abstract: The Divertimento for Chamber Orchestra after Keyboard Pieces by Couperin, Op. 86 is an orchestral suite composed by Richard Strauss published in 1942 which consists of eight movements, each one based on a selection of pieces from François Couperin's Pièces de Clavecin written for the solo harpsichord over the period 1713 to 1730.

text:
# Divertimento for Chamber Orchestra after Keyboard Pieces by Couperin

The ***Divertimento for Chamber Orchestra after Keyboard Pieces by Couperin***, Op. 86 (German: ***Divertimento aus Klavierstücken von François Couperin für kleines Orchester***) is an orchestral suite composed by Richard Strauss published in 1942 which consists of eight movements, each one based on a selection of pieces from François Couperin's *Pièces de Clavecin* written for the solo harpsichord over the period 1713 to 1730.

## Composition history

The bulk of the divertimento was written to complement the earlier 1923 *Dance Suite after Keyboard Pieces by Couperin* for a ballet *Verklungene Feste: Tanzvisionen aus zwei Jahrhunderten* (*Bygone Celebrations: Dance Visions from Two Centuries*) premiered in Munich on May 20, 1941. The divertimento was then published in 1942 with two additional movements (III and VIII) as an orchestral suite and given an opus number. The premiere was given on 31 January 1943 by the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Clemens Krauss. Although much of the music for the divertimento was written for the ballet, Strauss wrote it with the end product of the divertimento in mind. In his note books he wrote on September 17, 1940 that he had completed "movements 1-3 of the Divertimento"; December 27 movements 4 and 5; September 12, 1941 the Divertimento was finished. Thus although there is a letter from Clemens Krauss on 13 August 1941 suggesting a "second Couperin suite", the "second suite" had been Strauss' intention for some time.

Norman Del Mar wrote of the Divertimento: "The juxtapositions, additions and reworkings to be found in the Divertimento are a little nearer in flavor to the original Couperin than the 1923 Dance Suite ... Nevertheless, Strauss's procedure is not markedly different. Apart from generally filling in the textures with new and often elaborate counterpoints, the emphasis is still on abridging the original simple binary pieces by the omission of repeats or by lopping off the closing bars in favor of newly devised and extended codas".

## Source of each movement

Couperin's collection of piano pieces **pièces de clavecin** is organized into 25 "sequences" (**ordres**), each of which consists of several pieces, with a title for each piece. Depending on the publisher, these are also divided into volumes. However, the original publication was in four volumes (volume 1 published in 1713 contains sequences 1–5, volume 2 published in 1717 contains sequences 6–12, volume 3 published in 1722 contains sequences 13–19, volume 4 published in 1730 contains sequences 20–25). In the table, the first column gives the number of the movement in the Strauss Divertimento (Roman numeral). The second column lists the source in Couperin in the order in which they appear in the Strauss. First the name (in French) and three numbers in brackets – the first gives the original volume, the second the **Ordre** or "sequence" and the third the position of the piece within the sequence: hence (2,12,2) means that the piece is the second in the 12th sequence which was originally published in volume 2.

| Strauss *Divertimento* movement | Source in Couperin (volume, sequence (ordre), number) |
| --- | --- |
| I | 1. La Visionnaire (4,25,1) |
| II | 1. Musete de choise (3,15,4) 2. Le fine madelon et et la douce janneton ((4,20, 5–6) 3. La sezile ((4,20,7) 4. Muset de taverni ((3,15,5)) |
| III | 1. Le tic-toc-choc (3,18,6) 2. La Lutine (1,3,12) |
| IV | 1. Les fauveties plaintives (3,14,3) 2. Les sentimens, sarabande (1,1,11) |
| V | 1. Le trophee (4,22,1) 2. L'anguile (4,22,4) 3. Les jeunes seigneurs. Cy-devant les petites maitres(4,24,2) 4. La Linote Efarouchee(3,14,2) |
| VI | 1. Les tours de passe-passe (4,22,7) |
| VII | 1. Les ombres erante (4,25,5) |
| VIII | 1. Les Brinbarions ((4,25,5) 2. La Badine (1,5,6) |
| Source: Norman Del Mar (volume 2, page 280); Heisler (page 177) | | |

## Instrumentation

The Divertimento suite uses a chamber orchestra with the following instrumentation:

* 2 flutes, oboe, cor anglais (oboe), 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
* 2 horns, trumpet, trombone
* Timpani
* Percussion: bass drum, cymbals, tambourine, triangle
* Harpsichord, organ, harp, celesta
* Strings

This is a slightly larger orchestra than for the 1923 Dance Suite. In particular, the organ is added in II.1 and II.4 in part to provide a drone for the "bagpipe". The additional percussion and timpani are used together in movement V.1, whilst the triangle appears on its own in VIII.1 and the tambourine in VIII.2.

## Recordings of the *Divertimento*

There have been several recordings of this piece, some of which are listed in the table. There was also a recording by Clemens Krauss taken from a live radio broadcast issued on the Amadeo label in 1988 which is no longer available.

| CD title | Orchestra and conductor | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Arnold Schoenberg: Concerto For String Quartet And Orchestra (After Handel); Richard Strauss: Divertimento For Small Orchestra (After Couperin), (2002) | New York Chamber Symphony, Gerard Schwarz | Nonesuch Records – B000063735 |
| Munch conducts Romantic Favourites (live performances, 1951–57). | Boston Symphony Orchestra, Charles Munch | West Hill Radio Archive – WHRA6017 |
| Ballet Suites after Couperin (1999) | Bamberg Symphony, Karl Anton Rickenbacher | Koch – 365352 |
| Strauss: Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, Divertimento After Couperin (2007) | Orpheus Chamber Orchestra (no conductor) | Deutsche Grammophon 435871 |
| Strauss: Verklungene Feste / Tanzsuite / Divertimento. (1993) | Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, Hiroshi Wakasugi | Denon Records B00000DT02 |

## *Bygone Celebrations: Dance Visions from Two Centuries*

The ballet ***Verklungene Feste: Tanzvisionen aus zwei Jahrhunderten*** for which the music from the divertimento was written was the idea of Clemens Krauss, the director of the Munich opera (1937–43). Originally, he had envisaged the 1923 *Dance Suite* (also known as the *Couperin Suite*) to be the first half with Strauss's *Josephslegende* being the second half. The choreographers Pia and Pino Mlakar had already choreographed the *Dance Suite* for a performance in 1936 and were given the task of creating a new version of *Josephslegende*. However, they suggested using Feuillet's **Chorégraphie** (1700) to reconstruct the choreography of the time of Couperin. Krauss wrote to Strauss "Mlakar has found the original choreography by famous dance masters from Couperin's time and wants to make use of it for the *Couperin Suite*. Now a question: would you be so kind as to expand the Couperin suite with two new dances should the need arise?" In the end, Strauss wrote several new dances and incidental music for the ballet.

In the final version there were six parts to the *Bygone Celebrations* which takes about 55 minutes to perform. The order of the music was as follows:

| *Bygone Celebrations* | Source in *Divertimento* or *Dance Suite* |
| --- | --- |
| Part 1. Prelude | 1. Divertimento I 2. Divertimento II.2 3. Divertimento II.3 4. Divertimento II.4 5. Dance suite 1 |
| Part 2. "Das Fest" | 1. Dance suite 2 2. Dance suite 3 3. Dance suite 4 4. Dance suite 5 |
| Part 3 Interlude | 1. Divertimento VII 2. Divertimento V.1 |
| Part 4. Flora and Zephyr | 1. Divertimento V.4 2. Divertimento IV 3. Divertimento II.5 4. Divertimento VI 5. Divertimento II.1 6. Dance suite 6 |
| Part 5. Interlude | 1. Dance suite 7 |
| Part 6. Finale | 1. Dance suite 8 |
| Source: Heisler, Table 5.1 (p. 177) | | |

It can be seen that whilst the material form the 1923 *Dance Suite* was included as whole movements, the music used in the *Divertimento* was not played in the same order as it appeared in the ballet. For example, the second movement of the *Divertimento* appears as parts 2–4 in the Prelude, with parts 1 and 5 in "Flora and Zephyr" separate and in reverse order. Movements III and VIII of the *Divertimento* were not part of *Bygone Celebrations*, neither were parts of movement V (V.2 and V.3).

The ballet was performed at the Munich opera 5 times on the 1940/41 season. Its premiere in France was in Paris 1947. When Pino Mlakar became the Ballet Director at the Munich opera, the ballet was performed around Bavaria in 1953 and 1954. The Yugoslav premiere was held in Dubrovnik in 1956. Portions of *Bygone Celebrations* were performed in Slovenia in December 2006 to mark Pino Mlakar's death, and March 2007 for the centenary of his birth

There are no recordings of the ballet as performed. There is a recording titled **Verklungene Feste** by the Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra (see table above, recordings of *Divertimento*), but this is just the two pieces *Dance Suite* and *Divertimento*, not the original ballet score.

## Sources

* Wayne Heisler Jr. *The Ballet Collaborations of Richard Strauss*, University of Rochester Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-58046-321-8
* Norman Del Mar, *Richard Strauss: A Critical Commentary on His Life and Works* (second edition), Volume 2. Faber and Faber, London (1986). ISBN 978-0-571-25097-4.
* Trenner, Franz (2003) *Richard Strauss Chronik*, Verlag Dr Richard Strauss Gmbh, Wien, ISBN 3-901974-01-6.


title: Canadian Sport Horse

abstract: The Canadian Sport Horse is a studbook of sport horses managed in Canada. These horses are crossbred between Thoroughbred stallions and local, Canadian-bred mares. It was formerly known as the Canadian Hunter; a breed society was formed in 1926. The breed name was changed in 1984. The Canadian Sport Horse is intended for equestrian sport competitions, especially show jumping and dressage. It is a distinct and separate breed from both the Canadian and the Canadian Warmblood.

text:
# Canadian Sport Horse

The **Canadian Sport Horse** is a studbook of sport horses managed in Canada. These horses are crossbred between Thoroughbred stallions and local, Canadian-bred mares. It was formerly known as the Canadian Hunter; a breed society was formed in 1926. The breed name was changed in 1984.

The Canadian Sport Horse is intended for equestrian sport competitions, especially show jumping and dressage. It is a distinct and separate breed from both the Canadian and the Canadian Warmblood.

## History

The English lieutenant Dan Lysons mentioning the jumping ability of Canadian horses in 1893.

The Canadian Hunter was the result of half-blood crosses between local Canadian mares and Thoroughbred stallions, including 16 imported from England to Ontario by the Canadian Racing Association. In 1926, the Canadian Hunter, Saddle and Light Horse Improvement Society was founded. A studbook was opened in 1928 to register the founding mares. In 1933, the Canadian Hunter Society was amalgamated, and the Canadian Hunter studbook was maintained.

At the beginning of the twentieth century many of these horses were sold to the United States, where they were used for show jumping and hunter seat. Others were sent to Europe as part of the World War II. In 1920, the Canadian federal government became involved in horse breeding, with the aim of obtaining a uniform type of horse weighing around 550 kg.

The studbook was renamed in 1984 to include the designation 'Sport Horse'. The name change was registered the following year in the Official Trademark Journal. The breed was renamed Canadian Sport Horse in 1987.

Many of the horses are in Ontario. Numbers were growing in 2014.

## Characteristics

Height at the withers must be no less than 1.62 m for registered in the studbook.

This horse is close to English and Irish Hunters, showing a clear Thoroughbred influence, with a solid build and fluid movements. The eyes are large, the neck length proportional to the body. The chest is broad and the shoulder sloping.

Its nutritional requirements are greater than those of the Canadian horse.

The coat is plain, generally bay (including bay-brown), chestnut, black or gray. pinto and cream are possible, as are palomino and cremello.

### Selection

Selection is managed by the Canadian Sport Horse Association, which describes the Canadian Sport Horse as an "evolving" breed, whose existence is closely linked to selection objectives. Horses are registered by inspection. Young horses are shown at model and gait competitions, including the prestigious Royal Horse Show, where an expert (e.g., a veterinarian) is appointed to evaluate them. The association looks for powerful horses with good jumping ability, suitable for all three Olympic equestrian sports. Particular attention is paid to gaits, which must show balance and drive. Stallion selection is particularly rigorous.

The studbook association, Canadian National Live Stock Records, is based in Ottawa, Ontario. Mares that do not belong to the Canadian Sport Horse registry can be registered on an appendix list.

## Use

This is a sport horse, used under saddle and in equestrian sports. It is ridden in show jumping, dressage, eventing and hunter competitions; it is also used for foxhunting and carriage driving.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Canadian Sport Horse
| Country of origin | Canada |
| --- | --- |
| Use | Sport horse |
| Traits | |
| Weight | * Around 600 kg |
| Height | * From 1.62 m to 1.65 m |
|  | |


title: Dedy Yon Supriyono

abstract: Dedy Yon Supriyono is an Indonesian politician who is the Mayor of Tegal, Central Java, serving since 2019.

text:
# Dedy Yon Supriyono

**Dedy Yon Supriyono** (born 14 August 1980) is an Indonesian politician who is the Mayor of Tegal, Central Java, serving since 2019.

## Early life

Supriyono was born in Brebes Regency on 14 August 1980, the son of a successful local entrepreneur Muhadi Setiabudi.

## Career

Between 2009 and 2014, Supriyono served in the legislature of Brebes Regency, where he was deputy speaker. Supriyono was a member of Central Java's Provincial Council as part of the Democratic Party's faction in the 2014–2019 term, though he ran as Tegal's mayor during his tenure. In the election, he won with 38,091 votes, and he was sworn in on 23 March 2019.

On 30 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, Supriyono made a decision to implement a lockdown of Tegal, which restricted movement within the city as the city's government provided some support of food supplies to poorer residents. The lockdown involved closing off of 49 access points into the city and the closure of public spaces, and was launched in response to a returning resident testing positive.

## InfoBox

| Dedy Yon Supriyono | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Mayor of Tegal | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
23 March 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Nursholeh |
| Member of Central Java Council | |
| **In office**
3 September 2014  23 March 2019 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1980-08-14) 14 August 1980
Brebes, Central Java |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
|  | |


title: Fallicambarus tenuis

abstract: Fallicambarus tenuis is a species of crayfish in the genus Fallicambarus in the family Cambaridae. It was the only species in the subgenus Procambarus (Tenuicambarus) before DNA analysis suggested a reclassification. Fallicambarus tenuis is rare throughout its range, which is restricted to the Ouachita Mountains of Le Flore County, Oklahoma and Polk County, Arkansas.

text:
# Fallicambarus tenuis

***Fallicambarus tenuis*** is a species of crayfish in the genus *Fallicambarus* in the family Cambaridae. It was the only species in the subgenus ***Procambarus (Tenuicambarus)*** before DNA analysis suggested a reclassification.

*Fallicambarus tenuis* is rare throughout its range, which is restricted to the Ouachita Mountains of Le Flore County, Oklahoma and Polk County, Arkansas.

## InfoBox

| *Fallicambarus tenuis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Cambaridae |
| Genus: | *Fallicambarus* |
| Species: | ***F. tenuis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Fallicambarus tenuis***
Hobbs, 1950 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Procambarus tenuis* Hobbs, 1950 | |


title: Cheltenham Municipal Offices

abstract: The Cheltenham Municipal Offices are a municipal facility on The Promenade, Cheltenham, England. The offices, which are the headquarters of Cheltenham Borough Council, are a Grade II* listed building.

text:
# Cheltenham Municipal Offices

The **Cheltenham Municipal Offices** are a municipal facility on The Promenade, Cheltenham, England. The offices, which are the headquarters of Cheltenham Borough Council, are a Grade II\* listed building.

## History

The construction of this row of terraced houses on the west side of the Promenade, which was developed by Samuel Harward, began in 1823. The development was designed by George Allen Underwood in the Classical style and was originally known as "Harward's Buildings" when the buildings were completed in 1840. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with 63 bays facing onto the Promenade; the central section of three bays, which slightly projected forward, featured a window flanked by two doorways on the ground floor; there were three tall sash windows on the first floor and three smaller sash windows on the second floor with huge Ionic order columns spanning the first and second floors supporting a pediment. David Verey described the row of buildings as "equal to any terrace in Europe".

By the mid-19th century most of the buildings were used by professional or business establishments. The photographer, Hugo van Wadenoyen, occupied No. 79 The Promenade in the early 20th century.

A lawn known as the Long Garden was established between the buildings and the Promenade. A statue of a soldier with arms reversed commemorating local service personnel who died in the Second Boer War was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton at the northern end of the Long Garden on 17 July 1907. Meanwhile, a statue of the locally-born polar explorer, Edward Wilson, by Captain Robert Scott's widow, Kathleen Scott, was unveiled by the explorer Sir Clements Markham at the southern end of the Long Garden on 9 July 1914. The central seven houses were acquired by Cheltenham Borough Council, for use as its headquarters, in 1916. A war memorial commemorating local service personnel who had died in the First World War was unveiled by Major-General Sir Robert Fanshawe in the middle of the Long Garden, in front of the central section of the building, on 1 October 1921. After the Second World War additional names of people who had died in the service of their country were added to the memorial. A programme of works to restore the memorial, including cleaning of the stonework, repointing and the restoration of the names, was completed in 2016.

Works of art in the Municipal Offices include a portrait by Sir Oswald Birley of General Lord Ismay, who was chief of staff to Winston Churchill during the Second World War and who had lived at Wormington Grange near Stanton, Gloucestershire.

Media related to Cheltenham Municipal Offices at Wikimedia Commons

1. Historic England. "Numbers 47 to 83 and Attached Railings with Low Walls and End Piers to Numbers 71 and 73 (1387631)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
2. "The Promenade and Long Gardens". Visit Cheltenham. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
3. Elder, David (2017). *Cheltenham in 50 Buildings*. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1445673202.
4. Verey, David (2002). *Gloucestershire, 2nd edition: The Vale and Forest of Dean: Vale and Forest of Dean Part 2 (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England)*. Yale University Press. pp. 132, 133, 146. ISBN 978-0300096057.
5. Rowe, G. (1850). *Illustrated Cheltenham Guide*. p. 12.
6. "Cheltenham Boer War Memorial". War Memorials Trust. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
7. "Men of Cheltenham". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
8. Historic England. "Cheltenham War Memorial (1435242)". *National Heritage List for England*. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
9. "Cheltenham". War Memorials Trust. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
10. "Cheltenham's war memorial to be refurbished". 20 July 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
11. Birley, Oswald Hornby Joseph. "General Lord Ismay (1887–1965), Chief of Staff to Winston Churchill (1940–1945), Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Cheltenham (1951), Secretary of State for Commonmwealth Affairs (1951–1952), Secretary General of NATO (1952–1956)". Art UK. Retrieved 8 November 2020.

## InfoBox

| Cheltenham Municipal Offices | |
| --- | --- |
| Cheltenham Municipal Offices | |
| Location | Cheltenham |
| Coordinates | 51°53′57″N 2°04′40″W / 51.8992°N 2.0779°W / 51.8992; -2.0779 |
| Built | 1840 |
| Architect | George Allen Underwood |
| Architectural style(s) | Classical style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II\* | |
| Official name | Numbers 47 to 83 and Attached Railings with Low Walls and End Piers to Numbers 71 and 73 |
| Designated | 12 March 1955 |
| Reference no. | 1387631 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Gloucestershire | |


title: Celio Piccolomini

abstract: Celio Piccolomini (1609–1681) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

text:
# Celio Piccolomini

**Celio Piccolomini** (1609–1681) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

Celio Piccolomini was born in Siena in 1609. On 29 October 1656, he was consecrated bishop by Giulio Cesare Sacchetti, Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina, with Carlo de' Vecchi, Bishop of Chiusi, and Francesco Rinuccini, Bishop of Pistoia e Prato, serving as co-consecrators.

He was named Apostolic Nuncio to France on 15 November 1656 and served until 30 August 1663.

He was made a cardinal on 14 January 1664. He participated in the conclaves that elected Pope Clement IX in 1667, Pope Clement X in 1670, and Pope Innocent XI in 1676.

He was named Archbishop of Siena on 18 March 1681.

He was the principal consecrator of François de Laval de Montmorency, Titular Bishop of Petra in Palaestina (1658); Bonaventura Cavalli, Bishop of Caserta (1668); and Vincenzo Maffia, Bishop of Patti (1671).

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Celio Piccolomini | |
| --- | --- |
| Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Montorio
Archbishop of Siena | |
|  | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 29 Oct 1656
by Giulio Cesare Sacchetti |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1609
Siena, Italy |
| Died | 24 May 1681 (age 72) |


title: Rhamphomyia nigripes

abstract: Rhamphomyia nigripes is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Lundstroemiella.

text:
# Rhamphomyia nigripes

***Rhamphomyia nigripes*** is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus *Lundstroemiella*.

## InfoBox

| *Rhamphomyia nigripes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Empididae |
| Genus: | *Rhamphomyia* |
| Subgenus: | *Lundstroemiella* |
| Species: | ***R. nigripes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhamphomyia nigripes***<br>Strobl, 1898 | |
|


title: Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)

abstract: The siege of Chittorgarh occurred in 1303, when the Khalji ruler Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316) captured and sacked the Chittor Fort, toppling the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight-month-long siege. The conflict has been described in several legendary accounts, including the historical epic poem Padmavat, which claims that Alauddin's motive was to obtain Ratnasimha's beautiful wife Padmini; though this legend is considered historically inaccurate by most historians. Alauddin ordered the fort to be pelted with stones from his siege engines (munjaniqs). When the fort was stormed, Rajput women committed Jauhar while most of the warriors died defending the fort. The city of Chittor was completely sacked by Alauddin's army and several temples were desecrated.

text:
# Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)

The **siege of Chittorgarh** occurred in 1303, when the Khalji ruler Alauddin Khalji (r.1296–1316) captured and sacked the Chittor Fort, toppling the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight-month-long siege. The conflict has been described in several legendary accounts, including the historical epic poem *Padmavat*, which claims that Alauddin's motive was to obtain Ratnasimha's beautiful wife Padmini; though this legend is considered historically inaccurate by most historians. Alauddin ordered the fort to be pelted with stones from his siege engines (*munjaniqs*). When the fort was stormed, Rajput women committed Jauhar while most of the warriors died defending the fort. The city of Chittor was completely sacked by Alauddin's army and several temples were desecrated.

## Background

The Mewar region in north-western India was ruled by the Guhila dynasty, whose seat was located at the Chittor Fort (*Chittorgarh*). In 1299, Alauddin's general Ulugh Khan had raided the Mewar region on his way to Gujarat. However, this appears to have been a light raid rather than a serious invasion. The Guhila king Samarasimha protected his country from the raiders, possibly by paying a tribute.

In 1301, Alauddin conquered Ranthambore, which was located between Delhi and Chittor, and then returned to Delhi. The same year, Ratnasimha ascended the throne of Chittor. The later legends based on Malik Mohammad Jaisi's epic poem *Padmavat* state that Alauddin invaded Chittor to obtain Rani Padmini, the queen of Ratnasimha (called Ratan Sen or Ratan Singh in these legends). According to these legends, a man named Raghava told Alauddin about the extraordinary beauty of Padmini. However, Padmini does not find a mention in the earliest records of Alauddin's conquest of Chittor, such as the chronicles by Amir Khusrau, Barani and Isami. Most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of the Padmini legend.

## Siege

On 28 January 1303, Alauddin started his march to Chittor with a large army. After arriving near the fort, he set up a camp between the Berach and Gambhiri rivers. His army then surrounded the fort from all sides. Alauddin stationed himself at Chitori hillock located to the north of the fort.

The siege went on for nearly eight months, suggesting that the defenders put up a strong resistance. Amir Khusrau, who accompanied Alauddin to Chittor, has briefly described the siege in his *Khaza'in ul-Futuh*. However, no detailed account of the siege operations is available. Khusrau implies that the frontal attacks by the invaders failed twice. He states that the invaders managed to reach the "waist" of the hill during the two months of the rainy season but could not advance further. Alauddin ordered the fort to be pelted with stones from siege engines (*munjaniqs*). At the same time, his armoured soldiers attacked it from all sides.

The fort garrison may have suffered from a famine or an epidemic. On 26 August 1303, Alauddin entered the fort. After his victory, Alauddin ordered a general massacre of Chittor's population. According to Amir Khusrau, 30,000 Hindus were "cut down like dry grass" due to this order. Conversely, Banarsi Prasad Saxena states that the figure of 30,000 is probably an exaggeration and inaccurate as three and thirty are presented similarly in Persian annals.

After the fortress was sacked, Rajput women committed Jauhar while most of the warriors died defending the fort. While the exact site of where the Jauhar was committed is unknown, Historian R.V Somani speculated that it took place near Gaumukh Kund or inside the palaces.

### Fate of Ratnasimha

Accounts vary about what happened to Ratnasimha, the ruler of Chittor. The early Muslim chroniclers such as Amir Khusrau, Ziauddin Barani and Isami, state that the unnamed ruler ("Rai") of Chittor surrendered to Alauddin and was pardoned. The Jain writer Kakka Suri (1336) states that Alauddin took away his wealth, and "made him move like a monkey from one city to another".

The Kumbhalgarh *prashasti* (eulogistic inscription) of 1460 CE, which is the earliest Hindu record of the siege, states that Ratnasimha "departed" from the battlefield, after which Lakshmasimha died defending the fort because only the cowards forsake "the established traditions of the family", while "those who are valorous and steady do not give up their pursuit." Modern historians have interpreted the word "departed" (*tasmin gate* in Sanskrit) variously, either meaning that Ratnasimha died fighting on the battlefield or deserted the defenders and surrendered.

The *Padmavat* legend claims that Ratnasimha ("Ratan Sen") died in a combat with the ruler of Kumbhalner, before Alauddin's conquest of the fort. In Nainsi ri Khyat, the 17th century chronicler Muhnot Nainsi, who wrote under Rajput patronage, states that Ratnasimha died on the battlefield.

## Aftermath

The city of Chittor was completely sacked by Alauddin's army. A large number of temples were desecrated, including the long-standing Sun temple dedicated to Hindu goddess Kali, where the icon of Surya (solar deity of Hindus) was vandalized. However, most of these temples were repaired by rulers of the junior Sisodia lineage, only to be desecrated again by Bahadur Shah and Akbar, when they sacked the city in 1535 and 1568 respectively.

Alauddin assigned Chittor to his son Khizr Khan (or Khidr Khan), who was 7 or 8 years old. The Chittor fort was renamed "Khizrabad" after the prince. Khizr Khan was given a gold-embroidered robe and a red canopy, which was usually bestowed upon an heir apparent. Alauddin stayed at Chittor for seven more days and then left for Delhi, probably after learning about the Mongol invasion. An important inscription at Chittor dated 13 May 1310, recording Alauddin as the ruler, indicates that the place had not been evacuated by the Khaljis till that period.

As Khizr Khan was only a child, the actual administration was handed over to a slave named Malik Shahin, who held the office of *naib-i barbek* (deputy in-charge of the royal court), and whom Alauddin called his son. According to the 14th-century chronicler Isami, Malik Shahin fled the fort sometime later because he was afraid of the Vaghela king Karna, who had managed to recapture the neighbouring Gujarat region after Alauddin's 1299 invasion.

Later, Alauddin decided that it was best to govern Chittor indirectly through a Hindu ruler. He transferred the governance of Chittor from Khizr Khan to the Chahamana chief Maladeva (Maldeo), who was supported by the locals. Maladeva was a brother of the Kanhadadeva. He had saved Alauddin's life from an accident during Alauddin's siege of Kanhadadeva's Jalore fort. He contributed 5,000 horsemen and 10,000 infantrymen to Alauddin's campaigns, whenever ordered. He used to bring gifts for Alauddin during his annual visit to the imperial court, where he was honoured in return. Alauddin maintained an imperial garrison at Chittor, and one of his inscriptions (dated May 1310) has been discovered there.

According to the 16th-century chronicler Firishta, when Alauddin was on his deathbed, the ruler of Chittor rebelled and executed the imperial soldiers stationed in the fort. After the death of Maladeva around 1321, the fort came under the control of Hammir Singh, a ruler of the Sisodia branch of the Guhilas. However, historian Peter Jackson believes that the fort remained under the control of the governors dispatched from Delhi, even during the reigns of the first two Tughluq rulers (1321–1350), as suggested by epigraphic evidence. According to Jackson, the accounts about Maladeva and Sisodias originated from a Sanskrit epic and seemed to be inaccurate.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Siege of Chittorgarh | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of List of wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate | |
|  | |
| Date 28 January – 26 August 1303  Location Chittor Fort24°53′11″N 74°38′49″E / 24.8863°N 74.647°E / 24.8863; 74.647  Result  Khalji victory  Territorial
changes Alauddin Khalji captured the fort of Chittor | |
| Belligerents | |
| Delhi Sultanate | Guhila dynasty |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Alauddin Khalji | Ratnasimha
Rana Lakhan
Ari Singh |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | 30,000 killed |
| Siege of Chittorgarhclass=notpageimage|Location of the Siege of ChittorgarhSiege of ChittorgarhSiege of Chittorgarh (Rajasthan) | |


title: John Noorthouck

abstract: John Noorthouck (1732–1816) was an English author, best known as a topographer of London.

text:
# John Noorthouck

**John Noorthouck** (1732–1816) was an English author, best known as a topographer of London.

## Life

Born in London, he was the son of Herman Noorthouck, a bookseller who had a shop, the Cicero's Head, Great Piazza, Covent Garden, and whose stock was sold off in 1730. Early in life John Noorthouck was patronised by Owen Ruffhead and William Strahan the printer. He gained his livelihood as an index-maker and corrector of the press. He was for almost fifty years a liveryman of the Company of Stationers, and spent most of his life in London, living in 1773 in Barnard's Inn, Holborn.

In 1784, whilst living in Barnard's Inn, John Noorthouck describes himself as a Freemason. In the book *Noorthouck's Masonry*, the Editor "J.N." states in the Preface starting at page vii, "The present editor esteems it a duty incumbent on him to advertise his brethren of the general alterations the following work has undergone with a view to improvement." The Preface ends with the details, "May 1, 1784, Bernard's Inn, London". In 1814, Noorthouck was living at Oundle, Northamptonshire, where he died about July 1816.

## Works

His major work was *A New History of London, including Westminster and Southwark*, London, 1773, 4to, with copperplates. This book gives a history of London at all periods and a survey of the existing buildings. Noorthouck also published *An Historical and Classical Dictionary*,’ 2 vols. London, 1776, consisting of biographies of persons of all periods and countries.

John Russell Smith in London, April 1852, offered for sale an unprinted autobiography by Noorthouck; it was later acquired by Yale University. Noorthouck revised the *Constitutions of the Antient Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons*, the constitutions of the Premier Grand Lodge of England first compiled by James Anderson in 1723, and Noorthouck's edition was published by J. Rozea in 1784. The title page states that the revision was prepared under the direction of the Hall Committee. The preface to this book is signed 'J. N.', and it is dated Bernard's Inn (presumably Barnard's Inn), May 1, 1784.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wroth, Warwick William (1895). "Noorthouck, John". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Disonycha arizonae

abstract: Disonycha arizonae is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Disonycha arizonae

***Disonycha arizonae*** is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species *Disonycha arizonae*:

* *Disonycha arizonae arizonae*
* *Disonycha arizonae borealis* Blake

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Disonycha arizonae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Disonycha* |
| Species: | ***D. arizonae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Disonycha arizonae***<br>Casey, 1884 | |
|


title: Scheduling alliance

abstract: A scheduling alliance is an agreement between collegiate athletic conferences or independent college athletic teams to guarantee a set number of games to each member of a team, or to create a competitive challenge between athletic conferences. Although it is not formally recognized by the governing body, it resembles a conference in many respects. The scheduling alliance may be very informal, only involving guaranteed games, or it may have awards, such as player of the week, MVP and a championship title. It can also involve a school agreeing to play a set number of games against members of a given conference in a particular sport, although not being a member of that league. FBS College Football Scheduling Alliances The most notable example of such an arrangement in FBS football involves the University of Notre Dame and the Atlantic Coast Conference. In 2013, Notre Dame joined the ACC as a full but non-football member, wishing to retain its status as an FBS independent in football. Notre Dame and the ACC agreed that in football, the Fighting Irish would play five games each season against other ACC schools, and also would play each ACC school at least once every three years. In 2020, however, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic causing the Power Five conferences to enforce restrictions on non-conference play, the Fighting Irish played a full ACC schedule with eligibility for the ACC Championship Game, for which they qualified, ultimately losing to the Clemson Tigers. In future years, due to the formation of the PAC-12-ACC-Big Ten Alliance, it has been rumored that the PAC-12 and Big Ten conferences could move from a 9-game conference schedule to an 8-game conference schedule, in order to create a 8-2 scheduling method that would allow members of this alliance to play at least 2 other teams from the 2 other conferences in the PAC-12-ACC-Big Ten alliance every season. Moreover, this is not the first time the Big Ten and PAC-12 have tried to create a scheduling alliance in football. In 2011, the Big Ten and PAC-12 conferences announced a scheduling alliance that was set to fully become the first conference challenge in football by the year 2017. While notable matchups were played as scheduled, including Oregon-Michigan State, California-Ohio State, and Michigan-Utah, the planned scheduling alliance that was to start in 2017 never happened after the Big Ten announced a move to a 9-game conference schedule starting in 2016. Division 1 College Basketball Scheduling Alliances In NCAA Division 1 men’s and women’s basketball, there are several prominent examples of scheduling alliances currently in place. These include the Big Ten-ACC challenge and the Big 12-SEC challenge. While these are the most well-known scheduling alliances in college basketball, other scheduling alliances in place include the SEC-American scheduling alliance, in which the 4 SEC teams that do not participate in the SEC-Big 12 challenge(due to the Big 12 only having 10 teams until the year 2023) play against teams from the American Athletic conference instead. Other Collegiate Examples The COVID-19 pandemic impacted all college sports heavily, particularly on the scheduling side. Independent teams that lacked a conference found themselves on the outside looking in as many conferences had their members transition to a conference-only schedule for the season in the interest of safety. In college hockey, the two independent teams at the time, Arizona State and LIU, entered into scheduling alliances with the Big Ten Conference and Atlantic Hockey, respectively, in order to continue playing for the 2020-21 season. These alliances were disbanded the following year. Another example is the New England Women's Hockey Alliance, which began in 2017 as a scheduling alliance between the six schools that then competed as independents at the National Collegiate level in women's ice hockey. The NEWHA lost one member after its first season of 2017–18, but picked up a future sixth member in the form of a school that was set to launch a women's hockey program in 2019–20. Before the start of the 2018–19 season, the NEWHA formally organized as a conference and began the process of gaining official NCAA recognition. It operated with five members in 2018–19, and received NCAA recognition upon the arrival of the sixth member in 2019–20.

text:
# Scheduling alliance

A **scheduling alliance** is an agreement between collegiate athletic conferences or independent college athletic teams to guarantee a set number of games to each member of a team, or to create a competitive challenge between athletic conferences. Although it is not formally recognized by the governing body (usually the NCAA), it resembles a conference in many respects. The scheduling alliance may be very informal, only involving guaranteed games, or it may have awards, such as player of the week, MVP and a championship title. It can also involve a school agreeing to play a set number of games against members of a given conference in a particular sport, although not being a member of that league.

**FBS College Football Scheduling Alliances**

The most notable example of such an arrangement in FBS football involves the University of Notre Dame and the Atlantic Coast Conference. In 2013, Notre Dame joined the ACC as a full but non-football member, wishing to retain its status as an FBS independent in football. Notre Dame and the ACC agreed that in football, the Fighting Irish would play five games each season against other ACC schools, and also would play each ACC school at least once every three years. In 2020, however, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic causing the Power Five conferences to enforce restrictions on non-conference play, the Fighting Irish played a full ACC schedule with eligibility for the ACC Championship Game, for which they qualified, ultimately losing to the Clemson Tigers.

In future years, due to the formation of the PAC-12-ACC-Big Ten Alliance, it has been rumored that the PAC-12 and Big Ten conferences could move from a 9-game conference schedule to an 8-game conference schedule, in order to create a 8-2 scheduling method that would allow members of this alliance to play at least 2 other teams from the 2 other conferences in the PAC-12-ACC-Big Ten alliance every season. Moreover, this is not the first time the Big Ten and PAC-12 have tried to create a scheduling alliance in football. In 2011, the Big Ten and PAC-12 conferences announced a scheduling alliance that was set to fully become the first conference challenge in football by the year 2017. While notable matchups were played as scheduled, including Oregon-Michigan State, California-Ohio State, and Michigan-Utah, the planned scheduling alliance that was to start in 2017 never happened after the Big Ten announced a move to a 9-game conference schedule starting in 2016.

**Division 1 College Basketball Scheduling Alliances**

In NCAA Division 1 men’s and women’s basketball, there are several prominent examples of scheduling alliances currently in place. These include the Big Ten-ACC challenge and the Big 12-SEC challenge. While these are the most well-known scheduling alliances in college basketball, other scheduling alliances in place include the SEC-American scheduling alliance, in which the 4 SEC teams that do not participate in the SEC-Big 12 challenge(due to the Big 12 only having 10 teams until the year 2023) play against teams from the American Athletic conference instead.

**Other Collegiate Examples**

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted all college sports heavily, particularly on the scheduling side. Independent teams that lacked a conference found themselves on the outside looking in as many conferences had their members transition to a conference-only schedule for the season in the interest of safety. In college hockey, the two independent teams at the time, Arizona State and LIU, entered into scheduling alliances with the Big Ten Conference and Atlantic Hockey, respectively, in order to continue playing for the 2020-21 season. These alliances were disbanded the following year.

Another example is the New England Women's Hockey Alliance, which began in 2017 as a scheduling alliance between the six schools that then competed as independents at the National Collegiate level (in practice, NCAA Divisions I and II) in women's ice hockey. The NEWHA lost one member after its first season of 2017–18, but picked up a future sixth member in the form of a school that was set to launch a women's hockey program in 2019–20. Before the start of the 2018–19 season, the NEWHA formally organized as a conference and began the process of gaining official NCAA recognition. It operated with five members in 2018–19, and received NCAA recognition upon the arrival of the sixth member in 2019–20.


title: Dedza

abstract: Dedza is the main township of Dedza District in the Central Region of Malawi.

text:
# Dedza

**Dedza** is the main township of Dedza District in the Central Region of Malawi.

## Description

Dedza is located about 85 km south of Malawi's capital, Lilongwe, off the M1 road to Blantyre at a point where a trans-African highway from Johannesburg enters the country.

At an altitude of 1590m it is the highest town in Malawi. In June and July it can be chilly, especially in the mornings and evenings.

The town is based around a bypass loop of tarmac road connected to the M1. At the northern end of the town centre there is a bus station, Town Assembly offices, sports stadium, police station, banks and petrol station. At the southern end there is a hospital and large market. There are many shops and businesses along the road and a parallel dirt road. Two other petrol stations are located on the M1.

Accommodation is available at the Dedza Pottery, Panjira Lodge, Rainbow Resthouse and other local resthouses. There are a number of bars and cafes in the town centre, such as the Boiz Club and Golden Dish and a cyber-café – AY Business Cafe. The Dedza Pottery Coffee Shop is 1 km along a dirt road near the M1 northern junction.

The Dedza Pottery sells a wide range of ceramics and there are a number of craft shops along the dirt road to it. A walk up to the top of Dedza Mountain (2198m) is possible on a maintenance road for the communication aerials.

The main industries of the town are Paragon Ceramics, which makes floor and roof tiles, etc., located at the Dedza Pottery and the WICO Sawmill on the opposite side of the road.

The offices of the various departments of the Dedza District Assembly are located in the township. So also are offices for several NGOs operating in the district, such as Save the Children, Concern Universal and the Red Cross. The town has several primary schools, Mchisu day secondary school and Umbwi and Dedza Secondary boarding schools.

Dedza is linked with Norwich, England by the Norwich-Dedza Partnership, a UK-based charity. The partnership supports education, health, agriculture, tourism development and public sector organisations in Dedza District through volunteer workers, supply of computers and other materials and small scale funding.

The eye clinic at Dedza District Hospital is supported by Norwich charity Far Sight which has provided training and equipment.

## Climate

Dedza has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: *Cwb*) with cool to warm temperatures year round. The rainy season runs from November to April, and the dry season runs from May to October.

| Climate data for Dedza, Malawi (1961-1990) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.0
(73.4) | 23.0
(73.4) | 23.0
(73.4) | 22.5
(72.5) | 21.2
(70.2) | 19.4
(66.9) | 19.0
(66.2) | 20.5
(68.9) | 23.3
(73.9) | 24.9
(76.8) | 24.9
(76.8) | 23.5
(74.3) | 22.3
(72.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.7
(65.7) | 19.0
(66.2) | 18.5
(65.3) | 17.6
(63.7) | 15.9
(60.6) | 14.0
(57.2) | 13.6
(56.5) | 15.2
(59.4) | 17.8
(64.0) | 19.7
(67.5) | 20.0
(68.0) | 19.1
(66.4) | 17.4
(63.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.5
(59.9) | 15.4
(59.7) | 15.0
(59.0) | 13.9
(57.0) | 11.7
(53.1) | 9.5
(49.1) | 9.1
(48.4) | 10.6
(51.1) | 13.2
(55.8) | 15.0
(59.0) | 15.9
(60.6) | 15.7
(60.3) | 13.4
(56.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 288.6
(11.36) | 233.9
(9.21) | 179.6
(7.07) | 67.0
(2.64) | 10.6
(0.42) | 4.1
(0.16) | 3.7
(0.15) | 1.3
(0.05) | 4.0
(0.16) | 11.9
(0.47) | 74.1
(2.92) | 231.0
(9.09) | 1,109.8
(43.69) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) | 20 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 15 | 89 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 86 | 83 | 81 | 72 | 67 | 66 | 60 | 55 | 57 | 65 | 80 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 151.9 | 142.8 | 182.9 | 213.0 | 248.0 | 246.0 | 241.8 | 269.7 | 288.0 | 288.3 | 225.0 | 164.3 | 2,661.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 38 | 41 | 49 | 61 | 71 | 73 | 69 | 75 | 80 | 75 | 59 | 41 | 61 |
| Source: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Demographics

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1977 | 5,448 |
| 1987 | 16,899 |
| 1998 | 15,408 |
| 2008 | 20,241 |
| 2018 | 30,928 |

14°22′S 34°20′E / 14.367°S 34.333°E / -14.367; 34.333

## InfoBox

| Dedza | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| DedzaLocation in Malawi | |
| Coordinates: 14°20′S 34°20′E / 14.333°S 34.333°E / -14.333; 34.333 | |
| Country | Malawi |
| Region | Central Region |
| District | Dedza District |
| Elevation | 1,590 m (5,220 ft) |
| Population (2018 Census) | |
| Total | 30,928 |
| Time zone | +2 |
| Climate | Cwb |


title: Cheltenham Music Festival

abstract: The Cheltenham Music Festival is a British music festival, held annually in Cheltenham in the summer months since 1945. The festival is renowned for premieres of contemporary music, hosting over 250 music premieres as of July 2004. John Manduell was the first Programme Director of the festival, for 25 seasons from 1969 to 1994.

text:
# Cheltenham Music Festival

51°53′24″N 2°04′41″W / 51.890°N 2.078°W / 51.890; -2.078 The **Cheltenham Music Festival** is a British music festival, held annually in Cheltenham in the summer months (June, July) since 1945. The festival is renowned for premieres of contemporary music, hosting over 250 music premieres as of July 2004.

John Manduell was the first Programme Director (*de facto* artistic director) of the festival, for 25 seasons from 1969 to 1994.

## Artistic directors

## Further reading

* Richard Witts (2015). Shopping and Fricker: the origins of the Cheltenham Festival of Modern British Music and the 'Cheltenham Symphony'. *The Musical Times* 156 (1931): 9–21 JSTOR 24615687


title: Cathedral (novel)

abstract: Cathedral is a 1981 novel by American author Nelson DeMille. The novel involves the seizing of St. Patrick's Cathedral by members of the Irish Republican Army on St. Patrick's Day.

text:
# Cathedral (novel)

***Cathedral*** is a 1981 novel by American author Nelson DeMille. The novel involves the seizing of St. Patrick's Cathedral by members of the Irish Republican Army on St. Patrick's Day.

## InfoBox

Cathedral
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Nelson DeMille |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Publisher | Delacorte Press |
| Publication date | May 1981 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 575 |
| ISBN | 9780440011408 |
| OCLC | 7175079 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 19 |
| LC Class | PS3554.E472 C3 |


title: Beacon Hill-Cyrville Ward

abstract: Beacon Hill-Cyrville Ward is a city ward in Ottawa, Ontario. Located in the city's east end, the ward is bordered to the west by Blair Road from the Ottawa River to Ogilvie Road and St. Laurent Boulevard south of it, the south by the Via Rail train line and Innes Ward, to the east by Green's Creek and Regional Road 174 and to the north by the Ottawa River. It includes the communities of Cyrville, Rothwell Heights, Beacon Hill and Pineview.

text:
# Beacon Hill-Cyrville Ward

**Beacon Hill-Cyrville Ward** (Ward 11) is a city ward in Ottawa, Ontario. Located in the city's east end, the ward is bordered to the west by Blair Road from the Ottawa River to Ogilvie Road and St. Laurent Boulevard south of it, the south by the Via Rail train line and Innes Ward, to the east by Green's Creek and Regional Road 174 and to the north by the Ottawa River. It includes the communities of Cyrville, Rothwell Heights, Beacon Hill and Pineview.

## Regional and city councillors

* Prior to 1994, the area was represented by the Mayor of Gloucester and 2 at large Gloucester city and regional councillors. From 1994 to 2000 the area was covered by Gloucester North and Cyrville Wards on Gloucester City Council.

1. Michel Bellemare (1994-2010)
2. Tim Tierney (2010–present)

## Election results

### 2022 Ottawa municipal election

| City council | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | | Vote | % |
|  | Tim Tierney | 7,617 | 81.96 |
|  | Miranda Gray | 1,265 | 13.61 |
|  | Nicolas Castro | 411 | 4.42 |

### 2018 Ottawa municipal election

| City council | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | | Vote | % |
|  | Tim Tierney | 6,730 | 81.34 |
|  | Michael Schurter | 1,544 | 18.66 |

### 2014 Ottawa municipal election

| City council | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | | Vote | % |
|  | Tim Tierney | 7,162 | 82.11 |
|  | Michel Tardif | 518 | 5.94 |
|  | Francesca D'Ambrosio | 433 | 4.96 |
|  | Nicolas Séguin | 421 | 4.83 |
|  | Rene Tessier | 188 | 2.16 |

| Ottawa mayor (Ward results) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | | Vote | % |
|  | Jim Watson | 6,815 | 79.20 |
|  | Mike Maguire | 1,336 | 15.53 |
|  | Rebecca Pyrah | 106 | 1.23 |
|  | Anwar Syed | 87 | 1.01 |
|  | Michael St. Arnaud | 85 | 0.99 |
|  | Robert White | 65 | 0.76 |
|  | Darren W. Wood | 61 | 0.71 |
|  | Bernard Couchman | 50 | 0.58 |

### 2010 Ottawa municipal election

| City council | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Tim Tierney | 5088 | 49.34 |
| Michel Bellemare | 4907 | 47.58 |
| O'Neil Brooke | 318 | 3.08 |

### 2006 Ottawa municipal election

| City council | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Michel Bellemare | 6905 | 61.73% |
| Frank Reid | 4281 | 38.27% |

### 2003 Ottawa municipal election

| City council | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Michel Bellemare | 4613 | 61.04% |
| Frank Reid | 2812 | 47.21% |
| Osman Abdi | 132 | 1.75% |

### 2000 Ottawa municipal election

Following Gloucester's amalgamation into Ottawa, incumbent regional councillor Michel Bellemare defeated Gloucester City Councillor (for Cyrville Ward) Pat Clark.

| City council | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Michel Bellemare | 6,547 | 57.87 |
| Pat Clark | 4,767 | 42.13 |

### 1997 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections

| Regional council | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Michel Bellemare | 3,727 | 56.87 |
| Fiona Faucher | 2,827 | 43.13 |

### 1994 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections

| Regional council | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Candidate | Votes | % |
| Michel Bellemare | 3,582 | 44.75 |
| Fiona Faucher | 3,389 | 42.34 |
| Christian Bilinsky | 1,034 | 12.92 |

## InfoBox

| Beacon Hill-Cyrville | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Ottawa | |
| Coordinates: 45°26′06″N 75°36′32″W / 45.435°N 75.609°W / 45.435; -75.609 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| City | Ottawa |
| Government | |
| Councillor | Tim Tierney |
| Area | |
| Total | 41.2 km2 (15.9 sq mi) |
| Population (2016)Canada 2016 Census | |
| Total | 32,460 |
| Density | 790/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| Languages (2016) | |
| English | 51.2% |
| French | 25.9% |
| Arabic | 5.9% |
| Spanish | 2.0% |
| Creoles | 1.2% |
| Tagalog | 1.2% |
| Cantonese | 1.2% |
| Mandarin | 1.1% |
| Persian | 1.1% |
| Bengali | 1.1% |
| Avg. income | $41,674 |


title: Siege of Chichester

abstract: The siege of Chichester was a victory by Parliamentarian forces led by Colonel William Waller over a small Royalist garrison. The siege was one of the key events in the First English Civil War by Waller to secure southern England and declare it for Parliament. The siege lasted five days and ended with surrender by the Royalists. Despite the Royalist surrender, Waller's troops proceeded to sack and desecrate Chichester Cathedral.

text:
# Siege of Chichester

The **siege of Chichester** was a victory by Parliamentarian forces led by Colonel William Waller over a small Royalist garrison. The siege was one of the key events in the First English Civil War by Waller to secure southern England and declare it for Parliament. The siege lasted five days and ended with surrender by the Royalists. Despite the Royalist surrender, Waller's troops proceeded to sack and desecrate Chichester Cathedral.

## Background

On 16 August 1642 shortly before the beginning of the civil war, William Cawley, a Member of Parliament for Chichester and Midhurst issued the 'Valiant Resolution,' which declared that the city would support the Parliament, rather than King Charles.

This resolution, however, was not an official declaration and several Royalists in Chichester and Sussex took actions to gain control of the city for the King. First, the Mayor of Chichester, Robert Exton responded by issuing a Royal Commission of Array, which called upon all able-bodied men to take up arms for the King. Soon thereafter, Exton's successor, William Bartholomew, obtained ordnance from Portsmouth and soldiers from the Sussex Militia. The Governor of Portsmouth, Sir William Lewis sent seven guns and ten barrels of powder to the Royalists in November. Finally William Morley and Edward Ford, the High sheriff of Sussex, raised a small army and drove Cawley and his Parliamentarian supporters from the city on 15 November.

## The siege

Waller's force arrived at Chichester on 21 December where he was joined by a contingent of Parliamentary cavalry commanded by Sir Michael Livesey. The Royalists sent a small force out to confront the Parliamentarians but were repulsed and returned into the city. After the area was secure, Waller began to move his siege artillery into position while simultaneously calling upon the Royalist garrison to surrender. The next morning after his terms of surrender had been rejected, Waller began to bombard the city.

Over the next few days, Waller continued the bombardment, moving his artillery closer to the city as he took greater control of the area outside the city walls. Just as Waller was preparing to attack the walls from three different directions, the Royalists asked to reconsider the terms of surrender. An agreement was reached and the Royalist garrison surrendered on 27 December. Because Morley surrendered the city it was not sacked as had been done elsewhere; nevertheless, Waller allowed his men to sack and desecrate the city's cathedral.

## Citations

* Ballard, Adolphus (1929). *A History of Chichester* (2nd ed.). Moore and Wingham.
* Plant, David (19 May 2011). "Arundel and Chichester, Sussex, December 1642". *BCW Project*. David Plant. Retrieved 25 July 2020.

## Further reading

* *The Arc The Civil War and Seventeenth Century Chichester* 1999. Chichester District Museum.
* Frampton, D (1996). *The Siege of Chichester* Academic Artisan.
* Godwin, George Nelson, (1882), *The Civil War in Hampshire (1642–45) and the Story of Basing House*, London: Elliot Stock.

## InfoBox

| Siege of Chichester | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the First English Civil War | |
|
Chichester in 1610 – 32 years before the siege | |
| Date 22–27 December 1642  Location Chichester, England50°50′11″N 0°46′45″W / 50.8365°N 0.7792°W / 50.8365; -0.7792  Result  Parliamentarian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Royalists | Parliamentarians |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| John Morley
Edward Ford | William Waller
Michael Livesey |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Low | Low |
| Chichesterclass=notpageimage|The location of Chichester within West Sussex | |


title: Disonycha fumata

abstract: Disonycha fumata is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Disonycha fumata

***Disonycha fumata*** is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Disonycha fumata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Disonycha* |
| Species: | ***D. fumata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Disonycha fumata***<br>(J. L. LeConte, 1858) | |
|


title: Schwarzach (Altmühl)

abstract: Schwarzach is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Altmühl at Kinding.

text:
# Schwarzach (Altmühl)

**Schwarzach** is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Altmühl at Kinding.

## InfoBox

| Schwarzach | |
| --- | --- |
| discharge of the two Schwarzach arms into the Altmühl | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Altmühl |
| coordinates | 48°59′57″N 11°23′15″E / 48.9992°N 11.3874°E / 48.9992; 11.3874 |
| Length | 52.9 km (32.9 mi) |
| Basin size | 510 km2 (200 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | AltmühlDanubeBlack Sea |


abstract: Deer Creek is a stream in Polk County in the Ozarks of southwest Missouri. It is a tributary of the Pomme de Terre River. The stream headwaters are located at 37°32′32″N 93°13′18″W and the confluence with the Pomme de Terre is at 37°34′51″N 93°18′44″W. The stream arises to the southwest of the community of Schofield and flows southwest and then northwest passing under Missouri Route H and Missouri Route YY past Van before entering the Pomme de Terre south of Burns. Deer Creek was so named on account of deer in the area.

text:
# Deer Creek (Pomme de Terre River tributary)

**Deer Creek** is a stream in Polk County in the Ozarks of southwest Missouri. It is a tributary of the Pomme de Terre River.

The stream headwaters are located at 37°32′32″N 93°13′18″W / 37.54222°N 93.22167°W / 37.54222; -93.22167 and the confluence with the Pomme de Terre is at 37°34′51″N 93°18′44″W / 37.58083°N 93.31222°W / 37.58083; -93.31222. The stream arises to the southwest of the community of Schofield and flows southwest and then northwest passing under Missouri Route H and Missouri Route YY past Van before entering the Pomme de Terre south of Burns.

Deer Creek was so named on account of deer in the area.


title: Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)

abstract: Lamentation is a fresco painted c.1305 by the Italian artist Giotto as part of his cycle of the Life of Christ on the interior walls of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, Italy. The Scrovegni Chapel was built as a private chapel next to the Eremitani Monastery by the wealthy Scrovegni family and consecrated in 1305. Between 1304 and 1306, Giotto decorated the interior walls of the chapel with a series of frescoes depicting scenes from the Life of Jesus. The upper sections of the walls also include stories of Joachim and Anna, parents of the Virgin Mary. The works are considered a masterpiece. Both the monastery and the chapel now form part of the Musei Civici di Padova. Giotto is described as a Proto-Renaissance artist, preceding and paving the way for the early Florentine Renaissance painters, breaking the artistic mold of the Byzantine period by introducing naturalism and depth into his work. In the painting, the body of the crucified Christ has been lowered from the cross and laid on the ground, surrounded by his grieving mother and disciples. His head is held by Mary, his mother, and his feet by Mary Magdelene. John the Apostle throws his arms wide in despair. To the right, Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea wait to prepare the body to be laid in a tomb.

text:
# Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)

***Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)*** is a fresco painted c.1305 by the Italian artist Giotto as part of his cycle of the Life of Christ on the interior walls of the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, Italy.

The Scrovegni Chapel was built as a private chapel next to the Eremitani Monastery by the wealthy Scrovegni family and consecrated in 1305. Between 1304 and 1306, Giotto decorated the interior walls of the chapel with a series of frescoes depicting scenes from the Life of Jesus. The upper sections of the walls also include stories of Joachim and Anna, parents of the Virgin Mary. The works are considered a masterpiece. Both the monastery and the chapel now form part of the Musei Civici di Padova.

Giotto is described as a Proto-Renaissance artist, preceding and paving the way for the early Florentine Renaissance painters, breaking the artistic mold of the Byzantine period by introducing naturalism and depth into his work.

In the painting, the body of the crucified Christ has been lowered from the cross and laid on the ground, surrounded by his grieving mother and disciples. His head is held by Mary, his mother, and his feet by Mary Magdelene. John the Apostle throws his arms wide in despair. To the right, Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea wait to prepare the body to be laid in a tomb. (John 19:38–42)

## Sources

## InfoBox

| *Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ)* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Giotto di Bondone |
| Year | c. 1304–1306 |
| Medium | fresco |
| Dimensions | 200 by 185 centimetres (79 in × 73 in) |
| Location | Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, Italy |


title: Chemicals (album)

abstract:
Chemicals is the sixth full-length album by American post-grunge band Smile Empty Soul. The album was released on October 1, 2013, and "finally [got] a proper European release" said Sean Danielsen. The album is also supposed to have a "half live feel and half studio feel" said Danielsen in an interview. The album cover is designed and painted by Sean, Ryan & Jake.
On August 10, 2013 Smile Empty Soul announced their first single, "False Alarm". On October 21, 2013 Smile Empty Soul released a music video for "False Alarm", the video was filmed at the Machine Shop in Flint Michigan during "The Merican Chemicals Tour" & official CD release party for Chemicals.

text:
# Chemicals (album)

***Chemicals*** is the sixth full-length album by American post-grunge band Smile Empty Soul. The album was released on October 1, 2013, and "finally \[got\] a proper European release" said Sean Danielsen. The album is also supposed to have a "half live feel and half studio feel" said Danielsen in an interview. The album cover is designed and painted by Sean, Ryan & Jake. On August 10, 2013 Smile Empty Soul announced their first single, "False Alarm". On October 21, 2013 Smile Empty Soul released a music video for "False Alarm", the video was filmed at the Machine Shop in Flint Michigan during "The Merican Chemicals Tour" & official CD release party for *Chemicals*.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Black and Blue" | 3:12 |
| 2. | "False Alarm" | 3:21 |
| 3. | "Chemicals" | 5:02 |
| 4. | "Balance" | 3:14 |
| 5. | "Swim" | 3:12 |
| 6. | "New Low" | 3:20 |
| 7. | "Real" | 3:20 |
| 8. | "Sitting Ducks" | 3:59 |
| 9. | "Mechanical Rationality" | 3:38 |
| 10. | "Landslide" | 4:27 |
| Total length: | | 35:25 |

## Personnel

Smile Empty Soul * Sean Danielsen – lead vocals, lead & rhythm guitars
* Ryan Martin – bass guitar
* Jake Kilmer – drums, backing vocals

## InfoBox

| Chemicals | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Smile Empty Soul | |
| Released | October 1, 2013 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Post-grunge, alternative metal, alternative rock |
| Length | 35:25 |
| Label | Pavement Entertainment |
| Producer | Eddie Wohl |
| Smile Empty Soul chronology | |
| *3's*
(2012) ***Chemicals***
(2013) *Shapeshifter*
(2016) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Chemicals* | |
| 1. "False Alarm"
Released: August 27, 2013 | |
|  | |


title: Shemon III

abstract: Mar Shemʿon III was the patriarch of the Church of the East in the early 15th century. There is uncertainty over his existence, his dates and his place in the order of patriarchs. Traditionally, Shemʿon III is listed between patriarchs Shemʿon II, whose reign began in 1381/2, and Eliya IV, who is said to have died in 1437. A manuscript made in the reign of the Shemʿon who succeeded Eliya IV casts doubt on this reconstruction, however. In a copy of the Book of the Bee, a list of patriarchs has been extended from the time of Timothy II to "Shemʿon of our days". The intervening patriarchs are Denha II, a certain Shemʿon and Eliya IV. This can only be Shemʿon II. Manuscript colophons from 1429/30 and 1437 attest to a patriarch named Shemʿon, and David Wilmshurst suggests that this person, along with the "Shemʿon of our days" of the Bee manuscript, was Shemʿon III, who succeeded Eliya IV around 1425. He dates his patriarchate from c. 1425 to c. 1450. Jean Maurice Fiey went so far as to deny the existence of Shemʿon III entirely. This would give Shemʿon IV a reign of sixty years or more.

text:
# Shemon III

**Mar Shem*ʿ*on III** was the patriarch of the Church of the East in the early 15th century. There is uncertainty over his existence, his dates and his place in the order of patriarchs.

Traditionally, Shemʿon III is listed between patriarchs Shemʿon II, whose reign began in 1381/2, and Eliya IV, who is said to have died in 1437. A manuscript made in the reign of the Shemʿon who succeeded Eliya IV casts doubt on this reconstruction, however. In a copy of the *Book of the Bee*, a list of patriarchs has been extended from the time of Timothy II to "Shemʿon of our days". The intervening patriarchs are Denha II, a certain Shemʿon and Eliya IV. This can only be Shemʿon II.

Manuscript colophons from 1429/30 and 1437 attest to a patriarch named Shemʿon, and David Wilmshurst suggests that this person, along with the "Shemʿon of our days" of the *Bee* manuscript, was Shemʿon III, who succeeded Eliya IV around 1425. He dates his patriarchate from c. 1425 to c. 1450. Jean Maurice Fiey went so far as to deny the existence of Shemʿon III entirely. This would give Shemʿon IV (successor of Eliya IV or Shemʿon III, depending on the list) a reign of sixty years or more.

## Bibliography

* Burleson, Samuel; Van Rompay, Lucas (2011). "List of Patriarchs: I. The Church of the East and its Uniate Continuations". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). *Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage*. Gorgias Press.
* Wilmshurst, David J. (2000). *The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913*. Peeters.
* Wilmshurst, David J. (2011). *The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East*. East and West Publishing.
* Wilmshurst, David J. (2019). "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East". In Daniel King (ed.). *The Syriac World*. Routledge. pp. 799–805.

## InfoBox

| Mar<br>Shem*ʿ*on III | |
| --- | --- |
| Patriarch of All the East | |
| Church | Church of the East |
| See | Seleucia-Ctesiphon |
| Installed | c.1425 |
| Term ended | c.1450 |
| Predecessor | Eliya IV |
| Successor | Shemon IV |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 14th century |
| Died | 15th century |


title: Bauraha khola

abstract: Bauraha khola, sometimes known as Baulaha khola, is a stream in Gadhawa Rural Municipality ward number 1 Dang Deukhuri District Nepal. It irrigates the land of Banghushree 12 months. The water level rises in monsoon season. It runs from south to north between Banghushree and Badahara village, originating from southern Chure hills of Banghushree Dang Deukhuri District Nepal; near 'Bauraha Kapilvastu' such as Saani Bauraha, Thulo Bauraha, Kalyankot, Domai, Gangare, and Gogan paani. Chureni khola, Sota, Bhutaiya khola and Bagaiya khola are tributaries of Bauraha khola. Sanghuri ।सॉघुरी।, an area of vertical slope with a narrow opening, is a place where stream accumulates its strength. In the monsoon season, it causes a huge loss of property. The upper large catchment area where high precipitation in monsoon season results devastating flash floods each year, impacting the locals of Banghushree. Bauraha khola, which generally carries mud, boulders and much debris due to steep slope, sweeps the fertile land of Banghushree each year. It ends its presence by mixing with West Rapti River near at Banghushree. Both Damodar road and Dulaiya road cross Bauraha khola to connect Banghushree with Badahara village. There is no solid infrastructure built to cross the stream Bauraha khola. In 2018 B.S., flooding in Bauraha Khola caused huge loss of livestock and property. It was the most devastating flood ever recorded. At that time, the stream modified the lower lands near Banghushree and Badahara. The peak, Ekal Danda, was the result of the flood.

text:
# Bauraha khola

**Bauraha khola** (Nepali: बौराह खोला), sometimes known as *Baulaha khola*, is a stream in Gadhawa Rural Municipality ward number 1 Dang Deukhuri District Nepal. It irrigates the land of Banghushree 12 months. The water level rises in monsoon season. It runs from south to north between Banghushree and Badahara village, originating from southern Chure hills of Banghushree Dang Deukhuri District Nepal; near 'Bauraha Kapilvastu' such as Saani Bauraha, Thulo Bauraha, Kalyankot, Domai, Gangare, and Gogan paani. Chureni khola, Sota, Bhutaiya khola and Bagaiya khola are tributaries of Bauraha khola. Sanghuri ।सॉघुरी।, an area of vertical slope with a narrow opening, is a place where stream accumulates its strength. In the monsoon season, it causes a huge loss of property. The upper large catchment area where high precipitation in monsoon season results devastating flash floods each year, impacting the locals of Banghushree. Bauraha khola, which generally carries mud, boulders and much debris due to steep slope, sweeps the fertile land of Banghushree each year. It ends its presence by mixing with West Rapti River near at Banghushree. Both Damodar road and Dulaiya road cross Bauraha khola to connect Banghushree with Badahara village. There is no solid infrastructure built to cross the stream Bauraha khola.

In 2018 B.S. (1961 AD), flooding in Bauraha Khola caused huge loss of livestock and property. It was the most devastating flood ever recorded. At that time, the stream modified the lower lands near Banghushree and Badahara. The peak, Ekal Danda, was the result of the flood.

## Location

Gadhawa Rural Municipality ward number 1, Dang Deukhuri District Nepal. It is nearly 4.5 km west from Kalakate.

## Affected villages

1. Banghushree
2. Banbari
3. Badahara
4. Bauraha

## Swept areas

1. Putali danda and nearby agricultural lands
2. western Majhaghat and nearby lands of national forest
3. west part of Banghushree
4. Khaireni

## Affected roads

1. Damodar road
2. Dulaiya road
3. Banghushree Banbari local footpath

## InfoBox

| Bauraha khola | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Nepal |


title: Sidera (fungus)

abstract: Sidera is a genus of crust fungi in the order Hymenochaetales. Circumscribed in 2011, the genus is characterized by species that have whitish resupinate fruit bodies, crystal rosettes on specialized hyphae, and sausage-shaped (allantoid) spores.

text:
# Sidera (fungus)

***Sidera*** is a genus of crust fungi in the order Hymenochaetales. Circumscribed in 2011, the genus is characterized by species that have whitish resupinate fruit bodies, crystal rosettes on specialized hyphae, and sausage-shaped (allantoid) spores.

## InfoBox

| *Sidera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sidera lenis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Hymenochaetales |
| Family: | Repetobasidiaceae |
| Genus: | ***Sidera***
Miettinen & K.H.Larss. (2011) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Sidera lenis*
(P.Karst.) Miettinen (2011) | |
| Species | |
| *S. lenis*
*S. lowei*
*S. lunata*
*S. vulgaris* | |


abstract: Cancer and Genetics Research Complex is an interdisciplinary research center located at the University of Florida (UF). The goal of this facility is "to harness the diverse academic talents and resources of the genetic research community at UF to improve the health and well-being of our citizenry." The Complex houses the UF Genetics Institute, the UF Health Cancer Center, the UF Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, and the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, a laboratory notable for research and consulting in forensic anthropology.

text:
# University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex

**Cancer and Genetics Research Complex** is an interdisciplinary research center located at the University of Florida (UF). The goal of this facility is "to harness the diverse academic talents and resources of the genetic research community at UF to improve the health and well-being of our citizenry." The Complex houses the UF Genetics Institute, the UF Health Cancer Center, the UF Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, and the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, a laboratory notable for research and consulting in forensic anthropology.

## History

The Complex began construction in 2002, and cost an estimated $85 million. In November 2006, Governor Jeb Bush officially opened the facility. Overall, 77 million pounds of concrete were used, and the facility is 280,000 square feet.

## Images

## InfoBox

Cancer and Genetics
Research Complex
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2006 |
| Location | Gainesville, Florida, USA<br>29°38′16.3″N 82°21′5.0″W / 29.637861°N 82.351389°W / 29.637861; -82.351389 |
| Website | Official website |


title: The Lady of Lebanon (novel)

abstract: The Lady of Lebanon is a 1924 thriller novel by the French writer Pierre Benoit.

text:
# The Lady of Lebanon (novel)

***The Lady of Lebanon*** (French: ***La Châtelaine du Liban***) is a 1924 thriller novel by the French writer Pierre Benoit.

## Film adaptations

The novel has been made into films on three occasions.

## Bibliography

* Bell, P.M.H. *France and Britain, 1900-1940: Entente and Estrangement*. Routledge, 2014.
* Goble, Alan. *The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film*. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
* Zeldin, Theodore. *A History of French Passions 1848-1945, Volume 2*. Clarendon Press, 1993.

## InfoBox

The Lady of Lebanon
| 1954 edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Pierre Benoit |
| Language | French |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Publisher | Éditions Albin Michel |
| Publication date | 1924 |
| Publication place | France |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 350 |


title: Deer Creek (River des Peres tributary)

abstract: Deer Creek is a stream in St. Louis County the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the River des Peres. The stream headwaters arise at 38°40′05″N 90°26′16″W and it flows to the southeast to its confluence with the River des Peres at 38°36′00″N 90°18′57″W. just within the St. Louis city limits. Deer Creek was so named due to the presence of deer in the area.

text:
# Deer Creek (River des Peres tributary)

**Deer Creek** is a stream in St. Louis County the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the River des Peres.

The stream headwaters arise at 38°40′05″N 90°26′16″W / 38.6681078°N 90.4378963°W / 38.6681078; -90.4378963 and it flows to the southeast to its confluence with the River des Peres at 38°36′00″N 90°18′57″W / 38.6000522°N 90.3159486°W / 38.6000522; -90.3159486. just within the St. Louis city limits.

Deer Creek was so named due to the presence of deer in the area.


title: Schwarzach, Lower Bavaria

abstract: Schwarzach is a market town and municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the municipal association Schwarzach. The town is an officially recognised Resort town.

text:
# Schwarzach, Lower Bavaria

**Schwarzach** is a market town and municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the municipal association Schwarzach. The town is an officially recognised Resort town.

## InfoBox

| Schwarzach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Market square with the Church of Saint Martin | |
|  | |
| Location of Schwarzach within Straubing-Bogen district | |
| Schwarzach Schwarzach | |
| Coordinates: 48°55′N 12°49′E / 48.917°N 12.817°E / 48.917; 12.817 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Niederbayern |
| District | Straubing-Bogen |
| Municipal assoc. | Schwarzach |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Georg Edbauer jun. (CSU) |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.24 km2 (12.83 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 1,095 m (3,593 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 360 m (1,180 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,940 |
| Density | 88/km2 (230/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 94374 |
| Dialling codes | 09962 |
| Vehicle registration | SR |
| Website | www.schwarzach.de |


title: Lamentation (ballet)

abstract: Lamentation is a modern dance solo choreographed by Martha Graham to Zoltán Kodály's 1910 Piano Piece, Op. 3, No. 2. One of Graham's signature works, it premiered on January 8, 1930 at Maxine Elliott's Theatre in New York City. The performance was part of a concert staged by the Dance Repertory Theatre, a group that included dancer/choreographers Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman and Helen Tamiris. Their stated goal was "to give annually a season of continuous dance programs which will be representative of the art of dance in America and will give native artists an outlet for their creative work."

text:
# Lamentation (ballet)

***Lamentation*** is a modern dance solo choreographed by Martha Graham to Zoltán Kodály's 1910 *Piano Piece, Op. 3, No. 2*. One of Graham's signature works, it premiered on January 8, 1930 at Maxine Elliott's Theatre in New York City. The performance was part of a concert staged by the Dance Repertory Theatre, a group that included dancer/choreographers Doris Humphrey, Charles Weidman and Helen Tamiris. Their stated goal was "to give annually a season of continuous dance programs which will be representative of the art of dance in America and will give native artists an outlet for their creative work."

## Theme and structure

In program notes, *Lamentation* was subtitled *Dance of Sorrow*, "not the sorrow of specific person, time or place but the personification of grief itself." The ballet is less than four minutes in length. It opens on a set containing a single low bench upon which the soloist sits, feet and lower legs in a wide second position. She wears a loose purple tube-like garment from which only her head, hands and feet protrude. Graham said of the costume, "I wear a long tube of material to indicate the tragedy that obsesses the body, the ability to stretch inside your own skin, to witness and test the perimeters and boundaries of grief."

As the piece begins, the dancer shakes her head gently from side to side in silence. After cueing the music with a movement of her foot, she rocks and twists her upper body, swinging through deep contractions. The angular motions of torso, head and arms become increasingly exaggerated, shaping the jersey costume into squares, triangles and rhomboids that frame her emotionless face and a portion of her chest. Seemingly anchored to the bench, she ultimately struggles to an upright position. In a final gesture, she clutches the upper edge of her costume in an upraised fist, stretching the fabric tautly over her head and face. She sinks once again to a seated position and drops her head between her knees in resignation.

## Critical reception

*Lamentation* has been praised highly since its premiere. In 1930, the critic for *Dance Magazine* described the work as "a statuesque composition, which relied for much of its eloquence upon an ingenious and simple costume arrangement." After seeing a later performance, the Philadelphia *Record'*s critic wrote, "When Miss Graham in her *Lamentation* depicts the dumb agony of grief she does not droop like a flower or attitudinize like Patience on a monument, she is grief from the first stricken bewildered gropings of her head and torso to the last moment when she averts her covered head with a finality that is pitiful and terrible."

## Critical analysis

Graham, her followers and critics have discussed *Lamentation* at length. It is one of the last dances made during what Graham referred to as her "long woolens" period, early works for which she costumed herself and female troupe members in stretch jersey. Graham scholars place the piece within her oeuvre of psychological expressionist ballets alongside *Errand into the Maze*, *Night Journey*, *Dark Meadow* and others.

*Lamentation* has been characterized as a total break with the conventions of dance at the time. Critic Marcia Siegel wrote, "Our idea of dancing includes some picture of a person on his feet." Not only is the work performed sitting down, the soloist is shrouded in constraining garb that not only limits her movements, but also hides her body from the audience. "What she achieved by restricting herself in this fashion was an unnaturally intense concentration on the body's dynamics."It's not just that she makes herself into an odd shape, but the minute she starts to move, the tube gets pulled into diagonals that cross the center of her body; as she tugs asymmetrically in opposition to the rounded forms of her back, her head, her arching rib cage, the jersey converts the energy of stress and distortion into visible shapes and lines."

Graham's inspiration for the piece reportedly came from the *Old Testament* *Book of Lamentations*, which begins "How doth the city sit solitary, that was full of people! How is she become as a widow." The work may also include New Testament references. The lone shrouded female figure bathed in blue stage lighting has been interpreted as a holy person, perhaps the Virgin Mary as Mater Dolorosa.

To dance writer Helen Thomas, the solo has a maternal quality that suggests "the struggle of birth" for both mother and child. As the dancer rocks and twists with knees apart, her arms and legs strain against the fabric to resemble fetal movement within a pregnant belly. She "is also the child being born: her limbs are encased in an elastic sheath; they push and stretch outward, straining toward release, with only the head visible."

## Performance history

*Lamentation* is one of a handful of early works that have remained in the Martha Graham Dance Company repertoire. Troupe members who have appeared in the piece include Janet Eilber, Christine Dakin, Terese Capucilli, Peggy Lyman, Joyce Herring, Katherine Crockett, and Natasha M. Diamond-Walker. Films of Graham performing were made in the 1930s, exact date unknown, and in 1943. A film of Peggy Lyman performing with an introduction by Graham was made for television in 1976. Ms. Diamond-Walker's performance was broadcast by New York City Center on October 21, 2020, remaining accessible through November 1, 2020.


title: Vallam Sundar

abstract: Vallam Sundar is an Indian professor of Coastal Engineering at the Department of Ocean Engineering of Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.

text:
# Vallam Sundar

**Vallam Sundar** (born 30 March 1953) is an Indian professor of Coastal Engineering at the Department of Ocean Engineering of Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, India.

## Biography

### Education and career

Vallam Sundar studied Civil engineering at the College of Engineering, Guindy, where he graduated in 1975. He completed his post-graduation in Hydraulics from IIT Madras in 1977 and received his doctorate in 1982 from the same institute.

Sundar started working at Anna University as Associate Lecturer. In 1981 he became a Scientific Officer at the Ocean Engineering Centre at IIT Madras and worked till 1987. In 1987 he became Assistant Professor of Coastal, Port and Harbour Engineering in the Ocean Engineering Centre at IIT Madras. During 2003–06, he served as the Head of Department of Ocean Engineering (IITM).

### Current academic positions

Since 1996, Sundar is a professor of Coastal Engineering at Dept. of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

### Awards and honours

* "Best Citizen of India Award" for the year 1998, awarded by Indian Publishing House, New Delhi.
* "Great Achiever of India" awarded by Front for National Progress, New Delhi.
* "Vijay Shree Award" awarded by India International Friendship Society, New Delhi.
* "Millennium Achiever Award" awarded by International Institute of Success Awareness, New Delhi for the Outstanding Services and Achievements in Ocean Engineering.
* "Hall of Fame Award: A Tribute to Achiever" awarded by International Publishing House, New Delhi.
* "LifeTime Excellence Award" awarded by 21st Century Development Council, New Delhi in Nov 2000.
* "Rashtra Pratibha Puraskar Award" by Integrated Council for Socio-Economic Progress, New Delhi
* "Maritime Award" by Ministry of shipping Road transport, Ministry of Shipping, Govt. of India
* "Honorary Doctoral Engineer" award from University of Wuppertal, Germany
* "National Design award in Environmental Engineering-2008" from Institution of Engineers

### Memberships

* Member, "The Institution of Engineers", Madras
* Member, "International Association of Hydraulic Research", The Netherlands
* Member, "Maritime Hydraulic Section of I.A.H.R.", The Netherlands
* Member, "The American Society of Marine Engineering", New York, USA
* Member, "American Society Of Mechanical Engineers", New York, USA
* Member, "American Society Of Civil Engineers", USA
* Member, European Union for Coastal Conservation
* Member, "Executive committee of Asia Pacific Division of International Association of Hydraulic Research", The Netherlands for 2003-2004
* Member, The Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London, U.K.

## InfoBox

| Vallam Sundar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1953-03-30) 30 March 1953<br>Chennai, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Coastal Engineering |
| Institutions | Indian Institute of Technology Madras |
| Notable students | S.A. Sannasiraj, Sriram Venkatachalam |
|  | |


title: Smoked fish

abstract: Smoked fish is fish that has been cured by smoking. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. Originally this was done as a preservative. In more recent times fish is readily preserved by refrigeration and freezing and the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour imparted by the smoking process.

text:
# Smoked fish

**Smoked fish** is fish that has been cured by smoking. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. Originally this was done as a preservative. In more recent times fish is readily preserved by refrigeration and freezing and the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour imparted by the smoking process.

## Smoking process

According to Jeffrey J. Rozum, "The process of smoking fish occurs through the use of fire. Wood contains three major components that are broken down in the burning process to form smoke. The burning process is called pyrolysis, which is simply defined as the chemical decomposition by heat. The major wood components are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin."

"The major steps in the preparation of smoked fish are salting (bath or injection of liquid brine or dry salt mixture), cold smoking, cooling, packaging (air/vacuum or modified), and storage. Smoking, one of the oldest preservation methods, combines the effects of salting, drying, heating and smoking. Typical smoking of fish is either cold (28–32 °C) or hot (70–80 °C). Cold smoking does not cook the flesh, coagulate the proteins, inactivate food spoilage enzymes, or eliminate the food pathogens, and hence refrigerated storage is necessary until consumption", although dry-cured hams are cold-smoked and require no refrigeration.

### Smokehouses

A smokehouse is a building where fish or meat is cured with smoke. In a traditional fishing village, a smokehouse was often attached to a fisherman's cottage. The smoked products might be stored in the building, sometimes for a year or more. Traditional smokehouses served both as smokers and to store the smoked fish. Fish could be preserved if it was cured with salt and cold smoked for two weeks or longer. Smokehouses were often secured to prevent animals and thieves from accessing the food.

### Traditional versus mechanical

Today there are two main methods of smoking fish: the traditional method and the mechanical method. The traditional method involves the fish being suspended in smokehouses over slowly smouldering wood shavings. The fish are left overnight to be naturally infused with smoke.

In the mechanical method smoke is generated through the use of smoke condensates, which are created by the industrial process of turning smoke into a solid or liquid form. The flow of smoke in the mechanical kiln is computer controlled and the fish generally spend less time being smoked than in a traditional kiln.

Laminar air-flow technology allows mechanical kilns to achieve a higher production rate, while the use of micro-processors has allowed mechanical kiln smokers increased sensor coverage within the kiln.

High-quality smoked fish is a high-end product sought after by restaurants.

## Types

Home smokers are often in the form of metal boxes.Pacific halibut filets hot-smoked with a blend of mesquite and alder woods

The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout, although other smoked fish is also available regionally or from many ethnic stores. Salmon, mackerel and herring are universally available both hot-smoked and cold-smoked, while most other fish is traditionally preserved by only one of the smoking methods.

A common name for cold-smoked salmon is lox, of which many different types are available, usually identified by point of origin (e.g., from Scotland, Norway, Holland, the Pacific, and Nova Scotia, Canada—the latter usually identified as "Nova lox" or just "Nova"). Traditionally, "lox" designates brined rather than smoked salmon, but the linguistic boundary between the two types of products has become blurred. "Gravad lax" or gravlax remains the only type that is unmistakably *not* smoked fish. However, commercial labels still identify most smoked products as "smoked salmon" rather than "lox".

Most other smoked fish in the US is hot-smoked, although cold-smoked mackerel is always available in East-European delis, along with cold-smoked sturgeon, sea bass, halibut or turbot and many other varieties. Jewish delis often sell, in addition to lox, hot-smoked whitefish, mackerel, trout, and sablefish (also sometimes referred to as black cod in its fresh state). Along the Mississippi River, hot-smoked locally caught sturgeon is also available. Traditionally, in the US, cold-smoked fish, other than salmon, is considered "raw" and thus unsafe to consume without cooking. For this reason, in the US, cold-smoked fish is largely confined to specialty and ethnic shops.

In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces, but is a popular deli item throughout the country.

Smoked fish is a prominent item in Russian cuisine, Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines and the Pacific Northwest cuisine.

In Israeli cuisine, smoked trout is traditionally eaten as part of meze, especially at breakfast. Sometimes rosemary leaves are added. Trout can be found in streams and rivers across the country as well as in the Sea of Galilee.

English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine incorporate a variety of strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". With the increased use of the idiomatic expression "red herring", references to the smoked fish product in this manner declined. A more common current name for it is kippers, or kippered herring. Kippered herring traditionally undergoes further processing (soaking and cooking) before consumption. Arbroath Smokies (haddock) and Traditional Grimsby smoked fish (haddock and cod) have both received Protected Geographical Indication status from the European Commission, which restricts use of the name to fish that is processed using specific methods within a defined geographical area. Other smoked fish products from the UK include finnan haddie and bloaters.