title: Present tense

abstract:
The present tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time. The present tense is used for actions which are happening now. In order to explain and understand present tense, it is useful to imagine time as a line on which the past tense, the present and the future tense are positioned. The term present tense is usually used in descriptions of specific languages to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. For example, in the English sentence "My train leaves tomorrow morning", the verb form leaves is said to be in the present tense, even though in this particular context it refers to an event in future time. Similarly, in the historical present, the present tense is used to narrate events that occurred in the past. There are two common types of present tense form in most Indo-European languages: the present indicative and the present subjunctive. The present tense is mainly classified into four parts or subtenses.
  - Simple present : The simple present tense is employed in a sentence to represent an action or event that takes place in the present regularly.
  - Present perfect : The present perfect tense is utilized for events that begin in the past and continue to the moment of speaking, or to express the result of a past situation.
  - Present continuous: The present continuous tense is used to describe an action that is happening right now.
  - Present perfect continuous

text:
# Present tense

The **present tense** (abbreviated **PRES** or **PRS**) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time. The present tense is used for actions which are happening now. In order to explain and understand present tense, it is useful to imagine time as a line on which the past tense, the present and the future tense are positioned. The term *present tense* is usually used in descriptions of specific languages to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. For example, in the English sentence "My train leaves tomorrow morning", the verb form *leaves* is said to be in the present tense, even though in this particular context it refers to an event in future time. Similarly, in the historical present, the present tense is used to narrate events that occurred in the past.

There are two common types of present tense form in most Indo-European languages: the present indicative (the combination of present tense and indicative mood) and the present subjunctive (the combination of present tense and subjunctive mood). The present tense is mainly classified into four parts or subtenses.

1. Simple present : The simple present tense is employed in a sentence to represent an action or event that takes place in the present regularly.
2. Present perfect : The present perfect tense is utilized for events that begin in the past and continue to the moment of speaking, or to express the result of a past situation.
3. Present continuous: The present continuous tense is used to describe an action that is happening right now.
4. Present perfect continuous

## Use

The present indicative of most verbs in modern English has the same form as the infinitive, except for the third-person singular form, which takes the ending *-\[e\]s*. The verb *be* has the forms *am*, *is*, *are*. For details, see English verbs. For the present subjunctive, see English subjunctive.

A number of multi-word constructions exist to express the combinations of present tense with the basic form of the present tense is called the simple present; there are also constructions known as the present progressive (or present continuous) (e.g. *am writing*), the present perfect (e.g. *have written*), and the present perfect progressive (e.g. *have been writing*).

Use of the present tense does not always imply the present time. In particular, the present tense is often used to refer to future events (*I am seeing James tomorrow*; *My train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon*). This is particularly the case in condition clauses and many other adverbial subordinate clauses: *If you see him,...*; *As soon as they arrive...* There is also the historical present, in which the present tense is used to narrate past events.

For details of the uses of present tense constructions in English, see Uses of English verb forms.

## Hellenic languages

### Modern Greek present indicative tense

In Modern Greek, the present tense is used in a similar way to the present tense in English and can represent the present continuous as well. As with some other conjugations in Greek, some verbs in the present tense accept different (but equivalent) forms of use for the same person. What follows are examples of present tense conjugation in Greek for the verbs **βλέπω** (see), **τρώω** (eat) and **αγαπώ** (love).

|  | βλέπω | τρώω, τρώγω | αγαπώ, αγαπάω |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *εγώ* I | βλέπω | τρώω, τρώγω | αγαπώ, αγαπάω |
| *εσύ* thou | βλέπεις | τρως, τρώεις | αγαπάς |
| *αυτός/αυτή/αυτό* he/she/it | βλέπει | τρώει, τρώγει | αγαπά(ει) |
| *εμείς* we | βλέπουμε | τρώμε, τρώγομε, τρώγουμε | αγαπάμε, αγαπούμε |
| *εσείς* you (pl.) | βλέπετε | τρώτε, τρώγετε | αγαπάτε |
| *αυτοί/αυτές/αυτά* they | βλέπουν(ε) | τρών(ε), τρώγουν(ε) | αγαπούν(ε), αγαπάν(ε) |

## Romance languages

The Romance languages are derived from Latin, and in particular western Vulgar Latin. As a result, their usages and forms are similar.

### Latin present indicative tense

The Latin present tense can be translated as progressive or simple present. Here are examples of the present indicative tense conjugation in Latin.

|  | plicāre | debēre | dicere | cupere | scīre |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| conjugation | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd | 4th |
| *ego* | plicō | debeō | dīcō | cupiō | sciō |
| *tu* | plicās | debēs | dīcis | cupis | scīs |
| *is, ea, id* | plicat | debet | dicit | cupit | scit |
| *nos* | plicāmus | debēmus | dīcimus | cupimus | scīmus |
| *vos* | plicātis | debētis | dīcitis | cupitis | scītis |
| *ei, eae, ea* | plicant | debent | dīcunt | cupiunt | sciunt |

### French present indicative tense

In French, the present tense is used similarly to that of English. Below is an example of present tense conjugation in French.

|  | parler | perdre | finir | partir |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *je* | parle | perds | finis | pars |
| *tu* | parles | perds | finis | pars |
| *il/elle/on* | parle | perd | finit | part |
| *nous* | parlons | perdons | finissons | partons |
| *vous* | parlez | perdez | finissez | partez |
| *ils/elles* | parlent | perdent | finissent | partent |

The present indicative is commonly used to express the present continuous. For example, *Jean mange* may be translated as *John eats*, *John is eating*. To emphasise the present continuous, expressions such as "en train de" may be used. For example, *Jean est **en train de** manger* may be translated as *John is eating*, *John is **in the middle of** eating.* *On est **en train de** chercher un nouvel appartement* may be translated as *We are looking for a new apartment*, *We are **in the process of** finding a new apartment.*

### Italian present indicative tense

In Italian, the present tense is used similarly to that of English. What follows is an example of present indicative tense conjugation in Italian.

|  | parlare | vedere | sentire |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *io* | parlo | vedo | sento |
| *tu* | parli | vedi | senti |
| *egli/ella* | parla | vede | sente |
| *noi* | parliamo | vediamo | sentiamo |
| *voi* | parlate | vedete | sentite |
| *essi/esse* | parlano | vedono | sentono |

### Portuguese and Spanish present indicative tense

The present tenses of Portuguese and Spanish are similar in form, and are used in similar ways. What follows are examples of the present indicative conjugation in Portuguese.

| Pronoun | falar | comer | insistir | ter | ser |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *eu* | falo | como | insisto | ten**ho** | **sou** |
| *tu* | falas | comes | insistes | ten**s** | **és** |
| *ele/ela/você* | fala | come | insiste | t**em** | **é** |
| *nós* | falamos | comemos | insistimos | temos | s**omos** |
| *vós* | falais | comeis | insistis | ten**des** | s**ois** |
| *eles/elas/vocês* | falam | comem | insistem | têm | **são** |

There follow examples of the corresponding conjugation in Spanish.

| Pronoun | hablar | comer | insistir | tener | ser |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *yo* | hablo | como | insisto | ten**go** | **soy** |
|  | hablas | comes | insistes | t**ienes** | **eres** |
| *él/ella/usted* | habla | come | insiste | t**iene** | **es** |
| *nosotros* | hablamos | comemos | insistimos | tenemos | s**omos** |
| *vosotros* | habláis | coméis | insistís | tenéis | s**ois** |
| *ellos/ellas/ustedes* | hablan | comen | insisten | t**ienen** | **son** |

## Slavic languages

### Bulgarian present indicative tense

In Bulgarian, the present indicative tense of imperfective verbs is used in a very similar way to the present indicative in English. It can also be used as present progressive. Below is an example of present indicative tense conjugation in Bulgarian.

|  | писати\*
*pisati* | говорити\*
*govoriti* | искати\*
*iskati* | отваряти\*
*otvarjati* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| аз
*az* | пиша
*piša* | говоря
*govorja* | искам
*iskam* | отварям
*otvarjam* |
| ти
*ti* | пишеш
*pišeš* | говориш
*govoriš* | искаш
*iskaš* | отваряш
*otvarjaš* |
| той, тя, то
*toj, tja, to* | пише
*piše* | говори
*govori* | иска
*iska* | отваря
*otvarja* |
| ние
*nie* | пишем
*pišem* | говорим
*govorim* | искаме
*iskame* | отваряме
*otvarjame* |
| вие
*vie* | пишете
*pišete* | говорите
*govorite* | искате
*iskate* | отваряте
*otvarjate* |
| те
*te* | пишат
*pišat* | говорят
*govorjat* | искат
*iskat* | отварят
*otvarjat* |

*****Archaic, no infinitive in the modern language.

### Macedonian present tense

The present tense in Macedonian is expressed using imperfective verbs. The following table shows the conjugation of the verbs *write* (*пишува/pišuva*), *speak* (*зборува/zboruva*), *want* (*сака/saka*) and *open* (*отвaра/otvara*).

|  | пишува
pišuvaпишува
pišuva
write
 | зборува
zboruvaзборува
zboruva
speak
 | сака
sakaсака
saka
want
 | отвaрa
otvaraотвaрa
otvara
open
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| јас
jas
1SGјас
jas
1SG
 | пишувам
pišuvamпишувам
pišuvam
 | зборувам
zboruvamзборувам
zboruvam
 | сакам
sakamсакам
sakam
 | отвaрам
otvaramотвaрам
otvaram
 |
| ти
ti
2SGти
ti
2SG
 | пишуваш
pišuvašпишуваш
pišuvaš
 | зборуваш
zboruvašзборуваш
zboruvaš
 | сакаш
sakašсакаш
sakaš
 | отвaраш
otvarašотвaраш
otvaraš
 |
| тој,
toj,
3SG.Mтаа,
taa,
3SG.Fтоа
toa
3SG.Nтој, таа, тоа
toj, taa, toa
3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N
 | пишува
pišuvaпишува
pišuva
 | зборува
zboruvaзборува
zboruva
 | сака
sakaсака
saka
 | отвaра
otvaraотвaра
otvara
 |
| ние
nie
1PLние
nie
1PL
 | пишуваме
pišuvameпишуваме
pišuvame
 | зборуваме
zboruvameзборуваме
zboruvame
 | сакаме
sakameсакаме
sakame
 | отвaраме
otvarameотвaраме
otvarame
 |
| вие
vie
2PLвие
vie
2PL
 | пишувате
pišuvateпишувате
pišuvate
 | зборувате
zboruvateзборувате
zboruvate
 | сакате
sakateсакате
sakate
 | отвaрате
otvarateотвaрате
otvarate
 |
| тие
tie
3PLтие
tie
3PL
 | пишуваат
pišuvaatпишуваат
pišuvaat
 | зборуваат
zboruvaatзборуваат
zboruvaat
 | сакаат
sakaatсакаат
sakaat
 | отвaраат
otvaraatотвaраат
otvaraat
 |

## Sinitic languages

In Wu Chinese, unlike other Sinitic languages (Varieties of Chinese), some tenses can be marked, including the present tense. For instance, in Suzhounese and Old Shanghainese, the word  is used. The particle is placed at the end of a clause, and when a tense is referenced, the word order switches to SOV.

In a sentence such as "落雨了", it would be the perfective aspect in Standard Mandarin, whereas this would be analysed as the present tense in contemporary Shanghainese, where  has underwent lenition to .


title: Charles Willis Johnson

abstract: Dr. Charles Willis Johnson was the Dean of the University of Washington Pharmacy Department from 1903 to 1939. C.W. Johnson is credited for bringing the School of Pharmacy from a small struggling department to a successful doctorate program. He oversaw the creation of Bagley Hall, which was built by the Public Works Administration during the Great Depression. Johnson also supported the growth of the Medicinal Herb Garden on campus, which is still one of the most extensive medicinal herb gardens in the Northwest.

text:
# Charles Willis Johnson

Dr. **Charles Willis Johnson** was the Dean of the University of Washington Pharmacy Department from 1903 to 1939. C.W. Johnson is credited for bringing the School of Pharmacy from a small struggling department to a successful doctorate program. He oversaw the creation of Bagley Hall, which was built by the Public Works Administration during the Great Depression. Johnson also supported the growth of the Medicinal Herb Garden on campus, which is still one of the most extensive medicinal herb gardens in the Northwest.

Dr. Johnson was the great-grandfather of Katherine Noel Clegg, a struggling dramatic writer.


title: Ľudovít Zlocha

abstract: Ľudovít Zlocha is Slovak retired international football player. He played 12 matches for Czechoslovakia. His brother, Ján was also a Czechoslovakia international footballer.

text:
# Ľudovít Zlocha

**Ľudovít Zlocha** (born 17 May 1945) is Slovak retired international football player. He played 12 matches for Czechoslovakia.

His brother, Ján was also a Czechoslovakia international footballer.

## InfoBox

Ľudovít Zlocha
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ľudovít Zlocha | | |
| Date of birth | (1945-05-17) 17 May 1945 | | |
| Place of birth | Kopčany-Bratislava, Slovakia | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1971–1973 | Czechoslovakia | 12 | (0) |


title: Phelotropa conversa

abstract: Phelotropa conversa is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in French Guiana. The wingspan is about 32 mm. The forewings are light greyish ochreous, towards the termen whitish tinged between the veins. The second discal stigma is dark fuscous, the plical represented by a minute dark fuscous dash. There is also a marginal series of dark fuscous dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are pale whitish grey.

text:
# Phelotropa conversa

***Phelotropa conversa*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is found in French Guiana.

The wingspan is about 32 mm. The forewings are light greyish ochreous, towards the termen whitish tinged between the veins. The second discal stigma is dark fuscous, the plical represented by a minute dark fuscous dash. There is also a marginal series of dark fuscous dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are pale whitish grey.

## InfoBox

| *Phelotropa conversa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Phelotropa* |
| Species: | ***P. conversa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phelotropa conversa***<br>Meyrick, 1923 | |
|


title: East Alburgh, Vermont

abstract: East Alburgh is a populated place in Grand Isle County in the U.S. state of Vermont. It was formerly the location of the interchange between New England Central Railroad and Canadian National.

text:
# East Alburgh, Vermont

**East Alburgh** (also known as East Alburg and Alburg Junction) is a populated place in Grand Isle County in the U.S. state of Vermont. It was formerly the location of the interchange between New England Central Railroad and Canadian National.

## InfoBox

| East Alburgh | |
| --- | --- |
| Coordinates: 44°58′23″N 73°13′46″W / 44.97306°N 73.22944°W / 44.97306; -73.22944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Vermont |
| County | Grand Isle County |
| Elevation | 108 ft (33 m) |


title: Project Moon-Blink

abstract: Project Moon-Blink was a draft NASA created in 1965-1966, for the exploration of unusual phenomena (anomalies) on the surface of the Moon. Work performed by Trident Engineering Associates under contract NAS 5-9613 dated June 1, 1965, Goddard Space Flight Center.

text:
# Project Moon-Blink

**Project Moon-Blink** was a draft NASA created in 1965-1966, for the exploration of unusual phenomena (anomalies) on the surface of the Moon. Work performed by Trident Engineering Associates (Annapolis, Maryland) under contract NAS 5-9613 dated June 1, 1965, Goddard Space Flight Center (Greenbelt, Maryland).

## Project goals and objectives

* Development of devices to improve observation of unusual color occurrences on the moon in order to record and identify such phenomena.
* Lunar surveillance program via telescope employing this especially designed equipment.

## History

In a report issued by NASA in October 1966, the background is described as follows:

> There have been some puzzling reports over the years. Before 1843 astronomers listed Linne as a normal but steep-walled crater about five miles in diameter. In 1866 Schmidt, a famed astronomer, reported that Linne was not a crater at all but looked more like a whitish cloud. Later observers disagreed with both descriptions, saying it was a low "mound" about four miles across, with a deep crater one mile in diameter in its top. Much later — in 1961 — Patrick Moore, one of the foremost contemporary lunar astronomers, was astonished that Linne appeared to be a normal crater about three miles in diameter. Moore examined it with two telescopes then called another astronomer. He examined it with a third instrument and reported a similar inexplicable appearance. The following night was cloudy, but the next night Linne appeared as Moore had always seen it — a gently rounded dome with a small crater on top. Moore attributed the changes to unusual lighting effects. During the past ten years several incontrovertible observations have been reported of unusual color activity on or just above the lunar surface. These may be divided into two categories: those events localized to a few square miles of lunar area and those covering a significant portion of the lunar surface. Insufficient evidence exists at present to determine whether these two types of events are similar or dissimilar in nature. However, they both manifest themselves in the red portion of the visible spectrum. The localized observations to date have occurred most frequently in two lunar areas: the Aristarchus region and Alphonsus. Appendix I of this-report lists a number of modern observations which are peculiar because of color changes. Most were of short duration — minutes or hours. The detection of these transient events demands a program of constant surveillance of the moon with suitable astronomical instruments. This was strongly recommended by Dr. Zdeněk Kopal at Commission 17 (The Moon) sponsored by the IAU and NASA at Goddard Space Flight Center on April 15–16, 1965. A surveillance program utilizing large astronomical telescopes inherently capable of detecting these occurrences is not feasible because of problems caused by economics and/or by prior commitments.

The Moon-Blink detector has been designed based on the principle that the observer will be immediately drawn to any movement taking place on parts of a large static images. The principle of operation of the detector is described next:

> In the Moon-Blink detector the telescopic image is intercepted by alternating red and blue filters at a rate of approximately 120 times per minute. When this image is viewed by a suitable electro-optical device, changes in color at either end of the visible spectrum will appear as a «blink» on the face of the image tube, thus drawing the eye to the spot. Figure 1 shows the detector components and Figure2 shows the device installed. A more complete description of the Moon-Blink detector is included as Appendix II.

## Experimental results and conclusions

* Red colorations do appear on the lunar surface.
* These colorations may persist for several hours. The Trident sighting, on November 15, 1965, lasted at least four hours (sunrise prevented further viewing).
* The detection capability of the Moon-Blink device is much greater than direct viewing or conventional color photography.
* The "Hot-line" technique (telephone conference network) is an effective means of alerting other observatories.
* The effectiveness of unpaid volunteer observers is doubtful.

## Literature

* Valdemar Axel Firsoff, *The Old Moon and the New*, Sidgwick & Jackson - London, 1969
* Patrick Moore, *New Guide to the Moon*, W. W. Norton & Company - Inc - New York, 1976
* William P. Sheehan, Thomas A. Dobbins: *Epic Moon, a history of lunar exploration in the age of the telescope*, Willmann-Bell - 2001

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.


title: Big Brother (Dutch TV series) season 6

abstract: Big Brother 2006 was the sixth season of the Dutch version of Big Brother. It lasted from 18 August 2006 to 27 November 2006 for a total of 102 days. The presenter was Bridget Maasland.

text:
# Big Brother (Dutch TV series) season 6

***Big Brother 2006*** was the sixth season of the Dutch version of *Big Brother*. It lasted from 18 August 2006 to 27 November 2006 for a total of 102 days. The presenter was Bridget Maasland.

## Overview

Though the show launched on 18 August 2006, it did not start airing on television until two days later. Viewing numbers were half of that of the previous season which was largely caused by competition from a similar show The Golden Cage, broadcast immediately after Big Brother.

The season added an extra twist to the game, where most of the housemates had a partner who entered the house with them. Another added twist this season was the red phone. Every housemate had a safe deposit account of €30,000. When half was left(meaning one member of the pair had been evicted), the other half had to be donated to other housemates' safe. The winner was left with the amount accumulated. Two "jokers" (exemptions) were sold by auction. Marlies and Tijn won them for €25,300 and €29,200.

## Housemates

| Name | Age on entry | Hometown | Occupation | Relationship | Day entered | Day exited | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jeroen Visser | 23 | Werkendam | Account Manager | - | 1 | 102 | Winner |
| Sabrina Mutsers | 27 | Den Haag | Housewife | Monique's sister | 1 | 102 | Runner-up |
| Rik Rovers | 22 | 's-Hertogenbosch | Hairdresser | Tijn's brother | 1 | 102 | 3rd Place |
| Tijn Rovers | 24 | St-Oedenrode | Salesman | Rik's brother | 1 | 102 | 4th Place |
| Monique de Roo | 35 | Den Haag | Part-time receptionists & Fitness instructor | Sabrina's sister | 1 | 95 | Evicted |
| Semih Turan | 26 | Rotterdam | Art Director | Micheline's boyfriend | 1 | 88 | Evicted |
| Marcia Schouten | 22 | Amsterdam | Student | Egbert's daughter | 1 | 81 | Evicted |
| Marlies Otten | 26 | Amsterdam | Manager | - | 1 | 74 | Evicted |
| Micheline de Reus | 20 | Rotterdam | Intranet/Internet content manager | Semih's girlfriend | 1 | 67 | Evicted |
| Etiënne Meulhof | 18 | Zwolle | Student | Marcel's son | 1 | 60 | Evicted |
| Egbert Schouten | 45 | Abbekerk | Group leader of youth detention center | Marcia's father | 1 | 53 | Evicted |
| Janine Holder | 31 | Amsterdam | Model | - | 1 | 46 | Evicted |
| Milica IJpelaar | 23 | 's-Hertogenbosch | Travelling saleswomen | Hilde's daughter | 1 | 39 | Evicted |
| Hilde IJpelaar | 42 | Drunen | Housewife | Milica's mother | 1 | 32 | Evicted |
| Marcel Meulhof | 45 | Zwolle | Hotel Manager | Etiënne's father | 1 | 25 | Evicted |

## Summary

Two of the cast members, Jeroen and Milica arrived one day early and had to pretend to be a couple. Milica's mother Hilde entered a day after most of the group. The first time, the red phone rang Egbert answered it and heard the message that the viewers would decide whether he would stay. One day later he was allowed to stay with 75% of the public vote. Jeroen, Hilde, Milica, Etiënne and Marcel formed a well-known click in the house. When Egbert dropped his key into a hole in the floor, he had to survive in an inflatable canoe in the swimming pool for two days to get it back. Big Brother nominated Semih and Marlies for a minor rule-breaking but this was annulled and Etiënne and Marcel were nominated instead for talking about their nomination strategy. Marcel was the first housemate to be evicted and donated half of the money to his son. Soon after, Monique's husband rushed to the house when it looked like her Tijn was getting close. After they wrote a few letters to each other she decided to stay. Afterward, Monique and Sabrina were given a private bedroom since Tijn and Etiënne wouldn't leave them alone at night. In the second round, Hilde and Etiënne were nominated, the latter because of his racist comments. The red telephone rang again and Semih heard that he would be nominated for four consecutive weeks. Marlies used her joker to put Janine up for nominations in her place. A week later, Egbert, Jeroen and Semih were nominated. During Egbert's eviction host Bridget told Egbert and Jeroen that they both had both been evicted because they had the same percentage of votes. However, Jeroen wasn't really evicted since for a secret mission Monique and Sabrina had to hide Jeroen in their private bedroom for a couple of days. They passed their mission, and all three gained immunity from the next eviction. Marlies was nominated after Sabrina used a joker she bought from Jeroen to put Marlies up for eviction in her place. The winner of the sixth season was the soccer player Jeroen.

Due to the disappointing ratings of this season, Big Brother was canceled in the Netherlands for the second time.

## Nominations Table

|  | | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Week 9 | Week 10 | Week 11 | Week 12 | Week 13 | Week 14
Final | | Nominations received |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jeroen | | *No
Nominations* | Micheline | Tijn | Tijn | Marlies | Rik | Tijn | Marlies | Marcia | Tijn | Rik | Monique | **Winner**
(Day 102) | | 25 |
|  | Sabrina | *No
Nominations* | Hilde | Hilde | Milica | Marcia | Egbert | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Semih | Jeroen | **Runner-up**
(Day 102) | | 4 |
|  | Rik | *No
Nominations* | Jeroen | Etiënne | Jeroen | Jeroen | Jeroen | Marcia | Jeroen | Jeroen | Jeroen | Jeroen | Jeroen | **Third place**
(Day 102) | | 2 |
|  | Tijn | *No
Nominations* | Jeroen | Milica | Jeroen | Marlies | Jeroen | Marlies | Micheline | Semih | Semih | Semih | Jeroen | **Fourth place**
(Day 102) | | 11 |
|  | Monique | *No
Nominations* | Hilde | Hilde | Milica | Jeroen | Egbert | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Marcia | Jeroen | Jeroen | *Evicted*
(Day 95) | | 4 |
|  | Semih | *No
Nominations* | Hilde | Hilde | Milica | Marlies | Egbert | Tijn | Tijn | Tijn | Tijn | Tijn | *Evicted*
(Day 88) | | | 4 |
|  | Marcia | *No
Nominations* | Milica | Etiënne | Milica | Jeroen | Sabrina | Sabrina | Jeroen | Sabrina | Monique | *Evicted*
(Day 81) | | | | 11 |
| Marlies | | *No
Nominations* | Jeroen | Etiënne | Jeroen | Jeroen | Egbert | Etiënne | Jeroen | Sabrina | *Evicted*
(Day 74) | | | | | 9 |
|  | Micheline | *No
Nominations* | Hilde | Etiënne | Milica | Jeroen | Egbert | Etiënne | Tijn | *Evicted*
(Day 67) | | | | | | 7 |
|  | Etiënne | *No
Nominations* | Micheline | Egbert | Tijn | Marlies | Egbert | Marlies | *Evicted*
(Day 60) | | | | | | | 10 |
|  | Egbert | *Nominated* | Hilde | Etiënne | Etiënne | Marlies | Etiënne | *Evicted*
(Day 53) | | | | | | | | 7 |
| Janine | | *No
Nominations* | Micheline | Etiënne | Jeroen | Marlies | *Evicted*
(Day 46) | | | | | | | | | 0 |
|  | Milica | *No
Nominations* | Micheline | Monique | Tijn | *Evicted*
(Day 39) | | | | | | | | | | 7 |
|  | Hilde | *No
Nominations* | Micheline | Monique | *Evicted*
(Day 32) | | | | | | | | | | | 8 |
|  | Marcel | *No
Nominations* | Micheline | *Evicted*
(Day 25) | | | | | | | | | | | | N/A |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Notes | |  |  | *none* | | , | *none* |  | , |  | *none* | | |  | |  |
| Nominated | | Egbert | Etiënne,
Hilde,
Marcel,
Micheline | Etiënne,
Hilde | Jeroen,
Milica | Janine,
Jeroen,
Semih | Egbert,
Jeroen,
Semih | Entienne,
Marcia,
Semih | Jeroen,
Marcia,
Micheline,
Semih | Marcia,
Marlies | Marcia,
Tijn | Jeroen,
Semih | Jeroen,
Monique | | Jeroen,
Rik,
Sabrina,
Tijn | |
| Evicted | | **Egbert**
75%
to stay | **Marcel**
12%
to save | **Hilde**
36%
to save | **Milica**
46%
to save | **Janine**
22%
to save | **Egbert**
23%
to save | **Etiënne**
32%
to save | **Micheline**
13%
to save | **Marlies**
34%
to save | **Marcia**
43%
to save | **Semih**
40%
to save | **Monique**
43%
to save | | **Tijn**
8%
(out of 4) | **Rik**
17%
(out of 3) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | **Sabrina**
41%
(out of 2) | **Jeroen**
59%
to win | |

### Notes

* **^Note 1** : On Day 10, Egbert was nominated for eviction by Big Brother for answering the Red Phone. As he was the only nominee, the public had to decide if he should be evicted or if he should stay.
* **^Note 2** : On Day 2, both Marlies and Semih were told that they had been automatically nominated by Big Brother. This, however, was a lie, and they were actually immune from eviction. Etiënne and Marcel were automatically nominated by Big Brother as punishment for discussing nominations.
* **^Note 3** : Marlies was initially up for eviction, but she used the Nominations Joker she won on Day 2 to save herself from nomination and she nominated Janine in her place.
* **^Note 4** : On Day 39, the Red Phone rang and Semih answered it. When he answered the phone Big Brother informed Semih that he would be nominated for the next four evictions.
* **^Note 5** : As everyone in the House besides Monique and Sabrina thought Jeroen was evicted, he could not be nominated this week.
* **^Note 6** : Last week, Jeroen was fake evicted, and Monique and Sabrina had to hide him in their bedroom without the other Housemates knowing. As they successfully passed this secret mission, Monique and Sabrina were immune from being nominated this week.
* **^Note 7** : Tijn used the Nominations Joker to save himself and he nominated Micheline in his place.
* **^Note 8** : On Day 67, Jeroen opened an envelope that said he had won a Nominations Joker. Following the announcement of the nominations, Sabrina brought the Joker off Jeroen for €25,000. Sabrina used the Joker to save herself and nominated Marlies in her place.
* **^Note 9** : The public was voting for who they wanted to see win instead of who they wanted to stay.

## InfoBox

| *Big Brother* | |
| --- | --- |
| Season 6 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Presented by | Bridget Maasland |
| No. of days | 102 |
| No. of housemates | 15 |
| Winner | Jeroen Visser |
| Runner-up | Sabrina Mutsers |
|  | |
| Release | |
| Original network | Talpa |
| Original release | 20 August (2006-08-20)
27 November 2006 (2006-11-27) |
| Additional information | |
| Filming dates | 18 August (2006-08-18)
27 November 2006 (2006-11-27) |
| Season chronology | |


title: Synothele taurus

abstract: Synothele taurus is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet taurus, from the Latin for "bull", alludes to the type locality.

text:
# Synothele taurus

***Synothele taurus*** is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet *taurus*, from the Latin for "bull", alludes to the type locality.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in south-west Western Australia. The type locality is 19 km north of Bullsbrook, a northern suburb of Perth.

## InfoBox

| *Synothele taurus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Family: | Barychelidae |
| Genus: | *Synothele* |
| Species: | ***S. taurus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synothele taurus***<br>Raven, 1994 | |
|


title: Borders Group

abstract: Borders Group, Inc. was an American multinational book and music retailer based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. In its final year, the company employed about 19,500 people throughout the U.S., primarily in its Borders and Waldenbooks stores. At the beginning of 2010, the company operated 511 Borders superstores in the United States. The company also operated 175 stores in the Waldenbooks Specialty Retail segment, including Waldenbooks, Borders Express, Borders airport stores, and Borders Outlet stores. In February 2011, Borders applied for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and began liquidating 226 of its stores in the United States. Despite a purchase offer from the private equity firm Najafi Companies, Borders was not able to find a buyer acceptable to its creditors before its July bidding deadline, so it began liquidating its remaining 399 retail outlets, with the last remaining stores closing in September. The Chapter 11 case was ultimately converted to Chapter 7. Rival bookseller Barnes & Noble acquired Borders's trademarks and customer list. By the end of December 2009, Borders employed an estimated 1,150 staff across its UK stores, which went into bankruptcy administration before the end of 2009. All stores were closed by December 31, 2009. Borders Group also formerly operated stores in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. However, these were sold off to Pacific Equity Partners in 2008, then were later sold again to REDgroup Retail. The stores continued to operate under the Borders brand as the unaffiliated "Borders Asia Pacific" until RedGroup was placed into voluntary administration in February 2011; with the five New Zealand stores sold to the James Pascoe Group and the Australian stores gradually shut down, with the last group closing in July 2011. In Dubai, Al Maya Group purchased lifetime rights to the Borders brand in the Middle East in 2015, and subsequently diversified it into a merchandise mix consisting of books, toys and stationery.

text:
# Borders Group

**Borders Group, Inc.** was an American multinational book and music retailer based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. In its final year, the company employed about 19,500 people throughout the U.S., primarily in its Borders and Waldenbooks stores.

At the beginning of 2010, the company operated 511 Borders superstores in the United States. The company also operated 175 stores in the Waldenbooks Specialty Retail segment, including Waldenbooks, Borders Express, Borders airport stores, and Borders Outlet stores. In February 2011, Borders applied for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and began liquidating 226 of its stores in the United States. Despite a purchase offer from the private equity firm Najafi Companies, Borders was not able to find a buyer acceptable to its creditors before its July bidding deadline, so it began liquidating its remaining 399 retail outlets, with the last remaining stores closing in September. The Chapter 11 case was ultimately converted to Chapter 7. Rival bookseller Barnes & Noble acquired Borders's trademarks and customer list.

By the end of December 2009, Borders employed an estimated 1,150 staff across its UK stores, which went into bankruptcy administration before the end of 2009. All stores were closed by December 31, 2009. Borders Group also formerly operated stores in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. However, these were sold off to Pacific Equity Partners (which owned rival Angus & Robertson) in 2008, then were later sold again to REDgroup Retail. The stores continued to operate under the Borders brand as the unaffiliated "Borders Asia Pacific" until RedGroup was placed into voluntary administration in February 2011; with the five New Zealand stores sold to the James Pascoe Group and the Australian stores gradually shut down, with the last group closing in July 2011.

In Dubai, Al Maya Group purchased lifetime rights to the Borders brand in the Middle East in 2015, and subsequently diversified it into a merchandise mix consisting of books, toys and stationery.

## History

The original Borders bookstore was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, where it was founded in 1971 by brothers Tom and Louis Borders during their undergraduate and graduate years at the University of Michigan. The first Borders bookshop opened at 209 South State Street, Ann Arbor, in 1971.

In 1975, they bought out the stock of Wahr's, an 80-year-old bookstore that was ending business at 316 South State Street, and hired Michael Hildebrand and Harvey James Robin to stock it with rare books and manage the old shop. Hildebrand had managed Gibson's used and rare book department in East Lansing for years and Harvey Robin had been a local restorer of rare books, who moved his bindery upstairs. Wahr's had been mainly a textbook and school supplies vendor, but the brothers did not deal in textbooks. They moved the retail bookshop to much larger quarters that had become available down the street at 303 South State, in the former location of the Wagner and Son men's clothing store. The old shop was renamed Charing Cross Bookshop and Tom Frick was sent over from the new bookshop to help.

In 1985, the company opened its second location, in Beverly Hills, Michigan.

The downtown Ann Arbor store moved across the street again in 1994 to 612 East Liberty Street, at the southwest corner of Liberty and State Streets, in the building once occupied by the defunct Jacobson's Department Store. Although not the original location, it was identified as "Borders #1" because it was the flagship store.

Former Hickory Farms president Robert F. DiRomualdo was hired in 1989 to expand the company.

### Kmart and Waldenbooks

Borders was acquired in 1992 by Kmart, which had acquired mall-based book chain Waldenbooks eight years earlier. Kmart had struggled with the book division, having first tinkered with the assortment and later with discounting. In the Borders acquisition, Kmart merged the two companies in hopes that the experienced Borders senior management could bail out floundering Waldenbooks. Instead, many of the Borders senior management team left the company, leaving behind an even larger and more unwieldy division for Kmart executives to handle on the heels of aggressive expansions by rivals Barnes & Noble and Crown Books. Facing its own fiscal problems and intense pressure from stockholders, Kmart spun off Borders in 1995, in a highly structured stock-purchase plan. The newly formed company was initially called Borders-Walden Group and, by the end of the same year, renamed simply Borders Group.

In 1994, Borders briefly operated a mall-based toy store called All Wound Up, which sold toys and novelty items. Most All Wound Up stores were seasonal kiosks in shopping malls.

### International expansion

Borders was rumoured to open stores in Canada, starting with a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m2) retail store in Toronto. However, this was rejected for failing to meet Canadian ownership regulations for book retailers.

In 1997, the company established its first international store in Singapore, occupying 32,000 square feet (3,000 m2) in Wheelock Place, Orchard Road, which was then the largest bookstore there. It subsequently opened another 41 stores in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and bought 35 Books etc. stores throughout Britain from Philip and Richard Joseph.

In 1998, Borders (UK) Ltd. was established as a Borders Group subsidiary and with its Borders and Books etc. After quickly becoming one of the country's leading booksellers, due to the fierce competition in the UK marketplace, a number of the Books etc. stores closed, and Borders (UK) Ltd. was sold in 2007 to a private-equity investor.

In the third quarter of 2006, the Singapore store emerged as the best performing among the group's 559 outlets, with the highest revenue generated per square meter. At one point, the highest-grossing location in US territory was a remodeled and expanded store in Puerto Rico, generating $17 million in sales annually. Another notably large and successful location in the U.S. was located at 5 World Trade Center in New York City, but the store sustained damage and was closed following the September 11 attacks.

On November 26, 2009, Borders (UK) Ltd was placed into administration, which is the equivalent to Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States. At that time, the Borders bookshop chain in the UK started a closing down sale in all of its 45 stores. On December 14, Borders UK converted to liquidation (which is equivalent to Chapter 7 in the US) and announced it was going out of business. All UK stores were closed by the end of the year.

By the end of 2009, all of Borders's directly owned overseas locations had been sold or closed, leaving only the franchise stores in Dubai, Oman, and Malaysia.

### Franchise stores

In April 2005, Borders Group opened its first franchise store with Malaysia's Berjaya Books Sdn. Bhd. in Kuala Lumpur. It is located in Berjaya Times Square, which is the world's biggest mall built in a single phase, with 7.5 million square feet (700,000 m2). The store in Berjaya Times Square was advertised as being the world's biggest Borders at 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2); however, this has since changed with the closure of one level of the store. Borders's second store in Malaysia is located in The Curve, Mutiara Damansara. The third Borders store opened in Queensbay Mall, Penang on December 7, 2006. Borders opened a franchise store in the Mall of the Emirates in Dubai, UAE in October 2006. Despite financial difficulties in the domestic market, Borders continued to expand its franchises, adding stores in Malaysia, Oman, and Sharjah.

### Changes in business plan

In 1998, Philip Pfeffer succeeded Robert DiRomualdo as chief executive.

In 2003, Borders had 1,249 stores using the Borders and Waldenbooks names.

In 2004, Borders reached an agreement with Starbucks subsidiary Seattle's Best Coffee to operate cafes in its domestic superstores under the Seattle's Best brand name.

In March 2007, Borders Group announced it would scale down the number of Waldenbooks outlets it had by half, to about 300, in the next year.

Also in March 2007, Borders Group announced the disposal of its Ireland and UK businesses, including its Books etc. business in the UK, with the aim of revitalizing the core US business; however, it was also announced that Borders Group would retain the Paperchase stationery business. International expansion would be likely to continue via franchising.

In September 2007, it was announced that the 42 Borders and 28 Books etc. stores in Ireland and the UK had been sold to private-equity group Risk Capital Partners for an initial £20 million. However, after changing hands in 2009, Borders in Ireland and the UK went into administration on November 26, 2009. After failing to find a buyer, all the stores were shut on December 22, 2009.

In 2008, Borders opened 14 concept stores nationwide, which included a Digital Center, offering select electronic devices such as MP3 players, digital photo frames, and the Sony Reader. The concept stores were located in Ann Arbor, Michigan; Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas, Nevada; Panama City Beach, Florida; Noblesville, Indiana; Monroeville, Pennsylvania; and Alameda, California. The latest Borders Digital Center opened in Alameda in January 2008.

In late 2007, Borders installed digital video monitors in select stores. The monitors displayed special programs, as well as news, sports, and financial information provided through Ripple Networks, Inc., a California-based marketing service.

Borders Group also launched a customer appreciation program called Borders Rewards. In contrast to a membership from Barnes & Noble, which was a paid-for membership that entitled customers to discounts, Borders Rewards was a free program with discount coupons and the ability to earn store credit for purchases. In addition, in September 2009, following the lead of Barnes & Noble, the chain discontinued its fee-based wireless service provided by T-Mobile and began implementing a free Wi-Fi network provided by Verizon.

The Australian, New Zealand, and Singaporean stores were sold in June 2008 to Pacific Equity Partners (who also own local competitor Angus & Robertson), which then formed a new company, RedGroup Retail, to pay off debt.

### Declining profits

The last year that Borders made a profit was in 2006. Its yearly income dropped by $1 billion over the next four years.

In March 2007, the company announced the end of its marketing alliance with Amazon begun six years earlier, as well as plans to launch its own online business in early 2008.

In March 2008, Borders Group announced the intention to sell the chain because of financial difficulties. Borders Books was rumored to have approached Barnes & Noble in hopes of a buyout. The chain was in debt, having increased its financial instability by borrowing US$42.5 million in March from Pershing Square Capital Management, the company's major stockholder, to keep the company running through the remainder of the fiscal year. The loan was said to have a very high interest rate of 12.5%, which meant that the chain would have to post a significant profit to stay afloat in the future. Following the announcement of the loan, Borders's shares dropped 28.6% to $5.07/share. The shares continued to drop throughout the year, and as of December 11, 2009, Borders stocks were trading at $1.30 on the NYSE, which was up almost a point from a low of $0.530 on January 28, 2009.

Also in 2008, Borders signed an agreement with Lulu Press to create Borders Personal Publishing. Through this, authors could self-publish their work through Borders and its website.

On January 5, 2009, the company announced that Ron Marshall would immediately take over as chief executive. Former CEO George L. Jones received a severance package of $2.09 million. Mark Bierley was also promoted to chief financial officer, replacing Ed Wilhelm. The changes in management were due to Borders's holiday sales having fallen by 11.7% to $868.8 million. On January 13, Mick McGuire, a former partner at Pershing Square, became chairman of the board of directors.

On March 30, 2009, Marshall announced that the loan from Pershing Square would be extended for another year (coming due on April 1, 2010), at an interest rate of 9.8%. This, combined with a series of layoffs and new promotional deals with major publishers, caused Borders stock to rise. Within a week, it had topped the $1.00 mark. By mid-April, it had approached $2.00. As a result, the company cancelled plans to ask its shareholders for permission to perform a reverse stock split.

On August 11, 2009, Borders revealed the names of the replacements for five of the eight members of the board of directors, who had previously announced their intentions to quit. The new members included Paul J. Brown of Hilton Hotels, Timothy V. Wolf of MillerCoors, and Dan Rose of Facebook.

On November 5, 2009, Borders announced that it would close some of its Waldenbooks stores in an effort to improve the profitability of its Specialty Retail operations. By January 2010, 182 stores had been closed.

Holiday sales figures for 2009 were "disappointing", with total sales of $846.8 million, (~$1.17 billion in 2023) down 14.7% from the previous year. Employees reported that major cuts were made in payroll hours.

On January 26, 2010, CEO Ron Marshall resigned to become president and CEO of The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P). Following his announcement, Borders stock fell below one dollar per share. During his tenure at Borders, all of the top executive officers resigned (or were encouraged to leave), including some who had been with the company for over 20 years. Mike Edwards (vice president and chief merchandising officer) was appointed interim CEO.

On March 31, 2010, Borders announced that the loan from Pershing Square had been paid in full. In early April, the company's stock had rebounded to $2.78 per share.

On May 21, 2010, it was revealed that Bennett S. LeBow, chairman of Vector Group, was making a large private investment in Borders stock. As a result, both LeBow and Howard Lorber, president and CEO of Vector Group, joined the board of directors. Following the resignation of chairman Mick McGuire, LeBow was elected chairman of the board. On June 3, LeBow became CEO of Borders Group. Mike Edwards was confirmed as president of Borders Group and CEO of Borders, Inc., the company's principal subsidiary.

The company reported significant losses for the third quarter, compared to 2009. At the end of 2010, *Business Week* and BBC News reported that Borders would be delaying its payments to publishers for inventory already received, to preserve liquidity. This was prompted by problems in refinancing its credit facilities.

### Bankruptcy and liquidation

On February 16, 2011, the company announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, listing $1.275 billion in assets and $1.293 billion in debts in its filing. The company also announced the liquidation and closing of 226 stores. Two private-equity firms, The Gores Group and Najafi Companies, expressed interest in purchasing half of the remaining Borders Group stores.

Borders Group announced on July 1, 2011, that it had found a bidder, Direct Brands, that would acquire the assets for $215 million and the assumption of $220 million in debt.

A group of Borders creditors rejected the Direct Brands takeover bid in July 2011. Borders filed for an auction and the motion was approved by a judge; however, the bid deadline expired on July 17 without a bidder. A United States bankruptcy judge approved a petition to liquidate; this resulted in the company converting their Chapter 11 case to Chapter 7. On July 22, 2011, Borders started closing its remaining 399 stores with a phased roll-out. Business operations ceased in September 2011. Former rival and the current second-largest chain of bookstores in the United States, Books-A-Million, had made a bid to acquire 30 to 35 stores and their assets on July 19, 2011, the day liquidation was approved by the courts. However, the two sides were unable to come to an agreement suitable to all parties.

Books-A-Million later resurrected its offer to buy portions of Borders Group, purchasing the leases for 21 stores primarily in New England and Pennsylvania. Borders USA closed its remaining stores on Sunday, September 18, 2011. The last remaining Singaporean Borders store in Parkway Parade Shopping Center, closed its doors at 9 pm (Singapore time) after a final sale on Monday, September 26, 2011. However, international Borders stores are still operating in Malaysia and Middle Eastern countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain. These Borders stores are now under different ownership from the original Borders Group, and were unaffected by their store closures.

The Borders online store closed on September 27, 2011, at 10:30 pm Eastern. A banner then appeared on their website allowing users to browse, but directed them to Barnes & Noble to complete their purchases. All Borders customers had until October 29, 2011, to prevent their personal contact and purchase information from being transferred to Barnes & Noble. On October 1, 2011, Borders cardholders were informed by email: "As part of Borders ceasing operations, we Barnes & Noble acquired some of its assets including Borders brand trademarks and their customer list." The federal bankruptcy court approved this sale on September 26, 2011.

The Borders brand in Singapore was purchased by Popular Holdings in late 2012. In an attempt to revive the brand, a single Borders store opened in Westgate for a trial period in 2013, but that store was shortly after converted to a regular Popular book store.

In Dubai, Al Maya Group purchased lifetime rights to the Borders brand in the Middle East in 2015, and subsequently diversified it into a merchandise mix consisting of books, toys and stationery.

## eBook store

On July 7, 2010, Borders opened an eBook store to allow books to be directly downloaded to an e-reader device or a Borders eReader app for the desktop, iPhone, iPad, BlackBerry, or Android. Although branded as a Borders store, it was actually handled by Kobo, Inc.

On June 3, 2011, the Borders eReader apps were changed to Kobo eReader apps and users could transfer their Borders eBooks to their Kobo library.

## InfoBox

Borders Group, Inc.
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Public |
| Traded as | NYSE: BGP |
| Industry | Retail (specialty) |
| Founded | 1971 (1971) |
| Defunct | September 28, 2011 (2011-09-28) |
| Fate |  |
| Successor | Barnes & Noble |
| Headquarters | 100 Phoenix Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States |
| Number of locations | 517 |
| Key people |  |
| Products | Books, maps, CDs, DVDs, calendars, gift packs, magazines, board games, encyclopedias |
| Number of employees | 19,500 (2010) |
| Subsidiaries | Waldenbooks |
| Website | www.borders.com (2001 archive) |


title: Condensation symbol

abstract:
A condensation symbol is "a name, word, phrase, or maxim which stirs vivid impressions involving the listener's most basic values and readies the listener for action," as defined by political scientist Doris Graber. Short words or phrases such as "my country," "old glory" "American Dream," "family values," are all condensation symbols because they conjure a specific image within the listener and carry "intense emotional and effective power." Often used to further the meaning of a symbol or phrase, the condensation symbol has a semantic meaning, but through long-term use, it has acquired other connotations that further its symbolic meaning. Doris Graber identified three main characteristics of condensation symbols, as they:
  - Have the tendency to evoke rich and vivid images in an audience.
  - Possess the capacity to arouse emotions.
  - Supply instant categorizations and evaluations. Considering the phrase "American Dream," the image that tends to come to mind is a successful, self-made American individual who has worked hard in order to obtain a life of financial security, with occasional luxury and minimal privilege, even if the sociological reality varies widely by region, class, place, and time. A closely related concept is the rhetorical concept of the ideograph.

text:
# Condensation symbol

A **condensation symbol** is "a name, word, phrase, or maxim which stirs vivid impressions involving the listener's most basic values and readies the listener for action," as defined by political scientist Doris Graber. Short words or phrases such as "my country," "old glory" "American Dream," "family values," are all condensation symbols because they conjure a specific image within the listener and carry "intense emotional and effective power." Often used to further the meaning of a symbol or phrase, the condensation symbol has a semantic meaning, but through long-term use, it has acquired other connotations that further its symbolic meaning. Doris Graber identified three main characteristics of condensation symbols, as they:

1. Have the tendency to evoke rich and vivid images in an audience.
2. Possess the capacity to arouse emotions.
3. Supply instant categorizations and evaluations.

Considering the phrase "American Dream," the image that tends to come to mind is a successful, self-made American individual who has worked hard in order to obtain a life of financial security, with occasional luxury and minimal privilege, even if the sociological reality varies widely by region, class, place, and time. A closely related concept is the rhetorical concept of the ideograph.

## Emergence of the term

With origins in psychology, sociology, and semiotic research, a condensation symbol is "a single symbol that represents multiple emotions, ideas, feelings, memories, or impulses”. Sigmund Freud first defined condensation in dreams as "fusing several different elements into one." When a listener hears a phrase that is meant to conjure a specific image, their mind should immediately turn to the image that is associated with the phrase, and feel the intended emotion the speaker wishes to present.

Edward Sapir later applied the term to linguistics along with his principle of linguistic relativity, which holds that "the structure of language affects the ways in which its speakers conceptualize the world". Sapir, a linguistic anthropologist, gave specificity to the term when stating that "condensation symbols designate no clear referent but serve to 'condense' into one symbol a host of different meanings and connotations which might diverge if more specific referents were attempted." He also posited the condensation symbol as an unconscious release of emotional tension.

Within the field of rhetorical criticism, David Kaufer and Kathleen Carley discuss condensation symbols and their function within political discourse. They describe each condensation symbol as a term "well-connected in its context of meaning". Their paper attempts to prescribe a mathematical relationship between condensation symbols and their rhetorical influence. The authors devise six categories (buzzwords, pregnant place-holders, emblems, standard symbols, allusions, and stereotypes) to determine which held the highest rhetorical taxonomy. They concluded by assuming that "connectivity" by various means allows the arguer to conjure emotional symbols in associational patterns through these six devices. The authors also state that condensation symbols “allow group members to compress their image of the problem at the heart of the issue and solutions to it—-often so thoroughly that their decisions about how to decide an issue frequently collapse about how to name it.”

## Sources

* Graber, Doris. Verbal Behavior and Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976.
* Jasinski, James. "Condensation Symbol." Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2001. 97-100. Google Books. Web. 25 March 2013.
* Kaufer, David S, Carley, Kathleen M. Philosophy & Rhetoric, Vol. 26, No. 3. Penn State University Press, 1993.
* Palczewski, Catherine Helen et al. Rhetoric in Civic Life. State College: Strata Publishing, 2012.
* Sapir, Edward. Encyclopedia of the social sciences "Symbolism". New York: Macmillan, 1934. "Sigmund Freud." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27 March 2013.
* Struck, Peter T. "Symbol and Symbolism." Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2nd ed. Vol.13. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 8911. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 March 2013.


title: Edward Bickersteth (priest)

abstract: Rev. Edward Bickersteth was an English evangelical clergyman from the prominent Bickersteth family.

text:
# Edward Bickersteth (priest)

Rev. **Edward Bickersteth** (19 March 1786 – 28 February 1850) was an English evangelical clergyman from the prominent Bickersteth family.

## Life

He was born at Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland, the fourth son of Henry Bickersteth, a surgeon. Bickersteth attended Kirby Longsdale Grammar School and practised as a solicitor at Norwich from 1812 to 1815.

Within space of only 11 days in December 1815 he was ordained both as a deacon and priest. In January 1816 travelled to Africa to inspect and report on the work of the Church Missionary Society (CMS). He continued to travel overseas in connection with the work of the CMS throughout his life. He was the secretary of the CMS from 1824 to 1831.

On receiving the living of Watton, Hertfordshire, in 1830, he resigned his secretaryship, but continued to lecture and preach, both for the *Church Missionary Society* and the *Society for the Conversion of the Jews*. He was instrumental in the merger of the Anglican Central Committee and the Continental society in 1840 to form the Foreign Aid Society which supported evangelical Protestant ministry on the continent of Europe.

Bickersteth met Lord Ashley in 1835. The Earl made a visit of several days to Watton Rectory in the summer 1836. Following this visit the pair became friends, with Bickersteth becoming one of the reformer's close advisers.

He was active in promoting the Evangelical Alliance of 1845, strongly opposed the Tractarian Movement, and was one of the founders of the 1849 created Irish Church Missions, and also of the 1841 created Parker Society, societies. Bickersteth's library was sold at auction by Edmund Hodgson on 17 February 1851 (and 11 following days). It contained over 3900 lots. A copy of the catalogue is available at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.116(6)).

## Works

His works include *A Scripture Help* (London, 1816), which has been translated into many European languages, and *Christian Psalmody* (London, 1833), a collection of over 700 hymns, which forms the basis of the *Hymnal Companion* (London, 1870), compiled by his son, Edward Henry Bickersteth, bishop of Exeter (1885–1890).

## Family

Bickersteth was the brother of Henry, Baron Langdale, Master of the Rolls (1836–1851), and uncle of Robert Bickersteth, Bishop of Ripon (1857–1884).

His wife Sarah, whom Bickersteth married in 1812, was the eldest daughter of Thomas Bignold of Norwich, together they had six children. Edward Henry Bickersteth (1825-1906) Bishop of Exeter was his only son and Edward Bickersteth, founder of the Cambridge Mission to Delhi and later bishop of South Tokyo, his grandson.

Edward Bickersteth, Dean of Lichfield, was his nephew.

### Attribution

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Edward Bickersteth | |
| --- | --- |
| Portrait of Bickersteth | |
| Born | 19 March 1786 (1786-03-19)
Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumberland |
| Died | 28 February 1850 (1850-03-01) (aged 63)
Watton-at-Stone, Hertfordshire |
| Occupation | evangelical clergyman |


title: Project AGILE

abstract: Project Agile was an Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) project in the 1960s that investigated means for engaging in remote, limited asymmetric warfare. The research was intended for use in providing U.S. support to countries engaged in fighting Communist insurgents, particularly in South Vietnam and Thailand.

text:
# Project AGILE

**Project Agile** was an Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) project in the 1960s that investigated means for engaging in remote, limited asymmetric warfare. The research was intended for use in providing U.S. support to countries engaged in fighting Communist insurgents, particularly in South Vietnam and Thailand.

## History

Project Agile was directed by the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration, or ARPA, and ran from mid 1961 through 1974, when it was canceled. The project was charged with developing methods to use in the Vietnam War and also provided information for use by Thailand in counterinsurgency action against Communist insurgents.

## Coverage

Project Agile covered a wide range of topics related to warfare under various conditions present in the Far East, from electronic surveillance, used to interdict Communist convoys in the Ho Chi Minh trail, to sociological research on troops likely to be subverted by Communist rebels. It was broken down into a number of subprojects.

### Subproject I, II, and VIII

Subprojects II and VIII were merged into Subproject I, and the resulting subproject covered weapons, individual equipment, and rations. Individual weapons included the M16 assault rifle, special purpose shotguns for use as insurgency weapons, flamethrowers, and rifle grenades. Crew served weapons included cupolas for armored personnel carriers, quad-mount machine guns, squeeze bore .50 to .30 in (12.7 to 7.6 mm) caliber guns, multiple shot grenade launchers, lightweight mortars, and the Stoner 63 weapons system.

### Subproject III

Subproject III covered remote area mobility and logistics. Included were studies of air and land transport, amphibious and water transport, STOL aircraft, and remote airstrips.

### Subproject IV

Subproject IV covered communications systems. Both technical and procedural aspects of radio communications were studied, as well as power supplies and antennas.

### Subproject V

Subproject V covered combat surveillance and target acquisition. Included were studies of airborne systems, such as infrared, radar, light amplification and spectral zone photography; surface use systems such as night vision, personal Doppler radar, target illumination, metal and cavity detectors; security and navigation systems.

### Subproject VI

Subproject VI covered "individual and special projects", which included use of herbicides (such as Agent Orange), psychological warfare, and medical research and equipment. The use of herbicides was largely inspired by the British use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T (a mixture designated "Agent Orange" by the U.S.) to destroy jungle-grown crops during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s.

#### OCONUS and CONUS Test Programs

Part of Project Agile was Subproject VI and the "Outside the Contiguous US" (ONCUS) Defoliation Test Program was sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency under Project Agile, ARPA Order 423. Conducted by the United States Army Biological Center which was based at Fort Detrick, Maryland, one test program was conducted in Thailand in 1964 and 1965 to determine the effectiveness of aerial applications of Purple, Orange, and other candidate chemical agents in defoliation of upland jungle vegetation representative of Southeast Asia. Data provided by these techniques were used in comparative evaluation of defoliant chemicals in relation to rate, volume, season of application, canopy penetration, and vegetation response.

There have been recurring allegations that similar tests have been conducted in Okinawa. *Japan Times* and *Okinawa Times* published accounts from an unnamed official claiming that "Pentagon had tested defoliants in the island’s northern jungles near Kunigami and Higashi villages." Other corroborating evidence is that in 1962, the U.S. Army counterinsurgency school in Vietnam moved to Okinawa. The USNS *Schuyler Otis Bland* (T-AK-277) was known to have brought highly classified "agriculture products" under armed guard to southeast Asia, Okinawa, and Panama. The ship's logbook was found by Michelle Gatz and shows the ship was carrying classified cargo that was offloaded under armed guard at White Beach a U.S. Navy port on Okinawa's east coast on April 25, 1962. After departing Okinawa in spring 1962, the Bland sailed to the Panama Canal Zone where, the Panamanian government asserts, the U.S. tested herbicides in the early 1960s. In June 2013, the US DoD rejected the allegations that Agent Orange being present on Okinawa, saying they had no factual basis. For example, according to the DoD report, the S.O. Bland was loaded with Agent Pink and Agent Purple, which it off loaded to Vietnam on 16–18 January 1962 *before* it stopped at Okinawa on 31 January 1962 on its way back.

The late author Sheldon H. Harris in his book *Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover up* wrote that field tests for wheat rust and rice blast were conducted throughout 1961 in Okinawa and at "several sites in the midwest and south", although these were probably part of Project 112. Harris attributes the rapid expansion of the US defoliant programs to these early successes.

### Subproject VII

Subproject VII covered technical planning and programming, including research into morbidity and casualties, environmental issues, and various tactical studies, both of Viet Cong operations, and other instances of asymmetric warfare, such as conflicts in Algeria and Latin America.

1. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 1
2. Wil D. Verwey (1977). *Riot Control Agents and Herbicides in War*. BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 90-286-0336-0.
3. J. L. S. Girling (1980). *America and the Third World: Revolution and Intervention*. Routledge. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-7100-0318-8.
4. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. iii
5. "Vietnam 'Program of Action' By Kennedy's Task Force". *The New York Times*. 1971-07-01. p. 3. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
6. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 5
7. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 51
8. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 105
9. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 123
10. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 149
11. "Technical Report 79 ONCUS Defoliation Test Program". Archived from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
12. "Agent Orange 'tested in Okinawa'". *Japan Times*. May 17, 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
13. "As evidence of Agent Orange in Okinawa stacks up, U.S. sticks with blanket denial" 4 June 2013 *Japan Times*
14. "Investigations into the Allegations of Herbicide Orange on Okinawa, Japan" (PDF). *DENIX*. A. L. Young Consulting, Inc. 31 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
15. "Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover up" by Sheldon Harris.
16. Project Agile Semiannual Report, p. 169


title: Pseudaelurus

abstract: Pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately twenty and eight million years ago. It is considered to be a paraphyletic grade ancestral to living felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodonts (saber-tooths), and is a successor to Proailurus. It originated from Eurasia and was the first cat to reach North America, when it entered the continent at about 18.5 Ma ending a 'cat-gap' of 7 million years. The slender proportions of the animal, together with its short, viverrid-like legs, suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees.

text:
# Pseudaelurus

***Pseudaelurus*** is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately twenty and eight million years ago. It is considered to be a paraphyletic grade ancestral to living felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodonts (saber-tooths), and is a successor to *Proailurus*. It originated from Eurasia and was the first cat to reach North America, when it entered the continent at about 18.5 Ma ending a 'cat-gap' of 7 million years. The slender proportions of the animal, together with its short, viverrid-like legs, suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees.

## Species and distribution

*Pseudaelurus quadridentatus* weighed about 30 kg (66 lb) and was approximately the size of a cougar.

*Pseudaelurus guangheensis* from the middle Miocene of Gansu (China) and *Pseudaelurus cuspidatus* from the middle Miocene of Xinjiang (China) are reported.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

class=notpageimage|Location of *Pseudaelurus* grade fossils based on Paleobiology Database.

Traditionally, all the *Pseudaelurus*-grade species from Europe, Asia, and North America have been assigned to a single genus, even though the paraphyletic nature of the group has often been noted. Several authorities have split *Pseudaelurus* into separate genera or subgenera, including *Hyperailurictis*, *Styriofelis*, *Miopanthera* and *Schizailurus*. These different groups of *Pseudaelurus*-grade felids are often considered to have given rise to later felid lineages.

The genus *Styriofelis* was originally proposed in 1929 by Kretzoi for the species *Pseudaelurus turnaeunsis*. Kretzoi also proposed the genus *Hyperailurictis* for the North American species *Pseudaelurus intrepidus*, and *Miopanthera* for *Ps. lorteti*. In 1964, Beaumont elaborated on Kretzoi's proposal and split *Pseudaelurus* into three separate genera: *Pseudaelurus* for the European *Ps. quadridentatus*, *Schizailurus* for *Ps. lorteti*, and *Hyperailurictis* for *Ps. intrepidus*.

### Taxonomic history

In 1843, the paleontologist H.M. de Blainville published a description of a felid cranium and lower jaw fragment from Sansan, France. He assigned these fossils to a new species, *Felis quadridentata*. The cranium was later reassigned to another species, but in 1850 the lower jaw fragment was assigned to a new genus by Paul Gervais as *Pseudaelurus quadridentatus*, due to having certain primitive features.

In 1858, Joseph Leidy described the species *Felis intrepidus*, from North America, and reassigned the species as *Pseudaelurus intrepidus* in 1869. After that discovery, another eight species of *Pseudaelurus* would be described in North America, but only five are still considered valid.

In 1872, Henri Filhol described the species *Pseudaelurus edwardsi* from France, but the species was reassigned to the nimravid genus *Eofelis* in 2000.

In 1882, a second species from Europe was described as *Pseudaelurus turauensis*, and a third species, *Pseudaelurus lorteti*, in 1899. The fourth European species, *Pseudaelurus romieviensis*, was described in 1934. In addition, the species *Pseudaelurus transitorius* was described in 1892, but most later authors considered it a synonym of *P. turnaeunsis*.

In 1914, fossils from Africa were described and assigned to the species *Pseudaelurus africanus*. However, the species was later reassigned, first to the genus *Metailurus*, and then finally to *Afrosmilus*.

In Asia, the first description of *Pseudaelurus* was in 1910, when a fragmentary fossil was assigned to *Pseudaelurus chinjiensis*; however, it was reassigned in 1915 to the new genus *Sivaelurus*. The next appearance of *Pseudaelurus*-grade felids in Asia wasn't until 1986, when a lower jaw fragment and some dental fragments were assigned to the species *Pseudaelurus lorteti*. In 1990, the species *Pseudaelurus guangheensis* was described. In 1998, a second Asian species, *Pseudaelurus cuspidatus*, was also described. Both of the Asian species are known only from fragmentary fossils.

In 1998, while measuring fragmentary fossils from the Hsanda-Gol locality in Mongolia, Robert Hunt referred a lower jaw fragment to *Proailurus* sp.; while this was reassigned to the nimravid genus *Eofelis* in 1999 instead, a 2004 review of felid material from other localities in Mongolia suggested that it could belong to *Pseudaelurus cuspidatus* instead, on basis of having similar features. However, the Hsanda-Gol specimen is dated back to the Oligocene, while *Pseudaelurus cuspidatus* is found solely in Miocene-aged localities. The same paper also described a pair of fragments (a lower jaw fragment and a metapodial) and attributed them to *Pseudaelurus* sp.

In 2010, a review of the Felidae as a whole suggested that *Pseudaelurus* be split into three genera: *Hyperailurictis* for the five North American species, *Styriofelis* for two of the European species (*P. lorteti* and *P. turnaunensis*), and *Pseudaelurus* *sensu stricto* for *P. quadridentatus*. The status of *P. romieviensis*, *P. guangheensis*, and *P. cuspidatus* was given as uncertain. In addition, *Miopanthera* and *Schizailurus* were recognized as junior synonyms of *Styriofelis*.

In 2012, a new species *Styriofelis vallesiensis* was described based on a specimen found in Spain. However, a review of the species in 2017 concluded that it was sufficiently different from other *Styriofelis* species as to require a separate genus. It was thus reassigned to the new genus *Leptofelis* as *Leptofelis vallesiensis*.

In 2017, a review of the species *Felis pamiri*, which was named based on a snout fragment from Turkey and dated to the late Miocene, concluded that *Felis pamiri* and *Pseudaelurus lorteti* were likely closely related to each other, and ancestral to the *Panthera* lineage. Both species were reassigned to the genus *Miopanthera* as *Miopanthera lorteti* and *Miopanthera pamiri*.

### Phylogeny

The following cladogram is based on Piras et al. (2013) and illustrates the three more derived lineages that evolved from "*Pseudaelurus*" species.

| **Felidae** | *Proailurus*     Proailurinae *Proailurus bourbonnensis*   *Proailurus lemanensis*   *Proailurus major*   *"Pseudaelurus"*         Pseudaelurus lineage *Pseudaelurus*      *Pseudaelurus quadridentatus*   *Pseudaelurus cuspidatus*   *Pseudaelurus guangheensis*   **Machairodontinae**    *Hyperailurictis*     Hyperailurictis lineage *Hyperailurictis intrepidus*   *Hyperailurictis marshi*   *Hyperailurictis stouti*   *Hyperailurictis validus*   *Hyperailurictis skinneri*   *Sivaelurus*  *Sivaelurus chinjiensis*   Styriofelis lineage *Styriofelis*      *Styriofelis turnauensis*   *Styriofelis romieviensis*   **Felinae**     *sensu lato*   *(grade)* |
| --- | --- |
|  | |

## InfoBox

| *Pseudaelurus*
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pseudaelurus* jawbone from the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Suborder: | Feliformia |
| Family: | Felidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudaelurus*
Gervais, 1850 |
|
| Type species | |
| ***Pseudaelurus quadridentatus***
(Blainville, 1843) *sensu* Gervais, 1850 | |
| Other Species | |
| * *P. cuspidatus* Wang *et al.*, 1998 * *P. guangheensis* Cao *et al.*, 1990 | |
| Synonyms | |
| ***P. quadridentatus***
* *Felis quadridentata* Blainville, 1843 | |


title: Przyjaciel coat of arms

abstract: Przyjaciel also known as "de Pryjatel" and "Amicus" is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta (noble) families under the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

text:
# Przyjaciel coat of arms

**Przyjaciel** (Polish for "Friend") also known as "de Pryjatel" and "Amicus" is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several *szlachta* (noble) families under the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## History

The coat of arms has its source in the following historical event during the reign of the Polish King, Bolesław IV the Curly (Kędzierzawy) (1125-1173), Duke Henryk, Prince of Sandomierz, the king's brother, was waging war against the still pagan Prussians, in 1164, and was killed in a battle. The knight Mirosław, who hailed from the east, as his name suggests, and who was in the service of the king and king's brother, Henryk, broke through the enemy lines with his men, in order to retrieve Henryk's body and valuable armor, but was killed himself in the process. For Mirosław's steadfast loyalty, in the memory of his bravery, King Bolesław of Poland bestowed this coat of arms and lands to Mirosław's descendants.

## Blazon

A shield of blue color, with a heart in a vessel, pierced from top to bottom by an arrow, helmet with five ostrich feathers, and the blue and yellow fringe, signifying the ancient colors of knight Mirosław's ancestral origins.

## Notable bearers

Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:

* J. Lyčkoŭski. "Belarusian Nobility Coats of Arms". Przyjaciel Coat of Arms, altered one and bearers (in English)
* "Armorial of Belarusian Nobility". (in English)

## Bibliography

* Juliusz Ostrowski, Księga herbowa rodów polskich. Warszawa 1897
* Tadeusz Gajl: Herbarz polski od średniowiecza do XX wieku : ponad 4500 herbów szlacheckich 37 tysięcy nazwisk 55 tysięcy rodów. L&L, 2007. ISBN 978-83-60597-10-1.

## InfoBox

| Przyjaciel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Alternative name(s) | Kemlada, Kemlad, Kamrad, Kamerad |
| Earliest mention | 1164-1166 |
| Families | 20 names Bohusław, Downarowicz, Dramiński, Dranicki, Dulewski, Grabowski, Hryniewicz, Janowicz, Jurowski, Klimkiewicz, Ladziński, Ładziński, Lipiński, Maciejewicz, Mackiewicz, Mickiewicz, Migiewicz, Minasiewicz, Mingajłowicz, Mirosławski, Muraszko, Muśnicki, Dowbor – Muśnicki, Nagrodzki, Nowaczyński, Nowakowicz, Pawłowicz, Połtorzycki, Romanowski, Skirmunt – Strawiżski, Szumowiecki, Tomkowicz, Więckowicz, Wojciechowicz, Wolański, Żabiński<br> |


title: Egota River

abstract: The Egota River is designated as a Class A river by the Japanese government with a length of 1.64 km and a basin area of 5.0 km². It used to flow through Naka-arai Village and so it also used to be called the Naka-arai River. The open-ditch section of the river is under 2 km in length.

text:
# Egota River

The **Egota River** (江古田川, *Egota-gawa*) is designated as a Class A river by the Japanese government with a length of 1.64 km and a basin area of 5.0 km². It used to flow through Naka-arai Village (中新井村, *Naka-arai-mura*) and so it also used to be called the **Naka-arai River** (中新井川, *Naka-arai-gawa*). The open-ditch section of the river is under 2 km in length.

## Course

It starts in Nerima Ward, and ends by flowing into the Myōshōji River.

## History

The region around the river used to be swampy.

## InfoBox

| Egota | |
| --- | --- |
| Egota River in Egota-no-Mori Park, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan | |
| Location | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| District | Nerima Ward, Nakano Ward |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth |  |
| coordinates | 35°43′26″N 139°40′13″E / 35.72382°N 139.67031°E / 35.72382; 139.67031 |


title: Eitiep language

abstract: Etiep is a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea. There is little data to classify it, and it is therefore left unclassified within Torricelli by Ross (2005).

text:
# Eitiep language

**Etiep** is a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea. There is little data to classify it, and it is therefore left unclassified within Torricelli by Ross (2005).

## InfoBox

| Etiep | |
| --- | --- |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | East Sepik Province |
| Native speakers | 500 (2003) |
| Language family | Torricelli * (unclassified)     + **Etiep** |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `eit` |
| *Glottolog* | `eiti1240` |
| ELP | Eitiep |


title: Przemysław Sadowski

abstract: Przemysław Sadowski is a Polish actor.

text:
# Przemysław Sadowski

**Przemysław Sadowski** (born March 18, 1975) is a Polish actor.

## Biography

He was born in Hajnówka, but grew up in Białystok. He participated first degree music school in piano and guitar. Before he completed his studies in 1999 at the National Film School in Łódź, he debuted first on scene in the role as an Elf in a performance entitled *A Midsummer Night's Dream* in Stefan Jaracz's Theatre, which he participated between 1997 and 1999. He later performed in theatres: *Polskim w Szczecin*(2000), *Scena Prezentacje* in Warsaw (2000, 2002 to 2004), Nowym Praga (2005) and Tadeusz Łomnicki's Na Woli (2006).

In 2000 for the first time he played roles in four different films: *Syzyfowe prace*, *Pierwszy Milion*, *Strefa ciszy* and *Enduro Bojz*. After playing several roles in television dramas like *Więzy krwi* (2001), *Zostać miss* (2001), *Klan* (2001 to 2002) and *Na dobre i na złe* (2002) he became the college love in TVN's *Magda M.*.

In 2006 he took part in the fourth edition of *Taniec z gwiazdami*, in which he achieved fourth place and where his dancing partner was Ewa Szabatin.

On September 4, 2004 he married actress Agnieszka Warchulska, with whom he has two sons – Jan (born 2005) and Franciszek (born 2011). He also has a daughter, Małgorzata (born 1997) from a previous relationship.

## Filmography

**Films**

* *Syzyfowe prace* as an assistant
* *Pierwszy milion* as Jacek Berger Kurczewski "Kurtz"
* *Strefa ciszy* as a French
* *Enduro Bojz* as a Soviet
* *Where Eskimos Live* as escapee
* *In Desert and Wilderness (2001 film)* as a Major
* *Reich* as a drug dealer
* *Julie Walking Home* as a wounded man
* *Siedem grzechów popcooltury* as Max
* *Tylko mnie kochaj* as a police officer
* *Outlanders* as Jan Jasiński
* *Droga do kraju* as Mirek
* *Cisza* as Tadeusz Brzozowski
* *Siedem minut* as Piotr Winkler
* *Układ zamknięty* as Marek Stawski
* *Tajemnica Westerplatte* as Piotr Buder
* *Run Boy Run* as Kowalski

### Television Films

* *Polonaise* as Maciek

### Television Drama Soaps

* *Syzyfowe prace* as an assistant
* *Mordziaki* as a policeman (episode 8)
* *Pierwszy milion* − as Jacek Berger Kurczewski "Kurtz"
* *Klan* − as doctor Łukasz Kobielski
* *Zostać miss* as Artur "Arczi"
* *Więzy krwi* as Łukasz Bronowicz, Józef's son, forester
* *W pustyni i w puszczy* as Major
* *Na dobre i na złe* as Piotr Michałowski (episode 87)
* *Samo Życie* as Kacper Szpunar
* *Fala zbrodni* as Budrys
* *Sublokatorzy* as an agent (episode. 1)
* *Pensjonat pod Różą* as Gabriel (episode 3); Kacper, Mai's husband (episode 64)
* *Bulionerzy* as Damian Berger
* *Magda M.* as Filip Starski as Magda's true college love
* *Kryminalni* as Artur Zimak, Auguścików's neighbour (episode 46)
* *Ranczo* as Arkadiusz Stolarkiewicz vel Jan Kowalski (episode 22 to 24)
* *Niania* as Paweł Walicki (episode 67)
* *Determinator* as Cezary Bogucki
* *Londyńczycy* as Darek
* *Naznaczony* as Eryk, Mileny's brother
* *Usta usta* as Robert Langer
* *Czas honoru* as the representative of The Main Station Of The ZWZ, chief of the second region II KG ZWZ (episode 39); Brodowicz (for fourth and fifth series)
* *Duch w dom* as Jurek (episode 4)
* *Hotel 52* as Błażej, Andrzej's friend
* *Prawo Agaty* as Arkadiusz Jezierski (episode 25)
* *Na krawędzi* as Andrzej Czyż
* *Ja to mam szczęście* as Stefan, Joanny's former husband
* *Komisarz Alex* as Artur Hoffer (episode 24)
* *2XL* as Karol Zabawski, Laura's husband

## InfoBox

| Przemysław Sadowski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1975-03-18) March 18, 1975<br>Hajnówka, Poland |
| Alma mater | National Film School in Łódź |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1997-present |
| Spouse | Agnieszka Warchulska |
| Children | Jan, Franciszek and Małgorzata |


title: Pseudoplatyderus

abstract: Pseudoplatyderus is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. This genus has a single species, Pseudoplatyderus amblyops. It is found in the Canary Islands.

text:
# Pseudoplatyderus

***Pseudoplatyderus*** is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae. This genus has a single species, *Pseudoplatyderus amblyops*. It is found in the Canary Islands.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoplatyderus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Platyninae |
| Tribe: | Sphodrini |
| Subtribe: | Atranopsina |
| Genus: | *Pseudoplatyderus*
Bolivar y Pieltain, 1940 |
| Species: | ***P. amblyops*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoplatyderus amblyops***
Bolivar y Pieltain, 1940 | |
|


title: Propagation of Christmas trees

abstract: The Propagation of Christmas trees is the series of procedures carried out to grow new Christmas trees. Many different species of evergreen trees are used for Christmas trees. The most common of these species are classified in the four genera: pines, spruces, firs, and cypress. Christmas trees can be grown from seed or from root cuttings.

text:
# Propagation of Christmas trees

The **Propagation of Christmas trees** is the series of procedures carried out to grow new Christmas trees.

Many different species of evergreen trees are used for Christmas trees. The most common of these species are classified in the four genera: pines, spruces, firs, and cypress. Christmas trees can be grown from seed or from root cuttings.

## Varieties of traditional Christmas trees

There are many different species of evergreen trees that are used for Christmas trees. The most common of these species are classified in one of four genera: pines (genus Pinus), spruces (genus Picea), firs (genus Abies), and cypress (genus Cupressa). In addition to these, the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii) is also commonly used as a Christmas tree, but it is not a true fir. The varieties of trees that a nursery chooses to propagate is dependent upon what type of farm is buying the reproduced plant, the climate of the nursery, the climate of the tree farm where the trees are to be grown, and the preferences of the retail customers.

The most commonly grown species include Eastern White pine, Virginia pine, Scotch pine, Colorado Blue spruce, Norway spruce, Serbian spruce, White spruce, Balsam fir, Grand fir, Frasier fir, Canaan fir, Noble fir, Turkish fir, White fir, Blue Ice Carolina and Sapphire cypress (both are sterile hybrids of the Arizona cypress), Leyland cypress, Eastern Red cedar, and Douglas fir. These trees have become popular because of their appearance, color, aroma, texture, or a combination of these properties. The Norway spruce, Serbian spruce, Scotch pine, and Turkish fir are not native to the United States. However, genetic variations within these species have allowed some varieties to be grown in climates that differ substantially from the climate where the species originated. The Eastern White pine is native to the eastern U.S. The Colorado Blue Spruce is native to Colorado and Utah. The White spruce is native to the north-central U.S. and Canada. The Noble, Douglas, and Grand firs are both native to the northwest of the U.S. The Balsam fir is native to the northeastern U.S. The Canaan fir is native to the Canaan Valley of West Virginia. The White fir is native to California and the Southwestern mountains of the U.S. From these varied trees, Christmas tree nurseries must select varieties to propagate based on the climate of their region and the type of farms that they will be selling to.

### Limitations due to type of farm

Fresh cut tree farms are generally large farms that grow trees that are cut in large numbers and sold to wholesalers who sell them to local stores and Christmas tree lots. The extended period of time that elapses from the time of cutting the tree until the retail customer takes the tree home limits the number of species of trees that can be used as fresh cut trees. These trees must be able to retain their color and their needles for long periods of time after they are cut. The most common species that are grown as fresh cut trees are Frasier fir, Scotch pine, Douglas fir, and Balsam fir. Since fir trees generally require cooler climates, nurseries that primarily propagate trees for fresh cut tree farms are typically located in the northern United States.

Choose-and-cut tree farms are typically smaller than fresh cut tree farms because they sell in smaller quantities than fresh cut tree farms. They typically sell directly to the customer who chooses and then cuts his or her own tree. Since the trees are cut at the moment of purchase, the limitations of the farm are primarily due to the farm’s geographic location. Needle and color retention are much less of a concern because of the freshness of the trees. For this reason, Christmas tree nurseries that propagate trees for sale to choose-and-cut tree farms typically sell more species of trees and can be located closer to the Mason–Dixon line. Some nurseries that specialize in cypress trees are located as far south as Florida.

### Limitations due to geography

The geographic location of the Christmas tree nursery dictates what species of trees can be propagated. White and Scotch pines are relatively adaptable species of trees. Because many genetically different varieties are available, they can be grown in most of the temperate areas of the United States. True firs generally prefer a much cooler climate and are primarily grown in the northern United States, with some varieties that only thrive in mountainous climates. Spruce prefer cool climates, but they will tolerate warmer conditions than most fir trees. Cypress generally prefer a warmer climate. For this reason, they are grown primarily in the southern and southwestern United States. The Douglas fir is a fairly adaptable species and can be grown in much of the United States. In addition to the nursery’s location, the type and location of farms that purchase the seedlings or rooted cuttings also plays an important role in the type of tree that is propagated.

Christmas tree propagation internationally has similar issues of geographical limitation, such as in Australia where the seasons for pruning and harvest differ from the northern hemisphere. Additionally, the environment of Australia favours the growth of *Pinus radiata* which is no longer commonly grown in the northern hemisphere.

## Seed choice and preparation

The selection of the correct seed for a specific environment and the proper preparation of the seeds prior to planting are necessary to ensure germination and survival of the seedling.

### Selection of seed source

The selection of seed source by the tree nursery is critical. The specific variety that is selected must meet the needs of its customers and be capable of germinating and growing in the climate where the nursery is located. The variety must also be able to thrive in the region where the tree farm that is purchasing the seedlings is located. Genetic variations within the species of conifers that are used for Christmas trees have produced individual varieties of trees that can thrive in certain climates where other varieties of the same species cannot. This same genetic variation can also produce trees that are aesthetically more pleasing than others. Knowledge of the seed source allows the nursery to provide trees that are suitable for their customer specific locations and needs as well as satisfy the desires of the end-purchaser who will take the tree home for Christmas. Scientists are working on methods to reduce the costs of artificially producing seeds for White spruce, Norway spruce, and Douglas fir through somatic embryo production in a liquid medium. This method uses the living cells of one tree to produce man-made seeds that will produce a clone of the original plant. If the costs are reduced significantly, this could result in nearly perfect Christmas trees. However, this will create a monoculture crop which may be susceptible to a single pest or disease.

### Seed stratification

Viable seeds produced by a mature tree undergo Stratification. This process imitates the period of dormancy that occurs during the winter. In the commercial Christmas Tree nurseries of the northern United States, seeds are sown directly into seed beds in the late fall to allow the seeds to stratify naturally over the winter. Stratification can also be achieved by refrigerating moist seeds from 30 to 90 days. The commercial method typically yields a higher percentage of germination than artificially reproduced stratification.

### Seed scarification

After stratification, most seeds need some type of scarification. Scarification is the process that allows the hard shell of the seed to be penetrated by water. This is usually accomplished by soaking the seeds in water for a period of time. In some cases, the seed shell must be scraped with an abrasive to speed up the process. In nature, this process typically occurs through the seed’s immersion in water during the spring melt of snow and ice. It can also occur through the digestive process of an animal that eats the seed and then passes it in its excretion.

### Conditions required for germination of seed

Unlike most garden seeds, conifer seeds require shade and cool conditions to germinate. This can be accomplished by placing a thick layer of mulch over the seeded tree bed and erecting a canopy over it to reduce direct sunlight. This simulates the conditions where the seeds would typically germinate naturally

## Rooting by cutting

Some species of Christmas trees can only be propagated by root cuttings because they do not produce viable seeds because they are sterile inter-generic hybrids. These cuttings are taken from an existing tree, thus the new trees are clones of the original tree. The Blue Ice cypress, the Leyland cypress, and the Carolina Sapphire cypress are all tree species that must be propagated in this manner.

### Selection of cuttings

The selection of the cuttings that are taken is critical to ensure successful rooting and proper growth habits. The cuttings should be taken from upright shoots of trees that are less than 10 years old. Choosing upright shoots ensures apical dominance and upward growth and reduces the possibility of the tree growing laterally like a bush. The cuttings should be taken in late winter or early spring and be 8 to 12 inches long and have some brown coloration near the base of the cutting. The cuttings should be kept in water until they are ready to be placed in rooting media.

### Preparation and rooting of cuttings

Once the cuttings have been acquired, the bases of the cuttings are dipped into rooting hormone and immediately placed in containers filled with porous rooting media to facilitate rooting. Once potted, the rooting media need to be kept moist and the cuttings need to be misted regularly. The cuttings should develop an adequate root system for transplantation in about three months. It has been determined that rooting hormones containing higher levels of IBA increase the percentage of cuttings that develop viable roots in Carolina Sapphire cypress. Studies have also shown that misting at 7- to 10-minute intervals increases the amount of successful root development in Leyland cypress cuttings.