title: Bruce Henderson

abstract: Bruce Doolin Henderson was an American businessman and management expert. He founded Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 1963 in Boston, Massachusetts and headed the firm as the president and CEO until 1980. He continued as chairman of BCG until 1985.

text:
# Bruce Henderson

**Bruce Doolin Henderson** (April 30, 1915 – July 20, 1992) was an American businessman and management expert. He founded Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 1963 in Boston, Massachusetts and headed the firm as the president and CEO until 1980. He continued as chairman of BCG until 1985.

## Early life

Henderson was born on a farm in Nashville, Tennessee on April 30, 1915. In the fourth grade, he enrolled in the Peabody Demonstration School (PDS) and remained there until his high school graduation in 1932.

During high school, Henderson played on the football team.

## Personal life

Henderson married twice. With his first wife, Frances, he fathered four children. He had two daughters—Asta Werme and Ceacy Griffin—and two sons—Bruce Alexander Henderson and Bruce Balfour Henderson. His second wife was Bess, with whom he had no children. Henderson had seven grandchildren at the time of his death.

## Career

Henderson began his career as a salesman in the Southwestern Advantage entrepreneurial program. He went on to attend and earn an undergraduate degree in mechanical engineering from Vanderbilt University in 1937, before attending Harvard Business School. He left Harvard only ninety days before graduation to work for the Westinghouse Corporation. Henderson worked there for 18 years. He became the vice president at the age of 37, making him one of the youngest vice presidents in the company's history.

In 1959, Henderson left the company to join the consulting firm Arthur D. Little as a senior vice president for management services. He left the firm in 1963 over disagreements with the firm's leadership.

## Boston Consulting Group

Upon leaving Arthur D. Little, Henderson accepted a challenge from the CEO of Boston Company to create a consulting arm for the bank, operating as a subsidiary under the name Management and Consulting Division of the Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Company. This consulting arm began its operations in 1963. Initially, it advised clients of the bank. Billings for the first month were only US$500. Nevertheless, Henderson hired his second consultant, Arthur P. Contas, in December 1963.

Henderson provided a very specific imprint to the firm, that of *strategy consultants*. Robert Mainer gave an account of how that choice was made:

> \[Henderson\] asked what we thought \[BCG's\] specialty should be. Many suggestions were offered, but in each case, we were able to identify several other firms that already had strong credentials in that particular area. The discussion began to stall. Then Bruce asked a momentous question: 'What about business strategy?' I objected: 'That's too vague. Most executives won't know what we're talking about.' Bruce replied, 'That's the beauty of it. We'll define it'.—Robert E. Mainer, Boston 1964-1967

Bruce created the publication entitled *Perspectives* as a new form of marketing and in response to the *McKinsey Quarterly* and Arthur D. Little's *Prism*. He wrote extensively for the publication until 1980.

In 1974 Henderson made BCG an independent business and was one of the first to take advantage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 that allowed the establishment of an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP). The ESOP began the process of buying BCG from The Boston Company, the parent corporation of Boston Safe Deposit. The buyout was completed in 1979, five years ahead of schedule.

Between 1974 and 1980, Henderson focused on growing the firm and expanding its international presence. By the end of 1977, revenues were split evenly among business originating in the United States and overseas.

## Retirement

Henderson stepped down from his role as the president and CEO of Boston Consulting Group in 1980. He was succeeded by Alan Zakon. By that time, he had grown BCG from a one-man-shop to a global firm with seven offices and 249 consultants. He continued as the chairman until 1985. He retired and went to Nashville, Tennessee, to teach at the Owen Graduate School of Management at Vanderbilt University.

## Death

Henderson died at the age of 77, ten days after suffering a stroke at his home in Nashville in 1992. He was survived by his second wife, four children with his first wife, and seven grandchildren.

A memorial service was held with an overflow of attendees at the Memorial Church at Harvard Yard, Cambridge, on December 11, 1992, amidst a blizzard. Speakers at the service included John S. Clarkson, then-president and chief executive officer of BCG, George Stalk, a senior vice president of BCG, and Alan Zakon, former BCG chairman.

## Ideas and concepts

### The experience curve

"*The strategic implications of the experience curve came closer to shattering earth.*"—The Economist, 2009

The Experience Curve is a managerial tool primarily used to predict cost behaviour. It states that "costs characteristically decline by 20-30% in real terms each time accumulated experience doubles. This means that when inflation is factored out, costs should always decline. The decline is fast if growth is fast and slow if growth is slow."

The Experience Curve partially relies upon the concept of the learning curve, yet expands upon it in de-linking it from labor-driven repetitive tasks.

As a managerial tool, the experience curve is still in use in the 2010s; for example, by Petrobras in oil field development.

### The growth-share matrix

The growth-share matrix—or BCG Matrix, as it came to be known—is a managerial tool used to visually represent a company's portfolio. It is a two-by-two matrix, which divides the dimensions of relative market share (x-axis) and market growth (y-axis) into four quadrants. Individual business are represented with circles having an area proportional to the size of the business itself.

The growth-share matrix evolved as a collaborative effort of BCG employees in the period between 1968 and 1970. The theory underpinning it was laid out in the BCG perspective *The Product Portfolio* in 1970.

One unusual characteristic of this visualization is that the x-axis is generally represented on an inverted scale (greater values are on the left), and on a logarithmic scale. The logarithmic scale may have been carried over from the work done on the Experience Curve (which uses a log-log scale), and is not always consistently used as such. In many cases, the scale used is linear, not logarithmic. According to Aldershof, the inverted scale is merely accidental. During an early development session, Dr. Zakon sketched the two-by-two matrix on a chalkboard, and labeled the sections as High and Low from top to bottom, and High and Low from left to right, simply for convenience. The format persisted through later development sessions, without anyone considering that in the future the axis might become calibrated— where a low-to-high scale from left to right would be more typical and easier to produce.

### Brinkmanship in business

"*The goal of the hottest economic war, is an agreement for coexistence, not annihilation.*"—Bruce D. Henderson, 1976.

Henderson said the article could equally be titled "How to Succeed in Business by Being Unreasonable". He wrote that to compete effectively, it was necessary to appear to be co-operating while in fact ensuring to get one's own way. He compared business to international relations during peacetime, when countries compete ferociously but exercise restraint to avoid war.

### Business and biology

"*Competition existed long before strategy. It began with life itself.*"—Bruce D. Henderson, 1989

By the early 1980s, the lessons of the experience curve led Henderson to shift his thinking beyond the bankruptcy of mainstream economics. He began to imagine a new and far more powerful kind of economics. The realization that organizations are not static machines but complex, dynamic systems that learn from experience led him to begin seeing companies as living, growing organisms. Following this logic, Henderson began to argue that the competition in the economy's market niches was remarkably like competition in nature's ecologic niches.

The article "The Origin of Strategy" (1989) in this area was the last article he published.

## Personality and style

### Favorite quotes

An engineer by training, Henderson never tired of quoting Archimedes to aspiring staff: "*Give me a lever and a place to stand, and I will move the world*".—Carl W. Stern, 2006

He was fond of quoting Jay Forrester: "*While most people understand first-order effects, few deal well with second-and third-order effects. Unfortunately, virtually everything interesting in business lies in fourth-order effects and beyond*"—Carl W. Stern, 2006

## Awards and recognition

In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Henderson to a team of five analysts who evaluated foreign aid programs in Germany under the Marshall Plan.

Henderson was named one of *Time* magazine's top 10 newsmakers under 30 years old.

In 1978 Henderson was inducted by Vanderbilt's School of Engineering as a Distinguished Alumnus.

Henderson received the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1985 by the University School of Nashville, from which he had graduated in 1932.

Upon his death, the *Financial Times* stated that Henderson "did more to change the way business is done in the United States than any other man in American business history".

The Bruce D. Henderson Chair in Strategy was endowed by Bruce's wife Bess after his death at the Owen Graduate School of Management of Vanderbilt University.

The Boston Consulting Group Bruce D. Henderson Chair in International Management was endowed by BCG in 1995 at INSEAD. It is currently held by W. Chan Kim.

The Bruce D. Henderson Scholarship was endowed in 1985 by the Boston Consulting Group to honor Henderson and awarded to the MBA student at the Owen School of Management of Vanderbilt University, who, during the first year, achieved the strongest record in personal, professional, and academic performance.

The Boston Consulting Group launched the BCG Henderson Institute in honor of Henderson on his hundredth birthday. In January 2018, the BCG Henderson Institute was ranked the third Best For Profit Global Think Tank by the University of Pennsylvania. The institute operates hubs in Europe and Asia and is headquartered in New York.

## Publications

Books:

* *Henderson on Corporate Strategy*. 1979. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-89011-526-8.
* *Logic of Business Strategy*. 1984. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-88410-983-9.

Monographs:

* *Perspectives*
* *Perspectives on Experience*. 1972. The Boston Consulting Group. ISBN 978-0-78370-000-7
* *The Boston Consulting Group on Strategy: Classic Concepts and New Perspectives (2nd edition)*. 2006. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-47175-722-1

**Videos of Henderson**

## References and sources

Notes Sources

## InfoBox

| Bruce Doolin Henderson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President and CEO, Boston Consulting Group | |
| **In office**
1963–1980 | |
| Preceded by | None – position created |
| Succeeded by | Alan Zakon |
| Chairperson of the board, Boston Consulting Group | |
| **In office**
1980–1985 | |
| Preceded by | None – position created |
| Succeeded by | Alan Zakon |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1915-04-30)April 30, 1915
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | July 20, 1992(1992-07-20) (aged 77)
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Spouse(s) | Frances Henderson
Bess Henderson |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | Vanderbilt University (BE)
Harvard Business School (dropped out) |
| Known for | Founder of Boston Consulting Group |
|  | |


title: Sabahattin Kalender

abstract: Sabahattin Kalender was a Turkish composer. His works included the operas Nasrettin Hoca (opera) on the life of Nasreddin, Karagöz Operada and the oratorio Ateş ve İnanç. His father was a military officer who died in the First World War so Sabahattin was brought up in the Kalender Orphanage Istanbul from which he took his name.

text:
# Sabahattin Kalender

**Sabahattin Kalender** (Taşlıca, Kosovo, 15 April 1919 – The Hague, 7 August 2012) was a Turkish composer. His works included the operas *Nasrettin Hoca (opera)* on the life of Nasreddin, *Karagöz Operada* and the oratorio *Ateş ve İnanç* ("Fire and Faith").

His father was a military officer who died in the First World War so Sabahattin was brought up in the Kalender Orphanage Istanbul from which he took his name.


title: Saif Sports Saga women's cricket team

abstract: The Saif Sports Saga women's cricket team is a Pakistani women's cricket team, sponsored by the Saif Sports Saga. They competed in the National Women's Cricket Championship and the Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy between 2014 and 2016.

text:
# Saif Sports Saga women's cricket team

The **Saif Sports Saga women's cricket team** is a Pakistani women's cricket team, sponsored by the Saif Sports Saga. They competed in the National Women's Cricket Championship and the Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy between 2014 and 2016.

## History

Saif Sports Saga first competed in the Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy in 2014, finishing third out of four teams. The following season, 2015–16, they finished bottom of the five team group.

The side also competed in the National Women's Cricket Championship in 2015 and 2016, both times reaching the final Super League stage, finishing 4th overall in 2015 and 3rd overall in 2016.

## Players

### Notable players

Players who played for Saif Sports Saga and played internationally are listed below, in order of first international appearance (given in brackets):

## Seasons

### National Women's Cricket Championship

| Season | Division | League standings | | | | | | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | P | W | L | T | A/C | Pts | NRR | Pos | |
| 2015 | Super League | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | –0.011 | 4th |  |
| 2016 | Super League | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | +2.347 | 3rd |  |

### Women's Cricket Challenge Trophy

| Season | League standings | | | | | | | | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | P | W | L | T | A/C | Pts | NRR | Pos | |
| 2014 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | –0.468 | 3rd |  |
| 2015–16 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | –1.587 | 5th |  |

## Honours

## InfoBox

Saif Sports Saga Women
| Personnel | |
| --- | --- |
| Captain | Asmavia Iqbal |
| Team information | |
| Founded | Unknown*First recorded match: 2014* |
| History | |
| NWCC wins | 0 |
| WCCT wins | 0 |


title: Broken Chanter

abstract: Broken Chanter is the stage name of Scottish musician David MacGregor, a moniker he adopted in recognition of his poor attempts as a toddler to play his grandfather's chanter, which led to it being hidden from him.

text:
# Broken Chanter

**Broken Chanter** is the stage name of Scottish musician **David MacGregor**, a moniker he adopted in recognition of his poor attempts as a toddler to play his grandfather's chanter, which led to it being hidden from him.

## Career

### Origin and *Broken Chanter* LP

MacGregor was the principal songwriter of Kid Canaveral until guitarist Kate Lazda's departure led to the dissolution of the band in 2017. In early 2018, after writing demos in a closed gift shop in the Highlands and on the Isle of Skye, MacGregor travelled to County Donegal with drummer Audrey Tait and multi-instrumentalist/producer Gal to begin recording an album for an as-yet unnamed solo project. Working on a song a day, starting with a demo in the morning, interspersed with walks on one the numerous local beaches, the trio returned to Glasgow where the recording was finished. The resulting eponymous debut album as Broken Chanter was released to critical acclaim in September 2019 with The Skinny calling it "A Stunning, stately debut", and featured Audrey Tait, Gal, Jill O'Sullivan, Gav Prentice, Kim Carnie, Hannah Shepherd, and Emma Kupa.

### COVID-19 pandemic and *Catastrophe Hits*

With touring to promote *Broken Chanter* cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic, MacGregor spent the many lockdowns recording and releasing ambient and instrumental EPs for Bandcamp Fridays. MacGregor stated that he did this to make sure that was remaining creative during the pandemic-required lockdowns.

MacGregor recorded the second Broken Chanter album at Chem 19 with producer Paul Savage in March and April 2021, having exchanged demos and notes during lockdown prior to in-person pre-production sessions when restrictions allowed. *Catastrophe Hits* was released on 29 October 2021 on Last Night From Glasgow and Olive Grove Records, going on to win The Weekender's *Album of the Year* award, and reaching number 7 in the Scottish Album Chart, number 10 in the UK Vinyl Chart, number 16 in the UK Independent Album Chart, and number 30 in the UK Physical Sales Chart. The album's first single *Extinction Event Souvenir T-shirt* was ranked at number 20 in The Herald's Top 100 songs of 2021, and *So Long! (I'm Not Around)* was ranked at number 44 in The Herald's Top 100 songs of 2022.

### Chemikal Underground and Chorus Of Doubt

Chemikal Underground announced on 30 November 2023 that they had signed Broken Chanter and they would release MacGregor’s third album in early 2024. On 5 April 2024 *Chorus Of Doubt* was released to positive reviews with Uncut Magazine awarding it 8/10 and commenting "*Songwriter David MacGregor’s particular skill is in camouflaging rage, heartbreak, and despair as uplifting earworms. \[Chorus Of Doubt\] shows a band on top of their game…at its best it’s agit-pop with heart.*" *Chorus Of Doubt* reached #99 in the Scottish Album Chart and #48 in the UK Download Chart in its week of release.

In September 2024, *Chorus Of Doubt* was announced on the Longlist of 20 for the 2024 Scottish Album of the Year Award.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Broken Chanter* (6 September 2019)
* *Catastrophe Hits* (29 October 2021) \[#7 SCO; #10 UK Vinyl; #16 UK Indie; #5 UK Indie Breakers; #29 UK Physical\]
* *Chorus Of Doubt*  (5 April 2024) \[#99 SCO; #48 UK Download\]

### Singles

* *Wholesale* (2019)
* *Should We Be Dancing?* (2019)
* *Beside Ourselves* (2020)
* *Extinction Event Souvenir T-Shirt* (2021)
* *Dancing Skeletons* (2021)
* *Allow Yourself* (2022)
* *So Long! (I'm Not Around)* (2022)
* *You’ve Got To Stop Worrying All The Time* (2024)
* *The Rain Doesn’t Only Fall On You* (2024)
* *Gloom Bop* (2024)

### EPs

* *Don't Move to Denmark* (2020)
* *Ambient 1: Music for Airing Cupboards* (2020)
* *Ambient 2: Taking Mount Florida (By Strategy)* (2020)
* *Ambient 3: Here Come The Warm Regrets* (2020)
* *Ambient 4: Another Green Whirl* (2020)
* *Ambient 5: The Shut It Assembly* (2020)
* *Inside Broadcast - RenTV Session* (2021)
* *Horse Island* (2022)

## InfoBox

| Broken Chanter | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | David MacGregor |
| Origin | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Genres | Alternative, indie rock, indie pop, power pop, Post-pop, Folk, electronic, |
| Years active | 2018–present |
| Labels | Chemikal Underground, Last Night From Glasgow, Olive Grove Records |
|  | |
| Website | https://brokenchanter.com |


title: Broken China

abstract: Broken China is the second and final solo album by Pink Floyd keyboardist Richard Wright, released on 7 October 1996.

text:
# Broken China

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Broken China*** is the second and final solo album by Pink Floyd keyboardist Richard Wright, released on 7 October 1996.

## Overview

The album is a four-part concept album based on Wright's then-wife Mildred's battle with depression. Two songs, "Reaching for the Rail" and "Breakthrough" feature Sinéad O'Connor on lead vocals, with Wright singing elsewhere. The album was recorded in Wright's studio in France. *Broken China* was Wright's first solo record since 1978's *Wet Dream* and the last before his death in September 2008.

Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour played on "Breakthrough", but the approach for the song was changed later on, and Gilmour's performance was not used on the finished release. On the DVD *David Gilmour in Concert*, a guest appearance is made by Wright, who sings "Breakthrough" accompanied by Gilmour and his band.

The packaging has artwork by Pink Floyd's regular designer, Storm Thorgerson, and Peter Curzon.

## Track listing

*Broken China* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Breaking Water" | Richard Wright, Anthony Moore | 2:27 |
| 2. | "Night of a Thousand Furry Toys" | Wright, Moore | 4:23 |
| 3. | "Hidden Fear" | Wright, Gerry Gordon | 3:28 |
| 4. | "Runaway" | Moore | 4:00 |
| 5. | "Unfair Ground" | Wright | 2:22 |
| 6. | "Satellite" | Wright | 4:05 |
| 7. | "Woman of Custom" | Moore | 3:44 |
| 8. | "Interlude" | Wright | 1:15 |
| 9. | "Black Cloud" | Wright | 3:20 |
| 10. | "Far from the Harbour Wall" | Wright, Moore | 6:08 |
| 11. | "Drowning" | Wright | 1:38 |
| 12. | "Reaching for the Rail" | Wright, Moore | 6:30 |
| 13. | "Blue Room in Venice" | Wright, Gordon | 2:47 |
| 14. | "Sweet July" | Wright | 4:14 |
| 15. | "Along the Shoreline" | Wright, Moore | 4:36 |
| 16. | "Breakthrough" | Wright, Moore | 4:19 |

## Personnel

### Musicians

### Design

* Storm Thorgerson, Peter Curzon – sleeve design
* Tony May – photography
* Jason Reddy – computer
* Julien Mils, Finlay Cowan – artwork

## Charts

Chart performance for *Broken China*
| Chart (1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 24 |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 52 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 39 |

## InfoBox

| Broken China | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Richard Wright | |
| Released | 7 October 1996 |
| Recorded | Studio Harmonie, France; Whitfield Street Studios, London; RAK Studios and The Astoria |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 59:24 |
| Label |  |
| Producer |  |
| Richard Wright chronology | |
| *Identity*
(1984) ***Broken China***
(1996) | |


title: Saint-Denis-d'Oléron

abstract: Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is a commune on Oléron Island, located in the French department of Charente-Maritime, administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

text:
# Saint-Denis-d'Oléron

**Saint-Denis-d'Oléron** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ dəni dɔleʁɔ̃\], literally *Saint-Denis of Oléron*, before 1962: *Saint-Denis*) is a commune on Oléron Island, located in the French department of Charente-Maritime, administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine (before 2015: Poitou-Charentes).

## Geography

The town of Saint-Denis d'Oléron is located at the northern end of the Île d'Oléron, in the northwest of the Charente-Maritime department.

## Activities

St. Denis-d'Oléron is the northernmost town of the island. As a result, the town has managed to retain an environment in which nature, authenticity and recreation are in perfect harmony.

Among the local activities are: swimming for families on Boirie beach (which is lined with multicolored cabins), sports on the beach, bike trails along the coastline, walks on the marina (with assured access to local gastronomy), sea fishing and boat trips (daily).

The majestic Chassiron lighthouse is near the town, overlooking the Passage of Antioch, with unforgettable views from its summit at 46 meters.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 896 |  |
| 1968 | 901 | +0.6% |
| 1975 | 951 | +5.5% |
| 1982 | 1,004 | +5.6% |
| 1990 | 1,107 | +10.3% |
| 1999 | 1,221 | +10.3% |
| 2008 | 1,283 | +5.1% |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Denis-d'Oléron | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Chassiron lighthouse | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Denis-d'Oléron | |
| Saint-Denis-d'OléronSaint-Denis-d'Oléron | |
| Coordinates: 46°02′01″N 1°22′39″W / 46.0336°N 1.3775°W / 46.0336; -1.3775 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente-Maritime |
| Arrondissement | Rochefort |
| Canton | Île d'Oléron |
| Intercommunality | Île-d'Oléron |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Joseph Huot |
| Area**1** | 11.75 km2 (4.54 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 1,315 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 17323 /17650 |
| Elevation | 0–15 m (0–49 ft)
(avg. 10 m or 33 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Brundtland's First Cabinet

abstract: Brundtland's First Cabinet was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the Labour Cabinet Nordli, and sat between 4 February and 14 October 1981. The cabinet was the first in Norwegian history to be led by a woman. It was replaced by the Conservative Willoch's First Cabinet after the 1981 election.

text:
# Brundtland's First Cabinet

**Brundtland's First Cabinet** was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the Labour Cabinet Nordli, and sat between 4 February and 14 October 1981. The cabinet was the first in Norwegian history to be led by a woman. It was replaced by the Conservative Willoch's First Cabinet after the 1981 election.

## Cabinet members

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Gro Harlem Brundtland | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Knut Frydenlund | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Finance and Customs | Ulf Sand | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Defence | Thorvald Stoltenberg | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Justice and the Police | Bjørn Skau | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Transport and Communications | Ronald Bye | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Local Government and Labour | Harriet Andreassen | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Education and Church Affairs | Einar Førde | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Social Affairs | Arne Nilsen | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Family Affairs and Government Administration | Sissel Rønbeck | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Agriculture | Oskar Øksnes | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Industry | Finn Kristensen | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Trade and Shipping | Kari Gjesteby | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of the Environment | Rolf A. Hansen | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Petroleum and Energy | Arvid Johanson | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Fisheries | Eivind Bolle | 4 February 1981 | 14 October 1981 |  | Labour |

## InfoBox

| Brundtland's First Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
Cabinet of Norway | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 4 February 1981 |
| Date dissolved | 14 October 1981 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Olav V of Norway |
| Head of government | Gro Harlem Brundtland |
| Total no. of members | 17 |
| Member party | Labour Party |
| Status in legislature | Minority government
76 / 155(49.03%)

 |
| History | |
| Election | 1981 parliamentary election |
| Legislature term | 19771981 |
| Outgoing formation | 1981 parliamentary election |
| Predecessor | Nordli's Cabinet |
| Successor | Willoch's First Cabinet |


title: Brundtland's Second Cabinet

abstract: Brundtland's Second Cabinet was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the Conservative Willoch's Second Cabinet, and sat between 9 May 1986 and 16 October 1989. It was replaced by the Conservative/Centre/Christian Democrat cabinet Syse after the 1989 election. The cabinet was historic in that 8 of the 18 members were female, to then the highest female share in a government ever in the world.

text:
# Brundtland's Second Cabinet

**Brundtland's Second Cabinet** was a minority, Labour Government of Norway. It succeeded the Conservative Willoch's Second Cabinet, and sat between 9 May 1986 and 16 October 1989. It was replaced by the Conservative/Centre/Christian Democrat cabinet Syse after the 1989 election. The cabinet was historic in that 8 of the 18 members were female, to then the highest female share in a government ever in the world.

## Cabinet members

Brundtland's cabinet had the following composition.

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Prime Minister | Gro Harlem Brundtland | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Knut Frydenlund | 9 May 1986 | 26 February 1987 |  | Labour |
| | Thorvald Stoltenberg | 9 March 1987 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Finance and Customs | Gunnar Berge | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Defence | Johan Jørgen Holst | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Justice and the Police | Helen Bøsterud | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Transport and Communications | Kjell Borgen | 9 May 1986 | 13 June 1988 |  | Labour |
| | William Engseth | 13 June 1988 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Local Government and Labour | Leif Haraldseth | 9 May 1986 | 20 February 1987 |  | Labour |
| | William Engseth | 20 February 1987 | 13 June 1988 |  | Labour |
| | Kjell Borgen | 13 June 1988 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Education and Church Affairs | Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl | 9 May 1986 | 13 June 1988 |  | Labour |
| | Mary Kvidal | 13 June 1988 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Culture | Hallvard Bakke | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Social Affairs | Tove S. Gerhardsen | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Agriculture | Gunhild Øyangen | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Industry | Finn Kristensen | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Trade and Shipping | Kurt Mosbakk | 9 May 1986 | 13 June 1988 |  | Labour |
| | Jan Balstad | 13 June 1988 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs | Anne-Lise Bakken | 9 May 1986 | 13 June 1988 |  | Labour |
| | Einfrid Halvorsen | 13 June 1988 | 28 April 1989 |  | Labour |
| | Oddrunn Pettersen | 28 April 1989 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of International Development | Vesla Vetlesen | 9 May 1986 | 13 June 1988 |  | Labour |
| | Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl | 13 June 1988 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of the Environment | Sissel Rønbeck | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Petroleum and Energy | Arne Øien | 9 May 1986 | 16 October 1989 |  | Labour |
| Minister of Fisheries
Minister of Nordic Cooperation | Bjarne Mørk-Eidem | 9 May 1986 | 10 October 1989 |  | Labour |

1. Died in office.
2. Johan Jørgen Holst was acting minister from 26 February to 9 March 1987.

## InfoBox

| Brundtland's Second Cabinet | |
| --- | --- |
|
Cabinet of Norway | |
|  | |
| Date formed | 9 May 1986 |
| Date dissolved | 16 October 1989 |
| People and organisations | |
| Head of state | Olav V of Norway |
| Head of government | Gro Harlem Brundtland |
| Ministers removed | 10 |
| Total no. of members | 28 |
| Member party | Labour Party |
| Status in legislature | Minority government
71 / 157(45.22%)

 |
| Opposition party | Conservative Party |
| History | |
| Legislature term | 19851989 |
| Incoming formation | Motion of no confidence in previous government |
| Outgoing formation | 1989 election |
| Predecessor | Willoch's Second Cabinet |
| Successor | Syse's Cabinet |


title: Saboba District

abstract: Saboba District is one of the sixteen districts in Northern Region, Ghana Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Saboba-Chereponi District in 1988, which was created from the former East Dagomba District Council, until the northern part of the district was split off to create Chereponi District on 29 February 2008; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Saboba District. The district assembly is located in the northeast part of Northern Region and has Saboba as its capital town.

text:
# Saboba District

**Saboba District** is one of the sixteen districts in Northern Region, Ghana Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger **Saboba-Chereponi District** in 1988, which was created from the former **East Dagomba District** Council, until the northern part of the district was split off to create **Chereponi District** on 29 February 2008 (which is currently part of North East Region); thus the remaining part has been renamed as **Saboba District**. The district assembly is located in the northeast part of Northern Region and has Saboba as its capital town.

## Religion

Christianity is the dominant religion in the district, with over 68.0 per cent of the population claiming Christianity as their faith. The next populous religion is Islam, 16.0 per cent and traditional religion 9.0 per cent. The rest of the population has no affiliation with any organized religion.

9°42′23.76″N 0°18′59.4″E / 9.7066000°N 0.316500°E / 9.7066000; 0.316500

## InfoBox

| Saboba District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Districts of Northern Region | |
| Saboba DistrictLocation of Saboba District within Northern | |
| Coordinates: 9°42′23.76″N 0°18′59.4″E / 9.7066000°N 0.316500°E / 9.7066000; 0.316500 | |
| Country | Ghana |
| Region | Northern |
| Capital | Saboba |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 95,683 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
| ISO 3166 code | GH-NE-YN |


title: Brsečine

abstract: Brsečine is a village in southern Croatia, administratively located in the City of Dubrovnik, about 1 km from the cove bearing the same name, and 25 km northwest of Dubrovnik. Brsečine is protected from cold, northerly winds by the limestone crests of Kondulo. In the cove is the summer mansion of the Zuzorić family from the 16th century, and above the cove, the fortified mansion of the Ohmućević-Bizzaro family, with a chapel and a park, from the 17th century. The village also features the church of St. George and the ruins of a small church of St. Stephen located next to it.

text:
# Brsečine

**Brsečine** is a village in southern Croatia, administratively located in the City of Dubrovnik, about 1 km from the cove bearing the same name, and 25 km northwest of Dubrovnik. Brsečine is protected from cold, northerly winds by the limestone crests of Kondulo.

In the cove is the summer mansion of the Zuzorić family from the 16th century, and above the cove, the fortified mansion of the Ohmućević-Bizzaro family, with a chapel and a park, from the 17th century. The village also features the church of St. George and the ruins of a small church of St. Stephen located next to it.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 84. Population was 96 in 2011.

Its economy is based on farming and fishing.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Brsečine | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Brsečine | |
| Brsečine | |
| Coordinates: 42°43′49″N 17°57′32″E / 42.73028°N 17.95889°E / 42.73028; 17.95889 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Dubrovnik-Neretva County |
| Municipality | Dubrovnik |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.2 sq mi (3.2 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 84 |
| Density | 68/sq mi (26/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 20235 Zaton Veliki |


title: Brstnik

abstract: Brstnik is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills above the left bank of the Savinja River north of the town of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

text:
# Brstnik

**Brstnik** (pronounced \[bəɾsˈtniːk\]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the hills above the left bank of the Savinja River north of the town of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## InfoBox

| Brstnik | |
| --- | --- |
| BrstnikLocation in Slovenia | |
| Coordinates: 46°10′42.95″N 15°14′48.28″E / 46.1785972°N 15.2467444°E / 46.1785972; 15.2467444 | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Traditional region | Styria |
| Statistical region | Savinja |
| Municipality | Laško |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.9 km2 (0.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 370.4 m (1,215.2 ft) |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 89 |
|  | |


title: Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle

abstract: Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle

**Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ la ɡʁavɛl\]) is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 558 |  |
| 1975 | 556 | −0.05% |
| 1982 | 663 | +2.55% |
| 1990 | 648 | −0.29% |
| 1999 | 687 | +0.65% |
| 2007 | 690 | +0.05% |
| 2012 | 674 | −0.47% |
| 2017 | 717 | +1.24% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Loir | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle | |
| Saint-Hilaire-la-GravelleSaint-Hilaire-la-Gravelle | |
| Coordinates: 47°55′31″N 1°12′27″E / 47.9253°N 1.2075°E / 47.9253; 1.2075 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Loir-et-Cher |
| Arrondissement | Vendôme |
| Canton | Le Perche |
| Intercommunality | Perche et Haut Vendômois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Rémi Penais |
| Area**1** | 17.57 km2 (6.78 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 661 |
| Density | 38/km2 (97/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 41214 /41160 |
| Elevation | 87–172 m (285–564 ft)
(avg. 92 m or 302 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: They Live by Night

abstract: They Live by Night is a 1948 American film noir directed by Nicholas Ray in his directorial debut and starring Cathy O'Donnell and Farley Granger. Based on Edward Anderson's Depression-era novel Thieves Like Us, the film follows a young fugitive who falls in love with a woman and attempts to begin a life with her. The film opened theatrically in London in August 1948 under the title The Twisted Road and was released in the United States by RKO Radio Pictures as They Live by Night in November 1949. Although the film received favorable reviews from film critics, it was a box-office failure, losing the studio $445,000. Although the film is widely considered as the prototype for the "couple on the run" genre and the forerunner to Bonnie and Clyde (1967), the story was first depicted in Fritz Lang's 1937 film You Only Live Once, starring Henry Fonda and Sylvia Sidney. Director Jim Jarmusch cites the film as one of the influences on no wave cinema and his work in general. Robert Altman directed another adaptation of the novel in 1974 using the original title of the novel, Thieves Like Us.

text:
# They Live by Night

***They Live by Night*** is a 1948 American film noir directed by Nicholas Ray in his directorial debut and starring Cathy O'Donnell and Farley Granger. Based on Edward Anderson's Depression-era novel *Thieves Like Us*, the film follows a young fugitive who falls in love with a woman and attempts to begin a life with her.

The film opened theatrically in London in August 1948 under the title *The Twisted Road* and was released in the United States by RKO Radio Pictures as *They Live by Night* in November 1949. Although the film received favorable reviews from film critics, it was a box-office failure, losing the studio 445,000 (equivalent to $5.7 million in 2023).

Although the film is widely considered as the prototype for the "couple on the run" genre and the forerunner to *Bonnie and Clyde* (1967), the story was first depicted in Fritz Lang's 1937 film *You Only Live Once*, starring Henry Fonda and Sylvia Sidney. Director Jim Jarmusch cites the film as one of the influences on no wave cinema and his work in general. Robert Altman directed another adaptation of the novel in 1974 using the original title of the novel, *Thieves Like Us*.

## Plot

Arthur "Bowie" Bowers, a 23-year-old serving a prison sentence for a murder he committed at the age of 16, escapes from prison with two older bank robbers, Chicamaw and T-Dub. The men take shelter with Chicamaw's brother, who operates a service station, and niece Catherine "Keechie" Mobley, who works there. Hoping to also free his incarcerated brother Robert, T-Dub concocts a plan to rob a bank and use the funds to hire a lawyer to prove a wrongful conviction.

The robbery goes smoothly. However, shortly after Bowie crashes his car, Chicamaw kills a police officer who had arrived at the scene. Chicamaw leaves an injured Bowie in the care of Keechie and joins T-Dub in another town. The sheepish Keechie swiftly grows fond of Bowie, who is also shy. They bond over their lack of experience in the world and soon develop a romance. Meanwhile, the press reports heavily on Bowie, wrongly pinning him as the ringleader of the robbery. Bowie and Keechie leave town by bus. Late one night, they find a chapel that performs quick marriages for $20. Bowie asks Keechie to marry him, and she agrees. Hawkins, the local justice of the peace, performs the ceremony and sells the couple a convertible car.

Bowie and Keechie travel to a remote mountain resort where Keechie once stayed during her childhood and rent a cabin there, dreaming living openly together. Chicamaw arrives at the resort after tracking the couple there. He has gambled away his money and wants Bowie to help him and T-Dub commit another robbery. Bowie reluctantly agrees, but Keechie, fearing that Bowie will be killed, gives him his Christmas gift early, a wristwatch. The three men commit another robbery, but T-Dub is killed. Bowie and Chicamaw flee the scene by car. While driving, Bowie learns from a drunken Chicamaw that he is jealous of all the press attention that Bowie and Keechie have received. Bowie eventually forces Chicamaw out of the car at gunpoint.

When Bowie returns to the resort, he learns that Chicamaw was killed in a liquor-store robbery. In radio broadcasts, Bowie is again described as the ringleader of the robbery. Keechie reveals that she is pregnant. The couple depart the resort and head east, traveling mainly at night to not be seen. However, they spend a leisurely time in public, visiting a park and then a nightclub. In the club, Bowie is recognized by a gangster who orders him to leave town. Bowie suggests escaping to Mexico, and Keechie agrees.

Keechie becomes very ill, and they seek refuge at a motel owned by Mattie, T-Dub's sister-in-law. Mattie reluctantly allows them to stay. Bowie visits Hawkins, seeking help to cross the border, but Mattie reluctantly strikes a deal with police to identify Bowie's location in exchange for the release of her convicted husband Robert. Hawkins tells Bowie that he is unable to help him, and Bowie returns to the motel and informs Mattie that he will leave by himself to ensure the safety of Keechie and their unborn child. Mattie is wracked with guilt over her deal with the police but urges that Bowie say a final goodbye to Keechie, hoping to delay him long enough for the police to arrive. He agrees and writes a farewell letter to bring to Keechie. As he is about to enter the cabin, police descend on the scene, provoking Bowie to draw a gun. In response, the police fire, killing Bowie. Keechie, kneeling over Bowie's dead body, reads the farewell letter.

## Cast

## Production

### Development

The novel *Thieves Like Us* by Edward Anderson had been acquired by RKO in 1941 for $10,000 (equivalent to $207,100 in 2023). Numerous writers unsuccessfully tried to adapt the story as a screenplay. According to producer John Houseman, "I found the book and gave it to Nick to read, and he fell madly in love with it–as indeed I did, but Nick particularly was very familiar with that territory. He'd been there when he worked with the Lomaxes, he'd been there when he worked for the Department of Agriculture, and so on. And that whole Depression stuff was terribly his stuff. So he sat down and wrote the treatment. I'd come home at night and we'd go over it; I'd edit it a little, that's all, and it was very, very good." Houseman, who had considerable authority as a producer, repeatedly submitted treatments created by novice director Nicholas Ray.

RKO saw no commercial value in the story, especially because Ray lacked experience as a director. In early 1947, producer Dore Schary became RKO's production chief, hoping to transform it into Hollywood's most adventurous studio. Schary read Ray's treatment and signed Ray to a studio contract.

Houseman hired Charles Schnee to write the screenplay, but Houseman did not want Schnee to alter Ray's treatment. Ray and Schnee worked together to adapt the treatment into a completed script, which was submitted to RKO in May 1947.

### Casting

Houseman arranged for Farley Granger to test for RKO, and Ray was convinced that he had found Bowie. Granger suggested Cathy O'Donnell for the female lead part. Both Granger and O'Donnell were under contract to Samuel Goldwyn and had limited acting experience. Granger had appeared in just two films before his World War II service, while O'Donnell had just made the classic *The Best Years of Our Lives* (1946). Ray insisted on the casting of Granger and O'Donnell. Granger later said: "Ray and John Houseman were among the few people who fought for me in my career. They said no, we will not make the film without him. When Nick believed in you, he was very loyal." In his autobiography, Granger listed *They Live by Night* among his favorite films.

Many of the supporting cast and minor characters were played by friends of Houseman and Ray. RKO contract player Robert Mitchum wanted the part of Chicamaw, but as he was a rising star who had recently received an Oscar nomination, RKO deemed the role of a bank robber unfit for him. The role of Chicamaw went to Howard Da Silva, who had made an impression in Marc Blitzstein's musical *The Cradle Will Rock* (1937), produced by Houseman. Other minor roles were played by people whom Ray knew from the New York theater, including Marie Bryant from *Beggar's Holiday* as a nightclub singer, Curt Conway and Will Lee, who would later play Mr. Hooper on the children's television series *Sesame Street*.

### Filming

Filming began on June 23, 1947, with the opening scene, a tracking shot of Bowie, T-Dub and Chickamaw escaping from prison in a stolen car. The action sequence was filmed from a helicopter, making *They Live by Night* the first major studio production to do so, predating James Wong Howe's celebrated final helicopter shot in *Picnic* by eight years. Four takes were required, and the second take was used in the final cut.

As Orson Welles had done in his directorial debut, *Citizen Kane* (1941), also made at RKO for Houseman, Ray experimented with sound and cinematography. Ray's biographer noted: "Only Welles similarly tried to define acoustic and even verbal textures as much as the visual." Renowned film editor Sherman Todd also urged Ray to experiment and defy convention. Exteriors were filmed both on location and at RKO's movie ranch in Encino, but Todd's editing blended the sequences well.

Filming completed in October 1947. Despite an excellent preview, RKO was unsure about how to market the film and studio head Howard Hughes shelved it for two years before releasing it to a single theater in the UK to enthusiastic reviews. The film was finally released in the U.S. in November 1949 under the title *They Live by Night* rather than the source novel's title of *Thieves Like Us*. The title was determined by audience poll and was favored by Hughes.

## Release

### Box office

The film recorded a loss of $445,000 (equivalent to $5.7 million in 2023).

### Critical response

In a contemporary review for *The New York Times*, critic Bosley Crowther called *They Live by Night* a "commonplace little story" and wrote: "Although it—like others—is misguided in its sympathies for a youthful crook, this crime-and-compassion melodrama has the virtues of vigor and restraint ... 'They Live by Night' has the failing of waxing sentimental over crime, but it manages to generate interest with its crisp dramatic movement and clear-cut types."

### Home media

The film was issued on Blu-ray and DVD by the Criterion Collection in August 2017.

## InfoBox

| They Live by Night | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Nicholas Ray |
| Screenplay by | Charles Schnee
Nicholas Ray |
| Based on | *Thieves Like Us*
1937 novel
by Edward Anderson |
| Produced by | John Houseman |
| Starring | Farley Granger
Cathy O'Donnell
Howard Da Silva |
| Cinematography | George E. Diskant |
| Edited by | Sherman Todd |
| Music by | Leigh Harline |
| Production
company | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
| Release dates | * August 1948 (1948-08) (London) * November 5, 1949 (1949-11-05) (U.S.) |
| Running time | 95 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Rough Island Story

abstract: Rough Island Story was a British television series which aired on the BBC during 1939. Consisting of six 25-minute episodes, the series provided an outline of British history using maps, pictures and film, and featured Harold Nicolson and J. F. Horrabin. None of the episodes still exist, as it aired live, and methods to record live television did not exist until late 1947, and were used very rarely by the BBC until around 1953

text:
# Rough Island Story

***Rough Island Story*** was a British television series which aired on the BBC during 1939. Consisting of six 25-minute episodes, the series provided an outline of British history using maps, pictures and film, and featured Harold Nicolson and J. F. Horrabin.

None of the episodes still exist, as it aired live, and methods to record live television did not exist until late 1947, and were used very rarely by the BBC until around 1953

## Episode list

* *Before 1066* (15 May 1939)
* *Towns and Trades* (7 June 1939)
* *Opening the Atlantic* (19 June 1939)
* *The Lure of the Indies* (28 June 1939)
* *The New World* (19 July 1939)
* *Steel and Steam* (26 July 1939)

1. "Schedule - BBC Programme Index".


title: Johnny Robinson (defensive tackle)

abstract: Johnny Dean Robinson is an American former professional football player who a defensive tackle for the Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Louisiana Tech University.

text:
# Johnny Robinson (defensive tackle)

**Johnny Dean Robinson** (born February 14, 1959) is an American former professional football player who a defensive tackle for the Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Louisiana Tech University.

## InfoBox

Johnny Robinson
| No. 68 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1959-02-14) February 14, 1959<br>Jonesboro, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) |
| Weight: | 260 lb (118 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Ruston (Ruston, Louisiana) |
| College: | Louisiana Tech |
| NFL draft: | 1981 / round: 4 / pick: 111 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Sacks: 4.0  Fumble recoveries: 1  Safeties: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Punto Fijo

abstract: Punto Fijo is the capital city of the municipality of Carirubana in northern Falcón State, Venezuela. It is located on the southwestern coast of the Paraguaná Peninsula. Its metropolitan area includes the parishes of Norte, Carirubana, Punta Cardón and the parish of Judibana in the municipality of Los Taques. Punto Fijo is the largest city in Falcón State.

text:
# Punto Fijo

**Punto Fijo** is the capital city of the municipality of Carirubana in northern Falcón State, Venezuela. It is located on the southwestern coast of the Paraguaná Peninsula. Its metropolitan area includes the parishes of Norte, Carirubana, Punta Cardón and the parish of Judibana in the municipality of Los Taques. Punto Fijo is the largest city in Falcón State.

## History

Punto Fijo was founded in the early 1940s, on the outskirts of two refinery operations established by Standard Oil and Shell during the 1940s. Despite the name of the 1958 Puntofijo Pact, Punto Fijo is unrelated to the pact (the pact was signed at Puntofijo Residence in Caracas). Punto Fijo has an estimated population of 270,000 (est. 2002 census), mostly in the urban center.

Punto Fijo's name is commonly attributed to the late Rafael González Estaba, former city historian, who said that the place where the city now stands was a common stop (the "fixed point") for passers-by and fishermen.

## Economy

Punto Fijo has the world's second largest oil refinery complex, the Paraguaná Refinery Complex (CRP is its Spanish acronym), which consists of the Amuay and Cardón Refineries (both part of the CRP). The operation once refined around 1 million barrels per day, and all of these petroleum products were fuel for the local and regional economy. Also, Punto Fijo possesses the second most important fishing fleet in Venezuela, and has an industrial zone where electronics plants and light machinery plants are located. Punto Fijo includes a Free Zone for Touristic Investment allowing importation of goods free of tariffs.

The progressive development that Punto Fijo is facing currently has given incentive to local, municipal, state and national authorities to carry out public building works that the city needed years ago. This includes the main bus station, repairs to public roads, and settlement of a new thermoelectricity energy plant "Josefa Camejo". The private sector has made investments as well, like the Sambil Mall Paraguaná, and Paraguaná Mall. These new complexes now join the Centro Comercial y Recreacional Las Virtudes Mall.

## Transportation

Punto Fijo is crisscrossed from north to south and east to west by numerous avenues. A new bus terminal is under construction and expected to be ready by beginning 2010. The city is linked to Coro with a modern two-laned highway passing through the whole isthmus offering great views of the Médanos de Coro National Park as well as flora found in this semi-arid region. The air transport needs of Punto Fijo's are served by Las Piedras Airport, also known as Josefa Camejo International Airport.

## Geography

The city is located on the southwestern coast of the Paraguaná Peninsula. Its metropolitan area includes the parishes of Norte, Carirubana, Punta Cardón and the parish of Judibana in the municipality of Los Taques. It is the largest city in Falcón State.

### Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Punto Fijo has a hot arid climate, abbreviated as *BWh*. The weather is hot year round. The majority of the scanty rain falls from August to December, but the city is the driest in South America outside the Arid Diagonal, receiving only around 180 millimetres or 7 inches of rainfall per year – only a third as much as semiarid Maracaibo and Riohacha.

| Climate data for Punto Fijo | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.8
(85.6) | 30.0
(86.0) | 30.6
(87.1) | 31.3
(88.3) | 31.8
(89.2) | 32.3
(90.1) | 32.4
(90.3) | 33.1
(91.6) | 32.7
(90.9) | 31.5
(88.7) | 30.5
(86.9) | 30.0
(86.0) | 31.3
(88.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.2
(79.2) | 26.3
(79.3) | 26.8
(80.2) | 27.4
(81.3) | 28.0
(82.4) | 28.3
(82.9) | 28.3
(82.9) | 28.9
(84.0) | 28.9
(84.0) | 28.2
(82.8) | 27.5
(81.5) | 26.8
(80.2) | 27.6
(81.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.1
(75.4) | 24.0
(75.2) | 24.4
(75.9) | 25.2
(77.4) | 25.8
(78.4) | 26.0
(78.8) | 25.8
(78.4) | 26.4
(79.5) | 26.5
(79.7) | 26.1
(79.0) | 25.5
(77.9) | 24.8
(76.6) | 25.4
(77.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 8
(0.3) | 5
(0.2) | 6
(0.2) | 13
(0.5) | 30
(1.2) | 10
(0.4) | 7
(0.3) | 15
(0.6) | 52
(2.0) | 82
(3.2) | 67
(2.6) | 25
(1.0) | 320
(12.5) |
| Average precipitation days | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 41 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 73 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 75 | 78 | 79 | 77 | 75 |
| Source: Climatedata.org | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Punto Fijo | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Punto Fijo Church | |
|  | |
| Nickname: "La Ciudad del Viento" | |
| Punto Fijo | |
| Coordinates: 11°43′N 70°11′W / 11.717°N 70.183°W / 11.717; -70.183 | |
| Country | Venezuela |
| State | Falcón |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor–council |
| Body | Alcaldía de Carirubana |
| Elevation | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| Total | 131,784 |
| Demonym | Puntofijense |
| Time zone | UTC-04:00 (VST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-04:00 (not observed) |
| Postal coded | 4102 |
| Area code | 269 |
| ISO 3166 code | VE-A |
| Climate | BWh |
| The area and population figures are for the municipality. | |


title: David Vigor

abstract: David Bernard Vigor was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Senate, representing the Australian Democrats and the Unite Australia Party. Born in Elbeuf, France to an English mother and French father, the infant Vigor and his family caught the last ferry to England prior to the start of World War II. After returning to France at war's end, the Vigor family migrated to Adelaide, Australia in 1951. Vigor attended Adelaide Boys High School and the University of Adelaide, graduating in pure mathematics and French, and then transferred to Monash University as one of its first intake of research students. It was here Vigor met his future wife, Susan. Following his period at Monash, Vigor lectured in Glasgow for three years while he conducted ground breaking research into data representation and machine intelligence, placing him at the forefront of Information Technology research. After a period based in London working as a consultant on IT and data collection issues, Vigor returned to Adelaide in 1971 as the director of the South Australian Institute of Technology Computer Centre. Vigor joined the Liberal Movement soon after its formation and drafted its education and rural policies. Following the party's dissolution, Vigor joined the New LM of Robin Millhouse and was heavily involved in founding the Australian Democrats in 1977. After unsuccessfully contesting the 1980 and 1983 federal elections, Vigor gained pre-selection to the No. 1 position on the South Australian Democrats' Senate ticket at the 1984 election and gained election as a senator for that state. As a senator, Vigor was notable for his lengthy questioning of government policy during Senate committees and Question Time. He also worked on issues like a scheme to provide risk capital to inventors, effective labelling and packaging of consumer products, the introduction of the Hare-Clark voting system to the Australian Capital Territory, highlighting problems with the Australia Card and banning smoking on aircraft. Vigor was the first politician to attempt to legislate a class actions regime in Australia. Vigor's time in the Senate was cut short when the Hawke Labor government called a double dissolution election in 1987. He lost pre-selection for the winnable first position on the Democrats' Senate ticket to party leader Janine Haines and, in response, joined fellow disaffected Democrat Senator John Siddons's Unite Australia Party (UAP). Vigor stood unsuccessfully as the UAP's lead South Australian Senate candidate at the 1987 election and returned to computer consultancy and software development. Vigor died from a heart attack at his home in Sandy Creek, South Australia, aged 58, survived by his wife, five sons, two daughters and seven grandchildren.

text:
# David Vigor

**David Bernard Vigor** (26 June 1939  9 April 1998) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Senate, representing the Australian Democrats and the Unite Australia Party.

Born in Elbeuf, France to an English mother and French father, the infant Vigor and his family caught the last ferry to England prior to the start of World War II. After returning to France at war's end, the Vigor family migrated to Adelaide, Australia in 1951.

Vigor attended Adelaide Boys High School and the University of Adelaide, graduating in pure mathematics and French, and then transferred to Monash University as one of its first intake of research students. It was here Vigor met his future wife, Susan.

Following his period at Monash, Vigor lectured in Glasgow for three years while he conducted ground breaking research into data representation and machine intelligence, placing him at the forefront of Information Technology research. After a period based in London working as a consultant on IT and data collection issues, Vigor returned to Adelaide in 1971 as the director of the South Australian Institute of Technology (now the University of South Australia) Computer Centre.

Vigor joined the Liberal Movement soon after its formation and drafted its education and rural policies. Following the party's dissolution, Vigor joined the New LM of Robin Millhouse and was heavily involved in founding the Australian Democrats in 1977.

After unsuccessfully contesting the 1980 and 1983 federal elections, Vigor gained pre-selection to the No. 1 position on the South Australian Democrats' Senate ticket at the 1984 election and gained election as a senator for that state.

As a senator, Vigor was notable for his lengthy questioning of government policy during Senate committees and Question Time. He also worked on issues like a scheme to provide risk capital to inventors, effective labelling and packaging of consumer products, the introduction of the Hare-Clark voting system to the Australian Capital Territory, highlighting problems with the Australia Card and banning smoking on aircraft. Vigor was the first politician to attempt to legislate a class actions regime in Australia.

Vigor's time in the Senate was cut short when the Hawke Labor government called a double dissolution election in 1987. He lost pre-selection for the winnable first position on the Democrats' Senate ticket to party leader Janine Haines and, in response, joined fellow disaffected Democrat Senator John Siddons's Unite Australia Party (UAP). Vigor stood unsuccessfully as the UAP's lead South Australian Senate candidate at the 1987 election and returned to computer consultancy and software development.

Vigor died from a heart attack at his home in Sandy Creek, South Australia, aged 58, survived by his wife, five sons, two daughters and seven grandchildren.

* Musidlak, Bogey (1998). "Obituary—Man of conscience mixed science with his politics", *The Australian*, p. 17, 20 April 1998.

## InfoBox

| David Vigor | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Senator for South Australia | |
| **In office**
1 December 1984  5 June 1987 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-06-24)24 June 1939
Elbeuf, France |
| Died | 9 April 1998(1998-04-09) (aged 58)
Sandy Creek, South Australia |
| Political party | Democrats (198487)
Unite Australia (1987) |
| Spouse | Susan Vigor (nee Broome) |
|  | |


title: Croydon North, Victoria

abstract: Croydon North is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 31 kilometres (19 mi) east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maroondah local government area. Croydon North recorded a population of 8,092 at the 2021 census. Croydon has 3 major shopping strips, two on either side of Maroondah Highway and the other on Exeter Road just next to Kinta Ct. Croydon North is within the City of Maroondah and is in the Barngeong ward (effective 24 August 2020) which is currently represented by Independent Chris Jones. The area is served by both the MFB and CFA. The suburb is home to plenty parks, paths and reserves and has a great recreational walking and cycling culture.

text:
# Croydon North, Victoria

**Croydon North** is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 31 kilometres (19 mi) east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Maroondah local government area. Croydon North recorded a population of 8,092 at the 2021 census.

Croydon has 3 major shopping strips, two on either side of Maroondah Highway (continuing shortly down Dorset and Exeter roads) and the other on Exeter Road just next to Kinta Ct.

Croydon North is within the City of Maroondah and is in the Barngeong ward *(effective 24 August 2020)* which is currently represented by Independent Chris Jones. The area is served by both the MFB and CFA. The suburb is home to plenty parks, paths and reserves and has a great recreational walking and cycling culture.

## History

Croydon North began as a small settlement on the Brushy Creek. and the area was aptly named Brushy Creek. A hotel was built near the creek in 1855 and another was built ten years later a few kilometres north. In 1878 a school was built in the area, a church, and post office soon followed. The area was served by Cobb and Co coach which ran from Kew.

The Post Office opened on 1 November 1925 in the then rural area. Today it runs only as a newsagent.

In 1927 Dame Nellie Melba opened the Croydon North Hall, which is now a sewing school (on Exeter Road). It was made of strong Australian timber, something Dame Nellie Melba was very proud of.

The area was primarily developed in the 60s-80s but has also seen recent development in the form of property subdivisions.

In April 2022, a woman of 35, Chen Cheng, was murdered by her husband at their 1/26 Patrick Avenue, Croydon North home. Detectives and forensic officers attended the scene afterwards. Her husband Adam Brown, was charged with murdering his wife and pleaded guilty early in the legal process..

## Public Transport

Croydon North is served by Ventura Bus Services, linking residents to Croydon, Ringwood, Chirnside Park, Lilydale. & Knox. Croydon North also has a V/line Stop along the Melbourne to Mansfield coach service. - The stop is located at the Maroondah Hwy/ Exeter Road Bus Stop and is simply named 'Croydon'. The 684 passes through but does not stop. All other public buses run between Croydon Station and Chirnside Park Shopping Centre. The area is also Served by night services on Route 670 operating Friday and Saturday nights.

Routes:

* 671 Croydon to Chirnside via Croydon North
* 670 Lilydale To Ringwood via Croydon and Chirnside
* 664 Chirnside to Knox SC
* V/Line Service: Southern Cross to Mansfield via Croydon

## Education

Croydon North has 2 schools, both of which are for primary education.

These are:

* Yarra Road Primary School, established in 1925 for the then growing population west of central Croydon North
* Village School, A school built on 8 acres and set up to "provide an alternative learning experience"

Croydon North also has 3 Kindergartens. These are:

* Barngeong Reserve Kindergarten
* Croydon North Kindergarten
* Milestone Child Care and Kindergarten

## Shopping

The main shopping / retail strip is located on both sides of the Maroondah Highway and along Exeter Road.

On the west side of Maroondah Highway there is a: Coles, Bottle-o, Chemist, Aussie Bank, Cafe, Bike shop, Fish and Chips shop, News Agents, Cheese Cake Factory, Optometrist, Florist, Bakery, a burger place and many other stores. On the Eastern side, there is a Tattoo shop, a Thai restaurant and a United Petrol Station.

## InfoBox

| Croydon North
Melbourne, Victoria | |
| --- | --- |
| 670 bus in Croydon North | |
| Croydon North | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 37°46′26″S 145°17′10″E / 37.774°S 145.286°E / -37.774; 145.286 |
| Population | 8,092 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 2,020/km2 (5,200/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 3136 |
| Elevation | 120 m (394 ft) |
| Area | 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi) |
| Location | 31 km (19 mi) E of Melbourne CBD (Central Melbourne) |
| LGA(s) | City of Maroondah |
| County | Evelyn |
| State electorate(s) | Croydon |
| Federal division(s) | Deakin |
| **Suburbs around Croydon North:**  Wonga Park Wonga Park Chirnside Park  Croydon Hills Croydon North Mooroolbark  Croydon Hills Croydon Croydon | |


title: Chris Temple

abstract: Chris Temple is an American documentary filmmaker. In 2012, he co-founded the non-profit production company Optimist with Zach Ingrasci.

text:
# Chris Temple

**Chris Temple** (born May 20, 1989) is an American documentary filmmaker. In 2012, he co-founded the non-profit production company Optimist with Zach Ingrasci.

## Career

Temple's first documentary was *Living on One Dollar* in 2012. The film focuses on life in extreme poverty in the rural Guatemalan town of Pena Blanca. It was co-created with Zach Ingrasci, Sean Leonard, and Ryan Christoffersen. The film released on Netflix in 2015.

In 2015, Temple co-directed his second documentary *Salam Neighbor*. The film documents life inside of the Za'atari refugee camp and was a co-production with 1001 Media. The film premiered at AFI Docs film festival in 2015 and released on Netflix in 2016. The film was awarded the 2016 Muslim Public Affairs Council Annual Media Awards.

Temple's filmography also includes co-directing *The Undocumented Lawyer* (HBO 2020), *Five Years North* (PBS, 2020), *Free to Care* (2022), *This Is Not Financial Advice* (Tribeca, 2023), and *Vitalik: An Ethereum Story* (2024). He produced *Rosa - These Storms* (The Atlantic, 2016) and *Paperboy Love Prince Runs for Mayor* (2022). Temple is also a frequent keynote speaker and contributor to the Huffington Post.

His most recent documentary, *This Is Not Financial Advice,* premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in June 2023. According to Investopedia, it "shows the human side of crypto, meme craze, and influencers." As the Verge put it, "unlike other efforts to document the boom of retail investing, *This Is Not Financial Advice* isn't a cheap content grab. This beautifully shot and scored documentary from Chris Temple and Zach Ingrasci is a genuine, if slightly naive, piece of art."

## Directing filmography

| Year | Title | Director | Producer | Exec Producer | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | *Vitalik: An Ethereum Story* |  |  |  | Feature Documentary |
| 2024 | *All Things Metal* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2024 | *Champions of the Golden Valley* |  |  |  | Feature Documentary |
| 2023 | *This Is Not Financial Advice* |  |  |  | Feature Documentary |
| 2023 | *Abundance* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2022 | *Free to Care* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2022 | *Paperboy Love Prince* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2021 | *Five Years North* |  |  |  | Feature Documentary |
| 2021 | *The Urchin Diver* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2020 | *The Undocumented Lawyer* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2016 | *For My Son* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2016 | *Salam Neighbor* |  |  |  | Feature Documentary |
| 2015 | *Rosa - These Storms* |  |  |  | Short Documentary |
| 2012 | *Living on One Dollar* |  |  |  | Feature Documentary |

## Awards

* 2015 Top 100 Visionary Leaders by Real Leaders Magazine
* 2017 Daily Point of Light Award
* 2020 DuPont-Columbia Award Finalist for outstanding journalism
* 2022 Imagen Award Finalist
* 2022 40 Under 40 by HBO and DOC NYC
* 2024 Nominee for the Astra Award for Best Feature Documentary


title: Elba Township, Winona County, Minnesota

abstract: Elba Township is a township in Winona County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 311 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Elba Township, Winona County, Minnesota

**Elba Township** is a township in Winona County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 311 at the 2010 census.

## History

Elba Township was organized in 1858, and named after Elba, in Italy. Two properties in the township are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the circa-1858 William Hemmelberg House and the New Deal structures of Whitewater State Park, built 1934–1941.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.4 square miles (87 km2); 33.3 square miles (86 km2) is land and 0.03% is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 263 people, 91 households, and 74 families residing in the township. The population density was 7.9 inhabitants per square mile (3.1/km2). There were 108 housing units at an average density of 3.2 per square mile (1.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.10% White and 1.90% African American.

There were 91 households, out of which 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.2% were married couples living together, 1.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $43,750, and the median income for a family was $60,000. Males had a median income of $37,000 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,246. About 2.8% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 and older.

## InfoBox

| Elba Township, Minnesota | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Elba City Hall and Elba Town Hall | |
| Elba Township, MinnesotaLocation within the state of MinnesotaElba Township, MinnesotaElba Township, Minnesota (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 44°4′16″N 92°1′16″W / 44.07111°N 92.02111°W / 44.07111; -92.02111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Winona |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.4 sq mi (86.4 km2) |
| Land | 33.4 sq mi (86.4 km2) |
| Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,096 ft (334 m) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 311 |
| Density | 9.3/sq mi (3.6/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 55910 |
| Area code | 507 |
| FIPS code | 27-18404 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0664059 |


title: Empire State Cobras

abstract: The Empire State Cobras were a one-year franchise in Roller Hockey International during the summer of 1996, based in Glens Falls, New York. The Cobras drew fewer than 1,000 per game at home and owner Jerry Shorthouse ran out of money before the end of the season. Most of the Cobras’ roster came over from the defunct Buffalo Stampede franchise (1994-1995), which won RHI’s Murphy Cup in 1994. Although the club was good and won the Atlantic Division with a 16-7-5 record, the Cobras reportedly had to sell their home court advantage in the playoffs to the lower-seeded Orlando Jackals. They lost to the eventual champion Jackals in the first round. In January 1997, the Cobras returned to Buffalo under new ownership and changed their name to the Buffalo Wings. Roller Hockey International suspended operations in late 1997. After sitting out 1998, the league re-organized for one final season in 1999 and then folded.

text:
# Empire State Cobras

The **Empire State Cobras** were a one-year franchise in Roller Hockey International during the summer of 1996, based in Glens Falls, New York. The Cobras drew fewer than 1,000 per game at home and owner Jerry Shorthouse ran out of money before the end of the season.

Most of the Cobras’ roster came over from the defunct Buffalo Stampede franchise (1994-1995), which won RHI’s Murphy Cup in 1994. Although the club was good and won the Atlantic Division with a 16-7-5 record, the Cobras reportedly had to sell their home court advantage in the playoffs to the lower-seeded Orlando Jackals. They lost to the eventual champion Jackals in the first round. In January 1997, the Cobras returned to Buffalo under new ownership and changed their name to the Buffalo Wings. Roller Hockey International suspended operations in late 1997. After sitting out 1998, the league re-organized for one final season in 1999 and then folded.

## InfoBox

| Empire State Cobras | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Glens Falls, New York |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Home arena | Glens Falls Civic Center |
| Colors | Black, Red, Grey, White |
| Murphy Cups | None |
| Conference Championships | None |
| Division Championships | 1996 |
|  | |
| Franchise history | |
| **Phoenix Cobras**
(1994 - 1995)
**Empire State Cobras**
(1996)

**Buffalo Wings**
(1997 - 1999) | |


title: Poliya

abstract: Poliya Composite Resins and Polymers, Inc. (Poliya) was founded in 1983 and specializes in developing and manufacturing polymers and composite resins. Poliya's headquarters are located in Istanbul, Turkey with other Poliya locations and manufacturing facilities in Turkey and Russia. As of 2022, Poliya is listed in the Top 500 largest companies of Turkey. Most widely known for their flagship product, Polijel high performance gelcoat series, the company also manufactures UPE-polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, pigment color pastes, solid surface chips, adhesives, bonding pastes, mold release agents and waxes. Poliya's diverse product portfolio makes it a thriving international company. As the industry leader, Poliya serves 25 countries throughout the world and is the fastest-growing composite resin manufacturer in Europe. The company is a member of the European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic), Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the Turkish Composites Manufacturers Association.

text:
# Poliya

**Poliya Composite Resins and Polymers, Inc. (Poliya)** was founded in 1983 and specializes in developing and manufacturing polymers and composite resins. Poliya's headquarters are located in Istanbul, Turkey with other Poliya locations and manufacturing facilities in Turkey and Russia.

As of 2022, Poliya is listed in the Top 500 largest companies of Turkey. Most widely known for their flagship product, Polijel high performance gelcoat series, the company also manufactures UPE-polyester resins, vinyl ester resins, pigment color pastes, solid surface chips, adhesives, bonding pastes, mold release agents and waxes. Poliya's diverse product portfolio makes it a thriving international company. As the industry leader, Poliya serves 25 countries throughout the world and is the fastest-growing composite resin manufacturer in Europe.

The company is a member of the European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic), Turkish Chemical Manufacturers Association, and the Turkish Composites Manufacturers Association.

## History

Ismet Cakar, a chemical engineer, began making early contributions to polyester resin modification and gelcoat UV stabilizers. Cakar worked on polymerization and resins at Ilkester, leaving to found a start-up. In 1983, Cakar launched the company that would become Poliya. Early on, Poliya recognized that composite materials would need special functions under different usage conditions (UV resistant, chemical resistant, etc.), and these composite resins would be required in various low weight and corrosion resistant applications which would require similar modification technology.

## Research

Poliya contributes scientific research and local industrial activities in Turkey, which has a short history starting in the 1980s. Most recently, Poliya sponsored the first TURK-KOMPOZIT 2013 Composites Event. Other research and events include Polymeric Composites Symposium, Exhibition and Workshops. Sakarya University Advanced Applied Technologies – Saugar X7 and Sahimo projects as well as Yildiz Technical University AE2 Project and many others to support students and colleges. Also Poliya took place in TUBİTAK-TEYDEP Technology and Innovation Support Programs. Poliya also took part in Industrial Partnership Program designed by TUBITAK-MAM and supported by World Bank About nanocomposites research, Poliya in partnership with Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg and IYTE has created a joint project and published various scientific articles about polyester resin and carbon nano tubes for the advancement of nanocomposite knowledge. Another joint project created by Poliya and Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies of scientific studies was about the use of Biocides and silver ions with Polijel gelcoats in the marine environment.

## Organization

Poliya's core businesses focus on composite performance materials, composite adhesives, composite coatings, solid surface materials, pigment color pastes and release agent technologies, which have been supplemented through several notable expansions. It has also divested itself of less profitable segments.

## Composite performance materials

Combining Polipol polyester resins and Polives vinyl ester resin as well as gelcoat products, composite performance materials provide products for the construction, transport, marine, defense, wind energy, sports equipment, chemical containment industries. The main manufacturing plant is located in Southeastern Europe, Cerkezkoy-Turkey.

## InfoBox

Poliya Composite Resins and Polymers Inc.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry |  |
| Founded | 1983 |
| Founder | Ismet Cakar, Guzin Cakar |
| Headquarters | Istanbul, Turkey |
| Area served | Turkey, Europe, Americas, Middle East, Africa |
| Key people | * Ozgur Cakar (CEO) * Cem Gurkan (MD) * Seher Bayrak (CFO) |
| Products | Composites, Polyester resins, Gelcoat, Vinyl ester resin |
| Revenue | US$160 million (2022) |
| Number of employees | 160 (2022) |
| Website | poliya.com |


title: Bruce Gamble (author)

abstract: Bruce Gamble is an American historian, an author, and United States Military veteran. As a historian, Gamble specializes in World War II in the Pacific, and has written seven books on this particular topic.

text:
# Bruce Gamble (author)

**Bruce Gamble** is an American historian, an author, and United States Military veteran. As a historian, Gamble specializes in World War II in the Pacific, and has written seven books on this particular topic.

## Early life and education

Gamble was born on December 7, the anniversary of the Attack on Pearl Harbor. He grew up in Central Pennsylvania. Gamble comes from a family of military aviators. His father was a B-29 pilot in the Pacific and his uncle was a B-17 navigator in New Guinea.

Gamble graduated from Pennsylvania State University in 1980 with a degree in pre-law. Following his graduation, Gamble attended Aviation Officer Candidate School, and was commissioned at Pensacola, Florida. In 1982, he was "winged" as a Naval Flight Officer.

## Career

Gamble spent eight years in naval aviation during the Cold War, where he specialized in electronic warfare. For three years he flew as a navigator on EA-3B Skywarriors, logging nearly 1,000 hours. He was deployed aboard aircraft carriers in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Following this, Gamble returned to Pensacola, where he instructed student naval flight officers in T-47 Citation II jets for two years. In 1988, he was diagnosed with a malignant spinal cord tumor. After undergoing surgery, he medically retired and began using a wheelchair. Gamble has been cancer-free for over twenty years.

Gamble began to volunteer at the National Museum of Naval Aviation after his retirement at the age of 30. He also worked part-time for the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation as the staff historian. During his time there, he collected interviews with aviators and wrote for their magazine, *Foundations.*

Gamble embarked on a career as a freelance writer. His first book, *The Black Sheep*, was published in 1998. His books all focus on World War II, specifically in the Pacific region. Three of Gamble's books center on the VMA-214, also known as the "Black Sheep" squadron of World War II. Gamble wrote a biography on Pappy Boyington, a United States Marine Corps fighter ace. He is the author of the Rabaul trilogy series. Gamble's books have acquired praise from Publishers Weekly and Booklist.

He has been a featured historian on various documentaries produced by History Channel, Fox News Channel, PBS, and Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

Gamble is a lifetime member of the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation and Paralyzed Veterans of America.

## Awards

Gamble's book, *Fortress Rabaul*, won the Gold Medal from the Military Writers Society of America and the "Editor's Choice Award" from Stone & Stone Second World War Books.

In 2010, he received the Admiral Arthur W. Radford award for excellence in naval aviation history and literature, presented by the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation.

In 2013, he won a Florida Book Award.

## Published work

* Gamble, Bruce (2018). *Kangaroo Squadron: American Courage in the Darkest Days of World War II*. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306903120.
* Gamble, Bruce (2014). *Invasion Rabaul: The Epic Story of Lark Force, the Forgotten Garrison, January-July 1942*. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0760345917.
* Gamble, Bruce (2013). *Target: Rabaul: The Allied Siege of Japan's Most Infamous Stronghold, March 1943-August 1945*. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0760344071.
* Gamble, Bruce (2012). *Swashbucklers and Black Sheep: A Pictorial History of Marine Fighting Squadron 214 in World War II*. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0760342503.
* Gamble, Bruce (2010). *Fortress Rabaul: The Battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942-April 1943*. Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0760345597.
* Gamble, Bruce (2000). *Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington*. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0891418016.
* Gamble, Bruce (1998). *The Black Sheep: The Definitive Account of Marine Fighting Squadron 214 in World War II*. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0891418252.

## InfoBox

| Bruce Gamble | |
| --- | --- |
| Occupation | Writer, Historian, and U.S. Military Veteran |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Pennsylvania State University |
| Subject | World War II, Pacific |
| Notable awards | Admiral Arthur W. Radford Award, Gold Medal from the Military Writer's Society of America, Editor's Choice Award from Stone and Stone Second World War Books, and Florida Book Award |
| Website | |
| brucegamble.com | |