title: Pyramidella gracilis

abstract: Pyramidella gracilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyramidella gracilis

***Pyramidella gracilis*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 6 mm and 10 mm.

The whitish, shining shell has a chestnut line above the suture, and on the periphery of the body whorl; The whorls of the teleoconch are flattened, distantly longitudinally costate, and with smooth interstices.

The narrow shell is cylindrical, very pointed at its summit, slender, turreted, brilliant, whitish, slightly striated longitudinally. The elongated spire is formed of fifteen or sixteen somewhat distinct, approximate, convex whorls. The body whorl is divided at its middle by a transverse, narrow, shallow stria. The suture is simple, indistinctly channeled and flattened. The small aperture is oblong and a little narrowed at its extremities. The columella is almost straight, a little turreted at its base, and provided with three folds, the first of which is more marked. The thin outer lip is sharp and obliquely sinuous in the middle of its length. Its lower extremity extends a little beyond the columella, and forms in this part a shallow contraction or little gutter.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the following locations:

## InfoBox

| *Pyramidella gracilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of a shell of *Pyramidella gracilis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyramidella* |
| Species: | ***P. gracilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyramidella gracilis***<br>A. Adams, 1854 | |
|


title: Pyramidella hancocki

abstract: Pyramidella hancocki is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyramidella hancocki

***Pyramidella hancocki*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 12 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Panama Bay.

* World Register of Marine Species
* "*Pyramidella hancocki*". *Gastropods.com*. Retrieved 7 February 2012.

## InfoBox

| *Pyramidella hancocki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyramidella* |
| Species: | ***P. hancocki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyramidella hancocki***<br>Strong & Hertlein, 1939 | |
|


title: Pyramidella linearum

abstract: Pyramidella linearum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyramidella linearum

***Pyramidella linearum*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 10 mm and 16 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean between Mexico and Panama

## InfoBox

| *Pyramidella linearum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyramidella* |
| Species: | ***P. linearum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyramidella linearum***<br>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 | |
|


title: Pycnoglypta

abstract:
Pycnoglypta is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America. Species:
  - Pycnoglypta aptera Campbell, 1983
  - Pycnoglypta baicalica

text:
# Pycnoglypta

***Pycnoglypta*** is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Staphylinidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe and Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Pycnoglypta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Pycnoglypta*<br>Thomson, 1858 |
|


title: Pácin

abstract: Pácin is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.

text:
# Pácin

**Pácin** is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.

## InfoBox

| Pácin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
|  | |
| PácinLocation of Pácin | |
| Coordinates: 48°19′51″N 21°49′51″E / 48.3309°N 21.83086°E / 48.3309; 21.83086 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| Region | Northern Hungary |
| County | Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén |
| District | Cigánd |
| Area | |
| Total | 33.92 km2 (13.10 sq mi) |
| Population (1 January 2024) | |
| Total | 1,416 |
| Density | 42/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 3964 |
| Area code | (+36) 47 |
| Website | pacin.hu |


title: Pá Mỳ

abstract: Pá Mỳ is a commune (xã) and village of the Mường Nhé District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam.

text:
# Pá Mỳ

**Pá Mỳ** is a commune () and village of the Mường Nhé District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam.

22°08′N 106°34′E / 22.133°N 106.567°E / 22.133; 106.567

## InfoBox

| Pá Mỳ | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Điện Biên |
| District | Mường Nhé |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) |


title: Elfriede Kuzmany

abstract: Elfriede Kuzmany (1915–2006) was an Austrian film and television actress.

text:
# Elfriede Kuzmany

**Elfriede Kuzmany** (1915–2006) was an Austrian film and television actress.

## Selected filmography

## Bibliography

* Parrill, Sue & Robison, William B. *The Tudors on Film and Television*. McFarland, 2013.

## InfoBox

| Elfriede Kuzmany | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 29 September 1915
Rokitnitz, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire |
| Died | 17 July 2006
Munich, Bavaria, Germany |
| Other names | Elfriede Kuzmany-Wachsmann |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1939-1997 (film & TV) |


title: Pyro... The Thing Without a Face

abstract: Pyro... The Thing Without a Face is a 1964 American horror film directed Julio Coll.

text:
# Pyro... The Thing Without a Face

***Pyro... The Thing Without a Face*** (also known as **Wheel of Fire**) is a 1964 American horror film directed Julio Coll.

## Plot

Vance Pierson is an engineer with a wife and daughter, who is having an affair with a widow, Laura. He wants to end the affair but Laura gets upset and sets the family home on fire. The fire kills Vance's family and disfigures him. He seeks revenge on his former mistress.

## Cast

## Release

### Home media

The film was released for the first time on DVD by Troma on February 27, 2001.

## Reception

TV Guide awarded the film 2/5 stars, criticizing the film's script, dialogue, and over focus on the affair between Hyer and Sullivan. However, they did commend the film's make-up effects, and predictable but well handled ending. On his website *Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings*, Dave Sindelar noted that the film was obvious and straightforward, but commended the film's attention to detail, and strong performances.

## InfoBox

| Pyro... the Thing Without a Face | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Julio Coll |
| Written by | Sidney W. Pink |
| Produced by | Sidney W. Pink
Richard C. Meyer |
| Starring | Barry Sullivan
Martha Hyer
Soledad Miranda
Luis Prendes |
| Cinematography | Manuel Berenguer |
| Edited by | Margarita de Ochoa |
| Music by | José Solá |
| Production
companies | S.W.P. Productions
Esamer Films |
| Distributed by | American International Pictures (US) |
| Release dates | * 22 January 1964 (1964-01-22) (United States)
* 6 March 1964 (1964-03-06) (Spain) |
| Running time | 90 minutes (Spanish version)
99 minutes (United States version) |
| Countries | United States
Spain |
| Language | English |


title: Elio Zamuto

abstract: Elio Zamuto is an Italian actor and voice actor.

text:
# Elio Zamuto

**Elio Zamuto** (born 1 May 1941 in Syracuse) is an Italian actor and voice actor.

## Life and career

Born in Syracuse as **Elio Mazzamuto**, Zamuto started his career in the mid-1960s, and had a prolific career between television and cinema, especially during the 1970s and mainly playing roles of seducer, gangster or police officer.

As voice actor, he is best known as the official Italian dubbing voice of Tom Selleck in the TV-series *Magnum, P.I.*

## Partial filmography

## InfoBox

| Elio Zamuto | |
| --- | --- |
| Zamuto in *Shoot First, Die Later* (1974) | |
| Born | (1941-05-01) 1 May 1941<br>Syracuse, Italy |
| Other names | Elio Mazzamuto |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, Voice actor |
| Years active | 1965-present |


title: Péter Várkonyi

abstract: Péter Várkonyi was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1983 and 1989. After that he was the ambassador to the United States until 1990.

text:
# Péter Várkonyi

**Péter Várkonyi** (3 April 1931 – 14 October 2008) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1983 and 1989. After that he was the ambassador to the United States until 1990.

## InfoBox

| Péter Várkonyi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary | |
| **In office**
8 July 1983  10 May 1989 | |
| Preceded by | Frigyes Puja |
| Succeeded by | Gyula Horn |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1931-04-03)3 April 1931
Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | 14 October 2008(2008-10-14) (aged 77)
Budapest, Hungary |
| Political party | MSZMP |
| Spouse | Julianna Kozák |
| Children | Péter
and another son |
| Parent(s) | Várkonyi Péter
Badál Ilona |
| Profession | politician |
|  | |


title: Putting Things Straight

abstract: Putting Things Straight is a 1979 film directed and written by Georg Brintrup. It was shot in 16 mm film and was the director's first television release. The script is based on a polemic printed in 1925 by the Jewish German poet Else Lasker-Schüler, the principal woman representative of German Expressionism.

text:
# Putting Things Straight

***Putting Things Straight*** (German title: *Ich räume auf*) is a 1979 film directed and written by Georg Brintrup. It was shot in 16 mm film and was the director's first television release. The script is based on a polemic printed in 1925 ("Ich räume auf - Meine Anklage gegen meine Verleger") by the Jewish German poet Else Lasker-Schüler, the principal woman representative of German Expressionism.

## Premise

The film describes a dispute between poet Else Lasker-Schüler and her publishers. The film takes place in Berlin before, during and after World War I. It deals with the rights of the author; quoting from Karl Marx: "a writer is judged as productive not on the amount of ideas he produces, but on the amount of money his publisher is able to profit from his works."

## Cast

## Production

The film was first broadcast on 23 December 1979, by Westdeutscher Rundfunk. It was then shown at the 1980 International Film Festival Rotterdam.

## InfoBox

| Putting Things Straight | |
| --- | --- |
| Film set in Berlin, October 1979 | |
| Directed by | Georg Brintrup |
| Written by | Georg Brintrup |
| Produced by | Hartmut Bitomsky
Christhardt Burgmann |
| Starring | Gisela Stein
Hanns Zischler
Ulrich Gregor
Hans Christoph Buch
Harun Farocki |
| Cinematography | Ali Reza Movahed |
| Edited by | Carlo Carlotto
Georg Brintrup |
| Music by | Arnold Schoenberg
Classical Arabic music |
| Release date | * 23 December 1979 (1979-12-23) (Germany) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |


title: Pyralinae

abstract: The Pyralinae are the typical subfamily of snout moths and occur essentially worldwide, in some cases aided by involuntary introduction by humans. They are rather rare in the Americas however, and their diversity in the Australian region is also limited. Altogether, this subfamily includes about 900 described species, but new ones continue to be discovered. Like many of their relatives in the superfamily Pyraloidea, the caterpillar larvae of many Pyralinae – and in some cases even the adults – have evolved the ability to use unusual foods for nutrition; a few of these can become harmful to humans as pests of stored goods.

text:
# Pyralinae

The **Pyralinae** are the typical subfamily of snout moths (family Pyralidae) and occur essentially worldwide, in some cases aided by involuntary introduction by humans. They are rather rare in the Americas however, and their diversity in the Australian region is also limited. Altogether, this subfamily includes about 900 described species, but new ones continue to be discovered. Like many of their relatives in the superfamily Pyraloidea, the caterpillar larvae of many Pyralinae  and in some cases even the adults  have evolved the ability to use unusual foods for nutrition; a few of these can become harmful to humans as pests of stored goods.

## Description and ecology

This subfamily unites generally mid-sized to smallish moths with a more or less cryptic coloration including most often various hues of brownish colors. Adult females of Pyralinae (except *Cardamyla* and *Embryoglossa*) are characterized by the short genital ductus bursae, their corpus bursae barely extending forward beyond abdominal segment 7. Otherwise they are rather nondescript mid-sized moths (large by Pyralidae standards) which at least sometimes can be distinguished from their relatives by possessing forewing vein 7 and having hindwing veins 7 and 8 unjoined as adults.

The meal moth (*Pyralis farinalis*) and the grease moth (*Aglossa pinguinalis*) are pests of stored food products, in the case of the grease moth including fats (which are also eaten by the adult moths), and have been inadvertently spread almost worldwide by transport of such goods. Most other species' caterpillars are leaf feeders; the extremely polyphagous larvae of *Pyralis manihotalis* have been reared from bat guano.

## Systematics

The systematics and taxonomy of this subfamily is somewhat provisional. No quantitative phylogenetic analysis had been done as of 2007, though in the mid-late 1990s Michael Shaffer of the London Natural History Museum and Maria Alma Solis of the NMNH prepared the groundwork for further studies by their comprehensive qualitative reviews of Pyralinae morphology. Some cladistic studies of the Pyraloidea do exist however, and these place the Pyralinae among the advanced snout moths, a lineage which otherwise includes the even more autapomorphic subfamilies Epipaschiinae and Phycitinae.

Even though the Pyralinae contain a high number of genera and species, there are a mere three tribes generally accepted nowadays; others that were proposed earlier (in some cases even as independent subfamilies within Pyralidae) are presently treated as junior synonyms of the Pyralini. A large number of genera are considered not to be reliably assignable to one of the three tribes; it is not at all certain that the presently-used subdivisions of the Pyralinae are the last word on the issue.

The tribes  with some significant genera and species also noted  and the genera of unclear affiliation in this subfamily are:

**Genera *incertae sedis***

The genus *Micronix*, formerly placed here, seems to belong to the Crambidae, but its exact placement is obscure. For a similar case, see *Tanaobela*.

## Footnotes

* Clarke, John Frederick Gates (1986): Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago. *Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology* **416**: 1–485. PDF fulltext (214 MB!)
* Savela, Markku (2011): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Pyralinae. Version of 2011-MAR-03. Retrieved 2011-MAY-29.
* Solis, M. Alma (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). *Revista Colombiana de Entomología* **33**(1): 1-8 \[English with Spanish abstract\]. HTML fulltext

## InfoBox

| Pyralinae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Meal moth (*Pyralis farinalis*) imago (Pyralini) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Subfamily: | Pyralinae
Latreille, 1809 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Phalaena* (*Pyralis*) *farinalis*
Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Tribes | |
| Endotrichini
Hypotiini
Pyralini
and see text | |


title: Pyrgulina fischeri

abstract: Pyrgulina fischeri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

text:
# Pyrgulina fischeri

***Pyrgulina fischeri*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the following locations:

## InfoBox

| *Pyrgulina fischeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Family: | Pyramidellidae |
| Genus: | *Pyrgulina* |
| Species: | ***P. fischeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pyrgulina fischeri***<br>(Hornung & Mermod, 1925) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chrysallida fischeri* (Hornung & Mermod, 1925) | |


title: Qazaxbəyli

abstract: Qazaxbəyli is a village and municipality in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,158.

text:
# Qazaxbəyli

**Qazaxbəyli** (also, **Kazakhbeyli**) is a village and municipality in the Qazakh Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,158.

## Notable natives

## InfoBox

| Qazaxbəyli | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Qazaxbəyli | |
| Coordinates: 41°09′33″N 45°19′08″E / 41.15917°N 45.31889°E / 41.15917; 45.31889 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Qazakh |
| Population | |
| Total | 1,158 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Steve Hollings

abstract: Stephen Charles Hollings is a male retired British middle-distance runner.

text:
# Steve Hollings

**Stephen Charles Hollings** (born 23 November 1946) is a male retired British middle-distance runner.

## Biography

Hollings competed in the men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He represented England in the 3,000 metres steeplechase event, at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Hollings currently works as a statistician for Athletics New Zealand.

## InfoBox

Steve Hollings
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Stephen Charles Hollings |
| Nationality | British |
| Born | (1946-11-23) 23 November 1946<br>Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Middle-distance running |
| Event | Steeplechase |


title: Qilian Mountains conifer forests

abstract: The Qilian Mountains Conifer Forests ecoregion is an ecoregion that consists of a series of isolated conifer forests on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountain Range, on the northeast edge of the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai and Gansu provinces of north-central China.

text:
# Qilian Mountains conifer forests

The **Qilian Mountains Conifer Forests** ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0517) is an ecoregion that consists of a series of isolated conifer forests on the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountain Range, on the northeast edge of the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai and Gansu provinces of north-central China.

## Location and description

The scattered patches of this ecoregion are thin ridges of forest between the Gobi Desert to the north, and the dry and high Tibetan Plateau to the south. The surrounding areas are alpine meadows and scrub. The fragmented forests are found in isolated segments in the eastern Qilian Mountains, Daban Shan, the Amne Machin range, and Dié Shan. These segments are located in Qinghai and Gansu provinces.

## Climate

Because of its high elevation and mid-continental location, the ecoregion's climate is *Subarctic climate, dry winter* (Köppen climate classification Subarctic climate (Dwc)). This climate is characterized by mild summers (only 1–3 months above 10 °C or 50.0 °F) and cold winters having monthly precipitation less than one-tenth of the wettest summer month. The average temperatures range from −18 to −7 °C (0 to 19 °F) in January, and 5 to 21 °C (41 to 70 °F) in July.

## Flora and fauna

The dominant trees in the ecoregion are the Qilian spruce (*Picea crassifolia*) and the Przewalski's juniper (*Juniperus przewalskii*). There are stands of short-stature bamboo in the understory. The relative isolation of the forests suggests that they may serve as habitat for a number of rare species of mammals, but the area is little studied and the presence of vulnerable species is unclear.

## InfoBox

| Qilian Mountains Conifer Forests | |
| --- | --- |
| Labrang Monastery, in Xiahe County in the ecoregion | |
| Ecoregion territory (shown in purple) | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Palearctic |
| Biome | Temperate coniferous forest |
| Geography | |
| Area | 16,576 km2 (6,400 sq mi) |
| Countries | China |
| Coordinates | 34°21′N 103°47′E / 34.35°N 103.79°E / 34.35; 103.79 |


title: Steve Holloway

abstract: Steven Weymon Holloway is an American former professional football tight end who played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee State University. Holloway attended Jefferson Davis High School in Alabama where he played football and ran track. He played college football for the Tennessee State Tigers from 1983 to 1986. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent following the 1987 NFL draft, but was released following preseason, where he caught one pass. He was re-signed by the Buccaneers during the 1987 NFL strike and started all three games at tight end, placing second on the strike team with 10 catches. In the last strike game, he caught eight passes for 107 yards, tying the team's single-game record for catches by a tight end. Holloway was one of a limited number of players kept after the strike ended, and he appeared in three further games, making one start, before being released. He later had stints with the Miami Dolphins in 1988 and New York Jets in 1989, although he did not make the final roster either year. He ended his career with six games played, four as a starter, and 10 receptions for 127 yards.

text:
# Steve Holloway

**Steven Weymon Holloway** (born August 23, 1964) is an American former professional football tight end who played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Tennessee State University.

Holloway attended Jefferson Davis High School in Alabama where he played football and ran track. He played college football for the Tennessee State Tigers from 1983 to 1986. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent following the 1987 NFL draft, but was released following preseason, where he caught one pass. He was re-signed by the Buccaneers during the 1987 NFL strike and started all three games at tight end, placing second on the strike team with 10 catches. In the last strike game, he caught eight passes for 107 yards, tying the team's single-game record for catches by a tight end.

Holloway was one of a limited number of players kept after the strike ended, and he appeared in three further games, making one start, before being released. He later had stints with the Miami Dolphins in 1988 and New York Jets in 1989, although he did not make the final roster either year. He ended his career with six games played, four as a starter, and 10 receptions for 127 yards.

## InfoBox

Steve Holloway
| No. 80 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Tight end |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1964-08-23) August 23, 1964<br>Montgomery, Alabama, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 235 lb (107 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Jefferson Davis |
| College: | Tennessee State |
| Undrafted: | 1987 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 10  Receiving yards: 127 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Përparim, Berat

abstract: Përparim is a village in the former municipality of Bogovë in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar.

text:
# Përparim, Berat

**Përparim** is a village in the former municipality of Bogovë in Berat County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Skrapar.

## InfoBox

| Përparim | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Përparim | |
| Coordinates: 40°34′N 20°12′E / 40.567°N 20.200°E / 40.567; 20.200 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Berat |
| Municipality | Skrapar |
| Municipal unit | Bogovë |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Elizabeth Abel

abstract: Elizabeth Abel is an American literary scholar, professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley. Abel was an assistant professor at the University of Chicago. In 1981 she was guest editor for a special issue of Critical Inquiry, 'Writing and Sexual Difference'. The essays marked a shift in feminist literary theory from "recovering a lost tradition to discovering the terms of confrontation with the dominant tradition", by means of "specific historical studies of the ways women revise prevailing themes and styles". Abel's Virginia Woolf and the fictions of psychoanalysis related Virginia Woolf's work to 1920s social anthropology and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein.

text:
# Elizabeth Abel

**Elizabeth Abel** (born 1945) is an American literary scholar, professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley. Abel was an assistant professor at the University of Chicago. In 1981 she was guest editor for a special issue of *Critical Inquiry*, 'Writing and Sexual Difference'. The essays marked a shift in feminist literary theory from "recovering a lost tradition to discovering the terms of confrontation with the dominant tradition", by means of "specific historical studies of the ways women revise prevailing themes and styles". Abel's *Virginia Woolf and the fictions of psychoanalysis* related Virginia Woolf's work to 1920s social anthropology and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein.

## Works

* (ed.) *Writing and sexual difference*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
* (ed. with Marianne Hirsch and Elizabeth Langland) *The Voyage in : fictions of female development*. Hanover, NH : Published for Dartmouth College by University Press of New England, 1983
* (ed. with Emily K. Abel) *The Signs reader: women, gender, & scholarship*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
* *Virginia Woolf and the fictions of psychoanalysis*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
* (ed. with Barbara Christian and Helene Moglen) *Female subjects in black and white: race, psychoanalysis, feminism*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
* *Signs of the times: the visual politics of Jim Crow*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.


title: Qalatga Darband

abstract: Qalatga Darband is an ancient city located in Iraqi Kurdistan, overlooking Lake Dukan in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It has been dated to the Late Hellenistic period or to the transition of Hellinistic-Parthian period. The site was first discovered using satellite imagery declassified in the 1990s that had been taken as part of the Corona program in the 1960s. It was one of the sites to be surveyed in the region in 2013 by a French mission directed by Jessica Giraud. In 2016, the British Museum chose the site to excavate and train the Iraqi archaeologists on archaeology and sites protection, a program supported by the British government.

text:
# Qalatga Darband

**Qalatga Darband** is an ancient city located in Iraqi Kurdistan, overlooking Lake Dukan in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. It has been dated to the Late Hellenistic period or to the transition of Hellinistic-Parthian period.

The site was first discovered using satellite imagery declassified in the 1990s that had been taken as part of the Corona program in the 1960s. It was one of the sites to be surveyed in the region in 2013 by a French mission directed by Jessica Giraud. In 2016, the British Museum chose the site to excavate and train the Iraqi archaeologists on archaeology and sites protection, a program supported by the British government.

## InfoBox

Qalatga Darband
| Qalatga Darband, Lake Dukan appears in the background, September 26, 2019 | |
| --- | --- |
| Shown within IraqQalatga Darband (Near East) | |
| Location | Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq |
| Region | Mesopotamia |
| Coordinates | 36°12′48.6″N 44°58′38.28″E / 36.213500°N 44.9773000°E / 36.213500; 44.9773000 |
| Type | archaeological site |


title: Ellen Clark's crayfish

abstract:
Ellen Clark's crayfish was named by Morgan "in respect of Ellen Clark’s pioneering parastacid studies". It is restricted to headwater reaches of highland streams draining the plateau and feeding the Hastings and Forbes rivers, at elevations ranging from 670–1,150 metres (2,200–3,770 ft) asl. The species is assessed as "Endangered" based on an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 198 square kilometres (76 sq mi), an area of occupancy (AOO) of 68 square kilometres (26 sq mi) occurrence at one to two threat-based locations and a speculated decline in area, extent and quality of habitat due to climate change. This species is fully protected by the Australian government regulations, hence no trade or commercial utilization of the species is allowed. Horwitz and Richardson classified crayfish burrows based on their relationship to the water table, into three categories:
  - Type 1: Burrows in or connected to permanent waters
  - Type 2: Burrows connected to the water table
  - Type 3: Burrows independent of the water table E. clarkae constructs a burrows system according to the location and maturity of the burrow builder, however, all burrows would be within the “Type 1” category with all burrows in, or connected to open water.

text:
# Ellen Clark's crayfish

**Ellen Clark's crayfish** (*Euastacus clarkae*) was named by Morgan "in respect of Ellen Clark’s pioneering parastacid studies". It is restricted to headwater reaches of highland streams draining the plateau and feeding the Hastings and Forbes rivers, at elevations ranging from 670–1,150 metres (2,200–3,770 ft) asl. The species is assessed as "Endangered" based on an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 198 square kilometres (76 sq mi), an area of occupancy (AOO) of 68 square kilometres (26 sq mi) occurrence at one to two threat-based locations and a speculated decline in area, extent and quality of habitat due to climate change. This species is fully protected by the Australian government regulations, hence no trade or commercial utilization of the species is allowed. Horwitz and Richardson classified crayfish burrows based on their relationship to the water table, into three categories:

* Type 1: Burrows in or connected to permanent waters
* Type 2: Burrows connected to the water table
* Type 3: Burrows independent of the water table

*E. clarkae* constructs a burrows system according to the location and maturity of the burrow builder, however, all burrows would be within the “Type 1” category with all burrows in, or connected to open water.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Clark's crayfish | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Parastacidae |
| Genus: | *Euastacus* |
| Species: | ***E. clarkae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euastacus clarkae***
Morgan, 1997 | |
|
|  | |
| Range of *Euastacus clarkae* | |


title: Ellen Clementine Howarth

abstract: Ellen Clementine Howarth, was an American poet. The daughter of a calico printer, and employed as a factory worker at the age of seven, she married Joseph Howarth, in the same occupation. She lived at Trenton, New Jersey in extremely reduced circumstances until friends secured her a comfortable subsistence. She authored a volume of poems in 1864, The Wind-Harp and Other Poems, and also wrote words for the song "'Tis but a Little Faded Flower". Her later work, Poems (1867), was edited by Richard Watson Gilder. Howarth said her poems came to her as she did housework, and she only wrote them down when she considered them finished. They were initially published in newspapers in Trenton under the pen name "Clementine", and then in magazines; Richard Gilder helped her find markets for them. She wrote many poems in a few years, and then mostly ceased writing.

text:
# Ellen Clementine Howarth

**Ellen Clementine Howarth** (born **Ellen Clementine Doran** in Cooperstown, New York, May 17, 1827, died Trenton, New Jersey, December 23, 1899), was an American poet.

The daughter of a calico printer, and employed as a factory worker at the age of seven, she married Joseph Howarth, in the same occupation. She lived at Trenton, New Jersey in extremely reduced circumstances until friends secured her a comfortable subsistence. She authored a volume of poems in 1864, *The Wind-Harp and Other Poems*, and also wrote words for the song "'Tis but a Little Faded Flower". Her later work, *Poems* (1867), was edited by Richard Watson Gilder.

Howarth said her poems came to her as she did housework, and she only wrote them down when she considered them finished. They were initially published in newspapers in Trenton under the pen name "Clementine", and then in magazines; Richard Gilder helped her find markets for them. She wrote many poems in a few years, and then mostly ceased writing.

* Ellen Mackay Hutchinson and Arthur Stedman, *A Library of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present* (1892), v. 11, p. 531.
* Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Howarth, Ellen Clementine". *New International Encyclopedia* (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.


title: Coloured vote constitutional crisis

abstract: The Coloured vote constitutional crisis, also known as the Coloured vote case, was a constitutional crisis that occurred in the Union of South Africa during the 1950s as the result of an attempt by the Nationalist government to remove coloured voters in the Union's Cape Province from the common voters' rolls. It developed into a dispute between the judiciary and the other branches of government over the power of Parliament to amend an entrenched clause in the South Africa Act and the power of the Appellate Division to overturn the amendment as unconstitutional. The crisis ended when the government enlarged the Senate and altered its method of election, allowing the amendment to be successfully enacted.

text:
# Coloured vote constitutional crisis

The **Coloured vote constitutional crisis**, also known as the **Coloured vote case**, was a constitutional crisis that occurred in the Union of South Africa during the 1950s as the result of an attempt by the Nationalist government to remove coloured voters in the Union's Cape Province from the common voters' rolls. It developed into a dispute between the judiciary (in particular the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court) and the other branches of government (Parliament and the executive) over the power of Parliament to amend an entrenched clause in the South Africa Act (the constitution) and the power of the Appellate Division to overturn the amendment as unconstitutional. The crisis ended when the government enlarged the Senate and altered its method of election, allowing the amendment to be successfully enacted.

## Background

Before the creation of the Union of South Africa, elections in the Cape Colony were conducted on the basis of the qualified franchise. This meant that the right to vote was limited to men meeting property and literacy qualifications, but not restricted on the basis of race. This differed from the other South African colonies: in Natal the franchise was limited to white men in practice though not in law, while in the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony the franchise was limited by law to white men. The South Africa Act, which was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, unified these four colonies to form the Union but preserved their franchise arrangements unchanged. Section 35 of the South Africa Act provided that no law could disenfranchise voters in the Cape Province on the basis of race, unless that law was passed by an absolute supermajority of two-thirds of the members of both Houses of Parliament sitting together in a joint session. Section 35 was entrenched by section 152, which provided that neither section 35 nor section 152 itself could be amended without a similar supermajority in joint session.

In 1931, the Statute of Westminster ended the power of the British Parliament to legislate for dominions such as South Africa and gave those dominions the power to repeal or amend British laws in force within their territories. In 1936, the South African Parliament enacted the Representation of Natives Act, removing "native" (black) voters from the common voters' rolls and allowing them to elect, separately, three members of the House of Assembly (the lower house) instead. Although this Act was passed by the required joint-session supermajority, its validity was challenged by an affected voter in the case of *Ndlwana v Hofmeyr*. The challenge was rejected for a number of reasons, of which the most significant was the Appellate Division's ruling that because Parliament was a sovereign legislative body, courts could not invalidate one of its Acts on the basis of the procedure used to pass it.

## Separate Representation of Voters Bill

In 1948, the National Party, campaigning on a platform of *apartheid*, won that year's general election. The following year, Prime Minister D. F. Malan addressed the question of coloured voting rights in a speech to Parliament, claiming that coloured voters were corrupt and immature and that they posed a threat to white control in South Africa. The government then sought to echo the 1936 Representation of Natives Act by introducing, in 1951, the Separate Representation of Voters Bill, whereby coloured voters would also lose the right to vote for ordinary constituency members of the House of Assembly and instead elect four members at separate elections. Besides the Nationalists' ideological belief in white supremacy, the bill was also motivated by the electoral power of coloured voters to swing a number of Cape constituencies from the National Party to the United Party.

The bill attracted much opposition both inside and outside Parliament. The United Party leader J. G. N. Strauss was against it both because he saw it as a breach of commitments given by earlier National Party leaders and because he believed it would lead coloured people to form political alliances with black and Indian groups opposed to the white control of South Africa. A group of coloured activists formed the National Convention Co-ordinating Committee to oppose the bill within constitutional limits. The Franchise Action Council, a multi-racial organisation, led a campaign of rallies, strikes and civil disobedience. The Torch Commando was founded by white Second World War veterans in response to the bill but expanded into a more general movement against the government's policies.

The National Party did not have enough seats in Parliament to pass the bill with the two-thirds majority in joint sitting that would be required if the entrenchment of sections 35 and 152 was still valid. Based on the ruling in Ndlwana's case (see above) and the principle of parliamentary sovereignty, Malan's government decided to enact it by following the normal parliamentary procedure of a simple majority in each house separately. The Governor-General gave his assent on 15 June 1951 and the act was promulgated on 18 June.

## Judgment of the Appellate Division

G. Harris, E. Franklin, W. D. Collins and E. A. Deane, four voters affected by the Separate Representation of Voters Act, challenged its validity in the Supreme Court in a case that became known as *Harris v Dönges* or *Harris v Minister of the Interior*, as T. E. Dönges was at the time Minister of the Interior. Initially the case was dismissed by the Cape Provincial Division in a ruling by Judge President de Villiers, with whom Newton Thompson and Gawie Steyn concurred. The court followed the precedent of *Ndlwana v Hofmeyr* to rule that it had no authority to question the validity of an act of Parliament promulgated and published by the proper authority. This decision was immediately taken on appeal to the Appellate Division.

The government's first contention was that the act did not disqualify voters on the basis of race, as all voters previously qualified were still able to vote, albeit in segregated constituencies. The court dismissed this argument as untenable. The government then argued that the entrenched clauses in the South Africa Act had been repealed by implication by the Statute of Westminster, and that the precedent of the *Ndlwana* case precluded the courts from questioning the validity of an act of Parliament.

The government's claim regarding the Statute of Westminster was based on two principal theories. The first was based on the repeal of the application of the Colonial Laws Validity Act to South Africa. The Colonial Laws Validity Act provided that any act of a colonial parliament would be valid within the colony unless it contradicted a British act applying to the colony. The argument was that an alteration of the Cape franchise without a two-thirds majority would have contradicted the South Africa Act (which was itself an act of the British Parliament) and therefore would be impermissible under the Colonial Laws Validity Act; and that once that act no longer applied the entrenchment was not enforceable. The court disagreed, noting that section 152 of the South Africa Act specifically empowered the South African Parliament to amend the South Africa Act, and that the Colonial Laws Validity Act had no application and therefore its repeal had no effect.

The second theory was that, by expanding the legislative powers of the dominion parliaments, the Statute of Westminster had abolished the requirement for a two-thirds majority in joint session. Section 2 of the Statute of Westminster gave a dominion parliament the power to repeal or amend any act of the British Parliament as it applied in the dominion. This power, so the argument went, had been granted to a Parliament consisting of two separate houses acting with simple majorities, and this power could be exercised to amend the entrenched clauses without regard to the supermajority requirement. Again the court disagreed, ruling that the "Parliament" to which the amendment power had been granted was the Parliament constituted by the South Africa Act, and that this definition of Parliament included the procedural requirement that certain bills be passed by two-thirds majority in joint session. This did not affect the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, as Parliament was fully sovereign over South Africa, and merely obliged to follow certain procedures to pass certain laws.

The final argument was that the principle of *stare decisis* bound the Appellate Division to follow the precedent of the *Ndlwana* case, in which it had ruled that Parliament can adopt any procedure it sees fit and the courts have no power to question the validity of its acts. The court ruled that it was entitled to overrule its own previous decisions if they were clearly wrong. In *Ndlwana* there had been no discussion of the Statute of Westminster nor any argument for or against the conclusion drawn by the court, and the court therefore felt free to overrule it.

The resulting order of the Appellate Division was that the Separate Representation of Voters Act was "invalid, null and void and of no legal force and effect". The ruling, authored by Chief Justice Albert van der Sandt Centlivres and handed down on 20 March 1952, was unanimous.

## High Court of Parliament

The response of Malan's government was immediate: the Prime Minister immediately declared the decision unacceptable, that he refused to abide by it, and that he would take steps to have it overturned. In April 1952 T. E. Dönges introduced the High Court of Parliament Bill, which would constitute the members of Parliament into a High Court with the power to review and overturn any ruling of the Appellate Division declaring an act of Parliament to be invalid. This court was described as a "court of law"; it would have a "Judicial Committee" of ten members which could make recommendations, but the decision of the "court" would be determined by a majority vote of members present.

Dönges, in introducing the bill, argued that it would restore the power of the "sovereign will of the electorate" to determine which laws were valid, and would relieve the Appellate Division of accusations of political bias. J. G. N. Strauss of the opposition denounced the bill as establishing a "political court \[...\] a bogus court set up in order to express the will of the Caucus of the National Party". The bill was attacked in the English-language press, with the *Cape Times* calling it "an insult to the intelligence of the judiciary". It even met with opposition from a number of prominent Nationalists.

Despite the opposition, the High Court of Parliament Bill was forced through Parliament. It was passed by the House of Assembly on 15 May 1952 and by the Senate on 27 May. A petition asking the Governor-General to withhold assent was rejected and the bill was assented to on 3 June. The Speaker of the House of Assembly was nominated as President of the High Court of Parliament, and he appointed a Judicial Committee of six government members and four opposition members, with C. R. Swart, the Minister of Justice, as chairman. The opposition members resigned before the first meeting of the committee on 21 July 1952. After three days of hearings the committee recommended the reversal of the Appellate Division's ruling and the validation of the Separate Representation of Voters Act. The High Court of Parliament, which consisted only of Nationalist members of Parliament due to an opposition boycott, approved this recommendation on 27 August.

Meanwhile, the plaintiffs from the first *Harris* case returned to the ordinary courts to challenge the validity of the High Court of Parliament Act. On 29 August the Cape Provincial Division ruled that the act had the effect of altering the entrenched clauses, and that as it had not been passed by a two-thirds majority in joint session it was invalid. The government's appeal, under the title of *Minister of the Interior v Harris*, was heard in the Appellate Division on 27–29 October, and on 13 November the court handed down a unanimous decision upholding the ruling of the Cape court.

The court ruled that the existence of the entrenched clauses in the South Africa Act necessarily implied that those protected by the clauses had the right to have any law affecting them tested for validity by a court ("*ubi jus ibi remedium*"). Parliament, therefore, could not remove this power from the courts of law, and the High Court of Parliament was not a court of law but rather Parliament functioning under another name. As such, it had only the powers given to it by the South Africa Act, and these did not include the power to amend the entrenched clauses without a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.

This was the height of the constitutional crisis. A general election was due to be held in 1953; if the government refused to accept the rulings of the Appellate Division and conducted the election on the basis of separate representation for white and coloured voters, the system of government could be imperilled. The officials responsible for voter registration would be forced to follow either the government's instructions and risk an interdict from the courts, or to follow the court's ruling and risk sanctions from the administration. There was the possibility that the courts could invalidate the entire election in the Cape Province and therefore the existence of the Parliament elected in 1953.

The government, therefore, while continuing to insist that the court's rulings were wrong, accepted them. The elections were held on 15 April 1953 with coloured voters in the Cape voting alongside white voters. Despite this, the National Party was returned in government with a larger majority: 94 seats out of 156, as opposed to 79 seats out of 153 in 1948.

## Packing of the Senate

During 1953 and 1954, the National Party tried to re-validate the Separate Representation of Voters Act by convincing enough opposition members to support it to obtain a two-thirds majority; this effort was not successful. In 1955 the new Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom adopted a new plan: the Senate (the upper house of Parliament) would be packed with National Party members to ensure the government would have the necessary two-thirds majority in a joint sitting.

As originally constituted by the South Africa Act, the Senate consisted of forty senators. Eight were nominated by the Governor-General, and thus effectively by the government of the day. For each province eight senators were elected by an electoral college consisting of the members of the House of Assembly representing that province and the members of the provincial council. These elections were conducted by the single transferable vote (STV) system of proportional representation. In 1936 the Representation of Natives Act added four senators indirectly elected to represent black people. In 1949 another four were added to represent the territory of South West Africa. In 1955, then, there were 26 senators supporting the government and 21 supporting the opposition (and one vacant seat).

The Senate Act, 1955 reconstituted the Senate along new lines and expanded it to eighty-nine members. The number of nominated senators was doubled to sixteen. The number of elected senators was increased to be, for each province, one-fifth of the size of that province's electoral college, with a minimum of eight senators per province; so the Cape Province had twenty-two Senators, the Transvaal twenty-seven, and the other two provinces eight each. The four Senators elected under the Representation of Natives Act and four representing South-West Africa remained. The Senate Act also changed the system for electing provincial senators from STV to simple majority voting, meaning that the majority party in each electoral college could choose all the senators for that province. The result was that the National Party was able to control seventy-seven Senatorial seats: the sixteen nominated by the Governor-General, the fifty-seven elected for the Cape, Transvaal and the Orange Free State, and the four representing South-West Africa.

With the new Senate, the National Party commanded a two-thirds majority in a joint sitting, and thus was able to pass the South Africa Act Amendment Act, 1956. This act declared the original Separate Representation of Voters Act to be valid, and repealed the parts of section 35 of the South Africa Act entrenching the Cape franchise as well as the parts of section 152 entrenching section 35. (There remained one unrelated entrenched clause guaranteeing the equality of the English and Afrikaans languages.)

The government's opponents returned to the courts to have this new act also declared invalid, arguing that the Senate Act was passed as part of a deliberate scheme to circumvent the entrenched clauses. This time, however, the court disagreed. On 9 November the Appellate Division handed down a decision under the title of *Collins v Minister of the Interior* in which it ruled that Parliament had the power to alter the composition of the Senate, a power explicitly granted by the South Africa Act, and that its motivation was irrelevant. The Senate Act was therefore valid, and thus a joint sitting of the House of Assembly and the reconstituted Senate had the power to amend the entrenched clauses.

To ensure its success, the government had also passed the Appellate Division Quorum Act, 1955, expanding the Appellate Division to eleven judges, thus allowing the appointment of six new judges presumed to support the Nationalist position. This proved to have been unnecessary, as only one judge, the notoriously liberal Oliver Schreiner, dissented from the ruling.

## Later developments

Separate representatives for coloured voters were first elected in the general election of 1958. Even this limited representation did not last, being ended from 1970 by the Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968. Instead, all coloured adults were given the right to vote for the Coloured Persons Representative Council, which had limited legislative powers. The council was in turn dissolved in 1980. In 1984 a new constitution introduced the Tricameral Parliament in which coloured voters elected the House of Representatives.

In 1960, a new Senate Act reduced the size of the Senate and restored the single transferable vote system of election of the provincial senators. In 1961 South Africa became a republic under a new constitution; this constitution repealed the now-unnecessary High Court of Parliament Act.

In 1994, with the end of apartheid, a new constitution was introduced which guarantees the right to vote for all adult citizens. This right, along with many other rights, is entrenched in the constitution. The Constitutional Court has the explicit power to invalidate acts of Parliament that are unconstitutional.


title: Ellen Clark-King

abstract: Ellen Jane Clark-King is a British-Canadian Anglican priest and academic. Since 2020, she has served as Dean of King's College London.

text:
# Ellen Clark-King

**Ellen Jane Clark-King** (*née* **Clark**; born 1962) is a British-Canadian Anglican priest and academic. Since 2020, she has served as Dean of King's College London.

## Early life and education

Ellen Jane Clark was born in 1962. From 1982 to 1985, she studied history at Newnham College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree: as per tradition, her BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree. From 1989 to 1992, she trained for ordination and studied theology at Ripon College Cuddesdon. She continued her studies in Christian spirituality at the University of London, graduating with a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1999. She then studied for a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree at Lancaster University, which she completed in 2003 with a doctoral thesis titled "Sacred hearts: feminist theology interrogated by the voices of working-class women".

## Ordained ministry and career

Clark-King was made a deacon in the Church of England in 1992. Following the vote to allow women to be ordained as priests in the Church of England, she was ordained to the priesthood in 1994 during a service at Hereford Cathedral. She served her curacy in a multi-church parish in the Diocese of Hereford from 1992 to 1995. Then, from 1995 to 2000, she was fellow and chaplain of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. In 2000, she moved to the Diocese of Newcastle, where she became a doctoral student and non-stipendiary minister. She was additionally assistant diocesan director of ordinands from 2001 to 2005.

In 2005, Clark-King left the United Kingdom for the Anglican Church of Canada: she was looking for an inclusive church that was welcoming of LGBTQ clergy and accepted same-sex marriage. She served as associate pastor of Christ Church Cathedral, Vancouver between 2005 and 2012. She was additionally Archdeacon of Burrard from 2007 to 2014. From 2012 to 2014 and from 2015 to 2016, she was cathedral vicar of Christ Church Cathedral, Vancouver. For the 2014/15 academic year, she was director for Anglican formation at the Vancouver School of Theology. She was also an elected member of the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Canada. She took Canadian citizenship during her time in the country.

In December 2016, she moved to the United States, where she became executive pastor and canon for social justice at Grace Cathedral, San Francisco in the Episcopal Diocese of California. She was promoted to vice-dean in September 2019. She was an elected member of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Having returned to the United Kingdom, she has been Dean of King's College London since December 2020: this is the most senior cleric of the university, and is tasked with overseeing the spiritual development and welfare of all its students and staff. She is the first woman to hold the post in the almost two centuries of the college's existence. She has additionally be a non-stipendiary minister at St Anne's Church, Soho in the Diocese of London since 2021, and a public preacher in the Diocese of Southwark since 2022.

## Personal life

She is married to Jeremy Clark-King, a fellow Anglican priest. Jonathan Clark, an Anglican bishop, is her brother.

## Selected works

* Clark-King, Ellen (2004). *Theology by heart: women, the Church and God*. Peterborough: Epworth Press. ISBN 978-0716205876.
* Clark-King, Ellen (2011). *Path to Your Door: Approaches to Christian Spirituality*. London: Continuum International Publisher. ISBN 978-1441157638.

## InfoBox

| The Reverend
Ellen Clark-King | |
| --- | --- |
| Dean of King's College London | |
| Church | Church of England |
| In office | 2020 to present |
| Predecessor | Richard Burridge |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1992 (deacon)
1994 (priest) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ellen Jane Clark
1962 (age 6162) |
| Nationality | British-Canadian |
| Alma mater |  |


title: Elliot Hospital

abstract: Elliot Hospital is an acute care hospital in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. The Elliot was established as a charitable trust in 1880, was legally incorporated as a not-for-profit organization by an act of the New Hampshire Legislature in 1881, and opened its doors as the first community general hospital in New Hampshire on April 17, 1890. Today the hospital has 296 beds and is a regional trauma center for the city and the surrounding region. The Elliot has the only Level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in southern New Hampshire. The Elliot at River's Edge opened in 2010, providing urgent care, an ambulatory surgery center and various clinics and physicians' offices, located on Queen City Avenue in Manchester. Elliot has major ambulatory care centers in Londonderry, Bedford and Hooksett, with numerous offices throughout Manchester and the surrounding communities, including in Goffstown, Hooksett, Bedford, Suncook, Raymond, Amherst and Windham. Elliot Health System includes the Elliot Medical Group, the Visiting Nurse Association of Manchester and Southern New Hampshire, the Mary and John Elliot Foundation, Elliot 1-Day Surgery Center, the Elliot Regional Cancer Center, and the Elliot Senior Center. Elliot Health System, which includes Elliot Hospital, is located in northern New England. Manchester is located in southern New Hampshire, 20 miles (32 km) from the Massachusetts border and 58 miles (93 km) from Boston. In 2018, Elliot joined with Southern New Hampshire Health System based in Nashua, New Hampshire, in a combination relationship, creating a new regional health system known as SolutioNHealth.

text:
# Elliot Hospital

**Elliot Hospital** is an acute care hospital in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. The Elliot was established as a charitable trust in 1880, was legally incorporated as a not-for-profit organization by an act of the New Hampshire Legislature in 1881, and opened its doors as the first community general hospital in New Hampshire on April 17, 1890. Today the hospital has 296 beds and is a regional trauma center (American College of Surgeons Level II) for the city and the surrounding region. The Elliot has the only Level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in southern New Hampshire.

The Elliot at River's Edge opened in 2010, providing urgent care, an ambulatory surgery center and various clinics and physicians' offices, located on Queen City Avenue in Manchester. Elliot has major ambulatory care centers in Londonderry, Bedford and Hooksett, with numerous offices throughout Manchester and the surrounding communities, including in Goffstown, Hooksett, Bedford, Suncook, Raymond, Amherst and Windham.

Elliot Health System includes the Elliot Medical Group, the Visiting Nurse Association of Manchester and Southern New Hampshire, the Mary and John Elliot Foundation, Elliot 1-Day Surgery Center, the Elliot Regional Cancer Center, and the Elliot Senior Center.

Elliot Health System, which includes Elliot Hospital, is located in northern New England. Manchester is located in southern New Hampshire, 20 miles (32 km) from the Massachusetts border and 58 miles (93 km) from Boston.

In 2018, Elliot joined with Southern New Hampshire Health System based in Nashua, New Hampshire, in a combination relationship, creating a new regional health system known as SolutioNHealth.

42°59′03″N 71°26′15″W / 42.98417°N 71.43750°W / 42.98417; -71.43750

## InfoBox

| Elliot Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | One Elliot Way, Manchester, New Hampshire, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°59′01″N 71°26′14″W / 42.98361°N 71.43722°W / 42.98361; -71.43722 |
| Organization | |
| Funding | Non-profit hospital |
| Network | SolutioNHealth |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Level II trauma center |
| Beds | 296 |
| Helipad | FAA NH48 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1881 |
| Links | |
| Website | http://www.elliothospital.com |
| Lists | Hospitals in New Hampshire |


title: Queen's School, Ibadan

abstract: Queen's School, Ibadan is an all-girls secondary school located in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria.

text:
# Queen's School, Ibadan

**Queen's School, Ibadan** is an all-girls secondary school located in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria.

## History

**Queen's School**, Ibadan was established in January 1952. It originated from Queen's College Lagos and was officially opened on 16 February 1952 with about 161 pupils . Queen's school was initially in Ede until it relocated to Ibadan in April, 1967.

**Queen's School, Ibadan** in honor of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II to the throne. With a few selected pioneering students from Queen's College, Lagos, school activities started with four teachers and the principal. In addition to their studies, girls were taught practical skills like sewing, cooking, and gardening. They actively participated in diverse activities, including dance, singing, sports, drama, Girl Guides, Literary and Debating Societies, and phonetics classes. This holistic approach aimed to groom well-rounded women, evident in the notable achievements of alumnae who excelled in various fields, such as medicine, professorship, engineering, leadership roles, law, and judiciary, showcasing the school's impactful influence on its graduates.

The academic facilities, arranged around a grass oval, included the Assembly Hall and a library with parquet flooring. Laboratories for physics, chemistry, and biology, classrooms, domestic science rooms, geography facilities, and staff rooms completed the campus layout.

## Donation

In March 2022, Oyo state Governor, Engineer Seyi Makinde donated a sum of 10 million naira to the school to fast track the on-going project in the school.

## SickBay/Building donation

In March 2023, the alumni group of Queen's School in Apata, Ibadan, from the classes of 1985 and 1991, inaugurated and presented a recently donated well-equipped Sick Bay to the school on Friday.The President expressed that the initiative was driven by the importance of maintaining both physical and mental well-being for the students in order to be able to focus on their studies, she further stated that the project costs millions and it serves as a commitment to ensuring the health and safety of the female students.

### Building commission

On 21 May 2022, The alumni of Queens College with the aim of commemorating the late Ebola heroine, Dr. Ameyo Stella Adadevoh, who graduated from the Queen's School, in the years 1969–1973, the Queen's School Ede/Ibadan Old Girl's Association (QSOGA) is ready to unveil The building project in her honor. This building project is scheduled for commissioning at Queen's School Ibadan in Oyo state Nigeria.

## Attempted kidnapping

On 25 November 2022, there was a kidnap attempt at the school boarding house at 1 am. The attempt was foiled by the security man of the school. The governor of the state Seyi Makinde urged the police to make all things to be in order and investigate the incidence.

## Past principals

* Miss Hobson — 19521954
* Mrs. I. Dickinson — 19571958
* Mrs. R.M. Dunn — 19631967
* Mrs. C.F. Oredugba — 19581962, 1968-1970
* Late Mrs. T.A.O. Lawore — 19701972
* Mrs. C.O. Ogunbiyi — 19751976
* Mrs. O.F. Ifaturoti — 19761977
* Mrs. Oyinkan Ayoola — 19721975, 19801984
* Mrs. T. Fajola — 19781980, 19901991
* Mrs. E.O. Falobi — 19841987
* Mrs. B.M. Ajayi — 19871989
* Mrs. A.T. Olofin — 19921995
* Mrs. Remi Lasekan-Osunsanya — 19911992, 19951997
* Mrs. A.T. Olofin — 19972004
* Mrs. Ajani — 2004
* Mrs Fatoki
* Mrs Fatoba- 2015-2019
* Mrs B.T.Oyintiloye- 2020–present

## Notable alumni

## Notable faculty

* Grace Alele Williams
* Grace Alele Williams is one of the notable alumni of the school. She was the first female Vice-chancellor in Nigeria and also the first female Mathematics Professor.
*

## InfoBox

| Queen's School, Ibadan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Ibadan, Oyo State<br>Nigeria | |
| Coordinates | 7°22′41″N 3°56′48″E / 7.37800482°N 3.94678908°E / 7.37800482; 3.94678908 |
| Information | |
| Type | Secondary school |
| Motto | Pass On The Torch |
| Established | 1952 |
| Gender | Female |
| Color(s) | Blue and White |


title: Ellen Goodell Smith

abstract: Ellen Goodell Smith was an American hydropathic physician, vegetarian and writer.

text:
# Ellen Goodell Smith

**Ellen Goodell Smith** (August 25, 1835 – November 3, 1906) was an American hydropathic physician, vegetarian and writer.

## Biography

Smith was born at Dwight in Belchertown, Massachusetts. In 1857, Smith attended William T. Vail's Granite State Health Institute (a hydropathic institute) in Hill, New Hampshire, where she became a student and teacher. In 1859, she attended Russell T. Trall's New York Hygeio-Therapeutic College in New York City. She obtained her M.D. in 1861 with the highest honours. She worked as a physician at Dr. Vail's sanitarium until 1862. She became resident physician at Russell T. Trall's sanitarium in Philadelphia in 1864 and for two years managed the Turkish bath department.

She married Dr. John Brown Smith of Northfield, Minnesota in 1867. A year later, Smith and her husband established the first hydropathic sanitarium and Turkish Bath in Saint Paul, Minnesota. In the 1870s, she worked as resident physician at Trall's sanitarium. Her son, Lindsey Goodell Smith was born on August 25, 1874. Smith retired in 1883.

She authored the natural hygiene book, *The Art of Living* in 1903. It was dedicated to Edward H. Dewey, pioneer of the "No Breakfast Plan". Smith died from a fall in 1906.

## Vegetarianism

Smith authored the vegetarian book, *The Fat of the Land and How to Live on It* in 1896. It has been cited as an early vegan cookbook, as it contained a chapter "Milk and the Cow" which recommended not using dairy products. She omitted butter, cream, milk, salt and sugar from her recipes. It was the first published book to contain a recipe for a peanut butter sandwich.

## Selected publications

## InfoBox

| Ellen Goodell Smith | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1835-08-25)August 25, 1835<br>Belchertown, Massachusetts |
| Died | November 3, 1906(1906-11-03) (aged 71) |
| Occupation(s) | Physician, writer |


title: Ellen Gottschalch

abstract: Ellen Sofie Kathrine Gottschalch, was a Danish stage and film actress. She worked in the Arhus Theatre in 1911 then the Det Ny Theater in Copenhagen from 1912 to 1928. She entered film in 1938. She was employed at the Royal Danish Theatre from 1941 to 1961 where she among roles played in Death of a Salesman and Mor Karen in Elverhøj by Johan Ludvig Heiberg. She was married to Christian Viggo Gottschalch 1915–1930 and later lived with the composer Kai Normann Andersen from 1932 to 1967. She died in 1981 and was buried at the Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård.

text:
# Ellen Gottschalch

**Ellen Sofie Kathrine Gottschalch** (2 May 1894 – 17 February 1981), was a Danish stage and film actress.

She worked in the Arhus Theatre in 1911 then the Det Ny Theater in Copenhagen from 1912 to 1928. She entered film in 1938. She was employed at the Royal Danish Theatre from 1941 to 1961 where she among roles played in Death of a Salesman and Mor Karen in *Elverhøj* by Johan Ludvig Heiberg.

She was married to Christian Viggo Gottschalch 1915–1930 and later lived with the composer Kai Normann Andersen from 1932 to 1967. She died in 1981 and was buried at the Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård.

## Filmography

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Ellen Gottschalch | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1894-05-02)2 May 1894
Asaa, Brønderslev Municipality, Denmark |
| Died | 17 February 1981(1981-02-17) (aged 86)
Frederiksberg, Denmark |
| Years active | 1932–1972 |


title: Eloyi people

abstract:
The Eloyi are an ethnic group of central Nigeria.
About 100,000 people identify themselves as Eloyi. They are related to the Idoma ethnic group.

text:
# Eloyi people

The **Eloyi** (also called Afao, Afo, Afu, Aho, Epe, Keffi) are an ethnic group of central Nigeria. About 100,000 people identify themselves as Eloyi. They are related to the Idoma ethnic group.

## Geography & Language

The Eloyi (Ajiri) peopleare mostly found in Awe, Nasarawa, Kokona Government Areas (LGAs) of Nasarawa State and the Otukpo LGA of Benue State.

As of 2000 it was reported that there were 60,000 people who speak the Eloyi language. Ajiri is an Idomoid branch of the Benue-Congo group. Although in modern times Many native speakers have adopted Hausa as their second or primary language.

## History

Traditionally, most of the Eloyi lived in a 15 miles (24 km) range of rocky hills in what today is Nasarawa State. They revolted against the British in 1918, and were then forced to leave their homeland. Today they are scattered in different parts of Nasarawa and Benue states, although some have moved back to the original hills. The British divided the Eloyi into ten village areas in 1932, appointing a head for each village, but these village heads were not recognized by the Eloyi.

## Society

The Eloyi are one of the more economically advanced of the Benue Valley tribes. In the hills they grow guinea corn, cotton, yams, and tobacco. They practice in weaving and dying, producing cloth that is much in demand and can be traded. The Eloyi villages in the hills are made up of round huts with conical thatched roofs grouped around a central courtyard. In the plains the Eloyi are mostly farmers, selling dried fish and palm oil for cash. The plains Eloyi build large houses within compounds and fortify their villages.

## Organization and beliefs

The village is the largest political unit, independent of its neighbors. A chief is assisted by a council of elders in administering the village and resolving disputes. The *gado* is the father of the village, the authority on customs and law, in charge of planting and harvest rites. Most Eloyi practice their traditional beliefs, which center on the god Owo, who is symbolized by a white silk cotton tree or a fig tree. They worship their ancestors, whose spirits are thought to live on and to require food and care. Religious rites include masked impersonation of ancestors, witchcraft, magic, and divination with strings. A considerable number of the Eloyi have adopted islam as their religion.

**Citations**

**Sources**

* Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (17 February 2010). *Encyclopedia of Africa*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
* "Eloyi". Joshua Project. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
* Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Eloyi". *Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition*. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online. Retrieved 2012-09-15.

## InfoBox

Eloyi
| Total population | |
| --- | --- |
| 100,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Nigeria | 100,000 |
| Languages | |
| Eloyi language, Hausa language | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional, Muslim, Christian | |


title: Elle, lui et l'autre....

abstract: Elle, lui et l'autre.... is the ninth studio album by Egyptian-French vocalist Dalida. It was released in 1960. It was her second released exclusively to the Canadian public.

text:
# Elle, lui et l'autre....

***Elle, lui et l'autre....*** is the ninth studio album by Egyptian-French vocalist Dalida. It was released in 1960. It was her second released exclusively to the Canadian public.

## History

In the two years prior to the release, Dalida released twelve songs, among which are her international hits "T'aimer follement", "Romantica", "Itsi bitsi petit bikini", "O sole mio" and "Les enfants du Pirée".

The album yielded the successful song "Elle lui et l'autre", which topped Canadian charts, and "Bras dessus, bras dessous," which became the theme song of the eponymous Canadian TV show.

## Track listing

* Elle, Lui Et L'Autre
* T'aimer Follement
* Dans Les Rues de Bahia
* Tintarella de Luna
* L'Arlequin de Tolède
* Romantica
* Itsy Bitsy
* Comme Au Premier Jour
* Ni Chaud, Ni Froid
* O Sole Mio
* Bras Dessus Bras Dessous
* Les Enfants Du Pirée

## InfoBox

| Elle, lui et l'autre.... | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Dalida | |
| Released | 1960 |
| Recorded | 1959–1960 |
| Genre | Jazz, Pop, Exotica, Easy listening |
| Dalida chronology | |
| *Milord*
(1960) ***Elle, lui et l'autre....***
(1960) *Dalida internationale*
(1961) | |


title: Elle (India)

abstract: Elle is the Indian edition of the worldwide lifestyle magazine of French origin called Elle.

text:
# Elle (India)

***Elle*** is the Indian edition of the worldwide lifestyle magazine of French origin called *Elle*.

## History and profile

The first issue of the Indian edition of *Elle* was the December 1996 issue. The magazine is published by Ogaan Publications Pvt. Ltd. Ogaan is based in Mumbai and has offices in New Delhi and Bangalore.

## Editors

The following have served as Editors of *Elle India*:

* Neerja Shah
* Nonita Kalra
* Aishwarya Subramanium
* Supriya Dravid
* Kamna Malik
* Ainee Ahmedi (Present)

## InfoBox

*Elle*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Anushka Sharma on the March 2013 cover of *Elle* | |
| Editor | Ainee Ahmedi |
| Categories | Fashion |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Circulation | 93,000 |
| First issue | December 1996 (1996-12) |
| Company | Ogaan Media Pvt. Ltd. (1996-present) |
| Country | India |
| Based in | Mumbai |
| Language | English |
| Website | Elle.in |
| OCLC | 44005789 |


title: Ellipsomyxa

abstract: Ellipsomyxa is a genus of cnidarian that is part of the family Ceratomyxidae.

text:
# Ellipsomyxa

***Ellipsomyxa*** is a genus of cnidarian that is part of the family Ceratomyxidae.

## InfoBox

| *Ellipsomyxa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Myxosporea |
| Order: | Bivalvulida |
| Family: | Ceratomyxidae |
| Genus: | *Ellipsomyxa*<br>Køie, 2003 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


abstract: Saskatoon/Banga International Air Aerodrome, formerly the Saskatoon/Corman Air Park, is located 10 nautical miles south-east of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The airport is home to the Light Flight Flying Club. The club owns three aircraft, two ultra-light Husky Norseman and one Piel Super Emeraude. The Norseman were locally built at the airport in 1988 while the Emeraude is a kit aircraft. The airport also hosts the CAVOK Ultralight Flight School.

text:
# Saskatoon/Banga International Air Aerodrome

**Saskatoon/Banga International Air Aerodrome** (TC LID: **CJN5**), formerly the Saskatoon/Corman Air Park, is located 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) south-east of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

The airport is home to the Light Flight Flying Club. The club owns three aircraft, two ultra-light Husky Norseman and one Piel Super Emeraude. The Norseman were locally built at the airport in 1988 while the Emeraude is a kit aircraft.

The airport also hosts the CAVOK Ultralight Flight School.

## InfoBox

| Saskatoon/Banga International Air Aerodrome | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Operator | Banga International Air Ltd. |
| Location | RM of Corman Park No. 344, near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |
| Time zone | CST (UTC−06:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,690 ft / 515 m |
| Coordinates | 52°00′02″N 106°27′45″W / 52.00056°N 106.46250°W / 52.00056; -106.46250 |
| Map | |
| CJN5Location in SaskatchewanCJN5CJN5 (Canada) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  09/27 2,600 792 Earth | |
| Sources: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: C. C. Torbert Jr.

abstract: Clement Clay "Bo" Torbert Jr. was an American jurist. He was the twenty-fifth Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court from 1977 through 1989. Torbert was born in Lee County, Alabama, the son of Clement Clay Torbert Jr. and Lynda H. Meadows, and the grandson of Clement Clay Torbert Sr. and Aylmerine Spearman Floyd. Clement Clay Sr. was from Society Hill, where his grandfather, James Torbert, served as the first postmaster. Torbert attended the United States Naval Academy and Auburn University, receiving a bachelor's degree from Auburn in 1951. He attended law school at the University of Maryland and the University of Alabama. After entering private law practice in Opelika in 1954, he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1958. In 1966 and 1974, he was elected to the Alabama Senate for the 17th and 22nd districts respectively. In 1976, Torbert was elected Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court. He took office on January 17, 1977, and was re-elected to a second term in 1982. He retired as chief justice in 1989. The Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building, the Alabama Judicial Building in Montgomery, Alabama, is named jointly for U.S. Senator Howell Heflin and former Justice C.C. Torbert. He died on June 2, 2018, at his home, at the age of 88.

text:
# C. C. Torbert Jr.

**Clement Clay "Bo" Torbert Jr.** (August 31, 1929 – June 2, 2018) was an American jurist. He was the twenty-fifth Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court from 1977 through 1989.

Torbert was born in Lee County, Alabama, the son of Clement Clay Torbert Jr. and Lynda H. Meadows, and the grandson of Clement Clay Torbert Sr. and Aylmerine Spearman Floyd. Clement Clay Sr. was from Society Hill, where his grandfather, James Torbert, served as the first postmaster.

Torbert attended the United States Naval Academy and Auburn University, receiving a bachelor's degree from Auburn in 1951. He attended law school at the University of Maryland and the University of Alabama. After entering private law practice in Opelika in 1954, he was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1958. In 1966 and 1974, he was elected to the Alabama Senate for the 17th and 22nd districts respectively.

In 1976, Torbert was elected Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court. He took office on January 17, 1977, and was re-elected to a second term in 1982. He retired as chief justice in 1989.

The Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building, the Alabama Judicial Building in Montgomery, Alabama, is named jointly for U.S. Senator Howell Heflin and former Justice C.C. Torbert.

He died on June 2, 2018, at his home, at the age of 88.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| C. C. Torbert Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court | |
| **In office**
January 17, 1977  1989 | |
| Preceded by | Howell Heflin |
| Succeeded by | Ernest C. Hornsby |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Clement Clay Torbert Jr.
(1929-08-31)August 31, 1929
Opelika, Alabama, U.S. |
| Died | June 2, 2018(2018-06-02) (aged 88)
Opelika, Alabama, U.S. |
| Education | United States Naval Academy
Auburn University
University of Maryland
University of Alabama |
| Occupation | lawyer, politician, judge |
|  | |


title: Equichordal point problem

abstract: In Euclidean plane geometry, the equichordal point problem is the question whether a closed planar convex body can have two equichordal points. The problem was originally posed in 1916 by Fujiwara and in 1917 by Wilhelm Blaschke, Hermann Rothe, and Roland Weitzenböck. A generalization of this problem statement was answered in the negative in 1997 by Marek R. Rychlik.

text:
# Equichordal point problem

In Euclidean plane geometry, the **equichordal point problem** is the question whether a closed planar convex body can have two equichordal points. The problem was originally posed in 1916 by Fujiwara and in 1917 by Wilhelm Blaschke, Hermann Rothe, and Roland Weitzenböck. A generalization of this problem statement was answered in the negative in 1997 by Marek R. Rychlik.

## Problem statement

An equichordal curve is a closed planar curve for which a point in the plane exists such that all chords passing through this point are equal in length. Such a point is called an equichordal point. It is easy to construct equichordal curves with a single equichordal point, particularly when the curves are symmetric; the simplest construction is a circle.

It has long only been conjectured that no convex equichordal curve with two equichordal points can exist. More generally, it was asked whether there exists a Jordan curve $C$ with two equichordal points $O\_{1}$ and $O\_{2}$, such that the curve $C$ would be star-shaped with respect to each of the two points.

## Excentricity (or eccentricity)

Many results on equichordal curves refer to their excentricity. It turns out that the smaller the excentricity, the harder it is to disprove the existence of curves with two equichordal points. It can be shown rigorously that a small excentricity means that the curve must be close to the circle.

Let $C$ be the hypothetical convex curve with two equichordal points $O\_{1}$ and $O\_{2}$. Let $L$ be the common length of all chords of the curve $C$ passing through $O\_{1}$ or $O\_{2}$. Then excentricity is the ratio

$$a={\frac {\\|O\_{1}-O\_{2}\\|}{L}}$$

where $\\|O\_{1}-O\_{2}\\|$ is the distance between the points $O\_{1}$ and $O\_{2}$.

## The history of the problem

The problem has been extensively studied, with significant papers published over eight decades preceding its solution:

1. In 1916, Fujiwara proved that no convex curves with three equichordal points exist.
2. In 1917, Blaschke, Rothe and Weitzenböck formulated the problem again.
3. In 1923, Süss showed certain symmetries and uniqueness of the curve, if it existed.
4. In 1953, G. A. Dirac showed some explicit bounds on the curve, if it existed.
5. In 1958, Wirsing showed that the curve, if it exists, must be an analytic curve. In this deep paper, he correctly identified the problem as perturbation problem beyond all orders.
6. In 1966, Ehrhart proved that there are no equichordal curves with excentricities \> 0.5.
7. In 1974, Hallstrom gave a condition on the curve, if it exists, that shows it must be unique, analytic, symmetric and provides a means (given enough computer power) to demonstrate non-existence for any specific eccentricity.
8. In 1988, Michelacci proved that there are no equichordal curves with excentricities \> 0.33. The proof is mildly computer-assisted.
9. In 1992, Schäfke and Volkmer showed that there is at most a finite number of values of excentricity for which the curve may exist. They outlined a feasible strategy for a computer-assisted proof. Their method consists of obtaining extremely accurate approximations to the hypothetical curve.
10. In 1996, Rychlik fully solved the problem.

## Rychlik's proof

Marek Rychlik's proof was published in the hard to read article. There is also an easy to read, freely available on-line, research announcement article, but it only hints at the ideas used in the proof.

The proof does not use a computer. Instead, it introduces a complexification of the original problem, and develops a generalization of the theory of normally hyperbolic invariant curves and stable manifolds to multi-valued maps $F:\mathbb {C} ^{2}\to \mathbb {C} ^{2}$. This method allows the use of global methods of complex analysis. The prototypical global theorem is the Liouville's theorem. Another global theorem is Chow's theorem. The global method was used in the proof of Ushiki's Theorem.

Similar problems and their generalizations have also been studied.

1. The equireciprocal point problem
2. The general chordal problem of Gardner
3. Equiproduct point problem


title: Daniel Barwick

abstract: Daniel Workman Barwick is an American author, fundraiser, journalist, podcaster, higher education administrator, and teacher. He was the President of Independence Community College in Independence, Kansas.

text:
# Daniel Barwick

**Daniel Workman Barwick** (born June 21, 1968) is an American author, fundraiser, journalist, podcaster, higher education administrator, and teacher. He was the President of Independence Community College in Independence, Kansas.

## Biography and education

Barwick was born in New Hartford, New York, and raised in Utica, New York. Following high school, he attended school in Strangnas, Sweden, as a Rotary International Exchange Student, returning to the United States in 1987 to attend the State University of New York College at Geneseo, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree. He then earned a Master of Arts degree in Philosophy from the University of Iowa, studying under Panayot Butchvarov. He earned his PhD from the State University of New York at Buffalo, where Barry Smith served as his dissertation advisor. His graduate work was primarily in metaphysics and bioethics, and his dissertation was on the metaphysics of concepts. He is a 2012 graduate of Leadership Independence and a 2013 graduate of Leadership Kansas.

## Career

Barwick was CEO of CBD Associates, LLC, a real estate holding company in New York, and CFO for The Well-Dressed Reader, an internet specialty company.

Barwick was Associate Professor of Philosophy and Director of Institutional Advancement at Alfred State College, Executive Director of that college's Development Fund, and held a number of other administrative positions there. He became President of Independence Community College in 2011.

From 2008-2018, Barwick was certified by CFRE International, a provider of professional certification of fundraising proficiency. Since 2007, he has worked primarily as a fundraiser for nonprofit organizations, raising over $100M since that time.

Barwick was named by Ingram's Business Magazine as one of the "Fifty Kansans You Should Know" in 2016. In 2017, he was elected President of the Council of Presidents, the Kansas-wide group of community college presidents. During the 2017-2018 fiscal year in which he represented Kansas Community Colleges, community college funding statewide received its first increase in eight years. Active in Rotary International, he became the president of the Independence, Kansas Rotary Club in 2017.

Since 2018, Barwick has published a blog on higher education issues from a senior leadership perspective, The Mortarboard Blog. He hosts a companion podcast, The Mortarboard.

Barwick played a minor role as himself in the 2018 and 2019 seasons of the Netflix documentary series *Last Chance U*, which featured Independence Community College.

Barwick resigned as President of Independence Community College in June 2019, as the Mortarboard became a larger organization and he took on the role of President.

In 2020, Barwick became Director of Development of the School of Health and Human Services at Indiana State University. In his first two years at the university, Indiana State University achieved its highest ever university-wide fundraising totals, as well as its highest totals for the health sciences.

In 2022, Barwick became the Director of Philanthropy for the University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Dentistry, and Executive Director of the Rinehart Foundation. He also has periodically taught philosophy as an adjunct instructor for a variety of schools.

Barwick is the author of the 2020 book *Risk and Reward: How Small Colleges Get Better Against the Odds,* published by ABJames. He is also the author of the 1994 book *Intentional Implications: The impact of a reduction of mind on philosophy*, published by University Press of America. According to WorldCat, the book is held in 95 libraries.

## Educational issues

Following conflict in 2005-2006 that took place between the Alfred State College campus president Uma Gupta and employees, which attracted national coverage in the *New York Times,* *The Chronicle of Higher Education,* and other venues, Barwick identified the event as the first time that social media criticism had contributed substantially to the reassignment of a public college president, publishing positively reviewed analyses in national and international publications.

Barwick was a proponent of the view that a negative link between large class size, generically understood, and reduced learning outcomes has not been proven to exist in higher education, and has argued that additional funding for research is needed. An early advocate for the Mooc, he has argued that although a negative link has been established between certain types of instruction in large classes and learning outcomes, there was not sufficient experimentation with different instructional methods to determine whether large class size was always correlated with poorer outcomes.

In 2013, Independence Community College became the first public college in Kansas to allow the concealed carry of handguns. As more states require public colleges to allow concealed carry, Barwick has spoken and published on the data gathered during the period since the rule was enacted, the process used to construct his campus' policy, and the insurance options for schools who choose to allow concealed carry.

In 2016, Barwick was one of eight presidents who threatened to leave the Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference over concerns regarding football roster limitations. Barwick and the seven other presidents argued that the roster limitations were originally based on racial discrimination, and continued to have a discriminatory effect against minority athletes. The conference subsequently voted unanimously to eliminate the restrictions.

In 2021, Barwick first published his view that the majority of colleges should shift to what he called a “trundle,” a teaching-based version of Scott Galloway’s “rundle,” which is itself a combination of bundling of services and a subscription-based payment model. Barwick has argued that the current transaction model of higher education, which requires a commitment of time, effort, and money from the student with no guarantee of success, is increasingly unattractive to prospective students and will gradually erode enrollments further.

## InfoBox

| Daniel W. Barwick | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | New Hartford, NY |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | State University of New York College at Geneseo, University of Iowa, State University of New York at Buffalo |
| Occupation | Educator |
| Spouse | Carin |
| Children | 2 |