title: Eschbronn

abstract: Eschbronn is a municipality in the district of Rottweil, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

text:
# Eschbronn

**Eschbronn** is a municipality in the district of Rottweil, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History and name

The municipality of Eschbronn was created on 1 January 1972 by the merging of the towns of Locherhof and Mariazell as part of the 1968-75 Baden-Württemberg municipal reforms. A previous, unsuccessful attempt at a merger was attempted by the townships in 1939. For the 1972 merger, the equality of the townships was emphasized by the choosing of a new name, Eschbronn.

### Locherhof

Locherhof was first mentioned in 1326 as "Affolterunbach", an apple orchard owned by the Imperial Abbey of Rottenmünster, in a legal dispute with another Rottenmünster's properties. The township was conferred in 1483 Hans Christlin von Büdingen, a local nobleman, but remained a property of the abbey. This document was the first to use the name "Locherhof" in reference to the town. Locherhof was divided into two properties, Upper and Lower Locherhof, in the mid-16th century. Both expanded dramatically in the 18th century, though the separation caused much commercial headache. In 1802-03, as a result of German mediatization, Rottenmünster was secularized and all its properties were awarded to the Electorate, later Kingdom, of Württemberg. Locherhof was assigned first to a local district based at Rottenmünster, but in 1806 became an independent municipality. On 26 April 1808, it was assigned to Oberamt Rottweil.

### Mariazell

Mariazell was established by Reichenau Abbey around 1000, but was first mentioned in historical documents in the 1275 *Cella Mariae* tithe book. The town was devastated by local warfare in 1444 and that time was a possession of the Lordship of Schramberg, itself part of the Habsburg realm of Further Austria.

Mariazell also became a possession of the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1806. It was assigned on 27 October 1810 to Oberamt Oberndorf. Until 1839, the present-day municipality of Hardt was a borough of Mariazell.

## Geography

The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Eschbronn covers 11.41 square kilometers (4.41 sq mi) of the district of Rottweil, of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Eschonbronn is physically located at the edge of the Central Black Forest and the Upper Gäu. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area has a range of about 100 meters (330 ft), with a high of 772 meters (2,533 ft) Normalnull (NN) near Mariazell and a low of 670 meters (2,200 ft) NN at the Teufenbach on the border with Dunningen.

## Politics

Eschbronn has two boroughs (*Ortsteile*): Locherhof and Marizell.

### Coat of arms

Eschbronn's municipal coat of arms displays ash tree branch with seven leaves, in green above a blue, invected line, and upon a field of white. This pattern mainly refers to the etymology of "Eschbronn". It was awarded with a municipal flag by the Rottweil district office in 1990.

## InfoBox

| Eschbronn | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| View of Mariazell, Eschbronn | |
|  | |
| Location of Eschbronn within Rottweil district | |
| Eschbronn Eschbronn | |
| Coordinates: 48°11′06″N 08°27′28″E / 48.18500°N 8.45778°E / 48.18500; 8.45778 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Admin. region | Freiburg |
| District | Rottweil |
| Area | |
| Total | 11.41 km2 (4.41 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 700 m (2,300 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 2,095 |
| Density | 180/km2 (480/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 78664 |
| Dialling codes | 07403 |
| Vehicle registration | RW |
| Website | www.eschbronn.de |


title: Cleveland Law Range

abstract: Cleveland Law Range is a historic office building located at Spartanburg, Spartanburg County, South Carolina. It was built in 1898–1899, and is a three-story, Richardsonian Romanesque style brick building. It features five arched bays on the ground floor, with repeated bay arrangements on the second and third floors. Three South Carolina governors maintained offices in the Cleveland Law Range: James F. Byrnes, John Gary Evans, and Donald S. Russell. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

text:
# Cleveland Law Range

**Cleveland Law Range** is a historic office building located at Spartanburg, Spartanburg County, South Carolina. It was built in 1898–1899, and is a three-story, Richardsonian Romanesque style brick building. It features five arched bays on the ground floor, with repeated bay arrangements on the second and third floors. Three South Carolina governors maintained offices in the Cleveland Law Range: James F. Byrnes, John Gary Evans, and Donald S. Russell.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cleveland Law Range | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Cleveland Law Range, February 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 171 Magnolia St., Spartanburg, South Carolina |
| Coordinates | 34°57′3″N 81°56′4″W / 34.95083°N 81.93444°W / 34.95083; -81.93444 |
| Area | 0.7 acres (0.28 ha) |
| Built | 1898 (1898)-1899 |
| Architectural style | Romanesque, Richardsonian Romanesque |
| NRHP reference No. | 73001730 |
| Added to NRHP | April 13, 1973 |


title: Oulu Music Video Festival

abstract: Oulu Music Video Festival was founded in 1994 by students of the Oulu School of Arts and Crafts. The festival's back bone is the Finnish Music Video Contest. The best Finnish music video is awarded with The Golden Pumpeli Award and the most promising young director is awarded with the Teen Pumpeli Award. The best Post-Production and cinematography received their own category in 2015 and have been awarded the Lens Pumpeli Award and the Post Pumpeli Award ever since. The Finnish Music Foundation (MES) gives out an annual award at the festival to a person who has furthered the art of music videos. Music videos are screened at the Cultural Centre Valve. The world famous Air Guitar World Championships were first held in 1996 as part of the Oulu Music Video Festival.

text:
# Oulu Music Video Festival

**Oulu Music Video Festival** was founded in 1994 by students of the Oulu School of Arts and Crafts. The festival's back bone is the Finnish Music Video Contest. The best Finnish music video is awarded with The Golden Pumpeli Award and the most promising young director is awarded with the Teen Pumpeli Award.

The best Post-Production and cinematography received their own category in 2015 and have been awarded the Lens Pumpeli Award and the Post Pumpeli Award ever since. The Finnish Music Foundation (MES) gives out an annual award at the festival to a person who has furthered the art of music videos. Music videos are screened at the Cultural Centre Valve.

The world famous Air Guitar World Championships were first held in 1996 as part of the Oulu Music Video Festival.

## Awarded

### 2022

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: JaakkoAkseli - Peli (Anna Äärelä)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Elsi Sloan \- 18 solmua (Veeti Hautanen, Elsi Sloan)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Von Hertzen Brothers \- All of a Sudden, You´re Gone (Kie von Hertzen)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Aino & Miihkali feat. Anssi Nykänen \- Akileijat (Jussi Turunen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Von Hertzen Brothers - All of a Sudden, You´re Gone (Kie von Hertzen)
* Honorable mention: PastoriPike ft. Gracias, Yeboyah, Bile, Kingfish, Sebastian Da Costa, Musta Barbaari \- Paa se bängää (Ima Iduozee)
* Honorable mention: Ilkka Kalevi Tillanen, Ollimaine Jäbä, Are \- Tappava Ase (Atte Heinonen)
* Honorable mention: VIIVI - Hyväuskoinen (Sam Farage)
* Honorable mention: Peijas - Haamu (Juho Karhu)
* Honorable mention: Mika Hautamäki
* The Award for contributing music videos: Karim ’kaverikarim’ Saheb

### 2021

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Suistamon Sähkö - Kutsu (Justus Kantakoski, Mortti Saarnia)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Cyril Awakens - Atlas (Siiri Selin)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Cledos \- CEISSI (lyhytelokuva) (kaverikarim)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Litku Klemetti \- Google Earth Rock (Iiris Tuononen, Kalevi Suopursu)
* Audience Pumpeli: Business City \- Seppo Räty Berghainissa (Rauli Ylitalo)
* Honorable mention: Barkin’ Benny - 500MPH (Christoffer Collina, Ilona Salonen)
* Honorable mention: Haraamo - Menettämisestä (Jussi Saarelma)
* Honorable mention: Skraidu - On a High Road (Eliel Tammiharju, Miss Kompro)
* Honorable mention: Ylioppilaskunnan Laulajat \- Pohjois-Karjala (Heikki Slåen)
* The Award for contributing music videos: Anton Tammi

### 2020

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Pariisin Kevät \- Onks se Rakkautta (Juho R.A. Lähdesmäki)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Kuopus - Sun kämppään katoon (Anniina Joensalo)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Artem - Värit (Sami Rehmonen)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Kyynel ft. Piän Mega Tuuttiz - Äiti (Ros Red)
* Audience Pumpeli: Turmion Kätilöt \- Naitu (Rauli Ylitalo)
* Honorable Mention: Artem - Värit (kaverikarim)
* Honorable Mention: Yeboyah - Elovena EP (Inka Pitkänen & Ima Iduozee & Carmen Baltzar & Geoffrey Erista)
* Honorable Mention: Cledos - TÄN KAA (kaverikarim)
* Honorable Mention: Kuopus - Sun kämppään katoon (Anniina Joensalo)
* Honorable Mention: Pyöveli & Nasty - Jeesus, Mooses & Pyöveli (James Kokko)
* The Award for contributing music videos: Jean-Noël Mustonen

### 2019

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Räjäyttäjät - Samassa Veneessä (Kalevi Suopursu)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: GMMT feat. Muumiponi - Netiketti (Juha Mattila)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Jesse Markin - Jericho (Hannu Pyyhtiä)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Chisu \- Artisti/Narsisti (Liisa Vääriskoski)
* Audience Pumpeli: OG Ulla-Maija - Myrkytyskeskus (Nuutti Pura)
* The Award for contributing music videos: Viivi Huuska

### 2018

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Color Dolor - Anyway The Wind Blows (Juha Ilmari Laine)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: joku iiris - Moi Äiti (Iiris Tuononen)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Jesse Markin - Blood (Anton Thompson Coon)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Peltokurki - Musta koira (Tommi Rahko)
* Audience Pumpeli: Sunrise Avenue \- I Help You Hate Me (Anna Äärelä)
* Honorable Mention: Femme en Fourrure - Ride (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: M - Tehtaantyttö (Sami Sänpäkkilä)
* Honorable Mention: Janne Huttunen - Capetown Boogie Woogie (Teemu Nikki)
* Honorable Mention: Sarah Palu - Koti merellä / Laulu lähteneele (Iiris Heikka)
* The Award for contributing music videos: Taanila Mika

### 2017

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Huoratron \- XXIV - Crimes of Love (Perttu Saksa)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: 23:23 - Faraway Island (Onni Nieminen)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Olavi Uusivirta \- Kultaa hiuksissa (Tuomas Järvelä)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Pete Parkkonen \- Kohta sataa (Viivi Huuska)
* Audience Pumpeli: Eevil Stöö \- Oon Eazy E (Lauri Tarvainen)
* Honorable Mention: Roby - Waterfalls (Juha Ilmari Laine)
* Honorable Mention: F.U.N.C. - Nectar (Simo Liukka)
* Honorable Mention: Lasane! - Ruutu (Jyrki Pyörnilä, Veli-Matti Torkko)
* The Award for contributing music videos: Hannu Aukia

### 2016

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Mikko Joensuu - Warning Sign (Ezra Gould)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: The Holy - This Will Be the Day That I Die (Juho Länsiharju)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Irma Agiashvili - In Vain
* Post Pumpeli Award: Asa - 5000 (Totte Rautiainen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Cristal Snow \- Love is Blind (Viivi Huuska)
* Honorable Mention: Draama-Helmi - Kukkuu (Helmi Kajaste)
* Honorable Mention: Huoratron \- Bit Rot (Kim Koponen, Tuomas A. Laitinen, Aku Raski)
* Honorable Mention: Äänet Päässä Hiljaa! - Uraputki (Roosa Melentjeff)
* Honorable Mention: Pekko - Hunger (Anton Tammi)

### 2015

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Talmud Beach - Ain't So Young (Tuomo Tuovinen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: SOFA - Tyttörukka (Ulla Heikkilä)
* Lens Pumpeli Award: Haamu - Rushdie Remix feat. MNSTRMKK, Kalifornia-Keke, Paperi-T (Jukka Moisio)
* Post Pumpeli Award: Musta Barbaari \- Kuka pelkää pimeet (Taito Kawata)
* Audience Pumpeli: Jälkkä - Kesärenkaat (se parempi versio) feat. Robin (Rise)
* Honorable Mention: Musta Barbaari \- Kuka pelkää pimeet (Taito Kawata)
* Honorable Mention: Khid - Myyn kaikki paitsi Kate Bushin levyt (Tomi Seppälä)
* Honorable Mention: Antti Kristus - Minä Vihaan (Rolf Lindblom, Arto Toivonen)
* Honorable Mention: Milla Rumi - Ilot, halut ja valheet (Milla Rumi & työryhmä)

### 2014

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Le Roi - Lintu (ohjaus Sakari Lerkkanen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Olavi Uusivirta \- Ollaanko tämä kesä näin? (Mirkka Kallio)
* Audience Pumpeli: Stam1na \- Panzerfaust (Jouni Kallio)
* Honorable Mention: Ricky-Tick Big Band & Julkinen Sana - Ne burnaa (Sami Joensuu)
* Honorable Mention: Milla Rumi - Luulaulu (Iiro Hokkanen, Niko Hatara)
* Honorable Mention: Ameeba - Vanhasielu (Jukka Metsäaho)
* Honorable Mention: Jonna Tervomaa \- Tikapuut (Mika Ronkainen)
* Honorable Mention: Gracias - Levels (Stream Fast, Die Young) (Ezra Gould)
* Honorable Mention: Paleface \- Mull' on lupa (Teemu Niukkanen)

### 2013

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Jori Sjöroos & Paula Vesala \- Satumaa (ohjaus Teemu Niukkanen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Gracias - Let Myself Go (Taito Kawata)
* Audience Pumpeli: Michael Monroe \- Ballad Of The Lower East Side (Ville Juurikkala)
* Honorable Mention: Laineen Kasperi - 7 miljardia soluttautujaa (Terjo Aaltonen)
* Honorable Mention: Mariska & Pahat Sudet - Kukkurukuu (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: Sweet Moses - Kaleidoscope (Juha Ilmari Laine)
* Honorable Mention: I Was a Teenage Satan Worshipper - Make Your Move (Teemu Niukkanen)
* Honorable Mention: J. Karjalainen \- Sydänlupaus (Misko Iho)
* Honorable Mention: Rättö ja Lehtisalo \- Spiritismi (Jussi Lehtisalo, Eetu Henttonen)

### 2012

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Pariisin Kevät \- Kesäyö (ohjaus Hannu Aukia)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Puhti - Sipiläs (Tommi Kainulainen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Stam1na \- Valtiaan uudet vaateet (Tuomas Petsalo)
* Honorable Mention: Huoratron \- Cryptocracy (Lauri Warsta)
* Honorable Mention: Von Hertzen Brothers \- Always Been Right (Nazal Delay)
* Honorable Mention: Chisu \- Kohtalon Oma (Misko Iho)
* Honorable Mention: Streak and the Raven - Speed of Light (Otto Kylmälä)
* Honorable Mention: Stam1na \- Puolikas ihminen (Jouni Kallio)
* Honorable Mention: Mirel Wagner \- No Death (Aki Roukala)

### 2011

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Olavi Uusivirta \- Sydänmaa (ohjaus Henna Riikonen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Juju - Loppu (Joona Sarisalmi)
* Audience Pumpeli: Stam1na \- Yhdeksän tien päät (Jouni Kallio)
* Honorable Mention: Manboy - How It Hurts (Teemu Niukkanen)
* Honorable Mention: SMC Lähiörotat \- Yks risti kaks (Jaakko Itäaho, Jukka Metsäaho)
* Honorable Mention: CMX \- Auringon kultainen kaupunki (Hannu Aukia)
* Honorable Mention: Haloo Helsinki! \- Kokeile minua (Misko Iho)
* Honorable Mention: Husky Rescue \- Fast Lane (Antony Bentley)
* Honorable Mention: Zebra and Snake - Big Bad Drummer (Juho Risto Aukusti Lähdesmäki)

### 2010

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: I Was A Teenage Satan Worshipper - Amsterdamned (ohjaus Teemu Niukkanen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Jesse - Odotin ihmettä (Mikko Mällinen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Stam1na \- Pakkolasku (Tuomas Petsalo)
* Honorable Mention: Jukka Ässä - Paha maa (Teemu Niukkanen)
* Honorable Mention: Femme en Fourrure - Plump Bisquit (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: PMMP \- Valitusvirsi (Mika Kurvinen)
* Honorable Mention: Olavi Uusivirta \- Uni (Wille Hyvönen)
* Honorable Mention: Raptori \- Tosi tarttuva täytebiisi 16 (Markus Virpiö)
* Honorable Mention: Husky Rescue \- They are coming (Pete Riski)

### 2009

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Eleanoora Rosenholm - Ambulanssikuskitar (ohjaus Pete Veijalainen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Regina - Tapaa minut aamulla (Iiro Hokkanen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Cheek - Jos mä oisin sä (Wille Hyvönen)
* Honorable Mention: Don Johnson Big Band \- L.L.H (Aleksi Koskinen, Akseli Tuomivaara)
* Honorable Mention: Eleanoora Rosenholm - Maailmanloppu (Sami Sänpäkkilä, Mika Rättö)
* Honorable Mention: Zebra and Snake - Colors (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: Elk - Hot Breathing (Aleksi Koskinen, Akseli Tuomivaara)
* Honorable Mention: Medeia - Cold Embrace (Medeia)
* Honorable Mention: Kotiteollisuus \- Mahtisanat (Antti Hyyrynen)

### 2008

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Stam1na \- Lääke (ohjaus Jouni Kallio)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: The Gambit \- Snake Styles \[jungle rattle\] (Magdalena Spiik)
* Audience Pumpeli: Nightwish \- The Islander (Stobe Harju)
* Honorable Mention: The Millioners - Body Into Us (Jotti Taival)
* Honorable Mention: Huoratron \- $$ Troopers (Las Palmas)
* Honorable Mention: Iiwanajulma - Absinttia (Henrik Mennander)
* Honorable Mention: Pintandwefall - Somewhere I´d Be Worshipper (My Lovin´ Martian)
* Honorable Mention: Pooma - Snow (Jussi Kemppainen)
* Honorable Mention: Stig Dogg \- VadelmaSuklaa (Pete Veijalainen)

### 2007

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Montevideo - Come Clean (ohjaus Las Palmas -ohjaajakollektiivi)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Moses Hazy - Suck My Elbow (J-M Kenttälä, Petra Pöyliö)
* Audience Pumpeli: Montevideo - Come Clean (ohjaus Las Palmas -ohjaajakollektiivi)
* Honorable Mention: Ruoska \- Mies yli laidan (Henrik Mennander)
* Honorable Mention: PMMP \- Joku raja (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: Timo Rautiainen \- Outolintu (Vesa-Matti Vainio)
* Honorable Mention: Déclassé - Shadows (Kari Salmi, RK Jenny)
* Honorable Mention: Pariisin kevät \- Samoilla raitella (Veera Luhtala)
* Honorable Mention**:** Deep Insight \- New Day (Akseli Tuomivaara)

### 2006

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Magyar Posse \- Whirlpool of Terror and Tension (ohjaus Lauri Warsta ja Jouni Karttunen)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Velcra \- Memory Loss (Chrzu)
* Audience Pumpeli: Magyar Posse \- Whirlpool Of Terror And Tension (ohjaus Lauri Warsta ja Jouni Karttunen)
* Honorable Mention: Don Johnson Big Band \- Road (Akseli Tuomivaara)
* Honorable Mention: Aavikko \- Una Lira Soluzione (Matleena Jänis, Emilia Lehtinen)
* Honorable Mention: Ninja - Fashion (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: Lodger - Satan (Hannes Häyhä)
* Honorable Mention: Leningrad Cowboys \- You're My Heart, You're My Soul (Teemu Auersalo)
* Honorable Mention: Zarkus \- Huudetaan (Jussi-Petteri Kemppainen)

### 2005

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: PMMP \- Päiväkoti (ohjaus Finn Andersson)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Trio Tetris - Tattarmosshen (Anu Liikkanen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Disco Ensemble \- Drop Dead Casanova (Lauri Warsta, Jouni Karttunen)
* Honorable Mention: Kotiteollisuus \- Kaihola (Tommi Karvinen)
* Honorable Mention: Quintessence - Delirous (Vesa Manninen)
* Honorable Mention: Kotiteollisuus \- Vieraan sanomaa (Sami Parkkinen, Jaakko Kilpiäinen)
* Honorable Mention: Husky Rescue \- New Light Of Tomorrow (Pete Riski)
* Honorable Mention: Zen Cafe \- Taivas on kirkas ja napakka (Pete Veijalainen)
* Honorable Mention: Disco Ensemble \- Drop Dead Casanova (Lauri Warsta, Jouni Karttunen)

### 2004

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Sweatmaster - Song with No Words (ohjaus Kalle Kotila ja Tomi Malakias)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Steen1 \- Jarden träkki (Antti Salminen, Saija Salonen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Sweatmaster - Song with No Words (ohjaus Kalle Kotila ja Tomi Malakias)
* Honorable Mention: DJ Slow \- Keep Moving (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: The Crash \- Still Alive (Tommi Pietiläinen)
* Honorable Mention: Zen Café \- Piha ilman sadettajaa (Pete Veijalainen)
* Honorable Mention: Elastinen \- Syljen (Jani Tolin)
* Honorable Mention: Lodger \- I Love Death (Hannes Häyhä)
* Honorable Mention: Husky Rescue \- City Lights (Miikka Lommi)

### 2003

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Lodger \- Doorsteps (ohjaus Hannes Häyhä)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Markus Castrén - Here With Me (Teemu Niukkanen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Lodger \- Doorsteps (ohjaus Hannes Häyhä)
* Honorable Mention: Willycranes - Woops 25 (Arn-Henrik Blomqvist)
* Honorable Mention: Amorphis \- Evil Inside (Taku Kaskela)
* Honorable Mention: Fintelligens \- En vaihtais päivääkään (Kusti Manninen)
* Honorable Mention: Scandinavian Music Group \- Ei mun oo hyvä olla yksin (Tommi Mattila)
* Honorable Mention: Au Pair - Juhlat (J-P Passi, Tomi Tuomaala)
* Honorable Mention: Infekto - Miami Treble (Lauri Warsta, Jouni Karttunen, Kotila Kalle)

### 2002

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Kemopetrol \- Goodbye (ohjaus Miikka Lommi)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Loudtribe - Rocketfuel (Lauri Warsta, Jouni Karttunen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Ruotomieli - Kivinen tie (Vesa Rönty)
* Honorable Mention: The Crash \- Lauren caught my eye (Tommi Pietiläinen)
* Honorable Mention: Lordi \- Would You Love a Monsterman (Pete Riski)
* Honorable Mention: Kotiteollisuus \- Rakastaa/Ei rakasta (Pete Veijalainen)
* Honorable Mention: Kemopetrol \- Saw It On Tv (Teemu Nikki)
* Honorable Mention: The Odorants \- This Night (Jaakko Slotte)
* Honorable Mention: Iiwana Julma - Tilkkutäkki (Tommi Karvinen)

### 2001

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Op:l Bastards \- Scorpius (ohjaus Jon Sundell)
* Teen Pumpeli Award: Tulenkantajat - Rollofunk (Petri Kyttälä)
* Audience Pumpeli**:** Prof. Heikerö - Join niin (Jari Leinonen)
* Honorable Mention: Kukka - Hot Light (Jukka Kärkkäinen)
* Honorable Mention: Marlo - Dust (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: Ismo Alanko Säätiö \- Sisäinen solarium (Teemu Nikki)
* Honorable Mention: Manboy - A Bore (Pasi Pauni)
* Honorable Mention: Paleface \- Back to Square One (Tommi Pietiläinen)
* Honorable Mention: Z-MC - The Drum and The Bass (Pete Riski)

### 2000

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Disco - Ilkeitä asioita (ohjaus Finn Andersson)
* Audience Pumpeli: Nylon Beat \- Syytön (Pete Riski)
* Special Honorable Mention: Pauli Hanhiniemen perunateatteri \- Vieraslista (Teemu Nikki)
* Special Honorable Mention: Giant Robot - Jennifer Kissed Me (Kaisa Penttilä)
* Honorable Mention: Fintelligens \- Voittamaton (Miikka Lommi)
* Honorable Mention: Apulanta \- Odotus (Tuukka Temonen)
* Honorable Mention: Seremoniamestari \- Ihana päivä (Tomi Yli-Suvanto)

### 1999

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: The Crash \- Sugared (ohjaus Tommi Pietiläinen)
* The Public Pumpeli Award: The Crash \- Sugared (ohjaus Tommi Pietiläinen)
* Honorable Mention: The Rasmus \- Liquid (Viljami Eronen)
* Honorable Mention: Neomarkka - Yksi kahdelle (Mikko Hilke, Jukka Salonen, Hermanni Yli-Tapsa)
* Honorable Mention: Jonna Tervomaa \- En sinulta rauhaa saa (Sökö Kaukoranta)
* Honorable Mention: Supperheads - Heavenly High (Pete Riski)
* Honorable Mention: Egotrippi \- Ulkopuolella (Kie von Hertzen)

### 1998

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Aavikko \- El Cebo/Panama (Esa Nissi, J-P Passi ja Pasi Pirttiaho)
* Audience Pumpeli: Pipoz - Here we go (Jaakko Saurama)
* Special Honorable Mention: Ultra Bra \- Sinä lähdit pois (Aleksi Bardy)
* Special Honorable Mention: Bomfunk Mc's \- Uprocking beats (Miikka Lommi)
* Special Honorable Mention: Apulanta \- Mitä vaan (Tuukka Temonen)
* Honorable Mention: Come Inside \- Hold Me Now (Pete Riski)
* Honorable Mention: Jimi Tenor \- Midsummernight (Sökö Kaukoranta)
* Honorable Mention: Apocalyptica \- Harmageddon (Kare Hellén)
* Honorable Mention: Kotiteollisuus \- Routa ei lopu (Miikko Oikkonen)

### 1997

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Aknestik \- Neptunus (Jukka Takalo)
* Audience Pumpeli: Tjad & Jasupehmo - Avaruuslimonadi (Antti Haaranen, Jaakko Huuki)
* Honorable Mention: Aki Sirkesalo \- Seksuaalista häirintää (Sökö Kaukoranta)
* Honorable Mention: Arto Tamminen - Utopia (Pete Riski)
* Honorable Mention: Waldo - The Look (Marko Antila)
* Honorable Mention: Sound of R.E.L.S. - Crazy Music (Sökö Kaukoranta, Hector Abaunza-Canales)

### 1996

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Rinneradio \- Aromaa Alt Too (Michael Aston)
* Audience Pumpeli: The Leo Bugariloves - Lämmöllä ja antaumuksella (Tuija Karén)
* Honorable Mention: Generators - Rearrange (Mikko Pitkänen)
* Honorable Mention: Don Huonot & Sub Urban Tribe \- Sirkuksessa (Kie von Hertzen)
* Honorable Mention: Don Huonot \- Seireeni (Aulis Moisio, Tommi Tikka)
* Honorable Mention: Jasse Kesti - Minimal rain (Kari Mankinen)
* Honorable Mention: 22-Pistepirkko \- Don't play cello (jello mix) (Mika Ronkainen)
* Honorable Mention: Circle - Valerian (Mika Taanila)
* Honorable Mention: Nylon Beat \- Lä-lä-lä (Pete Riski)

### 1995

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: 22-Pistepirkko \- (Just a) Little Bit More (Mika Taanila)
* Audience Pumpeli: The Leo Bugariloves - Viiden tuulen lakki (Tuija Karén)
* Honorable Mention: The Insult that made a man out of mac - Underhygiene (Heikki Paulaharju, Mikko Pitkänen)
* Honorable Mention: Supperheads - Twentysomething (Pete Riski)
* Honorable Mention: Sick Things International - Dive (Heikki Paulaharju, Mikko Pitkänen)
* Honorable Mention: Waldo - It´s About Time (Eppu Kärki)
* Honorable Mention: 22-Pistepirkko \- Gimme Some Water (Mika Taanila, Asko Keränen)
* Honorable Mention: Sweetheart - Life among cannibals (Kimmo Schroderus)
* Honorable Mention: Werner Vorman rautasirkus - Ligeia (Tomi Jarva, Anssi Puisto)

### 1994

* The Golden Pumpeli Award: Barnhill Boys - Greasy Raymond (Pekka Turunen)
* Audience Pumpeli: Brüssel Kaupallinen - Kivinen kosteus (Jukka Takalo)
* The Kid Pumpeli Award: Pentti Rasinkangas & Ohilyönti - Lehmän mopo (Paul Warren)
* Honorable Mention: Russian Love - Will you come out to play? (Mika Ronkainen, Panu Tyhtilä)
* Honorable Mention: Wilma - Claudius (Hande Andersson)
* Honorable Mention: Invisible Dolls sound parade - Työtäni teen/Voitko luopua nyt (Anneli Nygren)
* Honorable Mention: Janita \- Mikään ei oo mahdotonta (Riitta Sourander)
* Honorable Mention: Circle - Crawatt (Jorma Mehtonen)
* Honorable Mention: Mahtavat lämpöpussit - Jeesus käski mut parturiin (Vesa Kataisto, Pekka Heiman)
* Honorable Mention: Saukki ja Pikkuoravat - Villin lännen villitys (Rauni Järvilehto)

## InfoBox

Oulu Music Video Festival
| Location | Oulu, Finland |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Awards | Golden Pumpeli Award, Teen Pumpeli Award |
| No. of films | 380 (2014) |
| Website | www.omvf.net/en/home/ |


title: Eugene O'Riordan

abstract: Eugene O'Riordan is an author and professor at the Dublin City University School of Mathematical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. His areas of research include singularly perturbed differential equations, numerical analysis and Shishkin meshes.

text:
# Eugene O'Riordan

**Eugene O'Riordan** is an author and professor at the Dublin City University School of Mathematical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. His areas of research include singularly perturbed differential equations, numerical analysis and Shishkin meshes.

## Published works

Books by Eugene O'Riordan include:

* *Robust computational techniques for boundary layers*, Chapman and Hall/ CRC press, 2000.
* *Fitted numerical methods for singular perturbation problems-error estimates in the maximum norm for linear problems in one and two dimensions*, World-Scientific, 1996.

1. "Eugene O'Riordan's home page". *Dublin City University*. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2006.
2. Review of *Robust computational techniques* by Martin Stynes (2001), *Mathematical Reviews*, MR1750671
3. Review of *Fitted numerical methods* by Martin Stynes (1998), *Mathematical Reviews*, MR1439750


title: Devachan

abstract: Devachan is the "dwelling of the gods" according to the original teachings of Theosophy as formulated by H.P. Blavatsky.

text:
# Devachan

**Devachan** (compound word; Sanskrit 'deva', gods, and the Tibetan word 'chan' Wylie: 'can', possessing, having, subject to) is the "dwelling of the gods" according to the original teachings of Theosophy as formulated by H.P. Blavatsky.

## Theosophy

*Devachan* is regarded as the place where most souls go after death where desires are gratified, corresponding to the Christian belief in Heaven. However, Devachan is a temporary, intermediate state of being before the soul's eventual rebirth into the physical world.

> Through Wisdom and Knowledge, one can reach Nirvana and be free from the cycle of birth and death, and even the "false bliss" of Devachan.

H.P. Blavatsky, *The Secret Doctrine*

### According to C.W. Leadbeater

C.W. Leadbeater located the "Devachan" on the mental plane many miles far above the surface of Earth. While those souls at the zeroth level of initiation (the vast majority of the inhabitants of Earth) go to Summerland (located on the astral plane only a few miles above the surface of Earth) when they die, those who have reached the first, second, or third levels of initiation go to Devachan when they die. The final Heaven where souls at the fourth level of initiation (those souls who have become arhats and no longer need to reincarnate) is called Nirvana. When reaching the fourth level of initiation, one can become a pratyekabuddha and enter Nirvana right away, or become a buddha or bodhisattva and teach others before entering. One can also choose to become a Master in the Spiritual Hierarchy upon reaching the fourth level of initiation—then one's entrance into Nirvana is delayed for millions, billions, or trillions of years until one has completed climbing the ladder of initiation by completing one's tasks as a Master in the Spiritual Hierarchy.

## Anthroposophy

From the perspective of anthroposophy Rudolf Steiner asserts that the Lower Devachan (or the Heavenly World) and Higher Devachan (or the World of Reason) are two "supersensible" realms, above the astral realm, associated with emotions and will impulse, respectively. In comparison, the mental realm is associated with thought.


title: Dhanora (Mahasiddha)

abstract: Dhanora is a village in Jalgaon Jamod tehsil of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. It is famous for its fair of Mahasiddha Maharaj. It is also known locally as Dhanora (Mahasiddha) to distinguish it from several other villages named Dhanora. Dhanora is situated 6 km north-west from Asalgaon on Maharashtra State Highway 194. It is connected to Asalgaon by a metalled road. There is an ancient temple and samadhi of Shri Mahasiddha Maharaj in one of the 84 Siddhas in Dhanora Nagari, which is situated in the holy city of Satpura, situated about 06 km away from Jalgaon Jamod. It is the second largest and eight-day fair of Buldhana district and one of its significant fairs. The district gazetteer originally printed in 1910 notes it as the second largest annual fair in the district. This fair was then also attended by people from distant places.

text:
# Dhanora (Mahasiddha)

**Dhanora** is a village in Jalgaon Jamod tehsil of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. It is famous for its fair of *Mahasiddha Maharaj*. It is also known locally as *Dhanora (Mahasiddha)* to distinguish it from several other villages named Dhanora.

Dhanora is situated 6 km north-west from Asalgaon on Maharashtra State Highway 194. It is connected to Asalgaon by a metalled road.

There is an ancient temple and samadhi of Shri Mahasiddha Maharaj in one of the 84 Siddhas in Dhanora Nagari, which is situated in the holy city of Satpura, situated about 06 km away from Jalgaon Jamod. It is the second largest and eight-day fair of Buldhana district and one of its significant fairs. The district gazetteer originally printed in 1910 notes it as the second largest annual fair in the district. This fair was then also attended by people from distant places.

## InfoBox

| Dhanora | |
| --- | --- |
| city | |
| DhanoraLocation in Maharashtra, IndiaDhanoraDhanora (India) | |
| Coordinates: 21°02′33″N 76°27′51″E / 21.0426°N 76.4641°E / 21.0426; 76.4641 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Buldana |
| Languages | |
| Official | Marathi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | MH-28 |


title: Dhanotu, Kangra district

abstract: Dhanotu is a village in the Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is 13 km from Dharamshala bus stand and 9 km from Dharamsala airport. Primarily known for growing rice, wheat, corn and Lychee farms, it is the farm country of Dharamsala area. At any given time, it is 6 degrees Celsius warmer than Dharamsala.

text:
# Dhanotu, Kangra district

**Dhanotu** is a village in the Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is 13 km from Dharamshala bus stand and 9 km from Dharamsala airport. Primarily known for growing rice, wheat, corn and Lychee farms, it is the farm country of Dharamsala area. At any given time, it is 6 degrees Celsius warmer than Dharamsala.

## Climate

At 770m (2,525 ft) elevation, Dhanotu is located in the Kangra Valley, at the base of the Dhauladhar Mountain Range in the Lesser Himalayas. It is classified as a Himalayan Wet Temperate Biome, characterized by heavy rain fall and Sub-Tropical Broad-Leaved Hill Deciduous Forests.

It is a key habitat to flying fox and many species of migratory birds, including the Sarus Crane \- the tallest flying bird in the world. The Sarus can be seen from spring through fall in the marshes and river beds surrounding Dhanotu village.

Geologically, Dhanotu sits on non-conglomerated glacial out-wash, dropped by ancient glaciers which melted or washed down from high up in the Himalayan range.

## Places of Interest

The small village of Dhanotu is seeing more activity as it is becoming the choice of organizations due to its non extreme weather while still being close to the mountains.

* Very near to the village by Chambi Khad is Guru ji Ashram.
* Peepal Farm.
* White house retreat and artist residency
* Peepal Farm Farmstay (traditional mud cottages)


title: Dhanora Budruk

abstract: Dhanora Budruk is a village located in Ahmadpur Tehsil of Latur district in Maharashtra, India.

text:
# Dhanora Budruk

**Dhanora Budruk** is a village located in Ahmadpur Tehsil of Latur district in Maharashtra, India.

## Demographics

According to the Census of India 2011 information:
Dhanora Budruk has a total population of 3,202 people which includes 1667 males and 1535 females. There are 204 males and 201 females are in age group 0 to 6. There are about 692 houses in the village. 2137 people are literate in this village out of that 1213 are males and 924 are females. Total irrigated land area of this village is around 75 hectares.

## Educational information

This village has one government school whose name is Zilla Parishad Prathamik Shala Dhanora Bk. Also available in this village is Vasant Vidyalaya Dhanora Bk. which is a private High school and is up to 10th class.

## InfoBox

| Dhanora Budruk | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Dhanora Budruk - Temple Area | |
| Dhanora BudrukDhanora Budruk in Maharashtra,India | |
| Coordinates: 18°41′14.1″N 76°46′23.7″E / 18.687250°N 76.773250°E / 18.687250; 76.773250 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Maharashtra |
| District | Latur |
| Tehsil | Ahmadpur |
| Government | |
| Body | Gram Panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,355.3 ha (3,349.0 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 3,202 |
| Demonym | Dhanorkar |
| Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
| Postal Code | 413523 |
| Vehicle registration | MH-24 |
| Nearest city | Ahmadpur |
| Lok Sabha Constituency | Latur |
| Vidhan Sabha Constituency | Ahmadpur |


title: The Dori Slosberg Foundation

abstract: The Dori Slosberg Highway Safety Foundation is a non-governmental, non-profit public service organization dedicated to traffic safety. The foundation is named in memory of Dori Slosberg, the daughter of State Representative Irving Slosberg and twin sister of Representative Emily Slosberg, who was killed in a car crash. The foundation has been instrumental in promoting highway safety in Florida through programs including Staying Alive on 95 and Survive the Drive. The foundation campaigned for The Dori Slosberg and Katie Marchetti Safety Belt Law, which was passed in 2009. The law gives police the authority to pull over drivers solely for not wearing a seatbelt. In 2022, the Dori Slosberg Foundation reported revenue of $22.6k.

text:
# The Dori Slosberg Foundation

**The Dori Slosberg Highway Safety Foundation** is a non-governmental, non-profit public service organization dedicated to traffic safety. The foundation is named in memory of Dori Slosberg, the daughter of State Representative Irving Slosberg and twin sister of Representative Emily Slosberg, who was killed in a car crash. The foundation has been instrumental in promoting highway safety in Florida through programs including Staying Alive on 95 and Survive the Drive.

The foundation campaigned for *The Dori Slosberg and Katie Marchetti Safety Belt Law*, which was passed in 2009. The law gives police the authority to pull over drivers solely for not wearing a seatbelt.

In 2022, the Dori Slosberg Foundation reported revenue of $22.6k.

## InfoBox

The Dori Slosberg Foundation
| Formation | 2004 |
| --- | --- |
| Type | 501(c)(3) |
| Headquarters | Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. |
| CEO | Irving Slosberg |
| Website | dorisaveslives.org |


title: The Doraemons (video game)

abstract: The Doraemons, also known as Doraemon Friendship Legends is a 1995 role-playing video game developed by Riverhillsoft and published by Shogakukan for the 3DO. It was released in Japan on April 7, 1995. It is based on the Doraemon manga series. The game was notable in that it featured the six additional characters that were introduced in the 1995 short film 2112: The Birth of Doraemon, which were six Doraemon-like characters collectively known as The Doraemons. To date, it is the only video game based on the Doraemon series that featured these characters.

text:
# The Doraemons (video game)

***The Doraemons***, also known as ***Doraemon Friendship Legends*** is a 1995 role-playing video game developed by Riverhillsoft and published by Shogakukan for the 3DO. It was released in Japan on April 7, 1995. It is based on the *Doraemon* manga series (and to a lesser extent, its *The Doraemons* spin-off).

The game was notable in that it featured the six additional characters that were introduced in the 1995 short film *2112: The Birth of Doraemon*, which were six Doraemon-like characters collectively known as *The Doraemons*. To date, it is the only video game based on the *Doraemon* series that featured these characters.

## Gameplay

*The Doraemons* is a turn-based role-playing game. As with most role-playing games, it features an overworld, a battle screen, and menu interfaces. The overworld is displayed as a side-scroller as opposed to the overhead top-down perspective used in most turn-based role-playing games, with some locations being displayed as single-screened areas. The player can navigate the protagonists through different places, and can interact with other characters and objects.

As the game was targeted for children, several elements of the game have been simplified to allow for easier accessibility. The combat system involves gadgets and items from the *Doraemon* series, which can be acquired in the overworld to be then used in battle. There are six slots for gadgets that can be used in battle, along with one special power slot. The menu interfaces are designed in a way to allow for children to easily access all of the items and gadgets acquired in the game.

Being heavily story-driven, the game features prominent voice acting heard throughout the game. The voice actors of the long-running 1979 series as well as the 1995 short film *2112: The Birth of Doraemon* all reprised their roles in the game along with some new ones.

## Plot

The game begins with a backstory of how Doraemon was born, including when he and the other robotic cats were built at the factory where they were manufactured as well as his life during his time at the Robot School where he meets his fellow robotic cats similar to him that would eventually become "The Doraemons", who would later refer to themselves as *Dora Dora Seven (DD7)* at the time when Doraemon became best friends with them. As shown in the sequences, Doraemon and The Doraemons were kind and friendly with each other during their time in the Robot School, even through the upsides and downsides they have encountered with at the school. This sequence also introduces the six members of The Doraemons in brief, detailing their occupations and nationalities.

Back in the present, Doraemon introduces Nobita Nobi with a special gadget known as the Friendship Card (also known as the Friendship Telecard), which allows one to call out their friends in need. Using the card, Doraemon tries to call his friends, Dora-the-Kid and Wang Dora, from the other side of the world, but no matter how many times he tried, there was no answer. Suddenly, Dorami comes out from Nobita's desk to inform them that the six members of The Doraemons have gone hostile and attacked the factory the robotic cats were manufactured and then leaving to other places around the world, taking several robotic cats with them. She then instructed the two of them to come to the future to see what has happened there. The trio then travel to the future, where they are shocked about the damage caused by the six members of The Doraemons several days prior upon their arrival. In order to regain trust with their former friends, they then head to the professor residing in an undamaged building where he gives them several gadgets that will help them along with their journey, as well as introducing them to the time machine, which allows them to travel through time.

As the two of them go along with their journey, they encounter various obstacles and battles that get in their way. During one part of their journey, they discovered a Statue of Liberty-esque angel that would later play a major role in the game. They eventually came across several members of The Doraemons, who were initially resentful to Doraemon and Nobita. The duo battled three out of the six members of the team who are eventually recruited by Doraemon and Nobita to regain their trust and help them join their team. As they meet several members of The Doraemons, the backstories for some of the members of The Doraemons are then explained. After recruiting the initial three members of the team, they then continue to travel through time and space to seek out the remaining three members of The Doraemons, where after recruiting and regaining trust to all of the six members of The Doraemons they then head out to the fortress where the evil king resides in.

As Doraemon, Nobita, and The Doraemons make their way to the fortress, several obstacles and enemies appear, with the six members of The Doraemons sacrificing themselves in order for Doraemon and Nobita to reach the evil king. Eventually the duo reached into a big room where the evil king resides, and the evil king is revealed to be a robotic cat similar to Doraemon himself, who refers to himself as "Big-the-Dora". The duo then battled against him, and as a last-ditch effort, Doraemon sacrifices himself by attempting to headbutt Big during the process. After Doraemon's failed attempt to defeat Big, Big explained his backstory to Nobita where he was ridiculed by other people and several robotic cats due to his unusual appearance, including how he became a king. With the help of the spiritual guidance's of Doraemon and The Doraemons, Nobita uses the power of The Doraemons and Doraemon to take down Big in the final battle.

After defeating Big, Nobita tries to revive Doraemon but with no success. Just when all hope was lost, the same angel Doraemon and Nobita encountered earlier on in the game appeared alongside the fallen bodies of the six members of The Doraemons. With the help of the angel, Nobita revives Doraemon and The Doraemons. After being revived by Nobita and the angel, the whole team pulled out their Friendship Cards together while Nobita was given one as a gift for helping the team.

The post-credits scene features a selection of characters that have appeared during the game along with Doraemon and Nobita, which is then followed by another sequence featuring all of the six members of The Doraemons (including Doraemon himself), each demonstrating their abilities and their way of enjoying dorayaki.

## Development

The game prominently features six characters based on Doraemon, each with their own unique personalities, abilities and nationalities. These six characters are colloquially known as *The Doraemons*. They first appeared in the 1995 short film *2112: The Birth of Doraemon*, which was released roughly one month before the release of the game. Some of the music featured in the game originates from a 1994 Doraemon musical entitled *Doraemon Musical: Nobita's Dinosaur*.

## Reception

Due to its target audience and obscurity, *The Doraemons* received mediocre reviews from critics. *Next Generation* gave it a 1 star out of 5 in their review of the game, stating that "if you're more than seven or eight years old, the game is generally uninvolving."

## Legacy

Michiaki Tanaka, who was the story and character designer of the game, created a manga adaptation of the game that was released two weeks after the release of the game on April 20, 1995. It serves as a strategy guide for the game along with some extras. He would then later on create a manga series based on the six Doraemon-like characters featured in this game (as well as the 1995 short film, where they first appeared), which were released in six *tankōbon* volumes from December 16, 1995 to March 28, 2001. An adaptation of the game's events was also featured in the manga series.

1. "The Doraemons: Yūjō Densetsu (Game)". *Giant Bomb*. Retrieved 2019-02-18.
2. "Finals". *Next Generation*. No. 7. Imagine Media. July 1995. p. 67.

## InfoBox

| The Doraemons | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover art for *The Doraemons* | |
| Developer(s) | Riverhillsoft |
| Publisher(s) | Shogakukan |
| Designer(s) | Michiaki Tanaka |
| Series |  |
| Platform(s) | 3DO |
| Release | * JP: April 7, 1995 |
| Genre(s) | Role-playing |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: 1908 in the Congo Free State

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1908 in the Congo Free State.

text:
# 1908 in the Congo Free State

The following lists events that happened during **1908 in the Congo Free State**.

## Incumbent

## Events

| Date | Event |
| --- | --- |
| 15 November | Parliament of Belgium annexes the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo. |

## Sources

* Senelle, R.; Clément, E. (2009), *Léopold II et la Charte Coloniale* (in French), Brussels: Editions Mols

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | 1908 in the Belgian Congo |


title: Qin Yu

abstract: Qin Yu was briefly the chief of Baoshan District in Shanghai, China. He was removed from office on 29 August 2006 as part of a widening probe into corruption involving the mishandling of funds from Shanghai's municipal pension system. Qin had close ties to former Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu, having once worked as Chen's personal secretary during Chen's mayorship of Shanghai.

text:
# Qin Yu

**Qin Yu** (born June 1964) was briefly the chief of Baoshan District in Shanghai, China. He was removed from office on 29 August 2006 as part of a widening probe into corruption involving the mishandling of funds from Shanghai's municipal pension system. Qin had close ties to former Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu, having once worked as Chen's personal secretary during Chen's mayorship of Shanghai.

## InfoBox

| Qin Yu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chinese | 秦裕 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Qín Yù | |
|  | |


title: SWM X7

abstract: The SWM X7 is a 7-seater compact crossover SUV that is manufactured by the Chinese manufacturer SWM (automobiles) of Brilliance Shineray. The SWM X7 was launched in December 2016 in China.

text:
# SWM X7

The **SWM X7** is a 7-seater compact crossover SUV that is manufactured by the Chinese manufacturer SWM (automobiles) of Brilliance Shineray. The SWM X7 was launched in December 2016 in China.

## Overview

Formerly known as the SWM X5 during development phase, there are two engines available for the SWM X7, including a 1.5 liter turbo producing 156hp and 230nm and a 1.8 liter producing 137hp and 258nm, both mated to either a five-speed manual gearbox or a CVT. Prices of the SWM X7 ranges from 85,900 yuan to 118,900 yuan.

## InfoBox

| SWM X7 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | SWM (automobiles) |
| Production | 2016–2019 |
| Assembly | Chongqing, China |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Compact crossover SUV |
| Body style | 5-door station wagon |
| Related | SWM G05 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 1.8 L I4 (petrol)
1.5 L I4 turbo (petrol) |
| Transmission | 5-speed manual
6-speed automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,750 mm (108.3 in) |
| Length | 4,710 mm (185.4 in) |
| Width | 1,855 mm (73.0 in) |
| Height | 1,770 mm (69.7 in) |
| Chronology | |
| Successor | SWM G05 |


title: Eshmanan

abstract:
Eshmanan is a term used in Kerala to refer to a feudal Nair landlord. The term means "lord" in Old Malayalam and referred to Chembazhi nambi, Nambiars and Samanthan Nair caste members who occupied the position of rulers and chieftains. Some of the Nambiar landlords, such as Chengazhi Nambiar, Kalliat Eshmanan and Koodali Eshmanan were among the largest landowners in Malabar.
Other terms for a Nayar feudal landlord, included Nayanar. This title is equivalent to others such as Madambi, Pillai, Kurup and Kaimal which were used in Travancore and Cochin areas.

text:
# Eshmanan

**Eshmanan** (corruption of **Yajamaana** Sanskrit *leader*) is a term used in Kerala to refer to a feudal Nair landlord. The term means "lord" in Old Malayalam and referred to Chembazhi nambi, Nambiars and Samanthan Nair caste members who occupied the position of rulers and chieftains. Some of the Nambiar landlords, such as Chengazhi Nambiar (Chengazinad Eshmanan), Kalliat Eshmanan and Koodali Eshmanan were among the largest landowners in Malabar. Other terms for a Nayar feudal landlord, included Nayanar (Nair subcaste).

This title is equivalent to others such as Madambi, Pillai, Kurup and Kaimal which were used in Travancore and Cochin areas.


title: Stamford Advocate

abstract: The Advocate is a seven-day daily newspaper based in Stamford, Connecticut. The paper is owned and operated by Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues. The Advocate circulates in Stamford and the nearby southwestern Connecticut towns of Darien and New Canaan. The paper's headquarters moved in 2008 from downtown Stamford, across the street from the Stamford Government Center, to the Riverbend complex in the Springdale section of Stamford.

text:
# Stamford Advocate

***The Advocate*** is a seven-day daily newspaper based in Stamford, Connecticut. The paper is owned and operated by Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues.

*The Advocate* circulates in Stamford and the nearby southwestern Connecticut towns of Darien and New Canaan. The paper's headquarters moved in 2008 from downtown Stamford, across the street from the Stamford Government Center, to the Riverbend complex in the Springdale section of Stamford.

## Coverage

In addition to the regular focus on local news, sports and business, *The Advocate* pays special attention to the workings of Metro-North Railroad, since many in southwestern Connecticut commute by train.

*The Advocate*'s website was launched in 1999. In early 2007, the site started featuring message boards.

## History

*The Advocate* has been called Stamford's oldest continuing business.

### *The Intelligencer*

The paper's earliest origins come from *The Intelligencer*, a newspaper originally run out of a small office on the south side of West Park (now Columbus Park in downtown Stamford) in April 1829. William Henry "Hen" Holly installed a printing press there, but despite some support from the community, he closed the publication after a few months for lack of revenue.

Several town leaders then helped to finance the publication again, this time under the name *The Sentinel*, which first appeared on February 16, 1830. Stamford was never without a local newspaper of one kind or another since then. The oldest known copy of *The Sentinel*, dated June 22, 1830, is in Stamford's public library, the Ferguson Library. That issue, marked Volume 1, No. 19, consists of four sheets, 15 by 20 inches each, with six columns to a page. The motto of the newspaper, printed at the top of the front page, was: "Pledged to no party's arbitrary way, we follow Truth wher'er she leads the way."

The newspaper published very little local news, according to Don Russell, an *Advocate* columnist who wrote about the early history of the paper. "\[T\]he columns were filled with sermons, poems and what were called literary 'gems' from various sources, and some domestic and foreign news items taken from newspapers in big cities."

An early columnist in the newspaper wrote under the pseudonym "Aristides the Younger" and at one point denounced the Rev. Joel Mann of Greenwich for anti-Masonic tendencies. Some think the columnist was Holly.

Holly promoted reading in Stamford in various ways, operating his own circulating library out of his office, with books available to borrowers he deemed responsible. He was also one of the major founders of Stamford's public library, the Ferguson.

### Family ownership

In May 1848, Edgar Hoyt and Andrew Smith came into ownership of the newspaper. The partners renamed it *The Stamford Advocate*. Advertising was banished from the front page.

In 1861 printer William Gillespie and his brother, Edward, joined the newspaper staff. Edward would later cover the Civil War from the front lines. Eventually the Gillespie brothers, sons of a Canadian immigrant to Stamford, bought the newspaper and became the first of three generations of Gillespie owners of the publication.

In 1892 they made the newspaper a daily. Around the turn of the century the name changed to *The Daily Advocate*. The name was later changed to *The Stamford Advocate*.

### Atlantic Street offices

In 1894, the Advocate moved into a new building at 258 Atlantic Street (across the street from St. John Roman Catholic Church). The facade is in Neo-Italian Renaissance style, and its relatively narrow front widens out considerably in the back, where the newspaper's printing press was located. In 1928 the building was remodeled, and the newspaper remained in that location until 1980. (The building was then occupied by various architectural and design firms and an Internet company. In 2002 it became the home of the Print Research Foundation.)

In the late 1940s, the 1947 film Boomerang, directed by Elia Kazan was shot almost entirely in Stamford, and partly at the newspaper's offices, then on Atlantic Street. Some members of the editorial staff were shown in the movie.

### Times-Mirror and Tribune

In 1977, the Gillespie family sold the paper to Times Mirror Company, owner of *The Los Angeles Times*.

In 1978, Anthony Dolan, a staff writer at the time, won a Pulitzer Prize for reporting on city corruption. While in college, he had written for the *Yale Daily News*, and interviewed Stamford resident and Yale alumnus William F. Buckley Jr. for that student newspaper. The two became friends, and when Dolan lost his job with Gannett, Buckley helped get him hired by *The Advocate*. By 1979, Dolan had become tired of journalism and in 1980 went to work for Ronald Reagan's campaign for president. Dolan went on to become a speechwriter in Reagan's White House.

In 1980, the newspaper moved to a new building at the corner of Tresser and Washington Boulevards in downtown Stamford. The building was constructed by Frank Mercede & Sons Inc. under a contract signed by the Advocate's then-publisher Jay Shaw.

In June 2000, Tribune Company bought Times Mirror, incorporating *The Advocate* into the Chicago-based company's holdings. The property at Tresser Blvd was subsequently sold.

In May 2003 *The Advocate* opened an office at 605 West Ave. in Norwalk. The newspaper had started printing separate Norwalk editions in the 1980s, but reporters had worked in the Stamford offices.

### Sale to Hearst

In March 2007, Tribune Co. had announced it would sell the two papers to Gannett for US$73 million, but the deal fell through when Gannett refused to honor 35 *Advocate* newsroom workers' union contract with Local 2110 of United Auto Workers.

*The Advocate* and its sister paper, the *Greenwich Time*, were sold to Hearst for US$62.4 million by Tribune Company in a deal that closed November 1, 2007. The sale did not include Tribune-owned land in Stamford and Greenwich, including the papers' printing presses. At the end of 2007, printing plant employees were permanently laid off and the newspaper was printed at the Danbury *News-Times* plant, owned by MediaNews Group. The *Greenwich Time* was then printed at the *Connecticut Post* plant in Bridgeport.

On January 6, 2008, the newspaper announced in a front-page article that its Stamford offices were moving from 75 Tresser Boulevard, where the newspaper had been located since 1981, to the Riverbend office complex off Hope Street in the city's Springdale section, with the move expected by the end of the month. The Norwalk office was moving from leased office space at 605 West Avenue, where it had been since the Norwalk edition began, to 542 Westport Avenue, effective immediately.

On August 8, 2008 the Hearst Corporation acquired the Connecticut Post (Bridgeport, Conn.) and www.ConnPost.com, including seven non-daily newspapers, from MediaNews Group, Inc. and assumed management control of three additional daily newspapers in Fairfield County, Conn., including The Advocate (Stamford), Greenwich Time (Greenwich), and The News-Times (Danbury), which had been managed for Hearst by MediaNews had managed under a management agreement that began in April 2007.

In 2018, *The Advocate* left its offices on Spring Street and returned downtown, setting up operations on the first floor of 1055 Washington Blvd.

## Advocate name

Founded in 1829 as *The Stamford Intelligencer*, the newspaper was renamed several times in the 1830s and 1840s before becoming *The Stamford Advocate* in 1843.

*The Advocate* has been known by various names:

* *Stamford Intelligencer* April 8, 1829, when the newspaper had a brief run as a weekly, to February \__, 1830
* *Stamford Sentinel* February 15, 1830, when the newspaper was restarted, to August 17, 1835 and again from October 5, 1835 to March 13, 1837
* *Democratic Sentinel*  March 19, 1838 to July \__, 1840
* *Farmer's Advocate*
* *The Farmer and Mechanic's Advocate,* (the comma was part of the title)  June 15, 1842 to some date in 1843
* *Daily Advocate* starting at some date in 1843 and until March 30, 1922
* *The Advocate* in 1974.

## Locations of historical archives

Depositories:

Microfilm:

* Connecticut State Library:
    + April 8, 1829 to August 18, 1904 (Under other titles)
    + April 5, 1892 to December 1955
    + January 1967 to December 1971
    + January 1975 to present (as of 1985)
* Ferguson Library in Stamford:
    + April 5, 1892 to present
* New Canaan High School: 1829-1880

Originals:

* Connecticut State Library:
    + 1853-1867
    + 1880
    + 1890
    + 1892-1895
* Ferguson Library in Stamford: 1829-1904

1. "e-Circ data for the six months ending September 30, 2010". *Audit Bureau of Circulations*. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
2. "The Advocate And Greenwich Time: Market Facts". Archived from the original on July 26, 2007.
3. Russell, Don. "The Advocate Has Historic Roots Here: Newspaper Is City's Oldest Employer". Opinion column. *The Advocate* (Stamford, Conn.), page A16, April 11, 2007.
4. "Our Back Pages". Sidebar. *The Advocate* (Stamford, Conn.), March 7, 2007.
5. Daley, Sherri. "ART; 6,000 American Prints Take Over Stamford's Advocate Building". *The New York Times*, March 17, 2002. Accessed November 12, 2007.
6. Russell, Don. "'Roles' in Movies Are Nothing New for City: Kazan used Stamford in the '40s". Opinion column. *The Advocate*, Stamford (Conn.) edition, page A10, April 25, 2007.
7. Judis, John B., *William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives*, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988, pp. 289, 417
8. "Hearst Corp. Buys 2 Conn. Dailies, to be Run by MediaNews". *NEPA Bulletin*, page 7, November–December 2007.
9. Ginocchio, Mark, "Offices of The Advocate, Greenwich Time to move", article, *The Advocate*, January 6, 2007, page 1
10. Breunig, John (May 7, 2018). "John Breunig: New page in Advocate history". *Stamford Advocate*. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
11. "The Advocate And Greenwich Time: Market Facts". Archived from the original on May 7, 2007.
12. Roth, David M., editor, and Grenier, Judith Arnold, associate editor, "Connecticut History and Culture: An Historical Overview and Resource Guide for Teachers". Connecticut Historical Commission, 1985. Pages 426-427.

## InfoBox

The Advocate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| *The Advocate* newspaper "honor box" in New Canaan, Connecticut | |
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| Format | Broadsheet |
| Owner(s) | Hearst Communications |
| Publisher | Mike Deluca |
| Editor | Claire Racine |
| Founded | 1829, as *The Stamford Intelligencer* |
| Headquarters | 1055 Washington Blvd, Stamford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Circulation | 14,700 daily, 24,900 Sunday in 2010 |
| Website | stamfordadvocate.com |


title: Pressure-gradient force

abstract: In fluid mechanics, the pressure-gradient force is the force that results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface. In general, a pressure is a force per unit area across a surface. A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force, which can result in an acceleration according to Newton's second law of motion, if there is no additional force to balance it. The resulting force is always directed from the region of higher-pressure to the region of lower-pressure. When a fluid is in an equilibrium state, the system is referred to as being in hydrostatic equilibrium. In the case of atmospheres, the pressure-gradient force is balanced by the gravitational force, maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium. In Earth's atmosphere, for example, air pressure decreases at altitudes above Earth's surface, thus providing a pressure-gradient force which counteracts the force of gravity on the atmosphere.

text:
# Pressure-gradient force

In fluid mechanics, the **pressure-gradient force** is the force that results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface. In general, a pressure is a force per unit area across a surface. A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force, which can result in an acceleration according to Newton's second law of motion, if there is no additional force to balance it. The resulting force is always directed from the region of higher-pressure to the region of lower-pressure. When a fluid is in an equilibrium state (i.e. there are no net forces, and no acceleration), the system is referred to as being in hydrostatic equilibrium. In the case of atmospheres, the pressure-gradient force is balanced by the gravitational force, maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium. In Earth's atmosphere, for example, air pressure decreases at altitudes above Earth's surface, thus providing a pressure-gradient force which counteracts the force of gravity on the atmosphere.

## Magnus effect

The Magnus effect is an observable phenomenon that is commonly associated with a spinning object moving through a fluid. The path of the spinning object is deflected in a manner that is not present when the object is not spinning. The deflection can be explained by the difference in pressure of the fluid on opposite sides of the spinning object. The Magnus effect is dependent on the speed of rotation.

## Formalism

Consider a cubic parcel of fluid with a density $\rho $, a height $dz$, and a surface area $dA$. The mass of the parcel can be expressed as, $m=\rho \\,dA\\,dz$. Using Newton's second law, $F=ma$, we can then examine a pressure difference $dP$ (assumed to be only in the $z$-direction) to find the resulting force, $F=-dP\\,dA=\rho a\\,dA\\,dz$.

The acceleration resulting from the pressure gradient is then, $a=-{\frac {1}{\rho }{\frac {dP}{dz}.}}$

The effects of the pressure gradient are usually expressed in this way, in terms of an acceleration, instead of in terms of a force. We can express the acceleration more precisely, for a general pressure $P$ as, $\vec {a}=-{\frac {1}{\rho }{\vec {\nabla }P.}}$

The direction of the resulting force (acceleration) is thus in the opposite direction of the most rapid increase of pressure.

* Roland B. Stull (2000) *Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers*, Second Edition, Ed. Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-37214-7.


title: DRG Kleinlokomotive Class I

abstract: The Kleinlokomotiven of Class I were light German locomotives of low weight and power designed for shunting duties. They were placed in service by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) after trials had been carried out on several prototype locomotives in 1930. The power source for these locomotives was either a diesel or petrol engine.

text:
# DRG Kleinlokomotive Class I

The ***Kleinlokomotiven*** (literally: small locomotives) of **Class I** were light German locomotives of low weight and power (up to 40 PS) designed for shunting duties. They were placed in service by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) after trials had been carried out on several prototype locomotives in 1930. The power source for these locomotives was either a diesel or petrol engine.

## History

After the Deutsche Reichsbahn had initially obtained several trials locomotives in 1930, it took delivery of production *Kleinloks* in 1931 and split them into two classes or 'power groups'. Locomotives in power group I, with an engine power of up to 40 PS (29 kW), were intended for shunting at small stations and in simple situations.

As a result of the new numbering scheme two of the trials engines from 1930 were also included in Class I. These were locomotives V 6016 and V 6017 (from 1931 Kö 0001 and Kö 0002) delivered by the Fürst-Stolberg-Hütte works at Ilsenburg. They did not acquit themselves well due to numerous defects and were retired again by 1932. Whilst, as early as 1931, the DRG had issued several specifications for locomotives in Class II, for Class I it simply ordered locomotives of the manufacturer's designs between 1931 and 1934, in order to keep procurement costs down. These locomotives were delivered by Jung, Orenstein & Koppel, Windhoff and Gmeinder. They were not permitted to leave the station, because they were too light to achieve reliable rail contact.

## The *Einheitskleinlokomotiven*

Once it had been demonstrated that the employment of low power Class I locomotives was economical, the project team developed a standard, small locomotive (*Einheitskleinlokomotive*) for the DRG. This was heavily based on the latest delivery from Gmeinder. As a result, the entire locomotive, apart from the diesel engine, was standardised. The footplate on the locomotives was open at the sides and all controls were duplicated on both sides of the engine. The *Kleinlokomotiven* had buffers and a very simple shunting coupling, that could be automatically coupled and then released using a foot pedal. Transmission was achieved from the engine using simple roller chains on both axles.

The locomotives only had a foot brake and no compressed air brake.

The first type of *Einheitskleinlokomotive* was further evolved in 1935 into a more robust and powerful model. This was given a much stronger frame and more powerful engine. Due to their greater weight these locomotives were allowed to range outside of stations.

In order to be able to use home-produced fuels, from 1942 to 1945 many locomotives were converted and driven on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). After the Second World War they were converted back again however to diesel operation.

### Technical data

| DRG Class I *Einheitskleinlok* – DRG/DB/DR Kö\* I / DB 311 / DR 100.0 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |
1934 standard class | 1935 class | 1936 class |
| Numbering: | Kö 0080, 0105–0184 | Kö 0185–0244 | Kö 0245–0289 |
| Manufacturer: | Gmeinder, Windhoff, Esslingen | | Gmeinder |
| Year(s) of manufacture: | 1934–35 | 1935–36 | 1936–38 |
| Retired: | 1945–89 | | |
| Axle arrangement: | B | | |
| Track gauge: | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) | | |
| Length over buffers: | 5,475 mm (17 ft 11.6 in) | 5,575 mm (18 ft 3.5 in) | |
| Height: | 3,005 mm (9 ft 10.3 in) | | 3,025 mm (9 ft 11.1 in) |
| Width: | 2,960 mm (9 ft 8.5 in) | | 2,962 mm (9 ft 8.6 in) |
| Overall wheelbase: | new 2,500 mm (8 ft 2.4 in) | new 2,506 mm (8 ft 2.7 in) | |
| Smallest curve radius: | 50 m (164 ft) | | |
| Service weight: | ca. 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) | ca. 10 t (9.8 long tons; 11.0 short tons) | |
| Top speed: | 18 km/h (11 mph) / 23 km/h (14 mph) | | |
| Installed Power: | 18–22 kW (24–30 hp) | 26–29 kW (35–39 hp) / 37 kW (50 hp)\** | |
| Driving wheel diameter: | new 850 mm (33.46 in) | | |
| Fuel supplies: | 56 L (12 imp gal; 15 US gal) diesel fuel* | | |
| Engine type: | various water-cooled/air-cooled\** diesel engines* | | |
| Transmission: | mechanical (gear, roller chain) | | |
| Locomotive brake: | foot brake | | |
| Train brake: |  | | |
| \*1942–45 Many locomotives operated on LPG and became Class Kb
\**in the DB more powerful air-cooled diesel engines were installed by 1962 | | | |

## Post 1945

The Deutsche Bundesbahn retired the manufacturer-designed *Kleinlokomotiven* and the 1934 standard class engines by 1963. They also standardised the rest of the *Kleinloks* between 1954 and 1962. As part of that, the locomotives were given the more powerful, air-cooled, 50 PS, Deutz F4L514 engines. As a result of this increase in power the numbering system was changed – from then on, locomotives with a power of up to 50 PS were allocated to Class I.

The *Kleinlokomotiven* in Class I were ousted by those in classes II and III. In addition the traffic in part-load goods fell, so that most of the engines were retired by the DB in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the Deutsche Reichsbahn there was an attempt to introduce a standard engine type, otherwise there were only minor modifications. In the 1970s they too retired most of the locomotives. Some of the retirements were officially called conversions; actually a new Class II locomotive was built by the Dessau shop (*Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk* or *Raw*).

## Preserved

Several of the engines have been preserved in their original design and are in use. For example:

## Sources

* Große, Peter; Troche, Horst (2002). *Die Einheitskleinlokomotiven Leistungsgruppen I und II* (in German). Freiburg: EK-Verlag. ISBN 3-88255-217-4.


title: Eva Ngigi–Sarwari

abstract: Eva Ngigi–Sarwari, is a Kenyan businesswoman. She is an executive at Visa Inc., responsible for Kenya, Somalia & South Sudan, after joining in September 2020.

text:
# Eva Ngigi–Sarwari

**Eva Ngigi–Sarwari** (née **Eva Ngigi**), is a Kenyan businesswoman. She is an executive at Visa Inc., responsible for Kenya, Somalia & South Sudan, after joining in September 2020.

## Early life

She was born in Kenya circa 1981. She graduated from Moi University in 2004, with a Bachelor of Business Management degree, majoring in Marketing. She earned a Master of Business Administration. She was awarded by the University of Nairobi in 2010. In 2019, she successfully undertook the Oxford Fintech Programme at Saïd Business School. Later the same year, she enrolled in the Emeritus Institute of Management (EMERITUS), graduating in 2020 with a Postgraduate Diploma in Digital Business.

## Career

After her first degree, she went into banking. She spent five years at Cooperative Bank of Kenya, focusing on improving the bank's customer relationship and experience.

She then spent two years at CfC Stanbic Holdings (today Stanbic Holdings Plc), focusing on transaction products and services sales, as manager for that department. In 2012, Ngigi was hired by Standard Chartered Kenya and over seven years rose to the position of Head of Transaction Banking in the Commercial Banking Division. In January 2020, she took over as the Project Lead of SC Ventures, a new enterprise by Stanchart. She left Stanchart Kenya in September 2020.

In September 2020, she was appointed to her present position at Visa Inc. She oversees operations in Kenya, Somalia and South Sudan. She has steered the organization to greater heights in her tenure.

## Family

She is a mother to two sons and one daughter.

## InfoBox

| Eva Ngigi–Sarwari | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1981 (age 4243)
Kenya |
| Alma mater | **Moi University**
**University of Nairobi**
**University of Oxford**
**Emeritus Institute of Management** |
| Occupation(s) | Businesswoman and Corporate Executive |
| Years active | 2005 – present |
| Known for | Leadership & Business expertise |
| Title | Senior Business Leader & Country Manager at Visa Inc. for Kenya, Somalia & South Sudan |


title: European Steel Technology Platform

abstract: The European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of steel technology. The main objective of the programme is to produce a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA). The programme is a joint initiative of the European Commission, representing the European Communities, and the industry. The ESTEP was launched in March 2004 by European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin and Guy Dollé, Chief Executive Officer of Arcelor and President of EUROFER.

text:
# European Steel Technology Platform

The **European Steel Technology Platform** (ESTEP) is a European Seventh Framework Programme initiative to improve the competitive situation of the European Union in the field of steel technology. The main objective of the programme is to produce a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA).

The programme is a joint initiative (Public-Private Partnership) of the European Commission, representing the European Communities, and the industry. The ESTEP was launched in March 2004 by European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin and Guy Dollé, Chief Executive Officer of Arcelor and President of EUROFER.


title: European Stability Initiative

abstract: The European Stability Initiative (ESI) is a think tank focusing on South East Europe and enlargement of the European Union. It has offices in Berlin, Brussels and Istanbul.

text:
# European Stability Initiative

The **European Stability Initiative** (**ESI**) is a think tank focusing on South East Europe and enlargement of the European Union. It has offices in Berlin, Brussels and Istanbul.

## History

The ESI was founded in June 1999 in Sarajevo. Its founders, multi-national practitioners and analysts, were members of international organisations like the OSCE, the United Nations or the World Bank. It was founded as a research network to advance the integration of the Balkans into the European Union following the end of the Kosovo War. ESI's founding chairman is Gerald Knaus. In 2000, ESI opened its first offices, in Berlin and Brussels. In 2004, ESI opened an office in Istanbul and launched its first initiatives on Turkey's social and economic developments in the context of EU accession.

In June 2007, ESI began to work on a documentary series called “Balkan Express/Return to Europe”. The films cover the stories of people fighting for democratic values in ten countries (Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey). From April 2008 onwards, the films were broadcast, first on the German language channels 3sat and ORF and then on television worldwide. In late 2008, Return to Europe was awarded the "Erasmus Euro Media Grand Award" for outstanding European media production by the European Society for Education and Communication (ESEC). ESEC Chairman Thomas A. Bauer noted that the series "combined inspired directing with sound scientific research".

Between 2012 and 2016, ESI focused its research on the human rights situation in Azerbaijan, EU enlargement methodology, the EU-Turkey visa liberalisation process, the EU approach to economic issues in the Western Balkan countries and the Syrian refugee crisis.

## Work

ESI is a non-profit organisation and is financed by donations. As of 2013, its projects on EU enlargement, capacity building, and human rights were funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stiftung Mercator, the Open Society Foundations, and ERSTE Stiftung. In 2006, the ESI had a monthly budget of 45,000 euro. In 2013, the ESI had produced more than 62 reports.

Today it counts with 100 background analyses and policy recommendations.

1. Einer, der auszog, Europa zu verstehen Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine (German). *Die Zeit*. Retrieved January 2017
2. "Presentation of the series on Erste Stiftung webpage". Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
3. Erasmus Euro media Grand Award 2008 Archived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved January 2017
4. Verleihung der "Erasmus EuroMedia Awards" 2008 in Wien Archived 2017-01-31 at the Wayback Machine (German)
5. ESI: European Stability Initiative Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.Europaeum. Retrieved 4 August 2013


abstract: The European Fund and Asset Management Association (EFAMA) is trade association representing the fund management and asset management industry in Europe. The association has its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. The association includes national associations as well as companies. For example, the German investment and asset management association the Bundesverband Investment und Asset Management is a member of EFAMA.

text:
# European Fund and Asset Management Association

The **European Fund and Asset Management Association** (**EFAMA**) is trade association representing the fund management and asset management industry in Europe. The association has its headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.

The association includes national associations as well as companies. For example, the German investment and asset management association the Bundesverband Investment und Asset Management is a member of EFAMA.

## History

The association was founded in 1974 as European Federation of Investment Funds and Companies (FEFSI). The founding members were the funds associations of Belgium, France, Germany, Denmark, Irland, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

In 2004 it was renamed the European Fund and Asset Management Association after it broadened its articles of association to include represent corporates and associates in the investment fund and asset management industry.

## InfoBox

European Fund and Asset Management Association
| Abbreviation | EFAMA |
| --- | --- |
| Established | 1974 (1974) |
| Type | Trade association |
| Purpose | Representing the fund management and asset management industry |
| Location |  |
| Region served | Europe |
| Official language | English |
| Website | www.efama.org |


abstract: The Council of European Municipalities and Regions launched in May 2006 a European charter for equality of women and men in local life. This charter is addressed to the local and regional governments of Europe, who are invited to sign it, to make a formal public commitment to the principle of equality of women and men, and to implement, within their territory, the commitments set out within the Charter.

text:
# European charter for equality of women and men in local life

The Council of European Municipalities and Regions launched in May 2006 a **European charter for equality of women and men in local life**. This charter is addressed to the local and regional governments of Europe, who are invited to sign it, to make a formal public commitment to the principle of equality of women and men, and to implement, within their territory, the commitments set out within the Charter.

## The six fundamental principles

* Equality of women and men is a fundamental right
* In order to ensure the equality of women and men, multiple discriminations based on ethnic origin, disability, sexual orientation, religion, socio economic status... must also be addressed
* The balanced participation of women and men in decision-making is necessary for a democratic society
* Gender stereotypes and the attitudes and assumptions that arise from them must be eliminated
* A gender perspective must be taken into account in all activities of local and regional government
* Properly resourced action plans need to be drawn up and implemented.

## Background to the charter

CEMR has always worked to eliminate all types of discriminations, including on men/women equality issues.

Throughout 2005, CEMR, with the financial support of the European Commission, led a project on The town for equality. That project aimed mainly at collecting best practice cases of gender equality in European local governments as well as at setting up a methodology to help local representatives achieve true gender equality in their municipalities.

At the end of the project, CEMR, still with the support of the European Commission, started a new project to draft a European charter for equality of women and men in local life. Its aim was to encourage local politicians to sign it, thus committing themselves publicly to implement the measures in the charter in their municipalities.