title: Edward William Mountford

abstract: Edward William Mountford was an English architect, noted for his Edwardian Baroque style, who designed a number of town halls – Sheffield, Battersea and Lancaster – as well as the Old Bailey in London. He served as President of the Architectural Association, and as a council-member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, but died young at the age of 52, "removing from the front rank of the profession a very able and distinguished architect."

text:
# Edward William Mountford

**Edward William Mountford** (22 September 1855 – 7 February 1908) was an English architect, noted for his Edwardian Baroque style, who designed a number of town halls – Sheffield, Battersea and Lancaster – as well as the Old Bailey in London. He served as President of the Architectural Association, and as a council-member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, but died young at the age of 52, "removing from the front rank of the profession a very able and distinguished architect."

## Life

Mountford was born in Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire, on 22 September 1855, the son of Edward Mountford, a draper, and his Northamptonshire-born wife Eliza Devonshire. The family lived in the Cotswolds in his youth, and he was educated privately in Clevedon, Somerset.

In 1872 he was articled to Messrs. Habershon & Pite of Bloomsbury Square, where his contemporaries included William Howard Seth-Smith and A. R. G. Fenning, later acting as the practice's Clerk of Works. He was later for a time part of the practice of George Elkington, and afterwards employed by Messrs. Giles, Gough & Trollope.

He entered into practice on his own account in 1881, engaged in the design, chiefly, of churches and schools, often carried out in conjunction with H. D. Searles-Wood. He developed his practice by entering public competitions for public libraries, hospitals, and convalescent homes. Early commissions include the New Baptist Chapel on Northcote Road, Battersea (1884–5); a cottage hospital at Whitchurch, Shropshire (1885); and the Ellen Badger Hospital in Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire (1886).

His profile was raised immeasurably by winning the competition for the design of Sheffield Town Hall (1890–1897), a grand palatial structure reflecting and serving as a symbol of the civic pride of the newly autonomous northern metropolitan council. In much the same period he was successful on three occasions in competitions run by the Battersea Vestry, being commissioned to design the Battersea Central Library (1889–1890); the Battersea Polytechnic Institute (1891); and the Battersea Town Hall (1891–1893). Further commissions via competition followed, including the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales (1900–1907) and Lancaster Town Hall (1906–1909). Although he saw the former to completion, he predeceased the construction of the latter, which was completed by his partner F. Dale Clapham.

Mountford is seen as one of the initiators of the Wrenaissance style of Baroque Revival architecture which characterises many British and Empire public buildings during the Edwardian era; Edwin Lutyens was a fellow exponent of the style – and Mountford and Lutyens had a form of connection via their work in Munstead Heath, where Lutyens designed Munstead Wood for Gertrude Jekyll and Mountford build Munstead Grange – Jekyll advising on his garden design – as his country house. Mountford was awarded a silver medal at the Exposition Universelle (1900) for his Edwardian baroque designs. His domestic architecture, however, appears to have been influenced by the architecture of his Gloucestershire, Somerset and Warwickshire youth.

He was also noted for championing the blending of sculpture and art with architecture, working with sculptors such as Paul Montford (on Battersea Town Hall), F. W. Pomeroy, and Gilbert Seale, and with muralist Gerald Moira and the Arts and Crafts exponent William Richmond.

Mountford was very active in developing the architectural profession throughout his later career, holding for many years committee positions in the Architectural Association, including serving as its president from 1893–94 and acting as an advisor of its school of architecture. He was made a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1890, and in later years served on its council until his death in 1908.

He was described as genial, and “a bluff, kindly, humorous, thoroughly English President” of the Architectural Association; and although plagued by arthritis in later years, was known as an enthusiast for all kinds of sport, notably fishing, rowing, football, and as a well-known member of the Surrey Cricket Club.

Mountford married twice, to Jessie Smith (18 June 1888) and, following her death, Dorothy Hounsham (11 July 1903). He had a son (who became an architect) from his first marriage, and a daughter from his second. He resided in Wandsworth, where he was active in the local community; he furnished the south chapel of St Anne's Church, Wandsworth, in memory of his first wife. He died in London on 7 February 1908.

## Notable buildings: chronological order

### With Herbert Appleton


title: Edward William Nelson

abstract: Edward William Nelson was an American naturalist and ethnologist. A collector of specimens and field naturalist of repute, he became a member of several expeditions to survey the fauna and flora. He was part of a team with Clinton Hart Merriam that took part in the Death Valley Expedition. He also explored the Yosemite Valley. A number of vertebrate species are named after him.

text:
# Edward William Nelson

**Edward William Nelson** (May 8, 1855 – May 19, 1934) was an American naturalist and ethnologist. A collector of specimens and field naturalist of repute, he became a member of several expeditions to survey the fauna and flora. He was part of a team with Clinton Hart Merriam that took part in the Death Valley Expedition. He also explored the Yosemite Valley. A number of vertebrate species are named after him.

## Biography

Nelson was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, on May 8, 1855, the first son of William and Martha (née Wells) Nelson. Nelson and his brother then lived with his maternal grandparents in the Adirondacks when his father joined the Union Army and mother went to Baltimore as a nurse. Here he fell in love with the wilderness. Nelson moved to Chicago after his father was killed in the Civil War and his mother established a dressmaking business.

In 1871, his large insect collection was lost in the Chicago Fire and the family was left homeless. This was the time that he moved focus from insects to birds. He went to Cook County Normal School from 1872 to 1875 where the principal, W. W. Wentworth encouraged him. Nelson also met Henry Henshaw and Edward Drinker Cope who helped him develop his interests in birds.

In 1877. Nelson joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps. Spencer Fullerton Baird was responsible for selecting Signal Officers for the remoter stations, and would choose men with scientific training who were prepared to study the local flora and fauna. Baird sent Nelson to St. Michael, Alaska. Nelson was the naturalist on board USRC *Thomas Corwin*, which sailed to Wrangel Island in search of the *Jeannette* expedition in 1881. Nelson published his findings in the *Report upon Natural History Collections Made in Alaska between the Years 1877–1881* (1887). He also published his ethnological findings in *The Eskimo about Bering Strait* (1900).

In 1890 Nelson accepted an appointment as a special field agent with the Death Valley Expedition under Clinton Hart Merriam, chief of the Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy, United States Department of Agriculture. After this expedition he was ordered to conduct a field survey in Mexico, and Nelson remained in the country for the next fourteen years. Nelson continued to work for the Bureau of Biological Survey until 1929, being chief of the bureau from 1916 to 1927.

The desert bighorn sheep and Nelson's milksnake were named in his honor. The holotype of the milksnake was collected by Nelson and Edward Alphonso Goldman on July 18, 1897. He worked with Goldman for ten years surveying Mexican terrestrial vertebrates. Nelson's sparrow (*Ammodramus nelsoni*) (formerly Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow; formerly sharp-tailed sparrow) was also named for him. Rodents named in his honor include *Ammospermophilus nelsoni*, *Chaetodipus nelsoni*, *Dicrostonyx nelsoni*, *Dipodomys nelsoni*, *Heteromys nelsoni*, *Megadontomys nelsoni*, *Neotoma nelsoni*, *Oryzomys nelsoni*, *Xenomys nelsoni*, and the genus *Nelsonia*. The shrew *Cryptotis nelsoni* is also named after Nelson.

In addition to Nelson's milk snake, four other reptiles are named in his honor: Nelson's anole, Nelson's tree lizard, Nelson's spiny lizard, and Nelson's spotted box turtle. He was the president of the American Society of Mammalogists from 1921 to 1923. He also served as president of the American Ornithologists' Union and the Biological Society of Washington. He never married.

In 1895, botanists J.M.Coult. & Rose published *Neonelsonia*, a monotypic genus of flowering plant from South America, belonging to the family Apiaceae. Then in 1973, botanists H.Rob. & Brettell published *Nelsonianthus*, a genus of flowering plants from Mexico and Guatemala belonging to the family Asteraceae, also named in Nelson's honour.

The standard author abbreviation E.W.Nelson is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

## Further reading


title: Egypt Aviation Academy

abstract: Egyptian Aviation Academy (EAA) is an aviation training organisation that offers aviation programs for pilot, air traffic control, engineering and information technology training.

text:
# Egypt Aviation Academy

**Egyptian Aviation Academy** (EAA) is an aviation training organisation that offers aviation programs for pilot, air traffic control, engineering and information technology training.

## History

*Misr Flying Institute* was established on 7 May 1932 under the name Misr Flying School by a Royal Decree that established the Misr Air Company, which later changed its name to EgyptAir. It was the duty of the new school to prepare pilots to fly Egypt Air aircraft and was based at Almaza airport (HEAZ). The high demand for this school encouraged Egypt Air to open a new school in Alexandria in July 1933.

On 22 November 1971 President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, issued a republican decree for the establishment of the National Civil Aviation Training Organization (NCATO) and Misr Flying Institute was subordinated from Egypt Air to NCATO. It is considered the first regional institute for training pilots in the field of Civil Aviation, not only in Egypt but in the Middle East.

The EAA has become a leading organisation in the field of regional and international Civil Aviation Training, providing its graduates an Egypt High Education Ministry recognised certificate.

## Educational schools

Egyptian Aviation Academy includes:

* Misr Flying College
* Air Traffic Control College
* Aviation Engineering College

29°48′48″N 30°50′04″E / 29.813266°N 30.834494°E / 29.813266; 30.834494

## InfoBox

Egyptian Aviation Academy
الأكاديمية المصرية لعلوم الطيران
| Established | 1932 |
| --- | --- |
| Focus | Aviation |
| Formerly called | Misr Flying Institute |
| Location | 6th of October City, Egypt |
| Website | Official website |


title: Egon Larsson

abstract: Egon Malte Larsson was a Swedish singer, actor, dancer, director, choreographer, composer and writer. Larsson appeared in about 15 films between 1943 and 1958 and choreographed dance numbers in seven films.

text:
# Egon Larsson

***Egon* Malte Larsson** (30 October 1914  7 February 1989) was a Swedish singer, actor, dancer, director, choreographer, composer and writer. Larsson appeared in about 15 films between 1943 and 1958 and choreographed dance numbers in seven films.

## Selected filmography

1. "Egon Larsson contributions". sfi.se. Retrieved 9 April 2017.

## InfoBox

| Egon Larsson | |
| --- | --- |
| Egon Larsson in 1951 | |
| Born | (1914-10-30)30 October 1914
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 7 February 1989(1989-02-07) (aged 74)
Helsingborg, Sweden |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, actor, dancer, director, choreographer |
| Years active | 1933–1988 |


title: Egon Ledeč

abstract: Egon Ledeč was a Czechoslovak violinist and composer of Jewish origin. Ledeč was one of the artists sent to Theresienstadt and is shown as concertmaster in Karel Ančerl’s orchestra in the Nazi propaganda movie Theresienstadt: A Documentary Film from the Jewish Settlement Area. He was transported to Auschwitz on 16 October 1944 together with Gideon Klein, Viktor Ullmann, Rafael Schächter, and Franz Eugen Klein, apart from Gideon Klein the other four musicians were murdered immediately on arrival. Gideon Klein died in the liquidation of the Fürstengrube camp in January 1945. Egon Ledeč was born on 16 March 1889, in Kostelec nad Orlici, to Samuel and Luisa Ledeč née Stasna.

text:
# Egon Ledeč

**Egon Ledeč** (16 March 1889, Kostelec nad Orlicí – October 1944, Auschwitz) was a Czechoslovak violinist and composer of Jewish origin. Ledeč was one of the artists sent to Theresienstadt and is shown as concertmaster in Karel Ančerl’s orchestra in the Nazi propaganda movie *Theresienstadt: A Documentary Film from the Jewish Settlement Area*. He was transported to Auschwitz on 16 October 1944 together with Gideon Klein, Viktor Ullmann, Rafael Schächter, and Franz Eugen Klein, apart from Gideon Klein the other four musicians were murdered immediately on arrival. Gideon Klein died in the liquidation of the Fürstengrube camp in January 1945. Egon Ledeč was born on 16 March 1889, in Kostelec nad Orlici, to Samuel and Luisa Ledeč née Stasna.


title: Princess Halliday

abstract: Princess Halliday is a TV personality, professor of ethics, leadership ambassador, talk show host, trained petroleum engineer, communications expert, motivational speaker and occasional actress. She is the founder of the Empower Africa Initiative. Halliday is the host and executive producer of The Princess Halliday Show, which airs on M-Net on the DSTV platform across 48 African countries. It is also syndicated across Nigeria on Silverbird Television, and in the UK on BEN TV.

text:
# Princess Halliday

**Princess Halliday** is a TV personality, professor of ethics, leadership ambassador, talk show host, trained petroleum engineer, communications expert, motivational speaker and occasional actress. She is the founder of the Empower Africa Initiative.

Halliday is the host and executive producer of *The Princess Halliday Show*, which airs on *M-Net* on the DSTV platform across 48 African countries. It is also syndicated across Nigeria on *Silverbird Television*, and in the UK on *BEN TV*.

## Early life

Halliday hails from Bonny Island in Rivers State, Nigeria; Her mother is from the Halliday Awusa "King Halliday" House of the Kingdom of Bonny, making Halliday a princess by birth.

At the age of 3, she hosted her first radio talk show, *Kiddies World* and by the age of 14, she had held a number of roles at different companies. She enrolled into university at the age of 15 to become a Petroleum Engineer. She has worked in both upstream and downstream sectors of oil and gas.

Halliday, aside from speaking English, is fluent in Hindi, some French and Arabic.

## Career

> This program presents to the world, individuals whom through tenacity and determination have accomplished something great and have been a catalyst for others to follow. The heart and soul of the show is ordinary people doing extraordinary things.

— Princess Halliday
(talking about her show *The Princess Halliday Show*)

### Empower Africa Initiative

At age 19, Princess Halliday founded the *Empower Africa Initiative* whose mission is to positively enhance the mindset of the world by showcasing and engaging people, communities, and organizations, while empowering them to lead, innovate, and serve authentically. Halliday began producing her television show the *Princess Halliday Show* in collaboration with Multichoice Africa to be syndicated on *M-Net* via the DSTV network. The show has Halliday and her team travel across the world to showcase world leaders, global players, entrepreneurs, movie stars and ordinary people doing extraordinary things.

In 2012, Halliday after a visit to the Niger Delta area and taking note of the lack of structure in the water network, mobilized the *Empower Africa Initiative* in conjunction with the Niger Delta Development Commission of Nigeria to carry out the Reticulation of pipes in the Niger delta area, creating pipe borne water for several Niger delta communities.

Halliday is the first young Nigerian to properly strive to have a degree in Leadership that transcribes what it means to lead authentically. Princess Halliday desires to use her degree and expertise to change negative stereotypes of Africans where young women are not often believed to be leaders.

### 2014 till date

In 2014, Halliday earned a leadership training from Harvard University known as "Communicating with Influence-The Art of Persuasion". She has a degree in Leadership from Woodbury University. Determined to revolutionize the understanding of leadership as Africa knows it, Halliday frequently strengthens the need for mindsets to be empowered.

Halliday hosted the 2014 Miss Commonwealth International Pageant in the UK. She also served Rivers State as a special media and image consultant to wife of the governor of Rivers State at the time, Dame Judith Amaechi.

Halliday along with women from Rivers State visited Morocco for the World Leaders Summit/Crans Montana Female Leadership Forum in Rabat, where she met the President of Malta, Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, the youngest female to assume the office of the President, and her Chief of Staff John Camilleri.

> For a very long time, women have been underrepresented in elite leadership roles with a mindset that systematically underestimates their own abilities. To see these phenomenal women doing extraordinarily in significant leadership positions and going beyond the perceived leadership labyrinth is Laudable.

— Princess Halliday

In 2015, the *Princess Halliday* show was renewed for another season, and she played host to a number of notable international guests including, American Christian contemporary singer Don Moen, Jamaican singer Chevelle Franklyn, former Nigerian Presidential candidate, Professor Pat Utomi, emmy nominated actress Amy Gibson, Hollywood actor from the movie "the perfect match" Rob Riley and a former Rivers State gubernatorial candidate Dakuku Peterside and many others. Halliday has also interviewed Nollywood actors, Mike Ezuruonye, Tonto Dikeh, Jim Iyke, Robert O. Peters, Joseph Benjamin, Raz Adoti, International singer Ron Kenoly, Nigeria megachurch pastor and church leader, Apostle Johnson Suleiman, the former Director-General of the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Raymond Temisan Omatseye and many other others on her show.

Halliday made her acting debut in 2015, in a TV series produced by Nollywood film-maker Obi Emelonye, titled *The Calabash*.

In July 2016, Empower Africa Initiative alongside Princess Halliday designed the merchandise theme "Empowered", designed to help prepare and guide all to their own empowered parity. Portions of proceeds from this design goes towards helping the underprivileged in Africa. The sales have garnered support from several celebrities and people of note.

### Global speaking engagement

In December 2016, Halliday was invited to speak on corruption at the Parliament House of Commons London at the care of the MP Helen Grant (Maidstone & The Weald). The event was organized by Alistair Soyode, the owner of BEN TV with the focus on dealing with the issue of corruption in Africa.

Halliday is one of the designated speakers for the 2017 Nigeria-Agri Food Investment Forum 2017. Her focus was on addressing the seemingly increasing barriers to leadership, business and investment in Nigeria and proffering solutions through which this can be strengthened.

### In 2017 leadership

In 2017, Halliday commenced working on the World African Women Leadership Conference, committed to ensuring women in leadership position are strengthened to lead authentically while ensuring young girls receive the educational opportunity, leadership development and mentoring support needed to be authentic leaders.

Princess Halliday spoke and addressed leaders at the Mackerel Business and Leadership conference in Virginia Commonwealth University on "How Authenticity Affects Leaders in Africa" Princess who with very substantial experience on Leadership & Strategy, shared on “How Authenticity Affect Business Leaders in Africa“ believing it is time for business leaders to begin to change their mindset from the conventional development mindset to a revolutionary and investment mindset revealing that there is increasing hope for Africa.

### World Bank Meeting Annual 2017

"I am aware that people can hardly correlate a beautiful lady to leadership especially in our continent where young women are not believed to be carriers of great initiative. This has been a great challenge to me and so daily I endeavor to do the extraordinary. I strive to educate and empower men and women to identify their leadership parity and have young girls know that they have the capacity to be leaders and yes Beauty Equates to Leadership. I am a leader with my own style. Am I changing the dynamics of leadership? Yes I am and this is so important to me. We have had enough of the conventional stalled leadership that has existed for so long and very rarely worked. It is time for a revolution. You can be young, pretty, intelligent, do things the right way and be an Authentic Leader," she said.

She said, "Oftentimes, leaders talk about growth and giving opportunity to the young generation but in reality very few leaders want growth. Power gets intoxicating and so it becomes hard for them to let go. But the truth is great leaders extend the circle of influence so the most junior person feels like they belong. But one great challenge for Africa– one that has stalled her leadership – is how to convince 1.2 billion people to put aside competing interests, sideline different religions, leaderless uprising, ethnicity, political persuasions, and build a United Nation with Authentic leaders to truly bring about significant change."

### Leadership style

As a guest lecturer at California State University, Northridge, it has been noted that Princess Halliday strives for women in Africa to get a sit at the table with a mission to develop ethical leaders with an ability to think critically and act effectively. She has constantly liaised with the women in position of authority in Africa, accentuating the need for embracing Empowered parity.

> We must sit at the table, we must shift the paradigm and change the culture, we must understand that beauty equates to Leadership and young people ( boys and girls) are carriers of Great Initiative.

— Princess Halliday

## Personal life

Halliday currently lives in West Hollywood, California, in the United States, where, as of 2016, episodes of her television show were being taped. When asked about marriage, the *Leadership Newspaper* quotes her as saying *“I will be married to a man with great wisdom and one who understands the turbulence of my call on earth. His footstep is still being orchestrated!”*

## Awards and recognition

In recognition of her work in diverse fields, Halliday has received a number of laurels, including being recognized by the International Commonwealth platform in London, and she was given the award for the *Youngest Executive Producer/TV Talk show Host in History*.

Princess Halliday’s passion for showcasing positivity and her uncanny ability to lead authentically with emotional intelligence and communicate with empathy has solidified her as one of the young female authentic voice in the world.

The Canadian federal government recently honored Princess Halliday with the Outstanding Leadership award to Africa in London November 2016.

## InfoBox

| Princess Halliday | |
| --- | --- |
| Halliday on her program in 2017 | |
| Born | Princess Halliday |
| Education | * Masters in Leadership * Leadership for Professionals in communication, Harvard University * Post graduate for Professionals - School of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University |
| Occupations | * Petroleum engineer * TV personality * Leadership ambassador * Harvard communication expert * Actress * Talk show host * Event host |
| Years active | 1998 – present |
| Known for | First young Nigerian to receive a degree in leadership that transcribes leading authentically |
| Website | www.princesshalliday.com |


title: Progressive Republican Party (Brazil)

abstract: The Progressive Republican Party was a Brazilian political party. It became a registered political party on 22 November 1991; its electoral number was 44. On 17 December 2018, the PRP merged with Patriota, effectively dissolving the PRP.

text:
# Progressive Republican Party (Brazil)

The **Progressive Republican Party** (Portuguese: *Partido Republicano Progressista*, PRP) was a Brazilian political party.

It became a registered political party on 22 November 1991; its electoral number was 44.

On 17 December 2018, the PRP merged with Patriota, effectively dissolving the PRP.

## InfoBox

| Progressive Republican Party Partido Republicano Progressista | |
| --- | --- |
|
| President | Ovasco Roma
Altimari Resende |
| Founded | 22 November 1991 |
| Dissolved | 17 December 2018 |
| Merged into | Patriota |
| Headquarters | São José do Rio Preto, Brazil |
| Membership | 250,278 |
| Ideology | Progressive conservatism
Social conservatism
Republicanism
Right-libertarianism |
| Political position | Centre-right to right-wing |
| Colours | Dark blue |
| Website | |
| prp.org.br | |
|  | |


title: Projection-valued measure

abstract: In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a projection-valued measure is a function defined on certain subsets of a fixed set and whose values are self-adjoint projections on a fixed Hilbert space. A projection-valued measure (PVM) is formally similar to a real-valued measure, except that its values are self-adjoint projections rather than real numbers. As in the case of ordinary measures, it is possible to integrate complex-valued functions with respect to a PVM; the result of such an integration is a linear operator on the given Hilbert space. Projection-valued measures are used to express results in spectral theory, such as the important spectral theorem for self-adjoint operators, in which case the PVM is sometimes referred to as the spectral measure. The Borel functional calculus for self-adjoint operators is constructed using integrals with respect to PVMs. In quantum mechanics, PVMs are the mathematical description of projective measurements. They are generalized by positive operator valued measures (POVMs) in the same sense that a mixed state or density matrix generalizes the notion of a pure state.

text:
# Projection-valued measure

In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a **projection-valued measure** (or **spectral measure**) is a function defined on certain subsets of a fixed set and whose values are self-adjoint projections on a fixed Hilbert space. A projection-valued measure (PVM) is formally similar to a real-valued measure, except that its values are self-adjoint projections rather than real numbers. As in the case of ordinary measures, it is possible to integrate complex-valued functions with respect to a PVM; the result of such an integration is a linear operator on the given Hilbert space.

Projection-valued measures are used to express results in spectral theory, such as the important spectral theorem for self-adjoint operators, in which case the PVM is sometimes referred to as the spectral measure. The Borel functional calculus for self-adjoint operators is constructed using integrals with respect to PVMs. In quantum mechanics, PVMs are the mathematical description of projective measurements. They are generalized by positive operator valued measures (POVMs) in the same sense that a mixed state or density matrix generalizes the notion of a pure state.

## Definition

Let $H$ denote a separable complex Hilbert space and $(X,M)$ a measurable space consisting of a set $X$ and a Borel σ-algebra $M$ on $X$. A **projection-valued measure** $\pi $ is a map from $M$ to the set of bounded self-adjoint operators on $H$ satisfying the following properties:

* $\pi (E)$ is an orthogonal projection for all $E\in M.$
* $\pi (\emptyset )=0$ and $\pi (X)=I$, where $\emptyset $ is the empty set and $I$ the identity operator.
* If $E\_{1},E\_{2},E\_{3},\dotsc $ in $M$ are disjoint, then for all $v\in H$,

$$\pi \left(\bigcup \_{j=1}^{\infty }E\_{j}\right)v=\sum \_{j=1}^{\infty }\pi (E\_{j})v.$$

* $\pi (E\_{1}\cap E\_{2})=\pi (E\_{1})\pi (E\_{2})$ for all $E\_{1},E\_{2}\in M.$

The second and fourth property show that if $E\_{1}$ and $E\_{2}$ are disjoint, i.e., $E\_{1}\cap E\_{2}=\emptyset $, the images $\pi (E\_{1})$ and $\pi (E\_{2})$ are orthogonal to each other.

Let $V\_{E}=\operatorname {im} (\pi (E))$ and its orthogonal complement $V\_{E}^{\perp }=\ker(\pi (E))$ denote the image and kernel, respectively, of $\pi (E)$. If $V\_{E}$ is a closed subspace of $H$ then $H$ can be wrtitten as the *orthogonal decomposition* $H=V\_{E}\oplus V\_{E}^{\perp }$ and $\pi (E)=I\_{E}$ is the unique identity operator on $V\_{E}$ satisfying all four properties.

For every $\xi ,\eta \in H$ and $E\in M$ the projection-valued measure forms a complex-valued measure on $H$ defined as

$$\mu \_{\xi ,\eta }(E):=\langle \pi (E)\xi \mid \eta \rangle $$

with total variation at most $\\|\xi \\|\\|\eta \\|$. It reduces to a real-valued measure when

$$\mu \_{\xi }(E):=\langle \pi (E)\xi \mid \xi \rangle $$

and a probability measure when $\xi $ is a unit vector.

**Example** Let $(X,M,\mu )$ be a *σ*-finite measure space and, for all $E\in M$, let

$$\pi (E):L^{2}(X)\to L^{2}(X)$$

be defined as

$$\psi \mapsto \pi (E)\psi =1\_{E}\psi ,$$

i.e., as multiplication by the indicator function $1\_{E}$ on *L*2(*X*). Then $\pi (E)=1\_{E}$ defines a projection-valued measure. For example, if $X=\mathbb {R} $, $E=(0,1)$, and $\phi ,\psi \in L^{2}(\mathbb {R} )$ there is then the associated complex measure $\mu \_{\phi ,\psi }$ which takes a measurable function $f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} $ and gives the integral

$$\int \_{E}f\\,d\mu \_{\phi ,\psi }=\int \_{0}^{1}f(x)\psi (x){\overline {\phi }(x)\\,dx}$$

## Extensions of projection-valued measures

If π is a projection-valued measure on a measurable space (*X*, *M*), then the map

$$\chi \_{E}\mapsto \pi (E)$$

extends to a linear map on the vector space of step functions on *X*. In fact, it is easy to check that this map is a ring homomorphism. This map extends in a canonical way to all bounded complex-valued measurable functions on *X*, and we have the following.

**Theorem**  For any bounded Borel function $f$ on $X$, there exists a unique bounded operator $T:H\to H$ such that

$$\langle T\xi \mid \xi \rangle =\int \_{X}f(\lambda )\\,d\mu \_{\xi }(\lambda ),\quad \forall \xi \in H.$$

where $\mu \_{\xi }$ is a finite Borel measure given by

$$\mu \_{\xi }(E):=\langle \pi (E)\xi \mid \xi \rangle ,\quad \forall E\in M.$$

Hence, $(X,M,\mu )$ is a finite measure space.

The theorem is also correct for unbounded measurable functions $f$ but then $T$ will be an unbounded linear operator on the Hilbert space $H$.

This allows to define the Borel functional calculus for such operators and then pass to measurable functions via the Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem. That is, if $g:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C} $ is a measurable function, then a unique measure exists such that

$$g(T):=\int \_{\mathbb {R} }g(x)\\,d\pi (x).$$

### Spectral theorem

Let $H$ be a separable complex Hilbert space, $A:H\to H$ be a bounded self-adjoint operator and $\sigma (A)$ the spectrum of $A$. Then the spectral theorem says that there exists a unique projection-valued measure $\pi ^{A}$, defined on a Borel subset $E\subset \sigma (A)$, such that

$$A=\int \_{\sigma (A)}\lambda \\,d\pi ^{A}(\lambda ),$$

where the integral extends to an unbounded function $\lambda $ when the spectrum of $A$ is unbounded.

### Direct integrals

First we provide a general example of projection-valued measure based on direct integrals. Suppose (*X*, *M*, μ) is a measure space and let {*H**x*}*x**X*  be a μ-measurable family of separable Hilbert spaces. For every *E**M*, let π(*E*) be the operator of multiplication by 1*E* on the Hilbert space

$$\int \_{X}^{\oplus }H\_{x}\ d\mu (x).$$

Then π is a projection-valued measure on (*X*, *M*).

Suppose π, ρ are projection-valued measures on (*X*, *M*) with values in the projections of *H*, *K*. π, ρ are **unitarily equivalent** if and only if there is a unitary operator *U*:*H**K* such that

$$\pi (E)=U^{\*}\rho (E)U\quad $$

for every *E**M*.

**Theorem**. If (*X*, *M*) is a standard Borel space, then for every projection-valued measure π on (*X*, *M*) taking values in the projections of a *separable* Hilbert space, there is a Borel measure μ and a μ-measurable family of Hilbert spaces {*H**x*}*x**X* , such that π is unitarily equivalent to multiplication by 1*E* on the Hilbert space

$$\int \_{X}^{\oplus }H\_{x}\ d\mu (x).$$

The measure class of μ and the measure equivalence class of the multiplicity function *x* → dim *H**x* completely characterize the projection-valued measure up to unitary equivalence.

A projection-valued measure π is *homogeneous of multiplicity* *n* if and only if the multiplicity function has constant value *n*. Clearly,

**Theorem**. Any projection-valued measure π taking values in the projections of a separable Hilbert space is an orthogonal direct sum of homogeneous projection-valued measures:

$$\pi =\bigoplus \_{1\leq n\leq \omega }(\pi \mid H\_{n})$$

where

$$H\_{n}=\int \_{n}^{\oplus }H\_{x}\ d(\mu \mid X\_{n})(x)$$

and

$$X\_{n}=\\{x\in X:\dim H\_{x}=n\\}.$$

## Application in quantum mechanics

In quantum mechanics, given a projection-valued measure of a measurable space $X$ to the space of continuous endomorphisms upon a Hilbert space $H$,

* the projective space $\mathbf {P} (H)$ of the Hilbert space $H$ is interpreted as the set of possible (normalizable) states $\varphi $ of a quantum system,
* the measurable space $X$ is the value space for some quantum property of the system (an "observable"),
* the projection-valued measure $\pi $ expresses the probability that the observable takes on various values.

A common choice for $X$ is the real line, but it may also be

* $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ (for position or momentum in three dimensions ),
* a discrete set (for angular momentum, energy of a bound state, etc.),
* the 2-point set "true" and "false" for the truth-value of an arbitrary proposition about $\varphi $.

Let $E$ be a measurable subset of $X$ and $\varphi $ a normalized vector quantum state in $H$, so that its Hilbert norm is unitary, $\\|\varphi \\|=1$. The probability that the observable takes its value in $E$, given the system in state $\varphi $, is

$$P\_{\pi }(\varphi )(E)=\langle \varphi \mid \pi (E)(\varphi )\rangle =\langle \varphi |\pi (E)|\varphi \rangle .$$

We can parse this in two ways. First, for each fixed $E$, the projection $\pi (E)$ is a self-adjoint operator on $H$ whose 1-eigenspace are the states $\varphi $ for which the value of the observable always lies in $E$, and whose 0-eigenspace are the states $\varphi $ for which the value of the observable never lies in $E$.

Second, for each fixed normalized vector state $\varphi $, the association

$$P\_{\pi }(\varphi ):E\mapsto \langle \varphi \mid \pi (E)\varphi \rangle $$

is a probability measure on $X$ making the values of the observable into a random variable.

A measurement that can be performed by a projection-valued measure $\pi $ is called a **projective measurement**.

If $X$ is the real number line, there exists, associated to $\pi $, a self-adjoint operator $A$ defined on $H$ by

$$A(\varphi )=\int \_{\mathbb {R} }\lambda \\,d\pi (\lambda )(\varphi ),$$

which reduces to

$$A(\varphi )=\sum \_{i}\lambda \_{i}\pi ({\lambda \_{i})(\varphi )}$$

if the support of $\pi $ is a discrete subset of $X$.

The above operator $A$ is called the observable associated with the spectral measure.

## Generalizations

The idea of a projection-valued measure is generalized by the positive operator-valued measure (POVM), where the need for the orthogonality implied by projection operators is replaced by the idea of a set of operators that are a non-orthogonal partition of unity. This generalization is motivated by applications to quantum information theory.


title: Prompter (theatre)

abstract: The prompter in a theatre is a person who prompts or cues actors when they forget their lines or neglect to move on the stage to where they are supposed to be situated. The role of the souffleur, or prompter, reaches back to the medieval theater, but has disappeared in countries like Britain, the United States, France, and Italy. In these places, actors are expected to assist each other in case they forget their lines. However, in Germany and central Europe, the job of the prompter is still very much alive and integral to the repertory system. This is because multiple plays are performed in rotation each week, making it challenging for actors to memorize all their lines. In theatres without prompters, their role is undertaken by the stage manager, who will have a copy of the script called the prompt book. This is the most definitive version of the script for any one performance, and will contain details of all cues, with their precise timings with respect to the action on stage. This allows the prompt to direct lighting, sound, flying effects and scene changes during a show. The prompt book also often contains blocking notes, so that the prompt is always aware of the intended positions and movements of all the actors on stage at any given time. In some professional and high-quality community theatre productions, the prompt is never used during a performance to instruct actors if they forget a line or movement, only during a rehearsal. If prompting is absolutely necessary, it is done very quietly by another actor on-stage or the conductor of the pit orchestra. The prompt is located on the stage, in the prompt corner or "prompt side". In Elizabethan theatre the function of prompting was filled by the Book-Holder, who was also in charge of props and calls.

text:
# Prompter (theatre)

The **prompter** (sometimes **prompt**) in a theatre is a person who prompts or cues actors when they forget their lines or neglect to move on the stage to where they are supposed to be situated. The role of the souffleur, or prompter, reaches back to the medieval theater, but has disappeared in countries like Britain, the United States, France, and Italy. In these places, actors are expected to assist each other in case they forget their lines. However, in Germany and central Europe, the job of the prompter is still very much alive and integral to the repertory system. This is because multiple plays are performed in rotation each week, making it challenging for actors to memorize all their lines.

In theatres without prompters, their role is undertaken by the stage manager, who will have a copy of the script called the **prompt book**. This is the most definitive version of the script for any one performance, and will contain details of all cues, with their precise timings with respect to the action on stage. This allows the prompt to direct lighting, sound, flying effects and scene changes during a show. The prompt book also often contains blocking notes, so that the prompt is always aware of the intended positions and movements of all the actors on stage at any given time.

In some professional and high-quality community theatre productions, the prompt is never used during a performance to instruct actors if they forget a line or movement, only during a rehearsal. If prompting is absolutely necessary, it is done very quietly by another actor on-stage or the conductor of the pit orchestra.

The prompt is located on the stage, in the prompt corner or "prompt side".

In Elizabethan theatre the function of prompting was filled by the Book-Holder, who was also in charge of props and calls.

## Sources


title: Product of Imagination

abstract: Product of Imagination is the debut album of the German thrash metal band Paradox. It was released in 1987 through Roadrunner Records. Product of Imagination was reissued by the German label High Vaultage Records in 1999, containing four bonus tracks. The album was reissued again on 13 August 2007 by Metal Mind Productions from Poland as a digipack. This reissue was released as a golden disc with only 2000 items ever produced. It featured bonus tracks along with every song on the album being digitally remastered using a 24-Bit process.

text:
# Product of Imagination

***Product of Imagination*** is the debut album of the German thrash metal band Paradox. It was released in 1987 through Roadrunner Records.

*Product of Imagination* was reissued by the German label High Vaultage Records in 1999, containing four bonus tracks. The album was reissued again on 13 August 2007 by Metal Mind Productions from Poland as a digipack. This reissue was released as a golden disc with only 2000 items ever produced. It featured bonus tracks along with every song on the album being digitally remastered using a 24-Bit process.

## Background

Paradox was formed in 1986 by vocalist and guitarist Charly Steinhauer and drummer Axel Blaha. The band added guitarist Markus Spyth and bassist Roland Stahl to their lineup in February of that same year. Now having a complete lineup, Paradox recorded a demo in the same year that began to attract the attention of Roadrunner Records, but it would be the *Mystery* demo released in 1987 that would be the first major breakthrough for the band. The demo was voted "The Demo of the Year" in a number of magazines and, according to Steinhauer, "That demo was the reason Roadrunner Records asked us for a possible collaboration." After obtaining their deal with Roadrunner, Paradox began to record *Product of Imagination* at Karo Studio in May 1987 with producer Kalle Trapp.

## Touring

Paradox supported the release of their debut by performing in numerous live shows across Europe. They played shows with a variety of notable artists, including Helloween, Overkill, and Tankard. The band also made an appearance at the Dynamo Open Air festival in 1988. Steinhauer considered the band's performance here to be a highlight of his career, "For young musicians like us, it was like we were suddenly big rock stars. We shared the stage with our favorite band, Exodus, in front of 22,000 metal bangers... This show is actually in my personal hall of fame. Sometimes we had tears in our eyes when we thought how lucky we were, and if it was really true what had happened for us. I remember, before we started playing, I shouted to Axel, 'hey...we made it! Now we are a big name. Look at all these people who came to see us playing live'".

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Sea of Tranquility |  |
| *Rock Hard* | 9/10 |

*Product of Imagination* was generally well received and praised by the media following its release in October 1987. It was voted "LP of the month" in the magazines *Rock Hard* and *Metal Hammer*, the latter of which claimed that the album was the best German debut since Helloween's *Walls of Jericho*. The album was also given high scores in the English magazine *Kerrang!* and also in Japan's *Burrn!*. After the release of their debut, Paradox was named "Newcomer #1" by the press in Germany. The band was also ranked as the third best band in Germany in polls conducted by the German editions of *Rock Hard* and *Metal Hammer*, being ranked below the Scorpions and Accept.

Pete Pardo of *Sea of Tranquility* described the album as featuring "thrashy guitar riffs, blinding solos, a mix of gruff & melodic high pitched vocals, and pounding rhythms". Pardo praised guitarist Markus Spyth's work on the songs "Continuation of Invasion", "Mystery", "Paradox", and "Product of Imagination". Allmusic reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia awarded the album three stars out of five, also praising the guitar work throughout the album and suggesting that the band as a whole was "an incredibly cohesive and taut unit". However, Rivadavia did suggest that the album "suffers from wild inconsistencies of tone, dynamics, and quality", leading him to believe that "maybe Paradox weren't quite ready to record, but rather were hurriedly cobbling songs together throughout the album's sessions".

## Track listing

Original track listing
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Opening Theme" (instrumental) | 1:24 |
| 2. | "Paradox" | 4:16 |
| 3. | "Death, Screaming and Pain" | 5:09 |
| 4. | "Product of Imagination" | 7:15 |
| 5. | "Continuation of Invasion" (instrumental) | 2:13 |
| 6. | "Mystery" | 5:05 |
| 7. | "Kill That Beast" | 4:27 |
| 8. | "Pray to the Godz of Wrath" | 4:44 |
| 9. | "Beyond Space" | 4:48 |
| 10. | "Wotan II" | 0:18 |

1999 reissue bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Paradox" (live) | 4:17 |
| 12. | "Death Screaming and Pain" (live) | 4:58 |
| 13. | "Execution" (live) | 3:17 |
| 14. | "Pray to the Gods of Wrath" (demo) | 5:44 |

2007 reissue bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Paradox" (live) | 4:17 |
| 12. | "Death Screaming and Pain" (live) | 4:58 |
| 13. | "Execution" (live) | 3:17 |
| 14. | "Pray to the Gods of Wrath" (demo) | 5:44 |
| 15. | "Paradox" (live video) |  |

## Personnel

* Charly Steinhauer – vocals, guitar
* Markus Spyth – guitar
* Roland Stahl – bass
* Axel Blaha – drums

## InfoBox

| Product of Imagination | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Paradox | |
| Released | October 1987 |
| Recorded | May–June 1987 at Karo Studio, Münster, Germany |
| Genre | Thrash metal, speed metal |
| Length | 39:39 |
| Label | Roadrunner Records |
| Producer | Kalle Trapp |
| Paradox chronology | |
| ***Product of Imagination***
(1987) *Heresy*
(1989) | |


title: Prophet (Better Watch It)

abstract: "Prophet" is the debut single released by British hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, from their debut studio album, Stereo Typical. The single was released on 14 May 2011, in the United Kingdom. A music video to accompany the release was uploaded to YouTube on 2 April 2011, at a total length of three minutes and forty-nine seconds. It features the pair performing in a trance-like state whilst on a beach. The duo performed the song live for the first time on T4 on 2 June 2011. The single was a commercial flop, and as such, "Down with the Trumpets" is widely regarded as the group's debut and breakthrough single.

text:
# Prophet (Better Watch It)

"**Prophet (Better Watch It)**" is the debut single released by British hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, from their debut studio album, *Stereo Typical*. The single was released on 14 May 2011, in the United Kingdom. A music video to accompany the release was uploaded to YouTube on 2 April 2011, at a total length of three minutes and forty-nine seconds. It features the pair performing in a trance-like state whilst on a beach. The duo performed the song live for the first time on T4 on 2 June 2011. The single was a commercial flop, and as such, "Down with the Trumpets" is widely regarded as the group's debut and breakthrough single.

## Track listing

Promotional CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prophet (Better Watch It)" (clean radio edit) | 3:10 |

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Prophet (Better Watch It)" (album version) | 3:10 |

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 17 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | 14 May 2011 | digital download | Universal Island Records |
|

## InfoBox

| "Prophet (Better Watch It)" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Rizzle Kicks | |
| from the album  *Stereo Typical* | |
| Released | 14 May 2011 |
| Recorded | 2011 |
| Genre | Alternative hip hop |
| Length | 3:10 |
| Label | Universal Island |
| Songwriter(s) | Jordan Stephens, Harvey Alexander-Sule, James Dring, Jody Street |
| Producer(s) | The Rural |
| Rizzle Kicks singles chronology | |
| "**Prophet (Better Watch It)**"
(2011) "Down with the Trumpets"
(2011) | |


title: Eilema sanguicosta

abstract: Eilema sanguicosta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1901. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe.

text:
# Eilema sanguicosta

***Eilema sanguicosta*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1901. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Eilema sanguicosta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eilema* |
| Species: | ***E. sanguicosta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eilema sanguicosta***<br>(Hampson, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ilema sanguicosta* Hampson, 1901 * *Eilema nyasana* Strand, 1912 | |


title: Protonilus Mensae

abstract: Protonilus Mensae is an area of Mars in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. It is centered on the coordinates of 43.86° N and 49.4° E. Its western and eastern longitudes are 37° E and 59.7° E. North and south latitudes are 47.06° N and 39.87° N. Protonilus Mensae is between Deuteronilus Mensae and Nilosyrtis Mensae; all lie along the Martian dichotomy boundary. Its name was adapted by the IAU in 1973. The surface is described as fretted terrain. This terrain contains cliffs, mesas, and wide flat valleys. Surface features are believed to have been caused by debris-covered glaciers. These glaciers are termed lobate debris aprons (LDA) when surrounding mounds and mesas. When glaciers are in valleys, they are called Lineated valley fill (LVF). Parts of the surface show flow patterns that start in numerous alcoves located within the walls of plateaus. Small flow lobes on top of main flows demonstrate that there was more than one glacial period, just as on Earth. It is strongly believed that beneath a thin layer of rock and dust lie vast reservoirs of ice. Radar data from the SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) on board MRO have found pure ice under LDA and LVF. Some places in Protonilus Mensae display lines of pits. These pits may have formed when ground ice converted to a gas, thus leaving a void. When surface material collapses into voids, pits are created.

text:
# Protonilus Mensae

**Protonilus Mensae** is an area of Mars in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle. It is centered on the coordinates of 43.86° N and 49.4° E. Its western and eastern longitudes are 37° E and 59.7° E. North and south latitudes are 47.06° N and 39.87° N. Protonilus Mensae is between Deuteronilus Mensae and Nilosyrtis Mensae; all lie along the Martian dichotomy boundary. Its name was adapted by the IAU in 1973.

The surface is described as fretted terrain. This terrain contains cliffs, mesas, and wide flat valleys. Surface features are believed to have been caused by debris-covered glaciers. These glaciers are termed lobate debris aprons (LDA) when surrounding mounds and mesas. When glaciers are in valleys, they are called Lineated valley fill (LVF). Parts of the surface show flow patterns that start in numerous alcoves located within the walls of plateaus. Small flow lobes on top of main flows demonstrate that there was more than one glacial period, just as on Earth. It is strongly believed that beneath a thin layer of rock and dust lie vast reservoirs of ice. Radar data from the SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) on board MRO have found pure ice under LDA and LVF.

Some places in Protonilus Mensae display lines of pits. These pits may have formed when ground ice converted to a gas, thus leaving a void. When surface material collapses into voids, pits are created.

## Dunes

## Climate change caused ice-rich features

Many features on Mars, including ones in Protonilus Mensae, are believed to contain large amounts of ice. The most popular model for the origin of the ice is climate change from large changes in the tilt of the planet's rotational axis. At times the tilt has even been greater than 80 degrees Large changes in the tilt explains many ice-rich features on Mars.

Studies have shown that when the tilt of Mars reaches 45 degrees from its current 25 degrees, ice is no longer stable at the poles. Furthermore, at this high tilt, stores of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimate, thereby increasing the atmospheric pressure. This increased pressure allows more dust to be held in the atmosphere. Moisture in the atmosphere will fall as snow or as ice frozen onto dust grains. Calculations suggest this material will concentrate in the mid-latitudes. General circulation models of the Martian atmosphere predict accumulations of ice-rich dust in the same areas where ice-rich features are found. When the tilt begins to return to lower values, the ice sublimates (turns directly to a gas) and leaves behind a lag of dust. The lag deposit caps the underlying material so with each cycle of high tilt levels, some ice-rich mantle remains behind. Note, that the smooth surface mantle layer probably represents only relative recent material.

## Brain terrain

Brain terrain is a region of maze-like ridges 3–5 meters high. Some ridges may consist of an ice core, so they may be sources of water for future colonists.

## Glaciers

## InfoBox

Protonilus Mensae
| Tributary Glacier, in Protonilus Mensae as seen by HiRISE. | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates | 43°52′N 49°24′E / 43.86°N 49.4°E / 43.86; 49.4 |


title: Product return

abstract: In retail, a product return is the process of a customer taking previously purchased merchandise back to the retailer, and in turn receiving a refund in the original form of payment, exchange.

text:
# Product return

In retail, a **product return** is the process of a customer taking previously purchased merchandise back to the retailer, and in turn receiving a refund in the original form of payment, **exchange**.

## Overview

Many retailers will accept returns provided that the customer has a receipt as a proof of purchase, and that certain other conditions, which depend on the retailer's policies, are met. These may include the merchandise being in a certain condition (usually resellable if not defective), no more than a certain amount of time having passed since the purchase, and sometimes that identification be provided (though usually only if a receipt is not provided). In some cases, only exchanges or store credit are offered, again usually only without a receipt, or after an initial refund period has passed. Some retailers charge a restocking fee for non-defective returned merchandise, but typically only if the packaging has been opened.

In certain countries, such as Australia, consumer rights dictate that under certain situations consumers have a right to demand a refund. These situations include sales that relied on false or misleading claims, defective goods, and undisclosed conditions of sale.

There are various reasons why customers may wish to return merchandise. These include a change of one's mind (buyer's remorse), quality of the merchandise, personal dissatisfaction, or a mistaken purchase of the wrong product. For clothing or other sized items, it may be a lack of a correct fit. Sometimes, there may be a product recall in which the manufacturer has requested (or been ordered) that the merchandise be brought back to the store. Also, gift receipts are offered sometimes when an item is purchased for another person, and the recipient can exchange this item for another item of comparable value, or for store credit, often on a gift card.

## Economic impact

In the US, an estimated 8–10% of in-store sales is returned whereas online sales may result in 25–40% returns. In Asia and Europe, less than 5 percent of purchases are returned. US shoppers returned $396 billion worth of purchases in 2018 – brick-and-mortar and online, according to the National Retail Federation (NRF). To fight high return rates in e-commerce, a realistic product visualization is needed. Next to imagery and video content, 3D technology like augmented reality and virtual reality, but also simply 3D in the browser can enhance the shopping experience and lower return rates.

In the UK, Logistics costs for returns is estimated at between £20bn and £60bn per year. Figures show that 33% of retailers had to increase prices to counter rising returns volumes whilst 31% of retailers said managing returns impacts their profits. For some companies the costs of accepting returns amounts to as much as 5% of their annual turnover.

## Issues

### Fraudulent returns

In the United States, various abuses using the return process allegedly cost retailers more than $9 billion annually.

One common practice is the use of the system in order to "borrow" the merchandise at no charge. The customer who engages in this practice purchases the item for temporary use, then returns it when finished. Examples include an article of clothing worn for a single occasion, or a book that is returned after it has been read. This practice is called "wardrobing." Stores such as Macy's and Ross put large "do not remove" tags on women's dresses to try to defeat this, not accepting returns or exchanges for any items that do not have the tag. Many stores also refuse to refund certain items like reading materials, inflatable airbeds (Target and Walmart), and even portable heaters (Dollar General).

Another problem is when customers legitimately purchase an item, then re-enter the store with the receipt, take an identical item off the shelf, and approach the customer service desk requesting a refund. In the process, they essentially receive the item for free, and may be charged with shoplifting or another similar crime if caught.

Others have been reported to print fake receipts which they use to return stolen merchandise for a cash refund. However, this is nearly impossible now that most stores use individually numbered receipts. Scanning the receipt's barcode at the cash register links legitimate returns to a database that validates the original purchase. (Despite this, some stores that have had such systems for years still refuse to accept a photocopy of a legitimate receipt where the original may have been misplaced, or obscured due to the store's use of cheap thermal paper or very light ink.)

### Denying returns

Some retailers have turned to a practice in which customers who return or exchange items excessively (beyond the guidelines set by a retailer) may be prevented from making a return or exchange with that particular company.

An agency called **The Retail Equation** (formerly **The Return Exchange**) collects data from participating retailers via a swipe of a driver's license, or most other types of government issued photo identification. The information found on the license is collected into a database, and other stores operated by that particular retail company can use this information to deny a return. This system can be used to prevent various problems, such as return fraud. These controversial practices of collecting information have been addressed by privacy rights advocates and spurred a movement for boycotting chains that collect consumers' private information and allow third party sources to use it. The request of presenting a form of identification for returning products and collecting the information has stirred controversy, especially if the customer that purchased the product was a minor (under the age of 18). Immigrant rights groups have voiced serious concern over the practice since most illegal immigrants don't have a state ID or a drivers license and this practice could potentially be used to discriminate against them, however, all of the stores that are associated with The Retail Equation, accepts all types of government issued photo identification, including, but not limited to, driver's licences (regardless of issuing state), state I.D.'s (regardless of issuing state), passports (regardless of issuing country), Mexican consular I.D.'s (i.e. MCAS), concealed carry firearm permit's (regardless of issuing state), and USA military I.D.'s.

### Legislation

Legislation exists in various parts of the world giving consumers the right to return goods in as-supplied condition for a full refund, within a set period of time, known as a cooling-off period. Sometimes this legislation only applies to distance sales such as e-commerce.


title: Project Moonbase (podcast)

abstract: Project Moonbase is the longest-running retrofuturistic music podcast, recorded in Edinburgh, Scotland, with the tagline "The Historic Sound of the Future".

text:
# Project Moonbase (podcast)

***Project Moonbase*** is the longest-running retrofuturistic music podcast, recorded in Edinburgh, Scotland, with the tagline "The Historic Sound of the Future".

## Premise

The King of the Moon and his hutched companion are stranded in a dilapidated moon base held together by duct tape. Their mission is to explore time and space for unique things to broadcast to humans on Earth. This takes the form of bizarre music and news stories.

The show is named after a 1953 black and white science fiction movie about the attempted sabotage of a moon base in 1970.

## Format

Each show includes 12 full music tracks in pairs, often from the 1960s and 1970s (or modern pastiches of such), using exotic instruments such as the Moog synthesizer, steel drum, theremin, chiptune, kazoo, ukulele, and the voice of Wing.

Music from the 1980s is typically excluded, the hosts describing it as "the forbidden decade".

The show includes some regular sections:

* *The Unnecessary News*, in which MC Zirconium reads humorous science-fiction-related news stories. (Example: "Meat and potato pie 'sent into space' from Wigan")
* *The Sea of Tranquillity*, in which a contrastingly less-lively music track is played.
* *Poetry read by the Dalek Vicar*, in which MC Zirconium imitates a polite Dalek.
* Cover versions of the jazz song *Caravan* (of which over 350 exist).
* Music created and submitted by listeners.

Shows often have a theme that unifies the tracks and news. Often the theme is the music of, or inspired by, a particular artist who is celebrating an anniversary that week. Notably, there have been four episodes (7 hours) dedicated to French Moog musician Jean-Jacques Perrey, whom the hosts describe as "the patron saint of the show". Other example themes have been:

* "Shapes" including tracks named *The Glass Triangle*, *Isosceles Trapezoid*, and *Hendecagon*.
* "Popcorn" featuring numerous covers of the 1969 synth-pop track *Popcorn* by Gershon Kingsley.
* "Shatnoy" featuring tracks by William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy and covers of Star Trek theme tunes.

Episode 46 ("Cassette Heads") was also available to purchase on physical cassette tape.

There has also been at least one live appearance of *Project Moonbase* alongside the group *Space Dog* at the Edinburgh International Science Festival in 2012.

## History

### Leith FM Radio (2007–2010)

The first episode of Project Moonbase was broadcast 15 June 2007 on Leith FM, an Edinburgh-based community radio station launched May 2007. Each episode was two hours in length and broadcast from 20:00 to 22:00 on Sunday evenings. After three years, the show ceased being broadcast for undisclosed reasons, though DJ Bongoboy claimed that "we left on good terms, or a least we would have, had anyone been there". The last radio broadcast of Project Moonbase was on 27 June 2010.

Recordings of these shows are not available to the public, but were made available to paying subscribers of Project Moonbase.

### Podcast (2010–2017)

Four months after the final radio broadcast, the show was continued in a podcast format, with the first episode (numbered 001) being released on the date 10/10/10. (One trial podcast had been released previously on 24 July 2010, recorded while still part of Leith FM.)

Aside from the duration being reduced from 2 hours to 1 hour, the format of the show remained unchanged and was released every Sunday evening for the next seven years for a total of 273 episodes plus 20 bonus episodes. These are all available at no cost from the Project Moonbase website, and have also been added to the Internet Archive.

In 2017, DJ Bongoboy suffered a stroke, and was unable to continue hosting in a conversational format. The last episode of the podcast was released 17 March 2017.

### Spotify (2018–present)

The format of the show changed, dividing the content between two media.

Music is presented as a weekly Spotify playlist on a particular theme. The first playlist, entitled "PMB Super Galactic Modulation 1" was released 13 May 2018, and a new one has been released every Sunday since then.

News is reported daily by both hosts via the show's official Facebook and Twitter social media accounts.

## Hosts

### DJ Bongoboy

The official website describes DJ Bongoboy as a "genial host, broadcaster, polymath, ruthless leader, de-facto king of the moon, Moon-Pope and space-penguin".

His real name is Robert Baldock, from East Lothian, a J2EE technical developer by day, "space age bachelor by night".

He creates experimental music under the name *Aleatory Music Systems* using "analogue synths, Java applications and Max/MSP/Jitter", and has performed at the Edinburgh Art Festival and Edinburgh Annuale.

He occasionally remixes tracks for the podcast, and has also released items on Bandcamp on behalf of Project Moonbase (with cover art by co-host Fielding) including an album of telephone ringtones *Ringtones from Space Volume 1*, and a track *The Coming of the Dial* to accompany telephony-themed podcast episode 208 *Dial M For Moonbase*.

He has also performed with the group *Space Dog* in Brighton and Edinburgh.

Baldock suffered a stroke in March 2017 (aged 52) leaving him with acute dysphasia and verbal dyspraxia which prevented him from presenting the podcast. He was forced to move in to more accessible housing.

He appeared on national television and the local newspaper front-page after Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon confirmed that the life-saving thrombectomy operation he received would no longer be available to an expected 600 Scottish patients in 2018. Baldock handed a petition of 4,147 names to Health Secretary Jeane Freeman requesting restoration of thrombectomy as an option for patients. The campaign was successful and the procedure is due to be fully reinstated by 2023.

The musical group *The Twelve Hour Foundation*, who created the theme tune and jingles for Project Moonbase, released a charity EP (with cover artwork by host Andy Fielding) which raised £350 for The Charles Bell Pavilion unit where Baldock was treated.

### MC Zirconium

The official website describes MC Zirconium as a "jovial sidekick, prisoner, news-hound, dogs-body, dog".

Each show, he reports on quirky stories that he has found on websites such as *Boing Boing*.

His real name is Andy Fielding, a graphic designer residing in Edinburgh.

Fielding creates unique artwork for every episode of Project Moonbase and sells prints on his own website.

He was the creator of the 2006 Cartoon Network show *IMP*.

Fielding also created the 2008 animated series *Life According to Dinosaurs* for UK Channel 4, of which the two dinosaur protagonists were voiced by the pair of Project Moonbase hosts ("Dave Yellow" by Baldock, "Steve Green" by Fielding).

Describing his taste in music, Zirconium said in 2011:

> I like my sonification to fill me with terror. If I am listening to radiation emanating from distant parts of the universe, I want to feel horrified by the scientific majesty of it all.

## Recognition

*Wired* magazine had an article by Questlove titled "How to Listen Now" in March 2014 in which Questlove described *Project Moonbase* as an "oddly specific podcast specialising in sitar-driven psychedelia, 8-bit and other trips".

*Rolling Stone* magazine's music columnist Colleen Nika wrote "I take head trips with them often – my preferred method of travel of late".

BBC Radio 6 presenter Tom Robinson in his *Pick of the Pods* podcast in 2011 described *Project Moonbase* as an "exotic and wonderful musical world".

Mark Barton, editor of *Losing Today* indie music magazine described the show as "sumptuously populated by all manner of strange sounds, library take outs, lounge lilts and sonic curios".

Musician John Flansburgh of *They Might Be Giants* recommended *Project Moonbase* as a "highly entertaining detour into the world of electronic music old, older and sometimes more recent".

The podcast holds a rating of 4.9 stars out of 5 on Apple Podcasts.

## Funding

The show features no advertising nor sponsorship, being fully listener-supported.

The website offers Amazon affiliate links so that the show can earn a commission for any music purchased by listeners through their site.

The show offered the opportunity for listeners to purchase a title of nobility on the moon, such as a "Moon Baron", for which they would receive a certificate, have their name displayed in the "Moon Hall of Fame", and also receive access to listen to recordings of episodes of the show from Leith FM that were not available by other means. Musicians reaching 80 years of age were automatically granted an honorary Moon Lordship.

* Mystery Science Theater 3000 – A television show with a similar theme, in which a space janitor and his robotic colleagues provide commentary over old science fiction movies, including the eponymous 1953 Project Moonbase movie (in Season 1, Episode 9).
* Parallel 9 – A television show with a similar theme, in which a transdimensional prisoner is permitted visitors from Earth for two hours each week.

## InfoBox

| *Project Moonbase* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Presentation | |
| Hosted by | * DJ Bongoboy * MC Zirconium |
| Genre | Music podcast |
| Language | English |
| Updates | Weekly |
| Length | 60 minutes |
| Production | |
| Audio format | MP3 |
| No. of episodes | 293 |
| Publication | |
| Original release | 15 June 2007 (2007-06-15) |
| License | CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 |


title: Project Mooncircle

abstract: Project Mooncircle is an independent record label based in Berlin, Germany, focusing on organic and electronic music.

text:
# Project Mooncircle

**Project Mooncircle** is an independent record label based in Berlin, Germany, focusing on organic and electronic music.

## History

Project Mooncircle was founded in 2002 by Gordon Gieseking, as an offshoot of experimental electronic Miami label *Beta Bodega*. In 2004 Gieseking formed a partnership with the vinyl and clothing mail-order company Hip Hop Vinyl, and when Beta Bodega ceased operations in 2005, Project Mooncircle became HHV.DE's official imprint. Respectively in 2009 and 2010, Project Mooncircle took up two sub-labels, dub techno imprint *Project Squared* and blog/label *Finest Ego*, and in 2014 it was featured in the XLR8R readers poll on the best independent record labels, behind Ninja Tune and Warp Records.

## Alumni / current artists

* 1000 Names
* 40 Winks
* Barnaby Carter
* Barrio Lindo
* Blossom
* CYNE
* Daisuke Tanabe
* Daixie
* Darius Vaikas
* DDay One
* Deceptikon
* Deft
* Disc System meets Inner Science
* DZA
* Erik Luebs
* Empt
* Fat Jon The Ample Soul Physician
* Flako
* Glen Porter
* Good Paul
* Graciela Maria
* Groeni
* Hanami
* IIIII (Five Eyes)
* Jahbitat
* Jilk
* Joe Kickass
* John Lamonica
* John Robinson
* Kidkanevil
* KRTS
* Kwala
* Lambent
* Lewis Parker
* Lomovolokno
* Long arm
* Manuvers
* Mathematik
* Mau'lin
* memotone
* Michal Lewicki
* Mike Gao
* Monsoonsiren
* Mr Cooper
* My Panda Shall Fly
* Non Genetic Of Shadow Huntaz
* Nuage
* Obba Supa aka Teknical Development & Hey!zeus
* Olof Melander
* Parra For Cuva
* Pavel Dovgal
* The Q4 – The Quadraphonic Quartet.
* Rain Dog
* The Range
* Red Baron
* Robot Koch
* Rumpistol
* Sekuoia
* Senoy
* Sieren
* Shahmen
* Soosh
* Strand
* Submerse
* Sweatson Klank
* Szenario
* Tendts
* Tom Diciccio
* Walrus Ghost

## InfoBox

| Project Mooncircle | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Founded | 2002 |
| Founder | Gordon Gieseking |
| Genre | Experimental hip hop, electronic, Electronica, Folk Music, Jazz, Drum and Bass, Breakbeat, Instrumental, Downtempo, Deep House, Techno, UK Garage |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Location | Berlin |
| Official website | projectmooncircle.com |


title: Eiji Suganuma

abstract: Eiji Suganuma Eiji Suganuma is a Japanese animator, director and character designer. He has directed Ninja Cadets, Kodomo no Jikan, Whispered Words, Mashiroiro Symphony, and Karneval.

text:
# Eiji Suganuma

**Eiji Suganuma** (Japanese: 菅沼 栄治, Hepburn: *Suganuma Eiji*) is a Japanese animator, director and character designer. He has directed *Ninja Cadets*, *Kodomo no Jikan*, *Whispered Words*, *Mashiroiro Symphony*, and *Karneval*.

## Filmography

List of production work in anime
| Year | Title | Crew role | Notes | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1986-87 | *Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos* | Animation director (eps. 10, 13, 20) |  |  |
| 1988-89 | *Tsurupika Hagemaru* | Animation director |  |  |
| 1988 | *Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack* | Key animation |  |  |
| 1988-89 | *Gunbuster* | Key animation (eps. 5–6) |  |  |
| 1989 | *Riding Bean* | Key animation |  |  |
| 1991 | *NG Knight Ramune & 40 EX* | Character design, animation director, key animation |  |  |
| 1993 | *NG Knight Ramune & 40 DX* | Unit director (OP), character design, animation director (OP), key animation (OP) |  |  |
| 1996 | *Ninja Cadets* | Creator, director, scenario, character design, animation director, key animation |  |  |
| 1997 | *Maze* | Novel illustrator, original character design | Also OVA in 1996 and movie in 1998 |  |
| 2001-02 | *Read or Die (OVA)* | Mecha design, Key Animation (eps. 1–3), Mechanical animation director |  |  |
| 2004-05 | *AM Driver* | Character design, animation director (OP; ED; eps 1, 51), key animation (OP; ED; eps. 5, 12, 31, 33, 38, 45–46, 48, 50–51) |  |  |
| 2007 | *Code-E* | Mechanical design |  |  |
| 2007 | *Kodomo no Jikan* | Director, storyboard (OP; eps. 6, 12), episode director (ep. 12), unit director (OP), key animation (ep. 10) | Also OVAs in 2009, 2011 |  |
| 2009 | *Whispered Words* | Director |  |  |
| 2010 | *Mayoi Neko Overrun!* omake series | Director | OVAs |  |
| 2011 | *Mashiroiro Symphony* | Director, key animation (ep. 10) |  |  |
| 2013 | *Karneval* | Director, storyboard (eps. 1–2), animation director (Effects; ep. 13), concept, key animation (ep. 13) |  |  |
| 2016 | *Garakowa: Restore the World* | Unit director, virus design, key animation |  |  |
| 2016 | *B-PROJECT～Kodō＊Ambitious～* | Director |  |  |
| 2018 | *Lord of Vermilion: The Crimson King* | Director |  |  |
| 2021-22 | *Lupin the 3rd Part 6* | Director |  |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Eiji Suganuma | |
| --- | --- |
| 菅沼 栄治 | |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Occupation(s) | Animator, character designer, anime director |
| Spouse | Yoko Kikuchi |


title: Pronophilina

abstract: Pronophilina is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions.

text:
# Pronophilina

**Pronophilina** is a Neotropical subtribe of butterflies of the subfamily Satyrinae. They are a species-rich group with highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical mountains, especially the Andes. Before 1970, they were poorly studied, but recent interest has resulted in high rates of species description from previously unexplored mountain ranges. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on their biology and ecology. Their relationship to other groups of Satyrine butterflies and their complex patterns of speciation within and among mountain ranges have led to several biogeographic discussions.

## Systematics and taxonomy

Traditionally the name Pronophilini (or Pronophilidi) was used to describe a tribe of Neotropical satyrines, but modern arrangement place them as a subtribe within the tribe Satyrini of the Satyrinae. The number of genera included in Pronophilina is disputed, since some genera were formally transferred to the subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystinas, but some authors reject this arrangement.

Morphological analysis indicates there is a distinct core group of Pronophilina *sensu stricto*, and one or two additional groups (Neotropical Erebiina and Hypocystina in their original designation), but molecular analysis suggest they are each other's sister taxa and form a monophyletic group.

By the time Reuter proposed Pronophilidi as a formal tribe, there were some 230 described species. That number rose to 300 species by 1907, and 370 by 1970, primarily due to the work on museum and collection specimens by (in chronological order) William Chapman Hewitson, Cajetan Freiherr von Felder & Rudolf Felder, Arthur Gardiner Butler, Otto Staudinger, Theodor Otto Thieme and Gustav Weymer. More detailed field studies in the northern Andes by Adams and Bernard during the 1970s and 1980s resulted in many new taxa descriptions and a better understanding of their distribution and ecology and lead to an increased interest in this group after the 1990s. More than 100 species have been described since 1970, mostly due to contribution from A. L. Viloria, T. W. Pyrcz and G. Lamas, and it is estimated that the number of known taxa (including several yet unpublished species and subspecies descriptions) has nearly doubled in that period.

## Description

The subtribe Pronophilina can be separated from other American satyrines by the following three external morphological synapomorphies: eyes always densely hairy; hindwing cross vein m1-m2 always curved or angled basally into the discal cell; maximum length of hindwing discal cell equal to or longer than half the total maximum length of the hindwing (excluding tails). These characters separate the Pronophilina *sensu stricto* from other Neotropical montane satyrids previously included in the group. This arrangement has been adopted by Lamas, but phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data suggests a larger, more inclusive delimitation of Pronophilina is needed.

The background color of most species is dominated by brown, dark gray or black, with few and slight distinctive features in the wings, but some species show colorful variations between white, yellow, orange, red and iridescent blue.

### Genera

## Biology

The life cycle of pronophiline butterflies has been scarcely documented. Schultze described incomplete life histories for *Pedaliodes phoenissa* (Hewitson), *Lymanopoda samius* Westwood and *Junea doraete* (Hewitson). Other authors have observed oviposition on *Chusquea* (Poaceae) or other woody bamboos, or loosely over grass dominated vegetation. Early stages of several species found in Costa Rica were published by DeVries. Recently, life cycle description have been documented for *Parapedaliodes parepa* (Hewitson) in Ecuador, *Pedaliodes zingara* Viloria & Heredia in Colombia, *Pedaliodes poesia* (Hewitson) and *Corades medeba* Doubleday in Ecuador, and *Daedalma dinias emma* Pyrcz & Greeney and *Daedalma rubroreducta* Pyrcz & Willmott.

## Biotic associations

### Host plants

All reported host plants are in the family Poaceae, with the genus *Chusquea* featuring prominently, and a few records in *Cynodon*, *Saccharum*, *Bambusa*, *Guada*, *Rhipidocladum*, *Merostachys* and *Zea*, among others.

### Parasitism

Parasitoids in the early stages of pronophiline butterflies have not been properly documented, although they might be locally important. Incidence of ectoparasitic Diptera (probably Ceratopogonidae) have been documented for seven species of the genera *Corades*, *Lasiophila*, *Lymanopoda*, *Mygona* and *Pedaliodes*.

### Mimicry

There are 18 documented examples of convergent coloration patterns between coexisting pairs of pronophiline species from different genera (three examples), between pronophiline species and other satyrines (eight examples), and between pronophiline species and other butterflies or skippers (seven examples). Most examples involve species of *Lymanopoda* or *Eretris*. Some of these observations have been described as mimetic relationships, but the degree of resemblance is not so accurate as in other mimetic butterfly groups, there is no direct evidence of unpalatability of pronophiline butterflies, and no clear understanding of the ecological consequences of such resemblance.

## Diversity

Depending on the classification adopted, the pronophilini include between 592 and 711 species. This represents approximately 50–60% of the Neotropical, and 23–27% of the worldwide Satyrinae.

Most species have a geographically and altitudinally restricted distribution in the tropical and subtropical Andes, and other mountain ranges in Brazil, the Guayana Shield, Central America, and Mexico. The genus *Calisto* has a Caribbean distribution, and some other genera are distributed in Patagonia.

## Biogeography

The pronophilines have been involved in diverse biogeographical discussions that aim to explain their current distribution, diversity and endemism. The high diversity within the Pronophilina, and the distinctive speciation patterns in mountain and Caribbean taxa, has also motivated discussion about parapatric and sympatric speciation.

### Origins

The affinities of the Pronophilina to other species groups within the specious Satyrinae suggest different interpretations about its origin. Viloria reviewed morphological characters and separated three groups that might have different phylogenetic and biogeographic affinities: a major group of 39 true Neotropical Pronophilina, including the genus *Calisto* with a Caribbean distribution, eight genera related to the Holarctic Erebiina, and 19 genera which he placed as Neotropical representatives of the otherwise Australasian Hypocystina. This grouping would suggest an amphi-Pacific distribution of the Hypocystina, and imply a Gondwanan origin according to a panbiogegraphic interpretations. This hypothesis was rebutted after a large phylogenetic analysis of the Satyrinae recovered a representative sample of pronophiline genera as a monophyletic group, and suggested a completely Neotropical, or at least, a common origin for the group. However, the relationships of the group remain unresolved, as subsequent work has found that at least two genera – *Eretris*, and the Caribbean *Calisto*—might be closer related to Holarctic Satyrines, but larger taxonomic sampling and a better integration of molecular and morphological data is needed to rule out analytical artifacts.

### Speciation

It has been observed that most mountain species, especially in the species-rich genera close to Pedaliodes, have very narrow altitudinal ranges, and are restricted to one or few mountain ranges. This leads to high turn-over of species along altitudinal gradients within a mountain range, and high turn-over between ranges. Most species appear to be more closely related to those occupying a similar altitudinal range in neighboring mountains, than to the species below or above. A possible mechanism was proposed by Adams and extensively discussed by Viloria. This involves a series of alternative events of colonization and isolation that would be linked to repeated cycles of cold-wet and warm-dry climate (glaciations and interglaciation periods).

The genus *Calisto* also shows a distinctive radiation in the Caribbean, where it is the only representative of the Satyrinae. At least 54 named taxa have been recognized, most of them restricted to particular habitats in the island of Hispaniola, with fewer species in Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. The diversification of *Calisto* is referred to as an example of adaptive radiation into contrasting habitat types.

## InfoBox

| Pronophilina | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Montagna mountain satyr (*Pedaliodes montagna*), Arví Park, Colombia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Tribe: | Satyrini |
| Subtribe: | Pronophilina<br>Reuter, 1896 |
|


title: Providential

abstract: Providential was an Irish-born Thoroughbred racehorse who competed successfully in France and won the most important race on turf in the United States. Bred and raced by Bertram R. Firestone, he was sired by Run the Gantlet, the 1971 American Champion Male Turf Horse and a son of Tom Rolfe, the 1965 Preakness Stakes winner and American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse. His dam was Prudent Girl, a daughter of Primera who raced in England where he won back-to-back editions of the Princess of Wales's Stakes in 1959–1960. Trained by François Boutin, Providential made two starts at age two. After making a winning debut on October 29, 1979, at Saint-Cloud Racecourse, he came back on November 11 to win the Group 2 Critérium de Saint-Cloud. In January 1980, Providential was sold to Serge Fradkoff, a Swiss businessman who also campaigned Perrault and Kilijaro in France and the United States. In his first start for his new owner on April 13, 1980, Providential won the Group 2 Prix Greffulhe at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris. On the same racecourse, the colt ran second in the Prix Hocquart and third in France's most important race for three-year-old colts, the Group 1 Prix du Jockey Club. Fradkoff then entrusted the horse's race conditioning to Olivier Douieb who saddled him to three unsuccessful starts in France, a third-place finish in the Premio Roma at Capannelle Racecourse in Rome, Italy, and twentieth place in a Group 1 race at Hipódromo de San Isidro in Argentina. In 1981, Serge Fradkoff sent Providential to the care of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer Charlie Whittingham at Santa Anita Park in California. In the US the horse was raced as Providential II. For Whittingham, Providential finished second in his October debut and then second in the Grade II Carleton F. Burke Handicap. Ridden by French jockey Alain Lequeux, in November Providential won the most important race of his career against an international field in the Washington, D.C. International Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland over April Run. Returning to California, he won the inaugural running of the Hollywood Turf Cup Stakes at Hollywood Park Racetrack over John Henry who was fourth. Raced in 1982 once, on dirt, he was 5th in the Santa Anita H. Providential was retired to stud. His offspring met with limited success in racing. Providential died of a heart attack at age twenty-one in May 1998 at Derby Hill Farm in Mount Airy, Maryland.

text:
# Providential

**Providential** (February 6, 1977 – May 1998) was an Irish-born Thoroughbred racehorse who competed successfully in France and won the most important race on turf in the United States. Bred and raced by Bertram R. Firestone, he was sired by Run the Gantlet, the 1971 American Champion Male Turf Horse and a son of Tom Rolfe, the 1965 Preakness Stakes winner and American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse. His dam was Prudent Girl, a daughter of Primera who raced in England where he won back-to-back editions of the Princess of Wales's Stakes in 1959–1960.

Trained by François Boutin, Providential made two starts at age two. After making a winning debut on October 29, 1979, at Saint-Cloud Racecourse, he came back on November 11 to win the Group 2 Critérium de Saint-Cloud. In January 1980, Providential was sold to Serge Fradkoff, a Swiss businessman who also campaigned Perrault and Kilijaro in France and the United States.

In his first start for his new owner on April 13, 1980, Providential won the Group 2 Prix Greffulhe at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris. On the same racecourse, the colt ran second in the Prix Hocquart and third in France's most important race for three-year-old colts, the Group 1 Prix du Jockey Club. Fradkoff then entrusted the horse's race conditioning to Olivier Douieb who saddled him to three unsuccessful starts in France, a third-place finish in the Premio Roma at Capannelle Racecourse in Rome, Italy, and twentieth place in a Group 1 race at Hipódromo de San Isidro in Argentina.

In 1981, Serge Fradkoff sent Providential to the care of U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer Charlie Whittingham at Santa Anita Park in California. In the US the horse was raced as Providential II. For Whittingham, Providential finished second in his October debut and then second in the Grade II Carleton F. Burke Handicap. Ridden by French jockey Alain Lequeux, in November Providential won the most important race of his career against an international field in the Washington, D.C. International Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland over April Run. Returning to California, he won the inaugural running of the Hollywood Turf Cup Stakes at Hollywood Park Racetrack over John Henry who was fourth.

Raced in 1982 once, on dirt, he was 5th in the Santa Anita H. Providential was retired to stud. His offspring met with limited success in racing.

Providential died of a heart attack at age twenty-one in May 1998 at Derby Hill Farm in Mount Airy, Maryland.

## InfoBox

| Providential | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Run the Gantlet |
| Grandsire | Tom Rolfe |
| Dam | Prudent Girl |
| Damsire | Primera |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1977 |
| Country | Ireland |
| Colour | Bay |
| Breeder | Bertram R. Firestone |
| Owner | 1) Bertram R. Firestone
2) Serge Fradkoff (1980) |
| Trainer | 1) François Boutin
2) Olivier Douieb
3) Charlie Whittingham |
| Record | 18: 6-3-2 |
| Earnings | US$716,988 (equivalent) |
| Major wins | |
| Critérium de Saint-Cloud (1979)
Prix Greffulhe (1980)
Washington, D.C. International Stakes (1981)
Hollywood Turf Cup Stakes (1981) | |
| Last updated on 21 November 2021 | |


title: Pseudocentrotus

abstract:
Pseudocentrotus is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Strongylocentrotidae. The species of this genus are found in Japan. Species:
  - Pseudocentrotus depressus
  - Pseudocentrotus stenoporus Nisiyama, 1966

text:
# Pseudocentrotus

***Pseudocentrotus*** is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Strongylocentrotidae.

The species of this genus are found in Japan.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Pseudocentrotus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudocentrotus depressus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Camarodonta |
| Family: | Strongylocentrotidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudocentrotus*<br>Mortensen, 1903 |
|


title: Eilema chrysophlebs

abstract: Eilema chrysophlebs is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by George Hampson in 1895. It is found in Bhutan.

text:
# Eilema chrysophlebs

***Eilema chrysophlebs*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by George Hampson in 1895. It is found in Bhutan.

## InfoBox

| *Eilema chrysophlebs* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eilema* |
| Species: | ***E. chrysophlebs*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eilema chrysophlebs***<br>(Hampson, 1895) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Lithosia chrysophlebs* Hampson, 1895 * *Eilema chrysophleps* | |


title: Eilema claudei

abstract: Eilema claudei is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1980. It is found in Cameroon.

text:
# Eilema claudei

***Eilema claudei*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1980. It is found in Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Eilema claudei* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eilema* |
| Species: | ***E. claudei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eilema claudei***<br>Toulgoët, 1980 | |
|


title: Eilema celsicola

abstract: Eilema celsicola is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1965. It is found on Madagascar.

text:
# Eilema celsicola

***Eilema celsicola*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1965. It is found on Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Eilema celsicola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eilema* |
| Species: | ***E. celsicola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eilema celsicola***<br>Toulgoët, 1965 | |
|


title: Pterocephalidium

abstract: Pterocephalidium is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae. The only species is Pterocephalidium diandrum. The species is found in Iberian Peninsula.

text:
# Pterocephalidium

***Pterocephalidium*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae. The only species is ***Pterocephalidium diandrum***.

The species is found in Iberian Peninsula.

## InfoBox

| *Pterocephalidium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Genus: | *Pterocephalidium*
G.López |
| Species: | ***P. diandrum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterocephalidium diandrum***
(Lag.) G.López | |
|