title: Buccinulum mariae

abstract: Buccinulum mariae is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Tudiclidae. It was first described by Baden Powell in 1940. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

text:
# Buccinulum mariae

***Buccinulum mariae*** is a species of marine gastropod mollusc in the family Tudiclidae. It was first described by Baden Powell in 1940. It is endemic to the waters of New Zealand.

## Description

*Buccinulum mariae* are typically a dark reddish-brown colour, with some specimens exhibiting a lighter colour and darker spiral bands. The holotype of the species was 20 mm in height, with a diameter of between 10 and 75 mm, however specimens have been recorded as large as 26 millimetres in height.

## Distribution

The species is Endemic to New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Buccinulum mariae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Holotype of *Buccinulum mariae* from Auckland War Memorial Museum | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Tudiclidae |
| Genus: | *Buccinulum* |
| Species: | ***B. mariae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Buccinulum mariae***<br>(Powell, 1940) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Buccinulum (Euthrena) mariae* (Powell, 1940) | |


title: CFCH-FM (British Columbia)

abstract: CFCH-FM was a Canadian community radio station that broadcast at 103.5 FM in Chase, British Columbia, last owned by the Chase and District Community Radio Society.

text:
# CFCH-FM (British Columbia)

**CFCH-FM** was a Canadian community radio station that broadcast at 103.5 FM in Chase, British Columbia, last owned by the Chase and District Community Radio Society.

## History

On October 6, 2004, the CRTC approved the Chase and District Lions Community Club's application to operate an English-language developmental community FM radio station, broadcasting at 103.5 MHz with an effective radiated power of 4.7 watts. The station commenced broadcasting in 2005. Ownership was transferred to the Chase and District Community Radio Society in 2007.

On August 1, 2008, the CRTC approved the radio society's application for a regular, English-language, low-power Type B community FM radio station at 103.5 MHz (channel 278LP) with an effective radiated power of 19.7 watts.

CFCH-FM ceased broadcasting on August 31, 2014, due to lack of community support. The society requested the CRTC revoke its broadcasting license, approved October 14, 2014.

## Call sign

CFCH was the call sign used by a radio station in North Bay, Ontario, known today as CKFX-FM. On May 25, 2020, Vista Radio, which owns CFXN-FM, was approved to operate a new FM radio station in North Bay and has reused the CFCH-FM call sign since June 15, 2021.

## InfoBox

CFCH-FM
| Defunct | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Frequency | 103.5 MHz |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Chase and District Community Radio Society |
| History | |
| First air date | 2005 (2005) |
| Last air date | August 31, 2014 (2014-08-31) |
| Technical information | |
| ERP | 4.7 watts |
| Transmitter coordinates | 50°49′N 119°41′W / 50.817°N 119.683°W / 50.817; -119.683 |


title: CFCB

abstract: CFCB is an AM radio station in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It broadcasts at a power of 10,000 watts by day and 1,000 watts at night. Owned by Stingray Group, CFCB first went on the air on October 3, 1960. The station was founded by Dr. Noel Murphy. On March 26, 2012, CFCB rebranded, which included a new slogan, logo and programming. The "Local News Now" slogan was adopted from VOCM in St. John's, which had rebranded just weeks before. The new CFCB logo also features the VOCM color scheme, which includes yellow and red. As of March 9, 2022, CFCB no longer originates any local programming from Corner Brook following the closure of its studios and termination of on-air personnel by Stingray. All content of this station is now simulcast from VOCM in St. John's, with the exception of local commercials. CFCB's sister station, CKXX-FM, also shared the same fate as it shared studio facilities and personalities.

text:
# CFCB

**CFCB** (570 kHz) is an AM radio station in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It broadcasts at a power of 10,000 watts by day and 1,000 watts at night. Owned by Stingray Group, CFCB first went on the air on October 3, 1960. The station was founded by Dr. Noel Murphy.

On March 26, 2012, CFCB rebranded, which included a new slogan, logo and programming. The "Local News Now" slogan was adopted from VOCM in St. John's, which had rebranded just weeks before. The new CFCB logo also features the VOCM color scheme, which includes yellow and red.

As of March 9, 2022, CFCB no longer originates any local programming from Corner Brook following the closure of its studios and termination of on-air personnel by Stingray. All content of this station is now simulcast from VOCM in St. John's, with the exception of local commercials. CFCB's sister station, CKXX-FM, also shared the same fate as it shared studio facilities and personalities.

## Rebroadcasters

CFCB also operates rebroadcasters in the following locations:

The **CFNW** in Gros Morne National Park was knocked off the air due to an ice and wind storm in late 2011 which damaged the tower. When the transmitter site was constructed in 1971, the area was not a national park. As of 2012 the signal in this area was still off the air. On October 3, 2012, Newcap Broadcasting applied to convert CFNW to the FM band. On January 25, 2013, the CRTC approved Newcap's application to convert CFNW to the FM band. CFNW now operates at 96.7 MHz.

In September 2013, the CFCB transmission tower in Corner Brook was taken down. Construction on a new tower has been recently completed with a modern three-legged guyed mast radiator. The previous mast radiator was in terrible shape and over 50 years old prior to being taken down. The old mast radiator, according to the website www.broadcasting-history.ca, was a second hand tower that was erected and begun broadcasting at 1,000 watts in 1961. No CRTC or Industry Canada records indicate the station filed any application to do this work. However, according to the broadcasting-history.ca web site, the CRTC approved the daytime transmitting power to 10,000 watts from 1,000 watts which could be achieved with the new and more modern mast radiator now located on the same plot of land that the previous one had been erected. Photos of the old and new towers are illustrated below.

On April 2, 2001, the sale of Humber Valley Broadcasting Co. Ltd. to Newcap Inc. was approved. This included a number of radio stations such as:

* **CFCB** Corner Brook
* **CFDL-FM** Deer Lake
* **CFNW** Port-aux-Choix
* **CFNN-FM** St. Anthony
* **CFSX** Stephenville
* **CFGN** Port-aux-Basques
* **CFCV-FM** St. Andrew's
* **CFLN** Goose Bay
* **CFLW** Wabush
* **CFLC-FM** Churchill Falls

In September 2016, CFSX and its repeaters were shut down by Newcap Radio without any notice. The station appears to now be serving as a full-time repeater of CFCB, changing its identity to *VOCM*. Before then, CFSX operated as a daytime station, and served as a nighttime repeater to CFCB.

48°56′13″N 57°59′28″W / 48.93694°N 57.99111°W / 48.93694; -57.99111

## InfoBox

CFCB
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Western Newfoundland |
| Frequency | 570 kHz (AM) |
| Branding | 590 VOCM |
| Programming | |
| Format | Full-service radio |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Stingray Group |
| Sister stations | CKXX-FM |
| History | |
| First air date | October 3, 1960 |
| Call sign meaning | **C**oming **F**rom **C**orner **B**rook |
| Technical information | |
| Class | C |
| Power | 10,000 watts (day)<br>1,000 watts (night) |
| Links | |
| Website | vocm.com |


title: Santos Ubierna

abstract: Santos Ubierna was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate of the Dominican Order. He was titular bishop of Lamdia from 1942 until his death and vicar apostolic of Thái Bình from 1942 to 1955. He died in Saigon on 15 April 1955 at the age of 47.

text:
# Santos Ubierna

**Santos Ubierna** (1 November 1907 – 15 April 1955) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate of the Dominican Order. He was titular bishop of Lamdia from 1942 until his death and vicar apostolic of Thái Bình from 1942 to 1955. He died in Saigon on 15 April 1955 at the age of 47.

## InfoBox

| His Excellency
Santos Ubierna
OP | |
| --- | --- |
| Vicar Apostolic of Thái Bình | |
| Metropolis | Hanoi |
| Installed | 24 February 1942 |
| Term ended | 15 April 1955 |
| Predecessor | Juan Casado Obispo |
| Successor | Dominique-Marie Ðình Ðức Trụ |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 20 December 1930 |
| Consecration | 1 May 1952
by Antonin Drapier |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1907-11-01)1 November 1907
Huérmeces |
| Died | 15 April 1955(1955-04-15) (aged 47)
Ho Chi Minh City |
| Motto | Immolor supra sacrificium |


title: Santos Vega (1917 film)

abstract: Santos Vega is a 1917 Argentine silent historical film directed by Carlos de Paoli. It is based on the story of the legendary gaucho Santos Vega.

text:
# Santos Vega (1917 film)

***Santos Vega*** is a 1917 Argentine silent historical film directed by Carlos de Paoli. It is based on the story of the legendary gaucho Santos Vega.

## Cast

1. Finkielman p.19

## Bibliography

* Finkielman, Jorge. *The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History*. McFarland, 2003.

## InfoBox

| Santos Vega | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Carlos de Paoli |
| Written by |  |
| Release date | * 17 June 1917 (1917-06-17) |
| Country | Argentina |
| Languages |  |


title: Prodašice

abstract: Prodašice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 80 inhabitants.

text:
# Prodašice

**Prodašice** is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 80 inhabitants.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 130 |  |
| 1880 | 114 | −12.3% |
| 1890 | 139 | +21.9% |
| 1900 | 154 | +10.8% |
| 1910 | 117 | −24.0% |
| 1921 | 132 | +12.8% |
| 1930 | 130 | −1.5% |
| 1950 | 106 | −18.5% |
| 1961 | 95 | −10.4% |
| 1970 | 73 | −23.2% |
| 1980 | 96 | +31.5% |
| 1991 | 100 | +4.2% |
| 2001 | 84 | −16.0% |
| 2011 | 89 | +6.0% |
| 2021 | 94 | +5.6% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Prodašice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre of Prodašice | |
|  | |
| ProdašiceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°21′0″N 15°7′0″E / 50.35000°N 15.11667°E / 50.35000; 15.11667 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Mladá Boleslav |
| First mentioned | 1390 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.27 km2 (0.88 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 271 m (889 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 83 |
| Density | 37/km2 (95/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 294 04 |
| Website | prodasice.estranky.cz |


title: Princess Leopoldine of Baden

abstract: Princess Leopoldine of Baden was a Princess of Baden by birth and Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg by marriage.

text:
# Princess Leopoldine of Baden

**Princess Leopoldine of Baden** (*Leopoldine Wilhelmine Amalie Pauline Maximiliane*; 22 February 1837, Karlsruhe \- 23 December 1903, Strasbourg) was a Princess of Baden by birth and Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg by marriage.

## Life

Leopoldine was the fourth and youngest daughter of Prince William of Baden (1792-1859) and Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Württemberg (1802-1864), daughter of Duke Louis of Württemberg. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Frederick of Baden, the first Grand Duke of Baden, and his second wife, Baroness Louise Caroline Geyer of Geyersberg, Countess of Hochberg. She grew up in Karlsruhe, together with her two older sisters, Sophie (1834-1904) and Elizabeth (1835-1891).

Princess Leopoldine married on 24 September 1862 in Karlsruhe, Prince Hermann of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1832-1913), second son of Prince Ernst I, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, and Princess Feodora of Leiningen. They had three children:

Princess Leopoldine founded the Leopoldine Association. In Strasbourg, where her husband was appointed as the Governor of Alsace-Lorraine, she took mainly ceremonial duties. She died the day before Christmas Eve 1903, after a long illness. She was buried in the family cemetery in Langenburg.

## Ancestry

* Annette Borchardt-Wenzel: *Die Frauen am badischen Hof. Gefährtinnen der Großherzöge zwischen Liebe, Pflicht und Intrigen*, Piper Verlag GmbH München, 2003, ISBN 3-492-23696-0
* Paul Zinsmaier: *Leopoldine Fürstin zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg*, in: *Badische Biographien*, vol. 6, edited by A. Krieger and R. Obser, Heidelberg, 1935, p. 785 ff

## InfoBox

| Leopoldine | |
| --- | --- |
| *Princess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg* | |
|  | |
| Born | (1837-02-22)22 February 1837
Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden |
| Died | 23 December 1903(1903-12-23) (aged 66)
Strasbourg, German Empire |
| Burial | Langenburg |
| Spouse | Hermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg  (m. 1862) |
| Issue |  |
| Names  Leopoldine Wilhelmine Amalie Pauline Maximiliane | |
| House | Zähringen |
| Father | Prince William of Baden |
| Mother | Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Württemberg |


title: Eucereon abdominalis

abstract: Eucereon abdominalis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Venezuela.

text:
# Eucereon abdominalis

***Eucereon abdominalis*** is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Eucereon abdominalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Eucereon* |
| Species: | ***E. abdominalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucereon abdominalis***<br>(Walker, 1855) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Carales abdominalis* Walker, 1855 | |


title: European Patent Institute

abstract: The Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office, also known as European Patent Institute (epi), is a professional association of European patent attorneys and an international non-governmental public law corporation. It was founded on 21 October 1977 by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation by adopting the Regulation on the establishment of an institute of professional representatives before the European Patent Office. All European patent attorneys, i.e. all persons entitled to act as professional representatives before the EPO, are members of the institute. As of 2023, the institute has about 13,800 members across 39 member states. The European Patent Institute publishes a quarterly journal, the epi Information (ISSN 1434-8853).

text:
# European Patent Institute

The **Institute of Professional Representatives before the European Patent Office**, also known as **European Patent Institute** (**epi**), is a professional association of European patent attorneys and an international non-governmental public law corporation. It was founded on 21 October 1977 by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation by adopting the Regulation on the establishment of an institute of professional representatives before the European Patent Office. All European patent attorneys, i.e. all persons entitled to act as professional representatives before the EPO (by virtue of either the European qualifying examination or the provisions of Article 163(7) EPC 1973), are members of the institute. As of 2023, the institute has about 13,800 members across 39 member states.

The European Patent Institute publishes a quarterly journal, the *epi Information* (ISSN 1434-8853).


title: Utsubo Tennis Center

abstract: The Utsubo Tennis Center is a tennis complex situated in the Utsubo Park, Nishi-ku, Osaka, Japan. The complex was the host of the HP Open from 2009 through 2014. The stadium court has a capacity of 5,000 people, second court has a capacity of 500 people.

text:
# Utsubo Tennis Center

The **Utsubo Tennis Center** is a tennis complex situated in the Utsubo Park, Nishi-ku, Osaka, Japan. The complex was the host of the HP Open (WTA International tournaments) from 2009 through 2014. The stadium court has a capacity of 5,000 people, second court has a capacity of 500 people.

34°41′05″N 135°29′31″E / 34.68468°N 135.492033°E / 34.68468; 135.492033

## InfoBox

Utsubo Tennis Center
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Osaka, Japan |
| Capacity | 5,000 (central court)
500 (Court 1) |
| Surface | Hard, Outdoors |
| Construction | |
| Broke ground | early 1950's |
| Opened | 1953 |
| Construction cost | ? |
| Architect | ? |
| Tenants | |
| Osaka Mayor's Cup
HP Open | |


title: Emil Planeta

abstract: Emil Joseph Planeta was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Giants.

text:
# Emil Planeta

**Emil Joseph Planeta** (January 31, 1909 – February 2, 1963) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Giants.

## InfoBox

| Emil Planeta | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1909-01-31)January 31, 1909
Higganum, Connecticut | |
| **Died:** February 2, 1963(1963-02-02) (aged 54)
Rocky Hill, Connecticut | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 20, 1931, for the New York Giants | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 27, 1931, for the New York Giants | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Games played | 2 |
| Innings pitched | 5.1 |
| Earned runs | 6 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Da 2nd Phaze

abstract: Da 2nd Phaze is the second album by English grime MC Wiley. It was released on 1 July 2006 by Boy Better Know after his departure from XL Recordings. The tracks "Eskiboy", "Gangsterz", and "Johnny Was A Badboy" were released again on Wiley's third album Playtime Is Over in 2007.

text:
# Da 2nd Phaze

***Da 2nd Phaze*** is the second album by English grime MC Wiley. It was released on 1 July 2006 by Boy Better Know after his departure from XL Recordings. The tracks "Eskiboy", "Gangsterz", and "Johnny Was A Badboy" were released again on Wiley's third album *Playtime Is Over* in 2007.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Intro" | Wiley | 1:44 |
| 2. | "Eskiboy" | Wiley | 2:50 |
| 3. | "Gangsterz" | Wiley | 3:15 |
| 4. | "U Ain't Real" (featuring Syer B & Brazen) | Wiley | 3:43 |
| 5. | "Stormy Weather" | Wiley | 2:37 |
| 6. | "Carry Out Orders" (featuring JME) | Wiley | 2:02 |
| 7. | "I Like The Way" | JME | 3:00 |
| 8. | "Be Yourself" (featuring Brazen & Dom P) | Wiley | 2:56 |
| 9. | "Johnny Was A Badboy" | Decoy | 3:27 |
| 10. | "Grim" (featuring JME & Ears) | JME | 2:50 |
| 11. | "One Avalanche" | Wiley | 3:50 |
| 12. | "Keep Moving" (featuring Donae'o & JME) | Wiley | 3:53 |
| 13. | "Friday Night" | Rapid | 2:44 |
| 14. | "Mystery Girl" | Wiley | 3:07 |
| 15. | "Ice Pole Remix" | Wiley | 4:03 |
| 16. | "Saw It Coming" (featuring Jammer, Ears, JME & Syer B) | Mizz Beats | 4:22 |

*Bonus Tracks*
| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17. | "Gods Gift Freestyle" (Performed By Gods Gift) | --- | 1:31 |
| 18. | "Streets That We Live" (Performed By Alex Mills) | Wiley | 4:45 |
| 19. | "So Amazing" (Performed By Wiley) | Wiley | 3:05 |
| 20. | "Oi" (Performed By More Fire Crew) | Platinum 45 | 4:30 |

## InfoBox

| Da 2nd Phaze | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Wiley | |
| Released | 1 July 2006 |
| Recorded | 2004–2006 |
| Genre |  |
| Label | Boy Better Know |
| Producer | Wiley, JME, Decoy, Rapid, Mizz Beats, Platinum 45 |
| Wiley chronology | |
| *Treddin' On Thin Ice*
(2004) ***Da 2nd Phaze***
(2006) *Playtime Is Over*
(2007) | |


title: Dewey Mountain

abstract:
There is another Dewey Mountain in Chittenden County, Vermont Dewey Mountain is a 2,090-foot-tall (640 m) mountain in Franklin County, New York just south of the village of Saranac Lake. A hill that slopes down to Lake Flower and is a shoulder of Dewey Mountain has been called Blood Hill, Maple Hill, or sometimes Reservoir Hill. It is one of three small mountains surrounding Saranac Lake: the others are Baker Mountain and Mount Pisgah. It was originally called Ring Hill. Kiwassa Lake Road runs along the eastern side of the hill and of a shoulder of Dewey Mountain. The Dewey Mountain Recreation Center operates a ski center on the west side of the mountain.
In the 1920s weekly ski meets were held consisting of ski jumping followed by a cross-country race—early Nordic combined. Competitors would come from around New England, New York City and Montreal. One of the jumps was on Blood Hill, an eastern shoulder of Dewey. In the 1940s there was a downhill ski area on the west side of the mountain served by a rope tow.

text:
# Dewey Mountain

*There is another Dewey Mountain in Chittenden County, Vermont*

**Dewey Mountain** is a 2,090-foot-tall (640 m) mountain in Franklin County, New York just south of the village of Saranac Lake. A hill that slopes down to Lake Flower and is a shoulder of Dewey Mountain has been called Blood Hill, Maple Hill, or sometimes Reservoir Hill. It is one of three small mountains surrounding Saranac Lake: the others are Baker Mountain and Mount Pisgah. It was originally called Ring Hill. Kiwassa Lake Road runs along the eastern side of the hill and of a shoulder of Dewey Mountain. The Dewey Mountain Recreation Center operates a ski center on the west side of the mountain. In the 1920s weekly ski meets were held consisting of ski jumping followed by a cross-country race—early Nordic combined. Competitors would come from around New England, New York City and Montreal. One of the jumps was on Blood Hill, an eastern shoulder of Dewey. In the 1940s there was a downhill ski area on the west side of the mountain served by a rope tow.

## InfoBox

| Dewey Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Dewey Mountain (center), Saranac Lake, New York, from Bluff Island, Lower Saranac Lake. McKenzie Mountain at right | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,090 ft (640 m) |
| Coordinates | 44°18′37″N 74°09′06″W / 44.3103302°N 74.1515450°W / 44.3103302; -74.1515450 |
| Geography | |
| Dewey MountainLocation of Dewey Mountain within New YorkDewey MountainDewey Mountain (the United States) | |
| Location | Franklin County, New York |
| Topo map | USGS *Saranac Lake* |


title: Utsubora

abstract: Utsubora: The Story of a Novelist is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Asumiko Nakamura. It was serialized in Ohta Publishing's Manga Erotics F magazine from November 2008 to March 2012, with its individual chapters being collected into two volumes. A live-action television drama adaptation was aired on Wowow from March to May 2023.

text:
# Utsubora

***Utsubora: The Story of a Novelist*** (Japanese: ウツボラ, Hepburn: *Utsubora*) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Asumiko Nakamura. It was serialized in Ohta Publishing's *Manga Erotics F* magazine from November 2008 to March 2012, with its individual chapters being collected into two volumes. A live-action television drama adaptation was aired on Wowow from March to May 2023.

## Media

### Manga

Written and illustrated by Asumiko Nakamura, the series began serialization in Ohta Publishing's *Manga Erotics F* magazine on November 6, 2008. The series was on hiatus from July 7, 2010, to September 6, 2011, due to Nakamura's health. The series finished its serialization on March 6, 2012. The series' individual chapters were collected into two *tankōbon* volumes.

In September 2012, Vertical announced that they licensed the series for English publication. They released both volumes in a one-volume omnibus edition.

#### Volumes

| No. | Original release date | Original ISBN | English release date | English ISBN |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | June 10, 2010 | 978-4-77-832113-0 | June 18, 2013 | 978-1-93-565476-6 |
| 2 | May 17, 2012 | 978-4-77-832164-2 | June 18, 2013 | 978-1-93-565476-6 |

### TV drama

A live-action television drama adaptation was announced in March 2022. It was directed by Hiroto Hara, with scripts by Kazuhisa Kodera and Kiko Inoue and Yūji Iwamoto composing the music. It starred Atsuko Maeda. It was aired on Wowow from March 24 to May 12, 2023, for a total of eight episodes.

## Reception

Carlo Santos of *Anime News Network* praised the artwork and character designs. He also praised the story, though noting that "the ... details are kind of fuzzy in places". *Comics Worth Reading* praised the story's exploration of creativity and narrative unreliability. Sean Gaffney of *A Case Suitable for Treatment* praised the story and character development. He also described it as "one of the best titles I've read this year". Manga critic Deb Aoki recommended the series at San Diego Comic-Con in 2013.

In the 2013 edition of the *Kono Manga ga Sugoi!* guidebook, the series ranked 13th on the list of the top manga for female readers. The series was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Asia in 2014.

1. Santos, Carlo (July 23, 2013). "Right Turn Only!! Tiger Tiger Burning Bright". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
2. Gaffney, Sean (July 2, 2013). "Utsubora: The Story of a Novelist". *A Case Suitable for Treatment*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
3. マンガ・エロティクス・エフ vol.54 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
4. 中村明日美子が執筆活動を休止. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. July 7, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
5. 「ウツボラ」連載再開！エフの明日美子特集で倉持裕と対談. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. September 6, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
6. エフでつばなを丸裸に！石黒正数、ツナミノユウと座談会. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. March 6, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
7. ウツボラ 2 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
8. Loo, Egan (September 29, 2012). "Vertical Adds Asumiko Nakamura's Utsubora Mystery Manga". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
9. ウツボラ 1 (in Japanese). Ohta Publishing. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
10. "Utsubora: The Story of a Novelist, Volume 0". Kodansha USA. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
11. Pineda, Rafael Antonio (March 23, 2022). "Asumiko Nakamura's Utsubora - A Story of a Novelist Manga Gets Live-Action Show". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
12. ドラマ「ウツボラ」第1話をまるごとYouTubeで先行配信、中村明日美子のコメントも到着. *Comic Natalie* (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. March 17, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
13. Johanna (August 5, 2013). "Utsubora: The Story of a Novelist". *Comics Worth Reading*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
14. Ciolek, Todd (July 21, 2013). "San Diego Comic-Con International 2013: Best And Worst Manga 2013". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
15. Loveridge, Lynzee (December 10, 2012). "Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2013 Voters". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
16. Ressler, Karen (April 15, 2014). "Suehiro Maruo's The Strange Tale of Panorama Island Manga Nominated for Eisner Award". *Anime News Network*. Retrieved September 23, 2023.

## InfoBox

| Utsubora: The Story of a Novelist | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of the first volume | |
| ウツボラ<br>(*Utsubora*) | |
| Genre |  |
| Manga | |
| Written by | Asumiko Nakamura |
| Published by | Ohta Publishing |
| English publisher |  |
| Magazine | *Manga Erotics F* |
| Demographic | *Seinen* |
| Original run | November 6, 2008March 6, 2012 |
| Volumes | 2 |
| Television drama | |
| Directed by | Hiroto Hara |
| Written by | * Kazuhisa Kodera * Kiko Inoue |
| Music by | Yūji Iwamoto |
| Original network | Wowow |
| Original run | March 24, 2023  May 12, 2023 |
| Episodes | 8 |


title: Bryce Canyon National Park

abstract: Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park of the United States located in southwestern Utah. The major feature of the park is Bryce Canyon, which despite its name, is not a canyon, but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is distinctive due to geological structures called hoodoos, formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rock. The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce Canyon National Park is much smaller and sits at a much higher elevation than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet. The area is in portions of Garfield County and Kane County. The Bryce Canyon area was settled by Mormon pioneers in the 1850s and was named after Ebenezer Bryce, who homesteaded in the area in 1874. The area was originally designated as a national monument by President Warren G. Harding in 1923 and was redesignated as a national park by Congress in 1928. The park covers 35,835 acres and receives substantially fewer visitors than Zion National Park or Grand Canyon National Park, largely due to Bryce's more remote location. In 2023, Bryce Canyon received 2,461,269.

text:
# Bryce Canyon National Park

**Bryce Canyon National Park** (/brs/) is a national park of the United States located in southwestern Utah. The major feature of the park is Bryce Canyon, which despite its name, is not a canyon, but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is distinctive due to geological structures called hoodoos, formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rock. The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce Canyon National Park is much smaller and sits at a much higher elevation than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet (2,400 to 2,700 m).

The area is in portions of Garfield County and Kane County.

The Bryce Canyon area was settled by Mormon pioneers in the 1850s and was named after Ebenezer Bryce, who homesteaded in the area in 1874. The area was originally designated as a national monument by President Warren G. Harding in 1923 and was redesignated as a national park by Congress in 1928. The park covers 35,835 acres (55.992 sq mi; 14,502 ha; 145.02 km2) and receives substantially fewer visitors than Zion National Park (nearly 4.3 million in 2016) or Grand Canyon National Park (almost 6 million in 2016), largely due to Bryce's more remote location. In 2023, Bryce Canyon received 2,461,269.

## Geography

The park is located in southwestern Utah about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of and 1,000 feet (300 m) higher than Zion National Park.

Bryce Canyon National Park lies within the Colorado Plateau geographic province of North America and straddles the southeastern edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau west of Paunsaugunt Faults (*Paunsaugunt* is Paiute for "home of the beaver"). Park visitors arrive from the plateau and look over its edge toward a valley containing the fault and the Paria River just beyond it (*Paria* is Paiute for "muddy or elk water"). The edge of the Kaiparowits Plateau bounds the opposite side of the valley.

Bryce Canyon was not formed from erosion initiated from a central stream, meaning it technically is not a canyon. Instead headward erosion excavated large amphitheater-shaped features in the Cenozoic-aged rocks of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. This erosion resulted in delicate and colorful pinnacles called hoodoos that are up to 200 feet (60 m) high. A series of amphitheaters extends more than 20 miles (30 km) north-to-south within the park. The largest is Bryce Amphitheater, which is 12 miles (19 km) long, 3 miles (5 km) wide and 800 feet (240 m) deep. A nearby example of amphitheaters with hoodoos in the same formation but at a higher elevation is in Cedar Breaks National Monument, which is 25 miles (40 km) to the west on the Markagunt Plateau.

Rainbow Point, the highest part of the park at 9,105 feet (2,775 m), is at the end of the 18-mile (29 km) scenic drive. From there, Aquarius Plateau, Bryce Amphitheater, the Henry Mountains, the Vermilion Cliffs and the White Cliffs can be seen. Yellow Creek, where it exits the park in the northeast section, is the lowest part of the park at 6,620 feet (2,020 m).

## Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification system, the park has a continental climate with warm, dry summers (*Dsb*). Dsb climates are defined by having their coldest month at a mean temperature below 32 °F (0 °C), all months with a mean temperature below 71.6 °F (22 °C), at least four months with a mean temperature above 50 °F (10 °C), and three times as much precipitation in the wettest winter month compared to the driest summer month. The plant hardiness zone at the visitor center is 5b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of −10.0 °F (−23.3 °C).

The weather in Bryce Canyon is cooler and receives more precipitation than Zion: a total of 15 to 18 inches (380 to 460 mm) per year. Yearly temperatures vary from an average minimum of 9 °F (−13 °C) in January to an average maximum of 83 °F (28 °C) in July, but extreme temperatures can range from −30 to 97 °F (−34 to 36 °C). The record high temperature in the park was 98 °F (37 °C) on July 14, 2002. The record low temperature was −26 °F (−32 °C) on February 6, 1989, and January 13, 1963.

| Climate data for Bryce Canyon National Park Headquarters, Utah, 19912020 normals, extremes 1959present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 59
(15) | 64
(18) | 67
(19) | 75
(24) | 85
(29) | 95
(35) | 98
(37) | 90
(32) | 89
(32) | 80
(27) | 68
(20) | 60
(16) | 98
(37) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 48.9
(9.4) | 50.7
(10.4) | 59.0
(15.0) | 67.6
(19.8) | 75.7
(24.3) | 84.1
(28.9) | 87.8
(31.0) | 84.6
(29.2) | 79.6
(26.4) | 70.8
(21.6) | 58.4
(14.7) | 49.3
(9.6) | 88.4
(31.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 36.9
(2.7) | 38.8
(3.8) | 45.8
(7.7) | 53.5
(11.9) | 63.1
(17.3) | 75.1
(23.9) | 80.0
(26.7) | 77.5
(25.3) | 70.1
(21.2) | 58.2
(14.6) | 45.8
(7.7) | 36.8
(2.7) | 56.8
(13.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 26.9
(−2.8) | 28.6
(−1.9) | 34.5
(1.4) | 41.2
(5.1) | 49.9
(9.9) | 59.8
(15.4) | 66.0
(18.9) | 63.7
(17.6) | 55.9
(13.3) | 45.0
(7.2) | 34.3
(1.3) | 26.9
(−2.8) | 44.4
(6.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 17.0
(−8.3) | 18.4
(−7.6) | 23.3
(−4.8) | 28.9
(−1.7) | 36.6
(2.6) | 44.6
(7.0) | 52.1
(11.2) | 50.0
(10.0) | 41.6
(5.3) | 31.9
(−0.1) | 22.8
(−5.1) | 17.0
(−8.3) | 32.0
(0.0) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −0.4
(−18.0) | 1.1
(−17.2) | 7.1
(−13.8) | 15.5
(−9.2) | 23.1
(−4.9) | 31.0
(−0.6) | 40.8
(4.9) | 39.7
(4.3) | 27.8
(−2.3) | 18.4
(−7.6) | 4.7
(−15.2) | −1.0
(−18.3) | −4.7
(−20.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −26
(−32) | −26
(−32) | −11
(−24) | −3
(−19) | 13
(−11) | 21
(−6) | 28
(−2) | 23
(−5) | 16
(−9) | 0
(−18) | −12
(−24) | −23
(−31) | −26
(−32) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.91
(49) | 1.70
(43) | 1.27
(32) | 0.77
(20) | 0.91
(23) | 0.47
(12) | 1.55
(39) | 1.94
(49) | 1.78
(45) | 1.73
(44) | 1.28
(33) | 1.34
(34) | 16.65
(423) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 19.8
(50) | 18.1
(46) | 13.2
(34) | 5.9
(15) | 1.5
(3.8) | 0.2
(0.51) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 3.0
(7.6) | 9.7
(25) | 15.3
(39) | 86.7
(220) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.3 | 7.6 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 3.2 | 8.8 | 10.2 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 76.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 6.3 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 34.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0 | 226.0 | 248.0 | 300.0 | 341.0 | 360.0 | 341.0 | 310.0 | 300.0 | 279.0 | 210.0 | 186.0 | 3,318 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 9 |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 9.9 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 14.7 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 12.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 71 | 74 | 67 | 76 | 77 | 82 | 76 | 74 | 81 | 80 | 69 | 63 | 74 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (sun data) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## History

### Native American habitation

Little is known about early human habitation in the area. Archaeological surveys of the Paunsaugunt Plateau indicate that people have lived in the area for at least 10,000 years. Basketmaker Anasazi artifacts thousands of years old were found south of the park. Other artifacts from the Pueblo-period Anasazi and the Fremont culture (up to the mid-12th century) were found.

The Paiute Native Americans moved into the area around the time that the other cultures left. These Native Americans hunted and gathered for most of their food, while supplementing their diet with cultivated plants. The Paiute in developed a mythology surrounding the hoodoos. They believed that they were the Legend People whom the trickster Coyote turned to stone. One older Paiute said his culture called the hoodoos *Anka-ku-was-a-wits*, which is Paiute for "red painted faces".

### European American exploration and settlement

In the late 18th and early 19th century the first European Americans explored the area. Mormon scouts visited in the 1850s to gauge its potential for agriculture, grazing, and settlement.

The first major scientific expedition was led by U.S. Army Major John Wesley Powell in 1872. Powell, along with a team of mapmakers and geologists, surveyed the Sevier and Virgin River area as part of a larger survey of the Colorado Plateaus. His mapmakers used many Paiute place names.

Small groups of Mormon pioneers followed and attempted to settle east of Bryce Canyon along the Paria River. In 1873, the Kanarra Cattle Company started to graze cattle there.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sent Scottish immigrant Ebenezer Bryce and his wife Mary to settle land in the Paria Valley to apply his carpentry skills. The Bryce family settled right below Bryce Amphitheater—the main collection of hoodoos. Bryce grazed his cattle inside what are now park borders, and reputedly thought that the amphitheaters were a "helluva place to lose a cow." He built a road to the plateau to retrieve firewood and timber, and a canal to irrigate his crops and water his animals. Other settlers soon started to call the unusual place "Bryce's Canyon", and the name stuck.

A combination of drought, overgrazing, and flooding eventually drove the remaining Paiutes from the area and prompted the settlers to attempt to build a water diversion channel from the Sevier River drainage. That effort failed, leading most settlers, including the Bryce family, to abandon the area. Bryce moved his family to Arizona in 1880. The remaining settlers dug a 10-mile (16 km) ditch from the Sevier's east fork into Tropic Valley.

### Creation of the park

These scenic areas were first described to the public in magazine articles published by Union Pacific and Santa Fe railroads in 1916. Forest Supervisor J. W. Humphrey among others promoted the scenic wonders of Bryce Canyon's amphitheaters, and by 1918 more articles helped to spark interest. However, poor access to the remote area and the lack of accommodations kept visitation to a bare minimum.

Ruby Syrett, Harold Bowman, and the Perry brothers later established lodging and "touring services". Syrett later served as the first postmaster. By the early 1920s, the Union Pacific Railroad became interested in expanding rail service into southwestern Utah to accommodate tourists.

Conservationists became alarmed by the damage overgrazing, logging, and unregulated visitation was inflicting on the canyon. A movement to protect the area soon started, and National Park Service Director Stephen Mather responded by proposing that Bryce Canyon be made into a state park. The governor of Utah and the Utah State Legislature lobbied for national protection. Mather relented and sent his recommendation to President Warren G. Harding, who on June 8, 1923, established Bryce Canyon National Monument.

A road was built the same year on the plateau to provide access to outlooks over the amphitheaters. From 1924 to 1925, Bryce Canyon Lodge was built from local timber and stone.

Members of the United States Congress started work in 1924 on upgrading Bryce Canyon's protection status from national monument to national park to establish Utah National Park. A process led by the Utah Parks Company for transferring ownership of private and state-held land to the federal government started in 1923. The last of the land was acquired four years later, and on February 25, 1928, Bryce Canyon National Park was established.

In 1931, President Herbert Hoover annexed an adjoining area south of the park, and in 1942 an additional 635 acres (257 ha) was added. This brought the park's total area to the ultimate 35,835 acres (14,502 ha). Rim Road, a scenic drive, was completed in 1934 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Park administration was conducted from Zion National Park until 1956 when Bryce Canyon's first superintendent started work.

### Later

The USS *Bryce Canyon*, named for the park, served as a supply and repair ship in the U.S. Pacific Fleet from September 15, 1950, to June 30, 1981.

Bryce Canyon Natural History Association (BCNHA) is a non-profit organization, established in 1961. It runs the bookstore inside the park visitor center and support interpretive, educational, and scientific activities. A portion of the profits from all bookstore sales are donated to public land units.

Responding to increased visitation and traffic congestion, NPS implemented a voluntary, summer-only, in-park shuttle system in June 2000. In 2004, reconstruction began on the road system.

On April 7, 2020, Bryce Canyon National Park was closed to help prevent the spread of COVID-19, before a phased reopening started on May 6, 2020.

## Geology

The Bryce Canyon area experienced soil deposition that spans from the last part of the Cretaceous period and the first half of the Cenozoic era. The ancient depositional environment varied. Dakota Sandstone and Tropic Shale were deposited in the warm, shallow waters of the advancing and retreating Cretaceous Seaway (outcrops of these rocks are found just outside park borders).

Other formations were created, but mostly eroded away following two major periods of uplift. The Laramide orogeny affected the entire western part of what would become North America starting about 70 million to 50 MYA. This event helped to build the Rocky Mountains and in the process closed the Cretaceous Seaway. The Straight Cliffs, Wahweap, and Kaiparowits formations were victims of this uplift. The Colorado Plateaus rose 16 MYA and were segmented into plateaus, separated by faults and each having its own uplift rate.

This uplift created vertical joints, which over time preferentially eroded. The soft Pink Cliffs of the Claron Formation eroded to form freestanding hoodoo pinnacles in badlands, while the more resistant White Cliffs formed monoliths. The brown, pink, and red colors are from hematite (iron oxide; Fe2O3); the yellows from limonite (FeO(OH)·*n*H2O); and the purples are from pyrolusite (MnO2).

## Ecology

More than 400 native plant species live in the park. The three life zones in the park are based on elevation: The lowest areas are dominated by dwarf forests of pinyon pine and juniper with manzanita, serviceberry, and antelope bitterbrush in between. Aspen, cottonwood, water birch, and willow grow along streams. Ponderosa pine forests cover the mid-elevations with blue spruce and Douglas fir in water-rich areas and manzanita and bitterbrush as underbrush. Douglas fir and white fir, along with aspen and Engelmann spruce, make up the forests on the Paunsaugunt Plateau. The harshest areas have limber pine and ancient Great Basin bristlecone pine, some more than 1,600 years old.

The forests and meadows support diverse animal life including foxes, badgers, porcupines, elk, skunks, black bears, bobcats, and woodpeckers. Mule deer are the most common large mammals. Elk and pronghorn, which have been reintroduced nearby, sometimes appear.

The park forms part of the habitat of three wildlife species listed under the Endangered Species Act: the Utah prairie dog, the California condor, and the southwestern willow flycatcher. The Utah prairie dog is a threatened species that was reintroduced to the park. The largest protected population is found in the park.

About 170 species of birds visit the park each year, including swifts and swallows. Most species migrate to warmer regions in winter, although jays, ravens, nuthatches, eagles, and owls do not. In winter, the mule deer, cougars, and coyotes migrate to lower elevations. Ground squirrels and marmots pass the winter in hibernation.

Eleven species of reptiles and four species of amphibians have been found. Reptiles include the Great Basin rattlesnake, short-horned lizard, side-blotched lizard, striped whipsnake, and amphibians include the tiger salamander.

Also in the park are the black, lumpy, very slow-growing colonies of cryptobiotic soil, which are a mix of lichens, algae, fungi, and cyanobacteria. Together these organisms slow erosion, add nitrogen to the soil, and help it to retain moisture.

## Activities

Most park visitors travel the scenic drive, which provides access to 13 viewpoints over the amphitheaters.

In total, 50 miles (80 km) of trails criss-cross the park. Bryce Canyon has eight marked and maintained day hikes:

*Easy to moderate hikes*

* Mossy Cave (one hour, State Route 12 northwest of Tropic)
* Rim Trail (5–6 hours, anywhere on the rim)
* Bristlecone Loop (one hour, Rainbow Point), and Queens Garden (1–2 hours, Sunrise Point)

*Moderate hikes*

* Navajo Loop (1–2 hours, Sunset Point)
* Tower Bridge (2–3 hours, north of Sunrise Point)

*Strenuous hikes*

* Fairyland Loop (4–5 hours, Fairyland Point)
* Peekaboo Loop (3–4 hours, Bryce Point)

Several of the trails intersect, allowing hikers to arrange routes for more challenging hikes.

The park has two trails designated for overnight trips: the 9-mile (14 km) Riggs Spring Loop Trail and the 23-mile (37 km) Under-the-Rim Trail. Both require a backcountry camping permit.

More than 10 miles (16 km) of marked but ungroomed skiing trails are available off of Fairyland, Paria, and Rim trails. Twenty miles (32 km) of connecting groomed ski trails are in nearby Dixie National Forest and Ruby's Inn.

The air is so clear that on most days Navajo Mountain and the Kaibab Plateau can be seen 90 miles (140 km) away in Arizona from Yovimpa and Rainbow points. On clear days, the Black Mesas of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico can be seen some 160 miles (260 km) away.

The park has a 7.4 magnitude night sky, one of the darkest in North America. Stargazers can, therefore, see 7,500 stars, while in most places fewer than 2,000 can be seen due to light pollution, and in many large cities only a few dozen are visible. Park rangers host public stargazing events and evening programs on astronomy, nocturnal animals, and night sky protection. The Bryce Canyon Astronomy Festival, typically held in June, attracts thousands of visitors. In honor of this festival, Asteroid 49272 was named after the national park.

The two campgrounds are North Campground and Sunset Campground. Loop A in North Campground is open year-round. Additional loops and Sunset Campground are open from late spring to early autumn. The 114-room Bryce Canyon Lodge is another way to stay overnight.

* Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther; Tuttle, Sherwood D. (1997). *Geology of National Parks* (5th ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. ISBN 0-7872-5353-7.
* Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). *Geology of U.S. Parklands* (5th ed.). New York: Jonh Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-33218-6.
* National Park Service. *Bryce Canyon Visitors Guide*. Washington, D.C. (public domain text)
* National Park Service (Summer 2005). "Park Planner, Hiking and Shuttle Guide". *The Hoodoo*. Washington, D.C.
* National Park Service (2007). "Bryce Canyon National Park official website". Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on October 4, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
* Tufts, Lorraine Salem (1998). *Secrets in The Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks* (3rd ed.). North Palm Beach, Florida: National Photographic Collections. ISBN 0-9620255-3-4.

## Further reading

* DeCourten, Frank (1994). *Shadows of time : the geology of Bryce Canyon National Park*. Photographs by John Telford, illustrations by Hannah Hinchman. Bryce Canyon, Utah: Bryce Canyon Natural History Association. ISBN 9781882054060.
* Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). *Geology of U.S. parklands* (5th ed.). New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 9780471332183.
* Sprinkel, Douglas A.; Chidsey, Thomas C. Jr.; Anderson, Paul B., eds. (2010). *Geology of Utah's parks and monuments* (Third ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah Geological Association. ISBN 9780980048919.

## InfoBox

| Bryce Canyon National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Garfield County and Kane County, Utah, United States |
| Nearest city | Tropic, Panguitch |
| Coordinates | 37°38′N 112°10′W / 37.64°N 112.17°W / 37.64; -112.17 |
| Area | 35,835 acres (145.02 km2) |
| Established | February 25, 1928 |
| Visitors | 2,354,660 (in 2022) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | nps.gov/brca |


title: Santa Margherita di Belice

abstract:
Santa Margherita di Belice is a town in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region of Sicily.
It lies in southwest Sicily, 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level, near where the borders of the province of Agrigento, Province of Trapani and Province of Palermo meet. It is approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of the city of Palermo, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of the city of Agrigento and sits in the Belice valley among the rivers Belice, Senore and Carboj.

text:
# Santa Margherita di Belice

**Santa Margherita di Belice** (Sicilian: ***Santa Margarita***) is a town in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region of Sicily. It lies in southwest Sicily, 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level, near where the borders of the province of Agrigento, Province of Trapani and Province of Palermo meet. It is approximately 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of the city of Palermo, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of the city of Agrigento and sits in the Belice valley among the rivers Belice, Senore and Carboj.

## History

In this territory there is evidence of settlements and remains of Sicanians, Greeks and Romans, and the town had once been a mountaintop stronghold of Berbers and later of Arab civilization. It is only thanks to them in this area who made the foundations of the hamlet "Casale of Manzil-Sindi" (named after their leader, Muhammed-ibi-as-Sindi).

Afterwards with the arrival of the Normans, the territory of Casale Manzil-Sindi was named "Misilindino" or "Misirindino", then it became part of the feudal estate of a Spanish nobleman, Baron Antonio de Corbera, responsible for the first built-up area in 1572. Only in 1610 King Filippo III, releasing the "licentia populandi", authorized Baron Girolano Corbera, Baron Antonio's nephew, to establish the new village, who named it Santa Margherita, with an ambitious architectural program, the most spectacular result of which was the Palazzo Filangeri-Cutò built around 1680. The princes Filangeri, who succeeded the barons Corbera, gave impetus to the village by construction of several buildings and increasing the population. Among Filangeri of Santa Margherita di Belìce are included three viceroys of Sicily: Alessandro I, Alessandro II, and Nicolò I. In 1812 for about three months, Nicolo I hosted King Ferdinando, Queen Maria Carolina (the Donnafugata) and Prince Leopoldo di Borbone in the Palazzo of Santa Margherita.

During the night of 15 January 1968, a violent and massive earthquake devastated Santa Margherita di Belice and the surrounding town in the Belice river area, forever changing the lifestyle of its inhabitants. A new town was built adjacent to the old town. Many of the damaged structures from the earthquake are still standing, including the ruined palace of Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa and the Palazzo Filangeri-Cutò. The author immortalized the palace in his novel, *The Leopard*, under the name *Donnafugata*.

## Main sights

* *Palazzo Filangeri di Cutò*, best known as *Palazzo Gattopardo*. Only the façade survived the 1968 earthquake, and now has been partially rebuilt. It is currently home of the municipality, of the Gattopardo Museum, the St. Alexander Theatre and of the Literary Park Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa.
* Museum of the Memory, located in the remains of the former Mother Church. It houses historical photos about the Belice valley towns.
* *Villa del Gattopardo*, dating to the late 17th century and described by Tomasi di Lampedusa in his novel, *I Ricordi d'Infanzia*.

## InfoBox

| Santa Margherita di Belice | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Santa Margherita di Belice | |
| Remains of the Mother Church (right) and the Palazzo Gattopardo | |
|  | |
| Location of Santa Margherita di Belice | |
| Santa Margherita di BeliceLocation of Santa Margherita di Belice in ItalySanta Margherita di BeliceSanta Margherita di Belice (Sicily) | |
| Coordinates: 37°41′N 13°1′E / 37.683°N 13.017°E / 37.683; 13.017 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Sicily |
| Province | Agrigento (AG) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Francesco Valenti |
| Area | |
| Total | 67.28 km2 (25.98 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2016) | |
| Total | 6,386 |
| Density | 95/km2 (250/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Margheritesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 92018 |
| Dialing code | 0925 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Primary fibrinogenolysis

abstract: Primary fibrinogenolysis is the pathological lysis of fibrinogen characterized with a low fibrinogen, high fibrin degradation products, prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, a normal platelet count and absence of microcirculatory thrombosis.

text:
# Primary fibrinogenolysis

**Primary fibrinogenolysis** is the pathological lysis of fibrinogen characterized with a low fibrinogen, high fibrin degradation products, prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, a normal platelet count and absence of microcirculatory thrombosis.

## Diagnosis

The most important differential diagnosis is disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is characterized with similar features but presence of a low platelet count and microcirculatory thrombosis. Antifibrinolytic treatments are contraindicated in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation while they are useful in the treatment of primary fibrinogenolysis.

## Management

1. Biron-Andréani C, Morau E, Schved JF, Hédon B, Dechaud H. Amniotic fluid embolism with haemostasis complications: primary fibrinogenolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation? Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2003;33(3):170-171


title: Eudonia zhongdianensis

abstract: Eudonia zhongdianensis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wei-Chun Li, Hou-Hun Li and Matthias Nuss in 2012. It is found in Yunnan, China. The length of the forewings is 8.5–9 mm.

text:
# Eudonia zhongdianensis

***Eudonia zhongdianensis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wei-Chun Li, Hou-Hun Li and Matthias Nuss in 2012. It is found in Yunnan, China.

The length of the forewings is 8.5–9 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Eudonia zhongdianensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eudonia* |
| Species: | ***E. zhongdianensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudonia zhongdianensis***<br>W.-C. Li, H.-H. Li & Nuss, 2012 | |
|


title: European Patent Organisation

abstract: The European Patent Organisation is a public international organisation created in 1977 by its contracting states to grant patents in Europe under the European Patent Convention (EPC) of 1973. The European Patent Organisation has its seat at Munich, Germany, and has administrative and financial autonomy. The organisation is independent from the European Union, and has as member states all 27 EU member states along with 12 other European states. The evolution of the Organisation is inherently linked to that of the European Patent Convention. See European Patent Convention (EPC) for the history of the European patent system as set up by the EPC, operated by the European Patent Office (EPO), and supervised by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation.

text:
# European Patent Organisation

The **European Patent Organisation** (sometimes abbreviated **EPOrg** in order to distinguish it from the European Patent Office, one of the two organs of the organisation) is a public international organisation created in 1977 by its contracting states to grant patents in Europe under the European Patent Convention (EPC) of 1973. The European Patent Organisation has its seat at Munich, Germany, and has administrative and financial autonomy. The organisation is independent from the European Union, and has as member states all 27 EU member states along with 12 other European states.

The evolution of the Organisation is inherently linked to that of the European Patent Convention. See European Patent Convention (EPC) for the history of the European patent system as set up by the EPC, operated by the European Patent Office (EPO), and supervised by the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation.

## Organs

The European Patent Organisation has two organs: the European Patent Office, which acts as its executive body, and the Administrative Council, which acts as its supervisory body as well as, to a limited extent, its legislative body. The actual legislative power to revise the European Patent Convention lies with the Contracting States themselves when meeting at a Conference of the Contracting States.

Besides, the Boards of Appeal, which do not form an independent organ of the Organisation but are integrated within the European Patent Office, are assigned the role of an independent judiciary. The European Patent Organisation is in that sense an international organisation "modelled on a modern state order and based on the separation of powers principle".

### European Patent Office

The European Patent Office (EPO) examines European patent applications and grants European patents under the European Patent Convention. Its headquarters are located at Munich, Germany, with a branch in Rijswijk (near The Hague, Netherlands), sub-offices in Berlin, Germany, and Vienna, Austria, and a "liaison bureau" in Brussels, Belgium.

### Administrative Council

The Administrative Council is made up of Representatives and alternate Representatives of the Contracting States and is responsible for overseeing the work of the European Patent Office, ratifying the budget and approving the actions of the President of the Office. The council also amends the Rules of the EPC and some particular provisions of the Articles of the European Patent Convention.

As of 2019, the Chairman of the Administrative Council is Josef Kratochvíl.

The European Patent Organisation has legal personality, and is represented by the President of the European Patent Office.

## Member states, extension state, and validation states

There are, as of October 2022, 39 Contracting States to the EPC, also called member states of the European Patent Organisation: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom (see European Patent Convention article for the dates of entry in force in each country). That is, all EU member states are also members of the European Patent Organisation, and, additionally, Albania, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom are also members of the European Patent Organisation. The most recent member state to join the EPC was Montenegro which did so on 1 October 2022.

In addition, there is one "extension state", Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is not a Contracting State to the EPC but has signed an extension agreement under which the protection conferred by European patent applications and patents is extended to the relevant country. Slovenia, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, and Montenegro were all extension states prior to joining the EPC.

Furthermore, there are so-called "validation states", which are not Contracting States to the EPC but have signed validation agreements that act similarly to the extension agreements to extend the protection of European patent applications and European patents. Morocco, Moldova, Tunisia, Cambodia, and Georgia became validation states on 1 March 2015, 1 November 2015, 1 December 2017, 1 March 2018, and 15 January 2024, respectively.

1. "The European Patent Convention - Alphabetical keyword index". *www.epo.org*. European Patent Office. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
2. Article 4(2)(a) EPC
3. Gower's Report on Intellectual Property Archived 19 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, para 1.34
4. Article 4(3) EPC
5. Article 4(1) EPC
6. Article 6(1) EPC
7. R 0001/10 (Offensichtlich unzulässiger Überprüfungsantrag/Ahrweiler), Reasons 2 (Enlarged Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office 22 February 2011) ("Grund dafür ist, dass das EPÜ nicht Bestandteil der EU-Gesetzgebung ist, sondern mit der europäischen Patentorganisation ein seinem Wesen nach von der Europäischen Union unabhängiges, eigenständiges völkerrechtliches Subjekt begründet, dem zwar allen EU-Mitgliedstaaten, jedoch auch Nicht-EU-Staaten angehören.").
8. Article 4(2) EPC
9. Article 33 EPC
10. Article 172 EPC
11. Opinion G 3/08 of 12 May 2010, Reasons 7.2.1.
12. Article 26(1) EPC
13. "Josef Kratochvíl elected Chairman of the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation". *epo.org*. European Patent Office. 12 December 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
14. Klos, Mathieu (13 December 2018). "Administrative Council announces new chairman". Juve Patent. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
15. "Report on the 157th and 158th meetings of the Administrative Council of the European Patent Organisation (10 and 11 October 2018 and 12 and 13 December 2018 respectively)". *Official Journal of the European Patent Office* (January 2019). European Patent Office: A1. 31 January 2019. ...the Council unanimously elected Josef KRATOCHVÍL (CZ) as its Chairman for a term of 3 years, starting on 1 January 2019.
16. Article 5(1) EPC
17. Article 5(3) EPC
18. EPO member states, retrieved on 25 July 2020
19. "Montenegro becomes 39th Contracting State". *www.epo.org*. European Patent Office. 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
20. EPO Journal 2004, 619
21. "Morocco recognises European patents as national patents". *European Patent Office*. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
22. "Validation agreement with Morocco enters into force". EPO. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
23. "European patents to cover Moldova". European Patent Office. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
24. "European patents in Tunisia: Validation agreement between EPO and Tunisia to enter into force on 1 December". European Patent Office. 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
25. "Validation of European patents in Cambodia (KH) with effect from 1 March 2018". European Patent Office. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
26. "Validation states". European Patent Office. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
27. "OJ EPO 2023, A105 – Validation of European patents in Georgia (GE) with effect from 15 January 2024". *www.epo.org*. Retrieved 23 January 2024.


title: John Wesley Hill

abstract: John Wesley Hill was an American Methodist minister, political activist, author, and the chancellor of Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, from 1916 to 1936.

text:
# John Wesley Hill

**John Wesley Hill** (May 8, 1863 – October 12, 1936) was an American Methodist minister, political activist, author, and the chancellor of Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, from 1916 to 1936.

## Early life

Hill was born on May 8, 1863, in Kalida, Ohio. Hill's father was John Wesley Hill (1831–1913). Hill's mother was Elizabeth Hughes Hill (1838–1926). Hill attended Ohio Northern University and then took classes at the Methodist Boston Theological Seminary.

## Pastoral career

While still taking classes Hill became the pastor of a church in Eggleston Square in Boston. He went on to lead churches in Ogden, Utah; Helena, Montana; and Minneapolis, where he organized and built the Fowler Episcopal Methodist Church. He went on to positions in Fostoria, Ohio, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where he was appointed chaplain to the Pennsylvania state senate. Around 1905 he moved to the Janes United Methodist Church in Brooklyn, and then to the Metropolitan Temple at 7th Avenue and West 13th Street in New York City.

## Politics

Hill was known for mixing politics and religion, campaigning for example with William H. Taft in 1908. In 1927 he touted the campaign of Illinois governor Frank Orren Lowden for the Republican nomination for president.

Hill was also active in civic organizations. In the 1910s Hill was a vice-president of the American Civic Association. During World War I Hill was involved with several organizations campaigning for peace and world governance, serving as general secretary of the World's Court League 1915-6 (and editor of their publication, *The World's Court*) and president of the International Peace Forum. Hill published through the Peace Forum a debate he participated in on May 7, 1913, with Dr. Bouck White on the question "Resolved: That socialism is a peril to the state and the church" (with Hill affirming the proposition). Inez Milholland was the moderator.

## Academic career

Hill was the chancellor of Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, from 1916 to 1936.

Hill wrote *Twin City Methodism: A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.* (1895), *Abraham Lincoln: Man of God* (1920), and *If Lincoln Were Here* (1925).

## Personal life

Hill's wife was Sally Harrison Hill. Hill died on October 12, 1936, at the Commodore Hotel in Manhattan, New York City.

## Legacy

Some of his papers are archived at Columbia University.

The John Wesley Hill Building at Ohio Northern University was named after Hill's father, at Hill's suggestion.


title: Fairy Queen

abstract: In folklore and literature, the Fairy Queen or Queen of the Fairies is a female ruler of the fairies, sometimes but not always paired with a king. Depending on the work, she may be named or unnamed; Titania and Mab are two frequently used names. Numerous characters, goddesses or folkloric spirits worldwide have been labeled as Fairy Queens.

text:
# Fairy Queen

In folklore and literature, the **Fairy Queen** or **Queen of the Fairies** is a female ruler of the fairies, sometimes but not always paired with a king. Depending on the work, she may be named or unnamed; Titania and Mab are two frequently used names. Numerous characters, goddesses or folkloric spirits worldwide have been labeled as Fairy Queens.

## Folklore

The Tuatha Dé Danann and Daoine Sidhe of Irish mythology had numerous local kings and queens. Oonagh, Una or Nuala was the wife of Finvarra or Fionnbharr, fairy king of western Ireland, although he frequently took other lovers. She was usually described living with Finvarra in his hill Cnoc Meadha, but was sometimes said to have a separate residence in Cnoc Sidh Una (Knockshegouna). In one story following the model of the Fairies' Midwife (Aarne-Thompson type 476), "Fionnbharr's wife" (unnamed) is thoughtlessly cursed by a human girl who must then serve as her midwife. Fionnbharr's wife attempts revenge by giving the girl a belt that will cut her in two when she puts it on, but a fairy servant warns the girl in time. Other Irish fairy queens included Clíodhna of Munster, Aoibhinn and Ainé.

The Arthurian character of Morgan le Fey (or Morgan of the Fairies) ruled the supernatural island of Avalon and was sometimes depicted as a fairy queen. In the *Vita Merlini*, she is Morgen, the chief of nine magical sister queens.

Fairy queens appear in some of the Child Ballads. A kind and helpful fairy queen features in Alison Gross (Child 35), and a terrible and deadly fairy queen is the antagonist of Tam Lin (Child 39). Tam Lin's Fairy Queen pays a tithe to Hell every seven years, and Tam Lin fears that he will be forced to serve as a human sacrifice:

At the end of seven years
She pays a tithe to Hell
I so fair and full of flesh
I fear it be myself

An unnamed fairy queen appears in Thomas the Rhymer (Child 37), where she takes the titular character as her lover and leaves him with prophetic abilities. Although the romances and ballads associated with Thomas the Rhymer have parallels to Tam Lin, including the tithe to Hell, this fairy queen is a more benevolent figure.

In Thomas Cheyne's rebellion in January 1450, "the King of Fairies" (Regem de ffeyre) and "The Queen of Fairies" (Reginam de ffeyre) were among the aliases used by the (male) leaders.

Goodwin Wharton, a 17th-century English politician and mystic, believed that he had married a fairy queen named Penelope La Gard.

There were numerous local beliefs of fairy queens, some of whom had proper names. A charm from the Isle of Man names the fairy rulers as King Philip and Queen Bahee. One Welsh folk informant stated that the queen of the Tylwyth Teg was Gwenhidw, wife of Gwydion ab Don, and small, fleecy clouds were her sheep.

Some of these local beliefs influenced literature. "Old Moss the fairy queen" appears in Shantooe Jest, a 19th-century poem by Thomas Shaw inspired by Yorkshire and Lancashire folklore. She flees the sound of the church bells to live with a giant named Todmore and they eventually settle in the location of Todmorden. Janet or Gennet, a legendary spirit associated with a waterfall called Janet's Foss in the Yorkshire Dales, was romanticized as a fairy queen by non-local writers and poets. Joan the Wad was a Cornish queen of the piskeys, made famous in a marketing campaign in the early 1900s. According to John Leyden in 1801, the Scottish fairy queen was called Nicneven, the Gyre-Carling, or Hecate. Later scholarship has disputed this; Nicneven's earliest known appearance was in Alexander Montgomerie's *Flyting* (c.1580) as a witch and worshiper of Hecate, and a separate character from the Elf Queen.

Equivalents appear across the world. In modern Greek folklore, Lamia is queen of the Nereids and Artemis is queen of the mountains and land-nymphs. A Romani legend describes Ana, queen of the Keshali nymphs, who was abducted by a demon.

## Literature and media

In "The Merchant's Tale", by Geoffrey Chaucer, Pluto and Proserpine are described as the king and queen of the fairies. This depiction is thought to have influenced William Shakespeare's fairy rulers in *A Midsummer Night's Dream*.

A fairy queen Gloriana, daughter of King Oberon, is the titular character of the allegorical epic poem The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser. She is also called Tanaquill, derived from the name of the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. She is a virtuous ruler written as an allegorical depiction of Queen Elizabeth.

William Shakespeare referred multiple times to the figure of a fairy queen. *The Merry Wives of Windsor* makes reference to the concept. In *A Midsummer Night's Dream*, Titania is the queen of the fairies and wife of King Oberon. Her name is derived from Ovid as an epithet of the Roman goddess Diana. In *Romeo and Juliet,* the character of Queen Mab does not appear but is described; she is the fairies' midwife, who rides in a tiny chariot and brings dreams to humans.

Post-Shakespeare, authors such as Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton also named the fairy queen as Mab. Drayton named Mab, not Titania, as Oberon's wife. Aside from Titania and Mab, Oberon was sometimes depicted with wives of other names: Aureola in a 1591 entertainment given for Queen Elizabeth at Elvetham in Hampshire, and Chloris in William Percy's *The Faery Pastorall* around 1600.

Fairies and their society often played a major role in the French *contes de fées*. The fairies are ruled by a queen in Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's *Beauty and the Beast*, and in several of Madame D'Aulnoy's tales, such as *The Princess Mayblossom*. In Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force's *Fairer-than-a-Fairy*, the villain is a wicked fairy queen named Nabote who replaced the previous, good queen. D'Aulnoy, who popularized the genre and the term "fairy tale," was nicknamed "la reine de la féerie."

### Modern literature

In *The Little White Bird*, the predecessor to *Peter Pan,* author J. M. Barrie identifies Queen Mab as the name of the benign and helpful fairy queen. In Disney's series of films based on Tinker Bell, branching out from their adaptation of *Peter Pan*, the fairy ruler is Queen Clarion.

In L. Frank Baum's Oz books, Queen Lurline is an otherworldly fairy queen who played a role in the creation of the Land of Oz. An unnamed Queen of the Fairies also features in Baum's book *The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus,* and is named Lulea in Baum's *Queen Zixi of Ix*.

In Brandon Mull's *Fablehaven* series, the Fairy Queen is an essential part of the plot. Although she rules over the fairies, she is actually a unicorn capable of taking humanoid form.

The character Erza Scarlet from Hiro Mashima's *Fairy Tail* earned the alias "Titania" due to her power.

In *Foxglove Summer*, part of the *Rivers of London* series, the protagonist Peter Grant is captured by the Fairy Queen and taken off to her Kingdom (an alternative reality or Otherworld where Britain is still covered with a massive unbroken primeval forest, with no sign of the familiar towns and villages).

In Julie Kagawa's *Iron Fey* series, Titania and Mab are rival queens of the Summer and Winter Courts. Oberon's half-human daughter, Meghan Chase, eventually becomes queen of the Iron Court.

Diana Wynne Jones's *Fire and Hemlock* is a modern reimagining of the ballads of Tam Lin and Thomas the Rhymer, in which the Fairy Queen is known as Mrs Laurel Perry Lynn.

## Witchcraft and neopaganism

The goddess Diana was regularly portrayed as the ruler of the fairy kingdom in demonological literature, such as King James VI of Scotland's *Daemonologie*, which says that she belongs to "the fourth kind of spirits, which by the Gentiles \[non-Jews\] was called Diana and her wandering court, and amongst us is called Fairy (as I told you) or our good neighbours".

Medieval Christian authorities condemned cult beliefs of nocturnal, female spirit leaders who might accept offerings or take practitioners on a nighttime journey. The Sicilian doñas de fuera of Italy were one example. In Scotland in the 1530s, William Hay described Scottish witches meeting with "seely wights" or "Diana queen of the fairies." Julian Goodare clarifies that "\[t\]here is no reason to believe that there was a Scottish cult of Diana"; rather, the name was contemporary authorities' way of classifying such beliefs. Names used for this figure included Herodias, Abundia, Bensozia, Richella, Satia, and numerous others like Doamna Zînelor in Romania (translated by Mircea Eliade as "Queen of the Fairies") or Wanne Thekla in the Netherlands.

A queen of the fairies or spirits, referred to as the "Quene of Elfame" and other spelling variants, was mentioned in several Scottish witch trials. In the 16th century, Andro Man claimed to have had children by the "Quene of Elphen." Scholar Robert Pitcairn reconstructed the word as "Elphame" or "Elf-hame."

The concept of a Dianic queen of spirits influenced the neopagan cultures that developed from Charles Godfrey Leland's concept of Aradia "Queen of the Witches". The Faerie faith developed from the same source as the McFarland Dianic tradition.

## Further reading

* Hutton, Ronald. "The Fairy Queen". In: *Queens of the Wild: Pagan Goddesses in Christian Europe: An Investigation*. Yale University Press, 2022. pp. 75–109. JSTOR. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2jn91rr.7. Accessed 30 Dec. 2022.


title: Fairy Park

abstract: Fairy Park is an amusement park located at Anakie, one hour west from Melbourne and 30 minutes from Geelong, in Victoria, Australia.

text:
# Fairy Park

**Fairy Park** (also known as the **Fairytale Park** or the **Fairytale Theme Park**) is an amusement park located at Anakie, one hour west from Melbourne and 30 minutes from Geelong, in Victoria, Australia.

## History

Opening in December 1959, the park was the idea of Peter Mayer, a German immigrant to the country. The Mayer family created many of the original displays by hand before purchasing the land in Anakie and opening the park. The Mayer family still owns and operates the park to this day.

Fairy Park celebrated its 50th birthday in 2009.

## Attractions

* 22 Hand Crafted Animated Scenes, including Cinderella, Jack and the Beanstalk, and Goldilocks
* Model Train display
* 360° summit views from Elephant Rock at the top of Mt Anakie
* Camelot Playground

37°53′30″S 144°15′35″E / 37.89167°S 144.25972°E / -37.89167; 144.25972

## InfoBox

Fairy Park
| Fairy Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Anakie, Victoria, Australia |
| Opened | December 1959 (1959-12) |
| Website | www.fairypark.com |


title: FN Special Police Rifle

abstract: The FN Special Police Rifle is a bolt-action sniper rifle marketed by FNH USA, a subsidiary of the Belgian company FN Herstal.

text:
# FN Special Police Rifle

The **FN Special Police Rifle** (**FN SPR**) is a bolt-action sniper rifle marketed by **FNH USA**, a subsidiary of the Belgian company FN Herstal.

## Design details

The rifle is manufactured at the U.S. Repeating Arms Company (owned by FN de Herstal) to FN specifications using Winchester Model 70 actions. All current models of the SPR come in one of a variety of McMillan synthetic stocks. The earliest rifles were shipped in the H-S Precision aluminum chassis fiberglass version of the Winchester Marksman stock. While these "First Generation" rifles were simply dropped into the aluminum bedding blocks of the H-S Precision stock, the later guns are all glass bedded by hand.

FN Special Police Rifles of all iterations are noted for being both very accurate (0.5 MOA or somewhat less is not uncommon) and very low maintenance, featuring Parkerized metal finish, synthetic stocks, and a chrome-lined bore in the barrel. A chrome-lined bore offers a more durable, more corrosion resistant, and easier-to-clean barrel for the end user to maintain and is rarely found on precision bolt-action sniper rifles. The barrels of the "First Generation" rifles were said to be made from the hammer-forged blanks used for M240 General Purpose Machine Gun production at the FN Manufacturing Inc. plant in Columbia, South Carolina. Later barrels are said to be from hammer-forged blanks intended exclusively for FN Special Police Rifle production.

## Variants

* **FN SPR 1st Generation:** HS Precision Marksman-pattern stock, heavy 26-inch barrel.
* **FN A1:** McMillan A3 stock, heavy 24-inch barrel.
* **FN A1a:** McMillan A3 stock, heavy 20-inch barrel.
* **FN A2:** McMillan A4 stock with buttpad spacers and adjustable cheekpiece, 24-inch barrel.
* **FN A4 Shooting System:** FN A2 with scope and bipod.
* **FN A3G:** McMillan A3 stock with buttpad spacers and adjustable cheekpiece, 24-inch heavy fluted barrel.
* **FN A3G Shooting System:** FN A3G with scope and bipod.
* **FN A5M:** McMillan A5 stock with buttpad spacers and adjustable cheekpiece, 20-inch heavy barrel or 24-inch heavy fluted barrel.
* **FN A5M Shooting System:** FN A5M with scope and bipod.
* **FN A5M XP**: FN A5M with 5/8 x 24 tpi threaded barrel.

## Users

Video

## InfoBox

| FN Special Police Rifle (SPR) | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Sniper rifle |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| Used by | Federal Bureau of Investigation |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | FN Herstal |
| Variants | A1, A1a, A2, A4, A3G, A5M |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 4.9–7.5 kg depending on variant |
| Length | ~1015 mm (40") with 20" barrel
~1120 mm (44") with 24" barrel |
| Barrel length | 508 mm (20 in) or
610 mm (24 in) |
| --- | |
| Cartridge |  |
| Action | Bolt-action |
| Feed system | **.308 Winchester:*** 4-round detachable box magazine or * 5-round internal box magazine  **.300 Winchester Short Magnum:**
* 3-round internal box magazine |
| Sights | Telescopic sight |


abstract: The 1920 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.

text:
# 1920 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans

The **1920 College Basketball All-American** team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.

| Player | Team |
| --- | --- |
| Howard Cann | New York University |
| Chuck Carney | Illinois |
| Erving Cook | Washington |
| Forrest DeBernardi | Westminster (Mo.) |
| George Gardner | Southwestern (Kan.) |
| Tony Hinkle | Chicago |
| Dan McNichol | Pennsylvania |
| Hubert Peck | Pennsylvania |
| George Sweeney | Pennsylvania |
| George Williams | Missouri |

## InfoBox

| 1920 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans | |
| --- | --- |
| Awarded for | 1919–20 NCAA men's basketball season |
|


title: 1902 Dominion Championship

abstract: The 1902 Dominion Championship was a Canadian football game that was played on November 15, 1902 at the Ottawa College Grounds in Ottawa, Ontario that determined the Senior Rugby Football champion of Canada for the 1902 season. The Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) champion Ottawa Rough Riders defeated the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU) champion, and defending national champion, Ottawa College in a 5–0 victory to win their third Dominion Championship. This was a re-match of the 1898 Dominion Championship game which the Rough Riders also won on the Ottawa College Grounds. The Rough Riders made their third appearance in the title game, all within five years, and it was the seventh appearance for Ottawa College with their only losses in the game coming from the Rough Riders.

text:
# 1902 Dominion Championship

The **1902 Dominion Championship** was a Canadian football game that was played on November 15, 1902 at the Ottawa College Grounds in Ottawa, Ontario that determined the Senior Rugby Football champion of Canada for the 1902 season. The Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) champion Ottawa Rough Riders defeated the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU) champion, and defending national champion, Ottawa College in a 5–0 victory to win their third Dominion Championship. This was a re-match of the 1898 Dominion Championship game which the Rough Riders also won on the Ottawa College Grounds. The Rough Riders made their third appearance in the title game, all within five years, and it was the seventh appearance for Ottawa College with their only losses in the game coming from the Rough Riders.

## Background

This was the last national championship game to be played with 15 players for each team on the field as rule changes took place after this season, reducing that number to 14 in some unions and to 12 in others. It was also the last game to be played in just two halves and not four quarters. Rule changes to the game of rugby football became inconsistent between the ORFU, QRFU, and Canadian Intercollegiate Rugby Football Union (CIRFU) which led to disputes that ultimately resulted in the cancellation of future championship games until one was finally played again in 1905. The Rough Riders were favoured 2 to 1 to win the game, with even bets to double Ottawa College's score.

## Game summary

The Rough Riders won the toss and chose the north goal since there was a slight wind advantage playing from that side. Hal Walters opened the scoring after receiving a throw-in which he punted to touch-in-goal where he scored one point for the Rough Riders. This was the Rough Riders' first point to be scored in a first half all year, although the club had only played two other games, both against the Toronto Argonauts, due to the withdrawal of the Hamilton Tigers. Later in the first half, following a muffed punt return by Ottawa College's O'Brien, Walters received a pass from Jim McGee and was able to run over the goal line for a touchdown, making the score 5–0 in favour of the Rough Riders. The convert attempt failed, so the score total remained at five. In the second half, Ottawa College had the wind advantage, but the Rough Riders focused on retaining possession of the ball and College was unable to score. It was estimated that the Rough Riders had possession of the ball 80% of the time while Hal Walters himself had the ball 60% of the time. The strategy by the Rough Riders proved successful as they maintained their lead and won their third Canadian Dominion Championship.

## InfoBox

1902 Dominion Championship
| Ottawa Rough Riders Ottawa College  (2–0) (6–0)  5 0 | |
| --- | --- |
| 1 2 Total  **Ottawa Rough Riders** 5 0 5  **Ottawa College** 0 0 0 | |
| Date | November 15, 1902 |
| Stadium | Ottawa College Grounds |
| Location | Toronto, Ontario |
| Referee | N. Lash |
| Attendance | 6,000 |
|  | |


title: Cochoa

abstract: The cochoas are medium-sized frugivorous, insectivorous and molluscivorous birds in the genus Cochoa. Their bright contrasting plumage patterns, sexual dimorphism and feeding habits made their systematic position difficult to ascertain in early times, Richard Bowdler Sharpe placed them with the Prionopidae in 1879 while many considered them as some kind of aberrant thrush. The genus was previously included in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that it is more closely related to the thrush family Turdidae.

text:
# Cochoa

The **cochoas** (from *cocho*, Nepali for *Cochoa purpurea*) are medium-sized frugivorous, insectivorous and molluscivorous birds in the genus ***Cochoa***. Their bright contrasting plumage patterns, sexual dimorphism and feeding habits made their systematic position difficult to ascertain in early times, Richard Bowdler Sharpe placed them with the Prionopidae in 1879 while many considered them as some kind of aberrant thrush. The genus was previously included in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that it is more closely related to the thrush family Turdidae.

## Species

These are southeast Asian forest-dwelling species, often found near water. The genus contains the following species:

| Image | Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Purple cochoa | *Cochoa purpurea* | Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam |
|  | Green cochoa | *Cochoa viridis* | Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, and possibly Bhutan. |
|  | Sumatran cochoa | *Cochoa beccarii* | Indonesia. |
|  | Javan cochoa | *Cochoa azurea* | Indonesia. |
|

## InfoBox

| Cochoas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Green cochoa *(Cochoa viridis)* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Turdidae |
| Genus: | *Cochoa*
Hodgson, 1836 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Cochoa purpurea*
Hodgson, 1836 | |
| Species | |
| *Cochoa purpurea*
*Cochoa viridis*
*Cochoa beccarii*
*Cochoa azurea* | |


title: Oscar Lanford

abstract: Oscar Erasmus Lanford III was an American mathematician working on mathematical physics and dynamical systems theory.

text:
# Oscar Lanford

**Oscar Erasmus Lanford III** (January 6, 1940  November 16, 2013) was an American mathematician working on mathematical physics and dynamical systems theory.

## Professional career

Born in New York, Lanford was awarded his undergraduate degree from Wesleyan University and the Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1966 under the supervision of Arthur Wightman. He has served as a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a professor of physics at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES) in Bures-sur-Yvette, France (1982-1989). Since 1987, he was with the department of mathematics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich) till his retirement. After his retirement, he taught occasionally in New York University.

## Proof of the rigidity conjectures

Lanford gave the first proof that the Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic functional equation

$$g(x)=T(g)(x)=(1/\lambda )g(g(\lambda x)),g(0)=1,g''(0)\<0,\lambda =g(1)\<0$$

has an even analytic solution g and that this fixed point g of the Feigenbaum renormalisation operator T is hyperbolic with a one-dimensional unstable manifold. This provided the first mathematical proof of the rigidity conjectures of Feigenbaum. The proof was computer assisted. The hyperbolicity of the fixed point is essential to explain the Feigenbaum universality observed experimentally by Mitchell Feigenbaum and Coullet-Tresser. Feigenbaum has studied the logistic family and looked at the sequence of Period doubling bifurcations. Amazingly the asymptotic behavior near the accumulation point appeared universal in the sense that the same numerical values would appear. The logistic family $f(x)=cx(1-x)$ of maps on the interval \[0,1\] for example would lead to the same asymptotic law of the ratio of the differences $b(n)=a(n+1)-a(n)$ between the bifurcation values a(n) than $f(x)=c\sin(\pi x)$. The result is that $\lim \_{n\to \infty }b(n)/b(n+1)$ converges to the Feigenbaum constants $d=4.6692016091029...$ which is a "universal number" independent of the map f. The bifurcation diagram has become an icon of chaos theory.

Campanino and Epstein also gave a proof of the fixed point without computer assistance but did not establish its hyperbolicity. They cite in their paper Lanfords computer assisted proof. There are also lecture notes of Lanford from 1979 in Zurich and announcements in 1980. The hyperbolicity is essential to verify the picture discovered numerically by Feigenbaum and independently by Coullet and Tresser. Lanford later gave a shorter proof using the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem but establishing only the fixed point without the hyperbolicity. Lyubich published in 1999 the first not computer assisted proof which also establishes hyperbolicity. Work of Sullivan later showed that the fixed point is unique in the class of real valued quadratic like germs.

## Awards and honors

Lanford was the recipient of the 1986 United States National Academy of Sciences award in Applied Mathematics and Numerical Analysis and holds an honorary doctorate from Wesleyan University.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

### Selected publications

* Lanford, Oscar (1982), "A computer-assisted proof of the Feigenbaum conjectures", *Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.)*, **6** (3): 427–434, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1982-15008-X
* Lanford, O.E (1984), "A Shorter Proof of the Existence of the Feigenbaum Fixed Point", *Comm. Math. Phys.*, **96** (4): 521–538, Bibcode:1984CMaPh..96..521L, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.434.1465, doi:10.1007/BF01212533, S2CID 121613330
* Lanford, Oscar (1984), "Computer-assisted Proofs in analysis" (PDF), *Physica A*, **124** (1–3): 465–470, Bibcode:1984PhyA..124..465L, doi:10.1016/0378-4371(84)90262-0

## InfoBox

| Oscar Lanford | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | January 9, 1940
New York City, US |
| Died | November 16, 2013(2013-11-16) (aged 73) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Princeton University
Wesleyan University |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Mathematical physics |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
ETH Zürich |
| Doctoral advisor | Arthur Wightman |
|  | |


title: Dewey Place

abstract: Dewey Place is a historic house in Reading, Massachusetts. The 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame house was built c. 1853 by John Mansfield, a shoe manufacturer, in what was then a popular upper-class neighborhood of the town. The house as classic Italianate design, with three bays across the front and a cupola. The front porch appears to be a 20th-century alteration. The house's most prominent owner was Francis O. Dewey, a major dealer in glass lantern globes. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

text:
# Dewey Place

**Dewey Place** is a historic house in Reading, Massachusetts. The 2+12-story wood-frame house was built c. 1853 by John Mansfield, a shoe manufacturer, in what was then a popular upper-class neighborhood of the town. The house as classic Italianate design, with three bays across the front and a cupola (a somewhat common Italianate feature in Reading houses of the period). The front porch appears to be a 20th-century alteration. The house's most prominent owner was Francis O. Dewey, a major dealer in glass lantern globes.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dewey Place | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 176 Summer Avenue,<br>Reading, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°31′20.67″N 71°7′1.8″W / 42.5224083°N 71.117167°W / 42.5224083; -71.117167 |
| Built | 1853 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival, Italianate |
| MPS | Reading MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84002567 |
| Added to NRHP | July 19, 1984 |


title: Diasporidion argentinense

abstract: Diasporidion argentinense is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1962.

text:
# Diasporidion argentinense

***Diasporidion argentinense*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1962.

## InfoBox

| *Diasporidion argentinense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Diasporidion*** |
| Species: | ***D. argentinense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diasporidion argentinense***<br>(Martins, 1962) | |
|