title: Brook Street Chapel

abstract: Brook Street Chapel is a church building in Tottenham, North London. The building was constructed for use as a meeting place for local Christians affiliated with the Plymouth Brethren movement.

text:
# Brook Street Chapel

**Brook Street Chapel** is a church building in Tottenham, North London. The building was constructed for use as a meeting place for local Christians affiliated with the Plymouth Brethren movement.

## History

A group of around eight individuals who had seceded from the Quakers met in the house of a Mrs Sands in Stoney South (now Stoneleigh Road) from 1838, and the Brooks Street Meeting House was constructed and opened in 1839. Prominent amongst the original members were the chemist John Eliot Howard and his brother Robert, and some funding was also provided by their father, the meteorologist Luke Howard, who moved to Tottenham shortly after. The Howards are commemorated in Tottenham by a blue plaque to Luke at 7, Bruce Grove, and a green plaque to John on the site of his home, Lord's Meade (now Lordship Lane).

As the population of Tottenham grew throughout the nineteenth century, the assembly of Christians also grew rapidly to around 88 by 1842 and around 140 in 1851. Work with local children was a major concern, with a Sunday School of an estimated 600 children at the turn of the twentieth century. The Meeting House, now known as Brook Street Chapel was given over entirely for children's work, and all other assembly meetings were held between 1880 and 1903 in lecture rooms on the opposite side of the High Road.

The Chapel building was extended in 1939 and again in 1955 to include a schoolroom and a rear hall for youth work. The building in its present state occupies the whole of Brook Street, after World War II bombing destroyed the houses in the further part of the road.

### The Tottenham Memorandum

Displayed in the Chapel is the Tottenham Memorandum, which was produced at the time of the division of the movement into open and exclusive factions – the Memorandum shows that Brook Street Chapel remained 'open', receiving any Christians into fellowship who were born-again believers in Jesus Christ, providing their confession of faith could be demonstrated.

## Individuals associated with the assembly

Apart from the Howards, other notable members of the assembly included James Von Summer, founder of the Echoes of Service magazine and Edmund Gosse, who taught in the Sunday School. Christians who taught or visited include John Nelson Darby, Anthony Norris Groves, George Müller, James Hudson Taylor, Thomas Barnardo, Philip Gosse (Edmund's father, and a noted naturalist) and his wife Emily Bowes, who were married at the chapel in 1848.

## Geography

The chapel was built when Tottenham was a wealthy suburb of London and, like the Plough public house next to it, was set back from Tottenham High Road. Since then, the double front of the chapel has been partially obscured by new buildings (now housing Ladbrokes bookmakers), so that the building appears hidden from the High Road (now the A10), giving it the nickname of "the hidden church".

The land to the south of the chapel was originally the Chapel's burial ground. When it was no longer usable, the land was committed to the London County Council to be kept in perpetuity as an open, public space – it is now a children's playground and paved area.

## InfoBox

| Brook Street Chapel | |
| --- | --- |
| Brook Street Chapel, Tottenham | |
| Brook Street Chapel | |
| 51°35′35″N 0°04′09″W / 51.5931931°N 0.0690588°W / 51.5931931; -0.0690588 | |
| Location | Brook Street, High Road, Tottenham, London N17 9JG |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Open Brethren |
| Website | \[www.brookstreetchapel.co.uk\] |
| History | |
| Founded | 1839 |
| Founder(s) | Robert and John Eliot Howard |


title: Brook Street Halt railway station

abstract: Brook Street Halt railway station served the town of Rhosllanerchrugog, Denbighshire, Wales, from 1905 to 1915 on the Pontcysyllte branch.

text:
# Brook Street Halt railway station

**Brook Street Halt railway station** served the town of Rhosllanerchrugog, Denbighshire, Wales, from 1905 to 1915 on the Pontcysyllte branch.

## History

Brook Street had been the goods station for Rhosllanerchrugog since the Great Western Railway opened the Rhos Branch in 1901. Here there were a goods office, a goods shed, a weighing machine, a 1-ton lifting crane and two sidings. As a result of the introduction of railmotor services the Brook Street passenger halt was opened on the North side (opposite the goods shed) on 1 May 1905. On the south side of the level crossing was the ground level, timber-built signal box. Passenger trains ran as far South as Wynn Hall Halt, but with the closure of the Wynn Hall colliery passenger traffic reduced and when the bus services were introduced in 1912, the railmotor service to Wynn Hall became uneconomic and as a result passenger services south of Rhos station were withdrawn and the Brook Street Halt was closed on 22 March 1915. The signal box closed in 1927. The Pontcysyllte branch south of Rhos, remained open for goods traffic, and the goods office remained open until the line was closed.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pant Halt
Line and station closed |  | Great Western Railway
Pontcysyllte branch |  | Rhos (GWR)
Line and station closed |

## InfoBox

| Brook Street Halt | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Location | Llangollen, Denbighshire
Wales |
| Coordinates | 53°00′33″N 3°03′40″W / 53.0093°N 3.0611°W / 53.0093; -3.0611 |
| Grid reference | SJ289463 |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | Great Western Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Great Western Railway |
| Key dates | |
| 1 May 1905 (1905-05-01) | Opened |
| 22 March 1915 (1915-03-22) | Closed |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Saint-Hilaire-en-Lignières

abstract: Saint-Hilaire-en-Lignières is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire-en-Lignières

**Saint-Hilaire-en-Lignières** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃t‿ilɛːʁ ɑ̃ liɲjɛʁ\]; literally "Saint Hilarius in Lignières") is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

A very large farming area comprising the village and several hamlets situated on the banks of the river Arnon, some 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Bourges at the junction of the D940 with the D65 and also on the D26 road. The commune shares its southwestern borders with the department of Indre.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 703 |  |
| 1968 | 785 | +11.7% |
| 1975 | 650 | −17.2% |
| 1982 | 572 | −12.0% |
| 1990 | 534 | −6.6% |
| 1999 | 523 | −2.1% |
| 2008 | 511 | −2.3% |

## Sights

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire-en-Lignières | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The Château of Plaix | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire-en-Lignières | |
| Saint-Hilaire-en-LignièresSaint-Hilaire-en-Lignières | |
| Coordinates: 46°43′37″N 2°10′27″E / 46.7269°N 2.1742°E / 46.7269; 2.1742 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Cher |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Amand-Montrond |
| Canton | Châteaumeillant |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Francis Perrot |
| Area**1** | 53.78 km2 (20.76 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 488 |
| Density | 9.1/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 18216 /18160 |
| Elevation | 159–268 m (522–879 ft)
(avg. 190 m or 620 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine

abstract: Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. The writer and photographer Jean-Loup Trassard was born in Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine in 1933.

text:
# Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine

**Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃.t‿ilɛʁ dy mɛn\], literally *Saint-Hilaire of the Maine*) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. The writer and photographer Jean-Loup Trassard was born in Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine in 1933.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine | |
| Saint-Hilaire-du-MaineSaint-Hilaire-du-Maine | |
| Coordinates: 48°13′37″N 0°55′43″W / 48.2269°N 0.9286°W / 48.2269; -0.9286 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Mayenne |
| Arrondissement | Mayenne |
| Canton | Ernée |
| Intercommunality | Ernée |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20232026) | Sandrine Crottereau-Ragaru |
| Area**1** | 31.06 km2 (11.99 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 810 |
| Density | 26/km2 (68/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 53226 /53380 |
| Elevation | 97–224 m (318–735 ft)
(avg. 180 m or 590 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bruce Gamble

abstract: Bruce George Gamble was a professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1962 and 1972, with some stints in the minor leagues during that time.

text:
# Bruce Gamble

**Bruce George Gamble** (May 24, 1938 – December 29, 1982) was a professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1962 and 1972, with some stints in the minor leagues during that time.

## Junior career

Gamble played three seasons with the Port Arthur Bruins of the Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League between 1953 and 1955. In the 1955–56 season, he backstopped the Port Arthur North Stars to a berth in the Memorial Cup. He did so again the following season with the Guelph Biltmores of the OHA, and was elected to the 1957 OHA first All-Star team. He made it to the Memorial Cup a third time with the Hull-Ottawa Canadiens the following year.

## Professional career and after

Gamble played his first year as a pro with the Vancouver Canucks of the WHL, and also played two games in the NHL for the New York Rangers. His performance impressed other NHL teams, and the Boston Bruins chose him in the 1959 intra-league draft. After a year with the Providence Reds in the AHL, Gamble became the team's starting goalie in 1960–61. During the next four seasons he played mainly in the minors with the Portland Buckaroos, Kingston Frontenacs and Springfield Indians, and was called up by the Bruins for 28 games in 1961–62.

Gamble refused to go back to the minors in 1964–65, and so the Bruins suspended him from Springfield for the entire season. The following year he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs.

In his first few seasons in Toronto, Gamble was a back-up to Hall of Famers Johnny Bower and Terry Sawchuk. He recorded four shutouts in six games in March 1966. In 1966–67, when the Leafs won the Stanley Cup, he played in 23 regular season games and rang up a record of 5–10–4 and a GAA of 3.39. However, he was sent to the minors to the Tulsa Oilers before the trading deadline; as a result, he did not spend the whole season with Toronto, and his name was left off the Stanley Cup. With the loss of Sawchuk in the 1967 NHL expansion draft, Gamble saw more action with the Leafs and established himself as a solid, workhorse goalie. He played in 41 games in 1967–68, 62 in 1968–69 and 52 in 1969–70. He played in the 1968 NHL All-Star game and was named its Most Valuable Player. He was the last Leaf goalie to play without a mask, finally donning one in 1970-71. Gamble, along with a first-round selection (Pierre Plante) in the 1971 NHL Amateur Draft, was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for Bernie Parent and a second-round pick (Rick Kehoe) in the same draft as part of a three-way deal which also involved the Boston Bruins on January 31, 1971. The Leafs also sent Mike Walton to the Bruins who shipped Rick MacLeish and Danny Schock to the Flyers.

Gamble served mainly as a back-up to Doug Favell with the Flyers for the rest of that season, appearing in 11 regular season games and two playoff games. The following year he began to compete for the starting role. He put in a run of solid performances which ended when he suffered a heart attack during a 3-1 victory over the Vancouver Canucks on February 8, 1972. Although he fell at one point during the game, he did not complain of problems until afterward, and traveled with the team to Oakland on February 9 for a game that evening against the California Golden Seals. As his chest pains continued, Gamble was admitted to an Oakland hospital where it was found that he had had a heart attack. Gamble did not play in the NHL again.

On December 29, 1982, after a practice session the evening before with an old-timers hockey team, the Niagara Falls Flames, Gamble woke up with chest pains, and died at a hospital in Niagara Falls, Ontario at the age of 44.

## Urban legends regarding Gamble

Because Gamble suffered both heart attacks after playing or practising hockey, accounts have been written that he was taken to a hospital during the 1972 NHL game, or that he "died during an old-timers game". Neither of Gamble's heart attacks forced him from the ice; he finished the game after the first attack and suffered the second one the morning after a practice session.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP | W | L | T | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% | | GP | W | L | MIN | GA | SO | GAA | SV% |
| 1952–53 | Port Arthur Bruins | TBJHL | | 11 |  |  |  | 660 | 82 | 0 | 7.45 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1953–54 | Port Arthur Bruins | TBJHL | | 36 | 20 | 15 | 1 | 2160 | 150 | 0 | 4.17 |  | | 9 |  |  | 540 | 42 | 0 | 4.67 |  |
| 1954–55 | Port Arthur Bruins | TBJHL | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1955–56 | Port Arthur North Stars | TBJHL | | 31 | 19 | 10 | 2 | 1860 | 97 | 0 | 3.13 |  | | 9 | 8 | 1 | 540 | 27 | 0 | 3.00 |  |
| 1955–56 | Port Arthur North Stars | MC | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 13 | 7 | 6 | 800 | 53 | 0 | 4.74 |  |
| 1956–57 | Guelph Biltmores | OHA | | 40 |  |  |  | 2360 | 102 | 6 | 2.59 |  | | 10 |  |  | 600 | 34 | 0 | 3.40 |  |
| 1956–57 | Guelph Biltmores | MC | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 6 | 1 | 4 | 370 | 28 | 0 | 4.54 |  |
| 1957–58 | Guelph Biltmores | OHA | | 50 | 13 | 32 | 5 | 3000 | 205 | 1 | 4.10 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1957–58 | Providence Reds | AHL | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 1 | 0 | 1.00 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1957–58 | Hull-Ottawa Canadiens | MC | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | | 13 | 10 | 3 | 610 | 30 | 2 | 2.95 |  |
| 1958–59 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 180 | 11 | 0 | 3.67 | .894 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1958–59 | Vancouver Canucks | WHL | | 65 | 29 | 26 | 10 | 3900 | 199 | 7 | 3.06 | .891 | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 300 | 11 | 2 | 2.20 |  |
| 1959–60 | Providence Reds | AHL | | 71 | 37 | 32 | 2 | 4280 | 231 | 4 | 3.24 |  | | 5 | 1 | 4 | 328 | 19 | 0 | 3.48 |  |
| 1960–61 | Boston Bruins | NHL | | 52 | 12 | 33 | 7 | 3118 | 193 | 0 | 3.71 | .892 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1960–61 | Providence Reds | AHL | | 19 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 1140 | 85 | 0 | 4.47 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1961–62 | Boston Bruins | NHL | | 28 | 6 | 18 | 4 | 1680 | 121 | 1 | 4.32 | .879 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1961–62 | Portland Buckaroos | WHL | | 41 | 28 | 11 | 2 | 2476 | 108 | 2 | 2.62 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1962–63 | Kingston Frontenacs | EPHL | | 68 | 39 | 18 | 11 | 4080 | 220 | 1 | 3.23 |  | | 5 | 4 | 1 | 300 | 13 | 1 | 2.60 |  |
| 1963–64 | Springfield Indians | AHL | | 21 | 5 | 12 | 3 | 1230 | 80 | 0 | 3.90 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1965–66 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 10 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 502 | 21 | 4 | 2.51 | .925 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1965–66 | Tulsa Oilers | CPHL | | 54 | 21 | 24 | 9 | 3240 | 155 | 4 | 2.87 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 23 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 1181 | 67 | 0 | 3.40 | .900 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | Tulsa Oilers | CPHL | | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 420 | 24 | 0 | 3.43 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | Rochester Americans | AHL | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 300 | 25 | 0 | 5.00 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1967–68 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 41 | 20 | 14 | 2 | 2194 | 85 | 5 | 2.32 | .934 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1968–69 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 61 | 28 | 20 | 11 | 3439 | 161 | 3 | 2.81 | .914 | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 86 | 13 | 0 | 9.08 | .803 |
| 1969–70 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 52 | 19 | 24 | 9 | 3054 | 156 | 5 | 3.06 | .915 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1970–71 | Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | | 23 | 6 | 14 | 1 | 1280 | 83 | 2 | 3.89 | .882 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1970–71 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 11 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 658 | 37 | 0 | 3.37 | .901 | | 2 | 0 | 2 | 120 | 12 | 0 | 6.01 | .821 |
| 1971–72 | Philadelphia Flyers | NHL | | 24 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 1184 | 58 | 2 | 2.94 | .912 | |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 328 | 111 | 152 | 46 | 18,470 | 993 | 22 | 3.23 | .906 | | 5 | 0 | 4 | 206 | 25 | 0 | 7.28 | .809 |

## InfoBox

| Bruce Gamble | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1938-05-24)May 24, 1938
Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Died | December 29, 1982(1982-12-29) (aged 44)
Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) | | |
| Weight | 190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Goaltender | | |
| Caught | Left | | |
| Played for | New York Rangers
Boston Bruins
Toronto Maple Leafs
Philadelphia Flyers | | |
| Playing career | 19581972 | | |


title: Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley

abstract: Saint-Nicolas is a town and comune in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northern Italy. It consists of 13 hamlets located between 950 and 1,550 metres above sea level. Sitting like a balcony above the Dora Baltea Valley, Saint-Nicolas overlooks the four major lateral valleys of the mid-upper Aosta valley. These are; Val de Cogne, Valsavarenche, Val de Rhêmes, and Valgrisenche.

text:
# Saint-Nicolas, Aosta Valley

**Saint-Nicolas** (French pronunciation: \[sɛ̃ nikɔla\]; Valdôtain: *Sen-Nicolà*) is a town and *comune* in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northern Italy. It consists of 13 hamlets located between 950 and 1,550 metres (3,120 and 5,090 ft) above sea level. Sitting like a balcony above the Dora Baltea Valley, Saint-Nicolas overlooks the four major lateral valleys of the mid-upper Aosta valley. These are (moving up the valley); Val de Cogne, Valsavarenche, Val de Rhêmes, and Valgrisenche.

## Sites

**Saint-Nicolas** consists of a small city center and numerous hamlets or *frazioni*, locally officially called *hameaux* (in French). Among the most scenic is Persod, which is protected by the Italian "Belle Arti" laws. It consists of 35 stone houses with slate roofs connected by a thin road not large enough for a car to pass. Today, Persod has only six year-round residents, and about 8 regular weekenders from Milan and Saint-Pierre. The hamlet of Persod is recognizable even from the distance of a passing airplane as it the only village in the area surrounded by giant poplar trees.

A noted artisanal maker of Fontina cheese may be found just above the village of Chaillod.

## Culture

### Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne

Saint-Nicolas was the birthplace of Jean-Baptiste Cerlogne, a humble abbot who had pride in his region and its unique language, called Francoprovençal or Arpitan. He authored several noteworthy poems in his native patois and wrote the first grammar and dictionary devoted to the Valdôtain dialect.

### Center for Francoprovençal Studies

The Center for Francoprovençal Studies (*Le Centre d'études francoprovençales*), or CEFP, located in the village of Fossaz-dessus, is one of the most important centers for Francoprovençal language research. It opened November 12, 1988 and was dedicated to the Aosta Valley writer and playwright René Willien. The CEFP occupies an 18th-century *paysannes maison* (farmhouse) native to the Aosta Valley, which was completely restored by architects Louis Bochet and Albert Breuvé. Typical of these multi-function structures, locally called a *pailler*, the animals, hay, and farm implements filled the barn (*booué*) on the ground floor, the family kitchen (*meison*) occupied first floor, and the sleeping room (**tsambra**) was located on the second floor. Among the center's holdings is the archive of the "Concours Cerlogne," a poetry, drama and music competition in the regional language reserved for elementary school students in the Aosta Valley that has been held annually since 1963.

The CEFP works in collaboration with the Regional Bureau of Ethnology and Linguistics (*Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique*) (BREL) of Aosta, and other research centers in France and Swiss Romandy on its border.

### Gerbore Museum

This museum, situated in the village of Lyverloulaz, demonstrates the impact of agricultural mechanization on the lives of Aosta Valley residents through the experiences of Joseph Gerbore. Funding by the municipality of Saint-Nicolas, the Aosta Valley Region, and the European Union, has enabled exhibitions, including *Le temps des pionniers*, at the *Maison de la Tor*, located in the center of the village of Lyveroulaz.

## InfoBox

| Saint-Nicolas Sen-Nicolà | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Saint-Nicolas
Commune de Saint-Nicolas | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of Saint-Nicolas | |
| Saint-NicolasLocation of Saint-Nicolas in ItalySaint-NicolasSaint-Nicolas (Aosta Valley) | |
| Coordinates: 45°43′N 7°10′E / 45.717°N 7.167°E / 45.717; 7.167 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Aosta Valley |
| Province | none |
| *Frazioni* | Vens, Cerlogne, Chez Louitoz, Clavel, Fossaz Dessous, Fossaz Dessus, La Cure, Chaillod, Ravoise, Persod, Petit Sarriod, Grand Sarriod, Gerbore, Ferrère, Gratillon, Lyveroulaz, Évian |
| Area | |
| Total | 15 km2 (6 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2022) | |
| Total | 327 |
| Density | 22/km2 (56/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 11010 |
| Dialing code | 0165 |
| Patron saint | Saint Nicholas |
| Saint day | 7 April |
| Website | Official website |


title: Sahara Elite League

abstract: The Sahara Elite League was a four team cricket competition created by Cricket Kenya featuring a Twenty20 tournament, a one day cricket tournament and finally a three-day cricket tournament. For the inaugural league four teams competed, consisting of the 60 best players according to Cricket Kenya from Kenya.

text:
# Sahara Elite League

The **Sahara Elite League** (also known as Zonal League) was a four team cricket competition created by Cricket Kenya featuring a Twenty20 tournament, a one day cricket tournament and finally a three-day cricket tournament. For the inaugural league four teams competed, consisting of the 60 best players according to Cricket Kenya from Kenya.

## Tournament history

The first, and what was to be the only, edition of the competition involved four franchises, the Northern Nomads, the Eastern Aces, the Southern Stars, and the Western Chiefs. The teams were captained by National team players, Steve Tikolo, Thomas Odoyo, Kennedy Obuya, and Peter Ongondo 2008. The inaugural T20 Competition, played in February 2008, was won by the Eastern Aces, while the first 50 over competition was won by the Northern Nomads, However the 3-day format of the competition was postponed due to unfavourable weather to June Further difficulties in availability of players, many of whom were in school, meant that the first season of the three-dayers had to be compressed to two days a match. The league was sponsored by South African, Sahara Computers, African Cricket Association and others.

## Squads

| Northern Nomads | Eastern Aces | Southern Stars | Western Chiefs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Thomas Odoyo *(Captain)*
David Obuya
Alfred Luseno
Jimmy Kamande
Rakep Patel
Shashikant Sanghani
Josephat Ababu
Dominic Wesonga
Emmanuel Bundi Ringeera
Kewal Patel
Shem Ngoche
Jalat Khan Naseri
Kalpesh Patel
Anan Gore
Jagdish Khetani
Mohammed Fazal
Bernard Owino *(Manager)*
Joseph Angara *(Coach)* | Steve Tikolo *(Captain)*
Newton Muthee
Elijah Otieno
Alex Obanda
Anish Prabhakar
Nelson Odhiambo
Harshil Sanghani
Ramesh Mepani
Vijay Kalyan
Lameck Onyango
Charles Obuya
Amit Bhudia
Jeshani Naran
Kush Parmar
Mitesh Shanghani
Sagar Karia
Daniel Macdonald *(Manager)*
Shahid Bwibo *(Coach)* | Kennedy Obuya *(Captain)*
Nehemiah Odhiambo
Rajesh Bhudia
Hiren Varaiya
Peter Kituku
Ashwin Prabhakar
Alpesh Bhudia
Darshit Shah
Amit Shukla
Ashish Bhatt
Brijal Patel
Jai Trivedi
Rajesh Varsani
Stewart Kayne
Dharmendra Mepani
Zahir Abbas
Davinder Bharij *(Manager)*
Alfred Njuguna *(Coach)* | Peter Ongondo *(Captain)*
Morris Ouma
Moses Otieno
Collins Obuya
Ken Migai
David Maina
Harish Varsani
Pritesh Lalji
Hassan Abdi
James Ngoche
Prakash Pindolia
Malhar Patel
Jadavji Jesani
Tony Suji
Amit Bij
David Tikolo *(Manager)*
Martin Suji *(Coach)* |

## Results

### Three-day matches

* Northern Nomads won the toss and elected to bat

---

* Southern Stars won the toss and elected to field

---

* No toss made

---

* Northern Nomads won the toss and elected to field

---

* Eastern Aces won the toss and elected to bat

---

* Northern Nomads won the toss and elected to bat


title: Sahara Hayes

abstract: Sahara Hayes is an American politician serving as a member of the Utah House of Representatives for the 32nd district. Elected in November 2022, she assumed office on January 1, 2023.

text:
# Sahara Hayes

**Sahara Hayes** is an American politician serving as a member of the Utah House of Representatives for the 32nd district. Elected in November 2022, she assumed office on January 1, 2023.

## Early life and education

Hayes was born and raised in Salt Lake City. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Westminster College and a Master of Public Administration from the University of Utah.

## Career

Outside of politics, Hayes works as a grant writer. She served as a member of the Millcreek Community Council and on the board of the Utah Cultural Celebration Center Foundation. She was elected to the Utah House of Representatives in November 2022.

## Personal life

Hayes is a queer woman. Her partner is transgender.

1. "Pathway Associates - Utah Nonprofit Consulting - Sahara Hayes". *www.pathwayassoc.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
2. "Sahara Hayes: LGBTQ+ community are not faceless political scapegoats". *The Salt Lake Tribune*. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
3. "Sahara Hayes". *Ballotpedia*. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
4. Beal-Cvetko, Bridger. "Making politics 'for you': Why Utah Rep. Sahara Hayes ran for office". *www.ksl.com*. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
5. Hayes, Sahara (June 2, 2022). "LGBTQ+ community are not faceless political scapegoats". *The Salt Lake Tribune*. Retrieved 2024-01-20.

## InfoBox

| Sahara Hayes | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Utah House of Representatives
from the 32nd district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 1, 2023 | |
| Preceded by | Suzanne Harrison |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Education | Westminster College (BA)
University of Utah (MPA) |
|  | |


title: Bruce and Norman Yonemoto

abstract: Bruce Yonemoto and Norman Yonemoto are two Los Angeles, California-based video/installation artists of Japanese American heritage.

text:
# Bruce and Norman Yonemoto

**Bruce Yonemoto** and **Norman Yonemoto** are two Los Angeles, California-based video/installation artists of Japanese American heritage.

## Family background and birth

Bruce and Norman Yonemoto's family was among the 120,000 incarcerated Japanese Americans during World War II. Their mother, Fumiko Rosie Hitomi, was placed with her family at Tule Lake in Northern California. Their father, Tak Yonemoto, had been drafted into the United States Army. When Rosie's uncle was brutally murdered in camp, Tak sent condolences and rekindled their relationship. Soon after, they were given permission to marry and leave the camp. Rosie was then allowed to relocate to Chicago, where Norman was born in 1946.

Once the war ended and Japanese Americans were released, the family relocated to Northern California where their father worked as a carnation grower and plant pathogist. Bruce was born in 1949 in San Jose. They have two other brothers, Gerald and Roger.

## Education

Growing up in the 1950s in Santa Clara, California, the two brothers were actively a part of the post-war idealism and the culture of movies and television shows. Some 8 mm home movies, projection screens, and television sets became a part of everyday life. Perhaps even more importantly, their mother went against the cultural grain of the time and talked to her sons about the Japanese American incarceration experience.

Norman Yonemoto's training was in film. After Santa Clara University, University of California, Berkeley and UCLA, he attended the American Film Institute for two years where he earned his MFA in 1972. Bruce Yonemoto, however, sought his training in the visual arts. After UC Berkeley, he went to Tokyo, studying at the Sokei Bijitsu Gakkō. Once he returned to California, he obtained his Masters in Fine Art at the Otis Art Institute. He is currently the chair and professor of the Art Department at the University of California, Irvine.

## Works

### Works by the Yonemotos

Both brothers utilize Los Angeles as tool and backdrop for a number of projects, drawing particularly from the Hollywood veneer of glamour and romance. From 1976 through the 1990s, the brothers collaborated on numerous films, single-channel videos and video installations. Their first collaboration, *Garage Sale* (1976), was a 16 mm feature film about a young blond man named Hero and his wife drag queen Goldie Glitters. As Goldie demands a divorce, Hero, in a frenzy to retain her love, encounters numerous characters – each with their own idiosyncrasies and their own definitions for success. The actress who plays Goldie was drag-queen Goldie Glitters, Santa Monica City College's 1975 Homecoming Queen. Though it is made obvious to the audience that Goldie is actually a man, the line between reality and fiction is blurred when Goldie is sympathetically portrayed as a woman tapping into recognizable fantasies imbued into contemporary culture through fictional Hollywood romances and unrealistic dreams.

Similar themes, clashing idea, and the juxtaposition and confusion of reality with fiction echo through their subsequent projects which assemble raw materials from their post-WWII youth and home videos with recognizable Hollywood and industry-inspired scenes, dialogues, and romances. Their projects confront the collision of cultures, ethnicities, and sexuality by alluding to and referencing the Japanese American incarceration, their Japanese heritage, the fact of Norman being gay, their postwar 'Americanization', Hollywood, and commercialism.

Some of their projects include *Based on Romance* (1979); *An Impotent Metaphor* (1979), *Green Card: An American Romance* (1982); *Vault* (1984); *Kappa* (1986) and *Made in Hollywood* (1990), videos that explore the space between the romantic fantasies of Hollywood and the reality of human psychosexual relationships. Their recent works include a 1993 collaboration with John Baldessari for the Santa Monica Museum of Art entitled *Three Locations/Three Points of View*, *A Matter of Memory* (1995) and *Silicon Valley* (1999). As a contributor to the field of film and video, the Yonemoto brothers often utilized the language and imagery of film to expose and subvert the powers of racist propaganda, of film. *A Matter of Memory* considers the act of memory and the reconstruction of lost or faded memory.

The latter collaborations have almost all been commissioned by museums and utilize specific gallery spaces to affect the viewer's experience, often collaborating color, still and moving images, sound, and movement to challenge the viewer.

| Norman Yonemoto | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1946
California, U.S.A. |
| Died | (2014-02-28)February 28, 2014
Venice, Los Angeles, California |
| Education | Santa Clara University
University of California at Berkeley and Los Angeles
1972 MFA, the American Film Institute |
| Occupation(s) | Visual artist, screen writer, producer |
| Years active | 1976 - |
| Notable work | Garage Sale II
Memory, Matter, and Modern Romance |
| Relatives | Bruce Yonemoto (brother) |
| Notes | |
| Granted by 1995 CCF Fellowship for Visual Artists as a mid-career artist
1998 National Endowment for the Arts

1993 Maya Deren Award (American Film Institute Award for Independent Film and Video Artists)
1998 Rockefeller Foundation Intercultural Film/Video/Multimedia Fellowship | |

### Norman's works

Norman Yonemoto has worked with his brother Bruce from early days as video artists. *Based on Romance* shows his talent as a screenwriter among their early works exhibited in 1980 in California, with *Garage Sale II* as among Pacific Film Archives, University of California at Berkeley, and in 1989 their retrospective exhibition by Long Beach Museum of Art. Norman collaborated with Bruce over 20 years on their impressive works of films and video. The audience would encounter those Hollywood melodrama they could recall and popular television commercial messages, but in segmented pieces fabricated together, showing the repeated patterns the mass media supply daily.

The subject which Bruce Yonemoto themes his works on is his perceptions of mass media and how they influence our desires as well as identity. People think that it is they themselves who identify their social image, and memories of others they hold is quite personal. Yonemoto presents that it is the mass media who make people believe in virtues which they were given *by* the mass media.

Norman died in his home in Venice, California on February 28, 2014 after a series of strokes over a period of time.

## Recognition

The Yonemoto brothers had received numerous awards, including the 1993 Maya Deren Award for Experimental Film and video; the Rockefeller Foundation Intercultural Film/Video/Multimedia Fellowship, the American Film Institute for Independent Film and Videomaker Grant, and Best New Narrative at the Atlanta Film and Video Festival.

Their work is in numerous permanent museum collections: among them, the Museum of Modern Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York; the Japanese American National Museum and the J Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, the Long Beach Museum of Art and the Hara Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo.

Their work is also in private collections, including that of Peter and Eileen Norton.

### *Memory, Matter and Modern Romance*

Norman born 1946, and Bruce 1948, they were honored with recognition in their mid-life at the exhibition ***Memory, Matter and Modern Romance*** at the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles, January 23 - July 4, 1999. Catalog essays included Ian Buruma, Karin Higa and Timothy Martin.

The occasion was realized with funds from the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Peter Norton Family Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the California Arts Council.

## Permanent collections

* Centre Pompidou, Paris, France (2014)

*Vault*, 1984; Bruce Yonemoto (1949 - ), Norman Yonemoto (1946 - 2014); Betacam NTSC, couleur, purchased 1994; Inventory number:AM 1994-404 *Kappa*, 1986; Mike Kelley (1954 - 2012), Bruce Yonemoto (1949 - ), Norman Yonemoto (1946 - 2014); Fichier ProRes, couleur, purchased 2014; Inventory number:AM 2014-659 "Centre Pompidou". * Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
* Donnell Library Collections, New York, New York
* Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
* Fonds National d'Art Contemporain (National Collection of France)
* Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan
* Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles, California
* Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, Kansas
* La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art, La Jolla, California
* Long Beach Museum of Art, Long Beach, California

*Framed*, 1989; Norman Yonemoto (1946 - 2014); video and slide projection, mirror, scrim, and backdrop * Museum of Contemporary Art (MoCA), Los Angeles

*Under the Big Black Sun*; Paul Schimmel; Bruce Yonemoto, Norman Yonemoto * Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY

*Green Card: An American Romance*; Bruce Yonemoto, Norman Yonemoto, Nikolai Ursin (cameraman); Object number 590.1984; acquired in 1982 for the exhibition Video: Recent Acquisitions (July 1–August 12, 1982). *It's a Matter of Memory*; Bruce Yonemoto, Norman Yonemoto; standard audio cassette; vv99.3; archived March 4, 1999 * Norton Family Foundation
* San Diego Museum of Art
* UCLA Hammer Museum
* University of Texas, Austin (2013)
* Whitney Museum of Art

## Bibliography

### Books

* Baldessari, John; Martin, Tim; Yonemoto, Bruce (1986). *TV Generations: (LACE, Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, February 21 through April 12, 1986)*. Los Angeles, Calif., USA. ISBN 0-937335-00-2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Book consisting of two different format nested: The catalog and the texts.
* Higa, Karin. *Some Thoughts on National and Cultural Identity: Art by Contemporary Japanese American Artists (Artist's Pages.)*. Vol. 55 (Fall 1996). `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
* Buruma, Ian; Higa, Karin; Martin, Timothy (1999). *Bruce and Norman Yonemoto*. Bruce Yonemoto (artist), Norman Yonemoto (artist). Los Angeles, the USA: Japanese American National Museum. ISBN 0-911291-26-1. Notes : Exposition, Los Angeles, Japanese American National Museum, 1999; Kandinsky Library, Ponpideu Center.
* Chattopadhyay, Collette. *Matter and Memories: Memory, Matter, and Modern Romance*. Vol. 27. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
* Higa, Karin (1999). "Bruce and Norman Yonemoto: Memory, Matter, and Modern Romance". Los Angeles: Japanese American National Museum. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
* Yonemoto, Bruce; Yonemoto, Norman (1999). *Bruce and Norman Yonemoto: Memory, Matter and Modern Romance*. Sherri Schottlaender (Editor). Japanese American National Museum. ISBN 978-188116104-2.
* Grenier, Catherine (2006). *Experimental City, catalog for the exhibition*. the Centre Pompidou. pp. 17–48. Also published Panama edition.
* Grenier, Catherine; James, David E; Dannenmüller, Sophie (2006). *Los Angeles 1955-1985*. Centre Pompidou. ISBN 978-275-570150-0.
* Kelley, Kara (2007). "Hallmark". *Encyclopedia of Asian American Artists: Artists of the American Mosaic*. Westport: Greenwood Press.
* Ollman, Leah (27 October 2007). *Brief Article,* Art in America*, September 1999*. New York. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) via FindArticles.com
* Adams, Parveen; Breitwieser, Sabine; Carson, Juli; Ulmer, Gregory L (2007). *Exile of the imaginary: politics, aesthetics, love*. Generali Foundation. Vienna, Allemagne: W. König. ISBN 978-3-86560-211-4. Exhibition toured to Vienna (18 January through 29 April 2007). Title in German is *Exil des Imaginären. Politik, Asthetik, Liebe*. The exhibition was held by Generali Foundation, 2007.
* Buckley, Brad; Conomos, John, eds. (February 28, 2010). *Rethinking the Contemporary Art School: the Artist. The PH.D. and the Academy*. Bruce Yonemoto (Contributor), et al. Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design. ISBN 978-091961649-3. With contribution by Bruce Barber, Su Baker, Mikkel Bogh, Juli Carson, Edward Colless, Jay Coogan, and Luc Courchesne.
* "6". *Rethinking the Contemporary Art School: The Artist, the PhD and the Academy*. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: The Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design. 2010. pp. 90–101.
* *Pacific Standard Time: Los Angeles Art, 1945-1980*. Getty Research Institute. October 18, 2011. ISBN 978-1606060728.
* Silver, Shell (2012). *Tokyo Tower*. p. 122.
* James, David E. "Independent Film in Los Angeles". *Los Angeles from 1955-1985*. Getty Institute. pp. 49–53.

### Journals

* Yonemoto, Bruce (2008). Institute of Art and Design; Research Development Committee of Institute of Art & Design (eds.). "Support for Art Practice". *University Art Practice and Research Funding*. Ibaraki, Japan: Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.
* Yonemoto, Bruce (2012). "Kintsugi at the Tokyo Wonder Site". *Otis College of Art and Design Magazine*. Vol. 13, no. Fall. Otis College of Art and Design. p. 27.

## Videos

* Bruce and Norman Yonemoto (1989). *Framed: \[a video installation\]*. Long Beach Museum of Art. ASIN B00072TK3Y. Exhibited between March 19 to April 23, 1989.

## InfoBox

| Bruce Yonemoto | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1949
San Jose, California |
| Education | 1971 BA, University of California at Berkeley
1979 MFA, Otis College of Art and Design
Graduate Studies at the Sokei Art Institute |
| Occupation(s) | Visual artist, Professor of Art at University of California, Irvine and resident-faculty for video, experimental media, film theory |
| Years active | 1976 - |
| Notable work | *Garage Sale II*
*Memory, Matter, and Modern Romance* |
| Relatives | Norman Yonemoto (brother) |
| Website | http://bruceyonemoto.net |


title: Colonial Manor, New Jersey

abstract: Colonial Manor is an unincorporated community located within West Deptford Township in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

text:
# Colonial Manor, New Jersey

**Colonial Manor** is an unincorporated community located within West Deptford Township in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

## History

Ladd's Castle, also known as Candor Hall, is a historic building located in the Colonial Manor section that is Gloucester County's oldest brick home. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, it was constructed c.1688 by John Ladd, a surveyor who is said to have helped William Penn develop a master design for the street grid for Philadelphia.

The Colonial Manor Volunteer Fire Department was established in 1922.

## InfoBox

| Colonial Manor, New Jersey | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Ladd's Castle, listed on the NRHP | |
| Colonial ManorColonial ManorColonial Manor | |
| Coordinates: 39°51′18″N 75°9′5″W / 39.85500°N 75.15139°W / 39.85500; -75.15139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New Jersey |
| County | Gloucester |
| Township | West Deptford |
| Elevation | 377 ft (115 m) |
| Time zone | UTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−04:00 (EDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 875572 |


title: Salix pedicellata

abstract: Salix pedicellata is a species of willow. It is a shrub or small tree to about 6–8 m tall, native around the Mediterranean Sea from Portugal to Lebanon and Syria in the north and from the Canary Islands to Tunisia in the south. Salix canariensis may be treated as a subspecies of S. pedicellata.

text:
# Salix pedicellata

***Salix pedicellata*** is a species of willow. It is a shrub or small tree to about 6–8 m tall, native around the Mediterranean Sea from Portugal to Lebanon and Syria in the north and from the Canary Islands to Tunisia in the south. *Salix canariensis* may be treated as a subspecies of *S. pedicellata*.

## Description

*Salix pedicellata* is very variable in appearance. It forms a shrub or small tree up to 6–8 m tall. Its trunk may be up to 1.4 m, but is usually shorter. Its twigs are dark brown, initially with short hairs (tomentose), later smooth (glabrous). If the bark is removed from a twig, prominent longitudinal ridges or lines are visible. The leaves are more-or-less oblong, 4–16 cm long and 1–5 cm wide. The upper surface of the leaf is green, the lower greyish with prominent veins. *S. pedicellata* flowers in early Spring – February to April in its native habitat. The male catkins are usually densely packed with flowers and are 2–4 cm long. The female catkins are less dense, usually revealing the stem, and slightly longer at 5–8 cm. Both male and female flowers have a single nectary. The seeds are black to olive in colour, cylindrical, about 1.25 mm long and 0.5 mm wide.

## Taxonomy

*Salix pedicellata* was first described by René Desfontaines in 1799. *Salix canariensis* is treated by some taxonomists as a subspecies of *S. pedicellata*, under the name *S. pedicellata* subsp. *canariensis*, so that the species *S. pedicellata* becomes *S. pedicellata* subsp. *pedicellata*.

It hybridizes with *Salix atrocinerea*.

## Distribution

*Salix pedicellata* subsp. *pedicellata* is native to some of the countries around the Mediterranean, in Europe (Portugal, Spain, Sicily, mainland Greece, Crete, doubtfully mainland Italy), western North Africa (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) and Western Asia (the East Aegean Islands, Turkey and Lebanon-Syria). It has been introduced to Ethiopia. *Salix pedicellata* subsp. *canariensis* is native to Madeira and the Canary Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Salix pedicellata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malpighiales |
| Family: | Salicaceae |
| Genus: | *Salix* |
| Species: | ***S. pedicellata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Salix pedicellata***
Desf. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Salix antiatlantica* Maire & Wilczek * *Salix libanii* Bornm. | |


title: Saturn Ion

abstract:
The Saturn Ion is a compact car sold by Saturn between the 2003 and 2007 model years. Based on the GM Delta platform, the Ion replaced the Saturn S-Series in 2002,
and was replaced by the new Saturn Astra in 2008. Production of the Ion ended on March 29, 2007. The Ion was the last Saturn passenger car built at the Spring Hill, Tennessee plant which was originally linked to the company's branding, with Saturn owners attending "homecoming" events at the plant.

text:
# Saturn Ion

The **Saturn Ion** is a compact car sold by Saturn between the 2003 and 2007 model years. Based on the GM Delta platform, the Ion replaced the Saturn S-Series in 2002, and was replaced by the new Saturn Astra in 2008. Production of the Ion ended on March 29, 2007. The Ion was the last Saturn passenger car built at the Spring Hill, Tennessee plant which was originally linked to the company's branding, with Saturn owners attending "homecoming" events at the plant.

## Trim levels

The Saturn Ion was offered in three trim "Levels": Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3, as well as a "Red Line" trim (in later model years).

The **Level 1** trim, only offered as a four-door sedan, was the entry-level Ion trim. It included features such as cloth seating surfaces, 14" tires and steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, manual windows and door locks, an AM/FM stereo radio with a four-speaker audio system, a heater (no standard air conditioning), a 2.2L dual overhead cam (DOHC) inline four-cylinder (I4) gasoline engine, and a five-speed manual transmission. The Level 1 trim was discontinued in later model years of the Ion.

The **Level 2** trim was the entry-level Quad Coupe trim, and the upgraded trim for the four-door sedan. It included features such as upgraded 15" tires and steel wheels and plastic wheel covers, air conditioning, and an AM/FM stereo with a single-disc CD player (which also included an auxiliary audio input jack in later model years).

The **Level 3** was the top-of-the-line trim for both the Quad Coupe and the four-door sedan. It added more convenience items such as power windows and door locks, keyless entry, 16" tires and aluminum-alloy wheels, upgraded cloth seating surfaces, and an AM/FM stereo with both cassette and single-disc CD players (later, an AM/FM stereo with satellite option, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, and an auxiliary audio input jack).

The **Red Line** was the performance-oriented trim of the Ion, only available as a Quad Coupe. It featured a 2.0L supercharged I4 gasoline engine, a unique body kit and front grille, unique aluminum-alloy wheels, unique cloth seating surfaces, and a rear spoiler.

## History

### 2003–2004

The 2003 Saturn Ion quad coupe production car first appeared at the 2002 New York International Auto Show. The 2003 Ion came standard with a 2.2  140 hp (104 kW) DOHC Ecotec I4 engine. The Ion sedan went on sale in mid-October 2002, and the quad coupe went on sale in early 2003. The Ion's instrument panel was mounted on the top center of the dashboard, rather than behind the steering wheel. The Ion is also available in sedan level 1, 2, or 3; level three signified a more user friendly setup with power windows and power locks, while lower levels included crank windows and plastic wheel covers. Other extras included fog lights, sunroof, and spoiler. The Saturn Ion Quad Coupe has half-sized rear clamshell doors while the sedan has conventionally hinged doors.

A Getrag F23 5-speed manual or an Aisin AF23 5-speed automatic transmission were available. The compact 5-speed automatic had several unique characteristics. The transmission lacked an overdrive, allowing for five forward gears to be packaged in the size of a typical four-speed manual gearbox, both providing close gear ratios for better acceleration and fuel efficiency while eliminating the heat and parasitic loss generated by the additional planetary gearset. The unit was also "fill-for-life," meaning that it was not intended to be serviced for the life of the vehicle. The 2003 and 2004 Ion Coupes were available with the VTi continuously variable transmission or a Getrag F23 5-speed manual.

For 2004, Saturn also re-calibrated the electric power steering, as well as upgraded interior materials, and offered new sound systems.

### 2005–2006

In 2005, the Aisin 5-speed automatic transmission was discontinued. The VTi CVT used in the quad-coupes between 2002 and 2004 was also discontinued. GM's 4-speed 4T45-E replaced both transmissions, becoming the only available automatic transmission option. The 2005 Ion sedan models also received a new steering wheel, the same one used in the 2004 Ion coupe models. In the middle of the 2005 model year, the seats in the base Ion1 model received upgraded fabrics and a height adjustment feature. "Quiet Steel" multilaminate sound-reduction technology was also introduced in 2005. Cosmetic changes included an upgraded fascia with a larger grille opening (2005-2007 Ion sedan models) and redesigned wheel covers and redesigned alloy wheel offerings. Under the hood, an acoustic engine cover was added to the engine bay to reduce noise emissions.

The Level 2 and Level 3 models were offered with GM's new standard radio, featuring MP3 playback.

2006 saw the 170 hp (127 kW), 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m) torque, 2.4 L straight-four engine with variable valve timing become available for the Ion 3. The Ion went on to be discontinued after the 2007 model year.

### 2007

The 2.2-liter Ecotec engine in the 2007 Saturn Ion was improved over the previous year's model: power output increased from 140 hp (104 kW) to 145 hp (108 kW) at 5600 rpm, and torque output increased from 145 lb⋅ft (197 N⋅m) to 150 lb⋅ft (203 N⋅m) at 4200 rpm. The new engine was fitted with the ECU from the 2.4-liter engine.

The 2.4-liter Ecotec received a similar upgrade: power increased by five horsepower to 175 hp (130 kW) at 6500 rpm, and torque increased from 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m) to 164 lb⋅ft (222 N⋅m) at 4800 rpm.

An "Appearance Package" was offered for the 2007 Ion 3 Quad Coupe, including redesigned front and rear bumpers, side moldings, elliptical fog lamps, and a chrome exhaust tip. The Recaro seats in the Red Line version were replaced with black leather-appointed seats, which featured a passenger-sensing system.

The Ion was discontinued after the 2007 model year, and replaced in Saturn's lineup by the Saturn Astra hatchback, a rebadged Opel Astra H imported from Belgium.

The 2007 Ion was the last Saturn built at the Spring Hill, Tennessee plant.

### Red Line Edition

In production from 2004 through the 2007 Model Year, Saturn produced the **Red Line** Sport Compact This engine/powertrain combination is also shared with the Chevy Cobalt SS Supercharged Edition, which did not start production until the 2005 model year. The Ion Red Line features most interior features from the standard Ion Coupe, including its rear clamshell doors, to allow accessibility to the rear seat.

Introduced for the 2005 model year was the optional Competition Package. Included in the Competition Package were 17" Gunmetal Painted Alloy Rims, Ladder Tachometer w/ shift lights, a Limited Slip Differential, and Optional Projector-beam Fog Lamps. In mid-2006, GM released two Engine Kit upgrades for both the Ion Red Line and the Cobalt SS. The Stage 1 Kit retailed for around US$500, and included higher-flow fuel injectors and a recalibration to the ECU to increase the horsepower by 31 hp (23 kW) to 236 hp (176 kW) and 205 lb⋅ft (278 N⋅m) of torque, up from the stock 205 hp (153 kW) and 200 lb⋅ft (271 N⋅m). The Stage 2 Kit retailed for around $750 and opens up the middle of the power curve to more power than the Stage 1 Kit alone. In addition to everything that the Stage 1 Kit comes with, the Stage 2 Kit includes a smaller drive belt and pulley for the supercharger, bringing the engine up to 241 hp (180 kW) and 218 lb⋅ft (296 N⋅m) of torque. GM did release a Stage 1 to Stage 2 Upgrade kit that retailed for $400. This Upgrade Kit is for a Red Line with the Stage 1 kit already installed. This Upgrade Kit adds the Stage 2 elements and increases the horsepower from 236 hp (176 kW) to 241 hp (180 kW).

On October 17, 2003 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, the Saturn Ion Red Line, piloted by the GM Performance Division's "Saturn Land Speed Record Project" set a new land-speed record in the "G/Blown Fuel Altered" Class at 212.684 mph. This exceeded the previous record of 183.086 mph that was set in 2001.

Below are the production numbers for the Ion Red Line from 2004 to 2007.

| Color | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | Totals |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Silver | 831 | 353 | 274 | 131 | 1589 |
| Red | 0 | 286 | 260 | 116 | 662 |
| Blue | 783 | 478 | 189 | 134 | 1584 |
| Black | 1012 | 395 | 406 | 173 | 1986 |
| Total | 2626 | 1512 | 1135 | 554 | 5827 |
| Comp. Pkg. | 0 | 118 | 641 | 337 | 1096 |

### Discontinuation

General Motors decided to discontinue the Ion after the 2007 model year. It was replaced by the 2008 Astra.

The Astra shares the Delta platform with the Ion, but is a captive import from Opel. While Opel offered the Astra in multiple body types, and with other performance options, Saturn did not import any of them  the Astra was only offered with a single base engine, and in 3-door and 5-door hatchback bodystyles only, in two trim levels. The Ion was the last Saturn to have brand-specific design cues originating with the S-Series such as plastic body panels.

## Safety

### Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)

20032007 Ion IIHS scores
| Moderate overlap frontal offset | Acceptable |
| --- | --- |
| Small overlap frontal offset | Not Tested |
| Side impact | Poor |
| Roof strength | Not Tested |

IIHS only tested the 4-door sedan version. It did not test coupe versions of the Ion.

### NHTSA

20032007 Ion NHTSA scores
| Year | Vehicle Type | Frontal Driver | Frontal Passenger | Side Driver | Side Passenger | 4x2 Rollover | 4x4 Rollover |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | 4DR Sedan |  |  | Not Rated |  |  | Not Rated |
| 2004 | 4DR Sedan |  |  | Not Rated |  |  | Not Rated |
| | 4DR Coupe |  |  |  |  | Not Rated | Not Rated |
| 2005 | 4DR Sedan |  |  |  |  |  | Not Rated |
| | 4DR Coupe |  |  |  |  |  | Not Rated |
| 2006 | 4DR Sedan |  |  |  |  |  | Not Rated |
| | 4DR Coupe |  |  |  |  |  | Not Rated |
| 2007 | 4DR Sedan |  |  |  |  |  | Not Rated |
| | 4DR Coupe |  |  |  |  |  | Not Rated |

### Recall

In February 2014, the Ion was added to a list of General Motors cars recalled due to a faulty ignition switch. 13 deaths were found to have been caused by the defect in Chevrolet Cobalt models, prompting the recall of the Ion and other related GM vehicles.

## InfoBox

| Saturn Ion | |
| --- | --- |
| 2006 Saturn Ion 2 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Saturn Corporation (General Motors) |
| Production | 2002–March 29, 2007 |
| Model years | 2003–2007 |
| Assembly | Spring Hill, Tennessee, United States |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | Compact car |
| Body style | 4-door sedan
4-door quad coupe |
| Layout | Transverse front-engine, front-wheel drive |
| Platform | GM Delta platform/GMX357 |
| Related | Chevrolet Cobalt
Chevrolet HHR
Pontiac G5
Opel Astra |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine | 2.2  *L61* I4 (gasoline)
2.4 L *LE5* I4 (gasoline)
2.0 L *LSJ* s/c I4 (gasoline) |
| Transmission | 5-speed Getrag *F23* manual
5-speed Getrag *F35* manual
4-speed GM *4T45-E* automatic
5-speed Aisin *AF33* automatic
CVT *VTi* automatic |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 103.2 in (2,621 mm) (sedan)
103.2 in (2,621 mm) (coupe)
103.5 in (2,629 mm) (Red Line) |
| Length | 184.5 in (4,686 mm) (sedan)
185.0 in (4,699 mm) (coupe)
185.0 in (4,699 mm) (Red Line) |
| Width | 67.2 in (1,707 mm) (sedan)
67.9 in (1,725 mm) (coupe)
67.9 in (1,725 mm) (Red Line) |
| Height | 57.4 in (1,458 mm) (sedan)
56.0 in (1,422 mm) (coupe)
55.6 in (1,412 mm) (Red Line) |
| Curb weight | 2,600–2,984 lb (1,179–1,354 kg) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Saturn S-Series |
| Successor | Saturn Astra |


title: Bobby Joe Edmonds (basketball)

abstract: Bobby Joe Edmonds was an American professional basketball small forward for two seasons in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Indiana Pacers. He attended Tennessee State University. He was drafted by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1964 NBA draft He attended Indianapolis' Crispus Attucks High School, where he was part of the IHSAA State Championship basketball team in 1958–59.

text:
# Bobby Joe Edmonds (basketball)

**Bobby Joe Edmonds** (March 8, 1941 – November 12, 1991) was an American professional basketball small forward for two seasons in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Indiana Pacers (1967–68, 1969–70). He attended Tennessee State University.

He was drafted by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1964 NBA draft

He attended Indianapolis' Crispus Attucks High School, where he was part of the IHSAA State Championship basketball team in 1958–59.

## InfoBox

Bobby Joe Edmonds
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-03-08)March 8, 1941
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | November 12, 1991(1991-11-12) (aged 50) |
| Listed height | 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) |
| Listed weight | 220 lb (100 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school | Crispus Attucks
(Indianapolis, Indiana) |
| College | Tennessee State (1961–1964) |
| NBA draft | 1964: 6th round, 46th overall pick |
| Selected by the Baltimore Bullets | |
| Playing career | 1967–1970 |
| Position | Small forward |
| Number | 44, 42 |
| Career history | |
| 1967–1968,
1970 | Indiana Pacers |
|  | |
| Stats at Basketball-Reference.com | |


title: Steve Rixon

abstract: Stephen John Rixon is an Australian cricket coach and former international cricketer. He played in 13 Test matches and six One Day Internationals between 1977 and 1985. He has coached the New Zealand cricket team, New South Wales cricket team, Surrey County Cricket Club, Hyderabad Heroes and the Chennai Super Kings of the Indian Cricket League and was the fielding coach of the Australian national cricket team, Pakistan national cricket team and Sri Lanka national cricket team.

text:
# Steve Rixon

**Stephen John Rixon** (born 25 February 1954) is an Australian cricket coach and former international cricketer. He played in 13 Test matches and six One Day Internationals between 1977 and 1985. He has coached the New Zealand cricket team, New South Wales cricket team, Surrey County Cricket Club, Hyderabad Heroes and the Chennai Super Kings of the Indian Cricket League and was the fielding coach of the Australian national cricket team, Pakistan national cricket team and Sri Lanka national cricket team.

## Career

Rixon first came to public attention as a 16-year-old during the 1970/71 Marylebone Cricket Club tour of Australia, when England's wicket-keeper Alan Knott applauded Rixon's efforts for a Southern New South Wales team against the MCC. Rixon subsequently moved to Sydney to play initially for Waverley before transferring to Western Suburbs. Rixon made his first class debut in 1974–75. He made a first class century, 115, but only scored 232 runs at 17.8 for the season. He took 27 catches and made 4 stumpings.

In 1976-77 Rixon scored 128 in a Shield game.

In 1977, the leading Australian players were signed to World Series Cricket which led to them being banned from official cricket. These players included the then-Australian wicketkeeper Rod Marsh and the reserve keeper on the 1977 Ashes, Richie Robinson. There was a position open for test wicketkeeper. Leading contenders included the experienced John Maclean, the Queensland captain, and Rixon.

Rixon was picked in the first test against India in 1977–78. He scored 9 and 5 with the bat but took five catches in a narrow Australian victory.

In the second test, Rixon scored 50 runs in the first innings, taking part in a valuable 101 partnership with captain Bob Simpson. He took six catches and his second innings knock of 23 was crucial in helping Australia win by 2 wickets. In the third test he took four catches and scored 11 and 12. In the 4th he scored 17 and 11 and took 2 catches. In the final test, which Australia won, he scored 32 and 13 and took 5 catches.

Rixon kept his place on the subsequent tour of the West Indies. In the first test he scored 1 and 0, took two catches and a stumping. In the second he made 16 and 0. In the third he scored 54 (Australia's second top score of the innings) and 39 not out, the latter runs especially crucial in guiding Australia to a three wicket victory. In the fourth test he scored 21 and 13 not out. In the final test he scored 13 not out, took four catches and made a stumping.

Rixon was not selected for the 1978-79 Ashes, the selectors preferring John Maclean, and then Kevin Wright. Wright took the position of wicketkeeper for the 1979 tours of England and India. Rod Marsh returned to the test side in 1979-80 and remained Australia's first choice keeper until his retirement in 1984.

Rixon was back up wicketkeeper on the 1981 Ashes tour of England.

In 1981-82 Rixon captained NSW in the absence of Rick McCosker.

Rod Marsh elected not to tour Sri Lanka in 1982. However, the selectors picked Roger Woolley as keeper instead.

Rod Marsh announced his retirement in 1984 prior to the tour of the West Indies. Australia picked Roger Woolley as the keeper, with Wayne Phillips as reserve. During that tour, Woolley was injured before the first test and Phillips was picked as keeper. Phillips ended up playing four tests in that position, scoring a century in one of them. He played one test as a specialist with Woolley keeping.

Wayne Phillips' performances was seen to be one of the few successes of the 1984 West Indies tour, and Australia kept him on as wicketkeeper for the first two tests against the West Indies at home over the 1984-85 summer. Phillips was then injured and Rixon was recalled to replace him for the third test. This followed Rixon scoring a century in the Sheffield Shield.

Rixon scored 0 and 16 but took 7 catches. In the fourth test he scored 0 and 17. In the fifth test, which Australia won, he scored 20, took three catches and made a stumping.

Rixon was selected on the 1985 Ashes tour of England as reserve keeper, with Phillips as first choice. Then Rixon announced he had signed to play for two seasons in South Africa. He was dropped from the Ashes squad and banned from first class cricket in Australia for two seasons.

Rixon played for the Australian XI in the rebel tour of South Africa over two summers, 1985–86 and 1986–87, but on his return was unable to rejoin the national team.

He returned to NSW for the 1987–88 season but only played three first class games.

## Coaching career

Since retiring from playing, he has been the coach of the New Zealand cricket team, New South Wales, Surrey, Hyderabad Heroes of the Indian Cricket League and currently, The Scots College, Sydney.

It was also reported that Rixon was interested in taking over the head coaching job of the Australian cricket team when John Buchanan left at the end of the 2006/07 Ashes series. He was not appointed and instead Tim Nielsen took over.

In the Indian Premier League, he coached the Hyderabad Heroes and later the Chennai Super Kings.

On 28 June 2011, he was appointed Fielding Coach of the Australian Cricket Team replacing Mike Young. In 2014 Rixon was dropped from the Australian coaching set up.

On 15 June 2016, he was appointed the Fielding Coach of the Pakistan Cricket Team under the recommendation of the new head coach, Mickey Arthur. He worked as the Pakistan cricket fielding coach until June 2018. In December 2018, he was appointed fielding coach of Sri Lanka cricket team, and on 14 March 2019 he was handed the coaching duties halfway through the Sri Lanka tour of South Africa.

## InfoBox

Steve Rixon
| Rixon c. 1976 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Stephen John Rixon |
| Born | (1954-02-25) 25 February 1954<br>Albury, Australia |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| Test debut (cap 287) | 2 December 1977 v India |
| Last Test | 30 December 1984 v West Indies |
| ODI debut (cap 43) | 22 February 1978 v West Indies |
| Last ODI | 29 March 1985 v India |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition Test ODI  Matches 13 6  Runs scored 394 40  Batting average 18.76 13.33  100s/50s 0/2 0/0  Top score 54 20  Catches/stumpings 42/5 9/2 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricInfo, 12 December 2005 | |


title: Colony hybridization

abstract: Colony hybridization is a method of selecting bacterial colonies with desired genes through a straightforward cloning and transfer process. The genes of interest have been added to a bacterial plasmid previously through recombination, allowing genes from other organisms to be analyzed within a bacterial colony. The overall process involves a transfer of genetic material from one medium to another, typically using nitrocellulose filter paper, with the intended goal of identifying and isolating a specific gene. Radiographed RNA is used to find the desired sequence within the new bacterial colony and essentially "light it up" so that the sequence can be identified for transfer. The most common purpose of colony hybridization is to verify that a certain DNA sequence was able to successfully enter into a new cell, meaning that the cells being analyzed through this method are the result of recombination between a specific piece of DNA and a bacterial plasmid. This method was discovered by Michael Grunstein and David S. Hogness.

text:
# Colony hybridization

**Colony hybridization** is a method of selecting bacterial colonies with desired genes through a straightforward cloning and transfer process. The genes of interest have been added to a bacterial plasmid previously through recombination, allowing genes from other organisms to be analyzed within a bacterial colony. The overall process involves a transfer of genetic material from one medium to another, typically using nitrocellulose filter paper, with the intended goal of identifying and isolating a specific gene. Radiographed RNA is used to find the desired sequence within the new bacterial colony and essentially "light it up" so that the sequence can be identified for transfer. The most common purpose of colony hybridization is to verify that a certain DNA sequence was able to successfully enter into a new cell, meaning that the cells being analyzed through this method are the result of recombination between a specific piece of DNA and a bacterial plasmid. This method was discovered by Michael Grunstein and David S. Hogness.

## Methods

Colony hybridization begins with a desire to extract a segment of DNA containing a specific gene, such as a gene that conveys antibiotic resistance. A specific piece of DNA is removed from its respective cell culture and inserted into a bacterial plasmid via a process known as recombination. These bacterial plasmids are cultured on a nutrient agar plate, leading to the formation of bacterial colonies, some of which ideally continue to contain the gene of interest. A nitrocellulose filter is then washed three times with distilled water, placed in between absorbent sheets, and heated at high temperatures to kill bacteria or other microorganism. This filter, which has a pore size of .45 μm, undergoes these processes to ensure that there is no contamination during the transfer, thus allowing for accuracy in results. The bacterial colonies are then symmetrically replicated onto the nitrocellulose filter by direct contact. At this point, the cells on the filter membrane are lysed in order to open up the plasmids for easier access and their DNA is denatured, which allows it to bind to the filter. These DNA clusters are then hybridized to a desired radioactively-labelled RNA or DNA probe and screened by autoradiography. The RNA (or DNA) probe was selected specifically beforehand based on the DNA carrying the desired gene, since the probe must contain the complementary strand that will allow it to bind accurately to the correct genetic material. Through use of the radioactive probe, the clusters that exhibit the desired gene are identified to be used in further research. Frequently, they are then matched up to the corresponding (living) bacterial colonies, which have not undergone the cell lysis procedure, which may also be isolated for further growth and experimentation.

## History

The initial discovery of this technique used *Drosophila melanogaster* DNA segments as the genetic material of choice, which was placed into a plasmid of *E. Coli*. The purpose, as described in the 1975 publication by Michael Grunstein and David S. Hogness, references the prior inability of isolating a specific desired sequence out of a hybridized cell, thus prompting them to pursue steps in order to make this a possibility. They came to the conclusion that the technique they had developed, which would be named colony hybridization, was suitable for the isolation of any DNA segment given that the correct complementary RNA is available to identify the selected sequence.

Several years later, in 1978, Brigitte Cami and Philippe Kourilsky performed further experiments too increase the efficiency of colony hybridization, specifically by increasing the numbers of bacterial colonies per plate. The procedure they developed used a prophage that is thermally induced in order to lyse all of the cells on the plate. By developing this technique, Cami and Kourilsky sped up the process of colony hybridization and prevented each colony from having to be hybridized individually, which was the case in the earliest procedures.

## Common uses

There are countless uses available for colony hybridization techniques but there are a few publications from recent years that highlight the use of this process in unconventional ways. In 2006 the Department of Microbiology and Immunology in British Columbia published a paper detailing the use of colony hybridization as a form of wastewater treatment. The purpose of the experimental procedure was to decide if this process was suitable for accurately screening for specific DNA samples within wastewater, since there are a significant number of colonies that can be screened at one time. There have also been many different DNA hybridization techniques utilized in the analysis of infectious diseases. *N. gonorrhoeae* and C. *trachomatis* are two different well-known diseases that been recommended for analysis with colony hybridization techniques by national health organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control. These are just a few specific examples detailing exactly how colony hybridization can be used in different scientific fields and for a variety of purposes.


title: Colony of Bees

abstract: Beta Radio's self-released second album, Colony of Bees was recorded largely in the home studios of band members Benjamin Mabry and Brent Holloman and marks a subtle departure in style from their debut Seven Sisters. The record features a fuller sound than its predecessor thanks in part to the lengthier recording period and accomplished personnel appearing on the record. Of note is respected composer/arranger/violinist Rob Moose.

text:
# Colony of Bees

Beta Radio's self-released second album, ***Colony of Bees*** was recorded largely in the home studios of band members Benjamin Mabry and Brent Holloman and marks a subtle departure in style from their debut *Seven Sisters*. The record features a fuller sound than its predecessor thanks in part to the lengthier recording period and accomplished personnel appearing on the record. Of note is respected composer/arranger/violinist Rob Moose (Sufjan Stevens, Bon Iver, Ben Folds, Arcade Fire).

## Track listing

1. Take My Photograph – 3:31
2. East of Tennessee – 3:35
3. I Am Mine – 4:04
4. Come on Make It Right Once – 3:04
5. First Began – 4:44
6. Vera – 1:18
7. Sitting Room – 4:09
8. On the Frame – 3:39
9. Kilimanjaro – 4:35
10. White Fawn – 3:06
11. Here Too Far – 0:55
12. Monument – 5:18

## InfoBox

| Colony of Bees | |
| --- | --- |
| Colony of Bees by Beta Radio | |
| Studio album by Beta Radio | |
| Released | November 18, 2014 |
| Recorded | 2013–2014 |
| Genre | Folk, indie folk, Americana |
| Length | 41:56 |
| Producer | Benjamin Mabry, Brent Holloman |
| Beta Radio chronology | |
| *Seven Sisters (Deluxe Edition)*
(2011) ***Colony of Bees***
(2014) | |


title: Commissioner (The Salvation Army)

abstract: The rank of Commissioner in The Salvation Army is the second highest rank attainable by Officers in the organisation, and many of the Army's Territorial Commanders and even the Chief of the Staff hold this rank. The rank of Commissioner has been an active rank since 1880, and is one of the original ranks created by General William Booth, the first appointed Commissioner being George Scott Railton.

text:
# Commissioner (The Salvation Army)

The rank of **Commissioner** in The Salvation Army is the second highest rank attainable by Officers in the organisation, and many of the Army's Territorial Commanders and even the Chief of the Staff hold this rank (the highest rank in The Salvation Army, the rank of General, is by election). The rank of Commissioner has been an active rank since 1880, and is one of the original ranks created by General William Booth, the first appointed Commissioner being George Scott Railton.

## Purpose

Commissioners are given the rank for a number of reasons, being given command of a Territory being the most common. Other reasons may include appointments to International Headquarters Secretarial positions or other top roles and less commonly other high-responsibility positions throughout the world.

All active Commissioners are called upon to take part in The Salvation Army High Council in which a new General is elected upon the pending retirement or removal of the previous General. Notably, the only time a General has been forcibly removed from office was at the first High Council in 1929 when Bramwell Booth was deposed.

In 1984, spouses of Commissioners, who previously were not promoted to that rank when their partners were, were given the rank in their own right, effectively increasing the amount of Commissioners by two-thirds.

## Notable Commissioners


title: Steven Hallard

abstract: Steven Leslie Hallard is a British archer who was a member of the British squad that won the team bronze medals at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Steven Hallard

**Steven Leslie Hallard** (born 22 February 1965 in Rugby, Warwickshire, England) is a British archer who was a member of the British squad that won the team bronze medals at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics.

## Olympics

Hallard has competed for Great Britain at four Olympic Games. His first appearance came in 1984 in Los Angeles where he shot a score of 2473 and finished in 21st position in the individual event.

At the 1988 Olympics in Seoul a new elimination format was introduced for archery events. In the individual event Hallard ranked 7th in the preliminary round to qualify for the next round but was knocked out of the competition following a 21st-place finish in the 1/8 final. For the first time in Olympic competition a team event was also held. Hallard was part of the British team that also included Richard Priestman and Leroy Watson. Ranked eighth after scores from the individual preliminary round were carried over Britain advanced to the semifinal where they improved four places to qualify for the final in fourth place. A final round team score of 968 meant Britain won the bronze medal behind hosts Korea and the United States. This was the first Olympic archery medal won for Britain since the 1908 Games where five medals, including two gold, were won by British archers.

In 1992 Hallard and Priestman were joined in the team event by teenager Simon Terry. The competition now took the form of a ranking round followed by a knock-out tournament. The British team scored 3833 and lay 6th after the ranking round. Victories over Germany in the round of 16 and Australia in the quarter-final earned them a semi final against host nation Spain. Britain were defeated 236-234 but then beat France in a playoff to win the bronze medal.

In the individual event Hallard scored 1285 and qualified for the knock-out stages as the 23rd seed. In the round of 32 he defeated Denmark's Ole Gammelgaard but was beaten in the last 16 by Martinus Grov of Norway by a score of 104-99. Grov went on to reach the semi-finals and finished fourth after losing the bronze medal shoot-off to Britain's Simon Terry.

His final appearance at the Olympics came at the 1996 Games in Atlanta. Competing in the individual event only Hallard was seeded 55th following the ranking round and was beaten in the round of 32 by Tommi Tuovila.

## InfoBox

Steven Hallard
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's archery | | |
| Representing  Great Britain | | |
| Olympic Games | | |
|  | 1988 Seoul | Team |
|  | 1992 Barcelona | Team |


title: Colorado's 16th Senate district

abstract: Colorado's 16th Senate district is one of 35 districts in the Colorado Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Chris Kolker since 2023. Prior to redistricting the district was represented by Democrat Tammy Story and Republican Tim Neville.

text:
# Colorado's 16th Senate district

**Colorado's 16th Senate district** is one of 35 districts in the Colorado Senate. It has been represented by Democrat Chris Kolker since 2023. Prior to redistricting the district was represented by Democrat Tammy Story and Republican Tim Neville.

## Geography

District 16 is based in the far western suburbs of Denver, covering all of Gilpin County and parts of Boulder County and Jefferson County, as well as the southwestern corner of Denver proper. Other communities in the district include Superior, Central City, Golden, Evergreen, Conifer, Genesee, Indian Hills, Kittredge, West Pleasant View, and portions of Columbine.

The district overlaps with Colorado's 1st, 2nd, and 7th congressional districts, and with the 1st, 13th, 22nd, 24th, 25th, and 33rd districts of the Colorado House of Representatives.

## Recent election results

Colorado state senators are elected to staggered four-year terms. The old 16th district held elections in midterm years, but the new district drawn following the 2020 Census will hold elections in presidential years.

Following redistricting, Senator Tammy Story's home was drawn into the solidly Republican 4th district, and she is seeking a seat in the Colorado House of Representatives in 2022 instead. 27th district Senator Chris Kolker will represent the 16th district from 2022 onwards.

### 2018

2018 Colorado State Senate election, District 16
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** | **Tammy Story** | **47,403** | **55.7** |
|  | Republican | Tim Neville (incumbent) | 35,154 | 41.3 |
|  | Libertarian | James Gilman | 2,597 | 3.0 |
| Total votes | | | **85,154** | **100** |
|  | Democratic **gain** from Republican | | | |

### 2014

2014 Colorado State Senate election, District 16
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Tim Neville** | **35,631** | **51.4** |
|  | Democratic | Jeanne Nicholson (incumbent) | 33,734 | 48.6 |
| Total votes | | | **69,365** | **100** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | |

### Federal and statewide results

| Year | Office | Results |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | President | Biden 58.4 – 38.8% |
| 2018 | Governor | Polis 55.1 – 41.4% |
| 2016 | President | Clinton 49.9 – 41.3% |
| 2014 | Senate | Udall 47.6 – 47.3% |
| | Governor | Hickenlooper 51.4 – 44.2% |
| 2012 | President | Obama 50.2 – 47.5% |

## InfoBox

| Colorado's 16th
State Senate district | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
|  | |
| Senator | Chris Kolker
Centennial |
| Registration | 29.5% Democratic
26.9% Republican
41.9% No party preference |
| Demographics | 82% White
1% Black
11% Hispanic
4% Asian
1% Native American
2% Other |
| Population (2018) | 153,375 |
| Registered voters | 121,608 |


title: Combat team

abstract: A combat team is temporary grouping of military organizations of differing types to accomplish a defined mission or objective. Usage varies between commonwealth nations, where the term applies to a sub-unit level grouping, and the United States, where the term is found at unit and formation levels.

text:
# Combat team

A **combat team** is temporary grouping of military organizations of differing types to accomplish a defined mission or objective. Usage varies between commonwealth nations, where the term applies to a sub-unit level grouping, and the United States, where the term is found at unit and formation levels.

## Commonwealth Armies' Combat Teams

| NATO Map Symbols |
| --- |
|
 |
| Infantry Combat Team |
|
 |
| Armoured Combat Team |
|
 |
| Square Combat Team |

In commonwealth nations combat team is a temporary combined-arms grouping of based on a combat sub-unit (an infantry or armoured sub-unit) with attached supporting arms. In Canadian Army doctrine, a combat team is a sub-unit grouping based on an infantry company or a tank squadron with elements of the other arm attached as well as other supporting elements such as combat engineers and artillery observers. A **square combat team** is the combination of both an infantry company and an armoured squadron with supporting elements attached. The British Army uses the term "combat team" interchangeably with "company group" or "task group."

## US Army and Marine Combat Teams

| NATO Map Symbols |
| --- |
|
 |
| Armoured Battalion Combat Team |
|
 |
| Infantry Regimental Combat Team |
|
 |
| Armoured Regimental Combat Team |
|
 |
| Armoured Brigade Combat Team |
|
 |
| Infantry Brigade Combat Team |
|
 |
| Stryker Brigade Combat Team |

In US Armed Forces usage, "combat team" is not defined as a term by itself but it is found in inside larger labels for combined arms formations such as regimental combat team and brigade combat team. US Army doctrine has at least once referenced an armoured battalion combat team.

As a result of the US Army transforming to triangular divisions between 1940 and 1942, infantry brigades were replaced by infantry regiments. Through the Second World War, the US Army would form Regimental Combat Teams, consisting of an infantry regiment with additional attached combat and support elements tailored to a specific mission, whenever there was a requirement for an independent infantry formation smaller than division. By the end of the Second World War, infantry regiments that were not part of a division and been reorganized as regimental combat teams, and many division commanders had re-organized their infantry regiments as regimental combat teams. The regimental combat team continued to be used by the US Army through the Korean War and until the adoption of the pentomic division in 1957.

The United States Marine Corps also used the regimental combat team structure through the Second World War but it referred to these as brigades, and it was only in the 1990s that reinforced USMC regiments became known as regimental combat teams.

The US Army defines a brigade combat team as a "combined arms organization consisting of a brigade headquarters, at least two maneuver battalions, and necessary supporting functional capabilities." In 2003, almost all US Army manoeuvre brigades were reorganized as brigade combat teams. In Commonwealth nations, the term brigade group is generally used to describe a similar organization.


title: Stewart G. Pollock

abstract: Stewart Glasson Pollock is an American jurist who served as Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1979 to 1999.

text:
# Stewart G. Pollock

**Stewart Glasson Pollock** (born December 21, 1932) is an American jurist who served as Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1979 to 1999.

## Early life and education

Pollock was born in East Orange, New Jersey and raised in the Brookside section of Mendham Township, New Jersey. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1954 (bachelor of arts), New York University School of Law of Law in 1957 (bachelor of law), and from the University of Virginia in 1988 (master of law). In 1995, he received an honorary doctorate from Hamilton College.

## Career

After graduating from law school, he clerked and was associated with Toner Crowley Woelper & Vanderbilt. He was an Assistant United States Attorney from 1958 to 1960 and engaged in private practice with Schenck Price Smith & King from 1960 to 1974. During that time, he served as president of the Occupational Training Center For The Handicapped and as president of the Morristown Field Club. He reentered public service as a Commissioner of the Board of Public Utilities from 1974 to 1976, following which he rejoined Schenck Price Smith & King, while also serving as a Commissioner of the State Commission of Investigation. From 1978 to 1979, he was counsel to Governor Brendan T. Byrne.

In 1979, Byrne nominated Pollock to the Supreme Court, and he took his oath of office on June 28, 1979. Future Brooklyn Law School law professor Lawrence Solan was a law clerk for him from 1982-83. He was reappointed by Governor Thomas Kean in 1986. In 1991–92, he was Chairman of the Appellate Judge's conference of the American Bar Association.

Other professional activities include serving as president of the Morris County Bar Association, Chairman, Banking Law Section and trustee of the New Jersey State Bar Association, trustee, New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education, trustee of the New York University Law Center Foundation, trustee of the Institute of Judicial Administration, Life Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, member of the editorial board of the New Jersey Law Journal, and member of the American Law Institute (where he was an Adviser on the Restatement on The Law Governing Lawyers).

While on the Court, he was seen as a unifier. He retired in 1999, and joined the firm of Riker Danzig Scherer Hyland & Perretti.

After retirement, he continued to serve the Court as Chairman of the Supreme Court Committee on Professional Rules of Responsibility, the Court's Commission on the Rules of Professional Conduct, and as Chairman of the Court's History Advisory Board. He also has served as an advisor on judicial appointments for several governors.

In private practice, he has been an active arbitrator and mediator and is an emeritus Fellow of the American College of Commercial Arbitrators.

## Personal life

In June 1953, he met Penelope Morrow at a conference in Cuernavaca, Mexico before they started service in American Friends Service Committee work camps. They were married in June 1956 at the end of her junior year at Mt. Holyoke College and his second year of law school, and remained married until Penny's death on June 30, 2014. They have four children: Wendy Pollock Gilson, Dr. Stewart Pollock, Jeffrey Pollock, and Jennifer Cheung, as well as twelve grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.


title: Stewart Fraser (rower)

abstract: Stewart Fraser is a retired lightweight rower who competed for Great Britain.

text:
# Stewart Fraser (rower)

**Stewart Fraser** is a retired lightweight rower who competed for Great Britain.

## Rowing career

Fraser was selected by Great Britain as part of the lightweight eight that secured a bronze medal at the 1975 World Rowing Championships and the following year he was part of the lightweight eight that secured a silver medal at the 1976 World Rowing Championships in Villach, Austria.

## InfoBox

Stewart Fraser
| Sport | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Rowing |
| Medal record      Men's rowing  Representing  Great Britain  World Rowing Championships  1976 Villach  Lwt eight  1975 Nottingham  Lwt eight | |


title: Stewart Free Library

abstract: The Stewart Free Library is a historic municipal building at the junction of Nokomis and St. Albans Roads in Corinna, Maine. Built in 1895-98, it is an imposing Victorian brick building of unusual sophistication for a small rural community. It presently houses the town's library and municipal offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# Stewart Free Library

The **Stewart Free Library** is a historic municipal building at the junction of Nokomis and St. Albans Roads in Corinna, Maine. Built in 1895-98, it is an imposing Victorian brick building of unusual sophistication for a small rural community. It presently houses the town's library and municipal offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## Description and history

The Stewart Free Library is set on the west side of Corinna's town center, on the west side of a small green formed by the junction of Nokomis Road and St. Albans Road (Maine State Route 43). It is an imposing 2-1/2 story structure of brick with granite trim, with a four-story tower rising from the center of the front (east-facing) facade. The building is symmetrically arranged, three bays wide, with gabled dormer-like projections flanking the tower on the hip roof, and a pair of tall chimneys rising at the rear of the building. The main entrance is located at the base of the tower in a round-arch opening, with a pair of narrow sash windows at the second level. The flanking bays have groups of three sash windows, those on the first floor topped by a rounded granite lintel, those on the second by a rectangular lintel.

The building was a gift to the community by native son Levi M. Stewart, who had amassed a fortune in business in Minnesota. Stewart retained Minneapolis architect William Harrison Grimshaw to design the building, which was built by a Bangor, Maine contractor between 1895 and 1898. At its completion it was considered to be one of the finest public buildings in the state. Stewart also donated 3,000 volumes to start the library collection, and then bequeathed his personal legal and literary collection to the library, as well as a trust fund for its maintenance. The building memorializes Stewart's parents.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Stewart Free Library | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Photo c. 1920 | |
|  | |
| Location | ME 11/43, Corinna, Maine |
| Coordinates | 44°55′16″N 69°15′46″W / 44.92111°N 69.26278°W / 44.92111; -69.26278 |
| Area | 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1895 (1895) |
| Architect | Grimshaw, William Harrison |
| Architectural style | Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 74000190 |
| Added to NRHP | July 30, 1974 |


title: Comfit

abstract: Comfits are confectionery consisting of dried fruits, nuts, seeds or spices coated with sugar candy, often through sugar panning. Almond comfits in a muslin bag or other decorative container are a traditional gift at baptism and wedding celebrations in many countries of Europe and the Middle East, a custom which has spread to other countries such as Australia and Puerto Rico. Licorice comfits are typically multi-colored, while almond comfits are usually white for weddings and may be brightly colored for other occasions. A late medieval recipe for comfits is based on anise seeds, and suggests also making comfits with fennel, caraway, coriander, and diced ginger. These aniseed comfits seem to be a precursor of modern aniseed balls.

text:
# Comfit

**Comfits** are confectionery consisting of dried fruits, nuts, seeds or spices coated with sugar candy, often through sugar panning. Almond comfits (also known as "sugared almonds" or "Jordan almonds") in a muslin bag or other decorative container are a traditional gift at baptism and wedding celebrations in many countries of Europe and the Middle East, a custom which has spread to other countries such as Australia and Puerto Rico. Licorice comfits (sometimes sold as "torpedoes") are typically multi-colored, while almond comfits are usually white for weddings and may be brightly colored for other occasions.

A late medieval recipe for comfits is based on anise seeds, and suggests also making comfits with fennel, caraway, coriander, and diced ginger. These aniseed comfits seem to be a precursor of modern aniseed balls.

## InfoBox

Comfit
| Licorice comfits | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Confectionery |
| Main ingredients | Dried fruits, nuts, seeds or spices, sugar candy |