title: Ripcord World Tour

abstract: The Ripcord World Tour was the tenth headlining concert tour by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban, in support of his ninth studio album Ripcord (2016). The tour began on 2 June 2016 in Bonner Springs, Kansas and concluded on 17 December 2016 with two shows in Brisbane, Australia. Brett Eldredge, Maren Morris, and Dallas Smith all served as supporting acts for Urban in North America. The Oceania leg of the tour was co-headlined with American singer Carrie Underwood, with Buchanan as opening act.

text:
# Ripcord World Tour

The **Ripcord World Tour** (stylized as the **ripCORD World Tour**) was the tenth headlining concert tour by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban, in support of his ninth studio album *Ripcord* (2016). The tour began on 2 June 2016 in Bonner Springs, Kansas and concluded on 17 December 2016 with two shows in Brisbane, Australia. Brett Eldredge, Maren Morris, and Dallas Smith all served as supporting acts for Urban in North America. The Oceania leg of the tour was co-headlined with American singer Carrie Underwood, with Buchanan as opening act.

## Background

The tour was first announced in January 2016. About the tour, Urban said that new music from RipCORD would be played, there would be new production, and that he would be playing in cities he'd never been to before. Australian dates were announced in April 2016.

## Opening acts

## Setlists

North America

This set list was obtained from the 2 June 2016 concert in Bonner Springs, Kansas. It does not represent all concerts during the tour.

1. "Gone Tomorrow (Here Today)"
2. "Long Hot Summer"
3. "Break on Me"
4. "Where the Blacktop Ends"
5. "Somewhere in My Car"
6. "Everybody"
7. "Blue Ain't Your Color"
8. "Gettin' in the Way"
9. "Days Go By"
10. "We Were Us" (performed with Maren Morris)
11. "Cop Car"
12. "The Fighter"
13. "You Gonna Fly"
14. "You Look Good in My Shirt"
15. "Somebody Like You"
16. "That Could Still Be Us"
17. "Little Bit of Everything"
18. "Sun Don’t Let Me Down"
19. "Wasted Time"
20. "John Cougar, John Deere, John 3:16"
21. "But for the Grace of God"

Encore 1. "Stupid Boy"
2. "Raise 'Em Up"

Oceania  1. "Gone Tomorrow (Here Today)"
2. "Long Hot Summer"
3. "Break on Me"
4. "Where the Blacktop Ends"
5. "Somewhere in My Car"
6. "Worry 'Bout Nothin'"
7. "Blue Ain't Your Color"
8. "Days Go By"
9. "We Were Us"
10. "Cop Car"
11. "Sweet Thing"
12. "Unintended"
13. "One Call Away"
14. "Sun Don't Let Me Down"
15. "The Fighter" / "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
16. "You Look Good in My Shirt"
17. "Somebody Like You"
18. "Who Wouldn't Wanna Be Me"
19. "Little Bit of Everything"
20. "John Cougar, John Deere, John 3:16" / "Jack & Diane" / "No Woman, No Cry"
21. "Wasted Time"

Encore 1. "Making Memories of Us"
2. "Stupid Boy"
3. "Raise 'Em Up"

Carrie Underwood set list

Carrie Underwood co-headlined with Urban during shows in Oceania.

1. "Good Girl"
2. "Undo It"
3. "Church Bells"
4. "Wasted"
5. "Jesus, Take the Wheel"
6. "Blown Away"
7. "Cowboy Casanova"
8. "Dirty Laundry"
9. "Last Name"
10. "I Will Always Love You" (Dolly Parton cover)
11. "Flat on the Floor"
12. "Smoke Break"
13. "Before He Cheats"
14. "Something in the Water"

Encore 1. "The Fighter" (with Keith Urban)
2. "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" (with Keith Urban)

## Tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue | Opening acts | Attendance | Revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| North America Leg 1 | | | | | | |
| 2 June 2016 | Bonner Springs | United States | Providence Medical Center Amphitheater | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris | 10,465 / 18,000 | $428,856 |
| 3 June 2016 | Maryland Heights | | Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre | | 14,655 / 20,000 | $510,366 |
| 4 June 2016 | Noblesville | | Klipsch Music Center | | 14,470 / 24,665 | $501,101 |
| 10 June 2016 | Myrtle Beach | | Burroughs & Chapin Pavilion Place |  | | |
| 11 June 2016 | Alpharetta | | Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris | 11,996 / 12,548 | $666,386 |
| 16 June 2016 | Orange Beach | | | Amphitheater at The Wharf | 8,812 / 8,812 | $428,354 |
| 17 June 2016 | Tampa | | | MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre | 12,895 / 19,065 | $496,286 |
| 18 June 2016 | West Palm Beach | | | Perfect Vodka Amphitheatre | 12,327 / 19,296 | $451,195 |
| 23 June 2016 | Clarkston | | | DTE Energy Music Theatre | 14,609 / 14,950 | $610,290 |
| 24 June 2016 | Hopewell | | | CMAC | 9,942 / 14,772 | $455,972 |
| 25 June 2016 | Mansfield | | | Xfinity Center | 17,425 / 19,732 | $673,264 |
| 2 July 2016 | Gilford | | | Bank of New Hampshire Pavilion | 11,985 / 16,740 | $862,430 |
| 3 July 2016 | | | | |
| 8 July 2016 | Toronto | Canada | | Molson Canadian Amphitheatre | 27,299 / 31,312 | $961,690 |
| 9 July 2016 | | | | | |
| 14 July 2016 | Cincinnati | United States | | Riverbend Music Center | 12,928 / 20,317 | $441,637 |
| 15 July 2016 | Cuyahoga Falls | | | Blossom Music Center | 16,171 / 20,867 | $641,740 |
| 16 July 2016 | Holmdel | | | PNC Bank Arts Center | 16,253 / 16,748 | $640,540 |
| 21 July 2016 | West Valley City | | | USANA Amphitheatre | 16,221 / 19,782 | $627,456 |
| 22 July 2016 | Greenwood Village | | | Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre | 16,444 / 17,168 | $788,017 |
| 23 July 2016 | Albuquerque | | | Isleta Amphitheater | 9,782 / 15,251 | $328,659 |
| 27 July 2016 | Stateline | | | Lake Tahoe Outdoor Arena | 13,644 / 14,888 | $1,175,359 |
| 28 July 2016 | Mountain View | | Shoreline Amphitheatre | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris | 13,131 / 22,000 | $476,818 |
| 29 July 2016 | Stateline | | Lake Tahoe Outdoor Arena |  | The boxscore for this date is included in the box score for 27 July according to Billboard. | |
| 31 July 2016 | George | | The Gorge Amphitheatre |  | | |
| 4 August 2016 | Bozeman | | Brick Breeden Fieldhouse | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris | 6,076 / 7,610 | $383,325 |
| 5 August 2016 | Pocatello | | | Portneuf Health Trust Amphitheatre | 9,033 / 10,901 | $455,505 |
| 7 August 2016 | George | | The Gorge Amphitheatre |  | | |
| 18 August 2016 | Charlotte | | PNC Music Pavilion | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris | 11,022 / 18,772 | $393,442 |
| 19 August 2016 | Raleigh | | | Coastal Credit Union Music Park | 13,642 / 18,033 | $440,343 |
| 20 August 2016 | Virginia Beach | | | Veterans United Home Loans Amphitheater | 11,615 / 18,216 | $403,761 |
| 25 August 2016 | Geddes | | | Lakeview Amphitheater | 9,068 / 17,030 | $378,646 |
| 26 August 2016 | Camden | | BB&T Pavilion | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris | 14,039 / 24,761 | $526,219 |
| 27 August 2016 | Bristow | | | Jiffy Lube Live | 16,248 / 23,305 | $627,666 |
| 10 September 2016 | Vancouver | Canada | Rogers Arena | Dallas Smith
Maren Morris | 12,798 / 13,134 | $933,469 |
| 11 September 2016 | Kelowna | | Prospera Place | | 4,583 / 4,583 | $496,065 |
| 13 September 2016 | Prince George | | CN Centre | | 4,575 / 4,575 | $512,476 |
| 15 September 2016 | Calgary | | Scotiabank Saddledome | | 11,012 / 11,012 | $846,851 |
| 16 September 2016 | Edmonton | | Rogers Place | | 12,032 / 12,032 | $920,283 |
| 17 September 2016 | Saskatoon | | SaskTel Centre | | 10,808 / 10,808 | $821,051 |
| Oceania | | | | | | |
| 30 September 2016 | Deniliquin | Australia | Deniliquin Festival Site |  | | |
| North America Leg 2 | | | | | | |
| 6 October 2016 | Bismarck | United States | Bismarck Civic Center | Brett Eldredge
Maren Morris |  |  |
| 7 October 2016 | Sioux City | | Gateway Arena | | | |
| 8 October 2016 | Lincoln | | Pinnacle Bank Arena | | | |
| 13 October 2016 | San Antonio | | Illusions Theater | | 7,030 / 10,795 | $384,263 |
| 14 October 2016 | Dallas | | American Airlines Center | | 10,082 / 11,780 | $521,175 |
| 15 October 2016 | New Orleans | | Smoothie King Center | | 9,746 / 10,235 | $545,374 |
| 20 October 2016 | Los Angeles | | Staples Center | | 10,863 / 10,863 | $765,100 |
| 21 October 2016 | Las Vegas | | T-Mobile Arena | |  |  |
| 22 October 2016 | Phoenix | | Talking Stick Resort Arena | | 11,503 / 11,503 | $569,256 |
| 27 October 2016 | Moline | | iWireless Center | | 8,580 / 10,088 | $422,371 |
| 28 October 2016 | Rosemont | | Allstate Arena | | 12,205 / 12,205 | $712,170 |
| 29 October 2016 | Toledo | | Huntington Center | | 7,451 / 7,451 | $502,134 |
| 4 November 2016 | Milwaukee | | BMO Harris Bradley Center | |  |  |
| 5 November 2016 | Minneapolis | | Target Center | |  |  |
| 6 November 2016 | Duluth | | AMSOIL Arena | |  |  |
| 11 November 2016 | Nashville | | Bridgestone Arena | | 13,462 / 13,462 | $670,165 |
| 12 November 2016 | Bloomington | | U.S. Cellular Coliseum | | 6,391 / 6,904 | $404,834 |
| 13 November 2016 | Youngstown | | Covelli Centre | | 5,805 / 5,894 | $426,083 |
| 17 November 2016 | Hershey | | Giant Center | | 8,493 / 8,493 | $489,987 |
| 18 November 2016 | Uncasville | | Mohegan Sun Arena | | 5,044 / 5,131 | $455,910 |
| 19 November 2016 | Brooklyn | | Barclays Center | | 10,664 / 12,883 | $697,746 |
| Oceania (with Carrie Underwood) | | | | | | |
| 3 December 2016 | Wellington | New Zealand | Westpac Stadium | Buchanan |  | |
| 6 December 2016 | Adelaide | Australia | Adelaide Entertainment Centre | |  | |
| 8 December 2016 | Melbourne | | Rod Laver Arena | | 18,726 / 19,310 | $1,867,220 |
| 9 December 2016 | | | | |
| 10 December 2016 | Canberra | | GIO Stadium | |  | |
| 12 December 2016 | Sydney | | Qudos Bank Arena | | 12,333 / 12,709 | $1,260,600 |
| 14 December 2016 | | | ICC Sydney Theatre | | 7,575 / 7,588 | $700,273 |
| 16 December 2016 | Brisbane | | Brisbane Entertainment Centre | | 18,585 / 18,920 | $1,881,310 |
| 17 December 2016 | | | | |
| Total | | | | | **612,543 / 757,899** | **$33,581,489** |

Festivals and other miscellaneous performances

### Cancellations and rescheduled shows

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 27 October 2016 | Grand Rapids, Michigan | Van Andel Arena | Cancelled |

1. "Keith Urban Events". Official Keith Urban site. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
2. Leahey, Andrew (11 April 2016). "Carrie Underwood Joins Keith Urban's Australian Tour". *Rolling Stone*. Wenner Media, LLC. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
3. Reuter, Annie (11 January 2016). "Keith Urban Announces 2016 Ripcord World Tour". *Taste of Country*. Taste of Country Network. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
4. "RIPCORD TOUR IN AUSTRALIA". Keith Urban official site. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
5. Stephens, Samantha (11 January 2016). "Keith Urban Announces RipCORD World Tour". *CMT News*. Viacom Media Networks. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
6. "Dallas Smith Joins Keith Urban on Tour". *CMT News*. Corus Entertainment. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
7. "Keith Urban Confirms 'Buchanan' As Opening Act For The 'ripCORD World Tour Australia 2016' With Carrie Underwood", *Australian Musician Network*. 14 July 2016, accessed 14 July 2016.
8. Finn, Timothy. "Keith Urban unleashes a bounty of music flavors for a big Bonner Springs crowd". *The Kansas City Star*. The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
9. "Keith Urban Setlist at Westpac Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand". *setlist.fm*. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
10. "Carrie Underwood Setlist at Westpac Stadium, Wellington, New Zealand". *setlist.fm*. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
11. Dukes, Billy (28 April 2016). "Keith Urban Adds Canadian Dates to Ripcord World Tour". *Taste of Country*. Townsquare Media, LLC. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
12. "Current Boxscore". *Billboard*. Vol. 128. New York. 9 July 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
13. "Current Boxscore". *Billboard*. Vol. 128, no. 17. New York. 2 July 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
14. "Current Boxscore". *Billboard*. Vol. 128, no. 19. New York. 30 July 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
15. "Keith Urban to play the Harveys Lake Tahoe Summer Concert Series". *Tahoe Daily Tribune*. Swift Communications. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
16. "Keith Urban to play the Harveys Lake Tahoe Summer Concert Series". *Tahoe Daily Tribune*. Swift Communications. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
17. Deccio, Xander (30 January 2016). "Keith Urban, Eric Church, And Jason Aldean Headline Watershed Festival". *Inquisitr*. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
18. Deccio, Xander (30 January 2016). "Keith Urban, Eric Church, And Jason Aldean Headline Watershed Festival". *Inquisitr*. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
19. "Keith Urban to open 2016 N.Y. State Fair at new concert venue". *The Daily News*. Batavia Newspapers Corporation. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
20. Adams, Cameron (2 May 2016). "Country superstar Keith Urban heading home to headline this year's Deni Ute Muster". *News.com.au*. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
21. "Keith Urban, Shannon Noll Announced For 2016 Deni Ute Muster". *The Music*. Street Press Australia Pty Ltd. 3 May 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
22. Reuter, Annie (11 January 2016). "Keith Urban Announces 2016 Ripcord World Tour". *Taste of Country*. Townsquare Media, LLC. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
23. "Keith Urban, Carrie Underwood heading to Wellington". *Newshub*. MediaWorks New Zealand. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
24. "Keith Urban And Carrie Underwood Announce December Tour". *The Music*. Street Press Australia Pty Ltd. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

## InfoBox

ripCORD World Tour
| Tour by Keith Urban | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Associated albums | *Ripcord* |
| Start date | 2 June 2016 (2016-06-02) |
| End date | 17 December 2016 (2016-12-17) |
| Legs | 4 |
| No. of shows | * 61 in North America * 10 in Oceania * 71 in total |
| Attendance | 612,543 |
| Box office | $33,581,489 |
| Keith Urban tour chronology  Raise 'Em Up Tour
(2014) **Ripcord World Tour**
(2016) Graffiti U World Tour
(2018)   Carrie Underwood tour chronology  Storyteller Tour: Stories in the Round
(2016) **Ripcord World Tour**
(2016) The Cry Pretty Tour 360
(2019) | |


title: Robbio

abstract: Robbio is a city and comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 45 km west of Pavia. It is part of Lomellina traditional region. Robbio borders the following municipalities: Borgolavezzaro, Castelnovetto, Confienza, Nicorvo, Palestro, Rosasco, Vespolate.

text:
# Robbio

**Robbio** is a city and *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 45 km west of Pavia. It is part of Lomellina traditional region. Robbio borders the following municipalities: Borgolavezzaro, Castelnovetto, Confienza, Nicorvo, Palestro, Rosasco, Vespolate.

## History

The area of Robbio was settled since Neolithic times. A Roman centre name *Redobium* is attested by Pliny the Elder. Later it was a Lombard town and, later, a possession of the Catholic diocese of Vercelli. Around the 11th century it was acquired by the De Robbio family, who ruled it, together with the neighbouring area, until the 13th century, when it was contended between Vercelli and Pavia. In 1220 the latter definitively acquired it through a diploma issued by Emperor Frederick II.

Then part of the Duchy of Milan, it was entrusted to several feudal families. In 1748 it was acquired by the Kingdom of Sardinia and, in the 19th century, it became part of the province of Pavia under the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.

## Main sights

* *Castello di Robbio*: medieval Castle, now a public park.
* *San Pietro*: 13th century Romanesque church housing 16th-century frescoes attributed to Tommasino da Mortara.
* *San Michele*: 15th-century church with a late Gothic-style façade.
* *San Valeriano*: originally a 5th/6th century church, originally entitled to St. Andrew), enlarged by Cluniac monks in the late 11th century. The apse is now separated from the main building.

## Notable people

People closely associated with Robbio include:

## InfoBox

| Robbio | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Robbio | |
| Apse view of the church of St. Peter in Robbio. | |
|  | |
| Location of Robbio | |
| RobbioLocation of Robbio in ItalyRobbioRobbio (Lombardy) | |
| Coordinates: 45°17′N 8°36′E / 45.283°N 8.600°E / 45.283; 8.600 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lombardy |
| Province | Pavia (PV) |
| *Frazioni* | La Torre |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Roberto Francese |
| Area | |
| Total | 40.3 km2 (15.6 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 122 m (400 ft) |
| Population (30 April 2010) | |
| Total | 6,161 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Robbiesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 27038 |
| Dialing code | 0384 |
| Patron saint | Madonna del Rosario |
| Saint day | First Sunday in September |
| Website | Official website |


title: Best worst method

abstract: Best Worst Method (BWM) is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method that was proposed by Dr. Jafar Rezaei in 2015. The method is used to evaluate a set of alternatives with respect to a set of decision criteria. The BWM is based on pairwise comparisons of the decision criteria. That is, after identifying the decision criteria by the decision-maker (DM), two criteria are selected by the DM: the best criterion and the worst criterion. The best criterion is the one that has the most important role in making the decision, while the worst criterion has the opposite role. The DM then gives his/her preferences of the best criterion over all the other criteria and also his/her preferences of all the criteria over the worst criterion using a number from a predefined scale. These two sets of pairwise comparisons are used as input for an optimization problem, the optimal results of which are the weights of the criteria. The salient feature of the BWM is that it uses a structured way to generate pairwise comparisons which leads to reliable results.

text:
# Best worst method

**Best Worst Method** (**BWM**) is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method that was proposed by Dr. Jafar Rezaei in 2015. The method is used to evaluate a set of alternatives with respect to a set of decision criteria. The BWM is based on pairwise comparisons of the decision criteria. That is, after identifying the decision criteria by the decision-maker (DM), two criteria are selected by the DM: the best criterion and the worst criterion. The best criterion is the one that has the most important role in making the decision, while the worst criterion has the opposite role. The DM then gives his/her preferences of the best criterion over all the other criteria and also his/her preferences of all the criteria over the worst criterion using a number from a predefined scale (e.g. 1 to 9). These two sets of pairwise comparisons are used as input for an optimization problem, the optimal results of which are the weights of the criteria. The salient feature of the BWM is that it uses a structured way to generate pairwise comparisons which leads to reliable results.


title: Best practice

abstract: A best practice is a method or technique that has been generally accepted as superior to alternatives because it tends to produce superior results. Best practices are used to achieve quality as an alternative to mandatory standards. Best practices can be based on self-assessment or benchmarking. Best practice is a feature of accredited management standards such as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001. Some consulting firms specialize in the area of best practice and offer ready-made templates to standardize business process documentation. Sometimes a best practice is not applicable or is inappropriate for a particular organization's needs. A key strategic talent required when applying best practice to organizations is the ability to balance the unique qualities of an organization with the practices that it has in common with others. Good operating practice is a strategic management term. More specific uses of the term include good agricultural practices, good manufacturing practice, good laboratory practice, good clinical practice, and good distribution practice.

text:
# Best practice

A **best practice** is a method or technique that has been generally accepted as superior to alternatives because it tends to produce superior results. Best practices are used to achieve quality as an alternative to mandatory standards. Best practices can be based on self-assessment or benchmarking. Best practice is a feature of accredited management standards such as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001.

Some consulting firms specialize in the area of best practice and offer ready-made templates to standardize business process documentation. Sometimes a best practice is not applicable or is inappropriate for a particular organization's needs. A key strategic talent required when applying best practice to organizations is the ability to balance the unique qualities of an organization with the practices that it has in common with others. Good operating practice is a strategic management term. More specific uses of the term include good agricultural practices, good manufacturing practice, good laboratory practice, good clinical practice, and good distribution practice.

## In public policy

Best practice is a form of program evaluation in public policy. It is the process of reviewing policy alternatives that have been effective in addressing similar issues in the past and could be applied to a current problem. Determining best practices to address a particular policy problem is a commonly used but little understood tool of analysis because the concept is vague and should therefore be examined with caution. Vagueness stems from the term "best" which is subjective. While some research and evidence must go into determining a practice the "best" it is more helpful to simply determine if a practice has worked exceptionally well and why. Instead of it being "the best", a practice might simply be a smart practice, a good practice, or a promising practice. This allows for a mix and match approach for making recommendations that might encompass pieces of many good practices. Eugene Bardach provides the following theoretical framework (eightfold path for best practices) in his book *A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis*, in 2011:

1. Define the problem
2. Assemble the evidence
3. Construct the alternatives
4. Select the criteria
5. Project the outcomes
6. Confront the trade-offs
7. Decide
8. Tell your story

Excessive optimism about the expected impact of untested smart practices is a common critique. If a current practice is known to be ineffective, implementing a promising alternative after weighing the alternatives may be worth the risk.

### Methodology according to Bretschneider et al.

Bretschneider et al. offers an alternate methodology for Best Practices research in 2005. Bretschneider's approach is much more technical than Bardach's, and explores issues of completeness and comparability. He addresses the fact that fully establishing whether a practice is truly a best practice would require assessment in all contexts, while in practice, only example cases are analyzed. Bretschneider also stresses the fact that in order for something to be considered a "best practice" it must be arrived at through a comparative process between methodologies. In order for a "best practice" to be valid, it must take into account all relevant approaches, since neglecting to do so would lead to inappropriate usage of the term "best." Comparing sample practices may yield a good practice, but may also be altogether unreliable, depending on how the sample was selected.

### Examples

There are many examples of the use of best/smart practice evaluations in Public Policy. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produces a document called The Clean Energy-Environment Guide to Action, designed to share practices found to be successful and best by states, to determine what is most suitable for them to use in generating clean energy policies and programs. The guide includes 16 clean energy policies and programs that offer opportunities for states to save energy, improve air quality, lower greenhouse gas emission and increase economic development.

An example of a successful best practice from the guide is building codes for energy efficiency. This practice is to use building energy codes to set requirements that establish a minimum level of energy efficiency standards for residential and commercial buildings. California Energy Code Title 24 is one "best practice" that is highlighted in this guide. The following points for energy code implementation is to educate and train key audiences, supply the right resources, and to provide budget and staff for the program.

Eugene Bardach has a list of smart practice candidates in his book *A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis*, Eightfold Path (policy analysis). One example is the tutoring program for children in grades 1-3 called Reading One-to-One. The program from Texas includes one on one tutoring with supervision and simple structured instruction in phonemic awareness. Phonemic awareness is one highly regarded predictor of how well a child will learn to read in the first two years of school. The program takes advantage of the fact that many children, especially ESL students, fail in reading because it is very hard for second language students to understand and pronounce sounds in English. The program is easily duplicated at a relatively low cost because of the straight forward teaching materials, systematic methods and administrative oversight.

In September 2013 at the New York State Conference for Mayors and Municipal Officials, successes, ideas and information on best practices were shared among government peers. A best practice that was highlighted at the conference was how Salinas, California is rebuilding their economy by engaging technology companies with their agricultural business in order to grow jobs. Salinas is taking advantage of an idle opportunity. The area already has abundant lettuce fields and now the city is marketing itself as a lab for agricultural technology. This public/private partnership includes a new nonprofit called the Steinbeck Innovation Foundation to increase investment in new technologies to help the area's agricultural industry.

## Use in health and human services

In recent years, public agencies and non-governmental organizations have been exploring and adopting best practices when delivering health and human services. In these settings, the use of the terms "promising practices", "best practices", and "evidence-based practices" is common and often confusing as there is not a general consensus on what constitutes promising practices or best practices. In this context, the use of the terms "best practices" and "evidence-based practices" are often used interchangeably. Evidence-based practices are methods or techniques that have documented outcomes and ability to replicate as key factors. Despite these challenges, the literature suggests that there is some common use of and criteria for identifying best practices. For example, a general working definition used by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in referring to a promising practice is defined as one with at least preliminary evidence of effectiveness in small-scale interventions or for which there is potential for generating data that will be useful for making decisions about taking the intervention to scale and generalizing the results to diverse populations and settings.

Since evidence of effectiveness, the potential for taking the intervention to scale and generalizing the results to other populations and settings are key factors for best practices, the manner in which a method or intervention becomes a best practice can take some time and effort. The table below demonstrates the process for a promising practice to achieve the status of research-validated best practice.

| Research Validated Best Practice | A program, activity or strategy that has the highest degree of proven effectiveness supported by objective and comprehensive research and evaluation. |
| --- | --- |
| Field Tested Best Practice | A program, activity or strategy that has been shown to work effectively and produce successful outcomes and is supported to some degree by subjective and objective data sources. |
| Promising Practice | A program, activity or strategy that has worked within one organization and shows promise during its early stages for becoming a best practice with long-term sustainable impact. A promising practice must have some objective basis for claiming effectiveness and must have the potential for replication among other organizations. |

The National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices (NREPP) is a searchable online registry of interventions supporting substance abuse prevention and mental health treatment that has been reviewed and rated by independent reviewers. NREPP accepts submissions for interventions that meet minimum requirements to be considered for review. Minimum requirements include (1) demonstration of one or more positive outcomes among individuals, communities, or populations; (2) evidence of these outcomes has been demonstrated in at least one study using an experimental or quasi-experimental design; (3) the results of these studies have been published in a peer-reviewed journal or other professional publication, or documented in a comprehensive evaluation report; and (4) implementation materials, training and support resources, and quality assurance procedures have been developed and are ready for use by the public. NREPP is not an exhaustive list of interventions and inclusion in the registry does not constitute an endorsement.

There is existing controversy about the lack of culturally appropriate evidence-based best practices and the need to utilize a research-based approach to validate interventions. Some communities have deployed practices over a long period of time that has produced positive outcomes as well as a general community consensus to be successful. The California Reducing Disparities Project (CRDP) is working to identify such practices. CRDP intends to improve access, quality of care, and increase positive outcomes for racial, ethnic and cultural communities. These communities have been identified as (1) African American, (2) Asian/Pacific Islanders, (3) Latinos, (4) lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, transgender, questioning, and (5) Native Americans. Strategic Planning Workgroups composed of mental health providers and community members as well as consumers and family members are given the task of identifying new approaches toward reducing disparities. The five Strategic Planning Workgroups work to identify new service delivery approaches defined by multicultural communities for multicultural communities using community-defined evidence to improve outcomes and reduce disparities. Community- defined evidence is defined as "a set of practices that communities have used and determined to yield positive results as determined by community consensus over time and which may or may not have been measured empirically but have reached a level of acceptance by the community."

## In action

### Clean air financing programs

Financing Clean Air Programs, and example taken from NGA This is a quick guide put together by the NGA Center for Best Practices. It explores what clean air programs currently exist and how they are being financed. Rather than stating one best practice to tackling clean air, this report creates a table of the different programs, how they are being financed, and in what state. Governors and their staffs can then look for characteristics and solutions that are most realistic and applicable to their situation. The key is to tailor current practices that are in the world to the specific situation you are looking to solve. Best practices are meant to give insight into existing strategies.

### Environmental management

The concept of best practice has been employed extensively in environmental management. For example, it has been employed in aquaculture such as recommending low-phosphorus feed ingredients, in forestry to manage riparian buffer zones, in livestock and pasture management to regulate stocking rates, and in particular, best management practices have been important to improving water quality relating to nonpoint source pollution of fertilizers in agriculture as well as the identification and adoption of best practice for controlling salinity. However, in the context of complex environmental problems such as dryland salinity, there are significant challenges in defining what is best in any given context. Best management practice for complex problems is context specific and often contested against a background of imperfect knowledge. In these contexts, it is more useful to think of best management practice as an adaptive learning process rather than a fixed set of rules or guidelines. This approach to best practice focuses on fostering improvements in quality and promoting continuous learning.

### Higher education

STEM Program explanation is taken from Angela Baber's report to the NGA. The NGA has identified science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) as important skills that need to be developed in community colleges in order to create a strong workforce. Many states are creating or have created STEM Programs to address this issue. In order for these programs to work governors should:

* "Engage business to help ensure that community colleges meet regional STEM-skill needs
* Use community colleges to support new models of STEM education
* Reward community colleges and students for STEM course-completion
* Ensure that community colleges support more effective mathematics remediation
* Require that community college STEM credits and credentials are transferable."

### Health and human services

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) makes evidence-based recommendations on clinical preventive services. The Task Force recommendations are based on systematic reviews and assessment of the available medical evidence.

The San Francisco Public Health Department conducted The Transgender Best Practices Guide project, a best practices document for cultural and service competency in working with transgender clients within HIV/AIDS service- provision settings. Following an intensive literature search and consumer focus group, a Working Group composed of noted community leaders; activists, professionals, and transgender consumers participated in the development of the Best Practices guide. Topics covered by the Best Practices guide include mental health issues; gender identity; hormone use and clinical care practices. The Best Practices guide is currently in production; it will be published and distributed to EMA providers, as well as to select organizations nationwide. In addition, four large-scale EMA provider training will be provided to educate providers on the Best Practices recommendations and standard measures. This is the first national federally funded effort to develop a Best Practices guide for providers who serve the HIV positive transgender community.

### Charity/nonprofit sector

The nonprofit/voluntary sector is generally lacking tools for sharing and accessing best practices. Steps are being taken in some parts of the world, for example in the European Union, where the Europe 2020 Strategy has as a top priority the exchange of good practices and networking (including the nonprofit sector). An initiative of sharing good practices in terms of human resources (HR) and leadership among European nonprofit organizations was financed by the EU and launched in 2013, called HR Twinning. The platform allows the public to search for good practices and its members the possibility to share their practices, engage in discussions in the forum section and enroll their organization. Membership is free. The project is currently limited to a European audience.

## Other domains

Nearly every industry and professional discipline discusses best practices. Areas of note include information technology development (such as new software,) construction, transportation, business management, sustainable development and various aspects of project management. Best practices also occur in healthcare to deliver high-quality care that promotes best outcomes. Best practices are used within business areas including sales, manufacturing, teaching, computer programming, road construction, health care, insurance, telecommunication and public policy.

## Critique

There are some criticisms of the term "best practice". Eugene Bardach claims that the work necessary to deem a practice the "best" is rarely done. Most of the time, one will find "good" practices or "smart" practices that offer insight into solutions that may or may not work for a given situation. Michael Quinn Patton jokes in his book about qualitative research and evaluation methods "the only best practice in which I have complete confidence is avoiding the label 'best practice'" and elaborates further:

> The allure and seduction of best-practice thinking poisons genuine dialogue about both what we know and the limitations of what we know. ... That modeling of and nurturing deliberative, inclusive, and, yes, humble dialogue may make a greater contribution to societal welfare than the search for generalizable, "best-practice" findings – conclusions that risk becoming the latest rigid orthodoxies even as they are becoming outdated anyway.

Quinn proposes avoiding asking or entertaining the question "Which is best?" and says that more nuanced questions related to conditions and contexts should be asked instead. He further suggests terms which "tend less toward overgeneralization" like *better practices, effective practices,* or *promising practices*. Eric Darling states it is not best practice it's common practice. Specifically relating to the field of projects based work Dr Darling asserts in the past work practices were pragmatic in order to get achieve the task, recent decades has seen rise in opinions with limited evidence of best. Further rather than best practice perhaps we should strive for evidence based practice. Scott Ambler challenges the assumptions that there can be a recommended practice that is best in all cases. Instead, he offers an alternative view, "contextual practice", in which the notion of what is "best" will vary with the context. Similarly, Cem Kaner and James Bach provide two scenarios to illustrate the contextual nature of "best practice" in their article. In essence, such critiques are consistent with the contingency theory, which was developed during the 1950s and 1960s.


title: Road Safety Markings Association

abstract: The Road Safety Markings Association (RSMA) is a trade association for companies involved in the road safety markings industry.

text:
# Road Safety Markings Association

The **Road Safety Markings Association** (RSMA) is a trade association for companies involved in the road safety markings industry.

## History

The RSMA was founded in 1976, as the Road Marking Manufacturers and Contractors Association (RMMCA), changing its name to the Road Safety Markings Association in 1992. Initially based in Charlwood, Surrey, it had offices in Bury, Greater Manchester from 1998 to 2006, prior to setting up offices and a national training centre in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire.

## Function

As a trade association RSMA represents and promotes the legitimate business interests of the UK road marking sector (it has provided evidence to the House of Commons Transport Select Committee, for example). It also provides specialist services to member organisations, and undertakes research and marketing activities to identify the safety and economic benefits of road markings use - many of which are made from thermoplastics. For example, in 2014, an RSMA survey found that 52% of markings on motorways, 42% on dual carriageways, and 48% on single carriageways, all needed replacing immediately or imminently.

The RSMA publishes specialist trade publications including *Top Marks* (circulated to over 8000 industry specialists), and member publication (and e-publication) *On the Line*.

It offers industry training to companies and local authorities via its NHA subsidiary, established in 2007. As part of this, it runs the Specialist Applied-Skills Programme (SAP).

## Structure

The RSMA has representative committees specialising in health and safety, and technical issues.

### Membership

RSMA has 65 members throughout the UK and Europe.

## InfoBox

Road Safety Markings Association
| Abbreviation | RSMA |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1976 (as RMMCA) |
| Type | Trade association |
| Legal status | Unincorporated entity |
| Purpose | Trade Association |
| Location |  |
| Region served | UK |
| Membership | Companies involved in the road marking industry |
| Chief Executive | Stu McInroy |
| Website | RSMA |


title: Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal

abstract: The Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal (RSRT) was an independent body established by the Gillard government in 2012 to oversee the road transport industry in Australia. The jurisdiction of the RSRT is set out in the Road Safety Remuneration Act 2012.

text:
# Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal

The **Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal** (**RSRT**) was an independent body established by the Gillard government in 2012 to oversee the road transport industry in Australia. The jurisdiction of the RSRT is set out in the Road Safety Remuneration Act 2012.

## Background

The Transport Workers Union of Australia issued a "Safe Rates" campaign in response to reports of a link between rates of pay and road safety.

In the lead-up to the 2013 Australian federal election, Tony Abbott promised to issue a review of the industrial tribunal.

In 2016, a dispute between owner-truck drivers in the road transport industry accelerated calls for the tribunal to be abolished, and the tribunal was abolished on 21 April 2016.

## InfoBox

Road Safety Remuneration Tribunal
| Agency overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Formed | 1 July 2012 |
| Dissolved | 21 April 2016 |
| Jurisdiction | Commonwealth of Australia |
| Agency executive | * J Acton (2012–2016), President |


title: Riverside Heights

abstract: Riverside Heights is a neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida. As of the 2000 census the neighborhood had a population of 2,949. The ZIP Codes serving the area are 33602, 33603 and 33607.

text:
# Riverside Heights

**Riverside Heights** is a neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida. As of the 2000 census the neighborhood had a population of 2,949. The ZIP Codes serving the area are 33602, 33603 and 33607.

## Geography

Riverside Heights boundaries are South Seminole Heights to the north, Hillsborough River to the west, Columbus Drive to the south, and Tampa Heights to the east. A new marker sign has been put up in the middle of the neighborhood.

## Demographics

*Source: Hillsborough County Atlas*

At the 2000 census there were 2,949 people and 1,299 households residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 4,229/mi2. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 79.0% White, 14.0% African American, less than 1% Native American, 1% Asian, 4.0% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were about 31%.

Of the 1,299 households 23% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9% non-families. 32% of households were made up of individuals.

The age distribution was 20% under the age of 18, 20% from 18 to 34, 24% from 35 to 49, 17% from 50 to 64, and 18% 65 or older. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males.

The per capita income for the neighborhood was $19,702. About 10% of the population were below the poverty line. Of those, 27% are under age 18.

## InfoBox

| Riverside Heights | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood | |
| Riverside HeightsLocation within the state of Florida | |
| Coordinates: 27°58′41″N 82°28′27″W / 27.97806°N 82.47417°W / 27.97806; -82.47417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| County | Hillsborough |
| City | Tampa |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 2,949 |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP codes | 33602, 33603 and 33607 |


title: Bernard Hart

abstract: Bernard Hart was a British physician and psychiatrist. After secondary education at University College School, Hampstead, and undergraduate education at University College London, Bernard Hart graduated from University College Hospital Medical School with the Conjoint diploma of LRCP, MRCS in 1903, MB in 1904, and MD in 1912. After qualifying in 1903, he held house appointments at the East London Hospital for Children, and then studied psychiatry in Paris and Zurich. After working as an assistant physician at the Hertfordshire County Asylum, otherwise known as Hill End Hospital at St Albans, and at Long Grove Asylum in Epsom, he was appointed in 1913 as the first physician for psychological medicine at University College Hospital. At the beginning of WWI he joined the RAMC with the rank of major and served as lecturer in mental disease at Moss Side Military Hospital, Maghull, where veterans with shell-shock were treated. He was also physician to the Special Neurological Hospital for Officers at 10 Palace Green, Kensington, West London, as well as psychiatric consultant to other military hospitals in London. After the end of WWI, he returned to University College Hospital and also joined the staff of the National Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System including Paralysis and Epilepsy, Queen Square, London, and the staff of the Maudsley Hospital in south London. Upon the founding of The Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology in 1920, he was one of the nine members of the editorial committee, headed by Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson. Hart's 1910 paper The conception of the subconscious introduced the works of Janet and Freud to English-speaking psychologists. In 1925 he was elected FRCP. In 1926 he delivered the Goulstonian Lectures on The Development of Psychopathology and its Place in Medicine. During the second world war he was chief adviser on psychiatric matters to the Emergency Medical Service, working in close partnership with Gordon Holmes. He was appointed CBE in 1945 in recognition of this work. Two years later he retired and went to live at Eastbourne. In 1912 in the Strand area of Central London, Hart married Mabel E. Spark. He was a member of the Savile Club. His outdoor recreations were mountaineering and skiing.

text:
# Bernard Hart

**Bernard Hart** CBE FRCP (24 March 1879 – 16 March 1966) was a British physician and psychiatrist.

After secondary education at University College School, Hampstead, and undergraduate education at University College London, Bernard Hart graduated from University College Hospital Medical School with the Conjoint diploma of LRCP, MRCS in 1903, MB in 1904 , and MD in 1912. After qualifying in 1903, he held house appointments at the East London Hospital for Children, and then studied psychiatry in Paris and Zurich. After working as an assistant physician at the Hertfordshire County Asylum, otherwise known as Hill End Hospital at St Albans, and at Long Grove Asylum in Epsom, he was appointed in 1913 as the first physician for psychological medicine at University College Hospital.

At the beginning of WWI he joined the RAMC with the rank of major and served as lecturer in mental disease at Moss Side Military Hospital, Maghull, where veterans with shell-shock were treated. He was also physician to the Special Neurological Hospital for Officers at 10 Palace Green, Kensington, West London, as well as psychiatric consultant to other military hospitals in London.

After the end of WWI, he returned to University College Hospital and also joined the staff of the National Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System including Paralysis and Epilepsy, Queen Square, London, and the staff of the Maudsley Hospital in south London. Upon the founding of *The Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology* in 1920, he was one of the nine members of the editorial committee, headed by Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson.

Hart's 1910 paper *The conception of the subconscious* introduced the works of Janet and Freud to English-speaking psychologists. In 1925 he was elected FRCP. In 1926 he delivered the Goulstonian Lectures on *The Development of Psychopathology and its Place in Medicine*.

> During the second world war he was chief adviser on psychiatric matters to the Emergency Medical Service, working in close partnership with Gordon Holmes. He was appointed CBE in 1945 in recognition of this work. Two years later he retired and went to live at Eastbourne.

In 1912 in the Strand area of Central London, Hart married Mabel E. Spark. He was a member of the Savile Club. His outdoor recreations were mountaineering and skiing.

## Selected publications

* Hart, Bernard (1910). "The conception of the subconscious". *The Journal of Abnormal Psychology*. **4** (6): 351–371. doi:10.1037/h0074022.
* with Charles Spearman: Hart, Bernard; Spearman, C. (1912). "General ability, its existence and nature". *British Journal of Psychology*. **5** (1): 51–84. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1912.tb00055.x.
* *The psychology of insanity*. Cambridge manuals of science and literature. Cambridge University Press. 1912. Hart, Bernard (1922). *1922 reprint of 1916 3rd edition*.
* Hart, B. (1916). "The psychology of rumour". *Proc R Soc Med*. 9(Sect Psych) (Sect Psych): 1–26. PMC 2017115. PMID 19979445.
* *The modern treatment of mental & nervous disorders: a lecture delivered at the University of Manchester, on 25th March 1918*. Manchester University lectures ;no. 21. Manchester University Press. 1918.
* *Psychopathology, its development and its place in medicine*. Cambridge University Press. 1927. Hart, Bernard (14 November 2013). *2013 pbk reprint of 1929 2nd edition*. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107693647.

1. "Bernard Hart". *Munk's Roll, Volume VI, Lives of the Fellows, Royal College of Physicians*.
2. "Hart, Bernard". *Who's Who*. 1923. p. 1234.

## InfoBox

| Bernard Hart | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1879-03-24)24 March 1879
London |
| Died | 16 March 1966(1966-03-16) (aged 87)
Eastbourne, Sussex |
| Occupation | Psychiatrist |


title: Betsileo woolly lemur

abstract: The Betsileo woolly lemur or Betsileo avahi is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar, in the District of Fandriana. The pelage differs significantly from other southeastern woolly lemurs in that it is primarily light reddish brown on most of the body and grey under the jaw and on the extremities. The pelage is thicker on the head than other eastern woolly lemurs. This lemur is an arboreal, herbivorous, nocturnal, female dominant nonhuman primate, with a body length of about 48–58.9 cm (18.9–23.2 in), including a 28.3-34.4 cm tail, it is weighing about 1 kg (2.2 lb). Avahi betsileo prefers to inhabit humid rainforests, are vertical clingers and leapers.

text:
# Betsileo woolly lemur

The **Betsileo woolly lemur** or **Betsileo avahi** (***Avahi betsileo***) is a species of woolly lemur native to southeastern Madagascar, in the District of Fandriana. The pelage differs significantly from other southeastern woolly lemurs in that it is primarily light reddish brown on most of the body and grey under the jaw and on the extremities. The pelage is thicker on the head than other eastern woolly lemurs.

This lemur is an arboreal, herbivorous, nocturnal, female dominant nonhuman primate, with a body length of about 48–58.9 cm (18.9–23.2 in), including a 28.3-34.4 cm (11.14-13.54 in) tail, it is weighing about 1 kg (2.2 lb). *Avahi betsileo* prefers to inhabit humid rainforests, are vertical clingers and leapers.

## Distribution

The Betsileo woolly lemur can be found in the Bemosary classified forest, Madagascar.

## Conservation

According to the IUCN, *Avahi betsileo* is classified as Endangered species.

The habitat of this species is now less than 1500 km^2 due to the impact of Deforestation in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| Betsileo woolly lemur | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| CITES Appendix I (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Strepsirrhini |
| Family: | Indriidae |
| Genus: | *Avahi* |
| Species: | ***A. betsileo*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Avahi betsileo***
Andriantompohavana *et al.*, 2007 | |
|
|  | |
| Distribution of *A. betsileo* | |


abstract: Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument is a national monument of the United States comprising 344,476 acres (139,404 ha) of the California Coast Ranges in Napa, Yolo, Solano, Lake, Colusa, Glenn and Mendocino counties in northern California. Cache Creek Wilderness is located within the monument.

text:
# Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument

**Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument** is a national monument of the United States comprising 344,476 acres (139,404 ha) of the California Coast Ranges in Napa, Yolo, Solano, Lake, Colusa, Glenn and Mendocino counties in northern California. Cache Creek Wilderness is located within the monument.

## Creation

The national monument was created by a proclamation issued on July 10, 2015, by President Barack Obama under the Antiquities Act. Obama also signed proclamations creating two other national monuments (the Basin and Range National Monument in Nevada and the Waco Mammoth National Monument in central Texas) the same day. The monument, originally 330,780 acres, is jointly managed by the Mendocino National Forest of the U.S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management.

The proclamation of Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument came after a campaign for the area's designation, supported by a coalition of counties and cities in the region (many of which passed resolutions of support), the California State Legislature, the Elem Indian Colony of Pomo Indians, state and local political leaders, local newspaper editorial boards, conservationist and environmental organizations, recreation groups, local business owners and landowners.

On May 2, 2024, President Joe Biden expanded the monument by 13,696 acres to include an 11-mile ridgeline called Molok Luyuk.

## Description

The monument extends approximately 100 miles (160 km) from Mendocino County to mountains on either side of Lake Berryessa in Yolo and Napa counties. The monument includes the Snow Mountain, Cache Creek and the Cedar Roughs Wilderness areas. The monument, along with the lake, take their name from the Berryessa family of California, a historically prominent Californio family of the Bay Area.

Lake Berryessa itself was not included within the monument's boundaries due to critics' concerns over the possibility that the use of motorized boats, watercraft and Jet Skis could be restricted at some point in the future.

### Ecology

Wildlife in the region includes bald eagles, golden eagles, black bears, mountain lions, tule elk, black-tailed deer, northern spotted owl, marten, fisher, California Coastal chinook salmon, and Northern California steelhead. The area is also home to some of the world's rare plants, described as "particularly delicate serpentine plants clinging to otherwise barren and rocky mountainsides." The high-elevation Snow Mountain area is one of the most biologically diverse regions in California.

### Native American history

The area has cultural and historical, as well as ecological, significance. The region has been inhabited by linguistically diverse Native American tribes for 11,000 years — including the Yuki, Nomlaki, Patwin, Pomo, Huchnom, Wappo, Lake Miwok and Wintun indigenous peoples.

## InfoBox

| Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument | |
| --- | --- |
| Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument | |
|  | |
| Location | Northern Inner Coast Ranges, California, U.S. |
| Nearest city | Clearlake, California |
| Coordinates | 39°13′0″N 122°46′0″W / 39.21667°N 122.76667°W / 39.21667; -122.76667 |
| Area | 344,476 acres (139,404 ha) |
| Established | July 10, 2015 |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service,<br>U.S. Bureau of Land Management |
| Website | Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument |
|  | |
| U.S. National Monument | |
|  | |


title: Elaphidion williamsi

abstract: Elaphidion williamsi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak in 1967.

text:
# Elaphidion williamsi

***Elaphidion williamsi*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak in 1967.

## InfoBox

| *Elaphidion williamsi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Elaphidion* |
| Species: | ***E. williamsi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphidion williamsi***<br>Chemsak, 1967 | |
|


title: Dorcadion bulgharmaadense

abstract: Dorcadion bulgharmaadense is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1946.

text:
# Dorcadion bulgharmaadense

***Dorcadion bulgharmaadense*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1946.

## InfoBox

| *Dorcadion bulgharmaadense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Lamiini |
| Genus: | *Dorcadion* |
| Species: | ***D. bulgharmaadense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dorcadion bulgharmaadense***<br>Breuning, 1946 | |
|


title: Beautiful (Vivian Green album)

abstract: Beautiful is the third studio album by American singer Vivian Green. It was released by E1 Music on April 6, 2010 in the United States. Her first album after her departure from Columbia Records, on which she released her first two albums, Green reteamed with longtime friend and collaborator Anthony Bell to work on Beautiful, with addition production provided by Jason Farmer. Title track "Beautiful" served the album's leading single and was released February 23, 2010. The song entitled "Jordan's Song" is also a dedication to her son.

text:
# Beautiful (Vivian Green album)

***Beautiful*** is the third studio album by American singer Vivian Green. It was released by E1 Music on April 6, 2010 in the United States. Her first album after her departure from Columbia Records, on which she released her first two albums, Green reteamed with longtime friend and collaborator Anthony Bell to work on *Beautiful*, with addition production provided by Jason Farmer. Title track "Beautiful" served the album's leading single and was released February 23, 2010. The song entitled "Jordan's Song" is also a dedication to her son.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| About.com |  |
| Allmusic |  |
| SoulCulture |  |
| *SoulTracks* | favorable |
| Soulwalking | mixed |
| Sound-Savvy |  |

Allmusic editor Andy Kellman found that "though it arrives almost five years after her previous album and was made on a significantly lower budget, it won’t throw anyone for a loop, as it sounds just like a Vivian Green album, one that deals with a fair amount of heartache as well as the rush that comes with finding new love. It’s less about big hooks than nuanced arrangements, even on the heavily synthesized/programmed songs, and Green’s lyrics are as easily relatable as ever."

## Chart performance

The album debuted at number 101 on the *Billboard* 200, number 26 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and number 13 on the Top Independent Albums chart. As of January 2012, the album has sold more than 22,000 copies.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Beautiful" |  | Bell | 4:41 |
| 2. | "When We're Apart" | * V. Green * Solomon Green * Bell | Bell | 3:31 |
| 3. | "I Know How" | * V. Green * Jason "J-Vibe" Farmer | * Bell * Farmer | 3:54 |
| 4. | "Better Man (Skit)" | * V. Green * Bell * Kevin Hanson | Bell | 1:24 |
| 5. | "Better Man" | * V. Green * S. Green * Bell * Hanson | Bell | 4:11 |
| 6. | "Save Me" | * V. Green * Farmer | * Bell * Farmer | 3:46 |
| 7. | "Too Intense" | * V. Green * Bell * Robert Thomas | Bell | 3:40 |
| 8. | "Somewhere" | * V. Green * Bell | Bell | 4:09 |
| 9. | "Caught Up" | * V. Green * Bell | Bell | 4:10 |
| 10. | "Search Is Over" | * V. Green * S. Green * Bell * Pacal Alejandro Bayley | Bell | 4:05 |
| 11. | "So Far Gone" | * V. Green * Bell | Bell | 3:40 |
| 12. | "Jordan's Song" | * V. Green * Bell | Bell | 5:44 |
| 13. | "One of None" | * V. Green * Bell | Bell | 4:10 |

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 101 |
| US Independent Albums (*Billboard*) | 13 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (*Billboard*) | 26 |

## InfoBox

| Beautiful | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Vivian Green | |
| Released | April 6, 2010 |
| Recorded | The Circle
Sicklerville, New Jersey
Downtown Recording Studio
Rocko's Lab
Auntz Recording Studio
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Genre | R&B |
| Length | 51:05 |
| Label | E1 |
| Producer | * Anthony Bell * Jason Farmer |
| Vivian Green chronology | |
| *Vivian*
(2005) ***Beautiful***
(2010) *The Green Room*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from Beautiful | |
| 1. "Beautiful"
Released: February 23, 2010 2. "Too Intense"
Released: May 12, 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Francis Reiss

abstract: Francis Reiss was an Australian photographer, born to Danish parents in Hamburg, Germany. He was best known for his work for Picture Post and Life magazines.

text:
# Francis Reiss

**Francis Reiss** (1927 – 4 December 2017) was an Australian photographer, born to Danish parents in Hamburg, Germany. He was best known for his work for *Picture Post* and *Life* magazines.

## Early life

Reiss was born in 1927 in Hamburg, Germany to Danish parents. He began taking photos as a child. The family moved to the United Kingdom in 1936. There he attended Oundle School, and began taking photos.

## Career and death

Reiss began working for *Picture Post* magazine in the UK at the age of 17, the youngest staff photographer employed by them. *Picture Post* published over 60 picture stories by him. In 1947, Reiss sailed for New York and immediately started working for *LIFE* magazine. In 1950, realising he had gone stale, Reiss quit photography, and entered the wool trade.

Not until 1993, ten years after migrating to Australia and receiving a chance commission from James Mollison did he return to photography. Reiss died on 4 December 2017 at the age of 90.

## Collections

His works are held in a number of collections:

## Exhibitions

His work has been exhibited at a number of galleries in Australia, including one-man shows at:

and in group exhibitions at:

## Publications

His work has appeared in the following publications:

## InfoBox

| Francis Reiss | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1927 (1927)<br>Hamburg, Germany |
| Died | 4 December 2017 |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Known for | Photography |


title: Chebudasy

abstract: Chebudasy is a village in Atyashevsky District, Mordovia, Russia. The village is under the administration of the Bolshemanadyshsky rural settlement.

text:
# Chebudasy

**Chebudasy** is a village in Atyashevsky District, Mordovia, Russia. The village is under the administration of the Bolshemanadyshsky rural settlement.

## Geography

The village is located on the Vecherley river.

## History

Chebudasy was mentioned in the 1863 list of settlements of Simbirsk Governorate, part of Ardatovsky Uyezd. At the time it included 43 homesteads.

## Demographics

The village had a population of 141 in 2002 which declined to 133 in 2010. According to the 2002 census, the village was 89 percent Russian.

54°33′49″N 45°58′05″E / 54.56361°N 45.96806°E / 54.56361; 45.96806


title: Spin Out (film)

abstract: Spin Out is a 2016 Australian romantic comedy film directed by Tim Ferguson and Marc Gracie and starring Xavier Samuel and Morgan Griffin.

text:
# Spin Out (film)

***Spin Out*** is a 2016 Australian romantic comedy film directed by Tim Ferguson and Marc Gracie and starring Xavier Samuel and Morgan Griffin.

## Plot synopsis

Billy (Xavier Samuel) and Lucy (Morgan Griffin) grew up together in a small town in Australia, where they form one of the town's most formidable ute driving teams. Lucy declares she is moving to the city after Billy makes a risky car stunt, sending him into a spin. Amid the mayhem of the town's annual Bachelor and Spinster Ball, Billy only has one night to reveal his true feelings to his best friend or lose her forever.

## Cast

## Reception

Reviews for the film had mostly been negative. The film holds a 13% rotten rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 3.7/10. Leigh Paatsch of the *Herald Sun* gave the film a rating of 1 and said "How did this ever get made? And when will it ever end?" Jake Wilson of *The Sydney Morning Herald* gave it 2 stars and described it as "the glamorised version of rural Australia we're used to seeing on commercial TV." He stated that Samuel's character was the opposite to how he's made out in the film, as a "good-looking captain" instead of a rugged outdoor type he is described as.

## InfoBox

| Spin Out | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical film poster | |
| Directed by | Tim Ferguson
Marc Gracie |
| Written by | Edwina Exton
Tim Ferguson |
| Produced by | Marc Gracie
David Redman |
| Starring | Xavier Samuel
Morgan Griffin
Lincoln Lewis |
| Cinematography | Justin Brickle |
| Edited by | Ken Sallows |
| Music by | Jon Hume |
| Release date | * 15 September 2016 (2016-09-15) |
| Running time | 92 minutes |
| Country | Australia |
| Language | English |


title: Black Creek (Big Rideau Lake)

abstract: Black Creek is a stream in the municipalities of Tay Valley, Lanark County and Rideau Lakes, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It flows from an unnamed lake in Rideau Lakes to the west shore of Big Rideau Lake in Tay Valley. Big Rideau Lake, on the Rideau Canal, flows via the Rideau River and Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River. The stream has a drainage basin of 94 square kilometres (36 sq mi).

text:
# Black Creek (Big Rideau Lake)

**Black Creek** is a stream in the municipalities of Tay Valley, Lanark County and Rideau Lakes, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It flows from an unnamed lake in Rideau Lakes to the west shore of Big Rideau Lake in Tay Valley. Big Rideau Lake, on the Rideau Canal, flows via the Rideau River and Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River. The stream has a drainage basin of 94 square kilometres (36 sq mi).

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Black Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of the mouth of Black Creek in southern Ontario | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| Region | Eastern Ontario |
| Counties |  |
| Municipalities |  |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Unnamed lake |
| location | Rideau Lakes |
| coordinates | 44°44′52″N 76°20′49″W / 44.74778°N 76.34694°W / 44.74778; -76.34694 |
| elevation | 147 m (482 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Big Rideau Lake |
| location | Tay Valley |
| coordinates | 44°46′19″N 76°14′02″W / 44.77194°N 76.23389°W / 44.77194; -76.23389 |
| elevation | 123.1 m (404 ft) |
| Basin size | 94 km2 (36 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Saint Lawrence River drainage basin |


title: Dungeons 2

abstract: Dungeons 2 is a strategy simulation video game developed by Realmforge Studios and published by Kalypso Media. It has been released through retail and on Steam on April 24, 2015. It is the sequel to Dungeons.

text:
# Dungeons 2

***Dungeons 2*** is a strategy simulation video game developed by Realmforge Studios and published by Kalypso Media. It has been released through retail and on Steam on April 24, 2015. It is the sequel to *Dungeons*.

## Gameplay

*Dungeons 2* is a more direct homage to *Dungeon Keeper* than its predecessor. The player still takes on the role of the Ultimate Evil, but now as a disembodied spirit after his defeat by heroes of the Overworld. The player must rely on controlling minions with the Hand of Terror. Named minions are hired, and can be leveled up and trained to be more powerful. The player must meet the needs of the minions in order to keep them happy, or they may disobey commands.

The player has to build the dungeon by selecting blocks for the minions to excavate. Rooms can be built onto empty spaces, but blocks can be filled back in as well to wall off an area. Some of the resources like gold and mana are hidden inside stone blocks while some walls cannot be excavated.

A major change from *Dungeons* is that the Overworld can now be entered through the same cave exits used by heroes who raid the dungeon. Once on the Overworld, the game switches to a real-time strategy mode, allowing the player to command minions as they attack player holdings. The ultimate goal is usually the destruction of a castle, but there are other separate dungeons holding quests too.

A sarcastic omnipresent narrator narrates the Ultimate Evil's acts of vengeance or inaction, in which case it pushes the player to the right path. Humorous references to games like *Dungeon Keeper*, *Warcraft*, and fantasy series like *Lord of the Rings* and *Game of Thrones* are commonplace.

## Plot

The story line evolves around the Absolute Evil, fed up with the heroes of the Overworld constantly abusing his minions for experience points and stealing his gold, heads to the surface. Easily conquering the castle, the Evil is ambushed by the assembled heroes of the land and divided into three parts(the Ultimate Evil, the Chaotic Evil, the Corrupting Evil). Decades later, one of the Absolute Evil's parts, the Ultimate Evil awakens as a ghostly incorporeal version of himself, and with the aid of loyal minions, starts to rebuild his empire. On the way to punish the individual heroes and gain the alliance of other races, the Ultimate Evil learns of another faction fighting both the heroes and his own empire, the Demons led by the Chaotic Evil. Also appearing and sometimes hindering or helping the Evil are the undead and their enigmatic leader, the Corrupting Evil. The Corrupting Evil is also awakened by absorbing life of Barthas Snow, and leads undead army. The evil prophet leads three Evils to the Stones of Destiny and says that three Evils must be reunited as the Absolute Evil. The Corrupting Evil uses Barthas Snow as sacrifice for ritual of reunifying three Evils and the Absolute Evil is revived. The army of three evils is allied under the control of the Absolute Evil and they totally erase remnants of the Alliance.

## Chaotic Evil

The Chaotic Evil is the Ultimate Evil's archenemy and one of the Absolute Evil's parts. The player must rely on controlling minions with the Hand of Chaos. Named minions can be hired, levelled up and trained to be more powerful. The player must meet the needs of the minions in order to keep them happy, or they may disobey commands. Unlike the Ultimate Evil, Demons rely on magic (the horde relies on strength.) In campaign there are a few levels where the player can control the Demons, though in multiplayer there is always the option of using Demons (The Hand of Chaos controls the demons, as the Hand of Terror controls the Horde).

## Reception

*Dungeons 2* received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.

## Sequel

*Dungeons 3* is the sequel to *Dungeons 2*. It was released on October 13, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Dungeons 2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Realmforge Studios |
| Publisher(s) | Kalypso Media |
| Series | *Dungeons* |
| Engine | Unity |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 4 |
| Release | **Steam*** WW: April 24, 2015 **Retail****PlayStation 4*** NA: May 24, 2016 * EU: May 27, 2016 |
| Genre(s) | Strategy, simulation, dungeon management |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: Riku Sanjo

abstract: Riku Sanjo is a Japanese manga writer and screenwriter. He works as a story writer for manga, anime and live-action film. Sanjo graduated from Meiji University. Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai (1989–1996), which he created with illustrator Koji Inada, is one of the best-selling manga in history with over 47 million copies sold. The two also created Beet the Vandel Buster, which has 4 million copies in print.

text:
# Riku Sanjo

**Riku Sanjo** (Japanese: 三条 陸, Hepburn: *Sanjō Riku*, born October 3, 1964) is a Japanese manga writer and screenwriter. He works as a story writer for manga, anime and live-action film. Sanjo graduated from Meiji University.

*Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai* (1989–1996), which he created with illustrator Koji Inada, is one of the best-selling manga in history with over 47 million copies sold. The two also created *Beet the Vandel Buster* (2002–2006, 2016–present), which has 4 million copies in print.

## Selected works

### Anime

#### OVAs

#### Television

#### Film

* *Gegege no Kitarō: Explosive Japan!!* (2008)

### Manga

#### Dragon Quest

#### Other Manga

### Live-action TV

### Live-action films

1. "『ダイの大冒険』来秋28年ぶり完全新作で再びアニメ化 ドラクエ世界観の人気漫画が原作". *Oricon*. December 21, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
2. Sherman, Jennifer (April 8, 2018). "Roundup of Newly Revealed Print Counts for Manga, Light Novel Series". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
3. "Gaiking Details". Anime News Network. 2005-10-23. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
4. "*GeGeGe no Kitarō* Anime Movie to Open in Japan in December". Anime News Network. 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2009-06-15.

## InfoBox

| Riku Sanjo
三条 陸 | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1964-10-03) October 3, 1964
Ōita Prefecture, Japan |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Area(s) | Manga writer, screenwriter |


title: Bernardo de Iturriaza

abstract: Bernardo de Iturriaza was a Spanish judge and colonial official. In his capacity as president of the Audiencia of Lima he twice served as governor of Peru.

text:
# Bernardo de Iturriaza

**Bernardo de Iturriaza** (1608 in Ezcaray, La Rioja, Spain – 1678 in Lima) was a Spanish judge and colonial official. In his capacity as president of the Audiencia of Lima he twice served as governor (interim viceroy) of Peru (1666–1667 and 1672–1674).

## Biography

He studied law at the University of Alcalá de Henares, qualifying in both civil and canon law. Afterwards he continued teaching at the University. After some years he was named to the chair of *digesto y decretales* (pandects and decretals).

Thereafter he began work in the Audiencia of Lima. In 1647 he was named *alcalde* for criminal law, and in 1652 he became an *oidor* (a judge in the Audiencia). He rose to the position of *decano* (president) of the Audiencia.

In the interval between the death of Viceroy Diego de Benavides, 8th Count of Santisteban in 1666 and the arrival of his replacement, Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, the following year, Iturriaza served as governor (interim viceroy) of Peru. This was from about March 1666 to about November 1667. He served again from about December 1672 to about August 1674, between the death of Fernández de Castro and the arrival of Baltasar de la Cueva Enríquez.

Iturriaza died in 1678 in Lima.


title: Benjamin de Jager

abstract: Benjamin "Ben" de Jager is a South African born former Italian rugby union player.

text:
# Benjamin de Jager

**Benjamin "Ben" de Jager** (born 12 January 1980) is a South African born former Italian rugby union player.

## InfoBox

Benjamin de Jager
| Date of birth | (1980-01-12) 12 January 1980 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Cape Town, South Africa |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Wing  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Calvisano   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2006−2006 Italy  1 | |


title: Benjamin and Abigail Dalton House

abstract: The Benjamin and Abigail Dalton House is a historic house on Middle Road in North Parsonsfield, Maine. Built in the early 19th century, it is a fine local example of Federal style, and is notable for the murals drawn on its walls by Jonathan Poor, an itinerant artist. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Benjamin and Abigail Dalton House

The **Benjamin and Abigail Dalton House** is a historic house on Middle Road in North Parsonsfield, Maine. Built in the early 19th century, it is a fine local example of Federal style, and is notable for the murals drawn on its walls by Jonathan Poor, an itinerant artist. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## Description and history

The Dalton House is located on the north side of Middle Road, just east of its junction with Merrill Hill Road. It is set on a grassy lot behind a low stone retaining wall which is topped by a picket fence. An old hitching post stands near the street. The house is a 2+12-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, single off-center interior chimney, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Closely spaced pairs of sash windows are found on the outer bays, with the entrance in the center bay, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a semi-oval fanlight window. At the second level above the entrance is a sash window with flanking sidelights. Ells extend the house to the rear.

The house is noted in part because it was decorated by the itinerant muralist Jonathan D. Poor, probably sometime in the 1830s. Poor was the nephew of Rufus Porter, who is more widely known as the founder of *Scientific American* magazine, but had an early career as an itinerant painter, and trained Poor in his methods. The Dalton house artwork is one of a relatively small number of house murals attributable to Poor because he signed the work.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Benjamin and Abigail Dalton House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | North Parsonsfield, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°43′37″N 70°55′42″W / 43.72707°N 70.92843°W / 43.72707; -70.92843 |
| Area | 18 acres (7.3 ha) |
| Built | 1810 (1810) |
| NRHP reference No. | 97000311 |
| Added to NRHP | April 14, 1997 |


title: Bernard Rollin

abstract: Bernard Elliot Rollin was an American philosopher, who was emeritus professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University. He is considered the "father of veterinary medical ethics".

text:
# Bernard Rollin

**Bernard Elliot Rollin** (February 18, 1943 – November 19, 2021) was an American philosopher, who was emeritus professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University. He is considered the "father of veterinary medical ethics".

## Early life and education

Bernard Elliot Rollin was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1943. He received a B.A. in philosophy from the City College of New York in 1964, and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University in 1972. Rollin met his future wife Linda while studying at the City College of New York; they married in 1964 and had one son.

## Career

In 1969, Rollin joined Colorado State University's department of philosophy. Rollin specialized in animal rights and the philosophy of consciousness, and was the author of a number of influential books in the field. His first books, which were among the first ones about animal ethics at the time, included *Animal Rights and Human Morality* (1981), published two years before Tom Regan's *The Case for Animal Rights*, and *The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Scientific Change* (1988). He also published *Farm Animal Welfare* (1995), and *Science and Ethics* (2006). He is also co-editor of the two-volume, *The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research* (1989 and 1995). He published his memoir in 2011, *Putting the Horse Before Descartes*.

He was prominently featured in the film about speciesism, *The Superior Human?*, in which he analyzes the ideology of René Descartes to help show that animals can think and feel. He helped draft the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act. In 2016, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Research Ethics from Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research.

Rollin was a member of the Scientific Expert Advisory Council (SEAC), for Australian animal welfare group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. SEAC is a group of academics from around the world who assist Voiceless in the production of quality research and publications which expose legalized animal cruelty and inform public debate. He was also a board member of Farm Forward, a 501(c)(3) organization that implements innovative strategies to promote conscientious food choices, reduce farmed animal suffering, and advance sustainable agriculture.

In 2019, Rollin celebrated 50 years at Colorado State University. He and his wife Linda, a fellow professor in philosophy at Colorado State University, retired in December 2020.

## Death

Rollin died in Fort Collins, Colorado, on November 19, 2021, at the age of 78.

## Books

* *Natural and conventional meaning: An examination of the distinction*. Mouton. 1976. ISBN 90-279-3274-3.
* *Animal Rights & Human Morality*. Prometheus Books. 1981. ISBN 1-59102-421-8.
* *The Teaching of Responsibility*. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). 1983. ISBN 0-900767-33-2.
* with M. Lynne Kesel (eds.). The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research: A Survey of Scientific and Ethical Issues for Investigators, Volume I. CRC Press (1989). ISBN 0-8493-4981-8
* *Farm Animal Welfare: School, Bioethical, and Research Issues*. Iowa State Press. 1995. ISBN 0-8138-2563-6.
* *The Frankenstein Syndrome: Ethical and Social Issues in the Genetic Engineering of Animals*. Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-521-47807-3.
* *The Unheeded Cry* (1 ed.). Wiley. 1999. ISBN 0-8138-2575-X.
* with David W. Ramey. *Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine Considered*. Wiley-Blackwell (2003). ISBN 0-8138-2616-0.
* with G. John Benson. *The Well-Being of Farm Animals: Challenges and Solutions*. Wiley-Blackwell (2003). ISBN 0-8138-0473-6
* *Science and Ethics*. Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-521-67418-2.
* *An Introduction to Veterinary Medical Ethics: Theory And Cases, Second Edition* (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 2006. ISBN 0-8138-0399-3.
* *Putting the Horse before Descartes: My Life's Work on Behalf of Animals* . Temple University Press (2011). ISBN 978-1592138258

## InfoBox

| Bernard Rollin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Bernard Elliot Rollin
(1943-02-18)February 18, 1943
Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | November 19, 2021(2021-11-19) (aged 78)
Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S. |
| Education |  |
| Spouse | Linda Rollin (m. 1964) |
| Children | 1 |
| Awards | Lifetime Achievement Award for Excellence in Research Ethics from Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research |
|  | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Institutions | Colorado State University |
| Main interests | Animal ethics, bioethics, philosophy of mind |
|  | |
| Website | www.libarts.colostate.edu/people/brollin/ |


title: Bernardo de Vera y Pintado

abstract: Bernardo de Vera y Pintado, was an Argentine-Chilean lawyer and politician. He was the author of the lyrics of both the Hymn to the Victory of Yerbas Buenas (1813) and the first National Anthem of Chile (1819).

text:
# Bernardo de Vera y Pintado

**Bernardo de Vera y Pintado** (1780, Santa Fe, Argentina – August 27, 1827, Santiago, Chile), was an Argentine-Chilean lawyer and politician. He was the author of the lyrics of both the Hymn to the Victory of Yerbas Buenas (1813) and the first National Anthem of Chile (1819).

## Biography

He completed his higher studies at the University of Córdoba. Due to the fact that Córdoba did not offer a law degree, in 1799 he moved to Chile accompanying Governor Joaquín del Pino, future viceroy of the Río de la Plata, who was married to his paternal aunt Rafaela de Vera Mujica y López Pintado.

He studied law and theology at the Royal University of San Felipe, obtaining the degrees of bachelor, bachelor and doctor in the second in 1799, and the doctorate in law in 1806. He was a professor of law at that University.

### Political career

In 1808 he was already a revolutionary and his position as secretary of the town council of Santiago de Chile gave him an important political position.

Accused before Francisco Antonio García Carrasco, governor of Chile, on May 18, 1810, he was arrested on May 25, 1810, accused of subversion along with Juan Antonio Ovalle and José Antonio de Rojas, and taken to the San Pedro barracks, and later taken to Valparaíso, on the 29th, where he was forced to board the frigate "Astrea".

When the events in Santiago became known, there was a strong popular commotion that frightened the governor. José Ignacio de la Cuadra, Bernardo Vera's father-in-law, presented a petition signed by forty "respectable neighbors" in which he asked the Cabildo to comply with the laws. In spite of having offered the opportunity to the prisoners to defend themselves publicly, they were deported to Callao. Due to their poor health, they were left in Valparaíso. After the formation of the First National Government Junta of Chile, the Argentine government appointed him diplomatic representative in Chile.

He collaborated with Camilo Henríquez in the writing of the newspaper *Aurora de Chile*, published for the first time on February 13, 1812. He was secretary of the government in Finance (July 1814) and War (September 1814).

Due to the patriot defeat in Rancagua, he emigrated to Mendoza, joining the council of that city. When Deputy Tomás Godoy Cruz informed him that the Congress of Tucumán was considering the establishment of a monarchy for the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, he obtained from the council a prohibition to support those efforts.

He returned to Chile with the Army of the Andes in 1817, after the victory of the independence fighters in the Battle of Chacabuco.

In 1819 he composed the first National Anthem of Chile, whose chorus was preserved in the current one. He was part of the Congress as deputy for Linares (1823–1825). He was vice-president of the Congress (1824) and President of the Congress in 1825. In 1826 he was appointed professor of Civil and Canon Law at the National Institute.

### Family

On March 16, 1808, he married Mercedes de la Cuadra y Baeza from Santiago, with whom he had two daughters: Lucía, married in 1833 to Ramón Luis Irarrázaval, and María del Carmen de Vera-Mujica y de la Cuadra.

## Bibliography

* Castillo Infante, Fernando; Lía Cortés y Jordi Fuentes (1996). *Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico de Chile*, 12.ª edición. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Zig-Zag.
* Campos Harriet, Fernando (1999). *Historia Constitucional de Chile: Instituciones Políticas y Sociales*, 7th edition. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Jurídica de Chile.

## InfoBox

| Bernardo de Vera y Pintado | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Senator of the Republic of Chile | |
| **In office**
1823–1825 | |
| Minister of Ministry of National Defense | |
| **In office**
September 13, 1814  October 9, 1814 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1780
Santa Fe, Argentina |
| Died | August 27, 1827 (1827-08-28) (aged 46)
Santiago, Chile |
| Children | Ramón Luis Irarrázaval |
| Alma mater | Royal University of San Felipe |
| Occupation | Lawyer and politician |
|  | |


title: Bert Seabourn

abstract: Bert Dail Seabourn was an American expressionist painter, known for his stylized and nonrepresentational neo-expressionist artist. In his early career, he published comic book art and realistic pieces, as well as commercial art. He has won multiple awards for his artworks. An alumnus of Oklahoma City University, the school awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters in 1997.

text:
# Bert Seabourn

**Bert Dail Seabourn** (July 9, 1931 – November 17, 2022) was an American expressionist painter, known for his stylized and nonrepresentational neo-expressionist artist. In his early career, he published comic book art and realistic pieces, as well as commercial art. He has won multiple awards for his artworks. An alumnus of Oklahoma City University, the school awarded him the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters in 1997.

## Early life

Seabourn was born on July 9, 1931, at home in Redbarn, Pecos County, Texas, to James Augustus Seabourn and F. Leeper Thompson. On July 10, his family took him to the nearest hospital in Iraan, Texas, to obtain a birth certificate, causing Iraan to be listed as his place of birth. At the age of 5, Seabourn began to create cartoons, a passion he retained through his high school years. He attended McCamey school from first through sixth grades before moving to Alma, Arkansas, and subsequently to Van Buren. In 1944, Seabourn’s seventh grade year, his family moved to Purcell, Oklahoma, where he attended junior high and high school. That year Seabourn’s father would move to California alone, and eventually Seabourn’s parents would divorce, leading to his loss of contact with his father.

In the eighth grade, Seabourn sold one of his cartoons to the King Features Syndicate, and the cartoon was then published in an actual comic book. He would later attend Purcell High School and receive his diploma in 1950 having taken no formal art courses. Though he attended college for a short time in Tishomingo, Oklahoma, he put his education on hold to marry Bonnie Jo Tompkins. In 1955 he began night school at Oklahoma City University. While studying at the university, Seabourn worked as a freelance artist for companies such as Southwestern Bell and *Oklahoma Today* Magazine. Seabourn also began working for Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company, where he would maintain a position for twenty-three years. In 1961, Seabourn graduated from Oklahoma City University (OCU) with a Certificate of Art. In 1997, OCU granted him the honorary degree Doctor of Humane Letters.

## Military service

Seabourn joined the Navy in Oklahoma City, in November 1950 after he noticed friends being drafted at the start of the Korean War. He left for San Diego in March 1951, leaving behind his wife who was expecting their first child, Connie. During his time in the Navy, Seabourn created training brochures that included illustrations of how to evacuate, how to enter and exit a plane, as well as how to put on an inflatable life vest. He later became the art director for the Navy’s monthly magazine for two years before being transferred to Pearl Harbor. At Pearl Harbor, Seabourn was surrounded by artists, journalists, photographers, and writers, who were all shipmates in the Sincpack Fleet. The Sincpack Fleet completed work requests for various ships at sea. While in the Navy Bert’s art was also published in many magazines to which he submitted cartoons. He also completed his first full-time art project—painting the mess hall.

## Artistic style and notable works

Seabourn’s painting style evolved over the span of his education. Bert began with cartoon-style works at a young age and kept this style through his high school years. Until he began studying at Oklahoma City University, his works were naturalistic, that is, reflected observed reality. But at OCU, he was inspired by painter and instructor Roger White. After some time studying under White, Seabourn experimented with abstract painting. Abstract expressionism became the style for which Seabourn was to be known.

Along with the abstract aspect of Seabourn’s art, he is also known for Native American subject matter of his works. Seabourn was inspired to pursue American Indian subjects after a visit to the *Indian Annual*, a juried art show at Tulsa’s Philbrook Museum of Art, but he wanted to try a different approach than the Flatstyle art that was then popular.

Seabourn was an active part of the Native American art world until the passage of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act in 1990. As a person of Native American descent with no Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood to prove descent from any Cherokee tribe, it is illegal for Seabourn to publish claiming to be an Indian Artist.

One of Seabourn’s notable works is *Wind Walker*, a bronze sculpture that stands 23 feet tall and was unveiled in 1988.

## Awards

* 1976 - Master Artist designation by the Five Civilized Tribes Museum
* 1981- Governor’s Arts Award from the Oklahoma Arts Council
* 1997 - Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters
* 2009 - Paseo Arts Association Lifetime Achievement Award

## Personal

Seabourn lived with his wife, Bonnie, in Oklahoma City. The couple has three daughters: Connie, Angela, and Jimmie.

Seabourn died on November 17, 2022, aged 91.

## InfoBox

| Bert Dail Seabourn | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1931-07-09)July 9, 1931
Redbarn, Pecos County, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | November 17, 2022(2022-11-17) (aged 91)
Warr Acres, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Education | Oklahoma City University Purcell High School |
| Alma mater | Oklahoma City University |
| Known for | Paintings (oil, watercolor, acrylic) |
| Notable work | *Wind Walker* |
| Style | American Expressionist |
| Spouse | Bonnie Jo (Tompkins) Seabourn |
| Awards | Master Artist Designation; Governor's Arts Award; Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters; Paseo Arts Association Lifetime Achievement |


title: Rinkball

abstract: Rinkball is a winter team sport played on ice with ice skates and is most popular in Finland, where it is known as kaukalopallo. This ball sport originated in Sweden in the 1960s and from there landed in Finland in the 1970s. The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposing team. A bandy ball is used, but the ball is slightly smaller and blue instead of the orange or cerise used in bandy. Rinkball sticks are a sport specific design. Rinkball combines elements of bandy, rink bandy, and ice hockey, but is now a separately organized sport after developing its own organizing bodies, codifying its own rules, and having designed its own sport-specific equipment.

text:
# Rinkball

**Rinkball** is a winter team sport played on ice with ice skates and is most popular in Finland, where it is known as *kaukalopallo*. This ball sport originated in Sweden in the 1960s and from there landed in Finland in the 1970s.

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposing team. A bandy ball is used, but the ball is slightly smaller and blue instead of the orange or cerise used in bandy. Rinkball sticks are a sport specific design.

Rinkball combines elements of bandy, rink bandy, and ice hockey, but is now a separately organized sport after developing its own organizing bodies, codifying its own rules, and having designed its own sport-specific equipment.

## History

The sport was initially formed as a practice drill for bandy players in Sweden who were using indoor ice hockey rinks in the summer half of the year when the weather was too hot for outdoor ice fields even with artificial ice. The first Finnish championships were held in 1975. However, the sport didn't come to the attention of the wider public in Finland until the 1980s with the first Finland-Sweden international game played in 1984. In 1990, a rinkball game between the men's Finnish rinkball team and the newly crowned national Swedish bandy champion team, Västerås SK Bandy, resulted in a blowout with the rinkball team winning 13–3. This event helped further the fact that the two sports, bandy and rinkball, had become very different games.

## Rinkball rules

Rules for rinkball are set in Finland and there are also separate rules for the Championship Series.

The playing time is 3 × 20 minutes of effective playing time, i.e. the clock is stopped with game breaks (men's league and 1st division). In the lower series, the playing time is 2 × 30 minutes of running time. In that case, the clock will only be stopped during overtime or a penalty shot, or if there is a longer delay in the game e.g. in the case of a player being injured. Even in running time, the clock will be stopped during the last 2 minutes of the match for all interruptions.

The team may have a maximum of 17 or 20 players on their roster and two goalkeepers (depending on the series) of which one goalkeeper and five field players may be on the ice at a time. The team has the opportunity to pull and replace the goalkeeper with another player.

Checking is prohibited and players are not allowed to lift an opposing player's stick. There is no offsides in rinkball.

## Rinkball equipment

Mandatory equipment for field players includes a helmet, neck guard, ice skates, and a rinkball stick.

### Ball

The ball used is like a bandy ball but is 6 centimeters in diameter, weighs about 60 grams, and is blue in color.

### Sticks

Rinkball sticks have a sport–specific design and come in one length, roughly just over a metre long, giving shorter players an offensive edge while enabling taller players to dominate defensively. Rinkball sticks bear a closer resemblance to ice hockey sticks than they do to bandy sticks.

### Ice skates

Rinkball does not have an ice skate designed specifically for the sport. The players either use bandy skates or ice hockey skates, with bandy skates being the most prevalent.

### Goalkeeper

Mandatory equipment for the goalkeeper involves skates, a helmet with a face shield or mask, a neck guard, and goalkeeper shin guards or knee pads (width up to 28 cm). The goalkeeper has a catch glove or "fin" in each hand, the palm of which must be able to be spread completely open, so that its diameter must not exceed 28 cm at any point. The maximum width of the bracelet is 15 cm. The goalkeeper does not have a stick.

## National championships

In Finland, the national rinkball championships is the Kaukalopallon SM-sarja.

## International

The International Rinkball Federation (IRF) was founded in 1992 with Russia, Hungary and Switzerland among its first founding members. Sweden, Norway, the United States and Canada did not join in the beginning. By the late 1990s the international organization included Russia, Sweden, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Switzerland, Hungary, Finland, and the United States.

The first Rinkball World Championship for men was held in Omsk, Russia, in 1998.

The sport's largest national organization is in Finland. Known as the Finnish Rinkball Federation to English speakers, it has 1,000 teams, including women, men and children. Play is divided into eight male divisions, two female divisions, and children's play is divided by age.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

Rinkball
| Ball used in the sport of rinkball.
The ball color is blue | |
| --- | --- |
| Highest governing body | International Rinkball Federation |
| First played | 1960s (1960s)
Sweden |
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | Limited
body checking illegal |
| Type |  |
| Equipment |  |
| Venue | Ice rink |
| Presence | |
| Country or region | Finland |
| Olympic | No |
| Paralympic | No |
| World Games | No |