abstract: The San Francisco Bay Area Renters' Federation (SFBARF) is a political advocacy group formed in response to the present-day San Francisco housing shortage. SFBARF advocates for more housing development, and fewer zoning restrictions on the production of housing. It is one of several formed YIMBY groups in the San Francisco Bay Area.

text:
# San Francisco Bay Area Renters' Federation

The **San Francisco Bay Area Renters' Federation** (**SFBARF**) is a political advocacy group formed in response to the present-day San Francisco housing shortage. SFBARF advocates for more housing development, and fewer zoning restrictions on the production of housing. It is one of several formed YIMBY (Yes In My Back Yard) groups in the San Francisco Bay Area.

## History, organization, and membership

SFBARF is an unincorporated club. The organization's acronym *barf*, a slang term for vomiting, was deliberately chosen to improve the group's name recognition.

SFBARF engages in anti-"NIMBY" political activity, such as rallying for housing projects, campaigning for legislation, and organizing events. The press has referred to SFBARF as an "avidly pro-development grass-roots activist group" aiming to increase the height and density of buildings allowed under San Francisco Bay Area zoning regulations. The *New York Times* says of the group:

> "Its platform is simple: Members want San Francisco and its suburbs to build more of every kind of housing. More subsidized affordable housing, more market-rate rentals, more high-end condominiums."

The group was founded in early 2014 by local activist Sonja Trauss, a self-described anarchist. Previously a prep school math teacher, Trauss now leads the group full-time.

As of April 2016, the group had a mailing list of 500 people and a "a few dozen hard-core members — most of them young professionals who work in the technology industry — who speak out at government meetings and protest against the protesters who fight new development."

## Funding

Opponents have accused the organization of being funded by the real estate industry. SFBARF has denied this claim, saying they have raised no money from real estate developers. Yelp CEO Jeremy Stoppelman has donated $10,000 to the group.

## Campaign to take over SF Sierra Club

In 2015, SFBARF campaigned to take over the leadership for the San Francisco chapter of the Sierra Club, claiming that the local chapter opposed high-density development, such as 2015's Proposition D in Mission Bay. According to the *San Francisco Business Times*, SFBARF "believes that blocking dense housing near transit encourages sprawl," which is environmentally destructive. The national Sierra Club strongly supports infill development. The campaign was criticized in an editorial in VICE, which said that one of the candidates SFBARF supported, Donald Dewsnup, had a history of using "shady" activism tactics. Dewsnup was later convicted of voter fraud.

## Litigation

The group has invoked California's Housing Accountability Act in order to sue cities when they attempt to block, restrict, or downsize housing development.

Their first suit was in 2015, when SFBARF sued the city of Lafayette, California for blocking a housing development. The group referred to this as part of their "Sue the Suburbs" campaign, creating a website under this name. The suit claimed that under California's Housing Accountability Act, the Lafayette city council could not force developers to reduce the density of a housing project, since the project already complied with all zoning laws. In a televised debate with SFBARF, Lafayette mayor Brandt Andersson argued the suit was unwarranted, saying that Lafayette should "keep multi-unit housing downtown" near the BART station.

### *SFBARF v. City of Berkeley* 2017

In April 2015, a developer submitted an application to tear down a dilapidated building at 1310 Haskell Street in Berkeley, and replace it with three two-story homes. In July 2016, the Berkeley City Council voted 5-0 (with 4 abstentions) to deny the proposal. The city was sued by the SF Bay Area Renters Federation, who argued that denying the application violated California's Housing Accountability Act (HAA). In October 2016, the city settled the lawsuit by agreeing to reconsider the proposal.

In July 2017, the judge ruled in favor of SFBARF. In September 2017, the Berkeley City Council voted to approve the project and settle the lawsuit.


title: Scymnus impexus

abstract: Scymnus impexus is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America.

text:
# Scymnus impexus

***Scymnus impexus*** is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Scymnus impexus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | *Scymnus* |
| Species: | ***S. impexus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scymnus impexus***<br>Mulsant, 1850 | |
|


title: John Francis Moakley

abstract: John Francis Moakley was the track and cross-country coach at Cornell University from 1899 to 1949, and coached the United States Olympic track and field team in 1920. He was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1988.

text:
# John Francis Moakley

**John Francis Moakley** (December 11, 1863  May 21, 1955) was the track and cross-country coach at Cornell University from 1899 to 1949, and coached the United States Olympic track and field team in 1920. He was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1988.

## Biography

He was born on December 11, 1863, in Boston, Massachusetts and attended Boston Latin School. He started as the track and cross-country coach at Cornell University in 1899. He coached the United States track and field team in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. He retired from Cornell University in 1949. He died on May 21, 1955.


title: Caboolture–Bribie Island Road

abstract:
Caboolture–Bribie Island Road is a continuous 19.2 kilometres (11.9 mi) road route in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The route is designated as part of State Route 85.
It is a state-controlled district road rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS).

text:
# Caboolture–Bribie Island Road

**Caboolture–Bribie Island Road** is a continuous 19.2 kilometres (11.9 mi) road route in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The route is designated as part of State Route 85. It is a state-controlled district road (number 126) rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS).

## Route description

Caboolture–Bribie Island Road commences at an intersection with the Bruce Highway in Caboolture as State Route 85. Known as Bribie Island Road it runs east, passing the Caboolture–Beachmere Road exit, and then turns north-east. After passing the Old Toorbul Point Road exit it enters the locality of Ningi and turns south-east, east, and north-east before reaching the village of Ningi. Here it passes the Bestmann Road exit and turns south-east to Sandstone Point, again turning north-east and then south-east. The road passes the exit to Bestmann Road East as it turns north-east to the Bribie Island Bridge. It crosses to the eastern end of the bridge, where it ends at an intersection with Welsby Parade and Sylvan Beach Esplanade. State Route 85 continues east as Benabrow Avenue.

Land use along the road is mainly rural, but with business and residential developments at each end and in Ningi village.

## Road condition

The road is fully sealed, with several sections of dual carriageway. The Queensland Government has a long-term plan to upgrade the entire length of the road to four lanes. The following projects aim to improve the condition of sections of this road.

### Old Toorbul Point Road intersection

A project to upgrade the intersection with Old Toorbul Point Road, part of a $30.4 million upgrade strategy, was completed in September 2021.

### Regina Avenue intersection

A project to upgrade the intersection with Regina Avenue in Ningi, at a cost of $3 million, was in the pre-construction stage in July 2022.

### Duplication between Hickey Road and King Johns Creek

A project to plan the future duplication of the road between Hickey Road and King Johns Creek in Caboolture, part of a $20.95 million upgrade strategy, was expected to be completed in 2022.

### Duplication between Old Toorbul Point Road and Saint Road

A project to plan the duplication of the road between Old Toorbul Point Road and Saint Road, part of a $30.4 million upgrade strategy, was in detailed design in July 2022.

### Planning for duplicate Bribie Island Bridge

A project for planning and preliminary design of a duplicate Bribie Island Bridge, at a cost of $4 million, is expected to be completed in mid-2024.

## History

The Caboolture area was colonised by European people in 1842 when the land around the Moreton Bay penal colony was opened up to free settlers. By the mid-1860s farms had been established and the local pastoralists were experimenting with sugar cane and cotton. Some of these farms may have been to the east, along the line of the present road to Bribie Island.

In 1912 the settlement of Bongaree was established on Bribie Island, with a jetty, a few basic buildings, a postal service, and a regular service by the Steamship *Koopa* from Brisbane via Redcliffe. By 1953 a barge was ferrying motor vehicles from Toorbul Point (now Sandstone Point) to the island, thus greatly increasing the usage of the road from Caboolture. The Bribie Island Bridge was built in 1963, further increasing traffic on the road.

## Current usage

Bribie Island now has a large resident population (estimated to exceed 20,000 in June 2021) and is a popular tourist destination. It is likely that many residents commute to Caboolture or Brisbane for work, resulting in the road being very heavily used.

## Major intersections

All distances are from Google Maps. The entire road is in the City of Moreton Bay.

| Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Caboolture | 0–
0.4 | 0.0–
0.25 | Bruce Highway – north – Sunshine Coast
– south – Brisbane
Lower King Street – south–west – Caboolture CBD
Western Service Road – north – to
D'Aguilar Highway | Western end of Caboolture–Bribie Island Road (State Route 85)
Roadway continues south–west as Caboolture Connection Road (Lower King Street) |
| | 0.65 | 0.40 | Caboolture–Beachmere Road – south, then south–east – Beachmere
Aerodrome Road – north – Caboolture Airfield | Road continues east. |
| | 5 | 3.1 | Old Toorbul Point Road – north, then north–west – Elimbah | Road continues north–east. |
| Ningi | 11.4 | 7.1 | Bestmann Road – south–east – Godwin Beach, Sandstone Point | Road continues east. |
| Sandstone Point | 17.9 | 11.1 | Bestmann Road East – south – Sandstone Point Village, Godwin Beach | Road continues east, then north–east. |
| Pumicestone Channel | 18.4–
19.2 | 11.4–
11.9 | Bribie Island Bridge | |
| Bellara / Bongaree midpoint | 19.2 | 11.9 | Benabrow Avenue – north–east – Bongaree, Woorim
Sylvan Beach Esplanade – north–west – Bellara
Welsby Parade – south–east – Bongaree | Eastern end of Caboolture–Bribie Island Road. |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

## Caboolture–Beachmere Road

| Caboolture–Beachmere Road | |
| --- | --- |
| Beachmere Road | |
|  | |
| Location | Caboolture–Bribie Island Road, Caboolture to Biggs Avenue, Beachmere |
| Length | 9.2 km (5.7 mi) |

Caboolture–Beachmere Road is a state-controlled district road (number 128) rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from Caboolture–Bribie Island Road in Caboolture to Biggs Avenue on the Beachmere foreshore, a distance of 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi).

A project to provide safety improvements to this road, at a cost of $15.275 million, was to commence detailed design in mid-2022.

## InfoBox

| Caboolture–Bribie Island Road
Bribie Island Road
Queensland | |
| --- | --- |
| General information | |
| Type | Road |
| Length | 19.2 km (12 mi) |
| Route number(s) | (Caboolture – Bribie Island) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Bruce Highway, Caboolture |
|  | * Caboolture–Beachmere Road * Bestmann Road |
| East end | Benabrow Avenue, Bribie Island |
| Location(s) | |
| Major suburbs | Ningi, Sandstone Point |


title: Epichoristodes leucocymba

abstract: Epichoristodes leucocymba is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

text:
# Epichoristodes leucocymba

***Epichoristodes leucocymba*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Epichoristodes leucocymba* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epichoristodes* |
| Species: | ***E. leucocymba*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epichoristodes leucocymba***<br>(Meyrick, 1912) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cacoecia leucocymba* Meyrick, 1912 | |


title: County Buildings, Haddington

abstract: County Buildings is a municipal structure in Court Street, Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland. The structure, which was the headquarters of East Lothian County Council and was also used as a courthouse, is a Category B listed building.

text:
# County Buildings, Haddington

**County Buildings** is a municipal structure in Court Street, Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland. The structure, which was the headquarters of East Lothian County Council and was also used as a courthouse, is a Category B listed building.

## History

Until the early part of the 19th century, court hearings in East Lothian (then called Haddingtonshire) were held in a room on the first floor of the Haddington Town House in Court Street. However, in 1831, it was decided to commission a dedicated courthouse: the site the sheriff selected had originally been occupied by the 12th century Palace of Haddington but was later occupied by an early 19th century villa which was retained and integrated into the new structure.

The foundation stone for the new building was laid by Sir John Gordon Sinclair, 8th Baronet on 27 May 1833. It was designed by William Burn in the Gothic Revival style, built by Messrs Balsillie in ashlar stone at a cost of £5,250 and was completed later that year. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage of five bays facing onto Court Street. The central bay, which was slightly projected forward, featured an arched doorway with a gablet roof on the ground floor and a prominent oriel window on the first floor. The central bay was flanked by lancet windows on both floors and by octagonal turrets on the first floor. The outer bays were fenestrated by tri-partite mullioned windows on both floors. At roof level, there was a modillioned cornice and a parapet. Internally, the principal room was the courtroom on the first floor where the sheriff presided.

A monument, in the form of a bust on a well surmounted by an open crown, intended to commemorate the life of the Arthur Hay, 9th Marquess of Tweeddale was designed by David Rhind, built in red sandstone and was installed in front of the building in 1880.

Following the implementation of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, which established county councils in every county, the new county leaders needed to identify offices for Haddingtonshire County Council. The new county council established its offices in the courthouse.

In April 1921 the county council voted to request a change of the county's name from Haddingtonshire to East Lothian. The government agreed and brought the change into effect as part of the East Lothian County Buildings Order Confirmation Act 1921, which received royal assent on 8 November 1921. The act also transferred ownership of the County Buildings to the county council. Shortly after the council took ownership of the building they extended it to the west by an additional block, designed by J M Dick Peddie & W J Walker Todd in a similar style, which was completed in 1932. Another extension adding a wing to the rear was completed in 1956.

After the abolition of East Lothian County Council in 1975, the courtroom continued to be used for hearings of the sheriff court and, on one day a month, for hearings of the justice of the peace court. The modern part of the complex, at the rear, became the main offices of East Lothian District Council. Later extensions included a wing to the southeast in the 1970s, and a wing to the southwest, known as "John Muir House", in the 1990s.

Despite a local campaign to keep the sheriff court open, hearings were moved to Edinburgh and the sheriff court closed in January 2015. Ownership of the sheriff court was transferred free of charge to East Lothian Council later that year. In March 2019, it was announced that the former sheriff court would be brought back into use as a local hub for the police.

## InfoBox

| County Buildings, Haddington | |
| --- | --- |
| County Buildings, Haddington | |
| Location | Court Street, Haddington |
| Coordinates | 55°57′18″N 2°46′52″W / 55.9551°N 2.7810°W / 55.9551; -2.7810 |
| Built | 1833 |
| Architect | William Burn |
| Architectural style(s) | Gothic Revival style |
|  | |
| Listed Building – Category B | |
| Official name | Haddington County Buildings including rear wings and former villa at 27 Court Street and excluding flat roofed block to southeast and pitched quadrangle to south (John Muir House), Court Street, Haddington |
| Designated | 5 December 1977 |
| Reference no. | LB34260 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Shown in East Lothian | |


title: Brachylomia elda

abstract: Brachylomia elda is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Hazen French in 1887. It is typically found west of the Rocky Mountains, from British Columbia south to California and Nevada. It was first identified at Upper Soda Springs, Siskiyou County, California. Adults are on wing from June to September.

text:
# Brachylomia elda

***Brachylomia elda*** is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Hazen French in 1887. It is typically found west of the Rocky Mountains, from British Columbia south to California and Nevada. It was first identified at Upper Soda Springs, Siskiyou County, California.

Adults are on wing from June to September.

* Original description: French, G. H. (1887). "A New *Homohadena*". *The Canadian Entomologist*.

## InfoBox

| *Brachylomia elda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Genus: | *Brachylomia* |
| Species: | ***B. elda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Brachylomia elda***<br>(French, 1887) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Homohadena elda* French, 1887 | |


title: Sanglorians

abstract:
Sanglorians are an American rock band from Echo Park, California.
Sanglorians were formed in 2011 by lead singer/songwriter Daniel Brummel along with guitarist Jonathan Gomez, bassist Jeremy Keeler, keyboardist/trumpeter Ihui Wu, violinist Morgan Paros and drummer Matt Mayhall. Their debut album Initiation was released in October 2013.

text:
# Sanglorians

**Sanglorians** are an American rock band from Echo Park, California. Sanglorians were formed in 2011 by lead singer/songwriter Daniel Brummel along with guitarist Jonathan Gomez, bassist Jeremy Keeler, keyboardist/trumpeter Ihui Wu, violinist Morgan Paros and drummer Matt Mayhall (who has since been replaced by current drummer Jon Oswald). Their debut album *Initiation* was released in October 2013.

## Band members

Current * Daniel Brummel – lead vocals, guitars
* Jonathan Gomez - guitars
* Jeremy Keeler - bass, backing vocals
* Jon Oswald - drums
* Morgan Paros - violin, vocals
* Ihui Wu - keyboards, trumpet, backing vocals

Former * Matt Mayhall – drums (2011–2013)
* Andrew Lessman - drums (2013)

## Discography

* *Initiation* (2013)
* *Odalisque* (2020)

## InfoBox

| Sanglorians | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Echo Park, California, United States |
| Genres | Power pop, baroque pop, progressive rock |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Labels | unsigned |
|  | |
| Members | Daniel Brummel
Jonathan Gomez
Jeremy Keeler
Jon Oswald
Morgan Paros
Ihui Wu |
|  | |
| Past members | Matt Mayhall * Andrew Lessman |
|  | |
| Website | http://www.sanglorians.com/ |


title: Physics and Chemistry of Glasses

abstract: Physics and Chemistry of Glasses: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Society of Glass Technology. It was established in 2006, from the merger of the Society of Glass Technology's journal Physics and Chemistry of Glasses and the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft's journal Glass Science and Technology.

text:
# Physics and Chemistry of Glasses

***Physics and Chemistry of Glasses: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Society of Glass Technology. It was established in 2006, from the merger of the Society of Glass Technology's journal *Physics and Chemistry of Glasses* and the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft's journal *Glass Science and Technology*.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology, and Scopus. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.630.

## InfoBox

*Physics and Chemistry of Glasses*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Materials science |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | R. J. Hand |
| Publication details | |
| Former name(s) | Physics and Chemistry of Glasses, Glass Science And Technology |
| History | 2006–present |
| Publisher | Society of Glass Technology |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Open access | Hybrid |
| Impact factor | 0.630 (2015) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Phys. Chem. Glas.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | PCGECL |
| ISSN | 1753-3562 (print)
1753-3570 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 61038030 |
| OCLC no. | 475779556 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: TMEM69

abstract: TMEM69, also known as Transmembrane protein 69, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM69 gene. A notable feature of the protein encoded by TMEM69 is the presence of five transmembrane segments.

text:
# TMEM69

**TMEM69**, also known as **Transmembrane protein 69**, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM69 gene. A notable feature of the protein encoded by TMEM69 is the presence of five transmembrane segments.

## Background Information

| Accession Numbers | Location | Identifiers | M.W. | pI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| mRNA: NM\_016486.3 protein: NP\_057570.2 | 1p34.1 | HSPC229, C1orf154, FLJ21029, LOC51249 | 27.6 kDa | 10.3 |

## Gene

The TMEM69 gene, located on chromosome 1p34.1, covers 7.24 kb. It is on the plus strand in the genomic sequence from 46152886 to 46160121 and encodes a primary mRNA transcript that contains 3 exons and is 6262 bp in length. Three alternative transcripts are predicted to encode the TMEM69 gene.

## Gene Neighborhood

| Name of Gene | Location | Orientation | Function |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| GPBP1L1 (GC-rich promoter binding protein 1-like 1) | 1p34.1 | minus | Functions in regulation of transcription |  |
| CCDC17 (coiled-coil domain containing 17) | 1p34.1 | minus | No functional information found |  |
| MAST2 (microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase 2) | 1p34.1 | plus | Functions in a multi-protein complex in spermatid maturation. Regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 synthesis in macrophages |  |
| IPP (Intracisternal A particle-promoted polypeptide) | 1p34-p32 | minus | interacts with actin |  |
|

## Function

The exact function of TMEM69 is not yet understood by the scientific community. It is, however, thought to play a role as a scaffolding protein in a G-coupled protein receptor complex in *Xenopus tropicalis*. It has been shown to form a cluster with the xtGPR54-2 gene IPP, and GPBP1 in scaffold\_41. This complex is part of a G-coupled protein receptor which acts as the receptor for a binding ligand, kisspeptin in the plasma membrane of brain cells.

## Protein

TMEM69 is 247 amino acids in length. Five transmembrane segments are present as well as a domain of unknown function, DUF3429, which spans amino acids 91-232.

### Predicted Features

Properties of TMEM69 that were predicted using Bioinformatics tools:

* Molecular Weight: 27.6 KDa.
* Isoelectric Point: 10.3
* Post-translational modification: Multiple phosphorylation sites are predicted from the NetPhos program on ExPASy . NetPhos predicted 7 for the amino acid serine at position 12, 27, 33, 85, 93, 183, and 234; 1 for threonine at position 26; and 2 for tyrosine at position 57 and 159. NetGlyc on ExPASy predicted 5 glycation sites at positions 7, 60, 73, 156, and 239.
* Transmembrane Segments: TMEM69 contains 5 transmembrane regions occurring at positions 97-117, 122-142, 159-179, 185-205, and 216-236.

## Expression

TMEM69 is expressed ubiquitously at low levels throughout the human body, although EST Profile data reveal that TMEM69 is expressed particularly high in neuroendocrine tissues such as the liver, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. TMEM69 was found to be expressed in lower than normal values in patients suffering from atherosclerosis.

## Homology

### Orthologs

The TMEM69 gene is deeply conserved in several life forms. Although it shows highest conservation among mammalian orthologs, along with other chordates such as fish, birds, and amphibians, there is some conservation in plants, insects, fungi, and bacteria.

| Genus/Species | Organism Common Name | Accession Number | Sequence Identity | Length (AAs) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Macaca fascicularis* | Crab-eating macaque | EHH61428.1 | 89% | 246 |  |
| *Callithrix jacchus* | Monkey | XP\_002750811.1 | 83% | 249 |  |
| *Mus musculus* | House Mouse | AAI06179.1 | 69% | 245 |  |
| *Xenopus tropicalis* | Frog | NP\_001016103.1 | 49% | 253 |  |
| *Rattus norvegicus* | Rat | EDL90276.1 | 70% | 247 |  |
| *Oryctolagus cuniculus* | Rabbit | XP\_002715715 | 74% | 250 |  |
| *Anolis carolinensis* | Lizard | XP\_003220264.1 | 50% | 257 |  |
| *Danio rerio* | Zebrafish | XP\_685684.1 | 49% | 249 |  |
| *Salmo salar* | Salmon | NP\_001134056.1 | 50% | 259 |  |
| *Daphia pulex* | Water flea | EFX84634.1 | 35% | 208 |  |
| Ostreococcus tauri | Green algae | XP\_003081614.1 | 34% | 166 |  |
| *Pseudomonas putida W619* | Soil bacterium | YP\_001748891.1 | 32% | 152 |  |
| *Schizophyllum commune* | Fungus | XP\_003035659.1 | 27% | 363 |  |
|

### Paralogs

No paralogs were found for TMEM69.

## Conservation

TMEM69 is well conserved in a variety of organisms. Although most orthologs are found in placental mammals, some orthologs are found in bacteria and fungi. The most distant ortholog found to have sequence similarity with TMEM69 is *Pseudomonas putida W619*, which is a type of soil bacterium. Particularly well conserved in even the most distant orthologs, including *Pseudomonas putida W619*, is most of the second transmembrane segment of TMEM69. In strict orthologs, all five transmembrane domains are conserved. Conserved domains found within TMEM69 are part of DUF3429, which is a family of uncharacterized proteins found in bacteria and eukaryotes.

*This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.*

## InfoBox

| TMEM69 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
| Identifiers | | | |
| Aliases | TMEM69, C1orf154, transmembrane protein 69 | | |
| External IDs | MGI: 3045357; HomoloGene: 9531; GeneCards: TMEM69; OMA:TMEM69 - orthologs | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Orthologs  Species **Human** **Mouse**  Entrez   Ensembl   UniProt   RefSeq (mRNA)     NM\_016486   NM\_177670   RefSeq (protein)     NP\_057570   NP\_808338   Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 45.69 – 45.69 Mb Chr 4: 116.41 – 116.41 Mb  PubMed search | | | |
| Wikidata | | | |
| View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse | | | |


title: Scymnus indianensis

abstract: Scymnus indianensis, the Indiana lady beetle, is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Scymnus indianensis

***Scymnus indianensis***, the **Indiana lady beetle**, is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Scymnus indianensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Coccinellidae |
| Genus: | *Scymnus* |
| Species: | ***S. indianensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scymnus indianensis***<br>Weise, 1929 | |
|


title: John Francis Moore (sculptor)

abstract: John Francis Moore was a sculptor who was active in late 18th century Britain. His works include two memorials in Westminster Abbey.

text:
# John Francis Moore (sculptor)

**John Francis Moore** (died 1809) was a sculptor who was active in late 18th century Britain. His works include two memorials in Westminster Abbey.

## Life

Moore was of British extraction but was born in Hanover, Germany around 1725. While he was presumably raised and educated in Germany he moved to Britain around 1760. In 1766 his first presentation to the Society of Arts is noted: a relief sculpture entitled *Britannia Reviver of Antique, Prompter to Modern Art*.

Moore was married to Mary, only daughter and sole heir of John Early (d.1748), a corn chandler and proprietor, by whom he had three sons, John Francis, Charles and James (d.1816) and three daughters, Maria Teresa, Elizabeth Ann and Frances Agnes.

His eldest son, John Francis Moore the younger (d.1793) was also a sculptor but of lesser note. He died young and his father thereafter went into partnership with a 'J. Smith' from 1790 onwards. Moore's youngest sons followed their father's artistic career and became painters.

Moore's granddaughter Elizabeth Moore (1791-1864) of Leyton, Essex was married to Lord Mayor of London and wine merchant John Kinnersley Hooper (1791-1854).

Moore died on 21 January 1809 at Wells Street off Oxford Street, London.

## Works

see


title: Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen

abstract: Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen is a Danish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Rosenborg in the Toppserien and for the Denmark national team.

text:
# Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen

**Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen** (born 14 September 1996) is a Danish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Rosenborg in the Toppserien and for the Denmark national team.

## Club career

Hansen played for Vejle Boldklub until 2013 and then signed with IK Skovbakken. In 2014, she joined KoldingQ and since 2015, she has played for the first division Fortuna Hjørring. With this club, Hansen won the Danish championship and cup in the 2015–16 season.

## International career

Hansen played for several Danish Youth Teams. First joining the U16 team in 2011 and in the same year debuting for the U17, where she became an important part of the team, playing important competitions, including the 2012 UEFA Under-17 European Championship, when Denmark finished third. On 29 July 2013, she debuted for the U-19 team in a friendly match against Norway. Hansen also played a pivotal role in this team, being part of the squad that represented Denmark at the 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite qualification, 2014 UEFA European Under-19 Championship elite round and 2015 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification.

On 22 January 2016, Hansen debuted for the Danish Senior Team in a friendly match against Netherlands. In the same year, she was part of the squad that played the 2016 Algarve Cup. She also represented Denmark at the 2017 Algarve Cup. While, still with the senior team, she played once for the Denmark U23 team in a match against Finland. In 2017, she was part of the group that represented Denmark at the UEFA European Championship 2017.

## InfoBox

Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen
| Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen in July 2017 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Sarah Dyrehauge Hansen | | |
| Date of birth | (1996-09-14) 14 September 1996 | | |
| Place of birth | Denmark | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Rosenborg | | |
| Number | 21 | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Vinding FF | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2013 | Vejle Boldklub |  |  |
| 2013 | IK Skovbakken |  |  |
| 2014–2015 | KoldingQ |  |  |
| 2015–2019 | Fortuna Hjørring | 13 | (4) |
| 2019–2021 | FC Thy-Thisted Q | 29 | (11) |
| 2021– | Rosenborg | 10 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
| 2011 | Denmark U16 | 6 | (3) |
| 2011–2013 | Denmark U17 | 22 | (15) |
| 2013–2015 | Denmark U19 | 28 | (11) |
| 2016 | Denmark U23 | 1 | (1) |
| 2016– | Denmark | 9 | (2) |
| Medal record      Women's football  Representing  Denmark  UEFA Women's Championship  2017 Netherlands Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Epichoristodes macrosema

abstract: Epichoristodes macrosema is a species of moth belonging to the family Tortricidae and sub-family Tortricinae. It is found in Madagascar.

text:
# Epichoristodes macrosema

***Epichoristodes macrosema*** is a species of moth belonging to the family Tortricidae and sub-family Tortricinae. It is found in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Epichoristodes macrosema* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Epichoristodes* |
| Species: | ***E. macrosema*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Epichoristodes macrosema***<br>Diakonoff, 1970 | |
|


title: Styposis rancho

abstract: Styposis rancho is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Venezuela.

text:
# Styposis rancho

***Styposis rancho*** is a species of comb-footed spider in the family Theridiidae. It is found in Venezuela.

## InfoBox

| *Styposis rancho* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | *Styposis* |
| Species: | ***S. rancho*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Styposis rancho***<br>Levi, 1960 | |
|


title: Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway

abstract: The Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway is a National Scenic Byway in the U.S. state of Georgia that includes parts of Georgia State Route 17 (SR 17), SR 75, SR 180, and SR 75 Alternate, as well as the entire length of SR 348. Surrounded by the beauty of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest, the byway winds through the valleys and mountain gaps of the southern Appalachian Mountains. From the vistas atop Brasstown Bald to the cooling mists of waterfalls, scenic wonders fill this region.

text:
# Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway

The **Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway** is a National Scenic Byway in the U.S. state of Georgia that includes parts of Georgia State Route 17 (SR 17), SR 75, SR 180, and SR 75 Alternate, as well as the entire length of SR 348.

Surrounded by the beauty of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest, the byway winds through the valleys and mountain gaps of the southern Appalachian Mountains. From the vistas atop Brasstown Bald to the cooling mists of waterfalls, scenic wonders fill this region.

## Route description

The byway forms a loop starting northwest of Helen, at the junction of SR 17/SR 75 and SR 75 Alternate. From there, it follows SR 17/SR 75 north to a junction with SR 180 in the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest. The byway turns west on SR 180 with an optional detour to the Brasstown Bald Visitor Center on SR 180 Spur. It follows SR 180 westward and southwestward to SR 348 (Richard B. Russell Scenic Highway) in Choestoe and then southeast back to SR 75 Alternate before turning northeast, back to SR 17/SR 75.

Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.

## History

As stated above, the Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway is composed of parts or entire lengths of numbered routes. The portion of SR 75 included in the byway was established between May and August 1932 along the same alignment as it travels today. By July 1939, this section of SR 75 was converted from "completed grading, not surfaced" to "completed semi-hard surface". By 1941, a short section northwest of the SR 75 Alternate was paved. By July of that year, the former southern segment of SR 66 was established from the current SR 17/SR 75/SR 180 intersection to the current SR 180/SR 180 Spur intersection. Also, SR 180 was established from the latter intersection westward to an intersection with US 19/US 129/SR 11 west of Choestoe. By the end of 1946, the above-mentioned segment of SR 75 was paved. Between 1950 and 1952, SR 17 was designated along SR 75. Between 1960 and 1963, SR 66 from SR 17/SR 75 to SR 180 was paved. By 1966, the byway's entire segment of SR 180 was paved. Also, SR 348 was established in two parts. The southern part began at an intersection with SR 356 (what is now SR 75 Alternate) to the White–Union county line. The northern part existed south and southeast of Choestoe, intersecting with SR 348 in Choestoe. Later that year, both parts of SR 348 were connected, and the entire byway was paved. By 1982, SR 356 was redesignated as SR 75 Alternate. Later that year, upon the decommissioning of SR 66, that segment of the bypass was redesignated as an eastward extension of SR 180.

The Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway was designated as a National Forest Scenic Byway on June 5, 1989. It was later named a Georgia State Scenic Byway in 1992 and a National Scenic Byway on June 15, 2000.

## Major intersections

These intersections begin in the southeast and travel in a counter-clockwise direction.

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| White |  | 0.0 | 0.0 |

SR 17 south / SR 75 south (Unicoi Turnpike) / SR 75 Alt. south | Southeastern terminus; southern end of SR 17/SR 75 concurrency; northern terminus of SR 75 Alternate; southeastern end of SR 75 Alternate concurrency |
| Towns | Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest | 10.3 | 16.6 |

SR 17 north / SR 75 north (Unicoi Turnpike) / SR 180 begins | Northern end of SR 17/SR 75 concurrency; eastern end of SR 180 concurrency |
| TownsUnion
county line | | 15.6 | 25.1 |
SR 180 Spur west Brasstown Bald | Eastern terminus of SR 180 Spur |
| Union | Choestoe | 22.0 | 35.4 |

SR 180 west / SR 348 south (Richard B. Russell Scenic Highway) | Western end of SR 180 concurrency; northern terminus of SR 348; northwestern end of SR 348 concurrency |
| White | Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest | 35.4 | 57.0 |

SR 75 Alt. south / SR 348 north (Richard B. Russell Scenic Highway) Cleveland | Southern terminus of SR 348; southeastern end of SR 348 concurrency; southwestern end of SR 75 Alternate concurrency |
| | | 37.7 | 60.7 |

SR 17 south / SR 75 south (Unicoi Turnpike) / SR 75 Alt. south | Northern terminus of SR 75 Alternate; northeastern end of SR 75 Alternate concurrency; southeastern end of SR 17/SR 75 concurrency |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
 | | | | | |

Template:Attached KML/Georgia State Route 348KML is not from Wikidata

34°42′48″N 83°44′44″W / 34.71334°N 83.74551°W / 34.71334; -83.74551

## InfoBox

| Russell–Brasstown Scenic Byway | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by GDOT | |
| Length | 40.6 mi (65.3 km) |
| Component
highways |  |
| Major junctions | |
| Counterclockwise end | SR 17 / SR 75 northwest of Helen |
| Major intersections |  |
| Clockwise end | SR 17 / SR 75 / SR 75 Alt. in northwestern White County |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Georgia |
| Counties | White, Towns, Union |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
| * **Georgia State Highway System** | |
| SR 347 **SR 348**  SR 352 | |


title: Sankaraparani River

abstract: The Sankaraparani River is a river in Tamil Nadu state of southern India. It originates on the western slope of the Gingee Hills in Viluppuram District, and flows southeastwards to empty into the Bay of Bengal south of Pondicherry. The Sankaraparani is also known as Varahanadi or Gingee River.

text:
# Sankaraparani River

The **Sankaraparani River** (French: Fleuve Sankaraparani) is a river in Tamil Nadu state of southern India. It originates on the western slope of the Gingee Hills in Viluppuram District, and flows southeastwards to empty into the Bay of Bengal south of Pondicherry. The Sankaraparani is also known as **Varahanadi** or **Gingee River**.

## River course

It has two sources, one in the Pakkamalai hills and one in the mountains of Melmalayanur. They join near Thenpalai village to form the main river. The course of the river is generally southeastwards. Annamangalam surplus joins near Melacheri. Then the river turns south in eastern part of Singavaram village and then flows east again. Second tributary Nariyar Odai joins Sankaraparani near Uranithangal village.

Near Vallam village, the river turns southeast to flow toward of Rettanai, Nedimozhiyanur, towards Veedur Dam. The third tributary Thondiar joins near Vidur. The Vidur reservoir across Sankaraparani is situated just below.

From Vidur reservoir, Sankaraparani flows southeast. Pambaiyar tributary joins near Radhapuram. Then Sankaraparani enters Puducherry Union Territory at Manalipet. Pambai tributary joins Sankaraparani near Sellipet.

Then Guduvaiyar River, the last tributary joins near Boat House. At this point, Sankaraparani is also called Chunnambar. From here it flows for 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) before draining into Bay of Bengal at Paradise Beach.

The total length of the river is 78.5 kilometres (48.8 mi). Of the total length, 34 kilometres (21 mi) flows in Puducherry.

## Tributaries

Sankaraparani river has six tributaries namely:

* Annamangalam surplus
* Nariyar Odai
* Thondiar
* Pambaiyar
* Pambai
* Guduvaiyar

## Distributary

The only distributary of Sankaraparani is Ariyankuppam River that branches near Thirukanchi.

## History of a flood in times bygone

There is a history that there was once great flooding of this river. The exact timing of the flood may need experts in history to tell us. However, the two proofs are: (1) The fossil park at Tiruvakkarai is about 1–2 km away from the river and located on a hillock. The ASI maintained park mentions that there was a great flood once that would have washed away all the logs of trees on the hillock which have been preserved as fossils since then.

(2) A visit to the Gangai Varaha Nadeeswarar Koil at ThiruKaanchi also gave us a similar history (Varalaru) from the priests of the temple. That the village was once severely flooded and the temple was destroyed. The main deities were however saved and the temple rebuilt at the present location.

## Temples

Ancient temples are located on the banks of Sankaraparani. Out of 22 Paadal Petra Sthalam in Nadu Naadu, four temples are located on the banks of Sankaraparani. Among the temples Gangai Varaga Natheeswarar Temple located at Thirukanchi in Puducherry named after this river 'Varaga Nathi'. The name suggests that this river 'Sankaraparani' has the same power as of 'Gangai Nathi' (The River Ganges) as per Hindu Mythology. Every year in the Tamil month of 'Maasi' (Feb-March) during the 'Magam' Nachathiram day this temple festival is celebrated. 'Maasi Magam' - ten days festival is celebrated including car festival on the ninth day.

### Villupuram district

Temples in Villupuram district include:

* Ranganathar Koil, Singavaram
* Ramanatheeswarar Koil, Esalam
* Akkarai Kali Amman Koil, Nedi Mozhiyanoor (sd)
* Azhagiyanathar Koil, Thiruvaamaathur (Paadal Petra Sthalam)
* Panankatteesar Koil, Puravar Panankattur (Paadal Petra Sthalam)
* Chandarasekarar Temple, Thiruvakarai (Paadal Petra Sthalam)

### Puducherry

Temples in Puducherry district include:

* Mahedevar Koil, Madagadipet
* Perumal Koil, Thirubhuvanai
* Vadugurnathar Koil, Thiruvandarkoil (Vadukkur)(Paadal Petra Sthalam)
* Thirukameswarar Koil, Villianur
* Gangai Varaha Natheeswarar Koil, Thirukanchi
* Kasi Viswanathar temple, Odhiampattu

## Tourism

* Vidur Reservoir
* Ossudu Lake Boat House, Poraiyur Agaram
* Chunnambar Boat House, Ariyankuppam

Resorts include Le Pondy, Kailash Beach Resort, and The Windflower Resort and Spa

11°52′38″N 79°49′23″E / 11.877203°N 79.823127°E / 11.877203; 79.823127


title: Photoactivated localization microscopy

abstract:
Photo-activated localization microscopy
and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are widefield fluorescence microscopy imaging methods that allow obtaining images with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit. The methods were proposed in 2006 in the wake of a general emergence of optical super-resolution microscopy methods, and were featured as Methods of the Year for 2008 by the Nature Methods journal.
The development of PALM as a targeted biophysical imaging method was largely prompted by the discovery of new species and the engineering of mutants of fluorescent proteins displaying a controllable photochromism, such as photo-activatible GFP. However, the concomitant development of STORM, sharing the same fundamental principle, originally made use of paired cyanine dyes.
One molecule of the pair, when excited near its absorption maximum, serves to reactivate the other molecule to the fluorescent state. A growing number of dyes are used for PALM, STORM and related techniques, both organic fluorophores and fluorescent proteins. Some are compatible with live cell imaging, others allow faster acquisition or denser labeling. The choice of a particular fluorophore ultimately depends on the application and on its underlying photophysical properties. Both techniques have undergone significant technical developments, in particular allowing multicolor imaging and the extension to three dimensions, with the best current axial resolution of 10 nm in the third dimension obtained using an interferometric approach with two opposing objectives collecting the fluorescence from the sample.

text:
# Photoactivated localization microscopy

**Photo-activated localization microscopy** (**PALM** or **FPALM**) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are widefield (as opposed to point scanning techniques such as laser scanning confocal microscopy) fluorescence microscopy imaging methods that allow obtaining images with a resolution beyond the diffraction limit. The methods were proposed in 2006 in the wake of a general emergence of optical super-resolution microscopy methods, and were featured as Methods of the Year for 2008 by the *Nature Methods* journal. The development of PALM as a targeted biophysical imaging method was largely prompted by the discovery of new species and the engineering of mutants of fluorescent proteins displaying a controllable photochromism, such as photo-activatible GFP. However, the concomitant development of STORM, sharing the same fundamental principle, originally made use of paired cyanine dyes. One molecule of the pair (called activator), when excited near its absorption maximum, serves to reactivate the other molecule (called reporter) to the fluorescent state.

A growing number of dyes are used for PALM, STORM and related techniques, both organic fluorophores and fluorescent proteins. Some are compatible with live cell imaging, others allow faster acquisition or denser labeling. The choice of a particular fluorophore ultimately depends on the application and on its underlying photophysical properties.

Both techniques have undergone significant technical developments, in particular allowing multicolor imaging and the extension to three dimensions, with the best current axial resolution of 10 nm in the third dimension obtained using an interferometric approach with two opposing objectives collecting the fluorescence from the sample.

## Principle

Conventional fluorescence microscopy is performed by selectively staining the sample with fluorescent molecules, either linked to antibodies as in immunohistochemistry or using fluorescent proteins genetically fused to the genes of interest. Typically, the more concentrated the fluorophores, the better the contrast of the fluorescence image.

A single fluorophore can be visualized under a microscope (or even under the naked eye) if the number of photons emitted is sufficiently high, and in contrast the background is low enough. The two dimensional image of a point source observed under a microscope is an extended spot, corresponding to the Airy disk (a section of the point spread function) of the imaging system. The ability to identify as two individual entities two closely spaced fluorophores is limited by the diffraction of light. This is quantified by Abbe’s criterion, stating that the minimal distance $d$ that allows resolving two point sources is given by

$d={\frac {\lambda }{2NA}}$

where $\lambda $ is the wavelength of the fluorescent emission and NA is the numerical aperture of the microscope. The theoretical resolution limit at the shortest practical excitation wavelength is around 150 nm in the lateral dimension and approaching 400 nm in the axial dimension (if using an objective having a numerical aperture of 1.40 and the excitation wavelength is 400 nm).

However, if the emission from the two neighboring fluorescent molecules is made distinguishable, i.e. the photons coming from each of the two can be identified, then it is possible to overcome the diffraction limit. Once a set of photons from a specific molecule is collected, it forms a diffraction-limited spot in the image plane of the microscope. The center of this spot can be found by fitting the observed emission profile to a known geometrical function, typically a Gaussian function in two dimensions. The error that is made in localizing the center of a point emitter scales to a first approximation as the inverse square root of the number of emitted photons, and if enough photons are collected it is easy to obtain a localization error much smaller than the original point spread function.

The two steps of identification and localization of individual fluorescent molecules in a dense environment where many are present are at the basis of PALM, STORM and their development.

Although many approaches to molecular identification exist, the light-induced photochromism of selected fluorophores developed as the most promising approach to distinguish neighboring molecules by separating their fluorescent emission in time. By turning on stochastically sparse subsets of fluorophores with light of a specific wavelength, individual molecules can then be excited and imaged according to their spectra. To avoid the accumulation of active fluorophores in the sample, which would eventually degrade back to a diffraction-limited image, the spontaneously occurring phenomenon of photobleaching is exploited in PALM, whereas reversible switching between a fluorescent on-state and a dark off-state of a dye is exploited in STORM.

In summary, PALM and STORM are based on collecting under a fluorescent microscope a large number of images each containing just a few active isolated fluorophores. The imaging sequence allows for the many emission cycles necessary to stochastically activate each fluorophore from a non-emissive (or less emissive) state to a bright state, and back to a non-emissive or bleached state. During each cycle, the density of activated molecules is kept low enough that the molecular images of individual fluorophores do not typically overlap.

### Localization of individual fluorophores

In each image of the sequence, the position of a fluorophore is calculated with a precision typically greater than the diffraction limit - in the typical range of a few to tens of nm - and the resulting information of the position of the centers of all the localized molecules is used to build up the super-resolution PALM or STORM image.

The localization precision $\sigma $ can be calculated according to the formula:

$\sigma ={\sqrt {\left({\frac {s\_{i}^{2}+{\frac {a^{2}{12}{N}\right)\cdot \left({\frac {16}{9}+{\frac {8\pi s\_{i}^{2}b^{2}{a^{2}N^{2}\right)}}}}}}}}}}$

where N is the number of collected photons, a is the pixel size of the imaging detector, $b^{2}$ is the average background signal and $s\_{i}$ is the standard deviation of the point spread function. The requirement of localizing at the same time multiple fluorophores simultaneously over an extended area determines the reason why these methods are wide-field, employing as a detector a CCD, EMCCD or a CMOS camera.

The requirement for an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio to maximize localization precision determines the frequent combination of this concept with widefield fluorescent microscopes allowing optical sectioning, such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopes (TIRF) and light sheet fluorescence microscopes.

## Super-resolution image

The resolution of the final image is limited by the precision of each localization and the number of localizations, instead of by diffraction. The super resolution image is therefore a pointillistic representation of the coordinates of all the localized molecules. The super resolution image is commonly rendered by representing each molecule in the image plane as a two dimensional Gaussian with amplitude proportional to the number of photons collected, and the standard deviation depending on the localization precision.

## Applications

### Multicolor PALM/STORM

The peculiar photophysical properties of the fluorophores employed in PALM/STORM super resolution imaging pose both constraints and opportunities for multicolor imaging. Three strategies have emerged so far: excitation of spectrally separated fluorophores using an emission beamsplitter, using of multiple activators/reporters in STORM mode and ratiometric imaging of spectrally close fluorophores.

### 3D in PALM and STORM

Although originally developed as 2D (x,y) imaging methods, PALM and STORM have quickly developed into 3D (x,y,z) capable techniques. To determine the axial position of a single fluorophore in the sample the following approaches are currently being used: modification of the point spread function to introduce z-dependent features in the 2D (x,y) image (the most common approach is to introduce astigmatism in the PSF); multiplane detection, where the axial position is determined by comparing two images of the same PSF defocused one with respect to the other; interferometric determination of the axial position of the emitter using two opposed objectives and multiple detectors; use of temporal focusing to confine the excitation/activation; use of light sheet excitation/activation to confine to a few hundred nanometers thick layer arbitrarily positioned along the z-plane within the sample.

### Live cell imaging

The requirement for multiple cycles of activation, excitation and de-activation/bleaching would typically imply extended periods of time to form a PALM/STORM image, and therefore operation on a fixed sample. A number of works have been published as early as 2007 performing PALM/STORM on live cells. The ability to perform live super-resolution imaging using these techniques ultimately depends on the technical limitations of collecting enough photons from a single emitter in a very short time. This depends both on the photophysical limitations of the probe as well as on the sensitivity of the detector employed. Relatively slow (seconds to tens of seconds) processes such as modification in the organization of focal adhesions have been investigated by means of PALM, whereas STORM has allowed imaging of faster processes such as membrane diffusion of clathrin coated pits or mitochondrial fission/fusion processes. A promising application of live cell PALM is the use of photoactivation to perform high-density single-particle tracking (sptPALM), overcoming the traditional limitation of single particle tracking to work with systems displaying a very low concentration of fluorophores.

### Nanophotonic interactions

While traditional PALM and STORM measurements are used to determine the physical structure of a sample, with the intensities of fluorescent events determining the certainty of the localization, these intensities can also be used to map fluorophore interactions with nanophotonic structures. This has been performed on both metallic (plasmonic) structures, such as gold nanorods, as well as semiconducting structures, such as silicon nanowires. These approaches can either be used for fluorophores functionalized on the surface of the sample of interest (as for the plasmonic particle studies mentioned here), or randomly adsorbed onto the substrate surrounding the sample, allowing full 2D mapping of fluorophore-nanostructure interactions at all positions relative to the structure.

These studies have found that, in addition to the standard uncertainty of localization due to the point spread function fitting, self-interference with light scattered by nanoparticles can lead to distortions or displacements of the imaged point spread functions, complicating the analysis of such measurements. These may be possible to limit, however, for example by incorporating metasurface masks which control the angular distribution of light permitted into the measurement system.

## Differences from STORM

PALM and STORM share a common fundamental principle, and numerous developments have tended to make the two techniques even more intertwined. Still, they differ in several technical details and a fundamental point. On the technical side, PALM is performed on a biological specimen using fluorophores expressed exogenously in the form of genetic fusion constructs to a photoactivatable fluorescent protein. STORM instead uses immunolabeling of endogenous molecules in the sample with antibodies tagged with organic fluorophores. In both cases the fluorophores are driven between an active-ON and an inactive-OFF state by light. In PALM, however, photoactivation and photobleaching confine the life of the fluorophore to a limited interval of time, and a continuous emission of the fluorophore is desirable in between without any fluorescence intermittency. In STORM stochastic photoblinking of the organic fluorophores (typically brighter than fluorescent proteins) was originally exploited to separate neighboring dyes. In this respect, the more robust the blinking, the higher the probability of distinguishing two neighbouring fluorophores.

In this respect, several research works have explored the potential of PALM to perform a quantitation of the number of fluorophores (and therefore proteins of interest) present in a sample by counting the activated fluorophores. The approach used to treat the fluorescent dynamics of the fluorescent label used in the experiments will determine the final appearance of the super-resolution image, and the possibility of determining an unambiguous correspondence between a localization event and a protein in the sample.

## Multimedia


title: Dale Blaney

abstract: Dale Allen Blaney is an American professional former race car driver, former professional basketball player, and is currently an assistant coach for the Westminster College basketball team.

text:
# Dale Blaney

**Dale Allen Blaney** (born January 30, 1964) is an American professional former race car driver, former professional basketball player, and is currently an assistant coach for the Westminster College basketball team.

## Basketball career

Blaney was a basketball star for West Virginia University. He averaged 12.3 points a game. He also had several honors, including the Atlantic 10 all-rookie team, all-tournament team (twice), all-conference team, and player of the week on December 1, 1985. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in 1986, but quit before the 1986–87 season started so he could focus on racing as a career. In 1989 he played for the Youngstown Pride of the World Basketball League.

## Racing career

Blaney is a six-time champion of the All Star Circuit of Champions and, as of July 2019, has recorded 137 career victories with the series. He also has 11 victories with the World of Outlaws, the top touring series in sprint car racing.

## Personal life

Blaney was born in Hartford, Ohio on January 30, 1964. He is the brother of former WOO and NASCAR Sprint Cup Series driver Dave Blaney and uncle of Ryan Blaney. He has two daughters, Leah and Ashley.

## InfoBox

| Dale Blaney | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dale Allen Blaney
(1964-01-30) January 30, 1964
Hartford Township, Trumbull County, Ohio, U.S. |
| Related to | Dave Blaney (brother)
Ryan Blaney (nephew)
Lou Blaney (father) |
| All Star Circuit of Champions career | |
| Current team | McGhee Motorsports |
| Car number | 11 |
| Championships | 6 |
| Wins | 137 |
| Best finish | 1st in |
| Championship titles | |
| 2000 | The King's Royal |


title: San Nicola, Bassiano

abstract: San Nicola is a Roman Catholic church located on Via del Plebiscito in Bassiano, a town in the province of Latina in central Italy.

text:
# San Nicola, Bassiano

**San Nicola** is a Roman Catholic church located on Via del Plebiscito in Bassiano, a town in the province of Latina in central Italy.

## History

The church was originally dedicated to the Apostle St Peter, and was built by the year 1200, but heavily damaged during World War II. It has undergone marked restoration, including of frescoes relating to the plagues and Herod and Salome.

The church has two naves, and has a Latin cross layout. It contains a canvas painting depicting the *Holy Savior* by Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta.


title: Scythris felesella

abstract: Scythris felesella is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 1997. It is found in Kazakhstan.

text:
# Scythris felesella

***Scythris felesella*** is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 1997. It is found in Kazakhstan.

## InfoBox

| *Scythris felesella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Scythrididae |
| Genus: | *Scythris* |
| Species: | ***S. felesella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scythris felesella***<br>Bengtsson, 1997 | |
|


title: Rainer Philippson

abstract: Rainer Philippson was a German organic chemist. He is known for inventing and patenting the synthesis of clocortolone with Emanuel Kaspar in 1973. The original assignee of the patent was Schering AG. Philippson held a PhD (Dr.rer.nat.) and worked as a researcher at the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1960s, he defected to West Germany and joined Schering AG as a researcher. Philippson was also a co-inventor of several other patents held by Schering.

text:
# Rainer Philippson

**Rainer Philippson** was a German organic chemist. He is known for inventing and patenting the synthesis of clocortolone with Emanuel Kaspar in 1973. The original assignee of the patent was Schering AG. Philippson held a PhD (Dr.rer.nat.) and worked as a researcher at the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin (in East Berlin) in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1960s, he defected to West Germany and joined Schering AG as a researcher. Philippson was also a co-inventor of several other patents held by Schering.

1. *Process for the preparation of 9alpha-chloro-11beta-hydroxy steroids*, retrieved 2015-12-07
2. Tätigkeitsbericht der Forschungsgemeinschaft der Naturwissenschaftlichen, Technischen und Medizinischen Institute der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1960, p. 244

## InfoBox

| Rainer Philippson | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | German |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Organic chemistry |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Sarah Prieels

abstract: Sarah Prieels is a Belgian archer competing the women's compound events. She won the gold medal in the mixed team event at the 2021 European Archery Championships held in Antalya, Turkey. In June 2019, Prieels competed in the women's individual compound event at the European Games held in Minsk, Belarus. In December 2019, she set a new world record for the women's 60-arrow 18-metre indoor ranking round with a total of 597 out of 600 points at the TRUBall/Axcel Roma Archery Trophy held in Rome, Italy. Prieels competed at the 2022 European Indoor Archery Championships held in Laško, Slovenia. She represented Belgium at the 2022 World Games held in Birmingham, United States. She also competed at the 2023 European Games held in Poland.

text:
# Sarah Prieels

**Sarah Prieels** (born 27 February 1990) is a Belgian archer competing the women's compound events. She won the gold medal in the mixed team event at the 2021 European Archery Championships held in Antalya, Turkey.

In June 2019, Prieels competed in the women's individual compound event at the European Games held in Minsk, Belarus. In December 2019, she set a new world record for the women's 60-arrow 18-metre indoor ranking round with a total of 597 out of 600 points at the TRUBall/Axcel Roma Archery Trophy held in Rome, Italy.

Prieels competed at the 2022 European Indoor Archery Championships held in Laško, Slovenia. She represented Belgium at the 2022 World Games held in Birmingham, United States. She also competed at the 2023 European Games held in Poland.

## Family

She is the great-great-granddaughter of archer Hubert Van Innis, multiple Olympic champion.

## InfoBox

Sarah Prieels
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1990-02-27) 27 February 1990 |
| Sport | |
| Country | Belgium |
| Sport | Archery |
| Event | Compound |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best | 597(WR) |
| Medal record      Women's compound archery   Representing   Belgium   European Championships   2021 Antalya  Mixed team  2016 Nottingham  Individual  2010 Rovereto  Team  World Indoor Archery Championships   2016 Ankara  Individual  European Indoor Championships   2015 Koper  Individual  2017 Vittel  Individual  World University Archery Championship   2016 Ulaanbaatar  Individual  Summer Universiade   2015 Gwangju  Mixed team  Archery World Cup   2014 Antalya  Mixed team  2019 Shanghai  Mixed team  2013 Medellín  Mixed team  2017 Shanghai  Individual  2023 Medellín  Individual | |


title: Turkish folk dress

abstract: Turkish folk dress is a traditional style of varying folk clothing worn primarily in the rural parts of Turkey throughout the seven geographical regions of the country. Within the folk style of clothing are many variations and references that may be based on region, gender, ethnicity, the class of the wearer, culture and to a less extent religion. Similar features that are present in most of these folk dress styles throughout of Turkey include the colorful stripes, baggy floral clothing, multiple layers, poulaines (çarık) and overall vibrant colors differing on the region. Heavily implied elements in these folk styles include nature, romance, folk music and patriotism.

text:
# Turkish folk dress

**Turkish folk dress** is a traditional style of varying folk clothing worn primarily in the rural parts of Turkey throughout the seven geographical regions of the country. Within the folk style of clothing are many variations and references that may be based on region, gender, ethnicity, the class of the wearer, culture and to a less extent religion.

Similar features that are present in most of these folk dress styles throughout of Turkey include the colorful stripes, baggy floral clothing, multiple layers, poulaines (*çarık*) and overall vibrant colors differing on the region. Heavily implied elements in these folk styles include nature, romance, folk music and patriotism.

## History and influences

### Influences

Traditional folk clothing throughout Turkey today is heavily influenced by Ottoman fashion and based on the developments that occurred during and after the Empire’s reign. The borders of the Ottoman Empire encompassed the numerous individual cultures, people, religions and traditions that existed throughout Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, the Middle East, Central Europe, and Anatolia. Ottoman culture, and particularly Ottoman fashion evolved as an amalgam of these separate cultures and religions that had interacted over the past centuries of Ottoman reign.

“Ottoman culture” was used to define and generalize all present cultures and traditions within the empire, not the present or ruling Turkic culture specifically, though Turkic culture within the empire had ultimately embodied itself with other present Ottoman cultures and inherited many of its aspects, creating the basis of Turkish culture and diverse identity today. These set the stepping-stone for further developments of the Turkish culture that would continue on until the collapse and dissolution of Ottoman reign, and even after the establishment of the republic; Following several migration waves occurring into the country from Southern Europe (Albania and Greece), Eastern Europe (particularly Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia), the Caucasus, and presently from the Middle East, Russia, and Ukraine.

### History

Ottoman fashion had not disappeared following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; as it remained as part of daily use and continued on to evolve within the several nations that emerged from the empire before and after the dissolution, including the newly established Republic of Turkey. Some notable features and dress of Ottoman fashion included the *mintan*, a heavily embroidered chainse or vest; a *şalvar*, embroidered baggy pants; the *sarık*, a large, wrapped headpiece usually differing from a traditional turban and region-to-region; and the *entari*, a long flowy embroidered dress worn typically by women in the empire.

Although the notable Fez was also used by non-Muslim communities within the empire without religious intend, it was one of the earliest to fall out of fashion in these regions following the collapse with the *sarık*, including Turkey, after the official ban of the headwear in 1925. Though the sarık remained in-use by Muslim communities in former Ottoman lands and the rural areas of Turkey.

Modern Turkish folk dress throughout Turkey today lacks most of the religious aspects of these dress due to governmental pressure and restrictions applied throughout the 20s and late 30s, though has inherited a significant portion of other features with small modifications to a lesser extent. Similar features of modern Turkish folk dress throughout Turkey include: the mintan, şalvar, entari, *gömlek/bluz* (blouse), çarık, *kuşak* (similar to a girdle, cloth waist-wrap, or cincture), *mendil* (similar to a neckerchief) and *yelek* (a vest).

## Turkish folk styles

Folk clothing in Turkey embodies the crossing over and interaction of the various cultures in and around Anatolia, and the fashion of each region in Turkey tends to reflect the nature of its people, their interactions and their traditions.

### Eastern Anatolia

Eastern Anatolian fashion reflects elements of the neighboring Kurdish, Armenian, Persian, and to a lesser extent Azeri cultures, such as overall clothing with floral prints, stylish head and face coverings for women, alongside the wide belts for men with floral baggy trousers. Such Turkish fashion styles are mostly influenced by the Kurdish, Armenian, and Persian cultures, but rather distinct from the cultures themselves.

### Black Sea, Northern Anatolia

The traditional fashion of the Black Sea region is bold and proud-spirited, seen in its deep colors, vibrant and vivid patterns usually referencing the nature of the Pontic Alps, and sportfulness, with an element of patriotism. It is heavily influenced by the Laz, Georgian, Circassian and other Caucasian cultures, including some historical elements of Russian culture which was present in the region during Tsarist and Soviet reign.

### Thrace and Marmara Regions

Prominent in the geographically European (Thrace) and northwestern parts (Marmara) of the country, with large populations of Balkan migrants throughout history. Influenced by Bulgarian, Greek, and to a lesser extent Serbian, Romanian, and Bosnak folk culture. All types of Turkish Thracian folk culture are prominently found in Tekirdağ, while the Marmara region itself is home to several spread-out folk subcultures and is not considered a singular distinct folk style itself.

### Central Anatolian

Influenced by traditional Turkic culture and folk, while also having great influence over most other diverse folk styles across Turkish folk dress.

### Aegean Coast, Western Anatolia

Influenced by Inner Anatolian and Greek folk styles.

### Mediterranean and Southern Anatolia regions

Influenced by other Anatolian.

## State supervision and control of dress

After the collapse of the Ottoman reign and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the new Kemalist regime which assumed power in 1923, implemented strict policies of modernization, westernization and secularization in all aspects of Turkish society, including clothing styles. In 1925, the state announced a law by decree which specified that the clothing that was to be worn by civil servants and officers was not to be traditional wear, while the law also enforced a ban on the fez for servants and later citizens, the notable classic symbol of the Ottoman era.

The majority of the policies were aimed at reducing religious influence, significance and resemblance within the majority Muslim society of the country, but was also greatly enforced on other religious minority groups as well, causing significant cultural damage.

Rulings like these were abided and enforced heavier in the larger urban cities of Turkey, but they had less of an impact in the Turkish countryside and rural areas without enforcement and supervision, where traditional Turkish styles, particularly in men's dress – while incorporating some Western features, like the trouser and the cap, – remained alive and diverse.


title: Styppeiochloa

abstract:
Styppeiochloa is a genus of African plants in the grass family.
  - Species
  - Styppeiochloa catherineana Cope & Ryves - Angola
  - Styppeiochloa gynoglossa (Gooss.) De Winter - Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Gauteng
  - Styppeiochloa hitchcockii (A.Camus) Cope - Madagascar

text:
# Styppeiochloa

***Styppeiochloa*** is a genus of African plants in the grass family.

Species

## InfoBox

| *Styppeiochloa* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Styppeiochloa hitchcockii* in Madagascar | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Arundinoideae |
| Tribe: | Molinieae |
| Subtribe: | Crinipinae |
| Genus: | *Styppeiochloa*
De Winter |
|
| Type species | |
| *Styppeiochloa gynoglossa*
(Gooss.) De Winter | |


abstract: The Russian Chamber Music Foundation of Seattle (RCMFS) was founded in 2007 by pianist Dr. Natalya Ageyeva. The foundation has brought well known performers and groups to the Seattle music scene, including the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Erin Keefe, Arnaud Sussmann, Joshua Roman and Amos Yang. Since 2008, the foundation has hosted the Russian Piano Festival and Competition. The organization specializes in the promotion of Russian music including solo and chamber music genres performed at Benaroya Hall in downtown Seattle. The artistic director, Natalya Ageyeva, studied at the Moscow Conservatory and University of Washington and has performed throughout the United States, Russia, and Europe.

text:
# Russian Chamber Music Foundation of Seattle

The **Russian Chamber Music Foundation of Seattle** (**RCMFS**) was founded in 2007 by pianist Dr. Natalya Ageyeva. The foundation has brought well known performers and groups to the Seattle music scene, including the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Erin Keefe, Arnaud Sussmann, Joshua Roman and Amos Yang. Since 2008, the foundation has hosted the Russian Piano Festival and Competition.

The organization specializes in the promotion of Russian music including solo and chamber music genres performed at Benaroya Hall in downtown Seattle. The artistic director, Natalya Ageyeva, studied at the Moscow Conservatory and University of Washington and has performed throughout the United States, Russia, and Europe.


title: Photoacoustic spectroscopy

abstract: Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy on matter by means of acoustic detection. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk. The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating, generating a thermal expansion which creates a pressure wave or sound. Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible portions of the solar spectrum can also produce sounds. A photoacoustic spectrum of a sample can be recorded by measuring the sound at different wavelengths of the light. This spectrum can be used to identify the absorbing components of the sample. The photoacoustic effect can be used to study solids, liquids and gases.

text:
# Photoacoustic spectroscopy

**Photoacoustic spectroscopy** is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic energy (particularly of light) on matter by means of acoustic detection. The discovery of the photoacoustic effect dates to 1880 when Alexander Graham Bell showed that thin discs emitted sound when exposed to a beam of sunlight that was rapidly interrupted with a rotating slotted disk. The absorbed energy from the light causes local heating, generating a thermal expansion which creates a pressure wave or sound. Later Bell showed that materials exposed to the non-visible portions of the solar spectrum (i.e., the infrared and the ultraviolet) can also produce sounds.

A **photoacoustic spectrum** of a sample can be recorded by measuring the sound at different wavelengths of the light. This spectrum can be used to identify the absorbing components of the sample. The photoacoustic effect can be used to study solids, liquids and gases.

## Uses and techniques

Photoacoustic spectroscopy has become a powerful technique to study concentrations of gases at the part per billion or even part per trillion levels. Modern photoacoustic detectors still rely on the same principles as Bell's apparatus; however, to increase the sensitivity, several modifications have been made.

Instead of sunlight, intense lasers are used to illuminate the sample since the intensity of the generated sound is proportional to the light intensity; this technique is referred to as laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS). The ear has been replaced by sensitive microphones. The microphone signals are further amplified and detected using lock-in amplifiers. By enclosing the gaseous sample in a cylindrical chamber, the sound signal is amplified by tuning the modulation frequency to an acoustic resonance of the sample cell.

By using cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy sensitivity can still be further improved enabling reliable monitoring of gases on ppb-level.

## Example

The following example illustrates the potential of the photoacoustic technique: In the early 1970s, Patel and co-workers measured the temporal variation of the concentration of nitric oxide in the stratosphere at an altitude of 28 km with a balloon-borne photoacoustic detector. These measurements provided crucial data bearing on the problem of ozone depletion by man-made nitric oxide emission. Some of the early work relied on development of the RG theory by Rosencwaig and Gersho.

## Applications

One of the important capabilities of using FTIR photoacoustic spectroscopy has been the ability to evaluate samples in their *in situ* state by infrared spectroscopy, which can be used to detect and quantify chemical functional groups and thus chemical substances. This is particularly useful for biological samples that can be evaluated without crushing to powder or subjecting to chemical treatments. Seashells, bone and such samples have been investigated. Using photoacoustic spectroscopy has helped evaluate molecular interactions in bone with osteogenesis imperfecta.

While most academic research has concentrated on high resolution instruments, some work has gone in the opposite direction. In the last twenty years, very low cost instruments for applications such as leakage detection and for the control of carbon dioxide concentration have been developed and commercialized. Typically, low cost thermal sources are used which are modulated electronically. Diffusion through semi-permeable disks instead of valves for gas exchange, low-cost microphones, and proprietary signal processing with digital signal processors have brought down the costs of these systems. The future of low-cost applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy may be the realization of fully integrated micromachined photoacoustic instruments.

The photoacoustic approach has been utilized to quantitatively measure macromolecules, such as proteins. The photoacoustic immunoassay labels and detects target proteins using nanoparticles that can generate strong acoustic signals. The photoacoustics-based protein analysis has also been applied for point-of-care testings.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy also has many military applications. One such application is the detection toxic chemical agents. The sensitivity of photoacoustic spectroscopy makes it an ideal analysis technique for detecting trace chemicals associated with chemical attacks.

LPAS sensors may be applied in industry, security (nerve agent and explosives detection), and medicine (breath analysis).

## Further reading

* Sigrist, M. W. (1994), "Air Monitoring by Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy," in: Sigrist, M. W. (editor), "Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques," Wiley, New York, pp. 163–238.

* General introduction to photoacoustic spectroscopy:
* Photoacoustic spectroscopy in trace gas monitoring
* Photoacoustic spectrometer for trace gas detection based on a Helmholtz Resonant Cell (www.aerovia.fr)
* Photoacoustic multi-gas monitor for trace gas detection based on cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (www.gasera.fi)


title: Dale Beyerstein

abstract: Dale Beyerstein is a philosopher who has taught at Malaspina College, Douglas College, Kwantlen College, the University of British Columbia, and Langara College. Dale is a co-founder of the BC Skeptics, and director-at-large of the foundation.

text:
# Dale Beyerstein

**Dale Beyerstein** is a philosopher who has taught at Malaspina College, Douglas College, Kwantlen College, the University of British Columbia, and Langara College. Dale is a co-founder of the BC Skeptics, and director-at-large of the foundation.

## Selected publications

* *The Write Stuff* (ed with B.L. Beyerstein), Buffalo, NY, Prometheus Press, 1992
* "The Functions and Limitations of Professional Codes of Ethics", in Winkler, E and Coombs, J: *Applied Ethics*, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1993
* "Psychiatric Ethics and Ethical Psychiatry" (with J. Paredes, B. Ledwidge and C. Kogan), *Canadian Journal of Psychiatry*, Vol 35, October 1990.
* "Sai Baba's miracles: an overview" published by B. Premanand, Podanur, India, 1994


title: San Ferdinando

abstract: San Ferdinando is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,487 and an area of 14.0 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi). The municipality of San Ferdinando contains the frazioni Eranova and Villaggio Praia. San Ferdinando borders the following municipalities: Nicotera, Gioia Tauro, and Rosarno.

text:
# San Ferdinando

**San Ferdinando** (Calabrian: *San Ferdinandu*) is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Catanzaro and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of Reggio Calabria. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 4,487 and an area of 14.0 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi).

The municipality of San Ferdinando contains the *frazioni* (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Eranova and Villaggio Praia.

San Ferdinando borders the following municipalities: Nicotera, Gioia Tauro, and Rosarno.

## Early history

The area around San Ferdinando is within the borders of the historic town of Rosarno, which along with the town of Nicotera is the area of the ancient Greek city of Medma. Present day Rosarno and its environs sprung up during the Byzantine Era and appeared for the first time in history in a document in 1037. The rule of Rosarno was greatly contested, due to its strategic importance in giving a hold over of the fertile Mesima River valley and was controlled by various feudal lords, including the Ruffo and the Pignatelli families. Situated along the sea, San Ferdinando was a planned community to support a major public works project of the early 19th Century to transform the malaria-ridden Mesima valley into a commercial agricultural town. Following the five major 1783 Calabrian earthquakes, the Mesima River Valley and the Rosarno plain were said to have sunk nearly a meter creating significant shifts in water flow and the creation of lakes and swamps. This change in the geology and ecology of the area provided for an environment for malaria to breed. The earthquakes and subsequent malaria epidemic resulted in upwards of 50,000 deaths in the region and is said to have halved the population by the start of the 19th Century. This cataclysm left no passable roads and the destruction of a majority of the buildings in the area.

In response to these disasters the government set out to rebuild to alleviate unemployment, poverty and the backwardness that reigned in the southern provinces. This included a plan for better access though roads and bridges and the reclamation of the unhealthy swamps and lakes. In 1818, King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies authorized a government financed project for the reclamation of wetlands in Rosarno, as proposed by General Vito Nunziante. The General was familiar with the local farmers, who were experts in the cultivation of hemp, cereals, flax and breeding of silkworms and proposed the development of an agricultural town that would employ the latest best practice in farming. After the wetlands were drained and made suitable for cultivation, a plan for small houses and a church was created and families from nearby Tropea and the surrounding villages settled there.

In 1823, Pasquale Barbalace came from nearby Carciadi as the first settler, with his wife and five children - Antonia (née Punturiero), Francesco, Pietro, Carlo, Giacomo and Antonio. After he settled with his family in San Ferdinando, he father eight more children and was known for his extraordinary work ethic and dynamism in various efforts in establishing the community. During the next few years (1823-1825) the families that followed Mr. Barbalace were: Pantano and Tavella from S. Nicolò di Ricadi; Loiacono, Celi and Polimeni from S. Nicolò; Petracca from Lampazone; Rizzo, Taccone, and Naso from Spilinga; Tripodi from Brivadi; Loiacono from Orsigliadi; Punturiero from Carciadi; and Falduti from Caroniti. As financial and social prospects were proving positive in this new enterprise, successive years brought the families of:Zungri and Mumoli from Lampazone; Bagnato from Comerconi; and Rombolà from Brattirò.

Pasquale Barbalace was the Nunziante family’s administrator for the village and the family’s agricultural business. The first village that he is said to have founded was called Romulus, after one of the legendary twin founders of Rome who were raised by a she-wolf. After many years working hard in San Ferdinando, Barbalace died aged 96. His son Pasquale continued as the Nunziante family’s administrator and also served as the mayor of Rosarno starting in 1860 for several terms.

The original six houses of San Ferdinando, remembered today as the “case del Principe”, were built away from the Mesima River and close to the beach in the current area of Via Bologna and Via Como and near a modest palazzo that he General Nunziante built for himself (recently the home of the heirs of Pasquale Loiacono). As more families came houses were built along Via Bologna, Via Salerno, Via Rosarno, and to the corner of Via Magazzini, as well as the Church of the Forgiveness (Chiesa del Perdono). The small one-story houses, which were organized around a courtyard, included a bedroom, kitchen, pantry and toilet and were made of volcanic stone sent by boat from the Aeolian Island of Lipari by Marquis, Don Francesco Barresi, father of General Nunziante. Some of these still remain standing, despite the progress of reconstruction in the center of town.

As the town grew in size and citizens prospered, the town that was locally known as Casette was renamed San Ferdinando in honor of the King, who sponsored the development of the area. While archival records document houses being built since 1823, the first record of rents paid for farm houses was in 1840 and a contract dating back to 1842 recording the lease of houses by Don Paolo DeLauretis (heir to Nunziante) for a period of two years to the Pantano, Loiacono, and others of the original families of San Ferdinando. The base fee was 4 ducats, with 6 ducats for those with individual rooms. In addition to the fees, the tenants were obliged to deforest and improve their property.

Despite the influx of families from the surrounding villages, in 1842 Marchese Nunziante wanted to recruit more skilled manpower for the construction of more houses to grow the commercial enterprise of the town. He turned to the Bourbon government to enlist the work of the men convicted for common crimes, who had demonstrated good behavior and had served less than four years of their sentence. The government agreed and Nunziante paid them a salary, to make sure they were able to be housed and pay the government the penalty associated with their crime. Many men, with the intention to rehabilitate themselves rather than remain in prison took up the offer and worked side-by-side with other settlers. This practice of employing petty criminals lasted for a couple decades until 1862.

The following is a list of these men from the parish records and courts documents during those 20 years: Del Vecchio from Ioppolo; Contartese from Ricadi, Tambaro from Scafati; Naccarato from Cosenza; Pantano from Brivadi; Megna from Coccorino; Russo and Falcone from S. Maria Capua Vetere; Baglivo from Potenza; Bovolo from Torre del Greco; Zavaglia from Polistina; Porretti from Monteleone; and Faggiano, Ferraro, Pignatelli, and Cusano from various other parts of the kingdom. Most came from Campania, Sicilia and Basilicata.

## Demographic evolution

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
3. All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
4. All history and other historical statistics: Tropea Magazine - http://www.tropeamagazine.it/sanferdinando/.

## InfoBox

| San Ferdinando | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di San Ferdinando | |
| Location of San Ferdinando | |
| San FerdinandoLocation of San Ferdinando in ItalySan FerdinandoSan Ferdinando (Calabria) | |
| Coordinates: 38°29′N 15°55′E / 38.483°N 15.917°E / 38.483; 15.917 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Calabria |
| Metropolitan city | Reggio Calabria (RC) |
| *Frazioni* | Eranova, Villaggio Praia |
| Area | |
| Total | 14.0 km2 (5.4 sq mi) |
| Population (Dec. 2004) | |
| Total | 4,487 |
| Density | 320/km2 (830/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Sanferdinandesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 89026 |
| Dialing code | 0966 |


title: Cardinal lory

abstract: The cardinal lory is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. The cardinal lory lives mainly in the mangrove and the lowland forests of the Solomon Islands, Bougainville Island and easternmost islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. It was previously found in the genus Chalcopsitta. It prefers Syzygium species and other fruit-bearing trees that have red blossoms.

text:
# Cardinal lory

The **cardinal lory** (***Pseudeos cardinalis***) is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. The cardinal lory lives mainly in the mangrove and the lowland forests of the Solomon Islands, Bougainville Island and easternmost islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. It was previously found in the genus Chalcopsitta.

It prefers *Syzygium* species and other fruit-bearing trees that have red blossoms.

## Description

The cardinal lory is 31 cm (12 in) long. All plumage is red. The beak is orange with black at its base. The bare skin at base of beak and around eyes is black, and the irises are orange-red. Its legs are grey. The male and female are identical in external appearance. The beaks of the juveniles are dull orange with more prominent black areas than the adults, pale grey eye-rings, and yellow irises.

## Aviculture

In 1989, the Solomon Islands permitted a few cardinal lories to be exported to the United States. However, because of the Wild Bird Conservation Act in 1992, the exportation of cardinal lories from the Solomon Islands to the US was banned except for approved breeding.

## InfoBox

| Cardinal lory | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay, USA | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Psittaciformes |
| Family: | Psittaculidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudeos* |
| Species: | ***P. cardinalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudeos cardinalis***
(Gray, 1849) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Chalcopsitta cardinalis* | |