title: San Silvestro, Venice

abstract: San Silvestro is a church building in the sestiere of San Polo of Venice, northern Italy. The church is located in the business district of Rialto. Originally, in the 12th century, it was under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Grado. After rebuilding, it was reconsecrated in 1422, and in 1485 it merged with the Oratory of Santa Maria dei Patriarchi e di Ognissanti. After a partial collapse in 1820, the church was entirely rebuilt from 1837, being reconsecrated in 1850, to designs by Giovanni Meduna. The facade is modern, and was completed in 1909 by Giuseppe Sicher. The Baroque ceiling has paintings by Ludovico Dorigny. The altars were designed in the 19th century by Santi and decorated by the sculptor Giovanni Antonio Dorigo. The interior has four Renaissance panels, and a Baptism of Christ by Tintoretto. The Adoration of the Magi by Paolo Veronese is a large oil painting on canvas painted for the church in 1573 which has been in the National Gallery, London since the church sold it in 1855, presumably to finance the rebuilding. The painting was commissioned by the confraternity of Saint Joseph, the Scuola di San Giuseppe, and placed beside their altar on the left hand wall of the nave. They were not one of the very wealthy Scuole Grandi of Venice, nor trade-based like others with altars in the church, but essentially devotional, and they included female members. The church had a number of significant paintings, and the Veronese was next to the altar of St Joseph on the left side wall, which in the next century was given an altarpiece by Johann Carl Loth of the unusual subject of Joseph presenting the newborn Jesus to God the Father, which remains in the church. The Veronese had some fame, being singled out for mention in early guide books such as Giovanni Stringa's 1604 revision of Francesco Sansovino's Venetia. In 1670 agents of the new Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had failed to persuade the convent of Saint Catherine to sell Veronese's Mystical Marriage of St Catherine of 1575, turned to San Silvestro and attempted to bribe every member of the confraternity to sell the work, but failed after two years.

text:
# San Silvestro, Venice

**San Silvestro** is a church building in the sestiere of San Polo of Venice, northern Italy.

The church is located in the business district of Rialto. Originally, in the 12th century, it was under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Grado. After rebuilding, it was reconsecrated in 1422, and in 1485 it merged with the *Oratory of Santa Maria dei Patriarchi e di Ognissanti*. After a partial collapse in 1820, the church was entirely rebuilt from 1837, being reconsecrated in 1850, to designs by Giovanni Meduna. The facade is modern, and was completed in 1909 by Giuseppe Sicher. The Baroque ceiling has paintings by Ludovico Dorigny. The altars were designed in the 19th century by Santi and decorated by the sculptor Giovanni Antonio Dorigo.

The interior has four Renaissance panels, and a *Baptism of Christ* by Tintoretto.

The *Adoration of the Magi* by Paolo Veronese is a large oil painting on canvas painted for the church in 1573 which has been in the National Gallery, London since the church sold it in 1855, presumably to finance the rebuilding. The painting was commissioned by the confraternity of Saint Joseph, the *Scuola di San Giuseppe*, and placed beside their altar on the left hand wall of the nave. They were not one of the very wealthy Scuole Grandi of Venice, nor trade-based like others with altars in the church, but essentially devotional, and they included female members.

The church had a number of significant paintings, and the Veronese was next to the altar of St Joseph on the left side wall, which in the next century was given an altarpiece by Johann Carl Loth of the unusual subject of Joseph presenting the newborn Jesus to God the Father, which remains in the church. The Veronese had some fame, being singled out for mention in early guide books such as Giovanni Stringa's 1604 revision of Francesco Sansovino's *Venetia*. In 1670 agents of the new Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had failed to persuade the convent of Saint Catherine to sell Veronese's *Mystical Marriage of St Catherine* of 1575 (now Gallerie dell'Accademia), turned to San Silvestro and attempted to bribe every member of the confraternity to sell the work, but failed after two years.

* Manno, Antonio (2004). The Rizzoli Art Guides (ed.). *The Treasures of Venice*. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 423–425.
* Penny, Nicholas, National Gallery Catalogues (new series): *The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540-1600*, 2008, National Gallery Publications Ltd, ISBN 1857099133

## InfoBox

| Church of San Silvestro | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Roman Catholic |
| Province | Venice |
| Location | |
| Location | Venice, Italy |
| Shown within VeniceSan Silvestro, Venice (Italy) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 45°26′15″N 12°20′0.29″E / 45.43750°N 12.3334139°E / 45.43750; 12.3334139 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Giovanni Battista Meduna and Giuseppe Sicher (facade) |
| Type | Church |
| Completed | 1909 (facade) |


title: Sandy Roberts

abstract: Sandy Roberts is an Australian veteran sports presenter and commentator formerly working on television for Fox Sports Australia and radio with Crocmedia. He was a long-time personality of the Seven Network for four decades, notably part of the Seven Sport Olympics coverage as a host for more than 20 years.

text:
# Sandy Roberts

**Sandy Roberts** OAM (born 22 February 1950) is an Australian veteran sports presenter and commentator formerly working on television for Fox Sports Australia and radio with Crocmedia. He was a long-time personality of the Seven Network for four decades, notably part of the Seven Sport Olympics coverage as a host for more than 20 years.

## Career

Roberts' career started at Perth radio station 6PM, after a short stint as a copyboy for the Adelaide *News*. Roberts then travelled extensively throughout Europe for two years, before returning to Australia, where he joined Radio 3CS Colac as an announcer. In 1971, he switched to television station BCV8-TV in Bendigo as a news presenter. He later joined the Seven Network in Adelaide in 1973 as a general announcer and presenter.

In 1980, Roberts was asked to be one of the commentators for the 1980 Moscow Olympics telecast after which Roberts moved to Melbourne to work for the Seven Network in Melbourne.

In his time with the Seven Network, Roberts commentated over 700 Australian Football League (AFL) games. Roberts also commentated on NBL games, the Australian Open, the Spring Racing Carnival and many major golf tournaments. He has also been involved in the coverage of every Summer Olympic Games from Moscow 1980 to Beijing 2008, including Sydney 2000, as well as many Winter Olympic Games.

Roberts hosted the Seven Network's Bathurst 1000 coverage four times: in 1991, 1993, 1994 and the 1997 Super Touring 1000.

Alongside Dennis Cometti, Roberts was a commentator during the famous AFL match between Sydney and St Kilda in 1993 in which a pig was released onto the ground by a Sydney member with a number 4 and the nickname "Pluga" spray-painted onto it (in reference to then St Kilda player Tony Lockett). Roberts became famous for his call of the incident, exclaiming: *"There's a pig at full-forward!"*.

In January 2005, Roberts joined *Seven News Melbourne* after Beverley O'Connor resigned.

Outside of sports broadcasting, Roberts was an annual contributor to Seven's telecast of the *Good Friday Appeal* and also hosted the game shows *It's Academic* and *The $1,000,000 Chance of a Lifetime*.

Despite this impressive résumé, Roberts is often remembered for his gaffe in introducing the 1981 Miss Australia, Leanne Dick as "Leanne Cock" during a Mount Gambier Cup meeting. (Ironically, Dick's surname after marriage is Cockerill).

In early February 2013, Roberts was the subject of media speculation that he was leaving the Seven Network to work at another channel, Fox Footy. In November 2013, Roberts confirmed that he would be leaving the Seven Network after 40 years with Seven in Melbourne and Adelaide to work at Fox Footy as a host-commentator. Tim Watson took Roberts' place as the weekday sports newsreader. Roberts last day reading sport news was Friday 29 November 2013, and he finished his hosting duties for Seven at the Australian Open golf tournament on Sunday 1 December 2013. Roberts retired from television in 2018.

Roberts was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2024 King's Birthday Honours for "service to media as a sports commentator".

## Personal life

Roberts grew up on a sheep farm in Lucindale, South Australia.

Roberts is married to Carolyn, a former Vice President of international sports management company IMG, and they have a son, Angus. A previous marriage broke down following the death of a 15-year-old son from that marriage. He also has another son from his first marriage, Ben. Ben is married to Jane, and they have three daughters.

In May 2023, Roberts stated that he was diagnosed with the blood cancer multiple myeloma in May 2022. He is now an ambassador for Myeloma Australia.

## Community work

In addition to his ambassadorship for Myeloma Australia, Roberts has, since July 2013, been an ambassador for the non-profit organisation The Beehive Foundation, a charity that runs free programs to develop resilience and coping mechanisms for youth via junior sporting organisations.

## InfoBox

| Sandy RobertsOAM | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1950-02-22) 22 February 1950<br>Lucindale, South Australia, Australia |
| Occupation | Sport presenter & commentator |
| Years active | 1971–2019 |
| Employer(s) | Fox Footy and Crocmedia |


title: C. C. Vaughn

abstract: C. C. Vaughn was an educator and Baptist minister in Ohio and Kentucky. He served in the American Civil War and was promoted to orderly sergeant in his heavy artillery regiment. He was also active in the Colored Conventions Movement and played prominent state and national roles in the Grand Army of the Republic, a veterans group, and the Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, an African-American beneficial and temperance society.

text:
# C. C. Vaughn

**C. C. Vaughn** (December 27, 1846 – October 21, 1923) was an educator and Baptist minister in Ohio and Kentucky. He served in the American Civil War and was promoted to orderly sergeant in his heavy artillery regiment. He was also active in the Colored Conventions Movement and played prominent state and national roles in the Grand Army of the Republic, a veterans group, and the Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria, an African-American beneficial and temperance society.

## Early life

C. C. Vaughn was born a slave December 27, 1846 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia. His first name was given as Charles and Cornelius. He and his family were owned by Theodoric H. Grigg, and in 1852, Grigg sold his plantation and moved with his slaves to Ohio where he set his slaves free. He lived with his cousin, who rented a farm where he labored in the summer and attended school in the winter. In 1861 and 1862, during the American Civil War (1861–1865) he worked in a brick-yard. In 1863, his cousin moved closer to Troy, Ohio, and Vaughn labored on Alexander M. Heywood's farm.

## Civil war

During the American Civil War, Vaughn enlisted in company F, 13th United States Colored Heavy Artillery Regiment. He was transferred to company A and promoted to orderly sergeant. He was mustered out of service on November 27, 1865.

## Career

He returned to his home and enrolled in Liber College in Liber, Jay County, Indiana, the only black student in the county. In 1866 he passed a qualifying examination to become a teacher in Sidney, Ohio and taught for three months. That fall he returned to Liber College. At the end of his term, he had run out of money and he returned to his farm, and he did not finish his studies at Liber. The next fall he went to Washington County, Ohio and passed another teaching examination in Marietta, Ohio. He then taught at a school in Wesley Township, Ohio. Around this time he became acquainted with Erastus Milo Cravath of the Freedman's Aid Association and the American Missionary Association in Cincinnati, Ohio. On April 14, 1867, he took a teaching job in Cynthiana, Kentucky teaching under the auspices of the American Missionary Association and the Western Freedman's Aid Commission. At Cynthiana, he faced much animosity as a northern teacher, but he remained for two years. At the end of that time he returned to school, now at Berea College, where he also worked as a janitor, chopped wood, and student-taught, allowing him to finish his course. January 12, 1874 he began to teach in Russellville at the colored Baptist church, where he remained.

He converted to the Baptist religion in 1869 and became a member of the Russellville church in 1875 where he served as clerk. The next May he was licensed to preach, and in June he took the role of lead preacher after the resignation of Elder Moses Harding. He was ordained in September 1877 at the First District Association by a council including G. W. Dupee, Allen Allensworth, Moses Harding, Daniel Jones, William Howell, J. F. Thomas, and E. M. Manion.

He married Ella Slaughter. His date of marriage was reported by William J. Simmons as January 1, 1879, although Kentucky marriage records list it as occurring on September 15, 1881.

## Civil activities

He was active in politics and social affairs. He advocated in favor of civil rights and suffrage for blacks. In 1884 in Louisville, Kentucky he was elected chairman on the State Convention of Colored Men. He was treasurer of the District Lodge of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows for six years and was State Grand Chief of the Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria in 1883, and in 1884 was vice-chief of the body and a member of the national executive committee. In 1892 and 1894 he was elected High Worthy National Grand Chirf of the same body. In 1886, he was vice-assistant moderator of the General Association of Baptists. He also was a prominent member of the Grand Army of the Republic, a civil war veterans association. He held positions in the state and national departments of the group, and was on group commander-in-chief John Palmer's staff.

## Death

Vaughn died on October 21, 1923, and was buried in Maple Grove Cemetery in Russelville, Kentucky.

## InfoBox

| C. C. Vaughn | |
| --- | --- |
| Campbell in 1887 | |
| Born | (1846-12-27)December 27, 1846
Dinwiddie County, Virginia |
| Died | October 21, 1923(1923-10-21) (aged 76)
Russellville, Kentucky |
| Alma mater | Berea College |
| Occupation(s) | Minister, educator |
|  | |
| Personal | |
| Religion | Baptist |
|  | |


title: Sanmon Gosan no Kiri

abstract: Sanmon Gosan no Kiri (樓門五山桐), or The Golden Gate and the Paulownia Crest, is a kabuki play written by Namiki Gohei I and first performed in 1778. Originally part of an all-day, five-act jidaimono play called Kinmon Gosan no Kiri, only the "Sanmon" scene is currently performed. It is also the only part translated into English. Unlike many other plays from the Edo period, often adapted from bunraku or noh, Sanmon Gosan no Kiri was written directly for kabuki. It was premiered by the Ōgawa Kichitarō I troupe at the Kado no Shibai theater in Osaka, in the fourth month of 1778. The original cast included Arashi Hinasuke I in the role of Goemon, and Onoe Kikugorô I in the role of Hisayoshi.

text:
# Sanmon Gosan no Kiri

***Sanmon Gosan no Kiri*** (樓門五山桐), or **The Golden Gate and the Paulownia Crest**, is a kabuki play written by Namiki Gohei I and first performed in 1778.

Originally part of an all-day, five-act *jidaimono* play called **Kinmon Gosan no Kiri** ("The Golden Gate and the Paulownia Crest"), only the "Sanmon" scene is currently performed. It is also the only part translated into English.

Unlike many other plays from the Edo period, often adapted from bunraku or noh, *Sanmon Gosan no Kiri* was written directly for kabuki. It was premiered by the Ōgawa Kichitarō I troupe at the Kado no Shibai theater in Osaka, in the fourth month of 1778. The original cast included Arashi Hinasuke I in the role of Goemon, and Onoe Kikugorô I in the role of Hisayoshi (the kabuki alias for the famous *daimyō* Toyotomi Hideyoshi).

## Characters

## Plot

Events take place at the *sanmon* ("main gate") of the Nanzen-ji zen buddhist temple in Kyoto.

## Translation

The play was translated into English by Alan Cummings in *Kabuki Plays on Stage II: Villainy and Vengeance, 1773-1799*, edited by James R. Brandon and Samuel L. Leiter and published in 2002.

* *Kabuki Plays on Stage II: Villainy and Vengeance, 1773-1799*. (2002) University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-824-82455-6.

1. "SANMON". kabuki21. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
2. *Kabuki Plays on Stage II: Villainy and Vengeance, 1773-1799*. (2002) p. 244-245.
3. "KADO NO SHIBAI - KADOZA". kabuki21. Retrieved 2017-10-03.

## InfoBox

| Sanmon Gosan no Kiri
樓門五山桐 | |
| --- | --- |
| Poster of the production of "Kinmon Gosan no Kiri" staged in April 1976 at the National Theatre | |
| Written by | Namiki Gohei I |
| Characters | Ishikawa Goemon, Hashiba Hideyoshi |
| Date premiered | April 1778,
Kado no Shibai, Osaka |
| Place premiered | Japan |
| Original language | Japanese |
| Genre | *jidaimono* |
| Setting | Nanzen-ji, Kyoto |


title: C. H. Rutherford

abstract: Charles Hays Rutherford was an American lawyer and politician from Arizona who served in the Arizona State Senate from 1917 through 1918, during the 3rd Arizona State Legislature. He also served during the 6th Arizona State Legislature. He served in the Army Reserve, first in the JAG corps, then in the Specialist Reserve Corps, eventually attaining the rank of Colonel. From 1930 until his death in 1950 he served as a civilian aide to the Secretary of War. He practiced law, first in Indiana early in his career, and then in Arizona, until he was disbarred by the Arizona Supreme Court in 1949.

text:
# C. H. Rutherford

**Charles Hays Rutherford** was an American lawyer and politician from Arizona who served in the Arizona State Senate from 1917 through 1918, during the 3rd Arizona State Legislature. He also served during the 6th Arizona State Legislature. He served in the Army Reserve, first in the JAG corps, then in the Specialist Reserve Corps, eventually attaining the rank of Colonel. From 1930 until his death in 1950 he served as a civilian aide to the Secretary of War. He practiced law, first in Indiana early in his career, and then in Arizona, until he was disbarred by the Arizona Supreme Court in 1949.

## Early life

Rutherford was born in New Hampshire in 1884, and attended the seminary in Montpelier, Vermont. Rutherford was a graduate of the Marion Normal School in Marion, Indiana. He opened a law practice with George W. Wells in Seymour, Indiana in 1904. The law practice did not last long and was dissolved later that year. In 1905 Rutherford was appointed as deputy prosecutor in Seymour.

He relocated to Prescott, Arizona in 1906, where he set up a law practice. Later in 1906 he had moved to Jerome, where he was appointed city attorney, a position he held for the next fifteen years. He was a large shareholder of and served as a director on the board of the Lloyd Consolidated Copper Company, which had extensive workings near Camp Verde. In 1907 a new townsite was set up near their mining operations, including a post office, and was named Rutherford, Arizona, after him. He was married to Erie Dykes on November 8, 1909, in King County, Washington.

## Political career

In 1911 he ran for the Democrat's nomination for one of the two state senate seats from Yavapai County. He lost in the Democrat's primary to H. R. Wood and M. G. Cunniff. In 1913, Rutherford was appointed the Navajo County attorney. In 1914 Rutherford once again ran for the State Senate. It was a crowded race, with seven candidates running for the two senate seats. Rutherford came in fourth, behind winners Morris Goldwater and Frances Munds, as well F. A. Reid. In 1916, he ran for the State Senate for a third time. This time he won the Democrat nomination for one of the two senate seats, coming in high man in the primary over Morris Goldwater and Nathan Shutz. In the general election, Rutherford won, however Goldwater was defeated by Republican N. H. Getchell.

In July 1922, Rutherford announced he would be running for the State Senate for the fourth time. He, along with fellow Democrat, Howard Cornick, won the primary in September, and then went on to win the general election in November. He ran for re-election in 1924, with A. H. Favour, since Cornick did not choose to run again. In the general election Republican Wayne Thornburg led all vote getters, while Favour edged out Rutherford by 200 votes. In 1926 Rutherford announced his intention to seek the Democrat's nomination for the U. S. Senate. He was running to oppose the favorite, Carl Hayden, Arizona's representative in Congress since statehood, who had declared his intention to run for the Senate. Hayden was in favor of the Colorado River Compact, which Rutherford opposed. Rutherford was defeated by Hayden in the primary by a landslide margin. In 1928 Rutherford ran against Arizona's other senator, Henry F. Ashurst in the Democrat's primary. Ashurst defeated him by a 3-1 margin in the primary, 32,698 to 9,547.

In 1934 he again ran for the Democrat's nomination for U.S. Senate against incumbent Ashurst. In addition to Ashurst, there were three other candidates. Rutherford finished a distant fifth in the field of five. In 1944 he ran for mayor of Phoenix, however he and his entire ticket were defeated by incumbent mayor, J. R. Fleming and his ticket.

## Life outside politics

In 1912 Rutherford invented a device to replace women's hatpins. It was a band which went inside the hat and had a small hook which kept the hat attached to the woman's hair. He came up with the idea after reading an article about a man who lost an eye while traveling on a streetcar and getting poked with a woman's hat pin. He incorporated the National Hat Fastener Co., with its headquarters in Phoenix, and contracted with a factory in Leominster, Massachusetts to manufacture the device. In 1918 Rutherford was one of the national spokesmen for the government's liberty bond drive, to support the U. S. war effort during World War I. He traveled the country aboard the "trophy train", giving speeches in support of buying the bonds. In 1921 he was elected president of the Yavapai County Bar Association. He had also served as a vice-president in the American Bar Association.

Rutherford was a major in the United States Army Reserve, as a member of the Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG). In 1924 he organized, and was selected as the first president, of the Arizona chapter of US Reserve Officers Association. In 1925 Rutherford moved to Phoenix, and opened a law office there the following year. In 1929 Rutherford was promoted to colonel in the Specialist Reserve Corps, and was attached to the War Department in Washington, D. C.

In 1930 he was appointed as Arizona's civilian aide to the Secretary of War. One of his major responsibilities was overseeing the military training of civilians at Camp Stephen D. Little near Nogales. In 1933 the training was moved to Camp Huachuca. He was re-appointed in 1934, and was re-appointed every four years through 1950.

In 1938 he invented and patented a method for saving fruit from heavy frost, which became extensively used. In 1940 he was added to the 1940-41 edition of *Who's Who In America*. In June 1940 he was appointed to head the civil aeronautics training program in Arizona. In February 1949, Rutherford was disbarred by the Arizona Supreme Court in a unanimous 5-0 decision. The case involved Rutherford soliciting clients to seek settlements with the state industrial commission. He died on November 27, 1950, in Phoenix, and was buried in Greenwood Memory Lawn Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Charles Hays Rutherford | |
| --- | --- |
| Rutherford, ca. 1924 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Arizona Senate
from the Yavapai County district | |
| **In office**
January 1917  December 1918 | |
| Preceded by | Morris Goldwater
Frances Munds |
| Succeeded by | A. A. Johns
C. P. Hicks |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1884
New Hampshire |
| Died | November 27, 1950
Phoenix, Arizona |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Erie Dykes |
| Alma mater | Marion Normal School |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Sant Gervasi Cemetery

abstract: Sant Gervasi Cemetery founded in 1853, is located in the district of Sarrià-Sant Gervasi in Barcelona, Spain. With an extension of 12,229 m², the area divided into two parts by a staircase leading to the cemetery chapel. It includes 4773 plots. Numerous sculptures and ornaments, mainly in the style of eclecticism, decorate the tombs.

text:
# Sant Gervasi Cemetery

**Sant Gervasi Cemetery** founded in 1853, is located in the district of Sarrià-Sant Gervasi in Barcelona, Spain. With an extension of 12,229 m², the area divided into two parts by a staircase leading to the cemetery chapel. It includes 4773 plots. Numerous sculptures and ornaments, mainly in the style of eclecticism, decorate the tombs.

## Notable interments

## InfoBox

| Sant Gervasi Cemetery | |
| --- | --- |
| Sant Gervasi Cemetery | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Established | 1853 |
| Location | Barcelona |
| Country | Spain |
| Coordinates | 41°24′32″N 2°7′36″E / 41.40889°N 2.12667°E / 41.40889; 2.12667 |
| Type | Public |
| Owned by | Cementiris de Barcelona S.A. |
| Size | 12,229 square metres (3.022 acres) |
| No. of graves | 4773 |


title: Romance literature

abstract:
Romance literature may refer to:
  - Chivalric romance, a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
  - Romance novel, a literary genre developed in Western culture which focuses on the romantic relationship between two or more people
  - Romance, a type of novel
  - Literature of Romanticism, a movement from the 18th century away from neoclassicism and emphasizing the imagination and emotions, with English Romanticism emphasizing sensibility, autobiography, external nature, melancholy, the primitive, the common man, and the remote.
  - Literature in the Romance languages

text:
# Romance literature

**Romance literature** may refer to:

* Chivalric romance, a style of heroic prose and verse narrative current in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
* Romance novel, a literary genre developed in Western culture which focuses on the romantic relationship between two or more people
* Romance (prose fiction), a type of novel
* Literature of Romanticism, a movement from the 18th century away from neoclassicism and emphasizing the imagination and emotions, with English Romanticism emphasizing sensibility, autobiography, external nature, melancholy, the primitive, the common man, and the remote.
* Literature in the Romance languages


title: Collabrification

abstract: Collabrification came from the foundation of making mobile education more collaborative. From the start, it was designed to make something that was inherently non-collaborative and make it collaborative. The infrastructure has been used in the IMLC, University of Michigan, University of Texas, and the department of Mathematics and Information Technology at The Hong Kong Institute of Education. By building real-time, synchronous collaboration into mobile infrastructure, people build on the Four C's: critical thinking, communications, collaboration, and creativity. Collabrification of mobile and web applications allows people to build relationships, increase shared understanding, increase productivity, organize thoughts, and make mobile technology, specifically related to mobile applications, more fun and engaging.

text:
# Collabrification

**Collabrification** came from the foundation of making mobile education more collaborative. From the start, it was designed to make something that was inherently non-collaborative and make it collaborative. The infrastructure has been used in the IMLC, University of Michigan, University of Texas, and the department of Mathematics and Information Technology at The Hong Kong Institute of Education. By building real-time, synchronous collaboration into mobile infrastructure, people build on the Four C's: critical thinking, communications, collaboration, and creativity. Collabrification of mobile and web applications allows people to build relationships, increase shared understanding, increase productivity, organize thoughts, and make mobile technology, specifically related to mobile applications, more fun and engaging.

## Mobile collaboration

The first set of collabrified mobile apps were WeKWL, WeMap, WeSketch, WeCollabrify, YesWeKhan,


title: Corrientes campaign

abstract: The Corrientes campaign or the Paraguayan invasion of Corrientes was the second campaign of the Paraguayan War. Paraguayan forces occupied the Argentinian city of Corrientes and other towns in Corrientes Province. The campaign occurred at the same time as the Siege of Uruguaiana. Argentina and Uruguay declared war against the Paraguayan invaders, who were already at war with the Empire of Brazil, and signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The Paraguayan invasion of Argentina failed, but led to the invasion of Paraguay in later campaigns.

text:
# Corrientes campaign

The **Corrientes campaign** or the **Paraguayan invasion of Corrientes** was the second campaign of the Paraguayan War. Paraguayan forces occupied the Argentinian city of Corrientes and other towns in Corrientes Province. The campaign occurred at the same time as the Siege of Uruguaiana.

Argentina and Uruguay declared war against the Paraguayan invaders, who were already at war with the Empire of Brazil, and signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. The Paraguayan invasion of Argentina failed, but led to the invasion of Paraguay in later campaigns.

## Background

### Military situation

In the early 1860s, liberal parties took power during civil wars in Argentina and Uruguay. In Argentina, General Bartolomé Mitre assumed the presidency in 1862. Mitre and Uruguayan General Venacio Flores were allied with the Empire of Brazil, and Flores launched a rebellion to take power with Brazilian and Argentinian support.

Faced with the advance of liberal forces backed by the empire, the conservative Paraguayan government of Marshal Francisco Solano López anticipated that Brazil and Argentina would try to incite a civil war in Paraguay. Solano Lopez, on the other hand, wanted to influence the other countries in the Río de la Plata basin.

The Brazilian- and Argentinian-backed invasion of Uruguay by Flores motivated López to demand the withdrawal of foreign forces from Uruguay at the Uruguayan government's request. The Paraguayan invasion of Mato Grosso was a success, but the Partido Blanco government in Uruguay was defeated and General Flores assumed the presidency.

López asked Argentinian president Bartolomé Mitre to allow his troops to cross Corrientes Province towards the Uruguay River to restart the civil war in Uruguay and attack the Brazilian province of Rio Grande do Sul. López told Mitre that Argentina was neutral in the conflict between Paraguay and Brazil (as it had been in the Uruguayan Civil War) and, since he had allowed Uruguayan rebel troops and the Brazilian navy to cross Argentine territory and jurisdictional waters, López could expect the same authorization for Paraguayan troops going to Brazil or Uruguay. Mitre refused, saying that he could not allow the passage of troops through his territory and remain neutral.

### Plans

Paraguay invaded and occupied Mato Grosso, although Brazil had claimed some of that territory. Paraguay had little or no communication with the rest of Brazil, so Paraguayan troops could not further advance into Brazil to force it to surrender or negotiate. For results in Uruguay or to prevent further attacks on Paraguayan territory, it had to continue the war in the province of Rio Grande do Sul.

Before Mitre's refusal, López had planned to concentrate his forces along the Uruguay River to attack Brazil or enter Uruguayan territory. When war was declared on Argentina, however, he needed to prevent the Argentine Army from hindering the Paraguayan advance with a diversionary maneuver along the Uruguay River. The objective was to occupy the city of Corrientes, a strategy that would also make it possible to control the upper Paraná River, leaving communications open through Corrientes Province.

Between the decision to invade and the troop advance, López decided to use troops occupying the capital of the invaded province to support the passage on the Uruguay River. Instead of concentrating most of the troops in this last column, he formed an army of only about 12,000 men and sent 25,000 soldiers to the Paraná River.

Before implementing his plan, López sent Lieutenant Cipriano Ayala to deliver the declaration of war to Buenos Aires. War was declared on 18 March 1865, and was published in Asunción a week later. The attack would be launched after the expected delivery date of the declaration of war but before the news arrived back in Paraguayan territory to give the disorganized, under-equipped Argentine army no time to react. The messenger carrying the declaration of war met with many obstacles, however, and the Argentine public learned about the invasion of Corrientes before it heard about the declaration of war.

## Occupation of Corrientes

At dawn on 13 April 1865, a squadron of five Paraguayan steamboats appeared at the city of Corrientes with a landing party of 2,500 under the command of Commander Pedro Ignacio Meza. They passed the city headed south, then turned north and attacked the *Gualeguay* and the *25 de Mayo* (Argentine steamers in port for repairs); the *25 de Mayo* had a crew of 80 men. The crews of two Paraguayan ships boarded the Argentine ships, and captured them after a skirmish with some casualties. About 3,500 to 4,000 men landed and occupied the city the following day.

After the attack, residents led by Desiderio Sosa constructed a defense on the roofs of houses closest to the port. The attacking fleet withdrew, and an attempt was made to organize battalions under Colonel Solano González; volunteers were summoned to the Plaza 25 de Mayo and the Plaza del Mercado.

Paraguayan general Wenceslao Robles had settled in Paso de la Patria with more than three thousand men, awaiting the Paraguayan fleet after it attacked Corrientes. Robles loaded as many soldiers as he could; the small Paraguayan squadron returned to Corrientes at dawn on 14 April, taking possession of the city square without any resistance. Shortly afterward, the column from Paso de la Patria arrived under Robles and the rest of the invading forces. The *25 de Mayo* and *Gualeguay* did not return to Corrientes, since they had been incorporated into the Paraguayan Navy and sent to Asunción for repairs.

The Argentine authorities withdrew with the few battalions, which could not resist the invading Paraguayan forces. Withdrawing to the interior was their only option to reorganize under Nicanor Cáceres, who harassed the invaders and kept the troops loyal to Governor Manuel Lagraña.

Corrientes reacted in two different ways. Some residents fled to rural areas away from the city, to country houses in Lomas; others crossed the Paraná and took refuge in the interior of the Chaco Territory. The rest, a significant fraction of the population, did not resist the Paraguayan troops. A contemporary chronicler wrote that the city's inhabitants were not hostile to the invaders, which made it easier for them to receive good treatment (unlike the abusive treatment carried out in other occupied territories).

Paraguayan control of the square was irreversible in principle, so Governor Lagraña, his closest collaborators, and security groups moved to rural areas to avoid being taken prisoner. Before he withdrew, Lagraña ruled that every citizen of Corrientes between sixteen and seventy years of age was required to enlist and fight the occupation forces.

In the afternoon, a column of 800 cavalry arrived by land and entered the city. Robles met with a popular assembly apparently consisting of members of the Federalist Party and other opponents of the national government. A provisional government was formed by Teodoro Gauna, Víctor Silvero and Sinforoso Cáceres. Local political action was carried out by Cáceres, but the triumvirate was limited to endorsing the activities of the Paraguayan commissioners José Berges, Miguel Haedo and Juan Bautista Urdapilleta in commercial matters and relations with Paraguay.

The Federalist Party leaders in the capital initially supported the Paraguayan occupation as allies in their attempt to recover the political dominance they had lost at the end of 1861 after the Battle of Pavón and the Corrientes revolution. Colonel Cayetano Virasoro stood out, although he was later accused of collaborating with the Paraguayans. The Paraguayan troops continued to receive reinforcements, reaching just over 25,000 men over the following days.

Lagraña assembled the province's population and summoned all males between 17 and 50 years of age to arms. He entrusted Colonel Desiderio Sosa with the military organization of the capital and its surroundings, and settled in the nearby town of San Roque. Lagraña gathered about 3,500 volunteers, many of whom had no military experience and very little equipment. He was joined a few weeks later by General Nicanor Cáceres, who arrived from the Curuzú Cuatiá area and contributed about 1,500 men (almost all veterans).

The presence on the governor's side of Cáceres, who (despite his ambiguous record) was considered to belong to the Federalist Party, cooled federal enthusiasm for the invaders and deprived them of provincial support. As the Paraguayan army began its advance south, Lagraña and his army had to withdraw to Goya.

In the early hours of 11 July 1865, Paraguayan soldiers kidnapped Toribia de los Santos, Jacoba Plaza, Plaza's son Manuel, Encarnación Atienza, Carmen Ferré Atienza and her daughter Carmen, Victoria Bar and wives of the Corrientes resistance leaders from their homes. The occupation of Corrientes was difficult for its inhabitants. In his essay *La toma de Corrientes*, Wenceslao Domínguez wrote:

> The slightest suspicion was enough for summary trial if there was one, and the slightest reason for Argentine patriotism was punished with the death penalty. It would be long to detail the conditions of the gloomy outing in Corrientes; and besides, it is also quite well known.

In his book *Historia ilustrada de la provincia de Corrientes*, historian Antonio Emilio Castello wrote:

> The city of Corrientes dragged out a miserable existence immersed in fear of accusations, abuses, and captivity in Paraguayan prisons. One day the invaders carried out a ferocious massacre of the Chaco Indians in the streets of Corrientes. The poor Indians had been selling firewood and grass for years, from house to house. As some of them refused to receive Paraguayan paper money, they were exterminated with sabers and bullets in broad daylight.

## Argentine reaction

The population of the big cities denounced the invasion, which they saw as unjustified and treacherous. President Mitre's speech, delivered the day that news of the attack arrived in Buenos Aires, included the later-reviled phrase "In 24 hours to the barracks, in fifteen days in Corrientes, in three months in Asunción!" and fueled the desire for revenge. Many young men rushed to enlist in regiments created for the war. The same thing happened in Rosario, and to a lesser extent in Córdoba and Santa Fe. The reaction in the rest of the country was very different; only the most determined supporters of the ruling party publicly opposed the Paraguayan attack.

Entre Ríos Province opposed the national government. Respecting his previous commitments, governor and former president Justo José de Urquiza assembled a provincial army of 8,000 men and moved it to the northern border of the province. When they reached Corrientes in July 1865, soldiers who had believed that they were going to fight on the Paraguayan side rose up in the Disbandment of Basualdo and deserted en masse. The central government refrained from reprisals against the rebels. Urquiza recruited about 6,000 soldiers from the provincial forces who had a reputation as excellent cavalry troops, but they disbanded in the Disbandment of Toledo in November 1865. This second rebellion was harshly repressed with the help of Brazilian and Uruguayan troops.

On 1 May, the Treaty of the Triple Alliance was signed by Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. The speed with which an agreement was reached makes a number of historians suspect that the treaty had been prepared in advance.

Mitre gathered the available troops in Buenos Aires, Rosario, and San Nicolás de los Arroyos, and moved a strong division north aboard the war fleet. He ordered each provincial government to provide a large contingent of infantry forces to reinforce the enlisted troops. Most of the cavalry who served in the frontier forts with indigenous people in the south of the country were also sent north.

## Paraguayan advance

In late April, the Paraguayan army slowly advanced south along the Paraná River and seized Bella Vista, Empedrado, Santa Lucía, and Goya. During the advance, the Corrientes forces engaged in guerrilla warfare and established ambush points on the roads. Battles at Caá Catí and Naranjito consolidated the route along the rivers, since the center and south of Corrientes Province remained under government control with a new capital in San Roque. In a battle on 10 May, Colonel Fermín Alsina led 800 men and was defeated by about 5,000 Paraguayans. In the Battle of Palmira nine days later, Colonel Manuel Vallejos realized that the Paraguayan troops could not confront an organized army. That battle and the Battle of Corrientes, led by General Wenceslao Paunero, were crucial to stopping the Paraguayan troops on the Paraná. San Roque, from which the governor of Corrientes exercised local power, prevented movement towards the center. The Imperial Brazilian Navy, in control of the Paraná River, prevented assistance by water.

Part of the Allied squadron arrived at Corrientes on 25 May, with 725 men led by Paunero. The four battalions were commanded by Juan Bautista Charlone, Ignacio Rivas, and Adolfo Orma; Manuel Rosetti, with an artillery squad, was also part of the division.

Charlone's battalion attacked without waiting for reinforcements, interposing themselves between the fleet and the Paraguayan defenders and preventing the use of artillery. When the other battalions landed, the Argentines advanced towards the city in street-by-street fighting. The Paraguayans were defeated and expelled from the city, with about 400 dead; the Argentines had 62 dead and dozens wounded.

The Paraguayans, commanded by Major José del Rosario Martínez, withdrew towards Empedrado to reorganize and receive reinforcements; a large division was advancing from Paso de la Patria toward the capital. General Cáceres refused to advance in support of the Argentinians despite the insistence of General Manuel Hornos, who had joined his forces with cavalry. Although this decision made it difficult for Paunero's men to resist the expected counterattack, their presence in the south of the province prevented the Paraguayan division which had occupied Goya and Santa Lucía from advancing to support the Uruguay River.

Without prior warning or taking advantage of his military position, Paunero left with his troops at dawn on the 27th. At the request of Governor Lagraña and General Hornos, Paunero agreed to land in the south of the province at the town of Esquina.

The Paraguayan troops subjected the population to violent repression because they suspected them of aiding Paunero's troops. On 11 July, they took five wives of resistance leaders hostage and brought them to Paraguayan territory. Four returned in 1869 after harsh treatment, but Colonel Desiderio Sosa's wife died in Asunción.

## Battle of Riachuelo

A Brazilian squadron was stationed near the city of Corrientes, blocking the Paraguayan fleet from the Paraná. The squadron consisted of nine ships, almost all battleships, commanded by Francisco Manuel Barroso.

Marshal López organized a plan of attack on the Brazilian fleet which consisted of attacking and boarding the enemy fleet by surprise and bombarding fleeing ships from the shore. The Paraguayan squadron consisted of nine steamships. That fleet's only ironclad warship, commanded by Pedro Ignacio Meza, transported 500 infantrymen for the boarding maneuver. They also moved a large number of wooden barges, each with a cannon aboard. The Paraguayans passed the Argentine fleet, protected by darkness and an island, before going upriver and attacking with grapeshot, muskets, and sabers.

A battery commanded by Major José María Bruguez, hidden in the forests of ravines north of the mouth of the Riachuelo, was to bombard ships fleeing the ambush. To the south were 2,000 Paraguayan riflemen, also hidden in the woods at the top of the ravine.

The operation began during the night of 10–11 June. As they neared the objective, the boiler of one of the Paraguayan ships broke and Meza insisted on repairing it. When he decided to go ahead with only eight ships, it was morning and he had lost the element of surprise. Meza's fleet passed the Argentine squadron, and cannon fire was exchanged.

Meza reached the outskirts of the Riachuelo and docked in the ravine. The Brazilians closed in on him, but coastal artillery caused serious damage and stranded a Brazilian ship.

Barroso then rammed and sank three Paraguayan ships with his flagship, the frigate *Amazonas*, and Brazilian artillery disabled the wheels of two Paraguayan steamers. Three Brazilian ships sank several wooden barges, and most of the Paraguayan fleet was in ruins.

The Brazilian fleet did not take advantage of the victory; the next day, it set off downstream towards the outskirts of Emedrado after preventing communications between Paraguay and the Atlantic Ocean. The Paraguayan defeat prevented its column on the Paraná River from aiding the one on the Uruguay River, and the victory at Riachuelo raised the morale of the Argentine troops.

## Uruguay campaign

While the city of Corrientes was occupied, a garrison of 12,000 men commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio de la Cruz Estigarribia headed east of the province to attack Brazilian territory on the Uruguay River. President Mitre appointed General Urquiza, Governor of Entre Ríos, commander of the vanguard division with the mission of confronting the Uruguayan column. Estigarribia divided his troops and sent Major Pedro Duarte, at the head of a small advance column, to occupy the town of Santo Tomé on 5 May. Estigarribia entered Santo Tomé four days later and began crossing the Uruguay River at the head of about 6,500 troops, leaving the rest divided between the Santo Tomé garrison and Duarte's advance guard of just over 3,000 soldiers.

Estigarribia advanced south without resistance, occupying São Borja and Itaqui. A Paraguayan regiment was attacked and partially destroyed near São Borja in the Battle of Mbuty. Some Paraguayan forces remained as a garrison in São Borja, while Duarte headed south. Basualdo's disbandment occurred on 4 July when Urquiza's troops refused to fight against Paraguay, whom they considered their ally.

General Venancio Flores, president of Uruguay since his triumph over the Blanco Party, joined Urquiza at the head of 2,750 men. The 1,200-strong Brazilian force, under Lieutenant Colonel Joaquim Rodrigues Coelho Nelly, headed towards Concordia. Flores had 4,540 men, a force he considered insufficient to face the two Paraguayan columns.

Flores, Duarte and Estigarribia marched slowly to meet each other. Paunero's 3,600 men began an accelerated march through estuaries and rivers, rapidly crossing the south of the province of Entre Ríos, to join Flores. An additional 1,400 cavalry from Corrientes under General Juan Madariaga also marched there. Colonel Simeón Paiva, with 1,200 men, closely followed Duarte's column with orders not to attack.

Estigarribia rejected the opportunity to destroy his enemies one by one and disobeyed López's orders, which told him to continue to Alegrete. He entered Uruguaiana on 5 August, reorganizing and supplying his forces without supporting Duarte. General David Canabarro's Brazilian forces, too few to attack Estigarribia's 5,000-man garrison, remained near the town without being attacked by the Paraguayan chief. On 2 August, Duarte occupied present-day Paso de los Libres.

## Battle of Yatay

With the numerical superiority of the allies, Duarte unsuccessfully asked Estigarribia for help. On 13 August, without Duarte able to prevent allied attacks, Paunero and Paiva joined Flores' army with about 5,550 infantry, 5,000 cavalry, and 32 artillery pieces. Duarte had 1,980 infantry, 1,020 cavalry, and no artillery.

Duarte left Paso de los Libres and took up position in the ravines of the Yatay near the town. His defensive position was good, but retreat would be impossible in the event of defeat.

The battle began at ten a.m. on 17 August with a hasty attack by Palleja's infantry division; Duarte took advantage of the error and counterattacked with almost all his cavalry, causing hundreds of casualties and forcing Palleja to fall back. The artillery fired only 50 shots before having to cease fire, because Palleja's retreating division had crossed the line of fire.

Ignacio Segovia's cavalry division attacked the Paraguayan cavalry in a battle lasting over two hours. When the Allied infantry then overwhelmed the Paraguayan positions, the Paraguayans held out for another hour. Duarte attempted a cavalry charge, but his horse was killed and he was taken prisoner by Paunero. He later saved Duarte's life after Flores intended to have him executed. Some infantry continued to resist north of the Yatay, but were defeated by Juan Madariaga's cavalry from Corrientes.

The Paraguayans had 1,500 dead and 1,600 taken prisoner. Only about a hundred men survived by swimming across the Uruguay and joining Estigarribia's forces. Among the prisoners, Flores found several dozen Uruguayan soldiers (supporters of the Blanco Party who had taken refuge in Paraguay) and federalist Argentines who did not recognize Mitre's national authority. Forgetting the help he had obtained from Brazil and Mitre's rebellion against the Argentine Confederation, Flores ordered their execution as traitors. Many Paraguayan soldiers were forced to take up arms against their own country, replacing allied losses (particularly in the east).

## Siege of Uruguaiana

On 16 July, the Brazilian Army reached the border of Rio Grande do Sul and besieged the city of Uruguaiana. The troops received reinforcements, and sent Estigarribia at least three orders to surrender. On 11 September, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil arrived. Presidents Bartolomé Mitre and Venancio Flores were already present, as well as Brazilian military leaders such as the Marquis of Tamandaré and Lieutenant General Manuel Marques de Sousa. The allied armies had 17,346 combatants (12,393 were Brazilian, 3,802 Argentines, and 1,220 Uruguayans), and 54 guns. The surrender took place on 16 September when Estigarribia reached an agreement on the required conditions.

The emperor ordered his officers to place themselves under Mitre, who was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied armies. The head of the Paraguayan division of the allied army wrote to Estigarribia, rejecting his charge of treason and accusing López of betraying his country by oppressing his people. Estigarribia's reply indicated that not all of his officers agreed to fight to the death, as he had said.

On 11 September, with authorization from the besieging forces, Estigarribia sent almost the entire civilian population to the allied camp. His motive was not solely humanitarian, since the civilian population consumed food.

After exchanges of cannonades and rifle shots, Mitre organized an assault on the square on 13 September. The besieged troops died from disease and desertions increased, encouraged by discussions between their leaders about whether they should resist until the end; this reduced the defenders to just over 5,500.

On 18 September, the Marques de Sousa issued an ultimatum that he would begin the assault in two hours. Estigarribia replied that he would hand over the plaza in exchange for the superior officers being allowed to retreat to anywhere, even Paraguay. The Paraguayan soldiers were taken prisoner. Many were killed during the operation, and many others (perhaps 800 to 1,000) were taken prisoner by Brazilian cavalry officers and sold into slavery. Those who remained in the hands of Argentine and Uruguayan officers were forced to become a Paraguayan division of the Allied army or be incorporated into the infantry of those countries. There were 5,574 Paraguayan prisoners: 59 officers, 3,860 infantry, 1,390 cavalry, 115 artillery, and 150 auxiliaries.

## Paraguayan withdrawal

Robles ordered his troops to abandon the towns in the south of the province in mid-June, concentrating his forces in the provincial capital. He kept some towns within a 150-kilometre (93 mi) radius of the capital for a time, and cavalry roamed the center of the province.

On 12 August, the Brazilian fleet retreated further south towards Goya. A battery on the coast at Paso de Cuevas, near Bella Vista, bombarded the squadron as it passed. The Brazilian ships were not heavily damaged in the Battle of Paso de Cuevas, although they had 21 dead and 38 wounded (nearly all sailors). The only ship of the Argentine Navy, the *Guardia Nacional* (commanded by Luis Py, with navy commander José Murature aboard) stopped in front of the battery and engaged in an artillery duel. The ship was damaged, with three dead and 12 wounded. Two of the three soldiers killed by artillery were young officers: one was a son of Captain Py, and the other a son of former Governor Pedro Ferré of Corrientes.

Allied commanders attempted to negotiate with Robles and induce him to change sides. As a result, President López ordered his replacement with General Francisco Isidoro Resquín. At the beginning of the following year, Robles was subjected to a summary trial and executed for his alleged betrayal.

The Paraguayan occupation of Corrientes was now useless, since the Argentine army (reinforced by large Brazilian and Uruguayan contingents) advanced towards the north. Many Paraguayan troops were withdrawn towards Paraguayan territory in anticipation of an allied invasion.

At the end of June and again at the end of July, General Hornos' troops defeated cavalry groups (identified as Argentine, most from Corrientes and the Federalist Party) in the province's central marshes. On 21 September, Hornos defeated a division of 810 from Corrientes commanded by the Lobera brothers from Naranjitos.

An allied detachment commanded by General Gregorio Castro advanced along the coast of Uruguay. Passing La Cruz, the vanguard (commanded by Colonel Fernández Reguera) discovered a Paraguayan division with three artillery batteries leading a herd of 30,000 cattle from Corrientes to their country. Reguera defeated the Paraguayans and advanced to Candelaria, liberating Alto Paraná.

On 3 October, López ordered Resquín to have the Southern Division evacuate Argentine territory through the Paso de la Patria. When the clash between the Argentine forces was imminent on 22 October, Resquín evacuated Corrientes by river and land. He withdrew from San Cosimo, the last occupied town, a few days later.

The withdrawal of the Paraguayan forces was accompanied by looting. The ranches on the Paraná coast were looted, and some were burned. Goya was severely looted, with several steamers bringing plunder to Asunción. National and provincial public offices were destroyed, their files stolen, and the church was damaged. Farms with no livestock were abandoned by their owners. The Federalist José F. Cáceres persecuted families who had taken refuge in the Chaco. General Nicanor Cáceres reported in August that "the towns of San Roque and Bella Vista that the invaders have occupied for more than two months (...) as well as all the fields through which they have crossed are spoils capable of encouraging the most indifferent".

The provincial capital was occupied by Nicanor Cáceres' troops on October 28, and the provincial government was reinstalled on November 3. That day, Resquín's 27,000 men completed the passage of the Paraná River to their own country without being hampered by the Brazilians. They took 100,000 cattle from Corrientes, but most died near Itapirú from a lack of adequate pasture.

On 25 December, Evaristo López was elected governor by a legislature composed primarily of Federal Party members. The Federalist victory was due to Cáceres' control of most of the provincial territory; López was his friend and partner. Many collaborators with the Paraguayan invasion who had been arrested and risked execution for treason were released by Corrientes' Federalist government, and others fled to Paraguay. Several, including two members of the triumvirate, were executed years later at the order of Francisco Solano López.

At the end of the year, the allied army in the Ensenadas (or Ensenaditas) camp a few kilometers north of Corrientes  near present-day Paso de la Patria  reached 50,000 men. The Brazilian fleet took up positions upstream of the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay Rivers.

## Battle of Pehuajó

After the withdrawal of the Paraguayan army, the defense of Paraguay focused on two positions. On one side, Fort Itapirú was on the right bank of the Paraná River, defended by a large number of cannons. On the other side, upstream on the Paraguay River, the fortresses of Curuzú, Curupayty and Humaitá prevented the advance of allied fleets and land armies up the river.

Allied troops concentrated from December to early April of the following year in the Ensenada camp, north of Corrientes. Nearly all the contingents sent from the provinces of the Argentine interior objected to being sent to war. The 6,000-strong Entre Rios division of 6,000 men mutinied on 6 November; Entre Ríos Province was garrisoned by only 400 men who could not desert without horses and whom Urquiza had to threaten with execution to force them to serve.

Paraguayan troops continuously attacked the coast of Corrientes. They crossed the Paraná River in boats or canoes, with the Brazilians unable to prevent it. Cavalry corps from Cáceres' or Hornos' divisions, encamped northeast of Ensenaditas, usually came out to confront them.

Mitre decided to punish the Paraguayans on 30 January and sent the Buenos Aires division, with almost 1,600 men commanded by General Emilio Conesa, to meet them. Almost all were gauchos from Buenos Aires Province, better suited to cavalry than infantry.

The landing party had about 200 men; on the Paraguayan side were almost 1,000 more soldiers who had to cross the following day. They advanced a few kilometers to the Arroyo Pehuajó, where General Conesa was waiting in ambush; before the attack he addressed his troops, who burst into loud cheers (betraying their presence to the Paraguayans).

Paraguayan Lieutenant Celestino Prieto began to retreat, which Conesa tried to prevent with a charge. The Paraguayans barricaded themselves in woods behind the stream and took up a defensive position, from which they fired on the defenseless Argentine soldiers. They received around 900 reinforcements, causing almost 900 Argentine casualties and losing 170 Paraguayans. General Mitre, who could hear the volleys from his camp, ordered Conesa's troops to withdraw at the end of the day. At nightfall, the Paraguayans withdrew.

The last battle before the invasion of Paraguay occurred on 10 April on the island in front of Fort Itapirú, when a Brazilian division took up a position to bombard the fort. The Paraguayans unsuccessfully tried to remove them with infantry.

## Aftermath

Allied forces captured Fort Itapirú on 5 April 1866 and began the Humaitá campaign, the war's third phase. The northern front was nearly abandoned and the northeast region was occupied by Brazil, since the Paraguayan troops had to concentrate on the south.

Estigarribia's army was lost; Robles's army returned with 14,000 healthy, exhausted soldiers and 5,000 sick. According to George Thompson, by the end of 1865 the Paraguayans had lost 52,000 men (30,000 on other fronts or due to illness) and 10,000 were sick. The Paraguayan army tripled from its original 20,000 troops in 1864 thanks to levies, installing 10,000 in Humaitá against Argentina and 15,000 in Villa Encarnación against Brazil.

### Bibliography

* Zenequelli, Lilia, *Crónica de una guerra, La Triple Alianza*. Ed. Dunken, Bs. As., 1997. ISBN 987-9123-36-0
* Ruiz Moreno, Isidoro J., *Campañas militares argentinas*, Tomo IV, Ed. Emecé, Bs. As., 2008. ISBN 978-950-620-257-6
* Rosa, José María, *La guerra del Paraguay y las montoneras argentinas*, Ed. Hyspamérica, 1986. ISBN 950-614-362-5
* Castello, Antonio Emilio, *Historia de Corrientes*, Ed. Plus Ultra, Bs. As., 1991. ISBN 950-21-0619-9.
* Corrêa Martins, Francisco José (2014). "El empleo de los mitaí y mitá en el ejército paraguayo durante la Guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864-1870)". En Juan Manuel Casal & Thomas L. Whigham. Paraguay: Investigaciones de historia social y política: Actas de las III Jornadas Internacionales de Historia del Paraguay en la Universidad de Montevideo. Asunción: Editorial Tiempo de Historia & Universidad de Montevideo, pp. 181–192. ISBN 9789996760990.
* Giorgio, Dante A., *Yatay, la primera sangre*, Revista Todo es Historia, Nro. 445, Bs. As., 2004.
* Tissera, Ramón, *Riachuelo, la batalla que cerró a Solano López la ruta al océano*, Revista Todo es Historia, número 46, Bs. As., 1971.

## InfoBox

| Corrientes campaign | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Paraguayan War | |
| <br>The Battle of Butuí in *L'Illustration*, Volume XLVI, Paris, 1865 | |
| Date April 1865 – January 1866  Location Corrientes Province, Argentina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil  Result  Allied victory | |
| Belligerents | |
|  | Paraguay |
| Commanders and leaders | |
|  |  |
| Strength | |
| 35,700 infantry, 17 warships, 103 cannons<br>8,400 infantry<br>4 infantry regiments | 60,000 infantry |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Minor losses | 30,000 dead from disease, 8,500 killed or missing, and 10,000 captured |


title: Eucalyptus froggattii

abstract: Eucalyptus froggattii, commonly known as the Kamarooka mallee, is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to Victoria. It has rough, crumbly, blackish bark on the trunk, smooth grey to brown bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, four-sided flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white or cream-coloured flowers and four-sided, cup-shaped to pear-shaped fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus froggattii

***Eucalyptus froggattii***, commonly known as the **Kamarooka mallee**, is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to Victoria. It has rough, crumbly, blackish bark on the trunk, smooth grey to brown bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, four-sided flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white or cream-coloured flowers and four-sided, cup-shaped to pear-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus froggattii* is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 6 m (20 ft) or a tree to 9 m (30 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, crumbly blackish bark on the trunk, smooth grey to brown bark that is shed in ribbons above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have glossy green, petiolate, lance-shaped to curved leaves that are 78–172 mm (3.1–6.8 in) long and 17–28 mm (0.67–1.10 in) wide. Adult leaves are the same glossy, light green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved, 65–130 mm (2.6–5.1 in) long and 12–25 mm (0.47–0.98 in) wide on a petiole 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long. The flower buds are arranged on the ends of branches in groups of seven, nine or eleven on a branching peduncle 4–15 mm (0.16–0.59 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–10 mm (0.079–0.394 in) long. Mature buds are club-shaped to diamond-shaped in side view, more or less square in cross section with a rib along each corner, 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide with a pyramidal to conical operculum. The flowers are white to cream-coloured, cup-shaped to pear shaped in side view, square in cross section, 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and 5.8 mm (0.23 in) wide with the valves enclosed below rim level.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus froggattii* was first formally described in 1934 by William Blakely from a specimen collected at Kamarooka near Bendigo by Alfred Howitt, and the description was published in Blakely's book *A Key to the Eucalypts*. The specific epithet (*foggattii*) honours the entomologist, Walter Wilson Froggatt.

## Distribution and habitat

Kamarooka mallee is usually only found in remnant woodland or shrubland in farmlands between Horsham, Bendigo, Charlton and Nhill in Victoria, but some populations are conserved in the Kamarooka State Park (now part of the Greater Bendigo National Park) and in flora reserves such as the Wychitella Nature Conservation Reserve and Mount Arapiles-Tooan State Park.

## InfoBox

| Kamarooka mallee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus froggattii* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. froggattii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus froggattii***<br>Blakely | |
|


title: Gary Croteau

abstract: Gary Croteau is a Canadian former ice hockey forward, most notably with the Colorado Rockies of the National Hockey League.

text:
# Gary Croteau

**Gary Croteau** (born June 20, 1946) is a Canadian former ice hockey forward, most notably with the Colorado Rockies of the National Hockey League.

## Playing career

Croteau was born in Sudbury, Ontario, the son of Earl and Georgina Croteau. Earl Croteau was a miner. (*Icing on the Plains: The Rough Ride of Kansas City's NHL Scouts*, pp. 84-85, Troy Treasure, Balboa Press).

After a dominant collegiate hockey career playing for coach George Menard (pp.85-86) at St. Lawrence University, capped by being selected to the ECAC First All-Star Team in 1968, Croteau was signed as a free agent by the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1968, which promptly dealt him to the Los Angeles Kings. He played two sound seasons with LA's American Hockey League Springfield Kings farm team, and in limited action with Los Angeles in 1968 scored a fine five goals in eleven games. On the strength of that performance, he played with the Kings in the playoffs that year, scoring five goals in eleven games as Los Angeles went to the semifinals. Kings owner Jack Kent Cooke nicknamed Croteau "Bull." However, after only three further games for the Kings early in 1969-70, he was dealt to the Detroit Red Wings February 1970, seeing only limited action with Detroit before being claimed by the California Golden Seals in the 1970 waiver draft. With the talent-thin Golden Seals, he became a regular for four seasons, finishing among the team's leading scorers in his first and final seasons with the squad.

When the NHL expanded to Kansas City and Washington in 1974, Croteau was the seventh pick of the Scouts and a key player for the weak franchise from the beginning. Croteau scored the first goal in Kansas City's first-ever win, a 5-4 victory at Washington, in early November. After a modest 1974-75 season, Croteau was one of the team's leading scorers and few decent players for four years thereafter, even after the franchise moved to Denver and became the Colorado Rockies in 1976. His best season came in 1976-77, when he scored 24 goals and 27 assists for 51 points, all career highs.

After an injury that cost him most of the 1979-80 season, Croteau retired from hockey, save for a brief stint in the minor leagues the following year. Croteau resides in the Denver area.

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |
| --- | --- |
| All-ECAC Hockey First Team | 1967–68 |

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1964–65 | St. Lawrence University | ECAC | | 14 | 18 | 13 | 31 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1965–66 | St. Lawrence University | ECAC | | 24 | 20 | 11 | 31 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1966–67 | St. Lawrence University | ECAC | | 27 | 21 | 17 | 38 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1967–68 | St. Lawrence University | ECAC | | 19 | 21 | 19 | 40 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1968–69 | Los Angeles Kings | NHL | | 11 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 6 | | 11 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
| 1968–69 | Springfield Kings | AHL | | 53 | 24 | 20 | 44 | 27 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1969–70 | Los Angeles Kings | NHL | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1969–70 | Springfield Kings | AHL | | 52 | 23 | 21 | 44 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1969–70 | Detroit Red Wings | NHL | | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1970–71 | California Golden Seals | NHL | | 74 | 15 | 28 | 43 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | California Golden Seals | NHL | | 73 | 12 | 12 | 24 | 11 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1972–73 | California Golden Seals | NHL | | 47 | 6 | 15 | 21 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1973–74 | California Golden Seals | NHL | | 76 | 14 | 21 | 35 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | Kansas City Scouts | NHL | | 77 | 8 | 11 | 19 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1975–76 | Kansas City Scouts | NHL | | 79 | 19 | 14 | 33 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1976–77 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 78 | 24 | 27 | 51 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1977–78 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 62 | 17 | 22 | 39 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1978–79 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 79 | 23 | 18 | 41 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1979–80 | Colorado Rockies | NHL | | 15 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1980–81 | Fort Worth Texans | CHL | | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| NHL totals | | | | 684 | 144 | 175 | 319 | 143 | | 11 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 |

1. 1974 NHL Expansion Draft

*Icing on the Plains: The Rough Ride of Kansas City's NHL Scouts*, Troy Treasure, 2018, Balboa Press.

## InfoBox

| Gary Croteau | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-06-20) June 20, 1946
Sudbury, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 0 in (183 cm) | | |
| Weight | 205 lb (93 kg; 14 st 9 lb) | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | **NHL**
Los Angeles Kings
Detroit Red Wings
California Golden Seals
Kansas City Scouts
Colorado Rockies | | |
| Playing career | 19681981 | | |


title: Erin Kelly (actress)

abstract: Erin Kelly is an American film, theater and television actress, best known for her role as Annabelle Tillman in Katherine Brooks' 2006 film Loving Annabelle.

text:
# Erin Kelly (actress)

**Erin Kelly** (born August 21, 1981) is an American film, theater and television actress, best known for her role as Annabelle Tillman in Katherine Brooks' 2006 film *Loving Annabelle*.

## Career

Kelly has collaborated with director Katherine Brooks on three films. Kelly was the title role in Brooks' *Finding Kate* and *Loving Annabelle*. Brooks' 2009 feature *Waking Madison* (starring Sarah Roemer and Elisabeth Shue) saw Kelly taking her darkest role to date as Grace, a mental patient with an addictive personality.

Since 2009, Kelly has her own production company, Rock Rose Entertainment, through which she later launched Hitching Post Theatre and the Indie Colorado Cinema Experience (ICCE), showcasing Colorado films. Kelly is currently the Artistic Director of the BolderLife Festival, a joint venture between Rock Rose Entertainment and the Bolder Media Group.

In 2013 Kelly was a BolderLife Festival's panelist in the *2013 Special Panel of Women in Television, Film and Fashion*, with Jessica Clark.

### Television

From 2006–2007, Kelly played a recurring character (also named Erin) in the Hawaii surfer drama *Beyond the Break*. The show was filmed on location in Oahu, Hawaii.

### Theater

Kelly has studied improvisation at the *Upright Citizen's Brigade* since 2006. She co-founded the LA Cafe Plays series at the Ruskin Group Theater, where writers, actors and directors start creating a play at 9 a.m. and must perform it by 7:30 pm. Kelly's *Loving Annabelle* cohorts Katherine Brooks and Jake Newton have performed with the series.

Also with the Ruskin Group Theater, Kelly has appeared in *The Vagina Monologues* and *Picasso at the Lapin Agile*.

In Denver, Colorado, Kelly played lead roles in several theatrical productions, including:

## Personal life

Kelly was born in San Diego and raised in Boulder, Colorado. Her younger brother Jason Kelly is a singer. In several interviews, Kelly thanks her family for supporting her career (including her lesbian-themed films). She likes to surf, sail and hike.

Kelly graduated from New York City's Marymount Manhattan College in 2000 (earning a BA in Acting). She has also studied with the Meisner Technique School since moving to Los Angeles.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2003 | *Famished* | Violet | Short film; directed by Heather Holte |
| 2004 | *Finding Kate* | Kate | Short film |
| 2006 | *Loving Annabelle* | Annabelle Tillman |  |
| 2006 | *Beyond the Break* | Erin | 6 episodes |
| 2008 | *The Process* | Girl | Short film; directed by Shad Thompson |
| 2009 | *Abnormal Abduction* | Carol | Video short; directed by Shad Thompson |
| 2009 | *Sleepy Joe* | Jen | Short film |
| 2010 | *Waking Madison* | Grace |  |
| 2011 | *Hippie Go Yuppie* |  | Short film |
| 2012 | *Bizarre Love Triangle* | Nicole | Short film |
| 2014 | *Girltrash: All Night Long* | Candace |  |
| 2016 | The Old Man |  | Short Film |
| 2021 | Trouble in Suburbia |  | TV movie |

## InfoBox

| Erin Kelly | |
| --- | --- |
| Erin Kelly (center) on the set of *Loving Annabelle*, discussing scenes with Katherine Brooks and Diane Gaidry (left), 2005 | |
| Born | Erin Kelly
(1981-08-21) August 21, 1981
San Diego, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 2002–present |


abstract: The Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $60,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament. It was held in Rome, Italy, from 2005 to 2011 with the exception of 2009. The event was not held from 2012 to 2014, but it reappeared in 2015. The event was previously a $100,000, $75,000 and $25,000 tournament.

text:
# Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo

The **Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo** is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor clay courts. The event is classified as a $60,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament. It was held in Rome, Italy, from 2005 to 2011 with the exception of 2009. The event was not held from 2012 to 2014, but it reappeared in 2015. The event was previously a $100,000, $75,000 and $25,000 tournament.

## Past finals

### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | **Oksana Selekhmeteva** | Lina Gjorcheska | 6–1, 7–6(7–3) |
| 2023 | **Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro** | Raluca Șerban | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2022 | **Tara Würth** | Chloé Paquet | 6–3, 6–4 |
| 2020–21 | *Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | |
| 2019 | **Sara Errani** | Barbara Haas | 6–1, 6–4 |
| 2018 | **Dayana Yastremska** | Anastasia Potapova | 6–1, 6–0 |
| 2017 | **Kateryna Kozlova** | Mariana Duque | 7–6(8–6), 6–4 |
| 2016 | **Sílvia Soler Espinosa** | Laura Pous Tió | 2–6, 6–4, 7–5 |
| 2015 | **Martina Trevisan** | Lisa Sabino | 6–1, 6–3 |
| 2014–12 | *Not held* | | |
| 2011 | **Christina McHale** | Ekaterina Ivanova | 6–2, 6–4 |
| 2010 | **Lourdes Domínguez Lino** | Romina Oprandi | 5–7, 6–3, 6–3 |
| 2009 | *Not held* | | |
| 2008 | **Tathiana Garbin** | Yvonne Meusburger | 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(8–6) |
| 2007 | **Caroline Maes** | Marta Marrero | 6–4, 7–6(9–7) |
| 2006 | **Anna Floris** | Marina Shamayko | 6–3, 6–0 |
| 2005 | **Romina Oprandi** | Magda Mihalache | 6–4, 6–4 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2024 | **Leonie Küng**
**Vasanti Shinde** | Matilde Paoletti
Beatrice Ricci | 4–6, 6–4, \[10–7\] |
| 2023 | **Yuliya Hatouka**
**Zhibek Kulambayeva** | Yuliana Lizarazo
María Paulina Pérez | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2022 | **Andrea Gámiz**
**Eva Vedder** | Estelle Cascino
Camilla Rosatello | 7–5, 2–6, \[13–11\] |
| 2020–21 | *Tournament cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic* | | |
| 2019 | **Elisabetta Cocciaretto**
**Nicoleta Dascălu** | Carolina Alves
Elena Bogdan | 7–5, 4–6, \[10–7\] |
| 2018 | **Laura Pigossi**
**Renata Zarazúa** | Anastasia Grymalska
Giorgia Marchetti | 6–1, 4–6, \[13–11\] |
| 2017 | **Anastasiya Komardina**
**Nadia Podoroska** | Quirine Lemoine
Eva Wacanno | 7–6(7–3), 6–3 |
| 2016 | **İpek Soylu**
**Xu Shilin** | Réka Luca Jani
Sofia Shapatava | 7–5, 6–1 |
| 2015 | **Claudia Giovine**
**Despina Papamichail** | Tara Moore
Conny Perrin | 6–4, 7–6(7–2) |
| 2014–12 | *Not held* | | |
| 2011 | **Sophie Ferguson**
**Sally Peers** | Magda Linette
Liana Ungur | Walkover |
| 2010 | **Christina McHale**
**Olivia Rogowska** | Iryna Kuryanovich
Arantxa Rus | 6–4, 6–1 |
| 2009 | *Not held* | | |
| 2008 | **Klaudia Jans**
**Alicja Rosolska** | Alina Jidkova
Marie-Ève Pelletier | 6–3, 6–1 |
| 2007 | **Marta Domachowska**
**Emma Laine** | Maret Ani
Caroline Maes | 1–0, ret. |
| 2006 | **Denise Kirbijikian**
**Jessica Orselli** | Veronika Raimrová
Anamaria-Alexandra Sere | Walkover |
| 2005 | **Adriana González Peñas**
**Romina Oprandi** | Gréta Arn
Janette Bejlková | 6–3, 6–3 |

## InfoBox

| Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo | |
| --- | --- |
| *2024 ATV Tennis Open* | |
| ITF Women's Tour | |
| Event name | ATV Tennis Open
Torneo Internazionale Femminile Antico Tiro a Volo |
| Location | Rome, Italy |
| Venue | Circolo Antico Tiro a Volo |
| Category | ITF Women's Circuit |
| Surface | Clay |
| Draw | 32S/32Q/16D |
| Prize money | $60,000 |
| Website | anticotiroavolo.it |


title: Erin L. Thompson

abstract: Erin L. Thompson is an American art historian and lawyer. She is a professor in the Department of Art and Music at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. She studies art crime, including antiquities looting, the deliberate destruction of art, and art produced by detainees at the Guantánamo Bay military detention camp.

text:
# Erin L. Thompson

**Erin L. Thompson** is an American art historian and lawyer. She is a professor in the Department of Art and Music at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice (City University of New York). She studies art crime, including antiquities looting, the deliberate destruction of art, and art produced by detainees at the Guantánamo Bay military detention camp.

## Career

Thompson graduated from Barnard College in 2002. She holds a J.D. from Columbia Law School and a Ph.D. in art history from Columbia University. She has written about art theft, repatriation cases, and ISIS destruction of ancient art and archeological sites like Palmyra, Syria. She has given a TEDx talk on "Terrorists and Archeologists: How the Past Belongs to the Present". Thompson also testified as an expert witness in the 5Pointz graffiti art case.

In 2015, Thompson co-curated the exhibit "The Missing: Rebuilding the Past" at the Andrew and Anya Shiva Gallery, John Jay College, which included works by artists and scholars, such as Morehshin Allahyari, who protest ISIS and other forms of destruction of the past through creative protests and reconstructions.

### Ode to the Sea exhibit

In 2017, Thompson co-curated the exhibit "Ode to the Sea: Art from Guantánamo" at the President’s Gallery, John Jay College, New York. The exhibit included works created at Guantánamo Bay Detention Camp by eight detainees. Due to the response to the exhibit, the Pentagon prohibited any further artwork from leaving Guantánamo. Thompson appeared on *The Opposition with Jordan Klepper* to defend the exhibit.

## Controversy

In June 2020, during the protests following the murder of George Floyd, Thompson publicly commented on a video showing protesters preparing to tear down a Minneapolis statue of Christopher Columbus, saying that, "I'm a professor who studies the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage and I just have to say... use chain instead of rope and it'll go faster." Fox News commentator Tucker Carlson accused Thompson of encouraging the destruction of public art, acts which she previously described as "damag\[ing\]... to humanity's shared heritage."

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Erin L. Thompson | |
| --- | --- |
| Erin L. Thompson in London, 2019 | |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Art history |
| Sub-discipline | Art theft, art crime |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Brian Smyth

abstract:
Brian Smyth is an Irish figurative painter. Born in Cork, Smyth studied art at the Crawford College of Art and Design in Cork, where he specialised in painting and graduated with an honours degree in art and design in 1995. Subsidiary subjects included print, video and photography. In January 2000, Smyth exhibited at Lavit gallery with Tom Climent and Martin Finnin. Jo Allen in Circa described Smyth's work as "tastefully hued paintings of photographs of a pretty woman resting were slick and pleasing to the eye. But they seemed to have little to say beyond their cool, ironic stance." Mark Ewart in The Irish Times said the work of each of the three exhibiting artists was "quite distinctive", Smyth's colours being toned down to the point where they approached monochrome, and that his work, like Climent's, was nostalgic: "The paintings of the reclining female figures are particularly atmospheric, the features seeming to melt into an understated, yet fluidly painted background." His first solo show took place in November 2001 at the Blue Leaf Gallery, Fairview, of around 25 oil paintings, mostly portraits, using film scenes, his girlfriend, and portraits by artists such as Titian, Klimt and Rembrandt as source material. A concern with tone, light and character created a postmodern style, which he saw as "timeless". In 2008 at the Lavit Gallery, Smyth curated Brian Smyth Selects, and chose five artists who, like him, work in representational painting. The artists were Patrick Cashin, Mary Clancy, Philip Lindey, Stephen Murphy, and Jennifer O’Connor. At the start of 2012, Smyth moved to Florence, to study at the Angel Academy of Art. There, he developed his drawing and painting skills, working under the tutelage of John Michael Angel and Jered Wosnicki. Working directly from the life model, in a naturalistic style, Smyth's drawings and paintings developed a new level of realism. Smyth began to paint still life paintings, pushing out the boundaries of his use of colour. From 2013, Smyth became a student instructor, tutoring other students in Bargue drawings and sight size method cast drawings in charcoal.
In September 2014, Smyth became an instructor at the Angel Academy, teaching the life drawing course to new students at the Angel Academy. Smyth's work has been exhibited in Ireland, the UK, and abroad.

text:
# Brian Smyth

**Brian Smyth** (born 1967) is an Irish figurative painter. Born in Cork, Smyth studied art at the Crawford College of Art and Design in Cork, where he specialised in painting and graduated with an honours degree in art and design in 1995. Subsidiary subjects included print, video and photography.

In January 2000, Smyth exhibited at Lavit gallery with Tom Climent and Martin Finnin. Jo Allen in *Circa* described Smyth's work as "tastefully hued paintings of photographs of a pretty woman resting were slick and pleasing to the eye. But they seemed to have little to say beyond their cool, ironic stance."

Mark Ewart in *The Irish Times* said the work of each of the three exhibiting artists was "quite distinctive", Smyth's colours being toned down to the point where they approached monochrome, and that his work, like Climent's, was nostalgic: "The paintings of the reclining female figures are particularly atmospheric, the features seeming to melt into an understated, yet fluidly painted background."

His first solo show took place in November 2001 at the Blue Leaf Gallery, Fairview, of around 25 oil paintings, mostly portraits, using film scenes, his girlfriend, and portraits by artists such as Titian, Klimt and Rembrandt as source material. A concern with tone, light and character created a postmodern style, which he saw as "timeless". In 2008 at the Lavit Gallery, Smyth curated *Brian Smyth Selects*, and chose five artists who, like him, work in representational painting. The artists were Patrick Cashin, Mary Clancy, Philip Lindey, Stephen Murphy, and Jennifer O’Connor.

At the start of 2012, Smyth moved to Florence, to study at the Angel Academy of Art. There, he developed his drawing and painting skills, working under the tutelage of John Michael Angel and Jered Wosnicki. Working directly from the life model, in a naturalistic style, Smyth's drawings and paintings developed a new level of realism.

Smyth began to paint still life paintings, pushing out the boundaries of his use of colour.

From 2013, Smyth became a student instructor, tutoring other students in Bargue drawings and sight size method cast drawings in charcoal. In September 2014, Smyth became an instructor at the Angel Academy, teaching the life drawing course to new students at the Angel Academy.

Smyth's work has been exhibited in Ireland (Lavit Gallery and Buckley Fine Art, Cork, and the Oisin gallery, Dublin), the UK (Red Rag Gallery in Stow on the Wold), and abroad (New York, Chicago and Switzerland).


title: Romain Cabannes

abstract: Romain Cabannes is a French rugby union player. His position is centre and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with his home town club, Stade Montois, before moving to Pau and on to Biarritz before settling at Castres in 2009.

text:
# Romain Cabannes

**Romain Cabannes** (born 2 December 1984) is a French rugby union player. His position is centre and he currently plays for Castres Olympique in the Top 14. He began his career with his home town club, Stade Montois, before moving to Pau and on to Biarritz before settling at Castres in 2009.

## Honours

### Club

**Castres**

## InfoBox

Romain Cabannes
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1984-12-02) 2 December 1984 |
| Place of birth | Mont-de-Marsan, France |
| Height | 1.82 m (5 ft 11+12 in) |
| Weight | 91 kg (14 st 5 lb) |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Centre  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2002–2003
2003–2006
2006–2009
2009– Stade Montois
Pau
Biarritz
Castres  8
30
59
144  (5)
(10)
(40)
(65)  Correct as of 9 May 2015 | |