title: Samuel Doria Medina

abstract: Samuel Doria Medina Auza is a politician in Bolivia and former business person. From 1987 until 2014 he was the President and main shareholder in SOBOCE. SOBOCE is the largest cement manufacturer in Bolivia.

text:
# Samuel Doria Medina

**Samuel Doria Medina Auza** (born 4 December 1958) is a politician in Bolivia and former business person. From 1987 until 2014 he was the President and main shareholder in SOBOCE. SOBOCE is the largest cement manufacturer in Bolivia.

## Politics

He is the leader of the National Unity Front and represented the party alongside Carlos Fernando Dabdoub Arrien in the December 2005 Presidential Elections. In that election, Doria Medina finished 3rd with 7.8% of the national vote. He ran again in the 2009 elections and won 5.65% of the vote. Doria Medina ran once again in the 2014 elections; coming out second with 25.1 of the vote.

He has sought to position himself and his party as a moderate third force in Bolivian politics.

## Personal life

Medina married Nidia Monje Postigo in 1983 and has six children.

## InfoBox

| Samuel Doria Medina | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| President of the National Unity Front | |
| **In office**
12 December 2003  15 December 2021 | |
| Preceded by | *Party established* |
| Succeeded by | Elizabeth Reyes |
| Minister of Planning and Coordination | |
| **In office**
9 August 1991  6 August 1993 | |
| President | Jaime Paz Zamora |
| Preceded by | Luis Enrique García Rodríguez |
| Succeeded by | *Office abolished* |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Samuel Doria Medina Auza
(1958-12-04) 4 December 1958
La Paz, Bolivia |
| Political party | National Unity Front (2003–present) |
| Other political
affiliations | Revolutionary Left Movement (1991–2001) |
| Spouse | Nidia Monje Postigo |
| Children | 3 |
| Education | London School of Economics |
|  | |


title: Encausse

abstract: Encausse is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

text:
# Encausse

**Encausse** is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## Geography

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 286 |  |
| 1968 | 255 | −10.8% |
| 1975 | 238 | −6.7% |
| 1982 | 258 | +8.4% |
| 1990 | 274 | +6.2% |
| 1999 | 271 | −1.1% |
| 2008 | 369 | +36.2% |

## InfoBox

| Encausse | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
|  | |
| Location of Encausse | |
| EncausseEncausse | |
| Coordinates: 43°42′N 1°02′E / 43.7°N 1.04°E / 43.7; 1.04 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Occitania |
| Department | Gers |
| Arrondissement | Condom |
| Canton | Gimone-Arrats |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Eliane Marsiglio |
| Area**1** | 15.65 km2 (6.04 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 438 |
| Density | 28/km2 (72/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 32120 /32430 |
| Elevation | 163–240 m (535–787 ft)
(avg. 230 m or 750 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Emus (beetle)

abstract:
Emus is a genus of rove beetles with long, matted yellow, black, and grey hairs on the pronotum and parts of the abdomen. There are four known species within this genus:
  - Emus aeneicollis
  - Emus figulus
  - Emus hirtus
  - Emus soropegus

text:
# Emus (beetle)

***Emus*** is a genus of rove beetles with long, matted yellow, black, and grey hairs on the pronotum and parts of the abdomen.

There are four known species within this genus:

## InfoBox

| *Emus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Emus hirtus* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Tribe: | Staphylinini |
| Genus: | *Emus*
Leach, 1819 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Staphylinus hirtus*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Emys* Agassiz, 1846 * *Creatophilus* Gistel, 1856 | |


title: Enan Township, Sichuan

abstract: Enan is a township in Dêgê County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. In 2010, Enan Township had a total population of 1,456: 694 males and 762 females: 385 aged under 14, 981 aged between 15 and 65 and 90 aged over 65.

text:
# Enan Township, Sichuan

**Enan** (*Mandarin*: *俄南乡*) is a township in Dêgê County, Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. In 2010, Enan Township had a total population of 1,456: 694 males and 762 females: 385 aged under 14, 981 aged between 15 and 65 and 90 aged over 65.

## InfoBox

| Enan Township 俄南乡 | |
| --- | --- |
| Township | |
| Enanxiang | |
| Enan TownshipLocation in Sichuan | |
| Coordinates: 32°14′59″N 98°22′48″E / 32.24972°N 98.38000°E / 32.24972; 98.38000 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| Autonomous prefecture | Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture |
| County | Dêgê County |
| Area | |
| Total | 293.7 km2 (113.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Total | 1,456 |
| Density | 5.0/km2 (13/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |


title: Enaniliha

abstract: Enaniliha is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Taolanaro, which is a part of Anosy Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 2,000 in 2001 commune census. Only primary schooling is available. The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas and cassava. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

text:
# Enaniliha

**Enaniliha** is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Taolanaro, which is a part of Anosy Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 2,000 in 2001 commune census.

Only primary schooling is available. The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 15% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are bananas and cassava. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.

## Roads

This municipality is crossed by the Provincial road RIP118 from Soanierana to Bevoay.

24°39′S 46°52′E / 24.650°S 46.867°E / -24.650; 46.867

## InfoBox

| Enaniliha | |
| --- | --- |
| EnanilihaLocation in Madagascar | |
| Coordinates: 24°39′S 46°52′E / 24.650°S 46.867°E / -24.650; 46.867 | |
| Country | Madagascar |
| Region | Anosy |
| District | Taolanaro |
| Area | |
| Total | 116 km2 (45 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 165 m (541 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 2,000 |
| Time zone | UTC3 (EAT) |
| Postal code | 614 |


title: Enanga Kebbi

abstract: Juliana Enanga Kebbi was a Cameroonian journalist, communicator, and politician. She was widely known as Enanga Kebbi.

text:
# Enanga Kebbi

**Juliana Enanga Kebbi** (1961 – 12 September 2022) was a Cameroonian journalist, communicator, and politician. She was widely known as **Enanga Kebbi**.

## Biography

### Career in journalism and communications

Kebbi, a graduate of the University of Yaoundé, was a pioneer of CRTV (Cameroon Radio and Television) when it was known as CTV. She began her career as a Speakerine before transitioning into journalism. Over the years, she rose to prominence within the company, holding various positions including Head of the Reserved Affairs Reporting Unit.

Kebbi was often regarded as the English voice of the First Lady, spending nearly two decades covering and promoting her initiatives. Through reports, interviews, and documentaries, she informed the public about events such as New Year's wishes ceremonies for Chantal Biya and activities of associated organizations including African Synergies, the Circle of Friends of Cameroon, CHRACERH (Hospital Center for Research and Application in Endoscopic Surgery and Human Reproduction) in Yaoundé, the Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on HIV/AIDS prevention and management, and the Chantal Biya Foundation.

### Political career

Kebbi was actively involved in politics for almost 30 years, primarily within the RDPC (Rassemblement Démocratique du Peuple Camerounais). She became known as a key figure in the South-West region, her area of origin. Due to her dedication and dynamism, she rose within the party's leadership alongside figures such as Christophe Mien Zok, Charles Ateba Eyene, and Simon Meyanga. In 2008, she was appointed a mission leader within the secretariat of the Central Committee by Paul Biya, the National President of the party. Additionally, she joined the National Office of the OFRDPC.

Kebbi died on 12 September 2022, in Tunisia, leaving behind her only biological child and several others she cared for.

## InfoBox

| Juliana Enanga Kebbi | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1961 (1961) |
| Died | 12 September 2022(2022-09-12) (aged 60–61)<br>Tunisia |
| Nationality | Cameroonian |
| Occupations | * Journalist * communicator * politician |


title: Enangudi

abstract: Enangudi is the main village which is unified with neighbouring villages like Adalaiyur, Karipakkam, Ketharimangalam, Putthagaram, Kayathoor, Karuppuoor, Thepiramangalam, Vawvaladi and Pakkam Kottor. The nearest town of significant size is Tiruvarur which is 16 km away, Mayiladuthurai is 30 km and Nagapattinam is around 28 km away. The nearest Railway station is Nannilam (Sannanaloor). Enangudi has all the basic facilities such as secondary education, primary health, veterinary health and banking.

text:
# Enangudi

**Enangudi** is the main village which is unified with neighbouring villages like Adalaiyur, Karipakkam, Ketharimangalam, Putthagaram, Kayathoor, Karuppuoor, Thepiramangalam, Vawvaladi and Pakkam Kottor.

The nearest town of significant size is Tiruvarur which is 16 km away, Mayiladuthurai is 30 km and Nagapattinam is around 28 km away. The nearest Railway station is Nannilam (Sannanaloor).

Enangudi has all the basic facilities such as secondary education, primary health, veterinary health and banking.

## Bank

* Indian overseas bank
* tamilnad mercantile bank (Puthagaram)

## Places of worship

MASJID:

* East Jumma masjid
* Middle masjid
* Big masjid
* Masjidul Aqsa
* Ketharimangalam masjid
* Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath Markas
* Thowheed Markas without any organization
* One Masjid in Vawvaladi
* Two Masjids in Pakkam Kottor.

```
  *And*
```

TEMPLES:

* Sivan Temple
* 7 virgo temple
* Agaya Mariyamman temple
* Selva vinayagar temple
* Pidari Amman Temple
* Kaliyamman Temple
* Aiyyanar Temple
* Vinayagar Temple

## Schools

1. Government higher secondary School +12

2. Government Elementary School 5 th

3. Al Aman Crescent School +12

4. Al-kathereyaa Matriculation hr. sec School +12

5. SMT School 8th

## People

Most of them own rice fields (Max. leased to sub farmers) and it is a means of income for them.

The majority of the population are Muslims, and most of the males are working in foreign countries like Singapore, Malaysia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Manual labour is rapidly decreasing due to the government's 100-day jobs. TNTJ is a fast growing organization and T.M.M.k is the major community organization. T.M.M.K and M.J.K were providing ambulance services.

ENANGUDI -609701. is hosting the national PIN CODE-609 701 (Post Code).

10°52′49″N 79°40′21″E / 10.880237°N 79.672492°E / 10.880237; 79.672492


title: Emmanuel Church, Bentley

abstract: Emmanuel Church, Bentley is a parish church in the Church of England in Bentley, West Midlands.

text:
# Emmanuel Church, Bentley

**Emmanuel Church, Bentley** is a parish church in the Church of England in Bentley, West Midlands.

## History

The church was started in 1954 by the architect Richard Twentyman with Lavender and Percy and consecrated in 1956 by Rt. Revd. Stretton Reeve the Bishop of Lichfield. It was built in memory of Alfred Ernest Owen. It was built of brick over a concrete frame. The bell tower is punctuated by asymmetrical openings. The chancel and sanctuary are lit with strongly vertical windows.

The building received praise from Pevsner who describes it as *more accommodating and much prettier than their pre-war work.* It was listed at Grade II by Historic England in March 2016.

## Organ

The church is equipped with a pipe organ by Hawkins dating from 1956. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

## InfoBox

| Emmanuel Church, Bentley, Walsall | |
| --- | --- |
| Emmanuel Church, Bentley, Walsall | |
|  | |
| 52°35′19.04″N 2°1′16.36″W / 52.5886222°N 2.0212111°W / 52.5886222; -2.0212111 | |
| Location | Bentley, West Midlands |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Website | emmanuelbentley.yolasite.com |
| History | |
| Dedication | Emmanuel |
| Consecrated | 1956 |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade II |
| Designated | 10 March 2016 |
| Architect(s) | Richard Twentyman |
| Groundbreaking | 1954 |
| Completed | 1956 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of Lichfield |
| Archdeaconry | Walsall |
| Deanery | Wulfrun |
| Parish | Emmanuel Bentley |


title: Emmanuel Chukwuma

abstract: Emmanuel Chukwuma is an Anglican archbishop in Nigeria. He was appointed the bishop of the Diocese of Enugu, and the archbishop of the Anglican Province of Enugu in 2014. Chukwuma was born in Asaba on 15 January 1954. After secondary school, he trained to be a teacher. He then graduated in Theology from Immanuel College of Theology, Ibadan. He was ordained in 1981 and served at Christ Church, Ibadan. He has also served as Chaplain to the Archbishop of Nigeria, Timothy Olufosoye, the first Primate of the Church of Nigeria; Vicar of St. Paul, Ibadan; and as Bishop of Bauchi. He was elected as Archbishop of Enugu at the 11th General Synod of the Church of Nigeria, held at the Cathedral Church of the Good Shepherd, Enugu, in September 2014.

text:
# Emmanuel Chukwuma

**Emmanuel Chukwuma** //  is an Anglican archbishop in Nigeria. He was appointed the bishop of the Diocese of Enugu, and the archbishop of the Anglican Province of Enugu in 2014.

Chukwuma was born in Asaba on 15 January 1954. After secondary school, he trained to be a teacher. He then graduated in Theology from Immanuel College of Theology, Ibadan. He was ordained in 1981 and served at Christ Church, Ibadan. He has also served as Chaplain to the Archbishop of Nigeria, Timothy Olufosoye, the first Primate of the Church of Nigeria; Vicar of St. Paul, Ibadan; and as Bishop of Bauchi.

He was elected as Archbishop of Enugu at the 11th General Synod of the Church of Nigeria, held at the Cathedral Church of the Good Shepherd, Enugu, in September 2014.


title: Encyclopedia of American Religions

abstract: Encyclopedia of American Religions, renamed Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions in the eighth edition, is a reference book edited by J. Gordon Melton (editor-in-chief) first published in 1978, by Consortium Books, A McGrath publishing company. It is currently in its ninth edition and has become a standard reference work in the study of religion in the United States.

text:
# Encyclopedia of American Religions

***Encyclopedia of American Religions***, renamed ***Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions*** in the eighth edition, is a reference book edited by J. Gordon Melton (editor-in-chief) first published in 1978, by Consortium Books, A McGrath publishing company. It is currently in its ninth edition and has become a standard reference work in the study of religion in the United States.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Encyclopedia of American Religions
| Cover of the first volume | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor | J. Gordon Melton |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Religion in the United States |
| Publisher | Gale Cengage Learning |
| Publication date | 17 October 2016 (9th edition) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages | 1386 |
| ISBN | 978-1414406879 |


title: Encompass Trust

abstract: Encompass: The Daniel Braden Reconciliation Trust is a UK-registered charitable organisation involved in youth development.

text:
# Encompass Trust

**Encompass: The Daniel Braden Reconciliation Trust** is a UK-registered charitable organisation involved in youth development.

## Organization

Encompass was set up following the death of Daniel Braden in the 2002 Bali Bombings by his family and girlfriend. Determined to make something good out of the tragedy, their decision attracted a lot of media attention for Encompass.

Encompass works with youths from the UK, US, Israel, the Palestinian Territories and Indonesia in an attempt to break down cultural barriers and promote mutual understanding between young people from these countries.

Encompass' work has been described as an important in tackling the problem of 'bringing together Israelis and Palestinians' and as having 'a key role to play in our post-9/11 world'.

## Partnerships

From 2005 until 2010 Encompass worked in partnership with the Outward Bound Trust UK, with the 'Journey of Understanding' taking place at an Outward Bound centre either in Scotland or Wales.

Since 2010, Encompass has been working with The Prince's Trust, with their Pembrokeshire Adventure Centre in Wales playing host to the 'Journey of Understanding' participants.

US participants come from the student body of Syracuse University, one of Encompass' Partners.

Encompass works with other groups and organisations with similar objectives, both in the UK and abroad. For instance the Berakah Project played at a recent fundraising music event, 'A Peace of Music', in July 2011. They have also worked with other charities including Freedom from Torture, with whom they put on a gig in May 2010, raising money for the two charities.

* The Encompass Website
* Information about the Syracuse-Encompass Partnership Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
* "*Encompass: The Daniel Braden Reconciliation Trust, registered charity no. 1096213*". Charity Commission for England and Wales.


title: End the Fed

abstract: End the Fed is a 2009 book by Congressman Ron Paul of Texas. The book debuted at number six on the New York Times Best Seller list and advocates the abolition of the United States Federal Reserve System "because it is immoral, unconstitutional, impractical, promotes bad economics, and undermines liberty." The book argues that the booms, bubbles and busts of the business cycle are caused by the Federal Reserve's actions.

text:
# End the Fed

***End the Fed*** is a 2009 book by Congressman Ron Paul of Texas. The book debuted at number six on the *New York Times* Best Seller list and advocates the abolition of the United States Federal Reserve System "because it is immoral, unconstitutional, impractical, promotes bad economics, and undermines liberty." The book argues that the booms, bubbles and busts of the business cycle are caused by the Federal Reserve's actions.

## Summary

Paul argues that "in the post-meltdown world, it is irresponsible, ineffective, and ultimately useless to have a serious economic debate without considering and challenging the role of the Federal Reserve."

In *End the Fed*, Paul argues that the Federal Reserve was created to bail out banks when they got into trouble. He says that this is bad for competition in banking, as it strengthens the big banks.

Paul argues that the Fed is both corrupt and unconstitutional. He states that the Federal Reserve System is inflating currency today at nearly a Weimar or Zimbabwe level, which Paul asserts is a practice that threatens to put the United States into an inflationary depression where the US dollar, which is the reserve currency of the world, would suffer severe devaluation.

A major theme of the work is the idea of inflation as a hidden tax making warfare much easier to wage. Because people will reject the notion of increasing direct taxes, inflation is then used to help service the overwhelming debts incurred through warfare. In turn the purchasing power of the masses is diminished, yet most people are unaware. Under Ron Paul's theory, this diminution has the biggest impact on low income individuals since it is a regressive tax. Paul argues that the CPI presently does not include food and energy, yet these are the items on which the majority of poor peoples' income is spent.

He further maintains that most people are not aware that the Fed—created by the Morgans and Rockefellers at a private club off the coast of Georgia—is actually working against their own personal interests. Instead of protecting the people, Paul contends that the Fed now serves as a cartel where "the name of the game is bailout", i.e. privatized profits but socialized losses.

Paul also draws on what he argues are historical links between the creation of central banks and war, explaining how inflation and devaluations have been used as war financing tools in the past by many governments from monarchies to democracies.

## Reception

Surveys of economists show overwhelming opposition to abolishing the Federal Reserve or undermining its independence. According to Princeton University economist Alan S. Blinder, "mountains of empirical evidence support the proposition that greater central bank independence produces not only less inflation but superior macroeconomic performance, e.g., lower and less volatile inflation with no more volatility in output."

In the book, Paul argues that "the government and its banking cartel have together stolen $0.95 of every dollar as they have pursued a relentlessly inflationary policy." David Andolfatto of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis said the statement was "just plain false" and "stupid" while noting that legitimate arguments can be made against the Federal Reserve.

After an interview with Ron Paul about the book, Jon Stewart of *The Daily Show* called it "thought provoking" and "clearly from the heart". Advocates for ending the Federal Reserve have called for a return to the gold standard. However, economists overwhelmingly oppose a return to the gold standard, with a consensus arguing that the gold standard would contribute to economic volatility.

## InfoBox

End the Fed
| First-edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ron Paul |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Politics, economics |
| Publisher | Grand Central Publishing |
| Publication date | September 16, 2009 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 224 pp. |
| ISBN | 978-0-446-54919-6 |
| OCLC | 318878539 |
| Dewey Decimal | 332.1/10973 22 |
| LC Class | HG2563 .P384 2009 |
| Preceded by | *The Revolution: A Manifesto* |


title: Empire State Development Corporation

abstract: Empire State Development (ESD) is the umbrella organization for New York's two principal economic development public-benefit corporations, the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) and the New York Job Development Authority (JDA). The New York State Department of Economic Development (DED) is a department of the New York government that has been operationally merged into ESD. ESD gives its mission as promoting the state economy, encouraging business investment and job creation, and supporting local economies through loans, grants, tax credits, real estate development, marketing and other forms of assistance.

text:
# Empire State Development Corporation

Department of Economic Development
| Department overview | |
| --- | --- |
| Jurisdiction | New York |
| Headquarters | 625 Broadway,<br>Albany, New York |
| Department executive | * commissioner |
| Key document |  |

**Empire State Development** (**ESD**) is the umbrella organization for New York's two principal economic development public-benefit corporations, the **New York State Urban Development Corporation** (UDC) and the **New York Job Development Authority** (JDA). The New York State **Department of Economic Development** (DED) is a department of the New York government that has been operationally merged into ESD.

ESD gives its mission as promoting the state economy, encouraging business investment and job creation, and supporting local economies through loans, grants, tax credits, real estate development, marketing and other forms of assistance.

## History

The Division of Commerce was created in 1941 and incorporated several state bureaus and the Bureau of Industry. It was replaced in 1944 by the Department of Commerce. The New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) was created in 1968 by the New York State Urban Development Corporation Act. On August 31, 1987, the Omnibus Economic Development Act created the state Department of Economic Development (DED). In 1975, the UDC was reorganized and its mission expanded from developing housing to economic development.

In 1995, the functions of the DED and the UDC were consolidated, along with the Job Development Authority (JDA) and the Science and Technology Foundation (STF). UDC's directors decided that the corporation would do business as the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC). Some functions of JDA and STF were folded into ESDC and DED, respectively, and the collective entity was branded as Empire State Development (ESD). In November 1999 the STF was abolished, and in 2011 the New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR) was merged with DED.

In its early years the UDC was responsible for "the last significant program of publicly assisted housing in the United States". At the time it was primarily aimed at urban renewal in c City although its bonds were to be used statewide. Virtually all state subsidized housing built since 1968 was financed through the corporation. In the first years of the UDC, its aim was to facilitate large-scale low-income housing developments in urban neighborhoods that had traditionally been white and middle-class. In 1970, *Business Week* claimed that the UDC was "emerging as the most powerful state agency in the country for coping with urban growth."

By 1974 the investment climate had cooled and in 1975 Governor Hugh Carey asked the Legislature to appropriate $178 million for the UDC, and by 1977 the UDC was able to reenter the financial markets. In 1975, the corporation was reorganized and its mission expanded from developing housing to economic development. The finances were reorganized and the corporation assumed a less aggressive development stance, and its mission was refocused to finance other ambitious state projects and has been used frequently by governors to implement projects that circumvent formal Legislative or voter scrutiny.

The move away from a housing mission began in the late 1970s and early 1980s with such projects as the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center and improvements to the Apollo Theater. Among its projects was a doubling of the New York state prison system, improvements to Love Canal, construction of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, revitalization of 42nd Street (Manhattan), revitalization of Niagara Falls, New York, construction of Battery Park City, development of Roosevelt Island, as well as planning for construction of a new Pennsylvania Station and for development of Governors Island. While the UDC ultimately was to have big successes with such projects as Roosevelt Island and Battery Park City it was to encounter major problems in its inner city developments and its efforts to build minority low-income housing in white middle-class neighborhoods. The Corporation still maintains a housing portfolio that currently includes mortgages for 20,200 housing units valued at $650 million in total.

Mario Cuomo was the first to begin ambitious use of it to get around official scrutiny for public projects. In 1981 voters voted against a $500 million bond issue for expansion of the state prison system to handle increased prison populations arising from the Rockefeller drug laws. At the time New York had 32 adult prisons. Cuomo was to use the bonds to build another 38 prisons — most upstate.

George Pataki used the corporation to distribute $20 billion in federal aid following the September 11, 2001 attacks to help rebuild lower Manhattan and build the 9/11 memorial. A subsidiary, Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, and the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation were set up for those purposes. Rebuilding was financed by Liberty bonds. Whether the lack of public scrutiny has helped or hurt the development process can be debated.

An audit released in May 2006 by New York comptroller Alan Hevesi reported that the Corporation loses track of its subsidiaries. At the time the corporation reported 70 active subsidiaries, but the audit showed there were 202 subsidiaries still legally on the books (98 of which were definitely inactive). The audit did not consider this a serious oversight but the corporation stated that it intended to dissolve the inactive corporations.

In 2007, under Governor Eliot Spitzer, an Upstate ESD headquarters opened in Buffalo in recognition of the different economic challenges posed in the upper and lower (NYC region) parts of the State. Two chairs were appointed, one for ESD Downstate and the other for ESD Upstate. The ESD board also authorized the creation of another subsidiary, Upstate Empire State Development Corporation, to concentrate on Upstate issues. In 2008, Governor David A. Paterson brought the two components of ESD back together again, emphasizing that New York is truly “One State”. The former Upstate and Downstate offices now work together to ensure that New York's economic development strategy benefits the entire State, while being mindful of the specific resources and special challenges of each region.

In January 2011, Governor Andrew M. Cuomo appointed Kenneth Adams as ESD President & CEO and DED Commissioner. Mr. Adams was confirmed by the Legislature on April 5, 2011. In May 2011, Governor Cuomo appointed Julie Shimer as Chair of ESD. She was confirmed by the New York State Senate in June 2011.

State control over projects in New York City has often involved turf conflicts between the New York City mayor and the governor (including the fact that the state authority is exempted from city zoning rules). Many of the projects have had significant impacts on neighborhoods and resulted in white flight and charges of reverse discrimination. As an example, the UDC's construction of the Harlem State Office Building in 1969 aroused intense opposition from the neighborhood which wanted the resources applied in other ways. Ada Louise Huxtable called the fight "Rockefeller's Vietnam". The term "urban development" took on a negative connotation and in 1995 UDC was renamed the Empire State Development Corporation.

During the coronavirus pandemic, ESD was accorded a leading role in delineating what businesses would be considered essential in New York State. In a late 2020 *per curiam* decision of the Supreme Court, *Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo*, ESD categorizations of essential services were noted for excluding religious services while, at the same time, not being limited to services which can be considered as essential. Avi Schick, former President of ESDC (2007–2009), criticized the corporation as acting beyond its purview in determining what constitutes essential activities, particularly as it relates to religious practice.

## Structure

Since 1995, four entities have been operationally merged and referred to as Empire State Development (ESD):

* **Urban Development Corporation** (UDC), d/b/a Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC)
    + In 2017, the UDC had operating expenses of $1.282 billion, an outstanding debt of $12.895 billion, and a staffing level of 351 people.
* **Department of Economic Development** (DED)
* **New York Job Development Authority** (JDA), d/b/a Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC)
    + In 2017, the JDA had operating expenses of $2.96 million, an outstanding debt of $10.068 billion, and a staffing level of 4 people.
* Science and Technology Foundation (STF)

Although ESD officials have programmatically consolidated the DED, UDC, JDA and STF, they have not legally consolidated the agencies. The commissioner of the DED is the chairman of the boards of UDC, JDA and STF, but those boards continue to operate as separate bodies.

The UDC is allowed to operate through subsidiaries. Each subsidiary has its own board of directors. As of October 2015, there were nine subsidiaries of ESD:. ESD also has more than 120 inactive subsidiaries such as the Archive Preservation Corporation and the Governors Island Redevelopment Corporation. These subsidiaries are legal entities but are no longer used and have not been legally dissolved.

The **New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation** is also listed on the New York State Comptroller's website as a public benefit corporation that carries out functions that were formerly performed by NYSTAR. NYSTAR is now listed on the ESD website. The New York State Foundation for Science, Technology, and Innovation and NYSTAR are not listed in the 2018 New York State Authorities Budget Office report and so both might be dissolved or chose not to report.

## Operations

The UDC is empowered to issue bonds and notes, grant loans and tax exemptions, acquire private property, exercise eminent domain, create subsidiaries, and exempt projects from/override local laws, ordinances, codes, charters or regulations (e.g., zoning). As with all New York state public-benefit corporations, it can issue bonds without a voter referendum, bypassing the NY's state constitution limits. As of May 2015 the UDC reported outstanding debts of $11 billion.

As of October 2015, major projects included the:

A procurement opportunities newsletter, *The New York State Contract Reporter*, contains notices of procurement contract opportunities and is published by the Department of Economic Development.

## InfoBox

New York State Urban Development Corporation
| Empire State Development logo | |
| --- | --- |
| Public authority overview | |
| Jurisdiction | New York |
| Public authority executive | * Hope Knight, President and CEO Designate |
| Key document | * New York State Urban Development Corporation Act |
| Website | esd.ny.gov |


title: Endocrine oncology

abstract: Endocrine oncology refers to a medical speciality dealing with hormone producing tumors, i.e. a combination of endocrinology and oncology. Few centres are specializing in hormone producing tumors only, due to the relatively low incidence. Most centres have gastroenterologists, oncologist or endocrinologists who deal with other diseases as well. One exception is the Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden, where doctors treat only endocrine tumors.

text:
# Endocrine oncology

**Endocrine oncology** refers to a medical speciality dealing with hormone producing tumors, i.e. a combination of endocrinology and oncology.

Few centres are specializing in hormone producing tumors only, due to the relatively low incidence. Most centres have gastroenterologists, oncologist or endocrinologists who deal with other diseases as well. One exception is the Uppsala Centre of Excellence in Neuroendocrine Tumors at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden, where doctors treat only endocrine tumors.

## Endocrine tumors

There are many different kinds of endocrine tumors, some of which are listed below:


title: Endocrossis

abstract: Endocrossis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

text:
# Endocrossis

***Endocrossis*** is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

## Former species

## InfoBox

| *Endocrossis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Tribe: | Margaroniini |
| Genus: | *Endocrossis*<br>Meyrick, 1889 |
|


abstract: Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian is an 1813 oil painting by American painter Thomas Birch depicting the naval engagement fought near Madeira on October 25, 1812 between the US Navy heavy frigate USS United States and the Royal Navy frigate HMS Macedonian. The battle resulted in the capture of the Macedonian, which became the first British warship to be brought to an American harbour as a prize. Birch painted the subject at least three times. An original painting was displayed in the Oval Office at the White House from 1961 to 1963 during the presidency of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy made plans to redecorate the Oval Office after his inauguration in 1961, and he wanted a painting of a naval battle to hang over the fireplace. A report in The Philadelphia Inquirer led J. Welles Henderson to lend a painting of the engagement between the United States and the Macedonian and a second naval painting by Birch, which were part of his personal collection displayed at Philadelphia Maritime Museum. The other painting depicted the earlier battle of USS Constitution against HMS Guerriere. HMS Guerriere was captured in August 1812, but was too damaged and could not be brought back to port, so was set on fire and abandoned. The work measures 62.9 cm × 81.9 cm. After being displayed at the White House, it was held at museums in Philadelphia. It was sold by the estate of J. Welles Henderson at auction at Sotheby's in May 2008 for $481,000. A slightly different and slightly larger version, which measures 70.48 cm × 91.1 cm, also attributed to Birch 1813, has been held by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, since 1978. A third version, which measures 28 in × 34.5 in, also Birch 1813, is held by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. A version by or after Birch is at the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, in Hyde Park, New York; and a version 25 in × 30 in "After Thomas Birch" was sold at Christie's in 2017 for $11,250. An engraving of the painting by Benjamin Tanner was published on 25 October 1813. Another engraving was made by Samuel Seymour, 1815, and published by James Webster.

text:
# Engagement between the United States and the Macedonian

***Engagement between the* United States *and the* Macedonian** is an 1813 oil painting by American painter Thomas Birch depicting the naval engagement fought near Madeira on October 25, 1812 between the US Navy heavy frigate USS *United States* and the Royal Navy frigate HMS *Macedonian*. The battle resulted in the capture of the *Macedonian*, which became the first British warship to be brought to an American harbour as a prize.

Birch painted the subject at least three times. An original painting was displayed in the Oval Office at the White House from 1961 to 1963 during the presidency of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy made plans to redecorate the Oval Office after his inauguration in 1961, and he wanted a painting of a naval battle to hang over the fireplace. A report in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* led J. Welles Henderson (the lawyer, and son of Joseph Welles Henderson) to lend a painting of the engagement between the *United States* and the *Macedonian* and a second naval painting by Birch, which were part of his personal collection displayed at Philadelphia Maritime Museum. The other painting depicted the earlier battle of USS *Constitution* against HMS *Guerriere*. HMS *Guerriere* was captured in August 1812, but was too damaged and could not be brought back to port, so was set on fire and abandoned.

The work measures 62.9 cm × 81.9 cm (24.8 in × 32.2 in). After being displayed at the White House, it was held at museums in Philadelphia. It was sold by the estate of J. Welles Henderson at auction at Sotheby's in May 2008 for $481,000.

A slightly different and slightly larger version, which measures 70.48 cm × 91.1 cm (27.75 in × 35.87 in), also attributed to Birch 1813, has been held by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, since 1978. A third version, which measures 28 in × 34.5 in (71 cm × 88 cm), also Birch 1813, is held by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

A version by or after Birch is at the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, in Hyde Park, New York; and a version 25 in × 30 in (64 cm × 76 cm) "After Thomas Birch" was sold at Christie's in 2017 for $11,250.

An engraving of the painting by Benjamin Tanner was published on 25 October 1813. Another engraving was made by Samuel Seymour, 1815, and published by James Webster.


title: Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton

text:
# Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton

Catherine Middleton wore a blue Issa dress during the photocall for her engagement to Prince William of Wales on 16 November 2010, at St. James's Palace. The silk wrap dress matched her engagement ring, and sold out soon after its debut. It contributed to the start of "the Kate Middleton effect", Middleton's impact on the fashion industry, and sparked a trend in "little blue dresses".

## Background

Brazilian-born London designer Daniella Issa Helayel had been producing form-fitting dresses under her eponymous Issa London label since 2001. In 2011, Issa was considered a "go-to" designer for fashionable London public figures, including Princess Beatrice, Princess Eugenie, Pippa Middleton and Keira Knightley. In the years leading up to her engagement, the Middleton sisters wore several of Issa's silk jersey dresses to public events and formal occasions. Middleton would often visit Helayel's studio, having pieces custom-fitted. The dress had no name, and was known by the style number DJ157. Helayel stated that it was "the original Issa dress", based on a gown that belonged to her grandmother. Middleton purchased her engagement dress from the Issa concession at Fenwick's Bond Street store.

## Design and Middleton's debut

The engagement was announced in November 2010. The couple posed for the press at St. James's Palace on 16 November, where the piece was photographed. The dress is a sapphire, tight fitting, long-sleeved, low-cut silk wrap dress with a gathered front, described as "one of Issa's classic silk jersey dresses". The deep blue colour of the gown complemented the shade of the engagement ring, which had previously belonged to Diana, Princess of Wales. Middleton paired the wrap dress with her engagement ring, a set of sapphire cabochon earrings and a necklace, and black pumps.

Her fiancé, Prince William, wore a complementary navy suit with a burgundy tie. The event was Middleton's formal introduction to the press, and regarded as her "transition" from commoner into royal life before her marriage. Helayel told *People* that she was elated that Middleton had decided to wear her dress for the engagement announcement, stating she was thrilled with the engagement news and I'm very happy that she has chosen to wear Issa today... \[s\]he is a very pretty and lovely girl."'

## Reception and influence

The dress, worth £385, sold out within hours of its debut in both the U.K and the U.S. *Vogue* wrote that the piece became an "overnight sensation" after photos of Middleton's engagement circulated worldwide. In New York City, where the dress retails for about $615, a buyer for an Issa retailer stated "People are going crazy for this dress... We have a wait list growing by the day." The high street "became awash with copies" of the gown. Middleton's look was credited with increasing attention on Issa's designs during London Fashion Week in 2011. A new tartan was created by McCalls Highlandwear, named "Royal Pride", inspired by the dress. Several publications speculated that Issa was a contender to design Middleton's wedding gown. The dress's popularity helped boost sales by 45% for the Issa London label. As a result of unprecedented demand, Issa went "into administration" after having difficulty coping with the amount of orders, before relaunching in 2015 with House of Fraser. The dress, named "The Kate Tie Wrap Dress", is now sold in various different colours, and retails for £99.

*Vanity Fair* referred to the dress as "iconic" and "unforgettable". *StyleCaster* labelled it among the most iconic dresses of 2010. *The Telegraph* opined that the design underscored Middleton's "youthful elegance". *The Guardian* noted that Middleton had chosen a similar color to Diana's engagement outfit, with both dresses chosen to match the ring. After her engagement appearance, *Glamour* reported that "the princess-to-be is already well on her way to becoming a serious trendsetter." Middleton was reported to have replaced Lady Gaga as the top online fashion search phrase. *The Daily Beast* credited Middleton and Issa with an "aesthetic shift in British fashion" toward polished, "scrubbed-up", "attractive" trends, as opposed to previous grunge fashion inspired by Kate Moss. In 2019 *The Telegraph* wrote that the dress had been one of her "most memorable and significant fashion choices". The dress and its impact was described as the start of "the Kate effect", her reported impact on fashion and style.

### "Little Blue Dress" trend

Middleton's blue dress sparked a trend in "little blue dresses," as a more colourful alternative to the famous little black dress. According to *Glamour* contributing style editor Tracey Lomrantz, "Women saw (Middleton's iridescent Issa dress) and thought, 'I want to look like her.'" The colour, with hues ranging "from iris to cerulean, navy to indigo and everything between", was spotted across the runways and retailers after the engagement announcement. Celebrities such as Tia Carrere, Kristen Bell, and Amy Smart were all spotted in shades of blue on the red carpet during the Spring 2011 season.

1. The dress has been described in colour as "sapphire" "navy", and "royal blue".

## InfoBox

Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Designer | Daniella Issa Helayel |
| Year | 2010 |
| Type | Blue silk jersey |


title: Endophenazine A

abstract: Endophenazine A is a phenazine derivative with the molecular formula C18H16N2O2 which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces anulatus.

text:
# Endophenazine A

**Endophenazine A** is a phenazine derivative with the molecular formula C18H16N2O2 which is produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces anulatus*.

## Further reading

* Chincholkar, Sudhir; Thomashow, Linda (5 December 2013). *Microbial Phenazines: Biosynthesis, Agriculture and Health*. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-40573-0.
* Bach, Thomas J.; Rohmer, Michel (19 September 2012). *Isoprenoid Synthesis in Plants and Microorganisms: New Concepts and Experimental Approaches* (32 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-4063-5.

## InfoBox

Endophenazine A
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name 9-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenazine-1-carboxylic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C18H16N2O2/c1-11(2)9-10-12-5-3-7-14-16(12)20-17-13(18(21)22)6-4-8-15(17)19-14/h3-9H,10H2,1-2H3,(H,21,22)Key: WLQXISHGKXGNFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
| SMILES * CC(=CCC1=C2C(=CC=C1)N=C3C=CC=C(C3=N2)C(=O)O)C | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C18H16N2O2 |
| Molar mass | 292.338 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Endotricha flammealis

abstract: Endotricha flammealis, the rose-flounced tabby, is a species of snout moth, family Pyralidae.

text:
# Endotricha flammealis

***Endotricha flammealis***, the **rose-flounced tabby**, is a species of snout moth, family Pyralidae.

## Taxonomy

The proposed subspecies *carnealis* and several supposed varieties seem to be indistinguishable from typical individuals found in Austria.

## Distribution

This species can be found in western, central and southern Europe and nearby regions. Its range extends to Turkey, Crimea, Cyprus, Iran (via the Caucasus), to Lebanon and Syria, and to Algeria and Tunisia.

## Habitat

These moths inhabit grassland, heathland, woodland, fens, scrub and gardens.

## Description

*Endotricha flammealis* has a wingspan of 18–23 mm. The forewings are oblong, rather pointed at the tip. The antennae of males are pubescent. The basic colour of the wings is extremely variable. It is usually ochre in colour, brown or pale brown, but it may also be pinkish brown. On the edge of the forewings there are characteristic darker brown markings and bright or pinkish lines. The front edge of the forewings shows also a series of small white spots. Sometimes the moths may be light coloured without almost no markings. These moths have usually a distinctive resting posture, with the head and the front part of the body raised on its forelegs and with bottom of wings touching the surface. The caterpillars are brownish.

## Biology

The moths fly from July to August in the temperate parts of its range (e.g. in the British Isles) and are attracted to light. They mainly feed on nectar of *Calluna vulgaris*, *Tanacetum vulgare*, *Chamerion angustifolium*, *Buddleja davidii*, *Heracleum sphondylium* and *Jacobaea vulgaris*.

The females lay their eggs in summer on the underside of leaves. The caterpillars typically feed on common agrimony (*Agrimonia eupatoria*) and bilberries (*Vaccinium*), as well as on various plant remains and on dry leaves of willows (*Salix*) and oaks (*Quercus*).

## InfoBox

| *Endotricha flammealis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Upperside | |
|  | |
| Lateral view | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Endotricha* |
| Species: | ***E. flammealis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endotricha flammealis***<br>(Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Endotricha flammealis carnealis* de Lattin, 1951 * *Pyralis flammealis* Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 * *Endotricha flammealis* var. *adustalis* Turati, 1905 * *Endotricha flammealis* var. *lutealis* Turati, 1905 * *Endotricha flammealis* var. *montanalis* Krulikovsky, 1907 | |


# English cricket team in Australia in 2021–22

The England cricket team toured Australia in December 2021 and January 2022 to play five Tests, which formed The Ashes. In May 2021, Cricket Australia confirmed the fixtures for the tour. The Test series was also part of the 2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship. The England Lions also toured Australia during November and December 2021, before the majority of the team flew home before the second Test match.

Australia successfully retained the Ashes by winning the first three Test matches. The fourth Test ended in a draw, with Australia winning the fifth Test by 146 runs to win the series 4–0.

## Squads

| Australia A | England Lions |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

On 21 October 2021, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) announced that Dom Sibley had withdrawn from the England Lions squad, with Harry Brook named as his replacement. Three days before the first match of the tour for the England Lions, Brydon Carse suffered a knee injury and was ruled out of the series. Alex Carey was added to Australia's Test squad for the Ashes as a replacement for Tim Paine, and was removed from the A squad.

## Tour matches

Before the first Ashes Test match, England played a three-day match and a four-day match against England Lions. Australia were also scheduled to play a three-day intra-squad match, but the match was cancelled due to rain. As well as the Ashes Test matches, Australia A played the England Lions in a four-day match.

* England won the toss and elected to bat.
* Only 29 overs of play was possible on day 1 due to rain.
* No play was possible on day 2 and day 3 due to rain.

---

* England won the toss and elected to field.
* No play was possible on day 1 and day 2 due to rain.

---

* Australia A won the toss and elected to bat.

## Test series

### 1st Test

### 2nd Test

### 3rd Test

### 4th Test

### 5th Test

1. "Men's Future Tours Programme" (PDF). *International Cricket Council*. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
2. "Fixture confirmed for dual Ashes series, Afghan Test". *Cricket Australia*. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
3. "Australia's Test drought poses possible Ashes problems". *ESPN Cricinfo*. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
4. "England vs India to kick off the second World Test Championship". *ESPN Cricinfo*. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
5. "England opt against keeping Lions squad members on in Australia". *ESPN Cricinfo*. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
6. "Australia retain Ashes after Scott Boland heroics". *ESPN Cricinfo*. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
7. "Ashes: England crushed by Australia in final Test". *BBC Sport*. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
8. "Selectors eyeing present and future with Aus A picks". *Cricket Australia*. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
9. "Ashes: Usman Khawaja set to keep pressure on Test batsman in stacked Australia A team". *The Australian*. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
10. "England Lions name squad for tour of Australia". *England and Wales Cricket Board*. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
11. "Dom Sibley withdraws from Lions squad". *England and Wales Cricket Board*. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
12. "Brydon Carse out of England Lions tour of Australia with knee injury". *ESPN Cricinfo*. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
13. "Carey set for Gabba debut as Australia's Ashes keeper". *Cricket Australia*. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
14. "Alex Carey to make Test debut in Ashes opener". *Cricbuzz*. 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
15. "Australia's Ashes selection shootout locked in". *Cricket Australia*. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
16. "Paine back keeping and hopes to play Shield and Marsh Cup games ahead of the Ashes". *ESPN Cricinfo*. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
17. "Aussie Ashes prep in disarray as crucial last audition likely canned". *Fox Sports*. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
18. "England Lions and England Women's A to tour Australia alongside men's and women's senior teams". *England and Wales Cricket Board*. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
19. "England lose more WTC points for slow over-rate in first Ashes Test". *International Cricket Council*. Retrieved 17 December 2021.

## InfoBox

| English cricket team in Australia in 2021–22 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | Australia | England |
| Dates | 8 December 2021 – 18 January 2022 | | |
| Captains | Pat Cummins | Joe Root |
| Test series | | | |
| Result | Australia won the 5-match series 4–0 | | |
| Most runs | Travis Head (357) | Joe Root (322) |
| Most wickets | Pat Cummins (21) | Mark Wood (17) |
| Player of the series | Travis Head (Aus) | | |


# English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2003–04

The English cricket team toured Bangladesh from 12 October to 12 November 2003, playing a two-match Test series and a three-match One Day International series; England won all five matches to take whitewashes in both series. In preparation for the Test series, they also played two three-day tour matches against a Bangladesh Cricket Board President's XI and the Bangladesh A team.

## Tour matches

### Three-day: Bangladesh Cricket Board President's XI vs England XI

* BCB President's XI won the toss and elected to field.
* Play on Day 1 started at 14:30, resulting in only 37 overs being bowled in the day.

### Three-day: Bangladesh A vs England XI

* Bangladesh A won the toss and elected to bat.

## Test series

### 1st Test

### 2nd Test

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
* Martin Saggers (Eng) made his Test debut.

## ODI series

### 1st ODI

### 2nd ODI

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
* Moniruzzaman (Ban) made his ODI debut.

### 3rd ODI

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.

## InfoBox

| English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2003–04 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | England | Bangladesh |
| Dates | 12 October – 12 November 2003 | | |
| Captains | Michael Vaughan | Khaled Mahmud |
| Test series | | | |
| Result | England won the 2-match series 2–0 | | |
| Most runs | Michael Vaughan (208) | Mushfiqur Rahman (114) |
| Most wickets | Steve Harmison (9)
Richard Johnson (9)
Matthew Hoggard (9) | Mohammad Rafique (10) |
| Player of the series | Matthew Hoggard (Eng) | | |
| One Day International series | | | |
| Results | England won the 3-match series 3–0 | | |
| Most runs | Andrew Flintoff (177) | Mushfiqur Rahman (58) |
| Most wickets | Andrew Flintoff (7) | Mushfiqur Rahman (5) |
| Player of the series | Andrew Flintoff (Eng) | | |


# English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009–10

The England cricket team toured Bangladesh at the end of the 2009–10 cricket season, playing three One Day Internationals (ODI) and two Test matches. Regular England captain Andrew Strauss controversially missed the tour to rest for the 2010–11 Ashes series, so the team was led for the first time by Alastair Cook. Bangladesh were captained by all-rounder Shakib Al Hasan.

England whitewashed Bangladesh in both the Test and ODI series, maintaining their record as the only Test-playing nation not to have been beaten by the Bangladeshis. England gave debuts to five players during the series, including South African-born Craig Kieswetter, which drew criticism over the number of foreign-born players in the England team, particularly from former England captain Michael Vaughan.

## Background

In the 12 previous matches between the two sides – four Test matches and eight ODIs – England had a 100% winning record against Bangladesh, the only international team able to boast such a record. The previous year, Bangladesh had claimed their first Test series victory against a senior Test nation, though it came against a West Indies side that was heavily weakened because of an industrial dispute. England came into the tour on the back of a two-and-a-half-month series against South Africa in which they had tied the Test and Twenty20 International series, and secured a 2–1 ODI series win.

## Squads

The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) announced in September 2009 that it "\[had\] to prioritise" and would most likely be sending a weakened squad to tour Bangladesh. The press theorised that possible candidates to be rested included captain Andrew Strauss, Paul Collingwood, Stuart Broad and James Anderson. When the squad was officially announced in January 2010, only Strauss and Anderson were omitted from the touring squad. The reason given for Anderson's break was to give him opportunity to undergo a specialist review and rehabilitation for a chronic injury to his right knee, to enable him to return to full fitness for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. The decision to rest Strauss was rationalised by national selector Geoff Miller as "the selectors feel it is important that he takes a break ahead of an extremely busy programme of international cricket". This decision was not universally accepted, with former England captains Ian Botham and Michael Atherton among those who spoke out against the move; Botham claimed: "As captain you need to be there with your team ... I think it’s a major mistake."

England called up three uncapped players, naming bowlers Ajmal Shahzad and James Tredwell in both squads, and opening batsman Michael Carberry in the Test squad. Following a string of impressive performances for the England Lions, South African-born wicket-keeper batsman Craig Kieswetter was added to the ODI squad. Kieswetter had only completed his qualification period for England on the day before his first Lions match, and had previously represented South Africa Under-19s. Former England captain Michael Vaughan was unhappy with the inclusion of Kieswetter in the squad, and said that in an ideal world he would like to see "11 complete Englishmen in the team," and complained that he had "a problem, that we have almost got a 'ship-in' system of looking at talent". Injuries to Ryan Sidebottom, Graham Onions and Broad prompted England to call up Steven Finn as cover for the Test series, and Tim Bresnan remained with the squad after originally only being part of the ODI squad.

In contrast to the selection issues and injury problems surrounding England, Bangladesh came into the tour with a relatively stable squad. Uncapped players Nasir Hossain and Suhrawadi Shuvo were both named in the ODI squad, and Mashrafe Mortaza was fit to play after making it through the warm-up game against England for the BCB XI, having not played since July 2009 due to a knee injury. After playing in the first ODI, Mortaza withdrew from the squad for the remaining ODIs and Test matches, citing a disagreement over his fitness. The Bangladesh chairman of selectors, Rafiqul Alam, announced that Mortaza had withdrawn himself "to be by the side of his ailing mother". Mohammad Ashraful, Bangladesh's most-capped player, was omitted from the Test squad as he had failed to convince the selectors that he was in the right frame of mind for international cricket. The day after the squad had been announced, Bangladesh's preparations for the opening Test match were "thrown into disarray" when Raqibul Hasan announced his retirement from international cricket at the age of 22. It was reported that the retirement was due to Raqibul's displeasure at being omitted from the provisional squad for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. Uncapped Jahurul Islam was called into the squad to replace him.

| England  **Batsmen**
**All-rounders** **Wicket-keepers**
**Bowlers** | Bangladesh  **Batsmen**
**All-rounders** **Wicket-keepers**
**Bowlers** |
| --- | --- |

## ODI series

### 1st ODI

After winning the toss, England opted to put Bangladesh into bat, but their new-ball bowlers failed to maintain a good line and length, providing opener Tamim Iqbal with plenty of bad deliveries to put away for boundaries. Their breakthrough came in the 10th over, when Bresnan bowled a slower ball to Imrul Kayes who found a leading edge and was caught by Luke Wright at mid-on. Two more wickets followed closely as Junaid Siddique hit a half-volley softly to the fielder at square leg in the next over, and then Aftab Ahmed was run out in the 13th over, leaving Bangladesh with 82 runs for the loss of three wickets (82/3). Captain Shakib Al Hasan and vice-captain Mushfiqur Rahim both provided Tamim with some support, but both were undone by their own rashness; Shakib advanced down the wicket to Graeme Swann and provided an edge for Matt Prior to catch behind the stumps, while Mushfiqur attempted a run which was never available and presented Kevin Pietersen with his second run out of the match. Tamim alone provided resistance, showing "imperious strokeplay all around the ground" and a measure of maturity in his innings. His 125 came off 120 balls, including 13 fours and 3 sixes, eventually being dismissed in the 43rd over, bowled by Broad, with Bangladesh on 214/9. The final two batsmen lasted three overs, adding 14 to score, leaving England requiring 229 to win.

In England's reply, captain Alastair Cook played in a fashion reminiscent of the man he had replaced for the tour, Strauss, as he played an accumulatory innings to score 64. Kieswetter, who had been brought into the team to provide firepower at the start of the innings was outscored by Cook 4 to 1, and was nearly dismissed twice in his first over, offering an edge to wicket-keeper Mushfiqur Rahim, and two balls later he was caught in front, but umpire Rod Tucker ruled that he was not out. Kieswetter was dismissed in the 13th over for 19, completely missing a drive to present Mushfiqur with an easy stumping. An over later, Kevin Pietersen fell for just one run, leaving England on 74/2. Cook and new man Collingwood put on 22 runs before the opener was adjudged leg before wicket (LBW) though replays indicated that the ball was missing the stumps on the leg side. Collingwood then anchored the chase with Eoin Morgan, the pair adding 88 runs to the score. After the dismissal of Morgan on 33, it was left to Prior to join Collingwood to add the required runs, and England won with four overs to spare.

* England won the toss and elected to field.

### 2nd ODI

Both sides made changes going into the second ODI; for England, Sidebottom made way as England opted to hand a debut to Tredwell in order to play two spinners, while Bangladesh called on Shuvo and Rubel Hossain, dropping Siddique and Mortaza. For the second consecutive match, England won the toss and chose to field. The match began in similar fashion to the first ODI, with two quick wickets in the 10th and 11th overs taking Bangladesh from 46/0 to 56/2. However, a third-wicket partnership of 90 between Kayes and Rahim steadied the innings and helped Bangladesh to gain confidence. After Imrul Kayes' dismissal, Rahim increased his scoring-rate with a series of boundaries to take the score past 200, and was dismissed by a slower ball from Bresnan with the score at 211/5. Some late swinging from the tail saw Bangladesh finish on 260/6, their highest total in ODIs against England.

England lost opener Kieswetter in the first over; caught at first slip off the third ball of the innings, having been dropped by the keeper the ball before. Pietersen and Collingwood were both trapped LBW by Abdur Razzak without passing 20, and Morgan joined Cook in the middle with the score at 68/3. Initially, Morgan supported his captain by rotating the strike, but when Cook was dismissed for a 61-ball 60, he played with more freedom. A partnership of 90 with wicket-keeper Prior brought England close to 200, but Wright, Bresnan and Swann all fell cheaply, leaving England requiring 31 runs off 26 balls with only two wickets remaining. With England "seemingly in disarray", Morgan took control of the match, and completed the run-chase with three boundaries in five balls. Morgan finished the game with 110 not out, his first century for England.

* England won the toss and elected to field.
* Eoin Morgan (Eng) became the first player to score an ODI hundred for two nations.

### 3rd ODI

The third ODI saw a change of venue; the teams moving from Dhaka to the coastal town of Chittagong. England again made two bowling changes, seamers Shahzad and Liam Plunkett coming into the team with the injured Broad and spinner Tredwell making way. Bangladesh remained unchanged from the second ODI. The hosts won their first toss of the series, and put England into bat. Kieswetter bucked his natural game and played cautiously: when partner Cook was dismissed for 32 in the 13th over, he had scored 20 off 33 balls. The opener continued to accumulate runs carefully until he reached his half-century in the 33rd over. After passing the milestone, he began to score quicker, cutting and driving as he shared a 74-run partnership with Collingwood. He reached his century with a scampered run off Rubel Hossain, his first in international cricket, in his third ODI appearance. At 22 years and 97 days old, he became the second youngest England batsman to score an ODI century after David Gower. In contrast to the "all-action" style that had been expected from him, Kieswetter accrued his century with resolve, saying after the match that: "In the first two games I wasn't quite aware tactically of how I was going to pace my innings, \[in terms of\] helping the team win the game. Today I tried to pace myself a bit more, and try to get myself in more before playing big shots." His dismissal soon after his century brought Wright to the crease with the freedom to make an aggressive cameo, notching 32 runs off just 13 balls to help England towards a total of 284.

In response, Bangladesh lost Tamim Iqbal for a duck in the first over, giving debutant Ajmal Shahzad his first ODI wicket from his third ball of the match. Bresnan removed the other Bangladeshi opener in the 10th over, the first of his four wickets in the match. This wicket brought together Mushfiqur Rahim and Aftab Ahmed, who both played aggressively, putting on 56 together in the next ten overs, but when Aftab Ahmed was run out looking for a non-existent run, Bangladesh started to struggle. Rahim and Shakib Al Hasan both fell after making good starts and the required run rate started to rise, making a Bangladeshi victory look improbable. Slow scoring between Naeem Islam and Mahmudullah took victory further away, and Bangladesh eventually finished 45 runs short of their target, granting England a series whitewash.

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.

## Test series

### 1st Test

The teams remained in Chittagong for the first Test, in which England gave Test debuts to Finn and Carberry. Bangladesh's preparations for the match were disrupted when middle-order batsman Hasan announced his retirement from international cricket two days earlier, and although Jahurul Islam was called into the squad to replace him, it was Aftab Ahmed who took his place in the team for the Test. Bangladesh won the toss, and made "among the most unfathomable calls", putting England into bat on a surface that looked certain to deteriorate. Cook capitalised on the decision, being "barely troubled" as he remained 158 not out at the close of the first day, having faced 244 balls. Debutant Carberry out-scored Cook early on, but fell on 30 going for an ambitious sweep against Mahmudullah. His wicket brought in Jonathan Trott who scored slowly but confidently until he was wrongly dismissed on 39. A bouncing ball hit his helmet and was caught by wicket-keeper Rahim, prompting the umpire to give him out caught. Pietersen, who had been struggling against left-arm spin bowling, adjusted his style of play during his innings, staying more leg-side of the ball. He scored 99 runs, falling just short of a century when he was bowled by left-arm spinner Razzak. Collingwood, who scored 145 runs, and Ian Bell, who added 84 runs, increased the run rate during the second day to propel England to 599 for 6, at which point they declared, half an hour before the tea interval.

England took advantage of bowling at their hosts before tea, with Broad dismissing Kayes and Siddique with bouncers. Shortly after the break, Swann claimed the wicket of Aftab Ahmed in his first over; caught at short leg. Bangladesh had lost three wickets with only 51 runs scored, but a partnership of 94 by Iqbal and Mahmudullah brought their side back into the match. Mahmudullah was caught in the slips just after reaching his half-century, and his captain Shakib Al Hasan followed before the end of the day. Iqbal was dismissed in the third over of the following day, and nine overs later Shahadat Hossain was also dismissed, leaving Bangladesh 416 runs behind with only three wickets remaining. Thoughts of a quick victory were quashed by a Bangladesh record partnership for the eighth-wicket by Rahim and Naeem Islam, who added 113 runs together. Rahim played defiantly, batting for 152 balls to reach score his 79 runs, and was described by *ESPNcricinfo*'s Andrew McGlashan as a "lesson to the more impetuous of his team-mates". The partnership was eventually broken by a run out by Carberry, and Bangladesh added no more runs for the final two wickets to finish on 296: over 300 runs behind.

As they were playing a four-man bowling attack, and had spent longer in the field than they had wanted, England opted not to enforce the follow-on. Batting again, England pressed to score quickly, but were pegged back by regular dismissals: no batsman scored more than 40 runs, and the run rate was much the same as their first innings. Shakib Al Hasan claimed four wickets, and England batting 50 minutes into the fourth morning before declaring on 209 for 7, leaving Bangladesh requiring 513 runs in their second innings to win.

Bangladesh lost wickets at regular intervals at the start of their innings; by the end of the 38th over, they had lost five wickets. Rahim joined Siddique after the fifth wicket fell, and the pair batted patiently together to see their side through to force the match into its final day. The partnership continued to battle during the fifth morning of the match, and Siddique reached his first Test century, coming from 262 deliveries. Shortly after, Prior failed to take a difficult catch, but Siddique did not capitalise on the mistake, adding no more runs before he was caught in the slips shortly after lunch. The bowler, Swann, swore at Siddique as he walked off the pitch, something he later apologised for, saying that it was "a testament to him that he did get everyone frustrated." Rahim was bowled by Swann four overs later, and despite a late assault by Naeem Islam, who scored three fours and three sixes before being becoming Swann's 10th victim of the match, England won by 181 runs. Swann, who took five wickets in each innings, was the first English off spinner since Jim Laker in 1956 to take 10 wickets in a match. His performance in the match led to him rising to second place in the ICC Test bowling rankings.

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.

### 2nd Test

The teams returned to Dhaka for the second Test, and made three changes; Bangladesh selected Shafiul Islam and Jahurul Islam to replace Aftab Ahmed and Shahadat Hossain, while England added a second spinner, with Carberry making way for Tredwell. The toss was once again won by Bangladesh, who opted to bat first. Tamim Iqbal, on his 21st birthday, scored runs with freedom on the first morning, reaching a half-century from 34 balls. He was dropped twice before that, by Collingwood and Cook, but his innings was described by David Hopps in *Wisden Cricketers' Alamanack* as "taking something normally sedate and slightly forbidding, and making it wild and intoxicating." Tamim's batting drew interest that he could become the fifth player in Test history to score a century on the first morning, but he was dismissed by Tredwell for 85, attempting a sweep. Swann, who had been particularly expensive against Tamim, took wickets either side of lunch to leave Bangladesh on 167 for 4. Shakib and Mahmudullah steadied the innings, scoring 59 runs together, before both were dismissed in close succession. Another patient partnership between Mushfiqur Rahim and Naeem Islam took Bangladesh past 300 runs. On the second morning, Bangladesh pressed aggressively, particularly through Shafiul Islam, who scored a half-century at just quicker than a run-a-ball. Cook's captaincy was criticised in *Wisden*, where Hopps claimed that Cook's fields "defied logic", while *ESPNcricinfo*'s Sahil Dutta described his captaincy as "more robotic than insightful". Naeem Islam remained 59 not out as Bangladesh were bowled out for 419.

In England's response, Shakib opted to use his spinners to minimise scoring opportunities, a tactic which led to Cook's dismissal for 21. His fellow opener, Trott, scored his first run from his 33rd delivery, and continued to bat circumspectly throughout the second day. Pietersen attempted to score more quickly, though it took a bad over from Razzak to allow him to do so. A misjudged shot after leaving his crease resulted in him being caught, and Collingwood followed soon after, leg before wicket from his third delivery. Bell joined Trott in the middle, and the pair added 67 runs together before Trott was dismissed for 64. Prior capitalised on more bad bowling from Razzak to reach his half-century, but fell shortly after, giving Bangladesh hope of a first-innings lead. Bell and Bresnan took England to the brink of a lead, adding 143 runs together, including a century for Bell. It was the first occasion on which Bell had scored a century in Test cricket without a teammate having already done so in the innings, a statistic that had been used to suggest he could not score run in tough conditions. Speaking about his century, Bell alluded to that statistic, stating that he had "put a few things to bed." After his dismissal, Bresnan batted with the tail, taking his score to 91, and England's to 496, a lead of 77 runs. After the third day, Bangladesh's captain, Shakib, criticised the Bangladesh Cricket Board for not paying for the use of the Umpire Decision Review System. He believed that a number of the umpiring decisions had gone against his side, and the technology could have given his side a better chance of their first Test win over England.

Bangladesh's second innings started in similar fashion to their first; they lost the early wicket of Imrul Kayes, and Tamim scored a quick half-century. The latter was dropped three times before being caught by Broad for 52 runs. Junaid and Jahurul both made good starts for Bangladesh, but were out for 34 and 43 respectively, which along with low scores for Mahmudullah and Mushfiqur left Bangladesh on 172 for six at the end of the fourth day. On the final morning, Shakib batted resiliently with the lower-order batsmen and narrowly missed out on a century; he was the last man out, stumped attempting to score a boundary to reach the landmark. His batting had helped establish a 208 run lead for Bangladesh, which resulted in England requiring just under four runs per over to reach the total.

In England's chase, Trott was the only batsman dismissed, run out for 19, although replays suggested that it was possibly the wrong decision. Cook scored his second century of the series, and Pietersen finished on 74, scored at just under a run-a-ball. Bangladesh's bowling attack was tired, and rarely threatened England; Pietersen even opted to switch hit some deliveries. In *Wisden*, Hopps, who had described the second morning as being possibly "England's lowest point of a long winter", contrastingly said of the final day; "England's supremacy had rarely looked so marked." Despite England's victory, which maintained their one hundred percent winning record against Bangladesh, Shakib was named as man of the match.

* Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.

## Tour matches

### 50-over tour matches: Bangladesh Cricket Board XI v England XI

England won both of their one-day warm-up matches against the Bangladesh Cricket Board XI comfortably. In the first match, England batted first and scored 370 runs, during which Kieswetter and Collingwood both posted centuries while scoring quicker than a-run-a-ball. *ESPNcricinfo* described Kieswetter's century as ensuring "he will be making his England debut in the first ODI". In the next match, which was shortened to 37 overs per side, England bowled first and restricted their hosts to 151 runs. Tredwell bowled particularly economically, allowing just 17 runs from his seven overs. In their response, England reached the winning total with 70 balls to spare. Cook and Prior both scored half-centuries.

* Bangladesh Cricket Board XI won the toss and elected to field.
* Bangladesh Cricket Board XI won the toss and elected to bat.
* Rain reduced the match to 37 overs per team.

### Three-day tour match: Bangladesh A v England XI

* Bangladesh A won the toss and elected to bat.
1. Miller, Andrew (26 February 2010). "Siddons confident in home conditions". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
2. "England tour of South Africa 2009/10 / Results". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
3. "ECB outlines rotation policy". *ESPNcricinfo*. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
4. "Cook to captain in Bangladesh Tests". *ESPNcricinfo*. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
5. Johnson, William. "'Major mistake' to rest Strauss, says Botham". *The National*. Abu Dhabi. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
6. "ECB picks Kieswetter but ponders qualification change". BBC News. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
7. "Kieswetter added to England one-day squad". *ESPNcricinfo*. 20 February 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
8. "Michael Vaughan questions presence of South Africans in England team". *The Guardian*. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
9. McGlashan, Andrew (27 February 2010). "Bangladesh can cause England problems". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
10. Miller, Andrew (4 March 2010). "Mortaza opts out of England ODIs". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
11. Miller, Andrew (9 March 2010). "Ashraful dropped for England Tests". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
12. Miller, Andrew (10 March 2010). "Raqibul Hasan quits international cricket". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
13. Miller, Andrew (28 February 2010). "Tamim shows both teams the way". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
14. "1st ODI: Bangladesh v England at Dhaka, Feb 28, 2010". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
15. Dutta, Sahil (28 February 2010). "Collingwood leads England to opening victory". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
16. "2nd ODI: Bangladesh v England at Dhaka, Mar 2, 2010". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
17. Brickhill, Liam (2 March 2010). "Morgan saves England with brilliant hundred". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
18. "Bangladesh v England 2009/10 / Commentary". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
19. "3rd ODI: Bangladesh v England at Chittagong, Mar 5, 2010". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
20. Brickhill, Liam (5 March 2010). "Kieswetter ton sets up whitewash". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
21. Miller, Andrew (5 March 2010). "Kieswetter goes against the script". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
22. McGlashan, Andrew (12 March 2010). "Weakened England should still be too strong". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
23. McGlashan, Andrew (12 March 2010). "Cook and Pietersen hurt poor Bangladesh". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
24. "1st Test: Bangladesh v England at Chittagong, Mar 12-16, 2010: England 1st Innings Commentary". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
25. McGlashan, Andrew (13 March 2010). "Swann and Broad cement England's control". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
26. McGlashan, Andrew (14 March 2010). "England build huge lead after Rahim's resistance". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
27. McGlashan, Andrew (15 March 2010). "Siddique and Rahim hold up England". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
28. McGlashan, Andrew (16 March 2010). "Swann takes 10 to break Bangladesh resistance". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
29. Miller, Andrew (16 March 2010). "Swann apologises for celebration outburst". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
30. "Swann leaps to No. 2 in Test rankings". *ESPNcricinfo*. 17 March 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
31. "England tour of Bangladesh, 2009/10 / Commentary". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
32. Hopps, David (2011). "Bangladesh v England, 2009–10". In Berry, Scyld (ed.). *Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2011* (148 ed.). Alton, Hampshire: John Wisden & Co. Ltd. pp. 890–902. ISBN 978-1-4081-3130-5.
33. Dutta, Sahil (20 March 2010). "England work hard to restrict Bangladesh". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
34. Brickhill, Liam (21 March 2010). "Determined Bangladesh put pressure on England". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
35. Dutta, Sahil (22 March 2010). "Ian Bell and Tim Bresnan earn England narrow lead". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
36. Brickhill, Liam (23 March 2010). "England chip away to leave home side floundering". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
37. Miller, Andrew (22 March 2010). "Shakib blames board for lack of review system". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
38. Dutta, Sahil (24 March 2010). "Cook hundred takes England to 2-0 series win". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
39. "Kieswetter century leads England to easy win". *ESPNcricinfo*. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
40. Miller, Andrew (25 February 2010). "Cook and Prior ease England to seven-wicket win". *ESPNcricinfo*. Retrieved 6 January 2015.

## InfoBox

| English cricket team in Bangladesh in 2010 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |
|  | Bangladesh | England |
| Dates | 28 February 2010 – 24 March 2010 | | |
| Captains | Shakib Al Hasan | Alastair Cook |
| Test series | | | |
| Result | England won the 2-match series 2–0 | | |
| Most runs | Tamim Iqbal (237) | Alastair Cook (342) |
| Most wickets | Shakib Al Hasan (9) | Graeme Swann (16) |
| Player of the series | Graeme Swann (Eng) | | |
| One Day International series | | | |
| Results | England won the 3-match series 3–0 | | |
| Most runs | Tamim Iqbal (155) | Eoin Morgan (179) |
| Most wickets |  | Tim Bresnan (8) |
| Player of the series | Eoin Morgan (Eng) | | |


title: Encenicline

abstract: Encenicline is a selective partial agonist of the α7 nicotinic receptor. It was in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, but failed to meet the study endpoints in 2016. FORUM Pharmaceuticals, who currently is subjecting the drug to the FDA approval process, had all studies suspended until further notice in fall of 2015 due to rare, but serious gastrointestinal problems occurring in patients participating in the drug trial, potentially being a consequence of taking the drug. The trials were scheduled to be run until January 2017, but as of December 2016, they appear to still be on hold. There is speculation by FORUM Pharmaceuticals that this may be due to either the increased daily dose given in the phase III trial compared to earlier trials that showed promise. In previous trials, the highest dose given was 2 mg/day, with the most positive of effects having been realized in patients taking the largest dose (2 mg/day). In the phase III trial, all patients were treated with 3 mg/day doses of the drug. FORUM also speculates that the increase of gastrointestinal problems occurring in the phase III trial could be due to the increased demographic risk that elderly and those with Alzheimer's disease have in regard to gastrointestinal issues, citing another study they conducted with a younger demographic for the treatment of schizophrenia of 1,500 individuals in which there were zero complains of gastrointestinal problems.

text:
# Encenicline

**Encenicline** (INN, USAN, code names **EVP-6124**, **MT-4666**) is a selective partial agonist of the α7 nicotinic receptor. It was in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, but failed to meet the study endpoints in 2016.

FORUM Pharmaceuticals, who currently is subjecting the drug to the FDA approval process, had all studies suspended until further notice in fall of 2015 due to rare, but serious gastrointestinal problems occurring in patients participating in the drug trial, potentially being a consequence of taking the drug. The trials were scheduled to be run until January 2017, but as of December 2016, they appear to still be on hold. There is speculation by FORUM Pharmaceuticals that this may be due to either the increased daily dose given in the phase III trial compared to earlier trials that showed promise. In previous trials, the highest dose given was 2 mg/day, with the most positive of effects having been realized in patients taking the largest dose (2 mg/day). In the phase III trial, all patients were treated with 3 mg/day doses of the drug. FORUM also speculates that the increase of gastrointestinal problems occurring in the phase III trial could be due to the increased demographic risk that elderly (the average age in the study was 75) and those with Alzheimer's disease have in regard to gastrointestinal issues, citing another study they conducted with a younger demographic (in which the average age was 35–40) for the treatment of schizophrenia of 1,500 individuals in which there were zero complains of gastrointestinal problems.

## InfoBox

Encenicline
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| ATC code | * None |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * N-\[(3*R*)-1-Azabicyclo\[2.2.2\]oct-3-yl\]-7-chloro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C16H17ClN2OS |
| Molar mass | 320.83 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * c1cc2cc(sc2c(c1)Cl)C(=O)N\[C@H\]3CN4CCC3CC4 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C16H17ClN2OS/c17-12-3-1-2-11-8-14(21-15(11)12)16(20)18-13-9-19-6-4-10(13)5-7-19/h1-3,8,10,13H,4-7,9H2,(H,18,20)/t13-/m0/s1 * Key:SSRDSYXGYPJKRR-ZDUSSCGKSA-N | |


title: Endotricha ragonoti

abstract: Endotricha ragonoti is a species of snout moth in the genus Endotricha. It was described by Hugo Theodor Christoph, in 1893. It is found from the Tian Shan mountains to northern India and China (Xinjiang). The wingspan is 18–18.5 mm.

text:
# Endotricha ragonoti

***Endotricha ragonoti*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Endotricha*. It was described by Hugo Theodor Christoph, in 1893. It is found from the Tian Shan mountains to northern India and China (Xinjiang).

The wingspan is 18–18.5 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Endotricha ragonoti* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Endotricha* |
| Species: | ***E. ragonoti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Endotricha ragonoti***<br>Christoph, 1893 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Endotricha albicinctalis* Hampson, 1903 | |


title: Energy in Zambia

text:
# Energy in Zambia

Zambia is potentially self-sufficient in sources of electricity, coal, biomass and renewable energy. The only energy source where the country is not self-sufficient is petroleum energy. Many of the sources of energy where the country is self-sufficient are largely unexploited. As of 2017, the country's electricity generating capacity stood at 1,901 megawatts.

## Overview

As of 2016, it was estimated that 28 percent of Zambia's population had access to electricity, with 62 percent of the urban population and 5 percent of the rural population having access. At that time, about 500,000 urban households and approximately 1.8 million rural households did not have access to electricity. It is estimated that electricity demand in the country is growing at about 3 percent annually.

There are three power producing and distribution companies in Zambia; (a) Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), a government-owned company (b) Lunsemfwa Hydro Power Limited and (c) Ndola Energy. ZESCO, the largest of the three owns and maintains 94.7 percent (2306/2434) of installed hydropower capacity, as of 2016.

## Hydroelectricity

As of 2022, the country had 3,456 megawatts (4,635,000 hp) of installed hydropower capacity against a peak national demand of 2,300 megawatts (3,100,000 hp), resulting in a surplus of 1000MW which is exported to the Central and Southern African region. Zambia has an estimated 6,000 megawatts (8,000,000 hp) of untapped hydropower potential. Hydroelectricity constitutes 90 percent of Zambia's electricity generation pool. Several existing large hydro facilities are currently being upgraded. Some of the new large hydropower projects in the pipeline include the 2,400 megawatts Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station and the 1,000 megawatts Luapula Hydroelectric Power Station. Substantial untapped hydropower potential exists for small scale rural electrification projects.

## Thermal power

There are three grid-ready thermal power stations. The 50 megawatts (67,000 hp) heavy fuel oil plant owned by Ndola Energy, the six gas turbines with combined capacity of 80 megawatts (110,000 hp) owned by the Copperbelt Energy Corporation and the Maamba Coal power plant with a capacity of 300 megawatts (400,000 hp).

Zambia has proven coal reserves of at least 80,000,000 tonnes in the country's Southern Province. Potential reserves exist elsewhere in the county, although the size of that potential has not yet been quantified.

## Oil and natural gas

Although Zambia has no proven commercial deposits of oil, the country hosts an oil refinery, the *Indeni Petroleum Refinery*, a 24,000 barrels-a-day facility, based in Ndola, in the Copperbelt Province.

## Renewable energy

Zambia has a diversity of potential sources of renewable energy, such as its abundant water resources for hydropower generation. Renewable energy development in the country is supported by a renewable energy strategy and a national climate change response strategy that promote low emissions, as well as the implementation of sustainable land management practices.

Hydropower accounts for 85 percent of the country's total installed capacity, while there is a potential to increase production from wind and photovoltaic energy systems.

As of April 2016, the peak electricity demand outstripped peak energy production by 560 megawatts. The government, ZESCO, civil society and other stakeholders are exploring opportunities in the solar, wind, and geothermal spaces to meet the deficit and to plan for future energy needs. A 54MW solar plant opened in 2019 two years after signing the contract, at a non-indexed cost of US$0.06/kWh for 25 years.

As the percentage of people with access to electricity remains small, the use of solar energy has become increasingly common.

Zambia has significant potential for floating solar on its reservoirs, primarily Lake Kariba.


title: Energy in Yemen

abstract: Energy in Yemen describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Yemen. Yemen is net energy exporter. Primary energy use in Yemen was 87 TWh and 4 TWh/million people in 2008 and 88 TWh in 2009.

text:
# Energy in Yemen

**Energy in Yemen** describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Yemen. Yemen is net energy exporter.

Primary energy use in Yemen was 87 TWh and 4 TWh/million people in 2008 and 88 TWh (4 TWh/M) in 2009.

## Overview

According to the World Bank, Yemen has the lowest level of electricity connection in the Middle East, with only 40% of the population having access to electricity. Rural areas are particularly badly affected. Industrial concerns, hospitals and hotels have their own back-up generators. To address these shortages, a 340-MW gas-fired power plant is currently under construction-and close to completion-at Marib. Further expansion to the facility, which will add an additional 400 MW of output, is already planned. Yemen has received considerable support for the development of its power generation network in recent years, with contributions coming from Saudi Arabia, France, the US, as well as multilateral donors such as the World Bank. Consequently, a National Rural Electrification Program is now in place and the construction of three substations, along with the necessary transmission lines, is currently under way. Yemen is also looking into the development of wind power, although plans for the construction of a nuclear power generating facility have been shelved. Electrical production is 5.665 billion kWh (2007 estimate). Electrical consumption is about 4.133 billion kWh.

| Energy in Yemen | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Export | Electricity | CO2-emission |
|  | Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt |
| 2004 | 20.33 | 74 | 240 | 153 | 3.36 | 17.26 |
| 2007 | 22.38 | 84 | 192 | 102 | 4.50 | 20.55 |
| 2008 | 23.05 | 87 | 177 | 92 | 5.04 | 21.93 |
| 2009 | 23.58 | 88 | 177 | 93 | 5.11 | 22.18 |
| 2010 | 24.05 | 83 | 230 | 139 | 5.98 | 21.65 |
| 2012R | 23.85 | 80.5 | 176 | 94 | 4.23 | 19.97 |
| 2013 | 24.41 | 96.2 | 212 | 114 | 6.31 | 23.92 |
| Change 2004-10 | 18.3% | 12.6% | -4.1% | -9.1% | 78.0% | 25.4% |
| Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses.  2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated | | | | | | |

Yemen population increased 16.0% in five years 2004-2009. According to OECD/World Bank population growth in Yemen was from 20 million to 24 million in 6 years (2004-2010).

## Business

Yemen LNG (YLNG) is the first Liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Yemen.

1. IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine and 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48
2. Hadden, Robert Lee. 2012. The Geology of Yemen: An Annotated Bibliography of Yemen's Geology, Geography and Earth Science. Alexandria, VA: US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center. Page 41.
3. IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine \+ 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
4. IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15