title: Ralf R. Ollertz

abstract: Ralf R. Ollertz is a German composer and, along with Toula Limnaios, an artistic director of Halle Tanzbühne Berlin and cie. toula limnaios, a contemporary dance company they founded together in 1996 in Brussels.

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# Ralf R. Ollertz

**Ralf R. Ollertz**  (born 1964) is a German composer and, along with Toula Limnaios, an artistic director of Halle Tanzbühne Berlin and cie. toula limnaios, a contemporary dance company they founded together in 1996 in Brussels.

## Biography

Ralf. R. Ollertz studied composition, electroacoustic music, piano and conducting in Nürnberg und Düsseldorf. In 1988 he was appointed the music director of Wuppertaler Schauspielhaus. A scholarship brought him to Italy where he studied composition with Salvatore Sciarrino. Afterwards he continued studies at the Folkwang University of the Arts (at that time: Folkwang University) in Essen, from which he graduated in composition under Nikolaus A. Huber and electroacoustic music under Dirk Reith.

Ollertz founded *The Ensemble for New Music- go ahead* and collaborated intensely with visual artists. He wrote and produced radio dramas in cooperation with the authors Clarence Barlow and Hartmut Geerken, and worked three years as a music director with Claudia Lichtblau. The opera *car crash*, he composed together with Willy Daum, had its premiere in March 2002 in Staatsoper Hannover, and was resumed in 2006 in Staatsoper Stuttgart. Together with Toula Limnaios, he serves as an artistic director of cie. toula limnaios (since its foundation in 1996) and Halle Tanzbühne Berlin (since its opening in 2003).

Over the past years Ralf R. Ollertz has written not only chamber and orchestra music, but also electroacoustic and theatre music, film scores and radio dramas, many of which brought him international awards and grants. His creative work as a composer and conductor traveled through radio waves, theater stages and silver screens all around Europe, South America, Australia, Japan, Africa and USA.

* The Daily Mirror (Der Tagesspiegel), a special issue on the *George Tabori Theatre Award 2012*, The Fund for Performing Arts, 16. - 23.05.2012.
* Nora Abdel Rahman : *Puccini teils ganz anders.* In: *Mannheimer Morgen*, Kultur, 11.04.2013.
* *Welt - Bild - Theater, Volume 1*, p. 237, Kati Röttger, Gesellschaft für Theaterwissenschaft, 2010, ISBN 3823366068.


title: Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)

abstract: At the Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 938 near Hạ Long Bay in northern Vietnam, the military force of the Viet-ruled domain of Tĩnh Hải quân, led by Ngô Quyền, a Viet lord, defeated the invading forces of the Chinese state of Southern Han and put an end to the Third Era of Northern Domination. It was considered the turning point in Vietnamese history.

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# Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)

At the **Battle of Bạch Đằng River** in 938 near Hạ Long Bay in northern Vietnam, the military force of the Viet-ruled domain of Tĩnh Hải quân, led by Ngô Quyền, a Viet lord, defeated the invading forces of the Chinese state of Southern Han and put an end to the Third Era of Northern Domination (Chinese ruled Vietnam). It was considered the turning point in Vietnamese history.

## Background

In October 930, Southern Han, a Chinese state in southern China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, launched an attack on the Jinghai circuit, which at the time was a Viet principality controlled by the Khúc clan. The leader of the Khuc, Khúc Thừa Mỹ, was taken prisoner by the Southern Han emperor Liu Yan. In 931, the local general Dương Đình Nghệ raised a 3,000-men army of retainers and drove the Southern Han back to the borders of the Jinghai Circuit.

In 937, Đình Nghệ was assassinated by Kiều Công Tiễn, a military officer. Đình Nghệ's son in law and also his general, Ngô Quyền, mobilized his army to overthrow Kiều Công Tiễn. Công Tiễn asked Liu Yan for support. Liu Yan dispatched his son Liu Hongcao in command of the expedition fleet, which sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin and headed inland up Bạch Đằng River. Liu Yan led an additional force following his son's fleet.

## Battle

In late 938, the Southern Han fleet led by Liu Hongcao met Ngô Quyền's fleet on the gate of the Bạch Đằng River. The Southern Han fleet consisted fast warships carrying fifty men on each–twenty sailors, twenty five warriors, and two crossbowmen. Ngô Quyền and his force had set up massive stakes tipped with iron foiled points on the river bed. When the river tide rose, the sharpened stakes were covered by water. As the Southern Han sailed into the estuary, Viets in smaller crafts went down and harassed the Southern Han warships, luring them to follow upstream. When the tide fell, Ngô Quyền's force counterattacked and pushed the enemy fleet back to the sea. The Southern Han ships were immobilized by the stakes. Half of the Han army died, either killed or drowned, including Liu Hongcao. When the news of the defeat reached Liu Yan on the sea, he retreated back to Guangzhou.

## Aftermath

In spring 939, Ngô Quyền proclaimed himself king and chose the town of Co Loa as the capital. This battle has been described as the point when Vietnamese history came into its own as the Jinghai Circuit achieved *de facto* independence.

## Legacy

In 1288, Commander-in-Chief Prince Trần Quốc Tuấn, inspired by Ngô Quyền, employed the same tactic against the Yuan Dynasty during the Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288). This engagement was a decisive Đại Việt victory and was one of the last major engagements in the Mongol invasions of Vietnam. Both battles are widely considered to be among the greatest victories in Vietnamese history.

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) | |
| --- | --- |
|
Map of   Tĩnh Hải quân (靜海軍) and   Southern Han (南漢) | |
| Date Autumn 938  Location Bạch Đằng River, Vietnam 20°50′39″N 106°37′54″E / 20.8442°N 106.6317°E / 20.8442; 106.6317  Result Tĩnh Hải Quân victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Tĩnh Hải quân | Southern Han |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Ngô Quyền | Liu Yan
Liu Hongcao |
| Strength | |
| 5,000–10,000 | 20,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | 10,000 |


title: Dialect discrimination

abstract: Dialect discrimination refers to the unequal treatment of those whose dialect contains linguistic features identifying them with a certain geographical or social group. It is connected to linguistic discrimination and linguistic racism. One may experience dialect discrimination in a number of settings, but this type of discrimination may be most prominent in the workplace. While there is not enough data to know how often it occurs, it is possible that a number of people may experience dialect discrimination during the job application process, as employers strive for their staff to utilize a more “standardized” or “neutral” form of speaking. Dialect discrimination may also be present in education and politics. Children in school whose dialect does not closely resemble the standard form of speaking may not receive the same education. Likewise, those who speak in a manner that is not associated with the common dialect of an area or country may be slandered or even unable to vote in politics. It is disputed whether this form of discrimination is prohibited by the EEOC.

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# Dialect discrimination

**Dialect discrimination** refers to the unequal treatment of those whose dialect contains linguistic features identifying them with a certain geographical or social group. It is connected to linguistic discrimination and linguistic racism.

One may experience dialect discrimination in a number of settings, but this type of discrimination may be most prominent in the workplace. While there is not enough data to know how often it occurs, it is possible that a number of people may experience dialect discrimination during the job application process, as employers strive for their staff to utilize a more “standardized” or “neutral” form of speaking.

Dialect discrimination may also be present in education and politics. Children in school whose dialect does not closely resemble the standard form of speaking may not receive the same education. Likewise, those who speak in a manner that is not associated with the common dialect of an area or country may be slandered or even unable to vote in politics. It is disputed whether this form of discrimination is prohibited by the EEOC.

## Connections to other factors

Discrimination can be defined as the unfair treatment of a person or a group based on something for which they identify. Discrimination is often seen as categorical. Some categorical examples of this include, but are not limited to; race, gender, age or sexual orientation.

Dialect discrimination is linked to perceptions of dialects in relation to race, class, national origin, and other categories. For instance, in the United States, Southern accents are associated with lower class individuals, and there is a resulting reduction in pay offered to those with Southern accents compared to accents perceived as more "neutral."

There is also language discrimination, when someone is treated/looked at differently than others because of their native language or how they speak the common language of the area (such as English in much of the United States). This is typically related to dialect and accent discrimination, too. Dialect or accent discrimination, are considered as part of the category of national origin. Therefore, they are covered under the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits an employer from discriminating against any individual with respect to his or her compensation, terms/condition, or privileges of employment because of that individual’s national origin.

## Examples of dialect discrimination

### Workplace

A good example of dialect discrimination would be workplace dialect discrimination. A lot of times, individuals will not be hired for a job because of the way they speak or sound. And another thing that is difficult and at the Forefront of media, today is the fact that if one's primary language is not English and one is trying to get hired by an English-speaking company, many companies will not hire this individual because of this. Although this is seen as illegal in many states, it is still a very wide reason why some people do not get jobs. The employer may not tell the employee that that is the reason he or she is not being hired, but usually, it is the underlying cause.

### Education

Dialect discrimination can be found is in schools. Something that a lot of families struggle with is they will put their child in a school that is primarily English-speaking, and the child will get discriminated against and not get the same tools that other students are getting as far as learning goes because of the way they speak or sound. In the US, Hispanic languages get looked down on in primary education schools. Because of this, a lot of Hispanic immersion schools have been created, however language and dialect discrimination is the root cause.

### Political

There is dialect discrimination in politics. A lot of times, candidates running for a government position are discriminated against because of the way they sound: for example, people may label a political figure as undereducated based on their dialect and/or accent.


title: Donald Owens

abstract: Donald Dean Owens is an American general superintendent emeritus in the Church of the Nazarene, and also a retired ordained minister, missionary, professor, and seminary and college president. Owens is the founding president of the forerunner of Korea Nazarene University, and Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary in Taytay, Rizal, Philippines (1983–1984), and served as the pioneer missionary for the Church of the Nazarene in the Republic of Korea (1954–1966), and as a missionary for four years in the Philippines (1981–1985), where he was the first Regional Director of both the Asia Region (1981–1985) and the South Pacific Region (1981–1983) of the Church of the Nazarene. Owens was the 2nd President of MidAmerica Nazarene College in Olathe, Kansas, for 4 years from 1985. In June 1989 Owens was elected the 28th General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene, and after being re-elected in 1993, served until his retirement in June 1997. Owens is the author of four books: Challenge in Korea (1957), Church Behind the Bamboo Curtain (1973), Revival Fires in Korea (1977), and Sing Ye Islands (1979); and several scholarly articles. Owens was a professor at Korea Nazarene Theological College, Bethany Nazarene College in Bethany, Oklahoma, and at Nazarene Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri. Owens pastored Nazarene churches in Fairbury, Nebraska (1952–1954) and Bethany, Oklahoma, where he was the pioneer pastor of the Lake Overholser Church (1968–1969).

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# Donald Owens

**Donald Dean Owens** (born September 12, 1926) is an American general superintendent emeritus in the Church of the Nazarene, and also a retired ordained minister, missionary, professor, and seminary and college president. Owens is the founding president of the forerunner of Korea Nazarene University (then in Seoul, Korea), and Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary in Taytay, Rizal, Philippines (1983–1984), and served as the pioneer missionary for the Church of the Nazarene in the Republic of Korea (1954–1966), and as a missionary for four years in the Philippines (1981–1985), where he was the first Regional Director of both the Asia Region (1981–1985) and the South Pacific Region (1981–1983) of the Church of the Nazarene. Owens was the 2nd President of MidAmerica Nazarene College in Olathe, Kansas, for 4 years from 1985. In June 1989 Owens was elected the 28th General Superintendent of the Church of the Nazarene, and after being re-elected in 1993, served until his retirement in June 1997.

Owens is the author of four books: *Challenge in Korea* (1957), *Church Behind the Bamboo Curtain* (1973), *Revival Fires in Korea* (1977), and *Sing Ye Islands* (1979); and several scholarly articles. Owens was a professor at Korea Nazarene Theological College, Bethany Nazarene College in Bethany, Oklahoma, and at Nazarene Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri. Owens pastored Nazarene churches in Fairbury, Nebraska (1952–1954) and Bethany, Oklahoma, where he was the pioneer pastor of the Lake Overholser Church (1968–1969).

## Early life and education

Owens was born on September 12, 1926 in Marionville, Missouri, the fourth of the five children, and third son of Emery Owens (born June 22, 1889, in Mount Vernon, Missouri; died 1970 in California), a farm laborer who did odd jobs, and who had been a miner; and Mary Elizabeth Russell Owens (born April 30, 1893, in Missouri; died October 1968 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). His only sister was Neva M. Owens (born 1913 in Missouri), who was born soon after her parents' wedding on August 5, 1912, in Lawrence County, Missouri. Owens' three brothers were Raymond E. Owens (born about 1918 in Missouri); Norman James Robert Owens (born June 14, 1924, in South Haven, Kansas; died June 27, 2004, in Caldwell, Idaho); and Denny Gene Owens (born February 7, 1934, in Carthage, Missouri; died February 22, 2000, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma), who later was a missionary for the Church of the Nazarene in the Philippines for 12 years between 1965 and 1982, where he pastored in Manila, was district superintendent of the Eastern Visayan district and was president of Visayan Nazarene Bible College (1979–1980), then located in Iloilo City; was president of Nazarene Indian Bible College in Albuquerque, New Mexico. and based in Guam as the pioneer District Superintendent of the Micronesia District from 1994.

By 1930 Owens and his parents and three siblings were living on a farm in Marion township in Jasper County, Missouri, near Carthage, Missouri. By 1940, Owens' parents had divorced, and Owens and his mother, and his brothers Norman and Denny, and their maternal grandfather, James M. Russell (born 1862 in Tennessee) were living at 1605 S. Aurora Street in Stockton, California. Owens attended Stockton High School (California) but left before graduation. While still a high school student, Owens indicated that he was converted to Christ in Joplin, Missouri, in August 1944, a month prior to his eighteenth birthday.

Owens enlisted in the US Army at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on January 20, 1945. Owens was stationed in the Philippines and Japan, and was discharged honorably in 1946, having reached the rank of sergeant. During 1946 Owens completed his high school studies through passing the GED test.

Owens indicated that he experienced entire sanctification in December 1946 in Joplin, Missouri.

### Bethany-Peniel College (1947–1952)

With the financial assistance provided by the provisions of the G.I. Bill, Owens enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts program at the Church of the Nazarene's Bethany-Peniel College (BPC) in Bethany, Oklahoma, in 1947. While studying at BPC, Owens met his future wife, Adeline Lois Preuss (born March 3, 1930, in Augusta, Kansas), where they were both members of the Class of 1951. Owens was the president of the Junior Class, while Adeline was class treasurer; was on the Dorm Council in 1949, while Adeline was its secretary; was vice-president of the Student Council (1950); in 1949 and 1950 was elected to the Men's B Club, BPC's male varsity letter organization for "those athletes showing outstanding ability", and was vice-president in 1949; was a member of both the Sophomore, and then the Junior varsity football team, that won the school football championship; a member of the Junior Boys' Softball team; a member of the A Cappella Choir; a member of the Christmas Chorus, which performed George Frederic Handel's oratorio "The Messiah". a member of the Gospel Team that provided opportunities for personal evangelism, Christian service, and arranged special meetings for students to preach or sing; and of the Prayer and Fasting League in 1949 and 1950, that met for an hour each Friday at noon to pray and fast. Additionally, Owens took a few missions courses at BPC.

Towards the end of Owens' senior year at BNC, from April 1, 1951, there was "a remarkable revival" through two weeks of evangelistic services at the Bethany First Church of the Nazarene featuring the preaching of Nazarene evangelist Russell V. DeLong. According to Dorli Gschwandtner:

\[T\]he first service was filled with God's spirit and many people were stirred (instead of having several days of warm up). There were services every morning and every night. The altar could almost not accommodate all the people that came to the front in every single service. On the first night, the evangelist had a chest in which everybody put his or her prayer requests. At the end of the revival there was a great burning of prayer requests, of which many had been answered. The Tuesday morning service went for three hours and found about 125 people at the altar. On Wednesday morning the service went yet another hour longer. People ventured out into Bethany and began inviting seriously to the meetings. Attendance numbers kept rising, so much that children had to sit on the floor and the auditorium could not hold all the people. More and more people came to the front, the services went longer and longer. On that Sunday, Sunday school attendance reached a record 1624. During the service, 150 people and more made it to the altar.

Owens married Adeline Lois Preuss on May 30, 1951. Owens graduated with a B.A. in June 1951. Owens returned to BNC for an additional year, and graduated with a Bachelor of Theology in June 1952.

## Career

### Pastor, Fairbury Church of the Nazarene (1952–1953)

After graduation from Bethany-Peniel College in 1952, Owens became the pastor of the Church of the Nazarene in Fairbury, Nebraska, where he served until 1953. Owens was ordained as an elder in the Church of Nazarene by the Nebraska District in 1952.

While pastoring at Fairbury, Owens and his wife Adeline applied to become missionaries for the Church of the Nazarene in 1952. After recommendation by Dr. Remiss Rehfeldt, the Executive Secretary of Nazarene Foreign Missions (1948–1960), the Owenses were approved by the General Board for general missionary assignment in February 1953.

After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement in Panmunjom on July 27, 1953, by the United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, which resulted in an armistice on the Korean peninsula, the Owenses were assigned to the Republic of Korea. In 1949, the Owenses had heard Korean Nazarene evangelist Rev. Nam Soo "Robert" Chung (sometimes Chung Nahm Su) (born November 9, 1895, near Pyongyang; died July 1, 1965, near Claremont, California), the "Billy Sunday of Korea", the first Nazarene missionary to Korea and the chairman of the Korea's Nazarene "Native Missionary Council", who had studied at Asbury College (1916–1925), speak in the chapel of Bethany-Peniel College. Consequently, faculty and students of BPC, including Adeline who was a member of the college's missionary band, raised about US$6,200 for the work of the Church of the Nazarene in Korea, which had recommenced in October 1948. During their preparation period, Owens was in frequent contact with Chung.

### Missionary to the Republic of Korea (1954–1966)

Don and Adeline Owens were the pioneer foreign missionaries for the Church of the Nazarene in the Republic of Korea, but were initially under the authority of Chung Nam Soo. On May 29, 1954, the Owenses arrived in Seoul, South Korea, where they stayed with Chung and his wife and three children for the next two months. A week after his arrival, Owens preached his first sermon in Korea, which Chung interpreted, and 30 people responded to his invitation to pray.

While learning the Korean language, by August 1954 Owens and Chung registered the "Church of the Nazarene in Korea", with Chung as chairman; helped resolve property issues with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) mission in Korea; and to organize the repair of existing churches, and the construction of chapels and parsonages for house churches. Later in August 1954, Chung left abruptly for the USA for an urgent eye operation, appointing Park Ki Suh (sometimes rendered Kee-Suh Park) as acting chairman of the corporate board, causing some leadership difficulties, "making it difficult for Owens to assume any leadership role", as the Korean pastors were "outwardly cooperative, but still independent-minded.". Despite his frustrations caused by the uncertainty of his role, Owens, influenced by the missiological theories of John Livingstone Nevius, Henry Venn, and Rufus Anderson, pioneers of the "three self" indigenous church mission theory that advocated the indigenization of the church, was committed to allowing the Koreans to build their own church. Consequently, Owens continued to work on the tasks assigned to him by Chung and Rehfeldt.

After a visit by Rehfeldt to Korea early in 1955 for a preachers' meeting, it was decided to officially organize the Korea District and to allow the delegates to elect the district superintendent (DS), with the expectation that the DS would be a Korean. In fact, the Nazarene Department of Foreign Missions indicated that it would allow the election of an unordained pastor should the district assembly desire. Rehfeldt discouraged the consideration of Owens, and Owens agreed and was willing for Park, the only ordained pastor, to be elected, despite reservations about his lack of English and lack of knowledge of Nazarene polity and procedures. In preparation for the first District Assembly for the Korea District to be held in August 1955, Owens oversaw the publication and dissemination of Chung's Korean translation of the *Manual*, the denomination's authoritative guide containing its official statement of the beliefs, practices, and polity. Additionally, in mid-July 1955 Owens organized a three-day workshop to instruct the pastors in the basics of Nazarene polity, held in conjunction with evening services that produced "times of spiritual blessing." As Chung had decided not to return to Korea but rather to retire to Florida, Rehfeldt ruled that he was ineligible to be considered for district superintendent unless he returned to Korea for the district assembly.

The first district assembly of the Korea District was held in Seoul on August 10, 1955, and was chaired by Owens. Despite Owens' reluctance to be district superintendent, he and Park were nominated by the delegates. In each of the four ballots held, Park had a majority of the 22 votes, but was unable to secure the necessary two-thirds majority to be elected. The delegates moved that "since Rev. Owens was a candidate, he should relinquish the chair and allow a Korean to preside." Rev. Sohn, Eung-sun was appointed chair. In the ensuing ballot, Owens was elected.') Owens reported that in keeping with the Nazarene Mission Policy, any election must be approved by the Department of Foreign Missions. after the district assembly he referred the matter to Rehfeldt, writing in November 1955: "Personally, we have no desire to be superintendent here, and recommend to the department ... that Brother Park be appointed to this position." While awaiting a decision from headquarters, Owens consulted Park on administrative matters and established with him a solid working relationship.

In January 1956, Park was appointed district superintendent by the Board of General Superintendents, but Owens was now considered to be the "missionary in charge", with Park to refer all problems to Owens rather than directly to Nazarene headquarters in Kansas City.

#### President of Korea Nazarene Bible College (1954–1966)

Owens and Adeline had the primary responsibility to establish a Bible Training School in Seoul, where they would both train prospective pastors in the theology and polity of the Church of the Nazarene. After developing a three-year curriculum, in September 1954, Owens opened the Bible Training School in Seoul in a rehabilitated fire-gutted former missionary two-story house, with 23 students, 8 of whom were already pastors. Owens was president and he and Adeline were the only teachers, but with the assistance of Jun Yoon-kyu as interpreter. The Owenses were both on the Board of Trustees with two Korean pastors and two Korean lay persons. In 1956 two Koreans became faculty members.

Due to the growth in enrollment and the inadequacy of the existing facilities, in 1956 Owens began searching for a new location for the Training School, and early in 1957 he found a 21-acre site west of Seoul near the US Air Force base at Kimpo, which was purchased for US$5,000 with funds from the denomination's Alabaster fund. In June 1957, another American missionary couple was added to the College faculty. On April 1, 1958, the first graduating class of five completed their studies at the Training School. In the summer of 1958 the Seoul property was sold, and construction of the nine buildings of the new college at Kimpo was started, with classes at the new location for the renamed Korea Nazarene Bible College (KNBC) starting in the first week of January 1959.

The Owenses returned to the United States in late 1959 for their first furlough, which involved almost twelve months of conducting deputation services throughout the nation.

The Owenses returned to the United States for their second year-long furlough in 1965, and decided to accept the offer to become a professor at Bethany Nazarene College, where he could also earn a Master of Arts degree.

### Professor, Bethany Nazarene College (1966–1974)

From 1966 to 1974 Owens was professor of missiology at Bethany Nazarene College (BNC) (formerly Bethany-Peniel College). While teaching at BNC, in 1967 Owens submitted a thesis entitled "Indigenous Church Principles as a Possible Solution for the Unfinished Task of Missions" as partial requirement for the Master of Arts degree in cultural anthropology; and founded the Lake Overholser Church of the Nazarene in Bethany, Oklahoma, in 1968, where he continued until the following year. In 1970 Owens completed all the requirements for the MA, and subsequently enrolled in a Ph.D. program in cultural anthropology and Asian studies at the University of Oklahoma at Norman, Oklahoma.

#### Missionary, Korea (1971–1972)

Due to "the emergence of strong but unyeilding personalities among the national \[Korean\] church leaders \[that\] created crosscurrents of criticism and disloyalty that adversely affected the work" in Korea, after an investigative trip to Korea, in 1971 General Superintendent Orville Jenkins and Foreign Missions Executive Secretary Dr. Everette S. Phillips decided to invite the Owenses return to Korea for a short-term assignment to allow the extrication of several missionaries who had been caught in the crossfire and facilitate reconciliation. Under the leadership of Owens there was reconciliation, and a spiritual renewal that created "a healing wave that not only restored peace and confidence but set the church off on a new sweep of revival and expansion."

### Professor, Nazarene Theological Seminary (1974–1981)

From 1974 Owens was professor of missions at Nazarene Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri, serving until 1981. While teaching at Nazarene Theological Seminary, Owens submitted a dissertation, "Korean Shamanism: Its Components, Context, and Functions", and earned a Ph.D. in cultural anthropology in 1975 from the University of Oklahoma at Norman, Oklahoma.

On January 19, 1977, the General Board of the Church of the Nazarene approved the establishment of a graduate-level seminary (initially called Far East Nazarene Theological Seminary) for the Asia and Pacific regions, and elected Owens as President. In August and again in December 1977, Owens and Jerald Johnson were part of a small team that visited the Philippines in order to find a site for the Seminary. Owens and Johnson chose the present location, the former Children's Garden Orphanage on Ortigas Avenue, Kaytikling, Taytay, Rizal. At that time, Owens targeted mid-1978 for the opening of the school.

In December 1979 Owens was appointed as one of the five members of the REAP (Resource for Evangelism And Projects) team that was established to "train and indoctrinate new groups who expressed a desire to unite with the Church of the Nazarene." Beginning in February 1980, the REAP team provided up to three weeks of intensive training in Nazarene doctrine, organization, and administration in both South India and Nigeria. Despite plans to enter other world areas, the program was discontinued by mid-1980.

In January 1980 Owens and Dr. Willard Taylor, the Dean of NTS, were the first professors to hold graduate level classes on the site of APNTS, when extension classes of NTS were held on the newly purchased property. Owens organised two seminars each January for the following two years on the Kaytikling campus.

### Regional Director, Asia Region (1981–1985)

In June 1981 Owens was elected Regional Director of the newly created Asia Region of the Church of the Nazarene, which then included India, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines; and also of the newly created South Pacific Region, which included Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, and Indonesia. As Regional Director, Owens was responsible for administering both the Asia and South Pacific regions. Owens and his wife moved to Manila in the summer of 1981, and established the regional office in the suburb of Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila.

Additionally, Owens was tasked with the responsibility of establishing in Manila the denomination's second graduate-level seminary on a site that had already been purchased in Taytay, Rizal. However, due to the demands of establishing the new seminary, in 1982 Owens requested that he be relieved of some of his responsibilities, resulting in the January 1983 appointment of Rev. Darrell Teare, District Superintendent of the Hawaii District since 1979, as the Regional Director of the South Pacific Region.

During his term as Regional Director, Owens was part of a group that was permitted to visit the former Nazarene mission field centered on Daming in Hebei in the People's Republic of China in November 1982. Additionally, the first Asian Regional Conference was in Seoul, Korea on April 12–14, 1983; the Church of the Nazarene entered Myanmar in June 1983; and the Philippines Central Luzon District reached financial self-support and became a Regular District in 1985.

When Owens resigned as Regional Director of the Asia Region in June 1985, he was succeeded in November 1985 by Rev. George Rench, a missionary to Indonesia since 1971, who had served previously as a missionary in Taiwan (1959–1971).

#### President, APNTS (1983–1984)

While continuing to serve as Regional Director, Owens became the founding president of Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary in Taytay, Rizal.

When both Filipino and General church leaders (including World Mission director L. Guy Nees) in 1981 urged the sale of the Kaytikling property and the relocation of the Seminary to the campus of Luzon Nazarene Bible College in La Trinidad, Benguet near the northern city of Baguio, Owens, influenced by the missiology of Donald McGavran firmly resisted this idea, arguing: "We should not move away from the masses" believing the seminary should maintain an urban orientation. Owens also advocated that the Seminary should not be an extension of NTS, and that it should develop a resident and increasingly Asian and Pacific faculty, which could apply the church's theology to the contexts of the students. By August 1982, it was decided that the Seminary would remain under the Division of World Mission, with only fraternal relations with NTS. On the recommendation of Owens, on September 22, 1982, the World Mission Division officially renamed the school Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary, and five days later the Board of General Superintendents approved the faculty that Owens had nominated.

On January 6, 1983, the seminary was formally named Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary and established as an autonomous graduate school of theology, with Owens confirmed as President. At that time, General Superintendent William M. Greathouse was involved in the ground-breaking ceremony for a two-story administration building (later named Owens Hall), which would house the library, class rooms, chapel, and administration offices. In August 1983 APNTS received approval from the Commission on Immigration of the Philippine government to offer courses for non-immigrant students for degrees ranging from Bachelor of Theology to Master of Divinity to Doctor of Ministry, although it transpired that this approval gave it no official standing with the same government's Department of Education. Owens chose the motto of the school, "Bridging cultures for Christ," and also the school hymn, "In Christ There is No East or West.".

On November 14, 1983, the first classes of APNTS commenced, with Owens teaching the missions classes. The faculty was installed and the chapel dedicated on January 15, 1984, by General Superintendent Dr. Eugene L. Stowe and World Mission director Dr. L. Guy Nees.

As Owens felt that the demands of being both Regional Director of the Asia Region and President of APNTS was too much, he resigned from the presidency of APNTS early in 1984. In September 1984 Owens was succeeded by Dr. E. Lebron Fairbanks, previously academic dean of European Nazarene Bible College located in Büsingen, Germany, whom had been elected by the Board of General Superintendents in April 1984.

### President, MidAmerica Nazarene College (1985–1989)

Following the decision of founding President R. Curtis Smith to retire after 19 years, on July 18, 1985, the Board of Trustees elected Owens as the 2nd president of MidAmerica Nazarene College (now University) in Olathe, Kansas, following the decision of first choice Paul G. Cunningham, the pastor of College Church of the Nazarene in Olathe, Kansas, to decline election to remain in the pastorate. At the time of Owens' election, the enrollment at MANC had dropped each year from a high of 1386 in 1983 down to 1008 in 1986.

From 1985 to 1989, Owens chaired the Commission on Internationalization of the Church of the Nazarene.

### General Superintendent, Church of the Nazarene (1989–1997)

At the 22nd General Assembly of the Church of the Nazarene in Indianapolis, Indiana, on June 28, 1989, Owens was elected to a four-year term as one of the six General Superintendents of the Church of the Nazarene, the 28th person to hold the highest elected office in the Church of the Nazarene. After being re-elected in 1993, Owens served for another four years as a General Superintendent until he retired in June 1997.

## Later years

At the time of his compulsory retirement as a General Superintendent in June 1997, the delegates of the 24th General Assembly in San Antonio, Texas, voted to declare him General Superintendent emeritus. Towards the end of 1997 Owens deposited his papers with the Nazarene Archives then in Kansas City, Missouri.

Owens and his wife Adeline lived in Bethany, Oklahoma from 1998 until 2003, at which time they relocated to Olathe, Kansas.

On Sunday November 9, 2008, Owens was the preacher in the service held at the Yu Kwan Soon Memorial Stadium in Cheonan, South Korea, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Church of the Nazarene in Korea, and the 100th anniversary of the denomination. In his message, Owens challenged the 7,000 Korean Nazarenes gathered to "see past accomplishments as mile markers on the road to even greater days ahead", and reminded them that Nazarenes are a Christian, a Holiness, and a Missional people."

## Awards and honors

Owens' *alma mater* Bethany-Peniel College (now Southern Nazarene University) twice awarded its “B” award to him in 1949 and 1950. Additionally, in 1965 Bethany Nazarene College named Owens the Outstanding Alumnus for that year. SNU now awards the Dr. Don Owens Scholarship, which was established and funded by former students Owens, and is given to those in the SNU Ministerial Internship program. Both Owens and his wife Adeline are listed on SNU's Wall of Missions.

In 1981 Owens was honored with the Nazarene Theological Seminary’s service award. In 1985 Owens was the recipient of the Citation of Merit award as an outstanding educator in the Church of the Nazarene. In 1997 Owens received honorary doctor of divinity degrees from both MidAmerica Nazarene University (MNU) and Mount Vernon Nazarene College (MVNU). MNU offers the Don and Adeline Owens Missionary Scholarship to deserving students.

In recognition of Owen's role in founding Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary, in 1991 the administration building on the campus of APNTS was christened Owens Hall, and dedicated by Owens' youngest brother, Rev. Denny G. Owens. In conjunction with the 20th anniversary of APNTS, Owens spoke at the commencement service on April 3, 2004, and APNTS Board of Trustees chair Rev. Steve Walsh announced in April 2004 that the BOT had awarded Owens the title President emeritus of Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary; and had voted to establish the Donald Owens School of World Mission, with the vision of APNTS becoming the premier missionary training centre of the Church of the Nazarene. In September 2004 Owens wrote of the decision to name the School of World Mission after him:

"I am honored that my name is being associated with it. People continue to think more of me than I deserve. I am deeply grateful for the pilgrimage that Mrs. Owens and I have shared together."

The APNTS BOT also voted to inaugurate the Donald Owens Lectures in Missiology. Owens gave the inaugural Owens lectures September 21–23, 2004, on the campus of APNTS.

During the dedication of the Church of the Nazarene's new Global Ministry Center (GMC) on Sunday, February 22, 2009, in Lenexa, Kansas, Centennial Heritage Awards were presented to Don and Adeline Owens, along with other General Superintendents emereti and their spouses.

To honor Owens as its founding president, in March 2009 Korea Nazarene University inaugurated Owens International College, an all-English program in international business, that has the aim of "cultivating Christians to be ready for the challenges of globalization." In connection with its 55th anniversary, on September 9, 2009, KNU held a groundbreaking ceremony for the proposed Owens International College (OIC) building on the campus of KNU. On November 1, 2010, KNU dedicated and named its newly completed international hall in honor of Don and Adeline Owens, who are considered the founders of KNU. The Owens International Hall, which consists of two structures joined by a bridge with a patio section, has seven levels, houses KNU's program for international relations and business, and the university's admissions office. Owens, who spoke during the ceremony in response to the honor, said: "You can imagine how overwhelmed we are at being honored in such a way."

## Personal life

Owens and his wife, Adeline Lois Preuss Owens (born March 3, 1930, in Augusta, Kansas; died September 26, 2019, in Olathe, Kansas, who were married on May 30, 1951, have four daughters: Donna Jean Bean (born April 12, 1957) of Olathe, Kansas; Deborah "Debbie" Lynn Bohi (born February 27, 1961) of Gardner, Kansas, who is married to evangelist Daniel W. Bohi, and has four married children; Darlene Denise Conyers (born May 20, 1963) of Allen, Texas, who is married to Rodney Conyers, and has two sons; and Dorothy Mae Owens DeNeve (born March 3, 1966) of Olathe, Kansas.

## Works

### Theses

* "Indigenous Church Principles as a Possible Solution for the Unfinished Task of Missions." M.A. thesis, Bethany Nazarene College. Bethany, OK: 1967.
* "Korean Shamanism: Its Components, Context, and Functions." Ph.D. thesis, University of Oklahoma. Norman, OK: 1975.

### Books

* *Challenge in Korea*. Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill, 1957.
* *The Church Behind the Bamboo Curtain: The Story of the Church Inside Red China.* Kansas City, MO: Nazarene, 1973.
* *Revival Fires in Korea.* Kansas City, MO: Nazarene, 1977.
* *Sing Ye Islands: 1979–80 Missionary Resource Book on the Pacific Islands.* Kansas City, MO: Nazarene, 1979.

### Articles

## Further reading

* Cantrell, Roy Herbert. "The History of Bethany Nazarene College." D.R.E. Thesis. Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1955.
* Cobb, Brent. *Tried and Triumphant: Testimonies of Twelve Korean Nazarenes*. Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill, 1984.
* Cunningham, Floyd T. "Asia-Pacific Theological Seminary: The First Twenty Years." *The Mediator* 5:2 (2003):36–59.
* \________ . "The Beginnings of the Church of the Nazarene in Korea (1932–1966)." *Bokyum Gwa Shinhak* \[Gospel and Culture\] 4 (1992):145–170.
* "Donald D. Owens: Mileposts in a Life of Service." *Herald of Holiness* (1997):63.
* Gresham, Loren P. and L. Paul Gresham. *From Many Came One, in Jesus' Name: Southern Nazarene University Looks Back on a Century: A Pictorial and Synoptic History of SNU.* Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Co., c1998.
* Kim, Sung-Won. "A Critical Reflection on the History of the Church of the Nazarene in Korea." Archived 2017-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. Paper presented at the Global Nazarene Theology Conference. Guatemala, 2002.
* Kong, Chang Sul. "The Historical Research of the Rise of the Church of the Nazarene in Korea." M.Th. Thesis. Yonsei University, 1970.
* Lyu, Won Yuol. "The Significance of the Socio-Cultural Context in Preaching: A Critical Analysis of the Preaching of Donald Owens." Ph.D. Dissertation. Berkeley, CA: Graduate Theological Union, 2008.
* Metz, Donald S. *MidAmerica Nazarene College: The Pioneer Years, 1966–1991.* Kansas City, MO: Nazarene, 1991.
* Raser, Harold E. *More Preachers and Better Preachers: The First Fifty Years of Nazarene Theological Seminary.* Kansas City, MO: Nazarene, 1995.

## InfoBox

| Dr.<br>Donald Owens<br>Ph.D., D.D., M.A., B.Th., A.B. | |
| --- | --- |
| General Superintendent emeritus | |
| Church | Church of the Nazarene |
| Other post(s) | General Superintendent<br>2nd President, MANC<br>1st President, APNTS<br>Professor, NTS<br>Professor, BNC<br>1st President, KNU |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1952 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1926-09-12) September 12, 1926<br>Marionville, Missouri, U.S. |
| Denomination | Church of the Nazarene |
| Parents | Emery Owens<br>Mary Elizabeth Russell Owens |
| Spouse | Adeline Lois Preuss Owens |
| Profession | minister, missionary, educator, administrator, anthropologist |
| Alma mater | Bethany-Peniel College |


# Timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China

Numerous states have ceased their diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China during the last 70 years, since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Under the One China policy, the ROC is recognized by 11 UN member states and Holy See with 59 UN member states and Somaliland maintaining unofficial cultural and economic relations.

## Timeline

The **timeline of diplomatic relations of the Republic of China** encompasses the years from 1912 to 1949 (the establishment of the People's Republic of China), and the year of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) establishments as a substitute for embassies in the absence of official diplomatic relations with the ROC.

| Year | State | Event | TECRO establishment |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1912 | Australia | Recognition; continuation of relations began under the Qing dynasty in 1908 |  |
| 1912 | Austria-Hungary | Recognition; relations began in 1869 |  |
| 1912 | Belgium | Recognition; relations began in 1865 |  |
| 1912 | Brazil | Recognition; relations began in 1880 |  |
| 1912 | Canada | Recognition; relations began in 1909 |  |
| 1912 | Cape Colony | Recognition; relations began in 1904 |  |
| 1912 | Cuba | Recognition; relations began in 1902 |  |
| 1912 | Denmark | Recognition; relations began in 1908 |  |
| 1912 | Italy | Recognition; relations began in 1866 |  |
| 1912 | Japan | Recognition; relations began in 1871 |  |
| 1912 | Mexico | Recognition; relations began in 1899 |  |
| 1912 | Netherlands | Recognition; relations began in 1863 |  |
| 1912 | New Zealand | Recognition; continuation of relations began under the Qing dynasty in 1908 |  |
| 1912 | Norway | Recognition; relations began in 1847 |  |
| 1912 | Portugal | Recognition; relations began in 1862 |  |
| 1912 | Sweden | Recognition; relations began in 1847 |  |
| 1912 | United Kingdom | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty | 1963 |
| 1912 | United States | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty in 1844 |  |
| 1913 | France | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty |  |
| 1913 | Russia | Recognition; relations began in 1878 |  |
| 1913 | Germany | Recognition of the establishment of the Republic of China; relations began in 1861. |  |
| 1913 | Peru | Recognition; continuation of relations begun in the Qing dynasty in 1875 |  |
| 1915 | Chile | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1917 | Germany | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time) |  |
| 1918 | Russia | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time) |  |
| 1919 | Bolivia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1919 | Finland | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1919 | Poland | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1921 | Estonia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1921 | Germany | Diplomatic relations resumed (first time) |  |
| 1921 | Lithuania | Diplomatic relations established | 2021 |
| 1922 | Panama | Diplomatic re-established; relations began with the Qing dynasty in 1909. |  |
| 1923 | Latvia | Diplomatic relations established | 1992 (Consulate)
1995 |
| 1924 | Soviet Union | Diplomatic relations resumed (first time) |  |
| 1929 | Soviet Union | Diplomatic relations ceased (second time) |  |
| 1930 | Nicaragua | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1931 | Czechoslovakia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1932 | Soviet Union | Diplomatic relations resumed (second time) |  |
| 1933 | Guatemala | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1934 | Monaco | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1934 | Turkey | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1937 | Iran | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1937 | Japan | Diplomatic relations ceased (Beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War) |  |
| 1939 | Romania | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1941 | Nazi Germany | Diplomatic relations ceased (second time, German diplomatic recognition of the Wang Jingwei regime) |  |
| 1941 | Colombia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1941 | Honduras | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1941 | Italy | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time, Italian diplomatic recognition of the Wang Jingwei regime) |  |
| 1941 | Romania | Diplomatic relations ceased (Romanian diplomatic recognition of the Wang Jingwei regime) |  |
| 1942 | Holy See | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1942 | El Salvador | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1942 | Iraq | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1944 | Afghanistan | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1944 | Dominican Republic | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1945 | Yugoslavia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1946 | Italy | Diplomatic relations resumed (second time) |  |
| 1946 | Mongolia | Recognition achieved |  |
| 1946 | Syria | Recognition achieved |  |
| 1946 | Thailand | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1947 | Bulgaria | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1947 | Saudi Arabia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1947 | India | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1948 | Burma | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1949 | Israel | Recognition achieved |  |
| 1949 | Luxembourg | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1949 | South Africa | Diplomatic relations resumed |  |
| 1949 | South Korea | Diplomatic relations re-established, relations began under the Korean Empire in 1899 |  |
| 1949 | Soviet Union | Diplomatic relations ceased (third time) | 1993 (in Russia) |
| 1949 | Czechoslovakia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1991 (in Czech Republic)
2003 (in Slovakia) |
| 1949 | Poland | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1992? |
| 1949 | Hungary | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 |
| 1949 | Albania | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1949 | Bulgaria | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1950 | Afghanistan | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1950 | Norway | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1980 to 2017 |
| 1950 | Switzerland | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973 |
| 1950 | Finland | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 |
| 1950 | Sweden | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1981? |
| 1950 | Denmark | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973? or 1980 |
| 1950 | India | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1995 |
| 1950 | Ceylon | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1950 | Burma | Diplomatic relations ceased | 2015 or 2016 |
| 1950 | Indonesia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1971 |
| 1951 | Pakistan | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1952 | Japan | Diplomatic relations re-established (2nd time) |  |
| 1953 | Laos | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1953 | Mongolia | Recognition revoked | 2002 |
| 1954 | Lebanon | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1954 | Netherlands | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1981 |
| 1955 | South Vietnam | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1955 | West Germany | Diplomatic relations resumed (second time) |  |
| 1955 | Nepal | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1955 | Yugoslavia | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1956 | Egypt | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1956 | Iran | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1956 | Syria | Recognition withdrawn |  |
| 1956 | Haiti | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1957 | Jordan | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1957 | Paraguay | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1958 | Iraq | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1958 | Morocco | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1959 | Sudan | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1960 | Cuba | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1960 | Nigeria | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1960 | Guatemala | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1960 | Congo-Léopoldville | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1961 | El Salvador | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1961 | Congo-Léopoldville | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1961 | Laos | Diplomatic relations ceased (first time) |  |
| 1961 | Upper Volta | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1961 | Congo-Léopoldville | Diplomatic relations resumed (1st time) |  |
| 1962 | Laos | Diplomatic relations resumed |  |
| 1962 | Uganda | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1963 | Niger | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1964 | France | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1974 |
| 1964 | Central African Republic | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1964 | Malaysia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1966 | Malawi | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1966 | Lesotho | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1968 | Gambia | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1968 | Central African Republic | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 1968 | Swaziland | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1969 | Senegal | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1970 | Italy | Diplomatic relations ceased (second time) | 1990 |
| 1970 | Khmer Republic | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1970 | Canada | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1991 |
| 1970 | Chile | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 |
| 1971 | Belgium | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1971 |
| 1971 | Austria | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1972 |
| 1971 | Iceland | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1971 | Turkey | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1989? |
| 1971 | Iran | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1971 | Kuwait | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1986 |
| 1971 | Lebanon | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1971 | Peru | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1978 |
| 1971 | Nigeria | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1991 |
| 1972 | United Kingdom | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1963
(as "The Free Chinese Centre,
London")
1993 |
| 1972 | Japan | Diplomatic relations ceased (second) | 1972 |
| 1972 | West Germany | Diplomatic relations ceased (third time) | 1999 (in Germany) |
| 1972 | Greece | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973 |
| 1972 | Australia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1992 |
| 1972 | New Zealand | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973 |
| 1972 | Luxembourg | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 |
| 1972 | Mexico | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1989? |
| 1972 | Argentina | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1995 |
| 1972 | Jamaica | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1972 | Chad | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1972 | Zaire | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 1972 | Senegal | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1973 | Spain | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1973 |
| 1973 | Upper Volta | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1974 | Malaysia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1974 |
| 1974 | Brazil | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 |
| 1974 | Venezuela | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1974 | Niger | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1974 | Gabon | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1974 | Gambia | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1975 | Thailand | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1975 |
| 1975 | Khmer Republic | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1994 to 1997 |
| 1975 | South Vietnam | Defeat of South Vietnam | 1992 (in Vietnam) |
| 1975 | Laos | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 1975 | Philippines | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1976 | Central African Republic | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 1977 | Jordan | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1977 |
| 1977 | Liberia | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1978 | Libya | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1980 to 1997 (1st time)
2008 to 2011 (2nd time) |
| 1979 | United States | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1979 |
| 1979 | Portugal | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1992 |
| 1979 | Colombia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1980? |
| 1979 | Tuvalu | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1980 | Nauru | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1980 | Ecuador | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1981 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1983 | Dominica | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1983 | Lesotho | Diplomatic relations ceased (first) |  |
| 1983 | Solomon Islands | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1983 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1984 | United Arab Emirates | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1984? |
| 1984 | Saint Lucia | Diplomatic relations established (1st time) |  |
| 1985 | Bolivia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 to 2009 |
| 1985 | Nicaragua | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 1988 | Uruguay | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1992 to 2002 |
| 1989 | Grenada | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1989 | Liberia | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 1989 | Bahamas | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1989 | Belize | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1990 | Saudi Arabia | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1990 |
| 1990 | Guinea-Bissau | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1990 | Lesotho | Diplomatic relations established (2nd time) |  |
| 1990 | Nicaragua | Diplomatic relations resumed |  |
| 1991 | Central African Republic | Diplomatic relations resumed (3rd time) |  |
| 1991 | **People's Republic of China** | De facto recognition |  |
| 1992 | South Korea | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1993? or 1994 |
| 1992 | Israel | Recognition withdrawn | 1993 |
| 1992 | Niger | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 1993 | Liberia | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 1994 | Lesotho | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 1994 | Burkina Faso (formerly  Upper Volta) | Diplomatic relations established (2nd time) |  |
| 1995 | Monaco | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1995 | Gambia | Diplomatic relations resumed |  |
| 1996 | Niger | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 1996 | Senegal | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 1997 | Bahamas | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1997 | Chad | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 1997 | Liberia | Diplomatic relations resumed (3rd time) |  |
| 1997 | Saint Lucia | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
|
| 1997 | São Tomé and Príncipe | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1998 | South Africa | Diplomatic relations ceased | 1998 |
| 1998 | Central African Republic | Diplomatic relations ceased (3rd time) |  |
| 1998 | Guinea-Bissau | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1998 | Tonga | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 1998 | Marshall Islands | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1999 | Papua New Guinea | Diplomatic relations maintained for 16 days | 1990 |
| 1999 | Macedonia | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 1999 | Palau | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 2001 | Macedonia | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2002 | Nauru | Diplomatic relations ceased (1st time) |  |
| 2003 | Liberia | Diplomatic relations ceased (3rd time) |  |
| 2003 | Kiribati | Diplomatic relations established |  |
| 2004 | Dominica | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2004 | Vanuatu | Diplomatic relations maintained for a week |  |
| 2005 | Grenada | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2005 | Nauru | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 2005 | Senegal | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 2006 | Chad | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 2007 | Saint Lucia | Diplomatic relations resumed (2nd time) |  |
| 2007 | Costa Rica | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2008 | Kosovo | Recognition achieved |  |
| 2008 | Malawi | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2013 | Gambia | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 2016 | São Tomé and Príncipe | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2017 | Panama | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2018 | Dominican Republic | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2018 | Burkina Faso | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 2018 | El Salvador | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2019 | Solomon Islands | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2019 | Kiribati | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2020 | Somaliland | Unofficial relations established |  |
| 2021 | Nicaragua | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |
| 2023 | Honduras | Diplomatic relations ceased |  |
| 2024 | Nauru | Diplomatic relations ceased (2nd time) |  |

ROC PRC

### Sources


title: Rhinestone Eyes

abstract: "Rhinestone Eyes" is a song from British virtual band Gorillaz featured on their third studio album, Plastic Beach.

text:
# Rhinestone Eyes

"**Rhinestone Eyes**" is a song from British virtual band Gorillaz featured on their third studio album, *Plastic Beach*.

## Background

The song was initially intended to receive a full release as the fourth single from *Plastic Beach*, with copies of the physical single being sent to radio stations across the United States. However, just days after the copies were issued, the band made the decision to issue non-album single "Doncamatic" instead.

The song is featured in the video game *FIFA 11*.

## Live performances

The band performed the song live for the first time at the Wedgewood Rooms in Portsmouth, on 21 March 2010. The song was performed at all the shows of their Escape to Plastic Beach World Tour, held between October and December 2010. The band recorded a live set for the Late Show with David Letterman on 8 October 2010. The set was released on the show's webcast, with "Rhinestone Eyes" being played on the main show.

Gorillaz also performed the song at the shows of their subsequent tours Humanz Tour (2017–2018) and The Now Now Tour (2018).

## Music video

A storyboard version of a possible music video for the song was released on 4 October 2010 to the band's official YouTube channel. The storyboard begins by telling the story of how all four of the band members reunite on Plastic Beach, with the return of Russell and Noodle. The opening scene shows Russell and Noodle heading to Plastic Beach, with Noodle riding on the top of Russell's head, as he eats a hammerhead shark. The Boogieman then appears at the top of Plastic Beach, with Murdoc and Cyborg Noodle discovering him. Cyborg Noodle begins to shoot at the Boogieman, as he hides behind a statue of Pazuzu (the one on the cover of the band's album D-Sides). The Boogieman then jumps into the ocean, with 2-D noticing him from his room, and lands on an empty ship. The Boogieman then points to Murdoc and remembers a flashback in which what appear to be the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse passing by in a desert setting, possibly Mexico, where Murdoc used to be an arms dealer, while the Boogieman is left behind on a donkey. A mysterious man approaches him and holds his hand out as a sign of friendship. As the Boogieman stretches out his hand, the man grabs his hand and the man is revealed to be Murdoc. The scene returns to normal with the Boogieman feeling outwitted as Murdoc grins. Cyborg Noodle blows up the entrance while holding a complete arsenal of weapons, surprising all of the fellow people who collaborated on Plastic Beach as her eyes start to water, similar to the Stylo video. The Boogieman then summons his own army to attack Plastic Beach while Cyborg Noodle and the collaborators try to defend the island. A whale begins to bite the bottom of Plastic Beach, scaring 2-D who is afraid of whales and puts his clown mask on his face, until Russel grabs its tail and tosses it into the sky, hitting a plane. Cyborg Noodle is startled to see Russel while Russel opens his mouth, revealing Noodle to be inside. Noodle takes off her mask and reveals some scars around her right eye.

A fan-made video featuring a fully animated, full-colour rendering of the aforementioned official storyboard was released on 31 August 2017 by South African-born Dutch American freelance animator Richard Van As, having been in production since 2011. The video was received positively by the official Gorillaz YouTube channel in the comments section of the video.

## Track listing

1. "Rhinestone Eyes" – 3:20
2. "Rhinestone Eyes" (instrumental) – 3:20

## Personnel

* Damon Albarn – vocals, synthesizers, guitar, sampled loops, drum programming
* Jason Cox – mixing, recording
* Stephen Sedgwick – recording, programming
* Gabriel Manuals Wallace – additional drums
* Howie Weinberg – mastering

## Charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Rock (*Billboard*) | 49 |
| US Alternative Airplay (*Billboard*) | 34 |
| US Rock Digital Song Sales | 49 |
| Dance/Electronic Digital Song Sales | 16 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000 |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Rhinestone Eyes" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Song by Gorillaz | |
| from the album  *Plastic Beach* | |
| Released | 3 March 2010 |
| Recorded | 2009 |
| Genre | Electro-funk |
| Length | 3:20 |
| Label | Parlophone |
| Songwriter(s) | Damon Albarn |
| Producer(s) | Gorillaz |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Rhinestone Eyes" (Storyboard) on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: The 1990–91 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team represented Villanova University in the 1990–91 season. The head coach was Rollie Massimino. The team played its home games at The Pavilion in Villanova, Pennsylvania, and was a member of the Big East Conference.

text:
# 1990–91 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team

1990–91 Big East men's basketball standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | PCT |  |  | W |  | L |  | PCT |
| No. 7 Syracuse | 12 |  | 4 |  | .750 |  |  | 26 |  | 6 |  | .813 |
| No. 20 St. John's | 10 |  | 6 |  | .625 |  |  | 23 |  | 9 |  | .719 |
| Connecticut | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 20 |  | 11 |  | .645 |
| No. 13 Seton Hall | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 25 |  | 9 |  | .735 |
| Pittsburgh | 9 |  | 7 |  | .563 |  |  | 21 |  | 12 |  | .636 |
| Georgetown | 8 |  | 8 |  | .500 |  |  | 19 |  | 13 |  | .594 |
| Providence | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 19 |  | 13 |  | .594 |
| Villanova | 7 |  | 9 |  | .438 |  |  | 17 |  | 15 |  | .531 |
| Boston College | 1 |  | 15 |  | .063 |  |  | 11 |  | 19 |  | .367 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 1991 Big East tournament winner
As of April 1, 1991
Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1990–91 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team** represented Villanova University in the 1990–91 season. The head coach was Rollie Massimino. The team played its home games at The Pavilion in Villanova, Pennsylvania, and was a member of the Big East Conference.

## Roster

| 1990–91 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | Coaches |
| Pos. # Name Height Weight Year Hometown  24 Greg Woodard 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)  Jr   Chris Walker 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m)  Jr   21 Chris Masotti 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m)  Sr   Tim Muller 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)  Sr   32 Marc Dowdell 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)  Jr   14 Lance Miller 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 195 lb (88 kg) So Bridgewater, New Jersey  Paul Vrind 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m)  Jr | Head coach Assistant coach(es)   ---  Legend* **(C)** Team captain * **(S)** Suspended * **(I)** Ineligible * **(W)** Walk-on |

## Schedule and results

| Date
time, TV | Rank# | Opponent# | Result | Record | Site
city, state |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Regular season | | | | | | | | |
| Nov 24, 1990*
 |  | vs. No. 14 LSU
*Tip Off Classic* | **W** 93–91 | 1–0
 | Springfield Civic Center
Springfield, Massachusetts |
| Nov 26, 1990*
 |  | Drexel | **W** 92–71 | 2–0
 | The Pavilion
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 1, 1990*
 | No. 24 | Temple | **L** 57–70 | 2–1
 | The Pavilion
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 4, 1990*
 |  | at Penn | **W** 82–62 | 3–1
 | Palestra
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 6, 1990*
 |  | vs. Wake Forest | **W** 91–82 | 4–1
 |
 |
| Dec 8, 1990*
 |  | at Saint Joseph's | **W** 83–82 | 5–1
 | Hagan Arena
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 12, 1990
 |  | Seton Hall | **L** 77–81 | 5–2
(0–1) | The Pavilion
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 22, 1990*
 |  | La Salle | **L** 94–102 | 5–3
 | The Pavilion
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Dec 27, 1990*
 |  | vs. Auburn | **W** 88–71 | 6–3
 |
 |
| Dec 28, 1990*
 |  | vs. Georgia Tech | **L** 87–99 | 6–4
 |
 |
| Jan 5, 1991
 |  | at No. 3 Syracuse | **W** 76–66 |
 | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, New York |
| Jan 19, 1991*
 |  | No. 6 Arizona | **L** 64–72 |
 | The Pavilion
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Jan 26, 1991
 |  | No. 10 St. John's | **L** 55–58 |
 | The Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Feb 5, 1991
 |  | at No. 8 St. John's | **W** 61–51 |
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, New York |
| Feb 23, 1991
 |  | at No. 24 Seton Hall | **L** 73–90 |
 | Brendan Byrne Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey |
| Feb 26, 1991
 |  | No. 6 Syracuse | **L** 63–77 |
 | The Pavilion
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Big East tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 7, 1991*
 |  | vs. Boston College
*Big East tournament first round* | **W** 74–73 | 15–13
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, New York |
| Mar 8, 1991*
 |  | vs. No. 4 Syracuse
*Big East tournament Quarterfinal* | **W** 70–68 | 16–13
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, New York |
| Mar 9, 1991*
 |  | vs. No. 21 Seton Hall
*Big East tournament Semifinal* | **L** 72–74 | 16–14
 | Madison Square Garden
New York, New York |
| NCAA tournament | | | | | | | | |
| Mar 15, 1991*
 | (9 E) | vs. (8 E) No. 18 Princeton
*First Round* | **W** 50–48 | 17–14
 | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, New York |
| Mar 17, 1991*
 | (9 E) | vs. (1 E) No. 4 North Carolina
*Second Round* | **L** 69–84 | 17–15
 | Carrier Dome
Syracuse, New York |
| *Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
E=East.
All times are in Easter Time. | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Rankings

## InfoBox

| 1990–91 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball | |
| --- | --- |
| NCAA tournament, Round of 32 | |
| Conference | Big East Conference |
| Record | 17–15 (7–9 Big East) |
| Head coach |  |
| Assistant coach | Jay Wright (4th season) |
| Home arena | John Eleuthère du Pont Pavilion (Capacity: 6,500) |
|


title: Sistina Software

abstract: Sistina Software was a US company that focused on storage solutions designed around a Linux platform. It originated in the University of Minnesota. Their three primary offerings were Global File System (GFS), logical volume management (LVM) and device mapper (DM). Sistina Software was acquired by Red Hat in December, 2003 for $31 million in stock. After acquisition GFS was merged into Red Hat Cluster Suite and open sourced.

text:
# Sistina Software

**Sistina Software** was a US company that focused on storage solutions designed around a Linux platform. It originated in the University of Minnesota.

Their three primary offerings were Global File System (GFS), logical volume management (LVM) and device mapper (DM).

Sistina Software was acquired by Red Hat in December, 2003 for $31 million in stock. After acquisition GFS was merged into Red Hat Cluster Suite and open sourced.

## GFS

GFS is a cluster file system on Linux that allows servers to transparently access a single file system on a storage area network (SAN). Its highlights are performance and reliability (journaling filesystem, scalability through parallelism, etc.).

## LVM

LVM has become a part of the Linux kernel. It is a subsystem which allows arbitrary physical storage to be recognized as a virtual disk device. The physical storage can be remote, or it can even consist of multiple physical devices, but LVM abstracts those distinctions away from the operating system user. LVM also provides services for backing up data.


title: Ralph Allan Sampson

abstract: Ralph Allan Sampson FRS FRSE LLD was a British astronomer.

text:
# Ralph Allan Sampson

**Ralph Allan (or Allen) Sampson** FRS FRSE LLD (25 June 1866 – 7 November 1939) was a British astronomer.

## Life

Sampson was born in Schull, County Cork in Ireland, then part of the UK. He was the fourth of five children to James Sampson, a Cornish-born metallurgical chemist, and his wife, Sarah Anne Macdermott.

The family moved to Liverpool and Sampson attended the Liverpool Institute and then graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge in 1888. In 1891 he was awarded a scholarship to carry out astronomical research at Cambridge University. (He had been a student of astronomer John Couch Adams, and helped to edit and publish Part I of the second volume of Adams' papers in 1900).

In 1893, Sampson was made Professor of Mathematics at Durham College of Science in Newcastle-on-Tyne and was elected Professor of Mathematics at Durham University in 1895. In December 1910, he became Astronomer Royal for Scotland (until 1937) and Professor of Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh. He did pioneering work in measuring the color temperature of stars. He did important research into the theory of the motions of Jupiter's four Galilean satellites, for which he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1928. He served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1915 to 1917.

In June 1903, Sampson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1911 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir Frank Watson Dyson, Sir James Walker, Arthur Robinson, and James Gordon MacGregor. He served as the Society's Vice President 1915 to 1918 and as Secretary 1922-23 and General Secretary 1923 to 1933. He won their Keith Prize for 1919–1920.

At the fifth International Congress of Mathematicians held in 1912 in Cambridge, Sampson presented a paper entitled *Some points in the theory of errors*.

He retired in 1937 aged 71 due to failing health, and subsequently moved to Bath.

He died, aged 73, in Bath, Somerset on 7 November 1939.

## Family

In 1893 he married Ida M. Binney (1868-1940) of the Prescott (Liverpool) area, south Lancashire. She died a year later than her husband in Poole, Dorset. His daughter, Peggie Sampson (1912-2004) was a professional cellist and educator. His brother John Sampson was a linguist and Romany scholar.

## Publications

## Recognition

The crater Sampson on the Moon is named after him.

### Obituaries

## InfoBox

| Ralph Allan Sampson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1866-06-25)25 June 1866 |
| Died | 7 November 1939(1939-11-07) (aged 73) |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Astronomer |


title: Devon and Somerset Railway

abstract: The Devon and Somerset Railway (D&SR) was a cross-country line that connected Barnstaple in Devon, England, to the network of the Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) near Taunton. It was opened in stages between 1871 and 1873 and closed in 1966. It served a mostly rural area although it carried some through services from east of Taunton to the seaside resort of Ilfracombe. From 1988 onwards the route of the line west of South Molton was redeveloped to form the part of the North Devon Link Road.

text:
# Devon and Somerset Railway

The **Devon and Somerset Railway** (D&SR) was a cross-country line that connected Barnstaple in Devon, England, to the network of the Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) near Taunton. It was opened in stages between 1871 and 1873 and closed in 1966. It served a mostly rural area although it carried some through services from east of Taunton to the seaside resort of Ilfracombe.

From 1988 onwards the route of the line west of South Molton was redeveloped to form the part of the North Devon Link Road.

## History

The Act of Parliament that authorised the D&SR received assent on 29 July 1864. Eugenius Birch was appointed as Engineer, but he was replaced by Richard Hassard in 1870. The first 7+14-mile (11.7 km) section of the line was opened on 8 June 1871, from Watchet Junction (later Norton Fitzwarren) to Wiveliscombe on the edge of Exmoor. The remaining 35+34 miles (57.5 km) to Barnstaple opened on 1 November 1873. The line used its own station at Barnstaple (later to be named Victoria Road), some distance from the rival station at Barnstaple Quay.

The line was built as 7 ft 14 in (2,140 mm) broad gauge and operated by the B&ER. The last broad gauge train ran on 14 May 1881, after which the line was converted to 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge and reopened on 18 May.

In 1884 the Tiverton and North Devon Railway opened from a junction on the D&SR to Tiverton. The Tiverton services started from Dulverton and ran over the D&SR as far as Morebath Junction where they diverged southwards, and that line was later extended to Exeter.

In 1890 the GWR appointed a Mrs Towns as signalwoman at Morebath Junction. She is the only recorded example of a signalwoman on any railway in Britain in the 19th century. In October 1913 the *Railway Magazine* reported that she was "very proud" of her job after 23 years service and hoped to continue indefinitely.

Conversion to standard gauge enabled a connection to the London and South Western Railway at Barnstaple. This was opened on 1 June 1887, after which GWR trains ran through to Ilfracombe via Barnstaple and the LSWR.

The GWR acquired the Devon and Somerset Railway in 1901. On 1 July 1905 an avoiding line was opened at Barnstaple, which allowed through trains to Ilfracombe to run directly to the LSWR station without having to reverse in the D&SR terminus. During the 1930s the line carried heavy traffic on summer weekends and automatic token equipment was installed to allow trains to pass token exchange points at higher speeds.

In 1937 the junction at Norton Fitwarren was modified to allow an easier route from the main line, and the single track as far as Milverton was doubled.

On 1 January 1948 the GWR was nationalised to become part of British Railways. The D&SR station was named Barnstaple Victoria Road from 26 September 1949 to distinguish it from Barnstaple Junction and Barnstaple Town railway stations, the former Southern Railway stations. Victoria Road station closed to passengers on 12 June 1960, after which all through trains ran directly to Barnstaple Junction. On 1 October 1966 the last train ran on the line; Victoria Road remained open for freight traffic, served from Barnstaple Junction, until 30 May 1970.

## Engineering

The line featured steep gradients; 16.75 miles (26.96 km) were at 1 in 60 (1.7%) or steeper, and much of the rest was steeper than 1 in 140 (0.7%). The principal engineering works on the railway were:

* Waterrow Viaduct, Venn Cross: a wrought iron viaduct 162 yards (148 m) long and 101 feet (31 m) above the valley floor
* Castle Hill (or Filleigh) Viaduct, Filleigh, a stone-pillared cast-iron viaduct 232 yards long and 94 feet (29 m) high. The pillars have been reused for the North Devon Link road.
* Bathealton Tunnel, 440 yards (400 m) long
* Venn Cross Tunnel, 246 yards (225 m) long
* Nightcote Tunnel, 44 yards (40 m) long, near Dulverton
* Castle Hill Tunnel, 317 yards (290 m) long

## Stations

| Devon and Somerset Railway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The first section of the line from a junction west of Taunton to Wiveliscombe opened on 8 June 1871; there was one intermediate station, at Milverton. A station was opened at the junction on the main line on 1 June 1873; it was named at Norton Fitzwarren. The section from Wiveliscombe to Barnstaple opened on 1 November 1873 with nine new stations, but two more were added later, one in 1928 and the other in 1932.

The stations are described here from east to west. Unless otherwise stated, each opened with its respective section of line; goods services were withdrawn from 6 July 1964, and the stations closed after the passage of the last passenger train on 1 October 1966.

### Norton Fitzwarren

The Bristol and Exeter Railway (B&ER) was opened through Norton Fitzwarren, 2 miles (3 km) west of Taunton, in 1843. The West Somerset Railway (WSR) was opened from Norton Junction to Watchet in 1862, and when the D&SR opened in 1871 it made a connection to the WSR just west of the original Norton Junction. A station was opened on the main line on the east side of the junction on 1 June 1873 to serve all three routes. On 7 February 1937 the connection to the D&SR was moved from the WSR to its own junction direct to the main line, and the line was doubled as far as Milverton.

The station was closed for passenger traffic on 30 October 1961, and public goods traffic on 6 July 1964.

### Milverton

The station at Milverton in Somerset was initially just a single platform on the south side of the line with a brick building. A passing loop and second platform were installed in 1880; the line east to Norton Fitzwarren was doubled on 7 February 1937. The station had a signal box on the westbound platform and a small goods yard to the west of the station on the same side of the line. Goods traffic was withdrawn from 30 September 1963. The route of the line to the west is now part of the B3227 road. Small traces remains of the station a staircase down off the original platform.

### Wiveliscombe

Wiveliscombe station was in Somerset and acted as the temporary terminus of the line from 8 June 1871 until 1 November 1873. During this time it had a turntable for turning the locomotives, but this was moved to Barnstaple when the line was extended there. Trains could pass at Wiveliscombe and two platforms were provided. The main stone-built offices and signal box were on the eastbound platform while a waiting shelter was provided on the opposite platform. The goods yard and brick goods shed were behind the station buildings and accessed from the line to the east of the station. Goods traffic ceased from 6 July 1964. The main station building and goods shed remain as part of an industrial estate that has built up on the site.

### Venn Cross

A single platform and siding were provided on the southern side of the line at the western end of the Venn Cross tunnel. The station's location, in a cutting 666 feet (203 m) above sea level, meant that it was prone to being blocked by snow. One of the signals was of a special design with a central pivot to allow it to be seen through Venn Cross tunnel. A crossing loop was installed with a second platform in February 1905. The station had a signal box on the westbound platform. The goods shed and the western end of the platforms were in Devon, while the main station buildings were in Somerset. Goods traffic was withdrawn from 30 September 1963. The station building and the station master's house are still in residential use and the goods shed has also been converted into a house. Some GWR railings and signals remain nearby.

### Morebath

The next station was two miles east of the village of Morebath in Devon. When opened it was known as 'Morebath and Bampton', but from 1 August 1884 Bampton was served by its own station on the new Tiverton and North Devon Railway and the D&SR station became just 'Morebath'. The station originally had a single platform on the south side of the line, but a second track and platform were added in 1876. The loop was lengthened westwards from 6 June 1937 and the platforms were extended in wood. The goods yard was to the south of the original platform and accessed from the eastern end. The 1876 signal box was on the north side of the line at the west end of the station, but a new box was provided as part of the 1937 alterations and situated at the west end of the main station building on the south side of the line. The goods yard was closed from 3 June 1963 and the passing loop and signal box were taken out of use at the same time. The station building and goods shed are both now used as houses.

### Morebath Junction Halt

The Tiverton line joined the D&SR at Morebath Junction but its trains continued to Dulverton, the next station towards Barnstaple. A small, unstaffed station was opened at the junction on 1 December 1928. Trains on both lines called there, so it had a more frequent service than at Morebath station, and the halt was much nearer the village, but could be reached only by an often muddy footpath across fields.

### Dulverton

This the largest intermediate station on the Devon and Somerset line was situated about two miles south of the town it served, to which it was connected by bus for many years. It was also close to the small village of Brushford. Although it was in Somerset, the stations on either side were in Devon. From 1 August 1884 it was also the terminus of trains to Tiverton which from 1 May 1885 ran through to Exeter St Davids.

Dulverton was a passing place for trains from the outset. The main buildings, including a house for the station master, were on the eastbound platform. This was connected by a covered footbridge to the westbound platform. A second track was added on the south side for the Tiverton service in 1902; initially a terminal track, it became a loop line in 1910. The goods shed was in a small yard on the north side of the line, but further sidings were added on the south side of the station, where there was also a small turntable. The first signal box was at the west end of the south-side sidings; it was replaced in 1908 by one on the eastbound platform next to the goods shed. Goods traffic ceased from 6 July 1964. The signal box was closed on 31 July 1966 and the old eastbound platform was then used for trains in both directions for the remaining two months before the line closed. The station buildings survived as part of the Caernarvon Arms Hotel.

### East Anstey

The station at East Anstey in Devon was built with just a single platform on the south side of the line. A passing loop and second platform were brought into use in 1876 and extended in 1910 and again in 1937. It is the highest point of the D&SR line, nearly 800 feet (240 m) above sea level. The goods shed and small goods yard were at the west end of the platform. A crossing loop was installed with a second platform in 1876, the signal box being built on the original platform.

The station was used as a location setting for the Ealing Studios 1944 film *The Halfway House*.

The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1936 to 1939. A camping coach was also positioned here by the Western Region in 1952, 1953 and 1955.

Goods traffic ceased from 30 September 1963. Both the station building and the goods shed have been converted into houses.

### Yeo Mill Halt

Yeo Mill Halt the last station to be built on the D&SR route, opening on 27 June 1932. It had a single wooden platform and waiting shelter on the north side of the single track. It was unstaffed and managed from East Anstey station, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east. It was demolished after the line was closed.

### Bishops Nympton and Molland

A single platform was provided on the south side of the line two miles south-west of the village of Molland in Devon. A passing loop and second platform were added in 1876. From March 1876 the name was changed from 'Molland' to 'Bishops Nympton and Molland'; the village of Bishops Nympton was three miles south-west of the station.

A small goods yard with a goods shed was provided on the south side of the station, with rail access from the west end. The signal box was on the south side of the line, initially towards the east end of the platform. In 1902 the loop and platforms were lengthened westwards and a new signal box was provided in the goods yard. The loop was again extended in 1937, this time eastwards, and a larger signal box was built at the east end of the platform.

Goods traffic was retained until 3 August 1964. Since being closed both the station building and the goods shed have been converted into houses and the eastbound platform remains within the station house's garden.

### South Molton

The passing loop at South Molton in Devon was the most westerly passing place on the D&SR line when it opened. Being close to the town centre it was much more convenient than South Molton Road which had opened on the North Devon Railway in 1854 but was 8 miles (13 km) away. The station had a large building on the westbound platform comprising a station master's house and waiting rooms, a booking hall and offices. The up platform had only a small wooden shelter and there was no footbridge. There was also a goods yard to the west of the station, with a 60-foot (18 m) goods shed and cranes. The passing loop was lengthened eastwards in 1907 and westward in 1937. The signal box was on the westbound platform, initially at the west end but this was replaced by one at the east end.

Goods traffic was withdrawn on 3 August 1964; the former goods shed is in industrial use. The station building survived until about 2003 but was then demolished. The railway route west of this point now forms the majority part of the North Devon Link Road.

### Filleigh

This station was opened as "Castle Hill", being named after a local mansion owned by Earl Fortescue. A single platform was provided on the north side of the line with passenger facilities in a stone building. A small goods yard and goods shed were at the west end of the station. It was renamed 'Filleigh' on 1 January 1881 after the nearby village so as to avoid confusion with Castle Hill station in London (which itself has since been renamed West Ealing).

It remained a single-platform station through 1876 and 1902 capacity improvements along the line, but on 20 June 1937 was given a passing loop and second platform, although no shelter was provided for this. The original signal box at the east end of the original platform was replaced at the same time by one in the goods yard. The goods yard was closed from 3 August 1964 and the signal box and loop likewise on 6 September 1964. After closure to passengers the station building was used as a house until it was demolished when the North Devon Link Road was built through the site.

### Swimbridge

This station served the village of Swimbridge in Devon. It had just a single platform on the south side of the line until a second platform and passing loop were provided from 19 February 1904. The goods shed was on a loop line opposite the original platform so from 1904 was behind the westbound platform. The original small signal box was at the east end of the original platform, but was replaced by one in the middle of that platform when the loop was lengthened. Goods traffic was withdrawn from 3 August 1964. The site is now been taken over by the North Devon Link Road. The goods shed is now a private residence called the sidings.

### Barnstaple

The D&SR terminus was on the eastern side of Barnstaple in Devon. The long single platform was on the north side of the line; the track on the south side of this was mainly used for the arrivals while a shorter track on the north side used for departures. The passenger building was wooden. An extensive goods yard with a large stone goods shed was on the south side of the station, while at the eastern end of this was the small locomotive shed and turntable.

The station was known simply as 'Barnstaple' by the GWR but from 26 September 1949 became 'Barnstaple Victoria Road' to differentiate it from the other stations in the town: Barnstaple Junction and Barnstaple Town. All passenger services were diverted to Barnstaple Junction from 13 June 1960, but Victoria Road remained open for freight traffic until 1970. The station buildings have now been demolished and the site is part of an industrial estate, however, the goods shed survives and is used as a church.

## Motive power

In the 1890s most trains were operated by 455 'Metro' Class 2-4-0T locomotives, along with some 0-6-0 tender locomotives such as the 388 Class. These were later supplemented by 517 Class 0-4-2Ts, 3300 'Bulldog' Class 4-4-0s and 806 Class 2-4-0s. In the 1930s the regular locomotives were 'Bulldogs', 4300 Class 2-6-0s, 3200 Class 0-6-0s and, on lighter trains, 4575 Class 2-6-2Ts. 6300 Class 2-6-0s sometimes worked to Barnstaple but they had to go to Barnstaple Junction to be turned as they were too large for the turntable at the D&SR terminus.

## Services

Five passenger and two goods trains were scheduled to operate daily in the October 1880 timetable, as they still were immediately before World War I. By 1898 through coaches were detached from trains from London Paddington and the North of England at Taunton then conveyed over the line to Barnstaple Junction and Ilfracombe attached to local trains. Through trains from Paddington to Ilfracombe were running in the summer by 1905. Before World War II the passenger service had increased to seven trains.

The following example timetable shows the weekday passenger services in October 1920 (there was no service on Sundays).

| Down trains |  |  |  |  |  | Up trains |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Taunton | 08:00 | 10:40 | 13:30 | 17:30 | 19:55 | Ilfracombe |  |  | 09:25 | 11:40 | 16:40 |
| Norton Fitzwarren | 08:06 | 10:46 | 13:36 | 17:36 | 20:02 | Barnstaple | 07:00 | 08:50 | 11:00 | 15:00 | 18:00 |
| Milverton | 08:16 | 10:56 | 13:46 | 17:46 | 20:12 | Swimbridge | 07:10 | 09:00 | 11:08 | 15:16 | 18:11 |
| Wiveliscombe | 08:25 | 11:05 | 13:55 | 17:55 | 20:21 | Filleigh | 07:19 | 09:09 | 11:17 | 15:25 | 18:23 |
| Venn Cross | 08:37 | 11:17 | 14:07 | 18:07 | 20:33 | South Molton | 07:29 | 09:24 | 11:27 | 15:38 | 18:38 |
| Morebath | 08:46 | 11:26 | 14:16 | 18:16 | 20:42 | Bishop's Nympton | 07:38 | 09:33 | 11:39 | 15:49 | 18:50 |
| Dulverton | 08:56 | 11:37 | 14:27 | 18:27 | 20:53 | East Anstey | 07:49 | 09:46 | 11:50 | 16:04 | 19:03 |
| East Anstey | 09:06 | 11:51 | 14:37 | 18:37 | 21:03 | Dulverton | 07:58 | 09:55 | 12:01 | 16:16 | 19:16 |
| Bishop's Nympton | 09:15 | 12:00 | 14:46 | 18:48 | 21:12 | Morebath | 08:07 | 10:04 | 12:10 | 16:26 | 19:24 |
| South Molton | 09:25 | 12:10 | 14:56 | 19:00 | 21:23 | Venn Cross | 08:16 | 10:13 | 12:19 | 16:36 | 19:33 |
| Filleigh | 09:35 | 12:20 | 15:06 | 19:10 | 21:33 | Wiveliscombe | 08:28 | 10:23 | 12:29 | 16:47 | 19:44 |
| Swimbridge | 09:44 | 12:29 | 15:16 | 19:19 | 21:43 | Milverton | 08:35 | 10:23 | 12:29 | 16:47 | 19:44 |
| Barnstaple | 09:50 | 12:35 | 15:23 | 19:25 | 21:50 | Norton Fitzwarren | 08:45 | 10:40 |  | 17:07 | 20:01 |
| Ilfracombe | 11:17 | 14:10 | 16:36 | 20:35 |  | Taunton | 08:50 | 10:45 | 12:48 | 17:12 | 20:05 |
|

1. The 1:10560 scale Ordnance Survey (OS) map of 1884 calls Nightcote Tunnel "Knackershole Tunnel" after the adjacent location called "Knacker's Hole". Some parliamentary papers Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine refer to Nightcote Tunnel and the map shows East and West Nightcott on the opposite side of the railway line. The 1905 1:10560 OS map still shows "Knackershole Tunnel" even though "Knacker's Hole" itself is now shown as "West Knowle".

## InfoBox

| Devon and Somerset Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Barnstaple station in 1964 | |
| Overview | |
| Status | Closed |
| Locale | Devon and Somerset |
| Termini | * Norton Fitzwarren * Barnstaple |
| History | |
| Opened | 1871 |
| Closed | 1966 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 43 miles (69 km) |
| Number of tracks | 1 |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge |
| Old gauge | 7 ft 14 in (2,140 mm)<br>until 1881 |