title: USLHT Columbine (1892)

abstract: USLHT Columbine was a steel-hulled steamship built as a lighthouse tender in 1892. During her career in the United States Lighthouse Service she was based in Portland, Oregon, Ketchikan, Alaska, Honolulu, Hawaii, San Juan Puerto Rico, and Baltimore, Maryland. During World War I she was transferred to the United States Navy and became USS Columbine. She returned to the Lighthouse Service in 1919. The ship was decommissioned and sold by the in 1927. The Union Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore, Maryland bought Columbine from the Lighthouse Service. It used her in its ship breaking business. During her career with Union Shipbuilding, she towed nearly 200 ships, including battleships, ocean liners, and freighters to Baltimore for scrapping. She was likely scrapped herself in 1942.

text:
# USLHT Columbine (1892)

**USLHT *Columbine*** was a steel-hulled steamship built as a lighthouse tender in 1892. During her career in the United States Lighthouse Service she was based in Portland, Oregon, Ketchikan, Alaska, Honolulu, Hawaii, San Juan Puerto Rico, and Baltimore, Maryland. During World War I she was transferred to the United States Navy and became USS *Columbine*. She returned to the Lighthouse Service in 1919. The ship was decommissioned and sold by the in 1927.

The Union Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore, Maryland bought *Columbine* from the Lighthouse Service. It used her in its ship breaking business. During her career with Union Shipbuilding, she towed nearly 200 ships, including battleships, ocean liners, and freighters to Baltimore for scrapping. She was likely scrapped herself in 1942.

## Construction and characteristics

In 1888, the 13th Lighthouse District encompassed the coasts of Oregon, including the Columbia River, Washington, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Puget Sound, and Alaska. The district had one tender, USLHT *Manzanita*, to construct, maintain, and supply all the lighthouses and buoys along thousands of miles of coastline in the largest Lighthouse District. In its annual report in 1889, the Lighthouse Board noted that this single ship was not able to visit each buoy twice a year as required by its own regulations, and that routine supply operations had to be contracted to commercial shippers which were expensive and not always available. It requested funding to build a new tender for the district. On 30 September 1890, Congress passed an appropriation of $95,000 each for identical tenders in the 1st and 13th Lighthouse Districts.

Bids for sisterships USLHT *Lilac* and USLHT *Columbine* were opened at the Treasury Department on 23 April 1891. There were fourteen bidders, of which Globe Iron Works of Cleveland, Ohio was the lowest on both vessels. Globe Iron Works bid $77,850 each to build the two ships. The Pennsylvania Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland bid $80,000 on *Columbine*, and $80,300 on *Lilac*, but wrote in pen, on the edge of the printed bid form, that it would build both ships for $155,000. Since this amount was $700 less than the Globe Iron Works bids taken together, controversy ensued. Globe Iron Works corporate secretary, Luther Allen, met with U.S. Treasury Secretary Charles Foster, previously governor of Ohio, to argue that the Lighthouse Board had not called for a joint bid and thus it would be illegal to consider the Maryland company's joint bid. Allen won the argument. Globe Iron Works was notified that it had been awarded the contract for both ships on 28 April 1891. U.S. Navy Commander Charles V. Gridley was sent to Cleveland to oversee the construction of the two ships for the Lighthouse Board.

*Columbine's* hull and bulwarks were constructed of mild-steel plating riveted together. She was built with a double bottom and 12 water-tight compartments as safety measures against flooding due to accidental grounding. She was 155 feet (47 m) long overall (145 feet (44 m) between perpendiculars), with a beam of 26 feet 6 inches (8.08 m) and a depth of hold of 12 feet 4 inches (3.76 m). *Columbine's* draft, when fully loaded, was 12 feet 3 inches (3.73 m). Her fully-loaded displacement was 643 tons, and her light displacement was 429 tons.

She had two Norway pine masts and was schooner-rigged for sailing. The foremast was equipped with a wooden boom that allowed it to be used as a derrick to hoist buoys aboard. A separate steam-powered winch drove the hoist.

*Columbine* had a single propeller 9 feet 4 inches (2.84 m) in diameter. She had a single inverted-cylinder, surface-condensing steam engine to drive the propeller. It had two cylinders of 22 and 41 inches in diameter with a stroke of 30 inches. The engine had an indicated horsepower of 800. Steam was provided by two cylindrical coal-fired boilers, each of which was 10 feet 9 inches (3.28 m) long and 10 feet 8 inches (3.25 m) in diameter.

Running from bow to stern on the lower deck were a fore-peak storeroom, crew quarters including 12 berths, lockers, wardrobes and wash basins, the cargo hold, the coal bunkers, boiler room, and engine room. Aft of the engine room were crew quarters with another 12 berths, a pantry, and another storeroom. On the main deck forward was a room for two small steam engines to lift the anchors and run a windlass, and at the stern of the ship a room for the steam-powered steering equipment. The open buoy deck was forward of the deckhouse on the main deck. The deckhouse contained the Inspector's quarters, which consisted of two staterooms, a panty, and bathroom, three staterooms for the ship's officers, the galley, saloon, and a storeroom. The second level of the deckhouse contained the pilothouse and captain's stateroom forward, and another stateroom aft. The ship had steam heating. There were two 500 U.S. gallons (1,900 L) potable water tanks.

The ship was equipped with electric power generation and lights when she was built at Globe Iron Works. She had a radio installed in 1915.

*Columbine's* original cost was $93,993.

The ship's complement varied over the years. In 1917 it consisted 6 officers and 19 crewmen.

United States buoy tenders are traditionally named for trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. *Columbine* is named for the Columbine, a genus of flowering plants. She was the first lighthouse tender named *Columbine*, but not the last. A second USLHT *Columbine* was launched in 1931.

*Columbine* was launched in August 1892. She sailed from Cleveland on 5 September 1892, bound for the general lighthouse depot at Thompkinsville, Staten Island, New York. While proceeding south in the East River, *Columbine* went aground. The ship was undamaged, but the pilot aboard lost his license.

## Government service (1892-1925)

### US Lighthouse Service, 13th District (1892-1910)

*Columbine* first sailed in the fleet of the U.S. Lighthouse Board, a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. In this quasi-military organization, each Lighthouse District had an Inspector, typically a Naval officer, and an Engineer, typically an officer from the Army Corps of Engineers. While the Engineer was primarily responsible for the construction and maintenance of lighthouses, piers, and other structures, the Inspector was primarily responsible for supplying lighthouses and lightships, and maintaining buoys and lightships in their assigned locations. In her first assignment, *Columbine* supported the Inspector of the 13th Lighthouse District, based at Portland, Oregon. To support the Inspector, however, she had to get to Portland.

*Columbine* sailed from New York on 30 October 1892. Since the Panama Canal was still in the future, she made her way to the Pacific via the Strait of Magellan. There were several stops along the way for coal and provisions. *Columbine* arrived at Bahia, Brazil on 19 November 1892. She stopped at Montevideo, Valparaiso, and Callao finally arriving in San Francisco on 28 January 1893. She underwent numerous repairs in San Francisco to fix both the issues with her original construction, and the wear and tear of her long voyage from Cleveland. She was repainted, as her white hull showed a great deal of rust. A new propeller was fitted with a greater pitch in hopes of greater fuel efficiency. The drafts and grates of her furnaces were modified to improve the efficiency of her coal burning. She was dry-docked to clean the marine growth from her bottom. Before leaving the Bay Area, *Columbine* boarded a cargo of 200 tons of buoy mooring chain at the Mare Island Navy Yard to take with her to her new assignment. *Columbine* finally reached her base in Portland on 21 April 1893.

Supporting the District Inspector, *Columbine* had a number of missions. She placed new buoys, cleaned and maintained existing buoys, reset buoys that were moved off-station by storms and removed buoys that were worn out. In one of her first working trips for the 13th Lighthouse District, for example, she sailed for Southeast Alaska on 26 May 1893. In a 25-day round trip she placed 12 new buoys, cleaned and painted 47 buoys, and repaired 12 beacons. *Columbine* towed lightships, including Light Vessel 50, into position and back to port for maintenance. She was also used to deliver food, water, wood, coal, lantern fuel, and other supplies to lighthouses and lightships. In 1894, for instance, she delivered 150 tons of coal, 13,000 board feet of lumber, and about 200 tons of other material.

In 1895 a larger propeller was installed in a further effort to improve fuel efficiency.

On 1 January 1897 *Columbine* was transferred from the Inspector to the Engineer of the 13th Lighthouse District. Her primary mission became the construction and maintenance of lighthouses, fog signals, and related civil works. She continued to tend some buoys and deliver some supplies for the Inspector.

In June 1898, *Columbine* hosted Rear Admiral John G. Walker, chairman of the Lighthouse Board, on an inspection trip of Southeast Alaska. The ship reached 59° 29′ north latitude, the furthest north any lighthouse tender had sailed at the time. This was considered remarkable, but also implied that there were no maintained aids to navigation on the entire Alaskan coast north of the panhandle. Also notable on this trip was that the first navigation beacon in Alaska was erected. This was a modest light on Castle Hill in Sitka. A similar inspection trip took place aboard *Columbine* in 1899 when Brigadier General John M. Wilson, Chief of Engineers of the United States Army, inspected army installations on Puget Sound.

In August 1896 gold was discovered in the Klondike. Tens of thousands of would-be prospectors sailed up the Inside Passage to begin their trek to the gold fields. Noting that there were only 58 buoys in all of Alaska to guide the influx of marine traffic, in 1898 the Lighthouse Board recommended that Congress appropriate $100,000 for a new tender to focus on Alaska. Later that year, gold was discovered in Nome, creating an increase in Alaskan ship traffic in an area where there were no aids to navigation at all. In the summer of 1900, *Columbine's* annual trip to Alaska was notable for two reasons. First, Alaska was of sufficient priority that both the Inspector and Engineer of the 13th District were aboard. Second, *Columbine* reached Dutch Harbor, the first Lighthouse Service vessel to reach the Aleutians.

In 1903, the Lighthouse Board was transferred to the newly created U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor. Since the Lighthouse Board still had operational control of the U.S. Lighthouse Service, little changed in *Columbine's* operations.

### US Lighthouse Service, 16th District (19101915)

In 1910, Congress abolished the Lighthouse Board and replaced it with the all-civilian Lighthouse Bureau of the Department of Commerce and Labor. This change did impact the ship's work in that District Inspectors and Engineers were replaced by a single District Superintendent. All ships did any construction, maintenance, or buoy tending they were assigned. As part of this reorganization, Alaska was split from the 13th District and became a separate Lighthouse District, the 16th. *Columbine* was assigned to the new district, and based in Ketchikan.

Since USLHT *Armeria* was wrecked in May 1912 off Hinchinbrook Island, *Columbine* was the only tender permanently assigned to Alaska during much of her time there. Her efforts were supplemented on occasion with vessels chartered by the district. She placed and maintained buoys from Southeast Alaska to Dutch Harbor. She delivered supplies to lighthouses including Scotch Cap Light, Eldred Rock Light, Sentinel Island Light, and Five Fingers Light. In 1914 she made the initial surveys for the construction of the Cape St. Elias Light.

### US Lighthouse Service, 19th District (19151917)

On 2 February 1915, *Columbine* sailed from Ketchikan, bound for San Francisco, where she arrived on 15 February 1915. There, she went into the shipyard for repairs. At San Francisco she swapped crews and missions with USLHT *Kukui*, which was judged to be more capable of withstanding the rigors of Alaska. On 12 May 1915 *Columbine* sailed for Honolulu to replace *Kukui*, but with *Kukui's* former crew. She arrived at her new base on 20 May 1915.

On 17 January 1916, the barquentine *British Yeoman* anchored off Port Allen, Kauai as a Kona storm began to lash the area. Her anchor drug in the wind and she was driven toward the beach. Her stern hit the reef at least nine times jamming her rudder. *Columbine*, on the other side of the island at Kilauea, received a radiogram warning of trouble at Port Allen and went to help. Using one of her ship's boats, *Columbine* managed to pass a hawser to *British Yeoman* and began to tow her away from the shore. Progress was fitful. While *Columbine* was able to tow the much larger ship far enough offshore to prevent her from being destroyed, the towing cable parted in the high winds and seas. Once the line broke, *British Yeoman* was adrift until a new line could be rigged. Ultimately, five towing cables were rigged, one after the other, as each of the previous lines broke. The fifth cable was the last aboard either of the two ships, so when it broke, *Columbine* radioed for assistance. The Navy tug USS *Navajo* was dispatched from Oahu. She managed to tow the disabled ship into port after overcoming additional challenges. When *Columbine* was finally able to anchor, her crew had been at their stations for 55 hours.

Praise for *Columbine's* role in the rescue was effusive. President Woodrow Wilson wrote to Commerce Secretary William C. Redfield, "Thank you for letting me see the report of the heroic services of the officers and crew of the *Columbine*. I have read it with quickening pulse. If you have the opportunity, will you not convey to these men my personal congratulations?" The Secretary complied, and wrote a letter of commendation to the crew that stated, in part:

> I take special pleasure in commending you for your gratifying exhibition of seamanship in connection with this rescue, and also desire to express my high appreciation for the services of all on board during the rescue, in which the best traditions of the Lighthouse Service have been upheld so well.

### US Navy (1917-1919)

On 11 April 1917 President Wilson issued Executive Order 2588 transferring a number of lighthouse tenders to support the American effort in World War I. *Columbine* was transferred to the United States Navy. She was commissioned as USS *Columbine*, the second U.S. naval vessel of that name.

During her Navy service *Columbine* and *Kukui* swapped back to their original missions, with *Kukui* going to Hawaii and *Columbine* to Alaska. By January 1918 *Columbine* was in Portland, Oregon for repairs, and shortly after back to Alaska. On 8 May 1918 she sailed from Astoria, Oregon for Baltimore, to which she had been transferred. There she was responsible for placing and removing submarine nets for the 5th Naval District.

After the war, on 1 July 1919, the components of the Lighthouse Service which had become part of the Navy were returned to the supervision of the Department of Commerce. *Columbine* was struck from the Navy List.

### US Lighthousse Service, 5th District (19191924)

After her Navy service, Columbine was given a major refit to repair damage and modernize the ship. The work was begun on 26 November 1919 and was completed on 5 May 1920 at a cost of $54,556.

*Columbine* was laid up in February 1923. She was replaced in the 5th District by USLHT *Speedwell*.

### US Lighthouse Service, 9th District (1924-1927)

In June 1924, the Lighthouse Service announced that Columbine would be reactivated and sent to the 9th District to replace her sistership USLHT *Lilac*. *Lilac's* crew took possession of *Columbine* and departed Portsmouth, Virginia on 31 October 1924 to sail her to San Juan, where she arrived in November 1924.

During the evening of 6 November 1925 the U.S. Coast Guard patrol boat 245 was attempting to enter San Juan Harbor in heavy seas when one of her crew fell overboard. His shipmates threw him a line which tangled in the boast's propeller rendering her helpless. *Columbine* came to the boat's rescue, and despite the seas, managed to save all seven of the boat's crew. *Columbine's* captain, Norman C. Manyon, received the gold lifesaving medal for his heroism.

On 26 December 1926, the Cunard liner RMS *Franconia* went hard aground at the entrance to San Juan Harbor. *Columbine* assisted in refloating the ship.

### Disposal of *Columbine*

*Columbine* arrived at Portsmouth, Virginia on 8 April 1927. Her crew was transferred to USLHT *Acacia* who sailed her to San Juan to replace *Columbine*. She was sold through a sealed bid process. Bids were opened on 22 July 1927 by the Superintendent of the 5th Lighthouse District. The ship was purchased by the Union Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore, Maryland.

## Union Shipbuilding Company service (1927-1942)

Union Shipbuilding Company used *Columbine* in its ship breaking and salvage business. Over the course of her career with Union Shipbuilding, she towed 196 ships to the company's salvage yard in Baltimore to be broken up. These ships came from a variety of East and Gulf-coast ports, many under large contracts with the U.S. Shipping Board to dispose of unneeded ships remaining from its activities in World War I.

In December 1929, the passenger liners RMS *Fort Victoria* and *Algonquin* collided near the Ambrose lightship outside of New York Harbor. *Columbine* was nearby at the time, towing ex-USS *Polar Bear* to Baltimore for salvage. She answered the SOS calls from the two ships and rescued the last 18 people aboard *Fort Victoria* as she sank, including her captain and pilot.

In 1932, *Columbine* was chartered to locate the wreck of HMS *Braak*, which sank in Delaware Bay in 1798. The hope was that the wreck might contain $40 million of treasure.

*Columbine* was abandoned, likely scrapped, in 1942.

Partial list of *Columbine* tows to Union Shipbuilding breaking yard
| Ship | Date of Tow | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Betsy Bell* *Chicomico*
*Hawarden*
*Haxtum*
*Quillwark* | 1930 1931
1930
1930
1929 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1015 freighter |
| *Ossawatomie* *Worcester* | 1929 1930 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1016 freighter |
| *Norumbega* | 1931 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1019 freighter |
| *Des Moines Bridge* *Hico*
*Knoxville*
*Louisville Bridge*
*Phoenix Bridge*
*Virginia Bridge* | 1929 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1023 freighter |
| *Intan* *City of Sherman*
*City of Vernon* | 1931 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1025 freighter |
| *Lake Elkwood* *Lake Fiscus*
*Lake Ganado* | 1930 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1074 freighter |
| *Franklin County* *Lake Farragut*
*Lake Fibre*
*Lake Geyser*
*Lake Gilta*
*McCreary County* | 1931 1930
1930
1931
1931
1931 | U.S. Shipping Board Design 1099 freighter |
| ex- USS *North Dakota* ex- USS *Cleveland*
ex- USS *Des Moines*
ex- USS *Powhatan*
ex- USS *Dixie*
ex- USS *Polar Bear*
ex- USS *Polar Star*
ex- USS *Western Sea*
ex- USS *Zirkel* | 1931 1930
1930
1928
1928
1929
1929
1931
1929 | Delaware-class battleship Denver-class cruiser
Denver-class cruiser
Troop transport
Destroyer tender
Refrigerated freighter
Refrigerated freighter
Design 1013 freighter
Design 1015 freighter |
| *Apache* *Northland* | 1928 1934 | Clyde Line passenger ship Eastern Steamship Co. passenger ship |

## InfoBox

| USLHT *Columbine* in 1894 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | *Columbine* |
| Operator | * US Lighthouse Service (1892-1917) * US Navy (1917-1919) * US Lighthouse Service (1919-1927) |
| Builder | Globe Iron Works |
| Launched | August 1892 |
| Identification | * Signal letters: GVNP * Radio Call sign: NLL (1915) |
| Fate | Sold, July 1927 |
| United States | |
| Name | *Columbine* |
| Owner | Union Shipbuilding Co. |
| Identification | * Official Number 227053 * Signal Letters WQBF |
| Fate | Likely scrapped in 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement | 643 tons, fully loaded |
| Length | 155 ft (47 m) |
| Beam | 26 ft 6 in (8.08 m) |
| Draft | 12 ft 3 in (3.73 m), fully loaded |
| Depth of hold | 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m) |
| Speed | 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) |
| Complement | 5 officers, 16 men in 1909 |


title: Zodarion vankeerorum

abstract: Zodarion vankeerorum is a spider species found in Greece.

text:
# Zodarion vankeerorum

***Zodarion vankeerorum*** is a spider species found in Greece.

## InfoBox

| *Zodarion vankeerorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zodariidae |
| Genus: | *Zodarion* |
| Species: | ***Z. vankeerorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zodarion vankeerorum***<br>Bosmans, 2009 | |
|


title: Zodarion soror

abstract: Zodarion soror is a spider species found in Corsica.

text:
# Zodarion soror

***Zodarion soror*** is a spider species found in Corsica.

## InfoBox

| *Zodarion soror* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Zodariidae |
| Genus: | *Zodarion* |
| Species: | ***Z. soror*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Zodarion soror***<br>(Simon, 1873) | |
|


title: Tory Harrison

abstract: Tory Harrison is a former American football running back. He played his college football at the University of Southern Mississippi.

text:
# Tory Harrison

**Tory Harrison** (born December 13, 1987) is a former American football running back. He played his college football at the University of Southern Mississippi.

## Early life

Born to Linda Tanner (Harrison), Harrison grew up in Leesburg, Florida, and played high school football at Leesburg High School. Without the help of his parents, Harrison was raised by his aunt. Harrison also has three other siblings. Harrison was also a member of the basketball and track and field teams. He was named a Florida 4A All-State player in 2005.

## College career

Harrison played college football as a running back for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team from 2006 to 2009.

## Professional career

After going undrafted in the 2010 NFL draft, Harrison signed as an undrafted free agent with the Green Bay Packers. Following his release from the Packers, Harrison signed with the Hartford Colonials of the United Football League. In 2012, Harrison signed with the Indoor Football League's Omaha Beef. On April 3, 2017, Harrison was released by the Stampeders.

## InfoBox

Tory Harrison
| No. 34, 31, 22 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Running back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | December 13, 1987 (1987-12-13) (age 36)<br>Leesburg, Florida, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 196 lb (89 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Leesburg (FL) |
| College: | Southern Miss |
| Undrafted: | 2010 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career CFL statistics | |
| Rushing attempts: 52  Rushing yards: 222  Rushing touchdowns: 2  Receptions: 12  Receiving yards: 78 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **CFL.ca** (archive) | |
|  | |


title: Elaphoglossum

abstract: Elaphoglossum is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016.

text:
# Elaphoglossum

***Elaphoglossum*** is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).

## Taxonomy

*Elaphoglossum* was first described in 1841 by John Smith, who attributed the name to Heinrich Schott. The name *Elaphoglossum* in botanical Latin means 'stag's tongue', in reference to the shape and texture of the leaf fronds.

### Species

The genus has a large number of species. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) suggested there were about 600; *Plants of the World Online* and the *Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World* both listed at least 730 as of January 2019. Species include:

## InfoBox

| *Elaphoglossum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Elaphoglossum crassifolium* growing on Maui in the Hawaiian Islands | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Suborder: | Polypodiineae |
| Family: | Dryopteridaceae |
| Subfamily: | Elaphoglossoideae |
| Genus: | *Elaphoglossum*<br>Schott ex J.Sm. |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aconiopteris* C.Presl * *Dictyoglossum* J.Sm. * *Hymenodium* Fée * *Microstaphyla* C.Presl * *Peltapteris* Link * *Rhipidopteris* Schott | |


title: Elachista ceratiola

abstract: Elachista ceratiola is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found on the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia. The wingspan is 12.2 mm for males. The forewings are blue and the hindwings are grey.

text:
# Elachista ceratiola

***Elachista ceratiola*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found on the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia.

The wingspan is 12.2 mm for males. The forewings are blue and the hindwings are grey.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista ceratiola* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. ceratiola*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista ceratiola***<br>Kaila, 2011 | |
|


title: Quéant

abstract: Quéant is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

text:
# Quéant

**Quéant** (French pronunciation: \[keɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

## Geography

Quéant is situated 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Arras, at the junction of the D14 and D22 roads. Quéant Mountain is a mountain in Canada named after the town.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 632 |  |
| 1975 | 561 | −1.69% |
| 1982 | 548 | −0.33% |
| 1990 | 506 | −0.99% |
| 1999 | 549 | +0.91% |
| 2007 | 583 | +0.75% |
| 2012 | 653 | +2.29% |
| 2017 | 657 | +0.12% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## Places of interest

* CWGC.org, The CWGC extension to the communal cemetery

## InfoBox

| Quéant | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Quéant seen from next to the church | |
|  | |
| Location of Quéant | |
| QuéantQuéant | |
| Coordinates: 50°10′48″N 2°59′03″E / 50.18°N 2.9842°E / 50.18; 2.9842 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Pas-de-Calais |
| Arrondissement | Arras |
| Canton | Bapaume |
| Intercommunality | Osartis Marquion |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Jérôme Dartus |
| Area**1** | 9.02 km2 (3.48 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 637 |
| Density | 71/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 62673 /62860 |
| Elevation | 62–102 m (203–335 ft)
(avg. 75 m or 246 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau

abstract: Elard Kurt Maria Fürchtegott von Oldenburg-Januschau was a German Junker and conservative politician. He embodied the prototype of the arch-conservative, militaristic and anti-democratic East Elbian Junkers both in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic.

text:
# Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau

**Elard Kurt Maria Fürchtegott von Oldenburg-Januschau** (20 March 1855 – 16 August 1937) was a German Junker and conservative politician.

He embodied the prototype of the arch-conservative, militaristic and anti-democratic East Elbian Junkers both in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic.

## Biography

Oldenburg was born at his family's manor of Beisleiden, Kreis Pr. Eylau, East Prussia (today Bezledy, Poland), to Botho von Oldenburg and Maria née von Arnim. He served in the 2. Garde-Ulanen-Regiment of the Prussian Army in Berlin and Potsdam for eight years and came into contact with Kaiser William I, Otto von Bismarck, Helmuth von Moltke and Albrecht von Roon. After the death of his brother Botho in 1882 he returned to his manor at Januschau and after his father died in 1885 Oldenburg also took over the ownership of Beisleiden.

In 1884 Oldenburg married Agnes Gräfin von Kanitz, they had three daughters.

In 1901 Oldenburg became a member of the Prussian Landtag (until 1910) and in 1902 of the Reichstag (until 1912) for German Conservative Party. He was an exponent of the antidemocratic conservatives and became well known for his dictum: "The King of Prussia and German Emperor must always be able say to a lieutenant: take ten men and lock up the Reichstag".

Oldenburg was the only member of the Reichstag to defend Kaiser William II throughout the Daily Telegraph Affair and called the Social Democrats, who disturbed his speech, a "mob of pigs" (Schweinebande).

Oldenburg was again elected as a member of the Reichstag for the conservative DNVP in 1930 until 1932. In January 1933, Oldenburg-Januschau played an important role in bringing Adolf Hitler to power by advising his friend President Paul von Hindenburg that he should appoint Hitler Chancellor.

Oldenburg died on 16 August 1937 in Marienwerder (today Kwidzyn).

* Helmut Neubach (1999), "Oldenburg-Januschau, Elard von", *Neue Deutsche Biographie* (in German), vol. 19, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 513–514

## InfoBox

| Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1855-03-20)20 March 1855
Beisleiden, East Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 16 August 1937(1937-08-16) (aged 82)
Marienwerder, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Political party | Conservatives
DNVP |
| Spouse | Agnes von Kanitz   (m. 18841937) |


title: Tostock Park

abstract:
During the Second World War Tostock Park was a sub-station of the United States Army Air Force, located in Tostock, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It was allocated Station No. 502, and supported by RAF Burtonwood. The base was garrisoned by African-American soldiers from the 1517 Quartermaster (Aviation), consisting of:
  - 1970 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation)
  - 2023 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation)
  - 2024 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation)
  - 2104 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation) based in the neighbouring village of Drinkstone.

text:
# Tostock Park

During the Second World War **Tostock Park** was a sub-station of the United States Army Air Force, located in Tostock, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It was allocated Station No. 502, and supported by RAF Burtonwood.

The base was garrisoned by African-American soldiers from the 1517 Quartermaster (Battalion Mobile) (Aviation), consisting of:

* 1970 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation)
* 2023 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation)
* 2024 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation)
* 2104 Quartermaster Truck Company (Aviation) based in the neighbouring village of Drinkstone.

## African-American Soldiers at Tostock Park

The arrival of thousands of American servicemen throughout East Anglia became known as ‘The Friendly Invasion’ and the goodwill demonstrated by the villagers of Tostock towards ‘the yanks’ was extended in no small measure to the black servicemen who in turn frequented the village pub and hosted dances and parties for the locals on the military base which had become their temporary home overseas.

### Brown Babies of African-American GIs at Tostock Park

Many of these African American soldiers struck up romances with local British women. During one of these parties, William Ellis who was serving in the 9th USAAF met with Olive Bumpstead before the allied forces' onslaught on Europe. Olive gave birth to their child, a Brown Baby, in November 1944 when William was already sent to France. And sadly, William was never heard from again. Their baby Eldridge William Marriott's last name belonged to Olive's then-husband who got soon divorced because she was not willing to cut ties with her newborn baby. William was then raised by his grandparents, aunt and uncle, who owned a cottage at Tostock Park.

Besides William, a bunch of mixed-race children were also living at Tostock Park. Some of them attended the Elmswell Primary School with William. Most of them spent their entire childhood at Tostock Park and ascended to Beyton Middle School and most of them experienced a welcoming atmosphere and acceptance by the other children and teachers.

## InfoBox

| Tostock Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk in England | |
| Tostock ParkLocation in Suffolk | |
| Coordinates | 52°14′06″N 0°51′43″E / 52.235°N 0.862°E / 52.235; 0.862 |
| Type | Combat Support Wing (US Visiting Forces) |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | US Army Air Forces (1942–1946) |
| Condition | Closed |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1938 (1938)–1940 |
| In use | 1942–1946 (1946) |


title: USS G-2

abstract: USS G-2 (SS-27) was a G-class submarine of the United States Navy. While the four G-boats were nominally all of a class, they differed enough in significant details that they are sometimes considered to be four unique boats, each in a class by herself. A Simon Lake design, G-2 was named Tuna when her keel was laid down on 20 October 1909 by Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia. She was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tuna, a large, vigorous, spiny-finned fish highly esteemed for sport and food. She was renamed G-2 on 17 November 1911, launched on 10 January 1912 sponsored by Ms. Marjorie F. Miller, towed to the New York Navy Yard after the termination of the Lake contract on 7 November 1913 where she was completed, and placed in reduced commission on 1 December 1913.

text:
# USS G-2

41°17′50″N 72°08′30″W / 41.29722°N 72.14167°W / 41.29722; -72.14167

**USS *G-2* (SS-27)** was a G-class submarine of the United States Navy. While the four G-boats were nominally all of a class, they differed enough in significant details that they are sometimes considered to be four unique boats, each in a class by herself. A Simon Lake design, *G-2* was named ***Tuna*** when her keel was laid down on 20 October 1909 by Newport News Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia (a contractor for Simon Lake). She was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tuna, a large, vigorous, spiny-finned fish highly esteemed for sport and food. She was renamed *G-2* on 17 November 1911, launched on 10 January 1912 sponsored by Ms. Marjorie F. Miller, towed to the New York Navy Yard after the termination of the Lake contract on 7 November 1913 where she was completed, and placed in reduced commission on 1 December 1913.

## Service history

Departing New York City under tow of submarine tender *Ozark* (ex-*Arkansas*) the submersible torpedo boat arrived at the torpedo station, Newport, Rhode Island, on 28 February 1914. Attached to the Atlantic Submarine Flotilla, *G-2* spent the next five months conducting dive training and engineering exercises with *G-1* in Long Island Sound and Narragansett Bay. During these trials the boat made six submerged runs to a maximum depth of 37 ft (11 m). Her engines proved troublesome, however, and after the port armature shaft failed on 31 March, the boat was towed to New York for repairs. While there, financial considerations led to *G-2* being put in reserve commission on 15 June 1914.

*G-2* was placed in full commission at New York City on 6 February 1915. Attached to Division Three, Submarine Flotilla, Atlantic Fleet, the boat joined *G-1*, tender *Fulton* and tug *Sonoma*, for a cruise to Norfolk, Virginia on 25 March. Arriving there two days later, the submersible conducted maneuvers in Hampton Roads before proceeding to Charleston, South Carolina in April, arriving there on 17 April. Following a short yard period for repairs, the division proceeded back to New York, mooring alongside the 135th Street pier on 9 May.

On 18 May *G-2* joined other warships and passed in review before President of the United States Woodrow Wilson, who looked on from the yacht *Mayflower*. The boat then sailed to Nantucket, Massachusetts, to participate in a war problem off Block Island, before unloading her torpedoes at Newport on 25 May. Ordered back to New York for an overhaul, the submersible again transited the familiar waters of Long Island Sound before arriving at the mouth of the East River on 22 June. While standing down the river with *G-4*, however, the two boats collided with submarine *K-2*, in an unusual three-boat accident. Fortunately, none of the boats suffered any damage. *G-2* entered the Navy Yard there for an extended overhaul later that day.

Escorted to Provincetown, Massachusetts, by *Ozark* and tug *Iwana*, *G-2* commenced final acceptance trials from 1–10 December. Following those successful evolutions, during which the Trial Board noted numerous items requiring modernization, the boat moved back to New York for an overhaul on 14 January 1916. Six months later, *G-2* shifted to the Lake Torpedo Boat Company yard for completion, receiving new diving rudder gear, hydroplanes, electrical wiring and a new crankshaft. This yard work required extensive alterations and the boat did not return to service until convoyed to New London, Connecticut, by *Sunbeam II* on 28 June 1917.

On 21 August *G-2* sailed to Boston, Massachusetts via the Cape Cod Canal to operate with the destroyer *Aylwin*, submarine chaser *SC-6*, and steam yacht *Margaret*. There, the boat helped a Navy Experimental Board embarked in *Margaret* carry out various sound detector tests in nearby waters. The submarine also conducted practice approaches and served as an instruction platform for officer and enlisted submarine students.

Shifting back to New London on 20 October, *G-2* combined work on sound detection devices with training for the newly established Submarine School off Block Island and in Long Island Sound. During seven months of operations, she experimented with magnetic detectors and dragging devices and tried out new periscopes and other submarine equipment. The boat carried out these tests with section patrol boats *Wacondah* and *Thetis*, as well as numerous subchasers. Learning of the possible proximity of German U-boats, she conducted four-day patrols off Block Island in late June 1918 and again in mid-July.

*G-2* continued schoolship duty out of New London through the end of World War I, testing listening and flare signaling devices (including the Very System Signal) among other pieces of equipment. On 30 August, for example, her crew tested the strength of the pressure hull, and the reliability of electric equipment, against depth charge explosions. On 12 September, *Thetis* experimented with a magnetic detector while *G-2* lay on the bottom in 86 ft (26 m) of water and, in November, *G-2* even conducted experimental work with patrol seaplanes. This duty ended in January 1919 when she was scheduled for inactivation.

Decommissioned on 2 April, the boat was designated as a target for testing depth charges and ordnance nets in Niantic Bay, Connecticut. During inspection by a six-man maintenance crew on 30 July, the boat suddenly flooded and sank at her moorings in Two Tree Channel near Niantic Bay. She went down in 81 ft (25 m), drowning three of the inspection crew. Too deep and too old to salvage, the submarine was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 11 September.

*This article incorporates text from the public domain* Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships*. The entry can be found here.*

* Friedman, Norman *US Submarines through 1945: An Illustrated Design History*, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis:1995, ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
* PigBoats.COM G-2 page

## InfoBox

| USS *G-2*'s crew out getting some fresh air after World War I | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | USS *G-2* |
| Builder | Lake Torpedo Boat, Bridgeport, Connecticut |
| Laid down | 20 October 1909, as USS *Tuna* |
| Launched | 10 January 1912 |
| Commissioned | 1 December 1913 6 February 1915 (Full commissioned) |
| Decommissioned | 2 April 1919 |
| Renamed | USS *G-2*, 17 November 1911 |
| Stricken | 11 September 1919 |
| Fate | Sank at her mooring, 30 July 1919 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | G-class submarine |
| Displacement | * 375 long tons (381 t) (surfaced) * 516 long tons (524 t) (submerged) |
| Length | 161 ft 3 in (49.15 m) |
| Beam | 13 ft 1 in (3.99 m) |
| Draft | 12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) |
| Propulsion | Gasoline-electric |
| Speed | * 14 kn (16 mph; 26 km/h) (surfaced) * 10 kn (12 mph; 19 km/h) (submerged) |
| Complement | 26 officers and men |
| Armament | 4 × 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, (2 internal in the bow, 1 external in bow, one external stern), 8 torpedoes |


title: Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd

abstract: Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd was an early 20th-century American writer. She published at least 10 novels, mostly written for young women.

text:
# Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd

**Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd** (1868 – 1942) was an early 20th-century American writer. She published at least 10 novels, mostly written for young women.

## Childhood

Eleanor was born on January 31, 1868 at Plum Grove Historic House in Iowa City, Iowa, the historic home of Robert Lucas. Her parents, Walter Hoyt and Louisa Smith, were active in the abolitionist movement. Walter's family helped found Eleutherian College. Eleanor's 1919 novel, *Our Little Old Lady*, is a biography of her parents.

## Career

Eleanor began her professional career in New York City as a writer and editor for the *New York Sun*, specializing in fashion writing. Her novel *In Vanity Fair* drew heavily from her coverage of fashion in Paris and New York. She published extensively in magazines, including *Collier's, The Girl's Own Paper, Ladies' Home Journal, The Saturday Evening Post,* and *Everybody's Magazine*, typically in serial format. Her fictional novels often follow the same formula as the Pollyanna or Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm series, in which a young girl, often an orphan, tries to improve the lives of adults through pluck and daring.

Three of Eleanor's novels were made into silent films, *Pegeen* (1920), *How Could You, Jean?* (1918), and *For Love of Mary Ellen* (1915). *How Could You, Jean?,* the most famous of the films, was directed by William Desmond Taylor and starred Mary Pickford.

## Personal life

Many of Eleanor's novels were written in East Hampton, Connecticut, at her “Faraway Farm” retreat. In 1904 she married attorney Charles Chisholm Brainerd, the nephew of the well-known writer Margaret Elizabeth Sangster. Charles and Eleanor retired to Pasadena, California and are buried in Oakland Cemetery, Iowa City.

She died on March 18, 1942.

## Published novels

* 1902 – *The Misdemeanors of Nancy.* Doubleday, New York. Republished in 1903 and 1904 (as Eleanor Hoyt).
* 1904 – *Nancy's Country Christmas, and Other Stories.* illustr. Anna Whelan Betts, Doubleday, New York.
* 1905 – *Concerning Belinda.* Doubleday, New York. Reprinted 1969, Books for Library Press, Freeport, New York.
* 1906 – *In Vanity Fair: A Tale of Frocks and Femininity.* Moffat, Yard and Co., New York.
* 1907 – *Bettina.* Doubleday, New York.
* 1910 – *The Personal Conduct of Belinda.* Doubleday, New York.
* 1912 – *For Love of Mary Ellen: A Romance of Childhood.* Harper, New York.
* 1915 – *Pegeen.* Century, New York.
* 1917 – *How Could You, Jean?* Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
* 1919 – *Our Little Old Lady.* Doubleday, Garden City, New York.

Media related to Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd | |
| --- | --- |
| Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd, ca. 1902 | |
| Born | (1868-01-31)January 31, 1868
Iowa City, Iowa |
| Died | March 18, 1942(1942-03-18) (aged 74)
Pasadena, California |
| Pen name | Eleanor Hoyt; Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd |
| Occupation | * Novelist * author * reporter * editor |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Cincinnati Wesleyan College |
| Period | 1902–1919 |
| Genre | Youth literature, novels, memoirs |
| Spouse | Charles Chisholm Brainerd |
| Relatives | Margaret Elizabeth Sangster (by marriage) |


title: Eumerus sogdianus

abstract: Eumerus sogdianus is a species of Hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

text:
# Eumerus sogdianus

***Eumerus sogdianus*** is a species of Hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.

## InfoBox

| *Eumerus sogdianus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Syrphidae |
| Genus: | *Eumerus* |
| Species: | ***E. sogdianus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eumerus sogdianus***<br>Stackelberg, 1952 | |
|


title: Stephen McNeilly

abstract: Stephen McNeilly is a London-based artist and writer whose research-lead practice includes photography, filmmaking, curating and book publishing. He is the executive director and museum director of the Swedenborg Society, London, and oversees its annual Swedenborg Film Festival and Artist in Residence programme. He is also the founding editor of the Swedenborg Review. In 2010 he curated Fourteen Interventions, a multi-disciplinary site responsive exhibition at Swedenborg house, which included work by Jeremy Deller, Bridget Smith, Iain Sinclair, Ben Judd and Olivia Plender. In 2016, with Bridget Smith, he co-curated Now it is Permitted: 24 Wayside Posters, an exhibition of posters designed by Bridget Smith and Fraser Muggeridge which included contributions by Cornelia Parker, Fiona Banner, Marina Warner, Chloe Aridjis, Ali Smith, Michael Landy, Gavin Turk and others. Other exhibitions curated by McNeilly include Swedenborg and the English Romantics, an exhibition of artefacts and artworks by William Blake, S T Coleridge, John Flaxman, Philip James de Loutherbourg and Emanuel Swedenborg exploring conceptual tropes of the 18th century, and The Story of Swedenborg in 27 Objects, which included items by Josephine Butler, T E Lawrence, D T Suzuki, Vernon Watkins amongst others. His long-standing interest in the work of Emanuel Swedenborg informs much of his work and he has published on writers as diverse as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Arthur Cravan. In 2011 he set up the Swedenborg Archive imprint, a project which has included contributions from the writers Peter Ackroyd, Homero Aridjis, A S Byatt, J. M. G. Le Clézio, Ken Worpole, Iain Sinclair and Brian Catling, Tomas Tranströmer and the publisher Book Works. As series editor of the Journal of the Swedenborg Society he has produced a number of volumes exploring the intellectual and cultural influence of Swedenborg including Between Method and Madness, The Arms of Morpheus, In Search of the Absolute and On the True Philosopher. Notable contributors to the Journal include the poet Czeslaw Milosz and the Cambridge linguist John Chadwick. Annalisa Volpone has described the Journal as a 'mapping of the impact of Swedenborg's thought on the western literary imaginaire from romanticism to contemporary times'. McNeilly is a founding editor of Dedecus Press, an interdisciplinary and collaborative publishing project, and is the overseeing editor for the Dedecus Dictionary and the Dedecus Picture Archive. Between 2004 and 2012 he was a visiting lecturer in art, Philosophy and Critical Theory at the University of Creative Arts (Canterbury).

text:
# Stephen McNeilly

**Stephen McNeilly** (born 1968) is a London-based artist and writer whose research-lead practice includes photography, filmmaking, curating and book publishing. He is the executive director and museum director of the Swedenborg Society, London, and oversees its annual *Swedenborg Film Festival* and *Artist in Residence* programme. He is also the founding editor of the *Swedenborg Review.*

In 2010 he curated *Fourteen Interventions*, a multi-disciplinary site responsive exhibition at Swedenborg house, which included work by Jeremy Deller, Bridget Smith, Iain Sinclair, Ben Judd and Olivia Plender. In 2016, with Bridget Smith, he co-curated *Now it is Permitted: 24 Wayside Posters*, an exhibition of posters designed by Bridget Smith and Fraser Muggeridge which included contributions by Cornelia Parker, Fiona Banner, Marina Warner, Chloe Aridjis, Ali Smith, Michael Landy, Gavin Turk and others. Other exhibitions curated by McNeilly include *Swedenborg and the English Romantics*, an exhibition of artefacts and artworks by William Blake, S T Coleridge, John Flaxman, Philip James de Loutherbourg and Emanuel Swedenborg exploring conceptual tropes of the 18th century, and *The Story of Swedenborg in 27 Objects,* which included items by Josephine Butler, T E Lawrence, D T Suzuki, Vernon Watkins amongst others.

His long-standing interest in the work of Emanuel Swedenborg informs much of his work and he has published on writers as diverse as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Arthur Cravan. In 2011 he set up the *Swedenborg Archive* imprint, a project which has included contributions from the writers Peter Ackroyd, Homero Aridjis, A S Byatt, J. M. G. Le Clézio, Ken Worpole, Iain Sinclair and Brian Catling, Tomas Tranströmer and the publisher Book Works. As series editor of the *Journal of the Swedenborg Society* he has produced a number of volumes exploring the intellectual and cultural influence of Swedenborg including *Between Method and Madness*, *The Arms of Morpheus*, *In Search of the Absolute* and *On the True Philosopher*. Notable contributors to the *Journal* include the poet Czeslaw Milosz and the Cambridge linguist John Chadwick. Annalisa Volpone has described the *Journal* as a 'mapping of the impact of Swedenborg's thought on the western literary *imaginaire* from romanticism to contemporary times'.

McNeilly is a founding editor of Dedecus Press, an interdisciplinary and collaborative publishing project, and is the overseeing editor for the *Dedecus Dictionary* and the *Dedecus Picture Archive*. Between 2004 and 2012 he was a visiting lecturer in art, Philosophy and Critical Theory at the University of Creative Arts (Canterbury).

## Selected works

* 2021 The Story of Swedenborg in 27 Objects (exhibition and catalogue), Curator and Author, London. ISBN 978-0854482221
* 2020 On the Conjugial Angel, an essay by A S Byatt (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481705
* 2019 An Evening of Dreams, with contributions by Homero Aridjis, Chloe Aridjis, Eva Hoffman, Darian Leader, Tom McCarthy and Selina Mills (book). Editor. ISBN 978-0854482061
* 2018 Swedenborg and the English Romantics (exhibition), Curator, London.
* 2018 In Celebration Of Tomas Tranströmer, with contributions by Robin Robertson, Tomas Tranströmer, Per Wåstberg and others (book). Editor. ISBN 978-0854482078
* 2017 Ad caput capitas: the lost skulls of Swedenborg, with Iain Sinclair and Colin Dickey (exhibition), Curator, London.
* 2016 Now it is Permitted: 24 Wayside Posters (exhibition), co-curated with Bridget Smith, London.
* 2013 Swimming to Heaven: The Lost Rivers of London, an essay by Iain Sinclair, (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481798
* 2013 Philosophy, Literature, Mysticism: an anthology of essays on the thought and influence of Emanuel Swedenborg (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481613
* 2012 Several Clouds Colliding (book), by Brian Catling and Iain Sinclair (book). Editor. ISBN 978-1906012410
* 2012 D T Suzuki: manuscripts and letters (exhibition), Curator, London.
* 2012 Memoirs of Swedenborg (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481682
* 2011 Blake's London: the Topographic Sublime, an essay by Iain Sinclair (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481705
* 2010 Heaven, Hell and Other Places (documentary), Executive Producer, ISBN 978-0854481736
* 2010 Fourteen Interventions (exhibition), Curator, London.
* 2010 Introducing the Mystic: an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson (publication), Editor/author ISBN 978-0854481569
* 2010 Art lands on Alien Landscape (exhibition/catalogue), Margate.
* 2008 Dedecus: A Dictionary Pt, 2 (publication), Author. ISBN 978-0955547225
* 2008 Dedecus: A Dictionary Pt, 1 (publication), Author. ISBN 978-0955547218
* 2008 Maintenant, Pt, 1 (publication) Editor/Author. ISBN 978-0955547249
* 2007 Rub-a-dub-dub (three person exhibition with Jacob Cartwright and Nick Jordan) Switzerland.
* 2007 The Arms of Morpheus (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481507
* 2006 George Berkeley's Commonplace Book (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0955547201
* 2005 Vertigo Gallery (solo exhibition), London.
* 2005 Between Method and Madness (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481453
* 2004 in Search of the Absolute (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481415
* 2002 on the True Philosopher (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481347
* 2001 on the Translator and the Latin Text; essays by John Chadwick (book), Editor. ISBN 978-0854481316
* 1996 Bonnington Gallery, The Margaret Bryan Award, (two person exhibition with Lotte Hammer) Nottingham.


abstract: The 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, held on 13 December, was the 56th presentation of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards. It was presented by Sue Barker, Jake Humphrey, and Gary Lineker on BBC One. Awarded annually by the BBC, the main titular award honours an individual's British sporting achievement over the past year. The winner is selected by public vote from a 10-person shortlist. Other awards presented include team, coach, and young personality of the year. Footballer Ryan Giggs took home the main award, with racing driver Jenson Button second and heptathlete Jessica Ennis third.

text:
# 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award

The **2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award**, held on 13 December, was the 56th presentation of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Awards. It was presented by Sue Barker, Jake Humphrey, and Gary Lineker on BBC One. Awarded annually by the BBC, the main titular award honours an individual's British sporting achievement over the past year. The winner is selected by public vote from a 10-person shortlist. Other awards presented include team, coach, and young personality of the year.

Footballer Ryan Giggs took home the main award, with racing driver Jenson Button second and heptathlete Jessica Ennis third.

## Winner and nominees

The BBC Sports Personality of the Year is an annual sport award ceremony and the 2009 edition was its 56th staging. It occurred on the evening of 13 December, at the Sheffield Arena, Sheffield. For 2009, the BBC moved the awards from the Echo Arena, Liverpool to Sheffield to try to attract more spectators. It was the first time that the programme was held in Yorkshire, which was broadcast live in the United Kingdom on BBC One, the BBC Sport website and BBC Radio 5 Live. Sue Barker, Jake Humphrey and Gary Lineker presented the ceremony on the main stage, whilst Clare Balding, Matt Dawson, John Inverdale and Stephen Parry served as the backstage radio broadcasters.

Nominations for the award were conducted by a panel of 26 sport experts representing magazines and select national and regional newspapers. They were asked to choose ten nominees not in preference but in alphabetical order. Had there have been a tie after the nominating process, the production team would have asked six members of a panel of former winners for their first three preferences in order. There would be three points for first, two for second and one for third. The tied nominee with the highest number of points would subsequently advance to the final ten; had there been a second tie, another vote would be conducted to move the tied participant with the highest number of first places to the shortlist.

The ten nominees were announced on the BBC One programme *The One Show* on the evening of 30 November. The list was composed of two athletes from the sport of athletics, and one each from the sports of boxing, cricket, cycling, diving, football, Formula One, gymnastics and tennis. Jenson Button, the 2009 Formula One World Champion, was the bookmakers' initial favourite to win the accolade, followed heptathlete world champion Jessica Ennis and cricketer Andrew Strauss. In the week prior to the ceremony, the bookmakers moved footballer Ryan Giggs into contention and made him the more than likely winner during the programme.

Giggs was announced as the winner with 29.40 per cent of the public vote. Button finished runner-up with 18.74 per cent of the public vote and Ennis was third with a 15.58 per cent vote share. Giggs was the first footballer to be voted the recipient of the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award since David Beckham in 2001 and the fourth in history following Michael Owen in 1998, Paul Gascoigne in 1990 and Bobby Moore in 1966. Giggs was also the third Welsh winner of the award, following 2007 winner Joe Calzaghe and David Broome who won in 1960. Chris Hoy and Andrew Flintoff presented Giggs with the silver television camera and tripod trophy.

Winner and nominees of the 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award
| Nominee | Sport | 2009 achievement | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ryan Giggs | Football | The 20-year veteran of **Manchester United** made his 800th appearance, scored his 150th goal and helped the club reach the Champions League final. | 151,842 | 29.40 |
| Jenson Button | Formula One | Won the World Drivers' Championship to become the tenth British Formula One World Champion. | 96,770 | 18.74 |
| Jessica Ennis | Athletics | Won heptathlon gold at the IAAF World Championships in Berlin. | 80,469 | 15.58 |
| Mark Cavendish | Cycling | Claimed 23 professional victories during the season, including 6 and 3 stages of the Tour de France / Giro d'Italia respectively. | 55,960 | 10.84 |
| Beth Tweddle | Gymnastics | Won floor gold at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. | 38,907 | 7.53 |
| Tom Daley | Diving | Became the first British world champion (at 15 years of age) upon winning 10 metre platform gold at the FINA World Championships. | 36,929 | 7.13 |
| Andy Murray | Tennis | Won six tennis tournaments in 2009, including the Miami Masters and the Montreal Masters to reach No. 2 in the world rankings. | 19,936 | 3.86 |
| Andrew Strauss | Cricket | Captained the England cricket team to victory over Australia in the 2009 Ashes. | 17,237 | 3.34 |
| David Haye | Boxing | Defeated Nikolai Valuev in a "David vs. Goliath" match in Nuremberg, Germany to become the sixth WBA Heavyweight Champion in history. | 13,916 | 2.69 |
| Phillips Idowu | Athletics | Won Britain's second gold medal of the IAAF World Championships in Berlin in the triple jump. | 4,507 | 0.87 |
|

## Other awards

### Helen Rollason Award

The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award was presented to an individual "for outstanding achievement in the face of adversity." The winner was chosen by BBC Sport with no public vote and the name of the recipient was revealed on the night of the ceremony. Help for Heroes charity fundraiser Major Phil Packer, who raised money through sporting activities, was named the award's winner. Packer was presented with the accolade by Steve Redgrave.

Winner of the 2009 BBC Sport Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award
| Winner | Sport | Rationale | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Major Phil Packer |  | for fundraising over £1.2 million for the Help for Heroes charity, despite being paraplegic since sustaining injuries in the Iraq War. |  |

### Young Sports Personality

The BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year was presented to the sportsperson under the age of 16 on 1 January 2009 for "outstanding sporting achievements". The panel to decide the nominees and winner was chaired by Humphrey, and included the broadcasters Helen Skelton of *Blue Peter*, Ore Oduba from *Sportsround*, two representatives each from the Youth Sport Trust and the Sports Personality of the Year and two previous Young Sports Personality recipients in Harry Aikines-Aryeetey and Kate Haywood. The panel convened on 9 November to determine the first ten nominees from a BBC and Youth Sport Trust compiled list and returned a fortnight later to choose the first three and the recipient with the seven losing nominees informed that they did not make the final shortlist.

Tom Daley, the diver, was named the winner of the award. It was Daley's second win after his first in 2007 and he was the first person to earn the award more than once. He received the accolade from Amir Khan and Ellie Simmonds.

Winner and nominees of the 2009 BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year Award
| Nominee | Sport | 2009 achievement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Tom Daley | Diving | Became the first British world champion (at 15 years of age) upon winning 10 metre platform gold at the FINA World Championships. |
| Heather Watson | Tennis | Won the Junior US Open championship, moving her to No. 3 in the junior world rankings. |
| Jodie Williams | Athletics | Became the first girl in history to win the gold medal in both the 100 and 200 metres at the World Youth Championships. |
|

### Special Achievement Award

The Special Achievement Award is given out intermittently and was given in 2009 to the comedian and actor Eddie Izzard for their epic marathon feats for Sport Relief. He ran forty-three marathons in fifty-one days and raised over £200,000 for charity. David Walliams had been given the same award for similar efforts three years earlier.

### Unsung Hero Award

The BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award recognised "someone who is dedicating their life to promoting sport in their community, taking no reward from it other than the pleasure of helping others to take part and enjoy their sport." UK, Channel Islands and Isle of Man residents aged 16 or over but no previous winners, BBC employees and anybody working with the award or their close relatives was eligible to be nominated for the accolade on select BBC websites. A national panel of judges composed of leading sporting individuals, BBC Sport and BBC Nations and Regions representatives and a former Unsung Hero Award recipient determined the overall winner and two runners-up from all 15 BBC Nations and Regions. The winner of the award was announced during the show. Doreen Adcock, the Milton Keynes-based swimming instructor, was named the recipient; she received the accolade from the swimmer Rebecca Adlington and the snooker player Jimmy White.

2009 BBC Sports Unsung Hero Award winner
| Nationality | Winner | Location | BBC Region | Sport | Rationale | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ENG | Doreen Adcock | Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire | BBC East | Swimming | for teaching over 13,000 people to swim in the town of Milton Keynes over the last 35 years. |  |
|

### Team of the Year

The BBC Sports Team of the Year Award was given to "the (British only) team that has achieved the most notable performance in British sport." A 30-strong judging panel made up of sporting experts from select national and regional magazine and newspaper sports editors determined the winner. They voted for the first and second preferences as their first two selections, with two points going for first position and one point for second. The team with the highest number of points was selected to earn the Team of the Year. The team with the highest number of first positions would earn the award had a tiebreak been declared, although the accolade would be shared if a tie was still present.

England's 2009 Ashes winning cricket team was named the winners of the accolade for the second time after its first in 2005. Flintoff accepted the award on behalf of the team by Dame Kelly Holmes and Joe Calzaghe while it was touring South Africa.

Winner and nominees of the 2009 BBC Sports Team of the Year Award
| Nation | Nominee | Sport | 2009 achievement |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| England | England cricket team | Cricket | Won the 2009 Ashes series |
| England | Brawn GP | Formula One | Won the 2009 Formula One World Constructors' Championship |
| England | England women's cricket team | Cricket | Won the 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup and the 2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20 |
| Ireland | Irish Rugby | Rugby union | Achieved rugby union's Grand Slam for the second time in the history of Ireland |
|

### Coach of the Year

The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award had three nominees in 2009 and was won by Fabio Capello.

Winner and Nominees of the 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award
| Nominee | Sport | 2009 Achievement |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Fabio Capello | Football | Guided England through World Cup qualification, only losing a single game in the process. |
| Andy Flower | Cricket | Coached England to Ashes victory against Australia. |
| Alex Ferguson | Football | Won the Premier League for the third consecutive time; the first manager to do so twice. |

### Lifetime Achievement Award

The BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award is given to sports people who make an impact during their life. The 2009 Award was given to golfer Seve Ballesteros. This was the second time he was honoured with the reward, the first being in 1997. In 1984, Ballesteros also won the Overseas Personality Award. He was honoured for his contribution to golf. During his career he won The Open three times, The Masters twice, and played a significant role in The Ryder Cup. In 2008, Ballesteros was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumour. José María Olazábal presented the award, whilst Colin Montgomerie paid tribute in the studio.

### Overseas Personality

The BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year had three nominees in 2009. Michael Johnson presented the award to the winner, Usain Bolt, who became the third person to win the award in consecutive years after Muhammad Ali and Roger Federer.

Winner and Nominees of the 2009 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year
| Nation | Nominee | Sport | 2009 Achievement |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jamaica | Usain Bolt | Athletics | Won three golds at the World Championships in Berlin, achieving world records in the 100m and the 200m. |
| Switzerland | Roger Federer | Tennis | Completed a career Grand Slam for the first time, including a first win at the French Open. His win at Wimbledon was a record fifteenth Grand Slam title. |
| United States | Tiger Woods | Golf | A much anticipated return to the sport after injury saw Woods win the 2009 Presidents Cup. |

1. "Stage set for Sports Personality". BBC Sport. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
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10. White, Jim (23 October 2009). "Jim White: Ryan Giggs should beat Jenson Button to BBC Sports Personality of the Year". *The Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
11. Harris, Nick (14 December 2009). "Giggs left speechless by shock victory in BBC poll". *The Independent*. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
12. "Ryan Giggs wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2009". BBC Press Office. 13 December 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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14. Hudson, Louise (14 December 2009). "Jessica Ennis edged into third spot behind Giggs and Button at BBC awards". *Sportsister*. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
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16. Hart, Simon (23 November 2009). "Tom Daley, Heather Watson and Jodie Williams up for BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year award". *The Daily Telegraph*. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
17. "Izzard handed BBC special award". 13 December 2009. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
18. "Doreen now the pride of the BBC too". *Milton Keynes Citizen*. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2021  via Gale OneFile: News.
19. "Doreen is swimmers' unsung hero". BBC News. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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21. Edmondson, Laurence (30 March 2020). "The untold stories of Brawn GP: How close the fairy tale came to never happening". ESPN. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
22. Shemilt, Stephan (7 October 2012). "Women's World T20 cricket: Australia beat England in final". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
23. Cummiskey, Gavin (14 March 2018). "Grand Slam winners 2009 – where are they now?". *The Irish Times*. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
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26. "Sprinter Usain Bolt secures BBC Overseas award again". BBC. 13 December 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009.

## InfoBox

| 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award | |
| --- | --- |
| Date | 13 December 2009 |
| Location | Sheffield Arena, Sheffield |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Presented by | BBC |
| Hosted by |  |
| Winner | Ryan Giggs |
| Website | BBC Sports Personality |
| Television/radio coverage | |
| Network | BBC One |
| Runtime | 125 minutes |
|


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Baker

abstract: The Diocese of Baker is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Eastern Oregon in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Portland. While Saint Francis de Sales Cathedral is located in Baker City, the pastoral offices are in Redmond. The Diocese of Baker "includes almost 67,000 square miles in Oregon and has a population of 526,760 people, of whom 34,375, or seven percent, are Catholic".

text:
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Baker

The **Diocese of Baker** (Latin: *Dioecesis Bakeriensis*) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Eastern Oregon in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Portland.

While Saint Francis de Sales Cathedral is located in Baker City, the pastoral offices are in Redmond. The Diocese of Baker "includes almost 67,000 square miles in Oregon and has a population of 526,760 people, of whom 34,375, or seven percent, are Catholic".

## History

### 1900 to 1950

On June 19, 1903, Pope Leo XIII erected the Diocese of Baker City, taking its territory from the Diocese of Oregon City. He appointed Reverend Charles Joseph O'Reilly of Oregon City as the first bishop of the new diocese.

The new diocese consisted of more than 65,000 square miles east of the Cascade Mountains, which O'Reilly described as "*terra incognita*". Some sources said that Archbishop Christie would assign discontented priests to eastern Oregon to be rid of them. This observation seemed to be confirmed upon O'Reilly's arrival in Baker City, when he was greeted by four armed priests. When O'Reilly tried to reassign one of those priests, Louis P. Desmarais, he refused. O'Reilly had to forcibly eject Desmarais from the church property; he responded by trying to sue O'Reilly for assault and battery.

O'Reilly laid the cornerstone of Saint Francis de Sales Cathedral in Baker in 1906, dedicating the building in 1908. He also completed a new 115-bed facility for St. Elizabeth Hospital in Baker in 1915. With financial assistance from the Catholic Church Extension Society, he increased the number of parishes in the diocese from six in 1903 to 25 in 1918. O'Reilly became bishop of the Diocese of Lincoln in 1918.

In July 1918, Pope Benedict XV named Monsignor Terrence G. Brady of the Archdiocese of Dubuque as the next bishop of Baker City. However, Brady declined the appointment. In December 1918, the pope instead named Joseph Francis McGrath from the Diocese of Seattle as bishop in Baker City.

During McGrath's 31-year tenure in Baker City, the Catholic population increased from 6,755 to 14,729 and the number of priests increased from 26 to 39; however, the total number of churches (including parishes and missions) fell from 54 to 50. With only one parochial school in the diocese at the beginning of his tenure, McGrath mandated that the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine be established in every parish and mission.

In 1948, McGrath received Reverend Leo Fabian Fahey as a coadjutor bishop to assist him.

### 1950 to present

Before Fahey could succeed McGrath as bishop, he died in March 1950. Less than two weeks later, McGrath himself died. In July 1950, Pope Pius XII appointed Francis Leipzig of Oregon City as the third bishop of Baker City. The Vatican in 1952 renamed the Diocese of Baker City as just the Diocese of Baker.

During his 21-year tenure, Leipzig built over 95 churches, hospitals, schools, and convents. After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, he retired in 1971.

Pope Paul VI in 1971 selected Reverend Thomas Joseph Connolly of the Diocese of Reno as the second bishop of Baker. Following the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, Connolly established a priests' council, an annual presbyteral assembly, a sisters' council, and a diocesan pastoral council with lay participation. Connolly oversaw a large-scale renovation of St. Francis de Sales Cathedral in the early 1980s. He also scheduled regular masses in Spanish, established a program to assist undocumented immigrants to apply for citizenship, and ordained the first class of permanent deacons for the diocese. Connolly retired in 1997. Pope John Paul II in 1999 appointed Monsignor Robert F. Vasa of Lincoln as bishop of Baker.

### 2000 to present

Vasa in 2002 began the process of transferring millions of dollars in diocesan assets to its individual parishes. This move was challenged in court, with the plaintiffs claiming that Vasa was attempting to shield the diocese from multi-million dollar judgements in sexual abuse settlements. In 2003, a judge ruled that there was no evidence of fraud and that Vasa could complete the transfers.

In a 2006 column, Vasa implied that Catholics who supported abortion rights for women were guilty of a so-called heresy of murder. Vasa stated in 2010 that St. Charles Medical Center in Bend had "gradually moved away" from the church's ethical directives and could no longer be called Catholic. As a result, Vasa would not allow priests to celebrate mass in the hospital chapel and St. Charles was forced to return all Catholic religious items to the diocese. However, the hospital retained the St. Charles name and the cross on his facility. Vasa became coadjutor bishop for the Diocese of Santa Rosa in 2011.

Reverend Liam Cary of Portland was named the bishop of Baker by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012. In April 2013, Cary asked Reverend James Radloff to resign as pastor of his parish in Bend and take a posting in a small town in rural Oregon. Cary was allegedly upset over Radloff's support of petition opposing the transfer of another priest. Radloff appealed Cary's order to the Congregation for Clergy, which in January 2014 upheld the order. Radloff in April 2014 announced that he was joining the Evangelical Catholic Church.

In 2017, the diocese move the chancery to Redmond. As of 2023, Cary is the bishop of Baker.

### Sex abuse

By February 2002, four men were suing the diocese, stating that they had been sexually abused as boys by Reverend David Hazen during the 1970s and earlier. They said that the diocese knew about the abuse. Eight more men joined the lawsuit in June 2002. The diocese settled with the 18 plaintiffs in 2004.

In 2011, the diocese was sued by the family of two five-year-old girls who had been sexually molested by a 12-year-old boy at St. Francis of Assisi Parish in Bend. The incident happened in the church music room during a young adult weekend retreat in 2009. The plaintiffs claimed that the diocese was vicariously liable for the assault.

## Territory

The Diocese of Baker consists of the counties of Baker, Crook, Deschutes, Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Hood River, Jefferson, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Wasco and Wheeler in Eastern Oregon.

## Bishops

### Bishops of Baker City

1. Charles Joseph O'Reilly (1903-1918)
2. Joseph Francis McGrath (1918-1950)
\- Leo Fabian Fahey (coadjutor bishop 1948–1950), died before succession
3. Francis Peter Leipzig (1950-1952), title changed with title of diocese

### Bishops of Baker

1. Francis Peter Leipzig (1952-1971)
2. Thomas Joseph Connolly (1971-1999)
3. Robert F. Vasa (2000-2011), appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Santa Rosa in California
4. Liam Cary (2012–present)

### Other diocesan priest who became a bishop

Elden Francis Curtiss, appointed Bishop of Helena in 1976 and later Archbishop of Omaha

## Education

The Diocese of Baker operates four schools with an approximate enrollment of 500 students. The oldest school is St. Mary's Academy, founded in 1863.

* St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School, Bend
* St. Mary's Academy, The Dalles
* St. Peter Catholic School, Ontario
* St. Thomas Catholic School, Redmond

44°46′36″N 117°49′37″W / 44.77667°N 117.82694°W / 44.77667; -117.82694

## InfoBox

| Diocese of Baker
**Dioecesis Bakeriensis** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| St. Francis de Sales Cathedral | |
| Coat of Arms of the Diocese of Baker | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| Territory | 18 counties in Eastern Oregon |
| Ecclesiastical province | Province of Portland |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 173,013 km2 (66,801 sq mi) |
| Population
- Total
- Catholics | (as of 2012)
509,474
34,142 (6.7%) |
| Parishes | 31 |
| Information | |
| Denomination | Catholic |
| *Sui iuris* church | Latin Church |
| Rite | Roman Rite |
| Established | June 19, 1903 |
| Cathedral | St. Francis de Sales Cathedral |
| Patron saint | St. Francis de Sales |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Bishop | Liam Stephen Cary |
| Metropolitan Archbishop | Alexander King Sample |
| Map | |
|  | |
| Website | |
| dioceseofbaker.org | |


title: Sada Mire

abstract: Sada Mire is a Swedish-Somali archaeologist, art historian and presenter from the Arap clan, who is currently a professor of Heritage Studies at University College London. She is a public intellectual and heritage activist who has argued that cultural heritage is a basic human need in her 2014 TEDxEuston talk. In 2017, Hay Festival of Literature and the Arts selected Mire as one of their 30 international thinkers and writers. She became the Director of Antiquities of Somaliland in 2007. Raised in the Somali capital of Mogadishu, Mire fled the country at the start of the civil war at the age of 15. She then traveled to Sweden seeking asylum. She has since returned to the Horn of Africa as an archaeologist.

text:
# Sada Mire

**Sada Mire** (born July 1976) (Somali: *Sacda Mire*, Arabic: سعدة ميرة) is a Swedish-Somali archaeologist, art historian and presenter from the Arap clan, who is currently a professor of Heritage Studies at University College London. She is a public intellectual and heritage activist who has argued that cultural heritage is a basic human need in her 2014 TEDxEuston talk. In 2017, Hay Festival of Literature and the Arts selected Mire as one of their 30 international thinkers and writers. She became the Director of Antiquities of Somaliland in 2007. Raised in the Somali capital of Mogadishu, Mire fled the country at the start of the civil war at the age of 15. She then traveled to Sweden seeking asylum. She has since returned to the Horn of Africa as an archaeologist.

## Early life and education

Sada Mire was born in Hargeisa, Somaliland, in 1977 before relocating to Mogadishu with her family. Her father was as a police official who died during the early stages of the collapse of the Somali state when she was 12. After this traumatic experience, in 1991, she fled Somalia with her mother and siblings on a relative's lorry during the Somali Civil War. Mire and her identical twin, Sohur, emigrated to Sweden where an older sister lived and received asylum. The twins later moved to the United Kingdom to study. Mire studied Scandinavian pre-history and archaeozoology at Lund University in Sweden before receiving a BA degree in History of Art/Archaeology of Africa and Asia at SOAS, University of London in 2005, and subsequently an MA in African Archaeology in 2006 and PhD degree in Archaeology in 2009 at University College London.

## Career

She has conducted field research in Somaliland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti and Egypt, and has worked for the United Nations Development Program. A TED-speaker, she has participated on the editorial boards, including *African Archaeological Review*.

Motivated to learn the history of Somaliland, her homeland which was once a colonial country in Africa, she took up a fellowship under the department of art and archaeology at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London (also head of the department of antiquities in Somaliland). She launched an ambitious programme of archeological explorations in 2007.

Untii 2019 Mire held the role of assistant professor at the faculty of archaeology, Leiden University. She is currently associate professor in Heritage Studies at University College London.

Mire, leading a team of 50 helpers, has discovered prehistoric rock art in Somaliland at almost 100 sites; at least 10 of these are likely to receive World Heritage status. The Dhambalin site, which is located approximately 40 miles (64 km) from the Red Sea, contains rock art in sandstone shelters, which are inferred as about 5,000 years old, of horned cattle, sheep, and goats, as well as giraffes, which no longer exist in Somaliland. The NGO, Horn Heritage, partially funds her work for Somali Heritage.

## Education work

In order to educate her people on the cultural heritage of their country, to continue with the archaeological explorations and get UNESCO World Heritage Sites status for some of the rock art sites she has discovered, Mire has established the "Horn Heritage", a non-profit organization to fund her work. She was also involved in establishing Somalia’s Department of Tourism and Archaeology. Through her charity Horn Heritage and with partners, Mire initiated and implemented digital 3D and virtual reality (VR) projects for Somali heritage, so that anybody anywhere could access her rock art work. In 2006, Mire created the first website dedicated to Somali Heritage and Archeology.

Mire has run national and international media campaigns to fight the looting and destruction of Somali archeological sites. One of her direct messages to the Somali public warning against looting was broadcast by BBC Somali.

Mire's designed a MOOC (Massive online open course) on *'Heritage under Threat',* (2016 - 2020). This video based course introduced learners to the topic of heritage under threat. The course was written and presented by Mire.

## Theoretical contribution to heritage and archaeology

"Cultural heritage, including archeological knowledge, is a basic human need" argues Mire, in her 2011 *NewScientist* interview article titled 'We need culture in times of war'. Her work bridges archaeology and anthropology of the Horn of Africa in investigating the pre-Islamic and pre-Christian indigenous religions and traditions of the Horn of Africa.

Mire discussed the misuse of archaeology for politics and intentional destruction of heritage sites by ideological groups for example India. For her geographical area of fieldwork, she has argued that archaeologists need to move away from the nation as this is a new construct and study the continuity of influence across different indigenous peoples in the horn of Africa, proposing regional perspective on the archaeology of the Horn of Africa.

Mire is considered to have pioneered the study of indigenous heritage management systems in Africa with her article "Preserving knowledge, not objects: a Somali perspective for Archaeological Research and Heritage Management" (African Archaeological Review, 2007). She addressed the looting and destruction of Somalia's heritage after the start of the Somali civil war. She advanced a theoretical approach she terms "the Knowledge-Centered Approach" arguing that objects and monuments are not necessarily important but knowledge, skill and memory as practiced and symbolized in the landscapes. Her approaches have been discussed by other scholars in the application of locally appropriate theoretical frameworks.

## Other activities

In 2011, Mire proposed to UNESCO the digital preservation of Somali potential World Heritage. She's a speaker of the first UNESCO Debate organized by UNESCO Netherlands at the RMO, September 2016. Mire spoke along Dutch philosopher Stephan Sanders.

Mire has spoken on several BBC Radio programs including BBC World Service Forum panel on the Aftermath of war and marriage.

She was a speaker at the Europe Lecture and an "eminent" respondent to UNESCO Director General Irina Bokova, June 2016.

In September 2018, Mire participated to Hague Talks "How can we Invest in Sustainable Peace?"

Mire was a speaker at the Swedish National Heritage Board and on BBC World Service radio documentary "Stories on the Rocks", December 2018.

## Awards and honors

In April 2017, Mire was selected for the Hay Festival of Literature and the Arts' 30 international thinkers and writers.

In 2016, Mire was included a list of 12 pioneer women archaeologists who have contributed to the enrichment of the discipline throughout history.

Mire is on the boards of several notable institutions, including the Prince Claus Foundation.

## Filmography

CNN made a feature documentary on the story of Mire and her twin sister Sohur. The CNN African Voices Program featured the sisters in their professional environment, as an archeologist and a medical doctor giving back to their community and working in their homeland, Somalia. The documentary discusses how they fled the Somali civil war and started new lives in Sweden as child refugees.

For National Geographic's *Don't Tell my Mother* I'm in Somalia episode, presenter Diego Buñuel met up with Mire in her office in Hargeisa and with her visited some of the landmarks of Somaliland.

Brazil's Futura (TV Channel) aired in 2014 a documentary titled *Sada and Somaliland*, following her progress as the country's only Somali archeologist.

Mire was one of the experts featuring in the 2017 PBS series Africa's Great Civilizations, presented by Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.

Mire is the presenter and screenwriter of the MOOC titled *Heritage under Threat*.

## Selected publications

### Articles

* "Somali Shield, Gaashaan". *Hazina*. 2006.
* "The Transition to Farming in Eastern Africa: New Faunal and Dating Evidence from Wadh Lang’o and Usenge, Kenya". *Antiquity*. 2007.
* "Preserving Knowledge, not Objects: A Somali Perspective for Heritage Management and Archaeological Research". *African Archaeological Review*. 2007.
* "The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland". *African Archaeological Review*. 2008.
* "The Knowledge-Centred Approach to the Somali Cultural Emergency and heritage development assistance in Somaliland". *African Archaeological Review*. 2011.
* "Beautiful Somali buildings are rising up in a former war zone. It gives me hope". *The Guardian*. 2015.
* "Wagar, Fertility and Phallic Stelae: Cushitic Sky-God Belief and the Site of Saint Aw-Barkhadle in Somaliland". *African Archaeological Review*. 2015.
* "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire". *African Archaeological Review*. 2015.
* "Tourism of Somalia. 2015".
* "‘The child that tiire doesn't give you, God won't give you either.’ The role of Rotheca myricoides in Somali fertility practices". In: *Anthropology & Medicine*, 2016, 23: 3, p. 311-331.
* "The Role of Cultural Heritage in the Basic Needs of East African Pastoralists". *African Study Monographs* 53(Supplementary Issue): 147-157.
* "Black history has much to reveal about our ancestors – and ourselves". *The Guardian*. 2018.

## InfoBox

| Sada Mire | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1976 (age 4748)
Hargeisa, Somali Democratic Republic (now Somaliland) |
| Education | Lund University
SOAS, University of London (BA)
University College London (MA, PhD) |
| Employer | University College London |
| Organization | Horn Heritage Organization |
| Awards | 2011 Sweden Supertalent Awards |
| Website | www.sadamire.com |