title: Stefan Krauss

abstract: Stefan Krauss is a German former alpine skier.

text:
# Stefan Krauss

**Stefan Krauss** (born 25 June 1967) is a German former alpine skier.

## World Cup results

Top 10

| Date | Place | Discipline | Position |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 05/02/1996 | Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Super G | 4 |
| 19/01/1996 | Veysonnaz | Downhill | 10 |
| 29/12/1995 | Bormio | Downhill | 9 |
| 14/01/1995 | Kitzbuehel | Downhill | 9 |
| 11/01/1990 | Schladming | Downhill | 6 |
| 10/12/1988 | Val Gardena | Downhill | 8 |

## InfoBox

Stefan Krauss
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1967-06-25) 25 June 1967<br>Berchtesgaden, Germany |
| Occupation | Alpine skier |
|  | |
| Skiing career | |
| Disciplines | Speed events |
| World Cup debut | 1988 |
| Retired | 1998 |
| World Cup | |
| Seasons | 11 |
|  | |


title: Tommaso Pio Boggiani

abstract: Tommaso Pio Boggiani O.P. was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who had a varied career that included a stint as the Apostolic Delegate to Mexico, service as bishop of Adria and archbishop of Genoa, and senior assignments in the Roman Curia. He was a member of the Dominicans and was made a cardinal in 1916.

text:
# Tommaso Pio Boggiani

| Styles of
**Tommaso Boggiani** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Porto e Santa Rufina (suburbicarian see) |

**Tommaso Pio Boggiani** O.P. (19 January 1863  26 February 1942) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who had a varied career that included a stint as the Apostolic Delegate to Mexico, service as bishop of Adria and archbishop of Genoa, and senior assignments in the Roman Curia. He was a member of the Dominicans and was made a cardinal in 1916.

## Biography

Pio Boggiani was born in Bosco Marengo, Alessandria, Italy, on 19 January 1863. He joined the Dominicans on 15 September 1879, changing his name from Pio to Tommaso. He was ordained a priest and worked as a missionary in Constantinople. He was elected prior of the Dominican convent in Ragusa in 1891. He served as pastor of the parish of S. Maria di Castello in Genoa in 1900 but left to join the faculty of the seminary in Genoa. In 1908 he was appointed apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Adria.

Pope Pius X appointed him bishop of Adria on 31 October 1908. He received his episcopal consecration on 22 November 1908 from Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val.

He was named titular archbishop of Edessa di Osroene on 9 January 1912 and was named apostolic delegate to Mexico the next day.

He was appointed apostolic administrator of Genoa on 7 March 1914.

He served as secretary of the 1914 conclave that elected Pope Benedict XV.

Pope Benedict created him Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta at the consistory of 4 December 1916.

He was appointed Archbishop of Genoa on 10 March 1919; he resigned that position in 1921.

In 1920, he spoke out against the People's Party, as being anti-Catholic.

He participated in the 1922 conclave that elected Pope Pius XI.

He opted the rank of Cardinal Bishop, taking the suburbicarian see of Porto e Santa Rufina on 15 July 1929.

In 1935 he was appointed as Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church.

He took part in the 1939 conclave that elected Pope Pius XII.

He died on 26 February 1942 and was buried in the parish church of Boscomarengo.

1. Florida International University website, *The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Biographical Dictionary of Pope Benedict XV (1914-9122), Consistory of December 4, 1916 (II)*
2. Opera Don Guanella website, *Tommaso Pio Boggiani (1863-1942), bishop*
3. Treccani Italy website, *Tommaso Pio Boggiani*
4. Centro Studi Federici website, *1942 -2022: the death of Card. Boggiani*, article dated February 26, 2022
* Lentz, Harris M (2009). *Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: a biographical dictionary*. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.

## InfoBox

| His Eminence
Tommaso Pio Boggiani
O.P. | |
| --- | --- |
| Chancellor of the Apostolic Chancery | |
|  | |
| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| Appointed | 13 March 1933 |
| Term ended | 26 February 1942 |
| Predecessor | Andreas Franz Frühwirth |
| Successor | Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini |
| Other post(s) |  |
| Previous post(s) |  |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 22 July 1885 |
| Consecration | 22 November 1908
by Rafael Merry del Val y Zulueta |
| Created cardinal | 4 December 1916
by Pope Benedict XV |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest (1916–29)
Cardinal-Bishop (1929–42) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pio Boggiani
19 January 1863
Bosco Marengo, Alessandria, Kingdom of Sardinia |
| Died | 26 February 1942(1942-02-26) (aged 79)
Rome, Kingdom of Italy |
| Coat of arms |  |


abstract: The Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History is a museum in Kennesaw, Georgia, that contains a collection of artifacts and relics from the American Civil War, as well as from railroads of the state of Georgia and surrounding regions. The centerpiece is the General, a steam locomotive used in the Great Locomotive Chase in April 1862. The archives house a significant collection of company records, engineering drawings, blueprints, glass plate negatives, photographs and correspondence from various American businesses representing the railroad industry in the South after the Civil War. The archives also contain a growing collection of Civil War letters, diaries, and official records.

text:
# Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History

The **Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History** is a museum in Kennesaw, Georgia, that contains a collection of artifacts and relics from the American Civil War, as well as from railroads of the state of Georgia and surrounding regions. The centerpiece is the *General*, a steam locomotive used in the Great Locomotive Chase in April 1862.

The archives house a significant collection of company records, engineering drawings, blueprints, glass plate negatives, photographs and correspondence from various American businesses representing the railroad industry in the South after the Civil War. The archives also contain a growing collection of Civil War letters, diaries, and official records.

## History and evolution

The museum (then known as the *Big Shanty Museum*), in a barn that once housed a cotton gin, initially opened on April 12, 1972, appropriately on the very date which the chase occurred one hundred and ten years prior, with the *General* as the centerpiece. Later, the theme expanded to include Civil War pieces as well.

In the mid- to late 1990, the property of the former Glover Machine Works was to be demolished. The buildings on this site, having sat vacant for nearly 50 years, still contained records, locomotive parts, machinery for locomotive construction, and at least one complete locomotive, which had only seen a few months of active service before being repossessed. Descendants of the Glover family, who had retained ownership of the firm and its collection, in turn donated the collection to the museum in 2001.

With the acquisition of the rather large collection of artifacts, the museum closed in late 2001 and began a massive expansion to house them. During the construction, a large box of plywood boards was built overtop of the *General* to protect it. The augmented museum reopened in March 2003 as the **Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History.** A further expansion was finished in 2007 to house the recently acquired French Merci Boxcar.

34°01′26″N 84°36′52″W / 34.0240°N 84.6144°W / 34.0240; -84.6144

## InfoBox

Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location within Georgia | |
| Former name | Big Shanty Museum |
| Established | April 12, 1972 |
| Location | Kennesaw, Georgia |
| Type | Technology Museum |
| Executive director | Richard Banz |
| Website | https://southernmuseum.org/ |


title: February Shadows

abstract: February Shadows is a 1984 historical novel by award-winning Austrian author Elisabeth Reichart. She wrote it as a response to her discovery of the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd, a massacre on 2 February 1945 at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Upper Austria. In the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd, the civilian inhabitants of the Mühlviertel hunted down and killed almost 500 prisoners, including men, women and children, who escaped from Special Barracks Number 20. February Shadows tells the story of this hunt, and its repercussions, through the eyes of a young Austrian girl named Hilde. The story combines real time narrative and flashbacks: the adult Hilde recounts the story to her adult daughter, Erica. In an inner monologue, Hilde struggles with her traumatic past and scarred present. Erica's insistent questions force her mother to confront her own suppressed memories of the event. The narrative use of fragmented sentences and stream of consciousness does not conform to the rules of traditional grammar or sentence structure. These methods encourage the reader to better understand the psyche and experiences of the protagonist. The timing of the publication is significant: during the 1980s, Austria's younger generation was trying to come to grips with their country's Nazi past. The story of a February hidden in shadows—February Shadows—forces the readers, most of whom would be Austrians, to relieve the experience of that February and thus remember a past that most Austrians wanted to suppress. In this way, it is both a culturally revealing and politically charged story.

text:
# February Shadows

***February Shadows*** (German: *Februarschatten*) is a 1984 historical novel by award-winning Austrian author Elisabeth Reichart. She wrote it as a response to her discovery of the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd ("rabbit hunt of the Mühlviertel region"), a massacre on 2 February 1945 at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Upper Austria. In the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd, the civilian inhabitants of the Mühlviertel hunted down and killed almost 500 prisoners, including men, women and children, who escaped from Special Barracks Number 20.

*February Shadows* tells the story of this hunt, and its repercussions, through the eyes of a young Austrian girl named Hilde. The story combines *real time* narrative and flashbacks: the adult Hilde recounts the story to her adult daughter, Erica. In an inner monologue, Hilde struggles with her traumatic past and scarred present. Erica's insistent questions force her mother to confront her own suppressed memories of the event.

The narrative use of fragmented sentences and stream of consciousness does not conform to the rules of traditional grammar or sentence structure. These methods encourage the reader to better understand the psyche and experiences of the protagonist. The timing of the publication is significant: during the 1980s, Austria's younger generation was trying to come to grips with their country's Nazi past. The story of a February hidden in shadows—*February Shadows*—forces the readers, most of whom would be Austrians, to relieve the experience of that February and thus remember a past that most Austrians wanted to suppress. In this way, it is both a culturally revealing and politically charged story.

## Background

### The massacre

The Mühlviertler Hasenjagd took place on 2 February 1945. An estimated 500 prisoners escaped from Special Barracks Number 20 of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. The prisoners in these barracks were considered to be intellectual Soviet officers held for fear of revolt against the National Socialists of Germany. When the alarm in nearby Mühlviertel sounded, all citizens were instructed by members of the Austrian National Socialist Party (who were under the jurisdiction of the Nazi Party) to hunt down the escaped prisoners despite their age or gender. A large massacre took place in which nearly all of the prisoners were captured and murdered by either Nazi officers or the civilians themselves. There were only seventeen known survivors.

Reichart never learned of the event until her grandmother conveyed it to her as an adult. Her shock at the hidden, unspoken tragedy initially compelled her to begin research about the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd. At this time, the Austrian government had developed renewed interest in Austria's role during World War II while Reichart had begun to explore the controversy of Austria's complicity in the Nazi era atrocities.

## Plot

The story begins with Hilde, an elderly woman, awaking in the middle of the night to the sound of her telephone ringing. Upon answering she discovers that her husband, Anton, who was staying at a nursing facility for a severe illness, has died. His death triggers feelings of loneliness and abandonment along with painful memories of the death of her older brother, Hannes, who died during World War II, sending Hilde into a state of panic and despair.

Each day Hilde visits Anton's grave mentally talking to him as if he is still alive. One evening, as she is returning home, Hilde discovers that a black cat seems to be following her. The cat causes her to remember two distinct experiences from her past. The first is a memory from when she was a small child and had attempted to hide a stray cat in her bedroom. Her family was very poor and could not afford a pet, but she saved her table scraps for it anyway. One day as she was coming home, her father met her drunk in the doorway. After telling her he had snapped the cat's neck, he beat her harshly with a fly swatter. This first memory seeped into the second: her daughter, Erika, begging to keep a stray cat she had found. Anton had granted her wish, but the cat ruined the neighbors' gardens and Hilde was forced to drown it in the river.

The following day, Mr. Funk, a friend of her late husband, appears at her door and pressures Hilde to join the Retiree's Union. She joins because Anton had been a member of the Austrian Socialist Party and he would have approved of her socializing with other members. Hilde assures Mr. Funk that she will attend the next evening social. Mr. Funk's visit forces another memory to resurface. She remembers her daughter asking what party Anton had belonged to during the period of National Socialism; Hilde recalled him being part of the Hitler Youth. The reader also discovers that Hilde's brother, Hannes, was killed by the Nazi Party. Erika's insolence upsets Hilde greatly.

Soon after, Erika calls her mother, stating that she will be coming to visit. Erika also grieves her father's death. Hilde becomes impatient with Erika, hinting at the contradictory nature of their relationship. Hilde wants to be with her daughter, yet she feels as if her daughter is a total stranger. Erika acts boldly and actively pursues her career as a writer. Hilde believes the only reason Erika wishes to come home is to get information for her book, which is true. Hilde is angry at her daughter for forcing her to relive her past experiences; her childhood was full of poverty, loneliness, and shame. Anton had been her way out of the past, and she only wants to move forward.

Hilde attends the Retiree's Union social pretending to be happy. She watches the dancers on the dance floor and mourns the absence of her husband. The dancers trigger another memory from her childhood: she sees her father kicking her mother on the dance floor and she runs out to help. Soon, both Hilde and her mother are being beaten on the ground, her father will not let them comfort each other. The only person she can turn to is her brother, Hannes, who comforts her. The memory is too painful for Hilde and she leaves the social immediately.

Erika arrives the next day and announces that they will take a trip to the *village* so she can obtain more information for her book. (The reader must assume that the village is in the Mühlviertel.) Hilde does not wish to go, yet does not want to be excluded. As they enter the village, Hilde recalls working hard in the fields to harvest the crop left behind by farmers to have enough food for their large family. She remembers the hunger pangs and how her father could not find work. She remembers Fritzi, a member of her apartment-style household, bringing eggs and bacon on Sundays from the farmers and how she had felt proud carrying the basket into the kitchen. She had wanted her mother to be more proud of her than she was of her older and prettier sister, Monika.

Hilde sees the lifeless and leafless pear tree in the village. She refers to it as the "February Tree", the tree on which Hannes was hanged. She remembers a Nazi in a black uniform telling her at school that her brother was dead. She remembers running through the snow and losing one wooden shoe in an attempt to save him. She remembers discovering he truly was dead and lying in the snow, hoping for her own death. Hilde and Erika visit her old house and she recalls beatings; they then visit the pond where she is reminded of the many loads of laundry she was forced to wash with her mother. She begrudged the freedom of her brothers who were not forced to do work, her oldest sister, Renate, who lived with their grandparents, and her delicate sister, Monika, who was never asked to manage hard labor. They walk down the lane to the old school lined with apple trees; she recalls the rough feeling of cobblestones on her sore feet and the bitter taste of the small apples. She evades a certain barn on the lane and avoids looking out into the distance towards the area which was once the site of Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.

Upon returning to their hotel room, Hilde reflects on her daughter. Her inner thoughts display envy toward Erika's privilege of being educated and her ability to choose her career. Hilde reveals that she had always wanted to be a nurse, however her dreams of a nursing career were shattered the day her village was bombed during air raids. She had watched her brother Stephen die as she was swallowed by mounds of earth. The raid had made her weak and incapable of dealing with trauma later in her life.

During their stay in the Mühlviertel, Erika is able to extract information about the fateful day in February that Hilde had been pushing from her memory for many years. Hilde relays that in the middle of the night she and her siblings were awakened by the sound of sirens. Her parents and the other tenants of her home were forced to stand for a roll call in which Pesendorfer, the Nazi authority in their house, told the tenants that many Russian convicts had escaped from the nearby concentration camp. He explained that it was their duty to Germany to find and kill each one of these convicts. Hilde, being a young girl, is told to stay at the house. However, she is worried about protecting her brother Hannes, who, like her other brothers, is forced to search for prisoners, and sneaks away to find him.

In her search for her brother, Hilde comes across the barn near her schoolhouse. She enters it, only to find Pesendorfer, her neighbor Mrs. Emmerich, and her brother Walter all violently killing prisoners. She runs home and finds Hannes, who informs her that he has hidden a prisoner in his wardrobe and that she must remain silent about it.

The next morning the villagers attend church to commemorate Candlemas. The hunters seek purification and are urged by their pastor to side with Germany and continue the search for the prisoners. At this insistence Hilde finds herself telling Hannes' secret to her mother. The story is vague about how this information is relayed to Pesendorfer, but, he finds and kills the prisoner, then takes Hannes away to beat him for his misconduct. Hilde recalls cleaning the blood from her brother's face after the beating. The following day, she finds that Hannes has been hanged for his actions. Her guilt in the causation of two deaths is evident through her narration.

Back in the present, Erika is stunned by the horrific story and deeply regrets forcing her mother to relive the event. The novel closes with the image of the mother and daughter driving away from the Mühlviertel, with Hilde at the wheel and her foot on the gas pedal.

## Major themes

### Psychological effects of Mühlviertler Hasenjagd

*February Shadows* can be categorized as a psychological novel. The entire narration is told through first person stream of consciousness, and the plot builds through the unearthing of new memories as they emerge in Hilde's mind. The story is told in a mix of past and present and the narration switches fluidly back and forth between the two. The manner of the flashbacks and the inner comments Hilde makes about each informs the reader that she wishes to repress the horrific memories of 2 February 1945. Hilde constantly reminds herself to forget the past as if her survival and sanity depended on doing so.

Guilt has a great impact on Hilde throughout her life. She feels extreme guilt about the night of the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd and remains haunted by Hannes' words throughout her adulthood. He had said, "'Everyone who doesn't do something against this manhunt makes himself GUILTY.'" Not only through omission does she feel regret for the massacre, but she holds herself personally responsible for the deaths of the escaped prisoner and of her favorite brother, Hannes. Her guilt plagues her throughout the novel.

Critic Donna Hoffmeister describes Hilde's psychology as coerced, shaped by the patriarchal fascist belief system of the time. She was made to feel inferior and submissive, but also encouraged to never exclude herself from a group. This personal type of fascism aided in the rally of Austrian youth to support the Nazi cause during the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd. Many years after the period of National Socialism, it was still difficult for Hilde to extricate herself from this pattern of thinking. As an adult, she still felt extreme anxiety about being excluded from groups and events.

### Dysfunctional family life

Family, or lack thereof, remains important throughout both Hilde's childhood and adulthood. Hilde's childhood is laden with abuse and patriarchal superiority. This is represented by her father's harmful actions and her mother's unwillingness to ask her brothers to do housework. In the ideal fascist society the family unit mimicked the hierarchical structure of the state. In Hilde's case, the state was stronger and more stable than her own family unit. This is evident at the climax of the novel, when she is having an inner struggle about choosing to do what was right by Germany's standards or by Hannes' standards. In the end she chose Germany's — her family life was too weak and dysfunctional to stand up to the beliefs instilled by the state and the only morals she was aware of were state-taught.

Though her married life was much better than her childhood, there was still an aspect of inhibition in Hilde's ability to function as a normal family member. Hilde resented the constant feeling of being excluded, thinking her husband and daughter were purposefully leaving her out of conversations because she was less educated than they were.

### The mother-daughter relationship

Throughout the story, the mother-daughter relationship between Hilde and Erika is complex. The first point of tension between the women is the generation difference. Erika comes from an educated generation that is encouraged to ask questions and find truth, while Hilde was taught to never question authority or rules. Erika is taught to be active and bold; Hilde was taught to be passive and demure. There is much misunderstanding from the differences in their ages and histories. Also, Hilde is extremely envious of Erika's education and opportunities, causing a rift between mother and daughter. Hilde dislikes the fact that Erika has used her education to become a mere writer.

Erika is very demanding towards Hilde in wanting answers; Hilde is her daughter's only tie to personal history. Erika can not discover her heritage without the aid of her mother, yet her mother wants to forget her painful past and move on to a better future. Erika seems fascinated with the past and the liberation of the female voice while Hilde is engrossed with silencing herself and moving forward.

### Use of the word "shadows"

The persistent use of the word "shadow" stems from the original text. In German, the word refers to a specific type of shadow only cast in February due to the position of the earth and sun at that time of the year. The shadows of February are more defined, as was the evil of the villagers on 2 February 1945. Hilde often uses shadows in reference to shameful or painful events, people, and memories. Shadows seem to be fitting to the nature of the novel since Hilde is always attempting to escape the shadowy pain of her past.

Using the idea of *shadows*, a major theme that received considerable notice by the academic public was the literal liberation of the young female voice during the Hasenjagd and, consequently, during the war. Reichart allowed the reader to see into the mind of a tormented, silenced girl, thus freeing her voice. Through Reichart's book, the Austrian readers could feel they were making a positive and progressive movement in history by becoming aware of the tragedy of the war, and accepting their place and major faults in it.

## Style

### Literary techniques

*February Shadows* contains several non-traditional literary devices that became popular in Austrian literature in the 1980s in novels that dealt with subject matter relating to World War II, and especially Austria's participation in the war. Reichart utilizes these unconventional devices to illustrate Hilde's denial of pain and her struggle to remain emotionally stable. The use of fragmented sentences allows the reader to understand Hilde's inability and refusal to connect one idea to another as she attempts to repress memories. The truncated thoughts represented by the short and incomplete sentences display her own prohibition to remember the past coherently. Even Reichart's incorrect punctuation enhances the emotions of the story. Reichart often places periods in the middle of sentences, creating sharp and abrupt *stops* to ideas, as if Hilde is trying to smother her own thoughts. Reichart also ends interrogatives without question marks as if Hilde is hopelessly inquiring and does not expect to receive an answer.

The plot follows a non-sequential structure; it switches from past memories to present experiences, and often entangles the two. This meshing of memory with sensation creates confusion between past and present, in which no details are concrete. Words and phrases are repeated throughout the book, highlighting themes and recurring ideas. This redundancy generates a sense of obsession throughout the narrative, Erika's obsession to learn the truth, and Hilde's obsession to forget it. Coupled with repetition, Reichart's use of recurring words—such as alone, exclusion, and guilt—emphasize their importance to the main points and the extreme feelings Hilde feels about them.

Throughout the novel Hilde will often not refer to herself in the first person, but insists on using the third person, or she speaks without using a noun or pronoun. This relates to her self-loathing and her unwillingness to see herself honestly for fear of who she really is. Similar to the disuse of the pronoun "I", Hilde also does not allow herself to use the word "my" in reference to her parents, husband, and daughter. She inserts an impersonal "the" in its place. For example, she does not say "my" mother, but "the" mother. In the original Austrian text the use of the impersonal article was meant to show estrangement between Hilde and her family, and Reichart asked that the English translation retain the article even though it did not translate directly.

The overall effect of Reichart's literary techniques indicate Hilde's estrangement of painful memories, her obsession with guilt and self-loathing, her inability to resolve anxiety, and the inadequacy of words to capture her feelings. With these devices, Reichart allows the reader to see inside the mind of an extremely disturbed woman. For Reichart, Hilde and her siblings embody the war-time generation: Walter, who helped to hack to death the prisoners in the barn; Monika, who was too delicate and fragile to act; Hannes, who refused to kill the prisoner and tried to save him; and Hilde, who was confused and did not know to whom she could go for help. The father, a violent and bitter man, made his family suffer and was indeed complicit in their suffering; the mother, worked hard but said nothing; the distant sister, Christine, was removed from the chaos. The home was no sanctuary, not for the escaped prisoner, nor for Hilde; Pesendorf betrayed the brother—indeed, the family—and killed the prisoner. The home was as dangerous and bloody as the barn.

### Elements of the psychological novel

Three major elements of the writing style indicate that the book can be classified as a psychological novel. The first is the emphasis of the mind and inner thoughts rather than the plot line and movement of the story. The feelings behind all actions chosen are far more important than the actions themselves; the actions are mere secondary behaviors in response to the psychological decisions of the character. Another element is the stream of consciousness, or inner monologue style of writing. The majority of the storyline takes place in the mind of the lead character rather than externally through actions and interactions with other characters. In addition to inner monologues, memories of dialogues or even imagined dialogues with other important characters aid in plot movement. The final element is the use of a non-chronological timeline and excessive flashbacks. The effect allows the reader to follow the character thought by thought through memories, feelings, and contemplations, thus creating the illusion that the reader is inside the character's mind, rather than a third party observer, as in classical novels.

### Similar authors

Reichart utilizes techniques in her novel that are similar to other Austrian authors from both the early 20th century and the early 1980s. Similar to Franz Kafka, Reichart employs alternating run-on and fragmented sentences to display the emotions of her character, and also creates a poignant plot by using ambiguous words which could potentially possess multiple meanings in the text. Like Ödön von Horváth, Reichart has the ability to uproot and publicly display difficult events through dramatized means. In the novels authored by Peter Handke, the use of extreme psychological activity drives the plot, which is also congruent with Reichart's novel. Her use of key themes and phrases which represent innate emotional processes can also be seen in the writings of one of her famous contemporaries, Thomas Bernhard.

## Publication history

*Februarschatten* was originally written in the German language and was first printed by Verlag der Österreichischen Staatsdrückerei in Vienna in 1984. It was reissued by Aufbau Verlag in Berlin by 1985, when the afterword by Christa Wolf was added. The English version, *February Shadows*, translated by Donna L. Hoffmeister, was published in 1989, with a translator's commentary at the end of the book to aid English speakers' understanding of certain language and context. Ariadne Press in Riverside, California, published the English version and Georg Eisler designed the cover art.

### About the afterword

The afterword of the novel was written by Christa Wolf, a famous German literary critic and writer known for such works as *Der geteilte Himmel* (*Divided Heaven*, 1963), *Kindheitsmuster* (*Patterns of Childhood*, 1976), and *Was bleibt* (*What Remains*, 1990). Wolf gives a brief background of Reichart's discovery of the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd and her own interpretation of the story. She praises two main themes, the struggle of silence, and the liberation of the female voice through psychological writing. Wolf also notifies the reader of consistent symbolism throughout the book and its application to reality.

## Reception

The novel was received well by young Austrians in the 1980s. To them, the book represented a story of truth that was long hidden. At a time when Austria was starting to take on responsibility for its nonaction during World War II, *February Shadows* threw light on problems of the past. Reichart displayed to her own nation that ignoring and forgetting events such as the Mühlviertler Hasenjagd was unacceptable and not to be tolerated. Some older Austrians, who had lived through the war, considered *February Shadows* controversial and inappropriate. Much like the character Hilde, they felt the past should stay in the past, that there was a reason for Austrian silence about the events of World War II: to protect lives.

## Sources

### Citations and notes

### Bibliography

* "Christa Wolf." FemBio. April 19, 2010.
* DeMeritt, Linda. "The Art of Confronting Taboos." Department of Modern and Classical Languages of Allegheny College. 2000.
* "Elisabeth Reichart- February Shadows." *Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, and Thought.* Ariadne Press. 2004.
* Hoffmeister, Donna L. "Commentary." *February Shadows.* Riverside: Ariadne Press, 1989.
* Hornek, Daniel. "Franz Kafka Biography." Franz Kafka Website. 1999.
* Killough, Mary Klein. "Freud's Vienna, Then and Now: The Problem of Austrian Identity. Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine" *Blue Ridge Torch Club.* 2006.
* Michaels, Jennifer E. "Breaking the Silence: Elisabeth Reichart's Protest against the Denial of the Nazi past in Austria." *German Studies Review.* Vol. 19, No. 1 (1996): pp. 9–27. *JSTOR.* German Studies Association. March 31, 2010.
* "Odon von Horvath." Moonstruck Drama. 19 April 2010.
* "Peter Handke." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 April 2010.
* "Psychological Novel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 April 2010.
* Reichart, Elisabeth. *February Shadows.* Riverside: Ariadne Press, 1989.
* "Thomas Bernhard." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 April 2010.
* Thornton, Dan Franklin. "Dualities: Myth and the unreconciled past in Austrian and Dutch literature of the 1980s." Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States—North Carolina. *Proquest.* Publication No. AAT 9968684. March 31, 2010.
* Wolf, Christa. "Afterword." *February Shadows.* Riverside: Ariadne Press, 1989.

## InfoBox

*February Shadows*
| First edition (Austrian) | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Elisabeth Reichart |
| Original title | *Februarschatten* |
| Cover artist | Georg Eisler |
| Language | German |
| Genre | Historical novel; Psychological novel |
| Publisher | Adriadne Press |
| Publication date | 1984 |
| Publication place | Austria |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 162 |
| ISBN | 0-929497-02-3 (second edition, paperback) |
| Followed by | *Komm über den See (Come across the Lake)* |


title: Charles Payne House

abstract: The Charles Payne House is an historic site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The house was built in 1855–56 by Charles Payne and later expanded with the addition of two ells and a porch. The 1+1⁄2-story Gothic-Italianate vernacular cottage is architecturally significant as a 19th-century vernacular cottage in a picturesque setting. Though the round-head picket fence and entry gates were later removed, the property retains a large shaded garden on with ample street frontage. The Charles Payne House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# Charles Payne House

The **Charles Payne House** is an historic site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The house was built in 1855–56 by Charles Payne and later expanded with the addition of two ells and a porch. The 1+12-story Gothic-Italianate vernacular cottage is architecturally significant as a 19th-century vernacular cottage in a picturesque setting. Though the round-head picket fence and entry gates were later removed, the property retains a large shaded garden on with ample street frontage. The Charles Payne House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## History

The house was constructed by Charles Payne, an engraver who founded the firm of Payne & Taylor for calico printers in 1849. In 1849, Payne began to purchase parcels of land that he would later construct the house on. The main block of the house was erected in 1855–1856 and later expanded with a north wing in the mid-1870s. The final major addition was an ell on the west side of the house, the date of construction occurred prior to 1902. Though the house has been the subject of some alterations, these changes are largely inconspicuous.

## Design

The Charles Payne House is a 1+12-story Gothic-Italianate vernacular cottage that has a spacious garden founded on the site of a long-removed house. The house's gable end faces the street with a rear ell and the other ell perpendicular to the main block on the west side. Centered on the east end of the roof is a cross gable which is visually offset by the dormer on the west. The house has a small gable-roofed vestibule on the east side, aligned underneath the cross-gable. The rear ell has an attached porch that spans its length. A single story bay hexagonal bay window protrudes from the facade. The distinguishing feature of the Payne house is the wood trim exterior, consisting of hood mould on the paired windows on the south, four kinds of bargeboards and bracketed cornices on the rear ell's east side. The interior of the Charles Payne House is not covered in detail by any survey, but has three mantelpieces on the first floor, two displaying Gothic Revival influence in their wooden designs and the third, located in the rear ell, made of grey marble with a round-head opening. Though not mentioned in the nomination, a photo shows one of the wooden mantlepieces filled with brick and rendered unusable at the time. The setting of the house was important to the National Register nomination, which specifically highlighted its shaded garden and fencing. At the time of the nomination, an ornamental round head picket fence surrounded the property and access was through a double-leaf lattice work gate. By 2013, the picket fence and entrance gate had been removed, but the property still retains the street frontage for its garden.

## Significance

According to the National Register of Historic Places, the Charles Payne house is architecturally significance as an "unusually picturesque and well-preserved example of the small vernacular cottages erected during the middle years of the nineteenth-century in Pawtucket". The nominated property included the Charles Payne house, the surrounding yard, fence and garden, all of which contributed to the picturesque setting of the nomination. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Charles Payne House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Charles Payne House | |
|  | |
| Location | 25 Brown Street,<br>Pawtucket, Rhode Island |
| Coordinates | 41°52′17″N 71°23′29″W / 41.87139°N 71.39139°W / 41.87139; -71.39139 |
| Built | 1855 |
| Architectural style | Gothic, Italianate |
| MPS | Pawtucket MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 83003847 |
| Added to NRHP | November 18, 1983 |


title: Church of St Michael, Tilehurst

abstract: St. Michael's Church, Tilehurst, is the parish church of Tilehurst in the English county of Berkshire. It is a parish of the Church of England in the Diocese of Oxford. The church dates from the 12th century, although the oldest part of the current building is the south aisle, built round about 1300, now dedicated as the Lady Chapel. In the early 17th century, this aisle gained the addition of one of the most spectacular renaissance church monuments in the county. Dutch merchant and lord of the manor, Sir Peter Vanlore, lies with wife in heraldic splendour, accompanied by nine children. The building was judged to need repair work by the 19th century, and was much restored in 1855 to designs by G. E. Street. This work included building the north aisle and adding a spire to the tower, which dates from the 1730s. The church was again altered in 1955, and an extension was completed in 1993, adding various rooms and the other facilities that are needed by a busy parish church.

text:
# Church of St Michael, Tilehurst

**St. Michael's Church, Tilehurst,** is the parish church of Tilehurst in the English county of Berkshire. It is a parish of the Church of England in the Diocese of Oxford.

The church dates from the 12th century, although the oldest part of the current building is the south aisle, built round about 1300, now dedicated as the Lady Chapel. In the early 17th century, this aisle gained the addition of one of the most spectacular renaissance church monuments in the county. Dutch merchant and lord of the manor, Sir Peter Vanlore, lies with wife in heraldic splendour, accompanied by nine children.

The building was judged to need repair work by the 19th century, and was much restored in 1855 to designs by G. E. Street. This work included building the north aisle and adding a spire to the tower, which dates from the 1730s. The church was again altered in 1955, and an extension was completed in 1993, adding various rooms and the other facilities that are needed by a busy parish church.

51°27′07″N 1°01′53″W / 51.45189°N 1.03152°W / 51.45189; -1.03152

## InfoBox

| Church of Saint Michael, Tilehurst | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | New Lane Hill, Tilehurst, Reading, Berkshire RG30 4JX |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Website | http://www.stmichaeltilehurst.org.uk/ |
| History | |
| Founded | 12th century |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Oxford |
| Parish | Tilehurst |
| Clergy | |
| Rector | Revd Dr Liz Ratcliffe |


title: Jérémy Aicardi

abstract: Jérémy Aicardi is a French rugby sevens player. He was selected for the French sevens team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil.

text:
# Jérémy Aicardi

**Jérémy Aicardi** (born 26 November 1988) is a French rugby sevens player. He was selected for the French sevens team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil.

## InfoBox

Jérémy Aicardi
| Date of birth | (1988-11-26) 26 November 1988 |
| --- | --- |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 83 kg (183 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Wing (Rugby Union)<br>Centre (sevens)  National sevens team  **Years** **Team** **Comps**  2013- France | |


title: Dražen Kovačević

abstract: Dražen Kovačević is a popular Serbian comic-book creator, known best for his comic Wheel created with Goran Skrobonja. He mainly works for major French publishers.

text:
# Dražen Kovačević

**Dražen Kovačević** (born 1974 in Zagreb) is a popular Serbian comic-book creator, known best for his comic *Wheel* (Serbian: "Točak") created with Goran Skrobonja. He mainly works for major French publishers.

## Comicography

1. *La prophétie de Korot*, „Glénat“, France, 2001. Novel adaptation: Vladimir Vesović
2. *Les 7 combattants de Korot* I, —||—, 2002
3. *Les 7 combattants de Korot* II, —||—, 2003.
4. *Les 7 combattants de Korot* III, —||—, 2005.

1. *Les compagnons de l'aigle*, „Les Humanoïdes Associés“, France, 2003.
2. *Le retour du harith*, —||—, 2005.
3. *Le secret de la Sibylle*, —||—, 2006.
4. *La tanière du mal*, —||—, 2010.

1. *La malédiction de Garlath*, „Soleil Productions“, France, 2009.
2. *La faiblesse de la chair*, —||—, 2011.

1. *Légendes nordiques*, „Soleil“, France, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Dražen Kovačević | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dražen Kovačević
(1974-10-20) October 20, 1974
Zagreb, Yugoslavia |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Area(s) | Penciler; Inker; Colorist |
| Notable works | Wheel (fr. La Roue sr. Točak), fr. Meute de l'enfer |
| Awards | first prize of Bedecouvertes concurs by Glénat |


title: Cobham's thesis

abstract: Cobham's thesis, also known as Cobham–Edmonds thesis, asserts that computational problems can be feasibly computed on some computational device only if they can be computed in polynomial time; that is, if they lie in the complexity class P. In modern terms, it identifies tractable problems with the complexity class P. Formally, to say that a problem can be solved in polynomial time is to say that there exists an algorithm that, given an n-bit instance of the problem as input, can produce a solution in time O(nc), using the big-O notation and with c being a constant that depends on the problem but not the particular instance of the problem. Alan Cobham's 1965 paper entitled "The intrinsic computational difficulty of functions" is one of the earliest mentions of the concept of the complexity class P, consisting of problems decidable in polynomial time. Cobham theorized that this complexity class was a good way to describe the set of feasibly computable problems. Jack Edmonds's 1965 paper "Paths, trees, and flowers" is also credited with identifying P with tractable problems.

text:
# Cobham's thesis

**Cobham's thesis**, also known as **Cobham–Edmonds thesis** (named after Alan Cobham and Jack Edmonds), asserts that computational problems can be feasibly computed on some computational device only if they can be computed in polynomial time; that is, if they lie in the complexity class . In modern terms, it identifies tractable problems with the complexity class **P**.

Formally, to say that a problem can be solved in polynomial time is to say that there exists an algorithm that, given an *n*-bit instance of the problem as input, can produce a solution in time O(*nc*), using the big-O notation and with *c* being a constant that depends on the problem but not the particular instance of the problem.

Alan Cobham's 1965 paper entitled "The intrinsic computational difficulty of functions" is one of the earliest mentions of the concept of the complexity class , consisting of problems decidable in polynomial time. Cobham theorized that this complexity class was a good way to describe the set of feasibly computable problems.

Jack Edmonds's 1965 paper "Paths, trees, and flowers" is also credited with identifying **P** with tractable problems.

## Limitations

While Cobham's thesis is an important milestone in the development of the theory of computational complexity, it has limitations as applied to practical feasibility of algorithms. The thesis essentially states that "**P**" means "easy, fast, and practical", while "not in **P**" means "hard, slow, and impractical". But this is not always true, because the thesis abstracts away some important variables that influence the runtime in practice:

* It ignores constant factors and lower-order terms.
* It ignores the size of the exponent. The time hierarchy theorem proves the existence of problems in **P** requiring arbitrarily large exponents.
* It ignores the typical size of the input.

All three are related and are general complaints about analysis of algorithms, but they particularly apply to Cobham's thesis, since it makes an explicit claim about practicality. Under Cobham's thesis, a problem for which the best algorithm takes *n*200 instructions is considered feasible, and a problem with an algorithm that takes 20.00001*n* instructions infeasibleeven though one could never solve an instance of size *n* = 2 with the former algorithm, whereas an instance of the latter problem of size *n* = 106 could be solved without difficulty. In fields where practical problems have millions of variables (such as operations research or electronic design automation), even O(*n*3) algorithms are often impractical.

A separate consideration is that in many cases, one is often content with *approximate* solutions if an exact solution cannot be found. For example, the travelling salesman problem is widely suspected to be unsolvable exactly in polynomial time (it is NP-hard), but good solutions can be obtained in polynomial time with methods such as the Christofides algorithm.


title: South Bank railway station, Brisbane

abstract: South Bank railway station is located on the Gold Coast line in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is one of two stations serving the South Brisbane area, the other being South Brisbane station. It was formerly known as Vulture Street station due to being located on Vulture Street.

text:
# South Bank railway station, Brisbane

**South Bank railway station** is located on the Gold Coast line in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is one of two stations serving the South Brisbane area, the other being South Brisbane station. It was formerly known as Vulture Street station due to being located on Vulture Street.

## History

South Bank station opened as Vulture Street, after the adjoining street. The station provides access to the park and cinemas, and the Grey Street retail and dining precinct.

In September 1930, the standard gauge New South Wales North Coast line opened to the west of the station. In 1995, as part of the construction of the Gold Coast line, the standard gauge line was converted to dual gauge.

On 27 April 2001, the station was renamed South Bank (Vulture Street), later being simplified to South Bank in reference to its proximity to the South Bank Parklands. At the same time a platform face was added on the dual gauge line.

In December 2013, work commenced on a transit oriented development at South Bank, which will see the station covered with office and apartment buildings. The new apartments are called Southpoint. The proposal was announced by the Queensland Government in November 2007.

## Services

South Bank station is served by Beenleigh, Cleveland and Gold Coast line services.

## Services by platform

| Platform | Line | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Beenleigh | Kuraby & Beenleigh |  |
| | Cleveland | Park Road, Cannon Hill, Manly & Cleveland |  |
| | Gold Coast | Varsity Lakes |  |
| 2 | Beenleigh | Bowen Hills & Ferny Grove |  |
| | Cleveland | Bowen Hills, Doomben & Shorncliffe |  |
| | Gold Coast | Bowen Hills & Brisbane Domestic Airport |  |
| 3 | Beenleigh | Beenleigh | Early morning only |
| | | Park Road, Bowen Hills & Doomben | Saturday services |
| | Gold Coast | Bowen Hills & Brisbane Domestic Airport | Peak hours only |
| | Doomben | Morning peak only |
| | Varsity Lakes | Peak hours only |
|

Adjacent to the station lies the South Bank busway station that is served by Transport for Brisbane bus services.

## InfoBox

| South Bank | |
| --- | --- |
| North-west bound view in 2017 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Grey Street, South Brisbane |
| Coordinates | 27°28′55″S 153°01′23″E / 27.4820°S 153.0230°E / -27.4820; 153.0230 |
| Owned by | Queensland Rail |
| Operated by | Queensland Rail |
| Line(s) | Gold Coast |
| Distance | 3.55 kilometres from Central |
| Platforms | 3 (1 side, 1 island) |
| Tracks | 3 |
| Connections | South Bank busway station |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Elevated |
| Accessible | Yes |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 600006 (platform 1)
600188 (platform 2)
600189 (platform 3) |
| Fare zone | go card 1 |
| Website |  |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
| Previous names | Vulture Street |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Queensland Rail Following station  South Brisbanetowards Bowen Hills  Beenleigh Line  Park Roadtowards Beenleigh  Cleveland Line  Park Roadtowards Cleveland  Gold Coast Line  Park Roadtowards Varsity Lakes | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: 1924 New Year Honours (New Zealand)

abstract: The 1924 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments as Knight Bachelor by King George V, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to reward and highlight good works by two New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1923 and the beginning of 1924, and were announced on 1 January 1924. The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.

text:
# 1924 New Year Honours (New Zealand)

The **1924 New Year Honours in New Zealand** were appointments as Knight Bachelor by King George V, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to reward and highlight good works by two New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1923 and the beginning of 1924, and were announced on 1 January 1924.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.

## Knight Bachelor


title: Charles K. Johnson

abstract: Charles Kenneth Johnson was, from 1972 until his death, the president of the International Flat Earth Research Society, which he and his wife ran from their home in California. He claimed that the Apollo Moon landings, and space exploration in general, were faked to lead people away from the biblical truth that the world was flat.

text:
# Charles K. Johnson

**Charles Kenneth Johnson** (July 24, 1924 – March 19, 2001) was, from 1972 until his death, the president of the International Flat Earth Research Society, which he and his wife ran from their home in California. He claimed that the Apollo Moon landings, and space exploration in general, were faked to lead people away from the biblical truth that the world was flat.

## Biography

According to Johnson, he had doubted the round earth theory since an elementary school teacher tried, unsuccessfully, to teach him about gravity.

Originally an airplane mechanic in San Francisco, Johnson took over the Society from Samuel Shenton on the latter's death in 1972, from his ranch, near Edwards Air Force Base. While president, his organization had only around 200 members in 1980. Johnson once said that "if earth were a ball spinning in space, there would be no up or down."

In his obituary, Tim Bullamore wrote, "Although the world at large was slow to accept his work, Johnson remained cheerful and unruffled. He enjoyed smoking a cigar while watching the sun set over the flat desert. He was regularly interviewed by curious journalists and was often invited to speak about his subject. He received large quantities of mail, not all of it ridiculing his work, and on one occasion he starred in an ice-cream advertisement."


title: Cinderella (Ashton)

abstract: This version of the Cinderella ballet, using Sergei Prokofiev's Cinderella music and re-choreographed by Frederick Ashton, is a comic ballet.

text:
# Cinderella (Ashton)

This version of the ***Cinderella*** ballet, using Sergei Prokofiev's *Cinderella* music and re-choreographed by Frederick Ashton, is a comic ballet.

## Ballet productions

| **Choreography** | Frederick Ashton |
| --- | --- |
| **Music** | Sergei Prokofiev |
| **Design** | Jean-Denis Malcles (scenery and costumes) |
| **Libretto** | Frederick Ashton (after the fairy tale by Charles Perrault) |
| **First production** | Sadler's Wells Ballet, Royal Opera House, London, 23 December 1948 |
| **Principal dancers** | Moira Shearer (Cinderella), Michael Somes (Prince), Frederick Ashton and Robert Helpmann (Stepsisters), Alexander Grant (The Jester) |
| **Other productions** | Royal Ballet (new production, restaged and revised by Frederick Ashton); with Margot Fonteyn (Cinderella), David Blair (Prince), Frederick Ashton and Robert Helpmann (Ugly Stepsisters); London, 23 December 1965 |
| **First US production** | Joffrey Ballet, with Christian Holder and Gary Chryst (Ugly Stepsisters); Roosevelt University's Auditorium Theatre, Chicago, October 2006 |
| **Other choreographic treatments of the story** | François Albert Decombe (London, 1822); Marius Petipa, Enrico Cecchetti, and Lev Ivanov (St. Petersburg, 1893) see *Cinderella* (Fitinhof-Schell) |

## Plot outline

Ashton's *Cinderella* is his own realised dream of a Petipa ballet and the ballet itself enacts the realisation of dreams, notably Cinderella's own. When we first see her she is a demi-caractere dancer dreaming of being a ballerina—that seems to be the balletic point of her solo with the broomstick in the kitchen—and it is as a ballerina that she magically enters the ballroom, stepping *en pointe* down the stairs and advancing in *pas de bourree* to the front of the stage. Back in the kitchen she recalls the slipper (or rather the pointe shoe) that she carries in her apron; the shoe is the clue to her dream and persuades her it was true. The Prince finds Cinderella, but in his arms she discovers her own identity as a ballerina and her dream of herself has been realised. Cinderella's mice design the gown.

## Origins

There are many versions of the story of *Cinderella* (the earliest was written down in China in the 9th century) and it has been the basis for a long list of pantomimes, operas, and ballets.

The earliest *Cinderella* ballet proper was by Duport in Vienna in 1813, although Drury Lane's *Cinderella* ten years earlier had a ballet divertissement of *Loves and Graces* introduced by *Venus*.

London's first complete *Cinderella* ballet was seen in 1822, the year Paris first heard Rossini's opera *La Cenerentola*.

Marius Petipa, Lev Ivanov, and Enrico Cecchetti choreographed *Cinderella* for the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in 1893 to the music of Baron Boris Fitinhof-Schell—it was in this splendid production that Pierina Legnani first performed in Russia her celebrated feat of *32 fouettes*—but none of the choreography has survived.

Adeline Genée first danced *Cinderella* at the Empire, Leicester Square, on Twelfth Night 1906, and 29 years later to the day Andrée Howard choreographed her one-act *Cinderella* (in which Frederick Ashton was the elegant Prince) for Rambert's Ballet Club at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate.

## The score

Sergei Prokofiev had begun composition on the score for *Cinderella* in 1941 but, because of the war and his opera *War and Peace*, the orchestration was not completed until 1944.

The music was choreographed first for the Bolshoi Ballet by Rostislav Zakharov in 1945 and then for the Kirov Ballet by Konstantin Sergeyev in 1946. Olga Lepeshinskaya created *Cinderella* in Moscow (where Ulanova, who alternated with her, had great success in the role) and Dudinskaya first danced it in Leningrad.

Prokofiev and his collaborators were guided by Perrault's version of the story and by the great Tchaikovsky ballet scores, which themselves served the structure of Petipa's choreography. Prokofiev wrote that he conceived *Cinderella* (which he dedicated to Tchaikovsky):

> ... as a classical ballet with variations, adagois, pas de deux, etc... I see Cinderella not only as a fairy-tale character but also as a real person, feeling, experiencing, and moving among us,

and again:

> What I wished to express above all in the music of Cinderella was the poetic love of Cinderella and the Prince, the birth and flowering of that love, the obstacles in its path and finally the dream fulfilled.

## Ashton's choreography

Frederick Ashton first considered the idea of composing a full-evening ballet as early as 1939, when the Vic-Wells *Sleeping Princess* had proved so successful, but because of the war these ambitions were shelved.

Early in 1946, though, in a speech at the Soviet Theater Exhibition, de Valois said she could not wait to see the first full-length English classical ballet, and during 1946 and 1947 there were constant rumours of possible three-act ballet scores. At one point Delibes' *Sylvia* seemed the most likely choice (that came in 1952 and was Ashton's second full-length ballet), but in the late spring of 1948 Prokofiev's *Cinderella* was selected as the score Ashton would choreograph.

He had heard and liked quite a lot of the Prokofiev music and he thought Perrault's story a good one. In the event, Ashton cut some of the music, notably the third-act scene showing the Prince's journey in search of Cinderella (a pretext for a divertissement of national dances: Ashton's comment on this was "I didn't like any of the places he went to, nor the music he wrote for them") and a shorter dance of Grasshoppers and Dragonflies after the Fairy Summer's variation in the first act. The choreography of Cinderella is Ashton's homage to the classical tradition of Petipa, as had been *Symphonic Variations* of two years earlier, albeit on a smaller scale. In 1948 Ashton also created *Scènes de ballet*, which distilled the essence of Petipa's ballets down to just one act.

The choreography of *Cinderella* is full of dreams, some most definitely unfulfilled. In the ballroom, the put-upon, shy *Ugly Sister*—significantly Ashton's own role—performs a Petipa figure that amounts to her dream of being *Odile* at Siegfried's ball or the *Sugar Plum Fairy*. She is in fact full of choreographic dreams, and that is the clue to her character (as is the fact that she has Edith Sitwell's nose). Again in the ballroom the bossy *Ugly Sister* does a fish-dive with her suitor, a dream of the final *pas de deux* in *The Sleeping Beauty*.

## Sources

* Bremster, M. (1993). *International Dictionary of Ballet* (Vol. 1 and 2). Detroit: St James Press. ISBN 1-55862-084-2


title: Boulaouane

abstract: Boulaouane is a small town and rural commune in El Jadida Province of the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. The town is near the Oum Er-Rbia River and the fortress overlooks that river. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 14,404 people living in 2319 households.

text:
# Boulaouane

**Boulaouane** is a small town and rural commune in El Jadida Province of the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. The town is near the Oum Er-Rbia River and the fortress (Boulanouane Kasbah) overlooks that river. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 14,404 people living in 2319 households.

## History

The fortress or Kasbah that overlooks an important bend in the river was built by Moulay Ismail in 1710. The ten-metre-high (33 ft) towers command a view of the surrounding area.

## InfoBox

| Boulaouane | |
| --- | --- |
| Rural commune and town | |
| The Kasbah | |
| BoulaouaneLocation in Morocco | |
| Coordinates: 32°51′38″N 8°03′11″W / 32.86066°N 8.05303°W / 32.86066; -8.05303 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Casablanca-Settat |
| Province | El Jadida |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 14,404 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Slit

abstract: Slit or SLIT may refer to:

text:
# Slit

**Slit** or **SLIT** may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Slit (protein), in genetics, the midline repellent signaling molecule
* Slitting, a shearing operation that cuts a large roll of material into narrower rolls
* Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), immunotherapy that involves putting allergen extracts under the tongue

## Other uses

* Slit trench, a defensive fighting position in warfare
* Slit Woods, a Site of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham, England
* Arrowslit or loophole, a defensive slot in the wall of a building that allows archers to fire at invaders if the building is threatened


title: Florida State Road 684

abstract: State Road 684 is a state road located in Manatee County, Florida, United States. The road runs from an intersection with SR 789 in Bradenton Beach east to U.S. Route 41 and unsigned SR 55 in South Bradenton. SR 684 is known as Cortez Road its entire length and varies from a two-lane road between Bradenton Beach and Cortez to a four- to six-lane road east of Cortez. The easternmost portion of SR 684 is concurrent with US 41 and is unsigned.

text:
# Florida State Road 684

**State Road 684** (**SR 684**) is a state road located in Manatee County, Florida, United States. The road runs from an intersection with SR 789 in Bradenton Beach east to U.S. Route 41 (US 41) and unsigned SR 55 in South Bradenton. SR 684 is known as **Cortez Road** its entire length and varies from a two-lane road between Bradenton Beach and Cortez to a four- to six-lane road east of Cortez. The easternmost portion of SR 684 is concurrent with US 41 and is unsigned.

## Route description

SR 684 begins at an intersection with SR 789 on the Gulf of Mexico in Bradenton Beach, heading east on two-lane undivided Cortez Road West. The road passes resort development before crossing Sarasota Pass on a drawbridge. At this point, the state road heads into Cortez and gains a center left-turn lane, passing residential development. SR 684 curves southeast and becomes a four-lane divided highway, passing through wooded areas with some trailer parks to the south, with the median turning into a center left-turn lane. The road heads to the east again and continues through residential areas. The state road gains a median again and continues between homes and businesses to the north and fields to the south. SR 684 heads into Bradenton and heads east through residential and commercial development as a four-lane divided highway. The road widens to six lanes as it continues through business areas and comes to an intersection with US 41/US 41 Bus./SR 45 in South Bradenton. At this intersection, US 41 heads south on unsigned SR 45 while US 41 Bus. heads north on unsigned SR 45. It is here that SR 684 signage ends and that US 41 turns east to form a concurrency with the unsigned SR 684, with US 41/SR 684 continuing east on Cortez Road West. The road passes through more commercial areas, heading to the south of the DeSoto Square shopping mall. After passing the mall, US 41 curves north to follow unsigned SR 55 on 1st Street, while SR 684 briefly follows 44th Street East eastbound and 44th Street Connector westbound before ending. The road continues east as locally-maintained 44th Avenue East.

## History

Present-day Cortez Road became a major route connecting the Tamiami Trail in Bradenton with Anna Maria Island in the 1920s, with the original Cortez Bridge to Anna Maria Island opening in 1922. The original bridge ran from the mainland southwest across the bay to Bridge Street on the island. When the road was added to the state highway system, it was designated as SR 18A, which also continued along Gulf Drive to the north end of Anna Maria Island. At the same time, SR 18 also ran concurrently along the western segment of Cortez Road. SR 18 ran from Longboat Key, then east along Cortez Road, and then north to Bradenton along Palma Sola Drive.

Cortez Road was redesignated SR 684 after the 1945 Florida state road renumbering. SR 684 would also continued north along Gulf Drive to the northern end of Anna Maria Island when it was first designated. SR 684 was truncated to its current western terminus in the 1950s when the current Longboat Pass Bridge opened, leading to Gulf Drive being redesignated as SR 789.

The original Cortez Bridge was replaced with the current bridge in 1956. Part of the original bridge, located at the end of Bridge Street, is now the Bridge Street Pier.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Manatee County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bradenton Beach | 0.000 | 0.000 | SR 789 (Gulf Drive) Longboat Key, Holmes Beach | Western terminus |
|  | 0.113–
0.611 | 0.182–
0.983 | Cortez Bridge over Sarasota Bay (Gulf Intracoastal Waterway) | |
|  | 3.971 | 6.391 | 75th Street West (CR 64 north) - De Soto National Memorial |  |
| South Bradenton | 7.754 | 12.479 |

US 41 south / US 41 Bus. north (14th Street West / SR 45) Palmetto, Sarasota | West end of US 41 overlap |
| | 8.499 | 13.678 |
US 41 north (SR 55) / 44th Avenue Connection |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Florida State Road 684KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 684 | |
| --- | --- |
| Cortez Road | |
| SR 684 highlighted in red | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT | |
| Length | 8.499 mi (13.678 km) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | SR 789 in Bradenton Beach |
| East end | US 41 near Bradenton |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 683   SR 685 | |


title: Druce Lake

abstract: Druce Lake is a lake in Lake County, Illinois in the U.S. state found at an elevation of 764 feet (233 m). Druce Lake bears the name of Alexander Druce. A community called Druce Lake also lies nearby.

text:
# Druce Lake

**Druce Lake** is a lake in Lake County, Illinois in the U.S. state found at an elevation of 764 feet (233 m).

Druce Lake bears the name of Alexander Druce. A community called Druce Lake also lies nearby.

## InfoBox

| Druce Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Druce LakeDruce Lake | |
| Location | Lake County, Illinois |
| Coordinates | 42°22′05″N 88°00′17″W / 42.36799°N 88.00471°W / 42.36799; -88.00471 |
| Type | lake |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 765 feet (233 m) |


title: Stein, Aargau

abstract: Stein is a municipality in the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The town lies across the Rhine River from Bad Säckingen in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Two bridges link the two city, one vehicular (Fridolinsbrücke) and the other, the Holzbrücke pedestrian bridge. The Stein-Säckingen railway station is located in Stein.

text:
# Stein, Aargau

**Stein** is a municipality in the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland.

The town lies across the Rhine River from Bad Säckingen in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Two bridges link the two city, one vehicular (Fridolinsbrücke) and the other, the Holzbrücke pedestrian bridge.

The Stein-Säckingen railway station is located in Stein.

## Geography

Stein has an area, as of 2009, of 2.81 square kilometers (1.08 sq mi). Of this area, 0.8 km2 (0.31 sq mi) or 28.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.62 km2 (0.24 sq mi) or 22.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.1 km2 (0.42 sq mi) or 39.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.29 km2 (0.11 sq mi) or 10.3% is either rivers or lakes.

Of the built up area, industrial buildings comprise approximately 8.9% of the total area; housing and buildings account for 13.9% transportation infrastructure, 13.5%, parks, with green belts and sports fields making up 2.1%. Out of the forested land, 19.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 19.9% is used for growing crops and 7.1% is pastures, while 1.4% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.

## Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Gules a Fiddle Argent bendwise with neck downwards.*

## Demographics

Stein has a population (as of December 2020) of 3,253. As of June 2009, 33.6% of whom are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 18.7%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (86.6%), with Italian being second most common ( 3.6%) and Albanian being third ( 3.0%).

The age distribution, as of 2008, in Stein is; 248 children or 8.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 317 teenagers or 11.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 407 people or 14.4% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 404 people or 14.3% are between 30 and 39, 513 people or 18.2% are between 40 and 49, and 400 people or 14.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 264 people or 9.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 168 people or 5.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 94 people or 3.3% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 10 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.58, approximately the same as the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 38.7% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

As of 2000, there were 104 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 657 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 255 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. As of 2000, there were 1,037 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. In 2008 there were 330 single family homes (or 26.7% of the total) out of a total of 1,235 homes and apartments. There were a total of 7 empty apartments for a 0.6% vacancy rate. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 17.6 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.45% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (17.79%), the FDP (17.11%) and the CVP (16.91%). In the federal election, a total of 600 votes were cast, with a voter turnout of 37.8%.

The historical population is given in the following table:

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1975 | 1,777 |  |
| 1980 | 1,781 | +0.2% |
| 1990 | 1,926 | +8.1% |
| 2000 | 2,375 | +23.3% |

## Heritage sites of national significance

The *Säckingerbrücke* (wooden bridge) at Schaffhauserstrasse is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

## Economy

As of  2007, Stein's unemployment rate was 3.77%. As of 2005, there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 1,611 people are employed in the secondary sector which features 22 businesses. 597 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 89 businesses in this sector.

In 2000 there were 1,251 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 855 or about 68.3% of the residents worked outside Stein while 1,446 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 1,842 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 18.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 46.2% used a private car.

## Religion

From the 2000 census, 1,100 or 45.6% were Roman Catholic, while 688 or 28.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were around 30 individuals (or about 1.24% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.

## Education

The entire Swiss population is generally well-educated. In Stein about 65.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year), there are 200 students attending primary school, there are 81 students attending secondary school in the municipality.

## InfoBox

| Stein | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Stein and the Rhine River | |
|  | |
| Location of Stein | |
| SteinStein | |
| Coordinates: 47°33′N 7°57′E / 47.550°N 7.950°E / 47.550; 7.950 | |
| Country | Switzerland |
| Canton | Aargau |
| District | Rheinfelden |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.83 km2 (1.09 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 299 m (981 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2018) | |
| Total | 3,198 |
| Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (Central European Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time) |
| Postal code(s) | 4332 |
| SFOS number | 4260 |
| ISO 3166 code | CH-AG |
| Surrounded by | Bad Säckingen (DE-BW), Mumpf, Münchwilen, Obermumpf, Sisseln |
| Website | www.gemeinde-stein.ch
SFSO statistics |


title: Egesina albomaculata

abstract: Egesina albomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Warren Samuel Fisher in 1925. It is known from Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

text:
# Egesina albomaculata

***Egesina albomaculata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Warren Samuel Fisher in 1925. It is known from Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

## InfoBox

| *Egesina albomaculata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Egesina* |
| Species: | ***E. albomaculata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Egesina albomaculata***<br>(Fisher, 1925) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Neoegesina albomaculata* Fisher, 1925 | |


abstract: The Church of St. John the Baptist is a historic church building located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. Together with St. Paul's Church in Burlington and St Mary's Church in West Burlington it forms Divine Mercy parish, which is a part of the Diocese of Davenport. The parish maintains the former parish church buildings as worship sites. St. John's was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

text:
# Church of St. John the Baptist (Burlington, Iowa)

The **Church of St. John the Baptist** is a historic church building located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. Together with St. Paul's Church in Burlington and St Mary's Church in West Burlington it forms Divine Mercy parish, which is a part of the Diocese of Davenport. The parish maintains the former parish church buildings as worship sites. St. John's was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

## History

St. John the Baptist parish was started in 1852 to serve the town's growing German community. Father Reffe, who had previously been at St Paul's, was assigned as St. John's first pastor. A church was finished by 1856 when there were forty to fifty families in the parish. They were part of the large number of German immigrants who settled in Burlington in the 1840s and 1850s. A school building was completed the following year and the School Sisters of Notre Dame served as teachers. St. John's Academy was completed in 1875. By 1879 the parish had grown to 200 families, and by 1888 it had 2,000 individual members. Its growth reflected that by the 1880s, 60% of Burlington's population were ethnic Germans.

In 1876 Bishop John Hennessey of Dubuque gave the pastoral care of the parish to the Jesuits. They were later followed by Benedictines from St. Benedict's Abbey in Atchison, Kansas. Priests from the Davenport Diocese, which the parish became a part of in 1881, started serving the parish in 1990.

The first merger of the Catholic Community in Burlington happened in the parochial schools. Both St. John's and St. Paul's operated parish-based high schools. Those separate operations merged in 1958 with the opening of Notre Dame High School on the city's west side. The two parishes continued to operate their own grade schools until 1975 when they were consolidated. St. Paul's School was the site for kindergarten through 4th Grade and St. John's housed grades five through eight. The school at Burlington's third parish, St. Patrick's, and the school at St. Mary's in West Burlington had both closed in 1969. In the 1990s a fund drive was held and a new grade school wing was added at Notre Dame. St. John's School was torn down to make room for more parking.

The number of clergy in the Davenport Diocese has declined steadily since the 1960s. Demographics and religious practice in the Burlington Community also changed. Bishop Gerald O’Keefe announced a plan in 1991 to consolidate parishes throughout the diocese, and the parishes in Burlington were part of that plan. In 1998 St. John's and St. Paul's were consolidated under the leadership of the Rev. John Hyland, who had been the pastor of both parishes. The new parish name was a combination of the two parishes: Saints John and Paul. St. Patrick's and St. Mary's consolidated at the same time to form their own parish. In 2017 Saints John and Paul parish and St. Mary and St. Patrick parish merged to form Divine Mercy parish.

## Architecture

The current St. John's Church was built between 1883 and 1885. It was designed by Chicago architect Johann Dillenburg in the Gothic Revival style. The structure is built on a high basement of rough-hewn stone and the exterior walls are composed of brick. The gable roof is covered with slate. The church measures 160-by-73-foot (49 by 22 m). The exterior features a tall central tower with two smaller towers flanking it on either side of the facade. The tallest tower rises 168 feet (51 m). Lights were put on the church's tower in 2010. There are three entrances across the front of the building. Above each of the entrances is a lancet window. The side elevation of the church is seven bays wide. Each bay is divided by a three-stepped wall buttress. There is a paired lancet window in each bay that is set within an indented rectangular panel. Across the top of each panel is a course of dentils. A rounded apse dominates the rear of the church. The church was built at the top of a high bluff south of the downtown area, which gives the structure prominence.

The interior is divided into three naves, which are divided by pillars. A tall wooden high altar fills the apse of the church. It was installed in 1893. A Eucharistic Chapel was constructed in the left side sacristy in the 1990s. An arched doorway was cut into the sanctuary wall leading to the chapel and allowing it to be visible from the main body of the church. All of the windows are filled with stained glass.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of St. John the Baptist | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Church of St John the Baptist in 2013. | |
|  | |
| Location | 712 Division St.<br>Burlington, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 40°48′27.97″N 91°6′31.83″W / 40.8077694°N 91.1088417°W / 40.8077694; -91.1088417 |
| Area | 2 acres (0.81 ha) |
| Built | 1883–1885 |
| Architect | Johann Dillenburg |
| Architectural style | Gothic Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 82002615 |
| Added to NRHP | February 26, 1982 |


title: Sisyrinchium bellum

abstract: Sisyrinchium bellum, the western blue-eyed grass or Californian blue-eyed grass, is the common blue-eyed grass of California and Oregon in and west of the Sierra Nevada, its range extending south into Baja California. In parts of its range, western blue-eyed grass has previously been classified as Sisyrinchium eastwoodiae, S. greenei and S. hesperium, but these names are now considered synonyms. Sisyrinchium bellum grows as a perennial plant in open places where there is some moisture, particularly grassy areas, though it can also be found in woodlands and at altitudes up to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). Like other species of blue-eyed grasses that are locally dominant, it is generally known simply as "blue-eyed grass" within its natural range.

text:
# Sisyrinchium bellum

***Sisyrinchium bellum***, the **western blue-eyed grass** or **Californian blue-eyed grass**, is the common blue-eyed grass of California and Oregon in and west of the Sierra Nevada, its range extending south into Baja California. In parts of its range, western blue-eyed grass has previously been classified as *Sisyrinchium eastwoodiae*, *S. greenei* and *S. hesperium*, but these names are now considered synonyms.

*Sisyrinchium bellum* grows as a perennial plant in open places where there is some moisture, particularly grassy areas, though it can also be found in woodlands and at altitudes up to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft). Like other species of blue-eyed grasses that are locally dominant, it is generally known simply as "blue-eyed grass" within its natural range.

## Description

The stems of *Sisyrinchium bellum* can grow as long as 60 centimetres (24 in), though they are often shorter. Its leaves are grassy and tufted. The flowers are 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter and purplish-blue, varying somewhat in color from a true blue to a definite purple; occasional white-flowering plants are found. It flowers from March to July with a peak in April. Dried in air, its seeds weigh between 1 and 4 mg. After flowering, it dies to the ground and is dormant over the summer.

## Cultivation

*Sisyrinchium bellum* prefers some moisture and good drainage, but will tolerate summer dryness. It can be propagated by seed, and it self-sows. It can also be propagated by division of its rhizomes, and the flower stems can be rooted. It is moderately hardy and will tolerate temperatures down to 20 °F (−7 °C).

## Uses

The Ohlone used an infusion of the roots and leaves as a cure for indigestion and stomach pain, and similar uses are recorded from other Native American peoples.

* Harlow, Nora, Jakob, Kristin, and Raiche, Roger (2003) "Wild Lilies, Irises, and Grasses". University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23849-4.

## InfoBox

| *Sisyrinchium bellum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Sisyrinchium* |
| Species: | ***S. bellum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sisyrinchium bellum***<br>S.Watson | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Bermudiana bella* (S.Watson) Greene * *Sisyrinchium eastwoodiae* E.P.Bicknell * *Sisyrinchium greenei* E.P.Bicknell * *Sisyrinchium hesperium* E.P.Bicknell * *Sisyrinchium maritimum* A.Heller | |


title: Rudolf Zedi

abstract: Rudolf Zedi is a German football manager and retired footballer.

text:
# Rudolf Zedi

**Rudolf Zedi** (born 31 August 1974 in Essen) is a German football manager and retired footballer.

## InfoBox

Rudi Zedi
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Rudolf Zedi | | |
| Date of birth | (1974-08-31) 31 August 1974 | | |
| Place of birth | Essen, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defensive midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 0000–1993 | Rot-Weiss Essen | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–1994 | Rot-Weiss Essen | 1 | (0) |
| 1994–1997 | Schwarz-Weiß Essen |  |  |
| 1997–2002 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 116 | (7) |
| 2002–2003 | Chemnitzer FC | 33 | (1) |
| 2003–2005 | FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt | 58 | (2) |
| 2005–2006 | VfR Aalen | 24 | (0) |
| 2006–2009 | Kickers Emden | 114 | (16) |
| 2009–2010 | SC Paderborn 07 | 17 | (0) |
| 2010–2012 | Rot-Weiß Erfurt | 74 | (9) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2012–2013 | Rot-Weiß Erfurt (assistant manager) | | |
| 2014 | Kickers Emden (sporting director) | | |
| 2014–2016 | Kickers Emden | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Lighthouse Point Lighthouse

abstract: The Lighthouse Point Lighthouse is an active lighthouse in Beaver Harbour, New Brunswick on Drews Head, as it was known, on the western side of the bay.

text:
# Lighthouse Point Lighthouse

The **Lighthouse Point Lighthouse** is an active lighthouse in Beaver Harbour, New Brunswick on *Drews Head*, as it was known, on the western side of the bay.

## History

The first lighthouse was inaugurated on 15 January 1876 and consisted of a white wooden quadrangular tower with balcony and red lantern attached to the keeper's house; the light was at 45 feet (14 m) of height above sea level and emitted a fixed white light. In 1900 was activated a hand foghorn and in 1905 a seventh-order lens and lamp substituted the original lamp and reflectors; the new fixed white light was visible up to 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi). In 1915 a fourth-order lens was set up and in the 1960s a new metal square pyramidal skeletal tower was built to substitute the older.

The current lighthouse was erected in 1984 and consist of a 8 metres (26 ft) fiberglass cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern. The light is positioned at 14.5 metres (48 ft) above sea level and emits one white flash 3 seconds long in a 6 seconds period visible up to a distance of 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi). The lighthouse is completely automated and managed by the Canadian Coast Guard with the identification code number CCG 83.

## Keepers

* Ezra Munro (1875 – 1882)
* Edward Dukes Snell (1882 – 1892)
* John C. Conley (1892 – 1904)
* John "Melvin" Eldridge (1904 – 1926)
* Roy A. Sparks (1928 – at least 1939)
* Hazen Holmes (1952 – 1957)
* Garnett William Eldridge (1957 – 1967)
* Edward N. Wilson (1967 – 1970)
* C.A. Stuart (1970 – 1983)
* R.C. Stuart (1983 – 1984)

## InfoBox

Lighthouse Point Lighthouse
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | New Brunswick, Canada |
| Coordinates | 45°03′47″N 66°43′59″W / 45.062978°N 66.733097°W / 45.062978; -66.733097 |
| Tower | |
| Construction | concrete (foundation), fiberglass (tower) |
| Height | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Shape | tapered cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | white (tower), red (lantern) |
| Operator | Canadian Coast Guard |
| Fog signal | 6s. blast every 60s. |
|  | |
| Light | |
| First lit | 1984 |
| Focal height | 14.5 m (48 ft) |
| Range | 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) |
| Characteristic | Iso W 6s |
|  | |
|  | |
| 1960s tower | |
| Constructed | 1960s |
| Construction | metal |
| Shape | square pyramidal skeletal tower with balcony and light |
|  | |
| Original tower | |
| Constructed | 1875 |
| Construction | lumber (tower) |
| Shape | quadrangular tower with balcony and lantern |
| Markings | white (tower), red (lantern) |
|  | |
| First lit | 15 January 1876 |
| Focal height | 45 ft (14 m) |
| Lens | seventh order Fresnel lens (1905), fourth order Fresnel lens (1915) |
| Range | 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) |
| Characteristic | F W |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Druce & Co.

abstract: Druce & Co. were a British furniture manufacturer and antique dealers operating in the 19th and 20th century. The company was founded by Thomas Charles Druce in the 1840s and was based in Baker Street and Portman Square, London. During the 19th century, Druce expanded into a department store and an estate agency. Today Druce specialises in prime residential property, and functions solely as an estate agency. The company maintains an office in Marylebone, and several additional locations in Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, Brook Green, Kensington and Chelsea - the result of its acquisition of Bective Estate Agency.

text:
# Druce & Co.

**Druce & Co.** were a British furniture manufacturer and antique dealers operating in the 19th and 20th century. The company was founded by Thomas Charles Druce (b.1761 - d.1864) in the 1840s and was based in Baker Street and Portman Square, London. During the 19th century, Druce expanded into a department store and an estate agency.

Today Druce specialises in prime residential property, and functions solely as an estate agency. The company maintains an office in Marylebone, and several additional locations in Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, Brook Green, Kensington and Chelsea - the result of its acquisition of Bective Estate Agency.

## History

The company was based at 68, 69 & 58 Baker Street in a premises known to contemporaries as *The Baker Street Bazaar*. Originally a horse and carriage market, the Bazaar became one of the most grand general retail markets in Victorian London. It also became an exhibition site and was host to the famous Madame Tussauds waxwork exhibitions.

In 1825 a furniture department was installed on the upper floor of the bazaar and in 1838 this expanded further to include a workshop. In 1843 the auction-room of the bazaar was converted into a furnishing ironmongery called the Panklibanon (also written as Panclibanon) which made items for the home including fireplaces, stoves and bathtubs.

Thomas Charles Druce was a draper and upholsterer in Regent Street before he acquired control of the bazaar's furniture department in the 1840s. Under his management the department grew in size and popularity and in the 1883 edition of *A Dictionary of Common Wants* Druce & Co. are cited as viable sources for numerous goods. Druce's entry in the furniture section reads:

> "MESSERS DRUCE & CO., have one of the most varied and extensive stocks in the Kingdom. They are manufacturers of the whole of the goods they supply, and are therefore in the position to guarantee the quality of the materials used."

After his death, the operation of the business was taken over by Thomas' son, Herbert Druce, from 1864 until 1913.

## Second World War and decline

The premises was severely damaged in an air raid during December 1940 and the site was demolished in 1941 and rebuilt. Druce's department store and auction rooms closed in the 1950s and today only the estate agency faction still continues to operate.

The site was taken over by supermarket chain Marks & Spencer in 1957 where it became the company's head office. It was their headquarters until 2005 when the premises was sold to London & Regional Properties for £115 million.

## The Druce-Portland affair

The **Druce-Portland affair** (also referred to as the **Druce Case**) occurred during the early years of the twentieth century. After Thomas Druce's death in 1864, his daughter-in-law Anna Maria Druce (second wife to Druce's son Walter Druce) voiced claims that her father-in-law was leading a double life. She claimed that he was not the furniture retailer Thomas Charles Druce but rather that this was an alter ego and that he was really John Bentinck, the 5th Duke of Portland. If this claim were true it would mean that the now widowed Anna Maria was heir to the Portland fortune and would inherit the ducal titles and wealth of the Portland family.

The case brought with it a great amount of public controversy and became a cause célèbre of late 19th century London. Anna campaigned for an exhumation of Druce's coffin and suggested that because Druce had supposedly faked his own death his body would not be there and the coffin would be empty.

The affair attracted other claimants from around the world and in 1903 George Hollamby Druce arrived in England from Australia. G. H Druce was the son of George Druce and the grandson of T. C Druce and therefore also brought with him legal claims to the Portland estate. These claims led to the Druce v. Howard de Walden case in 1906 against the daughters of the current 4th Duke of Portland. In order to finance their claims and spread their message, the claimants of the Druce family published their own sensational pamphlets. One published by Anna Maria herself was titled 'The Great Druce-Portland Case' (1898).

After a years of campaigning, the court ruled in Anna's favour and on 29 December 1907 work was begun to move the 3 tonne stone monument which marked Druce's resting place. The coffin was opened and Druce's body was found intact and the case promptly collapsed. Some of the litigants were convicted of perjury and Anna Maria Druce was committed to a mental hospital where she would spend the rest of her life.

The incident gained international fame and the story was printed in newspapers including *The Los Angeles Herald* and *The New York Times.*

A fictionalised version of the Druce-Portland affair is the subject of Tom Freeman Keel and Andrew Crofts' *The Disappearing Duke: The Improbable Tale of an Eccentric English Family* (2003).

1. "Collections Online | British Museum". *www.britishmuseum.org*. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
2. Morrison, Kathryn (2006). "Bazaars and Bazaar Buildings in Regency and Victorian London" (PDF). *The Georgian Group*. **15**: 281–308.
3. *Panclibanon Iron Works: 58, Baker Street, Portman Square, London*. Shaw. 1850.
4. "Thomas Charles Druce | UCL The Survey of London". *blogs.ucl.ac.uk*. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
5. *A dictionary of common wants*. 1773. p. 23.
6. "English Cabinet Makers - A to Z. - Antiques World". Retrieved 23 July 2021.
7. "Victorian Burr Walnut 'piano Top' Davenport By Druce & Co. | 289185 | Sellingantiques.co.uk". *www.sellingantiques.co.uk*. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
8. "M&S sells Baker St HQ for £115m". *the Guardian*. 4 February 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
9. Darroch, Sandra Jobson (2017). *Garsington Revisited: The Legend of Lady Ottoline Morrell Brought Up-to-Date*. Indiana University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0-86196-737-7. JSTOR j.ctt2005v1f.
10. "Search Results - Manuscripts and Special Collections Online Catalogue - The University of Nottingham". *mss-cat.nottingham.ac.uk*. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
11. "The Druce Case - The University of Nottingham". *www.nottingham.ac.uk*. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
12. "Open Grave to Find Body of T.C. Druce". *The Los Angeles Herald*. 30 December 1907. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
13. "Druce Coffin Holds a Body, Not Lead". *The New York Times*. 31 December 1907. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
14. Freeman-Keel, Tom; Andrew, Crofts (6 February 2003). *The Disappearing Duke: The Improbable Tale of an Eccentric English Family*. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-1045-4.

## InfoBox

Druce & Co.
|
|  |
| Industry | Furniture manufacturer |
| Founded | c.1840 |
| Founder | Thomas Charles Druce |
| Headquarters | 68 Baker Street, Portland Square, London |


title: Florida State Road 678

abstract: State Road 678 is a 0.501-mile (0.806 km) stretch of Bearss Avenue between (Business US 41 and SR 685 and US 41/SR 45 in Tampa, Florida. Similar to SR 579 to the south, it connects those two north–south roads with Interstate 275, halfway between them. SR 678 is signed east–west.

text:
# Florida State Road 678

**State Road 678** (**SR 678**) is a 0.501-mile (0.806 km) stretch of Bearss Avenue between (Business US 41 (U.S. Route 41 Bus.) and SR 685 (Florida Avenue) and US 41/SR 45 (Nebraska Avenue) in Tampa, Florida. Similar to SR 579 to the south, it connects those two northsouth roads with Interstate 275 (I-275 or SR 93), halfway between them. SR 678 is signed eastwest.

## Route description

SR 678 serves as a connector between US 41 Business and US 41. State Road 678 has its western terminus at an interchange with US 41 Business. At this point, Bearss Avenue, designated as County Road 678, becomes State Road 678. Immediately the roadway widens to 6 lanes as it begins its eastern route. The state road along its entire stretch goes through a commercial district with numerous strip malls. After .3 miles from its western terminus, State Road 678 has an interchange with Interstate 275, providing access to both the interstate's northbound and southbound lanes. After the interchange, the number of lanes on the road thins down to 4. State Road 678 continues through the shopping district before each its eastern terminus with US 41 after .2 miles. At its eastern terminus, East Bearss Avenue loses its state road signage and returns to being County Road 678.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Hillsborough County.

| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | 0.000 | 0.000 |

US 41 Bus. (North Florida Avenue / SR 685) / CR 678 west (West Bearss Avenue) Tampa, Lutz |  |
|  | 0.293 | 0.472 | I-275 (SR 93) Ocala, St. Petersburg | I-275 exit 53 |
|  | 0.501 | 0.806 |
US 41 (North Nebraska Avenue / SR 45) / CR 678 east (East Bearss Avenue) Lutz, Tampa |  |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Florida State Road 678KML is not from Wikidata

## InfoBox

| State Road 678 | |
| --- | --- |
| Bearss Avenue | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by FDOT | |
| Length | 0.501 mi (806 m) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end |
US 41 Bus. near Tampa |
| Major intersections | I-275 near Tampa |
| East end | US 41 near Tampa |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Florida |
| Counties | Hillsborough |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| SR 676   SR 679 | |