abstract: Racial diversity in United States schools is the representation of different racial or ethnic groups in American schools. The institutional practice of slavery, and later segregation, in the United States prevented certain racial groups from entering the school system until midway through the 20th century, when Brown v. Board of Education forbade racially segregated education. Globalization and migrations of peoples to the United States have increasingly led to a multicultural American population, which has in turn increased classroom diversity. Nevertheless, racial separation in schools still exists today, presenting challenges for racial diversification of public education in the United States.

text:
# Racial diversity in United States schools

**Racial diversity in United States schools** is the representation of different racial or ethnic groups in American schools. The institutional practice of slavery, and later segregation, in the United States prevented certain racial groups from entering the school system until midway through the 20th century, when *Brown v. Board of Education* forbade racially segregated education. Globalization and migrations of peoples to the United States have increasingly led to a multicultural American population, which has in turn increased classroom diversity. Nevertheless, racial separation in schools still exists today, presenting challenges for racial diversification of public education in the United States.

## Background

### Americanization schools

The United States has a history of enforcing Americanization or cultural assimilation in its public schools. These efforts were targeted at immigrants, Native Americans, and other ethnic minorities. At the time, public schools were conceived of as a place to learn how to be an American. Supporters of Americanization felt that, without an American education, citizens would become ethnocentric and society would disintegrate. One major component of Americanization education is the compulsory acquisition of the English language.

#### Native American schools

As early as 1879, Native American day schools and boarding schools were using education to assimilate American Indians into Christian, European culture. Missionaries established some of these schools, which taught a combination of religious and academic content, on the reservations. These were called day schools and included the Tulalip Indian School, Cushman, and Chemawa. American Asian students also attended boarding schools like the Carlisle Indian Industrial School and the Hampton Institute. Some of these schools received federal funding from the United States.

In Native American schools, students were forbidden from speaking their native languages and punished if they did. Past students of the boarding schools praise them for providing electricity, running water, clean clothes, food, and friendship, but criticize the lack of freedom students had in the schools.

In the early 20th century, opinions on Native American schools began to change and in the ‘20s the Department of Interior conducted a survey, the results of which were published in The Meriam Report in 1928. The report noted that overcrowding of schools and lack of financial resources was causing the spread of infectious disease and producing physically weak students who were underfed and overworked. The report also revealed abnormally high death rates for Native American students. In response to this report, the number of American Indian children enrolled in U.S. public schools in their neighborhoods grew, but it was a slow process. By the 1980s, United States curriculum reflected a diversity of American Indian traditions and beliefs, thanks in part to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975.

#### The Americanization School

The first so-called Americanization School was built by Irving J. Gill in Oceanside, California in 1931. Its goal was to teach Spanish-speakers the English language and American customs. Frequent immigration to the United States made the nation a racially and culturally diverse one, and many supporters of The Americanization School believed that the public school system was responsible for teaching all children American history and culture.

### Court cases

#### Plessy v. Ferguson

The 1896 Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson, was a landmark case which established the legal precedent for “separate but equal” facilities for people of different ethnicities. The decision, which was handed down with a 7 to 1 majority vote, remained lawfully upheld until its abolishment in 1954 with Brown v. Board of Education. Justice Marshall Harlan, the lone dissenter in the decision, stated “What can more certainly arouse race hate…than state enactments, which, in fact, proceed on the ground that colored citizens are so inferior and degraded…?”

Among these facilities were public schools, often located just miles apart, which separated white and colored students. In almost all instances, schools which educated colored students were underfunded, extensively degraded, and/or lacked the necessary materials to rigorously challenge the students. It was also estimated that the amount of per capita expenditures devoted towards colored students was 40-50% lower than for white students, further deepening the educational inequality between the two ethnic groups.

One stipulation in the Court’s decision stated that the decision only applied to immediate parties before the court at that time (and possibly others who were similarly situated). Because of this detail, while that particular county could be reprimanded for discriminating against colored individuals, the decision did not necessarily extend to adjacent counties and/or cities.

#### Brown v. Board of Education

The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case of 1954 made it illegal to segregate schools based on race. The court ruled that school segregation stunted the development of minority children. At the time of the decision, some school districts were already desegregated, but schools in Topeka were still separated by race. This decision was met with initial resistance in the Southern United States. Senator Harry F. Byrd wrote the "Southern Manifesto," which called for resistance to racial integration of schools. Most counties in the Southern United States did not fully integrate their schools until the 1970s. Some scholars believe that the Brown v. Board case slowed gradual integration that was already underway. Backlash against the Brown v. Board decision continues to play a part in the amount of “racial separation” in schools today. At the time when this case was taking place it looked to be a positive step in the right direction. Although a lot of minorities lost out on the chance to learn more about themselves from other teachers of color.

### Tracking and race

The practice of tracking, or grouping students based on their abilities and perceived educational and occupational potential, began in the U.S. in the late 19th century and, in some schools, continues today. Students of lower socioeconomic classes, many of whom are Black or Hispanic, are disproportionately represented in the lower tracks. Some believe this creates a lack of diversity in the classroom and limits racial minorities’ access to quality educational resources.

## Theories

### Drawbacks

Some experts believe that race-conscious or ethnocentric approaches to diversity in the classroom are harmful and that alternative methods, such as magnet schools and open enrollment, are more productive. They perceive little correlation between racial diversity in the classroom and the performance of minority students in schools in existing data. These theorists believe that focusing on race in diversity policies creates a heightened awareness of racial difference and perpetuates discrimination. In an article by Hughes, he explains that many people may be unaware of their own racial biases and prejudices that pervades society. Due to this, they may unconsciously hold lower expectations for racial minority students than for young people who come from more well-off homes.

Stephan Thernstrom, Winthrop Professor of History at Harvard University and Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research says mandatory racial diversity can cause harm, including immoral use of race-based student assignments and white flight in public schools.

### Benefits

Other researchers believe that racial and ethnic diversity in schools fosters understanding of new cultures and belief systems and dispels stereotypes, which instills empathy in students. Since the mid-20th century, researchers have found that benefits of racial diversity in schools for racial minority students include higher reading levels, increased likelihood of graduating high school, positive impact on work aspirations and higher educational attainment, greater interaction with other racial groups and creation of interracial friendships in adult life, and higher desire to live and work in racially diverse environments. They believe that diversity policies should specifically address race because the category of race remains relevant in American society today. The *U.S. News & World Report* gives eight main reasons why diversity is viable on the college campus. Among these reasons were “diversity expands worldliness,” “Diversity enhances social development,” “Diversity prepares students for future career success,” and diversity “increases our knowledge base.”

## Policy

### Affirmative action

Affirmative Action policies began in the 1960s with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, aiming to prevent discrimination and create diversity in school and work spaces.

In 1978, Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ruled that saving spaces in the school for Black students solely based on their race was unconstitutional. The school had set aside 16 out of 100 seats for minority students to maintain diversity in the classroom and counter societal discrimination. While some judges maintained that the use of racial group as an admissions criterion was constitutional, others felt that it violated the 14th amendment.

In 2003, a case regarding the University of Michigan's affirmative action policies confirmed the right of colleges and universities to use race as an admissions factor because it would create "a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body." The specific point system University of Michigan used to rate students was ruled in need of moderation, however.

In 2012, the case Fisher v. University of Texas will decide whether University of Texas at Austin’s “race-conscious admissions policies” are constitutional. This case will bring up the issue of whether race-neutral policies have been proven non-functioning or harmful and whether the race-neutral policies must be harmful in order for policies that acknowledge race to be legal.

#### Praise and criticism

While supporters of affirmative action believe that it makes up for disadvantages that minorities face due to institutional discrimination, others see affirmative action as “preferential treatment” that gives places in colleges and universities to unqualified students. Some people assert that affirmative action policies do not look at wealth or socioeconomic class, meaning they may not be helping the most disadvantaged minority students. This group believes that more middle and upper class minority students are admitted to universities than poor minority students.

Pell Grants are one such measure of economic disadvantage, and at elite universities, the percentage of students on Pell Grants has decreased over the years. A significant academic study found that Duke University gave major advantages in admissions to wealthy families, and only 12% of students there are on Pell Grants, compared to a much higher national average.

### Desegregation busing

After desegregation of U.S. schools began in the late 20th century, racial minority and white families still primarily lived in separate neighborhoods, making it hard to foster racial diversity in schools. This led to the practice of desegregation busing. Busing caused many white students to withdraw and enroll in private schools to avoid attending “inferior schools.” For this reason, busing programs were extended to the suburbs to bring white children into inner-city schools. In Minneapolis, a program called “Choice is Yours” buses low-income, Black students to schools in affluent, mostly white suburbs. The program is praised by some scholars as successful outreach to minority communities.

#### Praise and criticism

Some liberals see busing as a strategy for equalizing educational opportunity and integrating public schools in the United States. Many conservatives and working-class whites oppose busing, however, because of the required intrusion of the government and racial minorities into their communities and schools. Some scholars believe busing increases racial conflict. After busing was enforced in Boston, polls showed that, while the majority of Blacks supported busing, many were against it because it evoked racist hostility towards them. Most consider the Boston busing policy a failure, while students in Los Angeles fight for their right to busing, which they say removes limits on their educational resources.

## Diversity in education in other nations

Limited diversity in schools was the norm in many countries until the middle of the twentieth century. Apartheid in South Africa created a racially segregated society with limited diversity in education that endured until the 1990s. Indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, were also required to attend segregated schools. In many other parts of the world, patterns of settlement in cultures with a dominant ethnic majority (e.g., China, France), or class or caste systems (the U.K., India), militated against diversity in schools.

**General:**

* Byrnes, Deborah A. “Addressing Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in the Classroom”. Common bonds: Anti-bias teaching in a diverse society (3rd ed.).
* Gilliland, Karen. "Diversity in the Classroom." http://www.azbn.gov/documents/news/diversity%20in%20the%20classroom.pdf
* Nussbaum, Martha C. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach.
* Hughes, C., Newkirk, R., & Stenhjem, P. H. (2010). Addressing the Challenge of

Disenfranchisement of Youth: Poverty and Racism in the Schools. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 19(1), 22-26.


title: RC Abidjan

abstract: Racing Club Abidjan, known as RC Abidjan, is a football club based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Currently, the club plays in Ivory Coast's Ligue 1.

text:
# RC Abidjan

**Racing Club Abidjan**, known as **RC Abidjan**, is a football club based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Currently, the club plays in Ivory Coast's Ligue 1.

## History

Club was founded in 2006 as Cissé Institoute. In 2014 was bought FC Kokoumbo. Team in 2015/16 season won D3. In 2017 was changed name into Racing Club Abidjan. In 2017/18 season team won in Ligue 2 and was promoted to Top division. In 2018/19 season team was in 4 place.

In 2018, the club signed a partnership with French club OGC Nice.

## Kit evolution

* Team plays with blue shirts with white signs.  .

## Current squad

*As of 10 January 2022*

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  16 GK  CIV Foungnigue Yeo  22 GK  TOG Charles Folly Ayayi  3 DF  CIV Mohamed Ouattara  4 DF  CIV Thaula Théophile Oura  5 DF  CIV Mounan Osée Niegbo  13 DF  CIV Vianey Bregui  23 DF  CIV Baptistin Goha  25 DF  CIV Ibrahima Dosso | No. Pos. Nation Player  29 DF  CIV Zoumana Sidibé  30 DF  CIV Mamadou Koné  8 MF  CIV Fousseni Silué  11 MF  CIV Sidick Aboubacar Camara  20 MF  CIV Hibrahime Oularé  26 MF  CIV Abdul Rahmane Konaté  9 FW  MLI Seydou Traoré  10 FW  CIV Roland Zan Bi |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

RC Abidjan
| Full name | Racing Club Abidjan |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Lions* |
| Founded | 2006 |
| Chairman | Souleymane Cissé |
| League | Ligue 1 |
| 2023–24 | Ligue 1, 4th of 16 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: RFA Broomdale

abstract: RFA Broomdale (A168) was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She spent much of her career in the Indian Ocean and Far East.

text:
# RFA Broomdale

**RFA *Broomdale* (A168)** was a Dale-class fleet tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She spent much of her career in the Indian Ocean and Far East.

## Construction and design

The ship was ordered from the British Tanker Company of London from Harland and Wolff and was laid down on 29 December 1936 with Yard number 975. She was one of six tankers purchased during construction by the British Government to allow replacement of worn out ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She was launched as *Broomdale* on 2 September 1937, and was completed on 3 November 1937, entering service the same day.

*Broomdale* was 481 feet 6 inches (146.76 m) long overall and 464 feet 3 inches (141.50 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 62 feet (19 m) and a draught of 21 feet (6.4 m). She was powered by Doxford diesel engines rated at 4,000 brake horsepower (3,000 kW), giving a speed of 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph). *Broomdale* displaced 17,338 long tons (17,616 t), with a deadweight tonnage of 11,650 long tons (11,840 t). The ship had a Gross register tonnage of 8334 tons and a Net register tonnage of 4967 tons. The ship had a complement of 40.

## Service

While undergoing sea trials at Glasgow on 4 February 1938, *Broomdale* was involved in a collision with the New Zealand Shipping Company's cargo passenger ship SS *Ruahine*. *Broomdale* underwent repairs at Greenock. She spent the first year of the war operating between bases in Scotland and Norway, on 16 May 1940 she was attacked by four dive bombers and suffered minor damage from two near misses. Towards the end of 1940 she was moved to operations in the South Atlantic based at Port Stanley.

In April 1942 she was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet at Ceylon. She took part in Operation Stab and spent the next three years fuelling and escorting convoys across the Indian Ocean. On 14 April 1944 she sustained minor damage from the explosion of the ammunition ship *Fort Stikine*, and then in August was accidentally torpedoed by the submarine HMS *Severn*, rupturing two tanks and killing one.

After a brief trip back to the UK and the end of hostilities she was sent to the Far East, visiting Shanghai, Tokyo, Yokohama and Hong Kong.

She was refitted in 1947 and continued service across the world until sold in November 1959 and broken up two months later.

## Citations

* Blackman, Raymond V. B., ed. (1953). *Jane's Fighting Ships 1953–54*. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | RFA *Broomdale* |
| Ordered | 1936 |
| Builder | Harland and Wolff, Govan |
| Laid down | January 1937 |
| Launched | 2 September 1937 |
| Commissioned | 3 November 1937 |
| Decommissioned | 12 April 1959 |
| Fate | Arrived at Bruges for scrapping on 2 January 1960 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Dale-class fleet tanker |
| Displacement | 17,388 long tons full load |
| Length | 483 ft 1 in (147.24 m) |
| Beam | 61 ft 8 in (18.80 m) |
| Draught | 27 ft 5 in (8.36 m) |
| Propulsion | Burmeister & Wain 6-cylinder diesels with a single shaft. 490 nhp |
| Speed | 11.5 knots (21.3 km/h) |
| Complement | 44 |


title: RC Carpentras XIII

abstract: RC Carpentras XIII are a semi-professional rugby league club based in the city of Carpentras, Vaucluse in the south of France. Formed in 1938, they play in the Elite Two Championship in France, which is the 2nd tier. Their home ground is the Stade de la Roseraire.

text:
# RC Carpentras XIII

**RC Carpentras XIII** are a semi-professional rugby league club based in the city of Carpentras, Vaucluse in the south of France. Formed in 1938, they play in the Elite Two Championship in France, which is the 2nd tier. Their home ground is the Stade de la Roseraire.

## History

The club was founded in 1938 under their original name **Racing Club de Carpentras XIII du Comtat**. The club competed in the amateur rugby league but at the end of just their second season war broke out and brought an end to French sport. Worse was to come when the Vichy Government sanctioned sport to restart but banned rugby league. The club had to change their name to **Union Sportive Carpentrassienne** and were forced to play rugby union. After the war the club reverted to their original name and gained almost immediate success winning back-to-back amateur titles in 1949 and 1950 in front of regular crowds of between 1,000 and 1,500. The club turned semi-professional in 1951 after their promotion but would have to wait until 1983 to win their next silverware. The **National League 1**, now called the Elite Two Championship was won when they beat Toulouse Olympique in the final 14-6. In 1992, the club reached the final of the Lord Derby Cup. In season 2000-01 they once again lifted the **National League 1** title this time beating RC Albi in the final 20-15 and in 2004 they made it three 2nd tier titles when they beat UTC 2 14-10. None of these victories brought promotion for one reason or another but the following season 2004-05 promotion was secured despite losing the final to Marseille XIII 10-12. Top flight finishes followed of 10th, 10th, 5th, 6th and then 8th the last of which sent them back down to the **Elite Two Championship** in 2011.

## Crest

The club's logo is a red bull uncannily similar in style to that of the club logo of American basketball team the Chicago Bulls; it has only adopted this logo in more recent times.

## Stadium

The Stade Municipal (Carpentras) was the club's first stadium. The first rugby league match played in Carpentras came at this ground when it hosted an exhibition game between RC Roanne XIII and Lyon Villeurbanne in 1938. The **Stade Municipal** had a 2,000 capacity of which 300 were seated. In 1947 the club moved to a purpose built rugby ground in the town. The Stade de la Roseraie hosted the 1955 Lord Derby Cup final when SO Avignon beat Marseille XIII 18-10 in front of a record crowd for any rugby match in Carpentras of 11,600. The current capacity is set at 5,000. The ground underwent a major refurbishment in 1997.

## Honours

* **National League 1 (Elite Two)** (3): 1982-83, 2000–01, 2003–04
* **Federal Division (National Division 2)** (2): 1948-49, 1949–50
* **Coupe Falcou** (1): 1948

## InfoBox

RC Carpentras XIII
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
| Full name | Racing Club de Carpentras XIII du Comtat |
| Nickname(s) | The Bulls |
| Founded | 1938 (1938) |
| Current details | |
| Ground(s) |  |
| Coach | Jerome Alonso |
| Manager | Maxime Pala |
| Competition | Elite Two Championship |
| Uniforms | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Rachel Sung

abstract: Rachel Sung is an American table tennis player who competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Rachel Sung

**Rachel Sung** (Chinese: 宋家瑜; born July 9, 2004) is an American table tennis player who competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

## Early life and education

Sung is the daughter of Michael Sung and Tzuying Li, who met while at a table tennis tournament in college in Taiwan. Sung started playing table tennis at age seven. She has an older sister, Trinity, and a twin sister, Joanna, who is also a table tennis player.

Sung attends the University of California, Los Angeles, where she is majoring in cognitive science, specializing in computer programming, with a minor in film, television and media. She was roommates with her doubles teammate and longtime friend Amy Wang.

## Career

In November 2021, she competed at the 2021 World Table Tennis Championships in the doubles event with her twin sister Joanna. In December 2021 she competed at the 2021 ITTF World Youth Championships and won silver medals in the doubles and team events. She then competed at the 2022 Pan American Table Tennis Championships and won a gold medal in the doubles event, and a silver medal in the team event.

In November 2023, she competed at the 2023 Pan American Games and won gold medals in the doubles and team events.

In March 2024, Sung was named to team USA's roster to compete at the 2024 Summer Olympics. During the team event, Sung, Amy Wang and Lily Zhang lost to Germany in the first round.

## InfoBox

| Rachel Sung | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2004-07-09) July 9, 2004<br>San Jose, California, U.S. |
| Medal record      Women's table tennis  Representing the  United States  Pan American Games  2023 Santiago Doubles  2023 Santiago Team  Pan American Championships  2022 Santiago Doubles  2022 Santiago Team  World University Games  2021 Chengdu Doubles | |


title: Rachel Sussman

abstract: Rachel Sussman is an American contemporary artist and photographer based in Brooklyn.

text:
# Rachel Sussman

**Rachel Sussman** (born 1975) is an American contemporary artist and photographer based in Brooklyn.

## Biography

Born into a non-religious Jewish family, Sussman started photographing when she was about 10 years old. In a lecture given in 2019 at the Center for the Study of World Religions of Harvard Divinity School, she explained: "I grew up in a pretty abusive family, pretty rough childhood. And nature was one of the first things that I really connected with. It really without knowing it became a guiding force for me".

She graduated from the School of Visual Arts in New York with a BFA, studied at the Bard College MFA program, and began a practice-based fine arts PhD at Central Saint Martins in London. Sussman is a Guggenheim and MacDowell Colony Fellow, spoke about her work at the TEDGlobal conference in 2010, and was a 2016 TED Resident. Sussman's interdisciplinary project "The Oldest Living Things in the World," has been featured in the media all over the world, including the New Yorker, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, CNN, The Guardian, NPR's Picture Show, New Scientist, as well as publications in China, Brazil, New Zealand, and throughout Europe.

In 2008 critic Jerry Saltz cited her work as the "best photography that slipped under the radar" in New York Magazine, having stated in the exhibition review:

> “These stately pictures quiet the soul: You enter a reverie wondering how these organisms managed to live so long and if there’s anything in them that might help us stave off the inevitable…Sussman brings you to the place where science, beauty, and eternity meet”

Sussman continues to make artwork about connecting personal time to cosmic time through new installation-based works. These include a sand mandala of the Cosmic microwave background at the New Museum Los Gatos, the destruction of which was covered by WIRED Magazine, a handwritten timeline of the history of the spacetime continuum at MASS MoCA, and Sidewalk Kintsukuroi, a contemporary take on the Japanese art of repairing broken pottery with gold, at the Des Moines Art Center.

Sussman is a 2016–2017 artist in residence with the SETI Institute.

## “Oldest Living Things in the World”

From 2004 to 2014, Sussman researched, worked with biologists, and traveled all over the world to find and photograph continuously living organisms 2,000 years old and older. Sussman says "The project is part art and part science. There's an environmental component. And I'm also trying to create a means in which to step outside our quotidian experience of time and to start to consider a deeper timescale. I selected 2,000 years as my minimum age because I wanted to start at what we consider to be year zero and work back from there."

Her book of the same title was published April 2014, containing essays from Hans Ulrich Obrist and Carl Zimmer, and is a New York Times Bestseller. In his essay, Hans Ulrich Obrist states:

> "What sets Sussman apart from other conceptual artists is that her research project is closely related to the research of a scientist....the Oldest Living Things is a category that is defined by curiosity, humane character, a fascination with deep time, and the courage of an explorer"

The book is currently in print in Complex and Simple Chinese, Korean, and German.

## Awards and nominations

* Guggenheim Fellowship, Photography, 2014
* LACMA Lab Art + Tech grant, 2014
* NYFA Fellowship, Photography, 2013
* Prix Pictet nomination, London/Geneva 2009, 2010, 2011
* British Council Darwin Now Award, Finalist. London, 2009
* University of Pennsylvania, Graduate Humanities Forum on Origins, 2008

## Exhibitions

* **Des Moines Art Center:** Alchemy: Transformations in Gold. Sidewalk Kintsukuroi, acquisition. Feb 17
* **New Museum Los Gatos:** New works by SETI Artists, Cosmic Microwave Mandala. Oct 16 – Mar 17
* **MASS MoCA:** Explode Every Day: An Inquiry into the Phenomena of Wonder, May 2016– Mar 2017
* **MASS MoCA:** The Space Between, Sidewalk Kintsukuroi, permanent installation, April 2016
* **Hotchkiss School Tremaine Gallery**, The Oldest Living Things in the World. Jan-°©Mar 2016
* **National Museum of Wildlife Art**: The Oldest Living Things in the World. May-°©Aug 2015
* **Bucknell University Samek Museum**: The Oldest Living Things in the World. Jan–Mar 2015
* **National Museum of Women in the Arts**: Women to Watch 2015. Washington, DC. May–Sept 2015
* **National Academy of Sciences:** Imagining Deep Time, Aug 2014 – Jan 2015
* **Pioneer Works**: Inaugural exhibition, The Oldest Living Things in the World. Brooklyn, New York. Sept – Nov 2014
* **Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden:** Site-specific solo Exhibition. April – June 2012
* **Museum of Contemporary Photography:** Our Origins. Chicago. July – Oct 2011

## Speaking Engagements and Appearances

## InfoBox

| Rachel Sussman | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1975 |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | School of Visual Arts;<br>Bard College |
| Known for | photography |
| Notable work | “Oldest Living Things in the World” |
| Website | http://www.rachelsussman.com |


title: Radio Olovo

abstract: Radio Olovo is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Olovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Radio Olovo was launched on 13 February 1998 by the municipal council of Olovo. This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as music, local news, talk shows and sport. Program is mainly produced in Bosnian language. Estimated number of potential listeners of Radio Olovo is around 8.277.

text:
# Radio Olovo

**Radio Olovo** is a Bosnian local public radio station, broadcasting from Olovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Radio Olovo was launched on 13 February 1998 by the municipal council of Olovo. This radio station broadcasts a variety of programs such as music, local news, talk shows and sport. Program is mainly produced in Bosnian language.

Estimated number of potential listeners of *Radio Olovo* is around 8.277.

## Frequencies

The program is currently broadcast at one frequency:

## InfoBox

Radio Olovo
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Olovo |
| Frequency | Olovo 95.1 MHz |
| Branding | Public |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Bosnian language |
| Format | Local news, talk and music |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Javna ustanova "Centar za kulturu i informisanje" p.o. Olovo |
| History | |
| First air date | 13 February 1998 (1998-02-13) |
| Technical information | |
| Transmitter coordinates | 44°7′39″N 18°34′48″E / 44.12750°N 18.58000°E / 44.12750; 18.58000 |
| Repeater(s) | Olovo/Gaj |
| Links | |
| Webcast | On website |
| Website | radio.olovo.ba |


title: Raion Hill

abstract: Raion Yance Hill is a former professional American football safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played two seasons for the Buffalo Bills. He attended Brother Martin High School in New Orleans, Louisiana, and graduated in 1994. He then went on to play at Louisiana State University. However, he broke his leg in 1995 and had a titanium rod placed in it. In his first defensive start against Auburn, he returned one interception 39 yards for a touchdown and another interception 98 yards for two points on a two-point conversion. The game was dubbed "The Night the Barn Burned". Hill finished his college career with 102 tackles and three interceptions. After going undrafted in the 1999 NFL draft, Hill was cut by the Buffalo Bills and signed to their practice squad later in the season. He made the final roster in 2000 and played in all 16 games, leading the special teams unit with 39 tackles. Hill became the team's starting strong safety in 2001 after the release of veteran Henry Jones.

text:
# Raion Hill

**Raion Yance Hill** (born September 2, 1976) is a former professional American football safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played two seasons for the Buffalo Bills.

He attended Brother Martin High School in New Orleans, Louisiana, and graduated in 1994. He then went on to play at Louisiana State University. However, he broke his leg in 1995 and had a titanium rod placed in it. In his first defensive start against Auburn, he returned one interception 39 yards for a touchdown and another interception 98 yards for two points on a two-point conversion. The game was dubbed "The Night the Barn Burned". Hill finished his college career with 102 tackles and three interceptions.

After going undrafted in the 1999 NFL draft, Hill was cut by the Buffalo Bills and signed to their practice squad later in the season. He made the final roster in 2000 and played in all 16 games, leading the special teams unit with 39 tackles. Hill became the team's starting strong safety in 2001 after the release of veteran Henry Jones.

## Personal life

On the morning of January 22, 2001, Hill was carjacked at gunpoint in Louisiana, suffering a leg injury in the incident. One of his two assailants, 23-year-old Lionel Redditt, was sentenced to 50 years in prison for his role in the crime.

## InfoBox

Raion Hill
| No. 39 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Safety |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1976-09-02) September 2, 1976
Marrero, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 200 lb (91 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Brother Martin
(New Orleans, Louisiana) |
| College: | LSU |
| Undrafted: | 1999 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Games played - started: 31 - 13  Tackles: 31  Fumble recoveries: 1 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Raipada

abstract: Raipada is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Dahanu taluka.

text:
# Raipada

**Raipada** is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Dahanu taluka.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Raipada has 422 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 77.98%.

Demographics (2011 Census)
|  | Total | Male | Female |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Population | 1964 | 982 | 982 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 225 | 117 | 108 |
| Scheduled caste | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Scheduled tribe | 625 | 311 | 314 |
| Literates | 1356 | 719 | 637 |
| Workers (all) | 763 | 513 | 250 |
| Main workers (total) | 701 | 479 | 222 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 59 | 53 | 6 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 157 | 110 | 47 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 10 | 5 | 5 |
| Main workers: Other | 475 | 311 | 164 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 62 | 34 | 28 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 12 | 8 | 4 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 11 | 7 | 4 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 38 | 19 | 19 |
| Non-workers | 1201 | 469 | 732 |

## InfoBox

| Raipada | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| RaipadaLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaRaipadaRaipada (India) | |
| Coordinates: 19°59′49″N 72°45′36″E / 19.9969301°N 72.7599575°E / 19.9969301; 72.7599575 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Palghar |
| Taluka | Dahanu |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,964 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-MH |
| 2011 census code | 551601 |


title: Raipur, Bankura

abstract: Raipur, referred to in census reports as Raipur Bazar, is a census town in the Raipur CD block in the Khatra subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India.

text:
# Raipur, Bankura

**Raipur**, referred to in census reports as Raipur Bazar, is a census town in the Raipur CD block in the Khatra subdivision of the Bankura district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## History

In the 14th century, Raipur was a part of Tungbhum.

## Geography

8km
5miles Kangsabati River Kangsabati Project
Reservoir MandankuliT PareshnathT HarmasraT DeulbhiraT AtbaichandiT AmbikanagarT PanchmuraC LedisolCT SimlapalCT RaipurCT KhatraCT MatgodaR TaldangraR SarengaR RautaraR RanibandhR PhulkusmaR MukutmanipurR KharigeryaR JhilimiliR IndpurR HirbandhR HaludkanaliR  BarikulR  BaragariR**Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district**
CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
### Location

Raipur is located at 22°48′00.0″N 86°57′00.0″E / 22.800000°N 86.950000°E / 22.800000; 86.950000.

### Area overview

The map alongside shows the Khatra subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is having uneven lands with hard rocks. In the Khatra CD block area there are some low hills. The Kangsabati project reservoir is prominently visible in the map. The subdued patches of shaded area in the map show forested areas It is an almost fully rural area.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Raipur Bazar had a total population of 6,280 of which 3,232 (51%) were males and 3,048 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 622. The total number of literates in Raipur Bazar was 4,734 (83.67% of the population over 6 years).

.\*For language details see Raipur, Bankura (community development block)#Language and religion

## Civic administration

### Police station

Raipur police station has jurisdiction over Raipur CD block. The area covered is 252.55 km2 with a population of 105,826.

### CD block HQ

The headquarters of Raipur CD block are located at Garh Raipur.

## Infrastructure

According to the *District Census Handbook 2011, Bankura*, Raipur Bazar covered an area of 2.4242 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, covered well. It had 538 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 4 primary schools, 3 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at Bargari 10 km away.

## Transport

State Highway 4 running from Jhalda (in Purulia district) to Digha foreshore (in Purba Medinipur district) and State Highway 9 from Durgapur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Nayagram (in Jhargram district) cross at Raipur Sabuj Bazar. Raipur located between Bankura and Jhargram (Distance form both city is 60 km).

## Education

Garh Raipur High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1937. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 26 computers, a library with 1,200 books and a playground. This is one of the fourteen schools in Bankura district in which the opening of an Olchiki medium section (for Santali language) from class V was sanctioned in 2012.

Garh Raipur Girls' High School (HS) is a female only high school in this area.

Pandit Raghunath Murmu Abasik School, Dundar, is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 2 computers, a library with 256 books and a playground.

Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya at Kharigerya was established in 2010. It is affiliated to the Bankura University and offers honours courses in Bengali, Santali and history.

Pandit Raghunath Murmu Smriti Mahavidyalaya was established at Baragari in 1986. The college is named after Pandit Raghunath Murmu who invented the "Ol Chiki" script used in Santali language. The college is affiliated to the Bankura University, It offers honours courses in Bengali, Santali, English, Sanskrit, geography, history, political science, philosophy and computer science. It also has general courses in science and arts.

Raipur Government Polytechnic is the only Polytechnic college in Raipur Block. This was established in 2016 at Siromonipur near Raipur.

## Healthcare

Raipur Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Nutangarh, is the major government medical facility in the Raipur CD block. There are primary health centres at Matgoda (with 6 beds) and Phulkusma (with 10 beds).

## InfoBox

| Raipur | |
| --- | --- |
| Census Town | |
| RaipurLocation in West Bengal, IndiaRaipurRaipur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 22°48′00.0″N 86°57′00.0″E / 22.800000°N 86.950000°E / 22.800000; 86.950000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | Bankura |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.4242 km2 (0.9360 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 6,280 |
| Density | 2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi) |
| Languages\* | |
| Official | Bengali, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 722134 (Garhraipur) |
| Telephone/STD code | 03243 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Bankura |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Raipur |
| Website | raipurdevelopmentblock.in |


title: Rajdeep Grewal

abstract: Rajdeep 'Raj' Grewal is the Townsend Family Distinguished Professor of Marketing at Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the editor-in-chief of Journal of Marketing Research. He is known for his work on marketing research, marketing strategy and business to business marketing.

text:
# Rajdeep Grewal

**Rajdeep 'Raj' Grewal** is the Townsend Family Distinguished Professor of Marketing at Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the editor-in-chief of Journal of Marketing Research. He is known for his work on marketing research, marketing strategy and business to business marketing.

## Research

Grewal has used quantitative methods to theoretically and empirically study social networks and interactions, competitive strategy and the role of marketing within an organization. His work has been published in Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Marketing Science, Information Systems Research, Strategic Management Journal, Decision Sciences and Management Science.

In 2016, Grewal was given the AMA Marketing Strategy SIG's 2016 Mahajan Award for lifetime contributions to Marketing Strategy research. Grewal and his coauthors of “The Chief Marketing Officer Matters!” were honored with the Sheth Foundation/Journal of Marketing Award in 2020

## Books

* Lilien, Gary L., and Rajdeep Grewal, eds. Handbook on business to business marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012.

## Selected publications

* Kang, Charles, Frank Germann, and Rajdeep Grewal. "Washing away your sins? Corporate social responsibility, corporate social irresponsibility, and firm performance." Journal of Marketing 80, no. 2 (2016): 59-79.
* Germann, Frank, Peter Ebbes, and Rajdeep Grewal. "The chief marketing officer matters!." Journal of Marketing 79, no. 3 (2015): 1-22.
* Ebbes, Peter, John C. Liechty, and Rajdeep Grewal. "Attribute-level heterogeneity." Management Science 61, no. 4 (2014): 885-897.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, James A. Dearden, and Gary L. Lilien. "The university rankings game: Modeling the competition among universities for ranking." The American Statistician 62, no. 3 (2008): 232-237.
* DeSarbo, Wayne S., and Rajdeep Grewal. "An alternative efficient representation of demand‐based competitive asymmetry." Strategic Management Journal 28, no. 7 (2007): 755-766.
* DeSarbo, Wayne S., and Rajdeep Grewal. "Hybrid strategic groups." Strategic Management Journal 29, no. 3 (2008): 293-317.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, Gary L. Lilien, and Girish Mallapragada. "Location, location, location: How network embeddedness affects project success in open source systems." Management Science 52, no. 7 (2006): 1043-1056.
* DeSarbo, Wayne S., Rajdeep Grewal, and Jerry Wind. "Who competes with whom? A demand‐based perspective for identifying and representing asymmetric competition." Strategic Management Journal 27, no. 2 (2006): 101-129.
* Ding, Min, Rajdeep Grewal, and John Liechty. "Incentive-aligned conjoint analysis." Journal of marketing research 42, no. 1 (2005): 67-82.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, Joseph A. Cote, and Hans Baumgartner. "Multicollinearity and measurement error in structural equation models: Implications for theory testing." Marketing Science 23, no. 4 (2004): 519-529.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, Raj Mehta, and Frank R. Kardes. "The timing of repeat purchases of consumer durable goods: The role of functional bases of consumer attitudes." Journal of Marketing Research 41, no. 1 (2004): 101-115.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, and Ravi Dharwadkar. "The role of the institutional environment in marketing channels." Journal of Marketing 66, no. 3 (2002): 82-97.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, and Patriya Tansuhaj. "Building organizational capabilities for managing economic crisis: The role of market orientation and strategic flexibility." Journal of marketing 65, no. 2 (2001): 67-80.
* Grewal, Rajdeep, James M. Comer, and Raj Mehta. "An investigation into the antecedents of organizational participation in business-to-business electronic markets." Journal of Marketing 65, no. 3 (2001): 17-33.

## InfoBox

| Rajdeep S. Grewal | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | American |
| Title | Townsend Family Distinguished Professor of Marketing |
| Awards | Mahajan Award for Lifetime Contributions to Marketing Strategy Research |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | University of Cincinnati
Indian Institute of Management Lucknow
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi |
| Thesis | (1998) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Marketing |
| Institutions | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Pennsylvania State University
Washington State University |
| Doctoral students | Ruby Lee, Girish Mallapragada, Rui Wang, Anindita Chakravarty, Alok Saboo, Mahima Hada, Tojin Eapen, Huanhuan Shi, Charles Kang, Chen Zhou, Manpreet Gill, Khimendra Singh, Guneet Nagpal |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/faculty/directory/marketing/rajdeep-grewal |


title: Ragenold of Neustria

abstract: Ragenold was the Count of Herbauges from 852 and Count of Maine and Margrave of Neustria from 878. His family is unidentified, but he may have been a son of Reginald of Herbauges. In 878, on the death of Gauzfrid, Charles the Bald conferred the Neustrian march and the county of Maine on Ragenold, because Gauzfrid's children were too young to succeed. On 25 July 885, the Vikings pillaged Rouen. Ragenold came up and surprised the Viking raiders, but was killed in the ensuing action.

text:
# Ragenold of Neustria

**Ragenold** (or **Raino**) (killed 25 July 885) was the Count of Herbauges from 852 and Count of Maine and Margrave of Neustria (positioned against the Vikings) from 878. His family is unidentified, but he may have been a son of Reginald of Herbauges.

In 878, on the death of Gauzfrid, Charles the Bald conferred the Neustrian march and the county of Maine on Ragenold, because Gauzfrid's children were too young to succeed. On 25 July 885, the Vikings pillaged Rouen. Ragenold came up and surprised the Viking raiders, but was killed in the ensuing action.

## Sources

* Guillotel, Hubert. "Une autre marche de Neustrie." in Christian Settipani and Katharine S. B. Keats-Rohan, *Onomastique et Parenté dans l'Occident médiéval*. 2000.


title: Rajwar (title)

abstract: Rajwar was a title used by the Katyuri Kings and Chand Rajput community of Kumaon.

text:
# Rajwar (title)

**Rajwar** was a title used by the Katyuri Kings and Chand Rajput community of Kumaon (Uttarakhand and Far western region of Nepal called Doti).

## Rajwar Dynasty of Askot

The Rajwar dynasty of Askot in Pithoragarh was set up in the 1279 AD, by a branch of the Katyuri Kings, headed by Abhay Pal Deo, who was the grandson of Katyuri king, Brahm Deo. The dynasty ruled the region until it became part of the British Raj through the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816. Doti, another branch of the Katyuri dynasty, came under Nepal through Gurkha expansion in 1790.

Later one more strong offshoot was Mahuli Mahson Raj, (Basti), Uttar Pradesh. The feudal kingdom stretched (47 kilometers) 14 kose. After Brahm Deo's reign the empire disintegrated, with his grandson Abhay Pal Dego continuing his reign from the kingdom of Askote in Kumaon's Pithoragarh district. Abhay Pal, Deo's two younger sons, Alakh Deo and Tilak Deo set out from Askote in 1305 with a large army and after passing through the Terai region and the plains of U.P, came to Gonda/Gorakhpur. This region was covered in thick jungles and swamps and was inhabited by fierce Bhar tribals. The Ghagra river in the south and Rapti river in the east protected the region from heavy attacks.

1. Handa, Om Chanda (2002). *History of Uttaranchal*. New Delhi: Indus. ISBN 978-81-7387-134-4.


title: Rahul Sood

abstract: Rahul Sood is the CEO and co-founder of Irreverent Labs, the former CEO of Unikrn), and was the founder of VoodooPC. Sood was also an early investor in AR/VR company Vrvana he's also an investor in blockchain play to earn horse racing game ZED Run, and high-end PC gaming company, MAINGEAR. In 2007 Business 2.0 magazine claimed Sood to be 83rd out of 101 persons on their "Who matters now?" list. After VoodooPC was acquired by HP, Sood announced his resignation in November 2010. In December 2010, after spending 18 years with multiple startups, he announced that he joined Microsoft as the GM for System Experience in the Interactive Entertainment Business. Shortly after he started Microsoft Ventures and was the general manager up until his resignation in November 2014. In November 2014 he started Unikrn, an esports betting platform, and raised 2.5m in a seed round. By July 2015 Sood then raised an additional $7m for Unikrn Mark Cuban, Advancit Group, Freelands Capital, and a few more. Also in 2015 Sood was on CNBC discussion the future of Esports, where he was quoted as saying it would eventually be as big as the NFL. In an interview with Startup Grind, Sood talks about the challenges of raising money for entrepreneurs in the Seattle area. In November 2019 he did a TedX Talk in San Juan on the massive growth of Esports. Rahul's company Unikrn under his leadership created the Unikoin token in 2015 and built its platform around the virtual token over the following two years. In 2017 they moved the token to the public blockchain on the Ethereum Mainnet ultimately selling $31 million dollars through the ICO process. UnikoinGold was created in the fall of 2017 which later came under an SEC inquiry. In 2020 Unikrn agreed to an order of Settlement with the SEC, pursuant to which Unikrn will pay a total of $6.1 million to the SEC so they can begin to manage the claims process. Unikrn voluntarily suspended future development or use of UnikoinGold and the SEC used the agreed settlement to establish a fair fund to provide refunds to all token holders. Unikrn volunteered for the settlement despite lack of consensus within the SEC that the UnikoinGold constituted a security, with Commissioner Hester M. Peirce saying, "I do not concur in my colleagues’ opinion that Unikrn's token offering constituted a securities offering[...] By failing to challenge ourselves to experiment with new approaches to regulation, we, and those whose interests we are pledged to serve, risk surrendering the fruits of innovation. I respectfully dissent from the commission's actions today relating to Unikrn." In November 2020, he became the co-owner of the Jaffna Stallions franchise ahead of the 2020 Lanka Premier League. He was also mentioned in a follow-up article in Geekwire talks about Seattle based tech leaders investing in cricket teams. In this article the owners of the Jaffna Stallions talk about their desire to help rebuild Jaffna through the sport of cricket. Sood is co-owner of the team. The Jaffna Stallions ended up winning the inaugural LPL championship on December 16, 2020. His net worth is estimated to be around 30 million as of 2021.

text:
# Rahul Sood

**Rahul Sood** is the CEO and co-founder of Irreverent Labs, the former CEO of Unikrn), and was the founder of VoodooPC. Sood was also an early investor in AR/VR company Vrvana he's also an investor in blockchain play to earn horse racing game ZED Run, and high-end PC gaming company, MAINGEAR.

In 2007 Business 2.0 magazine claimed Sood to be 83rd out of 101 persons on their "Who matters now?" list. After VoodooPC was acquired by HP, Sood announced his resignation in November 2010. In December 2010, after spending 18 years with multiple startups, he announced that he joined Microsoft as the GM for System Experience in the Interactive Entertainment Business. Shortly after he started Microsoft Ventures and was the general manager up until his resignation in November 2014. In November 2014 he started Unikrn, an esports betting platform, and raised 2.5m in a seed round. By July 2015 Sood then raised an additional $7m for Unikrn Mark Cuban, Advancit Group, Freelands Capital, and a few more. Also in 2015 Sood was on CNBC discussion the future of Esports, where he was quoted as saying it would eventually be as big as the NFL. In an interview with Startup Grind, Sood talks about the challenges of raising money for entrepreneurs in the Seattle area. In November 2019 he did a TedX Talk in San Juan on the massive growth of Esports.

Rahul's company Unikrn under his leadership created the Unikoin token in 2015 and built its platform around the virtual token over the following two years. In 2017 they moved the token to the public blockchain on the Ethereum Mainnet ultimately selling $31 million dollars through the ICO process. UnikoinGold was created in the fall of 2017 which later came under an SEC inquiry. In 2020 Unikrn agreed to an order of Settlement with the SEC, pursuant to which Unikrn will pay a total of $6.1 million to the SEC so they can begin to manage the claims process. Unikrn voluntarily suspended future development or use of UnikoinGold and the SEC used the agreed settlement to establish a fair fund to provide refunds to all token holders. Unikrn volunteered for the settlement despite lack of consensus within the SEC that the UnikoinGold constituted a security, with Commissioner Hester M. Peirce saying, "I do not concur in my colleagues’ opinion that Unikrn's token offering constituted a securities offering\[...\] By failing to challenge ourselves to experiment with new approaches to regulation, we, and those whose interests we are pledged to serve, risk surrendering the fruits of innovation. I respectfully dissent from the commission's actions today relating to Unikrn."

In November 2020, he became the co-owner of the Jaffna Stallions franchise ahead of the 2020 Lanka Premier League. He was also mentioned in a follow-up article in Geekwire talks about Seattle based tech leaders investing in cricket teams. In this article the owners of the Jaffna Stallions talk about their desire to help rebuild Jaffna through the sport of cricket. Sood is co-owner of the team. The Jaffna Stallions ended up winning the inaugural LPL championship on December 16, 2020. His net worth is estimated to be around 30 million as of 2021.

## InfoBox

| Rahul Sood | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Canada |
| Occupation(s) | CEO and Co-Founder of Irreverent Labs
Former GM of Microsoft Ventures
Co-Founder of Unikrn
Founder of VoodooPC
Co-Founder of the Jaffna Stallions |
| Spouse | Asma Sood |


title: Rahul Ranade

abstract: Rahul Ranade is a music composer. His work in music spans from composing music for films, television, drama to events, concerts, composing music for ballets, advertisements, and also albums.

text:
# Rahul Ranade

**Rahul Ranade** (born 23 May 1966) is a music composer. His work in music spans from composing music for films, television, drama to events, concerts, composing music for ballets, advertisements, and also albums.

## Early life

Rahul started his musical journey at a very young age. He has been trained in percussion (tabla) and has received vocal lessons in Indian Classical. Thanks to the encouragement from his mother, he continued to pursue his passion for music even thru his college days. He soon received accolades and wet is beak in real music at "Shishuranjan". At a very tender age, he got the opportunity to perform and tour with the troupe of Ghashiram Kotwal (Marathi: घाशीराम कोतवाल) along with eminent personalities like Dr. Mohan Agashe nd Dr. Jabbar Patel. Rahul has been privileged to learn from virtuosos like Sai Paranjpye, Rajdutt, Srinivas Khale and Ketan Mehta.

## Personal life

Rahul is married to Meena Ranade. She has a B.Com/MBA and now has her own marketing firm, Mirage Creations. Rahul and Meena have two sons, Yash who is a practicing attorney of law (Duke University School of Law) and Jay who is an avid writer and a hotel management graduate (IHM).

## Musical associations

Rahul has been one of the founders for Grips Theater, Pune – associated with Grip Theater, Germany. He also acts as a visiting faculty at the Film and Television Institute of India Pune, Whistling Woods, Pune University, FLAME, and National School of Drama.

## Selected filmography

Rahul’s musical compositions have highlighted more than 35 films, including *Nidaan*, *Vaastav*, *Astitva*, *Saatchya Aat Gharaat*, *Kaakasparsha*, *Dr Prakash Baba Amte*, and the National Award winning movie *Kaccha Limbu*.

He has scored music for more than 200 Plays in Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, English and German. He was also invited by Grips Theater, Germany to compose music for one their initiatives.

Rahul composed music for the World’s Largest Audio book, Dasbodh (दासबोध), penned by Shri Ramdas Swami. As part of the 100 years of Indian Cinema initiative, he composed music for India’s first film, "Raja Harishchandra" directed by Dadasaheb Phalke

### Silent films

* Raja Harishchandra
* Kaliya Mardan
* Jamai Babu

### Hindi films

* 2010 – Kaalo
* 2010 – Just 47
* 2006 – Panga Na Lo
* 2005 – Ho Sakta Hai
* 2003 – Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye
* 2002 – Pitaah
* 2002 – Hathyaar
* 2001 – Tera Mera Saath Rahen
* 2000 – Nidaan
* 2000 – Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai
* 2000 – Astitva
* 1999 – Vaastav
* 1999 – Disha

### Marathi films

* 2018 – Ranangan
* 2016 – Kaccha Limbu
* 2016 – Sarpanch Bhagirath
* 2014 – Salaam
* 2013 – Koknastha
* 2013 – Dr Prakash Baba Amte
* 2012 – Kaksparsha
* 2010 – Sumbaran
* 2010 – Samudra
* 2010 – Paaradh
* 2010 – Jhing Chik Jhing
* 2010 – Eka Shabdaat Saangato
* 2008 – Dhudgus
* 2005 – Sane Guruji
* 2005 – Khandobachya Naavana
* 2004 – Saatchya Aat Gharaat
* 1995 – Aai

## Selected directorial events

### Events

* 2018 – The Masters – at Shanmukhananda Hall, Mumbai (Ustad Rashid Khan and Shankar Mahadevan in Jugalbandi)
* 2018 – The Bengal Tigers – Mumbai (A Journey of 4 Iconic Bengali Music Composers, SD Burman, Hemant Kumar, Salil Chowdhury and RD Burman – featuring Sumeet Raghavan, Special Appearance by Asha Bhosle)
* 2018 – Viraasat – Pune (featuring Vikku Vinayakram, Selva Ganesh, Louiz Banks, Gino Banks, Ganesh & Kumresh, Taufiq Qureshi and Zakir Hussain – playing as an ensemble)
* 2017 – Maifil Shabd Suranchi – Dubai (with Guru Thakur)
* 2016 – Full Circle – Pune (Journey of 100 years of Marathi Music – featuring Mahesh Kale)
* 2016 – Maifil Shabd Suranchi – US, Switzerland (with Guru Thakur and Sunil Barve)
* 2016 – MAAI MICTA 2016 – Sydney
* 2015 – My Country My Music – (Design and Direction for Shankar Mahadevan Productions)
* 2015 – MICTA 2016
* 2015 – Sangeetkar Sammelan
* 2015 – Sur Kavitanche
* 2014 – MICTA 2014
* 2013 – 2014 – Zee SaReGaMaPa Marathi(As Creative Director)
* 2013 – MICTA 2013 – Macau
* 2012 – Cinema Navacha Manus (Theatrical Biopic of the great film maker V.Shantaram)
* 2012 – Garja Maharashtra Maza – Anuj Bidve Fundraiser in London
* 2012 – MIFTA 2012 – Singapore (featuring the legendary Asha Bhosle)
* 2011 – Nakshatranche Dene – Shravanmasi
* 2011 – Nakshatranche Dene – Shrinivas Khale

## Awards and recognition

### Wins and nominations

* 2019 – 19th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav Rajani – Hamlet
* 2019 – 31st Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Hamlet and Tila Kahi Sangaychay
* 2018 – Majja Digital Awards – Best Music Director – Kaccha Limbu \[Nomination\]
* 2017 – 29th Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Magna Talyakathi
* 2016 – Mata Sanman – Ha Shekhar Khosla Kon Ahe
* 2016 – MICTA Award – Ha Shekhar Khosla Kon Ahe
* 2016 – 16th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav Rajani – Perfect Mismatch
* 2016 – 28th Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Perfect Mismatch (3rd)
* 2016 – Zee Gaurav – Best Music Director – Ha Shekhar Khosla Kon Ahe \[Nomination\]
* 2010 – 10th Sanskruti Kaladarpan Gaurav – Jhing Chik Jhing \[Nomination\]
* 2014 – Kala Gaurav Award
* 2014 – Keshavrao Bhole Puraskar
* 2014 – Swaranand Puraskar
* 2013 – MICTA Award – Du and Me
* 2012 – 24th Maharashtra Rajya Marathi Vyavasayik Natya Spardha – Me Revati Deshpande (1st)
* 2012 – V. Shantaram Award – Samudra

## Media

### Loksatta

### eSakal

### Saptahik Sakal

### Video

### Audio

### Other

## InfoBox

| Rahul Ranade | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1966-05-23) 23 May 1966
Pune, Maharashtra, India |
| Genres | Filmi Music
Indian Classical music
World Music
Jingles |
| Occupation(s) | Music Composer, Event Designer, Producer, Director, Actor |
| Years active | 1986-present |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.RahulRanade.com |


title: Raiden (film)

abstract: Raiden Raiden (雷電) is a 1928 black and white Japanese silent film with benshi accompaniment directed by Shozo Makino and Sadatsugu Matsuda. It is a posthumous work by Makino and is the last film starring his son, Masahiro Makino. in his first role in a comedy film.

text:
# Raiden (film)

***Raiden*** (雷電) is a 1928 black and white Japanese silent film with benshi accompaniment directed by Shozo Makino and Sadatsugu Matsuda. It is a posthumous work by Makino and is the last film starring his son, Masahiro Makino. in his first role in a comedy film.

## InfoBox

| Raiden | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Shozo Makino
Sadatsugu Matsuda |
| Produced by | Makino Production |
| Starring | Toichiro Negishi
Arata Kaneko
Matsue Bassho
Masahiro Makino |
| Narrated by | Midori Sawato |
| Cinematography | Minoru Miki |
| Production
company | Makino Film Productions |
| Distributed by | Digital Meme (DVD) |
| Release date | * 1928 (1928) (Japan) |
| Running time | 18 minutes |
| Country | Japan |
| Language | Japanese |


title: Ralph Alderson

abstract: Ralph Alderson was an English first-class cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played first-class cricket for Lancashire. He was born in Newton-le-Willows and died in Glazebury. Alderson began his cricketing career playing for the Lancashire Second XI in the 1946 Minor Counties Championship season. He played extensively through the 1947 and 1948 seasons, and it was thanks to his good form during the 1948 season that he was given a chance to play for the Lancashire team for the first time against Oxford University. Alderson scored a duck in the one and only innings that time and the weather permitted him to play, with Oxford University able to make just 2-2 from their first nine overs of the first innings before the match was abandoned and designated a draw. Alderson played his first and only County Championship match for Lancashire against Kent the following year, making a half-century in the first innings with backup from team-mate Geoff Edrich. The match ended in an innings victory for Lancashire, but Alderson was never to play again for the side. Alderson later took charge of one Second XI Championship and over 30 in the Minor Counties Championship as an umpire.

text:
# Ralph Alderson

**Ralph Alderson** (7 June 1919 – 2 April 1988) was an English first-class cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played first-class cricket for Lancashire. He was born in Newton-le-Willows and died in Glazebury.

Alderson began his cricketing career playing for the Lancashire Second XI in the 1946 Minor Counties Championship season. He played extensively through the 1947 and 1948 seasons, and it was thanks to his good form during the 1948 season that he was given a chance to play for the Lancashire team for the first time against Oxford University. Alderson scored a duck in the one and only innings that time and the weather permitted him to play, with Oxford University able to make just 2-2 from their first nine overs of the first innings before the match was abandoned and designated a draw.

Alderson played his first and only County Championship match for Lancashire against Kent the following year, making a half-century in the first innings with backup from team-mate Geoff Edrich. The match ended in an innings victory for Lancashire, but Alderson was never to play again for the side.

Alderson later took charge of one Second XI Championship and over 30 in the Minor Counties Championship as an umpire.

## InfoBox

Ralph Alderson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1919-06-07)7 June 1919 |
| Died | 2 April 1988(1988-04-02) (aged 68) |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 2  Runs scored 55  Batting average 27.50  100s/50s 0/1  Top score 55  Catches/stumpings 0/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 6 December 2022 | |


title: Rajendar Singh Bhadu

abstract: Rajendar Singh Bhadu is an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party and was a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the Suratgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency of Rajasthan.

text:
# Rajendar Singh Bhadu

**Rajendar Singh Bhadu** is an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party and was a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the Suratgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency of Rajasthan.

## InfoBox

| Rajendar Singh Bhadu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**<br>2013–2018 | |
| Preceded by | Gangajal Meel |
| Succeeded by | Rampratap Kasniyan |
| Constituency | Suratgarh |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Occupation | Politician |
|  | |


title: Rally towel

abstract: A rally towel is a sports paraphernalia item and a type of towel often used as a fan symbol in American and Canadian sports events. The prototype of the modern rally towel was created in 1975 by former Pittsburgh Steelers radio broadcaster Myron Cope and is known as the Terrible Towel. Although, it could be argued the great coach E.A Diddle of the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers truly created the rally towel in the 1940s. Western Kentucky would also trademark the term "The Red Towel" in 1971; 4 years before Myron Cope created the Pittsburgh Steelers "terrible towel". Since the Terrible Towel's debut, teams have used similar gimmicks, mainly using white towels and giving them out to fans. The main time teams give rally towels is during league postseasons. Towels have gained much popularity as distractions to visiting players. Teams that use rally towels include the NFL's Seattle Seahawks, New England Patriots, and New York Jets, the NHL's Anaheim Ducks, Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, San Jose Sharks, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, New Jersey Devils and Dallas Stars, the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers, Memphis Grizzlies and Oklahoma City Thunder, the MLB's Detroit Tigers, San Francisco Giants, Toronto Blue Jays, Philadelphia Phillies, Texas Rangers, Minnesota Twins, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, and the Washington Nationals, and the NCAA basketball Duke Blue Devils.

text:
# Rally towel

A **rally towel** is a sports paraphernalia item and a type of towel often used as a fan symbol in American and Canadian sports events. The prototype of the modern rally towel was created in 1975 by former Pittsburgh Steelers radio broadcaster Myron Cope and is known as the Terrible Towel. Although, it could be argued the great coach E.A Diddle of the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers truly created the rally towel in the 1940s. Western Kentucky would also trademark the term "The Red Towel" in 1971; 4 years before Myron Cope created the Pittsburgh Steelers "terrible towel".

Since the Terrible Towel's debut, teams have used similar gimmicks, mainly using white towels (or towels with the team's colors) and giving them out to fans. The main time teams give rally towels is during league postseasons. Towels have gained much popularity as distractions to visiting players. Teams that use rally towels include the NFL's Seattle Seahawks, New England Patriots, and New York Jets, the NHL's Anaheim Ducks, Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, San Jose Sharks, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, New Jersey Devils and Dallas Stars, the NBA's Cleveland Cavaliers, Memphis Grizzlies and Oklahoma City Thunder, the MLB's Detroit Tigers, San Francisco Giants, Toronto Blue Jays, Philadelphia Phillies, Texas Rangers, Minnesota Twins, Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, and the Washington Nationals, and the NCAA basketball Duke Blue Devils.

## History

Though not known as a rally towel at the time — the concept had not been introduced yet — one of the first recorded regular similar uses of a towel was at Western Kentucky University, where basketball coach E. A. Diddle waved a red towel on the sideline during games. Diddle, who coached at WKU from 1922 to 1964, originally used a plain white towel; the red towel came as a result of an effort to keep students from pilfering towels from the physical education department. A logo featuring the towel is now used by the school's sports teams, most prominently on football helmets.

On December 27, 1975, the Pittsburgh Steelers entered the NFL playoffs against the Baltimore Colts. Two weeks prior to the game, the team's flagship radio station, WTAE, decided to create a gimmick to attract sponsors, with the help of Myron Cope, the Steelers radio broadcaster. They soon hit upon the idea of the Terrible Towel – a gold or yellow towel with the words "The Terrible Towel" printed on the front – which would be marketed to Steelers fans. The idea was criticized by the Steelers and the local press, but on the day of the game, as Cope later recalled: "...the Steelers gathered in the tunnel for introductions, whereupon the crowd exploded—and suddenly, by my estimation, 30,000 Terrible Towels twirled from the fists of fans around the stadium!" The Steelers not only won the game, but went on to win the Super Bowl for the second year running.

Rally towels came to professional hockey by accident in 1982. Outraged by a string of unfavorable calls in a road game during the conference finals, Vancouver Canucks coach Roger Neilson draped a white towel over a player's stick and waved it above his bench in mock surrender. Neilson was ejected and the Canucks lost the game, but the incident restored the team's morale. Fans started waving white towels—first at the airport when the team returned to Vancouver, then at the next game—and "Towel Power" propelled the Canucks to victory in the series.

The first rally towels in baseball came from the Minnesota Twins. The Homer Hanky first appeared during the Twins playoff run in 1987, when they won the World Series.

## Present day

Today, rally towels are seen in all four major American sports leagues (MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL). They have also been seen in MLS. Almost all MLB teams use rally towels now.

### Baseball

The first rally towel to be used in Major League Baseball (MLB) was the Homer Hanky (a handkerchief printed with the Twins logo) of the Minnesota Twins. It gained popularity throughout the 1987 pennant race as a promotional item created by the *Minneapolis Star Tribune*. The Twins would later go on to win the 1987 World Series. The Homer Hanky has been present in every Twins playoff run since, including during the Twins victory in the 1991 World Series.

During the 2010 MLB postseason, five of the eight teams in the playoffs had rally towels. The two teams in the 2010 World Series, the San Francisco Giants and the Texas Rangers, both had rally towels. The Giants had orange "rally rags", but only for Game 2, while the Rangers used red, white, and blue rally towels for Games 3, 4, and 5, all of the home games in Arlington. This was the first World Series that both teams had rally towels since the 2006 World Series.

In 2016, Major League Baseball added a rule (nicknamed the "Homer Hanky Rule") specifying that "in-stadium rally towels" may not be white in color due to potential hitter confusion. As a result, all rally towels and since 2016 have been in alternate colors, including the Twins' own 2019 Homer Hanky, which took the form of a small red terrycloth towel.

In baseball, the teams that use rally towels that are common to hand out besides the Twins are usually the Colorado Rockies, Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Phillies, and St. Louis Cardinals. The Toronto Blue Jays hand out rally towels as part of their "Fan Fridays" promotion, inaugurated in 2010. Along with the Giants and Rangers, the Cincinnati Reds also started in 2010.

Teams that use rally towels   Teams that do not use rally towels

### Basketball

Few NBA teams have rally towels. The most significant teams with towels are the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Memphis Grizzlies. Fans used them in the playoffs, including when LeBron James returned to Quicken Loans Arena as a member of the Miami Heat. The Grizzlies have handed out their Growl Towel for every playoff game in team history, going back to their first series in 2003-04. It has not been uncommon to spot Grizzlies fans with their Growl Towel at home and away games. For the Heat, rally towels are given during their playoff runs with the phrase "White Hot". Other teams include the Oklahoma City Thunder and the Boston Celtics. The 2011 NBA Champions Dallas Mavericks gave out towels during their first-round series against the Blazers, and in their Western Conference Finals series against the Thunder during their championship run in 2011. The Pacers and 76ers also came into use in 2011.

### Football

In the National Football League (American football), the Seattle Seahawks use rally towels as part of their 12th-man saga. In 2010, 12th-man rally towels were given out. The Chicago Bears, Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Indianapolis Colts, Minnesota Vikings, New England Patriots, New York Giants, and Philadelphia Eagles also hand out rally towels in the playoffs. the Pittsburgh Steelers also have their own rally towel, dubbed the "Terrible Towel".

### Hockey

The NHL has many teams that use rally towels, especially during the Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Winnipeg Jets use white towels during the playoffs for their "Winnipeg Whiteout" tradition. The Arizona Coyotes, who were the original Winnipeg Jets, have also used white towels for their own "Whiteout." The Penguins have also used white towels until they switched to gold towels for the "Gold-Out" for the 2016 Stanley Cup Playoffs. The Stars use them in the playoffs, especially when they won the Stanley Cup in 1999. As the Mighty Ducks, the Ducks referred to their towels as "Fowl Towels". The Ducks' towels are currently orange. The Blackhawks, Blue Jackets, Bruins, Canadiens, Capitals, Devils, Golden Knights, Islanders, Kings, Kraken, Predators, Rangers, Red Wings, Senators, and Sharks also have rally towels. The first team that used rally towels in hockey was in 1982 by the Vancouver Canucks. Canucks fans use the term Towel Power to describe the waving of rally towels by their fans.

### Other

In other sports, rally towels are rarely used. In Major League Soccer (MLS), rally towels are less common due to the popularity of scarves.

College teams also occasionally use rally towels. Texas A&M began using "12th Man" Towels in 1985 with the 12th Man kickoff team to help boost student support at Kyle Field. TCU gave rally towels to fans of the Horned Frogs in Pasadena when they were selected by the Bowl Championship Series to the 2011 Rose Bowl against Wisconsin. TCU beat Wisconsin on January 1, 2011. South Carolina and LSU are also known to give fans rally towels. The Michigan Wolverines also give towels to students for rivalry games.


title: Rallye Alsace-Vosges

abstract: The Rallye Alsace-Vosges is a rally competition held in the Vosges, in northeastern France, between Épinal and Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. The event, first held in 1984, is a round of the French championship.

text:
# Rallye Alsace-Vosges

The **Rallye Alsace-Vosges** is a rally competition held in the Vosges, in northeastern France, between Épinal and Saint-Dié-des-Vosges. The event, first held in 1984, is a round of the French championship.

## Winners

| Year | Driver | Co-driver | Car |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2010** | Cancelled | | |
| **2009** | Patrick Henry | Magalie Lombard | Peugeot 206 WRC |
| **2008** | Patrick Henry | Magalie Lombard | Peugeot 307 WRC |
| **2007** | Jean-Marie Cuoq | David Marty | Peugeot 307 WRC |
| **2006** | Nicolas Vouilloz | Nicolas Klinger | Peugeot 307 WRC |
| **2005** | Nicolas Bernardi | Jean-Marc Fortin | Peugeot 206 WRC |
| **2004** | Stéphane Sarrazin | Patrick Pivato | Subaru Impreza WRC |
| **2003** | Brice Tirabassi | Jacques-Julien Renucci | Renault Clio S1600 |
| **2002** | Brice Tirabassi | Jacques-Julien Renucci | Citroën Saxo S1600 |
| **2001** | Sébastien Loeb | Daniel Elena | Citroën Xsara Kit-Car |
| **2000** | Philippe Bugalski | Jean-Paul Chiaroni | Citroën Xsara T4 |
| **1999** | Philippe Bugalski | Jean-Paul Chiaroni | Citroën Xsara Kit-Car |
| **1998** | Simon Jean-Joseph | Patrick Pivato | Subaru Impreza |
| **1997** | Cancelled | | |
| **1996** | Gilles Panizzi | Hervé Panizzi | Peugeot 306 Maxi |
| **1995** | Patrick Bernardini | Jean-Marc Andrié | Ford Escort RS Cosworth |
| **1994** | François Chatriot | Denis Giraudet | Toyota Celica 4WD |
| **1993** | Bernard Béguin | Jean-Paul Chiaroni | Ford Escort RS Cosworth |
| **1992** | Bernard Béguin | Jean-Paul Chiaroni | Ford Sierra Cosworth 4x4 |
| **1991** | Bernard Béguin | Jean-Paul Chiaroni | Ford Sierra Cosworth 4x4 |
| **1990** | François Chatriot | Michel Périn | BMW M3 |
| **1989** | Pierre-César Baroni | Michel Rousseau | Ford Sierra RS Cosworth |
| **1988** | François Chatriot | Michel Périn | BMW M3 |
| **1987** | Didier Auriol | Bernard Occelli | Ford Sierra RS Cosworth |
| **1986** | Didier Auriol | Bernard Occelli | MG Metro 6R4 |
| **1985** | Jean Ragnotti | Pierre Thimonier | Renault 5 Maxi Turbo |
| **1984** | Dufour | Chenez | Talbot Samba Rallye |


# Ramakrishna Mission Students Home Chennai

The Ramakrishna Mission Students Home is a residential and day school and polytechnic for poor, destitute and orphan boys. It is located on Sir P.S.Sivaswamy Salai (Road) in Mylapore, Chennai.

## History

The Home was started on 17 February 1905 by Sri C.Ramasami Ayyangar with the blessings of Swami Ramakrishnananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna with 7 orphan boys. The Home began operating out of a small building in Mylapore, given free of rent by Dr. M.C.Nanjunda Rao who was a disciple of Vivekananda.

In 1916, Sri S.G.Srinivasachariar donated a piece of land and the adjoining piece of land was acquired. The total area is about 1.4 acres (26 grounds). The foundation of a new building was laid on 6 May 1917 and the building was on 10 May 1921 which happened to be the Akshaya Tritiya day that year.

The Home started offering vocational training for students in the year 1932 with a Licenciate in Automobile Engineering (LAE) course.

The Home operations was temporarily shifted to Athur near Chengalpattu in 1942 during the second world war and was moved back to Mylapore in 1958. The Home is formally affiliated to the Ramakrishna Mission, Belur Math.

## Courses Offered

The Home runs a primary school, high school and a polytechnic (offering diploma courses in Mechanical Engineering, Automobile Engineering and Computer Engineering). It is modeled on the Gurukula system of education.

## InfoBox

Ramakrishna Mission Students Home
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | RKMH |
| Formation | 17 February 1905 (1905-02-17) <br>Chennai, British India |
| Founder | C.Ramasami Ayyangar |
| Type | Educational organisation |
| Purpose | Education |
| Headquarters | Belur Math, West Bengal, India |
| Location |  |
| Coordinates | 13°03′N 80°16′E / 13.05°N 80.26°E / 13.05; 80.26 |
| Area served | Chennai |
| Secretary | Swami Satyajnanananda |
| Affiliations | Ramakrishna Mission |
| Website | Official website |


abstract: The Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir, Sarisha or Sarisha Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir is a semi-residential Bengali Medium, premium higher secondary school in Sarisha, in South 24 Parganas near Kolkata, India. It was established in 1921. It is affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.

text:
# Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir, Sarisha

The **Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir, Sarisha** or Sarisha Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir is a semi-residential Bengali Medium, premium higher secondary school in Sarisha, in South 24 Parganas near Kolkata, India. It was established in 1921. It is affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.

## About Sarisha RKMSM

Sarisha Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir was founded in 1921, in a small village named Sarisha, mainly for education of the villagers, and now it is a well known Higher Secondary School with 1152 students. It has hostel for about 170 boys, studying on 5 to class 10, huge playground, featuring football, cricket and volleyball and other indoor games. The school is one of the best school in the sub- division of Diamond Harbour.

## InfoBox

Ramakrishna Mission Siksha Mandir, Sarisha
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | *Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha*
(*आत्मनो मोक्षार्थं जगद्धिताय च*)
(*For one’s own salvation and for the welfare of the world*) |
| Type | Semi-residential Bengali Medium Higher secondary school |
| Established | 1923 |
| Students | 1113 |
| Location | Sarisha, South 24 Parganas, near Kolkata, India
22°14′38″N 88°11′00″E / 22.243982°N 88.183437°E / 22.243982; 88.183437 |
| Affiliations | West Bengal Board of Secondary Education |