title: Ekman family

abstract: The Ekman family played an important role in the Industrialization of Sweden during the 18th and the 19th century. Its family members owned iron mines and mills, paper mills, sugar mills, railroads, channels, manufacturing companies, and banks. The hub of the business activities was Ekman & Co. Large donations from the family during the early 20th century led to the establishment of the School of Business, Economics and Law and the Ekman Hospital. The family still remains active in Swedish business.

text:
# Ekman family

The **Ekman family** played an important role in the Industrialization of Sweden during the 18th and the 19th century. Its family members owned iron mines and mills, paper mills, sugar mills, railroads, channels, manufacturing companies, and banks. The hub of the business activities was Ekman & Co.

Large donations from the family during the early 20th century led to the establishment of the School of Business, Economics and Law (now part of the University of Gothenburg) and the Ekman Hospital (*Ekmanska sjukhuset*).

The family still remains active in Swedish business.

## Ekman & Co

**Ekman & Co** is a Swedish trading house, that was founded in 1802 in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is one of the oldest, still existing companies in Sweden.

During the Swedish industrialization the company sold and shipped large quantities of iron, pulp and paper from Gothenburg to Europe. The trading house also worked as a bank, playing an important role in financing the Swedish basic industry. The company was one of the co-founders of Skandinaviska Banken. Today Ekman & Co sells pulp and paper. The annual sales of the company are 1,7 billion USD. Ekman & Co is still owned by the Ekman family.

## Sources

* Oscar Mannström (red); *Oscar Ekman - en minnesbok 1812-1907*, P A Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm 1922
* Arne Munthe, fil dr; *Släkten Ekman - Handelshuset Ekman & Co:s föregångare*, John Antonssons Boktryckeri, Göteborg 1958
* *Svenska släktkalendern 1962*, red. fil lic Torsten Dahl, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm 1962 s. 178-185
* *Sveriges dödbok 1947-2003*, (CD-ROM version 3.0), utgiven av Sveriges Släktforskarförbund 2005
* *Göteborgare*, \[andra samlingen\], kammarherre Magnus Lagerberg, Åhlén & Åkerlunds Förlag, Ernfried Nybergs Boktryckeri, Stockholm 1914 s. 160 \>\>
* *Det gamla Göteborg: lokalhistoriska skildringar, personalia och kulturdrag - staden i väster*, Första delen, C R A Fredberg (1921), Faksimil med omfattande kommentarer och tillägg, Sven Schånberg, Arvid Flygare, Bertil Nyberg, Walter Ekstrands Bokförlag 1977 ISBN 91-7408-015-6 s. 861
* *Svenska släktkalendern 1914*, Gustaf Elgenstierna, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm 1913 s. 178
* *Släkten Ekman : Handelshuset Ekman & Co:s föregångare*, fil dr Arne Munthe, utgiven av Ekman & Co, Göteborg 1958
* Ekman & co

* Omvälvningarnas tid : handelshuset "Ekman i Göteborg på en europeisk kreditmarknad 1790-1820" / Magnus Andersson ; \[foton: Magnus Andersson och Allan Dalhede\]
* Foretagsamheten.se
* Family website


title: El Salvador at the 2000 Summer Olympics

text:
# El Salvador at the 2000 Summer Olympics

El Salvador competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, from 15 September to 1 October 2000. This was the nation's seventh appearance at the Olympics.

Comité Olímpico de El Salvador sent a total of 8 athletes to the Games, 4 men and 4 women, to compete in 7 sports. Weightlifter Eva Dimas was chosen to carry her nation's flag during the opening ceremony.

## Competitors

Comité Olímpico de El Salvador selected a team of 8 athletes, 4 men and 4 women, to compete in 7 sports. Cyclist Maureen Kaila, at age 35, was the oldest athlete of the team, while pistol shooter Luisa Maida was the youngest at age 20.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Archery | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Cycling | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Judo | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Shooting | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Swimming | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Weightlifting | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 4 | 4 | 8 |

## Archery

Men

In El Salvadors's debut archery competition, the nation entered only one man. He lost his first match.

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Round of 64 | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | |
| Cristóbal Merlos | Individual | 588 | 55 | Wunderle (USA)
**L** 160–150 | did not advance | | | | | |

## Athletics

Men Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Tony Serpas | 100 m | 10.63 | 6 | did not advance | | | |

Women Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank |
| Ivis Martínez | 20 km walk | 1:38:07 | 34 |

## Cycling

### Track

Women

| Athlete | Event | Points | Laps | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maureen Kaila Vergara | Women's points race | 0 | 0 | 17 |

## Judo

Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Miguel Antonio Moreno | 66 kg | BYE | David Somerville (GBR)
**L** 0000-1000 | did not advance | | | | | | | AC |

## Shooting

Women

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Score | Rank | Score | Rank |
| Luisa Cristina Maida | 10 m air pistol | 368 | 36 | did not advance | |
| | 25 m pistol | 557 | 41 | did not advance | |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Francisco Suriano | 100 m breaststroke | 01:04.31 | 37 | did not advance | | | |
| | 200 m breaststroke | 02:20.10 | 35 | did not advance | | | |

## Weightlifting

Women

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & Jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| Eva Dimas | 69 kg | 92.5 | =11 | 110.0 | 12 | 202.5 | 12 |

General * Wallechinsky, David (2004). *The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Athens 2004 Edition)*. Toronto, Canada. ISBN 1-894963-32-6.
* International Olympic Committee (2001). The Results. Retrieved 12 November 2005.
* Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 1: Preparing for the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
* Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad Volume 2: Celebrating the Games. Retrieved 20 November 2005.
* Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2001). The Results. Retrieved 20 November 2005.

Specific

## InfoBox

| El Salvador at the
2000 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | ESA |
| NOC | El Salvador Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.teamesa.org (in Spanish) |
| in Sydney | |
| Competitors | 8 (4 men and 4 women) in 7 sports |
| Flag bearer | Eva Dimas |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Prunum negoi

abstract: Prunum negoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Prunum negoi

***Prunum negoi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Prunum negoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Genus: | *Prunum* |
| Species: | ***P. negoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunum negoi***<br>Cossignani, 2005 | |
|


title: Ľudovít Štúr Square

abstract: Ľudovít Štúr Square is a square in the Old Town district of Bratislava. It is named after Ľudovít Štúr, a Slovak national awakener. Until 1918 it had the German and Hungarian names Krönungs-hügel-Platz and Koronázási Domb-tér, meaning Coronation Hill Square. It is located near the Danube embankment, between Mostova Street, Rázus Embankment and Vajanského Embankment. Among the important buildings are the headquarters of the Slovak Philharmonic Reduta, Esterházy Palace and Dežőfi Palace.

text:
# Ľudovít Štúr Square

**Ľudovít Štúr Square** is a square in the Old Town district of Bratislava.

It is named after Ľudovít Štúr (1815 – 1856), a Slovak national awakener. Until 1918 it had the German and Hungarian names *Krönungs-hügel-Platz* and *Koronázási Domb-tér*, meaning *Coronation Hill Square*. It is located near the Danube embankment, between Mostova Street, Rázus Embankment and Vajanského Embankment.

Among the important buildings are the headquarters of the Slovak Philharmonic Reduta, Esterházy Palace and Dežőfi Palace.

## Transport connection

## InfoBox

Ľudovít Štúr Square
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Square |
| Location | Old Town, Bratislava |
| Coordinates | 48°08′25″N 17°06′36″E / 48.140243°N 17.109915°E / 48.140243; 17.109915 |


title: Petrophile plumosa

abstract: Petrophile plumosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to southwestern Western Australia. It is a shrub with rigid, sharply-pointed, sometimes lobed leaves, and more or less spherical heads of hairy, pale yellow flowers.

text:
# Petrophile plumosa

***Petrophile plumosa*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to southwestern Western Australia. It is a shrub with rigid, sharply-pointed, sometimes lobed leaves, and more or less spherical heads of hairy, pale yellow flowers.

## Description

*Petrophile plumosa* is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.5–1.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 4 ft 11 in) and has hoary branchlets. The leaves are spatula-shaped, flattened, 13–32 mm (0.51–1.26 in) long on a petiole 6–20 mm (0.24–0.79 in) long and sharply-pointed, sometimes with two or three sharply-pointed lobes 2–6 mm (0.079–0.236 in) long. The flowers are arranged on the ends of branchlets in sessile, more or less spherical heads 20–25 mm (0.79–0.98 in) long, with egg-shaped to oblong involucral bracts at the base. The flowers are 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long, pale yellow and densely hairy. Flowering occurs from July to November and the fruit is a nut, fused with others in an oval head about 25 mm (0.98 in) long.

## Taxonomy

*Petrophile plumosa* was first formally described in 1855 by Carl Meissner in *Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany* from material collected by James Drummond. The specific epithet (*plumosa*) means "covered with feathers" referring to the hairy branchlets.

## Distribution and habitat

This petrophile grows in shrubland in loamy soils over laterite on sandplain and gravelly hills in the Moore River area.

## Conservation status

*Petrophile plumosa* is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

## InfoBox

| *Petrophile plumosa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Near Moora | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority Three — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales |
| Family: | Proteaceae |
| Genus: | *Petrophile* |
| Species: | ***P. plumosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Petrophile plumosa***
Meisn. | |
|


title: Por tu amor

abstract: Por tu amor is a Mexican telenovela produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for Televisa in 1999. It aired on Canal de las Estrellas from May 31 to October 1, 1999. In the United States, it aired on Univision from May 8 to September 15, 2000. Gabriela Spanic and Saúl Lisazo starred as protagonists, while Katie Barberi, Mauricio Aspe, Claudio Báez and Gerardo Albarrán starred as antagonists. Gerardo Murguía, Roberto Vander and Margarita Magaña starred as stellar performances.

text:
# Por tu amor

***Por tu amor*** (English: *For your love*) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for Televisa in 1999. It aired on Canal de las Estrellas from May 31 to October 1, 1999. In the United States, it aired on Univision from May 8 to September 15, 2000.

Gabriela Spanic and Saúl Lisazo starred as protagonists, while Katie Barberi, Mauricio Aspe, Claudio Báez and Gerardo Albarrán starred as antagonists. Gerardo Murguía, Roberto Vander and Margarita Magaña starred as stellar performances.

## Plot

The residences of little coast town San Carlos are living peacefully, until the arrival of the rich, mysterious man Marco Duran (Saul Lizaso).

Marco's presence will awake old stories and burn big passions.

Maria del Cielo (Gabriela Spanic) is a pretty girl that easily captured Marco's interest. He sees in her the girl he had always dreamed about.

On the other hand, Maria del Cielo sees him as nothing but an intruder.

Cielo is a very proud girl. She lives with her father, Nicolas, her grandmother, Paz and her sister Brisa (Margarita Mangana). She took the role of her mother to Brisa since they have lost their mom when they were just little girls.

Cielo is engaged to a town doctor, Sergio Zambrano (Gerardo Murguia).

During the wedding preparations, she learned that Sergio has fallen under the influence of her sister Brisa and that he spent a wild passionate night on a beach with her.

To keep the good family name, Cielo sacrificed her love. She broke up her engagement to Sergio and forced him to marry her sister Brisa instead.

Towards Marco, Cielo shows nothing but despise and contempt, she is not aware that slowly, she started to fall in love with him.

Marco doesn't know his biological roots; he grew up as an orphan and that left big trails in his life. But, in spite of that, with his persistence, he made big fortune. In front of Cielo, he acts like a bastard, without any manners and education. Even when he is in love with Cielo; he has his long time mistress, Miranda (Katie Barberi).

Miranda is a young adventuress, who is capable of doing everything to have Marco marry her. The big part in San Carlos belongs to Raquel and a secret she thought was buried deep in the past. Meanwhile, Sergio is unhappy with his own marriage, he comes to bother Cielo all the time. To counter, Cielo accepted Marco's marriage proposal.

Now, there are a lot of things working against Marco and Cielo and Miranda comes with a vengeance to take what she thought belonged to her.

## Cast

* Gabriela Spanic as María del Cielo "Cielo" Montalvo Arizmendi de Durán/Aurora Arizmendi de Montalvo
* Saúl Lisazo as Marco Durán
* Katie Barberi as Miranda Narváez de Durán
* Gerardo Murguía as Dr. Sergio Zambrano
* Roberto Vander as Nicolás Montalvo Gallardo
* Irán Eory as Paz "Mamá Paz" Gallardo Vda. de Montalvo
* Margarita Magaña as Brisa Montalvo Arizmendi de Zambrano
* Joaquín Cordero as Lázaro Robledo
* Lourdes Munguía as Alma Ledesma de Higueras/Mayra Rivas
* Alfonso Iturralde as Rafael Luévano
* Norma Lazareno as Adelaida Vda. de Zambrano
* Mauricio Aspe as René Higueras Ledesma
* Aitor Iturrioz as Agustín Higueras Ledesma
* Adriana Nieto as Abigaíl Parra/Abigaíl Durán Parra
* Claudio Báez as Luciano Higueras
* Jorge Poza as David Parra
* Yadira Santana as Raquel Parra
* Roberto Ballesteros as Sandro Valle
* Isaura Espinoza as Alejandra Avellán de Robledo
* Gabriela Goldsmith as Sonia Narváez
* Lourdes Reyes as María Fernanda "Marifé" Cifuentes Álvarez
* Guillermo Aguilar as Father Ponciano
* Gerardo Albarrán as Julián Leyva
* Sergio Sánchez as Don Eliseo Cifuentes
* Maleni Morales as Carlota Álvarez de Cifuentes
* Carlos Monden as Arquitecto Leoncio Ariza
* Graciela Estrada as Petra
* Daniel Gauvry as Mauricio Torres
* Rosita Bouchot as Azucena
* Melba Luna as Hilaria
* Vicky Rodel as Olga
* Pilar Escalante as Hilda
* Ramiro Torres as Jesús Cifuentes Álvarez
* Irma Torres as Bruja
* Liza Willert as Roxana
* Marlene Favela as Mónica
* Gustavo Negrete as Arquitecto Monroy
* José Antonio Estrada as Fausto
* Javier Ortiz as Pablo
* Claudia Palacios as Rosalba
* Carlos Bracho as Luévano
* Fátima Torre as Flor
* Polly as Pilar
* Patricia Martínez as Josefina
* Raquel Pankowsky as Dra. Obregón
* Rodolfo Lago as Juez Pereyra
* Eduardo Liñán as Lic. Medina
* Servando Manzetti as Álvaro
* Justo Martínez as Guillén
* Pedro Romo as Rubalcaba
* Alejandro Rábago as Lic. Alcalá
* Raúl Valerio as Don Rigoberto
* Rocío Yaber as Ximena Salazar
* Ingrid Martz as Paz Gallardo (young)
* Mario Garballido as Arquitecto Leoncio Ariza (young)
* Grettel Valdez as Alejandra Avellán (young)
* Javier Herranz as Lazaro Robledo (young)
* Ricardo Chávez as Theater actor
* Roger Cudney as Doctor
* Omar Ayala as Sailor
* José Luis Montemayor as Pablo's friend

## InfoBox

| *Por tu amor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Telenovela
Romance
Drama |
| Created by | Caridad Bravo Adams |
| Written by | Gabriela Ortigoza
Ricardo Fiallega
Juan Carlos Tejeda
Carmen Sepúlveda
Begoña Fernández |
| Directed by | Luis Eduardo Reyes
Alfredo Gurrola
Lily Garza
Benjamín Pineda |
| Starring | Gabriela Spanic
Saúl Lisazo
Katie Barberi
Gerardo Murguía
Roberto Vander |
| Opening theme | *Por tu amor* by Charlie Zaa |
| Country of origin | Mexico |
| Original language | Spanish (1999) |
| No. of episodes | 90 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Angelli Nesma Medina |
| Producer | María de Jesús Arellano |
| Production locations | **Filming**
Televisa San Ángel
Mexico City, Mexico
**Locations**
San Carlos, Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
Chicago, United States |
| Cinematography | Gilberto Macín
Roberto Zamora Soldevilla |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 41-44 minutes |
| Production company | Televisa |
| Original release | |
| Network | Canal de las Estrellas |
| Release | May 31 (1999-05-31)
October 1, 1999 (1999-10-01) |
| Related | |
| *El Otro (1960)* | |


title: Borders Family History Society

abstract: Borders Family History Society, (BFHS), founded in 1985, is a members and research society which concentrates on the Scottish Borders region in south-eastern Scotland, comprising the ancient pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Selkirkshire and Peeblesshire, as well as small parts of the former counties of Midlothian, and adjacent counties in England. They have map diagrams of the counties and their parishes. The Society's Patron is the Earl of Lauderdale, who is also the Hereditary Flag-Bearer for Scotland and Chief of the Clan Maitland.

text:
# Borders Family History Society

**Borders Family History Society**, (BFHS), founded in 1985, is a members and research society which concentrates on the Scottish Borders region in south-eastern Scotland, comprising the ancient pre-1975 counties of Roxburghshire, Berwickshire, Selkirkshire and Peeblesshire, as well as small parts of the former counties of Midlothian (formerly Edinburghshire), and adjacent counties in England. They have map diagrams of the counties and their parishes.

The Society's Patron is the Earl of Lauderdale, who is also the Hereditary Flag-Bearer for Scotland and Chief of the Clan Maitland.

## Headquarters

Their premises are at 52 Overhaugh St, Galashiels, TD1 1 DP, Scotland. The premises contain an extensive library of books, microfiche, microfilms, CDs, family trees, and magazines from some other family history societies - catalogues of which are on their website. There is also an archive and search room, and a study room. There is disabled access. Opening hours vary and are shown on the website.

Enquirers can carry out research in the Society's premises or request them to do research for you. The Society encourages family historians to further their genealogical research by recording Surname Interests (free), viewing others' Queries and Surname Interests (currently 7,900 interests recorded - covering about 2,650 surnames), searching the indexes to their publications: the Gravestones Index covering over 5,170 distinct surnames, the Magazine Article Index with over 1,500 different topics, the Family Trees Index (an index to family trees / pedigree charts) with over 4,100 distinct surnames, on their website.

## Events & Meetings

For 8 months of the year starting in September they hold monthly Sunday afternoon lecture meetings in Galashiels, a central point in their 'constituency', and occasionally other places in the Scottish Borders, and admission is free; please see details of the lectures and other events.

To celebrate their silver jubilee they held a Family and Local History Fair and Conference on 9 October 2010 in Melrose, and there were talks by well-known local speakers.

The Society were the hosts for the Scottish Association of Family History Societies family history conference and history fair held in Galashiels, Scotland in May 2013. There were 160 genealogical delegates and more than 330 people all told visited the fair. The theme was "Migration" and there were five talks from internationally well-known speakers. The research room was exceedingly busy all day, and there were queues at many of the other advice stalls. The conference and history fair received widespread praise from delegates and thanks from exhibitors. Details of the next Scottish Association of Family History Societies family history conference and history fair.

## Transcribing Records

The Society record monumental/gravestone/tombstone inscriptions, and research local social history, publishing the results in books and CDs; they also market other relevant genealogical publications.

A team of Society volunteers have transcribed and indexed digitised Poor Law records for various Borders parishes for the period 1845 to 1933. These records are about applications for poor relief made by people who were settled in a Borders parish, but not necessarily living there, and provide unique information about the applicants, their families and their life; thus it could help you track down a person’s previous or subsequent address if they moved away from their birth parish. Similarly, they’ll also be of interest to people whose ancestors were not born in the Borders but may have lived or died in the Borders. Details included in the index to the Poor Law Records comprise names, place of birth, age or date of birth, address, other family members, description of disablement, date of death, and there’s more information on the images themselves, including occupation, benefit received.

To search for a name see their Poor Law Records Index, for more details, see the Borders Poor Law Records volumes they've published.

A team of volunteers are actively transcribing and indexing digitised police and criminal records for various Borders parishes for the 19th century.

## Magazine

Members receive the 44 page *Borders Family History Society Magazine* three times a year, and the Society's elected Officers and governing Council members appear on the back cover. Members also receive discounts on the society's monumental inscriptions volumes, research service as well as free access to GEDCOM family trees by email. You can become a member by joining online.

The Society currently has over 870 members worldwide and is a member of the Scottish Association of Family History Societies.

## Website


title: Bill Cornett

abstract: "Banjo" Bill Cornett (1890–1960) was a traditional folk singer and banjo player from Eastern Kentucky. Cornett was born on July 2, 1890, in Knott County, Kentucky. His music was recorded by John Cohen for Folkways and appears on the album Mountain Music of Kentucky. In 1956 he was elected as State Representative in Kentucky and he once played his composition “Old Age Pension Blues” on the floor of the Legislature. On January 12, 1960, he died of a heart attack while playing his banjo in a Frankfort, Kentucky, restaurant. Banjo Bill was thought to have originally written “Man of Constant Sorrow”, made famous by Alison Krauss & Union Station. Early memories from his family recall him singing and picking the song around the house.

text:
# Bill Cornett

**"Banjo" Bill Cornett** (1890–1960) was a traditional folk singer and banjo player from Eastern Kentucky.

Cornett was born on July 2, 1890, in Knott County, Kentucky. His music was recorded by John Cohen for Folkways and appears on the album *Mountain Music of Kentucky.* In 1956 he was elected as State Representative in Kentucky and he once played his composition “Old Age Pension Blues” on the floor of the Legislature. On January 12, 1960, he died of a heart attack while playing his banjo in a Frankfort, Kentucky, restaurant. Banjo Bill was thought to have originally written “Man of Constant Sorrow”, made famous by Alison Krauss & Union Station. Early memories from his family recall him singing and picking the song around the house.


title: Synovectomy

abstract: Synovectomy is the surgical removal of the synovial tissue surrounding a joint. This procedure is typically recommended to provide relief from a condition in which the synovial membrane or the joint lining becomes inflamed and irritated and is not controlled by medication alone. If arthritis is not controlled, it can lead to irreversible joint damage. The synovial membrane or "synovium" encloses each joint and also secretes a lubricating fluid that allows different joint motions such as rolling, folding and stretching. When the synovium becomes inflamed or irritated, it increases fluid production, resulting in warmth, tenderness, and swelling in and around the joint. A synovectomy is a procedure often suggested for those with rheumatoid arthritis or other forms of inflammatory arthritis when non-operative treatments have failed. This procedure can be performed in several ways, namely surgical synovectomy, chemical synovectomy and radiological. The surgical procedure can be performed arthroscopically or by opening the joint to remove the synovial tissue surrounding the joint that has become inflamed and swollen. Chemical Synovectomy involves an intraarticular osmic acid injection with the objective to debulk or reduce the inflammatory synovial mass.

text:
# Synovectomy

**Synovectomy** is the surgical removal of the synovial tissue surrounding a joint. This procedure is typically recommended to provide relief from a condition in which the synovial membrane or the joint lining becomes inflamed and irritated and is not controlled by medication alone. If arthritis (inflammation of the joint) is not controlled, it can lead to irreversible joint damage. The synovial membrane or "synovium" encloses each joint and also secretes a lubricating fluid that allows different joint motions such as rolling, folding and stretching. When the synovium becomes inflamed or irritated, it increases fluid production, resulting in warmth, tenderness, and swelling in and around the joint.

A *synovectomy* is a procedure often suggested for those with rheumatoid arthritis or other forms of inflammatory arthritis when non-operative treatments have failed. This procedure can be performed in several ways, namely surgical synovectomy, chemical synovectomy and radiological.

The surgical procedure can be performed arthroscopically or by opening the joint to remove the synovial tissue surrounding the joint that has become inflamed and swollen. Chemical Synovectomy involves an intraarticular osmic acid injection with the objective to debulk or reduce the inflammatory synovial mass.

## Indications

Synovectomy is indicated in following conditions:

* Inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, chondromatosis
* Synovial tumors: pigmented villonodular synovitis
* Septic arthritis
* Joint stiffness

Synovectomy is to be performed before cartilage damage has occurred. Conditions, where Synovectomy can provide some relief, are listed below.

### Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS)

PVNS (Pigmented villonodular synovitis): is a joint problem that usually affects the shoulder, hip or knee. It can also affect the elbow, ankle, and hand or foot. In pigmented villonodular synovitis, the synovial joint lining becomes swollen and grows. It may harm the bone around the joint. The lining also makes extra fluid that can cause swelling and make movement difficult and painful.

### Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Rheumatoid arthritis is a (chronic) long-term disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, decreases the range of motion of many joints. It affects any joint in the body commonly hands, knees, wrists, shoulder, elbow, hips, feet.

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) the synovial membrane becomes inflamed, it can become edematous and thicken with inflammatory exudates. Moreover, similar conditions can also be seen in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Synovectomy for RA has become relatively rare because nowadays patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis have access to disease modifying drugs called biologics that are effective in containing the inflammation that damages the synovial tissue. In cases when the patient undergoes a rapid deterioration of joints, physicians lean towards a total knee replacement as the last recourse option. Still, in select cases where the patient is resistant to biologics as well as have higher risk factors for a TKR, synovectomy can still be looked into to provide some relief ranging anywhere from a one-year to three-year period. A study that analyzed patients who underwent Osmic Acid Synovectomy found that approximately 28% patients were in disease remission for their knee joint for over three years duration.

## Variants

Synoviorthesis, or medical synovectomy, may be achieved with the intra-articular injection of several substances:

## InfoBox

| Synovectomy | |
| --- | --- |
| ICD-9-CM | 80.7 |


title: Pseudosparna flaviceps

abstract: Pseudosparna flaviceps is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

text:
# Pseudosparna flaviceps

***Pseudosparna flaviceps*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudosparna flaviceps* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudosparna*** |
| Species: | ***P. flaviceps*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudosparna flaviceps***<br>(Bates, 1863) | |
|


title: Charmaine Neville

abstract: Charmaine Neville is a New Orleans-based jazz singer.

text:
# Charmaine Neville

**Charmaine Neville** (born March 31, 1956) is a New Orleans-based jazz singer.

## Biography

Raised Catholic, she is the daughter of Charles Neville of The Neville Brothers.

She is the lead singer of the Charmaine Neville Band, a jazz and funk band based in New Orleans. Other musicians in the Charmaine Neville Band include Amasa Miller, Detroit Brooks, Gerald French and Jesse Boyd.

Neville was in the news due to the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, when the failure of the Federal levees swamped the city of New Orleans. Media reported her tale of witnessing cannibalism, alligator attacks, rape and eventual escape via a commandeered transit bus.

## Solo albums

* (1992) *It's About Time*
* (1992) *All the Way Live at Snug Harbor*
* (1996) *Up Up Up*
* (1996) *Live at Bourbon Street Music Club* (aka *Live in Brazil*)
* (1998) *Queen of the Mardi Gras*
* (2007) *Jazz Fest Live 2007*

## Album contributions

* (1981) The Neville Brothers "Fiyo On The Bayou"
* (1988) "New New Orleans Music: Jump Jazz" with Ramsay McLean and the Survivors
* (1992) The Reggie Houston – Amasa Miller Trio "The Gazebo Sessions"
* (1992) "Christmas In New Orleans – R&B, Jazz and Gospel"
* (1996) Andrei Codrescu "Valley of Christmas"
* (2000) "New Prohibition" compilation
* (2000) Marva Wright "Marva"
* (2001) Freddy Omar "Latin Party in New Orleans"
* (2006) Nils Lofgren and Joe Sample "Creole Love Call"
* (2006) Mitch Woods "Big Easy Boogie"
* (2007) James "12" Andrews and The Crescent City Allstars "People Get Ready Now"

## InfoBox

| Charmaine Neville | |
| --- | --- |
| Neville on Mardi Gras Day 2007 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Charmaine Neville |
| Born | (1956-03-31) March 31, 1956 |
| Origin | United States |
| Genres | Jazz, funk |
| Occupation | Singer |
| Instrument | Vocals |


title: Exit

abstract: Exit(s) may refer to:

text:
# Exit

**Exit**(**s**) may refer to:

## Architecture and engineering

## Art and entertainment

### Comics and magazines

### Film

### Music

#### Albums

#### Songs

### Television

### Theatre

### Video games

## Computing

* Exit (command), a termination command in many operating systems
* exit (system call), a system call to terminate a running process
* EXIT chart, a technique to aid the construction of error-correcting codes
* .exit, a pseudo-top-level domain
* User exit, a predefined replaceable procedure in a software package

## Organisations

## Other uses


title: Portland Golf Club

abstract: The Portland Golf Club is a private golf club in the northwest United States, in suburban Portland, Oregon. It is located in the unincorporated Raleigh Hills area of eastern Washington County, southwest of downtown Portland and east of Beaverton. PGC was established 110 years ago in the winter of 1914, when a group of nine businessmen assembled to form a new club after leaving their respective clubs. The present site was chosen due to its relation to the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway's interurban railroad line with frequent passenger service to the site because automobiles and roads were few. The PGA Championship, then a match play competition, was held at the club in 1946, which was won by Ben Hogan. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as the Portland Golf Club Clubhouse and Golf Course, in 2023.

text:
# Portland Golf Club

The **Portland Golf Club** is a private golf club in the northwest United States, in suburban Portland, Oregon. It is located in the unincorporated Raleigh Hills area of eastern Washington County, southwest of downtown Portland and east of Beaverton.

PGC was established 110 years ago in the winter of 1914, when a group of nine businessmen assembled to form a new club after leaving their respective clubs. The present site was chosen due to its relation to the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway's interurban railroad line with frequent passenger service to the site because automobiles and roads were few.

The PGA Championship, then a match play competition, was held at the club in 1946, which was won by Ben Hogan. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as the Portland Golf Club Clubhouse and Golf Course, in 2023.

## Tournaments hosted

| Tournament | Years |
| --- | --- |
| PGA Tour | |
| Portland Open Invitational | 1944–45
1947–48
1959–60
1964–65 |
| **PGA Championship** | 1946 |
| Ryder Cup | 1947 |
| Western Open | 1955 |
| Alcan Golfer of the Year Championship | 1969 |
| Fred Meyer Challenge | 1986–91 |
| LPGA Tour | |
| **Women's Western Open** | 1934 |
| Portland Classic | 1972–73
1975–76 |
| Portland PING Team Championship | 1979 |
| Senior PGA Tour | |
| **U.S. Senior Open** | 1982 |
| Amateur | |
| Western Amateur | 1931 |
| U.S. Senior Amateur | 1999 |
| U.S. Women's Amateur | 2015 |

Major championships for all tours are shown in **bold**.

## InfoBox

Portland Golf Club
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Club information | |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 45°28′38″N 122°45′46″W / 45.4773°N 122.7627°W / 45.4773; -122.7627 |
| Location | Raleigh Hills, Oregon |
| Elevation | 230 feet (70 m) |
| Established | 1914 (1914) |
| Type | Private |
| Total holes | 18 |
| Events hosted | 1946 PGA Championship
1947 Ryder Cup
Portland Open
Portland Classic |
| Greens | Bentgrass |
| Fairways | Winter Ryegrass |
| Website | portlandgolfclub.com |
|  | |
| Designed by | George Turnbull,
Robert Trent Jones,
Tom Bendelow |
| Par | 72 |
| Length | 6,703 yards (6,129 m) |
| Course rating | 72.8 |
| Slope rating | 144 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Portland Golf Club Clubhouse and Golf Course | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Location | Portland, Oregon |
| NRHP reference No. | 100007088 |
| Added to NRHP | February 24, 2023 |
|  | |


title: Boss Fight Books

abstract: Boss Fight Books is a Los Angeles-based book publisher and its eponymous series of books about video games. Similar to the style of 33⅓, a series of books about individual record albums, each book focuses solely on one video game. The company was founded by Gabe Durham in June 2013, and following a successful Kickstarter campaign in July, they released their first book, EarthBound by Ken Baumann in January 2014. The idea for the series came when Durham was reading Jeff Ryan's Super Mario: How Nintendo Conquered America, as Durham wished that the book would slow down and provide more depth to the games it covered. After finding there was no equivalent of 33⅓ for video games, Durham pitched the idea of the series to his friend, Ken Baumann, who agreed to write the first book and serve as the series' designer. After securing agreements with authors for the first five books, Durham turned to Kickstarter, seeking $5,000 in funding, a target that was met within eight hours. At the close of the campaign in July 2013, Boss Fight Books had raised $45,429, allowing the project to proceed. As part of the crowdfunding campaign, backers got to vote on the subject of a sixth book, and Chrono Trigger, which had been considered but not included in the first five, was chosen. Boss Fight Books returned to Kickstarter to fund a second season consisting of a further six books; it too was successful, raising $53,186 in November 2014. Like the first campaign, backers got to vote on the subject of one of the books; they chose Shadow of the Colossus.

text:
# Boss Fight Books

**Boss Fight Books** is a Los Angeles-based book publisher and its eponymous series of books about video games. Similar to the style of 33⅓, a series of books about individual record albums, each book focuses solely on one video game. The company was founded by Gabe Durham in June 2013, and following a successful Kickstarter campaign in July, they released their first book, *EarthBound* by Ken Baumann in January 2014.

The idea for the series came when Durham was reading Jeff Ryan's *Super Mario: How Nintendo Conquered America*, as Durham wished that the book would slow down and provide more depth to the games it covered. After finding there was no equivalent of 33⅓ for video games, Durham pitched the idea of the series to his friend, Ken Baumann, who agreed to write the first book and serve as the series' designer.

After securing agreements with authors for the first five books, Durham turned to Kickstarter, seeking $5,000 in funding, a target that was met within eight hours. At the close of the campaign in July 2013, Boss Fight Books had raised $45,429, allowing the project to proceed. As part of the crowdfunding campaign, backers got to vote on the subject of a sixth book, and *Chrono Trigger*, which had been considered but not included in the first five, was chosen. Boss Fight Books returned to Kickstarter to fund a second season consisting of a further six books; it too was successful, raising $53,186 in November 2014. Like the first campaign, backers got to vote on the subject of one of the books; they chose *Shadow of the Colossus*.

## List of books

### Season 1

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | *EarthBound* | Ken Baumann | January 15, 2014 | 978-1-940535-00-5 |
| *Final Fantasy VI* and *Chrono Trigger* were considered as candidate subjects initially, but Baumann believed that the scope of those games was narrower than that of *EarthBound*, a game he describes as "a weird, satirical, emotional, spiritual game", and "unlike any story I've experienced since". Baumann recalls playing *EarthBound* with his older brother as "one of the most formative experiences of my childhood", and he credits researching the book with a rekindling of his relationship with his brother. The book meshes Baumann's analysis of the game with autobiography, chronicling his playing of the game as a child, his upbringing, and his acting career. The book's structure has been likened to Grant Morrison's *Supergods* and Matthew Berry's *Fantasy Life*. Cameron Kunzelman, writing for *Paste*, gave the book a mixed review. He found Baumann's portrayal of the game and its characters evocative, managing to "render the strangeness of \[the\] game into graspable language", but criticised the self-indulgence of certain autobiographical sections. On the other hand, in a review at *The Collagist*, Ian Denning found the autobiographical sections an "emotional high point", passages on Baumann's relationship with his brother were described as "interesting, sometimes tender and funny". It was Baumann's analysis of the game that drew complaint from Denning, who criticised his scattershot approach, and questioned the value of its tangential references. Still, Denning deemed the book an accomplishment, "a book that argues that video games—a medium once considered cultural garbage—can be important catalysts in an artist's aesthetic development". Reflecting on the polarised reception of the autobiographical sections, Baumann said "I kind of love both reactions, and still do. I just like the strength of the reaction. I'm happy that I used personal stuff if it incites that much love or hate." | | | | |
| **2** | *Chrono Trigger* | Michael P. Williams | April 1, 2014 | 978-1-940535-01-2 |
| The author, Michael P. Williams, was selected after an open call for pitches for this fan selected book. Williams drew upon his experience living in Japan and his familiarity with its culture to explore *Chrono Trigger*'s themes, examining the depiction of race, gender and sexuality in Japanese role-playing games. The book features original interviews with Ted Woolsey and Tom Slattery, translators on the SNES and DS versions of the game respectively. The structure of the book reflects the narrative of the game; the book skipping between themes as the game's plot skips backwards and forwards in time. Kunzelman, in his review for *Paste*, while noting the personal nature of the book, found it without the self-indulgence of Baumann's *EarthBound*. He found the initial chapters weak, declaring a chapter on the game's recruitable characters as "almost unbearable", but described later chapters as proposing "tightly-tuned arguments". Kunzelman sees the strength of the book stemming from Williams' insight into how Japanese culture and society may have shaped the game. Zach Welhouse, writing at *RPGamer*, too found the book more focused than *EarthBound*. He highlighted a chapter of new information on the game's English language localisation process, something also highlighted by Andy Hoover at *Nintendojo*, who deemed it as "a must read" for *Chrono Trigger* fans; the interview with Woolsey offering particular insight for those critical of the SNES localisation. Philip J. Reed, in his review at *Nintendo Life* commended the book's personal approach for having "come as close to capturing games as experiences as might actually be possible." Reed suggests that the book offers a new way to revisit the game, "\[allowing\] you to travel back in time and see it again, for the first time, through a fresh set of eyes." He concludes that the Boss Fight Books series could provide "an alternative future where video games no longer rot young minds and incite violence, but spur philosophical discussions and self-improvement." | | | | |
| **3** | *ZZT* | Anna Anthropy | June 2, 2014 | 978-1-940535-02-9 |
| *ZZT* is both a video game and a game creation system; Anthropy examines both aspects in her book. Anthropy delves into the now-defunct communities around the game, interviewing designers of *ZZT* user-created games, and highlighting a culture that has otherwise gone unrecorded. Kunzelman gave the book high praise in his review for *Paste*. He found none of the literary digressions for which he criticised earlier books in the series, though he had trouble understanding some of its more technical passages. Kunzelman found the book giving "an impassioned argument for why *ZZT* was, and continues to be, incredibly valuable for game players", and concluded that "Anthropy has set the gold standard for book-length studies of games with *ZZT*". | | | | |
| **4** | *Galaga* | Michael Kimball | July 1, 2014 | 978-1-940535-03-6 |
| *Galaga* consists of 255 mini chapters, mirroring the 255 stages found in the game. Kimball looks at the game, its place in contemporary culture, and how he related to it growing up in an abusive environment. In his review for the *Baltimore City Paper*, Brandon Soderberg lauded the treatment Kimball gave the game, rejecting the "BuzzFeeding of the immediate past", and instead providing depth and poignancy. The book caused Soderberg to reflect on his own life, and how video games act as windows into trauma, as he recounts the experience of playing *Contra* following a friend's suicide. Kunzelman, writing at *Paste*, found *Galaga* by far the weakest of the first four Boss Fight books. Kunzelman found the "short, staccato chapters" an exercise in frustration and quickly tired of their cyclic nature. He criticised the book's indulgence, believing some sections to be overwrought, and others to be overloaded with trivia. In between these flawed passages, Kunzelman found Kimball displaying expert craft in telling a moving personal story about "coping with the world through videogames" that "many, many people can relate to". For Kunzelman, that Kimball could be capable of such quality only made the other sections even more disappointing. | | | | |
| **5** | *Jagged Alliance 2* | Darius Kazemi | August 25, 2014 | 978-1-940535-04-3 |
| Kazemi looks at the development history of *Jagged Alliance 2* through interviews with the development team. At the 2014 Critical Proximity conference, Kazemi spoke about the insight he gleaned from looking at the game's source code as part of his research. Kazemi cites *Aramis, or the Love of Technology* as one of his inspirations behind the book in an article for *The Atlantic* exploring his motivations. He chose *Jagged Alliance 2* not only because it is his favourite game, but because he believed that the game's obscurity would allow for more candour from its developers. He also believed that the shift from 2D to 3D graphics in the wider video games industry taking place during the game's development would surface as tensions in the story told. Austin Walker, writing for *Paste*, felt that the book worked well as a history book, placing *Jagged Alliance 2* in the context of the video game industry as it transitioned through small independent developers towards larger teams tied to publishers. He praised the way Kazemi aligned all of the factors that formed the game and made it successful, without trying to force a dramatic narrative out of the people involved, but criticized that Kazemi "struggles with selling it to us as a fun game to play". | | | | |
| **6** | *Super Mario Bros. 2* | Jon Irwin | October 6, 2014 | 978-1-940535-05-0 |
| Irwin, a staff writer for *Kill Screen*, examines the game in four sections based on the game's four player characters. As part of his research, Irwin spoke to Gail Tilden, the founding editor of *Nintendo Power*, and Andrew Gardikis, the world record holder for the game's tool-assisted speedrun. In his review at *Nintendo Life*, Tim Latshaw commends Irwin's ability to weave seemingly "ridiculous tangents" like *One Thousand and One Nights* into an exploration of the game and Nintendo's philosophy. He describes the book as "required reading for game historians", and for those curious about the game, "Irwin's relatable writing and healthy seasoning of humour make it an engrossing and enjoyable read." In Kunzelman's review at *Paste*, he too noted how Irwin managed to craft a book in which its tangents "impossibly, flow together", he compared this quality favourably to *Galaga* and *Chrono Trigger*, earlier books in the series. Kunzelman saw weakness in Irwin's moments of literary excess, such as an interlude on the death of the author's grandmother, which he found strange and clichéd. Still, he concluded that the book was "an excellent example of the Boss Fight Books model of game criticism", and was "very excited to see what happens during season 2". | | | | |

### Season 2

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **7** | *Bible Adventures* | Gabe Durham | March 30, 2015 | 978-1-940535-07-4 |
| Durham, the Boss Fight Books founder and series editor chose to write about *Bible Adventures*. Durham had played this unlicensed video game as a child, and with his father being a minister, he felt he understood Christian culture well enough to explain how games like this came to exist. Durham spoke with Roger Deforest and Dan Burke, two of the game's developers in the process of writing the book. | | | | |
| **8** | *Baldur's Gate II* | Matt Bell | June 22, 2015 | 978-1-940535-08-1 |
| *Baldur's Gate II* is part memoir and part reading of the game. Bell tells the story of his development as a writer; of his writing of the *Dungeons & Dragons* novel, *The Last Garrison*, and his study under Gordon Lish. Bell recalls his love of fantasy, role-playing, and video games, but feels shame in it, finding it difficult to reconcile with his adult aspirations towards literary fiction, even while acknowledging that genre influences have enlivened his own work. In the *Baldur's Gate* series of games, the story asks players to reconcile their character's good nature with their murderous heritage. Molly McArdle, writing for *Brooklyn Magazine* considered this "a perfect backdrop" for Bell's own conflict between his past and present selves. Kunzelman gave the book an ambivalent review in *Paste*, he did not see in the book a coherent reflection of the game, and that "anyone who has played the game can intuit every point Bell makes about the game". Yet he still found the book a pleasure to read, a credit to Bell's skill as a writer. At *The Rumpus*, reviewer Samuel Sattin describes the core theme of the book as "perceptions of success in the literary community", and asks "can genre conventions truly mesh with a literary author’s ambition to be taken seriously?" Sattin sees the book as "an uneasy, courageous, and ultimately vulnerable attempt to bridge a divide most of us are unwilling to admit exists", which succeeds through revealing this conflict. | | | | |
| **9** | *Metal Gear Solid* | Ashly & Anthony Burch | August 17, 2015 | 978-1-940535-09-8 |
| This collaboration between the Burch siblings was pitched as a celebration and takedown of a game that they loved. Told in a back and forth conversational manner between two authors who do not necessarily agree, the book covers topics such as the game's mechanics, storytelling and its treatment of female characters. Joel Couture describes the book as "an honest, heartfelt look at the game and franchise" in his review at indiegames.com. The book promoted Couture to think about the game in new ways, and to see Snake, the player character, in a light he had barely considered when playing the game as a teenager. Couture found the conversational tone between the authors comforting and approachable, their differing viewpoints well suited to a game that "\[bounces\] between outlandish and serious". At *Paste*, Kunzelman was in agreement, finding that the alternating voices of the authors provided "a nice point and counterpoint that allows the text to disagree with itself". And though the book's humour did not always work with Kunzelman, he ultimately saw the book as a work that "opens up a canonical videogame further than it ever has been before". | | | | |
| **10** | *Shadow of the Colossus* | Nick Suttner | December 15, 2015 | 978-1-940535-10-4 |
| Nick Suttner is a former writer at 1UP.com, and currently works in developer relations at Sony. His pitch for the Kickstarter backer selected title was accepted after an open call for submissions. Suttner describes his work as "more of a love letter and travelogue and less of a critique" of his favourite game of all time. | | | | |
| **11** | *Spelunky* | Derek Yu | March 29, 2016 | 978-1-940535-11-1 |
| *Spelunky* is the first book in the series to be written by the game's creator. Durham credits *Spelunky* as the title that connected with most people during the second season's Kickstarter campaign. Yu found writing the book a challenge, having never before written anything such length. Due to the autobiographical nature of the work, Nate Ewert-Krocker, in his review at *ZAM* describes it as having a different flavour than other books in the series. While giving the "clearest understanding of a game’s construction and design" than any other book in the series, the lack of distance between author and subject made the telling of the story straightforward. Writing at *Paste*, Kunzelman, who has spent over a hundred hours playing *Spelunky*, found the book accessible for casual and diehard fans alike, full of information that could not be found anywhere else. | | | | |
| **12** | *World of Warcraft* | Daniel Lisi | June 20, 2016 | 978-1-940535-12-8 |
| Daniel Lisi, founder and CEO of video game developer Game Over, discusses how immersive and consuming the game is, in the context of his experiences playing the game obsessively in high school and modern online culture. | | | | |

### Season 3

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **13** | *Super Mario Bros. 3* | Alyse Knorr | July 18, 2016 | 978-1-940535-13-5 |
|  | | | | |
| **14** | *Mega Man 3* | Salvatore Pane | September 26, 2016 | 978-1-940535-14-2 |
|  | | | | |
| **15** | *Soft & Cuddly* | Jarett Kobek | January 24, 2017 | 978-1-940535-15-9 |
|  | | | | |
| **16** | *Kingdom Hearts II* | Alexa Ray Corriea | June 27, 2017 | 978-1-940535-16-6 |
|  | | | | |
| **17** | *Katamari Damacy* | L. E. Hall | October 16, 2018 | 978-1-940535-17-3 |
|  | | | | |

### Season 4

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **18** | *Final Fantasy V* | Chris Kohler | October 24, 2017 | 978-1-940535-18-0 |
|  | | | | |
| **19** | *Shovel Knight* | David L. Craddock | October 16, 2018 | 978-1-940535-19-7 |
|  | | | | |
| **20** | *Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic* | Alex Kane | April 9, 2019 | 978-1-940535-21-0 |
|  | | | | |
| **21** | *NBA Jam* | Reyan Ali | October 22, 2019 | 978-1-940535-20-3 |
|  | | | | |
| **22** | *Breakout: Pilgrim in the Microworld* | David Sudnow | February 26, 2020 | 978-1-940535-23-4 |
|  | | | | |
| **23** | *Postal* | Brock Wilbur & Nathan Rabin | April 7, 2020 | 978-1-940535-22-7 |
|  | | | | |

### Season 5

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **24** | *Red Dead Redemption* | Matt Margini | July 7, 2020 | 978-1-940535-24-1 |
|  | | | | |
| **25** | *Resident Evil* | Philip J. Reed | August 25, 2020 | 978-1-940535-25-8 |
|  | | | | |
| **26** | *The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask* | Gabe Durham | October 26, 2020 | 978-1-940535-26-5 |
|  | | | | |
| **27** | *Silent Hill 2* | Mike Drucker | January 26, 2021 | 978-1-940535-27-2 |
|  | | | | |
| **28** | *Final Fantasy VI* | Sebastian Deken | July 13, 2021 | 978-1-940535-28-9 |
|  | | | | |
|

### Special

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **29** | *GoldenEye 007* | Alyse Knorr | December 1, 2022 | 978-1-940535-29-6 |
| Knorr wrote a documentary-style book focusing on the development and legacy of *GoldenEye 007*, featuring original interviews with the development team, as well as other developers, scholars, and fans. The book was funded on Kickstarter, where supporters could purchase an extended hardcover edition. | | | | |

### Season 6

During funding for the sixth season, a documentary-style book, *Super Mario RPG* was selected by a fan vote. *Jet Set Radio* was the runner-up, while *Harvest Moon* and *Pikmin* tied for third.

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **30** | *PaRappa the Rapper* | Mike Sholars | June 6, 2023 | 978-1-940535-31-9 |
|  | | | | |
| **31** | *Minesweeper* | Kyle Orland | July 12, 2023 | 978-1-940535-32-6 |
|  | | | | |
| **32** | *Day of the Tentacle* | Bob Mackey | October 9, 2023 | 978-1-940535-33-3 |
|  | | | | |
| **33** | *Animal Crossing* | Kelsey Lewin | May 15, 2024 | 978-1-940535-34-0 |
|  | | | | |

### Season 7

The seventh season was announced on August 20, 2024, alongside the launch of its Kickstarter campaign.

| No. | Title | Author | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **34** | *EverQuest* | Matthew S. Smith | November 2024 | 978-1-94053-535-7 |
| Smith's book is set to analyze the history of *EverQuest* with new developer interviews, including with Ryan Barker, Jeff Butler, Michelle Butler, and Brian Canary. | | | | |
| **35** | *Untitled Goose Game* | James O'Connor | January 2025 | 978-1-94053-536-4 |
| O'Connor's book is set to chronicle the development history of *Untitled Goose Game*, including its pre-release popularity, featuring interviews with developers and journalists. | | | | |
| **36** | *Outer Wilds* | Tommy Wallach | March 2025 | 978-1-94053-537-1 |
|  | | | | |
| **37** | *Dance Dance Revolution* | Jessica Doyle and Jordan Ferguson | May 2025 | 978-1-94053-538-8 |
|  | | | | |

### Anthologies

| No. | Title | Editor | Release date | ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1** | *Continue?* | Gabe Durham | January 20, 2015 | 978-1-940535-06-7 |
| The first anthology book features works from previous writers Ken Baumann, Jon Irwin, Darius Kazemi, and Michael P. Williams, as well new writers Matt Bell, Rachel B. Glaser, Rebekah Frumkin, Brian Oliu, Salvatore Pane, Tevis Thompson, and Mike Lars White. | | | | |
| **2** | *Nightmare Mode* | Gabe Durham | October 26, 2021 | 978-1-940535-53-1 |
| The second anthology book features works from Alexa Ray Corriea, David L. Craddock, Gabe Durham, Alex Kane, Jon Irwin, Alyse Knorr, Chris Kohler, Salvatore Pane, Philip J. Reed, and Michael P. Williams. | | | | |

## InfoBox

*Boss Fight Books*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
| Publisher | Boss Fight Books |
| Published | January 2014–present |
| Media type | Print (paperback)<br>e-book<br>audiobook |


title: Robert G. Cole

abstract: Lieutenant Colonel Robert George Cole was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the days following the D-Day Normandy invasion of World War II.

text:
# Robert G. Cole

Lieutenant Colonel **Robert George Cole** (March 19, 1915 – September 18, 1944) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the days following the D-Day Normandy invasion of World War II.

## Early U.S. Army career

Robert G. Cole was born at Fort Sam Houston, in San Antonio, Texas, to Colonel Clarence F. Cole, an Army doctor, and Clara H. Cole on March 19, 1915. He graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio in 1933 and joined the United States Army on July 1, 1934. On June 26, 1935, he was honorably discharged to accept an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Cole graduated with the class of 1939 and returned home to marry Allie Mae Wilson. He was appointed a second lieutenant to the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington, in 1939, and remained there until his transfer to the 501st Parachute Infantry Battalion at Fort Benning, Georgia, in 1941. In March 1941, he earned his jump wings. He rapidly advanced through the ranks at Fort Benning as the parachute infantry battalions were expanded to regiments. By June 6, 1944, he was a lieutenant colonel in command of the 3rd Battalion of the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment.

## D-Day operations

Cole parachuted into Normandy with his unit as part of the American airborne landings in Normandy. It was his unit's first combat jump. By the evening of June 6, he had gathered 75 men. They captured Exit 3 at Saint-Martin-de-Varreville behind Utah Beach and were at the dune line to welcome men from the U.S. 4th Infantry Division coming ashore. After being in division reserve, Cole's battalion guarded the right flank of the 101st Airborne Division as it attempted to take the approaches to Carentan.

On the afternoon of June 10, Cole led 400 men of his battalion in single file down a long, exposed causeway, with marshes at either side. A hedgerow behind a large farmhouse on the right was occupied by well dug-in German troops. At the far end of the causeway was the last of four bridges over the Douve River flood plain. Beyond the last bridge was Carentan, which the 101st had been ordered to seize to facilitate a linkup with the 29th Infantry Division coming off Omaha Beach.

During the advance, Cole's battalion was subjected to continuous fire from artillery, machine guns and mortars. His soldiers advanced slowly by crawling or crouching, taking many casualties. The survivors huddled against the bank on the far side of the causeway. An obstacle known as a Belgian gate blocked nearly the entire roadway over the last bridge, allowing the passage of only one man at a time. Attempts to force this bottleneck were futile, and the battalion took up defensive positions for the night.

During the night, Cole's men were shelled by German mortars and strafed and bombed by two aircraft, causing further casualties and knocking Company I out of the fight. Eventually, the fire from the farm slackened and the remaining 265 men moved through the obstacle and took up positions for an assault.

With the Germans still resisting any attempt to move beyond the bridges, and after artillery failed to suppress their fire, Cole called for smoke on the dug-in Germans and ordered a bayonet charge, a rarity in World War II. He charged toward the hedgerow, leading only a small portion of his unit at first. But the remainder of the battalion soon joined as Cole led the paratroopers into the hedgerows, engaging at close range and with bayonets in hand-to-hand combat. The German survivors retreated, taking more casualties as they withdrew.

The assault, which came to be known as "Cole's Charge", proved costly; 130 of Cole's 265 men became casualties. With his battalion exhausted, Cole called for the 1st Battalion to pass through his lines and continue the attack. However, they were also severely depleted by mortar fire crossing bridge #4, such that they took up positions with 3rd Battalion rather than proceeding. There, on the edge of Carentan, they were subjected to strong counterattacks by the German 6th Parachute Regiment during the morning and afternoon. At the height of the attack, at about 1900, Cole's artillery observer managed to break through radio jamming and called down fire by the entire Corps artillery that broke up the attacks for good.

At 0200 on June 12, the 506th PIR passed through their line and captured Hill 30 to the south of Carentan. From there, led by Company E, the 2nd battalion of the 506th PIR (*Band of Brothers*) attacked north into Carentan at daylight as part of a 3-battalion assault. The German 6th Parachute Regiment, virtually out of ammunition, had abandoned the town during the night, leaving only a small rear guard. By 0730 on June 12, Carentan was captured.

## Death & Medal of Honor

Cole was recommended for a Medal of Honor for his actions that day, but did not live to receive it.

On September 18, 1944, during Operation Market Garden, now-Colonel Cole, commanding the 3rd Battalion of the 502nd PIR in Best, Netherlands, got on the radio. A pilot asked him to put some orange identification panels in front of his position. Cole decided to do it himself. For a moment, Cole raised his head, shielding his eyes to see the plane. A German sniper in a farmhouse only 300 yards (270 m) away shot Cole, killing him instantly.

Two weeks later, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his bayonet charge near Carentan on June 11. As his widow and two-year-old son looked on, Cole's mother accepted his posthumous award on the Fort Sam Houston parade ground where Cole had played as a child.

LTC Cole is buried at Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial, in Margraten, Netherlands.

## Awards

| Combat Infantryman Badge | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Medal of Honor | Purple Heart | American Defense Service Medal |
| American Campaign Medal | European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
with two bronze campaign stars | World War II Victory Medal |
|

### Medal of Honor citation

> For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his own life, above and beyond the call of duty on 11 June 1944, in France. Lt. Col. Cole was personally leading his battalion in forcing the last 4 bridges on the road to Carentan when his entire unit was suddenly pinned to the ground by intense and withering enemy rifle, machinegun, mortar, and artillery fire placed upon them from well-prepared and heavily fortified positions within 150 yards \[140 m\] of the foremost elements. After the devastating and unceasing enemy fire had for over 1 hour prevented any move and inflicted numerous casualties, Lt. Col. Cole, observing this almost hopeless situation, courageously issued orders to assault the enemy positions with fixed bayonets. With utter disregard for his own safety and completely ignoring the enemy fire, he rose to his feet in front of his battalion and with drawn pistol shouted to his men to follow him in the assault. Catching up a fallen man's rifle and bayonet, he charged on and led the remnants of his battalion across the bullet-swept open ground and into the enemy position. His heroic and valiant action in so inspiring his men resulted in the complete establishment of our bridgehead across the Douve River. The cool fearlessness, personal bravery, and outstanding leadership displayed by Lieutenant Colonel Cole reflect great credit upon himself and are worthy of the highest praise in the military service.

## Legacy

Robert G. Cole High School at Fort Sam Houston is named after Robert G. Cole, as is a housing area, Cole Park, in Fort Campbell, Kentucky.

LTC Cole is one of the true-to-life characters in the 2005 Gearbox Software games *Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30*, *Brothers in Arms: Earned in Blood* and the 2008 game *Brothers in Arms: Hell's Highway*.

On September 18, 2009, a monument was unveiled in Best in the Netherlands, near the place of his death. At the ceremony, Cole's son was present as well as members and veterans of the 101st Airborne Division.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.

## InfoBox

| Robert George Cole | |
| --- | --- |
| LtCol. Robert G. Cole, U.S. Army, 101st Airborne | |
| Born | (1915-03-19)March 19, 1915
Fort Sam Houston, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | September 18, 1944(1944-09-18) (aged 29)
Best, Netherlands |
| Place of burial | Netherlands American Cemetery and Memorial, Margraten, Netherlands |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1934–1944 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Colonel |
| Commands | 3rd Battalion, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | **World War II** |
| Awards | Medal of Honor
Purple Heart |


title: DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies

abstract: DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd, officially known as DEFTECH, is a Malaysian defence contractor involved in the development, manufacture, supply, deliver and commissioning of armoured, non-armoured, and logistic vehicles for the military and homeland security. DEFTECH is also a supplier of specialised vehicles and commercial buses. DEFTECH divisions includes DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd (DEFTECH), Defence Services Sdn Bhd (DSSB), DEFTECH Systems Integration (DSI), DEFTECH Unmanned Systems (DUS) and DEFTECH Aviation (DAV).

text:
# DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies

**DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd**, officially known as **DEFTECH**, is a Malaysian defence contractor involved in the development, manufacture, supply, deliver and commissioning of armoured, non-armoured, and logistic vehicles for the military and homeland security. DEFTECH is also a supplier of specialised vehicles and commercial buses.

DEFTECH divisions includes DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd (DEFTECH), Defence Services Sdn Bhd (DSSB), DEFTECH Systems Integration (DSI), DEFTECH Unmanned Systems (DUS) and DEFTECH Aviation (DAV).

## History

On 17 October 1996, DEFTECH, a wholly owned subsidiary of DRB-HICOM was incorporated to contribute towards Malaysia's industrialisation and self-reliant defence aspirations.

In 2001, DEFTECH established its armoured vehicle production in Pekan, Pahang at a cost of RM70 million to prepare for the collaboration with FNSS of Turkey to manufacture and supply the ACV-300 Adnan family of vehicles to the Ministry of Defence. The successful partnership translated into additional order for the vehicles.

Between 2011 and 2014, DEFTECH spent 500 million ringgit to upgrade its infrastructure, equipment and manpower to prepare for the development and production of the AV8 Gempita.

In 2014, DEFTECH acquired Composites Technology Research Malaysia under a multi million worth contract.

## Divisions

### Engineering Division and Corporate HQ

DEFTECH's corporate headquarters are located in a purpose-built office complex in Section 15 Shah Alam, Selangor. It is collocated in the same area as DEFTECH's Engineering Division.

In June 2004, DEFTECH established its Engineering Division.

### DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd (DEFTECH)

The headquarters located at Shah Alam, Selangor while the assembly plant is located at Pekan, Pahang, in 2001 under ACV-300 Adnan manufacture program. The plant is situated on a 25.6-acre site and has a covered work area of approximately 180,000 sq feet. The plant is manufactures of all armoured vehicles and was upgraded in 2014 to prepare for the production of the AV8 Gempita.

### Defence Services

DSSB is a fully owned subsidiary of DEFTECH and is located in Nilai Industrial Estate, Negeri Sembilan where it has a dedicated plant equipped to cater for the 3rd and 4th Line Maintenance of the Army's fleet of armoured vehicles. The workshop is responsible for producing the turrets for the AV8 Gempita.

### DEFTECH Systems Integration

Formerly known as CTRM Systems Integration. Incorporated in 2010 to develop Malaysian integration capabilities. The main course of this division is to designing, developing and integrating the systems and provided engineering and repairing of electronic devices.

### DEFTECH Unmanned Systems

Formerly known as Unmanned Systems Technology under CTRM. Incorporated in 2007 and offers a wide range of unmanned aerial vehicle products and services.

### DEFTECH Aviation

DEFTECH Aviation focus on aerospace and composites technology for aircraft. This division also provides maintenance, repair and overhaul for the aircraft such as Malaysian Army AW109 helicopter, Royal Malaysia Police Cessna 208 fixed wing aircraft and other military and commercial aircraft.

## Products

### Military

#### DEFTECH ACV-300 Adnan

In 2001, DEFTECH collaborated with FNSS to produce the ACV-300 Adnan for the Malaysian Army. DEFTECH was nominated by the government as the recipient of the Transfer of Technology package. On 21 April 2008, DEFTECH signed a contract with the Malaysian Ministry of Defence for the delivery of 48 additional units of ACV-300 Adnan and 8 units of ACV-S 120mm Mortar Carrier. A total of 267 units were produced by DEFTECH.

#### DEFTECH AV8 Gempita (8x8)

In June 2011, the Turkish Company FNSS signed a 'letter of offer and acceptance' by DRB-Hicom Defence Technologies (DEFTECH) for the assistance of design and development of the vehicles. The AV8 vehicle selected by the Malaysian military was based on the FNSS-designed Pars 8×8 multi-purpose, multi-mission, wheeled armoured vehicle. The contract included technology transfer arrangements to Deftech and logistics support for the Malaysian army, positioning the vehicle and its 12 variants to become Malaysia's first indigenous family of 8×8 armoured wheeled vehicle. In December 2014, the AV8 was officially inducted into service with the Malaysian Army in a ceremony at the DEFTECH plant in Pekan. As of 2022, a total of 257 units in service.

#### DEFTECH AV4 Lipanbara (4x4)

In July 2015, DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd (DEFTECH) was awarded a contract worth above RM100 million to supply the 4x4 High Mobility Armoured Vehicle (HMAV) to the Malaysian Armed Forces. This program involves the collaboration of Thailand’s Chaiseri Metal and Rubber Co Ltd for the designing of the 4x4 indigenous armoured vehicles customised to Malaysian infantry standard based on Chaiseri First Win.

#### DEFTECH AV4 (4x4)

As Malaysia's sole armoured vehicle manufacturing company at that time, DEFTECH was involved in the development of the first generation of AV4 based on South African-designed RG-34 MRAPs (formerly known as Iguana FV4). One prototype was unveiled in 2006 but the procurement program of about 200 vehicles was cancelled.

#### DEFTECH LTV (4x4)

In 2021, DEFTECH launched its first 4x4 light tactical vehicle. This Humvee-like vehicle consisted of various configuration for the various mission. One of the notable version of the DefTech LTV is the 4x4 ambulance that planned to be uses by Malaysia Civil Defence Force and other health agencies of Malaysia.

#### HICOM Handalan Truck (4x4)

The HICOM Handalan trucks are multi-purpose logistics trucks made by DEFTECH for military purposes. The truck is one of DEFTECH's most produced designs, with 2,260 units produced for the Ministry of Defence across two variants, as well as 115 units for the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and 6 units for the Royal Australian Air Force.

#### DEFTECH Armoured Heavy Recovery Vehicle (AHRV)

At Defense Service Asia (DSA) 2024, DEFTECH revealed its Armoured Heavy Recovery Vehicle (AHRV). This 8x8 vehicle are armoured and powered by a 520 hp Volvo D13A520 engine. AHRV also equipped with bulldozer blade in front of the vehicle, heavy recovery crane and winch. For the armament the vehicle is equipped with a 7.62 mm machine gun.

#### Aludra UAV

On March 28, 2022, DEFTECH unveiled a new UAV at the DSA 2022 convention under the brand name Aludra EE.

### Civilian

In 2010, DEFTECH won a contract to deliver 150 buses to Prasarana, Malaysia's public transport operator.

## InfoBox

DRB-HICOM Defence Technologies Sdn Bhd
|
|  |
| Company type | Private Limited Company |
| Industry | Automotive
Defence
Aerospace & UAV |
| Founded | 17 October 1996 (1996-10-17) |
| Headquarters | Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia |
| Area served | South East Asia, East Africa |
| Key people | Tan Sri Dato' Sri Haji Mohd Khamil bin Jamil (Chairman/Director) |
| Parent | DRB-HICOM |
| Website | www.deftech.com.my |


title: OB-fold

abstract: In molecular biology, the OB-fold is a small protein structural motif observed in different proteins that bind oligonucleotides or oligosaccharides. It was originally identified in 1993 in four unrelated proteins: staphylococcal nuclease, anticodon binding domain of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, and the B-subunits of heat-labile enterotoxin and verotoxin-1. Since then it has been found in multiple proteins many of which are involved in genome stability. This fold is often described as a Greek key motif.

text:
# OB-fold

In molecular biology, the **OB-fold** (oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold) is a small protein structural motif observed in different proteins that bind oligonucleotides or oligosaccharides. It was originally identified in 1993 in four unrelated proteins: staphylococcal nuclease, anticodon binding domain of aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, and the B-subunits of heat-labile enterotoxin and verotoxin-1. Since then it has been found in multiple proteins many of which are involved in genome stability. This fold is often described as a **Greek key motif**.

## Structure

The OB-fold consists of a five-stranded β-sheet coiled to form a closed β-barrel, capped by an α-helix located at one end and a binding cleft at the other. The α-helix packs against the bottom layer of residues, roughly perpendicular to the barrel axis. The β-sheet structure protrudes beyond this layer and packs around the sides of the helix. The binding specificities of each OB-fold depend on the different length, sequence, and conformation of the loops connecting the β-strands.

### Structural determinants

OB-fold domains have several key structural determinants. These common features arise from physical principles governing protein structure rather than from sequence homology.

* β-sheet structure:

The closed β-sheet has specific parameters that determine geometrical features like mean radius and average angle between strand directions and barrel axis.

* β-bulges:

Most structures have a common β-bulge in the first strand. β-bulges provide small increases in barrel radius and required coiling of β-strands.

* Interior residue packing:

The interior of the closed β-sheet has a regular three-layer structure of residues, with each β-strand contributing one residue to each layer.

* β-barrel deformation:

Many β-barrels are similarly flattened, with an elliptical cross-section.

* Barrel-helix interface:

A cavity on the barrel axis is filled by a large hydrophobic residue from the helix.

* Binding site location:

In some proteins, the binding sites are located on the side surface of the β-barrel where three loops come together, in such a way they are partially wrapped by the binding partner. In others, the binding cleft at the side of the barrel opposite to the helix functions as binding site.

## Function

OB-folds are versatile binding domains that can interact with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), RNA, proteins, phospholipids and oligosaccharides. In genome guardian proteins, OB-folds play crucial roles in DNA binding and recognition, protein-protein interactions and catalytic functions in multi-subunit complexes.

## Examples of proteins containing this domain

## Relationship to SH3 domains

OB-folds are structurally similar to Src homology 3 (SH3) domains, with their β-strands superimposing with less than 2 Å difference. This structural similarity is important for understanding OB-fold function and regulation, as SH3 domains bind to PXXP-containing ligands in a pocket similar to the ssDNA binding pocket of many OB-folds.

## Evolution and distribution

The OB-fold may represent a stable folding motif that appeared early in protein evolution, with its wide occurrence due to its adaptability to different functions and sequences. OB-fold proteins present great versatility, which likely contributed to the development and widespread adoption of the fold in genome guardian proteins. They can adopt various oligomerisation states and quaternary structures, allowing for complex and dynamic interactions. The OB-fold has flexibility in binding to a variety of substrates through variations in loop sizes, compositions, and insertions, showing a modular nature. In some cases, it can provide catalytic functions to multi-subunit complexes, expanding its utility beyond just binding. Its structural similarity to SH3 domains allows OB-folds to participate in protein-protein interactions, enabling regulation and complex formation.

## InfoBox

| Oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding fold | |
| --- | --- |
| Cartoon representation of the crystal structure of human mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein (PDB: 3ull) | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | OB-fold |
| Pfam clan | CL0021 |
| ECOD |  |
| InterPro | IPR012340 |


title: Edward Henry Pedris Grounds

abstract: Edward Henry Pedris Grounds is a multi-purpose stadium in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Located in the northern portion of Havelock Park, it is currently used for football, rugby union and basketball matches. Named after the national hero, Captain Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris, it is managed by the Isipathana College.

text:
# Edward Henry Pedris Grounds

**Edward Henry Pedris Grounds** (also known as **Edward Henry Pedris Stadium** or **Pedris Grounds**) is a multi-purpose stadium in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Located in the northern portion of Havelock Park, it is currently used for football, rugby union and basketball matches. Named after the national hero, Captain Duenuge Edward Henry Pedris, it is managed by the Isipathana College.

## History

The public park was created in 1901 to honour Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock, former British Governor of Ceylon, by the Colombo Municipal Council (CMC). The park became home to several sports clubs and the northern section of the park was developed by the CMC as a public sports ground and stadium. Since it was a public ground it was used as a venue for many political rallies over the years.

On the occasion of unveiling ceremony of the statue in Havelock Town, then Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa stated that the adjacent sports grounds should be renamed in his memory. On 7 July 1987 the "Edward Henry Pedris Stadium" was declared open by Prime Minister Premadasa. During the Sri Lankan Civil War it was used by the Sri Lanka Army as a temporary camp and following the war underwent major refurbishment.

In 2016, the ground was given to Isipathana College to be used as the school sports ground under a memorandum of understanding between the school and the Colombo Municipal Council. In 2024, the complete management of the ground had been transferred to Isipathana College on the condition that its name shall not be changed and it would be available for other schools without playgrounds, namely St. Paul's Girls School, Milagiriya and Lumbini College.

## InfoBox

Edward Henry Pedris Grounds
| Location | Colombo, Sri Lanka |
| --- | --- |
| Owner | Colombo Municipal Council |
| Operator | Isipathana College |
| Surface | Grass (Desso), Track (Mondo) |
| Opened | 7 July 1987 (1987-07-07) |


abstract: Providence is an unincorporated community in Rockingham County, North Carolina, United States. Providence is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west-southwest of Eden.

text:
# Providence, Rockingham County, North Carolina

**Providence** is an unincorporated community in Rockingham County, North Carolina, United States. Providence is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) west-southwest of Eden.

## InfoBox

| Providence, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Providence, North CarolinaProvidence, North Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 36°28′25″N 79°49′43″W / 36.47361°N 79.82861°W / 36.47361; -79.82861 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | Rockingham |
| Elevation | 627 ft (191 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 336 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1953536 |


title: Slate Belt

abstract: The Slate Belt is a geographic region in Northampton County, Pennsylvania that is typically described as including Bangor, Wind Gap, Pen Argyl, and Portland. The region is named for the historical prevalence of slate quarrying in the area.

text:
# Slate Belt

The **Slate Belt** is a geographic region in Northampton County, Pennsylvania that is typically described as including Bangor, Wind Gap, Pen Argyl, and Portland. The region is named for the historical prevalence of slate quarrying in the area.

## Geography

The Slate Belt lies between the Appalachian Trail in Wind Gap and the Delaware River in Portland, Pennsylvania.

Bangor, Wind Gap, Pen Argyl, and Portland are the largest communities in the Slate Belt region. Other smaller municipalities in the region include Roseto, East Bangor, Plainfield Township, Upper Mount Bethel, Lower Mount Bethel, and Washington Township.

This definition of the region's boundaries does not align perfectly with the geological boundaries of slate deposits, and is based more on the region of the slate industry and slate production. Geologist Charles H. Behre, in a 1926 report, included a much larger geographic definition of the Slate Belt that extended the southern boundary to the Lehigh River north of Catasauqua.

## History

### 19th century

The slate industry in the Slate Belt quickly expanded following the arrival of Robert M. Jones, a Welsh immigrant, in 1848. Jones founded Bangor, Pennsylvania and established several slate quarries. The industry continued to expand throughout the 19th century, reaching its peak production in 1903.

At its 19th century peak, the Slate Belt was the world's largest slate-producing region despite its relatively small geographic size, which is 22 square miles.

### 20th century

In the years leading up to World War I, Pennsylvania was responsible for more than half of the slate production in the United States, and the vast majority of it came from Northampton County in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. More than 40% of national slate production during this period came from Northampton County alone.

The slate industry in the region began declining in the first half of the 20th century. During World War I, many quarry owners closed their quarries to allow workers to contribute to the war effort, especially at nearby Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem. The increased use of other roofing materials, especially asphalt shingles, resulted in reduced demand for slate. Many quarries also removed all of the easily extractable slate present. A final factor to the industry's decline was the Great Depression, which resulted in greatly reduced home constructions that represented the market for slate roofs. Many quarries in the Slate Belt went out of business during this period.

### 21st century

Three slate quarries remain active in the Slate Belt: one each in Bangor, Wind Gap, and Pen Argyl. Slate quarries that have been abandoned remain recreational popular for swimming, despite the dangers associated with them. Several people have drowned while swimming in them.

## Culture

Slate-board quoits, which originating with Slate Belt miners in the 1930s, remain popular in the Lehigh Valley and Northeastern regions of Pennsylvania.