title: Lawrence Haworth

abstract: Lawrence Lindley Haworth was an American-born Canadian philosopher. Haworth was the author of several books of political philosophy, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and distinguished professor emeritus at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario.

text:
# Lawrence Haworth

**Lawrence Lindley Haworth** FRSC (December 14, 1926 – April 28, 2024) was an American-born Canadian philosopher.

Haworth was the author of several books of political philosophy, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and distinguished professor emeritus at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario.

## Early life and career

Haworth was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 14, 1926, and grew up in the south suburbs of Hazel Crest and Homewood. He began his undergraduate studies in 1943 at Thornton Junior College, Harvey, Illinois, and continued for a term at Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin. In early 1945 he was drafted into the United States Army. After the war he was sent to Japan where he was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division as part of the military occupation. Subsequently, he was transferred to I Corp, based in Kyoto. While there he began the study of philosophy under the tutelage of Professor Erwin Jahn, a German Professor of Philosophy at Kyoto University. In the pre-first world war years Jahn had been an assistant to the German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, sometimes referred to as the founder of experimental psychology. Jahn's tutelage consolidated Haworth's commitment to the study of philosophy. After the war, he attended Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida, where in 1949 he received the BA "With Highest Distinction". In 1949, Haworth began PhD studies in philosophy at the University of Illinois under the supervision of Max Fisch. In 1952 he was awarded a PhD in philosophy and at the same time was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.

Haworth's first academic appointment was at the University of Alabama (1952–54), followed by Purdue University (1954–65). In 1965 he accepted a professorship at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, and continued there until his retirement in 1995. Along with teaching, Haworth served at various times as Associate Dean of Graduate Studies, Associate Dean of Computing, and Associate Dean for Research, all in the Faculty of Arts, and as Chair of the Department of Philosophy. He was the founding Director of the University of Waterloo Centre for Society, Technology and Values and was a Consultant to the Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., from 1965 to 1970.

Haworth was Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Waterloo, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

## Personal life and death

Haworth was married first to Helen Ellis (died 2015), and then to Alison Pedlar, Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of Waterloo. He had two children, Alan Gardener (née Larry Haworth), who predeceased him in 2021, and Ruth Ellis Haworth. Lawrence Haworth died on April 28, 2024, at the age of 97.

## Publications

### Books

* A Textured Life: Empowerment and Adults with Intellectual Disabilities. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999. With A. Pedlar, et al.
* Value Assumptions in Risk Assessment: The Alachlor Controversy. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1991. With C. Brunk and B. Lee.
* Autonomy: An Essay in Philosophical Psychology and Ethics. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986.
* Decadence and Objectivity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977. Paperback Edition, 1979.
* The Good City. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1963. Paperback edition, 1966. Overseas edition, Fawcett Publications, 1967. English edition, 1968.

### Edited books, reports

* Social Support Outcomes and Empowerment. In the Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities, Helsinki, Finland. 1996. With A. Pedlar, P. Hutchison, and P. Dunn.
* Empowerment-in-community. Proceedings of 11th World Congress of the IASSID. In Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 425. 2000. With A. Pedlar, P. Hutchison, and P. Dunn.
* Managing the Competing Values Respecting Animals, Humans and the Environment in a Healthy Agroecosystem. Working paper, Agroecosystem Health Project. University of Guelph, 1994.
* Preliminary review of the U.S. EPA standards for the use and disposal of sewage sludge final rule document. Prepared for Agriculture Canada. University of Waterloo: Institute for Risk Research, 1993. With others, (pp. 40)
* Value Assumptions in Risk Assessment. University of Waterloo: Institute for Risk Assessment, 1991. With C. Brunk and B. Lee. (pp. 30)
* The Good City: 1984 and Beyond, edited by L. Haworth. Special edition of Environments 16(2):1984.
* "The Open University", (1969) CMHC Report.
* "Toward a Community Affairs Program", (1969) CMHC Report.

### Chapters in books

* "Community", in C. Rojek, S. Shaw, & T. Veal (Eds.), The Handbook of Leisure Studies. London: Palgrave and Macmillan. 2006. With A. Pedlar.
* "Focal Things and Focal Practices", in Technology and the Good Life? edited by E. Higgs, A. Light, and D. Strong. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. pp. 55–69.
* "Empowerment-in-Community", in Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 425. Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the JASSID. 2000. With A. Pedlar and P. Hutchison.
* "Social Support Outcomes and Empowerment", in Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities, Helsinki, Finland. 1996. With A. Pedlar, P. Hutchison, and P. Dunn.
* "Managing the Competing Values Respecting Animals, Humans and the Environment in the Healthy Agroecosystem", in L 'Etre Humain, L 'Animal et L 'Environnement: Dimensions Ethiques et Juridiques. Montreal: Les Editions Themis, 1996. pp. 543–550.
* "The Use and Abuse of Science", in Agricultural Ethics, edited by Mora Campbell. Truro, N.S. 1994.
* "Can Risk Assessment be Objective?", in Managing Environmental Risks. With C. Brunk and B. Lee. 1994.
* "Psychological Freedom", in Rechtstheorie, Beiheft 12, edited by P. Sack, C. Wellman, and M.Yasaki, Duncker & Humblot (Berlin), 1991, pp. 389–395.
* "Autonomy, Responsibility and Alcoholism", in Health Futures: Alcohol and Drugs, edited by D. McCready. Waterloo, Ontario: Interdisciplinary Research Committee, 1991, pp. 27–41.
* "Autonomy and Utility", in The Inner Citadel, edited by John Christman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 155–169.
* "Afterword", in The Professional Practice of Environmental Management. R. Dorney (edited by L. Dorney). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
* "Leisure, Work and Profession", in Work in Canada, edited by John F. Peters. Waterloo, Ontario: Interdisciplinary Research Committee, 1986, pp. 25–42.
* "The Deweyan View of Experience", in Possibility of the Aesthetic Experience, edited by M. Mitias. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986, pp. 79–89.
* "The Good City", in Urban Problems, edited by Krueger and Bryfogle. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, revised edition, 1975, pp. 34–37.
* "Utility and Rights", in Concepts in Social and Political Philosophy, edited by R. E. Flathmann. New York: Macmillan, 1973, pp. 468–484. Reprinted from Studies in Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell's, 1968.
* "Goals for Regional Planning", in The Concept of a Regional Development Plan. Waterloo, Ontario: Planning and Resources Institute, 1970.
* "The Justification of Morality", in Studies in Philosophy and in the History of Science. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado, 1970, pp. 18–29.
* "Utility and Rights", in Studies in Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell's, 1968.
* "Deprivation and the Good City", in Power, Poverty and Urban Policy, edited by Bloomberg and Schmandt. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1968, pp. 27–47.
* "The Good City", in Social Ethics, edited by G. Winter. New York: Harper and Row, 1968, pp. 165¬1965.

### Articles in refereed journals

* "A Dual Perspective Theory of Agroecosystem Health: System Goals and System Functions." With C. Brunk, D. Jennex, and S. Arai. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 10:2 (1997/98): 127–52.
* Critical Notice: "Freedom: A Coherence Theory" by Christine Swanton, Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1994: 337–354.
* "The Use and Abuse of Science in Risk Assessment", Medical Physics 13:44 (1993):2-10.
* "Dworkin on Autonomy", Ethics 102 (1991): 129–139.
* "Is a Scientific Assessment of Risk Possible?", Dialogue 30 (1991):235-247. With C. Brunk and B. Lee.
* "Bay, Narveson, and Autonomy", Interchange 19 (1988):69-75.
* "Liberal Neutrality", Dialogue, (1988):711-719.
* "Orwell, The Planning Profession, and Autonomy", Environments 16 (1984): 10–15.
* "Autonomy and Utility", Ethics 95 (1984):5-19.
* "Leisure, Work, and Profession", Leisure Studies 3 (1984):319-334.
* "Work in Post-Consumer Society", Past & Present, (1984):2-3.
* "Haworth on Rights", Past & Present, (December, 1980).
* "Dworkin, Rights and Persons", Canadian Journal of Philosophy, (1979):413-423.
* "Rights, Wrongs, and Animals", Ethics, (1978):95-105.
* "Reply to Guild", Eidos, (1978):113-115.
* "Human Needs in Settlements", Plan Canada, (1975):8-13.
* "The Language of Justice", Southern Journal of Philosophy.
* "Planners, Philosophers and the Good City", Plan Canada 10 (1970):72-82.
* "Dewey's Philosophy of the Corporation", Educational Theory, (Fall, 1970):345-363. Reprinted from Ethics,(1962):120-131.
* "The Good City", Part I, American Institute of Planners, Ohio Valley Chapter Newsletter, (June, 1965):31-40.
* "The Good City", Part II, American Institute of Planners, Ohio Valley Chapter Newsletter, (September, 1965): 16–33.
* "The Standard View of the State: A Critique", Ethics, (1963):266-278.
* "Dewey's Philosophy of the Corporation", Ethics, (1962):266-278.
* "The Experimental Society", Ethics, (1960):27-40.
* "Toward a New Liberalism", Harvard Business Review, (1960):29-34.
* "Do Organizations Act?", Ethics, (1959):59-63.
* "The Free Society", Ethics, (1957):119-126.
* "An Institutional Theory of the City and Planning", American Institute of Planners Journal, (Winter, 1957–58).
* "Common Sense Morality," Ethics, (1955):250-260.
* "Concerning Value Science," Philosophy of Science, (1954):54-61. With J. S. Minas.

* Who's Who in America, 2016, Marquis.
* Canadian Who's Who, 2017, University of Toronto Press.


title: Simon Norfolk

abstract: Simon Norfolk is a Nigerian-born British architectural and landscape photographer. He has produced four photo book monographs of his work. He lives and works in Brighton & Hove. He also lived in Kabul. His work is featured regularly in the National Geographic, the New York Times Magazine and The Guardian Weekend. Norfolk has won the Prix Dialogue de l'Humanite award at Rencontres d'Arles, in 2005, multiple World Press Photo and Sony World Photography Awards, the Foreign Press Club of America Award, European Publishers Award for Photography and an Infinity Prize from the International Center of Photography, in 2004. In 2003 he was shortlisted for the Citibank Prize, and in 2013 he won the Prix Pictet Commission. His works have been collected in museums like the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston and Tate Modern, London.

text:
# Simon Norfolk

**Simon Norfolk** (born 1963) is a Nigerian-born British architectural and landscape photographer. He has produced four photo book monographs of his work. He lives and works in Brighton & Hove. He also lived in Kabul. His work is featured regularly in the *National Geographic*, the *New York Times Magazine* and *The Guardian Weekend*.

Norfolk has won the Prix Dialogue de l'Humanite award at Rencontres d'Arles, in 2005, multiple World Press Photo and Sony World Photography Awards, the Foreign Press Club of America Award, European Publishers Award for Photography and an Infinity Prize from the International Center of Photography, in 2004. In 2003 he was shortlisted for the Citibank Prize (now known as the Deutsche Börse Photography Prize), and in 2013 he won the Prix Pictet Commission. His works have been collected in museums like the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston and Tate Modern, London.

## Early life and education

Norfolk was born in Lagos, Nigeria but was raised in England. Norfolk studied documentary photography at Newport College of Art. He also studied at University of Bristol and Hertord College, in Oxford, earning a degree in Philosophy and Sociology.

## Life and work

He is considered a landscape photographer, who has dedicated himself to document some of the most serious contemporary war zones and refugee crisis, often depicting the aftermath of the conflicts and its results on land and people. The website Widewalls states that "Without the subjectiveness of most photojournalism, these landscapes allow the viewer to draw their own conclusion on the effects war."

He has published four photographic books, being the first, *For Most of It I Have No Words: Genocide, Landscape, Memory* (1998), about the aftermath of several contemporary genocides in countries like Rwanda, Cambodia, Vietnam, Germany, Ukraine, Armenia, and Namibia. Norfolk second book, *Afghanistan: Chronotopia* (2002), is about the conflict on Afghanistan, and *Bleed* (2005), was dedicated to the aftermath of the Bosnian War (1992–1995). He took aim to historical photography with his book *Burke + Norfolk* (2001), dedicated to the work of the Irish photographer John Burke during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, in the 1880s, and his own work inspired by it and related to the contemporary war in the same country. This book was the subject of an exhibition that took place in Tate Modern, in London, with Norfolk being one of the few photographers ever to be given a solo exhibition in that museum.

## Awards

## Exhibitions

### Solo exhibitions

### Group exhibitions

## Publications

* *For Most of It I Have No Words: Genocide, Landscape, Memory.* Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 1998. ISBN 978-1899235667.
* *Afghanistan.* Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 2002. ISBN 978-1899235544.
* *Afghanistan: Chronotopia.*
* *Bleed.* Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 2005. ISBN 978-1904587194.
* *Full Spectrum Dominance.* Self-published, 2009. Edition of 95 copies.
* *Burke + Norfolk: Photographs from the War in Afghanistan by John Burke and Simon Norfolk.* Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 2011. ISBN 978-1907893117. Photographs by Norfolk and John Burke.

## Public collections

Norfolk's work is held in the following public collections:

## InfoBox

| Simon Norfolk | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1963<br>Lagos, Nigeria |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Photography |
| Website | Official website |


title: Ray Houston

abstract: Ray Houston was a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Ray Houston

**Ray Houston** (born 1 June 1933) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Ray Houston | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Ray Houston | | |
| Date of birth | (1933-06-01) 1 June 1933 | | |
| Place of birth | Sydney | | |
| Date of death | 18 September 2018 | | |
| Place of death | Belmont, New South Wales | | |
| Original team(s) | Eastern Suburbs | | |
| Height | 188 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 85 kg (187 lb) | | |
| Position(s) | Ruck / Defence | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1952–55 | St Kilda | 34 (4) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1955. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Charles Alexander McMahon

abstract: Lieutenant-General Charles Alexander McMahon FRS FGS was an Anglo-Irish soldier, geologist, and administrator in British India.

text:
# Charles Alexander McMahon

Lieutenant-General **Charles Alexander McMahon** FRS FGS (23 March 1830 – 21 February 1904) was an Anglo-Irish soldier, geologist, and administrator in British India.

## Early life and family

Born at Highgate, McMahon was the son of Captain Alexander McMahon (born 1791), an officer of the East India Company, originally of Kilrea, County Londonderry, by his wife Aim, a daughter of Major Patrick Mansell, a British army officer. His grandfather, Arthur McMahon, was a Presbyterian minister at Kilrea and a prominent Irish Republican, a leading member of the Society of United Irishmen and one of their colonels during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. He fought at Saintfield and Ballynahinch and fled to France, where he served in Napoleon’s Irish Legion and died fighting on the French side at Waterloo.

In 1881, McMahon’s father was an elderly inmate of the Royal India Asylum at Hanwell.

## Career

After training at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, McMahon was commissioned into the Madras Army and served for eight years in the 39th Regiment, Madras Native Infantry, and for thirty years was a member of the Punjab Commission. He was appointed as Commissioner of Lahore and Hissar in the Punjab Province.

While at Hissar in 1871, McMahon began to work on geology, and in 1877 published his first important paper, in Volume X of the *Records* of the Geological Survey of India, dealing with a group of crystalline rocks. In 1879, while on leave in England, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he enrolled as a student at the Royal School of Mines. Back in India he continued to investigate its geology, contributing twenty-one papers to the *Records*.

In 1885 he retired with the rank of colonel, but received further promotions, to major-general in 1888 and to Lieutenant-General in 1892. Settling in London, he took up petrology, publishing papers which took the total number of his contributions to geology to nearly fifty.

He was president of the Geologists' Association from 1894 to 1896. In 1899 he was awarded the Lyell Medal by the Geological Society of London.

McMahon died in February 1904, aged 73, and an obituary in the *Geological Magazine* described him as an excellent geologist and petrologist and a prominent member of the Geological Society of London, noting that he had had no early scientific training.

He was the father of Henry McMahon (born 1862), who followed his father into a career in India.

## Honours

McMahon was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, and a Fellow of the University of Lahore.


title: Desert View Highlands, California

abstract: Desert View Highlands is a census-designated place (CDP) in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 2,360 at the 2010 census, up from 2,337 at the 2000 census. It is surrounded by the City of Palmdale.

text:
# Desert View Highlands, California

**Desert View Highlands** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 2,360 at the 2010 census, up from 2,337 at the 2000 census. It is surrounded by the City of Palmdale.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 2,175 |  |  |
| 1990 | 2,154 |  | −1.0% |
| 2000 | 2,337 |  | 8.5% |
| 2010 | 2,360 |  | 1.0% |
| 2020 | 2,676 |  | 13.4% |
| sources: | | | |

### 2010

At the 2010 census Desert View Highlands had a population of 2,360. The population density was 5,364.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,071.1/km2). The racial makeup of Desert View Highlands was 1,286 (54.5%) White (33.3% Non-Hispanic White), 182 (7.7%) African American, 29 (1.2%) Native American, 50 (2.1%) Asian, 1 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 669 (28.3%) from other races, and 143 (6.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,253 persons (53.1%).

The census reported that 2,353 people (99.7% of the population) lived in households, 7 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and no one was institutionalized.

There were 678 households, 350 (51.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 342 (50.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 135 (19.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 57 (8.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 55 (8.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 109 households (16.1%) were one person and 37 (5.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.47. There were 534 families (78.8% of households); the average family size was 3.82.

The age distribution was 746 people (31.6%) under the age of 18, 271 people (11.5%) aged 18 to 24, 590 people (25.0%) aged 25 to 44, 548 people (23.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 205 people (8.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 31.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

There were 764 housing units at an average density of 1,736.5 per square mile, of the occupied units 443 (65.3%) were owner-occupied and 235 (34.7%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 10.3%. 1,417 people (60.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 936 people (39.7%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Desert View Highlands had a median household income of $63,717, with 22.1% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

### 2000

At the 2000 census there were 2,337 people, 731 households, and 565 families in the CDP. The population density was 4,950.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,911.4/km2). There were 775 housing units at an average density of 1,641.6 per square mile (633.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 63.12% White, 5.86% Black or African American, 1.50% Native American, 2.23% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 19.77% from other races, and 7.45% from two or more races. 36.80% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 731 households 43.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 19.2% of households were one person and 7.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.66.

The age distribution was 35.1% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.

The median household income was $37,341 and the median family income was $40,263. Males had a median income of $38,413 versus $26,295 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,651. About 9.4% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Government

In the California State Legislature, Desert View Highlands is in the 21st Senate District, represented by Republican Scott Wilk, and in the 36th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Eduardo Garcia.

In the United States House of Representatives, Desert View Highlands is in California's 25th congressional district, represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz.

## InfoBox

| Desert View Highlands, California | |
| --- | --- |
| Census designated place | |
| Location of Desert View Highlands in Los Angeles County, California. | |
| Desert View Highlands, CaliforniaLocation in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 34°35′23″N 118°9′13″W / 34.58972°N 118.15361°W / 34.58972; -118.15361 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Los Angeles |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.44 sq mi (1.14 km2) |
| Land | 0.44 sq mi (1.14 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 2,713 ft (827 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,676 |
| Density | 6,068.03/sq mi (2,342.87/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 93551 |
| Area code | 661 |
| FIPS code | 06-19052 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1733577 |


title: The Sands of Time (Sheldon novel)

abstract: The Sands of Time is a 1988 action novel by author Sidney Sheldon. The novel follows the adventures of four women who are forced to leave their Spanish convent for the outside world of threat, violence and passions; and two men who are pitted against each other in a fight to the death.

text:
# The Sands of Time (Sheldon novel)

***The Sands of Time*** is a 1988 action novel by author Sidney Sheldon. The novel follows the adventures of four women who are forced to leave their Spanish convent for the outside world of threat, violence and passions; and two men who are pitted against each other in a fight to the death.

## Plot

In Pamplona, Spain in 1976, the Basque people are fighting against the Spanish government for their rights to autonomy. ETA leader Jaime Miró, along with friends Ricardo Mellado and Felix Carpio, escape from prison, but at the expense of many civilian lives during a sabotaged bull-running exhibit that was used as a distraction from the police. Following the event, the Prime Minister assigns Colonel Ramón Acoca (head of the anti-ETA group GOE) to hunt down Jaime Miró; Acoca's wife and unborn child were killed in a Basque demonstration assisted by ETA and the Church, so when he suspects Jaime hiding in a convent, he decides to raid it by force despite the implications of it.

The Cistercian Convent of the Strict Observance just outside Ávila, where women of all backgrounds choose to live a life of solitude, worship, and fasting, is run by Reverend Mother Betina. When the GOE raid the convent and proceed to assault and rape the sisters, four sisters manage to escape; the eldest nun, Teresa, is given the task to take the convent's only valuable asset, a cross made of gold, to the nearest convent where it will be safe. The four nuns have different back stories. The latest member of the convent, Sister Lucia, is actually Lucia Carmine, the wealthy daughter of a Mafia Don who went to the convent as a means of escape after she murdered three men involved in her father's arrest, and plans to lie low for a few months before escaping to Switzerland to retrieve her father's offshore money. Sister Graciela is the daughter of a bitter woman who loathes her daughter because she is a reminder of the man who left her, as well as the fact that Graciela "stole" her beauty, and beat her daughter unconscious when she caught her having sex with her current lover; Graciela found peace with God, and voluntarily went to the convent. Sister Megan was abandoned and was never claimed for adoption and opted to join the convent instead of becoming a maid, but longs to know who her real family is. And Sister Teresa was a religious person growing up until her younger, more beautiful sister Monique stole her fiancé, and she went against God until she decided to stay in a convent when her fiancé begged for her forgiveness and said he was coming back for her.

Lucia is determined to make it to the Swiss border without drawing suspicion, and plots to steal the golden cross, pawn it, and use the money to go to Switzerland. They are tricked by a man named Carrillo who poses as a priest, but they manage to subdue him before he rapes Graciela. They change out of their convent clothes to seem inconspicuous while travelling. However, they run into Jaime and his men, along with Jaime's girlfriend Amparo. Afraid that the sisters will give away their location, they decide to take them to their hideout.

Colonel Acoca has figured out that four of the nuns are missing and is convinced that Jaime Miró escaped before the soldiers got there. The Prime Minister doubts that he was there in the first place and believes that Acoca is starting to get out of control, but continues to have the Colonel search for both Miró and the missing nuns, in order to avoid public's suspicion and critics about the brutality and raid to the convent done by his men for no obvious reason. They get a tip from Carrillo, whom they suspect due to the robes left in the store that he was subdued in.

Meanwhile, Sister Teresa, nervous about leaving the convent after years of solitude, has become paranoid of everyone, including the men escorting her to the ETA hideout. She sees a father pushing a baby stroller, and is anxious that is her fiancé and his child with his sister, but she tries to remind herself that the infant is supposed to be an adult by now.

Meanwhile, Ellen Scott, a CEO of Scott Industries, has incurable cancer. She once was a middle-class worker who saved the life of Milo Scott, the younger brother of Byron Scott, the then-CEO of the company. They married and Ellen went to live in New York, where she saw how Byron mistreated Milo and how greedy and manipulative upper-class people were, turning her into a bitter woman whose only consolation was that Byron would eventually give the company to Milo. However, Byron and his wife produced a daughter named Patricia, and Milo and Ellen feared that Byron would name her the heiress of the company. During a business trip to Spain, the private jet they are travelling in crashes, killing everyone except Milo, Ellen, and Patricia. Ellen convinces Milo that if they take Patricia, they will simply raise her before she comes of age and inherits everything and leave them with nothing, and they abandon her at a farm and claim that they are the only survivors. However, during the reading of Byron's will, it is revealed that Byron's personal assets go to Patricia, but Milo will inherit the company, leaving them both guilty over abandoning Patricia, since they cannot claim her now and face suspicions that they attempted to abandon her. Milo dies of guilt a year later, leaving Ellen to inherit it. She hires her chief of security, former detective Alan Tucker, to search for a baby abandoned in Avila, Spain, not telling him why. It is implied that the baby is Sister Megan.

Back in Spain, Colonel Acoca informs his colleagues that the nuns are with Jaime Miró, saying one of Jaime's friends are actually his informants. Sister Teresa is slowly going insane, believing that the terrorists were hired by Raoul to kidnap her and take her back. While everyone is sleeping, she leave the golden cross with Lucia and makes her way to Colonel Acoca's camp, informing them of their location, begging them not to let her go to her former fiancé. They raid the camp, and Jaime agrees to split the group to avoid capture - Ricardo Mellado with Sister Graciela, Rubio Arzano with Sister Lucia, and Jaime Miró, Felix Carpio, and Amparo with Sister Megan. Acoca interrogates Sister Teresa for their location, but her madness has taken over and proves to be of no use, and he has his men rape her until she speaks. She decides that she has been abandoned by God, but evil still exists and steals a pistol to shoot a few of them before she is shot dead.

Meanwhile, Alan Tucker is in Ávila tracking the baby. He visits the priest involved with the orphanage, the hospital, and the orphanage itself and manages to connect that the baby is in fact Patricia Scott, and that Ellen needs to find her as an heiress to the company. He decides to blackmail Ellen, hoping to become her business partner.

Lucia is entertained with Rubio, who believes that she has been in the convent for ten years and does not know what the current state of the world is. She thinks she is falling for him, but is determined to get her money. At the same time, Jaime is reflecting upon his life as a terrorist. His family sought refuge in a Church from the Spaniards, but everyone but him died, and he sought revenge and at the same time did not like the Church, which was why he was reluctant to take the sisters. He and Megan start to become friends, which Amparo is not pleased about. As the group stops at a hotel for the night, the room clerk calls the police, but they manage to escape.

Rubio asks Lucia to say a prayer and shares the only prayer she knows. For the first time in her life, Lucia understands the prayer and what it means to her. While taking a bath in a stream, Lucia almost drowns, and Rubio saves her, and they eventually have sex. Rubio wishes to marry her, and Lucia finds herself wishing she could, but she is still determined to go to Switzerland. They arrive at a town, and Lucia successfully haggles for a passport and money from a pawn shop. While having dinner, Rubio is stabbed when he defends a snide comment someone makes about Lucia. They run to a church, where Lucia tries her best to take care of him, but is forced to go to a hospital to take care of him. They are both arrested because the authorities recognize Rubio as a terrorist and Lucia as a criminal from Italy.

Sister Graciela and Ricardo's trip is quiet as Graciela will not talk to Ricardo despite his best efforts. Although he is exasperated with her cold shoulder, he is reluctantly starting to fall for her. It is not until she is almost attacked by a wild wolf in a cave that she begins to speak to him. She does not want to love him because of her past of falling for another man, but falls for him anyway, and they plan to marry.

Alan Tucker goes to the orphanage to find more information about Megan/Patricia, but comes to a dead end when the owner of the orphanage tells him that the date Megan arrived does not coincide with the date Patricia should have died, and continues the assignment trying to locate Megan. It is revealed that Ellen paid the owner to lie and change the dates.

Amparo is growing angry with Jaime and Megan's relationship. They hide out at a bullfight, where Megan impresses Jaime with her knowledge of the subject. They discover that Rubio and Lucia were arrested, leaving Megan shocked to find out about Lucia's past, as well as Sister Teresa's death. She is also saddened to hear about Sister Teresa's death. Megan grows sympathetic to his ideals even though she believes that violence is wrong. Jaime holds up a bank to get money to continue traveling, and Acoca nearly catches him if it were not for Megan, and he suspects Felix of betraying him. Amparo tells him that one of their friends wants them to meet in the town square, and when he leaves, Megan overhears her calling Acoca, and saves him from getting caught by pretending to be an angry wife looking for her husband. When he confronts Ampara, she tells him that she is sick of the bloodshed and how they are hurting the Basque people as well, and they keep her with the group so as not to escape.

Acoca discovers that Jaime escaped, and tricks him to meeting up in a convent. However, after reuniting with Graciela and Ricardo, he realized that it is a trap and they head to the countryside. Jaime tricks Amparo by forcing her to drink with powder in it, but it is only sleeping pills and they leave while she is asleep. He persuades Megan to wait in France with his aunt until he is done fighting so they can marry, and she talks to Graciela about leaving the convent.

The next morning, they go into a Basque town to find Acoca waiting for them, as he was tipped off by Amparo when she woke up. Surrounded by Basque people, Acoca cannot kill Jaime and leaves, knowing that he will surely be killed by the people who hired him for failing his job. Alan finds Megan, telling her that Ellen has been looking for her. She promises to return to Jaime soon, and Alan realizes that she is Patricia, and Ellen had a hand at hiding the evidence.

During their wedding, Graciela stops and decides to return to the convent. Jaime's men get Rubio and Lucia out of prison by pretending be Acoca's men. Rubio and Lucia are reunited, and Lucia goes to Switzerland to collect thirteen million dollars. Megan knows the truth about her past because of Ellen, but forgives her and is eventually adopted by her. Megan learns how to run the company and inherits it after Ellen dies. Three years later, Jaime has been caught and sentenced to death. She tries to save him with good lawyers and talking to the Prime Minister, but nothing happens. The execution seems to have gone as planned, but when she opens the body bag sent to her, Jaime is in it, still alive, and it is implied that she paid the men responsible for the execution to leave the country and become wealthy men. Lucia and Rubio have settled for a simple life in the French countryside, having twin children. Sister Graciela returns to the convent, where she returns the golden cross and continues life as it was before.

## Characters

* Jaime Miró
* Colonel Ramón Acoca, head of the anti-ETA group GOE, sent to capture Miró.
* Reverend Mother Betina, head of the ancient Cistercian convent.
* Sister Teresa, elderly, disappointed in love and the oldest of the four escaping nuns.
* Sister Lucia, formerly Lucia Carmine, the wealthy daughter of an Italian Mafia boss, now impoverished. Lucia is on the run for murder.
* Sister Megan, an orphan who joined the convent.
* Sister Graciela, left home to become a nun.
* Ricardo Mellado and Felix Carpio, escaped terrorists.
* Byron and Susan Scott, owners of the New York company who have a child, Patricia. Byron is Milo's brother.
* Ellen and Milo Scott, executives of Byron's company.
* Alan Tucker, a former detective and Ellen's Chief of Security sent to search for the lost child, Patricia.

The Sisters

**Sister Teresa** is around 60, having been at the convent for 30 years. Growing up, she was always overshadowed by her stunningly beautiful younger sister Monique. However the rather plain Teresa had a lovely voice, and sang on the radio. A famous theatre director came to see her, but Monique got to him first, and he decided that compared to her sister, Teresa was too ugly to be in his show. This started a rivalry between the two sisters. Teresa fell in love with a young man named Raoul, but he eloped with her sister shortly before the wedding. Heartbroken, Teresa attempted suicide then suffered depression throughout her life. When Raoul sent her a letter stating that Monique left him with their baby and that it was Teresa he wanted all along, she decided to go into the convent because she could not face him.

**Sister Lucia** as Lucía Maria Carmine, daughter of an Italian Mafia boss, lost everything when her father's business crumbled. Unknown to him, Lucia slept with the chief bodyguard and many other men in their town as a teenager. Years later, the bodyguard, Benito, worked with the police to turn in Lucia's father and brothers, who worked in the family "business". In revenge, Lucia pretends to thank the judge (formerly a family friend) for putting away her father, but poisons him. Then, in prison she seduces Benito, right before stabbing him. Now exposed as a murderer, Lucia attempts to flee the country, deciding to go to Switzerland, where a hidden bank account contains her father's hidden fortune. However, on her way through Spain, she decides to hide out at the convent to hide out from the police.

Beautiful and exotic, **Sister Graciela** is the daughter of a woman whose fiancé left when he found out she was pregnant. Graciela's mother, also gorgeous, became a whore, resenting her daughter and sleeping with many different men. When Graciela was 14, she was attracted to her mother's current boyfriend, who was a “Moor.” They were caught having sex by Graciela's mother, who threw an iron ashtray at Graciela's head, injuring her. Convinced that she could not go back home, Graciela chose to join the convent.

**Sister Megan** is a tomboy who was abandoned at a farm as a baby, but then brought to an orphanage because the farmers had no money to take care of her. She developed a love of reading and learned several languages there, daydreaming about who her parents could be. When she reached the age of 15, she decided to join the convent because she loved going to church. She was known as Patricia before the airplane that they are riding crash. Her parents died, but Milo and Ellen together with Patricia, luckily survived. At the moment, Ellen see an opportunity in owning the Scott Industries so they left Patricia at the front door of a farmer in Avila. Later they found out that in the will of Milo's brother, Bryan, (owner of Scott Industry, father of Patricia) is leaving the whole company to his brother and only part of the income goes to Patricia.

## Adaption

The book was adapted as a two-part TV miniseries in 1992. *The Sands of Time* adaption starred James Brolin, Michael Nouri, Roddy McDowell, Deborah Raffin, Amanda Plummer, and Elizabeth Gracen. It was directed by Gary Nelson.

## InfoBox

The Sands of Time
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Sidney Sheldon |
| Language | English |
| Genre | adventure romance |
| Publisher | William Morrow |
| Publication date | 1988 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback) |
| Pages | 412 |
| ISBN | 978-0-446-35683-1 |
| OCLC | 20652560 |
| Preceded by | *Windmills of the Gods* |
| Followed by | *Memories of Midnight* |


title: Carlingwood

abstract: Carlingwood is a neighbourhood in Bay Ward in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The neighbourhood is roughly bounded on the north by Richmond Road, on the east by Sherbourne Road, on the south by Carling Avenue and on the west by Woodroffe Avenue. This area corresponds to census tract 5050032.01, which had a population of 3,558 according to the Canada 2016 Census. The Carlingwood Shopping Centre was built in 1956 at the corner of Carling and Woodroffe. The surrounding neighbourhood would be built later in the decade. Somserset Towers and the Saville Apartments were built in the early 1960s, and Bromley Square was built in the early 1970s. Carlingwood is home to two parks, Westwood and Woodroffe, the latter of which has a play structure, wading pool, and temporary hockey rink. Byron Linear Tramway Park is located nearby. It is also home of Woodroffe Avenue Public School, Our Lady of Fatima School and the Ottawa Public Library Carlingwood Branch. Churches in Carlingwood include Our Lady of Fatima Catholic, Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral Assumption Of The Blessed Virgin, Woodroffe United, St. Martin's Anglican, and Bromley Road Baptist. During the summer, Shouldice Berry Farms operates a stand at the corner of Byron and Woodroffe. Carlingwood is also the home to the soon-to-come Sherbourne station in the Ottawa Confederation Line West Extension, to come in 2025. OC Transpo routes 51, 11, 85, and 87 pass through it or on a nearby major road.

text:
# Carlingwood

**Carlingwood** is a neighbourhood in Bay Ward in the west end of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The neighbourhood is roughly bounded on the north by Richmond Road, on the east by Sherbourne Road, on the south by Carling Avenue and on the west by Woodroffe Avenue. This area corresponds to census tract 5050032.01, which had a population of 3,558 according to the Canada 2016 Census.

The Carlingwood Shopping Centre was built in 1956 at the corner of Carling and Woodroffe. The surrounding neighbourhood would be built later in the decade. Somserset Towers and the Saville Apartments (then known as Saville Terrace) were built in the early 1960s, and Bromley Square was built in the early 1970s.

Carlingwood is home to two parks, Westwood and Woodroffe, the latter of which has a play structure, wading pool, and temporary hockey rink (in winter). Byron Linear Tramway Park is located nearby. It is also home of Woodroffe Avenue Public School, Our Lady of Fatima School and the Ottawa Public Library Carlingwood Branch. Churches in Carlingwood include Our Lady of Fatima Catholic, Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral Assumption Of The Blessed Virgin, Woodroffe United, St. Martin's Anglican, and Bromley Road Baptist. During the summer, Shouldice Berry Farms operates a stand at the corner of Byron and Woodroffe.

Carlingwood is also the home to the soon-to-come Sherbourne station in the Ottawa Confederation Line West Extension, to come in 2025. OC Transpo routes 51, 11, 85, and 87 pass through it or on a nearby major road.

## InfoBox

| Carlingwood | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Westwood Park | |
| Carlingwood | |
| Coordinates: 45°22′34″N 75°46′09″W / 45.37617°N 75.76907°W / 45.37617; -75.76907 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| City | Ottawa |
| Government | |
| MPs | Anita Vandenbeld |
| MPPs | Chandra Pasma |
| Councillors | Theresa Kavanagh |
| Governing body | Carlingwood Community Association |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.779 km2 (0.301 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 70 m (230 ft) |
| Population (Canada 2016 Census) | |
| Total | 3,558 |
| Density | 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | Eastern (EST) |
| Forward sortation area | K2A |
| Website | Carlingwood Community Association |


title: Sophie Kleeberg

abstract: Sophie Kleeberg is a German shot putter.

text:
# Sophie Kleeberg

**Sophie Kleeberg** (born 30 May 1990) is a German shot putter.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Germany | | | | | |
| 2007 | World Youth Championships | Ostrava, Czech Republic | 3rd | Shot put | 14.94 m |
| 2008 | World Junior Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 5th | Shot put | 16.06 m |
| 2009 | European Junior Championships | Novi Sad, Serbia | 3rd | Shot put | 15.95 m |
| 2011 | European Indoor Championships | Paris, France | 6th | Shot put | 17.63 m |
| | European U23 Championships | Ostrava, Czech Republic | 2nd | Shot put | 17.92 m |
| | Universiade | Shenzhen, China | 2nd | Shot put | 17.48 m |
| 2013 | Universiade | Kazan, Russia | 9th | Shot put | 16.90 m |


title: Joseph Salamé

abstract: Joseph Salamé was a Lebanese apostolic administrator of the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia and Archeparch of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo.

text:
# Joseph Salamé

**Joseph Salamé** (25 December 1914 – 29 March 2004) was a Lebanese apostolic administrator of the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia and Archeparch of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo.

## Life

Salamé was born on 25 December 1914 in Antelias, Lebanon, the son of Baz Salamé and Jamilé Salamé. He was ordained as a priest on 10 March 1940. On 15 March 1967, he was appointed Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo and his consecration took place on 14 May 1967 by the hands of the Maronite Catholic Patriarch of Antioch, Paul Peter Meouchi, and his co-consecrators were Elie Farah, Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus and Joseph Khoury, Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre. From 24 September 1967 to 4 August 1977 Salamé was also the apostolic administrator of the Laodicea of the Maronites.

On 9 June 1990, in connection with retirement, Salamé resigned from the government of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo and was succeeded by Pierre Calaos.

On 29 March 2004, Joseph Salamé died at the age of 89.


title: Le Châtelet-en-Brie

abstract: Le Châtelet-en-Brie is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

text:
# Le Châtelet-en-Brie

**Le Châtelet-en-Brie** (French: \[ ʃɑtlɛ ɑ̃ bʁi\] ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 1,208 |  |
| 1975 | 2,193 | +8.89% |
| 1982 | 3,724 | +7.86% |
| 1990 | 3,980 | +0.83% |
| 1999 | 4,532 | +1.45% |
| 2007 | 4,405 | −0.35% |
| 2012 | 4,401 | −0.02% |
| 2017 | 4,454 | +0.24% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

The inhabitants are called *Châtelains* in French.

## InfoBox

| Le Châtelet-en-Brie | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Le Châtelet-en-Brie | |
|  | |
| Location of Le Châtelet-en-Brie | |
| Le Châtelet-en-BrieLe Châtelet-en-Brie | |
| Coordinates: 48°30′19″N 2°47′36″E / 48.5053°N 2.7933°E / 48.5053; 2.7933 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Seine-et-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Melun |
| Canton | Nangis |
| Intercommunality | CC Brie des Rivières et Châteaux |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Patricia Torcol |
| Area**1** | 22.71 km2 (8.77 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 4,258 |
| Density | 190/km2 (490/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 77100 /77820 |
| Elevation | 57–113 m (187–371 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: River Rea

abstract: The River Rea is a small river which passes through Birmingham, England. It is the river on which Birmingham was founded by the Beorma tribe in the 7th century.

text:
# River Rea

The **River Rea** (pronounced "ray") is a small river which passes through Birmingham, England. It is the river on which Birmingham was founded by the Beorma tribe in the 7th century.

## Name

The name of the Rea derives from a root found in many Indo-European languages and means "to run" or "to flow".

## Course

The Rea rises in Waseley Hills Country Park, with the source well signposted from the car park there. The river drops about 70 metres (230 ft) in its first mile, but from then on has a very gentle slope. The river's tributaries include Callow Brook, the Bourne (which begins as Merritts Brook before joining Griffins Brook) and Bourne Brook. From Rubery, the river flows into Birmingham near the former Rover works at Longbridge, then flows through a tunnel under the A38. In Northfield, one of the river's few remaining fords is at The Mill Walk, near Hawkesley Mill Lane. After this, the river valley is also used by the railway to Kings Norton.

Wychall Reservoir, near the river at Kings Norton, was built in the early 19th century by the Worcester Canal Company after mill owners claimed that water was being taken from the river to fill the canal and reducing the working effectiveness of their mills. Following Kings Norton, the river flows through Stirchley. It is now culverted for much of its course through Birmingham, during which it passes through the Pebble Mill area and Cannon Hill Park then Calthorpe Park. A pair of decorative arches on the bridge where Gooch Street crosses the river mark the first settlement of Birmingham. The medieval hamlet of Birmingham was built on a crossing on the Rea in what is now Digbeth. Many of the street names in the area refer to the river or its mills. These include Rea Street, Floodgate Street, River Street and Duddeston Mill Road. There are proposals to include a riverside walk and new bridge over the Rea at Digbeth's Custard Factory media and arts complex (now complete). There are also proposals for the river to be uncovered at the Warwick Bar area of Digbeth.

Near Gravelly Hill Interchange, about 14 miles (23 kilometres) from its source, the Rea merges with the River Tame, with its waters eventually reaching the North Sea via the Trent and the Humber Estuary.

## Flood prevention measures

The Rea frequently bursts its banks after heavy rain. A £2.7 million scheme to reduce the risk of flooding to more than 200 homes and businesses in the south of Selly Park was completed in January 2018.

## Further reading

* Stephens, W B, ed. (1964), "Economic and Social History: Mills", *A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7, the City of Birmingham*, London: Victoria County History, pp. 253–269

## InfoBox

| Rea | |
| --- | --- |
| The River Rea at Belgrave Middleway (Birmingham) | |
| Etymology | "to flow" (Old English) |
| Location | |
| Country | England |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Waseley Hills Country Park, Worcestershire |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Confluence with the Tame |
| coordinates | 52°30′15″N 1°50′37″W / 52.50417°N 1.84361°W / 52.50417; -1.84361 |
| Length | 14 miles (23 km) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Rea → TameTrentHumberNorth Sea |
|  | |


title: 1794 Treason Trials

abstract: The 1794 Treason Trials, arranged by the administration of William Pitt, were intended to cripple the British radical movement of the 1790s. Over thirty radicals were arrested; three were tried for high treason: Thomas Hardy, John Horne Tooke and John Thelwall. In a repudiation of the government's policies, they were acquitted by three separate juries in November 1794 to public rejoicing. The treason trials were an extension of the sedition trials of 1792 and 1793 against parliamentary reformers in both England and Scotland.

text:
# 1794 Treason Trials

The **1794 Treason Trials**, arranged by the administration of William Pitt, were intended to cripple the British radical movement of the 1790s. Over thirty radicals were arrested; three were tried for high treason: Thomas Hardy, John Horne Tooke and John Thelwall. In a repudiation of the government's policies, they were acquitted by three separate juries in November 1794 to public rejoicing. The treason trials were an extension of the sedition trials of 1792 and 1793 against parliamentary reformers in both England and Scotland.

## Historical context

The historical backdrop to the Treason Trials is complex; it involves not only the British parliamentary reform efforts of the 1770s and 1780s but also the French Revolution. In the 1770s and 1780s, there was an effort among liberal-minded Members of Parliament to reform the British electoral system. A disproportionately small number of electors voted for MPs and many seats were bought. Christopher Wyvill and William Pitt the Younger argued for additional seats to be added to the House of Commons and the Duke of Richmond and John Cartwright advocated a more radical reform: "the payment of MPs, an end to corruption and patronage in parliamentary elections, annual parliaments (partly to enable the speedy removal of corrupt MPs) and, preeminently and most controversially, universal manhood suffrage". Both efforts failed and the reform movement appeared moribund in the mid-1780s.

Once the revolution in France began to demonstrate the power of popular agitation, the British reform movement was reinvigorated. Much of the vigorous political debate in the 1790s in Britain was sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke's *Reflections on the Revolution in France* (1790). Surprising his friends and enemies alike, Burke, who had supported the American Revolution, criticized the French Revolution and the British radicals who had welcomed its early stages. While the radicals saw the revolution as analogous to Britain's own Glorious Revolution in 1688, which had restricted the powers of the monarchy, Burke argued that the appropriate historical analogy was the English Civil War (1642–1651) in which Charles I had been executed in 1649. He viewed the French Revolution as the violent overthrow of a legitimate government. In *Reflections* he argues that citizens do not have the right to revolt against their government, because civilizations, including governments, are the result of social and political consensus. If a culture's traditions were challenged, the result would be endless anarchy. There was an immediate response from the British supporters of the French revolution, most notably Mary Wollstonecraft in her *Vindication of the Rights of Men* and Thomas Paine in his *Rights of Man*. In this lively pamphlet war, now referred to as the "Revolution Controversy", British political commentators addressed topics ranging from representative government to human rights to the separation of church and state.

1792 was the "*annus mirabilis* of eighteenth-century radicalism": its most important texts, such as *Rights of Man*, were published and the influence of the radical associations was at its height. In fact, it was as a result of the publication of the *Rights of Man* that such associations began to proliferate. The most significant groups, made up of artisans, merchants and others from the middling and lower sorts, were the Sheffield Society for Constitutional Information, the London Corresponding Society (LCS) and the Society for Constitutional Information (SCI). But it was not until these groups formed an alliance with the more genteel Society of the Friends of the People that the government became concerned. When this sympathy became known, the government issued a royal proclamation against seditious writings on 21 May 1792. In a dramatic increase compared to the rest of the century, there were over 100 prosecutions for sedition in the 1790s alone. The British government, fearing an uprising similar to the French Revolution, took even more drastic steps to quash the radicals. They made an increasing number of political arrests and infiltrated the radical groups; they threatened to "revoke the licences of publicans who continued to host politicized debating societies and to carry reformist literature"; they seized the mail of "suspected dissidents"; and they supported groups that disrupted radical events and attacked radicals in the press. Additionally, the British Government initiated the Aliens Act of 1793 in order to regulate the entrance of immigrants into Great Britain. Essentially, the Aliens Act enforced that aliens be recorded upon arrival and register with the local justice of the peace. Specifically, immigrants were required to give their names, ranks, occupations, and addresses. Overall, the Aliens Act reduced the number of immigrants into Great Britain out of fear that one of them may be an unwanted spy. Radicals saw this period as "the institution of a system of terror, almost as hideous in its features, almost as gigantic in its stature, and infinitely more pernicious in its tendency, than France ever knew".

## Prelude: Trials of Thomas Paine, John Frost and Daniel Isaac Eaton

### Thomas Paine

The administration did not immediately begin to prosecute all of its detractors after the proclamation against seditious writings was issued. Although Paine's publisher, J. S. Jordan, was indicted for sedition for publishing the *Rights of Man* in May 1792, Paine himself was not charged until the royal proclamation was promulgated. Even then, the government did not actively pursue him, apart from spying on him and continuing its propaganda campaign against "Mad Tom". Paine's trial was delayed until December and he fled to France in the intervening months, apparently with the government's blessing, which was more interested in getting rid of such a troublesome citizen than trying him in person. Moreover, afraid that Paine might use his trial as a political platform, the government may not have wanted to prosecute Paine personally.

When the trial took place on 18 December 1792, its outcome was a foregone conclusion. The government, under Pitt's direction, had been lambasting Paine in the papers for months and the trial judge had negotiated the prosecution's arguments with them ahead of time. The radical Thomas Erskine defended Paine by arguing that his pamphlet was part of an honorable English tradition of political philosophy that included the writings of John Milton, John Locke and David Hume; he also pointed out that Paine was responding to the philosophical work of an MP, Burke. The Attorney-General argued that the pamphlet was aimed at readers "whose minds cannot be supposed to be conversant with subjects of this sort" and cited its cheap price as evidence of its lack of serious intent. The prosecution did not even have to rebut Erskine's arguments; the jury informed the judge they had already decided Paine was guilty.

### John Frost

John Frost was a member of the SCI, a former associate of Pitt, an attorney and a friend of Paine's. On 6 November 1792 he got involved in a dispute with a friend over the French revolution in a tavern and was heard to say "Equality, and No King". This dispute was reported by publicans to government informers. When Frost went to Paris later that month, the government declared him an outlaw and encouraged him to stay in France. Frost, challenging the government to act, returned and surrendered himself to the authorities. Suggestions began to float around, from government and radical sources alike, that the government was embarrassed to prosecute Frost because of his former friendship with Pitt. But on 27 May, he was brought to trial for sedition. Erskine defended Frost, arguing that there was no seditious intent to his statement, his client was drunk, he was in a heated argument, and he was in a private space (the tavern). The Attorney-General contended that Frost "was a man whose seditious intent was carried with him wherever he went". The jury convicted him.

### Daniel Isaac Eaton

Daniel Isaac Eaton, the publisher of the popular periodical *Politics for the People*, was arrested on 7 December 1793 for publishing a statement by John Thelwall, a radical lecturer and debater. Thelwall had made a speech that included an anecdote about a tyrannical gamecock named "King Chanticleer" who was beheaded for its despotism and Eaton reprinted it. Eaton was imprisoned for three months before his trial in an effort to bankrupt him and his family. In February 1794, he was brought to trial and defended by John Gurney. Gurney argued that the comment was an indictment of tyranny in general or of Louis XVI, the king of France, and announced his dismay that anyone could think that the author meant George III. "Gurney went so far as to cheekily suggest that it was the Attorney-General who was guilty of seditious libel; by supplying those innuendos he, not Eaton or Thelwall, had represented George III as a tyrant." Everyone laughed uproariously and Eaton was acquitted; the membership of the radical societies rocketed.

## Treason Trials of 1794

The radical societies were briefly enjoying an upsurge in membership and influence. In the summer of 1793 several of them decided to convene in Edinburgh to decide on how to summon "a great Body of the People" to convince Parliament to reform, since it did not seem willing to reform itself. The government viewed this assembly as an attempt to set up an anti-parliament. In Scotland, three leaders of the convention were tried for sedition and sentenced to fourteen years of service in Botany Bay. Such harsh sentences shocked the nation and while initially the societies believed that an insurrection might be necessary to resist such an overbearing government, their rhetoric never materialized into an actual armed rebellion. Plans were made by some of the societies to meet again if the government became more hostile (e.g. if they suspended *habeas corpus*). In 1794, a plan was circulated to convene again, but it never got off the ground. The government, frightened however, arrested six members of the SCI and 13 members of the LCS on suspicion of "treasonable practices" in conspiring to assume "a pretended general convention of the people, in contempt and defiance of the authority of parliament, and on principles subversive of the existing laws and constitution, and directly tending to the introduction of that system of anarchy and confusion which has fatally prevailed in France". Over thirty men were arrested in all. Of the people arrested were Thomas Hardy, secretary of the LCS; the linguist John Horne Tooke; the novelist and dramatist Thomas Holcroft (arrested in October); the Unitarian minister Jeremiah Joyce; writer and lecturer John Thelwall; bookseller and pamphleteer Thomas Spence; and silversmith and, later, historian John Baxter.

After the arrests, the government formed two secret committees to study the papers they had seized from the radicals' houses. After the first committee report, the government introduced a bill in the House of Commons to suspend habeas corpus; thus, those arrested on suspicion of treason could be held without bail or charge until February 1795. In June 1794 the committee issued a second report, asserting that the radical societies had been planning at least to "over-awe" the sovereign and Parliament by the show of "a great Body of the People" if not to overthrow the government and install a French-style republic. They claimed that the societies had attempted to assemble a large armoury for this purpose, but no evidence could be found for it. They were charged with an assortment of crimes, but seditious libel and treason were the most serious.

The government propagated the notion that the radicals had committed a new kind of treason, what they called "modern" or "French" treason. While previous defendants had tried to replace one king with another from another dynasty, these democrats wanted to overthrow the entire monarchical system and remove the king entirely. "Modern French treason, it seemed, was different from, was worse than, old-fashioned English treason." The treason statute, that of the Act of Edward III from 1351, did not apply well to this new kind of treason. The Attorney-General Sir John Scott, who would prosecute Hardy and Horne Tooke, "decided to base the indictment on the charge that the societies had been engaged in a conspiracy to levy war against the king, that they intended to subvert the constitution, to depose the King, and put him to death; and for that purpose, and *'with Force and Arms'*, they conspired to excite insurrection and rebellion" (emphasis in original).

Initially the men were confined to the Tower of London, but they were moved to Newgate prison. Those charged with treason faced the brutal punishment of hanging, drawing and quartering if convicted: each would have been "hanged by the neck, cut down while still alive, disembowelled (and his entrails burned before his face) and then beheaded and quartered". The entire radical movement was also on trial; there were supposedly 800 warrants that were ready to be acted upon when the government won its case.

### Thomas Hardy

Hardy's trial was first; his wife had died while he was in prison, generating support for him among the populace. Thomas Erskine, defending again, argued that the radicals had proposed nothing more than the Duke of Richmond (now an anti-reformer) had in the 1780s and "their plan for a convention of delegates was borrowed from a similar plan advanced by Pitt himself". The government could provide no real evidence of an armed insurrection. The Attorney-General's opening statement lasted nine hours, leading the former Lord Chancellor Lord Thurlow to comment that "there was no treason". Treason must be "clear and obvious"; the great legal theorist Edward Coke had argued that treason was to be determined "not upon conjecturall  \[*sic*\] presumptions, or inferences, or strains of wit, but upon good and sufficient proof". Part of Erskine's effective defence was to dismiss the prosecution's case, as it was based on "strains of wit" or "imagination" (a play on words of the statute itself). He claimed, as he had in the earlier trials, that it was the prosecution that was "imagining the king's death" rather than the defence. His cross-examination of the prosecution's spies also helped demolish their case; he "cross-examined these witnesses in a tone of contemptuous disbelief and managed to discredit much of their evidence". After a nine-day trial, which was exceptionally long for the time, he was acquitted. The foreman of the jury fainted after delivering his verdict of not guilty, and the crowd enthusiastically carried Hardy through the streets of London.

In his speeches, Erskine emphasized that the radical organizations, primarily the London Corresponding Society and the Society for Constitutional Information, were dedicated to a revolution of ideas, not a violent revolution—they embodied the new ideals of the Enlightenment. Erskine was helped in his defence by pamphlets such as William Godwin's *Cursory Strictures on the Charge Delivered by Lord Chief Justice Eyre to the Grand Jury, 2 October 1794*.

### John Horne Tooke

John Horne Tooke's trial followed Hardy's, in which Pitt was forced to testify and admit that he had attended radical meetings himself. Throughout the trial Horne Tooke "combined the affectation of boredom with irreverent wit". One observer noted that when asked by the court if he would be tried "by God and his Country", he "eyed the court for some seconds with an air of significancy few men are so well able to assume, and shaking his head, emphatically answered 'I *would* be tried by God and my country, *but*—!'" After a long trial, he too was acquitted.

Horne Took used to remark later that he owed his life to Godwin’s *Cursory Strictures,* which had been published anonymously in newspapers and pamphlets, leading to legal arguments that took up more than an hour of the first day’s proceedings

All of the other members of the SCI were released after these two trials, as it became obvious to the government that they would not gain any convictions.

### John Thelwall

John Thelwall was tried last; the government felt forced to try him because the loyalist press had argued that his case was particularly strong. While awaiting trial, he wrote and published poetry indicting the entire process. During Thelwall's trial, various members of the London Corresponding Society testified that Thelwall and the others had no concrete plans to overthrow the government, and that details of how reform was to be achieved were an "afterthought". This undermined the prosecution's claims that the society was responsible for fomenting rebellion. Thelwall was also acquitted, after which the rest of the cases were dismissed.

## Trial literature

All of these trials, both those from 1792 and those from 1794, were published as part of an 18th-century genre called "trial literature". Often, multiple versions of famous trials would be published and since the shorthand takers were not always precise, the accounts disagree. Moreover, the accounts were sometimes altered by one side or another. Importantly, those in the courtroom knew that their words would be published. In Scotland, one of the accused ringleaders of the plot said: "What I say this day will not be confined within these walls, but will spread far and wide." Indeed, the government may have resisted trying Paine until he had left the country because of the notorious power of his pen.

## Aftermath

Although all of the defendants of the Treason Trials had been acquitted, the administration and the loyalists assumed they were guilty. Secretary at War William Windham referred to the radicals as "acquitted felon\[s\]" and William Pitt and the Attorney-General called them "morally guilty". There was widespread agreement that they got off because the treason statute was outdated. When, in October 1795, crowds threw refuse at the king and insulted him, demanding a cessation of the war with France and lower bread prices, Parliament passed the "gagging acts" (the Seditious Meetings Act and the Treasonable Practices Act, also known as the "Two Acts"). Under these new laws, it was almost impossible to have a public meeting and speech at such meetings was severely curtailed. As a result of these legislative acts, societies that were not directly involved with the Treason Trials, like the Society of the Friends of the People, disbanded. British "radicalism encountered a severe set-back" during these years, and it was not until a generation later that any real reform could be enacted. The trials, although they were not government victories, served the purpose for which they were intended—all of these men, except Thelwall, withdrew from active radical politics as did many others fearful of governmental retribution. Few took their place.

## Bibliography

* Barrell, John and Jon Mee, eds. "Introduction." *Trials for Treason and Sedition, 1792–1794*. 8 vols. London: Pickering and Chatto, 2006–7. ISBN 9781851967322.
* Barrell, John. *Imagining the King's Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide 1793–1796*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
* Beattie. J. M. *Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
* Butler, Marilyn, ed. "Introductory essay." *Burke, Paine, Godwin, and the Revolution Controversy*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-28656-5.
* Butler, Marilyn. *Romantics, Rebels and Reactionaries*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. ISBN 0-19-289132-4.
* Emsley, Clive. "An Aspect of Pitt's 'Terror': Prosecutions for Sedition during the 1790s." *Social History* (1981): 155084.
* Epstein, James. "'Equality and No King': Sociability and Sedition: the Case of John Frost". *Romantic Sociability: Social Networks and Literary Culture in Britain 1770–1840*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
* Goodwin, Albert. *The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979.
* Green, Thomas Andrew. "The Jury, Seditious Libel, and the Criminal Law." *Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Trial Jury 1200–1800*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
* Hostettler, John. Thomas Erskine and Trial by Jury. 2010. Waterside Press.
* Keen, Paul. *The Crisis of Literature in the 1790s: Print Culture and the Public Sphere*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-65325-8.
* King, Peter. *Crime, Justice and Discretion in England, 1740–1820*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
* Landau, Norma. *Law, Crime and English Society, 1660–1830*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
* Langbein, John. *The Origins of Adversary Criminal Trial*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
* Lobban, Michael. "From Seditious Libel to Unlawful Assembly: Peterloo and the Changing Face of Political Crime c. 1770–1820." *Oxford Journal of Legal Studies* 10 (1990): 307–52.
* Lobban, Michael. "Treason, Sedition and the Radical Movement in the Age of the French Revolution." *Liverpool Law Review* 22 (2000): 205–34.
* Pascoe, Judith. "The Courtroom Theatre of the 1794 Treason Trials." *Romantic Theatricality: Gender, Poetry, and Spectatorship*. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
* Steffen, Lisa. *Defining a British State: Treason and National Identity, 1608–1820*. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
* Thompson, E. P. *The Making of the English Working Class*. New York: Vintage Books, 1966. ISBN 0-394-70322-7.
* Wharam, Alan. *The Treason Trials, 1794*. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1992.


title: Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet of Grace Dieu in the parish of Belton in Leicestershire, England, was a poet best known for his work Bosworth Field.

text:
# Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet

**Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet** (c.1582/3 – April 1627) of Grace Dieu in the parish of Belton in Leicestershire, England, was a poet best known for his work *Bosworth Field* (a poem about the Battle of Bosworth Field).

## Origins

He was born at Grace Dieu, near Thringstone in Leicestershire, the second son of the judge Sir Francis Beaumont (d.1598) by his wife Anne Pierrepont. His younger brother was the dramatist Francis Beaumont.

## Career

John matriculated at Broadgates Hall (later Pembroke College) in the University of Oxford on 4 February 1596/1597, entered as a gentleman commoner. He was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1598 or 1600. The death in 1605 of his elder brother, Sir Henry Beaumont, made John the head of the Beaumont family, and he is thought to have returned to Grace-Dieu to manage the family estates. He was a Roman Catholic and together with his wife was fined for recusancy in 1607, and in 1625 was again in trouble on that account.

He began to write verse early and in 1602, at the age of nineteen, he published anonymously his *Metamorphosis of Tabacco*, written in very smooth couplets, in which he addressed Michael Drayton as his loving friend. After long retirement Beaumont was persuaded by the Duke of Buckingham to return to society. He attended court and on 31 January 1626/1627 was created by the king a Baronet "of Gracedieu, in Belton, County Leicester", in the Baronetage of England.

## Marriage and children

Beaumont lived in Leicestershire for many years as a bachelor, before eventually marrying Elizabeth Fortescue (died after 16 April 1652), daughter of John Fortescue and paternal granddaughter of one of the only two married daughters of Sir Geoffrey Pole and Constance Pakenham. By his wife he had four sons, including:

* Sir John Beaumont, 2nd Baronet (d.1643), eldest son and heir, killed at the Siege of Gloucester. He was considered one of the most athletic men of his time. He published some of his father's poems, and wrote an enthusiastic elegy on him.
* Gervaise Beaumont, who died in childhood. The circumstances of his death are recorded in one of his father's most touching poems.
* Thomas Beaumont, 3rd Baronet

## Death and burial

He died in April 1627 and was buried on 19 April 1627 in Westminster Abbey. He died intestate and his estate was administered on 3 January 1628/1629. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Sir John Beaumont, 2nd Baronet.

## Works

Beaumont's major work is a poem in twelve books, entitled *The Crown of Thornes*, which was greatly admired in manuscript by Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton and others. Though lost for centuries, scholars have established that a long poem in twelve books contained in a manuscript in the British Library was indeed Beaumont's lost major work. In 1629 the 2nd Baronet published a volume of his father's works entitled *Bosworth Field; with a taste of the variety of other Poems left by Sir John Beaumont*. No more tastes were ever vouchsafed, so Beaumont's reputation rests on this the juvenile *Metamorphosis of Tobacco*. Beaumont's favoured medium was the heroic couplet. Bosworth Field, the scene of the battle described in Beaumont's principal poem, lay close to the poet's residence of Grace-Dieu. He always wrote with a remarkable smoothness, which marks him, with Edmund Waller and George Sandys, as one of the pioneers of the classic reformation of English verse.

The poems of Sir John Beaumont were included in Alexander Chalmers's *English Poets*, vol. vi (1810). An edition, with memorial introduction and notes, was included (1869) in Dr AB Grosart's *Fuller Worthies Library*; and the *Metamorphosis of Tobacco* was included in JP Collier's *Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature*, vol. i. (1863).

* Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Beaumont, Sir John". *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 591–592.
* Works by or about Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet at the Internet Archive
* Works by Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)


title: Derek Perera

abstract: Derek Anthony Perera is a Canadian former cricketer of Sri Lankan origin. He has played for Canadian cricket team at the 1997 ICC Trophy. Perera played in a single first-class cricket match for Nondescripts Cricket Club before moving to Canada. He is currently coaching the Canadian U19 cricket team and also assisted the national cricket team to qualify for the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup. In 2016, he was named and recognised as one of the greatest head coaches in the North American region by the ICC.

text:
# Derek Perera

**Derek Anthony Perera** (born 13 October 1977) is a Canadian former cricketer of Sri Lankan origin. He has played for Canadian cricket team at the 1997 ICC Trophy.

Perera played in a single first-class cricket match for Nondescripts Cricket Club before moving to Canada. He is currently coaching the Canadian U19 cricket team and also assisted the national cricket team to qualify for the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup. In 2016, he was named and recognised as one of the greatest head coaches in the North American region by the ICC.

## InfoBox

Derek Perera
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Derek Anthony Perera |
| Born | (1977-10-13) 13 October 1977<br>Brampton, Ontario, Canada |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm off-break |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 1  Runs scored 4  Batting average 4.00  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 4  Catches/stumpings 0/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 26 December 2017 | |


title: Downing Centre

abstract: The Downing Centre is a major heritage-listed former department store and now courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It features state government courts, including the Local Court, the District Court, and a law library known as the Downing Centre Library. The Downing Centre forms part of the Department of Communities and Justice and houses court services and sheriffs offices. The Downing Centre is located in the Sydney central business district, on Liverpool Street, between Elizabeth Street and Castlereagh Street. It sits opposite the south-west corner of Hyde Park and Museum railway station. A subway links the Downing Centre directly to Museum Station from an entrance on Castlereagh Street. Originally called the Mark Foy's Piazza Store, the building was renamed as the Downing Centre in 1991 in honour of Reg Downing, a former NSW Attorney General and Minister for Justice. The building was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# Downing Centre

The **Downing Centre** is a major heritage-listed former department store and now courthouse complex in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It features state government courts, including the Local Court, the District Court, and a law library known as the Downing Centre Library. The Downing Centre forms part of the Department of Communities and Justice and houses court services and sheriffs offices.

The Downing Centre is located in the Sydney central business district, on Liverpool Street, between Elizabeth Street and Castlereagh Street. It sits opposite the south-west corner of Hyde Park and Museum railway station. A subway links the Downing Centre directly to Museum Station from an entrance on Castlereagh Street.

Originally called the **Mark Foy's Piazza Store**, the building was renamed as the **Downing Centre** in 1991 in honour of Reg Downing, a former NSW Attorney General and Minister for Justice. The building was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

Mark Foy was a successful draper who was born and apprenticed in Ireland and arrived in Melbourne in 1858. He probably worked in established firms before going to the goldfields in 1859 and establishing his own shop in Collingwood where he prospered expanding into three shops by 1875 and six by 1880. In 1882, due to failing health, he passed the original store to his eldest son, Francis, withdrew his capital and brought in William Gibson as Francis' partner. He left with his wife for Europe, however, died en route in San Francisco in January 1884. Soon after Francis sold out to Gibson and moved to Sydney to establish a new business under his father's name, which would become the Mark Foy's department store chain.

Francis Foy moved to Sydney from Melbourne after the death of his father in 1884 and leased premises in Oxford Street with his brother Mark Jr. Early in the twentieth century, they bought up the fifteen properties which occupied most of the block bounded by Liverpool, Castlereagh, Elizabeth and Goulburn Streets. The existing buildings on the first three streets were demolished in 1907.

Initially a two-storey building designed by Arthur Anderson of the architectural firm McCredie & Anderson, the Mark Foy's Emporium was built in 1908 in the Australian Interwar Stripped Classical architectural style as a retail emporium for Mark Foy's. It had Sydney's first escalator, the Escalier Hoquart, and first car delivery service. The inspiration for the building, though not its detail, seems to have been Le Bon Marché in Paris (a connection commemorated still by the University of Technology Sydney in its other former Foy building). Many contractors and suppliers were involved in the new store. The distinctive yellow faience brickwork outside was imported from Bermotoff in Yorkshire, the white glazed bricks from Shaw's Rigg in Glasgow.

Mark Foy's became a limited company in 1909 and the brothers Francis and Mark Jr. devoted more time to sport, horse-racing, motoring and, in the case of Mark, the Hydro Majestic Hotel at Medlow Bath. H.V. Foy, another brother, managed the firm after Francis’ full retirement in 1914.

Massive extensions and alterations were made to the store in 1927-1930, designed by Spain Cosh & Epslin Architects, in consultation with Ross & Rowe Architects, creating an eight-storey building. The display windows around the piazza and the upper-level ballroom were celebrated features of the renovated store. The design was originally planned to cover the whole block: a planned extension to the south to create a Goulburn Street frontage was not fully achieved before the Great Depression of the 1930s prevented further building, except for the Castlereagh Street entrance, associated with the Museum railway station.

In 1968 the Foy company was taken over by McDowell's, who were in turn absorbed by Waltons in 1972, but the store retained its name until Grace Bros leased it from the AMP in 1980 and closed the store in 1983. Already in the 1970s courts of justice had begun to use the upper floors and in 1983 a government committee recommended a multi-court complex, with 16 new court-rooms in the Foy building. The new complex, named after Reg Downing, a former state Attorney-General and Minister of Justice, was opened by the Premier, Nick Greiner, in 1991.

## Modifications and dates

* 1916-1924 - Spain, Cosh & Dods various works - removing and relocating lift and escalators, changes to doors, shop windows and frontage (builders Stuart Brothers)
* 1924 - Ross & Rowe plans for multi-storey extension and additions (approved by SCC 1927, implemented in stages over time) - stripping out the interior with new structure consisting of four storeys and a roof terrace. Original portion formed the base and external character maintained and carried through to new levels (engineer AM McDonald, octagonal concrete columns with splayed 'mushroom' heads and flat plate reinforced concrete floors). Over time, store diminished in size/footprint, letting out floors to tenants to cover costs.
* 1960s - Changes to Piazza and replacement of building parts with 'modern' elements. Vinyl tiles placed over travertine floor of main entry. Mail well with famous chandelier closed up to enable the First Floor to be used and separately leased. The chandelier was used in a Brisbane complex and has now been relocated (back) over a new stair in the building.
* 1966 - Level 6 (roof terrace) additions for offices (State Planning Authority). Additions resulted in altered parapet and replacement of terracotta decoration with concrete beams.
* 1968 - Foy Co. overtaken by McDowells, then Waltons (1972). The store retained its name until 1980 when taken over by Grace Brothers.
* 1970s - Courts of justice occupied upper floors from the 1970s. Other than the structure, only a few internal elements remained at this time.
* 1983 - Retail function finally closed. The whole building had been owned by AMP Society for some years, with floors leased to various organisations and government departments, such as the Housing Commission through the 1970s and early 1980s. Government committee recommended that a multi-court complex, with 16 new courtrooms be accommodated in the Foy building. In 1981 the south wall was bricked up as a temporary measure with plans for the new complex following in 1985. Former Mark Foy's building adapted for use as courts.
* 1991 - Court complex opened and continues to operate as part of the District Court network. Significant Interwar additions and alterations to interior and exterior.
* 1993 - DA submitted to construct new 21 level court complex with two levels of judges' parking, ground and 18 levels over (John Maddison Tower, to the south), completed in 1994.

## Description

The former Mark Foys building occupies most of the block bounded by Elizabeth, Liverpool and Castlereagh Streets. It displays an eclectic mix of styles from the early years of the 20th century. The arrangement of shopfronts and windows is reminiscent of similar buildings in Chicago, while the truncated pyramid roofs at corners and steeply gabled pediments recall French Second Empire design. The building has a sandstone base, with a broad terrazzo piazza at the northern end, under a large awning. Similar awnings, with pressed metal soffits, extend along Elizabeth and Castlereagh Streets, with large metal-framed show windows beneath. The facade above the awning is of white glazed brick decorated with yellow faience and has large bronze framed windows. Integral mosaic tiled signs along the Elizabeth Street and Castlreagh Street facades advertise products once Lo sold in the store. The roofscape is dominated by the corner towers, clad in green tiles, and gabled parapet. Internally, notable features are the mosaic tiled and terrazzo floors, decorative plaster ceilings and column capitals, and the glass chandelier above the circular stair. The interior of the building now contains several courtrooms as well as facilities for witnesses, juries and people in custody. A new Jury Assembly area on the lower ground was opened in 2015.

## Significance

The former Mark Foys building is historically significant through its associations with the Foy family and the development of retailing in Australia. Its location is a physical reminder of the former retail core of the City which extended to Railway Square, and included the Anthony Hordern store (now demolished) and the Marcus Clarke stores. The store was a focus of City life for over half a century. The building is also associated with prominent architects of its time, McCredie & Anderson and H. E. Ross & Rowe. The former Mark Foys building is aesthetically significant as a high point of department store architecture in Australia for its time. It contains many fine examples of design and craftsmanship, including the moulded terracotta external elements, mosaic tiled and terrazzo floors, gilded brass surrounds to show windows, decorative plaster ceilings and wrought iron balustrading. The use of white glazed brick and yellow/orange glazed terracotta is a rare example of the extensive use of these early 20th-century building materials, and the unusual and distinctive facade and piazza continue to be a landmark in Sydney. The building is a strong element in the streetscape at the corner of Hyde Park. The building also has technical significance as an early and technically innovative reinforced concrete flat plate structure, as well as representing an early instance of facade retention and sympathetic additions.

## In media

The exterior served as the fictional "Goode's" department store in the 2018 *Ladies in Black (film)*.

### Attribution

## InfoBox

| Downing Centre | |
| --- | --- |
| Downing Centre, Sydney, as view from Hyde Park. | |
| Location in Greater Sydney | |
| Former names | Mark Foy's Piazza Store |
| Etymology | Reg Downing, Attorney General and Minister for Justice |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type |  |
| Architectural style | Interwar Stripped Classical |
| Location | 302 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, New South Wales |
| Country | Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°52′39″S 151°12′33″E / 33.8774°S 151.2091°E / -33.8774; 151.2091 |
| Construction started | 1901 |
| Opened | 1908 |
| Renovated | 1924<br>1985 |
| Client | Mark Foy's |
| Owner | Government of New South Wales |
| Landlord | Department of Communities and Justice |
| Technical details | |
| Material | Brick, iron |
| Floor count | 8 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Arthur Anderson |
| Architecture firm | McCredie & Anderson |
| Main contractor | Douzans Bros |
| Renovating team | |
| Architect(s) |  |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Sydney Downing Centre |
| Type | Built |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 000393 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Carlingwark Loch

abstract: Carlingwark Loch is a small freshwater loch in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland lying just south of Castle Douglas and is roughly rectangular in shape, trending nearly north and south. The name of the loch comes from the Scots Gaelic word Caer meaning fort and wark the old Scots language word for work. There are four artificial islets in the loch showing evidence of fortification and settlement, Ash Island is thought to be a crannog. Several archaeological finds have been retrieved from the loch including a bronze cauldron, sword and pan and two dugout canoes. Carlingwark Lane is a 1.5 mile canal which opened between the loch and the River Dee, 1.5 miles away in 1765. It remained in use until its abandonment in about 1840, allowing flat-bottomed boats to transport shell-marl to farms along the route. There is a 5.25 km (3.26 mi) footpath around the loch and it is popular for bird watching and fishing. As of 5 March 2012 the loch and the land around it has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest on account of its varied birdlife and grassland. In 1903 the loch was surveyed by E.R. Watson and later charted as part of The Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897–1909. In 2009 an aerating fountain was installed at a cost of £10,000 to try to prevent the build-up of blue-green algae. The funding was provided by South West Scotland Environmental Action Trust. The installation of the fountain was part of a wider development of Carlingwark Outdoor Activity Centre by Dumfries and Galloway Council. However, further research showed that, owing to the relatively shallow depth of the loch, the fountain is ineffective and its use was discontinued. Barley straw, added twice a year, has been used very successfully up to 2019 to reduce the blue-green algae levels.

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# Carlingwark Loch

**Carlingwark Loch** is a small freshwater loch in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland lying just south of Castle Douglas and is roughly rectangular in shape, trending nearly north and south. The name of the loch comes from the Scots Gaelic word **Caer** meaning fort and **wark** the old Scots language word for work. There are four artificial islets in the loch showing evidence of fortification and settlement, Ash Island is thought to be a crannog. Several archaeological finds have been retrieved from the loch including a bronze cauldron, sword and pan and two dugout canoes.

**Carlingwark Lane** is a 1.5 mile canal which opened between the loch and the River Dee, 1.5 miles away in 1765. It remained in use until its abandonment in about 1840, allowing flat-bottomed boats to transport shell-marl to farms along the route.

There is a 5.25 km (3.26 mi) footpath around the loch and it is popular for bird watching and fishing. As of 5 March 2012 the loch and the land around it has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest on account of its varied birdlife and grassland.

In 1903 the loch was surveyed by E.R. Watson and later charted as part of The Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897–1909.

In 2009 an aerating fountain was installed at a cost of £10,000 to try to prevent the build-up of blue-green algae. The funding was provided by South West Scotland Environmental Action Trust. The installation of the fountain was part of a wider development of Carlingwark Outdoor Activity Centre by Dumfries and Galloway Council. However, further research showed that, owing to the relatively shallow depth of the loch, the fountain is ineffective and its use was discontinued. Barley straw, added twice a year, has been used very successfully up to 2019 to reduce the blue-green algae levels.

## InfoBox

| Carlingwark Loch | |
| --- | --- |
| Carlingwark Loch - geograph.org.uk - 1180333 | |
| Carlingwark Loch | |
| Coordinates | 54°55′48″N 3°56′1″W / 54.93000°N 3.93361°W / 54.93000; -3.93361 |
| Type | freshwater loch |
| Primary inflows | Gelston burn |
| Primary outflows | Carlingwark Lane |
| Catchment area | 13.05 km2 (5.04 sq mi) |
| Basin countries | Scotland |
|  | |
| Max. length | 0.7 mi (1.1 km) |
| Max. width | 0.33 mi (0.53 km) |
| Average depth | 7 ft (2.1 m) |
| Max. depth | 17 ft (5.2 m) |
| Water volume | 3,100,000 cu ft (88,000 m3) |
| Surface elevation | 143 ft (44 m) |


title: Sonoma isabellae

abstract: Sonoma isabellae is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

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# Sonoma isabellae

***Sonoma isabellae*** is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Sonoma isabellae* | |
| --- | --- |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Sonoma* |
| Species: | ***S. isabellae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sonoma isabellae***<br>(LeConte, 1851) | |
|


title: Joseph Said Pullicino

abstract: Joseph Said Pullicino was the chief justice of Malta from 1995 to 2002. On 12 December 2005 he was by unanimous resolution of the House of Representatives appointed Parliamentary Commissioner for the Administrative Investigations known as the Ombudsman. On the 11th of March 2011, again by unanimous resolution, he was reconfirmed for his term as Ombudsman.

text:
# Joseph Said Pullicino

**Joseph Said Pullicino** was the chief justice of Malta from 1995 to 2002. On 12 December 2005 he was by unanimous resolution of the House of Representatives appointed Parliamentary Commissioner for the Administrative Investigations known as the Ombudsman. On the 11th of March 2011, again by unanimous resolution, he was reconfirmed for his term as Ombudsman.

## InfoBox

| Joseph Said Pullicino | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Chief Justice of Malta | |
| **In office**<br>1995–2002 | |
| Prime Minister | Eddie Fenech Adami, Alfred Sant |
| Preceded by | Giuseppe Mifsud Bonnici |
| Succeeded by | Noel Arrigo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Malta |
|  | |