title: Bronze Head of Queen Idia

abstract: The Bronze Head of Queen Idia is a commemorative bronze head from the medieval Kingdom of Benin in West Africa that probably represents Idia, mother of Oba Esigie, made during the early sixteenth century at the Benin court. Many Benin works of art entered the European art market after the Benin Expedition of 1897 – Four cast bronze heads of the queen are known and are currently in the collections of the British Museum in London, the World Museum in Liverpool, the Nigerian National Museum in Lagos, and the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.

text:
# Bronze Head of Queen Idia

The **Bronze Head of Queen Idia** is a commemorative bronze head from the medieval Kingdom of Benin in West Africa that probably represents Idia, mother of Oba Esigie, made during the early sixteenth century at the Benin court. Many Benin works of art entered the European art market after the Benin Expedition of 1897 – Four cast bronze heads of the queen are known and are currently in the collections of the British Museum in London, the World Museum in Liverpool, the Nigerian National Museum in Lagos, and the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.

## Description

The bronze head was made using the lost wax casting technique in the early sixteenth century. It is a very realistic representation of a young woman from the Benin court, who wears a high pointed *ukpe-okhue* crown of lattice-shaped red coral beads. The hairstyle is referred to as a "parrot's beak" hairstyle and was only allowed to be worn by the Iyoba and the major war chief.

The eyes and two bands between them are inset with iron. These reflect the oral tale of how Idia came to be the Iyoba; the tale states that an oracle had told Idia to place medicine on two incisions above her eyes in order to prevent the Oba Ozolua from picking her for his wife. Oba Ozolua then went on to defeat the oracle's premonitions and Idia became the mother of Oba Esigie. Above each eyebrow are engraved four cicatrices. The sophisticated technique and design of the four heads suggest that they were made in the early sixteenth century, commissioned by Idia's son Oba Esigie, and created by the imperial guild of brass-casters that was founded by the previous Oba, Oba Ogolua. The heads were designed to honour her military achievements and ceremonial power.

## Original use

Queen Idia played an instrumental role in her son's successful military campaigns against neighbouring tribes and factions. After her death, Oba Esigie ordered dedicatory heads of the queen to be made, to be placed in front of altars or in the Queen Mother's palace. The heads were designed to honour her military achievements and ceremonial power.

The British Museum head was presented to the museum by Sir William Ingram in 1897.

## Further reading

* Mack, John (ed.) *Africa, Arts and Cultures*. London, 2005.
* Barley, Nigel. *The Art of Benin*. London: The British Museum Press, 2010.
* Ben-Amos, P. Girshick. *The Art of Benin*. London: The British Museum Press, 1995.

## InfoBox

| Bronze Head of Queen Idia | |
| --- | --- |
| The head, on display at the British Museum. | |
| Material | "Bronze", actually Brass and Iron. |
| Size | height:41cm
width:15.5cm
depth:17.5cm |
| Weight | 3.9kg |
| Created | Sixteenth century AD |
| Discovered | Benin City |
| Present location | British Museum |
| Registration | Af1897,1011.1 |
| Culture | Benin Court Art |
| *Description applies to only one of four, similar, works believed to depict the same individual.* | |


title: British Rail Class 306

abstract: The British Rail Class 306 was a fleet of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains introduced in 1949. It consisted of 92 three-car trains which were used on the Great Eastern Main Line between Shenfield and London Liverpool Street.

text:
# British Rail Class 306

The **British Rail Class 306** was a fleet of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains introduced in 1949. It consisted of 92 three-car trains which were used on the Great Eastern Main Line between Shenfield and London Liverpool Street.

## Overview

Class 306 trains were built to a pre-Second World War design by Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (Driving Trailer) and Metro Cammell (Driving Motor Brake and Trailer) and were equipped with Metrovick traction equipment Crompton Parkinson traction motors. Each carriage featured two sets of twin pneumatic sliding passenger doors, which could be opened by either the guard or the passengers, who could use buttons fitted inside and outside the doors. The order was placed by the LNER in 1938, but official delivery did not commence until February 1949.

When built the trains were energised at 1,500  direct current (DC) which was collected from overhead wires by a diamond pantograph located above the cab on the Motor Brake Second Open (MBSO) vehicle.

From 1959 to 1961 the overhead wires were re-energised at 25 kV alternating current (AC) (and 6.25 kV AC in the inner London areas where headroom for the overhead wires was reduced) and the trains were rebuilt to use this different electrical system. A transformer and rectifier unit was fitted to the underframe between the bogies of the intermediate Trailer Brake Second (TBS) and the pantograph, now a more modern Stone Faiveley AMBR design, was moved to the roof of this carriage. Because this reduced the headroom inside the train, the guard's compartment was relocated to be directly below the pantograph. The trains were then numbered 001–092 with the last two digits of each carriage number (LNER coaching series numbers used) the same as the unit number.

## Operation

Units being made up of three coaches, trains were formed up to three units (nine coaches) although off-peak trains formed of only two units (six coaches) could be seen. This meant that the standard formation could carry 528 seated passengers plus another 696 standing, making 1,224 passengers, compared with about 1,000 passengers in the steam trains that they replaced.

There is a record of a single three-coach unit hauling a Class 47 and train into Chelmsford after the locomotive failed on a London Liverpool Street-to-Norwich express.

### Formations

The 92 units were originally numbered 01 to 92, becoming 001 to 092 upon conversion for AC operation. Coach numbers were:

* DMSO: 65201 to 65292
* TBSO: 65401 to 65492
* DTSO: 65601 to 65692

In all cases the last two digits of the unit number matched those of the coach numbers. The whole fleet was allocated to Ilford depot.

## Withdrawal and preservation

The Class 306 trains were withdrawn in the early 1980s. Unit 306017 was preserved at Ilford depot; it had been repainted in a near-original green livery, albeit with a yellow warning panel on the front to comply with then-current safety regulations. In the early 2000s it was restored to operational condition by First Great Eastern.

The unit was later in store at MoD Kineton awaiting the resolving of issues such as asbestos contamination. The contamination was removed at Eastleigh Works and the unit was transferred by rail to the East Anglian Railway Museum in June 2011 for display as an exhibit, under a four-year loan agreement from the National Railway Museum. It was moved to Locomotion: the National Railway Museum at Shildon in October 2018 so that it could be assessed before restoration. It is scheduled to move to York when space becomes available.

### Citations

### Sources

## Further reading

* Johnston, Howard (February–March 1982). "Last of the Shenfield rattlers". *Rail Enthusiast*. EMAP National Publications. pp. 44–46. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.

## InfoBox

| British Rail Class 306 | |
| --- | --- |
| Class 306 at Liverpool Street in 1975 | |
| In service | 1949–1981 |
| Manufacturer | Metro Cammell and BRCW |
| Order no. | * 363: 65201–65292 * 364: 65401–65492 * 365: 65601–65692 |
| Constructed | 1949 |
| Refurbished | Rebuilt 1959–1961 |
| Number built | 92 trainsets |
| Number scrapped | 91 |
| Formation | 3 cars per trainset. * As built: DMBSO+TSO+DTSO * As rebuilt: DMSO+TBSO+DTSO |
| Diagram | BR TOPS codes
rebuilt units
* EA203 DMSO * EE211 DTSO * EJ201 |
| Design code | AM6 |
| Fleet numbers | * 306001–306092 (sets) * 65201–65292 (DMBSO later DMSO) * 65401–65492 (TSO later TBSO) * 65601–65692 (DTSO) |
| Capacity | * 48S (DMBS0) rebuilt 62S (DMSO) * 68S (TSO) rebuilt 46S (TBSO) * 60S (DTSO) |
| Operators | British Rail |
| Depots | Ilford |
| Lines served | Liverpool Street–Shenfield, Great Eastern Suburban |
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Steel |
| Train length | 177 ft 7 in (54.13 m) |
| Car length | * 60 ft 4+14 in (18.396 m) (DMSO) * 55 ft 0+12 in (16.777 m) (TBSO) * 55 ft 4+14 in (16.872 m) (DTSO) |
| Width | 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) |
| Height | 13 ft 1 in (3.99 m) |
| Doors | Bi-parting sliding |
| Articulated sections | 3 |
| Maximum speed | 75 mph (121 km/h) |
| Weight | * 105 long tons (107 t; 118 short tons) (total) * 51.7 t (50.9 long tons; 57.0 short tons) (DMSO) * 26.4 t (26.0 long tons; 29.1 short tons) (TBSO) * 27.9 t (27.5 long tons; 30.8 short tons) (DTSO) |
| Traction motors | 4 × Crompton Parkinson |
| Power output | 4 × 157 hp (117 kW) |
| Electric system(s) |  |
| Current collector(s) | Pantograph |
| UIC classification | Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′ |
| Bogies | Thompson / LNER ED6 / ET6 |
| Braking system(s) | Air (EP/Auto) |
| Safety system(s) | AWS |
| Coupling system | Screw |
| Multiple working | Within class |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |


title: Brooke Ackerly

abstract: Brooke A. Ackerly is an American political scientist and Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University with affiliations to the Human and Organizational Development Department, Law School, Philosophy Department, and Women's and Gender Studies Program, noted for her research on grounded normative theory, feminist theory, feminist international relations, and scholar activism.

text:
# Brooke Ackerly

**Brooke A. Ackerly** is an American political scientist and Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University with affiliations to the Human and Organizational Development Department, Law School, Philosophy Department, and Women's and Gender Studies Program, noted for her research on grounded normative theory, feminist theory, feminist international relations, and scholar activism.

## Education

Ackerly earned her BA in French and Economics from Williams College in 1988, her M.A. in political science from Stanford University in 1993, and her Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1997.

## Career

Ackerly was a Visiting assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1997 to 2000 and completed a post-doctoral Research Fellowship at the University of Southern California from 2000 to 2001 before her employment at Vanderbilt University starting in 2001. She became associate professor in 2007 and Full Professor in 2017. She is an Editor-in-chief at the International Feminist Journal of Politics and Chair-elect in the Human Rights Organized Section of the American Political Science Association. Ackerly is on the editorial board of academic journals such as the Journal of Politics, Political Research Quarterly, Human Rights and Human Welfare, and Politics, Groups and Identities. She is the winner of the Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science Graduate Teaching Award. She is the founder of the Global Feminisms Collaborative, a group of scholars and activists developing ways to collaborate on applied research for social justice.

## Research

Brooke Ackerly's research has crossed between political theory and international relations, with special interest in gender issues and political methodology. One of Ackerly's biggest contributions has been theorizing universal human rights, finding a middle ground between relativism and essentialism built through the insights of women's human rights activists. Her *Political Theory and Feminist Social Criticism* (Cambridge 2000) builds from field research, feminist theory, and deliberative democracy theory, laying out a methodology for and theory of feminist social criticism. Her *Universal Human Rights in a World of Difference* (Cambridge 2008) builds on this theorizing, but with an emphasis on and attention to difference, disagreement, and diversity. With Jacqui True and Maria Stern, Ackerly edited *Feminist Methodologies for International Relations* (Cambridge 2006), which lays out both a theoretical approach to feminist methodologies for international relations and a variety of possible methods to be used. She has contributed to debates about the utility of quantitative methods for feminist theorizing, foci on people-centric notions of rights, discussions about reflexivity in research, and the role of deliberation in politics generally and feminist politics specifically, in *Doing Feminist Research* with Jacqui True (Palgrave 2010).

Ackerly has also contributed theories of human rights, especially as it relates to global justice. Her newest book *Just Responsibility: A Human Rights Theory of Global Justice* (Oxford 2018), examines the difference between moral responsibility and political responsibility, and challenges conventional norms about responsibility and its basis in volition and cognition.

Ackerly has been at the forefront of recent developments in the "grounded normative theory” methodological approach. Grounded normative theory involves the direct incorporation and/or analysis of empirical research in the processes of normative theorizing. The approach dates at least to Jane Mansbridge’s 1980 monograph cum 1983 book, *Beyond Adversary Democracy*, which incorporated original field work at New England town meetings and a crisis helpline center. Ackerly has been perhaps the leading recent practitioner and proponent of the approach, especially in a more critical, solidaristic vein, where the scholar theorizes *with* those engaged in struggles over justice and social recognition. Further, for Ackerly, grounded normative theorizing follows grounded theory as it has been more broadly developed in sociology and cognate disciplines - the method is inductive, developing normative theories from the empirical context upward, rather than bringing theoretical claims to the context. Ackerly began laying the theoretical groundwork for her own grounded interventions in her 2000 monograph, *Political Theory and Feminist Social Criticism.* By 2008’s *Universal Human Rights in a World of Difference,* she was conducting and incorporating extensive field work involving participants at World Social Forums*.* Her most recent monograph, *Just Responsibility*, presents a fully realized “feminist grounded normative theory approach.” It joins feminist methodologies and orientations to grounded normative theorizing. The book presents findings from Ackerly's interviews and data and content analysis of 125 grant applications from organizations focused on women's rights in 26 countries.

## InfoBox

| Brooke A. Ackerly | |
| --- | --- |
| Brooke A. Ackerly | |
| Occupation | Political Scientist |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | Stanford University |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Vanderbilt University |
|  | |


abstract: Browns is an election precinct, or township equivalent, in Edwards County, Illinois. As of the 2020 Census the population was 324.

text:
# Browns Precinct, Edwards County, Illinois

**Browns** is an election precinct, or township equivalent, in Edwards County, Illinois. As of the 2020 Census the population was 324.

## Geography

According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Browns Precinct has a total area of 15.77 square miles (40.84 km2), all land.

## Demographics

As of the 2020 census there were 324 people, 165 households, and 93 families residing in the precinct. The population density was 20.55 inhabitants per square mile (7.93/km2). There were 149 housing units at an average density of 9.45 per square mile (3.65/km2). The racial makeup of the precinct was 98.46% White, 0.31% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.31% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.23% of the population.

There were 165 households, out of which 18.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.03% were married couples living together, 3.03% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 43.64% were non-families. 35.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.89.

The precinct's age distribution consisted of 19.3% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 14.4% from 25 to 44, 39.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males.

The median income for a household in the precinct was $60,625, and the median income for a family was $71,563. Males had a median income of $45,563 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the precinct was $29,091. About 3.2% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

1. "Geographic Names Information System". *edits.nationalmap.gov*. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
2. "Explore Census Data". *data.census.gov*. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
3. Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". *Census.gov*. Retrieved 2023-01-22. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)

## InfoBox

| Browns | |
| --- | --- |
| Election Precinct | |
| Browns Precinct, Edwards County, Illinois (Illinois) | |
| Coordinates: 38°22′12″N 87°59′49″W / 38.370080°N 87.996991°W / 38.370080; -87.996991 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Edwards |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.77 sq mi (40.8 km2) |
| Land | 15.77 sq mi (40.8 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 397 ft (121 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 324 |
| Density | 21/sq mi (7.9/km2) |
| FIPS code | 17-047-90540 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1928453 |


title: Browns River (Tasmania)

abstract: The Browns River is a perennial river located on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia.

text:
# Browns River (Tasmania)

The **Browns River** is a perennial river located on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia.

## Course and features

The river rises near Neika and flows generally east towards Kingston, where it empties into Halfmoon Bay within the D'Entrecasteaux Channel that also forms part of the Derwent estuary. The river descends 464 metres (1,522 ft) over its 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) course.

The river was known to the indigenous people of the area as ***promenalinah***.

The river was named after botanist Robert Brown who collected samples in the area in 1804. When it was settled in 1808, the area adjacent to the river was also called Browns River. The locality was renamed "Kingston" in 1851.

## InfoBox

| Browns | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the Browns River mouth in Tasmania | |
| Etymology | Robert Brown |
| Native name | *Promenalinah* (undetermined) |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | Tasmania |
| Region | East Coast |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | near Neika |
| coordinates | 42°19′46″S 147°29′54″E / 42.32944°S 147.49833°E / -42.32944; 147.49833 |
| elevation | 464 m (1,522 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Halfmoon Bay, D'Entrecasteaux Channel |
| location | east of Kingston |
| coordinates | 42°58′42″S 147°19′48″E / 42.97833°S 147.33000°E / -42.97833; 147.33000 |
| elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 12 km (7.5 mi) |
|  | |


title: Bruce Watson (songwriter)

abstract: Bruce Morrisby Watson is an Australian singer-songwriter, satirist, and children's entertainer. Watson's satires are often political in nature. His style is generally contemporary folk music, he also writes and performs children's songs, conventional folk–country music and political songs. He has issued seven solo albums Politics, Religion and Sex (1990), Real World: Songs of Life, Love & Laughter (1994), Out My Window (1999), Are We There Yet? (2004), A Moving Feast (2004), Balance (2010) and Mosaic (2017).

text:
# Bruce Watson (songwriter)

**Bruce Morrisby Watson** (born February 1956, in Terang) is an Australian singer-songwriter, satirist, and children's entertainer. Watson's satires are often political in nature. His style is generally contemporary folk music, he also writes and performs children's songs, conventional folkcountry music and political songs. He has issued seven solo albums *Politics, Religion and Sex* (1990), *Real World: Songs of Life, Love & Laughter* (1994), *Out My Window* (1999), *Are We There Yet?* (2004), *A Moving Feast* (2004), *Balance* (2010) and *Mosaic* (2017).

## Early life and education

Bruce Morrisby Watson was born on 12 February 1956 at Terang, a town in rural south-western Victoria.

Bruce Watson was educated at Eltham, Brighton Road St. Kilda and Kew primary schools; for secondary education he went to Kew High and then Wesley College.

The son of a clergyman and a language teacher, Watson developed a social conscience and a love of language that have influenced his songwriting and his professional career, first as an academic (tutoring in Political Science and Linguistics) and later working in various branches of the Victorian Public Service.

## Musical career

In 1990 Watson released his debut album, *Politics, Sex and Religion*. One of the tracks, "Amazon", was later covered by fellow folk artists Blackwood, Eric Bogle, and Zamponistas, as well as a number of other performers in Europe and the United States. In May that year, he launched his book, *Songs of a Satirical Bloke*, with the *Canberra Times*' Mike Jackson, describing him as "an academic with a wicked sense of humour". In April 1994 he performed at the National Folk Festival in Canberra, with the *Canberra Times*' reporter, Graham McDonald, describing his work as "dreadfully funny parodies". Also that year he issued his second album, *Real World: Songs of Life, Love & Laughter*.

Watson has been called a "major Australian songwriter and performer in the folk tradition", and "an icon of the Australian folk scene." He has performed at over 150 folk music festivals, as well as folk clubs, coffee houses, and house concerts throughout Australia and New Zealand. Watson has won several "songwriting awards", such as the Declan Affley Memorial Songwriting Award at the Australia National Folk Festival, the Lawson Paterson Songwriting Award at Port Fairy, and the Roddy Read Memorial Songwriting Award at Maldon Folk Festival.

Watson collaborates with singer-songwriters Wendy Ealey and Moira Tyers in the audio-visual theme concert presentations, *Unsung Heroes of Australian History*, at various folk festivals and concert venues. He also performs with *Zampoñistas*, Melbourne’s Bolivian Panpipe marching band, which includes a panpipe-accompanied version of *Amazon* in its repertoire.

Watson's song *Lake Pedder Again* from his *Balance* CD has appeared on *The Folk Show* on *Radio Adelaide*.

## Songs

### The Man and the Woman and the Edison Phonograph

Watson's great grandfather was Horace Watson (1862–1930), a pharmacist, who, in 1888 in Hobart, had married Louisa née Keen (died 1936) (sixth daughter of Joseph Keen, inventor of Keen's Curry) who was the recent widow of Robert Williamson. In 1899 and in 1903 Horace recorded traditional language songs by indigenous Tasmanian, Fanny Cochrane Smith. Horace and Louisa ran the Keen's Curry company.

The lead track on Watson's third album, *Out My Window*, "The Man & the Woman & the Edison Phonograph", told the history behind a family photo which depicts Horace Watson recording Tasmanian Aboriginal elder, Fanny Cochrane Smith's vocals in 1903. A similar photo was displayed at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Fanny Cochrane Smith (1834–1905) was the last fluent speaker of Tasmanian language.

In the early 2000s Watson was performing at the National Folk Festival when he met Ronnie Summers, the great great grandson of Cochrane-Smith. Summers is a Tasmanian Aboriginal Elder also a folk singer. He joined with Watson in a rendition of "The Man & the Woman & the Edison Phonograph" in 2005. Watson and Summers recorded the track as a duet for Watson's 2010 album, *Balance*.

At the National Folk Festival in 2014 Watson the National Film and Sound Archive recorded a short version of the song on a wax cylinder, and this track is included on the 2017 album, *Mosaic*.

### Olegas

The song, *Olegas*, on the album *Out My Window*, tells the story of Lithuanian/Tasmanian conservationist and photographer Olegas Truchanas, who led the fight against the flooding of Lake Pedder by the Hydro Electric Commission and was influential in the development of Australia's conservation movement. In 2013 the song was translated into Lithuanian for performance at a celebration of Truchanas’ birth, in his home town of Šiauliai, Lithuania. In June 2018, Bruce Watson visited Šiauliai, and participated in a concert at Truchanas’ former school, the Šiauliai Gymnasium (Lithuanian: Šiaulių Juliaus Janonio gimnazija), where he and the students performed various versions of the song.\[CITATION\]

## Bibliography

* Watson, Bruce (May 1990), *Songs of a Satirical Bloke*, Foreword by Eric Bogle, Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Folk Music Club Incorporated, ISBN 978-0-9598269-7-5
* Watson, Bruce (2006), *101 Songs*, Melbourne, Vic, ISBN 0-646-45960-0`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

## Discography

* *Politics, Religion and Sex* (1990)
* *Real World: Songs of Life, Love & Laughter* (1994)
* *Out My Window* (1999)
* *Are We There Yet?* (2004)
* *A Moving Feast* (2004)
* *Balance* (2010)
* *Mosaic* (2017)

### Compilations and covers

* *Unsung Heroes of Australian History*

## InfoBox

| Bruce Watson | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Bruce Morrisby Watson |
| Born | (1956-02-12) 12 February 1956<br>Terang, Victoria, Australia |
| Genres | Folk, children's, country |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, satirist, public servant |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar |
|  | |
| Website | Official website |


title: Bruce Helander

abstract: Bruce Helander is an American artist associated with collage and assemblage. He lives and works in West Palm Beach.

text:
# Bruce Helander

**Bruce** **Helander** (born January 27, 1947) is an American artist associated with collage and assemblage. He lives and works in West Palm Beach.

## Early life and education

Helander was born in Great Bend, Kansas, to Amos and Carmen Helander. His mother was an interior designer whose eccentric styles inspired him to go on and become an artist. He studied painting and went on to graduate from the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1969 and a Master of Fine Arts in 1972. While attending college, Paul Klee and Sewell Sillman became major influence in Helander's early life.

After graduating, Helander began his career at RISD as a Director of Admissions, eventually becoming the Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs. During his tenure there, Helander became a White House fellow at the National Endowment for the Arts. Leaving Academia in 1979, Helander became the editor and publisher of the Art Express magazine.

## Work

Bruce Helander is an art critic, art dealer, arts writer, curator, and artist whose specialty is collage and assemblage. He began his career as an art dealer when he opened the Helander Gallery. The Helander Gallery was founded in 1982 and had its first home at Worth Avenue. In 1986 it expanded to include another Palm Beach location and in 1989 it added a new site in New York’s SoHo district.

Helander Gallery quickly rose to prominence opening with such artists as: Chihuly, Rauschenberg, and Scanga. In 1988 Helander brought together John Chamberlain, Duane Hanson, Jules Olitski, Robert Rauschenberg, and James Rosenquist creating the Five Floridians exhibition. Later that year the polyvinyl sculpture by John DeAndrea, Sphinx, was displayed. The sculpture, a lifelike nude woman, brought about controversy over the appropriateness of a publicly displayed nude sculpture.

Helander Gallery became known for selling works by eponymous artists such as Dale Chihuly, Duane Hanson, Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol.

### *Erotica*

Helander depicts both the ecstasy and complications of sex in his collages as a means of enhancing the realism in his art. The evocative images contain multiple fragments of parts that rotate around the blank space.

### *Dreams*

Helander recaptures dreams or expresses content in such a way that they can be interpreted as dreams. Headlessness is characteristic of this series – the heads of the figures depicted are substituted for other images in order to portray the entry into a dream state.

### *Cartoons*

Helander uses Cartoon elements in his collages to add comic spice to the iconographic level of meaning. The presence of these images is prominent enough to sway the tone towards popular imagery without becoming Pop Art itself, rather. Helander creates a tone pointing towards the eccentric and personal content found in small motifs.

### *Eccentric Landscapes*

Helander makes use of map fragments and meteorological references to create collages that become veritable landscapes. These works capture the legends of travelers and explorers as they enriched the escapist dimension of the American dream.

### *Love Letters*

In his series *Love Letters*, Helander reflects on his love for letterforms and a sense of humor with multiple meanings. The series centers the primary letterform and surrounds it in a nostalgic composition of vintage images and rich colors.

### *Commissions*

Helander has taken commissions from the Norton Museum of Art, Dan Marino, and the World Federation of the United Nations Associations. Other commissions include works for Dale Chihuly and Cutrale.

From 1993 until 2000, Helander created custom collage illustrations for the New Yorker section *Goings On About Town*. Beginning in 2002 Helander contributed collage illustrations for Jazziz Magazine, including numerous covers and CD jacket designs. For 10 years, since its inception, Helander was commissioned by the Palm Beach International Film Festival to create limited edition film festival posters which became noteworthy amongst local attendees.

### *Curious Collage*

In 1994 Robert Mahoney, art critic and contributor to ARTnews magazine, wrote the artist's book *Curious Collage: Bruce Helander*. Published by Grassfield Press, Curious Collage included and introduction by Henry Geldzahler, notable art critic, curator, and art historian.

### *The Art Economist*

Helander was the editor-in-chief of The Art Economist, a publication that examined the contemporary art market. A critically informative publication serving as a constructive tool for art collectors, museums and galleries, The Art Economist was used to ascertain transparency of art value in the global contemporary art market.

## Curating

Helander acted as curator of Cuadro Fine Art Gallery, Dubai in 2007. Since 2012 Helander has served as a guest curator at ArtHouse429, Palm Beach. He has also served as guest curator of the Coral Springs Museum of Art.

## Exhibitions

His work is in over fifty museum collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Brooklyn Museum, Smithsonian, Art Institute of Chicago, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.

## Recognition

Helander is a former White House fellow of the National Endowment for the Arts and has won the South Florida Cultural Consortium fellowship for professional achievement in the visual arts. In 2014 he was inducted to the Florida Artists Hall of Fame, Florida’s most prestigious arts and culture honor. City Link magazine called Bruce Helander “Arguably the most recognized and successful collage artist in the country.”

## Bibliography

* *Curious Collage: Bruce Helander* by Robert Mahoney. Miami: Grassfield Press, 1994
* *Learning to See: An Artist's View on Contemporary Artists from Artschwager to Zakanitch* by Bruce Helander. Lake Park: StarGroup International, 2008
* *Bunnies* by Hunt Slonem. New York: Glitterati Incorporated, 2015
* *Key West: Changing Colors* by J. Steven Manolis. Miami: J. Steven Manolis Art, 2016
* *Chihuly: An Artist Collects* by Bruce Helander. New York: Abrams Books, 2017

## InfoBox

| Bruce Helander | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bruce Helander
(1947-01-27) January 27, 1947
Great Bend, Kansas, U.S. |
| Education | Rhode Island School of Design |
| Known for | Artist |


title: Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque

abstract: The Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque (MSUAK) is a prominent mosque in Bukit Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The mosque was officially opened on 22 March 1984 by the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang and was named after Muhammad's successor (Caliph) Umar Al Khattab.

text:
# Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque

The **Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque** (MSUAK) (Malay: ***Masjid Saidina Umar Al Khattab***) is a prominent mosque in Bukit Damansara (Damansara Heights), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The mosque was officially opened on 22 March 1984 by the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang and was named after Muhammad's successor (Caliph) Umar Al Khattab.

3°09′00.0″N 101°39′18.4″E / 3.150000°N 101.655111°E / 3.150000; 101.655111

## InfoBox

| Saidina Umar Al Khattab Mosque | |
| --- | --- |
| *Masjid Saidina Umar Al Khattab* | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| Branch/tradition | Sunni (Shafi'i) |
| Location | |
| Location | Bukit Damansara,<br>Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Mosque |
| Style | Ottoman, Modernist |
| Completed | 1984 |
| Minaret(s) | 1 |


title: Saif Tyabji

abstract: Saif Faiz Badruddin Tyabji (1904–1957) was a solicitor, mathematician, an educationist passionately devoted to the cause of female education, and a nationalist committed to the idea of India. He was closely associated with the Anjuman-i Islam of Bombay from the 1930s till his death in November 1957. He was a Congress Member of Parliament in 1957 from Jalna in Maharashtra.

text:
# Saif Tyabji

**Saif Faiz Badruddin Tyabji** (1904–1957) was a solicitor, mathematician, an educationist passionately devoted to the cause of female education, and a nationalist committed to the idea of India. He was closely associated with the Anjuman-i Islam of Bombay from the 1930s till his death in November 1957. He was a Congress Member of Parliament in 1957 from Jalna in Maharashtra.

## Education & work

Tyabji was grandson of an early president of India's Congress party, Badruddin Tyabji (1844–1906). Though he was an engineer educated at Cambridge, his career as a lawyer and a judge were perhaps surpassed by his role as a Member of Parliament representing the Congress party in newly independent India. He was in the forefront of reform of his own community. He realised the lack of English education amongst the Muslims had hurt them. He resolutely opposed the purdah system for Muslim women as it prevented their education and social advancement.

In 1955 Tyabji wrote a series of essays in the influential Urdu newspaper *Inquilab*, which later were translated to English and published under the title, *The Future of Muslims in India*. He felt that Muslims should do a lot more than vote for India's dominant party - they should join it and influence its policies. Like other kinds of Indians, he felt Muslims had to "take an active part in the formation of a new Indian Culture". However, he noted "if Muslims sit back with folded arms, we can rest assured that the new Indian Culture will have little to do with the achievements of this country". Tyabji's other suggestions were that Muslims ask for technical and commercial education, rather than merely study the humanities and join the ranks of the educated unemployed.

## Names after

* The Anjuman-I-Islam Girls High School and Junior College of Arts and Science, based in Mumbai, was renamed 'Anjuman-I-Islam Saif Tyabji Girls High School and Junior College' on 31 May 1982, in honor of its former president, Mr. Saif Tyabji. Mr. Saif Tyabji, a practicing solicitor and the grandson of Sir Badruddin Tyabji, had been actively associated with the Anjuman. He served as its Honorary Secretary since 1935 and had also held the position of President of the parent body. His contributions greatly fostered the progress and advancement of the institution.

## Death

His early death on 12 November 1957 was described by his cousin, the distinguished conservationist Zafar Futehally as, "a great tragedy for the Muslims of India".

## InfoBox

| Saif Tyabji | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **In office**<br>1957  12 November 1957 (died) | |
| Preceded by | Hanumantrao Ganeshrao Vaishnav |
| Succeeded by | Ramrao Narayan Rao |
| Constituency | Jalna |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1904-12-13)13 December 1904 |
| Died | 12 November 1957(1957-11-12) (aged 52) |
| Resting place | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse | Vazir Latif |
| Relations | see Tyabji family |
| Children | Hasan Camruddin Tyabji (Son) Salima Rafia Tyabji (Daughter) Prof. Nasir Tyabji (Son) |
| Parents | * Faiz Hasan Tyabji (father) * Salima Faiz Tyabji (mother) |
| Occupation |  |
| Known for | female Education |
|  | |


title: Saguenay Fire

abstract: Saguenay Fire was a forest fire in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean area, Quebec, Canada, on Wednesday, May 18, 1870, which lasted for one day. It was one of the largest fires in the region. It burned a total area of 4,000 square kilometers. Seven people were killed, many were injured, and hundreds of families lost everything they owned.

text:
# Saguenay Fire

**Saguenay Fire** was a forest fire in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean area, Quebec, Canada, on Wednesday, May 18, 1870, which lasted for one day. It was one of the largest fires in the region. It burned a total area of 4,000 square kilometers (0.4 million hectares). Seven people were killed, many were injured, and hundreds of families lost everything they owned.

## Origin

The settlers in this region were clearing the land with brush fires. The controlled burn turned into a massive forest fire due to dry conditions, which was further fueled by felled trees and strong winds.

## Description

The wildfire spread rapidly, and in a few hours, it burned everything in the 150-kilometer region. Residents of the area did not get time to gather their valuables and were forced to take refuge in the nearest area of water. Seven people died in the fire, and one-third of the entire Saguenay region population lost their homes and valuable possessions. By May 19, the fire burnt itself out.

### Optical Effects

The wildfire gave rise to unusual optical effects on 22 and 23 May 1870. The ‘strange’ appearance of the sun and sky was widely observed in Ireland and a few parts of British Isles.

## Consequences

Agriculture in the area was severely impacted. More than 500 farming families lost everything. The fire lasted for one day, but a huge plume of smoke particles propagated towards the east due to the upper winds.

## Benefits

The fire destroyed hundreds of miles of forests along its shores. The fire cleared the land for farming and opened up the Lac St.-Jean area. The fields after the fire were ready to be cultivated. It attracted many farmers. The fire helped in the growth of blueberries. Berry-picking has become a popular tourist activity in the region..

## InfoBox

| Saguenay Fire | |
| --- | --- |
| Date(s) | May 18-19, 1870 |
| Location | Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada |
| Statistics | |
| Burned area | 400,000 hectares (990,000 acres) |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | Brush fire land clearing spread by felled dry trees and strong winds. |


title: Saint-Denis-d'Orques

abstract: Saint-Denis-d'Orques is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

text:
# Saint-Denis-d'Orques

**Saint-Denis-d'Orques** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ dəni dɔʁk\]) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Denis-d'Orques | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of Saint-Denis-d'Orques | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Denis-d'Orques | |
| Saint-Denis-d'OrquesSaint-Denis-d'Orques | |
| Coordinates: 48°01′41″N 0°16′19″W / 48.0281°N 0.2719°W / 48.0281; -0.2719 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Sarthe |
| Arrondissement | La Flèche |
| Canton | Loué |
| Intercommunality | Loué - Brûlon - Noyen |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Berger |
| Area**1** | 47.17 km2 (18.21 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 754 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Dionysien, Dionysienne |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 72278 /72350 |
| Elevation | 59–228 m (194–748 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Brsnik

abstract: Brsnik is a small settlement on the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Kostel in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

text:
# Brsnik

**Brsnik** (pronounced \[bəɾsˈniːk\] or \[ˈbəɾsnik\]) is a small settlement on the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Kostel in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Brsnik | |
| --- | --- |
| BrsnikLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 45°29′57.18″N 14°54′37.47″E / 45.4992167°N 14.9104083°E / 45.4992167; 14.9104083 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Lower Carniola |
| Statistical region | Southeast Slovenia |
| Municipality | Kostel |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.33 km2 (0.13 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 219.3 m (719.5 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 4 |
|  | |


title: Brtnička

abstract: Brtnička is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants. Brtnička lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south of Jihlava and 129 km (80 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Brtnička

**Brtnička** (Czech pronunciation: \[ˈbr̩tɲɪtʃka\]) is a municipality and village in Jihlava District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.

Brtnička lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south of Jihlava and 129 km (80 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 302 |  |
| 1880 | 317 | +5.0% |
| 1890 | 272 | −14.2% |
| 1900 | 275 | +1.1% |
| 1910 | 263 | −4.4% |
| 1921 | 283 | +7.6% |
| 1930 | 264 | −6.7% |
| 1950 | 223 | −15.5% |
| 1961 | 218 | −2.2% |
| 1970 | 177 | −18.8% |
| 1980 | 151 | −14.7% |
| 1991 | 141 | −6.6% |
| 2001 | 119 | −15.6% |
| 2011 | 107 | −10.1% |
| 2021 | 97 | −9.3% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Brtnička | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Main street | |
|  | |
| BrtničkaLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°14′14″N 15°37′27″E / 49.23722°N 15.62417°E / 49.23722; 15.62417 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Vysočina |
| District | Jihlava |
| First mentioned | 1089 |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 597 m (1,959 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 94 |
| Density | 30/km2 (79/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 675 27 |
| Website | www.obecbrtnicka.cz |


title: Brook Street drill hall, Welshpool

abstract: The Brook Street drill hall is a military installation in Welshpool.

text:
# Brook Street drill hall, Welshpool

**The Brook Street drill hall** is a military installation in Welshpool.

## History

An armoury was established at Welshpool in the mid-19th century. It became the headquarters of the Montgomeryshire Rifle Volunteers in 1861 and, although the regiment evolved to become 7th (Merioneth and Montgomery) Battalion, the Royal Welch Fusiliers with its headquarters at Newtown in 1908, the battalion still maintained a presence at Welshpool in the form of C Company.

Meanwhile, the building had also become the headquarters of the Montgomeryshire Yeomanry in the late 19th century. The regiment was mobilised at the drill hall in August 1914 before being deployed to the Middle East. After the war, the yeomanry were absorbed by the 7th (Merioneth and Montgomery) Battalion, the Royal Welch Fusiliers.

Following the Second World War and the conversion of the battalion to artillery, the drill hall was decommissioned; it was converted into a sports centre in 1980 but it is still used as a training facility by the air cadets.

## InfoBox

| Brook Street drill hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Welshpool, Wales | |
| Brook Street drill hall | |
| Brook Street drill hallLocation in Powys | |
| Coordinates | 52°39′43″N 3°09′12″W / 52.66198°N 3.15330°W / 52.66198; -3.15330 |
| Type | Drill hall |
| Site history | |
| Built | Mid 19th century |
| Built for | War Office |
| In use | Mid 19th century – Present |


title: Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud

abstract: Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud

**Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ la paly\]) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud | |
| Saint-Hilaire-la-PaludSaint-Hilaire-la-Palud | |
| Coordinates: 46°15′51″N 0°42′39″W / 46.2642°N 0.7108°W / 46.2642; -0.7108 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Deux-Sèvres |
| Arrondissement | Niort |
| Canton | Mignon-et-Boutonne |
| Intercommunality | CA Niortais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | François Bonnet |
| Area**1** | 34.12 km2 (13.17 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,523 |
| Density | 45/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 79257 /79210 |
| Elevation | 1–30 m (3.3–98.4 ft)
(avg. 10 m or 33 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre

abstract: Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre

**Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ ɑ̃ wavʁ\]) is a commune in the Meuse department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre | |
| Saint-Hilaire-en-WoëvreSaint-Hilaire-en-Woëvre | |
| Coordinates: 49°04′56″N 5°42′20″E / 49.0822°N 5.7056°E / 49.0822; 5.7056 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Meuse |
| Arrondissement | Verdun |
| Canton | Étain |
| Intercommunality | Territoire de Fresnes en Woëvre |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Henri Huynen |
| Area**1** | 11.12 km2 (4.29 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 183 |
| Density | 16/km2 (43/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 55457 /55160 |
| Elevation | 202–226 m (663–741 ft)
(avg. 210 m or 690 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Broughton House

abstract: Broughton House is an 18th-century town house standing on the High Street of Kirkcudbright, Scotland. It was the home of Scots impressionist artist E. A. Hornel between 1901 and his death in 1933. During this time Hornel remodelled the house and created the Japanese-influenced gardens. Since 1997 it has been in the care of the National Trust for Scotland, and is maintained as "a living museum of Hornel’s life and work". The house is a category A listed building, and the gardens are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

text:
# Broughton House

54°50′13″N 4°3′16″W / 54.83694°N 4.05444°W / 54.83694; -4.05444

**Broughton House** is an 18th-century town house standing on the High Street of Kirkcudbright, Scotland. It was the home of Scots impressionist artist E. A. Hornel between 1901 and his death in 1933. During this time Hornel remodelled the house and created the Japanese-influenced gardens. Since 1997 it has been in the care of the National Trust for Scotland, and is maintained as "a living museum of Hornel’s life and work". The house is a category A listed building, and the gardens are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.

## History

The main building was constructed in 1734 as two houses, at no.10 and no.12 High Street. In 1740 they were both purchased by Alexander Murray of Broughton, in Wigtownshire, Provost of Kirkcudbright and MP, who had them remodelled as one. The Murray family sold it in 1756, after which it had various owners, including the 5th Earl of Selkirk.

Edward Atkinson Hornel (1864–1933) was brought up in Kirkcudbright, and as an artist was associated with the Glasgow Boys. In the 1890s he travelled to Japan, spending over a year making a series of around 30 paintings that were exhibited in Glasgow on his return in 1895. The proceeds from the sale of these paintings allowed him to spend £650 on buying Broughton House in 1901. Hornel lived at Broughton House with his sister Elizabeth ('Tizzy'), for the rest of his life. He commissioned his friend, the Glasgow architect John Keppie, to add a studio to the house, and in 1910 Keppie designed the gallery. A successful artist, Hornel continued to travel in the Far East, and also collected rare books. After Hornel's death in 1933, his sister continued to live at Broughton House until her death in 1950, after which the property was managed by The Broughton House Trust before being transferred to the National Trust for Scotland. In his will, Hornel wished that his house should "be preserved as a public art gallery for the benefit of the people of the Stewartry and visitors thereto".

## House and gardens

The National Trust for Scotland maintain the house and its contents as a museum of Hornel's life and work. Within the house is a range of period furniture as well as artworks by Hornel and his contemporaries. The house also contains a large reference library of some 15,000 books collected by Hornel, including a 2,500-volume collection of works by or about Robert Burns, one of the largest such collections in the world. The library also holds Hornel's personal archive of newspaper clippings, letters, and other material. The studio is maintained as it would have looked when the artist was at work. In the gallery is a frieze designed to imitate the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon.

The gardens, which back onto the River Dee, were laid out by Hornel and his sister and cover an area of around 2 acres (0.81 ha). The Japanese garden includes a rockery and a pond with stepping stones, while closer to the river a series of beds are divided by box hedging. A number of 17th-century and 18th-century sundials are sited in the garden, as well as late 17th-century carved stone gate posts.

Media related to Broughton House, Kirkcudbright at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

Broughton House
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1734 (1734) |
| Location | Kirkcudbright, scotland |


title: Saint-Planchers

abstract: Saint-Planchers is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. It is the location of the Prieuré de l'Oiselière, a 12th-century priory that is classified as a Monument historique since 1989.

text:
# Saint-Planchers

**Saint-Planchers** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ plɑ̃ʃe\]) is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. It is the location of the Prieuré de l'Oiselière, a 12th-century priory that is classified as a *Monument historique* since 1989.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Planchers | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The parish church of Saint-Pancrace | |
| Location of Saint-Planchers | |
| Saint-PlanchersSaint-Planchers | |
| Coordinates: 48°49′25″N 1°31′29″W / 48.8236°N 1.5247°W / 48.8236; -1.5247 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Manche |
| Arrondissement | Avranches |
| Canton | Bréhal |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Alain Quesnel |
| Area**1** | 11.96 km2 (4.62 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,435 |
| Density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 50541 /50400 |
| Elevation | 17–98 m (56–322 ft)
(avg. 52 m or 171 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint-Fulgence, Quebec

abstract: Saint-Fulgence is a municipality in Quebec, Canada.

text:
# Saint-Fulgence, Quebec

**Saint-Fulgence** is a municipality in Quebec, Canada.

Media related to Saint-Fulgence at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Saint-Fulgence | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view of Saint-Fulgence | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Saint-FulgenceLocation in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean Quebec. | |
| Coordinates: 48°27′N 70°54′W / 48.450°N 70.900°W / 48.450; -70.900 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Quebec |
| Region | Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean |
| RCM | Le Fjord-du-Saguenay |
| Settled | 1839 |
| Constituted | May 1, 1973 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Gilbert Simard |
| Federal riding | Chicoutimi—Le Fjord |
| Prov. riding | Dubuc |
| Area | |
| Total | 390.70 km2 (150.85 sq mi) |
| Land | 352.78 km2 (136.21 sq mi) |
| Population (2016) | |
| Total | 2,071 |
| Density | 5.9/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Pop (2011–16) | 6.3% |
| Dwellings | 1,008 |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Postal code(s) | G0V 1S0 |
| Area code(s) | 418 and 581 |
| Website | www.ville.st-fulgence.qc.ca |


abstract: The Sailing competition at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games was held in Cartagena, Colombia. The tournament was scheduled to be held from 15–30 July 2006.

text:
# Sailing at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games

The **Sailing** competition at the **2006 Central American and Caribbean Games** was held in Cartagena, Colombia. The tournament was scheduled to be held from 15–30 July 2006.

## Medal summary

### Men's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Laser | Cy Ch. Thompson (ISV) | 15 | Raúl A. Aguayo (DOM) | 21 | Carl B. James (ATG) | 28 |
| Mistral | David M. Mier (MEX) | 7 | Carlos J. Flores (VEN) | 22 | Daniel Flores (VEN) | 24 |
| Sunfish | Eduardo J. Cordero (VEN) | 9 | Juan J. Delgado (GUA) | 28 | Mark R. Chirinos (VEN) | 32 |

### Women's events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Laser Radial | Tania Elías (MEX) | 11 | Maricela Duarte (CUB) | 24 | Paula Douat (COL) | 28 |

### Open events

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Snipe | Cuba
Jorge Téllez
Yudiel Suárez | 15 | Cuba
Michel Leyva
Darien Martínez | 18 | Puerto Rico
Gabriel Rodríguez
Jorge E. Santiago | 20 |
| Hobie Cat 16 | Puerto Rico
Enrique Figueroa
Carla Malatrasi | 8 | Guatemala
Juan I. Maegli
Ana C. Guirola | 20 | Puerto Rico
Pedro E. Colón
Martín J. E. Roldán | 22 |

## Medal table

*   Host nation (Colombia)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Mexico | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 | Cuba | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Venezuela | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 4 | Puerto Rico | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | U.S. Virgin Islands | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Guatemala | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 7 | Dominican Republic | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Colombia* | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | Netherlands Antilles | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (9 entries) | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |

## InfoBox

| Sailing at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Cartagena |
| Dates | 15-30 July |
|


title: Bryan Akipa

abstract: Bryan Akipa is a Dakota flautist with five solo albums to date. He has been a featured artist at A Prairie Awakening, an annual event held at the Kuehn Conservation Area near Earlham, Iowa. He is a citizen of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate. He attended the Institute of American Indian Arts. He also studied fine arts with painter Oscar Howe at the University of South Dakota at Vermillion.

text:
# Bryan Akipa

**Bryan Akipa** (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) is a Dakota flautist with five solo albums to date.

He has been a featured artist at *A Prairie Awakening*, an annual event held at the Kuehn Conservation Area near Earlham, Iowa. He is a citizen of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate. He attended the Institute of American Indian Arts. He also studied fine arts with painter Oscar Howe at the University of South Dakota at Vermillion.

## Awards

> "His CDs have been nominated for several Nammies (Native American Music Awards), including 1998 honors for *The Flute Player* album, 1999 *Thunder Flute* (also the Indie awards finalist), 2001 *Eagle Dreams*, and in 2002 Best Flutist, Best Male Artist. He was a featured player on *My Relatives Say* by Mary Louise Defender, which won the 2000 NAMA for Best Spoken Word recording."

Akipa was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts in 2016.

## Discography

* *Mystic Moments*. SOAR. 1995.
* *Flute Player*. Makoche. 1996.
* *Thunderflute*. SOAR. 1998.
* *Eagle Dreams*. Makoche. 2001.
* *Song of Aspen*. Red Cedar Flute. 2005.

### As contributor

## InfoBox

| Bryan Akipa | |
| --- | --- |
| Akipa after a performance at the National Museum of the American Indian, 2019 | |
| Background information | |
| Occupation(s) | Army veteran, elementary teacher, flute maker, champion traditional dancer |
| Instrument | Native American flute |


title: Browser

abstract: Browse, browser or browsing may refer to:

text:
# Browser

**Browse**, **browser** or **browsing** may refer to:

## Programs

* Web browser, a program used to access the World Wide Web
* Code browser, a program for navigating source code
* File browser or file manager, a program used to manage files and related objects
* Hardware browser, a program for displaying networked hardware devices
* Image browser or image viewer, a program that can display stored graphical images
* Browser service, a feature of Microsoft Windows to browse shared network resources

## Other


title: Sagittranstilla mageana

abstract: Sagittranstilla mageana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

text:
# Sagittranstilla mageana

***Sagittranstilla mageana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Sagittranstilla mageana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Sagittranstilla* |
| Species: | ***S. mageana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sagittranstilla mageana***<br>Razowski & Becker, 1999 | |
|


title: Sagittula

abstract: In taxonomy, Sagittula is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.

text:
# Sagittula

In taxonomy, ***Sagittula*** is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.

## Further reading

### Scientific journals

### Scientific books

## InfoBox

| *Sagittula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Alphaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Rhodobacterales |
| Family: | Rhodobacteraceae |
| Genus: | ***Sagittula*** |
|
| Species | |
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sagittula Gonzalez et al. 1997* | |


title: Saint-Martin-de-Pallières

abstract: Saint-Martin-de-Pallières, formerly Saint-Martin, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

text:
# Saint-Martin-de-Pallières

**Saint-Martin-de-Pallières** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ maʁtɛ̃  paljɛʁ\]; Provençal: *Sant Martin de Palhièras*), formerly Saint-Martin, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Martin-de-Pallières | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| A general view of the village | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Martin-de-Pallières | |
| Saint-Martin-de-PallièresSaint-Martin-de-Pallières | |
| Coordinates: 43°35′22″N 5°53′07″E / 43.5894°N 5.8853°E / 43.5894; 5.8853 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
| Department | Var |
| Arrondissement | Brignoles |
| Canton | Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Bernard de Boisgelin |
| Area**1** | 26.33 km2 (10.17 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 259 |
| Density | 9.8/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 83114 /83560 |
| Elevation | 343–582 m (1,125–1,909 ft)
(avg. 425 m or 1,394 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bruce Alva Gimbel

abstract: Bruce Alva Gimbel was an American businessman and president of the Gimbels department store.

text:
# Bruce Alva Gimbel

**Bruce Alva Gimbel** (July 28, 1913 – October 7, 1980) was an American businessman and president of the Gimbels department store.

## Biography

Gimbel was born on July 28, 1913, to a Jewish family, the son of Alva (née Bernheimer) and Bernard Gimbel. He had four siblings: twins Peter Gimbel and David Gimbel; and twins Hope Gimbel and Caral Gimbel. His sister Hope was married and divorced from art collector David M. Solinger and mother of photographer Lynn Stern. His sister Caral was married and divorced from Edward Lasker, son of Albert Lasker; and baseball superstar Hank Greenberg before settling down with World War II hero Joseph M. Lebworth. In 1935, he graduated from Yale University. Gimbel ferried planes during World War II before working for the family company, the only child of Bernard to do so, as vice president of sales in 1946.

## Career

Gimbel worked up through the ranks and in 1953, his father retired and he became president of Gimbels which had at the time over $300 million in sales 15 stores and 20,000 employees. Faced with declining sales at its downtown stores, he expanded the chain into the suburbs and using a newly established network of local buying offices in France, Italy, Spain, Germany and England, he stocked his stores with foreign manufactured copies of name brand merchandise. Both tactics worked for a time but facing the new economic reality, in 1965 he closed Saks Fifth Avenue's 34th street flagship store and soon after, in 1968, he forced his cousin, Adam Long Gimbel (husband of Sophie Gimbel), who operated the 31 store Saks Fifth Avenue chain, to retire. In 1972, he established a Gimbels store for $30 million on the Upper East Side thinking that he could capture the neighborhood's wealthy residents; the store was a failure. In July 1973, Gimbels was purchased for $205 million by Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation, the country's third-largest tobacco company. He retired in 1975. In 1986, the Gimbels brand was retired.

## Personal life

Gimbel married twice: first to Doris Asiel with whom he had a son, Robert B. Gimbel, and then to Barbara Poulson with whom he had a son, John B. Gimbel. He also adopted a daughter, Judith C. Gimbel, who married architect Benjamin Mendelsund, with whom she had a daughter, Lisa Mendelsund, and a son, graphic artist Peter Mendelsund.

## InfoBox

| Bruce Alva Gimbel | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bruce Alva Gimbel
July 28, 1913
New York City, US |
| Died | October 7, 1980 (age 67)
Greenwich, Connecticut, US |
| Occupation | Retail executive |
| Known for | President of Gimbels |
| Spouses | * Doris Asiel * Barbara Poulson |
| Children | 3 |
| Parent(s) | Alva Bernheimer Gimbel
Bernard Gimbel |
| Family | Adam Gimbel (great-grandfather)
Hank Greenberg (brother-in-law)
Edward Lasker (brother-in-law)
David Solinger (brother-in-law)
Lynn Stern (niece)
Peter Mendelsund (grandson)
Lisa Mendelsund (granddaughter) |


title: Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District

abstract: The Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District surrounds and includes the Bryce Canyon Lodge in Bryce Canyon National Park, as well as the survivors of a large complex of buildings that comprised the core of the park's visitor services area in the 1930s.

text:
# Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District

The **Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District** surrounds and includes the Bryce Canyon Lodge in Bryce Canyon National Park, as well as the survivors of a large complex of buildings that comprised the core of the park's visitor services area in the 1930s.

## Lodge and cabins

The complex is located near the edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau in the northern end of the park, centered on the Bryce Canyon Lodge, designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood. The National Historic Landmark district includes the Lodge and fifteen so-called "Deluxe Cabins," the survivors of a complex that included more than sixty cabins and service structures surrounding the Lodge.

## Historic district

The historic district, which was expanded from the original National Historic Landmark district in 1995, includes service structures and a greater portion of the wooded landscape around the main Lodge. Buildings in the historic district include a recreation hall, a dormitory for employees, a pump house, a linen house, and the remaining six standard cabins.

## Description

The dormitory, the only structure in the complex that was not designed by Underwood's office, was designed in a compatible style by the Office of the Chief Engineer of the Utah Parks Company and reviewed by the Park Service. Built between 1937 and 1938, the one-story building is a "studs-out" structure linke others in the neighborhood, with sheathing mailed to the inside face of the building's frame, leaving the frame exposed to the outside. Unlike other stud-out structures in the neighborhood, the dormitory lacks diagonal framing members. The building has a hipped roof. A porch on the north side shelters the main entry. The east and west elevations also have entry doors. The interior comprises a central hallway with accommodations to either side. A former recreation room has been converted to additional dormitory space. The remodeled interior does not contribute to the building's significance.

The recreation hall, also known as the girl's dormitory, was built about 1927. The one-story frame studs-out structure is covered with a hipped roof. The interior is divided into three major rooms, the largest of which is a recreation room with a large stone fireplace. The interior has not been extensively remodeled, and contributes to the building's significance.

The pumphouse is built similarly to the deluxe cabins, with vertical log framing, and is believed to have been designed at about the same time. The small rectangular building has a gable roof. It has two rooms divided from each other by a stone wall. One room contains a pump, and the other is a storage area. The sheathing and wood roof rafters are exposed to the interior. The linen house is nearby. A studs-out building, it is believed to have been built at about the same time as the standard cabins. The building is filled with shelves and is used for linen storage. The interior is liberally covered with graffiti left there by concessions employees, the earliest dating to the 1950s.

There are six standard cabins remaining, all built about 1925. All are one-story studs-out structures with hipped roofs. The shingles are applied in a wavy pattern similar to that of the main lodge. Bathrooms and possibly ceilings were added to the cabins in 1940-41. The cabins stand between the lodge and the deluxe cabins, with the pump house and linen house at the farthest end. All, including the two utility structures, were designed by Underwood.

The district was established through the expansion of the district encompassing the Bryce Canyon Lodge and deluxe cabins, but unlike the original district, is not a National Historic Landmark District. The expansion took place on April 25, 1995.

Media related to Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Bryce Canyon Lodge Historic District (Boundary Increase) | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Recreation hall | |
| Location in UtahLocation in United States | |
| Nearest city | Bryce Canyon, Utah |
| Coordinates | 37°37′35″N 112°10′06″W / 37.626460°N 112.168264°W / 37.626460; -112.168264 |
| Area | 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) |
| Built | 1924 |
| Architect | Gilbert Stanley Underwood (lodge) |
| Architectural style | rustic |
| MPS | Bryce Canyon National Park MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000434 |
| Added to NRHP | April 25, 1995 |


abstract: The Loop C Comfort Station and the Loop D Comfort Station are public toilet facilities in Bryce Canyon National Park's North Campground, individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for their significance as structures relating to the park's administrative infrastructure, and for their integrity as examples of rustic architecture. The National Park Service rustic style structures were built in 1935 as part of the first planned campground in the park by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. Plans were developed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs. Similar facilities in Loops A and B were not built until the 1950s. The comfort stations are rectangular log buildings of one story. The logs are saddle-notched. The interior has separate facilities for men and women, separated by a utility room. The gable roof is covered with wood shakes. Rafter ends are exposed. The original chopper-cut log ends have been cut down flat. The comfort stations were individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995. The entire campground was considered for eligibility, but retains little historic integrity apart from the two comfort stations.

text:
# Bryce Canyon campground comfort stations

The **Loop C Comfort Station** and the **Loop D Comfort Station** are public toilet facilities in Bryce Canyon National Park's North Campground, individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 for their significance as structures relating to the park's administrative infrastructure, and for their integrity as examples of rustic architecture. The National Park Service rustic style structures were built in 1935 as part of the first planned campground in the park by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. Plans were developed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs. Similar facilities in Loops A and B were not built until the 1950s.

The comfort stations are rectangular log buildings of one story. The logs are saddle-notched. The interior has separate facilities for men and women, separated by a utility room. The gable roof is covered with wood shakes. Rafter ends are exposed. The original chopper-cut log ends have been cut down flat.

The comfort stations were individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 25, 1995. The entire campground was considered for eligibility, but retains little historic integrity apart from the two comfort stations.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Loop C Comfort Station, Loop D Comfort Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Loop C comfort station | |
| Location in UtahLocation in United States | |
| Nearest city | Bryce Canyon, Utah |
| Coordinates | 37°38′7″N 112°9′56″W / 37.63528°N 112.16556°W / 37.63528; -112.16556 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1934 |
| Built by | Civilian Conservation Corps |
| Architect | National Park Service |
| Architectural style | NPS Rustic |
| MPS | Bryce Canyon National Park MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 95000428, 95000429 |
| Added to NRHP | April 25, 1995 |


title: Tom Kingston (rugby league)

abstract: Tom Kingston is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. He previously played for the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League. He primarily played second-row.

text:
# Tom Kingston (rugby league)

**Tom Kingston** (born 3 May 1988) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. He previously played for the Gold Coast Titans in the National Rugby League. He primarily played second-row.

## Background

Born in Tweed Heads, New South Wales, Kingston attended St. Josephs' Primary School and St. Joseph's College, Tweed Heads and played his junior football for the Tweed Heads Seagulls before being signed by the Gold Coast Titans.

## Playing career

In 2008, Kingston played for the Gold Coast Titans' NYC team before moving on to the Titans' Queensland Cup team, Tweed Heads Seagulls in 2009.

In Round 17 of the 2014 NRL season, Kingston made his NRL debut for the Titans against the South Sydney Rabbitohs.

On 12 September 2014, Kingston re-signed with the Titans on a 1-year contract.

On 5 November 2014, Kingston decided to quit rugby league to take up a post in the Australian Defence Force.

## InfoBox

Tom Kingston
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1988-05-03) 3 May 1988<br>Tweed Heads, New South Wales, Australia |
| Height | 189 cm (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 100 kg (15 st 10 lb) |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Second-row |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2014 Gold Coast Titans 6 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: RLP | |


title: Coilia nasus

abstract: Coilia nasus, also known as ungeo and the Japanese grenadier anchovy or Chinese tapertail anchovy is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Engraulidae (anchovies). It grows to 41 cm (16 in) total length; it is a relatively large species for its genus. It is found in marine, freshwater, and brackish water at depths down to 50 m (160 ft). It is an example of an anadromous fish species, with some populations moving to freshwater to spawn. Overall they are distributed in the northwest Pacific, between 21–42°N and 109–134°E, or from Guangdong in China to the west coast of the Korean peninsula and the Ariake Sound in southwestern Japan. A traditional delicacy, the species is commercially fished in Korea, China and Japan. In China it is one of the most expensive fish sold, and as the anadromous variety is more expensive than the freshwater variety, the industry is mostly focussed in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and Yangtze. Some Chinese populations migrate anadromously every spring up the Yangtze River before their final gonadal maturation in order to spawn in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze. After this the mature fish then migrate back to the sea. Other groups have been reported to be resident in freshwater lakes during their entire life cycle, making the species an interesting model of partial migration or migratory dimorphism. To understand this process a 870Mb length reference genome has been assembled, and using this a population genetics study of representative freshwater and migratory individuals has probed deeper into the molecular mechanisms of migratory adaptation.

text:
# Coilia nasus

***Coilia nasus***, also known as **ungeo** and the **Japanese grenadier anchovy** or **Chinese tapertail anchovy** is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Engraulidae (anchovies). It grows to 41 cm (16 in) total length; it is a relatively large species for its genus. It is found in marine, freshwater, and brackish water at depths down to 50 m (160 ft). It is an example of an anadromous fish species, with some populations moving to freshwater to spawn. Overall they are distributed in the northwest Pacific, between 21–42°N and 109–134°E, or from Guangdong in China to the west coast of the Korean peninsula and the Ariake Sound in southwestern Japan. A traditional delicacy, the species is commercially fished in Korea, China and Japan. In China it is one of the most expensive fish sold, and as the anadromous variety is more expensive than the freshwater variety, the industry is mostly focussed in the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and Yangtze.

Some Chinese populations migrate anadromously every spring up the Yangtze River before their final gonadal maturation in order to spawn in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze. After this the mature fish then migrate back to the sea. Other groups have been reported to be resident in freshwater lakes during their entire life cycle, making the species an interesting model of partial migration or migratory dimorphism. To understand this process a 870Mb length reference genome has been assembled, and using this a population genetics study of representative freshwater and migratory individuals has probed deeper into the molecular mechanisms of migratory adaptation.

## InfoBox

| *Coilia nasus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Family: | Engraulidae |
| Genus: | *Coilia* |
| Species: | ***C. nasus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coilia nasus***<br>Temminck and Schlegel, 1846 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Coilia ectenes* Jordan and Seale, 1905 | |


title: Eno people

abstract: The Eno or Enoke, also called Stuckenock, was an American Indian tribe located in North Carolina during the 17th and 18th centuries that was later absorbed into the Catawba tribe in South Carolina along with various other smaller tribal bands.

text:
# Eno people

The **Eno** or **Enoke**, also called **Stuckenock**, was an American Indian tribe located in North Carolina during the 17th and 18th centuries that was later absorbed into the Catawba tribe in South Carolina along with various other smaller tribal bands.

## Name

While the exact meaning of the Eno people's name is unknown, the anthropologist Frank Speck suggested the synonym *Haynokes*, as recorded by Francis Yeardley in 1654, could relate the meaning to *i'nare*, "to dislike" or *yeⁿni'nare*, "people disliked". Linguist Blair A. Rudes later alternatively proposed that Eno derives from *ènu*, the Catawba word for "little crow".

## History

The Enos were first mentioned in historic documents by William Strachey (the first secretary of the colony of Virginia) in his early-17th century book *The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia*. Strachey mentions the "Anoeg" to the southwest of the Powhatan Confederacy (centered near present-day Richmond, Virginia) "whose howses are built as ours, ten daies distant from us..." Another early mention is in a May 1654 letter from Francis Yeardley (an Indian trader from Virginia) to John Ferrar (deputy treasurer of the Virginia Company, in Huntingdonshire, England); the letter was published in 1911 in *Narratives of Early Carolina (1650–1708)* by Alexander S. Salley as *Francis Yeardley's Narrative of Incursions into Carolina, 1654*. In his letter, Yeardley wrote that a Tuscaroran had described to him a "great nation" called the "Haynokes" who had "valiantly resisted the Spaniards further northern attempts".

The village of "Œnock" in the Piedmont of North Carolina was visited by John Lederer in 1670. Lederer reported that the Enos' town

> ...is built round a field, where in their Sports they exercise with so much labour and violence, and in so great numbers, that I have seen the ground wet with the sweat that dropped from their bodies: their chief Recreation is Slinging of stones. They are of mean stature and courage, covetous and thievish, industrious to earn a peny; and therefore hire themselves out to their neighbours, who employ them as Carryers or Porters. They plant abundance of Grain, reap three Crops in a Summer, and out of their Granary supply all the adjacent parts. \[They\] build not their houses of Bark, but of Watling and Plaister. In Summer, the heat of the weather makes them chuse to lie abroad in the night under thin arbours of wilde Palm. Some houses they have of Reed and Bark; they build them generally round: to each house belongs a little hovel made like an oven, where they lay up their Corn and Mast, and keep it dry. They parch their Nuts and Acorns over the fire, to take away their rank Oyliness; which afterwards pressed, yeeld a milky liquor, and the Acorns an Amber-colour’d Oyl. In these, mingled together, they dip their Cakes at great Entertainments, and so serve them up to their guests as an extraordinary dainty. Their Government is Democratic; and the Sentences of their old men are received as Laws, or rather Oracles, by them.

James Needham and Gabriel Arthur also traveled through "Aeno", described as "an Indian towne two dayes jorny beyond Occhoneeche \[Island in Virginia\]", on their way to trade with the Cherokees in 1673.

In 1701, English adventurer John Lawson traveled from the coast of South Carolina, north into North Carolina, and then to the coast near Washington, North Carolina. In his book *A New Voyage to Carolina*, Lawson reports that the "Nation of Adshusheer" (located near present-day Durham, North Carolina, and likely represented by North Carolina archaeological site 31Or13) had confederated with the Shakori and the Eno. He said their village was known as Adshusheer.

Lawson traveled east from Achonechy (Occaneechi Town, located near present-day Hillsborough, North Carolina) "through several other Streams, which empty themselves into the Branches of Cape-Fair" with Enoe Will, "their chief Man", who "rules as far as the Banks of Reatkin" (the Haw River). Lawson further described the location of Adshusheer, where nearby "There runs a pretty Rivulet by this Town. Near the Plantation, I saw a prodigious overgrown Pine-Tree, having not seen any of that Sort of Timber for above 125 Miles". He, similar to Lederer, described the inhabitants of the village as "much addicted to a Sport they call Chenco, which is carry'd on with a Staff and a Bowl made of Stone, which they trundle upon a smooth Place, like a Bowling-Green, made for that Purpose, as I have mention'd before."

In 1712, John Barnwell, a government official from South Carolina, traveled across North Carolina with a military expedition against the Tuscarora in eastern North Carolina. The expedition produced a map, created c. 1712-1725, that shows "Acconeechy Old Towns" on what appears to be New Hope Creek. This may depict the former site of Adshusheer.

By the early 18th century, the Enos, combined with the Shakoris, Tutelos, Saponis, Keyauwees, and Occaneechis, were reduced to a population of approximately 750 people. About 1715, the Enos merged with the Catawbas in the North Carolina-South Carolina border area; the Enos became "member elements of the Catawba" perhaps due to the outcome of the Yamassee War, in which the Enos may or may not have participated. It is, however, "extremely unlikely" that the Enos "could have constituted a significant portion" of the Catawba Nation. The Enoree River in South Carolina appears to have been named for the Enos, "ree" being the equivalent of the word "the". The Eno River in North Carolina is also named for them.

In 1716, Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood proposed to resettle the Eno (along with the Saras and Keyauwees) at "Eno Town", presumably either on the Neuse River or in the Albemarle area of North Carolina; By 1716 the Enos for the most part had merged with the Catawba in South Carolina. They in whole or in part may have re-migrated to northern North Carolina with the Saponis in the 1730s. The Eno dialect was still spoken within the Catawba as late as 1743.

## Historic Eno variations

* "Anoeg", William Strachey, 1612
* "Haynokes", Francis Yeardley, 1654
* "Oenock" and "Œnock", John Lederer, 1670
* "Aeno", James Needham and Gabriel Arthur, 1673
* "Enoe", John Lawson, 1701
* "Eenó", James Adair, 1743
* "Enos", James Mooney, 1894
* "Enoch"

## InfoBox

Eno people
| Eno | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| *Extinct as tribe* | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| On Eno River in North Carolina Possibly Enoree River in South Carolina. | |
| Languages | |
| Probably Siouan | |
| Religion | |
| Native American religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Shakori, Catawba | |


title: G. G. Dwivedi

abstract: Major General G G Dwivedi is an Indian Army career officer (retired), academic, journalist, author, corporate trainer and social worker. He retired in 2009 from the Indian Army (Infantry).

text:
# G. G. Dwivedi

**Major General G G Dwivedi** (Sena Medal, Vishisht Seva Medal and BAR) (born in Kolkata) is an Indian Army career officer (retired), academic, journalist, author, corporate trainer and social worker. He retired in 2009 from the Indian Army (Infantry).

## Early life and education

Dwivedi was born in Kolkata. His parents were Omprakash (1913–1991) and Vilma Devi (1920–2005) His grandfather was eminent physician Rai Sahib Dr. Dewan Chand Dwivedi (1888–1971). He attended the Sainik School, Amaravathinagar and then in 1968 joined the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla. He holds an MSc in Defence Studies, dual M Phil in Defence and Strategic Studies from Madras University and a PhD in international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) New Delhi.

## Military career

Major General Dwivedi retired as assistant chief of the Integrated Defence Staff in 2009, after 38 years of distinguished service in the army (infantry). He is a veteran of the Bangladesh War and he later commanded 16 JAT in Siachen, a brigade in the Kashmir Valley and a mountain division in the North East. He was India's Defence Attaché in China from 19 January 1997 to 19 August 1999.

## Other work

He contributed to the operational planning for 2010 Commonwealth Games, and was in charge of Spectator Services at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in India.

## Academia

### Academic career

In his academic career Major General Dwivedi has achieved distinction recognition both at national and global levels. He holds

* MSc in Defence Studies Madras University (1985)
* M Phil in Defence and Strategic Studies from Madras University (2001, 2012)
* PhD in international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) New Delhi (Degree Conferred 2011)
* Interpretership in Chinese from the School of Foreign Languages (1996)
* Alumnus of National Defence College
* Faculty Indian Military Academy Dehradun (1981–1983)
* Faculty Defence Staff College Wellington (1999–2000)
* Visiting Faculty at Foreign Services Institute Delhi, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. Mussoorie, Management Development Institute Gurgaon, Lal Bahadur Institute of Management Delhi, Punjab University (PU) Chandigarh and UGC HRD Centers, GNDU JNU, JMI and PU
* Member of renowned think tanks, regularly guest speaks at premier Centers of Excellence both in India and abroad, and frequently appears on national TV as a panellist

### Development programmes

* Art & Practice of leadership Development from Harvard Kennedy School, 2012
* Leadership in Public Life from Kansas Leadership Center, USA, 2012

### Aligarh Muslim University (AMU)

Since 2013, he has been Professor in the Department of West Asian Studies, Aligarh Muslim University; where he is instrumental in establishing new Faculty of International Studies and was the Founder Chairperson Departments of Foreign Languages. He is a Visiting Faculty to Foreign Services Institute Delhi, Management Development Institute Gurgaon, Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of Management (LBSIM) Delhi, Punjab University Chandigarh is a resource person for Foreign Services Institute Delhi, UGC HRD Centers of leading Central Universities. He was instrumental in the introduced new course- 'Art & Practice-Leadership' and 'CSR' IN LBSIM, besides facilitated starting M Phil in Strategic Studies at Punjab University.

The students' union pursued the restoration of the AMU's minority character. AMU was established for the educational development of the Muslims of India and its essential character was enshrined in the Parliamentary Act of 1920 and the AMU Amendment Act of 1981 but the Allahabad High Court has ruled that AMU is not a minority institution. In April 2016, the Indian government advised the court it would not appeal the decision.

In Jan 2016 Dwivedi's position was Professor and Chairperson, Faculty of International Studies and he was also appointed Coordinator of the Academic Programmes to be introduced in the Department of Strategic and Security Studies.

### Published works

Dwivedi has written on military history, geostrategy, international relations and leadership in professional journals and national dailies. Additionally, he has contributed over fifty shorts pieces in the leading natural dailies, based on his personal experience.

**Books**

* *War in Vietnam 1945–54* (1991)
* *Korea – the Limited War* (1989)
* *Leadership Manual* (2009)
* *1962 Views from the other side of the Hill* – co-author
* *Global Geo Strategic Scan* (2017)
* *Limited Wars – Arab Israeli Conflict* (under publication)

**Articles**

* *Battle for supremacy*
* *Nothing is ever lasting*
* *Go in for caliberated response,*
* *Having car-free roads on Sundays*
* *Two shades of autumn*
* *Passing on*
* *The Prez who wanted to be a billionaire.*
* *Engaging China : need to mind the imperatives.*
* *Checkmating the Dragon's Growing Influence*

He presented a keynote conference address on *Using Military Veterans to add value to developmental initiatives in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas* on 6 May 2014 at Observer Research Foundation.

He has delivered lectures at Boston University and presented a paper at *International Journal of Arts & Sciences* (IJAS) held at Harvard Medical School in May 2015.

## InfoBox

| Major General<br>G G Dwivedi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Allegiance | India |
| Service/branch | Indian Army |
| Years of service | 38 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Unit | Jat Regiment |


title: Rockport Historic District

abstract: The Rockport Historic District encompasses the historic town center of Rockport, Maine. Arrayed around the head of its harbor, the town's most significant period of development was in the mid 19th century, because of lime processing and other industries. The town has a well-preserved collection of Greek Revival and Italianate architecture from that period. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

text:
# Rockport Historic District

The **Rockport Historic District** encompasses the historic town center of Rockport, Maine. Arrayed around the head of its harbor, the town's most significant period of development was in the mid 19th century, because of lime processing and other industries. The town has a well-preserved collection of Greek Revival and Italianate architecture from that period. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

## Description and history

The area that is now Rockport was originally part of Megunticook Plantation, which was settled in the 1760s and incorporated as Camden in 1791. The Rockport area was called Goose River, but was renamed Rockport in 1852 and separated from Camden in 1891. Its small harbor was an early shipbuilding center, and in the 19th century became an important center of ice harvesting and the extraction of lime. Its fortunes declined late in the 19th century, but were boosted by the start of the summer tourist trade.

The historic district is arrayed along a series of roads that curve around the head of Rockport's harbor. Its principal roads are Pascal Avenue, from School Street in the west to Main Street, Main Street from Summer to Central Streets, and Central Street and Russell Avenues to Winter Street. The district further extends a short distance along streets that cross these, and include clusters of residential streets north of Pascal and east of Main Street. It covers 70 acres (28 ha) and includes 127 buildings. The majority of them are wood frame residences, in some combination of Greek Revival and Italianate styling. Prominent commercial buildings include the 1835 Granite Block on Main Street, and the Romanesque brick Carleton-Shepherd Block, built in 1891.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rockport Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Irregular pattern along Pascal Ave. from Russell, Union, and Winter Sts. on N to School St. on S., Rockport, Maine |
| Coordinates | 44°11′8″N 69°4′28″W / 44.18556°N 69.07444°W / 44.18556; -69.07444 |
| Area | 70 acres (28 ha) |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Italianate, Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 76000099 |
| Added to NRHP | May 28, 1976 |


title: Stonewall's Rainbow Laces Campaign

abstract: Stonewall's Rainbow Laces Campaign is an annual event in support of the LGBTQ+ community and the support of increasing diversity in sports across the world. The campaign was started in 2013 and has been promoted by the biggest sports in the world from men's and women's association football to wheelchair rugby. Stonewall have support from a group called TeamPride. TeamPride consists of Adidas, Aon, Aviva, Barclays, eBay, Manchester United, the Premier League, Sky Sports and Visa. Stonewall promise to give individuals the confidence and support them to strive towards their dreams. They want to make members of the LGBTQ+ community feel comfortable playing their favourite sport with pride as they believe people perform better when they are themselves.

text:
# Stonewall's Rainbow Laces Campaign

**Stonewall's Rainbow Laces Campaign** is an annual event in support of the LGBTQ+ community and the support of increasing diversity in sports across the world.

The campaign was started in 2013 and has been promoted by the biggest sports in the world from men's and women's association football to wheelchair rugby. Stonewall have support from a group called TeamPride. TeamPride consists of Adidas, Aon, Aviva, Barclays, eBay, Manchester United, the Premier League, Sky Sports and Visa.

Stonewall promise to give individuals the confidence and support them to strive towards their dreams. They want to make members of the LGBTQ+ community feel comfortable playing their favourite sport with pride as they believe people perform better when they are themselves.

## Rainbow laces

Players are able to support for the LGBTQ+ community by wearing rainbow laces provided and sold by Stonewall and captains are able to demonstrate their encouragement by wearing a multicoloured armband, replacing their original armband.

In 2020, Stonewall announced that they had sold nearly one million sets of laces across the campaign so far, with players of all sports wearing their laces from the top leagues to those who for fun. The message has been heavily demonstrated in football, with grassroots football being a huge advocate for the campaign.

## History

Founded in 2013, Stonewall wanted to make a big change within the sports industry. The campaign was introduced to fight homophobia in all sports across the world, changing the dynamic of sports such as football.

The campaign started by sending out rainbow laces to every professional footballer in the UK for players to show their support. Paddy Power advocated for the cause from the start, teaming up with Stonewall in September, 2013.

Stonewall run their campaign every year in November and December and has been run every year since its formation in 2013.

## Praise

Stonewall's Rainbow Laces Campaign has been praised heavily since its creation in 2013. in 2019, The Independent asked for more to be done in sport to support LGBTQ+ rights and commended the work that had been done by Stonewall so far.

In 2021, Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp displayed his support for the cause as Liverpool F.C. became a pioneer for Stonewall, and Klopp announced that there is an open dressing room within his team. He also ensured there will never be any issues with LGBTQ+ rights in the Liverpool dressing room.

## Criticism

The campaign was criticised in 2013 when Football v Homophobia claimed that Stonewall's language used during the campaign was the very language that they should be tackling and fighting against. Football v Homophobia felt that Stonewall was using slogans that reinforced the homophobia in football, and clubs such as Manchester United, who are big supporters of the cause, pulled out of the campaign whilst the disagreement was ongoing.

Football v Homophobia's statement has since been deleted, and the support for Stonewall's Rainbow Lace Campaign has continued to grow.

## InfoBox

Stonewall's Rainbow Lace Campaign
| Formation | 2013 |
| --- | --- |
| Headquarters | London, with regional offices in Scotland and Wales |
| Chief executive | Nancy Kelley |
| Website | https://www.stonewall.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/rainbow-laces |


title: Botuporã

abstract: Botuporã is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

text:
# Botuporã

**Botuporã** is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Botuporã | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 13°22′55″S 42°31′22″W / 13.38194°S 42.52278°W / -13.38194; -42.52278 | |
| Region | Nordeste |
| State | Bahia |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 10,129 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| Postal code | 2904209 |