title: Baworowscy Library

abstract: The Baworowscy Library was one of major Polish libraries, with thousands of books and historical documents. It was located in Lwow, and ceased to exist after World War II.

text:
# Baworowscy Library

**The Baworowscy Library** (Polish: **Biblioteka Baworowskich**) was one of major Polish libraries, with thousands of books and historical documents. It was located in Lwow (now Lviv, Ukraine), and ceased to exist after World War II.

## History

The library was founded in the mid-19th century, by count Wiktor Baworowski (1826–1894), who was a great admirer of literature, and translator of works of Lord Byron, and Victor Hugo. Baworowski had a large collection of artworks, and a private library of some 60,000 volumes. He owned his own palace in Lwow, which used to be in former arsenal of the Sieniawski family. The arsenal was built in 1630 by general of artillery Pawel Grodzicki. In the 19th century, it belonged to the Czartoryski family, and later was purchased by the Baworowski family. The new owners redecorated the building, turning it in 1830 into a palace.

The most important part of the library included precious topographical papers, and historic materials in books and manuscripts. In 1944, it had around 38,000 prints, including 30 incunabula, and 1254 manuscripts. There also was the gallery of 285 oil paintings, and 11 000 sketches. The collection included some of the most precious documents of the early history of Poland (Chronicle of Wincenty Kadlubek, and Statutes of Kazimierz Wielki), as well as letters and autographs of Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Jan Sniadeck, Aleksander Fredro, and Stanislaw Konarski.

Across the years, the Baworowscy Library was expanded by collections from other libraries. Altogether, 15,000 prints and 10,000 drawings were added, including:

* a collection of 7,000 volumes of count Zygmunt Czarnecki. These were rare papers connected with early Polish history and law, but also religious documents of Dioceses of Kraków and Poznan.
* a collection of some 8,000 volumes of the World War I period, including all prints of the Supreme National Committee

The library also included several pieces of precious furniture from the 17th and 18th centuries, old weaponry, china, clocks, coins, and medals. Art gallery of the library included 300 works of Polish, Dutch, German and Italian painters, such as Mengs, Dolci, Renie, Domenichin, Canaletto, Juliusz Kossak.

After Soviet invasion of eastern Poland, the library was managed by Rudolf Kotula, who on April 13, 1940, together with thousands of Poles, was forcibly taken to Siberia. Kotula was replaced by Stefan Inglot of the Ossolineum. The collection was gradually scattered among Soviet-created institutions. Between 1941 and 1944, under German occupation, the library was reopened under management of professor Mieczysław Gębarowicz, who in early 1944, as the Red Army advanced westwards, transferred some of the works of art to the National Library in Kraków.

50°23′49″N 24°02′11″E / 50.3969°N 24.0364°E / 50.3969; 24.0364


title: Rhinotropis intermontana

abstract: Rhinotropis intermontana, synonym Polygala intermontana, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common name intermountain milkwort. It is native to the southwestern United States from Utah to northern Arizona and far eastern California, where it grows in desert scrub and woodland habitat. It is a small shrub growing erect or forming tangled, mats of thorny, highly branched stems. The stems are hairy in texture with white fibers. The sparse leaves are linear to oval in shape. The inflorescence bears one to seven flowers, each just a few millimeters in length. The flower has a winglike pair of greenish or whitish sepals and a keeled central petal.

text:
# Rhinotropis intermontana

***Rhinotropis intermontana***, synonym ***Polygala intermontana***, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common name **intermountain milkwort**. It is native to the southwestern United States from Utah to northern Arizona and far eastern California, where it grows in desert scrub and woodland habitat. It is a small shrub growing erect or forming tangled, mats of thorny, highly branched stems. The stems are hairy in texture with white fibers. The sparse leaves are linear to oval in shape. The inflorescence bears one to seven flowers, each just a few millimeters in length. The flower has a winglike pair of greenish or whitish sepals and a keeled central petal.

## InfoBox

| *Rhinotropis intermontana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | *Rhinotropis* |
| Species: | ***R. intermontana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhinotropis intermontana***<br>(T.Wendt) J.R.Abbott | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Polygala intermontana* T.Wendt | |


title: Rhino!

abstract: Rhino! is a 1964 American action film directed by Ivan Tors and written by Art Arthur and Arthur Weiss. The film stars Harry Guardino, Shirley Eaton, Robert Culp, Harry Makela and George Korelin. The film was released on May 20, 1964, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

text:
# Rhino!

***Rhino!*** is a 1964 American action film directed by Ivan Tors and written by Art Arthur and Arthur Weiss. The film stars Harry Guardino, Shirley Eaton, Robert Culp, Harry Makela and George Korelin. The film was released on May 20, 1964, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Plot

A humane zoologist, Dr. Jim Hanlon, who deplores the poaching of African rhinoceros, is unaware that the man he is guiding on safari, Alec Burnett, is a hunter intending to capture two rare white rhino to sell. Edith Arleigh is a nurse romantically involved with Burnett, whose hardened attitude toward jungle life softens when he is bitten by a cobra and Hanlon has to save his life.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Rhino! | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Ivan Tors |
| Screenplay by | Art Arthur
Arthur Weiss |
| Story by | Art Arthur |
| Produced by | Ben Chapman |
| Starring | Harry Guardino
Shirley Eaton
Robert Culp
Harry Makela
George Korelin |
| Cinematography | Lamar Boren
Sven Persson |
| Edited by | Warren Adams |
| Music by | Lalo Schifrin |
| Production
company | Ivan Tors Films |
| Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Release date | * May 20, 1964 (1964-05-20) |
| Running time | 91 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Rhinns complex

abstract: The Rhinns complex is a deformed Palaeoproterozoic igneous complex that is considered to form the basement to the Colonsay Group of metasedimentary rocks. The largest outcrop of the complex is on the Rhinns of Islay, from where the complex gets its name. It has also been recognised in three other inliers extending to the southwest as far as Inishtrahull, off the north coast of County Donegal.

text:
# Rhinns complex

The **Rhinns complex** is a deformed Palaeoproterozoic igneous complex that is considered to form the basement to the Colonsay Group of metasedimentary rocks. The largest outcrop of the complex is on the Rhinns of Islay, from where the complex gets its name. It has also been recognised in three other inliers extending to the southwest as far as Inishtrahull, off the north coast of County Donegal.

## Distribution

The Rhinns complex has been recognised in a series of four outcrops that form inliers within younger cover sequences of the Dalradian Supergroup and the Colonsay Group. The most easterly of these exposures is on the islands of Colonsay, where the complex consists of strongly retrogressed orthogneisses, although the correlation of this outcrop with the Rhinns complex has been questioned on the basis of new radiometric dating and Hf isotope analyses. On the Rhinns of Islay, gneisses of the Rhinns complex lie unconformably beneath the Colonsay Group, which is correlated with the Dalradian Supergroup. The gneisses on Islay consist of two main types, a dominant medium to coarse-grained syenitic gneiss, which is cut by large intrusions of gabbro (now deformed). Between Islay and Inishtrahull, a third submarine outcrop has been recognised from dredged seabed samples and geophysical data. The final outcrop is on the island of Inishtrahull, which has similar lithologies to that on the Rhinns of Islay.

## Formation

The Rhinns complex consists of a set of Palaeoproterozoic igneous rocks that were intruded about 1.78 Ga (billions of years ago). They had been metamorphosed by 1.71 Ga. The overall chemistry of the rocks is consistent with magmatism associated with an Andean type subduction complex.

55°40′N 6°33′W / 55.67°N 6.55°W / 55.67; -6.55


title: Rhino-horned lizard

abstract: The rhino-horned lizard, also commonly known as Stoddart's unicorn lizard and the mountain horned agama, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is called kagamuva angkatussa-කගමුව අං කටුස්සා in Sinhala.

text:
# Rhino-horned lizard

The **rhino-horned lizard** (***Ceratophora stoddartii***), also commonly known as **Stoddart's unicorn lizard** and the **mountain horned agama**, is a species of lizard in the family Agamidae. The species is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is called *kagamuva angkatussa-කගමුව අං කටුස්සා* in Sinhala.

## Etymology

The specific name, *stoddartii*, is in honor of Charles Stoddart, who was a British army officer and diplomat.

## Habitat and distribution

*C. stoddartii* is found widespread in montane forests of central Sri Lanka. Localities from which it has been recorded include Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala, Pattipola, Ohiya, Horton Plains, Hewaheta, Dimbula, Agarapathana, and Adam's Peak.

## Description

The head of *C. stoddartii* is oval, and longer than wide. The rostral appendage is long, horn-like, about two thirds the length of the snout in males, but is reduced or even absent in females. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 23–27. The dorsum is brownish green or yellowish brown. The tail is marked with 10–16 dark brown crossbands. The venter is light brownish gray.

## Ecology

A slow moving, arboreal species, *C. stoddartii* is found on trees from 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) above the ground. When threatened, it opens its mouth wide, revealing the bright orange lining of the oral cavity.

The presence of relatively larger trees as well as plants with low to medium levels of DBH is an important factor for *C. stoddartii* which spends most of its time resting vertically on a tree trunk or a branch. When weather conditions are too harsh they tend to take refuge inside the mosses that are abundant in the Cloud Forests. Tree barks with different shades (grays and browns) and mosaics of lichens & mosses provide the ideal background for *C. stoddartii* to merge with. Higher perch height of the adult males can be assigned as a feature of territorial defense and attracting the females.

The ground is less frequently used by adult *C. stoddartii* except for the occasional hunting sprints to catch the escaping prey. However, it has been observed on the ground feeding on caterpillars and even on earth worms (*Pheretima taprobenia*). When it descends to the ground it changes its green and brown colors into more shades of brown and becomes well camouflaged with the leaf-litter.

## Reproduction

*C. stoddartii* is oviparous. Egg laying takes place in July, and clutch size is about 2–5 eggs, each measuring 7.6-8.1 by 13.5–14.5 mm (.31 by .55 inch). The eggs are deposited in a hole, and hatch after 81–90 days. However, hatchlings have been founded in the wild also during colder months such as December and January. Hatchlings which emerge from eggs laid in humus or among leaf litter can be observed frequently occupying the ground where dead branch sticks and leaf litter well camouflaged them from the possible predators.

## Further reading

* Boulenger GA (1890). *The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.* London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (*Ceratophora stoddartii*, p. 119).
* Gray JE (1834). *Illustrations of Indian Zoology; Chiefly Selected from the Collections of Major-General Hardwicke. Vol. II.* London: Adolphus Richter. Plates 1-102. (*Ceratophora stoddartii*, new species, Plate 68, figure 2).
* Günther ACLG (1864). *The Reptiles of British India.* London: The Ray Society. (Taylor and Francis, Printers). xxvii + 452 pp. + Plates I-XXVI. (*Ceratophora stoddartii*, p. 129 + Plate XIII, figures F, F', F").
* Smith MA (1935). *The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.—Sauria.* London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 440 pp. + Plate I + 2 maps. ("*Ceratophora stoddarti* \[sic\]", pp. 152–153).

* Somaweera R and Somaweera N (2009). *Lizards of Sri Lanka: a colour guide with field keys*. Andreas S. Brahm, pp. 76–77.

## InfoBox

| Rhino-horned lizard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male | |
|  | |
| Female | |
| Conservation status | |
| CITES Appendix II (CITES) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Agamidae |
| Genus: | *Ceratophora* |
| Species: | ***C. stoddartii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ceratophora stoddartii***<br>Gray, 1834 | |
|


title: Rhinluch

abstract: The Rhinluch is a fen landscape in the German state of Brandenburg, bisected by the river Rhin to which it owes its name. This wetland region lies north of Fehrbellin in the county of Ostprignitz-Ruppin. The upper Rhinluch covers an area of about 23,000 hectares. The suffix luch is used to describe several wet areas in the state of Brandenburg, in which, prior to the advent of modern drainage systems, water remained largely stagnant rather than flowing. The Rhinluch was formed during the last ice age and its post-glacial period. About 16,000 years ago, the Eberswald urstromtal was formed by the meltwaters of the glacial ice sheet as they drained away to the sea. Later, this broad river valley dried up as the ice sheet retreated during the late ice age. In the land that makes up the present-day Rhinluch, lakes initially formed in individual places, especially where there were dead ice kettle holes. Over the course of time, these became bogs through the natural silting up process. In addition, during the post-glacial period, there was a widespread formation of swamps (Versumpfungsmooren) on the sands of the urstromtal. Not until man appeared, however, did these moors become pastures and meadows as a result of land improvement measures. The easternmost outlier of the Rhinluch is the Kremmener Luch. The Rhinluch is home to the extremely rare European pond turtle. The Brandenburg poet, Theodor Fontane, described the Rhinluch thus in his Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg: Just as the Havelland forms the centre of Old Brandenburg, so the Luch in turn is the centre of the Havelland. It is about fifty square miles in size; within these fifty square miles the two and twenty square miles of the Luchs are like a nut in a shell. The shape of this nut is not round, however, nor even oval or elliptical, but mushroom-shaped; like a mushroom with a short, fat stem, wide umbrella-shaped cap and a large cone-shaped root. A longitudinal section through such a mushroom illustrates the shape formed by the Luch. The Luch consists of two halves: an umbrella-shaped, northern half and a cone-shaped, southern half; the two coming near to one another, where the short stalk of the mushroom runs. The umbrella-shaped half is called the Rhinluch, the cone-shaped one, the Havelland Luch. The land between the two that links them has no special name. This relatively narrow connecting strip that corresponds to the stem of the mushroom arose when the sandy plateaux to the left and right of the Luch bottom (Luchgrund) were pushed into the swamps. These sand plateaux bear well known names; the eastern one belongs to the historically renown Ländchen Bellin, the western one is called Ländchen Friesack. These two Ländchen ["little lands"] are old seats of culture, and their capitals, Fehrbellin and Friesack, were already named when both swamps still resembled lakes that, during the summer time, dried out into an unhealthy, unsafe swampland.

text:
# Rhinluch

The **Rhinluch** is a fen landscape in the German state of Brandenburg, bisected by the river Rhin to which it owes its name. This wetland region lies north of Fehrbellin in the county of Ostprignitz-Ruppin. The upper Rhinluch covers an area of about 23,000 hectares (57,000 acres). The suffix *luch* is used to describe several wet areas in the state of Brandenburg, in which, prior to the advent of modern drainage systems, water remained largely stagnant rather than flowing.

The Rhinluch was formed during the last ice age and its post-glacial period. About 16,000 years ago, the Eberswald *urstromtal* was formed by the meltwaters of the glacial ice sheet as they drained away to the sea. Later, this broad river valley dried up as the ice sheet retreated during the late ice age. In the land that makes up the present-day Rhinluch, lakes initially formed in individual places, especially where there were dead ice kettle holes. Over the course of time, these became bogs through the natural silting up process. In addition, during the post-glacial period, there was a widespread formation of swamps (*Versumpfungsmooren*) on the sands of the *urstromtal*. Not until man appeared, however, did these moors become pastures and meadows as a result of land improvement measures. The easternmost outlier of the Rhinluch is the Kremmener Luch.

The Rhinluch is home to the extremely rare European pond turtle.

The Brandenburg poet, Theodor Fontane, described the Rhinluch thus in his *Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg*:

> Just as the Havelland forms the centre of Old Brandenburg, so the Luch in turn is the centre of the Havelland. It is about fifty square miles in size; within these fifty square miles the two and twenty square miles of the Luchs are like a nut in a shell. The shape of this nut is not round, however, nor even oval or elliptical, but mushroom-shaped; like a mushroom with a short, fat stem, wide umbrella-shaped cap and a large cone-shaped root. A longitudinal section through such a mushroom illustrates the shape formed by the Luch. The Luch consists of two halves: an umbrella-shaped, northern half and a cone-shaped, southern half; the two coming near to one another, where the short stalk of the mushroom runs. The umbrella-shaped half is called the Rhinluch, the cone-shaped one, the Havelland Luch (*Havelländische Luch*). The land between the two that links them has no special name. This relatively narrow connecting strip that corresponds to the stem of the mushroom arose when the sandy plateaux to the left and right of the Luch bottom (*Luchgrund*) were pushed into the swamps. These sand plateaux bear well known names; the eastern one belongs to the historically renown *Ländchen Bellin*, the western one is called *Ländchen Friesack*. These two *Ländchen* \["little lands"\] are old seats of culture, and their capitals, Fehrbellin and Friesack, were already named when both swamps still resembled lakes that, during the summer time, dried out into an unhealthy, unsafe swampland.


title: Richard Glazebrook

abstract: Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook was an English physicist.

text:
# Richard Glazebrook

**Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook** KCB KCVO FRS (18 September 1854 – 15 December 1935) was an English physicist.

## Education and early career

Glazebrook was born in West Derby, Liverpool, Lancashire, the son of a surgeon. He was educated at Dulwich College until 1870, Liverpool College from 1870 to 1872, and Trinity College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in Mathematics in 1876 and of which he was elected a fellow in 1877. He studied physics under James Clerk Maxwell and Lord Rayleigh at the new Cavendish Laboratory and, in 1880, was appointed a demonstrator at the laboratory.

The following year (1881), he was also appointed a college lecturer in mathematics and physics and a university lecturer in mathematics. His research focused on electrical standards and aviation. When defining electrical standards for the unit of resistance, the British Science Association were trying to determine what length a mercury column should be, to express the absolute value of the Ohm. A number of different values had been obtained over the years and Glazebrook determined the value at 106.3 cm.

Despite skepticism of mercurial standards this was the International value agreed on later by the 1893 Chicago conference.

## Later career

He hoped to succeed Rayleigh as Cavendish Professor of Physics in 1884, but was surprisingly (given that he was also Rayleigh's choice) passed over in favour of Sir J.J. Thomson, which was a great disappointment to him. He was, however, appointed Assistant Director of the Cavendish in 1891 and Bursar of Trinity College in 1895. In 1898, he was appointed Principal of University College, Liverpool.

In June 1899, however, he left to become first Director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Teddington. During the First World War, he chaired the government's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, located at the NPL, under the presidency of John Strutt, Lord Rayleigh.

He held his post at the NPL until his retirement (largely due to friction with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research) in 1919, successfully establishing the NPL as a world leader in physics research.

## Retirement

Following his retirement, he moved back to Cambridge and edited the *Dictionary of Applied Physics*. From 1920 to 1923 he was Zaharoff Professor of Aviation and Director of the Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College, London. He remained on the General Board of the NPL and chaired the Executive Committee from 1925 to 1932.

## Honours and awards

In 1882, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) at the very young age of 28. He was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1895. He served as Vice-President of the Royal Society in 1919–1920 and 1924–1928, and as its Foreign Secretary from 1926 to 1929. He was awarded the Hughes Medal in 1909 and the Royal Medal in 1931.

He was also awarded the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts in 1918, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1933.

He was President of the Physical Society, later the Institute of Physics, from 1903 to 1905, and president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1906.

Glazebrook was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1910, was knighted in 1917, and appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1920 New Year War Honours and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1934.

## Personal life

He married Frances Gertrude Atkinson of Leeds in 1883; they had a son and three daughters. He died at Limpsfield, Surrey, on 15 December 1935, aged 81.

## Works

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Sir Richard GlazebrookKCB KCVO FRS | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Richard Tetley Glazebrook
18 September 1854
West Derby, Liverpool, England |
| Died | 15 December 1935 (1935-12-16) (aged 81)
Limpsfield, Surrey, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Awards | Hughes Medal (1909)
Albert Medal (1918)
Royal Medal (1931) |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Physics |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| 1st Director of NPL | |
| **In office**
1900–1919 | |
| Preceded by | *Office established* |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Ernest Petavel |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Richard Glazar

abstract: Richard Glazar was a Czech-Jewish inmate of the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust. One of a small group of survivors of the camp's prisoner revolt in August 1943, Glazar described his experiences in an autobiographical book, Trap with a Green Fence: Survival in Treblinka (1992).

text:
# Richard Glazar

**Richard Glazar** (November 29, 1920 – December 20, 1997) was a Czech-Jewish inmate of the Treblinka extermination camp in German-occupied Poland during the Holocaust. One of a small group of survivors of the camp's prisoner revolt in August 1943, Glazar described his experiences in an autobiographical book, *Trap with a Green Fence: Survival in Treblinka* (1992).

## Early life and family

Glazar (Goldschmid) was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, to a Jewish-Bohemian family who spoke both Czech and German. His father served in the Austro-Hungarian Army before independence. His parents divorced in 1932, and his mother married a wealthy leather merchant, Quido Bergmann, who already had two children, Karel and Adolf. Karel died in the Austrian Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp on May 17, 1942. Adolf went in October 1939 to Denmark with the Youth Aliyah organization, escaped in October 1943 to Sweden (Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany 1940-45). In 1944-45 he served as a volunteer in the Free Czechoslovak Army in UK & France, and was later awarded the Czechoslovakian War Cross. He later earned the degree of B.Sc. in dairy technology at the Agriculture University of Denmark. Richard and Adolf met after WWII and continued to have contact until the end of Richard's life.

Glazar's father died of pneumonia in the Soviet Union, to which he had escaped from the Nisko reservation in the General Government of occupied Poland; some 1,100 Czech Jews had been deported there by the Nazis in 1939. Glazar's mother survived both Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, and was the only member of his family left when he returned to Prague in 1945. His stepbrother Adolf Dasha Bergmann also survived after having served in the Czechoslovak army in France and was in Prague, when Richard returned to Prague in 1945.

## Education

Glazar was accepted into the Charles University in Prague in June 1939. He was originally enrolled as a philosophy student, but anti-Jewish legislation after the German occupation forced him into a course reading economics. His entire family had the chance to move to England at Christmas in 1938, when his stepfather obtained a permit. His stepfather did not take this opportunity, as he did not want to leave behind all that he had built up in Czechoslovakia.

On November 17, 1939, all Czech universities were closed until the end of the war, following student demonstrations against the execution of a number of their fellow students. This act would have been one of the Glazar family's first warnings of the horrific events to follow, and fearing for his safety, his family sent him to a farm outside Prague in 1940. Glazar stayed there for two years. On September 12, 1942, he was transported to the Nazi concentration camp or ghetto at Theresienstadt (previously the fortified town of Terezin, located 35 miles north of Prague). Following the German occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia on March 15, 1939, Theresienstadt became a holding area for transports to other concentration camps, such as Auschwitz.

In Terezin, Glazar met Karel Unger, who became a close friend. Glazar was to stay in Terezin for only one month, before he and Unger were transported to Treblinka on October 8, 1942.

## Treblinka

Glazar wrote his story down after the war, and had part of it published in 1967 in a Czech magazine, *Mezinárodní politika*. In 1979 he was interviewed by Claude Lanzmann for the documentary *Shoah* (1985). When Glazar moved to Switzerland after the Prague Spring, his memoir was published in full in German as *Die Falle mit dem grünen Zaun: Überleben in Treblinka* (1992). An English translation, *Trap with a Green Fence: Survival in Treblinka*, was published in 1995 by Northwestern University Press.

In *Shoah*, Glazar described his arrival at Treblinka:

> We were taken to a barracks. The whole place stank. Piled about five feet high in a jumbled mass, were all the things people could conceivably have brought. Clothes, suitcases, everything stacked in a solid mass. On top of it, jumping around like demons, people were making bundles and carrying them outside. It was turned over to one of these men. His armband said "Squad Leader". He shouted, and I understood that I was also to pick up clothing, bundle it, and take it somewhere. As I worked, I asked him: "What's going on? Where are the ones who stripped?" And he replied: "Dead! All Dead!" But it still hadn't sunk in, I didn't believe it. He'd used the Yiddish word. It was the first time I'd had heard Yiddish spoken. He didn’t say it very loud, and I saw he had tears in his eyes. Suddenly, he started shouting, and raised his whip. Out of the corner of my eye I saw an SS man coming. And I understood that I was to ask no more questions, but just to rush outside with the package.

New arrivals at Treblinka were ordered to strip, then herded into gas chambers disguised as communal showers; exhaust gas was pumped in instead of water. Glazar was instead selected for forced labor along with a friend, Karel Unger. He described in his book the packing of victims' clothes for shipment to Germany, and how the gold from teeth was extracted and, together with coins and jewelry, added to the German loot. Food brought by the victims helped sustain both the SS and the Ukrainian guards, along with inmates who would steal it at the unloading ramp.

## The revolt

After the big transports from Grodno and Białystok Ghettos in January 1943, in February and March 1943 no transports came into the camp. The *Sonderkommando* had virtually no food, which made the Jewish inmates realize that their lives depended on the transports arriving regularly.

It was this knowledge that drove them to try to escape. The first escape attempt was planned for January 1943 and was code-named "The Hour". The idea was that at a specified time, all those working for the camp would attack the SS and Ukrainian guards, steal their weapons, and attack the camp Kommandantur. Unfortunately, this did not proceed, as typhus broke out, and many inmates either died, were hospitalized, or were too sick to participate. The escape that actually worked was less violent and ambitious: on August 2, 1943, men broke out through a damaged gate during a prisoner's revolt. Most of the escapees were arrested close to the camp, but Glazar and Unger fled from the area and made their way across Poland.

While on the run, they were arrested by a forester, but managed to convince him that they were Czechs working for "Organisation Todt" (a Nazi construction and engineering group in Poland). Both men were later sent to Mannheim in Germany, to work for Heinrich Lanz as immigrant workers, using falsified papers.

## Life after the war

Following the end of the war, when Glazar and Unger were liberated by the Americans, Glazar attended the trials of many of the Nazis associated with Treblinka, including Franz Stangl. Glazar also went on to study in Prague, Paris and London, and received a degree in economics. In 1968 he and his family moved to Switzerland after the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the armies of the Warsaw Pact.

## Death

Glazar helped Michael Peters, the founder of the Aktion Reinhard Camps (a network of private Holocaust researchers), build a model of Treblinka. Glazar committed suicide on December 20, 1997, by jumping out of a window in Prague after the death of his wife, leaving the model unfinished.

## See also

## InfoBox

| Richard Glazar | |
| --- | --- |
| Richard Glazar on the cover of his book titled *Trap with a Green Fence* | |
| Born | Richard Goldschmied
November 29, 1920
Prague, Czechoslovakia |
| Died | December 20, 1997 (aged 77)
Prague |
| Known for | Treblinka survivor, author of Treblinka memoir |


title: Beastro & Barley

abstract: Beastro & Barley is a restaurant and bar in a historic hotel building in the Second Empire style at 125 East Main Street in Reedsburg, Wisconsin, United States. The two-storey red brick structure with stone trim and a mansard roof was designed by Edward M. Hackett and constructed in 1886 for $10,000. It includes arched window frames, brick detailing on the facade and a small porch with ornamental metal balustrade on the second floor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Wisconsin in 1984. It was built by the Reedsburg Building & Lumber Co. The building now houses the Beastro & Barley restaurant and bar downstairs and a single large apartment upstairs. The prior occupants include: Touchdown Tavern, Reedsburg Hotel, and Roper's City Hotel. Beastro & Barley is known for its trademarked "Reedsburger", a hamburger prepared with locally sourced Bison. The restaurant also houses the "Agnes Moorehead Lounge", an exhibit of memorabilia from Agnes Moorehead's career in radio, stage, television and movies, including as the witch mother-in-law on the television sitcom Bewitched. Beastro & Barley is one of the venues for Reedsburg's Fermentation Fest.

text:
# Beastro & Barley

**Beastro & Barley** is a restaurant and bar in a historic hotel building in the Second Empire style at 125 East Main Street in Reedsburg, Wisconsin, United States. The two-storey red brick structure with stone trim and a mansard roof was designed by Edward M. Hackett and constructed in 1886 for $10,000. It includes arched window frames, brick detailing on the facade and a small porch with ornamental metal balustrade on the second floor. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Wisconsin in 1984. It was built by the Reedsburg Building & Lumber Co.

The building now houses the Beastro & Barley restaurant and bar downstairs and a single large apartment upstairs. The prior occupants include: **Touchdown Tavern**, **Reedsburg Hotel**, and **Roper's City Hotel**. Beastro & Barley is known for its trademarked "Reedsburger", a hamburger prepared with locally sourced Bison. The restaurant also houses the "Agnes Moorehead Lounge", an exhibit of memorabilia from Agnes Moorehead's career in radio, stage, television and movies, including as the witch mother-in-law on the television sitcom *Bewitched*. Beastro & Barley is one of the venues for Reedsburg's Fermentation Fest.

## History

Roper's City Hotel was built in 1886 on Main Street. The hotel had 17 guest rooms, and a main dining room. William Roper retired in 1909, and he sold the building to another family. The new owners remodeled the interior. For the next 40 years, the building would be sold from owner to owner, but they all kept using it as a hotel. In 1945, the building was again remodeled, and renamed to the Reedsburg Hotel. The Reedsburg Hotel kept the same exterior, but only had 13 guest rooms, and a spot for Zobel's Tavern. The Reedsburg Hotel would continue until the 1960s. In the 1960s, the name was changed to Town Club & Bar, and was primarily a bar, and no longer had hotel accommodations. The Town Club & Bar would continue until the 1970s, in which the name was changed to the Town Club Bar. In 1984, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Wisconsin.

In the early 2000s, the building was purchased and became the home for the Touchdown Tavern. The restaurant would continue for 15 years, and in 2020 the name was changed to Beastro & Barley. The new restaurant is a continuation of the old Touchdown Tavern, with a focus on a more high quality experience.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| City Hotel | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 125 Main St., Reedsburg, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 43°31′57″N 90°0′33″W / 43.53250°N 90.00917°W / 43.53250; -90.00917 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1886 |
| Built by | Reedsburg Building & Lumber Co. |
| Architect | Edward M. Hackett |
| Architectural style | Second Empire |
| MPS | Reedsburg MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 84000642 |
| Added to NRHP | December 26, 1984 |


title: Beasts Made of Night

abstract: Beast Made of Night is a 2017 young adult fantasy novel by Nigerian-American novelist Tochi Onyebuchi. It is the first book in a duology set in a magical world inspired by Nigeria.

text:
# Beasts Made of Night

***Beast Made of Night*** is a 2017 young adult fantasy novel by Nigerian-American novelist Tochi Onyebuchi. It is the first book in a duology set in a magical world inspired by Nigeria.

## Reception

*Beast Made of Night* received positive reviews for its world building and themes. A review from *NPR* lauded the novel as the beginning of a great saga. In a starred review, *Kirkus* praised it as a story that "moves beyond the boom-bang, boring theology of so many fantasies—and, in the process, creates, almost griotlike, a paean to an emerging black legend". *Time* recognized the book as one of the 100 Best Fantasy Books of All Time, praising Onyebuchi's creativity and world building.

## Award

## Sequel

A sequel, *Crown of Thunder*, was released by Razorbill in 2018.

## InfoBox

Beasts Made of Night
| Beasts Made of Night | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tochi Onyebuchi |
| Language | English |
| Series | Made of Night |
| Genre | Fiction, Fantasy, Dark fantasy |
| Published | 2017 |
| Publisher | Razorbill |
| Publication place | Nigeria |
| Pages | 304 |
| Award | 2018 Ilube Nommo Award for Best Speculative Fiction Novel |
| ISBN | 978-0-448-49390-9 |
| Followed by | *Crown of Thunder* |


title: Rhondda Tunnel

abstract: The Rhondda Tunnel is an abandoned railway tunnel that runs between the Rhondda and the Afan Valleys in South Wales. It is 3,443 yards (3,148 m) long, making it the third longest railway tunnel in Wales, and the seventeenth longest in the United Kingdom. The tunnel, constructed by the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway, was engineered by Sydney William Yockney. In June 1885, construction commenced from Blaencwm in the Rhondda Valley and Blaengwynfi in the Afan Valley. Progress slowed because of manpower shortages and water seepage. Progress was restored when the original contractor, William Jones, was replaced by Lucas and Aird, who brought in more men. Completed on 2 July 1890, the tunnel has a single 58-foot (18 m) ventilation shaft around 105 yards (96 m) from its western end. It is almost 1,000 feet (300 m) feet below the surface at its deepest point. The tunnel's single track line split into double track on either side of its portals. Within decades of opening, the tunnel lining became distorted because of mining activity in the close vicinity. Between 1938 and 1953, around 500 steel ribs were installed to address the issue but it continued to deteriorate and speed limits were imposed. In 1969, the tunnel was closed temporarily on safety grounds. In December 1970, the Ministry of Transport closed the tunnel permanently, rather than financing repairs. In 1980, both entrances were filled. During the 2010s, the tunnel was surveyed with the intention of reopening it as a cycleway.

text:
# Rhondda Tunnel

| Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway |
| --- |
|  |
|  |

The **Rhondda Tunnel** is an abandoned railway tunnel that runs between the Rhondda and the Afan Valleys in South Wales. It is 3,443 yards (3,148 m) long, making it the third longest railway tunnel in Wales, and the seventeenth longest in the United Kingdom.

The tunnel, constructed by the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway, was engineered by Sydney William Yockney. In June 1885, construction commenced from Blaencwm in the Rhondda Valley and Blaengwynfi in the Afan Valley. Progress slowed because of manpower shortages and water seepage. Progress was restored when the original contractor, William Jones, was replaced by Lucas and Aird, who brought in more men. Completed on 2 July 1890, the tunnel has a single 58-foot (18 m) ventilation shaft around 105 yards (96 m) from its western end. It is almost 1,000 feet (300 m) feet below the surface at its deepest point. The tunnel's single track line split into double track on either side of its portals.

Within decades of opening, the tunnel lining became distorted because of mining activity in the close vicinity. Between 1938 and 1953, around 500 steel ribs were installed to address the issue but it continued to deteriorate and speed limits were imposed. In 1969, the tunnel was closed temporarily on safety grounds. In December 1970, the Ministry of Transport closed the tunnel permanently, rather than financing repairs. In 1980, both entrances were filled. During the 2010s, the tunnel was surveyed with the intention of reopening it as a cycleway.

## History

### Construction

During much of the 1800s, the rich coal deposits of the Rhondda were important to the local economy. By the 1870s, the volume of coal being extracted threatened to exceed the capacities of the Taff Vale and Cardiff Docks Railways. A typical return journey that took two days because of congestion and inadequate handling was a hindrance to customers, particularly the coal shipping facilities at Swansea. There was a demand for another railway line to relieve the situation. The Rhondda & Swansea Bay Railway (R&SBR) was incorporated on 10 August 1882. It established a shorter route to Swansea via the Afan Valley passing through the 1,700-foot-high (520 m) Mynydd Blaengwyfni.

Sydney William Yockney was employed to engineer the route. He had connections to tunnel engineering through his father, Samuel Hansard Yockney, who was engineer for the construction of Box Tunnel on the Great Western Railway and worked for Isambard Kingdom Brunel on other tunnel projects. The contract for the section of line that included the Rhondda Tunnel was awarded to Neath-based contractor William Jones and William Sutcliffe Marsh was the resident engineer. As of 2016, the Rhondda Tunnel is the second longest in Wales at 3,443 yards (3,148 m).

On 30 May 1885, the ground was broken for the tunnel which was expected to be completed in three years. Progress was hindered by land purchase at the eastern end of the line that took 15 months to resolve. Early reports by Yockney to the R&SBR's directors were positive, ground conditions were favourable and there was little water ingress. The tunnellers who worked from shafts driven into either end of the approach cuttings were equipped with compressed air-powered rock drills and were boring into the sandstone at 240 yards (220 m) per month. Because of the tunnel's depth, in excess of 900 feet (270 m), intermediate shafts to speed construction were discounted.

The tunnellers faced dire conditions, resulting in injuries and deaths, several due to rock falls and explosions. By 1887, the tunnelling had slowed to 70 yards (64 m) per month which was attributed to a shortage of men and underground springs. The completion date was moved to 31 July 1889. The headings met on 16 March 1889 and were perfectly aligned, but the delays led to William Jones being stripped of the contract in favour of Westminster-based Lucas and Aird in September 1889.

The new contractor brought 1,600 men on site and 300 more houses were built at the Rhondda side. Electric lighting was installed in the tunnel and progress was restored. On 2 May 1890, the Rhondda Tunnel was inspected by Colonel Rich of the Board of Trade. He said the tunnel should have been fully lined and would not authorise its use for passenger traffic until it was done. The contractors installed 759 yards (694 m) of brick arch above the arched concrete sidewalls which took less than 54 days because Lucas and Aird had anticipated such a requirement.

### Operation

On 2 July 1890, the Rhondda Tunnel was opened. The R&SBR had failed to purchase adjacent coal seams above and below the tunnel which was common practice to prevent other parties from mining and damaging the tunnel. Within decades the seams were exploited and the tunnel began to distort.

Between 1938 and 1953, around 500 steel ribs were installed to resist pressure which was causing inward movement of the side walls and pushing-up of the crown particularly towards eastern end. It did not solve the problem and a settlement of 15 inches (38 cm) was recorded over a 12-year period. More problems were caused by substantial water penetration from underground springs which weakened and washed out the mortar between bricks in places. Several lengths of arch were relined when sections of brickwork became loose and fell onto the track. Speed restrictions were imposed to guard against the threat posed by a collision with debris.

A survey in 1967 revealed severe distortion around the middle of the tunnel close to a geological fault. The rate of deterioration was so severe that the inspector closed the tunnel to traffic on safety grounds. On 26 February 1968, it was closed as a temporary measure, whilst a decision was made on the future of the line.

In December 1970, the Ministry of Transport announced the withdrawal of passenger services via the tunnel, citing a decline in usage and the provision of a bus service. The ministry deemed the estimated cost of repair at £90,000 was prohibitive. This conveniently coincided with the Beeching cuts and stations either side of the tunnel, (Blaenrhondda and Blaengwynfi), were closed at the same time. Following a decade of disuse, in 1980, both portals were covered over and landscaped to prevent unauthorised intrusions, which had become commonplace since its closure.

## Rhondda Tunnel Society

The Rhondda Tunnel Society was formed in September 2014. Its short-term goal was to replace the tunnel's portal stone, above the entrance of the tunnel at Blaencwm. The Blaengwynfi portal stone is in the Afan Forest Park.

In the long term, the society aims to raise money to reopen the tunnel as a cycle path. In September 2017 the society was awarded a £90,000 grant from the Pen y Cymoedd Wind Farm Community Fund to allow three surveys of the tunnel to be undertaken:

* A survey into the defects of the tunnel, with estimates of the cost of repairs.
* A geotechnical survey looking at the materials used to seal both ends of the tunnel.
* A survey of the land which is marked to receive the excavated material. It is hoped this can be used to level ground and create space for camping, car parking and a visitors' centre.

In May 2018, the tunnel was opened up so that surveys could take place. Balfour Beatty declared that 95% of the tunnel is in as good a condition as when it opened, and the tunnel could potentially be reopened. Highways England is responsible for the tunnel and is unwilling to reopen it but is willing to transfer ownership to the Welsh government or local authorities. Rhondda Cynon Taf Council announced in July 2018 that it was working with Neath Port Talbot and Merthyr Tydfil Councils to secure the reopening of the tunnel.

The UK government transport secretary, Grant Shapps announced in December 2021 that he would be happy to hand over ownership and control of the tunnel to the local council, Welsh government or a local group.

If the project is successful, it will become the longest cycle tunnel in Europe and the second longest in the world after the 4,000-metre (4,400 yd) Snoqualmie Tunnel in Washington state.

51°40′05″N 3°35′17″W / 51.668°N 3.588°W / 51.668; -3.588


title: Rhondda Heritage Park

abstract: Rhondda Heritage Park, Trehafod, Rhondda, South Wales, is a tourist attraction which offers an insight into the life of the coal mining community that existed in the area until the 1980s. Visitors can experience the life of the coal miners on a guided tour through one of the mine shafts of the Lewis Merthyr colliery. Tours are led by former colliery workers. Rhondda Heritage Park is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage. Rhondda Heritage Park exists on the site of the former Lewis Merthyr Colliery as a testament to the coal mining history of the Rhondda Valleys, which until the end of the 20th century was one of the most important coal mining areas in the world: in an area only 16 miles (26 km) long, Rhondda alone had over 53 working collieries at one time.

text:
# Rhondda Heritage Park

**Rhondda Heritage Park**, Trehafod, Rhondda, South Wales, is a tourist attraction which offers an insight into the life of the coal mining community that existed in the area until the 1980s.

Visitors can experience the life of the coal miners on a guided tour through one of the mine shafts of the Lewis Merthyr colliery. Tours are led by former colliery workers. Rhondda Heritage Park is an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Rhondda Heritage Park exists on the site of the former Lewis Merthyr Colliery as a testament to the coal mining history of the Rhondda Valleys, which until the end of the 20th century was one of the most important coal mining areas in the world: in an area only 16 miles (26 km) long, Rhondda alone had over 53 working collieries at one time.

## History of the Lewis Merthyr Colliery

Although coal was mined as early as the seventeenth century in the Rhondda for domestic purposes, the earliest recorded opening and mining of a safe coal level was in 1790 by Dr Richard Griffiths, who was also responsible for bringing the first tram road into the Rhondda. Subsequently, Walter Coffin opened and sunk the first pits paving the way for the discovery of rich and prosperous steam coal seams with many more lines to follow.

Two pits were opened in 1850 on what was to become the Lewis Merthyr site:

* **Hafod** by two brothers David and John Thomas
* **Coed Cae** by Edward Mills

Both pits had to be abandoned early on due to the conditions of the workings.

In the mid-1870s William Thomas Lewis (later Lord Merthyr) purchased and reopened the two pits, mining the upper bituminous (household) coal seams, until Hafod closed around 1893 and Coed Cae in the 1930s.

By 1880 WT Lewis had sunk the Bertie shaft, and in 1890 the Trefor shaft (both named after his sons), by which time the company had become known as the Lewis Merthyr Consolidated Collieries Ltd, employing some 5,000 men and producing almost a million tons of coal annually. The two headframes and associated colliery buildings are now Grade II\* listed buildings.

In 1904 the company sunk the Lady Lewis Colliery one mile (1.6 km) to the north east in the Rhondda Fach. In 1905 the company acquired Universal Colliery at Senghenydd, which was later to suffer the worst ever mining disaster in British history. In 1929 the colliery became part of the Powell Dyffryn Group, and in the same year Coed Cae stopped winding coal. Hafod No 2 followed, and Hafod No 1 in 1933. The colliery was nationalised in 1947.

In 1958 Lewis Merthyr Colliery and the neighbouring Ty Mawr Colliery merged and all coal winding ceased at Lewis Merthyr, with coaling continuing via Ty Mawr and men and supplies only at Lewis Merthyr. By 1969 the Colliery had become the Ty Mawr/Lewis Merthyr Colliery. As many as thirteen seams have been worked at the Lewis Merthyr using the advanced longwall method of working with most of the coal being won with pneumatic picks and hand loaded onto conveyors.

Until the 1950s the coal industry maintained a steady level of production and employment, but since that time there has been a continuing decline in the number of miners in employment. Most of the pits which have been closed have still left coal to mine, but with oil and coal available more cheaply from abroad the demise of the industry has been inevitable. Nowhere has the decline of the coal industry been more dramatic than in the South Wales Coal Field. At Lewis Merthyr production came to an end on the 14 March 1983 with production continuing in the four feet seam until July when coaling ceased forever at Ty Mawr/Lewis Merthyr.

By 1990 not one productive colliery existed in the Rhondda. Rhondda's past has been captured and preserved as an historic landmark at the Lewis Merthyr Colliery, now the Rhondda Heritage Park.

## Miner's Lamp Memorial

In May 2000, a six-foot (1.8 m) replica Miner's Lamp monument was unveiled at the entrance of Rhondda Heritage Park. According to the plaque on the monument it was erected "as a memorial to all those who through accident, disaster or disease, lost their lives or otherwise suffered as a result of the mining industry of the South Wales coalfield". The memorial was unveiled by Rhondda-born actor Glyn Houston.

## Lewis Merthyr Band

The Lewis-Merthyr Band remains active to the present day. Founded in or before 1855, the band has been highly successful, winning numerous contest accolades, and continues to perform across Wales and wider. Lewis-Merthyr Band is believed to be the oldest instrumental ensemble in Rhondda, still currently in existence.

51°36′39″N 3°23′15″W / 51.6107416°N 3.3875442°W / 51.6107416; -3.3875442


title: Beaufort (novel)

abstract: Beaufort is the first novel by Israeli author and media professional Ron Leshem. The work was initially published in 2005 and in English translation under this title in 2007. The novel was the basis for the 2007 Academy Award-nominated film Beaufort. Beaufort is about an Israel Defense Forces unit stationed at the Beaufort Castle, Lebanon post in Southern Lebanon during the South Lebanon conflict. It takes the form of a narrative written by the unit's commander, Liraz Librati, who was the last commander of the Beaufort castle before the Israeli withdrawal in 2000. The Hebrew original of Beaufort won Israel's 2006 Sapir Prize for Literature and the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for Military Literature.

text:
# Beaufort (novel)

***Beaufort*** (English translation of *אם יש גן עדן*; in Hebrew: If There's a Heaven) is the first novel by Israeli author and media professional Ron Leshem. The work was initially published in 2005 and in English translation under this title in 2007. The novel was the basis for the 2007 Academy Award-nominated film *Beaufort*.

*Beaufort* is about an Israel Defense Forces unit stationed at the Beaufort Castle, Lebanon post in Southern Lebanon during the South Lebanon conflict. It takes the form of a narrative written by the unit's commander, Liraz Librati, who was the last commander of the Beaufort castle before the Israeli withdrawal in 2000.

The Hebrew original of *Beaufort* won Israel's 2006 Sapir Prize for Literature and the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for Military Literature.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

Beaufort
| Original Israeli edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ron Leshem |
| Original title | *Im Yesh Gan Eden (If There Is a heaven)* |
| Translator | Evan Fallenberg |
| Language | Hebrew |
| Genre | War novel; first-person narrative |
| Publisher | Zmora Bitan (Hebrew); Random House (English) |
| Publication date | 2005 |
| Publication place | Israel |
| Published in English | 2007 |
| Media type | Print |
| ISBN | 978-0-553-80682-3 (US edition) 978-0099516729 (British edition) |
| OCLC | 162145855 |
| Dewey Decimal | 892.4/36 22 |
| LC Class | PJ5055.29.E852 I4213 2008 |


title: Rhodes W1

abstract: Rhodes W1 was a restaurant located in London, England. Opened in 2007, it gained a Michelin star within a year of opening in January 2008. It served European cuisine, and was one of two Rhodes restaurants in London to hold a Michelin star. It closed on 28 September 2012.

text:
# Rhodes W1

**Rhodes W1** was a restaurant located in London, England. Opened in 2007, it gained a Michelin star within a year of opening in January 2008. It served European cuisine, and was one of two Rhodes restaurants in London to hold a Michelin star. It closed on 28 September 2012.

## Description

Rhodes W1 opened on 18 May 2007, and was located at the ground floor of the Cumberland Hotel (now Great Cumberland Place) at Bryanson Street and Great Cumberland Place in London. It was separate from the similar named Rhodes W1 Brasserie in the same hotel, also now closed. It was a European cuisine restaurant based along the same lines as Rhodes 24, with the other restaurant serving British food. Kelly Hoppen was the designer for the interior of the restaurant.

On launch, Rhodes announced his intention to improve on his five separate single Michelin stars he had previously won, "I really want the Michelin inspectors to come here and recognise that it's more refined than anything I've done in the past." Within a year of opening, it was awarded a Michelin star in January 2008, which it retains to date as one of two Michelin starred restaurants for Gary Rhodes in London.

While Gary Rhodes had promised to be present in the kitchen whenever he could, the head chef on launch was Brian Hughson. Hughson had previously worked with Rhodes at Rhodes in the Square in the late 1990s.

It reopened in Dubai.

## Reception

Giles Coren reviewed Rhodes W1 for *The Times* in 2007, describing the food served as "like a mini-smorgasbord of flavours". While he criticized that many items on the menu carried supplementary charges which brought up the price of the bill, he suggested that it simply made the restaurant more suitable for a celebratory meal. Terry Durack also reviewed the restaurant in 2007, for *The Independent*; he gave it an overall score of seventeen out of twenty, summing the restaurant up as "Rhodes W1 shows that the chef's chef can bring a lighter, modern, touch to his almost anal brand of food perfectionism. I knew Rhodes was good. I didn't know he was this good." Marina O'Loughlin gave the restaurant three out of five stars while reviewing it for the *Metro*, while warning people when visiting to avoid the similarly named brasserie. *Time Out* reviewed the restaurant in 2009, giving it four out of five stars. The review described the service as "flawless" and thought that the restaurant "holds much promise".

## InfoBox

| Rhodes W1 | |
| --- | --- |
| Rhodes W1 at the Cumberland Hotel, London | |
|  | |
| Location within Central London | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Chef | Gary Rhodes |
| Food type | Haute cuisine |
| Dress code | Formal |
| Rating | (Michelin Guide 2008) |
| Street address | Marble Arch |
| City | London |
| Country | England |
| Coordinates | 51°30′50″N 0°9′32″W / 51.51389°N 0.15889°W / 51.51389; -0.15889 |
| Seating capacity | 45 covers |
| Reservations | Now closed |


title: Beatrice of Lorraine

abstract: Beatrice of Bar was the marchioness of Tuscany by marriage to Boniface III of Tuscany, and Regent of Tuscany from 1052 until her death, during the minority of and in co-regency with, her daughter Matilda. She was the daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine, count of Bar, and Matilda of Swabia. She was married first to Boniface III of Tuscany and later to Godfrey of Lotharingia.

text:
# Beatrice of Lorraine

**Beatrice of Bar** (also *Beatrix*; c. 1020 – 18 April 1076) was the marchioness of Tuscany by marriage to Boniface III of Tuscany, and Regent of Tuscany from 1052 until her death, during the minority of and in co-regency with, her daughter Matilda. She was the daughter of Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine, count of Bar, and Matilda of Swabia. She was married first to Boniface III of Tuscany and later to Godfrey of Lotharingia.

## Life

Beatrice was born in what is now northeastern France around 1020. She was also known as Beatrice of Tuscany or Beatrice of Canossa.

After her father Duke Frederick II of Upper Lorraine died in 1026, she and her sister Sophie went to live with their mother's sister, Empress Gisela at the imperial court.

c.1037/8, she became the second wife of Boniface III of Tuscany in a splendid ceremony. She had the following children:

* Beatrice (died 17 December 1053)
* Frederick (died July 1055), briefly successor before imprisonment
* Matilda (1046  24 July 1115), successor as marchioness of Tuscany

### Regency

With Boniface's death on 6 May 1052, Beatrice assumed the regency for her son Frederick. Little is else is known about her life before the murder of her husband In 1054, to give her son the protection she could not militarily provide, she married her cousin, Godfrey, former duke of Lower Lorraine. However, in 1055, the Emperor Henry III arrested Beatrice for marrying a traitor. She was brought to Germany a prisoner while Frederick was summoned to Henry's court at Florence. He refused to go and died before any action was taken against him. The heir of Boniface was now his youngest daughter Matilda, who was imprisoned with her mother.

On the death of Henry, Godfrey was reconciled with his heir, Henry IV, and exiled to Italy with his wife and stepdaughter. In January 1058, as a partisan of the newly elected Pope Nicholas II, Leo de Benedicto had the gates of the Leonine City thrown open for Godfrey and Beatrice. Godfrey immediately possessed the Tiber Island and attacked the Lateran, forcing Benedict X to flee on January 24. Beatrice and Godfrey were allied with the reformers, including Hildebrand and Pope Alexander II, against the emperor. In 1062, Beatrice tried to stop the Antipope Honorius II from reaching Rome.

In 1069, Godfrey died. Matilda was of age, yet Beatrice continued to exercise government in her name until the day she died.

On 29 August 1071, Beatrice founded the monastery Frassinoro at the Apennine pass of Foce della Radici. In 1074-1076, Beatrice was a key negotiator in the dispute between Pope Gregory VII and her kinsman, King Henry IV of Germany over certain rights in episcopal appointments.

### Death

Beatrice died at Pisa on 18 April 1076. She was buried in the Cathedral of Pisa, in a Late Roman sarcophagus, bearing reliefs illustrating the story of Hippolytus and Phaedra. (Nicola Pisano adapted nude figures for his pulpit in the cathedral from the sarcophagus; they can still be seen in the cathedral.) Beatrice's sarcophagus is now located in the Campo Santo in the cathedral square. The inscription around the sarcophagus, which was added in the eleventh century for Beatrice, reads:

*Quamvis peccatrix sum domna vocata Beatrix* *In tumulo missa iaceo quæ comitissa* *Quilibet ergo pater noster, det pro mea anima ter.*

(“Although a sinner, I was called Lady Beatrice. I, who was a countess, lie in this grave . Whoever wishes may say three Our Fathers for my soul.”)

## Sources


abstract: Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon is a 2023 action-adventure game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. A prequel to the Bayonetta series, it tells the story of the titular protagonist as a young witch named Cereza.

text:
# Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon

***Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon*** is a 2023 action-adventure game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. A prequel to the *Bayonetta* series, it tells the story of the titular protagonist as a young witch named Cereza.

## Gameplay

*Bayonetta Origins* is an action-adventure video game. Gameplay is split between the protagonist Cereza, a fifteen-year old witch, and Cheshire, a demon bound to her stuffed toy. Both are controlled simultaneously: Cereza is controlled using the left Joy-Con while Cheshire is controlled using the right. Cheshire can be toggled between two modes. In Unleashed mode, he grows to a large size and can attack enemies or obstacles, while in Hug mode, he shrinks to his toy form so that Cereza can carry him and use him for various purposes.

The player must use Cereza and Cheshire in conjunction in order to fight enemies and solve various environmental puzzles. In combat, Cereza binds enemies using spells while Cheshire attacks them. Cheshire cannot die in combat, but he may run out of magic when fighting. When this occurs, Cereza will need to pick him up in his plush form to refill his magic before he can be used in battle again. Elemental Cores throughout the game world can be broken to upgrade Cheshire's abilities, making the duo more powerful in battle and allowing them to explore previously inaccessible areas.

## Plot

Six hundred years before the events of the first *Bayonetta*, a fifteen-year-old Cereza stays with her strict and stoic teacher Morgana, following her exile from her home due to being the result of the forbidden love of the Lumen Sage, Balder, and the Umbra Witch, Rosa, leading to her father's banishment and her mother's imprisonment. One night, feeling underappreciated by Morgana despite her hard work in mastering her powers, Cereza decides to venture into the forbidden Avalon Forest, being led there by a mysterious boy she saw in her dreams. Inside, she is swarmed by a group of faeries. With no other option, Cereza performs a demon-summoning ritual, successfully summoning a demon, but it attempts to attack her after possessing the body of Cereza's stuffed cat in order to survive outside of Inferno, though it is unable to hurt its summoner. With the creature, who Cereza dubs Cheshire, unable to harm her, the two reluctantly decide to travel through the forest together, with the promise that Cereza can find the power she needs to save her mother, as well as send Cheshire back to Inferno.

The two continue their journey, following the tracks of a white wolf whilst conquering the dangerous creatures that lurk in the forest and destroying the four Elemental Cores hidden deep within the thicket, where Cereza gradually overcomes her timid nature, while Cheshire's stubborn attitude eventually begins to soften as he begins to care for Cereza like a true friend. Suddenly, a faerie tries to lure Cereza into its grasp by disguising itself as her mother. Realizing this, Cheshire destroys the illusion, but Cereza's grief over her mother causes her and Cheshire to argue, deciding to part ways. Later, after seeing him captured, Cereza, concerned, swallows her pride and, with the wolf's help, ventures into the faeries' castle, rescues and makes up with Cheshire, and the two work together to defeat the faeries' ruler, Púca.

Soon, the two reach the deepest part of the forest, where the boy Cereza saw in her dreams, named Lukaon, explains that, like Cereza, he was cursed for being the half-blood son of a faerie and a witch. Cereza sympathetically agrees to help him, but grows torn when Lukaon explains that he needs a demon's essence to free himself from the curse. Refusing to put her friend in harm's way, Cereza refuses to give up Cheshire, but Lukaon decides to rely on force and use Cheshire to rid himself of the curse. Luckily, Cereza manages to rescue the demon, though Lukaon steals the elemental powers Cheshire gained from the Cores. The two combine their strength and engage Lukaon in battle, take back the elemental powers, and defeat him.

However, soon after, Púca returns for payback, amassing his faerie army for cavalry. Cheshire, carrying the weakened Lukaon, and Cereza narrowly escape the forest before being saved by Morgana, who discovers the boy, but instead of saving him, she angrily turns to Cereza and Cheshire, revealing herself to be Lukaon's long-lost mother, as well as sending other failed Umbran disciples before Cereza to retrieve Lukaon from the forest, unleashing her magical power upon them to avenge her son. At first feeling doubtful of her abilities to combat her mentor, some words of encouragement from Cheshire spur Cereza to fight on, manifesting the Witch Time ability to take Morgana by surprise and defeat her, destroying her Umbran Watch and forcing her soul from her body. After tearfully bidding farewell to Lukaon, Morgana's soul is dragged down into Inferno--a fate that eventually befalls every Umbra Witch--and Cereza and Cheshire share a farewell of their own before Cheshire uses the portal made from Inferno's denizens and returns home. Cereza, after her mother wishes her luck in a dream, leaves home the next day to find her next adventure.

After completing the game, a bonus scenario is unlocked taking place after Cereza and Cheshire destroyed the Fire Elemental Core from Puca's fortress. Jeanne, Cereza's best friend from her home, enters the forest to search for Cereza. She discovers Cheshire, who has been separated from her by a mysterious force, and the two team up to rescue Cereza. After searching through the forest, they discover the unfamiliar figure that is responsible - Singularity, the main antagonist from *Bayonetta 3* who appeared to be killed in a climatic final battle, had actually sent a piece of himself back in time at the last second in an attempt to kill Cereza and steal the Left Eye of Darkness before she could ever become Bayonetta. During a fierce battle, Singularity provides Jeanne with glimpses of her own future, in which she will ultimately meet her end at Singularity's hands, promising to free her from that fate if she abandons Cereza. But Jeanne refuses to back down, and she and Cheshire manage to overpower and destroy Singularity and free Cereza. Despite knowing what her future holds, Jeanne vows to continue being the friend Cereza can always count on.

## Development

The game was developed by Japanese studio PlatinumGames and published by Nintendo. It was released on March 17, 2023 for Nintendo Switch.

## Reception

*Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon* received "generally favorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator website Metacritic.

*Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon* was the sixth best-selling retail game in Japan during its first week of release, with 6,474 physical units being sold.

1. Japanese: ベヨネッタ オリジンズ: セレッサと迷子の悪魔, Hepburn: *Beyonetta Orijinzu: Seressa to Maigo no Akuma*

## InfoBox

| Bayonetta Origins:<br>Cereza and the Lost Demon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | PlatinumGames |
| Publisher(s) | Nintendo |
| Director(s) | Abebe Tinari |
| Producer(s) | * Koji Tanaka * Makoto Okazaki * Genki Yokota * Toyokazu Nonaka |
| Designer(s) | Noriaki Nango |
| Programmer(s) | Hiroto Tanaka |
| Artist(s) | Tomoko Nishii |
| Writer(s) |  |
| Composer(s) | * Aoba Nakanishi * Hitomi Kurokawa * Masahiro Miyauchi * Rina Yugi |
| Series | *Bayonetta* |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo Switch |
| Release | March 17, 2023 |
| Genre(s) | Action-adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Richard Jarman

abstract: Richard Jarman was an artist, map-maker, and engraver who was active in London prior to 1857 and in Tasmania between 1857 and the 1870s.

text:
# Richard Jarman

**Richard Jarman** (born 1807, London, England – died 1877, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) was an artist, map-maker, and engraver who was active in London prior to 1857 and in Tasmania between 1857 and the 1870s.

## Career in England

Jarman was born in 1807 in Whitechapel, in London's East End, the son of Robert Jarman, a carpenter, and Amelia Dede. He married Ann Bouchier (or Busher) in 1830. By the 1850s, Jarman had become a successful London map-maker and engraver working from premises in St. Bartholomew's Close in the City of London. His most significant work during this time was *The Collins' Illustrated Atlas of London* published in 1854 and described by Prof. H. J. Dyos in his introduction to the 1973 re-publication as the first pocket city map of London. Another surviving map drawn by Jarman is *Reynolds Map of Modern London* published in 1857.

## Career in Tasmania

In 1857, he emigrated to Tasmania with his wife and children. There, he drew one of the earliest maps of Hobart Town and became known for his engraved views of Hobart, the original coat of arms of the city, and Crown seals and bank cheques for the Post Office. He also made plates for commercial advertisements. In 1866 Jarman won a special award at the Melbourne Inter-Colonial Exhibition for his copper-plate and steel engravings.

For most of his years in Tasmania he worked from his premises at 46 Murray Street, Hobart. However, by the time of his death on 12 May 1877 he had moved to Forest Road, Hobart.

## Family

His sons, Owen, Alfred and Edwin, followed him into map-making and engraving. Owen Jarman was in business as a commercial engraver in Launceston, Tasmania in the 1890s. Alfred Jarman moved to Christchurch, New Zealand and became a map draughtsman and surveyor in the New Zealand Lands Department. Edwin Jarman, who had not emigrated to Tasmania with his father, left England for Cape Town, South Africa in 1861 where he established himself as an engraver.


title: Rhodri ap Gruffudd

abstract: Rhodri ap Gruffudd was the third or fourth son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr. He was the younger brother of both Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd, Prince of Wales) and of Owain Goch ap Gruffydd. He was probably the younger brother of Dafydd ap Gruffydd of Gwynedd but may have been the older as there are no accurate records of their birth dates.

text:
# Rhodri ap Gruffudd

**Rhodri ap Gruffudd** (or **Prince Rhodri** or **Roderick Fitz Griffin**) (c. 1230 – c. 1315) was the third or fourth son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Fawr. He was the younger brother of both Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd, Prince of Wales) and of Owain Goch ap Gruffydd. He was probably the younger brother of Dafydd ap Gruffydd of Gwynedd but may have been the older as there are no accurate records of their birth dates.

## History

Rhodri was born in the early 1230s. His father was Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, the illegitimate but eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and his mother was Senena ferch Caradog. Little is known about his early life except that on his grandfather's death in 1240 his uncle Dafydd ap Llywelyn (his father's younger, but legitimate, half brother) inherited the throne and immediately imprisoned his father, thus disinheriting him. Gruffudd was subsequently relinquished by Dafydd under the terms of the Treaty of Gwerneigron following Henry III's invasion of 1241, and taken to London as a hostage where he died in 1244 during a failed attempt to escape from the Tower of London. Also in 1241, Rhodri along with his brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd were sent as hostages to King Henry. Dafydd ap Llywelyn seized the opportunity to wage war against Henry, defeating him in battle in the summer of 1245 during Henry's second invasion of Wales.

In February 1246 Dafydd died without legitimate male heirs, and the throne was inherited under Welsh Law by the four sons of the now dead Gruffudd. A massive struggle ensued between them all but by the 1250s Rhodri's elder brother Llywelyn had consolidated his position as prince and successfully excluded the other siblings from power. Rhodri alone appears to have avoided getting involved in the fighting and by 1272 had agreed to sell his inheritance rights to Llywelyn. It is possible that to enforce this sale that he became Llywelyn's Penteulu, which under Welsh law would mean that he took himself out of the line of succession.

By 1282 (and possibly even earlier) Rhodri had come into the possession of the manor of Bidfield in Gloucestershire. He married into a noble Cheshire family and acquired property there through his wife, Beatrice de Malpas.

Some sources claim that on her death he married one Catherine and by *c.* 1309 had acquired the manor of Tatsfield in Surrey.

Rhodri died *c.* 1315. As the only surviving brother of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd after 1283 he would have been regarded by many as a legitimate claimant to the throne of Gwynedd, and therefore also to the title Prince of Wales. He is reputed to have had at least one son, Thomas ap Rhodri (by Catherine), who was the father to Owain Lawgoch and a daughter, Katherine, who married into the De La Pole family.

## Tatsfield Manor

Academic research by Professor Anthony Carr indicated that the manor of Tatsfield in Surrey was in the possession of Rhodri ap Gruffudd and his descendants during the 14th century. Rhodri’s son, Thomas ap Rhodri, and his grandson, Owain ap Thomas (Owain Lawgoch), may have been born in Tatsfield. Owain Lawgoch eventually became one of France’s leading mercenary captains fighting against the English during the 1360s and 1370s and was eventually assassinated in 1378 under the orders of the English Crown because of the threat he presented to the political stability of Wales after he declared himself Prince of Wales.

Documentary sources suggested Tatsfield manor house was demolished in 1801. However, the investigations revealed that Thomas had borrowed money to build a new house during the 1320s and that his house and associated complex had been systematically dismantled at the end of the 14th century, most probably under the orders of the English Crown and in a very similar fashion to the way such *llys* or palace complexes were removed by Edward I in Wales.

## Bibliography

* *"The end of The House of Gwynedd: Excavation of a Medieval Welsh Manor Complex in Tatsfield, Surrey"* by Spencer Smith

## InfoBox

| Rhodri ap Gruffudd | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | c. 1230–1235 |
| Died | c. 1315 |
| Issue | Tomas ap Rhodri |


title: Beccut cippus

abstract: The Beccut cippus is an archaeological artifact found in 1953 in Makthar (Tunisia). It is preserved in the town's archaeological museum, opened in 1967. Along with the famous Makthar harvester inscription unearthed in the late 19th century and preserved in the Louvre, the cippus is one of the few epigraphic documents found on this site to have been engraved with a poetic text. This third century text evokes the memory of a deceased young woman. Despite the clumsiness of the wording, written in a provincial context, it provides information on the social and religious life of the town, and is a valuable insight into the Romanization of this part of Roman Africa and the integration of populations of Numidian origin at the end of the High Roman Empire.

text:
# Beccut cippus

The **Beccut cippus** is an archaeological artifact found in 1953 in Makthar (Tunisia). It is preserved in the town's archaeological museum, opened in 1967.

Along with the famous Makthar harvester inscription unearthed in the late 19th century and preserved in the Louvre, the cippus is one of the few epigraphic documents found on this site to have been engraved with a poetic text.

This third century text evokes the memory of a deceased young woman. Despite the clumsiness of the wording, written in a provincial context, it provides information on the social and religious life of the town, and is a valuable insight into the Romanization of this part of Roman Africa and the integration of populations of Numidian origin at the end of the High Roman Empire.

## History

### Ancient history of Makthar up to the 3rd century

The Beccut cippus is a funerary monument discovered in Makthar by site supervisor Herranz during the exploration of the Roman road leading from Makthar to Ausafa through the Wadi Saboun valley.

The site of the town of Makthar, occupied in ancient times, was the seat of a powerful Numidian city allied to Carthage, which Masinissa seized shortly before the final fall of the Punic city in 146 BC at the end of the Third Punic War. The influence of Carthaginian civilization remained strong for a long time, as evidenced by the Neo-Punic stelae dating from the 1st century and found in excavations at the site known as Bab El Aïn. From the end of the 1st century, the city benefited from Roman peace and experienced a degree of prosperity. The institutions of the city, which became a free city in 46 BC, were permanently influenced by the Punic era, with the maintenance of three shophets until the beginning of the 2nd century. From that century onwards, triumvirates replaced them.

The Romanization of the city began with some families gaining citizenship from the reign of Trajan, and others the equestrian rank during the reign of Commodus. The old Numidian city had previously become a colony under the name of Colonia Aelia Aurelia Mactaris between 176 and 180. The city's zenith came at the end of the 2nd century, during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, with intense civic activity and a surface area of over 10 hectares. In the 3rd century, it became the seat of a bishop as the town's name is mentioned four times in lists of bishops from councils, including that of Carthage in 256. The end of prosperity is dated to the end of the first third of the 3rd century with the restoration of the damage caused by the Crisis of the Third Century that took place after 285.

The Beccut cippus dates from the years 250–260. It evokes the memory of a young woman, Beccut, who died in her early twenties and was cremated according to local tradition. The Makthar archaeological site has revealed fifteen funerary poems dated between the 3rd and 6th centuries, but the earliest ones date no further than the end of the Severan dynasty and make up a group of nine artefacts to which the Beccut cippus belongs.

### Discovery and study

According to Jean-Marie Lassère, the study of the epigraphy of African monuments must be cautious because of the "compartmentalized regions": funerary customs and formulas spread in different ways. The excavations at Makthar have yielded numerous figurative representations, all of which are useful for dating monuments. However, the form of the letters must be treated with caution, given the provincial nature of the work, which was carried out by "unskilled country lapidarists", and paleography is not sufficient for dating.

The cippus was discovered in 1953, published the following year (B.A.C., 1954, p. 120); an in-depth study was published in 1970. The site revealed four other cippes in 1965.

The area in which it was found contained numerous remains of monumental mausoleums. The inscriptions found during the excavations reveal around 15% of the members of the college of local decurions in the second third of the 2nd century, and no members of the lower social classes.

## Description

### General description

The word cippus is "used too loosely in epigraphic literature", etymologically meaning "an upright stone". The term is often used in the context of Roman Africa to refer to funerary monuments. Funerary altars are often referred to as cippus in the literature. The adoption of the funerary custom of altars instead of steles did not predate the 2nd century, at the beginning of the "apogee of Africa", and spread massively in the following century.

The Beccut cippus is of the *arulae-pillar* type. It is carved from limestone and measures 1.60 m (5.2 ft) high by 0.45 m (1.47 ft) wide and 0.55 m (1.80 ft) thick. The upper part is broken on the right.

The cippus features a large area of text, above which is a degraded garland and a pinecone. The garland carved in stone reproduces the garlands "hung on tombs on the occasion of celebrations". The altar was adorned before sacrifices, in particular those linked to the festival of *Rosalia*. This Roman funerary festival was introduced to Makhtar when the town became a colony.

### Inscription

The cippus features a 22-line inscription and, below it, the word "Euthesia", outside the frame. The last four lines have gaps. The artifact is the only stele with a known verse epitaph, apart from the Makthar Harvester epitaph, the "most famous Mactar inscription".

The shape of the letters, which do not fit neatly into the listed categories (uncial, Roman cursive, etc.), led Jean Mallon to describe this as a new school of paleography, "marking the advent of modern Latin writing". Jean Mallon has carried out a comparative study of the cippus script and that of an Oxyrhynchus papyrus, in particular no. 668, which contains an epitome of Titus Livius and was found in 1903. The manuscript has been dated to the 3rd century, and Mallon suggests the birth of writing in what is now Tunisia. The calligraphy used by the lapidarist is three times larger than on the scroll and "the proportions are exactly the same". The inscription is chiselled "in the graphic style of a contemporary book".

The first line of the text and the last two are typical of such funerary monuments, but in between is a poem of ten hexameters. The text contains prosodic errors, and the author of the inscription appears to be an "improvised poet", according to Édouard Galletier.

Beccut speaks in the text. The two lines giving the deceased's full name are badly damaged. The inscription form includes an "abbreviated invocation to the Manes", the name of the deceased and his age.

### Funerary inscription

1. D\*M\*S\*
2. BECCVTIAMPRÍ
3. MVMILONICONIVNCTAMA
4. RITO
5. VIRGORVDISTENERAQVOME
6. FORTVNAREDVXIT
7. VITAESETLETISEDESSICFATATVLERE
8. HICHYMNOTEDAQSIMVLPRAEEVN
9. TECANEBAR
10. NVNCVVSTISVRNAQSIMVLCONTECTA
11. RESEDI
12. VIXIDVMLICVITMORVMSINELABEPVDICA
13. MATERNVMNOMENFECILVCINAEFA
14. VORE
15. NATVMPROGENVINOSTROQVINO
16. MINEVIVAT
17. NEFLEATHOCNIMIVMCVISVMCARISSIMA
18. CORDI
19. COMMVNEESTHOMINVMFVNEBREM
20. \[..\]ERELA\[......\]
21. \[....\]L\[....\]EIA\[............\]
22. \[..\]RISSIMAPIAVIXITANNISXV\[....\]
23. EVTHESIA

### Body

1. |D(iis) M(anibus) S(acrum)
2. |Beccut iam pri|mum Iloni coniuncta ma|rito
3. |uirgo rudis tenera quo me| Fortuna reduxit
4. |uitae set leti sedes sic fata tulere
5. |hic hymno tedaq(ue) simul praeeun| te canebar
6. |nunc uustis urnaq(ue) simul contecta | resedi
7. |uixi dum licuit morum sine labe pudica
8. |maternum nomen feci Lucinae fa| uore
9. |natum progenui nostro qui no|mine uiuat
10. |ne fleat hoc nimium cui sum carissima | cordi
11. |commune est hominum funebrem |\[qu\]erela\[m.....\]
12. \[....\]l\[...\]eia\[............\]|\[..\]rissima pia vxit annis XV\[....\]
13. Euthesia

### English translation

> "I, Beccut, first united with my husband Ilo (?), a novice and youthful virgin, in the place where Fortuna led me, the dwelling place of my life, but also the place of my demise - so the Fates willed - here I was celebrated both by the Hymen and by the nuptial torch carried before me, now I lie buried both in the tomb and in the urn. I have lived as long as I was allowed, chaste and unblemished in my morals; Lucina's favor has earned me the title of mother: I have given birth to a son; may he live in my place! May he not weep too much over my fate, he to whose heart I am so dear: it is the human condition to have to weep over the dead (?)."

The end of the text cannot be translated due to gaps in the stone or the term used, "Euthesia"; the precise age of the deceased is one of these gaps.

## Interpretation

Sacrifices cannot take place above the monument's table due to its height, even though it is carved in the shape of an altar.

A comparative study of the pillar altars found on the archaeological site by Gilbert Charles-Picard suggests that the Beccut cippus dates the death of Makthar's harvester after 260, while the epigraphic study notes that "the writing is not identical"; the harvester died at an old age and his ascension may date from the city's period of prosperity, between 210 and 235.

### Makthar social study document

Peregrines, after obtaining Roman citizenship, kept their "barbarian name" as their *cognomen*. In the evolution of the Roman name over the course of the 3rd century, the *praenomen* gave way to the *cognomen*, "the only personal name used in everyday life".

The main interest of the cippus is onomastic. Beccut is the cognomen of the deceased, indicating a Punic or Libyan origin. It would be the feminine form of the name BG'T, Bogud, a princely name. The deceased may have had two cognomina, one in Latin and the other in the native language. The husband's cognomen may have been Milo. The cognomen of African origin can be seen, in the words of Jean-Marie Lassère, as "the revenge of indigenous tradition, relegating the gentilice, symbol of Romanization, to the shadows." As for the husband's name, ILONI, this is not explained by the Punic language, and specialists suggest the reading MILONI due to haplography, the dropping of one of the letters. The cognomen Milo was prestigious and its attribution to his son is possible by "a provincial scholar."

Although the document gives no information on the couple's social position, it is assumed that they belonged to the city's "well-to-do bourgeoisie." The senatorial and equestrian families were not easily distinguishable in the city, and the Curiate was open to people of modest means "by dint of hard work." The cognomen Beccut betrays a "recent promotion."

### Document about a member of a religious community

The invocation of the dead man's name was important because, according to Ausonius, it made it possible to "bring the dead back from oblivion for a moment and mingle him with the living."

The term "Euthesia" evokes a religious community. The city's wealthy social classes honored *Magna Mater* and *Liber*, and Bacchism is reflected in the greater presence of Dionysiac symbols on funerary monuments, such as a pine cone on Beccut's cippus. However, the latter is used as much for the cult of Saturn as for the *Magna Mater* or *Liber.* Beccut may have been a Bacchante, and "Euthesia" may have been one of the "mystical vocables", the Eu prefix "belonging to the technical language of medicine." The signum on the monument is perhaps a sign of membership of the Isiac community. Although the cult is little known in Makthar, initiation elsewhere is possible. The cult of Dionysus and Osiris may have come close, according to a "commonly accepted assimilation."

The cult of Isis imposed on its followers "a severe discipline, even to the point of asceticism", and Beccut's epitaph accords with these principles of life. The word "Euthesia" at the end of the inscription introduces "an atmosphere of strange mystery."

### Funerary poem

The text of the cippus is of the *encomium* type, and the poet evokes "banalities and clichés": "Beccut was modest and had a son." Lucina is an epithet of Juno, "tutelary goddess of childbirth." Evoking feminine virtue in the text is "traditional praise". She was born, lived and died in the same place. "Married very young", she did not die in childbirth because of the allusion to divinity, nor because of an accident: illness undoubtedly took her, "in a manner as banal as it was distressing." The lifespan indicated, Vixit annos, is mostly found on monuments dating from the 2nd or 3rd century.

The expression DMS (*Diis Manibus Sacrum*, to the sacred Manes gods) is stereotyped. However, the use of the invocation to the Manes gods, early on the African monuments of the Proconsular capital or Dougga, is late "as one moves away from Carthage." Consolation is a "commonplace theme."

The verse study reveals "no emotion" on the part of the husband, who according to Gilbert Charles-Picard "must have been in a hurry to remarry." The poem's style "is characterized by its banality, both clumsy and pompous". The language is described by Charles-Picard as "artificial" and having nothing to do with the language spoken by the local population.

1. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 128)
2. Lipinski (1992, p. 270)
3. Slim & Fauqué (2001, p. 105)
4. Collective (2006, p. 300)
5. Charles-Picard (1954, p. 74)
6. Collective (2006, p. 301)
7. Prévot (1984, p. 4)
8. Charles-Picard (1954, pp. 76–77)
9. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 148)
10. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 149)
11. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, pp. 148–149)
12. Lassère (1973, p. 8)
13. Lassère (1973, p. 10)
14. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 125)
15. Camps (1991)
16. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 150)
17. Lassère (1973, p. 11)
18. Lassère (1973, p. 65)
19. Lassère (1973, pp. 122–123)
20. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 131)
21. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 132)
22. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 146)
23. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, pp. 157, 162)
24. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, pp. 157–158)
25. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 159)
26. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 164)
27. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, pp. 153–154)
28. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 153)
29. Lassère (1973, p. 22)
30. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 126)
31. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 127)
32. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 144)
33. Lassère (1973, p. 15)
34. Lassère (1973, p. 23)
35. Lassère (1973, pp. 23–24)
36. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, pp. 150–151)
37. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 151)
38. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 152)
39. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 155)
40. Charles-Picard, Le Bonniec & Mallon (1970, p. 154)
41. Lassère (1973, p. 127)
42. Lassère (1973, pp. 123–126)

### Bibliography

* Camps, Gabriel (1991). "Bogud". *Encyclopédie berbère* (in French). Vol. 10. Aix-en-Provence: Édisud. pp. 1557–1558. ISBN 2-85744-549-0.
* Charles-Picard, Gilbert (1965–1966). "La chronologie et l'évolution stylistique des monuments funéraires de Mactar (Tunisie)". *Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques* (in French): 159–160.
* Charles-Picard, Gilbert (1954). "Mactar". *Bulletin économique et social de la Tunisie* (in French) (90): 63–78.
* Charles-Picard, Gilbert; Le Bonniec, Henri; Mallon, Jean (1970). "Le cippe de Beccut". *Antiquités africaines* (in French) (4): 125–164. ISSN 0066-4871.
* Lassère, Jean-Marie (1973). "Recherches sur la chronologie des épitaphes païennes de l'Africa". *Antiquités africaines* (in French) (7): 7–152. ISSN 0066-4871.
* Lipinski, Edward (1992). *Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique* (in French). Turnhout: Brepols. p. 502. ISBN 978-2-503-50033-1.
* Prévot, Françoise (1984). *Recherches archéologiques franco-tunisiennes à Mactar: Les inscriptions chrétiennes* (in French). Vol. 5. Rome: École française de Rome. p. 284.
* Slim, Hédi; Fauqué, Nicolas (2001). *La Tunisie antique: de Hannibal à saint Augustin* (in French). Paris: Mengès. p. 259. ISBN 978-2-85620-421-4.
* Collective (2006). *L'Afrique romaine: 68-439* (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Atlande. p. 383. ISBN 978-2-35030-002-3.
* Collective; et al. (Les dossiers d'archéologie) (1994). *La Tunisie, carrefour du monde antique* (in French). Vol. 200. Dijon: Faton. p. 135. ISBN 978-2-87844-020-1.

## InfoBox

| Beccut cippus | |
| --- | --- |
| Lapidary item in the Makthar Museum: the stone known as the Beccut cippus. | |
| Type | Cippus |
| Material | Limestone |
| Discovered | 1953<br>Carthage archeological site |
| Place | Makthar Museum |
| Culture | Roman Africa |


title: Beccles Town Hall

abstract: Beccles Town Hall is a municipal structure in New Market, Beccles, Suffolk, England. The structure, which accommodates the offices and meeting place of Beccles Town Council, is a Grade II listed building.

text:
# Beccles Town Hall

**Beccles Town Hall** is a municipal structure in New Market, Beccles, Suffolk, England. The structure, which accommodates the offices and meeting place of Beccles Town Council, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The first structure on the site was a medieval market hall and market cross. After the old building became dilapidated, civic leaders decided to demolish it and to replace it with a new structure. The new building was designed in the Gothic Revival style, built in red brick and completed in 1726. The lord of the manor, Robert Sparrow, agreed to grant the building to trustees in 1765, at which time it was substantially rebuilt.

The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with just three bays facing onto The Walk; the central bay featured a Tudor-style doorway on the ground floor and a large three-light gothic-style casement window on the first floor. The outer bays, which were canted giving the building an elongated octagonal shape, featured arched windows on the ground floor and single-light gothic-style casement windows on the first floor, and it originally had an octagonal turret above the doorway. Internally, the principal rooms were the courtroom and the mayor's parlour.

In the 19th century the courtroom served as the venue for both the quarters sessions and the petty sessions, and, following significant population growth, largely associated with the status of Beccles as a market town, the area became a municipal borough with the town hall as its headquarters in 1835. A public library and a literary institute were established in the town hall in 1874. Another building, which had been erected as the Assembly Rooms and Theatre in Smallgate in 1785, was confusingly referred to as the New Town Hall in the late 19th century, but by the early 20th century it had been renamed Beccles Public Hall.

The borough council acquired a large Georgian House known as Kilbrack in Blyburgate in 1947 and then converted it into municipal offices for council officers and their departments; however, the council continued to use the town hall as its main meeting place until 1974 when it ceased to be the local seat of government on the formation of the enlarged Waveney District Council. A finely sculpted coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth I dated 1589 was recovered from a timber-framed house on the south side of New Market and installed in the town wall in the 1980s, and a plaque to celebrate the life of the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Dorothy Hodgkin, was installed on the south elevation of the town hall following her death in 1994.

## InfoBox

| Beccles Town Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| Beccles Town Hall | |
| Location | New Market, Beccles |
| Coordinates | 52°27′29″N 1°33′45″E / 52.4581°N 1.5626°E / 52.4581; 1.5626 |
| Built | 1726 |
| Architectural style(s) | Gothic Revival style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Grade II | |
| Official name | Town Hall |
| Designated | 16 March 1948 |
| Reference no. | 1205749 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in Suffolk | |


title: Becco, West Virginia

abstract: Becco is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. Becco is located on County Route 16 and Buffalo Creek, 4.6 miles (7.4 km) northeast of Man. Its population is included as part of the Amherstdale census-designated place. The community is named for the Buffalo Eagle Colliery Company (BECCO).

text:
# Becco, West Virginia

**Becco** is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. Becco is located on County Route 16 and Buffalo Creek, 4.6 miles (7.4 km) northeast of Man. Its population is included as part of the Amherstdale census-designated place.

The community is named for the Buffalo Eagle Colliery Company (BECCO).

## InfoBox

| Becco, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| BeccoBecco | |
| Coordinates: 37°47′00″N 81°48′51″W / 37.78333°N 81.81417°W / 37.78333; -81.81417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Logan |
| Elevation | 889 ft (271 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area codes | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1553830 |


title: Becco Lake

abstract: Becco Lake is a lake in the Province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy.

text:
# Becco Lake

**Becco Lake** is a lake in the Province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy.

## InfoBox

| Becco Lake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Becco Lake | |
| Location | Province of Bergamo, Lombardy |
| Coordinates | 46°00′11″N 9°47′28″E / 46.003°N 9.791°E / 46.003; 9.791 |
| Basin countries | Italy |
|  | |
| Surface elevation | 1,872 m (6,142 ft) |