |
| 1980 | Utah Jazz |
| 19801992 | Dallas Mavericks |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NBA statistics | |
| Points | 7,866 (8.2 ppg) |
| Rebounds | 1,738 (1.8 rpg) |
| Assists | 4,709 (4.9 apg) |
|  | |
| Stats  at NBA.com | |
| Stats  at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: Russian Chants «Parastas»

abstract: Russian Chants «Parastas» is an album by Russian composer Boris Feoktistov and American composer Bill Laswell. It was released in 1995 by Meldac. The album comprises ambient soundscapes created by Laswell structured around Russian orthodox liturgical chants authored by Boris Feoktistov.

text:
# Russian Chants «Parastas»

***Russian Chants «Parastas»*** is an album by Russian composer Boris Feoktistov and American composer Bill Laswell. It was released in 1995 by Meldac. The album comprises ambient soundscapes created by Laswell structured around Russian orthodox liturgical chants authored by Boris Feoktistov.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Boris Feoktistov and Bill Laswell

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cold Chamber" (The Great Litany/Alleluia, Tone 8 Troparion, The 1st, The 2nd/The Beginning: "Bless Be, O Lord", Troparion: "Give Repose, O Lord"/The Small Litany/"Repose, Our Saviour") | 16:42 |
| 2. | "Four Sided Vortex" ("Repose, Our Saviour"/"The Only Immortal"/The Small Litany) | 16:27 |
| 3. | "Relative Motion" ("I Cry And Sob"/"With the Spirits of the Just"/The Insistent Litany) | 16:43 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the *Russian Chants «Parastas»* liner notes.

Musicians Technical personnel

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Japan | 1995 | Meldac | CD | MECI 26001 |
| Germany | 1996 | 99 | CD | LC 6383 2150 |

## InfoBox

| Russian Chants «Parastas» | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Remix album by Boris Feoktistov/Bill Laswell | |
| Released | 1995 (1995) |
| Recorded | Greenpoint Studios, Brooklyn, NY |
| Genre | Ambient |
| Length | 49:53 |
| Label | Meldac |
| Producer | Hisao Hirata |
| Bill Laswell chronology | |
| *Psychonavigation 2*
(1995) ***Russian Chants «Parastas»***
(1995) *Off World One*
(1996) | |


title: Rune Molberg

abstract: Rune Molberg is a former Norwegian ice hockey player. He was born in Oslo, Norway and played for the club Manglerud Star. He played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics. In the last game of the tournament against Romania, Molberg assisted on a goal and scored one of his own with only 29 seconds remaining. This salvaged a tie, but did not help his team make the medal round.

text:
# Rune Molberg

**Rune Molberg** (born November 21, 1952) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player. He was born in Oslo, Norway and played for the club Manglerud Star. He played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics. In the last game of the tournament against Romania, Molberg assisted on a goal and scored one of his own with only 29 seconds remaining. This salvaged a tie, but did not help his team make the medal round.

## InfoBox

| Rune Molberg | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1952-11-21)21 November 1952<br>Oslo, Norway | | |
| Played for | Norwegian Olympics ice hockey team | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |


title: Boundedness

abstract: Boundedness, bounded, or unbounded may refer to:

text:
# Boundedness

**Boundedness**, **bounded**, or **unbounded** may refer to:

## Economics

* Bounded rationality, the idea that human rationality in decision-making is bounded by the available information, the cognitive limitations, and the time available to make the decision
* Bounded emotionality, a concept within communication theory that stems from emotional labor and bounded rationality

## Linguistics

## Mathematics

* Boundedness axiom, the axiom schema of replacement
* Bounded deformation, a function whose distributional derivatives are not quite well-behaved-enough to qualify as functions of bounded variation, although the symmetric part of the derivative matrix does meet that condition
* Bounded growth, occurs when the growth rate of a mathematical function is constantly increasing at a decreasing rate
* Bounded operator, a linear transformation *L* between normed vector spaces for which the ratio of the norm of *L*(*v*) to that of *v* is bounded by the same number over all non-zero vectors *v*
* Bounded poset, a partially ordered set that has both a greatest and a least element
* Bounded set, a set that is finite in some sense
    + Bounded function, a function or sequence whose possible values form a bounded set

## Other uses


title: Bozell

abstract: Bozell is an American full-service public relations and advertising agency in Omaha, Nebraska.

text:
# Bozell

**Bozell** is an American full-service public relations and advertising agency in Omaha, Nebraska.

## History

Bozell traces its roots to the company founded in 1921 in Omaha, Nebraska by Leo Bozell and Morris Jacobs as Bozell & Jacobs, Inc. In 1985, the firm was purchased by Lorimar and merged with another Lorimar entity, Kenyon & Eckhardt to form Bozell, Jacobs, Kenyon & Eckhardt. In 1992 the firm shortened its name to Bozell Worldwide. From 1986 to 1993, the company was headed by noted advertisement executive Leo-Arthur Kelmenson, who contributed significantly to the turnaround of Chrysler Corporation.

Bozell is well known for its campaigns, which have introduced memorable slogans and ads, such as:

In 1997, Bozell was acquired by True North, holding company for FCB. *The New York Times* described the combination as the sixth largest advertising company.

In 2001, the remaining largest offices of Bozell Worldwide were merged with Lowe Worldwide as part of the Interpublic Group of Companies. The managing partners of the Bozell office in Omaha then bought themselves out from the holding company, renamed using the historic *Bozell & Jacobs* name, and continued as an independent shop again; other units of the conglomerate continue as *Bozell*.

In 2013, Bozell proclaimed on their website *Women’s Business Enterprise National Council (WBENC)* certification for being 50+% woman-owned.

## Leadership

* David Bell

## InfoBox

Bozell
|
|  |
| Industry | Advertising, Public relations |
| Founded | 1921 as Bozell & Jacobs, Inc. |
| Founders | Leo B. Bozell<br>Morris Jacobs |
| Headquarters | Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |


title: Rut's voyage

abstract: Rut's voyage was a 1527–1528 English maritime voyage of exploration to Northern America and the West Indies, led by John Rut, and commissioned by Henry VIII. It is thought to have been the earliest English voyage to the West Indies, and to have resulted in the earliest known English letter sent from North America.

text:
# Rut's voyage

**Rut's voyage** was a 1527–1528 English maritime voyage of exploration to Northern America and the West Indies, led by John Rut, and commissioned by Henry VIII. It is thought to have been the earliest English voyage to the West Indies, and to have resulted in the earliest known English letter sent from North America.

## Background

In 1525, Giovanni da Verrazzano, fresh off a 'very successful' French-sponsored expedition to North America the year prior, appeared before Henry VIII's court seeking the sovereign's patronage, and presenting him with a map and globe depicting his discoveries, thereby giving the court access to 'one of the earliest, most accurate representations of North America.' The Verrazzano map, depicting an inland sea which the cartographer argued 'presented the shortest route to Cathay \[...\] had a dramatic impact on England, shaping much of England's cartographic understanding of North America for the next century.' It is this spark which is thought to have shortly prompted Henry VIII to commission, fund, and organise an expedition in search of the promised passage.

In addition to discovering the Northwest Passage, Rut's voyage is thought to have had further aims, as early rumours of the voyage carried news of 'a significant number of soldiers involved,' a superfluous expense had the object been solely to find the said passage.

Preparations for the expedition were well underway by March or April 1527. The 160 tonne, 3 year old *Mary Guildford*, Rut master, Albert de Prato pilot, and *Sampson*, Grube master, departed London on 10 May, by then 'well manned and vitayled,' and put out to sea from Plymouth on 10 June.

## Voyage

### Departure

The ships set off westwards from Plymouth on 10 June, and had fair sailing until 1 July, when they came upon 'a marvailous great storme, and much foule weather,' which resulted in the loss of *Sampson*.

### North Atlantic leg

*Mary Guildford* sighted icebergs at 53º N (possibly in the east Greenland or Labrador ice floes) on 3 July. Deeming the northwards journey too treacherous, Rut steered south, reaching 52º N four days later, and made his way into 'Cape de Bas' (possibly Cape St Charles), describing it as having 'a good Harbor, and many small ilands, and a great fresh river going up farre into the mayne Land.'

Having watered and replenished at the Cape for ten days, the men sailed south to Cape Spear (near St John's, Newfoundland), a well-known point which Rut and Grube had designated as their rendezvous in case of separation. Upon arrival on 3 August, Rut encountered 'eleven saile of Normans, and one Brittaine, and two Portugall Barkes' fishing at St John's. Having not found Grube, Rut intended to shortly set sail 'toward parts to that Ilands that we are commanded by the grace of God, as we were commanded at our departing.'

At this point, the expedition 'becomes shrouded in mystery.' Tantalising news is next had, however, of an English ship arriving in the West Indies with a story similar to that of Rut's voyage. These unnamed Englishmen recount that they coasted down from Newfoundland 'for some 400 leagues and more along the coast of the new land where Ayllon took his colony,' whereupon they crossed into the West Indies.

### West Indies leg

On 19 November, Gines Navarro, who was loading a caravel with cassava on Mona Island, spotted an English sail on the coast, which he later described as a vessel of 250 tonnes and three maintops. From the English bark was despatched a pinnace towards the island, the Englishmen aboard informing Navarro of their purpose and travels so far. The former was purportedly to find the land of the Great Khan, while the latter was a story similar to that heretofore recounted. When the Spaniard enquired after their purpose *in* Spanish dominions, the men told him they 'wished to examine them in order to give the king of England an account thereof,' adding that 'when they had explored them, they would take a load of brazilwood and return home.' The Englishmen rested a day on the island, and set sail for Hispaniola on 20 November.

The said English vessel sighted the harbour of Santo Domingo on 25 November, whereupon the ship's master and 10–12 crewmen landed to meet with city officials. Now, the men stated their purpose was to 'make a certain exploration toward the north, between Labrador and Newfoundland, in the belief that in that region there was a strait through which to pass to Tartary,' adding that they wished to take in water and provisions at the Spanish port. Being granted permission to enter harbour, Diego Mendez, the high sheriff, and two pilots, Antonio Martina and Pedro Montiel, boarded the English ship to guide it in, but this being precluded by a strong north wind, the ship remained anchored outside that night.

On the morning of 26 November, as crew broke fast over a Spanish meal, a shot was fired from the city fort, landing some twenty fathoms over the poop of the ship. The warden of the Spanish fort, Francisco de Tapia, had heard that an English ship was trying to enter harbour, and having failed to secure direction from city officials and *vecinos*, had fired a small loaded cannon to take cognisance of the vessel. The English captain was spooked, thinking a plot was afoot to betray them despite Spanish assurances to the contrary, and so weighed anchor and set sail east. Upon arriving at San Juan, Puerto Rico, the Englishmen 'had speech with the people of that town and begged for provisions, complaining of the people of \[Santo Domingo,\] saying that they came not to annoy but to treat with their money and merchandise, if they would receive them.' The Spanish obliged them without apparent hostility, bartering provisions for pewter and other goods. Fully stocked, the English ship departed homewards.

### Return

Rut is next heard of captaining *Mary Guildford* in the autumn of 1528. If he was indeed the aforementioned English shipmaster in the West Indies, then a mid to late November 1527 departure would have had *Mary Guildford* reaching England by early to mid March 1528, or sometime during spring or summer that year.

## Aftermath

In England, Rut's return sparked little interest or debate, possibly due to 'England's tenuous political relations with the Holy Roman Empire, and thus with Spain.' Rut is thought to have received an annuity of £10 for having lead the expedition, and to have reentered the King's Navy as master of *Mary Guildford*, which he had first captained in 1526.

In Spain and her colonies, the 'presence of an English ship suddenly in the heart of the Spanish New World created political turmoil,' it seeming an 'obvious violation' yet not (at the time) being explicitly forbidden. Depositions were promptly taken in Santo Domingo and forwarded to Madrid posthaste. On learning of the affair, Charles V chastised the Audiencia of Santo Domingo for having failed to detain the Englishmen 'after they had landed and visited the city, and seen how it lies, and its harbour, inasmuch as they were from a foreign kingdom, and this was a thing not heretofore experienced in those parts,' and further charged them with 'great carelessness and negligence' for having granted the English freedom of movement in Spanish waters. The scandal prompted Spain to forward to her colonies 'clear directives on how to deal with such incursions,' such that when the English returned two decades later, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo 'was able to quote laws to warrant their arrest and laws which clearly allowed for the seizure of their goods.'

## Legacy

The identity of the unnamed English ship sighted by Navarro 'has been hotly contested by historians for decades.' FA Kirkpatrick, the first to discuss the Navarro account, argued it was *not* *Mary Guildford*, as she had returned to England in October 1527, per Hakluyt. Irene Wright, on the other hand, questioned the Hakluyt date of return, instead identifying the mysterious English ship as *Mary Guildford*. Lydia Towns followed Wright, noting that Hakluyt's account of the voyage 'is sketchy at best,' given he 'only found information \[on it\] through third hand accounts \[...\] close to sixty years after the fact, and includes key mistakes.' Like Wright and Towns, and number of historians have also identified the ship in question as *Mary Guildford*, with David B Quinn noting that the odds 'seem so high that the identification appears fully acceptable.'

Quinn deemed Rut's voyage 'the most important English expedition to North America during the reign of Henry VIII.' In contrast, Samuel E Morison deemed it 'a complete failure,' while James Williamson stated it amounted to 'little more than a pleasure cruise to the West Indies.' Towns noted the voyage, like that of Rastell in 1519 and Hore in 1539, has been 'acknowledged by historians of English exploration and discovery, but ha\[s\] remained all but forgotten due to the misperception that these voyages are unimportant to the larger narrative because they did not achieve their expressed purpose of permanent settlement, or new cartographic images and geographic discoveries.'

The letter penned by John Rut and forwarded to Henry VIII from St John's, Newfoundland is thought to have been the earliest English letter sent from North America.

## Notes and references

### Explanatory footnotes

### Short citations

1. Towns 2019, p. 183.
2. Towns 2019, p. 184.
3. Towns 2019, pp. 18, 184, 266, 269–270, 280.
4. Towns 2019, p. 270.
5. Towns 2019, p. 271.
6. Towns 2019, pp. 271, 278, 280, 282.
7. Towns 2019, pp. 268, 271, 278, 280.
8. Towns 2019, pp. 280–281.
9. Towns 2019, p. 281; Quinn 1979a, para. 2.
10. Towns 2019, p. 281.
11. Towns 2019, pp. 281–282.
12. Towns 2019, p. 282.
13. Towns 2019, p. 283.
14. Towns 2019, pp. 283–284.
15. Towns 2019, p. 284.
16. Towns 2019, p. 285.
17. Towns 2019, pp. 285–286.
18. Towns 2019, p. 286.
19. Towns 2019, p. 295.
20. Towns 2019, p. 296; Quinn 1979a, para. 3.
21. Towns 2019, pp. 288, 298–299.
22. Towns 2019, pp. 278–279.
23. Towns 2019, p. 296.
24. Towns 2019, pp. 284, 294, 296.
25. Towns 2019, p. 287.
26. Towns 2019, p. 298.
27. Towns 2019, pp. 286–287; Kirkpatrick 1905, pp. 116, 119–124.
28. Towns 2019, pp. 287–288.
29. Towns 2019, p. 279.
30. Towns 2019, p. 3.
31. Dohey 2016, para. 1; CTROL 2021, paras. 13, 16.

### Full citations

1. Allen JL (1992). "From Cabot to Cartier: The Early Exploration of Eastern North America, 1497–1543". *Annals of the Association of American Geographers*. **82** (3): 500–521. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01972.x.
2. CTROL (3 August 2021). "August 3, 1527 – The First Known Letter from North America is Sent by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland". *CTROL Blog* (Blog). Roanoke, Virginia: Center for Teaching the Rule of Law. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023.
3. Dohey L (4 August 2016). "The First Letter from North America". *Archival Moments* (Blog). St John's, Newfoundland: Larry Dohey. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023.
4. Hower JS (2020). Hower JS (ed.). *Tudor Empire: The Making of Early Modern Britain and the British Atlantic World, 1485–1603*. Britain and the World. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62892-5. ISBN 978-3-030-62892-5.
5. Kirkpatrick FA (1905). "The First Recorded English Voyage to the West Indies". *English Historical Review*. **20** (77): 115–124. JSTOR 549175.
6. Quinn DB (1979a) \[First published 1966 by UTP\]. "Rut, John". In Brown GW (ed.). *1000–1700*. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 1 (revised ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
7. Quinn DB, ed. (1979b). *America from Concept to Discovery: Early Exploration of North America*. New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612. Vol. 1. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-10759-5. OCLC 3362188.
8. Towns L (2019). *The Opening of the Atlantic World: England's Transatlantic Interests During the Reign of Henry VIII* (DPhil thesis). Arlington, Texas: University of Texas. hdl:10106/28155. ProQuest 27630516.
9. Williamson JA (1929). *The Voyages of the Cabots and the English Discovery of North America under Henry VII and Henry VIII*. London: Argonaut Press. LCCN 30008622. OL 6740664M.

## InfoBox

Rut's voyage
| John Cabot's *Matthew*, modern replica of / 2010 photograph by Llewelyn / via Flickr | |
| --- | --- |
| Sponsor | Henry VIII |
| Country | England |
| Leader | John Rut |
| Start | Plymouth
10 June 1527 (1527-06-10) |
| End | England
March–September 1528 (1529) / presumed |
| Goal |  |
| Ships | * *Mary Guildford* * *Sampson* |
| Crew | ca 70 men / in *Mary*, reported |
| Fatalities | *Sampson* crew / presumed |
| Achievements | * First English voyage to the West Indies / contested * First English letter from North America |