title: Central sulcus

abstract: In neuroanatomy, the central sulcus is a sulcus, or groove, in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates. It is sometimes confused with the longitudinal fissure. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

text:
# Central sulcus

In neuroanatomy, the **central sulcus** (also **central fissure**, **fissure of Rolando**, or **Rolandic fissure**, after Luigi Rolando) is a sulcus, or groove, in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates. It is sometimes confused with the longitudinal fissure.

The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.

## Evolution of the central sulcus

The evolution of the central sulcus is theorized to have occurred in mammals when the complete dissociation of the original somatosensory cortex from its mirror duplicate developed in placental mammals such as primates, though the development did not stop there as time progressed the distinction between the two cortices grew.

### Evolution in primates

The central sulcus is more prominent in apes as a result of fine-tuning of the motor system in apes. Hominins (bipedal apes) continued this trend through increased use of their hands due to the advent of bipedalism. This allowed for their hands to be freed up from their use in locomotion to focus on more complex manipulative actions such as grasping, tool use, tool making, and many others.

Previous studies have also shown that the location where the split in the central sulcus occurs is at the division point between the wrist and the individual digits in primary motor cortex, further implicating the relation between the development of this region through the use of their digits. The KNOB is also a suggested cortical substrate of the hand, as there have been anatomical asymmetries which have been linked to hand preference and skill, further suggesting the development of hands in the formation of the central sulcus seeing as the KNOB is the central portion of the central sulcus folded over the buried gyrus.

## Development in humans

The central sulcus begins developing around 13 weeks of gestational age and undergoes the fastest period of growth between 13 and 15 weeks of gestational age. However, the most active period of development is at approximately 18 to 19 weeks of gestational age. This is determined by when there is the greatest amount of migration of neurons and fibers occurring. It begins as a point or groove in the parasagittal region of the brain. It then becomes a distinct invagination that lengthens towards the lateral sulcus and towards the longitudinal fissure at approximately 22 to 23 weeks of gestational age.

Between 2 and 3 years of age, the landmark ‘Pli de Passage Frontoparietal Moyen’ (PPFM), which is a depression buried at the central part of the central sulcus, begins to appear. At 3 years of age, the average depth curve of the central sulcus is similar to that of adults.

### Influences on development

The development of the shape of the central sulcus is influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. The deep structure of the central sulcus has been found to be more consistent in different brains than its superficial structure, suggesting that the superficial structure is more susceptible to non-genetic factors.

The shape of the central sulcus has been found to be different between people of different biological sex. Those of male biological sex have been found to have a less convoluted (small fractal dimension) right anterior wall of the central sulcus. In addition, while the width of the central sulcus varies, the central sulcus of males has shown to have a larger average width than the central sulcus of females. However, this is specific to the right hemisphere since the central sulcus of the left hemisphere has not shown significant results regarding gender differences. With regard to gender differences between hemispheres, females have been shown to have a larger average width of the central sulcus on the left side compared to that of the central sulcus on the right side.

Age also affects the shape of the central sulcus. In adults, the distance between the anterior and posterior walls (sulcal span) increases, while the surface area of walls, the sulcal length of the posterior wall, and the convolution (fractal dimension) for the right posterior wall of the central sulcus decrease. The posterior walls of the central sulcus appear to be affected more with age. Differences between genders regarding the average width of the central sulcus as one ages has also been shown. The average width of the central sulcus in males tends to increase more rapidly over time than that of females.

The surface area of the central sulcus has proven to have an effect on the handedness of an individual. Studies have found that when the central sulcus is larger in the left hemisphere, the individual tends to me more right hand dominant. This is also true about the central sulcus for left handed individuals; there is a greater surface area of the central sulcus in the right hemisphere. While the surface area of the central sulcus is shown to affect the handedness of an individual, it is not understood what the shape of the central sulcus affects as it is not widely explored. There is a region of the central sulcus, called the “hand knob”, which is a notch in the area of the hand motor region. The position of this “knob” can be indicative as well of someone's handedness.

As motor functions develop, it is expected that the shape of the central sulcus will change. This is due to the role of the central sulcus in separating the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex. For example, differences along the central sulcus have been reported in musicians, particularly with regard to an omega formation along the center portion of the central sulcus, commonly referred to as the "hand knob". Among musicians who specialize in string instruments, this omega formation is specific to the right central sulcus. However, among pianists, this omega formation occurs on both sides but more prominently on the left side.

## Clinical significance

### Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with sensorimotor deficits and the central sulcus divides both somatosensory and primary motor areas prompting research into how the shape of the central sulcus and ADHD may alter brain development in these individuals. The cortical thickness and average and maximum depth of the central sulcus has been shown to be larger for ADHD individuals when compared to neurotypical individuals. Additionally, changes in the middle sections of the central sulcus have been linked to children with ADHD.

### Williams syndrome

The morphology of the central sulcus has been suggested to play a role in individuals with the genetic condition known as Williams syndrome. The foreshortening of the central sulcus has been found to be an abnormality associated with this syndrome. This can be seen with the abnormal dorsal end of the central sulcus in individuals with Williams syndrome. However, the abnormal dorsal end of the central sulcus has not been found to be linked to impaired general intelligence. The functional importance of this abnormal part of the central sulcus is still not fully understood though.

### Severe cerebral small vessel disease

The shape of the central sulcus has been linked to the degree of disability in individuals who have a small subcortical ischemic stroke as a result of severe cerebral small vessel disease. However, the severity of the disability has been found to not be fully dependent upon the morphology of the central sulcus. It was found to possibly be due to the hand knobs’ vertical position and size.

1. Mendoza, Germán; Merchant, Hugo (2014-11-01). "Motor system evolution and the emergence of high cognitive functions". *Progress in Neurobiology*. **122**: 73–93. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.09.001. ISSN 0301-0082. PMID 25224031. S2CID 34279360.
2. Hopkins, William D.; Meguerditchian, Adrien; Coulon, Olivier; Bogart, Stephanie; Mangin, Jean- François; Sherwood, Chet C.; Grabowski, Mark W.; Bennett, Allyson J.; Pierre, Peter J.; Fears, Scott; Woods, Roger (2014). "Evolution of the Central Sulcus Morphology in Primates". *Brain, Behavior and Evolution*. **84** (1): 19–30. doi:10.1159/000362431. ISSN 0006-8977. PMC 4166656. PMID 25139259.
3. Zhang, Haidong; Zhang, Zhonghe; Yin, Xuntao; Zhan, Jinfeng; Zhao, Zhenmei; Tang, Yuchun; Liu, Chao; Liu, Shuwei; Zhong, Shizhen (2016). "Early development of the fetal central sulcus on 7.0T magnetic resonance imaging". *International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience*. **48** (1): 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.10.006. ISSN 1873-474X. PMID 26562179. S2CID 5737573.
4. Nishikuni, Koshiro; Ribas, Guilherme Carvalhal (2013-01-01). "Study of fetal and postnatal morphological development of the brain sulci: Laboratory investigation". *Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics*. **11** (1): 1–11. doi:10.3171/2012.9.PEDS12122. ISSN 1933-0715. PMID 23140215.
5. Jackowski, Andrea P; Schultz, Robert T. (2005-01-01). "Foreshortened Dorsal Extension of the Central Sulcus in Williams Syndrome". *Cortex*. **41** (3): 282–290. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70266-1. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 15871594. S2CID 4476964.
6. Hopkins, W. D.; Coulon, O.; Mangin, J. -F. (2010-12-01). "Observer-independent characterization of sulcal landmarks and depth asymmetry in the central sulcus of the chimpanzee brain". *Neuroscience*. **171** (2): 544–551. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.018. ISSN 0306-4522. PMC 2975865. PMID 20813164.
7. Gajawelli, Niharika; Deoni, Sean; Dirks, Holly; Dean, Douglas; O'Muircheartaigh, Jonathan; Sawardekar, Siddhant; Ezis, Andrea; Wang, Yalin; Nelson, Marvin D.; Coulon, Olivier; Lepore, Natasha (August 2015). "Characterization of the central sulcus in the brain in early childhood". *2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)*. Vol. 2015. pp. 149–152. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318322. ISBN 978-1-4244-9271-8. PMC 6554208. PMID 26736222.
8. Le Goualher, Georges; Argenti, Anne Marie; Duyme, Michel; Baaré, William F. C.; Hulshoff Pol, H. E.; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Zouaoui, Abderrezak; Barillot, Christian; Evans, Alan C. (2000-05-01). "Statistical Sulcal Shape Comparisons: Application to the Detection of Genetic Encoding of the Central Sulcus Shape". *NeuroImage*. **11** (5): 564–574. doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0559. ISSN 1053-8119. PMID 10806042. S2CID 14861519.
9. Li, Shuyu; Xia, Mingrui; Pu, Fang; Li, Deyu; Fan, Yubo; Niu, Haijun; Pei, Baoqing; He, Yong (2011-09-15). "Age-related changes in the surface morphology of the central sulcus". *NeuroImage*. **58** (2): 381–390. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.041. ISSN 1053-8119. PMID 21741481. S2CID 9455507.
10. Sun, Bo; Ge, Haitao; Tang, Yuchun; Hou, Zhongyu; Xu, Junhai; Lin, Xiangtao; Liu, Shuwei (August 2015). "Asymmetries of the central sulcus in young adults: Effects of gender, age and sulcal pattern". *International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience*. **44** (C): 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.003. PMID 26065979. S2CID 11557722.
11. Sun, Zhong Yi; Klöppel, Stefan; Rivière, Denis; Perrot, Matthieu; Frackowiak, Richard; Siebner, Hartwig; Mangin, Jean-François (2012). "The effect of handedness on the shape of the central sulcus". *NeuroImage*. **60**: 332–339. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.050. S2CID 7850398.
12. Bangert, Marc; Schlaug, Gottfried (September 2006). "Specialization of the specialized in features of external human brain morphology". *European Journal of Neuroscience*. **24** (6): 1832–1834. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05031.x. PMID 17004946. S2CID 8941002.
13. Li, Shuyu; Wang, Shaoyi; Li, Xinwei; Li, Qiongling; Li, Xiaobo (2015). "Abnormal surface morphology of the central sulcus in children with attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder". *Frontiers in Neuroanatomy*. **9**: 114. doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00114. PMC 4551868. PMID 26379511.
14. Jackowski, Andrea P.; Schultz, Robert T. (2005). "Foreshortened Dorsal Extension of the Central Sulcus in Williams Syndrome". *Cortex*. **41** (3): 282–290. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70266-1. PMID 15871594. S2CID 4476964.
15. Jouvent, Eric; Sun, Zhong Yi; De Guio, François; Duchesnay, Edouard; Duering, Marco; Ropele, Stefan; Dichgans, Martin; Mangin, Jean-François; Chabriat, Hugues (2016). "Shape of the Central Sulcus and Disability After Subcortical Stroke". *Stroke*. **47** (4): 1023–1029. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012562.

## InfoBox

| Central sulcus | |
| --- | --- |
| The lateral surface of the left cerebral hemisphere. (Central sulcus shown in red) | |
| The lateral surface of the right cerebral hemisphere. The central sulcus is labeled on the top center, in red. The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe (blue) and the frontal lobe (lime green). | |
| Details | |
| Location | Cerebral cortex |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | *sulcus centralis cerebri* |
| NeuroNames | 48 |
| NeuroLex ID | birnlex\_4035 |
| TA98 | A14.1.09.103 |
| TA2 | 5435 |
| FMA | 83752 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy | |


title: Peace Memorial Rose Garden

abstract: Peace Memorial Rose Garden is a rose garden in Nedlands, Western Australia, dedicated to the memory of lives lost in war. Located on Stirling Highway and bounded by Louise and Vincent Streets, the garden was developed by the Nedlands Road Board and the National Rose Society of Western Australia. It was proposed in 1946, and consideration of a site in Kings Park was made later that year. Land in Nedlands was made available in 1948, and further plans were made in 1950. The garden was dedicated by the Governor of Western Australia, James Mitchell on 22 October 1950.

text:
# Peace Memorial Rose Garden

**Peace Memorial Rose Garden** is a rose garden in Nedlands, Western Australia, dedicated to the memory of lives lost in war. Located on Stirling Highway and bounded by Louise and Vincent Streets, the garden was developed by the Nedlands Road Board and the National Rose Society of Western Australia. It was proposed in 1946, and consideration of a site in Kings Park was made later that year. Land in Nedlands was made available in 1948, and further plans were made in 1950. The garden was dedicated by the Governor of Western Australia, James Mitchell on 22 October 1950.

31°58′51″S 115°47′58″E / 31.9807°S 115.7995°E / -31.9807; 115.7995


title: Pterocerina hendeli

abstract: Pterocerina hendeli is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Pterocerina of the family Ulidiidae.

text:
# Pterocerina hendeli

***Pterocerina hendeli*** is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus *Pterocerina* of the family Ulidiidae.

## InfoBox

| *Pterocerina hendeli* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ulidiidae |
| Genus: | *Pterocerina* |
| Species: | ***P. hendeli*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterocerina hendeli***<br>Blanchard, 1938 | |
|


title: Drucat

abstract: Drucat is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Drucat

**Drucat** (French pronunciation: \[dʁyka\]; Picard: *Drucot* ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Drucat is situated on the D82e road, some 4 miles (6 km) northeast of Abbeville.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 504 |  |
| 1975 | 733 | +5.50% |
| 1982 | 841 | +1.98% |
| 1990 | 890 | +0.71% |
| 1999 | 861 | −0.37% |
| 2007 | 873 | +0.17% |
| 2012 | 864 | −0.21% |
| 2017 | 921 | +1.29% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## History

There was a station on the Réseau des Bains de Mer, called *Plessiel-Drucat*, which opened on 19 June 1892 and closed on 10 March 1947.

## Places of interest

* Saint Martin's church.
* The recently restored chapel.
* Plessiel water-tower

## Personalities

* The composer Jean-François Lesueur (1760–1837) was born at Plessiel, a hamlet within the commune of Drucat. The village hall is named in his honour.

## InfoBox

| Drucat | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Drucat | |
|  | |
| Location of Drucat | |
| DrucatDrucat | |
| Coordinates: 50°08′37″N 1°52′19″E / 50.1436°N 1.8719°E / 50.1436; 1.8719 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Abbeville |
| Canton | Abbeville-1 |
| Intercommunality | CA Baie de Somme |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Laurent Parsis |
| Area**1** | 10.84 km2 (4.19 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 916 |
| Density | 85/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80260 /80132 |
| Elevation | 6–81 m (20–266 ft)
(avg. 26 m or 85 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: She's About a Mover

abstract: She's About a Mover is a 1965 song by the Sir Douglas Quintet that was quickly covered by several other artists. The song has a 12-bar blues structure, and is essentially a rewrite of The Coasters’ 1957 hit, "Searchin'" The song was recorded in Houston, Texas at Gold Star Studios. "She's About a Mover" was named the No. 1 Texas song by Texas Monthly, peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 5, 1965, and at No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. With a Vox Continental organ riff provided by Augie Meyers and a soulful vocal by lead singer-guitarist Doug Sahm, the track has a Tex-Mex sound. The regional smash became a breakaway hit, and the song was later used in the soundtracks of the films Echo Park, American Boyfriends (1989), The Doors (1991), Riding in Cars with Boys (2001), Sorority Boys (2002), and Beautiful Darling (2010). In 1983, the song appeared on Ringo Starr's ninth album Old Wave.

text:
# She's About a Mover

**She's About a Mover** is a 1965 song by the Sir Douglas Quintet that was quickly covered by several other artists. The song has a 12-bar blues structure, and is essentially a rewrite of The Coasters’ 1957 hit, "Searchin'" The song was recorded in Houston, Texas at Gold Star Studios.

"She's About a Mover" was named the No. 1 Texas song by *Texas Monthly*, peaked at No. 13 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart on June 5, 1965, and at No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. With a Vox Continental organ riff provided by Augie Meyers and a soulful vocal by lead singer-guitarist Doug Sahm, the track has a Tex-Mex sound. The regional smash became a breakaway hit, and the song was later used in the soundtracks of the films *Echo Park* (1986 – cover version by Jimmie Wood & The Immortals), *American Boyfriends* (1989), *The Doors* (1991), *Riding in Cars with Boys* (2001), *Sorority Boys* (2002), and *Beautiful Darling* (2010).

In 1983, the song appeared on Ringo Starr's ninth album *Old Wave*.

## InfoBox

| "She's About a Mover" | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the 1965 Germany single | |
| Single by Sir Douglas Quintet | |
| from the album  *Mendocino* | |
| B-side | "We'll Take Our Last Walk Tonight" |
| Released | February 1965 |
| Studio | Gold Star (Houston, Texas) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:05 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Doug Sahm |
| Producer(s) | Huey P. Meaux |
| Sir Douglas Quintet singles chronology | |
| "**She's About a Mover**"
(1965) "The Tracker"
(1965) | |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| "She's About a Mover" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Reno (given name)

abstract: Reno is a given name, usually but not always masculine, of Spanish origin. It derives from the name Moreno. Notable people and characters with the name include:

text:
# Reno (given name)

**Reno** is a given name, usually but not always masculine, of Spanish origin. It derives from the name Moreno.

Notable people and characters with the name include:

## Given name

* Reno Andreini (1875/1880 – after 1924), Italian operatic tenor
* Reno Bertoia (1935–2011), Canadian-American Major League Baseball player
* Reno Browne (1921–1991), American actress sometimes billed as Reno Blair
* Reno Collier, American stand-up comedian and television host
* Reno L. Harnish (born 1949), Director of the Center for Environment and National Security and former American diplomat
* Reno Mahe (born 1980), American National Football League player
* Reno Olsen (born 1947), Danish cyclist, 1968 Olympic track team pursuit champion
* Reno Thomas (1922–2009), American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
* Reno W. Trego (1877–1961), American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
* Reno Wilmots (born 1997), Belgian footballer

## Stage name

* Reno Wilson (born 1969), American actor, comedian and voice actor
* Reno Riggins (born 1967) ring name of American professional wrestler Neal Hargrove

## Fictional characters


title: Propataireachd

abstract: Propataireachd – there were two games in Uist, Scotland called by this name.

text:
# Propataireachd

**Propataireachd** – there were two games in Uist, Scotland called by this name.

## First game

A game like quoits or pitchers.

The large stones or props are set up on end some distance from each other of about 20 yards (18 metres). The number of players varies from two to six. If more than two play, they can do so singly or in picked sides. The only articles needed are the props and two flat pieces of stone, as nearly balanced as possible, wherewith to toss.

The game goes by points, a certain number, usually twenty one, being agreed on as game. The pointing or scoring, which is not reckoned in the same way anywhere else, is as follows in Uist. Three points if you knock the prop down fairly, one point if that pitcher lies nearer the prop than any other, one point if your other pitcher lies nearer than any of your opponent's. Thus if your two quoits be nearer the prop than your opponent's two, you have two points; if only one is nearer then you have only one point. In the case of two players, both stand at the same prop, endeavouring to hit it or lie as near to it as possible. In the case of sides, say, two on each side, then one member of each side takes the stones, while the other two stand at the opposite prop, and toss each of his two quoits to the best of his ability. These are then in turn, tossed towards them again by those at the other end, the game counting as usual in points.

## *Leagail shaighdear*

**Propataireachd** or **leagail shaighdear** ("felling the soldier"), a game played on the same principle as skittles. There are two equal sides of any number, usually about seven, and each player has a prop, which he sticks in the ground just enough to make it stand. Each player is provided with two stones for throwing at the props. The side which wins the toss then starts to knock down as many as possible of their opponents' props down in this way. The first man in the row throws his two quoits trying to knock down as many down as he can; his neighbour follows, and so on, till all the row have thrown their quoits. If they knock down all the opposing props, the game is theirs; if not, their opponents start in exactly the same way to knock theirs down. If they succeed, they win the game; if not, the props are set up again, and play recommences.

## Etymology

*Propataireachd* has as its root word, the English "prop"... "-atair" is equivalent to English "-er", and "-eachd" is perhaps equivalent to "-ing".

* *Celtic Review*, no. 16, *Uist Games*
* *This article incorporates text from* Dwelly's \[Scottish\] Gaelic Dictionary *(1911)*.


title: Michigan Office of Retirement Services

abstract: The Michigan Office of Retirement Services (ORS) administers retirement programs for Michigan's state employees, public school employees, judges, state police, and National Guard. ORS also provides various retiree healthcare benefits, including traditional insurance plans, Personal Healthcare Funds, and Health Reimbursement Accounts. ORS serves over 530,000 customers, representing one out of every fourteen Michigan adults. ORS customers live in approximately one out of every nine Michigan households. The state employee system and the public school employee system administered by ORS make up 95 percent of all active plan membership in Michigan. ORS is responsible for the 18th largest public pension system in the United States and the 47th largest pension system in the world, managing combined net assets of nearly $67.8 billion. In fiscal year 2017, ORS paid out over $7.3 billion in pension and health benefits. According to the Pensionomics 2016 report from the National Institute on Retirement Security, pensions paid to Michigan retirees generated $11.1 billion in total spending in the state of Michigan. A Pew study ranks ORS in the top ten state pension systems for paying the highest percentage of their annual required contribution for pension plans, which demonstrates a commitment to fiscal responsibility. ORS is a division of Michigan's Department of Technology, Management, and Budget (DTMB).

text:
# Michigan Office of Retirement Services

The **Michigan Office of Retirement Services** (ORS) administers retirement programs for Michigan's state employees, public school employees, judges, state police, and National Guard. ORS also provides various retiree healthcare benefits, including traditional insurance plans, Personal Healthcare Funds, and Health Reimbursement Accounts. ORS serves over 530,000 customers (approximately 227,000 active and 281,500 retired), representing one out of every fourteen Michigan adults. ORS customers live in approximately one out of every nine Michigan households. The state employee system and the public school employee system administered by ORS make up 95 percent of all active plan membership in Michigan. ORS is responsible for the 18th largest public pension system in the United States and the 47th largest pension system in the world, managing combined net assets of nearly $67.8 billion. In fiscal year 2017, ORS paid out over $7.3 billion in pension and health benefits. According to the Pensionomics 2016 report from the National Institute on Retirement Security, pensions paid to Michigan retirees generated $11.1 billion in total spending in the state of Michigan. A Pew study ranks ORS in the top ten state pension systems for paying the highest percentage of their annual required contribution for pension plans, which demonstrates a commitment to fiscal responsibility. ORS is a division of Michigan's Department of Technology, Management, and Budget (DTMB).

## History

The five retirement systems for which ORS provides services were separately established through public acts passed by the Michigan Legislature as early as 1942 and as recently as 1992. The systems evolved over time as the original legislation was amended, most recently due to the recent economic crisis. ORS moved to the Stevens T. Mason building in July 2015, as part of a larger move of state departments.

| Retirement System | Establishing Legislation | Plans Administered |
| --- | --- | --- |
| State Employees’ Retirement System | Michigan Public Act 240 of 1943 | Defined Benefit Defined Contribution<br>Deferred Compensation |
| Military Retirement System | Michigan Public Act 150 of 1967 | Defined Benefit |
| Michigan Public School Employees' Retirement System | Michigan Public Act 300 of 1980 | Defined Benefit Defined Contribution Pension Plus (hybrid) Deferred Compensation |
| Michigan State Police Retirement System | Michigan Public Act 182 of 1986 | Defined Benefit Defined Contribution Pension Plus (hybrid) Deferred Compensation |
| Judges Retirement System | Michigan Public Act 234 of 1992 | Defined Benefit Defined Contribution Deferred Compensation |

## System detail

### State Employees’ Retirement System

The State Employees’ Retirement System covers Civil Service employees, appointed officials in the executive branch, and employees of the legislature and judiciary branch. A ten-member board oversees the State Employees’ Retirement System. As of September 30, 2017, the system serves 10,850 active members and 59,684 retirees and beneficiaries. Effective March 31, 1997, all new enrollees participate in the Defined Contribution plan. The net assets of the Defined Benefit plan, valued at $13.9 billion as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the system paid Defined Benefit retirement pensions totaling $1.3 billion. While the State Employees' Retirement System enrolls retirees and beneficiaries for health, prescription drug, dental, and vision benefits for both Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution plan customers, the State of Michigan Civil Service Commission administers the health benefits program. ORS provides customer education through outreach presentations and to related retiree organizations.

### Military Retirement System

The State of Michigan provides a pension for all former members of the Michigan National Guard (Army or Air) who meet specific eligibility requirements. To receive the benefit, applicants must have reached age 55, separated from service, and have served a minimum of 19 years, 6 months and 1 day of active service in the State Defense Forces and Michigan National Guard. The benefit is paid at the rate of $600 annually, or $50 per month.

### Michigan Public School Employees' Retirement System

The Michigan Public School Employees' Retirement System (MPSERS) collects and compiles employee wage, contribution, and service information from approximately 549 K-12 districts, 46 public school academy/charter schools, 7 universities, 28 community colleges, 55 intermediate school districts, and 10 libraries. A 13-member board provides oversight for the system. As of September 30, 2017, the system serves 203,981 active members and 213,989 retirees and beneficiaries. The net assets of the Michigan Public School Employees' Retirement System, valued at $52.2 billion as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the system paid retirement pensions totaling $4.8 billion. The system also provides retirees and eligible dependents with comprehensive health, prescription drug, dental, and vision benefits at a cost of $548.2 million, for the year ending September 30, 2017. The Master Health Care Plan is a self-funded plan administered by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. ORS customer education provides Pre-Retirement Information Meetings to members and also provides information to related interest groups.

### Michigan State Police Retirement System

The Michigan State Police Retirement System provides benefits for enlisted police officers in the State of Michigan and is governed by a ten-member board. As of September 30, 2017, the system serves 1,777 active members, and 3,062 retirees and beneficiaries. The net assets of the State Police Retirement System, valued at $1.5 billion as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the system paid retirement pensions totaling $130.2 million.

### Judges Retirement System

The Judges Retirement System was established by the State of Michigan to provide retirement benefits to judges in the judicial branch of state government. The system also includes the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Auditor General, and the Court Administrator. As of September 30, 2017, the Defined Benefit plan covered 100 active members, and 551 retirees and beneficiaries. Effective March 31, 1997, all new enrollees participate in the Defined Contribution plan. The net assets of the Defined Benefit plan, valued at $265.8 million as of September 30, 2017, are invested by the Michigan Department of Treasury, Bureau of Investments. In fiscal year 2017, the System paid Defined Benefit plan retirement pensions totaling $23.7 million.


title: KINO

abstract: KINO is a radio station licensed to serve Winslow, Arizona, United States. The station is owned by Sunflower Communications, Inc. It airs a country music format. Other programming consists of local news, weather, and sports which include the Arizona Diamondbacks and live broadcasts of the local Winslow High School Bulldog Sports. The station was assigned the KINO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

text:
# KINO

**KINO** (1230 AM, "Route 66 Radio") is a radio station licensed to serve Winslow, Arizona, United States. The station is owned by Sunflower Communications, Inc. It airs a country music format. Other programming consists of local news, weather, and sports which include the Arizona Diamondbacks and live broadcasts of the local Winslow High School Bulldog Sports.

The station was assigned the KINO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

## History

The station began its operations in 1952. It originally had the call sign KVNC ("Voice of Navaho County"), licensed to Gila Broadcasting Co., and broadcast at the 1010 AM frequency. In 1960, Gila had intended to sell KVNC and four other stations to Earl Perrin, Jr., of Chicago. However, the stations went dark on October 29, 1960 after several conflicts with the FCC. The stations were ultimately sold to Carleton W. Morris for $100,000 USD, which led to Morris asking the FCC for permission to set up new stations with the former Gila facilities in August 1962. The former call letters were then canceled on January 17, 1963.

Under the ownership of Morris, the station received the call sign of KINO and formally moved to the 1230 AM frequency in 1963. The station was then sold to former KABI sports host Loy Engelhardt, who moved in from Abilene, Kansas with the desire to own a radio station.

## InfoBox

KINO
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 1230 kHz |
| Branding | *Route 66 Radio* |
| Programming | |
| Format | Country |
| Affiliations | Arizona Diamondbacks |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Sunflower Communications, Inc. |
| History | |
| First air date | 1963 |
| Former call signs | KVNC (1952–1963) |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 63925 |
| Class | C |
| Power | 1,000 watts (unlimited) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 35°2′7″N 110°42′56″W / 35.03528°N 110.71556°W / 35.03528; -110.71556 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |


title: Puerto Rican worm snake

abstract: The Puerto Rican worm snake is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

text:
# Puerto Rican worm snake

The **Puerto Rican worm snake** (***Typhlops rostellatus***) is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family.

## InfoBox

| Puerto Rican worm snake | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Typhlopidae |
| Genus: | *Typhlops* |
| Species: | ***T. rostellatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Typhlops rostellatus***
Stejneger, 1904 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Typhlops rostellata* | |


title: Denis Buican

abstract: Denis Buican is a Romanian-French scientist, bilingual writer, biologist, philosopher and a historian of science. He has studied genetics.

text:
# Denis Buican

**Denis Buican** (born *Dumitru Buican-Peligrad*; 21 December 1934 in Bucharest) is a Romanian-French scientist, bilingual writer, biologist, philosopher and a historian of science. He has studied genetics.

## Background

His father Dumitru Peligrad a boyar and philanthropist was placed under house arrest after the invasion of Romania by the Red Army (starting 23 August 1944), but he refused to submit to regular police checks. Although belonging to a class deemed "unhealthy" by the then communist regime, the young researcher was a brilliant undergraduate at the University of Bucharest.

Pioneer of Romanian radio-genetics (his first studies focused on the influence of electricity on the life of plants), agronomist (1956), Doctor (Ph.D.) in Genetics (1961), then a professor at the University of Bucharest, he fought theories of Lysenkoism, imposed by the ex-USSR in the former so-called "popular democratic" countries of Central and Eastern Europe. After 1948 his laboratories were destroyed three times and he was banned from the university in the late 1950s.

In his first book, published in Romanian, in 1969, *General Biology, Genetics and Improvement*, Denis Buican did not hesitate to formally confront Lysenkoism amidst repressive political and social campaigns undertaken in science and agriculture by the powerful Stalinist director Trofim Lysenko and his followers, starting year 1920.

## History of Science

Naturalized French in 1972, he undertook a work of history and philosophy of science, embodied by his thesis of Doctor (Ph.D.) of State (1983), *History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France*, the first true history of this science published in France. In 1989, his book *The Revolution of Evolution* received a Grand Prize from the French Academy. In 1997, he presided over the "Biology and Medical Science" section of the twentieth International Congress of History of Science (Liege, Belgium).

Professor of history of science at the French University of Paris X-Nanterre (1983–2003), he is the author of a new theory of evolution, the "Synergistic Theory of Evolution".

## Publications

A writer in Romanian and French, Denis Buican has published several collections of poems, in sensitivity close to poems written by Romanian poets Mihai Eminescu, Lucian Blaga and Tudor Arghezi. Haunted by nothingness, these short poems, very dense, open up a universe that is not unlike that of Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran.

## Romania's First Radiobiology Laboratory

In 1955 he founded the first radiobiology laboratory of Romania and, the following year, he graduated this university as an agricultural engineer. Fighting tirelessly Lysenkoism's theories (which caused to his lab to be destroyed three times: in 1956, 1960 and 1962), he continues his research on plants' resistance to cold and on the heterosis (or hybrid vigor) for hybrids of Zea mays (the maize). His works, which were initially the subject of a first doctorate (Ph.D.) thesis, in natural science (defended and published in Bucharest, Romania, in 1961), will be extended, completed and introduced, after his arrival in France, in a second doctoral thesis (defended and published at the Faculty of Sciences, in Paris, France, in 1970).

Theorist of biology, Denis Buican has developed a new model called "Synergistic Theory of Evolution". It updates and complements the previous "Synthetic Theory" having in view that the natural selection underlined by Charles Darwin is to be applied only to phenotype, so that certain phenomena (such as lethal mutations) were not sufficiently taken into account by this old model. Buican's theory and model have introduced "a new concept in the evolutionary and hereditary process - i.e the pre-selection genotyping" - which may be defined as "the natural operation which eliminates a priori, to genotype level, any genetic combination or mutation which is unfit for the survival of it" (The revolution of evolution, 1989). Guided by the "Systems Theory" of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Buican's theory envisages synergistic multi-pole selection which would be able to act within every living (from the atom to human being).

## French Teacher

Philosopher and historian of science visiting professor at the Sorbonne University (1969–1974), senior lecturer at the University of Dijon (1974–1980) and at the University of Paris I (1980–1983), Denis Buican teaches Philosophy and History of biological sciences, while preparing a third (state) doctoral thesis on the history of genetics in France, under the direction of Jacques Roger.

Philosopher of sciences, he redefines notably the place of chance in evolution, in departing positions adopted by Jacques Monod: beyond the absolute chance postulated by the Nobel Prize, he introduces an "oriented chance" (called "evolving orthodromic") and considers (in "Chance, necessity and logic of living", *La Nouvelle Revue Française*, 225, 1971) the opportunities to be offered by genetic manipulation – which will be confirmed by the first genetic engineering work done in 1974.

## New Theory

Denis Buican has also developed a new theory of knowledge, called Biognoséologie, which attempts to exceed the Kantian distinction between phenomena and noumènes (those "things by themselves" which, according to Kant, can not be investigated by human beings) : based on ethology's data and on advances in molecular biology, he considered the so-called "relative noumènes", which would likely capture a probable reality.

Historian, based on the epistemological model of Thomas Kuhn (*The Structure of Scientific Revolutions*, 1962), he also considered the introduction of genetics in France as a "run with obstacles": the science of heredity was accepted only in 1945, not without some resistance by biologists themselves, most of them being attached to Néo-lamarckisme. He is also the author of an essay, "The eternal return of Lysenko" (1978) dedicated to the interpretation of Lysenkoism: denouncing the theories of the philosopher Dominique Lecourt (author of the essay Lysenko published in 1976), which denied any liability to Marxism in the emergence then the triumph of Stalin's Lysenkoism theses. On the contrary he shows that the roots of Lysenkoism are to be found in the messianism and determinism of Marx and Engels.

Becoming a professor at University of Paris X – Nanterre, in 1983, Denis Buican devoted most of his research on the history of Darwinism, Evolution and Genetics, he publishes many books.

## Respect For The Individual

A free man without illusions about Western democracies - which he did not consider to be truly democratic and readily qualified them as being only "police- and plutocratic demagogies" - he calls, on contrary, for an open, meritocratic society, based on the principles of power separation and reciprocal control of powers (according to Montesquieu), on the respect for the individual value and on equal opportunities. Probabilistic, he wished that the human society will enable everyone to freely and fully develop her/ his hereditary potential. Very critical in respect to the French university system \- which he readily denounces as having a clan structure, attitudes and behaviors - he considers that "a society aiming to be simultaneously equitable and efficient does require a selective - and even a micro-selective - educational system being able to offer to everyone, from cradle to the grave, the possibility to develop herself / himself without any discrimination of class or race, of religion or customs, as far as her/ his genetic heritage does allow." (The university as sacred mad cow of the Republic, Paris, F.-X. de Guibert, 2004, p. 127).

## Bibliography

### Epistemology and History of science

* General Biology, Genetics and Improvement, in collaboration with Bogdan Stugren, Bucharest, Didactic and Pedagogic Editions, 1969 (in Romanian).
* The Eternal Return of Lysenko, Paris, Copernicus, 1978 (translated into Italian, Armando Armando, 1983).
* Heredity and the Future of the Man, Paris, Serge Fleury, 1983.
* History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France, Paris, PUF, 1984. Preface by Pierre Chaunu.
* The Genetics and Evolution, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1986 reissue.,1993 (translated into Portuguese by Editions Europa America, 1987).
* Genetics and Evolutionary Thinking, Paris, SEDES, 1987.
* Darwin and Darwinism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1987 reissue., 1994 (translated into Portuguese - Brazil - Editions Zahar, 1990, Turkish, Ilev, 1991 and Chinese, 1999).
* Lysenko and Lysenkoism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1988.
* The Revolution of Evolution, Paris, PUF, 1989. Preface by Pierre Chaunu (translated into Romanian, Scientific Editions, 1994).
* The evolution and Evolutionism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1989; reissued under the title The Darwinism and Evolutionism, Paris, Frisian-Roche, 2005.
* The biological explosion, La Garenne-Colombes, published by the European, 1991.
* Charles Darwin, Paris, Criterion, 1992 (translated into Italian, Armando Armando, 1996, Romanian, All editions, 1999).
* Mendel and genetics of yesterday and today, Paris, Criterion, 1993 (translated into Romanian, Ed. All, 1997).
* Biognoséologie. Evolution and revolution of knowledge, Paris, Kimé, 1993 (translated into Romanian, Ed. All, 1993).
* Jean Rostand, the iconoclastic patriarch of Ville d'Avray, Paris, Kimé, 1994.
* History of biology. Heredity-Evolution, Paris, Nathan, 1994 (translated into Spanish, Acento editorial, 1995, in Greek, Ed. Savalas, 1996, in Portuguese, Ed. Europa-America, 1996).
* Evolution of Biological Thought, Paris, Hachette, 1995.
* Evolution today, Paris, Hachette, 1995.
* Comparative Ethology, Paris, Hachette, 1995.
* Evolution, the great adventure of life, Paris, Nathan, 1995.
* Evolution and evolutionary theories, Paris, Masson, 1997.
* Dictionary of biology. Essentials, Paris, Larousse, 1997 (translated into Romanian, enciclopedic Universe, 2001, in Portuguese, Circulo de lettore, 2002).
* Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science (Liège, 20–26 July 1997). (ed. with D. Thieffry): Biological and Medical Sciences, Turnhout (Belgium), Brepols Publishers, 2002.
* The epic life. The evolution of the biosphere and human avatars, Paris, Frisian-Roche, 2003 (translated into Romanian, CD Press, 2004).
* The Odyssey of evolution, Paris, Ellipses, 2008.
* Darwin in the history of biological thought, Paris, Ellipses, 2008.
* Mendel in the history of genetics, Paris, Ellipses, 2008.
* Biology. History and philosophy, Paris, CNRS éditions, 2010.
* Evolution. History and controversies (co-author: Cédric Grimoult), Paris, CNRS éditions, 2011.
* Darwin and the Evolutionism's epic, Paris, Perrin, 2012.

### Essays

* Dracula and his avatars – from Vlad the Impaler to Stalin and Ceausescu, La Garenne-Colombes, published by the European, 1991.
* The changing face of Dracula. The history and legend, Paris, Le Feline, 1993.
* The university as sacred mad cow of the Republic, Paris, François-Xavier de Guibert, 2004.
* Memoirs (A stormy life between East and West), Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2007.
* Secular Mosaic, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2010.(French-Romanian edition)

### Literary works

* Single Tree (poems), Price Cino del Duca, Paris, Pierre-Jean Oswald, 1974.
* Blind Light (poems), Paris, Editions Saint-Germain-des-Pres, 1976.
* Mamura (poems), Bucharest, Editura Demiurg, 1993. (in Romanian)
* SPICE - Old and New Poems, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2006. (in Romanian)
* Black Jewellery, Bucharest, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2008. (in Romanian)
* Torture wheel - Light wheel, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2009. (French-Romanian edition)


title: Resorts World Hudson Valley

abstract: Resorts World Hudson Valley is a shopping mall casino in the Newburgh Mall in Newburgh, New York.

text:
# Resorts World Hudson Valley

**Resorts World Hudson Valley** is a shopping mall casino in the Newburgh Mall in Newburgh, New York.

## History

In the spring of 2022, New York State Governor Kathy Hochul signed off on a budget bill to authorize three downstate casino licenses, allowing retail casino gaming to set up shop in and around New York City. Six months later, the New York State Gaming Commission finalized the roster for the Gaming Facility Location Board, which will ultimately approves and assign licenses to interested parties. Genting Group applied and was approved for a license for Newburg.

## Opening

On December 28, 2022, after 50 million dollars in renovations, Resorts World Hudson Valley Casino opened in the Newburgh Mall at the site of the former Bon-Ton department store. The casino occupies 50 thousand square feet, and features over 1200 slot machines and video lottery terminals (only the ninth official video lottery facility in New York State) and 82 electronic table games. In addition, the casino operates a special exclusive VIP Club for verified Newburgh residents only.

The video lottery terminals were previously operated by the Genting Group at Monticello Raceway as a racino. The track remains open, but the racino was later closed when the Genting Group opened the nearby Resorts World Catskills Casino in Monticello, New York.

Resorts World Hudson Valley is Genting’s third entertainment destination in New York, joining Resorts World Catskills in Monticello and Resorts World New York City in Queens. Across its three properties, Genting has invested more than $1.2 billion in New York State infrastructure across its three casino properties.

## InfoBox

| Resorts World Hudson Valley
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Newburgh, New York, US |
| Address | 1401 NY-300 |
| Opening date | December 28, 2022 (2022-12-28) |
| Total gaming space | 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m2) |
| Casino type | Land-based |
| Owner | Empire Resorts |
| Architect | JCJ Architecture |
| Renovated in | The Bon-Ton Department Store at newburgh Mall |
| Coordinates | 41°31′9″N 74°4′18″W / 41.51917°N 74.07167°W / 41.51917; -74.07167 |
| Website | rwhudsonvalleyny.com |


title: Drubskin

abstract: Drubskin, also known as "Drub" is an erotic illustrator, painter, and comic book artist known for his homoerotic fetish art and erotic comic book work. He is based in San Diego, California, and has ties to Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice and the punk subculture. Drawing since the age of 15, Drub's illustrations incorporate various fetishistic interests including foot fetish, rubber, fisting, scat play, sado-masochism, and watersports. Most of the men he depicts are part of the punk, skinhead, and working class communities, drawn in a homo-masculine manner. His work is typically done in a comic book style, with bright colors and heavy line weight. In 1991 he moved from Connecticut to Kansas City, Missouri to attend the Kansas City Art Institute where he eventually earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts in Illustration. In 1995 he was asked to write a first-hand account of his sexual exploits in the punk and skinhead scene for a webzine called Nightcharm, as a way to promote his art. His pseudonym Drub is derived from his writing style, as a play on the verb which means 'to beat or thrash.' His website and column garnered him attention from the gay male community at large and by 2000 his work began appearing in gay magazines worldwide. Drub began exhibiting his work in the 2000s and in 2003 he had his first international solo art exhibition at Mr. B's in Amsterdam. Drub has also shown his work in galleries in Los Angeles, Toronto, Berlin, and Amsterdam, and participates annually in the Seattle Erotic Art Festival. He has had work published in several publications, including Freshmen, Instigator and Blue magazine. He sells hand-illustrated greeting cards for Mr. B in Amsterdam and Berlin, and The Leatherman in New York City.

text:
# Drubskin

**Drubskin**, also known as **"Drub"** (born August 14, 1973; in Derby, Connecticut) is an erotic illustrator, painter, and comic book artist known for his homoerotic fetish art and erotic comic book work. He is based in San Diego, California, and has ties to Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice and the punk subculture.

Drawing since the age of 15, Drub's illustrations incorporate various fetishistic interests including foot fetish, rubber, fisting, scat play, sado-masochism, and watersports. Most of the men he depicts are part of the punk, skinhead, and working class communities, drawn in a homo-masculine manner. His work is typically done in a comic book style, with bright colors and heavy line weight.

In 1991 he moved from Connecticut to Kansas City, Missouri to attend the Kansas City Art Institute where he eventually earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts in Illustration. In 1995 he was asked to write a first-hand account of his sexual exploits in the punk and skinhead scene for a webzine called *Nightcharm*, as a way to promote his art. His pseudonym *Drub* is derived from his writing style, as a play on the verb which means 'to beat or thrash.'

His website and column garnered him attention from the gay male community at large and by 2000 his work began appearing in gay magazines worldwide. Drub began exhibiting his work in the 2000s and in 2003 he had his first international solo art exhibition at Mr. B's in Amsterdam. Drub has also shown his work in galleries in Los Angeles, Toronto, Berlin, and Amsterdam, and participates annually in the Seattle Erotic Art Festival. He has had work published in several publications, including *Freshmen*, *Instigator* and *Blue magazine*. He sells hand-illustrated greeting cards for Mr. B in Amsterdam and Berlin, and The Leatherman in New York City.

## Features and published works

Below are some of Drubskin's features and published works. For a complete list, see Drubskin's website.

* *Freshmen Magazine*, 2002, illustration for story "Chemistry"
* *Solanas Online* – Issue 2, 2003, Drub Coloring Book
* *Instigator Magazine* – 2/15/04 – Featured Artist
* *Blue Magazine*, Issue 52 – 9/01/04 – Featured Artist
* *Turnover,* Malware, ed. AIDS Project Los Angeles: The Institute for Gay Men's Health, 2005, ISBN 0-9759225-4-8
* BuzzcockNYC Monthly Party, 8/31/06 – New York City, poster art
* *Best Gay Erotica 2007*, "The Welcome Back Fuck", ed. Richard Labonte, written by Dale Lazarov, 2007, ISBN 1-57344-260-7
* *Hard To Swallow Comics #3*, "Dem Bones", All Thumbs Press/Marginalized Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-0-9778011-2-1
* *Best Erotic Comics 2009*, "Dem Bones", ed. Greta Christina, Last Gasp, 2009, ISBN 0-86719-711-0

* *Drubbish Show*, Fluke Gallery, Kansas City, Missouri - May 31, 2002
* *Drub(x)3 Art Exhibition* – Mr. B, Amsterdam/Berlin - 4/12/03
* *Seattle Erotic Art Festival* – Consolidated Works, Seattle, WA - 1/30/04 to 2/1/04
* *5×5=25* – Galeria ARTopia, Albuquerque, NM - 7/31/04
* *Seattle Erotic Art Festival* (Invited Artist) – Consolidated Works, Seattle, WA - 4/16/05
* *Seattle Erotic Art Festival* (Featured Artist/Advertising) – Consolidated Works, Seattle, WA - 5/01/06
* *Toonfetish* – Antebellum Gallery, Los Angeles, CA - 6/30/07
* *Seattle Erotic Art Festival* (Invited Artist) - Seattle Center Exhibition Hall, Seattle, WA - 3/1/08

## InfoBox

| Drubskin | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1973-08-14) August 14, 1973<br>Derby, Connecticut |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Gay erotic art |
| Website | drubskin.com |


title: She's All I Got

abstract: "She's All I Got" is a song written by Gary U.S. Bonds and Jerry Williams Jr. It has been recorded by several artists. The first version, released in 1971 by Freddie North, was a Top 40 U.S. pop hit, and a version by Johnny Paycheck was a number 2 U.S. country hit that same year. A second country music version was released on Conway Twitty's 1972 Decca LP I Can't See Me Without You. There was also a version titled "He's All I Got" that was on Tanya Tucker's 1972 album Delta Dawn. Yet another cover titled "Don't Take Her She's All I've Got" was released by Tracy Byrd, whose version reached number 4 on the U.S. and Canadian country singles charts. Co-author Jerry Williams Jr., aka Swamp Dogg, released his own version on his 2020 album Sorry You Couldn’t Make It.

text:
# She's All I Got

"**She's All I Got**" is a song written by Gary U.S. Bonds and Jerry Williams Jr. It has been recorded by several artists. The first version, released in 1971 by Freddie North, was a Top 40 U.S. pop hit, and a version by Johnny Paycheck was a number 2 U.S. country hit that same year. A second country music version was released on Conway Twitty's 1972 Decca LP *I Can't See Me Without You*. There was also a version titled "He's All I Got" that was on Tanya Tucker's 1972 album *Delta Dawn*. Yet another cover titled "Don't Take Her She's All I've Got" was released by Tracy Byrd, whose version reached number 4 on the U.S. and Canadian country singles charts. Co-author Jerry Williams Jr., aka Swamp Dogg, released his own version on his 2020 album *Sorry You Couldn’t Make It*.

## Content

In the song, the male narrator pleads to someone else not to take away his lover.

## Freddie North version

Freddie North was the first artist to record the song, doing so on his album *Friend*. The only single from this album, it peaked at number 39 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and number 10 on the Soul Singles chart in the US. It was the only chart single of North's career.

### Chart positions

| Chart (1971) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard Hot 100* | 39 |
| U.S. *Billboard* Best Selling Soul Singles | 10 |
| U.S. *Cash Box* Top 100 | 30 |

## Johnny Paycheck version

| "She's All I Got" | |
| --- | --- |
| US single of Paycheck's recording | |
| Single by Johnny Paycheck | |
| from the album  *She's All I Got* | |
| B-side | "You Touched My Life" |
| Released | October 9, 1971 |
| Recorded | August 4, 1971 |
| Studio | Columbia Recording Studio, Studio B, 34 Music Sq. East, Nashville, TN |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:54 |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Gary U.S. Bonds, Jerry Williams, Jr. |
| Producer(s) | Billy Sherrill |
| Johnny Paycheck singles chronology | |
| "Wildfire"
(1971) "**She's All I Got**"
(1971) "Someone to Give My Love To"
(1971) | |

Johnny Paycheck's version was released in October 1971 from his album of the same name. The song spent nineteen weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles Chart, reaching a peak of number 2. It was also a number 91 single on the *Billboard* Hot 100, his only entry there.

### Chart positions

| Chart (1971) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 91 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 2 |

## Tracy Byrd version

| "Don't Take Her She's All I Got" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Tracy Byrd | |
| from the album  *Big Love* | |
| B-side | "I Love You, That's All" |
| Released | January 27, 1997 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:26 |
| Label | MCA Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Gary U.S. Bonds, Jerry Williams Jr. |
| Producer(s) | Tony Brown |
| Tracy Byrd singles chronology | |
| "Big Love"
(1996) "**Don't Take Her She's All I Got**"
(1997) "Don't Love Make a Diamond Shine"
(1997) | |

Tracy Byrd's version, retitled "Don't Take Her She's All I Got", is the second single released from his 1996 album *Big Love*. It peaked at number 4 on both the U.S. and Canadian country singles charts in 1997. It was Byrd's second charting cover of a Paycheck hit, after "Someone To Give My Love To" in 1993.

### Critical reception

The single received a positive review in *Billboard* which praised Byrd's vocal similarities to Paycheck, and said that "Longtime fans will love hearing it again, and younger listeners will welcome Byrd's introducing them to this country classic."

### Chart positions

| Chart (1997) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 4 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 4 |

#### Year-end charts

| Chart (1997) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 48 |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 37 |

## InfoBox

| "She's All I Got" | |
| --- | --- |
| US single of North's recording | |
| Single by Freddie North | |
| from the album  *Friend* | |
| B-side | "Ain't Nothing in the News (But the Blues)" |
| Released | July 1971 |
| Recorded | 1970 |
| Studio | Quinby Studios, Sheffield, Alabama |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 2:45 |
| Label | Mankind |
| Songwriter(s) | Gary U.S. Bonds, Jerry Williams Jr. |
| Producer(s) | Jerry Williams Jr. |
| Freddie North singles chronology | |
| "**She's All I Got**"
(1971) "You and Me (Together Forever)"
(1971) | |


title: Prix Italia

abstract: The Prix Italia is an international television, radio-broadcasting and web award. It was established in 1948 by RAI – Radiotelevisione Italiana in Capri and is honoured with the High Patronage of the President of the Italian Republic. More than one hundred public and private radio and television organisations representing 57 countries from the five continents form and outline the community of the Prix Italia which is in continuous evolution. Unique in the world, among International festivals and prizes, is the organisational and decision-making body of the Prix. The delegates of broadcasting members decide and resolve the editorial outline and elect the President. RAI is in charge and responsible for the organisation of the event, and the General Secretariat has its headquarters in Rome. Prix Italia is held in an Italian city of art and culture annually every September/October for a week, in collaboration with local authorities. The event is an authentic and unique moment of gathering and professional debate about the quality of the programmes in competition. It is the right venue where one can collaborate, define agreements and express points of view with fellow colleagues in the media sector. The public participates in concerts, films, shows, previews, round tables, "all night out", master classes, radio and web events. Thanks to the "on demand" workstations, everyone can listen to and watch all the best worldwide programmes in competition. The drive for quality and responsibility of the Prix Italia resulted in Signis having its own jury for the first time in 1997 Prix Italia's edition held in Ravenna. The three-member jury consisted of Victor Sunderaj, Secretary General of Unda, John McDonald, producer for Scottish Television, and Rita Lefevere, producer for Belgian Radio and Television (BRTN). The goal of this jury was the rewarding of a television programme that supported human dignity. The first award of Unda was given to the producers of Child Molesters: On the Trail of Sex Offenders. "The producers achieved more than the mere promotion of human dignity: they fought for it", explained the Unda jury in its motivation. Since 2002, the Unda jury has been changed into the SIGNIS jury.

text:
# Prix Italia

The **Prix Italia** is an international television, radio-broadcasting and web award. It was established in 1948 by RAI – Radiotelevisione Italiana (in 1948, RAI had the denomination RAI – Radio Audizioni Italiane) in Capri and is honoured with the High Patronage of the President of the Italian Republic. More than one hundred public and private radio and television organisations representing 57 countries from the five continents form and outline the community of the Prix Italia which is in continuous evolution. Unique in the world, among International festivals and prizes, is the organisational and decision-making body of the Prix. The delegates of broadcasting members decide and resolve the editorial outline and elect the President.

RAI is in charge and responsible for the organisation of the event, and the General Secretariat has its headquarters in Rome. Prix Italia is held in an Italian city of art and culture annually every September/October for a week, in collaboration with local authorities. The event is an authentic and unique moment of gathering and professional debate about the quality of the programmes in competition. It is the right venue where one can collaborate, define agreements and express points of view with fellow colleagues in the media sector.

The public participates in concerts, films, shows, previews, round tables, "all night out", master classes, radio and web events. Thanks to the "on demand" workstations, everyone can listen to and watch all the best worldwide programmes in competition.

The drive for quality and responsibility of the Prix Italia resulted in Signis (former Unda) (The International Catholic Organisation for Radio and Television) having its own jury for the first time in 1997 Prix Italia's edition held in Ravenna. The three-member jury consisted of Victor Sunderaj, Secretary General of Unda, John McDonald, producer for Scottish Television, and Rita Lefevere, producer for Belgian Radio and Television (BRTN). The goal of this jury was the rewarding of a television programme that supported human dignity. The first award of Unda was given to the producers of *Child Molesters: On the Trail of Sex Offenders*. "The producers achieved more than the mere promotion of human dignity: they fought for it", explained the Unda jury in its motivation. Since 2002, the Unda jury has been changed into the SIGNIS jury.

## History

The Prix Italia was established in Capri in 1948. Originally dedicated only to radio works, starting from 1957 it also included television works, and from 1998, the competition has also awarded multimedia projects created on web digital platforms. Over the years it has been hosted in many of the most famous Italian cities of art.

The idea of an international radio award was proposed in 1948 by the director general of Rai, Salvino Sernesi, the director of programmes Giulio Razzi and the director of the drama and revue sector, the playwright Sergio Pugliese. On 13 September of the same year in Capri, the delegations of fourteen radio organisations representing Austria, the Vatican State, Egypt, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Principality of Monaco, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Trieste (which was then a free territory). On that same occasion, the regulations were drawn up and the international prize was officially established.

## Festival Editions

| 2024 - Torino (1 - 4 October) "Loud and Clear" |
| --- |
| 2023 - Bari (1 - 6 October) "Engage Me" |
| 2022 - Bari (3 - 8 October) "Sustainable Me" |
| 2021 - Milan - "Rebuilding Culture and Entertainment. Media’s Role for a New Start" |
| 2020 - Rome - “Public Service and the Virtual Newsroom: Back to the Future?” |
| 2019 - Rome - "Celebrating Cultural Diversity in a Global Media World" |
| 2018 - Capri - "The Memory of the Future" |
| 2017 - Milan - “Back to Facts” |
| 2016 - Lampedusa - "Historytelling, now" |
| 2015 - Turin - “The Power of Storytelling” |
| 2014 - Turin - “The Innovation Laboratory |
| 2013 - Turin - “The Tree of Ideas“ |
| 2012 - Turin - “The World in the Mirror” |
| 2011 - Turin |
| 2010 - Turin |
| 2009 - Turin |
| 2008 - Cagliari |
| 2007 - Verona |
| 2006 - Venice |
| 2005 - Milan |
| 2004 - Catania - Taormina |
| 2003 - Catania - Siracusa |
| 2002 - Palermo - Agrigento |
| 2001 - Bologna - Reggio Emilia |
| 2000 - Bologna - Rimini |
| 1999 - Florence - Siena |
| 1998 - Assisi |
| 1997 - Ravenna |
| 1996 - Naples |
| 1995 - Bologna |
| 1994 - Turin |
| 1993 - Rome |
| 1992 - Parma |
| 1991 - Urbino - Pesaro |
| 1990 - Palermo |
| 1989 - Perugia |
| 1988 - Capri |
| 1987 - Vicenza |
| 1986 - Lucca |
| 1985 - Cagliari |
| 1984 - Trieste |
| 1983 - Capri |
| 1982 - Venice |
| 1981 - Siena |
| 1980 - Riva del Garda |
| 1979 - Lecce |
| 1978 - Milan |
| 1977 - Venice |
| 1976 - Bologna |
| 1975 - Florence |
| 1974 - Florence |
| 1973 - Venice |
| 1972 - Torin |
| 1971 - Venice |
| 1970 - Florence |
| 1969 - Mantua |
| 1968 - Rome |
| 1967 - Ravenna |
| 1966 - Palermo |
| 1965 - Florence |
| 1964 - Genoa |
| 1963 - Naples |
| 1962 - Verona |
| 1961 - Pisa |
| 1960 - Trieste |
| 1959 - Sorrento |
| 1958 - Venice |
| 1957 - Taormina |
| 1956 - Rimini |
| 1955 - Perugia |
| 1954 - Florence |
| 1953 - Palermo |
| 1952 - Milan |
| 1951 - Naples |
| 1950 - Turin |
| 1949 - Venice |
| 1948 - Capri |

## List of laureates

## Bibliography

* Amelia Belloni Sonzogni, *Cultura e qualità di rete. Storia del Prix Italia 1948 - 2008,* UNI Service, 2008, ISBN 978-88-6178-214-3.


title: Thangkhangin Ngaihte

abstract: As of 1 June 2005, Thangkhangin Ngaihte is an Indian politician. He is the president of the Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) Manipur State Committee. He was nominated by LJP president Ram Vilas Paswan to replace Albert Gengoukhup Mate, the former State Committee president, who was killed in the prior month.

text:
# Thangkhangin Ngaihte

As of 1 June 2005, **Thangkhangin Ngaihte** is an Indian politician. He is the president of the Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) Manipur State Committee. He was nominated (11 May 2005) by LJP president Ram Vilas Paswan to replace Albert Gengoukhup Mate, the former State Committee president, who was killed in the prior month.

## Early life and career

Born into the family of Sonna of the Ngaihte clan of the Paite-Zomi group, Thangkhangin is the first Manipur-born Zomi scholar, having received his Master's degree in Philosophy at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. He is considered to be a trail-blazer for the Zomi Nationalist Movement across the globe. Reportedly, he co-founded the Zomi National Congress (a forerunner for the various branches of the Zo Movement, like ZRO, and ZORO), and is said to have been instrumental in organising the First World Zomi Convention (19–21 May 1988) at Champhai in Mizoram, India.


abstract: The Professional Social Workers' Association (PSWA) is an association of Indian / Tamil Nadu social work professionals, headquartered at Chennai. It is a legally registered entity, formerly known as "Professional Social Workers' Forum" (PSWF). The Association is functioning since 1985.

text:
# Professional Social Workers' Association

The **Professional Social Workers' Association** (PSWA) is an association of Indian / Tamil Nadu social work professionals, headquartered at Chennai. It is a legally registered entity, formerly known as "Professional Social Workers' Forum" (PSWF). The Association is functioning since 1985.

## Objectives

They are also organizing an annual state level seminar pertaining to current social work challenges and practices. International Social Workers' Day is an annual event of PSWA.


title: Princess Elene of Kartli

abstract:
Princess Elene or Elene-Gulchara was a Georgian royal princess (batonishvili) of the Bagrationi dynasty of Kartli branch. She was a daughter of King George X of Kartli and Tamar-Mariam Lipartiani-Dadiani. Princess Elene was affianced to Tsar Feodor II of Russia. In "Istoria Gosudarstva Rossiyskogo" by Nikolay Karamzin she is described by Russian prince Mikhail Tatishev as:
I saw Elena in a tent of the Queen. She sat between her mother and grandmother on the golden carpet and had pearl headwear, in a velvet dress with lace, with hat decorated with precious stones. Father told her to stand up, take off the robe and the hat. Elena is charming. White, her eyes are black, with small nose, her hair is dyed, pitched straight, but too thin for her age as she is only 10 years old, and her face was not quite complete. King George X of Kartli gave the oath, but the princess stayed in Georgia until the next Russian visit, by which time Feodor II was no longer alive. The later fate of the princess is unknown.

text:
# Princess Elene of Kartli

Princess **Elene** or **Elene-Gulchara** (Georgian: ელენე; ელენე-გულჩარა) (born 1591) was a Georgian royal princess (*batonishvili*) of the Bagrationi dynasty of Kartli branch.

She was a daughter of King George X of Kartli and Tamar-Mariam Lipartiani-Dadiani.

Princess Elene was affianced to Tsar Feodor II of Russia.

In "Istoria Gosudarstva Rossiyskogo" by Nikolay Karamzin she is described by Russian prince Mikhail Tatishev as:

> I saw Elena in a tent of the Queen. She sat between her mother and grandmother on the golden carpet and had pearl headwear, in a velvet dress with lace, with hat decorated with precious stones. Father told her to stand up, take off the robe and the hat. Elena is charming. White, her eyes are black, with small nose, her hair is dyed, pitched straight, but too thin for her age as she is only 10 years old, and her face was not quite complete.

King George X of Kartli gave the oath, but the princess stayed in Georgia until the next Russian visit, by which time Feodor II was no longer alive.

The later fate of the princess is unknown.


abstract: Princess Eleonora Fugger von Babenhausen was an Austrian noblewoman, socialite and chronicler of the House of Fugger. She is also known as Nora Fugger in her autobiography.

text:
# Princess Eleonora Fugger von Babenhausen

**Princess Eleonora Fugger von Babenhausen** (October 4, 1864 in Bartenstein — March 1, 1945 in Vienna) was an Austrian noblewoman, socialite and chronicler of the House of Fugger. She is also known as *Nora Fugger* in her autobiography.

## Early life

*Eleonore Aloysia Maria* was born Princess zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, as the third child of Prince Carl zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (1837–1877) and his wife Princess Rosa Karoline née Countess von Sternberg (1836–1918). She had two elder siblings: Princess Marie (1861–1933) and Prince Johannes (1863–1921), who was married to Archduchess Anna Maria Theresia of Austria, a daughter of Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany and sister of Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony, in 1901.

## Marriage and issue

Eleonora married Karl, 5th Prince Fugger von Babenhausen (1861–1925) on January 8, 1887, in Vienna. Her husband was chamberlain to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Together, they were the parents of two sons and four daughters:

Her memoirs are filled with stories about the upper classes of the Austro-Hungarian empire and are a testimony to that period of history.

## Literature

* Nora Fugger. *The Glory of the Habsburgs: The memoirs of Princess Fugger*. G.C. Harrap (1932) ASIN B00085SJMS


abstract: Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach was a member of the House of Wettin and through her two marriages became Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Electress of Saxony.

text:
# Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach

**Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach** (13 April 1662 – 9 September 1696) was a member of the House of Wettin and through her two marriages became Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (from 1681 to 1686) and Electress of Saxony (from 1692 to 1694).

## Biography

Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise was the eldest child of John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, and Countess Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein. Of her seven younger siblings, only four survived to adulthood: Frederick August, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Eisenach, John George II, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, John William III, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach and Fredericka Elisabeth (by marriage Duchess of Saxe-Weisselfels).

In Eisenach on 4 November 1681, Eleonore married firstly John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach as his second wife.

After the death of her husband (22 March 1686), the government of Brandenburg-Ansbach passed to her stepson Christian Albert (eldest surviving son of her husband's first marriage), who being a minor ruled under a regency. Because her relationship with her stepchildren was not good since the beginning, Eleonore and her children moved to Crailsheim, where they lived in poverty; shortly after, she returned alone to her homeland Eisenach, while her children were sent to Berlin, where they became companions of Frederick William, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg. In November 1691 Eleonore also arrived in Berlin to actively participate in the negotiations of her second marriage.

### Electress of Saxony

In Leipzig on 17 April 1692, Eleonore married secondly John George IV, Elector of Saxony and moved with her children to Dresden, where the Saxon court was established. The wedding was concluded at the insistence of Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg (who wanted to secure an alliance with Saxony) and the Dowager Electress Anna Sophie of Denmark, ostensibly to produce legitimate heirs to the Electorate of Saxony but truly to end the liaison between her son and his mistress, Magdalene Sibylle "Billa" of Neidschutz.

The union proved to be unsuccessful; John George IV lived openly with Billa, and she became the first ever Official Mistress (*Favoritin*) of an Elector of Saxony; while Eleonore was relegated to the *Hofe* (the official residence of the Elector). In addition, the Electress suffered two miscarriages during their marriage, in August 1692 and February 1693, and a phantom pregnancy in December 1693. In March 1693 began rumors at the Saxon court that Eleonore was not the lawful wife of John George IV, because at the time of their marriage, he was already married with Billa; There was even found a document confirming the conclusion of a marriage contract between the Elector of Saxony and his mistress, but John George IV (probably fearing the anger of the Hohenzollerns) said that he did not consider this contract as a formal marriage, and that it was only made for the purpose of legitimizing his offspring with Billa. Nevertheless, throughout his marriage, John George IV desperately wanted to legitimize the relationship with his mistress and tried to get rid of his wife and her children; fearing for her and her children's lives, Eleonore left the *Hofe* and settled in Pretzsch. During this time, Eleonore confided in the English diplomat George Stepney, who wrote extensively about her and the Saxon court.

### Later life

John George IV died on 27 April 1694 from smallpox after being infected by the dying Billa. The new Elector, Frederick Augustus I allowed the Dowager Electress and her children to remain in Pretzsch, where they lived until Eleonore's death two years later, on 9 September 1696. She was buried at Freiberg Cathedral.

After her death, Eleonore's children were sent back to Ansbach to the court of their older half-brother George Frederick II, who became in the new Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach after Christian Albert's death in 1692. George Frederick II, as well as his predecessor, was a minor and ruled under a regency, who had little interest in the education of the children. William Frederick stayed in Ansbach and in 1703 after the death of his brother inherited the Margraviate; Caroline went to Berlin at Charlottenburg Palace under the care of Frederick III, Elector of Brandenburg, and his wife, Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, who was a friend of Eleonore.

## Issue

She had three children:

1. Arkell 1939, p. 5.
2. Beatty 2003, p. 134.
3. Sharp 2001, p. 21.
4. Sharp 2001, p. 23.
5. Van der Kiste 2013, p. 2.
6. Van der Kiste 2013, pp. 2–3.
7. Sharp 2001, p. 38.
8. Sharp 2001, pp. 48–49.
9. Sharp 2001, p. 37.
10. Van der Kiste 2013, p. 3.
11. Arkell 1939, p. 6.
12. Hichens 2006, p. 19.
13. Arkell 1939, pp. 6–7.
14. Weir 2011, pp. 277–278.
15. Van der Kiste 2013, p. 17.
16. Beatty 2003, pp. 138–166.

## Sources

* Arkell, Ruby Lillian Percival. *Caroline of Ansbach*. Oxford University Press, 1939. 338 p. google.books.com
* Beatty, Michael A. *The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution*. McFarland, 2003 pp. 133–138. 261 p. ISBN 0786415584, ISBN 9780786415588. google.books.com
* Böttcher, Hans-Joachim. *Johann Georg IV. von Sachsen und Magdalena Sibylla von Neitschütz - Eine tödliche Liaison*. Dresden 2014. ISBN 978-3-941757-43-1.
* Hichens, Mark. *Wives of the Kings of England: From Hanover to Windsor*. Peter Owen, 2006. 182 p. ISBN 0720612713, ISBN 9780720612714. google.books.com
* Sharp, Tony. *Pleasure and Ambition: The Life, Loves and Wars of Augustus the Strong, 1670-1707*. London: I.B. Tauris, 2001. ISBN 0857715712, ISBN 9780857715715 google.books.com
* Van der Kiste, John. *George II and Queen Caroline*. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2013. 240 p. ISBN 0750954485, ISBN 9780750954488. google.books.com
* Weir, Alison. *Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy*. Random House, 2011 pp. 277–278. 400 p. ISBN 1446449114, ISBN 9781446449110. google.books.com

## InfoBox

| Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Margravine consort of Brandenburg-Ansbach | |
| Tenure | 4 November 1681 – 22 March 1686 |
| Electress consort of Saxony | |
| Tenure | 17 April 1692 – 27 April 1694 |
|  | |
| Born | (1662-04-13)13 April 1662
Friedewald, County of Sayn-Altenkirchen, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 9 September 1696(1696-09-09) (aged 34)
Pretzsch, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire |
| Burial | Freiberg Cathedral |
| Spouse | *   John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
(m. 1681; died 1686) *   John George IV, Elector of Saxony
(m. 1692; died 1694) |
| Issue |  |
| Names  Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise | |
| House | Wettin |
| Father | John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach |
| Mother | Countess Johanna of Sayn-Wittgenstein |


title: Probainognathia

abstract: Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged Lumkuia, from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic. Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals.

text:
# Probainognathia

**Probainognathia** is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged *Lumkuia*, from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic. Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous (*Montirictus* and *Xenocretosuchus*)—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals.

## Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:

Cladogram from Stefanello *et al.* (2023):

## InfoBox

| Probainognathia
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Fossil of the probainognathian *Chiniquodon theotonicus* in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Synapsida |
| *Clade*: | Therapsida |
| *Clade*: | Cynodontia |
| *Clade*: | Eucynodontia |
| *Clade*: | Probainognathia
Hopson, 1990 |
|
| Subgroups | |
|  | |


title: Project Sunshine for Japan

abstract: Project Sunshine for Japan is a worldwide campaign by Mansoureh (Mana) Rahnama in Dortmund, Germany. Rahnama started the networking project in April 2011 in the form of a poster competition in support of the survivors of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Japan in March 2011.

text:
# Project Sunshine for Japan

**Project Sunshine for Japan** (motto “Your colours can brighten the land of the rising sun again!”) is a worldwide campaign by Mansoureh (Mana) Rahnama in Dortmund, Germany. Rahnama started the networking project in April 2011 in the form of a poster competition in support of the survivors of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Japan in March 2011.

## History

Around 400 international designers from 40 countries participated in the competition. A jury (Pamela Campagna + Thomas A. Scheiderbauer (Italy), Holger Jacobs (Great Britain), Wilfried Korfmacher (Germany), Uwe Loesch (Germany), Luba Lukova (USA), John Moore (Venezuela), Woody Pirtle (USA), Christopher Scott (Ireland), and Shinoske Sugisaki (Japan)) selected the 100 best posters. Six posters received recognition and awards (Mark Andersen (USA), Kristina Jovanovic (Serbia), Scott Laserow (USA), Zafar Lehimle (Turkey), Yossi Lemel (Israel), and Tristan Schmitz (Germany). The posters were presented in several exhibitions all over the world.

## The Book

**Project Sunshine for Japan. Posters, Stories and poems about Fukushima** (published in March 2013) presents the award-winning posters and literary articles by authors from 15 countries in 13 languages. Participating authors are Yuri Andrukhovych (Ukraine), Rolf Bertram (Germany), Andrea Biscaro (Italy), Biyú Suárez Céspedes (Bolivia), Kevin Chen (Taiwan), Thomas Dersee (Germany), Anton Eisenhauer (Germany), Rainer Frentzel-Beyme (Germany), (Germany), Günter Grass (Germany), Angelica Guzmán (Bolivia), Günther Hager (Austria), Ohm Jung Ho (Korea), Taro Igarashi (Japan), Mustafa Ijaz (Turkey), Koji Ikeda (Japan), Tokiko Kiyota (Japan), Prof. Dr. Masayuki Komatsu (Japan), Wilfried Korfmacher (Japan), Josef Lutz (Germany), Michiko Mae (Germany/Japan), Sarita Mansilla (Bolivia), Stephan Moldzio (Germany), Shinji Nakagawa (Japan), Akmal Nasery Basral (Indonesia), Sixto Paz Wells (Peru), Peace Boat (Japan), Michael Pilath (Germany), Mansoureh Rahnama (Germany/Iran), Sapna Rangaswamy (India), Naemi Reymann (Germany), RICOH Deutschland GmbH (Germany), Ryuichi Sakamoto (Japan), Prima Santika (Indonesia), Elisabeth Scherer (Germany), Gert Scobel (Germany), Shinnoske Sugisaki (Japan), Shinpei Takeda (Japan), Dejan Vukelic (Serbia), Izumi Yamaguchi (Japan), Peter Zec (Germany), Dirk Zimmermann (Germany), and Rui Zink (Rui Zink). The German poster designer Uwe Loesch created the book cover and exhibition posters.

## Exhibitions (selection)

## Publication

* Project Sunshine for Japan. Posters, Stories and poems about Fukushima, Editor Mansoureh Rahnama (D), Kettler, Lünen, 2013, ISBN 978-3-86206-219-5


title: Prisoners in Paradise (song)

abstract: "Prisoners in Paradise" is a 1991 single released by the Swedish rock band Europe. It was the first single from the album of the same name. The single charted at #8 in Sweden.

text:
# Prisoners in Paradise (song)

"**Prisoners in Paradise**" is a 1991 single released by the Swedish rock band Europe. It was the first single from the album of the same name. The single charted at #8 in Sweden.

## Track listing

1. "Prisoners in Paradise"
2. "Seventh Sign"

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Prisoners in Paradise" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Europe | |
| from the album  *Prisoners in Paradise* | |
| B-side | "Seventh Sign" |
| Released | September 1991 |
| Genre | Hard rock, heavy metal |
| Length |  |
| Label | Epic |
| Songwriter(s) | Joey Tempest |
| Producer(s) | Beau Hill |
| Europe singles chronology | |
| "Tomorrow"
(1989) "**Prisoners in Paradise**"
(1991) "I'll Cry for You"
(1991) | |
|  | |
| Audio sample | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Prothinodes lutata

abstract: Prothinodes lutata is a species of moth in the family Tineidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

text:
# Prothinodes lutata

***Prothinodes lutata*** is a species of moth in the family Tineidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1914. This species is endemic to New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Prothinodes lutata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tineidae |
| Genus: | *Prothinodes* |
| Species: | ***P. lutata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prothinodes lutata***<br>Meyrick, 1914 | |
|


title: Priya Thomas

abstract: Priya Thomas is a Canadian musician, dancer, choreographer, and scholar. She has released work under her own name and under the pseudonym, Iroquois Falls. She has toured with John Cale, The Fall, James, Radiohead, Sam Philips, the Neville Brothers and Rufus Wainwright, among others. She teaches and practices ashtanga yoga in Toronto.

text:
# Priya Thomas

**Priya Thomas** is a Canadian musician, dancer, choreographer, and scholar. She has released work under her own name and under the pseudonym, Iroquois Falls. She has toured with John Cale, The Fall, James, Radiohead, Sam Philips, the Neville Brothers and Rufus Wainwright, among others.

She teaches and practices ashtanga yoga in Toronto.

## Musical career

Thomas was born in Hamilton, Ontario, and raised in Montreal. Her first instrument was the violin and started writing music at the age of 11.

Thomas trained as a dancer under Priyamvada Sankar in Montreal. Thomas performed her arangetram in 1983 and continued to study Bharata Natyam with Sankar until 1995, performing regularly in Canada, the US and India. Thomas also studied Carnatic vocal music and Sanskrit with Priyamvada Sankar. Thomas has choreographed and performed in contemporary dance pieces, most notably collaborating with Hari Krishnan and Devraj Patnaik, co-founder of Chitralekha Odissi Dance Creations, on a piece commissioned by Dusk Dances.

Thomas earned a B.A in Religious Studies from McGill University, and an M.A from York University. She is currently completing a Ph.D in Dance Studies at York University.

Thomas released her first solo record *In the Throes of the Microscope* in 1996. Following its release, Thomas relocated to Toronto where she wrote the experimental *Armageddon Weather Channel*, which was recorded with contributions from Ian Ilavsky. It was well received by critics, but lacked distribution and radioplay.

*Songs for Car Commercials* was released in 2002. *You and Me Against the World Baby*, released in 2006. In 2008, *Priya Thomas is Blood Heron (Renovation Tracks)* was released by Sunny Lane Records to critical acclaim in the U.S. and Canada.

Following the loss of her close friend John Michael Auden McVey to suicide in March 2009, Thomas returned to movement work and choreographic practices.

In 2012, Thomas formed an experimental project called Iroquois Falls. An EP entitled *Twice-Born-Once-From-A-Gun* was released by Toronto label Hi-Scores on March 21, 2012.

## Discography

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Priya Thomas | |
| --- | --- |
| Priya Thomas, Sled Island Music Festival. | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Hamilton, Ontario |
| Genres | Indie |
| Instrument(s) | Vocals, guitar, piano, violin, drums |
| Years active | 1996–present |
| Labels | High Scores, IRL, Sunny Lane Records |
|  | |
| Website | priyathomas.com |


title: Procedural default

abstract: Procedural default is a concept in American federal law that requires a state prisoner seeking a writ of habeas corpus in federal court to have "present[ed] his federal law argument to the state courts in compliance with state procedural rules. Failure to do so will bar any attempt to present that argument to the federal courts on collateral review. A petitioner may evade this bar only by showing 'cause' and 'prejudice' for the default – that is, by stating a good reason for not presenting the federal claim to the state courts, and by showing that the federal error worked to the petitioner's 'actual and substantial disadvantage.'"

text:
# Procedural default

**Procedural default** is a concept in American federal law that requires a state prisoner seeking a writ of *habeas corpus* in federal court to have "present\[ed\] his federal law argument to the state courts in compliance with state procedural rules. Failure to do so will bar any attempt to present that argument to the federal courts on collateral review. A petitioner may evade this bar only by showing 'cause' and 'prejudice' for the default – that is, by stating a good reason for not presenting the federal claim to the state courts, and by showing that the federal error worked to the petitioner's 'actual and substantial disadvantage.'"


title: Prudence at Number 10

abstract: Prudence at Number 10 is a fictional diary wishing to be the private thoughts of Prudence Harbinger, former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's Director of Media Liaison, but actually written for publication in British newspaper The Sunday Telegraph by Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran, the authors of the column's predecessor Alan B'Stard's Diary. In the first episode we are introduced to a single fast-track career civil-servant who carries a torch for the Iron Chancellor since working on his team a decade before. Her heart leaps when he rings her to renew their toxic relationship.

text:
# Prudence at Number 10

**Prudence at Number 10** is a fictional diary wishing to be the private thoughts of Prudence Harbinger, former (United Kingdom) Prime Minister Gordon Brown's Director of Media Liaison, but actually written for publication in British newspaper *The Sunday Telegraph* by Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran, the authors of the column's predecessor *Alan B'Stard's Diary*.

In the first episode we are introduced to a single fast-track career civil-servant who carries a torch for the Iron Chancellor since working on his team a decade before. Her heart leaps when he rings her to renew their toxic relationship.

1. The name is a reference to Gordon Brown's continual references, throughout his time at the Treasury,to the need for financial caution.
2. First episode published on 10 June 2007
3. In which we meet Prudence


title: Próle

abstract: Próle is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barczewo, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-east of Barczewo and 23 km (14 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

text:
# Próle

**Próle** \[ˈprulɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barczewo, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-east of Barczewo and 23 km (14 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

## InfoBox

| Próle | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Próle | |
| Coordinates: 53°55′N 20°46′E / 53.917°N 20.767°E / 53.917; 20.767 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Olsztyn |
| Gmina | Barczewo |