title: Tony Maestracci

abstract: Tony Maestracci is a Venezuelan musician and former drummer of the Venezuelan rock band Tomates Fritos for fourteen years. In 2013 he participated in the concert Locos Por La Paz in the BOD Cultural Center, in Caracas, where the National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras, Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra, Rock & MAU and other musicians played together. In April 2021 several allegations of sexual abuse were made public against musicians and artists in Venezuela, including Maestracci. Tony responded to the allegations, denying them. Afterwards, Tomates Fritos informed about the resignation of the drummer. On 28 April, the Public Ministry of Venezuela announced that it would open an investigation against Maestracci for the allegations of sexual abuse, along with fellow musician Alejandro Sojo and poet Willy Mckey. On 25 May the Public Ministry issued an arrest warrant against both Tony Maestracci and Sojo.

text:
# Tony Maestracci

**Tony Maestracci** is a Venezuelan musician and former drummer of the Venezuelan rock band Tomates Fritos for fourteen years.

In 2013 he participated in the concert *Locos Por La Paz* (Crazy for the Peace) in the BOD Cultural Center, in Caracas, where the National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras, Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra, Rock & MAU and other musicians played together.

In April 2021 several allegations of sexual abuse were made public against musicians and artists in Venezuela, including Maestracci. Tony responded to the allegations, denying them. Afterwards, Tomates Fritos informed about the resignation of the drummer.

On 28 April, the Public Ministry of Venezuela announced that it would open an investigation against Maestracci for the allegations of sexual abuse, along with fellow musician Alejandro Sojo and poet Willy Mckey.

On 25 May the Public Ministry issued an arrest warrant against both Tony Maestracci and Sojo.

## InfoBox

| Tony Maestracci | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Venezuela |
| Genres | Rock |
| Instrument | Drums |
| Years active | 2007–2021 |


title: 1934 Memorial Cup

abstract: The 1934 Memorial Cup final was the 16th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Edmonton Athletics of the Edmonton Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at Shea's Amphitheatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, St. Michael's won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 2 games to 0.

text:
# 1934 Memorial Cup

The **1934 Memorial Cup** final was the 16th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Edmonton Athletics of the Edmonton Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-three series, held at Shea's Amphitheatre in Winnipeg, Manitoba, St. Michael's won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 2 games to 0.

## Scores

* Game 1: St. Michael's 5-0 Edmonton
* Game 2: St. Michael's 6-4 Edmonton

## Winning roster

John Acheson, Bobby Bauer, Frank Bauer, J.J. Burke, Mickey Drouillard, John Hamilton, Reg Hamilton, Art Jackson, Pep Kelly, Nick Metz, Leo McLean, Harvey Teno, Don Willson. **Coach:** Dr. W.J. LaFlamme


title: Botley, Oxfordshire

abstract: Botley is a village in the civil parish of Botley and North Hinksey, in the Vale of White Horse district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England, just west of the Oxford city boundary. Historically part of Berkshire, it stands on the Seacourt Stream, a stream running off the River Thames. The intersection of the A34 and A420 is to the village's north.

text:
# Botley, Oxfordshire

**Botley** is a village in the civil parish of Botley and North Hinksey, in the Vale of White Horse district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England, just west of the Oxford city boundary. Historically part of Berkshire, it stands on the Seacourt Stream, a stream running off the River Thames. The intersection of the A34 and A420 is to the village's north.

## Topography

Botley, aside from central offices and a modest row of shops, is a residential suburb of Oxford. Generally, house prices are above average for the Oxford area, from average in its east (similar to much of Dean Court), to very expensive towards where the settlement adjoins Cumnor Hill, in its south. It lies, apart from a small section which is southeast, southwest of the junction between the A34 (Oxford ring road) and the A420 westward to Swindon. The contiguous neighbourhood Dean Court adjoins Botley to its west, in the Cumnor civil parish. The other settlements which merge into this settlement are North Hinksey and Cumnor Hill. Elevations range from 56m on the Hinksey Stream marking much of the eastern border to the western border which ranges from 80 to 120m AOD from north to south. The southern point is a border of Cumnor Hill and adjoins Matthew Arnold School.

## Landmarks and economy

Botley shops comprise Elms Parade and the West Way shopping precinct. The various large office buildings along the main road include Seacourt Tower, known locally as "Botley Cathedral" owing to its small metal spire, originally built in 1965–66 as a car showroom and garage to a design by Beecher and Stamford. It remains in the ownership of Hartwell Ford.

## Religion

Botley's Church of England church of St Peter and St Paul on West Way, built in 1958, is one of four in its benefice which reaches outside the historic ecclesiastical parish to include St Frideswide's Church, Oxford, St Lawrence's Church, North Hinksey and St. Margaret of Antioch, Binsey. Other Christian churches in Botley include Calvery Chapel and Roman Catholic Church, the oldest being Botley Baptist established in 1890.

## History

Botley was first settled in the Saxon era. Its toponym comes from the Old English, meaning a woodland clearing of a man called Bota. It has since fallen within the parish of North Hinksey, and so was historically in the county of Berkshire, as marked in its northern half by the Vale of White Horse district boundary on the map. Because the main road west out of Oxford has passed through Botley since the 16th century, development since then was centred here rather than in the village of North Hinksey itself, slightly further southeast. From the 1880s, the centre of the village began to be called Old Botley, in distinction to the New Botley development along Botley Road in Oxford. The name Old Botley is preserved in a street set back from the main road. The major development which began in the 1930s took place to the west, beyond the current ring road.

To the north of Botley was the lost village of Seacourt. The site of the former village is in neighbouring Wytham parish, but it is commemorated in Botley in the names of Seacourt Tower, Seacourt Hall and the Seacourt Bridge public house.

## Localities

### New Botley

A park and ride site is closest to Botley itself in the much narrower **New Botley** which is confined by low-lying playing fields, an allotment site and river meadows on the north and south sides. Immediately east is the seven arches bridge, which is listed. To the north side of that section is a golf driving range and on the south side, the large Osney Mead industrial estate.

## Famous inhabitants

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Botley | |
| --- | --- |
| Seacourt Tower | |
| Old houses in Botley | |
| BotleyBotleyLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SP483060 |
| Civil parish | * Botley and North Hinksey |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Oxford |
| Postcode district | OX2 |
| Dialling code | 01865 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Spirochaeta americana

abstract: Spirochaeta americana is a single-celled extremophile. This haloalkaliphilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium can be found in the highly alkaline, salty, deep waters of California's Mono Lake.

text:
# Spirochaeta americana

***Spirochaeta americana*** is a single-celled extremophile. This haloalkaliphilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium can be found in the highly alkaline, salty, deep waters of California's Mono Lake.

## Physical characteristics

*S. americana* has long helically coiled cells, is gram-negative, and is chemotrophic in its metabolism. Spirochaeta also have unique flagella, sometimes called *axial filaments*, which run lengthwise between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. Despite the extreme environment that they require, "their cell walls are very delicate, and it is difficult to keep them alive for long periods in the laboratory," says Dr. Elena Pikuta, one of the discoverers of *S. americana*.

## Environment

*S. americana* thrives in the lake-bottom mud of Lake Mono, a 13 mile wide former monomictic volcanic basin which is fed by numerous small Sierra streams and which has no outflow except evaporation and Californian aqueducts, thereby continually increasing the concentration of salts and other minerals in its waters. Further mineral enrichment of these waters also occur due to the volcanically active area, such as when Negit Island erupted roughly 250 years ago.

Surviving in deep, salty, alkaline lake mud of Lake Mono, the extreme conditions in which *S. americana* thrive have prompted its discoverers to explore Antarctica's Lake Untersee, hopefully to discover similar species.

## Reproduction

*S. americana* reproduces via transverse binary fission, where the cytoplasm divides transversely between two sets of DNA genomes, forming two dissimilar individuals, as do other Spirochaeta.

## Growth and metabolism

This bacterium grows in environments of 10 to 44 degrees Celsius with optimal growth at 37 degrees and prefers a pH balance of 9.5, similar to that of baking soda, hand soap, or a solution of household bleach in water.

*S. americana* is capable of metabolizing D-glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, starch and D-mannitol and has as its waste H2, acetate, ethanol and formate.

## InfoBox

| *Spirochaeta americana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Spirochaetota |
| Class: | Spirochaetia |
| Order: | Spirochaetales |
| Family: | Spirochaetaceae |
| Genus: | *Spirochaeta* |
| Species: | ***S. americana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spirochaeta americana***
Hoover, Pikuta and Bej 2003 | |
|


title: Dryopteris sieboldii

abstract: Dryopteris sieboldii is a species of fern in the family Dryopteridaceae, native to Japan and south-central and southeast China. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.

text:
# Dryopteris sieboldii

***Dryopteris sieboldii*** is a species of fern in the family Dryopteridaceae, native to Japan and south-central and southeast China. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.

## InfoBox

| *Dryopteris sieboldii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At the Atlanta Botanical Garden | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Suborder: | Polypodiineae |
| Family: | Dryopteridaceae |
| Genus: | *Dryopteris* |
| Species: | ***D. sieboldii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dryopteris sieboldii***<br>(Van Houtte) Kuntze | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Aspidium podophyllum* E.J.Lowe     + *Lastrea podophylla* J.Sm.     + *Lastrea sieboldii* T.Moore     + *Nephrodium sieboldii* Hook.     + *Polystichum sieboldii* Keyserl.     + *Pycnopteris sieboldii* T.Moore | |


title: Colebrook, Pennsylvania

abstract: Colebrook is an unincorporated community in South Londonderry Township in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States. Colebrook is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 117 and Mount Wilson Road just to the south of Pennsylvania Route 241. The village is named after Robert Coleman, founder of the Colebrook Furnace, who originally owned the land it occupies.

text:
# Colebrook, Pennsylvania

**Colebrook** is an unincorporated community in South Londonderry Township in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States. Colebrook is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 117 and Mount Wilson Road just to the south of Pennsylvania Route 241.

The village is named after Robert Coleman, founder of the Colebrook Furnace, who originally owned the land it occupies.

## InfoBox

| Colebrook, Pennsylvania | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| ColebrookColebrook | |
| Coordinates: 40°14′17″N 76°30′40″W / 40.23806°N 76.51111°W / 40.23806; -76.51111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Lebanon |
| Township | South Londonderry |
| Elevation | 548 ft (167 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 717 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1172180 |


title: 1971 NPSL First Division

abstract: The 1971 National Professional Soccer League season was the first season of the National Professional Soccer League. Orlando Pirates won the inaugural title. At the time, due to the country's apartheid policies, the competition was only open to black South African teams, and it ran in parallel with the FPL and the NFL.

text:
# 1971 NPSL First Division

The **1971 National Professional Soccer League season** was the first season of the National Professional Soccer League. Orlando Pirates won the inaugural title.

At the time, due to the country's apartheid policies, the competition was only open to black South African teams, and it ran in parallel with the FPL and the NFL.

## Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Orlando Pirates (C) | 24 | 17 | 4 | 3 | 81 | 33 | +48 | 38 |
| 2 | Kaizer Chiefs | 24 | 18 | 1 | 5 | 83 | 41 | +42 | 37 |
| 3 | Moroka Swallows Big XV | 24 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 75 | 49 | +26 | 35 |
| 4 | Witbank Black Aces | 24 | 17 | 0 | 7 | 85 | 43 | +42 | 34 |
| 5 | Pimville United Bros | 24 | 13 | 3 | 8 | 79 | 53 | +26 | 29 |
| 6 | Zulu Royals | 24 | 10 | 3 | 11 | 80 | 88 | 8 | 23 |
| 7 | Bantu Callies | 24 | 10 | 1 | 13 | 64 | 68 | 4 | 21 |
| 8 | Mamelodi XI | 24 | 8 | 4 | 12 | 50 | 99 | 49 | 20 |
| 9 | Vaal Professionals | 24 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 57 | 68 | 11 | 19 |
| 10 | Lamontville Golden Arrows | 24 | 9 | 1 | 14 | 50 | 61 | 11 | 19 |
| 11 | Real Katlehong City | 24 | 7 | 1 | 16 | 57 | 76 | 19 | 15 |
| 12 | Bloemfontein Celtic | 24 | 5 | 4 | 15 | 42 | 69 | 27 | 14 |
| 13 | Kimberly Dalton Bros | 24 | 2 | 4 | 18 | 48 | 110 | 62 | 8 |

Source:
(C) Champions
Notes:   1. Raath, Peter (2002). *Soccer through the years, 1862-2002*. \[Cape Town?\]: P. Raath. ISBN 9780620298056.

## InfoBox

1971 NPSL First Division
| Champions | Orlando Pirates<br>*(1st title)* |
| --- | --- |
| Relegated | *none* |
| Matches played | 156 |
| Goals scored | 851 (5.46 per match) |
| 1972 | |


title: Chuck Salas

abstract: Chuck Robert Salas was an American soccer forward who has played in the Continental Indoor Soccer League, Premier Soccer Alliance and USISL. Salas last played for the Texas Outlaws in the Professional Arena Soccer League. Salas attended Nimitz High School in Irving, Texas. He played at least one season with the Texas Lightning during the 1995-1996 USISL indoor season. He then played for the Mesquite Kickers during the 1996–1997 season. He signed with the Dallas Sidekicks of the Continental Indoor Soccer League as a free agent for 1997 season. In 1998, the Sidekicks moved to the Premier Soccer Alliance. Salas earned one championship ring with the 1998 Dallas Sidekicks and scored his first professional goal on August 10, 1997, against Detroit Safari with an assist from David Doyle. Salas retired in 2010, playing his last game in California against the San Diego Sockers.

text:
# Chuck Salas

**Chuck Robert Salas** (born in Dallas, Texas) was an American soccer forward who has played in the Continental Indoor Soccer League, Premier Soccer Alliance and USISL. Salas last played for the Texas Outlaws in the Professional Arena Soccer League.

Salas attended Nimitz High School in Irving, Texas. He played at least one season with the Texas Lightning during the 1995-1996 USISL indoor season. He then played for the Mesquite Kickers during the 1996–1997 season. He signed with the Dallas Sidekicks of the Continental Indoor Soccer League as a free agent for 1997 season. In 1998, the Sidekicks moved to the Premier Soccer Alliance. Salas earned one championship ring with the 1998 Dallas Sidekicks and scored his first professional goal on August 10, 1997, against Detroit Safari with an assist from David Doyle. Salas retired in 2010, playing his last game in California against the San Diego Sockers.

## InfoBox

Chuck Robert Salas
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1977-08-18) August 18, 1977 | | |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas, United States | | |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Texas Outlaws | | |
| Number | 11 | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1995–1996 | Texas Lightning (semi-pro indoor) | 5 | (6) |
| 1996–1997 | Mesquite Kickers (semi-pro indoor) | 8 | (10) |
| 1997–1999 | Dallas Sidekicks (Professional indoor) | 3 | (1) |
| 2008–2010 | Texas Outlaws (Professional indoor) | 5 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Eileen Way

abstract: Eileen Mabel Elizabeth Way was a British actress who appeared in film and television roles in a career dating back to the 1930s. She trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from the age of 16. She was in some of the first productions of Tennessee Williams' plays in Great Britain, including playing the role of the Mexican Woman in A Streetcar Named Desire, and appeared at the Bristol Old Vic and Nottingham Playhouse. She appeared in an early televised episode of Hancock's Half Hour as a puritanical former ATS member, the TV series Doctor Who, in the serials An Unearthly Child and The Creature from the Pit, as well as in the 1966 film Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., based on the serial The Dalek Invasion of Earth (1964). She also appeared in the second series of Poldark (1977) as Aunt Agatha; Century Falls; Upstairs, Downstairs; By the Sword Divided; Inspector Morse; Bergerac; and Ripping Yarns. She was married to the psychiatrist Felix Warden Brown.

text:
# Eileen Way

**Eileen Mabel Elizabeth Way** (2 September 1911 – 16 June 1994) was a British actress who appeared in film and television roles in a career dating back to the 1930s. She trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from the age of 16.

She was in some of the first productions of Tennessee Williams' plays in Great Britain, including playing the role of the Mexican Woman in *A Streetcar Named Desire*, and appeared at the Bristol Old Vic and Nottingham Playhouse.

She appeared in an early televised episode of *Hancock's Half Hour* as a puritanical former ATS member, the TV series *Doctor Who*, in the serials *An Unearthly Child* (as Old Mother, the programme's first on-screen death) and *The Creature from the Pit* (as Karela), as well as in the 1966 film *Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.* (as Old Woman), based on the serial *The Dalek Invasion of Earth* (1964). She also appeared in the second series of *Poldark* (1977) as Aunt Agatha; *Century Falls*; *Upstairs, Downstairs*; *By the Sword Divided*; *Inspector Morse*; *Bergerac*; and *Ripping Yarns.*

She was married to the psychiatrist Felix Warden Brown.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1951 | *Cheer the Brave* | Unknown |  |
| 1952 | *The Happy Family* | Mrs. Potter |  |
| | *The Stranger Left No Card* | Secretary |  |
| | *Venetian Bird* | Woman Detective |  |
| 1953 | *Street of Shadows* | Mrs. Thoms |  |
| | *Blood Orange* | Mme. Fernande |  |
| 1954 | *They Who Dare* | Greek Woman |  |
| | *Knave of Hearts* | 1st Landlady | Uncredited |
| | *Aunt Clara* | Maggie Mason |  |
| 1957 | *Bullet from the Past* Scotland Yard (film series) | Lady at No. 72 | Uncredited |
| 1958 | *The Vikings* | Kitala |  |
| 1960 | *Kidnapped* | Jennet Clouston |  |
| 1961 | *The Singer Not the Song* | Fortune teller | Uncredited |
| 1962 | *Village of Daughters* | Gloria Balbino |  |
| 1964 | *The Bargee* | Onlooker | Uncredited |
| | *The Comedy Man* | Landlady |  |
| 1966 | *Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.* | Old Woman |  |
| | *Drop Dead Darling* | Italian Dressmaker |  |
| 1969 | *Vendetta for the Saint* | The Maid |  |
| 1981 | *Sphinx* | Aida |  |
| 1984 | *Memed My Hawk* | Seuneh |  |
| 1985 | *Bad Medicine* | Sra. Madera |  |
| 1989 | *Queen of Hearts* | Mama Sibilla |  |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1938 | The Gay Lord Quex | Unknown | TV movie |
| 1939 | *The Day Is Gone* | Florrie | TV movie |
| 1947 | *The Gay Lord Quex* | Miss Moon | TV movie |
| 1954 | *Thunder Rock* | Ellen Kirby | TV movie |
| 1955 | *The Blakes* | Gypsy Rebecca | Season 1, episode 1 |
| | *Barbie* | Miss McGinty | Season 1: (2 episodes) |
| 1955 1957 | *BBC Sunday-Night Theatre* | La Cachiporra Sarah Becker | Season 6, episode 16: "Midsummer Fire" Season 8, episode 49: "Counsellor at Law" |
| 1956 | *Armchair Theatre* | *Unknown* | Season 1, episode 11: "The Right Thing" |
| 1958 | *Television World Theatre* | Woman of Troy | Season 1, episode 3: "Women of Troy" |
| | *General Electric Theatre* | Old Maid | Season 6, episode 15: "Time to Go Now" |
| | *ITV Television Playhouse* | Susan | Season 4, episode 10: "Breakdown" |
| 1959 | *William Tell* | Reynolds | Season 1, episode 32: "The Black Brothers" |
| | *The Vagrant Heart* | Mrs. Smith | TV movie |
| 1960 | *International Detective* | Mama Carlucci | Season 1, episode 5: "The Winthrop Case" |
| | *Hancock's Half Hour* | Mavis Smith | Season 6, episode 4: "The Reunion Party" |
| | *BBC Sunday-Night Play* | Ruth Kellner Senora River | Season 1, episode 15: "Twentieth Century Theatre: Glorious Morning" Season 1, episode 27: "Playhouse 90: A Town Has Turned to Dust" |
| | *Rendezvous* | Signora Zampino | Season 1, episode 18: "Next Time You'll See Venice" |
| 1961 | *Rashomon* | The Medium | TV movie |
| | *Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond* | Mrs. Evans | Season 3, episode 27: "The Confession" |
| | *Dixon of Dock Green* | Isa Capon | Season 8, episode 7: "Desperation" |
| 1962 | *Sir Francis Drake* | Pastora | Season 1, episode 22: "The Gypsies" |
| | *Benny Hill* | Lorna | Season 2, episode 1; "The Mystery of Black Bog Manor" |
| 1963 | *Crane* | *Unknown* | Season 1, episode 5: "The Executioners" |
| | *Man of the World* | Catrina | Season 2, episode 6: "The Bullfighters" |
| | *Drama 61 -67* | Landlady | Season 3, episode 14: "Drama 63: Rasputin Was A Nice Old Man" |
| | *Maupassant* | Mme. Padoie | Season 1, episode 10: "Bachelors" |
| | *Maigret* | Irene | Season 4, episode 3: "The Lost Life" |
| | *The Sentimental Agent* | Miss Mithras | Season 1, episode 7: "A Little Sweetness and Light" |
| | *Kidnapped* | Jennet Clouston | Season 1, episode 7: "Catriona" |
| 1963 1979 | *Doctor Who* | Old Mother Karela | Season 1: (2 episodes: "The Cave of Skulls" and "The Forest of Fear") Season 17: (4 episodes: *The Creature from the Pit*) |
| 1968 | *ITV Play of the Week* | La Madrecita | Season 9, episode 23: "Camino Real" |
| | *First Night* | Mrs. Phillips | Season 1, episode 30: "How Many Angels" |
| 1964 1965 | *Cluff* | Mrs. Bateson Amy Horrisey | Season 1, episode 5: "The Daughter in Law" Season 2, episode 9: "The Daughters" |
| 1965 1967 | *The Troubleshooters* | Mrs. Murtagh Saroya | Season 1, episode 9: "A Job for Willy" Season 4, episode 11: "Who Buys Who" |
| 1966 | *Court Martial* | Woman | Season 1, episode 15: "Where There Was No Echo" |
| 1966 1969 | *The Wednesday Play* | Aunt Erika Margeurite Rosmer
Mrs. Phillips
Woman in pub | Season 1: (4 episodes) |
| 1967 | *Mickey Dunne* | Sophia Lombardi | Season 1, episode 13: "Are there any more at Home like You?" |
| 1967 1974
1977 | *Z-Cars* | Mrs. Hancock Mrs. McGann
Mrs. Riley | Season 9, episode 49: "The Great Art Robbery: Part 1" Season 10, episode 1: "Bits An' Bats"
Season 12, episode 2: "Rage" |
| 1968 | *The Spanish Farm* | Berthe | TV movie |
| 1968 1970 | *ITV Playhouse* | Gypsy woman Woman | Season 2, episode 9: "The Kindness of Mrs. Ratcliffe" Season 3, episode 32: " A Sound from the Sea" |
| 1969 | *The Saint* | The Maid | Season 6: (2 episodes) |
| | *Omnibus* | Old Dorothy | Season 2, episode 16: "The Women from the Shadows" |
| | *The Gold Robbers* | Dowager | Season 1: (2 episodes) |
| | *The Flaxton Play* | Macena | Season 1, episode 8: "1854: The Witches" |
| 1970 | *The Germinals* | Ma Brǔlé | Season 1: (2 episodes) |
| | *The Doctors* | Alice Platt | Season 1, episode 103 |
| 1972 | *New Scotland Yard* | Mrs. Esther Grubber | Season 1, episode 3: "Memory of a Gauntlet" |
| | *The Onedin Line* | Old Woman | Season 2, episode 3: "A Woman Alone" |
| | *Thirty Minutes Worth* | *Unknown* | Season 1, episode 6 |
| 1973 | *The Adventures of Black Beauty* | Maggie | Season 1, episode 25: "The Barge" |
| 1974 | *Upstairs, Downstairs* | Madame Francini | Season 4, episode 8: "The Glorious Dead" |
| 1976 | *The Glittering Prizes* | Mrs. Hersh | Season 1, episode 6: "A Double Life" |
| 1977 | *The Mackinnons* | Christina McSween | Season 1, episode 7: "Shame the Devil" |
| | *Poldark* | Agatha Poldark | Season 2: (5 episodes) |
| | *Ripping Yarns* | Old woman | Season 1, episode 5: "Across the Andes by Frog" |
| | *Just William* | Mrs. Marsh | Season 2, episode 5: "William the Philanthropist" |
| 1978 | *Les Miserables* | Lodger | TV movie |
| 1979 | *Secret Army* | Woman Patient | Season 3, episode 10: "Collaborator" |
| 1980 | *Fair Stood the Wind for France* | Grandmother | Season 1: (3 episodes) |
| 1982 | *Minder* | Mrs. Chambers' mother | Season 3, episode 1: "Dead Men Do Tell Tales" |
| 1983 | *The Old Men at the Zoo* | Mrs. Langley-Beard | Season 1, episode 4: "Armageddon" |
| | *Macbeth* | Second Witch | TV movie |
| 1983 1985 | *By the Sword Divided* | Minty | Season 1: (8 episodes) Season 2: (8 episodes) |
| 1984 | *Sakharov* | Ruf Grigorievna | TV movie |
| 1985 | *Mussolini: The Untold Story* | Vendor | Season 1, episode 1 |
| 1986 | *Paradise Postponed* | Dora Nowt | Season 1, episode 10: "Faith Unfaithful" |
| | *All Passion Spent* | Genoux | Season 1: (3 episodes) |
| 1987 | *Screen Two* | Finn's Grandma | Season 3, episode 6: "Naming the Names" |
| | *One by One* | Mrs. Maplin | Season 3, episode 1: "Changing Places" |
| | *Vanity Fair* | Mrs. Tinker | Season 1, episode 3: "Crawley of Queen's Crawley" |
| 1988 | *The Rainbow* | Lydia Brangwen | Season 1: (2 episodes) |
| 1989 | *War and Remembrance* | Mrs. Stern | Season 1: (2 episodes) |
| 1990 | *Screen One* | Aunt Anna | Season 2, episode 6: "One Last Chance |
| 1991 | *Bergerac* | Mrs. Edwards | Season 9, episode 7: The Waiting Game |
| | *Inspector Morse* | Mrs. Papas | Season 5, episode 4: "Greeks Bearing Gifts" |
| | *Birds of a Feather* | Irene | Season 3, episode 10: "Cuckoo" |
| 1992 | *Mistress of Suspence* | Edna | Season 1, episode 11: "Under a Dark Angels Eye" |
| | *The Bill* | Mrs. Collins | Season 8, episode 74: "A Blind Eye" |
| 1992 - 1993 | *Sean's Show* | Mrs. Pebbles | Season 1: (6 episodes) Season 2: (7 episodes) |
| 1993 | *The Detectives* | Old Lady | Season 1, episode 2: "Hostage" |
| | *Century Falls* | Alice Harkness | Season 1: "5 episodes" |

## InfoBox

| Eileen Way | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Eileen Mabel Elizabeth Way
(1911-09-02)2 September 1911
New Malden, Surrey, England |
| Died | 16 June 1994(1994-06-16) (aged 82)
Canterbury, Kent, England |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 193893 |
| Spouse | Felix Warden Brown |


# 1934 Men's British Open Squash Championship

Then 1934 Open Championship featured the defending open champion and amateur champion F. D. Amr Bey of Egypt being challenged by Don Butcher the professional champion. The first leg was held at Butcher's Conservative Club on 12 November, but it was Bey once again who prevailed winning three games to one. The second leg took place on 19 November at the Bath Club, Bey at his home club was given his sternest test yet finally winning three games to two.

## Results

### First leg

|  | Conservative Club | | | | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Don Butcher | | 4 | 10 | 8 | 0 |  |  |
|  | || | | | | |
|  | F. D. Amr Bey | | 9 | 8 | 10 | 9 |  |  |

### Second leg

|  | Bath Club | | | | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Don Butcher | | 6 | 9 | 2 | 9 | 5 |  |
|  | || | | | | |
|  | F. D. Amr Bey | | 9 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 9 |  |

## InfoBox

| British Open Squash Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| 4th British Open Championships | |
| Details | |
| Location | London, England |
| Venue | Conservative Club & Bath Club |
|  | |


title: Sistine Chapel Choir

abstract: The Sistine Chapel Choir, as it is generally called in English, or officially the Coro della Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina in Italian, is the Pope's personal choir. It performs at papal functions in the Sistine Chapel and in any other church in Rome where the Pope is officiating, including St. Peter's Basilica. One of the oldest choirs in the world, it was constituted as the Pope's personal choir by Pope Sixtus IV. Although it was established in the late 15th century, its roots go back to the 4th century and the reign of Pope Sylvester I. The choir's composition and numbers have fluctuated over the centuries. However, the modern choir comprises twenty men and thirty boys. The men's choir (Cantori) is composed of professional singers. The members of the boys choir are not paid when performing at papal functions, but receive a free education at their own school in Rome, known as the Schola Puerorum. Since the late 20th century, in addition to its papal duties, the choir has undertaken international tours, participated in radio and television broadcasts, and recorded for Deutsche Grammophon.

text:
# Sistine Chapel Choir

The **Sistine Chapel Choir**, as it is generally called in English, or officially the **Coro della Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina** in Italian, is the Pope's personal choir. It performs at papal functions in the Sistine Chapel and in any other church in Rome where the Pope is officiating, including St. Peter's Basilica. One of the oldest choirs in the world, it was constituted as the Pope's personal choir by Pope Sixtus IV (from whom both the choir and the chapel in which it performs take their names). Although it was established in the late 15th century, its roots go back to the 4th century and the reign of Pope Sylvester I.

The choir's composition and numbers have fluctuated over the centuries. However, the modern choir comprises twenty men (tenors and basses) and thirty boys (sopranos and altos). The men's choir (*Cantori*) is composed of professional singers. The members of the boys choir (*Pueri Cantores*) are not paid when performing at papal functions, but receive a free education at their own school in Rome, known as the *Schola Puerorum*. Since the late 20th century, in addition to its papal duties, the choir has undertaken international tours, participated in radio and television broadcasts, and recorded for Deutsche Grammophon.

## History

### Precursors

Papal patronage of music, and especially singing, dates to the 4th century when, according to 9th-century written accounts, Pope Sylvester I constituted company of singers, under the name of *schola cantorum*. The *schola* was reorganized by Pope Gregory I during his reign (590–604). The purpose of the Gregorian *schola* was to teach both singing techniques and the existing plainsong repertory, which at the time was passed down by oral tradition. Under Pope Gregory the course of study was said to be nine years. When Innocent IV fled to Lyon in the 13th century, he provided for the *schola'*s continuance in Rome by turning property over to it. When Pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in 1309, he formed his own choir in Avignon. Gregory XI brought the papal court back to Rome in 1377 bringing with him his choir which consisted largely of French singers and amalgamated it with what was left of the old *schola cantorum*.

### Establishment and early history

Pope Sixtus IV, who reigned from 1471 to 1484, established the Cappella Musicale Pontificia as his permanent personal choir. It sang in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace which Sixtus had renovated to become his private chapel, originally called the *Cappella Magna* and later known as the Sistine Chapel. The choir was and remains all-male and sang without musical accompaniment (*a cappella*). It initially consisted of between 16 and 24 singers with the men singing the bass, tenor, and alto parts and pre-adolescent boys singing the soprano parts, although from the mid-16th century, adult castrato singers began to replace the boy singers. The choir was to become the most important center of Roman music. Josquin des Prez, one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance, served as its composer and directed the choir from 1486 to 1494.

In April 1545, the members of the choir sent a delegation to the choir's *maestro di cappella* at the time, Ludovico Magnasco, petitioning for a new constitution. It was argued that new constitution was needed because all previous copies had been destroyed in the 1527 sack of Rome. Written largely "from memory" with a few additions, it was completed on 17 November 1545. Five years later, the singers rebelled against Magnasco and appealed to Pope Julius III. They accused him of appointing singers without papal permission and without an audition. The most egregious of such appointments was Ottavio Gemelli who was later suspended for thievery. They also complained that Magnasco held back the salaries of several singers without justification and prohibited others from even entering the Sistine Chapel. In November 1550, Julius III ousted Magnansco as *maestro di cappella* and replaced him with Girolamo Maccabei.

Julius III was also keen to reduce the size of the choir which had been bloated by the patronage system and contained many members who were singers in name only. In an undated *motu proprio* c.1553, he decreed that no new singers would be taken on until the choir was reduced by attrition to 24 members, after which new members were required to pass a strict audition. However, Julius III defied his own reforms when in January 1555, he appointed his favourite composer, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, to the choir without an audition. Palestrina's time in the choir, which he also conducted, was cut short when the austere Paul IV ascended to the papacy. In a *motu proprio* promulgated on 30 July 1555, he decreed that married men could no longer be members of the choir. Palestrina and two other married singers, Domenico Ferrabosco, and Leonardo Barré, were dismissed with pensions. Nevertheless, according to musicologist Richard Sherr, Palestrina "more than any other composer was to personify music in the Sistine Chapel."

Like his predecessors and his successor, Magnansco was a high-ranking cleric and not a musician. He had been the Bishop of Castro del Lazio and was the Bishop of Assisi from 1543. The situation changed in 1586 when Pope Sixtus V issued a Papal bull which reorganized the choir's structure and finances. It established the College of Singers as a legal entity, required that the *maestro di cappella* be a singer elected by his peers, and entrusted the secular welfare of the choir to a "cardinal protector".

### 18th and 19th centuries

During their first trip to Italy, the 14-year-old Mozart and his father Leopold arrived in Rome on 11 April 1770. It was Holy Week, and that evening they attended a performance of Allegri's *Miserere* in the Sistine Chapel. Allegri, who had been a singer in the Sistine Chapel Choir, had composed the piece in 1638. A complex nine-part choral work, the Allegri *Miserere* was considered one of the choir's most famous pieces and was performed during the *Tenebrae* service on the Wednesday and Friday of every Holy Week. The score was closely guarded, and its publication was forbidden by the choir on pain of excommunication, although Emperor Leopold I, King John V of Portugal, and the composer Giovanni Battista Martini were known to have authorized copies. According to multiple biographies of Mozart and based largely on accounts by his father, the young Mozart wrote down the score from memory after hearing it at the 11 April performance. He later declaimed it to one of the choir's singers who recognized it immediately, a feat which caused a sensation at the time.

The Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century almost led to the disintegration of the choir. The armies of the Papal states were defeated by the French forces who occupied Rome and placed the Pope under house arrest. Travel to Italy, especially for those from the countries at war with Napoleon, became difficult. The number of foreign visitors who once flocked to Rome to hear the choir in the 18th century drastically declined. Following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo and the renewed interest in Italian history and culture fueled by the writers of the Romantic Era, foreign travelers returned to Rome, and hearing a performance by the choir, especially during Holy Week, was considered on important stop on their tour.

The composer and bass singer, Giuseppe Baini, was admitted to the choir in 1795 and unanimously elected as its director in 1818, a position he held until his death in 1844. In 1828, he published an influential two-volume treatise on the life and works of Palestrina, one of the choir's most famous composers. According to music historian Richard Boursy, the book enhanced not only the reputation of Palestrina but also that of Baini and the choir itself, adding to the mystique it still held in the first half of the 19th century.

Following Baini's death the choir remained without a permanent director ("perpetual director" in the choir's terminology) for over 30 years. The revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and the establishment of the short-lived Roman Republic ushered in a period of disruption for the choir. It was suspended under the Roman Republic. When the Republic fell, Pope Pius IX returned to Rome, and the choir resumed its activities. However, four of its members had sung in a *Te Deum* on 9 February 1849 in thanksgiving for the Republican victory—Alessandro Montecchiani, Giovanni Poli, Alessandro Chiari and Domenico Mustafà. In reprisals against those suspected of supporting or sympathizing with the Republicans, Montecchiani was dismissed from the choir, while Chiari, Poli and Mustafà were made to undergo "spiritual exercises" before resuming their activities with the choir. Further disruption came in 1870 when the Capture of Rome permanently ended the Papal States and caused the suspension of the First Vatican Council. The choir finally received a perpetual director in 1878 when Pius IX appointed Mustafà to the post. Mustafà, who had entered the choir in 1845, had been a virtuoso soprano castrato in his prime and was also a composer and skilled conductor.

During the 19th century, the ever-increasing popularity of opera made it difficult for the choir to attract highly skilled singers who could make more money on the operatic stage. As early as 1830, Mendelssohn complained of the quality of the singing. The problem was exacerbated as the supply of castrato singers, the mainstays of the virtuoso soprano parts, began to dry up. With the unification of Italy in 1871, the castration of boy singers was made illegal. In a group photograph of the choir taken in 1898 (see upper-left), there were six castrati choristers left, apart from Mustafa who had retired from singing—Domenico Salvatori (1855–1909), Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922), Giovanni Cesari (1843–1904), Vincenzo Sebastianelli (1851–1919), Gustavo Pesci (1833–1913), and Giuseppe Ritarossi (1841–1902).

### 20th century

Domenico Mustafà's leadership of the choir and the careers of its castrati singers came to a close beginning in 1898 when Lorenzo Perosi was appointed joint perpetual director of the choir. At the time Perosi was only 26, but already had a considerable reputation as a composer of sacred music. Mustafà had thought that Perosi would carry on the musical traditions of the choir that had guided him. However, Perosi was an adherent of the Cecilian Movement which eschewed the operatic and theatrical style of church music which had been ascendant on the 18th and 19th centuries. He was also strongly against using castrati in the choir and wished to replace them with boy singers. At Perosi's urging, a Papal decree of 3 February 1902 by Pope Leo XIII stipulated that henceforth castrati would no longer be accepted into the choir. Mustafà retired as perpetual director of the choir in January 1903 leaving Perosi the sole director. The remaining castrati gradually died, retired, or were pensioned off. Moreschi, the youngest of the six remaining castrati choristers photographed in 1898, remained on the choir's books until his retirement in 1913.

The ascendance to the papacy of Perosi's mentor and fellow Cecilianist, Pius X in August 1903 further cemented his position. Under his direction the last remaining castrati were phased out, and a stable 30-voice boys choir was added. The choir's music focused once again on Gregorian chant and the polyphonic music of the Renaissance period, especially that of Palestrina. Perosi served as the choir's director until his death in 1956, although his tenure was periodically interrupted by bouts of mental illness.

Perosi was succeeded by Domenico Bartolucci who had served as his deputy since 1952. Bartolucci reorganised the choir's musical arrangements, adding some of his own works to the repertoire, including his *Missa de Angelis*, and further increased the emphasis on Palestrina's music, on which he was an authority. He also strengthened the adult choir, created a dedicated rehearsal space for them, and established a school for the choir's boy singers. The choir school, known as the *Schola Puerorum*, was established in 1963 and is located in a large palazzo on Via del Monte della Farina which also serves as the administrative and rehearsal base of the Sistine Choir. In addition to training in singing and music, it provides the standard Italian education curriculum for children from the ages of 9 to 13. The boys are not paid for singing at papal functions, but receive their education at the school free of charge.

Bartolucci was deeply opposed to the changes in liturgy and church music brought about by Vatican II (1962-65) which resulted in the introduction of folk and popular music to the liturgy, a trend continued under Pope John Paul II. In 1997, at the instigation of Piero Marini, the master of pontifical ceremonies, Bartolucci was replaced as director of the choir with Giuseppe Liberto. In a 2006 interview with *L'Espresso*, Bartolucci discussed what he considered the deleterious effect that Vatican II and subsequent developments had had on church music:

> The fault lies above all with the pseudo-intellectuals who have engineered this denigration of the liturgy, and thus of music, overthrowing and despising the heritage of the past with the idea of obtaining who knows what advantage for the people.

### 21st century

In 2010 Pope Benedict XVI, who had been Bartolucci's sole supporter on the Curia when he was dismissed in 1997, appointed Massimo Palombella to replace Liberto as the choir's musical director.

Under Bartolucci, the choir had begun participating in radio and television broadcasts as well as regular international tours, including a 17-city tour of the United States in 1986. It was a trend that continued under Palombella. The choir made its first tour of Asia in 2014 and released three studio albums on the Deutsche Grammophon label between 2015 and 2017. June 2012 marked the first time in its history that the Sistine Choir performed jointly in a papal function with another choir from outside the Vatican. The occasion was a Papal Mass celebrated in St Peter's Basilica by Pope Benedict sung by the Sistine Choir and the Westminster Abbey Choir. The two choirs also sang together at Westminster Abbey in May 2015 and again in 2018. Cecilia Bartoli become the first woman to perform inside the Sistine Chapel in November 2017 when she sang with the Sistine Choir in Pérotin's *Beata Viscera*. In September of that year, the choir made its first visit to the United States in 30 years, performing at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., and the Detroit Opera House.

More controversial was the choir's performance at the Met Gala in May 2018 where many of the celebrity guests dressed in costumes that according to *The National Catholic Register* were "deemed by many to be a sacrilegious mockery of the Church." The affair also sparked complaints from some of the boys' parents. In June of that year the choir's planned multi-city tour of the United States was abruptly cancelled. The choir's administrator, Michelangelo Nardella, was suspended in July when the Vatican opened an investigation into alleged money laundering, fraud and embezzlement involving both Nardella and Palombella and related to the choir's foreign tours. In a *motu proprio* issued by Pope Francis on 19 January 2019, the Sistine Chapel Choir was placed under the administration of the Office of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations. Mons. Guido Marini, the master of ceremonies for papal liturgies, was tasked with drafting new statutes for the choir. Nardella was replaced by Archbishop Guido Pozzo as the choir's administrator, but for a time Palombella retained his post as the choir's musical director. In July 2019 Palombella resigned as director of the choir. Marcos Pavan, who leads the *Pueri Cantores* (the boys section of the choir) was named as interim director.

## Past members

Past members of the choir include:

### Former boy singers

Former boy singers of the choir, most of whom became opera singers as adults include:

## Recordings

* *Habemus Papam* (2014) – live recordings of the music sung by the Sistine Chapel Choir before, during and after the conclave which elected Pope Francis in 2013: the Mass for the Election of the Roman Pontiff, the entry of the Cardinal-Electors into the Sistine Chapel, Pope Francis's Mass with the Cardinal-Electors, and the Mass in St. Peter's Square for his coronation on 19 March 2013. Label: Deutsche Grammophon

## Further reading


title: Ciani Urendo

abstract: The Ciani EC 38/56 Urendo, or SSVV EC 38/56 Urendo is an Italian tandem-seat training glider from the 1950s. Four were built, one winning the Italian National Championships in 1959. Another, restored, still flies.

text:
# Ciani Urendo

The **Ciani EC 38/56 Urendo**, or **SSVV EC 38/56 Urendo** is an Italian tandem-seat training glider from the 1950s. Four were built, one winning the Italian National Championships in 1959. Another, restored, still flies.

## Design and development

Like his other designs, Edgardo Ciani's Urendo was built by Sezioni Sperimentale di Volo a Vela (SSVV) of Milan, an offshoot of the Aeroclub Volovelistio Milanese. It was intended as a general-purpose (including training), low-cost aircraft, and the necessary simplicity of its construction was apparent in its flat-sided fuselage. It is said that when Ciani saw it in the air for the first time, he exclaimed "Ma l'é propri Urend!" ("By God, it's really horrible!" in the Milanese dialect) and named it Urendo (horrendous). Nonetheless, it has an efficient laminar flow wing, and, though its thermalling is limited with two aboard by a high wing loading, it flies well cross-country as a single-seater.

The flying surfaces of the Urendo are almost entirely wooden, apart from fabric-covered rear control surfaces and fibre-glass aileron nose-caps. Its high set wing, mounted with 3.50° of dihedral, is built around a single spar and plywood-skinned. In plan the wing is straight-edged, with an inner panel of constant chord and 4.50° of forward sweep at quarter chord, and outer, tapered panels with forward sweep of 3°, terminating in small, streamlined bodies known as salmons. The three Urendo variants were distinguished by the details of the ailerons on the outer panels, the airbrakes, also on the outer panels but at their inboard limit, and the presence or absence of centre section flaps.

The Urendo's fuselage is steel-framed and fabric-covered. Behind the wings it has a kite shaped cross-section, the longer sides reaching down to the keel. The tail surfaces are straight-edged, with a parallel chord tailplane and elevators mounted forward of the fin and on top of the fuselage. The fin and rudder are straight-tapered with a squared-off top, the latter extending down to the keel. Forward, the fuselage section becomes hexagonal and deeper, with the tandem seats under a starboard side hinged, long, flat-sided, flat-topped and multi-part canopy. This hinged part ends at the wing leading edge, but fixed glazing carries the canopy back further, where it merges into the dorsal fuselage. The Urendo lands on a fixed, semi-recessed monowheel, fitted with a brake and placed towards the rear of a substantial, rubber-mounted curved main skid. There is a small tail skid.

The Urendo flew for the first time on 22 June 1956.

## Operational history

Four Urendos were built, one without flaps and the other three as types B and C. It was agreed that each modification of the ailerons provided an improvement in control. Opinion differed on the effectiveness of the flaps, intended to help with take-offs and improve thermalling performance. The airbrakes were generally seen as very effective, providing landing descent rates of 6–7 m/s (20–23 ft/s).

Unexpectedly, a Urendo flown solo won the Italian National Gliding Championships in 1959, achieving the longest-distance cross-country flight there of 297 km (185 mi). It returned good performances in several other national competitions.

*I-AVMI*, a type B Urendo, was quite recently discovered stored on an Italian farm and returned to the air.

## Variants

Type AAirbrakes mounted close to trailing edge. No flaps. Ailerons with upper surface hinges. Type BAirbrakes further forward. Slotted flaps with deflections between +5° and -50°. Ailerons as type A but slightly lengthened (11%) and hinges sealed. Type CAirbrakes further forward still, near mid-chord. Flaps as type B. Ailerons as type A, lengthened but with lower surface shrouds.

## Specifications (Type A)

*Data from* The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde Volume II All performance figures are with one pilot, aircraft weight 330 kg (728 lb), year old type A, though the full specifications include a lower stall speed with flaps down, whereas the Type A did not have flaps.

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** Two maximum, one for these figures
* **Length:** 6.92 m (22 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 15.0 m (49 ft 3 in)
* **Height:** 1.30 m (4 ft 3 in) at cockpit
* **Wing area:** 13.8 m2 (149 sq ft)
* **Aspect ratio:** 16.2
* **Airfoil:** NACA 643618 root and mid-wing, NACA 747 A 315 tip
* **Empty weight:** 235 kg (518 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 395 kg (871 lb)

**Performance**

* **Stall speed:** 57 km/h (35 mph, 31 kn) approximately; no flaps
* **Never exceed speed:** 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn) placard, smooth air
* **Rough air speed max:** 140 km/h (87.0 mph; 75.6 kn)
* **Aerotow speed:** 150 km/h (93.2 mph; 81.0 kn)
* **Terminal velocity:** with full airbrakes 170 km/h (106 mph; 92 kn)
* **Maximum glide ratio:** 24.7:1 at 86 km/h (53.4 mph; 46.4 kn)
* **Rate of sink:** 0.87 m/s (171 ft/min) minimum, at 68 km/h (42.3 mph; 36.7 kn)
* **Wing loading:** 28.6 kg/m2 (5.9 lb/sq ft) two up

\<

* Pedrielli, Vincenzo; Camastra, Francesco (2011). *Italian Vintage Sailplanes*. Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 161–3. ISBN 978-3-9808838-9-4.
* Shenstone, B.S.; K.G. Wilkinson (1963). *The World's Sailplanes:Die Segelflugzeuge der Welt:Les Planeurs du Monde Volume II* (in English, French, and German) (1st ed.). Zurich: Organisation Scientifique et Technique Internationale du Vol a Voile (OSTIV) and Schweizer Aero-Revue. pp. 141–143.
* Simons, Martin (2006). *Sailplanes 1945-1965* (2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 190–1. ISBN 978-3-9807977-4-0.
* "SSVV". Retrieved 23 November 2012.

## InfoBox

| Urendo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The EC 38/56 Urendo displayed at Museo dell'aria e dello spazio of San Pelagio, Due Carrare, Province of Padua | |
| Role | Two seat glider |
| National origin | Italy |
| Manufacturer | SSVV (Sezioni Sperimentale di Volo a Vela), Milan |
| Designer | Edgardo Ciani |
| First flight | 22 June 1956 |
| Number built | 4 |


title: Linda Simensky

abstract: Linda Simensky is the creative executive for various works of animation. Simensky served as an executive for Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network. She is partly responsible for the development of shows such as Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Samurai Jack and Ed, Edd n Eddy.

text:
# Linda Simensky

**Linda Simensky** is the creative executive for various works of animation. Simensky served as an executive for Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network. She is partly responsible for the development of shows such as *Dexter's Laboratory*, *The Powerpuff Girls*, *Courage the Cowardly Dog*, *Samurai Jack* and *Ed, Edd n Eddy*.

## Early life

Simensky graduated from University of Pennsylvania in 1985.

## Career

Simensky received the June Foray Award in 2000.

On October 28, 2003, the Public Broadcasting Service appointed Simensky the position of senior director of children's programming.

In 2021, she joined Duolingo as head of animation and scripted content.

### Views of gender in animation

In the 2008 book, *Art in Motion: Animation Aesthetics*, Simensky stated that many male animators find difficulty in creating strong, positive female characters with substance that can serve as role models. When she questioned the creators of *Rocko's Modern Life*, one of the series which she produced, why the women in the series were invariably drawn to be well-endowed, she was told that the animators believed that drawing women "the traditional way" was easier. Simensky described the creators as "talented guys" who formed "a boy's club" and added that "we pushed them to be funny, but a lot of their women are stereotypical."

## Accolades

Simensky was named in *Animation Magazine'*s "Top 10 Most Influential People in Animation" list in January 2002.


title: Drugs or Jesus

abstract: "Drugs or Jesus" is a song written by Brett James, Troy Verges, Aimee Mayo and Chris Lindsey, and recorded by American country music singer Tim McGraw. It was released in January 2005 as the third single from his album Live Like You Were Dying. It peaked at number 14, thus becoming his first single since "Two Steppin' Mind" in 1993 to miss the top ten.

text:
# Drugs or Jesus

"**Drugs or Jesus**" is a song written by Brett James, Troy Verges, Aimee Mayo and Chris Lindsey, and recorded by American country music singer Tim McGraw. It was released in January 2005 as the third single from his album *Live Like You Were Dying*. It peaked at number 14, thus becoming his first single since "Two Steppin' Mind" in 1993 to miss the top ten (not counting "Tiny Dancer").

## Content

The narrator talks about how in his hometown, people follow their own paths in life and either choose drugs or Jesus.

## Critical reception

Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for *Country Universe*, gave it a positive rating. He says that the song is one of McGraw's best performances ever.

## Music video

The music video was directed and produced by Sherman Halsey, and premiered on CMT on January 21, 2005. It shows McGraw walking through an old house. He does not wear a cowboy hat, but rather a knit cap.

## Chart positions

| Chart (2005) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country (*Radio & Records*) | 6 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 14 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 87 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2005) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 55 |

## InfoBox

| "Drugs or Jesus" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Tim McGraw | |
| from the album  *Live Like You Were Dying* | |
| Released | January 17, 2005 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 4:39 |
| Label | Curb |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Tim McGraw singles chronology | |
| "Over and Over"
(2004) "**Drugs or Jesus**"
(2005) "Do You Want Fries with That"
(2005) | |


title: Stemphylium solani

abstract: Stemphylium solani is a plant pathogen fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is the causal pathogen for grey leaf spot in tomatoes and leaf blight in alliums and cotton, though a wide range of additional species can serve as hosts. Symptoms include white spots on leaves and stems that progress to sunken red or purple lesions and finally leaf necrosis. S. solani reproduces and spreads through the formation of conidia on conidiophores. The teleomorph name of Stemphyllium is Pleospora though there are no naturally known occurrences of sexual reproduction. Resistant varieties of tomato and cotton are common, though the pathogen remains an important disease in Chinese garlic cultivation.

text:
# Stemphylium solani

***Stemphylium solani*** is a plant pathogen fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is the causal pathogen for grey leaf spot in tomatoes and leaf blight in alliums and cotton, though a wide range of additional species can serve as hosts. Symptoms include white spots on leaves and stems that progress to sunken red or purple lesions and finally leaf necrosis. *S. solani* reproduces and spreads through the formation of conidia on conidiophores. The teleomorph name of *Stemphyllium* is Pleospora though there are no naturally known occurrences of sexual reproduction. Resistant varieties of tomato and cotton are common, though the pathogen remains an important disease in Chinese garlic cultivation.

## Hosts and symptoms

### Hosts

*Stemphylium solani* is of greatest concern in tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, garlic, onions, and cotton, though a wide range of over 20 species have proven susceptible. In tomatoes and potatoes, the resulting disease is known as grey leaf spot. In alliums it is known as leaf blight. Additional hosts are listed below.

* Onion, *Allium ascalonicum*
* Tobacco, *Nicotiana tabacum*
* Maize, *Zea mays*
* Leek, *Allium odorum*
* Garlic, *Allium sativum*
* Potato, *Solanum tuberosum*
* Spinach, *Spinacia oleracea*
* Radish, *Raphanus sativus*
* Tomato, *Solanum lycopersicum*
* Chinese cabbage, *Brassica chinensis*
* Coriander, *Coriandrum sativum*
* Rape, *Brassica campestris*
* Pea, *Pisum sativum*
* Cotton, *Gossypium hirsutum*
* Sorghum, *Sorghum vulgare*
* Wheat, *Triticum aestivum*
* Broad bean, *Vicia faba*
* Rice, *Oryza sativa*
* Pepper, *Capsicum annuum*
* Rape, *Brassica napus*
* Amaranth, *Amaranthus mangostanus*

### Symptoms

In alliums, infection is first visible as oval white spots, 1–3 mm in length, scattered irregularly over the leaf surface. These spots grow into red or purple colored lesions with a yellow margin and finally progress to leaf wilting and necrosis. Experimentally infected plants have been shown to progress from initial infection to leaf necrosis within eight days. Infection is found only on the stems and leaves of plants. In tomatoes, *S. solani* symptoms begin as round to oval dark specks on both sides of the leaf with older leaves being affected first. Young lesions may have a yellow halo. As lesions age, they become gray, dry and brittle, eventually falling away to create shot-holing in the leaf. Severe infection results in leaf drop.

## Disease cycle and morphology

*Stemphylium solani* is the anamorph stage and reproduces primarily through the production of conidia on conidiophores. Once produced, disease is thought to spread quickly to additional hosts via either mycelium when leaves of adjacent plants are touching or conidia, which can spread through rain or air. *S. solani* is also believed to be spread via infected seed. Conidia can cause several stages of secondary infection throughout the growing season but infection is most severe following early fruiting. The teleomorph stage of *Stemphylium* is Pleospora. Sexual ascospores form under cold conditions but natural occurrences have not been documented. Instead, conidia and mycelia overwintering in plant debris are believed to serve as the primary inoculum.

*Stemphylium solani* grown in potato sugar agar (PSA) culture are characteristically slow growing and darken with age, first to a yellow-brown color after 4 days and then red. Conidiophores grow as long as 170 μm in length with a swollen apex and one to three transverse septa.

## Environment

Though minimal data specific to *S. solani* is available, *Stemphyllium* spp. thrive in high humidity (relative humidity of 85-90%), more than eight hours of leaf wetness (caused by rain, fog, or dew) and temperatures near 18 °C. Though leaf wetness is important, rainfall *per se* does not appear necessary if humidity or fog provide sufficient leaf wetness. Presence of debris from the previous season may harbor inoculum and increase disease incidence. Heavy fruiting and good soil fertility also favor disease development.

## Management

*Stemphylium solani* is most commonly controlled with the use of disease resistant cultivars, especially in tomato and cotton. Resistant tomatoes are marked with the code “St”. Varieties include Beefmaster, Better Boy, Celebrity, First Lady II, Floramerica, Jackpot, and Lemon Boy, Amelia, Crown Jewel, FL 47, FL 91, Linda, Phoenix, Quincy, RPT 6153, Sebring, Solar Fire, Soraya, Talledega, Tygress, and many others. Resistance is inherited via the gene Sm, a single dominant gene.

However, resistant cultivars may lack desirable traits, such as a tendency toward early bolting when allium flowers are desirable for markets. When satisfactory resistant cultivars are unavailable, fungicides (tebuconazole, procymidone) can be applied as a seed treatment to provide systemic early season management or as a foliar spray 2-3 times throughout the season. Triazole has been shown in laboratory studies to effectively control mycelial growth and provides local systemic protection. Risk of infection can also be reduced by delaying fall planting of garlic until temperatures fall below the 18 °C optimal for *S. solani* growth, and good field sanitation.

## Importance

With the development of resistant cultivars in of the major crops impacted by this pathogen, the importance of *S. solani* has been largely mitigated. However, as new strains emerge, continued outbreaks in new crops may continue to cause significant damage and demand a response. For example, the migration of *S. solani* into the Chinese garlic crop resulted in a 30% average yield loss between 2004 and 2008 with some fields sustaining 70% loss. Similarly, epidemics in cotton have been reported in Brazil and India, resulting in 100% crop loss in India.

### Geography

*Stemphylium solani* is found throughout the world. It was first by described by George Weber in 1930 in Florida, United States. It has since been reported in Brazil, Venezuela, India, South Africa, Spain, Australia, Egypt, and China.

Though 33 species of *Stemphylium* have been recognized, many are saprophytic. However, *S. botryosum*, *S. globuliferum*, *S. herbarum*, *S. alfalfae*, and *S. vesicarium* all cause agricultural damage including leaf spot in alfalfa and red clover, purple spot in asparagus, and leaf spot in garlic and onions. *S. veicarium* has historically been the causal agent for leaf spot in garlic and onions but since the late 1990s, *S. solani* has also been shown to be pathogenic to alliums and a significant cause of disease in Chinese garlic crops. Diagnosis of specific species is determined based on distinct conidia and conidiophore morphology, though significant overlap in characteristics makes identification difficult. DNA studies are currently the most conclusive method of correctly distinguishing species of *Stemphylium*. In addition to other strains of *Stemphyllium*, symptoms caused by *S. solani* can also be easily mistaken for *Alternaria porri* and Septoria Leaf Spot.

## InfoBox

| *Stemphylium solani* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Stemphylium solani* on tomato leaf | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Pleosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Stemphylium* |
| Species: | ***S. solani*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stemphylium solani***<br>G.F.Weber (1930) | |
|


title: Júlia Almeida

abstract: Júlia Gonçalves de Almeida is a Brazilian actress.

text:
# Júlia Almeida

**Júlia Gonçalves de Almeida** (born 5 January 1983) is a Brazilian actress.

## Biography

Julia Almeida is an actress born in Rio de Janeiro, and the daughter of the writer Manoel Carlos. She is best known for her solid television career at Rede Globo.

In 2001, Julia moved to New York City to study acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, and directing at the New York Film Academy.

In late 2006, Almeida returned to Brazil to shoot *Duas Caras*, in which she played the seductive character Fernanda. The actress has played several roles including the headstrong cinematographer Leinha in *Caminho das Índias*. The character was noted for making the *boho chic* trend popular in Brazil.

In December 2011, Almeida launched the global lifestyle and fashion online magazine, *The Mark Magazine*, with husband Sebastian Bailey.

Almeida divides her time between Rio de Janeiro, New York and London.

## Career

Júlia Almeida started her acting career in 1991, in the Rede Globo telenovela *Felicidade*. She played Duda in the 1995 telenovela *História de Amor*. Almeida participated in three other telenovelas, *Por Amor* in 1997, *Laços de Família* in 2000, and *Mulheres Apaixonadas* in 2003. Almeida played Luísa in the 2001 miniseries *Presença de Anita*. She participated in the 2004 miniseries *Um Só Coração*, and in the 2006 miniseries *JK*, both by Maria Adelaide Amaral. Almeida played the journalist Helô Machado in *JK*. In *Duas Caras*, in 2007, she played the role of a seductive character named Fernanda. In 2009, Almeida played an aspiring cineaste named Leinha in *India – A Love Story*. Almeida played the role of Lorena in the 2011 Rede Globo telenovela *A Vida da Gente*.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | *Felicidade* | Fernanda |
| 1995 | *História de Amor* | Duda (Eduarda) |
| 1997 | *Por Amor* | Natália Saboya Trajano |
| 2000 | *Laços de Família* | Estela Monteiro Fernandez |
| 2001 | *Presença de Anita* | Luísa |
| 2003 | *Mulheres Apaixonadas* | Vida "Vidinha" Ribeiro Alves Nogueira |
| 2004 | *Um Só Coração* | Adelaide Guerrini de Almeida |
| 2006 | *JK* | Helô Machado |
| 2007 | *Duas Caras* | Fernanda Carreira |
| 2009 | *Caminho das Índias* | Léia "Leinha" Félix |
| 2011 | *Divã* | Magali |
| 2011 | *A Vida da Gente* | Lorena |
| 2018 | *Tempo de Amar* | Eva |
|

## InfoBox

| Júlia Almeida | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Júlia Gonçalves de Almeida
(1983-01-05) 5 January 1983
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1991–2012, 2018 |
| Spouse | Sebastian Bailey (m. 2014) |
| Father | Manoel Carlos |


title: Spaçi

abstract: The Spaçi or Spaqi tribe is an Albanian tribe and one of the bajraks of the ethnographic Mirdita region in northern central Albania. The Spaçi tribe were one of the three traditional bajraks of Mirdita, which has now increased to five.

text:
# Spaçi

The **Spaçi** or **Spaqi** tribe is an Albanian tribe and one of the bajraks of the ethnographic Mirdita region in northern central Albania. The Spaçi tribe were one of the three traditional bajraks of Mirdita, which has now increased to five.

## Geography

Spaçi tribal territory is situated in the Mirdita municipality as well as the Gjegjan subdivision of Pukë municipality. Spaçi borders the Kabashi, Puka, Dibrri and Kushneni tribes to the west, the Thaçi tribe to the north, the Mali i Zi and Fani tribes to the east, and the Oroshi tribe to the south. The main settlements of the Spaçi tribe are Fushë-Arrëz, Gojan, Kalivare, Gjegjan, Dom, Kimëz and Spaç.

## Origins

The ancestral father of the Spaçi tribe was Dodë Biba, son of Bib Kola. Dodë was the brother of Mark Biba, the ancestral father of the Oroshi tribe, and Gjin Biba, the ancestral father of the Kushneni tribe. As such, Spaçi was one of the three traditional bajraks of Mirdita before the number increased to five. All three sons hailed from the Pashtrik region near Gjakova in Kosovo, from where they migrated to what is now Oroshi tribal territory in Mirdita.

## History

The term 'Spaçi' occurs as 'Spacci' in the 1866 memoir of French diplomat Emile Wiet. The tribe's traditional meeting place was in Kalivari. In 1892, the tribe's bajraktar was Ndoc Ndreca, the lieutenant of the kaymakam of Mirdita.

In 1903, Austrian engineer Karl Steinmetz recorded that the Spaçi consisted of 650 families. In a census taken in Albania in 1918 during the period of Austro-Hungarian administration, the population statistics of the Spaçi tribe consisted of 4,230 inhabitants in 598 households. These statistics covered the following settlements and their surroundings: Breg, Doç, Gjegjan, Gojan, Gomsiqja, Kalivarja, Kimza, Kisha e Arstit, Lumbardha, Mesul, Qafa e Malit, Shkoza, Spaç and Tuç.

## Religion

The Spaçi tribe is traditionally an entirely Catholic tribe, whose patron saint is Saint Nicholas.

## Relation with other tribes

Due to the fact that the Spaçi tribe is one of the original three bajraks of Mirdita alongside Kushneni and Oroshi, members of the three tribes are consanguineous and therefore do not intermarry with each other. Members of the Spaçi can, however, intermarry with members of the Dibrri or Fani, the other two bajraks of Mirdita.


title: Eileen Wearne

abstract: Alice Eileen Wearne was an Australian sprinter. She competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics, and won gold and bronze medals at the 1938 British Empire Games.

text:
# Eileen Wearne

**Alice Eileen Wearne** (30 January 1912 – 7 July 2007) was an Australian sprinter. She competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics, and won gold and bronze medals at the 1938 British Empire Games.

## Athletic career

Wearne was selected in the Australian Olympic team as a sprinter and was the second woman selected to represent Australia in athletics at the Olympic Games after Edith Robinson. She competed in the 100-metre sprint competition finishing fourth in her heat.

Wearne continued to participate in athletic events in Australia during the 1930s and won New South Wales and Australian championships enjoying a healthy rivalry with Robinson. However, she did not compete in the 1934 British Empire Games or 1936 Summer Olympics. She entered the 1938 British Empire Games which were held in Sydney. Wearne finished third in the 220-yard sprint behind fellow Australians Decima Norman and Jean Coleman. She was a member of the 440-yard relay gold medal team with Norman. Wearne was the first woman to represent Australia at both the Olympics and British Empire Games with Victorian high jumper Doris Carter.

## After athletics

Wearne continued to be active in the Olympic movement in Australia. She lived to be 95 making her Australia's longest lived Olympian before her death in July 2007.

## InfoBox

Eileen Wearne
| Eileen Wearne training at Manual Arts High School, Los Angeles, 1932 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | 30 January 1912
Enfield, New South Wales |
| Died | 6 July 2007 (aged 95)
Sydney, Australia |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | 100 m, 200 m |
| Club | Western Suburbs AAC, Sydney |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) | 100 m – 12.3 (1932)
200 m – 25.0 (1938) |
| Medal record      Representing  Australia  British Empire Games  1938 Sydney  3×110/220 yd  1938 Sydney  220 yards | |


title: 1933–34 Scottish Division Two

abstract: The 1933–34 Scottish Second Division was the second tier football league of Scotland that was won by Albion Rovers who, along with second placed Dunfermline Athletic, were promoted to the First Division. Edinburgh City finished bottom.

text:
# 1933–34 Scottish Division Two

The **1933–34 Scottish Second Division** was the second tier football league of Scotland that was won by Albion Rovers who, along with second placed Dunfermline Athletic, were promoted to the First Division. Edinburgh City finished bottom.

## Table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Albion Rovers | 34 | 20 | 5 | 9 | 74 | 47 | +27 | 45 | Promotion to the 1934–35 First Division |
| 2 | Dunfermline Athletic | 34 | 20 | 4 | 10 | 90 | 52 | +38 | | 44 |
| 3 | Arbroath | 34 | 20 | 4 | 10 | 83 | 53 | +30 | 44 |  |
| 4 | Stenhousemir | 34 | 18 | 4 | 12 | 70 | 73 | 3 | | 40 |
| 5 | Morton | 34 | 17 | 5 | 12 | 67 | 64 | +3 | | 39 |
| 6 | Dumbarton | 34 | 17 | 3 | 14 | 67 | 68 | 1 | | 37 |
| 7 | King's Park | 34 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 78 | 70 | +8 | | 36 |
| 8 | Raith Rovers | 34 | 15 | 5 | 14 | 71 | 55 | +16 | | 35 |
| 9 | East Stirlingshire | 34 | 14 | 7 | 13 | 65 | 74 | 9 | | 35 |
| 10 | St Bernard's | 34 | 15 | 4 | 15 | 75 | 56 | +19 | | 34 |
| 11 | Forfar Athletic | 34 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 77 | 71 | +6 | | 33 |
| 12 | Leith Athletic | 34 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 63 | 60 | +3 | | 32 |
| 13 | East Fife | 34 | 12 | 8 | 14 | 71 | 76 | 5 | | 32 |
| 14 | Brechin City | 34 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 60 | 70 | 10 | | 31 |
| 15 | Alloa Athletic | 34 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 55 | 68 | 13 | | 31 |
| 16 | Montrose | 34 | 11 | 4 | 19 | 53 | 81 | 28 | | 26 |
| 17 | Dundee United | 34 | 10 | 4 | 20 | 81 | 88 | 7 | | 24 |
| 18 | Edinburgh City | 34 | 4 | 6 | 24 | 37 | 111 | 74 | | 14 |

Source: "1933-1934 Division 2 - SPFL Archive". *SPFL* (in Malay). Retrieved 2021-04-29.

## InfoBox

Scottish Second Division
| Season | 1933–34 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Albion Rovers |
| Promoted | Albion Rovers<br>Dunfermline Athletic |
| 1932–33 1934–35 | |


abstract: The Sir William Dunn Professorship of Biochemistry is the senior professorship in biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. The position was established in 1914 by the trustees of the will of Sir William Dunn, banker, merchant and philanthropist. The first holder of the chair was Frederick Gowland Hopkins, winner of the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the discovery of vitamins.

text:
# Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry

The **Sir William Dunn Professorship of Biochemistry** is the senior professorship in biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. The position was established in 1914 by the trustees of the will of Sir William Dunn, banker, merchant and philanthropist.

The first holder of the chair was Frederick Gowland Hopkins, winner of the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the discovery of vitamins.

## Sir William Dunn Professors


title: Rudi Čajavec

abstract: Rudi Čajavec was a Yugoslav pilot, best known as the first airman of the Partisan air force. Rudi Čajavec was born in Zgošća, Kakanj municipality, Bosnia to a family that originally came from Hrvatsko Zagorje. Before the war he studied law at University of Belgrade where he participated in various left-wing groups and was arrested. He also finished school for reserve officers and was a trained pilot. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and establishment of the Independent State of Croatia he came to Banja Luka where he joined the resistance movement. As a reserve lieutenant he was drafted into the Croatian Air Force of the NDH. On 21 May 1942 he flew his Breguet 19 biplane and defected with his gunner Dragutin Mišo Jazbec to Partisans. He landed near Partisan-controlled Prijedor. The date would later be marked as the Day of Yugoslav Air Force. Partisans immediately started to use their own plane. On 2 July 1942 Čajavec made an air raid on Banja Luka, which included strafing the local airfield, dropping bombs on important city buildings as well as leaflets on city streets. The plane was damaged by anti-aircraft artillery, and Čajavec was forced to crashland on territory controlled by Chetniks. After they surrounded him, Čajavec committed suicide to avoid being captured. After the war Čajavec received the title of People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Rudi Čajavec, a consumer and military electronics company, was named after him. The plot of the 1979 film Partizanska eskadrila was partially inspired by his actions.

text:
# Rudi Čajavec

**Rudi Čajavec** (1 April 1911 – 2 July 1942) was a Yugoslav pilot (from Zgošća, Bosnia and Herzegovina), best known as the first airman of the Partisan air force.

Rudi Čajavec was born in Zgošća, Kakanj municipality, Bosnia to a family that originally came from Hrvatsko Zagorje. Before the war he studied law at University of Belgrade where he participated in various left-wing groups and was arrested. He also finished school for reserve officers and was a trained pilot. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and establishment of the Independent State of Croatia he came to Banja Luka where he joined the resistance movement. As a reserve lieutenant he was drafted into the Croatian Air Force of the NDH.

On 21 May 1942 he flew his Breguet 19 biplane and defected with his gunner Dragutin Mišo Jazbec to Partisans. He landed near Partisan-controlled Prijedor. The date would later be marked as the Day of Yugoslav Air Force.

Partisans immediately started to use their own plane. On 2 July 1942 Čajavec made an air raid on Banja Luka, which included strafing the local airfield, dropping bombs on important city buildings as well as leaflets on city streets. The plane was damaged by anti-aircraft artillery, and Čajavec was forced to crashland on territory controlled by Chetniks. After they surrounded him, Čajavec committed suicide to avoid being captured.

After the war Čajavec received the title of People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Rudi Čajavec, a consumer and military electronics company, was named after him.

The plot of the 1979 film *Partizanska eskadrila* was partially inspired by his actions.


title: Spikethumb frog

abstract: Spikethumb frogs are a genus (Plectrohyla) of frogs in the family Hylidae found in Central America from southern Mexico through Guatemala and northern El Salvador to central and northern Honduras. A major revision of the Hylidae moved an additional 21 species to this genus from the genus Hyla. The additional species moved to Plectrohyla were identified as the Hyla bistincta group, also called the Plectrohyla bistincta group; a separate group from the initial Plectrohyla guatemalensis group. This phylogenetic classification was later revised by moving the Plectrohyla bistincta group from the genus Plectrohyla into a new genus called Sarcohyla. Meanwhile, the guatemalensis group remained in Plectrohyla. They are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs, which is called a prepollex. The genus name comes from the Greek word plēktron ("spur") and hyla.

text:
# Spikethumb frog

**Spikethumb frogs** are a genus (***Plectrohyla***) of frogs in the family Hylidae found in Central America from southern Mexico through Guatemala and northern El Salvador to central and northern Honduras. A major revision of the Hylidae moved an additional 21 species to this genus from the genus *Hyla*. The additional species moved to *Plectrohyla* were identified as the *Hyla bistincta* group, also called the *Plectrohyla bistincta* group; a separate group from the initial *Plectrohyla guatemalensis* group. This phylogenetic classification was later revised by moving the *Plectrohyla bistincta* group from the genus *Plectrohyla* into a new genus called *Sarcohyla*. Meanwhile, the *guatemalensis* group remained in *Plectrohyla*. They are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs, which is called a prepollex. The genus name comes from the Greek word *plēktron* ("spur") and *hyla* (the genus in which it was formerly placed).

## Species

The following species are recognized in the genus *Plectrohyla*:

| Binomial name and author | Common name |
| --- | --- |
|
| *Plectrohyla acanthodes* (Duellman and Campbell, 1992) | Thorny spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla avia* (Stuart, 1952) | Greater spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla calvata* (McCranie, 2017) |  |
| *Plectrohyla chrysopleura* (Wilson, McCranie & Cruz-Díaz, 1994) |  |
| *Plectrohyla dasypus* (McCranie & Wilson, 1981) | Honduras spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla exquisita* (McCranie & Wilson, 1998) |  |
| *Plectrohyla glandulosa* (Boulenger, 1883) | Forest spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla guatemalensis* (Brocchi, 1877) | Guatemala spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla hartwegi* (Duellman, 1968) | Hartweg's spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla hazelae* (Taylor, 1940) | Hazel's tree frog |
| *Plectrohyla ixil* (Stuart, 1942) | Ixil spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla lacertosa* (Bumzahem & Smith, 1954) | Pop-eyed spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla matudai* (Hartweg, 1941) | Matuda's spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla pokomchi* (Duellman & Campbell, 1984) | Rio Sananja spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla psiloderma* (McCranie & Wilson, 1999) |  |
| *Plectrohyla pycnochila* (Rabb, 1959) | Thick-lipped spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla quecchi* (Stuart, 1942) | Las Palmas spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla sagorum* (Hartweg, 1941) | Arcane spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla tecunumani* (Duellman & Campbell, 1984) | Cave spikethumb frog |
| *Plectrohyla teuchestes* (Duellman & Campbell, 1992) | Alta Verapaz spikethumb frog |
|
|

## Appearance

Spikethumb frogs range from 44 to 90 mm in adults, and have thick, glandular skin. Coloration ranges between shades of green, brown, and red. *Plectrohyla* have an enlarged prepollex, which is a rudimentary additional digit near the thumb, that contains a sharp projecting spine. The premaxilla is a bone in the anterior portion of the skull that has a bony outgrowth called the alary process, which projects posteriorly and divides into two branches. Secondary sex characteristics in males include elongated premaxillary and maxillary teeth, in addition to swelling of the upper lip during breeding.

## Habitat

The genus *Plectrohyla* inhabit cold streams and ravines in montane and cloud forests. Characteristics of these streams include many rocks, crevices, small waterfalls, and a current to maintain water oxygenation levels. Species of *Plectrohyla* remain near these streams year-round, often utilizing the same rock crevices for feeding and reproduction.

## Reproduction

During copulation, external fertilization is exhibited. As a female spikethumb frog releases her eggs into the water, an amplectant male fertilizes her eggs. Axillary amplexus is the process in which a male positions itself on the back of a female, using its arms to encircle the female's body, so that it can fertilize the female's eggs as they are released. These fertilized eggs then develop along the edges and base of the mating site.

### Male-male competition

Male spikethumb frogs of some species, such as *P. guatemalensis*, are often found calling from the crevices between rocks of streams. They utilize the same location along a stream for extended periods of time, where they can call for females, mate with females, and guard their fertilized eggs. The vocalizations of males have been recorded, however further research is required to determine whether vocalizations are used for displaying aggression towards nearby males. Vocalization is not universal amongst males in the genus however, as *P. Hartwegi* lack vocal sacs and vocal slits.

Research suggests that males engage in male-male combat to maintain control of their mating sites, located within the crevices between rocks, as mating sites are likely a limiting resource. The prepollex may be used during this combat, leaving scars on the head and forelimbs of males. These scars are not observed on females.

### Copulation

Spikethumb frogs reproduce in streams using axillary amplexus, a process that can take hours or days. Male spikethumb frogs display two secondary sexual characteristics that are used during reproduction. These include swollen upper lips and long premaxillary and maxillary teeth that protrude down beyond the lip. The upper lip of females contains ordinary mucous glands, and these differ from the glands in the male's upper lip, which largely contains specialized mucous glands, also called breeding glands. Ordinary glands are often found equally distributed throughout the body, which differ from specialized glands that are specifically located, often to perform a specific function.

In *Plectrohyla*, the specialized mucous glands in the lips of males produce sodefrin precursor-like factors (SPF), which function as allohormones. Allohormones are substances that are directly transmitted from one individual to another, circumventing the special senses, and can have various effects on copulation, including increased female receptivity, inhibition of remating, and altered sperm storage in females. Male spikethumb frogs deliver allohormones via tramautic mating, in which the male presses its swollen upper lip and protruding premaxillary and maxillary teeth into the back of the female, leaving scratches on the female's back. These scratches allow for direct transmission of the SPF allohormone into the bloodstream of the female, preventing loss to the environment. These differ from pheromones, which are released into the environment and detected via the special senses. Upon transmission into the bloodstream, SPF allohormones function by shortening courtship duration, however the exact effect of SPF allohormones on the physiological and behavioral changes to the female have not been determined. Shortened courtship duration reduces risks of predation during copulation, increasing fitness.

This copulatory mechanism resembles the condition of the plethodontid salamander, in which males use their elongated teeth to scratch the backs of females to deliver allohormones directly from the mental glands on their chin. These allohormones increase female receptivity, which results in increased probability that the female will accept the male's sperm.

## InfoBox

| Spikethumb frogs | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Plectrohyla dasypus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Subfamily: | Hylinae |
| Genus: | *Plectrohyla*<br>Brocchi, 1877 |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |


title: Linda Sikora

abstract: Linda Sikora is an artist known for her ceramics. She attended the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and the University of Minnesota. She is a professor of ceramics at Alfred University. She received a United States Artists Fellowship grant in 2020. Her work is in the collections of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Minneapolis Institute of Art Her series, Faux Wood Group, was acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign.

text:
# Linda Sikora

**Linda Sikora** (born 1960, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is an artist known for her ceramics. She attended the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and the University of Minnesota. She is a professor of ceramics at Alfred University. She received a United States Artists Fellowship grant in 2020. Her work is in the collections of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Minneapolis Institute of Art Her series, *Faux Wood Group*, was acquired by the Smithsonian American Art Museum as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign.

## InfoBox

| Linda Sikora | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1960 (1960)<br>Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Known for | Ceramicist, educator |
| Website | lindasikora.com |


title: The Wayne and The Waldorf Apartments

abstract: The Wayne and The Waldorf Apartments are two historic apartment buildings located in downtown Buffalo, Erie County, New York. They were built about 1897, and are twin four-story, three-bay, painted brick buildings with modest Colonial Revival style detailing. Each building houses four apartment suites, or “flats” per floor for a total of 16 apartment units. The buildings are situated along Waldorf Place, a small private lane running between the two. The buildings have been renovated. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

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# The Wayne and The Waldorf Apartments

**The Wayne and The Waldorf Apartments** are two historic apartment buildings located in downtown Buffalo, Erie County, New York. They were built about 1897, and are twin four-story, three-bay, painted brick buildings with modest Colonial Revival style detailing. Each building houses four apartment suites, or “flats” per floor for a total of 16 apartment units. The buildings are situated along Waldorf Place, a small private lane running between the two. The buildings have been renovated.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## InfoBox

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| --- | --- |
| The Wayne and The Waldorf Apartments | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
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| The Wayne and The Waldorf Apartments, October 2014 | |
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| Location | 1106 Main St., Buffalo, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°54′20″N 78°52′30″W / 42.90556°N 78.87500°W / 42.90556; -78.87500 |
| Area | .53 acres (0.21 ha) |
| Built | c. 1897 (1897) |
| Architect | William H. Archer |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 14000912 |
| Added to NRHP | November 12, 2014 |