title: Romeries

abstract: Romeries is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

text:
# Romeries

**Romeries** (French pronunciation: \[ʁɔmʁi\]) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

|  | The arms of Romeries are blazoned :
*Argent, a chevron between 3 trefoils sable.* (Assevent, Romeries and Saint-Rémy-Chaussée use the same arms.)

 |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Romeries | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Romeries | |
|  | |
| Location of Romeries | |
| RomeriesRomeries | |
| Coordinates: 50°12′12″N 3°31′55″E / 50.2033°N 3.5319°E / 50.2033; 3.5319 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Nord |
| Arrondissement | Cambrai |
| Canton | Caudry |
| Intercommunality | CC Pays Solesmois |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20232026) | Xavier Dupont |
| Area**1** | 6.01 km2 (2.32 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 476 |
| Density | 79/km2 (210/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 59506 /59730 |
| Elevation | 91–126 m (299–413 ft)
(avg. 103 m or 338 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is a main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has subsidiaries which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, and ground equipment. It also has a division for strategic and tactical missile systems.

text:
# China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation

| China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Simplified Chinese | 中国航天科技集团有限公司 |
| Traditional Chinese | 中國航天科技集團有限公司 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Hángtiān Kējì Jítuán Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī | |
|  | |

The **China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation** (**CASC**) is a main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has subsidiaries which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, and ground equipment. It also has a division for strategic and tactical missile systems.

## History

CASC was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. Various incarnations of the program date back to 1956.

Along with space and defense manufacture, CASC also produces machinery, chemicals, communications equipment, transportation equipment, computers, medical care products and environmental protection equipment. CASC provides commercial launch services to the international market. By the end of 2013, the corporation has registered capital of CN¥294.02 billion and employs 170,000 people.

In December 2017, the CASC was restructured from a state-owned enterprise (全民所有制企业) to a state-owned enterprise with limited liability (国有独资公司) with the approval of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC). The sole shareholder is SASAC, the company's headquarters are still in Beijing, the business areas remained the same and nothing changed for the staff either.

In 2021, China's 14th five year plan included two low Earth orbit satellite constellations named “GW” featuring nearly 13,000 satellites was in development.

## Subordinate entities

### R&D and production complexes

### Specialized companies

### Directly subordinated units

The "directly subordinated units" of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation are:

* China Astronautics Standards Institute
* China Astronautics Publishing House
* Space Archives
* Aerospace Communication Center
* China Space News
* Chinese Society of Astronautics
* Aerospace Talent Development & Exchange Center
* Aerospace Printing Office
* Aerospace Long-March International, a sales unit

## International reception

### United States

In 2006 the US Department of the Treasury accused Great Wall Industry and its partners of playing a lead role in the development of the Fateh missile system, as Iran had no previous experience with solid-fueled ballistic missiles.

In November 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting U.S. companies and individuals owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included CASC. In August 2022, CASC's 9th Academy 771 and 772 Research Institutes were added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.

## InfoBox

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
|
|  |
|
| Trade name | SpaceChina (中国航天) |
| Native name | 中国航天科技集团有限公司 |
| Company type | State-owned enterprise |
| Industry | aerospace, space industry |
| Predecessor | China Aerospace Corporation |
| Founded | July 1, 1999 (1999-07-01) |
| Headquarters | Haidian District, Beijing, China |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Wu Yansheng (Chairman and President) |
| Products | Spacecraft
Missiles
Electronics |
| Revenue | CN¥294.02 billion (2013) |
| Owner | State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council |
| Number of employees | 174,000 (2014) |
| Website | english.spacechina.com |


title: Drug Recognition Expert

abstract:
A Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) is a law enforcement officer trained in a scientifically validated method to identify people whose driving is impaired by drugs other than, or in addition to, alcohol.
All DREs follow the same 12 step procedure called a Drug Influence Evaluation (DIE), to purportedly determine which category of drugs is causing the driver to be impaired. If a DRE determines that a driver was too impaired to operate a vehicle in a safe manner, they will look for indications of the drugs suspected, by the common perceivable effects the drugs have on the human body. There are seven categories of classifications a DRE is looking for, including; central nervous system depressants, CNS stimulants, dissociative anesthetics, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, and narcotic analgesics. DREs often testify in court, where the term "expert" has important legal implications. The Traffic Resource for Judges describes different approaches taken by state courts in how DRE evidence is admitted. Different jurisdictions take a variety of approaches to DRE testimony. Some jurisdictions hold DRE protocol and evidence to be scientific evidence; some do not. Some jurisdictions permit DRE testimony to be introduced as expert testimony, while some jurisdiction require DRE testimony to be introduced as non-expert opinion testimony. Some jurisdictions analyze DRE testimony through the lens of Daubert, while other jurisdictions use the Frye analysis. The acronym 'DRE' has been used to refer not just to the DRE officers, but also to the examination they perform, the "Drug Recognition Examination", or "Drug Recognition Evaluation." The confluence of acronyms leads to confusion, and the IACP now calls the evaluation done by DRE officers the "Drug Influence Evaluation", DIE. DREs were developed by police officers from the Los Angeles Police Department in the early 1970s. The officers' drug recognition methods were officially recognized by the LAPD management in 1979, and adopted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the early 1980s. Certification is issued by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). To remain certified and in good standing, DREs must track their evaluations and enter the results into an online database.

text:
# Drug Recognition Expert

A **Drug Recognition Expert (DRE)** is a law enforcement officer trained in a scientifically validated method to identify people whose driving is impaired by drugs other than, or in addition to, alcohol. All DREs follow the same 12 step procedure called a Drug Influence Evaluation (DIE), to purportedly determine which category of drugs is causing the driver to be impaired.

If a DRE determines that a driver was too impaired to operate a vehicle in a safe manner, they will look for indications of the drugs suspected, by the common perceivable effects the drugs have on the human body. There are seven categories of classifications a DRE is looking for, including; central nervous system depressants, CNS stimulants, dissociative anesthetics, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, and narcotic analgesics.

DREs often testify in court, where the term "expert" has important legal implications. The Traffic Resource for Judges describes different approaches taken by state courts in how DRE evidence is admitted.

> Different jurisdictions take a variety of approaches to DRE testimony. Some jurisdictions hold DRE protocol and evidence to be scientific evidence; some do not. Some jurisdictions permit DRE testimony to be introduced as expert testimony (usually under Rule of Evidence 702 or the equivalent in that state), while some jurisdiction require DRE testimony to be introduced as non-expert opinion testimony. Some jurisdictions analyze DRE testimony through the lens of Daubert, while other jurisdictions use the Frye analysis.

The acronym 'DRE' has been used to refer not just to the DRE officers, but also to the examination they perform, the "Drug Recognition Examination", or "Drug Recognition Evaluation." The confluence of acronyms leads to confusion, and the IACP now calls the evaluation done by DRE officers the "Drug Influence Evaluation", DIE.

DREs were developed by police officers from the Los Angeles Police Department in the early 1970s. The officers' drug recognition methods were officially recognized by the LAPD management in 1979, and adopted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the early 1980s.

Certification is issued by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP). To remain certified and in good standing, DREs must track their evaluations and enter the results into an online database.

## DRE training

DRE training and certification standards are defined by the International Association of Chiefs of Police Training is available only to "a person ... in the employ and under the direct control of a public criminal justice agency involved in the enforcement of criminal or traffic safety laws or an institution involved in providing training services to officers of law enforcement agencies.". IACP standards require DREs training to be done using an official Student Manual. This manual. is widely cited in court as defining standards for the performance of a Drug Influence Evaluation.

## 12-Step DRE process

A DIE involves the following 12 steps

1. Breath Alcohol Test: The arresting officer reviews the subject's breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) test results and determines if the subject's apparent impairment is consistent with the subject's BrAC. If so, the officer will not normally call a DRE. If the impairment is not explained by the BrAC, the officer requests a DRE evaluation.
2. Interview of the arresting officer
3. Preliminary examination and first pulse
4. Eye examinations
5. Divided Attention Psychophysical Tests
6. Vital signs and second pulse
7. Dark room examinations
8. Examination for muscle tone
9. Check for injection sites and third pulse
10. Subject's Statements and Other Observations
11. Analysis and Opinions of the Evaluator
12. Toxicological examination: After completing the evaluation, the DRE normally requests a urine, blood and/or saliva sample from the subject for a toxicology lab analysis.

## Critique & Controversy

### Scientific validation

Claims regarding the effectiveness of DREs have not been supported by research. These claims are critical to the admission of DRE expert testimony in criminal trials.

The DRE Student Manual identifies three scientific studies as being those that validate DRE testing. These studies are: Bigelow 1985 (aka the Johns Hopkins study); Compton 1986 (aka the LAPD-173 study); and Adler 1994 (aka the Arizona DRE Validation Study). However, all three of these studies have been shown to have major methodological flaws.

### Admissibility

In 2017, the Supreme Court of Canada held that "a DRE is a 'drug recognition expert', certified as such for the purposes of the 12 step evaluation. By reason of his training and experience, a DRE undoubtedly possesses expertise on determining drug impairment that is outside the experience and knowledge of the trier of fact. He is thus an expert for the purpose of applying the 12 step evaluation and determining whether that evaluation indicates drug impairment. His expertise has been conclusively and irrebuttably established by Parliament. Knowledge of the underlying science is not a precondition to the admissibility of a DRE’s opinion."

This mirrors US case law where testimony of police officers regarding alcohol impairment is admitted in court without the need for the officer to be an expert in, or to testify to, the underlying sciences of the sobriety tests they are trained to administer.

### Police Handing Out Drugs

On May 2, 2012, activists with Occupy Minneapolis released a documentary video called MK Occupy Minnesota. The video documents testimony from participants that police officers in Minneapolis gave them cannabis as part of a Drug Recognition Expert program.


abstract: The Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party is the highest decision-making organ of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party when the Central Committee is not convened for a plenary session.

text:
# Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The **Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party** is the highest decision-making organ of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party when the Central Committee is not convened for a plenary session.

## History

The Politburo of the Central Committee was established at the 2nd LPRP National Congress, held on 3–6 February 1972. Seven members were elected to the first Politburo, known as the 2nd Politburo. Of these seven members four concurrently served as members of the 2nd Secretariat.

Pany Yathotou became the first woman and first of Hmong ethnicity to be elected to the Politburo (she was elected in 2006 to the 8th Politburo). Women representation on the Politburo increased during the 11th term of the Central Committee, when both Yathotou and Sisay Leudetmounsone were elected to the 11th Politburo.

### Terms

| Term | Members | | | Period | | Duration |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Male | Female | Reelected | Start | End | |
| 2nd | 7 | 0 | 7 | 6 February 1972 | 30 April 1982 | 10 years, 83 days |
| 3rd | 7 | 0 | 7 | 30 April 1982 | 15 November 1986 | 4 years, 199 days |
| 4th | 13 | 0 | 8 | 15 November 1986 | 29 March 1991 | 4 years, 134 days |
| 5th | 11 | 0 | 5 | 29 March 1991 | 20 March 1996 | 4 years, 357 days |
| 6th | 9 | 0 | 8 | 20 March 1996 | 18 March 2001 | 4 years, 363 days |
| 7th | 11 | 0 | 9 | 14 March 2001 | 21 March 2006 | 5 years, 7 days |
| 8th | 10 | 1 | 8 | 21 March 2006 | 21 March 2011 | 5 years, 0 days |
| 9th | 10 | 1 | 5 | 21 March 2011 | 22 January 2016 | 4 years, 307 days |
| 10th | 10 | 1 | 9 | 22 January 2016 | 15 January 2021 | 4 years, 359 days |
| 11th | 11 | 2 |  | 15 January 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 267 days |

## Bibliography

*Books:*


title: ESER

abstract: ESER is an abbreviation for Einheitliches System Elektronischer Rechenmaschinen, a term used in the GDR for ES EVM computers produced according to a treaty between the members of Comecon signed on 23 December 1968 covering the development of a standardized computing system. ESER was also the name for computers developed by this standard. Most ESER Computers were named ЕС followed by a four digit number, e.g., EC 1055, often also called ESER. Robotron also produced minicomputers, whose names started with "K". The ESER systems were in operation in GDR and later in the new states of Germany until 1995.

text:
# ESER

**ESER** is an abbreviation for **Einheitliches System Elektronischer Rechenmaschinen** (German for *standardized system of electronic computers*), a term used in the GDR for ES EVM computers produced according to a treaty between the members of Comecon signed on 23 December 1968 covering the development of a standardized computing system.

ESER was also the name for computers developed by this standard. Most ESER Computers were named ЕС (which is Cyrillic for "ES") followed by a four digit number, e.g., EC 1055, often also called ESER (e.g., ESER 1055). Robotron also produced minicomputers, whose names started with "K" (*Kleinrechner* for "minicomputer").

The ESER systems were in operation in GDR and later in the new states of Germany until 1995.

## GDR manufacturing

* Robotron

* EC 1834, 1835 (IBM PC XT compatibles)
* EC 1040, 1055, 1055M, 1056, 1057
* EC 7927
* K 1001, 1002, 1003, K 1510, K 1520, K 1820, K 5103, K 5201, K 8913, K 8915, K 8924
* CM 1910

## Hungarian manufacturing

* EC 1010, 1011, 1012


title: Early editions of the Hebrew Bible

abstract: Jewish printers were quick to take advantages of the printing press in publishing the Hebrew Bible. While for synagogue services written scrolls were used, the printing press was very soon called into service to provide copies of the Hebrew Bible for private use. All the editions published before the Complutensian Polyglot were edited by Jews; but afterwards, and because of the increased interest excited in the Bible by the Reformation, the work was taken up by Christian scholars and printers; and the editions published by Jews after this time were largely influenced by these Christian publications. It is not possible in the present article to enumerate all the editions, whole or partial, of the Hebrew text. This account is devoted mainly to the incunabula.

text:
# Early editions of the Hebrew Bible

Jewish printers were quick to take advantages of the printing press in publishing the Hebrew Bible. While for synagogue services written scrolls were used (and still are used, as Sifrei Torah are always handwritten), the printing press was very soon called into service to provide copies of the Hebrew Bible for private use. All the editions published before the Complutensian Polyglot were edited by Jews; but afterwards, and because of the increased interest excited in the Bible by the Reformation, the work was taken up by Christian scholars and printers; and the editions published by Jews after this time were largely influenced by these Christian publications. It is not possible in the present article to enumerate all the editions, whole or partial, of the Hebrew text. This account is devoted mainly to the incunabula (many of which were used as manuscripts by Kennicott in gathering his variants).

## First Hebrew presses

The first to establish a Hebrew printing-press and to cut Hebrew type (according to Ginsburg) was Abraham ben Hayyim dei Tintori, or Dei Pinti, in 1473. He printed the first Hebrew book in 1474 (*Tur Yoreh De'ah*). In 1477 there appeared the first printed part of the Bible in an edition of 300 copies. It is not really an edition of a Biblical book, but a reprint of David Kimhi's commentary on Psalms, to which the Biblical text of each verse is added; the text being in square, the commentary in Rabbinic, characters. Each verse is divided off by a *sof-pasuk*. The first four Psalms have the vowel-points; but the difficulty of printing them seems to have been too great, and they were discontinued. The *ketib* is replaced by the *qere*; but the text is badly printed and contains many errors. The Psalms are not numbered, but simply divided, as in the manuscripts, into five books. From the type used it is conjectured that the printing was done at Bologna. The printers were Maestro Joseph, Baria, Hayyim Mordecai, and Hezekiah of Ventura. The Psalms alone seem to have been reprinted before 1480, in Rabbinic characters similar to those used in the 1477 edition; and a third time together with an index of the Psalms and the text of the *Birkat ha-Mazon*. It is supposed that these two reprints were issued at Rome.

## First edition of the Pentateuch

The first edition of the Pentateuch appeared at Bologna on January 26, 1482, with vowel-signs and accents. The rafe sign is liberally employed in the first folios, but later on is discarded. The Targum (along the side) and the commentary of Rashi (at the top and the bottom of the page) are printed with the text. The cost of publication was borne by Joseph ben Abraham Caravita. The publisher was Maestro Abraham ben Hayyim dei Tintori (Dei Pinti) of Pesaro; the corrector, Joseph Hayyim ben Aaron Strassburg, a Frenchman. According to De Rossi, the editor made use of a Spanish manuscript; but Ginsburg believes that German and Franco-German manuscripts were used. A facsimile is given by Simonsen. About the same time, and at Bologna, there appeared an edition of the Five Scrolls, with Rashi above and below the text and with the commentary of Ibn Ezra on Esther. This was followed on October 15, 1485, by an edition of the Former Prophets (without vowels), together with Kimhi's commentary, brought out at Soncino in the duchy of Milan by Joshua Solomon ben Israel Nathan Soncino. That this edition was very carefully printed is attested upon the fly-leaf. The Divine Name is printed יהוה and אלהים. In the following year the Latter Prophets appeared at the same place; though neither date nor printing-office is mentioned in the book itself. The passages in Kimhi dealing with Christianity are not omitted, as is the case in later editions. It was this same printing-house that brought out on February 23, 1488, the first complete edition of the Bible, the text provided with vowels and accents, in two columns to the page. The Pentateuch in this edition is followed by the Five Scrolls. Soncino was aided in the printing by Abraham ben Hayyim dei Tintori, mentioned above. According to De Rossi, German codices were at the basis of this edition.

## Portions of the Bible

Prior to this, portions of the Bible were printed at Naples: Proverbs, with a commentary of Immanuel ben Solomon, by Hayyim ben Isaac ha-Levi the German (1486); and in the same year (September 8) Job with the commentary of Levi ben Gerson, Lamentations with that of Joseph Kara, and the rest of the Hagiographa with Rashi. The editor of this last edition was Samuel ben Samuel Romano. This edition was completed with the Psalms (March 28, 1487) with Kimhi's commentary, edited by Joseph ben Jacob the German, and corrected by Jacob Baruch ben Judah Landau. In 1487 (June 30) an edition of the Pentateuch without commentary appeared at Faro in Portugal, upon the basis of Spanish manuscripts, in Spanish-Hebrew characters, with vowel-points—at times incorrectly applied—and with no accents. The expenses for the edition were paid by Don Samuel Gacon. The only copy known is printed on vellum.

In 1490 an edition of the Pentateuch without vowel-points or accents was published by Abraham ben Isaac ben David at Ixar (Hijar) in Spain, together with the Targum Onkelos in small square type and Rashi in Spanish-Rabbinic type; and one of the Psalms was issued at Naples (December 12), together with Proverbs and Job. Another copy of the Pentateuch seems to have been issued at Ixar between 1490 and 1495, together with the Haftarot and the Five Scrolls. It is said by De Rossi to contain the printer's mark of a lion rampant, such as is seen in the other Ixar prints. The printer was Eliezer ben Abraham Alantansi, and it is spoken of as "*elegantissima editio*". In the year 1491 two editions of the Pentateuch left the press: one at Naples (Soncino), with vowel-points and accents together with Rashi, the Five Scrolls, and the scroll of Antiochus; the other at Lisbon (July–August ), with Onkelos and Rashi. The Lisbon copy was edited by David ben Joseph ibn Yahya and Joseph Calphon. It is declared by Le Long and De Rossi, to be the most celebrated and beautiful Hebrew print of the 15th century. The elegant characters are provided with vowels and accents even in the Onkelos, and the raphe-signs are used throughout. It was published in two volumes, probably at the same press from which came the editions of Isaiah and Jeremiah with Kimhi's commentary (1492) and Proverbs with the commentary of David b. Solomon ibn Yahya (c. 1492). From another press in Portugal, at Leiria, were issued, July 25, 1492, Proverbs with Targum and the commentaries of Levi ben Gerson and Menahem Meïri (printed by Samuel d'Ortas), and in 1494 the Former Prophets with Targum and commentaries of Kimhi and Levi b. Gerson.

## Soncino Bibles

Gerson ben Moses Soncino established a printing-press also in Brescia, from which there issued a Pentateuch with the Five Scrolls and the Haftarot, January 23, 1492; a second edition of this Pentateuch, November 24, 1493; Psalms, December 16, 1493; and a complete Bible, May 24–31, 1494. This last edition is in most copies merely a reprint of the 1493 edition as regards the Pentateuch; and it is of special interest as being the one used by Luther in making his translation into German. Luther's copy is preserved in the Berlin State Library. Gerson seems to ignore most of the peculiarities of the Masoretic text as laid down; e.g., by Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adonijah.

## Polyglot Bibles

The idea seems to have originated with Origen of Alexandria (c.185-253), who drew up in parallel columns the Hebrew text, its transliteration into Greek, and various other Greek recensions in fifty scrolls or books which were then deposited in the library of Pamphilus at Cæsarea (this Hexapla was preceded by a Tetrapla). The idea was not revived until the 16th century, when the first edition of the Hebrew text by Christians appeared in the Complutensian Polyglot (printed at Alcalá de Henares, 1514–17, 6 vols.). Renouard believes that the plan originated with Aldus Manutius, who, in the preface to the Psalter of 1497, speaks of the probability of his publishing a Hebrew-Greek and Latin Bible in one. Only the first sheet, however, of this was printed. The honor of being first in the field belongs to Cardinal Ximenes; though among those who helped him were the Marranos Alfonso of Zamora and Paul Nuñez Coronel. The three columns on each page contain the Hebrew, the Septuagint, and the Vulgate. The Targum of Onkelos is added, of which Alfonso made the Latin translation. Ximenes had to cast his own Hebrew type for this work: *ḥaṭefs* are sparingly used; of the accents, only *athnaḥ* and *sof-pasuḳ*. The Masoretic divisions are discarded; and the text for the first time is arranged after the model of the Vulgate, the chapter-numbering of which is printed in the margin. By means of a letter, reference is made from each Hebrew word to its Latin equivalent; and the Hebrew roots are also placed on the margin.

The Hebrew text of the Complutensian was repeated in the Antwerp Polyglot (1568–72, 8 vols.), the editor of which was Arias Montanus, and the printer Christopher Plantin. For printing the Hebrew text Plantin used among others Daniel Bomberg's Hebrew type, which he had received from Bomberg's nephews. This Bible is known also as the *Biblia Regia*, because Philip II defrayed the expenses. In addition to the texts in the Complutensian, it contains an additional Targum and a number of tracts on lexicographical and grammatical subjects. Only 500 copies were printed, most of which were lost at sea on their way to Spain. The polyglot of Elijah Hutter (Nuremberg, 1599–1601) contains, besides the older versions, a number in modern European languages; and it is peculiar from the fact that the radical letters of the Hebrew text are printed in full characters, and the servile letters in hollow ones. A decided advance is made in the Paris Polyglot (1629–45, 10 vols.), done at the expense of Michel le Jay. Here the Complutensian and Antwerp polyglots are repeated; but there are added the Syriac and Arabic as well as the Samaritan, Hebrew, and Aramaic versions, and a Latin translation of all the versions. It is also highly prized for its typographical excellence.

### London Polyglot

Still more ambitious than the Paris was the London Polyglot edited by Brian Walton (1654–57, 6 vols., and *Lexicon Heptaglotton*, 1669, 2 vols.). The first four volumes contain the Old Testament, where, in addition to the Hebrew, the following texts are to be found: Samaritan-Hebrew, Samaritan-Aramaic, Septuagint with readings of the Codex Alexandrinus, Old Latin, Vulgate, Syriac, Arabic, Targum Onḳelos, Pseudo-Jonathan and Jerusalem Targums, Targum Jonathan and Targum of the Hagiographa, Ethiopic and Persian in varying completeness. All of these were accompanied by Latin translations. This polyglot was the second book in England to be published by subscription. It was originally dedicated to Cromwell; but as he died during the printing, it was finally dedicated to Charles II. A few copies, however, left the press before the change was made; and these are called "Republican" copies, to distinguish them from the "Royal" ones.

The polyglot of Christian Reineccius (Leipzig, 1750, 3 vols.), which contains the Hebrew (with Masoretic notes), the Greek, Latin, and Luther's German version; that of E. Hutter (Hamburg, 1599), of which only the Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, and Ruth were published; and that of S. Bagster (London, 1821), in which the Hebrew text is that of Van der Hooght, the Samaritan that of Kennicott, need no further mention. The Heidelberg or Bertram's polyglot (ex-officina Sanct-Andreana, 1586; Commeliana, 1599, 1616, 3 vols.), Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, is based on the Complutensian text. Polyglot Psalters containing the Hebrew text were published at Saint-Germain-des-Prés in 1509 and 1513 by the elder Henry Stephen, at Genoa in 1516 by Agostino Justinian, and at Cologne in 1518 by Johannes Potken. Two Jewish polyglots of the Pentateuch were issued at Constantinople in 1546 and 1547. Beside the text and the Targum the first contained translations in Persian and Arabic, the second, in Neo-Greek and Spanish. The most recent polyglots are those of Stier and Thiele (Leipsic, 1847–63; 3d ed., 1854–64) with Hebrew, Septuagint, and Vulgate, and of R. de Levante (London, 1876, 6 vols.).

## Rabbinic Bibles

Another class of Bibles, and these distinctively Jewish, are those that are known as Rabbinic Bibles, or *Miḳra'ot Gedolot*. The first of these was published at Venice 1517–18; the editor was Felix Pratensis. It contains the Pentateuch with Onḳelos and Rashi, the Former and Later Prophets with Targum Jonathan and Ḳimḥi's comments (the anti-Christian passages omitted); Psalms with Targum and Ḳimḥi; Proverbs with the commentary known as "Ḳaw we-Naḳi"; Job with the commentaries of Naḥmanides and Abraham Farrisol; the Five Scrolls with the commentary of Levi b. Gerson; Ezra and Chronicles with the commentaries of Rashi and Simon ha-Darshan. To these were added the Jerusalem Targum to the Pentateuch; Targum Sheni to Esther; the variant readings of Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali; the thirteen "articles of faith" of Maimonides; the 613 precepts according to Aaron Jacob Ḥasan; and a table of the parashiyot and Hafṭarot according to the Spanish and German rites. This edition is the first in which Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles are divided into two books, and Nehemiah is separated from Ezra. It is the first also to indicate in the margin the numbers of the chapters in Hebrew letters. The ḳeri consonants are also given in the margin.

The edition was not, however, pleasing to the Jews, perhaps because its editor was a convert to Christianity. Elijah Levita, in his "Masoret ha-Masoret," severely criticizes the Masoretic notes. This edition was replaced in 1525 by the second Bomberg text, which was edited by Jacob b. Ḥayyim of Tunis under the title . This text, more than any other, has influenced all later ones; though readings from the Complutensian and from the Soncino edition of 1488 have occasionally found their way in. It is peculiar as being the first to insert the letters פ and ס for the purpose of indicating the open and closed sections, and to designate the ḳeri by the letter ק. Here also the first attempt is made, though incompletely, to collect the Masorah, both "Magna" and "Parva." As in the best manuscripts, the larger Masorah is printed above and below the text (Hebrew and Targum in parallel columns); while the lesser Masorah is printed between the columns. Besides the elaborate introduction to the Masorah by Jacob b. Ḥayyim himself, an index to the Masorah, Ibn Ezra's introduction to the Pentateuch, Moses ha-Naḳdan's treatise on accents, the variations between the Easterns and the Westerns and between Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali, it contains the Pentateuch with Targum, Rashi, and Ibn Ezra; the Former Prophets with Rashi, Ḳimḥi, and Levi b. Gershon; Isaiah with Rashi and Ibn Ezra; Jeremiah and Ezekiel with Rashi and Ḳimḥi; the Minor Prophets with Rashi and Ibn Ezra; Psalms with Rashi and Ibn Ezra; Proverbs with Ibn Ezra, Moses Ḳimḥi, and Levi ben Gershon; Job with Ibn Ezra and Levi ben Gershon; Daniel with Ibn Ezra and Saadia; Ezra with Ibn Ezra, Moses Ḳimḥi, and Rashi; Chronicles with PseudoRashi; and the Five Scrolls with Rashi and Ibn Ezra. This Bible was reprinted, with readings inserted from the edition of Felix Pratensis (Venice, 1525–28).

The third edition of the Bomberg Rabbinic Bible (1546–48) was edited by Cornelius Adelkind. It was practically a reprint of the second, except that the commentary of Ibn Ezra on Isaiah was omitted; while that of Jacob ben Asher on the Pentateuch and that of Isaiah di Trani on Judges and Samuel were inserted. This third Bomberg edition was repeated in the fourth edition by Isaac b. Joseph Salam and Isaac ben Gershon (Treves). Part of the Masorah omitted in the third edition has here been reinserted. The fifth edition was a reprint of De Gara's (Venice, 1617–19, by Pietro Lorenzo Bragadini, and revised by Leo di Modena). It was, however, expurgated by the Inquisition. The sixth edition, by Johannes Buxtorf (Basel, 1618–19, 2 vols.), was a reprint of the 1546-48 copy. To this was added the editor's "Tiberias," a Masoretic work. The seventh Biblia Rabbinica was published at Amsterdam, 1724-28 (4 vols., fol. 1), under the title "Ḳehillot Mosheh." It contains, besides the Hebrew text, the Targum on the whole Bible; Rashi, Ibn Ezra, Levi ben Gershon, Obadiah Sforno, Jacob b. Asher, Ḣizkuni, and 'Imre No'am on the Pentateuch; David Ḳimḥi on the Prophets and the Chronicles; Isaiah di Trani on Judges and Samuel; "Keli Yaḳar" on the Former Prophets, and "Keli-Paz," by Samuel Laniado, on the Later Prophets; Meïr Arama on Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Song of Solomon; Jacob Berab on Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and some other Later Prophets; Samuel Almosnino on the Later Prophets; Isaac Gershon on Malachi; "Torat Ḥesed" by Isaac ben Solomon; Ya'bez on Psalms, Job, Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles; Joseph ibn Yaḥya on the Hagiographa; "Mizmor le-Todah," by Samuel Arepol, on Psalm cxix.; "Ḳaw we-Naḳi" on Proverbs; Menahem Meïri on Proverbs; Moses Ḳimḥi on Proverbs, Ezra, Nehemiah; Naḥmanides, Farissol, and Simon ben Zemaḥ Duran on Job; Saadia Gaon on Daniel; Yalḳut Shim'oni on Chronicles; Moses of Frankfurt's annotations, entitled "Ḳomaz Minḥah," on the Pentateuch; "Minḥah Ḳeṭannah" on the Former Prophets; "Minḥah Gedolah" on the Later Prophets, "Minḥat 'Ereb" on the Hagiographa; the introduction of Jacob b. Ḥayyim of Tunis; and the tract on the accents by Moses ha-Naḳdan.

### The Warsaw Rabbinic Bible

The latest Biblia Rabbinica, with thirty-two commentaries, is that published at Warsaw by Levensohn (1860–68, 12 vols., small fol.). It contains, besides the original Hebrew, the Targums Onḳelos and Yerushalmi on the Pentateuch, the Targum Jonathan on the Prophets, and Targums to the Hagiographa, including the Targum Sheni on Esther. Of commentaries it contains that of Rashi on the whole Bible; Aaron Pesaro's "Toledot Aharon"; Asheri's commentary and Norzi's notes on the Bible; Ibn Ezra on the Pentateuch, the Five Megillot, the Minor Prophets, the Psalms, Job, and Daniel; Moses Ḳimḥi on the Proverbs; Naḥmanides on the Pentateuch; Obadiah Sforno on the Pentateuch, the Song of Solomon, and Ecclesiastes; Elijah Wilna on the Pentateuch, Joshua, Isaiah, and Ezekiel; S. E. Lenczyz and S. Edels on the Pentateuch; J. H. Altschuler on the Prophets and Hagiographa; David Ḳimḥi on the Later Prophets; Levi ben Gershon no Joshua, Kings, Proverbs, and Job; Isaiah di Trani on Judges and Samuel; S. Oceda on Ruth and Lamentations; Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi on Esther; Saadia on Daniel. It also contains the Masorah Magna and Parva, tracts on the vowels and accents, the various readings of Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali, and the introduction of Jacob ben Ḥayyim of Tunis.

## Subsequent editions

Several editions were published at Venice by Daniel Bomberg, 1517, 1521, 1525–28. Of later editions, only a few of the more important can be mentioned here. Joseph Athias (Amsterdam, 1661) edited the text, using Buxtorf's edition and the traditional one, that had come down from Soncino (1488), with a comparison of two manuscripts. This was reprinted by Leusden in 1667. A third edition was brought out by Daniel Ernest Jablonski (Berlin, 1690), but with a comparison of all the earlier editions (other editions 1712, and, without vowels, 1711). Jablonski's, in turn, became the foundation of that of J. H. Michaelis (Halle, 1720), for which the latter compared five Erfurt manuscripts and nineteen printed editions. The Mantuan Bible of 1742–44, edited by Rafael Ḥayyim b. Abiad Shalom Basilea and Felice (Maṣliaḥ) Marini, was in a measure only a reprint of Michaelis; Raphael in his edition of the excellent text, as corrected by Norzi ("Minḥat Shai," Mantua, 1732–44), tried to unify the text and not simply to reprint the older editions.

### Van der Hooght

The basis of all the modern editions of the Bible is that of E. van der Hooght (Amsterdam and Utrecht, 1705). It is practically a reprint of the Athias-Leusden edition; but at the end it has variants taken from a number of printed editions. It has been much prized because of its excellent and clear type; but no manuscripts were used in its preparation. This text was followed, even when variants were added, by Proops, Houbigant, Simon, Kennicott, Hahn, etc. The text of D. H. Opitz (Kiel, 1709) seems to be a mixed one; three manuscripts, a number of the earlier editions, and the polyglots having been laid under contribution. But still the Van der Hooght was considered to be a sort of "textus receptus," the first edition of Max Letteris (Vienna, 1852) showing very few changes. The first Hebrew Bible in America, published by William Fry at Philadelphia in 1814, was from the text of Van der Hooght, and it was reprinted in Philadelphia by Isaac Leeser in 1849.

In 1866, Letteris produced a revised edition for a Christian missionary organization, the British and Foreign Bible Society. This revision was checked against old manuscripts and early printed editions, and has a very legible typeface. It is probably the most widely reproduced text of the Hebrew Bible in history, with many dozens of authorised reprints and many more pirated and unacknowledged ones.

This revised edition became very popular, and was widely reprinted in both Jewish circles (often accompanied by a translation on facing pages) and in Christian circles (with the addition of the New Testament).

### Editions since the 19th century

The 1901-5 Jewish Encyclopedia summarized the then state of scholarship as follows:

> No serious attempt was made to issue a text of the Bible after the best manuscripts and the Masorah until S. Baer commenced his publications with the help of Franz Delitzsch (1861 et seq.). His edition, unfortunately not completed, has become the standard. Based upon a much fuller comparison of manuscripts is the edition of the Masoretic Bible of Chr. D. Ginsburg (London, 1895), which may be considered to represent the truest Masoretic tradition. Of quite a different character is the polychrome edition of the Bible, now (1902) nearly completed, published by Paul Haupt (Leipsic and Baltimore, 1893 et seq.) with the aid of the foremost Biblical scholars. Under the title "The Sacred Books of the Old Testament," it endeavors to give a critical edition of the Hebrew text on the basis of the versions and the results of modern critical inquiry. The supposed sources are distinguished by various colors.

For editions since that time see Masoretic text#Some important editions.

## Further reading

* Moritz Steinschneider, *Cat. Bodl.* passim;
* De Wette-Schrader, *Lehrbuch der Hist.-Crit. Einleitung*, p. 217, Berlin, 1869;
* T. F. Dibdin, *Introduction to Greek and Latin Classics, Together with an Account of Polyglot Bibles, etc.*, vol. i., passim, London, 1827;
* Buhl, *Kanon und Text des A. T.* p. 82;
* B. Pick, *Hist. of Printed Editions of the O. T. in Hebraica*, ix. 47 et seq.;

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Crawford Howell Toy and Richard Gottheil (1901–1906). "Bible Editions". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

### Bibliography


title: EY Plaza

abstract: EY Plaza, formerly known as Ernst & Young Plaza, is a 534-foot tall skyscraper in Los Angeles, California. It was completed in 1985, has 41 floors and is the 18th tallest building in Los Angeles. The tower is currently owned by Brookfield Properties Inc, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. Even though it is in California, this building was placed in the New York skyline in the movie The Day After Tomorrow. Upon completion in October 1985 as Citcorp Center, it was financial giant Citicorp's California headquarters and the anchor of the Citicorp Plaza development, also including the Seventh Market Place mall.

text:
# EY Plaza

**EY Plaza**, formerly known as **Ernst & Young Plaza**, is a 534-foot (163 m) tall skyscraper in Los Angeles, California. It was completed in 1985, has 41 floors and is the 18th tallest building in Los Angeles. The tower is currently owned by Brookfield Properties Inc, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. Even though it is in California, this building was placed in the New York skyline in the movie *The Day After Tomorrow*.

Upon completion in October 1985 as Citcorp Center, it was financial giant Citicorp's California headquarters and the anchor of the Citicorp Plaza development, also including the Seventh Market Place mall.

## Tenants

34°02′57″N 118°15′40″W / 34.0492°N 118.2611°W / 34.0492; -118.2611

## InfoBox

| EY Plaza | |
| --- | --- |
| EY Plaza | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Office |
| Location | 725 South Figueroa Street, Los Angeles, California |
| Construction started | 1982 |
| Completed | 1985 |
| Opening | 1985 |
| Owner | Brookfield Properties Inc. |
| Height | |
| Roof | 534 ft (163 m) |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 41 |
| Floor area | 943,000 sq ft (87,600 m2) |
| Lifts/elevators | 20 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP |
| Structural engineer | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP |
| Main contractor | PCL Construction, Ltd. |


title: EZ-7

abstract: EZ-7 is a famous skate-spot located in Houston, Texas, USA. The EZ-7 is easily recognized by its large amount of graffiti covering the drainage ditch. As described in a 1985 article: EZ-7 is unique. It has that added concrete extension and an adjoining ditch to soak your board in. It is actually a drainage ditch located in northwestern Houston. It has been used by skateboarders since the early 1970s and has gained in popularity. Eventually a skate park, named the Watonga Skate Park was built on the adjacent property as part of Watonga Park. It is the location of the annual "Turkey Jam", which is a skateboarding jam session held during the week of Thanksgiving. It has been held annually at the EZ-7 since 1983.

text:
# EZ-7

**EZ-7** is a famous skate-spot located in Houston, Texas, USA. The EZ-7 is easily recognized by its large amount of graffiti covering the drainage ditch. As described in a 1985 article:

> EZ-7 is unique. It has that added concrete extension and an adjoining ditch to soak your board in.

It is actually a drainage ditch located in northwestern Houston. It has been used by skateboarders since the early 1970s and has gained in popularity. Eventually a skate park, named the **Watonga Skate Park** was built on the adjacent property as part of Watonga Park. It is the location of the annual "Turkey Jam", which is a skateboarding jam session held during the week of Thanksgiving. It has been held annually at the EZ-7 since 1983.


title: E (AC Transit)

abstract: The E is a bus service operated by AC Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is one of the operator's many transbay routes, which are intended to provide riders a long-distance service across the San Francisco Bay between the East Bay and San Francisco. The service is descendant of a Key System streetcar and ferry line that operated prior to the formation of AC Transit. The line is noted for its role in the development of the Claremont Hotel.

text:
# E (AC Transit)

The **E** is a bus service operated by AC Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is one of the operator's many transbay routes, which are intended to provide riders a long-distance service across the San Francisco Bay between the East Bay and San Francisco. The service is descendant of a Key System streetcar and ferry line that operated prior to the formation of AC Transit. The line is noted for its role in the development of the Claremont Hotel.

## Route description

From the outbound terminus where Caldecott Lane dead-ends at the Parkwood Community, coaches run on Caldecott Lane, which becomes Tunnel Road. After running one block on Ashby Avenue, buses turn southwest on Claremont Avenue and run until Highway 24. It then begins highway running, cross-bay on the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge before terminating at the Salesforce Transit Center.

## History

The Claremont Line was the fourth streetcar line built by the Key System. It was built to exploit real estate development in the area and to support the operation of the forthcoming Claremont Hotel, which was being built by business interests connected to Francis "Borax" Smith and the Key System. The company acquired a franchise in 1904 to operate on 55th Street, and service from the Berkeley main line to Telegraph Avenue began on August 1, 1906 — the line was operated as a shuttle with connections to ferry cars along Adeline Street. Tracks were extended down Claremont Avenue to College in September the following year, with tracks reaching the Claremont Hotel property in December. Tracks terminated between the hotel's tennis courts. Full train-ferry service to the site began on May 10, 1910, and the hotel would go on to open in 1915, giving the service a leisure-oriented destination for its outbound terminus. The line's expansion was successful in spurring development in the area.

Cars began running across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge to the Transbay Terminal upon the facility's opening in 1939. The Key System adopted letter designations for its transbay routes at this time, with the Berkeley route designated as E. Rail service ended on April 19, 1958 and the line was thereafter operated by buses.

### Public ownership

AC Transit took over operation of the Key system's assets in October 1960. In February 1961, the E Claremont's routing was changed to operate on 55th, Vicente, Ayala, Miranda, and Claremont. Motor coaches making transbay runs began operating on the Grove-Shafter Freeway in September 1969. Some rush hour trips were extended to the Parkwood Apartment complex starting December 1975.

Buses ceased serving the Transbay Terminal on August 7, 2010, and the San Francisco terminus was moved to the Temporary Transbay Terminal. The E line began serving the Salesforce Transit Center on August 12, 2018. Service ceased amid the COVID-19 pandemic, with operations suspended between April 2020 and August 2021.

### Bibliography

* — via AC Transit

## InfoBox

| E | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Loading at Ashby & Domingo, 2013 | |
| Overview | |
| Operator | Key System (1906–1960)<br>AC Transit (1960–present) |
| Began service | () |
| Route | |
| Locale | Oakland, Claremont, San Francisco |
| Start | Caldecott & Parkwood Community |
| Via | Claremont, Tunnel |
| End | Salesforce Transit Center |
| Stations | 10 |
| Timetable |  |
| Map |  |
| List of AC Transit routes | |


title: Political stability

abstract: Political stability is a situation characterized by the preservation of an intact and smoothly functioning government or political system, avoiding significant disruptions or changes over an extended duration. Political stability signifies a state of tranquility, organization, and sustained continuity within the political domain. It is marked by consistent institutions and policies, as well as a commitment to upholding the rule of law. Societies with political stability experience a decreased probability of encountering major political upheavals, civil unrest, or sudden changes in leadership. Political stability is essential for a nation's development, economic growth, and social unity. It enables long-term planning, investment, and prosperity, as businesses and citizens can rely on consistent governance and policies.

text:
# Political stability

**Political stability** is a situation characterized by the preservation of an intact and smoothly functioning government or political system, avoiding significant disruptions or changes over an extended duration. Political stability signifies a state of tranquility, organization, and sustained continuity within the political domain. It is marked by consistent institutions and policies, as well as a commitment to upholding the rule of law.

Societies with political stability experience a decreased probability of encountering major political upheavals, civil unrest, or sudden changes in leadership. Political stability is essential for a nation's development, economic growth, and social unity. It enables long-term planning, investment, and prosperity, as businesses and citizens can rely on consistent governance and policies.


title: Ealing Common Depot

abstract: Ealing Common Depot is a London Underground railway depot on the District line, located between Acton Town and Ealing Common stations in west London, England. It is one of the oldest main depots on the Underground, having been built in 1905, when the District Railway was upgraded for electric traction. All depot facilities were moved there from Lillie Bridge Depot, and it was known as Mill Hill Park Works. It subsequently became Ealing Common Works, and its status was reduced to that of a depot in 1922, when Acton Works was opened, and took over responsibility for all major overhauls. Most of the functions of Acton Works were devolved back to the depots, including Ealing Common, in 1985. Extensive remodelling of the tracks around the depot took place in the 1930s, when the route from Acton Town to Northfields was quadrupled, and the local eastbound track from South Ealing station tunnels under some of the sidings in the depot. In 1990, a heavy repair shop was built at the southern end of the depot, but this function was transferred back to Acton Works, and the building is now used for storage of artefacts for the London Transport Museum. Access to the depot by rail can be gained from both tracks at Ealing Common station, where the junction is to the south of the platforms. At the southern end of the depot, a steep incline leads down to the two eastbound platforms at Acton Town station. Road access is from the A4020 Uxbridge Road at the north end, and a service road from the A4000 Gunnersbury Lane leads to the museum depot. One of the first uses of the depot in 1905 was the storage of redundant steam locomotives, displaced by the new electric multiple units, pending disposal, and a regular steam service between Lillie Bridge and the depot operated for many years, for the transfer of stores. From 1932 a small number of Piccadilly line trains were also stored at the depot, and a small number of District line trains were stored at Northfields Depot, but this practice ended in 1964. The depot is now used for the storage of trains for the District line, and the number of trains required has steadily increased. It also carries out engineering work, and the final commissioning of the D78 Stock took place at the depot from 1979.

text:
# Ealing Common Depot

**Ealing Common Depot** is a London Underground railway depot on the District line, located between Acton Town and Ealing Common stations in west London, England. It is one of the oldest main depots on the Underground, having been built in 1905, when the District Railway was upgraded for electric traction. All depot facilities were moved there from Lillie Bridge Depot, and it was known as Mill Hill Park Works. It subsequently became Ealing Common Works, and its status was reduced to that of a depot in 1922, when Acton Works was opened, and took over responsibility for all major overhauls. Most of the functions of Acton Works were devolved back to the depots, including Ealing Common, in 1985.

Extensive remodelling of the tracks around the depot took place in the 1930s, when the route from Acton Town to Northfields was quadrupled, and the local eastbound track from South Ealing station tunnels under some of the sidings in the depot. In 1990, a heavy repair shop was built at the southern end of the depot, but this function was transferred back to Acton Works, and the building is now used for storage of artefacts for the London Transport Museum. Access to the depot by rail can be gained from both tracks at Ealing Common station, where the junction is to the south of the platforms. At the southern end of the depot, a steep incline leads down to the two eastbound platforms at Acton Town station. Road access is from the A4020 Uxbridge Road at the north end, and a service road from the A4000 Gunnersbury Lane leads to the museum depot.

One of the first uses of the depot in 1905 was the storage of redundant steam locomotives, displaced by the new electric multiple units, pending disposal, and a regular steam service between Lillie Bridge and the depot operated for many years, for the transfer of stores. From 1932 a small number of Piccadilly line trains were also stored at the depot, and a small number of District line trains were stored at Northfields Depot, but this practice ended in 1964. The depot is now used for the storage of trains for the District line, and the number of trains required has steadily increased. It also carries out engineering work, and the final commissioning of the D78 Stock took place at the depot from 1979.

## History

| Ealing Common Depot |
| --- |
|  |
| c. 2019 |
|  |

The Metropolitan District Railway opened its first section of route from South Kensington to Westminster on 24 December 1868. It was extended on 12 April 1869, when the section from Gloucester Road via Earls Court to West Brompton was opened. When they took over the running of their own trains, rather than allowing the Metropolitan Railway to provide this service, they built a depot for their new rolling stock at Lillie Bridge, to the west of Earl's Court. Further extensions to the west occurred in 1874, when the line reached Hammersmith, and in 1879, when the line to Ealing Broadway was opened, with intermediate stops at Chiswick Park, Acton Town and Ealing Common.

Motive power on the District was initially by steam locomotive, but in 1905, the tracks were electrified, and the steam locomotives were replaced by electric multiple units. At the same time, the depot facilities were moved from Lillie Bridge to a new facility at Mill Hill Park. It was called Mill Hill Park Works, and later became Ealing Common Works, a title which it retained until 1922, when Acton Works opened and took over responsibility for major overhauls. It then became Ealing Common Depot, and is the oldest of the nine main depots on the underground, pre-dating Hammersmith by a year and Golders Green by two years. Mill Hill Park was also the name of Acton Town station, prior to a reorganisation of the tracks near the depot in 1910, which created a flying junction so that there was no conflict between westbound trains moving from Acton Town towards Ealing Broadway and movements on the line to South Ealing and Northfields. The new formation was completed on 20 February 1910, and the station was renamed on 1 March.

The depot is accessible from both ends, and lies in a north-west to south-east orientation, on the north-east side of the tracks between Ealing Common and Acton Town stations. The basic layout has remained much the same since its opening, with nine stabling sidings next to the running lines, and a car shed with another 11 tracks beyond those. Access to the depot is available from both tracks to the south of Ealing Common station, while trains leaving the depot at the south-eastern end can gain direct access to the Central London-bound tracks of the District and Piccadilly lines at Acton Town. To reach the west-bound tracks, trains must use one of the reversing sidings to the east of the station.

The first electric trains to use the depot were a fleet of 420 cars of B Stock, ordered in 1903, of which 280 were built in France and 140 in England. All cars were to be delivered by 1905, but both manufacturers were late completing their orders. They were all delivered to Mill Hill Park Works, where the Sprague-Thomson-Houston electro-magnetic control equipment was fitted, and enough vehicles were ready for the first electric service to start on 13 June 1905, running between South Acton and Hounslow, while electric trains ran from Whitechapel to Ealing Broadway for the first time on 1 July. One of the cars was scrapped in 1909 after it left the depot and ran empty to Ealing Broadway. On reaching the terminal station, there was insufficient air to apply the brakes, and it hit the buffer stops, killing one of the crew. The incident led to the fitting of a control governor to all trains on the Underground, which prevented forward motion unless there was sufficient air to apply the brakes.

Major reorganisation of the tracks around the edge of the depot occurred in the 1930s. The Piccadilly line was extended from Hammersmith to South Harrow on 4 July 1932, duplicating the District line service, and reached Uxbridge in late 1933. Piccadilly line trains also ran to Northfields from 9 January 1933, and onwards to Hounslow West from 13 March, again duplicating District line services. The westbound District line track from Acton Town towards Ealing Common had been organised as a flying junction since 1910, so that trains did not conflict with movements on the line to Northfields. Quadrupling of the tracks between Acton Town and Northfields was completed on 18 December 1932, and the additional eastbound track passed under the lines to Ealing Common and under several of the sidings in the depot, to reach Acton Town station. A new depot for Piccadilly line trains was constructed beyond Northfields station, and a few District line trains were stabled there, to operate the service to Hounslow West. In addition, some Piccadilly line trains were stabled at Ealing Common. This arrangement continued until 1964, after which Ealing Common was only used for District line stock and Northfields for Piccadilly line stock.

Acton Works continued to be the centre for major overhauls on stock from all lines on the Underground until 1985, when increased intervals between overhauls, better reliability of train equipment, and the age of some of the equipment at Acton resulted in maintenance functions being devolved back to the depots on each line. A new heavy repair shop was constructed at Ealing Common and opened at the end of 1990. It was located at the Acton Town end of the depot, on the high level sidings, and was officially the Depot Engineering Support Unit (DESU), but it was short-lived, as its function was soon moved back to Acton Works. The building has since been used to store vehicles belonging to the London Transport Museum collection. In 2009 it held over 370,000 items, and included 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of environmentally controlled storage, where items are catalogued and conserved. It is not normally open to the public, but does so for occasional special events.

D Stock trains were transferred to the museum yard via Ealing Common Depot, and were then loaded onto low-loader trucks to be taken away for refurbishment. The trains were also returned to LUL this way.

In 2019, tracks to the car sheds were re-organised to facilitate the stabling of S7 Stock at the depot. Shed roads 6 and 7 were removed, and pointwork on the entry and exit tracks to the sheds was revamped.

### Rolling stock

When the depot first opened, the fleet of steam locomotives were moved there, and stored awaiting scrapping. Although passenger trains had been electrically powered since 1905, the District retained a small number of steam locomotives for shunting duties, and in 1931 bought two new 0-6-0 tank locomotives from the Hunslet Engine Company. The pair were numbered L30 and L31, and were stabled at Lillie Bridge Depot, where they were used for shunting, but also ran stores trains from there to Ealing Common regularly. A weed-killing train was stabled at the depot from 1935 until 1950. Initially, this was made up from a driving motor car and a control trailer car of B Stock, dating from 1905, which had been modified by fitting tanks and nozzles to spray the weedkiller onto the tracks. The unit was underpowered, and the trailer was replaced by a second motor car. They were used regularly until the onset of the Second World War, when killing weeds was not a priority, and were scrapped in 1950.

When some of the rolling stock on the District line was being replaced in the early 1970s, four motor cars of Q Stock were retained to act as pilot motor cars, for moving withdrawn stock to Ruislip depot for scrapping. One of the pilot motor cars, L127, ran down the slope from the depot towards Acton Town station on 10 October 1972, with nobody in it. Fortunately, there is a sand drag at the bottom of the slope, which stopped the car and prevented a serious incident. The vehicle and L126 remained in service as engineering stock until at least 1986.

Rolling stock on the District was replaced with D78 Stock from 1979. This was delivered to Ruislip depot, in a state where it was nearly ready for service, but final commissioning occurred at Ealing Common, and the vehicles could not be driven under their own power until this was done. Several displaced motor cars of CO/CP Stock were used as pilot motor cars, transferring a new train from Ruislip to Ealing Common, or a train for scrapping in the opposite direction. The pilot motor cars were used in pairs, one at each end of the train being transferred, and carried large stencils to indicate that they were not for scrapping. When these duties were completed, most of the pilot motor cars were also scrapped, but one motor car and an associated trailer car were moved from Ruislip depot to Quainton Road for preservation at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre.

In recent years, the number of trains stored at the depot in order to provide the timetabled levels of service has increased. In 1978, there were normally 24 trains, although this was increased to 26, when the Earl's Court to Kensington (Olympia) exhibition service was required. By 1993, this number had increased to 29, and had increased again to 31 by 2002.

## Geography

The depot is accessed by road through a gate at the end of Granville Gardens, which joins the main A4020 Uxbridge Road just to the east of Ealing Common station. Access to the London Transport Museum Depot and its associated yard, which is located at the south-eastern corner of the main depot, is provided by a service road called Museum Way, which turns off the A4000 Gunnersbury Lane opposite Acton Town station. The museum building and yard are linked to the main depot by rail, but access is through a locked gate, for both rail vehicles and people.

### Bibliography

* Bruce, J Graeme (1970). *Steam to Silver*. London Transport Executive. ISBN 978-0-85329-012-4.
* Bruce, J Graeme (1987). *Workhorses of the London Underground*. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-0-904711-87-5.
* Follenfant, H G (1974). *Reconstructing London's Underground*. London Transport Executive. ISBN 978-0-85329-039-1.
* Glover, John (1996). *London's Underground* (8th ed.). Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-2416-8.
* Hardy, Brian (1978). *London Underground Rolling Stock (3rd Ed.)*. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-0-904711-09-7.
* Hardy, Brian (1993). *London Underground Rolling Stock (13th Ed.)*. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-164-4.
* Hardy, Brian (2002). *London Underground Rolling Stock (15th Ed.)*. Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-263-4.
* Lee, Charles E (1966). *60 Years of the Piccadilly*. London Transport.
* Lee, Charles E (1968). *100 Years of the District*. London Transport.
* Wolmar, Christian (2004). *The Subterranean Railway*. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-84354-022-9.
* Yonge, John (2002). Jacobs, Gerald (ed.). *Railway Track Diagrams Vol 5 - England South and London Underground*. Quail Map Company. ISBN 978-1-898319-52-8.

## InfoBox

Ealing Common depot
|
|  |
|
| Location | |
| Location | Ealing, United Kingdom |
| Coordinates | 51°30′24″N 0°17′07″W / 51.5067°N 0.2852°W / 51.5067; -0.2852 |
| Characteristics | |
| Owner | London Underground |
| Type | Sub-surface stock |
| History | |
| Opened | 1905 |


title: Pope Matthew II of Alexandria

abstract: Pope Matthew (Matthias) the Second was the 90th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He became a monk in El-Muharraq Monastery and later was Coptic Pope for thirteen years. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Coptic Church on the 13th day of Thout.

text:
# Pope Matthew II of Alexandria

**Pope Matthew (Matthias) the Second** was the 90th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He became a monk in El-Muharraq Monastery and later was Coptic Pope for thirteen years. He is commemorated in the Calendar of Saints of the Coptic Church on the 13th day of Thout.

## InfoBox

| Pope
Matthew II of Alexandria | |
| --- | --- |
| Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark | |
| Papacy began | 1452 |
| Papacy ended | 23 September 1465 |
| Predecessor | John XI |
| Successor | Gabriel VI |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Egypt |
| Died | 23 September 1465
Egypt |
| Buried | Khandaq Monastery of Saint Ruwais |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Denomination | Coptic Orthodox Christian |
| Residence | Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila) |


title: Portland Cenotaph

abstract: The Portland Cenotaph is a war memorial located on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. It is situated at New Ground, looking down to Underhill of the island and overlooking Chesil Beach, as it stands in front of Portland Heights Hotel. The monument is dedicated to the local soldiers who died during both the First and Second World Wars. It has been a Grade II Listed Monument since May 1993.

text:
# Portland Cenotaph

The **Portland Cenotaph** is a war memorial located on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. It is situated at New Ground, looking down to Underhill of the island and overlooking Chesil Beach, as it stands in front of Portland Heights Hotel. The monument is dedicated to the local soldiers who died during both the First and Second World Wars. It has been a Grade II Listed Monument since May 1993.

## History

Portland sent upwards of 1000 men to fight during the Great War. In the years following World War I, the local people of Portland expressed their desire to retain the memory of those who made the supreme sacrifice. However, the communities of Underhill and Tophill continually argued that there should be two separate war memorials to honour the dead. In the end, a compromise was reached by placing the memorial where it could be seen by both communities at New Ground.

It was unveiled on 11 November 1926 by ex-Private Crispin – a local ex-soldier who had lost three brothers in the war. The featured title reads "In memory of our glorious dead 1914–1918". After World War II, those who died in the war were recorded underneath those from World War I, with the title "And of those who made the supreme sacrifice in the Second World War 1939–1945". The memorial records 237 Portland soldiers who had died in World War I and lists 108 local soldiers who died in World War II.

The memorial is the place of gathering each year for Remembrance Day, and in 2012, local newspaper Dorset Echo reported that more than 400 people gathered at the war memorial for the Portland Royal British Legion service – one of the biggest crowds ever to attend.

## HMS Sidon Memorial and Olympic Rings

Nearby to the memorial is another smaller memorial which was erected in 2005 for the men who died in the explosion of a faulty torpedo on board the submarine HMS Sidon (P259) whilst docked alongside Portland Harbour in 1955. In 2012, a sculpture of the Olympic rings, carved to celebrate the summer's sailing events at Weymouth and Portland, was placed close to the memorials. It had been in Weymouth during the games, greeting passengers at the town's railway station.

50°33′22″N 2°26′29″W / 50.5560°N 2.4414°W / 50.5560; -2.4414


title: Earth Sound Research

abstract: Earth Sound Research Corporation is a defunct American manufacturer of electric amplifiers, effects units and related equipment.

text:
# Earth Sound Research

**Earth Sound Research Corporation** is a defunct American manufacturer of electric amplifiers, effects units and related equipment.

## History

Initially branded **ISC Audio** (an abbreviation of **Instrument Systems Audio Corporation**), the company was a division of the **Benjamin Electronics Sound Company**, a marketer and distributor of high fidelity audio equipment, headquartered in Farmingdale, New York. The president and owner of Benjamin Electronics was Joseph N. Benjamin.

Commonly thought to have been founded in the early 1970s, Earth Sound Research Corporation was formally incorporated in New York on October 17, 1975. The Earth Sound Research offices were located in Brentwood, New York. On May 7, 1976, the Earth Sound Research company formally changed its name, re-incorporating in New York as Aucorp Sound, Inc.

The company was managed in 1978 by president Mark Neuman and vice-president and manager of sales Michael McGuire. Neuman had been associated with the late 1960s era Plush amplifier company prior to his tenure at Earth Sound Research.

## Product line

Earth Sound Research specialized in electric bass and guitar amplifiers in the 1970s. They also manufactured PA mixers, power amps, and stand alone solid state reverb units. The company also manufactured ESR brand distortion pedals such as the Graphic Fuzz which was based somewhat on a Craig Anderton fuzz and volume pedal.

## Collectability

Many of the Earth Sound Research amplifiers are considered rarities throughout the vintage amplification world and are collected by many vintage amplifier enthusiasts.

## Design infringement

Most of their models were either outright or close copies of then current, successful amplifiers and other audio equipment.

Early Earth Sound Research amplifiers used all tube circuitry and were assembled inside the Benjamin Electric Sound plant in Farmingdale. The company also hired subcontractors for component assembly.

Qualtrol Electronics, Inc., a third party subcontractor located in Deer Park, New York, supplied Earth Sound Research with amplifier chassis and sub-assemblies. Andy Fuchs, a former employee of Qualtrol said “I worked for Qualtrol, the subcontractor who made the Peavey Electronics clones... Qualtrol did a nice job (in my opinion) of copying the Peavey gear (for Earth Sound Research)... They (Qualtrol) cloned the circuits, which (ironically) were RCA textbook Transistor Manual circuits.”

## Reason for failure

According to Gabe Dellevigne, who has researched the Earth Sound Research brand, "Peavey was very aware that Earth had been stealing their designs and repackaging them as their own products... the demise of ESR was not caused by any form of litigation or infringement proceedings, rather, they simply folded for financial reasons as so many other short-lived instrument amplification companies have over the years.”

## InfoBox

**Earth Sound Research Corporation**
| Industry | Electronics |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1971 (1971) |
| Founder | Mark Neuman |
| Headquarters | Farmingdale, New York, U.S. |
| Products | Audio equipment |
| Owner | Joseph N. Benjamin |


title: St Eunan's Cathedral, Raphoe

abstract: St Eunan's Cathedral (, also known as Raphoe Cathedral, is one of two cathedral churches of the United Dioceses of Derry and Raphoe in the Church of Ireland. It is located in Raphoe, County Donegal and is dedicated to Saint Eunan who was abbot of Iona. The other diocesan cathedral is St Columb's Cathedral in Derry.

text:
# St Eunan's Cathedral, Raphoe

**St Eunan's Cathedral** (/ˈjnən/ *YOO-nən*, also known as Raphoe Cathedral, is one of two cathedral churches of the United Dioceses of Derry and Raphoe (united in 1834) in the Church of Ireland. It is located in Raphoe, County Donegal and is dedicated to Saint Eunan (Adomnán of Iona) (627/8 – 704) who was abbot of Iona (679–704). The other diocesan cathedral is St Columb's Cathedral in Derry.

## History

The oldest substantive part of the present building is the south-east corner, which dates back to the 12th century, although two pieces of a sculptured door lintel dating from around the 9th century are believed to be from the original monastery and church of Raphoe, as founded by St Eunan. The rest of the cathedral is a mixture of successive rebuilding and alterations dating from the 17th to late 19th centuries. The original building was cruciform in shape.

A virtual re-building of the medieval cathedral was directed by The Rt. Rev. Dr. George Montgomery from around 1605. Montgomery had been chaplain to King James I, and was nominated not only Bishop of Raphoe, but of Clogher and Derry at the same time.

After centuries of modifications and restorations, much of the current building dates from the 1730s. The entrance is by the porch under the tower built in 1738 by Bishop Forster (1716-1744).

By the 1870s, the building had again become shabby and neglected. It attracted the unfavourable criticism of many church people and ecclesiologists and one high church architect, Sir Thomas Drew, described the cathedral as "the most neglected church in the diocese though situated in the richest part of Donegal." In 1892, Drew was commissioned to begin a plan of restoration which, commenced in 1893, uncovered much of the medieval fabric while "medievalizing" the greater part of the rest of the building. This restoration, funded by the Knox family, involved partial rebuilding which also saw the transepts largely absorbed into the main line of the church, so that it has a long narrow form, and added much stained glass, and a decorative western doorway. The cathedral shares the characteristic of many medieval church buildings, where larger bodies of clergy offered more elaborate liturgies, in that the quire or chancel is longer than the nave.

Medieval features still extant include a bishop's seat (sedilla), shamrock-topped columns, a piscina and an early vestry window. There is a tall square tower at the western end.

Near the cathedral building are the remnants of a consistorial court building and a large bishop's palace.

## Burials

54°52′26″N 07°35′54″W / 54.87389°N 7.59833°W / 54.87389; -7.59833

## InfoBox

| Raphoe Cathedral | |
| --- | --- |
| St Eunan's Cathedral, Raphoe | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Denomination | Church of Ireland |
| Previous denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Website | http://cathedral.raphoe.anglican.org/ |
| Administration | |
| Province | Province of Armagh |
| Diocese | Diocese of Derry and Raphoe |
| Clergy | |
| Bishop(s) | The Right Revd. Andrew Forster |
| Dean | The Very Rev Elizabeth Fitzgerald |
| Archdeacon | The Venerable David Huss |
| Laity | |
| Organist(s) | R Goudie |


title: România Literară

abstract: România Literară is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania. In its original edition, it was founded on 1 January 1855 by Vasile Alecsandri and published in Iași until 3 December 1855, when it was suppressed. The new series appeared on 10 October 1968 as a continuation of Gazeta Literară. It is the Writers' Union of Romania's official magazine. The magazine is based in Bucharest and is published on a weekly basis.

text:
# România Literară

***România Literară*** is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania. In its original edition, it was founded on 1 January 1855 by Vasile Alecsandri and published in Iași until 3 December 1855, when it was suppressed. The new series appeared on 10 October 1968 as a continuation of *Gazeta Literară*. It is the Writers' Union of Romania's official magazine.

The magazine is based in Bucharest and is published on a weekly basis.

## Editors-in-chief


title: Benoist Aircraft

abstract: The Benoist Aircraft Company was an early manufacturer of aircraft in the United States. It was formed in 1912 in St Louis, Missouri, by Thomas W. Benoist. Over the next five years, it would build 106 aircraft, including Benoist XIVs that would be used for the first heavier-than-air airline service. The company dissolved with Tom Benoist's accidental death in 1917.

text:
# Benoist Aircraft

The **Benoist Aircraft Company** was an early manufacturer of aircraft in the United States. It was formed in 1912 in St Louis, Missouri, by Thomas W. Benoist. Over the next five years, it would build 106 aircraft, including Benoist XIVs that would be used for the first heavier-than-air airline service. The company dissolved with Tom Benoist's accidental death in 1917.

## History

In 1908 Benoist founded the Aeronautic Supply Co, the first supplier of aircraft parts. On 20 October 1911, the company's factory, along with all of its records, was destroyed by fire.

In 1913, Benoist moved production into the St. Louis Car Company factory run by E. B. Meissner. After Benoist's death, Meissner continued to build aircraft on contract to the government as the St. Louis Aircraft Corporation

Promoter Bill Pickens and Benoist's earlier business partner, publisher E. Percy Noel, sponsored the 1913 "Great Lakes Reliability Tour" to promote the new seaplanes with Benoist aircraft as the featured manufacturer. Benoist originally was going to compete with three aircraft. "The Ark of Duluth" was to be flown by Hugh Robinson, but wrecked prior to the race. Tony Jannus flew a Benoist XIV that suffered a broken propeller, and sunk while being towed to shore.

Benoist built the type XV twin-engine flying boat with hopes to market it as an anti-submarine patrol aircraft for the British government. A round-the-world publicity tour was scheduled and a merger with the Meissner's company to make a thousand examples were in the works when World War I tensions cancelled the efforts. In 1917 Benoist Aircraft moved operations to Sandusky, Ohio.

## Aircraft

| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Benoist Headless | 1910 | 1 | Single engine biplane airplane |
| 1912 Benoist | 1912 | 1 | Single engine biplane airplane |
| Benoist Land Tractor Type XII | 1912 | 5 | Single engine biplane airplane |
| Benoist XIV | 1913 | 2 | Single engine biplane flying boat |
| Benoist C | 1915 | 1 | Twin engine biplane floatplane |
| Benoist E | 1915 | 1 | Twin engine biplane floatplane |
| Benoist XV | 1915 | 1 | Twin engine biplane flying boat |
| Benoist XVII | 1916 | 1 | Single engine biplane touring airplane |
|

### Notes

### Bibliography

* Gunston, Bill (1993). *World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers*. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 44.
* aerofiles.com

## InfoBox

Benoist Aircraft Company
|
|  |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Predecessor | Aeronautic Supply Co |
| Founded | 1912 (1912) |
| Founder | Thomas W. Benoist |
| Defunct | 1917 (1917) |
| Headquarters | St Louis, Missouri, United States |
| Key people | Tony Jannus |


title: Robert Bolzon

abstract: Robert Bolzon is a former Australian rules footballer who represented the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1980s. After just the one game in 1987, Bolzon started 1988 strongly, collecting 22 disposals against St Kilda at Princess Park in round 1, however, was unable to continue this form. He played a further three games that season, before leaving the club at the end of 1988. He later played for Prahran in the Victorian Football Association, and was runner-up for the J. J. Liston Trophy in 1991 by one vote.

text:
# Robert Bolzon

**Robert Bolzon** (born 19 October 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1980s.

After just the one game in 1987, Bolzon started 1988 strongly, collecting 22 disposals against St Kilda at Princess Park in round 1, however, was unable to continue this form. He played a further three games that season, before leaving the club at the end of 1988.

He later played for Prahran in the Victorian Football Association, and was runner-up for the J. J. Liston Trophy in 1991 by one vote.

## InfoBox

| Robert Bolzon | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Robert Bolzon | | |
| Date of birth | (1967-10-19) 19 October 1967 | | |
| Original team(s) | Reservoir Colts | | |
| Height | 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Weight | 72 kg (159 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1987–1988 | Fitzroy | 5 (3) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1988. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Electoral (Amendment) Act 1983

abstract:
The Electoral (Amendment) Act 1983 was a law of Ireland which revised Dáil constituencies. It took effect on the dissolution of the 24th Dáil on 21 January 1987 and a general election for the 25th Dáil on the revised constituencies took place on 17 February 1987. It repealed the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1980, which had defined constituencies since the 1981 general election. In April 1983, the Minister for the Environment Dick Spring established an independent commission on a non-statutory basis to advise on the revision of constituencies based on the results of the 1981 census. Its members were Brian Walsh, judge of the Supreme Court, chair; Dan Turpin, secretary of the Department of the Environment; and Eamon Rayel, clerk of the Dáil. It was to take into account:
The membership of Dáil Éireann to be not less than 164 and not more than 168; Geographical considerations, in that the breaching of county boundaries should be avoided, if possible, and that larger seat constituencies should preferably be situated in areas of greater population density; other well-established characteristics in the formation of constituencies, such as clearly-defined natural features; The retention of the traditional pattern of three-seat, four-seat and five-seat constituencies and, in view of the short time which has elapsed since the last review of constituencies, the desirability of effecting the minimum changes. It delivered its report to the government on 29 July 1983. The change was minimal, with two transfers affecting four constituencies in the city of Dublin. The constituencies were also in operation for the duration of the 26th Dáil elected at the 1989 general election on 15 June 1989. It was repealed by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1990, which created a new schedule of constituencies first used at the 1992 general election for the 27th Dáil held on 25 November 1992.

text:
# Electoral (Amendment) Act 1983

The **Electoral (Amendment) Act 1983** (No. 36) was a law of Ireland which revised Dáil constituencies. It took effect on the dissolution of the 24th Dáil on 21 January 1987 and a general election for the 25th Dáil on the revised constituencies took place on 17 February 1987.

It repealed the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1980, which had defined constituencies since the 1981 general election.

In April 1983, the Minister for the Environment Dick Spring established an independent commission on a non-statutory basis to advise on the revision of constituencies based on the results of the 1981 census. Its members were Brian Walsh, judge of the Supreme Court, chair; Dan Turpin, secretary of the Department of the Environment; and Eamon Rayel, clerk of the Dáil. It was to take into account:

> The membership of Dáil Éireann to be not less than 164 and not more than 168;
>
> Geographical considerations, in that the breaching of county boundaries should be avoided, if possible, and that larger seat constituencies should preferably be situated in areas of greater population density; other well-established characteristics in the formation of constituencies, such as clearly-defined natural features;
>
> The retention of the traditional pattern of three-seat, four-seat and five-seat constituencies and, in view of the short time which has elapsed since the last review of constituencies, the desirability of effecting the minimum changes.

It delivered its report to the government on 29 July 1983. The change was minimal, with two transfers affecting four constituencies in the city of Dublin.

The constituencies were also in operation for the duration of the 26th Dáil elected at the 1989 general election on 15 June 1989.

It was repealed by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1990, which created a new schedule of constituencies first used at the 1992 general election for the 27th Dáil held on 25 November 1992.

## Constituencies

| Constituency | Seats |
| --- | --- |
| Carlow–Kilkenny | 5 |
| Cavan–Monaghan | 5 |
| Clare | 4 |
| Cork East | 4 |
| Cork North-Central | 5 |
| Cork North-West | 3 |
| Cork South-Central | 5 |
| Cork South-West | 3 |
| Donegal North-East | 3 |
| Donegal South-West | 3 |
| Dublin Central | 5 |
| Dublin North | 3 |
| Dublin North-Central | 4 |
| Dublin North-East | 4 |
| Dublin North-West | 4 |
| Dublin South | 5 |
| Dublin South-Central | 5 |
| Dublin South-East | 4 |
| Dublin South-West | 4 |
| Dublin West | 5 |
| Dún Laoghaire | 5 |
| Galway East | 3 |
| Galway West | 5 |
| Kerry North | 3 |
| Kerry South | 3 |
| Kildare | 5 |
| Laoighis–Offaly | 5 |
| Limerick East | 5 |
| Limerick West | 3 |
| Longford–Westmeath | 4 |
| Louth | 4 |
| Mayo East | 3 |
| Mayo West | 3 |
| Meath | 5 |
| Roscommon | 3 |
| Sligo–Leitrim | 4 |
| Tipperary North | 3 |
| Tipperary South | 4 |
| Waterford | 4 |
| Wexford | 5 |
| Wicklow | 4 |
| Total | 166 |

## InfoBox

| Electoral (Amendment) Act 1983 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Oireachtas | |
| **Long title** * AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS OF DÁIL ÉIREANN AND FOR THE REVISION OF CONSTITUENCIES AND TO AMEND THE LAW RELATING TO THE ELECTION OF SUCH MEMBERS | |
| Citation | No. 36 of 1983 |
| Signed | 14 December 1983 |
| Commenced | 14 December 1983 & 21 January 1987 |
| Repealed | 5 November 1992 |
| Legislative history | |
| Bill citation | No. 32 of 1983 |
| Introduced by | Minister for the Environment (Dick Spring) |
| Introduced | 15 November 1983 |
| Repeals | |
| Electoral (Amendment) Act 1980 | |
| Repealed by | |
| Electoral (Amendment) Act 1990 | |
| **Status:** Repealed | |


title: Blondshell (album)

abstract: Blondshell is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Blondshell, released on April 7, 2023 via Partisan Records. Having previously garnered attention as a pop artist under the name BAUM, the album sees Blondshell embrace a darker alternative rock sound inspired by artists of the 1990s. Upon release, Blondshell received critical acclaim, and was included in several publications' lists of the best albums of 2023.

text:
# Blondshell (album)

***Blondshell*** is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Blondshell, released on April 7, 2023 via Partisan Records. Having previously garnered attention as a pop artist under the name BAUM, the album sees Blondshell embrace a darker alternative rock sound inspired by artists of the 1990s. Upon release, *Blondshell* received critical acclaim, and was included in several publications' lists of the best albums of 2023.

## Background and composition

Prior to Blondshell, Sabrina Teitelbaum was an alternative pop artist under the name Baum, drawing attention with the EP *Ungodly* in 2018. However, she had felt increasingly unhappy with her artistic direction as Baum, later saying, "It always felt weird to me. I never loved the name and I never felt fully confident in the music." Despite completing a second EP with producer Yves Rothman (Yves Tumor, Sunflower Bean, Girlpool), Teitelbaum told Rothman in early 2020 that she no longer wished to put out the record. In response, Rothman asked to hear what else she had been working on, and upon hearing her acoustic demo of the song "Olympus", encouraged her to write more music in that vein, believing it was more authentic to her. Friends of Teitelbaum similarly encouraged this new musical direction.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Teitelbaum, recently sober from drugs and alcohol, wrote music while quarantined in her East Los Angeles apartment. She wrote mostly by herself during this period, a departure from the professional songwriters she had worked with as Baum, and initially approached the new music as "diary songs nobody's gonna hear". The album was recorded with Rothman in and around Los Angeles.

## Musical style, composition, and themes

The music of *Blondshell* has been characterized as alternative rock, indie rock, grunge, and Britpop. The album was predominantly influenced by Hole's 1994 album *Live Through This*, as well as by Kathleen Hanna, PJ Harvey, Patti Smith, Mitski, The Cure, Interpol, and Butch Vig's production on The Smashing Pumpkins's *Siamese Dream*.

"Olympus", the first Blondshell song Teitelbaum wrote, has been described as "downtempo and bluesy" and sounding like "a long-lost cut from the *Empire Records* soundtrack". "Kiss City" draws on stadium rock and lounge music while echoing '90s artists like Liz Phair and Belly. "Salad" was inspired by Hole's "Doll Parts" and Nirvana's "You Know You're Right"; *The Guardian* described it as "wig-blowing goth-rock somewhere between the Cranberries’ angst and Depeche Mode’s shiny edges". "Doll Parts" also inspired "Sepsis", described as a grunge-pop and slacker pop song. "Joiner", reminiscent of Courtney Barnett, was influenced by Britpop artists like The Verve, Pulp, Suede, and Blur (who Teitelbaum said "channeled dark subject matter, drugs, and all this dirty stuff, but with a fun acoustic guitar under it"), as well as punk band The Replacements; *Rolling Stone* compared the song to a darker version of Blur's "Coffee & TV".

Lyrically, the album explores themes of heartbreak, anger, toxic relationship dynamics, queerness, addiction and substance abuse, social anxiety, and teenage media consumption. While writing the album, Teitelbaum read books including Clare Sestanovich's *Objects of Desire* and Rebecca Solnit's *Recollections of My Non-Existence*, as well as the writing of Patti Smith and Rachel Cusk, and listened to "a bunch of songs \[that\] had women being enraged". She also drew on her own long-repressed anger over various personal struggles and frustration at feeling unable to express that anger as a woman. Teitelbaum told *Dazed*, "Typically women are given permission to be sad but there's a lot of shame that gets attached to expressing anger."

## Release

The album's rollout began in June 2022 with the single release of "Olympus", premiered via *Nylon*. A second single, "Kiss City", was released the following month, reaching over 900,000 Spotify streams and garnering praise from *Rolling Stone* and *The New York Times*; she simultaneously announced July and September tour dates with Horsegirl and Porridge Radio. The singles "Sepsis" and "Veronica Mars" were released in August and December respectively. During the latter month, Teitelbaum performed at New York's Mercury Lounge and signed to Partisan Records, who had become aware of her via SoundCloud.

While touring with actress/singer Suki Waterhouse in January 2023, Teitelbaum released her first single on Partisan, "Joiner". The Suki Waterhouse tour included stops at the El Rey and Fonda theatres in Los Angeles and at South by Southwest; the latter saw Blondshell perform at *Spin*'s Five Worlds party at SXSW, sponsored by Diageo, alongside Urban Heat and Chulita Vinyl Club.

Blondshell's self-titled debut album was announced for an April 7, 2023 release via Partisan. Teitelbaum also announced a UK tour for May 2023. Ahead of the album's release, *BrooklynVegan* listed her among their "15 Artists to Watch in 2023". On March 31, she debuted the album's sixth single, "Salad", on *The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon*, with the song being officially released on April 5.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 84/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *Clash* | 9/10 |
| *DIY* |  |
| *Dork* |  |
| *Exclaim!* | 8/10 |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 9/10 |
| *Loud and Quiet* | 6/10 |
| *Mojo* |  |
| *NME* |  |
| *Under the Radar* | 8/10 |

*Blondshell* received largely positive reviews upon release. The album holds a score of 84 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic, based on 10 critics' reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Thomas Smith of *NME* wrote, "Urgent, funny and fearless, the LA artist's debut album sees her imbue her rage with wit and fierce ambition", and called *Blondshell* "one of the alternative rock albums of the year, and one to treasure tightly for quite some time". Jamie Muir of *Dork* magazine called the album "stunning in its history, all-engulfing in its glorious hooks and ripping turns. *Blondshell* is the alternative arrival that 2023 has been waiting for." Caleb Campbell of *The Line of Best Fit* wrote that the album was "the sound of an artist finally getting to let loose and say the things that have stayed locked up inside for too long" and "an exciting introduction to a talented songwriter and a thoroughly rewarding debut." For *The Guardian*, Laura Snapes wrote that the album "gets at the futility of the revenge fantasy as no substitute for healing. But *Blondshell*, rich with bitter experience and untrammelled honesty, offers a robust shelter where listeners might start to find it." Sahar Ghadirian of *Clash* magazine praised the album's "sharp lyricism" and called it "a euphoric alt-rock record" and "a bold body of work, exciting and unfiltered". Ian Gormley of *Exclaim!* wrote that the album was "the kind of record that will infect your life, to paraphrase "Sepsis," one of the record's standouts. I, for one, am down to let it kill me." *Mojo* magazine's James McNair wrote, "Now 25 and treading Nirvana/Hole-influenced terrain better suited to the bleed and luster of these uncensored songs of self-empowerment, \[Teitelbaum\] has found her perfect skin." Reviewing of the album for AllMusic, Marcy Donelson made some favorable comparisons: "The hooky, distortion-injected results fit in alongside such candid, snarling contemporaries as Snail Mail and Indigo De Souza while differentiating themselves with a rare sense of humor -- especially rare given topics like romantic and substance addiction."

In more mixed reviews, Tom Morgan of *Loud and Quiet* gave the album a 6/10 score, praising the "intelligent, pathos-laden songwriting approach" but noting that "the ’90s alt-rock approach never really grabs you by the collar like her lyrics." James Hickey of *DIY* magazine wrote that "in its weaker moments, \[the album\] betrays a new artist trying to make songs with big choruses and relatable lyrics but falling short on both. It's when Blondshell isn't reaching so hard for something else that her vulnerability and grit shine through. If she can unearth that voice, whatever follows next will be remarkable."

### Accolades

*Alternative Press* included the album in their June 23 list of the "25 Best Albums of 2023 So Far", calling it "a record lifted straight from the golden heyday of ’90s alt-rock, when explosive guitars, throat-catching lyrics, and the desire to be the next Nirvana dominated the culture".

*Blondshell* on year-end lists
| Publication | List | Rank | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Alternative Press* | 50 best albums of 2023 | N/A |  |
| *BrooklynVegan* | Top 55 Albums of 2023 | 30 |  |
| *Consequence* | The 50 Best Albums of 2023 | 32 |  |
| *Crack* | The Top 50 Albums of the Year | 35 |  |
| *Dork* | Top 50 Albums of 2023 | 5 |  |
| *God Is in the TV* | Albums of the Year 2023 | 9 |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | Albums of the Year 2023 | 9 |  |
| *Los Angeles Times* | The 20 Best Albums of 2023 | 8 |  |
| *Magnet* | Top 25 Albums of 2023 | 2 |  |
| *NME* | Best Albums of 2023 | 22 |  |
| *PopMatters* | The 80 Best Albums of 2023 | 24 |  |
| *The Ringer* | The 27 Best Albums of 2023 | 27 |  |
| *Rolling Stone* | The 100 Best Albums of 2023 | 11 |  |
| *Under the Radar* | Top 100 Albums of 2023 | 20 |  |

## Commercial performance

The album reached No. 88 on *Billboard*'s Top Current Album Sales chart, selling 1,000 copies in the week of April 13 according to Luminate.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Blondshell (Sabrina Teitelbaum), except where noted.

*Blondshell* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Veronica Mars" |  | 1:57 |
| 2. | "Kiss City" |  | 2:23 |
| 3. | "Olympus" | * Teitelbaum * Louis Bartolini * Solomon Fox * Elijah Fox | 3:36 |
| 4. | "Salad" |  | 4:34 |
| 5. | "Sepsis" | * Teitelbaum * Yves Rothman | 3:46 |
| 6. | "Sober Together" |  | 4:02 |
| 7. | "Joiner" |  | 3:59 |
| 8. | "Tarmac" |  | 3:47 |
| 9. | "Dangerous" |  | 4:38 |
| Total length: | | | 32:47 |

Deluxe edition
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10. | "It Wasn’t Love" |  | 3:11 |
| 11. | "Street Rat" |  | 3:30 |
| 12. | "Cartoon Earthquake" |  | 3:25 |
| 13. | "Kiss City (Home Demo)" |  | 2:25 |
| 14. | "Tarmac 2" |  | 3:40 |
| Total length: | | | 49:00 |

## Personnel

## Charts

Chart performance for *Blondshell*
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Current Album Sales (*Billboard*) | 88 |

## InfoBox

| Blondshell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Blondshell | |
| Released | April 7, 2023 (2023-04-07) |
| Studio | * Sunset Sound (Hollywood, California) * Saturn Sound (Hollywood, California) |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 32:47 |
| Label | Partisan |
| Producer | Yves Rothman |
| Blondshell chronology | |
| *Ungodly*
(2018) ***Blondshell***
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Blondshell* | |
| 1. "Olympus"
Released: June 8, 2022 2. "Kiss City"
Released: July 20, 2022 3. "Sepsis"
Released: August 18, 2022 4. "Veronica Mars"
Released: December 6, 2022 5. "Joiner"
Released: January 24, 2023 6. "Salad"
Released: April 5, 2023 | |
|  | |