title: Rationing

abstract: Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the ration, which is one's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. There are many forms of rationing, although rationing by price is most prevalent. Rationing is often done to keep price below the market-clearing price determined by the process of supply and demand in an unfettered market. Thus, rationing can be complementary to price controls. An example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the 1973 energy crisis. A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. High prices, especially in the case of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who cannot afford them. However, economists point out that high prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource, while also providing incentive to produce more. Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing. For example, scarce products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at amusement parks, where one pays a price to get in and then need not pay any price to go on the rides. Similarly, in the absence of road pricing, access to roads is rationed in a first come, first served queueing process, leading to congestion. Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the black market. Despite the fact that rationing systems are sometimes necessary as the only viable option for societies facing severe consumer goods shortages, they are usually extremely unpopular with the general public, as they enforce limits on individual consumption.

text:
# Rationing

**Rationing** is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, services, or an artificial restriction of demand. Rationing controls the size of the **ration**, which is one's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. There are many forms of rationing, although rationing by price is most prevalent.

Rationing is often done to keep price below the market-clearing price determined by the process of supply and demand in an unfettered market. Thus, rationing can be complementary to price controls. An example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the 1973 energy crisis.

A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage, which would drive the market price very high. High prices, especially in the case of necessities, are undesirable with regard to those who cannot afford them. However, economists point out that high prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource, while also providing incentive to produce more.

Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing. For example, scarce products can be rationed using queues. This is seen, for example, at amusement parks, where one pays a price to get in and then need not pay any price to go on the rides. Similarly, in the absence of road pricing, access to roads is rationed in a first come, first served queueing process, leading to congestion.

Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the black market. Despite the fact that rationing systems are sometimes necessary as the only viable option for societies facing severe consumer goods shortages, they are usually extremely unpopular with the general public, as they enforce limits on individual consumption.

## Civilian rationing

Rationing for civilians has most often been instituted during wartime. For example, each person may be given "ration coupons" which allow them to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires, leather shoes, clothing, and fuel.

Rationing of food and water may also become necessary during an emergency, such as a natural disaster or terror attack.

In the U.S., the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has established guidelines for rationing food and water when replacements are not available. According to FEMA standards, every person should have a minimum of 1 US quart (0.95 L) per day of water, and more for children, nursing mothers, and the ill.

### Origins

Military sieges have often resulted in shortages of food and other essentials. In such circumstances, the rations allocated to an individual have often been determined based on age, sex, race or social standing. During the Siege of Lucknow (part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857) women received three-quarters of a man's food ration. Children received only half. During the Siege of Ladysmith in the early stages of the Boer War in 1900, white adults received the same food rations as soldiers while children received half that. Food rations for Indian people and black people were significantly smaller.

The first modern rationing systems were imposed during the First World War. In Germany, suffering from the effects of the British blockade, a rationing system was introduced in 1914 and was steadily expanded over the following years as the situation worsened. Although Britain did not suffer from food shortages, as the sea lanes were kept open for food imports, panic buying towards the end of the war prompted the rationing of first sugar and then meat. It is said to have benefited the overall health of the country, through the "levelling of consumption of essential foodstuffs". To assist with rationing, ration books were introduced on 15 July 1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat, and sugar. During the war, average caloric intake decreased by only three percent, but protein intake by six percent.

Food rationing appeared in Poland after the First World War, and ration stamps were in use until the end of the Polish–Soviet War.

### Second World War

Rationing became common during the Second World War. Ration stamps were often used. These were redeemable stamps or coupons, and every family was issued a set number of each kind of stamp based on the size of the family, ages of children, and income. The British Ministry of Food refined the rationing process in the early 1940s to ensure the population did not starve when food imports were severely restricted and local production limited due to the large number of men fighting the war.

Rationing on a scientific basis was pioneered by Elsie Widdowson and Robert McCance at the Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Cambridge. They worked on the chemical composition of the human body, and on the nutritional value of different flours used to make bread. Widdowson also studied the impact of infant diet on human growth. They studied the differing effects from deficiencies of salt and of water and produced the first tables to compare the nutritional contents of foods before and after cooking. They co-authored *The Chemical Composition of Foods*, first published in 1940 by the Medical Research Council. Their book, "McCance and Widdowson", became known as the dietician's bible and formed the basis for modern nutritional thinking.

In 1939, they tested whether the United Kingdom could survive with only domestic food production if U-boats ended all imports. Using 1938 food-production data, they fed themselves and other volunteers a limited diet, while simulating the strenuous wartime physical work Britons would likely have to perform. The scientists found that the subjects' health and performance remained very good after three months. They also headed the first ever mandated addition of vitamins and minerals to food, beginning with adding calcium to bread. Their work became the basis of the wartime austerity diet promoted by the Minister of Food, Lord Woolton.

The British public's wartime diet was never as severe as in the Cambridge study because German U-boats failed to halt trans-Atlantic supply, but rationing improved the health of British people: infant mortality declined and life expectancy rose. This was because everyone had access to a varied diet with enough nutrients.

The first commodity to be controlled was petrol. On 8 January 1940, bacon, butter and sugar were rationed. This was followed by successive rationing schemes for meat, tea, jam, biscuits, breakfast cereals, cheese, eggs, lard, milk, and canned and dried fruit. Fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed, but supplies were limited. Many people grew their own vegetables, greatly encouraged by the highly successful "Digging for Victory" campaign. Most controversial was bread; it was not rationed until after the war ended, but the "national loaf" of wholemeal bread replaced the ordinary white variety, to the distaste of most housewives who found it mushy, grey, and easy to blame for digestive problems. Fish was not rationed, but fish prices increased considerably as the war progressed.

In May 1941, Woolton appealed to Americans to reduce consumption of certain foods (dairy, sugar canned salmon and meat) so more of those could go to the United Kingdom. The Office of Price Administration (OPA) warned Americans of potential gasoline, steel, aluminum and electricity shortages. It believed that with factories converting to military production and consuming many critical supplies, rationing would become necessary if the country entered the war. It established a rationing system after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In June 1942 the Combined Food Board was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain.

American civilians first received ration booksWar Ration Book Number One, or the "Sugar Book"on 4 May 1942, through more than 100,000 school teachers, Parent-Teacher Associations, and other volunteers. Sugar was the first consumer commodity rationed. Bakeries, ice cream makers, and other commercial users received rations of about 70% of normal usage. Coffee was rationed on 27 November 1942 to 1 pound (0.45 kg) every five weeks. By the end of 1942, ration coupons were used for nine other items. Typewriters, gasoline, bicycles, footwear, silk, nylon, fuel oil, stoves, meat, lard, shortening and cooking oils, cheese, butter, margarine, processed foods (canned, bottled, and frozen), dried fruits, canned milk, firewood and coal, jams, jellies, and fruit butters were rationed by November 1943.

The work of issuing ration books and exchanging used stamps for certificates was handled by some 5,500 local ration boards of mostly volunteers. As a result of the gasoline rationing, all forms of automobile racing, including the Indianapolis 500, were banned. All rationing in the United States ended in 1946.

In the Soviet Union food was rationed from 1941 to 1947. In particular, daily bread rations in besieged Leningrad were initially set at 800 grams (28 ounces). By the end of 1941 the bread rations were reduced to 250 grams (8+34 ounces) for workers and 125 grams (4+12 ounces) for everyone else, which resulted in a surge of deaths caused by starvation. Starting in 1942 daily bread rations were increased to 350 grams (12+14 ounces) for workers and 200 grams (7 ounces) for everyone else. One of the documents of the period is the diary of Tanya Savicheva, who recorded the deaths of each member of her family during the siege.

Rationing was also introduced to a number of British dominions, and colonies, with rationing of clothing imposed in Australia, from 12 June 1942, and certain foodstuffs from 1943. Canada rationed tea, coffee, sugar, butter and mechanical spares, between 1942 and 1947. The Cochin, Travancore and Madras states, of British India elected to ration grain between the fall of 1943 and spring 1944. Egypt introduced a ration card-based subsidy of essential foodstuffs in 1945 that has persisted into the 21st century. New Zealand rationing in began in 1942 and was abolished on most foods in 1948, but continued on butter until 1950.

Similarly rationing was introduced across the Japanese empire, as commodities such as rice became scarce in territories, after the destruction of the transport infrastructure that once served colonies.

Many countries had gasoline rationing that determined how much gasoline could be filled in a fuel tank, depending on whether the driver was essential to the war effort.

### Peacetime rationing

Civilian peacetime rationing of food has been employed after natural disasters, during contingencies, or after failed governmental economic policies regarding production or distribution, as well as due to extensive austerity programs implemented to cut or restrict public spending in countries where the rationed goods previously relied on government procurement or subsidies, as was the case in Israel.

In the United Kingdom, rationing remained for years after the end of the war. In some respects it was more strict after the war than during it—two major foodstuffs that were never rationed during the war, bread and potatoes, were rationed after it (bread from 1946 to 1948, and potatoes for a time from 1947). Tea was still rationed until 1952. In 1953 rationing of sugar and eggs ended and in 1954, all rationing was abolished when cheese and meats came off ration. Sugar was again rationed in 1974 after Caribbean producers began selling to the more lucrative United States market.

Some centralized planned economies introduced peacetime rationing systems due to food shortages in the postwar period. North Korea and China did so in the 1970s and 1980s, as did Socialist Republic of Romania during Ceausescu's rule in the 1980s, the Soviet Union in 1990–1991, and from 1962–present in Cuba.

From 1949 to 1959, Israel was under a regime of austerity, during which rationing was enforced. At first, only staple foods such as cooking oil, sugar, and margarine were rationed, but it was later expanded, and eventually included furniture and footwear. Every month, each citizen would get food coupons worth six Israeli pounds, and every family would be allotted food. The average Israeli diet was 2,800 calories a day, with additional calories for children, the elderly, and pregnant women.

Following the 1952 Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany, and the subsequent influx of foreign capital, Israel's economy was bolstered, and in 1953, most restrictions were cancelled. In 1958, the list of rationed goods was narrowed to just eleven, and in 1959, it was narrowed to only jam, sugar, and coffee.

Petroleum products were rationed in many countries following the 1973 oil crisis. The United States introduced odd–even rationing for fuels during the crisis, which allowed only vehicles with even-numbered numberplates to fill up on gas one day and odd-numbered ones on another.

Poland enacted rationing in 1981 to cope with economic crisis. The rationing system initially encompassed most of the population's daily necessities, but was gradually phased out over time, with the last ration being abolished in 1989.

Rationing in Cuba for basic goods was enacted in 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union, which had previously subsidised the island nation's economy. Rationing started being phased out in the year 2000 at the end of the "special period", as Cuba had shifted to a more diversified and self-sustaining economy. Rationing, however, was not fully abolished and instead turned into an alternative way to purchase goods, in addition to the markets. This makes a curious departure from classical rationing, as during the 2001–2019 period, the rationing system was used in addition to, instead of as a replacement for regular markets. Cubans would be able to buy a certain amount of items at 'liberated' prices using ration coupons at a significantly reduced rate, while still being able to purchase more at regular market prices. This 'liberated' system persisted even during Cuba's period of economic growth and relative prosperity during the early and mid 2010s and enjoyed considerable popularity among the island's citizens. Cuba later re-introduced a classical limiting rationing system in 2019, following the imposition of strict sanctions on the island by US President Donald Trump, as well as the collapse of petroleum shipments from Venezuela, which was facing its own economic troubles at that time. Cuba's president pitched the new system as significantly more lenient than the 1991–2000 "special period", though admitted that it would negatively affect consumption.

Short-term rationing for gas and other fuels was introduced in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York following Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

In April 2019, Venezuela announced a 30-day electricity rationing regime in the face of power shortages.

For a few years during a series of droughts in California (from 2015 to 2019), the California State Water Resources Control Board had mandatory water-use restrictions.

In 2021, Sri Lanka, facing a major economic crisis, is considering introducing food rationing. According to *The Hindu*, "President Gotabaya Rajapaksa has called in the army to manage the crisis by rationing the supply of various essential goods."

In 2023, Iran began the National Credit Network mechanism.

As of 2024, peacetime rationing for basic foodstuffs and similar goods is in effect in Cuba and North Korea.

### Refugee aid rations

Aid agencies, such as the World Food Programme, provide food rations and other essentials to refugees or internally displaced persons who are registered with the UNHCR and are either living in refugee camps or are supported in urban centres. Every registered refugee is given a ration card upon registration which is used for collecting the rations from food distribution centres. The 2,100 calories allocated per person per day is based on minimal standards and is frequently not achieved, as has been the case in Kenya.

According to Article 20 of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees refugees shall be treated as national citizens in rationing schemes when there is a rationing system in place for the general population.

## Other types

### Health-care rationing

As the British Royal Commission on the National Health Service observed in 1979, "whatever the expenditure on health care, demand is likely to rise to meet and exceed it". Rationing health care to control costs is regarded as an explosive issue in the US, but in reality health care is rationed everywhere. In places where a government provides healthcare, rationing is explicit. In other places people are denied treatment because of personal lack of funds, or because of decisions made by insurance companies. The American Supreme Court approved paying doctors to ration care, stating that there must be "some incentive connecting physician reward with treatment rationing". Shortages of organs for donation forces the rationing of organs for transplant even when funding is available.

### Cultural rationing

Censorship, libraries and museums can function to limit, moderate and share out approved cultural goods, experiences and exposures to the general public.

### Credit rationing

Credit rationing describes a situation wherein a bank limits the supply of loans, even when it has enough funds to loan, and the provision of loans has not yet equaled the demand of prospective borrowers. Changing the price of the loans (interest rate) does not balance loan demand and supply.

### Carbon rationing

**Personal carbon trading** refers to proposed emissions trading schemes under which emissions credits are allocated to adult individuals on a (broadly) equal per capita basis, within national carbon budgets. Individuals then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuals wanting or needing to emit at a level above that permitted by their initial allocation would be able to engage in emissions trading and purchase additional credits. Conversely, those individuals who emit at a level below that permitted by their initial allocation have the opportunity to sell their surplus credits. Thus, individual trading under Personal Carbon Trading is similar to the trading of companies under EU ETS.

Personal carbon trading is sometimes confused with carbon offsetting due to the similar notion of paying for emissions allowances, but is a quite different concept designed to be mandatory and to guarantee that nations achieve their domestic carbon emissions targets (rather than attempting to do so via international trading or offsetting).

## Rationing mechanisms

The purpose of rationing is to guarantee a minimum of some resource or to impose a maximum limit on its use. (The latter is the case with carbon rationing, where the scarcity is artificial). Usually, the government determines a fair ration, for example, one proportional to the number of family members. If participants possess different rights to a portion (even when they have the same need) and there is not enough for everyone, then one of the many algorithms for solving the bankruptcy problem may apply.

Sweden from 1919 to 1955 and Finland from 1944 to 1970, also Estonia from 1 July 1920 to 31 December 1925 sought to limit the consumption of alcohol by rationing with Bratt System, where each household was given a booklet (*motbok* in Sweden, *viinakortti* in Finland, *tšekisüsteem* in Estonia), where after each purchase of alcoholic beverages, a stamp was added, based on the amount of alcohol bought. If the buyer had reached their monthly ration, they would have to wait until next month to buy more. The rations were based on gender, income, wealth and social status, with unemployed people and welfare recipients not being allowed to buy any alcohol at all. In addition, since the *motboks* were distributed per household, not per person, wives had to share their household allowance with their husbands, and in fact thus got nothing at all. People often sought to circumvent the rationing by making frequent use of friends or even strangers' booklets, for example by rewarding a young woman with a dinner out in return for the other party consuming most or all of the alcohol incurring the stamps. Alcohol rationing was eventually abolished in Sweden with the opening of state-owned Systembolaget liquor stores, where people could buy alcoholic beverages without limit.

At other times, the ration can only be estimated by the beneficiary, such as a factory for which energy is to be rationed. In such cases, a mechanism is needed to discourage misreporting the needs or wants (i.e., to meet strategy-proofness). Suppose every participant reports an ideal ration. For so-called uniform rationing, each ration is set to the minimum of the participant's ideal ration and a cap, the cap being determined so that the sum of the rations equals the amount available. So, loosely speaking, the participant asking least will be served first. This mechanism is strategy-proof, avoids unnecessary waste (Pareto optimality) and equally treats equals (anonymity.) In fact, it is the only such mechanism. (Anonymity in this statement can be replaced by envyfreeness). For the redistribution of scarce goods to demanders by suppliers, see non-monetary microeconomies.

For smooth supply chain management the supplies may be rationed, which is sometimes referred to as the rationing game. The references mentioned here are a small sample of the literature about rationing inventories.

## Ration stamp

A **ration stamp**, **ration coupon**, or **ration card** is a stamp or card issued by a government to allow the holder to obtain food or other commodities that are in short supply during wartime or in other emergency situations when rationing is in force. Ration stamps were widely used during World War II by both sides after hostilities caused interruption to the normal supply of goods. They were also used after the end of the war while the economies of the belligerents gradually returned to normal. Ration stamps were also used to help maintain the amount of food one could hold at a time. This was so that one person would not have more food than another.

### India

Rationing has been present in India since World War II. A ration card allows households to purchase highly subsidised food grain, sugar and kerosene from their local Public distribution system (PDS) shop.

There are two types of ration cards:

### United States

Rationing was used in the United States during World War II.

Government funds provided to poverty stricken individuals by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program are often referred to colloquially as "food stamps". The parallels between these "food stamps" and ration stamps as used in war time rationing is limited, however, since food can be purchased in the United States on the regular market without the use of stamps.

### United Kingdom

Rationing was widespread in the United Kingdom during World War II and continued long after the end of the war. It has been credited with greatly increasing public health. Fuel rationing did not end until 1950.

### Poland

Ration cards were used in the Polish People's Republic in two periods: April 1952 to January 1953 and August 1976 to July 1989.

If one were to buy more food than specified on the stamp, they had to pay 2.5 times the price.

## Further reading


title: Dolophrades

abstract:
Dolophrades is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
  - Dolophrades birmanus Breuning, 1958
  - Dolophrades mustanganus Holzschuh, 2003
  - Dolophrades punctatus Bates, 1884
  - Dolophrades terrenus

text:
# Dolophrades

***Dolophrades*** is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Dolophrades* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Morimopsini |
| Genus: | *Dolophrades* |
|


title: Denny Coffman

abstract: Denny Coffman is an American politician and former Democratic member of the Hawaii House of Representatives who represented District 5 until his resignation on December 20, 2013. Prior to reapportionment, Coffman served from 2008 until 2012 representing District 6.

text:
# Denny Coffman

**Denny Coffman** is an American politician and former Democratic member of the Hawaii House of Representatives who represented District 5 until his resignation on December 20, 2013. Prior to reapportionment, Coffman served from 2008 until 2012 representing District 6.

## Education

Coffman earned his associate degree in data processing and his bachelor's degree in business administration.

## Elections

* 2012 Redistricted to District 5, and with Democratic Representative Bob Herkes running for Hawaii Senate, Coffman won the August 11, 2012 Democratic Primary with 2,462 votes (55.9%), and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 5,464 votes (63.2%) against Republican nominee Dave Bateman.
* 2010 Coffman was unopposed for the September 18, 2010 Democratic Primary, winning with 2,490 votes, and won the November 2, 2010 General election with 3,538 votes (49.8%) against Republican nominee Rebecca Leau.
* 2008 When Democratic Representative Josh Green ran for Hawaii Senate and left the District 6 seat open, Coffman won the three-way September 20, 2008 Democratic Primary with 1,426 votes (39.2%), and won the November 4, 2008 General election with 4,520 votes (47.6%) against Republican nominee Andy Smith.

## InfoBox

| Denny Coffman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Hawaii House of Representatives
from the 5th district
6th (2008–2012) | |
| **In office**
November 4, 2008  December 20, 2013 | |
| Preceded by | Josh Green |
| Succeeded by | Richard Creagan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Website | dennycoffman.org |
|  | |


title: Carabus mariettii sapancaensis

abstract: Carabus mariettii sapancaensis is a subspecies of black-coloured beetle from the family Carabidae that is endemic to Turkey.

text:
# Carabus mariettii sapancaensis

***Carabus mariettii sapancaensis*** is a subspecies of black-coloured beetle from the family Carabidae that is endemic to Turkey.

## InfoBox

| *Carabus mariettii sapancaensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Carabus* |
| Species: | *C. mariettii* |
| Subspecies: | ***C. m. sapancaensis*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Carabus mariettii sapancaensis***<br>Blumenthal & Breuning, 1967 | |


title: Joseph Castagné

abstract: Joseph-Antoine Castagné was a French professor at the gymnase d'Orenbourg in Orenburg, Russia, an ethnographer and an expert on Central Asia. He wrote extensively about Russian Turkestan.

text:
# Joseph Castagné

**Joseph-Antoine Castagné** (Gaillac, Tarn, November 27, 1875 - January 19, 1958, Montpellier) was a French professor at the gymnase d'Orenbourg in Orenburg, Russia, an ethnographer and an expert on Central Asia. He wrote extensively about Russian Turkestan.

## Publications

* *Chants et danses populaires folkloriques de quelques peuples orientaux de l'U.R.S.S.* Paris, 1956.
* *Le culte des lieux saints de l'Islam au Turkestan.* Paris, 1951.
* *Le Problème du Turkestan chinois (sin-kiang).* Paris: P. Geuthner, 1933.
* *Notes sur l'Afghanistan.* Paris, 1932
* "Essai de démonologie kazak-kirghize: la personnification des éléments chez les Kazak-Kirghiz." “L'Etnographie” 26:51-60, 1932.
* *Ethnographie religieuse: étude sur la démonologie des Kazak-Kirghizes.* Alençon: Imprimerie Laverdure, 1931
* *Magie et exorcisme chez les Kazak-Kirghizes et autres peuples turks orientaux.* Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1930.
* *L'Orientalisme et l'archéologie au Turkestan russe.* Paris: G. Van Ouest, 1930.
* *Le mouvement d'émancipation de la femme musulmane en Orient.* Paris : P. Geuthner, 1929.
* *Le mouvement de latinisation dans les Républiques soviétiques musulmanes et les pays voisins.* Paris: P. Geuthner, 1928.
* “Le réveil national carélien.” Paris : H. Champion, 1927.
* *La latinisation de l'alphabet turk dans les Républiques turko-tatares de l'URSS.* Paris: librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1927.
* *Le Congrès de turcologie de Bakou (mars 1926).* Paris: E. Leroux, 1926.
* "Le rôle de la chanson dans l'idéologie nationale des Pays baltes." Société d'Ethnographie de Paris. 1925/04/15 No. 11 -1925/12/15. No. 12.
* *Les Musulmans et la politique des Soviets en Asie centrale; Les Indes et l'Egypte vues de Russie.* Paris: E. Leroux, 1925.
* *Les Basmatchis: le mouvement national des indigènes d'Asie Centrale depuis la Révolution d'octobre 1917 jusqu'en octobre 1924.* Paris : Éditions E. Leroux, 1925.
* *Survivances d'anciens cultes et rites en Asie central.* Paris, 1923.
* *Russie slave et Russie turque: les chances d'une politique islamique allemande.* Paris: Leroux, 1923.
* *Le Turkestan depuis la Révolution russe (1917-1921).* Paris: E. Leroux, 1922.
* ‘’Notes sur la politique extérieure de l'Afghanistan depuis 1919 (missions et traités).’’ Documents annexes traduits du Persan. L. Bouvat. Paris : E. Leroux, 1921
* *Les tamgas des Kirghizes (Kazaks).* Paris : E. Leroux, 1921.
* ‘’Современные успѣхи спелеологіи и мои спелеологическія поѣздки по Туркестану 1913 и 1914 г.г.’’ Tashkent: : электро-типографія Я. П. Эдельмана, 1915.
* Étude historique et comparative des statues babas des Steppes Khirghizes et de Russie en general.” Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. 1910. Volume 1. Issue 1. pp. 375-407.
* *Надгробные сооружения киргизских степей.* Orenburg : Tip. Turgaĭskogo Obl. Pravlenia, 1911.
* ‘’Древности Киргизской степи и Оренбургскаго края’’. Въ Оренбургѣ : типо-лит. т-ва "Каримовъ, Хусаиновъ и к-о", 1910,
* ‘’Monuments cyclopéens dans le Ferghana.” Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. 1914. Volume 5. Issue 5-1. pp. 7–10.
* *Отчетъ о поѣздкѣ въ Шахрохію и мѣстность "Канка".* Publication date unknown.


title: Sociedad Gabriela Mistral

abstract: Sociedad Gabriela Mistral, was a women's organization in Guatemala, founded in 1925. It is known for the role it played in the campaign for women's suffrage. During the Second Federal Republic of Central America June 1921 and January 1922, women's suffrage was introduced on 9 September 1921, however the reform became moot when the Federal Republic of Central America was dissolved not long after. The Sociedad Gabriela Mistral was founded to campaign for women's rights, and named after Gabriela Mistral. It was founded by a woman who was denied the right to study at the university, and initially worked for women's rights to university education. The Sociedad succeeded with its campaign to achieve women's access to university in Guatemala. The Sociedad continued addressing other women's issues, initially educational, professional, and finally campaigning for women's suffrage.

text:
# Sociedad Gabriela Mistral

**Sociedad Gabriela Mistral** (Gabriela Mistral Society), was a women's organization in Guatemala, founded in 1925. It is known for the role it played in the campaign for women's suffrage.

During the Second Federal Republic of Central America June 1921 and January 1922, women's suffrage was introduced on 9 September 1921, however the reform became moot when the Federal Republic of Central America was dissolved not long after.

The Sociedad Gabriela Mistral was founded to campaign for women's rights, and named after Gabriela Mistral. It was founded by a woman who was denied the right to study at the university, and initially worked for women's rights to university education. The Sociedad succeeded with its campaign to achieve women's access to university in Guatemala. The Sociedad continued addressing other women's issues, initially educational, professional, and finally campaigning for women's suffrage.

1. Smith, B. G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Storbritannien: Oxford University Press.
2. Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). *The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History*. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
*


title: Centner Academy

abstract: Centner Academy, incorporated in 2018 and taking students for the first time in 2019, is a private school for pre-Kindergarten to eighth grades with a total of about 300 students and about 75 employees in Miami, Florida. The main elementary school campus is in the Design District, while the preschool is in Buena Vista. The school is known for its anti-vaccination stance.

text:
# Centner Academy

**Centner Academy**, incorporated in 2018 and taking students for the first time in 2019, is a private school for pre-Kindergarten to eighth grades with a total of about 300 students and about 75 employees in Miami, Florida. The main elementary school campus is in the Design District, while the preschool is in Buena Vista. The school is known for its anti-vaccination stance.

## History

It was co-founded by David and Leila Centner, who were unhappy with the other schools in the area. Leila Centner is the former Chief Financial Officer of the Highway Toll Administration. She has worked for Arthur Andersen and Deloitte & Touche.

In August 2019 it had acquired the former Aspira Arts Charter School, made up of two buildings west of Edgewater, which it intends to use as a high school facility. On January 1, 2020, it bought Metropolitan International School in Wynwood. The merger was effective that year. The elementary school is housed in the former Metropolitan International School. Centner Academy also bought Buena Vista area houses that are to be used as residences for instructors.

## Controversy

In 2021 the school hosted multiple presentations for students by anti-vax conspiracy theorists.

In April 2021, Centner banned teachers who received COVID-19 vaccines from contacting students, citing scientifically false claims about potential harm to nearby people who had not received the vaccine. Teachers who had previously received vaccines to protect themselves against COVID-19, or who got the vaccine later in the year, would be removed from the classroom and not allowed to have contact with students. Centner had criticized vaccinated employees during a Zoom call. She also stated that vaccinated teachers would not be hired for the following school year and that employees would have to disclose their vaccination status to the school if they had previously received or were planning to get vaccinated during the 2020–2021 school year. In October 2021, the administration stated that students taking COVID-19 vaccines would have to quarantine for 30 days after each dose, due to the unsubstantiated claim of “vaccine shedding” infecting unvaccinated students.

1. Wright, Colleen; Chang, Daniel (26 April 2021). "Miami private school Centner Academy won't employ vaccinated teachers, staff". *Miami Herald*.
2. Hannon, Elliot (2021-04-27). "Miami Private School Informs Parents Vaccinated Teachers "May Be Transmitting Something From Their Bodies"". *Slate Magazine*. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
3. Bojnansky, Eric (21 June 2020). "The Privileged Class". *The Biscayne Times*. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
4. Mazzei, Patricia (2021-04-26). "A private school in Miami, citing false claims, bars vaccinated teachers from contact with students". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
5. "Our Leaders – Centner Academy Miami".
6. "Home". Centner Academy. 2020-04-15. Archived from the original on 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2021-04-29. \- See ticker above.
7. Levin, Bess (2021-10-19). "Florida School Run by Idiots Says Vaccinated Students Must Stay Home for 30 Days After Each Shot". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
8. Burgos, Marisela (2021-10-15). "Miami private school to require students getting COVID vaccine to stay home for 30 days after each dose". WSVN. Retrieved 2021-10-17.

## Further reading


title: Bellevue, Glebe

abstract: Bellevue is a heritage-listed former residence and timber yard and now cafe located at 55–57 Leichhardt Street in the inner city Sydney suburb of Glebe Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Ambrose Thornley Junior and built in 1896 for William Jarrett who lived in the adjoining house. It is also known as site of former Venetia (demolished) and 55 Leichhardt Street. The property is owned by the City of Sydney Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

text:
# Bellevue, Glebe

***Bellevue*** is a heritage-listed former residence and timber yard and now cafe located at 55–57 Leichhardt Street in the inner city Sydney suburb of Glebe Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by Ambrose Thornley Junior and built in 1896 for William Jarrett who lived in the adjoining house. It is also known as site of former ***Venetia*** (demolished) and **55 Leichhardt Street**. The property is owned by the City of Sydney Council. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## History

### Indigenous history

The Leichhardt area was originally inhabited by the Wangal clan of Aborigines. After 1788 diseases such as smallpox and the loss of their hunting grounds caused huge reductions in their numbers and they moved further inland. Since European settlement the foreshores of Blackwattle Bay and Rozelle Bay have developed a unique maritime, industrial and residential character. A character which continues to evolve as areas which were originally residential estates, then industrial areas, are redeveloped for residential units and parklands.

### Early Colonial history

The first formal grant in the Glebe area was a 162-hectare (400-acre) grant to Rev. Richard Johnson, the colony's first chaplain, in 1789. The Glebe (land allocated for the maintenance of a church minister) comprised rolling shale hills covering sandstone, with several sandstone cliff faces. The ridges were drained by several creeks including Blackwattle Creek, Orphan School Creek and Johnston Creek. Extensive swampland surrounded the creeks. On the shale ridges, heavily timbered woodlands contained several varieties of eucalypts while the swamplands and tidal mudflats had mangroves, swamp oaks (*Casuarina glauca*) and blackwattles (*Callicoma serratifolia*) after which the bay is named. Blackwattle Swamp was first mentioned by surveyors in the 1790s and Blackwattle Swamp Bay in 1807. By 1840 it was called Blackwattle Bay. Boat parties collected wattles and reeds for the building of huts, and kangaroos and emus were hunted by the early settlers who called the area the Kangaroo Ground. Rozelle Bay is thought to have been named after a schooner which once moored in its waters.

Johnson's land remained largely undeveloped until 1828, when the Church and School Corporation subdivided it into 28 lots, three of which they retained for church use.

The Church sold 27 allotments in 1828, north on the point and south around Broadway. The Church kept the middle section where the Glebe Estate is now. Up until the 1970s the Glebe Estate was in the possession of the Church.

On the point the sea breezes attracted the wealthy who built villas. The Broadway end attracted slaughterhouses and boiling down works that used the creek draining to Blackwattle Swamp. Smaller working-class houses were built around these industries. Abbattoirs were built there from the 1860s.

When Glebe was made a municipality in 1859 there were pro and anti-municipal clashes in the streets. From 1850 Glebe was dominated by wealthier interests.

Reclaiming the swamp, Wentworth Park opened in 1882 as a cricket ground and lawn bowls club. Rugby union football was played there in the late 19th century. The dog racing started in 1932. In the early 20th century modest villas were broken up into boarding houses as they were elsewhere in the inner city areas. The wealthier moved into the suburbs which were opening up through the railways. Up until the 1950s Sydney was the location for working class employment - it was a port and industrial city. By the 1960s central Sydney was becoming a corporate city with service-based industries - capital intensive not labour-intensive. A shift in demographics occurred, with younger professionals and technical and administrative people servicing the corporate city wanting to live close by. Housing was coming under threat and the heritage conservation movement was starting. The Fish Markets moved in during the 1970s. An influx of students came to Glebe in the 1960s and 1970s.

### Bellevue

Most of the lots near Blackwattle Swamp were purchased for slaughterhouses and other noxious industries which had been forced out of the city. These included tanneries, copper smelting, pig yards and tobacco works. In contrast the elevated blocks to the north, with harbour views, became "villa retreats" where the prosperous middle class merchants escaped the crush of the city.

Alexander Brodie Spark (of Tusculum, Potts Point and Tempe House, Tempe) purchased this site as part of his 8-hectare (20-acre) lot in the Church subdivision of 1828. In the 1840s depression Spark became bankrupt and his land was sold.

By 1870 Mary Chisolm owned large portions of the original grant, and she commenced the subdivision and sale of the remaining lots in 1873. Ambrose Thornley owned a house near the point at this time (west of the Bellevue & Venetia lots), and a bathing house (later known as Homecroft) had been built c.1858 on the foreshore of the land owned by James Rothwell, immediately west of lot 45/Venetia). A second bathing house was built in the shallows of the adjacent (to Lot 45) foreshore.

#### William Jarrett

Lots 45 & 46 adjacent to Rothwell's land were bought by William Jarrett in 1873, with a mortgage from the Industrial & Provident Permanent Benefit Building Society, of which Jarrett was manager. William Jarrett was born in Kent, England in 1829. In 1850 he married Margaret Roberts. Jarrett arrived in Sydney in 1853 with his wife and their two infant daughters aboard the ship *Beejapore*. Soon after their arrival in Sydney, Jarrett became licensee for the Tradesmen's Arms Hotel in Leichhardt. He was a publican until 1870 when he started his association with Industrial Buildings Societies. Over the next thirty years he acquired enormous amounts of land and property. His holdings are listed in an advertisement for the sale of his estate in 1902. In Glebe he owned many houses including the now heritage-listed seven adjoining residences in Glebe Point Road which encompass the houses called Favo and Gaza. In 1870 he founded the Industrial Permanent Building Society and remained as its Manager for the rest of his life. William was also an alderman for Glebe for three years and gave evidence to the Government's Select Committee on Immigration in 1880.

In 1873 he bought two lots on Blackwattle Bay foreshore and two years later built a very large house which he called *Venetia*. *Venetia* was known to be full of art pieces, many collected on the Jarrett's overseas travels. A very strict father, his children and their spouses continued to live at Venetia, even after their marriages. By 1880 a row of seven houses had been built in then Kennedy Street (renamed in 1909 as an extension of Leichhardt Street). Jarrett also built a row of four houses further west in Oxley Street. *Venetia* was described in 1902 in an advertisement in the following terms:

> *Venetia* is a handsome and commodious two-story brick residence, slate roof containing wide entrance hall, 4 reception rooms and 7 bedrooms. Out offices, verandah and balconies, brick coach house, stable, man’s room, bathing house, terraced lawns, and garden extending to the sea-wall".

Jarrett's wife Margaret died in 1891 at their country residence called *Fairlight* in Mulgoa which is now also a heritage-listed property. In 1892 Jarrett remarried. His new wife was Lucy A. White. In about 1896 Jarrett commissioned Ambrose Thornley, an architect to build *Bellevue* on the adjoining lot fronting the Bay (see photo on right). The house was described in an advertisement in the following terms:

> “Bellevue is an elegant Villa on the Point. Brick, slate roof. Containing hall, 3 reception rooms, 4 bedrooms and out offices, verandahs, garden and lawns".

In 1890 a residence, *The Poplars*, was built opposite *Venetia*. Jarrett built a second house *Bellevue*, adjoining *Venetia* in 1896. It was designed by Ambrose Thornley Junior, an architect who lived nearby in Florence Villa, and is typical of Thornley's designs, which included the Glebe Town Hall. Thornley was declared bankrupt in the 1890s and became a publican.

Jarrett rented this property from the time it was built. One of the first tenants was James George Warden who took the photograph of *Bellevue* shown above in 1899. Jarrett died in 1901 and his second wife, Lucy, lived at *Venetia* until 1903 and then moved to another house in Glebe.

#### James George Warden

James George Warden rented *Bellevue* from 1898 until 1903. Warden was born in London in about 1860. He immigrated to Sydney in 1878 on board the ship *Christiana Thompson*. In 1886, he established the firm of Warden Hotel Brokers in Pitt Street and in the following year he married Mary Jane O’Dwyer. The couple had five sons and one daughter over the next 12 years. Their youngest child, William was born in Glebe in 1899.

Warden was a foundation member of the Royal Motor Yacht Club. He also owned the property Pine Park in Forbes. Warden's wife died in 1903 and he remarried in 1924 to Edith H. Palmer, and the couple lived in Bellevue Hill. Warden died in 1937 at the age of 76.

#### Ownership, 1910s to 1950s

Following Jarrett's death, in July 1913 *Bellevue* and *Venetia* were sold to solicitor William Archibold Windeyer. Extensive reclamation and sea walls had extended Jarrett's original lots.

The 1905 Sands Directory shows Joseph Stinson (who owned the largest real estate agency in Glebe at the time) occupying *Venetia* and Thomas Riley occupying *Bellevue*. This was still the case in 1914, however from 1915 there are no further listings of *Venetia*, suggesting it was demolished by Windeyer in 1914/5, soon after his purchase.

*Bellevue* was occupied by Mrs Lena Reilly in 1920, and from 1924 until 1925 by George Cavanagh. After about 1925 the area around the Point at Blackwattle Bay became increasingly industrial and Bellevue became part of a timber yard for many years. By 1970 the whole foreshore was very unappealing and dirty. The newspaper *The Glebe* described it as “"a disaster area - deserted timber yards, empty fuel drums littered about, derelict houses and rusting hulks of barges moored to rotting jetties". 53 Leichhardt Street for a short time became a lighterage for McEnnally Bros. & Co. Ltd. While the sites of *Venetia* and *The Poplars*, together with *Bellevue* were incorporated into the Vanderfield & Reid Ltd. Timber Yards. 49–53 Leichhardt Street became Sylvester Stride's ship breaking yards. The crane which remains on the foreshore today (2004) to the rear of numbers 49 & 51B was part of Stride's operation. Although Stride demolished parts of the houses on his site, they remained relatively intact during his ownership, number 49 becoming part of the offices for the salvage and wrecking business.

Windeyer sold his land on the Point to Property Purchase P/L in 1939. Vanderfield & Reid Limited bought the property in 1948. The c.1950 survey by the City of Sydney shows the extent of their timber yard holdings, north and south of Leichhardt Street. They also extended their holdings into the bay, as large numbers of logs were floated ready for processing. A c.1970 photo shows a building (now demolished) had been attached to the rear of *Bellevue* (its south).

#### Ownership, 1970s to 1980s

In 1970, the extensive Vanderfield & Reid holdings were sold to Korvette Hardware, with mortgage finance provided by Parkes Developments and CAGA Finance. Parkes became known as the developer of the sites. At that time, the foreshore land was zoned industrial, and described in *The Glebe* as "a disaster area - deserted timber yards, empty fuel drums littered about, derelict houses and rusting hulks of barges moored to rotting jetties". Only the Maritime Services Board opposed the rezoning of the land to residential.

As a condition of the rezoning of the land as residential, and the approval process for a large apartment development on the site, the developer agreed to set aside land on the foreshore for a park. That outcome was assisted by community activists and members of the Glebe Society who, in particular, opposed the demolition of *Bellevue*.

Another condition of development approval was the restoration of *Bellevue* for community use, but Parkes commenced demolition. Insisting that it was an unfortunate misunderstanding, the company halted the demolition but subsequently failed to restore *Bellevue*'s fabric, and also dumped fill excavated during the apartment construction on to the *Bellevue* site.

#### Local government ownership

Leichhardt Council subsequently purchased the foreshore parkland, including *Bellevue*, at the end of 1981. A section 130 Order was placed over Bellevue on 16 May 1980 to provide time to investigate the retention and re-use of the building.

Blackwattle Bay Park to the south of *Bellevue* was designed by Stuart Pittendrigh & Associates, who also designed the Reserves at Simmons Point and Peacock Point in Balmain. It was opened in August 1983. Part of the park was created to the west of the Strides site and in 1985 the Strides site was purchased by the then Department of Environment & Planning, for open space to link the two parts of Blackwattle Bay Park. However, after the original residences on the site were assessed as having heritage significance, the foreshore was subdivided and retained as a link, while the houses at 49, 51/51A, 51B and 53 had their squatters evicted and were sold with caveats which ensure their restoration and retention. The 5 houses were sold for $800,000.

The foreshore land was transferred to Leichhardt Council in 1987. Council had limited funds to restore Bellevue.

After LEP listing as an item of state significance in 1984 it was re-roofed with slate, assisted by a $17,000 $ for $ grant from the Heritage Conservation fund administered by the Heritage Council. As one of the conditions attached to the assistance the owner applied for the making of a Permanent Conservation Order over the item. To ensure the long term protection of the item the Heritage Council at its meeting of 6 February 1986 recommended to the Minister that a Permanent Conservation Order be placed over *Bellevue*. The Permanent Conservation Order was gazetted on 25 July 1986.

In 1984 the Glebe Society surveyed local residents and community organisations on possible uses for *Bellevue*. Council prepared sketch plans, allocating the upper storey for public use and a scheme of funding was presented to Council. This plan did not proceed. In 1988 the Australian Society of Authors expressed interest in establishing its headquarters in Bellevue, with a low level of use and some public access. Changes in Council caused this proposal to lapse.

In 1991 Leichhardt Council called for tenders for the lease, restoration and commercial use of Bellevue, and made a new wharf a condition of its development. Successful tenderer Anthony Vick & Associates was to restore Bellevue and establish a restaurant with water access from a new wharf. The approval also allowed for a kiosk, caretaker's flat and 20 parking spaces. By 1993 the approval had lapsed. After extensive public consultation, the Glebe Society favoured using Bellevue for a 'kiosk, public toilets, park equipment storage and a local environment museum.'

In 1996 Anthony Vick lodged a new application for a large residence, coffee shop/kiosk, gazebo and toilets, which was refused.

In the late 1990s Council also refused an application to use *Bellevue* as a restaurant with part of the park area providing 22 parking spaces. In 1998 further community consultation occurred when EDAW P/L prepared a Management Plan for Blackwattle Bay Park and *Bellevue*. Despite the many proposals and community consultations, *Bellevue* remains derelict and fenced to prevent public access.

In 1994 the Heritage Council approved work for the conversion of the building into a restaurant and caretakers flat and construction of a kiosk, store and toilets within the courtyard of the property. (this did not proceed). In 2003, the suburb of Glebe and *Bellevue* came under the jurisdiction of the City of Sydney Council. In 2005, the City of Sydney commissioned a Conservation Management Plan for *Bellevue* and a development application was approved for its restoration and refurbishment as part of Glebe foreshore parks upgrading. On 3 March 2007 an open day was held at *Bellevue* to celebrate the completion of the building's restoration. The house remains in the ownership of the City of Sydney.

In 1979, the band, Australian Crawl, filmed their video for "Beautiful People" at the then dilapidated and graffitied *Bellevue*.

## Description

*Bellevue* is of restrained Italianate design and is of stuccoed brick construction. Part two storey stucco, new fibre cement shingle roof- plaster eaves brackets bullnose verandah. Multi-bedroom single storey building with large entertaining areas and numerous basement rooms.

In 2003 *Bellevue* came under the jurisdiction of the City of Sydney Council because the suburb of Glebe had been transferred to their control. In 2005, the Council commissioned a Conservation Management Plan for *Bellevue*, and a development application was approved for its restoration and refurbishment as part of Glebe foreshore parks upgrading. On 3 March 2007 an open day was held at *Bellevue* to celebrate the completion of the building's restoration. The house remains in the ownership of the City of Sydney Council. It was converted to commercial use and was being used as a cafe by 2012. This cafe closed in mid 2016. In 2018, the *SMH Good Food Guide* noted a new cafe/restaurant operator Anthony Moskovitz was intending to 'rebirth' the Blackwattle cafe site as 'Antoine at the Cottage', to open March 2018 under the restrictions of the last tenant. As of September 2018, this cafe had still not opened.

### Condition

As at 5 May 2004, despite the many proposals and community consultations, *Bellevue* remains derelict and fenced to prevent public access. A preliminary assessment of the archaeological potential of *Bellevue* is that it is of local significance. Both *Bellevue* and the physical remains of the adjacent *Venetia* are representative of houses constructed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, which are common in the area.

The site of *Venetia* is considered to have a high degree of archaeological potential.

### Modifications and dates

* 1875+  residential use of the site: *Venetia* constructed, with several outbuildings fronting Leichhardt Street and along the (eastern) boundary with *Bellevue*, boatshed, formal gardens with carriage drive in front, wall to east end of wharf
* 1896  *Bellevue* constructed
* c.1915  *Venetia* demolished, and a large shed was built over the site of the house. At least one outbuilding continued in use under the timber milling operation.
* 1925  timber milling operation commenced on site. Vanderfield & Reid Timber milling company operations extended across both sites, and to Blackwattle Bay on the south side of Leichhardt Street. Accretions were added to *Bellevue*, e.g.: shed in courtyard to rear, and attached to the building.
* c.1970  timber framed and iron-roofed buildings across much of the site (aerial photograph) and much site clearing, on foreshore areas and around sheds, and dumping of fill on the slope and in front of *Bellevue*. Particular site disturbance appears to have occurred in the west corner where a crane was located, corresponding with the site of a former boatshed.
* 1970+  Blackwattle Bay Park was created by further filling and landscaping over the site. All structures except *Bellevue* were removed, substantial amounts of fill added from nearby development sites, and landscaping with tree plantings and lawn.

## Heritage listing

As at 5 May 2004, *Bellevue* was constructed c.1896 and designed by local architect Ambrose Thornley and is a compromised example of a modest late Victorian dwelling with some characteristics of the Italianate style. It is one of the few surviving examples of mid-late Victorian dwellings that characterised Jarrett's Point on the Blackwattle Bay foreshore. The dwelling's form and general aesthetic character is representative of its architectural style, the late 19th century period of construction and the phase of residential development in the local area at the time. However the comprehensive loss of detailing, joinery and ornamentation in association with its dilapidated state has eroded the representative formal aesthetic values of the place.

*Bellevue* is significant to the local area for its landmark aesthetic values associated with its prominent siting on Jarrett's Point in the open space setting of Blackwattle Bay Park. The dwelling is highly visible from a number of significant vantage points in the area and is a significant and characteristic feature of the Glebe foreshore area. *Bellevue* was also the focus of the local community during the mid-1970s when it was saved from demolition by developers through the actions of ardent local residents

*Bellevue* has aesthetic and social significance as an important townscape element on point between Rozelle Bay and Blackwattle Bay. It has architectural significance as one of the most visually prominent cottages at Glebe Point.

*Bellevue* was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Blackwattle Bay foreshore circa 1900. *Bellevue* can be seen at far right.

### Bibliography

* "Preservation Heritage Walk". 2007.
* *Branch Managers Report to Heritage Council - 20 Jan 1986*. 1986.
* Archaeology & Heritage P/L (2005). *Amended Archaeological Baseline Report - Glebe Foreshore Walkway Stage 2 Development Application*.
* Attraction Homepage (2007). "Preservation Heritage Walk" (PDF).
* City Plan Heritage (2005). *Glebe Foreshore and Bellevue Interpretation Strategy*.
* City Plan Heritage (2004). *Draft Conservation Management Plan (Volume 2) (of 2): Bellevue, 55- 57 Leichhardt Street, Glebe*.
* City Plan Services (2004). *Development Application Report: Glebe Foreshore Stage 3 refurbishment of Bellevue Cottage 55-57 Leichhardt Street, Glebe*.
* McDonald McPhee P/L; Burton, Craig (1989). *Conservation Plan for Stride's Yard, Glebe (49-53 Leichhardt Street)*.

### Attribution

This Wikipedia article contains material from Bellevue, entry number 470 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under CC-BY 4.0 licence, accessed on 13 October 2018.

Media related to Bellevue, Glebe at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Bellevue* | |
| --- | --- |
| *Bellevue*, Glebe 1899. The large house behind adjoining is *Venetia* | |
| Location | 55–57 Leichhardt Street, Glebe Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia |
| Coordinates | 33°52′17″S 151°11′04″E / 33.8713°S 151.1845°E / -33.8713; 151.1845 |
| Built | 1896 (1896) |
| Built for | William Jarrett |
| Architect | Ambrose Thornley Junior |
| Architectural style(s) | Victorian Italianate |
| Owner | City of Sydney Council |
|  | |
| New South Wales Heritage Register | |
| Official name | Bellevue; site of former Venetia (demolished); 55 Leichhardt Street |
| Type | State heritage (complex / group) |
| Designated | 2 April 1999 |
| Reference no. | 470 |
| Type | Villa |
| Category | Residential buildings (private) |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location of *Bellevue* in Sydney | |


title: Cerium(IV) perchlorate

abstract: Cerium(IV) perchlorate is an inorganic compound composed of cerium and perchloric acid. It has the chemical formula of Ce(ClO4)4.

text:
# Cerium(IV) perchlorate

**Cerium(IV) perchlorate** is an inorganic compound composed of cerium and perchloric acid. It has the chemical formula of Ce(ClO4)4.

## Uses

Cerium(IV) perchlorate is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry for the determination of strontium and for cerimetry. It has a very high redox potential at Ce4+/Ce3+ of +1.87 V in 8 M HClO4.

## InfoBox

Cerium(IV) perchlorate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name Cerium(IV) perchlorate | |
| Other names * Cerium perchlorate * Cerium(4+) perchlorate * Cerium tetraperchlorate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.034.794 |
| EC Number | * 238-290-8 |
| PubChem CID |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/Ce.4ClHO4/c;4\*2-1(3,4)5/h;4\*(H,2,3,4,5)/q+4;;;;/p-4Key: VDNBDUGCNUZGGR-UHFFFAOYSA-J | |
| SMILES * \[O-\]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.\[O-\]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.\[O-\]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.\[O-\]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.\[Ce+4\] | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | Ce(ClO4)4 |
| Molar mass | 537.92 g/mol |
| Density | 1.556 g/cm−3 (25 °C) |
| Melting point | 725 °C (1,337 °F; 998 K) |
| Hazards | |
| **GHS** labelling: | |
| Pictograms |  |
| Signal word | **Warning** |
| Hazard statements | H272 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P280, P370+P378, P501 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other cations | Titanium perchlorate, Zirconium perchlorate |
| Related compounds | Cerium(III) perchlorate |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Dolophrades punctatus

abstract: Dolophrades punctatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1934.

text:
# Dolophrades punctatus

***Dolophrades punctatus*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1934.

## InfoBox

| *Dolophrades punctatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Dolophrades* |
| Species: | ***D. punctatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dolophrades punctatus***<br>(Pic, 1934) | |
|


title: Dendya clathrata

abstract: Dendya clathrata is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Dendyidae.

text:
# Dendya clathrata

***Dendya clathrata*** is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Dendyidae.

## InfoBox

| *Dendya clathrata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Order: | Clathrinida |
| Family: | Dendyidae |
| Genus: | *Dendya* |
| Species: | ***D. clathrata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dendya clathrata***<br>(Carter, 1883) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * *Ascetta challengeri* (Poléjaeff, 1883) * *Clathrina challengeri* (Poléjaeff, 1883) * *Clathrina clathrata* (Carter, 1883) * *Clathrina intermedia* (Kirk, 1896) * *Grantia cliftoni* Bowerbank in Dendy & Row, 1913 * *Leucetta clathrata* Carter, 1883 * *Leucosolenia challengeri* Poléjaeff, 1883 * *Leucosolenia intermedia* Kirk, 1896 | |


title: Canovaccio

abstract: A canovaccio is a scenario used by commedia dell'arte players. It consisted only of a list of acts and scenes; the details were left to the improvisation of the actors. Actors in the commedia dell'arte thus had to be endowed with an inventive mind since the success of the play depended largely on their creativity and above all on their lazzi. The spotlight fell on the actors rather than on the play itself. The use of improvisation on top of canovaccio enabled the avoidance of censorship because censors cannot censor that which is not written. Since the dialogue was almost entirely improvised on stage, actors and theatre companies could get away with almost anything. In the late 19th century scholars began searching for documentary sources on the history of the theatre in Italy. Over a thousand documents in manuscript or print were discovered that consisted of canovacci in numerous collections or individually, and usually anonymous.

text:
# Canovaccio

A ***canovaccio*** is a scenario used by *commedia dell'arte* players. It consisted only of a list of acts and scenes; the details were left to the improvisation of the actors. Actors in the *commedia dell'arte* thus had to be endowed with an inventive mind since the success of the play depended largely on their creativity and above all on their *lazzi* (jokes and gags). The spotlight fell on the actors rather than on the play itself.

The use of improvisation on top of *canovaccio* enabled the avoidance of censorship because censors cannot censor that which is not written. Since the dialogue was almost entirely improvised on stage, actors and theatre companies could get away with almost anything.

In the late 19th century scholars began searching for documentary sources on the history of the theatre in Italy. Over a thousand documents in manuscript or print were discovered that consisted of *canovacci* in numerous collections or individually, and usually anonymous.


title: Joseph Castanon

abstract: Joseph Michael Castanon, better known by his stage name Sir Castanon, is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He was also known for his role as Ben Newman in the comedy Click (2006).

text:
# Joseph Castanon

**Joseph Michael Castanon** (born August 19, 1997), better known by his stage name **Sir Castanon,** is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He was also known for his role as Ben Newman in the comedy *Click* (2006).

## Acting career

He has appeared in several television series, including *Jericho*, *NCIS*, *I Hate My 30's*, *Crossing Jordan*, *Without A Trace*, *October Road*, *ER*, a mini series *Comanche Moon*, and won the 2006 Young Artist Award for Guest Starring Young Actor in a TV series for an appearance on *Ghost Whisperer*. That same year, he made his feature film debut playing Ben Newman, son of Adam Sandler's character in the comedy *Click*.

## Music career

Castanon became serious about music after he booked the starring role in the West Coast Ensemble stage production of "Big the Musical" in the fall of 2008. It was then he realized his love for performing in front of live audiences. He joined forces and began writing and recording with multi-award winning writer and producer Jonathan George. The two-year journey of development and work spawned the artist **Sir Castanon**. He released his debut album, *Puppeteer*, on iTunes and CD Baby on December 28, 2010.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | *De Las Calles* | Dario | Short film |
| | *Click* | 7-Year-Old Ben Newman |  |
| 2007 | *Dead Write* | Rufus |  |
| | *Little Wings* | Thomas | Short film |
| | *Plot 7* | Matthew McCarthy |  |
| 2008 | *The 7th Claus* | Charlie | Short film |
| 2009 | *Santa's Little Helper* | Marlon | Short film |
| 2010 | *Happiness Runs* | Little Mackie |  |
| | *Nic & Tristan Go Mega Dega* | Commercial Kid |  |
| 2011 | *Hard Hats* | Mervin Jones | Short film |
| | *Prodigal* | Young Levi |  |
| 2014 | *Brothers* | The Boy | Short film |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | *Wanted* | Boy | Episode: "Badlands" |
| | *Ghost Whisperer* | Kenny Dale | Episode: "The Crossing" |
| | *Crossing Jordan* | Brandon Holloman | Episode: "Judgement Day" |
| | *NCIS* | Zach Tanner | Episode: "Honor Code" |
| 2006 | *Without a Trace* | Ethan Heller | Episode: "The Little Things" |
| | *Pepper Dennis* | Bucky | Episode: "Saving Venice" |
| 2006–2008 | *Jericho* | Woody Taylor | 3 episodes |
| 2006 | *Shark* | Ethan Sterling | Episode: "Dr. Feelbad" |
| 2007 | *I Hate My 30's* | Bickle | 2 episodes |
| | *ER* | Reggie Santo | Episode: "Gravity" |
| 2008 | *October Road* | Jimmy Crack Kornduffer | Episode: "Spelling It Out" |
| | *Comanche Moon* | Newt | Episode: "Part 3" |

### Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Young Artist Awards | Best Performance in a Comedy or Drama Television Series – Guest Starring Young Actor | *Ghost Whisperer* | Won |
| 2007 | | | *Shark* | Nominated |
| 2008 | | Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Actor Ten or Under | *I Hate My 30's* | Nominated |
| | | Best Performance in a Short Film – Young Actor | *Little Wings* | Nominated |
| 2009 | | Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special – Supporting Young Actor | *Comanche Moon* | Won |
| 2010 | | Best Performance in a Short Film – Young Actor | *Santa's Little Helper* | Nominated |

## InfoBox

| Joseph Castanon | |
| --- | --- |
| Castanon in 2010 | |
| Born | Joseph Michael Castanon
(1997-08-23) August 23, 1997
Denver, Colorado, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, singer-songwriter |
| Years active | 2005–2010 |