title: 1945 Chicago Cubs season

abstract: The 1945 Chicago Cubs season was the 74th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 70th in the National League and the 30th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs won the National League pennant with a record of 98–56, 3 games ahead of the second-place St. Louis Cardinals. The team went on to the World Series, which they lost to the Detroit Tigers in seven games. This was the Cubs last postseason appearance until 1984. It would take 71 years before the Cubs made it to another World Series.

text:
# 1945 Chicago Cubs season

The **1945 Chicago Cubs season** was the 74th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 70th in the National League and the 30th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs won the National League pennant with a record of 98–56, 3 games ahead of the second-place St. Louis Cardinals. The team went on to the World Series, which they lost to the Detroit Tigers in seven games. This was the Cubs last postseason appearance until 1984. It would take 71 years before the Cubs made it to another World Series.

## Regular season

### Season standings

National League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicago Cubs | 98 | 56 | .636 |  | 4926 | 4930 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 95 | 59 | .617 | 3 | 4829 | 4730 |
| Brooklyn Dodgers | 87 | 67 | .565 | 11 | 4830 | 3937 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 82 | 72 | .532 | 16 | 4534 | 3738 |
| New York Giants | 78 | 74 | .513 | 19 | 4730 | 3144 |
| Boston Braves | 67 | 85 | .441 | 30 | 3638 | 3147 |
| Cincinnati Reds | 61 | 93 | .396 | 37 | 3641 | 2552 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 46 | 108 | .299 | 52 | 2255 | 2453 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | BR | CHC | CIN | NYG | PHI | PIT | STL |
| Boston |  | 9–13–1 | 7–15 | 10–12 | 10–10–2 | 14–8 | 7–15 | 10–12 |
| Brooklyn | 13–9–1 |  | 8–14–1 | 11–11 | 15–7 | 19–3 | 12–10 | 9–13 |
| Chicago | 15–7 | 14–8–1 |  | 21–1 | 11–11 | 17–5 | 14–8 | 6–16 |
| Cincinnati | 12–10 | 11–11 | 1–21 |  | 6–16 | 12–10 | 10–12 | 9–13 |
| New York | 10–10–2 | 7–15 | 11–11 | 16–6 |  | 17–5 | 11–11 | 6–16 |
| Philadelphia | 8–14 | 3–19 | 5–17 | 10–12 | 5–17 |  | 6–16 | 9–13 |
| Pittsburgh | 15–7 | 10–12 | 8–14 | 12–10 | 11–11 | 16–6 |  | 10–12–1 |
| St. Louis | 12–10 | 13–9 | 16–6 | 13–9 | 16–6 | 13–9 | 12–10–1 |  |

### Roster

| 1945 Chicago Cubs | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |
|

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Mickey Livingston | 71 | 224 | 57 | .254 | 2 | 23 |
| 1B | Phil Cavarretta | 132 | 498 | 177 | .355 | 6 | 97 |
| 2B | Don Johnson | 138 | 557 | 168 | .302 | 2 | 58 |
| SS | Lennie Merullo | 121 | 394 | 94 | .239 | 2 | 37 |
| 3B | Stan Hack | 150 | 597 | 193 | .323 | 2 | 43 |
| OF | Peanuts Lowrey | 143 | 523 | 148 | .283 | 7 | 89 |
| OF | Andy Pafko | 144 | 534 | 159 | .298 | 12 | 110 |
| OF | Bill Nicholson | 151 | 559 | 136 | .243 | 13 | 88 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Roy Hughes | 69 | 222 | 58 | .261 | 0 | 8 |
| Paul Gillespie | 75 | 163 | 47 | .288 | 3 | 25 |
| Heinz Becker | 67 | 133 | 38 | .286 | 2 | 27 |
| Dewey Williams | 59 | 100 | 28 | .280 | 2 | 5 |
| Len Rice | 32 | 99 | 23 | .232 | 0 | 7 |
| Ed Sauer | 49 | 93 | 24 | .258 | 2 | 11 |
| Frank Secory | 35 | 57 | 9 | .158 | 0 | 6 |
| Bill Schuster | 45 | 47 | 9 | .191 | 0 | 2 |
| Reggie Otero | 14 | 23 | 9 | .391 | 0 | 5 |
| Johnny Ostrowski | 7 | 10 | 3 | .300 | 0 | 1 |
| Cy Block | 2 | 7 | 1 | .143 | 0 | 1 |
| Johnny Moore | 7 | 6 | 1 | .167 | 0 | 2 |
| Loyd Christopher | 1 | 0 | 0 | ---- | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hank Wyse | 38 | 278.1 | 22 | 10 | 2.68 | 77 |
| Claude Passeau | 34 | 227.0 | 17 | 9 | 2.46 | 98 |
| Paul Derringer | 35 | 213.2 | 16 | 11 | 3.45 | 86 |
| Ray Prim | 34 | 165.1 | 13 | 8 | 2.40 | 88 |
| Hank Borowy | 15 | 122.1 | 11 | 2 | 2.13 | 47 |
|

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hy Vandenberg | 30 | 95.1 | 7 | 3 | 3.49 | 35 |
| Bob Chipman | 25 | 72.0 | 4 | 5 | 3.50 | 29 |
| Lon Warneke | 9 | 14.0 | 0 | 1 | 3.86 | 6 |
| Ray Starr | 9 | 13.1 | 0 | 0 | 7.43 | 5 |
| Jorge Comellas | 7 | 12.0 | 0 | 2 | 4.50 | 6 |
| Ed Hanyzewski | 2 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | 5.79 | 2 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Paul Erickson | 28 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3.32 | 53 |
| Mack Stewart | 16 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4.76 | 9 |
| Walter Signer | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.38 | 0 |
| George Hennessey | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.36 | 2 |

## 1945 World Series

### The Curse of Billy "The Goat" Sianis

The Curse of the Billy Goat was a curse on the Chicago Cubs that was started in 1945 and ended in 2016. As the story goes, Billy Sianis, a Greek immigrant (from Paleopyrgos, Greece), who owned a nearby tavern (the now-famous Billy Goat Tavern), had two $7.20 box seat tickets to Game 4 of the 1945 World Series between the Chicago Cubs and the Detroit Tigers, and decided to bring along his pet goat, Murphy (or Sinovia according to some references), which Sianis had restored to health when the goat had fallen off a truck and subsequently limped into his tavern. The goat wore a blanket with a sign pinned to it which read "We got Detroit's goat". Sianis and the goat were allowed into Wrigley Field and even paraded about on the playing field before the game before ushers intervened and led them off the field. After a heated argument, both Sianis and the goat were permitted to stay in the stadium occupying the box seat for which he had tickets. At this point, Andy Frain (head of Wrigley Field's hired security company at the time), waved the goat's box-seat ticket in the air and proclaimed, "If he eats the ticket that would solve everything." However, the goat did not. Before the game was over, it started to rain and Sianis and the goat were ejected from the stadium at the command of Cubs owner Philip Knight Wrigley due to the objectionable odor of wet goat. Sianis was outraged at the ejection and allegedly placed a curse upon the Cubs that they would never win another pennant or play in a World Series at Wrigley Field again because the Cubs organization had insulted his goat, and subsequently left the U.S. to vacation in his home in Greece. The Cubs lost Game 4 and eventually the 1945 World Series, prompting Sianis to write to Wrigley from Greece, saying, *"Who stinks now?"* The Cubs would eventually break the curse and what would turn out to be a 108-year drought by winning the World Series in 2016 over the Cleveland Indians in seven games.

### Game 1

October 3, 1945, at Briggs Stadium in Detroit

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Chicago** | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 13 | 0 |
| Detroit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| **WP:** Hank Borowy (1–0)   **LP:** Hal Newhouser (0–1)
**Home runs:**
CHI: Phil Cavarretta (1)
DET: None | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game 2

October 4, 1945, at Briggs Stadium in Detroit

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicago | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 |
| **Detroit** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 0 |
| **WP:** Virgil Trucks (1–0)   **LP:** Hank Wyse (0–1)
**Home runs:**
CHI: None
DET: Hank Greenberg (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game 3

October 5, 1945, at Briggs Stadium in Detroit

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Chicago** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 0 |
| Detroit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| **WP:** Claude Passeau (1–0)   **LP:** Stubby Overmire (0–1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game 4

October 6, 1945, at Wrigley Field in Chicago

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Detroit** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 1 |
| Chicago | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| **WP:** Dizzy Trout (1–0)   **LP:** Ray Prim (0–1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game 5

October 7, 1945, at Wrigley Field in Chicago

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Detroit** | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 0 |
| Chicago | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
| **WP:** Hal Newhouser (1–1)   **LP:** Hank Borowy (1–1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game 6

October 8, 1945, at Wrigley Field in Chicago

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Detroit | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 1 |
| **Chicago** | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 15 | 3 |
| **WP:** Hank Borowy (2–1)   **LP:** Dizzy Trout (1–1)
**Home runs:**
DET: Hank Greenberg (2)
CHI: None | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### Game 7

October 10, 1945, at Wrigley Field in Chicago

| Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Detroit** | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 1 |
| Chicago | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 0 |
| **WP:** Hal Newhouser (2–1)   **LP:** Hank Borowy (2–2) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AA | Los Angeles Angels | Pacific Coast League | Bill Sweeney |
| A1 | Nashville Vols | Southern Association | Larry Gilbert |
| B | Hagerstown Owls | Interstate League | Mickey Balla and Dutch Dorman |
| B | Portsmouth Cubs | Piedmont League | Ival Goodman |
| C | Leaksville-Draper-Spray Triplets | Carolina League | Jack Warner |
| D | Elizabethton Betsy Cubs | Appalachian League | Bill Kelly |
| D | Statesville Cubs | North Carolina State League | Jim Poole |

## InfoBox

| 1945 Chicago Cubs | |
| --- | --- |
| National League Champions | |
| League | National League |
| Ballpark | Wrigley Field |
| City | Chicago |
| Owners | Philip K. Wrigley |
| General managers | James T. Gallagher |
| Managers | Charlie Grimm |
| Radio | WIND
(Bert Wilson, Wayne Osborne) |
|  | |


title: Shrewsbury Borough School District

abstract: The Shrewsbury Borough School District is a community public school district that serves students ranging from pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Shrewsbury, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school features three homerooms per grade. As of the 2022–23 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 465 students and 53.0 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 8.8:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. For ninth through twelfth grades, most public school students are assigned to attend Red Bank Regional High School, which also serves students from the boroughs of Little Silver and Red Bank, along with students in the district's academy programs from other communities who are eligible to attend on a tuition basis. Students from other Monmouth County municipalities are eligible to attend the high school for its performing arts program, with admission on a competitive basis. The borough has two elected representatives on the nine-member board of education. As of the 2022–23 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,195 students and 122.8 classroom teachers, for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1.

text:
# Shrewsbury Borough School District

The **Shrewsbury Borough School District** is a community public school district that serves students ranging from pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Shrewsbury, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school features three homerooms per grade.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 465 students and 53.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.8:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

For ninth through twelfth grades, most public school students are assigned to attend Red Bank Regional High School, which also serves students from the boroughs of Little Silver and Red Bank, along with students in the district's academy programs from other communities who are eligible to attend on a tuition basis. Students from other Monmouth County municipalities are eligible to attend the high school for its performing arts program, with admission on a competitive basis. The borough has two elected representatives on the nine-member board of education. As of the 2022–23 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,195 students and 122.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1.

## School

The Shrewsbury Borough School had an enrollment of 462 students in grades PreK-8 during the 2022–23 school year.

## Administration

Core members of the school's administration are:

* Brent A. MacConnell, superintendent
* Lindsey Case, business administrator and board secretary

## Board of education

The district's board of education, composed of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.

## InfoBox

| Shrewsbury Borough School District | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 20 Obre Place Shrewsbury, Monmouth County, New Jersey, 07702
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°19′43″N 74°03′51″W / 40.328548°N 74.064107°W / 40.328548; -74.064107 |
| District information | |
| Grades | PreK- |
| Superintendent | Brent A. MacConnell |
| Business administrator | Lindsey Case |
| Schools | 1 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 465 (as of 2022–23) |
| Faculty | 53.0 FTEs |
| Student–teacher ratio | 8.8:1 |
| Other information | |
| District Factor Group | I |
| Website | www.sbs.k12.nj.us |
| Ind. Per pupil District
spending Rank
(\*) K-8
average  %± vs.
average  **1A** **Total Spending** $17,700 26 $18,891 −6.3%   **1** **Budgetary Cost** 14,558 35 14,159 2.8%   **2** **Classroom Instruction** 8,584 33 8,659 −0.9%   **6** **Support Services** 2,317 37 2,167 6.9%   **8** **Administrative Cost** 1,794 42 1,547 16.0%   **10** **Operations & Maintenance** 1,807 47 1,612 12.1%   **13** **Extracurricular Activities** 38 7 104 −63.5%   **16** **Median Teacher Salary** 54,135 11 61,136  Data from NJDoE 2014 Taxpayers' Guide to Education Spending.
\*Of K-8 districts with 401-750 students. Lowest spending=1; Highest=64 | |


title: The Hockey Song

abstract: "The Hockey Song", sometimes mistakenly called "The Good Old Hockey Game", is a song written and originally performed by Canadian folksinger Stompin' Tom Connors. The song's first release was on Connors' 1973 album, Stompin' Tom and the Hockey Song. The song was played at Ottawa Senators games in 1992, after which Pat Burns, then coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs, insisted it be played in Toronto as well. The song is now played throughout both Canadian and American NHL arenas, as well in the home arenas of European hockey teams.

text:
# The Hockey Song

"**The Hockey Song**", sometimes mistakenly called "**The Good Old Hockey Game**", is a song written and originally performed by Canadian folksinger Stompin' Tom Connors. The song's first release was on Connors' 1973 album, *Stompin' Tom and the Hockey Song*. The song was played at Ottawa Senators games in 1992, after which Pat Burns, then coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs, insisted it be played in Toronto as well. The song is now played throughout both Canadian and American NHL arenas, as well in the home arenas of European hockey teams (e.g. Dinamo Rīga).

## Content

The verses of the song are split up so that each one describes a period of play in a typical hockey game. In the first verse Connors sings, "Someone roars, Bobby scores!". In the last verse Connors sings that it is the last game of the playoffs and the "Stanley Cup is all filled up for the champs that win the drink". He later also sings "The puck is in, the home team wins!". In concert he would sometimes change "home team" to an actual team based on where he was playing. One example was at the closing ceremonies for Maple Leaf Gardens, when he changed the last game line from the playoffs to "the Garden", and mentioned that the Leafs have won.

In the song's chorus, Connors sings, "The good old hockey game is the best game you can name, and the best game you can name is the good old hockey game."

The song has been covered numerous times. One cover version was used in combination with Connors' recording as the theme song for the 1990s CTV series, *Power Play*, while another was used to open NHL broadcasts on CTV Sportsnet in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

In 2004, the American comedy-talk show *Late Night with Conan O'Brien* taped a week's worth of shows in Canada. During one of these telecasts, Connors, making one of the first American TV appearances of his entire career, was brought on to perform "The Hockey Song".

With the expiration of CBC Television's licence of "The Hockey Theme" for *Hockey Night in Canada* in 2008, Connors let it be known that he would be open to an appropriate licensing offer for his song as a replacement theme song.

"The Hockey Song" was re-recorded in 2008 by Connors as the "new 2008 version" and was featured on his studio album, *The Ballad of Stompin' Tom*. Connors thought that the original recording in the 1970s was "too thin".

In 2011, a cover of the song was used by NBC Sports in a promo for the 2012 NHL Winter Classic. Multiple fans produced versions of the song with lyrics changed to reflect the 2012–13 labour disputes.

On 6 March 2013, Great Big Sea performed "The Hockey Song" in concert in San Francisco as a tribute to Stompin' Tom Connors, who had died earlier that day.

On 27 October 2018, the song was added to the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, with a ceremony at an NHL game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Winnipeg Jets at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto, including a performance by country singer Tim Hicks and a plaque presentation to Connors' son and family.

The song is featured in the "Hockey Night in Burnaby" episode of *Being Ian* and the 2022 hockey-themed episode "Top Goon", in Season 34 of *The Simpsons* as well as season 4 of the Canadian sitcom Corner Gas.

## Chart performance

| Chart (2013) | Peak<br>position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 29 |

## InfoBox

| "The Hockey Song" | |
| --- | --- |
| Song by Stompin' Tom Connors | |
| from the album  *Stompin' Tom and the Hockey Song* | |
| Language | English |
| Released | 1973 (1973) |
| Composer(s) | Stompin' Tom Connors |
| Lyricist(s) | Stompin' Tom Connors |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| " The Hockey Song" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's

abstract: Cheltenham Minster is the minster and parish church of Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, England.

text:
# Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's

51°54′5.65″N 2°4′34.64″W / 51.9015694°N 2.0762889°W / 51.9015694; -2.0762889

**Cheltenham Minster** is the minster and parish church of Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, England.

## Background

The Minster is the only surviving medieval building in Cheltenham. It has been in continuous use for 850 years, though between 1859 and 1877 it was closed intermittently for repairs.

It is believed to have replaced a Saxon church erected on this site in the 8th century. In the Domesday Book the church and its land (the rectory) were recorded as belonging to William the Conqueror's chancellor, Regenbald also known as Reinbald, who then bequeathed it to Cirencester Abbey. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII it became crown property during the English Reformation. The crown property was sold by James I & VI and went through a succession of different owners (lay rectors) until 1863 when Edward Walker took possession of the chancel and the title of rector.

Parts of the church represent the Early English style of architecture, but thanks to later extensions it is the decorated style which predominates. The former north porch is Early Perpendicular and boasts a good example of lierne vaulting. The tracery of the windows is reflects architectural developments between 1250 and 1350. The stained glass of the windows is late Victorian and regarded as of particularly high quality. The woodwork is Victorian or later, and the south porch is a late Victorian addition.

A feature of the church is the spire and bell tower. The upper part of the tower dates from 1200 and the broach spire was added early in the fourteenth century. The tracery of most of the windows is varied and dates from around 1250 to 1350.

The bell tower currently contains a peal of twelve bells which were cast by John Taylor & Co in 2018 as part of a major restoration project. The original change ringing peal was probably installed around 1680, and contained six bells. The peal was augmented to eight in 1697 and to ten in 1833. Several record peals were rung on the ten bells, including a record length of 15,227 Grandsire Caters, taking in nine hours and 43 minutes, in 1889. Two new bells were added in 1912 to form the original ring of twelve.

The church has a number of interesting memorials, including one to Captain Henry Skillicorne, the developer of Cheltenham's first spa. It also commemorates King George III's visit to Cheltenham in 1788 when he attended a number of services in St Mary's. There is also a touching memorial to a former priest, John English, who was imprisoned by the Puritans. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Its most famous incumbent was Francis Close, a keen Evangelical, who was a follower of Charles Simeon. Close was perpetual curate of the church for thirty years and a founder of two teacher training colleges which later became the University of Gloucestershire. He moved on to become Dean of Carlisle in 1856.

For most of its history St Mary's Church served a population of less than 1,500 and was a prominent feature of the landscape. But extensive building occurred during the Regency period in the early 19th century and as a result the church is now hidden behind shops and offices. In Victorian times a number of new churches were built to cope with Cheltenham's rapidly expanding population.

## Two Churches?

St Mary's was condemned as unsafe and closed in July 1859. During the closure the congregation worshipped first in the Town Hall (the predecessor of Cheltenham's current Town Hall) and then in a temporary church built of timber encased with corrugated iron in Clarence Street.

In 1863 Edward Walker proposed the enlargement or replacement of St Mary's. Thirty-four plans were submitted, but because of opposition the proposal was abandoned and instead between 1851 and 1877 the church was restored by architects Dangerfield, Humphris, and Christian, and equipped with gas lighting and a new heating system.

The temporary building in Clarence Street was eventually replaced by a permanent stone building which was consecrated in 1879 as St Matthew's. The then rector, Charles Bell, applied to make St Matthew's the parish church, but the proposal was rejected by the parishioners.

In 1890 an entrance porch was built on the south side of the church and in 1911 the peal of bells was increased to twelve. Various minor changes were made to the layout of the church in the 20th century, notably a prayer chapel in the south transept. A further reordering took place in 2012 when the prayer chapel was moved to the north transept, the font was moved to the south entrance from the old north porch, toilets and other facilities were installed in the south transept, and some pews were removed to create space for the new prayer chapel, exhibitions and hospitality.

On Sunday 3 February 2013 St Mary's was designated Cheltenham Minster by Michael Perham, Bishop of Gloucester.

A group known as The Friends of St Mary's, Cheltenham Archived 31 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine raises funds for the upkeep of the church and has an informative website.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Cheltenham Minster, St Mary's | |
| --- | --- |
| Cheltenham Minster | |
|  | |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Churchmanship | Evangelical |
| Website |  |
| History | |
| Dedication | St. Mary |
| Administration | |
| Province | Canterbury |
| Diocese | Gloucester |
| Archdeaconry | Cheltenham |
| Deanery | Cheltenham |
| Parish | Cheltenham St Mary with St Matthew |
| Clergy | |
| Bishop(s) | Right Revd Rachel Treweek |
| Rector | Tudor Griffiths |
| Vicar(s) | Patrick Wheaton |


title: Thekkekara, Kerala

abstract: Thekkekara is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.The village is situated in mavelikara south.

text:
# Thekkekara, Kerala

**Thekkekara** is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.The village is situated in mavelikara south.

## Demographics

As of 2001 census, Thekkekara had a population of 31,747 with 14,873 males and 16,874 females.

## Geography

## Services

* Post Office
* State bank of India
* Union bank of India
* Federal bank
* Village office
* Government Hospital
* Panchayath office
* Government Higher Secondary School
* Pentecostal Church: Carmel Assembly of God Church Kurathikad, located in Pallikkal East.(9633335211)
* Vathikulangara Devi Temple
* Mullikulangara Devi Temple
* Umbarnadu Sree Dharma Shastha Temple
* Pallarimangalam Sree Krishnaswami Temple
* Malimel Bhagavathi Temple

## InfoBox

| Thekkekara | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| ThekkekaraLocation in Kerala, IndiaThekkekaraThekkekara (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°12′0″N 76°30′0″E / 9.20000°N 76.50000°E / 9.20000; 76.50000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Alappuzha |
| Area | |
| Total | 20. km2 (8 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 62 m (203 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 31,747 |
| Density | 1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 690107 |
| Telephone code | 0479 |
| Vehicle registration | KL |
| Nearest city | Mavelikara, Kayankulam city |
| Literacy | 92% |
| Climate | mild winters and heavy downpour throughout the year (Köppen) |


abstract: The women's aerials competition of the FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 was held at Sierra Nevada, Spain on March 9 (qualifying) and March 10 (finals). 22 athletes from 9 countries competed.

text:
# FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 – Women's aerials

The **women's aerials** competition of the FIS Freestyle Ski and Snowboarding World Championships 2017 was held at Sierra Nevada, Spain on March 9 (qualifying) and March 10 (finals). 22 athletes from 9 countries competed.

## Qualification

The following are the results of the qualification.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Q1 | Q2 | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 10 | Ashley Caldwell | United States | 103.68 |  | **Q** |
| 2 | 6 | Laura Peel | Australia | 91.65 |  | **Q** |
| 3 | 1 | Xu Mengtao | China | 89.77 |  | **Q** |
| 4 | 12 | Samantha Wells | Australia | 88.83 |  | **Q** |
| 5 | 2 | Danielle Scott | Australia | 87.06 |  | **Q** |
| 6 | 3 | Lydia Lassila | Australia | 85.65 |  | **Q** |
| 7 | 5 | Liubov Nikitina | Russia | 83.89 | **95.52** | **Q** |
| 8 | 7 | Kristina Spiridonova | Russia | 84.42 | **91.65** | **Q** |
| 9 | 17 | Zhang Xin | China | 82.53 | **90.24** | **Q** |
| 10 | 21 | Madison Olsen | United States | 76.85 | **83.16** | **Q** |
| 11 | 13 | Catrine Lavallee | Canada | **82.84** | 79.75 | **Q** |
| 12 | 9 | Kiley McKinnon | United States | 65.91 | **81.90** | **Q** |
| 13 | 24 | Anastasiya Novosad | Ukraine | 80.32 | 71.34 |  |
| 14 | 20 | Elle Gaudette | United States | 25.23 | 80.32 |  |
| 15 | 15 | Olga Polyuk | Ukraine | 79.06 | 52.20 |  |
| 16 | 8 | Alexandra Orlova | Russia | 76.23 | 62.64 |  |
| 17 | 30 | Zhanbota Aldabergenova | Kazakhstan | 52.85 | 63.04 |  |
| 18 | 23 | Marzhan Akzhigit | Kazakhstan | 38.19 | 64.48 |  |
| 19 | 11 | Aliaksandra Ramanouskaya | Belarus | 52.85 | 63.04 |  |
| 20 | 14 | Yu Yang | China | 57.64 | 59.92 |  |
| 21 | 29 | Akmarzhan Kalmurzayeva | Kazakhstan | 46.11 | 57.98 |  |
| 22 | 26 | Kim Kyoungeun | South Korea | 47.15 | 48.00 |  |

## Final

The following are the results of the finals.

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Final 1 | Final 2 | Final 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 11 | Ashley Caldwell | United States | 73.34 | 103.27 | 109.29 |
|  | 2 | Danielle Scott | Australia | 81.27 | 84.95 | 94.47 |
|  | 1 | Xu Mengtao | China | 83.79 | 80.01 | 91.65 |
| 4 | 9 | Kiley McKinnon | United States | 83.16 | 74.24 | 90.94 |
| 5 | 21 | Madison Olsen | United States | 73.95 | 75.60 | 70.98 |
| 6 | 17 | Zhang Xin | China | 82.53 | 74.62 | 62.39 |
| 7 | 13 | Catrine Lavallee | Canada | 85.05 | 71.34 |  |
| 8 | 6 | Laura Peel | Australia | 80.32 | 62.39 |  |
| 9 | 7 | Kristina Spiridonova | Russia | 81.58 | 55.34 |  |
| 10 | 12 | Samantha Wells | Australia | 69.30 |  |  |
| 11 | 3 | Lydia Lassila | Australia | 62.37 |  |  |
| 12 | 5 | Liubov Nikitina | Russia | 60.76 |  |  |


title: Southern Illinois University Press

abstract: Southern Illinois University Press or SIU Press, founded in 1956, is a university press located in Carbondale, Illinois, owned and operated by Southern Illinois University. The press publishes approximately 50 titles annually, among its more than 1,200 titles currently in print. Southern Illinois University Press is a member of the Association of University Presses.

text:
# Southern Illinois University Press

**Southern Illinois University Press** or **SIU Press**, founded in 1956, is a university press located in Carbondale, Illinois, owned and operated by Southern Illinois University.

The press publishes approximately 50 titles annually, among its more than 1,200 titles currently in print.

Southern Illinois University Press is a member of the Association of University Presses.

## History

Southern Illinois University Press was founded by President Delyte Morris in the mid-1950s, and its first book—Charles E. Colby's *A Pilot Study of Southern Illinois*—was published on October 20, 1956. Publishing primarily in the humanities and social sciences, in a wide range of subject areas: art and architecture, classical studies, history (world and American), literary criticism, philosophy, religion, rhetoric and composition, speech communication, and theatre.

The Press has become especially well known for its publications in First Amendment Studies, Restoration and Eighteenth Century Theatre, and Rhetoric and Composition, and for two multi-volume scholarly works: The Early, Middle, and Later Works of John Dewey, and The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. In addition, the Press has developed and maintained lists that celebrate and document the history and culture of southern Illinois, the state and the Midwest region.

In recent years, Southern Illinois University Press has focused its list on a smaller number of areas of publication: American history (Civil War and Lincoln), aviation, botany, film studies, legal history, poetry, regional studies, rhetoric and composition, and theatre.

1. "Publishers served by the Chicago Distribution Center". *University of Chicago Press*. Retrieved 2017-09-12.
2. "Sales Representation | siupress.siu.edu". Retrieved 2017-12-03.
3. "Our Members". Association of University Presses. Retrieved January 30, 2023.

## InfoBox

Southern Illinois University Press
| Parent company | Southern Illinois University |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Active |
| Founded | 1956 |
| Founder | Delyte Morris |
| Country of origin | US |
| Headquarters location | Carbondale, Illinois |
| Distribution | Chicago Distribution Center (US)
Scholarly Book Services (Canada)
Eurospan Group (EMEA)
East-West Export Books (Asia) |
| Official website | www.siupress.com |


title: Caseolus calvus

abstract: Caseolus calvus is a species of small air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.

text:
# Caseolus calvus

***Caseolus calvus*** is a species of small air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies.

## Subspecies

* *Caseolus calvus calvus* (R. T. Lowe, 1831)
* *Caseolus calvus galeatus* (R. T. Lowe, 1862)

The subspecies *Caseolus calvus galeatus* (R. T. Lowe, 1862) endemic to Madeira is globally extinct.

## Distribution

This species of land snail lives in Madeira, Portugal.

## InfoBox

| *Caseolus calvus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Stylommatophora |
| Family: | Geomitridae |
| Genus: | *Caseolus* |
| Species: | ***C. calvus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Caseolus calvus***
(R. T. Lowe, 1831) | |
|


title: Bill Dow (cricketer)

abstract: William David Fraser Dow is a former Scottish cricketer. A right arm paceman, he took 34 wickets for Scotland. Dow was born at Glasgow. He played a County Championship game for Essex against Kent during the 1959 season but went wicketless. For his club side Clydesdale he managed 1393 runs and 245 wickets.

text:
# Bill Dow (cricketer)

**William David Fraser Dow** (born 27 November 1933) is a former Scottish cricketer. A right arm paceman, he took 34 wickets for Scotland.

Dow was born at Glasgow. He played a County Championship game for Essex against Kent during the 1959 season but went wicketless. For his club side Clydesdale he managed 1393 runs and 245 wickets.

## InfoBox

Bill Dow
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | William David Fraser Dow |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm fast-medium |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 13  Runs scored 107  Batting average 8.91  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 18  Balls bowled 2,144  Wickets 38  Bowling average 26.71  5 wickets in innings 2  10 wickets in match 1  Best bowling 6/56  Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: ESPNCricinfo, 16 April 2023 | |


title: Version 5.0

abstract: Version 5.0 is the seventh studio album by Japanese rock band Wands. It was released on 30 August 2023 under the D-Go label. It is the band's first new album in nearly three years, and also the second studio album for the fifth version of Wands with vocalist Daishi Uehara. The album consists of 10 original songs as well as three cover versions from the second and third Wands periods. Two of the original songs were composed and written by vocalist Daishi solely. Shibasaki confirmed that he re-mixed all of the single tracks for the album, with the exception of RAISE INSIGHT. This album was released in three formats: regular CD edition, limited "A" version CD+Booklet and limited "B" version CD+Blu-ray edition. The CD+Blu-ray edition included a Blu-ray with five music videoclips: four from the original singles and one from the self cover. On 26 April 2021, Kimura announced temporary hiatus from band activities as result of the weakening health and possible worries of being infected by COVID-19. Although he attended the album cover shoot and participated in the recording of the 2021 single "Canaria Naita Koro ni", the rest of the tracks Daishi and Hiroshi recorded the album on their own.

text:
# Version 5.0

***Version 5.0*** is the seventh studio album by Japanese rock band Wands. It was released on 30 August 2023 under the D-Go label. It is the band's first new album in nearly three years, and also the second studio album for the fifth version of Wands with vocalist Daishi Uehara. The album consists of 10 original songs as well as three cover versions from the second and third Wands periods. Two of the original songs were composed and written by vocalist Daishi solely. Shibasaki confirmed that he re-mixed all of the single tracks for the album, with the exception of RAISE INSIGHT.

This album was released in three formats: regular CD edition, limited "A" version CD+Booklet and limited "B" version CD+Blu-ray edition. The CD+Blu-ray edition included a Blu-ray with five music videoclips: four from the original singles and one from the self cover.

On 26 April 2021, Kimura announced temporary hiatus from band activities as result of the weakening health and possible worries of being infected by COVID-19. Although he attended the album cover shoot and participated in the recording of the 2021 single "Canaria Naita Koro ni", the rest of the tracks Daishi and Hiroshi recorded the album on their own.

## Promotion

### Singles

This album includes three previously released physical and two digital singles.

Single "Canaria Naita Koro ni" was released on 9 June 2021, as their first single to be released on that year and new music material for the first time since release of the album Burn the Secret. It has become the last single in which Kimura took recording session before temporary hiatus. He did not make appearance on the music videoclip. The song did not receive any promotional usage in the media. The single debuted at number 9 on the Oricon Weekly Single Charts.

Single "Yura Yura" was released on 3 November 2021, as their second single to be released on that year. The single served as an opening theme to the anime television series *Detective Conan*. It's the band's second song to be titled with Detective Conan animation series. The single debuted at number 9 on the Oricon Weekly Single Charts

Single "Ai wo Sakebitai" was released digitally on 23 August 2022, as their first single to be released on that year and new material for the first time in 9 months. The singles served as a commercial song to the company "EM SYSTEMS", which starred actor Kento Hayashi. The single debuted at number 20 on the Oricon Weekly Digital Singles Chart and number 30 on the *Billboard Japan* Download Songs chart.

The cover version of "Sekai ga Owaru Made wa" was released digitally on 28 August 2022, one week after the previous single. The single received a music video. On the same day, the band members took part in the event session of 2022's Animelo Summer Live and together with Maki Ohguro from the same agency performed the song on the stage.

The single "Raise Insight" was released on 17 May 2023, the group's first single to be released that year. The single served as an opening theme to the anime television series *Detective Conan*. It's the band's third song to be titled with Detective Conan animation series. The single debuted at number 9 on the Oricon Weekly Single Charts

### Live tour

For the album promotion, the band announced their second live tour since reunion titled "Shout Out" with planned dates between 6 and 26 September 2023.

## Commercial performance

The album reached number six on the Oricon Weekly Albums Chart. The album debuted at number 7 on the *Billboard Japan* Hot Albums ranking.

## Track listing

*Version 5.0* track listing
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Arranger(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "We Will Never Give Up" | Uehara Daishi | Hiroshi Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 4:10 |
| 2. | "Get Chance Get Grow" | Daishi | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 4:18 |
| 3. | "Wonder Story" | Daishi | Daishi | Daishi | 3:50 |
| 4. | "Raise Insight" | Uehara | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 3:18 |
| 5. | "Sora he Mukau Ki no Youni" (空へ向かう木のように) | Daishi | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 3:36 |
| 6. | "Kan'nō Sadistic ni Nurete" (官能SADISTICに濡れて) | Daishi | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 3:37 |
| 7. | "Shout Out!!!" | Daishi | Daishi | Daishi | 1:14 |
| 8. | "Yura Yura" | Uesugi | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 4:11 |
| 9. | "Ai wo Sakebitai" (愛を叫びたい) | Uehara | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 4:14 |
| 10. | "Canaria Naita Koro ni" (カナリア鳴いた頃に) | Uehara | Shibazaki | Shibazaki | 3:51 |
| 11. | "Sekai ga Owaru Madewa" (世界が終るまでは; Wands *Version 5.0* version) | Uesugi Show | Oda Tetsuro | Shibazaki | 5:14 |
| 12. | "Million Miles Away" (Wands *Version 5.0* version) | Uesugi | Shinya Kimura | Shibazaki | 4:45 |
| Total length: | | | | | 45:54 |

Regular Edition of CD only
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Arifureta Kotoba de \[Acoustic Version 5.0\]" (ありふれた言葉で; \[Acoustic Version 5.0\]) | Uesugi | Shibazaki |  |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Version 5.0*
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 6 |
| Japanese Hot Albums (*Billboard Japan*) | 7 |

## InfoBox

| Version 5.0 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Wands | |
| Released | 30 August 2023 |
| Recorded | 2021–2023 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 48:40 |
| Label | D-Go |
| Producer | Daiko Nagato |
| Wands chronology | |
| *Burn the Secret*
(2020) ***Version 5.0***
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Version 5.0* | |
| 1. "Canaria Naita Koro ni"
Released: 9 June 2021 2. "Yura Yura"
Released: 3 November 2021 3. "Ai wo Sakebitai"
Released: 23 August 2022 4. "Sekai ga Owaru Made wa (Wands 5ki ver.)"
Released: 28 August 2022 5. "Raise Insight"
Released: 17 May 2023 | |
|  | |


title: Lekain

abstract: Lekain was the stage name of Henri Louis Cain, a French actor.

text:
# Lekain

**Lekain** was the stage name of **Henri Louis Cain** (31 March 1728 – 8 February 1778), a French actor.

## Early career

He was born in Paris, the son of a silversmith. He was educated at the Collège Mazarin, and joined an amateur company of players against which the Comédie-Française obtained an injunction. Voltaire supported him for a time and enabled him to act in his private theatre and also before the duchess of Maine.

## Comédie-Française

He made his debut at the Comédie-Française on 14 September 1750 in the role of Titus in Voltaire's *Brutus* and performed Seïde in Voltaire's *Mahomet* on 30 September. Owing to the hostility of the actors it was only after a struggle of seventeen months that, by the command of King Louis XV he was accepted at the Comédie-Française (see Troupe of the Comédie-Française in 1752). He had performed the leading role of Orosmane at court in Voltaire's *Zaïre*, causing Louis XV to declare: "He made me weep, and I never weep." Lekain was made a member of the company on a trial basis at a salary of 12,000 livres per year on 4 January 1751 and was received definitively on 8 February 1752.

His success was immediate. Among his best parts were Herod the Great in *Mariamne*, Nero in *Britannicus* and similar tragic roles, in spite of the fact that he was short, stout, and lacking in good looks.

## Reforms

His name is connected with several important scenic reforms. It was the practice in most theatres at the time for seating to be placed on the stage, and this was also true at the theatre of the Comédie-Française, the Salle de la rue des Fossés-Saint-Germain-des-Prés. High-priced tickets were sold to privileged spectators, who wanted to be seen but, as a consequence, obstructed the use of realistic scenery. Lekain and Diderot advocated for the actors to remove them; in 1759 Count Lauragais paid the excessive indemnity the actors demanded to compensate for the loss in revenue. Lekain also protested against the method of sing-song declamation which was prevalent, and endeavoured to correct the costuming of the plays, although unable to obtain the historical accuracy that François Joseph Talma sought.

## Marriage

Lekain married Christine-Charlotte-Josèphe Sirot on 28 July 1750. His wife made her debut at the Comédie-Française in March 1757 and was received on a trial basis on 25 April, and definitively in 1761. She retired with a pension of 1,000 livres in 1767 and died on 18 August 1775.

## Death

Lekain died in Paris and was survived by two sons, Bernardin and Louis-Théodore.

His older son published his *Mémoires* (1801) with his correspondence with Voltaire, David Garrick and others. They were reprinted in *Mémoires sur l'art dramatique* (1825).

## Bibliography

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lekain". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 405.
* Campardon, Émile (1875). "Le Kain", p. 207, in *Les comédiens du roi de la Troupe française pendant les deux derniers siècles*. Paris: H. Champion.
* Carlson, Marvin (1998). *Voltaire and the Theatre of the Eighteenth Century*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780387946412.
* Lekain *fils ainé* (1801). *Mémoires de Henri Louis Lekain*. Paris: Colnet; Debray; Mongie. Copy at Google Books.
* Monval, Georges (1900). "Le Kain", p. 81, in *Comédie-française (1658-1900): Liste alphabétique des sociétaires depuis Molière jusqu'à nos jours*. Paris: Aux Bureaux de l'Amateur d'autographes.
* Talma, François (1825). "Quelques Réflexions sur Lekain", p. iii, in *Mémoires de Lekain*. Paris: Ponthieu.


title: The Hockey Stick Illusion

abstract: The Hockey Stick Illusion: Climategate and the Corruption of Science is a book written by Andrew Montford and published by Stacey International in 2010, which promotes climate change denial. Montford, an accountant and science publisher who publishes a blog called 'Bishop Hill', writes about the "hockey stick graph" of global temperatures for the last 1000 years. The book has been criticized for its inaccuracies.

text:
# The Hockey Stick Illusion

***The Hockey Stick Illusion: Climategate and the Corruption of Science*** is a book written by Andrew Montford and published by Stacey International in 2010, which promotes climate change denial.

Montford, an accountant and science publisher who publishes a blog called 'Bishop Hill', writes about the "hockey stick graph" of global temperatures for the last 1000 years. The book has been criticized for its inaccuracies.

## Background

According to Montford, in 2005 he followed a link from a British political blog to the Climate Audit website. While perusing the site, Montford noticed that new readers often asked if there was an introduction to the site and the story of the hockey stick controversy. In 2008, after the story of Caspar Ammann's "purported" replication of the hockey stick became public, Montford wrote his own summary of the controversy.

Montford published the summary on his Bishop Hill blog and called it *Caspar and the Jesus paper*. Montford states that word of his article caused the traffic to his blog to surge from several hundred hits a day to 30,000 in just three days. Montford adds that there was also an attempt to use his article as a source in Wikipedia. After Montford saw the hockey stick graph used in a science book manuscript he was reviewing, he decided to expand his article into book form.

## Synopsis

*The Hockey Stick Illusion* first outlines a brief history of climate change science with particular emphasis on the description of the Medieval Warm Period in the first IPCC report in 1990, with its inclusion of a schematic based on central England temperatures which Montford describes as a representation of common knowledge at that time. He then argues that a need to overturn this "well-embedded paradigm" was met by the 1998 publication by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes' of their "hockey stick graph" in *Nature*. The book describes how Steve McIntyre first became interested in the graph in 2002 and the difficulties he found in replicating the results of "MBH98" (the original 1998 study) using available datasets, and further data which Mann gave him on request. It details the publication of a paper by McIntyre and Ross McKitrick in 2003 which criticized MBH98, and follows with Mann and his associates' rebuttals. The book recounts reactions to the dispute over the graph, including investigations by the National Academy of Sciences and Edward Wegman and hearings held on the graph before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Efforts taken by other scientists to verify Mann's work and McIntyre's and others' responses to those efforts are described.

The last chapter of the book deals with what the book calls "Climategate". Here, the author compares several e-mails to the evidence he presents in *The Hockey Stick Illusion.* Montford focuses on those e-mails dealing with the peer review process and how these pertained to Stephen McIntyre's efforts to obtain the data and methodology from Mann's and other paleoclimatologists' published works.

## Reception

Montford had set out to provide a more detailed explanation than the primers Ross McKitrick had written describing the case he and McIntyre had produced against the MBH climate reconstructions, and when McKitrick contributed to a 2014 compilation published by the Institute of Public Affairs think-tank, he opened with a sentence saying the "best place to start when learning about the hockey stick is Andrew Montford's superb book". Matt Ridley discussed it in *The Spectator*, and in *Prospect* magazine said the book was "written with grace and flair" and deserved to win prizes, while conceding that he had financial interests in coal mining.

Other reviewers criticized the book as providing cover for individuals opposing action on climate change. Bob Ward in *The Guardian* described how "Montford's entertaining conspiracy yarn" presented arguments based on "glaring inaccuracies". In *Geoscientist*, Ward said Montford's "incredible yarn is based on a misleading and one-sided version of events, littered with inaccuracies". Nick Hewitt in *Chemistry World* outlined the basic physics of climate change, and said that, unable to dispute this, climate deniers, "(or sceptics as they are disingenuously described in this book) have made sustained attempts to discredit climate scientists and the way they work", concluding that "Readers of *Chemistry World* will have far better things to do than read this pedantic book." Richard Joyner, writing in *Prospect*, described it as "a McCarthyite book that uses the full range of smear tactics to peddle climate change denial."

## Bibliography and further reading

## InfoBox

The Hockey Stick Illusion: Climategate and the Corruption of Science
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | A.W. Montford |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Climate change |
| Publisher | Stacey International |
| Publication date | 2010 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Pages | 482 |
| ISBN | 978-1-906768-35-5 |


title: Charlevoix (federal electoral district)

abstract: Charlevoix was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917 and from 1949 to 2004. The district was created in the British North America Act of 1867. It was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Charlevoix—Montmorency. The district was created again in 1947 from Charlevoix—Saguenay. It was abolished again in 2003 when it was redistributed into Charlevoix—Montmorency and Manicouagan ridings. The best-known person to represent this riding is Brian Mulroney who was Member of Parliament for the riding, for part of his term as Prime Minister of Canada, from 1988 to 1993.

text:
# Charlevoix (federal electoral district)

**Charlevoix** was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917 and from 1949 to 2004.

The district was created in the British North America Act of 1867. It was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Charlevoix—Montmorency. The district was created again in 1947 from Charlevoix—Saguenay. It was abolished again in 2003 when it was redistributed into Charlevoix—Montmorency and Manicouagan ridings.

The best-known person to represent this riding is Brian Mulroney who was Member of Parliament for the riding, for part of his term as Prime Minister of Canada, from 1988 to 1993.

## Members of Parliament

This riding elected the following members of the House of Commons of Canada:

| Parliament | Years | Member | | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Charlevoix** | | | | |
| 1st | 1867–1872 |  | Simon-Xavier Cimon | Conservative |
| 2nd | 1872–1874 |  | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | Liberal |
| 3rd | 1874–1876 | | | |
| | 1876–1877 |  | Hector-Louis Langevin | Conservative |
| | | | | 1877–1878 |
| 4th | 1878–1879 |  | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | Liberal |
| | 1879–1881 |  | Joseph-Stanislas Perrault | Conservative |
| | | 1881–1882 | | Simon-Xavier Cimon |
| 5th | | 1882–1887 | |
| 6th | | 1887–1887 |  | Independent Liberal |
| | 1887–1891 |  | Simon Cimon | Conservative |
| 7th | 1891–1895 |  | Henry Simard | Liberal |
| | 1896–1896 | | Louis-Charles-Alphonse Angers | |
| 8th | | | 1896–1900 | |
| 9th | | | 1900–1904 | |
| 10th | 1904–1908 |  | Rodolphe Forget | Conservative |
| 11th | 1908–1911 | | | |
| 12th | 1911–1917 | | | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* Charlevoix—Montmorency** | | | | |
| ***Riding re-created from* Charlevoix—Saguenay** | | | | |
| 21st | 1949–1953 |  | Auguste Maltais | Liberal |
| 22nd | 1953–1957 | | | |
| 23rd | 1957–1958 | | | |
| 24th | 1958–1962 |  | Martial Asselin | Progressive Conservative |
| 25th | 1962–1963 |  | Louis-Philippe-Antoine Bélanger | Social Credit |
| 26th | 1963–1965 | | | |
| 27th | 1965–1968 |  | Martial Asselin | Progressive Conservative |
| 28th | 1968–1972 | | | |
| 29th | 1972–1974 |  | Gilles Caouette | Social Credit |
| 30th | 1974–1979 |  | Charles Lapointe | Liberal |
| 31st | 1979–1980 | | | |
| 32nd | 1980–1984 | | | |
| 33rd | 1984–1988 |  | Charles-André Hamelin | Progressive Conservative |
| 34th | 1988–1993 | | Brian Mulroney | |
| 35th | 1993–1997 |  | Gérard Asselin | Bloc Québécois |
| 36th | 1997–2000 | | | |
| 37th | 2000–2004 | | | |
| ***Riding dissolved into* Charlevoix—Montmorency *and* Manicouagan** | | | | |

## Election results

| 1867 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon | 999 |
|  | Unknown | Adolphe Gagnon | 911 |
| Source: Canadian Elections Database | | | | | | |

| 1872 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | 1,485 |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon | 779 |
| Source: Canadian Elections Database | | | | | | |

| 1874 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | 1,377 |
|  | Conservative | Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau | 1,104 |
| Source: Canadian Elections Database | | | | | | |

| **By-election on 22 January 1876** Election declared void | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Hector-Louis Langevin | 952 |
|  | Liberal | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | 741 |

| **By-election on 23 March 1877** By-election declared void | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Hector-Louis Langevin | 1,185 |
|  | Liberal | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | 1,129 |

| 1878 Canadian federal election: Charlevoix | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Pierre-Alexis Tremblay | 1,052 |
|  | Unknown | Joseph-Stanislas Perrault | 936 |

| **By-election on 13 February 1879** Tremblay's death, 5 January 1879 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Joseph-Stanislas Perrault | 1,077 |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon | 898 |

| **By-election on 19 March 1881** By-election declared void | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon | 929 |
|  | Conservative | Joseph-Stanislas Perrault | 854 |

| 1882 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon | 954 |
|  | Unknown | J.A.J. Kane | 601 |

| 1887 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Independent Liberal | Simon-Xavier Cimon | 903 |
|  | Nationalist | J.A. Tremblay | 819 |
|  | Unknown | C.H.A. Clement | 688 |
|  | Unknown | J.A. Hamel | 309 |

| **By-election on 28 September 1887** Cimon's death, 26 June 1887 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon Jr. | 1,436 |
|  | Unknown | J.A. Tremblay | 1,025 |

| 1891 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Henry Simard | 1,542 |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon Jr. | 1,235 |

| **By-election on 27 January 1896** Simard's death, 6 November 1895 | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Louis Charles Alphonse Angers | acclaimed |

| 1896 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Louis Charles Alphonse Angers | 1,403 |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon Jr. | 1,273 |

| 1900 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Louis Charles Alphonse Angers | 1,517 |
|  | Conservative | Simon-Xavier Cimon Jr. | 1,342 |

| 1904 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Rodolphe Forget | 1,684 |
|  | Liberal | Louis Charles Alphonse Angers | 1,601 |

| 1908 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Rodolphe Forget | 1,934 |
|  | Liberal | Joseph Camille Pouliot | 1,725 |

| 1911 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Conservative | Rodolphe Forget | 2,020 |
|  | Liberal | Lucien Cannon | 1,358 |

| 1949 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Auguste Maltais | 9,543 |
|  | Independent | Emile Boiteau | 4,402 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Joseph-Hidas-Aimé Dufour | 1,608 |
|  | Union des électeurs | Pierre Simard | 940 |
|  | Independent Liberal | Donat Lacroix | 217 |

| 1953 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Auguste Maltais | 10,742 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Frédéric Dorion | 7,259 |

| 1957 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Auguste Maltais | 10,182 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Guy Dorion | 7,532 |
|  | Social Credit | Jean-Louis Hudon | 246 |
|  | Independent Liberal | Jos. Gignac | 213 |

| 1958 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Martial Asselin | 12,315 |
|  | Liberal | Auguste Maltais | 7,918 |

| 1962 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Social Credit | Louis-Philippe-Antoine Bélanger | 8,645 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Martial Asselin | 6,341 |
|  | Liberal | Auguste Maltais | 5,408 |

| 1963 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Social Credit | Louis-Philippe-Antoine Bélanger | 7,390 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Martial Asselin | 6,843 |
|  | Liberal | Meredy Bouchard | 5,787 |

| 1965 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Martial Asselin | 6,844 |
|  | Liberal | Aimé Racine | 6,676 |
|  | Ralliement créditiste | J.-Adélard Froment | 5,556 |
|  | New Democratic | Paul-Henri Dufresne | 556 |

| 1968 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Martial Asselin | 9,487 |
|  | Liberal | Aimé Racine | 8,282 |
|  | Ralliement créditiste | Raymond Poulin | 3,831 |
|  | New Democratic | Reginald Boulay | 1,070 |

| 1972 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Social Credit | Gilles Caouette | 10,264 |
|  | Liberal | Jean-Guy Alain | 10,105 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Pierre-Paul Savard | 5,747 |

| 1974 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Charles Lapointe | 10,372 |
|  | Social Credit | Gilles Caouette | 8,905 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Gualbert Tremblay | 4,942 |
|  | New Democratic | Gaétan Tremblay | 692 |

| 1979 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Charles Lapointe | 18,031 |
|  | Social Credit | Gabriel-Yvan Gagnon | 8,004 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Paul-André Tremblay | 4,503 |
|  | New Democratic | Normand Laforce | 613 |
|  | Union populaire | Margot Kaszap | 251 |

| 1980 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Liberal | Charles Lapointe | 22,130 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Jean-Pierre Dufour | 5,679 |
|  | New Democratic | Normand Laforce | 1,273 |
|  | Social Credit | Angelo Emond | 1,021 |
|  | Rhinoceros | Guy "Pantouffe" Laliberté | 945 |
|  | Union populaire | Lise Brodeur | 232 |
| lop.parl.ca | | | | | | |

| 1984 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Charles-André Hamelin | 23,661 |
|  | Liberal | Charles Lapointe | 11,906 |
|  | New Democratic | Jocelyn Toulouse | 1,022 |
|  | Parti nationaliste | Victorien Pilote | 610 |

| 1988 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Brian Mulroney | 33,730 |
|  | Liberal | Martin Cauchon | 5,994 |
|  | New Democratic | Kenneth Choquette | 1,819 |
|  | Rhinoceros | François Yo Gourd | 600 |

| 1993 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Gérard Asselin | 23,615 |
|  | Liberal | André Desgagnés | 7,140 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Gérard Guy | 6,781 |
|  | New Democratic | Audrey Carpentier | 552 |

| 1997 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Gérard Asselin | 19,792 |
|  | Liberal | Ghislain Maltais | 9,838 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Nicole Massicotte | 6,443 |
|  | New Democratic | François Dumoutier | 454 |

| 2000 Canadian federal election | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Expenditures |
|  | Bloc Québécois | Gérard Asselin | 20,479 | 61.44 |  | $74,392 |
|  | Liberal | Marjolaine Gagnon | 9,308 | 27.93 |  | $36,028 |
|  | Alliance | Pierre Paradis | 1,905 | 5.72 |  | $10,782 |
|  | Progressive Conservative | Doris Grondin | 1,154 | 3.46 |  | $91 |
|  | New Democratic | Joss Duhaime | 484 | 1.45 |  | $180 |
| Total valid votes | | | 33,330 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 923 |
| Turnout | | | 34,253 | 58.32 |
| Electors on the lists | | | 58,737 |
| Sources: Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada. | | | | | | |

Riding history from the Library of Parliament

## InfoBox

Charlevoix
| Quebec electoral district | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct federal electoral district | |
| Legislature | House of Commons |
| District created | 1947 |
| District abolished | 2003 |
| First contested | 1949 |
| Last contested | 2000 |


title: Cheltenham Ladies' College

abstract: Cheltenham Ladies' College (CLC) is a private boarding and day school for girls aged 11 or older in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. The school was established in 1853 to provide "a sound academic education for girls". It is also a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. The school badge depicts two martlets, inspiration for which was taken from the pigeons of the Cheltenham town coat of arms, above three stars, which are in turn above a daisy, a school symbol. In 2020, Cheltenham Ladies' College was named Southwest Independent School of the Decade by The Times and The Sunday Times. It is listed in The Schools Index as one of the world's 150 leading schools and one of the top 30 UK senior schools.

text:
# Cheltenham Ladies' College

**Cheltenham Ladies' College** (**CLC**) is a private boarding and day school for girls aged 11 or older in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. The school was established in 1853 to provide "a sound academic education for girls". It is also a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.

The school badge depicts two martlets, inspiration for which was taken from the pigeons of the Cheltenham town coat of arms, above three stars, which are in turn above a daisy, a school symbol.

In 2020, Cheltenham Ladies' College was named Southwest Independent School of the Decade by *The Times and The Sunday Times*. It is listed in The Schools Index as one of the world's 150 leading schools and one of the top 30 UK senior schools.

## History

The school was founded in 1853 after six individuals, including the Principal and Vice-Principal of Cheltenham College and four other men, decided to create a girls' school that would be similar to Cheltenham College. On 13 February 1854, the first 82 pupils began attending the school, with Annie Procter serving as the school's Principal. In 1858, upon Procter resigning from her position, the Principal's post was taken by Dorothea Beale, a prominent suffragist educator who later founded St Hilda's College, Oxford. Beale, Louisa Lumsden and Frances Dove maintained their strong links with Cheltenham's contemporary, St Leonard's School. Beale was commemorated by a Cheltenham Civic Society blue plaque in 2017. In 1998, it was announced that sixth-form girls at the school would be allowed to wear trousers for the first time.

## Structure and academic results

The school is divided into three divisions, Lower College (KS3), Upper College (KS4) and Sixth Form College (KS5). The school gives pupils a choice in what they study. A range of subject combinations is available to Upper College girls at GCSE, and for Sixth Form girls at A-level or International Baccalaureate (IB). Tutors are full-time academic members of staff and advise girls on matters relating to their academic work and progress, while the Professional Guidance Centre gives advice on career options and university applications. Most pupils go on to continue higher education.

The school's academic results are high, both compared to the national average and within the independent sector. From 2014 to 2017, the school reported that over two thirds of A-level results and approximately 90% of GCSE results were A\* or A grades. Since 2015, the school has been the top girls boarding school in the country for IB results for three consecutive years. In 2019, 71% of students scored A\*/A for their A-level examinations awhile 90% scored A\*/A for GCSE.

## Houses

The school is made up of around 80% boarders and 20% day girls. Whether boarders or day girls, pupils are part of a junior or senior house and are supervised by a Housemistress and a team of House Staff.

Girls who board live in one of eleven boarding houses. There are six junior houses for 11- to 16-year-olds, and five senior houses for sixth form girls. The junior houses are Farnley Lodge, Glenlee, Sidney Lodge, St. Austin's, St. Helen's, and St. Margaret's. At Sixth Form, all girls move to a senior house. The senior houses are Beale, Cambray, Elizabeth, Roderic and St. Hilda's. Each house is run by a housemistress and several resident staff. The housemistresses have a lighter teaching load with a full-time commitment supervising their boarders.

Junior day girls have their own base in Eversleigh, where the three junior houses, Bellairs, Glengar and St Clare, are located. The senior day girl house, Bayshill, is situated in the main college site.

## Co-curriculars

Over 160 co-curricular activities are available.

### Music and Drama

The Music and Drama departments offer productions and concerts each year involving all age groups. Over 1,000 individual instrumental lessons take place each week.

In October 2009, Sir Richard Eyre opened the school's new drama building, The Parabola Arts Centre (PAC). The building was built by Foster Wilson Architects and cost over £12.5 million, funded by donations. The school is a major sponsor of the Cheltenham Music, Literature, Jazz and Science Festivals and events are hosted at the centre annually. The PAC building was awarded the RIBA award. In 2010, Sharman Macdonald (Keira Knightley's mother) was commissioned to write the college's play. In 2016, the school also invested in a new recording studio.

### Sports

In 2018, the school opened a new Health and Fitness Centre.

Sports facilities include a 25-metre six-lane swimming-pool, netball courts, tennis courts, squash courts, AstroTurf fields, lacrosse pitches, a spin studio, two dance studios and two sports halls.

Over 30 sports are offered, and students are encouraged to maintain their fitness and wellbeing through physical exercise. The main sports are Netball, Lacrosse and Hockey in the winter, and Tennis, Swimming and Athletics in the Summer. The school also has a well-established Rowing Club, and Equestrian and Ski teams.

## Admissions

The school is one of the hardest UK private schools to get into, with competition for places at sixth form being "fierce". Entry to Cheltenham Ladies' College is by examination for girls aged 11+, 13+ and 16+ (Sixth Form), as well as occasionally at 12+ and 14+ where only a few students are admitted.

## Inspections

The school was last inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate in October 2014. It achieved the grade "Excellent" in all areas.

In the *Financial Times'* secondary school ranking, Cheltenham Ladies College was placed at no. 14 in 2010 and no. 34 in 2011. The college was the top girls boarding school and 6th overall in UK rankings for the International Baccalaureate Diploma in 2017.

The *Tatler School Guide 2018* notes that "confident, resilient, clever girls flourish" at the college. The *Good Schools Guide* described the school as "a top flight school with strong traditional values and a clear sense of purpose. For the bright and energetic all rounder this school offers an exceptional education that is both broad and deep, with endless opportunities for fun and enrichment along the way."

In 2020, Cheltenham Ladies' College was named South West Independent Secondary School of the Decade by *The Times and The Sunday Times*. The awards, published in the "Parent Power" schools guide, commend schools that have achieved academic excellence and provided an outstanding education over the previous decade.

As one of the oldest and most prestigious all-girls' boarding schools in the UK, the school has often been referred to as "the girls' Eton". However, the school has worked hard to play down this reputation.

In 2008 BBC Four made a three-part documentary series titled *My New Best Friend* to emphasise the importance and nature of friendship among children. The first episode tracked the journey of four young girls starting at Cheltenham Ladies' College.

Cheltenham Ladies' College is mentioned in the film *St Trinian's* (2007) as the previous school of the main character.

## List of Principals

## Notable staff

## Notable pupils

Guild is the association of College's former pupils.

### The arts

### Politics, law and civil service

### Sciences, technology, engineering

### Journalism and authors

### Sports

### Other

## InfoBox

| Cheltenham Ladies' College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Bayshill Road
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, GL50 3EP
England | |
| Coordinates | 51°53′52″N 2°4′53″W / 51.89778°N 2.08139°W / 51.89778; -2.08139 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private school
Boarding and day school |
| Motto | Cœlesti Luce Crescat (May she grow in Heavenly light) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Church of England |
| Established | 1853 (1853) |
| Principal | Eve Jardine-Young |
| Staff | 215 |
| Gender | Girls |
| Age | 11 to 18 |
| Enrolment | 850 |
| Colour(s) | CLC Green |
| Website | cheltladiescollege.org |


title: Thekkemala

abstract: Thekkemala is a small sub-village of Kozhencherry in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India.

text:
# Thekkemala

**Thekkemala** is a small sub-village of Kozhencherry in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India.

## Transportation

Thekkemala is a big junction. The roads to Aranmula, Chengannur, Pandalam, and Pathanamthitta join in Thekkemala.

## Churches

On the way to Kozhencherry there is a big Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church named Mar Beshanania Church. It's a four way junction leading to Pathanamthitta, Punnakadu, Aranmula.

There is also an Pentecostal Mission church named Thekkemala Apostolic Mission (TAMI).

## Demographics

The majority of the population are Christians and Hindus.

## InfoBox

| Thekkemala | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| ThekkemalaLocation in Kerala, IndiaThekkemalaThekkemala (India) | |
| Coordinates: 9°19′37″N 76°42′19″E / 9.3268200°N 76.7053530°E / 9.3268200; 76.7053530 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Pathanamthitta |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | KL- |
| Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |
| Climate | Tropical monsoon (Köppen) |
| Avg. summer temperature | 35 °C (95 °F) |
| Avg. winter temperature | 20 °C (68 °F) |


title: Red Bud, Illinois

abstract: Red Bud is a city in Randolph County, Illinois, in the United States. The population was 3,804 at the 2020 census. It is the home of the Red Bud campus of Southwestern Illinois College.

text:
# Red Bud, Illinois

**Red Bud** is a city in Randolph County, Illinois, in the United States. The population was 3,804 at the 2020 census.

It is the home of the Red Bud campus of Southwestern Illinois College.

## Geography

Red Bud is located at 38°12′37″N 89°59′47″W / 38.210205°N 89.996494°W / 38.210205; -89.996494.

According to the 2010 census, Red Bud has a total area of 2.453 square miles (6.35 km2), of which 2.43 square miles (6.29 km2) (or 99.06%) is land and 0.023 square miles (0.06 km2) (or 0.94%) is water.

Red Bud lies in the northwestern part of Randolph County and is bounded on the north and west by Monroe County, on the east by the Kaskaskia River, and on the south by Ruma and Horse creeks. Originally it was two-thirds rich rolling prairie, with good timber bordering the Kaskaskia.

## History

The city receives its name from the redbud tree, a species of flora that grows in the area. The first development by a European settler within what is now the city limits was made by Preston Brickey in 1820. He constructed a log cabin near the current intersection of Main and Power streets, and there cultivated a farm. In 1839, James Pollock placed a small stock of goods in the log cabin built by Henry Simmons, where he did business for about a year. This was located where Lutheran cemetery now exists. The next year he moved his stock of goods into a log building erected by John C. Crozier. He continued the business there about three years, when he moved to Preston. In 1840, R.D. Dufree became the first permanent merchant in Red Bud. Two years later he built a frame store house on the southeast corner of Main and Market streets. The first brick school house was erected in 1854, in the east part of town.

### Incorporation and charter

The village of Red Bud was organized on April 19, 1866, with officers as follows: John Brickey – president of board, Gerhard Boekhoff, William Schuck, Gerhard Ortgeisen, and John Brunner. B.C.F. Janssen was appointed clerk, John Washbaugh constable, and Boekhoff treasurer.

Red Bud was chartered as a city on February 28, 1867. In April the city officer elections were held and came out as follows: Mayor- Jacob Miller; Aldermen- Alexander Green, Henry Fohrell, John Gerner, Peter Kardell, Benedict Rau, and Frederick Roepke. City Treasurer was George Carl, City Attorney was Joseph Simpson, Police Magistrate was John Stoehr, Clerk was Fred Guker, and City Marshal was J. Matt Smith.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1870 | 880 |  |  |
| 1880 | 1,338 |  | 52.0% |
| 1890 | 1,176 |  | −12.1% |
| 1900 | 1,169 |  | −0.6% |
| 1910 | 1,240 |  | 6.1% |
| 1920 | 1,141 |  | −8.0% |
| 1930 | 1,208 |  | 5.9% |
| 1940 | 1,302 |  | 7.8% |
| 1950 | 1,519 |  | 16.7% |
| 1960 | 1,942 |  | 27.8% |
| 1970 | 2,559 |  | 31.8% |
| 1980 | 2,850 |  | 11.4% |
| 1990 | 2,918 |  | 2.4% |
| 2000 | 3,422 |  | 17.3% |
| 2010 | 3,698 |  | 8.1% |
| 2020 | 3,804 |  | 2.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census 2020 | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,422 people, 4,370 households, and 935 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,626.3 inhabitants per square mile (627.9/km2). There were 1,462 housing units at an average density of 694.8 units per square mile (268.3 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.71% White, 0.32% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.

There were 1,370 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,300, and the median income for a family was $50,280. Males had a median income of $36,049 versus $20,957 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,967. About 6.0% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* Combined History of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Illinois. (1883). Philadelphia: J. L. McDonough & Co.
* "Deer Fest."" *North County News* \[Red Bud, Illinois\] November 5, 2009: page 1B
* "Holiday Happenings." *North County News* \[Red Bud, Illinois\] November 12, 2009: page 1B
* http://www.redbudchamber.com/festivals/deerfest: Retrieved on 2009-11-29.

## InfoBox

| Red Bud | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| Location of Red Bud in Randolph County, Illinois. | |
| Location of Illinois in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 38°12′37″N 89°59′47″W / 38.21028°N 89.99639°W / 38.21028; -89.99639 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Randolph |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Susan Harbaugh |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.65 sq mi (6.85 km2) |
| Land | 2.62 sq mi (6.79 km2) |
| Water | 0.02 sq mi (0.06 km2) |
| Elevation | 453 ft (138 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,804 |
| Density | 1,450.25/sq mi (559.92/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 62278 |
| Area code | 618 |
| FIPS code | 17-63043 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396334 |
| Wikimedia Commons | Red Bud, Illinois |
| Website | www.cityofredbud.org |


title: Southern Illinois Salukis baseball

abstract: The Southern Illinois Salukis baseball team represents Southern Illinois University in NCAA Division I college baseball. They are part of the Missouri Valley Conference. Twenty-four Saluki Baseball alumni have gone on to the Major Leagues.

text:
# Southern Illinois Salukis baseball

The **Southern Illinois Salukis baseball team** represents Southern Illinois University in NCAA Division I college baseball. They are part of the Missouri Valley Conference. Twenty-four Saluki Baseball alumni have gone on to the Major Leagues.

## History

On June 20, 2019, Southern Illinois University Director of Athletics Jerry Kill announced Lance Rhodes as the program's new head coach. Rhodes is a Sikeston, Missouri, native, and joined the Saluki baseball program from the University of Missouri, where he had served as the head assistant and recruiting coordinator. Prior to his time at the University of Missouri, Rhodes served as the recruiting coordinator at Southeast Missouri State University; helping them to three years of program dominance by winning three straight Ohio Valley Conference championships (2014, 2015, 2016).

SIU baseball started as a club sport in 1921, lasting until 1924. From 1925 until 1946, the school did not have a baseball program.

In 1947, Abe Martin revived the program as an intercollegiate sport and it has remained ever since, being an elite program in the late 1960s through the 1980s.

SIU plays its home games at Itchy Jones Stadium.

## SIU in the NCAA tournament

SIU has a proud history in the NCAA baseball tournament, held in Omaha since 1950 and at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010. They have made the College World Series 5 times and finished as the national champion runner-up twice (losing out to the University of Southern California Trojans both times) and as third-place finishers twice.

| Year | Record | Pct | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1966 | 0–2 | .000 | Eliminated by Valparaiso |
| 1967 | 1–2 | .333 | Eliminated by Western Michigan |
| 1968 | 6–2 | .750 | Eliminated by USC in championship game
College World Series (2nd place) |
| 1969 | 3–2 | .600 | Eliminated by Ole Miss
College World Series (7th place) |
| 1970 | 2–2 | .500 | Eliminated by Ohio |
| 1971 | 7–3 | .700 | Eliminated by USC in championship game College World Series (2nd place) |
| 1973 | 2–2 | .500 | Eliminated by Minnesota |
| 1974 | 7–3 | .500 | Eliminated by USC in CWS semifinals
College World Series (3rd place) |
| 1976 | 0–2 | .000 | Eliminated by Michigan |
| 1977 | 6–2 | .750 | Eliminated by Arizona State in CWS Semifinals College World Series (3rd place) |
| 1978 | 2–2 | .500 | Eliminated by Oral Roberts |
| 1981 | 1–2 | .333 | Eliminated by Oral Roberts |
| 1986 | 1–2 | .333 | Eliminated by Texas |
| 1990 | 2–2 | .500 | Eliminated by San Diego State |
| **TOTALS** | **40–30** | **.571** |  |

## Head coaches

| Coach | Years | Record |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Lance Rhodes | 2020–present | 96–42 |
| Ken Henderson | 2011–2019 | 241–294–1 |
| Dan Callahan | 1995–2010 | 442–447–1 |
| Sam Riggelman | 1991–1994 | 82–114–1 |
| Itch Jones | 1970–1990 | 738–345–5 |
| Joe Lutz | 1966–1969 | 130–48–2 |
| Abe Martin | 1947–1965 | 277–155–2 |
| William McAndrew | 1921–1924 | 20–6 |

## Notable former players

## InfoBox

| Southern Illinois Salukis | |
| --- | --- |
| *2024 Southern Illinois Salukis baseball team* | |
|  | |
| Founded | 1947 (1947) |
| University | Southern Illinois University |
| Head coach | Lance Rhodes (5th season) |
| Conference | MVC |
| Location | Carbondale, IL |
| Home stadium | Itchy Jones Stadium
(Capacity: 2,000) |
| Nickname | Salukis |
| Colors | Maroon and white
 |
| College World Series runner-up | |
| 1968, 1971 | |
| College World Series appearances | |
| 1968, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1977 | |
| NCAA regional champions | |
| 1977 | |
| NCAA Tournament appearances | |
| 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1986, 1990 | |
| Conference tournament champions | |
| 1977, 1978, 1981, 1990 | |
| Regular season conference champions | |
| 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1990, 2022 | |


title: Shamseddin Amir-Alai

abstract: Shamseddin Amir-Alai was an Iranian politician who served as both interior minister and justice minister in the first cabinet of Mohammad Mosaddegh. He also held other government and diplomatic posts.

text:
# Shamseddin Amir-Alai

**Shamseddin Amir-Alai** (1900–August 1994) was an Iranian politician who served as both interior minister and justice minister in the first cabinet of Mohammad Mosaddegh. He also held other government and diplomatic posts.

## Early life and education

Amir-Alai was born in Tehran in 1900. His father was Ali Akbar Khan Najd al Saltanah. He received a bachelor's degree in finance and administration from a European university. In 1964 he obtained his PhD in political science in Paris.

## Career and activities

Following his return to Iran Amir-Alai worked at the Ministry of Post and then, at the Ministry of Justice. In the latter he served as a judge. Later he worked at the Ministry of Agriculture as a senior official. In February 1946 he was named as the minister of agriculture after serving as acting minister in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Ahmad Qavam.

Amir-Alai joined the National Front established by Mohammad Mosaddegh and was one of the individuals who signed the Charter of the Front in February 1949. Amir-Alai held several government positions during Mossadegh's premiership. He was the minister of interior in the first cabinet of Mosaddegh and the minister of justice in his second cabinet. Then he was appointed by Mosaddegh as the ambassador of Iran to Belgium.

At the beginning of 1950s he was appointed governor of Gilan during the premiership of Ali Razmara. Razmara's successor Hossein Ala' named Amir-Alai as minister of justice in March 1951. In May 1955 Amir-Alai and four other political figures, including Bagher Kazemi, who were all close to Mosaddegh were arrested on the orders of the military governor of Tehran, Teymur Bakhtiar.

Following the regime change in Iran in 1979 Amir-Alai was appointed ambassador of Iran to France, but he resigned from the post in 1980 due to his conflict with the foreign minister, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh. Later Amir-Alai became an opposition leader.

## Death and funeral

Amir-Alai died in a car accident outside his home in August 1994 which is considered by the Iranian opposition as mysterious. His funeral ceremony was held on 11 August 1994, and he was buried in Behesht e Zahra cemetery.

During his funeral another leading opposition figure, Dariush Forouhar, was abducted by the Iranian intelligence personnel.

## InfoBox

| Shamseddin Amir-Alai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1900
Tehran, Sublime State of Persia |
| Died | August 1994 (aged 9394)
Tehran, Iran |
| Resting place | Behesht e Zahra cemetery, Tehran, Iran |
| Nationality | Iranian |
| Political party | National Front |
| Parent | Ali Akbar Khan Najd al Saltanah (Father) |


title: Bill Dowdy

abstract: Bill Dowdy was an American jazz musician and teacher. He was the drummer with the jazz trio, The Three Sounds. The Three Sounds recorded over ten jazz albums from the 1950s through the early 1970s and played with Lester Young, Lou Donaldson, Nat Adderley, Johnny Griffin, Anita O'Day and Sonny Stitt among others.

text:
# Bill Dowdy

**Bill Dowdy** (August 15, 1932 – May 12, 2017) was an American jazz musician and teacher. He was the drummer with the jazz trio, The Three Sounds. The Three Sounds recorded over ten jazz albums from the 1950s through the early 1970s and played with Lester Young, Lou Donaldson, Nat Adderley, Johnny Griffin, Anita O'Day and Sonny Stitt among others.

## Biography

Bill Dowdy was born in Osceola, Arkansas. He moved with his family to Benton Harbor, Michigan when he was six months old. At a young age he would beat on things as if he were playing the drums, an indication of his future musical career. In high school he learned to play the piano and the drums. He had a group called Club 49 Trio in 1949 which group played on the radio in Chicago.

After Dowdy started his own music group, he moved to Battle Creek and joined a band before being drafted by the Army. Afterwards he moved to Chicago and took private lessons to improve his musical skills. Over time Dowdy became a professional drummer, eventually playing with many blues bands. Dowdy continued traveling, from New York to Los Angeles, and from Canada to the south. His idols included Gene Krupa, Max Roach, and Roy Haynes.

Dowdy died on May 12, 2017.

## Discography

**With The Three Sounds**

* *The Encyclopedia of Jazz*. Leonard G. Feather. 1984. P. 185.
* *The Giants of Jazz Piano*. Backbeat Books. 2001. P. 184–186. "(History of the Three Sounds)"

## InfoBox

| Bill Dowdy | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1932-08-15)August 15, 1932<br>Osceola, Arkansas, United States |
| Died | May 12, 2017(2017-05-12) (aged 84) |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupation(s) | Musician, teacher |
| Instrument(s) | Drums, piano |
| Years active | 1949-1970s |
| Formerly of |  |