title: Sossianus Hierocles

abstract: Sossianus Hierocles was a late Roman aristocrat and office-holder. He served as a praeses in Syria under Diocletian at some time in the 290s. He was then made vicarius of some district, perhaps Oriens until 303, when he was transferred to Bithynia. It is for his anti-Christian activities in Bithynia that he is principally remembered. He was, in the words of the Cambridge Ancient History, "one of the most zealous of persecutors". While in Bithynia, Hierocles authored Lover of Truth, a critique of Christianity. Lover of Truth is noted as the first instance of the trope, popular in later pagan polemic, of comparing the pagan holy man Apollonius of Tyana to Jesus Christ. Hierocles was among the campaigners for a stronger policy against Christians present at Diocletian's court through the early 4th century. The campaigners' aims were as realized in February 303 with the edicts of the Great Persecution, which expelled Christians from government service, deprived them of normal legal rights, and left them open to imprisonment and execution if they did not comply with traditional religious rites. Hierocles was an avid enforcer of these edicts in his function as praeses of Bithynia, and again while serving as praefectus Aegypti during the late 300s or early 310s. It is largely through incidental notes in the Christian author Lactantius' On the Deaths of the Persecutors and Divine Institutes and Eusebius of Caesarea's On the Martyrs of Palestine and Against Hierocles that we are aware of his activities. Inscriptions at Palmyra preserve the details of his early career.

text:
# Sossianus Hierocles

**Sossianus Hierocles** (fl. 303 AD) was a late Roman aristocrat and office-holder. He served as a *praeses* in Syria under Diocletian at some time in the 290s. He was then made *vicarius* of some district, perhaps Oriens (the East, including Syria, Palestine, and, at the time, Egypt) until 303, when he was transferred to Bithynia. It is for his anti-Christian activities in Bithynia that he is principally remembered. He was, in the words of the *Cambridge Ancient History*, "one of the most zealous of persecutors". While in Bithynia, Hierocles authored *Lover of Truth* (Greek: Φιλαλήθης, *Philalethes*; also known as Φιλαλήθης λόγος, *Philalethes logos*), a critique of Christianity. *Lover of Truth* is noted as the first instance of the trope, popular in later pagan polemic, of comparing the pagan holy man Apollonius of Tyana to Jesus Christ.

Hierocles was among the campaigners for a stronger policy against Christians present at Diocletian's court through the early 4th century. The campaigners' aims were as realized in February 303 with the edicts of the Great Persecution, which expelled Christians from government service, deprived them of normal legal rights, and left them open to imprisonment and execution if they did not comply with traditional religious rites. Hierocles was an avid enforcer of these edicts in his function as *praeses* of Bithynia, and again while serving as *praefectus Aegypti* during the late 300s or early 310s. It is largely through incidental notes in the Christian author Lactantius' *On the Deaths of the Persecutors* and *Divine Institutes* and Eusebius of Caesarea's *On the Martyrs of Palestine* and *Against Hierocles* that we are aware of his activities. Inscriptions at Palmyra preserve the details of his early career.

## Career

Hierocles was a *praeses* at some time between 293 and 303. The *Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire* (*PLRE*) states that, as *praeses*, he governed Phoenice Libanensis, the province on the eastern side of Mount Lebanon. The district included Palmyra, where the inscription attesting to Hierocles' career is located. Hierocles was the *vicarius* of some district (which Simmons and Barnes identify as Oriens) before 303; in that year he was made *praeses* of Bithynia. Although an apparent demotion (*praeses* was a lower rank than *vicarius*, with fewer responsibilities and less prestige), the move brought Hierocles closer to the imperial court, and the real seat of power: the emperor.

Hierocles was later made *praefectus Aegypti*. He is attested as such by a papyrus from Karanis (*Papyri Cairo Isiodrus* 69 = *Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten* 9186 Karanis). However, while the papyrus's date is clear (January), its year is not. It has been identified as either 307 or 310/11; most experts take the later date, though the *PLRE* takes the former. Eusebius, in the *Martyrs of Palestine*, gives a similarly ambiguous date: after describing the martyrdom of Apphianus (2 April 306), Eusebius moves to the martyrdom of Apphianus' brother Adesius, who, "a little later", assaulted the prefect Hierocles in Alexandria and was executed. Nor do the existing lists of Egyptian prefects allow further precision: the *fasti* have gaps between Clodius Culcianus on 29 May 306 (*Papyri Oxyrhynchus* 1104) and Valerius Victorinus in 308 (*Papyri Oxyrhynchus* 2674) as well as between Aelius Hyginus 22 June 309 (*Papyri Oxyrhynchus* 2667) and Aurelius Ammonius on 18 August 312 (*Chrestomathie* 2.64). Timothy Barnes argues that the balance of probabilities favors the 310/311 date, as it would be consistent with what is known of Maximinus' actions elsewhere in the same period. In Palestine, in 308, he replaced the governor there with another, firmer supporter of his program of persecution.

## Eusebius of Caesarea's *Against Hierocles*

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 263339) wrote a book titled *Against Hierocles* (*Contra Hieroclem*) at some time in the early 4th century. Its date is disputed. Adolf von Harnack, writing early in the 20th century, argued that it should be dated to before 303, since it does not contain any reference to the persecution that began in that year. As it would have strengthened his argument if it had, this makes a later date unlikely. Ernst Schwartz, however, writing at about the same time, believed that *Against Hierocles* contained a reference to the death of Galerius, which happened in April or May 311. Schwartz consequently dated the work to between that event and the death of Maximinus in summer 313. J. Stevenson, in his *Studies in Eusebius* (1929), argued for a date of 306/07, on the grounds that Eusebius appears to refer to Hierocles as prefect of Egypt. His dating proved less popular in the literature than the dates of Harnack and Schwartz. Most mid-20th century scholars followed Schwartz.

In 1976, Barnes, in a restatement and expansion of Harnack's arguments, contested Schwartz' dating. Barnes found the 31113 dating difficult to countenance given what else is known about Eusebius' literary history at this periodnamely, that he wrote his *Preparation for the Gospel* (in fifteen books) and his *Demonstration of the Gospel* (in twenty) in or soon after 313. Not only was this an expansive literary project, it was also, Barnes argued, a project far removed in tone and substance from *Against Hierocles*. Moreover, it seems to betray an advance in Eusebius' knowledge: whereas in *Hierocles* Eusebius states that Hierocles' comparison of Jesus to Apollonius of Tyana is his sole act of originality ("of all the writers, who have ever attacked us, \[he\] stands alone in selecting Apollonius, as he has recently done, for the purposes of comparison and contrast with our Saviour" p. 370.912), in the *Preparation*, Eusebius makes extensive reference to Porphyry of Tyre's *Against the Christians*, which used the same trope. Eusebius is also known to have written a work titled *Against Porphyry* in twenty-five books (it does not survive), which must fit somewhere into this timeline.

Barnes disputes the validity of Schwartz's claim that Eusebius refers to the death of Galerius. The passage cited (p. 372.1523 Kayser) could refer to Decius or Valerian. The latter is also a clear candidate for the event Eusebius describes as Christ's "easily overcoming those who on occasion attacked his divine teaching", and the "infidels who persecuted him bitterly" described in the passage: Valerian's persecution was cut short when he was captured and killed during a war with Persia in 260. His death inaugurated four decades of religious peace, during which no imperial official took action against Christians.

## Possible mention in Lactantius

The unnamed individual mentioned by Lactantius who accused Jesus of having gathered a band of brigands may have been Sossianus Hierocles. According to Lactantius the individual accused Jesus of having a band of 900 brigands, and for this reason was crucified.

* Macarius Magnes — his work *Apocriticus* is thought to have been written as a reply to Hierocles' *Lover of Truth*.

### Ancient sources

* Eusebius of Caesarea.

* *Contra Hieroclem*.

* Conybeare, F. C., trans. *Philostratus. The life of Apollonius of Tyana, the Epistles of Apollonius and the Treatise of Eusebius*. 2 vols. London: Heinemann, 1912. Online at the Internet Archive: vols. , . Accessed 2 February 2010. Eusebius' treatise at 2.482605.
* *De Martyribus Palestinae*.

* Lactantius.

* *Divinae Institutiones* (*Divine Institutes*).

* Brandt, Samuel and Georg Laubmann, eds. *L. Caeli Firmiani Lactanti Opera Omnia* vol. 1. *Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum* 19. Vienna: F. Tempsky, 1890. Online at the Internet Archive. Accessed 30 January 2010.
* Fletcher, William, trans. *The Divine Institutes*. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed 30 January 2010.
* *De Mortibus Persecutorum* (*On the Deaths of the Persecutors*).

* Brandt, Samuel and Georg Laubmann, eds. *L. Caeli Firmiani Lactanti Opera Omnia* vol. 2.2. *Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum* 27.2. Vienna: F. Tempsky, 1897. Online at the Internet Archive. Accessed 30 January 2010.
* Fletcher, William, trans. *The Divine Institutes*. From *Ante-Nicene Fathers*, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and CCEL. Accessed 30 January 2010.

### Modern sources

* Barnes, Timothy D. "Sossianus Hierocles and the Antecedents of the Great Persecution". *Harvard Studies in Classical Philology* 80 (1976): 239–52.
* Barnes, Timothy D. *Constantine and Eusebius*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
* Bowman, Alan K. "Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy, A.D. 284305". In *The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire*, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 6789. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
* Clarke, Graeme. "Third-Century Christianity." In *The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire*, edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 589671. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
* Frend, W. H. C. *Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church*. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1981 \[rept. of Basil Blackwell, 1965 ed.\].
* Jones, A. H. M., R. Morris, and R. Martindale. *The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire*. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971–92.
* Louth, Andrew. "Eusebius and the Birth of Church History". In *The Cambridge history of early Christian literature*, edited by Frances Margaret Young, Lewis Ayres, and Andrew Louth, 266–74. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
* Simmons, Michael Bland. "Graeco-Roman Philosophical Opposition". In *The Early Christian World*, edited by Philip Francis Esler, 2.840–868. New York: Routledge, 2000.


title: Chopper-stabilized amplifier

text:
# Chopper-stabilized amplifier

## Introduction

Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers are essential in scenarios demanding high DC voltage gain, where the voltage offset from standard amplifiers can cause significant disruptions. Additionally, the offset voltage of regular operational amplifiers is temperature-sensitive and can drift with changes in temperature. Previously, instruments designed without Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers required manual zero offset drift adjustments using a knob connected to a variable resistor, a method that was impractical and necessitated regular tuning. The development of zero offset compensation through Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers addressed this problem by incorporating an automatic feedback loop to adjust the circuit's zero offset. This innovation not only enhanced the zero offset correction but also improved the overall quality and temperature stability of the final circuit. While the original patent was for tube amplifiers, transistor-based Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers soon emerged and were eventually superseded by monolithic OPAMP circuits. These modern OPAMPs maintain microvolt levels of input offset voltage and exhibit high temperature stability.

## Where it Used

Chopper stabilized amplifiers are extensively used in precision electronic applications, such as DC amplifiers for voltmeters, digital multimeters (DMMs), and Null Detectors. They are also integral to precision analog sensor circuits for various measurements, including those involving strain gauges and other sensor types. The critical advantage of using chopper stabilized amplifiers in these contexts is their exceptional temperature stability and minimal zero offset, which are essential for ensuring accurate and reliable measurement outcomes in sensitive and precision-dependent environments.

## History

The patent (US2684999) for the Chopper Stabilized Amplifier, filed in 1949 by Edwin A. Goldberg and Jules Lehmann and granted in 1954, marks a pivotal advancement in the design and functionality of direct current amplifiers. This invention addresses the common challenge in DC amplifiers regarding the drift of zero output voltage, which typically required manual adjustment over time due to the changing characteristics of electronic tubes. Goldberg and Lehmann's design automates the stabilization of zero, drift, and gain in DC amplifiers through a novel use of a chopper mechanism—a contactor-type modulator that converts the error voltage into an alternating current, allowing it to be amplified and then rectified back to a direct current to stabilize the amplifier's zero output effectively.

This innovation not only enhanced the reliability and maintenance of DC amplifiers but also expanded their utility in various electronic applications by improving accuracy and reducing the need for frequent recalibrations. The introduction of this technology allowed DC amplifiers to maintain a stable zero output voltage automatically, which was particularly beneficial in precision electronic measurements and systems requiring sustained accuracy over time. The Chopper Stabilized Amplifier hence represents a significant evolution in amplifier technology, enabling more complex and reliable electronic systems.

## Principle of Operation

A chopper stabilized amplifier employs a chopping generator that controls switches to compensate for the input offset voltage of the amplifier, correcting both the initial offset and any temperature-induced drift. The frequency of the chopping generator typically ranges from tens of hertz to tens of kilohertz. Initially, reed relays were used as the switching mechanism. During the transistor era, pairs of neon light coupled to photoresistors were popular. In contemporary integrated chopper amplifier ICs, MOSFET switches are utilized, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of these systems. Current implementations of chopper stabilized operational amplifiers are often designed as "black boxes," containing all the necessary circuitry to ensure outstanding zero offset and zero drift characteristics. These integrated circuits are highly optimized to provide excellent stability and accuracy, making them ideal for precision applications where minimal voltage offset and drift are crucial.

1. "Chopper Stabilized (Auto-Zero) Precision Op Amps (MT-055)" (PDF).
2. "Auto-zero amplifiers ease the design of high-precision circuits" (PDF).
3. "US Patent 2684999A for initial Chopper stabilized Amplifier".


title: Sospan Dau

abstract: The TSHD Sospan Dau is a Dutch trailing suction hopper dredger owned by Sosban BV. The vessel has worked on dredging projects, including offshore aggregates, port maintenance, land reclamation, coastal defense and beach replenishment. The name Sospan Dau is Welsh and originates from Sosban Fach and Llanelli's tin plating industry, Sospan being the Welsh for Saucepan and Dau being Welsh for Two as the ship is a successor to the original Sospan.

text:
# Sospan Dau

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Sospan Dau* ("Saucepan Two") |
| Namesake | Sosban Fach ("Little Saucepan") |
| Owner | Sosban BV |
| Operator | Boskalis Westminster |
| Port of registry | Papendrecht,  Netherlands |
| Builder | Atelières et Chantiers de la Manche, France |
| Laid down | 1978 |
| In service | * Converted to TSHD in 2001 * Rebuilt in 2012 |
| Identification |  |
| Status | In service |
| General characteristics | |
| Tonnage | 1,850 GT |
| Length | 72.80 m (239 ft) |
| Beam | 14.30 m (47 ft) |
| Draught | * 2.80 m (9 ft) (summer) * 3.30 m (11 ft) (dredging) |
| Depth | 3.80 m (12 ft) |
| Decks | 4 |
| Installed power | 3,200 kW (4,300 hp) |
| Propulsion | Caterpillar Main Engines x 2 |
| Speed | 8.5 kn @ 750 rev/min |
| Capacity | 1500 m3 |
| Crew | 8 |

The TSHD **Sospan Dau** is a Dutch trailing suction hopper dredger owned by Sosban BV. The vessel has worked on dredging projects, including offshore aggregates, port maintenance, land reclamation, coastal defense and beach replenishment. The name *Sospan Dau* is Welsh and originates from Sosban Fach and Llanelli's tin plating industry, Sospan being the Welsh for Saucepan and *Dau* being Welsh for Two as the ship is a successor to the original Sospan.

## Equipment

The ship has a traditional twin propeller stern and bow thruster for manoeuvering and like most trailing dredgers, includes bottom doors for dumping, a dredge engine, a jet water engine, a degassing installation, a suction pipe and associated pipelines and valves. Unique to most dredgers however, is a very large bulbous bow and spud pole for more efficient use of the dredge pump and heading/position keeping during beaching.

## Projects

In 2014 & 2015 the *Sospan Dau* created the Cowes Harbour breakwater.


title: Chris Lacy

abstract: Chris Lacy is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Oklahoma State, and was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent after the 2018 NFL draft.

text:
# Chris Lacy

**Chris Lacy** (born January 28, 1996) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Oklahoma State, and was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent after the 2018 NFL draft.

## College career

Lacy played football at Oklahoma State. He hauled in 63 passes for 920 yards and five touchdowns. Lacy received his degree in Industrial Engineering and Management.

## Professional career

### New England Patriots

Lacy signed with the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2018. He was waived by the Patriots on May 18, 2018.

### Detroit Lions

On May 21, 2018, Lacy was claimed off waivers by the Detroit Lions. He was waived on September 1, 2018 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 22, 2018.

On September 21, 2019, Lacy was waived by the Lions and re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on November 27, 2019.

On August 9, 2020, Lacy was waived by the Lions, but re-signed with the team on August 20. He was waived on September 5, 2020.

### Dallas Cowboys

On November 3, 2020, Lacy was signed to the Dallas Cowboys practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Cowboys on January 4, 2021. He was waived by the Cowboys on March 19, 2021.

### Chicago Bears

On May 16, 2021, Lacy signed with the Chicago Bears. He was waived on August 31, 2021.

### Las Vegas Raiders

On August 10, 2022, Lacy signed with the Las Vegas Raiders. He was waived on August 23, 2022, and re-signed to the practice squad on September 15. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 9, 2023.

On August 27, 2023, Lacy was waived/injured by the Raiders and placed on injured reserve. He was released on September 4.

### Birmingham Stallions

On February 5, 2024, Lacy signed with the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). He was released on March 10, 2024.

## InfoBox

Chris Lacy
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1996-01-28) January 28, 1996<br>Desoto, Texas, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) |
| Weight: | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | DeSoto |
| College: | Oklahoma State |
| Position: | Wide receiver |
| Undrafted: | 2018 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Receptions: 3  Receiving yards: 60 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Chris Ladhams

abstract: Chris Ladhams is an Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League (AFL). Essendon initially recruited Ladhams, in the 1998 AFL draft, but in three seasons on their list wasn't able to break into the seniors. He was let go by the club and picked up by Adelaide with the fifth pick of the 2000 Pre-Season Draft. Ladhams, a left footer, played as a utility and appeared in the opening 12 rounds of the 2001 AFL season. He performed well in 2002 and was in good form leading into the finals, averaging 23 disposals from round 15. In the 2003 pre-season, Ladhams was a match-winner when he kicked a checkside goal from the left forward pocket to defeat rivals Port Adelaide in the dying seconds of their Wizard Cup encounter. They went on to beat Collingwood in the grand final. He spent much of the 2003 AFL season up forward and kicked 20 goals for the year but wasn't able to hold his spot in the team for the finals series. Ladhams added just six further games in 2004 but put in some good performances in the SANFL for North Adelaide, his original club, to win their "Best and Fairest". After being de-listed he continued playing for North Adelaide, from 2005 to 2008. He played for Nhill in 2009 and 2010, and spent the summer months in the Northern Territory where he made appearances for Nightcliff. Since then he has played in many country teams and now returns home to Gaza in 2020.

text:
# Chris Ladhams

**Chris Ladhams** (born 24 October 1980) is an Australian rules footballer who played with Adelaide in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Essendon initially recruited Ladhams, in the 1998 AFL draft, but in three seasons on their list wasn't able to break into the seniors. He was let go by the club and picked up by Adelaide with the fifth pick of the 2000 Pre-Season Draft.

Ladhams, a left footer, played as a utility and appeared in the opening 12 rounds of the 2001 AFL season. He performed well in 2002 and was in good form leading into the finals, averaging 23 disposals from round 15.

In the 2003 pre-season, Ladhams was a match-winner when he kicked a checkside goal from the left forward pocket to defeat rivals Port Adelaide in the dying seconds of their Wizard Cup encounter. They went on to beat Collingwood in the grand final.

He spent much of the 2003 AFL season up forward and kicked 20 goals for the year but wasn't able to hold his spot in the team for the finals series.

Ladhams added just six further games in 2004 but put in some good performances in the SANFL for North Adelaide, his original club, to win their "Best and Fairest". After being de-listed he continued playing for North Adelaide, from 2005 to 2008.

He played for Nhill in 2009 and 2010, and spent the summer months in the Northern Territory where he made appearances for Nightcliff. Since then he has played in many country teams and now returns home to Gaza in 2020.

## InfoBox

| Chris Ladhams | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Chris Ladhams | | |
| Date of birth | (1980-10-24) 24 October 1980 | | |
| Original team(s) | North Adelaide | | |
| Draft | 23rd, 1998 AFL draft | | |
| Height | 179 cm (5 ft 10 in) | | |
| Weight | 78 kg (172 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1998–2000 | Essendon | 00 0(0) |
| 2001–2004 | Adelaide | 54 (37) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2004. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Chris Laird

abstract: Charles Norman Laird was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Laird spent five seasons with South Melbourne and is best known for his performance in the 1918 VFL Grand Final. Playing in the forward pocket, Laird kicked three goals in the match including the match winner in the final minute when he soccered the ball through for a goal. Earlier in the season, Laird kicked three goals in the last five minutes of the match to help South Melbourne defeat Carlton Football Club. His twin brother Frank Laird also played for South Melbourne.

text:
# Chris Laird

**Charles Norman Laird** (20 May 1893 – 14 December 1968) was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Laird spent five seasons with South Melbourne and is best known for his performance in the 1918 VFL Grand Final. Playing in the forward pocket, Laird kicked three goals in the match including the match winner in the final minute when he soccered the ball through for a goal. Earlier in the season, Laird kicked three goals in the last five minutes of the match to help South Melbourne defeat Carlton Football Club.

His twin brother Frank Laird also played for South Melbourne.

## Sources

* Atkinson, G. (1982) *Everything you ever wanted to know about Australian rules football but couldn't be bothered asking*, The Five Mile Press: Melbourne. ISBN 0 86788 009 0.

## InfoBox

| Chris Laird | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Charles Norman Laird | | |
| Date of birth | (1893-05-20)20 May 1893 | | |
| Place of birth | Ballarat, Victoria | | |
| Date of death | 14 December 1968(1968-12-14) (aged 75) | | |
| Place of death | South Melbourne, Victoria | | |
| Original team(s) | Paddington | | |
| Height | 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Weight | 73 kg (161 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1918–1922 | South Melbourne | 59 (99) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1922. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Sonklarspitze

abstract: The Sonklarspitze, also Sonklarspitz, is a mountain in the Stubai Alps on the border between Tyrol, Austria, and South Tyrol, Italy.

text:
# Sonklarspitze

The **Sonklarspitze**, also **Sonklarspitz**, is a mountain in the Stubai Alps on the border between Tyrol, Austria, and South Tyrol, Italy.

* DAV Sektion Siegerland: "Söldens Stille Seite", 1st ed. 2008, Hiking guide about the Windachtal and the surrounding huts, Verlag Vorländer Siegen, ISBN 978-3-923483-90-7
* Walter Klier: *Alpenvereinsführer Stubaier Alpen*, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-7633-1271-4
* Alpine Club Map 1:25.000, Sheet 31/1, *Stubaier Alpen, Hochstubai*

Media related to Sonklarspitze at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Sonklarspitze | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,444 m (11,299 ft) |
| Prominence | 146 |
| Parent peak | Zuckerhütl |
| Coordinates | 46°57′22″N 11°09′52″E / 46.95611°N 11.16444°E / 46.95611; 11.16444 |
| Geography | |
|  | |
| Location | Tyrol, Austria / South Tyrol, Italy |
| Parent range | Stubai Alps |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 5 August 1869 by Richard Gutberlet, Alois Tanzer and S. Holzmann |


title: David May (merchant)

abstract: David May (1848–1927) was an American businessman and founder of the May Company department store.

text:
# David May (merchant)

**David May** (18481927) was an American businessman and founder of the May Company department store.

## Early life and education

David May was born to a Jewish family in Kaiserslautern, then located in the Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany. In 1854, he immigrated with his family to the United States and settled in Cincinnati. As a young man he worked at a clothing factory, while attending night school at Cincinnati's Nelson Business College.

After moving for health reasons to Leadville, Colorado, then undergoing a boom due to silver mining, he partnered with future brother-in-law Moses Shoenberg and opened a dry goods store in 1877. In 1887, he purchased another store in Denver, Colorado partnering with brothers-in-law Joseph and Louis Shoenberg (the Shoenbergs would later change their name to Beaumont). In 1888, he sold the Leadville store to Meyers Harris. In 1892, he expanded out of Colorado and purchased "The Famous Clothing Store" in St. Louis, Missouri and in 1898, he purchased another store in Cleveland, Ohio which he renamed the "May Company." In 1905, he moved the business headquarters to St. Louis. In 1910, the business was incorporated as "The May Department Stores Company" and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1911. Also in 1911, he bought the William Bar Dry Goods Company in St. Louis and merged it with The Famous Clothing Store renaming the new entity, Famous-Barr. He continued to expand, purchasing the M. O’Neil Department Store in Akron, Ohio in 1912 and A. Hamburger & Sons in Los Angeles in 1923.

## Legacy

May Company went on to become one of the largest department store chains in the United States through organic growth and acquisitions. Some of the chains acquired included: Bernheim-Leader in Baltimore, Maryland; Kaufmann's in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The Daniels & Fisher Stores Company in Denver, Colorado; Hecht's in Baltimore, Maryland; G. Fox & Co. in Hartford, Connecticut; and Meier & Frank in Portland, Oregon.

## Personal life

In 1880, May married Rosa Shoenberg (b. 1860), his partner’s sister, in Leadville, Colorado. They had four children: Morton J. May (b. 1881), Tom May (b. 1883), Wilbur D. May (1898-1982), and Florene May (1903-1995). His daughter Florene married American architect Samuel Abraham Marx. His grandson Morton D. May succeeded his father in running the business, serving as CEO from 1957 and chairman of the board from 1967-1972. Tennis player Taylor Fritz is a descendant of May through Fritz's mother, Kathy May.

In 1877, he helped to found the Hebrew Benevolent Association in Leadville. "By 1884, he had become deeply involved in community affairs. Early in the year he was elected vice president of Temple Israel and appointed chairman of the building committee. The building was ready for services by September on land donated by May's very agreeable landlord, Horace Tabor. May was also "to have charge of burial grounds", an obligation passed down from the Hebrew Benevolent Association as it evolved into the Congregation Israel." In Denver, he was a member of Temple Emanuel.

In July, 1927, he was buried in St. Louis in a ceremony led by Rabbi Emeritus Samuel Sale.

## InfoBox

| David May | |
| --- | --- |
| May, circa 1925. | |
| Born | 1848
Kaiserslautern, Germany |
| Died | 1927 (age 79)
Charlevoix, Michigan |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Known for | founder of May Company |
| Spouse | Rosa Shoenberg |
| Children | 4 |
| Family | Morton D. May (grandson)
Kathy May (great-granddaughter) |


title: Sablauskiai

abstract: Sablauskiai is a village in the centre of the Akmenė district municipality, in Šiauliai County, in northwest Lithuania. The Sablauskių Pagrindinė Mokykla can be found here. The village is 16 km (9.9 mi) northeast of Venta and is near the river of Šventupys. The 1013 Alkiškiai–Sablauskiai–Barsiukai road goes through Sablauskiai. According to the 2011 census, Sablauskiai has a population of 422 people. The village is famous for limestone sources and the reservoir named after the village.

text:
# Sablauskiai

**Sablauskiai** is a village in the centre of the Akmenė district municipality, in Šiauliai County, in northwest Lithuania. The Sablauskių Pagrindinė Mokykla can be found here. The village is 16 km (9.9 mi) northeast of Venta and is near the river of Šventupys. The 1013 Alkiškiai–Sablauskiai–Barsiukai road goes through Sablauskiai. According to the 2011 census, Sablauskiai has a population of 422 people. The village is famous for limestone sources and the reservoir named after the village (Sablauskių Reservoir).

## InfoBox

| Sablauskiai | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Sablauskiai | |
| Coordinates: 56°14′50″N 22°52′10″E / 56.24722°N 22.86944°E / 56.24722; 22.86944 | |
| Country | Lithuania |
| County | Šiauliai County |
| Municipality | Akmenė district municipality |
| Eldership | Naujoji Akmenė |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 422 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Pizol

abstract: The Pizol is a mountain in the Glarus Alps of northeastern Switzerland, overlooking Wangs in the canton of St. Gallen. At 2,844 metres above sea level, it is the highest summit of the chain separating the valleys of the Seez and the Tamina rivers, and the highest mountain lying entirely within the canton of St. Gallen. There are five mountain lakes (Pizolseen) on Pizol: Wangsersee at Pizolhütte, Wildsee, Schottensee, Schwarzsee and Baschalvasee. A small cirque glacier, the Pizolgletscher, had been located above 2,600 metres on the northern side of the mountain. Pizol Hut lies at 2,227 metres (7,306 ft). On 22 September 2019, a 'funeral' and mourning ceremony was held for the Pizol glacier which had disappeared due to rising temperatures. A similar ceremony had been held in August when the Okjökull glacier in Iceland disappeared.

text:
# Pizol

The **Pizol** is a mountain in the Glarus Alps of northeastern Switzerland, overlooking Wangs in the canton of St. Gallen. At 2,844 metres above sea level, it is the highest summit of the chain separating the valleys of the Seez and the Tamina rivers, and the highest mountain lying entirely within the canton of St. Gallen.

There are five mountain lakes (Pizolseen) on Pizol: Wangsersee at Pizolhütte, Wildsee, Schottensee, Schwarzsee (2368 m) and Baschalvasee (2174 m). A small cirque glacier, the Pizolgletscher, had been located above 2,600 metres on the northern side of the mountain.

Pizol Hut lies at 2,227 metres (7,306 ft).

On 22 September 2019, a 'funeral' and mourning ceremony was held for the Pizol glacier which had disappeared due to rising temperatures. A similar ceremony had been held in August when the Okjökull glacier in Iceland disappeared.

Media related to Pizol at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Pizol | |
| --- | --- |
| The Pizol (left) from the Pizolhütte | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,844 m (9,331 ft) |
| Prominence | 457 m (1,499 ft) |
| Parent peak | Tödi |
| Coordinates | 46°57′33″N 9°23′12″E / 46.95917°N 9.38667°E / 46.95917; 9.38667 |
| Geography | |
| PizolLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | St. Gallen, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Glarus Alps |


title: Roszki-Chrzczony

abstract: Roszki-Chrzczony is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokoły, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

text:
# Roszki-Chrzczony

**Roszki-Chrzczony** \[ˈrɔʂki ˈxʂt͡ʂɔnɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sokoły, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.

## InfoBox

| Roszki-Chrzczony | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| View of Roszki-Chrzczony | |
| Roszki-Chrzczony | |
| Coordinates: 53°00′08″N 22°45′15″E / 53.00222°N 22.75417°E / 53.00222; 22.75417 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Wysokie Mazowieckie |
| Gmina | Sokoły |


title: FC Alemannia 1897 Karlsruhe

abstract: Alemannia Karlsruhe was a German association football club from the city of Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg. The club was formed as Karlsruher Fußball-Club Alemannia 1897 Karlsruhe in 1897 and played four seasons in the regional top-flight Südkreisliga as a lower table side from 1908 to 1912. In July 1912 Alemannia merged with Phönix Karlsruhe to form Karlsruher Phönix-Alemannia. During World War II the club played as part of the combined wartime side Kriegspielgemeinschaft Phönix/Germania Karlsruhe alongside Germania Durlach in 1943–45. Following the war these clubs went their separate ways with Alemannia going on to merge with VfB Mühlburg on 16 October 1952 to create Karlsruher Sport-Club.

text:
# FC Alemannia 1897 Karlsruhe

**Alemannia Karlsruhe** was a German association football club from the city of Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg. The club was formed as *Karlsruher Fußball-Club Alemannia 1897 Karlsruhe* in 1897 and played four seasons in the regional top-flight Südkreisliga as a lower table side from 1908 to 1912.

In July 1912 *Alemannia* merged with *Phönix Karlsruhe* to form *Karlsruher Phönix-Alemannia*. During World War II the club played as part of the combined wartime side *Kriegspielgemeinschaft Phönix/Germania Karlsruhe* alongside *Germania Durlach* in 1943–45.

Following the war these clubs went their separate ways with *Alemannia* going on to merge with *VfB Mühlburg* on 16 October 1952 to create *Karlsruher Sport-Club*.

## InfoBox

Alemannia Karlsruhe
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Fußball-Club Alemannia 1897 Karlsruhe |
| Founded | 1897 |
| Dissolved | 1912 |


title: Electoral district of Deer Park

abstract: Electoral district of Deer Park was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.

text:
# Electoral district of Deer Park

**Electoral district of Deer Park** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.

## Members

| Member | | Party | Term |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Jack Ginifer | Labor | 1967–1976 |

## Election results

37°46′S 144°46′E / 37.767°S 144.767°E / -37.767; 144.767

## InfoBox

| Deer Park<br>VictoriaLegislative Assembly | |
| --- | --- |
| State | Victoria |
| Created | 1967 |
| Abolished | 1976 |
| Namesake | Deer Park, Victoria |
| Demographic | Outer metropolitan |


title: Omni Aviation

abstract: Omni – Aviação e Tecnologia, trading as Omni Aviation, is an airline company headquartered in Porto Salvo, Oeiras, Lisbon Region, Portugal.

text:
# Omni Aviation

**Omni – Aviação e Tecnologia**, trading as **Omni Aviation**, is an airline company headquartered in Porto Salvo, Oeiras, Lisbon Region, Portugal.

## Overview

Omni was incorporated in Portugal in 1988 and has developed from a single-contract, single-client seasonal provider to a group of 11 companies, involving a staff complement of 400 personnel and an annual turnover of 90 million euros.

Business:

* fixed-wing and helicopter services
* scheduled and non-scheduled air line operations
* maintenance and engineering
* training
* consulting and sales

The fleet is maintained by Aeromec, a wholly owned subsidiary which is licensed by the local authority INAC according to JAR - OPS 145, whose technical capability and knowhow is further enhanced by several manufacturer and vendor certifications as well as repair station status.

TAP Air Portugal has reached an agreement to sell its charter operation White Airways to Portuguese multi-sector aviation company Omni. Details of the agreement have yet to become clear but a spokesman for Omni, located in São Domingos de Rana, confirms that it has reached a deal with TAP over the sale.

In 2010 Omni established with a Brazilian investor the Brazilian charter airline Whitejets, which will operate, as of June 2010 flights from Brazil to the Caribbean.

## Fleet

The Omni Aviation fleet comprises the following aircraft with fixed wing and rotary wing:

Omni Aviation Fleet
| Aircraft | In<br>Service |
| --- | --- |
| Airbus A320 | 1 |
| ATR 72 | 8 |
| Boeing 777 | 1 |
| Boeing 737 | 1 |
| Falcon 900 | 1 |
| Learjet 40 | 1 |
| Learjet 45 | 1 |
| Leonardo AW 139 | 17 |
| Leonardo AW 189 | 1 |
| Airbus Helicopters EC155 | 4 |
| Sikorsky SK76 | 10 |
| Sikorsky SK92 | 9 |

## InfoBox

Omni - Aviação e Tecnologia
| IATA ICAO Call sign  OC OAV OMNI | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Fleet size | 55 |
| Headquarters | Oeiras, Portugal |
| Website | www.omni.pt |


title: Egg on Mao

abstract: Egg on Mao: The Story of an Ordinary Man Who Defaced an Icon and Unmasked a Dictatorship is the third book by Chinese Canadian author Denise Chong. Her first publication in over a decade, it was released by Random House Canada on September 29, 2009. As the title reflects, Egg on Mao will pick up on both the genre and the fascinations of both of Chong's earlier books: The Concubine's Children (1994) and The Girl in the Picture: The Kim Phuc Story (1999). The theme of exploring the ordinary in extraordinary circumstances is common to all three of these works. Chong describes her attraction to this theme thus: “Freed from a fear of limitation, the writer also frees the reader, so that what is ordinary is turned, by an act of imagination, into the extraordinary.” Egg on Mao tells the story of Lu Decheng, a bus mechanic, who challenged China's autocratic system by defacing a portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong during the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square.

text:
# Egg on Mao

**Egg on Mao: The Story of an Ordinary Man Who Defaced an Icon and Unmasked a Dictatorship** is the third book by Chinese Canadian author Denise Chong. Her first publication in over a decade, it was released by Random House Canada on September 29, 2009.

As the title reflects, *Egg on Mao* will pick up on both the genre (historical non-fiction) and the fascinations of both of Chong's earlier books: *The Concubine's Children* (1994) and *The Girl in the Picture: The Kim Phuc Story* (1999). The theme of exploring the ordinary in extraordinary circumstances is common to all three of these works. Chong describes her attraction to this theme thus: “Freed from a fear of limitation, the writer also frees the reader, so that what is ordinary is turned, by an act of imagination, into the extraordinary.”

*Egg on Mao* tells the story of Lu Decheng, a bus mechanic, who challenged China's autocratic system by defacing a portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong during the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square.

## Synopsis

The story opens with three men – Lu Decheng, Yu Dongyue, and Yu Zhijian – who have just defaced Mao Zedong's portrait in Tiananmen Square in 1989. Decheng, Dongyue, and Zhijian are three friends from Southern China who have traveled to Beijing to express their sentiment and bitterness towards the Chinese Communist Party. The leading character, Decheng, is the activist on which this book is inspired upon. As the story unfolds, discontent and frustration are shown through Decheng's life and the people surrounding him – from the education reforms of the Cultural Revolution to the Protest of 1989. Decheng's friend, Zhijan, a fellow activist who took part in defacing the portrait, express the reasons why the three vandalized the portrait: “to motivate the student leadership to question the legitimacy of the Communist regime itself, and therefore its very authority to impose a state of martial law.” Throughout the book, Chong reveals events in Decheng's life that lead up his decision – from his refusal to cry on cue with his classmates after Mao's death to hearing about the brutality of the Chinese Communist Party from his grandmother. After the activists’ act of vandalism, the three are sentenced to prison. During his imprisonment, Decheng's wife divorces him. Years later, upon his return to Liuyang, Hunan, he remarries. The story has alternating chapters, shifting through periods of Decheng's life, from his time in prison to memories earlier in his adolescent years. The book ends with the moments leading up to the defacing of Mao's portrait.

## Intentions

Upon Lu Decheng's release after serving nine years in prison, Chong was contacted by an editor at Random House Canada, who wanted her to commission a book on human rights in China. Seeing how changes in China have taken place so rapidly since 1989, Chong wanted to write about the issues of democracy and human rights, topics that are less prevalent today among China's international trading partners. Speaking in an interview, she said: “In the unseemly rush of the West to do business there, \[has\] human rights lost its profile? There never is a more urgent narrative than human rights and democracy in China.” Chong saw the need to portray another aspect of Chinese society. “I saw a personal story about human rights, set in a state that bans dissent and protest, as a chance to understand the morality that is at the core of being human.” For Chong, *Egg on Mao* was written with the intention of helping Westerners to better understand the issue of democracy and human rights in China.

## Research

Chong left for China in May 2007, to gather more information. Interviews with several residents of Liuyang and various people, including Yu Dongyue, were the bulk of her research. Other works from scholars, writers, journalists, filmmakers, photographers, and artists complemented her research. The difficulty of getting interviewers due to their fear of state persecution and interpreters to translate the conversations made secrecy a top priority. To ensure the safety of those who are connected to Dongyue's story, Chong refuses to comment on the conversations and persons involved. She recognizes the imprecision and omissions of translation and takes full responsibility for any shortcomings. Chong recalls her experience of obtaining information while researching:

“Just the very fact that I had to be so cautious and clandestine about it speaks volumes to the worry about the state… you still cannot show any dissidence. Certainly much has changed, certainly you can talk much more openly in private. But don’t you dare oppose the regime in public!”

## Reception

The cover of this book features a paint-splattered picture of Mao Zedong's face with the caption: “the story of an ordinary man who defaced an icon and unmasked a dictatorship.” This has led some to believe *Egg on Mao* is an anti-China book. As Chong states, “What I heard most often was, ‘Is this a China-bashing book?.’” According to Chong, fear of offending Beijing – in the West – has led to some uncomfortable reactions. A pre-organized interview with a Chinese-language television station was cancelled; and a Canadian nonprofit economic development group which had sponsored a fund-raiser featuring Chong downplayed its association to her. A telephone interview with a library employee from the United States Library of Congress reveals this trepidation was shared in America. Allegedly, the unnamed employee acknowledged the Library of Congress's refusal to hold an event with Chong because of the sensitivity of her book; another factor in the decision was the Library of Congress's new relationship with the National Library of China. In Donna Bailey Nurse's review of *Egg on Mao*, she criticizes the book's descriptive language of Chinese aphorisms as awkward and flat, especially during dialogue between characters. Nurse calls Chong's commitment to the various genres: biography, bildungsroman, political history, and roman as flaws in her book. However, she praises Chong's intent and sincerity of writing Decheng's story, stating that it does much to minimize the flaws. In response to Nurse's critique, Jim Munson, a Senator of Ottawa and a retired journalist, said:

“I feel Ms. Chong captured the human story of a repressive China then and now. She took great risks in returning to China to capture the real story behind the story, the one about truth and decency. The saga of Mr. Lu, an ordinary bus mechanic transformed into a prisoner of conscience, is a powerful human-rights story. It's important we listen.”

Jim Munson spent five years in China as a reporter and witnessed the defacing of Mao Zedong's portrait by Decheng and his peers. In The China Beat's review of *Egg on Mao*, the various genres of this book are cited as having benefits and drawbacks. The personal approach of Decheng's determination to express opinions at variance with the state provides an in-depth perspective of life in China at that time, but since *Egg on Mao* is written through the eyes of one ordinary man, the room for bias and variance of perspectives are plentiful.

The book has been criticized for its lack of commitment to a specific genre.

## InfoBox

Egg on Mao: The Story of an Ordinary Man Who Defaced an Icon and Unmasked a Dictatorship
| Author | Denise Chong |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Non-fiction; history |
| Publisher | Random House Canada |
| Publication date | September 29, 2009 |
| Publication place | Canada |
| ISBN | 978-1582435473 |


title: Pseudopeziza medicaginis

abstract: Pseudopeziza medicaginis is a fungal pathogen of alfalfa.

text:
# Pseudopeziza medicaginis

***Pseudopeziza medicaginis*** is a fungal pathogen of alfalfa.

## Host and Symptoms

Common leaf spot on alfalfa is a foliar disease caused by the pathogen Pseudopeziza medicaginis. P. medicaginis is an ascomycete and can also cause leaf spot in crops like red clover. Although not much research has been done on this specific disease, it has been reported as the most common alfalfa disease and it causes the greatest yield loss in alfalfa crops for over 100 years. It has been shown in multiple studies that it can cause up to 40% loss in yield but average losses are closer to 18% . The first symptoms of leaf spot are small circular lesions that form on the lowest leaves on the plant. These lesions are usually less than 2mm in diameter and are brown or black in color with smooth margins. The younger leaves show symptoms first, but the disease works its way up the plant. Eventually, the leaves will become so diseased that they will turn yellow and fall off. Pseudopeziza medicaginis will not kill the plant but there will be a reduction in quality and yield. Leaf spots start to appear 5 – 13 days after inoculation and apothecia are formed 14 days inoculation. In the center of the lesion, a dark colored raised disk can be observed and is known as the apothecium. This feature is a diagnostic sign of the disease. These ascocarps contain the asci which eventually release ascospores to infect more tissues. If the disease progresses enough, elliptical lesions can be observed on the succulent stems. These lesions are not commonly found and do not produce fruiting bodies.

## Environment

Common leaf spot can be found in any alfalfa field across the United States. While the southwestern states, including Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado are only at moderate risk for this disease, the rest of the U.S. is considered to be under a severe risk. Common leaf spot can be found anywhere that alfalfa is grown, but prefers cool, moist conditions and acidic soils. The ideal temperature for the pathogen is 60-75 degrees Fahrenheit. The first and second harvests of alfalfa are most threatened. Second harvest tends to be the most affected by the disease because the environmental conditions are just right and the disease has had time to develop. During a rainy season, the dense canopy of alfalfa traps the humidity and makes the perfect environment for the pathogen, giving rise to common leaf spot.

## Management

There has been a significant amount of work done over the years to produce a strain of alfalfa that is resistant to P. medicaginis. However, currently there is no variety that is completely resistant. Planting less susceptible varieties of alfalfa is the best way to combat the issue of common leaf spot. It is important to scout fields early and look for symptoms on the younger leaves of plants. Fungicides can be applied, but are not always successful or cost effective. The severity of the disease is very dependent on the weather and the environment. During cold and wet seasons the fields should be scouted frequently and more carefully. If leaf spot is discovered early in the season, it is possible the symptoms will decrease as the weather warms up. The best thing to do is to harvest early because delayed harvest can make the situation worse. Harvesting early will prevent further defoliation of the current crop, which will preserve some of the quality and yield. Pseudopeziza medicaginis overwinters in infected plant debris so harvesting early can also reduce the amount of inoculum available for further infections in that growing season and the next year. Harvesting early also allows the field to dry out, and reduces humidity in the phyllosphere making conditions less ideal for the pathogen. Another way to reduce the effects of common leaf spot is proper nutrient management. Applications of potassium fertilizer can minimize yield loss, severity, and leaf drop.

* Alfalfa leaf spot (Pseudopeziza medicaginis ). (2010, October 26). Retrieved from https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1436036.
* https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/newsletters/pestandcrop/article/foliar-diseases-of-alfalfa/
* http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/pdfs/IPMManual\_2\_Alfalfa.pdf
* https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=24022
* https://www.agronomy.org/files/publications/alfalfa-management-guide.pdf
* *https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=L\_niDCIHF9YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Pseudopeziza+medicaginis+life+cycle&ots=Y04tdywIlo&sig=EgERIGkIYVLQzrD3uCaPHcBAOwQ#v=onepage&q=Pseudopeziza%20medicaginis%20life%20cycle&f=false
* Grewal, H. S., & Williams, R. (2002). Influence of potassium fertilization on leaf to stem ratio, nodulation, herbage yield, leaf drop, and common leaf spot disease of alfalfa.
* Nutter Jr, F. W., Guan, J., Gotlieb, A. R., Rhodes, L. H., Grau, C. R., & Sulc, R. M. (2002). Quantifying alfalfa yield losses caused by foliar diseases in Iowa, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Vermont. Plant disease, 86(3), 269-277.
* Samac, D. A., Rhodes, L. H., & Lamp, W. O. (2015). Compendium of Alfalfa diseases and pests. St. Paul, MN: APS Press.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudopeziza medicaginis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Helotiales |
| Family: | Dermateaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudopeziza* |
| Species: | ***P. medicaginis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudopeziza medicaginis***
(Lib.) Sacc., (1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Phacidium medicaginis* Lib., (1832)
*Phyllachora medicaginis* Sacc., (1873) | |


title: Przygórze

abstract: Przygórze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Ruda, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Nowa Ruda, 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Kłodzko, and 66 kilometres (41 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Przygórze

**Przygórze** \[pʂɨˈɡuʐɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Ruda, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Nowa Ruda, 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Kłodzko, and 66 kilometres (41 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Przygórze | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przygórze | |
| Przygórze | |
| Coordinates: 50°37′N 16°34′E / 50.617°N 16.567°E / 50.617; 16.567 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Kłodzko |
| Gmina | Nowa Ruda |
| Elevation | 480 m (1,570 ft) |
| Population | |
| Total | 860 |


title: Przedmoście, Środa Śląska County

abstract: Przedmoście is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Śląska, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Środa Śląska and 27 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Przedmoście, Środa Śląska County

**Przedmoście** \[pʂɛdˈmɔɕt͡ɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Śląska, within Środa Śląska County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Środa Śląska and 27 km (17 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Przedmoście | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Przedmoście | |
| Coordinates: 51°11′24″N 16°40′3″E / 51.19000°N 16.66750°E / 51.19000; 16.66750 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Środa Śląska |
| Gmina | Środa Śląska |
| Population(approx.) | 330 |


title: Egotistical sublime

abstract: The 'egotistical sublime' is a phrase coined by John Keats to describe the poetry of William Wordsworth in an 1818 letter to Richard Woodhouse. The phrase expresses the underlying self-centered nature of Wordsworth's poetry, particularly his use of the narrative voice to convey his own conception of a singular truth. The egotistical sublime contrasts with Keat's perception of 'negative capability' which he believed to be the ideal and exemplified by the sonnets of William Shakespeare.

text:
# Egotistical sublime

The '**egotistical sublime'** is a phrase coined by John Keats to describe the poetry of William Wordsworth in an 1818 letter to Richard Woodhouse. The phrase expresses the underlying self-centered nature of Wordsworth's poetry, particularly his use of the narrative voice to convey his own conception of a singular truth. The egotistical sublime contrasts with Keat's perception of 'negative capability' which he believed to be the ideal and exemplified by the sonnets of William Shakespeare.

## Other uses

English literary scholar, John Jones, titled his 1954 work on William Wordsworth *The Egotistical Sublime: A History of Wordsworth's Imagination.*


title: El Potro Álvarez

abstract: Antonio Enrique Álvarez Cisneros is a Venezuelan political operative of the government of Nicolas Maduro and a former professional baseball player. Born in Caracas, he played professionally under the name Tony Álvarez. Furthermore, he is commonly known as El Potro Álvarez, a moniker that he has been using since starting his baseball career at a young age.

text:
# El Potro Álvarez

**Antonio Enrique Álvarez Cisneros** (Spanish pronunciation: \[ˈalβaɾes\]; born 9 May 1979) is a Venezuelan political operative of the government of Nicolas Maduro and a former professional baseball player.

Born in Caracas, he played professionally under the name **Tony Álvarez**. Furthermore, he is commonly known as **El Potro Álvarez**, a moniker that he has been using since starting his baseball career at a young age.

## Baseball career

| Tony Álvarez | |
| --- | --- |
| **Outfielder** | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 4, 2002, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 3, 2004, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .250 |
| Home runs | 2 |
| Runs batted in | 10 |
| CPBL statistics | |
| Batting average | .339 |
| Home runs | 8 |
| Runs batted in | 25 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |

Álvarez batted and threw right-handed. He was signed by Pittsburgh at the age of 16 while attending high school in Venezuela. After graduating, he joined the Gulf Coast League Pirates rookie level in 1998 and gained five promotions in the next three years.

Álvarez was a highly touted as a five-tool outfielder prospect. In addition to his playing in the 2002 All-Star Futures Game and the 2006 World Baseball Classic, he usually hit line drives into the infield or deep into the outfield, ran the bases aggressively, and crashed into walls in pursuit of fly balls. "People come out to the ballpark and pay money to watch the game", Álvarez explained in an interview. "I'm an aggressive player and it's hard for me to change. If I lose my aggressiveness, I won't be the same player", he added.

Additionally, during the same period, Álvarez found time to develop a successful but not remarkable musical career, ventured into politics and even married three times, each one of his wives being former beauty queens, which led him to achieve celebrity status in his country.

At age 25, Álvarez was ranked by *Baseball America* as one of the top ten prospects in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, but was never able to fulfill the potential that he showed in the Minor Leagues.

Álvarez collected a .474 batting average in the 2002 spring training and impressed the Pittsburgh organization as much with his enthusiasm and magnetic personality. "He's a high-energy guy", Pirates farm director Brian Graham said. "He plays the game hard and has the kind of attitude you want to see in a young player." His breakout season came this year, when he slashed a line of .318/.361/.483 with 15 home runs, 59 RBI and 29 stolen bases in 125 games for Double-A Altoona Curve, emerging as a leadoff hitter and playing for the World team in the Futures Game.

Álvarez succeeded despite suffering personal adversity, missing the last month of the 2002 season at Altoona to return home to Venezuela to be with his father, who was battling leukemia. Once his father showed signs of recovery, Álvarez got the call to join the big club in late October. He played at the three outfield positions in eight games with the Pirates, including seven starts, and was used in pinch-hit roles seven times. He hit an average of .308 (8-for-26) with one home run and a .500 slugging percentage, driving in two runs and scoring six times, while stealing one base.

In 2003, Álvarez batted .298/.361/.470 with nine homers and 53 RBI, while stealing 22 bases in 106 games for Triple-A Nashville Sounds, significant numbers as he spent two stints on the disabled list. He opened 2004 at Nashville, batting .290/.365/.457 with 14 homers, 59 runs, 48 RBI, 19 steals in 99 games.

Álvarez was recalled by Pittsburgh during the 2004 midseason, but was used sparingly in 24 games. He hit a paltry .211 average with one homer and eight RBI but did not steal one base. He was released at the end of the season. Overall, he hit .250 and slugged 406 in 38 games for the Pirates, including 11 runs, 10 RBI and one stolen base. He then was signed by the Chicago White Sox as a free agent before the 2005 season, but failed to make the big club. After that, he played in the Baltimore Orioles minor league system in 2006, as well as for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2007.

Over his nine-season Minor League career, Álvarez posted a .295 average and slugged .452 in 746 games appearances, batting 13 home runs with 387 RBI, while scoring 420 runs and stealing 217 stolen bases. In between, Álvarez played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas, Navegantes del Magallanes, Tiburones de La Guaira, Caribes de Anzoátegui, Águilas del Zulia and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League in a 15-season career spanning 1996–2014. He compiled a slash line of .282/.318/.463 with 46 home runs and 192 RBI in 466 games, scoring 228 runs scored and 46 stolen bases. Additionally, he served as a playoff reinforcement for the Pastora de Los Llanos and Cardenales de Lara, making him one of few players to wear all uniforms in the eight-team league.

## Musical career

Starting 2009, Álvarez engaged on a musical career as a reggaeton artist. Usually using the stage name *El Potro Alvarez*, he collaborated with various artists in a bunch of music videos taking elements from their styles in order to develop an original style. These music videos were usually directed by Venezuelan Daniel Durán and Dominican Marlon Peña (aka Marlon P).

## List of music videos (Credited as El Potro Álvarez)

| Release | Year | **Title** | **Artist** | Location | Music video director | Info |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | 2009 | "Lo que no sabes tú" | Chino & Nacho / Baroni | Choroni Beach | Daniel Durán
and
Marlon P |  |
| 2. | 2010 | "Bla, Bla, Bla" | Chino & Nacho | Los Roques archipelago
Canaima National Park
Caracas
Médanos de Coro National Park | Daniel Duran
and
Marlon P |  |
| 3. | 2011 | "Una vaina loca" | Fuego | Isla Margarita | Daniel Durán
and
Marlon P |  |
| 4. | 2011 | "Me gusta" | Oscarcito | Alcatraz, San Francisco | Daniel Durán |  |
| 5. | 2012 | "Regálame un Muack" | Chino & Nacho | Zulia | Daniel Durán |  |
| 6. | 2012 | "Ayantame" | Ilegales |  | Daniel Durán |  |
| 7. | 2013 | "Me prefieres a mí" | Arcángel |  | Javy Ferrer |  |
| 8. | 2015 | "Como Yo Te Quiero" | Yandel | Petare, Caracas | Jessy Terrero |  |

## Political career

Starting his political career in 2013, Álvarez ran as a United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV in Spanish) candidate for mayor of the Sucre Municipality, but was defeated by Carlos Ocariz.

Then, in September 2014 Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro announced a reshuffle of his Cabinet and appointed Álvarez as the new Minister of Youth and Sports. The minister, during his statements, explained that sport in Venezuela had been deepened as a state policy during the last 15 years of revolution.

In April 2015, President Maduro announced that Álvarez had been relieved of his ministerial duties. Álvarez was released from office due to his bid for the PSUV primary elections ahead of parliamentary elections.

## Personal life

From 2002 to May 2005, Álvarez was married to Miss World Venezuela 1984 and Miss World 1984 Astrid Carolina Herrera. After they divorced, he married in December 2005 to Miss Venezuela 2002 winner and actress Mariángel Ruiz, with whom he had a daughter named Mariángel Victoria. Álvarez and Ruiz divorced in 2008. Then in 2013 he married Dayana Colmenares, a model and winner of Miss Venezuela International 2007, and this couple have a daughter, Mia Dayana, who was born in 2014.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| El Potro Álvarez | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Antonio Enrique Álvarez Cisneros
(1979-05-09) 9 May 1979
Caracas, Venezuela |
| Other names | El Potro |
| Occupations | * Musician * singer * politician |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Spouses | *   Astrid Carolina Herrera  (m. 20022005) *   Mariángel Ruiz (m. 20052008) *   Dayana Colmenares (m. 2013) |
| Children | 2 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Youth and Sports of Venezuela | |
| **In office**
September 2, 2014  April 28, 2015 | |
| President | Nicolás Maduro |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | United Socialist Party of Venezuela |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans

abstract: Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, the spotted sorubim, is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to the São Francisco and Paraná—Paraguay River basins in South America. This species grows to a length of 166 centimetres (65 in) TL.

text:
# Pseudoplatystoma corruscans

***Pseudoplatystoma corruscans***, the **spotted sorubim**, is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to the São Francisco and ParanáParaguay River basins in South America. This species grows to a length of 166 centimetres (65 in) TL.

* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "*Pseudoplatystoma corruscans*". *FishBase*. February 2012 version.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoplatystoma corruscans* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Drawing of *Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum*. | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Pimelodidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoplatystoma* |
| Species: | ***P. corruscans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoplatystoma corruscans***<br>(Spix & Agassiz, 1829) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Platystoma corruscans* Spix & Agassiz, 1829 * *Sorubim caparary* Spix, 1829 * *Silurus macrocephalus* Larrañaga, 1923 | |


title: Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum

abstract: Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, the striped sorubim, is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to South America.

text:
# Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum

***Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum***, the **striped sorubim**, is a species of long-whiskered catfish native to South America.

* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "*Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum*". *FishBase*. February 2012 version.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Siluriformes |
| Family: | Pimelodidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoplatystoma* |
| Species: | ***P. magdaleniatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum***<br>Buitrago-Suárez & Burr, 2007 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Pseudoplatystoma garciamarquezi* Royero, Buitrago-Suarez, Majica, Valderrama & Galvis, 2010 | |


title: Ehud Ettun

abstract: Ehud Ettun is an Israeli bassist, composer and bandleader.

text:
# Ehud Ettun

**Ehud Ettun** (Hebrew: אהוד אטון) (born May 21, 1987) is an Israeli bassist, composer and bandleader.

## Early life and education

Ettun was born in Israel and started playing the piano at the age of six. When he was twelve, he picked up the guitar and played Israeli music in different young bands in Jerusalem. At the age of 16 Ettun was accepted to the Israeli Arts and Sciences Academy where he started studying the bass with maestro Michael Klinghoffer, ear training with Professor Batsheva Rubinstein and composition with Prof. Andre Haidu. Ettun continued his studies at the Jerusalem Music Academy, and upon graduating, he received a scholarship to attend the New England Conservatory in Boston to pursue his master's degree. At the Conservatory, Ettun studied with Donny Mccaslin, Fred Hersch, Hankus Netsky and others, receiving his master's degree in 2012.

## Career

As a bandleader and composer, Ettun has released two albums. The first one, "Half Colors Half Voices", which is a collaboration with Pianist Uriel Herman, is a project of new compositions to poems by Israeli poet Rachel Bluwstein, received wide media attention in Israel including reviews in Haaretz, Yedioth Ahronoth, channel 2 and more. His second album "Heading North", was an all self composed album, and it features Japanese pianist Haruka Yabuno, and Israeli musicians Nathan Blankett and Tal Gur.

As a sideman, Ettun has collaborated with top musicians from Israel and the United States including Fred Hersch, Eli Degibri, George Garzone, Anat Cohen, Miri Mesika and others. He has performed at the Panama Jazz Festival, Red Sea Jazz Festival, Blue Note Jazz club, Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and other classical and Jazz venues.

## Discography

### As a bandleader

* *Deep in the Mountains* – 2019
* *BiPolar* (with Haruka Yabuno) – 2014
* *Raw Gestures* – 2013
* *Heading North* (Internal Compass Records, 2012)
* *Half Voices Half Colors* (Tovanot Veod, 2009)

### As a sideman

* *Naked*/ assaf kehati trio
* *Childhood Places* / Devin Roth(2012)
* *4 Quarters* / Guy Kark(2010)
* *Air Portrait* / Tal Gur (2008)


title: Propagation graph

abstract: Propagation graphs are a mathematical modelling method for radio propagation channels. A propagation graph is a signal flow graph in which vertices represent transmitters, receivers or scatterers. Edges in the graph model propagation conditions between vertices. Propagation graph models were initially developed by Troels Pedersen, et al. for multipath propagation in scenarios with multiple scattering, such as indoor radio propagation. It has later been applied in many other scenarios.

text:
# Propagation graph

**Propagation graphs** are a mathematical modelling method for radio propagation channels. A propagation graph is a signal flow graph in which vertices represent transmitters, receivers or scatterers. Edges in the graph model propagation conditions between vertices. Propagation graph models were initially developed by Troels Pedersen, et al. for multipath propagation in scenarios with multiple scattering, such as indoor radio propagation. It has later been applied in many other scenarios.

## Mathematical definition

A propagation graph is a simple directed graph $\mathcal {G}=({\mathcal {V},{\mathcal {E})}}$ with vertex set $\mathcal {V}$ and edge set $\mathcal {E}$.

The vertices models objects in the propagation scenario. The vertex set $\mathcal {V}$ is split into three disjoint sets as $\mathcal {V}={\mathcal {V}\_{t}\cup {\mathcal {V}\_{r}\cup {\mathcal {V}\_{s}}}}$ where $\mathcal {V}\_{t}$ is the set of transmitters, $\mathcal {V}\_{r}$ is the set of receivers and $\mathcal {V}\_{s}$ is the set of objects named "scatterers".

The edge set $\mathcal {E}$ models the propagation models propagation conditions between vertices. Since $\mathcal {G}$ is assumed simple, $\mathcal {E}\subset {\mathcal {V}^{2}}$ and an edge may be identified by a pair of vertices as $e=(v,v')$ An edge $e=(v,v')$ is included in $\mathcal {E}$ if a signal emitted by vertex $v$ can propagate to $v'$. In a propagation graph, transmitters cannot have incoming edges and receivers cannot have outgoing edges.

Two propagation rules are assumed

* A vertex sums the signals impinging via its ingoing edges and remits a scaled version it via the outgoing edges.
* Each edge $e=(v,v')$ transfers the signal from $v$ to $v'$ scaled by a transfer function.

The definition of the vertex gain scaling and the edge transfer functions can be adapted to accommodate particular scenarios and should be defined in order to use the model in simulations. A variety of such definitions have been considered for different propagation graph models in the published literature.

The edge transfer functions (in the Fourier domain) can be grouped into transfer matrices as

* $\mathbf {D} (f)$ the direct propagation from transmitters to receivers
* $\mathbf {T} (f)$ transmitters to scatterers
* $\mathbf {R} (f)$ scatterers to receivers
* $\mathbf {B} (f)$ scatterers to scatterers,

where $f$ is the frequency variable.

Denoting the Fourier transform of the transmitted signal by $\mathbf {X} (f)$, the received signal reads in the frequency domain $\mathbf {Y} (f)=\mathbf {D} (f)\mathbf {X} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\mathbf {T} (f)\mathbf {X} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\mathbf {B} (f)\mathbf {T} (f)\mathbf {X} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\mathbf {B} ^{2}(f)\mathbf {T} (f)\mathbf {X} (f)+\cdots $

## Transfer function

The transfer function $\mathbf {H} (f)$ of a propagation graph forms an infinite series $\begin{aligned}\mathbf {H} (f)&=\mathbf {D} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\[\mathbf {I} +\mathbf {B} (f)+\mathbf {B} (f)^{2}+\cdots \]\mathbf {T} (f)\\\&=\mathbf {D} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\sum \_{k=0}^{\infty }\mathbf {B} (f)^{k}\mathbf {T} (f)\end{aligned}$ The transfer function is a Neumann series of operators. Alternatively, it can be viewed pointwise in frequency as a geometric series of matrices. This observation yields a closed form expression for the transfer function as $\mathbf {H} (f)=\mathbf {D} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\[\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {B} (f)\]^{-1}\mathbf {T} (f),\qquad \rho (\mathbf {B} (f))\<1$ where $\mathbf {I} $ denotes the identity matrix and $\rho (\cdot )$ is the spectral radius of the matrix given as argument. The transfer function account for propagation paths irrespective of the number of 'bounces'.

The series is similar to the Born series from multiple scattering theory.

The impulse responses $\mathbf {h} (\tau )$ are obtained by inverse Fourier transform of $\mathbf {H} (f)$

### Partial transfer function

Closed form expressions are available for partial sums, i.e. by considering only some of the terms in the transfer function. The partial transfer function for signal components propagation via at least $K$ and at most $L$ interactions is defined as $\mathbf {H} \_{K:L}(f)=\sum \_{k=K}^{L}\mathbf {H} \_{k}(f)$ where $\mathbf {H} \_{k}(f)={\begin{cases}\mathbf {D} (f),&k=0\\\mathbf {R} (f)\mathbf {B} ^{k-1}(f)\mathbf {T} (f),&k=1,2,3,\ldots \end{cases}}$ Here $k$ denotes the number of interactions or the *bouncing order*.

The partial transfer function is then $\mathbf {H} \_{K:L}(f)={\begin{cases}\mathbf {D} (f)+\mathbf {R} (f)\[\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {B} ^{L}(f)\]\cdot \[\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {B} (f)\]^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {T} (f),&K=0\\\mathbf {R} (f)\[\mathbf {B} ^{K-1}(f)-\mathbf {B} ^{L}(f)\]\cdot \[\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {B} (f)\]^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {T} (f),&{\text{otherwise}.\\\end{cases}}}$ Special cases:

* $\mathbf {H} \_{0:\infty }(f)=\mathbf {H} (f)$: Full transfer function.
* $\mathbf {H} \_{1:\infty }(f)=\mathbf {R} (f)\[\mathbf {I} -\mathbf {B} (f)\]^{-1}\mathbf {T} (f)$: Inderect term only.
* $\mathbf {H} \_{0:L}(f)$: Only terms with $L$ or fewer bounces are kept ( $L$-bounce truncation).
* $\mathbf {H} \_{L+1:\infty }(f)$: Error term due to an $L$-bounce truncation.

One application of partial transfer functions is in hybrid models, where propagation graphs are employed to model part of the response (usually the higher-order interactions).

The partial impulse responses $\mathbf {h} \_{K:L}(\tau )$ are obtained from $\mathbf {H} \_{K:L}(f)$ by the inverse Fourier transform.

## Propagation graph models

The propagation graph methodology have been applied in various settings to create radio channel models. Such a model is referred to as a *propagation graph model*. Such models have been derived for scenarios including

* Unipolarized inroom channels. The initial propagation graph models were derived for unipolarized inroom channels.
* In a polarimetric propagation graph model is developed for the inroom propagation scenario.
* The propagation graph framework has been extended in to time-variant scenarios (such as the vehicle-to-vehicle). For terrestrial communications, where relative velocity of objects are limited, the channel may be assumed quasi-static and the static model may be applied at each time step.
* In a number of works including propagation graphs have been integrated into ray-tracing models to enable simulation of reverberation phenomena. Such models are referred to as *hybrid* models.
* Complex environments including outdoor-to-indoor cases. can be studied by taking advantage of the special structure of propagation graphs for these scenarios. Computation methods for obtaining responses for very complex environments have been developed in
* The graph model methodology has been used to make spatially consistent MIMO channel models.
* Several propagation graph models have been published for high-speed train communications.

## Calibration of propagation graph models

To calibrate a propagation graph model, its parameters should be set to reasonable values. Different approaches can be taken. Certain parameters can be derived from simplified geometry of the room. In particular, reverberation time can be computed via room electromagnetics. Alternatively, the parameters can ben set according to measurement data using inference techniques such as method of moments (statistics), approximate Bayesian computation., or deep neural networks

The method of propagation graph modeling is related to other methods. Noticeably,


title: Pseudospectral knotting method

abstract: In applied mathematics, the pseudospectral knotting method is a generalization and enhancement of the standard pseudospectral method for optimal control. Introduced by I. Michael Ross and F. Fahroo in 2004, it forms part of the collection of the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral methods.

text:
# Pseudospectral knotting method

In applied mathematics, the **pseudospectral knotting method** is a generalization and enhancement of the standard pseudospectral method for optimal control. Introduced by I. Michael Ross and F. Fahroo in 2004, it forms part of the collection of the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral methods.

## Definition

According to Ross and Fahroo, a pseudospectral (PS) knot is a double Lobatto point; i.e. two boundary points coinciding. At this point, information (such as discontinuities, jumps, dimension changes etc.) is exchanged between two standard PS methods. This information exchange is used to solve some of the most difficult problems in optimal control, known as hybrid optimal control problems.

In a hybrid optimal control problem, an optimal control problem is intertwined with a graph problem. A standard pseudospectral optimal control method is incapable of solving such problems; however, through the use of pseudospectral knots, the graph information can be encoded at the double Lobatto points, thereby allowing a hybrid optimal control problem to be discretized and solved using powerful software such as DIDO.

## Applications

PS knots have found applications in various aerospace problems such as the ascent guidance of launch vehicles and advancing the Aldrin Cycler using solar sails. PS knots have also been used for anti-aliasing of PS optimal control solutions and for capturing critical information in switches when solving bang-bang-type optimal control problems.

## Software

The PS knotting method was first implemented in the MATLAB optimal control software package, DIDO.


title: Elachista cornuta

abstract: Elachista cornuta is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Parenti in 1981. It is found in Iran.

text:
# Elachista cornuta

***Elachista cornuta*** is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Parenti in 1981. It is found in Iran.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista cornuta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. cornuta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista cornuta***<br>Parenti, 1981 | |
|


title: Elachista crocogastra

abstract: Elachista crocogastra is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Madagascar and South Africa.

text:
# Elachista crocogastra

***Elachista crocogastra*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in Madagascar and South Africa.

## Description

The wingspan is about 6.5 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is yellowish white. The hindwings are white. Adults have been recorded in August, December, February and April.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista crocogastra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. crocogastra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista crocogastra***<br>Meyrick, 1908 | |
|


abstract: Providence is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, North Carolina, United States. Providence is 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Marion.

text:
# Providence, McDowell County, North Carolina

**Providence** is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, North Carolina, United States. Providence is 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Marion.

## InfoBox

| Providence, North Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Providence, North CarolinaProvidence, North Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 35°38′11″N 82°03′04″W / 35.63639°N 82.05111°W / 35.63639; -82.05111 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Carolina |
| County | McDowell |
| Elevation | 1,519 ft (463 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code | 828 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1022092 |


title: Elaphropus glis

abstract: Elaphropus glis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1925.

text:
# Elaphropus glis

***Elaphropus glis*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1925.

## InfoBox

| *Elaphropus glis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Elaphropus* |
| Species: | ***E. glis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphropus glis***<br>(Andrewes, 1925) | |
|


title: Prípad Barnabáš Kos

abstract: Prípad Barnabáš Kos is a 1964 Czechoslovak film directed by Peter Solan. The film starred Josef Kemr.

text:
# Prípad Barnabáš Kos

***Prípad Barnabáš Kos*** (*The Case of Barnabáš Kos*) is a 1964 Czechoslovak film directed by Peter Solan. The film starred Josef Kemr.

## InfoBox

| Prípad Barnabáš Kos | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Peter Solan |
| Written by | Peter Karvaš and Albert Marenčin |
| Cinematography | Tibor Biath |
| Edited by | Maximilián Remeň |
| Music by | Pavol Šimai |
| Release date | * 1964 (1964) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | Czechoslovakia |


title: Eickwortapis

abstract: Eickwortapis is an extinct monotypic genus of sweat bee in the Halictidae subfamily Halictinae which contains the single species Eickwortapis dominicana. The genus name Eickwortapis is derived from a combination of Eickwort in honor of halictid systematist Dr. George Eickwort and the Latin apis, meaning "bee". The species is named in reference to the Miocene Dominican amber from deposits on the island of Hispaniola which entombs the specimens. The species, averaging 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long, was described from two partial females and a single complete male specimen in one polished piece of amber which is housed in the Poinar Amber Collection at the University of California, Berkeley. The male is numbered "H 10-70" and designated the holotype, while the two females are numbered "H 10-70B" and ""H 10-70C" are both designated Paratypes. The amber specimens with the three bees was first studied by Drs Charles Michener & George Poinar. They published the type description in the Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society volume number 69 and published in 1996. The male is well preserved in a curled position with the metasoma and the posterior surface of the propedium visible. Female paratype "H 10-70B" is mostly complete however the majority of the head was removed during polishing of the amber, likewise the female paratype "H 10-70C" is also a partial due to the dorsum of the thorax and vertex being removed. In general Eickwortapis has a blackish body with an indistinct metallic coloration, possibly brassy greenish. The wing veins and stigma of the females are black while those of the male are a brown tone. The underside of the males antenna are yellowish brown with the males legs being a brownish. Eickwortapis is one of only five Halictidae genera which are known from the Dominican amber record, and one of three which are totally extinct. Closely related to the extinct genus Nesagapostemon and the living Caenohalictus, Eickwortapis is placed with both in the halicted tribe Caenohalictini. It can be identified from Nesagapostemon and Caenohalictus by a group of features. The basal area of the Propodeum, not slanting in profile, is only half of the length of the vertical posterior surface in Nesagapostemon. Eickwortapis has a longer basal area on the Propodeum and it does slant in profile. The living species Caenohalictus eberhardorum has long hairs on the eyes and denser scopa. The Eickwortapis holotype is the only male halictid to have been documented from Dominican amber.

text:
# Eickwortapis

***Eickwortapis*** is an extinct monotypic genus of sweat bee in the Halictidae subfamily Halictinae which contains the single species ***Eickwortapis dominicana***.

The genus name *Eickwortapis* is derived from a combination of *Eickwort* in honor of halictid systematist Dr. George Eickwort and the Latin *apis*, meaning "bee". The species is named in reference to the Miocene (Burdigalian stage) Dominican amber from deposits on the island of Hispaniola which entombs the specimens. The species, averaging 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long, was described from two partial females and a single complete male specimen in one polished piece of amber which is housed in the Poinar Amber Collection at the University of California, Berkeley. The male is numbered "H 10-70" and designated the holotype, while the two females are numbered "H 10-70B" and ""H 10-70C" are both designated Paratypes. The amber specimens with the three bees was first studied by Drs Charles Michener & George Poinar. They published the type description in the *Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society* volume number 69 and published in 1996. The male is well preserved in a curled position with the metasoma and the posterior surface of the propedium visible. Female paratype "H 10-70B" is mostly complete however the majority of the head was removed during polishing of the amber, likewise the female paratype "H 10-70C" is also a partial due to the dorsum of the thorax and vertex being removed.

In general *Eickwortapis* has a blackish body with an indistinct metallic coloration, possibly brassy greenish. The wing veins and stigma of the females are black while those of the male are a brown tone. The underside of the males antenna are yellowish brown with the males legs being a brownish. *Eickwortapis* is one of only five Halictidae genera which are known from the Dominican amber record, and one of three which are totally extinct. Closely related to the extinct genus *Nesagapostemon* and the living *Caenohalictus*, *Eickwortapis* is placed with both in the halicted tribe Caenohalictini. It can be identified from *Nesagapostemon* and *Caenohalictus* by a group of features. The basal area of the Propodeum, not slanting in profile, is only half of the length of the vertical posterior surface in *Nesagapostemon*. *Eickwortapis* has a longer basal area on the Propodeum and it does slant in profile. The living species *Caenohalictus eberhardorum* has long hairs on the eyes and denser scopa. The *Eickwortapis* holotype is the only male halictid to have been documented from Dominican amber.

## InfoBox

| *Eickwortapis*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Halictidae |
| Genus: | *Eickwortapis* |
| Species: | ***E. dominicana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eickwortapis dominicana***
Michener & Poinar, 1996 | |
|


title: Eicochrysops

abstract: Eicochrysops is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to the Afrotropics.

text:
# Eicochrysops

***Eicochrysops*** is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to the Afrotropics.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Eicochrysops* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Subfamily: | Polyommatinae |
| Tribe: | Polyommatini |
| Genus: | *Eicochrysops*<br>Bethune-Baker, 1924 |
|


title: Pisa Tinoisamoa

abstract: Apisaloma Donald "Pisa" Tinoisamoa is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Hawaii Warriors. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the second round of the 2003 NFL draft.

text:
# Pisa Tinoisamoa

**Apisaloma Donald** "**Pisa**" **Tinoisamoa** (/ˈpsə tnɔɪˈsɑːm.ə/; born July 15, 1981) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Hawaii Warriors. He was selected by the St. Louis Rams in the second round of the 2003 NFL draft.

## Early life

Tinoisamoa attended Vista High School in Vista, California. In football, he was a three-time All-Palomar League, a three-time All-CIF pick, an All-American pick as a senior, and a three-time All-State selection and an All-American running back. His 1996, '97, and '98 Panther football teams won the Palomar League and CIF titles. As a senior, Tinoisamoa recorded 75 tackles (12 for loss), six sacks, and three fumble recoveries (one for a score) and offensively, rushed for 1,600 yards and 23 touchdowns and he became the first-ever player ever in San Diego County history to make First-team All-CIF on both offense and defense.

## College career

At the University of Hawaii, Tinoisamoa recorded 289 tackles (210 solo) with 15.5 sacks, 11 QB pressures, six forced fumbles, two fumble recoveries, nine passes defensed, two interceptions, and one blocked field goal while starting 27 of 35 games for Rainbow Warriors.

He was a First-team All-Western Athletic Conference pick and was the recipient of the Alec Waterhouse Award, given to team's Most Valuable Player as he led team with career-high 129 tackles (89 solo), with 6.5 sacks, 18 tackles for loss, eight QB pressures, two interceptions, five passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and blocked kick. He was named Second-team All-WAC as junior when he tallied 86 tackles (67 solos) with five sacks, 11 tackles for loss, four QB pressures, three passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. As sophomore, he recorded 74 tackles (54 solos), four sacks, 10 tackles for loss, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, five passes defensed, and four QB pressures. He did not play as freshman.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash | 10-yard split | 20-yard split | 20-yard shuttle | Three-cone drill | Vertical jump | Broad jump | Bench press | Wonderlic |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 6 ft 0+38 in
(1.84 m) | 231 lb
(105 kg) | 4.65 s | 1.62 s | 2.19 s | 4.07 s | 6.97 s | 34+12 in
(0.88 m) | 9 ft 3 in
(2.82 m) | 19 reps | 28 |
| All values from NFL Combine | | | | | | | | | | | | |

### St. Louis Rams

Tinoisamoa was selected out of the University of Hawaii by the St. Louis Rams in the second round (43rd overall) of the 2003 NFL draft. On July 24, 2003, Tinoisamoa signed a four-year $2.90 million contract with the Rams.

In his rookie season he played in all 16 games and finished the season with 76 tackles, two sacks and three interceptions. He was the first Rams rookie to lead the team in tackles.

The following season, he recorded a career-high 95 tackles and 1.5 sacks. In 2005, he led the team tackles for the third straight season, recording 94. He also recorded 1.5 sacks and two interceptions.

On October 11, 2006, he signed a five-year $24.7 million contract extension with the Rams. The 2006 season saw him play in 11 games after breaking his hand versus the Chicago Bears on December 11. He finished the campaign with 36 tackles and two sacks. In 2007, he recorded 40 tackles and two interceptions in 9 games. Hand, knee, shoulder, elbow, and ankle injuries struck in '06 and '07, forcing Tinoisamoa to miss 12 of 32 games. But he stayed healthy the following season, playing all 16 games and led the team in tackles.

On May 8, 2009, Tinoisamoa was released by the Rams. Tinoisamoa was scheduled to make a base salary of $3.25 million and count $4.25 million against the cap. Releasing him freed up $2.25 million in cap space.

### Chicago Bears

Tinoisamoa agreed to a one-year contract with the Chicago Bears on May 29, 2009. Pisa was named starting strong-side linebacker in August 2009. He follows Adam Archuleta as another player brought over to the Chicago Bears who was coached under Lovie Smith in St. Louis during Smith's time as defensive coordinator.

Tinoisamoa was placed on Injured Reserve due to a knee injury on December 2, 2009. After the Bears signed linebacker Cato June, Tinoisamoa's jersey number was changed to 49, giving June number 59.

On April 12, 2010, the Bears re-signed Tinoisamoa.

### NFL statistics

| Year | Team | GP | COMB | TOTAL | AST | SACK | FF | FR | FR YDS | INT | IR YDS | AVG IR | LNG | TD | PD |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | STL | 16 | 76 | 63 | 13 | 2.0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 46 | 15 | 29 | 0 | 7 |
| 2004 | STL | 16 | 95 | 76 | 19 | 1.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 2005 | STL | 16 | 94 | 71 | 23 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 35 | 18 | 20 | 0 | 9 |
| 2006 | STL | 11 | 36 | 29 | 7 | 2.0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2007 | STL | 9 | 40 | 31 | 9 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 8 | 15 | 0 | 3 |
| 2008 | STL | 16 | 104 | 88 | 16 | 3.0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2009 | CHI | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2010 | CHI | 12 | 40 | 33 | 7 | 1.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| **Totals** | | **98** | **489** | **395** | **94** | **11.0** | **11** | **3** | **0** | **7** | **96** | **14** | **29** | **0** | **26** |

## InfoBox

Pisa Tinoisamoa
| No. 50, 59 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1981-07-15) July 15, 1981
San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight: | 230 lb (104 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Vista (Vista, California) |
| College: | Hawaii |
| NFL draft: | 2003 / round: 2 / pick: 43 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 494  Sacks: 11.0  Forced fumbles: 10  Fumble recoveries: 3  Interceptions: 7 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |