title: Blaand

abstract: Blaand, or bland, is a fermented milk product made from whey. It is acidic and has very low alcohol content. Blaand has been a traditional drink made by farmers for their own use in Scotland, Iceland, the Faroes, and Norway for centuries. It was never commercialized; production ended in the mid-20th century. In these areas it was the most common daily drink before the introduction of modern drinks like tea and coffee. Blaand could be made by diluting the whey with water first and then letting it sour. Another approach was to put the whey into great vats, where it was left to sour; before drinking, some of the soured whey was mixed with water to reduce the acidity. The Norwegian name, "blande," simply means "mix," and the Scots word can mean the same.

text:
# Blaand

**Blaand**, or bland, is a fermented milk product made from whey. It is acidic and has very low alcohol content.

Blaand has been a traditional drink made by farmers for their own use in Scotland, Iceland, the Faroes, and Norway for centuries. It was never commercialized; production ended in the mid-20th century. In these areas it was the most common daily drink before the introduction of modern drinks like tea and coffee.

Blaand could be made by diluting the whey with water first and then letting it sour.

Another approach was to put the whey into great vats, where it was left to sour; before drinking, some of the soured whey was mixed with water to reduce the acidity. The Norwegian name, "blande," simply means "mix," and the Scots word can mean the same.

Notes Sources


title: Roger Nkodo Dang

abstract: Roger Nkodo Dang is a Cameroonian politician. He became President of the Pan-African Parliament in 2015. On 27 May 2015, he obtained 85 votes to be elected as the successor to former president Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi. Dang is a member of the National Assembly of Cameroon.

text:
# Roger Nkodo Dang

**Roger Nkodo Dang** (born 6 November 1963) is a Cameroonian politician. He became President of the Pan-African Parliament in 2015. On 27 May 2015, he obtained 85 votes to be elected as the successor to former president Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi. Dang is a member of the National Assembly of Cameroon.

## Career

Dang is a diplomat by training. Under Amadi's presidency from 2012 to 2015, he served as the first vice-president of the Pan-African Parliament, representing the Central Africa Region.

During the 2013 Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) nomination process for the Cameroonian legislature, the list that Nkodo Dang led was initially disqualified in favor of that of Jean-Claude Bekolo Mbang. However, the work of Nkodo Dang in the Pan-African Parliament allow him to consider becoming president. The CPDM, under pressure from Cavaye Yeguié Djibril, President of the Assembly, decided to disqualify Bekolo Mbang's list and requalify that of Nkodo Dang. In the election Nkodo Dang returned to his seat at the National Assembly.

Nkodo Dang is a member of the Yebekolo ethnic group, a sub-group of the Boulou people.

## InfoBox

| His ExcellencyRoger Nkodo DangMP | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| President of the Pan-African Parliament | |
| **In office**
May 27, 2015  March 1, 2021 | |
| Preceded by | Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1963-11-06) 6 November 1963
Fang-Bikang I, Cameroon |
| Political party | RDPC |
|  | |


title: Roger Nivelt

abstract: Roger Nivelt was a French painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Roger Nivelt

**Roger Nivelt** (30 August 1899  1 June 1962) was a French painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Roger Nivelt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1899-08-30)30 August 1899
Paris, France |
| Died | 1 June 1962(1962-06-01) (aged 62)
Tonnerre, France |
| Nationality | French |
| Occupation | Painter |


title: Black Eyed Dog

abstract: Black Eyed Dog is a Canadian drama film, directed by Pierre Gang and released in 2006. The film stars Sonya Salomaa as Betty, a waitress in the small Miramichi-area town of Riverton, New Brunswick, who is going through a personal crisis around her failed dreams of becoming a singer, amid the context of a serial killer terrorizing the area. The cast also includes James Hyndman, David Boutin, Brendan Fletcher, Anne-Marie Cadieux, Fred Ewanuick, Nadia Litz, Gabriel Gascon, Vlasta Vrana, Charlie Rhindress and Bronwen Mantel in supporting roles. The film premiered on August 5, 2006, at the Locarno Film Festival, and had its Canadian premiere on August 26 at the Montreal World Film Festival. Jason Anderson of The Globe and Mail wrote that the film was essentially a pale imitation of a David Adams Richards novel, faring especially poorly in comparison to the 2002 film adaptation of The Bay of Love and Sorrows. François Laplante received two Jutra Award nominations at the 9th Jutra Awards in 2007, for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

text:
# Black Eyed Dog

***Black Eyed Dog*** is a Canadian drama film, directed by Pierre Gang and released in 2006. The film stars Sonya Salomaa as Betty, a waitress in the small Miramichi-area town of Riverton, New Brunswick, who is going through a personal crisis around her failed dreams of becoming a singer, amid the context of a serial killer terrorizing the area.

The cast also includes James Hyndman, David Boutin, Brendan Fletcher, Anne-Marie Cadieux, Fred Ewanuick, Nadia Litz, Gabriel Gascon, Vlasta Vrana, Charlie Rhindress and Bronwen Mantel in supporting roles.

The film premiered on August 5, 2006, at the Locarno Film Festival, and had its Canadian premiere on August 26 at the Montreal World Film Festival.

Jason Anderson of *The Globe and Mail* wrote that the film was essentially a pale imitation of a David Adams Richards novel, faring especially poorly in comparison to the 2002 film adaptation of *The Bay of Love and Sorrows*.

François Laplante received two Jutra Award nominations at the 9th Jutra Awards in 2007, for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

## InfoBox

| Black Eyed Dog | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Pierre Gang |
| Written by | Jeremy John Bouchard |
| Produced by | Sam Grana
Pierre Gang
Louise Jobin |
| Starring | Sonya Salomaa
James Hyndman
David Boutin
Brendan Fletcher |
| Cinematography | Daniel Vincelette |
| Edited by | Aube Foglia |
| Music by | Claude Fradette |
| Production
company | Sam Grana Productions |
| Distributed by | TVA Films |
| Release date | * August 5, 2006 (2006-08-05) (Locarno) |
| Running time | 115 minutes |
| Country | Canada |
| Language | English |


title: Black Elk Peak

abstract: Black Elk Peak, formerly known as Harney Peak, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the Midwestern United States. It lies in the Black Elk Wilderness area, in southern Pennington County, in the Black Hills. The peak lies 3.7 mi (6.0 km) west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At 7,244 feet (2,208 m), it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Though part of the North American Cordillera, it is generally considered to be geologically separate from the Rocky Mountains. It is also known as Hiŋháŋ Káǧa and Heȟáka Sápa. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names, which has jurisdiction in federal lands, officially changed the mountain's name from Harney Peak to Black Elk Peak on August 11, 2016, honoring Black Elk, the noted Lakota Sioux medicine man and Catholic Servant of God for whom the Wilderness Area is named. In September 2016, a team of professional surveyors obtained precise GNSS data over the course of two days and found the highest natural rock to be at 7,231.32 feet (2,204.11 m) NAVD88 and a nearby secondary peak located approximately 300 feet south of the lookout tower and unofficially named "McGillicuddy's Peak", to be slightly lower at 7,229.41 feet (2,203.52 m) NAVD88. This is believed to be the only precise survey that has been made to determine the true elevation of this peak. The peak's fire lookout tower and the staircase leading to it, as well as a nearby dam and pumphouse, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# Black Elk Peak

**Black Elk Peak**, formerly known as **Harney Peak**, is the highest natural point in the U.S. state of South Dakota and the Midwestern United States. It lies in the Black Elk Wilderness area, in southern Pennington County, in the Black Hills. The peak lies 3.7 mi (6.0 km) west-southwest of Mount Rushmore. At 7,244 feet (2,208 m), it is the highest summit in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Though part of the North American Cordillera, it is generally considered to be geologically separate from the Rocky Mountains.

It is also known as ***Hiŋháŋ Káǧa*** ('owl-maker' in Lakota) and ***Heȟáka Sápa*** ('elk black').

The U.S. Board on Geographic Names, which has jurisdiction in federal lands, officially changed the mountain's name from Harney Peak to Black Elk Peak on August 11, 2016, honoring Black Elk, the noted Lakota Sioux medicine man and Catholic Servant of God for whom the Wilderness Area is named.

In September 2016, a team of professional surveyors obtained precise GNSS data over the course of two days and found the highest natural rock to be at 7,231.32 feet (2,204.11 m) NAVD88 and a nearby secondary peak located approximately 300 feet south of the lookout tower and unofficially named "McGillicuddy's Peak", to be slightly lower at 7,229.41 feet (2,203.52 m) NAVD88. This is believed to be the only precise survey that has been made to determine the true elevation of this peak.

The peak's fire lookout tower and the staircase leading to it, as well as a nearby dam and pumphouse, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## Name

This peak was called *Hiŋháŋ Káǧa*, or, "Owl maker," after rock formations that look like owls (and the association of owls with impending death by the Lakota Sioux). They dominated this region and inhabited the territory at the time of European colonization. They considered it a sacred site within the Black Hills, which they call *Pahá Sápa* and *Ȟé Sápa*.

The mountain was named Harney Peak in 1855 by American Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren in honor of US General William S. Harney, his commander in a regional military expedition. In punitive retaliation for other Sioux raids, in September 1855 Harney's forces killed Sicangu warriors, women and children in what Americans called the Battle of Blue Water Creek in Garden County, Nebraska.

Harney later commanded the United States military in the Black Hills area in the late 1870s. The Lakota had tried to get the name of the peak changed for 50 years, as Harney had massacred their people.

In 2014 the Sioux renewed their effort to get the name changed, in an effort led by Basil Brave Heart of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. A Korean War veteran, he felt that Harney had not honored the military with his action.

Some Lakota requested state officials in 2015 to reinstate their original name for the peak. The Lakota Council of the Pine Ridge Reservation and descendants of Black Elk, a noted medicine man, supported naming it for him, as the national wilderness area around the peak is named for the shaman. He became known beyond the Lakota in part through the book *Black Elk Speaks* (1932), written by John G. Neihardt from long talks with the shaman. South Dakota Governor Dennis Daugaard opposed the name change, as did other state officials, and no action was taken in 2015.

The U.S. Board on Geographic Names officially changed the mountain's name from "Harney Peak" to "Black Elk Peak" on August 11, 2016, by a unanimous vote of 12–0, with one abstention. On August 18, 2016, Gov. Daugaard announced that the state would accept the new name.

## History

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Harney Peak Lookout Tower, Dam, Pumphouse and Stairway | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Fire tower at Black Elk Peak | |
| Nearest city | Custer, South Dakota |
| Area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | 1935–1938 |
| Built by | Civilian Conservation Corps |
| NRHP reference No. | 83003019 |
| Added to NRHP | March 10, 1983 |

Black Elk Peak and the Black Hills were located within the Great Sioux Reservation established by the United States government in the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868; it covered most of the territory west of the Missouri River in South Dakota (the area now called West River). American settlement was concentrated east of the river, where there was more water for farming.

The first American settlers believed to have reached the summit were a party led by General George Armstrong Custer in 1874, during the Black Hills expedition. The federal government took back the Black Hills and another strip of land in a new treaty in 1877. More than a decade later, it broke up the Great Sioux Reservation in 1889 into five smaller reservations, the same year that North Dakota and South Dakota were admitted as states to the Union. The government made some nine million acres of former Lakota land available for purchase for ranching and homesteading. Most American settlement in West River did not start until the early 20th century. The area attracted many European immigrants as well as settlers from the East.

Black Elk Peak is the site where Black Elk (Lakota Sioux) received his "Great Vision" when nine years old. He later became a medicine man known for his wisdom. Late in life, he returned to the peak accompanied by writer John Neihardt. Black Elk was sharing much of his life and philosophy with Neihardt through long talks translated by his son. Neihardt tried to express the medicine man's wisdom in his book *Black Elk Speaks* (1932).

Neihardt recorded Black Elk's words about his vision as follows:

> "I was standing on the highest mountain of them all, and round about beneath me was the whole hoop of the world," he is quoted as saying. "And while I stood there I saw more than I can tell and I understood more than I saw; for I was seeing in a sacred manner the shapes of all things in the spirit, and the shape of all shapes as they must live together like one being."

New York mining promoter James Wilson organized the Harney Peak Tin Company around 1884 or 1885. The Harney Peak Tin Company did not actually mine any tin and was liquidated by court order in the 1890s, losing investors almost $3 million (equivalent to approximately $110 million in 2023) in the largest fraud scandal in Black Hills mining history.

American settlers used Black Elk Peak as a fire lookout tower in 1911, with a wood crate placed at the summit for a seat. In 1920, a 12'x12' wood structure was built, and it was expanded to 16'x16' the following year. The federal Civilian Conservation Corps enlisted local men and completed construction of a stone fire tower in 1938, one of numerous projects in the state during the Great Depression. The Harney Peak fire tower was last staffed in 1967.

A United States post office was operated at Black Elk Peak from 1936 until 1942, and again from 1945 until 1946. The Harney Peak post office was reportedly one of the "most elevated post offices in the United States".

A manmade dam was also created on the peak in 1935. This concrete reservoir holds 5,000 US gallons (19,000 L; 4,200 imp gal) of water; a pumphouse was added in 1938. In 1982, the lookout tower and its stairway, dam, and pumphouse were nominated by the USDA Forest Service for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. The Forest Service cited the site's cultural, recreational, and architectural significance to South Dakota. On March 10, 1983, the site was officially added to the register.

## Climate

| Climate data for Black Elk Peak 43.8697 N, 103.5321 W, Elevation: 6,791 ft (2,070 m) (1991–2020 normals) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.9
(0.5) | 33.1
(0.6) | 40.8
(4.9) | 47.1
(8.4) | 56.6
(13.7) | 67.7
(19.8) | 75.5
(24.2) | 74.5
(23.6) | 66.4
(19.1) | 52.3
(11.3) | 40.5
(4.7) | 33.0
(0.6) | 51.7
(11.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 22.8
(−5.1) | 22.8
(−5.1) | 29.9
(−1.2) | 36.2
(2.3) | 45.6
(7.6) | 56.1
(13.4) | 63.5
(17.5) | 62.5
(16.9) | 54.3
(12.4) | 41.4
(5.2) | 30.6
(−0.8) | 23.6
(−4.7) | 40.8
(4.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 12.8
(−10.7) | 12.4
(−10.9) | 19.1
(−7.2) | 25.2
(−3.8) | 34.7
(1.5) | 44.5
(6.9) | 51.6
(10.9) | 50.4
(10.2) | 42.2
(5.7) | 30.4
(−0.9) | 20.8
(−6.2) | 14.3
(−9.8) | 29.9
(−1.2) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.77
(20) | 0.95
(24) | 1.41
(36) | 2.85
(72) | 5.10
(130) | 4.09
(104) | 4.06
(103) | 2.61
(66) | 1.86
(47) | 1.75
(44) | 0.91
(23) | 0.77
(20) | 27.13
(689) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Hiking

The summit can be reached from Sylvan Lake, Camp Remington, Highway 244, Palmer Creek Rd., Mount Rushmore, or Horse Thief Lake. From the trailhead at Sylvan Lake in Custer State Park, to the summit and back is about 7 miles (11 km). This is the shortest, least strenuous, and most popular route. No permit is required for use of the trail. However, A South Dakota State Parks pass is required to access the Sylvan Lake trailhead.

An old stone tower, once used as a fire lookout tower, is located at the summit. The ashes of Valentine McGillycuddy were interred near the base of the tower and a plaque reads, "Valentine McGillycuddy, Wasicu Wakan." *Wasicu Wakan* is Lakota for "Holy White Man."

1. "Harney". *NGS Data Sheet*. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
2. "Topographic map of Black Elk Peak". *opentopomap.org*. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
3. "Black Elk Peak, South Dakota". *Peakbagger.com*. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
4. McGillycuddy and party had the first recorded ascent, though sources call him the first non-native or the first white man to climb the mountain. See Cerney, Jan; Sago, Roberta (2011). *Black Hills National Forest: Harney Peak and the Historic Fire Lookout Towers*. Arcadia. ISBN 978-1439625729. and "At the Highest Point". *Black Hills Visitor*. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2019-08-15..
5. James R. Macdonald, Ph.D. (2009). "Museum of Geology: History". Rapid City, South Dakota: South Dakota School of Mines & Technology. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
6. "Custer State Park: Hiking, Biking and Horse Trails". South Dakota Fish, Game and Parks. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
7. *Mount Rushmore, South Dakota*, 30x60 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1977
8. David Rooks, "Breaking: Black Elk Peak Soars Above The He Sapa, No Longer Harney Peak" Archived 2016-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, *Indian Country Today,* 12 August 2016; accessed 12 August 2016
9. Penry, Jerry. "Harney Peak's Elevation". Retrieved 2016-12-19.
10. Tupper, Seth (2016-12-26). "How South Dakota's high point ended up shorter than thought". *Rapid City Journal*. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
11. "National Register Information System". *National Register of Historic Places*. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
12. Carrie Moore (2015). "Hill City Prevailer-News". Hill City Prevailer-News. Archived from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
13. Steve Russell, "Names Have Power: Denali and Other Colonist Lies" Archived 2016-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, *Indian Country Today,* 4 September 2015; accessed 4 November 2016
14. "Black Elk Peak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
15. Stu Whitney, "Whitney: In defense of Black Elk Peak", *Argus Leader,* 12 August 2016; accessed 15 August 2016
16. David Rooks, "Black Elk Peak ‘Answer to Many Prayers’: Basil Brave Heart" Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, *Indian Country Today,* 15 August 2016; accessed 15 August 2016
17. Nord, James (May 1, 2015). "Activists work for Native American-friendly site names". The Washington Times. The Associated Press. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
18. Louwagie, Lacey (July 6, 2015). "Despite Objections, 'Harney Peak' Name Stays". *Courthouse News Service*.
19. "2 South Dakota officials oppose renaming Harney Peak". *The Associated Press*. The Washington Times. June 15, 2015. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
20. Tupper, Seth (19 August 2016). "Gov: State won't fight Harney rename". *Rapid City Journal*. pp. A1.
21. "Harney Peak". SouthDakota.com. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
22. McKeever, Amy (2020-10-28). "South Dakota's Mount Rushmore has a strange, scandalous history". *National Geographic*. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
23. Thomas, William (2010). *Mount Rushmore*. Chelsea House Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60413-515-2.
24. "BBC will showcase story of 'Piano Man'". *Tampa Bay Times*. 2006-03-02. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
25. Koestler-Grack, Rachel A. (2005). *Mount Rushmore*. Abdo Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-61714-362-5.
26. Parker, Watson (2012). *Gold in the Black Hills*. South Dakota State Historical Society Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-9852817-6-2.
27. Cerney, Jan; Sago, Roberta (2010). *Black Hills Gold Rush Towns*. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-7385-7749-4.
28. Wolff, David A. (2003). "No Matter How You Do It, Fraud is Fraud: Another Look at Black Hills Mining Scandals". *South Dakota History*. **33** (2). South Dakota State Historical Society Press: 97–107. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
29. Saum, Bradley D. (2013). *Harney Peak Revealed*. Createspace. pp. 34–36. ISBN 9781478316756.
30. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Harney Peak Post Office (historical)
31. Federal Writers' Project (1940). *South Dakota place-names, v.1–3*. American guide series. University of South Dakota. p. 40.
32. Reetz, Terrell W. (January 8, 1982). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Harney Peak Lookout Tower, Dam, Pumphouse and Stairway". National Park Service. Retrieved February 12, 2022. With accompanying pictures
33. "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University. Retrieved October 2, 2023. To find the table data on the PRISM website, start by clicking *Coordinates* (under *Location*); copy *Latitude* and *Longitude figures* from top of table; click *Zoom to location*; click *Precipitation, Minimum temp, Mean temp, Maximum temp*; click *30-year normals, 1991-2020*; click *800m*; click *Retrieve Time Series* button.
34. "McGillycuddy House at the heart of city history". Retrieved 2012-11-12.

## InfoBox

| Black Elk Peak | |
| --- | --- |
| Black Elk Peak, the highest point in South Dakota viewed from Black Elk Peak Trail, May 2018. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 7,244 ft (2,208 m)NAVD 88 |
| Prominence | 2,922 ft (891 m) |
| Listing |  |
| Coordinates | 43°51′57″N 103°31′57″W / 43.865847725°N 103.532431997°W / 43.865847725; -103.532431997 |
| Geography | |
| Black Elk PeakBlack Elk Peak | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota |
| County | Pennington County |
| Parent range | Black Hills |
| Topo map | USGS Custer |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | July 24, 1875 by Valentine McGillycuddy and party |
| Easiest route | hike, Trail 9 |


title: Black Elk Speaks

abstract: Black Elk Speaks is a 1932 book by John G. Neihardt, an American poet and writer, who relates the story of Black Elk, an Oglala Lakota medicine man. Black Elk spoke in Lakota and Black Elk's son, Ben Black Elk, who was present during the talks, translated his father's words into English. Neihardt made notes during these talks which he later used as the basis for his book. The prominent psychologist Carl Jung read the book in the 1930s and urged its translation into German; in 1955, it was published as Ich rufe mein Volk. Reprinted in the US in 1961, with a 1988 edition named Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, as told through John G. Neihardt and a State University of New York Press 2008 Premier Edition annotated by Lakota scholar Raymond DeMallie, the book has found an international audience. However, the book has come under fire for what critics describe as inaccurate representations of Lakota culture and beliefs.

text:
# Black Elk Speaks

***Black Elk Speaks*** is a 1932 book by John G. Neihardt, an American poet and writer, who relates the story of Black Elk, an Oglala Lakota medicine man. Black Elk spoke in Lakota and Black Elk's son, Ben Black Elk, who was present during the talks, translated his father's words into English. Neihardt made notes during these talks which he later used as the basis for his book.

The prominent psychologist Carl Jung read the book in the 1930s and urged its translation into German; in 1955, it was published as ***Ich rufe mein Volk*** (***I Call My People***).

Reprinted in the US in 1961, with a 1988 edition named ***Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, as told through John G. Neihardt (Flaming Rainbow)*** and a State University of New York Press 2008 Premier Edition annotated by Lakota scholar Raymond DeMallie, the book has found an international audience. However, the book has come under fire for what critics describe as inaccurate representations of Lakota culture and beliefs.

## Background

In the summer of 1930, as part of his research into the Native American perspective on the Ghost Dance movement, the poet and writer John G. Neihardt, already the Nebraska poet laureate, received the necessary permission from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to go to the Pine Ridge Reservation. Accompanied by his two daughters, he went to meet an Oglala holy man named Black Elk. His intention was to talk to someone who had participated in the Ghost Dance. For the most part, the reservations were not then open to visitors. At age 13, Black Elk had also been part of the Battle of the Little Big Horn, and he survived the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre.

Neihardt recounts that Black Elk invited him back for interviews. Flying Hawk served as their translator. Neihardt writes that Black Elk told him of his visions, including one in which he saw himself as a "sixth grandfather" - the spiritual representative of the earth and of mankind. Neihardt also states that Black Elk shared some of the Oglala rituals which he had performed as a healer, and that the two men developed a close friendship. Neihardt's daughter, Hilda Neihardt, says Black Elk adopted her, her sister, and their father as relatives, giving each of them Lakota names.

## Controversy

Though Black Elk was Oglala Lakota, the book was written by Neihardt, a non-Native. While the book is lauded by non-Native audiences, and has been inspirational to many New Age groups, some Lakota people and Native American scholars do not consider the book to be representative of Lakota beliefs. They have questioned the accuracy of the account, which has elements of a collaborative autobiography, spiritual text, and other genres. The Indiana University professor Raymond DeMallie, who has studied the Lakota by cultural and linguistic resources, published "The Sixth Grandfather" in 1985 including the original transcripts of the conversations with Black Elk, plus his own introduction, analysis and notes. He has questioned whether Neihardt's account is accurate and fully represents the views or words of Black Elk.

The primary criticism made by DeMallie and similar scholars is that Neihardt, as the author and editor, may have exaggerated or altered some parts of the story to make it more accessible and marketable to the intended white audience of the 1930s, or because he did not fully understand the Lakota context. Late twentieth-century editions of the book by Nebraska University Press have addressed this issue by entitling the book as *Black Elk Speaks, as told through John G. Neihardt (aka "Flaming Rainbow")*.

## Ben Black Elk

After serving as translator for his father in 1931, and increasingly after his father's death in 1950, Ben Black Elk visited local schools on the Pine Ridge Reservation to tell the traditional stories of the Lakota history and culture.

## Publication data

* *Black Elk Speaks*, 1932, William Morrow & Company.
    + 1961 University of Nebraska Press edition with a new preface by Neihardt.
    + 1979 edition with an introduction by Vine Deloria, Jr.
    + 1988 edition: *Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, as told through John G. Neihardt (Flaming Rainbow)*, ISBN 0-8032-8359-8.
    + 2000 edition with index: ISBN 0-8032-6170-5.
* *Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, The Premier Edition*, 2008, SUNY Press, Albany, NY, ISBN 978-1-4384-2540-5, with annotations by Raymond DeMallie, author of *The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk's Teachings Given to John G. Neihardt* (1985). The premier edition by the State University of New York Press, under its Excelsior Editions, is the first annotated edition. It includes reproductions of the original illustrations by Standing Bear, with new commentary; new maps of the world of *Black Elk Speaks*; and a revised index.
* *Black Elk Speaks: The Complete Edition*, 2014, University of Nebraska Press.

### Adaptation

The book was adapted into a play by Christopher Sergel, *John G. Neihardt's Black Elk Speaks*, in the 1970s where it was staged by the Folger Theatre in Washington, D.C., and then taken on a national tour in 1978, and later restaged in 1992 with a revised version.

Shortly after Sergel's death, his revised version of the play “Black Elk Speaks” opened in Jan. 1995. A Denver Center Theatre Company production, its actors included Ned Romero and Peter Kelly Gaudreault.

One of the stage presentations was the first 'paying gig' for Wes Studi, with the lead played by none other than David Carradine.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Black Elk Speaks
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | John G. Neihardt |
| Language | English |
| Publication date | 1932 (original cover) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print |


title: Rock Hill Schools

abstract: York County School District 3 is the largest of the four public school districts in York County, South Carolina, USA. The district serves students in and around the city of Rock Hill, approximately 20 miles south of Charlotte, North Carolina.

text:
# Rock Hill Schools

**York County School District 3** (also known as **Rock Hill Schools**) is the largest of the four public school districts in York County, South Carolina, USA. The district serves students in and around the city of Rock Hill, approximately 20 miles south of Charlotte, North Carolina.

## School Board

| Title | Name |
| --- | --- |
| Superintendent | Dr. Tommy Schmolze |
| Chairperson - Seat 2 | Helena Miller |
| Vice-Chair - Seat 4 | Pete Nosal |
| Community Volunteer - Seat 1 | Patrice Reid Cherry |
| Retired Public School Teacher - Seat 3 | Mildred Douglas |
| Medical Sales Representative - Seat At Large | Bryan McAlinden |
| General Manager - Seat At Large | James Burns |
| Volunteer Resource Manager | Windy Cole |

## Schools

### Elementary schools

* Belleview Elementary (Closed and converted)
* Children's School at Sylvia Circle
* Cherry Park Elementary School of Language Immersion
* Ebenezer Avenue Elementary
* Ebinport Elementary
* Finley Road Elementary (Closed and converted)
* Independence Elementary
* India Hook Elementary
* Lesslie Elementary
* Mount Gallant Elementary
* Mount Holly Elementary
* Northside Elementary School of the Arts
* Oakdale Elementary
* Old Pointe Elementary
* Richmond Drive Elementary
* Sunset Park Center for Accelerated Studies
* York Road Elementary
* Rock Hill Schools Virtual Academy

### Middle schools

* Castle Heights Middle School
* Dutchman Creek Middle School
* Rawlinson Road Middle School
* Saluda Trail Middle School
* Sullivan Middle School
* Rock Hill Schools Virtual Academy

### High schools

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| York County School District 3
(Rock Hill School District) | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 386 E Black Street Rock Hill, South Carolina, 29731
United States | |
| District information | |
| Grades | PreK–12 |
| Superintendent | Dr. Tommy Schmolze |
| Accreditation | Southern Association of Colleges and Schools |
| NCES District ID | 4503870 |
| Students and staff | |
| Enrollment | 17,594 (2019-2020) |
| Student–teacher ratio | 14.07 |
| Other information | |
| Website | www.rock-hill.k12.sc.us |


title: Roger Simon (journalist)

abstract: Roger Mitchell Simon is a writer and commentator, the chief political columnist of Politico and a New York Times best-selling author. He has won more than three dozen first-place awards for journalism, and is the only person to win twice the American Society of Newspaper Editors Distinguished Writing Award for commentary. His book on the 1996 presidential race, Show Time, became a New York Times best-seller.

text:
# Roger Simon (journalist)

**Roger Mitchell Simon** (born March 29, 1948) is a writer and commentator, the chief political columnist of *Politico* and a New York Times best-selling author. He has won more than three dozen first-place awards for journalism, and is the only person to win twice the American Society of Newspaper Editors Distinguished Writing Award for commentary. His book on the 1996 presidential race, *Show Time*, became a New York Times best-seller.

## Life and career

Simon was born in Chicago, and received a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1970. Prior to joining *Politico*, Simon was a reporter or columnist for several newspapers, including the Waukegan, Illinois, *News-Sun,* the Baltimore Sun, and the Chicago Sun-Times.

In 1998, he became the White House correspondent of the *Chicago Tribune* and covered the Monica Lewinsky scandal. In 1999, he joined *U.S. News & World Report* as chief political correspondent and then political editor. He joined Bloomberg News in January 2006 as its first chief political correspondent, and later joined Politico as its first chief political columnist.

Simon's columns have included dateline reporting on apartheid in South Africa; the Israeli invasion of Lebanon; the U.S. invasion of Grenada; the trial of serial killer John Wayne Gacy, with whom he obtained an exclusive interview; and the criminal trial of O.J. Simpson. Simon's columns on spousal abuse earned him awards from women's groups and a change of policy from the Chicago Police Department making such abuse a crime rather than a “domestic disturbance.”

Based in Washington, D.C., Simon contributes articles to national magazines and newspapers, and has appeared as a panelist or political analyst on numerous television and radio programs. Simon's syndicated columns are distributed by Creators Syndicate to newspapers throughout the world.

On 26 January 2017, media critic Robert Feder wrote: "The great **Roger Simon,** a Chicago original who became one of America’s best political columnists, is calling it a career. Simon, 68, is telling friends that he and his wife, **Marcia Kramer,** a free-lance editor and former copy desk chief of the Washington Post, are retiring at the end of the month."

On 1 February 2017, he published his last column on Politico. A few weeks later he became a columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times.

## Awards, honors, and accolades

Michael Kinsley once wrote that Simon's writing “balances just about halfway between Hunter Thompson and Theodore White.”

In April 1999, Simon was inducted into the Chicago Journalism Hall of Fame. Simon has been a Poynter Media Fellow at Yale University, a Hoover Media Fellow at Stanford University, and a Kennedy School of Government Institute of Politics Fellow at Harvard University. In 2014 Simon became a fellow at the University of Chicago Institute of Politics.

In 2015 Simon won the Dateline Award of the Society of Professional Journalists Washington, D.C. Professional Chapter for Best Column. He was cited for his "thought-provoking writing, storytelling, and interviewing skills" for six columns that included an "extremely prescient analysis of the rioting in Ferguson, Missouri.”

In April 2013 Simon won first place in the National Headliner Awards for a series of columns he wrote during the 2012 presidential campaign on the politics of gun control. The Headliner Awards program is one of the oldest and largest annual contests recognizing journalistic merit in the communications industry. Simon has won the award six times.

In July 2013, Simon was awarded first place by the National Press Club in winning the Angele Gingras Humor Award. Judges said: "Simon's writing is witty, specific and based on sharp observations of politics and the media."

In July 2011 Simon was nominated for an Online Journalism Award in the Commentary / Blogging, Large Site division of the contest.

## Bibliography

| External videos | |
| --- | --- |
| *Booknotes* interview with Simon on *Show Time: The American Political Circus and the Race for the White House*, February 1, 1998, C-SPAN | |

Simon is also a speaker and author. Books written by Simon include:

* *Simon Says: The Best of Roger Simon* (1986)
* *Road Show: In America, Anyone Can Become President, It's One of the Risks We Take* (1990; covers the 1988 presidential campaign)
* *Show Time: The American Political Circus and the Race for the White House* (1998; covers the 1996 presidential campaign)
* *Divided We Stand: How Al Gore Beat George Bush and Lost the Presidency* (2002; covers the 2000 presidential campaign)
* *Reckoning: Campaign 2012 and the Battle for the Soul of America* (2013; covers the 2012 presidential election)

## InfoBox

| Roger Simon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Roger Mitchell Simon
(1948-03-29) March 29, 1948
Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Occupation | Writer, journalist, author |
| Alma mater | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| Genre | Journalism, politics, non-fiction |


title: Black in AI

abstract: Black in AI, formally called the Black in AI Workshop, is a technology research organization and affinity group, founded by computer scientists Timnit Gebru and Rediet Abebe in 2017. It started as a conference workshop, later pivoting into an organization. Black in AI increases the presence and inclusion of Black people in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) by creating space for sharing ideas, fostering collaborations, mentorship, and advocacy.

text:
# Black in AI

**Black in AI**, formally called the **Black in AI Workshop**, is a technology research organization and affinity group, founded by computer scientists Timnit Gebru and Rediet Abebe in 2017. It started as a conference workshop, later pivoting into an organization. Black in AI increases the presence and inclusion of Black people in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) by creating space for sharing ideas, fostering collaborations, mentorship, and advocacy.

## History

Black in AI was created in 2017 to address issues of lack of diversity in AI workshops, and was started as its own workshop within the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) conference. Because of algorithmic bias, ethical issues, and underrepresentation of Black people in AI roles; there has been an ongoing need for unity within the AI community to have focus on these issues. Black in AI has strived to continue the progress of improving the presence of people of color in the field of artificial intelligence.

In 2018 and 2019, the Black in AI workshop had many immigration visa issues to Canada, which spurred the conference to be planned for 2020 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. On December 7, 2020, Black in AI held its fourth annual workshop and first virtual workshop (due to the COVID-19 pandemic).

In 2021, Black in AI, alongside the groups *Queer in AI* and *Widening NLP*, released a public statement refusing funding from Google in an act of protest of Google's treatment of Timnit Gebru, Margaret Mitchell, and April Christina Curley in the events that occurred in December 2020.

## Founders

Rediet Abebe is an Ethiopian computer scientist who specializes in algorithms and artificial intelligence. She is a Computer Science Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. She was previously a Junior Fellow at Harvard's Society of Fellows. She was the first Black woman to receive a Ph.D. in computer science at Cornell University. She "designs and analyzes algorithms, discrete optimizations, network-based, \[and\] computational strategies to increase access to opportunity for historically disadvantaged populations," according to her web bio.

Timnit Gebru was born in Ethiopia and moved to the United States at the age of fifteen. She got her B.S. and M.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford University, as well as a PhD from the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, where she studied computer vision under Fei-Fei Li. She formerly worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Microsoft Research in the Fairness Accountability Transparency, and Ethics (FATE) division. She's also worked with Apple, where she assisted in the development of signal-processing algorithms for the original iPad.

## Grants

Black in AI received grants and support from private foundations like MacArthur Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation. The organization received $10,000 in 2018 for its annual workshop and $150,000 in 2019 for its long-term organizational planning.

In 2020, during the pandemic, the organization received a grant of $300,000 by MacArthur Foundation in order to provide broad organizational support.

In 2022, Rockefeller Foundation announced $300,000 to fight prejudice in artificial intelligence (AI) across the globe and incorporate equity into this rapidly expanding field.

## Programs

"Black in AI works in academics, advocacy, entrepreneurship, financial support, and summer research programs."

The Black in AI Academic Program is a resource for Black junior researchers applying to graduate schools, navigating graduate school, and transitioning into the postgraduate employment market. They provide online education sessions, offer scholarships to cover application fees, pair participants with peer and senior mentors, and distribute crowdsourced papers that simplify the application process. They also undertake research projects to investigate and highlight the difficulties that Black young researchers face, as well as push for structural reforms to eliminate these barriers and build equitable research settings. Moses Namara is a Facebook Research Fellow at Clemson University and a PhD candidate in Human-Centered Computing (HCC). He is the mentor for the new Black in AI Academic Program.

During the graduate school admissions season in 2021, Black in AI served more than 200 potential graduate program candidates in some capacity. Furthermore, the organization's study identified greater problems encountered by Black graduate school candidates, such as the high cost of graduate school admissions examinations (GREs), which are known to be biased against those from low-income backgrounds. Black in AI's attempts to encourage institutions to eliminate the obstacles were supported by the findings.

Black in AI is also developing a program to help and connect Black tech startups with investors.

Black in AI also mentors early-career Black AI academics and is forming relationships with Historically Black Colleges and Universities to extend its academic program.

In 2021, Black in AI launched two summer research programs, one for undergraduate internships and another for unconstrained research mentorship, including one aimed explicitly at empowering Black women's AI research projects.

## Conferences and workshops

At NeurIPS 2017, the first Black in AI event took place in December 8, 2017 in Long Beach, California. The goal was to bring together experts in the area to share ideas and debate efforts aimed at increasing the participation of Black people in artificial intelligence, both for diversity and to avoid data bias. Black AI researchers had the opportunity to share their work at the workshop's oral and poster sessions.

The second workshop was hosted in Montréal, Canada, on December 7, 2018. According to AI experts, visa issues stymie efforts to make their area more inclusive, making technology that discriminates or disadvantages individuals who aren't white or Western less likely. Hundreds of participants who were supposed to attend or present work at the Black in AI session on Friday were unable to fly to Canada; many of the participants were from African countries.

The third workshop was held in NeurIPS 2019, one of the premier machine learning conferences Vancouver, Canada. The workshop was able to give travel scholarships and visa support to hundreds of academics who would not have been able to attend NeurIPS without the help of sponsors. For instance, Ramon Vilarino of the University of Sao Paulo, who presented a poster at the conference on his study of geographical and racial prejudice in credit scoring in Brazil, would not have been able to attend NeurIPS without the help of Black in AI.

Twenty-four academics from Africa and South America were denied visas to attend this session during the conference, according to Victor Silva, the workshop organizer. He noted that, less than a month before the conference, 40 applicants from both continents had been given visas but that more than 70 applications were still waiting. For the second year in a row, visa restrictions have stopped several African scholars from attending the 2018 meeting in Montreal.

The AAAI announced the first Black in AI lunch, which was held in conjunction with AAAI-19. The lunch was hosted on Tuesday, January 29, 2019. This event was intended to promote networking, discussion of various AI career options, and the exchange of ideas in order to boost the number of Black researchers in the area.

The fourth Black in AI workshop, which was held in conjunction with NeurIPS 2020, took place the week of December 7, 2020. The workshop was scheduled to take place in Vancouver, British Columbia. Due to the pandemic, the session was held for the first time in a virtual format. Victor Silva, an AI4Society student, served as the event's chair.

The fifth annual Black in AI workshop was also held virtually in 2021. Oral presentations, guest keynote speakers, a combined poster session with other affinity groups, sponsored sessions, and startup showcases was all featured. The goal of the session was to raise the visibility of black scholars at NeurIPS.

## InfoBox

Black in AI
| Formation | 2017 (2017) |
| --- | --- |
| Founder | Rediet Abebe, Timnit Gebru |
| Type | Non-profit Organization |
| Headquarters | Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Website | https://blackinai.github.io/#/ |


title: Rogers House (Huntington, New York)

abstract: The Rogers House is an historic house located at 136 Spring Road in Huntington, New York, which was built in 1820 in the Greek Revival style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

text:
# Rogers House (Huntington, New York)

The **Rogers House** is an historic house located at 136 Spring Road in Huntington, New York, which was built in 1820 in the Greek Revival style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Rogers House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 136 Spring Rd., Huntington, New York |
| Coordinates | 40°51′57″N 73°24′56″W / 40.86583°N 73.41556°W / 40.86583; -73.41556 |
| Area | 0.8 acres (0.32 ha) |
| Built | 1820 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| MPS | Huntington Town MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002571 |
| Added to NRHP | September 26, 1985 |


title: Rogers Hollow

abstract: Rogers Hollow is a tributary of Mehoopany Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 2.2 miles (3.5 km) long and flows through Mehoopany Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 2.44 square miles (6.3 km⁲). The creek is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and is in the vicinity of Mehoopany Mountain and Doll Mountain.

text:
# Rogers Hollow

**Rogers Hollow** is a tributary of Mehoopany Creek in Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 2.2 miles (3.5 km) long and flows through Mehoopany Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 2.44 square miles (6.3 km2). The creek is classified as a Coldwater Fishery and is in the vicinity of Mehoopany Mountain and Doll Mountain.

## Course

Rogers Hollow begins in a broad valley next to Mehoopany Mountain and Doll Mountain in Forkston Township. It flows northwest for a short distance before turning north-northwest for a few tenths of a mile. It then turns west-northwest for more than a mile, reaching the end of its valley and crossing Pennsylvania Route 87. The stream then turns west-northwest along the base of Mehoopany Mountain, gradually turning north-northwest over the next few tenths of a mile before reaching its confluence with Mehoopany Creek.

Rogers Hollow is approximately 2.2 miles (3.5 km) long. The stream joins Mehoopany Creek 4.58 miles (7.37 km) upstream of its mouth.

## Geography and geology

The elevation near the mouth of Rogers Hollow is 712 feet (217 m) above sea level, while the elevation near the mouth of the valley is 728 feet (222 m) above sea level. The elevation near the creek's source is 1,253 feet (382 m) above sea level.

The valley of Rogers Hollow is relatively broad for its length. The mountains that border it on three sides form a U-shaped boundary.

## Watershed and biology

The watershed of Rogers Hollow has an area of 2.44 square miles (6.3 km2). The stream is entirely within the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Meshoppen. Its mouth is located near Forkston.

The entirety of Rogers Hollow is classified as a Coldwater Fishery. It is one of only three named direct tributaries of Mehoopany Creek to have this classification.

## History

The valley of Rogers Hollow was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1185392. The stream does not have a name of its own, but instead takes the name of the valley through which it flows.

Appalachia Midstream Services, LLC. has been issued an Erosion and Sediment Control permit for which one of the receiving waterbodies is Rogers Hollow.

In 2015 and in 2016, Rogers Hollow served as the downstream boundary for stocking of brook trout and brown trout on Mehoopany Creek.

## InfoBox

| Rogers Hollow | |
| --- | --- |
| Etymology | the valley through which the stream flows |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | broad valley next to Mehoopany Mountain and Doll Mountain in Forkston Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania |
| elevation | 1,253 feet (382 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Mehoopany Creek in Forkston Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania near Forkston |
| coordinates | 41°32′51″N 76°05′51″W / 41.5476°N 76.0975°W / 41.5476; -76.0975 |
| elevation | 712 feet (217 m) |
| Length | 2.2 miles (3.5 km) |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | Mehoopany Creek → Susquehanna RiverChesapeake Bay |


title: Blida District

abstract: Blida is a district in Blida Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Blida, which is also the capital of the province. It is the most populous district in the province.

text:
# Blida District

**Blida** is a district in Blida Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Blida, which is also the capital of the province. It is the most populous district in the province.

## Municipalities

The district is further divided into 2 municipalities:

## Notable people

36°28′N 2°49′E / 36.467°N 2.817°E / 36.467; 2.817

## InfoBox

| Blida District دائرة البليدة | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map of Algeria highlighting Blida Province | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Blida |
| District seat | Blida |
| Population (1998) | |
| Total | 174,483 |
| Time zone | UTC+01 (CET) |
| Municipalities | 2 |


title: Black and Tan Coonhound

abstract: The Black and Tan Coonhound is a breed of hunting dog. Developed in the United States from crosses between the Bloodhound and the Black and Tan Virginia Foxhound, this scent hound runs its game entirely by scent and is used primarily for raccoon hunting.

text:
# Black and Tan Coonhound

The **Black and Tan Coonhound** is a breed of hunting dog. Developed in the United States from crosses between the Bloodhound and the Black and Tan Virginia Foxhound, this scent hound runs its game entirely by scent and is used primarily for raccoon hunting.

## Description

According to the FCI breed standard Black and Tan Coonhound males should be 25–27 inches (64–69 cm) in height with females slightly smaller at 23–25 inches (58–64 cm) although it does not specify a weight range. The United Kennel Club does however include guideline weights of males 50–75 pounds (23–34 kg) with females ranging from 40–65 pounds (18–29 kg). The height proportions quoted by the UKC differ from the FCI and allow males to be 23–27 inches (58–69 cm) and females 21–26 inches (53–66 cm). The coat is short, dense and glossy.

The eyes are hazel to brown, the ears are long, wide, and thin, are set low and far back on the dog's head, and hang well down the neck. The black and tan markings are similar to the Doberman's and the Rottweiler's. The Black and Tan Coonhound's bark is loud and baying; it has been described as a deep howl. The breed standard includes muscular legs that are long in proportion to body length. The tail is set slightly below the natural line of the back. If the dog is alert or excited it carries its tail at a right angle.

### Temperament

The Black and Tan Coonhound makes a suitable pet: it is mellow, amiable, calm, and unobtrusive indoors; outdoors, its strong hunting instinct takes over and it can be difficult to turn it from tracking after it starts trailing. As befitting a dog with its heritage, it is strong, independent, and stubborn. The Black and Tan Coonhound is gentle and tolerant with children, but it may be too independent to satisfy a playful child. It is reserved with strangers and in their presence may bay and howl. The Black and Tan Coonhound can run for miles although it is usually content with a moderate jog or long walk, with an occasional excursion into the field. It can wander if it catches a scent, so a safe area is mandatory.

### Use

The courage of the Coonhound also makes it proficient on the hunt for deer, bear, wolf, cougar and other big game although many US states have restricted the hunting of antlered animals with dogs. However, the primary purpose of the Black and Tan Coonhound is as a raccoon hunting dog. The general impression is that of power, agility and alertness, as well as the ability to cover ground swiftly with powerful rhythmic strides. Each hound has its own distinctive voice which is often recognizable to its owners from a great distance.

### General care

Its coat needs only occasional brushing. Most Coonhounds drool to some extent, and the face may need regular wiping. The ears should also be checked regularly to ensure against ear infections.

### Health

Black and Tan Coonhounds are generally healthy, although there is some risk of hip dysplasia, ear cancer and other ear infections, and eye problems. Litter size is generally eight puppies. Expected longevity is 10–12 years.

## History

The Black and Tan Coonhound is descended from the Talbot Hound, found in medieval England after the 11th century. Its ancestry is then traced through the Bloodhound and the Foxhound to the Black and Tan Virginia Foxhound.

In 1945, the Black and Tan Coonhound became the first of the six breeds of coonhounds to be recognized by the American Kennel Club, in the Hound Group. The other breeds, which were not recognized until the 2010s, are the Redbone Coonhound, Plott Hound, Bluetick Coonhound, the American English Coonhound, and the Treeing Walker Coonhound.

www.abtcc.com/ American Black and Tan Coonhound Club (AKC Parent club)

## InfoBox

| Black and Tan Coonhound | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Other names | American Black and Tan Coonhound |
| Origin | United States |
| Traits  Height  21-27 in  Males  21–27 in (53–69 cm)  Females  21–24 in (53–61 cm)  Weight  40-75 lbs  Males  50–75 lb (23–34 kg)  Females  40–65 lb (18–29 kg)  Coat  Short and dense.  Colour  Coal black with rich tan markings  Life span  10-12 years | |
| Kennel club standards  United Kennel Club standard  Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard | |
| Dog (domestic dog) | |


title: Black and Pink

abstract: Black and Pink is a United States prison abolitionist organization supporting LGBTQ and HIV-positive prisoners. The group organizes a pen pal program, distributes a prisoner-written newspaper to its incarcerated members, provides court accompaniment, and educates people on their rights.

text:
# Black and Pink

**Black and Pink** is a United States prison abolitionist organization supporting LGBTQ and HIV-positive prisoners. The group organizes a pen pal program, distributes a prisoner-written newspaper to its incarcerated members, provides court accompaniment, and educates people on their rights.

## History

Black and Pink was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 2004–2005 by Jason Lydon, a Unitarian Universalist minister and prison abolitionist. Lydon had been active in prison justice work as a teenager, and decided to form Black and Pink after spending six months in county jail when he was twenty years old. Lydon was the National Director of the group until stepping down in September 2017. He was succeeded by Tray Johns, who served as National Director until Dominique Morgan was appointed Interim National Director in December 2017. In January 2018 Morgan accepted the position of National Director on a permanent basis. The organization's current executive director is Dr. Tatyana Moaton. Black and Pink's national office is based in Omaha, Nebraska.

## Work

### Pen pal program

Black and Pink maintains a pen pal program in which they match their incarcerated members with pen pals who correspond, build relationships, and participate in harm reduction. The group states that receiving correspondence is itself a harm reduction strategy, saying that potentially abusive guards and prisoners are made aware that the recipient has a support network outside of prison when they hear the recipient's name called at the mail room, and may be less likely to target that prisoner as a result.

### Newspaper

Black and Pink publishes a newspaper that they distribute to prisoners for free. They began distributing the newspaper in 2010, and as of October 2017, they distribute the newspaper to 13,000 prisoners across the United States. The newspaper contains submissions from incarcerated Black and Pink members, as well as material from people who are not in prison. Because of regulations surrounding materials allowed to be sent to prisoners, the newspaper is denied from many prisons, including all prisons in the state of Kentucky.

### Other work

In 2016, Black and Pink collaborated with Tatiana von Fürstenberg to organize an art exhibition called *On the Inside* in New York at the Abrons Art Center. The exhibit featured several dozen pieces of artwork from prisoners. Because art supplies are difficult to obtain within many prisons, some of the pieces use unconventional materials such as envelopes and ink made from melted magazines.

## InfoBox

Black and Pink
|
|  |
| Founder | Jason Lydon |
| Founded at | Boston, Massachusetts |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Purpose | Prison abolition, LGBTQ and HIV-positive inmate support |
| Headquarters | Omaha, Nebraska |
| Executive Director | Dr. Tatyana Moaton |
| Website | www.blackandpink.org |


title: Blasconuño de Matacabras

abstract: Blasconuño de Matacabras is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 18 inhabitants.

text:
# Blasconuño de Matacabras

**Blasconuño de Matacabras** (Spanish pronunciation: \[blaskoˈnuɲo ðe mataˈkaβɾas\]) is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 18 inhabitants.

## InfoBox

| Blasconuño de Matacabras | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
| Church of San Martín | |
| Extension of the municipal term within the province of Ávila | |
| Blasconuño de MatacabrasLocation in Spain.Blasconuño de MatacabrasBlasconuño de Matacabras (Spain) | |
| Coordinates: 41°7′24″N 4°59′25″W / 41.12333°N 4.99028°W / 41.12333; -4.99028 | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Ávila |
| Municipality | Blasconuño de Matacabras |
| Area | |
| Total | 12.99 km2 (5.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 786 m (2,579 ft) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 16 |
| Density | 1.2/km2 (3.2/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: Blockbuster (Man-Brute)

abstract: Blockbuster is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

text:
# Blockbuster (Man-Brute)

**Blockbuster** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

## Publication history

The **Man-Brute** first appeared in *Captain America* #121 (January 1970), and was created by Stan Lee and Gene Colan.

The character subsequently appears as **Blockbuster** in *Omega the Unknown* #7 (March 1977), and #9 (July 1977), in which he is killed.

## Fictional character biography

The man originally known as the Man-Brute was an ex-convict whose strength was boosted by a factor of twelve by Professor Silas X. Cragg. Cragg had been an enemy of Captain America ever since World War II and had developed a Super Soldier Serum variant which he used to empower the Man-Brute. Cragg sent the Man-Brute to attack Captain America at a charity event, but when the Man-Brute encountered his own estranged son he became upset thinking what he had turned into. Man-Brute attacked Cragg, who was electrocuted as he backed inadvertently into a high voltage machine.

He changed his name to Blockbuster, and sought to gain wealth for his son Robert, to give him a better life and keep him from becoming a criminal like himself. Blockbuster robbed a bank, and came into conflict with the NYPD and then Omega the Unknown. Omega felt empathy for Blockbuster and his son, and let the man escape with the money. Blockbuster then robbed a diamond store, and the owner made an offer of a thousand dollar reward to which Omega responded. After struggling with Omega a few times, Blockbuster was incinerated by the second Foolkiller.

## Powers and abilities

Blockbuster possessed superhuman strength, durability, endurance, etc. He was an experienced street fighter, although he did not demonstrate any advanced fighting skills.

* Blockbuster at The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe

## InfoBox

| Blockbuster | |
| --- | --- |
| Publication information | |
| Publisher | Marvel Comics |
| First appearance | *Captain America #121* (Jan 1970) |
| Created by | Stan Lee and Gene Colan |
| In-story information | |
| Alter ego | Bart Dietzel |
| Species | Human Mutate |
| Notable aliases | Man-Brute |
| Abilities | super-strength |


title: Don Marti

abstract: Don Marti is a writer and advocate for free and open source software, writing for LinuxWorld and Linux Today. Marti was educated at New York University, receiving a master's degrees in science and environmental reporting. He co-founded a Linux International member company, Electric Lichen L.L.C., which is an open-source Internet development firm. Don was the vice-president and President of the Silicon Valley Linux Users Group from 2000 to 2004 and a Technical Editor for the Linux Journal, the leading Linux publication at the time, from 2000 to 2002 and then the Editor in Chief from 2002 to 2005 editor for LinuxWorld 2006–2008. He was the initiator of the FreedomHEC "unconference", first organized in 2006, which focused on making computer hardware more interoperate with Linux. He was the Conference Chair for the LinuxWorld Conference and Expo from 2005 to 2009. Marti was a participation strategist at the Mozilla Corporation until 2020, when he joined CafeMedia as VP Ecosystem Innovation.

text:
# Don Marti

**Don Marti** is a writer and advocate for free and open source software, writing for *LinuxWorld* and *Linux Today*.

Marti was educated at New York University, receiving a master's degrees in science and environmental reporting.

He co-founded a Linux International member company, Electric Lichen L.L.C., which is an open-source Internet development firm. Don was the vice-president and President of the Silicon Valley Linux Users Group from 2000 to 2004 and a Technical Editor for the Linux Journal, the leading Linux publication at the time, from 2000 to 2002 and then the Editor in Chief from 2002 to 2005 editor for *LinuxWorld* 2006–2008.

He was the initiator of the FreedomHEC "unconference", first organized in 2006, which focused on making computer hardware more interoperate with Linux.

He was the Conference Chair for the LinuxWorld Conference and Expo from 2005 to 2009 (in 2009, its last year, it was renamed to OpenSource World).

Marti was a participation strategist at the Mozilla Corporation until 2020, when he joined CafeMedia as VP Ecosystem Innovation.


title: Kate Brooks

abstract: Kate Brooks is an American photojournalist who has covered the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan since September 11, 2001.

text:
# Kate Brooks

**Kate Brooks** (born 1977) is an American photojournalist who has covered the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Pakistan since September 11, 2001.

## Biography

At age 20, while studying Russian and photography, Kate became actively involved in the plight of Russian orphans, starting a non-profit aid group to help the children at an institution outside of Moscow, while documenting their lives. The resulting photographs were published in Human Rights Watch's (HRW) report entitled "Abandoned by the State: Cruelty and Neglect in Russian Orphanages" and syndicated worldwide through Saba Press Photos. The campaign for orphans' rights galvanized global interest and raised funds to help orphaned children. She has worked as a freelance photojournalist ever since.

Immediately after the September 11 attacks, Brooks was ordered to move to Pakistan to photograph the impact of U.S. foreign policy on the region and life in post-Taliban Afghanistan. In 2003, she covered the American invasion of Iraq and the beginning of the insurgency for *Time Magazine*.

Since then, Brooks has continued to work across the region, photographing news and the impact of conflict on civilian populations, notably the Cedar Revolution, Pakistan earthquake, 2006 Lebanon war, Iraqi refugee exodus, clashes in Nahr al-Bared, Afghan elections, aftermath of Operation Cast Lead in Gaza, Swat Valley refugee crisis and protests in Tahrir Square.

Brooks has photographed military and political leaders such as former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf for *Time* magazine, President Asif Ali Zardari for The New York Times Magazine, Afghan President Hamid Karzai for GQ and Time, General Stanley McChrystal for *The Atlantic* cover story by Robert Kaplan, King Abdullah II and Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri.

Her photographs have also appeared in *The New Yorker*, *Smithsonian*, *Newsweek*, *U.S. News & World Report*, *Vanity Fair* Italy, and *The Wall Street Journal*

Brooks was a Knight-Wallace Fellow in Journalism in 2012–2013.

## Books

* No Woman's Land: On the Frontlines with Female Reporters (2012)
* In the Light of Darkness: A Photographer’s Journey After 9/11 (2011)

## Documentary films

## Awards

## InfoBox

| Kate Brooks | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1977 (age 4647) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Filmmaker, Photojournalist |
| Known for | Photography from the Middle East and Afghanistan |
| Notable work | *In the Light of Darkness*
*The Boxing Girls of Kabul*

*The Last Animals*, documentary film (2017) |


title: Check-in

abstract: Check-in is the process whereby people announce their arrival at an office, hotel, airport, hospital, seaport or event.

text:
# Check-in

**Check-in** is the process whereby people announce their arrival at an office, hotel, airport, hospital, seaport or event.

## Office check-in

Many offices have a reception or front office area near the entrance to greet or assist visitors arriving to attend a meeting. A receptionist may ask visitors who they are to meet and may ask them to sign a register. The receptionist may give a visitor instructions as to where to go or inform the host that his guest has arrived. The visitor may be issued with a visible visitor’s pass, often worn around the neck.

Research shows that long waiting times at the reception area could lead to loss of customers.

COVID-19 has led organisations to wider and faster adoption of technology to streamline the visitor check-in process, Visitor management systems automate the visitor check in process and reduces office check-in time with pre-registering visitors through email, effective communication, QR code express check-in, automate host notifications and efficient visitor management workflows.

## Airport check-in

The check-in process at airports enables passengers to check-in luggage onto a plane and to obtain a boarding pass. When presenting at the check-in counter, a passenger will provide evidence of the right to travel, such as a ticket, visa or electronic means. Each airline provides facilities for passengers to check-in their luggage, except for their carry-on (also called cabin) bags. This may be by way of airline-employed staff at check-in counters at airports or through an agency arrangement or by way of a self-service kiosk. The luggage is weighed and tagged, and then placed on a conveyor that usually feeds the luggage into the main baggage handling system. The luggage goes into the aircraft's cargo hold. The check-in staff then issues each passenger with a boarding pass.

There is an increasing trend towards more streamlined checking-in processes, whereby passengers can bypass or reduce the time in queues at the staffed check-in counters. This may involve passengers checking in online before arriving at the airport or using an airline's self-service check-in kiosks at the airport. Some airports have a curbside check-in, where passengers can check in their bags to an airline representative before entering the terminal and then proceeding directly to security.

Many airlines have a deadline for passengers to check in before each flight. This is to allow the airline to offer unclaimed seats to stand-by passengers, to load luggage onto the plane and to finalize documentation for take-off. The passenger must also take into account the time that may be needed for them to clear the check-in line, to pass security and then to walk (sometimes also to ride) from the check-in area to the boarding area. This may take several hours at some airports or at some times of the year. On international flights, additional time would be required for immigration and customs clearance.

## Hotels

Hotels and similar establishments usually require guests to check in (also called registering or signing in), which involves the guest providing or confirming personal information, including contact information, along with a signature. The laws of some countries require guests to provide this information and to sign a register, often called a hotel register or guestbook, which may be in the form of a registration card, and some also require the provision of identification documents, such as a passport, national identity card or drivers licence which the hotel may wish to copy and retain in its records. Usually, only one guest is required to register per room. Sometimes, the register may need to be provided to a government agency, such as the local police, and sometimes with a court warrant or similar authority.

The establishment may require guests to provide a credit card or a security deposit as a guarantee to cover potential costs such as the use of room service or a mini-bar for the duration of the stay, and to facilitate a more expedient check-out process at the end of the guest's stay. At the end of the checking in process, the reception staff will provide guests with a room key. More and more hotels are implementing online or contactless check-in options.

Check-in times vary, but can range from about 12 pm to about 3 pm, depending on the establishment's rules and regulations. Late check-ins can be arranged through the hotel as long as the guests book this in advance and arrange all the necessary details. Hotels usually specify a check-in time after which they expect guests to check in. If a guest wants to occupy a hotel room before the hotel's check-in time, some hotels may charge for an additional day or treat it as a previous day's stay (as compared to occupying the hotel room after the check-in time). Most hotels, however, allow a grace time (typically 30–60 minutes) upon request by a guest, without any additional charge, if a guest wishes to have access to the room before the check-in time. Some hotels also have a latest check-in time, often 6 pm – 8 pm, after which they may give a room to someone else if the room has not been prepaid for or the guest does not phone in to indicate their expected time of arrival. Some hotels have a deadline for checking in because the reception desk may close for the night. For the most cost-effective usage of hotel room occupancy, a guest should try to arrive near a hotel's check-in time and leave or hand over the hotel room near the hotel's check-out time. However, doing so may not always be practical because, for example, a guest's flight arrival and departure times or car trips may not align with a hotel's check-in and check-out times.

## Social network

Many social networking services, such as Foursquare, Google+, Facebook, Jiepang, VK, GetGlue, and Gowalla, as well as Google Latitude (closed), and Brightkite (closed) in the past, allow users to what has been referred to as self-reported positioning, or more commonly known as a "check-in", to a physical place and share their locations with their friends.

Users can check in to a specific location by text messaging or by using a mobile application on a smartphone—the application will use the phone's GPS to find the current location.

Many applications have a “Places” button or tab where a user can see a list of nearby places into which the user can check in. If a location is not on the nearby places list, the user can add the location directly from the phone. Once users have checked in, they have the option of sharing their location with friends in services such as Twitter or Facebook.


title: Spitakşen, Shamkir

abstract: Spitakşen is a village in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Spitakşen, Shamkir

40°42′49″N 45°58′22″E / 40.71361°N 45.97278°E / 40.71361; 45.97278

**Spitakşen** (also, **Siptakshen** and **Garagoyunlu**) is a village in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Spitakşen | |
| --- | --- |
| Spitakşen | |
| Coordinates: 40°42′49″N 45°58′22″E / 40.71361°N 45.97278°E / 40.71361; 45.97278 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Shamkir |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Kath Venn

abstract:
Kathleen Joan Venn was an Australian politician. Born in Tasmania, she was a Labor member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1976 to 1982, representing the seat of Hobart. In 1982, she was defeated. She ran for the Senate in the 1984 election as an independent affiliated with Senator Brian Harradine, and received 8.6% of the vote, but preferences from Labor and the Nuclear Disarmament Party gave the seventh seat to Democrat Norm Sanders, who had 6% of the vote.
In 2005 Venn was inducted to the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women for service to the Community.

text:
# Kath Venn

**Kathleen Joan Venn** OAM (12 November 1926 – 26 May 2019) was an Australian politician. Born in Tasmania, she was a Labor member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1976 to 1982, representing the seat of Hobart. In 1982, she was defeated. She ran for the Senate in the 1984 election as an independent affiliated with Senator Brian Harradine, and received 8.6% of the vote, but preferences from Labor and the Nuclear Disarmament Party gave the seventh seat to Democrat Norm Sanders, who had 6% of the vote. In 2005 Venn was inducted to the Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women for service to the Community.

## InfoBox

| Kath VennOAM | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council for Hobart | |
| **In office**
22 May 1976  27 May 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Phyllis Benjamin |
| Succeeded by | Hank Petrusma |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kathleen Joan Darragh
(1926-11-12)12 November 1926
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia |
| Died | 26 May 2019(2019-05-26) (aged 92)
New Town, Tasmania, Australia |
| Political party | Labor Party |
| Spouse | Leo Venn (m. 1951) |
| Education | Ogilvie High School |
|  | |


title: Dyson Hague

abstract: Dyson Hague (1857–1935) was a Canadian evangelical Anglican presbyter, author, and lecturer.

text:
# Dyson Hague

**Dyson Hague** (18571935) was a Canadian evangelical Anglican presbyter, author, and lecturer.

## Early life and education

Hague was born in Toronto in April 1857 to Sarah Cousins and George Hague. He was educated at Upper Canada College before earning his B.A. (1880) and M.A. (1881) at University College and his D.D. at Wycliffe College. He was ordained as a priest in 1883, and married Jemima May (née Baldwin) in 1884.

## Career

Hague was appointed first rector of St Paul's Church in Brockville, Ontario in 1885, before serving as seventh rector of St Paul's Church in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1890 to 1897. From 1903 to 1912, he served as rector of Bishop Cronyn Memorial Church in London, Ontario. Hague later served as rector of the Church of the Epiphany and professor of liturgics and ecclesiology at Wycliffe College in Toronto.

## Selected works

### Books

* Hague, Dyson (1890). *The Protestantism of the Prayer Book*. Toronto: J. E. Bryant Co. OCLC 20307106.
* (1892). *The Church of England, the Centre of Unity: plea for union, addressed to churchmen and an enquiry into the causes why the Church of England has failed to be the unifier, with a suggestion as to the way of success*. Halifax, NS: Morton. ISBN 978-0-665-08196-5. OCLC 8892996.
* (1896). *Ways to Win: Thoughts and Suggestions with Regard to Personal Work for Christ*. London: Marshall Bros. ISBN 978-0-837-06189-4. OCLC 18331206.
* (1897). *The Church of England before the Reformation*. London: Hodder and Stoughton. OCLC 3623134.
* (1900). *The Wonder of the Book*. Toronto: Haynes Press. ISBN 978-0-665-74404-4. OCLC 53675631.
* (1903). *Confirmation: why we have it, what it means, what it requires*. Toronto: Musson. ISBN 978-0-665-86194-9. OCLC 53690939.
* (1926). *The Story of the English Book of Common Prayer: its origin and developments : with special chapters on the Scottish, Irish, American and Canadian prayer books*. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 947006.
* (1932). *Through the Prayer Book: an exposition of its teaching and language: the origins and contents of its services: with special reference to the more recent features of the Canadian prayer book*. London; New York: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 3676800.
* (1935). *The Life and Work of John Wycliffe*. London: Church Book Room. OCLC 1049750.

### Other publications

Among his many publications, Hague was a major contributor to *The Fundamentals*, which included his essays on higher criticism, atonement by propitiation, and the doctrinal value of the first chapters of the Book of Genesis.


title: Richmond Barracks, North Yorkshire

abstract: Richmond Barracks was a military installation in Richmond, North Yorkshire.

text:
# Richmond Barracks, North Yorkshire

**Richmond Barracks** was a military installation in Richmond, North Yorkshire.

## History

The barracks were built as the depot of the two battalions of the 19th (The 1st Yorkshire North Riding - Princess of Wales's Own) Regiment of Foot between 1875 and 1877. Their creation took place as part of the Cardwell Reforms which encouraged the localisation of British military forces. Following the Childers Reforms, the 19th Regiment of Foot evolved to become the Green Howards with its depot at the barracks in 1881.

The barracks were demoted to the status of out-station to the Yorkshire Brigade depot at Queen Elizabeth Barracks in 1958 and at the same time renamed Alma Barracks after the Battle of Alma, in which conflict the Regiment took part during the Crimean War. The main part of the barracks closed in 1961 and the Regimental Headquarters and the Green Howards Museum moved to Holy Trinity Church in Richmond Market Place in 1973. The main site was converted for use as an approved school and, since 1985, as a housing development known as Garden Village.

## InfoBox

| Richmond Barracks | |
| --- | --- |
| Richmond | |
| Entrance towers to former barracks in Richmond | |
| Richmond BarracksLocation within North Yorkshire | |
| Coordinates | 54°24′39″N 1°43′57″W / 54.41088°N 1.73242°W / 54.41088; -1.73242 |
| Type | Barracks |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | British Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1875–1877 |
| Built for | War Office |
| In use | 1877–1961 |
| Garrison information | |
| Occupants | Green Howards |


title: Robert M. Doran

abstract: Robert Michael Doran was an American-Canadian Jesuit priest, and theologian, and Emmett Doerr Chair in Catholic Systematic Theology at Marquette University. He was known for his research on the works of the Jesuit theologian and philosopher Bernard Lonergan.

text:
# Robert M. Doran

**Robert Michael Doran** SJ (20 June 1939 – 21 January 2021) was an American-Canadian Jesuit priest, and theologian, and Emmett Doerr Chair in Catholic Systematic Theology at Marquette University. He was known for his research on the works of the Jesuit theologian and philosopher Bernard Lonergan.

## InfoBox

| The ReverendRobert M. DoranSJ | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Robert Michael Doran
(1939-06-20)20 June 1939
New York City, New York |
| Died | January 20, 2021(2021-01-20) (aged 81)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
| Nationality | American, Canadian |
| Other names | Bob Doran |
|  | |
|  | |
| Ecclesiastical career | |
| Religion | Christianity (Roman Catholic) |
| Church | Latin Church |
| Congregations served | Society of Jesus |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater |  |
| Thesis | *Subject and Psyche* (1975) |
| Doctoral advisor | Matthew L. Lamb |
| Influences | Bernard Lonergan, Paul Ricoeur, Carl Jung |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Theology |
| Sub-discipline | Systematic theology |
| Institutions |  |
| Main interests | Philosophy and Theology of Bernard Lonergan |
| Notable works | Theology and the Dialectics of History, The Trinity in History |
| Notable ideas | Psychic Conversion |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Bert Stevenson

abstract: John Albert 'Bert' Stevenson was a Republican Idaho State Representative from 1996 to 2012 representing District 26 in the A seat from 2002 to 2012 and District 24 Seat A from 1996 to 2002.

text:
# Bert Stevenson

**John Albert 'Bert' Stevenson** (born February 9, 1936, in Acequia, Idaho) was a Republican Idaho State Representative from 1996 to 2012 representing District 26 in the A seat from 2002 to 2012 and District 24 Seat A from 1996 to 2002.

## Education

Stevenson graduated Rupert High School (before its consolidation into Minico High School), and attended Ricks College.

## Elections

* 1996 When Republican Representative Steve Antone left the District 24 A seat open, Stevenson won the May 28, 1996, Republican primary with 2,529 votes (66%) against Harold Mohlman, and was unopposed for the November 5, 1996, general election, winning with 8,463 votes.
* 1998 Unopposed for the May 26, 1998, Republican primary, Stevenson won with 3,487 votes, and was unopposed for the November 3, 1998, general election, winning with 6,886 votes.
* 2000 Unopposed for the May 23, 2000, Republican primary, Stevenson won with 3,172 votes, and won the November 7, 2000, general election with 7,309 votes (76.4%) against Peter Snyder (D).
* 2002 Redistricted to District 26, and with Representative JoAn Wood re-districted to District 35, Stevenson was unopposed for the May 28, 2002, Republican primary, winning with 2,956 votes, and was unopposed for the November 5, 2002, general election, winning with 8,498 votes.
* 2004 Unopposed for the May 25, 2004, Republican primary, Stevenson won with 4,086 votes, and won the November 2, 2004, general election with 9,662 votes (77.9%) against Lee Halper (D).
* 2006 With Halper's change of parties and challenge of Stevenson for the May 23, 2006, Republican primary, Stevenson won with 2,617 votes (76.2%), and won the November 7, 2006, general election with 6,631 votes (67.05%) against former United States Senate candidate Scott McClure (D).
* 2008 Unopposed for the May 27, 2008, Republican primary, Stevenson won with 3,628 votes, and was unopposed for the November 4, 2008, general election, winning with 11,767 votes.
* 2010 Unopposed for the May 25, 2010, Republican primary, Stevenson won with 4,257 votes; McClure was unopposed for the Democratic primary, setting up a rematch. Stevenson won the November 2, 2010, general election with 7,079 votes (75.7%) against McClure.

## InfoBox

| Bert Stevenson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Idaho House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
1996  November 30, 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Steve Antone |
| Succeeded by | Steve Miller (redistricting) |
| Constituency | 24th district Seat A (1996–2002)
26th district Seat A (2002–2012) |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1936-02-09) February 9, 1936
Acequia, Idaho |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Rupert, Idaho |
| Alma mater | Ricks College |
| Profession | Farmer |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1959–1961 |
| Rank | Specialist |
|  | |


title: Elavamkodu Desam

abstract: Elavamkodu Desam is a 1998 Indian Malayalam-language period drama film written and directed by K. G. George. It stars Mammootty and Rajeev, with Khushbu, Thilakan and Babu Namboothiri in major supporting roles. It was the last film of K. G. George.

text:
# Elavamkodu Desam

***Elavamkodu Desam*** is a 1998 Indian Malayalam-language period drama film written and directed by K. G. George. It stars Mammootty and Rajeev, with Khushbu, Thilakan and Babu Namboothiri in major supporting roles. It was the last film of K. G. George.

## Plot

Jathavedan is invited to Elavamkodu Desam, a princely state, to treat the queen. He learns that Unikkoman, the wicked king of Elavamkodu Desam, rose to power in a coup and killing the noble king Udayavarman. Unikkoman was an ardent devotee to Kali and performed human sacrifices to appease the goddess and receive unchallengeable power. Meanwhile, Unikkoman's queen Ammalu is tortured in her sleep by seeing the departed souls, including that of her first husband, who comes to torment her. How Jathavedan raises an army to return the crown to its true heir form the crux of the story.

## Cast

## Soundtrack

o. N. V. Kurup wrote the songs.

* "Engu Ninnengu Ninnu" (male) - K. J. Yesudas
* "Neram" - K. J. Yesudas
* "Engu Ninnengu Ninnu" (female) - K. S. Chithra
* "Aadukal Meyunna" (female) - K. S. Chithra
* "Engu Ninnengu Ninnu" (duet) - K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
* "Chembakamalaroli" - K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
* "Aadukal Meyunna" (male) - Biju Narayanan
* "Iniyente Kunjithathe" - Sujatha, Arunmozhi, C. O. Anto

## InfoBox

| Elavamkodu Desam | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | K. G. George |
| Written by | * K. G. George
(Story & Screenplay) * Sreevaraham Balakrishnan
(Dialogues) |
| Produced by | Media Club |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Ramachandra Babu |
| Edited by | G. Murali |
| Music by |  |
| Production
company | Media Club Private Limited |
| Release date | * 8 March 1998 (1998-03-08) |
| Country | India |
| Language | Malayalam |