title: Edward Littleton (died 1610)

abstract: Sir Edward Littleton was a Staffordshire landowner, politician and rebel from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family. A supporter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, he was the victim of a notorious electoral fraud in 1597 and a participant in the Essex Rebellion, although he escaped with his life. In the reign of James I he was elected a member of the parliament of England.

text:
# Edward Littleton (died 1610)

**Sir Edward Littleton** (ca. 1555  1610) was a Staffordshire landowner, politician and rebel from the extended Littleton/Lyttelton family. A supporter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, he was the victim of a notorious electoral fraud in 1597 and a participant in the Essex Rebellion, although he escaped with his life. In the reign of James I he was elected a member of the parliament of England.

## Background

Littleton's father was Edward Littleton (died 1574) of Pillaton Hall, near Penkridge. His mother was **Alice Cockayne** (1535–1602), the daughter of Francis Cockayne of Ashbourne Hall, Derbyshire.

The Littletons had been based at Pillaton since the early years of the century. Littleton's grandfather, Sir Edward Littleton, had skilfully and aggressively expanded the estates of his family during the turbulent years of the English Reformation and had represented Staffordshire in five parliaments. His father had consolidated the family's holdings but had been content mainly to live the life of a country gentleman.

## Landowner

Littleton succeeded to the family estates in 1574, on the death of his father. He had married Margaret Devereux only recently, the marriage settlement dated 23 March 1573. Littleton inherited 16,000 acres in the Penkridge area and another 600 elsewhere in Staffordshire, 1,400 acres in Warwickshire, 900 acres in Shropshire and 940 acres in Worcestershire. His mother survived until 1602 and her jointure, a third of the estate, was, he later claimed, a major drain on his wealth, as was the property held in tail by his siblings. His mother's jointure was certainly large: it included all of the Warwickshire and Shropshire estates, as well as lands in Staffordhire. However, the death of his father-in-law, Sir William Devereux, in 1579 probably eased matters considerably, as Devereux left considerable legacies to his daughters. Certainly Littleton was sufficiently prominent and wealthy to serve two terms as High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1581 and 1593. His subsidy assessment rose from only £5 in 1576 to £20 in 1590 and he could afford to settle an allowance of £100 on his eldest son, also Edward, at his marriage in 1599. By any standards, he was actually a large and wealthy landowner, of considerable regional importance.

Whatever the calls on his wealth, Littleton was able to find the money to make strategic investments when the opportunity arose. One of the most important sources of the Littletons' wealth were the leases they held, particularly that on the lands of the former college of St. Michael, Penkridge. Littleton's grandfather had taken out an 80-year lease on the lands of the deanery in 1543 – four years before the collegiate church was turned into a local parish church by the dissolution of chantries in 1547. The reversion was held briefly by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland during his period of power in the reign of Edward VI, but it returned to the Crown after his execution under Mary I in 1553. In 1581 the college, "with all its rights, members, lands, tithes, and appurtenances" was sold by the Crown to a pair of speculators: Edmund Downynge, a former MP with close Exchequer links, and Peter Aysheton. The sale of reversions and monopolies were essential forms of patronage exercised by the Crown in Elizabeth's reign, giving the government a stream of revenue outside parliamentary control. In 1583 the estate was sold to John Morley, another MP involved in the Exchequer, and a Thomas Crompton – probably the Thomas Crompton (died 1609) who was a London businessman and academic and had family land at Stafford. In 1585 Edward Littleton was able to buy the college property from John Morley, Elizabeth his wife, and Thomas Crompton. This land, described as the liberty of the deanery in 1598 and later as the deanery manor, was part of the Littleton estates until at least the 19th century. With it came many of the rights and duties of the college itself, including the jurisdiction of the royal peculiar. This gave the Littletons advowson of the church and kept the parish out of the Diocese of Lichfield until 1858.

Many of the Littleton's estates were still held by feudal land tenure. The fundamental bond of feudal society, the fief in return for military service, was obsolete, but the Littletons still paid 16 shillings a year to their overlord, Baron Paget, for Pillaton manor.

## Political career

### The Paget connection

In the decade following his succession, Littleton seems to have been in the political camp of his overlord, Thomas Paget, 3rd Baron Paget, a prominent Catholic nobleman. However, in the 1580s Lord Paget, together with his brother Charles took refuge in France under the protection of the Catholic League. They were implicated in the Babington Plot, a conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth I. Lord Paget was attainted, losing all his estates, and took refuge in Spain.

Littleton had supported Paget locally but had never sympathised with his religious views and seems not to have been harmed by Paget's demise. Amias Paulet, unimpeachably puritan and the gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots, regarded Littleton as one of the few trustworthy Staffordshire gentry and described him as "a very honest religious gentleman".

### The Devereux faction in Staffordshire

From the late 1580s, Edward Littleton and most of his relatives were closely allied to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. Even while Essex was at university, Edward Littleton, looking to the future had presented a horse to him. Edward Littleton's wife, Margaret Devereux, was a cousin of the earl. Essex regarded Staffordshire as his own county and power base. Essex's main seat, Chartley Castle, was in Staffordshire, between the county town of Stafford and Uttoxeter, and Littleton's brother, James, managed it for him. Essex was Staffordshire's senior civic official, the Custos Rotulorum, for several years. His mother Lettice Knollys lived at Drayton Bassett with her third husband, Sir Christopher Blount. Knollys became godmother to Edward Littleton's daughter Laetitia or Lettice.

Essex is still often portrayed primarily as a suitor of the ageing Queen Elizabeth Other historians prefer to see his career as both part of and contributory factor in a revival of factional politics in Elizabeth's court and administration after a relatively collegial period in the 1570s and 1580s. The primary causes of this were the unsettled question of the succession to Elizabeth's throne and the often-related foreign policy and military issues of the period. After the death of his step-father, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, in 1588, Essex emerged as the new figurehead for most of his main causes: moderately puritan but aggressively anti-Spanish.

A group of Staffordshire landowners formed a local Essex faction – mainly members of the Littleton, Bagot, Chetwynd, Trew and Aston families. However, the alliance was not confined to the Littletons of Pillaton, who were a cadet branch of the family. The Worcestershire Lytteltons (as their version of the name is generally spelt) were also closely involved with Essex, although they were motivated equally strongly by a detestation of Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley, his and their main enemy in the region. In the 1590s Gilbert Lyttelton was conducting a bitter dispute with Dudley over Prestwood, a small estate near Kinver. This sometimes degenerated into raiding and street skirmishes. Essex was considered a Puritan sympathiser, and the Staffordshire Littletons decidedly Protestant, while their Worcestershire cousins leaned toward Catholicism, but local interests overcame ideological differences.

In the 1590s Edward Littleton's duties to Essex included promoting his cause in parliamentary elections. The county seats had been controlled by the Harcourt family of Ellenhall and Ranton Abbey, part of a group of Catholic sympathisers that included for a time the Astons. With the death of Simon Harcourt in 1577, their grip slackened, and into the power vacuum moved the Dudleys. Edward Sutton took a seat in 1584 while still only 17 years of age. He did not stand in 1586, after he succeeded to his father's barony. From this point, however, Essex began to take a real interest. The members elected in 1588, Walter Harcourt and Thomas Gerard, were both in 1591 recruited into the army Essex led to aid Henry IV of France and knighted by Essex at Rouen.

### The 1593 election

Attempts by Essex to dictate the course of the 1593 election proved demoralising, partly because of the insistent tone of his instructions to Sir Edward Littleton, Sir Edward Aston and Richard Bagot, his agents on the ground. On 2 January 1593 Essex wrote urging them to secure the election of his step-father Christopher Blount. A week later he wrote again, this time asking them to support Gerard as second member. He added in a postscript:

"I should think my credit little in my own country, if it should not afford so small a matter as this, especially the men being so fit."

However, Sir William Harcourt had also given notice of his intention to stand for election, and he too could be counted a supporter of Essex. Then Gerard accepted a nomination in his native Lancashire, putting his weight behind Harcourt. However, Essex did not revise his instructions, leaving Bagot and Littleton, who were afraid of offending their patron, perplexed as how to proceed. As Essex had made this a test of authority, were they to pursue his express wishes, or were they to secure the best result for him? Littleton wrote to Bagot in exasperation:

"If Sir Thomas release us (as by his letter it seemeth he hath) and willeth that those procured for him should give their voices for Sir Walter Harcourt, and he would accept of it as to himself, I know not what more is to be required at our hands."

Blount and Harcourt were duly elected for Staffordshire, despite the confusion, while Gerard was returned as one of the Lancashire members.

### The 1597 election scandal

The 1597 election ended in a simple, transparent fraud that deprived Littleton of the seat. This time the election turned into a direct contest between the Devereux faction and the Dudleys, probably encouraged by Essex's absence on the abortive Islands Voyage. Lord Dudley promoted his own brother, John, as candidate for a county seat. Essex had left written instructions to return Blount: it is possible, but not certain, that he left similar instructions relating to Littleton, who also stood for election. Littleton's candidature merely provoked the Dudleys, who were at the height of their dispute with his Worcestershire kinsmen: Lord Dudley had recently been fined for his riotous conduct by the Star Chamber. John Dudley, alias Sutton, was approaching 28 years old, inexperienced in public affairs, and not a property holder – hence technically disqualified. However, the Dudleys had the immense advantage of a sympathetic returning officer: the Sheriff, Thomas Whorwood of Compton Hallows (near Kinver), John Dudley's father-in-law, at whose home he resided throughout the election.

The Dudley faction began with a vigorous canvass, trying to persuade the freeholders not to divide their 2 votes but to vote solely for Sutton. It was later alleged that Whorwood, a Catholic sympathiser, improved their chances by drafting in at least five recusants from the county gaol and allowing even their wives to raise their voices in favour of Sutton, while Dudley brought in at least a hundred voters, most of them not qualified. About 800 voters came to Stafford for the election on 6 October and Whorwood rallied the Dudley supporters on one side of the market square. The vote was by voices and it immediately became apparent that Blount and Littleton were the most popular candidates, at least 200 ahead of Sutton. To confirm the result, Littleton demanded a poll. Whorwood started it but was warned off by Lord Dudley, who promised to protect him from the consequences. He then went off for dinner. The election indenture had been written out earlier by one of Whorwood's servants, leaving the names of the successful candidates blank. They were filled in later in order of precedence: Sutton and Blount.

Littleton filed a complaint to the Star Chamber against Dudley, Whorwood and Sutton. Dudley was called before the Privy Council twice in the next year, probably on this matter, although it is likely that Littleton dropped the case against the Dudleys and proceeded with Whorwood's. The feuding continued outside court, with two Worcestershire Littletons indicted by the Council in July 1598 for attacking John Sutton. The outcome of Littleton's Star Chamber action is not known. The parliament was wound up in very quickly, in February 1598, so Littleton was never able to sit as an MP, and the Dudleys were protected by parliamentary privilege until it was over.

### The Essex rebellion

After disgracing himself over the Irish war, Essex found himself largely excluded from influence by the Queen's close advisers – particularly Cecil. He decided on a coup d'état, planned for 8 February 1601, intending to resolve the succession issue in favour of James VI of Scotland. Sir Edward Littleton was accused of being part of the armed group that prepared for the coup, and that was forced to act prematurely when the plot was discovered. The Essex Rebellion turned into a fiasco, with the earl's supporters marching ineffectively through London. The plotters were soon rounded up. By 12 February, with the action over, Littleton was included on a list of known conspirators, along with his kinsman John, son of Gilbert, and one of those indicted for fighting the Dudleys in Worcestershire.

Littleton's part in the events seems to have been particularly farcical, whichever version of events one accepts. An intelligence report to Cecil, headed "An information concerning some gentlemen in Staffordshire, frequenters to the Earl of Essex," portrays Littleton as a key figure in the conspiracy. It claims that, on the day of the rising, Littleton walked with Essex and Sir Christopher Blount, with his sword drawn, until they reached the River Thames. They had been turned away from St Paul's Cathedral by Richard Bancroft, the Bishop of London. Allegedly, Littleton was accompanied by his brother James, who looked after Chartley Castle for Essex. However, he was then arrested by a sergeant of the City of London – not for rebellion, but because of a bad debt. After settling the debt, Edward and James then allegedly set off to rejoin the insurgents, who had returned to Essex's House, getting as far as Temple Bar. The report sought to incriminate Edward Littleton further by accusing him of distributing arms in the countryside on the pretext of aiding the English forces in Ireland, and of plotting while at Blount's home in Drayton Bassett. His brother-in-law, John Lane of Bentley Hall is also mentioned as a companion of Littleton who regularly visits Essex's House. Other Staffordshire notables implicated in the same report are William Skeffington, a justice of the peace, and William Paget, the decidedly Protestant heir to the attainted Catholic Thomas Paget, 3rd Baron Paget. It is possible that the anonymous informant was Sir Gilbert Wakering, who was pursuing property disputes against Littleton in Staffordshire.

Littleton's own version, as told on 18 February to John Popham (Lord Chief Justice) and Edward Coke, the Attorney General, had features in common but was incompatible. He claimed that he had visited Essex House only to hear a sermon. Finding there was none, he left and then encountered the Lord Chief Justice, with whom he conversed briefly. Shortly afterwards, he was arrested for debt, but was released by arrangement Mrs Vernon, his sister. He and James then set off for Blackfriars in search of a sermon. They were overtaken by Essex and his armed demonstration and forced to go along with it for fear of death. As soon as they heard that Thomas Gerard, a former ally of Essex, had proscribed the earl and his supporters, the Littletons got away and took refuge in a wool draper's shop near St Paul's. Sir Edward explained that he failed to report to the authorities on the following day, as instructed, because he was tired and lame. His only reason for visiting Drayton Bassett had been that he had a daughter working in the service of Lettice Knollys, whom he liked to see about once every six weeks.

After his interrogation, Littleton's case was processed quickly: it seems that Sir Walter Raleigh was asked to expedite the cases of the Littletons, with a degree of success. By 26 February Edward's name had been added to a list of those "fit to be forborne from being indicted, but yet to be fined", with the proviso that he was "to be delivered upon good bonds." In June Sir Edward again appeared on a list, this time of those to be fined, although it was not yet decided to which of her faithful servants the Queen would grant the fine, specified as £400. He wrote to Cecil, asking for easy terms:

"As I have great cause to bemoan the bitterness of my fortune so ignorantly and suddenly to be thrown into so disloyal an action, so do I acknowledge her Majesty' commiseration and your Honour's in the fine imposed upon me, accounting the same not as a compensation for my offence (having learned of your Honour that between loyalty and disloyalty there is no pecuniary proportion) but as a remembrance to posterity of her Majesty's mercy. Far be it from me to seek any further mitigation, yet humbly crave I pardon to unfold my estate which may move your Lordships to give me some convenient 'stalment. My living is divided into three parts, of which my mother has one, my brethren and sisters another, and the third, which amounteth not to two hundred pounds per annum, must suffice for the maintenance of myself and thirteen children. The more time I have by instalment, the better I shall be able to satisfy the fine. —London, this 13 June 1601."

Essex himself and Christopher Blount, his step-father and Staffordshire MP, were executed, together with other leaders. John Littleton was accused of storing arms at Prestwood, indicted, escaped execution, but died in prison in July. Edward Littlewood was lucky to escape with his life, although he lost his position on the Staffordshire bench, as well as facing a steep fine. His mother's death in 1602 must have improved his financial position, and he was restored to the bench in June of that year. This makes it likely that his explanations were considered at least plausible and that the more lurid accusations against him were discredited.

### Member of Parliament

With the accession of James I in 1603, the political turbulence of Elizabeth's last years was forgotten. Among those who benefited most from James's accession were William Paget, 4th Baron Paget, Protestant scion of the formerly Catholic dynasty, and Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, both of whom were promised restoration of their family lands and titles. Another beneficiary was Thomas Gerard, a former Essex supporter, who was soon elevated to the peerage. In the Staffordshire election of March 1604, even before these improvements in their situation were formally ratified, the powerful aristocratic families reasserted themselves.

The Devereux faction, essentially the Puritan minority among the local gentry, were able to reorganise and to pursue a coherent policy, informed by previous mistakes. In order not to split the vote, they put up only one candidate, Edward Littleton of Pillaton. They conceded the other seat to the Paget faction. Paget's nominee was Sir Robert Stanford of Perry Hall, Staffordshire. A Protestant head of a Catholic family, like Paget himself, Stanford was widely acceptable to the recusant gentry and to the much larger number of conforming Catholics. The Catholic basis of Stanford's nomination was recognised by Littleton, who later commented: "the common speech is that the assembly at Stafford on Thursday was rather to choose a pope then a knight for the Parliament because they were all of that tribe." Walter Bagot, the sheriff, was informed by his legal adviser that "if Sir Edward Littleton and Sir Robert Stanford carry off the election \[it\] will be well enough liked of and is least trouble."

However, the informal plan for a balanced ticket of Littleton and Stanford ran into the enmity of Sir Walter Harcourt, an Essex supporter who had sat for the county twice. Formerly a good friend, Harcourt was deeply in debt and had convinced himself that Littleton was conspiring with his creditors. He launched a campaign of disruption, including an attempt to get Littleton outlawed. Bagot kept Littleton fully informed of Harcourt's manoeuvres. He interceded unsuccessfully with Harcourt to desist and subsequently he was forced to drop his suits by increasing debts. Littleton thanked Bagot by sending him two horses – clearly a favourite Littleton touch. As a result, he was returned unopposed alongside Stanford, probably on 15 March.

Littleton was made a member of eight committees. One of these handled the restoration of the earls of Essex, Southampton and Arundel, all executed after the Essex rebellion. In April he was also appointed to a conference with the House of Lords about a proposed Union with Scotland. He served at the trinity quarter sessions in Stafford during June and then went back to Parliament, where he was appointed to a committee on poaching.

However, after a vigorous start, Littleton's involvement in parliamentary work quickly tailed off. He is not mentioned in parliamentary records after 1604. This may be due partly to involvement in his property disputes. He was fined by the Star Chamber in 1609 for disturbances during his feud with Wakering. However, faltering health was another likely factor.

The parliament lasted for seven years, outliving both Stanford and Littleton. Stanford was replaced by Sir John Egerton on his death in 1607. In 1610 the local magnates sent a certificate to Parliament averring that Littleton was dying. A by-election was ordered on 19 October. On 15 November, Francis Trentham was elected to replace Litteton as knight of the shire for Staffordshire.

## Death

Sir Edward Littleton died on 17 December 1610. He was interred at the church of St Michael and All Angels in Penkridge on the following day. Subsequently, a large and imposing tomb was built for himself and for his wife, Margaret Devereux, who survived until 1627.

Margaret Devereux proved his will on 14 February 1611.

## Marriage and family

Edward Littleton married **Margaret Devereux**. She was the daughter of Sir William Devereux of Merevale Hall, Warwickshire, and Jane Scudamore. Sir William's father was Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford, who was the great-grandfather of the Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. Hence Essex was Margaret Devereux's first cousin once removed. *Devereux* was used by the Littletons for several generations as a given name for younger sons.

Littleton and Margaret had 14 children, many of whom did not survive childhood. The fifth child, and third son, Edward Littleton, succeeded him in his estates. All of the children, six sons and eight daughters, were represented on the front of their tomb in St. Michael's church, Penkridge, which also bears the effigies of the successor Edward and his wife, Mary Fisher, on an upper tier.


title: C. Shivappa

abstract: C. Shivappa is a former Judge, jurist and legal scholar who majorly presided over the Criminal and Writ rosters at the High Courts of Madras and Karnataka, during his tenure as a judge. He was instrumental in significantly bringing down the crime rates in the state of Tamil Nadu during the years of 1994 to 1999. He is most notably remembered for his courageous judgement which sentenced the then Chief Minister of the state of Tamil Nadu to jail for charges of multiple corruption cases and scams. As a practicing senior counsel, he had handled several high profile politically sensitive cases against powerful ministers of the Cabinet in the state of Karnataka. One of the most noteworthy being the 'Murder of Advocate M.A. Rasheed' where Cabinet Minister Jalappa was directly involved as the accused. Justice Shivappa has adorned almost all the offices at the Bar. He was appointed as a Government Advocate at the age of 30. Subsequently he was appointed the Public Prosecutor for the Government of Karnataka as he started practice in Criminal Law. In 1985 he was appointed as Special Counsel to the CBI and later as the Central Government Senior Standing Counsel, where he dealt with cases relating to Excise and Duty. He was appointed as the Advocate General of Karnataka in 1989 and held office for two consecutive terms. In 1991, he was appointed as the Judge of the High Court of Karnataka and was transferred to the High Court of Madras in 1994.

text:
# C. Shivappa

**C. Shivappa** is a former Judge, jurist and legal scholar who majorly presided over the Criminal and Writ rosters at the High Courts of Madras and Karnataka, during his tenure as a judge. He was instrumental in significantly bringing down the crime rates in the state of Tamil Nadu during the years of 1994 to 1999.

He is most notably remembered for his courageous judgement which sentenced the then Chief Minister of the state of Tamil Nadu to jail for charges of multiple corruption cases and scams. As a practicing senior counsel, he had handled several high profile politically sensitive cases against powerful ministers of the Cabinet in the state of Karnataka. One of the most noteworthy being the 'Murder of Advocate M.A. Rasheed' where Cabinet Minister Jalappa was directly involved as the accused.

Justice Shivappa has adorned almost all the offices at the Bar. He was appointed as a Government Advocate at the age of 30. Subsequently he was appointed the Public Prosecutor for the Government of Karnataka as he started practice in Criminal Law. In 1985 he was appointed as Special Counsel to the CBI and later as the Central Government Senior Standing Counsel, where he dealt with cases relating to Excise and Duty. He was appointed as the Advocate General of Karnataka in 1989 and held office for two consecutive terms. In 1991, he was appointed as the Judge of the High Court of Karnataka and was transferred to the High Court of Madras in 1994.

## Early life and background

Justice C. Shivappa was born on 11 December 1938, in Chitnahalli village, Pandavpura Taluk, Mandya, Karnataka. He hails from a wealthy and influential family of landlords and agriculturalists. He completed his primary education in a government school in the holy town of Melukote, whereas his higher education was done in Mysore. Justice Shivappa completed his legal education and obtained his law degree, as well as a master's degree from Sarada Vilas Law College, Mysore.

## Career at the Bar

Justice Shivappa enrolled in the Bar on 30.10.1963 and started his initial practice at the District Court of Mandya. He later expanded his practice to Mysore and subsequently to Bangalore. He joined the Chambers of Shri B. Venkataswamy, who went on to become a Judge of the High Court of Karnataka. He was appointed as the Government Advocate for the State at the age of 30, making him one of the youngest advocates to hold that position. As he developed a keener taste towards criminal litigation, he specialized in cross-examination and prosecution. He was made the Public Prosecutor for the State in 1980. As a lawyer, he enjoyed an elite clientele of famous politicians and industrialists, such as Rajeev Gandhi, S. Bangarappa, Buta Singh, and Hari Khoday.

In 1989 he was appointed as the Advocate General for the State of Karnataka during the Government of S. Bangarappa. He served two consecutive terms and was succeeded by Shri. B.V. Acharya. He was elevated as a Judge of the Karnataka High Court on 05.08. 1991.

## Career at the bench

Justice C. Shivappa served as a Judge of the High Court of Karnataka for a period of three years, after which he was transferred to the High Court of Madras along with three other senior judges, namely Justice Shivraj V. Patil, Justice G.C. Gupta and Justice T.J. Chouta.

As a Judge of the Madras High Court, Justice Shivappa mainly presided over the Criminal roster. He was well known for his honesty, integrity, and strict discipline. The members of the Bar referred to him as 'the Terror of the Court', owing to his strict demeanor. He is most famously recognized for his judgement regarding the Cauvery Water Dispute between the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, as well as his judgement convicting a very powerful political figure of Tamil Nadu for multiple corruption and scam cases.

Justice Shivappa, however had to resign from the post of Acting Chief Justice due to the political vendetta of the then ruling party of Tamil Nadu. Issues were fabricated by the Union Law Minister regarding the Date of Birth of the Judge, and he was asked to step down, while he was hearing the politically sensitive case of the Chief Minister.

## Post retirement

Upon retirement, Justice Shivappa has retreated back to his village, where he has built a beautiful temple and ashram dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is called 'Shri Shivashaila', a temple complex which is built in a beautiful estate which expanses to over 100 acres. It is a serene environment with a river (Lokapavani) running across the property. The objective behind building the temple was to create a holistic environment where people from all walks of life could come and spend time amidst nature and spiritually awaken themselves.

He has established an educational trust which empowers and encourages rural children to take up education. The temple trust also runs a Sanskrit Gurukul which trains young children and professes Vedic culture.

## InfoBox

| Justice C. Shivappa | |
| --- | --- |
| Justice C. Shivappa | |
|  | |
| Judge of the Madras High Court | |
| **In office**
28-04-1994  26-10-1999 | |
| Judge of the Karnataka High Court | |
| **In office**
05-08-1991  28-04-1994 | |
| Advocate General of Karnataka | |
| **In office**
10-05-1989  04-08-1991 | |
| Nominated by | Ramaswamy Venkataraman |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Queen's Scarf

abstract: The Queen's Scarf was awarded to British and colonial soldiers for bravery during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Eight scarves were personally crocheted by Queen Victoria, with assistance from Princess Mary, Duchess of Cornwall, and presented to soldiers. Each was approximately 152 centimetres long, 23 centimetres wide, made of khaki-coloured Berlin wool, and bore the Queen's royal cypher, VRI, at one end. The Earl Roberts wrote on 1 March 1902 that "his Lordship desires to place on record that in April 1900, Her Late Majesty Queen Victoria was graciously pleased to send him four woollen scarves worked by herself, for distribution to the four most distinguished private soldiers in the Colonial Forces of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, then serving under his command. The selection for these gifts of honour was made by the officers commanding the contingents concerned, it being understood that gallant conduct in the field was to be considered the primary qualification".

text:
# Queen's Scarf

The **Queen's Scarf** was awarded to British and colonial soldiers for bravery during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Eight scarves were personally crocheted by Queen Victoria, with assistance from Princess Mary, Duchess of Cornwall, and presented to soldiers. Each was approximately 152 centimetres (five feet) long, 23 centimetres (nine inches) wide, made of khaki-coloured Berlin wool, and bore the Queen's royal cypher, *VRI*, at one end.

The Earl Roberts wrote on 1 March 1902 that "his Lordship desires to place on record that in April 1900, Her Late Majesty Queen Victoria was graciously pleased to send him four woollen scarves worked by herself, for distribution to the four most distinguished private soldiers in the Colonial Forces of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, then serving under his command. The selection for these gifts of honour was made by the officers commanding the contingents concerned, it being understood that gallant conduct in the field was to be considered the primary qualification".

## Status

There was some speculation that the award of the Queen's Scarf was equivalent to that of the Victoria Cross. The New Zealand government asked that the title be used in the Army List, but permission to do so was denied by the Secretary of State for War in 1902. *The Illustrated London News* in 1956 called it "the world's rarest award for valour". In 1956, a relative of one of the holders asked to attend the centenary celebrations for the VC, but was told that the scarf was not equal in status to the cross.

## Recipients

| Country | Name | Regiment | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | Colour Sergeant FF Ferrett DCM | Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) | Battle of Colenso |
| United Kingdom | Colour Sergeant F Kingsley DCM | 2nd West Yorkshire Regiment |  |
| United Kingdom | Colour Sergeant H Clay DCM | 2nd East Surrey Regiment | Wounded at Colenso and at Vaalkrantz |
| United Kingdom | Sergeant W Colclough | 2nd Devonshire Regiment |  |
| Australia | Private A Du Frayer | New South Wales Mounted Infantry | Rescued a dismounted comrade under heavy fire on April 11, 1900 |
| Canada | Private RR Thompson | The Royal Canadian Regiment | Went to the aid of wounded comrades at Paardeberg on 18 and 27 February 1900 |
| New Zealand | Trooper Henry Coutts | 1st New Zealand Contingent | Rescued a wounded comrade caught in an ambush at Sanna's Post on 31 March 1900 |
| South Africa | Trooper Leonard Chadwick | Roberts' Horse |  |


title: Orthomiella

abstract: Orthomiella is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm and Yunnan in the Palearctic realm.

text:
# Orthomiella

***Orthomiella*** is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are found in the Indomalayan realm and Yunnan in the Palearctic realm.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Orthomiella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Orthomiella rantaizana* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Subfamily: | Polyommatinae |
| Tribe: | Polyommatini |
| Genus: | *Orthomiella*<br>de Nicéville, 1890 |
|


title: Brooke Adams (actress)

abstract: Brooke Adams is an American actress, best known for her film roles in Days of Heaven (1978), Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) and The Dead Zone (1983).

text:
# Brooke Adams (actress)

**Brooke Adams** (born February 8, 1949) is an American actress, best known for her film roles in *Days of Heaven* (1978), *Invasion of the Body Snatchers* (1978) and *The Dead Zone* (1983).

## Early life

Adams was born on February 8, 1949, in New York City, to Rosalind (née Gould), an actress, and Robert K. Adams, who was a producer, actor, and former vice president of CBS, as well as an unverified descendant of presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Her sister is actress Lynne Adams. She attended the High School of Performing Arts and the School of American Ballet, and in her youth took dance classes at her aunt's studio in Montague, Michigan.

## Career

After playing roles in television and low-budget films such as *Shock Waves*, Adams appeared in *Days of Heaven* (1978) and the remake of *Invasion of the Body Snatchers* (1978), for which she was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Actress. She has also starred in the films *Cuba* (1979), *The Dead Zone* (1983), *Key Exchange* (1985) and *Gas Food Lodging* (1992), the latter earning her a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.

In 2002, she appeared in the romantic comedy *Made-Up*, which was written by her sister Lynne Adams and directed by her husband Tony Shalhoub. Adams also appeared in the films *At Last* and *The Legend of Lucy Keyes* (both 2005), starred on Broadway in *The Cherry Orchard*, *Lend Me a Tenor*, Wendy Wasserstein's *The Heidi Chronicles* (1990), and guest-starred in *Monk,* the series starring her husband, appearing in five different episodes, playing four different roles, and appearing once more in its TV movie *Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie*. She also guest starred with him in an episode of *Wings* several years before.

## Personal life

Adams has been married to actor Tony Shalhoub since 1992. They have two daughters, both of whom were adopted.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1971 | *Murders in the Rue Morgue* | Nurse (uncredited) |  |
| 1974 | *The Great Gatsby* | Party Guest (uncredited) |  |
| 1974 | *The Lords of Flatbush* | (uncredited) |  |
| 1976 | *Car Wash* | Terry | Scenes deleted |
| 1977 | *Shock Waves* | Rose |  |
| 1978 | *Days of Heaven* | Abby |  |
| 1978 | *Invasion of the Body Snatchers* | Elizabeth Driscoll | Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress |
| 1978 | *The First Great Train Robbery* | (uncredited) |  |
| 1979 | *A Man, a Woman and a Bank* | Stacey Bishop |  |
| 1979 | *Cuba* | Alexandra Lopez de Pulido |  |
| 1980 | *Tell Me a Riddle* | Jeannie |  |
| 1983 | *Utilities* | Marion Edwards |  |
| 1983 | *The Dead Zone* | Sarah Bracknell |  |
| 1984 | *Vengeance Is Mine* | Jo | Alternate title: *Haunted* |
| 1984 | *Terror in the Aisles* | Elizabeth Driscoll | Archive footage |
| 1985 | *Almost You* | Erica Boyer |  |
| 1985 | *The Stuff* | Special guest star in Stuff commercial |  |
| 1985 | *Key Exchange* | Lisa |  |
| 1987 | *Man on Fire* | Jane |  |
| 1991 | *The Unborn* | Virginia Marshall | Nominated—Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actress |
| 1992 | *Gas Food Lodging* | Nora Evans | Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female |
| 1995 | *The Baby-Sitters Club* | Elizabeth Thomas Brewer |  |
| 2002 | *Made-Up* | Elizabeth James Tivey | Also producer |
| 2003 | *Party Animals* | Celeb Mother | Short film |
| 2004 | *At Last* | Carol Singleton |  |
| 2006 | *The Legend of Lucy Keyes* | Samantha Porter |  |
| 2008 | *The Accidental Husband* | Carolyn |  |
| 2009 | *Gary's Walk* | Marcia |  |
| 2017 | *Breakable You* | Ruth Frank |  |
| 2018 | *Snapshots* | Patty | Nominated—Nice International Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 2019 | *Hamlet 360: Thy Father's Spirit* | Gertrude | Video |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1963 | *East Side/West Side* | Marky Morgan | Episode: "My Child on Monday Morning" |
| 1965 | *O.K. Crackerby!* | Cynthia Crackerby | 14 episodes |
| 1974 | *F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles'* | Kitty Preston | TV movie |
| 1975 | *Who Is the Black Dahlia?* | Diane Fowler | TV movie |
| 1975 | *Song of the Succubus* | Olive Deems / Gloria Chambers | TV movie |
| 1975 | *Black Bart* | Jennifer | TV short |
| 1975 | *Murder on Flight 502* | Vera Franklin | TV movie |
| 1976 | *Police Woman* | Angela | Episode: "Angela" |
| 1976 | *James Dean* | Beverly | TV movie |
| 1976 | *The Bob Newhart Show* | Mitzi Margolis | Episode: "The Boy Next Door" |
| 1976 | *Kojak* | Julie Winston | Episode: "Dead Again" |
| 1977 | *Family* | Lizzie | Episode: "Acts of Love: Part 1"
Episode: "Acts of Love: Part 2" |
| 1977 | *Nero Wolfe* | Sarah Dacos | TV movie broadcast 1979 |
| 1978 | *Family* | Lizzie | Episode: "Echoes of Love" |
| 1983 | *Great Performances* | Julia Newell | Episode: "The Innocents Abroad" |
| 1984 | *Lace* | Jennifer 'Pagan' Trelawney | TV movie |
| 1984 | *Special People* | Diane Dupuy | TV movie |
| 1984 | *American Playhouse* |  | Episode: "Haunted" |
| 1985 | *Lace II* | Pagan Tralone | TV miniseries |
| 1986 | *American Playhouse* | Julia Newell | Episode: "The Innocents Abroad" |
| 1987 | *Paul Reiser Out on a Whim* |  | TV movie |
| 1987 | *The Lion of Africa* | Grace Danet | TV movie |
| 1988 | *Moonlighting* | Terri Knowles | 3 episodes |
| 1989 | *Bridesmaids* | Patricia | TV movie |
| 1991 | *Sometimes They Come Back* | Sally Norman | TV movie |
| 1991 | *thirtysomething* | Bree Ann Pratt | Episode: "Melissa in Wonderland" |
| 1993 | *The Last Hit* | Anna | TV movie |
| 1994 | *Picture Windows* | Angie Varnas | Episode: "Song of Songs" |
| 1994 | *Probable Cause* |  | TV movie |
| 1994 | *Touched by an Angel* | Susana | Episode: "An Unexpected Snow" |
| 1995 | *Frasier* | Marilyn (voice) | Episode: "Kisses Sweeter Than Wine" |
| 1996 | *Wings* | Mary | Episode: "All About Christmas Eve" |
| 1997 | *Gun* | Joyce | Episode: "Father John" |
| 2002 | *Monk* | Leigh Harrison | Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Airplane" |
| 2005 | *Monk* | Mrs. Abigail Carlyle | Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Kid" |
| 2007 | *Monk* | Sheriff Margie Butterfield | Episode: "Mr. Monk Visits a Farm" |
| 2008 | *Monk* | Leigh Harrison | Episode: "Mr. Monk's 100th Case" |
| 2008 | *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit* | Margo | Episode: "PTSD" |
| 2009 | *Monk* | Edith Capriani | Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Badge" |
| 2012 | *Hemingway & Gellhorn* | Madrid woman | TV movie |
| 2016 | *BrainDead* | Senator Diane Vaynerchuk | Recurring role, 5 episodes |
| 2023 | *Mr. Monk's Last Case: A Monk Movie* | Beth | TV movie |

## InfoBox

| Brooke Adams | |
| --- | --- |
| Brooke Adams from a publicity photo for *The Daughters of Joshua Cabe Return*, 1975 | |
| Born | (1949-02-08) February 8, 1949
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1963–present |
| Spouse | Tony Shalhoub (m. 1992) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Lynne Adams (sister) |


title: John Wilson (Tasmania cricketer)

abstract: John Wilson was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class match for Tasmania in 1889.

text:
# John Wilson (Tasmania cricketer)

**John Wilson** (27 November 1868  24 July 1906) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class match for Tasmania in 1889.

## InfoBox

John Wilson
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1868-11-27)27 November 1868
Westbury, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 24 July 1906(1906-07-24) (aged 37)
Launceston, Tasmania, Australia |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1889 | Tasmania |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 14 January 2016 | |


title: Primary (film)

abstract: Primary is a 1960 American direct cinema documentary film about the 1960 Democratic Party primary election in Wisconsin between John F. Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey, part of their quest to be chosen as the United States Democratic Party's candidate for President of the United States in the general election.

text:
# Primary (film)

***Primary*** is a 1960 American direct cinema documentary film about the 1960 Democratic Party primary election in Wisconsin between John F. Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey, part of their quest to be chosen as the United States Democratic Party's candidate for President of the United States in the general election.

## Production

Produced by Robert Drew and shot by Richard Leacock, D. A. Pennebaker, Terence Macartney-Filgate, and Albert Maysles, the film was a breakthrough in documentary film style. Most importantly, through the use of mobile cameras and lighter sound equipment, the filmmakers were able to follow the candidates as they wound their way through cheering crowds, cram with them into cars and crowded hotel rooms, and hover around their faces as they awaited polling results. This resulted in a greater intimacy than was possible with the older, more classical techniques of documentary filmmaking, and it established what has since become the standard style of video reporting.

## Legacy

In 1990, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The Academy Film Archive preserved *Primary* in 1998. The film's importance in the evolution of documentary filmmaking was explored in the film *Cinéma Vérité: Defining the Moment*.

## InfoBox

| Primary | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of DVD release | |
| Written by | Robert Drew |
| Produced by | Robert Drew |
| Starring | John F. Kennedy
Hubert Humphrey
Joseph Julian (narrator) |
| Cinematography | Richard Leacock
D. A. Pennebaker
Terence Macartney-Filgate
Albert Maysles |
| Edited by | Robert Drew
Richard Leacock
D. A. Pennebaker
Terence Macartney-Filgate
Robert Farren |
| Distributed by | Time Life Television |
| Release date | * 1960 (1960) |
| Running time | 60 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Edward St. John Neale

abstract: Edward St. John Neale (1812–1866) was a British Lieutenant-Colonel and Diplomat who was active in Asia in the 1860s. He was the Chargé d'affaires of Great Britain in Japan in 1862–1863. Neale, who had been stationed in Beijing from 1860 as Secretary of the Legation following the settlement of the Second Opium War, was transferred to Japan in March 1862, when Rutherford Alcock went home on leave. Alcock returned to Japan in 1864.

text:
# Edward St. John Neale

**Edward St. John Neale** (1812–1866) was a British Lieutenant-Colonel and Diplomat who was active in Asia in the 1860s. He was the Chargé d'affaires of Great Britain in Japan in 1862–1863. Neale, who had been stationed in Beijing from 1860 as Secretary of the Legation following the settlement of the Second Opium War, was transferred to Japan in March 1862, when Rutherford Alcock went home on leave. Alcock returned to Japan in 1864 (to be replaced by Sir Harry Parkes as British Minister in Japan in 1865).

## Actions in Japan

Following the murder of Charles Lennox Richardson in September 1862, Neale exercised great caution in his response to the Japanese authorities, earning the furious opprobrium of the Western community in Yokohama, who called for immediate retribution. He was eventually vindicated by the British Government and appointed CB in 1863 for his coolness. In March 1863, the Emperor of Japan issued the Order to expel barbarians, which led Neale to issue an ultimatum to the Japanese government, which was on the brink of starting a war with foreign powers in order to return to the isolation policy. Neale was extremely vocal when the Bakufu, under pressure from the Emperor, was finally forced to issue a declaration promulgating the end of relations with foreigners. The order was forwarded to foreign legations by Ogasawara Zusho no Kami on 24 June 1863. Lieutenant-Colonel Neale, responded in very strong terms, equating the move with a declaration of war:

> "It is, in fact, a declaration of war by Japan itself against the whole of the Treaty Powers, and the consequences of which, if not at once arrested, it will have to expiate by the severest and most merited chastisement"
>
> Edward Neale, 24 June 1863.

A few days later, on 2 July 1863, Colonel Neale led the negotiations for the reparations following the 1862 Namamugi incident, in which foreigners were attacked and one killed by a party from Satsuma, The failure of Satsuma to apologize and pay for reparations led to the Bombardment of Kagoshima by the Royal Navy in August 1863, in which Neale participated on board the flagship *Euralyus*.

## Modern appraisal

Neale received a mixed but ultimately complimentary review in the 2004 book by Cortazzi on the relations between Japan and Great Britain:

> "My impression is that he was a conscientious man who gave almost all his attention to his work. His courage, moral and physical... ,cannot be doubted. He was something of a martinet (understandable in view of his military background), had a short fuse, was often impatient and used language which was sometimes intemperate. His self-justificatory references in his despatches to his alone having prevented a war suggest that he felt rather lonely and isolated. This was not unjustified. He was probably not outstandingly intelligent, but he had common sense and his actions were usually restrained and cautious. He had no previous knowledge of Japan and did not know the language, thus often probably failing to realise all the complexities of translating from Japanese, with its tendency to use vague expressions, via Dutch into English. His subordinates had not yet had the time either to master the language or the political situation. His reports are not examples of the best diplomatic style, but at least they are more to the point, clearer and brief than the effusions of Rutherford Alcock. In the circumstances his judgments were relatively sound."
>
> *Hugh Cortazzi*

* Cranmer-Byng, J. L. (1962) *The old British Legation at Peking, 1860–1959*
* Polak, Christian. (2001). *Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950).* Tokyo: *Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon*, Hachette Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).
* \__________. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代) *Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai).* Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. ISBN 978-4-573-06210-8; OCLC 50875162
* Rennie, David Field, *The British Arms in North China and Japan*, Originally published 1864. Facsimile by Adamant Media Corporation (2005), ISBN 1-4021-8184-1
* Sir Ernest Satow (1921), *A Diplomat in Japan*, Stone Bridge Classics, ISBN 978-1-933330-16-7
* Denney, John. *Respect and Consideration: Britain in Japan 1853–1868 and beyond*. Radiance Press (2011). ISBN 978-0-9568798-0-6

* Sir Hugh Cortazzi (2003) "The British Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863" The Asiatic Society of Japan


title: Etia

abstract: Etia nguti is a species of cichlid fish endemic to Cameroon in Central Africa where it is only known from the Nguti River, a tributary of the Cross-Manyu River. This species can reach up to 13.3 centimetres (5.2 in) in standard length. It is the only member of its genus and tribe.

text:
# Etia

***Etia nguti*** is a species of cichlid fish endemic to Cameroon in Central Africa where it is only known from the Nguti River (Ehumbve river), a tributary of the Cross-Manyu River. This species can reach up to 13.3 centimetres (5.2 in) in standard length. It is the only member of its genus and tribe.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the village Nguti in Southwestern Cameroon where the majority of the type series was collected. The generic name "Etia" in the indigenous Mbo language spoken in Nguti means "located in", 'Etia Nguti' literally means "located in Nguti."

## InfoBox

| *Etia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cichliformes |
| Family: | Cichlidae |
| Subfamily: | Pseudocrenilabrinae |
| Tribe: | Etiini
Dunz & Schliewen, 2013 |
| Genus: | *Etia*
Schliewen & Stiassny, 2003 |
| Species: | ***E. nguti*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Etia nguti***
Schliewen & Stiassny, 2003 | |
|


title: Ernest Borneman

abstract: Ernst Wilhelm Julius Bornemann, also known by his self-chosen anglicisation Ernest Borneman, was a German crime writer, filmmaker, anthropologist, ethnomusicologist, psychoanalyst, sexologist, communist agitator, jazz musician and critic.

text:
# Ernest Borneman

**Ernst Wilhelm Julius Bornemann** (12 April 1915  4 June 1995), also known by his self-chosen anglicisation **Ernest Borneman**, was a German crime writer, filmmaker, anthropologist, ethnomusicologist, psychoanalyst, sexologist, communist agitator, jazz musician and critic.

## Bibliography

### Novels

* *The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor* (1937) (as **Cameron McCabe**); London : Picador Classic, 2016 (with an introduction by Jonathan Coe), ISBN 978-1-5098-2981-1
* *Tremolo* (1938)
* *Face the Music* (1954)
* *Tomorrow Is Now* (1959)
* *The Compromisers* (1961)
* *The Man Who Loved Women* (aka *Landscape with Nudes*) (1968)

### Screenplays

### Jazz writings

* "Swing Music. An Encyclopaedia of Jazz" (unpublished typescript, 580pp., 1940)
* *A Critic Looks at Jazz* (1946; collected criticism from his column in the jazz periodical *The Record Changer*, "An Anthropologist Looks at Jazz"; the only jazz book ever published by Borneman)
* "The Roots of Jazz", in Nat Hentoff and Albert J. McCarthy, eds., *Jazz* (New York: Rinehart, 1959)

### Non-fiction

* *Lexikon der Liebe und Erotik* (1968)
* *Psychoanalyse des Geldes. Eine kritische Untersuchung psychoanalytischer Geldtheorien* (1973)
* *Studien zu Befreiung des Kindes*, 3 vols. (1973)
* *Der obszöne Wortschatz der DeutschenSex im Volksmund* (1974)
* *Das Patriarchat. Ursprung und Zukunft unseres Gesellschaftssystems* (1975)
* *Die Ur-Szene. Eine Selbstanalyse* (autobiographical, 1977)
* *Reifungsphasen der Kindheit. Sexuelle Entwicklungspsychologie* (1981)
* *Die Welt der Erwachsenen in den verbotenen Reimen deutschsprachiger Stadtkinder* (1982)
* *Rot-weiß-rote Herzen. Das Liebes-, Ehe- und Geschlechtsleben der Alpenrepublik* (1984)
* *Das Geschlechtsleben des Kindes. Beiträge zur Kinderanalyse und Sexualpädologie* (1985)
* *Die neue Eifersucht. Starke Männer zeigen Schwäche: Sie werden eifersüchtig* (1986)
* *Ullstein Enzyklopädie der Sexualität* (1990)
* *Sexuelle Marktwirtschaft. Vom Waren- und Geschlechtsverkehr in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft* (1992)
* *Die Zukunft der Liebe* (2001) (his last book)

Borneman was also a scriptwriter for the British TV series *The Adventures of Aggie* (1956) about the adventures of a fashion designer on international assignments.

Borneman directed the 20 minute Canadian documentary *Northland* (1942) and also the 15 minute documentary written by Leslie McFarlane, *Target - Berlin* (*Objectif Berlin*) (1944).

## Further reading

* "Afterword". In: Cameron McCabe: *The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor* (Gregg Press: Boston, Mass., 1981) (includes the tapescript of a long interview with Borneman conducted in 1979 by Reinhold Aman, the editor of the scholarly U.S. periodical *Maledicta*; reprinted in the 1986 Penguin edition of the novel)
* *Ein lüderliches Leben. Portrait eines Unangepaßten*, ed. Sigrid Standow (2001).


title: The Crossing (Cardoso memoir)

abstract: The Crossing is a memoir by East Timorese writer Luís Cardoso. It is based on the author's experience as a child and young man in Timor, before the Indonesian invasion, and his life as an exile in Portugal during the Indonesian occupation. According to Claudiany Pereira, it helps found in literature the imagination of a new nation

text:
# The Crossing (Cardoso memoir)

***The Crossing*** is a memoir by East Timorese writer Luís Cardoso. It is based on the author's experience as a child and young man in Timor, before the Indonesian invasion, and his life as an exile in Portugal during the Indonesian occupation. According to Claudiany Pereira, it helps found in literature the imagination of a new nation

1. Claudiany Pereira. "Luís Cardoso e a vivência da diáspora: nota sobre a literatura de Timor-Leste" in *Língua e Literatura* 12:3 (2006), available at: http://www.fw.uri.br/publicacoes/linguaeliteratura/artigos/n12\_3.pdf


title: St Mary's Church, Sturminster Newton

abstract: St Mary's Church is a Church of England Parish Church in Sturminster Newton, Dorset. The present church dates from a rebuild in 1486 by the abbots of Glastonbury. The church was heavily modified in the 19th century, but the carved wagon roof remains. The church is designated as Grade I by Historic England The church is notable for having stained glass windows by Mary Lowndes and Harry Clarke.

text:
# St Mary's Church, Sturminster Newton

**St Mary's Church** is a Church of England Parish Church in Sturminster Newton, Dorset. The present church dates from a rebuild in 1486 by the abbots of Glastonbury. The church was heavily modified in the 19th century, but the carved wagon roof remains.

The church is designated as Grade I by Historic England

The church is notable for having stained glass windows by Mary Lowndes and Harry Clarke.

## InfoBox

| St Mary's Church | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 50°55′28″N 2°18′11″W / 50.9244°N 2.3030°W / 50.9244; -2.3030 | |
| OS grid reference | ST7880213925 |
| Location | Sturminster Newton |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Website | stmaryssturminsternewton.org.uk |
| History | |
| Status | Active |
| Dedication | St Mary |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Parish church |
| Heritage designation | Grade I listed |
| Designated | 04 October 1960 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Salisbury |


title: Uroproctus

abstract: Uroproctus is a monotypic genus of Thelyphonid whip scorpions, first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1894. Its single species, Uroproctus assamensis is distributed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India and Nepal.

text:
# Uroproctus

***Uroproctus*** is a monotypic genus of Thelyphonid whip scorpions, first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1894. Its single species, ***Uroproctus* *assamensis*** is distributed in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India and Nepal.

## InfoBox

| *Uroproctus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Uropygi |
| Family: | Thelyphonidae |
| Genus: | *Uroproctus*
Pocock, 1894 |
| Species: | ***U. assamensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Uroproctus assamensis***
(Stoliczka, 1869) | |
|


title: Béla Tallián

abstract: Baron Béla Tallián de Vizek was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1903 and 1905.

text:
# Béla Tallián

**Baron Béla Tallián de Vizek** (1851 – 23 November 1921) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture between 1903 and 1905.

## Biography

He was one of the deputy speakers of the House of Representatives from 1899 to 1903. During the First World War he served as civil governor of Belgrade for a short time after the occupation of the Serbian capital city. After the war he escaped to Szeged. He was arrested by the communists during the Hungarian Soviet Republic. After the fall of the communist regime he moved to Szeged.

He was married to Baroness Marija Bajic of Varadia (1864-1932), great-granddaughter of Miloš Obrenović, Prince of Serbia through his eldest daughter Princess Petria Obrenovic (1808-1871). They had three sons and one daughter.

## InfoBox

| Béla Tallián | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of Agriculture of Hungary | |
| **In office**
3 November 1903  18 June 1905 | |
| Preceded by | Ignác Darányi |
| Succeeded by | Endre György |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1851
Szabás, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Died | 23 November 1921
Kiszombor, Kingdom of Hungary |
| Political party | Liberal Party |
| Profession | politician |
|  | |


title: Orthomegas similis

abstract: Orthomegas similis is a species of longhorn beetle belonging to the family Cerambycidae. It is found in south-eastern Brazil and possibly Ecuador and Peru.

text:
# Orthomegas similis

***Orthomegas similis*** is a species of longhorn beetle belonging to the family Cerambycidae. It is found in south-eastern Brazil and possibly Ecuador and Peru.

## Description

*Orthomegas similis* can reach a length of about 70–95 millimetres (2.8–3.7 in).

## InfoBox

| *Orthomegas similis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| From Brazil | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Orthomegas* |
| Species: | ***O. similis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Orthomegas similis***<br>(Gahan, 1894) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Callipogon joinvillei* Ribeiro, 1935 * *Callipogon similis* (Gahan, 1894) | |


title: Brooke (charity)

abstract: Brooke is a United Kingdom-based international equine charity, which focuses on the welfare and care of donkeys, horses and mules. With more than 900 people working helping to deliver services, Brooke is the largest equine charity in the world. Formerly known as Brooke Hospital for Animals, the charity rebranded in May 2016 to Brooke – Action for Working Horses and Donkeys. The then Duchess of Cornwall became the charity's President in 2006. Olympic dressage champion Charlotte Dujardin became the charity's Global Ambassador in 2015 but Brooke cut ties with her in July 2024 after she was put under investigation for alleged animal cruelty. Other supporters include deceased horse racing commentator Sir Peter O'Sullevan who was Patron at the time of his death, and present Patrons Alastair Stewart and Princess Alia of Jordan.

text:
# Brooke (charity)

**Brooke** is a United Kingdom-based international equine charity, which focuses on the welfare and care of donkeys, horses and mules. With more than 900 people working helping to deliver services, Brooke is the largest equine charity in the world.

Formerly known as **Brooke Hospital for Animals**, the charity rebranded in May 2016 to Brooke – Action for Working Horses and Donkeys.

The then Duchess of Cornwall became the charity's President in 2006. Olympic dressage champion Charlotte Dujardin became the charity's Global Ambassador in 2015 but Brooke cut ties with her in July 2024 after she was put under investigation for alleged animal cruelty.

Other supporters include deceased horse racing commentator Sir Peter O'Sullevan who was Patron at the time of his death, and present Patrons Alastair Stewart and Princess Alia of Jordan.

## History

In 1930, while on a trip to Cairo, Egypt, Mrs. Dorothy Brooke encountered thousands of ex-cavalry horses being used as beasts of burden. She was shocked to see that these horses which had served the British army during World War I were now living a life of gruelling hardship on the streets of Cairo.

On her return to England she wrote a letter to *The Morning Post* newspaper (now known as *The Daily Telegraph*), exposing their plight and appealing for funds to help her save them. The public response was overwhelming, and they donated the equivalent today of £20,000 to help. In 1933, Mrs. Brooke set up a committee to help fund the purchase of 5,000 animals, most of which due to their health were humanely destroyed.

In 1934, she established the **Old War Horse Memorial Hospital** to provide a free veterinary clinic for all the working horses and donkeys of Cairo. The original hospital which Mrs. Brooke established in Bayram ElTonsi Street, now known locally as "The Street of the English Lady," is still open and operating.

## Operations

Brooke works across Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Central America: Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan and Senegal. They also have fundraising offices in the United States and the Netherlands alongside the charity headquarters in the United Kingdom. In 2016–2017, the charity reached over two million horses, donkeys and mules. For 600 million people in some of the poorest places in the world, 100 million of these animals are a vital part of communities and their best means of making a living. Healthy working horses, donkeys and mules are essential for families in many poor countries.

Brooke's work focuses on developing the skills and compassion of the people who use horses, donkeys and mules in their daily lives. Brooke works with owners, communities and local governments to bring about lasting improvements to the lives of these animals. They train and support local vets, farriers, harness makers and animal traders to improve standards of care.

## Research

Brooke's policy research allows them to make substantiated claims about the essential role of working equines in sustaining the livelihoods of their owners and the importance of their welfare for the benefit of people.

Brooke's previous research reports include 'Invisible Workers', looking at the economic contribution of working donkeys, horses and mules to livelihood, and 'Voices From Women', examining women's views on the contributions of working equines to their lives.

## InfoBox

Brooke
| Formation | Cairo, 1934 |
| --- | --- |
| Legal status | Charity |
| Purpose | Education, training, medical, animals |
| Headquarters | Blackfriars Road,<br>London, SE1 |
| Region served | Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Senegal |
| Founder | Dorothy Brooke |
| Staff | 451 |
| Website | www.thebrooke.org |


title: St Mary's Church, Stoke-by-Nayland

abstract: St Mary's Church is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England in Stoke-by-Nayland.

text:
# St Mary's Church, Stoke-by-Nayland

**St Mary's Church** is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England in Stoke-by-Nayland.

## History

The earliest parts of the church date from the late 13th century or early 14th century and comprise the south porch, St Edmund's Chapel (ca. 1318) and some of the aisle wall. The remainder was rebuilt in the 15th century.

The church is noted for the south porch with its groin vaulted roof, restored carved bosses . and priests chamber above. The South door is a Jesse tree, carved with figures, birds and insects.

The tower is 126 feet (38 metres) high to the top of the pinnacles.

## Memorials

There is a brass in memory of Lady Catherine Howard of Tendring Hall, daughter of Sir William Molyns and wife of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal of England. The Howards were the third most powerful family in England at the time of the Wars of the Roses. An explanatory board in the church says that her funeral in Stoke-by-Nayland in 1465 was attended by the brothers of Edward IV: Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester, the future Richard III of England, and George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence as well as Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers. Howard was the great-grandmother of both Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, the second and fifth wives of Henry VIII. Howard's brass was paid for by her son Thomas in 1520 which is why she wears Tudor dress rather than the fashion of her time.

The church has a number of other 15th century brasses and a wall monument to Sir Francis Mannock, 1st Baronet, of Giffords Hall (d 1634). See the Mannock baronets.

## Parish status

The church is in a group of parishes which includes:

* St Matthew's Church, Leavenheath
* St Mary's Church, Polstead

## Organ

The church has a two manual pipe organ the origins of which are from an organ of around 1834 by Gray. There has been subsequent renovations and alterations by Gray and Davison, Henry Jones, Rayson and Bishop and Son. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

## Bells

The tower contains 8 bells with a tenor weight of 22cwt in D. Details on the bells as follows:

| Bell | Weight | Nominal | Note | Diameter | Dated | Founder | Canons | Turning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 5-1-2 | 1177.4 | D | 29.00" | 1956 | John Taylor & Co | F | N |
| 2 | 5-1-21 | 1112.6 | C# | 29.88" | 1956 | John Taylor & Co | F | N |
| 3 | 6-1-15 | 985.2 | B | 32.13" | 1956 | John Taylor & Co | F | N |
| 4 | 7-0-23 | 875.6 | A | 35.00" | 1725 | Thomas Gardiner | Y | Y |
| 5 | 9-3-18 | 778.8 | G | 38.38" | c1499† | ? John Sturdy | Y | Y |
| 6 | 14-0-0 | 739.0 | F# | 42.38" | c1380† | (unidentified) | R | Y |
| 7 | 15-1-24 | 653.8 | E | 45.75" | 1699 | Henry Pleasant | Y | Y |
| 8 | 22-0-12 | 582.2 | D | 52.00" | 1811 | Thomas II Mears | R | Y |

## InfoBox

| St Mary's Church, Stoke-by-Nayland | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary's Church, Stoke-by-Nayland | |
|  | |
| 51°59′22.01″N 0°53′28.77″E / 51.9894472°N 0.8913250°E / 51.9894472; 0.8913250 | |
| OS grid reference | TL 98628 36281 |
| Location | Stoke-by-Nayland |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| History | |
| Dedication | St Mary |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade I listed |
| Specifications | |
| Length | 168 feet (51 m) |
| Height | 126 feet (38 m) |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich |
| Archdeaconry | Ipswich |
| Deanery | Hadleigh |
| Parish | Stoke-by-Nayland |


title: Stade de Beaumer

abstract: Stade de Beaumer, also known as Stade de Moroni, is a multi-use stadium in Moroni, the capital city of the Comoros. It is currently used mostly for football matches.

text:
# Stade de Beaumer

**Stade de Beaumer**, also known as **Stade de Moroni**, is a multi-use stadium in Moroni, the capital city of the Comoros. It is currently used mostly for football matches.

## History

The stadium was built in 1985. A new venue, Stade Said Mohamed Cheikh, was built and opened in 2007 as the Stade de Beaumer was considered insufficient, following Comoros's membership in FIFA.

11°42′30″S 43°14′53″E / 11.70833°S 43.24806°E / -11.70833; 43.24806

## InfoBox

Stade de Beaumer
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Full name | Stade de Beaumer |
| Location | Moroni, Comoros |
| Capacity | 3,000 |
| Surface | Grass |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1985 |
| Tenants | |
| Volcan Club
US de Zilimadjou
Comoros national football team
Comoros national under-17 football team | |


title: Claytonia rubra

abstract: Claytonia rubra is a species of wildflower in the family Montiaceae known by the common names redstem springbeauty and erubescent miner's lettuce. It is native to western North America from southwestern Canada to the United States of America extending from The Black Hills and western slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Cascade and Coast Range, Ochoco and Wallowa Mountains south to the Warner Mountains, Yolla Bolly Mountains, and Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges [Mt. Pinos and Mt. San Gorgonio], where it is found in coniferous forests and shrublands. This is an annual herb with stems up to about 15 centimeters long. Some individuals may overwinter as biennials. The basal leaves have small rounded to diamond-shaped blades on long, tapering petioles. There are also leaves on the stem which may be rounded or squared and sometimes fuse together to create a bowl around the stem. All the leaves possess blunt (obtuse) tips according to published descriptions and taxonomic treatments. The herbage is red or pink in color at all stages of development. The inflorescence is a dense cluster of up to 30 tiny flowers, each with petals less than 4 millimeters long and white to pink-tinted in color. Together with Claytonia perfoliata and Claytonia parviflora, Claytonia rubra comprises what is almost certainly a polyploid pillar complex based on three diploid species, each occupying a definitive ecological niche. There are two subspecies of Claytonia rubra: Claytonia rubra subsp. depressa and Claytonia rubra subsp. rubra.

text:
# Claytonia rubra

***Claytonia rubra*** is a species of wildflower in the family Montiaceae known by the common names **redstem springbeauty** and **erubescent miner's lettuce**. It is native to western North America from southwestern Canada to the United States of America extending from The Black Hills and western slopes of the Rocky Mountains to the Cascade and Coast Range, Ochoco and Wallowa Mountains south to the Warner Mountains, Yolla Bolly Mountains, and Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges \[Mt. Pinos and Mt. San Gorgonio\], where it is found in coniferous forests and shrublands. This is an annual herb with stems up to about 15 centimeters long. Some individuals may overwinter as biennials. The basal leaves have small rounded to diamond-shaped blades on long, tapering petioles. There are also leaves on the stem which may be rounded or squared and sometimes fuse together to create a bowl around the stem. All the leaves possess blunt (obtuse) tips according to published descriptions and taxonomic treatments. The herbage is red or pink in color at all stages of development. The inflorescence is a dense cluster of up to 30 tiny flowers, each with petals less than 4 millimeters long and white to pink-tinted in color. Together with *Claytonia perfoliata* and *Claytonia parviflora*, *Claytonia rubra* comprises what is almost certainly a polyploid pillar complex based on three diploid species, each occupying a definitive ecological niche.

There are two subspecies of *Claytonia rubra*: *Claytonia rubra* subsp. *depressa* and *Claytonia rubra* subsp. *rubra.*

## InfoBox

| *Claytonia rubra* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Montiaceae |
| Genus: | *Claytonia* |
| Species: | ***C. rubra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Claytonia rubra***<br>(Howell) Tidestr. | |
|


title: Clethra barbinervis

abstract: Clethra barbinervis, the Japanese clethra, is a species of flowering plant in the family Clethraceae. It is native to eastern Asia, where it is found in southern China, Korea, and Japan. Its natural habitat is in open mountain forests. It is a common species in Japan, and is often found in disturbed secondary forests. It is an upright shrub growing to 3 m (9.8 ft). Its leaves are deciduous, dark green, and are 5 cm (2 in) long. Racemes of small, fragrant, white flowers 15 cm (6 in) long are produced in late summer and autumn. Mature specimens have peeling bark. The bark is plain, blackish brown with twigs turning back. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Though hardy in cultivation, it requires a sheltered location in temperate regions.

text:
# Clethra barbinervis

***Clethra barbinervis***, the **Japanese clethra**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Clethraceae. It is native to eastern Asia, where it is found in southern China, Korea, and Japan. Its natural habitat is in open mountain forests. It is a common species in Japan, and is often found in disturbed secondary forests.

It is an upright shrub growing to 3 m (9.8 ft). Its leaves are deciduous, dark green, and are 5 cm (2 in) long. Racemes of small, fragrant, white flowers 15 cm (6 in) long are produced in late summer and autumn. Mature specimens have peeling bark. The bark is plain, blackish brown with twigs turning back.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Though hardy in cultivation, it requires a sheltered location in temperate regions.

## InfoBox

| *Clethra barbinervis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Clethraceae |
| Genus: | *Clethra* |
| Species: | ***C. barbinervis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Clethra barbinervis***
Siebold & Zucc. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Clethra japonica* Thunb. ex Steud. nom. inval. * *Clethra kawadana* Yanagita * *Clethra stolonifera* Nakai * *Clethra wuyishanica* R.C.Ching ex L.C.Hu | |