title: Computer to plate

abstract: Computer-to-plate (CTP) is an imaging technology used in modern printing processes. In this technology, an image created in a desktop publishing (DTP) application is output directly to a printing plate. This compares with the older technology, computer-to-film (CTF), where the computer file is output onto a photographic film. This film is then used to make a printing plate, in a similar manner to a contact proof in darkroom photography.

text:
# Computer to plate

**Computer-to-plate** (**CTP**) is an imaging technology used in modern printing processes. In this technology, an image created in a desktop publishing (DTP) application is output directly to a printing plate.

This compares with the older technology, computer-to-film (CTF), where the computer file is output onto a photographic film. This film is then used to make a printing plate, in a similar manner to a contact proof in darkroom photography.

## Technology

CTP methods differ according to the construction type of the imagesetter and the light source used to expose the plate surface. In terms of construction type there are three different kinds: internal drum, external drum and flat-bed imagesetters. The two main light sources used to expose the plate are ultraviolet light lamps and laser diodes. The wavelength and energy of the laser diodes depend on the type of plate that is used. This technology is mainly used in newspaper and magazine printing.

### Internal drum imagesetters

In an internal drum image setter the plate is put into a cylinder, while the imaging head moves along the axis of the cylinder to expose the plate. The rotating mirror at the end of the imaging head rotates around its axis to beam the laser on the desired part of the fixed plate. The construction type makes it more difficult to use several lasers at the same time, but just using one laser also has advantages such as uniform beam intensity over the whole plate imaging period.

### External drum image setters

The plate is wrapped around a drum that can rotate around its axis, while the imaging head that projects the image on the plate can move along this axis to focus the laser beam on the surface. The simple construction type makes it possible to arrange multiple image heads next to each other and use them simultaneously. This leads to a decrease of the imaging time needed to expose a whole printing plate.

### Flat-bed image setters

The image is reproduced line by line on a fixed flat printing plate by a laser beam that is deflected by a rotating polygon mirror and then onto the printing plate. Because of the setup the laser beam becomes less accurate at the edges of the printing plate and is therefore mainly smaller formats or production with lower quality expectations.

## Types of plates

### Photopolymer plates

* Photosensitivity between 380 nm and 550 nm;
* low laser energy of 30 to 100 μJ/cm2 needed for exposure;
* run lengths of up to 300,000 prints;
* negative plate.

### Silverhalogen plates

* Silverhalogen aluminium printing plates;
* photosensitivity between 400 nm and 700 nm;
* low laser energy of 1 to 2 μJ/cm2 needed for exposure;
* run lengths of up to 150,000 prints;
* resolution to 450 LPI possible;
* dot reproduction 1–99%;
* positive plate.

### Thermal plates

* Photosensitivity between 830 nm and 1.070 nm;
* laser energy between 70 and 200 mJ/cm2 needed for exposure;
* run lengths from 100,000 up to 500,000 prints;
* resolution to 200 LPI–400 LPI possible;
* dot reproduction 1–99%;
* high process stability;
* many providers;
* processing in the daylight possible.

## Comparison with CTP

### Advantages

CTP has several advantages over conventional platemaking. In CTP, one generation (transfer of film image to the printing plate) is removed from the printing process (eliminating the need for film and related developer chemicals), increasing sharpness and detail. CTP avoids potential losses in quality that may occur during film processing, including scratches in the film, and variations in the exposure. An imagesetter usually has an accuracy rate of ±2%. Plates are produced in less time, are more consistent, and at a lower cost. CTP can also improve registration and image-to-edge repeatability over traditional methods. More recent advancements in CTP plate technology made by companies such as DuPont and PlateCrafters have further widened the gap with analog plates, allowing for very fine vignettes and minimal dot gain on press.

In CTP, the media is registered (held in precise position) in the platesetter during imaging, and does not rely on a separately-aligned pin grid, as is the case with film. Defects due to dust, scratches or other artifacts are minimized.

CTP systems can significantly increase plate production outputs. Platesetters for newspaper production can output up to 300 12-inch (300 mm) plates per hour at 1,270 dpi (dots per inch), whilst for commercial applications a CTP system could output 60 B1 plates at 2,400 dpi for higher screen rulings.

Small portrait presses that typically create one- or two-color output can use anything from a standard laser printer, for low quality/low volume, up to a higher-end dedicated platesetter for higher quality and volume.

### Disadvantages

CTP is restricted to digital format. CTP productions require that the basis for the printed matter as well as the imposition be digital.

In CTP, if for some reason a plate is damaged, if an error occurs when it is ripped or if something has to be corrected after the plate is exposed, a completely new, imposed plate must be created.


title: Compline (composition)

abstract: Compline is a septet for flute, clarinet, harp, and string quartet by the American composer Christopher Rouse. The work was commissioned by the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center through an award from the Koussevitzky Music Foundation. It was first performed by the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center on December 6, 1996 at Alice Tully Hall in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The piece is dedicated to the memory of Natalie and Serge Koussevitzky.

text:
# Compline (composition)

***Compline*** is a septet for flute, clarinet, harp, and string quartet by the American composer Christopher Rouse. The work was commissioned by the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center through an award from the Koussevitzky Music Foundation. It was first performed by the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center on December 6, 1996 at Alice Tully Hall in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The piece is dedicated to the memory of Natalie and Serge Koussevitzky.

## Composition

*Compline* is composed in four connected sections and has a duration of roughly 16 minutes. It is scored for the same instrumentation as Maurice Ravel's *Introduction and Allegro*.

### Style and inspiration

Rouse described the title and inspiration for *Compline* in the score program notes, writing:

> The title refers to the seventh (and final) canonical hour in the Catholic church. As a result, some may conclude that it is a religious work. However, what religiosity *Compline* may contain is more observational than participatory, reminiscent perhaps of various scores by Respighi in which religious elements are included. For me, *Compline* is first and foremost a souvenir of my 1989 trip to Rome, a city I fell in love with instantly and that is, of course, dominated by the twin cultures of the ancient Roman Empire and the Roman Catholic church. In *Compline*, as in Rome itself, the sound of bells is never far away.

He added, "Unlike the majority of other works I composed in the half dozen years before it, *Compline* does not concern itself with death but rather with light. In this it perhaps augurs a change in my musical outlook."

## Reception

Bernard Holland of *The New York Times* called the piece "serious, skillful music" and wrote:

> Mr. Rouse's string repetitions at the beginning are bright and hard; their textures are pierced by raucous, virtuosic quasi-bird calls from the two winds. Soon the music draws back into a kind of nightscape, flute and harp singing against strings in close harmony. At the end, the repetitive figures bounce between various solo instruments as the general mood sinks into a quiet stasis.

James C. Taylor of the *Los Angeles Times* called it "a dense work for seven instruments" with moments "that sneak up on one's ears and offer real delight." Alan Rich of *LA Weekly* called the music "attractive" and compared the piece favorably to Ravel's *Introduction and Allegro*, writing, "Smart coattail riding, that, and smart music as well."


title: Steyr-Daimler-Puch

abstract: Steyr-Daimler-Puch was a large manufacturing conglomerate based in Steyr, Austria, which was broken up in stages between 1987 and 2001. The component parts and operations continued to exist under separate ownership and new names.

text:
# Steyr-Daimler-Puch

**Steyr-Daimler-Puch** (German pronunciation: \[ˈʃtaɪɐ ˈdaɪmlɐ ˈpʊx\]) was a large manufacturing conglomerate based in Steyr, Austria, which was broken up in stages between 1987 and 2001. The component parts and operations continued to exist under separate ownership and new names.

## History

The company, initially known as **Josef und Franz Werndl and Company** was founded in 1864 as a rifle manufacturer. The company began producing bicycles in 1894. It grew rapidly during the First World War, by the end of which it employed 14,000 people. Steyr automobiles were made after 1918. In September 1917 Steyr recruited Hans Ledwinka, now remembered as one of the great automobile engineers of the twentieth century, but then relatively unknown, to the position of "Chefkonstrukteur", to lead the creation of their automobile manufacturing business.

The first Steyr car, the six cylinder Type II "12/40" appeared in 1920. It was heavy and well-built, if a little cumbersome. It spawned sports versions with an impressive list of international achievements. The small but luxurious 1.5 L six Type XII of the late twenties won international motor press acclaim.

The company changed its name to **Steyr-Werke AG** in 1926. In 1934, Steyr merged with Austro-Daimler-Puch to form Steyr-Daimler-Puch. The range produced in these years mainly consisted of very modern designs, sporting partially or complete unit construction bodies in streamlined livery, from the one-litre Steyr 50 to the 2.3 L Steyr 220 "six".

During World War II, when Austria was part of the Third Reich, Steyr-Daimler-Puch's Generaldirektor Georg Meindl de became one of the first German industrialists to suggest the use of slave labour from concentration camps to boost manpower at Steyr. The request was approved and prisoners were brought by guarded train from the Mauthausen-Gusen camp complex at Gusen 30 km distant. Later, on 5 January 1942, Meindl wrote a letter to SS Gruppenführer Ernst Kaltenbrunner recommending a new 'satellite' prison camp be constructed to house prisoners nearer the Steyr factory complex, explaining how this would reduce the time and loss of prisoners in transit to and from work while also reducing security and transport overhead costs.

This was approved and prisoners were used for facilities construction (bomb shelters, etc.), and to supplant manufacturing labor. This practice was not yet common at other larger German companies, though others followed suit including Mercedes-Benz and MAN. The vehicle range was for military use, including the Steyr RSO Raupenschlepper Ost with an air-cooled 3.5 L V8 engine designed by Ferdinand Porsche, who worked for the company at that time. War-time production there included small arms, assault rifles, machine guns, and aircraft engines.

After the war, Steyr-Daimler-Puch built diesel engined trucks and buses, small and heavy tractors and resumed passenger car production. First, Steyr assembled the FIAT 1100E, then put their own engine in a Fiat 1400, renaming the car the "Steyr 2000". From 1957 through to the early 1970s it produced the tiny Puch 500 under license from FIAT, again with an engine of Austrian design.

Most prominent was its range of off-road cars, from the two-cylinder Haflinger and the 4 x 4 or 6 x 6 Pinzgauer, the Fiat Panda 4x4 (999 cc) to the Mercedes-Puch G. SDP was the initial designer and manufacturer of these utility vehicles. The Haflinger was produced from 1959–1974, the Pinzgauer from 1971–2000, and the Puch G (also known as Mercedes G-Class) from 1979.

The company's Puch division produced a line of motorcycles, mopeds, and motor scooters marketed in the United States through Sears Roebuck including the Puch 250 SGS which was delivered in a cardboard crate box to the customer's home. The Austro-Daimler branch built heavy tractors and trucks for the imperial Austrian army (before 1915). The main Steyr civil agricultural tractor production started in 1947.

After the war Steyr-Daimler-Puch resumed manufacturing bicycles and mopeds, gradually establishing distributors in several countries to manage their sales. Steyr made bicycles for sale for other retailers, most notably Sears. In the mid 1970s "Steyr-Daimler-Puch America" was incorporated in Connecticut to manage importation and distribution of bicycles and mopeds. Puch Austro-Daimler bicycles remained in production at Graz in Austria until the motorcycle and bicycle fabrication portions of the company there were sold in the mid 1987 to Piaggio & C. S.p.A. of Italy.

## Gradual dissolution

In 1987, Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG began selling portions of its different production lines to form separate companies, which included **Steyr Nutzfahrzeuge AG** ("Steyr Commercial Vehicles", SNF; still based in Steyr) for truck manufacturing, **Steyr Bus GmbH** (in Vienna) for bus manufacturing, **Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik AG** (SFT) and the **EUROSTAR** joint venture in Graz-Liebenau for assembly of automobiles and, in 1990, **Steyr Tractor** (Steyr Landmaschinentechnik AG).

Other production lines were spun off or sold outright to form independent companies, including Puch's motorcycle division going to Piaggio and **Steyr Mannlicher** producing weapons. In 1990, the diesel engine division was spun off into **Steyr Motorentechnik GmbH**, which in 2001 became an independent company, renaming itself Steyr Motors GmbH. Steyr Landmaschinentechnik AG (Steyr Tractor) was sold to Case Corporation in 1996 and renamed Case Steyr Landmaschinentechnik (and is part of CNH since 1999).

Automobile production remained with Steyr-Daimler-Puch Fahrzeugtechnik (SFT) until Magna International acquired a majority holding in 1998. In 2001–2002 SFT was absorbed fully by Magna, becoming Magna Steyr.

In 1998, the production of military vehicles was sold to an Austrian investor company, which named it **Steyr-Daimler-Puch Spezialfahrzeug GmbH** (SSF). In 2003, SSF was sold to the U.S. company General Dynamics, a defence-equipment manufacturer and into General Dynamics Land Systems.

## Steyr trucks

Steyr's first truck was the Typ III, presented in 1920. Steyr built traditional bonneted trucks in the post war years. In 1968 the distinctive cab over Steyr 90 series was introduced. This was followed by the 91 and the 92 series, built until MAN took over Steyr's truck production in 1990. A version of the 92 series is still built as the 12M18/12S18 for a number of military users, and was sold by Britain's ERF as the ES-series.

Some MAN trucks are still available with "Steyr" branding for the Austrian market. The smaller 590/690-series of trucks utilized the cabin of the Hanomag-Henschel F-series; they were facelifted in 1982 and became the 591/691.

Beginning in 1994, Steyr used MAN's F2000 cab for the **NSK** series (*Neue Schwere Klasse*, or "new heavy class"), while the light and medium duty trucks were the **NLK** and **NMK** (*Neue Leichte Klasse* and *Neue Mittlere Klasse*), based on MAN's similarly situated L2000 and M2000 ranges respectively. The NLK ranged from the 6S10 (6.5 tons, 102 PS) to the 11S23 (11 tons, 233 PS). The NMK range was from 12 tonners up to the three-axle 25S26. These cabins were referred to as "Typ 152" in Steyr's internal parlance.

## Military vehicles

### Historic

### Modern

## Weapons

Steyr Daimler Puch produced handguns as well, e.g. the pistols Steyr SP (1957) and Steyr GB (designing began in 1968), the sniper rifle Steyr SSG 69 (1969) and the assault rifle Steyr AUG (1977). Steyr-Mannlicher, founded in 1989, continued the production of handguns until 2019, then the name of the company was changed to Steyr Arms.

## Further reading

* Ehn, Friedrich F. *Das große Puch-Buch. Die Zweiräder von 1890 bis 1987*, 8. Auflage, Weishaupt, Gnas 2013, ISBN 978-3-900310-49-3.
* Perz, Bertrand (1991). *Projekt Quarz: Steyr-Daimler-Puch und das Konzentrationslager Melk*. Industrie, Zwangsarbeit und Konzentrationslager in Österreich (in German). Vol. 3. Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik. ISBN 978-3-85115-115-2. Reprinted by Studienverlag (2014) ISBN 978-3-7065-4185-5.
* Pfundner, Martin. *Austro Daimler und Steyr. Rivalen bis zur Fusion. Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche*. Böhlau, Wien 2007. ISBN 978-3-205-77639-0.
* Rudolf, Egon. *Puch. Eine Entwicklungsgeschichte*, Weishaupt, Gnas 2007, ISBN 978-3-7059-0259-6.
* Seper, Hans. *100 Jahre Steyr-Daimler-Puch A.G.* 1864–1964. 3. Auflage, Weishaupt, Gnas 2009, ISBN 978-3-7059-0290-9 (Vorabdruck aus: *Blätter für Technikgeschichte*. Heft 26).
* Verwüster, Wolfgang J. *Puch. Mopeds, Roller und Kleinkrafträder*, Weishaupt, Gnas 2012, ISBN 978-3-7059-0254-1.

## InfoBox

Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG
|
|  |
| Company type | Aktiengesellschaft (Joint stock company) |
| Industry | Transportation, Defense |
| Predecessor | Austro-Daimler |
| Founded | 1864 |
| Defunct | 2001 |
| Fate | Split up by divisions; remainder acquired |
| Headquarters | Steyr, Upper Austria, Austria |
| Products | Vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles)<br>Weapons |
| Parent | Reichswerke Hermann Göring |


title: Comic Boyz

abstract: Comic Boyz was a Taiwanese vocal quintet boy band, composed of Kingone Wang, Figaro Tseng, Peter Chang, Shone An, Arroy Shen and Eddie Hsu. Despite the publicity and making appearance in Taiwanese dramas, Comic Boyz was not as successful as expected, especially since they kept being compared to their predecessor, F4. They disbanded in 2005 after the release of their farewell album Goodbye Comic Boyz.

text:
# Comic Boyz

**Comic Boyz** (Chinese: 可米小子) was a Taiwanese vocal quintet boy band, composed of Kingone Wang, Figaro Tseng, Peter Chang, Shone An, Arroy Shen and Eddie Hsu. Despite the publicity and making appearance in Taiwanese dramas, Comic Boyz was not as successful as expected, especially since they kept being compared to their predecessor, F4. They disbanded in 2005 after the release of their farewell album *Goodbye Comic Boyz*.

## History

### 2001: Band formation

In 2001, after the success of F4, Comic Ritz Production was looking to create a new group to fulfill the 'boy band craze' in Taiwan. The first selection left them with 11 potential candidates for the group. The 11 young men underwent training and part of the training was to host TV shows. After six months of training, they were evaluated based on their performance. Five members were eliminated and the remaining six formed the official group. The six men were Kingone Wang, Figaro Tseng, Shone An, Arroy Shen, Peter Chang, and Eddie Hsu.

In 2002, right after their first album was released, Hsu slipped and fell on the floor while practicing a dance routine. He suffered several bone fractures that would require 3–4 months of absence to recover. After consideration, Hsu decided to leave the group and focus on school work. Since he used to be the group leader, the management team put Wang as the leader of the group.

### 2005: Split

Since the disbandment, Wang, Tseng, and Shen remain active in the entertainment industry. Wang became a successful actor. He won Taiwanese Golden Bell Awards for Best Supporting Actor. Tseng is also an active actor and painter. Chang returned to school and worked for some commonplace jobs until 2012. Since 2013, he has been in the catering industry.

Shen went on to become a host in some entertainment shows but he died on 19 October 2012, due to complications that accompanied a brain injury. His funeral was attended by all 4 other members. An left the entertainment industry around 2006, but in 2009 he became a host of a talk show until his death from liver cancer on 1 June 2015. His funeral was attended by former bandmates Wang and Chang.

## Members

| English name | Chinese name | Date of birth | Place of birth | Other |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kingone Wang | 王传一 | 5 May 1980 | Taipei, Taiwan | alumni of National Chiao Tung University |
| Figaro Tseng | 曾少宗 | 18 November 1981 | Kaohsiung, Taiwan |  |
| Peter Chang | 张庭伟 | 2 October 1985 | Taichung, Taiwan |  |
| Shone An | 安钧璨† | 20 September 1983 – 1 June 2015 (aged 31) | Tainan, Taiwan | alumni of Fu Jen Catholic University; birthname "黄益承" |
| Arroy Shen | 申东靖† | 27 January 1983 – 19 October 2012 (aged 29) | Taipei, Taiwan | birthname "李水清" |
|

## Discography

### Album list

| Album # | Album Information |
| --- | --- |
|
| **1st** | *Hey Hah!! Comic Boyz* |
|
| **2nd** | *Youth Souvenir Book* |
|
| **3rd** | *Goodbye Comic Boyz* |

### Notable songs

* "Youth Souvenir Book" (青春纪念册) – It's widely considered as Comic's most renowned song.
* "Hey! Hah!"
* "Red Dragonfly" (红蜻蜓)
* "Number 2"
* "Hold Me Close"

## InfoBox

| Comic Boyz | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Taiwan |
| Occupation(s) | Singers, actors |
| Years active | 2001–2005 |
| **Musical career** | |
| Origin | Taiwan |
| Genres | Mandopop |
| Labels | Sony Music Taiwan |
| Past members | Eddie Hsu |
|  | |


title: Concordia, U.S. Virgin Islands

abstract: Concordia, Saint Croix is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.

text:
# Concordia, U.S. Virgin Islands

**Concordia, Saint Croix** is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.

## InfoBox

| Concordia, Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Concordia, Saint Croix, United States Virgin IslandsConcordia, Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands | |
| Coordinates: 17°41′10″N 64°52′30″W / 17.686°N 64.875°W / 17.686; -64.875 | |
| Country | United States Virgin Islands |
| Island | Saint Croix |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |


title: Commander in Chief (horse)

abstract: Commander in Chief (1990–2007) was a British thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted just over three months in the spring and summer of 1993 he won five of his six races, most notably the Derby at Epsom and the Irish Derby at the Curragh. He was the first Derby winner since Morston in 1973 not to have raced as a two-year-old. Furthermore, the Racing Post had not even included him in their list of horses for the 1993 Ten-to-Follow on the flat competition. Commander in Chief was voted the 1993 Cartier Champion Three-year-old Colt.

text:
# Commander in Chief (horse)

**Commander in Chief** (19902007) was a British thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a career that lasted just over three months in the spring and summer of 1993 he won five of his six races, most notably the Derby at Epsom and the Irish Derby at the Curragh. He was the first Derby winner since Morston in 1973 not to have raced as a two-year-old. Furthermore, the Racing Post had not even included him in their list of horses for the 1993 Ten-to-Follow on the flat competition. Commander in Chief was voted the 1993 Cartier Champion Three-year-old Colt.

## Background

Commander in Chief was a dark bay colt (officially "bay or brown") with a white snip, bred by his owner's Juddmonte Farms breeding organisation. He was sired by Dancing Brave out of Slightly Dangerous. Dancing Brave was the most highly rated British racehorse of the 1980s winning a series of major races culminating in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. At stud, he was a modest success, siring the Group One winners White Muzzle, Wemyss Bight and Cherokee Rose before being sold and exported to Japan in 1991. Slightly Dangerous finished second in the 1982 Epsom Oaks and went on to be an outstanding broodmare, producing the Group One/Grade I winners Warning and Yashmak as well as the Epsom Derby runner-up Dushyantor.

Commander in Chief was trained for all his starts by Henry Cecil at his Warren Place stable at Newmarket, Suffolk. He was ridden in all of his races other than the Derby by the eleven times Champion Jockey Pat Eddery.

## Racing career

### Early races

Commander in Chief did not run as a two-year-old and made his debut in April 1993 in a ten furlong maiden race at the Newmarket Craven meeting. Starting the even money favourite he took the lead a furlong from the finish and drew away from the rest of the field, winning by six lengths despite being eased down in the closing stages. Eighteen days late he returned to Newmarket for the twelve furlong Culford Stakes. On this occasion he started 2/5 favourite and won by three and a half lengths from Oakmead and Blue Judge. On the 13 May he completed his hat-trick in the Glasgow Stakes at York, but in this race he was less impressive: Eddery attempted to make all the running on the 2/9 favourite, and he had to be pushed out in the closing stages to win by a neck from Needle Gun.

### Epsom Derby

Commander in Chief went into the 1993 Epsom Derby on 2 June as an unbeaten horse, but one who had never contested a Group Race. He was the youngest of the sixteen runners in a race which attracted a crowd of 106,000. In the build-up to the race he had been overshadowed by his stable companion Tenby. Owned like Commander in Chief by Khalid Abdullah and also unbeaten, Tenby's successes had come in more high-profile races such as the Grand Critérium and the Dante Stakes and he was made 4/5 favourite. He was the preferred ride of Pat Eddery, leaving the ride on Commander in Chief to Mick Kinane. Commander in Chief who started 15/2 second favourite, was held up in the early stages and turned into the straight in sixth place. He then made rapid progress to take the lead two furlongs out and quickly went clear. He was never in any danger and won very easily by three and a half lengths from the 150/1 outsiders Blue Judge and Blues Traveller. Tenby, who had been in second place at one point, weakened badly in the straight and finished tenth.

### After Epsom

On 27 June Commander in Chief traveled to the Curragh for the Irish Derby. The build-up and betting suggested that the race would effectively be a match between Commander in Chief (4/7 favourite) and the French-trained Hernando, the winner of the Prix du Jockey Club who started at 9/4. The two colts duly came to the front two furlongs out and raced together throughout the closing stages. The English colt however, proved the superior horse on the day and won by three quarters of a length. After the race Eddery said that the winner was comparable to "all the good ones I've ridden", while Cecil described him as "a late maturing sort" for whom "the best is yet to come". On 24 July, Commander in Chief, now undefeated in five races, started 7/4 favourite for the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot, in which he took on older horses for the first time. His main rivals included the 1992 European Horse of the Year User Friendly, the five-year-old Opera House who had recently won the Eclipse Stakes and White Muzzle a three-year-old who had won his last five races including the Derby Italiano. Commander in Chief raced prominently and took the lead in the straight, but in the closing stages he was overtaken and beaten one and a half lengths and a short head by Opera House and White Muzzle.

Commander in Chief did not race again, and in October it was announced that he had been sold to stand as a stallion in Japan.

## Assessment and honours

In the 1993 Cartier Racing Awards, Commander in Chief was voted European Three-Year-Old Champion Colt. In the official International Classification for 1993 he was rated on 127, equal with White Muzzle and three pounds below the top-rated three-year-old Zafonic. Commander in Chief was rated at 130 for his Derby win by Timeform.

In their book *A Century of Champions*, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Commander in Chief as an "inferior" Derby winner.

## Stud career

Commander in Chief was the leading first-season sire in Japan in 1997. His best offspring included Rascal Suzuka, who finished second in the 2000 Spring Tenno Sho, and Ein Bride, the Japanese champion two-year-old filly. He died at the Yushun Stallion Station in Japan in 2007 after fracturing his leg in a paddock accident.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Commander in Chief (GB) bay or brown stallion 1990
| Sire
Dancing Brave (USA)
1983 | Lyphard (USA)
1969 | Northern Dancer | Nearctic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Natalma |
| | Goofed | Court Martial |
| | Barra |
| | Navajo Princess (USA)
1974 | Drone | Sir Gaylord |
| | | Cap and Bells |
| | Olmec | Pago Pago |
| | Chocolate Beau |
| Dam
Slightly Dangerous (USA)
1979 | Roberto (USA)
1969 | Hail to Reason | Turn-To |
| | | Nothirdchance |
| | Bramalea | Nashua |
| | Rarelea |
| | Where You Lead (USA)
1970 | Raise a Native | Native Dancer |
| | | Raise You |
| | Noblesse | Mossborough |
| | Duke's Delight (Family 14-f) |

## InfoBox

| Commander in Chief | |
| --- | --- |
| The second colours of Khalid Abdullah, carried by Commander in Chief in the 1993 Derby | |
| Sire | Dancing Brave |
| Grandsire | Lyphard |
| Dam | Slightly Dangerous |
| Damsire | Roberto |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 18 May 1990 |
| Country | Great Britain |
| Colour | Bay or brown |
| Breeder | Juddmonte Farms |
| Owner | Khalid Abdullah |
| Trainer | Henry Cecil |
| Record | 6: 5-0-1 |
| Earnings | $1,579,300 |
| Major wins | |
| Glasgow Stakes (1993)
Epsom Derby (1993)
Irish Derby Stakes (1993) | |
| Awards | |
| European Three-Year-Old Champion Colt (1993) | |
| Last updated on February 3, 2007 | |


title: Community Democratic League

abstract: The Community Democratic League was a Venetist and Christian-socialist political party active in Veneto. The party was founded in July 2011 by some splinters of Liga Veneta–Lega Nord (LV–LN) led by Davide Lovat. Lovat had been an activist of Liga Veneta in the province of Vicenza for 18 years before becoming a leading voice against the party leadership. A keen Venetist and left-winger, in February 2011 he was expelled from the party. Some months on, along with other splinters from LV–LN, Lovat started organizing the LDC. The name "Community Democratic League" was chosen by Lovat, who has studied political science and theology, as a reference both to the "National Democratic League" of Romolo Murri, a radical priest, and the National League for Democracy of Nobel Peace Prize Aung San Suu Kyi. Lovat set the party in the tradition of Christian socialism and early Venetian nationalism. According to its manifesto, the LDC supported regionalism, the reform of the Italian Constitution following the German model, restrictions to immigration on economic grounds, and European integration in the form of the Gaullist "Europe of Peoples and Nations". The party opposed xenophobia, neo-liberalism, the exploitation of religions for political purposes, and the influence of the United States over Europe. As soon as in September the LDC became an associate party of Magdi Allam's I Love Italy party, while in October the party was integrated in the larger Venetian Project, including other small Venetist, autonomist, independentist and traditionalist parties and cultural associations. In December 2012 the LDC was integrated into Veneto State (VS) and Lovat was chosen as the party's candidate for mayor of Vicenza.

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# Community Democratic League

The **Community Democratic League** (*Lega Democratica Comunitaria*, LDC) was a Venetist and Christian-socialist political party active in Veneto.

The party was founded in July 2011 by some splinters of Liga VenetaLega Nord (LV–LN) led by Davide Lovat. Lovat had been an activist of Liga Veneta in the province of Vicenza for 18 years before becoming a leading voice against the party leadership. A keen Venetist and left-winger, in February 2011 he was expelled from the party. Some months on, along with other splinters from LV–LN, Lovat started organizing the LDC.

The name "Community Democratic League" was chosen by Lovat, who has studied political science and theology, as a reference both to the "National Democratic League" of Romolo Murri, a radical priest, and the National League for Democracy of Nobel Peace Prize Aung San Suu Kyi. Lovat set the party in the tradition of Christian socialism and early Venetian nationalism. According to its manifesto, the LDC supported regionalism, the reform of the Italian Constitution following the German model, restrictions to immigration on economic grounds, and European integration in the form of the Gaullist "Europe of Peoples and Nations". The party opposed xenophobia, neo-liberalism, the exploitation of religions for political purposes, and the influence of the United States over Europe.

As soon as in September the LDC became an associate party of Magdi Allam's I Love Italy party, while in October the party was integrated in the larger Venetian Project, including other small Venetist, autonomist, independentist and traditionalist parties and cultural associations.

In December 2012 the LDC was integrated into Veneto State (VS) and Lovat was chosen as the party's candidate for mayor of Vicenza.


title: Congregation of the Feuillants

abstract: The Feuillants were a Catholic congregation originating in the 1570s as a reform group within the Cistercians in its namesake Les Feuillants Abbey in France, which declared itself an independent order. In 1630 it separated into a French branch and an Italian branch. The French order was suppressed in 1791 during the French Revolution, but gave its name to the Club des Feuillants. The Italian order later rejoined the Cistercians.

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# Congregation of the Feuillants

The **Feuillants** were a Catholic congregation originating in the 1570s as a reform group within the Cistercians in its namesake Les Feuillants Abbey in France, which declared itself an independent order.

In 1630 it separated into a French branch (the Congregation of Our Lady of the Feuillants) and an Italian branch (the Reformed Bernardines or *Bernardoni*).

The French order was suppressed in 1791 during the French Revolution, but gave its name to the Club des Feuillants. The Italian order later rejoined the Cistercians.

## History

Les Feuillants Abbey, the Cistercian abbey near Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) from which the order took its name, was founded in 1145. It passed into the hands of commendatory abbots in 1493, and in that way came in 1562 to Jean de la Barrière (1544-1600). After his nomination he went to Paris to continue his studies, and then began his lifelong friendship with Arnaud d'Ossat, later cardinal. In 1573 Barrière, having decided to introduce a reform into his abbey, became a novice there himself, and after obtaining the necessary dispensations, made his solemn profession and was ordained priest, some time after 8 May 1573.

His was not an easy task. The twelve monks at Les Feuillants, despite the example and exhortations of their abbot, refused to accept the reform, which they disliked so greatly that they tried to poison him. Their resistance, however, was futile. In 1577 Barrière received the abbatial benediction, re-stated his intention of reforming his monastery, and made the members of the community understand that they had either to accept the reform or leave the abbey; most chose to do the latter and dispersed to various other Cistercian houses, leaving a community of five persons: two professed clerics, two novices, and Barrière himself.

The reform that caused such strong feeling consisted of an ascetic interpretation of the Cistercian rule in its most rigid sense and in many ways exceeded even that.

1. The Feuillants renounced the use of wine, fish, eggs, butter, salt, and all seasoning. Their nourishment consisted of barley bread, herbs cooked in water, and oatmeal.
2. Tables were abolished; they ate on the floor kneeling.
3. They kept the plain white Cistercian habit, but remained bare-headed and barefoot in the monastery.
4. They slept on the ground or on bare planks, with a stone for a pillow, and slept for only four hours.

In addition, silence and manual labour were prized. Despite, or perhaps because of, this austere regime, the community grew with the admission of fervent postulants.

In 1581 Barrière received from Pope Gregory XIII a brief of commendation and in 1589 one of confirmation, which established the Feuillants as a congregation separate from the Cistercian order, the abbots and general chapters of which mostly opposed it fiercely. Their opposition did not prevent the reform from flourishing.

In 1587 Pope Sixtus V called the Feuillants to Rome, where he gave them the Church of Santa Pudentiana. In the same year, King Henry III of France built for them the monastery of St. Bernard, more commonly known as the Convent of the Feuillants (Saint-Bernard-de-la-Pénitence or the Couvent des Feuillants), with its church, the Église des Feuillants, in the Rue Saint-Honoré, Paris. In 1590, however, the religious wars brought dissension: while Barrière remained loyal to Henry III, the majority of his religious declared for the Catholic League, in which they were extremely active: Bernard de Montgaillard, known as the "Petit Feuillant", particularly stood out by the vehemence of his sermons. Once the troubles were over, the Feuillants nevertheless enjoyed the favour of the new King, Henry IV, whom they had previously opposed.

Barrière however had been condemned in 1592 as a traitor to the Catholic cause, deposed, and reduced to lay communion. Only in 1600, through the efforts of Cardinal Bellarmine, was he exonerated and reinstated, but he died early in the same year in the arms of his friend Cardinal d'Ossat.

Monks such as Dom Sans de Sainte-Catherine and Dom Eustache de Saint-Paul became notable as great spiritual directors during what Brémond has called *l'invasion mystique* ("the mystical invasion").

In 1595 Pope Clement VIII exempted the reform from all jurisdiction on the part of Cistercian abbots, and allowed the Feuillants to draw up new constitutions, containing some relaxations of the initial austerities. These were approved the same year.

In 1598 the Feuillants took possession of a second monastery in Rome, San Bernardo alle Terme. In 1630 Pope Urban VIII divided the congregation into two entirely separate branches: one in France, under the title of the Congregation of Notre-Dame des Feuillants; and one in Italy, under the name of Bernardoni or Reformed Bernardines. In 1634 the Feuillants of France, and in 1667 the Bernardines of Italy, further modified the constitutions of 1595.

During the French Revolution, in 1791, when the Feuillants were suppressed along with the other religious orders of France, the congregation had twenty-four abbeys in France, but not more than 162 members. The Reformed Bernardines of Italy eventually rejoined the Cistercian order.

The order also had women religious, known as the Feuillantines, established in 1588 and abolished in 1791, who had only two houses, one founded at Montesquieu-Volvestre in 1588 and later moved to Toulouse, and the other founded in Paris in 1622 in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques.

The Constituante of 1789-1791 took the former monastic premises in Paris for its offices. The buildings were also used for their meetings by, and gave their name to, the conservative Club des Feuillants, a political club (1791-1792) which united moderates and constitutional monarchists. From 10 to 12 August 1792 the former monastery accommodated Louis XVI and his family.

## Notable members

Some of the more distinguished Feuillants were:

## Monasteries

Among the congregation's houses were:

## Notes and references

## Sources

* Ariew, Roger. *Descartes and the First Cartesians.* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 9780199563517
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Feuillants
* *Nouveau Larousse Illustrée; Dictionnaire Universel encyclopédique*, volume 4 (E-G), 1900
* Duval, André, 2000: *Dictionnaire de l'Histoire du Christianisme*, Paris, Encyclopédia Universalis ISBN 978-2-7028-2976-9


title: Congregation of the Annunciation

abstract: The Congregation of the Annunciation, formerly known as the Belgian Congregation, is a congregation of monasteries within the Roman Catholic Benedictine Confederation. Founded in 1920, the Congregation includes fifteen independent male monasteries spread throughout ten countries. Additionally, two female monasteries are members of the Congregation, while a further ten are affiliated with the Congregation.

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# Congregation of the Annunciation

The **Congregation of the Annunciation** (*Congregatio Annuntiationis B.M.V.*), formerly known as the **Belgian Congregation**, is a congregation of monasteries within the Roman Catholic Benedictine Confederation. Founded in 1920, the Congregation includes fifteen independent male monasteries spread throughout ten countries. Additionally, two female monasteries are members of the Congregation, while a further ten are affiliated with the Congregation.

## History

In 1920, the Belgian Congregation of the Annunciation was founded by three of the great abbeys of Belgium: St. Andrew's Abbey in Bruges, Keizersberg Abbey, and Maredsous Abbey. These monasteries shared descent from the Abbey of Beuron. Their respective abbots, Theodore Neve, Robert de Kerchove, and Columba Marmion, chose to unite their communities into a new congregation.

Yet even before its inception, the international character of the Annunciation Congregation was nascent. Gerard van Caloen, founder of St. Andrew's Abbey, dreamed of reviving the missionary apostolate of such early Benedictines as Boniface, Apostle of the Germans. While acting as the Beuronese Congregation's procurator in Rome, Van Caloen saw that the Brazilian Congregation was in need of assistance. Thus, in 1898, he facilitated the foundation of St. Andrew's Abbey as a *procura* for monastic restoration. Upon being raised to an abbey in 1901, St. Andrew's Abbey was incorporated into the Brazilian Congregation, but was detached from it in 1920 to form the Congregation of the Annunciation.

Under Van Caloen's successor, Abbot Theodore Neve, the monks of St. Andrew's Abbey established mission stations in the Belgian Congo. The abbey would go on to create monastic foundations in China, India, Poland, the United States, and Zaire. Likewise, Maredsous established an Irish foundation in 1927, which in turn has expanded to Nigeria. The Polish community at Tyniec near Kraków has founded two additional houses in Poland, and one in Slovakia.

Over the years, the Annunciation Congregation has also expanded by incorporating previously existing abbeys. Thus, the Abbey of St Matthias (Germany), Egmond Abbey (Netherlands), the Abbey of Our Lady of Exile (Trinidad and Tobago), and St Benedict's Abbey, Singeverga (Portugal) have contributed their mature monastic communities to the Congregation.

In 1968, the monastery of Mont César, Louvain (Belgium) withdrew from the Congregation to join the Flemish Province of the Subiaco Congregation.

## Governance

Under the Constitutions of the Congregation of the Annunciation, canonical visitations of member houses are conducted four years. Likewise, the General Chapter convenes every four years. The General Chapter, organized at one of the Congregation's European abbeys, brings together a superior and an elected delegate from each of the Congregation's monasteries.

The Abbot President of the Congregation of the Annunciation is Father Maxymilian Newara of the Monastery of Lubin, Poland The Abbot President is elected every eight years.

## List of member houses and "dependencies"

Member houses and *dependencies*:

### Africa

### Americas

### Asia

### Europe

## Affiliates

* Home Casa de Huambo, Angola
* Abbey Sainte-Gertrude, Belgium
* Conventual Priory of Our Lady Van Bethanie, Loppem, Belgium
* Conventual Priory de L'Alliance
* Priory Notre-Dame, Ermeton-Sur-Biert, Belgium

## Benedictine nuns

### Affiliates


title: Communion (book)

abstract: Communion: A True Story is a book by American ufologist and horror author Whitley Strieber that was first published in February 1987. The book is based on the supposed experiences of Whitley Strieber, who experiences "lost time" and terrifying flashbacks, which hypnosis undertaken by Budd Hopkins later links to an alleged encounter with aliens. Communion was a nonfiction best seller for six months in 1987. The book was later made into a film directed by Philippe Mora and starring Christopher Walken as Strieber and Lindsay Crouse as his wife, Anne. A 2008 trade paperback edition presents a new preface by the author. Strieber compares the "familiar" being he sees, whom he describes as female, to the Sumerian goddess Ishtar.

text:
# Communion (book)

***Communion: A True Story*** is a book by American ufologist and horror author Whitley Strieber that was first published in February 1987. The book is based on the supposed experiences of Whitley Strieber, who experiences "lost time" and terrifying flashbacks, which hypnosis undertaken by Budd Hopkins later links to an alleged encounter with aliens. *Communion* was a nonfiction best seller for six months in 1987.

The book was later made into a film directed by Philippe Mora and starring Christopher Walken as Strieber and Lindsay Crouse as his wife, Anne. A 2008 trade paperback edition presents a new preface by the author.

Strieber compares the "familiar" being he sees, whom he describes as female, to the Sumerian goddess Ishtar.

## Cover art

The cover painting of an alien was rendered by Ted Seth Jacobs. The painting is considered one of the most widely recognised popular culture images of alleged "grey" aliens. The *Communion* cover, Jacobs recounts:

"was painted in my small apartment on East 83rd St, in New York City. Whitley sat with me first for a drawing of the Alien. As I sketched, he would indicate how to change the portrait so that it would more match what he saw. It was, I believe, the process used by police sketch artists. Every last detail was corrected according to his instructions. At one point, he said the image corresponded exactly to what he had seen. With Whitley beside me for the subsequent session, I began to paint the image on a wooden prepared panel, going through the same process as for the drawing, until Whitley finally said the image was exact. ... As to the gender of the Alien image, to tell the truth, the subject didn't come up. I don't even know if the 'greys' have gender as we understand it. Whitley corrected the developing image to have a certain fragility, a vulnerability. I suppose we Earthlings usually associate these qualities with femininity."

*The X-Files* episode "Jose Chung's *From Outer Space*" parodied the book cover.

Virginia screamo band Pg. 99 included an audio recording of a person reading a short excerpt of the story in their album *Document #5*.

Swedish progressive metal band Evergrey's album *In Search of Truth* is a concept album based on the book.

Sahar is seen reading a well worn copy of this book in "Love Language" (S1, Ep5) of the SyFy series *Resident Alien*.

Strieber makes an appearance in the 2009 film *Race to Witch Mountain*.

## Bibliography

1. Colin Groves in *Skeptical - a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal*, ed Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p. 4
2. "Whitley Stieber: UFO cultist or serious author?". *The Daily Spectrum (Saint George, Utah)*. November 10, 1988. p. 9.
3. Bueche, W., "Ted Seth Jacobs: An interview with the artist" Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine URL accessed Aug 18, 2008(1999)
4. Genge, Ngaire (1996). *The Unofficial X-Files Companion II*. Avon Books. p. 175. ISBN 0-380-79024-6.
5. "Pg. 99 - by the Fireplace in White Lyrics".
6. "Evergrey – In Search of the Truth with Thomas Englund". Metal-Rules.com. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
7. Orndorf, Brian. "Race to Witch Mountain (2009) - Review". *Scifimoviepage.com*. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
8. "Race to Witch Mountain Set Visit: Part I". *ComingSoon.net*. 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2024-08-05.

## InfoBox

Communion: A True Story
| Front Cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Whitley Strieber |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Avon |
| Publication date | February 25, 1987 |
| Media type | Print (paperback) |
| Pages | 320 |
| ISBN | 978-0-380-70388-3 |
| OCLC | 17375661 |
| Followed by | *Transformation* |


abstract: The Communist Party of the Republic of China was a political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was officially registered on 31 March 2009 by the Ministry of the Interior, making it the 147th registered political party in the country and the second legally named "communist party" in Taiwan after the Taiwan Communist Party. The party's inaugural meeting was held at the Chung-Shan Building in the Yangmingshan National Park in October 2008 and is led by Lu Yubao as the party's chairman and Chen Tianfu as the General Secretary. The party supported the platform of the Chinese Communist Party and Chinese unification. The party was dissolved by the Ministry of Interior on 23 May 2018.

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# Communist Party of the Republic of China

The **Communist Party of the Republic of China** (Chinese: 中華民國共產黨; pinyin: *Zhōnghuá Mínguó Gòngchǎndǎng*) was a political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). It was officially registered on 31 March 2009 by the Ministry of the Interior, making it the 147th registered political party in the country and the second legally named "communist party" in Taiwan after the Taiwan Communist Party.

The party's inaugural meeting was held at the Chung-Shan Building in the Yangmingshan National Park in October 2008 and is led by Lu Yubao as the party's chairman and Chen Tianfu as the General Secretary. The party supported the platform of the Chinese Communist Party and Chinese unification.

The party was dissolved by the Ministry of Interior on 23 May 2018.

## InfoBox

| Communist Party of the Republic of China | |
| --- | --- |
| Chairman | Lu Yubao |
| General Secretary | Chen Tianfu
(until 25 September 2009) |
| Founded | 31 March 2009 (2009-03-31) |
| Dissolved | 23 May 2018 (2018-05-23) |
| Ideology | Chinese communism
Chinese unification |
|  | |


title: Confiteor

abstract: The Confiteor is one of the prayers that can be said during the Penitential Act at the beginning of Mass of the Roman Rite in the Catholic Church. It is also said in the Lutheran Church at the beginning of the Divine Service, and by some Anglo-Catholic Anglicans before Mass.

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# Confiteor

The ***Confiteor*** (pronounced \[konˈfite.or\]; so named from its first word, Latin for 'I confess' or 'I acknowledge') is one of the prayers that can be said during the Penitential Act at the beginning of Mass of the Roman Rite in the Catholic Church. It is also said in the Lutheran Church at the beginning of the Divine Service, and by some Anglo-Catholic Anglicans before Mass.

## History

While Eastern liturgies begin with a confession of sin made by the celebrant alone, the earliest records of the Roman Rite all describe the Mass as beginning with the introit. However, the celebrant may have used a *Confiteor*-like confession of sinfulness as one of the private prayers he said in the sacristy before he began Mass. Only in the 10th or 11th century is there any evidence of the preparation for Mass being made at the altar.

Some prayers similar to the *Confiteor* appear earlier outside of Mass. The *Canonical Rule* of Chrodegang of Metz (d. 743) recommends: "First of all prostrate yourself humbly in the sight of God ... and pray Blessed Mary with the holy Apostles and Martyrs and Confessors to pray to the Lord for you." Ecgbert of York (d. 766) also gives a short form that is the germ of the present prayer: "Say to him to whom you wish to confess your sins: through my fault that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed." In answer the confessor says almost exactly the *Misereatur*.

The *Confiteor* is first found quoted as part of the introduction of the Mass in Bernold of Constance (died 1100). The *Misereatur* and *Indulgentiam* prayers follow, the former slightly different but the latter exactly as in the Tridentine Missal. The Tridentine form of the *Confiteor* is found in the 14th-century "Ordo Romanus XIV" with only a slight modification, and is found word for word in a decree of the Third Council of Ravenna (1314).

In the Middle Ages, the form of the *Confiteor* and especially the list of the saints whom it invoked varied considerably. The Carthusian, Carmelite, and Dominican Orders, whose Missals, having by then existed for more than 200 years, were still allowed after 1570, had forms of the *Confiteor* different from that in the Tridentine Missal. These three forms were quite short, and contained only one "*mea culpa*"; the Dominicans invoked, besides the Blessed Virgin, Saint Dominic. Moreover, some other orders had the privilege of adding the name of their founder after that of St. Paul. The Franciscans for instance inserted the name of St. Francis of Assisi, and many Benedictine houses added the name of their founder, St. Benedict. The local patron was inserted at the same place in a few local uses.

To what is here taken from the *Catholic Encyclopedia* one can add the text of an elaborate (but ungrammatical) form of the *Confiteor* found in the *Paenitentiale Vallicellanum II*, which has been attributed to the 9th century:

Confiteor Deo et beatae Mariae semper virgini,
et beato Michaeli archangelo et beato Iohanni baptistae
et sanctis apostolis Petro et Paulo omnibus sanctis et tibi patri
mea culpa *(III vic.)* peccavi
per superbiam in multa mea mala iniqua et pessima cogitatione,
locutione, pollutione, sugestione, delectatione, consensu, verbo et opere,
in periurio, in adulterio, in sacrilegio, omicidio, furtu, falso testimonio,
peccavi visu, auditu, gustu, odoratu et tactu,
et moribus, vitiis meis malis.
Precor beatam Mariam semper virginem et omnibus sanctis
et isti sancti et te pater,
orare et intercedere pro me peccatore Dominum nostrum Ies. Christum.

I confess to God and to blessed Mary ever-Virgin,
to blessed Michael the Archangel and blessed John the Baptist
and to the holy apostles Peter and Paul
along with all the saints and you Father:
through my fault *(thrice)* I have sinned
by pride in my abundant evil iniquitous and heinous thought,
speech, pollution, suggestion, delectation, consent, word and deed,
in perjury, adultery, sacrilege, murder, theft, false witness,
I have sinned by sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch,
and in my behaviour, my evil vices.
I beg blessed Mary ever-Virgin and all the saints
and these saints and you, Father,
to pray and intercede for me a sinner to our Lord Jesus Christ.

In all editions of the Tridentine Roman Missal from 1570 to 1962 the text of the *Confiteor* remained unvaried, but there were changes in the related rubrics and in the wording of the *Misereatur* prayer with which the servers responded to the priest's *Confiteor* and the priest to that of the servers. In the original Tridentine Roman Missal, promulgated and published by Pope St. Pius V in 1570, this prayer included the phrase *dimissis omnibus peccatis vestris/tuis* ("forgive you *all* your sins"); but in 1604 another Pope, Clement VIII, revised the original Tridentine Roman Missal of 1570, and, among other changes, removed the word *omnibus* ("all") from this prayer.

## Usage in Catholicism

### Texts

Since 2011, the text of the *Confiteor* in the Roman Missal is as follows:

Confiteor Deo omnipotenti,
et vobis fratres \[et sorores\],
quia peccavi nimis
cogitatione, verbo,
opere et omissione:
mea culpa, mea culpa,
mea maxima culpa.
Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem,
omnes Angelos et Sanctos,
et vos, fratres \[et sorores\],
orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum.

I confess to almighty God
and to you, my brothers \[and sisters\],
that I have greatly sinned,
in my thoughts and in my words,
in what I have done and in what I have failed to do,
through my fault, through my fault,
through my most grievous fault;
therefore I ask blessed Mary ever-Virgin,
all the Angels and Saints,
and you, my brothers \[and sisters\],
to pray for me to the Lord our God.

The form in the Tridentine Roman Missal (in Latin) is longer and is said twice, first by the priest in the following form, then by the altar server(s), who replace the words "et vobis, fratres", "et vos, fratres" (and you, brethren) with "et tibi, pater" and "et te, pater" (and you, Father).

Confiteor Deo omnipotenti,
beatae Mariae semper Virgini,
beato Michaeli Archangelo,
beato Ioanni Baptistae,
sanctis Apostolis Petro et Paulo,
omnibus Sanctis, et vobis, fratres:
quia peccavi nimis
cogitatione, verbo et opere:
mea culpa, mea culpa,
mea maxima culpa.
Ideo precor beatam Mariam semper Virginem,
beatum Michaelem Archangelum,
beatum Ioannem Baptistam,
sanctos Apostolos Petrum et Paulum,
omnes Sanctos, et vos, fratres,
orare pro me ad Dominum Deum nostrum.

I confess to Almighty God,
to blessed Mary ever Virgin,
to blessed Michael the Archangel
to blessed John the Baptist,
to the holy Apostles Peter and Paul,
to all the Saints, and to you, brethren,
that I have sinned exceedingly
in thought, word and deed:
through my fault, through my fault,
through my most grievous fault.
Therefore I beseech blessed Mary ever Virgin,
blessed Michael the Archangel,
blessed John the Baptist,
the holy Apostles Peter and Paul,
all the Saints, and you, brethren,
to pray for me to the Lord our God.

In the Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal, if a priest celebrated Mass in the presence of the Pope or a cardinal, or of a nuncio, a patriarch, a metropolitan archbishop or a diocesan bishop within their own jurisdictions, he changed "et vobis, fratres", "et vos, fratres" (and you, brethren) into "et tibi, pater" and "et te, pater" (and you, Father) when reciting his own *Confiteor*.

### Occasions of recitation

Until 1969, therefore, the *Confiteor* was spoken (not sung) twice at the beginning of Mass, after the recitation of Psalm 42/43, once by the priest and once by the server(s) or by the deacon and subdeacon. It was also said, once only (not by the priest), before Communion was distributed to the faithful, until Pope John XXIII in his 1960 Code of Rubrics had it omitted when Communion was distributed within Mass. As the pre-1962 editions of the Tridentine Missal did not envisage any distribution of Communion to the faithful within Mass, it was the rite of giving Communion to the faithful outside of Mass that was used even within Mass.

The Tridentine Roman Ritual also required recitation of the *Confiteor* before administration of Extreme Unction and the imparting of the Apostolic Blessing to a dying person. The Ritual's prescription that a penitent should begin their confession by reciting at least the opening words of the *Confiteor* was not generally observed.

The Caeremoniale Episcoporum of the time also laid down that, when a bishop sings high Mass, the deacon should sing the *Confiteor* after the sermon and before the bishop granted an indulgence. This custom, the only occasion on which the *Confiteor* was to be sung rather than recited, had fallen into disuse even before the twentieth century.

In the Divine Office, the *Confiteor* was often said at Prime and almost always at Compline.

Since 1969, the Roman Ritual, the Caeremoniale Episcoporum, and the Liturgy of the Hours no longer require recitation of this particular prayer.

As stated above, Pope John XXIII's 1960 Code of Rubrics and his 1962 edition of the Tridentine Roman Missal, use of which was authorized under the conditions indicated in the 2007 motu proprio *Summorum Pontificum*, and restricted under the conditions of 2021 motu proprio *Traditionis Custodes*, removed the recitation of the *Confiteor* immediately before the distribution of Holy Communion to the people. Nonetheless, in some places where the 1962 Roman Missal is used, this additional *Confiteor* is in fact recited. A 2011 survey showed that this practice, though controversial, is quite common. Especially in the United States, traditionalist Catholics argue that it should be restored.

### Accompanying gestures and prayers

Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal prescribed that the priest should make a profound bow to the altar while reciting the *Confiteor* with joined hands and that he should remain bowed until the server or servers began their recitation of the *Confiteor*.

From 1604 to 1962, the Roman Missal also prescribed that, at the words *mea culpa, mea culpa, mea maxima culpa*, those reciting the *Confiteor* should strike their breast three times. Neither the original (1570) Tridentine edition of the Roman Missal nor the Vatican II editions (from 1970 on) specify the number of times. No edition specifies the form of the breast-beating, except to say that it is to be done with the right hand. That the hand should be clenched into a fist is stated by some and denied by others. Saint Augustine of Hippo said: "No sooner have you heard the word 'Confiteor', than you strike your breast. What does this mean except that you wish to bring to light what is concealed in the breast, and by this act to cleanse your hidden sins?" (Sermo de verbis Domini, 13), and Saint Jerome said: "We strike our breast, because the breast is the seat of evil thoughts: we wish to dispel these thoughts, we wish to purify our hearts" (In Ezechiel, xviii). This gesture of sorrow for sin is found in Scripture, as for instance in Luke 18:13 and Jeremiah 31:19.

Tridentine editions prescribed that a prayer be said for the person who recited the Confiteor. After the priest's recitation, the server(s) prayed: "Misereátur tui omnípotens Deus, et dimíssis peccátis tuis, perdúcat te ad vitam ætérnam" (May Almighty God have mercy upon you and, your sins having been forgiven, may He bring you to eternal life). And the priest responded: "Amen". After the recitation by the server(s), the priest said the same prayer (with *vestri* and *vestris*, "you" plural, not "you" singular), and the server(s) answers: "Amen". In editions since 1970, in which the *Confiteor* is recited jointly, this prayer is said by the priest alone, replacing *vestri* and *vestris* ("you" and "your") with *nostri* and *nostris* ("us" and "our"). The official English translation is: "May almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us our sins, and bring us to everlasting life."

This prayer is referred to as the "absolution", a prayer for forgiveness, not a granting of forgiveness as in the Sacrament of Penance. It is therefore classified as a sacramental, not a sacrament.

Tridentine editions of the Roman Missal included a second prayer of absolution, said by the priest alone: "Indulgéntiam, absolutiónem, et remissiónem peccatórum nostrórum tríbuat nobis omnípotens et miséricors Dóminus" (May the Almighty and merciful God grant us pardon, absolution, and remission of our sins). The server(s) or deacon and subdeacon responded to this also with "Amen".

### Indulgence

The 2004 *Enchiridion Indulgentiarum* granted a partial indulgence to those who pray the *Confiteor* in preparation for the Sacrament of Penance.

## Usage in Lutheranism

It is Lutheran tradition for the *Confiteor* to be recited by the congregation at the beginning of each Divine Service. The following is a common text, similar to the 2010 ICEL translation:

> Most merciful God, we confess that we are by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned against you in thought, word, and deed, by what we have done and by what we have left undone. We have not loved You with our whole heart; we have not loved our neighbors as ourselves. We justly deserve Your present and eternal punishment. For the sake of Your Son, Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. Forgive us, renew us, and lead us, so that we may delight in Your will and walk in Your ways to the glory of your Holy Name. Amen.

The *Confiteor* is also said during the office of Compline, the final office/liturgy of the day. In the Lutheran Service Book, used by the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, it is first recited by the pastor, then repeated by the congregation. The Compline *Confiteor* is as follows:

> I confess to God Almighty, before the whole company of heaven and to you, my brothers and sisters, that I have sinned in thought, word, and deed by my fault, by my own fault, by my own most grievous fault; wherefore I pray God Almighty to have mercy on me, forgive me all my sins, and bring me to everlasting life. Amen.

1. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Fortescue, Adrian (1908). "Confiteor". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). *Catholic Encyclopedia*. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
2. Griffin, Patrick. "Rites." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 29 August 2016
3. Wasserschleben, Friedrich Wilhelm (1851). *Die Bussordnungen der abendländischen Kirche*. Halle: Ch. Graeger. p. 555. Retrieved 24 February 2015. mea culpa.
4. Manlio Sodi and Achille Maria Triacca, *Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570)* (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998), p. 294
5. *Missale Romanum ex decreto sacrosancti Concilii Tridentini restitutum Pii Quinti Pontificis Maximi iussu editum* (Paris 1603), p. 136
6. *Missale Romanum ex decreto sacrosancti Concilii Tridentini restitutum Pii Quinti Pontificis Maximi iussu editum et Clementis VIII auctoritate recognitum* (Vatican Press 1604), pp. 205−206
7. "From the 2010 ICEL Translation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
8. Missale Romanum 1962
9. "Prayers at the Foot of the Altar". Archived from the original on 2019-06-20. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
10. *Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae*, III, 8 (p. LV in the 1962 Missal)
11. Code of Rubrics, 503
12. Archdiocese of Dublin, Information on celebration of Mass according to the 1962 Roman Missal
13. A question for our readers: the Second Confiteor
14. Peter Kwasniewski, "Why the *Confiteor* Before Communion Should Be Retained (or Reintroduced)"
15. "MacMichael, Brian W., "The New Translation of the Holy Mass: The Confiteor", Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
16. Andrew Meehan, "Striking of the Breast" in *The Catholic Encyclopedia* (New York 1907)
17. *Enchiridion Indulgentiarum. quarto editur*, *Concessiones* 9 2°.


abstract: The Communist Party of Canada - Ontario ran a number of candidates in the 1981 provincial election, none of whom were elected. Information on these candidates may be found here.

text:
# Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) candidates in the 1981 Ontario provincial election

The **Communist Party of Canada - Ontario** ran a number of candidates in the **1981 provincial election**, none of whom were elected. Information on these candidates may be found here.

## Norman J. Newell (St. Catharines)

Newell was a resident of Niagara Falls at the time of the election. He received 132 votes (0.41%), finishing fourth against Liberal incumbent Jim Bradley.

He has remained active into the Communist Party at least into the 1990s, and donated $400 to the Ontario party in 1997.


title: Cong Burn

abstract: The Cong Burn is a small river in County Durham, England. It has its origin in a number of streams, among them Wheatley Green Burn, that rise on the southern and eastern slopes of Wheatley Hill, north of the village of Burnhope, and other streams, principally Whiteside Burn, that have their source on the southern slopes of Wheatley Hill and the northern slopes of Taylor's Hill, just east of Burnhope. These streams come together in the vicinity of West Edmondsley to form the Cong Burn, which flows in a broadly easterly or northeasterly direction, around the northern flank of Waldridge Fell and the western edge of Chester-le-Street, before flowing through the town to join the River Wear immediately east of the town. In 1932, the lower reach of the burn, where it passes through the centre of Chester-le-Street, was channelled into a covered concrete culvert, which passes beneath the town's Market Place.

text:
# Cong Burn

The **Cong Burn** is a small river in County Durham, England. It has its origin in a number of streams, among them Wheatley Green Burn, that rise on the southern and eastern slopes of Wheatley Hill, north of the village of Burnhope, and other streams, principally Whiteside Burn, that have their source on the southern slopes of Wheatley Hill and the northern slopes of Taylor's Hill, just east of Burnhope.

These streams come together in the vicinity of West Edmondsley to form the Cong Burn, which flows in a broadly easterly or northeasterly direction, around the northern flank of Waldridge Fell and the western edge of Chester-le-Street, before flowing through the town to join the River Wear immediately east of the town.

In 1932, the lower reach of the burn, where it passes through the centre of Chester-le-Street, was channelled into a covered concrete culvert, which passes beneath the town's Market Place.

54°51′30″N 1°33′58″W / 54.8582°N 1.5661°W / 54.8582; -1.5661


title: Concerto Grosso in D Blues

abstract: Concerto Grosso in D Blues is an album by flautist Herbie Mann, merging jazz with classical music. It was recorded in 1968 and released on the Atlantic label.

text:
# Concerto Grosso in D Blues

***Concerto Grosso in D Blues*** is an album by flautist Herbie Mann, merging jazz with classical music. It was recorded in 1968 and released on the Atlantic label.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

AllMusic awarded the album 5 stars and its review by Richard Ginell states, "Not only is this rare LP one of Herbie Mann's own favorites, it is one of the most moving classical/jazz fusions ever recorded".

## Track listing

1. "Concerto Grosso in D Blues" (Herbie Mann, William S. Fischer) - 28:12
2. "Sense of No Return" (William S. Fischer) - 5:10
3. "Wailing Wall" (Mann) - 9:42
4. "My Little Ones" (Mann) - 7:08

* Recorded at Teldec Studios in Berlin, West Germany on November 11, 1968 (track 1) and November 12, 1968 (tracks 2-4)

## Personnel

Technical

## InfoBox

| Concerto Grosso in D Blues | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Herbie Mann | |
| Released | 1969 |
| Recorded | November 11 & 12, 1968 |
| Studio | Teldec Studios, Berlin, West Germany |
| Genre | Third stream |
| Length | 50:23 |
| Label | Atlantic
SD 1540 |
| Producer | Nesuhi Ertegun |
| Herbie Mann chronology | |
| *Memphis Underground*
(1968) ***Concerto Grosso in D Blues***
(1969) *Live at the Whisky a Go Go*
(1969) | |


title: Concerto Köln

abstract: Concerto Köln is an ensemble specialising in music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The group formed in 1985, one of many groups associated with the surging interest in period instruments in that decade. Its members consisted mainly of recent graduates of conservatories from across Europe. They began touring the Continent, often making appearances at major festivals. In 1992 they founded the Cologne Festival of Early Music with the aid of Deutschland Radio. They receive no government subsidies, and do not have a permanent conductor, though the group has an artistic director, Martin Sandhoff. Among the concert masters is Evgeny Sviridov. Their repertory stretches from early Baroque on through the Classical Era and as far into the nineteenth century as Wagner. They have also done a number of collaborative works, such as a disc juxtaposing Turkish folk music with pieces in a Turkish style by composers such as Mozart. They have recorded frequently with, among others, René Jacobs, Daniel Harding, Louis Langrée, David Stern, Ivor Bolton, Marcus Creed, Christopher Moulds and Evelino Pidò.

text:
# Concerto Köln

**Concerto Köln** is an ensemble specialising in music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The group formed in 1985, one of many groups associated with the surging interest in period instruments in that decade. Its members consisted mainly of recent graduates of conservatories from across Europe. They began touring the Continent, often making appearances at major festivals. In 1992 they founded the Cologne Festival of Early Music with the aid of Deutschland Radio. They receive no government subsidies, and do not have a permanent conductor, though the group has an artistic director, Martin Sandhoff. Among the concert masters is Evgeny Sviridov.

Their repertory stretches from early Baroque on through the Classical Era and as far into the nineteenth century as Wagner. They have also done a number of collaborative works, such as a disc juxtaposing Turkish folk music with pieces in a Turkish style by composers such as Mozart. They have recorded frequently with, among others, René Jacobs, Daniel Harding, Louis Langrée, David Stern, Ivor Bolton, Marcus Creed, Christopher Moulds and Evelino Pidò.

## Discography

The ensemble has released more than 50 recordings, including the following:

## InfoBox

| Concerto Köln | |
| --- | --- |
| Orchestra | |
| In concert at the 2022 Rheingau Musik Festival at Eberbach Abbey | |
| Founded | 1985 (1985) |
| Location | Cologne |
| Principal conductor | Evgeny Sviridov |
| Website | www.concerto-koeln.de/1733.html |


title: Expeditie Robinson 2006

abstract: Expeditie Robinson 2006, was the seventh Dutch/Belgian version of the Swedish show Expedition Robinson, or Survivor as it is referred to in some countries. This season began airing on August 28, 2006 and concluded on November 20, 2006.

text:
# Expeditie Robinson 2006

***Expeditie Robinson 2006***, was the seventh Dutch/Belgian version of the Swedish show *Expedition Robinson*, or *Survivor* as it is referred to in some countries. This season began airing on August 28, 2006 and concluded on November 20, 2006.

## Season summary

The major twist this season was that the tribes were initially divided up by gender with one "All-Star" contestant joining each tribe. These two All-Stars were, Klaar Lippe and Robin Ibens. Though the main twist may have seemed like a repeat of twists that occurred in previous seasons, unlike previous seasons with a similar twist this season male contestants were from Belgium and all females from the Netherlands. While the All-Star contestants weren't eligible to win, they could vote and following a tribal swap in episode 4, they could give any contestant on their tribe immunity at tribal council.

Following the merge in episode 8, the twist that was "Losers Island", was introduced to the game. After a contestant was eliminated they would be sent to Losers island where they would wait until there were only two contestants left in the game at which point the six contestants on the island would vote for one of their own to return. When it came time to vote for a winner, the public, instead of a jury decided the winner. In the end, it was Olga Urashova who returned from Losers island in the final three, who won the season over Lenny Janssen with a public vote of 52% to Lenny's 48%.

## Finishing order

| Contestant | Original
Tribe | Mixed
Tribe | Merged
Tribe | Finish |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Susanna Pronk**
38, Rotterdam, Netherlands | North Team |  |  | Left Competition
Day 3 |
| **Frederik Man**
19, Roeselare, Belgium | South Team |  |  | Left Competition
Day 6 |
| **Matthijs Leenknecht**
26, Wevelgem, Belgium | South Team |  |  | Left Competition
Day 7 |
| **Patricia Langiusa**
28, Zaandam, Netherlands | North Team |  |  | Left Competition
Day 11 |
| **Saron Emden**
32, Amsterdam, Netherlands | North Team |  |  | Left Competition
Day 11 |
| **Michelle Hendrikx**
21, Landgraaf, Netherlands | North Team | South Team |  | 3rd Voted Out
Day 16 |
| **Werner Leysen**
33, Brasschaat, Belgium | South Team | South Team |  | 4th Voted Out
Day 19 |
| **Bert Selleslags**
35, Bazel, Belgium | South Team | South Team |  | 5th Voted Out
Day 23 |
| Olga Urashova
Returned to game | North Team | South Team | Casaya | 6th Voted Out
Day 27 |
| **Koen Deloose**
40, Antwerp, Belgium | South Team | South Team | | 7th Voted Out
Day 31
Lost Vote
Day 46 |
| **Curd Velghe**
40, Harelbeke, Belgium | South Team | North Team | | 8th Voted Out
Day 35
Lost Vote
Day 46 |
| **Wietske de Meer**
41, Zwolle, Netherlands | North Team | North Team | | 9th Voted Out
Day 39
Lost Vote
Day 46 |
| **Linda van Eijk**
23, Almere, Netherlands | North Team | North Team | | 10th Voted Out
Day 42
Lost Vote
Day 46 |
| **Ignazio Nicolo**
48, Maasmechelen, Belgium | South Team | North Team | | 11th Voted Out
Day 45
Lost Vote
Day 46 |
| **Bernadette Mittendorf**
46, Borne, Netherlands | North Team | South Team | | 12th Voted Out
Day 49 |
| **Lenny Janssen**
24, Temse, Belgium | South Team | North Team | | Runner-Up
Day 49 |
| **Olga Urashova**
25, Hoofddorp, Netherlands | North Team | South Team | | Sole Survivor
Day 49 |
|

## Voting history

|  | Original Tribes | | | | | | | Mixed Tribes | | | Merged Tribe | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Episode #: | 2 | | 3 | | | 4 | 5 | | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Reunion | | |
| Eliminated: | Susanna
No vote | ~~Saron~~
4/8 votes, | Frederik
No vote | Matthijs
No vote | ~~Curd~~
4/7 votes, | Patricia
No vote | Saron
No vote | Michelle
5/7 votes | Werner
4/6 votes | Bert
3/4 votes | Olga
6/10 votes | Koen
4/7 votes | Curd
5/6 votes | Wietske
3/5 votes | Linda
3/4 votes | Ignazio
2/5 votes | Bernadette
2/5 votes | Lenny
48%
to win | Olga
52%
to win |
| Voter | Vote | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Olga |  | Linda |  |  |  |  |  | Michelle | Bert | Bert | Linda
Linda | On Loser's Island | | | | | Survived | Sole Survivor | |
| Lenny |  |  |  |  | Curd |  |  |  |  |  | Olga | Linda | Curd | Wietske | Linda | Ignazio | Immune | Runner-Up | |
| Bernadette |  | Patricia |  |  |  |  |  | Michelle | Werner | Bert | Linda | Linda | Curd | Wietske | Linda | Ignazio | Eliminated |  | |
| Ignazio |  |  |  |  | Bert |  |  |  |  |  | Olga
Olga | Koen | Curd | Wietske | Linda | Bernadette | Bernadette | |
| Linda |  | Saron |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Olga | Koen | Curd | Bernadette | Bernadette | On Loser's Island | Olga | |
| Wietske |  | Saron |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Olga | Koen | Curd | Bernadette | On Loser's Island | | Bernadette | |
| Curd |  |  |  |  | Bert |  |  |  |  |  | Olga | Koen | Ignazio | On Loser's Island | | | Olga | |
| Koen |  |  |  |  | Curd |  |  | Michelle | Werner | Bert | Linda | Curd | On Loser's Island | | | | Olga | |
| Bert |  |  |  |  | Curd |  |  | Michelle | Werner | Olga |  | | | | | | | | |
| Werner |  |  |  |  | Curd |  |  | Michelle | Koen |  | | | | | | | | | |
| Michelle |  | Saron |  |  |  |  |  | Bert |  | | | | | | | | | | |
| Saron |  | Patricia |  |  |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Patricia |  | Saron |  |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Matthijs |  |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Frederik |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Susanna |  |  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Klaar |  | Patricia |  |  |  |  |  | Bert | Werner |  | | | | | | | | | |
| Robin |  |  |  |  | Koen |  |  |  |  |  | | | | | | | | | |
|

**^1** As Klaar and Robin were the two returning All-Stars this season neither could win or be voted out.

**^2** As Susanna voluntarily left the competition in episode 1, no one was eliminated at the first tribal council.

**^3** As Matthijs voluntarily left the competition in episode 3, no one was eliminated at the second tribal council.

**^4** When Klaar and Robin left the competition they each were allowed to grant one member of their tribe two votes at the first tribal council following the merge. Klaar chose Olga and Robin chose Ignazio.

**^5** Bernadette had extra one black vote and one neutralizing (white) vote.

**^6** Immediately following Ignzaio's elimination, all contestants living on Loser's island voted for one of their own to return to the game. Olga won the vote and competed against Bernadette and Lenny in the final immunity challenge of the season. Lenny won the challenge and was immune from the final vote in which contestants that had lived on Loser's island voted for who of Bernadette and Lenny they wanted to see in the final two.

**^7** It was decided that instead of having a jury vote this season, the winner would be decided by a public vote.

## InfoBox

| *Expeditie Robinson 2006* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 7 | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Ernst-Paul Hasselbach |
| No. of days | 49 |
| No. of castaways | 16 |
| Winner | Olga Urashova |
| Runner-up | Lenny Janssen |
| Location | Pearl Islands, Panama |
|  | |
| No. of episodes | 13 |
| Release | |
| Original network | RTL5
2BE |
| Original release | August 28 (2006-08-28)
November 20, 2006 (2006-11-20) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Sabicea medusula

abstract: Sabicea medusula is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is west-central tropical Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Sabicea medusula

***Sabicea medusula*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is west-central tropical Africa. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Sabicea medusula* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sabicea* |
| Species: | ***S. medusula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sabicea medusula***
K.Schum. ex Wernham | |
|


title: Cross-Strait Act

abstract: The Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, also called Cross-Strait Act, is the law of the Republic of China governing cross-strait relations. The main purpose of the act is to protect the security and welfare of the people of Taiwan. The act defines its de facto controlled territory as the Taiwan area. It also provides a legal framework on the relations between Taiwan and mainland China without recognising the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its governmental organisations. It is enacted in accordance with Article 11 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China promulgated on 1 May 1991.

text:
# Cross-Strait Act

| Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例 |
| Simplified Chinese | 台湾地区与大陆地区人民关系条例 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Táiwān Dìqū yǔ Dàlù Dìqū Rénmín Guānxì Tiáolì  Wade–Giles T'ai²-wan¹ Ti⁴-chü¹ yü³ Ta⁴-lu⁴ Ti⁴-chü¹ Jên²-min² Kuan¹-hsi⁴ T'iao²-li⁴  Hakka  Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Thòi-vàn Thi-khî ì Thai-liu̍k Thi-khî Ngìn-mìn Kôan-he Thiàu-li  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Tâi-oân Tē-khu ú Tāi-lio̍k Tē-khu Jîn-bîn Koan-hē Tiâu-lē  Tâi-lô Tâi-uân tē-khu ú Tāi-lio̍k Tē-khu Jîn-bîn Koan-hē Tiâu-lē | |
| Cross-Strait Act | |
| Traditional Chinese | 兩岸條例 |
| Simplified Chinese | 两岸条例 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Liǎng'àn Tiáolì  Wade–Giles Liang³-an⁴ T'iao²-li⁴  Hakka  Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Lióng-ngan Thiàu-li  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Lióng-gān Tiâu-lē  Tâi-lô Lióng-gān Tiâu-lē | |
| People of the Cross-Strait Act | |
| Traditional Chinese | 兩岸人民條例 |
| Simplified Chinese | 两岸人民条例 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Liǎng'àn Rénmín Tiáolì  Wade–Giles Liang³-an⁴ Jên²-min² T'iao²-li⁴  Hakka  Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Lióng-ngan Ngìn-mìn Thiàu-li  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Lióng-gān Jîn-bîn Tiâu-lē  Tâi-lô Lióng-gān Jîn-bîn Tiâu-lē | |
| Cross-Strait Relations Act | |
| Traditional Chinese | 兩岸關係條例 |
| Simplified Chinese | 两岸关系条例 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Liǎng'àn Guānxì Tiáolì  Wade–Giles Liang³-an⁴ Kuan¹-hsi⁴ T'iao²-li⁴  Hakka  Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Lióng-ngan Kôan-he Thiàu-li  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Lióng-gān Koan-hē Tiâu-lē  Tâi-lô Lióng-gān Kuan-hē Tiâu-lē | |
|  | |

The **Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area** (Chinese: 臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例), also called **Cross-Strait Act** (Chinese: 兩岸條例), is the law of the Republic of China (Taiwan or ROC) governing cross-strait relations.

The main purpose of the act is to protect the security and welfare of the people of Taiwan. The act defines its *de facto* controlled territory as the Taiwan area. It also provides a legal framework on the relations between Taiwan and mainland China without recognising the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its governmental organisations. It is enacted in accordance with Article 11 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China promulgated on 1 May 1991.

## History

The act was drafted in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Early on 10 May 1948, the National Assembly of the Republic of China adopted the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion in the midst of the civil war between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang. In 1949, the Communists overthrew the Nationalist Government from mainland China, and proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China while the government retreated to Taiwan, formerly a Qing province ceded to the Empire of Japan from 1895 to 1945.

During the "Communist Rebellion" period, the ROC regarded cross-Strait relation as at war. However, after the PRC implemented economic reform and altered the approach to Taiwan starting from 1980s, the ROC Government allowed nationals to visit their mainland relatives in 1987, and the necessity of regulating the cross-strait relationship arose thereafter.

In 1989, the Ministry of Justice unveiled the **Provisional Bill Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and Mainland Area** (Chinese: 臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係暫行條例草案). In 1991, the Temporary Provisions were repealed by President Lee Teng-hui, which allowed the act to be passed by the Legislative Yuan on 16 July 1992 and commenced at the end of the month.

## Imposition

### Amendments and constitutional validity

The act is prominent in governing the relationship between Taiwan and mainland China, which various subsidiary legislations were made under this law, and was amended during the ruling of both Kuomintang and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP).

Article 18 of the act, regarding the deportation of mainlanders that legally entered Taiwan, was ruled unconstitutional in 2013. An amendment was passed in 2019 which any cross-Strait political settlement must be considered by the parliament twice and approved in referendum before being signed by the president. A year later, parliamentarians from DPP tabled amendments to repeal wordings of "before national unification" and substitute with "accordingly to national development" or "during which the governance is limited to Tai-Peng-Kin-Ma and affiliated islands", but was withdrawn days later after first reading.

### Applicability on Hong Kong

According to the act, "people of the Taiwan area" refers to those under the jurisdiction of the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan and its associated islands; "people of the Mainland area" refers to those under the jurisdiction of the government of the People's Republic of China, with the exception of Hong Kong (a former British colony that was ceded by the Qing in 1842) and Macau (formerly a Portuguese colony ceded by the Qing in 1887) which are governed by the separate Laws and Regulations Regarding Hong Kong & Macao Affairs, unless changes in Hong Kong and Macau endanger Taiwan's security as stipulated by Article 60 of the Laws and Regulations:

> \[...\] should any change occur in the situation of Hong Kong or Macau such that the implementation of this Act endangers the security of the Taiwan Area, the Executive Yuan may request the President to order suspension of the application of all or part of the provisions of this Act \[...\] Should the application of any part of this Act be suspended and no other laws or regulations be formulated to govern relations between the Taiwan Area and Hong Kong or Macau, the relevant provisions of the Act Governing the Relations Between People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area shall apply.

### Ban on Mainland Chinese online platforms

Chiu Chui-cheng, spokesman of the Mainland Affairs Council, revealed to Nikkei Asia in 2019 that the ROC government planned to block iQIYI and Tencent Video (or WeTV) in Taiwan to curb false information against Taiwan made by the PRC government. Chiu added that OTT, a Taiwanese subsidiary of iQIYI, was placed under investigation by the ROC's Ministry of Economic Affairs, and could be asked to close its "iQIYI Taiwan Station" if found in violation of the Act.

On 19 August 2020, the Department of Commerce of the Economic Affairs Ministry, citing relevant regulations of the Act, banned OTT (and by extension iQIYI and Tencent Video) from further operating in Taiwan, or risk a continuous fine ranging from NT$50,000 to NT$5 million.

## InfoBox

| Cross-Strait Act | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Legislative Yuan | |
| **Long title** * Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area | |
| Citation | Laws and regulations database |
| Passed | 16 July 1992 (1992-07-16) |
| Commenced | 31 July 1992 (1992-07-31) |
| Related legislation | |
| Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China | |
| Keywords | |
| Cross-strait relations, Taiwanese people, Chinese people | |
| **Status:** Amended | |


title: USNS Upshur (T-AP-198)

abstract: USNS Upshur (T-AP-198), was a Barrett Class transport named in honor of Major General William P. Upshur, USMC. The hull of the USNS Upshur was laid down on September 1, 1949 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, New Jersey as the SS President Hayes. Designed in 1947 as a passenger-cargo ship for the American President Lines' post-World War II replacement program, before she was completed in her civilian configuration, she was requisitioned by the U.S. Navy at the outbreak of the Korean War and converted for troop and dependent transport. Reassigned to the US Navy and renamed USNS Upshur, she served the Military Sea Transportation Service from 1952 to 1973. Over her years of service she performed many routine missions, carrying military members and their families safely across the seas in an era when air travel was uncommon, as well as special missions, such as the emergency evacuation of military families from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in 1962. In 1973 USNS Upshur was placed out of service and transferred to the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD), and provided to the Maine Maritime Academy for use as a merchant marine training ship. Renamed TV State of Maine, she served from 1973 to 1995 in service of the academy, with temporary assignments to the Massachusetts Maritime Academy. In 1995 ex-USNS Upshur was transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard and relocated to Mobile, Alabama as a platform for testing maritime firefighting technology by the U.S. Coast Guard Fire & Safety Test Detachment in Mobile. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina broke the ex-USNS Upshur free of her moorings and settled her 500 feet across the Mobile River on the bank of a coal terminal. In 2008 she suffered further damage when Hurricane Ike hit the area, and the vessel bottomed out and sat at a ten‐degree list. According to Google Earth, the vessel was removed from Little Sand Island between May 2010 and July 2011. USNS Upshur is associated with noted naval architect George G. Sharp and participated in several notable events in U.S. history, but, based on her current condition, MARAD has determined that she is not eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Upshur was scrapped at Brownsville, Texas in 2011.

text:
# USNS Upshur (T-AP-198)

**USNS *Upshur* (T-AP-198)**, was a Barrett Class transport named in honor of Major General William P. Upshur, USMC.

The hull of the USNS *Upshur* was laid down on September 1, 1949 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, New Jersey as the SS *President Hayes*. Designed in 1947 as a passenger-cargo ship for the American President Lines' post-World War II replacement program, before she was completed in her civilian configuration, she was requisitioned by the U.S. Navy at the outbreak of the Korean War and converted for troop and dependent transport. Reassigned to the US Navy and renamed USNS *Upshur*, she served the Military Sea Transportation Service from 1952 to 1973. Over her years of service she performed many routine missions, carrying military members and their families safely across the seas in an era when air travel was uncommon, as well as special missions, such as the emergency evacuation of military families from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in 1962.

In 1973 USNS *Upshur* was placed out of service and transferred to the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD), and provided to the Maine Maritime Academy for use as a merchant marine training ship. Renamed TV *State of Maine*, she served from 1973 to 1995 in service of the academy, with temporary assignments to the Massachusetts Maritime Academy.

In 1995 ex-USNS *Upshur* was transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard and relocated to Mobile, Alabama as a platform for testing maritime firefighting technology by the U.S. Coast Guard Fire & Safety Test Detachment in Mobile.

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina broke the ex-USNS *Upshur* free of her moorings and settled her 500 feet across the Mobile River on the bank of a coal terminal. In 2008 she suffered further damage when Hurricane Ike hit the area, and the vessel bottomed out and sat at a ten‐degree list. According to Google Earth, the vessel was removed from Little Sand Island between May 2010 and July 2011.

USNS *Upshur* is associated with noted naval architect George G. Sharp and participated in several notable events in U.S. history, but, based on her current condition, MARAD has determined that she is not eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.

*Upshur* was scrapped at Brownsville, Texas in 2011.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| US Navy Photo USNS *Upshur* (T-AP-198) underway at San Francisco, 1968 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Builder | New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey |
| Laid down | 1 September 1949 as SS *President Hayes*, a Maritime Commission type (P2-S1-DN3) hull |
| Launched | 1 January 1951 |
| Out of service | Placed out of service, 2 April 1973, title passed to MARAD |
| Renamed | TV *State of Maine*, 2 April 1973 |
| Reclassified | Transferred to the US Maritime Administration 2 April 1973 for loan to the Maine Maritime Academy |
| Identification | IMO number: 7517064 |
| Honours and<br>awards | National Defense Service Medal (2 Awards) |
| Fate |  |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Barrett Class Transport |
| Displacement | 17,630 tons |
| Length | 533.9 ft (162.7 m) |
| Beam | 73.3 ft (22.3 m) |
| Draught | 27.1 ft (8.3 m) |
| Propulsion | Single screw steam turbine |
| Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) |
| Complement | 203 civilian mariners and 27 US Navy personnel; 392 dependents / passengers; 1,500 troops |


title: Elattostachys microcarpa

abstract: Elattostachys microcarpa, commonly named scrub tamarind, is a species of rainforest trees of north-eastern Australia. They grow naturally in the relatively seasonal rainforests, which may have a drought season and often in association with Kauri pine. The name Elattostachys refers to "little spikes", a flower feature of other plants in this genus. The specific name microcarpa refers to the small woody seeds.

text:
# Elattostachys microcarpa

***Elattostachys microcarpa***, commonly named **scrub tamarind**, is a species of rainforest trees of north-eastern Australia. They grow naturally in the relatively seasonal rainforests, which may have a drought season and often in association with Kauri pine.

The name *Elattostachys* refers to "little spikes", a flower feature of other plants in this genus. The specific name *microcarpa* refers to the small woody seeds.

## Description

A tree up to 15 metres (50 ft) tall, with a stem diameter of up to 30 cm (12 in). Leaves pinnate and arranged alternately on the stem. Leaflet blades approximately 100×30 mm (3.9×1.2 in). Young shoots and terminal buds covered with short pale hairs.

Cream flowers form on panicle, followed by round pink or red fruit which split to reveal black glossy seeds

Foliage with a few flowersFoliage and fruiting capsules open, empty (cultivated tree)

## InfoBox

| Scrub tamarind | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Flowering | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Sapindaceae |
| Genus: | *Elattostachys* |
| Species: | ***E. microcarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elattostachys microcarpa***<br>S.T.Reynolds | |
|