title: Kotla Mubarakpur Complex

abstract:
Kotla Mubarakpur, a medieval famous urban village, is a market place with residential colony in South central part of New Delhi.
Kotla Mubarakpur classified by the Delhi Development Authority (D.D.A.) as an Urban Village which is dominated by Baisla gotra of Gurjars, it is situated within touching distance of South Extension. Defence Colony lies to its east. Nearest Delhi Metro stations are South Extension, Dilli Haat - INA and Lajpat Nagar. Its history can be traced to the prominent tomb of Muizud Din Mubarak Shah, son of Khizr Khan of the Sayyid dynasty of the fifteenth century Delhi Sultanate rule in India, and its adjoining mosque. There are several other tombs of Lodi Dynasty period such as the Darya Khan's tomb, Kale Khan ka Gumbad, Bare Khan ka Gumbad, Chote Khan Ka Gumbad and Bhure Khan ka Gumbad, and also a Baoli. Khizr Khan who was the governor of Punjab under the Lodi dynasty took over the reins at Delhi, in 1414 AD, after defeating Daulat Khan Lodi. He established the Sayyid dynasty, which had four successors till 1451 AD. His son Muizud Din Mubarak Shah succeeded him. He established a city called Mubarakabad on the banks of the Yamuna River, but no trace of it exists now. He died in 1434 AD and he was buried in Kotla Mubarakpur, named after him. His tomb was built in a fusion of Lodi style octagonal plan combined with Tughlaq style buttresses and wide dome.

text:
# Kotla Mubarakpur Complex

**Kotla Mubarakpur**, a medieval famous urban village, is a market place with residential colony in South central part of New Delhi. Kotla Mubarakpur classified by the Delhi Development Authority (D.D.A.) as an Urban Village which is dominated by Baisla gotra of Gurjars, it is situated within touching distance of South Extension. Defence Colony lies to its east. Nearest Delhi Metro stations are South Extension, Dilli Haat - INA and Lajpat Nagar. Its history can be traced to the prominent tomb of Muizud Din Mubarak Shah, son of Khizr Khan of the Sayyid dynasty of the fifteenth century Delhi Sultanate rule in India, and its adjoining mosque. There are several other tombs of Lodi Dynasty period such as the Darya Khan's tomb, Kale Khan ka Gumbad, Bare Khan ka Gumbad, Chote Khan Ka Gumbad and Bhure Khan ka Gumbad, and also a Baoli (step well).

Khizr Khan who was the governor of Punjab under the Lodi dynasty took over the reins at Delhi, in 1414 AD, after defeating Daulat Khan Lodi. He established the Sayyid dynasty, which had four successors till 1451 AD. His son Muizud Din Mubarak Shah succeeded him. He established a city called Mubarakabad on the banks of the Yamuna River, but no trace of it exists now. He died in 1434 AD and he was buried in Kotla Mubarakpur, named after him. His tomb was built in a fusion of Lodi style octagonal plan combined with Tughlaq style buttresses and wide dome.

## History

Subsequent to the death of Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah tughlagh of the Tughlaq Dynasty, in 1413 AD, the succession of power rested with Daulat Khan Lodi of the Lodi dynasty. But Khizr Khan who was the Governor of Punjab,usurped power on 28 May 1414, and imprisoned Daulat Khan. He then went on to establish the Sayyid dynasty rule of the Delhi sultanate (1414–1451), who claimed to be descendants of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad; there were three other rulers of this dynasty who followed him.

Khizr Khan, who founded the Sayyid dynasty, traced his ancestry to Mohammed based on a casual recognition of this claim by the famous saint Sayyid Jalal-ud-din of Bukhara. He was the viceroy of Shah Rukh, the fourth son of Timur lane. He was content with the title of Raydt-i-A'la, or 'the Exalted Standards' conferred on him. He was not only successful in uniting Punjab with Delhi and but was also able to tame the governors of several fiefdoms such as Mewat, Gwalior, Etawah and many more under his reign. During one of his campaigns, he fell seriously sick and returned to Delhi and before he died on 20 May 1421 AD, authorized the reins of power to his son Mubarak Khan. Mubarak Khan had no pretensions to assuming the title of Shah and declaring complete independence of his territory. He effectively and ruthlessly quelled the rebellious fiefdoms. He assumed the name of Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah and minted coins in his name. He had adopted the practice of invading his fiefdoms to collect revenue for his coffers with effective coercion tactics. But his war campaigns had several set backs too. In the meanwhile there was a coterie of people surrounding him who were conspiring against him. In November 1442 AD, he established his new city called the Mubarakabad on the banks of the Yamuna River. After this, while returning from one of his successful war campaigns from Bhatinda in Punjab, he visited Mubarakabad, his new capital. On 14 February 1443 AD one of his disgruntled former Minister Sarvar-ul-Mulk, in association with other Hindu courtiers cleverly plotted to kill him. They were successful in brutally assassinating Mubarak Shah while he was preparing for his prayers. Since Mubarak did not have a son, Muhammad Shah, the son of his brother Farid was enthroned. A detailed account of Mubarak Shah's reign is available in the Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi written by Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi.

After the death of Mubarak Khan Shah, his nephew Muhammad Khan ascended the throne and styled himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, Muhammad Shah called his son Ala-ud-Din from Badaun and nominated him as his successor. But both these rulers proved ineffective in providing a viable rule and in fact the last ruler of this dynasty, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodhi on 19 April 1451 who was then ruler of Punjab and left for Badaun. He continued to live there till his death in 1478 AD. Bahlul Khan Lodhi then went on to establish the last dynasty of the Delhi sultanate. The rulers of the Sayyid dynasty subsisted their rule by collecting revenue by coercion. They could barely counter the pressure from the Sharqī sultans to the east and the Khokars to the northwest. Later baisla clan of gurjars coming from haryana palwal baislat and resettled Kotla Mubarakpur

## Mubarak Shah's tomb

Mubarak Shah's tomb is an impressive structure, which was built with an octagonal plan, enclosed in an octagonal compound with south and west gates exist while the compound walls and other gates have disappeared. The Sultan personally planned its construction during his lifetime. It has a southern entrance into the octagonal hall, which has arched openings on three sides, except in the west, which has the Mihrab, in the prayer direction.

The tombs of Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah are strikingly similar, although built ten years apart and in different locations. It is quite possible that both monuments were built by the same architect. One major difference lies in the different heights of the dome in proportion to the rest of the building. Mubarak's tomb has a dome 4 feet lower than that of Muhammad, and it makes the dome out of proportion with the rest of the building. Thus, Mubarak's dome is too small for the size of the drum and the base of the verandah, and too flat to be attractive.

A verandah, with three entrances, encloses the hall. The hall and the verandah are provided with supporting sloping buttresses at the corners. A sixteen sided fortification, with turrets in each corner, supports the low dome structure. The turrets are crowned by a lantern. Chattris (kiosks) in octagonal shape adorn the roof on each side. Three tiers of Quranic inscriptions adorn the springing of the ceiling of the dome. Though stunted in appearance, it is considered as a typical example of octagonal Sayyid tombs, which were popular during Lodi and Mughal periods. The overall effect of the tomb is of a pyramidal appearance.

Adjoining the tomb, there is a "funerary mosque" meant as a venue for prayers, and making public addresses by the visitors to the tomb. The mosque is located on the west wall of the tomb. It has two bays depth wise and five bays width wise and is decorated with arches supported on pillars (see image).

## Other tombs

In the precincts of the Kotla Mubarakpur tomb and mosque, there are many other tombs of the Lodi period. These are (see gallery):

Darya Khan's tomb

Darya Khan Lohani's tomb is dated to the early 16th century. Darya Khan was the Chief Justice during the reign of Bahlol Lodi and *vakil* (advocate) during Sikander Lodi's rule. Considered an unusual tomb, most of the structure is in ruins. It has a commemorative circular platform structure built amidst a larger platform. Chaatris (kiosks) are seen at the corners. It has been deduced that when built the tomb had an impressive layout with a beautiful view.

Bade Khan ka gumbad

This is an impressive tomb monument with an intricate frontage. The central bay of the tomb is flanked by three rows of three niches. The central niche in each row is larger than the other two. Another unusual depiction for a Lodi period tomb is of the octagonal shaped turrets at the four corners. Chattris (12 pillared) adorn the top of the four turrets. The interior of the domed Chatris have ornamentation with incised and painted plaster bands with a decorative medallion in the centre. It is spread over an area of 22 square metres (240 sq ft).

Chote Khan ka gumbad

This tomb considered to be built in "classic proportions" is located next to the Bade Khan's tomb, which has a wonderful well maintained interior. The exterior walls of the tomb, particularly at the entry, has carved plasterwork.

Kale Khan ka gumbad

This tomb is dated to 1481 AD as per an inscription on the Mihrab inside the tomb. Kale Khan was a courtier in the Lodi period during the reign of Bahlol Lodi. It is conjectured that his father was Darya Khan Lohani. There is a tall cenotaph in an otherwise usual Lodi type tomb. Its location is 300 metres (980 ft) north of the Ring Road. It is stated to be the earliest dated tomb of the Lodi period.

## Visitor information

Kotla Mubarakapur and South Extension are busy city centres easily approachable by road, rail and air communications. The main artery, Ring Road of Delhi, passes near Kotla Mubarakpur complex. The nearest railway stations are New Delhi Railway Station and Nizamuddin Railway Station, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away respectively. Indira Gandhi International Airport is 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) away.

## InfoBox

| Kotla Mubarakpur | |
| --- | --- |
| Tomb of Mubarak Shah | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Islam |
| District | New Delhi |
| Province | Delhi |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Tomb |
| Leadership | Sayyid Dynasty |
| Year consecrated | 1434 AD |
| Location | |
| Location | New Delhi, India |
| Location of Kotla Mubarakpur Complex in Delhi | |
| Territory | Delhi |
| Geographic coordinates | 28°35′29″N 77°14′31″E / 28.5915°N 77.2419°E / 28.5915; 77.2419 |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Mubarak Shah |
| Type | Tomb and Mosque |
| Style | Fusion of Lodi and Tughlaq styles |
| Completed | 1434 AD |
| Materials | Red sandstone |


title: Cara Aitchison

abstract: Cara Carmichael Aitchison,, FWLA, FLSW is a British social scientist and university leader. She was President and Vice Chancellor of Cardiff Metropolitan University from 2016 to 2024, and was formerly Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive or Plymouth Marjon University in England (2013–2016). She was previously Dean of Moray House School of Education and Professor in Social and Environmental Justice at Edinburgh University in Scotland (2010–2013) and has an international research profile in the geography and cultural economy of leisure, sport and tourism and in gender studies, cultural identity and social inclusion.

text:
# Cara Aitchison

**Cara Carmichael Aitchison**, FAcSS, FRGS, FHEA, FWLA, FLSW (born 1965) is a British social scientist and university leader. She was President and Vice Chancellor of Cardiff Metropolitan University from 2016 to 2024, and was formerly Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive or Plymouth Marjon University in England (2013–2016). She was previously Dean of Moray House School of Education and Professor in Social and Environmental Justice at Edinburgh University in Scotland (2010–2013) and has an international research profile in the geography and cultural economy of leisure, sport and tourism and in gender studies, cultural identity and social inclusion.

## Early life and education

Aitchison was born on 5 February 1965 in Falkirk, Scotland. She grew up in Larbert and Stirling, attending Stirling High School from 1977-1983. She graduated with an undergraduate Master of Arts (MA Hons) in Geography from Edinburgh University in 1987 and went on to study a Postgraduate Diploma (PG Dip) in Recreation and Leisure Practice at the university’s Moray House School of Education, graduating with Distinction in 1988 as she commenced her first lecturing position. Aitchison then undertook a teaching qualification with Thames Polytechnic (now Greenwich University) from 1988-1990, a Master of Arts (MA) in Gender and Society at Middlesex University from 1990-1993 and a PhD in Social Science, with her thesis titled Leisure Studies: Gender, Power and Knowledge, at the University of Bristol from 1996-1999, and with all three qualifications undertaken part-time while progressing her full-time academic career.

## Academic career

Aitchison taught for a year at Croydon College from 1988-1989 before being appointed Lecturer in Leisure Studies at the Polytechnic of North London in 1989 (which became the University of North London in 1991 and then London Metropolitan University in 2002). In 1990 she was promoted to Senior Lecturer in Leisure and Tourism Studies and Programme Director of the UK’s largest degree programme in Leisure and Tourism Management, and then to Principal Lecturer and Subject Field Leader in Leisure and Tourism Studies in 1993.

During this period Aitchison became active in research and publishing and, in 1997, moved to the University of Gloucestershire to take up a newly established position of Senior Research Fellow in the Leisure and Sport Research Unit, then headed by the late Professor Celia Brackenridge OBE. Aitchison led the portfolio of postgraduate programmes in sport, leisure and tourism before becoming Reader in Leisure Policy and Cultural Theory in 1999 and then succeeding Professor Brackenridge as Head of the Research Unit in 2001.

In 2003 Aitchison was appointed Professor in Human Geography in the Department of Geography and Environmental Management at the University of the West of England in Bristol where she remained until 2008. Between 1997 and 2007 Aitchison published prolifically and also undertook numerous international research visits including, in 2003, a lecture tour of Iran speaking at international conferences and universities in Tehran, Ahvaz and Esfahan and sponsored by the Iranian Ministry of Culture, Iranian National Olympic Committee, Iranian Tourism Organisation, Iranian Physical Education Association and Iran Women’s Sport Federation. Between 2000 and 2005 she also held the post of Visiting Lecturer at World Leisure’s International Centre of Excellence at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, teaching on the UN-affiliated World Leisure programme MSc Leisure and Environments.

## Personal life

In 2003, Aitchison was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis with the disease progressing so rapidly that she almost retired on ill-health grounds in 2007. She underwent surgery in both 2003 and 2007 and had further surgery in early 2008, spending three months in hospital, after which she opted to change direction from research to senior leadership.

From the outset of her leadership career Aitchison has been open about both her health condition and her same-sex partnership. Although she has lived in Cardiff during her tenure as Vice-Chancellor, her main home is in Stirling in Scotland where she lives with her partner, Professor Gayle McPherson, Director of the Centre for Culture, Sport and Events at the University of the West of Scotland.

## Leadership career

In 2008 Aitchison was appointed by Les Ebdon, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire, to lead the university’s Bedford-based Faculty of Education and Sport. In 2010 she was appointed by Sir Timothy O’Shea as Head of Moray House School of Education and Professor in Social and Environmental Justice at Edinburgh University where she led an extensive programme of modernisation, internationalisation and growth following a significant reduction in Scottish Government funding for initial teacher education in 2010.

In 2013 Aitchison was appointed Vice-Chancellor and Chief Executive Officer of Plymouth Marjon University immediately following the former University College’s university designation. She led a programme of transformation, stabilising the university’s finances and turning around a 2013 Ofsted judgement of ‘Requires Improvement’ to 'Good with Outstanding Features in Leadership and Management' a year later. The same year, the University was named the top UK university for social mobility (Graduate Social Mobility Index, 2014) and the following year she led the University to become only the fourth in the UK to receive accreditation for The Social Enterprise Mark (Social Enterprise Foundation, 2015), something which she repeated in 2018 at Cardiff Met when the University became the first in Wales to secure the accreditation. In 2016 Aitchison was appointed as the first female President and Vice-Chancellor in the history of Cardiff Metropolitan University, dating back to 1865. The University had only narrowly avoided a Welsh Government merger in 2011 when, in a report commissioned by Welsh Government and written by Steve Smith, then Vice-Chancellor of Exeter University, it was deemed to be in ‘a spiral of decline’. Appointed and supported by Barbara Wilding, Chair and subsequently Chancellor of the University, Aitchison delivered a major transformation in the University’s fortunes by leading a programme of extensive growth, diversification and improvement that saw the university’s enrolments increase from circa 17,000 in 2017 to over 25,000 in 2023, turnover increase by over 50% from under £100m to over £150m, and annual research income double during the same period.

Aitchison's leadership of the transformation of Cardiff Met, including through the Covid pandemic, was recognised with the award of the UK’s most prestigious higher education award, The Times Higher Education UK & Ireland University of the Year 2021 together with The Times and Sunday Times Welsh University of the Year 2021 and the ranking as the UK’s most sustainable university with the award of ‘No. 1 UK University for Ethical and Environmental Sustainability’ in The People and Planet Green League 2022/23\]. The University was also deemed the most financially sustainable in Wales by the Wales Centre for Governance (2020).

## Publications

Aitchison’s research, with a focus on social and environmental justice, has led to new theoretical perspectives in leisure, tourism, gender and disability studies and new policy impacts in rural planning, cultural strategy, tourism development, sport policy and leisure management.

Her research outputs include 10 books and over 200 chapters, journal articles, reports, and keynote papers presented in 25 countries spanning all five continents, with research funding awarded by the Economic and Social Research Council, the British Academy, national and local governments, UK disability charities, professional bodies, and renewable energy companies.

Aitchison’s major books include her monograph Gender and Leisure: Social and Cultural Perspectives (Routledge 2003); her sole-edited Gender, Sport and Identity (Routledge 2007); Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social and Cultural Geographies (Routledge 2001), co-authored with Dr Nicola Macleod and Dr Stephen Shaw; and Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging (Ashgate 2007); co-edited with Professor Peter Hopkins and Professor Mei Po-Kwan. She has also published widely in the major leisure and tourism journals and served on the Editorial Boards of social science, leisure, sport and tourism journals including: Contemporary Social Science (2011-2015), Annals of Tourism Research (2009-2016), Leisure Studies (2007-2013), Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (2006-2013), Annals of Leisure Research (2004-2013), Research on Sports Science (2003-2005), Culture, Sport, Society (2002-2004), and the Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education (2001-2004).

## Roles

Aitchison’s service in national and international education has included: Chair of The Wales-Ukraine Higher Education Group, leading Welsh universities’ response to the crisis in Ukraine (2021-); Chair of Universities UK’s Sexual Misconduct Advisory Group, leading UK universities’ response to tackling sexual misconduct (2018-2022), Chair of The South East Wales Centre for Education in Teacher Training, leading initial teacher education across providers and developing a research-led teacher education partnership between Cardiff Metropolitan and the Universities of Cardiff and Oxford (2016-2018); Chair of The Scottish Teacher Education Committee on Career-Long Professional Learning, leading improvement in teacher education in Scottish universities (2011-2013); Chair of the joint Funding Councils’ Research Excellence Framework 2014 Panel for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Leisure and Tourism (2010-2014); Chair of the international Leisure Studies Association (2002-2006); and Chair of the UN-sponsored World Leisure Commission on Women and Gender (2002-2008).

She has also undertaken a range of voluntary national and international leadership and ambassadorial roles and currently serves as a member of: the Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh as a Scottish Government Public Appointment (2023-); the Council of the All Party Parliamentary (Universities) Group (2022-); the Europe Regional Committee of the Association of Commonwealth Universities (2020-); the Board of Cardiff Capital Region City Deal Economic Growth Partnership (2019); the Universities of Sanctuary Steering Group (2021-); and the Student Opportunity and Achievement Committee of the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales (2016-).

Previously, Aitchison served on the: Board of the Higher Education Statistics Agency (2022-23); Welsh Government Coast Path Review Group (2022); Council of the CBI Wales (2016-23); Board of the Arab European Leadership Education Network (2016-2019); Council of the Academy of Social Sciences (2015-21); Board of The Equality Challenge Unit, one of the organisations that merged to form Advance HE (2015-18); Board of Askel Veur Academies Trust for the Diocese of Truro Trust for 44 Church of England schools in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (2015-16); Board of Plymouth Culture (2014-16); Board of Plymouth Area Business Council (2014-16); The Scottish Government Commission on Rural Education (2011-2013); and The Scottish Teacher Education Committee (2010-13).

## Honours and awards

Aitchison has been recognised with the awards of Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (2001), Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (2003), Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (2016), and Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales (2018). She has been an Honorary Professor at the University of Bath since 2015.

In January 2023 Aitchison announced that, after a 36-year full-time career in higher education, she would retire from her role as Vice-Chancellor at the end of January 2024 to focus on combining her academic background and leadership experience to contribute to social and environmental justice and international cultural diplomacy in education, sport and tourism. She will retain a fractional research post as Professor of Geography at Cardiff Metropolitan University.

## InfoBox

| Cara AitchisonFAcSS FRGS FHEA | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Cara Carmichael Aitchison
1965 (age 5859)
Falkirk, Scotland |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh
Middlesex University
University of Bristol |
| Thesis | *Leisure Studies: Gender, Power and Knowledge* (1999) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Geography |
| Sub-discipline |  |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Raleigh Hills, Oregon

abstract: Raleigh Hills is a census-designated place and neighborhood in Washington County, Oregon within the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is located in the southwest hills in Washington County, with Beaverton to the west, West Slope to the north, and Progress and Garden Home to the south. As of the 2000 census, the census-designated place had a total population of 5,865. Raleigh Hills is located at the intersection of Oregon Routes 10 and 210. Fire protection and EMS services are provided through Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue. Raleigh Hills is also the location of the first ever New Seasons Market.

text:
# Raleigh Hills, Oregon

**Raleigh Hills** is a census-designated place and neighborhood in Washington County, Oregon within the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon, United States. It is located in the southwest hills in Washington County, with Beaverton to the west, West Slope to the north, and Progress and Garden Home to the south. As of the 2000 census, the census-designated place had a total population of 5,865.

Raleigh Hills is located at the intersection of Oregon Routes 10 and 210. Fire protection and EMS services are provided through Tualatin Valley Fire and Rescue. Raleigh Hills is also the location of the first ever New Seasons Market.

## History

Raleigh Hills was named after Raleigh Robinson, a resident of the neighborhood. A post office named **Raleigh** was established in the area in April 1892, and was closed twelve years later. Southern Pacific's Red Electric line had a stop in Raleigh from 1914 until the line ceased operations in 1929. A Raleigh Hills branch of the Portland post office was opened in 1968.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the neighborhood has a total area of four km2 (1.5 sq mi), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 6,196 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 5865 people in the neighborhood, organized into 2586 households and 1561 families. The population density was 3,829.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,478.6/km2). There were 2,786 housing units at an average density of 1,819.1 per square mile (702.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.08% White, 3.10% Asian, 0.99% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 3.34% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. 5.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,586 households, out of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.6% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the neighborhood the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

The median income for a household in the neighborhood was $60,714, and the median income for a family was $83,300. Males had a median income of $60,186 versus $34,769 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $37,839. 7.4% of the population and 5.0% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 11.7% of those under the age of 18 and 2.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

## InfoBox

| Raleigh Hills, Oregon | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place (CDP) | |
| Beaverton-Hillsdale Highway and Scholls Ferry Road | |
| Location of Raleigh Hills, Oregon | |
| Coordinates: 45°29′30″N 122°45′00″W / 45.49167°N 122.75000°W / 45.49167; -122.75000 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oregon |
| County | Washington |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.52 sq mi (3.94 km2) |
| Land | 1.52 sq mi (3.94 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 285 ft (87 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 6,196 |
| Density | 4,073.64/sq mi (1,573.07/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| FIPS code | 41-60900 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2409125 |


title: Sava IV

abstract: Sava IV was the Serbian Patriarch, the primate of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the period of 1354–1375. He became the second patriarch during the reign of Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan, succeeding Patriarch Joanikije II. He continued his office into the reign of Stefan Uroš V. The hegumen of Hilandar, he succeeded as the Serbian Patriarch after the death of Joanikije II, being appointed after the assembly in Serres convoked by Emperor Dušan on 29 November 1354. During his office, the Serbian Church worked to reconcile with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, relations having deteriorated following Serbian expansion. Of six chrysobulls of emperors Dušan and Uroš V, Sava IV is only called the Patriarch of Greeks in one, that to Arhiljevica dated 14 August 1354. How Sava IV held towards the started reconcilement process is unknown. He died on 29 April 1375, and was buried in the Church of St. Demetrius in Peć. The reconciliation came the same year after his death, during the reign of Prince Lazar of Serbia, owing to diplomacy in which Isaija the Monk was instrumental. In the hagiography of Sava IV, Stefan Dušan's coronation is condemned.

text:
# Sava IV

**Sava IV** (Serbian Cyrillic: Сава IV) was the Serbian Patriarch, the primate of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the period of 1354–1375. He became the second patriarch during the reign of Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–55), succeeding Patriarch Joanikije II (s. 1346–1354, Serbian Archbishop since 1338). He continued his office into the reign of Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–71).

The *hegumen* of Hilandar, he succeeded as the Serbian Patriarch after the death of Joanikije II (3 September 1354), being appointed after the assembly in Serres convoked by Emperor Dušan on 29 November 1354. During his office, the Serbian Church worked to reconcile with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, relations having deteriorated following Serbian expansion. Of six chrysobulls of emperors Dušan and Uroš V, Sava IV is only called the Patriarch of Greeks in one, that to Arhiljevica dated 14 August 1354. How Sava IV held towards the started reconcilement process is unknown. He died on 29 April 1375, and was buried in the Church of St. Demetrius in Peć. The reconciliation came the same year after his death, during the reign of Prince Lazar of Serbia, owing to diplomacy in which Isaija the Monk was instrumental. In the hagiography of Sava IV, Stefan Dušan's coronation is condemned.

## Sources


title: Enrique Galán

abstract: Enrique Galán Bayarri is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker. He spent the most of his career associated with Real Oviedo, which he represented for ten seasons.

text:
# Enrique Galán

**Enrique Galán Bayarri** (born 6 April 1946) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker. He spent the most of his career associated with Real Oviedo, which he represented for ten seasons.

## InfoBox

Enrique Galán
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Enrique Galán Bayarri | | |
| Date of birth | (1946-04-06) 6 April 1946 | | |
| Place of birth | Almàssera, Spain | | |
| Position(s) | Striker | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Valencia | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1963–1966 | Valencia B | 15 | (3) |
| 1966–1967 | Alcoyano |  |  |
| 1967–1968 | Badajoz | 18 | (10) |
| 1968–1978 | Oviedo | 295 | (121) |
| 1978–1980 | Getafe | 31 | (11) |
| International career | | | |
| 1973–1974 | Spain | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Craigie Arms

abstract: Craigie Arms is a historic apartment house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Located in Harvard Square, the Georgian Revival four-story brick building was built in 1897 to meet local demand for apartment-style housing. The building occupies most of a city block along University Road, Mount Auburn Street, and Bennett Street. It is notable for its relatively modest decoration and the rounded corner projections. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

text:
# Craigie Arms

**Craigie Arms** is a historic apartment house in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Located in Harvard Square, the Georgian Revival four-story brick building was built in 1897 to meet local demand for apartment-style housing. The building occupies most of a city block along University Road, Mount Auburn Street, and Bennett Street. It is notable for its relatively modest decoration and the rounded corner projections.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Craigie Arms | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 2–6 University Road, 122 Mt. Auburn, and 6 Bennett Streets,<br>Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°22′22.8″N 71°7′22.5″W / 42.373000°N 71.122917°W / 42.373000; -71.122917 |
| Built | 1897 |
| Architect | Josephine Wright Chapman |
| Architectural style | Colonial Revival |
| MPS | Cambridge MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 86001575 |
| Added to NRHP | July 10, 1986 |


title: San Vittore alle Chiuse

abstract: San Vittore alle Chiuse is a Roman Catholic abbey and church in the comune of Genga, Marche, Italy. The edifice is known from the year 1011, and constitutes a notable example of Byzantine-influenced architecture in Italy.

text:
# San Vittore alle Chiuse

**San Vittore alle Chiuse** is a Roman Catholic abbey and church in the *comune* of Genga, Marche, Italy. The edifice is known from the year 1011, and constitutes a notable example of Byzantine-influenced architecture in Italy.

## Description

The rear area is characterized by three high apses, the central only slightly larger. Only the northern one has maintained the original decoration with pilaster strips and small arches.

On the western side is the cylindrical tower which replaced the second square tower, crumbled in an unknown date. On the same side a forepart was added in the 13th-14th centuries with an ogival entrance.

The tambour, which protrudes from the centre of the construction, is in Armenian style.

The interior is on the Greek Cross plan inscribed within a square, with four huge columns, decorated with brick elements, supporting the dome.

## InfoBox

| San Vittore alle Chiuse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 43°24′8.15″N 12°58′14.18″E / 43.4022639°N 12.9706056°E / 43.4022639; 12.9706056 | |
| Location | Genga |
| Country | Italy |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| History | |
| Founded | 1011 |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Byzantine/Armenian |


title: Boxford (CDP), Massachusetts

abstract: Boxford is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Boxford in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,339 at the 2010 census.

text:
# Boxford (CDP), Massachusetts

**Boxford** is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Boxford in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,339 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.5 square miles (14.2 km2), of which 5.4 square miles (13.9 km2) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km2) (1.99%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 2,432 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,340 people, 756 households, and 674 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 164.0 people/km2 (425 people/sq mi). There were 765 housing units at an average density of 53.6 units per square kilometre (139 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.84% White, 0.34% African American, 1.37% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 756 households, out of which 47.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.4% were married couples living together, 6.6% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 10.8% were non-families. 7.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $108,778, and the median income for a family was $116,810. Males had a median income of $72,426 versus $38,073 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $51,977. None of the families and 1.0% of the population were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 5.1% are 65 or older.

## InfoBox

| Boxford, Massachusetts | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| Holyoke French House | |
| Location in Essex County and the state of Massachusetts. | |
| Coordinates: 42°40′25″N 70°59′10″W / 42.67361°N 70.98611°W / 42.67361; -70.98611 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Massachusetts |
| County | Essex |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.47 sq mi (14.18 km2) |
| Land | 5.36 sq mi (13.89 km2) |
| Water | 0.11 sq mi (0.28 km2) |
| Elevation | 102 ft (31 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,432 |
| Density | 453.39/sq mi (175.05/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 01921 |
| Area code | 978 |
| FIPS code | 25-07385 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0614204 |


title: Pilatovci, Nikšić

abstract: Pilatovci is a village in the municipality of Nikšić, Montenegro.

text:
# Pilatovci, Nikšić

**Pilatovci** (Serbian Cyrillic: Пилатовци) is a village in the municipality of Nikšić, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 128.

Ethnicity in 2011
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Montenegrins | 68 | 53.1% |
| Serbs | 50 | 39.1% |
| other/undeclared | 10 | 7.8% |
| **Total** | **128** | **100%** |

42°51′22.7″N 18°31′3.0″E / 42.856306°N 18.517500°E / 42.856306; 18.517500

## InfoBox

| Pilatovci Пилатовци | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Nikšić |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 128 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Kotla Sharaf

abstract: Kotla Sharaf is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from sub district headquarter, 38 kilometres (24 mi) from district headquarter and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

text:
# Kotla Sharaf

**Kotla Sharaf** is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from sub district headquarter, 38 kilometres (24 mi) from district headquarter and 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 300 houses and the population of 1513 of which 796 are males while 717 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 503 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.

31°47′N 75°09′E / 31.783°N 75.150°E / 31.783; 75.150

## InfoBox

| Kotla Sharaf | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Gurdaspur |
| Tehsil | Batala |
| Region | Majha |
| Government | |
| Type | Panchayat raj |
| Body | Gram panchayat |
| Area | |
| Total | 191 ha (472 acres) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 1,513
796/717 / |
| Scheduled Castes | 503
265/238 / |
| Total Households | 300 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Punjabi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Telephone | 01871 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-PB |
| Vehicle registration | PB-18 |
| Website | gurdaspur.nic.in |


title: Selimiye, Zara

abstract: Selimiye is a village in the Zara District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is inhabited by Lezgins and had a population of 28 in 2023.

text:
# Selimiye, Zara

**Selimiye** is a village in the Zara District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is inhabited by Lezgins and had a population of 28 in 2023.

## InfoBox

| Selimiye | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| SelimiyeLocation in TurkeySelimiyeSelimiye (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 39°39′07″N 37°41′17″E / 39.652°N 37.688°E / 39.652; 37.688 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Sivas |
| District | Zara |
| Population (2023) | 28 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Raleigh IceCaps

abstract: The Raleigh IceCaps were a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Founded in 1991 and playing at Dorton Arena, located at the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, the IceCaps were members of the ECHL. The club was forced to move to Augusta, Georgia as the Augusta Lynx after the 1997–98 season due to the arrival of the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes, who had begun play in Greensboro in 1997–98 in anticipation of the 1999–2000 completion of the Entertainment and Sports Arena and a shift to Raleigh.

text:
# Raleigh IceCaps

The **Raleigh IceCaps** were a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Founded in 1991 and playing at Dorton Arena, located at the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, the IceCaps were members of the ECHL. The club was forced to move to Augusta, Georgia as the Augusta Lynx after the 1997–98 season due to the arrival of the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes, who had begun play in Greensboro in 1997–98 in anticipation of the 1999–2000 completion of the Entertainment and Sports Arena and a shift to Raleigh.

## InfoBox

| Raleigh IceCaps | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| City | Raleigh, North Carolina |
| League | ECHL |
| Founded | 1991 |
| Operated | 1991–1998 |
| Home arena | Dorton Arena |
| Affiliate | New Jersey Devils (NHL) |
| Franchise history | |
| 1991–1998 | Raleigh IceCaps |
| 1998–2008 | Augusta Lynx |
| Championships | |
| Regular season titles | none |
| Division titles | none |
| Conference titles | none |
| Kelly Cups | none |


title: Craigie Cross

abstract: Craigie Cross is a small public square in the Craigie area of Perth, Scotland. Shaped in the form of a scalene triangle, the plot of land, which has been in existence since at least the early 20th century, is bounded by St Leonard's Bridge to the north and Priory Place to the east. A diagonal offshoot of St Leonard's Bridge, running one-way in a southwesterly direction, connects it to Priory Place for a second time. It was down this section that trams of Perth Corporation Tramways used to run from the city centre. A clock stands in the square on its northern side. Priory Place recalls the Priory of St Leonard, which was founded in the 13th century, around the same time as St Leonard's Nunnery. It overlooked the southern end of the nearby South Inch from the western side, in the area where St Leonard's Bridge crosses the railway tracks today. It was suppressed in 1429 and its lands and rents were annexed by the Carthusian monastery that had been founded. There was a church dedicated to St Leonard at Perth as early as 1163. Today, the Cross is known for its plethora of fast food shops.

text:
# Craigie Cross

**Craigie Cross** is a small public square in the Craigie area of Perth, Scotland. Shaped in the form of a scalene triangle, the plot of land, which has been in existence since at least the early 20th century, is bounded by St Leonard's Bridge to the north and Priory Place to the east. A diagonal offshoot of St Leonard's Bridge, running one-way in a southwesterly direction, connects it to Priory Place for a second time. It was down this section that trams of Perth Corporation Tramways used to run from the city centre.

A clock stands in the square on its northern side.

Priory Place recalls the Priory of St Leonard, which was founded in the 13th century, around the same time as St Leonard's Nunnery. It overlooked the southern end of the nearby South Inch from the western side, in the area where St Leonard's Bridge crosses the railway tracks today. It was suppressed in 1429 and its lands and rents were annexed by the Carthusian monastery that had been founded. There was a church dedicated to St Leonard at Perth as early as 1163.

Today, the Cross is known for its plethora of fast food shops.

1. Lindsay, Morag (6 December 2023). "Perth's Craigie Christmas lights switch-on in pictures". *The Courier*. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
2. Riley, David (6 December 2017). "Christmas in Craigie". *Perth Gazette*. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
3. Gillon, Jack (15 January 2021). *Perth The Postcard Collection*. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-3981-0226-2.
4. *The Tourist's Hand-book to Perth and Neighbourhood* (1849), p. 33
5. "Perth, Priory, Chapel And Hospital Of St Leonard | Canmore". *canmore.org.uk*. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
6. *Ecclesiastical Annals of Perth: To the Period of the Reformation*, Robert Scott Fittis (1885), p. 277
7. Dailyrecord.co.uk (15 July 2013). "Craigie Traders hit by St Leonard's Bridge closure". *Daily Record*. Retrieved 5 January 2024.

## InfoBox

Craigie Cross
| Maintained by | Perth and Kinross Council |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Perth, Scotland, UK |
| Coordinates | 56°23′22″N 3°26′22″W / 56.389563°N 3.439529°W / 56.389563; -3.439529 |
| North | * St Leonard's Bridge |
| East | * Priory Place |
| West | * St Leonard's Bridge |


title: San Víctor

abstract: San Víctor is a municipality (municipio) of the Espaillat Province in the Dominican Republic. The District Municipality became a municipality on May 23, 2013. As of the 2012 census estimate, the municipality, then a municipal district of the Moca municipality, had 79,851 inhabitants; 32,501 living in the city itself, and 47,350 in its rural districts (secciones).

text:
# San Víctor

**San Víctor** is a municipality (*municipio*) of the Espaillat Province in the Dominican Republic. The District Municipality became a municipality on May 23, 2013.

As of the 2012 census estimate, the municipality, then a municipal district of the Moca municipality, had 79,851 inhabitants; 32,501 living in the city itself, and 47,350 in its rural districts (*secciones*).

## InfoBox

| San Víctor | |
| --- | --- |
| San Víctor | |
| Coordinates: 19°27′00″N 70°31′48″W / 19.45000°N 70.53000°W / 19.45000; -70.53000 | |
| Country | Dominican Republic |
| Province | Espaillat |
| established as a municipality | May 23, 2013 |
| Area | |
| Total | 99.85 km2 (38.55 sq mi) |
| Population (2012) | |
| Total | 79,851 |
| Density | 800/km2 (2,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | -4 UTC |


title: Brand New Sun

abstract: "Brand New Sun" is a song by the English pop group Take That. It was released by EMI Records on 17 October 2023 as the second single from their ninth studio album, This Life (2023). It was written by Take That and produced by Jennifer Decilveo. It features Mark Owen on the lead vocals.

text:
# Brand New Sun

"**Brand New Sun**" is a song by the English pop group Take That. It was released by EMI Records on 17 October 2023 as the second single from their ninth studio album, *This Life* (2023). It was written by Take That and produced by Jennifer Decilveo. It features Mark Owen on the lead vocals.

## Background

"Brand New Sun" was written by Take That and produced by Jennifer Decilveo.

## Live performances

Take That performed the single on Later... with Jools Holland, broadcast on 21 October 2023. This was the first time the band had played on the show.

## Critical reception

*Retropop* magazine labelled the track as "a tapestry of harmonies alongside a driving, warm instrumental." *Stereoboard.com* described the song as "coupling soft acoustic guitar with stirring vocal harmonies."

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| "Brand New Sun" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Take That | |
| from the album  *This Life* | |
| Released | 17 October 2023 |
| Recorded | 2023 |
| Length | 4:28 |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Jennifer Decilveo |
| Take That singles chronology | |
| "Windows"
(2023) "**Brand New Sun**"
(2023) "This Life"
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Audio video | |
| "Brand New Sun" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Pinconning Township, Michigan

abstract: Pinconning Township is a civil township of Bay County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township's population was 2,299 as of the 2020 census. It is included in the Bay City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Pinconning Township was organized on February 28, 1873. The city of Pinconning is surrounded by the township, but is administratively autonomous. The name "Pinconning" is said to come from the Native American word O-pin-nic-con-ing, meaning "potato place".

text:
# Pinconning Township, Michigan

**Pinconning Township** is a civil township of Bay County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township's population was 2,299 as of the 2020 census. It is included in the Bay City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Pinconning Township was organized on February 28, 1873. The city of Pinconning is surrounded by the township, but is administratively autonomous. The name "Pinconning" is said to come from the Native American word *O-pin-nic-con-ing*, meaning "potato place".

## Communities

## History

The first post office in **White Feather** opened 14 October 1874 on Whitefeather Road just east of N Huron Road. The post office was closed for the first time on March 16, 1875. On May 24, 1875, the White Feather PO was reopened and operated until June 27, 1878. Reestablished for a third time, the White Feather PO reopened on November 10, 1879. The White Feather PO finally closed on June 14, 1881. White Feather was the last station on the Mackinaw Branch of the Michigan Central Railroad in Pinconning Township; Woodville was the last station on the Gladwin Branch.

## Geography

Pinconning Township is located in northern Bay County along the west shore of Lake Huron's Saginaw Bay. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 42.0 square miles (108.7 km2), of which 36.7 square miles (95.0 km2) is land and 5.3 square miles (13.7 km2), or 12.63%, is water. The Pinconning River flows eastward through the southern part of the township.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,608 people, 983 households, and 756 families residing in the township. The population density was 71.3 inhabitants per square mile (27.5/km2). There were 1,055 housing units at an average density of 28.9 per square mile (11.2/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.32% White, 0.88% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 1.04% from other races, and 1.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population.

There were 983 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.0% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the township the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $43,021, and the median income for a family was $52,237. Males had a median income of $40,000 versus $21,960 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,163. About 6.4% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Pinconning Township, Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Civil township | |
| Location within Bay County | |
| Pinconning TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganPinconning TownshipPinconning Township (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 43°51′57″N 83°57′52″W / 43.86583°N 83.96444°W / 43.86583; -83.96444 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Michigan |
| County | Bay |
| Established | 1873 |
| Area | |
| Total | 42.0 sq mi (108.7 km2) |
| Land | 36.7 sq mi (95.0 km2) |
| Water | 5.3 sq mi (13.7 km2) |
| Elevation | 604 ft (184 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,299 |
| Density | 55/sq mi (21/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 48650 (Pinconning) |
| Area code | 989 |
| FIPS code | 26-64180 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1626902 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Tabernaemontana psorocarpa

abstract: Tabernaemontana psorocarpa is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in West Africa.

text:
# Tabernaemontana psorocarpa

***Tabernaemontana psorocarpa*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in West Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Tabernaemontana psorocarpa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Tabernaemontana* |
| Species: | ***T. psorocarpa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabernaemontana psorocarpa***<br>(Pierre ex Stapf) Pichon | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gabunia psorocarpa* Pierre ex Stapf | |


title: San Cristóbal de Boedo

abstract: San Cristóbal de Boedo is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of only thirty-eight inhabitants.

text:
# San Cristóbal de Boedo

**San Cristóbal de Boedo** is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of only thirty-eight inhabitants.

42°33′N 4°21′W / 42.550°N 4.350°W / 42.550; -4.350

## InfoBox

| San Cristóbal de Boedo | |
| --- | --- |
| municipality | |
|  | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Castile and León |
| Province | Palencia |
| Municipality | San Cristóbal de Boedo |
| Area | |
| Total | 10 km2 (4 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
| Total | 23 |
| Density | 2.3/km2 (6.0/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Website | Official website |


title: SeatGeek

abstract: SeatGeek is a mobile-focused ticket platform that enables users to buy and sell tickets for live sports, concerts, and theater events. SeatGeek allows both mobile app and desktop users to browse events, view interactive color-coded seatmaps, complete purchases, and receive electronic or print tickets. Originally launched as an aggregator of listings on the secondary ticketing market, the company now operates as both a secondary marketplace and primary ticket outlet for sports teams and live event venues. The company's box office clients include the Dallas Cowboys, Arizona Cardinals, New Orleans Saints, Baltimore Ravens, Cleveland Cavaliers, New Orleans Pelicans, Florida Panthers and the majority of clubs across the English Premier League, including Liverpool F.C. and Manchester City F.C. The platform also handles all of ticketing, including concerts, for large venues like AT&T Stadium and Rocket Mortgage Fieldhouse. Theater clients include Jujamcyn Theaters, which operates five of the 41 Broadway houses in New York City, and Lloyd Webber Theatre Group in London.

text:
# SeatGeek

**SeatGeek** is a mobile-focused ticket platform that enables users to buy and sell tickets for live sports, concerts, and theater events. SeatGeek allows both mobile app and desktop users to browse events, view interactive color-coded seatmaps, complete purchases, and receive electronic or print tickets. Originally launched as an aggregator of listings on the secondary ticketing market, the company now operates as both a secondary marketplace and primary ticket outlet for sports teams and live event venues.

The company's box office clients include the Dallas Cowboys, Arizona Cardinals, New Orleans Saints, Baltimore Ravens, Cleveland Cavaliers, New Orleans Pelicans, Florida Panthers and the majority of clubs across the English Premier League, including Liverpool F.C. and Manchester City F.C. The platform also handles all of ticketing, including concerts, for large venues like AT&T Stadium and Rocket Mortgage Fieldhouse. Theater clients include Jujamcyn Theaters, which operates five of the 41 Broadway houses in New York City, and Lloyd Webber Theatre Group in London.

## History

SeatGeek was founded by Russell D'Souza and Jack Groetzinger at DreamIT Ventures, an early stage startup accelerator program in Philadelphia and launched in September 2009 at TechCrunch50 where it was named by VentureBeat and CNET as one of the top 5 companies from the conference. In May, the company had received $20,000 in seed funding from DreamIT Ventures.

In January 2010, SeatGeek received between $500,000 and $1 million in seed funding from Sunil Hirani, Mark Wachen, Arie Abecassis, Allen Levinson, Stage One Capital, Trisiras Group, and PKS Capital. In July, SeatGeek received a further $1 million in Series A funding from Founder Collective and NYC Seed. Later, in October 2010 the Series A investors invested an additional $550,000 into the company. In September, SeatGeek launched interactive seating charts for NFL stadiums.

In February 2011, SeatGeek announced a strategic investment from Ashton Kutcher and Guy Oseary through their fund A-Grade Investments. The level of financing was not disclosed. In August, SeatGeek announced that Yahoo! Sports had renewed its partnership with the company.

In December 2013, SeatGeek announced the acquisition of FanSnap, a competing ticket search engine. SeatGeek discontinued the FanSnap search engine and rolled it into their existing ticket search platform. In November, SeatGeek and Telecharge announced a partnership.

In March 2015, SeatGeek received $62 million in Series C funding led by Technology Crossover Ventures.

In July 2016, SeatGeek signed a deal with Major League Soccer to create an open ticketing network to let third-party websites sell tickets to MLS games. As part of the deal, SeatGeek also became the official ticketing partner of MLS team Sporting Kansas City. This made the club SeatGeek's first primary box office ticketing client.

In September 2017, Seattle Sounders FC announced that SeatGeek would be their official ticketing partner starting in 2018. Later that year, SeatGeek acquired Toptix, a company from Israel founded by Eli Dagan and Yehuda Yuval. SeatGeek also became the official primary ticketing partner of the New Orleans Saints and New Orleans Pelicans.

In 2018, SeatGeek was named one of Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies for Live Events. Also that year, SeatGeek announced that it had become a distribution partner of the NFL. The partnership allowed SeatGeek to sell verified NFL tickets through its marketplace. A month later, the company announced that it became the primary box office partner of the Dallas Cowboys. The company signed its first naming rights agreement when the live event venue in Bridgeview, Illinois - where the MLS's Chicago Fire played - renamed itself to SeatGeek Stadium. Shortly after, English Premier League team Manchester City announced an exclusive deal with SeatGeek to start selling the club's match tickets, for both its men's and women's teams, through SeatGeek's platform. Later that same year, the company integrated with Snapchat, allowing users to buy tickets within SnapChat's app. SeatGeek claimed that the integration was the first ticket-buying experience built into the Snapchat app. The company also partnered with Lyft on a feature that allows eventgoers to be dropped off closer to their actual seat. The company also hired James McClure as international general manager to expand the company's global reach.

In 2019, SeatGeek was once again named Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies for Live Events. Earlier that year, SeatGeek reached a deal with in-car vending company Cargo to offer exclusive ticket deals to ride-share passengers. In November, Marylebone Cricket Club appointed SeatGeek as the official ticketing partner of Lord's Cricket Ground in London. The partnership marked the company's first foray into the cricket market.

In January 2020, SeatGeek was named one of the "17th hottest brands in influencer marketing" by Insider.com. In March of that year, the English Premier Club Liverpool F.C. announced that they entered a primary ticketing partnership with SeatGeek. In April of 2020, Seatgeek was sued for refusing to provide refunds to consumers for event cancellations related to Coronavirus. Later that year during the COVID-19 pandemic, the company announced that it was rolling out "SeatGeek Adapt", a suite of products to help teams deal with the challenge of maximizing revenue in an era where venues will likely be less than half full. The tools included a social distancing-based seating chart, timed entry, concessions and merchandise ordering, and personalized information to each ticketed fan at his or her specific seat.

In January 2021, Jujamcyn Theaters announced that it had reached an agreement with SeatGeek to handle all of its ticketing. The agreement marked SeatGeek's first Broadway partnership. In March, SeatGeek announced that it appointed former WNBA President Laurel J. Richie to its board of directors. In April, sports business news outlet Sportico reported that the company was in talks to roll out an NFT Prototype with NFL and NBA teams. That same month, SeatGeek released a proprietary platform called Rally which allowed fans to order food and beverage from their mobile device through the SeatGeek app. Additional integrations available through Rally included the ability to order a rideshare, view stadium venue guides and weather reports. The company rolled out Rally for the first time with the Cleveland Cavaliers and Rocket Mortage Fieldhouse where the team plays. Later that year, SeatGeek also integrated Rally's technology with MLS club Austin FC and Q2 Stadium. In July, SeatGeek signed its third NBA partner in the Brooklyn Nets when the company announced a partnership with the Nets parent company, Brooklyn Sports Entertainment Global. In addition to Nets games, SeatGeek took over ticketing for all Barclays Center events, including concerts. That fall, SeatGeek released SeatGeek Swaps, a feature that gives ticket holders the option to return their tickets for a credit up to 72 hours before an event. In October 2021, SeatGeek agreed to go public by merging with a special-purpose acquisition company, at a valuation of $1.35 billion.

In 2022, SeatGeek was named Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies for Live Events for the third time in its company's history. The company also signed primary ticketing box office deals with its fourth and fifth NFL partners - the Washington Commanders and Baltimore Ravens - its fourth NBA partner - the Utah Jazz - and its first NHL team, the Florida Panthers.

On January 26, 2023, Billboard reported that after encountering multiple technical issues that resulted in lower than expected ticket sales for concerts, Brooklyn Sports Entertainment Global decided to end their partnership with SeatGeek early starting with the 2023 New York Liberty season, as well as for any events whose tickets went on sale on or after January 14, 2023, and return to having Ticketmaster handle ticketing for Barclays Center events. In a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on ticketing competition, SeatGeek's CEO Jack Groetzinger claimed the loss was due to the threat of retaliation from Live Nation, citing a New York Times article about Barclays Center's decision to part ways with SeatGeek for an alternative deal with Ticketmaster during a line of questioning about Live Nation's marketplace power to punish venues for using competitors.

In February, 2023, SeatGeek was named the official ticket reseller of Major League Baseball.

As of October, 2024, SeatGeek has an "F" rating with the Better Business Bureau, where it is unaccredited and there is a record of 1,866 consumer complaints filed in the last 3 years.

### FanSnap

FanSnap
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Internet |
| Founded | Palo Alto, California (2007) |
| Successors | SeatGeek |
| Headquarters | New York, New York, <br>United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | FanSnap |
| Owner | SeatGeek |

**FanSnap** was an online search engine for live event tickets, based in Palo Alto, California. Founded in 2007, FanSnap aggregated event-level ticket data from event ticket providers. FanSnap's search engine combined results from ticket issuers and various providers in the ticket resale industry including ticket resale marketplaces such as RazorGator, StubHub, TicketNetwork and eBay, as well as ticket brokers including Ace Ticket, AllShows.com, Barry's Tickets, Gold Coast Tickets and Las Vegas Tickets.

FanSnap did not sell tickets directly to its end-users. Instead, it aggregated event-level ticket data from ticket providers, presented that data in response to user searches and directed users to third-party ticket providers for purchase. FanSnap generated revenue through cost per click and cost per action advertising based upon its referral of users to such third-party ticket providers.

FanSnap was acquired by NexTag in December 2011.

FanSnap was then acquired from Nextag/Wize Commerce by rival ticket search engine SeatGeek in November 2013 for an undisclosed sum. As part of the acquisition, the main FanSnap ticket search engine was discontinued and rolled into SeatGeek's existing ticket search offerings.

## Technology and functioning

Initially launched as a ticket search engine, SeatGeek has grown from an aggregator to a primary ticket seller, instituting a platform that allows artists, sports teams, and others to sell tickets directly through the site. Tickets are sorted using the company's DealScore algorithm which finds the combination of best available price and seat location for a particular event. Historically, SeatGeek provided price forecast information in a similar manner to Farecast, an airline ticket aggregation and forecasting site purchased by Microsoft in 2008. SeatGeek has seen success in the mobile space, adopting Apple Pay to provide seamless purchase and payment.

SeatGeek's app offers customizable widgets and integrations with Lyft, Snapchat and other services through its proprietary platform called Rally. Features on Rally include an integration where fans can order mobile food and beverage from their seats, rideshares on Lyft, as well as see venue guides and weather reports before the event.

## Awards and recognition

* PC Magazine's "The Top 100 Web Sites of 2010".
* Founders Russell D'Souza and Jack Groetzinger were named in Bloomberg BusinessWeek's "America's Best Young Entrepreneurs 2010."
* Founders Jack Groetzinger and Russ D'Souza named to Business Insider's "The Silicon Alley 100: New York's Coolest Tech People In 2010"
* SeatGeek was named one of Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies for Live Events in 2018, 2019, and 2022.
* In 2019, SeatGeek was honored in the Crain's New York Business Fast 50, though it declined to disclose whether or not it was profitable.
* In 2020, SeatGeek was named one of the "17th hottest brands in influencer marketing" by Insider.com.
* SeatGeek Enterprise's Danielle Du Toit was named a 2020 GameChanger by Sports Business Journal in August 2020.

## InfoBox

SeatGeek
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Type of business | Private |
| Type of site | Live entertainment |
| Available in | English |
| Founded | New York City, New York, United States |
| Headquarters | New York City, New York, United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Created by |  |
| Key people |  |
| Employees | 800+ |
| URL | seatgeek.com |
| Launched | September 14, 2009 |
| Current status | Active |


title: Eupithecia hysterica

abstract: Eupithecia hysterica is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Tajikistan. The length of the forewings is 21–23 mm for males and 24–26 mm for females.

text:
# Eupithecia hysterica

***Eupithecia hysterica*** is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Tajikistan.

The length of the forewings is 21–23 mm for males and 24–26 mm for females.

## InfoBox

| *Eupithecia hysterica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Geometridae |
| Genus: | *Eupithecia* |
| Species: | ***E. hysterica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eupithecia hysterica***<br>Vojnits, 1988 | |
|


title: Cale

abstract: Cale may refer to:

text:
# Cale

**Cale** may refer to:

## People

* Cale (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
* Calé, an endonym used by Romani subgroups in Spain and Portugal

## Places

* Cale, Arkansas, a town in Nevada County, Arkansas, United States
* Cale, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Martin County, Indiana, United States
* Portus Cale, an ancient town and port in northern Portugal
* The River Cale, which runs through Wincanton in Somerset, Great Britain (and gives the town its name)

## Other uses

* Cale, a common name for fish in the family Odacidae
* *Cale:Drew*, a 2003 album by New Zealand band Jakob


# List of German place names in Switzerland

This is list of German language exonyms for places in multilingual and fully non-German-speaking areas of Switzerland.

## Complete list of names

| Switzerland *Schweiz* | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Local name | Swiss place | | German name | Notes |
| | Name | Language | | |
| Agno | | Italian | Eng |  |
| Aigle | | French | Älen |  |
| Airolo | | Italian | Albersweil |  |
| | Eirels | |  |
| | Eriels | |  |
| All'Acqua | | Italian | Wasser |  |
| Albeuve | | French | Weisbach |  |
| Alle | | French | Hall |  |
| Altanca | | Italian | Aldank |  |
| Ambri | | Italian | Lumbri |  |
| Andiast | | Romansh | Andest | Italian: Andesto |
| Anzonico | | Italian | Anzonig |  |
| | Anzuneg | |  |
| Aranno | | Italian | Arain |  |
| Arogno | | Italian | Arungen |  |
| Arconciel | | French | Ergenzach |  |
| Arosio | | Italian | Aruxen |  |
| Arvigo | | Italian | Arwich |  |
| Arzo | | Italian | Arzen |  |
| Ascona | | Italian | Aschgunen |  |
| Astano | | Italian | Astein |  |
| Asuel | | French | Hasenburg |  |
| Auressio | | Italian | Orassen |  |
| Aurigeno | | Italian | Fredscha |  |
| Autigny | | French | Ottenach |  |
| Avegno | | Italian | Wengen |  |
| Avenches | | French | Wifflisburg |  |
| Bagnes | | French | Bangis |  |
| Balerna | | Italian | Balern |  |
| | Barern | |  |
| Balerno | | Italian | Balern |  |
| | Palerm | |  |
| Banco | | Italian | Bangen |  |
| Barbengo | | Italian | Barbingen |  |
| Barberêche | | French | Bärfischen |  |
| Bassecourt | | French | Altdorf |  |
| Bedano | | Italian | Bedein |  |
| Bedigliora | | Italian | Bedeleir |  |
| Bedretto | | Italian |  |  |
| Bedretto | | Italian | Bedereit |  |
| Belfaux | | French | Gumschen |  |
| Bellinzona | | Italian | Bellenz |  |
| Belprahon | | French | Tiefenbach |  |
| Berlincourt | | French | Berlinsdorf |  |
| Bernina | | Italian | Barning |  |
| Berzona | | Italian | Berzun |  |
| Besazio | | Italian | Bisatz |  |
| Beurnevésin | | French | Brischwiler |  |
| Bévilard | | French | Bewiler |  |
| Bex | | French | Beis |  |
| Biasca | | Italian | Abläsch |  |
| | Ablentsch(en) | |  |
| Bidogno | | Italian | Bladen |  |
| Bignasco | | Italian | Binieschen |  |
| Bioggio | | Italian | Bietsch |  |
| Biogna | | Italian | Bring |  |
| Bironica | | Italian | Birunig |  |
| Bissone | | Italian | Bissen |  |
| | Byssen | |  |
| Blenio | | Italian | Bollenz |  |
| Bodio | | Italian | Boid |  |
| Boécourt | | French | Biestingen |  |
| Bogno | | Italian | Bonien |  |
| Bondo | | Italian | Bondth |  |
| Boncourt | | French | Bubendorf |  |
| Bonfol | | French | Pumpfel |  |
| Bonnefontaine | | French | Muffethan |  |
| Borgonone | | Italian | Brunien |  |
| Borgonovo | | Italian | Burgnau |  |
| Bosco | | Italian | Gurin |  |
| Botterens | | French | Botteringen |  |
| Boujean | | French | Bözingen | Part of Bienne |
| Bourg-Saint-Pierre | | French | Sankt-Petersburg |  |
| Bourrignon | | French | Bürkis |  |
| Bovernier | | French | Birnier |  |
| Bregaglia | | Italian | Bergell |  |
| Breganzona | | Italian | Brigenz |  |
| Breno | | Italian | Brin |  |
| Brissago | | Italian | Bris(s)a(ch) |  |
| Broc | | French | Bruck |  |
| Brontalio | | Italian | Brunntal |  |
| Brusino Arsizio | | Italian | Brussin |  |
| Brusio | | Italian | Brüs |  |
| Bulle | | French | Boll |  |
| Buseno | | Italian | Busen |  |
| Cademario | | Italian | Cadtme |  |
| | Gadme | |  |
| Cadenazzo | | Italian | Kadnetsch |  |
| Cadro | | Italian | Kadern |  |
| Calonico | | Italian | Gilonig |  |
| Calpiogna | | Italian | Kalplun |  |
| Caminada | | Italian | Giminada |  |
| Camorino | | Italian | Camertin |  |
| Campidogno | | Italian | Kampidaun |  |
| Campo Blenio | | Italian | Campen |  |
| Campo Maggiatal | | Italian | Caam |  |
| Capolago | | Italian | Godlag |  |
| | Gotlag | |  |
| Carabietta | | Italian | Cawrida |  |
| Carona | | Italian | Garung |  |
| Castagnola | | Italian | Kastanienbaum |  |
| Castasegna | | Italian | Castasengen |  |
| Castione | | Italian | Castalien |  |
| Castrisch | | Romansh | Kästris |  |
| Catto | | Italian | Chatt |  |
| Cavagnano | | Italian | Kawenach |  |
| Cavergno | | Italian | Kaffring |  |
| Cerentino | | Italian | Tscharantin |  |
| Cerniat | | French | Scherni |  |
| Cevio | | Italian | Tschewa |  |
| Chalais | | French | Schalei |  |
| Chamoson | | French | Tschamboss |  |
| Charmey | | French | Galmis |  |
| Charmoille | | French | Kalmis |  |
| Châtel-sur-Montsalvens | | French | Kastels |  |
| Châtillon | | French | Kastel |  |
| Chevenez | | French | Kevenach |  |
| Chiasso | | Italian | Pias |  |
| | Schäss | |  |
| Chiggiogna | | Italian | Cuschinäni |  |
| | Gischöngen | |  |
| Chippis | | French | Zippis |  |
| Chironico | | Italian | K(ir)onig |  |
| Choindez | | French | Schwende |  |
| Cimalmotto | | Italian | Zimmelmutt |  |
| Clar Faifo | | Italian | Pfaid |  |
| | Pfait | |  |
| Claro | | Italian | Crar |  |
| | Grag | |  |
| Coglio | | Italian | Cüinn |  |
| Collinasca | | Italian | Zu(r)walken |  |
| Conthey | | French | Gundis |  |
| Corban | | French | Bettendorf |  |
| Corbières | | French | Korberers |  |
| Corino | | Italian | Gurin |  |
| Cormagens | | French | Cormasing |  |
| Cormérod | | French | Kormerat |  |
| Corminboeuf | | French | Sankt Jörg |  |
| Cornaux | | French | Curnau |  |
| Cornol | | French | Gundelsdorf |  |
| Cottens | | French | Cottingen |  |
| Courchapoix | | French | Gebsdorf |  |
| Courchavon | | French | Vogtsburg |  |
| Courcelon | | French | Sollendorf |  |
| Courgenay | | French | Jennsorf |  |
| Courgevaux | | French | Gurwolf |  |
| Courlevon | | French | Kurlevon |  |
| Cournillens | | French | Kurlin |  |
| Courrendlin | | French | Rennendorf |  |
| Courroux | | French | Lüttelsdorf |  |
| Courtételle | | French | Cortittel |  |
| Cressier | | French | Grissach |  |
| Cressier | | French | Grissach |  |
| Crocifisso | | Italian | Kruzifix |  |
| Croglio | | Italian | Krohl |  |
| Cumbel | | Romansh | Cumbels |  |
| Cunter | | Romansh | Cunters im Oberhalbstein | Italian: Contra |
| Cureglia | | Italian | Cureil |  |
| Curia | | Italian | Chuyr |  |
| Degen | | Romansh | Igels |  |
| Delémont | | French | Delsberg |  |
| Develier | | French | Dietwiler |  |
| Diess | | French | Tess |  |
| District d'Hérens | | French | Bezirk Ering |  |
| Donat (Donato) | | Romansh (Italian) | Donath |  |
| Dongio | | Italian | Denntsch |  |
| | Deuntz | |  |
| | Döntsch | |  |
| Échallens | | French | Tscherlitz |  |
| Echarlens | | French | Scharlingen |  |
| Enney | | French | Zum Schnee |  |
| Envelier | | French | Weiler |  |
| Epagnier | | French | Spaniz |  |
| Eschert | | French | Eschendorf |  |
| Espendes | | French | Spinz |  |
| Essert | | French | Ried |  |
| Estavannens | | French | Estavanning |  |
| Estavayer-le-Lac | | French | Stäffis am See |  |
| Faido | | Italian | Pfait, Pfayd |  |
| | Feit | |  |
| Falera | | Romansh | Fellers |  |
| Faoug | | French | Pfauen |  |
| Ferpicloz | | French | Picheln |  |
| Fescoggia | | Italian | Feschoy |  |
| Frasco | | Italian | Ferlasch |  |
| Fregiécourt | | French | Fridlinsdorf |  |
| Fribourg | | French | Freiburg im Üechtland |  |
| Frinvilier | | French | Fridlinsschwanden |  |
| Fully | | French | Füllien |  |
| Fusio | | Italian | Füsch |  |
| Gandria | | Italian | Gander(ei) |  |
| Geneva | Genève | French | Genf |  |
| Gentilino | | Italian | Gentlin |  |
| Ghirone | | Italian | Agairen |  |
| Giornico | | Italian | Irnos |  |
| Giubiasco | | Italian | Siebenäsch |  |
| | Zibiasg | |  |
| Giumaglio | | Italian | Tschumaa |  |
| Givisiez | | French | Siebenzach |  |
| Glovelier | | French | Lietingen |  |
| Gondo | | Italian | Gunz |  |
| | Ruden | |  |
| Gordevio | | Italian | Gurde(r)f |  |
| | Guriner | |  |
| | Guyrdorf | |  |
| Gorduno | | Italian | Gurdaun |  |
| Grandfontaine | | French | Langenbrunn |  |
| Grandson | | French | Grandsee |  |
| Grandval | | French | Granfelden |  |
| Grandvillard | | French | Grosswiler |  |
| Granges | | French | Gradetsch |  |
| Granges-Paccot | | French | Zur Schüren |  |
| Gravesano | | Italian | Gravisan |  |
| Grimisuat | | French | Grimseln |  |
| Grisons | Grischun | Romansh | Graubünden |  |
| Grône | | French | Grün |  |
| Gruyères | | French | Greyerz |  |
| Gudo | | Italian | Guden |  |
| Gumefens | | French | Gümefingen |  |
| Hauterive | | French | Altenryf |  |
| Hérémence | | French | Amensi |  |
| | Ermenz | |  |
| Intragna | | Italian | Intran |  |
| | Intron | |  |
| Iragna | | Italian | Yreuntz |  |
| Isone | | Italian | Issun |  |
| | Son | |  |
| | Yschjun | |  |
| Isorno | | Italian | Isurn |  |
| Jura | | French | Jurn |  |
| La Neuveville | | French | Neuenstadt |  |
| La Roche | | French | Zur Flüh |  |
| Lamboing | | French | Lamlingen |  |
| Lamone | | Italian | Lamen |  |
| Largario | | Italian | Larger |  |
| Lausanne | | French | Losanen |  |
| Lavertezzo | | Italian | Lauertitz |  |
| Lavorgo | | Italian | Lawurg |  |
| Le Landeron | | French | Landern |  |
| Leggia | | Italian | Lesch |  |
| Lens | | French | Leis |  |
| Leontica | | Italian | Lawunting |  |
| | Lewunting | |  |
| Le Pâquier | | French | Rinderweide |  |
| Lessoc | | French | Lissingen |  |
| Leysin | | French | Leissins |  |
| Ligornetto | | Italian | Legurnet |  |
| Lignières | | French | Lineri |  |
| Linesco | | Italian | Lenatsch |  |
| Locarno | | Italian | Liggarasch |  |
| | Lucaris | |  |
| | Luggarn | |  |
| | Luggarus | |  |
| Loco | | Italian | Loch |  |
| Lodano | | Italian | Läda |  |
| | Ludan | |  |
| Loderio | | Italian | Laudern |  |
| Lodrino | | Italian | Ludrin |  |
| Loèches-les-Baines | | French | Leukerbad |  |
| Lopagno | | Italian | Lupain |  |
| Losone | | Italian | Lossun |  |
| Lottigna | | Italian | Luthynien |  |
| Lucens | | French | Losingen |  |
| Lucelle | | French | Lützel |  |
| Ludiano | | Italian | Ludian |  |
| Lugaggia | | Italian | Lugätsch |  |
| | Luggasch | |  |
| Lugano | | Italian | Lau(w)is |  |
| | Lowens | |  |
| | Löwwisch | |  |
| Lumino | | Italian | Lomin |  |
| | Lugmin | |  |
| Lumnezia | | Romansh | Lugniz |  |
| Lurengo | | Italian | Lawreng |  |
| Luven | | Romansh | Luvis | Italian: Lovino |
| Magadino | | Italian | Megadin |  |
| Maggia | | Italian | Maienthal |  |
| Mairengo | | Italian | Mayreng |  |
| Malvaglia | | Italian | Manglia |  |
| | Malirabia | |  |
| | Malvalia | |  |
| | Manualia | |  |
| Marly | | French | Mertenlach |  |
| Marsens | | French | Marsingen |  |
| Martigny | | French | Martinach |  |
| Medel | | Romansh | Medels im Oberland |  |
| Medeglio | | Italian | Medeil |  |
| Medrisio | | Italian | Mendris |  |
| Mervelier | | French | Morschwiler |  |
| Mesocco | | Italian | Misox |  |
| Mettembert | | French | Mettemberg |  |
| Meyriez | | French | Merlach |  |
| Mezzovico-Vira | | Italian | Mittervich-Wier |  |
| Miécourt | | French | Mieschdorf |  |
| Miège | | French | Miesen |  |
| Minusio | | Italian | Maniss |  |
| Moghegno | | Italian | Mugeng |  |
| Molare | | Italian | Molar |  |
| Mon | | Romansh | Mons | Italian: Maone/Mono |
| Montbovon | | French | Bubenberg |  |
| Monte Cenario | | Italian | Montkenel |  |
| Montepaglio | | Italian | Paarlsberg |  |
| Montsevelier | | French | Mutzwiler |  |
| Mont-Tramelan | | French | Bergtramlingen |  |
| Morcote | | Italian | Morchy |  |
| Morges | | French | Morsee |  |
| Mosogno | | Italian | Moseng |  |
| Morlon | | French | Morlach |  |
| Motto | | Italian | Mutt |  |
| Moudon | | French | Milden |  |
| Moutier | | French | Münster |  |
| Movelier | | French | Moderschwil |  |
| Mugena | | Italian | Mutzen |  |
| Mulegns | | Romansh | Mühlens | Italian: Molini |
| Neirivue | | French | Schwarzwasser |  |
| Nendaz | | French | Neind(t) |  |
| Neuchâtel | | French | Neuenburg |  |
| Neyruz | | French | Rauschenbach |  |
| Nods | | French | Nos |  |
| Novaggio | | Italian | Nowatsch |  |
| Olivone | | Italian | Luorscha |  |
| | Oblivone | |  |
| | Orivoy(o) | |  |
| Onnens | | French | Onningen |  |
| Onsernone | | Italian | Lizernon |  |
| Orbe | | French | Orbach |  |
| Ormont-Dessus | | French | Ormund |  |
| Orvin | | French | Ilflingen |  |
| Osogne | | Italian | Ulonia |  |
| | Usonia | |  |
| | Usonien | |  |
| Passo del Lucomagno | | Italian | Lukmanierpass |  |
| Payern | | French | Peterlingen |  |
| Pazzallo | | Italian | Patzal |  |
| Pedipodi | | Italian | Zublatta |  |
| Pedrinate | | Italian | Pedernat |  |
| Perrefitte | | French | Pfeffert |  |
| Péry | | French | Büderich |  |
| Pianezzo | | Italian | Planetz |  |
| Piano | | Italian | Plan |  |
| Pigniu | | Romansh | Panix | Italian: Pignono |
| Pinetto | | Italian | Fichtenwald |  |
| Piotta | | Italian | Piotten |  |
| Plagne | | French | Pleen |  |
| Pleigne | | French | Pleen |  |
| Poggio | | Italian | Anhöhe |  |
| Pollegio | | Italian | Bollenz |  |
| | Polentz | |  |
| | Polen(t)sch | |  |
| Polleggio | | Italian | Klösterli |  |
| | Polletsch | |  |
| Pleujouse | | French | Blitzhausen |  |
| Pont-la-Ville | | French | Ponnendorf |  |
| Ponte Brolla | | Italian | Zuschmitten |  |
| Ponte Tresa | | Italian | Treis(bruck) |  |
| Ponto Valentino | | Italian | Bont |  |
| | Bünt | |  |
| | Pont | |  |
| | Punt | |  |
| Porrentruy | | French | Pruntrut |  |
| Poschiavo | | Italian | Puschlav |  |
| Praroman | | French | Perroman |  |
| Prêles | | French | Prägels |  |
| Primadegno | | Italian | Premerdling |  |
| Prosito | | Italian | Proxide(r)n |  |
| Punta del Castel | | Italian | Kastelhorn |  |
| Pura | | Italian | Purren |  |
| Quinto | | Italian | Quint im Livinental |  |
| Rebeuvelier | | French | Rippertswil |  |
| Rebévelier | | French | Ruppertswiler |  |
| Recolaine | | French | Riklingen |  |
| Reconvilier | | French | Rockwiler |  |
| Renan | | French | Rennan |  |
| Riaz | | French | Zum Rad |  |
| Riddes | | French | Riden |  |
| Riedes-Dessus | | French | Oberreiderwald |  |
| Roche-d'Or | | French | Goldenfels |  |
| Romont | | French | Rothmunt |  |
| Ronco | | Italian | Rungg |  |
| | Rüngg | |  |
| Ronco sopra Ascona | | Italian | Rodung ob Aschgunen |  |
| Rossemaison | | French | Rottmund |  |
| Rossens | | French | Rossingen |  |
| Rossura | | Italian | Rossur |  |
| Rougemont | | French | Retschmund |  |
| Roveredo | | Italian | Roffle |  |
| | Roferit | |  |
| | Rufreit | |  |
| Sagogn | | Romansh | Sagens | Italian: Secagno/Segogno |
| Saint-Blaise | | French | Sankt Blasien |  |
| Saint-Imier | | French | Sankt Imier |  |
| Saint-Ursanne | | French | Sankt Ursitz |  |
| Salouf | | Romansh | Salux | Italian: Salugo/Salucco |
| Salvan | | French | Scharwang |  |
| Savièse | | French | Safiesch |  |
| Savognin | | Romansh | Schweiningen | Italian: Savognino |
| Schluein | | Romansh | Schleuis | Italian: Slovegno |
| Seleute | | French | Schelten |  |
| Sembrancher | | French | Sankt-Brancher |  |
| Seseglio | | Italian | Sitzeil |  |
| Siat | | Romansh | Seth |  |
| Sierre | | French | Siders |  |
| Sion | | French | Sitten |  |
| Soazza | | Italian | Sowaz |  |
| | Zauatz | |  |
| Soglio | | Italian | Sils im Bergell |  |
| Someo | | Italian | Sumee |  |
| Sorens | | French | Schoringen |  |
| Sornetan | | French | Sornethal |  |
| Sorvilier | | French | Surbeln |  |
| Soulce | | French | Sulz |  |
| Soyhières | | French | Saugern |  |
| Spruga | | Italian | Sprugg |  |
| Sevgein | | Romansh | Seewis im Oberland | Italian: Savienno |
| Stierva | | Romansh | Stürvis | Italian: Stirvia |
| Sumvitg | | Romansh | Somvix | Italian: Sonvico/Sommovico |
| Tavannes | | French | Dachsfelden |  |
| Taverne | | Italian | Thürrenmüly |  |
| Teglio | | Italian | Theil |  |
| Tengia | | Italian | Täntsch | Archaic |
| | Teyschen | |  |
| Thielle | | French | Häusern-Wabern |  |
| Tramelan | | French | Tramlingen |  |
| Tremona | | Italian | Trenere |  |
| Treyvaux | | French | Treffels |  |
| Trun | | Romansh | Truns | Italian: Tronte |
| Tujetsch | | Romansh | Tavetsch | Italian: Tovieggio |
| Undervelier | | French | Untewiler |  |
| Valais | | French | Wallis |  |
| Valle de Blenio | | Italian | Bollenztal |  |
| | Pallenzertal | |  |
| Valle Leventina | | Italian | Livinental |  |
| Valle Maggia | | Italian | Maiental |  |
| Valle Riviera | | Italian | Reffier |  |
| Vauffelin | | French | Füglisthal |  |
| | Wölflingen | |  |
| Vaulruz | | French | Thalbach |  |
| Vella | | Romansh | Villa |  |
| Vendincourt | | French | Wendelinsdorf |  |
| Venthône | | French | Venthlen |  |
| Verdabbio | | Italian | Vertapl |  |
| Vermes | | French | Pferdmund |  |
| Vevey | | French | Vivis |  |
| Vezia | | Italian | Weetz |  |
| Vicosoprano | | Italian | Vespran |  |
| Vicques | | French | Wix |  |
| Viganello | | Italian | Vigonel |  |
| Vignogn | | Romansh | Vigens |  |
| Vignola | | Italian | Weinberg |  |
| Villarepos | | French | Ruppertswil |  |
| Villars-sous-Mont | | French | Wiler am Berg |  |
| Vollèges | | French | Village |  |
| Vorbourg | | French | Vorburg |  |
| Viully | | French | Wistenlach |  |
| Vuadens | | French | Wüdingen |  |
| Vuipens | | French | Wippingen |  |
| Yverdon | | French | Ifferten |  |


title: Ryazansky Uyezd

abstract: Ryazansky Uyezd was one of the administrative subdivisions of the Ryazan Governorate within the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northern part of the governorate, and its administrative center was Ryazan.

text:
# Ryazansky Uyezd

**Ryazansky Uyezd** (*Рязанский уезд*) was one of the administrative subdivisions of the Ryazan Governorate within the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northern part of the governorate, and its administrative center was Ryazan.

## Demographics

According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Ryazansky Uyezd had a population of 212,683. The linguistic breakdown of the population was as follows: 98.6% spoke Russian, 0.4% spoke Polish, 0.4% spoke Ukrainian, 0.3% spoke Yiddish, 0.1% spoke German, and 0.1% spoke Tatar as their native language.


title: San Vittore del Lazio

abstract: San Vittore del Lazio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Rome and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Frosinone. The castle of San Vittore has belonged to the Mancini family from the 15th century to the present. San Vittore del Lazio borders the following municipalities: Cassino, Cervaro, Conca Casale, Mignano Monte Lungo, Rocca d'Evandro, San Pietro Infine, Venafro, Viticuso.

text:
# San Vittore del Lazio

**San Vittore del Lazio** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Frosinone in the Italian region Lazio, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Rome and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Frosinone.

The castle of San Vittore has belonged to the Mancini family from the 15th century to the present.

San Vittore del Lazio borders the following municipalities: Cassino, Cervaro, Conca Casale, Mignano Monte Lungo, Rocca d'Evandro, San Pietro Infine, Venafro, Viticuso.

## InfoBox

| San Vittore del Lazio | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di San Vittore del Lazio | |
| Location of San Vittore del Lazio | |
| San Vittore del LazioLocation of San Vittore del Lazio in ItalySan Vittore del LazioSan Vittore del Lazio (Lazio) | |
| Coordinates: 41°28′N 13°56′E / 41.467°N 13.933°E / 41.467; 13.933 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Lazio |
| Province | Frosinone (FR) |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Nadia Bucci |
| Area | |
| Total | 27.1 km2 (10.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 210 m (690 ft) |
| Population (28 February 2017) | |
| Total | 2,560 |
| Density | 94/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Sanvittoresi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 03040 |
| Dialing code | 0776 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Pionier Boys' School

abstract: Pionier Boys' School is a school for adolescents with learning difficulties in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It is situated in the Dorado Park suburb. The school offers grades 5–7 for learners between 14 and 16 years of age, as well as vocational training. The only other school in Windhoek that caters for students with general learning difficulties is Eros School for Girls, although there are other schools for children with specific handicaps such as hearing and visual impairments. Pionier Boys' School was established in 1955. In 2011 there were 400 learners and 36 teachers at the school. One or two learners of the school are selected each year to serve on the Junior Council of the City of Windhoek.

text:
# Pionier Boys' School

**Pionier Boys' School** is a school for adolescents with learning difficulties in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It is situated in the Dorado Park suburb. The school offers grades 5–7 for learners between 14 and 16 years of age, as well as vocational training. The only other school in Windhoek that caters for students with general learning difficulties is Eros School for Girls, although there are other schools for children with specific handicaps such as hearing and visual impairments.

Pionier Boys' School was established in 1955. In 2011 there were 400 learners and 36 teachers at the school. One or two learners of the school are selected each year to serve on the Junior Council of the City of Windhoek.

## Principals of the school

* Dr. J.H.S. Oosthuizen 1955-1960
* Mr. J. J. Vos 1960-1973
* Mr. A. J. Venter 1975-1977
* Mr. F. J. N. Steyn 1979-1980
* Mr. J. H. Swiegers 1981-1989
* Mr. Niewoudt
* Mr. Cloete
* Mr. Linde 1996 - 2001
* Mr. B. Eiseb 2001 - 2006
* Mr. Orgill "Ock" van Wyk 2006 - currently

## InfoBox

| Pionier Boys' School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Windhoek<br>Namibia | |
| Information | |
| Type | Government School |
| Motto | ALTUM TETE (Aim High) |
| Opened | 1955 |
| Principal | Orgill van Wyk |
| Faculty | 36 |
| Enrollment | 450 |


title: Tabernaemontana peduncularis

abstract: Tabernaemontana peduncularis is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Indochina and western Malaysia.

text:
# Tabernaemontana peduncularis

***Tabernaemontana peduncularis*** is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Indochina and western Malaysia.

## InfoBox

| *Tabernaemontana peduncularis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Tabernaemontana* |
| Species: | ***T. peduncularis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tabernaemontana peduncularis***<br>Wall. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Ervatamia graciliflora* (Wall.) Lace * *Ervatamia langbianensis* * *Ervatamia peduncularis* (Wall.) King & Gamble * *Ervatamia repeunsis* Pierre ex Spire * *Tabernaemontana collignonae* Van Heurck & Müll.Arg. * *Tabernaemontana graciliflora* Wall. * *Tabernaemontana repoevensis* Pierre ex Pit. | |


title: San Cristóbal de Rajan District

abstract: San Cristóbal de Rajan District is one of ten districts of the Ocros Province in Peru.

text:
# San Cristóbal de Rajan District

**San Cristóbal de Rajan District** is one of ten districts of the Ocros Province in Peru.

8°55′01″S 78°07′01″W / 8.91694°S 78.11694°W / -8.91694; -78.11694

## InfoBox

| San Cristóbal de Rajan | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Ancash |
| Province | Ocros |
| Founded | October 15, 1954 |
| Capital | Rajan |
| Area | |
| Total | 67.75 km2 (26.16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,605 m (11,827 ft) |
| Population (2005 census) | |
| Total | 473 |
| Density | 7.0/km2 (18/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| UBIGEO | 021408 |