title: 2003 FIBA Oceania Championship

abstract: The FIBA Oceania Championship for Men 2003 was the qualifying tournament of FIBA Oceania for the 2004 Summer Olympics. The tournament, a best-of-three series between  Australia and  New Zealand, was held in Bendigo, Geelong and Melbourne. Australia won all three games to qualify for the Oceanic spot in the Olympics.

text:
# 2003 FIBA Oceania Championship

The **FIBA Oceania Championship for Men 2003** was the qualifying tournament of FIBA Oceania for the 2004 Summer Olympics. The tournament, a best-of-three series between  Australia and  New Zealand, was held in Bendigo, Geelong and Melbourne. Australia won all three games to qualify for the Oceanic spot in the Olympics.

## Teams that did not enter

## Venues

| MelbourneBendigoGeelong2003 FIBA Oceania Championship (Victoria) | Melbourne | Bendigo | Geelong |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | State Netball and Hockey Centre | Bendigo Stadium | Geelong Arena |
| |  |  |  |
| | Capacity: 3,500 | Capacity: 2,000 | Capacity: 2,000 |

## Results

| **Australia** | **79**66 | New Zealand |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 25-14, 19-11, 16-21, 19-20 | | |
| **Pts:** Anthony Ronaldson 19
**Rebs:** Chris Anstey 9
**Asts:** Shane Heal 7 |  | **Pts:** Kirk Penney 22
**Rebs:** Pero Cameron 9
**Asts:** Phillip Jones 5 |

| New Zealand | 76**90** | **Australia** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 21-17, 22-22, 13-25, 20-26 | | |
| **Pts:** Phillip Jones 14
**Rebs:** Mark Dickel 10
**Asts:** Tony Rampton 5 |  | **Pts:** Shane Heal 32
**Rebs:** Shane Heal 6
**Asts:** Shane Heal 6 |

| **Australia** | **84**75 | New Zealand |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Scoring by quarter:** 24-20, 21-19, 22-16, 17-20 | | |
| **Pts:** Matt Nielsen 25
**Rebs:** Sam Mackinnon 13
**Asts:** Shane Heal 7 |  | **Pts:** Phillip Jones 14
**Rebs:** Tony Rampton 7
**Asts:** Penney and Dickel 3 |
| ***Australia wins series, 3-0*** | | |

| 2003 Oceanian champions |
| --- |
| **
Australia
Fourteenth title** |

## InfoBox

FIBA Oceania Championship 2003
| 16th FIBA Oceanian Basketball Championship | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament details | |
| Host country | Australia |
| Dates | September 1 – September 4 |
| Teams | 2 |
| Venue(s) | 3 (in 3 host cities) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions | Australia (14th title) |
|


title: Electrolux Ankarsrum Assistent

abstract: Assistent is a stand mixer, a type of household kitchen appliance, introduced by Electrolux in 1940. The distinctive feature of this mixer is that it spins the bowl and its contents rather than the stirring paddle. As a result, there is more torque and less noise.

text:
# Electrolux Ankarsrum Assistent

**Assistent** is a stand mixer, a type of household kitchen appliance, introduced by Electrolux in 1940.

The distinctive feature of this mixer is that it spins the bowl and its contents rather than the stirring paddle. As a result, there is more torque and less noise.

## History

It was designed by Alvar Lenning (1897–1980) and became a bestseller for Electrolux.

The first Assistent had the model number NG1, and featured a 250 watt motor. A wartime recipe collection was also included in each box. In 1945, the second model, number N1 was introduced, although post-war material shortages meant that deliveries took as long as three years.

At the start of the 1950s, model N3 was introduced with several improvements, including a switch from wood to plastic for the roller and paddle, and a motor upgrade to 275 watts. This was followed by model N4 in 1954 which featured a new mixer socket design. Until 1962, the Assistent was produced at Lilla Essingen in Stockholm, when the production line was then moved to Motala.

Since 1969, the Assistent has been produced in Ankarsrum when Electrolux acquired the metallurgy firm Ankarsrums bruk and moved the production line to there from Motala. Originally produced in a crème colour, it eventually became available in a variety of colours.

Electrolux subsequently sold the Assistent appliance line to the investment company *Traction AB* in 2001, and in 2009 the now-renamed *Ankarsrum Industries AB* took over all rights to produce, market and sell the Assistent, but still sharing the rights to use the name "Assistent" with Electrolux.

## Use

The most distinctive feature of the mixer is that it spins the bowl and its contents while the attachments remain stationary, unlike "planetary" mixers such as the KitchenAid, which moves the attachments around the center of the stationary bowl. As a result, there is more torque, less noise, less tendency for the mixer to "walk", or move across the counter.

Other differences include the dough knife, which guides the contents away from the sides and toward the dough hook or dough roller, means the mixer does not need to be stopped to allow scraping. The bowl turning instead of the attachments spinning means there is less risk of a spatula or fingers becoming caught. The lack of a large motor over the bowl means ingredients can be added more easily.

The motor is also more powerful than those in planetary home mixers. The bowl is driven by an electric motor and worm gear from beneath. The power of the motor has increased over time from 250  to 400 W, 450 W, 650 W, 800 W and finally to 1500 W; the motors of other high-end stand mixers generally are less than half as powerful. Original machines had a simple single speed switch; modern machines have both variable speed and a timer.

Unlike what is called for in most US recipes, liquid ingredients are added to the bowl first, and then the dry ingredients are added to the wet.

## Reviews

According to *Wired*, the Assistent excels with bread dough but is "not for the inexperienced" and "should not be anyone's first" stand mixer, though "it might just be the last mixer you ever buy". *Homes and Gardens* wrote that for serious breadmakers "this is a must-have mixer". *Epicurious* called it "a superior bread-mixing mixing machine" and said "It very well could be the only mixer you’d ever need to own, especially given its reputation for reliability."

## Accessories

### Standard accessories

As of 2024 the Assistent is boxed with a stainless steel bowl, a plastic beater bowl, and a beater bowl cover. Utensils include a dough hook, dough roller, dough knife, whisk attachment, and beater attachment.

### Additional accessories

A range of additional accessories are available, most of which are the typical accessories for a large mixer. Most attachments are driven using the main drive shaft used to drive the bowl, however, some – such as the meat grinder or pasta roller – require the machine to be set on its side and/or use a separate drive. Attachments available include:

* Meat mincer, which has additional attachments such as a sausage horn, strainer or nut grinder
* Vegetable grater
* Citrus press
* Pasta roller
* Coffee and grain mill
* Double beater for lighter cake mixtures.

* Flake mill, which rolls grains such as oats and buckwheat to make muesli
* Blender, which uses a separate higher rpm drive shaft at the rear of the machine


title: Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act

abstract: The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 was a law enacted by the United States Congress. The law imposed sanctions against South Africa and stated five preconditions for lifting the sanctions that would essentially end the system of apartheid, which the latter was under at the time. Most of the sanctions were repealed in July 1991, after South Africa took steps towards meeting the preconditions of the act, with the final vestiges of the act being repealed in November 1993.

text:
# Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act

The **Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986** was a law enacted by the United States Congress. The law imposed sanctions against South Africa and stated five preconditions for lifting the sanctions that would essentially end the system of apartheid, which the latter was under at the time. Most of the sanctions were repealed in July 1991, after South Africa took steps towards meeting the preconditions of the act, with the final vestiges of the act being repealed in November 1993.

## Legislative history

### Initial introduction in 1972

Sponsored by Senator William Roth, the CAAA was the first United States anti-apartheid legislation. The act was initiated by Congressman Ron Dellums in reaction to the plight of blacks in South Africa and demanded the end of apartheid. The legislation aimed to ban all new U.S. trade and investment in South Africa and would be a catalyst for similar sanctions in Europe and Japan. Direct air links were also banned, including South African Airways flights to U.S. airports. The act also required various U.S. departments and agencies to suppress funds and assistance to the then pro-apartheid government.

### Initial attempt at passage in 1985

Democrats in the Senate initially tried to pass the Anti-Apartheid Act in September 1985, but could not overcome a Republican filibuster. President Ronald Reagan viewed the act as an intrusion on his authority to conduct foreign policy (constructive engagement) and issued his own set of sanctions, but Democrats considered them to be "watered down and ineffective."

### Passage in the House and Senate in 1986

The bill was re-introduced in 1986 and brought up for a vote despite Republican efforts to block it to give Reagan's sanctions time to work. It initially passed unexpectedly in the House in June 1986 after Republicans agreed to a voice vote in the hope that the bill would die later on in the process, thus ending any possibility of sanctions. Reagan publicly opposed the bill In August 1986, the Senate passed a version of the Anti-Apartheid Act with weaker sanctions by a veto-proof margin of 84–14. Democratic leaders in the House agreed to accept the weaker Senate version of the bill for it to have sufficient bipartisan support to override any attempt to veto.

### Veto by President Reagan

Reagan vetoed the compromised bill on September 26, calling it "economic warfare" and alleging that it would mostly hurt the impoverished black majority and lead to more civil strife. He again offered to impose sanctions via executive order, while also working with Senate Republicans on concessions to avoid them overriding his veto. Reagan's veto was attacked harshly by anti-Apartheid leaders like Desmond Tutu who said Reagan would be "judged harshly by history". In the week leading up to the subsequent vote, President Reagan enlisted South African foreign minister Pik Botha to call Republicans on the fence, though this was seen to backfire.

### Veto override

Republican Senator Richard Lugar (R–IN), then chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, led the charge to override the veto, turning against a president that he had typically supported. Despite denunciations from his fellow Republicans, Lugar declared on the Senate floor, "We are against tyranny, and tyranny is in South Africa!" Reagan's veto was eventually overridden by Congress (by the Senate 78 to 21, the House by 313 to 83) on October 2. In the House vote, taken on September 29, 1986, 232 Democrats and 81 Republicans voted to override the President's veto while 4 Democrats and 79 Republicans voted to sustain the President's veto. In the Senate vote, all 47 Democrats were joined by 31 Republicans to override the President's veto while 21 Republicans voted to sustain the President's veto. This override marked the first time in the twentieth century that a president had a foreign policy veto overridden. Apartheid opponents in the United States and South Africa applauded the vote, while critics argued that it would be either ineffectual or lead to more violence.

President Reagan made the following statement after the override:

> Today's Senate vote should not be viewed as the final chapter in America's efforts, along with our allies, to address the plight of the people of South Africa. Instead, it underscores that America—and that means all of us—opposes apartheid, a malevolent and archaic system totally alien to our ideals. The debate, which culminated in today's vote, was not whether or not to oppose apartheid but, instead, how best to oppose it and how best to bring freedom to that troubled country.
>
> I deeply regret that Congress has seen fit to override my veto of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986. Punitive sanctions, I believe, are not the best course of action; they hurt the very people they are intended to help. My hope is that these punitive sanctions do not lead to more violence and more repression. Our administration will, nevertheless, implement the law. It must be recognized, however, that this will not solve the serious problems that plague that country. The United States must also move forward with positive measures to encourage peaceful change and advance the cause of democracy in South Africa.
>
> Now is the time for South Africa's Government to act with courage and good sense to avert a crisis. Moderate black leaders who are committed to democracy and oppose revolutionary violence are ready to work for peaceful change. They should not be kept waiting. It would be tragic to lose this opportunity to create a truly free society which respects the rights of the majority, the minority, and the individual. There is still time for orderly change and peaceful reform. South Africans of good will, black and white, should seize the moment.

The override was seen as a major defeat for Reagan, coming at the hands of his fellow Republicans in Congress. It was subsequently revealed that there was significant debate within the White House between Reagan's political advisors advocating more compromise and those like Pat Buchanan and Donald Regan who supported Reagan's hard line against sanctions.

## Impact

After two years of sanctions under President Reagan, the head of South Africa's central bank argued that the nation had adjusted to financial sanctions. In 1989, the General Accounting Office said in a report that the sanctions against South Africa had been only partially enforced by the Reagan administration. In 1989, the newly elected President George Bush enacted "full enforcement" of the Anti-Apartheid Act, a departure from the Reagan administration's policy.

In 1990 and 1991, South African President F. W. de Klerk made steps towards meeting the preconditions of the Anti-Apartheid Act. In 1991, following de Klerk's repeal of Apartheid laws and the release of Nelson Mandela and other (though not all) political prisoners, President Bush issued an executive order lifting virtually all bans against doing business with South Africa. The degree to which the sanctions were responsible for ending apartheid was a matter of debate as those opposed to the sanctions argue that the South African economy was already struggling before the sanctions were enforced and that it was the political process on the ground that led to the changes. Despite the repeal of most of the sanctions imposed by this act, many companies were still restricted by laws within individual states and cities in the United States that imposed sanctions. In September 1993, Nelson Mandela called for these sanctions to be removed as well and for investment to return to a still-struggling South Africa. The last of the sanctions stemming from this act was repealed in November 1993.

## Declaration of the Act

The Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 was drafted as six titles establishing United States policy towards the government of South Africa with emphasis on the economic, political, and social jurisdictions in South Africa. The Act of Congress is codified in Title 22 within Chapter 60 entitled Anti-Apartheid Program sections five thousand and one through five thousand one hundred and seventeen. The anti-apartheid legislation was repealed by the United States Congress during November 23, 1993 and October 1, 1995.

### Title I – Policy of the United States With Respect To Ending Apartheid

Sec. 101. Policy toward the Government of South Africa Sec. 102. Policy toward the African National Congress, etc. Sec. 103. Policy toward the victims of apartheid Sec. 104. Policy toward other countries in Southern Africa Sec. 105. Policy toward "frontline" states Sec. 106. Policy toward a negotiated settlement Sec. 107. Policy toward international cooperation on measures to end apartheid Sec. 108. Policy toward necklacing Sec. 109. United States Ambassador to meet with Nelson Mandela Sec. 110. Policy toward the recruitment and training of black South Africans by United States employers

### Title II – Measures To Assist Victims Of Apartheid

Sec. 201. Scholarships for the victims of apartheid Sec. 202. Human rights fund Sec. 203. Expanding participation in the South African economy Sec. 204. Export-Import Bank of the United States Sec. 205. Labor practices of the United States Government in South Africa Sec. 206. Welfare and protection of the victims of apartheid employed by the United States Sec. 207. Employment practices of United States nationals in South Africa Sec. 208. Code of Conduct Sec. 209. Prohibition on assistance Sec. 210. Use of the African Emergency Reserve Sec. 211. Prohibition on assistance to any person or group engaging in "necklacing" Sec. 212. Participation of South Africa in agricultural export credit and promotion programs

### Title III – Measures by the United States To Undermine Apartheid

Sec. 301. Prohibition on the importation of krugerrands Sec. 302. Prohibition on the importation of military articles Sec. 303. Prohibition on the importation of products from parastatal organizations Sec. 304. Prohibition on computer exports to South Africa Sec. 305. Prohibition on loans to the Government of South Africa Sec. 306. Prohibition on air transportation with South Africa Sec. 307. Prohibitions on nuclear trade with South Africa Sec. 308. Government of South Africa bank accounts Sec. 309. Prohibition on importation of uranium and coal from South Africa Sec. 310. Prohibition on new investment in South Africa Sec. 311. Termination of certain provisions Sec. 312. Policy toward violence or terrorism Sec. 313. Termination of tax treaty and protocol Sec. 314. Prohibition on United States Government procurement from South Africa Sec. 315. Prohibition on the promotion of United States tourism in South Africa Sec. 316. Prohibition on United States Government assistance to, investment in, or subsidy for trade with South Africa Sec. 317. Prohibition on sale or export of items on Munition List Sec. 318. Munitions list sales, notification Sec. 319. Prohibition on importation of South African agricultural products and food Sec. 320. Prohibition on importation of iron and steel Sec. 321. Prohibition on exports of crude oil and petroleum products Sec. 322. Prohibition on cooperation with the armed forces of South Africa Sec. 323. Prohibition on sugar imports

### Title IV – Multilateral Measures To Undermine Apartheid

Sec. 401. Negotiating authority Sec. 402. Limitation on imports from other countries Sec. 403. Private right of action

### Title V – Future Policy Toward South Africa

Sec. 501. Additional measures Sec. 502. Lifting of prohibitions Sec. 503. Study of health conditions in the "homelands" areas of South Africa Sec. 504. Reports on South African imports Sec. 505. Study and report on the economy of southern Africa Sec. 506. Report on relations between other industrialized democracies and South Africa Sec. 507. Study and report on deposit accounts of South African nationals in United States banks Sec. 508. Study and report on the violation of the international embargo on sale and export of military articles to South Africa Sec. 509. Report on Communist activities in South Africa Sec. 510. Prohibition on the importation of Soviet gold coins Sec. 511. Economic support for disadvantaged South Africans Sec. 512. Report on the African National Congress

### Title VI – Enforcement and Administrative Provisions

Sec. 601. Regulatory authority Sec. 602. Congressional priority procedures Sec. 603. Enforcement and penalties Sec. 604. Applicability to evasions of Act Sec. 605. Construction of Act Sec. 606. State or local anti-apartheid laws, enforce

## Further reading

* Thomson, Alex (2012). "A More Effective Constructive Engagement: US Policy Towards South Africa after the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986". *Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies*. **39** (3): 371–389. doi:10.1080/02589346.2012.746186. S2CID 153616918.

## InfoBox

Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Long title | An Act to prohibit loans to, other investments in, and certain other activities with respect to, South Africa, and for other purposes. |
| Nicknames | Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 |
| Enacted by | the 98th United States Congress |
| Effective | October 2, 1986 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 99-440 |
| Statutes at Large | 100 Stat. 1086 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse |
| U.S.C. sections created | 22 U.S.C. ch. 60 § 5001 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
|  | |


title: Commander United Kingdom Task Group

abstract: The Commander United Kingdom Task Group was a senior Royal Navy operational appointment from April 1992 to March 2015. In March 2015 the post was renamed Commander Amphibious Task Group.

text:
# Commander United Kingdom Task Group

The  **Commander United Kingdom Task Group (COMUKTG )** was a senior Royal Navy operational appointment from April 1992 to March 2015. In March 2015 the post was renamed Commander Amphibious Task Group.

## History

In April 1992, the Royal Navy re-designated the First Flotilla the Surface Flotilla, would now be responsible for operational readiness and training. Flag Officer, Second Flotilla, Rear-Admiral John Brigstocke, became Commander UK Task Group - who would command any deployed task group. The Third Flotilla was abolished. Between 1992 and 2001 Commander UK Task Group reported to the Commander-in-Chief Fleet.

In April 2001 COMUKTG was re-named Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces (COMUKMARFOR) at the rank of Rear-Admiral (2 star). The title COMUKTG remained in use but as a subordinate 1 star role under COMUKMARFOR.

Following the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review and implemented in January 2011 the Commander UK Task Group became Deputy Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces. The same month the Commander Amphibious Task Group assumes the role of COMUKTG. The UK Amphibious Task Group was also renamed to be the Response Force Task Group (RFTG). In March 2015 the post was renamed back to Commander Amphibious Task Group.

## Commander UK Task Group

Included:

* Rear-Admiral John R. Brigstocke: April 1992-September 1993
* Rear-Admiral Michael P. Gretton: September 1993-December 1994
* Rear-Admiral Peter M. Franklyn: December 1994-February 1996
* Rear-Admiral Alan W.J. West: February 1996-October 1997
* Rear-Admiral Ian A. Forbes: October 1997-February 2000
* Rear-Admiral Stephen R. Meyer: February 2000-April 2001

*Note: COMUKTG post renamed Commander, United Kingdom Maritime Forces in 2001 and continues as a 2 Star rank the post COMUKTG continues post April 2001 as a subordinate 1 Star role under (COMUKMARFOR)*

* Commodore Hugh A.H.G. Edleston: April 2001-January 2002
* Commodore James R. Fanshawe: January–December 2002
* Commodore Richard D. Leaman: January–June 2003
* Commodore Anthony J. Rix: November 2003-January 2006
* Commodore Bruce N.B. Williams: January 2006-December 2007
* Commodore Duncan L. Potts: December 2007-December 2008
* Commodore James A. Morse: December 2008-January 2011

*Note: COMUKTG post renamed Deputy Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces in January 2011 the former Commander Amphibious Task Group assumes the role of COMUKTG*

Included:

* Commodore John M. L. Kingwell: January-November 2011
* Commodore Patrick A. McAlpine: November 2011-February 2014
* Commodore Jeremy P. Kyd: February 2014-February 2015
* Commodore Martin J. Connell: February - March 2015

*Note: COMUKTG post is renamed back to Commander Amphibious Task Group in March 2015 Cmdre Connell continues in that role till May 2016*

| United Kingdom Task Group | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1992 – 2015 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Branch | Royal Navy |
| Size | Flotilla |
| Part of | Commander-in-Chief Fleet |
| Garrison/HQ | HMNB Portsmouth |
| Commanders | |
| First | Rear-Admiral John R. Brigstocke |
| Last | Commodore Martin J. Connell |

* Mackie, Colin. (2018) "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie. Scotland, UK.
* Watson, Dr Graham; Smith, Gordon (12 July 2015). "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013". www.naval-history.net. G. Smith.

## InfoBox

| Commander United Kingdom Task Group (COMUKTG) | |
| --- | --- |
| Ensign of the Royal Navy | |
| Navy Department, Ministry of Defence | |
| Reports to | Commander-in-Chief, Fleet (1992-2001)
Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces (2001-2015) |
| Nominator | Secretary of State for Defence |
| Appointer | *Prime Minister*
Subject to formal approval by the King-in-Council |
| Term length | Not fixed (typically 1–4 years) |
| Inaugural holder | Rear-Admiral John R. Brigstocke |
| Formation | 1992-2015 |


title: Community Development Alliance Scotland

abstract: Community Development Alliance Scotland (CDAS) is a network of organisations that are concerned with community development in Scotland. CDAS is a member of the Scottish Government's Better Community Engagement national advisory group and submits formal responses to relevant Scottish Government policy consultations, such as the 2008 Local Healthcare Bill and the 2011 'Building a Sustainable Future' regeneration discussion paper.

text:
# Community Development Alliance Scotland

**Community Development Alliance Scotland** (CDAS) is a network of organisations that are concerned with community development in Scotland. CDAS is a member of the Scottish Government's Better Community Engagement national advisory group and submits formal responses to relevant Scottish Government policy consultations, such as the 2008 Local Healthcare Bill and the 2011 'Building a Sustainable Future' regeneration discussion paper.

## InfoBox

Community Development Alliance Scotland
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | CDAS |
| Formation | 2007 |
| Type | Charity |
| Purpose | Community development |
| Location |  |
| Website | communitydevelopmentalliancescotland.org |


title: Compsodrillia petersoni

abstract: Compsodrillia petersoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

text:
# Compsodrillia petersoni

***Compsodrillia petersoni*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 28 mm, its diameter 6.7 mm.

(Original description) The very elongate-conic shell is bluish white. The protoconch contains 2.5 whorls, the first two well rounded, smooth, the last half crossed by a number of distantly spaced axial riblets. The postnuclear whorls are well rounded, the first with two nodulose spiral threads, the second with three, of which the median is the strongest. These remain throughout the length of the shell. In addition to this the appressed summit of the shell appears as a spiral cord. The posterior sinus is narrow and located immediately below the spiral cord at the summit. In addition to the strong spiral cords finer spiral threads are present both in the sinal sulcus near the summit and on and between the ribs anterior to this. In addition to the spiral sculpture the whorls are marked by axial ribs which have their beginning in the nodulose spiral threads on the first postnuclear whorl. These axial ribs are slightly protractively slanting. They extend but very slightly posteriorly to the posterior sulcus, and evanesce anteriorly on the base of the body whorl. They are more than twice the width of the spaces that separate them. Of these, 10 occur upon the first to seventh, 12 upon the eighth to tenth, and 14 upon the body whorl. These ribs and the spaces that separate them are marked by lines of growth, which also extend across the posterior sulcus and over the base and columella and give to the general surface a finely reticulated clothlike sculpture. The suture is slightly impressed. The base of the shell is well rounded, marked by four strong nodulose spiral cords like the spire and the intervening spiral threads. The columella is rather long, twisted, with an obscure indication of an umbilicus at its tip, marked by seven strong, broad, rounded, very nodulose spiral cords, and six slender threads on the anterior tip. Between and on the strong cords on the columella finer threads are present. The aperture is rather long, strongly channeled anteriorly and posteriorly, the posterior channel almost forming a tube, since the outer lip and the parietal callus bend forward, partly closing it. The outer lip bears a strong varix one fifth of a turn behind its edge, and beyond this is drawn into a clawlike element, which bends in very slightly toward the aperture. The inner lip is strongly developed and projects considerably beyond the columella and extends as a rather thickened callus over the parietal wall, forming a decided knob at the termination of the posterior angle of the aperture.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Puerto Rico.

* Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). *Zootaxa*. **682**: 1–1295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.682.1.1.

## InfoBox

| *Compsodrillia petersoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Original image of a shell of *Compsodrillia petersoni* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Pseudomelatomidae |
| Genus: | *Compsodrillia* |
| Species: | ***C. petersoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Compsodrillia petersoni***<br>Bartsch, 1934 | |
|


abstract:
Holy Communion, also known as the Eucharist and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches.
The elements of the rite are sacramental bread and wine. The accessibility of the Eucharist to intellectually disabled Christians varies depending on the Christian denomination or community. Some Christian traditions maintain that a theological understanding of the sacrament is necessary to receive Eucharist and, therefore, do not administer the sacrament to intellectually disabled persons. Other Christian traditions maintain that spiritual devotion to the real presence of Jesus Christ is necessary to receive the Eucharist and, therefore, administer the sacrament to intellectually disabled persons under particular conditions - presuming the benefit of the sacrament can be received even if the Eucharist is not consumed. Still other Christian traditions understand the practice of Eucharist principally as a communal expression of community solidarity or unity and, therefore, administer the sacrament indiscriminately during the liturgy.

text:
# Communion and the developmentally disabled

**Holy Communion**, also known as the **Eucharist** and the **Lord's Supper**, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches. The elements of the rite are sacramental bread and wine (or non-alcoholic grape juice).

The accessibility of the Eucharist to intellectually disabled Christians varies depending on the Christian denomination or community.

Some Christian traditions maintain that a theological understanding of the sacrament is necessary to receive Eucharist and, therefore, do not administer the sacrament to intellectually disabled persons. Other Christian traditions maintain that spiritual devotion to the real presence of Jesus Christ is necessary to receive the Eucharist and, therefore, administer the sacrament to intellectually disabled persons under particular conditions - presuming the benefit of the sacrament can be received even if the Eucharist is not consumed. Still other Christian traditions understand the practice of Eucharist principally as a communal expression of community solidarity or unity and, therefore, administer the sacrament indiscriminately during the liturgy.

## Roman Catholicism

Thomas Aquinas maintained that all cognitively impaired Christians have a right to the Eucharist and that the sacrament should not be withheld from such persons, except in the most extreme of circumstances (STh III.80.9). According to Aquinas, the only extreme circumstance that warrants withholding the Eucharist from a cognitively impaired Christian is if the Christian is entirely incapable of expressing their desire to receive the Eucharist.

The Code of Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church has official policy about how the sacraments should be administered in the case of adult Christians who lack the use of reason. The rationale was developed on the understanding that persons who lack the use of reason, like infants, need the assistance of others to participate in the sacraments of the Church. Thus, ecclesial care for infants provides the principles for the ecclesial care of intellectually disabled persons.

Regarding the administration of Eucharist to children and other persons who lack the use of reason, Canon 913 states

*"§1. The administration of the Most Holy Eucharist to children requires that they have sufficient knowledge and careful preparation so that they understand the mystery of Christ according to their capacity and are able to receive the body of Christ with faith and devotion."* *"§2. The Most Holy Eucharist, however, can be administered to children in danger of death if they can distinguish the body of Christ from ordinary food and receive communion reverently."*

This policy is reflected in the positions published by many Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States and Australia.

Additionally, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops stated in its *Guidelines for the Celebration of the Sacraments with Persons with Disabilities* (approved 1995):

*the criterion for reception of holy communion is the same for persons with developmental and mental disabilities as for all persons, namely, that the person be able to distinguish the Body of Christ from ordinary food, even if this recognition is evidenced through manner, gesture, or reverential silence rather than verbally. Pastors are encouraged to consult with parents, those who take the place of parents, diocesan personnel involved with disability issues, psychologists, religious educators, and other experts in making their judgment. If it is determined that a parishioner who is disabled is not ready to receive the sacrament, great care is to be taken in explaining the reasons for this decision. Cases of doubt should be resolved in favor of the right of the baptized person to receive the sacrament. The existence of a disability is not considered in and of itself as disqualifying a person from receiving the eucharist.*

In an effort to better reach marginalized populations, such as those living with autism and other developmental disabilities, while at the same time providing for their religious education, organizations have emerged offering online alternatives to traditional Faith Formation in keeping with the USCCB's Guidelines.

## Eastern Catholic Church

Similar to the Roman Catholic view, Eastern Catholic Churches, which practice infant communion, favor intellectually disabled Christians being allowed to receive the Eucharist.

## Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox Christianity makes communion available to all baptized and chrismated church members who wish to receive it, regardless of developmental or other disabilities. The theory is that the soul of the recipient understands what is being received even if the conscious mind is incapable of doing so, and that the grace imparted by Communion "for the healing of soul and body" is a benefit that most especially should not be denied in such cases. This is consistent with the practice of Infant Communion in Eastern Orthodoxy.

Orthodox Christians typically receive the Sacrament of Confession before receiving the Eucharist. However, for those who are either mentally incapable of recognizing or recalling their sins, or who are mentally or physically incapable of communicating their sins to a priest, this requirement is dispensed with, just as it is for very young children.

## Protestantism

There are thousands of denominations within the Protestant structure, and each will have their own policy of working with people who have an intellectual impairment.

### Anglican

While the Anglican Church (also known as the Episcopalian Church) welcomes all people, it does not have a firm policy for giving communion to people with learning difficulties. However, most Anglican churches hold an "open table", meaning that all baptised Christians are welcome to receive communion.

### Presbyterianism

The Church of Scotland says in regard to those with learning difficulties:

"there is nothing in the law of the Church which would automatically disqualify a person with learning difficulties from admission to the Lord's Table and from having his or her name added to the Communion Roll of a congregation."

### Lutheranism

In the Lutheran Churches, the sacrament of Holy Communion is administered to people with intellectual disability, as with people with dementia.

## Nondenominational Christianity

In most evangelical Christian churches, the only requirement for any individual to participate in Communion is that the person professes to have a personal relationship with God and to have accepted Jesus Christ as their Savior. Before Communion in these churches, the policy is usually verbally outlined and the decision is left up to the individual.


title: Confit byaldi

abstract: Confit byaldi is a variation on the traditional French dish ratatouille by the French chef Michel Guérard.

text:
# Confit byaldi

**Confit byaldi** is a variation on the traditional French dish ratatouille by the French chef Michel Guérard.

## History

The name is a play on the Turkish dish "İmam bayıldı", which is a stuffed eggplant.

The original ratatouille recipe has the vegetables fried before baking. Since at least 1976, some French chefs have prepared the ratatouille vegetables in thin slices instead of the traditional rough-cut. Michel Guérard, in his book founding *cuisine minceur* (1976), recreated lighter versions of the traditional dishes of nouvelle cuisine. His recipe, *confit bayaldi*, differed from ratatouille by not frying the vegetables, removing peppers and adding mushrooms.

American celebrity chef Thomas Keller first wrote about a dish he called "byaldi" in his 1999 book *The French Laundry Cookbook*. Keller's variation of Guérard's added two sauces: a tomato and pepper sauce at the bottom (*pipérade*), and a vinaigrette at the top. He served as food consultant to the Pixar film *Ratatouille*, allowing its producer, Brad Lewis, to shadow for two days in the kitchen of his restaurant, the French Laundry. Lewis asked Keller how he would cook ratatouille if the most famous food critic in the world were to visit his restaurant. Keller decided he would make the ratatouille in *confit byaldi* form, and fan the vegetable rounds accordion-style with a palette knife.

## Preparation and serving

Per Thomas Keller's recipe, a pipérade is made of peeled, finely chopped, and reduced peppers, yellow onions, tomatoes, garlic, and herbs. The piperade is spread thinly in a baking tray or casserole dish, then layered on top with evenly sized, thinly sliced rounds of zucchini, yellow squash, Japanese eggplant, and roma tomatoes, covered in parchment paper, then baked slowly for several hours to steam the vegetables. The parchment is removed so that the vegetables roast, acquiring additional flavor through caramelization. To serve, the piperade is formed into a small mound, and the rounds arranged in a fanned-out pattern to cover the piperade base. A balsamic vinaigrette is drizzled on the plate, which may be garnished.

## InfoBox

Confit byaldi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Main course or side dish |
| Main ingredients | Courgette (zucchini), yellow squash, aubergine (eggplant), Roma tomatoes, yellow onions, garlic, herbs |


title: Cong Canal

abstract: The Cong Canal is a derelict canal in the village of Cong, County Mayo. Ireland. It was abandoned unfinished in 1854 and is popularly known as 'The Dry Canal'. The Cong Canal was designed to provide a navigable link between Lough Corrib at the village of Cong and Lough Mask, six kilometres to the north. It was part of the large Corrib, Mask and Carra Drainage and Navigation project intended to provide land drainage to the Loughs Corrib, Mask and Carra catchments and open up a navigation from the sea at Galway Bay to those lakes.

text:
# Cong Canal

**The Cong Canal** is a derelict canal in the village of Cong, County Mayo. Ireland. It was abandoned unfinished in 1854 and is popularly known as 'The Dry Canal'.

The Cong Canal was designed to provide a navigable link between Lough Corrib at the village of Cong and Lough Mask, six kilometres to the north. It was part of the large Corrib, Mask and Carra Drainage and Navigation project intended to provide land drainage to the Loughs Corrib, Mask and Carra catchments and open up a navigation from the sea at Galway Bay to those lakes.

## History

The design and construction of the works was carried out by the government organisation known as the Board of Works (also known as The Commissioners of Public Works) over the period 1844 to 1859. Survey work commenced in June 1844 and a report with a proposed design was published in March 1846.This was one of four works of navigation part funded by the Treasury during the famine years (1845 to 1849) in Ireland. The other three were Lough Neagh and the River Bann in County Antrim; the Ballinamore-Ballyconnell Canal linking Lough Erne to the River Shannon across County Leitrim; and Lough Oughter and Lough Gowna in County Cavan. The navigation from the sea at Galway Bay to Lough Corrib and through Lough Corrib was completed as planned.

The navigation work on the Cong Canal, in Lough Mask and on the River Robe was abandoned in 1854 when an instruction issued from the Board "to suspend the execution of all navigation works in this division of the district, and complete only such as were necessary for the regulation of the waters of Lough Mask, for drainage purposes."

The abandoned canal has remained an enigma ever since. The canal was brought to wide public attention in 1872 by the writer William Wildewho coined the name ‘The Dry Canal’. The Board of Works stated that the project was halted because it was proving to be too expensive, that labour had become scarce, and that railways had rendered canals redundant.The local folk memory has retained a different story down through the nearly two centuries since the canal was abandoned: it says that the engineers failed to take account of the cavernous nature of the limestone in the district and when they realized this, the work was halted.

The overall Corrib-Mask project was initially planned as a straightforward drainage and navigation project but, due to the potato famine it was rushed forward as a Famine relief project to provide employment to the starving locals. Significant changes were made to the original proposed design and basic errors were made at the detailed design stage. Full account was not taken of the effect on milling interests of running off flood storage, and to compound this error, flood runoff was then directed into the tailraces of the mills of Cong. Legal action against the Board by the millers was successful. But an even greater error was made at the head waters of the canal where, as the local folk memory correctly records, the Board failed to take account of the cavernous nature of the limestone in the district. The result was that at times of low flow, all flow discharged through underground passages leaving the canal high and dry. Rather that admit its mistake, the Board opted for obfuscation and erected Sluices to essentially block up the channel it had just spent six years excavating through solid rock. The huge rusting sluices may still be seen at Killimor about six kilometres north of Cong village, but they are difficult to access.

## Legacy

The canal has become something of a tourist attraction in the village of Cong, County Mayo where a fully completed lock, the excavated dry channel and other heritage features may still be seen. In summer periods, the entire six kilometre stretch of the canal is completely dry and it is possible to hike along it. In winter, flood waters rush down the channel to an overflow just north of Cong village. The lower one-and-a-half kilometre stretch of the canal at Cong village remains dry at all times.

### References

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Cong Canal | |
| --- | --- |
| Lock Number 3, The Cong Canal | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 6 km (3.7 miles) |
| Locks | 3 |
| Status | derelict |
| History | |
| Principal engineer | John McMahon |
| Date of act | 1842 |
| Construction began | 1848 |
| Geography | |
| Start point | Lough Corrib |
| End point | Lough Mask |


abstract: In Canada, a community business development corporation (CBDC) is a federal and provincially funded not-for-profit organization. CBDCs assist in the creation of small businesses and in the expansion and modernization of existing small businesses by providing financial and technical services to entrepreneurs. The organisation was founded in the 1970s and currently holds 41 offices throughout Atlantic Canada. The 41 offices are autonomous corporations but each work with their respective Provincial Association office. The Provincial Association offices are located in; Alberton, PEI; Elmsdale, NS; Mount Pearl, NL; and Bathurst, NB. These 4 offices work with the Atlantic Association of CBDCs to constantly improve the services offered by the CBDC network. The CBDCs are a member of the Community Futures Network of Canada.

text:
# Community business development corporation

In Canada, a **community business development corporation** (**CBDC**) (French: *corporation de développement communautaire*) is a federal and provincially funded not-for-profit organization. CBDCs assist in the creation of small businesses and in the expansion and modernization of existing small businesses by providing financial and technical services to entrepreneurs.

The organisation was founded in the 1970s and currently holds 41 offices throughout Atlantic Canada. The 41 offices are autonomous corporations but each work with their respective Provincial Association office. The Provincial Association offices are located in; Alberton, PEI; Elmsdale, NS; Mount Pearl, NL; and Bathurst, NB. These 4 offices work with the Atlantic Association of CBDCs to constantly improve the services offered by the CBDC network. The CBDCs are a member of the Community Futures Network of Canada.

## Operating structure

CBDCs operate under the guidance of a local Board of Directors. The Board of Directors is representative of the area served by the CBDC, and all members of the board are community business leaders and volunteers. This organizational structure permits the CBDC to play a direct and active role in employment development within their jurisdiction. The Board of Directors is complemented by a professional staff, varying in size depending on the level of activity within the region served and resources made available to it by the Government of Canada. CBDCs act as a delivery agent for several governmental financing programs for small business. They have options available to help individuals establish a new business, expand an existing one, or to stabilize/modernize their current business.

## Services

CBDC offers financial assistance in the form of loans, loan guarantees and equity financing to existing and aspiring entrepreneurs. It puts a high priority to the advisory role of its mandate by focusing on providing business counselling and advice to its clients. CBDC provides entrepreneurship development and training to individuals and small business owners. It can also advocate on behalf of its clients to other lending establishments or regulatory agencies. Typically CBDC targets its services to entrepreneurs who require customized financing not available from traditional sources.

Some of the custom financing options offered include but are not limited to; CBDC Social Enterprise Loan, CBDC First-Time Entrepreneur Loan, CBDC General Business Loan, CBDC Youth Loan, CBDC Innovation Loan, Self Employment Assistance Program and the Consultant Advisory Services Program.

## Jurisdiction

The CBDCs are dedicated to the development of small business and job creation and enhancement in rural Atlantic Canada. CBDCs are subject to Treasury Board of Canada regulations.

## InfoBox

Community business development corporation (CBDC)
| Founded | Guysborough, Nova Scotia, Canada, 1975 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Not-for-profit, Financial services, Business Counsulting |
| COO | Basil Ryan |
| CFO | Dawn Grant |
| Website | CBDC Website |


title: Concerto Italiano

abstract: Concerto Italiano is an Italian early music ensemble well known for their interpretations of Monteverdi and Vivaldi, among others. The historically informed performance ensemble was formed by the harpsichordist Rinaldo Alessandrini, and made its Rome debut with Francesco Cavalli's La Calisto in 1984. Since then, Concerto Italiano has recorded Monteverdi madrigals, which have won numerous awards, including the Gramophone Award three times. Other major international awards garnered by this ensemble include Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik, Prix de la Nouivelle Académie du disque, Premio internationale del disco Antonio Vivaldi, and the Prix de l'Académie Charles Cros. Concerto Italiano is under exclusive contract with OPUS 111, which is now under the umbrella of the large French label, Naïve. Most recently, with conjunction with the National University Library in Turin, Concerto Italiano has been recording all the operas and concertos of Vivaldi, many of which have not been performed for over 300 years. Highlights include Concerto Italiano's recordings of the opera L'Olimpiade, La Senna Festeggiante, Le Quattro Stagioni, Vespri Solenni per la Festa dell'Assunzione di Maria Vergine, and in 2004, an entire CD devoted to Vivaldi's Concerti per Archi.

text:
# Concerto Italiano

**Concerto Italiano** is an Italian early music ensemble well known for their interpretations of Monteverdi and Vivaldi, among others.

The historically informed performance ensemble was formed by the harpsichordist Rinaldo Alessandrini, and made its Rome debut with Francesco Cavalli's *La Calisto* in 1984. Since then, Concerto Italiano has recorded Monteverdi madrigals, which have won numerous awards, including the Gramophone Award three times. Other major international awards garnered by this ensemble include *Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik*, *Prix de la Nouivelle Académie du disque*, *Premio internationale del disco Antonio Vivaldi* (Cini Foundation), and the *Prix de l'Académie Charles Cros*.

Concerto Italiano is under exclusive contract with OPUS 111, which is now under the umbrella of the large French label, Naïve. Most recently, with conjunction with the National University Library in Turin, Concerto Italiano has been recording all the operas and concertos of Vivaldi, many of which have not been performed for over 300 years. Highlights include Concerto Italiano's recordings of the opera *L'Olimpiade*, *La Senna Festeggiante*, *Le Quattro Stagioni* (hailed as one of the best versions of the work by Gramophone), *Vespri Solenni per la Festa dell'Assunzione di Maria Vergine* (a reconstruction of a possible Vespers for the Ascension of the Virgin Mary and 2004 Gramophone winner for Baroque Vocal), and in 2004, an entire CD devoted to Vivaldi's *Concerti per Archi*.


title: Comunità Incontro

abstract: Comunità Incontro is an Italian drug rehabilitation facility founded by Pierino Gelmini, an Italian Catholic priest, on 13 February 1963. The facility, which is based in Amelia, Italy, received substantial backlash following Gelmini's 1971 arrest on charges of fraud, as well as further accusations of child sexual abuse by Gelmini before his death in 2014.

text:
# Comunità Incontro

**Comunità Incontro** (English: Community Encounter) is an Italian drug rehabilitation facility founded by Pierino Gelmini, an Italian Catholic priest, on 13 February 1963. The facility, which is based in Amelia, Italy, received substantial backlash following Gelmini's 1971 arrest on charges of fraud, as well as further accusations of child sexual abuse by Gelmini before his death in 2014.

## Founding

Gelmini's experiences in Rome prompted his creation of the drug rehabilitation group in Amelia when Gelmini purchased an abandoned mill and refurbished it to serve as a community therapy house after a personal encounter with an 18-year-old victim of a drug addiction lying in the middle of a street gutter. (In publications, the Comunità Incontro records the 13 February 1963 date of Gelmini's meeting with the young drug addict, Alfredo Nunzi, as the date of its founding, although its first center at the Amelia mill was only opened on 27 September 1979.)

## Expansion

Comunità Incontro successfully expanded into a veritable network of services dedicated to the addicted and their varieties of social problems. At the beginning of the 1990s, Gelmini volunteered to be injected with an experimental AIDS vaccine in a study dedicated to finding an approach to dealing with HIV. Having established its first foreign center in 1987, the organization had grown to encompass more than two hundred chapters around the world by the late 2000s, including a number outside Italy and as far away as South America and Asia. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi presented a speech on the occasion of Gelmini's birthday in January 2005. (Berlusconi donated a gift of  5 million to *Comunità Incontro* chapters in Thailand following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster.) The politician Maurizio Gasparri characterized him as "one of the few heroes of our time." Mass media reports worldwide have described Gelmini as politically well-connected.


title: Comunn na Gàidhlig

abstract: Comunn na Gàidhlig, abbreviated to "CnaG", is an organisation which seeks to promote Scottish Gaelic language and culture.

text:
# Comunn na Gàidhlig

**Comunn na Gàidhlig** (lit.'Gaelic Society'), abbreviated to "**CnaG**", is an organisation which seeks to promote Scottish Gaelic language and culture.

## History

Comunn na Gàidhlig was founded in 1984 by the Scottish Office to co-ordinate new developments in Gaelic language policy. It has charitable status. It has offices in Stornoway, Inverness, Glasgow, and additional staff based in Uist, Skye, Islay, Edinburgh and Lochaber. Its chief executive is Dòmhnall MacNèill.

Comunn na Gàidhlig should not be confused with An Comunn Gàidhealach, which has a broader cultural remit, or Bòrd na Gàidhlig, a quango.

## InfoBox

The Gaelic Society
*Comunn na Gàidhlig*
|
|  |
| Abbreviation | CnaG |
| Formation | 1984 |
| Founder | Scottish Office |
| Type | Scottish Gaelic language<br>Language revival |
| Headquarters | Stornoway, Isle of Lewis |
| Website | www.cnag.org/index.php/en/ |


title: Conciliarism

abstract: Conciliarism was a movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512–1517. The final gesture, the doctrine of papal infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870.

text:
# Conciliarism

**Conciliarism** was a movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope.

The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512–1517. The final gesture, the doctrine of papal infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870.

## Background

Conciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology, arguing that many of the most important decisions of the Catholic Church have been made through conciliar means, beginning with the First Council of Nicaea (325). Conciliarism also drew on corporate theories of the church, which allowed the head to be restrained or judged by the members when his actions threatened the welfare of the whole ecclesial body.

In his *Defensor Pacis* (1324), Marsilius of Padua wrote that the universal Church is a church of the faithful, not the priests. Marsilius focused on the idea that the inequality of the priesthood has no divine basis and that Jesus, not the pope, is the only head of the Catholic Church.

William of Ockham (d. 1349) wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism. His goal in these writings was removal of Pope John XXII, who had revoked a decree favoring ideas of the Spiritual Franciscans about Christ and the apostles owning nothing individually or in common. Some of his arguments include that the election by the faithful, or their representatives, confers the position of pope and further limits the papal authority. The catholic (universal) church is the congregation of the faithful, not the institutional, which was promised to the Apostles by Jesus.

## Conciliar theory

Conrad of Gelnhausen was one of the founders of the conciliar movement of the late fourteenth century. In response to the Western Schism of 1378, he advocated for calling an autonomous General Council to settle the issue. This was echoed by scholastic philosopher, Henry of Langenstein.

The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham, but they used them in a more conservative way. They wanted to unify, defend and reform the institution under clerical control, not advance a Franciscan or a lay agenda. Among the theorists of this more clerical conciliarism were Jean Gerson, Pierre d'Ailly and Francesco Zabarella. Nicholas of Cusa synthesized this strain of conciliarism, balancing hierarchy with consent and representation of the faithful.

John Kilcullen wrote, in the *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, that "in France conciliarism was one of the sources of Gallicanism."

## Opposition to conciliarism

Many members of the Church continued to believe that the pope, as the successor of Saint Peter, retained the supreme governing authority in the Church. Juan de Torquemada defended papal supremacy in his *Summa de ecclesia*, completed ca. 1453. A generation later, Thomas Cajetan vigorously defended papal authority in his *On the comparison of the authority of pope and council*. He wrote that "Peter alone had the vicariate of Jesus Christ and only he received the power of jurisdiction immediately from Christ in an ordinary way, so that the others (the Apostles) were to receive it from him in the ordinary course of the law and were subject to him," and that "it must be demonstrated that Christ gave the plenitude of ecclesiastical power not to the community of the Church but to a single person in it."

Pope Pius II was a major opponent of conciliarism. According to Michael de la Bédoyère, "Pius II \[...\] \[insisted\] that the doctrine holding General Councils of the Church to be superior to the Pope was heretical." Pius II's bull *Execrabilis* condemned conciliarism.

Pope Pius VII condemned the conciliarist writings of Germanos Adam on June 3, 1816.

## Modern conciliarism

Although conciliarist strains of thought remain within the Church, the teaching of the Catholic Church maintains that the Pope is the Vicar of Christ, a title implying his supreme and universal primacy, both of honour and of jurisdiction, over the Church.

A new interest in conciliarism was awakened in Catholic Church circles with the convocation of the Second Vatican Council. Professor David D'Avray says that council documents emphasize episcopal authority, both individual and collegial, but presented as conjoined with papal authority rather than as over it.

### Sources

## Further reading


abstract:
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I is a disorder of blood cell production, particularly of
the production of erythroblasts, which are the precursors of the red blood cells (RBCs).

text:
# Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I

**Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I** (CDA I) is a disorder of blood cell production, particularly of the production of erythroblasts, which are the precursors of the red blood cells (RBCs).

## Presentation

Many affected individuals have yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) and an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly). This condition also causes the body to absorb too much iron, which builds up and can damage tissues and organs. In particular, iron overload can lead to an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), congestive heart failure, diabetes, and chronic liver disease (cirrhosis). Rarely, people with CDA type I are born with skeletal abnormalities, most often involving the fingers and/or toes.

## Genetics

CDA type I, an autosomal recessive disorder, is transmitted by both parents and usually results from mutations in the *CDAN1* gene. Little is known about the function of this gene, and it is unclear how mutations cause the characteristic features of CDA type I. Some people with this condition do not have identified mutations in the *CDAN1* gene, leading researchers to believe that mutations in at least one other gene can also cause this form of the disorder.

| Version | Type | OMIM | Gene | Locus |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ia | CDAN1A | 224120 | *CDAN1* | 15q15 |
| Ib | CDAN1B | 615631 | *C15ORF41* | 15q14 |

## Diagnosis

CDA type I is characterized by moderate to severe anemia. It is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, although in some cases, the condition can be detected before birth.

## Treatment

Treatment consists of frequent blood transfusions and chelation therapy. Potential cures include bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Hematology |


abstract: Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type IV has been described with typical morphologic features of CDA II but a negative acidified-serum test.

text:
# Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type IV

**Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type IV** (CDA IV) has been described with typical morphologic features of CDA II but a negative acidified-serum test.

## Presentation

CDA type IV is characterized by mild to moderate splenomegaly. Hemoglobin is very low and patients are transfusion dependent. MCV is normal or mildly elevated. Erythropoiesis is normoblastic or mildly to moderately megaloblastic. Nonspecific erythroblast dysplasia is present.

## Genetics

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type IV is an autosomal dominant inherited red blood cell disorder characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis resulting in anemia. Circulating erythroblasts and erythroblasts in the bone marrow show various morphologic abnormalities. Affected individuals with CDAN4 also have increased levels of fetal hemoglobin.

| Type | OMIM | Gene | Locus |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CDAN4 | 613673 | *KLF1* | 19p13.13-p13.12 |

## Diagnosis

## Treatment

Treatment consists of frequent blood transfusions and chelation therapy. Potential cures include bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type IV | |
| --- | --- |
| Specialty | Hematology |


abstract: Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles is a class of rare genetic disorders affecting one or more of the muscles that move the eyeballs. Individuals with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) have varying degrees of ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. The condition is present from birth, non-progressive, runs in families, and usually affects both eyes similarly. In the most common form, the superior recti are dysfunctional and the inferior recti, lacking proper opposition, pull the eyes down, forcing the head to be tilted upward in order to see straight ahead. There are three types of CFEOM, numbered 1-3. CFEOM1, the most common type, is now known to be caused by one of several mutations in the KIF21A gene, while CFEOM2 is caused by mutations in the PHOX2A gene. CFEOM3 is caused by mutations in the TUBB3 gene. CFEOM was first named in 1956, although papers describing conditions now known or assumed to be CFEOM appear in the medical literature as early as 1840. Due to its rarity, it has been independently cited numerous times under many different names.

text:
# Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles

**Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles** is a class of rare genetic disorders affecting one or more of the muscles that move the eyeballs. Individuals with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) have varying degrees of ophthalmoplegia (an inability to move the eyes in one or more directions) and ptosis. The condition is present from birth, non-progressive, runs in families, and usually affects both eyes similarly. In the most common form, the superior recti are dysfunctional and the inferior recti, lacking proper opposition, pull the eyes down, forcing the head to be tilted upward in order to see straight ahead.

There are three types of CFEOM, numbered 1-3. CFEOM1, the most common type, is now known to be caused by one of several mutations in the KIF21A gene, while CFEOM2 is caused by mutations in the PHOX2A gene. CFEOM3 is caused by mutations in the TUBB3 gene.

CFEOM was first named in 1956, although papers describing conditions now known or assumed to be CFEOM appear in the medical literature as early as 1840. Due to its rarity, it has been independently cited numerous times under many different names.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | **CFEOM** |


title: ConScript Unicode Registry

abstract: The ConScript Unicode Registry is a volunteer project to coordinate the assignment of code points in the Unicode Private Use Areas (PUA) for the encoding of artificial scripts, such as those for constructed languages. It was founded by John Cowan and was maintained by him and Michael Everson. It is not affiliated with the Unicode Consortium.

text:
# ConScript Unicode Registry

The **ConScript Unicode Registry** is a volunteer project to coordinate the assignment of code points in the Unicode Private Use Areas (PUA) for the encoding of artificial scripts, such as those for constructed languages. It was founded by John Cowan and was maintained by him and Michael Everson. It is not affiliated with the Unicode Consortium.

## History

The ConScript Unicode Registry is a volunteer project that was founded by John Cowan in the early 1990s. It is a joint project of John Cowan and Michael Everson.

Historically, it was hosted on both Cowan and Everson's websites (branded as the North American and European sites, respectively); in 2002, the site was transitioned to be hosted exclusively on Everson's site.

Since 2008, the ConScript Unicode Registry has been largely unmaintained; in 2008, Cowan explained that Everson was too busy to continue maintaining the project. Due to this inactivity, Rebecca Bettencourt founded the **Under-ConScript Unicode Registry**, aiming to coordinate code points for constructed languages until they can be formally added to the ConScript Unicode Registry. Scripts added to the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry include Sitelen Pona (for Toki Pona) and Cirth.

## Scripts

The CSUR and UCSUR include the following scripts:

Withdrawn   Allocated only in the UCSUR

Scripts in the ConScript Unicode Registry and Under-ConScript Unicode Registry
| Writing system | Creator(s) | Code range | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Aiha | Ursula K. Le Guin | F8A0–F8CF |  |
| Alzetjan | Herman Miller | E550–E57F |  |
| Amlin | Thomas Thurman | E6D0−E6EF |  |
| Amman-Iar | David Bell | E2A0–E2CF |  |
| Ath | Morioka Hiroyuki | F4C0−F4EF |  |
| aUI | John W. Weilgart | E280–E29F |  |
| Aurebesh | Stephen Crane | E890−E8DF |  |
| Braille | Louis Braille | EB60−EB9F | The Braille Extended block includes all permutations of all Braille patterns as specified in the original 1829 specification, but not otherwise encoded in the Braille Patterns Unicode block. |
| Cirth | J. R. R. Tolkien | E080–E0FF | Unicode proposal made in September 1997
No action taken but Cirth appears in the Roadmap to the SMP |
| Cistercian numerals |  | EBA0−EBDF |  |
| Cylenian | Danae Dekker | EC00−EC2F |  |
| Deini | Dana Nutter | ED00−ED3F |  |
| Derani | Hoemaı | F16B0−F16DF |  |
| Deseret |  | E830–E88F | Withdrawn after inclusion in Unicode. Use the corresponding Unicode block (U+10400U+1044F). |
| D'ni | Richard A. Watson | E830−E88F |  |
| Engsvanyáli | M. A. R. Barker | E100–E14F |  |
| Ewellic | Doug Ewell | E680–E6CF |  |
| Ferengi | Timothy Miller | E600–E62F |  |
| Gargoyle | Herman Miller | E5C0–E5DF |  |
| Glaitha-A | Rebecca G. Bettencourt | E900−E97F |  |
| Glaitha-B | Rebecca G. Bettencourt | E980−E9FF |  |
| Graflect | Aaron Paterson | EC70−ECEF |  |
| Grawlixes | Mort Walker | EDF0−EDFF |  |
| Ilianore | Jeff Smith | E1B0–E1CF |  |
| Iranic | Ali Hossein Mohammadi | ED80−EDAF |  |
| Kamakawi | David J. Peterson | F000−F1FF |  |
| Kazat ?Akkorou | Herman Miller | E430–E44F |  |
| Kazvarad | Herman Miller | E450–E46F |  |
| Kelwathi | Herman Miller | E4F0–E4FF |  |
| Kinya | Maurizio M. Gavoli | E150–E1AF |  |
| Kinya llables | Maurizio M. Gavoli | F0000–F0E6F |  |
| Klingon | Astra Image Corporation | F8D0–F8FF | Unicode proposal made in 1997
Formally rejected by Unicode in 2001 |
| Lapointe Hexadecimal Numerals | Boby Lapointe | EBE0−EBEF |  |
| Lhenazi | Arthaey Angosii | EA00−EA9F |  |
| Martin Hexadecimal Numerals | Bruce Alan Martin | EBF0−EBFF |  |
| Mizarian | Herman Miller | E300–E33F |  |
| Monofon | Steve T. Bell | E800–E82F |  |
| Niji | Norbert Lindenberg | ED40−ED7F |  |
| Nísklôz | Herman Miller | E400–E42F |  |
| Olaetyan | Herman Miller | E3B0–E3FF |  |
| Ophidian |  | E5E0–E5FF |  |
| Orokin | Digital Extremes | EB00−EB3F |  |
| Phaistos Disc |  | E6D0–E6FF | Withdrawn after inclusion in Unicode. Use the corresponding Unicode block (U+101D0U+101FF). |
| Pikto | John E. Williams | F0E70–F16A4 |  |
| Røzhxh | Herman Miller | E490–E4BF |  |
| Rynnan | Herman Miller | E520–E54F |  |
| Sadalian | Wong Sadale Cho Ching | F2000−F267F |  |
| Saklor | Herman Miller | E500–E51F |  |
| Sarkai | Herman Miller | E360–E37F |  |
| Serivelna | Herman Miller | E4C0–E4EF |  |
| Seussian Latin Extensions | Theodor Geisel | E630–E64F |  |
| Shavian | Ronald Kingsley Read | E700–E72F | Withdrawn after inclusion in Unicode. Use the corresponding Unicode block (U+10450U+1047F). |
| Semtog | Quefei Huang | F1B00−F1C3F |  |
| Sitelen Pona | Sonja Lang | F1900−F19FF |  |
| Sitelen Pona Radicals | Sonja Lang et al. | F1C80−F1C9F |  |
| Solresol | Jean François Sudre | E770–E77F |  |
| Ssûraki | Herman Miller | E5A0–E5BF |  |
| Standard Galactic | Tom Hall | EB40−EB5F |  |
| Streich | Tommaso Donnarumma | E2D0–E2DF |  |
| Syai | Brian Lilburn | E1D0–E1FF |  |
| Sylabica | Marcin Kowalczyk | EC30−EC6F |  |
| Syrrin | Danae Dekker | EC00−EC2F |  |
| Tassarunese | Narylis | EDB0−EDDF |  |
| Telarasso | Herman Miller | E580–E59F |  |
| Tengwar | J. R. R. Tolkien | E000–E07F | Unicode proposal made in September 1997. No action taken but Tengwar appears in the Roadmap to the SMP. |
| Thelwik | Herman Miller | E380–E3AF |  |
| Titi Pula | Ðoom Epictooþ | F1C40−F1C7F |  |
| Tonal | John W. Nystrom | E8E0−E8FF |  |
| Unifon | John Malone | E740–E76F | In UCSUR, the block Unifon Extended was added in the code range U+E6F0–U+E73F. |
| Verdurian | Mark Rosenfelder | E200–E26F |  |
| Visible Speech | Alexander Melville Bell | E780–E7FF |  |
|
| Wanya | Max Dominik Weber | EAA0−EAFF |  |
| Whitaker Hexadecimal Numerals | Ronald O. Whitaker | ECF0-ECFF |  |
| Xaîni | Paul Blake | E2E0–E2FF |  |
| Zarkhánd | Herman Miller | E470–E48F |  |
| Zese | Jack Eisenmann | EDE0−EDEF |  |
| Zírí:Nka | Herman Miller | E340–E35F |  |

## Font support

Some fonts support ConScript Unicode specified code points:

* Constructium, a proportional font based on SIL Gentium
* Fairfax, a monospaced font family intended for text editors and terminals
* GNU Unifont, a bitmap font intended as a fallback font, includes CSUR and UCSUR characters in the separate *Unifont CSUR* package
* Horta
* Kurinto Font Folio
* Nishiki-teki


abstract: Connecticut's 57th House of Representatives district elects one member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. It consists of the town of Ellington and part of East Windsor and has been represented by Democrat Jaime Foster since 2021.

text:
# Connecticut's 57th House of Representatives district

**Connecticut's 57th House of Representatives district** elects one member of the Connecticut House of Representatives. It consists of the town of Ellington and part of East Windsor and has been represented by Democrat Jaime Foster since 2021.

## Recent elections

### 2020

2020 Connecticut State House of Representatives election, District 57
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican | David E. Stavens | 6,346 | 48.29 |
|  | **Democratic** | **Jaime Foster** | **6,191** | **47.11** |
|  | **Independent Party** | **Jaime Foster** | **326** | **2.48** |
|  | **Working Families** | **Jaime Foster** | **278** | **2.12** |
| Total votes | | | **13,141** | **100.00** |
|  | Democratic **gain** from Republican | | | |

### 2018

2018 Connecticut House of Representatives election, District 57
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher Davis (Incumbent)** | **6,538** | **62.2** |
|  | Democratic | Dennis Milanovich | 3,978 | 37.8 |
| Total votes | | | **10,516** | **100.00** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2016

2016 Connecticut House of Representatives election, District 57
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher Davis (Incumbent)** | **9,048** | **100.00** |
| Total votes | | | **9,048** | **100.00** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2014

2018 Connecticut House of Representatives election, District 57
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher Davis (Incumbent)** | **5,358** | **65.5** |
|  | Democratic | Noele Kidney | 2,819 | 34.5 |
| Total votes | | | **8,177** | **100.00** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |

### 2012

2012 Connecticut House of Representatives election, District 57
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Christopher Davis (Incumbent)** | **5,630** | **52.8** |
|  | Democratic | Jason E. Bowza | 5,035 | 47.5 |
| Total votes | | | **10,665** | **100.00** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | |


title: Congregation Albert

abstract: Congregation Albert is a Reform Jewish synagogue, located at 3800 Louisiana Boulevard NE in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the United States. Established in 1897, the conregation is the oldest Jewish organization of continued existence in the state.

text:
# Congregation Albert

**Congregation Albert** is a Reform Jewish synagogue, located at 3800 Louisiana Boulevard NE in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the United States. Established in 1897, the conregation is the oldest Jewish organization of continued existence in the state.

## History

### Formation and early years

Congregation Albert was established as a congregation in 1897. It was established by Alfred Grunsfeld (its first treasurer), Henry N. Jaffa (its first president and the first Mayor of Albuquerque), and Berthold Spitz (the city's Postmaster for 12 years), after discussions with 70 members of the first congregation in Albuquerque, the B’nai Brith Lodge No. 336, which had been formed in 1883.

The naming rights of the new synagogue were auctioned off. In 1897, the Grunsfeld family, winning the auction for $250 ($9,200 in current dollar terms), elected to name the synagogue after Alfred’s deceased father, Albert Grunsfeld, who had immigrated to Santa Fe, from Germany in the 1870s.

At the outset, the synagogue had 34 members and its religious services were held at the Knights of Pythias Hall on Gold Avenue in downtown Albuquerque. Half a year later, the synagogue moved to the Jolly Ten Hall located on Gold Avenue.

Congregation Albert advertised for a rabbi in *The American Israelite*. Its first Rabbi was Dr. William H. Greenburg of London, England, who served from 1898 to 1900 and held his first service for 50 members on March 18, 1898. Greenburg served in his initial two-year term for a salary of $125 per month ($4,600 in current dollar terms).

After its cornerstone was set on September 3, 1899, in April 1900 Congregation Albert's first building was dedicated on West Gold Avenue (at the northeast corner of its intersection with 7th Street), with an onion-shaped oriental dome, pitched roof, and twin staircases leading to a second-story entrance, and Rabbi Pizer Jacobs was installed as the second rabbi of the synagogue. In 1902, Jacob H. Kaplan became the Rabbi. Methodists were allowed to use the synagogue until their church was built in 1904. In 1919, the synagogue had 84 members and, after a dip during the Depression, in 1944 it had 87 members.

Rabbi David D. Shor served the congregation from 1948 to 1978, during which time he was tendered a lifetime contract in 1956. In 1951, Congregation Albert moved to a building on Lead, between Oak and Mulberry SE.

### Recent history

At the time of the synagogue's 75th anniversary, a 600-copy limited edition Diamond Jubilee History entitled *Congregation Albert, 1897–1972* by Professor Gunther Rothenberg, a University of New Mexico professor of European history and Jewish history, was printed. In 1975, the synagogue elected a woman president, Ethel Cahn.

The synagogue was led by Rabbi Paul J. Citrin from 1978 to 1996. In 1984, Congregation Albert moved to its current location, at 3800 Louisiana Boulevard NE, just south of Montgomery.

The synagogue was led by Rabbi Joseph R. Black from 1996 to 2010. In 2000, out of 606 working members, 14% were doctors and 9% were attorneys. In 2005, it had more than 700 members.

Celia Surget has served as Congregation Albert's Rabbi since July 1, 2021, and Barbara Finn serves as Cantor. The synagogue is a member of the Union for Reform Judaism, having joined in 1921.

## Notable members

## InfoBox

| Congregation Albert | |
| --- | --- |
| Congregation Albert | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Reform Judaism |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Synagogue |
| Leadership | Rabbi Celia Surget |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | 3800 Louisiana Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico |
| Country | United States |
| Location in New Mexico | |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°7′41″N 106°34′3″W / 35.12806°N 106.56750°W / 35.12806; -106.56750 |
| Architecture | |
| Founder | * Alfred Grunsfeld * Henry N. Jaffa * Berthold Spitz |
| Date established | 1897 (as a congregation) |
| Completed | * 1900 (West Gold Avenue) * 1951 (Lead Street) * 1984 (Louisiana Boulevard) |
| Website | |
| congregationalbert.shulcloud.com | |


title: Connecticut Route 153

abstract: Route 153 is a Connecticut state highway in the Connecticut River valley running from U.S. Route 1 in Westbrook center to Route 154 in Essex Village in the town of Essex.

text:
# Connecticut Route 153

**Route 153** is a Connecticut state highway in the Connecticut River valley running from U.S. Route 1 in Westbrook center to Route 154 in Essex Village in the town of Essex.

## Route description

Route 153 begins as Essex Road in downtown Westbrook, at an intersection with US 1. It heads north, passing by the Westbrook railroad station and the access road to the Tanger Outlet Mall, before intersecting with I-95 at Exit 65 about half a mile north of US 1. Route 153 continues northeast through the eastern part of the town of Westbrook for another 3.5 miles (5.6 km) before entering the town of Essex. In Essex, the road becomes *Westbrook Road*, traveling through southwestern Essex for about 1.3 miles (2.1 km), at which point the road splits into two. Route 153 continues northeast towards Essex Village along *Plains Road*; Westbrook Road continues north as an unsigned state highway (designated as **State Road 604**) towards the village of Centerbrook. Route 153 intersects with Route 9 (at Exit 3) about 0.9 miles (1.4 km) beyond the split and soon ends at an intersection with Route 154 just each of the interchange.

## History

The Westbrook to Centerbrook route was designated as a secondary state highway in the 1920s and was known as **Highway 332**. Route 153 was established as a renumbering of old Highway 332 in the 1932 state highway renumbering. When first created, the northern end of Route 153 ran along Westbrook Road like the old highway. In January 1967, the northern end was rerouted to its current location to accommodate an interchange with the Route 9 freeway.

## Junction list

The entire route is in Middlesex County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Westbrook | 0.00 | 0.00 | US 1 Clinton, Old Saybrook |  |
| | 0.51 | 0.82 | I-95 / Conn. Turnpike New London, New Haven | Exit 65 on I-95/Connecticut Turnpike |
| | 0.88 | 1.42 |
Route 166 east Old Saybrook |  |
| Essex | 4.33 | 6.97 | SSR 604 (Westbrook Road) |  |
| | 5.23 | 8.42 | Route 9 Old Saybrook, Middletown | Exit 3 on Route 9 |
| | 5.27 | 8.48 | Route 154 Centerbrook, Old Saybrook |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Connecticut Route 153KML is from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| Route 153 | |
| --- | --- |
| Map of Middlesex County in southern Connecticut with Route 153 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by CTDOT | |
| Length | 5.27 mi (8.48 km) |
| Existed | 1932–present |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | US 1 in Westbrook |
| Major intersections | I-95 / Conn. Turnpike in Westbrook
Route 9 in Essex |
| North end | Route 154 in Essex |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Connecticut |
| Counties | Middlesex |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Connecticut State Highway System** | |
| Route 152   Route 154 | |


title: Conus capreolus

abstract: Conus capreolus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Conus capreolus

***Conus capreolus*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Conus*, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 36 mm and 65 mm.

## Distribution

Thus marine species occurs off East India and in the Andaman Sea.

## InfoBox

| *Conus capreolus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural and abapertural views of shell of *Conus capreolus* Rockel, D., 1985 | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. capreolus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus capreolus***
Röckel, 1985 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Splinoconus) capreolus* Röckel, 1985 accepted, alternate representation * *Conus semisulcatus* G. B. Sowerby II, 1870 (Invalid: junior homonym of *Conus semisulcatus* Bronn, 1831) * *Kioconus capreolus* (Röckel, 1985) | |


title: Conus carcellesi

abstract: Conus carcellesi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones. These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans.

text:
# Conus carcellesi

***Conus carcellesi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.

These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 29 mm and 50 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Argentina

* To World Register of Marine Species
* "*Lamniconus lemniscatus carcellesi*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Conus carcellesi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. carcellesi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus carcellesi***<br>Martins, 1945 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Lamniconus) carcellesi* Martins, 1945 · accepted, alternate representation * *Conus iheringi* Frenguelli, 1946 * *Conus lemniscatus carcellesi* Martins, 1945 * *Lamniconus carcellesi* (Martins, 1945) * *Lamniconus lemniscatus carcellesi* (Martins, 1945) | |


title: Conus capitanellus

abstract: Conus capitanellus, common name the little captain cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Conus capitanellus

***Conus capitanellus***, common name the **little captain cone**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Conus*, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 20 mm and 40 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Japan and the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Conus capitanellus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Apertural view of a shell of *Conus capitanellus* | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. capitanellus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus capitanellus***
Fulton, 1938 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus (Splinoconus) capitanellus* Fulton, 1938 accepted, alternate representation * *Stellaconus capitanellus* Fulton H.C., 1938 | |


title: Conus capitaneus

abstract: Conus capitaneus, common name the captain cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

text:
# Conus capitaneus

***Conus capitaneus***, common name the **captain cone**, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.

Like all species within the genus *Conus*, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

## Description

The size of an adult shell varies between 50 mm and 98 mm. Its low spire is striate, flamed with chocolate and white. The body whorl is yellowish, or orange-brown, encircled by rows of chestnut dots, usually stained chocolate at the base. There is a central white band, with chocolate hieroglyphic markings on either side, and a shoulder-band, crossed by chocolate smaller longitudinal markings. The aperture is white.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, Mauritius and Tanzania; and in the Indo-West Pacific (off Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, Japan); off Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia),

* Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp Archived 13 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
* Reeve, L.A. 1843. *Monograph of the genus Conus. pls 1–39* in Reeve, L.A. (ed.). Conchologica Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 1.
* Crosse, M. 1858. *Descriptions de coquilles nouvelles*. Journal de Conchyliologie 2 7(3): 380–384
* Brazier, J. 1877. *Continuation of the Mollusca of the Chevert Expedition, with new species*. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 1(4): 283–301
* Hedley, C. 1899. *The Mollusca of Funafuti. Part 1. Gastropoda*. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 3(7): 395–488, 49 text figs
* Schepman, M.M. 1913. Toxoglossa. 384–396 in Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L.F. (eds). The Prosobranchia, Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia Tectibranchiata, Tribe Bullomorpha, of the Siboga Expedition. Monograph 49. Siboga Expeditie 32(2)
* Allan, J.K. 1950. *Australian Shells: with related animals living in the sea, in freshwater and on the land. Melbourne* : Georgian House xix, 470 pp., 45 pls, 112 text figs.
* Demond, J. 1957. *Micronesian reef associated gastropods*. Pacific Science 11(3): 275–341, fig. 2, pl. 1
* McMichael, D.F. 1960. *Shells of the Australian Sea-Shore*. Brisbane : Jacaranda Press 127 pp., 287 figs.
* Rippingale, O.H. & McMichael, D.F. 1961. *Queensland and Great Barrier Reef Shells*. Brisbane : Jacaranda Press 210 pp.
* Cotton, B.C. 1964. *Molluscs of Arnhem Land.* Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land 4 (Zoology): 9–43
* Wilson, B.R. & Gillett, K. 1971. *Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters.* Sydney : Reed Books 168 pp.
* Hinton, A. 1972. *Shells of New Guinea and the Central Indo-Pacific*. Milton : Jacaranda Press xviii 94 pp.
* Cernohorsky, W.O. 1978. *Tropical Pacific Marine Shells.* Sydney : Pacific Publications 352 pp., 68 pls.
* Kay, E.A. 1979. *Hawaiian Marine Shells. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Section 4 : Mollusca*. Honolulu, Hawaii : Bishop Museum Press Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication Vol. 64(4) 653 pp.
* Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
* Wils, E. 1969–1972. *Familie Conidae*; werkgroep "Xenophora". Antwerpen : J. Kruyniers 28
* -Wilson, B. 1994. *Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods*. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.
* Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. *Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region*. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp.
* Filmer R.M. (2001). *A Catalogue of Nomenclature and Taxonomy in the Living Conidae 1758–1998*. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 388pp.
* Tucker J.K. (2009). *Recent cone species database*. 4 September 2009 Edition
* Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). *All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia.* In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
* Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). *One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails.* Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23

## InfoBox

| *Conus capitaneus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. capitaneus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus capitaneus***
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conus capitaneus var. virgineus* Wils, 1972 (unavailable name) * *Conus classarius* Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (nomen dubium) * *Conus (Rhizoconus) capitaneus* Linnaeus, 1758 accepted, alternate representation * *Conus ceciliae* Crosse, 1858 * *Rhizoconus capitaneus* Linnaeus, 1758 | |


title: Conus cossignanii

abstract: Conus cossignanii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones. These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans.

text:
# Conus cossignanii

***Conus cossignanii*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.

These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans.

## Description

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the island of Maio, Cape Verde.

* Cossignani T. & Fiadeiro R. (2014). *Quattro nuovi coni da Capo Verde*. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale. 83: 14-19.

* To World Register of Marine Species
* "*Africonus cossignanii*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

## InfoBox

| *Conus cossignanii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Superfamily: | Conoidea |
| Family: | Conidae |
| Genus: | *Conus* |
| Species: | ***C. cossignanii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Conus cossignanii***<br>(Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Africonus cossignanii* Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2014 (original description) | |


title: Rogue Valley Adventist School

abstract: Rogue Valley Adventist Academy is a private Adventist kindergarten through 12th grade school in Medford, Oregon, United States. Rogue Valley Adventist Academy opened in 1908 as a one-room school house. Since then it has undergone a number of renovations as well as name changes. Rogue Valley enrolls about 132 students. The Rogue Valley Red Tail Hawks compete in the OSAA Mountain Valley League 1A-5. The school's colors are maroon and white.

text:
# Rogue Valley Adventist School

**Rogue Valley Adventist Academy** is a private Adventist kindergarten through 12th grade school in Medford, Oregon, United States. Rogue Valley Adventist Academy opened in 1908 as a one-room school house. Since then it has undergone a number of renovations as well as name changes. Rogue Valley enrolls about 132 students. The Rogue Valley Red Tail Hawks compete in the OSAA Mountain Valley League 1A-5. The school's colors are maroon and white.

## Curriculum

The schools curriculum consists primarily of the standard courses taught at college preparatory schools across the world. All students are required to take classes in the core areas of English, Basic Sciences, Mathematics, a Foreign Language, and Social Sciences.

## Spiritual aspects

All students take religion classes each year that they are enrolled. These classes cover topics in biblical history and Christian and denominational doctrines. Instructors in other disciplines also begin each class period with prayer or a short devotional thought, many which encourage student input. Weekly, the entire student body gathers together in the auditorium for an hour-long chapel service. Outside the classrooms there is year-round spiritually oriented programming that relies on student involvement.

## InfoBox

| Rogue Valley Adventist Academy | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 3675 S Stage Road
Medford, Jackson County, Oregon 97501
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°18′07″N 122°55′41″W / 42.301992°N 122.92808°W / 42.301992; -122.92808 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private |
| Opened | 1908 |
| Principal | Anne Campbell |
| Grades | Pre K-12 |
| Number of students | 122 |
| Color(s) | Maroon and White |
| Athletics conference | OSAA Mountain Valley League 1A-5 |
| Team name | Red Tail Hawks (Hawks) |
| Affiliation | Adventist |
| Website | www.rvaa.us |


title: Trebatius Testa

abstract: Gaius Trebatius Testa was a jurist of ancient Rome, whose family, and himself, originated from Elea.

text:
# Trebatius Testa

**Gaius Trebatius Testa** (C.84 BC-AD 4, fl. 1st century BC,) was a jurist of ancient Rome, whose family, and himself, originated from Elea.

## Friendship with Cicero and the Caesars

Some twenty years younger than Cicero, Trebatius was both a familiar friend and a protégé of the latter. Cicero dedicated his *Topica* to Trebatius, and recommended Trebatius as a legal advisor to Julius Caesar, calling him a thorough gentleman and a "leading light in civil law". Trebatius enjoyed Caesar's favor, making his fortune alongside him in Gaul, and supporting him in the Civil War.

Later he also worked closely with Augustus, and was subsequently described in the *Digest* as being of the greatest authority for Augustan law.

## Character

A good-humoured man - Cicero wrote of sending him "badinage in your own style" - Trebatius was featured by Horace as a learned adviser in his *Satires*. As well as a fondness for wine, Trebatius also seemed to enjoy swimming as a hobby.

A pupil of Cornelius Maximus, Trebatius played a key part in the transfer of legal authority from the senate to individual jurisconsults under the Principate.

An expert on sacral law, Trebatius' writings included a *de religionibus* and *de iure civili*, but not even excerpts of these survive. He was, however, frequently cited by later jurists, and also had a high reputation as the teacher of Marcus Antistius Labeo.