title: Strandbad Wannsee

abstract: The Strandbad Wannsee is an open-air lido on the eastern shore of Großer Wannsee lake, a large bay of the Havel river in Berlin, Germany. Opened in 1907, it is one of the largest inland lidos in Europe, with a beach that is 1,275 metres (4,183 ft) long and 80 metres (260 ft) wide, replenished with sand from the Baltic coast. The entire ensemble of long, low buildings that appear to grow out of the underlying sandhills were designed by Richard Ermisch and fellow architect Martin Wagner in 1929–1930; it is today placed under monumental protection.

text:
# Strandbad Wannsee

The **Strandbad Wannsee** is an open-air lido on the eastern shore of Großer Wannsee lake, a large bay of the Havel river in Berlin, Germany. Opened in 1907, it is one of the largest inland lidos in Europe, with a beach that is 1,275 metres (4,183 ft) long and 80 metres (260 ft) wide, replenished with sand from the Baltic coast. The entire ensemble of long, low buildings that appear to grow out of the underlying sandhills were designed by Richard Ermisch and fellow architect Martin Wagner in 1929–1930; it is today placed under monumental protection.

## Location

The area is part of the Nikolassee locality (not of Wannsee), in the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough, in southwestern Berlin. The lido stretches along the northern section of the lake's east bank, at the eastern end of the *Breite*, the broad stretch of the Havel between Kladow and Wannsee, close to Schwanenwerder island.

Strandbad Wannsee is run as a municipal swimming bath by the City of Berlin. The premises cover about 355,000 m2, 130,000 of which is water, and 60,000m² are for sunbathing, and a park. The facilities laid out for about 12,000 bathers provide a beach, including a separate nudist-section, strandkorbs and deckchairs, a slide at the end of the shallower water area as well as playground, park and a promenade that was a prominent part of the historical plans for the establishment.

## History

Origins of the lido date back to the early 1900s. The City of Berlin, German capital since the unification of 1871, experienced immense growth, both in population and in building. Large housing projects were planned and realized, cramping the working population close together in small flats, with little light and less fresh air. Consequently, people tried to escape when their life allowed. Preferred places of escape for those who could not afford to go on vacation to the Baltic Sea were the lakes in the vicinity. Especially suitable was the Greater Wannsee, with its broad and shallow, sandy eastern shore.

Owing to the moral standards of the time, public bathing, especially with women and men in plain sight of each other, was illegal. In 1907, the administration of the Brandenburg Teltow district, southwest of Berlin, then the cognisant authority over the area, gave in to public pressure and officially allowed bathing on a 200-metre stretch of beach. Conduct was strictly regulated, down to details of dress laid down by police regulation.

Construction works began on 8 May 1907. In 1909, a lease was signed between the royal government and a local merchant Frankenthal from Nikolassee. The *Freibad Wannsee*, as it was named, then consisted of one beach each for men and women, both 65 metres in length, separated by the family section that offered 350 metres of beach. The sections were separated with wooden fences. Tents, erected at the foot of the steeper incline towards the forest served as changing facilities, according to sections, and booths and mobile vendors provided services. The whole area was surrounded by fences to discourage those merely wanting to watch the proceedings. With the signing of the lease, use of the facilities required paying of a fee.

After the First World War, the importance of the lido at the Wannsee increased, not only among the people of Berlin, but also in surrounding communities. After the lease ended, the municipality of Berlin took over, and the business became part of the municipal forest service, due to the location in the Grunewald. In the same year, 1924, the tents were replaced by thatched pavillons, and the sanitary facilities, lacking up until then, were improved. The area was expanded to 800 metres and was open year-round, making the facilities available to winter bathers and skaters. Attendance increased, especially after the S-Bahn from nearby Potsdam to Erkner was opened. One year counted 900.000 visitors.

Nearby stations Nikolassee and Wannsee eased access to the beach, and the existing facilities were no longer sufficient. Plans to erect a permanent building at the site had come up as early as 1910, by Martin Wagner, later municipal construction director, but had been delayed due to the First World War. Now, the municipality of Berlin tasked the same Martin Wagner and colleague Richard Ermisch, both employees of the city and experienced in public building, with planning a large scale improvement project. While Wagner was responsible for the whole ensemble and its arrangement, Ermisch took care of the architecture. Construction commenced in 1929, and opening of the new buildings was one year later, in 1930.

The Great Depression compromised the execution of the plans Wagner and Ermisch had come up with. Initially, the budget had been a sum of 5 million  that was supposed to have been spent on an additional five of the two-storeyed halls, as well as a large, circular main restaurant, a pier with a café on it, a marina and an open-air theater. Furthermore, a medicinal bath, a kindergarten and a pension had been thought of. Of all that, only the existing four-structure complex was realized, and only after the maior visited the site to see that most of the reduced project had already been built and would not require much further work. In the end, about 2 million Reichsmark were spent.

In the years that followed, attendances reached record highs, as Berliners wanted to see their new public bath. On the other hand, with Nazism growing, fights between various political groups, as well as the staff, damaged the reputation of the lido as well as that of the director, Hermann Clajus, who had been in this position since 1926 and was responsible for the continued development of the site. The Nazis especially disliked the "un-german" architecture. A sign forbidding Jews to access the premises disappeared during the Olympics in 1936, but from 1938 on, Jews were by law prohibited to enter. The non-nazi staff was replaced by party members, and entertainment was provided by bands of the Wehrmacht and the SA. In 1935, the communal corporation that had conducted business since 1926 was disbanded, and management of the business first went into responsibility of borough of Wilmersdorf, then, after an administrative reform in 1937, that of Zehlendorf.

During the Second World War, the lido provided welcome relief during dark times to the Berlin population that was still allowed to use it. Attendance still reached 425000 in 1944. Luckily, the buildings were not destroyed during the war. As then, after the war the place provided an escape from devastation and debris. In 1947, again 615000 people pay their fee, and in 1951, Conny Froboess sang *Pack die Badehose ein* (literally 'Pack your swimming trunks), one of the great hits of that time.

Rarely during its existence had the lido to close. Some closures occurred during the Berlin Blockade, when due to power outages the waste pumps had to shut off and the waste would have soiled the lake. Later, in 1952, the danger presented by live gunfire from a nearby US-forces shooting range caused another closure.

In later years, attendance dropped. New public baths competed for attention, the buildings deteriorated, increasing wealth allowed citizens to travel further than just to the Wannsee, and finally public transport by bus ceased, forcing people to walk from Nikolassee station or to compete for a lot in the limited parking area. In 2004, under the management of the Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin, restoration of the buildings and infrastructure began with the declared goal of restoring conditions to the original as accurately as possible and updating the antiquated equipment. The restoration included the recreation of the forecourt in front of the entrance to the lido. As the whole ensemble is listed, and not just the building, maintenance requires not only care for the construction, but also for the surrounding open and forest areas. Due to financial restraints, not all of the buildings have been fully restored: notably the former restaurant, aptly named "Lido", is still in its old derelict state.

## Buildings

The buildings that R. Ermisch planned in the late 1920s were built in the style of New Objectivity. This called for simple, functional and unadorned structures and aesthetics deriving from the materials that were used rather than ornaments. For the Strandbad Wannsee, preferred material for facades is yellow clinker, the bricks lending the complex its characteristic hue.

The complex consists of four large two-storeyed buildings, arranged in a row along and close to the hill flank parallel to the beach line. Construction is steel framework filled with clinker. The row of uniform structures is articulated by staircases between the individual buildings. They are connected by a closed-roof colonnade in front of them, providing a view of the lake and river. The roofs could be used as sun terraces. From a small balcony on that colonnade, lost children were announced before the invention of public address systems. Originally, the showers were located on the roof of the colonnade as well.

In the 1930s, a restaurant on the premises, called "Wannseeterrassen" (Wannsee terraces) was erected in a manner that intentionally contrasted the modern designs by Ermisch with a more traditionally styled structure.

1. Berliner Bäder Betriebe (german)
2. "20. Berliner Denkmaltag, lecture von Dr. Joachim G. Jacobs (german)" (PDF).
3. (german) Oberbaurat (Georg) (Friedrich) Richard Ermisch at archINFORM
4. "Casino Free Spins Page Australia – Free Spin Galore". Archived from the original on 28 March 2016.
5. Strandbad Wannsee 1907 – 2007 (german)
6. "Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin (german)".
7. "Tagesspiegel, 08.05.2007 (german)".

52°26′20″N 13°10′38″E / 52.43889°N 13.17722°E / 52.43889; 13.17722


title: Emily Winterburn

abstract: Emily Winterburn is a British science writer, physicist and historian of science based in Yorkshire. She is a visiting Fellow at the University of Leeds. Among other books, she wrote The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel, published by The History Press in 2017.

text:
# Emily Winterburn

**Emily Winterburn** is a British science writer, physicist and historian of science based in Yorkshire. She is a visiting Fellow at the University of Leeds. Among other books, she wrote *The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel*, published by The History Press in 2017.

## Early life and education

Winterburn studied physics at the University of Manchester. She remained there to complete a Masters in the History of Science, focussing on Ernest Rutherford and the Manchester physics department between 1907 and 1919.

## Career

Winterburn joined the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, as a curator looking after astrophysical objects collected from 1250 to the present day. Whilst at the Royal Observatory, Winterburn published *The Astronomers Royal*. She appeared on Melvyn Bragg's *In Our Time* in 2007, discussing optics. Alongside curating, Winterburn began a PhD at Imperial College London, studying the Herschel family. In 2011 she submitted her PhD thesis, *The Herschels: a scientific family in training.* Her thesis was well received by the historical science communities.

In 2009 Winterburn joined the University of Leeds Museum of Science as a curator. That year she published *The Stargazer's Guide: How to Read Our Night Sky* with HarperCollins. Winterburn is an expert on the Herschel family and Islamic astronomical instruments. She won the 2014 Notes & Records of the Royal Society essay prize for her essay *Philomaths, Herschel, and the myth of the self-taught man*. She was part of the 2015 Royal Society celebration for International Women's Day, where she discussed girls' participation in scientific education and society. She contributed to the Springer Publishing book *The Scientific Legacy of William Herschel*. Winterburn has also written for popular periodicals, including *Astronomy Now* magazine.

Having published extensively on the Herschel family, Winterburn began to write *The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel* in 2012. *The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel* focuses on the ten most productive years of Caroline Herschel's academic career, working with her brother William Herschel's telescope and finding comets. The book was published in 2017 and has been described as a "terrific read".

### Books

* 2005 *The Astronomers Royal*
* 2009 *The Stargazer's Guide: How to Read Our Night Sky*
* 2017 *The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel: the Lost Heroine of Astronomy*

## InfoBox

| Emily Winterburn | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Manchester
Imperial College London |
| Notable works | *The Quiet Revolution of Caroline Herschel* (2017)
*The Stargazer's Guide*
*The Astronomers Royal* |


title: Film laboratory

abstract: A film laboratory is a commercial service enterprise and technical facility for the film industry where specialists develop, print, and conform film material for classical film production and distribution which is based on film material, such as negative and positive, black and white and color, on different film formats: 65-70mm, 35mm, 28mm, 16mm, 9.5mm, 8mm. The film laboratory managers can charge by the footage or by time used while in lab.

text:
# Film laboratory

A **film laboratory** is a commercial service enterprise and technical facility for the film industry where specialists develop, print, and conform film material for classical film production and distribution which is based on film material, such as negative and positive, black and white and color, on different film formats: 65-70mm, 35mm, 28mm, 16mm, 9.5mm, 8mm. The film laboratory managers can charge by the footage or by time used while in lab.

## History

In the early days of motion pictures, films were processed by winding on flat racks and then dipping in tanks of solution. As films became longer, such methods proved to be too cumbersome.

## Processes

Exposed motion picture film will be processed according to exact chemical prescriptions at measured temperature as well as over measured time. After processing there is an original, the camera or picture original, in most cases a negative. From it a first sample is exposed on a motion-picture film printer. Again after processing there is a positive ready for inspection by the production representatives, usually by projection in the dark just like one sees a movie in a theatre.

The film *lab* thus needs various apparatus from developing equipment and machines, over measuring tools, cutting, editing devices, and printers to different sorts of viewing machinery including classic projectors. Besides there are sensitometers, densitometers, analysers, and array of chemical laboratory items that will help maintaining a level of repeatability of operations. Auxiliary material is also encountered within a film laboratory, for example *leader film*, plain plastic, to keep a developing machine threaded up.

## Other Resources


title: Butz v. Economou

abstract: Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 1978 regarding the degree of legal immunity afforded to federal government officials when they are sued on constitutional grounds. The court held that such officials were entitled only to qualified immunity, except for those duties for which absolute immunity could be shown to be essential. The majority also acknowledged that "there are some officials whose special functions require a full exemption from liability", including administrative law judges and other agency officials.

text:
# Butz v. Economou

***Butz v. Economou***, 438 U.S. 478 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 1978 regarding the degree of legal immunity afforded to federal government officials when they are sued on constitutional grounds. The court held that such officials were entitled only to qualified immunity, except for those duties for which absolute immunity could be shown to be essential. The majority also acknowledged that "there are some officials whose special functions require a full exemption from liability", including administrative law judges and other agency officials.

## InfoBox

| Butz v. Economou | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 7, 1977
Decided June 29, 1978 | |
| Full case name | *Earl L. Butz et al., Petitioners, v. Arthur N. Economou et al.* |
| Citations | 438 U.S. 478 (*more*)98 S. Ct. 2894, 57 L. Ed. 2d 895 |
| Argument | Oral argument |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *Economou v. US Dept. of Agriculture*, 535 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1976). |
| Holding | |
| Neither *Barr v. Matteo*, 360 U. S. 564, nor *Spalding v. Vilas*, 161 U. S. 483, supports petitioners' contention that all of the federal officials sued in this case are absolutely immune from any liability for damages even if, in the course of enforcing the relevant statutes, they infringed respondent's constitutional rights, and even if the violation was knowing and deliberate. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice Warren E. Burger  Associate Justices William J. Brennan Jr. **·**  Potter Stewart
Byron White **·**  Thurgood Marshall
Harry Blackmun **·**  Lewis F. Powell Jr.
William Rehnquist **·**  John P. Stevens | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | White, joined by Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell |
| Concur/dissent | Rehnquist, joined by Burger, Stewart, Stevens |


title: São Félix Hill

abstract: São Félix Hill or Mount São Félix, Monte de São Félix in Portuguese, is the highest hill in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, as measured by the height above sea level of its summit, 202 metres (663 ft). São Félix is the north of the two hills east of the city, the other being Cividade Hill. São Félix is located in the civil parish of Laundos, and is a sequence of Serra de Rates mountain range. In the Middle Ages the hill was known as Lanudos, hence the name of the civil parish. Despite its low height, São Félix is easily distinguished in the landscape because it is a significant rise in front of a coastal plain. Alto River's source is located in São Félix Hill and ends at Rio Alto Beach in Estela.

text:
# São Félix Hill

**São Félix Hill** or **Mount São Félix**, *Monte de São Félix* in Portuguese, is the highest hill in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, as measured by the height above sea level of its summit, 202 metres (663 ft).

São Félix is the north of the two hills east of the city, the other being Cividade Hill. São Félix is located in the civil parish of Laundos, and is a sequence of Serra de Rates mountain range. In the Middle Ages the hill was known as *Lanudos*, hence the name of the civil parish.

Despite its low height, São Félix is easily distinguished in the landscape because it is a significant rise in front of a coastal plain. Alto River's source is located in São Félix Hill and ends at Rio Alto Beach in Estela.

## Myths and religion

The hill is of ancient cult to the people of Póvoa de Varzim, especially the fishermen, as it was used as a reference from the sea. It is one of the sacred hills of Northern Portugal, *sacro-monte* in Portuguese. It has several temples: Senhora da Saúde chapel, Senhora da Saúde Sanctuary, the small São Félix Chapel, 12 sideway shrines, and the main São Félix Chapel in the top of the hill. While Senhora da Saúde temples are located in the base, the ones from São Félix are located higher in the hill.

It is also the main pilgrimage site of Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde, especially important for the fisher community, who walk a 7 km long way from the Matriz Church of Póvoa de Varzim to Senhora da Saúde Shrine. In the latest pilgrim measures, it gathered 30,000 pilgrims in 2009 and over 40,000 in 2010.

It is believed that Saint Félix used to live in this hill, thus its current name. In a local myth, that became important for Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula, Félix is thought to have found the body of the first bishop of the Iberian Peninsula, Saint Peter of Rates, in the hilltop while seeing a light every evening. This myth was used by Braga clergy in order to justify that city's religious leading role in Christian Iberia.

## Castro culture ruins

The hill has ruins of a small castro settlement of around the 2nd century B.C known as *Castro de Laundos*, that could have been an outpost of Cividade de Terroso. A vase with jewels inside, used in a Castro culture death ritual, was found in 1904 this is one of the most important jewelry artifacts found in Northwest Iberian Peninsula.

## Tourism

The hill has iconic panoramic view over the city, its rural area, and beaches; mills (some converted into holiday houses), and the Cividade Hill. The Rates Shooting Camp is located nearby. The São Félix Stairs is used to reach the hilltop and can be a defy to some, although one can also reach the top throw a small road. The stairs throw the hill can be seen from the city as these are illuminated at night.

São Félix HillA village in the slope.São Félix Hill gardenSão Félix stairsSome of the windmills in the summit of the hill  1. Grandes Festas e Romarias do Norte - Procissão junta 30 mil devotos \- Correio da Manhã
2. Um mar de gente seguiu andor da Senhora da Saúde \- Jornal de Notícias

41°26′06″N 8°42′54″W / 41.435°N 8.715°W / 41.435; -8.715


title: Kopić

abstract: Kopić is a village in the municipality of Glamoč in Canton 10, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Kopić

**Kopić**  (Serbian Cyrillic: Копић) is a village in the municipality of Glamoč in Canton 10, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 2, both Serbs.

## Footnotes

## Bibliography

* *Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue* (PDF). Sarajevo: Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2019.

43°56′N 16°58′E / 43.933°N 16.967°E / 43.933; 16.967

## InfoBox

| Kopić Копић | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Kopić | |
| Coordinates: 43°56′N 16°58′E / 43.933°N 16.967°E / 43.933; 16.967 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Canton 10 |
| Municipality | Glamoč |
| Area | |
| Total | 36.04 km2 (13.92 sq mi) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 2 |
| Density | 0.055/km2 (0.14/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Cape mountain toad

abstract: The Cape mountain toad or Rose's mountain toad is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. Other common names include Rose's mountain toadlet, striped mountain toad, Rose's toad, and Muizenberg Cape toad. It is endemic to South Africa, where its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation known as fynbos. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Cape mountain toad

The **Cape mountain toad** or **Rose's mountain toad** (***Capensibufo rosei***) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. Other common names include **Rose's mountain toadlet**, **striped mountain toad**, **Rose's toad**, and **Muizenberg Cape toad**. It is endemic to South Africa, where its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation known as fynbos. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Description

Female Cape mountain toads grow to a length around 39 mm (1.5 in), while males are smaller at 28 mm (1.1 in). The body is relatively long, the hind limbs are short, and the toes are unwebbed. The dorsal surface is variably coloured in shades of grey or brown with a few paler streaks, and is smooth with scattered warts and blister-like ridges. The parotoid glands are obvious, but no tympani (eardrums) are visible, a fact which helps distinguish this species from the otherwise similar *Capensibufo tradouwi*. The ventral surface is white with dark blotches, and its posterior part has skin granulations. During the breeding season, an oval pink patch is seen underneath the vent.

## Distribution and habitat

The Cape mountain toad is endemic to parts of the Western Cape province of South Africa, southwest of the Breede River and including the Cape Peninsula. This is a hilly area and has a Mediterranean-type climate with a rainy season in the winter. It has a distinctive, heathland vegetation known as fynbos, characterised by small evergreen, sclerophyllous plants including proteas and ericoid species, herbs, bulbous plants, and grasses, but not large trees. The Cape mountain toad is found at elevations of between 60 and 1,600 m (200 and 5,250 ft) above sea level, mostly at altitudes above 400 m (1,300 ft).

## Biology

Breeding takes place at the time of the winter rains when temporary shallow pools form. The males do not call to attract females, and this may be the only South African species of amphibian that lacks a voice. About one hundred eggs are laid in a gelatinous string and take about twelve days to hatch. The rate of growth of the tadpoles depends on the temperature and availability of food and metamorphosis into juvenile toads may occur about six weeks after hatching.

## Status

It is only found in fynbos heathland on the Cape and it does not seem to be adaptable to the changes in habitat associated with an increase in nonlocal plants and burning of the heathland that sometimes occurs. Although it is locally common at temporary pools in the breeding season, it occupies only about 2% of the suitable habitat in its range, is known from only two localities and is absent from many areas that seem suitable, including some where it was found in the past. A disjunct population of *Capensibufo rosei* was initially discovered on Table Mountain in the year 1927. However no activity has been observed for many decades and the current status of this separate population is unknown.

## InfoBox

| Cape mountain toad | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *C. rosei* in Western Cape, South Africa | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | *Capensibufo* |
| Species: | ***C. rosei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Capensibufo rosei***
(Hewitt, 1926) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Bufo rosei* Hewitt, 1926 | |


title: Esther Mwombe

abstract: Esther Mwombe is a retired Kenyan female volleyball player. She was part of the Kenya women's national volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan. She played with Kenya Prisons.

text:
# Esther Mwombe

**Esther Mwombe** (born 10 April 1987) is a retired Kenyan female volleyball player.

She was part of the Kenya women's national volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan. She played with Kenya Prisons.

## Clubs

1. "Kenyan volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship". *sebare.com*. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

## InfoBox

| Esther Mwombe | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | Kenyan |
| Born | (1987-04-10) 10 April 1987 |
| Height | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) |
| Spike | 290 cm (114 in) |
| Block | 275 cm (108 in) |
| Volleyball information | |
| Number | 4 |
| Career | |
| Years Teams  2010  Kenya Prisons | |
| National team | |
| 2010  Kenya | |


abstract: En Vivo is a live recording made on the 26 and 27 August 2005 in ND Ateneo, Buenos Aires, Argentina by the Selección Nacional de Tango a reunion of some of the best-known tango performers in the country with the musicians alternating between the roles of performer and arranger, which is unusual in tango. The album won the Premios Gardel for best tango album in 2007.

text:
# En Vivo (Selección Nacional de Tango album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Discográficas de Buenos Aires* | (?) |
| Clarin.com | (?) |

***En Vivo*** is a live recording made on the 26 and 27 August 2005 in ND Ateneo, Buenos Aires, Argentina by the Selección Nacional de Tango a reunion of some of the best-known tango performers in the country with the musicians alternating between the roles of performer and arranger, which is unusual in tango. The album won the Premios Gardel for best tango album in 2007.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chique (arr. Baffa, comp. Brignolo)" | 3:37 |
| 2. | "B.B (arr. Baffa, comp. Baffa-Berlingeri)" | 3:07 |
| 3. | "Tierrita (arr. Ledesma, comp. Agustín Bardi)" | 4:47 |
| 4. | "Sueño de Tango (arr. Ledesma, comp. Federico-Ledesma)" | 4:47 |
| 5. | "Tarde de Julio (arr. and comp. Rios)" | 4:30 |
| 6. | "Adiós Nonino (arr. Rios, comp. Astor Piazzolla)" | 7:23 |
| 7. | "Diciembre en Buenos Aires (arr. and comp. Marcelli)" | 3:07 |
| 8. | "Gallo Ciego (arr. Marcelli, comp. Bardi)" | 3:07 |
| 9. | "La Alegría de Encontrarte (arr. and comp. Mederos)" | 3:53 |
| 10. | "Abran cancha (arr. and comp. Mederos)" | 3:27 |
| 11. | "El Abrojito (arr. Federico, comp. Berstein)" | 3:02 |
| 12. | "Bahía Blanca (arr. Federico, comp. Carlos di Sarli)" | 3:17 |
| 13. | "Selección de Temas Populares" | 5:29 |
| 14. | "La Cumparsita" | 5:17 |

## Personnel

The arrangements were by violinist Mauricio Marcelli, Ernesto Baffa, bandoneon players Leopoldo Federico, Rodolfo Mederos and Walter Ríos and pianist Nicolas Ledesma all of whom played on the album along with violinists Damián Bolotín, Eduardo Walczak, Mario Abramovich and Pablo Agri, viola player Mario Fiocca, cellist Diego Sánchez, bandoneonists Pablo Mainetti and Horacio Romo and bassist Horacio Cabarcos.

## InfoBox

| En Vivo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by Selección Nacional de Tango | |
| Released | September 18, 2007 |
| Recorded | 2005 |
| Genre | Tango |
| Label | Típica Producciones |


title: Fin Shepard

abstract: Fin Shepard is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Sharknado film series. He is a former surfer and shark hunter, who is played by Ian Ziering in all the films. He is a positive hero, protecting his family and the rest of the world from the evil sharks and hurricanes that bring sharks from the sea to land.

text:
# Fin Shepard

**Fin Shepard** is a fictional character and the protagonist of the *Sharknado* film series. He is a former surfer and shark hunter, who is played by Ian Ziering in all the films. He is a positive hero, protecting his family and the rest of the world from the evil sharks and hurricanes that bring sharks from the sea to land.

## History

### *Sharknado*

Fin Shepard's life before the events of the first film is unknown. It is only known that Fin was a surfer and rested on the beach of Los Angeles with his friends Baz and Nova. Suddenly, a waterspout arrived from the sea, which brought a thousand sharks to Los Angeles, which in turn began killing people and destroying houses. Fin together with friends go in search of his ex-wife April and his teenage daughter Claudia. During the trip to the family, the group of Fin stops on the way to save people, because they are attacked by sharks due to floods. During the journey, George and Colleen were killed. Having found their family, Alex Matt Fin's son joins them and they flee and hide in a warehouse, where they come up with a plan to stop the tornade, namely, to blow them up. During the operation, Nova and Matt take a helicopter with bombs and blow two tornadoes out of three, but Nova drops out of a helicopter during a battle with a shark and Matt loses the last bomb. Eventually, Fin himself destroys the last tornado with a bomb attached to his car, and all the sharks begin to fall on the ground. One falling shark flies straight to the rest of the group. Fin jumps into the mouth of one of them and using a chainsaw cuts a shark's belly, thereby freeing himself and Nova. Nova and Matt are happy, and Fin is reuniting with April again.

### *Sharknado 2: The Second One*

After the events of the first film, Fin is possible before the events of the Sharknado 2 in a row, wrote a new book and decided to fly to New York with April to present his book. However, there are new tornadoes, also filled with sharks, and one of them gets a plane Fin and April. Bursting on board, sharks kill pilots and many passengers. However, Fin manages to land the plane, and his wife loses her hand. Suddenly they fell on the City Field, and the two Sharks of the Tornado unite in huge curtains. Fin and his childhood friend Skye are trying to destroy them with bombs, just like last time, April comes from the hospital with a circular saw instead of a hand.  *(Referring to Ash from Evil Dead)*  Skye sacrifices herself, allowing Finn and April to destroy Shark Tornado. They explode freon cylinders, destroying all marine predators. Finn manages to ride the great white shark with chains and put it on the antenna. In one of the dead sharks, he finds April's hand with a wedding ring. He takes it and offers his ex-wife to renew their marriage, and she agrees. After that, Fin becomes a hero, April gets pregnant again and flies to Florida / Florida last month. Eight months later, Fin arrives in Washington, where he receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his feat in New York, when a new shark tornado collapses in Washington.

### *Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!*

The tornado destroys the White House, and sharks kill several guests of honor of the ceremony, guards and the president, so Fin is now in charge of his life. He kills dozens of sharks, and then the tornado suddenly disappears. Fin decides to go to Florida to inform his family about the next whirlwind, but all flights from Washington are canceled, so Fin takes the car to get to Orlando. Along the way, he again gets into a shark tornado and meets Nova with Lucas. Fin, Nova and Lucas are sent on a specially equipped bus to the south, in Orlando. Eventually the trio gets to a military air base located near Charleston. Its commander is General Gottlieb and an old acquaintance of Fin's. He shows Fin his old plane, now used for training flights. The shark tornado attacks the base and Lucas dies, after activating the anti-shark device on the bus Fin and Nova take off, continuing on their way to Orlando. After some time, Fin and Nova fly up to the track “Daytona 500”, where the race is held NASCAR ”, and at the same time a shark tornado covers the track. Fin and Nova dump a spare fuel tank into the center of the tornado and blow it up, weakening the tornado and destroying the sharks in it. One of the sharks is facing a fighter and he loses control. Fin barely puts the plane into the water at Universal Orlando and together, Novaya goes ashore. Soon the family of Fin was again assembled: he finds his wife, daughter and mother-in-law May. Fin with his family and Nova are sent to Cape Canaveral on racing cars. On the way, they visit a restaurant where Fin communicates with his father, Colonel Gilbert Shepherd NASA. For the destruction of shark tornadoes over East Coast that can connect and become incredibly destructive, you need the help of the military. For this, Fin expects to use Space Shuttle.

Fin and his father are going to start off on a spacecraft into space, but April is trying to dissuade her husband from this insane antics. As a result, three astronauts are on the shuttle, not two, and the launch is canceled due to a closely approaching tornado. Comes to the aid of Nova, taking off on a fighter. The space shuttle takes off, the astronauts drop a bomb and a full external space shuttle on a tornado, explode them, and Fin and his father go into orbit. Because of the tornado, the colonel suggests using the power of satellites. The colonel takes off to the satellite and uses a pillar of fire from the satellite to destroy the shark tornado. It turns out that there is little fuel in the canoe, and therefore there is no possibility to pick up the colonel from the IDF satellite; and then the shuttle is attacked by sharks in space. April's huge shark swallows whole, but Fin, leaving behind the crumbling ship, rushes to the shark with a jetpack and swallows him whole. Then, using parachutes, Fin makes a soft landing by the entering the atmosphere in the body of a charred shark. He and a shark get out of a shark, and then April gives birth to a son, which they, along with Fin, call in honor of Gilbert's grandfather. Suddenly, in April falls a certain spacecraft. After this, many, including Fin himself, believed that she was dead. However, in fourth film it turns out that she still survived.

### *Sharknado: The 4th Awakens*

In the five years since the previous film, Fin has moved to a farm in Kansas named "April's Acres," where he lives with his mother Raye and young son Gil. April is believed dead after being crushed by the wreckage of the space shuttle. Tech mogul Aston Reynolds (based on Tesla, Inc. co-founder and SpaceX founder Elon Musk) has developed a new type of high-speed space travel with his company Astro-X (a play on SpaceX), which was used to save Fin's father, Colonel Gilbert Shepard, from the moon. Astro-X has also developed a technology that is capable of using radio waves to diffuse tornadoes, leading to the end of the sharknado phenomenon.

Fin travels to Molong with his cousin Gemini to meet up with his son Matt, who has returned from deployment in Iraq. Meanwhile, Reynolds has built and is opening a shark-themed hotel featuring a giant tank of sharks. While Matt and his fiancée, Gabrielle, marry and skydive from a plane, a sandstorm tornado develops that cannot be diffused by Astro-X. The tornado absorbs the water and sharks from Reynolds' hotel, creating the first sharknado in five years.

### *Sharknado 5: Global Swarming*

Following the events of the previous film, Fin and April travel to London with their young son Gil to attend a NATO meeting regarding the escalating sharknado threat. Meanwhile, Nova and her assistants investigate a temple hidden beneath Stonehenge, and Nova summons Fin to aid her. They discover a shrine dedicated to an ancient shark god and collect an artifact, which has the unforeseen consequence of unleashing a new type of sharknado with a dimensional vortex inside it. The sharknado heads toward London, and Fin rallies the Buckingham Palace guards to defeat it. They manage to survive the sharknado, but Gil is pulled into the storm and vanishes.

### *The Last Sharknado: It's About Time*

Immediately following the events of the previous film, with Earth completely devastated from the global sharknado swarm, Fin and his now-adult son Gil travel back 66 million years to the Cretaceous in order to prevent the first sharknado and destroy the phenomena once and for all. Shortly after arriving, Gil vanishes; Fin learns from a message recorded by Gil earlier that due to the instability of the energy needed to time travel, any individual person can only travel back in time once, with any subsequent trips resulting in their disappearance. Travelling forward through time, Fin thwarts Sharknados in Camelot, the War of Independence, and the Wild West, as well as making a trip to a shark-controlled future where he is nearly captured by an android duplicate of April who seeks to create a world of just android doubles of them both. Escaping the android, Fin is able to return to the past and uses the android to destroy the first Sharknado before it can fully form, creating a new timeline where Earth has never been decimated by the Sharknados, Fin once again the bartender he was at the beginning surrounded by his extended family.

## Other appearances

* Fin Shepard appears as a cameo in the film *Lavalantula* by the same actor - Ian Ziering. In this film, the other main character, Colton West, asks Fin for help, but Fin has his hands full, so he refuses to help and leaves.
* Fin also received a cameo in the *Archie vs. Sharknado* comic.
* Fin Shepard is a playable character in *Sharknado: The Video Game*.
* Fin Shepard appears in a short cameo in the film *Ready Player One*, where he is among the fighters for the freedom of the OASIS and cuts the "sixes" with his chainsaw.

## InfoBox

| Fin Shepard | |
| --- | --- |
| *Sharknado* character | |
| Fin Shepard (left) fighting sharks with his two friends | |
| First appearance | *Sharknado* (2013) |
| Last appearance | *The Last Sharknado: It's About Time* (2018) |
| Created by | Syfy |
| Portrayed by | Ian Ziering |
| In-universe information | |
| Gender | Male |
| Spouse | April Wexler |
| Children | Claudia
Matt
Gil |


title: Boulanouare

abstract: Boulanouare is a town in Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Morocco. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 10,469.

text:
# Boulanouare

**Boulanouare** is a town in Khouribga Province, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Morocco. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 10,469.

## InfoBox

| Boulanouare | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| BoulanouareLocation in Morocco | |
| Coordinates: 32°51′25″N 6°52′44″W / 32.857°N 6.879°W / 32.857; -6.879 | |
| Country | Morocco |
| Region | Béni Mellal-Khénifra |
| Province | Khouribga |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 10,469 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (WET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) |


title: Büyükorhan

abstract: Büyükorhan is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey. Its area is 505 km⁲, and its population is 8,940 (2022).

text:
# Büyükorhan

**Büyükorhan** is a municipality and district of Bursa Province, Turkey. Its area is 505 km2, and its population is 8,940 (2022).

## Composition

There are 39 neighbourhoods in Büyükorhan District:

## InfoBox

| Büyükorhan | |
| --- | --- |
| District and municipality | |
| Map showing Büyükorhan District in Bursa Province | |
| BüyükorhanLocation in TurkeyBüyükorhanBüyükorhan (Marmara) | |
| Coordinates: 39°45′N 28°55′E / 39.750°N 28.917°E / 39.750; 28.917 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Bursa |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Kamil Turhan (AKP) |
| Area | 505 km2 (195 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | 8,940 |
| Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0224 |
| Website | www.buyukorhan.bel.tr |


title: Dado Banatao

abstract: Diosdado P. Banatao is a Filipino entrepreneur and engineer working in the high-tech industry, credited with having developed the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS with silicon coupler data-link control and transceiver chip, the first system logic chip set for IBM's PC-XT and the PC-AT, and the local bus concept and the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for personal computers. A three-time start-up veteran, he co-founded Mostron, Chips and Technologies, and S3 Graphics.

text:
# Dado Banatao

**Diosdado P. Banatao** (born May 23, 1946) is a Filipino entrepreneur and engineer working in the high-tech industry, credited with having developed the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS with silicon coupler data-link control and transceiver chip, the first system logic chip set for IBM's PC-XT and the PC-AT, and the local bus concept and the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for personal computers. A three-time start-up veteran, he co-founded Mostron, Chips and Technologies, and S3 Graphics.

## Background

Banatao was born on May 23, 1946 in Iguig, Cagayan, Philippines. His father, Salvador Banatao, was a rice farmer. His mother, Rosita Banatao, was a housekeeper.

Banatao is known for his rags to riches story. During his childhood, he walked barefoot on a dirt road just to reach Malabbac Elementary School. He pursued his secondary education at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Tuguegarao. After high school, he pursued his Bachelor of Science in Electric Engineering from the Mapúa Institute of Technology and graduated cum laude.

After college, he turned down several job offers, including one from Meralco. He joined Philippine Airlines as a trainee pilot, and later joined Boeing. At Boeing, he worked as a design engineer for the company's new commercial airliner and cargo transport aircraft, Boeing 747, in the United States. With the opportunity to stay in the United States, he then took his Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Stanford University and finished in 1972. Banatao also joined the Homebrew Computer Club, where he met Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.

After finishing his master's degree, Banatao worked with different technology companies such as the National Semiconductor, Intersil, and Commodore International where he designed the first single chip, 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator. In 1981, he developed the first 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS with silicon coupler data-link control and transceiver chip while working in Seeq Technology. He was also credited for the first system logic chip set for IBM's PC-XT and the PC-AT; the local bus concept and the first Windows Graphics accelerator chip for personal computers.

## Career

### Business

In 1984, Banatao and his business partner Francis Siu, founded a high-technology company, Moston, starting with a capital of half a million US dollars. Mostron was launched as a manufacturer of motherboards. They also hired Ron Yara of Intel as a company executive. After he developed a five-chip set, he co-founded Chips and Technologies in 1985. The company developed system logic chip set for IBM's PC-XT and the PC-AT. The company earned $12 million in its first four months. After 22 months, the company went public. In 1989, Banatao launched his third start-up company, S3 Graphics, with Yara in Santa Clara, California. S3 focused on enhancing the graphic capabilities in personal computers by using a graphic accelerator chip. The key to this was Banatao's invention of a local bus. The company had an initial public offering of $30 million. In 1996, the company became the leader of the graphic-chips market, beating a strong competitor, Cirrus Logic, Inc. In the same year, Chips & Technologies was sold to Intel for about $300 million. In 2000, he decided to start his own venture capital firm named *Tallwood Venture Capital* with a capital of US$300 million, all of which came from his own pocket. He later sold another company for more than $1 billion, where it had less than 20 employees. Dado was also part of SiRF, where it started the consumerization of GPS after it had been declassified by the US Government.

In 2010, Banatao became Ikanos Communications' CEO after Michael Gulett resigned as the company's CEO and President.

### Philanthropy

In the Philippines, Banatao through his Dado Banatao Educational Foundation, annually awards five educational scholarships to intelligent Filipino students who have bright futures in the field of engineering and technology. Also, with Philippine Development Foundation which he chairs, he is helping send brilliant young Filipinos to school to help them reach their full potential. PhilDev was spun off from Ayala Foundation's program. Through his Banatao Filipino American Fund, he assists Californian high school students of Filipino heritage who are pursuing a college education in engineering. He also built a computer center at his grade school in his childhood town of Iguig in Cagayan Valley, making it the only public school with the most modern computer network in the Philippines.

## Recognition

| Awards received by Diosdado Banatao | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Awarded by | Award | Category | Result | Source |
| 1993 | Asian Business League of San Francisco | Asian Leadership Award | | Won |  |
| 1997 | Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos | Pamana ng Filipino Award | | Won |  |
| | Ernst & Young, Inc. Magazine, and Merrill Lynch Business Financial Services | Master Entrepreneur of the Year Award | | Won |  |
| 2011 | Search to Involve Pilipino Americans (SIPA) | Kalampusan Award | Corporate Achievement | Won |  |
| Recognitions received by Diosdado Banatao | | | | | |
| Year | Organization | | Recognition | | Source |
| 1993 | National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations, Inc. (NECO) | | Ellis Island Medal of Honor | |  |
| 1994 | || |
| 2002 | The Forbes Midas List | | Rank 49 out of 100 | |  |
| 2003 | | Rank 68 out of 100 | ||
| 2004 | | Rank 58 out of 100 | ||
| 2005 | | Rank 42 out of 100 | ||
| 2006 | | Rank 91 out of 100 | |  |
| 2009 | Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology | | Doctor of Technology (*honoris causa*) | |  |

## InfoBox

| Diosdado P. Banatao | |
| --- | --- |
| Banatao on a 2021 stamp of Philippines | |
| Born | (1946-05-23) May 23, 1946<br>Iguig, Cagayan, Philippines |
| Citizenship | Philippines |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation(s) | Founder & Managing Partner of Tallwood Venture Capital, CEO of Ikanos Communications, Chairman of Philippine Development Foundation |
| Known for | single-chips, PHY chips |
| Board member of | T-RAM Semiconductor, Inc., Inphi Corporation, Alphion Corporation, Sirf Technology Inc., Quintic Corporation, Wilocity Ltd., Integrated Micro-Electronics |
| Spouse | Maria Cariaga |
| Children | * Rey Banatao * Desi Banatao * Tala Banatao |
| Parent(s) | Salvador and Rosita Banatao |


title: Koushik Bose

abstract: Koushik Bose is an Indian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Mohammedan Sporting Club in the I-League.

text:
# Koushik Bose

**Koushik Bose** (born 15 October 1990) is an Indian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Mohammedan Sporting Club in the I-League.

## Career

### HAL

During the time of summer of 2011 Bose signed with HAL SC in the I-League and made his I-League debut in the club's 1-1 draw against Pailan Arrows at the Salt Lake Stadium on 2 November 2011.

## Career statistics

### Club

*Statistics accurate as of 5 November 2011*

| Club | Season | League | | | Cup | | | AFC | | | Total | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists | Apps | Goals | Assists |
| HAL | 2011–12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Koushik Bose
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Koushik Bose | | |
| Date of birth | (1990-10-15) 15 October 1990 | | |
| Place of birth | India | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Mohammedan | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2011 | HAL | 4 | (0) |
| 2012–present | Mohammedan | 0 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Cape longclaw

abstract: The Cape longclaw or orange-throated longclaw is a passerine bird in the family Motacillidae, which comprises the longclaws, pipits and wagtails. It occurs in Southern Africa in Zimbabwe and southern and eastern South Africa. This species is found in coastal and mountain grassland, often near water.

text:
# Cape longclaw

The **Cape longclaw** or **orange-throated longclaw** (***Macronyx capensis***) is a passerine bird in the family Motacillidae, which comprises the longclaws, pipits and wagtails. It occurs in Southern Africa in Zimbabwe and southern and eastern South Africa. This species is found in coastal and mountain grassland, often near water.

## Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the Cape longclaw in his *Ornithologie* based on a specimen collected from the Cape of Good Hope. He used the French name *L'alouette du Cap de Bonne Espérance* and the Latin *Alauda Capitis Bonae Spei*. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his *Systema Naturae* for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the Cape longclaw. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name *Alauda capensis* and cited Brisson's work. The specific name *capensis* denotes the Cape of Good Hope. The species is now placed in the genus *Macronyx* that was introduced by the English naturalist William John Swainson in 1827 with the Cape longclaw as the type species.

Two subspecies are recognised:

* *M. c. capensis* (Linnaeus, 1766) – southwest, south South Africa
* *M. c. colletti* Schou, 1908 – southeast Botswana and Zimbabwe to Mozambique and east South Africa

## Description

The Cape longclaw is a 19–20 cm long. The adult male has a grey head with a buff supercilium and a streaked blackish back. It has a bright orange gorget, black breast band and otherwise yellow underparts. The female is duller, having a yellow throat and much weaker breast band. The juvenile has a dirty yellow throat, indistinct breast band, and yellowish white underparts.

The Cape longclaw is usually found in pairs throughout the year. It feeds on the ground on insects and some seeds. The song is a musical *cheewit cheewit*, the contact call is *tsweet*, and there is also a mewling alarm call. Typically not found in larger groups than two, a breeding pair or more often singly. Another behavioural characteristic is the tendency of birds to stand on top of stones, anthills or large grass clumps. While doing so birds stand upright with their breast extended.

This species has a striking resemblance to the unrelated icterid meadowlarks, grassland birds of the Americas. This is presumably due to convergent evolution.

## InfoBox

| Cape longclaw | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Motacillidae |
| Genus: | *Macronyx* |
| Species: | ***M. capensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Macronyx capensis***
(Linnaeus, 1766) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Alauda capensis* Linnaeus, 1766 | |


title: Ralph Hamner

abstract: Ralph Conant Hamner nicknamed "Bruz", was a professional baseball player. He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of four seasons (1946–49) with the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs. For his career, he compiled an 8–20 record, with a 4.58 earned run average, and 99 strikeouts in 220 innings pitched. He was born in Gibsland, Louisiana and later died in Little Rock, Arkansas at the age of 84.

text:
# Ralph Hamner

**Ralph Conant Hamner** (September 12, 1916 – May 22, 2001) nicknamed "Bruz", was a professional baseball player. He was a right-handed pitcher over parts of four seasons (1946–49) with the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Cubs. For his career, he compiled an 8–20 record, with a 4.58 earned run average, and 99 strikeouts in 220 innings pitched.

He was born in Gibsland, Louisiana and later died in Little Rock, Arkansas at the age of 84.

## InfoBox

| Ralph Hamner | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1916-09-12)September 12, 1916
Gibsland, Louisiana | |
| **Died:** May 22, 2001(2001-05-22) (aged 84)
Little Rock, Arkansas | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 28, 1946, for the Chicago White Sox | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| May 18, 1949, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 8–20 |
| Earned run average | 4.58 |
| Strikeouts | 99 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Cosmopterix chrysobela

abstract: Cosmopterix chrysobela is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1928. It is found in India.

text:
# Cosmopterix chrysobela

***Cosmopterix chrysobela*** is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1928. It is found in India.

## InfoBox

| *Cosmopterix chrysobela* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cosmopterigidae |
| Genus: | *Cosmopterix* |
| Species: | ***C. chrysobela*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cosmopterix chrysobela***<br>Meyrick, 1928 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cosmopteryx chrysobela* | |


title: Troy Endicott

abstract: Troy Lynd Endicott is a United States Space Force major general who serves as the director of global space operations of the United States Space Command. He previously served as the assistant deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear. In July 2023, Endicott was nominated for promotion to major general.

text:
# Troy Endicott

**Troy Lynd Endicott** (born April 15, 1971) is a United States Space Force major general who serves as the director of global space operations of the United States Space Command. He previously served as the assistant deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber, and nuclear.

In July 2023, Endicott was nominated for promotion to major general.

## Education

* 1994 Bachelor of Science, Aerospace Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona
* 1999 Master of Science, space operations, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
* 1999 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
* 2002 U.S. Air Force Weapons School, Nellis AFB, Nevada
* 2004 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., by correspondence
* 2006 Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
* 2008 Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., by correspondence
* 2013 National Defense Fellowship (Senior Developmental Education), Harvard University Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs, Cambridge, Massachusetts
* 2014 Joint Forces Staff College (Joint Professional Military Education, Phase II), Norfolk, Virginia
* 2016 Leadership Development Program, Center for Creative Leadership, Colorado Springs, Colorado

## Assignments

* September 1994–April 1995, Flight Test Project Officer, Tri-Service Standoff Attack Missile Program Office, Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
* April 1995–August 1997, Reconnaissance Systems Project Manager, Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
* August 1997–March 1999, student, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
* March 1999–January 2002, Orbital Analyst Instructor (Air Education and Training Command Master Instructor) and flight commander, Detachment 1, 533rd Training Squadron, Schriever AFB, Colorado
* January 2002–June 2002, student, U.S. Air Force Weapons School, Nellis AFB, Nevada
* June 2002–March 2005, chief, Space Operations Plans, Headquarters 16th Air Force, Aviano Air Base, Italy
* April 2005–June 2006, student, U.S. Army Command & General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
* June 2006–April 2008, chief, Current Operations, Headquarters Air Force Space Command Space Operations Squadron, and member, Commander's Action Group, Headquarters Air Force Space Command, Peterson AFB, Colorado
* May 2008–May 2009, operations officer, 76th Space Control Squadron, Peterson AFB, Colorado
* May 2009–May 2011, commander, 21st Operations Support Squadron, Peterson AFB, Colorado
* June 2011–June 2012, executive officer to the commander, 14th Air Force and Joint Functional Component Command for Space, Vandenberg AFB, California
* July 2012–June 2013, senior developmental education student, National Defense Fellow, Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
* July 2013–June 2015, chief, Policy and Integration Division, Department of Defense Executive Agent for Space Staff, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, the Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia
* June 2015–May 2017, commander, 21st Operations Group, Peterson AFB, Colorado
* June 2017–January 2018, executive officer to the commander, Air Force Space Command, Peterson AFB, Colorado
* January 2018–May 2019, commander, 460th Space Wing, Buckley AFB, Colorado
* May 2019–May 2021, director for space policy, National Security Council, the White House, Washington, D.C.
* May 2021–July 2023, assistant deputy chief of space operations for operations, cyber and nuclear, United States Space Force, the Pentagon, Arlington, Virginia
* July 2023–present, director, global space operations, U.S. Space Command, Schriever Space Force Base, Colo.

## Awards and decorations

Endicott is the recipient of the following awards:

|  | Command Space Operations Badge |
| --- | --- |
|  | Acquisition and Financial Management Badge |
|  | Presidential Service Badge |
|  | Space Staff Badge |
|  | United States Space Command Badge |

## Dates of promotion

| Rank | Branch | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Second Lieutenant | Air Force | May 6, 1994 |
| First Lieutenant | | July 10, 1996 |
| Captain | | July 10, 1998 |
| Major | | January 1, 2005 |
| Lieutenant Colonel | | March 1, 2009 |
| Colonel | | October 1, 2014 |
| Brigadier General | | November 1, 2019 |
| Brigadier General | Space Force | May 10, 2021 |
| Major General | | December 6, 2023 |

## Writings

* With John W. Raymond (February 2008). "People Who Impact Warfare with Space Capabilities" (PDF). *High Frontier: The Journal for Space & Missile Professionals*. **IV** (2): 23–28.
* "A Warrior's Mindset:Key to Winning in Space" (PDF).
* *Space Launch Operations and the Lean Aerospace Initiative* (PDF) (M.S.). Air Force Institute of Technology. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2021.

## InfoBox

| Troy Endicott | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2021 | |
| Born | (1971-04-15) April 15, 1971<br>Morristown, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1994–2021 (Air Force) * 2021–present (Space Force) |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | 460th Space Wing |
| Awards | Defense Superior Service Medal (2) |
| Alma mater | Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University (BS) |


title: Fin Wilson

abstract: Finis Elbert Wilson was a professional baseball pitcher. He played part of 1914 and all of 1915 in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League. Wilson was a banking executive, a representative in the Kentucky legislature representing Greenup County, a clerk for the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee and a cotton plantation operator in Arkansas.

text:
# Fin Wilson

**Finis Elbert Wilson** (December 9, 1888 – March 9, 1959) was a professional baseball pitcher. He played part of 1914 and all of 1915 in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League.

Wilson was a banking executive, a representative in the Kentucky legislature representing Greenup County, a clerk for the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee and a cotton plantation operator in Arkansas.

## InfoBox

| Fin Wilson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1888-12-09)December 9, 1888
East Fork, Kentucky, U.S. | |
| **Died:** March 9, 1959(1959-03-09) (aged 70)
Coral Gables, Florida, U.S. | |
| **Batted:** Left**Threw:** Left | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 26, 1914, for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 27, 1915, for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 1–9 |
| Earned run average | 4.03 |
| Strikeouts | 51 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Runner (cricket)

abstract:
In cricket, a runner is a team member who runs between the wickets for an injured batsman. This is covered by Law 25 of the Laws of Cricket. When a runner is used, the batsman stands in position and plays shots as normal, but does not attempt to run between the wickets: the runner runs for them. The runner occupies the injured batsman's crease when they are on strike, but takes up a position away from the pitch at the umpire's discretion, typically on a pitch parallel to that being used for the game. When the injured batsman moves off strike, they then take up the position near the square leg umpire, and the runner stands next to the bowler's wicket as in the normal course of play.
  - A runner can only be used if the umpires, together, are satisfied that the batsman has sustained an injury during the match that affects their ability to run.
  - The runner must be a member of the batting side, but not the twelfth man. The runner must also already have batted in the innings, if possible.
  - The runner must wear all the external protective equipment worn by the batsman and must carry a bat. If either the injured batsman or their runner is out of their ground, the batsman is liable to be run out or stumped. The runner is also subject to other laws such as obstructing the field. In June 2011, the International Cricket Council announced that, from 1 October 2011, runners could no longer be used in international cricket.

text:
# Runner (cricket)

In cricket, a **runner** is a team member who runs between the wickets for an injured batsman. This is covered by Law 25 of the Laws of Cricket.

When a runner is used, the batsman stands in position and plays shots as normal, but does not attempt to run between the wickets: the runner runs for them. The runner occupies the injured batsman's crease when they are on strike, but takes up a position away from the pitch at the umpire's discretion, typically on a pitch parallel to that being used for the game.

When the injured batsman moves off strike, they then take up the position near the square leg umpire (not at the bowler's end), and the runner stands next to the bowler's wicket as in the normal course of play.

* A runner can only be used if the umpires, together, are satisfied that the batsman has sustained an injury during the match that affects their ability to run.
* The runner must be a member of the batting side, but not the twelfth man.

The runner must also already have batted in the innings, if possible.

* The runner must wear all the external protective equipment worn by the batsman and must carry a bat.

If *either* the injured batsman or their runner is out of their ground, the batsman is liable to be run out or stumped. The runner is also subject to other laws such as obstructing the field.

In June 2011, the International Cricket Council announced that, from 1 October 2011, runners could no longer be used in international cricket.


title: Büyükmelen, Cumayeri

abstract: Büyükmelen is a village in the Cumayeri District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 85 (2022).

text:
# Büyükmelen, Cumayeri

**Büyükmelen** is a village in the Cumayeri District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 85 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Büyükmelen | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| BüyükmelenLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°57′N 30°56′E / 40.950°N 30.933°E / 40.950; 30.933 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Düzce |
| District | Cumayeri |
| Population (2022) | 85 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: George H. Warren (pilot boat)

abstract: The George H. Warren was a 19th-century pilot boat built in 1882 by Porter Keene at Weymouth, Massachusetts, to replace the Edwin Forrest, No. 4, which was sold to the Pensacola, Florida pilots. The George H. Warren, originally belonged to the Boston pilot fleet but in 1889, she was purchase by a group of New York pilots. She and her crew were lost in the great blizzard of 1895.

text:
# George H. Warren (pilot boat)

The ***George H. Warren*** was a 19th-century pilot boat built in 1882 by Porter Keene at Weymouth, Massachusetts, to replace the *Edwin Forrest,* No. 4, which was sold to the Pensacola, Florida pilots. The *George H. Warren,* originally belonged to the Boston pilot fleet but in 1889, she was purchase by a group of New York pilots. She and her crew were lost in the great blizzard of 1895.

## Construction and service

The *George H. Warren* was a schooner rigged two-masted pilot-boat, built in 1882 by Porter Keene at North Weymouth, Massachusetts, to replace the *Edwin Forrest,* No. 4, which was sold to the Pensacola, Florida pilots. She was launched on December 31, 1882, from the Porter Keene shipyard at Weymouth. John Harry Jeffery was the captain.

The *Warren* No. 4, went on her first cruise on February 14, 1883. She was owned by Captain John Harry Jeffries and other Boston pilots: George H. Warren, John P. Spauulding, John M. Ward, Walter W. Jeffrey, Catherine Jeffrey, Hayden Sargent, Charlotte C. A. Archer, Timothy Davis, John M. Davis and Charles L. Davis. She was named for George H. Warren, one of the owners who also owned the Boston keel cutter-rigged yacht *Maggie*.

The *George H. Warren,* was registered as a pilot schooner with the ‘’Record of American and Foreign Shipping,’’ in 1884 and 1894. Her ship master and owner was John Harry Jeffery; built in 1883 at North Weymouth, Massachusetts; and her hailing port was the Port of Boston. Her dimensions were 70.9 ft. in length; 20 ft. breadth of beam; 8.2 ft. depth of hold; and 50-tons Tonnage.

On June 7, 1889, the *George H. Warren,* No. 4. was purchased for $9,250 by Captain J. O'Sullivan and a group of New York pilots that had lost the *Charlotte Webb* that was run down by the French Line steamship *La Normandie* on May 19, 1889. The new owner, Captain J. O'Sullivan, made the arrangements for the transfer.

William S. McLaughlin was an apprentice on the *George H. Warren,* No. 5 in the winter of 1894. He was supposed to be on the *Warren* leaving Tompkinsville, Staten Island in February 1895, when one of the pilots told him he could not go to sea because he had an abscess on his right hand.

## End of service

On February 7, 1895, the Sandy Hook pilot boat *George H. Warren,* No. 5, went missing just before the great blizzard. She had six pilots on board, a boatkeeper, cook, and two seamen. The pilots were, William Murphy, Francis Kelly, Thomas F. Pennea, Patrick Walsh, George D. Samson, and Walter Berry that were part owners of the boat.

On March 15, 1895, no news had been reported about the lost boat. Captain J. O'Sullivan, an owner that was not on the *Warren* asked the Board of Pilot Commissioners for permission to build a replacement boat.

## InfoBox

| Pilot Boat George H. Warren, No. 4. | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | George H. Warren |
| Namesake | George H. Warren |
| Owner | * John Harry Jeffery (Boston) * J. O'Sullivan (New York) |
| Operator | * **Boston Pilots:** George H. Warren, John P. Spauulding, John M. Ward, Walter W. Jeffrey, Catherine Jeffrey, Hayden Sargent, Charlotte C. A. Archer, Timothy Davis, John M. Davis and Charles L. Davis * **New York Pilots:** William Murphy, Frank Kelly, Thomas F. Pennea, Patrick Walsh, George D. Samson, and Walter Berry |
| Builder | Porter Keene |
| Cost | 9,250 |
| Launched | December 31, 1882 |
| Out of service | February 7, 1895 |
| Fate | Sank |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | schooner |
| Tonnage | 50-tons TM (New York Pilot Boat) |
| Length | 70 ft 9 in (21.56 m) (New York Pilot Boat) |
| Beam | 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m) (New York Pilot Boat) |
| Depth | 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) (New York Pilot Boat) |
| Propulsion | Sail |


title: Ralph Hamilton Curtiss

abstract: Ralph Hamilton Curtiss was an American astronomer and a professor of astrophysics at the University of Michigan. His main work was on stellar spectra and the identification of spectral binaries as well as quantitative studies based on the stellar spectra to study their atmospheres. Curtiss was born in Derby, Connecticut where his parents Hamilton Burton and Emily Wheeler were Puritans. He was the youngest of three sons, a brother being David Raymond Curtiss. The children grew up in Redlands, California after the family moved there in 1892 and Ralph entered the University of California in 1897. He was inspired into physics by E.P. Lewis and into astronomy by A. O. Leuschner. He became an assistant at the Student's astronomical observatory and in 1901 made a trip as part of the Lick Observatory team to Padang, Sumatra to observe the solar eclipse of May 18 during which time he received his BS degree in absentia. He then received a Lick Observatory fellowship and continued studies towards his doctorate. He studied the Cepheid variable W Sagittarii and examined techniques to determine radial velocity from spectrometric data. His thesis was "Proposed Method for the Measurement and Reduction of Spectrograms for the Determination of the RadiaI Velocities of Celestial Objects. Application to a Study of the Variable Star W Sagittarii" and he received his doctorate in 1905. He joined the Allegheny Observatory in 1905, working with Frank Schlesinger and moved to the University of Michigan in 1907 where he became assistant professor of astrophysics. In 1918 he became a full professor and in 1927 he succeeded William Hussey, upon his death, as director of the Observatory of the University of Michigan. During World War I, he was involved in training soldiers on navigation. He confirmed a third component to the star Algol based on spectra. He also took an interest in fishing, golf and music and had been married to Marie Louise Welton from 1920. He died from an embolism after suffering briefly from pleurisy.

text:
# Ralph Hamilton Curtiss

**Ralph Hamilton Curtiss** (8 February 1880 – 25 December 1929) was an American astronomer and a professor of astrophysics at the University of Michigan. His main work was on stellar spectra and the identification of spectral binaries as well as quantitative studies based on the stellar spectra to study their atmospheres.

Curtiss was born in Derby, Connecticut where his parents Hamilton Burton and Emily Wheeler were Puritans. He was the youngest of three sons, a brother being David Raymond Curtiss. The children grew up in Redlands, California after the family moved there in 1892 and Ralph entered the University of California in 1897. He was inspired into physics by E.P. Lewis and into astronomy by A. O. Leuschner. He became an assistant at the Student's astronomical observatory and in 1901 made a trip as part of the Lick Observatory team to Padang, Sumatra to observe the solar eclipse of May 18 during which time he received his BS degree in absentia. He then received a Lick Observatory fellowship and continued studies towards his doctorate. He studied the Cepheid variable W Sagittarii and examined techniques to determine radial velocity from spectrometric data. His thesis was "*Proposed Method for the Measurement and Reduction of Spectrograms for the Determination of the RadiaI Velocities of Celestial Objects*. *Application to a Study of the Variable Star W Sagittarii*" and he received his doctorate in 1905. He joined the Allegheny Observatory in 1905, working with Frank Schlesinger and moved to the University of Michigan in 1907 where he became assistant professor of astrophysics. In 1918 he became a full professor and in 1927 he succeeded William Hussey, upon his death, as director of the Observatory of the University of Michigan. During World War I, he was involved in training soldiers on navigation. He confirmed a third component to the star Algol based on spectra.

He also took an interest in fishing, golf and music and had been married to Marie Louise Welton from 1920. He died from an embolism after suffering briefly from pleurisy.

## InfoBox

| Ralph Hamilton Curtiss | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 8 February 1880 |
| Died | 25 December 1929 |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of California |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Astronomy |
| Institutions | University of Michigan |
|  | |


title: Santa Barbara National Forest

abstract: Santa Barbara National Forest was established as the Santa Barbara Forest Reserve by the United States General Land Office in California on December 22, 1903, with 1,838,323 acres (7,439.43 km⁲) by consolidation of Pine Mountain and Zaka Lake and Santa Ynez Forest Reserves. It included areas of the San Rafael Mountains and Santa Ynez Mountains.

text:
# Santa Barbara National Forest

**Santa Barbara National Forest** was established as the **Santa Barbara Forest Reserve** by the United States General Land Office in California on December 22, 1903, with 1,838,323 acres (7,439.43 km2) by consolidation of Pine Mountain and Zaka Lake and Santa Ynez Forest Reserves. It included areas of the San Rafael Mountains and Santa Ynez Mountains.

## U.S. National Forest

After the transfer of federal forests to the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, it became a U.S. National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1910, San Luis National Forest was added. On August 18, 1919 Monterey National Forest was added. On December 3, 1936, the name was changed to Los Padres National Forest.


title: Cosmopterix chasanica

abstract: Cosmopterix chasanica is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Sinev in 1985. It is found in Russia.

text:
# Cosmopterix chasanica

***Cosmopterix chasanica*** is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Sinev in 1985. It is found in Russia.

## InfoBox

| *Cosmopterix chasanica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Cosmopterigidae |
| Genus: | *Cosmopterix* |
| Species: | ***C. chasanica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cosmopterix chasanica***<br>Sinev, 1985 | |
|


title: Tsai Pei-shan

abstract: Tsai Pei-shan is a Taiwanese taekwondo practitioner. She won a bronze medal in welterweight at the 1993 World Taekwondo Championships. She won a silver medal at the 2000 Asian Taekwondo Championships.

text:
# Tsai Pei-shan

**Tsai Pei-shan** (born 17 June 1978) is a Taiwanese taekwondo practitioner. She won a bronze medal in welterweight at the 1993 World Taekwondo Championships. She won a silver medal at the 2000 Asian Taekwondo Championships.

## InfoBox

Tsai Pei-shan
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Taiwanese |
| Born | (1978-06-17) 17 June 1978 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Taekwondo |
| Medal record      Representing  Chinese Taipei  Women's taekwondo  World Championships  1993 New York City  Welterweight  Asian Championships  2000 Hong Kong  -72 kg | |


title: Boscalid

abstract: Boscalid is a broad spectrum fungicide used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by BASF in 2002 using their brand name Endura. The compound is an biphenyl amide derived inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

text:
# Boscalid

**Boscalid** is a broad spectrum fungicide used in agriculture to protect crops from fungal diseases. It was first marketed by BASF in 2002 using their brand name **Endura**. The compound is an biphenyl amide derived inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase.

## History

Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, the complex II in the mitochondrial respiration chain, has been known as a fungicidal mechanism of action since the first examples were marketed in the 1960s. The first compound in this class was carboxin, which had a narrow spectrum of useful biological activity, mainly on basidiomycetes and was used as a seed treatment. Many companies made analogues with the aim of expanding the range of species controlled and boscalid was successful in doing so.

## Synthesis

The first synthesis of boscalid was disclosed in patents filed by BASF in 1995.

The aminobiphenyl required for reaction with the acid chloride of 2-chloronicotinic acid is prepared in two steps. The first is a palladium-catalysed Suzuki reaction, followed by reduction. As the final product has been manufactured at the multi-tonne scale, considerable efforts have been made to optimise these reactions.

## Mechanism of action

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) of this type act by binding at the quinone reduction site of the enzyme complex, preventing ubiquinone from doing so. As a consequence, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain cannot function.

## Usage

Boscalid has fungicidal effects against a wide range of crop pests. These include *Alternaria*, grey mold (*Botrytis cinerea*), white mold (*Sclerotinia sclerotiorum*), and powdery mildew (*Uncinula necator*). As a result, it has use in crops including fruits, soybeans and vegetables.

The estimated annual use of boscalid in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Survey and shows that it is mainly applied to fruit crops, with a maximum use of over 600,000 pounds (270,000 kg) in 2016. Global sales in 2014 were estimated at $390 million. The compound lacks full control of important cereal diseases, especially septoria leaf blotch *Zymoseptoria tritici*, which has limited its potential.

## Human safety

Boscalid has low acute toxicity: the Codex Alimentarius database maintained by the FAO lists the maximum residue limits for it in various food products.

## Environmental effects

The compound is very persistent in field conditions and its environmental fate and consequent ecotoxicology have been reviewed.

## Resistance management

Fungal populations have the ability to develop resistance to SDHI inhibitors. This potential can be mitigated by careful management. Reports of individual pest species becoming resistant are monitored by manufacturers, regulatory bodies such as the EPA and the Fungicides Resistance Action Committee (FRAC). The risks of resistance developing can be reduced by using a mixture of two or more fungicides which each have activity on relevant pests but with unrelated mechanisms of action. FRAC assigns fungicides into classes so as to facilitate this.

## Brands

Boscalid is the ISO common name for the active ingredient which is formulated into the branded product sold to end-users. It was also known as nicobifen. Endura and Emerald are the brand names first used by BASF's formulations but the compound has subsequently been sold under a range of product names.

* PPDB pesticides properties database entry for boscalid

## InfoBox

Boscalid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-chloro-N-(4'-chloro\[1,1'-biphenyl\]-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide | |
| Other names BAS 510F, Nicobifen | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| Beilstein Reference | 10092464 |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.115.343 |
| EC Number | * 606-143-0 |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C18H12Cl2N2O/c19-13-9-7-12(8-10-13)14-4-1-2-6-16(14)22-18(23)15-5-3-11-21-17(15)20/h1-11H,(H,22,23)/f/h22H YKey: WYEMLYFITZORAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y | |
| SMILES * C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)NC(=O)C3=C(N=CC=C3)Cl | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C18H12Cl2N2O |
| Molar mass | 343.21 |
| Appearance | White to beige coloured crystalline powder |
| Density | 1.381 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 143°C |
| Solubility in water | 4.6 mg/L (20 °C) |
| log *P* | 2.96 |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Hazard statements | H411 |
| Precautionary statements | P273, P391, P501 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Finswimming World Championships

abstract: The Finswimming World Championships is the peak international event for the underwater sport of finswimming. These are conducted on behalf of the sport's governing body, Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) by an affiliated national federation.

text:
# Finswimming World Championships

The **Finswimming World Championships** is the peak international event for the underwater sport of finswimming. These are conducted on behalf of the sport's governing body, Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) by an affiliated national federation.

## Scheduling

The championship is split into two events on the basis of age for both male and female swimmers - seniors (i.e. 18 years and older) and juniors (i.e. 12 to 17 years old). The senior championship was first held in 1976 while the junior championship was first held in 1989. From 1976 to 1990, the senior championships were held every four years, except for the championship held in Moscow during 1982, and from 1990 to 2006 it was held every two years. The junior championship has been held every two years from 1993, with the exception of the years 2005 and 2006. As of 2007, the championships have been held every two years, with the senior age group event being held in the odd years starting with 2007, while the junior age group event is held in even years starting with 2008.

## Organization

A world championship is conducted at two sites within a geographical locality - one being an olympic-size swimming pool (also known as a long course pool) and the other being an open water site suitable for long-distance finswimming.

The pool competition is carried out over five days with qualifying heats held in the morning and finals held in the afternoon. Races are conducted in the following techniques and distances for both male and female swimmers:

As of 2014, the long-distance competition is held over one day for senior and juniors swimmers with the following schedule: Morning - 4 x 2 km mixed team relay (2 men and 2 women) and Afternoon - 6 km individual swim. National federations may register a maximum of one relay team and a maximum of four individuals for the 6 km race. Long distance swimming is only open to SF and BF techniques.

## Championships

In 1988 to 2005, World Championship in **Long Distance Fins (LFD)** was also held (**World Championships in Long Distance Fins**). Since 2006 competitions at all distances have been held at a single world championship.

1. *FINSWIMMING - CMAS RULES VERSION 2012/03 In force as from January 1st 2013 (BoD179 - 22/11/2012)*. Rome: Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. 2012. pp. 7–9.
2. "Finswimming Championships Archive". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
3. "Some Changes in "Open Water" for CMAS Championships 2014". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
4. "1st World Championship". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
5. "2nd World Championship". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
6. "3rd World Championship". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
7. "4th World Championship". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
8. "Finswimming World Championship in Hódmezővásárhely". 18 July 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
9. "Finswimming World Championship (Swimming pool and LD)". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
10. "1st World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
11. "2nd World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
12. "3rd World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
13. "4th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
14. "5th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
15. "6th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
16. "7th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
17. "8th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
18. "9th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
19. "10th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
20. "11th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
21. "12th World Championship - Juniors". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
22. "The competition - 13th CMAS Finswimming Junior World Championship". Retrieved 17 July 2014.

## InfoBox

| Finswimming World Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Status | active |
| Genre | sporting event |
| Date(s) | mid-year |
| Frequency | biennial |
| Country | varying |
| Inaugurated | 1976 (1976) |


title: San Polo dei Cavalieri

abstract: San Polo dei Cavalieri is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Lazio, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Rome. San Polo dei Cavalieri borders the following municipalities: Guidonia Montecelio, Licenza, Marcellina, Monteflavio, Palombara Sabina, Roccagiovine, Tivoli, Vicovaro.

text:
# San Polo dei Cavalieri

**San Polo dei Cavalieri** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region of Lazio, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northeast of Rome.

San Polo dei Cavalieri borders the following municipalities: Guidonia Montecelio, Licenza, Marcellina, Monteflavio, Palombara Sabina, Roccagiovine, Tivoli, Vicovaro.

## InfoBox

| San Polo dei Cavalieri | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di San Polo dei Cavalieri | |
| View of San Polo dei Cavalieri | |
| Location of San Polo dei Cavalieri | |
| San Polo dei CavalieriLocation of San Polo dei Cavalieri in ItalySan Polo dei CavalieriSan Polo dei Cavalieri (Lazio) | |
| Coordinates: 42°1′N 12°50′E / 42.017°N 12.833°E / 42.017; 12.833 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Metropolitan city | Rome (RM) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Simone Trusiani |
| Area | |
| Total | 42.53 km2 (16.42 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 651 m (2,136 ft) |
| Population (30 November 2016) | |
| Total | 2,985 |
| Density | 70/km2 (180/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 00010 |
| Dialing code | 0774 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Daf-9

abstract: The Daf-9 gene encodes a cytochrome p450 enzyme catalysis the generation of dafachronic acid in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, with the CYP Symbol CYP22A1. After generation, dafachronic acid will binding it's nuclear receptor Daf-12 and has been implicated by Cynthia Kenyon and colleagues related to the formation of Dauer larva.

text:
# Daf-9

The **Daf-9** gene encodes a cytochrome p450 enzyme catalysis the generation of dafachronic acid (a steroid hormone) in the worm *Caenorhabditis elegans*, with the CYP Symbol **CYP22A1** (Cytochrome P450, family 22, member A1). After generation, dafachronic acid will binding it's nuclear receptor Daf-12 and has been implicated by Cynthia Kenyon and colleagues related to the formation of Dauer larva.

1. Jia K, Albert PS, Riddle DL (2002). "DAF-9, a cytochrome P450 regulating C. elegans larval development and adult longevity". *Development*. **129** (1): 221–31. doi:10.1242/dev.129.1.221. PMID 11782415.
2. Kenyon C, Chang J, Gensch E, Rudner A, Tabtiang R (1993). "A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type". *Nature*. **366** (6454): 461–464. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..461K. doi:10.1038/366461a0. PMID 8247153. S2CID 4332206.

## InfoBox

| Cytochrome P450 daf-9 | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| Organism | Caenorhabditis elegans |
| Symbol | daf-9 |
| Alt. symbols | CYP22A1 |
| Entrez | 180889 |
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM\_001029732.2 |
| RefSeq (Prot) | NP\_001024903.1 |
| UniProt | H2KYS3 |
| Other data | |
| Chromosome | *X: 6.2 - 6.2 Mb* |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: Samuel H. and Isabel Smith Elkins House

abstract: The Samuel H. and Isabel Smith Elkins House is a historic home in Columbia, Missouri. The home is located just north of Downtown Columbia, Missouri on 9th street and today contains an artisan glassworks. The large two-story brick residence was built about 1882 in the Italianate style. The property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is located within the North Village Arts District.

text:
# Samuel H. and Isabel Smith Elkins House

The **Samuel H. and Isabel Smith Elkins House** is a historic home in Columbia, Missouri. The home is located just north of Downtown Columbia, Missouri on 9th street and today contains an artisan glassworks. The large two-story brick residence was built about 1882 in the Italianate style.

The property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is located within the North Village Arts District.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Samuel H. and Isabel Smith Elkins House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 315 N. 10th St., Columbia, Missouri |
| Coordinates | 38°57′20″N 92°19′36″W / 38.95556°N 92.32667°W / 38.95556; -92.32667 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | c, 1882 (1882) |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 96001012 |
| Added to NRHP | September 12, 1996 |


title: Ralph Hamlin

abstract: Ralph Cunningham Hamlin was an American bicycle and car racer and later a prominent L.A. car dealer. Hamlin was born in San Francisco in 1880 and moved to Los Angeles with his family when he was 6 years old.

text:
# Ralph Hamlin

**Ralph Cunningham Hamlin** (1880 – 1974) was an American bicycle and car racer and later a prominent L.A. car dealer. Hamlin was born in San Francisco in 1880 and moved to Los Angeles with his family when he was 6 years old.

## Racing career

Hamlin started racing bicycles at 16 and quickly showed his talent. In 1997 he set the third fastest time in the prestigious Santa Monica Road Race from downtown L.A. to Santa Monica, and one year later he won the fastest time prize. From bicycles he transitioned into racing motorcycles and then automobiles; in 1912 Hamlin, in a Franklin air-cooled Automobile, won the Los Angeles to Phoenix Road Race, establishing a new record, in 18 hours and 20 minutes.

## Car dealership

With his first winnings as a cyclist Hamlin established a bicycle repair shop. In 1901, he upgraded his business and began selling motorcycles, Orient Buckboards, Lozier, and Scripps-Booth automobiles. Four years later, Hamlin became the Southern California distributor for Franklin air-cooled cars. He would go on to become one of the most successful Franklin dealers in the United States with outlets in Hollywood, Pasadena, Glendale, and San Diego. Testament of his prominent status within Los Angeles' society at the time is his membership of The Uplifters social club.

## Palmarès

1897 3rd, Santa Monica Road Race 1898 1st, Santa Monica Road Race 1912 1st, Los Angeles to Phoenix Automobile Road Race

## InfoBox

Ralph Hamlin
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Ralph Cunningham Hamlin |
| Born | (1880-10-17)17 October 1880
San Francisco |
| Died | 5 July 1974(1974-07-05) (aged 93)
Los Angeles |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road, track |
| Role | Rider |
| Major wins | |
| 1898 - Santa Monica Road Race (time prize), 1912 - Los Angeles to Phoenix Automobile Road Race (new record time) | |
|  | |


title: San Vittorino

abstract: San Vittorino Amiterno is a village in the Abruzzo, region of central Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of L'Aquila.

text:
# San Vittorino

**San Vittorino Amiterno** is a village in the Abruzzo, region of central Italy. It is a *frazione* of the *comune* of L'Aquila.

## History

S. Vittorino is important because the ancient Roman city of Amiternum and Christian catacombs were discovered in the local church of San Michele Arcangelo.

## InfoBox

| San Vittorino | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frazione* | |
|  | |
| San VittorinoLocation of San Vittorino in Italy | |
| Coordinates: 42°23′50″N 13°18′50″E / 42.39722°N 13.31389°E / 42.39722; 13.31389 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Abruzzo |
| Province | L'Aquila |
| *Comune* | L'Aquila |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |