title: Silverstripe CMS

abstract: Silverstripe CMS is a free and open source content management system (CMS) and framework for creating and maintaining websites and web applications. It provides an out of the box web-based administration panel that enables users to make modifications to parts of the website, which includes a WYSIWYG website editor. The core of the software is Silverstripe Framework, a PHP Web application framework. Silverstripe CMS is released under the terms of the BSD License.

text:
# Silverstripe CMS

**Silverstripe CMS** is a free and open source content management system (CMS) and framework for creating and maintaining websites and web applications. It provides an out of the box web-based administration panel that enables users to make modifications to parts of the website, which includes a WYSIWYG website editor. The core of the software is Silverstripe Framework, a PHP Web application framework.

Silverstripe CMS is released under the terms of the BSD License.

## Software design

Silverstripe CMS separates the roles of:

* content authors (who get a rich (AJAX) web-based user interface that omits technical jargon); and
* website designers/developers (who write code: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP)

This contrasts with CMS products which allow technical website development tasks to be performed within a GUI, and also contrasts with programming frameworks which offer no out-of-the-box content authoring application. The Silverstripe CMS approach allegedly removes complexity for content authors, and offers more flexibility to developers.

The core of Silverstripe CMS is named Silverstripe Framework (formerly referred to as "Sapphire"). As with the rest of the platform, it is written in PHP (5.3), and takes advantage of its object-oriented design capabilities such as name-spacing. The Silverstripe Framework provides website developers a framework to build and extend websites based on modern programming techniques including the model-view-controller pattern and object-relational mapper.

Silverstripe CMS generates markup using a custom template-language based on W3C HTML5 that offers simple placeholders and conditional logic. Silverstripe CMS is extensible through modules, widgets, themes and code customization.

## Features

Notable features of the Silverstripe CMS include:

* Out-of-the-box template, supporting responsive design (works on smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers)
* An extensible web application interface
* Rich-text editing based on a modified version of TinyMCE
* Quick embedding of videos and other resources from websites like YouTube, slideshare, etc. (using oEmbed)
* Drag-and-drop tree-based navigation structure
* Custom output markup and table-free default styles (including HTML5 and mobile support)
* Work-flow management: Draft/Published separation through content staging, document revision control/rollback with 'compare' functionality
* Configurable security/permissions model (role-based)
* Data object model, database generation through object-relational mapping, suite of customizable data input controls.
* asset management, image resizing, drag&drop images from OS desktop to upload.
* Multiple templates per page
* Search engine friendly URLs, metadata management, XML site map generation
* Full text search and RSS feeds
* Optimizations for heavy loads (full and part-template caching)
* Internationalization/Languages: Silverstripe CMS supports multiple-language content. UTF-8 and the internationalization of character sets are supported. The CMS is available in many languages, including English, French, German, Spanish, and Chinese.
* Hierarchical URLs
* Cross-platform: OS (Linux, Windows, Mac), Web server (Apache, IIS), Database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server fully supported; SQLite and Oracle Database have limited support.)

Notable features of upcoming releases of Silverstripe CMS include:

* Additional administration UI (e.g. web-interface based installation of modules, widgets)
* Complete transition to jQuery library (currently uses jQuery with a mixture of older JavaScript frameworks.)
* Site-wide widgets

Common CMS features not currently available in Silverstripe CMS include:

* In-place page editing
* Web interface based installation of modules, widgets or themes
* Web interface based customization of themes
* Automated cache management/ORM refresh

## Modules, widgets, and themes

Modules can be used to extend the core functionality of Silverstripe CMS. Some existing modules include: Blog, Advanced Workflow Management, eCommerce, Forum, and LDAP/OpenID authentication. Modules are available from the Silverstripe CMS modules repository, which as of October 2022, lists over 3000 modules.

Silverstripe CMS Widgets are small pieces of functionality that can be drag-and-dropped into Silverstripe CMS modules (notably the blog module). Examples of widgets include: tag clouds, Flickr photos, or word of the day. Widgets are a relatively less-used aspect of the platform. As of August 2012, there are 96 widgets.

The Silverstripe CMS themes directory provides a number of community-contributed, freely available themes (114 as of October 2022).

Modules, widgets, and themes are all available as free downloads under the BSD license, and the majority of them are community contributed.

## Software requirements

Silverstripe CMS is a web application, requiring a compatible web server and SQL database. As of version 5.2, the requirements for Silverstripe CMS are as follows:

* Apache v2.4+, Lighttpd, Nginx or Microsoft IIS 7.x+ *(A URL Rewriter is required. As of 2.4.0 IIS 7 URL rewriting is supported out of the box)*
* MySQL v5.6.X+, Microsoft SQL Server (community maintained), PostgreSQL (community maintained), SQLite3 (community maintained) or Oracle Database (experimental)
* PHP \>=8.1, \<=8.2 with PHP extensions: ctype, dom, fileinfo, hash, intl, mbstring, session, simplexml, tokenizer and xml. The gd or imagick extension for image manipulation and a extension for a database connector is also required.

## Documentation

Silverstripe CMS is released under the terms of the BSD License. Documentation is available for CMS users and website developers. An online demonstration of the CMS is available as an interactive demo. Two technical reference books on Silverstripe CMS are available in English and one in German.

## Recognition

### Awards

* Winner Packtpub Most Promising CMS Award 2008, $2000 prize. Then was First Runner up, "Best Overall CMS" in 2009. Also Pact Publishing CMS Awards finalist in 2007.
* Winner in New Zealand Open Source Awards for October 2008 and in 2010.
* Most promising finalists in the 2007 Open Source CMS Awards
* Finalists in the New Zealand Open Source Awards for October 2007
* Hi-tech Awards - Finalist, Emerging Technology Company of the Year in 2017
* Hi-tech Awards - Winner, Best Technology Solution for the Public Sector in 2016
* ALGIM Conference - Winner, Best All Round Exhibitor in 2015 and in 2014
* Internet Industry Awards 2009 - The Positive Societal Impact Award for “The Lowdown” website. This site was also a finalist in 2008 for the TUANZ Innovation Awards.
* ALGIM Web Award - Winner, "Best Redevelopment Website, People’s Choice" for the Gisborne District Council website in 2009.
* 2009 World Summit Awards - Winner for the National Broadband Map, a site created for the State Services Commission
* 11th Annual Wellington Gold Awards - Finalist in 2009 and 2007
* 2008 ComputerWorld Excellence Awards - Finalist, "Innovative Use of IT"

### Reviews and articles

#### Version 3.0 (latest as of November 2012)

* SSBits (10 September 2012)

#### Version 2

* SilverStripe Review (3 April 2009)
* Microsoft Case Study (17 March 2009)
* ReadWriteWeb, 14 September 2007
* Interview on New Zealand Television Show, 1 May 2007, (Video)
* Hiveminds Magazine, 15 March 2007

## InfoBox

Silverstripe CMS
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Silverstripe |
|  | |
| Stable release | 5.2.0 / 2024-04-15\[±\] |
|  | |
| Repository | Silverstripe Repository |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Content management system |
| License | BSD License |
| Website | silverstripe.org |


title: Chamaerhodos altaica

abstract: Chamaerhodos altaica is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae that is native to China.

text:
# Chamaerhodos altaica

***Chamaerhodos altaica***  is a species of plant in the family Rosaceae that is native to China.

## InfoBox

| *Chamaerhodos altaica* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Chamaerhodos* |
| Species: | ***C. altaica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chamaerhodos altaica***<br>(Laxm.) Bunge 1829 | |
|


title: Simanga Shiba

abstract: Simanga Shiba is an amateur boxer from Swaziland. He won a Bronze at the Commonwealth Games 2006 at junior flyweight. Shiba beat Cassius Chiyanika of Zambia and Patrick Barnes of Northern Ireland but lost to eventual winner Japhet Uutoni of Namibia in the 2006 Commonwealth Games semifinal. At the 2007 World Championships, he missed his opening bout against Luis Yanez who won by walkover. At the first Olympic qualifier for 2008, he lost to Suleiman Bilali but received a wildcard by the AIBA. However, Shiba did not compete in Beijing.

text:
# Simanga Shiba

**Simanga Shiba** (born 5 December 1987) is an amateur boxer from Swaziland. He won a Bronze at the Commonwealth Games 2006 at junior flyweight.

Shiba beat Cassius Chiyanika of Zambia and Patrick Barnes of Northern Ireland but lost to eventual winner Japhet Uutoni of Namibia in the 2006 Commonwealth Games semifinal.

At the 2007 World Championships, he missed his opening bout against Luis Yanez who won by walkover.

At the first Olympic qualifier for 2008, he lost to Suleiman Bilali but received a wildcard by the AIBA. However, Shiba did not compete in Beijing.

## InfoBox

Simanga Shiba
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's Boxing | | |
| Representing  Eswatini | | |
| Commonwealth Games | | |
|  | 2006 Melbourne | Light Flyweight |


title: Siege of Vidin (1913)

abstract: The siege of Vidin was an attempt by the Serbian Army to seize the Bulgarian city of Vidin during the Second Balkan War. The siege took place between 12 and 18 July 1913.

text:
# Siege of Vidin (1913)

The **siege of Vidin** was an attempt by the Serbian Army to seize the Bulgarian city of Vidin during the Second Balkan War. The siege took place between 12 and 18 July 1913.

## Background

At the war's start, the Bulgarian First Army was situated in north-western Bulgaria. Its advance into Serbian territory was successful between 22 and 25 June, but Romania's unexpected intervention in the war and the Bulgarian Army's retreat from the front against Greece forced the Bulgarian chief of staff to transfer most of the country's troops into the region of Macedonia. During the retreat via the city of Ferdinand (now Montana), a large part of the 9th infantry division mutinied and surrendered to the Romanians on 5 July. Consequently, only a small, mostly militia force remained to face the Serbian counteroffensive in the areas of Belogradchik and Vidin.

On 8 July, the garrison of Belogradchik was overrun by the advancing Serbs of the Timok group and a small portion of Bulgarian soldiers who had survived the Serb onslaught retreated to Vidin. The next day, the Serbs entered Belogradchik while their cavalry blocked the land connection to Vidin from the rest of Bulgaria. Near the village of Bela Rada, a bloody battle was fought between the Serbian advanced guard and a Bulgarian reconnaissance squad, which then had to retreat.

## Surrounding of Vidin by the Serbs

By 12 July, the Serbian Timok Army (between 16 and 21 battalions with 54 cannons, including howitzer batteries) surrounded Vidin from all directions. The city was defended by about 1,200 regular troops and 3,000 militia, armed with a total of 52 cannons (most of which were obsolete.) In general, the Bulgarians were poorly equipped and had little ammunition. On 14 July, the Serbs started to bombard the ramparts and the city itself. The Bulgarian commander, General Krastyu Marinov, refused to surrender twice. The relentless bombardment continued for three straight days, causing insignificant military casualties for the Bulgarian side.

## Assault on the fortress

In the late afternoon of 17 July, after a lengthy artillery bombardment, a Serbian infantry division attacked the western sector of Vidin, located between the villages of Novoseltsi and Smardan. Two Serbian attacks had been repulsed by the Bulgarians by that evening. On 18 July, the Serbs notified General Marinov of the armistice that had been signed on the same day in Bucharest. Afterwards, the Serbians retreated from the region.

## Citations

* Darvingov, P. (1925). *History of the Macedonian-Odrin Volunteer Corps*. Nov Zhivot.
* Hristov, A. (1945). *Historic overview of the war of Bulgaria against all Balkan countries in 1913*. Pechatnitsa na armeyskiya voenno-izdatelski fond.

## Further reading

44°00′N 22°51′E / 44.000°N 22.850°E / 44.000; 22.850

## InfoBox

| Siege of Vidin | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Second Balkan War | |
| Date 12–18 July 1913  Location Vidin, Bulgaria  Result Peace Treaty
* Initial Serb offensive repulsed * Treaty signed before further attacks could continue | |
| Belligerents | |
| Kingdom of Bulgaria | Kingdom of Serbia |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Krastyu Marinov | Vukoman Aračić |
| Strength | |
| 4,200 men
52 cannons | 8,500 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 84 killed and wounded | Unknown |


title: Central Parade, Walthamstow

abstract: Central Parade, on the corner of Hoe Street and Church Hill, Walthamstow, is a shopping parade with offices and flats above that is Grade II listed by Historic England. It was designed in 1954 by F. G. Southgate, the borough surveyor, and built in 1957–58. Historic England says that it "embodies the Festival [of Britain] style, blending pattern and colour, surface decoration, slender detailing and lively rhythmical modelling with conviction and élan". The building is on the site of a Second World War V1 flying bomb attack in 1944, which resulted in 22 deaths and 144 recorded casualties. Besides the line of shops and offices, it includes Walthamstow's clock tower.

text:
# Central Parade, Walthamstow

**Central Parade**, on the corner of Hoe Street and Church Hill, Walthamstow, is a shopping parade with offices and flats above that is Grade II listed by Historic England. It was designed in 1954 by F. G. Southgate, the borough surveyor, and built in 1957–58. Historic England says that it "embodies the Festival \[of Britain\] style, blending pattern and colour, surface decoration, slender detailing and lively rhythmical modelling with conviction and élan".

The building is on the site of a Second World War V1 flying bomb attack in 1944, which resulted in 22 deaths and 144 recorded casualties. Besides the line of shops and offices, it includes Walthamstow's clock tower.

51°35′07″N 0°01′09″W / 51.58539°N 0.01925°W / 51.58539; -0.01925


title: Central Pacific coastal forests

abstract: The Central Pacific coastal forests is a temperate coniferous forest ecoregion located in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) categorization system.

text:
# Central Pacific coastal forests

The **Central Pacific coastal forests** is a temperate coniferous forest ecoregion located in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington, as defined by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) categorization system.

## Geography

The Central Pacific coastal forests stretch from the Chetco River in southwestern Oregon to the northern tip of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. It differs from the Coast Range ecoregion designated by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States in that it includes the entirety of Vancouver Island and excludes the coastal forests of Northern California.

Major urban centers located within this ecoregion include Coos Bay, Astoria, Aberdeen, Victoria, Nanaimo, Courtenay, and Campbell River.

## Climate

North of the Chehalis River Valley of Washington state, the ecoregion features a predominantly oceanic climate (Köppen *Cfb*) with cool winters, mild summers, and plentiful rainfall throughout the year. South of the Chehalis River Valley and along the east coast of Vancouver Island, the ecoregion has a predominantly Mediterranean climate (Köppen *Csb*) with fresh, dry, sunny summers and cool winters with moderate precipitation and plentiful cloud cover. Small patches of oceanic climate can be found in the Willapa Hills of Washington state and the northern highlands of the Oregon Coast Range.

## Ecology

### Flora

The forests of the Central Pacific Coast are among the most productive in the world, characterized by large trees draped lush growths of mosses and lichens, and an abundance of ferns, herbs, and woody debris on the forest floor.

The major forest complex consists of Coast douglas fir and western hemlock, encompassing seral forests dominated by Douglas fir and old-growth forests of fir, hemlock, western red cedar, and other species. These forests occur from sea level up to elevations of 700-1000 m in the Coast Range and Olympic Mountains. This forest type occupies a wide range of environments with variable composition and structure and includes such other species as grand fir, Pacific silver fir,subalpine fir, Sitka spruce, Port Orford cedar, red alder, paper birch, Pacific yew, bigtooth maple, bigleaf maple, black cottonwood, western white pine and ponderosa pine.

Lower growing species of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous perennials may include: Vine maple, Pacific dogwood, Cascara buckthorn, redosier dogwood, Saskatoon serviceberry, red flowering currant, Cascade barberry, Oregon grape, Lewis' mock orange, red elderberry, Western sword fern, Pacific bleeding heart, western columbine, Redwood sorrel, Deer fern, etc...

Epiphytic species may include different mosses and lichens and epiphytic ferns such as Licorice fern can dominate areas with lots of shade, and wood.

On Vancouver Island, low-elevation coastal forest cover includes stands of western hemlock, Douglas-fir and amabilis fir. Western hemlock, Douglas fir and grand fir characterize most forests of eastern Vancouver Island. Drier sites support stands of western hemlock and western red cedar. The driest areas in eastern Vancouver Island consist of mixed stands of Douglas fir and western hemlock with occasional Garry oak, Pacific dogwood and arbutus. The subalpine forests are composed of mountain hemlock, subalpine fir, amabilis fir and engelmann spruce, with some yellow cedar and western hemlock in high elevation areas in eastern Vancouver Island.

While hemlock and fir dominate much of the ecoregion, the cool, wet conditions along the coast create a narrow band of forests distinguished by Sitka spruce. With its high tolerance of salt spray, in areas near the ocean Sitka spruce may form nearly pure forests or co-dominate with lodgepole pine. The Sitka spruce zone–in which hemlocks also occur in large numbers–may be only a few kilometers in width and generally occurs below 150 m (490 ft). Where mountains abut the coast, however, Sitka spruce forests may extend up to 600 m (2,000 ft).

Riparian forests of this ecoregion are quite distinct from the Douglas-fir/hemlock forests. Broadleaf species such as black cottonwood and red alder replace the otherwise ubiquitous conifers along the many rivers and streams of the Pacific Northwest. Occasional grasslands, sand dune and strand communities, rush meadows and marshes, and western red cedar and alder swamps break up the conifer forests.

### Fauna

The Central Pacific Coastal Forests are among the richest temperate coniferous forests in North America for amphibians and birds. Characteristic wildlife include Roosevelt elk, black-tailed deer, black bear, coyote, beaver, raccoon, mink, grouse, and a variety of migratory seabirds and waterfowl.

## Subregions in the United States

The Environmental Protection Agency has defined sub-ecoregions in the United States portion of this ecoregion.

### Coastal lowlands

The Coastal Lowlands ecoregion contains beaches, sand dunes and spits, and low marine terraces below 400 feet (122 m) elevation. Characteristic features include wet forests, shallow freshwater lakes, estuarine marshes, and low-gradient, meandering tannic streams and rivers. Residential, commercial, and recreational developments are expanding in the coastal corridor. Many wetlands in the floodplains of the region's streams have been drained and converted into pastures for dairy farms, and associated stream degradation has occurred. Mature forests in the region are dominated by a canopy of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir, with salal, sword fern, vine maple, and Oregon grape in the shrub layer. The riparian zone supports red alder, western redcedar, and bigleaf maple with an understory of salmonberry; California bay-laurel is common in the south. Estuaries and coastal wetlands may feature Baltic rush, Lyngby's sedge, tufted hairgrass, Pacific silverleaf, and seaside arrowgrass with shore pine, sweet gale, and Hooker's willow. Stabilized dunes support shore pine over salal, rhododendron, and evergreen blueberry, with dune wildrye, Chilean strawberry, and dune bentgrass. Soil textures range from silty clay loam to sandy loam. The region covers 633 square miles (1,639 km2) in Oregon and 353 square miles (914 km2) in Washington, with the largest contiguous areas found near Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, the mouth of the Columbia River, Tillamook Bay, and along the southern Oregon Coast. Public lands include the Grays Harbor, Willapa, Nestucca Bay, Siletz Bay, and Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuges, the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area, and numerous state parks.

### Coastal uplands

The Coastal Uplands ecoregion includes the headlands, high marine terraces, hills, and low mountains surrounding the Coastal Lowlands, with medium to high gradient tannic streams. Elevation varies from 400 to 2500 feet (120 to 760 m). The climate is marine-influenced with an extended winter rainy season and minimal seasonal temperature extremes. Abundant fog during the summer dry season reduces vegetation moisture stress. The Uplands region roughly corresponds with the historic distribution of Sitka spruce. After extensive logging, most of the Sitka spruce is gone, and today the forests are dominated by Douglas-fir and western hemlock, with a shrub layer of salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, rhododendron, and evergreen blueberry. Wetter slopes and riparian areas feature red alder, bigleaf maple, and western redcedar, with a salmonberry and currant understory. The headlands are covered by grasslands. The region is nearly three times the size of the Coastal Lowlands, covering 1,431 square miles (3,706 km2) in Washington and 1,117 square miles (2,893 km2) in Oregon. Public lands include the Drift Creek Wilderness, the Siuslaw National Forest, and the Lewis and Clark and Cape Meares national wildlife refuges.

### Low Olympics

The Low Olympics ecoregion contains foothills and lower mountains of the Olympic Range, with U-shaped valleys and high gradient streams. It rises to an elevation of approximately 4,000 feet (1,219 m). Higher areas were glaciated. Copious precipitation (up to 200 inches (5,080 mm) a year) supports a lush, epiphyte-rich rainforest of western hemlock, western red cedar, and Douglas-fir, with Pacific silver fir at higher elevations. Riparian zones support red alder and bigleaf maple forests. Much of the region is in the third rotation of logging, including land within the Olympic National Forest. However, a portion of the region lies within Olympic National Park and contains ancient forests with extremely high biomass. The region covers 1,685 square miles (4,364 km2), entirely on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. The higher elevations of the Olympic Mountains to the east are designated as part of the North Cascades ecoregion.

### Volcanics

The Volcanics ecoregion consists of steeply sloping mountains and capes underlain by fractured basaltic rocks. Elevation generally varies from 600 to 4100 feet (180 to 1250 m), although in some places the volcanic rock extends down to sea level. The region is marked by columnar and pillow basalt outcrops. Its mountains may have been offshore seamounts engulfed by continental sediments about 200 million years ago. High gradient, cascading streams and rivers occur, and the basaltic substrate preserves summer flows that are more consistent than streams on the sedimentary rocks in surrounding ecoregions. The streams still support runs of spring chinook salmon and summer steelhead. The region's Douglas-fir plantations are heavily logged. Mature forests consist of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, and rhododendron. Wetter slopes and riparian areas may support western redcedar, bigleaf maple, red alder, salmonberry, and oxalis. Grassy coastal headlands and mountaintop balds feature Roemer's fescue, thin bentgrass, California oatgrass, and diverse forbs. This large but disjunct ecoregion covers 2,043 square miles (5,291 km2) in Oregon and 1,542 square miles (3,994 km2) in Washington, including parts of the Olympic and Siuslaw National Forests and the Cummins Creek and Rock Creek Wildernesses, as well as higher elevations in the Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge.

### Outwash

The Outwash ecoregion is a gently sloping fan of glacial outwash material that forms a series of undulating terraces and plateaus. Elevation varies from 20 to 1000 feet (6 to 300 m). The region lies outside the zone of marine influence, and its medium gradient streams and rivers have lower summer flow than most other parts of the Coast Range. Mature forest types include Douglas-fir, western hemlock, red alder, bigleaf maple, and western red cedar, but today the region is largely dominated by industrial timber plantations. It is the smallest of the Coast Range subregions, covering 354 square miles (917 km2) in Grays Harbor County north of Aberdeen, Washington.

### Willapa Hills

The Willapa Hills ecoregion (named for the Willapa Hills) consists of low, rolling hills and low, gently sloping mountains with medium gradient streams and rivers. It rises to an elevation of approximately 1,300 feet (396 m). This region has a lower drainage density than other upland areas in the Coast Range. Logging is relatively easy and less expensive in this accessible terrain, and industrial timberland has almost completely replaced the historic forests. When disturbed, the silt- and clay-textured soils are easily eroded, thereby degrading stream quality. The vegetation consists of Douglas-fir and western hemlock forests, with sword fern, vine maple, salal, Oregon grape, and rhododendron shrub layer. Wetter slopes and riparian areas support red alder, western redcedar, bigleaf maple, salmonberry, and oxalis. Large herds of Roosevelt elk winter in the region. The region covers 1,277 square miles (3,307 km2) in southwestern Washington and 751 square miles (1,945 km2) in northwestern Oregon, inland from the coast.

### Mid-coastal sedimentary

The mountainous Mid-Coastal Sedimentary ecoregion lies outside of the coastal fog zone and is typically underlain by massive beds of sandstone and siltstone. Elevation varies from 300 to 3000 feet (90 to 900 m). The region is more rugged than the geologically similar Willapa Hills. Its Douglas-fir forests are intensively managed for logging, and the slopes are prone to failure when disturbed, particularly south of the Siuslaw River. Stream sedimentation is higher than in the Volcanics ecoregion. The mature forest consists of Douglas-fir and western hemlock, with salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, and rhododendron; tanoak may be found on drier slopes to the south. Wetter slopes and riparian areas support bigleaf maple, western redcedar, grand fir, red alder, salmonberry, and oxalis, with California bay-laurel in the south. This is the largest of the Coast Range subregions, covering 3,739 square miles (9,684 km2) in the Central and Southern Oregon Coast Range.

### Southern Oregon coastal mountains

The Southern Oregon Coastal Mountains ecoregion is a geologically and botanically diverse ecoregion that is a transition zone between the Coast Range and the Siskiyou Mountains, which form part of the Klamath Mountains ecoregion to the east. Rising to an elevation of approximately 4,000 feet (1,219 m), this region has the climate of the Coast Range but the varied lithology of the higher, more dissected Siskiyou Mountains, underlain by Jurassic sandstone, metamorphosed sediments, granite, and serpentinite. Distributions of northern and southern vegetation blend together here and species diversity is high. Douglas-fir, western hemlock, tanoak, Port Orford cedar, and western redcedar are present, along with salal, sword fern, vine maple, Oregon grape, rhododendron, California bay-laurel, bigleaf maple, grand fir, red alder, salmonberry, and oxalis. The region covers 692 square miles (1,792 km2) in a remote area of Curry County in southwestern Oregon containing the Sixes and Elk River drainages. It includes Grassy Knob Wilderness within the Siskiyou National Forest.

## Conservation

Several relatively large blocks of more or less intact habitat remain, as do a number of smaller patches. Human activities have significantly altered nearly all habitats outside the parks.

Notable protected areas include:

## InfoBox

| Central Pacific coastal forests | |
| --- | --- |
| Sitka spruce forest of Cape Meares, Oregon | |
|  | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Nearctic |
| Biome | Temperate coniferous forests |
| Borders | List |
| Bird species | 218 |
| Mammal species | 74 |
| Geography | |
| Area | 73,815 km2 (28,500 sq mi) |
| Countries |  |
| State/Province |  |
| Climate type | Oceanic (*Cfb*) and warm-summer Mediterranean (*Csb*) |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/Endangered |
| Global 200 | Yes |
| Habitat loss | 0.4% |
| Protected | 28.7% |


title: Sima de las Palomas

abstract: Sima de las Palomas is on Cabezo Gordo, located between Balsicas and San Javier in the Murcia region of Spain. It was inhabited for tens of thousands of years, by Neanderthals and others. The shaft was filled in with brecciated material in the Late Pleistocene, and was partly excavated by miners in the nineteenth century. In the rubble, fossil remains of humans, including those of Neanderthals, were found in the 1990s, and after excavations in the shaft, in 2006-2007 a skeleton of a young Neanderthal woman was found, possibly buried with her child.

text:
# Sima de las Palomas

**Sima de las Palomas** ("Rock-Dove hole") is on Cabezo Gordo, located between Balsicas and San Javier in the Murcia region of Spain. It was inhabited for tens of thousands of years, by Neanderthals and others. The shaft was filled in with brecciated material in the Late Pleistocene, and was partly excavated by miners in the nineteenth century. In the rubble, fossil remains of humans, including those of Neanderthals, were found in the 1990s, and after excavations in the shaft, in 2006-2007 a skeleton of a young Neanderthal woman was found, possibly buried with her child.

## Description

The cave is in Torre-Pacheco, in the Region of Murcia. It is a vertical shaft in karst, in the Cabezo Gordo hill, and overlooks Mar Menor, a saltwater lagoon in the Mediterranean. The cave is found under overhanging rock, 123 meters above sea level, and the shaft has a depth of 18 meters. It was filled with brecciated material in the Late Pleistocene, much of which was removed by 19th-century miners who dug a horizontal tunnel toward the shaft, excavated much of it and left the rubble remains on the hillside. The miners were probably looking for water to wash out iron ore for the mining concessions on the hill.)

Archeological investigation started when remains of an individual now called Palomas 1 were found in the rubble; someone had abseiled into the shaft and found a fossil in the sediment a few meters down. It turned out to be the jaws of a Neanderthal, still together, and an important enough find to warrant scientific investigation. The researchers soon discovered that much of the shaft had been dug out and the remains dumped on the hillside; the miners had left an entire column of brecciated Pleistocene material, on the other side of the now 3-meter wide shaft. Excavation necessitated the building of scaffolding from the bottom of the shaft. The presence of nesting rock doves at the time of the investigation gave the shaft its name. Between 1992 and 1999, rubble from the mine was investigated, and after 1994 the shaft itself was investigated; those investigations continue today, under the auspices of the Murcian Association for the Study of Palaeoanthropology and the Quaternary.

## Archeological finds

There are three main sites for archeological remains: the rubble left by mining, which are difficult to date and lack context; a "lens" of brecciated éboulis with remains over 50,000 years old; and the layers excavated inside the shaft, with remains of around 40,000 years old. The remains of around 100 human fossils were found, and some of them suggest they may have been buried.

According to the authors of the 2008 study "Late Neandertals in Southeastern Iberia: Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo, Murcia, Spain", the findings confirm the late occurrence of Neanderthals on the Iberian peninsula, and "suggest microevolutionary processes and/or population contact with contemporaneous modern humans to the north". Morphological variation in the remains falls outside of the expected range of variation among Neanderthals, and "this pattern may be result of genetic drift in relative isolation, directional change or, perhaps more likely, population contact to the north".

### Palomas 96

An individual called Palomas 96, a young Neanderthal woman discovered in 2006-2007, shows properties of both European Neanderthals (in face, teeth, limbs, and body proportions, but her "locomotor hypertrophy" resembles that of humans of the Late Pleistocene. She was short compared to other Neanderthals.

Palomas 96 (nicknamed "Paloma" by the researchers) was found 85% complete; underneath her was Palomas 97, a child, tentatively referred to as hers. Palomas 96 was found with her elbows bent and her hands touching her forehead, like Palomas 97. The bodies were in this position before rigor mortis had set in, suggesting burial.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Sima de las Palomas
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Region | Region of Murcia |
| Coordinates | 37°47′59″N 0°53′45″W / 37.79972°N 0.89583°W / 37.79972; -0.89583 |
| Altitude | 123 m (404 ft) |
| Type | Intermittent settlement |
| History | |
| Periods | Middle Paleolithic |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1992- |


title: Sima de las Cotorras

abstract: Sima de las Cotorras is a sinkhole located in the El Ocote Biosphere Reserve in western Chiapas, southern Mexico. It is one of a number of sinkholes in the area, all produced by tectonic and erosive processes on the region's limestone. Although not the largest and deepest of the area's sinkholes, it is best known because of a tourism project which focuses on the thousands of Mexican green parakeets who live there most of the year, flying in and out in circular patterns. Sima de Cotorras Ecotourism Center was established in 1985 to give local Zoque families an alternate means of generating income, preserve the local environment and give younger generations a reason to not migrate from the area. The project has built a road, a restaurant and cabins for visitors, and offers rappelling into the sinkhole as well as guided tours to see the cave paintings, the tropical vegetation at the bottom of the formation and the areas around the sinkhole rim. However, most visitors are local and visit for a day only to see the parakeets. The Center has had its problems balancing ecological concerns with keeping it economically viable.

text:
# Sima de las Cotorras

**Sima de las Cotorras** (in English: Sinkhole of the Parrots/Parakeets) is a sinkhole located in the El Ocote Biosphere Reserve in western Chiapas, southern Mexico. It is one of a number of sinkholes in the area, all produced by tectonic and erosive processes on the region's limestone. Although not the largest and deepest of the area's sinkholes, it is best known because of a tourism project which focuses on the thousands of Mexican green parakeets who live there most of the year, flying in and out in circular patterns.

Sima de Cotorras Ecotourism Center was established in 1985 to give local Zoque families an alternate means of generating income, preserve the local environment and give younger generations a reason to not migrate from the area. The project has built a road, a restaurant and cabins for visitors, and offers rappelling into the sinkhole as well as guided tours to see the cave paintings, the tropical vegetation at the bottom of the formation and the areas around the sinkhole rim. However, most visitors are local and visit for a day only to see the parakeets. The Center has had its problems balancing ecological concerns with keeping it economically viable.

## Location and environment

The sinkhole is part of a larger park called El Ocote Biosphere Reserve, located in the western part of the Mexican state of Chiapas, about 90 minutes from the state capital of Tuxtla Gutierrez. It belongs to the municipality of Ocozocoautla de Espinoza, about 19 km over rough roads from the town center. This part of Chiapas is dominated by the Zoque people, who call the area Coita, a Zoque word that means “place of rabbits.” The nearest community to the sinkhole is Piedra Parada, which has about 500 residents.

The climate of the area is mostly warm and humid, with a rainy season from June to October, receiving an average of 1,500mm of precipitation per year. It is in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, at an altitude of about 820 meters above sea level. This area gets cold enough in the winter to need a light jacket.

Most of the vegetation of the area has been wiped out or severely degraded by agriculture, forestry and other human activity.

## Geology of the sinkhole

The Sima de las Cotorras belongs to a Karst topography system, based on the folding, fracturing and erosion of limestone. This particular system is defined by its drainage system, with the La Venta River on the surface and the main underground river being El Paraíso. Despite its proximity to the Pacific, drainage is towards the Gulf of Mexico. Most of this ecological system is covered by the El Ocote Biosphere Reserve.

There are two main forces that shape the landscape. Tectonic forces from the movement of the North American plate over the Farallon and Cocos plates creates anticline folds, with a northeasterly orientation. The folding creates cracks in the relatively soft rock and water running above and below erode in and around these fractures. The two processes have created a number of formations including canyons, arches, caves, waterfalls, small pools of water and sinkholes. These same processes make the soil acidic and strewn with loose rock.

Major formations include the La Venta River Canyon, the Arch of Time (Arco del Tiempo) and El Aguacero Falls. The Sima de las Cotorras is only one of 38 sinkholes in the region and one of eight within 10 km2. It is not even the largest of these, being only half the size of the Las Luchas sinkhole.

These sinkholes are vertical depressions formed by the cracking, erosion and collapse of limestone over thousands of years. The Sima de las Cotorras is 140 metres (460 ft) meters deep, and 160 metres (520 ft) in diameter, with a straight drop of 97 metres (318 ft) meters. The opening is elliptical, with the north and southwest rims elevated in relation to the rest. The low point of the rim is in the east. The process reveals the layers of rock, and about 70 metres (230 ft) meters down, stalactites and stalagmites can be seen among the layers from the surface. There are also caves within the sinkhole walls, which have also been produced by erosion. This type of sinkhole is similar to those found in the Yucatán, but in general these do not contain pooled water at the bottom.

## Biology of the sinkhole

Instead the interior of the sinkhole is home to a tropical forest, whose plant and animal life is distinct from that of the surrounding ecosystem.

El Ocote is home to a number of endangered species, especially birds such as *Psittacara holochlorus*, *Amazilia viridifons* and *Oporornis tolmiei*, as well as other receiving special protection such as *Eucometis penicillata*, *Lanio aurantius*, *Psarocolius montezuma* and *Colinus virginianus*. Numbers and types of birds present depends on the time of year, due to migratory patterns.

The wider reserve serves as a buffer area for the microclimate of the Sima de las Cotorras. Outside the sinkhole and up to its rim, the climate is drier, mostly grassland/shrub from cattle grazing, and areas called lomería, rocky areas with limited growth, mostly shrubs, due to dense limestone. In some of the higher elevations there are still some forests. Around the sinkhole itself, there are many copal trees, *Protium copal* (family Burseraceae), which gave the sinkhole its original name of Sima del Copal.

The interior of the sinkhole holds and preserves more moisture. From its bottom grows a tropical deciduous rainforest microsystem with broadleafed species such as cedar, mahogany, *Fabaceas espinosa* and *Burseraceas baja*, *Manilkara zapota*, scrubs of the family Guaiacum and more, with trees reaching as high as 30 meters tall. The plant species here are not found outside the sinkhole.

Common reserve fauna includes owls, foxes and coyotes, rabbits, opossums, badgers, squirrels, armadillos, *Penelopina nigra*, chachalacas and of course, parakeets. The park has over 80 bird species in 30 families. Eleven of these are migratory and three are endemic to the area. Seven bird species are classified as endangered by the Mexican government. Most of the bird species 35 of them, are found in the low deciduous rainforest of the sinkholes. These include species which are highly sensitive to human intrusion such as *Colinus virginianus*, *Caprimulgus vociferous*, *Amazilia candida* and *Ortalis vetula*. A number of bird species have been found in the Sima de las Cotorras area but not in the larger El Ocote park, including *Bubo virginianus*, *Ramosomyia viridifrons*, *Vireo philadelphicus*, *Sialia sialis*, *Passerina versicolor* and *Cacicus melanicterus*.

The Sima's most famous resident is *Psittacara holochlorus*, the Mexican parrot, which is endangered. Chiapas is home to over 68% of Mexico's parrots (family Psittacidae). And many of Mexico's parrot species are endangered, mostly due to shrinking habitat, along with the illegal pet trade and other exploitation of the animals. There are an estimated 3,000 parrots associated with the sinkhole and they can be found there most of the year, with the exception November to January, when the weather is too cool for them. The forest of the sinkhole is also their nesting site. From the evening until the early morning, the parrots are congregated in the sinkhole forest, where the noise they make can be quite loud. The parrots’ noise will cease if a predator such as a falcon is seen nearby. The parrots leave the sinkhole to look for food, which includes from mango trees in people's backyards as far away as Tuxtla Gutierrez. They leave the sinkhole in groups, flying in circles on wind currents in order to leave and enter. Inside the sinkhole, the parrots are the most numerous kind of bird. Outside, it is dominated by small birds of the family Tyrannidae.

## Archeological site

Evidence of human habitation in the area goes back at least 7,500 years, with evidence of hunter/gatherers. However, there were no major pre-Hispanic settlements in this area. The area of the park was first explored and academically documented in the mid 20th century, noting local caves and archeological finds such as pottery. But documentation still remains sparse especially in comparison to other such sites in Mexico.

The significant archeological find in and around the Sima de las Cotorras are cave paintings, arrowheads, and much later pottery shards, possibly Zoque. The most important of these are the cave paintings, which number about 75. On a rock outcropping on the north wall, there is a human figure with lance, and with a sun and moon above. One of the side caves has on its roof the outlines of hands made by blowing red ochre onto the wall. Other images include circles, spirals and animals. The appearance of cave painting in such a geological formation and especially so high up the sinkhole walls makes them a rarity, and the site is under consideration by UNESCO for protective status.

## Ecological park

The El Ocote Biosphere Reserve was established in 1972, extendingover 8 hectares, protecting over a hundred species of birds, and dozens of mammals, reptiles and insects, some endangered. With the exception of the Sima de la Cotorras, the park has not been developed for tourism, and its formations are almost completely unknown outside of their region. The other sinkholes in the area get no tourism activity at all. The tourism activity based on the flight of the parrots has made the sinkhole relatively famous and it is now better known as the “sinkhole of the parrots” rather than its official name.

Tourism activity here began with the establishment of the Sima de Cotorras Ecotourism Center in 1985 and the building of a road from the town of Ocozocoautla to the site. The center was established to provide alternative work for the local Zoque people. Today it is run by the Tzamanguimó cooperative, which consists of a number of families all from the nearby community of Piedra Parada.

The project is also registered with the federal government as an ecotourism site, with the aim of being sustainable, providing income for local residents with minimal impact. The group welcomes researchers as well as visitors onto the site. The main challenge has been how to take advantage of the site without damaging it. The ground is unstable and highly porous. Many underground cavities are still unknown, making building risky. The largest structure on the premises is the restaurant. Built near the rim, its site was chosen because of the stability of the rock, not because it was the most aesthetically pleasing place to put the structure. Waste disposal is a main issue because of the threat of groundwater contamination, prompting several composting activities. Bringing water, electricity and more are also challenges.

By far the main attraction of the site are the parrots that fly in and out of sinkhole each day, generally leaving in the early morning and returning at night. It is also possible to rappel to the bottom of the sinkhole, as well as explore local caves and hike both in and around the sinkhole.

Where possible constructions are based on local materials to allow them to blend into the local environment. Paving and path construction is based on local rock. Pre Hispanic architecture formed the basis of the buildings on the site, including the rock foundation seen on the restaurant building. The Center has eight cabins for up to five persons each, a camping area and tours with local guides.

It has eight cabins which can house five people each. It currently has a restaurant, several cabins to house multiple people, a camping área, a path around the rim of the sinkhole, rappelling and tours to see the cave paintings and the rainforest that covers the sinkhole's floor.

The Center has provided an alternative source of work other than agriculture and for some, a means for income when before they had none. Despite this, the project has not been claimed as a great success. According to theses done at the Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas, the tourism possibilities here have not been fully exploited. As of 2016, only about 10 to 15 people per day visit the site. Most visitors come by their own cars or through local ecoadventure tourism agencies. Most tourists are between 41–60 years of age, followed by the 31-40 age bracket and those in the 18-30 year bracket. About half come from the state capital of Tuxtla Gutierrez, with about 13% from Mexico City, 12.5 from other parts of Mexico. Only about 2 percent are foreigners.

The main problems for the site are the lack of promotion and poor access. The roads leading to the site are very poor, especially the last ten km, and signage is poor or non-existent. The park is difficult to access for those with disabilities. Most visitors learn of the site through word-of-mouth, with some from television and much fewer from other media. The lack of services means that those who do come do not stay for long. Two-thirds come only to see the parrots, some will stay and eat at the restaurant, but very few stay the night.

The project over the years has received intermittent support from various government institutions such as PEMEX, the Secretary of Tourism, SEMARNAT and the Comision Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, in areas such as finance, customer service and construction. But these interventions have not always been helpful, with functionaries using technical jargon and dismissing local knowledge of the area. Changes in political parties has led to varying attitudes towards the project and its ecological focus, with errors being made such as cutting down trees to make way for cement electrical poles and the construction on non-composting toilets.

At its height, the Center generated about 80 to 100 jobs directly, but since the tourist demand has declined. The project is specifically geared to keep young people in the area, but they have not shown sufficient interest in its continuation. Most members of the cooperative are between 50 and 80 years of age. Only about 30% of the local population recognizes the area's intangible value, but 80% favor efforts to make the area better known. Even with sufficient interest and promotion, the area is not suited for large-scale tourism. One reason is the need to keep ecological concerns first and the other is that alternative and eco-tourism are not major attractions for most Mexicans.

## InfoBox

| Sima de las Cotorras | |
| --- | --- |
| Sinkhole of Parrots | |
|  | |
| Location | Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, Mexico |
| Coordinates | 16°48′29″N 93°28′28″W / 16.80806°N 93.47444°W / 16.80806; -93.47444 |
| Depth | 140 metres (460 ft) |
| Geology | Limestone |
| Hazards | Free fall |
| Access | Public |
| Features | Green parakeets,
Ancient rock paintings |


title: Chambers v. United States

abstract: Chambers v. United States, 555 U.S. 122 (2009), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that failing to report for incarceration does not qualify as a "violent felony" for the purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act.

text:
# Chambers v. United States

***Chambers v. United States***, 555 U.S. 122 (2009), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that failing to report for incarceration does not qualify as a "violent felony" for the purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act.

## Background

The Armed Career Criminal Act, enacted in 1984 and since amended, provides for enhanced sentences for felons who commit crimes with firearms. A felon convicted of a "violent felony" or a "serious drug offense" at least three times faces a minimum sentence of fifteen years in prison.

The petitioner, Deondery Chambers, pleaded guilty in District Court to the charge of being a felon in unlawful possession of a firearm. The prosecution sought to invoke the ACCA's mandatory 15-year prison term on the grounds that Chambers had three prior convictions which qualified: robbery and aggravated battery (1998), a drug conviction (1999), a failure to report for incarceration charge stemming from the robbery and battery conviction. The court had required Chambers to report to a local prison for 11 weekends of incarceration; Chambers missed four of the weekends and was convicted under Illinois law for "fail\[ing\] to report to a penal institution."

Chambers challenged the failure to report, arguing that it was not a "violent felony." The District Court disagreed, treating the failure to report as similar to an escape and therefore a violent felony under the ACCA. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the District Court. Other Courts of Appeal had come to differing conclusions: the First Circuit agreed that failure to report qualified as a violent felony in *United States v. Winn* (2001), while the Ninth Circuit held that it did not in *United States v. Piccolo* (2006). The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve the split.

## Opinion of the Court

Robert Hochman argued the case for the petitioner. Assistant to the Solicitor General Matthew D. Roberts argued for the respondent. Roberts argued that "failure-to-report escape is similar in kind to burglary because it's purposeful, violent, and aggressive in the same way as burglary." Roberts argued that failure to report is an invitation for a violent confrontation between the police and the felon.

The Supreme Court held unanimously that a failure to report did not qualify as a violent felony for the purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act. Justice Breyer wrote the majority opinion which six other justices joined, while Justice Alito wrote a concurrence which Justice Thomas joined.

## InfoBox

| Chambers v. United States | |
| --- | --- |
| Supreme Court of the United States | |
| Argued November 10, 2008
Decided January 13, 2009 | |
| Full case name | *Deondery Chambers, Petitioner v. United States* |
| Docket no. | 06-11206 |
| Citations | 555 U.S. 122 (*more*)129 S. Ct. 687; 172 L. Ed. 2d 484; 2009 U.S. LEXIS 580 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | *United States v. Chambers*, 473 F.3d 724 (7th Cir. 2007); cert. granted, 553 U.S. 1003 (2008). |
| Holding | |
| Failing to report for incarceration does not qualify as a "violent felony" for the purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act. | |
| Court membership | |
| Chief Justice John Roberts  Associate Justices John P. Stevens **·**  Antonin Scalia
Anthony Kennedy **·**  David Souter
Clarence Thomas **·**  Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Stephen Breyer **·**  Samuel Alito | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Breyer, joined by Roberts, Stevens, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg |
| Concurrence | Alito, joined by Thomas |
| Laws applied | |
| Armed Career Criminal Act (18 U.S.C. §§ 924) | |


title: Sigma 30mm F2.8 EX DN

abstract: The Sigma 30mm F2.8 EX DN is a standard prime lens for Sony E and Micro Four-Thirds mounts, announced by Sigma in January 2012. Along with the Sigma 19mm F2.8 EX DN, it was part of the first release of Sigma lenses for compact interchangeable lens cameras, and hence the inception of the "DN" line, created by Sigma to cater to these cameras, an offering that in January 2013 was expanded with another lens, the Sigma 60mm f/2.8 DN Art.

text:
# Sigma 30mm F2.8 EX DN

The **Sigma 30mm F2.8 EX DN** is a standard prime lens for Sony E and Micro Four-Thirds mounts, announced by Sigma in January 2012. Along with the Sigma 19mm F2.8 EX DN, it was part of the first release of Sigma lenses for compact interchangeable lens cameras, and hence the inception of the "DN" line, created by Sigma to cater to these cameras, an offering that in January 2013 was expanded with another lens, the Sigma 60mm f/2.8 DN Art.

## Construction

The lens has a matte black plastic exterior but features a metal mount.

## Image quality

Sharpness is already very high wide open and across the frame. Stopping down yields excellent resolution.

Chromatic aberration is well controlled as is vignetting. Distortion is barrel shaped on a low level.

One drawback is that this lens is slow (f/2.8) compared to other standard prime lenses which usually have a max aperture of f/1.4 - f/1.8. But its image quality, its small size and low weight makes this lens an ideal partner for APS-C and MFT cameras.

## "Art" series version

An aesthetically updated version, the **Sigma 30mm F2.8 DN Art** was announced by Sigma on January 29, 2013. It has a glossy black (or silver) plastic exterior with the Sigma Art "A" badge on the side of the lens. It features a large manual focus ring and a detachable barrel-type lens hood.

The optics are identical to the original version.

## InfoBox

Sigma 30mm F2.8 EX DN
| Sigma 30mm F2.8 EX DN lens | |
| --- | --- |
| Maker | Sigma |
| Lens mount(s) | Sony E-mount, Micro Four Thirds |
| Technical data | |
| Type | Prime |
| Focus drive | Micromotor |
| Focal length | 30mm |
| Focal length (35mm equiv.) | 45mm |
| Image format | APS-C |
| Aperture (max/min) | f/2.8 - 22.0 |
| Close focus distance | 0.30 metres (0.98 ft) |
| Max. magnification | 0.12x |
| Diaphragm blades | 7 |
| Construction | 7 elements in 5 groups |
| Features | |
| Manual focus override | Yes |
| Weather-sealing | No |
| Lens-based stabilization | No |
| Aperture ring | No |
| Application | Landscape, Street |
| Physical | |
| Max. length | 40.5 millimetres (1.59 in) |
| Diameter | 60.8 millimetres (2.39 in) |
| Weight | 140g |
| Filter diameter | 46mm |
| Accessories | |
| Lens hood | LH520-03, Barrel-type |
| Case | shipped with hardcase |
| History | |
| Introduction | 2012 |
| Retail info | |
| MSRP | $199USD |


title: Silver Strand bikeway

abstract: Silver Strand bikeway 9-mile (14 km) bicycle and pedestrian path in the San Diego area of California. it is part of the larger Bayshore Bikeway which begins at the USS Midway Museum. The bikeway travels from Ferry Landing Marketplace to Imperial Beach at sea level with no elevation gain, providing a relatively easy ride. An entry point and parking area is located at Ferry Landing Marketplace.

text:
# Silver Strand bikeway

**Silver Strand bikeway** 9-mile (14 km) bicycle and pedestrian path in the San Diego area of California. it is part of the larger Bayshore Bikeway which begins at the USS *Midway* Museum. The bikeway travels from Ferry Landing Marketplace to Imperial Beach at sea level with no elevation gain, providing a relatively easy ride. An entry point and parking area is located at Ferry Landing Marketplace.

## Description

The bikeway path travels from Ferry Landing Marketplace to Glorietta Boulevard to Silver Strand bikeway. It ends at Imperial Beach on Orange Avenue or at the wetlands and is approximately 9 miles (14 km) long.

### Route

It was built along the former right of way of the Coronado Beltline Railroad.

## Ownership

Bike path quality in the City of San Diego is coordinated by SANDAG (San Diego Association of Governments).


title: Signet, Oxfordshire

abstract: Signet is a hamlet on the A361 road just over 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Burford in Oxfordshire, England. Until 1954 Signet was part of the civil parish of Upton and Signet, which was absorbed into Burford to create the civil parish of Burford and Upton and Signet. The parish had a population of 437 in the 1951 census, the last before the parish was absorbed.

text:
# Signet, Oxfordshire

**Signet** is a hamlet on the A361 road just over 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Burford in Oxfordshire, England. Until 1954 Signet was part of the civil parish of Upton and Signet, which was absorbed into Burford to create the civil parish of Burford and Upton and Signet. The parish had a population of 437 in the 1951 census, the last before the parish was absorbed.

## InfoBox

| Signet | |
| --- | --- |
| SignetLocation within Oxfordshire | |
| OS grid reference | SP246106 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Burford |
| Postcode district | OX18 |
| Dialling code | 01993 |
|  | |
| Police | Thames Valley |
| Fire | Oxfordshire |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


abstract: The Silliman University College of Business Administration is one of the constituent colleges of Silliman University, a private research university found in Dumaguete, Philippines. The College was established in 1938 in the same year Silliman acquired university status. When the College opened, it offered courses in accounting, secretarial practices and economics. In the years that followed, additional programs were added into its course offerings and various modifications were made in its organizational structure. By 1989, the College was already recognized as one of the top business schools in the country when the Department of Education, Culture and Sports together with the Professional Regulation Commission and the Board of Accountancy jointly awarded the college the Top Achievement Award for having achieved the third highest weighted averaging passing in the CPA Licensure Examinations for the years 1977 to 1988. In 1999, it was one among 14 schools nationwide designated by the Commission on Higher Education as a Center of Development in Business and Management Education. At present, it is on Level III accreditation status, a Center of Development in Accountancy Education, and ranks 2nd in the nation based on CPA licensure examination results.

text:
# Silliman University College of Business Administration

The **Silliman University College of Business Administration** is one of the constituent colleges of Silliman University, a private research university found in Dumaguete, Philippines. The College was established in 1938 in the same year Silliman acquired university status. When the College opened, it offered courses in accounting, secretarial practices and economics. In the years that followed, additional programs were added into its course offerings and various modifications were made in its organizational structure.

By 1989, the College was already recognized as one of the top business schools in the country when the Department of Education, Culture and Sports together with the Professional Regulation Commission and the Board of Accountancy jointly awarded the college the *Top Achievement Award* for having achieved the third highest weighted averaging passing in the CPA Licensure Examinations for the years 1977 to 1988.

In 1999, it was one among 14 schools nationwide designated by the Commission on Higher Education as a Center of Development in Business and Management Education. At present, it is on Level III accreditation status, a Center of Development in Accountancy Education, and ranks 2nd in the nation based on CPA licensure examination results.

## Academic Offerings

### Graduate

* Master in Business Administration

### Undergraduate

* BBA Majors in General Business, Management, and Economics
* BS in Accountancy
* BS in Business Computer Applications
* BS in Entrepreneurship
* BS in Office Management

### Pictures

## Alumni

## InfoBox

Silliman University
College of Business Administration
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Private business school |
| Established | 1938 |
| Location | Hibbard Avenue, Dumaguete, Philippines |
| Website | www.su.edu.ph |


title: Simon Waley

abstract: Simon Waley Waley was one of the leading members of Anglo-Jewry in the 19th century. He was a leading broker on the London Stock Exchange and a prominent amateur musician. He was a leading figure in the Jewish community during the period of the emancipation of the Jews from civil disabilities. He contributed many letters to The Times under the signature W. London. His letters on A tour in Auvergne, published in the Daily News in 1858, were incorporated into John Murray's Handbook for Travellers in France. Waley was a highly gifted musician. He began to compose as a child. His first published work, L'arpeggio, was published in 1848. He had piano lessons from Ignaz Moscheles, William Sterndale Bennett and George Alexander Osborne, and lessons in theory and composition from William Horsley and Bernhard Molique. As well as being a brilliant pianist, Waley was a prolific composer. His published compositions include a piano concerto, two piano trios, marches and caprices for piano, and many songs, including "Angels' voices" and "Sing on, sing on, ye little birds". He also wrote orchestral pieces, which were not published. One of his finest works is a setting of Psalms 117 and 118 for the synagogue service. He died at home in 1875 and is buried at Balls Pond Road Cemetery.

text:
# Simon Waley

**Simon Waley Waley** (23 August 1827, Stockwell, London  30 December 1875, Marylebone, London) was one of the leading members of Anglo-Jewry in the 19th century.

He was a leading broker on the London Stock Exchange and a prominent amateur musician. He was a leading figure in the Jewish community during the period of the emancipation of the Jews from civil disabilities.

He contributed many letters to *The Times* under the signature W. London. His letters on *A tour in Auvergne*, published in the *Daily News* in 1858, were incorporated into John Murray's *Handbook for Travellers in France*.

Waley was a highly gifted musician. He began to compose as a child. His first published work, *L'arpeggio* (for piano), was published in 1848. He had piano lessons from Ignaz Moscheles, William Sterndale Bennett and George Alexander Osborne, and lessons in theory and composition from William Horsley and Bernhard Molique. As well as being a brilliant pianist (he performed regularly at concerts of the Amateur Musical Society conducted by Henry Leslie), Waley was a prolific composer. His published compositions include a piano concerto (op. 16), two piano trios (in B flat and G minor, op. 15 and op. 20), marches and caprices for piano, and many songs, including "Angels' voices" and "Sing on, sing on, ye little birds". He also wrote orchestral pieces, which were not published. One of his finest works is a setting of Psalms 117 and 118 for the synagogue service.

He died at home in 1875 and is buried at Balls Pond Road Cemetery.

## Family

Waley was the son of Solomon Jacob Waley, a slaveholder and co-owner of the Quintynes plantation in Saint John, Barbados. In 1829 he bought out his partner Isaac Levi and held ownership of 100 slaves. He received an award under the *Slave Compensation Act 1837*. Waley's younger brother was Jacob Waley, while other members of the same family were Arthur Waley, Sir Robert Waley Cohen and Sir Bernard Waley-Cohen.

## Sources


title: Simorcus

abstract: Simorcus is a genus of spiders in the family Thomisidae. It was first described in 1895 by Simon. As of 2017, it contains 13 species.

text:
# Simorcus

***Simorcus*** is a genus of spiders in the family Thomisidae. It was first described in 1895 by Simon. As of 2017, it contains 13 species.

## Species

*Simorcus* comprises 13 species:

## InfoBox

| *Simorcus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae |
| Genus: | *Simorcus*
Simon |
|
| Type species | |
| *Simorcus capensis*
 | |
| Species | |
| 13, see text | |


title: Chalan Kanoa, Saipan

abstract: Chalan Kanoa is one of the settlements on Saipan, the largest of the Northern Mariana Islands. It is located in the southwest of the island. The village contains the island's central post office, as well as the historic Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral and Mount Carmel School, directed by the Spanish Mercedarian Missionaries of Berriz. Once a separate village, it is now virtually contiguous with other nearby villages on Beach Road, including Susupe and San Antonio. Prior to the emergence of Garapan as the center for tourism in Saipan in the 1990s, most of the island's tourist sector was based in Chalan Kanoa. The village of Chalan Kanoa is considered to be one of the newest villages on the island. One of the island's main thoroughfares, Beach Road, runs through Chalan Kanoa and connects it to the rest of the island. As tourism is a large part of Saipan's economy, there are quite a few hotels located in the village. These include the recently renovated Chalan Kanoa Beach Hotel, The Aquarius Beach Tower and several small hotels. Chalan Kanoa is also close to the CNMI's only lake, Lake Susupe.

text:
# Chalan Kanoa, Saipan

**Chalan Kanoa** (Old Japanese name: 茶覧, *Charan*) is one of the settlements on Saipan, the largest of the Northern Mariana Islands. It is located in the southwest of the island. The village contains the island's central post office, as well as the historic Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral and Mount Carmel School, directed by the Spanish Mercedarian Missionaries of Berriz. Once a separate village, it is now virtually contiguous with other nearby villages on Beach Road, including Susupe and San Antonio.

Prior to the emergence of Garapan as the center for tourism in Saipan in the 1990s, most of the island's tourist sector was based in Chalan Kanoa.

The village of Chalan Kanoa is considered to be one of the newest villages on the island.

One of the island's main thoroughfares, Beach Road (Highway 33), runs through Chalan Kanoa and connects it to the rest of the island.

As tourism is a large part of Saipan's economy, there are quite a few hotels located in the village. These include the recently renovated Chalan Kanoa Beach Hotel, The Aquarius Beach Tower and several small hotels.

Chalan Kanoa is also close to the CNMI's only lake, Lake Susupe.

## Education

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Public School System operates local public schools. William S. Reyes Elementary School is located in Chalan Kanoa. It is named after the CNMI's first superintendent of education, William Sablan Reyes. It was established as the Findley School for Native Children in 1946 and was later renamed to Chalan Kanoa Elementary School. It received its current name in 1984.

Private schools:

15°08′56″N 145°42′06″E / 15.1489°N 145.7017°E / 15.1489; 145.7017


title: Siloh Chapel, Trecynon

abstract: Siloh, Trecynon was an Independent (Congregationalist) chapel in Mount Pleasant, Trecynon, Aberdare, Wales.

text:
# Siloh Chapel, Trecynon

**Siloh, Trecynon** was an Independent (Congregationalist) chapel in Mount Pleasant, Trecynon, Aberdare, Wales.

## Early history

Silo was formed in 1887 when Rev. David Onllwyn Brace and around fifty members broke away from Bethel, Gadlys. Meetings were initially held at the Swan Coffee Tavern and at the home of one Richard Wigley. As membership increased the congregation moved to the Park School. The original chapel was opened in April 1890 when the Revs. J. Rees, Treherbert; A. T. Jenkins, Ferndale; and W. G. Williams, Penarth, preached at special services over two days.

A new chapel was built in 1902, designed by Thomas Roderick. A gallery was added two years later.

The membership was never as large as that of some other churches in the locality. Membership stood at 154 in 1905 and 138 in 1930.

## The pastorate of J. Sulgwyn Davies 1891–1934

Sulgwyn Davies was minister for 43 years. He died in 1939.

## 20th century

Members from Carmel worshipped at Siloh following the closure of their chapel in 1988. Siloh itself closed in 1996.

## Bibliography

* Jones, Alan Vernon (2004). *Chapels of the Cynon Valley*. Cynon Valley Historical Society. ISBN 0953107612.

51°43′10″N 3°27′19″W / 51.7195732°N 3.45529°W / 51.7195732; -3.45529


title: Champsochromis spilorhynchus

abstract: Champsochromis spilorhynchus is a species of haplochromine cichlid. It is found in Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania in Lake Malawi, Lake Malombe and the upper Shire River.

text:
# Champsochromis spilorhynchus

***Champsochromis spilorhynchus*** is a species of haplochromine cichlid. It is found in Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania in Lake Malawi, Lake Malombe and the upper Shire River.

## InfoBox

| *Champsochromis spilorhynchus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Genus: | *Champsochromis* |
| Species: | ***C. spilorhynchus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Champsochromis spilorhynchus***
(Regan, 1922) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Haplochromis spilorhynchus* Regan, 1922 * *Cyrtocara spilorhyncha* (Regan, 1922) * *Cyrtocara spilorhynchus* (Regan, 1922) * *Haplochromis longipes* Regan, 1922 | |


title: Champtala

abstract: Champtala is a refugee camp in Surkh Rod District, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. The camp holds over 1,250 refugees who have returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan. Some of the refugees travel 30 km to the city of Jalalabad to work as laborers. The camp receives some water and facilities from UNHCR and UNICEF. Health assistance is provided by CWS, HNI, and the Afghan Ministry of Public Health.

text:
# Champtala

**Champtala** is a refugee camp in Surkh Rod District, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan.

The camp holds (as of December 2008) over 1,250 refugees who have returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan. Some of the refugees travel 30 km to the city of Jalalabad to work as laborers.

The camp receives some water and facilities from UNHCR and UNICEF. Health assistance is provided by CWS, HNI, and the Afghan Ministry of Public Health.

## Sources


title: Simon Cron

abstract: Simon Cron is a New Zealand born professional rugby union football coach. He is currently head coach of the Western Force rugby team that plays in the Super Rugby Pacific competition. He was appointed Western Force head coach ahead of the 2023 Super Rugby Pacific season in March 2022. Cron's rugby coaching journey included being head coach at Northern Suburbs Rugby Football Club in the Shute Shield competition. In 2016 he led them to their first Shute Shield premiership, breaking a 41 year drought. In 2016 Cron was appointed head coach of the Sydney Rays in the National Rugby Championship (NRC). In 2017 he also became the head coach of the Australia U20s. This was followed by two year spell as Waratahs assistant coach, which included a Semi-final appearance against the Lions in Johannesburg in 2018. At the end of 2019 Cron moved to Japan as head coach of Toyota Verblitz, before returning to Australia to coach the Force.

text:
# Simon Cron

**Simon Cron** is a New Zealand born professional rugby union football coach. He is currently head coach of the Western Force rugby team that plays in the Super Rugby Pacific competition. He was appointed Western Force head coach ahead of the 2023 Super Rugby Pacific season in March 2022. Cron's rugby coaching journey included being head coach at Northern Suburbs Rugby Football Club in the Shute Shield competition. In 2016 he led them to their first Shute Shield premiership, breaking a 41 year drought. In 2016 Cron was appointed head coach of the Sydney Rays in the National Rugby Championship (NRC). In 2017 he also became the head coach of the Australia U20s. This was followed by two year spell as Waratahs assistant coach, which included a Semi-final appearance against the Lions in Johannesburg in 2018. At the end of 2019 Cron moved to Japan as head coach of Toyota Verblitz, before returning to Australia to coach the Force.

## InfoBox

Simon Cron
| Place of birth | New Zealand |
| --- | --- |
| School | Christchurch Boys' High School |
| University | University of Canterbury |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Head coach  **Current team** Force  Coaching career  **Years** **Team**  2015–2017 Northern Suburbs  2016 Sydney Rays  2017 Australia U20s  2018–2019 Waratahs (assistant coach)  2019–2022 Toyota Verblitz  2023– Force | |


title: Simon Cross

abstract: Simon James Cross is a former motorcycle speedway rider who spent most of his career with the Cradley Heathens.

text:
# Simon Cross

**Simon James Cross** (born 31 May 1965 in Hereford, England) is a former motorcycle speedway rider who spent most of his career with the Cradley Heathens.

## Career

Cross began his British leagues speedway career riding for the Oxford Cheetahs during the 1982 National League season. The following season, as a Weymouth Wildcats rider, he won the National League Pairs Championship with Martin Yeates.

In early 1987, Cross was part of a touring troupe to Australia, which included (among others) World Champion Hans Nielsen, Tommy Knudsen, Shawn Moran and Rick Miller. While in Australia he won the 1986/87 Western Australian State Championship at the Claremont Speedway in Perth. Also in 1987, Cross qualified for his first and only World Final in the 1987 Individual Speedway World Championship, run over two days at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam. He finished in 10th place with 10 points scored (7 on day one, 3 on day two).

In 1988, Cross continued to ride for Cradley Heath and later in the season, Cross and Kelvin Tatum finished runner-up in Speedway World Pairs Championship.

The following year in 1989, he represented England, when they won the 1989 Speedway World Team Cup final at the Odsal Stadium in Bradford. Cross was involved in the infamous terrible crash on turn 1 of the first heat of the meeting which not only took all four riders out of the meeting, but ended the career of his Cradley teammate and three time World Champion Erik Gundersen. The Dane led out of the gate, but as Gundersen broadsided into the first turn Jimmy Nilsen and Lance King were battling one another for position and Gundersen was clipped from behind by them causing him to highside and all four riders (Gundersen, Cross, Nilsen and King to crash). Nilsen and King were thrown towards the outside of the track and Cross, in attempting to negotiate through the melee hit Gundersen and was himself struck in the face by a wayward bike. Gundersen suffered head and spinal injuries. None of the riders took any further part in the meeting with King having a neck injury, Nilsen hip and thigh injuries and Cross a badly cut face. All four were taken to Hospital. Great Britain took the gold medal that day and were World Champions but the meeting had been overshadowed.

In 1990, he finished runner-up in the British Speedway Championship.

In 1995, he was part of the Cradley Heathens four that won the Premier League Four-Team Championship, which was held on 6 August 1995, at the East of England Arena.

At retirement he had earned 33 international caps for the England national team.

## World Final Appearances

### Individual World Championship

### World Pairs Championship

### World Team Cup

## World Longtrack Championship

**Finalist**

**Grand-Prix Overall**

* 1998 8th (45pts)

## European Grasstrack Championship

**Finalist**

## InfoBox

Simon Cross
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1965-05-31) 31 May 1965<br>Hereford, England |
| Nationality | British (English) |
| Career history | |
| **Great Britain** | |
| 1982 | Oxford Cheetahs |
| 1983 | Weymouth Wildcats |
| 1982-1995 | Cradley Heathens |
| 1991 | Middlesbrough Bears |
| 1996 | Coventry Bees |
| **Sweden** | |
| 1995-1996 | Smederna |
|  | |
| Individual honours | |
| 1988 | Overseas Champion |
| 1986 1994 | British Masters grasstrack Champion |
| 1987 | British 350 grasstrack Champion |
| 1986 | European Grasstrack Champion |
| 1987 | WA State Champion |
|  | |
| Team honours | |
| 1989 | World Team Cup |
| 1983 | British League Champion |
| 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 | British League KO Cup winner |
| 1983 | National League Pairs Champion |
| 1995 | Premier League Four-Team Championship |
| 1983, 1984, 1987 | Midland Cup champion |
| 1984, 1986 | League Cup champion |
|  | |


title: Chale Island

abstract:
Chale Island is a headland rather than an island, located at the northern end of Msambweni Bay in Kwale County in southeastern Kenya. Originally, "Chale" was the name of a Digo warrior. Chale was buried on this island after passing away. Chale Island is known as a sacred kaya by the locals. For beach enthusiasts, this exclusive sandy island is the absolute dream location.
Chale Island is a tropical haven with mangrove forests and green coral reefs as its lush green vegetation.
Additionally, while on the island, visitors can enjoy beautiful views of the Indian Ocean's blue-green waters, which are equally as beautiful as the island itself.
The island's intensely beautiful views go well with the opulent Italian, Oriental, and Swahili cuisines.
You can experience a lovely atmosphere by traveling to this peaceful Island. The island is largely renowned for its breathtaking and serene sandy beaches, as the name would imply.
The large beach, which is located in the island's northeast, is located 175 meters from the resort's front and is 70 meters deep.
On this portion of the island, breathtaking coral reefs may be discovered around 750 meters from the gorgeous beach.
Additionally, you may see the many and healing tidal flows that wash over the reef from this location.
The beach on the eastern side of the island, which looks out over Gazi Town, is the ideal location to see mangrove woods that link to Gazi Bay. The beach on the southeast side is 100 meters long and roughly 50 meters deep.
A substantial mangrove forest that leads to the Gulf of Gavi is also located on the western side of the island.

text:
# Chale Island

**Chale Island** is a headland rather than an island, located at the northern end of Msambweni Bay in Kwale County in southeastern Kenya. Originally, "Chale" was the name of a Digo warrior. Chale was buried on this island after passing away. Chale Island is known as a sacred *kaya* (worshipping place) by the locals.

For beach enthusiasts, this exclusive sandy island is the absolute dream location. Chale Island is a tropical haven with mangrove forests and green coral reefs as its lush green vegetation. Additionally, while on the island, visitors can enjoy beautiful views of the Indian Ocean's blue-green waters, which are equally as beautiful as the island itself. The island's intensely beautiful views go well with the opulent Italian, Oriental, and Swahili cuisines. You can experience a lovely atmosphere by traveling to this peaceful Island.

The island is largely renowned for its breathtaking and serene sandy beaches, as the name would imply. The large beach, which is located in the island's northeast, is located 175 meters from the resort's front and is 70 meters deep. On this portion of the island, breathtaking coral reefs may be discovered around 750 meters from the gorgeous beach. Additionally, you may see the many and healing tidal flows that wash over the reef from this location. The beach on the eastern side of the island, which looks out over Gazi Town, is the ideal location to see mangrove woods that link to Gazi Bay. The beach on the southeast side is 100 meters long and roughly 50 meters deep. A substantial mangrove forest that leads to the Gulf of Gavi is also located on the western side of the island.

4°27′00″S 39°32′00″E / 4.4500°S 39.5333°E / -4.4500; 39.5333

1. "Chale Island in Kenya - Best Island in Kenya - Tourist Guide 2023". January 2021.


title: Simon Norberg

abstract: Simon Norberg is a Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Norberg made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Leksands IF during the 2014–15 SHL season.

text:
# Simon Norberg

**Simon Norberg** (born February 1, 1996) is a Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Norberg made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Leksands IF during the 2014–15 SHL season.

## InfoBox

| Simon Norberg | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1996-02-01) February 1, 1996<br>Sweden | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 168 lb (76 kg; 12 st 0 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| SHL team | *Leksands IF* | | |
| NHL draft | Undrafted | | |
| Playing career | 2014present | | |


title: Sindorim Station

abstract: Sindorim station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 1 and Line 2 (underground). It is also the southeastern terminus of Line 2's Sinjeong Branch to Kkachisan. The station is located at the northern edge of Sindorim-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, on the border with Yeongdeungpo-gu. Sindorim station is designed primarily to serve as a transfer station of the Subway Lines 1 and 2, having no direct exits from the Line 1 platform. It is known to be the most congested transfer station of Seoul Subway, especially during the rush hours. It is estimated that over 320,000 passengers per day use Sindorim Station to transfer between Lines 1 and 2. A plan to extend the Line 2 part of the station, including a new platform for the outer circle line, is now on design. Screen doors have been added to the subway platforms. D-Cube City, a large leisure complex consisting of a Hyundai department store, additional coffee shops & restaurants on the periphery, a Sheraton Hotel and a Lotte Cinema, is located next to the station. The complex was opened in 2011 and is directly connected to the station by an underground passageway which passes under the entire width of the station. All Line 2 trains that operate up to this station take the Sinjeong branch to be serviced at the Sinjeong train servicing depot, located next to Yangcheon-gu Office station. In 2013, improvements were made in terms of accessibility for Line 1. A new overhead concourse was constructed above the Line platforms to ease congestion in the underground concourse, where passengers transfer between Lines 1 and 2. The new overhead concourse includes childcare facilities and meeting rooms. South Korean music group Jaurim wrote in the song "The Departure," "Strip Show in Sindorim Station..."I wrote the lyrics, ".

text:
# Sindorim Station

**Sindorim station** is a station on Seoul Subway Line 1 (overground platforms) and Line 2 (underground). It is also the southeastern terminus of Line 2's Sinjeong Branch to Kkachisan (underground platform 3). The station is located at the northern edge of Sindorim-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, on the border with Yeongdeungpo-gu.

Sindorim station is designed primarily to serve as a transfer station of the Subway Lines 1 and 2, having no direct exits from the Line 1 platform. It is known to be the most congested transfer station of Seoul Subway, especially during the rush hours. It is estimated that over 320,000 passengers per day use Sindorim Station to transfer between Lines 1 and 2. A plan to extend the Line 2 part of the station, including a new platform for the outer circle line, is now on design. Screen doors have been added to the subway platforms.

D-Cube City, a large leisure complex consisting of a Hyundai department store, additional coffee shops & restaurants on the periphery, a Sheraton Hotel and a Lotte Cinema, is located next to the station. The complex was opened in 2011 and is directly connected to the station by an underground passageway which passes under the entire width of the station.

All Line 2 trains that operate up to this station take the Sinjeong branch to be serviced at the Sinjeong train servicing depot, located next to Yangcheon-gu Office station.

In 2013, improvements were made in terms of accessibility for Line 1. A new overhead concourse was constructed above the Line platforms to ease congestion in the underground concourse, where passengers transfer between Lines 1 and 2. The new overhead concourse includes childcare facilities and meeting rooms.

South Korean music group Jaurim wrote in the song "The Departure," "Strip Show in Sindorim Station..."I wrote the lyrics, ".

## Future GTX Services

Construction of the new high speed commuter rail service, GTX, commenced in 2017. Three separate lines - A, B & C are under construction or in the planning stage. GTX B will, once completed, connect Songdo, Incheon, in the Southwest and Maseok in Namyangju, in the Northeast. Sindorim will be one of the GTX B stations located within Seoul, along with Yeouido, Yongsan and Seoul Station. Construction of GTX B will commence in 2022.

1. "코레일 \> 사업분야 \> 광역철도사업 \> 수송통계 \> 자료실" \[Korail\> Business\> Greater railroads\> Transportation Statistics\> Archives\].
2. "서울교통공사 \> 알림마당 \> 자료실" \[Seoul traffic engineering\> PSC\> Media\].
3. "하루 환승 32만명 '역시 신도림'". *Naver News*.

37°30′33″N 126°53′28″E / 37.50917°N 126.89111°E / 37.50917; 126.89111

## InfoBox

| **신도림**
Sindorim   **신도림**
**Sindorim** | |
| --- | --- |
| Exit 1 | |
|  | |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 신도림역 |
| Hanja |  |
| Revised Romanization | *Sindorim-yeok* |
| McCune–Reischauer | *Sindorim-yŏk* |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | 460-26 Sindorim-dong,
Guro-gu
Seoul
South Korea |
| Operated by | Korail, Seoul Metro |
| Line(s) | Gyeongbu Line
Line 2 |
| Platforms | 6 |
| Tracks | 8 |
| History | |
| Opened | May 22, 1984 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 2018 | 119,414 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station  Yeongdeungpotowards Soyosan  Line 1  Gurotowards Incheon  Yeongdeungpotowards Uijeongbu or Kwangwoon University Gurotowards Sinchang or Seodongtan  Yeongdeungpotowards Dongducheon  Line 1Gyeongwon Express  Gurotowards Incheon  Noryangjintowards Yongsan  Line 1Gyeongin Express  Gurotowards Dongincheon  Yeongdeungpotowards Cheongnyangni  Line 1Gyeongbu Express  Gurotowards Sinchang  YeongdeungpoTerminus  Line 1Gwangmyeong Shuttle Service  Gurotowards Gwangmyeong  DaerimNext counter-clockwise  Line 2  MullaeNext clockwise  *Terminus*  Line 2Sinjeong Branch  Dorimcheontowards Kkachisan | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sindou Department

abstract: Sindou is a department or commune of Léraba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Sindou.

text:
# Sindou Department

**Sindou** is a department or commune of Léraba Province in south-western Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Sindou.

## Towns and villages

10°39′22″N 5°09′49″W / 10.6561°N 5.1636°W / 10.6561; -5.1636

## InfoBox

| Sindou | |
| --- | --- |
| Department | |
| Sindou Department location in the province | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Province | Léraba Province |
| Area | |
| Land | 156 sq mi (403 km2) |
| Population (2019 census) | |
| Department | 25,753 |
| Urban | 7,053 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT 0) |


title: R. Nelson Snider High School

abstract: R. Nelson Snider High School is a secondary school in the Fort Wayne Community Schools system, serving the north central and northeast neighborhoods of Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States. A small portion of New Haven is zoned to Snider.

text:
# R. Nelson Snider High School

41°6′31.5″N 85°4′59.09″W / 41.108750°N 85.0830806°W / 41.108750; -85.0830806

**R. Nelson Snider High School** is a secondary school in the Fort Wayne Community Schools system, serving the north central and northeast neighborhoods of Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States.

A small portion of New Haven is zoned to Snider.

## Athletics

All athletic teams compete in the Summit Athletic Conference.

### Team state champions

* **Boys' baseball:**
    + Class 4A - 2008/09, 2005/06
* **Girls' basketball:**
    + 1987/88
* **Boys' football:**
    + Class 5A - 1992/93, 2015/2016, 2023/2024
* **Boys' track and field:**
    + 1973/74 (co-champions)
* **Girls' volleyball:**
    + 1991/92, 1987/88

## Speech and debate

Snider's speech club is a chapter of the National Forensic League, the Indiana High School Forensic Association, and actively participates in its events.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| R. Nelson Snider High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 4600 Fairlawn Pass, Fort Wayne, Indiana
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Free public |
| Motto | "Nihil Sine Magno Labore"
(Latin; "Nothing Without Great Effort") |
| Established | 1964 |
| School district | Fort Wayne Community Schools |
| Principal | Chad Hissong |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 1,899 (2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 21.18 |
| Campus size | 10 acres (40,000 m2) |
| Campus type | Suburban |
| Color(s) |  |
| Mascot | Panther |
| Website | snider.fortwayneschools.org |


title: Resurrection (2016 Mexican film)

abstract: Resurrection is a 2016 documentary film by Eugenio Polgovsky about the extremely polluted environment around the waterfall of El Salto de Juanacatlán, in Mexico.

text:
# Resurrection (2016 Mexican film)

***Resurrection*** is a 2016 documentary film by Eugenio Polgovsky about the extremely polluted environment around the waterfall of El Salto de Juanacatlán, in Mexico.

## Synopsis

The place that used to be known as the "Mexican Niagara", a natural paradise shaped by the Santiago river and the waterfall of "El Salto de Juanacatlán" is now a poisonous place for the community that lives in its bank. With the establishment of an industrial corridor near the city of Guadalajara in the 70's, the waters became toxic and destructive. Today the Santiago river is one of the most polluted ones in Mexico. While authorities keep ignoring the problem and locals are dying silently and suffering from diseases like cancer, chronic kidney disease, skin diseases and infections among other health problems, Polgovsky focuses on a local family that fights to survive in the ruins of their town.

## Release

*Resurrection* had its international premiere at the 33rd edition of FIFE (Paris International Environmental Film Festival) where it won the Special Jury Award. In Mexico, the film was screened in the Guanajuato International Film Festival and the Morelia International Film Festival where it received the Ambulante Special Award in the Mexican Feature-Length Documentary section.

## InfoBox

| Resurrection | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Eugenio Polgovsky |
| Written by | Eugenio Polgovsky |
| Produced by | Eugenio Polgovsky, Julio Chavezmontes |
| Cinematography | Eugenio Polgovsky |
| Edited by | Eugenio Polgovsky |
| Production<br>companies | PIANO, Tecolote Films |
| Release date | * July 2016 (2016-07) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | Mexico |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Catorce

abstract: Catorce is a municipality in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí in central Mexico. The municipal seat is the pueblo mágico of Real de Catorce.

text:
# Catorce

**Catorce** is a municipality in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí in central Mexico. The municipal seat is the *pueblo mágico* of Real de Catorce.

23°41′N 100°53′W / 23.683°N 100.883°W / 23.683; -100.883

## InfoBox

| Catorce | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | San Luis Potosí |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 9,159 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |


title: Prádanos de Ojeda

abstract: Prádanos de Ojeda is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 218 inhabitants. An ancient site, San Jorde, is located in the municipality.

text:
# Prádanos de Ojeda

**Prádanos de Ojeda** is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 218 inhabitants.

An ancient site, San Jorde, is located in the municipality.

42°41′N 4°21′W / 42.683°N 4.350°W / 42.683; -4.350

## InfoBox

| Prádanos de Ojeda | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Palencia |
| Area | |
| Total | 21 km2 (8 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 194 |
| Density | 9.2/km2 (24/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |