title: Deszpot coat of arms

abstract: Deszpot is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

text:
# Deszpot coat of arms

**Deszpot** is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## Notable bearers

Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:

*

## InfoBox

| Deszpot | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Battle cry | - |
| Alternative names | - |
| Earliest mention | unknown |
| Towns | none |
| Families | 10 names altogether: Despot, Deszpot, Kostrzeń, Kostrzeński, Kostrzyński, Mładanowicz, Zenowicz, Zieniewicz, Zienowicz, Żyniew |


title: Danish Siddiqui

abstract: Danish Siddiqui was an Indian photojournalist based in Delhi, who used to lead the national Reuters multimedia team and was Chief Photographer India. He received his first 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography, as part of the Reuters team, for documenting the Rohingya refugee crisis. In 2021, he was killed while covering a clash between Afghan security forces and Taliban forces near a border crossing with Pakistan. His second Pulitzer was awarded posthumously in 2022 for documenting the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Danish Siddiqui

**Danish Siddiqui** (19 May 1983 – 16 July 2021) was an Indian photojournalist based in Delhi, who used to lead the national Reuters multimedia team and was Chief Photographer India. He received his first 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography, as part of the Reuters team, for documenting the Rohingya refugee crisis. In 2021, he was killed while covering a clash between Afghan security forces and Taliban forces near a border crossing with Pakistan. His second Pulitzer was awarded posthumously in 2022 for documenting the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Early life and education

Siddiqui grew up in the neighbourhood of the university, and attended the Fr. Agnel School, New Delhi.

He graduated with a degree in economics from JMI before pursuing post-graduation in Mass Communication from the A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre at Jamia in 2007.

## Career

Siddiqui started his career as a correspondent for the *Hindustan Times* before shifting to the TV Today Network. He switched to photojournalism and joined Reuters as an intern in 2010. Siddiqui had since covered the Afghanistan War (2012), Battle of Mosul (2016–2017), the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis, the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, the 2020 Delhi riots, and the COVID-19 pandemic among other stories in South Asia, Middle East and Europe.

Since July 2021, he was serving as an embedded journalist with the Afghan Special Forces to document the Taliban offensive, in what would be his last assignment.

### Significant photographs

A photograph taken during the 2020 Delhi riots, documenting the lynching of a Muslim man by a Hindu mob, was featured by Reuters as one of the defining photographs of the year. BBC News, National Public Radio, and *The Caravan* noted it to be the defining image of the riot. Another photograph, taken of a teenage right-wing activist brandishing a pistol at protesters while police looked on, became evidence of "the emboldening of Hindu nationalists" in the wake of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019.

His photos depicting mass cremations of COVID-19 fatalities in India generated outrage. Right-wing news portals attacked Siddiqui for capitalizing on "Hindu suffering" and private grief.

## Major awards

In 2018, he became the first Indian alongside Adnan Abidi to win the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography (as part of the Photography staff of Reuters) for documenting the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis. In 2013, Siddiqui had secured the third position in the Arts and Culture Category at the Sony World Photography Awards 2013. He was also a winner in the recently held Hong Kong 25th Human Rights Press Awards 2021 for Photography (Series) and Photography (Single Image) categories. His work on COVID-19 crisis, titled "Documenting India’s Greatest Healthcare Crisis", was also exhibited in the prestigious Visa pour l'Image photojournalism festival held in August 2021.

On 29 December 2021, Siddiqui was posthumously awarded 'the Journalist of the Year' for 2020 by the Mumbai Press Club. Chief Justice of India N. V. Ramana presented the annual 'RedInk Awards for Excellence in Journalism'. During the event CJI Ramana stated,

> "He was a man with a magical eye and was rightly regarded as one of the foremost photojournalists of this era. If a picture can tell a thousand words, his photos were novels."
>
> Chief Justice of India N. V. Ramana

In 2022, Danish's photography of the COVID-19 pandemic in India was part of another Pulitzer Prize in Feature Photography winning photography package, increasing his tally to two Pulitzer Prizes.

| Award | Description | Year |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sony World Photography Awards | 3rd Place | 2013 |
| Atlanta Photojournalism Awards | 3rd Place | 2014 |
| Atlanta Photojournalism Awards | First Place | 2017 |
| The Pulitzer Prize | Winner in Feature Photography, Photography Staff of Reuters | 2018 |
| Hong Kong 25th Human Rights Press Awards | Photography (Series) and Photography (Single Image) Categories | 2021 |
| RedInk Awards for Excellence in Journalism | Journalist of the Year | 2021 |
| NPPA Best of Photojournalism Awards | Second Place, General News Category | 2022 |
| Reuters The Baron Award | Honors an individual who exemplifies the Reuters tradition of integrity and journalistic excellence | 2021 |
| Reuters Photojournalist of the Year Award | Photojournalist of the Year | 2022 |
| Reuters Photo of the Year | Winner | 2022 |
| Hugo Shong Journalist of The Year Award | For Reporting on Asia Affairs | 2022 |
| The Pulitzer Prize | Winner in Feature Photography, Photography Staff of Reuters | 2022 |

## Personal life

Siddiqui was a Muslim. He was married to Rike, a German national. They had two children.

## Death

Siddiqui was killed alongside a senior Afghan officer while covering a clash between Afghan Special Forces and Taliban insurgents in Spin Boldak, Kandahar, on 16 July 2021. His body was handed to the Afghan Red Crescent Society.

According to local Afghan officials as well as Taliban members, Siddiqui was killed by the Taliban in an ambush-crossfire. The Taliban mutilated and disrespected the body.

A detailed BBC investigative report by Vinit Khare published on 10 Aug 2021 confirmed witness accounts that Danish's body was indeed subjected to mutilation by the Taliban post his murder after displaying the body in the city center and only after intense negotiations by the Red Cross team did they return the body.

Another investigative report published by Reuters on 23 Aug 2021 said that Danish was killed after he was left behind by the Afghan forces in retreat. It quotes a Taliban fighter as saying "You’re bringing Indians to fight against us.” The officer replied, “Don’t shoot him. He’s a journalist.” “We already killed that guy,” the fighter answered which further lends credence to reports that Danish was executed post his capture. The Reuter report did not answer questions related to mutilation of the body, safety of Danish while covering such conflict, absence of security advisors, not recalling him back after 13 July attack. As per official statement issued by Reuters, an internal investigation is being conducted .

Michael Rubin (in an op-ed for the *Washington Examiner* on 29 July 2021) cited several unnamed sources to claim that the Taliban had eliminated him in a planned operation, which was covered-up by the US Government. He claimed that as part of this operation, they had attacked a mosque where Siddiqui had gone to receive first-aid, captured him, vetted his identity, and then executed him, after fighting off the Afghan forces who came to the rescue. The op-ed was immediately reproduced by multiple outlets of mainstream Indian media.

*The New York Times* (NYT) failed to confirm the narrative of execution. However, the-then spokesman of Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) told India Today that Siddiqui was indeed executed by the Taliban. A report by News18 has since confirmed Rubin's version of events from Afghan and Indian intelligence officials; presence of about a dozen close range gunshot wounds on his torso were argued to corroborate his thesis.

### Mutilation and return of body

The Taliban had mutilated his body before returning it though it denied doing this.

Ahmad Lodin, the head of the newspaper *Afghan Orband Weekly*, claimed to *Newslaundry* on 19 July that the Taliban had released Siddiqui's "disrespected" and "mutilated" corpse only after prolonged negotiations. Rubin, in his op-ed, claimed to have reviewed photographs and a video of Siddiqui's body from a source in the Indian Government, showing head-injuries and multiple bullet-wounds.

On 31 July, NYT reviewed several photographs of Siddiqui's corpse from multiple sources and confirmed these claims. Photographs taken shortly after his death, encircled apparently by Taliban insurgents, did not show any evidence of mutilation but photographs snapped after the corpse was recovered by government, showed such signs. An Afghan health official who had received the body at the Mirwais Hospital in Kandahar around 8pm, found Siddiqui's face to be unrecognizable, while Indian officials noted tire marks on the face and chest in addition to about 12 gunshot wounds in his body, resembling close-range injuries. The News18 report confirmed these details — Taliban had driven a Humvee over his face and chest, for reasons which were yet to be clear.

### Reactions

Unofficial * In the past, Siddiqui had been a target for his pictures of Hindu cremation sites during the second wave of COVID-19, which violated the Hindu sentiments. He was accused of selling these photographs to Getty Images for profit.
* The Taliban denied knowledge of his presence in the ambushed entourage and expressed their regret at his death. Days before completion of a successful offensive in Afghanistan, they blamed Siddiqui for not coordinating with their forces.

Official

### Burial

Siddiqui's coffin arrived in India, in the evening of 18 July 2021. The same night, his body was buried at the Jamia Millia Islamia graveyard. Hundreds attended the funeral.

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5. "Reuters photographer Danish Siddiqui captured the people behind the story". *Reuters*. 16 July 2021.
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7. "Danish Siddiqui: Indian photojournalist killed in Afghanistan". *BBC News*. 16 July 2021.
8. "'Devastating loss of brave photojournalist': Condolences pour in for Danish Siddiqui". *The News Minute*. 16 July 2021.
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11. "Jamia Millia's AJK-MCRC Alumnus Receives Pulitzer Prize For Photography". *NDTV.com*. 19 April 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018.
12. "Reuters journalist killed covering clash between Afghan forces, Taliban". *Reuters*. 16 July 2021.
13. "Pulitzer Prize-Winning Photojournalist Danish Siddiqui Is Killed In Afghanistan". *NPR.org*. 16 July 2021.
14. "Photo of Muslim Man Being Beaten in Delhi Riots is Reuters' India Pick in 'Pictures of Year' List". *The Wire*. 25 November 2020.
15. Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (1 March 2020). "Inside Delhi: beaten, lynched and burnt alive". *The Guardian*.
16. "'No-one who saw the photo thought I would survive'". *BBC News*. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
17. "In New Delhi, Days Of Deadly Violence And Riots". *NPR.org*. 26 February 2020.
18. Vats, Vaibhav. "'You don't even slaughter animals like that': Behind the iconic image of Delhi's anti-Muslim carnage". *The Caravan*. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
19. Goldbaum, Christina; Abed, Fahim (16 July 2021). "Danish Siddiqui, Reuters Photojournalist, Is Killed in Afghanistan". *The New York Times*. ProQuest 2552220336.
20. "Pulitzer Prize-Winning Photojournalist Danish Siddiqui Is Killed In Afghanistan". *NPR*. 16 July 2021.
21. Lakshmi, Rama (9 May 2021). "No, the Western media isn't biased in reporting Indian Covid. Here's why". *ThePrint*. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
22. Sharma, Kamayani (21 May 2021). "Why the world must witness pictures of India's mass Covid-19 cremations". *Vox*. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
23. Roy, Vaishna (23 July 2021). "Frames and the man: why Danish Siddiqui's work makes him a hero". *The Hindu*. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
24. "The 2018 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Feature Photography". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
25. SPIEGEL, DER (5 February 2013). "Sony World Photography Awards 2013 Finalisten". *Der Spiegel*.
26. "25th Human Rights Press Awards (2021) Winners | Human Rights Press Awards". 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
27. "Documenting India's Greatest Healthcare Crisis". *Visa pour l’image*. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
28. Trotta, Daniel (9 May 2022). "Washington Post wins Pulitzer for public service, Reuters for feature photography". *Reuters*. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
29. "3rd Place, Danish Siddiqui, India". *World Photography Organisation*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
30. "2014 Winners".
31. "2017 Winners".
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34. "RedInk Awards: Danish Siddiqui named 'Journalist of the Year', Prem Shankar Jha to be honoured for 'lifetime achievement'". *The Indian Express*. 28 December 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
35. "NPPA 2022 Best of Photojournalism Competition". *2022 NPPA Best of Photojournalism*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
36. "Reuters names 2021 Journalists of the Year Awards winners". *Reuters News Agency*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
37. "Reuters names 2021 Journalists of the Year Awards winners". *Reuters News Agency*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
38. "Reuters names 2021 Journalists of the Year Awards winners". *Reuters News Agency*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
39. "Hugo Shong Reporting on Asia Award | College of Communication". *www.bu.edu*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
40. "2022 Pulitzer Prize Winners". *www.pulitzer.org*. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
41. "Danish Siddiqui's father appeals to MEA: Expedite process to get his body back". *The Indian Express*. 17 July 2021.
42. Sarkar, Soumashree (15 July 2021). "Indian photojournalist Danish Siddiqui killed in Afghanistan's Kandahar province". *The Wire*.
43. "India condemns Danish Siddiqui's killing; Taliban give body to Red Cross". *The Times of India*. 17 July 2021.
44. "Reuters journalist killed covering clash between Afghan forces, Taliban". *Reuters*. 16 July 2021.
45. Mashal, Mujib (31 July 2021). "Body of Reuters Photographer Was Mutilated in Taliban Custody, Officials Say". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
46. Mashal, Mujib (31 July 2021). "Body of Reuters Photographer Was Mutilated in Taliban Custody, Officials Say". *The New York Times*. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
47. "दानिश सिद्दीक़ी की हत्या के पहले और उसके बाद क्या हुआ था?". *BBC News हिंदी* (in Hindi). 10 August 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
48. "Reuters photographer died after being left behind, Afghan general says". *Reuters*. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
49. Rubin, Michael (29 July 2021). "Don't whitewash details of photojournalist Danish Siddiqui's murder". *Washington Examiner*.
50. "Taliban 'executed' Danish Siddiqui after verifying his identity, Washington Examiner opinion piece alleges". *Newslaundry*. 30 July 2021.
51. Mohan, Geeta (2 August 2021). "Afghan official confirms Danish Siddiqui was captured and executed by Taliban". Retrieved 2 August 2021.
52. Kaul, Aditya Raj (2 August 2021). "EXCLUSIVE: Danish Siddiqui's Body Was Mutilated; Head, Chest Crushed Under a SUV by the Taliban". *News18*. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
53. Shaheen, Muhammad Sohail (14 August 2021). "Photojournalist Danish Siddiqui Didn't Seek Our Nod" (Interview). Interviewed by Sreenivasan Jain.
54. Kumar, Ruchi (20 July 2021). "'Ambushed by the Taliban': Kandahar locals recount Danish Siddiqui's death". *Newslaundry*.
55. "Viral Posts Falsely Claim Danish Siddiqui Sold Cremation Images for Profit | BOOM". 16 July 2021.
56. "Danish Siddiqui: Creator of iconic images trolled even in death". *The New Indian Express*. 17 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
57. Chowdhury, Archis (16 July 2021). "Death Of Reuters Photojournalist Danish Siddiqui Sparks Hate Messages". *BOOM*. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
58. Ray, Meenakshi (17 July 2021). "'We are sorry': Taliban denies role in photojournalist Danish Siddiqui's death, says report". *Hindustan Times*.
59. "At UN meet, India condemns killing of photojournalist Danish Siddiqui in Afghanistan". *Scroll.in*. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
60. "I&B minister, media bodies condole Indian photojournalist's death in Afghanistan". *Outlookindia.com*.
61. "'A tremendous loss': Biden govt mourns Indian photojournalist Danish Siddiqui's death in Afghanistan". *Free Press Journal*. 17 July 2021.
62. "Afghan President Expresses Shock Over Killing Of Indian Journalist Danish Siddiqui". NDTV.com.
63. "UN Chief Grieved At The Killing Of Indian Photojournalist In Afghanistan". *NDTV.com*. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
64. "Director-General urges better protection of journalists following the killing of award-winning journalist Danish Siddiqui in Afghanistan". *UNESCO*. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
65. Tiwari, Ayush (19 July 2021). "'There was no one like him': At Danish Siddiqui's funeral, hundreds throng to say goodbye". *Newslaundry*. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

## InfoBox

| Danish Siddiqui | |
| --- | --- |
| Siddiqui in 2018 | |
| Born | 9 May 1983 (1983-05-09)
New Delhi, India |
| Died | 16 July 2021(2021-07-16) (aged 38)
Spin Boldak, Kandahar, Afghanistan |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
| Resting place | Jamia Millia Islamia cemetery |
| Alma mater | Jamia Millia Islamia |
| Occupation | Photojournalist |
| Employer | Reuters |
| Awards | Pulitzer Prize (2018, 2022) |
| Website | danishsiddiqui.net |


title: Carl Sachs

abstract: Carl Sachs was a German zoologist, known for his discovery of what is now called Sachs' organ in the electric eel.

text:
# Carl Sachs

**Carl Sachs** (19 September 1853  18 August 1878) was a German zoologist, known for his discovery of what is now called Sachs' organ in the electric eel.

## Biography

Carl Sachs was born in Neisse (now in Poland). He was sent to Latin America by the physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond, to study the electric eel (*Electrophorus*) in the same Llanos region where Humboldt had made his observations; he took with him a galvanometer and electrodes to measure the fish's electric organ discharge, and used rubber gloves ("*Kautschuck-Handschuhen*") to enable him to catch the fish without being shocked, to the surprise of the local people. He published his research on the fish, including his discovery of what is now called Sachs' organ, in 1877.

While in the Llanos, he used giant toads instead of the frogs that du Bois-Reymond's laboratory normally employed to detect electrical activity from electric fish. Sachs studied the electric eel's seeming immunity to its own shocks, and to electricity applied to it. He found that electric eel muscles, when removed from the fish, twitched in the usual way in response to an electric shock. He demonstrated that a discharge could be triggered by stimulating the nerve to the electric organs; and that such a discharge could be blocked with the arrow poison curare. He observed that electric eels gather in groups as water levels fall in the dry season.

Sachs produced an accurate anatomical description of "Sachs's organ", the smallest of the electric eel's three electric organs. He tried to bring six of the fish home on his return journey across the Atlantic, but one died on the voyage back to the port of Bremen, and the rest were harmed on the train journey to Berlin. Accordingly his researches on these specimens were limited to anatomy. The organ is now known to produce a low-voltage discharge used in electrolocation.

He was the first person to write descriptions of the electric organs of the weakly electric *Gymnotus* fishes, members of the same family as the electric eel.

Sachs died aged 25 in 1878, not long after returning to Europe, in an accident on Monte Cevedale, Italy.

## Works

* Sachs, Carl (1877). "Beobachtungen und versuche am südamerikanischen zitteraale (Gymnotus electricus)" \[Observations and research on the South American electric eel (Gymnotus electricus)\]. *Archives of Anatomy and Physiology* (in German): 66–95.
* Sachs, Carl (1879). *Aus den Llanos. Schilderungen einer naturwissenschaftlichen Reise nach Wenezuela* \[*From Llanos: Depictions of a Scientific Journey to Venezuela*\] (in German). Leipzig: Veit.
* du Bois-Reymond, Emil H.; Fritsch, Gustav; Sachs, Carl (1881). *Untersuchungen am Zitteraal: gymnotus electricus / Carl Sachs; nach seinem Tode bearbeitet von Emil Du Bois-Reymond; mit zwei Abhandlungen von Gustav Fritsch* \[*Investigations of the Electric Eel: Gymnotus electricus. By Carl Sachs, written up after his death by Emil du Bois-Reymond; with two contributions by Gustav Fritsch*\] (in German). Leipzig: Veit.

## Further reading

* Serven Asdrubal, Gonzalez (1995). "Sachs, Carl". *Diccionario multimedia de historia de Venezuela* (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Fundación Polar.
* Syniawa, Mirosław (2007). "Karl Sachs". *Przyroda Górnego Śląska \[Nature of Upper Silesia\]* (in Polish) (49).


title: Lagos Plan of Action

abstract: The Lagos Plan of Action was an Organisation of African Unity-backed plan to increase Africa's self-sufficiency. The plan aimed to minimize Africa's links with Western countries by maximizing Africa's own resources.

text:
# Lagos Plan of Action

The **Lagos Plan of Action** (officially the **Lagos Plan of Action for the Economic Development of Africa, 19802000**) was an Organisation of African Unity-backed plan to increase Africa's self-sufficiency. The plan aimed to minimize Africa's links with Western countries by maximizing Africa's own resources.

## History

It was drafted in Lagos, Nigeria in April 1980, during a conference which included a variety of African leaders. The plan blamed Africa's economic crisis on the Structural Adjustment Programs of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund and the vulnerability of African economies to worldwide economic shocks, such as the 1973 oil crisis. It has been characterized as the collective response of African states to the growing reliance of Western economies on the ideology of neoliberalism, which was summed up in the World Bank's 1981 Berg report, which replaced the LPA as the guiding economic document for Africa in the 1980s.

The report claimed that development in Africa could be achieved by a decreased reliance on raw material extraction, industrialization, global equality in trade relations and an increase in development aid from the international community. Africanist scholars noted the absence in the report of any blame on, or calls for reform of, domestic governments of Africa. This contrasts significantly with the Berg Report, which apportioned blame solely on the Africa leaders themselves, with the international community taking no responsibility for their part in Africa's demise.

## Structure

### Food and agriculture

The Lagos Plan of Action acknowledged the dismal state of Africa's food production and consumption. The plan also highlighted a main cause of the problem with Africa's food production to be the lack of proper attention and resources to rural life. The plan stressed that "the development of agriculture should not be considered in isolation but integrated within the economic and social development process". The plan felt the need to integrate the youth into agriculture and shift the urbanization trend by introducing policy changes to make rural life more lucrative was an important part of agricultural development in Africa. The plan proposed that, from 1980 to 1985, Africa focus on establishing the "foundation of self-sufficiency" and the "immediate improvement in the food situation." The plan also highlighted high priority issues such as reducing food waste, increasing food security, and increasing and diversifying the food supply while proposing urgent measures for all.

The Lagos Plan of Action called for "significant progress" to be made towards achieving a "50% reduction in post-harvest food losses." Some of the recommended actions to achieve this included educating the public of food waste reduction through mass media campaigns, building appropriate facilities for food storage and transport, and creation of national policies for food loss reduction. To increase food security, the LPA aimed to set up national food reserves at 10% of the total population for all member states. The LPA also called for a "coherent national food security policy" with "concrete actions" for each member state. The LPA recommended for the proper research to be done to improve food transportation and distribution throughout Africa. The main objective the plan called for was for measurable "improvements in food-crop production with a view to replacing a size-able proportion of the presently imported products".

### Industry

The LPA acknowledged that Africa was heading into the 1980-90 decade as the "least developed region in the world" as the effect of colonization and proclaimed the years 1980-1990 as the "Industrial Development Decade in Africa." Due to resource limitations faced by African states, the LPA encouraged "industrial co-operation" between Member States in order to strengthen industrialization in Africa. Member states felt they were owed a "massive and appropriate contribution" from developed countries for African development. The plan also called for an industrial base in each Member state for African social and economic development.

By the year 2000, the Lagos Plan aimed for Africa to have "2% of the world industrial production" and recognized the need for the creation of a national industrial structure to achieve that goal. The plan also emphasized the importance for cooperation between industry sectors for success in the long term. From 1980–1990, the plan aimed for Africa to have "1.4% of the world industrial production" while achieving self-sufficiency in food, building materials, clothing, and energy". In the short term, the plan aimed to have "at least 1% of the world industrial production" and start the foundational process for achieving self-reliance in the long run. The plan called for research to be conducted to determine which industry sectors could be developed in the short term and to learn which industries required regional and national support for development.

### Natural resources

The Lagos Plan of Action stated that the main problems confronting Africa in natural resource development included lack of information, lack of adequate capital, and excessive foreign dependence. The plan states the strategies for natural resource development in the 1980s should assess natural resource endowment, integrate natural resource development, strengthen existing natural resources, and work in close integration with the international community.

The plan recommended that a member states gain a thorough understanding of their existing natural resources, conduct research, and store collected data in a national data bank. The rational development and utilization of member state's natural resources as well as conservation of natural resources was recommended. The main objectives for mineral resource development concerned gaining a better understanding of Africa's mineral resources. The plan called for the establishment of a National Water Committee by 1980, strengthening of existing sub-regional organizations, properly identify water supply and irrigation projects, and increased cooperation in the development of water resources. With regards to mapping and cartography, Member states should "provide means to establish and strengthen national surveying and mapping institutions" and place an important emphasis on the development of national surveying and mapping institutions".

### Human resource development and utilization

The Lagos Plan of Action identified Africa's human resources as one of its greatest asset. It also repeatedly acknowledged the lack of adequately trained human resources and called for the full utilization of its labor force as necessary for the continent's development. The plan called for scientific and technical skills to be emphasized in order to reduce Africa's reliance on imported scientific and technical manpower. At the National Level, increasing national training and manpower development as well as maintaining a "centrally administered Training Fund" was deemed essential. The creation and maintenance of Training Programs throughout Member States was to be funded by this Training Fund. Adoption of policies and measures to ensure the reduction of foreign dependence on was important. At the Regional and Sub-regional levels, the plan called for "manpower studies"/research to be carried out to "provide guidelines for formulation and initiation of training programs at the national levels". Also the plan stressed the value of supporting the "free movement of labor within sub-regions" to "facilitate employment of surplus trained manpower" to other Member countries in need. The minimum budget for the human resource initiatives detailed in the Plan required $1.5 million per year. The Plan advised Member States that international aid for human resource development is "welcome and supplementary to the African self-reliant effort".

### Science and technology

In regards to science and technology, the Lagos Plan of Action called for increased training, funding and research to be conducted in preparing trained human capital and raising the standard of living. The Lagos Plan of Action recognized that despite past efforts, Africa was in need of science and technology development. The plan called for member states to hold science and technology fairs on a regular basis to encourage the exchange of knowledge between African scientists. The plan also called for a centralized "Centre for Science and Technology for Development" in each member state to serve as the operational structure for development. The development of human resources trained in science and technology and the creation of a competitive research environment was deemed vital. The plan identified priority areas for technological innovation in food and agriculture such as improving seeds, storage/processing techniques, irrigation technology and more. For the industrial sectors, the plan identified priority areas for scientific and technological innovation such as the food and agro-industries, the building and construction industries, the metal, engineering, chemical and forest-based industries.

### Transport and communication

The Lagos Plan of Action recognized that transport and communication play an important role for Africa. The Economic Commission for Africa Conference of Ministers called for a "Decade for Transport and Communications in 1979". The plan calls for the "promotion of transport and communication with a focus on increasing intra-African trade". It was decided that the decade would be implemented in two phases and with "regional, sub-regional and national projects with a sub-regional impact." Both phases involved the continuation of ongoing projects, implementation of already financed projects and gather financing for future projects. There were 450 transport projects and 100 communications projects ready for the first phase with a total cost of US$8.85 billion.

### Trade and finance

The Lagos Plan of Action called for the creation of an African Common Market and the improvement of domestic trade at both national and regional levels throughout Africa. Intra-African trade expansion was encouraged through the means of reduction of trade barriers, mechanisms for the development of trade, and the establishment of African multinational production corporations and joint ventures. Internationally, the plan called for Africa's world industrial production to reach 2% by the year 2000. The plan also called for new financial policies at the national level and regional levels to encourage trade and financial cooperation among member states.

### Measures to build up and strengthen economic and technical co-operation

Africa's need for institutions that help develop capabilities and infrastructures essential for economic and social development was recognized by the Lagos Plan. Existing institutions have faced stifled growth due to the lack of governmental support. The plan aimed to set guidelines around the creation of future multinational institutions to ensure that future institutions would be supported and their need has been required.

### Environment and development

The Lagos Plan of Action identified environmental development as a "priority areas of environmental concern requiring immediate action" with action required regarding: (a.) Maintaining safe drinking-water supplies and environmental sanitation; (b.) Desertification and drought; (c.) Reforestation and soil degradation; (d.) Marine Pollution and conservation of marine resources; (e.) Human settlements; (f.) Mining; (g.) Air Pollution Control; (g.) Environmental education and training, legislation, and information. The Lagos Plan stressed the need for the creation of an environmental matters intergovernmental committee as well as the cooperation of member states for the progression of Africa's environmental development.

### The least developed African countries

The Lagos Plan accepts the conclusions of the Conference of African Least Developed Countries in 1980 on the issues facing the least developed countries. It was recognized that these countries were facing similar problems that required collective and similar solutions. The plan also aimed to develop these countries in an effort to achieve sustainability through increased Official development assistance. The creation of a Conference of Minister of African Least Developed Countries was called for as well as increased projection models for the least developed countries.

### Energy

The Lagos Plan of Action declared the African energy situation to be disturbing and rising at a rate that should cause serious concern. With consumption of Energy increasing at a rate that causes concern for the continent's energy supplies, the lack of an African national energy policy in most African countries was a major problem. The plan identified the need to diversify energy sources, the lack of funding, limited manpower, and the lack of standardization in the energy sector. In the long term, the plan recommended exploring fossil fuels, hydropower, nuclear power, and new and renewable energy sources.

### Women and development

The Lagos Plan of Action called for the full integration of women into development planning. The plan stated that any actions made for the development of women's status in Africa so far have failed to be adequate. The plan stressed the importance of integrating women into all sectors of development within Africa and not treating the process as separate from Africa's development as a whole. The plan aimed to give women the "right to higher education, technical education, and management skills" allowing women to "participate more fully in economic and political life". The plan called for the "reduction of domestic burden of rural women" and for "steps to be taken to include women in higher administrative and policy-making levels". For the years 1980–1985, the plan chose specific sectors to focus on. These included organizational machineries, education and training, employment, communications and mass media, health, nutrition, and family life, research, data collection and analysis, and lastly legislative and administrative matters.

### Development planning, statistics and population

The Lagos Plan recognized the lack of a necessary and proper implementation plan to carry out many national objections. To achieve its goals of self-sufficiency and reduced foreign reliance, African Member States had to improve its capabilities to execute the implementation plan. The creation of statistical programs to aid with national development as well as improved population and demographic data collection techniques were called for by the plan.

## Results of the Lagos Plan of Action

The Lagos Plan aimed to fix a large number of problems and faced an uphill battle of achieving its goals. At the Eleventh meeting of the Conference of African Ministers of Trade in April 1991, the Economic Commission for Africa gave their review of the impact of the Lagos Plan. This meeting looked at the developments of trade domestically and the effects of that development on African member states. The lack of an "effective monitoring mechanism" may explain why there is lack of enforcement by some member states. The lack of collected data also impacted attempts at analysis of aspects of the Lagos Plan of Action. Trade was impacted by natural disasters, such as drought in 34 African countries in the 1980s, and, in 1990, trade in Africa was behind most other regions. Trade barriers were also found to still exist between African states where they should not have by 1990. An area of progress was institution-building despite lack of proper funding.


title: Ranko Vidović

abstract: Ranko Vidović is a Croatian prelate of the Catholic Church who currently serves as the bishop of Hvar-Brač-Vis since 2021.

text:
# Ranko Vidović

**Ranko Vidović** (6 May 1961) is a Croatian prelate of the Catholic Church who currently serves as the bishop of Hvar-Brač-Vis since 2021.

## Biography

Vidović was born in Vidonje near Zažablje in southern Croatia to Gabrijel and Anđa née Ćerlek. He was the third child in a family with eleven children. He finished the elementary school in Mlinište near Metković and in 1976 enrolled at a seminary in Split. After graduating from seminary in 1980, he studied theology at the Theological School in Split.

Vidović was ordained as a priest of the Archdiocese of Split-Makarska on 29 June 1986 in the Church of the Our Lady of Health in Split. From 1986 to February 1988 he served as a chaplain in the parish of St. Michael the Archangel in Kaštel Kambelovac. He then served as the parish priest at the parish of Our Lady of Mercy in Split until 2014. In 2014 he was appointed a parish priest and an administrator of the Our Lady's of Otok sanctuary in Solin and served as a deacon of the Deanery of Solin.

On 4 March 2021, Pope Francis appointed Vidović as the bishop of Hvar-Brač-Vis. He was consecrated at the Hvar cathedral on 22 May 2021. The principal consecrator was the archbishop of Split Marin Barišić, while the archbishop coadjutor of Split and the apostolic administrator of Poreč-Pula Dražen Kutleša and the bishop of Mostar-Duvno and the apostolic administrator of Trebinje-Mrkan Petar Palić served as co-consecrators. Vidović chose John 19:27 "*Evo ti majke*" (English: Here is your mother) as his episcopal motto.

## Footnotes

### News articles

* Krvavica, Tino (4 March 2021). "Don Ranko Vidović novi je hvarski biskup!" \[Fr. Ranko Vidović is the new bishop of Hvar\]. *Bitno.net*. Zagreb. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
* "Mons. Ranko Vidović u Hvaru zaređen za biskupa" \[Mons. Ranko Vidović consecrated as a bishop in Hvar\]. *Hrvatska katolička mreža* (in Croatian). Zagreb. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
* "Zaređen novi hvarski biskup mons. Ranko Vidović" \[The new bishop of Hvar Mons. Ranko Vidović is consecrated\]. *Hrvatska radiotelevizija* (in Croatian). Zagreb. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.

### Websites

## InfoBox

| The Most Reverend
Ranko Vidović | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Hvar-Brač-Vis | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Hvar-Brač-Vis |
| Appointed | 4 March 2021 |
| Installed | 22 May 2021 |
| Predecessor | Petar Palić |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 29 June 1986 |
| Consecration | 22 May 2021
by Marin Barišić |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1961-05-06) 6 May 1961
Vidonje, Zažablje, Croatia, Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Croat |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Motto | *Evo ti majke* (Here is your mother) |


title: Chandler Massey

abstract: Chandler Abit Massey is an American actor and singer, best known for his portrayal of Will Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives. Massey was awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series three years in a row – in 2012, 2013, and 2014, and is the first actor ever to receive the Daytime Emmy Award for playing a gay character. In 2018 and 2020, Massey was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

text:
# Chandler Massey

**Chandler Abit Massey** (born September 10, 1990) is an American actor and singer, best known for his portrayal of Will Horton on the NBC daytime soap opera *Days of Our Lives*.

Massey was awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series three years in a row – in 2012, 2013, and 2014, and is the first actor ever to receive the Daytime Emmy Award for playing a gay character. In 2018 and 2020, Massey was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

## Personal life

Massey was born and raised in Norcross, Georgia. He is the son of Lewis A. Massey, former Secretary of State of Georgia, and Amy Reichard Massey. He has two younger siblings: Cameryn and Christian.

He graduated from Norcross High School in May 2009. While there, he was active in its drama club and took part in many of the school productions, including playing the lead roles in *Little Shop of Horrors*, *One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest*, *Guys and Dolls* and *How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying*.

Later that year, he moved to Los Angeles to attend the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and to pursue an acting career. At UCLA, he played on the Ultimate Frisbee team, where he was given the nickname "Bamm Bamm." While working on *Days of Our Lives*, Massey roomed with his friend and *Days* co-star Casey Deidrick.

In March 2023, Massey got engaged to long time girlfriend Stephanie Bennett.

## Acting career

### *Days of Our Lives*

> "Massey brings a pureness to the role of Will that makes you love him. This is a brilliant young actor who will move you to tears based on a look alone."

Jessica Radloff, *Glamour* Magazine

In December 2009, after completing his first quarter at UCLA, Massey successfully auditioned for the role of Will Horton on NBC’s daytime drama *Days of Our Lives*, joining the cast in 2010. He had previously auditioned for Will when Dylan Patton was cast. For this role, Massey became the first actor in history to win the Daytime Emmy Award for portraying a gay character, when he won the Outstanding Younger Actor category in 2012. He had been nominated in the same category the previous year. In February 2013, Massey's younger brother, Christian, appeared as a young Will Horton on *Days of Our Lives* in a flashback. In June 2013, Massey won his second consecutive Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actor. Massey revealed that he intended to return to school instead of renewing his contract, which was set to expire in December 2013. *Days* executive producer Ken Corday stated that his character would not be recast, and that the door would be open in case Massey decided to return; but Massey expressed that he would support a recast. On August 23, 2013, it was announced that Massey had taped his final episode that day, and that a recast had already been made. Massey was let out of his contract early, for which he thanked *Days* and NBC. On June 22, 2014, Massey won his third consecutive Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series. Massey made Daytime Emmys history with his three consecutive wins in the Younger Actor category. While he is the second actor to win the category three times – following Jonathan Jackson, who won for *General Hospital* in 1995, 1998, and 1999 – he is the first to do so in consecutive years. Massey is also the first actor from *Days of Our Lives* ever to win three Emmys, consecutive or otherwise.

> "There is a reason that Massey has three Daytime Emmys to his name. His work is at once understated, powerful, truthful, and has the ability to touch the hearts of millions"

Michael Fairman, MichaelFairmanTV.com

On May 8, 2017, *Entertainment Weekly* announced that Massey was reprising the role of Will on *Days of Our Lives*, and Massey expressed excitement at bringing the character back. His new episodes began airing on September 15, 2017. Kristyn Burtt of *SheKnows* said Massey's return was a "huge watershed moment" for the network; in 2018, Massey was again nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award, this time for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

On March 10, 2022 Chandler Massey has returned to Days of our Lives in a recurring role.

### Other work

Massey has made guest appearances in several drama series, including *One Tree Hill* and *Army Wives*, as well as appeared in the HBO comedy series, *Eastbound & Down*. In 2011, he starred in his first feature film, *16-Love*, in which he portrayed Farrell Gambles, a fun-loving junior tennis player, and the love interest of Lindsey Shaw's lead character, Ally Mash. *Backstage* wrote that he gave "levels to his character" as the "boyish, smitten, too-romantic-to-be-true athlete next door." Following its release in January 2012, the film topped iTunes' *Sports Movies* chart for several weeks.

Massey is also a musician, serving as the keyboardist and one of the two clean vocalists in the metal band And Still I Rise.

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *For What I Had to Fear* | Ben Tucker | Short film
Directed by Andrew Schwab |  |
| 2012 | *16-Love* | Farrell Gambles | Feature film debut
Directed by Adam Lipsius |  |
| 2014 | *Angels in Stardust* | Angelo | Directed by William Robert Carey |  |
| 2016 | *The Standoff* | Chris Goodman | Directed by Ilyssa Goodman |  |
| 2016 | *I Remember You* | AJ | Short film
Directed by Michael W. Catlin |  |
| 2017 | *Aquarians* | Danny | Directed by Michael M. McGuire |  |
| 2017 | *Butterfly Caught* | Terry | Directed by Manny Rodriguez, Jr. |  |
| 2018 | *Hide in the Light* | Shane | Directed by Mikey McGregor |  |
|

## Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *One Tree Hill* | Actor Lucas | Episode 6.16: "Screenwriter's Blues" |
| | *Eastbound & Down* | Pliny Caldwell | Episode 1.03: "Chapter 3" |
| | *Army Wives* | Ben Goldsmith | Episode 3.13: "Duty to Inform" |
| 2010–14, 2017– | *Days of Our Lives* | Will Horton | Series regular (2010–14, 2017–20)
Guest appearances (2020–) |
| 2015 | *Bad Judge* | Derek | Episode 1.10: "The Fixer" |
| 2015 | *AfterBuzz TV's Spotlight On* | Himself | Interview on August 16, 2015. |
| 2016 | *Bunk'd* | Noah | Episode 1.17: "For Love and Money" |
| 2021 | *Days of Our Lives: Beyond Salem* | Will Horton | Miniseries |
| 2021 | *Days of Our Lives: A Very Salem Christmas* | Will Horton | Television film |
| 2021 | *Next Stop, Christmas* | Ben Lee | Television film (Hallmark Channel) |
| 2022 | *Heart of the Matter* | Henry Lowery | Television film (Hallmark Movies & Mysteries) |
| 2022 | *A Tale of Two Christmases* | Drew | Television film (Hallmark Channel) |
| 2023 | *The Professional Bridesmaid* | Henry Whittington | Television film (Hallmark Channel) |
| 2023 | *Mystic Christmas* | Sawyer Adams | Television film (Hallmark Channel) |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | Daytime Emmy Award | Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series | *Days of Our Lives* | Nominated |  |
| | | | 2012 | Won |  |
| | | | 2013 | Won |  |
| | | | 2014 | Won |  |
| | 2018 | | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series | Nominated |  |
| | 2020 | | Nominated |  |

## InfoBox

| Chandler Massey | |
| --- | --- |
| Massey in February 2015 | |
| Born | (1990-09-10) September 10, 1990
Norcross, Georgia, U.S. |
| Education | Norcross High School |
| Alma mater | UCLA |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, singer |
| Years active | 2008–present |
| Parent(s) | Lewis A. Massey
Amy Reichard Massey |


title: CGK733 fraud

abstract: CGK733 was a synthetic chemical substance which was reported in 2006 to have remarkable properties in reversing cell senescence (aging). However, the entire work behind the discovery of this compound has since been found to be falsified and the authors of the original reports have retracted all their claims. CGK733 was claimed to be an inhibitor of ATM/ATR kinases, which are involved in DNA damage repair. CGK was claimed to extend the lifetime of cultured cells by approximately 20 divisions, or roughly 25%, specifically in mammalian cells. The original report garnered scientific attention, but was retracted in 2008. The retraction states that the screen to identify CGK733 as an anti-senescence agent was not carried out; experiments exploring the cellular effects of CGK733 were misrepresented; the identification of ATM as the target of CGK733 was fabricated; a compound which was essential for ATM target validation had not been synthesized; and the chemical structure of CGK733 was misrepresented. The principal investigator, Tae Kook Kim, and several associates were consequently suspended from their positions at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology.

text:
# CGK733 fraud

**CGK733** was a synthetic chemical substance which was reported in 2006 to have remarkable properties in reversing cell senescence (aging). However, the entire work behind the discovery of this compound has since been found to be falsified and the authors of the original reports have retracted all their claims.

CGK733 was claimed to be an inhibitor of ATM/ATR kinases, which are involved in DNA damage repair. CGK was claimed to extend the lifetime of cultured cells by approximately 20 divisions, or roughly 25%, specifically in mammalian cells.

The original report garnered scientific attention, but was retracted in 2008. The retraction states that the screen to identify CGK733 as an anti-senescence agent was not carried out; experiments exploring the cellular effects of CGK733 were misrepresented; the identification of ATM as the target of CGK733 was fabricated; a compound which was essential for ATM target validation had not been synthesized; and the chemical structure of CGK733 was misrepresented.

The principal investigator, Tae Kook Kim, and several associates were consequently suspended from their positions at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology.


title: John Kalisz

abstract: John Kalisz is an American comics artist who has worked as a colorist in the comics industry. He has been recognized for his work with nominations for the Comics Buyer's Guide Favorite Colorist Award in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004. In August 1997, Kalisz worked on the official movie adaptation comic of Steel, which was released by DC Entertainment/Warner Bros. Shaquille O'neal starred as Steel in the movie.

text:
# John Kalisz

**John Kalisz** is an American comics artist who has worked as a colorist in the comics industry. He has been recognized for his work with nominations for the Comics Buyer's Guide Favorite Colorist Award in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004.

In August 1997, Kalisz worked on the official movie adaptation comic of Steel, which was released by DC Entertainment/Warner Bros. Shaquille O'neal starred as Steel in the movie.

## InfoBox

| John Kalisz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 8 May 1969 |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Comics creator/artist |


title: Det Classenske Fideicommis

abstract: Det Classenske Fideicommis is a Danish charitable foundation. By testament in 1789 and his codicil of March 23, 1792, the industrialist Major General Johan Frederik Classen left behind his wealth and possessions as a fund, among other things, to "alleviate poverty and misery". It grants about 2 million kroner ($340,000) annually.

text:
# Det Classenske Fideicommis

**Det Classenske Fideicommis** (literally "The Classen Fideicommiss") is a Danish charitable foundation. By testament in 1789 and his codicil of March 23, 1792, the industrialist Major General Johan Frederik Classen left behind his wealth and possessions as a fund, among other things, to "alleviate poverty and misery". It grants about 2 million kroner ($340,000) annually.

## Background

Classen (1725–1792) was an enterprising businessman and industrialist who developed an armaments and munitions factory in northwest Zealand. He called it Frederiksværk (Frederik's factory) in honour of King Frederik V who had provided land and incentives for its establishment. Thanks to the profits he made as sole supplier to the Danish army, especially during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), Classen was able to expand his production facilities and attract other industries to Frederiksværk which quickly became a thriving town and major industrial centre. In addition to his business activities, Classen was adept at farming and forestry. In 1768, he bought land on Falster, where he comprehensively renovated Corselitze, a large manor house, and in 1773 he developed large-scale plantations in the Frederiksværk area. Major General Classen built himself a summerhouse by the Corselitze Forest.

## Classen's legacy

Classen had built up a library of some 20,000 volumes as well as a large collection of minerals, instruments, and sheet music. For many years he had suffered from gout which was particularly painful towards the end. By the time of his death, he had become one of the most important figures in the country with titles of major general and knight of the Dannebrog and the style of excellency.

In his will, he made specific provisions for grants to hospitals and schools as well as assistance for the tenants on his estates. He also left a sum specifically for establishing a farming school. With the exception of Frederiksværk, all his other assets and possessions were left to a charitable foundation known as Det Classenske Fideicommis. The will clearly defined its scope, stating it was to be used:

to educate good people to become the best in the State, to support and promote industriousness and diligence in the areas most necessary for the country's well-being, and to help to alleviate poverty and misery.

It took almost four years to draw up an inventory of Classen's estate which proved to have a value of 1 million rigsdaler.

Classen's brother, Peter Hersleb Classen, a high-ranking government official, became the principal administrator of Det Classenske Fideicommis until his death in 1825. P. H. Classen was also instrumental in establishing Næsgaard Agerbrugsskole, a farming school in Stubbekøbing, Falster (now Næsgaard Efterskole). Classen's cousin, Michael Classen, also participated in the administration of the fund, together with his son, P. H. Classen junior, who lived at Corselitze and did much to improve conditions for the local population. In the 19th century, a total of 161 farms and 242 other building were sold when the copyhold farms came into private ownership. The cannon foundry together with the other businesses and farms, including Arresødal near Frederiksværk were also sold off in line with the terms of the will. The last significant sale on Falster took place in 1917 with the disposal of Carlsfeldt, Vestergård and Kongsnæs.


title: Danish Shipowners' Association

abstract: Danish Shipping is an interest organization which represents Denmark’s shipping industry, the biggest single standing export business. Of the members, which counts ships from over 90 shipping- and off-shore companies, more than half sail under the Danish flag, while the other half, the associated member shipping companies, do their work from Denmark without having ships under the flag. The Danish trade fleet which Danish Shipping represents, consists of more than 2000 ships, which makes Denmark one of the 10 biggest maritime nations in the world. Moreover, the Danish shipping industry exported more than 280 mio kr. in 2020 and therefore stood for 27% of the total Danish export. Danish Shipping was founded in 1884 and has since formed the core of the Danish shipping industry. Danish Shipping handles the interests of the industry and works as an employer’s association for its members with ships under the Danish Flag. To be an employer’s association in Denmark means being part of yearly negotiations on collective settlements in the relevant industry – also called the Danish Model. In other words, Danish Shipping represents and negotiates on behalf of all employers, who are members, of the shipping industry (henvis). As an interest organisation, Danish Shipping lobbies for better regulative conditions for the shipping industry, in particular, for a liberal market with healthy competition. Because of the size and strength of the organization, this means that Danish Shipping plays an active role in political decision making, both nationally and internationally. A good example on the kind of political work that Danish Shipping has participated in is the new policy strategy “Blue Denmark”. To maintain Danish Shipping’s interest internationally they are also members of the international shipping organisations ICS and ECSA, which means they are a part of all relevant institutions and furthermore have a permanent office in Brussels.

text:
# Danish Shipowners' Association

**Danish Shipping** (formerly **known as Danish Shipowners' Association**) is an interest organization which represents Denmark’s shipping industry, the biggest single standing export business. Of the members, which counts ships from over 90 shipping- and off-shore companies, more than half sail under the Danish flag, while the other half, the associated member shipping companies, do their work from Denmark without having ships under the flag. The Danish trade fleet which Danish Shipping represents, consists of more than 2000 ships, which makes Denmark one of the 10 biggest maritime nations in the world. Moreover, the Danish shipping industry exported more than 280 mio kr. in 2020 and therefore stood for 27% of the total Danish export.

Danish Shipping was founded in 1884 and has since formed the core of the Danish shipping industry. Danish Shipping handles the interests of the industry and works as an employer’s association for its members with ships under the Danish Flag. To be an employer’s association in Denmark means being part of yearly negotiations on collective settlements in the relevant industry – also called the Danish Model. In other words, Danish Shipping represents and negotiates on behalf of all employers, who are members, of the shipping industry (henvis). As an interest organisation, Danish Shipping lobbies for better regulative conditions for the shipping industry, in particular, for a liberal market with healthy competition. Because of the size and strength of the organization, this means that Danish Shipping plays an active role in political decision making, both nationally and internationally. A good example on the kind of political work that Danish Shipping has participated in is the new policy strategy “Blue Denmark”.

To maintain Danish Shipping’s interest internationally they are also members of the international shipping organisations ICS and ECSA, which means they are a part of all relevant institutions and furthermore have a permanent office in Brussels.

## History

### Early years

The foundation of Danish Shipping in 1884, was highly influenced by the era’s political tendencies where the agricultural industry was prioritized above anything else after the war in 1864, and it was clear that the foundation of Danish Shipping was especially inspired by the Danish businessman C.F Tietgen’s rebellion against this official business policy. The foundation in 1884 also meant that Danish Shipping was the first lobby organisation in Denmark, which already counted 20 members and 140 enrolled ships in its first years.

It was not a coincidence that the lobby organisation met success in its first years already, because even before the foundation of the organisation Denmark had a strong trade fleet with a long history, which had put Denmark on the world map for many years. During the 5th Century vikings already participated in international trade on the sea. Later other important events such as the Trans-Atlantic slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries contributed to a lot of the economic growth in Denmark during this era, but also to one of the dark parts of Danish history.

Danish Shipping’s position as an employer’s association was strongly influenced by the political tensions throughout the late 19th century, where strikes, lockouts and fights between workers and employers were increasingly common. These tensions meant that the organisation started to involve themselves in salary- and work conditions, and the organisation to its first settlement with a trade union on June 1, 1898. This was the beginning of the organisation’s negotiation role, which, to this day is still one of the organisation’s most important tasks.

### 20th century

During World War I the Danish shipping industry and its interest organisation met new challenges, as the Danish authorities wished to protect Danish supplies of goods, and therefore implemented constraints on the freedom of passage and new taxes on the industry. Furthermore, the belligerent countries’ torpedoing of cargo boats and navigation through minefields in the ocean, created a need for insurance schemes for both people and material on the boats – resulting in further administration and expenses. Despite these challenges, the Danish position as a neutral state during the war meant that the war was a commercial profit to Danish Shipping, as the neutral position made it possible to trade with both sides without as many competitors. The war eventually turned out to result in commercial gain and was good for the Danish Shipping industry.

The commercial success from the first world war continued at the beginning of the interwar period, when the organisation expanded and moved to a new office. But these tendencies didn’t last for long as Danish Shipping, together with the rest of the world, was first met by The Great Depression and thereafter World War II, which brought new challenges, of which protectionism became an increasingly popular foreign policy, resulting in trade restrictions. World War II was an especially challenging era for the organisation because it resulted in a division of the Danish trade fleet as many ships chose to seek Western Allies’ harbours during the German occupation of Denmark. Nevertheless, the organisation had to expand its secretariat, because of new regulations in the industry.

In the time after World War II, especially from the 1960s onwards, shipping was increasingly standardised, laying down the foundation for globalisation as we know it today and the explosive growth in the world trade and therefore Danish Shipping’s remits. It was during this time that Danish Shipping really gained economic and political influence, both in Denmark and internationally. It was largely because of the Danish shipping industry that Denmark took part in globalisation and as a result experienced economic growth.

### 21st century

In the spring of 2020, Danish shipping was confronted with a new challenge when many parts of the world entered lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Danish lockdown and the stricter entry restrictions made it far more difficult for sailors to discharge and sign on which meant that many had their time of sailing prolonged for an unknown time. During the pandemic Danish Shipping worked hard for the sailors to let them be heard and included in political consideration, which turned out to be fruitful work in terms of the establishment of a “crew shift agreement” and the option for international sailors to get vaccinated in Denmark. Despite these challenges, the Danish Shipping industry again saw commercial gain during a world crisis as it was seen during World War I. The commercial gain is for example reflected in the annual budget of companies such as MÆRSK, one of the biggest members of Danish Shipping, who saw a 16% increase in their business from 2019 to 2020.

In the spring of 2022, the world was again faced with a tragedy when the Russian military started to invade Ukraine on February 24. The war in Ukraine had many consequences on global trade, and therefore also meant that Danish Shipping has been faced with new challenges in the form of the large sanctions which the EU implemented against Russia. This has influenced parts of the Danish Shipping industry who have trading partners etc. in Russia.

## Work

### International trade policy

Shipping is the most globalized industry in Denmark, which means that besides the role as an employer’s association, lobbying for healthy competition and liberal trade principles as the backbone of international maritime trade is one of Danish Shipping’s most important tasks. To maintain these interests, Danish Shipping involves itself in different international organisations, wherein IMO, EU and CSG are the most important arenas where Danish Shipping is active.

Danish Shipping’s global identity is reflected in the fact that European routes only cover less than a third of Danish shipping companies’ turnover. The rest of the turnover is generated from international activities spread out in the rest of the world, where in the USA, China, Japan and Africa are the largest markets.

Danish Shipping is especially present in the lobbying for the better condition for the shipping industry in the EU and has increasingly strengthened its work in Brussels in accordance with the EU’s growing importance in the world. Danish Shipping lobbies for a more flexible approach to the single Market structure, as they argue that it is not a one-size-fits-all when it comes to a globalised industry such as shipping. According to Danish Shipping, this has led the EU to follow a less protectionist trade policy and open market

Besides the work in international organisations such as the EU and UN, another important part of Danish Shipping’s work with international free trade conditions is maintaining good interrelation between shipowners, authorities, and governments. This is especially reflected in the strong relationship Danish Shipping has with the Danish Maritime Authority, who they work closely together with to make conditions that can create a strong merchant fleet with high quality, as it is seen in the policy paper they have presented together called “The Blue Denmark”. Even though this relationship is more or less institutionalized by frequent meetings between the authority and Danish Shipping, and official hearings, the full nature of this relationship is hard to cover

### Piracy

The relationship between international trade and international security has increasingly been interlinked as globalisation has become evident. This relationship can especially be seen in the matter of piracy which has become a matter of high politics in Denmark for example, as reflected in the foreign policy- and security strategy 2022, where anti-piracy and global trade plays a central part. The threat of piracy imposes big challenges to international shipping and trade, and it costs Danish shipping companies almost a billion kroner per year in security measures to prevent piracy attacks. As a result, Danish Shipping works closely together with the Danish defence and in international arenas to prevent piracy around the world. The work consists among other things of participation in political forums, meetings with relevant political organisations over the world and by involvement in local projects. Danish Shipping has for example been a central advocate and actor in the Danish anti-piracy work in the Horn of Africa, and lately in highly criticized Danish mission the Gulf of Guinea with the frigate Esbern Snarre.

## Building

The association is headquartered on Amaliegade on the Frederiksstaden of central Copenhagen. The building was completed in 1923 to a design by Emanuel Monberg. It was listed in 2000. The secretariat of Global Maritime Forum is based on the first floor of the building.

## Board

Board members are:

## Members

Danish Shipowners' Association organizes 40 shipping companies and two owners of offshore facilities. Half of the association members have ships sailing under Danish flag while the other half operate from Denmark but sail under flags of other state.

55°41′12″N 12°35′42″E / 55.6866°N 12.5951°E / 55.6866; 12.5951

## InfoBox

Danish Shipowners' Association
| Abbreviation | DRF |
| --- | --- |
| Formation | 1884 |
| Legal status | Non-profit organization |
| Purpose | Danish shipping industry |
| Location |  |
| Region served | DK |
| Director-General | Anne H. Steffensen |
| Website |  |


title: Semantic Scholar

abstract: Semantic Scholar is a research tool for scientific literature powered by artificial intelligence. It is developed at the Allen Institute for AI and was publicly released in November 2015. Semantic Scholar uses modern techniques in natural language processing to support the research process, for example by providing automatically generated summaries of scholarly papers. The Semantic Scholar team is actively researching the use of artificial intelligence in natural language processing, machine learning, human–computer interaction, and information retrieval. Semantic Scholar began as a database for the topics of computer science, geoscience, and neuroscience. In 2017, the system began including biomedical literature in its corpus. As of September 2022, it includes over 200 million publications from all fields of science.

text:
# Semantic Scholar

**Semantic Scholar** is a research tool for scientific literature powered by artificial intelligence. It is developed at the Allen Institute for AI and was publicly released in November 2015. Semantic Scholar uses modern techniques in natural language processing to support the research process, for example by providing automatically generated summaries of scholarly papers. The Semantic Scholar team is actively researching the use of artificial intelligence in natural language processing, machine learning, human–computer interaction, and information retrieval.

Semantic Scholar began as a database for the topics of computer science, geoscience, and neuroscience. In 2017, the system began including biomedical literature in its corpus. As of September 2022, it includes over 200 million publications from all fields of science.

## Technology

Semantic Scholar provides a one-sentence summary of scientific literature. One of its aims was to address the challenge of reading numerous titles and lengthy abstracts on mobile devices. It also seeks to ensure that the three million scientific papers published yearly reach readers, since it is estimated that only half of this literature is ever read.

Artificial intelligence is used to capture the essence of a paper, generating it through an "abstractive" technique. The project uses a combination of machine learning, natural language processing, and machine vision to add a layer of semantic analysis to the traditional methods of citation analysis, and to extract relevant figures, tables, entities, and venues from papers.

Another key AI-powered feature is Research Feeds, an adaptive research recommender that uses AI to quickly learn what papers users care about reading and recommends the latest research to help scholars stay up to date. It uses a state-of-the-art paper embedding model trained using contrastive learning to find papers similar to those in each Library folder.

Semantic Scholar also offers Semantic Reader, an augmented reader with the potential to revolutionize scientific reading by making it more accessible and richly contextual. Semantic Reader provides in-line citation cards that allow users to see citations with TLDR (short for Too Long, Didn't Read) automatically generated short summaries as they read and skimming highlights that capture key points of a paper so users can digest faster.

In contrast with Google Scholar and PubMed, Semantic Scholar is designed to highlight the most important and influential elements of a paper. The AI technology is designed to identify hidden connections and links between research topics. Like the previously cited search engines, Semantic Scholar also exploits graph structures, which include the Microsoft Academic Knowledge Graph, Springer Nature's SciGraph, and the Semantic Scholar Corpus (originally a 45 million papers corpus in computer science, neuroscience and biomedicine).

## Article identifier

Each paper hosted by Semantic Scholar is assigned a unique identifier called the Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (abbreviated S2CID). The following entry is an example:

> Liu, Ying; Gayle, Albert A; Wilder-Smith, Annelies; Rocklöv, Joacim (March 2020). "The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus". *Journal of Travel Medicine*. **27** (2). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa021. PMID 32052846. S2CID 211099356.

## Indexing

Semantic Scholar is free to use and unlike similar search engines (i.e. Google Scholar) does not search for material that is behind a paywall.

One study compared the index scope of Semantic Scholar to Google Scholar, and found that for the papers cited by secondary studies in computer science, the two indices had comparable coverage, each only missing a handful of the papers.

## Number of users and publications

As of January 2018, following a 2017 project that added biomedical papers and topic summaries, the Semantic Scholar corpus included more than 40 million papers from computer science and biomedicine. In March 2018, Doug Raymond, who developed machine learning initiatives for the Amazon Alexa platform, was hired to lead the Semantic Scholar project. As of August 2019, the number of included papers metadata (not the actual PDFs) had grown to more than 173 million after the addition of the Microsoft Academic Graph records. In 2020, a partnership between Semantic Scholar and the University of Chicago Press Journals made all articles published under the University of Chicago Press available in the Semantic Scholar corpus. At the end of 2020, Semantic Scholar had indexed 190 million papers. In 2020, Semantic Scholar reached seven million users per month.

## InfoBox

Semantic Scholar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of site | Search engine |
| Created by | Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence |
| URL | semanticscholar.org |
| Launched | November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02) |


title: Lagos Open (1976–1991)

abstract: The Lagos Open is a defunct WCT, Grand Prix and Challenger affiliated tennis tournament played from 1976 to 1991. It was held in Lagos in Nigeria and played on outdoor clay courts from 1976 to 1980, then on outdoor hard courts from 1981 to 1991. Nduka Odizor and Paul Haarhuis were the most successful players at the event, each winning the singles competition twice.

text:
# Lagos Open (1976–1991)

The **Lagos Open** is a defunct WCT, Grand Prix and Challenger affiliated tennis tournament played from 1976 to 1991. It was held in Lagos in Nigeria and played on outdoor clay courts from 1976 to 1980, then on outdoor hard courts from 1981 to 1991.

Nduka Odizor and Paul Haarhuis were the most successful players at the event, each winning the singles competition twice.

## Results

### Singles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 | Dick Stockton | Arthur Ashe | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 1977 | *Not held* | | |
| 1978 | Kjell Johansson | Robin Drysdale | 9–8, 6–3 |
| 1979 | Hans Kary | Peter Feigl | 6–4, 3–6, 6–2 |
| 1980 | Peter Feigl | Harry Fritz | 6–2, 6–3, 6–2 |
| 1981 | Larry Stefanki | Peter Feigl | 5–7, 6–3, 6–0 |
| 1982 | *Not held* | | |
| 1983 | Craig Wittus | Michiel Schapers | 6–3, 4–6, 11–9 |
| 1984 | *Not held* | | |
| 1985 | Nduka Odizor | Thomas Muster | 6–3, 6–2 |
| 1986 | Nduka Odizor | Marcel Freeman | 6–2, 6–3 |
| 1987 | Jorge Lozano | Nduka Odizor | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 1988 | *Not held* | | |
| 1989 | Paul Haarhuis | Karel Nováček | 4–6, 7–6, 6–4 |
| 1990 | *Not held* | | |
| 1991 | Paul Haarhuis | T. J. Middleton | 6–3, 6–3 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 | *Not completed* | | |
| 1977 | *Not held* | | |
| 1978 | George Hardie
Sashi Menon | Colin Dowdeswell
Jürgen Fassbender | 6–3, 3–6, 7–5 |
| 1979 | Joel Bailey
Bruce Kleege | Ismail El Shafei
Peter Feigl | 6–4, 6–7, 6–3 |
| 1980 | Tony Graham
Bruce Nichols | Kjell Johansson
Leo Palin | 6–3, 0–6, 6–3 |
| 1981 | Bruce Kleege
Larry Stefanki | Ian Harris
Craig Wittus | 6–2, 3–6, 6–3 |
| 1982 | *Not held* | | |
| 1983 | Wesley Cash
John Mattke | Jonathan Canter
Joe Meyers | 6–3, 3–6, 6–3 |
| 1984 | *Not held* | | |
| 1985 | Egan Adams
Mark Wooldridge | Peter Elter
Peter Feigl | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 1986 | Leo Palin
Olli Rahnasto | Lloyd Bourne
Brett Dickinson | 4–6, 7–6, 6–4 |
| 1987 | Lloyd Bourne
Jeff Klaparda | Loïc Courteau
Eric Winogradsky | 6–7, 6–2, 7–6 |
| 1988 | *Not held* | | |
| 1989 | Alfonso Mora
James Schor | Jacco Eltingh
Paul Haarhuis | 6–7, 7–6, 7–5 |
| 1990 | *Not held* | | |
| 1991 | Ugo Colombini
Paul Wekesa | Daniel Marco
Clement N'Goran | 7–5, 6–1 |

## InfoBox

| Lagos Open | |
| --- | --- |
| Defunct tennis tournament | |
| Event name | Lagos WCT (1976)
Lagos Open (1978–80)
Lagos Challenger(1981, 1983, 1985–87, 1989, 1991) |
| Tour | WCT circuit (1976)
Grand Prix circuit (1978–80)
Challenger circuit (1981, 1983, 1985–87, 1989, 1991) |
| Founded | 1976 |
| Abolished | 1991 |
| Location | Lagos, Nigeria |
| Surface | Clay (1976, 1978–80)
Hard (1981, 1983, 1985–87, 1989, 1991) |


title: Shane Yellowbird

abstract: Shane Yellowbird was a Canadian country music singer-songwriter from Maskwacis, Alberta. A Cree, in 2007, he was named the Aboriginal Entertainer of the Year at the Aboriginal People's Choice Music Awards, Chevy Trucks' Rising Star of the Year at the Canadian Country Music Awards and his song "Pickup Truck" was one of the year's ten most played country songs.

text:
# Shane Yellowbird

**Shane Yellowbird** (July 7, 1979  April 25, 2022) was a Canadian country music singer-songwriter from Maskwacis, Alberta. A Cree, in 2007, he was named the Aboriginal Entertainer of the Year at the Aboriginal People's Choice Music Awards, Chevy Trucks' Rising Star of the Year at the Canadian Country Music Awards and his song "Pickup Truck" was one of the year's ten most played country songs.

## Early life

Yellowbird was born in Hobbema, Alberta, on 7 July 1979. He attended Ponoka Composite High School. He suffered a severe stuttering problem as a child, for which he attended a speech therapist who suggested he sing his sentences. This method proved successful in treating him, and led to an interest in music.

## Career

Yellowbird was signed by O'Reilly International in 2003. Three years later, he released his debut album titled *Life Is Calling My Name*. The album includes the singles "Beautiful Concept," "They're All About You," "Pickup Truck" and "I Remember the Music." In November 2006, Yellowbird won three awards at the Aboriginal People's Choice Music Awards ceremony, including Best New Artist, Single of the Year ("Beautiful Concept") and Best Video ("Beautiful Concept").

Yellowbird opened for Emerson Drive on their cross-Canada tour, and was chosen to represent his native Canada by performing at the Fourth Annual Global Artist Party at the CMA Music Festival in June 2007. Yellowbird was named the Chevy Trucks Rising Star of the Year at the 2007 Canadian Country Music Awards.

"Pickup Truck," Yellowbird's third single, also became his first Top 5 song on the Canadian Country Singles chart in the summer of 2007. The song also peaked at No. 64 on the all-genre Canadian Hot 100, while the video topped the CMT Chevy Top 20 in July. It was one of the ten most played country music songs of the year in Canada. Yellowbird opened the 2007 Aboriginal People's Choice Music Awards, starring with Lorne Cardinal and Gabrielle Miller of *Corner Gas*. Later that evening, he was named the Aboriginal Entertainer of the Year. He also won awards for Best Country CD (*Life Is Calling My Name*) and Best Music Video ("Pickup Truck"). Yellowbird later won three trophies at the 2007 Canadian Aboriginal Music Awards, including Best Male Artist, Best Country Album and Best Album of the Year (*Life Is Calling My Name*). He was also nominated for the 2008 Juno Award for Country Recording of the Year, for *Life Is Calling My Name*.

Yellowbird's second album, *It's About Time* was released on November 17, 2009, featuring the single, "Bare Feet on the Blacktop". In the United States, the video received a nomination from the Native American Music Association. Yellowbird won two Native American Music Awards for Best Country Recording for "Life Is Calling My Name" in 2011 and won Best Country Recording for "It's About Time" in 2012.

## Personal life

At the time of his death, Yellowbird was in a domestic partnership with fiancée Sarah Garrow. The couple announced their engagement hours before his death was announced. He had four children. He suffered from epilepsy and had occasional seizures.

Yellowbird died on April 25, 2022, in Calgary. He was 42 years old.

## Discography

### Studio albums

| Title | Details |
| --- | --- |
| *Life Is Calling My Name* | * Release date: October 24, 2006 * Label: 306 Records |
| *It's About Time* | * Release date: November 17, 2009 * Label: On Ramp Records |
|

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions | | Album |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | CAN Country
 | CAN
 | |
| 2005 | "Beautiful Concept" | 29 |  | *Life Is Calling My Name* |
| 2006 | "They're All About You" | 13 | |  |
| 2007 | "Pickup Truck" | 5 | | 64 |
| | "I Remember the Music" | 4 | | 85 |
| 2008 | "Drive Me Home" | 11 | |  |
| | "Life Is Calling My Name" | 21 | |  |
| 2009 | "Bare Feet on the Blacktop" | 10 | 99 | *It's About Time* |
| 2010 | "Watching You Walk Away" | 16 | |  |
| | "I Get That a Lot These Days" | 35 | |  |
| 2011 | "I Can Help You with That" | 32 | |  |
| 2012 | "Sedona Arizona" | 46 | |  |
| 2013 | "I'm Not Wearing Boots Today" |  |  | Non-album single |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart | | | | |

### Music videos

| Year | Video | Director |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | "Beautiful Concept" | Antonio Hrynchuk |
| 2006 | | "They're All About You" |
| 2007 | "Pickup Truck" | Stephano Barberis |
| 2010 | "Watching You Walk Away" |
|

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Association | Category | Result | Ref(s) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | Canadian Country Music Association | Chevy Trucks Rising Star Award | Won |  |
| | | Album of the Year – *Life Is Calling My Name* | Nominated |  |
| | | Single of the Year – "Pickup Truck" | Nominated |  |
| | | CMT Video of the Year – "Pickup Truck" | Nominated |  |
| | | Independent Male Artist of the Year | Nominated |  |
| 2008 | Juno Awards | Country Recording of the Year*Life Is Calling My Name* | Nominated |  |
| | Canadian Country Music Association | Male Artist of the Year | Nominated |  |
| | 2010 | CMT Video of the Year – "Watching You Walk Away" | Nominated |  |
| | 2011 | Single of the Year – "Watching You Walk Away" | Nominated |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Shane Yellowbird | |
| --- | --- |
| Yellowbird in 2009 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1979-07-07)July 7, 1979
Maskwacis, Alberta, Canada
(now Maskwacis, Alberta) |
| Died | April 25, 2022(2022-04-25) (aged 42)
Calgary, Alberta, Canada |
| Genres | Country |
| Occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 20052022 |
| Labels | 306 Records, On Ramp |


title: Ranked (musical)

abstract: Ranked is a musical written by David Taylor Gomes and Kyle Holmes (book), known as "Holmes & Gomes". The musical focuses on a dystopian world where academic competition defines each student's worth, and students do whatever it takes to get to the top of the leaderboards, including paying for their grades. Holmes & Gomes started writing in the spring of 2018, and Ranked debuted on April 4, 2019 at Granite Bay High School just weeks after the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal broke, launching the show into a national spotlight. The musical is the subject of the 2022 HBO feature documentary "My So-Called High School Rank", and is currently licensed by Uproar Theatrics."

text:
# Ranked (musical)

***Ranked*** is a musical written by David Taylor Gomes (music and lyrics) and Kyle Holmes (book), known as "Holmes & Gomes". The musical focuses on a dystopian world where academic competition defines each student's worth, and students do whatever it takes to get to the top of the leaderboards, including paying for their grades. Holmes & Gomes started writing in the spring of 2018, and *Ranked* debuted on April 4, 2019 at Granite Bay High School just weeks after the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal broke, launching the show into a national spotlight.

The musical is the subject of the 2022 HBO feature documentary "My So-Called High School Rank", and is currently licensed by Uproar Theatrics."

## Background

Holmes & Gomes started writing *Ranked* for their students at Granite Bay High School in the spring of 2018. Holmes has been the director of theatre arts at Granite Bay High School since 2012, and Gomes is a local composer and musician who serves as the high school theatre program's musical director each spring. They stated the intent behind the musical was to shine a light on "a system that puts an insurmountable amount of pressure on our teenagers to be successful, and when we say success what we really mean is – better than everyone else \[...\] and for a lot of our students, that's not the reality of what living a happy and successful life is."

Holmes & Gomes looked at examples of people, especially adults, achieving academic success by any means necessary, such as the Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal and the District of Columbia Public Schools graduation scandal. They also looked at unique ways of obtaining success in schools, like some Chinese schools using a "grade bank".

One of Holmes & Gomes's goals was to create a story that took student experiences seriously and did not present them as caricatures dealing with meaningless problems. Some of the musical's dialogue is taken directly from student experiences and writing.

Coincidentally, Rick Singer, the mastermind behind the 2019 college admission bribery scandal, worked with the Granite Bay High School community a decade prior to *Ranked* being written. Holmes did not arrive at Granite Bay High School until 2011.

## Productions

Granite Bay High School's production ran from April 4 until April 13, 2019. The performance was directed by book writer Kyle Holmes, and musically directed by composer David Taylor Gomes.

The Granite Bay High School cast held an encore concert-style performance on June 8, 2019 at the historic Crest Theater in Downtown Sacramento. The performance was directed by Joelle Robertson.

In August 2019, *Ranked* was further developed at the UC Davis Department of Theatre and Dance's third annual Ground and Field Theatre Festival. The production was directed and choreographed by Broadway veteran Mindy Cooper, and starred Chloe Boyan from the original Granite Bay High School cast, and Shelby Wulfert, from Disney Channel's *Liv and Maddie*.

A 29-hour industry reading of *Ranked* was scheduled to be presented in New York City on March 20, 2020 in an attempt to secure a lead producer for the project. The reading was to be managed by Daryl Roth Theatrical Management, and held at the Daryl Roth Theatre. The presentation was cast by Stephanie Klapper Casting, and auditions were filmed as part of the HBO project. On February 21, 2020, it was announced that the presentation would be filmed as part of an HBO documentary, that would later become "My So-Called High School Rank." On March 12, 2020 the *Ranked* social media announced that the reading would be postponed as a result of the coronavirus outbreak.

The show has been licensed by high schools and colleges around the world.

## Recordings

*Ranked, A Musical Concept Album* was released on February 28, 2020. The album was mixed and mastered by Andrew Heringer.

In November 2020, Joshua Dela Cruz and Amanda Dela Cruz released a cover of the song "Come Up For Air."

In January 2023, Broadway and TikTok performers Amber Ardolino, JJ Niemann, and Alex Wong released a cover of the song "Eye on the Prize."

## Cast

Casts for the original production, as well as the developmental workshop at UC Davis and the concept album.

| Character | Granite Bay High School Spring 2019 | UC Davis Fall 2019 | Musical Concept Album Spring 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Lily** | Natalie Collins | Chloe Boyan | |
| **Alexis** | Chloe Boyan | Shelby Wulfert | |
| **Sydney** | Emma Harlow | Sophie Brubaker | Miranda Lawson |
| **Ryan** | Joe Reinero | Kyle Nagasawa | Chris Meissner |
| **Jordan** | Anvita Gattani | Katie Halls | Sidney Raey-Gonzales |
| **John** | Jack Dugoni | Nate Challis | |
| **Francis** | Trace Landrum | Sam Votrian | Jonnie Reinhart |
| **Jacquie** | Aleah Treiterer | Tiffany Nwogu | Sophie Brubaker |
| **Carly** | Taylor Harris | Raegan Price | Emma Harlow |

## InfoBox

| *Ranked* | |
| --- | --- |
| ***The Musical*** | |
| 2019 Production Artwork | |
| Music | David Taylor Gomes |
| Lyrics | David Taylor Gomes |
| Book | Kyle Holmes |


title: Ursula Gather

abstract: Ursula Gather is a German statistician and academic administrator. From 2008 to 2020, she was rector of TU Dortmund University. Since 2013, Gather has been chairwoman of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

text:
# Ursula Gather

**Ursula Gather** (born 28 April 1953) is a German statistician and academic administrator. From 2008 to 2020, she was rector of TU Dortmund University. Since 2013, Gather has been chairwoman of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

## Early life and education

Gather is originally from Mönchengladbach. She studied mathematics at RWTH Aachen University, earning a doctorate there in 1979 and her habilitation in 1984. Her doctoral dissertation concerned the detection of outliers and robustness of statistical methods against outliers; it was supervised by Burkhard Rauhut.

## Career

After working at RWTH Aachen University as an assistant beginning in 1976, Gather became a professor at the University of Iowa in 1985, but returned to Germany in 1986 as a professor in the faculty of statistics at the Technical University of Dortmund, where she was chair for mathematical statistics and industrial applications. She was dean of the faculty from 1991 to 1994, and became rector at TU Dortmund in 2008 following the resignation of Eberhard Becker.

Since 2013 Gather has been chairing the board of trustees of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, succeeding Berthold Beitz. The foundation owns a major stake in the ThyssenKrupp conglomerate. Since 2016, she has been a member of the senate of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

## Other activities

### Corporate boards

### Non-profit organizations

## Recognition

The festschrift *Robustness and Complex Data Structures: Festschrift in Honour of Ursula Gather* was published in honor of Gather's 60th birthday in 2013. In 2015, she received an honorary doctorate from the Łódź University of Technology. Furthermore, Gather was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2018.

## InfoBox

| Ursula Gather | |
| --- | --- |
| Ursula Gather, 2020 | |
| Born | (1953-04-28) 28 April 1953
Mönchengladbach, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Education | RWTH Aachen University |
| Employer(s) | University of Iowa
TU Dortmund |
| Known for | Chairwoman of the Board of Trustees, Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Thesis | *Über Ausreißertests und Ausreißeranfälligkeit von Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen*  (1979) |
| Doctoral advisor | Burkhard Rauhut |
| Doctoral students |  |
|  | |


title: Simone Wendler

abstract: Simone Wendler is a chemist and journalist. Until her retirement, she was chief reporter of Lusatian Rundschau Newspaper.

text:
# Simone Wendler

**Simone Wendler** (\* 1955 in Cottbus) is a chemist and journalist. Until her retirement, she was chief reporter of Lusatian Rundschau Newspaper.

## Life

Wendler studied chemistry, graduated with a diploma and worked until 1990 in this profession, over many years in the GDR meat combine. 1984 Wendler changed to the laboratory of the hospital. In 1989 she took over the press work of SDP that later joined the SPD. After the Peaceful Revolution 1989–1990 as a journalist she reported from southern Brandenburg for the Berlin Tagesspiegel newspaper. From 1997 to 2000 she worked as a freelance journalist, for daily newspapers and public broadcast. With October 2000, she became chief reporter of *Lausitzer Rundschau* Newspaper in Cottbus.

In the GDR she was spied on under the name of the object name "*Poet"* because it was believed that it could become the "tool of the class enemy".

## Investigation of a corruption affair

In November 2000, Wendler received a package without a sender. On 29. November 2000, based on the papers it contained, she published the article "graft and corruption in Cottbus?" According to this, leading employees of the urban building economy GWC for years had preferred certain companies when placing orders, real estate had been sold without public announcement and politicians had benefited or looked away. According to Wendler, this also was in connection with criminal former Stasi cliques.

Wendler was threatened, also a stone should have been thrown through the living room window. The police had started investigations.

It broke a *Cottbus Newspaper war*, from a slander campaign and it was spoken of a *Lusatia interrogations*. In a report *Der Spiegel* magazine left the open question: Who is ruining the reputation of a city? Those who serve themselves, act corrupt or even criminal or the others who report on these machinations? The Cottbus Mayor und Wendlers chief editor supported Wendler. Criminal activities were not proven. The public prosecutor, looked at the investigation as *"the tunnels end is not in view”*. For her attempt to convey the value of press freedom, she was honored with two journalist awards. A GWC employee was convicted for the misappropriation of files. The crafts chamber admitted mistakes. At the GWC leading employees were laid off.

## Awards

* 2002: Prize for Freedom and Future of Media
* 2002: Guardian Award of the German daily press for investigation of a corruption affair in a company of the city of Cottbus
* 2013: *The long breath* of the JVBB for their persistent research on right-wing extremism in her region

1. netzwerkrecherche.org (2012-11-07). "Lokal: Simone Wendler". Retrieved 2018-12-20.
2. Brinkbäumer, Klaus (2 September 2001). "Mutter Courage von Cottbus". *Der Spiegel*.
3. "Geschmeidiger Übergang".
4. FOCUS Online. "Das Phantom der Stasi" (in German). Retrieved 2018-12-15.
5. Eva Herschinger (2001-08-21), ""Stasi-Seilschaften" in Cottbus attackieren die Pressefreiheit", *Die Welt* (in German), retrieved 2018-12-15
6. "Stasi-Seilschaft droht Reporterin mit Rache-Mord". Retrieved 2018-12-15.
7. "Journalisten fühlen sich von Stasi-Seilschaften bedroht" (in German). 2001-08-22. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
8. Die https://www.tagesspiegel.de/themen/brandenburg/cottbuser-affaeren-handelskammer-gibt-fehler-zu/251834.html
9. "Angeklagte beteuern Unschuld und teilen aus". 5 February 2003.
10. "Preisträger 2002: Simone Wendler - Medienstiftung der Sparkasse Leipzig".
11. "Journalisten-Preis "Der lange Atem" geht an Simone Wendler".


title: John J. Smithies

abstract: John Geoffrey Smithies is an Australian artist and arts manager. He is a sculptor and installation artist who has been director of the State Film Centre of Victoria, but is best known as the founding director of the Australian Centre for the Moving Image.

text:
# John J. Smithies

**John Geoffrey Smithies** (born 1954) is an Australian artist and arts manager. He is a sculptor and installation artist who has been director of the State Film Centre of Victoria, but is best known as the founding director of the Australian Centre for the Moving Image.

## Early life

Smithies was born in Tasmania in 1954. He studied at the Tasmanian School of Art, the South Australian School of Art, Monash University and the Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe, Germany.

## Career

From 1992, John Smithies was director of the State Film Centre of Victoria, until its merger with Film Victoria in 1997 formed Cinemedia.

At Cinemedia, Smithies was deputy director, with prime responsibility for developing the Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI). ACMI is the premier cinema-culture venue and exhibitor, and the first institution of its type in Australia. It houses exhibition spaces, state-of-the art cinemas, and media production spaces, and the combined access collection of the National Film and Sound Archive and the State film and media collection.

Smithies became the first director and CEO of ACMI in March 2002. He was responsible for opening the new public facilities at Federation Square in Melbourne in October 2002.

After a period of turmoil, with the organisation over budget, Smithies resigned from the Victorian Public Service in 2004. He later said the facility had been forced to open while "under-funded" by the Victorian Government.

In December 2005, Smithies joined the Cultural Development Network (CDN), an independent non-profit organisation that links individual practitioners, community organisations and government across Victoria, as director. About the same time, he recommenced working as an artist (painting and sculpture) with an ongoing interest in digital media and interactive broadcasting.

## InfoBox

| John G. Smithies | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | September 2, 1954 |
| Occupation | Arts manager |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Alma mater | University of Tasmania
Monash University
Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe |