title: Rover 75

abstract: The Rover 75 is a car which was manufactured from 1998 to 2005 and sold under the British Rover marque. It is a large family car and came in four-door saloon and five-door estate body styles. Initially built only with front-wheel drive, a rear-wheel drive variant with a V8 engine was later sold. There was also an extended-wheelbase model. In 2001, MG Rover launched a badge engineered variant, the MG ZT. A coupé concept was built, but did not receive further development. Rover 75s were manufactured by the Rover Group at Cowley, Oxfordshire for one year. After owner BMW sold Rover, the 75 was manufactured by the new MG Rover Group at their Longbridge site in Birmingham. The Rover 75 debuted at the Birmingham Motor Show, with deliveries commencing in February 1999. As the last large Rover saloon, production of all models ended in 2005 when MG Rover Group entered receivership.

text:
# Rover 75

The **Rover 75** is a car which was manufactured from 1998 to 2005 and sold under the British Rover marque. It is a large family car and came in four-door saloon and five-door estate body styles. Initially built only with front-wheel drive, a rear-wheel drive variant with a V8 engine was later sold. There was also an extended-wheelbase model. In 2001, MG Rover launched a badge engineered variant, the MG ZT. A coupé concept was built, but did not receive further development.

Rover 75s were manufactured by the Rover Group at Cowley, Oxfordshire for one year. After owner BMW sold Rover, the 75 was manufactured by the new MG Rover Group at their Longbridge site in Birmingham. The Rover 75 debuted at the Birmingham Motor Show, with deliveries commencing in February 1999. As the last large Rover saloon, production of all models ended in 2005 when MG Rover Group entered receivership.

## History

The Rover 75 started life as part of a group of three new designs for the company under the guidance of Richard Woolley; a large saloon codenamed *Flagship*, a smaller vehicle (with the codename of *Eric*), and the 75. Of these only the 75 concept progressed. The initial aim was to reskin the Rover 600 (launched in April 1993) but following the BMW takeover in 1994, it was quickly decided that this platform would not be reused but replaced by an entirely new model, scheduled for launch in the late 1990s.

Work on the new model, codenamed *R40*, progressed with little operational interference from BMW; the styling received an enthusiastic response from the management and both companies believed the classical look would be the ideal direction for Rover. Advanced design processes included 3D virtual reality assembly simulations.

The Rover 75 debuted at the Birmingham Motor Show on 20 October 1998 and went on sale until 17 June 1999 having been extensively tested by the motoring press.

The 75 featured a range of petrol and diesel engines from 1.8- to 2.5-litre sizes. Petrol engines provided were Rover's four-cylinder K series in 1.8-litre guise and the quad cam KV6, offered in either short-stroke 2.0 or revised 2.5-litre formats. The 2.0-litre was later dropped on introduction of the 1.8-litre turbo for emissions purposes. A diesel engine was provided through BMW Group channels. Engineered by Rover Group and Steyr engineers for transverse mounting, the 4-cylinder M47R (M47 Rail) differed from M47D20 engines found in the E46 3 Series and E39 5 Series by featuring a direct injection common-rail system, different turbocharger and more sophisticated systems for temperature management.

Transmissions on all models were either the Getrag 283 5-speed manual, supplied from the company's new facility in Bari, Italy, or the JATCO 5-speed automatic unit — one of the first transverse engine deployments made with this feature.

Disc brakes at all four wheels were augmented by a Bosch 5.7 4-channel ABS system and electronic brake force distribution. The parking brake was a cable operated drum integral within the rear discs.

Suspension was via front MacPherson struts, anchored by alloy lower L-arms and widely spaced mounting points. The rear suspension was a version of BMW's Z-Axle arrangement used on the 1988 Z1 sports car.

The 75 won a series of international awards.

Assembly originally took place at Cowley but in 2000, following the sale of the company by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings, production was moved to Longbridge in Birmingham, England. 2001 saw the introduction of the Rover 75 Tourer (developed alongside the saloon but never authorised for production by BMW), swiftly followed by the MG ZT and MG ZT-T, more sporting interpretations of the model, differentiated by modified, sporting chassis settings and colour and trim derivatives. Between 2000 and 2003, there were few changes to the range: the most significant was the replacement of the 2-litre V6 engine by a low-pressure-turbocharged version of the 1.8-litre, four-cylinder engine. The introduction of the 'greener' 1.8-litre turbo greatly benefited British company car drivers who are taxed on carbon dioxide emissions. A customisation programme, *Monogram*, was launched, allowing buyers to order their car in a wider range of exterior paint colours and finishes, different interior trims and with optional extras installed during production. Rather surprisingly, the 75 was offered for sale in Mexico, making it the first Rover to be sold in the Americas since the Sterling.

From June 2002 a factory-approved dual-fuel petrol/liquid petroleum gas conversion was available in the UK on 1.8 and 2.5-litre models. The LPG conversion was an after-market undertaking approved by MG Rover. Developed by EcoGas Systems Ltd and Landi Renzo S.R.L. in conjunction with MG Rover Powertrain Limited, the conversion was ordered from Rover dealerships, the cars retaining the three-year factory warranty. The retail price of the conversion was £2,195, but in an effort to encourage LPG use for transport, for ecological reasons, the UK Government offered a Powershift Rebate of some 60% of the conversion cost. When running on LPG the Rover 75 suffers only a slight reduction in performance compared to running on petrol; LPG fuel consumption is also slightly higher than when running on petrol but this is more than offset by the greatly reduced cost of the fuel.

### Tourer

Rover released the station wagon/estate bodystyle of the 75, called Tourer, in July 2001. The tailgate featured an optional opening rear glass section. The load space was up to 1,480 mm wide and 2,060 mm long. With the seats up there is 400 to 680 litres of cargo space, and with the seats folded down (in a 60:40 ratio complete with centre load-through hatch) there is 1,222 litres available.

| Vehicle | Saloon | Estate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Rover 75 | 432 L | 400 L - 1,222 L |
| Alfa Romeo 156 | 378 L | 360 L - 1,180 L |
| Audi A4 | 440 L | 390 L - 1,250 L |
| Jaguar X-Type | 452 L | 465 L - 1,415 L |
| Lexus IS | 400 L | 343 L - 1,000 L |
| Mercedes-Benz C-Class | 430 L | 465 L - 1,510 L |
| SAAB 9-3 | 425 L | 419 L - 1,273 L |

Self-levelling rear suspension and an integral load restraint system were optional for the Tourer. Up to 100 kg can be loaded onto the roof, and the rear sill has a height of 544 mm. Four hinged chrome lashing eyes are fitted to the floor, and oddment stowage compartments and two recessed hooks are located in the side walls.

### Long Wheelbase

A stretched version of the Rover 75 — initially called Vanden Plas (later simply *Limousine*) was introduced in 2002. Developed in conjunction with vehicle builder S. MacNeillie & Son Limited in Walsall, England, the model was stretched by 200 mm in the rear floor pan and altering the rear doors. Available only in Connoisseur specification, its production moved to Longbridge after an initial short run by MacNeillie. The 75 was a ministerial car in the British Government, Tony Blair having official use of one while he was Prime Minister. Alistair Darling was seen in a long wheelbase Rover 75.

### Rover 75 V8

Rover announced a V8 model at the Geneva Motor Show in 2004. This was the second iteration of the rear-wheel-drive platform developed from the front-wheel-drive Rover 75 platform by MG Rover, following the MG ZT 260, introduced in 2003. It was the first V8-engined Rover since the demise of the Rover SD1 in 1986. The platform was extensively re-engineered for Ford's 4.6 litre Modular V8 and rear-wheel-drive, including a stiffened tunnel and bespoke rear suspension.

As with the ZT 260, the 75 V8 was built on the standard production line, removed to allow the necessary structural modifications and installation of the V8 drivetrain, then returned to the line for final trim. Instead of the MG ZT 260's Tremec TR-3650 manual gearbox, the Rover 75 V8 featured Ford's 4R75W 4-speed automatic transmission. Other features included non-standard heating and ventilation, revised brakes and suspension, quad exhaust pipes, special badging, and a "premium" front bumper featuring a deeper grille. 166 were produced in both saloon and tourer body styles, compared with 717 MG ZT 260s, for a total of 883 V8 cars.

A heavily modified MG ZT-T V8, known as the X-15 broke the speed record for a non-production estate car on Bonneville Salt Flats, USA, in September 2003, achieving 225.609 mph (363.082 km/h). The engine was bored out to 6 litres, producing 765 bhp (570 kW; 776 PS), but remained normally aspirated.

### Facelift

#### Exterior

In the northern hemisphere spring of 2004, Rover introduced a facelifted 75 featuring an entirely new front grille and bumper, with one-piece headlights with halogen projectors. The rear also featured a new bumper with a revised chrome boot handle. The "premium" grille usually reserved for V8 and long-wheelbase models, was also applied to the limited edition CDTi Sport model in Portugal. This version, with blacked-out trim and 17-inch alloy wheels, was otherwise in Connoisseur SE spec, celebrating Rover's centenary in Portugal.

#### Interior

Classic SE, Club and Club SE trim levels were dropped, and on Connoisseur trim light oak wood took the place of the original walnut, which remained standard fitment on the entry-level Classic trim. Rover also added a new trim to the range called Contemporary which featured revised fittings such as larger alloy wheels, body colour exterior accents, black oak wood trim and sports seats as well as an altered equipment. The instrumentation and its back-lighting were revised, the console texture finish was revised and the seat bolsters revised. Access to the rear seats was improved and leg-room increased.

#### Technical

Steering received revised ratios from the MG ZT. Suspension was reworked.

**Pre-facelift styling**

**Post-facelift styling**

## Engine specifications

The Rover 75 (and MG ZT derivative) were powered by a combination of Rover's own petrol and LPG K-Series and KV6 engines as well as Ford's Modular V8 and BMW's M47 diesel engine. The latter was designated M47*R* to identify the unit as a Rover special.

| Petrol engines | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Years | Made By | Model | Engine | Power | Torque | Top Speed | 0-62
mph (0–100 km/h) | Economy |
| 1998–2005 | Rover | 1.8 Manual | 1,798 cc \- L4 \- NA | 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) | 160 N⋅m (118 lbf⋅ft) | 121 mph (195 km/h) | 10.9 s | 36.2 mpgimp (7.8 L/100 km) |
| 1998–2005 | Rover | 1.8 Automatic | 1,798 cc - L4 - NA | 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) | 160 N⋅m (118 lbf⋅ft) | 118 mph (190 km/h) | 12.3 s | 30.1 mpgimp (9.4 L/100 km) |
| 1998–2002 | Rover | 2.0 V6 Manual | 1,998 cc - V6 \- NA | 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) | 185 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) | 130 mph (209 km/h) | 9.6 s | 30.1 mpgimp (9.4 L/100 km) |
| 1998–2002 | Rover | 2.0 V6 Automatic | 1,998 cc - V6 - NA | 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) | 185 N⋅m (136 lb⋅ft) | 127 mph (204 km/h) | 10.8 s | 27.5 mpgimp (10.3 L/100 km) |
| 2002-2005 | Rover | 1.8 T Manual | 1,798 cc - L4 - TC | 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) | 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) | 130 mph (209 km/h) | 9.1 s | 36.3 mpgimp (7.8 L/100 km) |
| 2002-2005 | Rover | 1.8 T Automatic | 1,798 cc - L4 - TC | 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) | 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) | 127 mph (204 km/h) | 9.7 s | 31.7 mpgimp (8.9 L/100 km) |
| 1998–2005 | Rover | 2.5 V6 Manual | 2,498 cc - V6 - NA | 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) | 240 N⋅m (177 lbf⋅ft) | 140 mph (225 km/h) | 8.2 s | 29.4 mpgimp (9.6 L/100 km) |
| 1998–2005 | Rover | 2.5 V6 Automatic | 2,498 cc - V6 - NA | 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) | 240 N⋅m (177 lbf⋅ft) | 134 mph (216 km/h) | 8.9 s | 26.9 mpgimp (10.5 L/100 km) |
| 2002–2005 | Rover | 2.5 V6 Automatic LWB | 2,498 cc - V6 - NA | 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) | 240 N⋅m (177 lbf⋅ft) | 134 mph (216 km/h) | 9.9 s | 26.6 mpgimp (10.6 L/100 km) |
| 2003–2005 | Ford | 4.6 V8 Manual | 4,601 cc - V8 \- NA | 260 PS (191 kW; 256 hp) | 410 N⋅m (302 lbf⋅ft) | 155 mph (249 km/h) | 6.2 s | 23.1 mpgimp (12.2 L/100 km) |
| 2003–2005 | Ford | 4.6 V8 Automatic | 4,601 cc - V8 - NA | 260 PS (191 kW; 256 hp) | 410 N⋅m (302 lbf⋅ft) | 151 mph (243 km/h) | 7.0 s | 22.1 mpgimp (12.8 L/100 km) |
| LPG engines | | | | | | | | |
| Years | Made By | Model | Engine | Power | Torque | Top Speed | 0-62
mph (0–100 km/h) | Economy |
| 2002–2005 | Rover | 2.5 V6 LPG Automatic | 2,498 cc - V6 - NA | 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) | 240 N⋅m (177 lbf⋅ft) | 134 mph (216 km/h) | 8.9 s | 21.3 mpgimp (13.3 L/100 km) |
| 2002–2005 | Rover | 2.5 V6 LPG Automatic LWB | 2,498 cc - V6 - NA | 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) | 240 N⋅m (177 lbf⋅ft) | 134 mph (216 km/h) | 9.9 s | 21.3 mpgimp (13.3 L/100 km) |
| Diesel engines | | | | | | | | |
| Years | Made By | Model | Engine | Power | Torque | Top Speed | 0-62
mph (0–100 km/h) | Economy |
| 1998–2005 | BMW | 2.0 CDT Manual | 1,951 cc - L4 - TC | 116 PS (85 kW; 114 hp) | 260 N⋅m (192 lbf⋅ft) | 120 mph (193 km/h) | 11.0 s | 51.4 mpgimp (5.50 L/100 km) |
| 1998–2005 | BMW | 2.0 CDT Automatic | 1,951 cc - L4 - TC | 116 PS (85 kW; 114 hp) | 260 N⋅m (192 lbf⋅ft) | 118 mph (190 km/h) | 12.2 s | 40.9 mpgimp (6.91 L/100 km) |
| 2002–2005 | BMW | 2.0 CDTi Manual | 1,951 cc - L4 - TC | 131 PS (96 kW; 129 hp) | 300 N⋅m (221 lbf⋅ft) | 121 mph (195 km/h) | 10.0 s | 50.0 mpgimp (5.65 L/100 km) |
| 2002–2005 | BMW | 2.0 CDTi Automatic | 1,951 cc - L4 - TC | 131 PS (96 kW; 129 hp) | 300 N⋅m (221 lbf⋅ft) | 118 mph (190 km/h) | 10.6 s | 40.9 mpgimp (6.91 L/100 km) |
| 2002–2005 | BMW | 2.0 CDTi Automatic LWB | 1,951 cc - L4 - TC | 131 PS (96 kW; 129 hp) | 300 N⋅m (221 lbf⋅ft) | 118 mph (190 km/h) | 11.8 s | 40.9 mpgimp (6.91 L/100 km) |
|

## Environmental impact

Each engine fitted to the Rover and MG flagships were analysed and given a score between 0 (cleanest) to 100 (dirtiest) by Next Green Car.

| MG Rover Vehicle | CO2 | Score | Competitor Vehicle | CO2 | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Petrol engines | | | | | |
| **Rover 75** 1.8 Manual
**MG ZT** 120 Manual | 184 g/km | **47** | Alfa Romeo 156 1.6 T.S.
Volkswagen Passat 2.0 | 195 g/km
206 g/km | **52**
**55** |
| **Rover 75** 1.8 Automatic
**MG ZT** | 224 g/km | **57** | Mitsubishi Galant 2.0 Automatic
Subaru Legacy 2.0 Automatic | 224 g/km
224 g/km | **60**
**61** |
| **Rover 75** 2.0 V6 Manual
**MG ZT** | 225 g/km | **57** | Lexus IS 200
Subaru Legacy 2.5 | 233 g/km
230 g/km | **63**
**62** |
| **Rover 75** 2.0 V6 Automatic
**MG ZT** | 245 g/km | **60** | Mercedes-Benz C240 V6 TouchShift
Hyundai Sonata 2.5 V6 Automatic | 256 g/km
246 g/km | **63**
**59** |
| **Rover 75** 1.8 T Manual
**MG ZT** 160 Manual | 193 g/km | **50** | Honda Accord 2.0i VTEC
Peugeot 406 2.2 | 209 g/km
210 g/km | **56**
**57** |
| **Rover 75** 1.8 T Automatic
**MG ZT** | 214 g/km | **56** | BMW 318i Automatic
SAAB 9-3 1.8T Automatic | 220 g/km
221 g/km | **60**
**59** |
| **Rover 75**
**MG ZT** 160 V6 Manual | 225 g/km | **56** | Kia Magentis 2.5 V6
 | 237 g/km
 | **57**
 |
| **Rover 75** 2.5 V6 Manual
**MG ZT** 190 Manual | 225 g/km | **57** | Mitsubishi Galant 2.5 V6
Vauxhall Vectra 2.6i V6 24v | 227 g/km
236 g/km | **61**
**64** |
| **Rover 75** 2.5 V6 Automatic
**MG ZT** 180 Automatic | 249 g/km | **65** | Ford Mondeo 2.5i V6 Automatic
Mazda Xedos 9 2.5 Automatic | 253 g/km
258 g/km | **68**
**69** |
| **Rover 75**
**MG ZT** 260 Manual | 314 g/km | **78** | Volkswagen Passat 4.0 W8 4MOTION | 317 g/km | **80** |
| **Rover 75** 4.6 V8 Automatic
**MG ZT** | 319 g/km | **79** | Volkswagen Passat 4.0 W8 4MOTION Tiptronic | 312 g/km | **79** |
| LPG engines | | | | | |
| **Rover 75** 2.5 V6 LPG Automatic
**MG ZT** | 214 g/km | **44** | Volvo S60 2.4 Bi-Fuel LPG Geartronic | 227 g/km | **61** |
| Diesel engines | | | | | |
| **Rover 75** 2.0 CDT 116 Manual
**MG ZT** 120 CDTi Manual | 163 g/km | **55** | Peugeot 406 2.0 HDi 90
SAAB 9-3 2.2 TiD | 150 g/km
164 g/km | **60**
**65** |
| **Rover 75** 2.0 CDT 116 Automatic
**MG ZT** 120 CDTi Automatic | 190 g/km | **65** | Audi A4 1.9 TDI PD 115 Tiptronic | 184 g/km | **71** |
| **Rover 75** 2.0 CDTi 131 Manual
**MG ZT** 135 CDTi Manual | 163 g/km | **55** | Audi A4 1.9 TDI PD 130 Quattro
Mercedes-Benz C220 CDI | 175 g/km
170g/km | **66**
**63** |
| **Rover 75** 2.0 CDTi 131 Automatic
**MG ZT** 135 CDTi Automatic | 190 g/km | **65** | Ford Mondeo 2.0 TDCi 130 Automatic
Vauxhall Vectra 2.2 DTi 16v Automatic | 203 g/km
208 g/km | **76**
**75** |

## Safety

The Rover 75 was designed with reinforced footwells, underfloor box beams, side impact bars and a "ring of steel" around each door opening to prevent jamming in case of an impact. Driver and front passenger head and side airbags are fitted as standard, with side head "windowbags" available as an option until 2005 when they became standard equipment. If the window airbags had been standard equipment at the time of its Euro NCAP crash test in 2001, it would have scored the full five stars for the adult occupant impact rating. Also fitted are disc brakes all round, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) with a traction control system (TCS) available as an option on 2.0 engines and above. On models fitted with Rover's Hi-Line infotainment system, a speed warning indicator was also included. Additionally, electronic stability control (ESC) was due to be made standard fitment on the 75 from the 2006 model year onwards.

The 75 underwent Euro NCAP and ANCAP car safety tests in 2001.

The Rover 75 achieved the following ratings:

| Euro NCAP 2001 *75* | Points | Rating |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Adult Occupant: | 30 out of 36 |  |
| Pedestrian Impact: | 13 out of 36 |  |

| ANCAP 2005 *75* | Points | Rating |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Overall Score: | 29.78 out of 35 |  |
| Offset Impact: | 13.78 out of 16 |  |
| Side Impact: | 16.00 out of 16 |  |
| Bonus Points: | 0.00 out of 3 |  |

All seats have anti-submarine ramps and three-point inertia reel seat belts with pre-tensioners, while the front seats get additional load limiters and automatic belt height adjustment as standard. In certain markets a seat belt reminder for the driver was fitted. Each seat has an adjustable head restraint with the front ones pivoting on SE models. Thatcham's NCWR organisation (New Car Whiplash Ratings) tested the Rover 75 and awarded it the following scores:

| NCWR | Score |
| --- | --- |
| Geometric: | **G** |
| Dynamic: | **M** |
| Overall: | **M** |

G = Good A = Acceptable M = Marginal P = Poor

## Security

A perimetric (and optional volumetric) alarm, engine immobiliser and remote-control central locking with deadbolts are standard equipment on the 75. Alloy wheels are fitted with locking wheel nuts. Automatic locking when driving off is standard, but can be disabled by a dealer. On the inside is a master locking switch and the boot can only be opened by remote control or an interior button. A battery back-up sounder and tracking device called Trackstar were available as options.

The 75 was tested by Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) organisation and achieved the following ratings:

| Saloon | Rating |
| --- | --- |
| Theft of car: |  |
| Theft from car: |  |

| Tourer | Rating |
| --- | --- |
| Theft of car: |  |
| Theft from car: |  |

## Popularity

Initial sales of the Rover 75 failed to match the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4 in the British car sales charts during 1999. The public unveiling of the car at the Birmingham Motor Show drew favourable reactions, but was unfortunately overshadowed by a press conference afterwards by BMW chairman, Bernd Pischetsrieder, containing criticism of the UK Government's attitude to financial assistance in the redevelopment of the Rover Longbridge factory (where the new Mini and R30 were to have been produced), and effectively suggesting that Rover was in crisis. Press reaction interpreted this as saying that BMW were unhappy with continuing financial losses and were intending to close Rover down. This undoubtedly scared off many prospective buyers, despite the very positive reaction to the car itself. Indeed, it did (and still does) hold up very well with the Jaguar S-Type that was unveiled at the same show. Rover's brand image also hurt the 75 against competitors despite its positive reception.

Sales picked up substantially during 2000, and it was Britain's fifth-most popular new car in the month of April of that year. It was still selling reasonably well at the time of MG Rover's bankruptcy in April 2005, and a small number of unsold 75s were still in stock as of early-2007, as Nanjing Automobile was preparing to reopen Longbridge.

Based on the combination of safety, performance and maintainability, the Rover 75 was found in 2011 to be the cheapest car to insure in the United Kingdom across all age groups.

### Production

| Year | Production |
| --- | --- |
| 1999 | 53,581 |
| 2000 | 31,545 |
| 2001 | 33,883 |
| 2002 | 32,123 |
| 2003 | 30,449 |
| 2004 | 24,156 |
| 2005 | 5,439 |
| **Total** | **211,175** |

## Models

**1998 – 2004 (Mark I)**

* Classic
* Classic SE
* Club
* Club SE
* Connoisseur
* Connoisseur SE
* Vanden Plas (LWB model)

**2004 – 2005 (Mark II)**

* Classic
* Contemporary
* Contemporary SE
* Connoisseur
* Connoisseur SE
* Sport (Portugal)
* Limousine (LWB model)

**2006 – 2016 (Roewe 750)**

* 1.8 Turbo Base (18K4G, modified Rover K-Series)
* 1.8 Turbo High-Line (18K4G, modified Rover K-Series)
* 2.5 Base (25K4F, modified Rover KV6)
* 2.5 High-Line o9629 (25K4F, modified Rover KV6)

## Reviews

* Auto Trader
'The 75's biggest problem was its image; potential buyers just assumed it was hopelessly outclassed by rivals. Nothing could be further from the truth though, as the car could compete on equal terms with some prestigious adversaries'
* Honest John
Positives: A fine looking car from all angles. Destined to become a classic
Negatives: Let down by cooling system problems on all K-Series engines, particularly the 1.8
* Parker's
Pros: Rover refinement and heritage. Handsome looks and a charming, comfortable interior.
Cons: Mid-range Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz \[rivals\].
* RAC
'The Rover 75 Tourer is one of those rare ... cars that retains a genuine sense of occasion whenever you get behind the wheel. The retro clocks and the buttoned down rectitude of the detailing all contributes to a huge feel good factor.'
* Verdict On Cars
'Recommended. The standard 75 has an elegance missing from German executive car rivals, with wood and leather harking back to a bygone age. The Tourer estate models are, surprisingly, even prettier and very practical indeed.'
* What Car?
For - It's excellent over long distances and smooths out bumps like a luxury car. It's cheap, well equipped and practical, and comes with olde-worlde charm.
Against - The rear seats are cramped and you get a much sharper drive from its German rivals.
* Which?
For: rock-bottom prices | strong diesel engine | lots of equipment | comfortable
Against: patchy reliability | hefty depreciation | no dealer network | limited warranty
* Wise Buyer's
'The elegant 75 showed that Rover ... could build a quality executive car that's refined, reliable, good to drive \[with\] real presence.'

## Awards and accolades

**1999**

* *What Car?* – 'Car of the Year'
* *What Car?* – 'Compact Executive Car of the Year'
* *What Car?* – 'Diesel Car of the Year'
* *Auto Express* – 'World Car'
* Journal/AA – 'Business Car of the Year'
* Italy – 'World's Most Beautiful High Class Saloon'
* *Bild am Sonntag* – 'Golden Steering Wheel Award'
* The Society of Plastic Engineers – *Innovative Use of Plastic*
* British International Motor Show*Best Riding And Handling FWD Saloon in the World*
* Japan – 'Import Car of the Year' (1999–2000)
* *Middle East Wheels & Gears* – 'Car of the Year'

**2000**

* *Middle East Wheels & Gears* – 'Car of the Year'
* *New Zealand's National Business Review* – 'Car of the Year'
* *Executive Class* – 'Portuguese Car of the Year'
* *What Car?* – 'Compact Executive Car of the Year'
* 2000 'European Car of the Year' Awards: *Only Executive Car Short Listed*
* *Used Car Buyer* – 'Used Car of the Year'

**2001**

* *Used Car Buyer* – 'Used Car of the Year'
* *Diesel Car Magazine* – 'Compact Executive Car'
* JD Power Survey – *Only European Car in the Top 5*

**2002**

* *Auto Express* Used Car Honours – 'Best Diesel Car'
* *Used Car Buyer* – 'Best Used Medium Car'
* *ITM* – 'Car of the Year'
* *Australian Institute of Transport Management* – 'Car of the Year'

**2004**

* *Used Car Buyer* – 'Used Car of the Year'
* *Used Car Buyer* – 'Best Used Family Car of the Year'
* *Most Popular British Armed Forces Tax Free Car Purchase*

**2006**

* *Auto Express* Driver Power – 'Best Ride Quality' (1st)

**2007**

**2010**

* *Auto Express* Driver Power – 'Best Ride Quality' (2nd)

**2011**

* *Auto Express* Driver Power – 'Best Ride Quality' (1st)

## Chinese production

Production of the Rover 75 and MG ZT ended when MG Rover Group went into administration in April 2005. The Rover 75 design was purchased by Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) in early 2005, although the new MG Rover Group owner, Nanjing Automobile Corporation (NAC) acquired the tooling for the car. Both companies launched revised versions of the 75/ZT in China. SAIC's model was named the Roewe 750 (following the purchase of the Rover brand by Ford, the Roewe marque was created by SAIC for use worldwide) and NAC's the MG 7.

The Roewe brand and Roewe 750 were launched at the Beijing Motor Show in November 2006. The 750 is based on the long-wheelbase 75 platform, and engineering was completed by Ricardo 2010.

The MG 7 was launched in March 2007. NAC also introduced a long-wheelbase version of the MG 7, called the MG 7L.

## Brilliance B8

Shortly before the collapse of Rover, Brilliance who had a deal with BMW like Rover was looking to expand their product line with a big saloon so they went to Rover to use the 75. As a demo, Rover exported 24 Brilliance B8s to China that were sold through dealerships although the cars were only meant to be prototypes. Because the deal never happened, they are still the only 24 Brilliance B8s.

## InfoBox

| Rover 75 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rover 75 Connoisseur SE | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer |  |
| Also called | MG ZT; Brilliance B8 |
| Production | 1998–2005 |
| Assembly | Cowley, Oxford, United Kingdom
Longbridge, Birmingham, United Kingdom |
| Designer | Richard Woolley |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Large family car |
| Body style | 4-door saloon
5-door estate |
| Layout |  |
| Platform | Rover R40 |
| Related | MG 7
MG ZT
Roewe 750
BMW 3 Series (E46) |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | **Petrol**
1.8 I4 *18K4F*
1.8  I4 *18K4T*
2.0 V6 *20K4N*
2.5 V6 *25K4N*
4.6 V8 *2L2E*
**Diesel**
2.0 I4 *M47R* |
| Transmission | **Manual**
5-speed
**Automatic**
4-speed (V8)
5-speedJF506E (I4 & V6) |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,746 mm (108.1 in) (saloon, estate)
2,946 mm (116.0 in) (limousine) |
| Length | 4,747 mm (186.9 in) (saloon)
4,791 mm (188.6 in) (estate)
4,950 mm (194.9 in) (limousine) |
| Width | 1,778 mm (70.0 in) |
| Height | 1,424 mm (56.1 in) |
| Kerb weight | 1,370–1,600 kg (3,020–3,530 lb) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Rover 600
Rover 800 |
| Successor | Roewe 750 (for Rover 75)
MG7 (for MG) |


title: Rovasenda (stream)

abstract: The Rovasenda is a 38 km long stream (torrente) of Piedmont, in north-western Italy. It's a left side tributary of the Cervo which flows through the provinces of Biella and Vercelli.

text:
# Rovasenda (stream)

The **Rovasenda** is a 38 km long stream (*torrente*) of Piedmont, in north-western Italy. It's a left side tributary of the Cervo which flows through the provinces of Biella and Vercelli.

## Geography

The Rovasenda is formed in the eastern and hilly part of the Alpi Biellesi from the confluence of three streams; Riale Ravasanella, Rio Valnava and Rio della Valle. The stream is initially named *Torrente Giara* and gets the name of *Torrente Rovasenda* near a town of the same name, Rovasenda. Heading south it crosses the Baraggia heathland and then the paddy fields of the province of Vercelli. Near Villarboit the Rovasenda is overpassed by Canale Cavour (one of the main irrigation canals in Italy) through a water bridge. In its lowest course the stream receives the waters of several small canals and part of its water is diverted for irrigation purposes. Not far from Collobiano the Rovasenda end its course flowing into the river Cervo at 141.1 matres s.l.m.

## Other projects

Media related to Rovasenda (creek) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Rovasenda | |
| --- | --- |
| The stream near the town of Rovasenda | |
| Location within Po watershed | |
| Location | |
| Country | Italy |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Colle Sant'Emiliano (Sostegno) |
| elevation | 550 m (1,800 ft) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Cervo near Collobiano |
| coordinates | 45°24′27″N 8°20′37″E / 45.40750°N 8.34361°E / 45.40750; 8.34361 |
| Length | 37.8 km (23.5 mi) |
| Basin size | 149 km2 (58 sq mi) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| average | 2.9 m3/s (100 cu ft/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | CervoSesiaPoAdriatic Sea |


title: Rovanjska

abstract: Rovanjska is a village in Croatia, located on the Adriatic coast between Seline and Maslenica. It was not recorded as such in the 2011 census, which just had Jasenice as a single settlement.

text:
# Rovanjska

**Rovanjska** is a village in Croatia, located on the Adriatic coast between Seline and Maslenica.

It was not recorded as such in the 2011 census, which just had Jasenice as a single settlement.

## InfoBox

| Rovanjska | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rovanjska | |
| Coordinates: 44°15′6″N 15°32′27″E / 44.25167°N 15.54083°E / 44.25167; 15.54083 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| Region | Dalmatia |
| County | Zadar County |
| Municipality | Jasenice |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.7 km2 (8.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 302 |
| Density | 14/km2 (36/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Thomas Lemke (serial killer)

abstract: Thomas Lemke is a German far-right serial killer, who was convicted of three murders. He was a member of various far-right organizations, including the Wiking-Jugend and the Free German Workers' Party. Lemke was also a mercenary in the HOS militia during the Croatian War. In his apartment, the police also found so-called Anti-Antifa lists of enemies with names and addresses of political opponents.

text:
# Thomas Lemke (serial killer)

**Thomas Lemke** (born 1969) is a German far-right serial killer, who was convicted of three murders.

He was a member of various far-right organizations, including the Wiking-Jugend and the Free German Workers' Party. Lemke was also a mercenary in the HOS militia during the Croatian War. In his apartment, the police also found so-called Anti-Antifa lists of enemies with names and addresses of political opponents.

## Crimes

Lemke, who had been convicted for arson, assault, volksverhetzung (incitement to hatred) and illegal possession of firearms, on 18 July 1995 drove together with his girlfriend Bianka W. and mutual friend Dagmar K. to Altena, where they kidnapped one of his girlfriend's acquaintances, gagged her, took her to a forest and began strangling her with a rope. As the victim gasped, Lemke hit her several times with a folding spade, burying the dead woman in a hole in the ground. The prosecution suspected that he forced his girlfriend to act in order to "have her in hand", because he feared she would report him, and began acting more violently towards her.

On 2 February 1996, Lemke went to Oberhausen and visited his friend Marcel M. Together they drove to Bergisch Gladbach to the apartment of Patricia W. Lemke had met her at the station in Hagen and because she had a sticker saying "Nazis out" on her clothes, he wanted to kill her. The woman opened the door, whereupon she was immediately handcuffed, undressed, raped by Lemke, throttled with a shoelace, hit with a plaster cast on the head and finally killed by 91 stab wounds.

On 15 March 1996, Lemke shot dead 26-year-old Martin Kemming at a staircase in Rhade. Kemming was a traitor in Lemke's eyes because he had announced that he was dropping out of the far-right scene and was going to testify against Lemke.

## Conviction

He was sentenced in March 1997 by the Essen court of assize for three murders and one rape to life imprisonment, with subsequent placement in psychiatry and preventative detention. By determining the particular gravity of the guilt, the court imposed the maximum penalty. Bianka W. was sentenced to six years for murder and Marcel M. was sentenced to five years in prison for aiding and abetting.

## InfoBox

| Thomas Lemke | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1969 (age 5455)
Germany |
|  | |
| Conviction(s) | Murder
Rape |
| Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment |
| Details | |
| Victims | 3 |
| Span of crimes | 1995–1996 |
| Country | Germany |
|  | |


title: Rovaniemi sub-region

abstract: Rovaniemi sub-region is a subdivision of Finnish Lapland and one of the Sub-regions of Finland since 2009. It consists of the municipalities of Ranua and Rovaniemi.

text:
# Rovaniemi sub-region

**Rovaniemi sub-region** is a subdivision of Finnish Lapland and one of the Sub-regions of Finland since 2009. It consists of the municipalities of Ranua and Rovaniemi.

## Municipalities

| Coat of arms | Municipality |
| --- | --- |
|  | Ranua (municipality) |
|  | Rovaniemi (city) |
|

## Politics

Results of the 2018 Finnish presidential election:

65°30′05″N 25°44′05″E / 65.50139°N 25.73472°E / 65.50139; 25.73472

## InfoBox

| Rovaniemi sub-region Rovaniemen seutukunta | |
| --- | --- |
| Sub-region | |
|  | |
| Country | Finland |
| Region | Lapland |
| Population | |
| Total | 68,899 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Thoracoacromial artery

abstract: The thoracoacromial artery is a short trunk that arises from the second part of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the pectoralis minor.

text:
# Thoracoacromial artery

The **thoracoacromial artery** (**acromiothoracic artery**; **thoracic axis**) is a short trunk that arises from the second part of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the pectoralis minor.

## Structure

Projecting forward to the upper border of the Pectoralis minor, it pierces the coracoclavicular fascia and divides into four branches—pectoral, acromial, clavicular, and deltoid.

| Branch | Description |
| --- | --- |
| *Pectoral branch* | Descends between the two pectorales, and is distributed to them and to the mamma, anastomosing with the intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery and with the lateral thoracic. |
| *Acromial branch* | Runs laterally over the coracoid process and under the deltoideus, to which it gives branches; it then pierces that muscle and ends on the acromion in an arterial network formed by branches from the transverse scapular (a.k.a. suprascapular), thoracoacromial, and posterior humeral circumflex arteries. |
| *Clavicular branch* | Runs upward and medialward to the sternoclavicular joint, supplying this articulation, and the subclavius. |
| *Deltoid (humeral) branch* | Often arising with the acromial, it crosses over the pectoralis minor and passes in the same groove as the cephalic vein, between the pectoralis major and deltoideus, and gives branches to both muscles. |

## Additional images

*This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 588 of the 20th edition of* Gray's Anatomy *(1918)*

## InfoBox

| Thoracoacromial artery | |
| --- | --- |
| Branches of axillary artery, including thoracoacromial artery | |
| The scapular and circumflex arteries. (Thoracoacromial branch of thoracoacromial labeled at upper right.) | |
| Details | |
| Source | Axillary artery |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *arteria thoracoacromialis* |
| TA98 | A12.2.09.005 |
| TA2 | 4619 |
| FMA | 22671 |
| Anatomical terminology | |


title: Rosebud Creek (Montana)

abstract:
Rosebud Creek is a generally north flowing stream in Rosebud and Big Horn counties of Montana. It is a tributary to the Yellowstone River. The source is the confluence of the North and South forks about one mile east of the Crow Indian Reservation boundary. The two forks both flow east from the east flank of the Wolf Mountains. The confluence with the Yellowstone River is about 1.5 miles west of the community of Rosebud. Monument Hill, the site of the Rosebud Battlefield lies about one mile north of the source area of the stream.
The site is currently the location of the Rosebud Battlefield State Park.

text:
# Rosebud Creek (Montana)

**Rosebud Creek** is a generally north flowing stream in Rosebud and Big Horn counties of Montana. It is a tributary to the Yellowstone River.

The source is the confluence of the North and South forks about one mile east of the Crow Indian Reservation boundary. The two forks both flow east from the east flank of the Wolf Mountains.

The confluence with the Yellowstone River is about 1.5 miles west of the community of Rosebud.

Monument Hill, the site of the Rosebud Battlefield lies about one mile north of the source area of the stream. The site is currently the location of the Rosebud Battlefield State Park.

## InfoBox

| Rosebud Creek | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Rosebud and Big Horn counties |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | Confluence of North Fork Rosebud Creek and South Fork Rosebud Creek |
| location | Big Horn County |
| coordinates | 45°12′48″N 107°00′07″W / 45.21333°N 107.00194°W / 45.21333; -107.00194 |
| elevation | 4315 ft. |
|  | |
| Mouth | Confluence with the Yellowstone River |
| location | Rosebud County |
| coordinates | 46°16′23″N 106°28′35″W / 46.27306°N 106.47639°W / 46.27306; -106.47639 |
| elevation | 2480 ft. |


title: Thoracistus arboreus

abstract: Thoracistus arboreus, the arboreal seedpod shieldback, is a species of katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. The species is endemic to Clarens, South Africa.

text:
# Thoracistus arboreus

***Thoracistus arboreus***, the **arboreal seedpod shieldback**, is a species of katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. The species is endemic to Clarens, South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Thoracistus arboreus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Ensifera |
| Family: | Tettigoniidae |
| Genus: | *Thoracistus* |
| Species: | ***T. arboreus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thoracistus arboreus***
(Rentz, 1988) | |
|


abstract:
The three-stage quantum cryptography protocol, also known as Kak's three-stage protocol is a method of data encryption that uses random polarization rotations by both Alice and Bob, the two authenticated parties, that was proposed by Subhash Kak. In principle, this method can be used for continuous, unbreakable encryption of data if single photons are used. It is different from methods of QKD for it can be used for direct encryption of data, although it could also be used for exchanging keys. The basic idea behind this method is that of sending secrets through an unreliable courier by having both Alice and Bob place their locks on the box containing the secret, which is also called double-lock cryptography. Alice locks the box with the secret in it and it is transported to Bob, who sends it back after affixing his own lock. Alice now removes her lock and sends it back to Bob who, similarly unlocks his lock and obtains the secret. In the braided form, only one-pass suffices but here Alice and Bob share an initial key. This protocol has been proposed as a method for secure communication that is entirely quantum unlike quantum key distribution in which the cryptographic transformation uses classical algorithms The basic polarization rotation scheme has been implemented in hardware by Pramode Verma in the quantum optics laboratory of the University of Oklahoma. In this method more than one photon can be used in the exchange between Alice and Bob and, therefore, it opens up the possibility of multi-photon quantum cryptography.
This works so long as the number of photons siphoned off by the eavesdropper is not sufficient to determine the polarization angles. A version that can deal with the man-in-the-middle attack has also been advanced. Parakh analyzed the three-stage protocol under rotational quantum errors and proposed a modification that would correct these errors. One interesting feature of the modified protocol is that it is invariant to the value of rotational error and can therefore correct for arbitrary rotations.

text:
# Three-stage quantum cryptography protocol

The **three-stage quantum cryptography protocol**, also known as **Kak's three-stage protocol** is a method of data encryption that uses random polarization rotations by both Alice and Bob, the two authenticated parties, that was proposed by Subhash Kak. In principle, this method can be used for continuous, unbreakable encryption of data if single photons are used. It is different from methods of QKD (quantum key distribution) for it can be used for direct encryption of data, although it could also be used for exchanging keys.

The basic idea behind this method is that of sending secrets (or valuables) through an unreliable courier by having both Alice and Bob place their locks on the box containing the secret, which is also called double-lock cryptography. Alice locks the box with the secret in it and it is transported to Bob, who sends it back after affixing his own lock. Alice now removes her lock (after checking that it has not been tampered with) and sends it back to Bob who, similarly unlocks his lock and obtains the secret. In the braided form, only one-pass suffices but here Alice and Bob share an initial key.

This protocol has been proposed as a method for secure communication that is entirely quantum unlike quantum key distribution in which the cryptographic transformation uses classical algorithms

The basic polarization rotation scheme has been implemented in hardware by Pramode Verma in the quantum optics laboratory of the University of Oklahoma. In this method more than one photon can be used in the exchange between Alice and Bob and, therefore, it opens up the possibility of multi-photon quantum cryptography. This works so long as the number of photons siphoned off by the eavesdropper is not sufficient to determine the polarization angles. A version that can deal with the man-in-the-middle attack has also been advanced.

Parakh analyzed the three-stage protocol under rotational quantum errors and proposed a modification that would correct these errors. One interesting feature of the modified protocol is that it is invariant to the value of rotational error and can therefore correct for arbitrary rotations.


title: E. J. Altbacker

abstract: Ernie Altbacker is a screenwriter who has worked on television shows including Static Shock, Ben 10, Spider-Man, Jay Jay the Jet Plane, Mucha Lucha, and Green Lantern: The Animated Series. He holds an MFA in screenwriting from the American Film Institute and an undergraduate degree from the University of Notre Dame. He has also written a series of six books for children, Shark Wars, published by Razorbill, an imprint of Penguin.

text:
# E. J. Altbacker

**Ernie Altbacker** (known as E.J. Altbacker) is a screenwriter who has worked on television shows including *Static Shock*, *Ben 10*, *Spider-Man*, *Jay Jay the Jet Plane*, *Mucha Lucha*, and *Green Lantern: The Animated Series*. He holds an MFA in screenwriting from the American Film Institute and an undergraduate degree from the University of Notre Dame. He has also written a series of six books for children, *Shark Wars*, published by Razorbill, an imprint of Penguin.

## Publications

* Altbacker, E. J. *Shark Wars.* New York: Brazzaville, 2011. ISBN 9781595143761 In 445 libraries according to WordCat

## Screenwriting credits

* series head writer denoted in bold

### Television

### Films


title: E. J. Babille

abstract: E.J. Babille was born Edward Julius Babille in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was an American assistant director in the silent and early sound film eras. In the first twelve years of his career he would work almost exclusively with three directors: E. Mason Hopper, Edward H. Griffith, and Paul Stein, who directed seventeen of the twenty-one films on which Babille was the assistant director. He left the film industry in 1939, and died on February 18, 1970.

text:
# E. J. Babille

**E.J. Babille** (May 3, 1883 – February 18, 1970) was born **Edward Julius Babille** in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was an American assistant director in the silent and early sound film eras.

In the first twelve years of his career he would work almost exclusively with three directors: E. Mason Hopper, Edward H. Griffith, and Paul Stein, who directed seventeen of the twenty-one films on which Babille was the assistant director. He left the film industry in 1939, and died on February 18, 1970.

## Filmography

(Per AFI database — all positions were as assistant director, unless otherwise noted)

## InfoBox

| E. J. Babille | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Edward Julius Babille
(1883-05-03)May 3, 1883
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States |
| Died | February 18, 1970(1970-02-18) (aged 86)
Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Occupation | Assistant director |
| Years active | 1921-37 |


title: Thomas Miller (bookseller)

abstract: Thomas Miller was a leading English bookseller.

text:
# Thomas Miller (bookseller)

**Thomas Miller** (14 August 1731 – 25 July 1804) was a leading English bookseller.

## Origins and early life

Miller was born in Norwich on 14 August 1731, the son of Thomas Miller, a pavior. He was apprenticed to a grocer, but when he commenced business for himself in 1755 his fondness for reading induced him to combine bookselling with his other trade.

## Bookseller and antiquary

Miller later settled in Bungay, Suffolk, where the demand for books was small. Moreover, his sturdy independence lost him to the custom of many of the local magnates. As his son William recorded in a memoir:

> Thomas Miller was little suited by nature to the quiet, unambitious life of a country shopkeeper. He possessed a strong & vigorous understanding, with great energy & industry. His mind, which he had improved by much reading, was adapted to a larger sphere - his cramped locality marred his fortune...He had a spirit too independent for the petty aristocracy that surrounds most country towns - his politics never varied or were adapted to his local interests....He had a talent for light poetry but was too fond of lampooning his neighbours when the vein was upon him & he saw a fair opportunity.

Miller's stock of books was very valuable, and he had an extensive collection of engraved portraits, and nearly a complete series of Roman and English silver and brass coins. He published catalogues of his collections in 1782 and 1790. In 1795, when the fashion was very general for tradesmen to circulate provincial halfpennies, he had a die-cast, but an accident happened to one of the blocks when only twenty-three pieces had been struck off, Miller declined having a fresh one made. This coin, finely engraved, with a strong profile likeness of Miller, is known to collectors by the name of the "Miller halfpenny".

## Family, death and posterity

On 12 July 1756, Miller married Ann Scarlett at Swaffham (daughter of Edward Scarlett); they had no children, and she died in 1763. In 1764 he married Sarah (Sally), the daughter of William Kingsbury, a maltster. Their son, William Richard Beckford Miller (1769–1844), became a leading publisher. They also had three daughters.

In 1799 Miller became quite blind, but continued in business until his death, at Bungay on 25 July 1804. Miller's portrait was engraved by E. Scriven from a miniature by Henry Edridge.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Miller, Thomas (1731-1804)". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Děčany

abstract: Děčany is a municipality and village in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. Děčany lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Litoměřice, 27 km (17 mi) south of Ústí nad Labem, and 54 km (34 mi) north-west of Prague.

text:
# Děčany

**Děčany** is a municipality and village in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Děčany lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Litoměřice, 27 km (17 mi) south of Ústí nad Labem, and 54 km (34 mi) north-west of Prague.

## Administrative parts

The villages of Lukohořany, Semeč and Solany are administrative parts of Děčany.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 955 |  |
| 1880 | 1,000 | +4.7% |
| 1890 | 969 | −3.1% |
| 1900 | 969 | +0.0% |
| 1910 | 944 | −2.6% |
| 1921 | 898 | −4.9% |
| 1930 | 851 | −5.2% |
| 1950 | 626 | −26.4% |
| 1961 | 562 | −10.2% |
| 1970 | 475 | −15.5% |
| 1980 | 448 | −5.7% |
| 1991 | 429 | −4.2% |
| 2001 | 355 | −17.2% |
| 2011 | 343 | −3.4% |
| 2021 | 379 | +10.5% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Děčany | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre of Děčany | |
|  | |
| DěčanyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°26′19″N 13°54′31″E / 50.43861°N 13.90861°E / 50.43861; 13.90861 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Ústí nad Labem |
| District | Litoměřice |
| First mentioned | 1226 |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.37 km2 (4.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 224 m (735 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 376 |
| Density | 30/km2 (79/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 411 15 |
| Website | www.decany.cz |


title: Ken Parker (musician)

abstract: Kenneth L. Farquharson known professionally as Ken Parker is a Jamaican musician who first recorded in the 1960s.

text:
# Ken Parker (musician)

**Kenneth L. Farquharson** known professionally as **Ken Parker** (born c. 1948 in Darliston, Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica) is a Jamaican musician who first recorded in the 1960s.

## Biography

Like many of Jamaica's singers of the era, Parker began by singing in church, where his father was a preacher. He formed a group called the Blues Benders in the mid-1960s, and their first recording was "Honeymoon by the Sea". The group arranged to audition for Coxsone Dodd, but due to a misunderstanding, Parker was the only member to turn up, so he auditioned as a soloist, impressing Dodd sufficiently to launch his solo career. While at Studio One, he recorded singles such as "Choking Kind", "Run Come", and "My Whole World is Falling Down", and an album, *Keep Your Eyes on Jesus*, followed in 1968. He moved on to work with Duke Reid, who produced hits including "Jimmy Brown", "Help Me Make it Through the Night", and "Kiss an Angel Good Morning". His popularity continued to grow and he recorded for other producers including Bunny Lee ("Guilty"), Rupie Edwards ("Talk About Love"), Byron Lee ("Will the Circle be Unbroken"), Lloyd Charmers ("Queen Majesty"), and Joe Gibbs ("Only Yesterday").

By 1972, however, Parker had become disillusioned with the recording industry and ceased recording, relocating to England in 1973 after spending two years in New York City. He continued to perform occasionally but did not return to recording until the early 1980s, setting up his own record label and production company, releasing gospel records. He later moved to Florida. In April 2014, he performed to a sold out show at the International Ska and Reggae Festival in London.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Keep Your Eyes on Jesus* (1968) Studio One/Tabernacle
* *Jimmy Brown* (1974) Trojan
* *Here Comes Ken Parker* (1974)
* *A Touch of Inspiration* (1984) Pisces
* *I Shall Not Be Moved* (1984) Pisces
* *Jesus on the Main Line* (1985) Pisces
* *The Key* (1990) Body Music

### Compilation albums

* *A Glint of Gold* (1986) Pisces
* *The Best of: Groovin' in Style!* (2003) Trojan

## InfoBox

| Ken Parker | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Kenneth L. Farquharson |
| Born | c. 1948 (age 7576)<br>Darliston, Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica |
| Genres | Reggae |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Labels | Studio One |


title: Ken Parker (comics)

abstract: Ken Parker is a fictional character from a series of eponym Italian comics created in 1974 by Giancarlo Berardi and Ivo Milazzo. He is a widely appreciated character in Italy and all over former Yugoslavia. It was also published in Turkey under the title Alaska but failed to become as popular as Zagor though while it was in publication it was ranked above Tex. First issue of the series, "Lungo fucile" was published by the Italian publisher CEPIM. Ken Parker, however, had been created three years earlier on a magazine of the same publisher. The series ran for 59 numbers. New issues appeared in the following years, and are constantly under reprint in Italy. Ken Parker is a western anti-hero, graphically inspired by Robert Redford of Jeremiah Johnson. Like Johnson, he is a trapper who had decided to escape from the first city to have appeared in the United States. His stories are mainly set in Northwestern states or, after Parker was forced to flee after his participation in some strikes in Boston, along the Canadian frontier. The themes dealt by the series are unusual for a western, including homosexuality, ecology, ghettoization, justice, the destiny of Man, and his relationship with God. Ken Parker is not a typical cowboy, a monolithic character like Tex Willer or John Wayne's heroes: he grows older since his first story he commits errors and changes his ideas and ideals. He maintained: "I don't like to kill... not even when it is necessary". Ken Parker regular publication ceased, but is still occasionally published by Sergio Bonelli Editore and Panini Comics.

text:
# Ken Parker (comics)

**Ken Parker** is a fictional character from a series of eponym Italian comics created in 1974 by Giancarlo Berardi and Ivo Milazzo. He is a widely appreciated character in Italy and all over former Yugoslavia. It was also published in Turkey under the title Alaska but failed to become as popular as Zagor though while it was in publication it was ranked above Tex.

First issue of the series, "Lungo fucile" ("long rifle") was published by the Italian publisher CEPIM. Ken Parker, however, had been created three years earlier on a magazine of the same publisher. The series ran for 59 numbers. New issues appeared in the following years, and are constantly under reprint in Italy.

Ken Parker is a western anti-hero, graphically inspired by Robert Redford of *Jeremiah Johnson*. Like Johnson, he is a trapper who had decided to escape from the first city to have appeared in the United States. His stories are mainly set in Northwestern states or, after Parker was forced to flee after his participation in some strikes in Boston (initially as a Pinkerton agent), along the Canadian frontier.

The themes dealt by the series are unusual for a western, including homosexuality, ecology, ghettoization, justice, the destiny of Man, and his relationship with God. Ken Parker is not a typical cowboy, a monolithic character like Tex Willer or John Wayne's heroes: he grows older since his first story (set in 1870) he commits errors and changes his ideas and ideals. He maintained: "I don't like to kill... not even when it is necessary".

Ken Parker regular publication ceased, but is still occasionally published by Sergio Bonelli Editore and Panini Comics.

## Sources

* Franco Fossati, *I grandi eroi del fumetto*, Gramese, 1990, pp. 131–132
* Domenico Denaro, *La storia di Ken Parker*, L'Arca Perduta, 1987
* Gianni Di Pietro, *Ken Parker, il respiro del sogno*, Del Grifo, 1989

## InfoBox

| *Ken Parker* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Publication information | |
| Publication date | 1974 (in magazine), 1977 (in album form) |


title: Threshold (Douglass novel)

abstract: Threshold is a 1997 fantasy novel by South Australian author Sara Douglass. The novel forms a prequel to Douglass's 'Darkglass Mountain' trilogy

text:
# Threshold (Douglass novel)

***Threshold*** is a 1997 fantasy novel by South Australian author Sara Douglass. The novel forms a prequel to Douglass's 'Darkglass Mountain' trilogy

## Plot

Set in the Egypt-like kingdom of Ashdod and primarily narrated by the glass-working slave Tirzah, the novel takes place during the final stages of the construction of the titular Threshold, an enormous glass-clad pyramid. Designed by the Magi, an order of mathematically obsessed sorcerers, it is meant to open a gateway into Infinity, allowing the Magi to pass through and unite themselves with the One, an abstract proto-Platonic ideal of perfection. When the pyramid is activated, however, it instead allows the demonic entity Nzame to cross from Infinity into Ashdod, taking control of its people and turning most of the land into stone and black glass. Among those who escape are Tirzah, who is secretly an "elemental cantomancer," able to communicate with the spirits of objects, principally those of glass, and her former master, the conflicted Magus Boaz, who may hold the key to the destruction of both Nzame and Threshold.

## InfoBox

Threshold
| *Threshold* first edition cover. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Sara Douglass |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy novel |
| Publisher | Voyager Books |
| Publication date | 29 January 1997 |
| Publication place | Australia |
| Media type | Print (Hardback & Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-7322-5749-2 |
| OCLC | 38408586 |


title: Frederic Williams Hopkins

abstract: Frederic Williams Hopkins was a Vermont lawyer and militia officer who served as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia.

text:
# Frederic Williams Hopkins

**Frederic Williams Hopkins** (September 15, 1806 – January 21, 1874) was a Vermont lawyer and militia officer who served as Adjutant General of the Vermont Militia.

## Early life

Frederic Williams Hopkins was born in Pittsford, Vermont on September 15, 1806. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1828, studied law, and became an attorney in Rutland.

He was a long time Rutland Justice of the Peace, and served as Rutland County's Register of Probate from 1832 to 1836 and 1838 to 1839. Hopkins served as Clerk of the Rutland County Courts from 1839 to 1868, and was an organizer of the Rutland Union School District in 1855. He was also an organizer of Rutland's first volunteer fire department.

## Military career

Active in the militia during a period between wars when interest was on the wane, he served as Vermont's Adjutant and Inspector General from 1837 to 1852.

In the 1830s and 1840s Hopkins was part of a group of individuals interested in reorganizing and revitalizing the state militias, which had become increasingly dormant in the years following the War of 1812. This group, including Franklin Pierce, Alden Partridge, Alonzo Jackman, and Truman B. Ransom, held seminars to discuss tactics, strategy and recruiting, and carry out maneuvers and drills in an effort to improve unit readiness.

He spoke the eulogy at the memorial service for Truman B. Ransom, the President of Norwich University and a militia officer who was killed in the Mexican–American War while leading his regiment at Chapultepec in 1848.

## Later life

Hopkins was praised when he left his sick bed during an extended illness to supervise the removal of records from the Rutland County Court House during a fire on April 3, 1868.

## Death and burial

Hopkins died in Rutland on January 23, 1874. He was originally interred in Rutland's West Street Cemetery, and his grave there was one of several that were vandalized in 1891.

His remains were later moved to Rutland's Evergreen Cemetery.

## Family

Hopkins was the son of Hiram Hopkins (1777–1847) and Rachel Spotten Hopkins (1773–1839).

He was married twice. His first wife was Julian Ann Hooker (1810–1842) and his second was Ann Eliza Lawrence (1816–1897).

His children included:

* Sarah Hooker Hopkins Woodbury
* Martha Vinal Hopkins
* Anna Larose Lawrence Hopkins Burnham
* Genevieve (Jennie) Andrews Hopkins Enos
* Grace Elizabeth Hopkins Gregory
* William F. Hopkins.

## External resources

Frederic Williams Hopkins at Find A Grave Archived 2017-09-16 at the Wayback Machine


title: Frederic Wilson

abstract: Frederic Bonhôte Wilson, known as Fred or Freddy, was a sporting journalist and, in his youth, a cricketer who played in first-class cricket matches for Cambridge University and amateur teams between 1902 and 1906. He was born and died in London. Wilson was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a successful schoolboy cricketer, playing in the Eton v Harrow match at Lord's in both 1899 and 1900, and in the second of these matches he scored 79 and 24 as a middle-order right-handed batsman and took four Etonian wickets with his right-arm slow bowling. At Cambridge, he bowled very little and won a Blue by playing as a reliable batsman in the University Match against Oxford University for three seasons from 1902 to 1904, having failed even to have a trial match in 1901. He captained the Cambridge side in 1904 and was criticised for delaying the second innings declaration so that Frederick Marsh could break the University Match record for the highest individual score, the match ending in a draw. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack wrote that the delay "was clearly a mistake" and that "the chance of winning the match should have outweighed all considerations of personal distinction", though it added that rain and missed catches also contributed to Cambridge's failure to win. Wilson was an all-round sportsman at Cambridge, winning blues for lawn tennis and rackets, and the obituary for him in The Times in 1932 stated that he had seen rackets as his principal sport, though he was unable to continue as a player because of indifferent health. After leaving Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree, he played in only one further first-class cricket match, a game for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1906. Wilson became a schoolmaster at Rossall School in Lancashire, but did not take to the profession and became instead a sporting journalist, reporting on cricket, rackets and tennis principally, before the First World War, for the Daily Mirror, where he developed a distinctive "light" conversational style of reportage which was very popular. On the outbreak of war, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, later being commissioned into the Royal Fusiliers and being wounded in service. After the war, most of his journalism was for The Times and more serious in tone, and he claimed to have reported on more than 20 different sports. Wilson's son, Peter Wilson, followed him into sports journalism and was sports editor of the Daily Mirror in the 1950s and 1960s, known as "The Man They Can't Gag" for his forthright opinions; Peter Wilson's own son, Julian Wilson, was the horse-racing correspondent for the British Broadcasting Corporation.

text:
# Frederic Wilson

**Frederic Bonhôte Wilson** (21 September 1881 – 19 January 1932), known as Fred or Freddy, was a sporting journalist and, in his youth, a cricketer who played in first-class cricket matches for Cambridge University and amateur teams between 1902 and 1906. He was born and died in London.

Wilson was educated at Harrow School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a successful schoolboy cricketer, playing in the Eton v Harrow match at Lord's in both 1899 and 1900, and in the second of these matches he scored 79 and 24 as a middle-order right-handed batsman and took four Etonian wickets with his right-arm slow bowling. At Cambridge, he bowled very little and won a Blue by playing as a reliable batsman in the University Match against Oxford University for three seasons from 1902 to 1904, having failed even to have a trial match in 1901. He captained the Cambridge side in 1904 and was criticised for delaying the second innings declaration so that Frederick Marsh could break the University Match record for the highest individual score, the match ending in a draw. *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack* wrote that the delay "was clearly a mistake" and that "the chance of winning the match should have outweighed all considerations of personal distinction", though it added that rain and missed catches also contributed to Cambridge's failure to win.

Wilson was an all-round sportsman at Cambridge, winning blues for lawn tennis and rackets, and the obituary for him in *The Times* in 1932 stated that he had seen rackets as his principal sport, though he was unable to continue as a player because of indifferent health. After leaving Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree, he played in only one further first-class cricket match, a game for the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1906.

Wilson became a schoolmaster at Rossall School in Lancashire, but did not take to the profession and became instead a sporting journalist, reporting on cricket, rackets and tennis principally, before the First World War, for the *Daily Mirror*, where he developed a distinctive "light" conversational style of reportage which was very popular. On the outbreak of war, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, later being commissioned into the Royal Fusiliers and being wounded in service. After the war, most of his journalism was for *The Times* and more serious in tone, and he claimed to have reported on more than 20 different sports.

Wilson's son, Peter Wilson, followed him into sports journalism and was sports editor of the *Daily Mirror* in the 1950s and 1960s, known as "The Man They Can't Gag" for his forthright opinions; Peter Wilson's own son, Julian Wilson, was the horse-racing correspondent for the British Broadcasting Corporation.

## InfoBox

Frederic Wilson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Frederic Bonhote Wilson |
| Born | 21 September 1881
Bayswater, Middlesex, England |
| Died | 19 January 1932(1932-01-19) (aged 50)
Kensington, London, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm slow |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19021904 | Cambridge University |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 27  Runs scored 1,130  Batting average 26.90  100s/50s –/8  Top score 76  Balls bowled 268  Wickets 4  Bowling average 45.25  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 2/64  Catches/stumpings 15/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 19 June 2022 | |


title: Kenneth D. West

abstract: Kenneth David West is the John D. MacArthur and Ragnar Frisch Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Wisconsin. He is currently co-editor of the Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, and has previously served as co-editor of the American Economic Review. He has published widely in the fields of macroeconomics, finance, international economics and econometrics. Among his honors are the John M. Stauffer National Fellowship in Public Policy at the Hoover Institution, Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, Fellow of the Econometric Society, and Abe Fellowship. He has been a research associate at the NBER since 1985. West received a B.A. in economics and mathematics from Wesleyan University in 1973 and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983. He taught at Princeton University from 1983 to 1988 before joining the University of Wisconsin in 1988. He has held visiting scholar positions at several central banks and at several branches of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. He has published widely in the fields of macroeconomics, finance, international economics and econometrics. Administrative positions include two terms as chair of the Economics Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is best known for developing, with Whitney K. Newey, the Newey–West estimator, which robustly estimates the covariance matrix of a regression model when errors are heteroskedastic and autocorrelated.

text:
# Kenneth D. West

**Kenneth David West** (born 1953) is the John D. MacArthur and Ragnar Frisch Professor of Economics in the Department of Economics at the University of Wisconsin. He is currently co-editor of the *Journal of Money, Credit and Banking*, and has previously served as co-editor of the *American Economic Review**.* He has published widely in the fields of macroeconomics, finance, international economics and econometrics. Among his honors are the John M. Stauffer National Fellowship in Public Policy at the Hoover Institution, Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, Fellow of the Econometric Society, and Abe Fellowship. He has been a research associate at the NBER since 1985.

West received a B.A. in economics and mathematics from Wesleyan University in 1973 and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983. He taught at Princeton University from 1983 to 1988 before joining the University of Wisconsin in 1988. He has held visiting scholar positions at several central banks and at several branches of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. He has published widely in the fields of macroeconomics, finance, international economics and econometrics. Administrative positions include two terms as chair of the Economics Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

| Academic Positions | Years Active |
| --- | --- |
| Princeton University |  |
| Assistant Professor of Economics and Public Affairs | 1983-1988 |
| University of Wisconsin |  |
| Associate Professor of Economics | 1988-1990 |
| Director, Social Systems Research Institute | 1991-1994 |
| Professor of Economics | 1990–present |
| Ragnar Fischer Professor of Economics | 1998–present |
| Department Chair | 1999-2001, 2005-2008 |
| John D. MacArthur Professor | 2008–present |

He is best known for developing, with Whitney K. Newey, the Newey–West estimator, which robustly estimates the covariance matrix of a regression model when errors are heteroskedastic and autocorrelated.

| Honors | Year(s) |
| --- | --- |
| National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow | 1980-1983 |
| John M. Stauffer National Fellowship in Public Policy, Hoover Institution | 1985-1986 |
| Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow | 1989-1991 |
| H. I. Romnes Faculty Fellowship, University of Wisconsin | 1991 |
| Fellow, Economics Society | 1993 |
| Mid-Career Faculty Fellowship, University of Wisconsin | 1995 |
| WARF/University Houses Professorship, University of Wisconsin | 1998 |
| Listed in Who's Who in Economics, 4th edition, M. Blaug (ed), Edward Elgar Publishing | 2003 |
| Fellow of the *Journal of Econometrics* | 2007 |
| Vilas Associate, University of Wisconsin | 2008-2010 |
| John D. MacArthur Professor, University of Wisconsin | 2008 |
| Distinguished Honors Faculty Award, University of Wisconsin | 2010 |
| Wim Duisenberg Research Fellowship, European Central Bank | 2010, 2016 |
| Founding Fellow, International Association for Applied Econometrics | 2018 |

## Personal life

West lives in Madison, Wisconsin with his wife and two children.

## Contributions

### Newey–West estimator

A Newey–West estimator is used in statistics and econometrics to provide an estimate of the covariance matrix of the parameters of a regression-type model when this model is applied in situations where the standard assumptions of regression analysis do not apply. It was devised by Whitney K. Newey and Kenneth D. West in 1987, although there are a number of later variants. The estimator is used to try to overcome autocorrelation (also called serial correlation), and heteroskedasticity in the error terms in the models, often for regressions applied to time series data.

## Selected publications

## InfoBox

| Kenneth D. West | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1953 (age 7071) |
| Nationality | American |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | Econometrics and Economics |
| Institution | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| Alma mater | MIT (Ph.D.)
Wesleyan University (B.A.) |
| Doctoral
advisor | Stanley Fischer |
| Contributions | Newey–West estimator |
| Information at IDEAS / RePEc | |
|  | |


title: Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá

abstract: Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá are Vietnamese names referring to two former Jarai chiefdoms located in Central Highlands of Vietnam. Their leaders used the title "King of Water", "King of Fire" and the lesser-known "King of Wind" respectively. The Jarai word Pơtao were often translated as "king" but were never real kings, actually they were ritual masters of fire, water and wind. According to research, these tribes located in the valley of Ayun and Ba River, modern day Ayun Pa and Ea Súp. Water and Fire Kingdoms were descendants of Cham people. The two kings occupied themselves with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people. According to legend, King of Water could pray for rain, and King of Fire could pray for hot weather. Their sorcery were known by Cambodian. In order to pray for peace and prosperity, the Cambodian king offered sacrifices to the two tribes every three years. Fire Kingdom Jrai were reported by French missionary Fr. Bouillevaux. He made an incursion through the Mekong in 1850 and mentioned about certain "King of Fire", a man of respect belonging to a certain group of people called Jarai. After the 1893 Franco-Siamese crisis, the French consolidated their administration in Laos, the authority of Central Highlands was given to the commissioner at Stung Treng, then in lower Laos. Jarai people resisted and defeated the French colonizers in 1894, but later were conquered by a large column of French troops in January 1897. The Master of Fire killed a French Prosper Marie Patrice Odend'hal in 1904. Soon they were attacked by a French army led by Vincillionni, the Master of Fire had to flee. In the same year, these territories were officially integrated into the protectorate of Annam, became a part of Plei Ku Der Province. The last Master of Fire died in 1987. His designated successor Siu Aluân never succeeded the office, apparently because of concerns by the Vietnamese authorities. Siu Aluân died in 1999 without news of a successor.

text:
# Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá

**Thủy Xá** (chữ Hán: 水舍, lit. "Water Haven") and **Hỏa Xá** (chữ Hán: 火舍, "Fire Haven") are Vietnamese names referring to two former Jarai chiefdoms located in Central Highlands of Vietnam. Their leaders used the title "King of Water" (Jarai: Pơtao Ia; Rade: Mtao Êa; Vietnamese: Thủy Vương; Khmer: Sdech Tưk ស្តេចទឹក; Laotian: Sadet nam ສະເດັດນ້ຳ), "King of Fire" (Jarai: Pơtao Apui; Rade: Mtao Pui; Vietnamese: Hỏa Vương; Khmer: Sdech Phlơng ស្តេចភ្លើង; Laotian: Sadet Fai ສະເດັດໄຟ) and the lesser-known "King of Wind" (Jarai: Pơtao Angin) respectively. The Jarai word *Pơtao* were often translated as "king" but were never real kings, actually they were ritual masters of fire, water and wind.

According to research, these tribes located in the valley of Ayun and Ba River, modern day Ayun Pa (a district in Gia Lai Province) and Ea Súp (a district in Đắk Lắk Province).

Water and Fire Kingdoms were descendants of Cham people. The two kings occupied themselves with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people. According to legend, King of Water could pray for rain, and King of Fire could pray for hot weather. Their sorcery were known by Cambodian. In order to pray for peace and prosperity, the Cambodian king offered sacrifices to the two tribes every three years.

Fire Kingdom Jrai were reported by French missionary Fr. Bouillevaux. He made an incursion through the Mekong in 1850 and mentioned about certain "King of Fire", a man of respect belonging to a certain group of people called *Jarai*.

After the 1893 Franco-Siamese crisis, the French consolidated their administration in Laos, the authority of Central Highlands was given to the commissioner at Stung Treng, then in lower Laos. Jarai people resisted and defeated the French colonizers in 1894, but later were conquered by a large column of French troops in January 1897. The Master of Fire killed a French Prosper Marie Patrice Odend'hal in 1904. Soon they were attacked by a French army led by Vincillionni, the Master of Fire had to flee.

In the same year, these territories were officially integrated into the protectorate of Annam, became a part of Plei Ku Der Province.

The last Master of Fire died in 1987. His designated successor Siu Aluân never succeeded the office, apparently because of concerns by the Vietnamese authorities. Siu Aluân died in 1999 without news of a successor.

## Further reading


abstract: Rosenwald High School is a public alternative secondary school in Panama City, Florida. It inherits the name of the Rosenwald School, a type of school founded for African American students established with support from Julius Rosenwald. The former school building is a historic landmark.

text:
# Rosenwald High School (Panama City, Florida)

**Rosenwald High School** (originally **Panama City High School**) is a public alternative secondary school in Panama City, Florida. It inherits the name of the Rosenwald School, a type of school founded for African American students established with support from Julius Rosenwald. The former school building is a historic landmark.

## About

Rosenwald High School, located in Panama City, Florida, currently caters to a diverse student body, specializing in serving students with various special needs. Renowned as a vital educational resource, Rosenwald offers a distinctive credit recovery program designed to assist students who may have encountered academic or behavioral challenges in traditional high school settings.

In addition to its academic support initiatives, Rosenwald High School pioneers innovative programs to meet the unique needs of its student population. Notably, the school houses a childcare academy program tailored for young mothers, enabling them to attend classes while their newborns receive care onsite.

Following the closure of the adjacent CC Washington Academy due to the impact of Hurricane Michael in 2018, Rosenwald expanded its educational reach to accommodate students in grades 6 through 12. This expansion has further solidified Rosenwald High School’s commitment to providing comprehensive educational opportunities for all students in the community.

## History

From 1911 to 1914, the Panama City High School building was built from red bricks, and opened at the corner of Harrison Avenue and Seventh Street in Panama City. The first teacher was Annie McDonald, who taught all four high school grade levels. The first school graduation was in 1918, with a class of three.

The Panama City High School building was later used for the school for First Presbyterian Church. It was located at 819 East 11th Street, Panama City.

From 1937 to 1944, Richard V. Moore served as principal of the school, he later went on to become the third president of Bethune–Cookman College (now Bethune–Cookman University) in Daytona Beach.

Rosenwald was a middle school serving grades 6 through 8 from 1967 to 2009, and then became an alternative high school serving grades 9 through 12. Rosenwald and its alumni continue to be a vital part of the community.

Prior to desegregation, it was one of the only African American schools in the city. In October 2018, Hurricane Michael caused severe damage to the old school building structure. The original building is extant, and was purchased in 2021 with the intention of forming new housing.

## InfoBox

| Rosenwald High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 924 Bay Avenue,<br>Panama City, Florida, U.S. | |
| Coordinates | 30°9′58″N 85°38′27″W / 30.16611°N 85.64083°W / 30.16611; -85.64083 |
| Information | |
| Former name | Panama City High School |
| School type | Public Alternative High School |
| School district | Bay County School District |
| NCES District ID | 1200090 |
| NCES School ID | 120009007763 |
| Principal | Jonathan McQuagge |
| Grades | 6-12 |
| Enrollment | 249 (2021–2022) |
| Color(s) | Maroon, Black & White |
| Mascot | Bulldogs |


title: Dzwonowa

abstract: Dzwonowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jodłowa, within Dębica County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Dębica and 53 km (33 mi) west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

text:
# Dzwonowa

**Dzwonowa** \[d͡zvɔˈnɔva\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jodłowa, within Dębica County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Dębica and 53 km (33 mi) west of the regional capital Rzeszów.

## InfoBox

| Dzwonowa | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dzwonowa | |
| Coordinates: 49°55′N 21°18′E / 49.917°N 21.300°E / 49.917; 21.300 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Subcarpathian |
| County | Dębica |
| Gmina | Jodłowa |


title: Royal Enfield Interceptor 650

abstract: The Royal Enfield Interceptor 650 is a parallel twin retro-styled motorcycle introduced by Royal Enfield in 2018. It is the first modern twin cylinder motorcycle developed by the company. In 2017 it was revealed, inspired by the 1960s Interceptor which had a 750cc engine. The Interceptor 650 was unveiled alongside the Continental GT 650, which shares the same engine. The Interceptor is a retro-cruiser with relaxed ergonomics, while the Continental GT is a café-racer with minor changes for performance. Both models are sold in India, Australasia, Europe and the United States. The bike is expected to become the biggest selling large-capacity twin in the world, and in 2020 the Interceptor 650 was the UK's best-selling big bike.

text:
# Royal Enfield Interceptor 650

The **Royal Enfield Interceptor 650** is a parallel twin retro-styled motorcycle introduced by Royal Enfield in 2018. It is the first modern twin cylinder motorcycle developed by the company.

In 2017 it was revealed, inspired by the 1960s Interceptor which had a 750cc engine. The Interceptor 650 was unveiled alongside the Continental GT 650, which shares the same engine. The Interceptor is a retro-cruiser with relaxed ergonomics, while the Continental GT is a café-racer with minor changes for performance. Both models are sold in India, Australasia, Europe and the United States. The bike is expected to become the biggest selling large-capacity twin in the world, and in 2020 the Interceptor 650 was the UK's best-selling big bike.

## Design

The bike was designed at Royal Enfield's Technology Centre at Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground in Leicestershire, England.

Both models, Interceptor and Continental GT, share the same engine, frame, suspension, wheels, brakes, exhausts and mufflers. The engine is a wet-sump, 648 cc, air/oil cooled SOHC, 8v, parallel twin. Fuelling is via Bosch injection and engine management. The low 9.5:1 compression ratio will help the engine tolerate lower-octane fuel. The crankshaft has a 270° Crank, with a gear-driven balance shaft ahead of the crank. The slipper clutch drives a six-speed gearbox and chain final drive. The cylinder head receives substantial oil-cooling and the bikes have a large oil cooler on the frame downtubes. Producing a modest 47bhp @ 7250 rpm, the engine is capable of future development: *Bike* magazine reported that "the crankshaft's substantial bearing area and the hefty alloy crankcases suggest that the engine could comfortably deliver more power. Compression, capacity and revs could be raised on future models".

The chassis is a tubular twin-downtube cradle frame. Forks are standard telescopics (without gaiters); and rear suspension is via twin shocks(5 step adjustable). The ABS brakes comprise single discs: 320mm (front) and 240mm (rear). Instruments are conventional twin-dial analogue items with digital fuel gauge and trip display.

### Interceptor

The Interceptor is a conventionally-styled roadster with dual seat, a rounded 13.7 litre saddle tank with a Royal Enfield classic badge and a Monza-style fuel cap. The braced handlebars and more forward-set footrests allow a sit-up-and-beg riding position, and a tubular grab-rail is fitted for the pillion passenger. The Interceptor is marketed as the INT650 in the United States where Honda has a trademark on the Interceptor name.

In 2022, it starts at an ex-showroom price of 2.88 lakh (US$3,500) in India.

### Continental GT

The Continental GT café racer has either a standard dual-seat or an optional solo seat with a seat hump. The fuel tank is more angular than the roadster's. Clip-on handlebars and rear-set pegs allow a sportier riding position.

In 2022, it starts at an ex-showroom price of 3.05 lakh (US$3,700) in India.

## Reception

The Interceptor was favourably reviewed by *Motorcycle News* which stated, "As an overall package, the Royal Enfield Interceptor is great. The engine is lively without being intimidating, the handling is fun without being patronising and the finish is good without breaking the bank". The bike's engine, brakes, and equipment were all praised, but the suspension was criticised as basic, being too soft and underdamped. The Australian website, MC-News also gave a favourable report.

## Drawback

The biggest drawback for this motorcycle is the death wobble which many have faced, people say this happens on speed above 150kmph, self research says that this happens due to the CEAT tires, or the combination of CEAT tires with unbalanced spoke wheels. RE rectified this by giving new models an alloy wheel and Pirelli tires.

```
7 https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/motorbikes/204505-ridden-royal-enfield-interceptor-650-continental-gt-650-twin-64.html
```

## InfoBox

Royal Enfield Interceptor 650
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Manufacturer | Royal Enfield |
| Parent company | Royal Enfield |
| Production | 2018-present |
| Class | Retro Standard |
| Engine | 4-stroke, 648 cc (39.5 cu in), air-&-oil-cooled SOHC, 8-valve, 270° parallel twin |
| Bore / stroke | 78 mm × 67.8 mm (3.07 in × 2.67 in) |
| Top speed | 170 Km/h |
| Power | 47 bhp @ 7250 rpm |
| Torque | 52 Nm @ 5250 rpm |
| Transmission | 6-speed |
| Brakes | Front- 320mm disc (ABS) Rear- 240mm disc (ABS) |
| Seat height | 804 mm |
| Weight | 202 kilograms (445 lb) (no fuel) (wet) |
| Fuel capacity | 13.7 L |


title: E-6801

abstract: E-6801 is a partial agonist of the 5-HT6 receptor. It enhanced recognition memory and reversed the memory deficits of scopolamine in an object recognition task in a rat model. The mechanism of memory enhancement is due to a combined modulation of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission.

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# E-6801

**E-6801** is a partial agonist of the 5-HT6 receptor. It enhanced recognition memory and reversed the memory deficits of scopolamine in an object recognition task in a rat model. The mechanism of memory enhancement is due to a combined modulation of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission.

## InfoBox

E-6801
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| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 6-Chloro-*N*-{3-\[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl\]-1*H*-indol-5-yl}imidazo\[2,1-*b*\]\[1,3\]thiazole-5-sulfonamide | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C17H18ClN5O2S2/c1-22(2)6-5-11-10-19-14-4-3-12(9-13(11)14)21-27(24,25)16-15(18)20-17-23(16)7-8-26-17/h3-4,7-10,19,21H,5-6H2,1-2H3Key: RZAXUKVIIWUIOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CN(C)CCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)NS(=O)(=O)C3=C(N=C4N3C=CS4)Cl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C17H18ClN5O2S2 |
| Molar mass | 423.94 g mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |