title: Soar (cognitive architecture)

abstract: Soar is a cognitive architecture, originally created by John Laird, Allen Newell, and Paul Rosenbloom at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal of the Soar project is to develop the fixed computational building blocks necessary for general intelligent agents – agents that can perform a wide range of tasks and encode, use, and learn all types of knowledge to realize the full range of cognitive capabilities found in humans, such as decision making, problem solving, planning, and natural-language understanding. It is both a theory of what cognition is and a computational implementation of that theory. Since its beginnings in 1983 as John Laird’s thesis, it has been widely used by AI researchers to create intelligent agents and cognitive models of different aspects of human behavior. The most current and comprehensive description of Soar is the 2012 book, The Soar Cognitive Architecture. Rosenbloom continued to serve as co-principal investigator after moving to Stanford University, then to the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute. It is now maintained and developed by John Laird's research group at the University of Michigan.

text:
# Soar (cognitive architecture)

**Soar** is a cognitive architecture, originally created by John Laird, Allen Newell, and Paul Rosenbloom at Carnegie Mellon University.

The goal of the Soar project is to develop the fixed computational building blocks necessary for general intelligent agents – agents that can perform a wide range of tasks and encode, use, and learn all types of knowledge to realize the full range of cognitive capabilities found in humans, such as decision making, problem solving, planning, and natural-language understanding. It is both a theory of what cognition is and a computational implementation of that theory. Since its beginnings in 1983 as John Laird’s thesis, it has been widely used by AI researchers to create intelligent agents and cognitive models of different aspects of human behavior. The most current and comprehensive description of Soar is the 2012 book, *The Soar Cognitive Architecture.*

Rosenbloom continued to serve as co-principal investigator after moving to Stanford University, then to the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute. It is now maintained and developed by John Laird's research group at the University of Michigan.

## Theory

Soar embodies multiple hypotheses about the computational structures underlying general intelligence, many of which are shared with other cognitive architectures, including ACT-R, which was created by John R. Anderson, and LIDA, which was created by Stan Franklin. Recently, the emphasis on Soar has been on general AI (functionality and efficiency), whereas the emphasis on ACT-R has always been on cognitive modeling (detailed modeling of human cognition).

The original theory of cognition underlying Soar is the Problem Space Hypothesis, which is described in Allen Newell's book, *Unified Theories of Cognition*. and dates back to one of the first AI systems created, Newell, Simon, and Shaw's Logic Theorist, first presented in 1955. The Problem Space Hypothesis contends that all goal-oriented behavior can be cast as search through a space of possible states (a *problem space*) while attempting to achieve a goal. At each step, a single operator is selected, and then applied to the agent’s current state, which can lead to internal changes, such as retrieval of knowledge from long-term memory or modifications or external actions in the world. (Soar’s name is derived from this basic cycle of State, Operator, And Result; however, it is no longer regarded as an acronym.) Inherent to the Problem Space Hypothesis is that all behavior, even a complex activity such as planning, is decomposable into a sequence of selection and application of primitive operators, which when mapped onto human behavior take ~50ms.

A second hypothesis of Soar’s theory is that although only a single operator can be selected at each step, forcing a serial bottleneck, the processes of selection and application are implemented through parallel rule firings, which provide context-dependent retrieval of procedural knowledge.

A third hypothesis is that if the knowledge to select or apply an operator is incomplete or uncertain, an impasse arises and the architecture automatically creates a substate. In the substate, the same process of problem solving is recursively used, but with the goal to retrieve or discover knowledge so that decision making can continue. This can lead to a stack of substates, where traditional problem methods, such as planning or hierarchical task decomposition, naturally arise. When results created in the substate resolve the impasse, the substate and its associated structures are removed. The overall approach is called Universal Subgoaling.

These assumptions lead to an architecture that supports three levels of processing. At the lowest level, is bottom-up, parallel, and automatic processing. The next level is the deliberative level, where knowledge from the first level is used to propose, select, and apply a single action. These two levels implement fast, skilled behavior, and roughly correspond to Kahneman’s System 1 processing level. More complex behavior arises automatically when knowledge is incomplete or uncertain, through a third level of processing using substates, roughly corresponding to System 2.

A fourth hypothesis in Soar is that the underlying structure is modular, but not in terms of task or capability based modules, such as planning or language, but instead as task independent modules including: a decision making module; memory modules (short-term spatial/visual and working memories; long-term procedural, declarative, and episodic memories), learning mechanisms associated with all long-term memories; and perceptual and motor modules. There are further assumptions about the specific properties of these memories described below, including that all learning is online and incremental.

A fifth hypothesis is that memory elements (except those in the spatial/visual memory) are represented as symbolic, relational structures. The hypothesis that a symbolic system is necessary for general intelligence is known as the *physical symbol system hypothesis*. An important evolution in Soar is that all symbolic structures have associated statistical metadata (such as information on recency and frequency of use, or expected future reward) that influences retrieval, maintenance, and learning of the symbolic structures.

## Architecture

### Processing cycle – decision procedure

Soar’s main processing cycle arises from the interaction between procedural memory (its knowledge about how to do things) and working memory (its representation of the current situation) to support the selection and application of operators. Information in working memory is represented as a symbolic graph structure, rooted in a *state.* The knowledge in procedural memory is represented as if-then rules (sets of conditions and actions), that are continually matched against the contents of working memory. When the conditions of a rule matches structures in working memory, it *fires* and performs its actions. This combination of rules and working memory is also called a production system. In contrast to most production systems, in Soar, all rules that match, fire in parallel.

Instead of having the selection of a single rule being the crux of decision making, Soar’s decision making occurs through the selection and applications of *operators*, that are proposed, evaluated, and applied by rules. An operator is proposed by rules that test the current state and create a representation of the operator in working memory as well as an *acceptable preference*, which indicates that the operator should be considered for selection and application. Additional rules match with the proposed operator and create additional preferences that compare and evaluate it against other proposed operators. The preferences are analyzed by a decision procedure, which selects the preferred operator and installs it as the current operator in working memory. Rules that match the current operator then fire to apply it and make changes to working memory. The changes to working memory can be simple inferences, queries for retrieval from Soar’s long-term semantic or episodic memories, commands to the motor system to perform actions in an environment, or interactions with the Spatial Visual System (SVS), which is working memory’s interface to perception. These changes to working memory lead to new operators being proposed and evaluated, followed by the selection of one and its application.

### Reinforcement learning

Soar supports reinforcement learning, which tunes the values of rules that create numeric preferences for evaluating operators, based on reward. To provide maximal flexibility, there is a structure in working memory where reward is created.

### Impasses, substates, and chunking

If the preferences for the operators are insufficient to specify the selection of a single operator, or there are insufficient rules to apply an operator, an impasse arises. In response to an impasse, a substate is created in working memory, with the goal being to resolve the impasse. Additional procedural knowledge can then propose and select operators in the substate to gain more knowledge, and either create preferences in the original state or modify that state so the impasse is resolved. Substates provide a means for on-demand complex reasoning, including hierarchical task decomposition, planning, and access to the declarative long-term memories. Once the impasse is resolved, all of the structures in the substate are removed except for any results. Soar’s chunking mechanism compiles the processing in the substate which led to results into rules. In the future, the learned rules automatically fire in similar situations so that no impasse arises, incrementally converting complex reasoning into automatic/reactive processing. Recently, the overall Universal Subgoaling procedure has been extended through a mechanism of goal-directed and automatic knowledge base augmentation that allows to solve an impasse by recombining, in an innovative and problem-oriented way, the knowledge possessed by a Soar agent.

### Symbolic input and output

Symbolic input and output occurs through working memory structures attached to the top state called the input-link and the output-link. If structures are created on the output-link in working memory, these are translated into commands for external actions (e.g., motor control).

### Spatial visual system and mental imagery

To support interaction with vision systems and non-symbolic reasoning, Soar has its Spatial Visual System (SVS). SVS internally represents the world as a *scene graph*, a collection of objects and component subobjects each with spatial properties such as shape, location, pose, relative position, and scale. A Soar agent using SVS can create filters to automatically extract features and relations from its scene graph, which are then added to working memory. In addition, a Soar agent can add structures to SVS and use it for mental imagery. For example, an agent can create a hypothetical object in SVS at a given location and query to see if it collides with any perceived objects.

### Semantic memory

Semantic Memory (SMEM) in Soar is designed to be a very large long-term memory of fact-like structures. Data in SMEM is represented as directed cyclic graphs. Structures can be stored or retrieved by rules that create commands in a reserved area of working memory. Retrieved structures are added to working memory.

SMEM structures have activation values that represent the frequency or recency of usage of each memory, implementing the *base-level activation* scheme originally developed for ACT-R. During retrieval, the structure in SMEM that matches the query and has the highest activation is retrieved. Soar also supports *spreading activation*, where activation spreads from SMEM structures that have been retrieved into working memory to other long-term memories that they are linked to. These memories in turn spread activation to their neighbor memories, with some decay. Spreading activation is a mechanism for allowing the current context to influence retrievals from semantic memory.

### Episodic memory

Episodic Memory (EPMEM) automatically records snapshots of working memory in a temporal stream. Prior episodes can be retrieved into working memory through query. Once an episode has been retrieved, the next (or previous) episode can then be retrieved. An agent may employ EPMEM to sequentially play through episodes from its past (allowing it to predict the effects of actions), retrieve specific memories, or query for episodes possessing certain memory structures.

### Learning

Each of Soar’s long-term memories have associated online learning mechanisms that create new structures or modify metadata based on an agent’s experience. For example, Soar learns new rules for procedural memory through a process called *chunking* and uses reinforcement learning to tune rules involved in the selection of operators.

## Agent development

The standard approach to developing an agent in Soar starts with writing rules that are loaded into procedural memory, and initializing semantic memory with appropriate declarative knowledge. The process of agent development is explained in detail in the official Soar manual as well as in several tutorials which are provided at the research group's website.

## Software

The Soar architecture is maintained and extended by John Laird's research group at the University of Michigan. The current architecture is written in a combination of C and C++, and is freely available (BSD license) at the research group's website.

Soar can interface with external language environments including C++, Java, Tcl, and Python through the Soar Markup Language (SML). SML is a primary mechanism for creating instances of Soar agents and interacting with their I/O links.

JSoar is an implementation of Soar written in Java. It is maintained by SoarTech, an AI research and development company. JSoar closely follows the University of Michigan architecture implementation, although it generally does not reflect the latest developments and changes of that C/C++ version.

## Applications

Below is a historical list of different areas of applications that have been implemented in Soar. There have been over a hundred systems implemented in Soar, although the vast majority of them are toy tasks or puzzles.

### Puzzles and games

Throughout its history, Soar has been used to implement a wide variety of classic AI puzzles and games, such as Tower of Hanoi, Water Jug, Tic Tac Toe, Eight Puzzle, Missionaries and Cannibals, and variations of the Blocks world. One of the initial achievements of Soar was showing that many different weak methods would naturally arise from the task knowledge that was encoded in it, a property called, the *Universal Weak Method.*

### Computer configuration

The first large-scale application of Soar was R1-Soar, a partial reimplementation by Paul Rosenbloom of the R1 (XCON) expert system John McDermott developed for configuring DEC computers. R1-Soar demonstrated the ability of Soar to scale to moderate-size problems, use hierarchical task decomposition and planning, and convert deliberate planning and problem solving to reactive execution through chunking.

### Natural-language understanding

NL-Soar was a natural-language understanding system developed in Soar by Jill Fain Lehman, Rick Lewis, Nancy Green, Deryle Lonsdale and Greg Nelson. It included capabilities for natural-language comprehension, generation, and dialogue, emphasizing real-time incremental parsing and generation. NL-Soar was used in an experimental version of TacAir-Soar and in NTD-Soar.

### Simulated pilots

The second large-scale application of Soar involved developing agents for use in training in large-scale distributed simulation. Two major systems for flying U.S. tactical air missions were co-developed at the University of Michigan and Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of University of Southern California. The Michigan system was called TacAir-Soar and flew (in simulation) fixed-wing U. S. military tactical missions (such as close-air support, strikes, CAPs, refueling, and SEAD missions). The ISI system was called RWA-Soar and flew rotary-wing (helicopter) missions. Some of the capabilities incorporated in TacAir-Soar and RWA-Soar were attention, situational awareness and adaptation, real-time planning and dynamic replanning, and complex communication, coordination, and cooperation among combinations of Soar agents and humans. These systems participated in DARPA’s Synthetic Theater of War (STOW-97) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD), which at the time was the largest fielding of synthetic agents in a joint battlespace over a 48-hour period, and involved training of active duty personnel. These systems demonstrated the viability of using AI agents for large-scale training.

### STEAM

One of the important outgrowths of the RWA-Soar project was the development of STEAM by Milind Tambe, a framework for flexible teamwork in which agents maintained models of their teammates using the joint intentions framework by Cohen & Levesque.

### NTD-Soar

NTD-Soar was a simulation of the NASA Test Director (NTD), the person responsible for coordinating the preparation of the NASA Space Shuttle before launch. It was an integrated cognitive model that incorporated many different complex cognitive capabilities including natural-language processing, attention and visual search, and problem solving in a broad agent model.

### Virtual humans

Soar has been used to simulate virtual humans supporting face-to-face dialogues and collaboration within a virtual world developed at the Institute of Creative Technology at USC. Virtual humans have integrated capabilities of perception, natural-language understanding, emotions, body control, and action, among others.

### Game AIs and mobile apps

Game AI agents have been built using Soar for games such as StarCraft, Quake II, Descent 3, Unreal Tournament, and Minecraft, supporting capabilities such as spatial reasoning, real-time strategy, and opponent anticipation. AI agents have also been created for video games including Infinite Mario which used reinforcement learning, and Frogger II, Space Invaders, and Fast Eddie, which used both reinforcement learning and mental imagery.

Soar can run natively on mobile devices. A mobile application for the game Liar’s Dice has been developed for iOS which runs the Soar architecture directly from the phone as the engine for opponent AIs.

### Robotics

Many different robotic applications have been built using Soar since the original Robo-Soar was implemented in 1991 for controlling a Puma robot arm. These have ranged from mobile robot control to humanoid service REEM robots, taskable robotic mules and unmanned underwater vehicles.

### Interactive task learning

A current focus of research and development in the Soar community is Interactive Task Learning (ITL), the automatic learning of new tasks, environment features, behavioral constraints, and other specifications through natural instructor interaction. Research in ITL has been applied to tabletop game playing and multi-room navigation.

### Scheduling

Early on, Merle-Soar demonstrated how Soar could learn a complex scheduling task modeled after the lead human scheduler in a windshield production plant located near Pittsburgh. Later, a generalized version of Merle-Soar (Dispatcher-Soar) was used to demonstrate a symbolic, constraint propagation approach in learning to improve schedules and to define task-independent knowledge metrics of architecture-specific learning -- knowledge efficiency, knowledge utility, and knowledge effectiveness.

### Music

Melody-Soar demonstrated how the Soar architecture could explain and demonstrate creativity in simple melody generation using hierarchies of problems spaces that parallel the hierarchical structure of melody, allowing unique melodies to be generated from preferences of existing styles (e.g., Bach).

## Bibliography


title: Chaxas (volcano)

abstract: Chaxas is a lava dome complex which has been the source of the 1.09±0.56 mya Chaxas ignimbrite in the Andes. The ignimbrite dips away from the domes and are partially younger than the Puripicar ignimbrite. The dome has a diameter of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and fills the vent area of the ignimbrite. Licancabur volcano is constructed on top of this ignimbrite. Some Inka ceramics are derived from the clay in this ignimbrite.

text:
# Chaxas (volcano)

22°45′S 68°00′W / 22.750°S 68.000°W / -22.750; -68.000 **Chaxas** is a lava dome complex which has been the source of the 1.09±0.56 mya Chaxas ignimbrite in the Andes. The ignimbrite dips away from the domes and are partially younger than the Puripicar ignimbrite.

The dome has a diameter of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and fills the vent area of the ignimbrite. Licancabur volcano is constructed on top of this ignimbrite. Some Inka ceramics are derived from the clay in this ignimbrite.


title: Dudley Dillard

abstract: Dudley Dillard was an economist and a professor at the University of Maryland from 1942 until his retirement in 1984. Dillard was born in Ontario, Oregon, and graduated from the University of California at Berkeley with a Bachelor of Science in Economics in 1935 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics in 1940. In 1948, he published The Economics of John Maynard Keynes, which was translated into several languages. Dillard was the recipient of the Veblen-Commons Award in 1986, and served as vice president of the History of Economics Society. He was also a former chairman of the United States Executive Board of the American College in Paris. He is survived by his wife Louisa Gardner, whom he had been married to for 52 years at the time of his death. Professor Dillard is also survived by a daughter, Lorraine Dillard Gray, an educator who taught at Bethesda Elementary School in Bethesda, Maryland. Professor Dillard has one grandson William Dillard Gray, who is a librarian.

text:
# Dudley Dillard

**Dudley Dillard** (October 18, 1913 – August 28, 1991) was an economist and a professor at the University of Maryland from 1942 until his retirement in 1984. Dillard was born in Ontario, Oregon, and graduated from the University of California at Berkeley with a Bachelor of Science in Economics in 1935 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics in 1940. In 1948, he published *The Economics of John Maynard Keynes*, which was translated into several languages. Dillard was the recipient of the Veblen-Commons Award in 1986, and served as vice president of the History of Economics Society. He was also a former chairman of the United States Executive Board of the American College in Paris. He is survived by his wife Louisa Gardner, whom he had been married to for 52 years at the time of his death. Professor Dillard is also survived by a daughter, Lorraine Dillard Gray, an educator who taught at Bethesda Elementary School in Bethesda, Maryland. Professor Dillard has one grandson William Dillard Gray, who is a librarian.

## Career

After working briefly at the University of Colorado and the University of Delaware, Dudley joined the faculty at the University of Maryland in 1942. He wrote articles on various economists including John Maynard Keynes, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, David Ricardo, and Silvio Gesell, and was encouraged to write a book on Keynes. Dudley produced a draft in 1943. They then took a two-year leave of absence and spent it at Columbia University, where Dudley discussed the role of money in capitalism with various economists, including Karl Polanyi. Dudley's book on Keynes, *The Economics of John Maynard Keynes* was published in 1948 and became a standard text for graduate students in macroeconomics, translated into several languages. Even years later, during his Fulbright lecture tour in India, Dillard's work on Keynes was still highly regarded and widely taught.

Dillard wrote *The Economic Development of the North Atlantic Community*. Dillard's description of the process of cumulative causation differs from the view that economic development results from the choices made by rational actors. Instead, Dillard argues that this process is driven by a series of actions and reactions that are subject to correction, but not solely determined by individual choices that are aggregated together.

Dillard's later career focused on two interrelated themes. The first concerns the tension that arises between the development of economic concepts and the evolution of the economy itself. The second pertains to the conflicting nature of the capitalist economic system, which experiences tremendous growth in productivity but is inadequately linked to monetary and financial institutions that can lead to economic downturns and inflation, causing societal disruption. He served the Eastern Economic Association as a member and as a member of its executive board and as its president for the 1987–88 academic years.

1. "BSOS Deans: Dudley Dillard". Retrieved 18 February 2023.
2. "Dudley Dillard, UM professor, dies at 77". *Baltimore Sun*. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
3. "Dr. Dudley Dillard, 77, Professor and Author". *The New York Times*. 31 August 1991. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
4. Adams, John; Briggs, Vernon M.; Kochera, Andrew; Rossman, Jim; Tobin, James (1993). "Reflections on Dudley Dillard's Career". *Journal of Economic Issues*. **27** (2): 579–603. ISSN 0021-3624.
5. Mayhew, Anne (1993). "The Contributions of Dudley Dillard: A Memorial: The Economic Development of the North Atlantic Community: Dudley Dillard and Economic History". *Journal of Economic Issues*. **27** (2): 561–569. ISSN 0021-3624.
6. Olson, Mancur; Klein, Lawrence R.; Samuelson, Paul A.; Solow, Robert M.; Tobin, James (1995). "Special Feature: Reminiscences of Dudley Dillard". *Eastern Economic Journal*. **21** (1): 1–6. ISSN 0094-5056.


title: Faces in the Rocks

abstract: Faces in the Rocks is the third solo album by the American folk musician Mariee Sioux, released on August 1, 2007 by Grass Roots Record. It was co-produced by Gentle Thunder and Dana Gumbiner. It was recorded, engineered and mastered by Dana Gumbiner.

text:
# Faces in the Rocks

***Faces in the Rocks*** is the third solo album by the American folk musician Mariee Sioux, released on August 1, 2007 by Grass Roots Record. It was co-produced by Gentle Thunder and Dana Gumbiner. It was recorded, engineered and mastered by Dana Gumbiner.

## Track listing

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | - |

All tracks are written by Mariee Sioux

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wizard Flurry Home" | 5:16 |
| 2. | "Buried in Teeth" | 5:59 |
| 3. | "Friendboats" | 3:40 |
| 4. | "Wild Eyes" | 9:15 |
| 5. | "Bravitzlana Rubakalva" | 4:00 |
| 6. | "Two Tongues" | 6:53 |
| 7. | "Bundles" | 9:54 |
| 8. | "Flowers and Blood" | 4:44 |

## Personnel

* Mariee Sioux - vocals, acoustic guitar, accordion
* Gentle Thunder - native flutes, percussion (buffalo drum\], flute (native American), cymbal, rainstick, bass drum
* Gary Sobonya - Mandolin
* Jonathan Hischke - Bass
* Luke Janela - Cello
* Jeremiah Conte - artworks \[Insert Drawings\]
* Tahiti Pehrson - layout

## InfoBox

| Faces in the Rocks | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Mariee Sioux | |
| Released | August 1, 2007 (2007-08-01) |
| Recorded | Station To Station |
| Genre | Folk |
| Label | Grass Roots Record |
| Producer | Gentle Thunder, Dana Gumbiner |
| Mariee Sioux chronology | |
| *A Bundled Bundle of Bundles*
(2006) ***Faces in the Rocks***
(2007) *Two Tongues At One Time/Buried In Teeth 7*
(2007) | |


title: Cipocereus crassisepalus

abstract: Cipocereus crassisepalus is a species of cactus endemic to the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil.

text:
# Cipocereus crassisepalus

***Cipocereus crassisepalus*** is a species of cactus endemic to the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil.

## Description

*Cipocereus crassisepalus* grows tree-shaped, branches irregularly and reaches heights of up to 2 meters. The dark green, segmented shoots have a diameter of up to 6 centimeters. There are 4 to 6 blunt ribs that are thickened around the areoles. Thick, reddish-brown wool and bristly hair initially emerge from the round areoles, which later turn gray until the areoles are finally bald. The initially shiny reddish-brown thorns turn gray with a darker tip. The 1 to 2 central spines are directed upwards and up to 3 centimeters long. The approximately 3 marginal spines are spread out and are up to 2.5 centimeters long.

The flowers are 4 centimeters to 7.5 centimeters long in diameter. The pear-shaped fruits are yellowish white and tinged with purple.

## Distribution

Cipocereus crassisepalus is widespread in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in the Diamantina region.

## Taxonomy

The first description as *Cereus crassisepalus* was made in 1973 by Albert Frederik Hendrik Buining and Arnold J. Brederoo. The specific epithet crassisepalus is derived from the Latin words crassus for 'thick' and sepalum for 'sepal' and refers to the thick-fleshed outer perianth segments. Nigel Paul Taylor and Daniela Cristina Zappi (\* 1965) placed the species in the genus *Cipocereus* in 1991. Further nomenclature synonyms are *Piptanthocereus crassisepalus* (Buining & Brederoo) F.Ritter (1979) and *Pilosocereus crassisepalus* (Buining & Brederoo) Anceschi & Magli (2010).

## InfoBox

| *Cipocereus crassisepalus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Cactaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cactoideae |
| Genus: | *Cipocereus* |
| Species: | ***C. crassisepalus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cipocereus crassisepalus***
(Buining & Brederoo) Zappi & N.P.Taylor | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cereus crassisepalus* Buining & Brederoo 1973 * *Pilosocereus crassisepalus* (Buining & Brederoo) Anceschi & Magli 2010 * *Piptanthocereus crassisepalus* (Buining & Brederoo) F.Ritter 1979 | |


title: Birmingham Symphonic Winds

abstract: Birmingham Symphonic Winds (BSW) is a UK-based amateur wind orchestra in the style of the Eastman Wind Ensemble. BSW was established in 1992 by its Musical Director, Keith Allen, with the aim of offering local players the opportunity to perform high-quality wind repertoire and contemporary compositions. It promotes its own themed concert series at the CBSO Centre, Birmingham, home to the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, and has performed numerous UK and world premieres, including works by Samuel Hazo, Philip Sparke, Martin Ellerby, Kenneth Hesketh and Guy Woolfenden, the orchestra's patron. BSW has performed at UK and international music festivals, including the National Concert Band Festival, the World Association of Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE) conference in Schladming, Austria and the 4th International Wind Band Festival in Strasbourg. BSW was the first ever UK ensemble to perform at the Midwest Clinic, Chicago in December 2003. BSW also performed at the WASBE Conference in Killarney, Ireland in July 2007.

text:
# Birmingham Symphonic Winds

**Birmingham Symphonic Winds** (BSW) is a UK-based amateur wind orchestra in the style of the Eastman Wind Ensemble.

BSW was established in 1992 by its Musical Director, Keith Allen, with the aim of offering local players the opportunity to perform high-quality wind repertoire and contemporary compositions. It promotes its own themed concert series at the CBSO Centre, Birmingham, home to the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, and has performed numerous UK and world premieres, including works by Samuel Hazo, Philip Sparke, Martin Ellerby, Kenneth Hesketh and Guy Woolfenden, the orchestra's patron.

BSW has performed at UK and international music festivals, including the National Concert Band Festival, the World Association of Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE) conference in Schladming, Austria and the 4th International Wind Band Festival in Strasbourg. BSW was the first ever UK ensemble to perform at the Midwest Clinic, Chicago in December 2003. BSW also performed at the WASBE Conference in Killarney, Ireland in July 2007.


abstract: The 1947 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal School—now known as California State University, Fresno—during the 1947 college football season. Fresno State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by first-year head coach Ken Gleason and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins, six losses and two ties. The Bulldogs were outscored 133–236 for the season. In the final Litkenhous Ratings released in mid-December, Fresno State was ranked at No. 194 out of 500 college football teams.

text:
# 1947 Fresno State Bulldogs football team

1947 California Collegiate Athletic Association football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| Pacific (CA) $ | 5 |  | 0 |  | 0 |  |  | 10 |  | 1 |  | 0 |
| San Jose State | 3 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Fresno State | 2 |  | 1 |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  | 6 |  | 2 |
| San Diego State | 2 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Santa Barbara | 1 |  | 3 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Cal Poly | 0 |  | 5 |  | 0 |  |  | 1 |  | 9 |  | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1947 Fresno State Bulldogs football team** represented Fresno State Normal School—now known as California State University, Fresno—during the 1947 college football season. Fresno State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by first-year head coach Ken Gleason and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins, six losses and two ties (3–6–2, 2–1–2 CCAA). The Bulldogs were outscored 133–236 for the season.

In the final Litkenhous Ratings released in mid-December, Fresno State was ranked at No. 194 out of 500 college football teams.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 20 | Oklahoma City* |  | L 2–27 | 13,758 |  |
| September 27 | Moiliili Bears (HI)* | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA | W 18–7 | 7,704 |  |
| October 4 | Santa Clara* | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA | L 19–20 | 10,780 |  |
| October 11 | Cal Poly | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA | W 14–6 | 6,085 |  |
| October 18 | Honolulu All-Stars (HI)* | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA | L 7–34 | 7,862 |  |
| November 1 | San Diego State | * Ratcliffe Stadium * Fresno, CA (rivalry) | T 7–7 | 4,307 |  |
| November 8 | at New Mexico* |  | L 3–34 | 7,500 |  |
| November 15 | at Santa Barbara |  | T 7–7 | 5,000 |  |
| November 21 | at Pacific (CA)* |  | L 22–47 |  |  |
| November 27 | at San Jose State |  | W 21–20 | 8,500 |  |
| December 6 | at Hawaii* |  | L 13–27 | 26,000 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game | | | | | |

## Team players in the NFL

No Fresno State Bulldog players were selected in the 1948 NFL draft.

The following Fresno State Bulldog players finished their college career in 1947, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.

| **Player** | **Position** | **First NFL team** |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Floyd Collier | Tackle | 1948 San Francisco 49ers |

## InfoBox

| 1947 Fresno State Bulldogs football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | California Collegiate Athletic Association |
| Record | 3–6–2 (2–1–2 CCAA) |
| Head coach |  |
| Home stadium | Ratcliffe Stadium |
|


title: The Idylls of the Queen

abstract: The Idylls of the Queen: A Tale of Queen Guenevere is a 1982 fantasy mystery novel set in the framework of the King Arthur myths written by American author Phyllis Ann Karr. It was first published in paperback by Ace Books in June 1982, and reprinted by Berkley Books in 1985. A trade paperback edition was published by Wildside Press in 1999. The novel's title is inspired by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Arthurian poetry collection Idylls of the King.

text:
# The Idylls of the Queen

***The Idylls of the Queen: A Tale of Queen Guenevere*** is a 1982 fantasy mystery novel set in the framework of the King Arthur myths written by American author Phyllis Ann Karr. It was first published in paperback by Ace Books in June 1982, and reprinted by Berkley Books in 1985. A trade paperback edition was published by Wildside Press in 1999. The novel's title is inspired by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Arthurian poetry collection *Idylls of the King*.

## Plot

*The Idylls of the Queen* is set in the Britain of King Arthur, as portrayed by Sir Thomas Malory's classic *Le Morte D'Arthur*; as specifically stated by the author, no attempt is made at depicting with historical accuracy the time of the actual King Arthur. It expands an incident in Malory, in which the Queen is accused of murder, into a complex mystery novel mingling the genres of historical mysteries, Arthurian legend and fantasy. Although set in a magical world, the puzzle is unraveled through straight investigation with no sorcerous shortcuts.

The obscure knight Sir Patrise is poisoned at a dinner party given by Queen Guenevere in Camelot, and Sir Mador, the dead knight's cousin, accuses the Queen of the murder. Her fate is to be determined through trial by combat. If the champion fighting on her behalf wins she will be declared innocent; if not, she will be burned at the stake. Unfortunately for her, the best Knights of the Round Table were all present at the dinner, which disqualifies them from championing her, and the mightiest of all, her secret lover Sir Lancelot, has gone missing.

Guenevere's only hope is her admirer, King Arthur's sarcastic seneschal Sir Kay, the first-person narrator of the tale. Kay suspects that Sir Patrise's true killer had a more prominent target in mind, probably Sir Gawaine, and will likely try again; he is also cynical as to the efficacy of trial by combat in establishing anything other than which fighter is the better combatant. Therefore, playing the role of detective, he unites with Gawaine, Gareth and Morded in a two-pronged quest to locate the vanished Lancelot and unmask the real culprit.

Kay investigates the recent actions and motivations of a number of the characters in the Arthurian stories, examining many of the suspects in techniques familiar to modern psychology, such as motivation, the background of the personality, etc. Various familiar names come under suspicion, and the author illuminates their characters in a fashion both insightful and true to their portrayals in medieval literature, if not always in Malory. For instance, Sir Kay's characterization harkens back as much to the heroic version of the early Welsh legends as it does to Malory's irascible boor, and Gawaine's more to the high-minded champion of *Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight* than the narrow and clannish bully of the *Morte*. Lancelot, meanwhile, is taken down more than a few pegs, while Morded, far from the stock villain so often seen, is gloomy, misunderstood, and surprisingly sympathetic. Others, such as Morgan le Fay and Sir Bors, are also presented in unique and insightful ways that provide arch sidelights on the standard legend.

In the end, Guenevere is cleared, and justice of a sort prevails.

The book ends with Sir Kay - who is himself deeply in love with the Queen, and bitterly jealous of Lancelot - sitting down to play chess with her, and contenting himself with at least having a deep though platonic relationship.

## Relation to other works

Fletcher Pratt, in a much briefer treatment, also addressed the mystery of Sir Patrise's murder from *Le Morte D'Arthur* in his short story "The Spiral of the Ages," published in *Startling Stories* v. 32, no. 2, July 1954.

## InfoBox

The Idylls of the Queen
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Phyllis Ann Karr |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Fantasy novel<br>Historical mystery |
| Publisher | Ace Books |
| Publication date | 1982 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| Pages | 341 pp |
| ISBN | 0-441-35848-9 |
| OCLC | 47443024 |


title: Sloane Place

abstract: Sloane Place, later The Pavilion, was a large house built by the architect Henry Holland in Knightsbridge, London, and located immediately to the south of Hans Place. In 1774, Holland leased 100 acres of what had been nursery gardens from Lord Cadogan, to redevelop as housing, including Hans Place, keeping 21 acres to build a property for himself. Sloane Place was built in 1780, and Holland had moved in by 1789. There were hothouses, a vinery, fruit trees, a Gothic ice-house on the west side of a lawn and a ruined castle/priory. Holland died there in 1806, after which it was sold on to Peter Denys, who renamed it The Pavilion, and died there in 1816. It was later subdivided, before being demolished in 1874. The site of the house is now occupied by Shafto Mews and is memorialised by Pavilion Road.

text:
# Sloane Place

**Sloane Place**, later **The Pavilion**, was a large house built by the architect Henry Holland in Knightsbridge, London, and located immediately to the south of Hans Place.

In 1774, Holland leased 100 acres of what had been nursery gardens from Lord Cadogan, to redevelop as housing, including Hans Place, keeping 21 acres to build a property for himself.

Sloane Place was built in 1780, and Holland had moved in by 1789. There were hothouses, a vinery, fruit trees, a Gothic ice-house on the west side of a lawn and a ruined castle/priory.

Holland died there in 1806, after which it was sold on to Peter Denys, who renamed it **The Pavilion**, and died there in 1816. It was later subdivided, before being demolished in 1874. The site of the house is now occupied by Shafto Mews and is memorialised by Pavilion Road.


title: Chwałki, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

abstract: Chwałki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obrazów, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Obrazów, 5 km (3 mi) north-west of Sandomierz, and 80 km (50 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Chwałki, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Chwałki** \[ˈxfau̯ki\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obrazów, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Obrazów, 5 km (3 mi) north-west of Sandomierz, and 80 km (50 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Chwałki | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Chwałki | |
| Coordinates: 50°42′39″N 21°42′43″E / 50.71083°N 21.71194°E / 50.71083; 21.71194 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Sandomierz |
| Gmina | Obrazów |
| Population | 850 |


title: Lenovo Vibe Z

abstract: The Lenovo Vibe Z is an Android smartphone with a 5.5-inch screen released in late 2013.

text:
# Lenovo Vibe Z

The **Lenovo Vibe Z** is an Android smartphone with a 5.5-inch screen released in late 2013.

## Design and performance

### Software

The Vibe Z originally ran Android 4.2.2 "Jelly Bean". It now comes with Android 4.3 and Lenovo has announced an upgrade to 4.4 Lenovo customized the dialer in order to facilitate one handed dialling. Lenovo has also included numerous proprietary apps. SECUREit includes antivirus, child safety, privacy and anti-theft functionality. SYNCit backs up and restores contacts, messages, and call logs. SHAREit facilitates file sharing, including via direct connections using Bluetooth and ad-hoc wi-fi. Power Manager extends battery life and protects the battery from premature failure. UC Browser, Navigate 6, Skype, Twitter, Facebook, Accuweather, CamScanner, CamCard, Kingsoft Office, and a some games like Asphalt 7 and Real Football 14 come pre-installed.

### Hardware

The Vibe Z is powered by a 2.2 gigahertz Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 processor, the same processor used in the Samsung Galaxy Note 3 and the Sony Xperia Z1, and comes with 2 gigabytes of RAM. It has a 5.5-inch IPS display with 1080p resolution.

The Vibe Z uses a relatively large 1/3.06-inch backlit 13-megapixel camera sensor paired with a f/1.8 lens and a dual-LED flash in order to achieve good low-light performance and the ability to take ten pictures per second. Lenovo says that a proprietary low-light algorithm further enhances performance. The 5-megapixel front-facing camera has a wide-angle lens with an 84-degree field of view.

Lenovo offers a WCDMA + GSM model for China Unicom subscribers, a CDMA2000 + GSM model is available for use on China Telecom, and a LTE + GSM model for the international market.

The case is plastic but has metallic finish. It has an anti-fingerprint finish, like that on the Lenovo Vibe X, on its back. The backplate is sealed and cannot be removed to access the battery. The cover includes a touchpad that allows users to accept and reject calls without opening it. The power button is located on top of the shell. The volume rocker is on the left side, while the right side only has a retractable tray for SIM cards. The bottom of the Vibe Z has a standard headset port and a Micro USB port. Lenovo is selling flip covers in multiple colors for the Vibe Z.

Lenovo says its battery offers up to 278 hours of standby time.

## Reviews

A review published in *Gizbot* stated, "If you still haven't checked out the super dual cameras that are available with the Vibe Z, it's high time you did yourself a favor and checked out YouTube for related camera videos. And if you don't have that much time in your hand, let us tell you that Vibe Z makes a strong statement with its 5-megapixel front camera and 84° wide angle lens for high quality self shots, apart from amazing video chat quality. Users can also snap sensational low light images courtesy of a 13 megapixel rear camera in the rear that's fitted with BSI sensor, and can shoot 1080p HD videos."

A review published in *Techradar* stated, "I struggled to reach the lock button atop the phone with one hand. Lenovo made it so the volume rocker unlocks the phone, too. I had trouble reaching my thumb across the other side of the screen. Lenovo added a Smart Dialer that shifts the number pad buttons in the direction you tilt the phone for easier one-handed dialing. (Also, Smart Call allows you the answer the phone by just holding it to your ear.) The point is that Lenovo knows just how big its flagship phone is, and it's working to make it easier to operate the Vibe Z more like the phone that it is and less like the tablet that it isn't. Other handset makers are trying, but I've seen nothing this clever."

In a review for *NDTV*, Jamshed Avari wrote, "The Vibe Z doesn't feel as though it was made by the same company that regularly produces some of our favourite laptops. It comes across as something entirely new. Lenovo has thrown in a fair number of powerful components and has given the Vibe Z a very distinctive style, but it's the brand name that will ultimately persuade people to give it a chance. Camera irregularities aside, this is a pretty good phone."


title: Causality (video game)

abstract: Causality is a game by British studio Loju. The game is about guiding a group of astronauts to safety. It was released on Steam and later on the iOS App Store.

text:
# Causality (video game)

***Causality*** is a game by British studio Loju. The game is about guiding a group of astronauts to safety. It was released on Steam and later on the iOS App Store.

## Gameplay

The challenge for the player is to guide a group of astronauts to safety, and so complete a level. This is done by using directional cues, portals and time manipulation. The player has to guide the astronauts (which move automatically) to colored end spaces in a variety of environments (such as crystal caves and hazy forests). The player has to complete the level in a certain time frame. As the player advances through a level they can go back in time to find a better solution. There is also a restart button which allows the player to start the level from the beginning.

## Reception

The game received mostly positive reviews. Gamezebo gave the game 4 stars out of 5 praising the fact it was "very challenging and will satisfy hardcore puzzle fans" and that the game had "nice visuals and soundtrack" while criticizing the fact it is "very challenging and may frustrate casual puzzle fans" and has no instructions. *GameGrin* gave the game a rating of 4.5 out of 10 saying the game "bludgeons freedom into a pulp and annihilates any semblance of player choice, denying any puzzle experimentation and making for one extremely unappealing game". *AllAgeGaming* called it "worth checking out if you like puzzle games". *Pocket Gamer* praised the fact that the game "lets you solve its puzzles at your pace".

## InfoBox

| Causality | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Loju |
| Designer(s) | Luke Holland
Jon Mallinson |
| Programmer(s) | Luke Holland |
| Artist(s) | Jon Mallinson |
| Composer(s) | Jocelyn Reyes |
| Platform(s) | Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android |
| Release | PC
2 February 2017
iOS, Android
13 February 2017 |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Fedor Baranov

abstract: Fedor Ilyich Baranov was a founder of fisheries science, and has been called the "grandfather of fisheries population dynamics". He is best known for setting the foundations for quantitative fisheries science as well as for his contributions to development of fishing technology.

text:
# Fedor Baranov

**Fedor Ilyich Baranov** (Russian: Фёдор Ильич Баранов) (1 April 1886 – 30 July 1965) was a founder of fisheries science, and has been called the "grandfather of fisheries population dynamics". He is best known for setting the foundations for quantitative fisheries science (including the Baranov catch equation) as well as for his contributions to development of fishing technology.

## Life and career

Baranov graduated as a marine engineer from St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute in 1909. He had a keen interest in fishing, and made his career in this area, first in improving fishing techniques but soon also in setting the foundations for the theory of fishing and fishery production. In 1915, Baranov was appointed as a professor at the Department of Commercial Fisheries of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. Baranov was the first head of the Department of Industrial Fisheries, an institute created as a part of the Moscow Institute of Fisheries (Moskovskiy Tekhnicheskiy Institut Rybnoy Promyshlennosti i Khozyaystva, Mosrybvtuz) in 1930; he worked there until his retirement in 1959.

Baranov's ideas were often ahead of his time, and he was engaged in some disputes with other Soviet scientists. Many of Baranov's peers felt that his theories were anti-Marxist, and he even risked being sent to a Gulag labor colony, only to be saved by N. N. Andreev, another fisheries technologist (and former student of Baranov) and secretary of the Communist Party Committee at the Fisheries Institute.

## Scientific impact

The most famous work of Baranov is his paper from 1918, *On the question of the biological basis of fisheries*. In this paper, he presents the basic theory of fish population dynamics, including the famous catch equation. The paper has been translated to English at least three times, with some variations in the title:

* *On the question of the biological foundations of fisheries*, by the British Foreign Office in 1938, on the initiative of E. S. Russell, the then Director of the Lowestoft Laboratory. This is the translation known to Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt. This copy was passed to the California State Fisheries Laboratory in 1943.
* Translation by Milner Schaefer, date unknown. It is possible that this is the British translation that was copied to the California State Fisheries Laboratory, attributed to Schaefer by mistake.
* *On the question of the biological basis of fisheries* by Bill Ricker in 1945.
* *The biological foundations of fishery* by E. Vilim and the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, published in 1977.

Another key paper in fish population dynamics was *On the question of the dynamics of the fishing industry* from 1925, also translated to English many times.

Baranov wrote in Russian, which delayed the spread of his ideas outside the Soviet Union. However, by the end of the 1930s, his work was known in the west. Nevertheless, according to Ray Beverton, Baranov largely disappeared from the western perspective after publishing his key papers in 1918 and 1925; Beverton knew of no western scientists who had met Baranov.

In the 1970s, a comprehensive compilation of Baranov's work was translated by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations and published in three volumes entitled *Selected Works on Fishing Gear*:

* Volume I: Commercial Fishing Techniques. 652 pp. (1976)
    + Introduction by N. N. Andreev
* Volume II: Theory and Practice of Commercial Fishing. 266 pp. (1977)
* Volume III: Theory of Fishing. 242 pp. (1977)
    + On overfishing. Originally published in 1914.
    + The biological foundations of fishery. Originally published in 1918.
    + The dynamics of fishing. Originally published in 1925.

All the volumes were edited by P. Greenberg and translated by E. Vilim and published by the Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem.

Although Baranov's ideas have been very influential to fisheries science as we know it today, it is often acknowledged that the significance of his work was only slowly recognized, and perhaps he has not yet received credit from the western world that he deserves. Despite numerous translations, his texts remain difficult to access and are mostly known through citations.

### The catch equation

The catch equation, commonly referred to as the Baranov catch equation, gives catch (in numbers) as a function of initial population abundance *N**0* and fishing *F* and natural mortality *M*:

$$C={\frac {F}{F+M}(1-e^{-(F+M)T})N\_{0}}$$

where *T* is the time period and is usually left out (i.e. *T=1* is assumed). The equation assumes that fishing and natural mortality occur simultaneously and thus "compete" with each other. The first term expresses the proportion of deaths that are caused by fishing, and the second and third term the total number of deaths.

According to Terrance Quinn, this equation is probably the most used in all of fisheries modeling.

## Publications

* Baranov, F. I. 1914. The capture of fish by gillnets. Mater. Poznaniyu Russ. Rybolov. 3 (6): 56–99. (in Russian)
* Baranov, F. I. 1918. К вопросу о биологических основаниях рыбного хозяйства (K voprosu o biologicheskikh osnovaniyakh rybnogo khozyaistva - On the question of the biological basis of fisheries). Izvestiya otdela rybovodstva i nauchno-promyslovykh issledovanii 1 (1): 81–128.
* Baranov, F. I. 1925. К вопросу о динамике рыбного промысла (On the question of the dynamics of the fishing industry). Byulleten’ Rybnogo Khozyaistva, 8: 7–11.
* Baranov, F. I. 1976–1977. Selected works on fishing gear. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem.

## InfoBox

| Fedor Ilyich Baranov | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1886-04-01)1 April 1886
Oryol (or Orel) |
| Died | 30 July 1965(1965-07-30) (aged 79) |
| Nationality | Russian |
| Alma mater | Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute |
| Known for | Fisheries science |
| Awards | Veshnyakov Gold Medal by the Russian Society for Fishing and Hunting; Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1945); Order of Lenin (1951) |


title: Diogo Lopes de Sequeira

abstract: D. Diogo Lopes de Sequeira (1465–1530) was a Portuguese fidalgo, sent to analyze the trade potential in Madagascar and Malacca. He arrived at Malacca on 11 September 1509 and left the next year when he discovered that Sultan Mahmud Shah was planning his assassination. This gave Afonso de Albuquerque the opportunity to embark upon his expedition of conquests. Sequeira was subsequently made governor of Portuguese India (1518–1522), and in 1520 led a military campaign into the Red Sea which hastened the first legitimate Portuguese embassy to Ethiopia.

text:
# Diogo Lopes de Sequeira

D. **Diogo Lopes de Sequeira** (1465–1530) was a Portuguese *fidalgo*, sent to analyze the trade potential in Madagascar and Malacca. He arrived at Malacca on 11 September 1509 and left the next year when he discovered that Sultan Mahmud Shah was planning his assassination. This gave Afonso de Albuquerque the opportunity to embark upon his expedition of conquests.

Sequeira was subsequently made governor of Portuguese India (1518–1522), and in 1520 led a military campaign into the Red Sea which hastened the first legitimate Portuguese embassy to Ethiopia.

## Further reading

* Ronald Bishop Smith, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, "Diogo Lopes de Sequeira: Elements on His Office of Almotacé Mor", Silvas, 1975 (Inclui o texto de cinco cartas (Fev.1524-Dez.1524) trocadas entre o rei, D.João III e Diogo Lopes de Sequeira, regulador real de pesos, medidas e preços).
* David B. Quinn, Cecil H. Clough, Paul Edward Hedley Hair, "The European outthrust and encounter", p. 97, Liverpool University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-85323-229-2
* Henry Morse Stephens, "Albuquerque", p. 97 – the conquest of Malacca
* James Maxwell Anderson, "The history of Portugal", p. 72, conquest of the city of Malacca, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 978-0-313-31106-2
* Sanjay Subrahmanyam, "The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama", p. 300, Cambridge University Press, 1997

## InfoBox

| Diogo Lopes de Sequeira | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait in *Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu*, c.1560 | |
|  | |
| Captain-major of Gold Coast | |
| **In office**
1503?–1506? | |
| Monarch | Manuel I |
| Preceded by | Fernão Lopes Correia |
| Succeeded by | António de Bobadilha |
| Governor of India | |
| **In office**
1518–1522 | |
| Monarchs | Manuel I
John III |
| Preceded by | Lopo Soares de Albergaria |
| Succeeded by | Duarte de Meneses |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1465
Alandroal, Kingdom of Portugal |
| Died | 1530 (aged 65)
Alandroal, Kingdom of Portugal |
|  | |


title: Slurrup

abstract: Slurrup is the fifth studio album by American artist Liam Hayes, released in January 2015. It is full of short and tight songs with searing double tracked guitars and odd keyboards, which contrasts with the expansive, ornate pop of his previous album, Korp Sole Roller. Liam Hayes and Nathan Cook produced the album together in Chicago. The pair loaded the album with clever production flourishes, including phasing effects, backwards chords, echo, generous use of reverb on the guitars, and occasional orchestral backing tracks.

text:
# Slurrup

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 72/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Pitchfork Media | 7.3/10.0 |

***Slurrup*** is the fifth studio album by American artist Liam Hayes, released in January 2015. It is full of short and tight songs with searing double tracked guitars and odd keyboards, which contrasts with the expansive, ornate pop of his previous album, Korp Sole Roller. Liam Hayes and Nathan Cook produced the album together in Chicago. The pair loaded the album with clever production flourishes, including phasing effects, backwards chords, echo, generous use of reverb on the guitars, and occasional orchestral backing tracks.

## Background and recording

In a 2015 interview with the Chicagoist magazine, Hayes discussed the creation of the album:

"I've always liked rock'n'roll, so I'm kind of going back to things that I really liked in the past but had never thought of as a valid way to present my songs. I kind of wanted to reconnect with some of the things I liked when I started out with music as a kid. You know things like rock'n'roll and pranks and magic. It's actually what my first album might have sounded like if I had made an album before I made my first single.

I've done a lot of things on records in a lot of different ways, but I've never done anything that might be considered scaled-back, or rudimentary, or raw. However, as much as the band is the center of this album, we didn't just turn on some mics and bang out the tunes. Just because it doesn't immediately sound densely layered, it doesn't mean that the songs aren't well arranged. The overdubs on Slurrup are closer to supporting the overall sound of the band, which is something that Nathan and I really worked hard on. I really wanted this album to sound and feel more like a band, and I think that we were able to do that. I think we were able to capture that sense of interaction that happens when people play together in a room and not bury it under too much other stuff."

In spite of the record being closer to the sound of three people in a room, Hayes and his companions on Slurrup - John San Juan on bass and Eric Reidleberger on drums, found ways to replicate a layered sound with a stripped down band. For example, San Juan's bass lines are more like counter melodies rather than a simple driving force."

"When you're doing something like what we did with less instrumentation, the challenge is to imply the other things that need to be there without overdoing it," Hayes explained. "It really helped a lot for John to not just play the bottom root notes or the fifths on the bass, but to add in counter melodies to make it work.""

***Slurrup*** is full of strange instrumental interludes and surreal yet humorous sound collages. Channel 44 contains three minutes of what sounds like an amusement park ride from the other side, and the album ends with the sound of something slurping from a bowl.

## Track listing

***Side One***

1. "Slurrup"
2. "One Way Out"
3. "Nothing Wrong"
4. "Get It Right"
5. "Theme From Mindball"
6. "Fokus"
7. "Greenfield"

***Side Two***

1. "Keys To Heaven"
2. "Long Day"
3. "Channel 44"
4. "Outhouse"
5. "August Fourteen"
6. "Fight Magic With Magic"

## InfoBox

| Slurrup | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Liam Hayes | |
| Released | January 13, 2015 |
| Recorded | 2010–2013 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 33:13 |
| Label | Fat Possum |
| Producer | Nathan Cook (producer), Liam Hayes |
| Liam Hayes chronology | |
| *Korp Sole Roller*
(2013) ***Slurrup***
(2015) | |


title: Recreo

abstract: Recreo is a city in Catamarca Province, Argentina. It is the head town of the La Paz Department. Recreo is also referred to the name of the Carts Recreo. It is located about 8 km north of the Salinas Grandes is far to 206 km from the provincial capital San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, 283 km from Cordoba 's capital, 980 km from Buenos Aires. Its population was 10,147 inhabitants in 2001 and according to projections INDEC 2007 amounted to 14,204 inhabitants in a rectangular area of 13.5 km² to 220 meters. Its inhabitants are called recreinos. Was established in 1875 by the construction of a station of Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano in the field of seizing the then deputy provincial Pedro Cano. During the month of September 1958 according to Law No. 1755, is designated as head of the department of La Paz, the city Recreation and August 20, 1995 was issued Charter Municipal where Amusements is listed as local autonomous is now one of the cultural sites, industrial and economic important and influential in the province. Although it has a short story while simultaneously is an economic hub and industrial and commercial, is also known nationally for having a visible legacy in history and folklore, and cultural attractions. As has hosted major events such as the Turismo Carretera.

text:
# Recreo

**Recreo** is a city in Catamarca Province, Argentina. It is the head town of the La Paz Department. Recreo is also referred to the name of the **Carts Recreo** (*Recreo de las Carretas* in Spanish).

It is located about 8 km north of the Salinas Grandes is far to 206 km from the provincial capital San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, 283 km from Cordoba 's capital, 980 km from Buenos Aires. Its population was 10,147 inhabitants in 2001 and according to projections INDEC 2007 amounted to 14,204 inhabitants in a rectangular area of 13.5 km² to 220 meters. Its inhabitants are called recreinos.

Was established in 1875 by the construction of a station of Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano in the field of seizing the then deputy provincial Pedro Cano. During the month of September 1958 according to Law No. 1755, is designated as head of the department of La Paz, the city Recreation and August 20, 1995 was issued Charter Municipal where Amusements is listed as local autonomous is now one of the cultural sites, industrial and economic important and influential in the province.

Although it has a short story while simultaneously is an economic hub and industrial and commercial, is also known nationally for having a visible legacy in history and folklore, and cultural attractions. As has hosted major events such as the Turismo Carretera.

## History

In pre-Columbian times until finally took place was the site of the nation's territory Juries, who left traces of their settlements as mortars made of stone in the hills of the city.

In the 1860s, **Don Clemente Martinez** takes possession of those lands, to die, his wife then married the provincial deputy Pedro Cano, who in 1874 lifted the stay "El Recreo" which had the main house, pools of water, wind mill at the foot of the hills and his own family temple today San Roque Parish Recreation Montpellier. This place also used to be called "Recreation of the wagons" because in this place to park the carts used to rest a while and then continued his journey. On May 9, 1875 reaches the tip of the railroad track to the room being divided it into two. This event determined the population settlement in place, and that is why Leisure does not have a founder as the foundation and most other cities in the province that were founded after the fashion of European cities.

Later land was expropriated from the stay so that people could live in the zone and when installed around the room were immediately evicted by the owner of the land, then led four other expropriations.

On March 24, 1892 there was an earthquake in the area, reaching a magnitude of 6.0 degrees on the Richter scale and an intensity of VII degree on the Mercalli scale, caused severe damage to the buildings of the city and there were some fatalities.

On 30 June 1962 was inaugurated Motegasta Dam about twenty kilometers from the town of ICAN, which will provide water to the inhabitants of the town of Recreo.

In 1982 he began promoting industry and in 1983 inaugurated the zonal hospital Liborio Forte. Between 1986 and 1987 to reach the different factories that cause Recreation fastest growing demographic to date.

On 19 December 1986 is created by the Leisure shield Second Felindor seños Pineda. In 1992 he operated the municipality of Recreation.

In 2005 Recess has no available land belonging to the PE provincial or municipality to expand. And on 15 June 2007 the lord is created the official flag of the town of Recreo.

## Demographics

It has 10,147 inhabitants (INDEC, 2001), representing an increase of 49.46% compared with 6789 inhabitants (INDEC, 2001) the previous census and 50% of the population department.

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1960 | 2.834 |
| 1970 | 2.806 |
| 1980 | 3.502 |
| 1991 | 6.789 |
| 2001 | 10.147 |
| **Est**.*2007* | 14.204 |

According to the projections for the 2007 it had 14,204 inhabitants, thus leaving the fifth most populous city in the province after San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Valle Viejo, Santa Maria and Tinogasta. Although the increase in population began to decline since 2006.

## Economy

The city's economy is driven mainly by industries that export their products to other countries and the rest of the country, which are: food industries, Arcor, clothing, Fabrizzi; armed accumulator, Plaka, footwear, Willy; appliances, Barbero, textiles, Sabri and Tejica, minerals, ores of El Recreo. To a lesser extent the population is engaged in agriculture and raised cows and goats.

## Tourism

Tourism is not as great as in other cities of the province. The main destinations are "Christ the Redeemer" located in the hills, from which it has access to a great view of the city, festivals and events throughout the year, the main square, church, train station and the municipal campsite.

## Culture

A well-established custom in the city as in most of Argentina is an infusion of drinking mate very famous in this country as in certain sectors of Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Chile and Bolivia are also infusions popular tea, mate tea, coffee, and coffee which are often accompanied by pastries called "recibos", rosquetes, tablets, cheese, etc.. As for the barbecue lunch and the kid are the traditional.

* **Festival Nacional del Cabrito**: annually in February in the second half takes place in a weekend Friday Saturday and Sunday, one of the largest festivals in the area. There were presented various artists such as: Soledad, Burnet, Chaco Palavecino, Abel Pintos.
* **Cabrito Rock**: began to be implemented first in 2007 and as a kid at the festival, with the same name and takes place in February. It is the only festival of its kind in the province and call for artists who sing and play rock music.
* **May 9**: Day of Leisure foundation: an annual basis to thousands of people attending hacércelo began in 2001. Is celebrated as the founding day of the arrival of the first locomotive in the community. It is celebrated with the presence of city officials and neighboring community schools, also with music, regional songs and a parade of students in all schools and the police force.
* **Expo-Feria of the book**: in June, organized by the Immaculate Conception Private College and sponsored by the City of Recreation. Along with the Expoventa of literature, develop conferences, reading workshops, art exhibitions by local artists, and so on.
* **Chariots of spring**: here the schools choose the queen of her institution, and then displayed on floats that pass through the streets.
* **"Evita" Championships**: students from different schools competing in various sports such as soccer, volleyball, handball and athletics, and subsequently participated in the departmental authorities where they compete with other schools in the department, then go to the provincial and finally to the national.

## Transportation

From the train station used to go Leisure trains carrying passengers during the last half of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century until 1977. Currently they are only used for cargo transport, especially cereals. Today only the go bus terminal groups that target different parts of the country and also the Department. Like a few decades ago the planes could land at the municipal airfield located south of the city until later abandoned.

## Media

It has four FM radio stations. 93.5 FM The Voice, Radio Líder FM 103.3, FM 100.1 and FM Del Este 99.7 Municipal transmitting live music on internet from the municipality. The city has an "official website", two newspapers now publish on the Internet where information and news site. It also has a web site showing pictures and videos of social events offering more sociocultural, political, commercial and industrial city of Recreation.

Has long had a television but was later canceled.

## Religion

The city is home to people of different faiths and religions to be the largest Catholic. Of which there are two churches and two chapels. Evangelical Church also has several churches like the Church of Jehovah's Witnesses.

Apart sects are not so numerous as Mormons, atheists, agnostics, etc.

## Education

Leisure education system consists of the initial level 1st, 2nd and 3rd cycle of EGB: composed of five schools spread throughout the city. And two educational establishments Polimodal Level: College Polimodal No. 22 (ex-technical school) where he works at night Polimodal College Multipurpose No. 60 Art where you can learn pottery painting and carry musical instruments, and the Private School Immaculate Conception (CPIC )-first secondary school in eastern Catamarca, where it also operates a secondary school for adults to CENS No. 189, the building is the home of the Festival del Cabrito.

Tertiary (IES Recreation) operates during the night shift at the local School No. 280, School of Basic General Education. A school for differently abled persons School No. 9 "Fray Mamerto Esquiu. A police school which children attend from three to thirteen. And the Public Library Estanislao Zeballos (named after the writer and politician Estanislao Zeballos) located opposite the main square.

The 29.00% of the population has completed primary school, the 53.27% have completed primary school but incomplete, 12.68% have finished high school but incomplete tertiary or university, and only 5.05% have tertiary or complete university.

## InfoBox

| Recreo | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| RecreoLocation in Argentina | |
| Coordinates: 29°16′S 65°04′W / 29.267°S 65.067°W / -29.267; -65.067 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Catamarca |
| Department | La Paz |
| 1st level Municipality | Recreo |
| Highest elevation | 270 m (890 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 220 m (720 ft) |
| Population (2010 census \[INDEC\]) | |
| Total | 11,847 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |
| CPA Base | 5260 |
| Area code | +54 3832 |
| Website | www.recreociudad.gov.ar |


title: Sphaeramia orbicularis

abstract: The orbiculate cardinalfish, chubby cardinal, or polka-dot cardinalfish is a species of Apogonidae (cardinalfishes). It grows to about 10 cm total length, and has a thin, dark vertical 'waistband' with scattered dark spots toward the tail. It is found in coastal areas throughout much of the Indo-Pacific, including off East Africa, Kiribati, the Ryukyu Islands, New Caledonia, Belau, and the eastern Caroline and Mariana Islands. The male incubates the eggs until they hatch. It eats mostly planktonic crustaceans, mainly at night. It is not a common marine aquarium fish.

text:
# Sphaeramia orbicularis

The **orbiculate cardinalfish**, **chubby cardinal**, or **polka-dot cardinalfish** (*Sphaeramia orbicularis*) is a species of Apogonidae (cardinalfishes). It grows to about 10 cm total length, and has a thin, dark vertical 'waistband' with scattered dark spots toward the tail. It is found in coastal areas throughout much of the Indo-Pacific, including off East Africa, Kiribati, the Ryukyu Islands, New Caledonia, Belau, and the eastern Caroline and Mariana Islands.

The male incubates the eggs until they hatch. It eats mostly planktonic crustaceans, mainly at night. It is not a common marine aquarium fish.

## InfoBox

| *Sphaeramia orbicularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Kurtiformes |
| Family: | Apogonidae |
| Genus: | *Sphaeramia* |
| Species: | ***S. orbicularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphaeramia orbicularis***<br>(G. Cuvier, 1828) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Apogon orbicularis* Cuvier, 1828 * *Siphamia orbicularis* (Cuvier, 1828) | |


title: Lenovo Vibe Z2 Pro

abstract: The Lenovo Vibe Z2 Pro is an Android smartphone released in 2014. Support install LineageOS 19.

text:
# Lenovo Vibe Z2 Pro

The **Lenovo Vibe Z2 Pro** is an Android smartphone released in 2014. Support install LineageOS 19.

## Design and performance

The Vibe Z2 Pro has a 6-inch, 2560-by-1440 pixel display. It has a Snapdragon 801 processor, 3 gigabytes of RAM, and 32 gigabytes of storage. It has a 16-megapixel rear camera with optical image stabilization, a dual LED flash, the ability to record 4K video, scene auto-detection, high dynamic range, and a low-light mode for night use. The battery has a capacity of 4,000 mAh. It has two micro-SIM slots. It has metallic unibody chassis with a metallic finish. The device measures 156 by 81.2 by 7.7 millimeters and weighs 176 grams.

The Vibe Z2 Pro runs Google's Android 4.4 "KitKat" operating system with Lenovo's Vibe 2.0 user interface. It will also come with apps such as SHAREit, for wireless content sharing, SYNCit, for data backups via cloud, and SEEit, for photo management, pre-installed.

### Key specifications

* 5 MP Secondary Camera
* Android v4.4 (KitKat) OS
* 16 MP Primary Camera
* Wi-Fi Enabled
* 6-inch Capacitive Touchscreen
* 2.5 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 MSM8974AC Quad

Core Processor

### General features

* Brand - Lenovo
* SIM Size - Micro SIM
* Call Features - Loudspeaker
* Touch Screen - Yes, Capacitive
* SIM Type Dual Sim - GSM + GSM
* Model ID - Vibe Z2 Pro

### Display

* Resolution Quad HD, 2560 X 1440 Pixels
* Other Display

Features - Gorilla Glass 3

* Size - 6 Inches

## Reviews

The *Deccan Chronicle* stated, "When Lenovo asked its bunch of product development experts in Japan, China and the US, to create a flagship smartphone of its VIBE series, they were given a free hand without having to bother about a production budget. The product team delivered a monster of a phone, and it seems many in the team are professional photographers, or are at least interested in something more than selfies with multiple background options."


title: Robin Fisher (cricketer)

abstract: Robin William Fisher is a former English cricketer. Fisher was a right-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born in Chester, Cheshire. Fisher made his debut for Cheshire in the 1999 Minor Counties Championship against Wales Minor Counties. Fisher played Minor counties cricket for Cheshire from 1999 to 2006, including 30 Minor Counties Championship matches and 10 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 2001, he made his List A debut against the Lancashire Cricket Board in the 1st round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2001. He played two further List A matches for Cheshire, against Bedfordshire in 1st round of the 2004 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy, which was held in 2003, and the following season against Hampshire in 2nd round of the same competition. In his three List A matches, he scored 23 runs at a batting average of 23.00, with a high score of 22. With the ball he took 2 wickets at a bowling average of 49.00, with best figures of 1/28.

text:
# Robin Fisher (cricketer)

**Robin William Fisher** (born 24 November 1970) is a former English cricketer. Fisher was a right-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born in Chester, Cheshire.

Fisher made his debut for Cheshire in the 1999 Minor Counties Championship against Wales Minor Counties. Fisher played Minor counties cricket for Cheshire from 1999 to 2006, including 30 Minor Counties Championship matches and 10 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. In 2001, he made his List A debut against the Lancashire Cricket Board in the 1st round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2001. He played two further List A matches for Cheshire, against Bedfordshire in 1st round of the 2004 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy, which was held in 2003, and the following season against Hampshire in 2nd round of the same competition. In his three List A matches, he scored 23 runs at a batting average of 23.00, with a high score of 22. With the ball he took 2 wickets at a bowling average of 49.00, with best figures of 1/28.

## InfoBox

Robin Fisher
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robin William Fisher |
| Born | (1970-11-24) 24 November 1970<br>Chester, Cheshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1999–2006 | Cheshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition List A  Matches 3  Runs scored 23  Batting average 23.00  100s/50s –/–  Top score 22  Balls bowled 180  Wickets 2  Bowling average 49.00  5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling 1/28  Catches/stumpings 1/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 4 April 2011 | |


title: Judith Flemig

abstract: Judith Flemig-Pelzer is a German former volleyball player. She was part of the Germany women's national volleyball team. In 1999 she was the German Volleyball Player of the Year. She competed with the national team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, finishing 6th. Her younger sister Ruth Kolokotronis also played the sport at a high level.

text:
# Judith Flemig

**Judith Flemig-Pelzer** (born 22 May 1979) is a German former volleyball player. She was part of the Germany women's national volleyball team. In 1999 she was the German Volleyball Player of the Year.

She competed with the national team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, finishing 6th. Her younger sister Ruth Kolokotronis also played the sport at a high level.

1. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "German volleyball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics". *Olympics at Sports-Reference.com*. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2015.

## InfoBox

| Judith Flemig | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Nationality | German |
| Born | (1979-05-22) 22 May 1979 |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 63 kg (139 lb) |
| National team | |
| 2000  Germany | |


title: The Imperial OPA

abstract: The Imperial OPA Circus was a modern circus headquartered and operated out of Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 2009 by Timothy Mack, the Imperial OPA Circus performed at local events to benefit nonprofit organizations such as Wish for Wendy, which benefits those with cystic fibrosis, and the Atlanta Hunger Walk, which benefits the Atlanta Community Food Bank. Their first performance was an Atlanta local fundraiser to supply the East Atlanta Village with recycling cans. Their second performance, entitled "Cirque du Beaute", was on October 3, 2009 with Jyl Craven, a local hair studio. This was a fundraiser for the St. Jude's Children's Hospital of Atlanta.

text:
# The Imperial OPA

The **Imperial OPA Circus** was a modern circus headquartered and operated out of Atlanta, Georgia.

Founded in 2009 by Timothy Mack, the Imperial OPA Circus performed at local events to benefit nonprofit organizations such as Wish for Wendy, which benefits those with cystic fibrosis, and the Atlanta Hunger Walk, which benefits the Atlanta Community Food Bank.

Their first performance was an Atlanta local fundraiser to supply the East Atlanta Village with recycling cans. Their second performance, entitled "Cirque du Beaute", was on October 3, 2009 with Jyl Craven, a local hair studio. This was a fundraiser for the St. Jude's Children's Hospital of Atlanta.

## InfoBox

| The Imperial OPA Circus | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | |
| Circus name | The Imperial OPA |
| Country | United States |
| Founder(s) | Timothy Mack |
| Year founded | 2009 |
| Information | |
| Fate | Defunct |
| Ringmaster(s) | Timothy Mack |
| Traveling show? | Yes |
| Circus tent? | No Tent |
| Type of acts | 12 + |


title: Smoky Hill River

abstract: The Smoky Hill River is a 575-mile (925 km) river in the central Great Plains of North America, running through Colorado and Kansas.

text:
# Smoky Hill River

The **Smoky Hill River** is a 575-mile (925 km) river in the central Great Plains of North America, running through Colorado and Kansas.

## Names

The Smoky Hill is named from the Smoky Hills region of north-central Kansas through which it flows. American Indians living along the Smoky Hill considered it and the Kansas River to be the same river, and their names for it included **Chetolah** and **Okesee-sebo**. Early maps of European explorers called the river (also in combination with the Kansas River) the **River of the Padoucas** as its source is located in what was then Padouca (Comanche) territory.

The USGS lists several other names, including Chitolah River, Fork of the Hill Buckaneuse, La Fourche de la Cote Boucaniere, La Touche de la Cote Bucanieus, Manoiyohe, Pe P'a, Sand River, Shallow River, Smoky Creek, Branche de la Montagne a la Fumee, Ka-i-urs-kuta, Oke-see-sebo River, and Rahota katit hibaru.

## Geography

The Smoky Hill River originates in the High Plains of eastern Colorado and flows east. Both the main course of it and of the North Fork Smoky Hill River rise in northern Cheyenne County, Colorado. The two streams converge roughly 5 miles (8 km) west of Russell Springs in Logan County, Kansas. From there, the river continues generally eastward through the Smoky Hills region. The Saline River joins it in eastern Saline County. The Solomon River joins the Smoky Hill River in western Dickinson County. The Smoky Hill River joins the Republican River at Junction City, Kansas to form the Kansas River.

The Smoky Hill River directly drains an area of 8,810 square miles (22,800 km2). The combined Smoky Hill-Saline Basin drains 12,229 square miles (31,670 km2). The entire Smoky Hill drainage basin covers approximately 20,000 square miles (52,000 km2), including most of north-central and northwestern Kansas. Via the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the Smoky Hill River is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

The Smoky Hill River feeds two reservoirs: Cedar Bluff Reservoir in Trego County and Kanopolis Lake in Ellsworth County.

The largest city along the Smoky Hill River is Salina, and other Kansas municipalities include Junction City, Ellsworth, Marquette, Lindsborg, and Abilene.

## History

The earliest known reference to the river is on a 1732 map by French cartographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville who labeled it the "River of the Padoucas". A 1758 map referred to it as the "Padoucas River". An early reference to the river as the Smoky Hill was by American explorer Zebulon Pike during his 1806 expedition to visit the Pawnee. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 established Kansas Territory, including the entire length of the Smoky Hill River.

With the onset of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush in 1858, an ancient American Indian trail along the river known as the Smoky Hill Trail provided the shortest, fastest route west across Kansas. Beginning in 1865, the trail was the route for the short-lived Butterfield Overland Despatch. To protect travelers, the U.S. Army established several forts along the trail, including Fort Downer, Fort Harker, Fort Hays, Fort Monument, and Fort Wallace. Before American colonization, the land along the Smoky Hill River was favored hunting ground for the Plains Indians. In 1867, the Comanche and the Kiowa, and in 1868, the Sioux and the Arapaho signed treaties withdrawing their opposition to the construction of a railroad along the Smoky Hill River. The Kansas Pacific Railway was completed in 1870, rendering the Smoky Hill Trail obsolete.

In 1948, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers finished construction of a dam on the Smoky Hill for flood control in southeastern Ellsworth County creating Kanopolis Lake. In 1951, the United States Bureau of Reclamation completed another dam on the river, for irrigation and flood control, in southeastern Trego County, Kansas, which created Cedar Bluff Reservoir.

## InfoBox

| Smoky Hill River
Aahkawirarahkata, Chetolah, Oke-see-sebo, River of the Padoucas | |
| --- | --- |
| Smoky Hill River near Assaria, Kansas | |
| Map of the Smoky Hill drainage basin | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Colorado, Kansas |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Cheyenne County, Colorado |
| coordinates | 38°57′01″N 102°34′49″W / 38.95028°N 102.58028°W / 38.95028; -102.58028 |
| elevation | 4,640 ft (1,410 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Kansas River |
| location | Junction City, Kansas |
| coordinates | 39°03′36″N 98°46′04″W / 39.06000°N 98.76778°W / 39.06000; -98.76778 |
| elevation | 1,040 ft (320 m) |
| Length | 575 mi (925 km) |
| Basin size | 19,260 sq mi (49,900 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | USGS 06877600 at Enterprise, KS |
| average | 1,540 cu ft/s (44 m3/s) |
| minimum | 38 cu ft/s (1.1 m3/s) |
| maximum | 207,000 cu ft/s (5,900 m3/s) |
|  | |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | North Fork Smoky Hill River, Big Creek,
Saline River, Solomon River |
| right | Ladder Creek |
| Watersheds | Smoky Hill-Kansas-Missouri-Mississippi |


title: Duy Tiên

abstract: Duy Tiên is a town of Hà Nam Province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the town had a population of 131,244. The town covers an area of 134 km⁲. The district capital lies at Hòa Mạc.

text:
# Duy Tiên

**Duy Tiên** is a town of Hà Nam Province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the town had a population of 131,244. The town covers an area of 134 km2. The district capital lies at Hòa Mạc.

20°37′01″N 105°57′00″E / 20.617°N 105.950°E / 20.617; 105.950

## InfoBox

| Duy Tiên Thị xã Duy Tiên | |
| --- | --- |
| Town (Class-4) | |
| Duy Tiên town | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Interactive map outlining Duy Tiên | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Red River Delta |
| Province | Hà Nam |
| Capital | Hòa Mạc |
| Area | |
| Total | 47 sq mi (121 km2) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 154,016 |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 (Indochina Time) |


title: Recreio dos Bandeirantes

abstract: Recreio dos Bandeirantes is both the name of a beach and neighborhood in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a recent development, with no skyscrapers, and the area also contains jungles atop rocky cliffs and hills. High waves permit surfing at Recreio Beach and the white sand beach is used by beach volleyball players. It is about 35 km from the Rio de Janeiro city centre, and most of the people living there are middle-class and high middle-class families, who moved in trying to escape the growing violence of both the North and South Zones. Apocryphally, the neighborhood received the name Recreio dos Bandeirantes, or "Bandeirantes' Leisure" because the company that mapped and hired a real estate agent to sell lots there had that name. Another version says that many of the newcomers were from São Paulo, the city from which the Bandeiras departed in colonial times, and therefore Paulistas are associated with them. Still another version states that Recreio was the first resting place with fresh water for Bandeirantes traveling between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Development in the area began in 1959, and only more recently, have well-to-do residents discovered and made Recreio their home. Despite a high population density, the neighborhood is mostly residential and does not have the busy nightlife of more central neighborhoods like Lapa, Copacabana, Leblon, and Ipanema, but there has been an increase in the number of restaurants, pizzerias, bars, private schools and colleges. There are a few favelas, or slums, in the section. Recreio has an organized association of residents who communicate online with tips and news about the neighborhood. They have been able to address the need for the city building a ciclovia—a road for bicycles—and authorities have been persuaded to build, in the future, two subway stations in the section to facilitate commuting to downtown and the South Side.

text:
# Recreio dos Bandeirantes

**Recreio dos Bandeirantes** (or simply **Recreio**) is both the name of a beach and neighborhood in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is a recent development, with no skyscrapers, and the area also contains jungles atop rocky cliffs and hills. High waves permit surfing at Recreio Beach and the white sand beach is used by beach volleyball players. It is about 35 km from the Rio de Janeiro city centre, and most of the people living there are middle-class and high middle-class families, who moved in trying to escape the growing violence of both the North and South Zones.

Apocryphally, the neighborhood received the name Recreio dos Bandeirantes, or "Bandeirantes' Leisure" because the company that mapped and hired a real estate agent to sell lots there had that name. Another version says that many of the newcomers were from São Paulo, the city from which the Bandeiras departed in colonial times, and therefore Paulistas are associated with them. Still another version states that Recreio was the first (or last) resting place with fresh water for Bandeirantes traveling between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

Development in the area began in 1959, and only more recently, have well-to-do residents discovered and made Recreio their home. Despite a high population density, the neighborhood is mostly residential and does not have the busy nightlife of more central neighborhoods like Lapa, Copacabana, Leblon, and Ipanema, but there has been an increase in the number of restaurants, pizzerias, bars, private schools and colleges. There are a few **favelas**, or slums, in the section. Recreio has an organized association of residents who communicate online with tips and news about the neighborhood. They have been able to address the need for the city building a **ciclovia**—a road for bicycles—and authorities have been persuaded to build, in the future, two subway stations in the section to facilitate commuting to downtown and the South Side (which would otherwise take about 1.5 h).

## InfoBox

| Recreio dos Bandeirantes | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Recreio dos BandeirantesLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 23°00′59″S 43°28′45″W / 23.01639°S 43.47917°W / -23.01639; -43.47917 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio de Janeiro (RJ) |
| Municipality/City | Rio de Janeiro |
| Zone | West Zone |


title: Spinibarbus denticulatus

abstract: Spinibarbus denticulatus, the phoenix barb or Chinese phoenix barb, is an Asian species of cyprinid freshwater fish of the subfamily Spinibarbinae. This fish is found in China in the Yuanjiang and Pearl basins, freshwater systems of Hainan, and Yangzong and Fuxian Lakes, in Laos in the Mã basin, and in Vietnam in the Red, Gâm, Lô and Mã basins, and freshwater systems from Nghệ An to Quảng Trị province. It occurs in large to medium rivers, deep pools of streams, in lakes and reservoirs, and it has a quite broad temperature tolerance, between at least 9 and 30 °C (48–86 °F) depending on season. Overall the species is widespread, but some local populations have been reduced due to overfishing, habitat loss and pollution. It is an important food fish that sometimes is aquacultured, and also kept as a garden pond or aquarium fish. Large numbers of the species can be found in the Cẩm Lương stream in Cẩm Thủy, Vietnam, where it is considered sacred and the locals protect and feed it, and it is also a tourist attraction. S. denticulatus can reach 30 kg (66 lb) in weight and at least 69 cm (27 in) in standard length, although individuals above 8 kg (18 lb) are rare, and a typical size is 1–1.5 kg (2.2–3.3 lb) in weight and 40 cm (16 in) long. Females are generally larger than males of the same age. Whereas immatures are dull-coloued, adults of this fast-growing species have red to the fins and head. During the spawning season both sexes –but especially the males– become more colourful and iridescent. It can live for more than a decade, and it is herbivorous.

text:
# Spinibarbus denticulatus

***Spinibarbus denticulatus***, the **phoenix barb** or **Chinese phoenix barb**, is an Asian species of cyprinid freshwater fish of the subfamily Spinibarbinae. This fish is found in China in the Yuanjiang (Yangtze system) and Pearl basins, freshwater systems of Hainan, and Yangzong and Fuxian Lakes, in Laos in the Mã (Nam Ma) basin, and in Vietnam in the Red, Gâm,  and Mã (Nam Ma) basins, and freshwater systems from Nghệ An to Quảng Trị province. It occurs in large to medium rivers, deep pools of streams, in lakes and reservoirs, and it has a quite broad temperature tolerance, between at least 9 and 30 °C (48–86 °F) depending on season. Overall the species is widespread, but some local populations have been reduced due to overfishing, habitat loss and pollution. It is an important food fish that sometimes is aquacultured, and also kept as a garden pond or aquarium fish. Large numbers of the species can be found in the Cẩm Lương stream in Cẩm Thủy, Vietnam, where it is considered sacred and the locals protect and feed it, and it is also a tourist attraction.

*S. denticulatus* can reach 30 kg (66 lb) in weight and at least 69 cm (27 in) in standard length, although individuals above 8 kg (18 lb) are rare, and a typical size is 1–1.5 kg (2.2–3.3 lb) in weight and 40 cm (16 in) long. Females are generally larger than males of the same age. Whereas immatures are dull-coloued, adults of this fast-growing species have red to the fins and head. During the spawning season both sexes –but especially the males– become more colourful and iridescent. It can live for more than a decade, and it is herbivorous.

## InfoBox

| *Spinibarbus denticulatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Many *Spinibarbus denticulatus* in Cẩm Lương stream, Cẩm Thủy, Vietnam | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Genus: | *Spinibarbus* |
| Species: | ***S. denticulatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spinibarbus denticulatus***
Ōshima, 1926 | |
|