title: Robert Louis Stevenson State Park

abstract: Robert Louis Stevenson State Park is a California state park, located in Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties. The park offers a 5-mile (8 km) hike to the summit of Mount Saint Helena from which much of the Bay Area can be seen. On clear days it is possible to see the peak of Mount Shasta, 192 miles (310 km) distant.

text:
# Robert Louis Stevenson State Park

**Robert Louis Stevenson State Park** is a California state park, located in Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties. The park offers a 5-mile (8 km) hike to the summit of Mount Saint Helena from which much of the Bay Area can be seen. On clear days it is possible to see the peak of Mount Shasta, 192 miles (310 km) distant.

## Overview

The park is named after Robert Louis Stevenson, the Scottish author of *Treasure Island* and *Kidnapped*. In 1880, Stevenson and his new wife Fanny Vandegrift Osbourne spent their honeymoon living in a cabin at a played-out mine on the mountain along with Fanny's son Lloyd Osbourne. Although nothing remains of the cabin, the site is identified on the trail to the summit. Stevenson's book *Silverado Squatters* contains stories he wrote about his experiences during his visit to the area.

The area has rough terrain, with evergreen forests in the canyons on north-facing slopes and chaparral on the south-facing slopes.

Robert Louis Stevenson State Park is located off State Route 29 between Calistoga and Middletown. The park is registered as California Historical Landmark #710.

## 2017 fire and temporary closure

As a result of a fire starting on Tubbs Lane in Calistoga, the park was temporarily closed on October 10, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Robert Louis Stevenson State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| One of the peaks of Mount Saint Helena | |
|  | |
| Location | Sonoma and Napa counties, California |
| Nearest city | Calistoga, California |
| Coordinates | 38°39′12″N 122°36′12″W / 38.653416°N 122.603406°W / 38.653416; -122.603406 |
| Governing body | State of California |
|  | |
| California Historical Landmark | |
| Reference no. | 710 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dogwood Arts Festival

abstract: The Dogwood Arts Festival is an annual event in Knoxville, Tennessee, sponsored by Dogwood Arts, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to promote and celebrate regional art, culture, and natural beauty. The event is held in April and celebrates the blooming of the dogwood trees. It includes a parade, a house and garden show, and demonstrations of various Appalachian arts and crafts such as quilting, bluegrass music, and doll-making. Many events are held in Market Square in downtown Knoxville. Additionally, driving trails are marked in Knoxville and the surrounding area for people to view the dogwoods in bloom.

text:
# Dogwood Arts Festival

The **Dogwood Arts Festival** is an annual event in Knoxville, Tennessee, sponsored by **Dogwood Arts**, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to promote and celebrate regional art, culture, and natural beauty. The event is held in April and celebrates the blooming of the dogwood trees. It includes a parade, a house and garden show, and demonstrations of various Appalachian arts and crafts such as quilting, bluegrass music, and doll-making. Many events are held in Market Square in downtown Knoxville. Additionally, driving trails are marked in Knoxville and the surrounding area for people to view the dogwoods in bloom.

## History

The initial impetus for the dogwood festival came from a description of Knoxville by John Gunther in his 1947 book *Inside U.S.A.* In that best-selling book, Gunther characterized Knoxville as the "ugliest city" in the United States, with what he called "an intense, concentrated, degrading ugliness." Other visitors to the city had also commented negatively on the city's appearance. In reaction to the insulting characterization of the city, Knoxville civic leaders started a community beautification campaign. Beautification efforts began with yard and neighborhood cleanups. In 1955, the first dogwood trail was designated in Sequoyah Hills. A second trail followed in Holston Hills in 1956, and additional trails were designated in 1957 in Fountain City and the Lake Forest neighborhood. In 1959, *Knoxville News Sentinel* columnist Carson Brewer proposed a dogwood festival, pointing to the successful ramp festival in Cosby, Tennessee, as a model for the potential success of a festival in Knoxville. The city's chamber of commerce and Junior League embraced the idea and contributed $20,000 each to make it a reality, leading to the first annual festival in 1961.

In 1995, journalist Paul Harvey praised the city's beauty during the festival, saying "there’s something about Knoxville that makes dogwood trees grow taller" and describing the dogwoods lining residential streets as "resplendent by day and moonlighted by night." Calling the city "a springtime blizzard of blossoms of dogwood", he noted the presence of other flowers, including violets, iris, May apples, lilacs, narcissus, and flowering fruit trees. He said that the festival attracted a quarter-million visitors each year.

In 2020, the event went virtual for the first time in its 66-year history, as the COVID-19 pandemic concerns caused cancellation of most art events.

35°57′54″N 83°55′10″W / 35.9650°N 83.9194°W / 35.9650; -83.9194


title: John Ridge (minister)

abstract: John Ridge (c.1590–c.1637) was an English puritan minister, active in Ireland.

text:
# John Ridge (minister)

**John Ridge** (c.1590–c.1637) was an English puritan minister, active in Ireland.

## Life

He was born at Oxford about 1590. He matriculated at St John's College, Oxford, on 16 June 1610, at the age of twenty, and graduated B.A. on 23 May 1612, having already been ordained deacon by John Bridges, bishop of Oxford. A nonconformist, he went over to Ireland, where he was probably ordained presbyter by Robert Echlin, bishop of Down and Connor. On 7 July 1619 Echlin admitted him to the vicarage of Antrim, on the presentation of Arthur Chichester. He built up his church (founded 1596), and gained a reputation as a preacher. He has been described as a presbyterian, but Alexander Gordon writing in the *Dictionary of National Biography* disagrees.

About 1626 Hugh Campbell, a layman from Ayrshire, established a meeting on the last Friday of each month at his house in Oldstone, two miles from Antrim. Crowds of people attended, encouraged by James Glendinning, the vicar of Carnmoney. To counter Campbell Ridge began a meeting for preaching and conference on the first Friday of each month at Antrim, and called in the aid of Robert Blair, Robert Cunningham (d. 1637) of Holywood, co. Down, and James Hamilton. This was the origin of the *Antrim meeting*, an advisory body claiming no jurisdiction. According to Alexander Gordon, it was influential, and furnished the model of the Worcestershire agreement framed by Richard Baxter in 1652, and adopted in numerous English counties in place of the parliamentary presbyterianism; and through John Howe, a member of the Antrim meeting (1671-5) became the parent of the county unions formed among English dissenters after the passing of the Toleration Act 1688.

The fame of the meeting brought to Antrim, about 1628, a company of English separatists and an Arminian, John Freeman, but they were unsuccessful in making proselytes. Ridge was one of the five beneficed clergy who, at the primary visitation of Henry Leslie at Lisburn in July 1636, refused to subscribe to the new canons, which were to assimilate the doctrine and ceremonies of the Irish church to those of England. The private conference which followed went unrecorded; in the public disputation with Leslie at Belfast (on 11 August) Ridge took no part, but when called up for sentence on 12 August he admitted that Leslie had given the five non-subscribers a fair, though not a full, hearing. Leslie thought his scruples arose from a melancholy temperament. He condemned him to 'perpetual silence within his diocese.' Alexander Gordon asserts that there had been no actual presbyterianism in Ireland to this point, and the question of the form of church government had not been seriously raised, and that was Leslie's action, prompted by John Bramhall, that laid the foundation of a revolt against episcopal authority.

The silenced clergymen, with the exception of Edward Brice, retired to Scotland. They were received at Irvine, Ayrshire, by David Dickson (1583?-1663). Here Ridge is believed to have died in 1637, but there is no record of his death or burial.

## Family

He was married, and left daughters, one of whom, Susannah (d. 19 April 1693), was married on 30 September 1643 to Samuel Heathcote of Derby, and had ten children; the descendants of her eldest son, Samuel, are numerous.

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Ridge, John". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Rowland E. Trowbridge

abstract: Rowland Ebenezer Trowbridge was an American politician from Michigan. A United States congressman from Michigan's 4th congressional district from 1861 to 1863 and again from 1865 to 1869, he worked on agricultural policy and was chairman of the Committee on Agriculture during the 40th United States Congress. For most of his life he remained a farmer but resumed a role in federal politics from 1880 to 1881 as commissioner of Indian Affairs for President Rutherford B. Hayes.

text:
# Rowland E. Trowbridge

**Rowland Ebenezer Trowbridge** (June 18, 1821 – April 20, 1881) was an American politician from Michigan. A United States congressman from Michigan's 4th congressional district from 1861 to 1863 and again from 1865 to 1869, he worked on agricultural policy and was chairman of the Committee on Agriculture during the 40th United States Congress.

For most of his life he remained a farmer but resumed a role in federal politics from 1880 to 1881 as commissioner of Indian Affairs for President Rutherford B. Hayes.

## Biography

### Early life and education

Trowbridge was born in Horseheads, New York to Stephen Van Rensselaer Trowbridge (1794–1859) and Elizabeth Conkling (1797–1873) In the first year of his life, he moved with his parents and siblings in 1821 to Oakland County, Michigan, where his family settled a farm in present-day Troy. He had eleven siblings, including mechanical engineer and general William Petit Trowbridge (1828–1892), and fellow general Luther Stephen Trowbridge (1836–1912).

Trowbridge attended Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, where befriended future U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes and future Supreme Court Associate Justice Stanley Matthews, and graduated in 1841. Problems with his vision forced him to halt his ambitions for a career in law.

### Political career

Returning to farming after graduation, he settled in Thorndale, Michigan, in 1848 and began a political career as town supervisor. In 1851 he returned to his parents' county as a farmer and became a member of the Michigan Senate, serving from 1856 to 1860 from Bloomfield, Michigan. He married Mary Ann Satterlee in 1851, with whom he had four children: Susan Elisabeth (1852), Stephen Van Rensselaer (1855), Tillman Conklin (1857), and Samuel Satterlee (1860). They moved to Mary Ann's hometown of Birmingham, Michigan, in 1860, trading the Bloomfield farm for a mill there.

### Congress

The same year, Trowbridge was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 4th congressional district to the 37th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863. After redistricting as a result of the 1860 census, Trowbridge ran as a candidate in the newly created 5th congressional district in 1862, losing to Democrat Augustus C. Baldwin. In 1864, Trowbridge defeated Baldwin to be elected to the 39th Congress, and was reelected in 1866 to the 40th Congress, serving from March 4, 1865, to March 3, 1869. He served as chairman of the Committee on Agriculture during the 40th Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-nomination, and returned to life in farming, purchasing a farm in Lansing in 1873.

### Later federal service

Trowbridge's political career briefly resumed in the last few years of his life, when his college friend Rutherford Hayes was elected President of the United States. He served as commissioner of Indian Affairs under Hayes in 1880 and 1881.

### Death

He died in Birmingham, Michigan, and is interred there in Greenwood Cemetery.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Rowland E. Trowbridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Commissioner of Indian Affairs | |
| **In office**
1880–1881 | |
| President | Rutherford B. Hayes |
| Preceded by | Ezra A. Hayt |
| Succeeded by | Hiram Price |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Michigan's 4th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1861  March 3, 1863 | |
| Preceded by | De Witt C. Leach |
| Succeeded by | Francis W. Kellogg |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Michigan's 5th district | |
| **In office**
March 4, 1865  March 4, 1869 | |
| Preceded by | Augustus C. Baldwin |
| Succeeded by | Omar D. Conger |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1821-06-18)June 18, 1821
Michigan |
| Died | April 20, 1881(1881-04-20) (aged 59) |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Education in Kansas

abstract: Education in Kansas is governed at the primary and secondary school level by the Kansas State Board of Education. The state's public colleges and universities are supervised by the Kansas Board of Regents.

text:
# Education in Kansas

**Education in Kansas** is governed at the primary and secondary school level by the Kansas State Board of Education. The state's public colleges and universities are supervised by the Kansas Board of Regents.

## Colleges and universities

The Kansas Board of Regents governs or supervises thirty-seven public institutions. It also authorizes numerous private and out-of-state institutions to operate in the state. In Fall 2009, the state's six public universities reported a combined enrollment of 93,307 students, of which more than a quarter were non-resident students and more than a seventh were off-campus enrollments.

Among the state-funded universities, the University of Kansas (KU) is the largest in terms of enrollment, with 26,826 at its Lawrence campus, KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and Public Management Center (formerly the Capitol Complex) in Topeka. The total university enrollment, which includes KU Medical Center, was 30,004. About 31% were non-resident students.

Kansas State University (KSU) has the second largest enrollment, with 23,581 students at its Manhattan and Salina campuses and Veterinary Medical Center. About 19% were non-resident students. Wichita State University (WSU) ranks third largest with 14,823 students; about 14% were non-resident students. WSU has lost nearly 3,000 students since the school dropped football following the 1986 season. Fort Hays State University (FHSU), Pittsburg State University (PSU), and Emporia State University (ESU) are smaller public universities with total enrollments of 11,308, 7277, and 6314, respectively. FHSU has the fastest growing enrollment in Kansas with most of it coming from non-resident and off-campus enrollment. The composition of FHSU's enrollment includes 35% non-resident students and 44% off-campus enrollments. PSU also has almost a quarter of enrollment from non-residents.

For more on the universities and colleges in Kansas, see the complete list.

### History

The first colleges in Kansas were chartered by acts of the Kansas Territorial legislature, signed by Territorial Governor James W. Denver, on February 9–12, 1858. Among the ten institutes of higher learning chartered at that time, three survive in some form. Among those chartered on February 9 were Highland University (precursor to Highland Community College) and Blue Mont Central College (precursor to Kansas State University). Baker University, chartered on February 12, 1858, has been operating continuously since that time and is now recognized as the oldest continuously operating college in Kansas.

All of the colleges founded in 1858 were private institutions. The first public institute of higher learning in the state was Kansas State University (originally named Kansas State Agricultural College), which was established by the state legislature on February 16, 1863.

The state's universities were among the first public universities in the country to be coeducational. Kansas State became the second coeducational public institution of higher education when it opened in 1863; enrollment for the first session was 52 students: 26 men and 26 women. The University of Kansas was also among the earliest to offer mixed-sex education, in 1869. Both KU and Kansas State were also open to students of all races from their inception.

## Primary and secondary schools

### School district consolidation

The number of students in rural communities dropped significantly across the 20th century. As farming technology progressed from animal power to small tractors towards large tractors over time, it allowed a farmer to support significantly more farm land. In turn, this led to fewer farm families, which led to fewer rural students. In combination with a loss of young men during foreign wars and rural flight, all of these caused an incremental population shrinkage of rural communities over time. In 1945 (after World War II), the *School Reorganization Act* in Kansas caused the consolidation of thousands of rural school districts in Kansas (mostly one room rural school houses). In 1963, the *School Unification Act* in Kansas caused the further consolidatation of thousands of tiny school districts into hundreds of larger Unified School Districts.

### *Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka*

The landmark 1954 decision in *Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka*, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional, was brought as a legal challenge to a Kansas law permitting racial segregation in primary and secondary schools in Kansas towns with a population over 15,000.

In 1951, a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka, Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children.

The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation. The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law, which permitted (but did not require) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000. The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP. Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett; Charles Scott, one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter; and Lucinda Todd.

The named plaintiff, Oliver L. Brown, was a parent, a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad, an assistant pastor at his local church, and an African American. He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott, a childhood friend. Brown's daughter Linda, a third grader, had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary, her segregated black school one mile (1.6 km) away, while Sumner Elementary, a white school, was seven blocks from her house.

### Evolution controversy

In 1999, the Kansas Board of Education ruled that instruction at the primary and secondary levels about evolution, the age of the Earth, and the origin of the universe was permitted, but not mandatory, and that those topics would not appear on state standardized tests. However, two years later, following a change in its elected membership, the Board reversed this decision on February 14, 2001, ruling that instruction of all those topics was mandatory and that they would appear on standardized tests.

Following another change in membership, on August 9, 2005, the Board of Education approved a draft of science curriculum standards that mandated equal time for evolution and intelligent design.

On November 8, 2005, the Board of Education voted 6–4 to allow science students in public schools to hear materials critical of evolution in biology classes, allowing teaching of Intelligent design to be taught in classes. The board, in order to accommodate the teaching of Intelligent Design in biology class, went so far as to redefine the meaning of science to  *'no longer limited to the search for natural explanations of phenomena.'*

In response, USD 383 (Manhattan-Ogden) decided to reject the November 2005 standards in a unanimous decision in February 2006, and continues to use the March 9, 2005 standards.

On August 1, 2006, the creationist majority on the Board of Education was voted out of office and evolution candidates were given the majority once again.

On February 13, 2007, the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005. The definition of science was once again limited to "the search for natural explanations for what is observed in the universe."

### Sports

Statewide elections for the Kansas Board of Education are held every four years. According to Christopher Lee, small town Kansas high schools used football as a way to entertain and unite their rural communities. The schools were too small for 11-man teams so they adopted the six-man team system developed by Stephen E. Epler. Football stimulated a collective spirit between school and community, with the games becoming a social outlet and a favorite topic of weeklong conversations and boosterism. There was an economic bonus as well when hundreds of fans drove into small depression-hit towns. Six-man football peaked in the mid-1950s. However the decline on younger rural populations and school consolidation led schools to move to eight-man football by the 1960s.

* Kansas Board of Regents. ""Enrollment Headcount at Kansas State Universities—Fall 2004"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2006. (50.6 KiB).


title: Nupserha tanganjicae

abstract: Nupserha tanganjicae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1978.

text:
# Nupserha tanganjicae

***Nupserha tanganjicae*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1978.

## Subspecies

* *Nupserha tanganjicae uluguruensis* Breuning, 1978
* *Nupserha tanganjicae tanganjicae* Breuning, 1978

## InfoBox

| *Nupserha tanganjicae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Nupserha* |
| Species: | ***N. tanganjicae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Nupserha tanganjicae***<br>Breuning, 1978 | |
|


title: DP-64

abstract: The DP-64 Nepryadva is a Russian special-purpose double-barreled over/under grenade launcher designed to protect surfaced submarines, ships, dockyards, water development works, and other coastal installations from combat swimmers and naval special forces. The weapon is breech-loading and operates much like a large shotgun with a side-break breech, utilizing both direct and indirect iron sights. The weapon is capable of firing grenades indirectly at ranges up to 400 metres (1,300 ft); however, these grenades act much like small depth charges, attacking submerged swimmers like true depth charges attack submersibles. A large polymer stock and the barrels themselves makes up the bulk of the weapon. The barrels are selected by turning a lever accommodated above the trigger guard. A front pistol grip is equipped for support and is out of alignment with the rear grip and trigger mechanism, providing a more natural grip while firing indirectly. The butt is fitted with a springy rubber pad to diminish felt recoil. Direct fire sights are also provided for use from a helicopter allowing for large areas to be patrolled and protected from enemy combat swimmers. The grenade launcher was developed in 1989 and introduced in 1990. The DP-64 grenade launcher is now in serial production, said Pavel Sidorov, a representative of NPO Bazalt, the designer of the DP-64, at the 2015 International Defense Exhibition (IDEX) in Abu Dhabi. Sidorov said that the company received a large order from Russia's Defense Ministry for the weapons. Previously, the DP-64 has only been built in small numbers for the Russian coast guard, Federal Security Service, and a handful of marine units. Though large and somewhat unwieldy, the DP-64 serves an important role with few modern contemporaries in the small arms world.

text:
# DP-64

The **DP-64 Nepryadva** is a Russian special-purpose double-barreled over/under grenade launcher designed to protect surfaced submarines, ships, dockyards, water development works, and other coastal installations from combat swimmers and naval special forces. The weapon is breech-loading and operates much like a large shotgun with a side-break breech, utilizing both direct and indirect iron sights. The weapon is capable of firing grenades indirectly at ranges up to 400 metres (1,300 ft); however, these grenades act much like small depth charges, attacking submerged swimmers like true depth charges attack submersibles. A large polymer stock and the barrels themselves makes up the bulk of the weapon. The barrels are selected by turning a lever accommodated above the trigger guard. A front pistol grip is equipped for support and is out of alignment with the rear grip and trigger mechanism, providing a more natural grip while firing indirectly. The butt is fitted with a springy rubber pad to diminish felt recoil. Direct fire sights are also provided for use from a helicopter allowing for large areas to be patrolled and protected from enemy combat swimmers. The grenade launcher was developed in 1989 and introduced in 1990.

The DP-64 grenade launcher is now in serial production, said Pavel Sidorov, a representative of NPO Bazalt, the designer of the DP-64, at the 2015 International Defense Exhibition (IDEX) in Abu Dhabi. Sidorov said that the company received a large order from Russia's Defense Ministry for the weapons. Previously, the DP-64 has only been built in small numbers for the Russian coast guard, Federal Security Service, and a handful of marine units.

Though large and somewhat unwieldy, the **DP-64** serves an important role with few modern contemporaries in the small arms world.

## Ammunition

* **Caliber:** 45 millimetres (1.8 in)
* **Overall length:** 303 millimetres (11.9 in)
* **Projectile length:** 248 millimetres (9.8 in)
* **Cartridge length:** 55 millimetres (2.2 in)
* **Shell weight:** 0.65 kilograms (1.4 lb)
* **Cartridge type:** Rimmed, Separating base
* **Operating temperature:** from −50 °C (−58 °F) to +50 °C (122 °F)
* FG-45 (ФГ-45) Fragmentation \[14 metres (46 ft) blast radius, to 40 metres (130 ft) depth\]
* SG-45 (СГ-45) Floating Flare (red) \[for ~50 seconds\]
* UG-45 (УГ-45) HE/Concussion

## Users

1. "DP-64: Russia's Anti-Saboteur Grenade Launcher In Ukraine" (video). *youtube.com*. The Armourer's Bench. April 19, 2023.
2. "DP-64 " Nepryadva " Grenade Launcher | Strategic Bureau of Information". *www.strategic-bureau.com*.
3. "Russian Grenade Launchers". *www.pmulcahy.com*.
4. «*экипажи противодиверсионных катеров отработали уничтожение боевых пловцов условного противника из противодиверсионных гранатомётов ДП-65А и **гранатомётов ДП-64**, произвели метание ручных гранат*»
Корабли и противодиверсионные катера Каспийской флотилии уничтожили безэкипажные катера и выполнили гранатометание в рамках СКШУ «Океан-2024» // официальный интернет-сайт министерства обороны РФ от 13 сентября 2024

## InfoBox

| DP-64 (ДП-64) | |
| --- | --- |
| The Russian DP-64 Anti-Saboteur weapon | |
| Type | Grenade launcher |
| Place of origin | Soviet Union |
| Service history | |
| In service | Russia |
| Used by | Russian Navy |
| Wars | 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Viktor Rebrikov |
| Designed | 1989 |
| Manufacturer | Degtyarev plant |
| Produced | 1990 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 10 kg (22 lbs) |
| Length | 820 mm (32 inches) |
| Width | 110 mm (4.3 inches) |
| Height | 275 mm (10.8 inches) |
| --- | |
| Caliber | 45 mm (1.771 inches) |
| Action | (side) break open |
| Maximum firing range | 400 meters (1,312 feet) |
| Feed system | 2 rounds |
| Sights | Direct & Indirect iron sights |
| Detonation<br>mechanism | Depth |


title: Provanna

abstract: Provanna is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Provannidae. The species was named after Dall's first wife. This is a very old genus with species already existing in Cretaceous seep deposits off Japan. The Caribbean and the Pacific fauna were isolated about 3 million years ago by the closure of the Central American Isthmus.

text:
# Provanna

***Provanna*** is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Provannidae.

The species was named after Dall's first wife.

This is a very old genus with species already existing in Cretaceous seep deposits off Japan (93 - 100 million years ago). The Caribbean and the Pacific fauna were isolated about 3 million years ago by the closure of the Central American Isthmus.

## Description

The apical whorls of the protoconch are lacking through decollation. The opening is then sealed with a calcareous plug. The sculpture of the ovate fusiform shell shows scattered sigmoidal axial ribs that are crossed by spiral cords. The whorls are broad.

## Habitat

They are common in hydrothermal vents, hydrocarbon cold seeps and (more rarely) on deep-water food-falls, depending on the species. Most species feed on filamentous bacteria, while others feed on detritus.

## Species

Species within the genus *Provanna* include:

Several fossil species have been described, predominantly identified from hydrocarbon seep deposits (Saether et al., 2010), including:

There also are several fossil species known, but not formally described and named, from Central America, Japan, and possibly the Philippines (see Saether et al., 2010).

Species brought into synonymy  * Healy, J. M. 1990. *Taxonomic affinities of the deep-sea genus Provanna: new evidence from sperm structure*; J. Molluscan Stud. 56: 119-122
* Warén, A. & Bouchet, P. (1993). New records, species, genera, and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps. Zoologica Scripta. 22: 1-90.
* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. 2009 *Recent Mollusca*. pp 196–219 in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.), *The New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia*. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch
* Saether, K.P., Little, C.T.S. & Campbell, K.A. (2010) *A new fossil provannid gastropod from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, East Coast Basin, North Island, New Zealand.* *Acta Palaeontologica Polonica* 55, 507–517.

## InfoBox

| *Provanna*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Provanna hirokoae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Abyssochrysoidea |
| Family: | Provannidae |
| Genus: | *Provanna*
Dall, 1918 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Trichotropis (Provanna) lomana* Dall, 1918
 | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Trichotropis (Provanna)* Dall, 1918 (original rank) | |


title: Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe

abstract: Princess Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe was Queen of Württemberg from 6 October 1891 to 30 November 1918 as the second wife and consort of King William II. She was the daughter of Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau. Charlotte was not only the last queen of Württemberg, but the last surviving queen of any German state.

text:
# Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe

**Princess Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe** (10 October 1864  16 July 1946) was Queen of Württemberg from 6 October 1891 to 30 November 1918 as the second wife and consort of King William II. She was the daughter of Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau. Charlotte was not only the last queen of Württemberg, but the last surviving queen of any German state.

## Biography

### Early life

Charlotte was born in Schloss Ratiborschitz, Bohemia (now Ratibořice, Česká Skalice, Czech Republic), and grew up on the princely estate at Náchod. Besides general cultural interests such as music and art she was also very keen on sporting pursuits such as swimming, tennis, cycling and - unusual for a woman of the time - skiing. She also had an extraordinary passion for hunting.

### Marriage

On 8 April 1886 she married the heir to the throne of the Kingdom of Württemberg, Crown Prince Wilhelm, who succeeded in 1891 as King William II of Württemberg (Wilhelm II. von Württemberg). She was his second wife, and like her predecessor Princess Marie of Waldeck and Pyrmont was held to be of no political consequence. If the marriage had taken place for reasons of state - Wilhelm had no male heir - it was a miscalculation, as Charlotte produced no children.

As a princess of Württemberg she lived initially in Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart, but as queen in the *Wilhelmspalais* in Stuttgart. From June to October the royal couple moved to their residence at Friedrichshafen. Finally in November/December Wilhelm and Charlotte regularly took a two-week hunting holiday in Schloss Bebenhausen (the former Bebenhausen Abbey) at Bebenhausen near Tübingen, which after the revolution of 1918 became Charlotte's permanent home.

In 1890, William brought his new wife to England, where the Princess May of Teck commented, "We liked Charlotte very much, she is a good honest soul tho' rather too brusque, she seems to get on well with all the members of the Württemberg family which denotes great tact".

### Queen of Württemberg

King Wilhelm II enjoyed great popularity among his contemporaries, but Queen Charlotte's relationship with the people of Württemberg was by contrast very reserved, as appears from publications of the time in which a distinct enthusiasm towards the king is matched by an equally apparent coolness towards the queen. Her childlessness doubtless contributed to this, but by itself is not a sufficient explanation.

The principal reason appears to lie in Charlotte's perceived reluctance to carry out her public and ceremonial duties as it was felt she should have done. For example, she preferred to celebrate her birthdays in the privacy of Friedrichshafen rather than in visible togetherness with her subjects. She left the king mostly on his own to oversee military parades, and after a few years no longer accompanied him in the public celebration of the Kaiser's birthday. She was also not thought regal enough for her new position; the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz commented in 1892, "I heard ...that she is too jolly & off-hand for a Queen, and so ugly besides". The Grand Duchess' sister the Duchess of Teck liked Charlotte, but believed she took no trouble with her clothes or appearance. This contrasted sharply with her husband, who was known as a cultivated and distinguished man of aesthetic tastes.

Charlotte nevertheless displayed an interest in and openness towards some social causes, mostly to do with the benefit of women. As convention demanded, she took over from her predecessor the patronage of a large number of social and charitable organisations, among them the body of deaconesses (*Diakonissenwesen*), the Swabian Women's Union (*Schwäbische Frauenverein*), the Württemberg Savings Bank (*Württembergische Sparkasse*) and the Red Cross. Among these her interest was most noticeably engaged by those to do in some way with women's causes. She was not of course personally involved in the women's movement as such, but did demonstrate a willingness to further institutions that in various ways improved the lot and social position of women, lending her royal authority above all to support establishments that provided education and training to enable girls to be independent and to provide for themselves through their work. She showed a particular involvement as patron of the Württemberg Union of Women Painters (*Württembergische Malerinnenverein*) and the first humanistic *Gymnasium* for girls in Württemberg, the Charlottengymnasium in Stuttgart (today the Hölderlingymnasium).

Her support of the *Malerinnenverein* connects to her interest in art and culture. Together with her husband she was active in the country's cultural life and often went to the theatre and the opera.

After the November Revolution of 1918 and the abolition of the monarchy, Wilhelm II agreed with the State of Württemberg for himself and his wife an annual income and right of residence for life in Schloss Bebenhausen, where after Wilhelm's death in 1921, Charlotte led a secluded life, under the title of Duchess of Württemberg (*Herzogin zu Württemberg*), for another quarter of a century. In 1944 she suffered a stroke which forced her for the last years of her life to use a wheelchair.

Queen Charlotte died at Bebenhausen on 16 July 1946 aged 82. She was not only the last Queen of Württemberg but the last surviving queen of any German state: the last King of Saxony was divorced at the time of his abdication, the Queen of Bavaria had died in 1919, and the Queen of Prussia in 1921. She was buried, almost unnoticed, on 23 July 1946, in the *Alter Friedhof* in Ludwigsburg next to her husband.

## Ancestry

## Sources

* Lorenz, Mertens, Press (eds.), 1997: *Das Haus Württemberg. Ein biographisches Lexikon*, p. 335. Stuttgart; Kohlhammer Verlag ISBN 3-17-013605-4
* Decker-Hauff, H, 1997: *Frauen im Hause Württemberg*, p. 276. DRW-Verlag: Leinfelden-Echterdingen ISBN 3-87181-390-7
* Pope-Hennessy, James (1959). *Queen Mary 1867-1953*. London: George Allen and Unwin Unlimited. ISBN 0-04-923025-5.
* Thomsen, S., 2006: *Die württembergischen Königinnen: Charlotte Mathilde, Katharina, Pauline, Olga, Charlotte - ihr Leben und Wirken*. Tübingen

## InfoBox

| Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Queen consort of Württemberg | |
| Tenure | 6 October 1891 – 30 November 1918 |
|  | |
| Born | (1864-09-10)10 September 1864
Schloss Ratiborschitz, Bohemia |
| Died | 16 July 1946(1946-07-16) (aged 81)
Bebenhausen |
| Spouse | William II of Württemberg  (m. 1886; died 1921) |
| House | Lippe |
| Father | Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe |
| Mother | Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau |
| Religion | Calvinism |


title: Popstars (Irish TV series)

abstract: Popstars is an Irish reality television series, broadcast and produced by RTÉ One, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The programme is based on the original New Zealand series and is part of the international Popstars franchise. The series follows members of the public auditioning to be part of a new band, with the age limit being 18 years old. The judging panel included band manager and television personality Louis Walsh, singer-songwriter Linda Martin and music executive Bill Hughes. The programme was broadcast on a weekly basis; starting on 15 November 2001 and ending on 17 February 2002. Following the conclusion of the series, Walsh became a judge on the second incarnation of the UK counterpart, titled Popstars: The Rivals.

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# Popstars (Irish TV series)

***Popstars*** is an Irish reality television series, broadcast and produced by RTÉ One, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The programme is based on the original New Zealand series and is part of the international *Popstars* franchise. The series follows members of the public auditioning to be part of a new band, with the age limit being 18 years old.

The judging panel included band manager and television personality Louis Walsh, singer-songwriter Linda Martin and music executive Bill Hughes. The programme was broadcast on a weekly basis; starting on 15 November 2001 and ending on 17 February 2002. Following the conclusion of the series, Walsh became a judge on the second incarnation of the UK counterpart, titled *Popstars: The Rivals*.

## Production

Following the success of *Popstars: New Zealand*, producers of the show decided to launch the show as an international franchise, with an Irish edition ordered in earlier 2001. Jonathan Dowling later signed on as creator and showrunner of the show, under the working title, *Popstars: Ireland*, which was later changed to *Irish Popstars*, before being changed once again to simply *Popstars*. Dowling decided to sign Boyzone manager and television personality Louis Walsh, Eurovision-winner Linda Martin and international music executive Bill Hughes to be seated as the judges on the programme.

Producers planned to have the series to be aired during the summer of 2001, however the series did not premiere until 15 November, broadcasting during the 2001–02 television season, with 13 weekly episodes ordered. The first season concluded on 17 February 2002, with the series' band being named Six, with Sinéad Sheppard, Emma O'Driscoll, Kyle Anderson, Sarah Keating, Andy Orr and Liam McKenna being elected as the band members.

The series is infamous for the then-16-year old Nadine Coyle's appearance on the show; she was initially inducted into the band after the auditions, but was later asked to leave the show as it emerged she had lied about being 18 in order to participate; she was then replaced by Keating, who originally did not make it into the band.

In mid-2002, it was announced that the show had been cancelled after just one season and would be replaced by new singing competition, *You're a Star*. Walsh meanwhile became a judge on the second incarnation of the UK series, titled *Popstars: The Rivals*, which aimed to create a girl group and a boyband who would compete for that year's Christmas number one spot on the UK Singles Chart. With Walsh's encouragement, Coyle auditioned for the show and was voted by the public into the girl group Girls Aloud, managed by Walsh, eventually winning the competition with their song "Sound of the Underground".

## Episodes

The series contained 13 episodes. RTE released a 2-hour "feature length movie" compilation version of the series on VHS in 2002. It was never reissued or rebroadcast in Ireland, however the series was broadcast on ITV in the UK during the Saturday morning children's television programme, *SMTV Live*.

| Episode | | Production | Time slot | Original air date | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| 1 | "Auditions" | 101 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 15 November 2001 (2001-11-15) |  |
| The auditions kick off all around Ireland, in cities including Dublin and Sligo. The judges take interest into particular auditionee Nadine Coyle – but what is she who she says she is? | | | | | | |
| 2 | "Top Artists Revealed" | 102 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 22 November 2001 (2001-11-22) |  |
| The top artists are revealed, which includes the incredible Nadine Coyle. The judges give the contestants hard challenges to complete to prove they have what it takes to join the future band. | | | | | | |
| 3 | "The First Performances" | 103 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 29 November 2001 (2001-11-29) |  |
| The contestants prepare for their first live performances, but will nerves get the better of them? The judges take to their judging desk again to judge what they think of the hopeful's performances. | | | | | | |
| 4 | "The Second Songs" | 104 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 6 December 2001 (2001-12-06) |  |
| It's the second week of the performances, and the hopefuls prepare for their amazing performances. The judges decide to take it easy on the contestants as they are underpressure. | | | | | | |
| 5 | "Week Three" | 105 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 13 December 2001 (2001-12-13) |  |
| As the live performances continue, the third week is getting the contestants settled in, as they take to the stage with extraordinary performances. | | | | | | |
| 6 | "The Fourth Week Goes" | 106 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 20 December 2001 (2001-12-20) |  |
| The fourth week continues and the contestants have been getting stronger every week. But is there something going on with Nadine Coyle? | | | | | | |
| 7 | "The Truth Comes Out" | 107 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 27 December 2001 (2001-12-27) |  |
| The truth comes out for Nadine, and the contestants are one short. The judges decide to give the contestants challenging songs to prove their vocal ability and their true ability as singers. | | | | | | |
| 8 | "2001 Goes, 2002 Comes" | 108 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 3 January 2002 (2002-01-03) |  |
| To celebrate the new year, the contestants are allowed to pick their own songs - their favourites from 2001. | | | | | | |
| 9 | "Another Week, Number 7" | 109 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 10 January 2002 (2002-01-10) |  |
| The seventh week goes on, and the competition is even tougher than before. With secret song choices selected by the judges, it's up to the contestants to prove their worthy enough. | | | | | | |
| 10 | "Live Week Eight" | 110 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 17 January 2002 (2002-01-17) |  |
| The live performances continue, and it's the eighth week already! The remaining contestants must prove that they really want to win the competition. | | | | | | |
| 11 | "The Quarter Final" | 111 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 31 January 2002 (2002-01-31) |  |
| So close to the final, the quarters begin and the competition is tougher than ever. And the results show the hopeful's futures in the compeititon. | | | | | | |
| 12 | "The Semi Final" | 112 | Saturday 9:00 pm | 7 February 2002 (2002-02-07) |  |
| The semi finals begin and it's so close to the final. But who is safe and who is going home tonight? | | | | | | |
| 13 | "The Live Grand Final" | 113 | Tuesday 9:00pm | 17 February 2002 (2002-02-17) |  |
|

## InfoBox

| *Popstars* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Reality television |
| Created by | Jonathan Dowling |
| Presented by | Ali White |
| Judges | Louis Walsh
Linda Martin
Bill Hughes |
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 13 (list of episodes) |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Jonathan Dowling |
| Running time | 30–90 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Release | 15 November 2001 (2001-11-15)
17 February 2002 (2002-02-17) |
| Related | |
| *Popstars* | |


title: Bilalovac

abstract: Bilalovac is a village in the municipality of Kiseljak, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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# Bilalovac

**Bilalovac**  is a village in the municipality of Kiseljak, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,048.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 744 | 71.0% |
| Croats | 289 | 27.6% |
| Serbs | 3 | 0.3% |
| other/undeclared | 12 | 1.1% |
| **Total** | **1,048** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Bilalovac | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Bilalovac | |
| Coordinates: 44°01′25″N 18°02′10″E / 44.02361°N 18.03611°E / 44.02361; 18.03611 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Central Bosnia |
| Municipality | Kiseljak |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.58 sq mi (6.68 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 1,048 |
| Density | 410/sq mi (160/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Dogwood, Kentucky

abstract: Dogwood is an unincorporated community in Graves County, Kentucky, United States.

text:
# Dogwood, Kentucky

**Dogwood** is an unincorporated community in Graves County, Kentucky, United States.

* "Dogwood, Kentucky". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved June 13, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Dogwood, Graves County,<br>Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| DogwoodDogwood | |
| Coordinates: 36°53′03″N 88°34′33″W / 36.88417°N 88.57583°W / 36.88417; -88.57583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Graves |
| Elevation | 381 ft (116 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |


abstract: Evergreen Cemetery, located at William and University Streets in Fayetteville, Arkansas, is one of the largest early historic cemeteries in the region, with burials dating to 1838. Evergreen is included in the National Register of Historic Places for its age, and because numerous important historical figures are buried there. These include Senator J. William Fulbright, Governor Archibald Yell, educator Sophia Sawyer, industrialist Lafayette Gregg, and many others. The cemetery was founded as a private cemetery by John Thomas in the late 1830s or early 1840s. Later it was owned by the local Masonic Lodge and Independent Order of Odd Fellows chapter. These organizations deeded the cemetery to the city in 1871. It is currently owned and operated by the Fayetteville Evergreen Cemetery Association.

text:
# Evergreen Cemetery (Fayetteville, Arkansas)

**Evergreen Cemetery**, located at William and University Streets in Fayetteville, Arkansas, is one of the largest early historic cemeteries in the region, with burials dating to 1838. Evergreen is included in the National Register of Historic Places for its age, and because numerous important historical figures are buried there. These include Senator J. William Fulbright, Governor Archibald Yell, educator Sophia Sawyer, industrialist Lafayette Gregg, and many others.

The cemetery was founded as a private cemetery by John Thomas in the late 1830s or early 1840s. Later it was owned by the local Masonic Lodge and Independent Order of Odd Fellows chapter. These organizations deeded the cemetery to the city in 1871. It is currently owned and operated by the Fayetteville Evergreen Cemetery Association.

## Internments

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Evergreen Cemetery | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Evergreen Cemetery | |
|  | |
| Location | Jct. of Center, University and Whiteside Sts., Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°3′51″N 94°10′9″W / 36.06417°N 94.16917°W / 36.06417; -94.16917 |
| Area | 4.5 acres (1.8 ha) |
| Built | 1847 |
| NRHP reference No. | 97001279 |
| Added to NRHP | October 30, 1997 |


title: Booby Island (Queensland)

abstract: Booby Island is located 45 km (28 mi) northwest of Muttee Heads at the tip of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. This island is in the Torres Strait, 32 km (20 mi) west of Thursday Island and 23 km (14 mi) west of Prince of Wales Island. Booby Island is also known as Ngiangu by the Kaurareg people of the western Torres Strait, its traditional owners, named for the giant Ngiangu who was forced from a neighbouring island It has been called Booby Island by a number of European explorers, including Captain Cook, for the presence of the booby birds.

text:
# Booby Island (Queensland)

**Booby Island** is located 45 km (28 mi) northwest of Muttee Heads at the tip of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia. This island is in the Torres Strait, 32 km (20 mi) west of Thursday Island and 23 km (14 mi) west of Prince of Wales Island. Booby Island is also known as **Ngiangu** by the Kaurareg people of the western Torres Strait, its traditional owners, named for the giant Ngiangu who was forced from a neighbouring island It has been called Booby Island by a number of European explorers, including Captain Cook, for the presence of the booby birds.

## Shipwrecks

In the 19th century, such a high number of ships were lost in the area that provisions were stored on the island for shipwrecked sailors.

Wrecks include:

* *Delfshaven*. Barque, 656 tons. Newcastle to Java.

Struck a sunken reef near Booby Island on 24 July 1862. As she was undermanned, the boats were launched with difficulty after big seas had driven her over the rocks into calm water. Natives and adverse currents prevented the survivors reaching safety on the Australian coast before one boat was abandoned and a course set for Timor. * *Kanahooka* Iron steamship, 386 tons. Built 1883.

Foundered in a heavy gale south of Booby Island, 19 January 1894. She was overloaded with guano from Rocky Islet in the Gulf of Carpentaria; struck by heavy seas, she rolled over, giving the crew only a short time to launch boats and escape. * *Marina* Barque.

Lost in Torres Strait, from Sydney to Singapore, 28 May 1866. Crew landed on Booby Island and a ship took them on to Singapore. On 2 or 3 July 1814, whilst on her way from Sydney to Batavia, she was totally wrecked at 12°25′50″S 143°25′18″E / 12.4305°S 143.4217°E / -12.4305; 143.4217. Some of the survivors reached Booby Island, where *Eliza* rescued them in September. Foundered off Booby Island, 6 July 1935. * *Shamrock*. Schooner.

Involved in rescue of survivors from two ships (*Hydrabad* and *Coringa Packet*), on Booby Island.

## Lighthouse

In 1890 a lighthouse eventually took up service on the island, an 18 metres (59 ft) tall timber framed iron clad conical tower with a focal plane at 37 m. The light characteristic is one flash every 7.5 seconds. The tower is painted white with a red lantern room.

## Heritage listings

Booby Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

## Rock art and graffiti

Booby Island is also home to Indigenous rock art and graffiti in a number of shoreline caves. The first known documentation of this was in 1857, by Lieutenant Chimmo of the HMSV Torch writing of the ship names in the 'Post Office Cave'. The island became a stopping point for water and repairs for sailors traversing the Torres Strait in trading ships, and government ships from the early days of European colonisation, and many left their marks both alongside and overwriting the Indigenous rock art. The recollections of lighthouse keepers and their families in newspaper articles and books never fail to mention the painted caves, and some of their names also appear amongst the graffiti.

The Indigenous rock art and graffiti was photographed by a Queensland Museum team in the 1980s and 1990s, and subsequent studies have shown that there are marks left by:

* Indigenous visitors/occupants including depictions of sea creatures
* passing ships from as early as 1841
* individuals on the ships
* lighthouse keepers, their families and visitors (including a lighthouse inspector)
* Military personnel living on the island during WWII, members of a signals unit monitoring the Pacific.

10°36′14″S 141°54′40″E / 10.604°S 141.911°E / -10.604; 141.911


title: Prefumo Creek

abstract: Prefumo Creek is a tributary stream of San Luis Obispo Creek. Its mouth is at its confluence with San Luis Obispo Creek at an elevation of 102 feet. Its source is found at 35°15′41″N 120°45′28″W in the Irish Hills. From its source it flows down into Laguna Lake at 35°15′51″N 120°41′32″W, and provides the overflow channel from the lake at 35°15′35″N 120°41′01″W that drains to the San Luis Obispo Creek.

text:
# Prefumo Creek

**Prefumo Creek** is a tributary stream of San Luis Obispo Creek. Its mouth is at its confluence with San Luis Obispo Creek at an elevation of 102 feet (31 meters). Its source is found at 35°15′41″N 120°45′28″W / 35.26139°N 120.75778°W / 35.26139; -120.75778 in the Irish Hills. From its source it flows down into Laguna Lake at 35°15′51″N 120°41′32″W / 35.26417°N 120.69222°W / 35.26417; -120.69222, and provides the overflow channel from the lake at 35°15′35″N 120°41′01″W / 35.25972°N 120.68361°W / 35.25972; -120.68361 that drains to the San Luis Obispo Creek.

35°14′40″N 120°40′52″W / 35.24444°N 120.68111°W / 35.24444; -120.68111


title: Computational mechanics

abstract: Computational mechanics is the discipline concerned with the use of computational methods to study phenomena governed by the principles of mechanics. Before the emergence of computational science as a "third way" besides theoretical and experimental sciences, computational mechanics was widely considered to be a sub-discipline of applied mechanics. It is now considered to be a sub-discipline within computational science.

text:
# Computational mechanics

**Computational mechanics** is the discipline concerned with the use of computational methods to study phenomena governed by the principles of mechanics. Before the emergence of computational science (also called scientific computing) as a "third way" besides theoretical and experimental sciences, computational mechanics was widely considered to be a sub-discipline of applied mechanics. It is now considered to be a sub-discipline within computational science.

## Overview

Computational mechanics (CM) is interdisciplinary. Its three pillars are mechanics, mathematics, and computer science.

### Mechanics

Computational fluid dynamics, computational thermodynamics, computational electromagnetics, computational solid mechanics are some of the many specializations within CM.

### Mathematics

The areas of mathematics most related to computational mechanics are partial differential equations, linear algebra and numerical analysis. The most popular numerical methods used are the finite element, finite difference, and boundary element methods in order of dominance. In solid mechanics finite element methods are far more prevalent than finite difference methods, whereas in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, finite difference methods are almost equally applicable. The boundary element technique is in general less popular, but has a niche in certain areas including acoustics engineering, for example.

### Computer Science

With regard to computing, computer programming, algorithms, and parallel computing play a major role in CM. The most widely used programming language in the scientific community, including computational mechanics, is Fortran. Recently, C++ has increased in popularity. The scientific computing community has been slow in adopting C++ as the lingua franca. Because of its very natural way of expressing mathematical computations, and its built-in visualization capacities, the proprietary language/environment MATLAB is also widely used, especially for rapid application development and model verification.

## Process

Scientists within the field of computational mechanics follow a list of tasks to analyze their target mechanical process:

1. A mathematical model of the physical phenomenon is made. This usually involves expressing the natural or engineering system in terms of partial differential equations. This step uses physics to formalize a complex system.
2. The mathematical equations are converted into forms which are suitable for digital computation. This step is called discretization because it involves creating an approximate discrete model from the original continuous model. In particular, it typically translates a partial differential equation (or a system thereof) into a system of algebraic equations. The processes involved in this step are studied in the field of numerical analysis.
3. Computer programs are made to solve the discretized equations using direct methods (which are single step methods resulting in the solution) or iterative methods (which start with a trial solution and arrive at the actual solution by successive refinement). Depending on the nature of the problem, supercomputers or parallel computers may be used at this stage.
4. The mathematical model, numerical procedures, and the computer codes are verified using either experimental results or simplified models for which exact analytical solutions are available. Quite frequently, new numerical or computational techniques are verified by comparing their result with those of existing well-established numerical methods. In many cases, benchmark problems are also available. The numerical results also have to be visualized and often physical interpretations will be given to the results.

## Applications

Some examples where computational mechanics have been put to practical use are vehicle crash simulation, petroleum reservoir modeling, biomechanics, glass manufacturing, and semiconductor modeling.

Complex systems that would be very difficult or impossible to treat using analytical methods have been successfully simulated using the tools provided by computational mechanics.


title: Dolovi, Donji Vakuf

abstract: Dolovi is a village in the municipality of Donji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Dolovi, Donji Vakuf

**Dolovi** is a village in the municipality of Donji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was nil, down from 108 in 1991.

## InfoBox

| Dolovi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dolovi | |
| Coordinates: 44°08′52″N 17°29′27″E / 44.14778°N 17.49083°E / 44.14778; 17.49083 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Central Bosnia |
| Municipality | Donji Vakuf |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.39 sq mi (1.02 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 0 |
| Density | 0.0/sq mi (0.0/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Prunus emarginata

abstract: Prunus emarginata, the bitter cherry or Oregon cherry, is a species of Prunus native to western North America, from British Columbia south to Baja California, and east as far as western Wyoming and New Mexico. It is often found in recently disturbed areas or open woods on nutrient-rich soil.

text:
# Prunus emarginata

***Prunus emarginata***, the **bitter cherry** or **Oregon cherry**, is a species of *Prunus* native to western North America, from British Columbia south to Baja California, and east as far as western Wyoming and New Mexico. It is often found in recently disturbed areas or open woods on nutrient-rich soil.

## Description

*Prunus emarginata* is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 1–15 metres (3+12–49 feet) tall with a slender oval trunk with smooth gray to reddish-brown bark with horizontal lenticels. As a tree west of the Cascade Crest the species commonly reaches 80 to a maximum of over 100 feet tall. The leaves are 2–8 centimetres (343+18 inches) long, thin, egg-shaped, and yellowish-green with unevenly sized teeth on either side. The flowers are small, 10–15 millimetres (3858 in) diameter, with five white petals and numerous hairlike stamens; they are almond-scented, and produced in clusters in spring, and are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a juicy red or purple cherry 7–14 mm (1412 in) diameter, which, as the plant's English name suggests, are bitter. As well as reproducing by seed, it also sends out underground stems which then sprout above the surface to create a thicket.

There are two varieties:

* *Prunus emarginata* var. *emarginata*. Usually shrubby; young shoots and leaves hairless or only thinly hairy. Most of the species' range.
* *Prunus emarginata* var. *mollis* (Dougl.) Brew. A larger tree; young shoots and leaves downy. Reddish-brown bark with light horizontal bands resembling water birch. Oregon north to British Columbia, mainly coastal.

### Similar species

*Prunus pensylvanica*, the pin cherry, is closely related.

## Ecology

Mammals, deer and livestock forage on the leaves. The cherries are eaten by some birds (especially cedar waxwing), who in turn distribute the seeds. The seeds have hard shells which can preserve them for decades before being released by fire.

The tree is a larval host to the blinded sphinx, elegant sphinx, Lorquin's admiral, pale tiger swallowtail, small-eyed sphinx, spring azure, twin-spotted sphinx, and western tiger swallowtail.

## Cultivation

It has hybridized with the introduced European *Prunus avium* in the Puget Sound area; the hybrid has been named *Prunus × pugetensis*. It is intermediate between the parent species, but is nearly sterile, producing almost no cherries.

## Uses

The extremely bitter cherries are inedible to humans. Native Americans used the bark in basket making.

### Medicinal

Native tribes, most notably Kwakwaka'wakw, used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes, such as poultices and bark infusions. The isoflavone prunetin was isolated for the first time by Finnemore in 1910 from the bark of *P. emarginata*.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus emarginata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Prunus emarginata* leaves and flowers | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Subgenus: | *Prunus subg. Cerasus* |
| Species: | ***P. emarginata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus emarginata***
(Dougl. ex Hook.) Eaton | |
|
|  | |
| Natural range | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cerasus arida* Greene * *Cerasus emarginata* Douglas * *Padus emarginata* (Douglas ex Hook.) S.Ya.Sokolov * *Prunus emarginata* var. *crenulata* (Greene) Kearney & Peebles * *Prunus erecta* Walp. * *Prunus crenulata* Tidestr. * *Prunus pattoniana* hort. * *Prunus prunifolia* (Greene) Shafer | |


title: Unterbreizbach

abstract: Unterbreizbach is a municipality in the Wartburgkreis district of Thuringia, Germany.

text:
# Unterbreizbach

**Unterbreizbach** is a municipality in the Wartburgkreis district of Thuringia, Germany.

## InfoBox

| Unterbreizbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Unterbreizbach within Wartburgkreis district | |
| Unterbreizbach Unterbreizbach | |
| Coordinates: 50°49′N 9°59′E / 50.817°N 9.983°E / 50.817; 9.983 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Thuringia |
| District | Wartburgkreis |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202430) | Roland Ernst (SPD) |
| Area | |
| Total | 30.00 km2 (11.58 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 240 m (790 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,324 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 36414 |
| Dialling codes | 036962 |
| Vehicle registration | WAK |
| Website | www.unterbreizbach.de |


title: Sirhowy railway station

abstract: Sirhowy railway station was a station on the Sirhowy Railway. It served Sirhowy near the town of Tredegar.

text:
# Sirhowy railway station

**Sirhowy railway station** was a station on the Sirhowy Railway. It served Sirhowy near the town of Tredegar.

## History

The station was opened on 19 June 1865 by the Sirhowy Railway after the conversion of the Sirhowy Tramroad to a standard gauge railway. It was closed to passenger traffic on 13 June 1960. The line from Sirhowy to Tredegar continued in operation for goods traffic until closure on 4 November 1963.

## Present day

The route has been reused by the modern A4048 road; there are no remains of the station at the site.

* Awdry, Christopher (1990). *Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies*. London: Guild Publishing. CN 8983.
* Tasker, W.W. (1986). *The Merthyr, Tredegar & Abergavenny Railway and branches*. Poole: Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-86093-339-7.
* Tasker, W.W. (1992) \[1978\]. *Railways in the Sirhowy Valley*. Oxford: Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-415-6.
* Hall, Mike (2009). *Lost Railways of South Wales*. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 978-1-84674-172-2.
* Hurst, Geoffrey (1991). *Register of Closed Railways 1948–1991*. Milepost Publications. ISBN 0-947796-18-5.

## Route

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Nantybwch |  | London, Midland and Scottish Railway
Sirhowy Railway |  | Tredegar |

## InfoBox

| Sirhowy railway station | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Sirhowy, Tredegar, Blaenau Gwent
Wales |
| Coordinates | 51°46′50″N 3°14′38″W / 51.7805°N 3.2440°W / 51.7805; -3.2440 |
| Grid reference | SO142097 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Sirhowy Railway |
| Pre-grouping | London and North Western Railway |
| Post-grouping | London, Midland and Scottish Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 19 June 1865 | Station opened |
| 13 June 1960 | Station closed to passengers |
| 4 November 1963 | Station and line closed to goods |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Popstars (Eden's Crush album)

abstract: Popstars is the debut and only studio album by American musical group Eden's Crush, released in the United States by London-Sire Records and 143 Records on May 1, 2001. "Get Over Yourself" was its first single, followed by the album and group's last single "Love This Way". The album was executive produced by David Foster. The album debuted at number six on the US Billboard 200 selling 99,000 copies. "Get Over Yourself" had been released in March 2001 and was a top ten hit in the United States and went to number one in Canada. Popstars received only moderate promotion due to financial restraints from the group's label, which was heading towards bankruptcy. Due to this, album sales were less than anticipated. Popstars did, however, go on to sell 500,000 copies in the United States, receiving a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In Canada, Popstars peaked at number 17 and failed to match the success in the United States. The album was also released in Australia, United Kingdom, Japan and Brazil. The album is no longer in print and is unavailable on streaming services, such as Spotify and Apple Music.

text:
# Popstars (Eden's Crush album)

***Popstars*** is the debut and only studio album by American musical group Eden's Crush, released in the United States by London-Sire Records and 143 Records on May 1, 2001. "Get Over Yourself" was its first single, followed by the album and group's last single "Love This Way". The album was executive produced by David Foster.

The album debuted at number six on the US *Billboard* 200 selling 99,000 copies. "Get Over Yourself" had been released in March 2001 and was a top ten hit in the United States and went to number one in Canada. *Popstars* received only moderate promotion due to financial restraints from the group's label, which was heading towards bankruptcy. Due to this, album sales were less than anticipated. *Popstars* did, however, go on to sell 500,000 copies in the United States, receiving a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In Canada, *Popstars* peaked at number 17 and failed to match the success in the United States. The album was also released in Australia, United Kingdom, Japan and Brazil. The album is no longer in print and is unavailable on streaming services, such as Spotify and Apple Music.

## Composition

Eden's Crush recorded the album from November 2000 through February 2001. The album had to be recorded quickly in order to fit into the timing of the television show *Popstars*. David Foster, who was the lead producer for the album, assembled the team of producers, songwriters, sound engineers and musicians to work on the album.

## Release and promotion

*Popstars* was released in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan and Brazil by London-Sire Records and 143 Records on May 1, 2001.

Several of the album's tracks including "What's Good 4 the Goose", "Get Over Yourself", "Anywhere But Here", "Love This Way", "No Drama", I Wanna Be Free", "1,000 Words (Mil Palabras)", "You Know I Can" and "Promise Me" were featured heavily during the run of the *Popstars* television series.

The original title of the album was to be *Heaven*.

The group did a promo tour in the United States during the album's first week of release, including radio interviews and televised appearances on the *Late Show with David Letterman*, *Live With Regis and Kelly*, *The View* and MTV's *Total Request Live*. Other televised appearances include local WB network morning shows and on the Spanish-language programs *¡Despierta América!*, *El Gordo y la Flaca* and *Sábado Gigante*.

Unknown to the public and the group (to a certain point), the group's label was going bankrupt and did not have the financial means to promote the album past August 2001.

### Singles

"Get Over Yourself" was the debut single released on February 26, 2001. The single was a hit, peaking in the United States at number eight on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and at number one on the Canadian Singles Chart.

"Love This Way" was the group's final single, released on July 31, 2001, to Contemporary hit radio/Pop. Due to the label's financial troubles, the song was made into a promotional single with a limited amount of CD singles released in stores in the United States only.

## Commercial performance

*Popstars* debuted at number six on the US *Billboard* 200 selling 99,000 copies in its first week of release. The album went on to sell 500,000 copies in the United States, receiving a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in July 2001. In Canada, it peaked at number 17 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "What's Good 4 the Goose" |  | * ChakDaddy * Eric Dawkins * Sol Survivor * Tommie McLaughlin | 3:33 |
| 2. | "Let Me Know" |  | * Leticia Ascencio * Klaus Derendorf * Jeeve | 3:52 |
| 3. | "Get Over Yourself" |  |  | 3:18 |
| 4. | "Anywhere But Here" | * Al Kasha * David Kopatz | Riprock 'n' Alex G | 3:31 |
| 5. | "Love This Way" |  | * Gerrard * Foster | 3:28 |
| 6. | "No Drama" |  | * ChakDaddy * Dawk | 3:52 |
| 7. | "I Wanna Be Free" | * Ascencio * Eugene Batson * Derendorf * Mark Nubar * Jeeve | * Ascencio * Jeeve * Derendorf | 3:41 |
| 8. | "The Glamorous Life" | Prince | Gerrard | 3:03 |
| 9. | "1,000 Words (Mil Palabras)" | * Derendorf * Jeeve * Phillip Hunter | * Jeeve * Derendorf | 4:18 |
| 10. | "Two Way" |  | * Young * Dow Brain * DioGuardi | 3:31 |
| 11. | "It Wasn't Me" |  | * Jeeve * Derendorf | 3:33 |
| 12. | "You Know I Can" |  | * Chris Farren * Riprock 'n' Alex G | 3:33 |
| 13. | "Promise Me" |  | * Simon Franglen * Foster | 4:44 |
| Total length: | | | | 47:57 |

On the first pressing, track 13 was not listed. Future pressings do include the track in the track-listing. The CD was also released as an Enhanced CD in the United States and Canada. This version included behind the scenes content, photo and video galleries of the group, and links to the group's official website and the *Popstars* official website.

The Japanese release had 14 tracks. Track 13 was "Get Over Yourself (Main Mix)" and track 14 was "Promise Me".

David Foster co-wrote the album's 13th track "Promise Me" with his then-wife, Linda Thompson.

## Charts

| Chart (2001) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* 200 | 6 |

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Albums (*Billboard*) | 17 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Popstars | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Eden's Crush | |
| Released | May 1, 2001 (2001-05-01) |
| Recorded | November 2000 – February 2001 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 47:57 |
| Label |  |
| Producer | David Foster |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Popstars* | |
| 1. "Get Over Yourself"
Released: February 26, 2001 2. "Love This Way"
Released: July 31, 2001 | |
|  | |


title: Borka Dragojević-Josifovska

abstract: Borka Dragojević-Josifovska, in Serbian: Борка Драгојевић-Јосифовска was a Bosnian archaeologist, museum curator, numismatist and philologist, who was Professor of Classical Philology at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, and who worked mainly on classical archaeology in North Macedonia.

text:
# Borka Dragojević-Josifovska

**Borka Dragojević-Josifovska,** in Serbian: ***Борка Драгојевић-Јосифовска*** (1910 - 2004) was a Bosnian archaeologist, museum curator, numismatist and philologist, who was Professor of Classical Philology at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, and who worked mainly on classical archaeology in North Macedonia.

## Biography

Dragojević-Josifovska was born in 1910 in the Bosnian Serb village of Gornja Srbica, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. She graduated in 1934 with a degree in Classical Philology and Archaeology, awarded by the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade. From 1948 to 1958 she worked as a curator at the Archaeological Museum of Macedonia in Skopje, where in 1956 she curated the museum's lapidarium. She was then appointed as a lecturer Latin at the Department of Classical Philology at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, where she worked until 1976. From lecturer she was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1969 and in 1974 to Associate Professor. She died in 2004 in Skopje.

## Research

Dragojević-Josifovska conducted excavations and undertook research on several sites across Macedonia. These included: Isar Marvinci, Dracevo, Zhivojno, Stobi, Skupi and others. In 1961 she led the first team to excavate at Isar Marvinci. During the excavation they uncovered the temple, an aqueduct and a burial monument which featured a soldier holding a Macedonian shield. She also studied the Petralice Hoard of 377 nummi, which was discovered in 1950 near Krivia Palanka.

She was a member of the editorial boards for the publication of ancient inscriptions from Yugoslavia and the *Tabula Imperii Romani*. She published the archaeological reports on the site of Gorno Sonje in 1982. Inscriptions from the site are significant, as they mention placenames connected to the Albanoi. One reads in Latin "POSIS MESTYLU F\[ILIUS\] FL\[AVIA\] DELVS MVCATI F\[ILIA\] DOM\[O\] ALBANOP\[OLI\] IPSA DELVS" ("Posis Mestylu, son of Flavia, daughter of Delus Mucati, who comes from Albanopolis"). It dates to the end of the 1st century CE and the beginning of the 2nd century CE. Dragojević-Josifovska added two lines to the existing reading: VIVA P(OSUIT) SIBI/ ET VIRO SUO. Delus Mucati is an Illyrian name and his home region was Albanopolis (*domo Albanopoli*). Dragojević-Josifovska proposed that like others he had settled in Macedonia from southern Illyria. She also published inscriptions from the site of Konjuh.

## Selected works

* *Vodič niz lapidarium* (1961)
* *Prilog lokalizovanju grada Argosa u Peoniji* (1965)
* *Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure, vol. I* (1976)
* *Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure, vol. VI* (1984)
* *Depo folesa iz s. Petralice (Makedonija)* (1990)

1. "ДРАГОЕВИЌ-ЈОСИФОВСКА, Борка – Македонска Енциклопедија" (in Macedonian). Retrieved 2021-08-02.
2. "Kurshumli An". *Archaeological Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia*. 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
3. "INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES – Филозофски факултет". Retrieved 2021-08-02.
4. Проева, Наде (2004). "Придонесот на Алфред Делакулонш во изучувањето на историјата на Македонија" (in Macedonian) (54): 33. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
5. Sokolovska, Viktorija (2012). *The Ancient Town at Ivar-Marvinci, Valandovo* (PDF). PORTA ARCHAEOLOGICA.
6. "Hoard Details 9761". *chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk*. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
7. Ristovski, Blaжеe, ed. (2009). " *Dragoslav* ". *Macedonian encyclopedia* . Skopje: MANU . p. p. 487.
8. *Inscriptions de la Mésie supérieure. Vol. III/2, Timacum minus et la vallée du Timok*. Fanula Papazoglu, Petar Petrović, Centre d'études épigraphiques et numismatiques. Beograd: Centre d'études épigraphiques et numismatiques de la Faculté de philosophie de l'Université de Beograd. 1995. p. 32. ISBN 86-80269-16-6. OCLC 36448898.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: others (link)
9. "New Cities in Late Antiquity: Documents and Archaeology". *dokumen.pub*. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
10. Josifovska, Borka (1961). *Vodič niz lapidarium* (in Macedonian). Arheološki muzej.
11. Dragojević-Josifovska, Borka (1965). *Prilog lokalizovanju grada Argosa u Peoniji*. Filozofski fakultet.
12. *Inscriptions de la Mésie supérieure* (in French). Centre d'études épigraphiques et numismatiques de la Faculté de philosophie de l'Université de Beograd. 1976.
13. Proeva, Nada (1983). *Borka Dragojević-Josifovska, Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure, vol. VI* (in Macedonian).
14. "Depo folesa iz s. Petralice (Makedonija)". *chre.ashmus.ox.ac.uk*. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2021-08-02.

## InfoBox

| Borka Dragojević-Josifovska | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1910
Gornja Srbica |
| Died | 2004
Skopje |
| Alma mater | University of Belgrade |
| Employer | Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje |


title: Preixana

abstract: Preixana is a village in the province of Lleida and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

text:
# Preixana

**Preixana** (Catalan pronunciation: \[pɾejˈʃanɛ\]) is a village in the province of Lleida and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.

## InfoBox

| Preixana | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Preixana | |
|  | |
| PreixanaLocation in Catalonia | |
| Coordinates: 41°36′N 1°2′E / 41.600°N 1.033°E / 41.600; 1.033 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Community | Catalonia |
| Province | Lleida |
| Comarca | Urgell |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jaume Pane Roig (2015) |
| Area | |
| Total | 21.5 km2 (8.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 385 |
| Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Website | preixana.cat |


# Computational methods for free surface flow

In physics, a free surface flow is the surface of a fluid flowing that is subjected to both zero perpendicular normal stress and parallel shear stress. This can be the boundary between two homogeneous fluids, like water in an open container and the air in the Earth's atmosphere that form a boundary at the open face of the container.

Computation of free surfaces is complex because of the continuous change in the location of the boundary layer. Conventional methods of computation are insufficient for such analysis. Therefore, special methods are developed for the computation of free surface flows.

## Introduction

Computation in flows with free and moving boundaries like the open-channel flow is a difficult task. The position of the boundary is known only at the initial time and its location at later times can be determined as using various methods like the Interface Tracking Method and the Interface Capturing Method.

## Boundary conditions

Neglecting the phase change at the free surface, the following boundary conditions apply.

### Kinematic condition

The free surface should be a sharp boundary separating the two fluids. There should be no flow through this boundary, i.e.,

$\[(v-v\_{b})\cdot n\]\_{fs}=0,$ or

$$\dot {m}\_{fs}=0$$

where the subscript $\Box \_{fs}$ stands for free surface. This implies that the normal component of the velocity of the fluid at the surface is equal to the normal component of the velocity of the free surface.

### Dynamic condition

The forces acting on the fluid at free surface should be in equilibrium, i.e. the momentum is conserved at the free surface. The normal forces on either side of the free surface are equal and opposite in direction and the forces in tangential direction should be equal in magnitude and direction.

$$(n\cdot T)\_{l}\cdot n+\sigma K=-(n\cdot T)\_{g}\cdot n,$$

$$(n\cdot T)\_{l}\cdot t-{\frac {\partial \sigma }{\partial t}=(n\cdot T)\_{g}\cdot t,}$$

$$(n\cdot T)\_{l}\cdot s-{\frac {\partial \sigma }{\partial s}=(n\cdot T)\_{g}\cdot s,}$$

Here **σ** is the surface tension, **n**, **t** and **s** are unit vectors in a local orthogonal coordinate system (**n**,**t**,**s**) at the free surface (**n** is outward normal to the free surface while the other two lie in the tangential plane and are mutually orthogonal). The indices '**l'** and '**g'** denote liquid and gas, respectively and **K** is the curvature of the free surface.

$$K={\frac {1}{R\_{t}+{\frac {1}{R\_{s}}}}}$$

with **Rt** and **Rs** being radii of curvature along coordinates **t** and **s**.

The surface tension **σ** is force per unit length of a surface element and acts tangential to the free surface.

$$f\_{\sigma }=\sigma \ dl$$

For an infinitesimally small surface element **dS**, the tangential components of the surface tension forces cancel out when **σ = constant**, and the normal component can be expressed as a local force that results in a pressure jump across the surface.

## Methods of computation

### Interface tracking method

This is a method that treats the free surface as a sharp interface whose motion is followed. In this method, boundary-fitted grids are used and advanced each time the free surface is moved.
Interface tracking method is useful in situations like calculation of flow around submerged bodies. This is done by making an unperturbed free surface linear, so a height function is introduced for the free surface elevation relative to its unperturbed state.

$$Z=H(x,y,t)$$

This gives the kinematic boundary condition a new form:

$$\dfrac {\partial H}{\partial t}=u\_{z}-u\_{x}{\dfrac {\partial H}{\partial x}-u\_{y}{\dfrac {\partial H}{\partial y}}}$$

This equation can be integrated and the fluid velocity at free surface can be obtained either by extrapolation from the interior or by using dynamic boundary condition. For the calculation of flow, FV method is widely used. The steps for a fully conservative FV method of this type are:

* momentum equation is solved to obtain velocity $u$$i$$\*$ at the current free surface using specified pressure.
* Local mass conservation is enforced in each CV by solving a pressure-correction equation. Mass is conserved both globally and locally, but velocity-correction is produced at free surface giving a non-zero mass flux.
* Position of free surface is corrected to compensate for the non-zero mass flux with the volume flux due to the movement of the each free-surface cell face by enforcing the kinematic boundary conditions.
* Iterate until no further correction is needed, satisfying the continuity and momentum equations.
* Advance to the next time step.

The main problem with the algorithm in this procedure is that there is only one equation for one cell but large number of grid nodes moving. To avoid instability and wave reflection, the method is modified as follows:
From the previous steps, we can calculate the volume of fluid to be flowed in or out of the CV to have mass conservation. To obtain the coordinates of CV vertices at free surface, we have more unknowns and less equations due to single volumetric flow rate for each cell.

Hence the CVs are defined by the cell face centers rather than vertices and vertices are obtained by interpolation. This gives a tridiagonal system for 2D and can be solved using TDMA method. For 3D, the system is block tridiagonal and is best solved by one of the iterative solvers.

### Interface capturing method

In computation of two-fluid flows, in some cases the interface might be too complex to track while keeping the frequency of re-meshing at an acceptable level. Not being able to reduce the frequency of re-meshing in 3D might introduce overwhelming mesh generation and projection costs, making the computations with the interface-tracking technique no longer feasible. In such cases, interface-capturing techniques, which do not normally require costly mesh update steps, could be used with the understanding that the interface will not be represented as accurately as we would have with an interface-tracking technique. Methods which do not define the interface as sharp boundary. A fixed grid extends beyond the free surface over which the computation is performed. To determine the shape of the free surface, the fraction of each cell near the interface is computed that is partially filled.

#### Marker-and-cell or MAC Scheme

MAC scheme was proposed by Harlow and Welch in 1965. In this method, a mass-less particle is introduced at the initial time at the free surface. The motion of this mass-less particle is followed with the passage of time.

**Benefit:** This scheme can treat complex phenomena like wave breaking.

**Drawback:** In three dimensional flow solving the equations governing fluid flow and also following the motion of a large number of markers both simultaneously demands high computational power.

#### Volume-of-fluid or VOF scheme

VOF scheme was proposed by Hirt and Nichols in 1981. In this method, fraction of the cell occupied by the liquid phase can be calculated by solving the transport equation. The transport equation is:

∂c/∂t \+ div(cv) = 0

where c is the fraction of control volume filled. c=1 for completely filled and c = 0 for completely empty control volumes.
So in total, for VOF method, one has to solve three forms of equations, conservation equations for mass, conservation equations for momentum, equation for filled fraction for each control volume.

***NOTE**: IN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS, ABOVE EQUATION GIVES SAME RESULTS WITH c AND 1 - c MAKING THE ENFORCEMENT OF MASS CONSERVATION A MUST.*

Since the higher order schemes are preferred over lower order schemes to prevent artificial mixing of the two fluids, it is important to prevent the overshoots and undershoots due to the condition 0 ≤ c ≤ 1. For such problems, modifications were made to MAC and VOF schemes.

#### Modifications to MAC and VOF scheme

Marker and micro-cell method in which local grid refinement is done according to the following criteria:

only the cells having 0 \< c \< 1 are refined.

This method is more efficient than MAC scheme because only the cells at the boundary are refined. But in this method, the free surface profile is not sharply defined.

### Hybrid methods

There are some fluid flows which do not come under either of the category, for example, bubbly flows. For the computation of such two-phase flows which do not come under any of the above discussed categories, elements are borrowed from both surface-capturing and surface-tracking methods. Such methods are called hybrid methods. In this method, fluid properties are smeared over a fixed number of grid points normal to the interface. Now, as in interface capturing method, both fluids are treated as single fluid with variable properties. Interface is also tracked as in interface-tracking method to prevent it from smearing by moving the marker particles using the velocity field generated by the flow solver. marker particles are added and removed to maintain the accuracy by keeping the approximate spacing between them equal.


title: Dolovi (Trebinje)

abstract: Dolovi is a village in the municipality of Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Dolovi (Trebinje)

**Dolovi** (Serbian Cyrillic: Долови) is a village in the municipality of Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

42°42′08″N 18°23′33″E / 42.70222°N 18.39250°E / 42.70222; 18.39250

## InfoBox

| Dolovi Долови | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dolovi | |
| Coordinates: 42°42′08″N 18°23′33″E / 42.70222°N 18.39250°E / 42.70222; 18.39250 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Republika Srpska |
| Municipality | Trebinje |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Biem Dudok van Heel

abstract: Abraham Everardus "Biem" Dudok van Heel was a sailor from the Netherlands. He competed in the Dragon class at the 1948, 1952 and 1960 Olympics and finished in 8th, 6th and 13th place, respectively. He missed the 1956 Games due to their boycott by the Netherlands. In 1952, he sailed alongside his younger brother Michiel Dudok van Heel.

text:
# Biem Dudok van Heel

**Abraham Everardus "Biem" Dudok van Heel** (20 June 1914 – 2 December 1995) was a sailor from the Netherlands. He competed in the Dragon class at the 1948, 1952 and 1960 Olympics and finished in 8th, 6th and 13th place, respectively. He missed the 1956 Games due to their boycott by the Netherlands. In 1952, he sailed alongside his younger brother Michiel Dudok van Heel.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Biem Dudok van Heel
| Biem Dudok van Heel, Wim van Duyl, Michiel Dudok van Heel in 1952 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Abraham Everardus Dudok van Heel |
| Nationality | Dutch |
| Born | (1917-12-16)16 December 1917
Hilversum, the Netherlands |
| Died | 2 December 1995(1995-12-02) (aged 77)
Schoten, the Netherlands |
| Height | 1.72 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 70 kg (150 lb) |
|  | |
| Sailing career | |
| Class | Dragon |
|  | |


title: Prunus fenzliana

abstract: Prunus fenzliana is a species of wild almond native to the Caucasus areas of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, preferring to grow at 1400-3500 m above sea level. On the basis of morphology it has been long thought to be one of the wild species that contributed to the origin of the cultivated almond. Genetic testing of both nuclear and chloroplast DNA has confirmed that it is the closest relative of Prunus dulcis.

text:
# Prunus fenzliana

***Prunus fenzliana*** is a species of wild almond native to the Caucasus areas of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, preferring to grow at 1400-3500 m above sea level. On the basis of morphology it has been long thought to be one of the wild species that contributed to the origin of the cultivated almond (*Prunus dulcis*). Genetic testing of both nuclear and chloroplast DNA has confirmed that it is the closest relative (and presumed lone ancestor) of *Prunus dulcis*.

## Description

*Prunus fenzliana* is a tall shrub or small tree reaching 4 m. It can be distinguished from its close relatives by a number of features, including having one-year-old twigs that are reddish on the side exposed to the sun, green elsewhere. The fruits start a dark green and mature to light tan. When fully mature the fruits, much like its domesticated counterpart, pop open to reveal the seed which can be up to 1 cm long.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus fenzliana* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Species: | ***P. fenzliana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus fenzliana***
Fritsch | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amygdalus fenzliana* (Fritsch) Korsh. * *Amygdalus fenzliana* (Fritsch) Lipsky * *Amygdalus nairica* Fed. & Takht. * *Prunus nairica* (Fed. & Takht.) Eisenman * *Amygdalus pseudopersica* (Tamamsch.) Fed. & Takht. * *Amygdalus urartu* Tamamsch. * *Prunus urartu* (Tamamsch.) Eisenman * *Amygdalus gjarnyensis* Tamamsch. * *Amygdalus grossheimii* Tamamsch. * *Amygdalus zangezura* Fed. & Takht. | |


title: DOx

abstract: 4-Substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines (DOx) is a chemical class of substituted amphetamine derivatives featuring methoxy groups at the 2- and 5- positions of the phenyl ring, and a substituent such as alkyl or halogen at the 4- position of the phenyl ring. Most compounds of this class are potent and long-lasting psychedelic drugs, and act as highly selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonists. A few bulkier derivatives such as DOAM have similarly high binding affinity for 5-HT2 receptors but instead act as antagonists, and so do not produce psychedelic effects though they retain amphetamine-like stimulant effects.

text:
# DOx

**4-Substituted-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamines** (**DO*x***) is a chemical class of substituted amphetamine derivatives featuring methoxy groups at the 2- and 5- positions of the phenyl ring, and a substituent such as alkyl or halogen at the 4- position of the phenyl ring. Most compounds of this class are potent and long-lasting psychedelic drugs, and act as highly selective 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor partial agonists. A few bulkier derivatives such as DOAM have similarly high binding affinity for 5-HT2 receptors but instead act as antagonists, and so do not produce psychedelic effects though they retain amphetamine-like stimulant effects.

## DOx derivatives

The DO*x* family includes the following members:

| Structure | Name | Abbreviation | CAS number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-amylamphetamine | DOAM | 63779-90-8 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine | DOB | 64638-07-9 (racemate) |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine | DOBU | 63779-89-5 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine | DOC | 123431-31-2 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethoxyamphetamine | MEM | 16128-88-4 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)amphetamine | DOMOM | 260810-10-4 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(ethoxymethyl)amphetamine | DOMOE | 930836-81-0 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine | DOET | 22004-32-6 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine | Aleph-2 | 185562-00-9 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-fluoroamphetamine | DOF | 125903-69-7 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2-fluoroethyl)amphetamine | DOEF | 121649-01-2 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(3-fluoropropyl)amphetamine | DOPF |  |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine | DOI | 42203-78-1 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylthioamphetamine | Aleph-4 | 123643-26-5 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine | DOM | 15588-95-1 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylthioamphetamine | Aleph-1 | 61638-07-1 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine | DON | 67460-68-8 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-phenylthioamphetamine | Aleph-6 | 952006-44-9 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-benzylamphetamine | DOBZ | 125903-73-3 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(3-methoxybenzyl)amphetamine | DO3MeOBZ | 930836-90-1 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-\[(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl\]amphetamine | DOTHFM | 930776-12-8 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine | DOPR | 63779-88-4 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-isopropylamphetamine | DOiP | 42306-96-7 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-propylthioamphetamine | Aleph-7 | 207740-16-7 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(difluoromethyl)amphetamine | DODFM |  |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-trifluoromethylamphetamine | DOTFM | 159277-07-3 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amphetamine | DOTFE |  |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-cyanoamphetamine | DOCN | 125903-74-4 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethynylamphetamine | DOYN | 633290-70-7 |
|

A number of additional compounds are known with alternative substitutions:

| Structure | Name | Abbreviation | CAS number |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Dimoxamine ("Ariadne") | 4C-D | 52842-59-8 |
|  | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)butan-2-amine | 4C-E |  |
|  | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n-propyl)phenyl)butan-2-amine | 4C-P |  |
|  | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromophenyl)butan-2-amine | 4C-B | 69294-23-1 |
|  | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chlorophenyl)butan-2-amine | 4C-C | 791010-74-7 |
|  | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)butan-2-amine | 4C-I | 758631-75-3 |
|  | 1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)butan-2-amine | 4C-N | 775234-58-7 |
|  | 1-\[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(ethylthio)phenyl\]butan-2-amine | 4C-T-2 | 850007-13-5 |
|  | Dimethoxymethamphetamine ("Beatrice") | N-methyl-DOM | 92206-37-6 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine | DMMDA | 15183-13-8 |
|  | 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylamphetamine ("Ganesha") | 3-methyl-DOM | 207740-37-2 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-trimethylenylamphetamine | G-3 |  |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-tetramethylenylamphetamine | G-4 |  |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-norbornylamphetamine | G-5 |  |
|  | 1-(5,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-7-yl)propan-2-amine | G-O | 774538-38-4 |
|  | 2,5-Dimethoxy-3,4-dichloroamphetamine | DODC | 1373918-65-0 |
|  | IDNNA | IDNNA | 67707-78-2 |
|  | Methyl-DOB | N-methyl-DOB | 155638-80-5 |
|  | 2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyamphetamine | 2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxyamphetamine | 23693-26-7 |
|  | 1-(4-Bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrofuro\[2,3-f\]\[1\]benzofuran-8-yl)propan-2-amine | DOB-FLY | 219986-75-1 |
|  | Bromo-DragonFLY | DOB-DFLY | 502759-67-3 |
|  | 3-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)azetidine | Compound 1, ZC-B |  |
|