title: Bismarck-Oberlyzeum

abstract: The Bismarck-Oberlyzeum was a girls' gymnasium in Königsberg, Germany. It was named after statesman Otto von Bismarck.

text:
# Bismarck-Oberlyzeum

The **Bismarck-Oberlyzeum** was a girls' gymnasium in Königsberg, Germany. It was named after statesman Otto von Bismarck.

## History

The Frankenbergsches Lyzeum on Prinzenstraße in Sackheim was led by Hermine Lewitz and Helene von Frankenberg. When the Rauschningsche Schule was converted into a Mittelschule in 1925, its lyzeum classes were transferred to the Frankenbergsches Lyzeum, which was acquired by the city of Königsberg in 1925. It was renamed the Bismark-Lyzeum in 1930.

In 1931 the school was renamed the Bismarck-Oberlyzeum and acquired the closed Arnheim-Lyzeum of Tragheimer Pulverstraße in Tragheim. In the same year it moved to the modernized western wing of the decommissioned Wrangel-Kaserne (barracks) on Wrangelstraße in northern Tragheim. The barracks' eastern wing contained the Herderschule, a Volksschule.

The Oberlyzeum's directors were Anna Brenneisen and Franz Rutau, while its students included Tamara Ehlert. The school was not rebuilt in Kaliningrad after World War II.

* Albinus, Robert (1985). *Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung* (in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371. ISBN 3-7921-0320-6.
* *Stadtplan Königsberg 1931 / Kaliningrad heute* (Map) (2010 ed.) (in German). Berlin: Blochplan. ISBN 978-3000307621.
* Gause, Fritz (1971). *Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band III: Vom Ersten Weltkrieg biz zum Untergang Königsbergs* (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 327. ISBN 3-412-38871-8.

## InfoBox

| Bismarck-Oberlyzeum | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Königsberg<br>Germany | |
| Information | |
| Type | Gymnasium |
| Opened | 1931 |
| Closed | 1945 |


title: State road D.977 (Turkey)

abstract: The D.977 is a 6 km (3.7 mi) long state road in Iğdır Province in Turkey. The route runs from the closed border checkpoint with Armenia, south to the intersection with the D.080. The route originally continued into Armenia, via the Մ3, until 3 April 1993 when Turkey and Armenia closed their borders. Since the border closure, the road has continued to serve small settlements in the vicinity.

text:
# State road D.977 (Turkey)

The **D.977** is a 6 km (3.7 mi) long state road in Iğdır Province in Turkey. The route runs from the closed border checkpoint with Armenia, south to the intersection with the D.080. The route originally continued into Armenia, via the Մ3, until 3 April 1993 when Turkey and Armenia closed their borders. Since the border closure, the road has continued to serve small settlements in the vicinity.

## InfoBox

| D.977 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Length | 6 km (3.7 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| North end | Մ3 at the Armenian border near Alican (Closed) |
| South end | D.080 near Karakoyunlu |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Turkey |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Tom Peterson (volleyball)

abstract: Tom Peterson is an American college volleyball coach. He won two national championships in NCAA Division I men's volleyball with Penn State in 1994 and BYU in 2004. His Penn State team was the first team outside of California to win the men's volleyball national title. He is also the only coach to lead two different schools to men's volleyball championships. He was formerly the head women's volleyball coach at Salt Lake Community College, Utah State, New Mexico, and Weber State.

text:
# Tom Peterson (volleyball)

**Tom Peterson** is an American college volleyball coach. He won two national championships in NCAA Division I men's volleyball with Penn State in 1994 and BYU in 2004. His Penn State team was the first team outside of California to win the men's volleyball national title. He is also the only coach to lead two different schools to men's volleyball championships.

He was formerly the head women's volleyball coach at Salt Lake Community College, Utah State, New Mexico, and Weber State.


abstract: The men's middleweight event at the 1986 Asian Games took place from 2 to 4 October 1986 at Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea. A boxer may win by knockout or by points. Scoring is on the "10-point-must," with 5 judges scoring each round. Judges consider "number of blows landed on the target areas, domination of the bout, technique and tactical superiority and competitiveness." Each judge determines a winner for each round, who receives 10 points for the round, and assigns the round's loser a number of points between 7 and 9 based on performance. The judge's scores for each round are added to give a total score for that judge. The boxer with the higher score from a majority of the judges is the winner.

text:
# Boxing at the 1986 Asian Games – Men's 75 kg

The men's middleweight (75 kilograms) event at the 1986 Asian Games took place from 2 to 4 October 1986 at Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea.

A boxer may win by knockout or by points. Scoring is on the "10-point-must," with 5 judges scoring each round. Judges consider "number of blows landed on the target areas, domination of the bout, technique and tactical superiority and competitiveness." Each judge determines a winner for each round, who receives 10 points for the round, and assigns the round's loser a number of points between 7 and 9 based on performance. The judge's scores for each round are added to give a total score for that judge. The boxer with the higher score from a majority of the judges is the winner.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thursday, 2 October 1986 | 15:00 | Semifinals |
| Saturday, 4 October 1986 | 15:00 | Final |

## Results

Legend

|  | Semifinals | |  |  | Final | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **Narong Inphrom (THA)** | **KO** |  |  | | | |
|  | Sushil Pokhrel (NEP) |  |  |  | Narong Inphrom (THA) | 0 |  |
|  | **Shin Joon-sup (KOR)** | **5** |  |  | **Shin Joon-sup (KOR)** | **5** |  |
|  | Manjit Pal Singh (IND) | 0 |  |  |  | |  |

## InfoBox

| Men's 75 kg <br>at the 1986 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Jamsil Students' Gymnasium |
| Date | 2–4 October 1986 |
| Competitors | 4 from 4 nations |
| Medalists | |
| South Korea  Thailand  Nepal  India | |
|


title: Equating

abstract: Test equating traditionally refers to the statistical process of determining comparable scores on different forms of an exam. It can be accomplished using either classical test theory or item response theory. In item response theory, equating is the process of placing scores from two or more parallel test forms onto a common score scale. The result is that scores from two different test forms can be compared directly, or treated as though they came from the same test form. When the tests are not parallel, the general process is called linking. It is the process of equating the units and origins of two scales on which the abilities of students have been estimated from results on different tests. The process is analogous to equating degrees Fahrenheit with degrees Celsius by converting measurements from one scale to the other. The determination of comparable scores is a by-product of equating that results from equating the scales obtained from test results.

text:
# Equating

**Test equating** traditionally refers to the statistical process of determining comparable scores on different forms of an exam. It can be accomplished using either classical test theory or item response theory.

In item response theory, *equating* is the process of placing scores from two or more parallel test forms onto a common score scale. The result is that scores from two different test forms can be compared directly, or treated as though they came from the same test form. When the tests are not parallel, the general process is called linking. It is the process of equating the units and origins of two scales on which the abilities of students have been estimated from results on different tests. The process is analogous to equating degrees Fahrenheit with degrees Celsius by converting measurements from one scale to the other. The determination of comparable scores is a by-product of equating that results from equating the scales obtained from test results.

## Purpose

Suppose that Dick and Jane both take a test to become licensed in a certain profession. Because the high stakes (you get to practice the profession if you pass the test) may create a temptation to cheat, the organization that oversees the test creates two forms. If we know that Dick scored 60% on form A and Jane scored 70% on form B, do we know for sure which one has a better grasp of the material? What if form A is composed of very difficult items, while form B is relatively easy? Equating analyses are performed to address this very issue, so that scores are as fair as possible.

## Equating in item response theory

In item response theory, person "locations" (measures of some quality being assessed by a test) are estimated on an interval scale; i.e., locations are estimated in relation to a unit and origin. It is common in educational assessment to employ tests in order to assess different groups of students with the intention of establishing a common scale by equating the origins, and when appropriate also the units, of the scales obtained from response data from the different tests. The process is referred to as equating or test equating.

In item response theory, two different kinds of equating are horizontal and vertical equating. Vertical equating refers to the process of equating tests administered to groups of students with different abilities, such as students in different grades (years of schooling). Horizontal equating refers the equating of tests administered to groups with similar abilities; for example, two tests administered to students in the same grade in two consecutive calendar years. Different tests are used to avoid practice effects.

In terms of item response theory, equating is just a special case of the more general process of *scaling*, applicable when more than one test is used. In practice, though, scaling is often implemented separately for different tests and then the scales subsequently equated.

A distinction is often made between two methods of equating; *common person* and *common item* equating. Common person equating involves the administration of two tests to a common group of persons. The mean and standard deviation of the scale locations of the groups on the two tests are equated using a linear transformation. Common item equating involves the use of a set of common items referred to as the anchor test embedded in two different tests. The mean item location of the common items is equated.

## Classical approaches to equating

In classical test theory, mean equating simply adjusts the distribution of scores so that the mean of one form is comparable to the mean of the other form. While mean equating is attractive because of its simplicity, it lacks flexibility, namely accounting for the possibility that the standard deviations of the forms differ.

Linear equating adjusts so that the two forms have a comparable mean and standard deviation. There are several types of linear equating that differ in the assumptions and mathematics used to estimate parameters. The Tucker and Levine Observed Score methods estimate the relationship between observed scores on the two forms, while the Levine True Score method estimates the relationship between true scores on the two forms.

Equipercentile equating determines the equating relationship as one where a score could have an equivalent percentile on either form. This relationship can be nonlinear.

Unlike with item response theory, equating based on classical test theory is somewhat distinct from scaling. Equating is a raw-to-raw transformation in that it estimates a raw score on Form B that is equivalent to each raw score on the base Form A. Any scaling transformation used is then applied on top of, or with, the equating.

1. Kolen, M.J., & Brennan, R.L. (1995). Test Equating. New York: Spring.
2. National Council on Measurement in Education http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource\_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource\_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorE Archived 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
3. Baker, F. (1983). Comparison of ability metrics obtained under two latent trait theory procedures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 97-110.
4. Baker, F. (1984). Ability metric transformations involved in vertical equating under item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8(3), 261-271.


abstract: The women's 800 metres event at the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Grosseto, Italy, at Stadio Olimpico Carlo Zecchini on 13, 14 and 16 July.

text:
# 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 800 metres

The **women's 800 metres** event at the **2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics** was held in Grosseto, Italy, at Stadio Olimpico Carlo Zecchini on 13, 14 and 16 July.

## Medalists

| **Gold** | Natalya Koreyvo
*Belarus* |
| --- | --- |
| **Silver** | Simona Barcău
*Romania* |
| **Bronze** | Kay-Ann Thompson
*Jamaica* |

## Results

### Final

16 July

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Natalya Koreyvo | Belarus | **2:01.47** |  |
|  | Simona Barcău | Romania | **2:02.23** |  |
|  | Kay-Ann Thompson | Jamaica | **2:02.67** |  |
| 4 | Mariya Shapayeva | Russia | **2:02.87** |  |
| 5 | Élodie Guégan | France | **2:03.68** |  |
| 6 | Larisa Arcip | Romania | **2:04.09** |  |
| 7 | Laura Finucane | United Kingdom | **2:05.69** |  |
| 8 | Yelena Bondar | Ukraine | **2:08.29** |  |
| 9 | Halima Hachlaf | Morocco | **2:09.26** |  |
|  | Binnaz Uslu | Turkey | **DNS** |  |

### Semifinals

14 July

#### Semifinal 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Binnaz Uslu | Turkey | **2:02.85** | **Q** |
| 2 | Mariya Shapayeva | Russia | **2:03.15** | **Q** |
| 3 | Simona Barcău | Romania | **2:04.55** | **Q** |
| 4 | Larisa Arcip | Romania | **2:05.05** | **q** |
| 5 | Kay-Ann Thompson | Jamaica | **2:05.13** | **q** |
| 6 | Charlotte Moore | United Kingdom | **2:05.89** |  |
| 7 | Yekaterina Martynova | Russia | **2:06.16** |  |
| 8 | Latavia Thomas | United States | **2:09.11** |  |

#### Semifinal 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Halima Hachlaf | Morocco | **2:06.78** | **Q** |
| 2 | Natalya Koreyvo | Belarus | **2:06.78** | **Q** |
| 3 | Yelena Bondar | Ukraine | **2:06.93** | **Q** |
| 4 | Brooke Simpson | Australia | **2:07.24** |  |
| 5 | Diana Dienel | Germany | **2:07.78** |  |
| 6 | Lydia Wafula | Kenya | **2:09.05** |  |
| 7 | Élodie Guégan | France | **2:10.47** | **q** |
| 8 | Laura Finucane | United Kingdom | **2:17.59** | **q** |

### Heats

13 July

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Yekaterina Martynova | Russia | **2:05.94** | **Q** |
| 2 | Halima Hachlaf | Morocco | **2:06.44** | **Q** |
| 3 | Yelena Bondar | Ukraine | **2:06.81** | **q** |
| 4 | Marte Elden | Norway | **2:07.55** |  |
| 5 | Linda Feldberga | Latvia | **2:07.63** |  |
| 6 | Trisa Nickoley | United States | **2:09.66** |  |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Natalya Koreyvo | Belarus | **2:07.68** | **Q** |
| 2 | Charlotte Moore | United Kingdom | **2:07.93** | **Q** |
| 3 | Anna Klyushkina | Kyrgyzstan | **2:08.22** |  |
| 4 | Angela Wagner | South Africa | **2:08.27** |  |
| 5 | Marjolein Terwiel | Switzerland | **2:09.26** |  |
| 6 | Katherine Katsanevakis | Australia | **2:09.36** |  |
| 7 | Moleboheng Mafata | Lesotho | **2:21.15** |  |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Binnaz Uslu | Turkey | **2:05.46** | **Q** |
| 2 | Élodie Guégan | France | **2:05.49** | **Q** |
| 3 | Latavia Thomas | United States | **2:07.17** | **q** |
| 4 | Yuriko Kobayashi | Japan | **2:07.56** |  |
| 5 | Tatsiana Suprun | Belarus | **2:08.42** |  |
| 6 | Marlyse Nsourou | Gabon | **2:14.73** |  |
| 7 | Nadia Gomes | Cape Verde | **2:32.58** |  |

#### Heat 4

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Simona Barcău | Romania | **2:04.30** | **Q** |
| 2 | Mariya Shapayeva | Russia | **2:04.31** | **Q** |
| 3 | Diana Dienel | Germany | **2:04.34** | **q** |
| 4 | Kay-Ann Thompson | Jamaica | **2:06.11** | **q** |
| 5 | Brooke Simpson | Australia | **2:06.71** | **q** |
| 6 | Lydia Wafula | Kenya | **2:07.39** | **q** |
| 7 | Julia Baier | Austria | **2:10.08** |  |

#### Heat 5

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Laura Finucane | United Kingdom | **2:07.10** | **Q** |
| 2 | Larisa Arcip | Romania | **2:07.32** | **Q** |
| 3 | Marie-Noëlle Gaudin | France | **2:07.93** |  |
| 4 | Natalya Lupu | Ukraine | **2:09.30** |  |
| 5 | Akari Kishikawa | Japan | **2:09.38** |  |
| 6 | Anna Chiara Spigarolo | Italy | **2:10.85** |  |
| 7 | Jane Mwikali Muia | Kenya | **2:12.04** |  |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 34 athletes from 24 countries participated in the event.


title: Bob Baumhower

abstract: Robert Glenn Baumhower is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide under coach Bear Bryant from 1973 to 1976 and professionally for Miami under coach Don Shula. He later became a restaurateur.

text:
# Bob Baumhower

**Robert Glenn Baumhower** (born August 4, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide under coach Bear Bryant from 1973 to 1976 and professionally for Miami under coach Don Shula. He later became a restaurateur.

## Early life and college

Baumhower attended North Palm Beach Gardens High School in Florida for two seasons before playing at Tuscaloosa High School his senior year.

Playing as a defensive tackle in college at the University of Alabama under coach Bear Bryant, Baumhower helped lead the Crimson Tide to two 11–1 records as well as a 31–4 overall record. He was part of the 1974 team which lost to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl, the 1975 team which defeated Penn State in the Sugar Bowl, and the 1976 team which won the Liberty Bowl over UCLA. Baumhower was a first-team All-Southeastern Conference selection in both 1975 and 1976. After the 1976 season, he was invited to play in the Senior Bowl college all-star game.

## Professional career

Baumhower was drafted by the Dolphins with the 40th overall pick (second round) in the 1977 NFL draft, behind the first round pick, another defensive lineman from the Southeastern Conference, A. J. Duhe of LSU; earning a spot on the 1977 All-Rookie team. Baumhower and Duhe would share the 1977 Defensive Rookie of the Year honors. He was selected five times to the Pro Bowl in the NFL.

Baumhower and Duhe, who eventually was moved to inside linebacker, formed the heart of the Dolphins' "Killer B's" defense of the late 1970s through mid-1980s, coached by defensive coordinator Bill Arnsparger. Baumhower was flanked on the line by ends Doug Betters and Kim Bokamper, while other stars of the unit included outside linebacker Bob Brudzinski and defensive backs Lyle Blackwood and Glenn Blackwood. The unit was ranked first in the NFL in total defense in 1982, when Miami reached Super Bowl XVII.

The 1983 season may have been Baumhower's best as he was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year (Pro Football Weekly), first-team All-Pro (Associated Press), first-team All-AFC (United Press International) and a starter in the Pro Bowl game. He was a first-team All-NFL selection in 1981 and 1983 and first-team All-AFC in 1979, 1981 and 1983.

Baumhower would retire after the 1986 season. He was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1995.

On December 14, 2008, Baumhower was inducted into The Miami Dolphin Honor Roll during a ceremony at Dolphin Stadium (now Hard Rock Stadium).

| Year | Age | Team | Position | No. | Games | Started | INTs | FF | Fmb | FR | Def. Yds | Def. TD | Sk | AV |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1977 | 22 | MIA | NT | 73 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| 1978 | 23 | MIA | NT | 73 | 16 | 16 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| 1979 | 24 | MIA | NT | 73 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 |
| 1980 | 25 | MIA | NT | 73 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| 1981 | 26 | MIA | NT | 73 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 13 |
| 1982 | 27 | MIA | NT | 73 | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 15 |
| 1983 | 28 | MIA | NT | 73 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8.0 | 18 |
| 1984 | 29 | MIA | NT | 73 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 2.0 | 13 |
| 1986 | 31 | MIA | NT | 73 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 3 |
| Career |  |  |  |  | 130 | 129 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 60 | 2 | 14.5 | 96 |

## Restaurants

Baumhower is also the owner and CEO of Aloha Hospitality, which owns and operates restaurants throughout Alabama including the fine dining establishment Dauphin's in Mobile as well as his namesake Baumhower's Victory Grille.

1. "Dolphins Add Five More Players To 50th Anniversary Team". CBS Miami. November 3, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
2. "Baumhower Inducted into Dolphin's Ring of Honor". rolltide.com. December 11, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
3. Hicks, Tommy (2011). *Game of My Life Alabama Crimson Tide: Memorable Stories of Crimson Tide Football*. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. ISBN 9781613210079. Retrieved June 24, 2017  via Google Books.
4. "1974 Alabama Crimson Tide Roster". *Sports-Reference.com*. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
5. "1975 Alabama Crimson Tide Roster". *Sports-Reference.com*. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
6. "1976 Alabama Crimson Tide Roster". *Sports-Reference.com*. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
7. Ed Shearer (December 1, 1975). "Cook, DuBose head All-SEC Selection". *Gadsden Times*. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
8. "Cowans Sole Gator on All-SEC Team". *Sarasota Journal*. November 23, 1976.
9. "Top College Passer To Lead South". *York Daily Record*. United Press International. December 9, 1976. p. 24. Retrieved August 12, 2017  via Newspapers.com.
10. "1977 NFL All-Rookie Team". *pro-football-reference.com*. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
11. "Rummaging Through The Attic: A Bee-utiful Poster". *miamidolphins.com*. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
12. "Alabama Sports Hall of Fame - Bob Baumhower". *ashof.org*. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
13. "Bob Baumhower Stats". *Pro-Football-Reference.com*.
14. "Dauphin's". Retrieved September 22, 2017.
15. "Baumhower's". Retrieved June 24, 2017.
16. "Bob's Victory Grille". Retrieved October 21, 2017.

## InfoBox

Bob Baumhower
| Baumhower playing for the Dolphins in 1979 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 73 | |
| Position: | Defensive tackle |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1955-08-04) August 4, 1955<br>Portsmouth, Virginia, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) |
| Weight: | 261 lb (118 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Palm Beach Gardens (Palm Beach Gardens, Florida) |
| College: | Alabama |
| NFL draft: | 1977 / round: 2 / pick: 40 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Sacks: 14.5  Total tackles: 888   Interceptions: 1  Fumble recoveries: 16 | |
|  | |


title: Body jewelry sizes

abstract: Body jewelry sizes express the thickness of an item of body jewelry, using one of several possible systems.

text:
# Body jewelry sizes

**Body jewelry sizes** express the thickness of an item of body jewelry, using one of several possible systems.

## Background

Items of body piercing jewelry have an important common factor: the diameter of the part of the item of jewelry where it will rest in the piercing site. With the wearing of European-traditional kinds of earrings, that thickness is not an issue, because jewelry is made to use only thin wire for support, and the wearer need only have a narrow piercing hole to accommodate it. But with body jewelry, there is a wide variety of possible sizes, and wearers generally want jewelry that is the same size as their piercing site. Some wearers want increasingly larger sizes to deliberately stretch the hole. So that wearers can choose the size they want, there are standards for body jewelry sizes, used by jewelry makers and sellers.

Generally, the system of gauge-and-inches is used: In gauge notation, jewelry less than 12″ thick is *typically* measured in a system originally devised for measuring wire thickness. A gauge number denotes a thickness on a standardized scale which, for most purposes, starts at 20g (0.812 mm thick— often used for the posts for nose studs), and increases in thickness (as the gauge number *decreases*) to 0g, then 00g, and rarely goes any further as these thicknesses come closer and closer to 12″. From there, sizes of 12″ and thicker are always specified in fractions of an inch. (But note that sizes *thinner than* 12″ are also sometimes specified as fractions of an inch; see the Conversion Table to see how these interleave with gauges.)

Even though the gauge system was originally meant for wire, it is now used regardless of whether an item of body jewelry is an actual wire, or is instead a wooden plug, a plastic ring, or any other material.

The alternative to using the gauge-and-inches system is to specify the thickness in millimeters.

## Conversion table

| gauge
(AWG) | diameter | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | inches
fractional | inches
decimal | millimeters |
| 20 | · | 0.0320 | 0.812 |
| 18 | · | 0.0403 | 1.024 |
| 16 | · | 0.0508 | 1.291 |
| · | 116 | 0.0625 | 1.588 |
| 14 | · | 0.0641 | 1.628 |
| 12 | · | 0.0808 | 2.05 |
| 10 | · | 0.1019 | 2.58 |
| · | 18 | 0.1250 | 3.18 |
| 8 | · | 0.1285 | 3.26 |
| 6 | · | 0.1620 | 4.12 |
| · | 316 | 0.1875 | 4.76 |
| 4 | · | 0.204 | 5.19 |
| · | 14 | 0.250 | 6.35 |
| 2 | · | 0.258 | 6.54 |
| · | 516 | 0.312 | 7.94 |
| 0 | · | 0.325 | 8.25 |
| 00 | · | 0.365 | 9.27 |
| · | 38 | 0.375 | 9.52 |
| 000 | · | 0.410 | 10.40 |
| · | 716 | 0.438 | 11.11 |
| 0000 | · | 0.460 | 11.68 |
| · | 12 | 0.500 | 12.70 |
| · | 916 | 0.562 | 14.29 |
| · | 58 | 0.625 | 15.88 |
| · | 1116 | 0.688 | 17.46 |
| · | 34 | 0.750 | 19.05 |
| · | 1316 | 0.812 | 20.6 |
| · | 78 | 0.875 | 22.2 |
| · | 1516 | 0.938 | 23.8 |
| · | 1 | 1.000 | 25.4 |
| · | 1+116 | 1.062 | 27.0 |
| · | 1+18 | 1.125 | 28.6 |
| · | 1+316 | 1.188 | 30.2 |
| · | 1+14 | 1.250 | 31.8 |
| · | 1+516 | 1.312 | 33.3 |
| · | 1+38 | 1.375 | 34.9 |
| · | 1+716 | 1.438 | 36.5 |
| · | 1+12 | 1.500 | 38.1 |
| · | 1+916 | 1.562 | 39.7 |
| · | 1+58 | 1.625 | 41.3 |
| · | 1+1116 | 1.688 | 42.9 |
| · | 1+34 | 1.750 | 44.4 |
| · | 1+1316 | 1.812 | 46.0 |
| · | 1+78 | 1.875 | 47.6 |
| · | 1+1516 | 1.938 | 49.2 |
| · | 2 | 2.000 | 50.8 |

## Usage of the systems

Some jewelry makers or sellers who express the size of their jewelry in millimeters, may also list the nearest approximate gauge-and-inches measurements for each item. Using millimeters as the primary notation is most common in Europe and Australia.

## Units and notation

Discussions of gauge in this article use the American Wire Gauge (AWG) scale. Some jewelry may use the significantly different Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) scale instead, particularly jewelry from Canada or the United Kingdom where the SWG scale is used. Both AWG and SWG express sizes as a gauge, but the numbers are different. For example, AWG 12g is 2.1 mm, but SWG 12g is 2.6 mm. AWG 8g happens to be the same as SWG 10g. AWG 000g is 10.4 mm, but SWG 000g is 9.4 mm.

In most discussions of body jewelry, sizes are specified by giving the gauge, usually abbreviated by the suffix "g", the same symbol as used for grams: "12g". The article American Wire Gauge system, section "Nomenclature and abbreviations in electrical distribution" shows other notations for gauge, but most are rarely used for expressing body jewelry sizes, except "ga." as in "12 ga.", which is used occasionally.


title: Body in white

abstract: Body in white (BIW) is the stage in automobile manufacturing in which a car body's frame has been joined together, that is before painting and before the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim have been integrated into the structure. Assembly involves different techniques such as welding, riveting, clinching, bonding and laser brazing. The term derives from manufacturing practices before steel unibody monocoques, when automobile bodies were made by outside firms on a separate chassis with an engine, suspension, and bumpers attached. The manufacturers built or purchased wooden bodies to bolt onto the frame. The bodies were painted white prior to the final color. A folk etymology for "body in white" is the appearance of a car body after it is dipped into a white bath of primer— despite the primer's actual gray color. BIW could also refer to when car bodywork would be made of timber – all timber products, furniture, etc., are considered to be "in the white" when at the stage of raw timber before finishing or varnishing. In car design, the "body in white" phase is where the final contours of the car body are worked out, in preparation for the ordering of the expensive production stamping die. Extensive computer simulations of crash-worthiness, manufacturability, and automotive aerodynamics are required before a clay model from the design studio can be converted into a body in white ready for production. Factories may offer BIW cars to racers, who then may replace up to 90% of the car with aftermarket parts, and niche manufacturers like Ruf Automobile start their cars with BIWs from other makers.

text:
# Body in white

**Body in white** (**BIW**) is the stage in automobile manufacturing in which a car body's frame has been joined together, that is before painting and before the motor, chassis sub-assemblies, or trim (glass, door locks/handles, seats, upholstery, electronics, etc.) have been integrated into the structure. Assembly involves different techniques such as welding (spot, MIG/MAG, or friction stir), riveting, clinching, bonding and laser brazing.

The term derives from manufacturing practices before steel unibody monocoques, when automobile bodies were made by outside firms on a separate chassis with an engine, suspension, and bumpers attached. The manufacturers built or purchased wooden bodies (with thin, non-structural metal sheets on the outside) to bolt onto the frame. The bodies were painted white prior to the final color.

A folk etymology for "body in white" is the appearance of a car body after it is dipped into a white bath of primer (undercoat paint) despite the primer's actual gray color. BIW could also refer to when car bodywork would be made of timber – all timber products, furniture, etc., are considered to be "in the white" when at the stage of raw timber before finishing or varnishing.

In car design, the "body in white" phase is where the final contours of the car body are worked out, in preparation for the ordering of the expensive production stamping die. Extensive computer simulations of crash-worthiness, manufacturability, and automotive aerodynamics are required before a clay model from the design studio can be converted into a body in white ready for production.

Factories may offer BIW cars to racers, who then may replace up to 90% of the car with aftermarket parts, and niche manufacturers like Ruf Automobile start their cars with BIWs from other makers.

A related term in the automotive industry is "**body in black**". This can refer to a car body that is formed of alternate materials such as composites rather than conventional metal; these composite materials, such as carbon fiber, are black rather than white. "Body in black" can also refer to a step in the design process in which a mock-up of a new car skin is built, in order to perform exacting measurements during the design and pre-production processes.


title: Bob Horner

abstract: James Robert Horner is an American former professional baseball third baseman and first baseman who played ten seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Atlanta Braves. After a record-setting NCAA College athletic career with the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team, Horner bypassed the minor leagues and moved directly to the major leagues where together with Dale Murphy, he formed a power-hitting tandem for the Atlanta Braves teams of the early 1980s. Known for his powerful hitting, Horner averaged 35 home runs and 109 runs batted per his 162-game average and became the 11th player in Major League Baseball history to hit four home runs in one game on July 6, 1986. He was named the 1978 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year and was a member of the 1982 National League All-Star team. Horner became a victim of the Major League Baseball collusion scandal of 1986–87 after the courts found that owners had illegally shared information during free agency negotiations seeking to deflate player salaries. He was among hundreds of players and former players who were awarded millions of dollars in lost salary. He played one season in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yakult Swallows, before returning to play one final season in MLB with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1988. A string of injuries prematurely ended Horner's baseball career after just 11 seasons. He was inducted into the College Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of its inaugural class on July 4, 2006.

text:
# Bob Horner

**James Robert Horner** (born August 6, 1957) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and first baseman who played ten seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily with the Atlanta Braves.

After a record-setting NCAA College athletic career with the Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team, Horner bypassed the minor leagues and moved directly to the major leagues where together with Dale Murphy, he formed a power-hitting tandem for the Atlanta Braves teams of the early 1980s. Known for his powerful hitting, Horner averaged 35 home runs and 109 runs batted per his 162-game average and became the 11th player in Major League Baseball history to hit four home runs in one game on July 6, 1986. He was named the 1978 National League (NL) Rookie of the Year and was a member of the 1982 National League All-Star team.

Horner became a victim of the Major League Baseball collusion scandal of 1986–87 after the courts found that owners had illegally shared information during free agency negotiations seeking to deflate player salaries. He was among hundreds of players and former players who were awarded millions of dollars in lost salary. He played one season in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yakult Swallows, before returning to play one final season in MLB with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1988. A string of injuries prematurely ended Horner's baseball career after just 11 seasons. He was inducted into the College Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of its inaugural class on July 4, 2006.

## Amateur career

Horner was born in Junction City, Kansas, but grew up in Glendale, Arizona. He attended Apollo High School, where he set school records. His college career at Arizona State University culminated with being named the first winner of the Golden Spikes Award. With his nine home runs in 1976 he is tied with Ike Davis (2006) for third all-time by a Sun Devil freshman, two behind Barry Bonds (1983).

A second baseman for TSN's College All-America team in 1977 and 1978, Horner set a then-NCAA record of 58 career home runs for Arizona State, set a 25-homer single-season record, and was selected the MVP of 1977 College World Series.

## Professional career

Horner was drafted by Atlanta with the first overall pick in the 1978 amateur draft, and he made his Major League Baseball debut the same year. He is one of only a handful of players to go directly from college to the starting lineup in the majors without spending a day in the minor leagues. In his first game, he belted a home run off future Hall of Fame pitcher Bert Blyleven of the Pirates. In 89 games, Horner batted .266 with 23 home runs and 63 runs batted in in 323 at-bats, with an on-base percentage of .313 and a slugging percentage of .539. His 23 home runs led all National League third basemen in 1978. He won the National League Rookie of the Year honor over Ozzie Smith.

In 1979, Horner batted .314 with 33 homers and 98 RBIs. In 1980, Horner batted .268, with 35 home runs and 89 RBIs despite being sidelined for a total of 79 games in both seasons after recurring shoulder and leg injuries. In the strike-shortened 1981 season, he hit .277 with 15 home runs and 42 RBIs in 79 games. Horner rejuvenated in 1982, finishing with 32 home runs, 97 RBIs, and an OBP of .350, while slugging .501.

In August 1983, Horner was hitting .303 with 20 homers and a career-high OBP of .383 when he fractured his right wrist while sliding, missing the last 43 games of the season. In May 1984, Horner broke his left wrist while diving after a ball and he was sidelined for the rest of the season.

In 1985, Horner played 130 games and finished with a .267 batting average, 27 home runs, and 89 RBIs. In 1986, Horner set personal highlights. On July 6, 1986, in a game against the Expos, he became the eleventh player in Major League Baseball history to hit four home runs in a single game and only the second one to do so in a game that his team lost (the first one being Ed Delahanty). Later in the season, after hitting a record 210 career home runs without a grand slam, Horner finally belted a homer with the bases loaded to give the Braves a 4–2 victory over the Pirates. Horner's record for homers without a grand slam stood until 1998 when Sammy Sosa surpassed the mark by hitting his first grand slam on the 248th home run of his career.

Horner became a free agent in 1987, after his first season of more than 500 at-bats. Although Horner was still near his peak, the Major League clubs were then colluding to drive down salaries, so no offers were made to Horner, whose asking price was $2 million. (In 2004, Horner received more than $7 million from the successful lawsuit the players filed against the owners and their illegal collusion.) After failing to reach an agreement with an MLB club, Horner signed a $2 million, one-year contract with the Yakult Swallows of Japan's Central League. He was given number 50 by the organization because that was the number of home runs they expected him to hit. He ended up hitting 31 homers and had 73 RBIs for the team.

Despite Yakult offering Horner a reported $10 million for a new three-year contract, Horner returned to the majors in 1988 with the St. Louis Cardinals. After 60 games, however, he injured his left shoulder. After being invited to spring training by the Baltimore Orioles in 1989, Horner announced his retirement.

In his ten-year Major League career, Horner batted .277 with 218 home runs, 685 RBIs, 560 runs, 1,047 hits, 169 doubles, 8 triples, 14 stolen bases, a .340 on-base percentage, and a .499 slugging average in 1,020 games. Defensively, in 684 games at third base, he compiled a .946 fielding percentage, and in 330 games at first base, he posted a .994 fielding percentage. Overall, his career fielding percentage was .977.

## Legacy

On July 4, 2006, Horner was inducted into the College Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of its inaugural class.

## InfoBox

| Bob Horner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Third baseman / First baseman** | |
| **Born:**  (1957-08-06) August 6, 1957<br>Junction City, Kansas, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| Professional debut | |
| **MLB:** June 16, 1978, for the Atlanta Braves | |
| **NPB:** 1987, for the Yakult Swallows | |
| Last appearance | |
| **NPB:** 1987, for the Yakult Swallows | |
| **MLB:** June 18, 1988, for the St. Louis Cardinals | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .277 |
| Home runs | 218 |
| Runs batted in | 685 |
| NPB statistics | |
| Batting average | .327 |
| Home runs | 31 |
| Runs batted in | 73 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |


title: Bobigny cemetery

abstract: Bobigny cemetery is a Muslim-only burial ground near Paris in the town of Bobigny, Seine-Saint-Denis, France. Lying just a few kilometers to the northeast of Paris, the town of Bobigny is home to one of only two Muslim cemeteries in France. It was created by the French government in 1937 on the site adjacent to the Franco-Muslim Hospital of Bobigny and hold about 7000 plots, for mainly North African people. It is a listed historical monument since 2006. It is not to be confused with the larger and multi-faith Cimetière parisien de Pantin nearby

text:
# Bobigny cemetery

**Bobigny cemetery** is a Muslim-only burial ground near Paris in the town of Bobigny, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.

Lying just a few kilometers to the northeast of Paris, the town of Bobigny is home to one of only two Muslim cemeteries in France. It was created by the French government in 1937 on the site adjacent to the Franco-Muslim Hospital of Bobigny and hold about 7000 plots, for mainly North African people. It is a listed historical monument since 2006. It is not to be confused with the larger and multi-faith Cimetière parisien de Pantin nearby

## Notable interments

48°54′02″N 2°26′01″E / 48.9006°N 2.4337°E / 48.9006; 2.4337


title: Ronnie Woo Woo

abstract: Ronnie "Woo Woo" Wickers is a longtime Chicago Cubs fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area. He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games, generally punctuated with an exclamatory "Woo!" Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers "Leather Lungs" for his ability to shout for hours at a time. Wickers grew up on the South Side of Chicago. Born premature and abused by his mother, he was raised by his grandmother, who brought him to his first Chicago Cubs games during the late 1940s. Wickers explained in a 2004 Chicago Tribune interview that he started "wooing" in 1958 or 1959. "It just came to be. I had fun with it," he remarked. He has remained a fixture at Wrigley Field ever since, even singing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during a May 24, 2001 game. In 2005, filmmaker Paul Hoffman released a documentary film about Wickers, called WooLife. The film premiered at the Chicago Historical Society. Wickers worked nights as a custodian at Northwestern University for much of his life. After the deaths of both his grandmother and girlfriend in the 1980s, a distraught Wickers found himself homeless and without a stable job. From 1984 to 1990, he attended Cubs games with donated tickets. Wickers was absent at Wrigley Field games for a brief period in 1987, which prompted some Cubs fans to worry that he had died. He eventually contacted news organizations to say that he was alive and well. Since 1990, most of Wickers' income has come from washing windows in the neighborhood around Wrigley Field. He also makes paid appearances at parties and has starred in local commercials. In 2000, Chicago entertainer Erich “ Mancow” Mueller bought Woo Woo a set of dentures to improve his superfan appearance. Mancow spoke about this daily and had Woo Woo in the office and on the air at Q101 many times. Wickers was treated and released from Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical center after being hit by a motorist after a Cubs game on April 18, 2005. He has since recovered. A minor controversy occurred after April 19, 2017, when Wickers was ejected from a Cubs game for not having a ticket. Wickers said that he had an electronic ticket, on the phone of a friend. According to Cubs management, the friend became verbally abusive when asked to produce the e-ticket, and the two were escorted out of Wrigley Field. Subsequently, Wickers attended a number of Cubs games without further incident. As of September 7, 2024, Ronnie is still attending Cubs games, taking pictures with fans and tourists alike. In 2023, Wickers continued supporting the Cubs at Wrigley Field.

text:
# Ronnie Woo Woo

**Ronnie "Woo Woo" Wickers** (born October 31, 1941) is a longtime Chicago Cubs fan and local celebrity in the Chicago area. He is known to Wrigley Field visitors for his idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games, generally punctuated with an exclamatory "Woo!" (e.g., "Cubs, woo! Cubs, woo! Big-Z, woo! Zambrano, woo! Cubs, woo!") Longtime Cubs announcer Harry Caray dubbed Wickers "Leather Lungs" for his ability to shout for hours at a time.

Wickers grew up on the South Side of Chicago. Born premature and abused by his mother, he was raised by his grandmother, who brought him to his first Chicago Cubs games during the late 1940s. Wickers explained in a 2004 *Chicago Tribune* interview that he started "wooing" in 1958 or 1959. "It just came to be. I had fun with it," he remarked. He has remained a fixture at Wrigley Field ever since, even singing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during a May 24, 2001 game. In 2005, filmmaker Paul Hoffman released a documentary film about Wickers, called *WooLife*. The film premiered at the Chicago Historical Society.

Wickers worked nights as a custodian at Northwestern University for much of his life. After the deaths of both his grandmother and girlfriend in the 1980s, a distraught Wickers found himself homeless and without a stable job. From 1984 to 1990, he attended Cubs games with donated tickets. Wickers was absent at Wrigley Field games for a brief period in 1987, which prompted some Cubs fans to worry that he had died. He eventually contacted news organizations to say that he was alive and well.

Since 1990, most of Wickers' income has come from washing windows in the neighborhood around Wrigley Field. He also makes paid appearances at parties and has starred in local commercials. In 2000, Chicago entertainer Erich “ Mancow” Mueller bought Woo Woo a set of dentures to improve his superfan appearance. Mancow spoke about this daily and had Woo Woo in the office and on the air at Q101 many times.

Wickers was treated and released from Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical center after being hit by a motorist after a Cubs game on April 18, 2005. He has since recovered.

A minor controversy occurred after April 19, 2017, when Wickers was ejected from a Cubs game for not having a ticket. Wickers said that he had an electronic ticket, on the phone of a friend. According to Cubs management, the friend became verbally abusive when asked to produce the e-ticket, and the two were escorted out of Wrigley Field. Subsequently, Wickers attended a number of Cubs games without further incident.

As of September 7, 2024, Ronnie is still attending Cubs games, taking pictures with fans and tourists alike. In 2023, Wickers continued supporting the Cubs at Wrigley Field.


title: Bluish flowerpiercer

abstract: The bluish flowerpiercer is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in humid montane forest in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

text:
# Bluish flowerpiercer

The **bluish flowerpiercer** (***Diglossa caerulescens***) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in humid montane forest in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| Bluish flowerpiercer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thraupidae |
| Genus: | *Diglossa* |
| Species: | ***D. caerulescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diglossa caerulescens***
(Sclater, PL, 1856) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Diglossopis caerulescens* | |


title: Bocchoris gallienalis

abstract: Bocchoris gallienalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Viette in 1958. It is found in Madagascar.

text:
# Bocchoris gallienalis

***Bocchoris gallienalis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Viette in 1958. It is found in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Bocchoris gallienalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Bocchoris* |
| Species: | ***B. gallienalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bocchoris gallienalis***<br>(Viette, 1958) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Diastictis gallienalis* Viette, 1958 | |


title: Bocchoris insulalis

abstract:
Bocchoris insulalis is a moth of the family Crambidae. It can be found in Papua New Guinea on Fergusson Island.
It has a wingspan of 22 millimetres (0.87 in).

text:
# Bocchoris insulalis

***Bocchoris insulalis*** is a moth of the family Crambidae. It can be found in Papua New Guinea on Fergusson Island. It has a wingspan of 22 millimetres (0.87 in).

## InfoBox

| *Bocchoris insulalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Bocchoris* |
| Species: | ***B. insulalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bocchoris insulalis***<br>Hampson, 1912 | |
|


title: Bob Broadbent

abstract: Robert Gillespie Broadbent was an English first-class cricketer who played for Worcestershire between 1950 and 1963. He was capped by the county in 1951, and ten years later received a benefit season which raised £5,481. He was a fine close fielder, holding nearly 300 catches in his career.

text:
# Bob Broadbent

**Robert Gillespie Broadbent** (21 June 1924 – 26 April 1993) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Worcestershire between 1950 and 1963. He was capped by the county in 1951, and ten years later received a benefit season which raised £5,481. He was a fine close fielder, holding nearly 300 catches in his career.

## Life and career

Broadbent was educated at Caterham School, then became a navigator in the Royal Air Force. By 1949 he was appearing for Middlesex's Second XI; he scored 82 for them against Glamorgan II in July of that year.

He made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against Leicestershire at Grace Road in 1950; in a 177-run Worcestershire win Broadbent scored 77 and 29 not out. Nevertheless, it proved to be his only first-class appearance of the summer.

Broadbent became much more of a regular in the Worcestershire side in 1951 and enjoyed a fine season, which saw him capped by the county. He finished the year with 1,370 first-class runs at an average of over 39, by some margin his highest average in any season. In the course of this summer he hit what was to remain his highest score, a second-innings 155 against Middlesex in late June. Worcestershire had been in some trouble at 92/4, but Broadbent and captain Ronald Bird put on 132 for the fifth wicket and in the end the county ran out comfortable ten-wicket victors.

In 1952 Broadbent hit 1,556 first-class runs, his highest season's aggregate, and he was to pass a thousand in five further seasons, the last of these being 1961. (He had a near miss in 1962, with 968 runs.) His *Wisden* obituary records that, although he was often forced to play a stubbornly solid role on account of Worcestershire's frequent difficulties, when the Australians visited in 1953 he hit Keith Miller out of the New Road ground. In 1955, against Sussex at Hove, he hit two sixes off successive balls from Robin Marlar; both balls went right out of the ground and were lost.

Broadbent remained a regular in the side until the early 1960s, and stayed with the county just long enough to take part in some of the first one-day games, contributing an important 51, as part of a vital stand of 116 with Tom Graveney (93), to Worcestershire's Gillette Cup quarter-final victory over Glamorgan in June 1963. He also played in the final, which Worcestershire lost narrowly, but failed in making only 13.

Broadbent played no more first-class cricket after 1963, but he did turn out a few times in minor counties matches for Hertfordshire, making one List A appearance when Hertfordshire travelled to Durham in the first round of the 1964 Gillette Cup. It was a chastening experience: Broadbent himself scored 2, and Extras (13) was the highest score as Hertfordshire were bowled out for 63, losing by seven wickets.

Outside cricket, Broadbent was an accomplished hockey player, good enough to represent Worcestershire.

## References

## InfoBox

Bob Broadbent
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert Gillespie Broadbent |
| Born | (1924-06-21)21 June 1924
Beckenham, Kent, England |
| Died | 26 April 1993(1993-04-26) (aged 68)
Bromyard, Herefordshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right arm fast-medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1950–1963 | Worcestershire |
| 1964 | Hertfordshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA  Matches 307 5  Runs scored 12,800 66  Batting average 27.58 16.50  100s/50s 13/70 0/1  Top score 155 51  Balls bowled 576 0  Wickets 4   Bowling average 95.50   5 wickets in innings 0   10 wickets in match 0 N/A  Best bowling 1–16   Catches/stumpings 297/0 2/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 11 October 2008 | |


title: Roots Industries

abstract: Roots Industries India Limited is an Indian automobile brand making vehicle horns. The company produces products such as industrial cleaning systems, scrubber driers, electric buses, and battery-operated vehicles. It was founded in 1970 by K. Ramasamy.

text:
# Roots Industries

**Roots Industries India Limited** is an Indian automobile brand making vehicle horns. The company produces products such as industrial cleaning systems, scrubber driers, electric buses, and battery-operated vehicles. It was founded in 1970 by K. Ramasamy.

## InfoBox

Roots Group of Companies
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1970 |
| Founder | K. Ramsamy |
| Headquarters | Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India |
| Website | Official website |


title: Roots Ivy International University

abstract: Roots Ivy International University College is a for-profit university college affiliated with University of London International Programmes and the BPP University in UK. It is located in Rawalpindi/Islamabad area of Pakistan. It has several branches all over Pakistan. Khadija Mushtaq is its founder and dean. It is associated with the for-profit Roots School System in Pakistan. It also provides degrees in affiliation with Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, Higher National Diploma and Institute of Commercial Management. It also has satellite campuses in Faisalabad and Islamabad.

text:
# Roots Ivy International University

**Roots Ivy International University College** is a for-profit university college affiliated with University of London International Programmes and the BPP University in UK.

It is located in Rawalpindi/Islamabad area of Pakistan. It has several branches all over Pakistan.

Khadija Mushtaq is its founder and dean.

It is associated with the for-profit Roots School System in Pakistan.

It also provides degrees in affiliation with Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, Higher National Diploma and Institute of Commercial Management.

It also has satellite campuses in Faisalabad and Islamabad.

## Academics

### Distant and flexible learning

A broad range of undergraduate degrees by University of London are offered:

;

## InfoBox

Roots Ivy International University
| Type | University College |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 2003 |
| Chancellor | Khadija Mushtaq |
| Location | Islamabad/Rawalpindi area, Pakistan |
| Colours |  |


title: Boglárlelle

abstract: Boglárlelle was a resort town in Somogy County, Hungary, on the south shore of Lake Balaton. It was created on December 31, 1978, by merging the villages of Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle. On January 1, 1984, it was elevated to "village with town status". On January 1, 1986, it was finally granted town status, and merged with the nearby village Szőlőskislak. In 1991 Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle became independent again, and both were granted town status. Szőlőskislak remained a part of Balatonboglár.

text:
# Boglárlelle

**Boglárlelle** was a resort town in Somogy County, Hungary, on the south shore of Lake Balaton. It was created on December 31, 1978, by merging the villages of Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle. On January 1, 1984, it was elevated to "village with town status" (a special status for villages that did not meet the requirement for town status but were appointed to be centers of their districts). On January 1, 1986, it was finally granted town status, and merged with the nearby village Szőlőskislak.

In 1991 Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle became independent again, and both were granted town status. Szőlőskislak remained a part of Balatonboglár.

## Sources

46°47′N 17°42′E / 46.783°N 17.700°E / 46.783; 17.700

## InfoBox

| Boglárlelle | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Skyline of Balatonboglár | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Region | Southern Transdanubia |
| County | Somogy |
| District | Fonyód |
| RC Diocese | Kaposvár |
| Demonym | boglárlellei |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | (+36) 85 |
| Motorways | M7 |
| Distance from Budapest | 140 km (87 mi) Northeast |


title: Bohumil Herlischka

abstract: Bohumil Herlischka was a Czech opera director. After years at the National Theatre, he worked from 1957 predominantly in German opera houses, introducing a style later known as Regietheater. He directed several productions at the Oper Frankfurt and developed a close connection to the Deutsche Oper am Rhein where he staged operas by Leoš Janáček, presenting a cycle of six operas in the 1977–78 season. He staged Schoenberg's Moses und Aaron at the Hamburg State Opera, including a tour to Israel. He focused on rarely played works such as Meyerbeer's Le prophète at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and on contemporary opera such as Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and the world premiere of Alexander Goehr's Behold the Sun.

text:
# Bohumil Herlischka

**Bohumil Herlischka** (25 April 1919 – February 2006) was a Czech opera director. After years at the National Theatre, he worked from 1957 predominantly in German opera houses, introducing a style later known as *Regietheater* (director's theatre). He directed several productions at the Oper Frankfurt and developed a close connection to the Deutsche Oper am Rhein where he staged operas by Leoš Janáček, presenting a cycle of six operas in the 197778 season. He staged Schoenberg's *Moses und Aaron* at the Hamburg State Opera, including a tour to Israel. He focused on rarely played works such as Meyerbeer's *Le prophète* at the Deutsche Oper Berlin and on contemporary opera such as Shostakovich's *Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District* and the world premiere of Alexander Goehr's *Behold the Sun*.

## Life

Born in Čáslav on 25 April 1919, Herlischka worked as a stage director at the National Theatre in Prague from 1951 to 1957. He then emigrated to the West, where he worked at German opera houses such as the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the Oper Frankfurt, the Cologne Opera, the Bavarian State Opera in Munich, and the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Düsseldorf and Duisburg.

He staged the original version of Shostakovich's *Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District* in 1959 in a style which later was called *Regietheater* (director's theatre). The same year, he directed Nicolai's *Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor* at the Oper Frankfurt, conducted by Felix Prohaska. A year later, he staged Mussorgsky's *Boris Godunov* there, conducted by Georg Solti.

In Düsseldorf, he staged Weber's *Der Freischütz* in 1961, but met with strong opposition as he did not stage the traditional "happy ending". In 1964, he directed Bizet's *Carmen* in Frankfurt, and a year later Tchaikovsky's *Pique Dame*. Also in 1964 he directed a production of Franz Schreker's *Der ferne Klang* at the Staatstheater Kassel, the first staging of a Schreker opera after his music had been banned by the Nazis in 1933. In 1971, he directed Gounod's *Faust* (in Germany traditionally called *Margarethe*) at the Oper Frankfurt, conducted by Christoph von Dohnányi.

Herlischka worked for television in 1962, directing the play fragment *Woyzeck* by Georg Büchner. The press reacted mostly negatively to a different order of scenes, compiled from different versions, with some omissions. The review in the weekly *Die Zeit* noted that words were repeated in an artificial way and that the social aspects of the plot were neglected. In 1964, he directed Meyerbeer's *Le prophète* at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, conducted by Heinrich Hollreiser, with James McCracken in the title role. A reviewer regarded it as a persiflage by a cynical director. In the 197374 season, Herlischka staged Schoenberg's *Moses und Aaron* at the Hamburg State Opera. The opera had been regarded as impossible to perform, and the world premiere was given in Hamburg in 1954 in a concert performance, conducted by Hans Rosbaud. Herlischka's production, with Franz Mazura as Moses and Richard Cassilly as Aaron and conducted by Horst Stein, was also shown in Israel.

Similar to Walter Felsenstein at the Komische Oper Berlin, he was a pioneer of expressive-poetic theatre and his performances were revived again and again over several years. He introduced the operas by Leoš Janáček to Western Europe. In Düsseldorf, he staged a cycle of six of his operas from 1969 to 1977, when they were all performed as a cycle. The first was *Jenůfa* in 1969, in a stage design by Hermann Soherr. Astrid Varnay, the singer of the Kostelnička, wrote in her memoirs that Herlischka knew exactly how to present the emotions of peasants from Moravia. While she resented his authoritarian attitude, she admired his sense for the visual. It was followed by *Das schlaue Füchslein* (*The Cunning Little Vixen*) in 1972, *Káťa Kabanová* in 1973, *Die Sache Makropulos* (*The Makropulos Affair*) in a double bill with *Die Ausflüge des Herrn Brouček* (*The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century*) in 1974, and finally *Aus einem Totenhaus* (*From the House of the Dead*) in 1977. In the 197778 season, all six operas were presented as a cycle at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, conducted by Peter Schneider in a stage design by Ruodi Barth. It was the only such cycle outside Czechoslovakia. In 1986, he staged the opera *Schicksal* (*Destiny*), which was regarded as an important step in bringing the composer's works to the stage.

Herlischka staged Janáček's *Das schlaue Füchslein* also at the Hamburg State Opera, both in 1976, conducted by Armin Jordan, and in 1981, conducted by Lawrence Foster. He staged Mozart's *Le nozze di Figaro* at the Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz in Munich in 1977, conducted by Heinz Drewanz. In 1985, he directed Alexander Goehr's *Behold the Sun – Die Wiedertäufer* (*Sehet die Sonne*), an opera commissioned for the 25th anniversary of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, based on a libretto by John McGrath. It premiered on 19 April 1985, conducted by Hiroshi Wakasugi, in a set designed by Ruodi Barth.

Herlischka died in Düsseldorf in February 2006, at age 86.

## Legacy

Edited by Ilka Kügler, a book reflecting Herlischka's work for the opera stage, *Ein Magier der Bühne:Der Regisseur Bohumil Herlischka* (*A Magician of the Stage:The Director Bohumil Herlischka)*, appeared in the series *Dokumente zur Theatergeschichte* (Documents of theatre history) in Düsseldorf in 1989.

## Sources

* Genossenschaft Deutscher Bühnen-Angehöriger (publisher), *Deutsches Bühnen-Jahrbuch 2007*, Verlag Bühnenschriften-Vertriebs-Gesellschaft mbH, Hamburg, 2007, p. 854 ISSN 0070-4431

## InfoBox

| Bohumil Herlischka | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-04-25)25 April 1919
Čáslav, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | February 2006 (aged 8687)
Düsseldorf |
| Occupation | * Opera director |
| Organizations |  |


title: Boddam branch line

abstract: The Boddam Branch Line was a 15-mile branch railway line constructed by the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR) from Ellon railway station to Boddam in Aberdeenshire. It opened in 1897. As well as serving the small fishing port of Boddam and nearby stone quarries, it connected to the Cruden Bay Hotel, a luxurious resort hotel established and operated by the GNoSR. As a United Kingdom railway-owned resort hotel, the hotel was an unusual development. The remote location of the hotel and the short season, led to poor financial performance of the hotel; the other hoped-for traffics of the branch line were also disappointing. The passenger service on the branch line was discontinued in 1932 and the hotel itself was requisitioned by the military at the outset of World War II; it never re-opened to the public. The goods service on the branch closed at the end of 1948.

text:
# Boddam branch line

The **Boddam Branch Line** was a 15-mile branch railway line constructed by the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR) from Ellon railway station to Boddam in Aberdeenshire. It opened in 1897. As well as serving the small fishing port of Boddam and nearby stone quarries, it connected to the Cruden Bay Hotel, a luxurious resort hotel established and operated by the GNoSR. As a United Kingdom railway-owned resort hotel, the hotel was an unusual development.

The remote location of the hotel and the short season, led to poor financial performance of the hotel; the other hoped-for traffics of the branch line were also disappointing. The passenger service on the branch line was discontinued in 1932 and the hotel itself was requisitioned by the military at the outset of World War II; it never re-opened to the public. The goods service on the branch closed at the end of 1948.

## Origins

### A branch line and a hotel

The GNoSR had a main line from Aberdeen to Keith, and had encouraged local privately owned companies to build connecting branch lines. On that basis the Formartine and Buchan Railway Company built branch lines from Dyce to Peterhead and Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Those lines opened in stages from 1861 to 1865. The financial performance of the Formartine and Buchan Railway was poor, and with several others, the Company was absorbed by the GNoSR in 1866. The Fraserburgh and Peterhead lines became known as *The Buchan Lines*.

In 1891 the GNoSR purchased the Palace Hotel in Aberdeen, close to the station premises there. It had been built in 1874, and the GNoSR set about modernising it, installing electric lighting and hydraulic lifts; it reopened in August 1891. The arrangement was considered a success, and in October 1892 the Board decided to establish a new hotel. This was to be on Cruden Bay, at Port Errol; it was to be a resort hotel, that is, a destination in itself. The concept of a resort hotel, in many cases a "hydropathic" establishment, had become fashionable. The Canadian Pacific Railway had opened one in Banff in 1888, but the GNoSR was leading the field in doing so in the United Kingdom. There was to be a golf course, spa, sea bathing and other attractions.

In 1893 Parliamentary powers were obtained for the purpose. The location at Cruden Bay was considered to be perfect, but the nearest railway station was at Ellon, on the Formartine and Buchan line, about 10 miles distant. Accordingly there would need to be a new railway branch line from Ellon to Cruden Bay. It was planned to continue the line for five miles beyond Cruden Bay to reach the small fishing town of Boddam. Charles Brand was the contractor for the railway construction, and his firm began work on 8 September 1893. With granite quarries to be served, the Boddam fishery, and the Cruden Bay brickworks, as well as the proposed hotel, the 15-mile line was regarded as a safe project. The engineering works were light, at the expense of heavy gradients.

### Hotel and tramway

Clearly the dominant reason for making the branch line was access to the hotel. The hotel was provisionally named the Port Erroll Hotel, although this was later changed to the Cruden Bay Hotel. It was to have 55 bedrooms, and be constructed of pink Peterhead granite; the estimated cost was £16,000, with additional costs of £5,000 for lifts, heating, furnishings and grounds. It was hoped that the District Council would provide water and sewerage connections, but in the end the railway company provided this itself at a cost of £1,200. Lighting was to be by paraffin lamps, but "if a laundry is erected, electric lighting can be provided at a probable outlay of £1,000 for a dynamo and wiring". The laundry and the electrical supply were in fact installed.

In August 1898 the GNoSR sent a party of directors and engineers to the Isle of Man to inspect the electric and light railways there, with a view to making a tramway connection between the hotel and the railway station. On 14 September 1898 the Company decided to construct an electric tramway, together with a laundry and an additional lift in the hotel, and a dynamo for electric power. The tramway needed to cross the main Newburgh \- Port Erroll road, and the County Council agreed to a level crossing. The estimated cost of this enhancement was £9,005.

Two single-deck four-wheel tramcars were built at the GNoSR Kittybrewster workshops in 1899; in addition there was an open trailer for carrying coal, and two bogie cars for carrying boilers and other heavy articles.

## History

### Opening and financial results

The line opened for traffic on 2 August 1897. The Cruden Bay station was built to a high standard, in keeping with the hotel: the Glasgow Herald (newspaper, now retitled The Herald described the station as extremely handsome, with ornamental gables and panel work, separate first class waiting rooms for ladies and gentlemen, a refreshment buffet, and a carriage verandah outside. The hotel was still under construction at the time of opening of the railway.

In fact the opening of the hotel was deferred until 1899, though the golf course had been laid out and was in use. In late December 1898 a special train of "luxurious bogie saloons" \[modern railway coaches\] had taken directors and guests to view the almost-finished hotel. The company promoted the hotel vigorously, with advertisements for the "New Seaside and Golfing Resort". Miss Kate Campbell was appointed manager, at £100 a year, though Miss McKilliam was in overall charge, and a golf professional, Alex N Weir formerly of Arbroath, was appointed, at £70 a year. The opening day was 1 March 1899. The 3ft 6+12in gauge tramway opened in June. It operated on 500-volt DC current from the hotel's 33 kW generator, A laundry was built on the site; it also served the needs of the Palace Hotel, Aberdeen, as well as those of the GNoSR generally. The tariff for August and September was 15s per day on the first floor, 14s on the second floor, 12s on the third floor and 10s 6d on the fourth, inclusive of breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner; provision of a \[coal\] fire in the room cost extra. After five months of operation the results were described as "most encouraging" and the hotel committee decided to keep it open though the winter, at a reduced rate of £2 10s per week.

The hotel results may have been "most encouraging" but Barclay-Harvey, talking about the branch line as a whole, says that:

> Despite the fact that the hotel was very comfortable and the golf course one of the best in Scotland, the whole undertaking was a disastrous one. The season was too short to make them profitable, and the railway, which passed through comparatively poor country, never paid, and the time came when all concerned wished it had never been made."

In fact the hotel was beset with a heavy turnover of management, indicating intrinsic problems; Miss Campbell had resigned in 1900 and her successor, Miss Frater, was dismissed in 1901 for failing to keep provision costs down. A new manager, Mr Trenchard of the Claremont Hydropathic Hotel, Rhyl, was appointed in February 1902 at £130. The hotels had a bad year in 1905, with the Aberdeen Palace's net profit falling and Cruden Bay making a loss for the second year in succession: with revenue of £7,480 against costs, including interest payments, of £8,184. Mr Trenchard had gone, and Miss Williams, manager of Bruce's Hotel, Carnoustie, was appointed at £100 a year plus 2+12% of net annual profits as an incentive to keep costs down. The Company had tried to sell a lease of the Cruden Bay Hotel, but none of the large chains were attracted.\<ross168\>

### Train services

Trains on the Boddam line stopped at all stations, and the number of services never exceeded five in each direction. After the opening of the Cruden Bay Hotel, improved connections were given by the acceleration of trains on the Buchan section. Through services to and from Aberdeen were inaugurated in the summer of 1899, with a morning train in each direction, running non-stop between Ellon and Aberdeen. The down train was withdrawn in the autumn of 1899 and never reinstated, but the up service survived as a summer-only feature. Although efforts were made to popularise the hotel and the golf course, and to develop Port Errol, the results were most disappointing. Moreover the fish traffic from Boddam failed to come up to expectations.

In April 1899 the GNoSR was criticised when it issued cheap fares for Sunday travel, so enabling golfers to desecrate the Sabbath by playing on the new course at Cruden Bay. But the newspaper reporter felt that people would be "just as well employed in playing golf on Sundays as loafing about church doors and annoying worshippers as they are complained of doing in Aberdeen".

### Closures

On 1 November 1932, the passenger service was withdrawn on the "unsuccessful" branch to Boddam. The hotel tramway ceased passenger operation at the same time; hotel visitors were offered a motor car service from Aberdeen station. The tramway continued to carry stores and laundry to and from the hotel's laundering facilities.

During World War II, the hotel was closed to the public, and requisitioned in 1940 as a Field Training Centre for the Gordon Highlanders, in some cases arriving and departing by troop train on the line. The tramway ceased operation on 31 December 1940.

The Cruden Bay Hotel was handed back to the railway company by the autumn of 1945. The premises were then advertised for sale, but no definite offers were received. Eventually, it was decided that the heavy cost of maintaining the hotel was not justified, and in July 1947 it was sold to a demolition contractor. The work of clearing the site was not completed until 1952.

Freight service was withdrawn in November 1945 and the line was subsequently used for wagon storage. In November 1946 there was said to be 4189 wagons in storage on the line awaiting repair. The branch line was completely closed on 31 December 1948.

## Legacy

### The line today

Unlike the Formartine and Buchan Railway, the route of the line was not preserved as it closed far earlier. That said, few parts of the line are built on and many farms have not gone to the trouble of levelling the ground on the route. Most of the route is still visible, with several embankments, cuttings and road overbridges still in situ along the route (however many have been backfilled to allow farm access).

Most of the bridges which carried the railway have been taken down, including the substantial Cruden Bay viaduct, although three pillars of it remain standing. One large bridge remains, spanning the Water of Cruden at Bridgend. Numerous culverts are remaining, possibly five or more are over small burns between Pitlurg and Hatton, one is over the Water of Cruden at Nethermill, one is over the smaller burn at Cruden Bay, and another, which can be walked through, is at Bullers o' Buchan. A number of well built bridge buttresses are still standing for the railway and for overbridges. The photo has one of many similar looking overbridges.

The remaining evidence of station sites is slim, some having been built on. The station hotel at Hatton remains while a goods shed there was demolished in 2012. All stationmasters' houses exist today.

Walking the full length of the line is impossible, as some sections have been removed entirely (particularly where the line crossed the A90 and A975), several extant sections are fenced prohibiting access and other sections are thick with bushes. Sections that can be done include Hatton to Bogbrae and a section around the Burn of Forvie.

### Tramcars at Museum

Grampian Transport Museum reconstructed one of the tramcars and placed it on exhibition there.

## New line proposal

The Campaign for North East Rail has proposed the reopening of part of the route for a new line to Peterhead, which would follow the alignment of the Boddam branch as far as Cruden Bay. However Transport Scotland has decided not to include this proposal in its plans.

## Locations

* Boddam; opened 2 August 1897; closed 31 October 1932;
* Longhaven; opened 2 August 1897; closed 31 October 1932;
* Bullers o' Buchan; opened 1899; closed 31 October 1932;
* Cruden Bay; opened 2 August 1897; closed 31 October 1932;
* Hatton; opened 2 August 1897; closed 31 October 1932;
* Pitlurg; opened 2 August 1897; closed 31 October 1932;
* Auchmacoy; opened 2 August 1897; closed 31 October 1932;
* Ellon; main line station; opened 18 July 1861; closed 4 October 1965.

1. H A Vallance, *The Great North of Scotland Railway*, David and Charles, Dawlish, 1965, page 173
2. Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey, *A History of the Great North of Scotland Railway*, 1949, pages 112 and 113
3. David Ross, *The Great North of Scotland Railway: A New History*, Stenlake Publishing, Catrine, 2015, ISBN 978 1 84033 701 3, page 138
4. Vallance, pages 95 to 97
5. Ross, page 141
6. H A Vallance, *Northwards from Aberdeen*, in the Railway Magazine, January 1956
7. M J Mitchell, *The Cruden Bay Hotel and its Tramway*, in *The Story and Tales of the Buchan Line*, compiled by Alan H Sangster, Oxford Publishing Co, Poole, 1983, ISBN 0 86093 179 X, pages 34 to 36
8. *Cruden Bay Hotel Tramway*, from LNER Magazine, June 1941, quoted in Sangster, page 44
9. Ross, page 152
10. Ross, page 157
11. John Thomas and David Turnock, *A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: Volume 15, North of Scotland*, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, 1989, ISBN 0 946537 03 8, pages 186 and 187
12. Vallance, page 167
13. *Cruden Bay Hotel Tramway*, at Aberdeenshire HER Home, https://online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/smrpub/master/detail.aspx?Authority=ASH&refno=NK03NE0109
14. Gordon Stansfield, *Aberdeenshire's Lost Railways*, Stenlake Publishing Limited, 2000, ISBN 978 1840331035, page 19
15. Vallance, page 169
16. "Boddam Branch Line 'Pensioned Off': Closure Takes Effect on January 1". *The Press and Journal*. 16 December 1948. p. 4. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
17. "Waggons by the mile". *Dundee Courier*. 8 November 1946. p. 4. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
18. "Miles of idle waggons". *Dundee Courier*. 4 November 1947. p. 3.
19. Regional History, page 316
20. "Cruden bay hotel Tramcar". *Grampian Transport Museum*. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
21. "Aberdeenshire Back on Track. Summary Case" (PDF). Campaign for North East Rail. March 2021.
22. *Campaigner's fury over Ellon and Buchan rail link exclusion*, in Grampian Online, 21 January 2022, at https://www.grampianonline.co.uk/news/campaigners-fury-over-ellon-and-buchan-rail-link-exclusion-263627/
23. M E Quick, *Railway Passenger Stations in England, Wales and Scotland: A Chronology*, version 5.03, September 2021, Railway and Canal Historical Society, electronic download
24. Col M H Cobb, *The Railways of Great Britain -- A Historical Atlas*, Ian Allan Publishing Limited, Shepperton, 2003, ISBN 07110 3003 0

## InfoBox

Boddam Branch Line
| Overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Locale | Scotland |
| Dates of operation | 2 August 18971945 |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) |
| Length | 15 miles (24 km) |
| Route map | |


title: Boby-Kolonia

abstract: Boby-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Urzędów, within Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It has a population of 188 people.

text:
# Boby-Kolonia

**Boby-Kolonia** \[ˈbɔbɨ kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Urzędów, within Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It has a population of 188 people.

## InfoBox

| Boby-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Boby-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 51°1′39″N 22°2′48″E / 51.02750°N 22.04667°E / 51.02750; 22.04667 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Kraśnik |
| Gmina | Urzędów |


title: Bob and Carol Look for Treasure

abstract: Bob and Carol Look for Treasure was the first story produced by the BBC as part of their Look and Read programme. The ten part serial was filmed, in September 1966, with the intention of being shown as part of the BBC's Merry-Go-Round series but was instead broadcast, between January and March 1967, as part of their new Look and Read format. The story featured many of the elements which would become standard for the programme over the years. These included children having to solve clues and puzzles to forward the story, which took the form of a mystery tale.

text:
# Bob and Carol Look for Treasure

**Bob and Carol Look for Treasure** was the first story produced by the BBC as part of their *Look and Read* programme. The ten part serial was filmed, in September 1966, with the intention of being shown as part of the BBC's *Merry-Go-Round* series but was instead broadcast, between January and March 1967, as part of their new *Look and Read* format.

The story featured many of the elements which would become standard for the programme over the years. These included children having to solve clues and puzzles to forward the story, which took the form of a mystery tale.

## Story

The serial was split into two separate and distinct sections; the first six parts known as "The Lost Treasure" and the last four as "The Stolen Treasure".

### "The Lost Treasure"

A young girl, Carol, is sent to deliver eggs to Miss Brown who looks after a large old house. Whilst there, Carol spots a small porcelain Chinese statue. Miss Brown is about to tell Carol a secret of the statue when she is interrupted by Carol's goat, Bella, who is eating her flowers. Carol chases after the goat and meets a boy named Bob sitting under a tree. He tells Carol that he lives in a canal boat and after the two children capture Bella, he shows her round his home. Whilst on the boat, Carol spots a statue which looks almost identical to the one in the big house. On the bottom of this statue the children find part of a message that Bob says is a clue that will lead them to some treasure. They take the statue to Miss Brown who tells them about a rich man, Adam Kent, who once lived in the house. Before he died, he left clues, leading to the location of his fortune, on the bottom of two statues, which were intended to go to each of his two sons.

Combining the clues on the two statues, Carol and Bob set off to find the treasure. They find a marked stone, cross a canal and make their way to the village of King's Mill where they find a well which leads them back to a stone in the grounds of the house. When the get back to the house they meet a rude fat man with a motorbike who they help after he drops his radio, though he turns out to be ungrateful. They tell Miss Brown that they know where to find treasure and she gets a gardener to come and help them unearth it. They leave thinking that the house is empty but secretly the fat man lurks inside. Under the stone they find a brown bag filled with gold, silver and two big golden cups. They decide to take the treasure into the house, leaving Bob to look after Bella but when they get back into the house they discover that a picture of Adam Kent has gone missing, so Carol runs out to tell Bob whilst Miss Brown phones the police. When Carol and Bob get back to the house they find that the treasure is gone too.

### "The Stolen Treasure"

The following day, newspapers report the theft of the treasure from the big house. Bob and Carol can't think of a way to get the treasure back so Carol takes a trip up the canal with Bob and his dad. When they stop at a lock, the children go for a walk and spot what Bob think is the fat man's motorbike. They suspect the man of the theft of the treasure and so they hide out in a shed, which contains some radio equipment, waiting for him to return for his bike. Eventually, instead of the fat man, Mike, who lives next to the lock, goes to the bike. Suddenly a boy, called Dan, comes out from behind them and tells them they shouldn't be there. They find out that they were mistaken about the bike and ask about the radio equipment which Mike lets Dan explain to them. As they listen in on the radio they hear some strange messages to someone called "Number One" about sending the "Red Dragon". Bob and Carol quickly realise that the voice is that of the fat man and that he has the picture and the treasure.

Dan offers to help the two find the Red Dragon which they think might be a boat. Bob and Dan search the canal, leaving Carol to listen to the radio, but they find nothing. Carol decides to go look for herself and ends up in a boat house where she hears the fat man's voice. He makes an appointment to send the painting on the Red Dragon at 4pm in a park. He locks the door of the boat house leaving Carol trapped. As the afternoon passes she decides that she must do something so she sends a message in a bottle down the canal with the hope that the boys will pick it up. Bob spots it in the water and they rush to the boat house, freeing Carol with only half an hour left to get to the park. They tell Mike of their dilemma and then race to the park, Bob and Dan on their bikes, Carol and Mike on his motorbike. When they reach the park they split up and look for the fat man. Bob and Dan see a man wearing black glasses with a motorised toy boat painted red and green. Bob asks the man how the boat works and spots that it is named the Red Dragon. As the boat rushes across the water Carol and Mike spot the fat man who lifts the boat from the water and puts something on it before putting it back in. He notices Carol and Mike and runs off with a blue bag. The four chase after him but he gets away. They see Number One on a motor boat heading up the canal and Mike points out that they can stop him at Five Locks and so they call the police. At the locks the fat man and Number One become trapped and the police arrest them, finding the picture in the Red Dragon and the treasure in the blue bag.

## Cast

* Jean Anderson as Miss Brown
* Veronica Purnell as Carol
* Stephen Leigh as Bob
* Charles Leno as Adam Kent
* Sean Barrett as Will Kent
* Simon Lanzon as Robert Kent
* Robert Bridges as the Fat Man
* Peter Hempson as Mike
* Carl Gonzales as Dan
* Frank Duncan as Number One
* Trevor Lloyd as the policeman
* Tom Gibbs - Introductions

### Crew

* Writer - Joy Thwaytes
* Producer - Claire Chovil
* Devised by Joyce M. Morris

## InfoBox

| *Bob and Carol Look for Treasure* | |
| --- | --- |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| No. of episodes | 10 |
| Production | |
| Running time | 20 mins |
| Original release | |
| Network | BBC |
| Release | 1967 (1967) |


title: Roshewadi

abstract: Roshewadi is a village in the Karmala taluka of Solapur district in Maharashtra state, India.

text:
# Roshewadi

**Roshewadi** is a village in the Karmala taluka of Solapur district in Maharashtra state, India.

## Demographics

Covering 529 hectares (1,310 acres) and comprising 172 households at the time of the 2011 census of India, Roshewadi had a population of 917. There were 488 males and 429 females, with 101 people being aged six or younger.

## InfoBox

| Roshewadi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Solapur district |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |


title: Bolivar Female Academy

abstract: Bolivar Female Academy was a former women's school in Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee.

text:
# Bolivar Female Academy

**Bolivar Female Academy** was a former women's school in Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee.

## History

The Bolivar Male Academy opened in 1826 in Bolivar, Tennessee. This first school in town was started by Dr. John Rogers; however, he left Boliver soon after. Its counterpart, he Bolivar Female Academy, opened on the other side of town in 1832. Both schools were supported by tution fees. In December 1840, Levi Joy was president of the Bolivar Female Academy; Mrs. R. C. Berry was hired as its principal, with Mrs. Frances Attwood as her assistant. Rev. L. Jansen was the principal of the Bolivar Female Academy in 1852.

During the Civil War, the town of Bolivar was under military law from 1862 to May 1864. In 1862, the Boliver Female Academy was used as a hospital established by General Stephen A. Hurlbut’s army.

After the war, Rev. W. C. Gray of the local Episcopal church served as the academy's principal. He was replaced by Mary A. Galloway by January 1867. Professor J. W. Graham of Nashville was the principal of the academy in 1872, followed by Mrs. L. W. Cralli in February 1874, E. W. Prince in 1975, and Mrs. M. J. Thompson in February 1876.

In the late 1880s, Bolivar had six private schools, as well as a public school. By 1892, there was community support for a tax for secondary public schools. A new public school was constructed that included four classrooms and a chapel. In the fall of 1896, Professor J. T. Hill was the Bolivar Female Academy's principal. He began a marketing campaign to seek more students, including distributing pamphlets and catalogs.

However, this effort failed and the school closed. Its building was used as a public school. In March and April 1901, a bill was introduced and passed in the Tennessee General Assembly to allow the sale of the school. In August 1901, the Bolivar Board of Education announced the sale of the former Bolivar School for Females. After it was sold, the building was used as a residence.

## Campus

Bolivar Female Academy was located at the south end of Main Street in Bolivar, Tennessee. Its building was constructed for the school. Initially, Bolivar Female Academy lacked dormitories; T. B. Adams operated a boarding house in Bolivar for the out-of-town students who attended the school.

## Academics

Bolivar Female Academy was non-sectarian and was not affiliated with a specific church. The school was divided into classes for beginning and intermediate students. Its curriculum included arithmetic, English, French geography, grammar, history, Latin, reading, and spelling. Other classes included drawing, embroidery, painting, and music, including guitar and piano.

## Student activities

The students presented musical entertainment for the community. In June 1866, the students held a strawberry festival that raised $90 for the Monumental Association, an organization formed to erect a Confederate memorial in Bolivar.

The academy was home to a Delta Gamma sorority chapter from 1878 to 1881. The students also had field trips, such as a picnic to Dunlap Springs.

## InfoBox

Bolivar Female Academy
| Type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1832–c. 1900 |
| Location | Bolivar, Tennessee, United States |


title: Rosanna Rocci

abstract: Rosanna Rocci is an Italian pop singer.

text:
# Rosanna Rocci

**Rosanna Rocci** (born October 28 1968 in Solothurn) is an Italian pop singer.

## Life and career

Rosanna Rocci first grew up in Switzerland. At the age of four, she moved with her family to Italy in Abruzzo. She spent the rest of her childhood there with two sisters. She learned to play the organetto at an early age, which was actually reserved for men in Italy.

At an event in Germany, Rocci played for the composer Hanne Haller and the lyricist Bernd Meinunger, who brought her to Germany. This is how she came to Kempten. Initially she was used to produce hits in English and Italian language. At the beginning of the 1990s, Rocci went on tour with Tony Christie and Umberto Tozzi and became internationally known. She was a guest on numerous hit parades and television shows. From 1992, she also made German recordings.

In addition to solo performances and solo recordings, Rocci has also been performing as a duo with her husband, fellow pop singer Michael Morgan, since 1999. Their first hit was *Ich gehör zu Dir*, with which they won the "Golden Muse" at the Deutsche Schlager-Festspiele 1999.

Rosanna Rocci is under contract with the music label *zoom music*. In April 2019, she released her new album *5.0* to mark her 50th birthday.

Rocci was married to Michael Morgan from 1997 and has a son with him. At the end of June 2012, she announced their official separation. In June 2020, Rocci made her divorce public.

## Discography

### Albums

* 1992: *Rosanna*
* 1994: *Kopfüber ins Leben*
* 1996: *My Fire is Burning*
* 1998: *Amore, Amore*
* 1999: *Emozioni*
* 2001: *I Live for You* (with Michael Morgan)
* 2001: *Heart Over Head in Love*
* 2001: *Rosanna*
* 2001: *Un Poco di Amore*
* 2002: *Dolce Vita*
* 2002: *Kopfüber ins Leben*
* 2003: *Aber bitte mit Herz*
* 2003: *Ti Amo Ancora*
* 2004: *Felicita - Liebe hautnah* (with Michael Morgan)
* 2005: *Das fühlt sich gut an*
* 2007: *Die grössten Single-Hits*
* 2007: *100% Rosanna*
* 2009: *Solo con te - Nur mit Dir*
* 2012: *Glücksgefühle*
* 2019: *5.0*

### Singles

* *La mia Musica*
* 1990: *Mister, Mister*
* 1991: *Theresa*
* 1991: *My family*
* 1992: *Chaka Chaka*
* 1993: *Wer die Augen geschlossen (wird nie die Wahrheit seh'n)* (as part of Mut zur Menschlichkeit)
* 1994: *Vino e Pane*
* 1995: *Perche no - warum nicht*
* 1996: *Mamma Mia*
* 1996: *Ciao mio amore* (with Andreas Fulterer)
* 1997: *Ritornerai*
* 1999: *Ich gehör zu Dir* (with Michael Morgan)
* 2001: *Un Poco di Amore*
* 2002: *Un Anno d'Amore*
* 2005: *Arrivederci Hans*
* 2007: *E Pericoloso*
* 2007: *Ich bin aus dem Süden*
* 2011: *Du bist kein Americano*
* 2012: *Olé Olá - heisser als Fieber*
* 2015: *Lo Vorrei*
* 2019: *Tutto o niente (Gefährliches Spiel)*
* 2019: *Solo Amore (Tropical Mix)*
* 2019: *Solo Con Te*
* 2024: *Dieser Richard Gere Moment*

1. "Rosanna Rocci Discography". *Discogs* (in Italian). January 14, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
2. "Songs, Events and Music Stats". *Viberate.com*. December 10, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
3. "Rosanna Rocci mit neuem Album 5.0". *Presseportal-schweiz.ch* (in German). April 5, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
4. *Rosanna Rocci & Michael Morgan: Nach 15 Jahre Ehe alles aus*. bunte.de, 27. Juni 2012
5. Lisa Klugmayer: *Schlager: Trennungsdrama bei Rosanna Rocci - Nach der Scheidung brach sie zusammen*, extratipp.com, 22. August 2021