title: Brisbane Australia Temple

abstract: The Brisbane Australia Temple is the 115th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is at 200 River Terrace, Kangaroo Point in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

text:
# Brisbane Australia Temple

The **Brisbane Australia Temple** is the 115th operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It is at 200 River Terrace, Kangaroo Point in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

## History

On 20 July 1998, the LDS Church announced that a temple would be built in Brisbane. The church's temple in Brisbane is its fifth in Australia. The church has grown rapidly in the country. In 1955 there were 3,000 members in Australia; now there are 186 meetinghouses throughout Australia and more than 106,000 members. The temple in Brisbane serves 20,000 LDS Church members in the area. Of the five temples in Australia, four were opened within a three-year period.

On 26 May 2001, Kenneth Johnson presided at the groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication. Construction of the temple began in November 2001 and took 18 months.

A public open house was held from 10 May through 7 June 2003. The Brisbane Australia Temple was then dedicated on 15 June 2003 by LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. The 10,700 sq. ft. temple features two ordinance rooms and two sealing rooms.

In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Brisbane Australia Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.

**Perth****Melbourne****Adelaide****Sydney****Brisbane**class=notpageimage|Temples in Australia () * = Operating
* = Under construction
* = Announced
* = Temporarily Closed

## InfoBox

| Brisbane Australia Temple | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Number | 115 |
| Dedication | June 15, 2003, by Gordon B. Hinckley |
| Site | 0.86 acres (0.35 ha) |
| Floor area | 10,700 sq ft (990 m2) |
| Height | 71 ft (22 m) |
| Official website  News & images | |
| Church chronology | |
|
The Hague Netherlands Temple
**Brisbane Australia Temple**
Redlands California Temple | |
| Additional information | |
| Announced | July 20, 1998, by Gordon B. Hinckley |
| Groundbreaking | May 26, 2001, by Kenneth Johnson |
| Open house | 10 May  June 7, 2003 |
| Current president | Richard Gilbert Trimble Gordon |
| Designed by | Phillips, Smith, Conwell |
| Location | Kangaroo Point, Queensland, Australia |
| Geographic coordinates | 27°28′51.18960″S 153°2′1.827599″E / 27.4808860000°S 153.03384099972°E / -27.4808860000; 153.03384099972 |
| Exterior finish | Gray granite |
| Temple design | Classic modern, single-spire design |
| Baptistries | 1 |
| Ordinance rooms | 2 (two-stage progressive) |
| Sealing rooms | 2 |
| () | |


title: Estate Little Princess

abstract:
Estate Little Princess is a historic plantation site located northwest of Christiansted in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It was first owned by governor Frederik Moth in 1738 and rests on 25 acres of land. As of 2011 the estate is under ownership of The Nature Conservancy and serves as headquarters for the Eastern Caribbean/Virgin Islands programs. The property has been turned into a nature preserve and historical tours are given as well. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1980. There are many buildings on the property, including a building that served as a Danish hospital and the great house, which was built in the 1800s. Both have been partially restored. Estate Little Princess was primarily a sugar and rum factory hundreds of years ago. There are many ruins located on the grounds of the estate.
In the great house, a small exhibition with photographs, maps and other documents tells the history of the estate. Access is via the minor road leading north-west from the intersection of VI75 and VI74 2km northwest of Christiansted.

text:
# Estate Little Princess

**Estate Little Princess** is a historic plantation site located northwest of Christiansted in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. It was first owned by governor Frederik Moth in 1738 and rests on 25 acres of land (from the original 200 acres). As of 2011 the estate is under ownership of The Nature Conservancy and serves as headquarters for the Eastern Caribbean/Virgin Islands programs. The property has been turned into a nature preserve and historical tours are given as well. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1980.

There are many buildings on the property, including a building that served as a Danish hospital and the great house, which was built in the 1800s. Both have been partially restored. Estate Little Princess was primarily a sugar and rum factory hundreds of years ago. There are many ruins (such as a windmill and remnants of the factory) located on the grounds of the estate. In the great house, a small exhibition with photographs, maps and other documents tells the history of the estate. Access is via the minor road leading north-west from the intersection of VI75 (Northside road) and VI74 (Rattan road) 2km northwest of Christiansted.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Estate Little Princess | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Danish hospital building, now an office of The Nature Conservancy | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Christiansted, Virgin Islands |
| Coordinates | 17°45′24″N 64°43′32″W / 17.75667°N 64.72556°W / 17.75667; -64.72556 |
| Area | 19.6 acres (7.9 ha) |
| Built | 1749 (1749) |
| NRHP reference No. | 80003995 |
| Added to NRHP | June 9, 1980 |


title: Përparim Daiu

abstract: Përparim Daiu is a retired Albanian footballer who has served as head coach of several clubs in the Albanian Superliga.

text:
# Përparim Daiu

**Përparim Daiu** (born 21 April 1970) is a retired Albanian footballer who has served as head coach of several clubs in the Albanian Superliga.

## Club career

Daiu played the majority of his career for Besa Kavajë and Partizani Tirana.

## International career

He made his debut for Albania in an August 1995 friendly match away against Malta and earned a total of 4 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a January 1998 friendly against Turkey.

## Managerial career

After retiring as a player, Daiu went into coaching and was in charge of hometown club Besa (two spells), Shkumbini (also twice) and Tomori. In January 2012 he took the reins at Laçi for a second time as well. In February 2013 he returned to Besa for a third time as coach.

## InfoBox

Përparim Daiu
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Përparim Daiu | | |
| Date of birth | (1970-04-21) 21 April 1970 | | |
| Place of birth | Kavajë, Albania | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1990–1998 | Besa |  |  |
| 1999 | Teuta | 10 | (0) |
| 1999–2000 | Shqiponja | 20 | (0) |
| 2000–2002 | Partizani |  |  |
| 2003 | Besa | 11 | (1) |
| 2003–2004 | Flamurtari |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1995–1998 | Albania | 4 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2006 | Besa | | |
| 2007–2008 | Laçi | | |
| 2009–2019 | Shkumbini | | |
| 2010 | Besa | | |
| 2010–2011 | Shkumbini | | |
| 2011 | Tomori | | |
| 2012 | Laçi | | |
| 2013 | Besa | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Erland F. Fish

abstract: Erland Frederick Fish was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1933 to 1934.

text:
# Erland F. Fish

**Erland Frederick Fish** (December 7, 1883 – February 18, 1942) was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician who served as President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1933 to 1934.

## Biography

Fish was born on December 7, 1883. Fish graduated from Harvard College and then Harvard Law School in 1908.

Starting in 1908, he clerked for a year for Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. at the U.S. Supreme Court. Afterwards, he worked for Gaston, Snow & Saltonstall, and later his family patent law firm, Fish, Richardson & Neave, in Boston.

In 1909, Fish joined the Massachusetts National Guard and served as captain in the 101st Field Artillery Regiment in France during World War I. From 1930 to 1934 he was the commanding general of the 26th Infantry Division, also known as the Yankee Division.

On February 18, 1942, Fish died at age 59 after he was hit by a taxicab driver in Boston.

## InfoBox

| Erland F. FishHon. | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 74th President of the Massachusetts Senate | |
| **In office**
1933–1934 | |
| Preceded by | Gaspar G. Bacon |
| Succeeded by | James G. Moran |
| Member of the Massachusetts Senate for the Norfolk & Suffolk District | |
| **In office**
1925–1937 | |
| Preceded by | William S. Youngman |
| Succeeded by | Sybil Holmes |
| Member of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives
Second Norfolk District | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1883-12-07)December 7, 1883
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | February 18, 1942(1942-02-18) (aged 58) |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence(s) | 207 Mountfort Street, Brookline, Massachusetts |
| Education | Harvard College
Harvard Law School (1908) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
|  | |


title: Devil's Road

abstract: Devil's Road is an album by the American band the Walkabouts, released in 1996. The first single was "The Light Will Stay On", which was a hit in many European countries; the album, by 2003, had sold around 85,000 copies on the continent. Devil's Road was regarded as an attempt at a more commercial album. The album was reissued in 2014, with a second disc of live songs and alternate takes.

text:
# Devil's Road

***Devil's Road*** is an album by the American band the Walkabouts, released in 1996. The first single was "The Light Will Stay On", which was a hit in many European countries; the album, by 2003, had sold around 85,000 copies on the continent. *Devil's Road* was regarded as an attempt at a more commercial album. The album was reissued in 2014, with a second disc of live songs and alternate takes.

## Production

Produced by Victor Van Vugt, the album was recorded in Cologne, Germany. Mark Nichols arranged the string parts, which were performed by the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra. The songs were written by Chris Eckman and sung by Eckman and Carla Torgerson.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Daily Record* | 7/10 |
| *The Encyclopedia of Popular Music* |  |
| *NME* | 5/10 |
| *Ox-Fanzine* |  |

*Trouser Press* deemed *Devil's Road* the band's "most ambitiously eclectic album and certainly one of its best." *The Irish Times* praised "the countryish lament, 'The Leaving Kind', with Carla Torgerson's evocative doomed vocals carrying a refrain laden with the grim fruits of fate's calling." The *Daily Record* noted that the Walkabouts "have become more mainstream—without losing any of their simplistic beauty and integrity." *NME* stated that the band is "still churning out imagery-laden fables of the American heartland."

AllMusic called the album "dark and soulful, the work of a band at the peak of its powers." *MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide* concluded that "the band is firing in that kind of sublime territory that few rock bands ever reach." Reviewing the reissue, the *Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph* determined that "the band's melancholy fusion of folk, country and Americana is captured at its most compelling on Chris Eckman creations such as 'The Light Will Stay On', 'Rebecca Wild' and 'Forgiveness Song'."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Light Will Stay On" |  |
| 2. | "Rebecca Wild" |  |
| 3. | "The Stopping-Off Place" |  |
| 4. | "Cold Eye" |  |
| 5. | "Christmas Valley" |  |
| 6. | "Blue Head Flame" |  |
| 7. | "When Fortune Smiles" |  |
| 8. | "All for This" |  |
| 9. | "Fairground Blues" |  |
| 10. | "The Leaving Kind" |  |
| 11. | "Forgiveness Song" |  |

### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for *Devil's Road*
| Chart (1996) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) | 41 |

## InfoBox

| Devil's Road | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Walkabouts | |
| Released | 1996 |
| Label | Virgin Schallplatten |
| Producer | Victor Van Vugt |
| The Walkabouts chronology | |
| *Setting the Woods on Fire*
(1994) ***Devil's Road***
(1996) *Nighttown*
(1997) | |


title: St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage

abstract: St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage was an orphanage located in Anchorage, Kentucky, best known for allegations of child sexual and physical abuse by one priest, seven nuns, and five laymen, between the 1930s and 1970s. It opened with the merger of St. Thomas Orphanage and St. Vincent Orphanage in 1955 and closed in 1983 as a result of rising costs and increased government services for orphans.

text:
# St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage

**St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage** was an orphanage located in Anchorage, Kentucky, best known for allegations of child sexual and physical abuse by one priest, seven nuns, and five laymen, between the 1930s and 1970s. It opened with the merger of **St. Thomas Orphanage** and **St. Vincent Orphanage** in 1955 and closed in 1983 as a result of rising costs and increased government services for orphans.

## History

### St. Vincent Orphanage

St. Vincent Orphanage, for girls, was opened in 1832 in Louisville, Kentucky, by the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. It was first located at 443 South 5th Street until 1836, then moved to the corner of Wenzel and Jefferson Streets from 1836 to 1892, the present site of Bellarmine University from 1892 to 1901, and 2120 Payne Street to 1955, the year of the merger with St. Thomas Orphanage.

### St. Thomas Orphanage

In 1850, Bishop Martin J. Spalding of the Diocese of Louisville, Kentucky delegated Father Francis Chambige to establish an orphanage for boys, as the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth had recently established one for girls. It opened near Bardstown, Kentucky, in 1858, on farmland owned by St. Thomas Seminary. Two Sisters of Charity of Nazareth were assigned to the orphanage, and the first boys lived in a seminary dormitory building. When those facilities became too crowded, the seminary donated some of the farmland and built a building for the orphanage. The land included vegetable gardens, which helped with food costs until the Civil War, when both Union and Confederate soldiers would scour the land and take the food. In 1889, the original building burned down and the orphanage was moved temporarily to facilities in Louisville, Kentucky, on what is now the location of Bellarmine University, where it was located in the building of the recently closed Preston Park Seminary from 1910 to 1938. The St. Thomas then moved to new facilities on Ward Avenue, Anchorage, Kentucky.

### St. Vincent–St. Thomas Orphanage

In 1952, St. Thomas Orphanage and St. Vincent Orphanage merged to form St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage, located at St. Thomas's former Anchorage location. From St. Vincent, 81 girls moved to a newly completed wing of the St. Thomas building, allowing many brothers and sisters to be reunited. The National Conference of Catholic Charities administered the new orphanage, and naturally, the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth staffed it, as they were the staffers of both the predecessor institutions.

In 1982, the orphanage held 450 children, up from 250 in 1966; much of this growth can be attributed to more abused and neglected children being taken in rather than solely orphans. Living conditions during the orphanage's last years have been revealed by a former resident from 1981 to 1983, who was written about in a 2005 Washington Post article describing St. Thomas–St. Vincent as:

> Some sort of castle run by nuns. The orphanage housed about 450 children, who slept in a room as big as a gymnasium filled with dozens of beds. "I remember it being very cold," he said, "and always being scared."

In 1983, St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage closed as a result of rising costs and increased government services for orphans. The building was demolished later that year, and was replaced by a housing development comprising 572 houses called Owl Creek Community.

## Facilities

The campus of St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage, formerly the campus of St. Thomas Orphanage, was located on 230 rural acres. The first building, completed in 1938, held dormitories, classrooms, nurseries, reading and recreation rooms, and a training center. The grounds included vegetable and flower gardens as well as athletic fields. The final construction phase was completed in 1952 with a wing for girls from St. Vincent Orphanage during the merger. In 1954 a concrete and brick gymnasium was built at a cost of $100,000, and was connected to the main building by a sheltered pathway.

## Sexual and physical abuse

For around 40 years, St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage, and its predecessors St. Thomas and St. Vincent orphanages were the sites of multiple instances of sexual and physical abuse of orphans at the hands of staff.

On July 14, 2004, a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of 45 victims alleging sexual and physical abuse at the three orphanages, all of which were operated by Catholic Charities and staffed by Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, who were the defendants in the case. More than 20 of the victims accused Father Herman J. Lammers, a priest and chaplain of the orphanage, while others accused seven nuns and two laymen. The accused were: Fr. Herman J. Lammers, Sr. Charlie, SCN, Sr. Madeline de Paul, SCN, Sr. Mary Camilla Donahue, SCN, Sr. Frances Howard, SCN, Sr. Eva Marie, SCN, Sr. Mary Ann Powers, SCN, Sr. Mary Alma Stuecker, SCN, Joseph Anthony, James Patrick Cronan, Joseph Michael, Anthony Louise Pereira, and Stanislas Kotska Willett.

The Sisters of Charity of Nazareth agreed to pay $1.5 million to settle the lawsuit.

### Notable cases

Ann Wilson of Mississippi, was born in 1945 and lived at St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage in the early 1950s with her four sisters, all of whom later filed suits. She and her sisters all claimed to have been raped and molested by Fr. Lammers, and one was impregnated, and had a miscarriage. They also spoke of physical and sexual abuse by nuns, who they alleged beat and molested them, and locked them in dark rooms without food.

Gladys Cambron, aged 72, was the oldest person to sue, and claimed she was molested by two nuns and a priest starting at age 6. She lived at St. Vincent Orphanage from 1938 until 1943, and accused Fr. Lammers of sexually abusing her. She alleged physical as well as sexual abuse by nuns, saying that she was punished for talking in class by being tied to a chair while a nun "beat the life out of me."

Kim Michele Richardson wrote a memoir about her experiences at the orphanage in 2009, *The Unbreakable Child*. Richardson confronts the institutionalized physical and emotional abuse suffered by orphans at the hands of their caretakers, and also documents the lawsuit.

## Further reading

* Richardson, Kim Michelle (October 10, 2010). *The Unbreakable Child*. Richardson. ISBN 978-0615714691.

## InfoBox

| St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Anchorage, Kentucky
United States | |
| Information | |
| Type | Private, coed orphanage |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic; Sisters of Charity of Nazareth |
| Patron saint(s) | St. Thomas & St. Vincent de Paul |
| Opened | 1832: St. Vincent Orphanage (girls)
1850: St. Thomas Orphanage (boys)
1952: merger into St. Thomas–St. Vincent Orphanage (coed) |
| Closed | 1983 |
| Oversight | Archdiocese of Louisville |
| Enrollment | 450 (1982) |
| Campus size | 230 acres |
| Campus type | Rural |
| Graduates | St. Thomas Orphanage: 10,000+ |


title: Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham

abstract: Edward William Macleay Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham, was a British colonial administrator and politician.

text:
# Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham

**Edward William Macleay Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham**, KCMG, KCVO, DSO, MC, PC (8 September 1879 – 1 December 1955) was a British colonial administrator and politician.

## Early life

Grigg was the son of Henry Bridewell Grigg, CIE, a member of the Indian Civil Service, sometime Political Resident of Travancore, and Elizabeth Louisa, *née* Thomson, whose parents were the Australian politician and administrator Sir Edward Deas Thomson and his wife, Anna Maria, daughter of General Sir Richard Bourke, Governor of New South Wales from 1831 to 1837. Born in Madras, he was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, where he won the Gaisford Prize for Greek verse in 1902. Upon graduation, he embarked on a career in journalism. He joined *The Times* in 1903 as secretary to the editor, George Earle Buckle, then moved to *The Outlook* in 1905, where he worked as assistant editor under James Louis Garvin. Grigg returned to *The Times* in 1906, where he was the head of the colonial department until he resigned in 1913 to become the co-editor of *The Round Table Journal*.

## Military service

At the start of the First World War, Grigg enlisted in the Grenadier Guards and was commissioned as a special-reserve second lieutenant (on probation) on 13 March 1915. He was confirmed in his rank on 11 August, with a promotion to temporary lieutenant. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant (effective 15 July 1915), and to temporary captain on 8 November. Serving in France, he distinguished himself in combat before his transfer to the staff as a GSO 3 on 4 February 1916, briefly relinquishing his temporary rank of captain with effect from 27 January, and resuming it from 15 April.

He received the Military Cross in 1917 and the Distinguished Service Order the following year and was a lieutenant-colonel by the end of the war. He was the only civilian (non-regular officer) to become GSO 1 of a division during the war. Grigg was created Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1919 and served as military secretary to Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) from 1919 to 1920, accompanying the prince on tours of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. For his services, Grigg was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1919 and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1920.

## Entry to politics

Upon his return in 1920, Grigg became a private secretary to Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Grigg became devoted to Lloyd George and developed a deep respect for the "Welsh Wizard" that subsequently limited his political career. After Lloyd George's departure in 1922, Grigg passed up a number of appointments within the civil service to enter the House of Commons. He was elected to Parliament as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) in 1922 from the constituency of Oldham. Meanwhile, he also served as secretary to the Rhodes Trust, a position that he held from 1923 to 1925.

In 1923, Grigg married Joan Dickson-Poynder, daughter of his fellow politician Lord Islington. They had three children:

* John Edward Poynder Grigg, 2nd Baron Altrincham (15 April 1924 – 31 December 2001), journalist and author
* Annabel Desirée Grigg, (b. 19 November 1931),
* Anthony Ulrick David Dundas Grigg, 3rd Baron Altrincham (12 January 1934 — 1 August 2020).

## Governor of Kenya

In 1925, Grigg resigned his seat to accept an appointment as governor of Kenya. He was frustrated in his assigned task to merge Kenya with the bordering British colonies of Uganda and Tanganyika, but he provided energetic administration to the colony by improving agriculture, education and infrastructure during his governorship. However, he opposed consideration of the colony's development into a multi-racial state and believed that the native African population was ill-prepared for managing the government. Meanwhile, he was named KCMG in 1928. Grigg declared female circumcision to be illegal in the colony and used the armed forces of the colony to enforce the ban. Men who were caught circumcising women were arrested by British authorities, which led to some backlash in Kenya's indigenous African majority.

## Resuming politics

Grigg returned to Britain in 1930. He was offered his choice of Indian governorships, but his poor health, along with that of his wife, forestalled his accepting an appointment. Instead, Grigg decided to re-enter politics. Though initially nominated as the Conservative candidate for the Leeds Central constituency in the 1931 general election, Grigg loyally stood aside for the National Labour candidate, Richard Denman. Two years later, he returned to Parliament in a by-election for the constituency of Altrincham. He would serve as MP for Altrincham until the constituency was abolished in 1945.

Grigg's return to politics coincided with the rise to power of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor. Grigg feared the Nazi movement and in two books pressed the case for a strong defence against the threat that it posed. However, Grigg never openly challenged the policy of appeasement that was advanced by the governments of Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain and kept his criticisms private. When war broke out, Grigg joined the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Information. In April 1940, he became first the financial secretary, then joint parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War, a post that he held until March 1942. He declined Winston Churchill's invitation to become First Commissioner of Works, as it was dependent upon acceptance of a peerage, and Grigg did not return to government until 21 November 1944 when he was selected as Minister-Resident for the Middle East as successor to Lord Moyne, who had been assassinated two weeks earlier. Grigg was also appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1944.

## Later life

In the aftermath of the Conservative caretaker government's defeat at the 1945 general election, Grigg was raised to the peerage as **Baron Altrincham**, of Tormarton in the County of Gloucester, which ended his political career. Three years later, he assumed the editorship of the *National Review*, a post that he held until failing health forced his retirement in 1954. Grigg died a year later in Gloucestershire aged 76. His son, John Grigg, who became the second Baron Altrincham upon his father's death, disclaimed the peerage in 1963 under the terms of the Peerage Act of that year.

## Works

* *The Greatest Experiment in World History* (1924)
* *Unity* (1935)
* *The Faith of an Englishman* (1936)
* *Britain Looks at Germany* (1938)
* *The British Commonwealth: Its Place in the Service of the World* (1944)
* *Kenya's Opportunity: Memories, Hopes and Ideas* (1955)

## Arms

Coat of arms of Edward Grigg, 1st Baron Altrincham
|  | CrestA grenade Sable fired Proper between two roses Argent barbed and seeded also Proper. EscutcheonSable three owls Argent on a chief Azure issuant from the base thereof a sun in splendour Or. SupportersOn either side a lion Gules gorged with a chain collar pendent therefrom a portcullis Or and supporting a date palm fructed Proper. MottoServire Et Servare (To Serve And Preserve) |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord AltrinchamKCMG KCVO DSO MC PC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Governor of Kenya | |
| **In office**
10 February 1925  27 September 1930 | |
| Monarch | George V |
| Preceded by | Edward Denham (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Henry Monck-Mason Moore |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1879-09-08)8 September 1879
Madras, Madras Presidency, British India
(now Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India) |
| Died | 1 December 1955(1955-12-01) (aged 76)
Tormarton, Gloucestershire, England |
| Nationality | England |
| Political party | Liberal, then Conservative |
| Spouse | Joan Dickson-Poynder  (m. 1923) |
| Children | 3, including John Grigg |
| Alma mater | New College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Journalist, civil servant |
|  | |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | British Army |
| Years of service | 1914–1920 |
| Unit | Grenadier Guards |
| Battles/wars | First World War |
|  | |
|  | |


title: C. H. Wegner House

abstract: The C. H. Wegner House is located in Wausau, Wisconsin.

text:
# C. H. Wegner House

The **C. H. Wegner House** is located in Wausau, Wisconsin.

## History

Charles and Emma Wegner had this Colonial Revival home designed by Eschweiler and built 1922–24. Wegner ran a general store downtown. Still has breakfast nook and built-in cupboards and ice box.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and on the State Register of Historic Places in 1989.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| C. H. Wegner House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| C. H. Wegner House | |
| Location | 906 Grant St., Wausau, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 44°57′44″N 89°37′02″W / 44.96222°N 89.61722°W / 44.96222; -89.61722 (C. H. Wegner House) |
| Area | 0.4 acres (0.16 ha) |
| Built | 1922-1924 |
| Architect | Alexander C. Eschweiler |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | Eschweiler TR of Marathon County |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000164 |
| Added to NRHP | May 1, 1980 |


title: Ortayol, Pazar

abstract: Ortayol is a village in the Pazar District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 147 (2021).

text:
# Ortayol, Pazar

**Ortayol** is a village in the Pazar District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 147 (2021).

## History

According to *list of villages in Laz language* book (2009), name of the village is **Meleskur**, which means "opposing valley". Most villagers are ethnically Hemshin.

## Geography

The village is located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) away from Pazar.

## InfoBox

| Ortayol Meleskur (Laz language) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Rize |
| District | Pazar |
| Elevation | 508 m (1,667 ft) |
| Population (2021) | 147 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Oskar Lassar

abstract: Oskar Lassar was a German dermatologist who was a native of Hamburg. After earning his medical doctorate in 1872, he worked briefly as a hospital assistant at the Berlin Charité. He later started a private hospital for dermatology and syphilis in Berlin. His clinic was known for being technologically advanced, and it was the first to have a Finsen ultraviolet light therapy device and X-ray machine. In 1902 he became a professor at the University of Berlin. Lassar is remembered for the creation of public bath houses for low-income individuals in Germany and Austria. These bath houses were constructed in the interest of public hygiene, at a time when poorer people didn't have private baths or showers. In Germany, the bath-houses were called Volksbad, and in Austria- Tröpferlbad. In 1899, Lassar was founder of the German Society for Volksbädern. One of his slogans was "a weekly bath for every German." He was very social, and he invited physicians who made referrals to his clinic to a champagne breakfast twice a year. Lassar was among the first physicians in Europe to employ X-ray technology for therapeutic purposes. Also, he developed a zinc paste for treatment of eczema, an ointment that is still used today and known as "Lassar's paste". In addition, Lassar was the first to assemble a collection of moulage in Germany. He was founder of the dermatology journal Dermatologische Zeitschrift and was its editor from 1893 until his death in 1907.

text:
# Oskar Lassar

**Oskar Lassar** (11 January 1849 – 21 December 1907) was a German dermatologist who was a native of Hamburg.

After earning his medical doctorate in 1872, he worked briefly as a hospital assistant at the Berlin Charité. He later started a private hospital for dermatology and syphilis in Berlin. His clinic was known for being technologically advanced, and it was the first to have a Finsen ultraviolet light therapy device and X-ray machine. In 1902 he became a professor at the University of Berlin.

Lassar is remembered for the creation of public bath houses for low-income individuals in Germany and Austria. These bath houses were constructed in the interest of public hygiene, at a time when poorer people didn't have private baths or showers. In Germany, the bath-houses were called *Volksbad*, and in Austria- *Tröpferlbad*. In 1899, Lassar was founder of the German Society for Volksbädern. One of his slogans was "a weekly bath for every German."

He was very social, and he invited physicians who made referrals to his clinic to a champagne breakfast twice a year.

Lassar was among the first physicians in Europe to employ X-ray technology for therapeutic purposes. Also, he developed a zinc paste for treatment of eczema, an ointment that is still used today and known as "Lassar's paste". In addition, Lassar was the first to assemble a collection of moulage (model injuries for training purposes) in Germany.

He was founder of the dermatology journal *Dermatologische Zeitschrift* and was its editor from 1893 until his death in 1907.

## Selected writings

* *Volksgesundheit und menschliche Gesellschaft in ihren Wechselbeziehungen* (Public health and human society) (1892)
* *Die gesundheitsschädliche Tragweite der Prostitution* (in German), A. Hirschwald, 1892, OCLC 249916016 (Health consequences concerning prostitution)
* *Geschichten und Gedichte für kleine Kinder* (Stories and poems for small children) (1895)
* *Das Volksbad* (in German), Berlin, 1896, OCLC 249916424 (The "people" bath)
* *Ueber häusliche Gesundheitspflege* (in German), A. Hirschwald, 1901, OCLC 249914689 (About home healthcare)


title: César Ramón Ortega Herrera

abstract: César Ramón Ortega Herrera was a Venezuelan Roman Catholic bishop. Ortega Herrera was born in Venezuela and was ordained to the priesthood in 1963. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Margarita, Venezuela, from 1983 to 1998 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barcelona, Venezuela, from 1998 to 2014. Herrera died in 2021 from COVID-19 complications aged 83.

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# César Ramón Ortega Herrera

**César Ramón Ortega Herrera** (16 July 1938  8 April 2021) was a Venezuelan Roman Catholic bishop.

Ortega Herrera was born in Venezuela and was ordained to the priesthood in 1963. He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Margarita, Venezuela, from 1983 to 1998 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barcelona, Venezuela, from 1998 to 2014.

Herrera died in 2021 from COVID-19 complications aged 83.


title: Ostrander Lake (Michigan)

abstract: Ostrander Lake is a 54.2-acre (21.9 ha) lake that is located near the tri-county corner of Delta County, Michigan, Alger and Schoolcraft countries in the Hiawatha National Forest. The chain consists of Skeels Lake, Corner Lake, Deep Lake, and Straits Lake. Other nearby lakes include Hugaboom Lake, Blue Lake, Ironjaw Lake, the Corner-Straits Chain of lakes, Toms Lake and Round Lake.

text:
# Ostrander Lake (Michigan)

**Ostrander Lake** is a 54.2-acre (21.9 ha) lake that is located near the tri-county corner of Delta County, Michigan, Alger and Schoolcraft countries in the Hiawatha National Forest. The chain consists of Skeels Lake, Corner Lake, Deep Lake, and Straits Lake. Other nearby lakes include Hugaboom Lake, Blue Lake, Ironjaw Lake, the Corner-Straits Chain of lakes, Toms Lake and Round Lake.

1. "OSTRANDER\_LAKE\_LYMAN\_LAKE.PDF" (PDF). U.S.D.A. Forest Service and the Michigan DNR. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ostrander Lake (Michigan)

## InfoBox

| Ostrander Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Ostrander Lake | |
| Location | Alger, Schoolcraft, and Delta counties |
| Coordinates | 46°10′00″N 86°36′46″W / 46.16667°N 86.61278°W / 46.16667; -86.61278 |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 54.2 acres (21.9 ha) |
| Shore length1 | about 1.4 miles (2.3 km) |
| Surface elevation | 761 ft (232 m) |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Brookside, Kentucky

abstract: Brookside is an unincorporated community and coal town in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States. A post office called Brookside was established in 1930, and the name was changed to Ages-Brookside in 1975.

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# Brookside, Kentucky

**Brookside** is an unincorporated community and coal town in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States.

A post office called Brookside was established in 1930, and the name was changed to Ages-Brookside in 1975.

## InfoBox

| Brookside, Kentucky | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Row of miners' homes, 1974 | |
| BrooksideBrookside | |
| Coordinates: 36°51′33″N 83°14′58″W / 36.85917°N 83.24944°W / 36.85917; -83.24944 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Harlan |
| Elevation | 1,257 ft (383 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CST) |
| GNIS feature ID | 487970 |


title: Eternity ring

abstract: An eternity ring, also known as an infinity ring, is a woman's ring comprising a band of precious metal set with a continuous line of identically cut gemstones to symbolize never-ending love, usually given by a spouse to their wife on the occasion of a significant anniversary, typically after five years of marriage. Because the presence of stones all the way round the eternity ring can make it cumbersome to wear, the alternative is to have the stones across the face of the ring only. This is sometimes referred to as a "half-eternity" ring rather than a "full" eternity ring. Eternity rings featuring paste gems, white topaz or a mix of stones appeared in the 18th century.

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# Eternity ring

An **eternity ring**, also known as an **infinity ring**, is a woman's ring comprising a band of precious metal (usually gold) set with a continuous line of identically cut gemstones (usually diamonds) to symbolize never-ending love, usually given by a spouse to their wife on the occasion of a significant anniversary, typically after five years of marriage. Because the presence of stones all the way round the eternity ring can make it cumbersome to wear, the alternative is to have the stones across the face of the ring only. This is sometimes referred to as a "half-eternity" ring rather than a "full" eternity ring.

Eternity rings featuring paste gems, white topaz or a mix of stones appeared in the 18th century.

## History

The concept of a diamond eternity ring was created in the 1960s by diamond merchant De Beers. American investigative journalist Edward Jay Epstein stated that at the time the company had a secret agreement with the Soviet Union which, in return for the creation of a "single channel" controlling the world's supply of diamonds, required the purchase of 90–95% of the uncut gem diamonds produced by Russia. The prevailing fashion at the time, particularly for engagement rings, was for them to be set with a single, large diamond. The Soviet gems were, however, small, often less than 0.25 carats. To avoid stockpiling, De Beers embarked on a campaign of promotion of jewelry containing a number of small diamonds, culminating in the eternity ring, which was aimed at older, married women. One campaign slogan aimed at husbands was, "She married you for richer or poorer. Let her know how it's going."


title: Elizabeth Rollins Epperly

abstract: Elizabeth Rollins Epperly is a Canadian-based American Victorian scholar, author, curator, English professor, and former university president (1995–1998) of the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI). Epperly taught at the University of Prince Edward Island for 22 years where she also served as founding chair of the L.M. Montgomery Institute and UPEI's fourth president. The Epperly Plaza on the UPEI campus is dedicated in her name. Following her retirement she was made Professor Emerita by the university. Epperly was the first student to ever register at the newly created University of Prince Edward Island in 1969. She moved to Canada from the United States because of her love for Lucy Maud Montgomery's writing. Epperly also authored many books and dozens of articles, and has curated several Montgomery exhibitions, including the L.M. Montgomery Virtual Exhibition Project, and This Anne Place: Anne of Green Gables as Idea, Book and Musical. She serves on the board of the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority and the International Advisory Board of the LMMI.

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# Elizabeth Rollins Epperly

**Elizabeth Rollins Epperly** (born 1951, Virginia) is a Canadian-based American Victorian scholar, author, curator, English professor (from 1976 to 2006), and former university president (1995–1998) of the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI). Epperly taught at the University of Prince Edward Island for 22 years where she also served as founding chair of the L.M. Montgomery Institute and UPEI's fourth (and first female) president. The Epperly Plaza on the UPEI campus is dedicated in her name. Following her retirement she was made Professor Emerita by the university.

Epperly was the first student to ever register at the newly created University of Prince Edward Island in 1969. She moved to Canada from the United States because of her love for Lucy Maud Montgomery's writing. Epperly also authored many books and dozens of articles, and has curated several Montgomery exhibitions, including the L.M. Montgomery Virtual Exhibition Project, and This Anne Place: Anne of Green Gables as Idea, Book and Musical. She serves on the board of the Anne of Green Gables Licensing Authority and the International Advisory Board of the LMMI.

## Education

Following her graduation with a BA from UPEI in 1973 Epperly studied for an MA at Dalhousie University in 1974 and completed her PhD in English Literature at Birkbeck College, University of London in 1978.

## Selected publications

* The Fragrance of Sweet-Grass: L.M. Montgomery's Heroine's and the Pursuit of Romance, 2014
* Imagining Anne: The Island Scrapbooks of L.M. Montgomery, 2008
* Through Lovers Lane: L.M. Montgomery's Photography and Visual Imagination, 2007
* L.M. Montgomery and Canadian Culture, Ed. by Irene Gammel and Elizabeth R. Epperly, University of Toronto Press, 1999
* My Dear Mr. M.: Letters to G.B. MacMillan from L.M. Montgomery. 1980. Ed. by Francis W.P. Bolger and Elizabeth R. Epperly. Oxford University Press, 1992.
* The More We Get Together. Ed. by Houston Stewart, Beth Percival, Elizabeth R. Epperly, Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women, Gynergy Press, 1992.
* Patterns of Repetition in Trollope. Catholic University of America Press, 1989.
* Anthony Trollope's Notes on the Old Drama. University of Victoria: ELS Monograph Series, 1988.


title: Erland Frisvold

abstract: Erland Frisvold was a Norwegian colonel, civil engineer, and mayor of Harstad. Frisvold was born at the farm Kjæstad in Lom, Norway, the eldest child of Pål Erlandsson Frisvold (1846–1912) and Anne Rolvsdotter Blakar Frisvold (1850–1937). He graduated from the Military Academy in 1899, and from the Norwegian Military College in 1902, and then served as the civil engineer for Harstad from 1908 to 1911. He served as mayor of Harstad from 1911 to 1912 and again from 1926 to 1929. During the Second World War, he commanded Infantry Regiment No. 12, taking part in the Battles of Narvik. He died on August 22, 1971 and is buried in Oslo's Western Cemetery. Frisvold was married to Valdis Kaarbø (1882–1961), the daughter of Rikard Kaarbø (1850–1901), a leading businessman in Harstad. He was the father of Lieutenant General Paal Frisvold.

text:
# Erland Frisvold

**Erland Frisvold** (May 13, 1877 – August 22, 1971) was a Norwegian colonel, civil engineer, and mayor of Harstad.

Frisvold was born at the farm Kjæstad in Lom, Norway, the eldest child of Pål Erlandsson Frisvold (1846–1912) and Anne Rolvsdotter Blakar Frisvold (1850–1937). He graduated from the Military Academy in 1899, and from the Norwegian Military College in 1902, and then served as the civil engineer for Harstad from 1908 to 1911. He served as mayor of Harstad from 1911 to 1912 and again from 1926 to 1929. During the Second World War, he commanded Infantry Regiment No. 12, taking part in the Battles of Narvik. He died on August 22, 1971 and is buried in Oslo's Western Cemetery (*Vestre gravlund*).

Frisvold was married to Valdis Kaarbø (1882–1961), the daughter of Rikard Kaarbø (1850–1901), a leading businessman in Harstad. He was the father of Lieutenant General Paal Frisvold.

| External image | |
| --- | --- |
| http://digitaltmuseum.no/011015077041 Portrait of Erland Frisvold at DigitaltMuseum | |

## InfoBox

| Erlanc Frisvold | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1877-05-13)May 13, 1877<br>Lom, Norway |
| Died | August 22, 1971(1971-08-22) (aged 94) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation | Military officer |
| Children | Paal Frisvold |
| Relatives |  |


title: Deszno, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

abstract: Deszno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nagłowice, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Nagłowice, 13 km (8 mi) west of Jędrzejów, and 47 km (29 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

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# Deszno, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Deszno** \[ˈdɛʂnɔ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nagłowice, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of Nagłowice, 13 km (8 mi) west of Jędrzejów, and 47 km (29 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Deszno | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Deszno | |
| Coordinates: 50°36′N 20°8′E / 50.600°N 20.133°E / 50.600; 20.133 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Jędrzejów |
| Gmina | Nagłowice |


title: Edward Grimes (politician)

abstract: Edward Grimes was a pastoralist, Auditor-General of Victoria (Australia) and a member of the Victorian Legislative Council. In 1844 Grimes was appointed a magistrate for the Port Phillip District; in 1851 he was clerk of the Victorian Executive Council. On 8 December 1853, Grimes was appointed Auditor-General and a member of the original (unicameral) Victorian Legislative Council. Hugh Childers succeeded Grimes as Auditor-General by November 1855. Grimes died in London, England, on 2 June 1859.

text:
# Edward Grimes (politician)

**Edward Grimes** (c. 1811 – 2 June 1859) was a pastoralist, Auditor-General of Victoria (Australia) and a member of the Victorian Legislative Council.

In 1844 Grimes was appointed a magistrate for the Port Phillip District; in 1851 he was clerk of the Victorian Executive Council.

On 8 December 1853, Grimes was appointed Auditor-General and a member of the original (unicameral) Victorian Legislative Council. Hugh Childers succeeded Grimes as Auditor-General by November 1855.

Grimes died in London, England, on 2 June 1859.


title: C. Sherman King

abstract: Charles Sherman King was an American college football coach. He served as the fourth head football coach at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and he held that position for the 1889 season. His record at Wabash was 1–1. King was killed, along with wife and two daughters, on July 18, 1908, when a train stuck their automobile near Columbia City, Indiana.

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# C. Sherman King

**Charles Sherman King** (September 14, 1865 – July 18, 1908) was an American college football coach. He served as the fourth head football coach at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and he held that position for the 1889 season. His record at Wabash was 1–1. King was killed, along with wife and two daughters, on July 18, 1908, when a train stuck their automobile near Columbia City, Indiana.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Wabash** *(Independent)* (1889) | | | | | | | | |
| 1889 | Wabash | 1–1 |  |  |  |
| **Wabash:** | | 1–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 1–1 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

C. Sherman King
| King pictured in the *Chicago Tribune*, 1908 | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1865-09-14)September 14, 1865
Wabash, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | July 18, 1908(1908-07-18) (aged 42)
Columbia City, Indiana, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Yale (1889) |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1889 | Wabash |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 1–1 |
|  | |


title: Orgetorix

abstract: Orgetorix was a wealthy aristocrat among the Helvetii, a Celtic-speaking people residing in what is now Switzerland during the consulship of Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic.

text:
# Orgetorix

**Orgetorix** was a wealthy aristocrat among the Helvetii, a Celtic-speaking people residing in what is now Switzerland during the consulship of Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic.

## Planned migration

In 61 BC, he convinced the Helvetians to attempt to migrate from Helvetian territory to southwestern Gaul (modern-day France). He was also party to a clandestine arrangement with Dumnorix of the Aedui and Casticus of the Sequani to seize control of their respective tribes by arms and between them rule most of Gaul. The conspiracy was denounced, Orgetorix was called to a hearing in chains before the government of the Helvetii. He arrived with a small army and was released but died mysteriously in a rumoured suicide. The Helvetians went on with their plans for migration but were defeated in 58 BC and returned by Julius Caesar. The incident was the beginning of the Gallic War in which Caesar subjugated Gaul.

## Etymology

Julius Pokorny segments the name *\[P\]orgeto-rix* in which the first element contains Gallic *orge* "kill", related to Old Irish *orcaid* "kill", from the Indo-European root \*per-g-, "to hit." The second element is manifestly Celtic *rīx*, "king:" "warrior-king", which does not imply that the owner of the name is necessarily a legal ruler. Although Orgetorix had aspirations in that direction, he was not a legal ruler.

## Social position

According to Caesar's I.2 of *De Bello Gallico*, Orgetorix was by far the wealthiest and noblest. He made himself an ambassador on behalf of the Helvetians to the other Gallic tribes, and he gave his own daughter to Dumnorix as a *bona fide* gesture. Orgetorix failed in his attempt to become one of three ruling triumvirs of Gaul.

## Plan for migration

The Helvetians made elaborate plans for making such a journey. According to Caesar, they spent two years sowing crops and buying beasts of burden and intended for the migration to start in the third year. The effort came by way of marital exchange and individual alliances among some of the young nobles from all three tribes.

## Conspiracy

Orgetorix was intending to make an unlawful attempt in seizing control of all of Gaul, with Dumnorix and Casticus as his other triumvirs. Unknown to the Helvetians, Orgetorix was making a deal to involve the use of Helvetian soldiers to seize control of all of Gaul, instead of a mere migration. If the conspiracy had been carried out, the Aeduans, Sequanians and Helvetians, under the threesome, would have all of Gaul at their disposal.

## Trial and death

Rivals among the Helvetii discovered Orgetorix's plot and moved to put him on trial, with the penalty of death by burning if he was found guilty. In assisting his efforts to avoid that fate, Orgetorix had meanwhile acquired a significant personal retinue, in addition to having called up an army of more than 10,000 men at arms in addition to their mobilized clients, followers and dependents.

Many Helvetians suspected that Orgetorix committed suicide, rather than face death by burning. According to Roman accounts, he managed to evade pleading his case, but as the magistrates forced away the crowd of persons from the fields, Orgetorix died. Nonetheless, the Helvetians continued their attempt to migrate.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Orgetorix | |
| --- | --- |
| An example of the Orgetorix coins minted among the Helvetii during the time of Orgetorix's magistracy, when he was preparing the state for migration but his conspiracy was yet undiscovered. Orgetorix is spelled {O}RCIITI{R}\[IX\], with the C for G and the II for E. | |
| Born | unknown
Gaul, Roman Republic |
| Died | 61 BC
Roman Republic |
| Occupation | Aristocrat |
| Known for | Conspiracy to take control of Gaul |


title: Quadrant Mountain

abstract: Quadrant Mountain, elevation 10,217 feet (3,114 m), is a summit in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park of Wyoming, United States. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1930 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

text:
# Quadrant Mountain

**Quadrant Mountain**, elevation 10,217 feet (3,114 m), is a summit in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park of Wyoming, United States. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1930 by the United States Board on Geographic Names.

## InfoBox

| Quadrant Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| East aspect | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 10,217 ft (3,114 m) |
| Prominence | 541 ft (165 m) |
| Coordinates | 44°54′10″N 110°51′37″W / 44.9028733°N 110.8602558°W / 44.9028733; -110.8602558 (Quadrant Mountain) |
| Geography | |
| Quadrant MountainLocation in WyomingQuadrant MountainQuadrant Mountain (the United States) | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wyoming |
| County | Park |
| Protected area | Yellowstone National Park |
| Parent range | Gallatin Range |
| Topo map | USGS *Quadrant Mountain* |


title: Quadrant Park

abstract: Quadrant Park also known as the Quad or Quaddie was a nightclub in Bootle, UK opened during the late 1980s to the early 1990s. and one of the most important in the UK at the time. and was known to attract a number of international guest DJs. The main styles of music played were Italo house and acid house, retrospectively it could also be defined an early Superclub.

text:
# Quadrant Park

53°27′00″N 3°00′04″W / 53.44987°N 3.00102°W / 53.44987; -3.00102

**Quadrant Park** also known as the **Quad** or **Quaddie** was a nightclub in Bootle, UK opened during the late 1980s to the early 1990s. and one of the most important in the UK at the time. and was known to attract a number of international guest DJs. The main styles of music played were Italo house and acid house, retrospectively it could also be defined an early Superclub.

## History

The nightclub was located on Derby Road in Bootle, north of the city of Liverpool, in a converted warehouse. The building was originally an Owen Owen warehouse, which was purchased by steel magnate James Spencer in the late 1980s to convert into a nightclub and snooker hall. A "Heritage Market" was opened shortly after to make use of the large unused lower floor space at the rear. Originally opened in the late 1980s as a snooker hall and mainstream nightclub, there was also a market in the downstairs warehouse area, and the upstairs contained a small social club (the *Harlequin Suite*) which could be hired out for social occasions. After the Sunday market trade had moved to a nearby dock warehouse (Stanley Market), Quadrant Park started holding all night raves in the then-vacant space. A loop-hole in a Sefton council licensing law enabled Quadrant Park to be the only legal all-night rave in the UK, as the venue did not sell alcohol. Quadrant Park's main period of activity began in early January 1990 with a capacity of 2,400, Quadrant Park began focusing on house music in early 1990. The club was dubbed "The Quad" and in October 1990 it opened the Pavilion, the first weekly legal all-nighter in Britain. Pavilion was put on in the basement below the main club. Some party goers would travel long distances to get to the venue; from London, Glasgow, Birmingham and even as far away as Aberdeen. Near the end of 1990, the club obtained a licence to stay open to six o'clock.

## DJs

Mike Knowler was the initial resident DJ, and soon invited DJ partner Andy Carroll to join him. Carroll and Knowler had previously helped bring acid house music to the city of Liverpool, DJing at *The State* nightclub in Dale Street. When the all-nighter opened in November 1990, John Kelly, James Barton and Gary J joined the resident DJ crew. Guest DJs at Quadrant Park included Laurent Garnier, Derrick May, Frankie Bones, Fabio, Grooverider, Rob Tissera, Trevor Fung, Joey Beltram and Sasha. Knowler was given the Thursday night gig in January 1990, and was later also given the residency of the club's Friday and Saturday nights.

## Live PAs

A number of live performances at Quadrant Park included: Guru Josh, Anticappella, Baby D, Baby Ford, Bassomatic, Bizarre Inc, Dream Frequency, Jam MCs, K-Klass, Katherine E, LFO, N-Joi, Mr Monday, Nightmares on Wax, and Shades of Rhythm.

## Closure

The club survived until 31 December 1991, despite considerable and persistent licensing issues and unfavourable media attention in newspapers. Quadrant Park closed voluntarily that night, following an incident of robbery and a stabbing. The building has since been demolished and has been replaced with a waste recycling centre.

## Cultural impact and legacy

The club was featured in an exhibition hosted at the World Museum as part of the European Capital of Culture in July 2008 of which Liverpool was the host city.

## Sources

## InfoBox

Quadrant Park
| Quaddie | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | Derby Road in Bootle, north of the city of Liverpool, in a converted warehouse |
| Location | Bootle, England |
| Type | Club |
| Genre(s) | acid house, Italo house, Techno, electronic dance music |
| Capacity | 2,400 |
| Opened | 1988 |
| Closed | December 31, 1991 |
| Website | |
| QuadrantParkReunions.com | |


title: Quadrant (instrument)

abstract: A quadrant is an instrument used to measure angles up to 90°. Different versions of this instrument could be used to calculate various readings, such as longitude, latitude, and time of day. Its earliest recorded usage was in ancient India in Rigvedic times by Rishi Atri to observe a solar eclipse. It was then proposed by Ptolemy as a better kind of astrolabe. Several different variations of the instrument were later produced by medieval Muslim astronomers. Mural quadrants were important astronomical instruments in 18th-century European observatories, establishing a use for positional astronomy.

text:
# Quadrant (instrument)

A **quadrant** is an instrument used to measure angles up to 90°. Different versions of this instrument could be used to calculate various readings, such as longitude, latitude, and time of day. Its earliest recorded usage was in ancient India in Rigvedic times by Rishi Atri to observe a solar eclipse. It was then proposed by Ptolemy as a better kind of astrolabe. Several different variations of the instrument were later produced by medieval Muslim astronomers. Mural quadrants were important astronomical instruments in 18th-century European observatories, establishing a use for positional astronomy.

## Etymology

The term *quadrant*, meaning one fourth, refers to the fact that early versions of the instrument were derived from astrolabes. The quadrant condensed the workings of the astrolabe into an area one fourth the size of the astrolabe face; it was essentially a quarter of an astrolabe.

## History

During Rigvedic times in ancient India, quadrants called 'Tureeyam's were used to measure the extent of a great solar eclipse. The use of a Tureeyam for observing a solar eclipse by Rishi Atri is described in the fifth mandala of the Rigveda, most likely between c. 1500 and 1000 BCE.

Early accounts of a quadrant also come from Ptolemy's *Almagest* around AD 150. He described a "plinth" that could measure the altitude of the noon sun by projecting the shadow of a peg on a graduated arc of 90 degrees. This quadrant was unlike later versions of the instrument; it was larger and consisted of several moving parts. Ptolemy's version was a derivative of the astrolabe and the purpose of this rudimentary device was to measure the meridian angle of the sun.

Islamic astronomers in the Middle Ages improved upon these ideas and constructed quadrants throughout the Middle East, in observatories such as Marageh, Rey and Samarkand. At first these quadrants were usually very large and stationary, and could be rotated to any bearing to give both the altitude and azimuth for any celestial body. As Islamic astronomers made advancements in astronomical theory and observational accuracy they are credited with developing four different types of quadrants during the Middle Ages and beyond. The first of these, the sine quadrant, was invented by Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in the 9th century at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. The other types were the universal quadrant, the horary quadrant and the astrolabe quadrant.

During the Middle Ages the knowledge of these instruments spread to Europe. In the 13th century Jewish astronomer Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon was crucial in further developing the quadrant. He was a skilled astronomer and wrote several volumes on the topic, including an influential book detailing how to build and use an improved version of the quadrant. The quadrant that he invented came to be known as the *novus quadrans*, or new quadrant. This device was revolutionary because it was the first quadrant to be built that did not involve several moving parts and thus could be much smaller and more portable.

Tibbon's Hebrew manuscripts were translated into Latin and improved upon by Danish scholar Peter Nightingale several years later. Because of the translation, Tibbon, or Prophatius Judaeus as he was known in Latin, became an influential name in astronomy. His new quadrant was based upon the idea that the stereographic projection that defines a planispheric astrolabe can still work if the astrolabe parts are folded into a single quadrant. The result was a device that was far cheaper, easier to use and more portable than a standard astrolabe. Tibbon's work had a far reach and influenced Copernicus, Christopher Clavius and Erasmus Reinhold; and his manuscript was referenced in Dante's Divine Comedy.

As the quadrant became smaller and thus more portable, its value for navigation was soon realized. The first documented use of the quadrant to navigate at sea is in 1461, by Diogo Gomes. Sailors began by measuring the height of Polaris to ascertain their latitude. This application of quadrants is generally attributed to Arab sailors who traded along the east coast of Africa and often travelled out of sight of land. It soon became more common to take the height of the sun at a given time due to the fact that Polaris is not visible south of the equator.

In 1618, the English mathematician Edmund Gunter further adapted the quadrant with an invention that came to be known as the Gunter quadrant. This pocket sized quadrant was revolutionary because it was inscribed with projections of the tropics, the equator, the horizon and the ecliptic. With the correct tables one could use the quadrant to find the time, the date, the length of the day or night, the time of sunrise and sunset and the meridian. The Gunter quadrant was extremely useful but it had its drawbacks; the scales only applied to a certain latitude so the instrument's use was limited at sea.

## Types

There are several types of quadrants:

* Mural quadrants, used for determining the time by measuring the altitudes of astronomical objects. Tycho Brahe created one of the largest mural quadrants. In order to tell time he would place two clocks next to the quadrant so that he could identify the minutes and seconds in relation to the measurements on the side of the instrument.
* Large frame-based instruments used for measuring angular distances between astronomical objects.
* Geometric quadrant used by surveyors and navigators.
* Davis quadrant a compact, framed instrument used by navigators for measuring the altitude of an astronomical object.

They can also be classified as:

* **Altitude** – The plain quadrant with plumb line, used to take the altitude of an object.
* **Gunner's** – A type of clinometer used by an artillerist to measure the elevation or depression angle of a gun barrel of a cannon or mortar, both to verify proper firing elevation, and to verify the correct alignment of the weapon-mounted fire control devices.
* **Gunter's** – A quadrant used for time determination as well as the length of day, when the sun had risen and set, the date, and the meridian using scales and curves of the quadrant along with related tables. It was invented by Edmund Gunter in 1623. Gunter's quadrant was fairly simple which allowed for its widespread and long-lasting use in the 17th and 18th centuries. Gunter expanded the basic features of other quadrants to create a convenient and comprehensive instrument. Its distinguishable feature included projections of the tropics, equator, ecliptic, and the horizon.
* **Islamic** – King identified four types of quadrants that were produced by Muslim astronomers.

1. **The sine quadrant** (Arabic: Rubul Mujayyab) – also known as the *Sinecal Quadrant* – was used for solving trigonometric problems and taking astronomical observations. It was developed by al-Khwarizmi in 9th century Baghdad and prevalent until the nineteenth century. Its defining feature is a graph-paper like grid on one side that is divided into sixty equal intervals on each axis and is also bounded by a 90 degree graduated arc. A cord was attached to the apex of the quadrant with a bead, for calculation, and a plumb bob. They were also sometimes drawn on the back of astrolabes.
2. **The universal (shakkāzīya) quadrant** – used for solving astronomical problems for any latitude: These quadrants had either one or two sets of shakkāzīya grids and were developed in the fourteenth century in Syria. Some astrolabes are also printed on the back with the universal quadrant like an astrolabe created by Ibn al-Sarrāj.
3. **The horary quadrant** – used for finding the time with the sun: The horary quadrant could be used to find the time either in equal or unequal (length of the day divided by twelve) hours. Different sets of markings were created for either equal or unequal hours. For measuring the time in equal hours, the horary quadrant could only be used for one specific latitude while a quadrant for unequal hours could be used anywhere based on an approximate formula. One edge of the quadrant had to be aligned with the sun, and once aligned, a bead on the plumbline attached to the centre of the quadrant showed the time of the day. A British version dated 1311 was listed by Christie's in December 2023, with the claim of being "the earliest dated English scientific instrument" without showing any provenance. A further example exists dated 1396, from European sources (Richard II of England). The oldest horary quadrant was found during an excavation in 2013 in the Hanseatic town of Zutphen (Netherlands), is dated ca. 1300, and is in the local Stedelijk Museum in Zutphen.
4. **The astrolabe/almucantar quadrant** – a quadrant developed from the astrolabe: This quadrant was marked with one half of a typical astrolabe plate as astrolabe plates are symmetrical. A cord attached from the centre of the quadrant with a bead at the other end was moved to represent the position of a celestial body (sun or a star). The ecliptic and star positions were marked on the quadrant for the above. It is not known where and when the astrolabe quadrant was invented, existent astrolabe quadrants are either of Ottoman or Mamluk origin, while there have been discovered twelfth century Egyptian and fourteenth century Syrian treatises on the astrolabe quadrant. These quadrants proved to be very popular alternatives to astrolabes.

## Geometric quadrant

The geometric quadrant is a quarter-circle panel usually of wood or brass. Markings on the surface might be printed on paper and pasted to the wood or painted directly on the surface. Brass instruments had their markings scribed directly into the brass.

For marine navigation, the earliest examples were found around 1460. They were not graduated in degrees but rather had the latitudes of the most common destinations directly scribed on the limb. When in use, the navigator would sail north or south until the quadrant indicated he was at the destination's latitude, turn in the direction of the destination and sail to the destination maintaining a course of constant latitude. After 1480, more of the instruments were made with limbs graduated in degrees.

Along one edge there were two sights forming an alidade. A plumb bob was suspended by a line from the centre of the arc at the top.

In order to measure the altitude of a star, the observer would view the star through the sights and hold the quadrant so that the plane of the instrument was vertical. The plumb bob was allowed to hang vertical and the line indicated the reading on the arc's graduations. It was not uncommon for a second person to take the reading while the first concentrated on observing and holding the instrument in proper position.

The accuracy of the instrument was limited by its size and by the effect the wind or observer's motion would have on the plumb bob. For navigators on the deck of a moving ship, these limitations could be difficult to overcome.

### Solar observations

In order to avoid staring into the sun to measure its altitude, navigators could hold the instrument in front of them with the sun to their side. By having the sunward sighting vane cast its shadow on the lower sighting vane, it was possible to align the instrument to the sun. Care would have to be taken to ensure that the altitude of the centre of the sun was determined. This could be done by averaging the elevations of the upper and lower umbra in the shadow.

### Back observation quadrant

In order to perform measurements of the altitude of the sun, a back observation quadrant was developed.

With such a quadrant, the observer viewed the horizon from a *sight vane* (C in the figure on the right) through a slit in the *horizon vane* (B). This ensured the instrument was level. The observer moved the *shadow vane* (A) to a position on the graduated scale so as to cause its shadow to appear coincident with the level of the horizon on the horizon vane. This angle was the elevation of the sun.

## Framed quadrant

Large frame quadrants were used for astronomical measurements, notably determining the altitude of celestial objects. They could be permanent installations, such as mural quadrants. Smaller quadrants could be moved. Like the similar astronomical sextants, they could be used in a vertical plane or made adjustable for any plane.

When set on a pedestal or other mount, they could be used to measure the angular distance between any two celestial objects.

The details on their construction and use are essentially the same as those of the astronomical sextants; refer to that article for details.

Navy: Used to gauge elevation on ships cannon, the quadrant had to be placed on each gun's trunnion in order to judge range, after the loading. The reading was taken at the top of the ship's roll, the gun adjusted, and checked, again at the top of the roll, and he went to the next gun, until all that were going to be fired were ready. The ship's Gunner was informed, who in turn informed the captain...You may fire when ready...at the next high roll, the cannon would be fired.

In more modern applications, the quadrant is attached to the trunnion ring or of a large naval gun to align it to benchmarks welded to the ship's deck. This is done to ensure firing of the gun hasn't "warped the deck." A flat surface on the mount gunhouse or turret is also checked against benchmarks, also, to ensure large bearings and/or bearing races haven't changed... to "calibrate" the gun.

## Customization

During the Middle Ages, makers often added customization to impress the person for whom the quadrant was intended. In large, unused spaces on the instrument, a sigil or badge would often be added to denote the ownership by an important person or the allegiance of the owner.

* Maurice Daumas, *Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers*, Portman Books, London 1989 ISBN 978-0-7134-0727-3


title: Elliot Hovey

abstract: Elliot Meyer Hovey is an American rower who participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics. During his youth in New England, Hovey's athletic focus was primarily on downhill ski racing. By high school he lost interest and began his rowing career at Salisbury School in Salisbury, Connecticut (1999). He quickly rose through the ranks on Salisbury's Crew with hopes of following his grandfather's footsteps and row on an Ivy League college team. In the process, Hovey posted nationally ranked Concept2 ergometer scores for 2000 meter tests at the Junior level. He was invited to the US Junior National Rowing Team selection camps in 2000 and 2001 which both took place on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hovey failed to be selected and was cut from both teams. He was then recruited by coaches Booth Kyle and Ed Kloman (2000) as well as Evans Liolin and Colin Campbell (2001) to row with the Boston Rowing Center's (BRC) junior men's development teams. Both years at BRC were enormously successful. In the fall of 2001, Hovey applied early decision to Brown University with hopes to fulfill his dream to row on an Ivy League team. He was immediately deferred and then wait listed. Shortly after he was approached by the University of California, Berkeley's Freshman coach Geoff Bond and offered a promising opportunity to row for the California Golden Bears. Turning his back on the Ivy League dream, Hovey applied to the University of California, Berkeley and enrolled in classes the next fall. Elliot Hovey resigned his membership at the California Rowing Club (CRC) in Oakland, CA in early December, 2009 and affiliated with the US Rowing Training Center located at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California. He is currently a member of Union Boat Club in Boston, Massachusetts and an Ordinary Member of Leander Club in Henley-on-Thames, England. He currently resides in Minturn, Colorado.

text:
# Elliot Hovey

**Elliot Meyer Hovey** (born 17 February 1983 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American rower who participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics.

During his youth in New England, Hovey's athletic focus was primarily on downhill ski racing. By high school he lost interest and began his rowing career at Salisbury School in Salisbury, Connecticut (1999). He quickly rose through the ranks on Salisbury's Crew with hopes of following his grandfather's footsteps and row on an Ivy League college team.

In the process, Hovey posted nationally ranked Concept2 ergometer scores for 2000 meter tests at the Junior level. He was invited to the US Junior National Rowing Team selection camps in 2000 and 2001 which both took place on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hovey failed to be selected and was cut from both teams. He was then recruited by coaches Booth Kyle and Ed Kloman (2000) as well as Evans Liolin and Colin Campbell (2001) to row with the Boston Rowing Center's (BRC) junior men's development teams. Both years at BRC were enormously successful.

In the fall of 2001, Hovey applied early decision to Brown University with hopes to fulfill his dream to row on an Ivy League team. He was immediately deferred and then wait listed. Shortly after he was approached by the University of California, Berkeley's Freshman coach Geoff Bond and offered a promising opportunity to row for the California Golden Bears. Turning his back on the Ivy League dream, Hovey applied to the University of California, Berkeley and enrolled in classes the next fall.

Elliot Hovey resigned his membership at the California Rowing Club (CRC) in Oakland, CA in early December, 2009 and affiliated with the US Rowing Training Center located at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California. He is currently a member of Union Boat Club in Boston, Massachusetts and an Ordinary Member of Leander Club in Henley-on-Thames, England.

He currently resides in Minturn, Colorado.

## Achievements

### Olympics

2012 Summer Olympics\- London 2012 - Men's Quadruple Sculls (M4x) with teammates Peter Graves, Alex Osborne, and Wes Piermarini - 13th place.

2008 Summer Olympics \- Beijing 2008 - Men's Double Sculls (M2x) with partner Wes Piermarini - 13th place.

### World Championships

2009 World Rowing Championships \- Poznań, Poland - Men's Quadruple Sculls (M4x) - 12th place.

### World Cups

2010 Rowing World Cup III - Rotsee, Lucerne, Switzerland - Men's Quadruple Sculls (M4X) - 8th place.

2010 Rowing World Cup II - Munich, Germany - Men's Quadruple Sculls (M4X) - 7th place.

2009 Rowing World Cup III - Rotsee, Lucerne, Switzerland - Men's Quadruple Sculls (M4X) - 4th place.

### Henley Royal Regatta

2008 Henley Royal Regatta \- Henley-on-Thames, England - Winner of Double Sculls Challenge Cup with partner Wes Piermarini.

### U.S. Rowing Selection Regattas

2010 US National Selection Regatta (NSR 3) Men's Double Sculls with Wes Piermarini - 2nd place.

2009 US National Selection Regatta (NSR 2) Men's Double Sculls with Warren Anderson - 2nd place.

2009 US National Selection Regatta (NSR 1) Men's Single Sculls - 5th place.

2008 US Rowing Olympic Trials - West Windsor, New Jersey - Men's Double Sculls with Wes Piermarini - 1st place.

### Intercollegiate

2006 Intercollegiate Rowing Association (IRA) national champion, University of California, Berkeley Men's Varsity Eight (8+) (2 seat).

2006 Pac-10 Conference Champion, University of California, Berkeley Men's Varsity Eight (8+) (2 seat).

2006 All-Conference winner and selected for the All-Pac-10 Team.

### Club

Winner of the 2007 Royal Canadian Henley Regatta in the Sr. Men's Double Scull with partner Michael Holbrook.


title: Ellen Spiro

abstract: Ellen Spiro is an American documentary filmmaker. She is a producer and director of the television documentary Are the Kids Alright?, which won an Emmy Award in 2005. Spiro is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, where she has taught graduate and undergraduate courses in documentary, experimental film, and music film production in the Department of Radio-TV-Film. She is also a visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley.

text:
# Ellen Spiro

**Ellen Spiro** is an American documentary filmmaker. She is a producer and director of the television documentary *Are the Kids Alright?*, which won an Emmy Award in 2005.

Spiro is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, where she has taught graduate and undergraduate courses in documentary, experimental film, and music film production in the Department of Radio-TV-Film. She is also a visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley.

## Career

Spiro's work grew out of the AIDS activist movement and tradition of grassroots video activism. Her early work was shot on a compact Sony palmcorder and highlighted gay and lesbian stories. One of her earliest award-winning works, *Diana's Hair Ego,* was the first small format video to be broadcast on national television. Her work was presented twice in the *Museum of Modern Art*.

Spiro created the 10 Under 10 Film Festival in Austin, TX.

In 2006, Spiro was awarded an artist's residency at the Bellagio Center, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation, in Bellagio, Italy. She worked with Phil Donahue on *Body of War*, a film about paralyzed Iraq War veteran Tomas Young, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and won a 'People's Choice Award' and the 'Audience Award for Best Documentary' at the Hamptons International Film Festival. It was shortlisted for nomination for an Academy Award in 2007. In December, Body of War was named Best Documentary of 2007 by the National Board of Review.

She was recognized by students as one of the top 10 professors at the University of Texas in 2018.

## Films

10. "Author: Ellen Spiro." The Scholar & Feminist Online. Retrieved 6 Mar. 2024.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Spiro | |
| --- | --- |
| Spiro in 2016 | |
| Born | New Brunswick, New Jersey, US |
| Parent(s) | Jack and Marilyn Spiro of New Orleans, Louisiana. |


title: Ellen Gorman

abstract: Ellen A. Gorman is an American attorney and judge who served as a justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court from 2007 to 2022.

text:
# Ellen Gorman

**Ellen A. Gorman** (born November 9, 1955) is an American attorney and judge who served as a justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court from 2007 to 2022.

## Education

Gorman graduated from Trinity Washington University with a Bachelor of Arts in 1977 and Cornell University Law School with a Juris Doctor in 1982. She was admitted to the Maine Bar in 1982.

## Career

Gorman worked in private practice with the Portland firm Richardson, Tyler & Troubh before being appointed by governor John R. McKernan Jr. to serve on the Maine District Court in 1989. She has also has been a member of the Maine Judicial Education Committee and the Maine Workers Compensation Commission.

After 11 years on the District Court, governor Angus King appointed Gorman to the Maine Superior Court. On October 1, 2007, governor John Baldacci appointed her to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. She was reappointed for a second term in 2015 by governor Paul LePage. Gorman retired on March 18, 2022, when her term ended.

## Personal life

Gorman is a resident of Auburn, Maine.

## InfoBox

| Ellen Gorman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court | |
| **In office**
October 1, 2007  March 18, 2022 | |
| Appointed by | John Baldacci |
| Preceded by | Susan W. Calkins |
| Succeeded by | Rick E. Lawrence |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1955-11-09) November 9, 1955 |
| Education | Trinity Washington University (BA)
Cornell University (JD) |
|  | |


title: DRE voting machine

abstract: A DRE voting machine, or direct-recording electronic voting machine, records votes by means of a ballot display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter. These are typically buttons or a touchscreen; and they process data using a computer program to record voting data and ballot images in memory components. After the election, it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a removable memory component and as printed copy. The system may also provide a means for transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results from precincts at the central location. The device started to be massively used in 1996 in Brazil where 100% of the elections voting system is carried out using machines. In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996.

text:
# DRE voting machine

A **DRE voting machine**, or **direct-recording electronic voting machine**, records votes by means of a ballot display provided with mechanical or electro-optical components that can be activated by the voter. These are typically buttons or a touchscreen; and they process data using a computer program to record voting data and ballot images in memory components. After the election, it produces a tabulation of the voting data stored in a removable memory component and as printed copy. The system may also provide a means for transmitting individual ballots or vote totals to a central location for consolidating and reporting results from precincts at the central location. The device started to be massively used in 1996 in Brazil where 100% of the elections voting system is carried out using machines.

In 2004, 28.9% of the registered voters in the United States used some type of direct recording electronic voting system, up from 7.7% in 1996.

## History

The idea of voting by push button with electrical technology used to total the votes dates back to the 19th century when Frank Wood of Boston was granted a patent on a direct-recording electrical voting machine. (Thomas Edison's electrical voting system patent is sometimes cited in this regard, but it was intended for tallying roll-call votes in legislative chambers; as such, it is more like an audience response system.) The idea of electrical voting was pursued with much more vigor in the 20th century. Numerous patents were filed in the 1960s, many of them by AVM Corporation (the former Automatic Voting Machine Corporation), the company that had a near monopoly on mechanical voting machine at the time.

The first direct-recording electronic voting machine to be used in a government election was the Video Voter. This was developed by the Frank Thornber Company in Chicago. The Video Voter saw its first trial use in 1974 near Chicago, Illinois, and remained in use until 1980.

Microvote and Shoup Voting Machine Corporation entered the market in the mid 1980s with the MV-464 and the Shouptronic. Both of these machines saw widespread use; over 11,000 Shouptronic machines had been sold by 1993. In the years that followed, the rights to the Shouptronic were transferred to Guardian Voting and then to Danaher Controls, which sold it as the ELECTronic 1242.

## Benefits

DREs prevent overvotes and provide immediate feedback to the voter about undervotes. They avoid ballots with ambiguous marks where voter intent can be unclear.

Like electronic ballot markers, DREs can be programmed to offer ballots in multiple languages, and they let people with disabilities vote without assistance, which would remove the anonymity of their vote. The machines can use headphones and other adaptive technology to provide accessibility.

Additionally, with DRE voting systems there is no risk of exhausting the supply of paper ballots, and they remove the need for printing paper ballots, which cost $0.10 to $0.55 per ballot, though some versions print results on thermal paper, which has ongoing costs.

## Issues

Skepticism about the integrity of DRE voting machines led to the creation of election forensics, which can help identify election fraud.

### Delays in voting

DREs can cause more delay than paper ballots at busy times, since every voter needs access to a machine. Queuing theory calculates that waits of an hour result from known variations in when voters arrive, number of voters per machine, and average time a voter spends with a machine.

### Errors

Issues have included public web access to the software, before it is loaded into machines for each election, and programming errors which increment different candidates than voters select.

### 2009 German court ruling

In 2009, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany found that with voting machines the "determination of the result must be able to be examined by the citizen reliably and without any specialist knowledge of the subject." They further found the DRE-type voting machines, used in parliamentary elections under current German law, permitted voting machines but were unconstitutional without further qualification. The decision does not ban electronic voting but implements a higher standard.

### Demonstrated laboratory attacks

Attacks have also been performed on both DRE machines and optical scan voting machines, which count paper ballots. (See California study, "Security Analysis of the Diebold AccuBasic Interpreter").

Whether it is a DRE or an optical scan machine, the opportunity for tampering applies to persons with inside access (including government workers) and to a lesser extent, outside hackers. Therefore, framing election tampering issues as "hacking" may not be an accurate framework for public concerns. Within the context of protecting voting rights, it would not matter whether vote alteration was done by an outsider or an insider. What is of most importance is the ability to perform an audit with a record generated and verified by the voter at the time their vote is cast, all of which is lost with the sole use of these DRE systems.


title: SS Orkla (1908)

abstract: SS Orkla was a steam ship of 173 tons that operated the line between Thamshavn in Orkdal and Trondheim in the Trondheim Fjord in Norway between 1908 and 1949. It was built at Trondheims Mekaniske Verksted in Trondheim and went into operation at the same time as the railway line Thamshavn Line opened between Thamshavn and Løkken Verk. It operated two round trips each day and was owned by Chr. Salvesen & Chr. Thams's Communications Aktieselskab, who also owned the railway. When it was delivered it was the fastest and one of the grandest local boats in the country and was nicknamed "the Trondheim Fjord's white swan". During World War I the ship reduced its operations to one daily round trip due to lack of coal, and was run partly on sawdust. In the 1920s the ship got competition from bus routes on the stretch Trondheim - Orkanger, soon to be operated by the sister company Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag, and throughout the 1920s and 1930s the line lost a lot of traffic. During World War II Orkla had more passengers again, but after the war the number of passengers decreased sharply and in 1949 there were no longer enough passengers or goods to sustain the route. A freight route was kept up until 1959 with the smaller motor boat MS Elna. Orkla was sold to a Belgian company, and was supposed to be used on the river Congo. However, there seems to be no record of her going there. She was sailed across the Atlantic, and in 1962 she was seen by a Norwegian ship's engineer in Talara, Peru.

text:
# SS Orkla (1908)

**SS *Orkla*** was a steam ship of 173 tons that operated the line between Thamshavn in Orkdal and Trondheim in the Trondheim Fjord in Norway between 1908 and 1949. It was built at Trondheims Mekaniske Verksted in Trondheim and went into operation at the same time as the railway line Thamshavn Line opened between Thamshavn and Løkken Verk. It operated two round trips each day and was owned by Chr. Salvesen & Chr. Thams's Communications Aktieselskab, who also owned the railway.

When it was delivered it was the fastest (making 13 knots on the test run) and one of the grandest local boats in the country and was nicknamed "the Trondheim Fjord's white swan". During World War I the ship reduced its operations to one daily round trip due to lack of coal, and was run partly on sawdust. In the 1920s the ship got competition from bus routes on the stretch Trondheim - Orkanger, soon to be operated by the sister company Trondhjem-Orkladal Billag, and throughout the 1920s and 1930s the line lost a lot of traffic. During World War II Orkla had more passengers again, but after the war the number of passengers decreased sharply and in 1949 there were no longer enough passengers or goods to sustain the route. A freight route was kept up until 1959 with the smaller motor boat MS *Elna*.

*Orkla* was sold to a Belgian company, and was supposed to be used on the river Congo. However, there seems to be no record of her going there. She was sailed across the Atlantic, and in 1962 she was seen by a Norwegian ship's engineer in Talara, Peru.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| Name | *Orkla* |
| Operator | Chr. Salvesen & Chr. Thams's Communications Aktieselskab |
| Port of registry | Norway |
| Completed | 1908 |
| General characteristics | |
| Length | 35 m (115 ft) |
| Beam | 6 m (20 ft) |
| Installed power | 2,700 kW steam engine |
| Speed | 13 knots |
| Capacity | 342 passengers |


title: Ursula Gauthier

abstract: Ursula Gauthier is a French journalist and sinologist. Gauthier was a reporter in China for L'Obs. In December 2015, her visa was not renewed and she was forced to leave the country after she published an article about Uyghurs in Xinjiang which Chinese government officials disapproved of. A Chinese government Foreign Ministry spokesman suggested Gauthier's article "openly supports terrorist activity, the killing of innocents and has outraged the Chinese public."

text:
# Ursula Gauthier

**Ursula Gauthier** is a French journalist and sinologist. Gauthier was a reporter in China for *L'Obs*. In December 2015, her visa was not renewed and she was forced to leave the country after she published an article about Uyghurs in Xinjiang which Chinese government officials disapproved of. A Chinese government Foreign Ministry spokesman suggested Gauthier's article "openly supports terrorist activity, the killing of innocents and has outraged the Chinese public."

## Personal

Ursula Gauthier is a long time journalist that was working as a foreign correspondent for the French news organization L'Obs in China before she was expelled from the country in December 2015 for an article she wrote about the treatment of Uighurs in China. She was writing on Chinese police killing several Uighur people in Xinjiang which she claimed included women and children, all of whom they said were linked to an attack on a coal mine that happened in September. The controversy arose when Gauthier claimed that "abuse, injustice, expropriation" of Uighurs "probably" triggered retribution in the form of the mass slaughter at the coal mine. Gauthier claimed that many experts doubt that ETIM, the jihadist Uighur East Turkestan Islamic Movement accused by the Chinese government to be the organizer of all violent attacks in Xinjiang, poses any real threat inside China and that some experts deny ETIM's existence. She claimed that ETIM is not classified anymore as terrorist by the USA.

## Career

Gauthier had spent six years reporting for L'Obs from Beijing before she was forced to leave.

### Expulsion from China

Gauthier wrote an article about the Chinese leaders' reaction to the November 2015 Paris attacks that was released on November 18, 2015, titled "After the attacks, the solidarity of China is not without ulterior motives."

She was accused of supporting terrorism by Chinese officials and Chinese state media, such as the *Global Times* and *China Daily*, after her article was seen as being critical of the ruling class and their handling of Xinjiang Muslims.

After these accusations, the press credentials of Gauthier were effectively revoked, and as a result of this so was her visa, and she was given the choice to either leave China before January 1, 2016, or apologize to the people of China. She ended up leaving China before the start of the new year.

#### Impact

Gauthier is the first foreign journalist since Melissa Chan of Al Jazeera in 2012 to be expelled from China. According to Gauthier, her being expelled from China was a scare tactic by the Chinese government to dissuade foreign journalists from criticizing Chinese policies, especially those involving Xinjiang, from within China. China's decision to expel Ursula Gauthier comes as little surprise to some considering the country's ranking on the Press Freedom Index.

#### Reactions

News organizations from all over the world have reported Gauthier's expulsion from China from the New York Times to Al Jazeera in Qatar. French journalists and press executives published a collective open letter condemning her expulsion. Most reactions from journalists and news organizations alike were not in favor of the Chinese government's decision to expel Ursula Gauthier. The Committee to Protect Journalists released the results from the Foreign Correspondents Club of China's annual survey results. The survey assessed the amount of trouble (such as how easy it is to gain access to certain areas, or how quickly a journalist receives her or his Chinese visa) that foreign journalist face while trying to report on stories going on in China. The survey concluded that the treatment of Ursula Gauthier by the Chinese government, and the Chinese press, which resulted in death threats and personal attacks, were comparable to abuse.

## Bibliography

* *Vent et poussière* (Paris: Editions Denoël, 1995, 368 pages).
* *Le Volcan chinois : dans les entrailles du Grand Dragon* (Paris: Editions Denoël, 1998, 304 pages).

## InfoBox

| Ursula Gauthier | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Ursula Gauthier |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Employer | L'Obs |
| Known for | Getting expelled from China |