title: BotIT2

abstract: BotIT2 is a neurotoxin from the scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus, which modifies activation and slows down the deactivation of voltage gated sodium channels.

text:
# BotIT2

**BotIT2** is a neurotoxin from the scorpion *Buthus occitanus tunetanus*, which modifies activation and slows down the deactivation of voltage gated sodium channels.

## Source and etymology

BotIT2 is found in the venom of the scorpion *Buthus occitanus tunetanus* (Bot) and hence named Buthus occitanus tunetanus insect toxin 2 (BotIT2).

## Chemistry

### Structure

| N'—DGYIKGYKGCKITCVINDDYCDTECKAEGGTYGICWKWGLACWCEDLPEDKRWKPETNTC –C' |
| --- |
| **Fig.1 Amino acid sequence of BotIT2 including N-terminus and C-terminus.** |

The BotIT2 peptide is composed of 60 amino-acids (Fig. 1) and its C-terminal residue contains a free carboxyl group. The molecular mass of BotIT2 is 6919 Da.

### Family

BotIT2 belongs to the Buthidae neurotoxin family. Three main groups are distinguishable in this family: the α-, the β- and the depressant toxins. The BotIT2 has characteristics of all these subgroups. However, BotIT2 is classified as a β-depressant toxin.

### Homology

BotIT2 differs from other scorpion toxins not only in its amino acid sequence, but in its effects on activation kinetics of insect sodium channels as well. Similarities are found between BotIT2 and other neurotoxins. For example, the degree of similarity with the α-type and β-type toxins, flaccid-depressive insect toxins and BotIT4 is 30-40%, 60-70%, and 67%, respectively. Despite 67% homogeneity with BotIT4, BotIT4 can be discriminated from BotIT2, by binding two sodium channel sites and having its exclusive depressant electrophysiological function. However, BotIT4 and BotIT2 do share binding characteristics.

## Target

BotIT2 binds site 4 of voltage gated sodium channels with low capacity (Bmax = 2.4 ± 0.5 pmol/mg) and high affinity (Kd = 0.3 ± 0.1 nM). Besides its influence in insects, BotIT2 affects neuronal membrane properties of mammals as well, but in a less potent way (see Toxicity).

## Mode of action

The effect of BotIT2 was investigated in the giant axon and dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons of the American cockroach (*Periplaneta americana*), to examine its influence on neuronal excitability by means of voltage clamp and current clamp recordings. Application of BotIT2 transforms the fast sodium current into a slow sodium current. The difference in gating modes from fast to slow are caused by changes in structural conformation. The voltage dependence of this slow current does not differ from the dependence of the fast current. However, the kinetics (activation and deactivation) of the current are slowed down by 40-300 times. This slow sodium current induces a depolarization and results in repetitive firing pattern and burst firing in a time-dependent manner. BotIT2 decreases the maximal peak of the fast depolarizing sodium inward current and thus causes a decrease in action potential amplitude.
Together, BotIT2 modifies the kinetics of insect's sodium channel activation, transforms fast sodium currents in slow current and enhances (in DUM) or induces (in the axon) a repetitive firing pattern or burst activity, but of smaller amplitude.

## Toxicity

| **Table 1. Whole charge and toxicity (LD50) of Bot insect toxins in *B. Germanica*.** |
| --- |
| Insect toxin | Whole charge | Toxicity (ng/100 body weight) |
| BotIT6 | +3 | 10 |
| BotIT4/IT5 | -2 | 110 |
| BotIT3 | -3 | 135 |

BotIT2 is highly toxic in insects. For instance, injection of BotIT2 into the German cockroach (*Blatella Germanica*) results in a contraction paralysis effect. Although the toxin induces neurotoxic symptoms in mice too, it is less potent in mammals than in insects (LD50 in mice = 1 μg/20 g; LD50 in *B. Germanica* = 135 ng/100 mg). So far, the underlying mechanism of the toxic behavior has not been fully understood. High toxicity of the toxins in animals could be explained by the presence of different toxins in the venom of the Buthus occitanus tunetanus (BotIT1, BotIT4 and BotIT5) which acts collectively to insects. Another possibility might be a cooperative interaction between the toxins in the venom. In general, scorpion toxins bind to ion channels via sites of positive surface potential. The total positive charge of the toxin increases its toxicity. Table 1 indicates whole charge for some Bot insect toxins and their toxicity. BotIT2 its whole charge is negative (-3), like BotIT4/5 (-2), whereas it is positive for BotIT6 (+3). Therefore, BotIT2 is the least potent (LD50= 135) when compared to BotIT4, BotIT5 and BotIT64.


title: S. G. Sardesai

abstract: Shriniwas Ganesh Sardesai (1907–1996) was an Indian nationalist from Maharashtra and one of the communist leaders in India. He is author of the book Progress and conservatism in ancient India. He was the Central Executive Committee of Communist Party of India during the Indo-china conflict. He was member at Rajya Sabha from 1970 to 1976.

text:
# S. G. Sardesai

**Shriniwas Ganesh Sardesai** (19071996) was an Indian nationalist from Maharashtra and one of the communist leaders in India. He is author of the book *Progress and conservatism in ancient India.* He was the Central Executive Committee of Communist Party of India during the Indo-china conflict. He was member at Rajya Sabha from 1970 to 1976.

## Writings

* *Kashmir; defence, democracy, secularism* (1965)
* *India's Path to Socialism* (1966)
* *India and the Russian Revolution* (1967)
* *For anti-imperialist unity democratic consolidation* (1969)
* *Fascist menace and democratic unity*(1970)
* *Shivaji : contours of a historica\[l\] evaluation* (1974)
* *Class struggle and caste conflict in rural areas* (1979)
* *National integration for democracy and socialism* (1981)
* *Marxism and the role of the working class in India* (1982)
* *Marxism and the Bhagvat Geeta* (1982)
* *The heritage we carry forward and the heritage we renounce* (1984)
* *Progress and conservatism in ancient India* (1986)
* *Marathi riyasata* (1988)
* *भारतीय तत्त्वज्ञान: वैचारिक आणि सामाजिक संघर्ष*

## InfoBox

| S.G. Sardesai | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
1970–1976 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Shriniwas Ganesh Sardesai
1907 |
| Died | 1996 |
| Political party | Communist Party of India |
|  | |


title: Bromhexine

abstract: Bromhexine is a mucolytic drug used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It was developed in the research laboratory of Boehringer Ingelheim in the late 1950s as an active ingredient for pharmaceutical use, patented in 1961, introduced in 1963 under the trademark of Bisolvon® and came into medical use in 1966.

text:
# Bromhexine

**Bromhexine** is a mucolytic drug used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It was developed in the research laboratory of Boehringer Ingelheim in the late 1950s as an active ingredient for pharmaceutical use, patented in 1961, introduced in 1963 under the trademark of Bisolvon® and came into medical use in 1966.

## Function

Bromhexine is intended to support the body's mechanisms for clearing mucus from the respiratory tract. It is secretolytic, increasing the production of serous mucus in the respiratory tract, which makes the phlegm thinner and less viscous. This contributes to a secretomotoric effect, allowing the cilia to more easily transport the phlegm out of the lungs. For this reason it is often added to cough syrups.

It has been shown to increase the proportion of serous bronchial secretion, making it more easily expectorated. It is indicated as "secretolytic therapy in bronchopulmonary diseases associated with abnormal mucus secretion and impaired mucus transport".

Bromhexine is contained in various formulations, high and low strength syrups 8 mg/5 ml, 4 mg/5 ml, tablets and soluble tablets (both with 8 mg bromhexine) and solution for oral use 10 mg/5 ml, adapted to the need of the patients. The posology varies with the age and weight, but there are products for all age groups from infant on. Bromhexine is well established and tolerated.

## Brand names

* Barkacin
* Benadryl Chesty/Forte
* Bisolvon
* Brofentol
* Brofentol Plus
* Bromex
* Bromhexin
* Bromifar
* Broncholyte Elixir
* Bronkris
* Cofdex
* Duro-Tuss Chesty/Forte
* Dysolvon
* Flegamina
* Movex
* Mucolyte
* Paxirasol
* Robitussin Chesty/Forte
* Solvex
* Vasican
* Ventilate Forte (combination of bromhexine and salbutamol)

## InfoBox

Bromhexine
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Bisolvon, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
| Pregnancy
category |  |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 75–80% |
| Metabolism | Extensive hepatic |
| Metabolites | Ambroxol, others |
| Elimination half-life | 12 hr |
| Excretion | Urine |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * 2,4-Dibromo-6-{\[cyclohexyl(methyl)amino\]methyl}aniline | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.020.622 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C14H20Br2N2 |
| Molar mass | 376.136 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * Brc1cc(c(N)c(Br)c1)CN(C)C2CCCCC2 | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C14H20Br2N2/c1-18(12-5-3-2-4-6-12)9-10-7-11(15)8-13(16)14(10)17/h7-8,12H,2-6,9,17H2,1H3 Y * Key:OJGDCBLYJGHCIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| NY (what is this?)  (verify) | |


title: Roberto Tejerizo

abstract: Roberto Tejerizo is an Argentine international rugby union player who plays as a prop. He currently plays for the Viadana in Italian Top10.

text:
# Roberto Tejerizo

**Roberto Tejerizo** (born 15 April 1988) is an Argentine international rugby union player who plays as a prop. He currently plays for the Viadana in Italian Top10.

## Club career

Tejerizo has played for the Tucumán Lawn Tennis Club in his native state in Argentina and also turned out for the Pampas XV when they appeared in South Africa's Vodacom Cup tournament in 2011 and 2012.

## Super Rugby

Tejerizo was a member of the Jaguares squad which competed in Super Rugby for the first time during the 2016 Super Rugby season. He made 4 appearances for them in their debut campaign in the competition, one of which was from the start.

## International career

Tejerizo represented Argentina at Under-19 level in 2007 and has also played for Argentina A under its guises of the Jaguares or Argentina XV. He has played 4 tests for Los Pumas all of which were in 2011 and 2012 and came against South American opposition in the form of Chile and Uruguay.

## Super Rugby Statistics

*As of 21 August 2016*

| Season | Team | Games | Starts | Sub | Mins | Tries | Cons | Pens | Drops | Points | Yel | Red |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | Jaguares | 4 | 1 | 3 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | | 4 | 1 | 3 | 95 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Roberto Tejerizo
| Date of birth | (1988-04-15) 15 April 1988 |
| --- | --- |
| Place of birth | Tucumán, Argentina |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 108 kg (17 st 0 lb; 238 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Prop  **Current team** Rugby Viadana  Amateur team(s)  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2014−2018 Tucumán LT  11  (0)  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2011−2012 Pampas XV  6  (0)  2016–2017 Jaguares  8  (0)  2018–2020 Baia Mare  10  (5)  2020–2022 UE Santboiana  15  (5)  2022– Rugby Viadana   ()  Correct as of 21 August 2016  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2007  Argentina Under-19  8  (10)  2010−14 Argentina Jaguares  15  (0)  2015 Argentina XV  2  (0)  2011−12 Argentina  4  (0)  Correct as of 21 August 2016 | |


abstract: The Big Ten Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year is an annual award given to the top men's college soccer coach in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana head coach Jerry Yeagley was named Coach of the Year a record eight times.

text:
# Big Ten Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year

The **Big Ten Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year** is an annual award given to the top men's college soccer coach in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana head coach Jerry Yeagley was named Coach of the Year a record eight times.

## Key

## Winners

| Season | Player | School | National Coach of
the Year Awards | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1991 | Jim Launder | Wisconsin |  |  |
| 1992 | Gary Avedikian | Ohio State |  | |
| 1993 | Jerry Yeagley* | Indiana |  | |
| 1994 | Jerry Yeagley* (2) | Indiana | USC | |
| 1995 | Jim Launder (2) | Wisconsin | USC | |
| 1996 | Joe Baum | Michigan State |  | |
| 1997 | Jerry Yeagley* (3) | Indiana |  | |
| 1998 | Jerry Yeagley* (4) | Indiana | USC | |
| 1999 | John Bluem | Ohio State |  | |
| 1999‡† | Jerry Yeagley* (5) | Indiana | USC | |
| 2000 | Joe Baum (2) | Michigan State |  | |
| 2001 | Jerry Yeagley* (6) | Indiana |  | |
| 2002 | Jerry Yeagley* (7) | Indiana |  | |
| 2003 | Jerry Yeagley* (8) | Indiana | USC | |
| 2004 | John Bluem (2) | Ohio State |  | |
| 2005 | Barry Gorman | Penn State |  | |
| 2006 | Mike Freitag | Indiana |  | |
| 2007 | Mike Freitag (2) | Indiana |  | |
| 2008 | Joe Baum | Michigan State |  | |
| 2009 | John Bluem (3) | Ohio State |  |
| 2010 | Todd Yeagley | Indiana |  |  |
| 2011 | Tim Lenahan | Northwestern |  |  |
| 2012 | Bob Warming | Penn State |  |  |
| 2013 | Bob Warming (2) | Penn State |  |  |
| 2014 | John Bluem (4) | Ohio State |  |  |
| 2015 | Dan Donigan | Rutgers |  |  |
| 2016 | Sasho Cirovski | Maryland |  |  |
| 2017 | Chaka Daley | Michigan |  |  |
| 2018 | Todd Yeagley (2) | Indiana |  |  |
| 2019 | Todd Yeagley (3) | Indiana |  |  |
| 2020 | Todd Yeagley (4) | Indiana |  |  |
| 2021 | Jeff Cook | Penn State |  |  |
| 2022 | Sasho Cirovski (2) | Maryland |  |  |
| 2023 | Jeff Cook (2) | Penn State |  |  |

## Winners by school

| School (year joined) | Winners | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Indiana (1991) | 14 | 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2018, 2019, 2020 |
| Ohio State (1991) | 5 | 1992, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 |
| Penn State (1991) | 5 | 2005, 2012, 2013, 2021, 2023 |
| Michigan State (1991) | 3 | 1996, 2000, 2008 |
| Maryland (2014) | 2 | 2016, 2022 |
| Wisconsin (1991) | 2 | 1991, 1995 |
| Michigan (2000) | 1 | 2017 |
| Northwestern (1991) | 1 | 2011 |
| Rutgers (2014) | 1 | 2015 |

## InfoBox

Big Ten Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | the best head coach in the Big Ten Conference |
| Country | United States |
| History | |
| First award | 1991 |
| Most recent | Jeff Cook, Penn State |


abstract: The Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Freshman of the Year is a basketball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding freshman player. The award was first given following the 1985–86 season. Indiana has the record for the most winners with twelve.

text:
# Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Freshman of the Year

The **Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Freshman of the Year** is a basketball award given to the Big Ten Conference's most outstanding freshman player. The award was first given following the 1985–86 season.

Indiana has the record for the most winners with twelve.

## Key

|  | Co-Freshman of the Year |
| --- | --- |
| * | Declared for NBA draft after freshman year |

## Winners

| Season | Player | School | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1985–86 | Gary Grant | Michigan |  |
| 1986–87 | Dean Garrett\[a\] | Indiana |  |
| 1987–88 | Jay Edwards | Indiana |  |
| 1988–89 | Eric Anderson | Indiana |  |
| 1989–90 | Jim Jackson | Ohio State |  |
| 1990–91 | Damon Bailey | Indiana |  |
| 1991–92 | Chris Webber\[b\] | Michigan |  |
| 1992–93 | Greg Simpson | Ohio State |  |
| 1993–94 | Jess Settles | Iowa |  |
| 1994–95 | Maurice Taylor | Michigan |  |
| 1995–96 | Sam Okey | Wisconsin |  |
| 1996–97 | A. J. Guyton | Indiana |  |
| 1997–98 | Michael Redd | Ohio State |  |
| 1998–99 | Cory Bradford | Illinois |  |
| 1999–00 | Brian Cook | Illinois |  |
| | LaVell Blanchard | Michigan |  |
| 2000–01 | Jared Jeffries | Indiana |  |
| 2001–02 | Rick Rickert | Minnesota |  |
| 2002–03 | Daniel Horton | Michigan |  |
| 2003–04 | Kris Humphries* | Minnesota |  |
| 2004–05 | D. J. White | Indiana |  |
| 2005–06 | Jamelle Cornley | Penn State |  |
| 2006–07 | Greg Oden* | Ohio State |  |
| 2007–08 | Eric Gordon* | Indiana |  |
| 2008–09 | William Buford | Ohio State |  |
| 2009–10 | D. J. Richardson | Illinois |  |
| 2010–11 | Jared Sullinger | Ohio State |  |
| 2011–12 | Cody Zeller | Indiana |  |
| 2012–13 | Gary Harris | Michigan State |  |
| 2013–14 | Noah Vonleh* | Indiana |  |
| 2014–15 | D'Angelo Russell* | Ohio State |  |
| 2015–16 | Ethan Happ | Wisconsin |  |
| 2016–17 | Miles Bridges | Michigan State |  |
| 2017–18 | Jaren Jackson Jr.* | Michigan State |  |
| 2018–19 | Ignas Brazdeikis* | Michigan |  |
| 2019–20 | Kofi Cockburn | Illinois |  |
| 2020–21 | Hunter Dickinson | Michigan |  |
| 2021–22 | Malaki Branham* | Ohio State |  |
| 2022–23 | Jalen Hood-Schifino* | Indiana |  |
| 2023–24 | Mackenzie Mgbako | Indiana |  |
| | Owen Freeman | Iowa | |

## Winners by school

| School (year joined) | Winners | Years |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Indiana (1900) | 12 | 1987\[a\], 1988, 1989, 1991, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2023, 2024 |
| Ohio State (1912) | 8 | 1990, 1993, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2022 |
| Michigan (1896) | 7 | 1986, 1992\[b\], 1995, 2000, 2003, 2019, 2021 |
| Illinois (1896) | 4 | 1999, 2000, 2010, 2020 |
| Michigan State (1953) | 3 | 2013, 2017, 2018 |
| Iowa (1900) | 2 | 1994, 2024 |
| Minnesota (1896) | 2 | 2002, 2004 |
| Wisconsin (1896) | 2 | 1996, 2016 |
| Penn State (1993) | 1 | 2006 |
| Maryland (2014) | 0 |  |
| Nebraska (2011) | 0 |  |
| Northwestern (1896) | 0 |  |
| Oregon (2024) | 0 |  |
| Purdue (1896) | 0 |  |
| Rutgers (2014) | 0 |  |
| UCLA (2024) | 0 |  |
| USC (2024) | 0 |  |
| Washington (2024) | 0 |  |

## Footnotes

* **a** During the 1986-1987 season Garrett was not a freshman but was a junior college transfer.
* **b** Webber's selection was later vacated as a result of sanctions due to NCAA violations.

## InfoBox

Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Freshman of the Year
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | the most outstanding men's basketball freshman player in the Big Ten Conference |
| Country | United States |
| History | |
| First award | 1986 |
| Most recent | Mackenzie Mgbako, Indiana
Owen Freeman, Iowa |


title: Roberts Pakalns

abstract: Roberts Pakalns was a Latvian footballer and football manager, a three-time champion of Latvia.

text:
# Roberts Pakalns

**Roberts Pakalns** (7 November 1911  17 May 1986) was a Latvian footballer and football manager, a three-time champion of Latvia.

## Biography

Roberts Pakalns spent almost his entire football career with ASK Riga. He started regularly appearing in the senior squad in 1929 and played until the club's dissolution in 1940. During these years Pakalns won one Latvian Higher League title (in 1932) and won the Latvian Cup in 1943. In between 1935 and 1940 Pakalns played 8 international matches for Latvia scoring one goal.

When ASK Riga as a former Latvian army sports club was disbanded in 1940, Pakalns joined the newly founded RDKA Riga. During World War II he also played with Spartaks Rīga and Spars Riga. After the war Pakalns played with FK Dinamo Rīga first in the Latvian higher league, then – in the Soviet league, in 1948 he played with Daugava Rīga. From 1949 to 1956 Pakalns was the coach of VEF Rīga which he led to the Latvian Cup in 1956.

Pakalns also played ice hockey and bandy. In the former he was a five-time champion of Latvia as a member of the ASK Riga hockey squad, in the latter – a two-time champion of Latvia. Pakalns was also the first captain of the newly founded Dinamo Riga ice hockey team in 1946.

## InfoBox

Roberts Pakalns
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1911-11-07)7 November 1911 | | |
| Place of birth | Riga, Russian Empire | | |
| Date of death | 17 May 1986(1986-05-17) (aged 74) | | |
| Place of death | Riga, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1929–1940 | ASK Riga |  |  |
| 1940 | RDKA Riga |  |  |
| 1941 | Spartaks Rīga |  |  |
| 1941 | Spars Rīga |  |  |
| 1942–1944 | ASK Riga |  |  |
| 1945–1947 | FK Dinamo Riga |  |  |
| 1948 | Daugava Rīga |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1935–1940 | Latvia | 8 | (1) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1949–1956 | VEF Rīga | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Billy Nasty

abstract: Billy Nasty is a British techno and electro DJ and artist. He is a Guinness World Record holder for the first commercially released DJ mix. Billy Nasty was originally a House music DJ. His first residency was at the Brain club in London in 1990. He went on to play at clubs such as The End and the Twilo club, and at events such as Tribal Gathering. He founded his own record label Tortured Records in 1995 and continues to make appearances worldwide. He also founded his own Theremin Management company in 1997 to represent himself and other likeminded techno DJs and producers.

text:
# Billy Nasty

**Billy Nasty** (real name William Nastri) is a British techno and electro DJ and artist. He is a Guinness World Record holder for the first commercially released DJ mix. Billy Nasty was originally a House music DJ.

His first residency was at the Brain club in London in 1990. He went on to play at clubs such as The End and the Twilo club, and at events such as Tribal Gathering. He founded his own record label Tortured Records in 1995 and continues to make appearances worldwide. He also founded his own Theremin Management company in 1997 to represent himself and other likeminded techno DJs and producers.

## Discography

* 2002: *BN02* (Trust the DJ)
* "Imperfection"


title: Robinvale railway line

abstract: The Robinvale railway line is a freight only country railway line in north-western Victoria, Australia. The line branches from the Mildura line at Dunolly, and at Inglewood the Eaglehawk – Inglewood line connects with the Piangil line outside Bendigo. The parallel Kulwin line junctions from the Robinvale line at Korong Vale then continues northward.

text:
# Robinvale railway line

The **Robinvale railway line** is a freight only country railway line in north-western Victoria, Australia. The line branches from the Mildura line at Dunolly, and at Inglewood the Eaglehawk – Inglewood line connects with the Piangil line outside Bendigo. The parallel Kulwin line junctions from the Robinvale line at Korong Vale then continues northward.

## History

The line was opened from Inglewood to Korong Vale in 1882, and first extended towards Charlton as part of what is now the Kulwin line. The line from Korong Vale to Boort opened in 1883, and to Quambatook in 1894. It was extended to Ultima in 1900, to Chillingollah in 1909, to Manangatang in 1914, to Annuello in 1921, and Robinvale in 1924. In 1930, it was extended to Koorakee, New South Wales, as part of the proposed Lette railway line, although that section was never officially opened for traffic. The extension into New South Wales involved the construction of a lift-span bridge over the Murray River. The section in New South Wales closed in 1943.

Access to Melbourne was originally from the Bendigo line via Bridgewater, until the opening of the Dunolly to Inglewood route to the Mildura line in 1888.

The last regular passenger service on the line, operated by a DERM, ran from Bendigo to Robinvale on 3 June 1978. From 5 June 1978, the service was replaced by Bendigo – Ultima and Swan Hill – Robinvale buses.

### Lette railway line

| Lette railway line | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Closed |
| Locale | Victoria and New South Wales, Australia |
| History | |
| Opened | never officially opened |
| Closed | 12 February 1943 (construction officially ceased) |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) |

The **Lette railway line** was a proposed extension running from Robinvale in Victoria to Lette in New South Wales, Australia. The line from Anneullo to Robinvale in Victoria was opened on 5 June 1924, and a 60-kilometre (37 mi) extension to Lette was planned, being provided for under the Border Railways Act 1922. The extension, part of a scheme to foster closer settlement of the Riverina district of New South Wales, was to serve the locations of Euston, Benanee, Koorakee, Werimble, Mylatchie and Lette.

#### Construction

Work started on the railway in 1926, and the rail-road bridge across the Murray River at Robinvale, built as part of the project, was opened on 14 March 1928. Construction was halted for a time, but recommenced in April 1929, and in April 1930, a special train ran as far as Koorakee. Construction work continued towards Lette, but was never completed, and the section to Koorakee was never officially opened for traffic.

#### Closure

Trains on the line were operated by the Railways Construction Branch until construction was officially abandoned on 12 February 1943. The rail-road bridge was replaced in 2006 by a new road bridge. The lifting span of the former bridge has been placed in a nearby park, as a permanent historical display. The remains of the only other bridge on the line still exist today. The line to Robinvale is still open for freight trains, even though the section between Manangatang to Robinvale was closed in 2008.

## Operation

Today the line operates using the Train Order Working system of safeworking, with just a single crossing loop at Korong Vale. Speed limits are set between 65 and 40 km/h (40 and 25 mph) to Manangatang, with all Victorian mainline locomotives permitted to run.

In 2008 the line was booked out for upgrades to the track and level crossings from Ultima to Robinvale. In April 2008, it was announced that the Korong Vale – Quambatook section of the line would be upgraded as part of the Victorian core grain network, in a $23.7 million package with six other lines. The Dunolly – Korong Vale section had already been upgraded.

In 2008, the line was cut back to Manangatang, and containers formerly loaded at Boort are now loaded at Donald (Mildura line). The Eaglehawk (Bendigo) - Inglewood link has had traffic suspended, and has been disconnected at the northern end. All trains run via Dunolly on the Mildura line. The line speed was cut to 25 km/h from Korong Vale to Lalbert, due to poor sleeper condition, then 40km/h beyond. While the Mildura line was being converted to standard gauge, the containers normally loaded at Merbein were loaded at Manangatang.

The line was scheduled to be converted to standard gauge after the conversion of the Mildura and Murrayville lines had been completed. That work was cancelled in 2019, due to the Murray Basin Rail Project, under which the conversion was to be done, running out of money.

Current operations are grain services as required, which are operated by Pacific National and Southern Shorthaul Railroad, as well as a container train service from Ultima to Victoria Dock, which is operated by QUBE Logistics.

## Further reading

* Dodd, Ian; Dodd, Sophia (2018). *Lette, the Railway that Never Opened*. Little Catherine Books. ISBN 9780648245254.
* McNicol, Steve; Woodland, Tony (2010). *Bridging the Murray: A Study of the Rail Crossings*. Railmac Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-86477-076-6.

## InfoBox

| Robinvale | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Status | Open for freight to Manangatang, closed beyond Manangatang. |
| Connecting lines | Eaglehawk-Inglewood railway line, Kulwin railway line, Mildura line |
| Former connections | Wedderburn Line |
| Stations | 12 (some demolished) |
| Service | |
| Type | VicRail passenger service (former) and freight line |
| System | Pacific National |
| Services | Grain to Boort, Quambatook and Manangatang, containers from Ultima |
| Rolling stock | various |
| History | |
| Opened | 1924 |
| Completed | 1926 |
| Closed | 18 January 2008 (Manangatang to Robinvale) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 301.346 km (187.2 mi) |
| Number of tracks | Single track |
| Route map | |


title: Bilby tower

abstract: A Bilby tower is a type of survey tower made from steel and used by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCG&S) from 1927 to 1984. It is named after Jasper S. Bilby who designed it in 1926. In 1927, Herbert Hoover, then the Secretary of Commerce, commended Bilby's tower "for its cost and time efficiency" and cited the surveyor's service as "essential to the United States government".

text:
# Bilby tower

A **Bilby tower** is a type of survey tower made from steel and used by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCG&S) from 1927 to 1984. It is named after Jasper S. Bilby who designed it in 1926. In 1927, Herbert Hoover, then the Secretary of Commerce, commended Bilby's tower "for its cost and time efficiency" and cited the surveyor's service as "essential to the United States government".

## History

Jasper S. Bilby (1864–1949) was a surveyor employed by the USC&GS from 1884 to 1937. He served as Chief Signalman of the USC&GS from 1930 to 1937. Born in Rush County, Indiana, he later moved to a homestead near Osgood.

### Design of the Bilby tower

Bilby began designing the first version of the Bilby tower in 1926 and worked with the Aermotor Windmill Company to develop the first prototypes. The tower was designed to elevate surveyors high enough to look over obstructions and to account for the curvature of the Earth in their calculations. The tower was tested with positive results and Bilby received a commendation from Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover for the invention.

The Bilby Tower was a massive success, saving money compared to previous options and increasing the efficiency of the USC&GS surveyors. They could be constructed and deconstructed in less than a third of the time of previous towers, were lighter, and were easier to move. In 1928 alone, use of the Bilby Tower cut costs by up to 35%, and over its first ten years of use it saved the government an estimated $3,000,000 (equivalent to $52,620,690 in 2023). Its use also spread outside the United States, reaching as far as Australia and Denmark. The towers were credited by *The New York Times* as being "one of the greatest aids to geodetic work."

Prior to the introduction of Bilby towers, surveyors would try to built towers only to the minimum functional height to minimize the resourced expended to erect a tower. Bilby towers, with their low costs and ease of setting up, made this less of an issue. The last Bilby tower erected by the National Geodetic Survey was in 1984, and it was placed near Hartford, Connecticut.

### Bilby's legacy

In 1930, Bilby was promoted to the newly created position of "Chief Signalman" of the USC&GS. In 1932 the federal retirement age was waived to allow him to continue serving. He retired in 1937. Over the course of his 53-year career, Bilby traveled over 500,000 miles across the United States. Bilby died on July 18, 1949, in Batesville, Indiana. The last remaining tower, at St. Charles Parish in Louisiana, was dismantled by the Surveyors Historical Society in 2012 and re-erected in 2013 at the Osgood Trails Park in Osgood, Indiana, the home town of Bilby.

## Features

The Bilby tower was designed to be used for triangulation. The towers have two unconnected parts—an internal tower for mounting surveying instruments and an external tower for surveyors. This separation allowed for isolating the instruments from the vibrations induced by people, which increased the precision of measurements. It was portable, reusable and quick to assemble and dismantle. Its quick erection made it possible to conduct surveying rapidly—a team of five men could assemble a steel Bilby tower in only five hours.

1. "Survey Towers: Bilby Tower". NOAA. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
2. "Bilby Towers". NOAA. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
3. "Bilby Steel Tower". Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
4. Clark, Justin (March 10, 2016). "Jasper Sherman Bilby: To Map the Earth, Part I". *The Indiana History Blog*. Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
5. Wilford, John Noble (2000). *The Mapmakers* (Revised ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 357–359. ISBN 978-0-375-40929-5.
6. Clark, Justin (March 14, 2016). "Jasper Sherman Bilby: To Map the Earth, Part II". *The Indiana History Blog*. Indiana Historical Bureau. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
7. Ervin, Adrienne (1927). "Bilby Tower for Government Surveys". *The Military Engineer*. **19** (107): 400–401. JSTOR 44605260.
8. *Annual Report of the Director, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Secretary of Commerce for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1928* (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1928. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2017.
9. Durham, John (September 21, 1930). "Nation's Vast Geodetic Survey to Give New Accuracy in Maps". *The New York Times*. pp. X14. ProQuest 98916316.
10. Dracup, Joseph F. "Geodetic Surveying 1940–1990". National Geodetic Survey.
11. Smith, Gretchen S. (May 16, 1930). "J. S. Bilby Is Urged To Continue Work". *The Evening Star*. p. B8. Retrieved May 31, 2023  via Newspapers.com.
12. "Bilby Tower Dedication Honoring Jasper Sherman Bilby - xyHt". *xyHt*. August 21, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
13. Gossett, F. R. (1959). *Manual of Geodetic Triangulation*. U.S. Government Printing Office for the Coast and Geodetic Survey.
14. "Historic Traveling Bilby Tower 'Comes Home' to Osgood, Indiana". National Ocean Service. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
15. Bowie, William (1931). "Triangulation". *Scientific American*. **144** (6): 369–373. JSTOR 24975698.


title: Bilby's Doll

abstract: Bilby's Doll is an opera in three acts composed by Carlisle Floyd. The libretto is based on the 1928 American novel A Mirror for Witches by Esther Forbes. Bilby's Doll was Floyd's eighth opera. It had its premiere on February 27, 1976, at the Houston Grand Opera in a production by David Pountney with sets by Ming Cho Lee. The original cast, conducted by Christopher Keene, included Catherine Malfitano, Joy Davidson, Thomas Paul, and Jack Trussel. Houston Grand's general director David Glockley commissioned the work in honor of the US Bicentennial.

text:
# Bilby's Doll

***Bilby's Doll*** is an opera in three acts composed by Carlisle Floyd. The libretto is based on the 1928 American novel *A Mirror for Witches* by Esther Forbes.

*Bilby's Doll* was Floyd's eighth opera. It had its premiere on February 27, 1976, at the Houston Grand Opera in a production by David Pountney with sets by Ming Cho Lee. The original cast, conducted by Christopher Keene, included Catherine Malfitano, Joy Davidson, Thomas Paul, and Jack Trussel. Houston Grand's general director David Glockley commissioned the work in honor of the US Bicentennial.

## Synopsis

*Bilby's Doll* is the story of Doll Bilby, a French orphan whose spirituality and imagination collide with the hostility and practical ideals of the Puritan colony where she is raised by her foster parents.

Doll was brought to Massachusetts from France by Jared Bilby, her foster father. She declines a marriage proposal from Titus Thumb, a young ministerial student, saying that her natural parents were burned as witches in France and she worries that she might also become a witch. Instead, she meets and marries a man who pretends he is a demon, but who is later revealed to be the estranged and opportunistic son of the minister Zelley, Doll's friend and supporter.

Although she is at first devastated by the revelation of her lover as a mortal, Doll's belief that her husband is a demon is restored as she dies giving birth in a jail cell.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast,
27 February 1976 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Jared Bilby (a former sea captain) | bass | Thomas Paul |
| Doll Bilby (the Bilbys' foster daughter) | soprano | Catherine Malfitano |
| Hannah Bilby (Jared Bilby's wife) | mezzo-soprano | Joy Davidson |
| Deacon Thumb (a prosperous farmer) | tenor | Thomas Page |
| Titus Thumb (his son) | baritone | Alan Titus |
| Mr. Zelley (a clergyman) | bass-baritone | Tom Fox |
| Goody Goochy (the village midwife-undertaker) | contralto | Nell Evans |
| Mrs. Thumb (wife of Deacon Thumb) | soprano | Barrie Smith |
| Shad | tenor | Jacque Trussel |
| Mr. Increase Mather | bass | David Cornell |
| Silas (the tavern keeper) | baritone | Jon Enloc |
| Town Crier | tenor |  |
| Sorrow (twin daughter of Deacon and Mrs Thumb) | soprano |  |
| Labour (twin daughter of Deacon and Mrs Thumb) | soprano |  |
| First Suitor (suitor of the widowed Hannah Bilby) | tenor |  |
| Second Suitor (suitor of the widowed Hannah Bilby) | baritone |  |
| Mr. Kleaver (the village doctor) | baritone |  |
| Captain Buzzey (the local constable) | baritone |  |
| Young Boy | non-singing |  |
| Goody Greene | non-singing |  |
| A Servant Boy | non-singing |  |
| Judge Bride | non-singing |  |
| Judge Lollimour | non-singing |  |
| People of Cowan Corners and Salem, Deputies, Judges' retinue | | |

## InfoBox

| Bilby's Doll | |
| --- | --- |
| Opera by Carlisle Floyd | |
| Carlisle Floyd in 2004 with the National Medal of Arts | |
| Librettist | Floyd |
| Language | English |
| Based on | *A Mirror for Witches*
by Esther Forbes |
| Premiere | February 27, 1976 (1976-02-27)
Houston Grand Opera |


title: Bill Taylor (naval officer)

abstract: Commodore William Leonard Taylor, is a former Australian naval officer and politician. He was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Navy, resigning to run for federal parliament. He represented the Liberal Party in the House of Representatives from 1988 to 1998, holding the Queensland seat of Groom. He later served as administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories from 1999 to 2003.

text:
# Bill Taylor (naval officer)

Commodore **William Leonard Taylor**, AM (born 14 September 1938) is a former Australian naval officer and politician. He was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Navy, resigning to run for federal parliament. He represented the Liberal Party in the House of Representatives from 1988 to 1998, holding the Queensland seat of Groom. He later served as administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories from 1999 to 2003.

## Early life

Taylor was born on 14 September 1938 in Toowoomba, Queensland. He attended Toowoomba Grammar School. He holds the degrees of Bachelor of Arts from the Campaspe College of Adult Education and Master of Literature from the University of New England.

## Military career

Taylor joined the Royal Australian Navy in 1957. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1971, commander in 1974, captain in 1981 and commodore in 1986.

## Politics

Taylor joined the Liberal Party in 1972. He was elected to parliament at the 1988 Groom by-election, which followed the retirement of Nationals MP Tom McVeigh. He recorded a primary-vote swing of nearly 20 points for the Liberals. His campaign was helped by the endorsement of former state Nationals leader Joh Bjelke-Petersen.

In parliament, Taylor served on the Joint Statutory Committees on Public Works and Public Accounts and chaired the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties from 1996 to 1998. He was re-elected at the 1990, 1993 and 1996 federal elections. At the leadership election which followed the Coalition's loss at the 1990 election, he was a candidate for the Liberal Party's deputy leadership.

In 1994, Taylor emerged as a prominent opponent of John Hewson's leadership of the Liberal Party. He was described by the *Canberra Times* as a "long-time supporter of leadership aspirant Bronwyn Bishop". He appeared on *Four Corners* in February stating that the opposition would not win the next election under Hewson's leadership, and in May publicly stated that Hewson should "move on".

Taylor retired from politics at the 1998 election, endorsing Ian Macfarlane as his successor. In 2015, following Macfarlane's attempted defection to the Nationals, he published an opinion piece in *The Toowoomba Chronicle*, stating he had "regretted my endorsement ever since".

## Later activities

From 1999 to 2003 Taylor served as administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, based on Christmas Island. His tenure was relatively eventful, including the *Tampa* affair of 2001, a possible typhoid outbreak, and the creation of the Christmas Island Detention Centre.

## InfoBox

| CommodoreBill TaylorAM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories | |
| **In office**
4 February 1999  30 July 2003 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| GovernorsGeneral | Sir William Deane
Peter Hollingsworth
Michael Jeffery |
| Preceded by | Ronald Harvey |
| Succeeded by | Evan Williams |
| Member of the Australian Parliament
for Groom | |
| **In office**
9 April 1988  31 August 1998 | |
| Preceded by | Tom McVeigh |
| Succeeded by | Ian Macfarlane |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1938-09-14) 14 September 1938
Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Occupation | Naval officer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Branch/service | Royal Australian Navy |
| Years of service | 1957–1988 |
| Rank | Commodore |
|  | |


title: Robert Sparkes

abstract: Sir Robert Lyndley Sparkes was President of the Queensland National Party from 1970 to 1990 and the mayor of the Shire of Wambo for over 30 years. Sparkes was born in Dalby, Queensland, the son of Sir Jim Sparkes. Most of his term was served during the period of the Bjelke-Petersen-led National Party state government. He was knighted in the 1979 New Year's Honours for services to local government.

text:
# Robert Sparkes

**Sir Robert Lyndley Sparkes** (31 May 1929  6 August 2006) was President of the Queensland National Party from 1970 to 1990 and the mayor of the Shire of Wambo for over 30 years.

Sparkes was born in Dalby, Queensland, the son of Sir Jim Sparkes.

Most of his term was served during the period of the Bjelke-Petersen-led National Party state government.

He was knighted in the 1979 New Year's Honours for services to local government.


title: Robin Boyd-Moss

abstract: Robin James Boyd-Moss is a former English professional cricketer who started his career with Bedfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship before playing first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Northamptonshire from 1980 to 1987.

text:
# Robin Boyd-Moss

**Robin James Boyd-Moss** (born 16 December 1959) is a former English professional cricketer who started his career with Bedfordshire in the Minor Counties Championship before playing first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Northamptonshire from 1980 to 1987.

## Career

Boyd-Moss's career was relatively short owing to a series of setbacks: in 1984 (his first full season at Northamptonshire) he broke a thumb while playing, and then contracted hepatitis; a year later, back problems kept him out of action until mid-June; centuries against Lancashire and Glamorgan set him up for a successful season in 1986, only for his form to drop in the closing weeks of the season. Fitness problems restricted him to only half a dozen matches in 1987.

Boyd-Moss's finest achievement is arguably his partnership with Geoff Cook in 1986, in which they scored 344 runs, breaking the Northamptonshire record for the highest second-wicket partnership. In 1982, Boyd-Moss and Kapil Dev hit 182 runs off of Derbyshire's front line bowlers in just 98 minutes, speeding up their declaration, leading ultimately to an emphatic victory; Boyd-Moss had hit 137 in the first innings, following up with an unbeaten 80 in the second, matching his more illustrious batting partner shot for shot. He ended that season with 1,602 first-class runs at an average of 44.50, earning the county some new video equipment as the Commercial Union Young Batsman of the Year. In 1984 he was awarded his county cap. But four years later he retired, and settled in Kenya, where he ran a garage and car hire business as well as a farm.

He coached the Kenyan cricket team for some years; his discoveries included Steve Tikolo.

## InfoBox

Robin Boyd-Moss
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robin James Boyd-Moss |
| Born | (1959-12-16) 16 December 1959<br>Hatton, Ceylon |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Role | Batsman |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1977–1979 | Bedfordshire |
| 1980–1983 | Cambridge University |
| 1980–1987 | Northamptonshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class List A  Matches 153 83  Runs scored 7,171 1,602  Batting average 30.25 22.88  100s/50s 13/42 0/8  Top score 155 99  Balls bowled 3,911 174  Wickets 51 3  Bowling average 43.09 44.33  5 wickets in innings 1 0  10 wickets in match 0 0  Best bowling 5/27 3/47  Catches/stumpings 61/– 20/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 30 July 2009 | |


title: Robin Boyle

abstract: Robin James Boyle was a British broadcaster and BBC radio presenter.

text:
# Robin Boyle

**Robin James Boyle** (27 March 1927 – 25 July 2003) was a British broadcaster and BBC radio presenter.

## Early life

Born in Folkestone, Kent, Boyle's parents moved to Ireland while he was still young. He enlisted at the age of 14 into the army where he worked in Reconnaissance later becoming part of the British Forces Network. It was here that he learnt his trade as a radio presenter and at the end of World War II transferred to the BBC.

## Career

Although best known as presenter of *Friday Night is Music Night*, Boyle did occasional shifts on Radio 4 in the early days including a number of overnight news reading shifts. His broadcasting career started in 1945 on BFN in Hamburg as announcer then Head of Presentation.

He also worked on several light entertainment programs such as *The Navy Lark* and *Hancock's Half Hour*. Towards the end of his career, Boyle worked alongside the RAF Benevolent Fund and Cancer Research, becoming a life governor in 1988 and subsequently a Freeman of the City of London. He ended his career having spent more than 50 years in the BBC upon his retirement in 1998. He died in Sleaford, Lincolnshire

| Award | Date |
| --- | --- |
| Sony Radio Award | 1989 |
| Silver Sony Radio Award | 1993 |
|


title: Robin Bridge

abstract: Admiral Sir Arthur Robin Moore Bridge KBE CB was a senior Royal Navy officer who commanded the Reserve Fleet.

text:
# Robin Bridge

Admiral **Sir Arthur Robin Moore Bridge** KBE CB (15 February 1894  19 February 1971) was a senior Royal Navy officer who commanded the Reserve Fleet.

Bridge joined the Royal Navy as a cadet at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, in 1907. He served in World War I as a lieutenant in the battleship HMS *Marlborough* in the Grand Fleet from 1916, as navigator in the sloop HMS *Lupin* from 1917 and then as navigator in the cruiser HMS *Royalist*.

He served in World War II as commanding officer of the aircraft carrier HMS *Eagle* from 1939, as Director of the Naval Air Division at the British Admiralty from 1941 and as Chief of Staff to Flag Officer, Carrier Training in 1943. He continued his war service as Commodore commanding Northern Naval Air Stations from 1944.

He became Flag Officer (Air) for the East Indies Station in 1945, Flag Officer (Air) for the British Pacific Fleet and East Indies Fleet in 1946 and Senior Naval Representative for British element of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in Australia in 1947. He went on to be Flag Officer commanding the Reserve Fleet in 1948. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 Birthday Honours and retired in 1951.

## InfoBox

| Sir Robin Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 15 February 1894
Radipole, Dorset, England |
| Died | 19 February 1971 (aged 77)
Gosport, Hampshire, England |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Royal Navy |
| Years of service | 1907–1951 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Commands | HMS *Eagle*
Northern Naval Air Stations
Reserve Fleet |
| Battles/wars | World War I
World War II |
| Awards | Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companion of the Order of the Bath |


title: Rocellaria

abstract: Rocellaria is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Gastrochaenidae.

text:
# Rocellaria

***Rocellaria*** is a genus of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Gastrochaenidae.

## Species

Species within the genus *Rocellaria* include:

## InfoBox

| *Rocellaria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rocellaria dubia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Gastrochaenida |
| Superfamily: | Gastrochaenoidea |
| Family: | Gastrochaenidae |
| Genus: | *Rocellaria*<br>Blainville, 1828 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Billy Talent III

abstract: Billy Talent III is the third studio album by Canadian rock band Billy Talent. It was released on July 10, 2009, in Europe, July 13 in the United Kingdom, July 14 in Canada, and September 22 in the US. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling over 40,000 copies in its first week. It also peaked at No. 107 on the Billboard 200, making it Billy Talent's highest-charting album to date. A demo version of one of the album's songs, "Turn Your Back", was released as a single in September 2008 and featured the band members of Anti-Flag, with the first legitimate single spawned by Billy Talent III is "Rusted from the Rain", which premiered May 17, 2009, on Triple J. The album version of "Turn Your Back" does not include Anti-Flag's vocals, as the single version does. The second single from the album, "Devil on My Shoulder" was released on August 26, 2009. A promotional website located at billytalent3.com was launched to showcase the making of the album. Part of the promotion also included the Billy Talent Widget which allowed listeners to become the "Ultimate Billy Talent Fan". The widget rewarded users with rare tracks, videos, pictures and interviews as fans "level up" their widgets. On June 8, 2009, the band announced on their website, the release of a special deluxe edition of the album, entitled Billy Talent III: Guitar Villain Edition. The special edition includes a second disc of the album, with the guitar tracks removed so fans can play along. This edition includes also 4 additional demo songs, as well as guitar tabs for the whole album transcribed on 2 full size posters. The band embarked on a supporting tour on February 21, 2009, starting with an Australian first leg. In April 2010, the album won a Juno Award for best rock album of the year. Despite the commercial success, Billy Talent III received mixed to negative reviews. On Metacritic, the album earned a score of 45/100, which means "Mixed or average reviews" based on 7 critics; one review being negative and the other six being mixed.

text:
# Billy Talent III

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| BBC | (favourable) |
| *Chart* |  |
| Drowned in Sound |  |
| The Fly |  |
| *NME* |  |
| *Now* |  |
|  |  |
| *Rock Sound* |  |
| *Sputnikmusic* |  |
| *Uncut* |  |

***Billy Talent III*** is the third studio album by Canadian rock band Billy Talent. It was released on July 10, 2009, in Europe, July 13 in the United Kingdom, July 14 in Canada, and September 22 in the US. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling over 40,000 copies in its first week. It also peaked at No. 107 on the Billboard 200, making it Billy Talent's highest-charting album to date. A demo version of one of the album's songs, "Turn Your Back", was released as a single in September 2008 and featured the band members of Anti-Flag, with the first legitimate single spawned by *Billy Talent III* is "Rusted from the Rain", which premiered May 17, 2009, on Triple J. The album version of "Turn Your Back" does not include Anti-Flag's vocals, as the single version does.

The second single from the album, "Devil on My Shoulder" was released on August 26, 2009.

A promotional website located at billytalent3.com was launched to showcase the making of the album. Part of the promotion also included the Billy Talent Widget which allowed listeners to become the "Ultimate Billy Talent Fan". The widget rewarded users with rare tracks, videos, pictures and interviews as fans "level up" their widgets.

On June 8, 2009, the band announced on their website, the release of a special deluxe edition of the album, entitled ***Billy Talent III: Guitar Villain Edition***. The special edition includes a second disc of the album, with the guitar tracks removed so fans can play along. This edition includes also 4 additional demo songs, as well as guitar tabs for the whole album transcribed on 2 full size posters.

The band embarked on a supporting tour on February 21, 2009, starting with an Australian first leg.

In April 2010, the album won a Juno Award for best rock album of the year. Despite the commercial success, *Billy Talent III* received mixed to negative reviews. On Metacritic, the album earned a score of 45/100, which means "Mixed or average reviews" based on 7 critics; one review being negative and the other six being mixed.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Devil on My Shoulder" | 3:49 |
| 2. | "Rusted from the Rain" | 4:13 |
| 3. | "Saint Veronika" | 4:09 |
| 4. | "Tears into Wine" | 4:12 |
| 5. | "White Sparrows" | 3:14 |
| 6. | "Pocketful of Dreams" | 3:21 |
| 7. | "The Dead Can't Testify" | 4:27 |
| 8. | "Diamond on a Landmine" | 4:30 |
| 9. | "Turn Your Back" | 3:22 |
| 10. | "Sudden Movements" | 3:39 |
| 11. | "Definition of Destiny" | 4:03 |

US digital special edition
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Bloody Nails + Broken Hearts" (B-Side) | 3:37 |
| 13. | "Don't Need to Pretend" (B-Side) | 3:45 |
| 14. | "Devil on My Shoulder" (Demo) | 4:06 |

German edition bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Don't Need to Pretend" (Musicload.de exclusive) | 3:45 |

### Special *Guitar Villain* edition second CD

In addition to having the entire album featured without guitars (referred to as "Guitar Villain Demos") plus a Guitar Tab of the whole album, the *Guitar Villain* second disc also features four demo tracks:

Guitar Villain bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 12. | "Tears into Wine" (Demo) | 3:51 |
| 13. | "White Sparrows" (Demo) | 3:58 |
| 14. | "Pocketful of Dreams" (Demo) | 3:42 |
| 15. | "Turn Your Back" (Demo) | 3:22 |

## Personnel

Billy Talent Additional Personnel * Brendan O'Brien – producer, additional percussion, tambourine, hammerchord, piano, Mellotron

## Charts and certifications

## Release history

| Date | Region |
| --- | --- |
| July 10, 2009 | Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and the Netherlands |
| July 13, 2009 | France, Norway, Denmark, South Africa, UK and Ireland |
| July 14, 2009 | Canada, Finland, Spain and Sweden |
| July 17, 2009 | Australia and New Zealand |
| September 22, 2009 | US |
| November 11, 2009 | Japan |

## InfoBox

| Billy Talent III | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Billy Talent | |
| Released | July 10, 2009 |
| Recorded | November 2008 – April 2009 |
| Studio | Henson Recording Studios (Los Angeles, California)
Southern Tracks (Atlanta, Georgia) |
| Genre | Post-punk, post-hardcore, punk rock |
| Length | 43:30
47:15 (German edition)
51:14 (iTunes edition)
1:41:48 (Guitar Villain edition) |
| Label | Warner Music Canada, Roadrunner |
| Producer | Brendan O'Brien |
| Billy Talent chronology | |
| *666*
(2007) ***Billy Talent III***
(2009) *Dead Silence*
(2012) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Billy Talent III* | |
| 1. "Turn Your Back"
Released: September 16, 2008 2. "Rusted from the Rain"
Released: May 19, 2009 3. "Devil on My Shoulder"
Released: August 26, 2009 4. "Saint Veronika"
Released: February 1, 2010 5. "Diamond on a Landmine"
Released: June 21, 2010 | |
|  | |


title: Billionaire Boys Club (1987 film)

abstract: Billionaire Boys Club is a two-part television film that aired on NBC in 1987. It told the story of the Billionaire Boys Club, and its founder, Joe Hunt, who was convicted in 1987 of murdering con-man Ron Levin. The film was written by Gy Waldron and directed by Marvin J. Chomsky.

text:
# Billionaire Boys Club (1987 film)

***Billionaire Boys Club*** is a two-part television film that aired on NBC in 1987. It told the story of the Billionaire Boys Club, and its founder, Joe Hunt, who was convicted in 1987 of murdering con-man Ron Levin. The film was written by Gy Waldron and directed by Marvin J. Chomsky.

## Cast

The film starred Judd Nelson as Hunt, Brian McNamara as Dean Karny, and Ron Silver as Ron Levin. Other cast members included Frederic Lehne, John Stockwell, Barry Tubb, Raphael Sbarge, Jill Schoelen, Stan Shaw, John Dye, and James Sloyan. Since criminal charges were pending against other Billionaire Boys Club members, the film changed their names.

## Synopsis

Joe Hunt and other boys are on trial.

Throughout the questioning and cross-examination the film flashes back to Joe Hunt being reunited with school friends and impressing upon them an idea of an investment firm called the BBC. Joe manages to win the boys over with two concepts: his idea that anything can be right through perspective and that the boys come from moneyed families who think they are too young or have insufficient mettle to access the family fortunes.

The BBC acts and dresses like professional businessmen, but their actual operations seem largely "all hat no cattle"; spending investors' funds on personal expenses. They manage to woo a scientist into signing over the marketing rights to an energy machine and seek investor Ron Levin into a partnership. Levin is skeptical, but gives Hunt an account to prove himself. Hunt manages to make several million dollars with this, and purchases a condominium in which all members of the BBC will work and live with the expected commission. Hunt also is introduced to a man named Booker, who also becomes a BBC member due to his expertise in hand-to-hand combat and firearms. However, Hunt is aghast when he learns the money he made for Levin was only on paper, and that he was being used by Levin in order to convince another firm into underwriting a sizeable loan for him. Hunt hatches a scheme to get Levin to sign over the promised money, then murder him.

Some time later, Hunt meets up with Dean Karny, his top employee of the BBC, and says that Levin is dead. Hunt recounts that he went to Levin for a business meeting, which was then broken up by Booker, pretending to be a debt collector for the Mafia who is after Hunt, to which the "debtor" Hunt would repay the "creditors" with the money owed him by Levin. After Levin writes a check to Hunt, he realizes too late both men intend to murder him. He is killed, then his corpse is dumped in a canyon in the California backcountry. Soon friends and family of Ron Levin contact the police about his disappearance. When it is discovered Levin had served time in prison for credit card fraud and wire fraud, the authorities chalk up Levin's missing status to fleeing those he flimflammed.

At a BBC party, Hunt is introduced to Masud Nabouti, a friend of a BBC member seeking membership himself. Masud, who was born in Iran, says his father, Birjan Nabouti, was an opium kingpin who made enemies with Ruhollah Khomeini, and seeks to take over his father's empire. Hunt recruits Booker and Karny in a plot to kidnap Birjan, torture him into signing over his assets to Masoud and the BBC, then murder him. Booker and Hunt impersonate delivery boys to gain access to the Nabouti residence, then lock Birjan in a steamer trunk and place it in a camper truck for transport to a safe house in upstate California. However, the kidnapping goes awry when Mr. Nabouti stops protesting and it is evident his oxygen is depleted in the trunk. Karny punches holes in the trunk for air, but seals them with duct tape upon hearing shouting, as Hunt orders it silenced as he is fearful passing motorists may be alerted to the shouting. Karny later opens the trunk, and finds an unconscious man while the odor of urine escapes. Joe, who is driving, orders CPR be given to Birjan Nabouti. Karny attempts this, but apparently fails and reports to Joe he is dead. While Joe is annoyed, he takes it in stride and, in a change of plans, dumps Birjan Nabouti's body in the same canyon he disposed of Ron Levin. Joe forges Birjan's signature in a conservatorship for Masud.

However, all is not well with Joe as investors are demanding to withdraw funds or close accounts. Some of the BBC members, disturbed by what they have done, start talking with each other about what Joe may do next. One boy tells his father, who immediately recommends legal help. Meanwhile, the authorities are trying to piece together Birjan's disappearance. When fraud is suspected, a last-minute injunction bars Masud from withdrawing any money from his father's Swiss accounts, most of which are closed or have low balances. When the police search the Levin residence for clues, they acquire a list detailing Joe's plans to murder Levin. In a meeting with outraged investors, Joe gets arrested, and the scene returns to the trial.

## Controversy

Hunt sued NBC in attempt to block the network from airing the film, alleging that it would prejudice potential jurors in his upcoming second murder trial. Hunt's suit was unsuccessful, and the film was broadcast. Brandon Tartikoff, the head of NBC entertainment, said that while he did not regret airing the film, the promos for it may have crossed the boundaries of good taste.

## Aftermath

Members of Hunt's family also voiced an objection. Hunt's brother-in-law Michael Olivier said the film "was biased against Joe before his trials were even complete, full of sensationalized hype, with blatant disregard for the documented facts in the case. Fictional storytelling is one thing, but this is a real person’s life. It’s irresponsible to mix the two in a way that negatively impacts our entire family.” The miniseries' factual inaccuracies include:

The second half of the movie presents the situation involving Hedayat Eslaminia as if law enforcement's version of his death was proven at trial. Actually, the prosecutors dismissed their case against all four defendants, including Joe Hunt, after Hunt established to the satisfaction of a majority of his jury that Dean Karny, the State's star witness, was solely responsible for Hedayat's death.

Though the film concludes that Pittman shot Ron Levin, a jury in 1988 rejected the State's theory that Jim Pittman shot Ron Levin, voting 10–2 to acquit Pittman.

Excluding the general background facts related to the BBC, the miniseries is almost entirely based upon the testimony of a single witness, Dean Karny. Yet, neither Dean Karny nor any other prosecution witness has ever claimed they personally witnessed the death of Ron Levin. Ignored by the producers of the NBC miniseries are eight witnesses with no ties to Hunt who came forward with their encounters with Ron Levin after he absconded from Beverly Hills in 1984.

## Awards

*Billionaire Boys Club* was nominated for four Emmys: Outstanding Miniseries, Outstanding Directing in a Miniseries or Special, Outstanding Writing in a Miniseries or Special, and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for Ron Silver.

It was also nominated for two Golden Globes: Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie (Judd Nelson) and Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie (Brian McNamara).

## Home media

A&E Entertainment released the film on DVD September 23, 2008.

## Second adaptation

A 2018 theatrical film about the scheme was released featuring Kevin Spacey and Emma Roberts. Judd Nelson also starred in this film, this time playing Ryan Hunt, the father of Joe Hunt. The film was a commercial failure, largely due to sexual allegations against Kevin Spacey, a year prior to its release.

## InfoBox

| *Billionaire Boys Club* | |
| --- | --- |
| Original print ad for the miniseries | |
| Genre | Drama
Thriller |
| Written by | Gy Waldron |
| Directed by | Marvin J. Chomsky |
| Starring | Judd Nelson |
| Music by | Jorge Calandrelli |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Donald March |
| Producers | Marcy Gross
Ann Weston |
| Cinematography | Isidore Mankofsky |
| Editors | Tom Pryor
William B. Stich |
| Running time | 200 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | NBC |
| Release | November 8, 1987 (1987-11-08) |


title: Billboard Top Hits: 1977

abstract: Billboard Top Hits: 1977 is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1991, featuring ten hit recordings from 1977. The track lineup includes seven songs that reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The remaining three songs each reached the top five of the Hot 100.

text:
# Billboard Top Hits: 1977

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Billboard Top Hits: 1977*** is a compilation album released by Rhino Records in 1991, featuring ten hit recordings from 1977.

The track lineup includes seven songs that reached the top of the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. The remaining three songs each reached the top five of the Hot 100.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Artist | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Boogie Nights" | Rod Temperton | Heatwave | 3:41 |
| 2. | "Undercover Angel" | Alan O'Day | Alan O'Day | 3:33 |
| 3. | "Rich Girl" | Daryl Hall | Daryl Hall & John Oates | 2:27 |
| 4. | "I'm in You" | Peter Frampton | Peter Frampton | 4:12 |
| 5. | "Don't Leave Me This Way" |  | Thelma Houston | 3:41 |
| 6. | "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" |  | Leo Sayer | 2:54 |
| 7. | "I'm Your Boogie Man" |  | KC and the Sunshine Band | 4:04 |
| 8. | "Got to Give It Up (Pt. 1)" | Marvin Gaye | Marvin Gaye | 4:12 |
| 9. | "Couldn't Get It Right" |  | Climax Blues Band | 3:20 |
| 10. | "Car Wash" | Norman Whitfield | Rose Royce | 3:32 |
| Total length: | | | | 35:36 |

* Track information and credits were taken from the CD liner notes.

## InfoBox

| Billboard Top Hits: 1977 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Various artists | |
| Released | April 23, 1991 |
| Recorded | 1977 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 35:36 |
| Label | Rhino Records |
| *Billboard* Top Hits chronology | |
| *Billboard Top Hits: 1976*
(1991) ***Billboard Top Hits: 1977***
(1991) *Billboard Top Hits: 1978*
(1991) | |


title: Billboard Top Country Singles of 1968

abstract: This is a list of Billboard magazine's ranking of the top country singles of 1968. The ranking was based on performance on the Billboard Country Chart during the period from January 6, 1968, to August 31, 1968. Accordingly, the list excludes songs like (i) "Stand by Your Man", which was released in September 1968 and held the No. 1 spot for three consecutive weeks from November 23 to December 7, and (ii) "Mama Tried", which held the No. 1 spot for four consecutive weeks from August 31 to September 21.

text:
# Billboard Top Country Singles of 1968

This is a list of *Billboard* magazine's ranking of the top country singles of 1968.

The ranking was based on performance on the *Billboard* Country Chart during the period from January 6, 1968, to August 31, 1968. Accordingly, the list excludes songs like (i) "Stand by Your Man", which was released in September 1968 and held the No. 1 spot for three consecutive weeks from November 23 to December 7, and (ii) "Mama Tried", which held the No. 1 spot for four consecutive weeks from August 31 to September 21.

| Rank | Peak | Title | Artist(s) | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Skip a Rope" | Henson Cargill | Monument |
| 2 | 1 | "A World of Our Own" | Sonny James | Capitol |
| 3 | 1 | "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" | Tammy Wynette | Epic |
| 4 | 1 | "I Wanna Live" | Glen Campbell | Capitol |
| 5 | 1 | "Folsom Prison Blues" | Johnny Cash | Columbia |
| 6 | 1 | "Honey" | Bobby Goldsboro | United Artists |
| 7 | 2 | "Wild Week-End" | Bill Anderson | Decca |
| 8 | 1 | "Fist City" | Loretta Lynn | Decca |
| 9 | 1 | "The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde" | Merle Haggard | Capitol |
| 10 | 5 | "Image of Me" | Conway Twitty | Decca |
| 11 | 1 | "Take Me to Your World" | Tammy Wynette | Epic |
| 12 | 3 | "With Pen in Hand" | Johnny Darrell | United Artists |
| 13 | 1 | "Sing Me Back Home" | Merle Haggard | Capitol |
| 14 | 4 | "Another Time, Another Place" | Jerry Lee Lewis | Smash |
| 15 | 4 | "The Day the World Stood Still | Charley Pride | RCA |
| 16 | 1 | "How Long Will My Baby Be Gone" | Buck Owens | Capitol |
| 17 | 1 | "Heaven Says Hello" | Sonny James | Capitol |
| 18 | 1 | "Just for You" | Ferlin Husky | Capitol |
| 19 | 7 | "I'm Gonna Move On" | Warner Mack | Decca |
| 20 | 1 | "Have a Little Faith" | David Houston | Epic |
| 21 | 1 | "You Are My Treasure" | Jack Greene | Decca |
| 22 | 2 | "The Easy Part's Over" | Charley Pride | RCA Victor |
| 23 | 5 | "Walk on Out of My Mind" | Waylon Jennings | RCA Victor |
| 24 | 2 | "Sweet Rosie Jones" | Buck Owens | Capitol |
| 25 | 10 | "Run Away Little Tears" | Connie Smith | RCA Victor |
| 26 | 10 | "Love Is in the Air" | Marty Robbins | Columbia |
| 27 | 4 | "I Got You" | Waylon Jennings and Anita Carter | RCA Victor |
| 28 | 14 | "She Went a Little Bit Further" | Faron Young | Mercury |
| 29 | 2 | "Rosanna's Going Wild" | Johnny Cash | Columbia |
| 30 | 7 | "Holding on to Nothin'" | Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton | RCA Victor |
| 31 | 2 | "What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)" | Jerry Lee Lewis | Smash |
| 32 | 4 | "Here Comes the Rain, Baby" | Eddy Arnold | RCA Victor |
| 33 | 11 | "I've Been There Before" | Ray Price | Columbia |
| 34 | 4 | "Promises, Promises" | Lynn Anderson | Chart |
| 35 | 8 | "Take Me As I Am (Or Let Me Go)" | Ray Price | Columbia |
| 36 | 1 | "For Loving You" | Bill Anderson and Jan Howard | Decca |
| 37 | 1 | "Already It's Heaven" | David Houston | Epic |
| 38 | 6 | "Little Green Apples" | Roger Miller | Smash |
| 39 | 14 | "Remembering" | Jerry Reed | RCA Victor |
| 40 | 11 | "It's All Over" | David Houston and Tammy Wynette | Epic |
| 41 | 10 | "Repeat After Me" | Jack Reno | Jab |
| 42 | 8 | "Say It's Not You" | George Jones | Musicor |
| 43 | 2 | "You've Just Stepped In (From Stepping Out on Me)" | Loretta Lynn | Decca |
| 44 | 13 | "Stop the Sun" | Bonnie Guitar | Dot |
| 45 | 7 | "The Last Thing on My Mind" | Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton | RCA Victor |
| 46 | 7 | "Baby's Back Again" | Connie Smith | RCA Victor |
| 47 | 10 | "There Ain't No Easy Run" | Dave Dudley | Mercury |
| 48 | 4 | "It's Over" | Eddy Arnold | RCA Victor |
| 49 | 9 | "That's When I See the Blues (In Your Pretty Brown Eyes)" | Jim Reeves | RCA Victor |
| 50 | 10 | "I Believe in Love" | Bonnie Guitar | Dot |
| 68 | 15 | "Country Girl" | Dottie West | RCA Victor |

1. "Top Country Singles & Albums of 1968" (PDF). *The Billboard*. October 19, 1968. p. 12.
2. Joel Whitburn (1995). *The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits*. Billboard Books. ISBN 0823076326.


title: Roberto Miña

abstract: Roberto Javier Mina Mercado is a retired Ecuadorian soccer striker who played for Emelec in the Serie A de Ecuador.

text:
# Roberto Miña

**Roberto Javier Mina Mercado** (born November 7, 1984) is a retired Ecuadorian soccer striker who played for Emelec in the Serie A de Ecuador.

## Club career

Prior joining Belgrano, Mina played for FC Dallas in MLS, Emelec, Deportivo Quevedo, LDU (Loja), and El Nacional in his native Ecuador, as well as for Huracán in Argentina. Mina scored seven league goals for Dallas in his first year in MLS. Mina missed a good portion of the 2006 season with an injury to his knee; as a result, he finished with only 16 appearances (of which nine were starts) and three goals. The following season, Mina's injuries woes continued and he was ruled out for the entire season after straining his knee in a pre-season friendly.  Due to these injuries Mina's contract was not extended. In Spring of 2008 he returned to Argentina to join first division club Gimnasia jujuy according to local media, however the suspected move never became reality. At the end of the summer and after a few months without a club Mina joined second division Argentine club Belgrano de Cordoba as a promising attacking option for Belgrano in the current Nacional B promotion Championship.

In December 2010 he was signed once again by Ecuadorian giants Emelec in a 2-year contract.

## International career

Mina has appeared for Ecuador national football team on various youth levels, and got his first senior cap during the 2002–03 season. He has appeared in 12 matches for the senior team.

## InfoBox

Roberto Mina
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Roberto Javier Mina Mercado | | |
| Date of birth | (1984-11-07) November 7, 1984 | | |
| Place of birth | Guayaquil, Ecuador | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) | | |
| Position(s) | striker | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Emelec | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1999–03 | LDU (Loja) | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2002–2003 | Huracán | 3 | (1) |
| 2003 | Emelec | 2 | (0) |
| 2004 | El Nacional | 23 | (1) |
| 2005–2007 | FC Dallas | 37 | (10) |
| 2008 | Belgrano de Cordoba | 0 | (0) |
| 2009 | Deportivo Olmedo | 2 | (0) |
| 2010 | Macará | 25 | (7) |
|  | Emelec | 0 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2002–2007 | Ecuador | 12 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 01:32, 13 July 2006 (UTC) | | | |


title: Billiam

abstract: Billiam were a four-piece British boy band. They supported Westlife in 2007 and Girls Aloud on their Tangled Up Tour in 2008. Their debut single, "Beautiful Ones", reached number 32 in September 2007 and "My Generation" entered the UK charts on 22 June 2008 at number 23. In November 2008 Billiam announced their split.

text:
# Billiam

**Billiam** were a four-piece British boy band. They supported Westlife in 2007 and Girls Aloud on their Tangled Up Tour in 2008. Their debut single, "Beautiful Ones", reached number 32 in September 2007 and "My Generation" entered the UK charts on 22 June 2008 at number 23. In November 2008 Billiam announced their split.

## Discography

### Singles

* 2007 – "Beautiful Ones" No. 32 UK Singles Chart
* 2008 – "My Generation" No. 23 UK Singles Chart

## InfoBox

| Billiam | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Birmingham, Leeds, Preston, Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
| Genres | Pop |
| Years active | 2007–2008 |
| Labels | Nightingale |
|  | |
| Members | Jordan, Zen, Jazz, George. |
|  | |
| Website | www.billiamuk.com (now offline) |


title: Rock carvings at Åsli

abstract: The rock carvings at Åsli are located near the Malangen fjord in Balsfjord Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The carvings show at least 15 figures in poor condition. The figures are from a hunting culture.

text:
# Rock carvings at Åsli

**The rock carvings at Åsli** are located near the Malangen fjord in Balsfjord Municipality in Troms county, Norway . The carvings show at least 15 figures in poor condition. The figures are from a hunting culture.

## The rock carvings

There are at least 15 figures on a 20 square metres (220 sq ft) field that is located about 20 metres (66 ft) above the sea level. At least eight of the figures are of reindeer. There are also figures of porpoise, a boat, and possibly a moose. Most of the figures are small, but the largest figure is about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in).

## The carvers

The carvings are from a hunting culture (veidekultur).

## How to get there

The field is on a rock (*svaberg*) by a water fall on the river starting from Nordfjordvatnet, above the Åsli farm that is in Nordfjorden about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the village of Storsteinnes in Balsfjord Municipality. Due to the poor condition of the figures they can be difficult to spot.

* The article was based on information at http://www.arild-hauge.com/helleristning.htm, which cites:
    + *Unknown title*. Povl Simonsen. 1958.
    + *Fortidsminner nord for polarsirkelen*. Povl Simonsen. Universitetesforlaget, Tromsø-Oslo-Bergen. 1970.


title: Rock cannon

abstract: A rock cannon, also known in Welsh as a carreg cannan, craig cannan, or in the 19th century, craig fagnel, is a rock or boulder which has been bored with holes which can be partly loaded with black powder (gunpowder) and ignited to make explosive sounds during traditional celebrations. They are largely found in the slate quarrying areas of Gwynedd in North Wales. Each cannon has a number of holes which may range from 3 to 195. The firing of rock cannon was a traditional part of social events and celebrations in north Wales from the late 18th century, accompanied by fireworks and bonfires. The cannon firing, as part of wider celebrations, often marked a national or local event, visits by royalty, or notable births and marriages. On a national level, the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 was widely celebrated, as was the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria and subsequent coronations. It is recorded that the afore-mentioned marriage was celebrated at the 13 hole cannon at Trefriw, in Gwynedd, where local newspaper stated that "Rock and metal cannons were fired in such profusion that about 8cwt of gunpowder was consumed." The visit of the Duchess of Kent to Blaenau Ffestiniog saw a firing as late as 1951. On a more local level cannon were fired to mark the laying of the first stone on the Ffestiniog Railway in 1832, its opening in 1836, and the opening of the Moelwyn Tunnel in 1842. In Gwynedd the Penrhyn, Vaynol, and Tanybwlch quarrying estates had large numbers of cannon. At Betws-y-coed, in Conwy the river-side cannon at Pont-y-pair comprises 3 separate cannons. The largest covers an area of 9.25 m x 3.22 m, and comprises 53 holes. Close to it lies a second cannon, comprising just 7 holes in a single train measuring 2.7 m long. A third cannon, comprising 24 holes, lies in an elevated position a little upstream, and covers an area measuring 3.5 m x 1.7 m. This was constructed at a different time from the other two, and is of a poor design, the holes being bored into the cleavage plane. Llangynog in the Berwyn range, Llandderfel near Corwen, and east Denbighshire also had cannon. One site exists at Seathwaite and four in Cornwall, where they are known in Cornwall as merriment holes. There are two basic patterns of construction. The stone may simply have a series of holes drilled at regular intervals. The ignition was carried between adjacent holes by a trail of black powder over the surface of the stone which was held in place by goose grease. A later construction had the holes linked by shallow grooves, often curved to lengthen the interval between bangs. The black powder was then laid in the grooves and covered with powdered stone to keep it in place.

text:
# Rock cannon

A **rock cannon**, also known in Welsh as a **carreg cannan** (plural: **cerrig cannan**), **craig cannan**, or in the 19th century, **craig fagnel** (plural: **craig fagnelau**; Welsh: *magnel* \- gun, cannon), is a rock or boulder which has been bored with holes which can be partly loaded with black powder (gunpowder) and ignited to make explosive sounds during traditional celebrations. They are largely found in the slate quarrying areas of Gwynedd in North Wales (235 sites found up to 2001). Each cannon has a number of holes which may range from 3 to 195 (at Y Parc, Sling, Tregarth).

The firing of rock cannon was a traditional part of social events and celebrations in north Wales from the late 18th century, accompanied by fireworks and bonfires. The cannon firing, as part of wider celebrations, often marked a national or local event, visits by royalty, or notable births and marriages.

On a national level, the marriage of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 was widely celebrated, as was the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria and subsequent coronations. It is recorded that the afore-mentioned marriage was celebrated at the 13 hole cannon at Trefriw, in Gwynedd, where local newspaper stated that "Rock and metal cannons were fired in such profusion that about 8cwt of gunpowder was consumed."

The visit of the Duchess of Kent to Blaenau Ffestiniog saw a firing as late as 1951.

On a more local level cannon were fired to mark the laying of the first stone on the Ffestiniog Railway in 1832, its opening in 1836, and the opening of the Moelwyn Tunnel in 1842.

In Gwynedd the Penrhyn, Vaynol, and Tanybwlch quarrying estates had large numbers of cannon.

At Betws-y-coed, in Conwy the river-side cannon at Pont-y-pair comprises 3 separate cannons. The largest covers an area of 9.25 m x 3.22 m, and comprises 53 holes. Close to it lies a second cannon, comprising just 7 holes in a single train measuring 2.7 m long. A third cannon, comprising 24 holes, lies in an elevated position a little upstream, and covers an area measuring 3.5 m x 1.7 m. This was constructed at a different time from the other two, and is of a poor design, the holes being bored into the cleavage plane.

Llangynog in the Berwyn range, Llandderfel near Corwen, and east Denbighshire also had cannon. One site exists at Seathwaite (Lake District) and four in Cornwall, where they are known in Cornwall as merriment holes.

There are two basic patterns of construction. The stone may simply have a series of holes drilled at regular intervals. The ignition was carried between adjacent holes by a trail of black powder over the surface of the stone which was held in place by goose grease. A later construction had the holes linked by shallow grooves, often curved to lengthen the interval between bangs. The black powder was then laid in the grooves and covered with powdered stone to keep it in place.

1. Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald, March 14th, 1863
2. Carnarvon Herald, March 2nd, 1833
3. Carnarvon Herald, April 23rd, 1836
4. Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald, June 4th, 1842
5. Information board at Pont-y-pair
* *The Rock Cannon of Gwynedd*, Griff R. Jones, 2002, ISBN 0-9533692-1-8


title: Rock carvings at Drotten

abstract: Rock petroglyphs are found at Drotten, Fåberg, in Lillehammer municipality in the county of Oppland, Norway. The petroglyphs are located west of the river Lågen about 1.5 km above the Brunlaug bridge. There are a total of 11 petroglyphs within a 4 m² area on a cliff by the river. Seven of these petroglyphs could be moose. The rest are more ambiguous, but are also likely to be moose. The carvings are narrow and shallow, with the largest being 45 cm across.

text:
# Rock carvings at Drotten

**Rock petroglyphs are found at Drotten**, Fåberg, in Lillehammer municipality in the county of Oppland, Norway. The petroglyphs are located west of the river Lågen about 1.5 km above the Brunlaug bridge (they are difficult to reach when the river is flooded).

There are a total of 11 petroglyphs within a 4 m² area on a cliff by the river. Seven of these petroglyphs could be moose. The rest are more ambiguous, but are also likely to be moose. The carvings are narrow and shallow, with the largest being 45 cm across.

61°10′56″N 10°24′39″E / 61.1822°N 10.4109°E / 61.1822; 10.4109


title: Queanbeyan railway station

abstract: Queanbeyan railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Bombala line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Queanbeyan.

text:
# Queanbeyan railway station

**Queanbeyan railway station** is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Bombala line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Queanbeyan.

## History

Queanbeyan station opened on 8 September 1887 when the Bombala line was extended from Bungendore. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

The construction contract for the Bungendore to Michelago section was awarded to Alex Johnston on 27 May 1884. The station location chosen was in the Oaks Paddock, two kilometres from the centre of town, which was chosen to avoid the need to demolish the hospital and cemetery. Construction of the station was completed in March 1887 and it opened in September that year (Sydney Trains, 2016, 6).

Construction of the station building, station master's residence, and gatekeeper's cottage were let to a Joseph Jordan on 12 July 1886. The station building was officially opened September 1887 and it is likely that the station master's and gatekeeper's residences were completed the same year.

In 1884 the NSW government had decreed that, in order to save costs, railway station buildings should be constructed from timber and iron. That Queanbeyan was exempt from this policy shows the status of the station within the NSW network, it was one of only 10 stations built between 1887 and 1892 to have brick station buildings. The remaining 121 stations built complied with the policy of using cheaper construction materials. Queanbeyan Station was designed.

The platform was built on the Down (south) side of the railway line, with a carriage dock at the Sydney end of the platform and a crossing loop and stock loop siding on the Up (north) side. The loading bank and goods shed were on the Down side to the west of the station, with a public level crossing at Crest Road, which was abolished on 18 December 1955.

It served as the terminus until the line was extended to Michelago on 8 December 1887.

In March 1913, Queanbeyan became a junction station when construction commenced on the line to Canberra.

Major additions and other changes to the railway precinct/yard at Queanbeyan included alterations to the parcels office and refreshment room (1890), an office erected for the Sub-Inspector of Per Way (1891), small loading bank provided (1891), engine shed built (1896), gantry crane installed (1903) unloading bank built, and laying in a siding for unloading materials for the Canberra Branch railway line (1913), crossing laid in to Canberra Branch and locomotive water supply increased by 810kL (1924), ash pit built (1927), 60' turntable transferred from Nimmitabel to Queanbeyan (1926), portable workshop provided for the rail motor fitters (1950), siding laid in for stabling of 2-car diesel trains (1952), refreshment rooms closed (1956), renewing goods shed stage in steel and concrete (1963), additional shelter over goods shed stage erected (1961), and rest house closed (1974).nswshr-1226-1747

A Gatekeeper's residence at Crest Road remains where built west of the station, but is no longer in railway ownership.

Until its cessation in September 1988, the *Canberra Monaro Express* divided at Queanbeyan with separate portions for Canberra and Cooma.

Part of the goods yard was transferred to Council for community use c.1999

## Services

Queanbeyan is served by three daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer services in each direction operating between Sydney and Canberra. NSW TrainLink also operate a road coach service from Queanbeyan to Cootamundra.

The station is frequently used by Canberra Railway Museum specials.

| Platform | Line | Stopping pattern | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **Southern Region** | services to Sydney Central & Canberra |  |

## Description

The heritage-listed complex includes the type 5, first class brick station building (1887), the brick platform, weatherboard signal box with skillion roof (1920s), the stationmaster's residence at 43 Henderson Road (1887), the F-frame signal cabin with flat roof and hardiplank boards, the turntable (1926), water column, water tank and small ganger's shed.

Station building (1887)

Queanbeyan is the largest and most elaborate station building on the Bombala Line. The station buildings at Queanbeyan present as a symmetrical layout and elevation, with a central waiting room with two single storey structures to either side connected by small pavilions. The plan of the station features a central waiting room flanked by a kitchen, storeroom, refreshment room and dining room to one side; and a Station Master's office, parcels room, ladies waiting room and bathrooms to the other side.

The station buildings are constructed of brick with a painted finish and quoining to building corners. The roofs are gabled and clad in corrugated iron with corbelled brick chimneys and gable vents. The main building features a transverse gable to each end. Gable ends feature decorative timber barge boards with central circular vents and a group of three arched windows below. The platform and rear verandahs have timber posts with curved iron brackets. Timber panelled French doors and timber double hung sash windows have moulded surrounds.

Platform

A recent study by Australian Museum Consulting, commissioned by Sydney Trains, found that Queanbeyan Station is one of only eleven remaining stations in the New South Wales train network that has a precast concrete platform structure. All remaining precast platforms in the network are in poor condition or are likely to require reconstruction or demolition in the future. Discussions with Sydney Trains Heritage Division indicate that Queanbeyan Station has been identified as a good location to provide interpretation of this rare and endangered platform type. Interpretation is a conservation strategy that would mitigate the loss of significant fabric and technical value of the platform at this site.

Signal box (1920s) and Signal frame

The two signalling structures are simple square structures with single pitch roofs clad in corrugated iron and timber framed walls clad in weatherboard (1920s) or hardiplank.

Station Master's Residence (1887)

The brick Station Master's residence features a standard L-shaped plan with symmetrical front facade with full width verandah, a hipped roof clad in corrugated iron, and corbelled brick chimneys.

The station group including the station building and Station Master's residence, platform, signal box, signal frame, turntable, water column and water tank have a high level of integrity. The gangers shed has a moderate level of integrity.

## Heritage listing

Queanbeyan Railway Precinct is of state significance as a late Victorian period railway precinct that remains relatively intact and includes several original items from the 1880s including the 1885 roadside station building and c.1887 Station Master's residence. The station building is particularly significant, being a fine example of a Victorian first class station building. The station building is the largest and most ornate of the station buildings on the Bombala Line, signifying Queanbeyan as an important location in Southern NSW, even prior to the declaration of Canberra as the nation's capital.

Queanbeyan railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**

The place has historic significance demonstrating the late 19th century development of the NSW railways. The site includes several items dating from the opening of the line at Queanbeyan in 1887 and has significance demonstrating the layout of a late 19th Century railway station. The station building as the largest and most ornate station on the line is particularly significant in demonstrating the importance of Queanbeyan as an important location in Southern NSW, even prior to the declaration of Canberra as the national capital.

**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**

The site has aesthetic significance as a railway precinct that retains several original items that demonstrate railway design in the 1880s. The 1887 station building is a fine example of a Victorian first class station building with fabric and fine detailing typical of the period. The 1887 Station Master's residence is a good example of a standard Victorian railway residence.

**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**

The site is of social significance to the local community on account of its lengthy association for providing an important source of employment, trade and social interaction for the local area. The site is significant for its ability to contribute to the local community's sense of place, is a distinctive feature of the daily life of many community members, and provides a connection to the local community's past.

**The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.**

The station building has representative significance as a fine example of a first class station building, similar in design to other station designs from this period in NSW. Other items including the Station Master's residence, signal box, signal frame, gangers shed, turntable, water column and water tank, demonstrate widespread late 19th and early 20th Century railway customs, activities and design in NSW and are representative of similar items that are found in other railway sites across the state.

### Bibliography

* "Queanbeyan Railway Station Group". 2007.
* Artefact Heritage (2013). *Proposed partial demolition of platform at Queanbeyan Railway Station*.
* Artefact Heritage. *Proposed partial demolition of platform at Queanbeyan Railway Station – non-indigenous heritage assessment*.
* Attraction Homepage (2007). "Queanbeyan Railway Station group".
* Australian Rail History Society ACT Division. *Queanbeyan Railway Station – a short history*.
* Sydney Trains (2016). *Queanbeyan Station Platform Reconstruction – Statement of Heritage Impact*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from Queanbeyan Railway Station group, entry number 01226 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 2 June 2018.

## InfoBox

| Queanbeyan | |
| --- | --- |
| Southbound view in January 2012 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Henderson Street, Queanbeyan<br>Australia |
| Coordinates | 35°20′34″S 149°13′37″E / 35.3428°S 149.2270°E / -35.3428; 149.2270 |
| Owned by | Transport Asset Holding Entity |
| Operated by | NSW TrainLink |
| Line(s) | Bombala |
| Distance | 321.46 kilometres (199.75 mi) from Central |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Connections | Bus |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Ground |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | QBN |
| History | |
| Opened | 8 September 1887 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  NSW TrainLink Following station  CanberraTerminus  NSW TrainLink Southern LineCanberra Xplorer  Bungendoretowards Sydney | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  QueanbeyanLocation within New South Wales | |