title: California statistical areas

text:
# California statistical areas

The U.S. State of California currently has 42 statistical areas that have been delineated by the federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

On July 21, 2023, the OMB delineated seven combined statistical areas, 25 metropolitan statistical areas, and ten micropolitan statistical areas in California. As of 2023, the largest of these in the state is the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA, encompassing greater Los Angeles.

## Background

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has designated more than 1,000 statistical areas for the United States and Puerto Rico. These statistical areas are important geographic delineations of population clusters used by the OMB, the United States Census Bureau, planning organizations, and federal, state, and local government entities.

The OMB defines a core-based statistical area (commonly referred to as a CBSA) as the county or counties (or county-equivalents) surrounding at least one densely-settled core of at least 10,000 population, "plus adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured through commuting ties with the counties containing the core". The OMB further divides core-based statistical areas based on population into metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) for those with at least 50,000 and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs) for those with 10,000 to 49,999 people.

The OMB defines a combined statistical area (CSA) as two or more adjacent core-based statistical areas where the employment interchange rate (% commuting from A to B plus % commuting from B to A) is at least 15%. The primary statistical areas (PSAs) include all combined statistical areas and any core-based statistical area that is not a constituent of a combined statistical area.

## Table

The 42 United States statistical areas and 58 counties of the State of California

| Combined statistical area | 2023 population (est.) | Core-based statistical area | 2023 population (est.) | County | 2023 population (est.) | Metropolitan division | 2023 population (est.) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA CSA | 18,316,743 | Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim, CA MSA | 12,799,100 | Los Angeles County, California | 9,663,345 | *Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA MD* | *9,663,345* |
| | | | | Orange County, California | 3,135,755 | *Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA MD* | *3,135,755* |
| | | Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario, CA MSA | 4,688,053 | Riverside County, California | 2,492,442 | *none* | |
| | | San Bernardino County, California | 2,195,611 | |
| | | Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA MSA | 829,590 | | Ventura County, California | 829,590 |
| San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA | 9,482,836 | San Francisco–Oakland–Fremont, CA MSA | 4,566,961 | Alameda County, California | 1,622,188 | *Oakland-Fremont-Berkeley, CA MD* | *2,777,213* |
| | | | | Contra Costa County, California | 1,155,025 | | |
| | | | | San Francisco County, California | 808,988 | *San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, CA MD* | *1,535,341* |
| | | | | San Mateo County, California | 726,353 |
| | | | | Marin County, California | 254,407 | *San Rafael, CA MD* | *254,407* |
| | | San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA | 1,945,767 | Santa Clara County, California | 1,877,592 | *none* | |
| | | San Benito County, California | 68,175 | |
| | | Stockton, CA MSA | 800,965 | | San Joaquin County, California | 800,965 |
| | | Modesto, CA MSA | 551,430 | | Stanislaus County, California | 551,430 |
| | | Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA MSA | 481,812 | | Sonoma County, California | 481,812 |
| | | Vallejo, CA MSA | 449,218 | | Solano County, California | 449,218 |
| | | Merced, CA MSA | 291,920 | | Merced County, California | 291,920 |
| | | Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA MSA | 261,547 | | Santa Cruz County, California | 261,547 |
| | | Napa, CA MSA | 133,216 | | Napa County, California | 133,216 |
| *none* | | San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA MSA | 3,269,973 | | San Diego County, California | 3,269,973 |
| Sacramento-Roseville, CA CSA | 2,706,315 | Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA MSA | 2,420,608 | | Sacramento County, California | 1,584,288 |
| | | | | | Placer County, California | 423,561 |
| | | | | | Yolo County, California | 220,544 |
| | | | | | El Dorado County, California | 192,215 |
| | | Yuba City, CA MSA | 183,670 | | Sutter County, California | 97,948 |
| | | Yuba County, California | 85,722 | |
| | | Truckee-Grass Valley, CA μSA | 102,037 | | Nevada County, California | 102,037 |
| Fresno-Hanford–Corcoran, CA CSA | 1,332,702 | Fresno, CA MSA | 1,180,020 | | Fresno County, California | 1,017,162 |
| | | | | | Madera County, California | 162,858 |
| | | Hanford-Corcoran, CA MSA | 152,682 | | Kings County, California | 152,682 |
| *none* | | Bakersfield-Delano, CA MSA | 913,820 | | Kern County, California | 913,820 |
| | Visalia, CA MSA | 479,468 | Tulare County, California | | 479,468 |
| | Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA MSA | 441,257 | Santa Barbara County, California | | 441,257 |
| | Salinas, CA MSA | 430,723 | Monterey County, California | | 430,723 |
| | San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA MSA | 281,639 | San Luis Obispo County, California | | 281,639 |
| Redding-Red Bluff, CA CSA | 245,262 | Redding, CA MSA | 180,366 | | Shasta County, California | 180,366 |
| | | Red Bluff, CA μSA | 64,896 | | Tehama County, California | 64,896 |
| *none* | | Chico, CA MSA | 207,172 | | Butte County, California | 207,172 |
| | El Centro, CA MSA | 179,057 | Imperial County, California | | 179,057 |
| | Eureka-Arcata, CA μSA | 133,985 | Humboldt County, California | | 133,985 |
| | Ukiah, CA μSA | 89,108 | Mendocino County, California | | 89,108 |
| | Clearlake, CA μSA | 67,878 | Lake County, California | | 67,878 |
| | Sonora, CA μSA | 54,204 | Tuolumne County, California | | 54,204 |
| | Susanville, CA μSA | 28,861 | Lassen County, California | | 28,861 |
| Brookings-Crescent City, OR-CA CSA | 49,885
26,589 (CA) | Crescent City, CA μSA | 26,589 | | Del Norte County, California | 26,589 |
| | | Brookings, OR μSA | 23,296 | | Curry County, Oregon | 22,364 |
| *none* | | Bishop, CA μSA | 18,527 | | Inyo County, California | 18,527 |
| Reno-Carson City-Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA | 699,307
1,141 (CA) | Reno, NV MSA | 564,782 | | Washoe County, Nevada | 498,022 |
| | | | | | Lyon County, Nevada | 62,583 |
| | | | | | Storey County, Nevada | 4,177 |
| | | Carson City, NV MSA | 58,036 | | Carson City, Nevada | 58,036 |
| | | Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA μSA | 50,686
1,141 (CA) | | Douglas County, Nevada | 49,545 |
| | ||
| | | Alpine County, California | 1,141 | |
| Fallon, NV μSA | 25,803 | Churchill County, Nevada | 25,803 | |
| *none* | | | | | Calaveras County, California | 46,565 |
| | Siskiyou County, California | 42,905 ||
| | Amador County, California | 41,811 ||
| | Glenn County, California | 28,129 ||
| | Colusa County, California | 22,037 ||
| | Plumas County, California | 19,131 ||
| | Mariposa County, California | 16,919 ||
| | Trinity County, California | 15,670 ||
| | Mono County, California | 13,066 ||
| | Modoc County, California | 8,500 ||
| | Sierra County, California | 3,200 ||
| State of California | | | | | 38,965,193 |

## Core-based statistical areas

The following table provides the in-state population ranking of each CBSA along with its rate of population change over time.

The 35 core-based statistical areas of the State of California

| 2023 rank | Core-based statistical area | Population | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 2023 estimate | Change | 2020 Census | Change | 2010 Census |
| 1 | Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA | 12,799,100 | −3.04% | 13,200,998 | +2.90% | 12,828,837 |
| 2 | Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA | 4,688,053 | +1.92% | 4,599,839 | +8.88% | 4,224,851 |
| 3 | San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA MSA | 4,566,961 | −3.83% | 4,749,008 | +9.54% | 4,335,391 |
| 4 | San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA MSA | 3,269,973 | −0.87% | 3,298,634 | +6.57% | 3,095,313 |
| 5 | Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA MSA | 2,420,608 | +0.97% | 2,397,382 | +11.55% | 2,149,127 |
| 6 | San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA | 1,945,767 | −2.73% | 2,000,468 | +8.90% | 1,836,911 |
| 7 | Fresno, CA MSA | 1,180,020 | +1.30% | 1,164,909 | +7.73% | 1,081,315 |
| 8 | Bakersfield-Delano, CA MSA | 913,820 | +0.50% | 909,235 | +8.29% | 839,631 |
| 9 | Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA MSA | 829,590 | −1.69% | 843,843 | +2.49% | 823,318 |
| 10 | Stockton, CA MSA | 800,965 | +2.79% | 779,233 | +13.71% | 685,306 |
| 11 | Modesto, CA MSA | 551,430 | −0.26% | 552,878 | +7.47% | 514,453 |
| 12 | Santa Rosa-Petaluma, CA MSA | 481,812 | −1.44% | 488,863 | +1.03% | 483,878 |
| 13 | Visalia, CA MSA | 479,468 | +1.34% | 473,117 | +7.00% | 442,179 |
| 14 | Vallejo, CA MSA | 449,218 | −0.94% | 453,491 | +9.71% | 413,344 |
| 15 | Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA MSA | 441,257 | −1.56% | 448,229 | +5.74% | 423,895 |
| 16 | Salinas, CA MSA | 430,723 | −1.89% | 439,035 | +5.78% | 415,057 |
| 17 | Merced, CA MSA | 291,920 | +3.81% | 281,202 | +9.93% | 255,793 |
| 18 | San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, CA MSA | 281,639 | −0.28% | 282,424 | +4.74% | 269,637 |
| 19 | Santa Cruz-Watsonville, CA MSA | 261,547 | −3.44% | 270,861 | +3.23% | 262,382 |
| 20 | Chico, CA MSA | 207,172 | −2.11% | 211,632 | −3.80% | 220,000 |
| 21 | Yuba City, CA MSA | 183,670 | +1.36% | 181,208 | +8.58% | 166,892 |
| 22 | Redding, CA MSA | 180,366 | −0.98% | 182,155 | +2.78% | 177,223 |
| 23 | El Centro, CA MSA | 179,057 | −0.36% | 179,702 | +2.96% | 174,528 |
| 24 | Hanford-Corcoran, CA MSA | 152,682 | +0.13% | 152,486 | −0.32% | 152,982 |
| 25 | Eureka-Arcata, CA μSA | 133,985 | −1.82% | 136,463 | +1.37% | 134,623 |
| 26 | Napa, CA MSA | 133,216 | −3.48% | 138,019 | +1.12% | 136,484 |
| 27 | Truckee-Grass Valley, CA μSA | 102,037 | −0.20% | 102,241 | +3.52% | 98,764 |
| 28 | Ukiah, CA μSA | 89,108 | −2.72% | 91,601 | +4.28% | 87,841 |
| 29 | Clearlake, CA μSA | 67,878 | −0.42% | 68,163 | +5.41% | 64,665 |
| 30 | Red Bluff, CA μSA | 64,896 | −1.42% | 65,829 | +3.73% | 63,463 |
| 31 | Sonora, CA μSA | 54,204 | −2.55% | 55,620 | +0.46% | 55,365 |
| 32 | Susanville, CA μSA | 28,861 | −11.82% | 32,730 | −6.20% | 34,895 |
| 33 | Crescent City, CA μSA | 26,589 | −4.16% | 27,743 | −3.03% | 28,610 |
| 34 | Bishop, CA μSA | 18,527 | −2.57% | 19,016 | +2.53% | 18,546 |
| 35 | Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA μSA (CA) | 1,141 | −5.23% | 1,204 | +2.47% | 1,175 |
|  | *Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA μSA* | 50,686 | −0.01% | 50,692 | +5.23% | 48,172 |

## Combined statistical areas

The following table provides the in-state population ranking of each CSA along with its rate of population change over time.

The seven combined statistical areas of the State of California

| 2023 rank | Combined statistical area | Population | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 2023 estimate | Change | 2020 Census | Change | 2010 Census |
| 1 | Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA | 18,316,743 | −1.76% | 18,644,680 | +4.29% | 17,877,006 |
| 2 | San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA | 9,482,836 | −2.38% | 9,714,023 | +8.85% | 8,923,942 |
| 3 | Sacramento-Roseville, CA CSA | 2,706,315 | +0.95% | 2,680,831 | +11.02% | 2,414,783 |
| 4 | Fresno-Hanford-Corcoran, CA CSA | 1,332,702 | +1.16% | 1,317,395 | +6.73% | 1,234,297 |
| 5 | Redding-Red Bluff, CA CSA | 245,262 | −1.10% | 247,984 | +3.03% | 240,686 |
| 6 | Brookings-Crescent City, OR-CA CSA (CA) | 26,589 | −4.16% | 27,743 | −3.03% | 28,610 |
| 7 | Reno-Carson City-Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA (CA) | 1,141 | −5.23% | 1,204 | +2.47% | 1,175 |
|  | *Brookings-Crescent City, OR-CA CSA* | 49,885 | −2.55% | 51,189 | +0.42% | 50,974 |
|  | *Reno-Carson City-Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA* | 699,307 | +2.14% | 684,678 | +13.04% | 605,720 |

1. Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas (July 21, 2023). "0MB BULLETIN NO. 23-01" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved October 23, 2023.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. "2020 Standards for Delineating Core Based Statistical Areas". Office of Management and Budget. July 16, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
3. "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2023". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2023. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
4. "PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS". U.S. Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
5. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2024.

37°11′03″N 119°28′11″W / 37.1841°N 119.4696°W / 37.1841; -119.4696 (State of California)


title: Crazy (2000 film)

abstract: Crazy is a 2000 German drama film directed by Hans-Christian Schmid. It is based on the autobiographical book by Benjamin Lebert, published in 1999. The film is a drama about a 16-year-old boy named Benjamin who, after experiencing some academic problems, is switched to a boarding school in an attempt to improve his grades. When he reaches the new school, he has difficulty acclimating to his new environment along with some coming of age issues, when he falls in love with a dreamy school girl named Malen. The part of Benjamin was played by Robert Stadlober.

text:
# Crazy (2000 film)

***Crazy*** is a 2000 German drama film directed by Hans-Christian Schmid. It is based on the autobiographical book by Benjamin Lebert, published in 1999. The film is a drama about a 16-year-old boy named Benjamin who, after experiencing some academic problems, is switched to a boarding school in an attempt to improve his grades. When he reaches the new school, he has difficulty acclimating to his new environment along with some coming of age issues, when he falls in love with a dreamy school girl named Malen. The part of Benjamin was played by Robert Stadlober.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Crazy | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Hans-Christian Schmid |
| Written by | Hans-Christian Schmid
Michael Gutmann
Benjamin Lebert (novel) |
| Starring | Robert Stadlober
Tom Schilling |
| Cinematography | Sonja Rom |
| Edited by | Hansjörg Weißbrich |
| Music by | Kai Fischer
Christoph Kaiser |
| Release date | * 8 June 2000 (2000-06-08) |
| Running time | 97 mins |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |


title: Sanxia District

abstract: Sankyō Sanxia District is a district in the southwestern part of New Taipei, Taiwan. It is the second largest district in New Taipei City by area after Wulai District.

text:
# Sanxia District

| Sanxia District | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 三峽 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Sānxiá Qū  Tongyong Pinyin Sansiá Cyu  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Sam-kiap-khu | |
|  | |

**Sanxia District** (traditional Chinese: 三峽區; simplified Chinese: 三峡区; Hanyu Pinyin: *Sānxiá Qū*; Tongyong Pinyin: *Sansiá Cyu*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Sam-kiap-khu*) is a district in the southwestern part of New Taipei, Taiwan. It is the second largest district in New Taipei City by area after Wulai District.

## Name

The old name of Sanxia, *Sa-kak-eng* (Chinese: 三角湧; pinyin: *Sānjiǎoyǒng*; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Saⁿ-kak-éng*; lit. 'triangular surge') refers to the meeting of the Dahan River, Sanxia River, and Horizontal River. In 1920, Taiwan's Japanese government administratively designated the town as *Sankyō* (Japanese: 三峽, lit. Three Gorges), Kaizan District, Taihoku Prefecture.

## History

After the first coffee plants on Taiwan were imported by the British to Tainan in 1884, the first significant small-scale cultivation took place in Sanxia District.

On December 25, 2010, Sanxia Township was upgraded to Sanxia District after the upgrade of Taipei County.

## Geography

It has an area of 191.45 km2 and a population of 115,443 (February 2023).

## Government institutions

## Education

**University**

**Senior High schools**

* Mingde High school (市立明德高中)
* BeiDa High School (市立北大高中)
* Tsz-Shiou Senior High school (辭修高中)

**Junior High schools**

* Sanxia Junior High school (市立三峽國中)
* Anxi Junior High school (市立安溪國中)

**Others**

* National Academy for Educational Research Preparatory office-Planning Objectives

## Tourist attractions

## Transportation

* Car — Sanxia is served by Freeway No. 3. (San-ying Interchange)
* Bus — Sanxia is accessible by bus from Taipei (buses 702, 703, 705, 706,939), Taoyuan District, and Yingge (Blue 19).
* Train — Although Sanxia does not have a train station, it is accessible by bus from Yingge Train Station across the river.
* MRT — Accessible via the Tucheng Line of the Taipei Metro to Yongning (永寧(Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Éng-lêng*)). Bus 916 from exit 1 connects to Sanxia on Highway 3. In addition Bus 910 leaves from Fuzhong (府中(Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Hù-tiong*)) station in Banqiao. Both routes are multi-section tickets, paying on entry or exit.

## Notable natives

* Li Mei-shu, former painter, sculptor, and politician

## InfoBox

| Sanxia 三峽區Sankyō, Sansia, Sanhsia | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Sanxia District | |
|  | |
| Location of Sanxia in New Taipei City | |
| Coordinates: 24°56′00″N 121°22′00″E / 24.93333°N 121.36667°E / 24.93333; 121.36667 | |
| Country | Republic of China (Taiwan) |
| Special municipality | New Taipei City |
| Established | 1846 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | 陳健民(Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Tân Kiān-bîn*) |
| Area | |
| Total | 191.45 km2 (73.92 sq mi) |
| Population (February 2023) | |
| Total | 115,443 |
| Density | 531.9/km2 (1,378/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (CST) |
| ZIP code | 237 |
| Area code | 02 |
| Website | www.sanxia.ntpc.gov.tw (in Chinese) |


title: Playboy (The Marvelettes song)

abstract: "Playboy" is a song composed by Brian Holland, Robert Bateman, Mickey Stevenson and singer Gladys Horton, lead vocalist of the Motown singing group The Marvelettes, who recorded the song and released it as a single on Motown's Tamla imprint in 1962. The single, led by Horton, is about a man who fools around with a lot of women and the woman who narrates the story warns him to stay away from her due to the stories she heard of him "running around with every woman in town". Horton is helped out in the song by her Marvelettes cohorts Wanda Young, Georgeanna Tillman, Katherine Anderson & Juanita Cowart. This was released as the third single by the Marvelettes and was their second top ten pop hit reaching number seven on the charts while reaching number four on the R&B chart. The song is sampled in the Dickie Goodman novelty break-in record "Ben Crazy" (1962). A satire on the Television Doctor's show "Ben Casey".

text:
# Playboy (The Marvelettes song)

**"Playboy"** is a song composed by Brian Holland, Robert Bateman, Mickey Stevenson and singer Gladys Horton, lead vocalist of the Motown singing group The Marvelettes, who recorded the song and released it as a single on Motown's Tamla imprint in 1962. The single, led by Horton, is about a man who fools around with a lot of women and the woman who narrates the story warns him to stay away from her due to the stories she heard of him "running around with every woman in town". Horton is helped out in the song by her Marvelettes cohorts Wanda Young, Georgeanna Tillman, Katherine Anderson & Juanita Cowart. This was released as the third single by the Marvelettes and was their second top ten pop hit reaching number seven on the charts while reaching number four on the R&B chart.

The song is sampled in the Dickie Goodman novelty break-in record "Ben Crazy" (1962). A satire on the Television Doctor's show "Ben Casey".

## Credits

## InfoBox

| "Playboy" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by The Marvelettes | |
| from the album  *Playboy* | |
| B-side | "All the Love I've Got" |
| Released | April 9, 1962 |
| Recorded | November 22, 1961, Hitsville USA
(Studio A)
(Detroit, Michigan) |
| Genre | Rhythm and blues |
| Label | Tamla
T-54060 |
| Songwriter(s) | Brian Holland
Robert Bateman
Gladys Horton
Mickey Stevenson |
| Producer(s) | Robert Bateman, Brian Holland (aka "Brianbert") |
| The Marvelettes singles chronology | |
| "Twistin' Postman"
(1962) "**Playboy**"
(1962) "Beechwood 4-5789"
(1962) | |


title: Tagmeme

abstract: A tagmeme is the smallest functional element in the grammatical structure of a language. The term was introduced in the 1930s by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who defined it as the smallest meaningful unit of grammatical form. The term was later adopted, and its meaning broadened, by Kenneth Pike and others beginning in the 1950s, as the basis for their tagmemics.

text:
# Tagmeme

A **tagmeme** is the smallest functional element in the grammatical structure of a language. The term was introduced in the 1930s by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who defined it as the smallest meaningful unit of grammatical form (analogous to the morpheme, defined as the smallest meaningful unit of lexical form). The term was later adopted, and its meaning broadened, by Kenneth Pike and others beginning in the 1950s, as the basis for their **tagmemics**.

## Bloomfield's scheme

According to the scheme set out by Leonard Bloomfield in his book *Language* (1933), the tagmeme is the smallest meaningful unit of grammatical form. A tagmeme consists of one or more **taxemes**, where a taxeme is a primitive grammatical feature, in the same way that a phoneme is a primitive phonological feature. Taxemes and phonemes do not as a rule have meaning on their own, but combine into tagmemes and morphemes respectively, which carry meaning.

For example, an utterance such as "John runs" is a concrete example of a tagmeme (an **allotagm**) whose meaning is that an actor performs an action. The taxemes making up this tagmeme include the selection of a nominative expression, the selection of a finite verb expression, and the ordering of the two such that the nominative expression precedes the finite verb expression.

Bloomfield makes the taxeme and tagmeme part of a system of emic units:

* The smallest (and meaningless, when taken by itself) unit of linguistic signaling is the **pheneme**; this may be either lexical (phoneme) or grammatical (taxeme).
* The smallest meaningful unit of linguistic signaling is the glosseme, either lexical (morpheme) or grammatical (tagmeme).
* The meaning of a glosseme is a **noeme**, the meaning of either a morpheme (sememe) or a tagmeme (**episememe**).

More generally, he defines any meaningful unit of linguistic signaling (not necessarily smallest) as a *linguistic form*, and its meaning as a *linguistic meaning*; it may be either a *lexical form* (with a *lexical meaning*) or a *grammatical form* (with a *grammatical meaning*).

## Pike and tagmemics

Bloomfield's term was adopted by Kenneth Pike and others to denote what they had previously been calling the *grammeme* (earlier *grameme*). In Pike's approach, consequently called *tagmemics*, the hierarchical organization of levels (e.g. in syntax: word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, discourse) results from the fact that the elements of a tagmeme on a higher level (e.g. 'sentence') are analyzed as syntagmemes on the next lower level (e.g. 'phrase').

The tagmeme is the correlation of a syntagmatic function (e.g. subject, object) and paradigmatic fillers (e.g. nouns, pronouns or proper nouns as possible fillers of the subject position). Tagmemes combine to form a **syntagmeme**, a syntactic construction consisting of a sequence of tagmemes.

Tagmemics as a linguistic methodology was developed by Pike in his book *Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior*, 3 vol. (1954–1960). It was primarily designed to assist linguists to efficiently extract coherent descriptions out of corpora of fieldwork data. Tagmemics is particularly associated with the early work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, an association of missionary linguists devoted largely to Bible translations, of which Pike was an early member.

Tagmemics makes the kind of distinction made between phone and phoneme in phonology and phonetics at higher levels of linguistic analysis (grammatical and semantic); for instance, contextually conditioned synonyms are considered different instances of a single tagmeme, as sounds which are (in a given language) contextually conditioned are allophones of a single phoneme. The emic and etic distinction also applies in other social sciences.

## Bibliography

* Cook, Walter Anthony (1969), *Introduction to tagmemic analysis*, Transatlantic series in linguistics, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ISBN 978-0-03-077115-6
* Longacre, Robert E. (1965), "Some Fundamental Insights of Tagmemics", *Language*, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 65–76, ISSN 0097-8507, JSTOR 411852
* Pike, Kenneth L. (2015) \[1967\], *Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior*, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-165715-8
* (1982), *Linguistic concepts: an introduction to tagmemics*, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-3664-6
* Trask, Robert L. (2003) \[1993\], *A dictionary of grammatical terms in linguistics*, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-07809-2
* Waterhouse, Viola G. (1974), *The History and Development of Tagmemics*, Janua Linguarum. Series Critica, vol. 16, Mouton, ISBN 978-3-110-99501-5


title: Sander Loones

abstract: Sander Loones is a Belgian politician.

text:
# Sander Loones

**Sander Loones** (born 26 January 1979 in Veurne) is a Belgian politician.

## Career

From 2014 to 2018, he was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) - the Belgian delegation to the European Conservatives and Reformists Group. He was Vice Chair of the European Parliament Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs from 8 January 2015. He was the Belgian Minister of Defence from 12 November 2018 to 8 December 2018. On 12 November 2018, he succeeded Steven Vandeput as Minister of Defence.

## InfoBox

| Sander Loones | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Years active | 2014–present |
| Website | https://www.sanderloones.be |


title: John Kalili

abstract: John Kalili was a judge and politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii.

text:
# John Kalili

**John Kalili** (c.1814 – April 3, 1855) was a judge and politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii.

## Life

Nothing much is known about Kalili's early life, although roster of the Lahainalunla School indicate he came from Honolulu, Oʻahu. He was a cousin of Joshua Kekaulahao. Kalili was one of the first generation of Hawaiians to receive a western education by the American missionaries who arrived in Hawaii in 1820. In 1836, he began his education at Lahainaluna Seminary with Kekaulahao and graduated after four years of education in 1840. Some of his classmates beside his cousin Kekaulahao included writer S. N. Haleole, historian Samuel Kamakau and future royal governor of Hawaii Island, George Luther Kapeau, although only Kekaulahao was in his same class of 1836. In 1847, he was registered as the owner of the Hawaiian sloop *Waiahao*.

On January 27, 1848, the Governor of Oʻahu Mataio Kekūanaōʻa appointed John Kalili and Simon P. Kalama as the two circuit judges of the island of Oʻahu. Kalama was charged with Honolulu while Kalili was charged with the district of Koʻolau in the eastern section of the island. Kalili would also serve as a legislator from 1851 to 1852 as a member of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Hawaiian legislature. American lawyer Charles Coffin Harris ran as his opponent for the candiicay in the district of Palikolau in 1852 and lost. In the 1852 legislative session, John Kalili served as the chairman of the Committee on Election.

While still in office as judge, Kalili died in Honolulu on April 3, 1855, at the age of forty-one. His cousin Joshua Kekaulahao was appointed to replace him as the circuit judge of Oʻahu, although he himself would die in 1856. In 1858, the remains of Kalili, Joshua Kekaulahao and four members of Kekaulahao's family were buried in the cemetery of the Kawaiahaʻo Church in a ceremony which included the use of Niʻihau mats as burial goods.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| John Kalili | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Kingdom of Hawaii
House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1851–1852 | |
| Monarch | Kamehameha III |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c.1814 |
| Died | April 3, 1855 (aged 41)
Honolulu, Hawaii |
| Resting place | Kawaiahaʻo Church |
| Nationality | Kingdom of Hawaii |
| Relatives | Joshua Kekaulahao (cousin) |
| Alma mater | Lahainaluna Seminary |
| Occupation | Judge, Politician |
|  | |


title: Calm Down Gurrl

abstract: Calm Down Gurrl is the sixth album and seventeenth Bravo stand-up comedy special by stand-up comedian Kathy Griffin and nineteenth overall. It was televised live from the Wells Fargo Center for the Arts in Santa Rosa, California, on June 4, 2013, on Bravo.

text:
# Calm Down Gurrl

***Calm Down Gurrl*** is the sixth album and seventeenth Bravo stand-up comedy special by stand-up comedian Kathy Griffin and nineteenth overall. It was televised live from the Wells Fargo Center for the Arts in Santa Rosa, California, on June 4, 2013, on Bravo.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Introduction" | 1:20 |
| 2. | "The Jodi Arias trial" | 8:10 |
| 3. | "Jane Fonda's birthday party with Barbra Streisand" | 10:00 |
| 4. | "Justin Bieber and paparazzi" | 3:30 |
| 5. | "Sizzurp" | 2:00 |
| 6. | "Lil Wayne's coma" | 4:00 |
| 7. | "Boyfriend meeting the family" | 5:30 |
| 8. | "New dog" | 1:30 |
| 9. | "Amanda Bynes" | 3:00 |
| 10. | "Redbook" | 4:01 |
| Total length: | | 43:01 |

## Personnel

## Award and nominations

The live Bravo performance special won the Grammy for Best Comedy Album in the 56th Grammy Awards.

## InfoBox

| Calm Down Gurrl | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Kathy Griffin | |
| Released | August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06) |
| Recorded | June 4, 2013 (2013-06-04) |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Length | 43:01 |
| Label | Back Lot Music |
| Producer | Kathy Griffin |
| Kathy Griffin chronology | |
| *Kennedie Center On-Hers*
(2013) ***Calm Down Gurrl***
(2013) *Record Breaker*
(2013) | |


title: Twelve Cupcakes

abstract: Twelve Cupcakes is a Singapore based chain of cupcakery selling cupcakes. It was co-founded by Singaporean DJ Daniel Ong and actress Jamie Teo in 2011. It is currently owned by Dhunseri Group and is one of the largest cupcakery chain in Singapore. The company established a new dine-in cafe, Dulce and Sucre, in 2014 and currently has 40 stores, in 2 countries, with 35 located in Singapore.

text:
# Twelve Cupcakes

**Twelve Cupcakes** is a Singapore based chain of cupcakery selling cupcakes. It was co-founded by Singaporean DJ Daniel Ong and actress Jamie Teo in 2011. It is currently owned by Dhunseri Group and is one of the largest cupcakery chain in Singapore. The company established a new dine-in cafe, Dulce and Sucre, in 2014 and currently has 40 stores, in 2 countries, with 35 located in Singapore.

## Name

According to Ong, the cupcakery is named "for 12 strikes in a perfect game of bowling, 12 months in a year, 12 numbers on a clock and of course, the 12 holes in a typical baking tray".

## History

In 2011, Ong and Teo started Twelve Cupcakes with Teo having created the recipes of all the cupcakes sold in the stores. The cupcakes sold were made to suit to the Asian palate, which are less sweet compared to western cupcakes. The first outlet of Twelve Cupcakes was opened at United Square Shopping Mall, in Novena, which started with two service staff. The company then expanded and opened three more outlets during the first year of operations and sold over three million cupcakes in July 2011.

On 24 January 2017, after the divorce of Ong and Teo in late 2016, the chain was sold to Dhunseri Group, which acquired it for S$2.5 million.

### Dulce and Sucre

In 2014, Twelve Cupcakes started a new dessert cafe known as Dulce and Sucre by Twelve Cupcakes, where it sells freshly baked loaves, whoopie pies, push up cakes, parfaits, puddings, tiramisus, crunchies, coffees and other desserts. Currently there is only one outlet located at Orchard Gateway. It converted to a Twelve Cupcakes outlet in 2015.

## Products and stores

Twelve Cupcakes features 60 flavours of cupcakes sold in its stores, with a standard '12 Everyday Flavours' and 50 specials sold on a rotational basis. A new flavour of cupcake is also launched monthly. Twelve Cupcakes new dine-in cafe outlet, Dulce and Sucre, offers a wider variety of menu items, with coffees, whoopie pies, push up cakes, parfaits and other baked items.

The stores originally started with display counters made of wood and feature brick wall, but has since re-designed the interiors of newer outlets with a more modern glass display casing as well as a glossy feature wall. The chain cupcakery currently has 40 stores located in 2 locations with 5 in Hong Kong and 35 in Singapore.

Twelve Cupcakes introduced the popular Honey Cakes in November 2015 and brownies in July 2016.

## Controversy

### Singapore Press Holdings

In 2012, Singapore Press Holdings (SPH) demanded payment from the cupcakery for reproducing its articles online. The cupcakery put up articles written about their business on Facebook, Twitter and the company's website, which infringes the copyright of SPH and violates copyright law in Singapore.

### Underpayment of foreign staff

Twelve Cupcakes was accused of underpaying its foreign workers between 2017 and 2019 by the Ministry of Manpower. When the workers were supposed to be paid salaries ranging from $2,200 to $2,600, the actual salaries paid were lower at $1,400 to $2,050. Initially, the salaries were paid in reduced amounts, before changing tactics to pay the actual salaries with a portion needing to be returned to the company. Twelve Cupcakes was first charged for its offences on 1 October 2020, before pleading guilty on 10 December. Twelve Cupcakes was fined $119,500 on 12 January 2021 for its offences.

Separately on 29 December 2020, co-founders Ong and Teo were charged for offences related to underpayment and non-payment of salaries between 2012 and 2016. Teo pleaded guilty on 4 February 2021, and was fined $65,000 on 9 March. Ong was fined a similar amount on 21 May. In addition, former director Yvonne Ong was fined $20,000 for allowing underpayment of the company's workers in 2013 and 2014.

Due to these instances of underpayment, the Food, Drinks and Allied Workers Union (a union affiliated to National Trades Union Congress) announced on 16 February 2021 plans to unionise the company to make sure workers are fairly represented and to work with the company's management on better employment practices. These plans were being set out as early as late 2020 with the management and employees of the company informed. The company was successfully unionised 10 days later with a secret ballot by the Ministry of Manpower, with majority of the workers voting overwhelmingly for the arrangement.

## InfoBox

Twelve Cupcakes International Pte Ltd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private company |
| Industry | Food and Beverage |
| Founded | 2011 (2011)
Novena, Singapore |
| Founder | Daniel Ong & Jaime Teo |
| Headquarters | 20 Martin Road,
Singapore |
| Number of locations | 40 |
| Area served |  |
| Products |  |
| Parent | Dhunseri Group |
| Subsidiaries | Dulce And Sucre |
| Website | twelvecupcakes.com |


title: Sun Yih-shong

abstract: Sun Yih-shong is a Taiwanese judoka. He competed in the men's half-middleweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Sun Yih-shong

**Sun Yih-shong** (born 15 September 1958) is a Taiwanese judoka. He competed in the men's half-middleweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Sun Yih-shong
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | 孫 義雄, Pinyin: Sūn Yì-xióng |
| Nationality | Taiwanese |
| Born | (1958-09-15) 15 September 1958 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Judo |


title: Sanxi, Jingde County

abstract: Sanxi is a town in Jingde County, Anhui, China. As of the 2016 census it had a population of 13,083 and an area of 70.01 square kilometres (27.03 sq mi). It is only 62-square-kilometre (24 sq mi) away from Huangshan Scenic Spot. It borders Caijiaqiao Town in the East, Suncun Town in the south, Xinglong Town in the West and Langqiao Town of Jing County in the north.

text:
# Sanxi, Jingde County

**Sanxi** (Chinese: 三溪镇) is a town in Jingde County, Anhui, China. As of the 2016 census it had a population of 13,083 and an area of 70.01 square kilometres (27.03 sq mi). It is only 62-square-kilometre (24 sq mi) away from Huangshan Scenic Spot. It borders Caijiaqiao Town in the East, Suncun Town in the south, Xinglong Town in the West and Langqiao Town of Jing County in the north.

## Etymology

Sanxi means three streams. It is named Sanxi because Hui Stream, Linxi Stream, and Yu Stream meet and flow into the Jing River in the town.

## Administrative division

It includes thirteen villages and one community:

* Sanxikou Community (三溪口社区)
* Gaoxi (高溪村)
* Shangyu (上余村)
* Baishu (柏树村)
* Guantang (冠塘村)
* Junlin (军林村)
* Jiangfu (姜福村)
* Gaoqiao (高桥村)
* Zanghe (藏河村)
* Yaji (丫吉村)
* Hengshan (横山村)
* Lizhong (立中村)
* Baxiang (八湘村)
* Zhulin (竹林村)
* Huangchong (黄冲村)

## Geography

Hui Stream(徽水), Yu Stream (玉溪) and Linxi Stream (麟溪河) flow through the town.

## Economy

The local food crops are rice, rape, peanuts, and beans.

The town is rich in lead, zinc, quartz, amethyst, and sandstone.

## Transportation

National Highway G205 passes across the town.

## Attractions

Lecheng Bridge is a famous scenic spot in Anhui province. It was originally built in 1543 during the Jiajing period of the Ming dynasty (16381644) and rebuilt in the reign of Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty (16441911). The bridge was destroyed by floods on July 6, 2020.

## InfoBox

| Sanxi 三溪镇 | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| SanxiLocation in China | |
| Coordinates: 30°22′52″N 118°26′23″E / 30.38111°N 118.43972°E / 30.38111; 118.43972 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Anhui |
| Prefecture-level city | Xuancheng |
| County | Jingde |
| Area | |
| Total | 70.01 km2 (27.03 sq mi) |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 13,083 |
| Density | 190/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 242601 |
| Area code | 0563 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Chinese name | |
| Simplified Chinese |  |
| Traditional Chinese |  |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Sānxī Zhèn | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tagmersheim

abstract: Tagmersheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.

text:
# Tagmersheim

**Tagmersheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.

## InfoBox

| Tagmersheim | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Church of Saint James | |
|  | |
| Location of Tagmersheim within Donau-Ries district | |
| Tagmersheim Tagmersheim | |
| Coordinates: 48°49′N 10°58′E / 48.817°N 10.967°E / 48.817; 10.967 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Schwaben |
| District | Donau-Ries |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Petra Riedelsheimer (CSU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.95 km2 (6.16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 500 m (1,600 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,117 |
| Density | 70/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 86704 |
| Dialling codes | 09094 |
| Vehicle registration | DON |
| Website | www.tagmersheim.de |


title: Kowloon South (1995 constituency)

abstract: Kowloon South was a geographical constituencies in the election for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1995, which elects one member of the Legislative Council using the first-past-the-post voting system. The constituency covers Kowloon City District in Kowloon. The constituency was replaced by the Kowloon West constituency in 1998 after the handover of Hong Kong a year before.

text:
# Kowloon South (1995 constituency)

**Kowloon South** was a geographical constituencies in the election for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1995, which elects one member of the Legislative Council using the first-past-the-post voting system. The constituency covers Kowloon City District in Kowloon.

The constituency was replaced by the Kowloon West constituency in 1998 after the handover of Hong Kong a year before.

## Returned members

Elected members are as follows:

| Election | | Member | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 1995 | Lau Chin-shek | Democratic/CTU |

## Election results

1995 Legislative Council election: Kowloon South
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic (CTU)** | **Lau Chin-shek** | **26,827** | **69.86** |  |
|  | LDF | Wong Siu-yee | 11,572 | 30.14 |  |
| Majority | | | 15,255 | 39.72 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 38,399 | 100.00 |  |
| Rejected ballots | | | 255 |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 38,654 | 36.61 |  |
| Registered electors | | | 105,597 |  |  |
|  | Democratic **win** (new seat) | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Kowloon South | |
| --- | --- |
| Former Geographical constituency<br>for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong | |
| Boundary of Kowloon Southin Hong Kong | |
| District | Kowloon City District |
| Region | Kowloon |
| Electorate | 105,597 |
| Former constituency | |
| Created | 1995 |
| Abolished | 1997 |
| Created from | Kowloon Central |
| Replaced by | Kowloon West |


title: Carl Silvestri

abstract: Carl Silvestri was a player in the National Football League for the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Falcons in 1965 and 1966 as a defensive back. He played at the collegiate level at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

text:
# Carl Silvestri

**Carl Silvestri** was a player in the National Football League for the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Falcons in 1965 and 1966 as a defensive back. He played at the collegiate level at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

## Biography

Silvestri was born on March 27, 1943, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He attended St. Robert's elementary school and Shorewood High School in Shorewood, Wisconsin. Silvestri died on November 25, 2004, in Mequon, Wisconsin.


title: Étang de Balistra

abstract: The Étang de Balistra is a coastal lagoon in the Corse-du-Sud department of France.

text:
# Étang de Balistra

The **Étang de Balistra** is a coastal lagoon in the Corse-du-Sud department of France.

## Location

The Étang de Balistra is in the commune of Bonifacio. It is separated from the northwest angle of the Golfe de Sant Amanza by the Plage de Balistra, a beach. It is fed by the Ruisseau de Francolu. It lies between the T10 highway and the sea. The lagoon has an area of 24.25 hectares (59.9 acres). It has an average depth of 1.7 metres (5 ft 7 in) and a greatest depth of 4 metres (13 ft). There are some meadows with a few cows to the northwest of the lagoon, and a firing range belonging to the Bonifacio military legion to the south. The *lido* (sand bar) is used by campers who access it from a track to the south of the lagoon. The lagoon is privately owned, and the owners do not appear to manage it.

## Environment

The pool is surrounded by maquis shrubland that descends to the edge of the water. In some places there is a narrow belt of spiny rush (*Juncus acutus*), sea rush (*Juncus maritimus*) and wheatgrass (*Agropyron*) between the shrubs and the water, and in the small coves. The open water is used by great cormorants and great crested grebes, and sometimes by diving ducks. At the foot of the lagoon, where the Ruisseau de Francolo enters through a swamp, there is an extensive *sansouire* (salt-tolerant grasses) mixed with spiny rush and sea rush. Shorebirds frequent this area. The dune has tufts of quackgrass (*Elymus repens*) and rushes. There is a reed bed north of the *grau* where the lagoon drains into the sea.

1. Way: Étang de Balistra (28890171).
2. Étang de Balistra, Pôle lagunes.

## Sources

* "Étang de Balistra", *Pôle lagunes* (in French), retrieved 2021-12-26
* "Way: Étang de Balistra (28890171)", *OpenStreetMap*, retrieved 2021-12-26

## InfoBox

| Étang de Balistra | |
| --- | --- |
| Golfe de Sant Amanza, Plage de Balistra, Étang de Balistra | |
| Étang de BalistraÉtang de Balistra | |
| Location | Corse-du-Sud, Corsica |
| Coordinates | 41°26′25″N 9°12′59″E / 41.4403°N 9.2163°E / 41.4403; 9.2163 |
| Type | Lagoon |
| Basin countries | France |


abstract: California Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor, 113 U.S. 609 (1885), involved a bill that was filed by the appellant against the appellee complaining that the latter was infringing on a letters patent granted to one John J. Schillinger, and which had been assigned for the State of California to the complainant. The patent was for an improvement in concrete pavement was originally issued July 19, 1870, and reissued May 2, 1871. The improvement, as described in the reissued patent, consisted in laying the pavement in detached blocks separated from each other by strips of tar paper or other suitable material so as to prevent the blocks from adhering to each other. As stated in the specification: The paper constitutes a tight waterproof joint, but it allows the several blocks to heave separately from the effects of frost or to be raised or removed separately whenever occasion may require, without injury to the adjacent blocks. The case of Wilson v. Barnum was especially worthy of note in this connection. The question certified in that case was whether, upon the evidence given, the defendant infringed the complainant's patent. Chief Justice Taney, delivering the opinion of the Court, said: The question thus certified is one of fact, and has been discussed as such in the arguments offered on both sides. It is a question as to the substantial identity of the two machines.... The jurisdiction of this Court to hear and determine a question certified from the circuit court is derived altogether from the act of 1802, and that act evidently gives the jurisdiction only in cases where the judges of the circuit court differ in opinion on a point of law.... In the multitude of questions which have been certified, this Court has never taken jurisdiction of a question of fact. And in a question of law it requires the precise point to be stated -- otherwise the case is remanded without an answer." The case was remanded for want of jurisdiction. It seems to us that the certificate in the present case is obnoxious to the objections presented in the cases cited. The new controversy raised by the defendant's construction of the pavement in Redwood City is substantially a new suit on the patent, and we are asked to decide it. We are asked to say whether a pavement constructed in such and such a manner is an infringement of the patent as the circuit court has construed the patent. And this is a mixed question of fact and law. By the final decree in the case, made in 1881, the court decided that the payments which the defendant had been theretofore making did infringe the patent. How those pavements were constructed we are not informed, and therefore we do not know what was the precise construction given by the court to the patent. Whether the new pavement, constructed in Redwood City, is an infringement or not, is just as much a mixed question of law and fact as was the question whether the pavements formerly constructed by the defendant were an infringement. It is a question which the circuit court must decide for itself in the ordinary was. If the judges disagree there can be no judgment of contempt, and the defendant must be discharged. The complainant may then either seek a review of that decision in this Court, or bring a new suit against the defendant for the alleged infringement. The latter method is by far the most appropriate one where it is really a doubtful question whether the new process adopted is an infringement or not. Process of contempt is a severe remedy, and should not be resorted to where there is fair ground of doubt as to the wrongfulness of the defendant's conduct. The case was dismissed, with directions to the circuit court to proceed therein according to law.

text:
# California Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor

***California Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor***, 113 U.S. 609 (1885), involved a bill that was filed by the appellant against the appellee complaining that the latter was infringing on a letters patent granted to one John J. Schillinger, and which had been assigned for the State of California to the complainant.

The patent was for an improvement in concrete pavement was originally issued July 19, 1870, and reissued May 2, 1871. The improvement, as described in the reissued patent, consisted in laying the pavement in detached blocks separated from each other by strips of tar paper or other suitable material so as to prevent the blocks from adhering to each other. As stated in the specification:

> The paper constitutes a tight waterproof joint, but it allows the several blocks to heave separately from the effects of frost or to be raised or removed separately whenever occasion may require, without injury to the adjacent blocks.

The case of *Wilson v. Barnum* was especially worthy of note in this connection. The question certified in that case was whether, upon the evidence given, the defendant infringed the complainant's patent. Chief Justice Taney, delivering the opinion of the Court, said:

> The question thus certified is one of fact, and has been discussed as such in the arguments offered on both sides. It is a question as to the substantial identity of the two machines. . . . The jurisdiction of this Court to hear and determine a question certified from the circuit court is derived altogether from the act of 1802, and that act evidently gives the jurisdiction only in cases where the judges of the circuit court differ in opinion on a point of law. . . . In the multitude of questions which have been certified, this Court has never taken jurisdiction of a question of fact. And in a question of law it requires the precise point to be stated -- otherwise the case is remanded without an answer." The case was remanded for want of jurisdiction. It seems to us that the certificate in the present case is obnoxious to the objections presented in the cases cited. The new controversy raised by the defendant's construction of the pavement in Redwood City is substantially a new suit on the patent, and we are asked to decide it. We are asked to say whether a pavement constructed in such and such a manner is an infringement of the patent as the circuit court has construed the patent. And this is a mixed question of fact and law. By the final decree in the case, made in 1881, the court decided that the payments which the defendant had been theretofore making did infringe the patent. How those pavements were constructed we are not informed, and therefore we do not know what was the precise construction given by the court to the patent. Whether the new pavement, constructed in Redwood City, is an infringement or not, is just as much a mixed question of law and fact (as the case is presented to us) as was the question whether the pavements formerly constructed by the defendant were an infringement. It is a question which the circuit court must decide for itself in the ordinary was. If the judges disagree there can be no judgment of contempt, and the defendant must be discharged. The complainant may then either seek a review of that decision in this Court, or bring a new suit against the defendant for the alleged infringement. The latter method is by far the most appropriate one where it is really a doubtful question whether the new process adopted is an infringement or not. Process of contempt is a severe remedy, and should not be resorted to where there is fair ground of doubt as to the wrongfulness of the defendant's conduct.

The case was dismissed, with directions to the circuit court to proceed therein according to law.

## InfoBox

| California Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 25, 1884
Decided March 2, 1885 | |
| Full case name | *California Artificial Stone Paving Co. v. Molitor* |
| Citations | 113 U.S. 609 (*more*)5 S. Ct. 618; 28 L. Ed. 1106; 1885 U.S. LEXIS 1712 |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Morrison Waite  Associate Justices Samuel F. Miller **·**  Stephen J. Field
Joseph P. Bradley **·**  John M. Harlan
William B. Woods **·**  Stanley Matthews
Horace Gray **·**  Samuel Blatchford | |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | Bradley, joined by *unanimous* |


title: Epidelaxia obscura

abstract: Epidelaxia obscura is a species of spider of the genus Epidelaxia. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

text:
# Epidelaxia obscura

***Epidelaxia obscura*** is a species of spider of the genus *Epidelaxia*. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Epidelaxia obscura* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Epidelaxia* |
| Species: | ***E. obscura*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epidelaxia obscura***<br>Simon, 1902 | |
|


title: Sunbeam Manitou

abstract: The Sunbeam Manitou was an aero-engine produced by Sunbeam. Unsuccessful as an aero-engine, it is best known for having powered the Sunbeam 350HP racing car.

text:
# Sunbeam Manitou

The **Sunbeam Manitou** was an aero-engine produced by Sunbeam. Unsuccessful as an aero-engine, it is best known for having powered the Sunbeam 350HP racing car.

## Development

The Manitou was a further development of the V-12 Maori III. Work on it began by Louis Coatalen in 1917. It used aluminium blocks rather than cast iron, cast in blocks of three cylinders, a typical Sunbeam feature. Bore was increased to 110 mm, but stroke remained at 135 mm. The banks were at a 60° vee, with twin overhead camshafts on each bank operating four valves per cylinder. There were two Claudel-Hobson carburettors and two British Thomson-Houston (BTH) ignition magnetos. For aircraft use a reduction gear was fitted. The engine developed 300 hp at 2,000 rpm, later increased to 325 hp.

Only one engine was produced before the end of the First World War, as the factory was busy with the vibration and other problems with the Arab engine, and it was very nearly cancelled. As was not unusual for a Sunbeam engine, it was only ever fitted to a single aircraft for trials, a Short 184 seaplane, and never went into production. After the war and Sunbeam's financial problems in the war-surplus glutted aero-engine market, they were offered to the less-critical powerboat market, again not an unusual move for Sunbeam. During the war 840 had been ordered, but only 13 were delivered before cancellation of the order.

### *Maple Leaf*

Sunbeam saw the market in racing powerboats as a solution to the post-war glut and weak market. Four were fitted to the boat  *'Maple Leaf V'* .

## Specifications (Manitou)

### General characteristics

### Components

### Performance

* **Power output:** 300 hp (225 kW) at 2,000 rpm. Later raised to 325 hp

## Sunbeam 350HP

The engine's only noteworthiness came when it was fitted to Sunbeam 350HP racing car in 1920. This car was later bought by Malcolm Campbell, set land speed records and was named to become one of Campbell's *Blue Bird*s.

In typical Coatalen fashion, he redesigned the engine substantially even though this was just a one-off with no other likely sales. The twin-cam four-valve head was replaced by the single-cam three-valve head, possibly from the Arab. An increase in bore to 120 mm allowed space for these larger valves.

Another change affected the stroke, also a technique from the Arab, where it had been responsible for the engine's failure. A multi-cylinder V engine offers little length for connecting rods. Coatalen's usual solution was to use articulated connecting rods, where one rod runs on the crankshaft journal, but the other acts indirectly, through a journal on the other rod. The difficulty is that this gives a slightly different piston stroke for each bank, leading to unbalance and possible vibration problems, as with the Arab. Stroke was thus 135 mm on one bank and 142 mm on the other.

## Specifications

### General characteristics

* **Type:** 12-cylinder naturally aspirated liquid-cooled "Vee" piston aircraft engine
* **Bore:** 120 mm (4.72 inch)
* **Stroke:** 135 / 142 mm (5.31 / 5.59 inch)
* **Displacement:** 18.796 litre (1147 cuin)
* **Designer:** Louis Coatalen

### Components

### Performance

* **Power output:** 355 hp at 2,300 rpm for racing.
* **Specific power:** 12.3 kW/litre


title: Planet Holiday Hotel & Residence

abstract: Planet Holiday Hotel & Residence is an 85 metres (279 ft) tall high-rise building in Sei Jodoh, Batam. At completion in 2004, it became the tallest building in Batam, which held for about 7 years, before being surpassed by Batam City Condominium as the tallest building in Batam in 2011.

text:
# Planet Holiday Hotel & Residence

**Planet Holiday Hotel & Residence** (widely known as **Planet Holiday**) is an 85 metres (279 ft) tall high-rise building in Sei Jodoh, Batam. At completion in 2004, it became the tallest building in Batam, which held for about 7 years, before being surpassed by Batam City Condominium as the tallest building in Batam in 2011.

## InfoBox

| Planet Holiday Hotel & Residence | |
| --- | --- |
| Planet Holiday Hotel & Residence | |
|  | |
| Record height | |
| Surpassed by | Batam City Condominium \[a\] |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Hotel
Residential |
| Architectural style | Post-modern |
| Location | Sei Jodoh, Batam, Riau Islands, Indonesia |
| Coordinates | 1°09′07″N 104°00′27″E / 1.1519617°N 104.0074017°E / 1.1519617; 104.0074017 |
| Completed | 2004 |
| Opened | September 6, 2003 |
| Height | |
| Architectural | 85 metres (279 ft) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 20 |
| Website | |
| http://www.planetholidayhotel.com/ | |
| References | |
|  | |
| **Note**:
a.  The tallest building status is only apply for Batam area. | |


title: Tago's brown frog

abstract:
The Tago's brown frog or simply Tago frog is a species of frog in the family Ranidae endemic to Japan. It is widely distributed within Japan and found on Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, as well as on some outlying islands. There are two subspecies:
  - Rana tagoi okiensis — Oki Islands
  - Rana tagoi yakushimensis — Yakushima These might qualify as species. It can also introgres with its sister species, Rana sakuraii.

text:
# Tago's brown frog

The **Tago's brown frog** or simply **Tago frog** (***Rana tagoi***) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae endemic to Japan. It is widely distributed within Japan and found on Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, as well as on some outlying islands. There are two subspecies:

These might qualify as species. It can also introgres with its sister species, *Rana sakuraii*.

## Habitat

These frogs are found in mountainous areas close to streams in the leaf-litter, or underneath stones in the streams. They lay their eggs in subterranean rivers, where the tadpoles grow into frogs. In late spring their croaks can be heard from above ground.

## InfoBox

| Tago's brown frog | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ranidae |
| Genus: | *Rana* |
| Species: | ***R. tagoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rana tagoi***
Okada, 1928 | |
|


title: San José de Maipo

abstract: San José de Maipo is the name of a commune in Chile and the city within it, located in Cordillera Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region, some 48 kilometers south-east of capital Santiago, bordered on the east by Argentina, across the Andes.

text:
# San José de Maipo

**San José de Maipo** is the name of a commune in Chile and the city within it, located in Cordillera Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region, some 48 kilometers south-east of capital Santiago, bordered on the east by Argentina, across the Andes.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, San José de Maipo spans an area of 4,994.8 km2 (1,929 sq mi)and has 13,376 inhabitants (6,947 men and 6,429 women). Of these, 9,311 (69.6%) lived in urban areas and 4,065 (30.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 14.9% (1,730 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Its population density was then 6.9/km2 (18/sq mi), making it the most sparsely populated commune in the region.

## Economy

Among the present economic activities stand out nonmetallic mining, including stone quarries, production of almonds and stone fruits, and crafts based on laja rock and alabaster, among others. Regional tourism is very important in this zone; there are a great number of food and lodging establishments. In 2001 the commune was declared Zona de Interés Turístico Nacional (ZOIT), by the National Service of Tourism (SERNATUR).

## History

San Jose de Maipo was named a town by order of Ambrosio O'Higgins in 1792. The Governor of Chile and future Viceroy of Peru considered it necessary to give it the power of a town to better support mining that took place around San Pedro Nolasco.

During the 19th century the area was the scene of several important events in the independence of Chile, since because of its proximity to Argentina it was used by General San Martin and the liberating Army of the Andes to support the Bernardine cause of O'Higgins.

At the end of that century mining began in the area. During the 20th Century, the commune became very important for the city of Santiago, since the first hydroelectric power station of the zone was constructed there (Maitenes), and also an aqueduct was constructed that supplies potable water to the city from Andean glaciers. Because of the purity of its air, sanatoriums were built for respiratory patients from all over Chile. Towards the end of the century ecotourism became a pole of development, thanks to the Maipo river's suitability for white water rafting.

## Administration

As a commune, San José de Maipo is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. For the years 2012-2016 the mayor is Luis Pezoa Álvarez (RN), and the council members are:

* Maite Birke Abaroa (PRI)
* Andrés Venegas Veliz (PRSD)
* Marco Quintanilla Pizarro (PS)
* Andy Ortiz Apablaza (IND)
* Eduardo Astorga Flores (RN)
* Carmen Larenas Whipple (RN)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, San José de Maipo is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Osvaldo Andrade (PS) and Leopoldo Pérez (RN) as part of the 29th electoral district, (together with Puente Alto, Pirque and La Pintana). The commune is represented in the Senate by Soledad Alvear (PDC) and Pablo Longueira (UDI) as part of the 8th senatorial constituency (Santiago-East).

## Climate

| Climate data for San José de Maipo, elevation 1,060 m (3,480 ft) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.8
(82.0) | 27.1
(80.8) | 25.3
(77.5) | 22.3
(72.1) | 18.2
(64.8) | 15.5
(59.9) | 15.5
(59.9) | 16.0
(60.8) | 18.5
(65.3) | 20.6
(69.1) | 23.8
(74.8) | 27.0
(80.6) | 21.5
(70.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.9
(66.0) | 17.8
(64.0) | 15.7
(60.3) | 12.9
(55.2) | 10.4
(50.7) | 7.8
(46.0) | 7.7
(45.9) | 7.9
(46.2) | 10.2
(50.4) | 12.6
(54.7) | 15.3
(59.5) | 18.1
(64.6) | 12.9
(55.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.6
(51.1) | 10.2
(50.4) | 8.3
(46.9) | 6.1
(43.0) | 4.9
(40.8) | 2.5
(36.5) | 2.4
(36.3) | 2.4
(36.3) | 4.1
(39.4) | 5.6
(42.1) | 7.4
(45.3) | 9.4
(48.9) | 6.2
(43.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.9
(0.19) | 6.0
(0.24) | 6.7
(0.26) | 25.7
(1.01) | 132.9
(5.23) | 139.8
(5.50) | 114.4
(4.50) | 99.9
(3.93) | 48.4
(1.91) | 27.4
(1.08) | 12.1
(0.48) | 5.0
(0.20) | 623.2
(24.53) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 55 | 59 | 58 | 56 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 65 | 64 | 62 | 56 | 52 | 60 |
| Source: Bioclimatografia de Chile | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| San José de Maipo | |
| --- | --- |
| City and Commune | |
| Maitenes range | |
|

San José de MaipoLocation in Chile | |
| Coordinates: 33°38′24″S 70°21′11″W / 33.64000°S 70.35306°W / -33.64000; -70.35306 | |
| Country | Chile |
| Region | Santiago Metro. |
| Province | Cordillera |
| Government | |
| Type | Municipality |
| Alcalde | Luis Pezoa Álvarez (RN) |
| Area | |
| Total | 4,994.8 km2 (1,928.5 sq mi) |
| Rank | 1 |
| Population (2002 Census) | |
| Total | 13,376 |
| Rank | 3 |
| Density | 2.7/km2 (6.9/sq mi) |
| Urban | 9,311 |
| Rural | 4,065 |
| Sex | |
| Men | 6,947 |
| Women | 6,429 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (CLT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-3 (CLST) |
| Area code | 56 + 53 |
| Website | Municipality of San José de Maipo |


title: Semantic ambiguity

abstract: In linguistics, an expression is semantically ambiguous when it can have multiple meanings. The higher the number of synonyms a word has, the higher the degree of ambiguity. Like other kinds of ambiguity, semantic ambiguities are often clarified by context or by prosody. One's comprehension of a sentence in which a semantically ambiguous word is used is strongly influenced by the general structure of the sentence. The language itself is sometimes a contributing factor in the overall effect of semantic ambiguity, in the sense that the level of ambiguity in the context can change depending on whether or not a language boundary is crossed. Lexical ambiguity is a subtype of semantic ambiguity where a word or morpheme is ambiguous. When a lexical ambiguity results from a single word having two senses, it is called polysemy. For instance, the English "foot" is polysemous since in general it refers to the base of an object, but can refer more specifically to the foot of a person or the foot of a pot. When an ambiguity instead results from two separate words which happen to be pronounced the same way, it is called homonymy. For instance, the English word "row" can denote the action of rowing or to an arrangement of objects. In practice, polysemy and homonymy can be difficult to distinguish. Phrases and sentences can also be semantically ambiguous, particularly when there are multiple ways of semantically combining its subparts. For instance, the English sentence "Everybody isn't here" is ambiguous between an interpretation where not everybody is here and another interpretation where nobody is. This ambiguity is an example of scope ambiguity, a phenomenon widely studied in formal semantics. De re/de dicto ambiguity is another notable example of sentence-level ambiguity which has received much attention in linguistics and philosophy. In some analyses, such ambiguities are the semantic reflexes of syntactic ambiguities, though in other approaches they are not. The meaning of a semantically ambiguous sentence is not necessarily equivalent to the logical disjunction of all of its possible meanings.

text:
# Semantic ambiguity

In linguistics, an expression is **semantically ambiguous** when it can have multiple meanings. The higher the number of synonyms a word has, the higher the degree of ambiguity. Like other kinds of ambiguity, semantic ambiguities are often clarified by context or by prosody. One's comprehension of a sentence in which a semantically ambiguous word is used is strongly influenced by the general structure of the sentence. The language itself is sometimes a contributing factor in the overall effect of semantic ambiguity, in the sense that the level of ambiguity in the context can change depending on whether or not a language boundary is crossed.

*Lexical ambiguity* is a subtype of semantic ambiguity where a word or morpheme is ambiguous. When a lexical ambiguity results from a single word having two senses, it is called *polysemy*. For instance, the English "foot" is polysemous since in general it refers to the base of an object, but can refer more specifically to the foot of a person or the foot of a pot. When an ambiguity instead results from two separate words which happen to be pronounced the same way, it is called *homonymy*. For instance, the English word "row" can denote the action of rowing or to an arrangement of objects. In practice, polysemy and homonymy can be difficult to distinguish.

Phrases and sentences can also be semantically ambiguous, particularly when there are multiple ways of semantically combining its subparts. For instance, the English sentence "Everybody isn't here" is ambiguous between an interpretation where not everybody is here and another interpretation where nobody is. This ambiguity is an example of scope ambiguity, a phenomenon widely studied in formal semantics. De re/de dicto ambiguity is another notable example of sentence-level ambiguity which has received much attention in linguistics and philosophy. In some analyses, such ambiguities are the semantic reflexes of syntactic ambiguities, though in other approaches they are not.

The meaning of a semantically ambiguous sentence is not necessarily equivalent to the logical disjunction of all of its possible meanings.


abstract: The United Arab Emirates participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 October to 18 October 2018.

text:
# United Arab Emirates at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

The **United Arab Emirates** participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 October to 18 October 2018.

## Equestrian

The United Arab Emirates qualified a rider based on its ranking in the FEI World Jumping Challenge Rankings.

* Individual Jumping - 1 athlete

## Golf

The United Arab Emirates received a quota of two athletes to compete by the tripartite committee.

Individual

| Athlete | Event | Round 1 | | Round 2 | | | Round 3 | | | Total | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Rank | Score | Total | Rank | Score | Total | Rank | Score | Par | Rank |
| Reema Alheloo | Girls' Individual | 88 (+18) | 32 | 84 (+14) | 172 | 32 | 88 (+18) | 260 | 31 | 260 | +50 | 32 |
|
| Mohamed Alhajeri | Boys' Individual | 84 (+14) | 31 | 77 (+7) | 161 | 23 | 88 (+18) | 249 | 30 | 249 | +39 | 30 |

Team

| Athletes | Event | Round 1
(Fourball) | | Round 2
(Foursome) | | Round 3
(Individual Stroke) | | | | Total | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Rank | Score | Rank | Girl | Boy | Total | Rank | Score | Par | Rank |
| Reema Alheloo
Mohamed Alhajeri | Mixed team | 72 (+2) | 31 | 84 (+14) | 30 | 84 | 77 | 161 (+21) | 30 | 317 | +37 | 31 |

## Karate

## Shooting

The United Arab Emirates was given a quota by the tripartite committee to compete in shooting.

* Girls' 10m Air Rifle - 1 quota

Individual

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Latifa Almaazmi | Girls' 10m air rifle | 606.4 | 19 | *did not advance* | |

Team

| Athletes | Event | Qualification | | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Latifa Almaazmi (UAE)
Shahu Tushar Mane (IND) | Mixed 10m air rifle | 803.2 | 20 | *did not advance* | | | | |

## Weightlifting

Boy

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & Jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| Shaikh Mohammed Al-Qasimi | −77 kg | 85 | 9 | 106 | 8 | 191 | 8 |

Girl

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| Mai Almadani | +63 kg | 66 | 11 | 76 | 11 | 142 | 11 |

## InfoBox

| United Arab Emirates at the
2018 Summer Youth Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | UAE |
| NOC | United Arab Emirates National Olympic Committee |
| Website | http://www.uaenoc.net/ |
| in Buenos Aires, Argentina
6 – 18 October 2018 | |
| Competitors | 7 in 5 sports |
| Medals
Ranked 79th | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| Summer Youth Olympics appearances | |
|  | |


title: California Art Preservation Act

abstract: The California Art Preservation Act (CAPA) is a 1979 California law that provides legal protection for artists' moral rights by prohibiting the alteration or destruction of their artwork without their consent. The law has since been amended in part. The law is codified at California Civil Code § 987. The California Art Preservation Act was the first major law to specifically address artists' rights in the United States. Portions of the law may overlap with the provisions of the Visual Artists Rights Act, in which case the California law is preempted by the federal law.

text:
# California Art Preservation Act

The **California Art Preservation Act** (CAPA) is a 1979 California law that provides legal protection for artists' moral rights by prohibiting the alteration or destruction of their artwork without their consent. The law has since been amended in part. The law is codified at California Civil Code § 987. The California Art Preservation Act was the first major law to specifically address artists' rights in the United States.

Portions of the law may overlap with the provisions of the Visual Artists Rights Act, in which case the California law is preempted by the federal law.

## Rights under CAPA

The Act exclusively grants artists whose work qualifies as fine art under the statute the following rights:

* the right to claim authorship of their work
* the right to prevent any modification of their works of fine art
* the right to prevent the destruction of their artwork

The rights granted under the Act exist for the lifetime of the artist plus 50 years after their death. Upon an artist's death, their rights under the Act transfer to their heir or named representative. An artist may waive these rights through express written waiver.

To protect these rights, CAPA provides for civil penalties, including both actual damages and punitive damages, and injunctive relief for the intentional or grossly negligent mutilation or destruction of the artwork. This protection includes any damage caused by the gross negligence of framers or art restorers.

An artist who wants to bring suit for damage to their artwork must file a claim within three years of the act that damaged their piece or within one year of discovery of the damage (whichever time period is longer).

### Covered works

Fine art is defined in the statute as any original painting, sculpture, or drawing that is "of recognized quality." "Recognized quality" is determined on a case-by-case basis by opinions of expert witnesses including artists, art dealers, art collectors, and art museum curators. Murals qualify as paintings and are entitled to protection under the statute.

Fine art, as used in the law, does not include works prepared for "commercial use" by the purchaser. "Commercial use" is fine art created under a contract for use in advertising or marketing in both print and electronic media. The Act provides an exception to artwork covered under this statute if the artwork is attached to a building (like a permanently fixed sculpture or mural). In those cases, if the artwork cannot be removed without substantial damage or destroying the piece, the artist's rights are considered to be waived unless the owner of the building has previously signed a written agreement with the artist wherein the artist expressly reserves their rights as it pertains to the specific artwork attached to the building.

## Legislative History

Senator Alan Sieroty sponsored the Act, which was introduced to the California Senate on March 21, 1979. It was passed on July 19, 1979 and went into effect on January 1, 1980. Any alteration to or destruction of fine art prior to January 1, 1980 does not fall within the parameters of the law.

Prior to the enactment of CAPA, there was no existing law in California that protected an artist against the alteration or destruction of an artwork once ownership of the piece (through sale or gift) had been transferred to another person.

### Legislative Intent

The California Legislature intended for the California Art Preservation Act to protect an artist's interest in preserving their work as it was created. With this intent, the Legislature found that art was an "expression of the artist's personality" and that any alteration or destruction of that art therefore damaged the artist's reputation. The Legislature additionally found that protection and preservation of fine art was in the public's interest as a means of preserving the "integrity of cultural and artistic creations."

## Application

### Limits of CAPA

CAPA's application is limited to acts of mutilation or destruction that happened within the state of California. There is no remedy for simple negligence. A statue that has been relocated or placed in storage but not destroyed or mutilated does not qualify under the Act. A member of the public may not bring a suit on an artist's behalf.

### Examples of application

* In 1988, the destruction of the David Hockney mural painted on the swimming pool at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel was prevented by California State Assembly Bill 2740. In A.B. 2740, the Legislature explicitly noted that the destruction of the mural would go against the intent of the California Art Preservation Act in protecting the public's interest in "cultural and artistic creations."

1. Chan, Debora Ann (1981). "The California Art Preservation Act: A Safe Hamlet for "Moral Rights" In the U.S." *U.C. Davis Law Review*. **14**: 979–82.
2. Hoffman, Barbara (1980). "The California Art Preservation Act". *Art & the Law*. **5**: 53–55.
3. *See* Karlen, Peter H. (1982). "Moral Rights in California" San Diego Law Review. **19**: 675-76, 680-84.
4. Cal. Civ. Code § 987.
5. Cal. Civ. Code § 987 (West 2022).
6. McDonough, Brian (1980). "The California Art Preservation Act: Statutory Protection of Art Work Against Intentional Alteration of Destruction". *University of Cincinnati Law Review*. **49**: 486.
7. Strassfeld, Gail Sara (1981). "Artworks and American Law: The California Art Preservation Act". *Boston University Law Review*. **61**: 1201.
8. *See Cort v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co.*, 311 F.3d 979, 948 n.1 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that "it appears that CAPA may have been preempted by vARA.")
9. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(g)(1).
10. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(g)(3).
11. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(e).
12. *See* Michioka, Ronald T. (1987). "California art Preservation Act: Proving Actual Damages" *Hastings Journal of Communication and Entertainment*, **10**: 61-68.
13. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(c)(2).
14. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(h)(4)(i).
15. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(b)(2).
16. 13 Witkin Summary of California Law § 62 (11th ed. 2022).
17. Cal. Civ. Code §987(f).
18. *Botello v. Shell Oil Co.*, 280 Cal. Rptr. 535, 540 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991).
19. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(b)(7).
20. *See* *Jacobs v. Westoaks Realtors, Inc.*, 159 Cal. App. 3d 637, 644 (1984) (defining "commercial use" to include an architect's plans).
21. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(h).
22. 43 Cal. Jur. 3d § 22 (West 2022).
23. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(h)(1).
24. Legislative Counsel's Digest, S.B. 668 (Cal. 1979).
25. Assemb. Journal, Cal. Legis., 1979-80 Sess. 8161 (Cal. 1979).
26. Strassfeld, Gail Sara (1981). "Artworks and American Law: The California Art Preservation Act". *Boston University Law Review*. **61**: 1202–03.
27. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(j).
28. Cal. Civ. Code § 987(a).
29. *See Botello v. Shell Oil Co.*, 280 Cal. Rptr. 535, 537-40 (Cal. Ct. App. 1991)(discussing the legislative intent behind CAPA).
30. *See* Gantz, Karen (1981). "Protecting Artists' Moral Rights: A Critique of the California Art Preservation Act as a Model for Statutory Reform" George Washington Law Review. **49**: 876-77 (discussing society's interests in promoting "historic tradition, culture, and art" as it relates to the argument for granting artists' moral rights).
31. Chan, Debora Ann (1981). "The California Art Preservation Act: A Safe Hamlet for "Moral Rights" in the U.S." *U.C. Davis Law Review*. **14**: 993–96.
32. McDonough, Brian (1980). "The California Art Preservation Act: Statutory Protection of Art Work Against Intentional Alteration of Destruction". *University of Cincinnati Law Review*. **49**: 494.
33. *See Lubner v. Los Angeles*, 53 Cal. Rptr. 2d 24, 28 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996).
34. *Schmid v. City and County of San Francisco*, 274 Cal. Rptr. 3d 727, 743 (Cal Ct. App. 2021).
35. Lufkin, Martha (June 2008). "US Government Compensates Artist for Painting Over Monumental Mural". *Art Newspaper*. p. 5.
36. Shapiro, Ari (August 24, 2017). "'¡Murales Rebeldes!': These Disappearing LA Murals Mirror Their Community". *NPR KQED*. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
37. California Legislature 1987-88 Regular Session, A.B. 2740 (Cal. 1988).


title: Epidelaxia albocruciata

abstract: Epidelaxia albocruciata, is a species of spider of the genus Epidelaxia. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

text:
# Epidelaxia albocruciata

***Epidelaxia albocruciata***, is a species of spider of the genus *Epidelaxia*. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

## InfoBox

| *Epidelaxia albocruciata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | *Epidelaxia* |
| Species: | ***E. albocruciata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epidelaxia albocruciata***<br>Simon, 1902 | |
|


title: Sunbeam Cycles

abstract: Sunbeam Cycles made by John Marston Limited of Wolverhampton was a British brand of bicycles and, from 1912 to 1956 motorcycles. On John Marston's death after the First World War it was bought by Nobel Industries, Nobel became ICI. Associated Motor Cycles bought it in 1937; then, BSA bought Sunbeam in 1943. Sunbeam Cycles is most famous for its S7 balloon-tyred shaft-drive motorcycle with an overhead valve in-line twin engine.

text:
# Sunbeam Cycles

**Sunbeam Cycles** made by **John Marston Limited** of Wolverhampton was a British brand of bicycles and, from 1912 to 1956 motorcycles.

On John Marston's death after the First World War it was bought by Nobel Industries, Nobel became ICI. Associated Motor Cycles bought it in 1937; then, BSA bought Sunbeam in 1943. Sunbeam Cycles is most famous for its S7 balloon-tyred shaft-drive motorcycle with an overhead valve in-line twin engine.

## History

Sunbeam Cycles was founded by John Marston, who was born in Ludlow, Shropshire, UK in 1836 of a minor landowning family. In 1851, aged 15, he was sent to Wolverhampton to be apprenticed to Edward Perry as a japanware manufacturer. At the age of 23 he left and set up his own japanning business making any and every sort of domestic article. He did so well that when Perry died in 1871 Marston bought Perry's business and amalgamated it with his own.

In 1887 Marston began making bicycles and, on the suggestion of his wife Ellen, he adopted the trademark brand Sunbeam; their Paul Street works were named Sunbeamland. John Marston was a perfectionist, and this was reflected in the high build-quality of the Sunbeam bicycle, which had an enclosure around the drive chain in which an oil bath kept the chain lubricated and clean. Sunbeam bicycles were made until 1936.

### Engines

From 1903 John Marston Limited had made some early experiments in adding engines to bicycles but they were unsuccessful; a man was killed. John Marston's aversion to motorcycles did not encourage further development. Following experimental products made in the late 1890s, cars were built from 1902. A quite separate organisation located a mile away in Blakenhall, named Sunbeam Motor Car Company Limited, was founded in 1905.

However, suffering from a slump which hit car making, Marston was pushed into making motorcycles from 1912 onwards (at the age of 76), for which there was a large and increasing market. Following in the tradition of their bicycles, the motorcycles were of high-quality, usually with a single cylinder, and known as the Gentleman's Machine. Sunbeam motorcycles performed well in the early days of the famous TT (Tourist Trophy) races in the Isle of Man.

Another Marston company product line started in 1931, with marine outboard engines first marketed as Marston Seagull, later known as British Seagull.

### Ownership

After the First World War John Marston Limited was sold to a consortium. In 1919, the consortium became part of Nobel Industries Limited. In 1927 Nobel Industries amalgamated with Brunner Mond Ltd. to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). In this huge organization motorcycles were a small part.

In 1937 the Sunbeam motorcycle trademark was sold to Associated Motor Cycles Ltd (AMC) which continued to make Sunbeam bicycles and motorcycles until 1939. AMC's core business was the manufacture of Matchless and AJS motorcycles. Some years after it sold Sunbeam, AMC went on to own Norton, James and Francis-Barnett. In 1943 AMC sold the Sunbeam name to BSA and Sunbeam Cycles Limited was incorporated. Sunbeams were built not at BSA's main factory at Small Heath, Birmingham, but at another BSA factory in Redditch, Worcestershire. Three Sunbeam motorcycle models were produced from 1946 to 1956, inspired by BMW motorcycles supplied to the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. They were followed by two scooter models from 1959 to 1964.

## Models

### Sunbeam bicycles

Sunbeam bicycles (always "The Sunbeam") were made in Wolverhampton from 1887 to 1937. As the factory was used to sheet-metal working and japanning (the Victorian equivalent of today's oven-baked enamel or 'powder coating') the construction of cycles presented few problems. At first of similar design to other makers' machines, the company adopted a version of Harrison Carter's Little oil-bath chain case in the mid-1890s. The cycle was re-designed so that the oil contained in the oil bath lubricated the bottom bracket, chain and rear hub, the only cycle so designed to date.

### Sunbeam motorcycles

Many John Marston Sunbeam motorcycle models were produced. The first was a 350 cc in 1912 followed by a range of 500 cc singles and some v-twins. In 1924, a new model numbering system was introduced; Sunbeam Models 1 through 11. Other higher-numbered models were produced in later years. The majority had single-cylinder engines developing relatively low power, though winning the TT races often, the last time in 1929. A hallmark of all Marston Sunbeams was the superb quality and finish in black with gold-leaf pinstriping.

### S model motorcycles

The S models were designed for BSA by Erling Poppe and manufactured from 1946 to 1956. There were three: the S7, S8 and S7 Deluxe. All three were very expensive but with only modest performance which resulted in low sales.

The unusual engine layout was the S7's notable feature with an engine and drive similar to that of a car. The engine was a longitudinally mounted inline vertical OHC 500 cc twin with coil ignition and wet sump lubrication which, through a dry clutch, drove a shaft drive to the rear wheel. The inline engine made this technologically feasible (flat-twin "boxer" engines on BMW motorcycles had already used shaft drives). Unlike BMW, who sensibly specified a bevel gear crown-&-pinion drive to the rear wheel, Sunbeam used worm gearing with a bronze spiral gear; by reputation the soft bronze gave rapid wear of drive components.

The original S7 was produced from 1946 to 1948. In 1949, the sportier S8, with standard-sized wheels rather than the fat tyres of the S7, and BSA type front forks, was produced. The S7 design was improved and then sold as the S7 Deluxe. The original S7 was available only in black, whereas the standard colours for the S8 were "Polychromatic Grey" or black. The S7 Deluxe came in either "Mist Green" or black. If sold abroad then BSA would supply the Sunbeam in almost any colour that BSA used. Although the early S7 was not a good seller or mechanically very sound, it is the most sought after and commands a premium over the S7 Deluxe and the S8.

When Sunbeam production came to an end, BSA sold the remaining stock of parts to Stewart Engineering, and this company is now the sole supplier of spares for post-war Sunbeam motorcycles.

### B model scooters

1959 to 1964

B1, B2 Scooters (see BSA Sunbeam).

## Further reading

* Champ, R.C. 1983. *Sunbeam S7 & S8 Super Profile*. Haynes Publishing Group, Yeovil. 56 pp.
* Champ, R.C. 1980. *The Sunbeam Motorcycle*. Haynes Publishing Group, Yeovil. 205pp.
* Champ, R.C. 1989. *The Illustrated History of Sunbeam Cycles and Motorcycles*. Haynes Publishing Group, Yeovil. 112pp.
* Haycraft, W.C. 1954. *The Book of the Sunbeam S7 and S8*. Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Bath. vii + 120 pp.
* Munro, D.W. 1954. *Sunbeam Motor Cycles*. Motorcycle Maintenance and Repair Series. C. Arthur Pearson Ltd., London. 138 pp.

## InfoBox

John Marston Limited
|
|  |
| Trade name | Sunbeam |
| Company type | Private company |
| Industry | Bicycle and motorcycle |
| Founded | 1887 (1887) in Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England |
| Founder | John Marston |
| Fate | defunct |
| Headquarters | Wolverhampton, England |
| Products | Bicycles and motorcycles |
| Owner | John Marston |


title: Bread and Cheese Creek

abstract: Bread and Cheese Creek is a tributary of the Back River in Baltimore County, Maryland. The creek is 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long, with headwaters just east of the Baltimore city line. It flows east through Baltimore County before emptying into the Back River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of the creek is 1.85 square miles (4.8 km⁲).

text:
# Bread and Cheese Creek

**Bread and Cheese Creek** is a tributary of the Back River in Baltimore County, Maryland. The creek is 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long, with headwaters just east of the Baltimore city line. It flows east through Baltimore County before emptying into the Back River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The watershed area of the creek is 1.85 square miles (4.8 km2).

## History

The name Bread and Cheese Creek dates to colonial times and is of unknown origin. Local legend, however, maintains that it derived its name during the Battle of North Point during the War of 1812. The tradition is that the stream was a popular resting spot for soldiers to eat their rations, which often consisted of hardtack (bread) and cheese.

Brigadier General John Stricker and his troops of 3,200 men made camp along Bread and Cheese Creek on the evening of September 11, 1814, waiting the British advance. On the morning of September 12, 1814, “scouts returned with the news that the British were advancing slowly and that General Ross, Rear-Admiral George Cockburn, and their staffs were eating breakfast at the Gorsuch farm. When Stricker’s officers heard that the British were enjoying themselves at Gorsuch’s, several of them volunteered to dislodge them.” According to popular legend, “Daniel Wells (age 18) and Henry G McComas (age 19) spotted General Ross having previously seen him at the Battle of Bladensburg on August 24, 1814.” They each took shelter behind some trees and “fired simultaneously." As Ross fell (struck through the arm and chest), the British troops fired at the smoke generated from their rifles, killing them both.

After the mortal shooting of Ross, the British under Colonel Arthur Brooke advanced through the Bouldin family farm to attack the American line anchored at the junction of North Point Road and Trappe Road. General Stricker's line consisted of the 27th, 5th, 39th and 51st regiments of Maryland Militia, supplemented with a company from Hagerstown and several companies of troops from Pennsylvania. The Battle of North Point lasted for several hours during the afternoon. Brooke sent his 4th Regiment of Foot in a flanking maneuver to unsettle the American left, which led to Stricker's 51st regiment and elements of the 39th regiment to retreat in some disorder. The remainder of the Americans traded volleys with the invaders until they eventually retreated in good order when their ammunition began to become low.

After 4 p.m., “The British, exhausted from a day of unexpected fighting, broke off the attack and bivouacked for the night along Bread and Cheese Creek.”

In the 1900s a dairy farm, “The Dundalk Dairy”, opened along a large portion of Bread and Cheese Creek. It operated for many years, but was purchased by the government in order to build Merritt Boulevard. In the early 1970s, a barn and a few other buildings as well as a small family cemetery were still visible, but crumbling. These were removed when Baltimore Gas and Electric (now Constellation Energy) put up high tension lines and Merritt Manor Shopping Center was built.

## Water quality issues

The Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management (DEPRM) has classified Bread and Cheese Creek as having a “Very High Priority” for stormwater management actions, due to the large amount of trash and sediment found in it. The county recommends implementing a number of remedial activities to control urban runoff pollution, including "downspout disconnection, storm drain marking, buffer improvement, alley retrofit, street sweeping, tree planting and public education."

Clean Bread and Cheese Creek (CBCC) was founded in 2009 as an organization dedicated to improving the water quality and providing stewardship to this watershed. The group’s efforts include stream cleanups, resident education and advocacy. In the spring of 2010, an effort was made to restore the small Bread and Cheese Creek Bridge using environmentally friendly materials. Plagued by vandalism, the effort was discontinued.

39°17′32″N 76°28′48″W / 39.2923299°N 76.4799620°W / 39.2923299; -76.4799620


title: Saphenista onychina

abstract: Saphenista onychina is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

text:
# Saphenista onychina

***Saphenista onychina*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.

## InfoBox

| *Saphenista onychina* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Saphenista* |
| Species: | ***S. onychina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Saphenista onychina***<br>Razowski & Becker, 1986 | |
|


title: Platygyriella pringlei

abstract: Platygyriella pringlei is a species of moss from the genus Platygyriella. It was discovered in the Americas. Before the name Platygyriella pringlei, it was named Erythrodontium pringlei by Cardot.

text:
# Platygyriella pringlei

***Platygyriella pringlei*** is a species of moss from the genus *Platygyriella*. It was discovered in the Americas (especially Mexico). Before the name *Platygyriella pringlei*, it was named *Erythrodontium pringlei* by Cardot.

## InfoBox

| *Platygyriella pringlei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Bryidae |
| Order: | Hypnales |
| Family: | Hypnaceae |
| Genus: | *Platygyriella* |
| Species: | ***P. pringlei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platygyriella pringlei***<br>(Cardot) W.R. Buck | |
|