title: Shi Shi (emperor)

abstract: Shi Shi was briefly the emperor of the Jie-led Later Zhao dynasty of China following his father Shi Hu's death in 349. In the Chinese annals, he is sometimes referred to by his title after removal as an Emperor, Prince of Qiao (譙王). Shi Shi was Shi Hu's youngest son, by his third empress Empress Liu, the daughter of Han Zhao's last emperor Liu Yao. In 348, after Shi Hu had executed his second crown prince Shi Xuan (石宣) for having assassinated his brother Shi Tao (石韜), he considered whom to make crown prince, and although Shi Shi was the youngest, Shi Hu's official Zhang Chai was able to convince him that he needed to create a crown prince whose mother did not come from low birth. Empress Liu and Zhang then planned to control the government after Shi Hu's death. As Shi Hu neared death in summer 349, although Shi Hu had initially intended that his sons and Shi Shi's older brothers Shi Zun, the Prince of Pengcheng, and Shi Bin (石斌), the Prince of Yan, serve as co-regents, Empress Liu and Zhang managed to forge edicts ordering Shi Zun to go to Guanzhong and execute Shi Bin. After Shi Hu's death, Shi Shi succeeded to the throne. Empress Dowager Liu became regent, and she shared power with Zhang. Unhappy with this development, Shi Zun, with a number of generals supporting him, advanced on the capital Yecheng, killing Zhang and detaining Empress Dowager Liu and Shi Shi. He then forged an edict by Empress Dowager Liu deposing Shi Shi and giving himself the throne. He reduced Shi Shi to a Prince of Qiao, and Empress Dowager Liu to a Princess Dowager of Qiao, but then executed them. Shi Shi was just 10 when he died.

text:
# Shi Shi (emperor)

**Shi Shi** (Chinese: 石世; 339–349) was briefly (for 33 days) the emperor of the Jie-led Later Zhao dynasty of China following his father Shi Hu's death in 349. In the Chinese annals, he is sometimes referred to by his title after removal as an Emperor, **Prince of Qiao** (譙王).

Shi Shi was Shi Hu's youngest son, by his third empress Empress Liu, the daughter of Han Zhao's last emperor Liu Yao. In 348, after Shi Hu had executed his second crown prince Shi Xuan (石宣) for having assassinated his brother Shi Tao (石韜), he considered whom to make crown prince, and although Shi Shi was the youngest, Shi Hu's official Zhang Chai was able to convince him that he needed to create a crown prince whose mother did not come from low birth. Empress Liu and Zhang then planned to control the government after Shi Hu's death.

As Shi Hu neared death in summer 349, although Shi Hu had initially intended that his sons and Shi Shi's older brothers Shi Zun, the Prince of Pengcheng, and Shi Bin (石斌), the Prince of Yan, serve as co-regents, Empress Liu and Zhang managed to forge edicts ordering Shi Zun to go to Guanzhong and execute Shi Bin. After Shi Hu's death, Shi Shi succeeded to the throne. Empress Dowager Liu became regent, and she shared power with Zhang. Unhappy with this development, Shi Zun, with a number of generals supporting him, advanced on the capital Yecheng, killing Zhang and detaining Empress Dowager Liu and Shi Shi. He then forged an edict by Empress Dowager Liu deposing Shi Shi and giving himself the throne. He reduced Shi Shi to a Prince of Qiao, and Empress Dowager Liu to a Princess Dowager of Qiao, but then executed them. Shi Shi was just 10 when he died.

## Personal information

## InfoBox

| Shi Shi<br>石世 | |
| --- | --- |
| Emperor of Later Zhao | |
| Reign | 349 |
| Predecessor | Shi Hu |
| Successor | Shi Zun |
|  | |
| Born | 339 |
| Died | 349 |
| Names  Shi Shi (石世)  Era name and dates  Tàiníng (太寧): 349 | |
| House | Shi |
| Dynasty | Later Zhao |
| Father | Shi Hu |


title: Eupithecia emendata

abstract: Eupithecia emendata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by András Mátyás Vojnits in 1983. It is found in Nepal.

text:
# Eupithecia emendata

***Eupithecia emendata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by András Mátyás Vojnits in 1983. It is found in Nepal.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia emendata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. emendata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia emendata***<br>Vojnits, 1983 | |
|


title: The Kissing Bandit

abstract: The Kissing Bandit may refer to:

text:
# The Kissing Bandit

**The Kissing Bandit** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

## People

* Adriano Belli (born 1977), defensive tackle in the Canadian Football League nicknamed "The Kissing Bandit" for his penchant for kissing people on the cheek
* Richard Dawson (1932–2012), actor and game show host nicknamed "The Kissing Bandit" for kissing female contestants while hosting *Family Feud*
* Morganna (born 1947), buxom entertainer nicknamed "The Kissing Bandit" for running onto baseball fields and kissing select baseball players throughout the 1970s and 1980s
* Edna Murray (1898–1966), criminal who got the nickname "Kissing Bandit" after kissing her victim during a robbery
* Peeter Pedaja (1931-1985), adventurer and sculptor, known as "The Real Life Kissing Bandit" in Australia after hijacking a motorcycle and committing armed robbery with a water pistol, then claiming to have been inspired by the Frank Sinatra film *The Kissing Bandit*.
* Valentine Phantom, nicknamed "The Kissing Bandit" for decorating the business district of Boulder, Colorado, United States, with red hearts on Valentine's Day


title: Davit Gvaramadze

abstract: Davit Gvaramadze is a retired Georgian footballer.

text:
# Davit Gvaramadze

**Davit Gvaramadze** (born 8 November 1975 in Tbilisi) is a retired Georgian footballer.

## Career

Gvaramadze started his career at Dinamo Tbilisi. During spells at Torpedo Kutaisi, he competed with former international footballer Irakli Zoidze. Later he re-joined Zoidze in Dinamo Tbilisi.

### International career

Gvaramadze made his debut on 8 February 1998, a friendly match. He became a regular during UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying, played 6 matches. He also played 6 matches in 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA). In October 2002, he was withdrew from Georgia squad due to family reason, Since that match, he lost the regular place to Giorgi Lomaia. He played his farewell games in 2004 Cyprus Tournament.

## InfoBox

Davit Gvaramadze
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Davit Gvaramadze | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-11-08) 8 November 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Tbilisi, Soviet Union | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991–1994 | Dinamo Tbilisi | 15 | (0) |
| 1995 | Kakheti Telavi | 14 | (0) |
| 1995–1996 | Iberia Khashuri | 30 | (0) |
| 1996–1997 | Dinamo Batumi | 6 | (0) |
| 1997–1998 | WIT Georgia | 11 | (0) |
| 1998 | Skonto | 6 | (0) |
| 1998–1999 | Dinamo Tbilisi | 25 | (0) |
| 1999–2000 | Krylia Sovetov Samara | 20 | (0) |
| 2000–2001 | Torpedo Kutaisi | 19 | (0) |
| 2002–2004 | Dinamo Tbilisi | 34 | (0) |
| 2004–2008 | Lokomotivi Tbilisi |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1998–2002, 2004 | Georgia | 28 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Lake Colorado City State Park

abstract: Lake Colorado City State Park is a 500-acre state park southwest of Colorado City in Mitchell County, Texas, United States and is administered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD). Lake Colorado City State Park is located on Lake Colorado City, a reservoir on Morgan Creek, a tributary of the Colorado River. The park opened in 1972.

text:
# Lake Colorado City State Park

**Lake Colorado City State Park** is a 500-acre state park southwest of Colorado City in Mitchell County, Texas, United States and is administered by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD). Lake Colorado City State Park is located on Lake Colorado City, a reservoir on Morgan Creek, a tributary of the Colorado River. The park opened in 1972.

## History

Lake Colorado City was developed in 1949 by damming Morgan Creek. A power station being built needed the reservoir water to cool its generators. TPWD leased the land for the park for 99 years in 1971 from the utility company. Between 2012 and 2014, the park averaged 7,643 visits per year. That number jumped to an average of 27,817 between 2019 and 2021, the peak years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas.

## Nature

Lake Colorado City State Park lies in the Rolling Plains ecoregion of Texas and originally consisted mostly of grassland. Mesquite has since taken over as the dominant plant. TPWD periodically carries out a controlled burn to eliminate the mesquite and return the land to open prairie.

### Flora

The most common plants in the park are prickly pear and mesquite. Many types of wildflowers make an appearance in the spring.

### Animals

Mammals in the park include porcupine, gray fox, coyote, bobcat, white-tail deer, raccoon, badger and skunk. Reptiles found in the park are Texas horned lizard, Texas spiny lizard, six-lined racerunner and western diamondback rattlesnake.

More than 300 bird species have been sighted in the park. Northern mockingbird, cactus wren, mourning dove, house finch, canyon towhee, northern bobwhite, scaled quail, golden-fronted woodpecker ladder-backed woodpecker, and curve-billed thrasher can be seen in the park year-round. American coot and pied-billed grebe nest near the lake in winter.

## Recreation

Activities at the park include fishing, swimming, paddleboarding, kayaking, camping, picnicking, hiking and geocaching.

## InfoBox

| Lake Colorado City State Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Along the Cactus Cut Trail | |
|  | |
| Location | Mitchell County, Texas |
| Nearest city | Colorado City |
| Coordinates | 32°19′6″N 100°56′11″W / 32.31833°N 100.93639°W / 32.31833; -100.93639 |
| Area | 500 acres (200 ha) |
| Established | 1972 |
| Visitors | 21,414 (in 2022) |
| Governing body | Texas Parks and Wildlife Department |


title: Calomeria amaranthoides

abstract: Calomeria amaranthoides, the incense plant, is a plant species which is native to New South Wales and Victoria in Australia.

text:
# Calomeria amaranthoides

***Calomeria amaranthoides***, the **incense plant**, is a plant species which is native to New South Wales and Victoria in Australia.

## Description

*Calomeria amaranthoides* is a tall, fragrant biennial herb, growing to 3.5 metres in height. It has sticky stems and leaves which are green above and whitish beneath and are up to 15 cm long and 5 cm wide. Its flowers appear in large brown to red plumes in the summer (January to April in its native range).

## InfoBox

| *Calomeria amaranthoides* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Calomeria* |
| Species: | ***C. amaranthoides*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calomeria amaranthoides***<br>Vent. | |
|


title: Red eel

abstract: The red eel is an eel in the family Myrocongridae. It was described by Albert Günther in 1870. It is a tropical, marine eel known from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including St. Helena, Dakar, Senegal, and possibly São Tomé and Principe. Males are known to reach a maximum total length of 53.8 cm. These eel are classified as teleost fish, meaning they belong to a group of fish that comprises ray-finned fish. These fins aid the eel in gliding through the water faster or crawling on the ocean floor.

text:
# Red eel

The **red eel** (***Myroconger compressus***) is an eel in the family Myrocongridae (thin eels). It was described by Albert Günther in 1870. It is a tropical, marine eel known from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including St. Helena, Dakar, Senegal, and possibly São Tomé and Principe. Males are known to reach a maximum total length of 53.8 cm. These eel are classified as teleost fish, meaning they belong to a group of fish that comprises ray-finned fish. These fins aid the eel in gliding through the water faster or crawling on the ocean floor.

## InfoBox

| Red eel | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Anguilliformes |
| Family: | Myrocongridae |
| Genus: | *Myroconger* |
| Species: | ***M. compressus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Myroconger compressus***<br>Günther, 1870 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Mycroconger compressus* Günther, 1870 (misspelling) | |


title: Resistance (psychoanalysis)

abstract: In psychoanalysis, resistance is the individual's efforts to prevent repressed drives, feelings or thoughts from being integrated into conscious awareness. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalytic theory, developed the concept of resistance as he worked with patients who suddenly developed uncooperative behaviors during the analytic session. Freud reasoned that an individual that is suffering from a psychological affliction, which in psychoanalytic theory is derived from the presence of repressed illicit impulses or thoughts, may engage in efforts to impede attempts to confront such unconscious impulses or thoughts.

text:
# Resistance (psychoanalysis)

In psychoanalysis, **resistance** is the individual's efforts to prevent repressed drives, feelings or thoughts from being integrated into conscious awareness.

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalytic theory, developed the concept of resistance as he worked with patients who suddenly developed uncooperative behaviors during the analytic session. Freud reasoned that an individual that is suffering from a psychological affliction, which in psychoanalytic theory is derived from the presence of repressed illicit impulses or thoughts, may engage in efforts to impede attempts to confront such unconscious impulses or thoughts.

## Resistance and the Unconscious

In an early exposition of his new technique, Freud wrote that there is "another point of view which you may take up in order to understand the psychoanalytic method. The discovery of the unconscious and the introduction of it into consciousness is performed in the face of a continuous resistance on the part of the patient. The process of bringing this unconscious material to light is associated with pain, and because of this pain the patient again and again rejects it". He went on to add that "It is for you then to interpose in this conflict in the patient's mental life. If you succeed in persuading him to accept, by virtue of a better understanding, something that up to now, in consequence of this automatic regulation by pain, he has rejected (repressed), you will then have accomplished something towards his education ... Psychoanalytic treatment may in general be conceived of as such a re-education in overcoming internal resistances".

### Primary/secondary gains from illness in resistance

Although the term resistance as it is known today in psychotherapy is largely associated with Sigmund Freud, the idea that some patients "cling to their disease" was a popular one in medicine in the nineteenth century, and referred to patients whose maladies were presumed to persist due to the secondary gains of social, physical, and financial benefits associated with illness. While Freud was trained in what is known as the (secondary) gain from illness that follows a neurosis, he was more interested in the unconscious processes through which he could explain the primary gains that patients derive from their psychiatric symptoms.

The model he devised suggests that the symptoms represent an unconscious tradeoff in exchange for the sufferer being spared other, experientially worse, psychological displeasures, by way of what Freud called a compromise formation; "settling the conflict by constructing a symptom is the most convenient way out and the one most agreeable to the pleasure principle".

### Resistance as the product of conflicting agencies

To Freud, the primary gains that stood behind the patient's resistance were the result of an intrapsychic compromise, reached between two or more conflicting agencies: "psychoanalysis ... maintains that the isolation and unconsciousness of this \[one\] group of ideas have been caused by an active opposition on the part of other groups". Freud called the one psychic agency the "repressing" consciousness, and the other agency, the unconscious, he eventually referred to as the "id".

The compromise the two competing parties strive for is to achieve maximum drive satisfaction with minimum resultant pain (negative reactions from within and without). Freud theorized that psychopathology was due to unsuccessful compromises – "We have long observed that every neurosis has the result, and therefore probably the purpose, of forcing the patient out of real life, of alienating him from actuality" – as opposed to "successful defense" which resulted in "apparent health".

Key players in the *Kompromisslösung* theory of symptom production, at the core of Freud's theory of resistance, were: repression (often used interchangeably with the term anticathexis), defense, displeasure, anxiety, danger, compromise, and symptom. As Freud wrote, "The action undertaken to protect repression is observable in analytic treatment as resistance. Resistance presupposes the existence of what I have called anticathexis."

## Forms of resistance

In 1926, Freud was to alter his view of anxiety, with implications for his view of resistance. "Whereas the old view made it natural to suppose that anxiety arose from the libido belonging to the repressed instinctual impulses, the new one, on the contrary, made the ego the source of anxiety".

Freud still understood resistance to be intimately bound up with the fact of transference: "It may thus be said that the theory of psycho-analysis is an attempt to account for two observed facts that strike one conspicuously and unexpectedly whenever an attempt is made to trace the symptoms of a neurotic back to their source in his past life: the facts of transference and resistance. Any line of investigation, no matter what its direction, which recognizes these two facts and takes them as the starting-point of its work may call itself psychoanalysis, though it arrives at results other than my own". Indeed, to this day most major schools of psychotherapeutic thought continue to at least recognize, if not "take as the starting-point", the two phenomena of transference and resistance.

Nevertheless his new conceptualisation of the role of anxiety caused him to reframe the phenomena of resistance, to embrace how "The analyst has to combat no less than five kinds of resistance, emanating from three directions  the ego, the id and the superego". He considered the ego to be the source of three types of resistance: repression, transference and gain from illness, i.e., secondary gain. Freud defined a fourth variety, Id resistance, arising from the *id*, as resistance that requires "working-through" the product of the repetition compulsion. A fifth, coming from the *superego* and the last to be discovered, "... seems to originate from the sense of guilt or the need for punishment"  i.e., self-sabotage.

All these serve the explicit purpose of defending the ego against feelings of discomfort, for, as Freud wrote: "It is hard for the ego to direct its attention to perceptions and ideas which it has up till now made a rule of avoiding, or to acknowledge as belonging to itself impulses that are the complete opposite of those which it knows as its own."

### Repression

Repression is the form of resistance where the ego pushes offensive memories, ideas, and impulses down into the unconscious. Essentially, the patient is unconsciously hiding memories from the conscious mind.

### Transference

Typically unconscious, transference is when the patient allows past experiences to affect present relationships. In therapy, this may come about if the therapist reminds the patient, either consciously or unconsciously, of someone in their past who may have had an early impact on their life. Subsequently, the patient may suddenly tend to regard the therapist in either a positive or negative manner, depending upon the nature of the past influence.

### Ego-resistance

This form of resistance is a neurotic regression to a proposed state of childlike safety. Usually, it involves the patient's attempts to gain attention and sympathy by emphasizing minor medical symptoms (i.e. headaches, nausea, and depression).

### Id resistance

**Id resistance** is the opposition put up by the unconscious id against any change in its accustomed patterns of gratification. Id resistance reflects the unconscious desire for consistency in a manner that is based upon the pleasure principle. Since the id is an innate portion of human instinct, interpretation of the conscious is an insufficient method, thus the psychoanalyst must first be able to surmount resistances by the means of deduction of patients' unconscious defenses that are presented through exploitation of the mechanism of transference.

#### Freud's analysis

As Freud's clinical practice progressed, he noticed how, even when his patients' conscious minds had accepted the existence of, and begun working through their neurotic patterns, they still had to deal with what he called Id resistance: "the *resistance of the unconscious*...the power of the compulsion to repeat – the attraction exerted by the unconscious prototypes upon the repressed instinctual process".

#### Later developments

W. R. D. Fairbairn saw id resistance in terms of early attachment to an internalised bad object, so that the individual remained bound by ties of yearning towards, and anger at rejection by, the repudiating parent of childhood.

Id resistance manifests itself in group therapy in three main psychosexual forms: oral-level id resistance might take the form of an obsequious dependence on the therapist's words, or alternatively express hostility in cutting, biting remarks; anal hostility can be displayed in dumping material indiscriminately on the therapist; and phallic-level id resistance appears in the form of competition with, and/or seductive ploys towards, therapist and other group members. Acting out and acting in of id resistances in group therapy need to be contained by an emphasis on words as the central means of therapeutic interaction.

Eric Berne saw personality in terms of a life-script laid down in early childhood, and considered that the main obstacle to recovery in therapy "is the pull of the script, something like the *Id resistance* of Freud".

### Superego resistance

**Superego resistance** is the opposition put up in therapy against recovery by the patient's conscience, their sense of underlying guilt. It prompts personal punishment by the means of self-sabotage or self-imposed impediment. It has been considered by some (though not by Freud) the weakest form of resistance, reflecting the moralistic sentiments of the superego.

#### Freud's late formulation

Freud in the twenties came belatedly to the realisation of the importance of an 'unconscious morality' in opposing his therapeutic aims. Thereupon he divided the sources of resistance into five, pointing out that "The fifth, coming from the *super-ego* and the last to be discovered…seems to originate from the sense of guilt or need for punishment". However he also pointed out how often the patient does not feel guilty so much as unwell, when their superego resistance is in operation.

#### Subsequent developments

Object relations theory tended to see superego resistance in terms of a patient's relationship with an internalised critical/persecutory parent figure. Reluctance to end the 'security' of the bond to the internalised parent strengthens the superego resistance. Where the ego ideal is harshly perfectionist, or represents an internalised mother who idealised suffering over enjoyment, superego resistance takes the form of a refusal to be 'corrupted' by the progress of the therapy.\>

In group therapy, superego resistance may be externalised or internalised. In the first case, a moralistic sub-group may form, which is hypercritical of other, less conformist members; while in the second case (of internalisation), the severity of the inward conscience, and the need for punishment, may lead to action destructive to the self and to the progress of the treatment.

## Freud's treatment of resistance

Freud viewed all five categories of resistance as requiring more than just intellectual insight or understanding to overcome. Instead he favored a slow process of working through.

Working through allows patients "... to get to know this resistance" and "... discover the repressed instinctual trends which are feeding the resistance" and it is this experientially convincing process that "distinguishes analytic treatment from every kind of suggestive treatment". For this reason Freud insisted that therapists remain neutral, saying only as much as "is absolutely necessary to keep him \[the patient\] talking", so that resistance could be seen as clearly as possible in patients' transference, and become obvious to the patients themselves. The inextricable link suggested by Freud between transference and resistance perhaps encapsulates his legacy to psychotherapy.

## Applications

Psychoanalysis is, altogether, considered to be a type of insight-oriented therapeutic program. Despite general initial reservations, these types of programs have since transitioned from being quite marginal to becoming more well-known and mainstream. In consideration to the theory of resistance itself, within a clinical setting, the expression of resistance is considered to be a significant stage to recovery because it reveals the presence of repression. Additionally, it is indicative of progress in the effort of resolving any underlying issues that may be the cause of personal dysfunction. As resistance is theorized to be a manifestation of the unconscious mind's attempts to protect the ego, it is the task of the psychoanalyst to combat this opposition by directing the patient to confront the unacceptable desires or uncomfortable memories. By this course of action, the patient may reach a cathartic conclusion.

## Criticisms

Steve de Shazer, using a solution-focused therapy model, declared in the mid-1980s that *resistance* was dead, and that clients who do not follow therapists' directions should be seen as "cooperating" by showing therapists how best to help them.

Psychoanalysts and their critics remain divided with regard to the concept of resistance. Since Freud first developed his theory of resistance, he has been significantly criticized for using personally favorable and unfalsifiable theory, among other problems. For example, if a patient were to agree with a psychoanalyst's inference about themselves, it is a confirmation that there is something they are repressing; however, if the patient disagrees, it is also a sign they are engaged in repression, which means the psychoanalyst is correct in either scenario (see also: Gaslighting, Kafkatrap). Additionally, some relational psychoanalysts believe that the success of psychoanalysis is not due its various explanatory systems or its reasoning about repression, but rather simply due to the process of interpersonal communication.

* Larsen, Randy J.; Buss, David M. (2008). *Personality Psychology*. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-110168-4.
* Freud, Sigmund (1989). *Psychopathology of Everyday Life*. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00611-5.
* Fenichel, Otto (1972). *The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis*. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-01019-8.
* Rosenthal, Leslie (December 1993). *Resolving Resistance in Group Psychotherapy*. Northvale, N.J London: Jason Aronson. ISBN 1-56821-193-7.

## Further reading

* Bischoff, M. M. (1997). "Predictors of client resistance in the counseling interaction". Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
* Freud, S. & Breuer, J. (1959). "On the psychical mechanism of hysterical phenomena". In E. Jones (Ed.) & J. Riviere (Trans.) *Collected Papers* (Vol. 1, pp. 24–41). New York: Basic Books. (Original work published in 1893.)
* Freud, S. (1959). "The defense neuro-psychoses". In E. Jones (Ed.) & J. Riviere (Trans.) *Collected Papers* (Vol. 1, pp. 59–75). New York: Basic Books. (Original work published in 1894.)
* Freud, S. (1959). "An autobiographical study". In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.) *The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud* (Vol. 20, pp. 7–70). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1925.)
* Freud, S. (1959). "Constructions in analysis". In E. Jones (Ed.) & J. Riviere (Trans.) *Collected Papers* (Vol. 5, pp. 358–371). New York: Basic Books. (Original work published in 1937.)
* Gabbard, G. O. (2001). "Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy". In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), *Handbook of personality disorders: Theory, research, and treatment*. New York: Guilford Press.
* Hergenhahn, B. R., & Olson, M. H. (2003). *An introduction to theories of personality* (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
* Phares, E.J., & Chaplin, W.F. (1997). "Psychoanalytic theory: The Freudian revolution, dissent, and revision". *Introduction to personality*, 4th ed. Addison-Wesley.
* Popper, K. R. (1992). *Realism and the aim of science*. New York: Routledge. (Original work published in 1956)
* Turkat, I. D. & Meyer, V. (1982). "The behavior-analytic approach". In P. L. Wachtel (Ed.) *Resistance: Psychodynamic and behavioral approaches*. New York: Plenum Press.
* Winston, B., Samstag, L. W., Winston, A., & Muran, J. C. (1994). "Patient defense/therapist interventions". *Psychotherapy: Theory, research, practice, training*, 31(3), pp. 478–491.


title: Charlie Longhurst

abstract: Charlie Longhurst was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Charlie Longhurst

**Charlie Longhurst** (8 April 1911 – 12 February 1970) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Charlie Longhurst | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Charlie Longhurst | | |
| Date of birth | (1911-04-08)8 April 1911 | | |
| Date of death | 12 February 1970(1970-02-12) (aged 58) | | |
| Original team(s) | Golden Point | | |
| Height | 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) | | |
| Weight | 67 kg (148 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1933–36 | Melbourne | 40 (1) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1936. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Castle of Melgaço

abstract: The Castle of Melgaço is located in Vila parish, Melgaço municipality, Viana do Castelo district, in Portugal. As the main defense of the crossing of the Alto Minho river to Galicia, it constitutes the most northern sentry point in Portugal from the twelfth century.

text:
# Castle of Melgaço

The **Castle of Melgaço** is located in Vila parish, Melgaço municipality, Viana do Castelo district, in Portugal.

As the main defense of the crossing of the Alto Minho river to Galicia, it constitutes the most northern sentry point in Portugal from the twelfth century.

## History

### Medieval era

The construction of the castle dates back to 1170 by order of the first King of Portugal Afonso Henriques (1112–1185). He granted a Foral charter to the town at the same time, encouraging the development of the town.

Afonso III (1248–1279) granted to the village in 1258 a second Foral Charter, promising privileges to the town.

In 1361 the traffic between Portugal and Galicia was required to pass through Melgaço demonstrating its importance at the time.

In the context of the 1383-1385 Portuguese succession crisis, the village and its castle followed the northern region of Portugal by expressing loyalty to Beatriz. It fell into Spanish hands but in early 1387, then governed by a Spanish mayor, the town suffered the harassment of the Portuguese troops under the command of John I (1385–1433), resisting their take over for nearly two months.

In 1492, Melgaço was one of only five places along the Spanish-Portuguese border where the Sephardic Jews expelled from Spain could enter Portugal. Still under the reign of King Manuel I, village defenses and its castle layout are figured in the Duarte de Armas (Book of Fortresses, c. 1509), made up of three towers and two gates.

### Present day

It is classified as a National Monument by decree published on June 23, 1910, and the wall of the village been classified in the same way, with publication on February 19, 1926.

The intervention of the government, however, only came to be felt in the 1960s, keeping the construction characteristics of the set. Recently, with the development of the village's historic core recovery projects, the keep of the castle was reclassified as a museum center, exposing the testimonies obtained by archaeological research.

## Architecture

The castle has plant in circular shape, unusual in the country, divided into three precincts. The walls, where they tear two doors are surmounted by prismatic battlements and reinforced by three towers, the main one being that is focused on the urban core, pentagonal section. The set is dominated by the keep. The keep has a square shaped plan, isolated in the center of the parade ground. Both she and the surrounding wall were fully rebuilt, inferring to its Romanesque feature only the design of this set: a solid square tower isolated in the center of the walled enclosure. The tower is divided internally into three floors, illuminated by some chinks. The crown is made by a shot in counter with battlements, now reclassified as lookout of the archaeological museum established in the tower dependencies. Regarding the doors, they are two: the main gate to the west, larger, go to the square of weapons, which opens a cistern, where he would find the commander's residence; and the betrayal door to the north, smaller. They remain part of the Barbican on the main door and towers that flanked one of the doors of the fence. Thanks to recent archaeological research, which laid bare significant stretches of gothic fence, we can now make the idea of the original design.

42°06′52″N 8°15′35″W / 42.1144°N 8.2597°W / 42.1144; -8.2597


title: Eupithecia elimata

abstract: Eupithecia elimata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Karl Dietze in 1906. It is found in Algeria.

text:
# Eupithecia elimata

***Eupithecia elimata*** is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Karl Dietze in 1906. It is found in Algeria.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia elimata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. elimata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia elimata***<br>Dietze, 1906 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Eupithecia sebdouensis* Dietze, 1910 | |


title: The Jamz

abstract: The Jamz is a half-hour workplace sitcom following the exploits of the crew at 101.7 THE JAMZ, Chicago's fictional #1-rated radio station. The original concept for The Jamz, which was ordered straight-to-series by The Orchard, was created by Jim Kozyra and Chris Petlak, who serve as series regulars, writers, and co-executive producers. Kozrya and Petlak were working at Chicago's 101.9 FM "The Mix" when they came up with the idea of a sitcom based on life at a radio station. In 2012, Kozyra and Petlak raised a couple thousand dollars online to create a web series about life at a dysfunctional radio station. Because the eipodes received very little views, the two created a pilot for a full-fledged television series called “The Jamz” and submitted it to the New York Television Festival in 2014. Episodes for Season 1 were released on iTunes April 12, 2016. The series premiered on Netflix April 30. The series is shot in Chicago.

text:
# The Jamz

**The Jamz** is a half-hour workplace sitcom following the exploits of the crew at 101.7 THE JAMZ, Chicago's fictional #1-rated radio station.

The original concept for The Jamz, which was ordered straight-to-series by The Orchard, was created by Jim Kozyra and Chris Petlak, who serve as series regulars, writers, and co-executive producers.

Kozrya and Petlak were working at Chicago's 101.9 FM "The Mix" when they came up with the idea of a sitcom based on life at a radio station.

In 2012, Kozyra and Petlak raised a couple thousand dollars online to create a web series about life at a dysfunctional radio station. Because the eipodes received very little views, the two created a pilot for a full-fledged television series called “The Jamz” and submitted it to the New York Television Festival in 2014.

Episodes for Season 1 were released on iTunes April 12, 2016. The series premiered on Netflix April 30.

The series is shot in Chicago.

## Cast

## Episodes

### Season 1 (2016)

| No.
overall | No. in
season | Title | Directed by | Written by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1 | "The Pilot" | Ted Tremper | Jim Kozyra and Chris Petlak |
| When 101.7 FM THE JAMZ's morning show host retires, late-night DJs Jay‐Jay and Fitzy work to get out of the graveyard shift and into the morning gig. The only things stopping them are their disapproving boss, their competition, and their incompetence. | | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | "The Gig" | Ted Tremper | Chris Petlak |
| Jay‐Jay and Geena battle for Kasey’s attention. Fitzy becomes Jay-Jay’s music manager, while Dan and Chrissy spy on Intern in an attempt to learn more about today’s youth culture. | | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | "Saturday" | Ted Tremper | Jo Scott and Jeff Murdoch |
| After bumbling an on-air interview, Jay‐Jay and Fitzy are forced to attend an apology lunch with a major client. Chrissy moves out of her apartment with the aid of her coworkers, and Wyatt and Stanton surprise everyone with their professionalism. | | | | | |
| 4 | 4 | "A New Hope" | Ted Tremper | Jim Kozyra |
| Jay-Jay becomes obsessed with his famous ex-girlfriend’s music videos. Fitzy accidentally leads Chrissy to believe that his mother is dead, and a very special guest shakes things up in the office. | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| *The Jamz* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Comedy |
| Created by | Jim Kozyra and Chris Petlak |
| Directed by | Ted Tremper |
| Starring |  |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 4 |
| Production | |
| Production location | Chicago |
| Running time | 23-26 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network |  |
| Release | April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12) |


title: Tennessee Orange

abstract: "Tennessee Orange" is a song by American country music singer Megan Moroney. The song was released in December 2022 as her debut single and the lead single from her debut studio album Lucky. Moroney wrote the song with Ben Williams, David Fanning, and Paul Jenkins. It was nominated for the Country Music Association Award for Song of the Year at the 57th Annual CMA Awards.

text:
# Tennessee Orange

"**Tennessee Orange**" is a song by American country music singer Megan Moroney. The song was released in December 2022 as her debut single and the lead single from her debut studio album *Lucky*. Moroney wrote the song with Ben Williams, David Fanning, and Paul Jenkins.

It was nominated for the Country Music Association Award for Song of the Year at the 57th Annual CMA Awards.

## History

The song gained popularity while Moroney was still an unsigned artist, due to social media posts in which Moroney was wearing a Tennessee Volunteers T-shirt that fans speculated belonged to Morgan Wallen. At the time, she was recording music produced by Kristian Bush, one-half of the duo Sugarland, who serves as producer on the track. Due to the song's popularity online, it entered the *Billboard* Hot 100 in October 2022 based on downloads and streaming, and led to her signing with Arista Nashville by year's end. The label serviced the song to country radio until March 2023, when parent company Sony Music Nashville closed the Arista Nashville division and transferred Moroney to Columbia Records' Nashville division.

The song is a love story about college football, portraying a relationship between a narrator who is a fan of the Georgia Bulldogs and a man who is a fan of their rival, the Tennessee Volunteers. Moroney released a music video in January 2023 which features Moroney wearing Tennessee Volunteers apparel.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for "Tennessee Orange"
| Chart (2022–2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 57 |
| Canada Country (*Billboard*) | 3 |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 30 |
| US Country Airplay (*Billboard*) | 4 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 10 |

### Year-end charts

2022 year-end chart performance for "Tennessee Orange"
| Chart (2022) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 96 |

2023 year-end chart performance for "Tennessee Orange"
| Chart (2023) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 67 |
| US Country Airplay (*Billboard*) | 31 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 14 |

## Certifications

Certifications for "Tennessee Orange"
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States (RIAA) | 3× Platinum | 3,000,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Tennessee Orange" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Megan Moroney | |
| from the album  *Lucky* | |
| Released | December 5, 2022 (2022-12-05) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:45 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Kristian Bush |
| Megan Moroney singles chronology | |
| "**Tennessee Orange**"
(2022) "I'm Not Pretty"
(2023) | |


title: Second Helpings

abstract: Second Helpings is a compilation album by the British synthpop band Blancmange. It contains most of the band's singles from the period 1982-85, as well as a previously unreleased track.

text:
# Second Helpings

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *New Musical Express* | 6/10 |

***Second Helpings*** is a compilation album by the British synthpop band Blancmange. It contains most of the band's singles from the period 1982-85, as well as a previously unreleased track.

## Track listing

### CD: 828 043-2

Track
| No. | Title | Album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "God's Kitchen" | *Happy Families* | 2:55 |
| 2. | "I've Seen the Word" | *Happy Families* | 3:05 |
| 3. | "Feel Me" | *Happy Families* | 5:06 |
| 4. | "Living on the Ceiling" | *Happy Families* | 4:01 |
| 5. | "Waves" | *Happy Families* | 4:07 |
| 6. | "Game Above My Head" | *Mange Tout* | 3:59 |
| 7. | "Blind Vision" | *Mange Tout* | 3:58 |
| 8. | "That's Love, That It Is" | *Mange Tout* | 4:20 |
| 9. | "Don't Tell Me" | *Mange Tout* | 3:31 |
| 10. | "The Day Before You Came\*" | *Mange Tout* | 4:25 |
| 11. | "What's Your Problem" | *Believe You Me* | 4:11 |
| 12. | "Your Time Is Over" | First appearance | 5:49 |

### CD: 828 218-2

The Canadian release added three remixes to the CD, and substituted a different version of "Game Above My Head," for a total length of 76:22.

Track
| No. | Title | Album | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "God's Kitchen" | *Happy Families* | 2:55 |
| 2. | "I've Seen the Word" | *Happy Families* | 3:05 |
| 3. | "Feel Me" | *Happy Families* | 5:06 |
| 4. | "Living on the Ceiling" | *Happy Families* | 4:01 |
| 5. | "Waves" | *Happy Families* | 4:07 |
| 6. | "Game Above My Head (Extended Version)" | *Waves* 12" B-side | 7:14 |
| 7. | "Blind Vision" | *Mange Tout* | 3:58 |
| 8. | "That's Love, That It Is" | *Mange Tout* | 4:20 |
| 9. | "Don't Tell Me" | *Mange Tout* | 3:31 |
| 10. | "The Day Before You Came" | *Mange Tout* | 4:25 |
| 11. | "What's Your Problem" | *Believe You Me* | 4:11 |
| 12. | "Your Time Is Over" | First appearance | 5:49 |
| 13. | "That's Love, That It Is (Extended Version)" | *That's Love, That It Is (New Dance Mix Version)* 12" | 6:56 |
| 14. | "Blind Vision (Extended Version)" | *Blind Vision* 12" | 9:39 |
| 15. | "Feel Me (Extended Version)" | *Blancmange* EP (Japan exclusive) | 6:57 |

## InfoBox

| Second Helpings | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Compilation album by Blancmange | |
| Released | 1990 |
| Genre | Synthpop, new wave |
| Length | 49:27 |
| Label | London Records |
| Blancmange chronology | |
| *Believe You Me*
(1985) ***Second Helpings***
(1990) *Heaven Knows*
(1992) | |


title: Scamandra

abstract: Scamandra is a genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Aphaeninae (Fulgoridae): found in Malesia.

text:
# Scamandra

***Scamandra*** is a genus of planthoppers in the subfamily Aphaeninae (Fulgoridae): found in Malesia.

## Species

The Fulgoromorpha Lists on the Web (FLOW) reecognises the following species:

1. *Scamandra agnes* Nagai & Porion, 2002
2. *Scamandra basigera* (Walker, 1870)
3. *Scamandra castanea* Constant, 2017
4. *Scamandra clytaemnestra* Breddin, 1901
5. *Scamandra collaris* Constant, 2017
6. *Scamandra crinita* Schmidt, 1906
7. *Scamandra daphne* (Stål, 1863)
8. *Scamandra detanii* Nagai & Porion, 2002
9. *Scamandra diana* Distant, 1892
10. *Scamandra hecuba* Stål, 1863
11. *Scamandra hermione* Stål, 1864
12. *Scamandra huangi* Constant, 2013
13. *Scamandra jakli* Rolcík, 2008
14. *Scamandra lachesis* Stål, 1863
15. *Scamandra leilae* Chew Kea Foo, Porion & Audibert, 2010
16. *Scamandra lumawigi* Constant, 2013
17. *Scamandra lydia* Stål, 1870
18. *Scamandra mangolana* Constant, 2017
19. *Scamandra marcellae* Porion, Audibert & Nagai, 2016
20. *Scamandra mucorea* Gerstaecker, 1895
21. *Scamandra multimaculata* Audibert & Porion, 2018
22. *Scamandra polychroma* Gerstaecker, 1895
23. *Scamandra pocerattui* Porion & Audibert, 2019
24. *Scamandra rosea* (Guérin-Méneville, 1834) \- **type species**
25. *Scamandra sanana* Constant, 2017
26. *Scamandra sanguiflua* (Stål, 1863)
27. *Scamandra selene* Breddin, 1901
28. *Scamandra semele* Stål, 1863
29. *Scamandra shiinae* Nagai & Porion, 2004
30. *Scamandra silighinii* Audibert & Porion, 2018
31. *Scamandra stanjakli* Constant, 2013
32. *Scamandra tamborana* Lallemand, 1960
33. *Scamandra thetis* (Stål, 1863)
34. *Scamandra undulata* Lallemand, 1959
35. *Scamandra vanvyvei* Constant, 2013
36. *Scamandra voisinae* Nagai & Porion, 2002

1. Stål C (1863) *Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fulgoriden. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin. Stettin* 24: 230-251.
2. Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2011). Didžiulis V. (ed.). "Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Species 2000: Reading, UK. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
3. "*Scamandra* Stål, 1863". *FLOW*. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338529861\_Un\_nouveau\_Fulgoridae\_d%27Indonesie\_Scamandra\_pocerattui\_n\_sp\_Hemiptera\_Fulgoromorpha

## InfoBox

| *Scamandra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Scamandra rosea* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Family: | Fulgoridae |
| Tribe: | Aphaenini |
| Genus: | *Scamandra*<br>Stål, 1863 |
|


title: Jonathan Collier

abstract: Jonathan Collier is an American television writer, best known for his work on The Simpsons, Monk, King of the Hill and Bones. He worked as an executive producer on Mike Reiss's DVD movie, Queer Duck: The Movie. He attended and graduated from Harvard University.

text:
# Jonathan Collier

**Jonathan Collier** is an American television writer, best known for his work on *The Simpsons*, *Monk*, *King of the Hill* and **Bones**. He worked as an executive producer on Mike Reiss's DVD movie, *Queer Duck: The Movie*. He attended and graduated from Harvard University.

## Writing credits

### *The Simpsons* episodes

He is credited with writing (or co-writing) the following episodes:

Season 6 Season 7 Season 8

### *King of the Hill* episodes

He is credited with writing the following episodes:

### *Monk* episodes


# Results breakdown of the 1987 Spanish local elections (Asturias)

This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in Asturias on 10 June 1987. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## Overall

Councillor share for parties securing \>1.0% of councillors up for election.

PSOE (44.16%)  AP (24.75%)  CDS (13.56%)  IU (11.88%)  Other (5.65%)

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 municipal election results in Asturias
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Councillors | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 228,283 | 39.49 | –10.20 | 446 | –10 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)1 | 138,350 | 23.93 | –6.25 | 250 | –79 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 98,844 | 17.10 | +13.51 | 137 | +100 |
|  | United Left (IU)2 | 79,555 | 13.76 | +1.66 | 120 | +4 |
|  | People's Democratic Party (PDP) | 3,751 | 0.65 | *New* | 1 | +1 |
|  | Asturianist Party (PAS) | 3,077 | 0.53 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC) | 2,496 | 0.43 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Peasants' Unity (UC) | 2,225 | 0.38 | –0.53 | 5 | –9 |
|  | Communist Movement of Asturias (MCA) | 1,543 | 0.27 | +0.03 | 0 | –1 |
|  | Coalition of Independent Electors (CEI–EF) | 1,280 | 0.22 | *New* | 6 | +6 |
|  | Humanist Platform (PH) | 1,129 | 0.20 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 1,020 | 0.18 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Independent Solution (SI) | 933 | 0.16 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) | 366 | 0.06 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Others | 9,018 | 1.56 |  | 45 | –24 |
| Blank ballots | | 6,187 | 1.07 | +1.07 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 578,057 | 100.00 |  | 1,010 | –12 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 578,057 | 98.55 | +0.31 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 8,523 | 1.45 | –0.31 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 586,580 | 67.09 | +1.99 | |
| Abstentions | | 287,730 | 32.91 | –1.99 | |
| Registered voters | | 874,310 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

| Popular vote   PSOE  39.49%  AP  23.93%  CDS  17.10%  IU  13.76%  Others  4.64%  Blank ballots  1.07% |
| --- |

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Avilés | 86,141 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Gijón | 258,291 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Langreo | 53,987 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Mieres | 57,025 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| **Oviedo** | 185,864 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| San Martín del Rey Aurelio | 25,186 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| Siero | 42,108 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |

## Municipalities

### Avilés

*Population: 86,141*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of Avilés election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 18,110 | 39.78 | –23.62 | **10** | –7 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 10,754 | 23.62 | +19.77 | **6** | +6 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)1 | 8,457 | 18.58 | –4.00 | **5** | –1 |
|  | United Left (IU)2 | 6,595 | 14.49 | +5.54 | **4** | +2 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC) | 448 | 0.98 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | People's Democratic Party (PDP) | 316 | 0.69 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 237 | 0.52 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Platform (PH) | 142 | 0.31 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 468 | 1.03 | +1.03 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 45,527 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 45,527 | 98.45 | +0.38 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 718 | 1.55 | –0.38 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 46,245 | 70.25 | –0.34 | |
| Abstentions | | 19,584 | 29.75 | +0.34 | |
| Registered voters | | 65,829 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Gijón

*Population: 258,291*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of Gijón election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 46,537 | 37.68 | –19.77 | **11** | –6 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)1 | 28,767 | 23.29 | –3.69 | **7** | ±0 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 25,380 | 20.55 | +17.33 | **6** | +6 |
|  | United Left (IU)2 | 14,484 | 11.73 | +1.21 | **3** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Asturianist Party (PAS) | 3,077 | 2.49 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC) | 1,358 | 1.10 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | People's Democratic Party (PDP) | 1,067 | 0.86 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 783 | 0.63 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Platform (PH) | 429 | 0.35 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 1,630 | 1.32 | +1.32 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 123,512 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 123,512 | 98.15 | +1.01 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 2,327 | 1.85 | –1.01 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 125,839 | 63.25 | –1.47 | |
| Abstentions | | 73,127 | 36.75 | +1.47 | |
| Registered voters | | 198,966 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Langreo

*Population: 53,987*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of Langreo election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 10,849 | 36.95 | –18.08 | **10** | –4 |
|  | United Left (IU)1 | 8,172 | 27.83 | +5.79 | **7** | +1 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 5,147 | 17.53 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)2 | 4,508 | 15.35 | –4.33 | **4** | –1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) | 366 | 1.25 | +0.58 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 322 | 1.10 | +1.10 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 29,364 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 29,364 | 98.52 | –0.50 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 441 | 1.48 | +0.50 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 29,805 | 68.65 | +3.36 | |
| Abstentions | | 13,612 | 31.35 | –3.36 | |
| Registered voters | | 43,417 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Mieres

*Population: 57,025*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of Mieres election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 10,922 | 34.93 | –19.68 | **10** | –5 |
|  | United Left (IU)1 | 8,517 | 27.24 | +4.39 | **7** | +1 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 5,119 | 16.37 | +14.39 | **4** | +4 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)2 | 4,730 | 15.13 | –2.08 | **4** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Communist Movement of Asturias (MCA) | 1,543 | 4.93 | +1.59 | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Platform (PH) | 105 | 0.34 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 331 | 1.06 | +1.06 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 31,267 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 31,267 | 98.62 | –0.20 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 437 | 1.38 | +0.20 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 31,704 | 71.08 | +4.80 | |
| Abstentions | | 12,901 | 28.92 | –4.80 | |
| Registered voters | | 44,605 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Oviedo

*Population: 185,864*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of Oviedo election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 40,809 | 42.02 | –2.68 | **12** | –1 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)1 | 31,022 | 31.94 | –11.66 | **10** | –3 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 14,780 | 15.22 | +11.41 | **4** | +4 |
|  | United Left (IU)2 | 6,198 | 6.38 | +0.15 | **1** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | People's Democratic Party (PDP) | 999 | 1.03 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Independent Solution (SI) | 933 | 0.96 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC) | 665 | 0.68 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Humanist Platform (PH) | 362 | 0.37 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | | 1,356 | 1.40 | +1.40 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 97,124 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 97,124 | 98.49 | +0.46 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 1,490 | 1.51 | –0.46 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 98,614 | 67.54 | +1.94 | |
| Abstentions | | 47,403 | 32.46 | –1.94 | |
| Registered voters | | 146,017 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### San Martín del Rey Aurelio

*Population: 25,186*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of San Martín del Rey Aurelio election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 6,226 | 41.79 | –18.51 | **9** | –4 |
|  | United Left (IU)1 | 4,258 | 28.58 | +4.70 | **6** | +1 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 2,724 | 18.28 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)2 | 1,506 | 10.11 | –5.70 | **2** | –1 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Blank ballots | | 186 | 1.25 | +1.25 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 14,900 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 14,900 | 98.69 | +0.14 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 198 | 1.31 | –0.14 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 15,098 | 76.24 | +7.09 | |
| Abstentions | | 4,704 | 23.76 | –7.09 | |
| Registered voters | | 19,802 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Siero

*Population: 42,108*

 Summary of the 10 June 1987 City Council of Siero election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 9,108 | 44.75 | –18.32 | **10** | –4 |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 4,132 | 20.30 | *New* | **4** | +4 |
|  | People's Alliance (AP)1 | 4,069 | 19.99 | –1.30 | **4** | ±0 |
|  | United Left (IU)2 | 2,787 | 13.69 | +3.91 | **3** | +1 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Independents (INDEP) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –5.85 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | | 256 | 1.26 | +1.26 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 20,352 |  | | 21 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 20,352 | 98.71 | –0.14 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 265 | 1.29 | +0.14 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 20,617 | 63.73 | +2.37 | |
| Abstentions | | 11,736 | 36.27 | –2.37 | |
| Registered voters | | 32,353 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |


title: Charles Thornton Libby

abstract: Charles Thornton Libby was an American author, genealogist, historian and lawyer. He wrote five known books: The Libby Family in America, 1602–1881 (1882), Cash, Panics and Industrial Depressions (1907), The Income Tax Amendment (1907) and Province and Court Records of Maine and Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire, Part I (1928).

text:
# Charles Thornton Libby

**Charles Thornton Libby** (September 28, 1861 – May 23, 1948) was an American author, genealogist, historian and lawyer. He wrote five known books: *The Libby Family in America, 1602–1881* (1882), *Cash, Panics and Industrial Depressions* (1907), *The Income Tax Amendment* (1907) and *Province and Court Records of Maine* and *Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire, Part I* (1928).

## Life and career

Libby was born in 1861 in Scarborough, Maine, to Matthias Libby and Eliza Gookin Thornton. He is believed to have been their first child, followed five years later by a sister, Cornelia Maynard. His mother died when he was 15.

He graduated high school in July 1879, shortly after which he called at the law offices of Charles Freeman Libby, then unknown to him, about a possible position. To his surprise, at 17 years of age, was hired.

Libby was admitted to Harvard College, but his entrance was delayed due to his writing *The Libby Family in America, 1602–1881*, which was published in 1882. He graduated Harvard College in 1885.

In July 1881, he was admitted into the Second Congregational Church of Portland.

He was admitted to the Cumberland County Bar in April 1888, and the following year was one of the original incorporators of the Maine Title Insurance Company.

Between 1892 and 1916, he was the editor of the *Six Towns Times*, a weekly newspaper in southern Maine. During its run, Libby was described by the Maine Press Association as being "a most industrious, enterprising and persevering man."

In 1899, Libby married Annie Reed.

In August 1921, by which time he was living in North Yarmouth, Maine, he was elected president of the Society of Piscataqua Engineers, incorporated in 1905.

## Frederick Hale incident

In May 1910, Libby was attacked with a whip by colonel Frederick Hale (later of the Maine Senate) following an article about Hale's mother that was published in the *Six Towns Times*. Hale had entered Libby's office in Portland, holding a copy of the newspaper, and asked, "Are you responsible for this?" Libby looked at it and replied in the affirmative. Hale pulled a whip out from under his coat and struck Libby several times, saying, "Take that, you cur." Hale then threw the whip on the office floor and struck Libby. "This is what I do to anyone who insults my mother." After Hale left, Libby said: "I like him better than I did before. It was a manly thing to do. A man who wouldn't stand up for his mother don't amount to much."

## Death

Libby died at his home in Yarmouth, Maine, in 1948, aged 86. He is interred in Portland's Evergreen Cemetery, alongside his wife, who survived him by seven years.

He was posthumously awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree by Bowdoin College.

## Bibliography

* *The Libby Family in America, 1602–1881* (1882)
* *Cash, Panics and Industrial Depressions* (1907)
* *The Income Tax Amendment* (1907)
* *Province and Court Records of Maine*
* *Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire, Part I* (1928)

## InfoBox

| Charles Thornton Libby | |
| --- | --- |
| Libby in the late 19th century | |
| Born | (1861-09-28)September 28, 1861
Scarborough, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | May 23, 1948(1948-05-23) (aged 86)
Yarmouth, Maine, U.S. |
| Resting place | Evergreen Cemetery, Portland, Maine, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Author, genealogist, historian, lawyer |
| Spouse | Anna Reed Libby (m. 1899) |
| Signature | |
|  | |


title: Castle of Medinaceli

abstract: The Castle of Medinaceli is a medieval fortress in Medinaceli. It was built in the 9th century and rebuilt in the 15th century. Almanzor died here in 1002.

text:
# Castle of Medinaceli

The **Castle of Medinaceli** is a medieval fortress in Medinaceli (Province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain). It was built in the 9th century and rebuilt in the 15th century. Almanzor died here in 1002.

## History

Medinaceli is located at the southern end of the province of Soria, on an elevated site and crossroads that was already significant since pre-Roman times. The Arabic name highlights its importance to the Muslims, who defended it even after the fall of Toledo to Christian forces.

Enrique II of Trastámara granted it as a Lordship to Bernal de Foix, 1st Count of Medinaceli, who was married to Isabel de la Cerda. Their descendants adopted the surname de la Cerda. Luis de la Cerda was elevated to the rank of Duke of Medinaceli by the Catholic Monarchs in 1479, and he was responsible for various reforms in the town and the construction of the Ducal Palace. The Dukes of Medinaceli resided in the castle before the construction of the Palace.

Under Don Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega, the 1st Duke of Medinaceli, Don Diego López de Medrano from Soria, who died before 1482, was appointed as the alcaide (governor) of the castle of Medinaceli.

41°10′11″N 2°26′13″W / 41.1698°N 2.4369°W / 41.1698; -2.4369

## InfoBox

| Medinaceli Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Castillo de Medinaceli* | |
| Soria
Near Medinaceli in Spain | |
|  | |
| Type | Castle |
| Site information | |
| Open to
the public | Yes |
| Condition | Good |
| Website | www.sorianitelaimaginas.com/patrimonio/castillo-de-medinaceli |
| Site history | |
| Built | IX century |


title: Shiroro Airstrip

abstract: Shiroro Airstrip or Shiroro Airfield is an airstrip serving the village of Shiroro and the Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station in the Niger State of Nigeria. The runway is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the power station, near the shore of the Shiroro reservoir.

text:
# Shiroro Airstrip

**Shiroro Airstrip** or **Shiroro Airfield** is an airstrip serving the village of Shiroro and the Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station in the Niger State of Nigeria. The runway is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the power station, near the shore of the Shiroro reservoir.

## InfoBox

| Shiroro Airstrip | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Location | Shiroro, Nigeria |
| Elevation AMSL | 1,305 ft / 398 m |
| Coordinates | 9°53′05″N 6°49′05″E / 9.88472°N 6.81806°E / 9.88472; 6.81806 |
| Map | |
| **Shiroro**Location of the airport in Nigeria | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  m ft  06/24 1,100 3,609 Asphalt | |
| Source: GCM WAD Google Maps | |


title: Ramsey Mereside

abstract: Ramsey Mereside, known colloquially as "The Village", is a small village approximately 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north of the town of Ramsey, Cambridgeshire. The Fenland Light Railway, a 7¼" gauge miniature railway is located in the village. The popular village hall holds many regular entertainment events.

text:
# Ramsey Mereside

**Ramsey Mereside**, known colloquially as "The Village", is a small village approximately 3.5 miles (5.6 km) north of the town of Ramsey, Cambridgeshire . The Fenland Light Railway, a 7¼" gauge miniature railway is located in the village. The popular village hall holds many regular entertainment events.

## InfoBox

| Ramsey Mereside | |
| --- | --- |
| Ramsey MeresideLocation within Cambridgeshire | |
| OS grid reference | TL285896 |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | HUNTINGDON |
| Postcode district | PE26 |
|  | |
| Police | Cambridgeshire |
| Fire | Cambridgeshire |
| Ambulance | East of England |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Tennessee Open Records Act

abstract: The Tennessee Open Records Act (TORA) is a freedom of information law enacted in Tennessee in 1957. The law that states that any citizen of Tennessee may request public records there.

text:
# Tennessee Open Records Act

The **Tennessee Open Records Act (TORA)** is a freedom of information law enacted in Tennessee in 1957. The law that states that any citizen of Tennessee may request public records there.

## Provisions and applicability

The law states that documents shall "be open for personal inspection by any citizen of Tennessee." Despite the law's provisions, federal court rulings have overturned similar state specific statutes and open up records in these states to all U.S. citizens.

In a U.S. Supreme Court ruling McBurney v. Young (2013), concerning Virginia specifically but also relevant to Tennessee, upheld that states can restrict open records to their citizens. However, open records counsel Ann V. Butterworth also stated that the law *"does not forbid providing access to others"*.

* "Tennessee", *State Copyright Resource Center*, Harvard University, Laws and legal sources that affect the copyright status of government documents


abstract: The Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学第二附属中学) is a public secondary school in Xicheng, Beijing, China.

text:
# Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University

| Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 北京师范大学第二附属中学 |
| Traditional Chinese | 北京師範大學第二附屬中學 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Běijīng Shīfàn Dàxué Dì'èr Fùshǔ Zhōngxué | |
|  | |

**The Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University** (北京师范大学第二附属中学) is a public secondary school in Xicheng, Beijing, China.

39°57′36″N 116°22′18″E / 39.9600°N 116.3718°E / 39.9600; 116.3718

## InfoBox

| The Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University
北京师范大学第二附属中学 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| No.12 Xinjiekou Wai Street, Xicheng District
Beijing, Beijing Municipality
China | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public |
| Motto | 笃志、博学、质朴、方正 |
| Established | 1953年 |
| School district | Xicheng |
| Principal | Hua Wang (王华) |
| Faculty | 118 |
| Color(s) | Red, Yellow, Blue |
| Song | 三色帆 |
| Mascot | The Sail of Three Colors |
| Nickname | 三色帆 |
| Website | http://www.shsbnu.net |


title: Camarasaurus supremus

abstract: Camarasaurus supremus is a species of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Jurassic period in what is now the western United States. It is the type species of Camarasaurus, which also includes the species Camarasaurus grandis, Camarasaurus lentus, and Camarasaurus lewisi. C. supremus was discovered by the paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1877, at the outset of the Bone Wars, a period of scientific competition between Cope and his rival Othniel Marsh. C. supremus is the largest and geologically youngest species in its genus, and was contemporary with several other exceptionally large dinosaurs, such as Saurophaganax and Maraapunisaurus. Despite being the first discovered species of Camarasaurus, C. supremus is relatively rare and poorly known.

text:
# Camarasaurus supremus

***Camarasaurus supremus*** is a species of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Jurassic period in what is now the western United States. It is the type species of *Camarasaurus*, which also includes the species *Camarasaurus grandis*, *Camarasaurus lentus*, and *Camarasaurus lewisi*. *C. supremus* was discovered by the paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1877, at the outset of the Bone Wars, a period of scientific competition between Cope and his rival Othniel Marsh. *C. supremus* is the largest and geologically youngest species in its genus, and was contemporary with several other exceptionally large dinosaurs, such as *Saurophaganax* and *Maraapunisaurus*. Despite being the first discovered species of *Camarasaurus*, *C. supremus* is relatively rare and poorly known.

## Taxonomy

*Camarasaurus supremus* was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1877. It is the type species of *Camarasaurus*, and is one of four valid species of the genus, alongside *Camarasaurus grandis*, *Camarasaurus lentus*, and *Camarasaurus lewisi*. The type specimens of *C. supremus* are a cervical vertebra, three dorsal vertebrae, and four caudal vertebrae, which probably come from more than one individual. These fossils are among the specimens catalogued as AMNH 5760.

There are four recognized junior subjective synonyms of *Camarasaurus supremus*, all of which were named by Cope soon after his discovery of *C. supremus*: *Amphicoelias latus*, *Caulodon diversidens*, *Caulodon leptoganus*, and *Camarasaurus leptodirus*. Though *Amphicoelias latus* is generally considered a synonym of *C. supremus*, it has been argued that its stratigraphic position may make it more likely to be synonymous with *C. grandis*. Due to their close anatomical similarity, there is some uncertainty regarding whether *C. lentus* and *C. supremus* are distinct species, but most researchers regard both species as valid.

Specimens of *Camarasaurus supremus* have been found in the Morrison Formation. It is primarily known from several disarticulated skeletons from Colorado collectively catalogued as AMNH 5760 and AMNH 5761, which consist of skull fragments, dozens of vertebrae, several bones of the pectoral girdle and pelvis, and a few limb bones. One or two other fragmentary specimens have also been reported from Colorado. Probable *C. supremus* specimens including both juveniles and adults are known from Oklahoma.

## Description

*Camarasaurus supremus* was the largest species of *Camarasaurus*, 20% to 50% larger than the other species in linear dimensions. Gregory S. Paul estimated its length as 18 metres (59 ft) and 23 tonnes, whereas John Foster estimated its length as 23 metres (75 ft) and 42.3 tonnes. The femur of *C. supremus* could reach a length of 1.8 metres (5.9 ft), whereas the maximum size in other species of *Camarasaurus* was 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).

Apart from its size, *C. supremus* was generally similar to other species of *Camarasaurus* in anatomy. It differed from *C. lentus* in the shape of its anterior caudal neural spines, which have an abrupt T-shaped expansion in *C. supremus* and expanded more gently in *C. lentus*. It differed from *C. grandis* in the shape of its anterior dorsal vertebrae, which were taller and narrower in *C. grandis* and shorter and wider in *C. supremus*. The pelvis of *C. supremus* is not rotated forward relative to the sacrum, unlike some other species of *Camarasaurus*.

## History of study

The first specimens of *Camarasaurus supremus* known to science were found in the spring of 1877 by Oramel William Lucas, a schoolteacher in Cañon City. Lucas collected several large vertebrae at Garden Park in Colorado. Lucas sent the fossils to Edward Drinker Cope in Philadelphia. Cope identified them as belonging to a new species, which he named *Camarasaurus supremus* in a paper published on August 23, 1877 and the fossils were deposited in Cope's private collection. Cope believed it to be the largest terrestrial animal yet known and a relative of large dinosaurs from Europe and the eastern United States, like *Cetiosaurus* and *Anchisaurus*. After receiving the original bones, Cope employed collectors who gathered more of the material which was described in detail in 1921 by Henry Osborn and Charles Mook. Over the next two years, Cope named a series of species based on material that would later be referred to *Camarasaurus supremus*: *Amphicoelias latus*, *Caulodon diversidens*, *Caulodon leptoganus*, and *Camarasaurus leptodirus*.

In 1877, John A. Ryder created a life-sized illustration of the skeleton of *Camarasaurus supremus* with guidance from Cope that was fifty feet long. It was the first reconstruction of the skeleton of a sauropod ever made. It was exhibited to the American Philosophical Society on December 21 of that year. Cope regarded *Camarasaurus* as a terrestrial, herbivorous reptile that he compared to the giraffe due to the length of its neck.

The total amount of material collected at Garden Park was great, it composed of several jumbled partial skeletons collected from 1877 to 1879. It was not all prepared at once, but a considerable amount of it was cleaned up by Jacob Geismar under Cope's direction throughout the 1870s to 1890s. By the end of collecting in Garden Park, at least four individuals and several hundred bones had been found from nearly every part of the skeleton. For decades after its discovery, *Camarasaurus supremus* would remain a relatively obscure taxon compared to the more complete and more extensively figured sauropods discovered by Cope's opponent Othniel Marsh.

In 1902, the American Museum of Natural History acquired Cope's fossil collection. The specimens originally collected by Oramel Lucas in 1877 were catalogued as AMNH 5760, and the specimens collected by Ira Lucas in 1880 were catalogued as AMNH 5761. The material consisted of several individuals, with few records on where each bone was found and how they were associated, so the museum's paleontologists William Diller Matthew, William King Gregory, and Henry Fairfield Osborn attempted to sort the bones into individual series. Cope's specimens of *Camarasaurus supremus* were finally fully described in a detailed monograph by Henry Fairfield Osborn and Charles Craig Mook in 1921, and the various other species Cope had established based on probable *C. supremus* specimens were synonymized with it.

In 1925, Charles W. Gilmore suggested that *Camarasaurus* (formerly *Morosaurus*) *robustus* was synonymous with *C. supremus*, as did Theodore E. White in 1958. Subsequent reviews have considered *C. robustus* to be synonymous with *C. grandis* instead. White also regarded *C. grandis* as a synonym of *C. supremus*. *Camarasaurus* cf. *supremus* fossils were reported from New Mexico in 1982, but later reinterpreted as *C. grandis*. Possible additional *Camarasaurus supremus* material was found near Black Mesa in western Oklahoma during the 1940s, the material consists of many large vertebrae and some skull elements. South of Garden Park, several potential *C. supremus* remains were found by the Denver Museum of Natural History in Tithonian strata. The remains consisted of a pubis and several vertebrae, and were referred to *C. supremus* in 2005.

## Paleobiology

*C. supremus* lived during the Tithonian age of the Jurassic in what is now Colorado and possibly Oklahoma. Its fossils are only known from the uppermost layers of the Morrison Formation, and it is rare, with only 4.5% of *Camarasaurus* specimens identified as belonging to the species.

*C. supremus* was among the largest sauropods known from the Morrison Formation, and may have weighed more than *Brachiosaurus*, which is found in older parts of the Morrison Formation than *C. supremus*. Based on fossils from Garden Park, *C. supremus* coexisted with the large, enigmatic diplodocoids *Amphicoelias altus* and *Maraapunisaurus fragillimus*, the latter of which may have been one of the largest dinosaurs ever to exist. An indeterminate apatosaurine was also contemporary with *C. supremus* at Garden Park, but was no larger than earlier apatosaurines. The dubious allosaurid *Epanterias amplexus* shows that *C. supremus* coexisted with exceptionally large predators as well. In 1990, Robert T. Bakker called this upper portion of the Morrison Formation the "giant camarasaur-allosaur zone". It is uncertain whether the large size of *C. supremus* and some of its contemporaries is evidence of a genuine ecological trend towards larger size or not. A changing climate may have facilitated the evolution of larger species towards the end of the depositional period of the Morrison Formation. *Camarasaurus* specimens found at the Stovall quarries near Kenton, Oklahoma probably belong to *C. supremus*. These quarries have also produced specimens of another gigantic allosaurid, *Saurophaganax maximus*.

*Camarasaurus supremus* may be a descendant of the earlier species *C. lentus*, though there may be some overlap in their chronostratigraphic ranges.

1. Ikejiri, T. (2005). "Distribution and biochronology of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Rocky Mountain Region". *New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Guidebook, Geology of the Chama Basin*. Vol. 56. pp. 367–379.
2. Osborn, Henry Fairfield; Mook, Charles Craig (1921). "Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope". *Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History*. **3** (3). hdl:2027/mdp.39015042532476.
3. Upchurch, Paul; Barrett, Paul M.; Dodson, Peter (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). *The Dinosauria* (2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 259–322. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
4. Tschopp, Emanuel; Mateus, Octávio; Benson, Roger B.J. (2015-04-07). "A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)". *PeerJ*. **3**: –857. doi:10.7717/peerj.857. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4393826. PMID 25870766.
5. Carpenter, K. (1998). "Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado". *Modern Geology*. **23**: 407–426.
6. Madsen, James H.; McIntosh, John S.; Berman, David S. (1995). "Skull and atlas-axis complex of the Upper Jurassic sauropod Camarasaurus Cope (Reptilia: Saurischia)". *Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History*. **31**: 1–115. doi:10.5962/p.240778. ISSN 0145-9058. S2CID 198252192.
7. Paul, G. S. (2016). *The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs* (2nd ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16766-4.
8. Tschopp, Emanuel; Maidment, Susannah C.R.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Norell, Mark A. (2019). "Reassessment of a Historical Collection of Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Northern Morrison Formation of Wyoming, with Implications for Sauropod Biogeography". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*. **2019** (437): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.437.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. S2CID 207890316.
9. Foster, J. R. (2020). *Jurassic West: the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and their world*. Life of the past (2nd ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-05158-5.
10. Bakker, R. T. (1990-04-09). "A new latest Jurassic vertebrate fauna, from the highest levels of the Morrison Formation at Como Bluff, Wyoming, with comments on Morrison biochronology. Part I. Biochronology". *Hunteria*. **2** (6): 1–3.
11. McIntosh, J. S.; Miller, W. E.; Stadtman, K. L.; Gillette, D. D. (1996). "The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988)". *Brigham Young University Geology Studies*. **41**: 73–115. ISSN 0068-1016.
12. Cope, E. D. (1877-08-23). "On a gigantic saurian from the Dakota epoch of Colorado". *Paleontological Bulletin*. **25**: 5–10.
13. Cope, E. D. (1877-12-10). "On Amphicoelias, a genus of saurians from the Dakota epoch of Colorado": 1–5. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
14. Cope, E. D. (1877). "On Reptilian Remains from the Dakota Beds of Colorado". *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*. **17** (100): 193–196.
15. Cope, E. D. (1878-01-12). "On the Vertebrata of the Dakota Epoch of Colorado". *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*. **17** (100): 233–247.
16. Cope, E. D. (1879). "New Jurassic Dinosauria". *The American Naturalist*. **13**: 402–404.
17. Marsh, O. C. (1896). *The dinosaurs of North America*. US Government Printing Office.
18. Marsh, O. C. (1877-12-01). "Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation". *American Journal of Science*. s3-14 (84): 514–516. Bibcode:1877AmJS...14..514M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.514. ISSN 0002-9599. S2CID 130488291.
19. Gilmore, Charles W. (1925). "A nearly complete articulated skeleton of Camarasaurus, a saurischian dinosaur from the Dinosaur National Monument, Utah". *Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum*. **10** (3): 347–384. doi:10.5962/p.217807. S2CID 128077427.
20. White, Theodore E. (1958). "The braincase of Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh)". *Journal of Paleontology*. **32** (3): 477–494. JSTOR 1300674.
21. McIntosh, J. S. (1990). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). *The Dinosauria* (1 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 345–401.
22. Rigby, J. Keith (1982). "Camarasaurus cf. supremus from the Morrison Formation near San Ysidro, New Mexico—the San Ysidro dinosaur": 271–272. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
23. Wedel, Matt (2018). "OMNH 1811, a Camarasaurus dorsal from Black Mesa". Archived from the original on February 3, 2018.
24. Woodruff, D. Cary; Foster, John R. (2017-05-31). "The first specimen of Camarasaurus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Montana: The northernmost occurrence of the genus". *PLOS ONE*. **12** (5): e0177423. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1277423W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177423. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5451207. PMID 28562606.
25. Carpenter, Kenneth (2018-10-19). "Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, N.G. (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado". *Geology of the Intermountain West*. **5**: 227–244. doi:10.31711/giw.v5.pp227-244. ISSN 2380-7601. S2CID 210973474.
26. Foster, John R. (2003). "Paleoecological Analysis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Rocky Mountain Region, U.S.A.". *New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin*. **23**: 1–95. ISSN 1524-4156.

## InfoBox

| *Camarasaurus supremus*
Temporal range: Late Jurassic, | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Restoration of a C. supremus herd | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| *Clade*: | Dinosauria |
| *Clade*: | Saurischia |
| *Clade*: | Sauropodomorpha |
| *Clade*: | Sauropoda |
| *Clade*: | Macronaria |
| Family: | Camarasauridae |
| Genus: | *Camarasaurus* |
| Species: | ***C. supremus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Camarasaurus supremus***
Cope, 1877 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amphicoelias latus*?
Cope, 1877 * *Caulodon diversidens*
Cope, 1877 * *Caulodon leptoganus*
Cope, 1878 * *Camarasaurus leptodirus*
Cope, 1879 | |


abstract: Valley High School is an alternative, continuation high school, part of the Escondido Union High School District in Escondido, California. VHS has nearly thirty to fifty new students every month.

text:
# Valley High School (Escondido, California)

33°09′01.17″N 117°01′55.43″W / 33.1503250°N 117.0320639°W / 33.1503250; -117.0320639

**Valley High School** is an alternative, continuation high school, part of the Escondido Union High School District in Escondido, California. VHS has nearly thirty to fifty new students every month.

## Response-Ability Training Program

Response-Ability Training Program (RTP) is a Quarter 9 week long program/class that all newly enrolled students at Valley High are required to attend before becoming full-time students, and before receiving a full class schedule at Valley. The training program teaches many things including the importance of an education, personal responsibility, respecting others and always coming to school prepared. RTP renews every nine weeks at Valley High with new students and is currently taught by Monica Lee the CCEA (California Continuation Education Association) teacher of the year.

## InfoBox

| Valley High School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 410 North Hidden Trails Road<br>Escondido, California 92027 | |
| Information | |
| Type | Public High School |
| Motto | Learning For All Whatever It Takes |
| Principal | Cory Gregory |
| Staff | 16.94 (FTE) |
| Grades | 10-12 |
| Enrollment | 229 (2017–18) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 13.52 |
| Color(s) |  |
| Mascot | Grizzly Bear |
| Website | http://vhsgrizzlies.com |


# Results breakdown of the 1983 Spanish local elections (Region of Murcia)

This is the results breakdown of the local elections held in the Region of Murcia on 8 May 1983. The following tables show detailed results in the autonomous community's most populous municipalities, sorted alphabetically.

## City control

The following table lists party control in the most populous municipalities, including provincial capitals (shown in **bold**). Gains for a party are displayed with the cell's background shaded in that party's colour.

| Municipality | Population | Previous control | | New control | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cartagena | 167,936 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (PCAN in 1987) |
| Lorca | 61,879 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |
| **Murcia** | 284,585 |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) |

## Municipalities

### Cartagena

*Population: 167,936*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Cartagena election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 33,255 | 48.30 | +18.44 | **14** | +5 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL)1 | 17,648 | 25.63 | +22.62 | **7** | +7 |
|  | Cantonal Party (PCAN) | 12,356 | 17.94 | –5.36 | **5** | –2 |
|  | Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 4,080 | 5.93 | –6.50 | **1** | –2 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 977 | 1.42 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 542 | 0.79 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –27.32 | 0 | –8 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 68,858 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 68,858 | 100.00 | +0.87 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.87 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 68,858 | 58.89 | +0.22 | |
| Abstentions | | 48,068 | 41.11 | –0.22 | |
| Registered voters | | 116,926 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Lorca

*Population: 61,879*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Lorca election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 16,473 | 60.46 | +23.15 | **16** | +7 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL)1 | 7,908 | 29.02 | +12.75 | **7** | +3 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 1,447 | 5.31 | *New* | **1** | +1 |
|  | Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 1,420 | 5.21 | –6.65 | **1** | –2 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –26.87 | 0 | –7 |
|  | Independent Group of Lorca (GILorca) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –7.69 | 0 | –2 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 27,248 |  | | 25 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 27,248 | 100.00 | +0.85 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.85 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 27,248 | 60.44 | +4.36 | |
| Abstentions | | 17,838 | 39.56 | –4.36 | |
| Registered voters | | 45,086 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |

### Murcia

*Population: 284,585*

 Summary of the 8 May 1983 City Council of Murcia election results
|  | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Parties and alliances | | Popular vote | | | Seats | |
| | Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|  | Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) | 63,369 | 48.61 | +4.47 | **14** | +1 |
|  | People's Coalition (APPDPUL)1 | 53,572 | 41.10 | +39.59 | **11** | +11 |
|  | Communist Party of Spain (PCE) | 9,236 | 7.09 | –2.78 | **2** | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
|  | Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 2,981 | 2.29 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Liberal Democratic Party (PDL) | 1,193 | 0.92 | *New* | 0 | ±0 |
|  | Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | *n/a* | *n/a* | –40.90 | 0 | –12 |
| Blank ballots | | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 |  | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Total | | 130,351 |  | | 27 | ±0 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 130,351 | 100.00 | +0.82 |  | |
| Invalid votes | | 0 | 0.00 | –0.82 | |
| Votes cast / turnout | | 130,351 | 64.65 | +3.13 | |
| Abstentions | | 71,263 | 35.35 | –3.13 | |
| Registered voters | | 201,614 |  | | |
|  | | | | | | |
| Sources | | | | | | |
| **Footnotes:** | | | | | | |


title: Charles Stephen Gore

abstract: General Sir Charles Stephen Gore, also styled as the Honorable Charles Gore, was a British general.

text:
# Charles Stephen Gore

General **Sir Charles Stephen Gore** GCB KH (26 December 1793  4 September 1869), also styled as the **Honorable Charles Gore**, was a British general.

## Early life

Gore was a son of Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran and, his third wife, the former Elizabeth Underwood. Among his siblings were Lady Cecilia Underwood (the second wife of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, the sixth son of King George III). From his father's first marriage to Catherine Annesley (the only daughter of the 1st Viscount Glerawly), his half-siblings included Arthur Gore, 3rd Earl of Arran, Lady Anne Jane Gore (the third wife of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn), and Lady Catherine Charlotte Gore (wife of John Evans-Freke, 6th Baron Carbery).

His paternal grandparents were Arthur Gore, 1st Earl of Arran (eldest son of Sir Arthur Gore, 2nd Baronet) and the former Jane Worth (widow of William Worth of Rathfarnham). His maternal grandparents were Richard Underwood, Esq. and the former Christiana Goold (a daughter of Caleb Goold of Dublin).

## Career

He entered the army in 1808. During the Peninsular War, he fought in the Siege of Badajoz and Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, both in 1812. He served in Canada and fought in the Battle of Saint-Denis during the Lower Canada Rebellion.

He was Colonel of the 91st (Argyllshire) Regiment of Foot from 1855 to 1861, transferring in 1861 to the 6th (Royal 1st Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot, a position he held until his death in 1869.

Gore served under Lt. Gov. James Kempt while he was posted to Nova Scotia (1820-1828). He also served as Lieutenant Governor of Chelsea Hospital.

## Personal life

Gore was married to Sarah Rachel Fraser (1803–1880) of Halifax, Nova Scotia. She was the eldest daughter of James Fraser, a member of the Council of Nova Scotia, and Rachel Otis (née DeWolf) Fraser (a daughter of Benjamin DeWolf). Together, they were the parents of five children, including:

Sir Charles died on 4 September 1869 in Chelsea, London. He is buried in Brompton Cemetery in London near the north end of the central colonnades. His widow died on 17 October 1880.

### Legacy

The community of Gore, Nova Scotia is named after him when he served in Nova Scotia.

## InfoBox

| General The HonourableSir Charles Stephen GoreGCB KH | |
| --- | --- |
| Sir Charles Stephen Gore | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1793-12-26)26 December 1793 |
| Died | 4 September 1869(1869-09-04) (aged 75)
Chelsea, London, England |
| Spouse | Sarah Rachel Fraser
(m. 1824) |
| Children | 5 |
| Parent(s) | Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran
Elizabeth Underwood |
| Relatives | Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness (sister)
Arthur Gore, 3rd Earl of Arran (half-brother) |
| Military service | |
| Years of service | 1808-1869 |
| Rank | General |
| Unit | 91st Regiment of Foot
6th Regiment of Foot |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |