title: Estonia–Mexico relations

text:
# Estonia–Mexico relations

The nations of Estonia and Mexico initially established diplomatic relations in 1937, however, relations were broken after the annexation of Estonia by the USSR in 1944. Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1991. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.

## History

Estonia and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1937 in New York City. On 3 January 1938, a Friendship Agreement between the two nations took effect. In 1941, during World War II, Estonia was occupied by both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. After the war, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union in September 1944. Mexico was one of the few countries that did not recognize the Soviet annexation of Estonia.

In August 1991, Estonia obtained its independence after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union. Mexico soon recognized the independence of Estonia on 5 September 1991 and re-established diplomatic relations with the country on 5 December 1991. Since then, Mexico has been accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland and Estonia has been accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.

In October 1995, Estonian President Lennart Meri paid a visit to Mexico and met with President Ernesto Zedillo. In May 2004, Estonian Prime Minister Juhan Parts attended the Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit held in Guadalajara. In September 2005, Mexican Foreign Undersecretary Lourdes Aranda traveled to Estonia.

In October 2012, Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet paid a visit to Mexico and met with his counterpart Patricia Espinosa. Foreign Minister Paet would return again to Mexico in May 2013 and meet with Foreign Secretary José Antonio Meade.

In 2018, Mexican graffiti artists donated 30 murals for Estonia's centenary.

In October 2021, the Director General for Europe, Bernardo Aguilar Calvo, paid a visit to Tallinn and led the Mexican delegation at the VI meeting of the Mechanism for Political Consultations between Mexico and Estonia. Within the framework of this meeting, both countries reviewed the progress in the bilateral relationship and exchanged points of view on regional issues.

## High-level visits

**High-level visits from Estonia to Mexico**

**High-level visits from Mexico to Estonia**

* Foreign Undersecretary Lourdes Aranda (2005)
* Foreign Undersecretary Carlos de Icaza González (2014)
* Director General for Europe Bernardo Aguilar Calvo (2021)

## Bilateral agreements

Both nations have signed a few bilateral agreements such as a Friendship Agreement (1938); Agreement on Technical Cooperation (1995); Agreement on Educational, Cultural and Sports Cooperation (2005) and an Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation and Prevent Tax Evasion in Relation to Income Taxes and its Protocol (2012).

## Trade

In 1997, Mexico signed a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union (which includes Estonia). In 2023, trade between Estonia and Mexico totaled US$93 million. Estonia's main exports to Mexico include: telephones and mobile phones, machinery and electrical equipment, parts and accessories of motor vehicles, chemical based products, plastic, peat, articles of iron or steel, and yeasts. Mexico's main exports to Estonia include: instruments and apparatus for measuring or detecting radiation alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray, cosmic or other ionizing radiations; electronic integrated circuits, tools, trailers and semi-trailers, leather and hides, alcohol, fruits and vegetables and food based products, and natural stones. Estonian companies such as Bolt and X-Road operate in Mexico.

## Diplomatic missions

## InfoBox

Estonia–Mexico relations
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Estonia |
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title: Erwin Romero

abstract: Erwin Romero Escudero is a former Bolivian football player, who participated in 49 games for the Bolivia national team between 1977 and 1989 Nicknamed Chichi, Romero was a gifted midfield playmaker noted for his vision and ball control. Some of the clubs he played for include Oriente Petrolero, Quilmes, Blooming and Bolívar. Romero played for Bolivia in four World Cup qualifying campaigns- 1978, 1982, 1986 and 1990 as well as the 1979 and 1983 Copa América tournaments. He is one of the national league's all-time top 10 scorers with 134 goals in 348 appearances between 1977 and 1992.

text:
# Erwin Romero

**Erwin Romero Escudero** (born July 27, 1957) is a former Bolivian football player, who participated in 49 games for the Bolivia national team between 1977 and 1989

Nicknamed *Chichi*, Romero was a gifted midfield playmaker noted for his vision and ball control. Some of the clubs he played for include Oriente Petrolero, Quilmes, Blooming and Bolívar. Romero played for Bolivia in four World Cup qualifying campaigns- 1978, 1982, 1986 and 1990 as well as the 1979 and 1983 Copa América tournaments.

He is one of the national league's all-time top 10 scorers with 134 goals in 348 appearances between 1977 and 1992.

## International goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 25 January 1981 | Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia | Czechoslovakia | **2**-0 | 2–1 | Friendly |
| 2. | 21 August 1983 | Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia | Peru | **1**-0 | 1–1 | 1983 Copa América |
| - | 3 February 1985 | Estadio Hernando Siles, La Paz, Bolivia | East Germany | **2**-0 | 2-1 | **Unofficial match** |
| 3. | 21 April 1985 | Estadio Ramón Aguilera, Santa Cruz, Bolivia | Venezuela | **3**-1 | 4–1 | Friendly |
| 4. | | | | **4**-1 | | |

## InfoBox

Erwin Romero
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Erwin Romero Escudero | | |
| Date of birth | (1957-07-27) July 27, 1957 | | |
| Place of birth | Camiri, Bolivia | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1973–1976 | Destroyers | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1977–1979 | Oriente Petrolero | 75 | (18) |
| 1980 | Quilmes | 37 | (6) |
| 1981–1984 | Bolívar | 124 | (75) |
| 1985–1986 | Real Santa Cruz | 58 | (15) |
| 1986 | Bucaramanga | 8 | (1) |
| 1987–1988 | Oriente Petrolero | 41 | (13) |
| 1989–1990 | Blooming | 18 | (5) |
| 1991 | Orcobol | 14 | (3) |
| 1992 | Wilstermann | 18 | (5) |
| Total |  | **393** | **(141)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1977–1989 | Bolivia | 48 | (4) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Estonian grammar

abstract: Estonian grammar is the grammar of the Estonian language.

text:
# Estonian grammar

**Estonian grammar** is the grammar of the Estonian language.

## Grammatical processes

### Consonant gradation

Estonian consonant gradation is a grammatical process that affects obstruent consonants at the end of the stressed syllable of a word. Gradation causes consonants in a word to alternate between two *grades*, termed "strong" and "weak", depending on the grammar. Some grammatical forms trigger the weak grade, while others retain the strong grade. It is not predictable which form will have which grade; this must simply be memorised. Not all words show gradation. In particular, words with stems of three or more syllables generally do not gradate, nor do words with stems of one syllable.

Gradation correlates with the appearance of extra length on a syllable. When a syllable is long, the strong grade will always be accompanied by extra length. The weak grade may or may not have extra length, depending on other factors. These are mentioned at Estonian phonology – Suprasegmental length. Some words show gradation only through the presence or absence of extra length, and the consonants themselves do not change. In this article, extra length is shown with a backtick \` before the vowel of the syllable.

The gradation patterns of geminate (long) consonants are relatively simple:

* Standing alone after a short vowel, the strong grade appears as a double voiceless consonant, while a single voiceless consonant appears in the weak grade.
* After a long vowel, or in a consonant cluster, the strong grade appears with a single voiceless consonant, while a voiced consonant appears in the weak grade.
* Long *ss* only gradates when it appears at the end of a cluster, with *s* appearing in the weak grade.

| Strong | Weak | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| pp | p | *s\`e**pp***: *se**p**a* |
| tt | t | *v\`õ**tt**a*: ***t**an* |
| kk | k | *h\`a**kk**ama*: *ha**k**ata* |
| p | b | *k\`u**p**ja*: *ku**b**jas*, *k\`il**p***: *kil**b**i* |
| t | d | *s\`aa**t**ev*: *saa**d**an*, *k\`ar**t**ma*: *kar**d**an* |
| k | g | *v\`il**k**uma*: *vil**g**un* |
| ss | s | *k\`ir**ss***: *kir**s**i* |

Patterns for single plosives are more varied and unpredictable. The weak grade may involve disappearance of the consonant altogether, with further consequences for vowels and extra length.

| Strong | Weak | Example | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| b | v | *k\`ae**b**ama*: *kae**v**ata* |  |
| |  | *tu**b**a*: *t\`oa* | When next to *u*. |
| d, t |  | *\`ae**d***: *aia*, *l\`eh**t***: *lehe* | Voiceless *t* appears in the cluster *ht*. |
| | j | *ra**d**a*: *ra**j**a* | When followed by *a* and preceded by a short vowel other than *e* or *i*. |
| g, k |  | *\`ar**g***: *ara*, *lu**g**ema*: *l\`oen*, *h\`ah**k***: *haha* | Voiceless *k* appears in the clusters *hk* and *sk*. |
| | j | *m\`är**g***: *mär**j**a* | When followed by *a* or *e* and preceded by *l* or *r* which is preceded by *e*, *ä* or *ü*. |

There are also four special assimilative patterns:

| Strong | Weak | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| mb | mm | *h\`a**mb**a*: *ha**mm**as* |
| nd | nn | *k\`a**nd**ma*: *ka**nn**an* |
| ld | ll | *p\`õ**ld***: ***ll**u* |
| rd | rr | *k\`o**rd***: *ko**rr**a* |

When a consonant is reduced to zero in the weak grade, this may cause the vowels of the two adjacent syllables to come together. These vowels undergo several changes:

* If the first vowel is long, it is shortened. Examples: *r\`oog*: *r\`oa*, *n\`eedma*: *n\`ean*.
* If either vowel is *i*, *u* or *ü*, it is lowered to *e*, *o* or *ö* respectively. Examples: *nuga*: *n\`oa*, *s\`aagima*: *s\`aen*, *süsi*: *s\`öe*.
* If the first vowel is a diphthong ending in *e*, the *e* becomes *j*. Examples: *p\`oeg*: *poja*, *'aeglema*: *ajelda*.
* If the first vowel is a diphthong ending in *u*, the *u* becomes *v*. Examples: *h\`aug*: *havi*.
* If the first vowel is a diphthong ending in any other sound, the second vowel is removed if it is identical. Examples: *t\`eadma*: *t\`ean*, *l\`iug*: *l\`iu*.

### Assibilation

Assibilation is a change that happened in Proto-Finnic: the sequence *ti* became *si*. This change is no longer productive or predictable, but a fair number of nouns still display the effects in certain forms. The effect is visible in that sometimes *s* appears where there would otherwise be a *t* or *d*. This also creates new variants of the gradation patterns mentioned above, with *s* appearing in some of the forms in both the strong and weak grade.

For example:

* **käsi**, genitive singular **käe**, illative singular **kätte**, partitive plural **käsi**.
* **uus**, genitive singular **uue**, illative singular **uude**, partitive plural **uusi**.
* **vars**, genitive singular **varre**, illative singular **varde**, partitive plural **varsi**.
* **kaas**, genitive singular **kaane**, illative singular **kaande**, partitive plural **kaasi**. Also an example of another change that happened in some words, in which *n* disappeared before *s*. Consequently, there is no *n* in the forms that have assibilation.
* **kolmas**, genitive singular **kolmanda**. Here, too, *n* disappeared before *s*.
* **kaks**, genitive singular **kahe**, illative singular **kahte**. In this particular case, *ht* becomes *ks* where assibilation occurred.
* **minema**, first-person singular present **lähen**, first-person singular past **läksin**. Same as above.

## Nouns

| Case | Singular
ending | Plural
ending | Meaning/use | Answers to *question*; notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Basic/grammatical cases | | | | |
| Nominative | ∅ (with or without vowel) | -d | Subject, object of imperative, (in plural) complete (telic) object | Who? What? |
| Genitive | ∅ (with vowel) | -de/-te | Possession, relation, (in singular) complete (telic) object | Whose? His?/Hers? |
| Partitive | -d, -t, ∅ (with vowel) | -id, -sid, ∅ (modified vowel) | Partial object, indefinite amount | Whom? Him?/Her? |
| Interior ("in") locative cases | | | | |
| Illative | -sse, -∅ (with vowel) | -desse/-tesse, -isse | In, into | Whither? |
| Inessive | -s | -des/-tes, -is | In, inside | Wherein? |
| Elative | -st | -dest/-test, -ist | Out of | Whence? |
| Exterior ("on") locative cases | | | | |
| Allative | -le | -dele/-tele, -ile | *Towards*, onto | Whither? |
| Adessive | -l | -del/-tel, -il | At, on, upon | Whereon?, on top of |
| Ablative | -lt | -delt/-telt, -ilt | From, off | Whereof?, off of |
| Other cases | | | | |
| Translative | -ks | -deks/-teks, -iks | Becoming, turning into |  |
| Terminative | -ni | -deni/-teni | Till, until, up to, towards (a person, a thing) |  |
| Essive | -na | -dena/-tena | Being, acting as, *as* people/things |  |
| Abessive | -ta | -deta/-teta | Without, lacking, bereft of |  |
| Comitative | -ga | -dega/-tega | With, in company of, in combination with |  |

Inflectional endings as listed below are added to the stem of a noun, which is formed from:

* singular genitive: singular cases except nominative and partitive, plural nominative,
* singular partitive: plural genitive,
* plural genitive: plural cases except nominative and partitive.

Singular nominative, singular genitive and singular partitive are not predictable and have to be taken from the vocabulary (gradation may also apply).

Singular genitive always ends in vowel. When formed from a stem that ends in consonant, it can take the following endings: *-a, -e, -i, -o, -u*.

Singular partitive can take the following endings: *-d, -t, -a, -e, -i, -u*.

Plural partitive is formed from either singular genitive or singular partitive and can take the following endings (some words have two forms):

* *-id*: one-syllable words with long vowels *aa, ee, õõ, uu, öö, ää*, two-syllable words with long vowels or endings *-em, -en, -el, -er, -ar, -ur, -e, -ne, -s* or singular genitive with one or three syllables, three-syllable words with endings *-ne, -s*,
* *-sid*: one-syllable words with long vowels *ii, üü* or a diphthong, two-syllable words with short vowels, three-syllable words with endings *-um, -on, -er, -ar, -är, -ov, -nna*,
* *-e*: words with singular partitive endings *-i, -u, -j*, or singular partitive ending *-a* with the preceding syllable containing *u*,
* *-i*: words with singular partitive ending *-e*, or singular partitive ending on consonant with singular genitive ending *-e*, or singular partitive ending *-a* with the preceding syllable containing vowels *e, o, ä, ö, ü* or a diphthong with one of these vowels as the first sound with the exception of *ei, äi*,
* *-u*: words with singular partitive ending *-a* with the preceding syllable containing vowels *a, i, õ* or diphthongs *ei, äi*.

Singular illative has a short form in some words. It can take the following endings: *-de*, *-he*, *-hu*, *-a*, *-e*, *-i*, *-u*. In case it takes the vowel ending, this vowel is the same as the ending vowel of the singular genitive form of the given word, but the vowel (if it is already long or a diphthong) or its preceding consonant (if the vowel is short and the consonant either short or long) is lengthened to the third degree and thus becomes overlong. If illative ends with *-sesse*, then the short form is *-sse*.

Plural illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative have a short form in some words. If the plural partitive ends with *-id*, then the short plural stem is this form without *-d* (instead of plural genitive with *-de-*); if it ends with a vowel, then the short plural stem is this form; if it ends with *-sid*, then the short plural cannot be formed.

Emphasis: noun + *-gi* (after a final voiced consonant or vowel) / *-ki* (after a final voiceless consonant).

New nouns can be derived from existing nouns, adjectives and verbs using suffixes like *-ja* (agent, from *-ma* infinitive), *-mine* (gerund, from *-ma* infinitive), *-la, -nna, -tar, -ur, -stik, -ndik, -nik, -ik, -k, -ng, -lane, -line, -kene, -ke, -e, -ndus, -dus, -us, -is, -kond, -nd, -istu, -u*.

### Pronouns

Declension of personal pronouns
|  | | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| singular | nominative | **m(in)a** | **s(in)a** | **t(em)a** |
| | genitive | **m(in)u** | **s(in)u** | **t(em)a** |
| | partitive | **mind** | **sind** | **teda** |
| plural | nominative | **m(ei)e** | **t(ei)e** | **n(em)ad** |
| | genitive | **m(ei)e** | **t(ei)e** | **nende** |
| | partitive | **meid** | **teid** | **neid** |

* reflexive (nominative – genitive – partitive, singular / ***plural***): **ise – enese/enda – ennast/end** / ***ise – eneste/endi – endid*** (-self)
* demonstrative (nominative – genitive – partitive, singular / plural): **see – selle – seda / need – nende – neid** (this/that), **too – tolle – toda / nood – nonde – noid** (yonder)
* interrogative (nominative – genitive – partitive): **kes – kelle – keda** (who), **mis – mille – mida** (what), **milline – millise – millist** (which out of many), **kumb – kumma – kumba** (which out of two)
* existential (nominative – genitive – partitive): **keegi – kellegi – kedagi** (someone), **miski – millegi – midagi** (something), **mõni – mõne – mõnda** (some), **ükski – ühegi – ühtegi** (one)
* free choice (nominative – genitive – partitive): **mingi – mingi – mingit** (anyone/anything/any), **kumbki – kummagi – kumbagi** (either)
* universal (nominative – genitive – partitive): **kõik – kõige – kõike** (everyone/everything/each), **mõlemad – mõlema – mõlemat** (both)

## Cases

There are traditionally considered to be 14 noun cases in Estonian:

| # | Case | Singular | | Plural | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | **Example in Estonian** | **Example in English** | **Example in Estonian** | **Example in English** |
| 1 | Nominative | *ilus raamat* | a beautiful book | *ilusa**d** raamatu**d*** | beautiful books (as subject or total object) |
| 2 | Genitive | *ilusa raamatu* | of a beautiful book;
a beautiful book
(as total object) | *ilusa**te** raamatu**te*** | of beautiful books; |
| 3 | Partitive | *ilusat raamatut* | a beautiful book
(as a partial object) | *ilusa**id** raamatu**id*** | beautiful books
(as a partial object) |
| 4 | Illative | *ilusa**sse** raamatu**sse*** | into a beautiful book | *ilusa**tesse** raamatu**tesse*** | into beautiful books |
| 5 | Inessive | *ilusa**s** raamatu**s*** | in a beautiful book | *ilusa**tes** raamatu**tes*** | in beautiful books |
| 6 | Elative | *ilusa**st** raamatu**st*** | from a beautiful book | *ilusa**test** raamatu**test*** | from beautiful books |
| 7 | Allative | *ilusa**le** raamatu**le*** | onto a beautiful book | *ilusa**tele** raamatu**tele*** | onto beautiful books |
| 8 | Adessive | *ilusa**l** raamatu**l*** | on a beautiful book | *ilusa**tel** raamatu**tel*** | on beautiful books |
| 9 | Ablative | *ilusa**lt** raamatu**lt*** | off a beautiful book | *ilusa**telt** raamatu**telt*** | off beautiful books |
| 10 | Translative | *ilusa**ks** raamatu**ks*** | \[to turn\] (in)to a beautiful book | *ilusa**teks** raamatu**teks*** | \[to turn\] (in)to beautiful books |
| 11 | Terminative | *ilusa raamatu**ni*** | up to a beautiful book | *ilusate raamatu**teni*** | up to beautiful books |
| 12 | Essive | *ilusa raamatu**na*** | as a beautiful book | *ilusate raamatu**tena*** | as beautiful books |
| 13 | Abessive | *ilusa raamatu**ta*** | without a beautiful book | *ilusate raamatu**teta*** | without beautiful books |
| 14 | Comitative | *ilusa raamatu**ga*** | with a beautiful book | *ilusate raamatu**tega*** | with beautiful books |

Locative cases make up six or eight of these fourteen (depending on interpretation).

There are also some additional cases such as the instructive (*jalg**si***, "by foot"; *käsi**tsi***, "by hand"), or the similarly formed prolative (*meri**tsi***, "by the way of the sea"), which are not traditionally counted among the 14 grammatical cases.

## Adjectives

### Inflection and derivation

Inflectional endings are added to the stem of an adjective, which is formed like the one for nouns. However, adjectives do not have terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative cases.

Comparison of adjectives
|  | Type |
| --- | --- |
| Degree | General |
| **Positive** |  |
| **Comparative** | *-m* |
| **Superlative** | *-im* / *kõige -m* |

The stem for the comparative and superlative forms is the singular genitive of an adjective; if a word has two syllables in the genitive or a vowel following **-ke(se)**, then **-ke(se)** is left out and the last vowel in the stem changes to **-e**. The genitive and the partitive of the comparative itself are formed with **-a** and **-at**.

New adjectives can be derived from existing words by means of suffixes like:

**-v** (active present participle, from **-ma** infinitive), **-nud** (active perfect participle, from **-da** infinitive), **-tav** (passive present participle, from **-tud** participle), **-tud** (passive perfect participle), and **-lik, -line, -lane, -ne, -ke, -kas, -jas, -tu**.

Antonyms can be formed by attaching **eba-** or **mitte** to an adjective. **Eba-** is considered to be the only derivational prefix in Estonian; as **mitte** can also occur as a separate word, **mitte** \+ adjective can be regarded as a compound rather than derivative. Alternatively, for an adjective formed from a noun or a verb, an antonym can often be constructed using the suffix **-tu** or **-matu**.

### Articles

Estonian has no definite and indefinite articles. The function of the definite article can be performed by the demonstrative pronoun **see** ‘this’; and the function of the indefinite article can be performed by the indefinite pronoun **üks**, developed from the numeral ‘one’. (Pajusalu 2001)

a)

***See***

this

*elu*

life

*on*

be.3SG

*vaid*

only

*vaev*

trouble

*ja*

and

*viletsus*.

misery

***See*** *elu* *on* *vaid* *vaev* *ja* *viletsus*.

this life be.3SG only trouble and misery

‘Life is only trouble and misery.’

b)

*Siia*

here.ILL

*pidi*

must:PAST.3SG

***üks***

one

*maja*

house

*tulema*.

come:MINF

*Siia* *pidi* ***üks*** *maja* *tulema*.

here.ILL must:PAST.3SG one house come:MINF

‘It is said that a house will be built here.‘

### Agreement

Adjectival modifiers (including ordinals, demonstratives, and present participles) agree with their heads in case and number. In the terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative the modifier agrees only in number and remains in the genitive. See Case table above.

Most modifiers occur in the pre-noun position:

* a) demonstratives, e.g. **see mees** ‘this man’;
* b) adjectives, e.g. **vana mees** ‘old man’;
* c) quantifiers, e.g. **kaks meest** ‘two men’, **kõik mehed** ‘all men’;
* d) participles, e.g. **jalutav mees** ‘a walking man’,
* e) genitives, e.g. **venna raamat** ‘brother’s book’, **eesti keel** ‘Estonian language’;
* f) some oblique-case substantive modifiers, e.g. **puust maja** ‘wooden house’, **nokaga müts** ‘beaked cap’.

Post-noun substantive modifiers take the form of various kinds of adverbials, e.g. **uks eluruumidesse** ‘the door to dwelling rooms’, **sõit linna** ‘the drive to town’, **vestlus sõpradega** ‘conversation with friends’, **mure laste pärast** ‘worry about children’, **tagatis eduks** ‘key to success’, etc.

Adjectival modification
| Case | Singular "big man" | Plural "big men" |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nominative | **suur mees** | **suured mehed** |
| Genitive | **suure mehe** | **suurte meeste** |
| Partitive | **suurt meest** | **suuri mehi** |
| Illative | **suuresse mehesse** | **suurtesse meestesse** |
| Inessiv(e) | **suures mehes** | **suurtes meestes** |
| Elative | **suurest mehest** | **suurtest meestest** |
| Allative | **suurele mehele** | **suurtele meestele** |
| Adessive | **suurel mehel** | **suurtel meestel** |
| Ablative | **suurelt mehelt** | **suurtelt meestelt** |
| Translative | **suureks meheks** | **suurteks meesteks** |
| Terminative | **suure meheni** | **suurte meesteni** |
| Essive | **suure mehena** | **suurte meestena** |
| Abessive | **suure meheta** | **suurte meesteta** |
| Comitative | **suure mehega** | **suurte meestega** |

The non-agreement of the last four cases in Estonian is the manifestation of the postpositionality of the affixes of the above cases. Postpositionality implies that there is no need to repeat the case endings in coordinated phrases, e.g. **naise(ga) ja mehega** ‘with a man and a woman’. The above affixes were treated as postpositions in earlier grammars, and some grammarians still follow this tradition. Only the comitative evolved directly from a postposition; the other cases followed suit.

### Pro-adjectives

* numeral (nominative – genitive – partitive, with noun in singular nominative for 1 and in singular partitive for others): **null – nulli – nulli** (0), **üks – ühe – üht** (1), **kaks – kahe – kaht** (2), **kolm – kolme – kolme** (3), **neli – nelja – nelja** (4), **viis – viie – viit** (5), **kuus – kuue – kuut** (6), **seitse – seitsme – seitset** (7), **kaheksa – kaheksa – kaheksat** (8), **üheksa – üheksa – uheksat** (9), **kümme – kümne – kümmet** (10), **-teist(kümmend) – -teist(kümne) – -teist(kümmet)** (11–19), **-kümmend – -kümne – -kümmet** (20–90), **sada – saja – sadat** (100), **-sada – -saja – -sadat** (200–900), **\- tuhat – - tuhande – - tuhandet** (1,000–999,000), **\- miljon – - miljoni – - miljonit** (1,000,000–999,000,000), **\- miljard – - miljardi – - miljardit** (1,000,000,000); ordinal: **esimene – esimese – esimest** (first), **teine – teise – teist** (second), **kolmas – kolmanda – kolmandat** (third), *cardinal\_genitive*-s* – cardinal\_genitive*-nda* – cardinal\_genitive*-ndat** (others)
* demonstrative (nominative – genitive – partitive, singular / plural): **niisugune – niisuguse – niisugust** (this kind), **see – selle – seda / need – nende – neid** (this/that), **too – tolle – toda / nood – nonde – noid** (yonder)
* interrogative (nominative – genitive – partitive): **missugune – missuguse – missugust** (what kind), **milline – millise – millist** (which)
* existential (nominative – genitive – partitive): **mingisugune – mingisuguse – mingisugust** (some kind), **mõni – mõne – mõnda** (some)
* free choice (nominative – genitive – partitive): **mingisugune – mingisuguse – mingisugust** (any kind), **ükskõik milline – ükskõik millise – ükskõik millist** (any)
* universal (nominative – genitive – partitive): **kõik – kõige – kõike** (every kind), **iga – iga – iga** (every)

## Adpositions

The following lists are not exhaustive.

Postpositions

* with the genitive case and declinable (illative/allative – inessive/adessive – elative/ablative): **alla – all – alt** (under), **ette – ees – eest** (in front of), **juurde – juures – juurest** (at), **järele – järel – järelt** (after), **keskele – keskel – keskelt** (in the middle), **kohale – kohal – kohalt** (above), **kõrvale – kõrval – kõrvalt** (beside), **kätte – käes – käest** (in the hand of), **lähedale – lähedal – lähedalt** (near), **peale – peal – pealt** (on), **sisse – sees – seest** (in), **taha – taga – tagant** (behind), **vahele – vahel – vahelt** (between), **äärde – ääres – äärest** (by)
* with the genitive case and non-declinable: **eest / jaoks** (for), **järgi** (according to), **kaudu** (via), **kohta** (about), **pärast** (on account of), **vastas** (vis-à-vis), **vastu** (against), **üle** (over), **ümber** (around)
* with the partitive case: **mööda** (along)
* with the elative case: **alla** (down), **läbi** (through), **peale / saadik** (since)

Prepositions

* with the genitive case: **läbi** (through), **peale** (besides), **üle** (over), **ümber** (around)
* with the partitive case: **alla** (down), **enne** (before), **kesk / keset** (amid), **mööda** (along), **piki** (alongside), **pärast** (after), **vastu** (against)
* with the terminative case: **kuni** (until)
* with the abessive case: **ilma** (without)
* with the comitative case: **koos / ühes** (with)

## Verbs

The inflectional endings as listed below are added to the stem of a verb, which is formed from:

* indicative mood active voice singular first person of positive present tense (by dropping **-n**): indicative mood active voice of present tense, conditional mood active voice of present tense, imperative mood active voice singular second person of present tense,
* **-ma** infinitive (by dropping **-ma**; if the stem ends with a consonant, an additional **-i-** is added in the singular third person of the imperfect or an additional **-e-** is added in the singular nominative of the participle, the consonant is doubled if it was short and preceding a short vowel; if the stem ends with **-e** while being two-syllable or if it ends with a long vowel, then the **-s-** is left out in all numbers and persons, **ei** is changed to **i**, a long vowel becomes short and **o, ö** are changed to **õ**): indicative mood active voice of positive imperfect, quotative mode active voice of present tense,
* **-da** infinitive (by dropping **-da / -ta / -a**; long final **l, r** become short, in spoken language **-nud** is shortened to **-nd**): indicative mood active voice of negative imperfect, indicative mood active voice of pluperfect, imperative mood active voice of present tense except singular second person, active voice of perfect,
* participle of passive voice perfect (by dropping **-tud**): passive voice.

Present tense form and **-tud** participle are derived from the infinitives on the basis of gradation.

**-ma** infinitive indicates real action, i.e. action that does happen, has happened, or will happen. It can be declined: **-ma** (illative), **-mas** (inessive), **-mast** (elative), **-maks** (translative), **-mata** (abessive). The verb that precedes it also usually implies real action: *harjunud lugema* ‘accustomed to reading’, *lähen lugema* ‘I go to read’, *käib vaatamas* ‘goes looking’, *olen valmis/nõus aitama* ‘I am ready/in agreement to help’, *saan hakkama* ‘I can manage’.

**-da** infinitive indicates hypothetical action, i.e. the idea of the action rather than real action. It can be declined: **-des** (inessive). It is used in the following cases:

* In a compound verb when it refers only to the idea of the action: *tahan magada* ‘I want to sleep’, *oskan lugeda* ‘I know how to read’, *saan hakata* ‘I can start’, *võid küsida* ‘you can ask’, *õhus oli tunda* ‘it could be felt in the air’,

* In a subordinate clause that refers only to the idea of the action: *et paremini näha* ’in order to see better’, *kui homme hommikul kell kuus ärgata* ‘if waking up tomorrow morning at six’, *kui mõelda asjalikult* ‘if you think about it’.

* As part of a participle where it refers only to the idea of the action: *kasutada olev* ‘able to be used’, *aimata laskev* ‘unpredictable’.

### Verb derivation

The following suffixes add meaning to a stem.

-ta- creates a verb from a noun makes a verb transitive -u-, -i- reflexive -el-, -le- reciprocal -ne- translative -ata- momentane -el-, -skle- frequentative -tse- continuous

### Conjugation paradigms

Regular types
|  | | I | II | III | IV | V | VI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **ma**-infinitive | | **ela**ma**** | **õppi**ma**** | **hüppa**ma**** | **riidle**ma**** | **sööt**ma**** | **tule**ma**** |
| Past | 1st singular | **ela**sin**** | **õppi**sin**** | **hüppa**sin**** | **riidle**sin**** | **sööt**sin**** | **tul**in**** |
| | 3rd singular | **ela**s**** | **õppi**s**** | **hüppa**s**** | **riidle**s**** | **sööt**is**** | **tul**i**** |
| *tud*-participle | | **ela**tud**** | **õpi**tud**** | **hüpa**tud**** | **riiel**dud**** | **sööd**etud**** | **tul**dud**** |
| Present passive | | **ela**takse**** | **õpi**takse**** | **hüpa**takse**** | **riiel**dakse**** | **sööd**etakse**** | **tul**lakse**** |
| *da*-infinitive | | **ela**da**** | **õppi**da**** | **hüpa**ta**** | **riiel**da**** | **sööt**a**** | **tul**la**** |
| Imperative | 2nd plural | **ela**ge**** | **õppi**ge**** | **hüpa**ke**** | **riiel**ge**** | **sööt**ke**** | **tul**ge**** |

### List of endings

Conjugation of verbs
|  | | | | Tense | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Present | | Imperfect | | Perfect | | Pluperfect | |
| Mood | Voice | Number | Person | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative |
| **Indicative** |
| | **Active** |
| | **Singular** | **First** | -n | ei – | -sin | ei -nud | olen -nud | ei ole -nud | olin -nud | ei olnud -nud |
| | **Second** | -d | | -sid | | oled -nud | | olid -nud | |
| | **Third** | -b | | -s | | on -nud | | oli -nud | |
| | **Plural** | **First** | | -me | | -sime | | oleme -nud | | olime -nud |
| | **Second** | -te | | -site | | olete -nud | | olite -nud | |
| | **Third** | -vad | | -sid | | on -nud | | olid -nud | |
| | **Passive** | **/** | | -takse | ei -ta | -ti | ei -tud | on -tud | ei ole -tud | oli -tud | ei olnud -tud |
| **Conditional** |
| | **Active** |
| | **Singular** | **First** | -ksin | ei -ks | / | | oleksin -nud | ei oleks -nud | / | |
| | **Second** | -ksid | | | oleksid -nud || |
| | **Third** | -ks | | | oleks -nud || |
| | **Plural** | **First** | | | -ksime | oleksime -nud | | |
| | **Second** | -ksite | | | oleksite -nud || |
| | **Third** | -ksid | | | oleksid -nud || |
| | **Passive** | **/** | | | -taks | ei -taks | oleks -tud | | ei oleks -tud |
| **Imperative** |
| | **Active** |
| | **Singular** | **Second** |  | ära – | / | | / | | / | |
| | **Third** | -gu | ärgu -gu | | olgu -nud | ärgu olgu -nud ||
| | **Plural** | **First** | -gem | | ärgem -gem | / | | |
| | **Second** | -ge | ärge -ge | ||
| | **Third** | -gu | ärgu -gu | | olgu -nud | ärgu olgu -nud ||
| | **Passive** | **/** | | | -tagu | ärgu -tagu | olgu -tud | | ärgu olgu -tud |
| **Quotative** |
| | **Active** | **/** | | -vat | ei -vat | / | | olevat -nud | ei olevat -nud | / | |
| | **Passive** | **/** | | -tavat | | ei -tavat | olevat -tud | ei olevat -tud | |

Emphasis: verb + **-gi** (after a final voiced consonant or vowel) / **-ki** (after a final voiceless consonant), verb + **küll** (positive), verb + **mitte** (negative).

## Adverbs

Inflectional endings as listed below are added to the stem of an adverb, which is formed from:

* singular genitive of an adjective (**-sti, -ti, -ldi, -li, -kesi**): genetival type,
* singular ablative of an adjective (**-lt**; some are declinable in allative, adessive, ablative): ablatival type.

Some adverbs are special words – original or vestigial forms of an ancient instructive case.

Pro-adverbs

* demonstrative (illative/allative – inessive/adessive – elative/ablative): **siia – siin – siit** (here), **sinna – seal – sealt** (there), **nüüd** (now), **siis** (then), **seega** (thus), **seepärast** (therefore)
* interrogative (illative/allative – inessive/adessive – elative/ablative): **kuhu – kus – kust** (where), **millal** (when), **kuidas** (how), **miks** (why)
* existential (illative/allative – inessive/adessive – elative/ablative): **kuhugi – kuskil – kuskilt** (somewhere), **kunagi** (sometime), **kuidagi** (somehow)
* free choice (illative/allative – inessive/adessive – elative/ablative): **ükskõik kuhu – ükskõik kus – ükskõik kust** (anywhere), **ükskõik millal** (anytime), **igatahes** (anyhow)
* universal (illative/allative – inessive/adessive – elative/ablative): **igale poole – igal pool – igalt poolt** (everywhere), **alati** (always)

Comparison of adverbs
|  | Type | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Degree | Genetival | Ablatival |
| **Positive** |  | -lt |
| **Comparative** | *-mini* | *-malt* |
| **Superlative** | *kõige -mini* | *kõige -malt* |

## Syntax

The neutral word order in Estonian is subject–verb–object (SVO).

However, as one would expect from an agglutinative language, the word order is quite free and non-neutral word order can be used to stress some parts of the sentence or in poetic texts, as in Finnish grammar. For example, consider the sentence **mees tappis karu** which means ‘(a/the) man killed (a/the) bear’ and uses the neutral SVO word order. The sentence can be rephrased using OVS word order as **karu tappis mees**—a normal Estonian sentence that could be more precisely translated as ‘it was (a/the) man who killed the bear’, i. e., the speaker emphasizes that the killer was a man, probably assuming the listener knows that a bear was killed. The other four word orders (**tappis mees karu**, **tappis karu mees**, **mees karu tappis**, **karu mees tappis**) are also possible in certain contexts, especially if more words are added to the three-word sentences. The following data (4–24, 50–72) are sourced from (Tauli, 1983) and (Erelt, 2009) at the University of Tartu.

Sometimes the forms of verbs, nouns and adjectives in the sentence are not enough to determine the subject and object, e. g. **mehed tapsid karud** (‘the men killed the bears’) or **isa tappis karu** (‘father killed the bear’)—in the first sentence because in plural, the nominative case is used in Estonian both for subject and telic object, and in the second sentence because in singular, the nominative, genitive and partitive forms of the word **isa** are the same, as well as those of the word **karu** (unlike the word **mees** which has different forms: sg. nom. **mees**, sg. gen. **mehe**, sg. part. **meest**). In such sentences, word order is the only thing that distinguishes the subject and the object: the listener presumes that the former noun (**mehed**, **isa**) is the subject and the latter (**karud**, **karu**) is the object. In such situations, the speaker cannot interchange the subject and the object for emphasis (unless it is obvious from the context which noun is the subject).

### Basic clause patterns

There are two basic patterns of clauses in Estonian: normal and inverted clauses (cf. also Erelt 2003, 2005a). In a normal clause the basic word order is SVX (subject – verb – nonsubject). The subject is unmarked, that is, it stands in the nominative, and the verb usually agrees with the subject in person and number. An inverted clause has the word order XVS. The clause opens not with the subject but with an adverbial or oblique, experiential clauses with an object in exceptional cases. If there is a subject-NP in the clause, it is usually indefinite. If the subject-NP is a mass noun or a count noun in the plural, quantitative indefiniteness may be optionally marked by the partitive. (5,7) In the (non-contrastive) negative clause the use of the partitive is obligatory, (e.g. ex. 8). In clauses without a nominative subject the verb is always in the 3rd person singular. In the inverted clause *olema* ‘be’ is the most common verb. The main types of inverted clauses include existential, possessive, experiential clauses, clauses of state and source-marking resultative clauses. In existential clauses, as in (4)–(8), the clause-initial constituent is an adverbial of location (or time), and the clause performs a presentative function. In possessive clauses the possessor is expressed as a locative phrase. The latter is represented by the nominal in the adessive case (9).

(4)

*Aias*

garden:INE

*olid*

be:PAST:3PL

/

/

*kasvasid*

grow:PAST:3PL

*lilled*.

flower:PL.NOM

*Aias* *olid* / *kasvasid* *lilled*.

garden:INE be:PAST:3PL / grow:PAST:3PL flower:PL.NOM

‘Flowers were / were growing in the garden.’

(5)

*Aias*

garden:INE

*oli*

be:PAST.3SG

/

/

*kasvas*

grow:PAST.3SG

*lilli*.

flower.PL.PTV

*Aias* *oli* / *kasvas* *lilli*.

garden:INE be:PAST.3SG / grow:PAST.3SG flower.PL.PTV

lit. ‘There were / were growing some flowers in the garden.’

(6)

*Klaasis*

glass:INE

*oli*

be:PAST.3SG

/

/

*loksus*

slosh:PAST.3SG

*vesi*.

water.NOM

*Klaasis* *oli* / *loksus* *vesi*.

glass:INE be:PAST.3SG / slosh:PAST.3SG water.NOM

‘Some water was sloshing in the glass.’

(7)

*Klaasis*

glass:INE

*oli*

be:PAST.3SG

/

/

*loksus*

slosh:PAST.3SG

*vett*.

water.PTV

*Klaasis* *oli* / *loksus* *vett*.

glass:INE be:PAST.3SG / slosh:PAST.3SG water.PTV

‘Some water was sloshing in the glass.’

(8)

*Aias*

garden:INE

*ei*

NEG

*olnud*

be:PPP

/

/

*ei*

neg

*kasvanud*

grow:PPP

*lilli*.

flower.PL.PTV

*Aias* *ei* *olnud* / *ei* *kasvanud* *lilli*.

garden:INE NEG be:PPP / neg grow:PPP flower.PL.PTV

‘There were no flowers / no flowers were growing in the garden.’

The possessor is typically animate, as in (9), but it may be also inanimate, as in **Autol on neli ratast** ‘The car has four wheels’. Estonian makes no distinction in the expression of permanent and temporal possession. Occasionally, possessive constructions may be formed according to the model of normal clauses, that is, encoding the possessor as the subject and using a special verb, such as *omama*, *evima* ‘have’ (10). The frequency of the construction is on the increase. The pattern of the normal clause is also used to form the belong-possession, using the *olema*-verb and the genitive possessor together with the pronoun **oma** ‘one’s own’ (11) or the special *kuuluma*-verb ‘belong’ (12). Experiential clauses can be formed according to the pattern of possessive clauses, so that the experiencer is expressed by the clause-initial oblique in the adessive, and the ‘possessed’ state is expressed by the subject-NP, as in (13). This kind of state can be expressed also by the predicate adjective (14).

(9)

*Jaanil*

Jaan:ADE

*on*

be.3SG

*vend*.

brother.NOM

*Jaanil* *on* *vend*.

Jaan:ADE be.3SG brother.NOM

‘Jaan has a brother.’

(10)

*Jaan*

Jaan

*omab/evib*

have:3SG

*autot*.

car:PTV

*Jaan* *omab/evib* *autot*.

Jaan have:3SG car:PTV

‘Jaan has a car.’

(11)

*See*

this

*auto*

car

*on*

be.3SG

*Jaani*

Jaan.GEN

*oma*.

own

*See* *auto* *on* *Jaani* *oma*.

this car be.3SG Jaan.GEN own

‘This car belongs to Jaan.’

(12)

*See*

this

*auto*

car

*kuulub*

belong:3SG

*Jaanile*.

Jaan:ALL

*See* *auto* *kuulub* *Jaanile*.

this car belong:3SG Jaan:ALL

‘This car belongs to Jaan.’

(13)

*Jaanil*

Jaan.ADE

*oli*

be:PAST.3SG

/

/

*hakkas*

become:PAST.3SG

*hirm*.

fear.NOM

*Jaanil* *oli* / *hakkas* *hirm*.

Jaan.ADE be:PAST.3SG / become:PAST.3SG fear.NOM

‘Jaan was/became afraid.’

(14)

*Jaanil*

Jaan:ADE

*oli*

be:PAST.3SG

/

/

*hakkas*

become:PAST.3SG

*piinlik*.

embarrassing.NOM

*Jaanil* *oli* / *hakkas* *piinlik*.

Jaan:ADE be:PAST.3SG / become:PAST.3SG embarrassing.NOM

‘Jaan was/became embarrassed.’

The inverted clause pattern is also used in the case of some experiential verbs. In the case of some of them (e.g. *meeldima* ‘like’) the experiencer has to be encoded as the allative oblique (15), in others (*huvitama* ‘take an interest in’, *hämmastama* ‘amaze’, etc.) as the direct object in the partitive case (16). Most experiential verbs take a nominative experiencer, that is, the normal clause pattern, as in (17). In clauses of “state” the clause-initial adverbial of location or time is optional. The predicate may be nominal, as in (18, 19), or verbal (20). The “source-marking resultative clause” (Erelt 2005b) is a marginal type of the resultative clause, where not the resultant state (goal) is marked, as in the normal resultative clause (22), but an entity that changes its state (21).

(15)

*Siimule*

Siim:ALL

*meeldivad*

like:3PL

*lapsed*.

child:PL.NOM

*Siimule* *meeldivad* *lapsed*.

Siim:ALL like:3PL child:PL.NOM

‘Siim loves children.’

(16)

*Mind*

I:PTV

*huvitab*

interest:3SG

*teie*

you.GEN

*arvamus*.

opinion.NOM

*Mind* *huvitab* *teie* *arvamus*.

I:PTV interest:3SG you.GEN opinion.NOM

‘I’m interested in your opinion.’

(17)

*Ma*

I.NOM

*armastan*

love:1SG

*sind*.

you:PTV

*Ma* *armastan* *sind*.

I.NOM love:1SG you:PTV

‘I love you.’

(18)

*Väljas*

outside

*on*

be.3SG

*kõva*

strong.NOM

*tuul*.

wind.NOM

*Väljas* *on* *kõva* *tuul*.

outside be.3SG strong.NOM wind.NOM

‘Outside the wind is strong.’

(19)

*(Väljas)*

outside

*on*

be.3SG

*külm*

cold.NOM

/

/

*läheb*

get:3SG

*külmaks*.

cold:TRANSL

*(Väljas)* *on* *külm* / *läheb* *külmaks*.

outside be.3SG cold.NOM / get:3SG cold:TRANSL

‘It’s cold outside/it is getting cold.’

(20)

*(Väljas)*

outside

*müristab*.

thunder:3SG

*(Väljas)* *müristab*.

outside thunder:3SG

‘It’s thundering outside.’

(21)

*Poisist*

boy.ELA

*kasvas*

grow:PAST.3SG

*mees*.

man.NOM

*Poisist* *kasvas* *mees*.

boy.ELA grow:PAST.3SG man.NOM

‘The boy grew into a man.’

(22)

*Poiss*

boy.NOM

*kasvas*

grow:PAST.3SG

*meheks*.

man:TRANSL

*Poiss* *kasvas* *meheks*.

boy.NOM grow:PAST.3SG man:TRANSL

‘The boy grew into a man.’

### Case marking

(23)

*Isa*

father

*viis*

take:PAST.3SG

*last*

child:PTV

*kooli*.

school.ILL

*Isa* *viis* *last* *kooli*.

father take:PAST.3SG child:PTV school.ILL

‘The father was taking the child to school.’

(24)

*Isa*

father

*viis*

take:PAST.3SG

*lapse/lapsed*

child.GEN/PL.NOM

*kooli*.

school.ILL

*Isa* *viis* *lapse/lapsed* *kooli*.

father take:PAST.3SG child.GEN/PL.NOM school.ILL

‘The father took the child/children to school.

The Estonian language has no secondary or indirect object. A direct object can be in the partitive (partial object) (23), or in the genitive or nominative (total object) (24). In the affirmative clause the total object refers to definite quantity and the clause expresses a perfective activity. If at least one of the conditions is not met, the partitive is used, for example, clause (23) denotes an imperfective activity; the clause **Ta jõi vett ja hakkas siis sööma** ‘He drank some water and then started to eat’ denotes a perfective activity but an indefinite quantity. In the negative clause only the partial object can be used, e.g. **Isa ei viinud last kooli** ‘The father didn’t take the child to school’. Some verbs, such as the verbs of cognition, only take the partial object also in the affirmative, e.g. **Isa armastab lapsi** ‘Father loves children’. The total object in Estonian does not express the perfective aspect as strongly as in the Finnish language, and for this reason perfective adverbs are often used along with it. The total object is predominantly in the genitive. The nominative is used if the object is in the plural as in (24) or if there is (normally) no subject in the clause, and the object happens to be the most central argument in the clause, i.e. if the verb is in the imperative mood, e.g. *Vii laps kooli!* ‘Take the child to school!’, impersonal, e.g. *Laps viiakse kooli* ‘The child is taken to school’, or the da-infinitive (except cases where the da-infinitive acts also as the object), e.g. **Isa ülesanne oli laps kooli viia** ‘The father’s task was to take the child to school’ Measure adverbials behave similarly to the object in that they occur in the nominative/genitive or the partitive roughly under similar circumstances, e.g. **Ta suusatas viis** \[nom\] **kilomeetrit / ühe** \[gen\] **kilomeetri** ‘He skied five kilometres / one kilometre’ – **Ta ei suusatanud ühte** \[part\] **kilomeetritki** ‘He didn’t ski not a single kilometre’; **Ootasin pool** \[nom\] **tundi** / *ühe* \[gen\] *tunni* ‘I waited for half an hour / an hour’ – **Ma ei oodanud ühte** \[part\] **minutitki** ‘I didn’t wait even a minute’.

### Word order in the clause

The basic word order in the normal clause is SVX, and in the inverted clause it is XVS. The word order is flexible, that is, pragmatic order variants are allowed in addition to the basic order. However, one can observe the following trends in the location of the verb. In non-negated declarative main clauses the finite verb tends to retain the second position in all the thematic variants (50–51) (cf. Tael 1990, Ehala 2006). The verb can be located at the end of the clause in negative clauses if the clause does not begin with the subject (52), in questions (53), and in some subordinate clauses (54). The positioning of the verb at the beginning of the clause and the resulting inversion can mark a speech act function (55)–(58) or can be used in narrative texts rendering past activities, e.g. (59) (cf. Lindström 2001b).

(50)

*Meie*

our

*pere*

family

S

*joob*

drink:3SG

V

*hommikukohvi*

morning\_coffee.PTV

O

*kodus.*

home:INE

A

*Meie* *pere* *joob* *hommikukohvi* *kodus.*

our family drink:3SG morning\_coffee.PTV home:INE

{} S V O A

(51)

*Hommikukohvi*

morning\_coffee.PTV

O

*joob*

drink.3SG

V

*meie*

our

*pere*

family

S

*kodus.*

home:INE

A

*Hommikukohvi* *joob* *meie* *pere* *kodus.*

morning\_coffee.PTV drink.3SG our family home:INE

O V {} S A

‘Our family drinks morning coffee at home.’

(52)

*Kodus*

home:INE

*ma*

I

*hommikul*

morning:ADE

*putru*

pudding.PTV

*ei*

neg

*söö.*

eat.NEGV

*Kodus* *ma* *hommikul* *putru* *ei* *söö.*

home:INE I morning:ADE pudding.PTV neg eat.NEGV

‘At home I don’t eat pudding.’

(53)

*Kuidas*

how

*te*

you

*hommikul*

morning:ADE

*nii*

so

*ruttu*

quickly

*siia*

here.ILL

*jõudsite?*

get:PAST:2PL

*Kuidas* *te* *hommikul* *nii* *ruttu* *siia* *jõudsite?*

how you morning:ADE so quickly here.ILL get:PAST:2PL

‘How did you get here so quickly in the morning?’

(54)

*Ma*

I

*tunnen*

know:1SG

*seda*

this:PTV

*meest*,

man:PTV

*kellega*

who:COM

*Jaan*

Jaan

*rääkis.*

talk:PAST.3SG

*Ma* *tunnen* *seda* *meest*, *kellega* *Jaan* *rääkis.*

I know:1SG this:PTV man:PTV who:COM Jaan talk:PAST.3SG

‘I know the man that Jaan talked to.’

(55)

*On*

be.3SG

*ema*

mother

*kodus?*

home:INE

*On* *ema* *kodus?*

be.3SG mother home:INE

‘Is the mother at home?’

(56)

*Käi*

go.imp.2SG

*sa*

you

*vahepeal*

meanwhile

*kodus*

home:INE

*ära!*

away

*Käi* *sa* *vahepeal* *kodus* *ära!*

go.imp.2SG you meanwhile home:INE away

‘Go home in the meanwhile!’

(57)

*Läheks*

go:COND

*nad*

they

*ometi*

at\_last

*minema!*

away

*Läheks* *nad* *ometi* *minema!*

go:COND they at\_last away

‘If only they would leave at last!’

(58)

*Oled*

be:2SG

*sina*

you

*alles*

so

*tubli!*

diligent

*Oled* *sina* *alles* *tubli!*

be:2SG you so diligent

‘How come you’re so diligent!

(59)

*Istun*

sit:1SG

*mina*

I

*eile*

yesterday

*oma*

own

*kabinetis*

study:INE

*ja*

and

*kirjutan*

write:1SG

*aruannet.*

report:PTV

*Istun* *mina* *eile* *oma* *kabinetis* *ja* *kirjutan* *aruannet.*

sit:1SG I yesterday own study:INE and write:1SG report:PTV

‘Yesterday I was sitting in my study and writing the report.’

### Interrogatives

Polar questions are formed by means of the clause-initial interrogative particles *kas* (60) or *ega* (in negative clauses, as in \[61\]), verb fronting (62), or rising intonation (63). In spoken language questions can be formed also by the clause-final particle *või*, which developed from the disjunctive conjunction (64) (cf. Lindström 2001a). Questions begin with an interrogative word (interrogative pro-forms or **kas** (yes/no-question), **eks** (yes-question), **ega** (no-question)), followed by the SVO word order (in spoken language, interrogative words are sometimes left out, but instead there is either a change in intonation or VSO word order); answers: **jah*/*jaa** (yes), **ei** (no). An adjective precedes the noun it modifies. An adverb of time precedes an adverb of place.

Content questions are formed by means of interrogative pronouns and pro-adverbs, which are positioned at the beginning of the sentence (64, 65)(WH-fronting):

(60)

*Kas*

Q

*sa*

you

*tuled*

come:2SG

*täna*

today

*koju?*

home.ILL

*Kas* *sa* *tuled* *täna* *koju?*

Q you come:2SG today home.ILL

‘Will you come home today?’

(61)

*Ega*

NEG.Q

*sa*

you

*(ei)*

(NEG)

*tule*

come.NEGV

*täna*

today

*koju?*

home.ILL

*Ega* *sa* *(ei)* *tule* *täna* *koju?*

NEG.Q you (NEG) come.NEGV today home.ILL

‘Won’t you come home today?’

(62)

*On*

be.3SG

*sul*

you:ADE

*täna*

today

*aega?*

time.PTV

*On* *sul* *täna* *aega?*

be.3SG you:ADE today time.PTV

‘Do you have any time today?’

(63)

*Sa*

you

*armastad*

love:2SG

*mind?*

I:PTV

*Sa* *armastad* *mind?*

you love:2SG I:PTV

‘Do you love me?’

(64)

*Ta*

s/he

*läks*

leave:PAST.3SG

*ära*

away

*või?*

or

*Ta* *läks* *ära* *või?*

s/he leave:PAST.3SG away or

‘Did s/he leave or?’

(65)

*Kes*

who

*sa*

you

*oled?*

be:2SG

*Kes* *sa* *oled?*

who you be:2SG

‘Who are you?’

(66)

*Kuhu*

where

*te*

you.PL

*lähete?*

go:2PL

*Kuhu* *te* *lähete?*

where you.PL go:2PL

‘Where are you going?’

### Negation

Clausal negation in Estonian is expressed by means of the negative particle *ei*, which usually precedes the verb, e.g. (67). The particle *ei* is historically the 3sg form of the previous negative auxiliary. Standard clausal negation is asymmetric, that is, the structure of the negative construction differs from the affirmative not only by the presence of the negative particle but in various other ways, too, first and foremost by the non-finiteness of the main verb (Miestamo 2000). In Estonian the main verb does not carry inflections of the person and the number appearing in the connegative form in the present and in the past participle in the past (see example \[67\]). The other secondary modifications of standard negation include changes in case marking and word order. In a negative clause direct objects appear only in the partitive case. In the case of the inverted type of clause the same applies to the subject (cf. 2). The connegative form of the verb may be located at the end of the clause in negative clauses (cf. 6). In the imperative and the jussive prohibition is expressed by the partially inflected negative auxiliary *ära* (2sg), *ärge* (2pl), *ärgem* (1pl), *ärgu* (3sg/pl) together with the imperative form of the main verb (68). Unlike the negative particle *ei*, the auxiliary verb *ära* may be separated from the main verb by other words (69). In the case of constituent negation the scope of negation is marked by emphasis and optionally by the negative particle *mitte* (70, 71). The particle is placed immediately before the negated constituents, whereas the verb is optionally (but in the case of negated indefinites obligatorily) also in the negative form. The particle *mitte* is also used to express negation within an infinitive clause (72).

(67)

*Täna*

today

*ajalehed*

newspaper:PL

*ei*

NEG

*ilmu/ilmunud*.

appear:NEGV.PPP

*Täna* *ajalehed* *ei* *ilmu/ilmunud*.

today newspaper:PL NEG appear:NEGV.PPP

‘Today newspapers are not/were not published.’

On DO Fronting:

(68)

*Ära*

IMP.NEG

*tee*

make.IMP.2SG

*rumalusi!*

stupid\_thing.PL.PTV

*Ära* *tee* *rumalusi!*

IMP.NEG make.IMP.2SG stupid\_thing.PL.PTV

‘Don’t act stupid!’

(69)

*Ära*

IMP.NEG

*homme*

tomorrow

*tule!*

come.IMP.2SG

*Ära* *homme* *tule!*

IMP.NEG tomorrow come.IMP.2SG

‘Don’t come tomorrow!’

Constituent negation:

(70)

*See*

it

*ei*

NEG

*ole*

be.NEGV

/

/

*see*

it

*on*

be.3SG

*(mitte)*

(NEG)

*raha,*

money

*vaid*

but

*tunnustus.*

recognition

*See* *ei* *ole* / *see* *on* *(mitte)* *raha,* *vaid* *tunnustus.*

it NEG be.NEGV / it be.3SG (NEG) money but recognition

‘It is not the money but recognition.’

(71)

*Mind*

I:PTV

*ei*

NEG

*häiri*

disturb.NEGV

*(\*häirib)*

(\*disturb:3SG)

*(mitte)*

(NEG)

*miski.*

something

*Mind* *ei* *häiri* *(\*häirib)* *(mitte)* *miski.*

I:PTV NEG disturb.NEGV (\*disturb:3SG) (NEG) something

‘Nothing can disturb me.’

(72)

*Palun*

beg:1SG

*teid*

you:PTV

*mitte*

NEG

*karjuda!*

shout:DINF

*Palun* *teid* *mitte* *karjuda!*

beg:1SG you:PTV NEG shout:DINF

‘Don’t shout please!’

### Modifiers

See Adjectival Agreement.

### Conjunctions

* **aga** (but)
* **et** (that)
* **ja** (and)
* **kas** (whether)
* **kui** (if)
* **nagu** (as)
* **sest** (because)
* **või** (or)

* Moseley, C. (1994). *Colloquial Estonian: A Complete Language Course*. London: Routledge.
* Tuldava, J. (1994). *Estonian Textbook: Grammar, Exercises, Conversation*. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University.


title: Etheric Networks

abstract: Etheric Networks is an Internet Service Provider based in San Mateo, California serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It specializes in high-speed Internet access using wireless technologies. Fixed wireless towers using ISM and U-NII band transmissions connect end users to its fiber optic backbone.

text:
# Etheric Networks

**Etheric Networks** is an Internet Service Provider based in San Mateo, California serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It specializes in high-speed Internet access using wireless technologies. Fixed wireless towers using ISM and U-NII band transmissions connect end users to its fiber optic backbone.

## History

In March 2003, Etheric Networks launches ISP service via its first generation broadband fixed wireless local loop WLL access network, via the Qwest co-location center in Sunnyvale and Black Mountain, a communication tower complex at 2,800 feet above sea level, overlooking Silicon Valley and the Peninsula.

## InfoBox

Etheric Networks Incorporated
|
|  |
| Company type | Privately held corporation |
| Industry | Internet & Communications |
| Founded | 2000 |
| Headquarters | San Mateo, California |
| Key people | W.Alexander Hagen, CEO |
| Products | Internet service |
| Website | ethericnetworks.com |


title: Estrela Vermelha (Beira)

abstract: Estrela Vermelha Beira, or simply Estrela Vermelha, is a Mozambique multi sports club from Beira, Mozambique especially known for its football. Estrela Vermelha was relegated from the Moçambola following the 2016 season.

text:
# Estrela Vermelha (Beira)

**Estrela Vermelha Beira**, or simply **Estrela Vermelha**, is a Mozambique multi sports club from Beira, Mozambique especially known for its football.

Estrela Vermelha was relegated from the Moçambola (the top division of Mozambique football) following the 2016 season.

## Stadium

Currently the team plays at the 7000 capacity Estádio do Ferroviário.

*
*

## InfoBox

Estrela Vermelha
| Full name | GD Estrela Vermelha |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1979 |
| Ground | Estádio do Ferroviário <br>Beira, Mozambique |
| Capacity | 7,000 |
| League | Moçambola |


title: Ethyl iodoacetate

abstract: Ethyl iodoacetate is an organic compound with the chemical formula ICH2CO2CH2CH3. It is a derivative of ethyl acetate. Under normal conditions, the compound is a clear, light yellow to orange liquid.

text:
# Ethyl iodoacetate

**Ethyl iodoacetate** is an organic compound with the chemical formula 2C2CH2CH3. It is a derivative of ethyl acetate. Under normal conditions, the compound is a clear, light yellow to orange liquid.

## Applications

Used by the British during World War I, it was codenamed **SK gas**, for the initials of South Kensington, where it was developed.

Like many alkyl iodides, ethyl iodoacetate is an alkylating agent, which makes it useful in organic synthesis, yet toxic. Ethyl iodoacetate is also a lachrymatory agent.

## InfoBox

Ethyl iodoacetate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Ethyl iodoacetate | |
| Other names Ethyl 2-iodoacetate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.009.816 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C4H7IO2/c1-2-7-4(6)3-5/h2-3H2,1H3 YKey: MFFXVVHUKRKXCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C4H7IO2/c1-2-7-4(6)3-5/h2-3H2,1H3Key: MFFXVVHUKRKXCI-UHFFFAOYAB | |
| SMILES * CCOC(=O)CI | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | ICH2CO2CH2CH3 |
| Molar mass | 214.002 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Clear, light yellow to orange liquid |
| Density | 1.808 g/mL |
| Boiling point | 179 to 180 °C (354 to 356 °F; 452 to 453 K) |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | −97.6·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Danger** |
| Hazard statements | H300, H314 |
| Precautionary statements | P280, P301+P310+P330, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338+P310 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related esters |  |
| Related compounds |  |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Ethyl hexanoate

abstract: Ethyl hexanoate is the ester resulting from the condensation of hexanoic acid and ethanol. It has fruity aroma similar to apple peel.

text:
# Ethyl hexanoate

**Ethyl hexanoate** is the ester resulting from the condensation of hexanoic acid and ethanol. It has fruity aroma similar to apple peel.

## InfoBox

Ethyl hexanoate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name Ethyl hexanoate | |
| Other names Ethyl caproate
Caproic acid ethyl ester | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.220 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C8H16O2/c1-3-5-6-7-8(9)10-4-2/h3-7H2,1-2H3 NKey: SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N N * InChI=1/C8H16O2/c1-3-5-6-7-8(9)10-4-2/h3-7H2,1-2H3Key: SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYAA | |
| SMILES * CCCCCC(=O)OCC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C8H16O2 |
| Molar mass | 144.214 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Fruity |
| Density | 0.87 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −67 °C (−89 °F; 206 K) |
| Boiling point | 168 °C (334 °F; 441 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Espen Jørstad

abstract: Espen Uhlen Jørstad is a Norwegian professional poker player currently residing in London, England. In 2022, he won the World Series of Poker Main Event for $10,000,000.

text:
# Espen Jørstad

**Espen Uhlen Jørstad** (born May 1988) is a Norwegian professional poker player currently residing in London, England. In 2022, he won the World Series of Poker Main Event for $10,000,000.

## Career

Jørstad obtained a master's degree in brewing science from the University of Copenhagen and worked at a brewery before his poker career.

He started streaming on Twitch in 2016 under alias *uhlenpoker* as a sponsored Unibet poker pro, before rebranding to group channel *overbetexpress*.

Playing under the names "Hymn2ninkasi" on PokerStars and "COVFEFE-19" on GGPoker, Jørstad primarily focused on cash games. He reached his first World Series of Poker final table in 2020, finishing in fifth place in a $400 Fifty Stack event during the WSOP Online. In 2021, he was sixth in the WSOP Online Main Event, earning $603,058.

Jørstad won his first WSOP bracelet in 2022, partnering with Patrick Leonard in the Tag Team event. In the Main Event, he made the final table in a field of 8,663, the second-largest in WSOP history, and went heads-up against Adrian Attenborough. On the 19th hand of heads-up play, Jørstad shoved all in on a board of **4 2 2 8 Q** and Attenborough called with **J 4**. Jørstad had **Q 2** for a full house to win the championship. He became the first Main Event champion from Norway.

As of 2023, Jørstad's total live earnings exceed $15,042,000, placing him in first on Norway's all-time money list.

## World Series of Poker bracelets

| Year | Tournament | Prize (US$) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | $1,000 Tag Team No-Limit Hold'em
(w/ Patrick Leonard) | $74,042 |
| 2022 | $10,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event | $10,000,000 |

## InfoBox

| Espen Jørstad | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1988 (age 3536)
Levanger, Norway |
| World Series of Poker | |
| Bracelet(s) | 2 |
| Final table(s) | 4 |
| Money finish(es) | 23 |
| Highest ITM
Main Event finish | Winner, 2022 |
| European Poker Tour | |
| Money finish(es) | 1 |
|


title: Etna Creek

abstract: Etna Creek is a rural locality in the Livingstone Shire, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Etna Creek had a population of 1,029 people.

text:
# Etna Creek

**Etna Creek** is a rural locality in the Livingstone Shire, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Etna Creek had a population of 1,029 people.

## Geography

The Fitzroy River bounds the locality to the south-west, west, and north-west.

Etna Creek (the watercourse) rises in The Caves to the north and flows in a generally south-westly direction through the locality of Etna Creek, forming a short section of its southern boundary before flowing back into the locality and becoming the tributary of Fitzroy River in the south-west of the locality (23°14′26″S 150°24′39″E / 23.24062°S 150.41084°E / -23.24062; 150.41084 (Etna Creek (mouth))). Immediately east of the creek mouth is Long Island Bend Conservation Park, which includes an unnamed island in the Fitzroy River and part of the mainland, a total of 25 hectares (62 acres).

Boomerang Lagoon is a large waterhole in the south-west of the locality (23°14′35″S 150°22′36″E / 23.24298°S 150.37666°E / -23.24298; 150.37666 (Boomerang Lagoon)).

South Yaamba is a town (23°11′56″S 150°24′02″E / 23.1988°S 150.4005°E / -23.1988; 150.4005 (South Yaamba (town))) in the north-east of locality. The town of South Yaamba is not to be confused with the *locality* of South Yaamba, which is adjacent and to the west of the locality of Etna Creek. The locality of South Yaamba is physically separated from the town of South Yaamba and the locality of Etna Creek by the Fitzroy River.

The Bruce Highway (known as Yaamba Road within the locality) enters the locality from the south-west (Glenlee / Rockyview) and exits to the north (The Caves).

The North Coast railway line enters the locality from the south (Glendale) and exits to the north (The Caves). Etna Creek railway station is an abandoned railway station on the line (23°12′27″S 150°28′35″E / 23.2076°S 150.4765°E / -23.2076; 150.4765 (Etna Creek railway station (abandoned))). The highway and railway line run loosely parallel through the locality.

## History

The locality takes its name from the Etna Creek railway station, which was assigned by the Queensland Railways Department on 23 July 1914.

South Yaamba takes its name from the pastoral run name given by pastoralist Peter Fitzallan MacDonald in the 1860s. *Yaamba* is believed to be an Aboriginal word meaning *main camping ground*.

In 1891, residents in Etna Creek employed a private teacher for their children, while lobbying the Queensland Government to establish a school with Mr P. Hinz offering a 2-acre (0.81 ha) site close to the main Yaamba Road for the school. Etna Creek Provisional School opened on 31 October 1892. On 1 January 1909, it became Etna Creek State School. In September 1910, it had an average attendance of 13 students. It was on the Yaamba Road near the intersection with the railway line (approx 23°13′30″S 150°28′51″E / 23.22511°S 150.48075°E / -23.22511; 150.48075 (Etna Creek State School (original site))). In 1922, a new school building was approved with an expected cost of £631 on a new site. The school closed in 1950. It was at 479 Etna Creek Road ()23°12′48″S 150°25′55″E / 23.21345°S 150.43203°E / -23.21345; 150.43203 (Etna Creek State School (former))).

Long Island Bend Conservation Park was gazetted on 16 December 1994 under the Nature Conservation Act 1992. No specific purpose was identified in the gazettal.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Etna Creek had a population of 792 people.

In the 2021 census, Etna Creek had a population of 1,029 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Etna Creek. The nearest government primary schools are The Caves State School in neighbouring The Caves to the north and Parkhurst State School in Parkhurst, Rockhampton, to the south-east. The nearest government secondary school is Glenmore State High School in Kawana, Rockhampton, to the south-east.

## Facilities

Capricornia Correctional Centre is a prison on Meldrum Road, off the Bruce Highway (23°13′49″S 150°28′20″E / 23.2302°S 150.4721°E / -23.2302; 150.4721 (Capricornia Correctional Centre)). It provides facilities for remand, reception and sentenced prisoners. It caters for high security prisoners and has a farm complex for low security prisoners.

Etna Creek SES Facility is on Olives Road (23°13′40″S 150°28′19″E / 23.2279°S 150.4720°E / -23.2279; 150.4720 (Etna Creek SES Facility)).

## InfoBox

| Etna Creek
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| Capricornia Correctional Centre | |
| Etna Creek | |
| Coordinates | 23°13′44″S 150°25′20″E / 23.2288°S 150.4222°E / -23.2288; 150.4222 (Etna Creek (centre of locality)) |
| Population | 1,029 (2021 census) |
| • Density | 14.827/km2 (38.40/sq mi) |
| Postcode(s) | 4702 |
| Area | 69.4 km2 (26.8 sq mi) |
| Time zone | AEST (UTC+10:00) |
| Location |  |
| LGA(s) | Livingstone Shire |
| State electorate(s) | Mirani |
| Federal division(s) | Capricornia |
| **Suburbs around Etna Creek:**  Yaamba The Caves Sandringham  South Yaamba Etna Creek Rockyview  Alton Downs Glendale Glenlee | |


title: Eti Haungatau

abstract: Eti Haungatau is an American rugby union player, currently playing for Sale Sharks in the Allianz Premier 15s.

text:
# Eti Haungatau

**Eti Haungatau** (born 25 September 2000) is an American rugby union player, currently playing for Sale Sharks in the Allianz Premier 15s.

## Personal life

Haungatau has been playing rugby since she was nine years old. She is the niece of 2016 Olympian, Joanne Fa'avesi, and is a cousin of another 2016 Olympian, Folau Niua.

## Rugby career

In 2019, Haungatau scored two tries for the Eagles against a Barbarians side in April. She made her international debut for the Eagles fifteens against England at the Super Series in June. She later debuted for the Eagles sevens at the USA Women's Sevens in October.

Haungatau was selected in the United States squad for the 2021 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. In 2023, She was named in the Eagles traveling squad for their test against Spain, and for the 2023 Pacific Four Series. She scored a try in her sides hard-fought victory over Spain, they won 20–14.

## InfoBox

Eti Haungatau
| Date of birth | (2000-09-25) 25 September 2000 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Sacramento, California |
| Height | 5 ft 7 in (170 cm) |
| Weight | 256 lb (116 kg) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Center (XV), Center (7s)  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2019–Present  United States  9  (5)  National sevens team  **Years** **Team**  **Comps**  2019–Present  United States   5 (0) | |


title: Eritoran

abstract: Eritoran is a synthetic lipid that inhibits the receptor TLR4. It was developed as a potential treatment for severe sepsis, an excessive inflammatory response to an infection. It failed a five year Phase III clinical trial, the results of which were published in 2013, and as of 2014 was no longer being developed. It was being developed by the Japanese pharmaceutical company Eisai Co. and was administered intravenously as the sodium salt eritoran tetrasodium. TLR4 is part of the innate immune system and plays an important role in triggering defense against pathogens. Eritoran is similar in structure to the lipopolysaccharide lipid A - a part of bacteria that binds to TLR4 and activates TLR4, triggering a defense. Eritoran binds to TLR4 but blocks its activation. Too much signalling by TLR4 may be part of what causes cytokine storms and sepsis, but as of 2021 no drug that inhibits TLR4 has been shown to prevent or treat sepsis or cytokine storms in humans.

text:
# Eritoran

**Eritoran** is a synthetic lipid that inhibits the receptor TLR4. It was developed as a potential treatment for severe sepsis, an excessive inflammatory response to an infection. It failed a five year Phase III clinical trial, the results of which were published in 2013, and as of 2014 was no longer being developed.

It was being developed by the Japanese pharmaceutical company Eisai Co. and was administered intravenously as the sodium salt **eritoran tetrasodium**.

TLR4 is part of the innate immune system and plays an important role in triggering defense against pathogens. Eritoran is similar in structure to the lipopolysaccharide lipid A \- a part of bacteria that binds to TLR4 and activates TLR4, triggering a defense. Eritoran binds to TLR4 but blocks its activation.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |

Too much signalling by TLR4 may be part of what causes cytokine storms and sepsis, but as of 2021 no drug that inhibits TLR4 has been shown to prevent or treat sepsis or cytokine storms in humans.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Eritoran
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Other names | E 5564 |
| Routes of
administration | Intravenous injection |
| ATC code | * none |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * \[(2*R*,3*R*,4*R*,5*S*,6*R*)-4-Decoxy-5-hydroxy-6-\[\[(2*R*,3*R*,4*R*,5*S*,6*R*)-4-\[(3*R*)-3-methoxydecoxy\]-6-(methoxymethyl)-3-\[\[(*Z*)-octadec-11-enoyl\]amino\]-5-phosphonatooxyoxan-2-yl\]oxymethyl\]-3-(3-oxotetradecanoylamino)oxan-2-yl\] phosphoric acid | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| IUPHAR/BPS |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C66H126N2O19P2 |
| Molar mass | 1313.677 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CC(=O)NC1C(C(C(OC1OP(=O)(O)O)COC2C(C(C(C(O2)COC)OP(=O)(O)O)OCCC(CCCCCCC)OC)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCC)O)OCCCCCCCCCC | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C66H126N2O19P2/c1-7-11-15-19-22-25-26-27-28-29-30-32-34-38-42-46-57(70)67-60-64(82-49-47-54(80-6)45-41-36-18-14-10-4)62(86-88(73,74)75)56(51-79-5)85-65(60)83-52-55-61(72)63(81-48-43-39-35-24-21-17-13-9-3)59(66(84-55)87-89(76,77)78)68-58(71)50-53(69)44-40-37-33-31-23-20-16-12-8-2/h25-26,54-56,59-66,72H,7-24,27-52H2,1-6H3,(H,67,70)(H,68,71)(H2,73,74,75)(H2,76,77,78)/b26-25-/t54-,55-,56-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-,65-,66-/m1/s1 N * Key:BPSMYQFMCXXNPC-MFCPCZTFSA-N N | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Deszkowice-Kolonia

abstract: Deszkowice-Kolonia is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nielisz, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

text:
# Deszkowice-Kolonia

**Deszkowice-Kolonia** \[dɛʂkɔˈvit͡sɛ kɔˈlɔɲa\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nielisz, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Deszkowice-Kolonia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Deszkowice-Kolonia | |
| Coordinates: 50°48′10″N 23°07′06″E / 50.80278°N 23.11833°E / 50.80278; 23.11833 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Zamość |
| Gmina | Nielisz |


abstract: St. Timothy's Church, Roxborough is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania in the Roxborough neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Wissahickon Deanery of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. In 1962, St. Timothy's reported membership of 1,144 and weekly attendance of 849, while its 2022 reported attendance was 32 persons. It was founded in 1859 by lay members of St. Mark's Church, Locust Street with a Tractarian High Church ethos including free pew sittings. The first services were conducted by a priest from St. David's Episcopal Church in Manayunk. Financial difficulties required the adoption of a pew-rental system in 1863. The parish had a historically Anglo-Catholic character, adopting an early weekly celebration of the Holy Communion in 1869, with the main Sunday service becoming Holy Communion in 1909. In 1893 the Anglo-Catholic Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity, affiliated with the Cowley Fathers began work in the parish and at the adjacent St. Timothy's Hospital. The cornerstone for the church building was laid on July 18, 1862 by Bishop Alonzo Potter. The church was consecrated by Bishop William Bacon Stevens on February 14, 1863, as one of his early official episcopal acts. Its architect was Emlen T. Littell, who also built New York's Church of the Incarnation, Zion Episcopal Church, Palmyra, New York, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Poughkeepsie and many other buildings with a parish Gothic style. A vandal attempted to blow up the church in 1899 using its municipal gas-light supply. The studios of Victorian Anglo-Catholic stained glass artist Charles Eamer Kempe (1837-1907) designed the majority of the church's windows as memorials to members of the local Merrick and Cope families. The stations of the cross are the work of Thorsten Sigstedt (1884-1963), a Swedish American woodcarver with studios in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. The first burials in the adjacent cemetery, which is active in 2022, began in 1863. A two-manual organ by Frank Roosevelt was installed in 1887; in 2006 a 1967 Wicks/1997 Buzard organ with three manuals, 32 stops, 36 ranks from First Baptist Church in Decatur, Illinois was installed.

text:
# St. Timothy's Episcopal Church, Roxborough

**St. Timothy's Church, Roxborough** is a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania in the Roxborough neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Wissahickon Deanery of the Diocese of Pennsylvania. In 1962, St. Timothy's reported membership of 1,144 and weekly attendance of 849, while its 2022 reported attendance was 32 persons.

It was founded in 1859 by lay members of St. Mark's Church, Locust Street with a Tractarian High Church ethos including free pew sittings. The first services were conducted by a priest from St. David's Episcopal Church in Manayunk. Financial difficulties required the adoption of a pew-rental system in 1863. The parish had a historically Anglo-Catholic character, adopting an early weekly celebration of the Holy Communion in 1869, with the main Sunday service becoming Holy Communion in 1909. In 1893 the Anglo-Catholic Sisterhood of the Holy Nativity, affiliated with the Cowley Fathers (Society of St. John the Evangelist) began work in the parish and at the adjacent St. Timothy's Hospital.

The cornerstone for the church building was laid on July 18, 1862 by Bishop Alonzo Potter. The church was consecrated by Bishop William Bacon Stevens on February 14, 1863, as one of his early official episcopal acts. Its architect was Emlen T. Littell, who also built New York's Church of the Incarnation, Zion Episcopal Church, Palmyra, New York, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Poughkeepsie and many other buildings with a parish Gothic style. A vandal attempted to blow up the church in 1899 using its municipal gas-light supply.

The studios of Victorian Anglo-Catholic stained glass artist Charles Eamer Kempe (1837-1907) designed the majority of the church's windows as memorials to members of the local Merrick and Cope families. The stations of the cross are the work of Thorsten Sigstedt (1884-1963), a Swedish American woodcarver with studios in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. The first burials in the adjacent cemetery, which is active in 2022, began in 1863. A two-manual organ by Frank Roosevelt (Opus 367) was installed in 1887; in 2006 a 1967 Wicks/1997 Buzard organ with three manuals, 32 stops, 36 ranks from First Baptist Church in Decatur, Illinois was installed.

## Rectors

1. John Leighton McKim 1860-1862
2. Samuel Hall 1863-1867
3. William Augustus White 1867-1877
4. Robert Evans Dennison 1878-1907
5. James Biddle Halsey 1908-1919
6. Sidney Atmore Caine 1919-1930
7. George Herbert Dennison 1930-1934
8. Edmund Bacon Wood 1934-1952
9. John Robert Rockett 1952-1958
10. Theron Adair Vallee 1958-1960
11. Eugene Francis Lefebvre 1960-1992 (died 2018)
12. Charles J. Blauvelt
13. Kirk T. Berlenbach 2003-2017
14. Bonnie McCrickard 2018—2023

* John C. Manton, *A Splendid Legacy: St. Timothy's, Roxborough, 1859-1984* (Parish history, © 1984)
* John C. Manton, *Death Certificates for Some of the Interments in Saint Timothy's Churchyard, Roxborough, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1863-1915* (St. Timothy's Church, 2014), two volumes

## InfoBox

| St. Timothy's Church | |
| --- | --- |
| St. Timothy's Episcopal Church | |
| St Timothy's Episcopal Church, Roxborough, April 24, 2022 | |
| St. Timothy's ChurchSt. Timothy's Church | |
| 40°01′40″N 75°12′35″W / 40.027742939204245°N 75.2097539391737°W / 40.027742939204245; -75.2097539391737 | |
| Location | 5720 Ridge Ave.<br>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Episcopal |
| Website | www.sttimsrox.com |
| History | |
| Founded | 1859 (1859) |
| Dedication | Saint Timothy |
| Consecrated | February 14, 1863 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Emlen T. Littelll |
| Years built | 1862-1863 |