title: Daniel and Geo Fuchs

abstract: Daniel Fuchs and Geo Fuchs are an artist couple who are known for their conceptual photography series in numerous international exhibitions.

text:
# Daniel and Geo Fuchs

**Daniel Fuchs** (born 1966 in Alzenau) and **Geo Fuchs** (born 1969 in Frankfurt am Main) are an artist couple who are known for their conceptual photography series in numerous international exhibitions.

## Artistic biography

In 1992, Daniel and Geo Fuchs started their common photographic work. From the beginning, they focused on producing series of photographs with a strong conceptual approach.

The prerequisite for their work is an intense analysis of their chosen subject; the production of a series usually takes several months or even years of research, collecting of material, image selection, and test runs.

From an historical art perspective, their oeuvre belongs to concept art; objectivity, staging, and a wealth of detail.

In the beginning, until about 1996, the artist duo's interest was concentrated on topics like ‘Homelessness’, ’Trans-Sexuality’ and ‘Mental Illness’.

Until the year 2008, Daniel and Geo Fuchs mainly worked with large format camera and tripod, a relatively slow, time-consuming process.

In 2009, with the entry of new media, the artist duo began to experiment with digital techniques.

## Concept and aesthetics

Daniel and Geo Fuchs's photographs have in common, that they fabricate on first view a feel of "yes – I got it" or "yeah that's obvious". But intuitively you're pushed to take a closer look, check out the details and arrangements, and all the sudden you ask yourself, what in the moment, while the image was taken, actually existed and what not. Thereby it doesn't matter, whether it is about an arrangement of photographed miniatures like in the *Toy Giants* series or a mountain range like in *Nature and Destruction*.

Independent, whether the images were produced in nature, in an archive or a studio, the viewer will realize, that reality and fiction must have turned into one – how little or how much depends on the concept of the specific work series. Ambiguity is a central component in the work of Daniel & Geo Fuchs and exists in multiple regards. The subtle pretense of something, what can’t be real and if at all, only under different circumstances is one of them. Another one is the balancing act between the extremes – there is hardly a work series, which does not live of antagonists, like – death and esthetics, beauty and destruction, perfectionism and decay. Examples are the series *Forces* and *Nature and Destruction*.

Often one work phase of Daniel & Geo Fuchs mounts already into the next one, as theme and project cycles overlap or run parallel.

Due to their large interest in the environment, Daniel & Geo Fuchs developed a strong affinity for that, what first needs to be discovered, is still hidden in the dark or even secret and subsequently for the fascinating world of collections and archives. Visual proofs are the series *Conserving*, *Toy Giants*, and *STASI – Secret Rooms*.

## Work series

Since the beginning of their international career until now, Daniel & Geo Fuchs’ œuvre can be ordered into seven large projects: *Conserving (1998)*, *Famous Eyes* (2000), *STASI – Secret Rooms* (2006), Toy Giants (2006), *Forces* (2010), *Nature and Destruction* and – the latest project – *The Halva Project* (since 2014).

The dead bodies, photographed for the ‘*Conserving*’ series, have in common that all of them were inserted in formalin to achieve the best possible and durable conservation. Some of them have already existed for several hundred years. In a time when photography did not exist, as a medium ‘to freeze/keep the moment” and provide a visual memory, this process was the alternative and in a certain sense an own form/variety of sculpture became established, which Daniel and Geo Fuchs have emulated for their project. The themes of life, death, aesthetics and uneasiness touch each other in a similar way to the series *Conserving*, which is organized in three topics – fish, animals, humans.

The fascination, created by the photographs of these preserved creatures, inspired the Berlin band Rammstein to cooperate with Daniel and Geo Fuchs. The artist duo developed the main art concept for the band's third album, Mutter (Mother), 2001, which included the general aesthetic appeal of all singles released and the cover of the ‘Mutter’ Album, which stirred up a controversial discussion in public media. The cover shows a baby that died at birth almost 200 years ago. The baby is conserved in alcohol and was photographed by Daniel Fuchs and Geo Fuchs for their book "Conserving". The promotional photos were also shot by Daniel and Geo Fuchs. All pictures are inspired by original photos in their book "Conserving".

Daniel & Geo Fuchs work series Famous Eyes, focuses exclusively on the human eye. Many artists, architects and curators, including Louise Bourgeois, Sophie Calle, Sir Norman Foster, Andreas Gursky, Jürgen Klauke, David LaChapelle, Sarah Lucas, Paul McCarthy, Jonathan Meese, Shirin Neshat, Dennis Oppenheim, Katharina Sieverding, Harald Szeemann and Sam Taylor-Wood, were photographed for this series. Although the focus of this series is on a single sensory organ, the artwork executed in the form of a collage (collage style) allows a deep insight into the private personality of the photographed person.

The photography series *‘Toy Giants* established Daniel and Geo Fuchs popularity on a broader level within the international audience/public. The initial spark was their connection with the collector Selim Varol, who owns one of the largest toy and street art collections in the world. For *‘Toy Giants’* the artist duo established relations between toy figures of all genres like, Batman, Superman, Godzilla, Kill Bill and many others and created with the images a new narrative of their stories.

The miniature sized, protagonists of *‘Toy Giants’*, were photographed with a large format camera, and presented in exhibitions in the scale of real existing people, which invites the viewer to participate in an interaction of staging and reality.

*‘STASI – Secret Rooms’* demanded a lot of time for research and stressful, extensive paperwork, to gain access to buildings and archives, which were generally closed to the public.

For this project, Daniel and Geo Fuchs photographed rooms representing the former power/ authority of the East Germany government: wiretapped rooms, locations of physical violence, torture, and psycho-terror – and yet it is not a documentary in the classical sense. The photographed view of a not completely closed door, raddled office furniture or a crooked hung portrait of Erich Honecker on the wall, is an artistic visualization of the evidence that the regime was an ailing system long before the fall of the Wall. The images were taken 15 years after the fall of the wall, in rooms, which Daniel and Geo Fuchs still found in their initial condition. In compliance with the status-quo, the artists photographed solely during daylight. The only style element for each picture is the same calculated central point, which seems to drag the viewer into the room.

*‘Forces’* is a project, which concentrates on military and warfare. For this series, Daniel and Geo Fuchs used their sober and distant point of view to put single objects like jets, weapons, grenades, and projectiles in the center of their attention – in front of their camera. In the artistic interpretation of Daniel and Geo Fuchs a hand grenade evolves, separated from its original destructive purpose, into an object of extraordinary fascination and aesthetics, a T-mine turns into a stylish beauty.

Aesthetics and destruction are also the subject in the work series *‘Nature and Destruction’*.

Nature as Daniel and Geo Fuchs see it, is beauty, offering resources and energy – and at the same time confrontation with the destruction of nature caused by the impact of humankind. In the series “Explosions’ as part of “Nature and Destruction’, this contradiction finds its culmination. The fascination about the breathtaking force of a blasting power, which might be the Big Bang, where all life originates from, blends with the uneasiness about the destruction, which an explosion causes that is triggered by man. Questions about parallels in contemporary, political events are subliminally posed.

The latest project of Daniel and Geo Fuchs – labeled by the artists as a "matter of the heart/labor of love" – is the "Halva Art Project". Halva is the name of a female Russian toy terrier, that has lived since October 2014 with the pair.

The project started with an oil portrait, which the painter Gertrud Fuchs, Daniels mother, painted based on a photo of Halva. Unaware of what it could turn into, the artist couple published a photo of the oil portrait on the social media platform ‘Facebook’. Excited that Daniel and Geo Fuchs had accommodated a little dog, many befriended artists were inspired by the photograph and based on it their own portrayals of Halva. This led Daniel and Geo Fuchs to the idea that artists of any genre create an artistic interpretation of little Halva. To realize the project the duo started, in 2015, traveling to shootings with Halva, often in their motor home.

During their, to date, not finished journey, Halva already has been photographed by Anton Corbijn, Michael Wesely, Alfred Steffen and Olaf Heine.

In the development of this project are parallels to the journeys of Bernd and Hilla Becher in their VW bus, as well as to the travel diary of John Steinbeck "The Journey with Charley: In search of America's", who in 1960 undertook a three months journey through the USA with his already 10 year old French poodle Charley in a specially designed pickup camper, to revisit and rediscover the country he had been raised in and described in his novels.

Yet different to John Steinbeck is, that in Daniel and Geo Fuchs's project, the dog is not just company, but the purpose for the journey. The goal is always to meet somewhere with renowned representatives of the art world, who create an artwork, which visualizes the Russian toy terrier female dog Halva. The idea, as well as realization, turned this project into something unique in the art world, as Halva will be the first dog, which at an uncertainly dated project end, has been photographed, painted, and drawn by a huge number of artists.

## Exhibition conditions

Already in the production process of their photography series, Daniel and Geo Fuchs consider the respective form of the presentation in the exhibition room. An always recurring feature is the large size/format which admittedly represents a formal attribute, but is not separated from the content. The large size offers the viewer the chance to pay attention to the richness in detail of each single work. The toys in ‘Toy Giants’, fascinates because the enlarged focus is driven on components, which are often neglected or even ignored. Traces of usage like scratches or not accurately executed painting during production, reveal the individual story, which each serial manufactured product might offer.

In reference to the style of the formalize preserved body, usually kept in a glass container, the photographs of the ‘Conserving’ series are concealed as Cibachrome prints behind 3/5’’ inch thick acrylic glass with polished edges, which as a desired effect suggests the floating of a medical preserved specimen in liquid.

## Exhibitions

### Selected solo exhibitions

Source

**2017**

**2015**

**2014**

* Nikolaj Kunsthal, Copenhagen, – secret rooms
* Stiftung/ Foundation Starke Foundation Starke, Löwenpalais Grunewald Berlin, STASI – secret rooms
* Schacher – Raum für Kunst Stuttgart (Space for Art, Stuttgart), STASI – secret rooms
* Gallery Molliné Stuttgart, Toy Giants
* Gallery Clairefontaine Luxemburg, FORCES

**2013**

**2011**

* Kunsthalle Wien, TOY GIANTS – Outer Space – within the scope of the exhibition

**2010**

* ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen, The Netherlands, Forest
* Galerie Magda Danysz, Paris, France, Daniel & Geo Fuchs
* ADN Galeria Barcelona, Spain, FORCES
* Young Gallery Knokke, Belgium, new works

**2009**

* Museo Santander, STASI – secret rooms
* Young Gallery, Brussels, Toy Giants

**2008**

* FOAM Fotografiemuseum (Photography Museum) Amsterdam, STASI – secret rooms
* Foundation Starke, Löwenpalais Grunewald Berlin, in liquid
* Gallery Clairefontaine Luxemburg, Toy Giants and STASI – secret rooms
* Art House Centre PasquArt / Photoforum Biel, STASI – secret rooms
* City Gallery Wolfsburg, Toy Giants

**2007**

* ADN Galeria Barcelona, works of a decade
* Gallery Le Lieu, Lorient, STASI – secret rooms
* Gallery dix9, Paris, STASI – secret rooms
* Gedenkstätte Deutsche Teilung (Memorial of German Division) Marienborn,
* STASI – secret rooms
* Artempus, Düsseldorf, Toy Giants
* Palau de la Virreina, Barcelona, STASI – secret rooms

**2006**

* Museum Villa Stuck, München, Toys
* Museum Villa Stuck, München, STASI – secret rooms
* Chronicle Forum, Leipzig, STASI – secret rooms
* City Gallery, Neunkirchen, STASI – secret rooms

**2005**

* Photo forum West, Innsbruck, Famous Eyes

**2004**

* Forum de l'Image, Toulouse, Conserving
* Kunstverein Lippe, Detmold, Famous Eyes
* Stiftung Starke, Berlin, Famous Eyes
* Photoforum PasquArt, Biel/Bienne, Conserving

**2003**

* Flatland Gallery, Utrecht, Famous Eyes – Conserving
* Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Portraits

**2002**

* Art House / Barlach Halle K, Hamburg, Famous Eyes
* Photology, Milano, For your eyes only
* Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg, Famous Eyes
* Camera Work, Berlin, book presentation Famous Eyes

**2001**

* Congress Center Saar, Saarbrücken, Conserving
* Medical-History Museum, Zürich, Conserving
* Camera Work / Berliner Medizinhistorisches Museum, Berlin, Conserving
* State Bank Berlin, slide-projection: Conserving – Rammstein

**2000**

* Gallery Le Réverbère, Lyon, Conserving
* Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto, Conserving
* Rencontres internationales de la photographie, Arles, Conserving
* Natural-History Museum, Basel, Conserving
* Photography Forum International, Frankfurt am Main, Conserving
* Galerie Nei Liicht, Dudelange, Conserving Fish
* Barlach Halle K, Hamburg, Conserving

**1999**

* Art House / Barlach Halle K, Hamburg, Espada

**1998**

* Barlach Halle K, Hamburg, Conserving Fish
* Gallery Nei Liicht, Dudelange, Espada
* gallery & edition m, Leipzig, Im falschen Körper (In the wrong body)

**1997**

* Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt am Main, Espada
* Neue Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst (New society of fine arts), Berlin,
* Im falschen Körper (In the wrong body)
* Grundbuchhalle, Hamburg, Menschen in der Psychiatrie (Humans in Psychiatrie)

**1996**

* Halle K3 Kampnagel, Hamburg, Im falschen Körper (In the wrong body)

**1995**

* Gasteig, Munich, Im falschen Körper (In the wrong body)
* Römer, Frankfort am Main, Im falschen Körper (In the wrong body)
* Schauspiel, Frankfurt am Main, Die Unbehausten (The Homeless)

### Selected group exhibitions and art fairs

Source **2015**

* Brandts Museum Odense, Selfie – from self-portrait to staging the self
* Villa Merkel, Gallery of City Esslingen, Hunters & Collectors in Contemporary Art
* KunstRAI Amsterdam, Artitled Contemporary, Herten
* AAF Maastricht, Artitled Contemporary, Herten
* SAP international education center Walldorf, Thinking, Acting, Reflecting

**2014**

* Museum Morsbroich Leverkusen, Hunters & Collectors in Contemporary Art
* KunstRAI Amsterdam, Artitled Contemporary Herten
* Alfred-Ehrhardt-Stiftung Berlin, Wild
* LWL Industry Museum Lage, Underworlds – A Different Perspective of Things
* Riga Corner House, Riga 2014 European Capital of Culture, The (re)construction of
* friendship
* Fotografiska art fair Stockholm, Young Gallery Brussels
* Gallery Clairefontaine, Dali und artists of Gallery Clairefontaine
* Kunstrai Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art Herpen
* Art Karlsruhe, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
* AAF Maastricht, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art Herpen
* Wittenstein Innovation Plant Igersheim-Harthausen, Entrepreneur 4.0

**2013**

* CAC Centro de Arte Contemporaneo Malaga, Art & Toys – Collection Selim Varol
* Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg, looking to learn – learning to look
* Museu de Cadaques, Spain, Olor de Cadaques
* AAF Hamburg, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* ADN Galeria Barcelona, 10 is more than a number
* AAF Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* Open Art Fair Utrecht, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* Art Center Maison Particulière Brussels, Sexe, Argent et Pouvoir
* AAF Brussels, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen

**2012**

* Artist House k/haus Wien, Megacool 4.0
* me collectors room Berlin, Art & Toys – Collection Selim Varol
* Zona Maco Mexico, Mario Mauroner Contemporary Art Vienna
* Arco Madrid, ADN Gallery Barcelona,
* AAF Hamburg, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* AAF Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* Artfair Cologne, Toykio gallery, Düsseldorf
* Salone degli incanti ex pescheria Trieste, The Flash of Nature
* Fotofever Brussels, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* Kunstrai Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* AAF Brussels, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* Toykio, Düsseldorf, permanent presentation of “Toy Giants"

**2011**

* ArtBo Bogota, ADN Galeria Barcelona
* FotoFever Paris, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art Herpen
* Magda Danysz Galerie, Paris, Paris Forever
* Toykio, Düsseldorf, opening exhibition
* Gallery Caprice Horn Berlin, Group Exhibition
* Arts Santa Monica Barcelona, Olor Color
* ARTI 11 Den Haag, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art Herpen
* Viennafair, Vienna, Mario Mauroner Gallery, Vienna
* TRAFFIC Dubai, THE STATE – works from the Farook Collection
* Artefiera Bologna, ADN Galeria Barcelona
* Realisme 11 Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art Herpen

**2010**

* Ludwig Forum For International Art, Aachen, Eros & Stasi
* Hardware media art club Dortmund, inter-cool 3.0
* Open Art Fair Utrecht, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen
* ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen, Introducing! – 2009–2010
* Swiss Art Institution, Karlsruhe, Artist Duos – Artist Friends
* swab Barcelona, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Arco Madrid, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* The OMC Gallery for Contemporary Art, Huntington Beach, From Wall To Wall
* Art Brussels, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Art Hong Kong, Galerie Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Art Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Herpen

**2009**

* Norton Museum of Art, Palm Beach, Recent Additions to the Norton's Photography Collection
* Open Art Fair, Utrecht, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* The Andy Warhol Museum Pittsburgh, The End. Analyzing Art in troubled times
* House of Cultures of the World, Berlin, Pictopia
* Affordable Art Fair, Paris, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art
* Art Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Fundacion Vallpalou, Lleida, Spain, "Impacte"
* Art Hong Kong, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Art Karlsruhe, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Art Dubai, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Affordable Art Fair, Brussels, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Art Fair Eindhoven, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Palm Beach 3 – Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin

**2008**

* Photo Miami, ADN Gallery Barcelona
* Lineart Gent, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Art Paris Abu Dhabi, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Affordable Art Fair Amsterdam, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Kiaf Korea, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Slick Art Fair Paris, ADN Gallery Barcelona
* Slick Art Fair Paris, Gallery dix9 Paris, France
* Open Art Fair, Utrecht, ARTITLED! Contemporary Art, Berghem
* Beyond the Boundaries Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Portraits – Self-portraits, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
* Arte Santander, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* 5 is just a number, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Scope, Basel, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Art Cologne, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
* Art Hong Kong, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* swab Barcelona, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Art Brussels, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Art Chicago, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Circa Puerto Rico, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Maco Mexico, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Arco Madrid, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Palm Beach art fair, GalleryCaprice Horn, Berlin

**2007**

* Biennale of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki
* Ursula-Blickle-Stiftung, Kraichtal, small is beautiful
* Photo Miami, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Photo Miami, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* ACAF New York, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Artempus con-temporary gallery, Reflect
* Photo Gallery Vienna, Orte mit Geschichte (Locations with History)
* Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin – Like there is no tomorrow
* Year\_07 Art Projects London, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* slick contemporary art fair Paris, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Modern07 Munich, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Preview Berlin, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Arte Santander, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin, Optical Titillation
* Cornice art fair, Venezia, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* swab Barcelona, ADN Galeria Barcelona
* dphoto, San Sebastian, Flatland gallery Utrecht
* Kiaf Korea, Caprice Horn Gallery, Berlin
* photo London, Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin
* Gallery Caprice Horn, Berlin, Reality bites
* Art Brussels, ADN Gallery, Barcelona
* Art Cologne, Caprice Horn Gallery, Berlin
* Art L.A., Caprice Horn Gallery, Berlin
* The OMC Gallery, Huntington Beach, Art – Made in Germany

**2006**

* Palazzo Cavour, Turin, Other Families
* Vienna Biennale, Vienna
* Potsdam Museum, Auslöser Potsdam (Trigger Potsdam)
* Locarno Film Festival, Movements, Play Forward section
* Caprice Horn Gallery, Berlin, Month of Photography, Refraction
* Photo meeting Luxembourg, Gallery Clairefontaine
* Photo Miami, Caprice Horn Gallery, Berlin
* The OMC Gallery, Huntington Beach, Inauguration
* Photo New York, Caprice Horn Gallery, Berlin
* Paris Photo, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
* Art L.A., The OMC Gallery, Huntington Beach

**2005**

* Museum of Photography, Braunschweig, Polaroid as Gesture
* Photo L.A., The OMC Gallery, Huntington Beach

**2004**

* art.fair Cologne, The OMC Gallery for Contemporary Art, Düsseldorf & Huntington Beach
* Photo L.A., Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg

**2003**

* Kunsthal Rotterdam, Four centuries of smoking in art
* International Biennial of photography, Turin
* Photo Museum Den Haag, Mortalis
* Minerva Academy, Groningen, De Voorproef
* Stephen Bulger gallery, Toronto, Suture
* Photology, Milano, Occhio per occhio
* Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg autoportrait+nus
* Paris Photo, Flatland Gallery, Utrecht
* Kunst Rai Amsterdam, Flatland Gallery, Utrecht
* Art Brussels, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
* Art Rotterdam, Flatland Gallery, Utrecht
* Artefiera Bologna, Photology Milano

**2002**

* Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, Histoire naturelle
* Art Cologne, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg
* Paris Photo, Gallery Clairefontaine, Luxembourg

**2001**

* Aipad New York, Stephen Bulger Gallery Toronto
* Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Lyon, Carte blanche
* Fiac Paris, Gallery Le Réverbère, Lyon
* Photo Los Angeles, Stephen Bulger Gallery, Toronto

**2000**

* Göteborg Museum of Art, New Natural History
* Franckesche Foundation, Halle/Saale, Kinder haben Rechte (Kids have Rights)
* Electricity Plant, Tel Aviv, Prometheus
* Paris Photo, Gallery Le Révèrbere, Lyon
* Art Cologne, Lipanjepuntin Artecontemporanea, Trieste
* Art Brussels, Lipanjepuntin Artecontemporanea, Trieste
* Arco Madrid, Lipanjepuntin Artecontemporanea, Trieste
* Arte Fiera Bologna, Lipanjepuntin Artecontemporanea, Trieste

**1999**

* National Museum of Photography, Bradford, New Natural History
* Lipanjepuntin Artecontemporanea, Trieste, Still in motion
* Art Cologne, Lipanjepuntin Artecontemporanea, Trieste

**1998**

* International Photo Scene, Cologne, Espada
* Alte Völklinger Hütte, Völklingen, Prometheus
* Airport Gallery, Frankfort, Die Farbe Grün (The Color Green)
* Art Frankfort, Gallery & edition m Leipzig

## Monographs, publications, and catalogs

* Toy Giants, 2008
* Toy Giants, Verlag fuer Moderne Kunst Nuernberg, 2007, Nuremberg
* Luxembourg Portraits, Edition Gallery Clairefontaine, 2003
* Famous Eyes, München, 2002
* Conserving, München, 2000
* Im falschen Körper – In the wrong Body, Publisher Martina Rueger, Wiesbaden, 1995
* Stasi – secret rooms, Museum of Fine Arts Santander, 2008
* Stasi – secret rooms, City Gallery Neunkirchen, 2006

## Group exhibition catalogs

## Slide-projections

* Looking at another world/ pictures of the projects of Daniel & Geo Fuchs from 1992–2002 /
* CNA – Centre national de l'audiovisuel Luxembourg
* Conserving – Rammstein slide-projection for the first listening session of the Rammstein album Mutter (Mother)

## Documentary film

* Eye-Catcher – A portrait about Daniel & Geo Fuchs, New Best Friend Film Production, Frankfurt/M. 2001, 45min.

## Grants for guest artists


title: Danuta Nycz

abstract: Danuta Nycz is a Polish luger who competed in the early 1960s. She won the bronze medal in the women's singles event at the 1962 FIL World Luge Championships in Krynica, Poland.

text:
# Danuta Nycz

**Danuta Nycz** is a Polish luger who competed in the early 1960s. She won the bronze medal in the women's singles event at the 1962 FIL World Luge Championships in Krynica, Poland.

## InfoBox

Danuta Nycz
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Luge | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1962 Krynica | Women's singles |


title: Tank Tankuro

abstract: Tank Tankuro is a 1934 manga written and drawn by Gajō Sakamoto. The comic features the eponymous character, a robot-like character with a round iron body who could transform into various shapes and produce anything he wanted from the hole in his belly. He fights his archenemy, Kuro Kabuto. Tank Tankuro is considered one of the first robot and science fiction manga, inspiring characters like Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy and Fujiko Fujio's Doraemon; however it was preceded by the 1929 comic story Jinzō ningen by Suihō Tagawa.

text:
# Tank Tankuro

**Tank Tankuro** (タンクタンクロー, *Tanku tankurō*) is a 1934 manga written and drawn by Gajō Sakamoto. The comic features the eponymous character, a robot-like character with a round iron body who could transform into various shapes and produce anything he wanted from the hole in his belly. He fights his archenemy, Kuro Kabuto (Black Helmet).

*Tank Tankuro* is considered one of the first robot and science fiction manga, inspiring characters like Osamu Tezuka's *Astro Boy* and Fujiko Fujio's *Doraemon*; however it was preceded by the 1929 comic story *Jinzō ningen* (*Artificial human*) by Suihō Tagawa.

## Publication history

Sakamoto published Tank Tankuro's stories as a *yonkoma* for the *Chugai Shougyou Shimbun* (current *Nihon Keizai Shimbun*). He felt he needed a bigger space for his stories and turned to Kodansha, presenting a draft to the editor of *Yonen Club* magazine. The draft was accepted, and Sakamoto published *Tank Tankuro*'s stories in the magazine for four years.

In 2010, a collection of *Tank Tankuro*'s stories was published in English by Presspop. It was reissued in 2017 by Fantagraphics.


title: Tamzine

abstract: Tamzine is a historic fishing boat. Built by Brockman & Titcombe, of Margate in Kent, in south-east England, Tamzine is notable for having participated as a ''little ship' during the 1940 evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk in northern France. At 14.7 feet (4.5 m) in length Tamzine was the smallest vessel to take part in the evacuation. She is clinker-built of Canadian spruce and was constructed in 1937. In 1965 Tamzine participated in a twenty-fifth anniversary commemoration of the evacuation, repeating her Channel crossing. Her presence was recorded by the British newsreel Pathé News. Tamzine was later acquired and preserved by the Imperial War Museum.

text:
# Tamzine

***Tamzine*** is a historic fishing boat. Built by Brockman & Titcombe, of Margate in Kent, in south-east England, *Tamzine* is notable for having participated as a ''little ship' during the 1940 evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk in northern France.

At 14.7 feet (4.5 m) in length *Tamzine* was the smallest vessel to take part in the evacuation. She is clinker-built of Canadian spruce and was constructed in 1937. In 1965 *Tamzine* participated in a twenty-fifth anniversary commemoration of the evacuation, repeating her Channel crossing. Her presence was recorded by the British newsreel Pathé News.

*Tamzine* was later acquired and preserved by the Imperial War Museum.

## InfoBox

| *Tamzine* on display at IWM London, August 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United Kingdom | |
| Name | Tamzine |
| Builder | Brockman & Titcombe, Margate |
| Launched | 1937 |
| Homeport | Birchington-on-Sea |
| Honours and<br>awards | Dunkirk 1940 |
| Status | Preserved by Imperial War Museum |
| Notes | Smallest known 'little ship' of Dunkirk |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Open fishing boat |
| Length | 14ft 7.5ins |
| Beam | 5ft 1.5ins |
| Draught | 1ft 6ins |
| Propulsion | Outboard motor/sail |


title: Takeshi Mori (commander)

abstract: Takeshi Mori was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He commanded the First Imperial Guards Division at the very end of World War II, and was killed by Major Kenji Hatanaka during the Kyūjō Incident.

text:
# Takeshi Mori (commander)

**Takeshi Mori** (森 赳, *Mori Takeshi*, 25 April 1894  15 August 1945) was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He commanded the First Imperial Guards Division at the very end of World War II, and was killed by Major Kenji Hatanaka during the Kyūjō Incident.

## Biography

A native of Kōchi Prefecture, Mori graduated from the 28th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1916, specializing in cavalry. After serving in a number of administrative roles within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff he returned to the Army Staff College, graduating from the 39th class in 1927. He subsequently served as commander of the 13th Cavalry Regiment before returning to desk duty within the General Staff.

Mori taught at the Army Staff College from 1935 to 1937 and from 1938 to 1941. He was promoted to major general in 1941. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, Mori was assigned as a staff officer to the Japanese First Army in China from 1937 to 1938. He returned to the Asian mainland in 1941 as Vice Chief of Staff of the 6th Army in Manchukuo, and was promoted to Chief of Staff in 1942. From 1943 to 1944 he served as Deputy Commander of the Kempeitai, and from 1944 to 1945 as Chief of Staff of the 19th Army.

Mori was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in 1945, and on 7 April, Mori became commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division, the prestigious division assigned direct responsibility for protection of the Imperial Family of Japan.

After Japan's decision to surrender, during a meeting with his brother-in-law, Lieutenant Colonel Michinori Shiraishi, Mori received a visit just after midnight on 15 August 1945 from Major Kenji Hatanaka, Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida and Jiro Shiizaki, and Captain Shigetaro Uehara, who attempted to secure his aid in their plot to isolate the Imperial Palace and to prevent the announcement of Japan's surrender. At around 1:30, Ida and Shiizaki left the room, and after repeated refusals on Mori's part, Hatanaka shot and killed Mori while Uehara killed Shiraishi with a sword. His seal was then placed on a false set of orders.

### Bibliography

* Brooks, Lester (1968). *Behind Japan's Surrender: The Secret Struggle That Ended an Empire*. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
* Butow, Robert J. C. (1954). *Japan's Decision to Surrender*. Stanford University Press. ASIN: B000VFCC14.
* Frank, Richard B. (1999). *Downfall: the End of the Imperial Japanese Empire*. Penguin, non-classics. ISBN 0-14-100146-1.
* Fuller, Richard (1992). *Shokan: Hirohito's Samurai*. London: Arms and Armor. ISBN 1-85409-151-4.

## InfoBox

| Takeshi Mori | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | April 25, 1894
Kōchi Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | August 15, 1945(1945-08-15) (aged 51)
Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan |
| Allegiance | Empire of Japan |
| Service/branch | Imperial Japanese Army |
| Years of service | 1916–1945 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | First Imperial Guards Division |
| Battles/wars | Second Sino-Japanese War
World War II |


title: Takeshi Mori (director)

abstract: Takeshi Mori is a Japanese anime director, storyboard artist, and scriptwriter. After graduating from Waseda University, Mori began working in the anime industry. He began working in 1986 at Ajia-do Animation Works as an in-between animation artist before moving on to key animation work. From there, he worked as a storyboard artist and producer for the NTV/Studio Pierrot TV series The Burning Wild Man. After being impressed by the OVA series Gunbuster, he began working for Gainax. After working as a storyboard artist on Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water, Mori directed the series Tasuke, the Samurai Cop. More recent series he has directed include Vandread, Ruin Explorers Fam & Ihrlie, Meltylancer, and Stratos 4. Throughout his career, he has used the pen names Shin Nemoto, Inumakura (いぬまくら), and Urano Kantoku. He is the son of former Chunichi Dragons #4 batter Tōru Mori.

text:
# Takeshi Mori (director)

**Takeshi Mori** (もりたけし, *Mori Takeshi*, born October 10, 1963 in Tokyo, Japan.) is a Japanese anime director, storyboard artist, and scriptwriter. After graduating from Waseda University, Mori began working in the anime industry.

He began working in 1986 at Ajia-do Animation Works as an in-between animation artist before moving on to key animation work. From there, he worked as a storyboard artist and producer for the NTV/Studio Pierrot TV series *The Burning Wild Man*. After being impressed by the OVA series *Gunbuster*, he began working for Gainax. After working as a storyboard artist on *Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water*, Mori directed the series *Tasuke, the Samurai Cop*. More recent series he has directed include *Vandread*, *Ruin Explorers Fam & Ihrlie*, *Meltylancer*, and *Stratos 4*.

Throughout his career, he has used the pen names **Shin Nemoto** (根本 清, *Nemoto Shin*), **Inumakura** (いぬまくら), and **Urano Kantoku** (浦野 寛徳) (the last meaning "behind the scenes director"). He is the son of former Chunichi Dragons #4 batter Tōru Mori (森 徹, *Mori Tōru*).

## Works

**Sources:**


title: Dares murudensis

abstract: Dares murudensis is a relatively small species of stick insect. Like most other members of the genus Dares, the species is native to Borneo.

text:
# Dares murudensis

***Dares murudensis*** is a relatively small species of stick insect. Like most other members of the genus *Dares*, the species is native to Borneo.

## Characteristics

The species is the smallest of the genus *Dares*. The females are only 26 to 35 millimetres (1.0 to 1.4 in) long. The males remain even smaller with about 25 to 30 millimetres (0.98 to 1.18 in) length. Apart from the smaller size, *Dares murdensis* shows the genus-typical habitus.

The females have a raised, square area on the head on which there are differently pronounced front, central and rear occipital tubercle. The lateral occipital tubercles can also be found. The number of antennae segments of females varies between 22 (in the holotype) and 23 (in all other animals examined so far), where the basal segment (scapus) and the second segment (pedicellus) each have a tooth on the outer edge. The pronotum, which widens slightly towards the rear, has a transverse groove which is more distinctive than that of *Dares multispinosus*. On the surface are the anterior and posterior medial tubercles of the pronotum and smaller pre- and post-median tubercles. They are less pronounced than in *Dares ulula*, but more clearly than in *Dares mjobergi*. The mesonotum shows two large anterior marginal tubercles and two central posterior hillocks. The mesopleura have tubercles and the mesosternum two rounded tubercles. The metanotum shows an indistinct longitudinal edge, a small rear hill with an indistinct tubercle at the top. The rough metapleures have large tubercles over the coxae. Two indistinct rounded tubercles can be seen on the metasternum. On the rough abdomen there is a longitudinal ridge (carina) that is indistinct in the first two segments and more distinct in segments three to six. The lateral edges of segments four and five are enlarged by indistinct tubercles. There are no tubercles on the edges of the second and third segments. The posterior tubercles of segments three to six are very small and paired. The middle longitudinal ridge is forked at the rear on the eighth segment. Likewise on the ninth segment, where it is tall and narrow. Segment ten contains a pair of tubercles near the anterior margin and short lateral ridges near the posterior margin. Its tip is straight and has no indentations. The femora of all legs are covered with tubercles at the edges. The meso- and metafemora have a pair of small spines or pointed tubercles at the tips of the ventral edges. All tibiae are free of tubercles.

The body surface of the males is dull and colored red to black-brown. Clearly developed spines on the thorax, as they are present in other representatives of the genus, are absent. In the rear area of the upper side of the meso- and metanotum there is only one pair of elevations each, which culminate less in a point than in a larger tubercle. Similar structures are found in the rear area of the metapleura above the rear coxae. In contrast to *Dares philippinensis* they are missing on the mesopleura. On the back of the head, the two pairs of the anterior and posterior coronals form a crown of four short spines, similar to those found in other species.

## Distribution area

*Dares murudensis* is known from various localities in northern Borneo. The female on which the first description is based was found on Mount Murud, the highest mountain in Sarawak, at an altitude of 2,134 to 2,195 metres (7,001 to 7,201 ft). Only about 20 kilometers south is with Bario, a village community in the Kelabit Highlands is another origin. Here the species was detected at an altitude about 900 metres (3,000 ft). The third origin is the Crocker Range Mountains, which separate the east from the west coast of Sabah. The species was found there in 2006 near Keningau and later also near Tambunan. Based on the findings so far, there are indications that the animals living in higher altitudes remain smaller than those from lower ones.

## Way of life

As food plants are Rosaceae such as (*Rubus moluccanus*), Myrtaceae such as *Eugenia* species and *Psidium guajava* known. In its nocturnal way of life and the phytomimesis used for camouflage during the day, it is similar to the other *Dares* species. The eggs are about 3.2 millimetres (0.13 in) long, but only a good 2 millimetres (0.079 in) wide and, due to the large lid (operculum), not quite spherical. They are dark brown in color and marked with light brown spots around the few bristles. One of the three arms of the micropylar plate reaches the edge of the lid, the other two run circularly around the egg. The nymphs, which hatch from the eggs after about 4 months, are then about 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long. It takes about 10 to 12 months until they are adult.

## Discovery and taxonomy

Philip Edward Bragg described *Dares murudensis* in 1998 on the basis of an adult female, which Eric Georg Mjöberg was collected at the eponymous Mount Murud. This holotype, from which Bragg was able to remove an egg from the abdomen, is deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden. When this female was collected is not known. Bragg himself and Paul Jenning collected live specimens of this species on December 25, 2006, near Keningau in the Crocker Range National Park in Sabah, about 170 kilometers north of Mount Murud. Without realizing that the species had already been described, it was successfully bred as *Dares* sp. 'Crocker Range'. Their affiliation to *Dares murdensis* was first recognized by Thies H. Büscher in 2014.

## Terraristic

*Dares murudensis* has been the fourth and smallest species of the genus since 2007 in European terrariums. The breeding stock goes back to the specimens found by Bragg and Jenning in 2006 and until it was identified by Büscher in 2014 named as *Dares* sp. 'Crocker Range'. The species is easy to keep and breed. With higher humidity the animals are almost black, with drier housing conditions the females are more brown and the males are more reddish-brown. The laid eggs can remain on the floor for incubation in the terrarium if a slightly damp substrate is used. Leaves of bramble and other Rosaceae as well as hazel are eaten. The species has been listed under PSG number 332 by the Phasmid Study Group since 2013.

1. Seow-Choen, F. (2016). *A Taxonomic Guide to the Stick Insects of Borneo*, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, p. 379, ISBN 978-983-812-169-9
2. Bragg, P. E. (1998). *A revision of the Heteropteryginae (Insecta: Phasmida: Bacillidae) of Borneo, with the description of a new genus and ten new species*, Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 316, pp. 47–50 & 54–55, figs 78. ISSN 0024-1652, ISBN 90-73239-61-3, Download version
3. Büscher, T. H. (2014). *Identificatie van PSG 332 (Dares sp. ,Crocker Range')*, Phasma Werkgroep, Nr. 95, Jahrgang 24, pp. 6–9, ISSN 1381-3420
4. Bragg, P. E. (2001). *Phasmids of Borneo*, Natural History Publikations (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 140–142, ISBN 983-812-027-8
5. Dräger, H. (2012). *Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby}, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 2: Die Unterfamilie Dataminae Rehn & Rehn, 1839*, ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 5 Juni 2012 Jahrgang 3(1), pp. 22–45, ISSN 2190-3476
6. Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W. *Phasmida Species File Online*. Version 5.0. (accessdate 31 July 2021)
7. Phasmid Study Group Culture List
8. *Dares murudensis* on phasmatodea.com by Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Kneubühler, B. & Valero, P.

## InfoBox

| *Dares murudensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Dares murudensis*, pair | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Phasmatodea |
| Family: | Heteropterygidae |
| Subfamily: | Dataminae |
| Tribe: | Datamini |
| Genus: | *Dares* |
| Species: | ***D. murudensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dares murudensis***<br>Bragg, 1998 | |
|


title: Dark Integers and Other Stories

abstract: Dark Integers and Other Stories is a collection of five science-fiction short stories by Australian writer Greg Egan, published on 25 March 2008 by Subterranean Press. One of them, "Oceanic", won the Hugo Award for Best Novella, while two others were nominated.

text:
# Dark Integers and Other Stories

***Dark Integers and Other Stories*** is a collection of five science-fiction short stories by Australian writer Greg Egan, published on 25 March 2008 by Subterranean Press. One of them, "Oceanic", won the Hugo Award for Best Novella, while two others were nominated.

## Contents

## Background

"Luminous" and "Dark Integers" are connected with each other. The events of the latter are set ten years after the events of the former. "Riding the Crocodile" is set in the same universe as Egan's novel *Incandescence*, but the short story is not part of it with the plot being set 300,000 years prior.

## Reception

### Reviews

Rich Horton, writing on the *SF Site*, gets the impression that "this book serves as a good sampling, and as a sort of link between the old Egan and the new." He thinks that it "makes sense to include both older and newer stories", claiming that "the new stories range from solid to excellent", that "the book at hand is strong work, and very welcome" as well as that "it only further whets the appetite for Egan's new novel, *Incandescence*." In further detail, Horton describes "Luminous" as "fascinating" for its central premise, but says that "it didn't quite sell this idea, and the thrillerish material wasn't convincingly integrated." Its sequel "Dark Integers" concerns "not so much the idea, though that remains fascinatingly loopy, but the sad political reality that Egan derives from the underlying state of affairs." In "Oceanic", "Egan succeeds again in marrying character with idea – perhaps in part because the central idea is more sociological than mathematical."

Writing in *Strange Horizons*, Karen Burnham discussed suspension of disbelief in regard to multiple of Egan's short stories. Burnham indicated that "Luminous" and "Dark Integers" "aren't necessarily Egan's best stories" as they "both rely heavily on their plots, with very little characterization", and "it's very hard to find a narrative toehold when the infodumping gets confusing". However, she found that "reading the introduction" of *Dark Integers and Other Stories* makes "them easier to read". She explained, "Then I knew that my feeling of disjointedness wasn't because I was stupid, but because the stories' conceit really was completely without basis in any real-world science or genre convention."

Salik Shah claims in the *Reactor Magazine*, that the idea behind "Luminous" and "Dark Integers" "would make an exciting premise for radio or film adaptation."

Russell Letson, writing in the *Locus Magazine*, says that "Oceanic" "edges into extreme post-human and/or far-future territory, but that story’s armature is a kind of *bildungsroman*" and "is a whole novel’s worth of material that remains background."

### Awards

The collection reached the 6th place in the Reader Poll of the Locus Award in 2009.

"Luminous" was nominated in 1996 and "Dark Integers" was nominated in 2008 for the Hugo Award for Best Novelette. "Oceanic" won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1999. In 2001, "Oceanic", in 2003, "Luminous", and in 2010, "Dark Integers", all won the Japanese Seiun Award. "Oceanic" was also a finalist in the 1998 Aurealis Award for best science fiction short story, a long list nominee for the 1999 James Tiptree Jr Memorial Award, and a short-list nominee for the 1999 HOMer Award for best novella.

## InfoBox

Dark Integers and Other Stories
| Author | Greg Egan |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction, Hard science fiction |
| Publisher | Subterranean Press |
| Publication date | March 25, 2008 |
| Pages | 232 |
| ISBN | 978-1596061552 |


title: Dark Intelligence

abstract: Dark Intelligence is a 2015 science fiction novel by Neal Asher. The story is set in the Polity universe and focuses on the dark (corrupted) AI Penny Royal. The plot follows several characters, each searching for Penny Royal for different reasons and culminates in a clash around the world of Masada. The plot is closely linked to that of Asher's 2011 novel The Technician. The main protagonist is Thorvald Spear, a new character to Asher's novels, who has been reanimated in a cloned body after his mind storage crystal was recovered over a century after his death. As the novel develops it becomes clear that Spear's memories have been adjusted allowing the character to serve as an unreliable narrator.

text:
# Dark Intelligence

***Dark Intelligence*** is a 2015 science fiction novel by Neal Asher. The story is set in the Polity universe and focuses on the dark (corrupted) AI Penny Royal. The plot follows several characters, each searching for Penny Royal for different reasons and culminates in a clash around the world of Masada. The plot is closely linked to that of Asher's 2011 novel *The Technician*. The main protagonist is Thorvald Spear, a new character to Asher's novels, who has been reanimated in a cloned body after his mind storage crystal was recovered over a century after his death. As the novel develops it becomes clear that Spear's memories have been adjusted allowing the character to serve as an unreliable narrator.

## InfoBox

Dark Intelligence
| Original cover art for the Macmillan hardback edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Neal Asher |
| Cover artist | Jon Sullivan |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction novel |
| Publisher | Pan Macmillan |
| Publication date | 29 January 2015 |
| Publication place | United Kingdom |
| Media type | Print (hardback, paperback), eBook |
| Pages | 400 |
| ISBN | 978-1-4472-6002-8 |


title: Tandsbyns FK

abstract: Tandsbyns FK is a Swedish football club located in Tandsbyn.

text:
# Tandsbyns FK

**Tandsbyns FK** is a Swedish football club located in Tandsbyn.

## Background

The club was originally known as Tandsbyns IF and dates back to 1945. It was active in football, athletics, cycling and all kinds of winter sports. In 1991 a separate football club was established in collaboration with another club and was named T/F-91 (Tandsbyn/Fåker-91). In 1996/97 this club was forced to disband but in 1998 Tandsbyns FK was formed for boys and girls in the Tandsbyn area. In the spring of 2003 the club's oldest boys entered Division 5 and won the league title convincingly to gain promotion to Division 4 where the club currently remains.

Tandsbyns FK plays in Swedish football Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen which is the fifth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Tandsbyn Nya IP in Tandsbyn.

The club is affiliated to Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund. Tandsbyns IF entered the Svenska Cupen on 4 occasions.

## Squad

**Goalkeepers:** Thomas Dahlberg, Ahmad "Pantern" Bekdash, Edvin Hallqvist.

**Defenders:** Robin Peter Sprängberg, Mac’n’cheese Kristensson, Jonas Qvistlund, Billy Calleb, Willy Ljungqvist, Ville Olofsson, Ville Bylund, Rasmus "Raz" Österström, Markus Mikaelsson, Alvin Rolén.

**Midfielders:** Edvin (Täpac) Johannesson, Tony Arnqvist, Joel Alberto Johansson, Pontus Englund, Mergim Krasniq, Hugo Werme, Andreas Lundkvist.

**Forwards:** Lucas Mario Johansson, Fredrik Palmäng Ez, Elias Westin, Fredrik Festin, Leo Lindberg, Petter Ljungqvist, Rasmus Lööv.

**Coaches** Richard Hamner, Mathias Björch, Fredrik "Frippe" Seger.

## Season to season

| **Season** **Level** **Division** **Section** **Position** **Movements**  2003 Tier 6 **Division 5** Jämtland/Härjedalen **1st** Promoted  2004 Tier 5 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **7th**   2005 Tier 5 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **5th**   2006\* Tier 6 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **5th**   2007 Tier 6 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **3rd**   2008 Tier 6 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **5th**   2009 Tier 6 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **6th**   2010 Tier 6 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **8th**   2011 Tier 6 **Division 4** Jämtland/Härjedalen **4th**   2012 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2013 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2014 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2015 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2016 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen 2nd Promoted  2017 Tier 5 Division 3 Mellersta Norrland Norr 11th Demoted  2018 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2019 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2020 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen    2021 Tier 6 Division 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen     ** League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level.* |
| --- |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Tandsbyns FK
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Tandsbyns Fotbollklubb |
| Nickname(s) | Täpa |
| Founded | 1998 (1998) |
| Ground | Tandsbyn Nya IP
Tandsbyn
Sweden |
| Chairman | Tony Arnqvist |
| Coach | Mattias Björch |
| League | Div 4 Jämtland/Härjedalen |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tandsbyn

abstract: Tandsbyn is a locality situated in Östersund Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 374 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Tandsbyn

**Tandsbyn** is a locality situated in Östersund Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden with 374 inhabitants in 2010.

## Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Tandsbyn:

## InfoBox

| Tandsbyn | |
| --- | --- |
| TandsbynTandsbyn | |
| Coordinates: 63°00′N 14°45′E / 63.000°N 14.750°E / 63.000; 14.750 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Jämtland |
| County | Jämtland County |
| Municipality | Östersund Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.58 km2 (0.22 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 374 |
| Density | 640/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Danilo Errico

abstract: Lieutenant General Danilo Errico is an Italian Army officer, who was Chief of Staff of the Italian Army from 27 February 2015 to 27 February 2018. He served as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff from February 2013 to February 2015. He became Chief of the Army on 27 February 2015 and handed over command to Lieutenant General Salvatore Farina on 27 February 2018.

text:
# Danilo Errico

Lieutenant General **Danilo Errico** (born 11 August 1953) is an Italian Army officer, who was Chief of Staff of the Italian Army from 27 February 2015 to 27 February 2018.

He served as Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff from February 2013 to February 2015. He became Chief of the Army on 27 February 2015 and handed over command to Lieutenant General Salvatore Farina on 27 February 2018.

Media related to Danilo Errico at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Danilo Errico | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1953-08-11) 11 August 1953<br>Turin, Italy |
| Allegiance | Italy |
| Service/branch | Italian Army |
| Years of service | 1973– |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands |  |
| Awards |  |


title: Darus Suharto

abstract: Darus Suharto is a poker player born in Sumenep, Indonesia and currently residing in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he works as a Certified General Accountant at York University, and is a member of the Certified General Accountants of Ontario. Suharto finished 6th in the 2008 World Series of Poker Main Event, for which he earned $2,418,562. He had previously cashed in the Main Event in 2006, where he finished in 448th place. His three cashes at the WSOP have netted him $2,449,269, which accounts for the majority of his lifetime tournament winnings.

text:
# Darus Suharto

**Darus Suharto** (born 1968) is a poker player born in Sumenep, Indonesia and currently residing in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where he works as a Certified General Accountant at York University, and is a member of the Certified General Accountants of Ontario. Suharto finished 6th in the 2008 World Series of Poker Main Event, for which he earned $2,418,562. He had previously cashed in the Main Event in 2006, where he finished in 448th place. His three cashes at the WSOP have netted him $2,449,269, which accounts for the majority of his lifetime tournament winnings.

## InfoBox

| Darus Suharto | |
| --- | --- |
| Suharto at the 2008 World Series of Poker | |
| Residence | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Born | 1968 (age 5556)
Sumenep, East Java, Indonesia |
| World Series of Poker | |
| Bracelet(s) | *None* |
| Final table(s) | 1 |
| Money finish(es) | 4 |
| Highest ITM
Main Event finish | 6th, 2008 |
| World Poker Tour | |
| Title(s) | *None* |
| Final table(s) | *None* |
| Money finish(es) | *None* |
| European Poker Tour | |
| Title(s) | *None* |
| Final table(s) | *None* |
| Money finish(es) | 1 |
|


title: Takura

abstract: Takura Tendayi is a Zimbabwean singer and songwriter. He is well known for his frequent collaborations with Chase & Status and Sub Focus, as well as many other dubstep and drum and bass artists. His guest appearances have accumulated over 17 million views on YouTube, and his song "Flashing Lights" has charted in the United Kingdom at number 98 in the UK Singles Chart and number 15 in the UK Dance Chart. He managed to share a stage with Plan B and also co-wrote Rihanna's 2009 single "Wait Your Turn" which has over 28 million views on YouTube. This song was charted at number 45 in the UK Singles Chart. On 10 September 2013, Door Policy released the three-track EP No Cover Charge for free download. It features a guest appearance from "Traktor" singer L Marshall.

text:
# Takura

**Takura Tendayi** is a Zimbabwean singer and songwriter. He is well known for his frequent collaborations with Chase & Status and Sub Focus, as well as many other dubstep and drum and bass artists. His guest appearances have accumulated over 17 million views on YouTube , and his song "Flashing Lights" has charted in the United Kingdom at number 98 in the UK Singles Chart and number 15 in the UK Dance Chart. He managed to share a stage with Plan B and also co-wrote Rihanna's 2009 single "Wait Your Turn" which has over 28 million views on YouTube. This song was charted at number 45 in the UK Singles Chart. On 10 September 2013, Door Policy released the three-track EP *No Cover Charge* for free download. It features a guest appearance from "Traktor" singer L Marshall.

## Discography

### Singles

#### As lead artist

| Year | Song |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | "Sun Goes Down" |

| Year | Song | Album | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | "Flashing Lights"
(Chase & Status and Sub Focus featuring Takura) | *No More Idols* | Mercury Records |
| 2012 | "Led Astray"
(by Friction, featured vocals) | *Led Astray* EP | Shogun Audio |
| | "Network"
(by Dream Mclean, featured vocals) | Non-album single | MTA Records |
| | | "Pop Off"
(Maxsta featuring Takura) | Sony |
| 2013 | "The Coming Storm"
(Freestylers and Stereo:Type featuring Takura) | *The Coming Storm* | Rub-A-Duck |
| | "Refuse To Love"
(by Loadstar, featured vocals) | *Future Perfect* | RAM Records |
| | "Rage Within"
(The Prototypes featuring Takura) | Non-album single | Shogun Audio |
| | | "Zimma Frame"
(Show N Prove featuring Takura) | All Around the World |
| | "Friday"
(Shadow Child featuring Takura) | *Collected* | Food Music |
| 2014 | "2 Late"
(SLOWOLF featuring Dream Mclean and Takura) | *Wolf Grey EP* | SLOWOLF Records |
| | "My Money"
(SLOWOLF featuring Dream Mclean, Felix De Luca, Takura and Wil Cousin) | | |
| | "ESG"
(Tinchy Stryder featuring Takura) | *360°* | Cloud 9 |
| 2016 | "Access Denied"
(P Money, Big Narstie and Example featuring Takura) | Non-album single | Not on label |
| | "Original Badman"
(Star.One featuring Takura and Agent Sasco (Assassin)) | Non-album single | Sony |
| 2017 | "Diamonds"
(Loadstar featuring Takura) | *I Need the Night* | RAM Records |
| | "Trouble"
(The Last Skeptik featuring Kojey Radical and Takura) | *This is Where It Gets Good* | Thanks for Trying Records |
| 2023 | "Baddadan"
(Chase & Status featuring Bou, Irah, Flowdan, Trigga and Takura) | Non-album single | EMI |

### Other appearances

| Year | Song | Release | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | "Can't Get Enough"
(by Chase & Status, featured vocals) | *More Than Alot* | RAM Records |
| | "Streetlife"
(Chase & Status featuring Takura) | | |
| | "Running"
(Chase & Status featuring Takura) | | |
| | "Is It Worth It"
(Chase & Status featuring Takura) | | |
| 2009 | "Follow the Light" (Vocal Mix)
(by Sub Focus, featured vocals) | *Rock It / Follow the Light* | |
| | "World of Hurt"
(by Sub Focus, featured vocals) | *Sub Focus* | |
| | | "Coming Closer"
(Sub Focus featuring Takura) | |
| | "Wait Your Turn"
(by Rihanna, as writer) | *Rated R* | Def Jam |
| 2010 | "Is It Worth It VIP"
(Chase & Status featuring Takura) | *End Credits* | RAM Records |
| | "Sick Note"
(by Example, featured vocals) | *Won't Go Quietly* | Data |
| | "Spaceship"
(by Kano, featured vocals) | *Method to the Maadness* | BPM |
| 2011 | "No Problem"
(by Chase and Status, featured vocals) | *No More Idols* | Mercury Records |
| 2012 | "Demons"
(by Delta Heavy, featured vocals) | *Down the Rabbit Hole* | RAM Records |
| | "Summer Days"
(Sigma featuring Takura) | *Hospitality Summer Drum & Bass 2012* | Hospital |
| | "Have a Go"
(Swindle featuring Takura) | *Need To Know* | Swindle Productions |
| | "Drug Dealer"
(Plan B featuring Takura) | *iLL Manors* | 679 |
| | "Memories (Come Back)"
(Don Diablo featuring Takura) | *Lights Out EP* | Sony |
| | "Careless"
(Jack Beats featuring Takura) | *Careless* | Owsla |
| | "Alive"
(Rollz featuring Takura) | *Firepod* | Pilot |
| 2013 | "The Coming Storm (VIP Mix)"
(Freestylers and Stereo:Type featuring Takura) | *The Coming Storm (VIP Mix)* | Rub-A-Duck |
| | "Searching"
(by Kove, as writer) | *Measures* | MTA Records |
| | "Endorphins"
(by Sub Focus featuring Alex Clare, as writer) | *Torus* | RAM Records / Mercury |
| | | | "Out of Reach"
(by Sub Focus featuring Jayelldee, as writer) |
| | "Money Waster"
(by Marshall F, featured vocals) | *Money Waster* | Black Butter Records |
| 2014 | "Overdose"
(SLOWOLF featuring Natalia and Takura) | *Bounty EP* | SLOWOLF Records |
| | "Princess"
(SLOWOLF featuring Raekwon, Benny Banks and Takura) | | |
| | "Running Low"
(by Netsky featuring Beth Ditto, as writer) | TBA | Sony |
| | "I Need Cs"
(Context featuring Takura) | *Hindsight is the Purest Form of Romance* | Self-released |
| 2015 | "Fossa"
(Kiwi featuring Takura) | *Animals EP* | Blasé Boys Club |
| | "AFRiCA"
(WiDE AWAKE featuring Takura) | *Hard As Nails EP* | TBA |
| 2017 | "Beg & Borrow"
(by Dimension, featured vocals) | *Generator / Beg & Borrow* | Dimension |
| | "Tribes"
(by Chase and Status, featured vocals) | *Tribe* | MTA Records |
| 2018 | "Blood"
(Big Narstie featuring Takura) | *BDL Bipolar* | Dice Recordings |
| | "Gully"
(My Nu Leng & Holy Goof featuring Takura) | *Junction EP* | Maraki Records |
|

### Unreleased tracks

| Year | Song |
| --- | --- |
| 2012 | "Is That You" |
| | "B.B.O.P (Baddest Bitch on the Planet)" |
| | "Kerosene"
(Drop Lamond featuring Takura) |
| 2013 | "Suffocating Me"
(Skream & Redlight featuring Takura) |

## InfoBox

| Takura | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Takura Tendayi |
| Origin | Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Genres |  |
| Occupations | * Singer * songwriter |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 2009–present |


title: Dara Adam Khel Tehsil

abstract: Dara Adam Khel Tehsil is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Kohat District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This subdivision shares its boundary with Peshawar District to the north, Nowshera District to the east and Orakzai District to the west. The population in 1998 was 88,500 persons, 98.6% of whom had Pashto as their first language. The main towns in Kohat subdivision is Darra Adam Khel and Jawaki Adam Khel. Prior to 2018, this administrative subdivision was known as Kohat Subdivision, and formerly also known as Frontier Region Kohat. The region was located adjacent to the Kohat District, and therefore derives its name from Kohat.

text:
# Dara Adam Khel Tehsil

**Dara Adam Khel Tehsil** is an administrative subdivision (tehsil) of Kohat District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This subdivision shares its boundary with Peshawar District to the north, Nowshera District to the east and Orakzai District to the west.

The population in 1998 was 88,500 persons, 98.6% of whom had Pashto as their first language.

The main towns in Kohat subdivision is Darra Adam Khel and Jawaki Adam Khel.

Prior to 2018, this administrative subdivision was known as **Kohat Subdivision**, and formerly also known as **Frontier Region Kohat**. The region was located adjacent to the Kohat District, and therefore derives its name from Kohat.

## Geography and climate

The tehsil is very hilly, with average heights of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level.

The climate of Kohat and its surroundings is hot from May to September. June is the hottest month. The mean, maximum, and minimum temperature recorded during June is about 40 °C and 27 °C respectively. A pleasant change in the weather is noted from October onwards, up till February. The winter is cold and severe. In winter a wrong west wind known as “Hangu Breeze” often blows down the Miranzai valley towards Kohat for weeks. The mean maximum and minimum temperature, recorded during the month of January, is about 18 °C and 6 °C respectively.

The rainfall is received throughout the year. The monsoon rain is received from May to October. August is the rainiest month, with an average of about 114 mm. The winter rain occurs from November to April. The highest winter rainfall is received in the month of March. The average annual rainfall is about 638 mm. The maximum humidity has been recorded in the month of August during the summer season and in December during the winter season.

## Education

According to the *Alif Ailaan Pakistan District Education Rankings* *2015*, FR Kohat in terms of facilities and infrastructure, the district is ranked 74 out of 148.

33°20′N 71°13′E / 33.33°N 71.21°E / 33.33; 71.21

## InfoBox

| Dara Adam Khel Tehsil تحصیل درہ آدم خیل
دره ادم خېل تحصیلFrontier Region Kohat
سرحدی علاقہ کوہاٹ
کوهاټ سرحدي سیمه | |
| --- | --- |
| Tehsil | |
| Location of the former Frontier Regions in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas | |
| Country | Pakistan |
| Region | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
| Seat | Darra Adam Khel |
| Population (2017) | |
| Total | 118,578 |


title: Queen G

abstract: Queen G is the fifth EP by Hong Kong singer G.E.M., released on December 28, 2018 by Hummingbird Music. "Queen G" is the third EP of G.E.M.'s 2018 project of G.E.M.’s "Fairytale Trilogy," where each of the three E.P.’s will feature three new songs written by the singer herself.

text:
# Queen G

***Queen G*** (Chinese: 睡皇后) is the fifth EP by Hong Kong singer G.E.M., released on December 28, 2018 by Hummingbird Music. "Queen G" is the third EP of G.E.M.'s 2018 project of G.E.M.’s "Fairytale Trilogy," where each of the three E.P.’s will feature three new songs written by the singer herself.

## Track listing

Tracks
| No. | Title | Lyrics | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Love Finds a Way" | G.E.M. | G.E.M., Lupo Groinig | 04:54 |
| 2. | "Why" | G.E.M. | G.E.M., Lupo Groinig | 03:41 |
| 3. | "Queen G" | G.E.M. | G.E.M. | 03:56 |

## Charts

| Year | Title | Peak positions | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | QQ China |
| 2018 | "Love Finds a Way" | 4 |

## InfoBox

| Queen G | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by G.E.M. | |
| Released | December 28, 2018 |
| Genre | Pop |
| Length | 12:00 |
| Label | Hummingbird |
| Producer | Lupo Groinig |
| G.E.M. chronology | |
| *Fearless*
(2018) ***Queen G***
(2018) *City Zoo*
(2019) | |


title: Electoral district of Beverley

abstract: Beverley was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1950. The district was based on the rural town of Beverley lying to the east of Perth. It was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. In 1898, it included Beverley and several other settlements along the Great Southern Railway, including Seabrook, Moorumbine, and Pingelly, as well as Narembeen farther west. Beverley was abolished at the 1950 election; its final member, James Mann, was transferred to the seat of Avon Valley.

text:
# Electoral district of Beverley

**Beverley** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1950.

The district was based on the rural town of Beverley lying to the east of Perth. It was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. In 1898, it included Beverley and several other settlements along the Great Southern Railway, including Seabrook, Moorumbine, and Pingelly, as well as Narembeen farther west.

Beverley was abolished at the 1950 election; its final member, James Mann, was transferred to the seat of Avon Valley.

## Members

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Charles Harper | Ministerial | 1890–1901 |
|  | | Opposition | 1901–1904 |
|  | | Independent | 1904–1905 |
|  | Edmund Smith | Ministerial | 1905–1908 |
|  | John Hopkins | Ministerial | 1908–1910 |
|  | Nat Harper | Ministerial | 1910–1911 |
|  | Frank Broun | Liberal | 1911–1914 |
|  | Charles Wansbrough | Country | 1914–1917 |
|  | Frank Broun | Country | 1917–1923 |
|  | | Country (MCP) | 1923–1924 |
|  | Charles Wansbrough | Country (ECP) | 1924–1930 |
|  | James Mann | Country | 1930–1949 |
|  | | Independent | 1949 |
|  | | LCL | 1949–1950 |
|

## Election results

## InfoBox

| Beverley<br>Western AustraliaLegislative Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| Beverley and surrounding districts in 1898 | |
| State | Western Australia |
| Dates current | 1890–1950 |
| Namesake | Beverley |


abstract: Costa Rica participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 to 18 October 2018.

text:
# Costa Rica at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

**Costa Rica** participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 to 18 October 2018.

## Beach volleyball

Costa Rica qualified a boys' based on their performance at the 2018 AFECAVOL Zone U19 Championship.

* Boys' tournament - 1 team of 2 athletes

| Athletes | Event | Preliminary round | | Round of 24 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Score | Rank | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Opposition
Score | Rank |
| Alexandre Lezcano
Criforth Fallas | Boys' | StreliHajós (HUN)
**L** 0-2
CarbooTsatsu (GHA)
**W** 2-0
LanteriPalmaro (MON)
**W** 2-0 | 2 | GaboOsório (VEN)
**W** 2-0 | JohnPfretzschner (GER)
**L** 0-2 | *did not advance* | | | |

## Fencing

Costa Rica was given a quota to compete by the tripartite committee.

## Futsal

### Boys' tournament

Group stage

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Brazil | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 4 | +21 | 12 | Semi-finals |
| 2 | Russia | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 12 | +7 | | 9 |
| 3 | Iran | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 11 | +8 | 6 |  |
| 4 | Costa Rica | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 27 | 10 | | 3 |
| 5 | Solomon Islands | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 39 | 26 | | 0 |

Source: FIFA IOC

| Costa Rica | 1–6 | Russia |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Corrales  27' | Report (FIFA)
Report (IOC) | * Sysoliatin  2' * Karpiuk  5', 15' * Fedorov  10', 31' * Subbotin  33' |

CeNARDAttendance: 0Referee: David Urdánoz (Spain)

---

| Solomon Islands | 6–11 | Costa Rica |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Kofana  4', 15' * Mana  19' * Lea'i  20' * Rukumana  39' * Chavarria  39' (o.g.) | Report (FIFA)
Report (IOC) | * Carvajal  1' * León  7', 21', 22', 25' * Chavarria  8' * Madriz  11' * Vado  16' * Corrales  18', 26' * Baez  37' |

TecnópolisAttendance: 1,350Referee: Lance Vanhaitsma (United States)

---

| Brazil | 6–2 | Costa Rica |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Guilhermão  3', 4', 39' * Wesley  19', 27' * Vitão  24' | Report (FIFA)
Report (IOC) | * Carvajal  23' * León  39' |

TecnópolisAttendance: 1,570Referee: Ovidiu Curta (Romania)

---

| Costa Rica | 3–9 | Iran |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Corrales  1', 3' * Mora  6' | Report (FIFA)
Report (IOC) | * Tamizi  5' * Adelipour  14' * Alizadeh  15' * Mehdikhani  16' * Aghapour  17' (pen.), 35' * Esmaeili  19' (pen.), 21' * Ghanbari  27' (pen.) |

TecnópolisAttendance: 6,410Referee: Ovidiu Curta (Romania)

## Gymnastics

### Artistic

Costa Rica qualified one gymnast based on its performance at the 2018 American Junior Championship.

## Swimming

Costa Rica qualified 2 athletes (1 boy and 1 girl) to compete in swimming.

* Boys: José David Solis (Men's 100m and 200m Breaststroke)
* Girls: Beatriz Padrón (Women's 50m Free, 50m and 100m Butterfly)

## InfoBox

| Costa Rica at the
2018 Summer Youth Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | CRC |
| NOC | Costa Rican Olympic Committee |
| in Buenos Aires, Argentina
6 – 18 October 2018 | |
| Competitors | 17 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Youth Olympics appearances | |
|  | |


title: Edward G. Faile

abstract: Edward George Faile was an American merchant. Born in Scotland, his family moved to the United States when he was an infant, settling in Westchester County, north of New York City. The family initially lived in East Chester, and later moved closer to New York City, building a family estate in what is now the Hunts Point section of The Bronx. The location of the Faile mansion, Woodside, became the site of the American Bank Note Company Printing Plant. Faile ran a successful grocery business in Lower Manhattan from 1821 to 1853. He was also involved in the railroad, insurance, and agriculture industries.

text:
# Edward G. Faile

**Edward George Faile** (February 9, 1799  April 20, 1864) was an American merchant. Born in Scotland, his family moved to the United States when he was an infant, settling in Westchester County, north of New York City. The family initially lived in East Chester, and later moved closer to New York City, building a family estate in what is now the Hunts Point section of The Bronx. The location of the Faile mansion, Woodside, became the site of the American Bank Note Company Printing Plant. Faile ran a successful grocery business in Lower Manhattan from 1821 to 1853. He was also involved in the railroad, insurance, and agriculture industries.

## Early life and family

Edward George Faile was born on February 9, 1799, to George and Joan Hall Faile, in Semiston, Roxburghshire, Scotland. Joan descended from the Burrell family of Northumberland, England. The family moved to the United States in 1801, settling in the town of East Chester. A brother, Thomas, was born there in 1803. In the 1830s, the family acquired land in Hunt's Point and relocated there.

Faile was educated in Westchester. At the age of 17, he went to work at the wholesale grocery business of Abram Valentine. He married Valentine's daughter, Ann Delia, on December 8, 1821. The couple had nine children: Ann D., Edward, Thomas H., Charles V., Henry, Samuel, Mary E., Harriet, and Caroline.

Edward Faile was a member, and his brother Thomas a governor, of The Society of the New York Hospital. They were both also members of the Supply Engine Company, a volunteer fire department in New York.

## Businesses

In 1821, Faile opened a wholesale grocery in an existing building at 236 Front Street in downtown Manhattan. In 18271828, Faile built a new building at the same location, larger than the original. In 1828, the building was assessed at $10,000 for tax purposes. As of 1973, this building was vacant and leased to the South Street Seaport Museum. Faile brought his brother Thomas into the business in 1825, under the name of E. G. Faile & Co. In 1839 or 1840 (sources differ), he bought buildings at 165 John Street and 181 Front Street. The business moved to the later location, where he remained for thirteen years. In 1845, Faile built two new buildings, at 179 and 180 West Street, which he rented out.

In 1843, Faile joined with several other sugar merchants in New York in a letter to Secretary of the Treasury John Spencer, complaining of excessive import duties imposed on brown sugar.

Edward and his brother Thomas both retired in 1853, handing the firm over to their sons and to Richard Williams, changing the firm name to Faile, Williams, & Co. The business was eventually taken over by Charles V. Faile, as a sole proprietorship, located at 130 Water Street. The business ran into financial troubles starting in 1879, when it made a large purchase of tea stocks at the peak of the market. On November 25, 1882, the business failed due to losses from falling tea prices and fluctuations in the money market. At the time, the business had about $344,000 (equivalent to $10.86 million in 2023) in liabilities. Prior to the failure of the business, the company was one of the largest and oldest tea distributors in New York City.

Faile was a director of both the New York & Harlem Railroad and the New York Central Railroad. In 1863, he campaigned to be president of the New York Central, attempting to take the position from Erastus Corning. Faile lost the election, receiving 60,039 votes to Corning's 124,802. Faile was also a director of the Firemen's Insurance Company and the Metropolitan Bank.

## Woodside

The Faile family estate, known as Woodside, was in what is now the Hunts Point section of The Bronx. In 1831, George Faile (Edward's father) purchased a tract of land from Barnard Bayley. The estate was further expanded between 1832 (when the mansion was built) and 1842, at a cost of $15,000. The estate occupied 85 acres, stretching from the Bronx River to beyond what is now Southern Boulevard. The mansion was described in *Valentine's Manual of Old New York*, as having an "imposing array of Doric columns", and as being "surrounded by a glorious forest". Furnishings included a pair of wooden armchairs whose provenance is traced to the 1620 landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock; these belonged to Charles V. and adorned his library.

The estate included a working farm with Devon cattle, which Faile imported and bred. Several of his cattle won first prize at shows, including *Cayuga*, *Huron*, and *Queen Ann*.

In 1898, a lawsuit was brought by Henry J. Crawford, claiming that Faile's deed to the estate was invalid. The issue was whether John Fleetwood Marsh properly conveyed title to Barnard Bayley, from whom George Faile purchased the property. The court found that the title was valid.

In 1904, the estate, comprising 1299 lots, was sold to the Central Realty Bond & Trust Co for about $1,000,000. The property was described as "bounded by Dongan st, Intervale av, Southern Boulevard, Longwood av, Lafayette av, Hunt's Point road, Gilbert pl, and the Bronx River". By 1908, the estate had passed into the hands of George F. Johnson. In 1908, part of the estate was purchased by the American Bank Note Company. Woodside was razed in 1909 to clear the lot for construction of the company's new printing plant. Faile Street runs through the area.

## Personal life

Faile was an acquaintance of Richard March Hoe, who had an estate near his in Hunts Point. Hoe invented a machine for stamping and dating tickets, based on a suggestion made by Faile. Hoe and Faile were both vestrymen at St. Ann's Protestant Episcopal Church of Morrisania.

In 1863, he was president of the New York State Agricultural Society. His son, Thomas H., later became vice president and another son, Henry, was a life member of the society. Faile died of pneumonia in his home on April 20, 1864. Funeral services were held at St. Ann's Church, and he was buried in the cemetery at Saint Paul's Church, (known at the time as East Chester Church) in Mount Vernon, New York. After his death, his family continued to reside at the estate.

## InfoBox

| Edward G. Faile | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | February 9, 1799
Semiston, Roxburghshire, Scotland |
| Died | April 20, 1864(1864-04-20) (aged 65)
Hunt's Point, Westchester, New York, US |
| Resting place | Saint Paul's Church, Mount Vernon, New York, US |
| Occupation(s) | Wholesale grocer, merchant |


title: Rosemary Joyce

abstract: Rosemary A. Joyce is an American anthropologist and social archaeologist who has specialized in research in Honduras. She was able to archeologically confirm that chocolate was a byproduct of fermenting beer. She is also an expert in evaluating the archaeological records of society and the implications that sexuality and gender play in culture.

text:
# Rosemary Joyce

**Rosemary A. Joyce** (born 1956) is an American anthropologist and social archaeologist who has specialized in research in Honduras. She was able to archeologically confirm that chocolate was a byproduct of fermenting beer. She is also an expert in evaluating the archaeological records of society and the implications that sexuality and gender play in culture.

## Biography

Rosemary A. Joyce was born in 1956. She is a Professor of Anthropology at UC Berkeley.

## Research

Joyce has conducted social archaeology in Honduras since 1977, focusing on analysis of households, ceramics and the cultural roles of sex and gender which are found in both the material remains and physical remains of Mesoamerican societies. Central America and Mexico were regions where sexuality and gender in ancient societies began being studied in the 1960s. Iconography showed that women had held positions of power in society even though men were more often portrayed than women. Joyce has stated that artistic works show that young males were often subjects being viewed by both men and women, which indicates a more fluid gender spectrum.

In a comparative study conducted in tandem with Lynn Meskell, who has done similar studies on ancient Egyptian society, Joyce and Meskell contrast Maya civilization and that of the New Kingdom of Egypt. On the one hand, both societies existed before Plato's concept in dualism—the mind and body are separate—entered into acceptance. Also in both cultures, the archaeological remains tend to be objects, writings, and images of elite males. Both were phallic cultures but in Egyptian imagery the penis is exaggerated and perfect male bodies are the subject of female adoration. In the Mayan culture, penile imagery is also exaggerated, but typically the phallus is hidden, but highlighted, and offered by a young male to the gaze a politically dominant male. Egyptian women appear to be sexualized, even as girls, indicating no demarcation between childhood and adulthood, but Mayan women appear as unsexualized beings and are usually draped unless suckling an infant. Thus studies can give insight not only into how ancient worlds viewed sexuality and gender roles but how objects they used might have been used differently. Spiritual practices also show the concepts of sexuality and gender were different in pre-conquest Mesoamerica, as throughout the region deities, like the Mayan corn or moon gods, had both male and female attributes.

Another aspect of Joyce's work was a study conducted with John Henderson, an anthropologist from Cornell University. Traces of cacao found on Honduran pottery shards were examined and discovered to have been used to produce beer. Initially the pod was fermented and the seeds discarded. At some point, ancient beer makers began to use the seeds to make a non-alcoholic beverage, which was a bitter chocolate drink. To confirm their findings, Joyce and Henderson contacted archaeometrist Patrick McGovern and chocolate chemist for Hershey Chocolate, Jeffrey Hurst, to analyze the residues. They confirmed the presence of theobromine, a chemical found in cacao, but rare in other plants. The research connected the Honduran site to Mayan cacao fields which were thousands of kilometers away. Though clear evidence of trade, studying the civilizations in Honduras, Joyce found that they do not have the same social inequality as existed in the Maya world. Institutionalized power did not take hold and evidence points to smaller cities linked together in which "women were as likely as men to have held positions of power".

## Honors

## Selected publications

Joyce, RA 2020, *The future of nuclear waste: what art and archaeology can tell us about securing the world's most hazardous material*, Oxford University Press.

Joyce, RA and SD Gillespie (eds.) 2015, *Things in Motion: Object Itineraries in Anthropological Practice*, School for Advanced Research.

Hendon, JA, Joyce, RA and J Lopiparo 2014, *Material Relations: The Marriage Figurines of Prehispanic Honduras,* University Press of Colorado.

Joyce, RA 2008, *Ancient Bodies, Ancient Lives: Sex, Gender, and Archaeology*, Thames and Hudson.

Joyce, RA and LM Meskell 2003, *Embodied Lives: Figuring Ancient Maya and Egyptian Experience*, Routledge.

Hendon, JA and RA Joyce (eds.) 2003, *Mesoamerican Archaeology: Theory and Practice*, Wiley-Blackwell.

Joyce, RA 2002, *The Languages of Archaeology: Dialogue, Narrative, and Writing*, Wiley-Blackwell.

Joyce, RA 2001, *Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica*, University of Texas Press.

Joyce, RA and SD Gillespie (eds.) 2000, *Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies*, University of Pennsylvania Press.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Rosemary A. Joyce | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Rosemary Alexandria Joyce
(1956-04-07) April 7, 1956
Lackawanna, New York |
| Nationality | American |
|  | |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Anthropologist
Archaeologist |
| Sub-discipline | Mesoamerican Archaeology |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley |
|  | |


title: Chionodes fictor

abstract: Chionodes fictor is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.

text:
# Chionodes fictor

***Chionodes fictor*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.

## InfoBox

| *Chionodes fictor* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Chionodes* |
| Species: | ***C. fictor*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chionodes fictor***<br>Hodges, 1999 | |
|


title: Pittosporum mackeei

abstract: Pittosporum mackeei is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia. The species epithet, mackeei, honours Hugh Shaw MacKee, a botanist who collected for over 30 years in New Caledonia, and who collected the type specimen in the high valley of la Tchamba at an altitude of 150 metres on 10 May 1967.

text:
# Pittosporum mackeei

***Pittosporum mackeei*** is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia.

The species epithet, *mackeei*, honours Hugh Shaw MacKee, a botanist who collected for over 30 years in New Caledonia, and who collected the type specimen in the high valley of la Tchamba at an altitude of 150 metres on 10 May 1967.

## Description

*P. mackeei* flowers and fruits in March, April and May. The inflorescences consist of white flowers, forming an umbel and may be axillary or terminal. Its fruits are bivalve capsules, which are smooth or weakly warty.

## Conservation status

*Pittosporum mackeei* is an endangered species due to habitat loss. *Pittosporum mackeei* is an uncommon small tree, which occurs exclusively in the Ponérihouen area of New Caledonia at an altitude of 100 to 500 metres above sea level. Its area of occupancy is equal to 20 km² and its extent of occurrence to 428 km². It occurs in just five subpopulations each of which is threatened by Rusa Deer (*Rusa timorensis*). This deer is an invasive species thoroughly adapted to the ecosystems of New Caledonia, and the cause of the continuous decline in habitat quality of *P. mackeei* and other endemic plant species of New Caledonia's humid forests.

## InfoBox

| *Pittosporum mackeei* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pittosporum* |
| Species: | ***P. mackeei*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pittosporum mackeei***
Tirel & Veillon | |
|


title: SOKO – Der Prozess

abstract: SOKO – Der Prozess is a German five-part crossover between five ZDF SOKO series, combining the special investigative teams from Munich, Cologne, Leipzig, Stuttgart, and Wismar. It was broadcast from 30 September 2013 to 4 October 2013, on German television channel ZDF.

text:
# SOKO – Der Prozess

***SOKO – Der Prozess*** is a German five-part crossover between five ZDF SOKO series, combining the special investigative teams from Munich, Cologne, Leipzig, Stuttgart, and Wismar. It was broadcast from 30 September 2013 to 4 October 2013, on German television channel ZDF.

## Cast and characters

### SOKO teams

| **Actor** | **Role** | **Function** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *SOKO 5113* | | |
| Gerd Silberbauer | Arthur Bauer | Chief inspector |
| Michel Guillaume | Theo Renner | Chief inspector |
| Bianca Hein | Katharina Hahn | Chief inspector |
| Joscha Kiefer | Dominik Morgenstern | Detective inspector |
| Florian Odendahl | Dr. Maximilian Weissenböck | Coroner |
| *SOKO Köln* | | |
| Sissy Höfferer | Karin Reuter | Chief inspector |
| Pierre Besson | Matti Wagner | Chief inspector |
| Lukas Piloty | Jonas Fischer | Detective inspector |
| Kerstin Landsmann | Vanessa Haas | Detective inspector |
| Thomas Clemens | Dr. Philip Kraft | Coroner |
| *SOKO Wismar* | | |
| Udo Kroschwald | Jan-Hinrich Reuter | First chief inspector |
| Claudia Schmutzler | Katrin Börensen | Chief inspector |
| Li Hagman | Leena Virtanen | Constable |
| Jonas Laux | Nils Theede | Chief inspector |
| Mathias Junge | Kai Timmermann | Chief police officer |
| Silke Matthias | Silke Schwarz | Forensic scientist |
| Katharina Blaschke | Dr. Helene Sturbeck | Coroner |
| *SOKO Stuttgart* | | |
| Astrid M. Fünderich | Martina Seiffert | First chief inspector |
| Peter Ketnath | Jo Stoll | Chief inspector |
| Benjamin Strecker | Rico Sander | Detective inspector |
| Sylta Fee Wegmann | Cornelia "Nelly" Kienzle | Detective inspector candidate |
| Karl Kranzkowski | Michael Kaiser | Crime director |
| Mike Zaka Sommerfeldt | Jan Arnaud | Head of forensic investigation |
| Eva Maria Bayerwaltes | Prof. Dr. Lisa Wolter | Coroner |
| Michael Gaedt | Karl Heinz "Schrotti" Schrothmann | Workshop owner |
| Christian Pätzold | Friedemann Sonntag | Head of evidence room |
| *Leipzig Homicide* | | |
| Andreas Schmidt-Schaller | Hans-Joachim "Hajo" Trautzschke | Chief inspector |
| Marco Girnth | Jan Maybach | Chief inspector |
| Melanie Marschke | Ina Zimmermann | Chief inspector |
| Steffen Schroeder | Tom Kowalski | Chief inspector |
| Michael Rotschopf | Dr. Alexander Binz | Prosecutor |
| Nilam Farooq | Olivia Fareedi | Trainee |
| Daniel Steiner | Lorenz Rettig | Laboratory assistant |
| Anna Stieblich | Dr. Sabine Rossi | Coroner |
| Judith Sehrbrock | Dr. Stein | Coroner |

### Guest cast

| **Actor** | **Role** | **Function** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Matthias Schloo | Paul Korte | Lawyer of the co-plaintiff in Leipzig trial;
son of Frank Wellinger; fiancé of Alicia Lammers |
| Jochen Nickel | Frank Wellinger | Co-founder of MC Bullsharks, head of the Munich chapter;
father of Paul Korte |
| Yvonne Catterfeld | Alicia Lammers | Medical student;
daughter of Heike and Uwe Lammers; fiancée of Paul Korte |
| Claudine Wilde | Nadja Schramm | Lawyer of the accused in Leipzig trial |
| Felix Vörtler | Alex Krüger | Co-founder of MC Bullsharks, head of the Cologne chapter;
defendant in Leipzig trial |
| Michael Roll | Karel Schweikert | Prosecutor in Leipzig trial |

## Episodes

| No. in
series | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by | German air date | German viewers
(millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "Väter und Söhne" | Bodo Schwarz | Sönke Lars Neuwöhner | 30 September 2013 (2013-09-30) | 3.73 |
| **Guest stars**: Aleksandar Jovanovic as Thomas Brandner, Christian Näthe as Bastian Vieth, Eva-Maria Grein von Friedl as Maria Riedl, Daniela Heinisch as Monika, Pierre Kiwitt as biker | | | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "Undercover unter Kutten" | Michael Schneider | Sven S. Poser | 1 October 2013 (2013-10-01) | 3.53 |
| **Guest stars**: Antonio Wannek as Jochen "Büb" Schreiber, Walter Kreye as Jonathan Hirtmann, Anne Diemer as Lisbeth Brandner, Sven Martinek as Anton "Toni" Ueckerath | | | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Tief im Sumpf" | Oren Schmuckler | Jonas Winner | 2 October 2013 (2013-10-02) | 3.43 |
| **Guest stars**: Gedeon Burkhard as Thomas Gehring, Sandra Ruffin as Emily Schaper, Marc Rissmann as Pit Nielandt, Michael Silbereisen as Falk Budnik, Jan Felski as Manne Herber, Lena Taege as Jule Wachowiak, Harald Burmeister as Juwelier Seemann | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "Die Falle" | Kaspar Heidelbach | Martin Eigler | 3 October 2013 (2013-10-03) | 3.13 |
| **Guest stars**: Antonio Wannek as Jochen "Büb" Schreiber, Mareike Carrière as Heike Lammers, Sven Martinek as Anton "Toni" Ueckerath | | | | | | | |
| 5 | 5 | "Bis die Maske fällt" | Jörg Mielich | Sven S. Poser | 4 October 2013 (2013-10-04) | 3.44 |
| **Guest stars**: Annika Kuhl as Maren Santini, Christine Schmidt-Schaller as judge, Florian Kleine as Michael Santini | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *SOKO – Der Prozess* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Crime drama |
| Written by |  |
| Directed by |  |
| Starring |  |
| Theme music composer |  |
| Composers | * Patrick Schmitz * Alex Komlew |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| Original language | German |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 5 |
| Production | |
| Executive producers | * Eva Gerstenberg * Britta Hansen * Catrin Kauffmann * Jakob Krebs * Torsten Lenkeit * Henriette Lippold * Andrea Rullmann |
| Producers | * Wolfgang Cimera * Joachim Kosack * Ariane Krampe * Dagmar Rosenbauer * Silke Schulze-Erdel * Daniel van den Berg * Oliver Vogel * Jörg Winger |
| Production locations |  |
| Cinematography |  |
| Editors | * Anna Katharina Brehm * Wolfgang Witt * Matthias Pfeifer * Dirk Rademacher * Stephan Wiesehöfer |
| Camera setup | Film; multiple-camera |
| Running time | 43 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | ZDF |
| Release | 30 September (2013-09-30)
4 October 2013 (2013-10-04) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Pretomanid

abstract: Pretomanid is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis affecting the lungs. It is generally used together with bedaquiline and linezolid. It is taken by mouth. The most common side effects include nerve damage, acne, vomiting, headache, low blood sugar, diarrhea, and liver inflammation. It is in the nitroimidazole class of medications. Pretomanid was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2019, and in the European Union in July 2020. Pretomanid was developed by TB Alliance. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

text:
# Pretomanid

**Pretomanid** is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis affecting the lungs. It is generally used together with bedaquiline and linezolid. It is taken by mouth.

The most common side effects include nerve damage, acne, vomiting, headache, low blood sugar, diarrhea, and liver inflammation. It is in the nitroimidazole class of medications.

Pretomanid was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2019, and in the European Union in July 2020. Pretomanid was developed by TB Alliance. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

## Medical uses

Pretomanid is indicated in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid, in adults, for the treatment of pulmonary extensively drug resistant, or treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

## Mechanism of action

Pretomanid is activated in the mycobacterium by deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (*Ddn*), an enzyme which uses dihydro-F420 (reduced form), into nitric oxide and a highly reactive metabolite. This metabolite attacks the synthesis enzyme *DprE2*, which is important for the synthesis of cell wall arabinogalactan, to which mycolic acid would be attached. This mechanism is shared with delamanid. Clinical isolates resistant to this drug tend to have mutations in the biosynthetic pathway for Coenzyme F420.

## History

Development of this compound was initiated because of the urgent need for new antibacterial drugs effective against resistant strains of tuberculosis. Also, current anti-TB drugs are mainly effective against replicating and metabolically active bacteria, creating a need for drugs effective against persisting or latent bacterial infections as often occur in patients with tuberculosis.

### Discovery and pre-clinical development

Pretomanid was first identified in 2000, in a series of 100 nitroimidazopyran derivatives synthesized and tested for antitubercular activity, by PathoGenesis (now a subsidiary of Novartis). Importantly, pretomanid has activity against static *M. tuberculosis* isolates that survive under anaerobic conditions, with bactericidal activity comparable to that of the existing drug metronidazole. Pretomanid requires metabolic activation by *Mycobacterium* for antibacterial activity. Pretomanid was not the most potent compound in the series against cultures of *M. tuberculosis*, but it was the most active in infected mice after oral administration. Oral pretomanid was active against tuberculosis in mice and guinea pigs at safely tolerated dosages for up to 28 days.

## Society and culture

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pretomanid only in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid for treatment of a limited and specific population of adults with extensively drug resistant, treatment-intolerant or nonresponsive multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Pretomanid was approved under the limited population pathway (LPAD pathway) for antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Pretomanid is only the third tuberculosis drug to receive approval from the FDA in more than 40 years.

The FDA granted pretomanid priority review and orphan drug designations. The FDA granted The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development (TB Alliance) the approval of pretomanid and a tropical disease priority review voucher.

### Names

Pretomanid is the international nonproprietary name, the generic name, and the nonproprietary name. Pretomanid is referred to as "Pa" in regimen abbreviations, such as BPaL. The "preto" part of the compound's name honors Pretoria, South Africa, the home of a TB Alliance clinical development office where much of the drug's development took place, while the "-manid" stem designates compounds with similar chemical structures. This class of drug is variously referred to as nitroimidazoles or nitroimidazooxazines.

## InfoBox

Pretomanid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Dovprela |
| Other names | PA-824 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a619056 |
| License data |  |
| Routes of
administration | By mouth |
| ATC code |  |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |  |
| Identifiers | |
| IUPAC name * (6*S*)-2-Nitro-6-{\[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl\]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5*H*-imidazo\[2,1-*b*\] \[1,3\]oxazine | |
| CAS Number |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| UNII |  |
| KEGG |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C14H12F3N3O5 |
| Molar mass | 359.261 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| SMILES * C1\[C@@H\](COC2=NC(=CN21)\[N+\](=O)\[O-\])OCC3=CC=C(C=C3)OC(F)(F)F | |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C14H12F3N3O5/c15-14(16,17)25-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)7-23-11-5-19-6-12(20(21)22)18-13(19)24-8-11/h1-4,6,11H,5,7-8H2/t11-/m0/s1 N * Key:ZLHZLMOSPGACSZ-NSHDSACASA-N N | |