title: Earth jurisprudence

abstract:
Earth jurisprudence is a philosophy of law and human governance that is based on the fact that humans are only one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community is dependent on the welfare of the Earth as a whole. It states that human societies will only be viable and flourish if they regulate themselves as part of this wider Earth community and do so in a way that is consistent with the fundamental laws or principles that govern how the universe functions, which is the 'Great Jurisprudence'. Earth jurisprudence can be differentiated from the Great jurisprudence, but can also be understood as being embedded within it. Earth jurisprudence can be seen as a special case of the Great Jurisprudence, applying universal principles to the governmental, societal and biological processes of Earth. Earth jurisprudence seeks to expand our understanding of the relevance of governance beyond humanity to the whole Earth community, it is Earth-centric rather than anthropocentric. It is concerned with the maintenance and regulation of relations between all members of the Earth community, not just between human beings. Earth jurisprudence is intended to provide a philosophical basis for the development and implementation of human governance systems, which may include ethics, laws, institutions, policies and practices. It also places an emphasis on the internalisation of these insights and on personal practice, in living in accordance with Earth jurisprudence as a way of life. Earth jurisprudence should reflect a particular human community's understanding of how to regulate itself as part of the Earth community and should express the qualities of the Great jurisprudence of which it forms part. The specific applications of Earth jurisprudence will vary from society to society, while sharing common elements. These elements include:
  - a recognition that any Earth jurisprudence exists within a wider context that shapes it and influences how it functions;
  - a recognition that the universe is the source of the fundamental 'Earth rights' of all members of the Earth community, rather than some part of the human governance system and accordingly these rights cannot be validly circumscribed or abrogated by human jurisprudence;
  - a means of recognising the roles and 'rights' of non-human members of the Earth community and of restraining humans from unjustifiably preventing them fulfilling those roles;
  - a concern for reciprocity and the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between all the members of the Earth community determined by what is best for the system as a whole; and
  - an approach to condoning or disapproving human conduct on the basis of whether or not the conduct strengthens or weakens the bonds that constitute the Earth community.

text:
# Earth jurisprudence

**Earth jurisprudence** is a philosophy of law and human governance that is based on the fact that humans are only one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community is dependent on the welfare of the Earth as a whole. It states that human societies will only be viable and flourish if they regulate themselves as part of this wider Earth community and do so in a way that is consistent with the fundamental laws or principles that govern how the universe functions, which is the 'Great Jurisprudence'.

Earth jurisprudence can be differentiated from the Great jurisprudence, but can also be understood as being embedded within it. Earth jurisprudence can be seen as a special case of the Great Jurisprudence, applying universal principles to the governmental, societal and biological processes of Earth.

Earth jurisprudence seeks to expand our understanding of the relevance of governance beyond humanity to the whole Earth community, it is Earth-centric rather than anthropocentric. It is concerned with the maintenance and regulation of relations between all members of the Earth community, not just between human beings. Earth jurisprudence is intended to provide a philosophical basis for the development and implementation of human governance systems, which may include ethics, laws, institutions, policies and practices. It also places an emphasis on the internalisation of these insights and on personal practice, in living in accordance with Earth jurisprudence as a way of life.

Earth jurisprudence should reflect a particular human community's understanding of how to regulate itself as part of the Earth community and should express the qualities of the Great jurisprudence of which it forms part. The specific applications of Earth jurisprudence will vary from society to society, while sharing common elements. These elements include:

* a recognition that any Earth jurisprudence exists within a wider context that shapes it and influences how it functions;
* a recognition that the universe is the source of the fundamental 'Earth rights' of all members of the Earth community, rather than some part of the human governance system and accordingly these rights cannot be validly circumscribed or abrogated by human jurisprudence;
* a means of recognising the roles and 'rights' of non-human members of the Earth community and of restraining humans from unjustifiably preventing them fulfilling those roles;
* a concern for reciprocity and the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between all the members of the Earth community determined by what is best for the system as a whole (Earth justice); and
* an approach to condoning or disapproving human conduct on the basis of whether or not the conduct strengthens or weakens the bonds that constitute the Earth community.

## History

The need for a new jurisprudence was first identified by Thomas Berry who identified the destructive anthropocentrism on which existing legal and political structures are based as a major impediment to the necessary transition to an ecological age in which humans would seek a new intimacy with the integral functioning of the natural world.

The feasibility of developing this jurisprudence (by then provisionally referred to as 'Earth jurisprudence') was discussed at meeting attended by Berry in April 2001, organised by the Gaia Foundation in London at the Airlie Conference Center outside Washington. A group of people involved in the law and with indigenous peoples came together from South Africa, Britain, Colombia, Canada and the United States.

The first detailed exploration of Earth jurisprudence in print and the introduction of the term 'Great Jurisprudence' occurred with the first publication of *Wild Law* by Cormac Cullinan, launched at the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Cape Town 2002.

### 2004 workshop

April 2004, first UK workshop held to discuss and develop the principles of Earth jurisprudence, titled 'Wild Law Wilderness Workshop: A Walking Workshop on Earth Jurisprudence'. Donald Reid (former chairman of UKELA, the UK Environmental Law Association) and Cormac Cullinan (author of *Wild Law*) lead the workshop in the Knoydart Peninsula (one of the last true wilderness areas in the Scotland).

The feasibility of developing a new form of jurisprudence was discussed at a conference in Washington attended by Thomas Berry in April 2001, organised by the Gaia Foundation. A group of people involved with law and indigenous peoples attended from South Africa, Britain, Colombia, Canada and the United States.

In 2006 the first Center for Earth Jurisprudence established in Florida. The mission of the Centre, which is co-sponsored by Barry and St. Thomas Universities, Florida, is to re-envision law and governance in ways that support the well being of the Earth community as a whole. This involves fostering mutually enhancing relationships among humans and nature and recognition of the rights of nature.

An earth jurisprudence UK conference, 'A Walk on the Wild Side: Changing Environmental Law', was held in November. Another earth jurisprudence meeting, a talk and discussion on 'Law and Governance from an Earth-Centred Perspective', was also held in November.

### 2007 events

"Earth Jurisprudence: Defining the Field and Claiming the Promise", a three-day colloquium on the principles and implications of the emerging field of Earth Jurisprudence. Cormac Cullinan of EnAct International, South Africa, Thomas Linzey and Richard Grossman both of Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund, Pennsylvania, and Liz Hosken of Gaia Foundation, London, are amongst the speakers at the new Centre for Earth Jurisprudence in Florida, USA, April 2007.

UK conference and workshop, September 2007, entitled, "A 'Wild Law' Response to Climate Change". A participatory event to develop a practical approach for applying Wild Law principles which are already helping shift legal processes in the US and South Africa. Organised by UK Environmental Law Association, in partnership with the Environmental Law Foundation and the Gaia Foundation, with funding from the Body Shop Foundation. Internationally renowned speakers will include Andrew Kimbrell, Executive Director of the Center for Food Safety, Pennsylvania, who helped win a Supreme Court case in the US on climate change; Cormac Cullinan, the South African lawyer and author of *Wild Law*; and Peter Roderick, Director of the Climate Justice Programme UK, a barrister with twenty years' experience in private practise, the oil industry, academia and the public interest environmental sector, and was Friends of the Earth's lawyer in London from 1996. Held at a conference centre in Derbyshire, UK.

References: UKELA next events.

An Earth Jurisprudence conference held in the US in February 2008, in collaboration with the new Center for Earth Jurisprudence, and with students from Barry University Law School and St. Thomas University Law School.

Australia has a very active Earth jurisprudence and 'wild law' movement. The first wild law conference in Australia was held in Adelaide, South Australia in 2009 and a second conference was held in Wollongong, New South Wales, in 2010. A third Wild Law conference was organised in 2011 in Brisbane, Queensland and at that time a core group of Earth jurisprudence advocates formed the Australian Earth Laws Alliance.

## Classes being taught in law schools

Barry University School of Law initiated a course in earth jurisprudence during 2007.

## Literature

* Abram, D (1996), *The Spell of the Sensuous*, Vintage Books, New York
* Berry, T (1999), *The Great Work: Our Way into the Future*, Bell Tower, New York
* Berry, T (2002), 'Rights of the Earth: Recognising the Rights of All Living Things' - *Resurgence*, No. 214, September/October 2002
* Berry, T (1996), Every Being Has Rights, 23rd Annual E. F. Schumacher Lectures, Stockbridge, Massachusetts
* Berry, T, Swimme, B (1992) *The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era - A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos*, Harper Collins, New York
* Cullinan, C (2002) 'Justice For All: Human Governance Must Be Consistent With Universal laws' - *Resurgence*, No. 214, September/October 2002
* Gardner, J (2004) Human Rights and Human Obligations - Lecture at the International PEN Congress in Tromsø, Norway
* Reichel-Dolmatoff, G (1994) *The Forest Within: The World-View of the Tukano Amazonian Indians*, Green Books, Totnes
* Reichel-Dolmatoff, G (1997) *Rainforest Shamans: Essays on the Tukano Indians of the Northwest Amazon*, Green Books, Totnes
* Rühs, N.; Jones, A (2016) The Implementation of Earth Jurisprudence through Substantive Constitutional Rights of Nature *Sustainability*, 8, 174.
* Reid, D (2001) 'Earth Jurisprudence: What Lessons Can Be Learned from Celtic Influences on Scottish Law?' Presentation to Technical Session on Wilderness and Jurisprudence at the 7th World Wilderness Congress, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
* Roldán Ortega, R (2000) *Indigenous Peoples of Colombia and the Law: A Critical Approach to the Study of Past and Present Situations*, COAMA, Bogotá, Tercer Mundo Editores
* Stutzin, G (2002) 'Nature's Rights: Justice Requires that Nature Be Recognised As a Legal Entity' - *Resurgence*, No. 210, January / February 2002. Godofredo Stutzin was 1990 winner of The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)'s Global 500 Roll of Honour which recognises the environmental achievements of individuals and organizations around the world


title: Tim Beckman

abstract: Timothy David Beckman is a former American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Toledo from 2009 to 2011 and at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 2012 to 2014, compiling a career college football coaching record of 33–41. Beckman was terminated by Illinois on August 28, 2015, seven days prior to the Illini's scheduled season opener, after numerous allegations of abuse of players surfaced.

text:
# Tim Beckman

**Timothy David Beckman** (born January 19, 1965) is a former American football coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Toledo from 2009 to 2011 and at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 2012 to 2014, compiling a career college football coaching record of 33–41. Beckman was terminated by Illinois on August 28, 2015, seven days prior to the Illini's scheduled season opener, after numerous allegations of abuse of players surfaced.

## Early life

Beckman attended high school at Forest Park High School in Beaumont, Texas, for two years before completing his secondary education at Berea High School in Berea, Ohio.

Beckman is the son of David Beckman, a longtime NCAA, NFL, and CFL coach and scout.

He attended the University of Findlay, where he lettered on the football team for two years; in both years the Oilers qualified for the NAIA Football National Championship playoffs. He graduated from Findlay in 1985 with a degree in physical education.

## Coaching career

### Assistant coach

Beckman began his coaching career at Auburn as a graduate assistant under Pat Dye from 1988 to 1989. Auburn were SEC co-champions in those seasons, and Beckman earned a master's degree in education from Auburn. From 1990 to 1995, Beckman was secondary coach and recruiting coordinator at Western Carolina. He later became defensive coordinator and recruiting coordinator at Elon, a position he would hold from 1996 to 1997.

Beckman coached at Bowling Green as defensive coordinator and associate head coach from 1998 to 2004 and at Ohio State under Jim Tressel as cornerbacks coach from 2005 to 2006, where he was a three-time nominee for the Frank Broyles Award.

Beckman was the defensive coordinator at Oklahoma State University from 2007 to 2008. The Cowboys posted a record of 16–10 during those seasons.

### Toledo

On December 4, 2008, Beckman was hired as the head coach at Toledo, to replace Tom Amstutz, who resigned during the 2008 season. Beckman's teams at Toledo saw consistent improvement. The 2008 team he inherited went 3–9. In 2009, his first year as a head coach, his team improved to finish 5–7. In the following year, his team finished 8–5, 7–1 in the MAC, earning a berth to the 2010 Little Caesar's Pizza Bowl, which they lost 34–32 to the FIU Golden Panthers. In his final year at Toledo, Coach Beckman finished 9–4, 7–1 in the MAC to be West Division co-champions with Northern Illinois. This team earned a berth to the 2011 Military Bowl. However, Beckman left after the regular season to become the head coach for Illinois.

### Illinois

At Illinois, Beckman went 12–25 in three seasons, and only won four games in Big Ten play. In his third season, the Illini managed to qualify for a bowl with a 6–6 record, but lost 35–18 to Louisiana Tech in the Heart of Dallas Bowl.

On August 28, 2015—just a week before what was to be his fourth season—Beckman was fired after the preliminary results of an internal investigation substantiated accusations of gross player mistreatment. Most seriously, the investigation found that he'd forced players to play through serious injuries and had the medical staff clear these players too soon.

In a statement, Beckman called his ouster a "rush to judgment" that violated the terms of his contract, and stated that he intended to "vigorously defend both my reputation and my legal rights."

On April 11, 2016, Beckman settled with the university for a one time payment of $250,000 with the decision of firing "for cause" due to the mistreatment of players standing.

### North Carolina

On August 24, 2016; Beckman was hired to serve as a volunteer assistant defensive coach for the North Carolina Tar Heels, working under head coach Larry Fedora. Beckman and Fedora have a working history together, having both served as assistant coaches on Mike Gundy's staff at Oklahoma State in 2007. However, after a firestorm of criticism, Beckman resigned from this position the next day, claiming he did not want to be a "distraction." It was later revealed that UNC chancellor Carol Folt had strongly objected to Beckman's presence, even in a volunteer role, once she learned about the arrangement.

## Controversies

### Toledo

In 2013, a former Toledo football player, Kyle Cameron, sued Beckman, the University of Toledo, and five members of Beckman's staff at Toledo for negligence and for violating Ohio's anti-hazing law. Cameron's lawsuit and appeal were dismissed as the suit was filed through the incorrect division of the Lucas County Court. However, Cameron's legal counsel has asked the Supreme Court of Ohio to review the case.

### Illinois

Beckman was hired on December 9, 2011, by Illinois athletic director Mike Thomas. Prior to the start of the 2012 season, Beckman sent six Illinois assistant coaches to State College, Pennsylvania to recruit Penn State football players who the NCAA deemed eligible to transfer without missing playing time due to the Penn State child sex abuse scandal. In October 2012 season, Illinois self-reported secondary violations to the NCAA as television cameras caught Beckman using chewing tobacco on the sidelines during a football game at Wisconsin.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Toledo Rockets** *(Mid-American Conference)* (2009–2011) | | | | | | | | |
| 2009 | Toledo | 5–7 | 3–5 | 4th (West) |  |
| 2010 | Toledo | 8–5 | 7–1 | 2nd (West) | **L** Little Caesars Pizza |
| 2011 | Toledo | 8–4 | 7–1 | T–1st (West) | Military |
| **Toledo:** | | 21–16 | 17–7 |  | | | | |
| **Illinois Fighting Illini** *(Big Ten Conference)* (2012–2014) | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | Illinois | 2–10 | 0–8 | 6th (Leaders) |  |
| 2013 | Illinois | 4–8 | 1–7 | 5th (Leaders) |  |
| 2014 | Illinois | 6–7 | 3–5 | 5th (West) | **L** Heart of Dallas |
| **Illinois:** | | 12–25 | 4–20 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 33–41 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

1. "Player Bio: Tim Beckman :: Football". *Bowling Green State University, Official Athletic Site*. Archived from the original on May 10, 2005. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
2. "Tim Beckman". Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.
3. "Illini's Beckman followed father into profession".
4. "Illinois football: New coach Tim Beckman won't stray from plan he had at Toledo - Chicago Tribune". *Chicago Tribune*. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011.
5. "Toledo hires Oklahoma State defensive coordinator Beckman as coach". Associated Press. December 4, 2008.
6. "Illinois fires football coach Tim Beckman". Chicago Tribune. August 28, 2015.
7. "Illinois football coach Beckman fired; 'firmly denies' accusations". *Fox Sports*. August 28, 2015.
8. "Tim Beckman receives $250,000 settlement". April 12, 2016.
9. Carter, Andrew (August 26, 2016). "Tim Beckman leaves volunteer post at UNC". The News & Observer.
10. Hopkins, Jared S.; Ryan, Shannon (May 12, 2015). "Former Toledo player brought suit against coach Tim Beckman and school". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
11. "Former player sued Illinois coach Tim Beckman at Toledo". Sports Illustrated. May 13, 2015.
12. Hinnen, Jerry (May 13, 2015). "Tim Beckman named in ex-Toledo player hazing injury suit". *CBS Sports*. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
13. "Illinois name Toledo's Tim Beckman as new coach". Chicago Sun-Times. December 9, 2011.
14. "Illinois coach doesn't regret recruiting Penn State players". USA Today. September 26, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
15. Powers, Scott (July 26, 2015). "Beckman not apologizing for recruiting PSU". ESPN. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
16. Myerberg, Paul (October 7, 2012). "Illinois coach commits violation with smokeless tobacco". USA Today. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
17. "A Long But Probably Not Comprehensive List Of Embarrassing Tim Beckman Moments At Illinois". CBS Chicago. August 28, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.

## InfoBox

Tim Beckman
| Beckman in 2009 as Toledo head coach | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1965-01-19) January 19, 1965 |
| Playing career | |
| 1983 | Kentucky |
| 1984–1987 | Findlay |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Defensive back |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1988–1989 | Auburn (GA) |
| 1990–1995 | Western Carolina (DB/RC) |
| 1996–1997 | Elon (DC/RC) |
| 1998–2004 | Bowling Green (AHC/DC) |
| 2005–2006 | Ohio State (CB) |
| 2007–2008 | Oklahoma State (DC) |
| 2009–2011 | Toledo |
| 2012–2014 | Illinois |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 33–41 |
| Bowls | 0–2 |
|  | |


title: East Brunswick High School

abstract: East Brunswick High School is a comprehensive public high school serving students in grades ten through twelve in East Brunswick township, Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It operates as part of East Brunswick Public Schools.

text:
# East Brunswick High School

**East Brunswick High School** is a comprehensive public high school serving students in grades ten through twelve in East Brunswick township, Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It operates as part of East Brunswick Public Schools.

## History

East Brunswick High School opened for the 1958–59 school year. Previously, students living in the Township had attended South River High School in neighboring South River. In that first year, the school housed grades six, seven, eight and nine. Those four classes occupied the school until June 1962, when the original 9th graders became its first graduating class and the school contained grades nine through twelve. Because the school exceeded its intended capacity of 1,700 students, freshmen were dropped into the town's two junior high schools in 1967, later one junior high school. Enrollment reached a peak of about 2,600 in 1973. By 1990, the school had fewer than 2,000 students, falling to around 1,700 by 1997.

Additions to the school were built in 1965, 1970 and 2001, in efforts to ease overcrowding. The 2001 expansion included a second level of classrooms, over the administrative offices; a corridor connecting three "buildings" that had previously been connected only by a covered outdoor walkway; and expanded facilities for the cafeteria, library, arts and athletic departments.

The school day at East Brunswick High School used to begin at 7:26 am and ended at 2:12 pm. Initiated in the 2022-23 school year, school now begins at 8:00 am and ends at 2:45pm. It operates its daily bell schedule on an 8-period "block schedule" system (4 80 minute periods per day), with an additional homeroom period occurring between the first two class periods of each day.

At the beginning of the 2005–06 school year, for security reasons, the school instituted an ID system in which the students must wear their IDs at all times.

## Awards, recognition and rankings

East Brunswick High School was awarded the Blue Ribbon School Award of Excellence by the United States Department of Education, the highest award an American school can receive, during the 1990–91 school year.

In the 2014 "America's Top High School", *Newsweek* ranked the school 130th overall in the nation.

In its 2013 report on "America's Best High Schools", *The Daily Beast* ranked the school 484th among participating public high schools and 41st among schools in New Jersey.

In the 2012 "Ranking America's High Schools" issue by *The Washington Post*, the school was ranked 45th in New Jersey, after being ranked 48th statewide in 2011. In the May 22, 2007, issue of *Newsweek*, ranking the country's top high schools, East Brunswick High School was listed in 997th place, the 30th-highest ranked school in New Jersey. The school was ranked 886th in the May 8, 2006, issue of *Newsweek*, listing the "Top 1,200 High Schools in The United States".

For the 1996–97 school year, East Brunswick High School was named a "Star School" by the New Jersey Department of Education, the highest honor that a New Jersey school can achieve.

In the April 1996 issue, the high school was cited as best in the state by *Redbook* magazine.

During the 2001–02 school year, East Brunswick High School's Intergenerational Program was honored by the Best Practices Program in the state of New Jersey.

The school was the 47th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 121st in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 71st in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 76th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 60th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state.

The Schooldigger.com website ranked the school tied for 109th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 35 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (87.9%) and language arts literacy (94.4%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

## Curriculum and grading

In addition to regular, honors, and Advanced Placement classes, the curriculum includes numerous electives in humanities, business, visual arts, music, drama, family and consumer science, and technology education. Two Cooperative Education programs are available, as well as a shared time program at the East Brunswick campus of the Middlesex County Vocational and Technical High Schools.

The Board of Education changed the grading system to a "quality point" type of system where grades are equal to a number (GPA) and the GPA from the four quarters plus midterms (and/or finals) are averaged as well. Grade Point Average calculations are weighted three different ways: Standard scale, Honors Scale and AP scale. The Honors Scale transposes GPA values to their respective letter grades by a factor of 1.15, while the AP scale transposes by a factor of 1.25.

## Extracurricular activities

East Brunswick High School offers a full range of clubs and events. The school is perhaps most well known for its success in the national We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution competition, for which it won the national title in 1998, and then again three years in a row from 2004 to 2006. The team was the state champion in 2019–20. Through 2005, the team won the We The People state competition in 17 of the program's first 18 years.

## Athletics

The East Brunswick High School Bears compete in the Greater Middlesex Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in the Middlesex County area and operates under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. With 2,080 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in Division 5C of the Big Central Football Conference, which includes 60 public and private high schools in Hunterdon, Middlesex, Somerset, Union and Warren counties, which are broken down into 10 divisions by size and location. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group V South for football for 2024–2026, which included schools with 1,333 to 2,324 students.

The school participates as the host school / lead agency for a joint ice hockey team with South River High School and Spotswood High School. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year.

The wrestling team won the Central Jersey Group IV state championship in 1985

The girls soccer team won the Group IV state championship in 1986 (against Westfield High School in the finals), 1987 (vs. Westfield), 1989 (vs. Westfield), 1990 (as co-champion with Bayonne High School), 1992 (vs. Westfield), 1994 (vs. Randolph High School), 1996 (vs. Westfield), 2001 (vs. Clifton High School). The program's eight state titles are tied for sixth-most in the state. A goal scored in the last minute of play in regulation gave the 1986 team a 1–0 win again Westfield in the Group IV championship game and a 25–0 record for the season. The 2001 team finished the season with a 20–2 record after winning the Group IV title with a 1–0 win against Clifton in the championship game played at The College of New Jersey on a goal scored by Heather O'Reilly, her 38th that year. From 1979 to 2019, the Bears won 36 of the 41 times the Middlesex County Tournament was played, including 21 consecutive championships from 1980 to 2000, with their only finals losses coming in 1979, 2002 and 2015 in addition to missing the finals in two other seasons. The Bears won five consecutive Greater Middlesex Conference Tournament titles, including a 2–1 victory over Old Bridge in 2007 and a 3–0 win over Bishop Ahr in 2008.

East Brunswick won the Group IV state boys tennis championship in 1992 (defeating Livingston High School in the final match of the tournament), 2004 (vs. Bridgewater-Raritan High School), 2021 (vs. Bergen County Technical High School), and 2022 (vs. Westfield High School). The team won the inaugural Tournament of Champions in 1992 against runner-up Newark Academy, and were ToC finalists in 2004, 2021, and 2022. In 2022, the team completed a clean sweep of the GMC tournament, winning all five flights as part of the most dominant run in tournament history.

The boys' bowling team won the overall state championship in 1997, and the Group IV title in 2017 and 2018. The team won the Group IV state championship and the overall Tournament of Champions in 2017.

The boys volleyball team won the overall state championship in 1999 (defeating St. Joseph High School of Metuchen in the final match of the tournament), 2000 (vs. Lakeland Regional High School), 2001 (vs. Clifton High School), 2003 (vs. St. Joseph's of Metuchen), 2004 (vs. Fair Lawn High School) and 2007 (vs. St. Peter's Preparatory School). The program's five state titles are ranked third in the state. The team won the 2007 NJSIAA South Jersey sectional championship with a 25–19, 31–29 victory over Southern Regional High School. The team went on to win the overall state title, defeating St. Peter's Preparatory School, 25–21, 25–22.

The girls basketball team won the Group IV state championship in 1999, defeating Columbia High School by a score of 63–57 in the tournament final and advanced to the Tournament of Champions as the third seed, beating sixth-seed Paterson Catholic High School 58–43 in the first round before falling to number-two West Morris Mendham High School 71–40 in the semifinals to finish the season with a 28–4 record.

The football team won the Central Jersey Group IV state sectional championships in 2004 and 2009. The team won their first playoff-era title with a 17–12 win against Jackson High School in the finals of the Central Jersey Group IV tournament. East Brunswick won the Central Jersey Group IV state sectional title in the 2009 season, defeating Brick Memorial High School by a score of 9–0, earning the program its first sectional championship since 2004. In 2018, East Brunswick and Old Bridge High School played their 25th and final Thanksgiving Day game, with Old Bridge winning 22 of the 25 games. The series started after Cedar Ridge High School and Madison Central High School, which had played their own Thanksgiving Day game, were merged in 1994 to create Old Bridge High School. The two schools will continue to have a "Battle of Route 18" that will be played as part of the regular schedule.

The girls tennis team won the Group IV state championship in 2006 (against J. P. Stevens High School in the final match of the tournament), 2008 (vs. Cherry Hill High School East) and 2019 (vs. Livingston High School). The team won the Tournament of Champions in 2008 (against runner-up Millburn High School) and 2019 (vs. Moorestown Friends School). After winning their second Group IV championship in 2008, the girls' tennis team won the Tournament of Champions, defeating Millburn High School and ending that school's streak of winning 98 consecutive matches. The girls' tennis team won the Greater Middlesex Conference title for nine consecutive years from 2006 to 2014.

The girls' bowling team won the Group IV title in the 2008 season, after bowling a 1077 in the state final.

The boys track team won the spring / outdoor track state championship in Group IV in 2010 (as co-champion) and 2022.

The boys track team won the indoor relay championship in Group IV in 2011.

## Controversies

Football coach prayer controversy

On October 7, 2005, shortly after being informed by then-Superintendent of Schools Jo Ann Magistro that he would not be permitted to join his football team in prayer as he had done in the past and that some parents had complained about the prayers, East Brunswick High School coach Marcus Borden resigned from his position. Borden, also a tenured Spanish teacher, had by then had a 23-year career with East Brunswick Public Schools. District spokeswoman Trish LaDuca told the East Brunswick newspaper *Home News Tribune* that a "representative of the school district cannot constitutionally initiate prayer, encourage it or lead it."

The East Brunswick football team lost its game in a shutout on the day Borden resigned. Following Borden's resignation, nearly 100 players, parents, and coaches arrived at his house on a rainy day pleading for his return. Borden agreed and received *pro bono* legal representation the next week. He filed a lawsuit against the district on November 23 alleging that it was violating his constitutional rights; lawyer Ronald Riccio represented Borden.

Judge Dennis M. Cavanaugh of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ruled on July 26, 2006, that Borden could bow his head and bend his knee if the team captains (i.e., students) led the players in prayer. However, this decision was overturned on April 15, 2008, by a unanimous decision in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, in which Judge D. Michael Fisher concluded that "a reasonable observer would conclude that he is continuing to endorse religion when he bows his head during the pre-meal grace and takes a knee with his team in the locker room while they pray."

School shooting threat in 2007

In May 2007, a 16-year-old male student from EBHS posted a school shooting threat on the internet and was arrested on Monday morning before school once people had noticed it. After investigating the student's home, no weapons were found inside and police determined it was only a hoax.

Forgery incident

In February 2019, a student from EBHS forged a letter on social media and in a bathroom at the school that had the signature of Superintendent Victor Valeski on it. The forged letter stated that Valeski tried smoking (vaping) an e-cigarette/juul and liked it and as a result, had decided to reverse and replace a vaping policy in which the new policy would allow students to vape in the bathroom/on school grounds only once with no consequences, but after being caught using it a second time, would face a suspension. After this forged letter was found, Valeski said the student would likely be suspended but not face any criminal charges.

Student fights a Muslim student

In April 2019, a female white student pulled off a hijab (headscarf) of a female Muslim student in a physical fight in the student lounge. The female white student was criminally charged and arrested with simple assault and harassment after an investigation by the East Brunswick Police Department and the Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office. Despite this, she was not charged with a bias or hate crime. The Muslim student was not charged with anything, although she was disciplined along with the female white student and both girls were absent from school the next day. The video of the fight quickly went viral online and on social media.

Yearbook incident

In 2024, the school faced controversy after a yearbook photo of the school's Jewish Student Union was altered to include pictures of Muslim students, causing significant backlash from the community. The district responded by halting the distribution of yearbooks, initiating an investigation, and planning to reprint affected pages.

## Administration

The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1965. The school motto is "Excellence with Honor and Integrity."

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,036 students and 160.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.7:1. There were 295 students (14.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 142 (7.0% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

The high school's principal is Michael W. Vinella. His administration team includes three assistant principals, one for each grade level. Vinella announced that he would be retiring, effective March 2024.

## Notable alumni

## InfoBox

| East Brunswick High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 380 Cranbury Road
East Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey 08816
United States | |
| Coordinates | 40°26′02″N 74°24′02″W / 40.43395°N 74.400468°W / 40.43395; -74.400468 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public high school |
| Motto | "Excellence With Honor and Integrity" |
| Established | 1958 |
| School district | East Brunswick Public Schools |
| NCES School ID | 340411003294 |
| Principal | Michael W. Vinella |
| Faculty | 160.5 FTEs |
| Grades | 10-12 |
| Enrollment | 2,036 (as of 2022–23) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 12.7:1 |
| Color(s) | Green and
white |
| Athletics | 25 teams |
| Athletics conference | Greater Middlesex Conference (general)
Big Central Football Conference (football) |
| Mascot | "Bruiser" the Bear |
| Team name | Bears |
| Accreditation | Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools |
| Newspaper | *The Clarion* |
| Yearbook | *Emerald* |
| Website | www.ebnet.org/Domain/18 |


title: Timothy Oluwole Obadare

abstract: Timothy Oluwole Obadare was a Nigerian televangelist and the General Evangelist of Christ Apostolic Church (CAC).

text:
# Timothy Oluwole Obadare

**Timothy Oluwole Obadare** (April 1930 - March 2013) was a Nigerian televangelist and the General Evangelist of Christ Apostolic Church (CAC).

## Early life

Obadare was born in Ilesa, now part of Osun State, southwestern Nigeria, to David and Felicia Obadare, a pastor and petty trader, respectively. The majority of documents date Obadare's birth to 1930.

Obadare was educated at the Apostolic Church Primary School in Ise-Ilesa but dropped out due to blindness resulting from a chronic smallpox epidemic.

## Evangelism

Obadare was baptized in the Holy Spirit in 1949. He worked as an evangelist with The Apostolic Church (TAC) from 1953 to 1957, following which he joined the Christ Apostolic Church at the behest of Joseph Ayo Babalola. In 1954, he studied at the Apostolic Church Theological Seminary.

Obadare founded the World Soul Winning Evangelistic Ministry. Prior to his death in March 2013, he was the President of the Interdenominational Ministers’ Association of Nigeria (IMA).

Obadare received an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the Trinity College of Ministerial Arts and an honorary Doctor of Ministry degree from St. John's University in Missouri.

## InfoBox

| Timothy Oluwole Obadare | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | April 11, 1930<br>Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria |
| Nationality | Nigerian |
| Other names | Baba Obadare |
| Citizenship | Nigerian |
| Occupations | * pastor * preacher * evangelist |
| Years active | 1957 - 2013 |
| Website | Obadare Official website |


title: Ebavere Landscape Conservation Area

abstract: Ebavere Landscape Conservation Area is a nature park situated in Lääne-Viru County, Estonia. Its area is 40 ha. The protected area was designated in 1959 to protect Ebavere Hill and its surrounding areas. In 2016, the protected area was redesigned to the landscape conservation area.

text:
# Ebavere Landscape Conservation Area

**Ebavere Landscape Conservation Area** is a nature park situated in Lääne-Viru County, Estonia.

Its area is 40 ha.

The protected area was designated in 1959 to protect Ebavere Hill and its surrounding areas. In 2016, the protected area was redesigned to the landscape conservation area.

## InfoBox

| Ebavere Landscape Conservation Area | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Estonia |
| Coordinates | 59°06′10″N 26°13′20″E / 59.1028°N 26.2222°E / 59.1028; 26.2222 |
| Area | 40 ha |
| Established | 1959 (2016) |


title: Tinnahinch Castle

abstract: Tinnahinch Castle is a ruined tower house located near River Barrow in Tinnahinch, County Carlow, Ireland. It has a rectangular structure with a stair tower at the southwest angle, a machicolation between the angles of the two towers protecting the doorway, and a bartizan on the north east angle. All of the windows in the north wall have been stolen. At the eastern corner nearest to the river was a barbican which was constructed on corbels projecting from the walls which defended the northern and eastern sides. The tower is planned to be destroyed due to safety concerns.

text:
# Tinnahinch Castle

**Tinnahinch Castle** (Irish: *Caislean Tigh na hInse*) is a ruined tower house located near River Barrow in Tinnahinch, County Carlow, Ireland. It has a rectangular structure with a stair tower at the southwest angle, a machicolation between the angles of the two towers protecting the doorway, and a bartizan on the north east angle. All of the windows in the north wall have been stolen.

At the eastern corner nearest to the river was a barbican which was constructed on corbels projecting from the walls which defended the northern and eastern sides.

The tower is planned to be destroyed due to safety concerns.

## History

The tower was built by James Butler during 1615 as a means of controlling the passage over the river, however, he lost control over the tower after being involved in the Irish Confederate Wars in 1641, with the tower being further strengthened by the Confederates.

The last occupant, locally known as the Mad Butler, was burned outside the tower due to scandals that involved his family. The tower was also burned down in 1700 and has since been standing in ruins.

Media related to Tinnahinch Castle at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Tinnahinch Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*<br>Irish: **Caislean Tigh na hInse** | |
| Tinnahinch Castle | |
| Location | Tinnahinch, County Carlow, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 52°32′14.98″N 6°57′26.12″W / 52.5374944°N 6.9572556°W / 52.5374944; -6.9572556 |
| Built | 1615 |
|  | |
| Location of Tinnahinch Castle in Ireland | |


title: Titan (steam tug 1894)

abstract: The Titan was a steam tug that was built in 1894 and sailed for three Dutch tug companies until it was decommissioned in 1935.

text:
# Titan (steam tug 1894)

The ***Titan*** (later: ***Drente***) was a steam tug that was built in 1894 and sailed for three Dutch tug companies until it was decommissioned in 1935.

## History

At the yard, NV werf v/h Rijkee & Co. in Rotterdam, the *Titan* was launched on 13 August 1894. It was towed to Vlissingen where De Schelde installed the engine and boiler. In October the same year it was handed over to the company Zur Mühlen & Co., and put in service. The tug had an engine of a 1000hp and it could load 280 tonnes of coal, giving it a range of 7418 km. It was mainly active in the waters around northwest Europe, but also did assignments to the United States. In 1913 the *Titan*, together with the *Atlas* of the same company, towed a dry dock from Texel in the Netherlands to Surabaya in the Dutch East Indies. She did work for the Royal Netherlands Navy as well as for the merchant navy, towing the *Gelderland* in 1900 and the *Evertsen* in 1905.

In the course of World War I Zur Mühlen got into difficulties and the company was liquidated in 1918–20. The *Titan* was sold to Smit International in 1919 and renamed *Hudson*. Smit sold it to Bureau Wijsmuller later that same year and it was put in service as *Drente*. For Wijsmuller the tug did much the same work as it did for its previous owners.

On 19 October 1935 the freighter *Kerkplein* called for assistance. The *Drente* responded and tried to take the *Kerkplein* in tow. The towing line broke three times and ended up in the propeller of the tug the third time. Both ships ran aground near Egmond aan Zee. Because of its age decommissioning was decided for the *Drente* and it was demolished on the beach.

## Sources

---

## InfoBox

| As *Drente II* in the service of Wijsmuller | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Netherlands | |
| Name | *Titan* |
| Owner | * 1894-1919 Zur Mühlen & Co. * 1919 Internationale Sleepdienst Maatschappij * 1919-1935 Bureau Wijsmuller |
| Builder | NV werf v/h Rijkee & Co., Rotterdam |
| Yard number | 70 |
| Launched | 13 August 1894 |
| Maiden voyage | 3 October 1894 |
| In service | 7 October 1894 |
| Out of service | 19 October 1935 |
| Fate | Grounded 19 October 1935 and scrapped in situ |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Steam tug |
| Tonnage | 352 grt |
| Length | 44.83 m |
| Beam | 7.39 m |
| Depth | 3.89 m |
| Installed power | steam engine |
| Propulsion | propeller |
| Speed | 10 kn |


title: Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)

abstract: "Echa Pa'lla" [Shortening of Echa Para Allá] is a Latin Grammy award-winning song by American recording artist Pitbull for his seventh studio album Global Warming. The song features guest vocals from Papayo. It was released on July 16, 2012. It was produced by Gregor Salto, Todorov and Urales "DJ Buddha" Vargas. The song has achieved moderate chart success and has found its way in Billboard Top Latin Songs. It also peaked number 5 on the Billboard Tropical Songs Chart. It was also the official Miss Teen USA 2012 theme song. "Echa Pa'lla" won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Performance. At the 2014 Lo Nuestro Awards, it won the award for Urban Song of the Year at the 26th Lo Nuestro Awards.

text:
# Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)

"**Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)**" \[Shortening of Echa Para Allá (Manos Para Arriba)\] (English version known as "**Go Away (Hands Up)**") is a Latin Grammy award-winning song by American recording artist Pitbull for his seventh studio album *Global Warming*. The song features guest vocals from Papayo. It was released on July 16, 2012. It was produced by Gregor Salto, Todorov and Urales "DJ Buddha" Vargas. The song has achieved moderate chart success and has found its way in *Billboard Top Latin Songs*. It also peaked number 5 on the Billboard Tropical Songs Chart. It was also the official Miss Teen USA 2012 theme song. "Echa Pa'lla" won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Performance. At the 2014 Lo Nuestro Awards, it won the award for Urban Song of the Year at the 26th Lo Nuestro Awards.

## Track listing

Digital download 1. "Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)" – 3:16
2. "Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)" \[Single Version\] – 3:19
3. "Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba) \[English Version\]" – 3:19

## Credits and personnel

Credits and personnel for the track includes:

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Latin Songs (*Billboard*) | 2 |
| US Latin Pop Airplay (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| US Latin Rhythm Airplay (*Billboard*) | 1 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Gold | 30,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| "Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Pitbull featuring Papayo | |
| from the album  *Global Warming (deluxe edition) and Armando* | |
| Released | July 16, 2012 (2012-07-16) |
| Recorded | 2012 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:16 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Perez * Gregor Salto * Manuel Corao * Vargas * Tzvetin Todorov |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Pitbull singles chronology | |
| "I'm Off That"
(2012) "**Echa Pa'lla (Manos Pa'rriba)**"
(2012) "Everybody Fucks (featuring Akon and David Rush)"
(2012) | |


title: Tioman (state constituency)

abstract: Tioman is a state constituency in Pahang, Malaysia, that is represented in the Pahang State Legislative Assembly.

text:
# Tioman (state constituency)

**Tioman** is a state constituency in Pahang, Malaysia, that is represented in the Pahang State Legislative Assembly.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Tioman's electorate as of 2022

Malay (83.90%)  Other ethnicities (9.05%)  Chinese (6.62%)  Indian (0.43%)

## History

### Polling districts

According to the federal gazette issued on 31 October 2022, the Tioman constituency is divided into 15 polling districts.

| State constituency | Polling district | Code | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tioman（N42） | Sungai Puteri | 091/42/01 | SK Sungai Puteri |
| | Kuala Rompin | 091/42/02 | SMK Rompin |
| | Bandar Baru Rompin | 091/42/03 | SK Rompin |
| | Pontian | 091/42/04 | SK Pontian |
| | FELDA Selendang | 091/42/05 | * SK LKTP Selendang 1 * SK Sungai Mok |
| | Sarang Tiong | 091/42/06 | SK Sarang Tiong |
| | Kampung Janglau | 091/42/07 | SK Janglau |
| | Kampung Jawa | 091/42/08 | SMK Tanjung Gemok |
| | Endau | 091/42/09 | SK Tanjung Gemok |
| | Pianggu | 091/42/10 | SK Pianggu |
| | Denai | 091/42/11 | SK Denai |
| | Tekek | 091/42/12 | * SMK Tekek * Salang Pusaka Resort Tioman |
| | Juara | 091/42/13 | SK Juara |
| | Kampung Genting | 091/42/14 | Balai Raya Kampung Genting |
| | Mukut | 091/42/15 | SK Mukut |

### Representation history

| Members of the Legislative Assembly for Tioman | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Assembly | Years | Name | Party |
| *Constituency created from Rompin* | | | |
| 7th | 1986–1990 | Hasan Arifin | **BN** (**UMNO**) |
| 8th | 1990–1995 | Mustafar Abu Bakar | |
| 9th | 1995–1999 | | |
| 10th | 1999–2004 | | |
| 11th | 2004–2008 | Md Rusli Ismail | |
| 12th | 2008–2013 | Mohd Johari Hussain | |
| 13th | 2013–2018 | | |
| 14th | 2018–2022 | | |
| 15th | 2022–present | | |

## Election results

Pahang state by-election, 7 December 2022
Upon the death of the candidate, Md Yunus Ramli
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ∆% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | BN | Mohd Johari Hussain | 8,080 | 48.95 |  |
|  | PN | Nor Idayu Hashim | 7,507 | 45.47 | 45.47 |
|  | PH | Mohd Fadzli Mohd Ramly | 784 | 4.75 |  |
|  | GTA | Osman Bakar | 79 | 0.48 | 0.48 |
|  | Independent | Sulaiman Bakar | 58 | 0.35 |  |
| Total valid votes | | | 16,508 | 100.00 |
| Total rejected ballots | | | 91 |
| Unreturned ballots | | | 22 |
| Turnout | | | 16,621 | 58.39 |
| Registered electors | | | 28,465 |
| Majority | | | 573 | 3.48 |
|  | BN **hold** | | Swing | |  |

## InfoBox

Tioman
| Pahang constituency | |
| --- | --- |
| State constituency | |
| Legislature | Pahang State Legislative Assembly |
| MLA |
     Mohd Johari Hussain
BN |
| Constituency created | 1984 |
| First contested | 1986 |
| Last contested | 2022 |
| Demographics | |
| Electors (2022) | 28,465 |


title: Timișaț

abstract: The Timișaț is a right tributary of the river Timiș in Romania. It discharges into the Timiș in Grăniceri. Its length is 24 km (15 mi) and its basin size is 333 km⁲ (129 sq mi). It has been canalized for most of its length, and is used as a drainage canal for the area between the rivers Bega and Timiș. For a short reach of 95 m the Timișaț defines the border between Romania and Serbia.

text:
# Timișaț

The **Timișaț** is a right tributary of the river Timiș in Romania. It discharges into the Timiș in Grăniceri. Its length is 24 km (15 mi) and its basin size is 333 km2 (129 sq mi). It has been canalized for most of its length, and is used as a drainage canal for the area between the rivers Bega and Timiș. For a short reach of 95 m the Timișaț defines the border between Romania and Serbia.

## InfoBox

| Timișaț | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Romania |
| Counties | Timiș County |
| Villages | Otelec, Iohanisfeld, Foeni, Cruceni |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Timiș |
| location | Grăniceri |
| coordinates | 45°27′00″N 20°53′25″E / 45.4501°N 20.8902°E / 45.4501; 20.8902 |
| Length | 24 km (15 mi) |
| Basin size | 333 km2 (129 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | TimișDanubeBlack Sea |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Bega Mică |


title: Eclipse Internet

abstract: Eclipse Broadband, previously known as Eclipse Internet and Eclipse, is a UK provider of business technology services previously based in Exeter, Devon and Hull, East Yorkshire where it was owned by KCOM Group PLC. Eclipse supplies connectivity, cloud and communication services to support businesses. Its three product portfolios include ADSL, fibre and leased line broadband services; wide area networks as a managed service; backup, Lync, Hosted Exchange and data hosting services; and communication services, including both fixed line and IP-based voice. Eclipse Broadband is now a part of the Global 4 Group.

text:
# Eclipse Internet

**Eclipse Broadband**, previously known as **Eclipse Internet** and **Eclipse**, is a UK provider of business technology services previously based in Exeter, Devon and Hull, East Yorkshire where it was owned by KCOM Group PLC. Eclipse supplies connectivity, cloud and communication services to support businesses. Its three product portfolios include ADSL, fibre and leased line broadband services; wide area networks as a managed service; backup, Lync, Hosted Exchange and data hosting services; and communication services, including both fixed line and IP-based voice. Eclipse Broadband is now a part of the Global 4 Group.

## History

*Eclipse Internet* began in 1995 as a South West internet service provider utilising an 0845 dialup number.

In 2001, Eclipse launched its first Broadband product, based on BT's wholesale ADSL service. In 2004, the company was purchased by KCOM Group PLC for a total of £12.5 million. £9.5 million was paid in cash, whilst the remainder was paid in KCOM Group PLC shares. In 2005, Eclipse began trials of a combined digital television, telephone and broadband service.

Eclipse also rejigged its broadband packages into three new packages and removed its fair use policy, the only restrictions on use now being the amount of data downloaded.

In 2010, Eclipse gave an official response to proposals by Ofcom to investigate Net Neutrality in the UK.

In 2021, KCOM sold the Eclipse customer base to Global 4 Group who serves the customers as Eclipse Broadband Limited.

## InfoBox

Eclipse
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Technology |
| Founded | 1995 |
| Headquarters | Horsham, United Kingdom |
| Parent | Global 4 Group, KCOM Group |
| Website | eclipsebroadband.co.uk |


title: Russell L. Caldwell

abstract: Russell Leon Caldwell was an American historian, educator, and community activist. He was born August 13, 1904, in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and died May 23, 1979, at Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital in Inglewood, California, due to cardiovascular disease at the age of 74. Caldwell and his wife, Ruth, were married September 2, 1934, in Toledo, Ohio, in a ceremony performed by Ruth's father, the Reverend B. T. Burnworth. Their son, Stanley Russell Caldwell, was born in Wooster, Ohio, where Caldwell was teaching in the high school before the family moved to southern California. Their daughter, Ruth, taught for many years at Luther College.

text:
# Russell L. Caldwell

**Russell Leon Caldwell** (August 13, 1904 – May 23, 1979) was an American historian, educator, and community activist. He was born August 13, 1904, in Farrell, Pennsylvania, and died May 23, 1979, at Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital in Inglewood, California, due to cardiovascular disease at the age of 74.

Caldwell and his wife, Ruth, were married September 2, 1934, in Toledo, Ohio, in a ceremony performed by Ruth's father, the Reverend B. T. Burnworth. Their son, Stanley Russell Caldwell, was born in Wooster, Ohio, where Caldwell was teaching in the high school before the family moved to southern California. Their daughter, Ruth, taught for many years at Luther College (Decorah, Iowa).

## Education

Caldwell received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hiram College (OH) in 1927. While at Hiram, he was involved in the Delphic Literary Society, Pi Kappa Delta Debate Society, and the Men's Self-Government Society. He taught at Wooster (OH) High School from 1930 to 1944. Caldwell received his Master of Arts and Ph.D. degrees in history from the University of Southern California (USC) in 1933 and 1948, respectively. His master's thesis was titled *An Historical Study of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux as Persecutor of Abelard*; his doctoral dissertation was on *The Influence of the Federal Bar Upon the Interpretation of the Constitution Under John Marshall.*

## Academic career

Caldwell joined the USC faculty in 1945 as a member of the Department of History specializing in Early American History, American Intellectual-Cultural History, and European-American Relations. In 1946, he also became Chair of the Department of General Studies in American Civilization and Institutions.

His honorary and professional organization memberships included: The American Historical Society; the Mississippi Valley Historical Association; Phi Kappa Phi (all-university national scholarship society); Phi Alpha Theta (national history honor society); Pi Kappa Delta (national speech and debate honor society); Tau Kappa Alpha (national honor society in journalism and mass communications); and the American Association of University Professors (AAUP).

While on the USC faculty, Caldwell served as secretary and later president of the local chapter of the AAUP; president of what was renamed the Faculty Center after he successfully pressed for the merger of the Men's Faculty Club and the Women's Faculty Club; member of the University Faculty Senate; member of the University Committee on Directed Teaching; and faculty sponsor for numerous student organizations. He also served as president of the USC Retired Faculty Association in 1978–1979. He initiated and taught history classes in Europe during summer sessions. These courses combined travel with the study of European history and included interviews with leading European personalities involved in national and international affairs. (SOURCE: USC News Bureau, n.d.; from the USC University Archives). After formally retiring from USC, he was invited to create an institute for the study of U.S. presidential history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, but he declined and taught courses part-time on journalism, law, and government at USC until his death. Among numerous students that he mentored, one, Carole Shammas, now holds a chair in the Department of History at USC. His students also included football star Frank Gifford, who recalled his girlfriend urging him to take Caldwell's course "Man and Civilization."

## Political activism

During the 1950s, Caldwell was an outspoken critic of the U.S. House of Representatives Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and of Senator Joseph McCarthy and his pursuit of alleged Communists through the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. He was shunned by many of his USC colleagues as well as by many USC alumni, publicly rebuked by USC President Fred D. Fagg, Jr., and had his classes infiltrated by California un-American activities committee investigators (Eisley, Cindy. 1974. "Russell Caldwell: Up Against the World," *Campus \[U.C. Santa Barbara\]* (October 23): 1–3). He also was able to force the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to rehire several of its faculty who had been terminated for their supposed political beliefs. He was publicly labelled a Communist on television in a broadcast of the Freedom Forum.

In 1955, Caldwell organized a petition drive, signed by 135 of his USC faculty colleagues as well as ministers who were members of the Southern California Baptist Ministers Union, protesting the selection of Texas Governor Robert Allan Shivers (1949–1957) as USC Commencement speaker at the graduation ceremonies. In 1954, Shivers had been an outspoken critic of the *Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka* (KS) U.S. Supreme Court decision (347 U.S. 483). The petition to cancel the appearance of Gov. Shivers was rejected by USC President Fagg. There was speculation that these faculty protestors would stage an organized demonstration at the commencement ceremonies, but this did not take place.

## Community involvement

Caldwell and his family lived in the neighborhood just north of the USC University Park Campus at 825 West 32nd Street. The location is at the current intersection of University Avenue and West 32nd Street on land now occupied by Troy (Residence) Hall and across the street from the 32nd Street USC Magnet School.

Caldwell wrote and narrated 65 radio programs on American history for the Storer Broadcasting Co. of Miami and KGBS Los Angeles.

In 1959, Caldwell became active in the Hoover Urban Renewal Project. He was appointed by the Mayor of Los Angeles as secretary of the Hoover Urban Renewal Advisory Committee (HURAC). Later he was named to the Mayor's Committee of Consultants on Urban Renewal.

Caldwell also organized unsuccessful neighborhood efforts to block construction of the Harbor Freeway (US 110) just east of the University Park Campus. Freeway construction required demolition of much low-income housing throughout South Los Angeles.

In June 1971, Caldwell received a commendatory resolution from the Los Angeles City Council. The commendation was presented by Councilmember Pat Russell, herself a long-time advocate on behalf of residents threatened with displacement by urban renewal.

Caldwell served as president of the Board of Trustees of the West Adams Presbyterian Church, located just a few blocks north of the University Park Campus, which he and his family attended.

## Awards

Caldwell and his high school debate team received the Lowell Thomas Award for Outstanding Achievement in Oratory in 1940. In that same year, Caldwell received the Bruno E. Jacob Commendation for his Wooster High School accomplishments in National Forensic League competitions.

A Russell L. Caldwell Memorial Research Award was established at Hiram College in 1983. Funded by gifts from Caldwell's former speech students at Wooster High School, it is awarded in alternating years to students in the Departments of History and of Speech Communications to enhance their creativity and independent research during their final year in college. The fundraising campaign was spearheaded by 1942 Wooster High School graduate Dr. William R. Miner (B.A., Hiram College, 1945; M.S.W., University of Michigan, 1950; Ph.D., Brandeis University, 1976; LL.D., *honoris causa*, The College of Wooster, 1969).

Caldwell was inducted into the Debate Coaches Hall of Fame at Wooster High School where he developed the debate team while teaching history and speech from 1931 to 1946. (USC *Retiree Community Newsletter,* May 2013, p. 4).

## The Watts Riot and the origin of the Russell L. Caldwell Neighborhood Scholarship Program

The Watts riot (also known as the Watts rebellion) of August 11–17, 1965, began with the arrest of a young African-American man in this predominantly segregated area of South Central Los Angeles, south of the USC University Park Campus. Residents of the low-income area held deep-seated resentment for what was perceived as longstanding brutality by law enforcement agencies, including the Los Angeles Police Department. The weeklong rioting resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, and 3,438 arrests.

Russell Caldwell, as an educator and resident of South Central Los Angeles, perceived one small step that could be taken to address the area's long-term problems. He and three of his colleagues launched what he called the USC Neighborhood Scholarship in December 1965, four months after the rioting. In a letter to USC faculty and staff, Caldwell invited his colleagues ". . . to join in this *positive* kind of demonstration . . ." (alluding to the street demonstrations of the Watts riot) by authorizing a $5.00 per month tax-deductible contribution to what he termed the "Faculty-Staff Scholarship for worthy students in the University's neighborhood who would not otherwise hope to attend USC" by filling in the payroll-deduction form at the bottom of the letter. He hoped to raise $2,000 annually for this scholarship.

The first USC Neighborhood Scholarship was awarded to Preston Mike, Jr., a mid-year graduate of Manual Arts High School (located between USC's University Park Campus and the Watts area of South Los Angeles) who enrolled at USC in the Spring Semester 1968. He was awarded an initial grant of $549 to help pay for books and tuition and was granted additional awards until his graduation in 1972. Since the program was founded, more than 400 USC undergraduates from the 10 designated high schools adjacent to the USC campuses have received Caldwell Scholarships totaling more than $1 million while working toward their degrees. https://ignite.usc.edu/project/15572 Like Caldwell himself, the vast majority have been the first in their families to receive a college degree.

After Caldwell's death, a special USC memorial service was held at the Faculty Center (of which Caldwell had served as president) on June 8, 1979. His family requested that, in lieu of flowers, contributions be made to the USC Neighborhood Scholarship Fund. Also, per his wishes, the USC Retired Faculty Association (RFA) became the sponsor of the scholarship and changed its name to the Russell L. Caldwell Neighborhood Scholarship Program in his honor. The program continues to provide support to qualifying undergraduates.

## Publications and professional papers

"Building a Program of Extracurricular Speech in High School." *Quarterly Journal of Speech* 22:3 (1936): 397–400.

*A Testing Manual for Courses in American Civilization and Institutions.* Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Co., 1950. (With Ernest W. Thacker)

Panelist, "New Weapons for a New Diplomacy: United States Foreign Policy and Its Implementation." Riverside, California: Institute of World Affairs, November 14–17, 1952.

*American and California Government: National, State, Local—Political Parties and Administration.* Columbia, Missouri: Lucas Brothers Publishers, University of Missouri, 1953. (With Ernest W. Thacker)

"Is There an American Indian Policy?" *Ethnology* 2:2 (Spring, 1956): 97–10

"Indian Reorganization and the Triumph of the Policy of Extinction." Columbus, Ohio: American Ethnohistoric Conference, Ohio Historical Society/The Ohio State University, November 2, 1956.

*American Freedom: A History*. Revised Edition. Columbia, Missouri: Lucas Brothers Publishers, University of Missouri, 1967.

## Citations (selected)

Daly, Heather Marie. 2013. *American Indian Freedom Controversy: Political and Social Activism by Southern California Mission Indians, 1934–1958*. Doctoral dissertation, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles, p. 287.

Munro, Doug. 2009. *The Ivory Tower and Beyond: Participant Historians of the Pacific.* Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 142–144.

## InfoBox

| Russell L. Caldwell | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Russell Leon Caldwell
(1904-08-13)August 13, 1904
Farrell, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | May 23, 1979(1979-05-23) (aged 74)
Inglewood, California, U.S. |
| Education | Hiram College (BA)
University of Southern California (MA, PhD) |
| Occupations | * Historian * educator * community activist |
| Spouse | Ruth (m. 1934) |
| Children | 2 |


title: Elegant pitta

abstract: The elegant pitta is a species of passerine bird in the pitta family Pittidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it is found in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Moluccas.

text:
# Elegant pitta

The **elegant pitta** (***Pitta elegans***) is a species of passerine bird in the pitta family Pittidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it is found in the Lesser Sunda Islands and Moluccas.

## Taxonomy and subspecies distribution

The elegant pitta was described and illustrated by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1836 from a specimen collected on the island of Timor. Temminck coined the binomial name *Pitta elegans*.

The elegant pitta has sometimes been treated as a subspecies of the Indian pitta (*P. brachyura*), noisy pitta (*P. versicolor*) or blue-winged pitta (*P. moluccensis*).

Four subspecies are recognised:

* *P. e. virginalis* Hartert, 1896 – the small islands of Tanahjampea, Kalaotoa, and Kalao (between Sulawesi and Flores)
* *P. e. hutzi* Meise, 1942 – island of Nusa Penida (southeast of Bali)
* *P. e. maria* Hartert, 1896 – island of Sumba (south Lesser Sundas)
* *P. e. elegans* Temminck, 1836 – island of Timor and surrounding islands

Three other subspecies have been described but are now lumped in the preceding subspecies.

## Distribution and habitat

It is endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands and Moluccas in Indonesia. It is reported as also being found in East Timor by some authors, but the species has only been recorded on the western half of the island, in spite of suitable habitat. Its natural habitats are tropical dry forests and tropical moist lowland forests.

The nominate race is found in Timor, Semau, and Kisar. *P. e. maria* is found on Sumba, and *P. e. concinna* is found on Flores, Lombok and nearby islands. *P. e. virginalis* is found on Tanahjampea, Kalao and Kalaotoa, to the south of Sulawesi

## Description

The elegant pitta is 19 cm (7.5 in) long and weighs 47–77 g (1.7–2.7 oz). It has a black head, throat, chin and neck with a buff crown stripe. The upperparts are dark green, as are most of the wings, which also have a bright turquoise patch on the lesser coverts. The rump is turquoise-blue and the tail is black with a green tip. The underparts are mostly warm buff, with the centre black with a red patch below. The sexes are similar.

## InfoBox

| Elegant pitta | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Pittidae |
| Genus: | *Pitta* |
| Species: | ***P. elegans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pitta elegans***
Temminck, 1836 | |
|


title: Blue Kentucky Girl (song)

abstract: "Blue Kentucky Girl" is a song written by Johnny Mullins, and originally recorded by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. It was released in May 1965 as the first single and title track from the album Blue Kentucky Girl. The song reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

text:
# Blue Kentucky Girl (song)

"**Blue Kentucky Girl**" is a song written by Johnny Mullins, and originally recorded by American country music artist Loretta Lynn. It was released in May 1965 as the first single and title track from the album *Blue Kentucky Girl*. The song reached number 7 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1965) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 7 |

## Emmylou Harris version

| "Blue Kentucky Girl" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Emmylou Harris | |
| from the album  *Blue Kentucky Girl* | |
| B-side | "Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight" |
| Released | 22 September 1979 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:21 |
| Label | Warner Bros. Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Johnny Mullins |
| Producer(s) | Brian Ahern |
| Emmylou Harris singles chronology | |
| "Save the Last Dance for Me"
(1979) "**Blue Kentucky Girl**"
(1979) "Beneath Still Waters"
(1980) | |

"Blue Kentucky Girl" was also a single for American country music artist Emmylou Harris. Harris' version released in September 1979 as the second single and title track from her album *Blue Kentucky Girl*. The song reached number 6 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Based on this version, the song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1980.

### Chart performance

| Chart (1979) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 6 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 7 |

## Other versions

Skeeter Davis recorded the song for her 1982 album *Live Wire*.

## InfoBox

| "Blue Kentucky Girl" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Loretta Lynn | |
| from the album  *Blue Kentucky Girl* | |
| B-side | "Two Steps Forward" |
| Released | 22 May 1965 |
| Recorded | 14 October 1964 |
| Studio | Columbia (Nashville, Tennessee) |
| Genre | Country |
| Label | Decca |
| Songwriter(s) | Johnny Mullins |
| Producer(s) | Owen Bradley |
| Loretta Lynn singles chronology | |
| "Happy Birthday"
(1965) "**Blue Kentucky Girl**"
(1965) "Our Hearts Are Holding Hands"
(1965) | |


title: Bread & Barrels of Water

abstract:
Bread & Barrels of Water is the second album by Outlandish. It was released in 2002. This album is considered the real start of Outlandish. The international version of Bread & Barrels Of Water released at 2004 and it gave Outlandish increased popularity.
This band became the first Danish (artist) band ever to hit the top of the charts around the world. Additionally, two songs from this album are chosen to be at the best 500 songs of the decade. The album reached number one in Denmark, Iceland, Norway & South Korea and it sold 2 million copies worldwide.

text:
# Bread & Barrels of Water

***Bread & Barrels of Water*** is the second album by Outlandish. It was released in 2002. This album is considered the real start of Outlandish. The international version of Bread & Barrels Of Water released at 2004 and it gave Outlandish increased popularity. This band became the first Danish (artist) band ever to hit the top of the charts around the world. Additionally, two songs from this album (Walou & Aicha) are chosen to be at the best 500 songs of the decade. The album reached number one in Denmark, Iceland, Norway & South Korea and it sold 2 million copies worldwide.

## Track listing

1. "Introduction"
2. "Guantanamo" - (reached #1 Denmark)
3. "Peelo"
4. "Walou"
5. "Aicha"
6. "Gritty"
7. "Interlude"
8. "If Only"
9. "Fatima’s Hand" (feat. Majid)
10. "El Moro" (feat. Majid)
11. "Eyes Never Dry"
12. "A Donkey Named Cheetah" (feat. Majid)
13. "Dirty Dirty East"
14. "Life is a Loom"

## Release history

| Region | Date |
| --- | --- |
| Denmark | 2002 |
| Europe | 2003 |

## Charts

1. Guantanamo Video - Google Video
2. "Austriancharts.at – Outlandish – Bread & Barrels Of Water" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
3. "Danishcharts.dk – Outlandish – Bread & Barrels Of Water". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
4. "Dutchcharts.nl – Outlandish – Bread & Barrels Of Water" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
5. "Outlandish: Bread & Barrels Of Water" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
6. "Offiziellecharts.de – Outlandish – Bread & Barrels Of Water" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
7. "Swedishcharts.com – Outlandish – Bread & Barrels Of Water". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
8. "Swisscharts.com – Outlandish – Bread & Barrels Of Water". Hung Medien. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
9. "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts". *GfK Entertainment* (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
10. "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2003". *hitparade.ch*. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

## InfoBox

| Bread & Barrels Of Water | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Outlandish | |
| Released | 2002 (2002) |
| Genre | Hip hop |
| Label | RCA, Sony BMG |
| Producer | Mintman - Saqib |
| Outlandish chronology | |
| *Outland's Official*
(2000) ***Bread & Barrels Of Water***
(2002) *Beats, Rhymes & Life*
(2004) | |


title: Trigonometric functions of matrices

abstract:
The trigonometric functions for complex square matrices occur in solutions of second-order systems of differential equations. They are defined by the same Taylor series that hold for the trigonometric functions of complex numbers:
  - sin  X = X − X 3 3! + X 5 5! − X 7 7! + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ n! X 2 n + 1 cos  X = I − X 2 2! + X 4 4! − X 6 6! + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ n! X 2 n with Xn being the nth power of the matrix X, and I being the identity matrix of appropriate dimensions. Equivalently, they can be defined using the matrix exponential along with the matrix equivalent of Euler's formula, eiX = cos X + i sin X, yielding
  - sin  X = e i X − e − i X 2 i cos  X = e i X + e − i X 2. For example, taking X to be a standard Pauli matrix,
  - σ 1 = σ x =  , one has
  - sin  = sin    σ 1, cos  = cos    I  , as well as, for the cardinal sine function,
  - sinc  = sinc    I.

text:
# Trigonometric functions of matrices

The **trigonometric functions** (especially sine and cosine) for complex square matrices occur in solutions of second-order systems of differential equations. They are defined by the same Taylor series that hold for the trigonometric functions of complex numbers:

$$\begin{aligned}\sin X&=X-{\frac {X^{3}{3!}+{\frac {X^{5}{5!}-{\frac {X^{7}{7!}+\cdots &=\sum \_{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}{(2n+1)!}X^{2n+1}\\\cos X&=I-{\frac {X^{2}{2!}+{\frac {X^{4}{4!}-{\frac {X^{6}{6!}+\cdots &=\sum \_{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}{(2n)!}X^{2n}\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}$$

with *Xn* being the nth power of the matrix X, and I being the identity matrix of appropriate dimensions.

Equivalently, they can be defined using the matrix exponential along with the matrix equivalent of Euler's formula, *eiX* = cos *X* \+ *i* sin *X*, yielding

$$\begin{aligned}\sin X&={e^{iX}-e^{-iX} \over 2i}\\\cos X&={e^{iX}+e^{-iX} \over 2}.\end{aligned}$$

For example, taking X to be a standard Pauli matrix,

$$\sigma \_{1}=\sigma \_{x}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}~,}$$

one has

$$\sin(\theta \sigma \_{1})=\sin(\theta )~\sigma \_{1},\qquad \cos(\theta \sigma \_{1})=\cos(\theta )~I~,$$

as well as, for the cardinal sine function,

$$\operatorname {sinc} (\theta \sigma \_{1})=\operatorname {sinc} (\theta )~I.$$

## Properties

The analog of the Pythagorean trigonometric identity holds:

$$\sin ^{2}X+\cos ^{2}X=I$$

If X is a diagonal matrix, sin *X* and cos *X* are also diagonal matrices with (sin *X*)*nn* = sin(*Xnn*) and (cos *X*)*nn* = cos(*Xnn*), that is, they can be calculated by simply taking the sines or cosines of the matrices's diagonal components.

The analogs of the trigonometric addition formulas are true if and only if XY = YX:

$$\begin{aligned}\sin(X\pm Y)=\sin X\cos Y\pm \cos X\sin Y\\\cos(X\pm Y)=\cos X\cos Y\mp \sin X\sin Y\end{aligned}$$

## Other functions

The tangent, as well as inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions have also been defined for matrices:

$\arcsin X=-i\ln \left(iX+{\sqrt {I-X^{2}\right)}}$ (see Inverse trigonometric functions#Logarithmic forms, Matrix logarithm, Square root of a matrix)

$$\begin{aligned}\sinh X&={e^{X}-e^{-X} \over 2}\\\cosh X&={e^{X}+e^{-X} \over 2}\end{aligned}$$

and so on.


title: Road Safety (TV series)

abstract: Road Safety is a 1957 Australian television series aired on GTV-9 in Melbourne. Each episode aired in a 10-minute time-slot on Mondays. Like most early Australian series, it aired in a single city only. In the series, constable Pat Ryan gave "points on road safety, courtesy and rules". A TV schedule from March 1957 shows the series at 7:50PM, following a Roy Rogers film and followed by Jack Davey's game show Give it a Go, and aired against Disneyland on HSV-7 and the 1954 version of Sherlock Holmes on ABV-2. GTV-9's other locally produced programming on that day were The Happy Show, news, and the popular Professor Browne's Study segment. Though the series is extremely obscure, it represents an early experiment in programming by GTV-9, as the station tried to determine what kind of programming would appeal to viewers. Most 1957 Australian series were fairly short-lived, as stations tried out different formats to see which worked. The series was later replaced on the schedule by another 10-minute segment, Football Survey. Although the rather primitive kinescope recording technology existed, none of the episodes are known to survive.

text:
# Road Safety (TV series)

***Road Safety*** is a 1957 Australian television series aired on GTV-9 in Melbourne. Each episode aired in a 10-minute time-slot on Mondays. Like most early Australian series, it aired in a single city only.

In the series, constable Pat Ryan gave "points on road safety, courtesy and rules".

A TV schedule from March 1957 shows the series at 7:50PM, following a Roy Rogers film and followed by Jack Davey's game show *Give it a Go*, and aired against *Disneyland* on HSV-7 and the 1954 version of *Sherlock Holmes* on ABV-2. GTV-9's other locally produced programming on that day were *The Happy Show* (a children's series that later became *The Tarax Show*), news, and the popular *Professor Browne's Study* segment.

Though the series is extremely obscure, it represents an early experiment in programming by GTV-9, as the station tried to determine what kind of programming would appeal to viewers. Most 1957 Australian series were fairly short-lived, as stations tried out different formats to see which worked.

The series was later replaced on the schedule by another 10-minute segment, *Football Survey*.

Although the rather primitive kinescope recording technology existed, none of the episodes are known to survive.

## InfoBox

| *Road Safety* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Factual |
| Presented by | Pat Ryan |
| Country of origin | Australia |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Running time | 10 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | GTV-9 |
| Release | 1957 (1957) <br>1957 (1957) |


title: Ripiphorus mutchleri

abstract: Ripiphorus mutchleri is a species of wedge-shaped beetle in the family Ripiphoridae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Ripiphorus mutchleri

***Ripiphorus mutchleri*** is a species of wedge-shaped beetle in the family Ripiphoridae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 5: Tenebrionoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26090-0.

## InfoBox

| *Ripiphorus mutchleri* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Ripiphoridae |
| Genus: | *Ripiphorus* |
| Species: | ***R. mutchleri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ripiphorus mutchleri***<br>Rivnay, 1929 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhipiphorus mutchleri*  Rivnay, 1929 | |


title: Ripiphorus fasciatus

abstract: Ripiphorus fasciatus is a species of wedge-shaped beetle with parasitoid larvae. R. fasciatus likely parasitizes Halictid bees; all Ripiphorus parasitize ground-nesting bees.

text:
# Ripiphorus fasciatus

***Ripiphorus fasciatus*** is a species of wedge-shaped beetle with parasitoid larvae. *R. fasciatus* likely parasitizes Halictid bees; all *Ripiphorus* parasitize ground-nesting bees.

## Description

*R. fasciatus* has clear hindwings, plumose antenna, and superficially resembles a bee or fly.

## Range

This species has been documented in the northeastern United States and Eastern Canada.

## InfoBox

| *Ripiphorus fasciatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Ripiphoridae |
| Genus: | *Ripiphorus* |
| Species: | ***R. fasciatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ripiphorus fasciatus***<br>Say, 1823 | |
|


title: Riverside Hangar

abstract: The Riverside Hangar is a historic hangar complex at the St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It comprises two parallel hangars with a connecting structure and some additions. Built on the bank of the Mississippi River in 1942, it was part of a bomber modification center that operated at the airport during World War II. The two hangar buildings were constructed with glued laminated timber arches, an innovation born of wartime steel shortages. Their important design features were their low cost and that they were erectable quickly by unskilled workers. Riverside Hangar was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its state-level significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for being one of Minnesota's leading examples of glued laminated timber construction.

text:
# Riverside Hangar

The **Riverside Hangar** is a historic hangar complex at the St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It comprises two parallel hangars with a connecting structure and some additions. Built on the bank of the Mississippi River in 1942, it was part of a bomber modification center that operated at the airport during World War II. The two hangar buildings were constructed with glued laminated timber arches, an innovation born of wartime steel shortages. Their important design features were their low cost and that they were erectable quickly by unskilled workers. Riverside Hangar was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its state-level significance in the theme of engineering. It was nominated for being one of Minnesota's leading examples of glued laminated timber construction.

## Description

The two parallel hangars are both 600 feet (180 m) long, 168 feet (51 m) wide, and 50 feet (15 m) high. They are 74 feet (23 m) apart, with a wooden structure between them.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Riverside Hangar | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Riverside Hangar viewed from the east | |
|  | |
| Location | Building 690-01-01, 690 Bayfield Street, Saint Paul, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°56′29″N 93°3′40″W / 44.94139°N 93.06111°W / 44.94139; -93.06111 |
| Area | 6.25 acres (2.53 ha) |
| Built | 1942 |
| Architect | Unit Structures & Rilco, Inc. |
| Architectural style | Laminated wood arch |
| NRHP reference No. | 07001315 |
| Added to NRHP | December 27, 2007 |


title: Bernard Hanks

abstract: Bernard Hanks was a co-founder of the media company Harte Hanks. After attending Baylor University, Hanks worked for a time in the grocery business, but was soon working for the Abilene Daily Reporter. He began managing the newspaper some time in the 1920s, around the time that he met the owner of the San Angelo Standard-Times, Houston Harte. They went on to found what became the Harte Hanks newspaper chain, which eventually evolved into a marketing company.

text:
# Bernard Hanks

**Bernard Hanks** (September 19, 1884 – December 12, 1948) was a co-founder of the media company Harte Hanks. After attending Baylor University, Hanks worked for a time in the grocery business, but was soon working for the *Abilene Daily Reporter*. He began managing the newspaper some time in the 1920s, around the time that he met the owner of the *San Angelo Standard-Times*, Houston Harte. They went on to found what became the Harte Hanks newspaper chain, which eventually evolved into a marketing company.


title: Bernard Harrison (zoologist)

abstract: Bernard Ming-Deh Harrison is a zoologist who was the executive director of the Singapore Zoo from 1981 to 2002.

text:
# Bernard Harrison (zoologist)

**Bernard Ming-Deh Harrison** (born 1951) is a zoologist who was the executive director of the Singapore Zoo from 1981 to 2002.

## Early life

Harrison was born in Malaysia. His father, John Leonard Harrison, was a retired major in the British army and a zoologist who specialised in rodent-borne diseases. His mother, Song Kiew Ying, was a former nurse. The junior Harrison studied zoology and psychology at the University of Manchester, and returned to Singapore in 1973 to work as a curator of zoology at the Singapore Zoological Gardens.

## Career

Harrison became the executive director of the Singapore Zoo in 1981. In 1994, he founded the Night Safari—the first of its kind. On 2 July 2002, he announced his resignation, and was succeeded by Singapore Tourism Board marketing director Asad Shiraz. During Harrison's tenure, the Singapore Zoo saw record-breaking attendance; according to the BBC, it became "one of the most successful in Asia with its open concept of animal display." In an interview with *The Straits Times*, he described the last couple of years at the zoo as "pretty bloody boring". *The Straits Times* writer Yong Hui Mien described Harrison as "Singapore's Doctor Dolittle", although the zoo's celebrity orangutan Ah Meng reportedly disliked him.

Harrison opined that a majority of zoos worldwide were mismanaged: "If I could, I would shut down 90% of the 10,000 zoos in the world. The world is full of horrible stink holes that call themselves zoos." A biography of Harrison, written by Singapore Management University English literature professor Kirpal Singh and titled *Naked Ape, Naked Boss*, was published in 2014.

## Personal life

In his thirties, Harrison wrote a novel titled *Malacca And Beyond (Media Masters)*, as well as an unpublished poetry anthology whose working title was *No Leaf Unturned*. In 1997, Harrison separated from his second wife, landscape gardener Nazli; he attributed the failure of their ten-year marriage to his working long hours at the zoo. In 2002, he married former corporate trainer Tina Lim, with whom he established the zoo design consultancy Bernard Harrison & Friends. Harrison has two children, both from his second marriage.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Bernard Harrison | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Bernard Ming-Deh Harrison
1951 (age 7273)
Malaysia |
| Alma mater | University of Manchester |
| Occupation | Zoologist |
| Years active | 1981–present |
| Children | 2 |
| Parents |  |


title: Betsie River

abstract: The Betsie River ( ) is a 54.0-mile-long (86.9 km) river in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is located in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of the state, flowing into Lake Michigan at Frankfort. The river's course is mostly within Benzie County,, although the river rises in western Grand Traverse County and flows briefly through northern Manistee County. The river widens to form Betsie Lake before emptying into Lake Michigan between Frankfort and Elberta. The Betsie River is a part of Michigan's Natural Rivers Program.

text:
# Betsie River

The **Betsie River** (/bɛts/ **BET-see**) is a 54.0-mile-long (86.9 km) river in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river is located in the northwestern Lower Peninsula of the state, flowing into Lake Michigan at Frankfort. The river's course is mostly within Benzie County, (which takes its name from a variant pronunciation of the river), although the river rises in western Grand Traverse County and flows briefly through northern Manistee County.

The river widens to form Betsie Lake before emptying into Lake Michigan between Frankfort and Elberta. The Betsie River is a part of Michigan's Natural Rivers Program.

## Etymology

The name is derived from the French ****la rivière aux Bec-scies****, meaning river of sawbill ducks (*bec-scie*). A corruption of this pronunciation led to the name of Benzie County. Other alternate historical names include the following:

* Aug-sig-o-sebe
* Aux Buscies River
* Betsey's River
* Benzie River
* Black Robe River
* Gay-she-say-ing
* Riviere du Pere Marquette
* Sawbill Ducks River
* Shelldrake Ducks River

## Course

While most sources indicate the river rises as the outflow of Green Lake in southwestern Grand Traverse County, some consider it navigable immediately south of US-31 from Tullers Lake into Green Lake. Another tributary of the river flows directly out of northern Duck Lake and into northern Green Lake, connecting with the aforementioned Tullers Lake Outlet. Although not considered part of the Betsie River today, older maps of the area do say so. Green Lake straddles the boundary between Grant Township on the south and Green Lake Township on the north between Karlin and Interlochen. Several nearby lakes, including Duck Lake and its tributaries, drain into Green Lake.

The river winds southwesterly from Green Lake into eastern Benzie County, and then briefly into northern Manistee County before turning northerly back into Benzie County. A dam on the river forms Homestead Pond, after which is flows mostly west and slightly north to Lake Michigan.

## Drainage basin

The Betsie River drains an area of approximately 155,026 acres (627.37 km2) in three counties. The drainage basin include about 93 miles (150 km) of linear stream, 52 miles (84 km) of which is part of the mainstream.

## Dams

* Homestead Dam 44°35′48″N 86°04′48″W / 44.59667°N 86.08000°W / 44.59667; -86.08000 was mostly removed in 1974 and currently acts as a lamprey barrier. It impounds little water and does not impede salmon migrations. The remains of the dam are now sometimes called "Homestead Falls". The dam was a power generating facility formerly owned by Consumers Energy.
* Grass Lake Dam, approximately 4 miles (6 km) downstream from Green Lake, forms an approximately 90-acre (36 ha) impoundment. The dam was constructed in 1951 to improve waterfowl habitat and northern pike fishing. The dam was installed by the state Wildlife Division and created a 482 acres (195 ha) waterfowl flooding.
* Thompsonville Dam was an old power dam that failed in the spring of 1989 and was subsequently removed. Prior to its removal, the dam posed a barrier to salmon migration. Salmon and trout have access to the entire mainstream of the river, even above the Grass Lake Dam.

## Bridges

Below is a list of public crossings of the Betsie River:

| Route | Type | Municipality | County | Location |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M-22 (Frankfort Avenue) | State highway | Benzonia Township | Benzie | 44°37′13.1″N 86°13′18.1″W / 44.620306°N 86.221694°W / 44.620306; -86.221694 |
| Betsie Valley Trailway (west) | | | Paved trail | 44°37′09.2″N 86°13′13.5″W / 44.619222°N 86.220417°W / 44.619222; -86.220417 |
| River Road (west) | County road | | Crystal Lake Township | 44°37′05.9″N 86°10′04.0″W / 44.618306°N 86.167778°W / 44.618306; -86.167778 |
| River Road (east) | County road | | Benzonia Township | 44°37′05.2″N 86°07′24.0″W / 44.618111°N 86.123333°W / 44.618111; -86.123333 |
| Grace Road | | | County road | 44°36′16.0″N 86°06′44.3″W / 44.604444°N 86.112306°W / 44.604444; -86.112306 |
| US 31/M-115 (Benzie Highway) | | | State highway | 44°36′02.2″N 86°07′24.0″W / 44.600611°N 86.123333°W / 44.600611; -86.123333 |
| M-115 (west) | State highway | | Weldon Township | 44°33′26.3″N 86°03′12.3″W / 44.557306°N 86.053417°W / 44.557306; -86.053417 |
| County Line Road | County road | Weldon/Springdale township | Benzie/Manistee line | 44°30′52.0″N 86°02′40.6″W / 44.514444°N 86.044611°W / 44.514444; -86.044611 |
| Psutka Road | County road | Springdale Township | Manistee | 44°29′46.4″N 86°01′47.7″W / 44.496222°N 86.029917°W / 44.496222; -86.029917 |
| Kurick Road | | | County road | 44°30′05.3″N 85°58′45.2″W / 44.501472°N 85.979222°W / 44.501472; -85.979222 |
| M-115 (east) | | | State highway | 44°30′26.9″N 85°58′06.3″W / 44.507472°N 85.968417°W / 44.507472; -85.968417 |
| Lindy Road | County road | Weldon Township | Benzie | 44°31′13.8″N 85°57′41.5″W / 44.520500°N 85.961528°W / 44.520500; -85.961528 |
| Wolf Road | | | County road | 44°31′43.1″N 85°56′55.8″W / 44.528639°N 85.948833°W / 44.528639; -85.948833 |
| Betsie Valley Trailway (east) | | | Paved trail | 44°31′48.6″N 85°56′51.6″W / 44.530167°N 85.947667°W / 44.530167; -85.947667 |
| King Road | | | County road | 44°32′32.1″N 85°56′32.9″W / 44.542250°N 85.942472°W / 44.542250; -85.942472 |
| South Thompsonville Highway | County road | | Colfax Township | 44°37′47.2″N 85°56′16.9″W / 44.629778°N 85.938028°W / 44.629778; -85.938028 |
| South Carmean Road | | | County road | 44°33′19.6″N 85°55′05.8″W / 44.555444°N 85.918278°W / 44.555444; -85.918278 |
| Wallin Road | | | County road | 44°34′13.7″N 85°53′35.0″W / 44.570472°N 85.893056°W / 44.570472; -85.893056 |
| Nostwick Road | | | County road | 44°34′23.4″N 85°53′16.7″W / 44.573167°N 85.887972°W / 44.573167; -85.887972 |
| South Reynolds Road | | | County road | 44°34′28.8″N 85°52′40.2″W / 44.574667°N 85.877833°W / 44.574667; -85.877833 |
| Betsie River Road | County road | Grant Township | Grand Traverse | 44°35′34.7″N 85°47′48.0″W / 44.592972°N 85.796667°W / 44.592972; -85.796667 |
| Diamond Park Road | County road | | Green Lake Township | 44°37′59.5″N 85°46′55.2″W / 44.633194°N 85.782000°W / 44.633194; -85.782000 |
| J. Maddy Parkway | | | County road | 44°38′29.2″N 85°46′02.2″W / 44.641444°N 85.767278°W / 44.641444; -85.767278 |
| Birch Road | | | County road | 44°39′14.5″N 85°45′04.6″W / 44.654028°N 85.751278°W / 44.654028; -85.751278 |
| US 31 | | | State highway | 44°39′30.9″N 85°44′59.7″W / 44.658583°N 85.749917°W / 44.658583; -85.749917 |

## Tributaries

## InfoBox

| Betsie River | |
| --- | --- |
| Mouth of the Betsie River at Lake Michigan, in Frankfort | |
| Location of mouth | |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Green Lake near Interlochen |
| coordinates | 44°35′31″N 85°47′40″W / 44.5919459°N 85.794522°W / 44.5919459; -85.794522 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Lake Michigan at Frankfort |
| coordinates | 44°37′45″N 86°14′45″W / 44.6291652°N 86.2459287°W / 44.6291652; -86.2459287 |
| Length | 54 mi (87 km) |