title: Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie

abstract: Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie, PC, known as Sir Edward Strachey, Bt, between 1901 and 1911, was a British Liberal politician. He was a member of the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith between 1905 and 1915.

text:
# Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie

**Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie**, PC (30 October 1858 – 25 July 1936), known as **Sir Edward Strachey, Bt**, between 1901 and 1911, was a British Liberal politician. He was a member of the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith between 1905 and 1915.

## Background

Strachey was the eldest son of Sir Edward Strachey, 3rd Baronet, and Mary Isabella (née Symonds). John Strachey, journalist, and Henry Strachey, artist, were his younger brothers and the Labour politician John Strachey his nephew.

## Political career

Strachey was returned to Parliament for Somerset South at the 1892 general election, a seat he held until 1911, and served under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and later H. H. Asquith as Treasurer of the Household from 1905 to 1909 and under Asquith as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1909 to 1911. The latter year he was raised to the peerage as **Baron Strachie**, of Sutton Court in the County of Somerset. In 1912 he was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed Paymaster General, a post he held until 1915. However, he was not offered a ministerial post when the 1915 coalition government was formed, and never returned to political office.

## Family

Lord Strachie married Constance, daughter of Charles Bampfylde Braham, in 1880. He died in July 1936, aged 77, and was succeeded in his titles by his son Edward. Lady Strachie only survived her husband by a few months and died in December 1936.

## InfoBox

| The Right HonourableThe Lord StrachiePC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Paymaster General | |
| **In office**<br>23 May 1912  25 May 1915 | |
| Monarch | George V |
| Prime Minister | H. H. Asquith |
| Preceded by | The Lord Ashby St Ledgers |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Newton |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 30 October 1858 (1858-10-30) |
| Died | 25 July 1936(1936-07-25) (aged 77) |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Liberal |
| Spouse | Constance Braham  (m. 1880) |
|  | |


title: Tomb Raider (Game Boy Color video game)

abstract: Tomb Raider is a 2000 action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by THQ for the Game Boy Color under license from series owner Eidos Interactive. Following series protagonist Lara Croft as she searches ruins in South America for a powerful artefact, the gameplay features platforming and puzzle-solving on a 2D side-scrolling environment. Tomb Raider was the debut entry for the series on Nintendo platforms, with it being described by developers and journalists as technically impressive for the platform. It sold well for THQ, and was praised by critics for its technical achievements and emulation of the main series gameplay in portable form. Two sequels were released: Curse of the Sword in 2001 and The Prophecy in 2002.

text:
# Tomb Raider (Game Boy Color video game)

***Tomb Raider*** (also known as ***Tomb Raider: The Nightmare Stone***) is a 2000 action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by THQ for the Game Boy Color under license from series owner Eidos Interactive. Following series protagonist Lara Croft as she searches ruins in South America for a powerful artefact, the gameplay features platforming and puzzle-solving on a 2D side-scrolling environment.

*Tomb Raider* was the debut entry for the series on Nintendo platforms, with it being described by developers and journalists as technically impressive for the platform. It sold well for THQ, and was praised by critics for its technical achievements and emulation of the main series gameplay in portable form. Two sequels were released: *Curse of the Sword* in 2001 and *The Prophecy* in 2002.

## Gameplay

In *Tomb Raider*, the player controls Lara Croft though 14 levels spread across five areas. In each level, the player must solve puzzles, jump over obstacles, and defeat enemies. Lara can perform up to 25 different moves, including ledge-grabbing, backflips, and cliff-diving. The story of the game follows Lara's attempts to stop a group of treasure hunters from possessing the Nightmare Stone, a key capable of releasing the evil god Quaxet.

## Development and release

*Tomb Raider* was developed for the Game Boy Color (GBC) by series creators Core Design as the character's first title on Nintendo hardware. Eidos Interactive producer Mike Shmitt described the game as technically impressive for the platform given the character's origins on more powerful hardware. Lara's animations, numbering over two thousand, were rendered from the home console originals, with direct memory access used to make the animations work. Lara's model was 48 pixels, far more than other player characters on the console. The music and audio were handled by Manfred Linzner and Bernhard Wodok of Shin'en; the GBC *Tomb Raider* was among the company's first projects.

Eidos Interactive licensed the property out to THQ. In a press release, Eidos's Jeremy Heath-Smith explained the partnership as due to THQ's extensive library of GBC titles. Announced in November 1999, *Tomb Raider* was released in North America on 7 June 2000 under the title *Tomb Raider Starring Lara Croft*. It later released in Europe on 28 June, in the United Kingdom on 30 June, and in Australia on 18 July.

## Reception

During a report on the Australian release, THQ noted that the game had sold out in the region on release. THQ positively noted the game as part of its second quarter fiscal report for 2000.

The game received an average score of 79% at GameRankings, based on an aggregate of 10 reviews. Frank Provo of GameSpot praised the levels, stating that each features a different gameplay theme, ranging from rope climbing in the temple levels to swimming in the caverns and dash-jumping over volcanic lava flows. Critics also highlighted Lara's smooth and acrobatic animations, and the fact that the player can perform a wide variety of moves with the limited buttons of the Game Boy Color.

## InfoBox

| Tomb Raider | |
| --- | --- |
| European box art | |
| Developer(s) | Core Design |
| Publisher(s) | THQ |
| Producer(s) | Troy Horton |
| Designer(s) | Darren Price |
| Artist(s) | Matthew Charlesworth |
| Composer(s) | Manfred Linzner<br>Bernhard Wodok |
| Series | *Tomb Raider* |
| Platform(s) | Game Boy Color |
| Release | * NA: 7 June 2000 * EU: 28 June 2000 * UK: 30 June 2000 * AU: 18 July 2000 |
| Genre(s) | Action-adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Eeklo Yeti Bears

abstract: The Eeklo Yeti Bears were an ice hockey team in Eeklo, Belgium. They played in the Belgian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Belgium. The team ceased to exist in 2013 when their home rink closed and no other rink was found to take over the team. The players joined other ice hockey teams or transferred to inline hockey.

text:
# Eeklo Yeti Bears

The **Eeklo Yeti Bears** were an ice hockey team in Eeklo, Belgium. They played in the Belgian Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Belgium. The team ceased to exist in 2013 when their home rink closed and no other rink was found to take over the team. The players joined other ice hockey teams or transferred to inline hockey.

## Belgian Hockey League Results

| Season | GP | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | Pts | Finish | Playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2012-13 | 18 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 120 | 211 | 24 | 6th place | Lost in quarterfinals |

## InfoBox

| Eeklo Yeti Bears | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Eeklo, Belgium |
| League | Belgian Hockey League |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Colours | Green, white, black |
| Website | http://www.yetibears.be/ |
| Franchise history | |
| 1988-2013 | Eeklo Yeti Bears |


title: Edward Gordon (politician)

abstract: Edward Brice Killen Gordon was a New Zealand politician of the National Party.

text:
# Edward Gordon (politician)

**Edward Brice Killen Gordon** (4 November 1885 – 6 September 1964) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party.

## Biography

New Zealand Parliament
| Years | Term | Electorate | | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19381943 | 26th | Rangitikei | |  | National |
| 19431946 | 27th | Rangitikei | |  | National |
| 19461949 | 28th | Rangitikei | |  | National |
| 19491951 | 29th | Rangitikei | |  | National |
| 19511954 | 30th | Rangitikei | |  | National |

Gordon was born in Marton in 1885. He received his education at Marton District High School and at Prince Albert College in Auckland's Queen Street. He worked on a farm near Taihape, and then in the bush north of Wanganui.

In 1917, he married Mary Alexandra Grant before enlisting for World War I; at the time, they were living in Palmerston North. After the war, he purchased a farm near Mangaweka, but moved back to Marton to take over a farm there. He was involved with various farming organisations and chaired the Marton branch of the Farmers' Union, was vice-president of the Marton A&P Association, and a member of the Rangitikei Rabbit Board.

With the formation of the National Party in 1936, he became the electorate chairman for Rangitikei. In the 1938 election, Gordon stood against the incumbent in the Rangitikei electorate, Labour's Ormond Wilson. Boundary changes had resulted in the loss of the urban part of Wanganui from the electorate, which was now fully rural. Although Labour obtained a landslide victory in the election, Wilson lost against Gordon of the National Party by 300 votes. In 1953, Gordon was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.

Gordon held the Rangitikei electorate to 1954, when he retired. He died in 1964.

* Gustafson, Barry (1986). *The First 50 Years : A History of the New Zealand National Party*. Auckland: Reed Methuen. ISBN 0-474-00177-6.
* Wilson, James Oakley (1985) \[First ed. published 1913\]. *New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984* (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.


title: Edward Gothard

abstract: Edward James Gothard OBE, MBE, TD was an English first-class cricketer who played for Derbyshire in 1947 and 1948 and captained the side in both years. Gothard was born in Burton-on-Trent, the son of William Henry Gothard who played cricket for Staffordshire. Gothard himself represented Staffordshire in the Minor Counties Championship in 1927. He was an able rugby player but as a result of injury took to playing hockey instead. He was captain of Burton Hockey Club from 1933 to 1939. During the Second World War he played four cricket matches for Nottinghamshire in 1943. He was captain of Burton Hockey Club again from 1946 to 1947, and was a regular player for the club after the war. He played hockey for Derbyshire 30 times and was a trialist for the "Midlands". Gothard became cricket captain for Derbyshire in the 1947 season and made his first-class debut at the age of 42 at the end of May against Northamptonshire. An innings victory marked the start of a good run for the Derbyshire team. Gothard was a strict disciplinarian, and they finished in fifth place in the 1947 County Championship. Against Middlesex Gothard took a hat-trick, including the wicket of Bill Edrich, one of the season's top scorers. During the 1948 season, Gothard clean bowled Don Bradman at Derby. At the end of the 1948 season, when Derbyshire finished sixth, he retired from first-class cricket. Gothard was a right-arm medium-pace bowler who took 18 first-class wickets at an average of 40.55 and a best performance of 3–84. He was a right-handed batsman who batted in the lower-order. He played 63 innings in 45 first-class matches with one half-century and an average of 12.34. Gothard was later secretary and treasurer of the club. He died in Birmingham at the age of 74. Gothard's son, Squadron Leader Edward Leigh Gothard, MBE, played first class cricket for both the Royal Air Force and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).

text:
# Edward Gothard

**Edward James Gothard** OBE, MBE, TD (1 October 1904 – 17 January 1979) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Derbyshire in 1947 and 1948 and captained the side in both years.

Gothard was born in Burton-on-Trent, the son of William Henry Gothard who played cricket for Staffordshire. Gothard himself represented Staffordshire in the Minor Counties Championship in 1927. He was an able rugby player but as a result of injury took to playing hockey instead. He was captain of Burton Hockey Club from 1933 to 1939. During the Second World War he played four cricket matches for Nottinghamshire in 1943. He was captain of Burton Hockey Club again from 1946 to 1947, and was a regular player for the club after the war. He played hockey for Derbyshire 30 times and was a trialist for the "Midlands".

Gothard became cricket captain for Derbyshire in the 1947 season and made his first-class debut at the age of 42 at the end of May against Northamptonshire. An innings victory marked the start of a good run for the Derbyshire team. Gothard was a strict disciplinarian, and they finished in fifth place in the 1947 County Championship. Against Middlesex Gothard took a hat-trick, including the wicket of Bill Edrich, one of the season's top scorers. During the 1948 season, Gothard clean bowled Don Bradman at Derby. At the end of the 1948 season, when Derbyshire finished sixth, he retired from first-class cricket. Gothard was a right-arm medium-pace bowler who took 18 first-class wickets at an average of 40.55 and a best performance of 3–84. He was a right-handed batsman who batted in the lower-order. He played 63 innings in 45 first-class matches with one half-century and an average of 12.34.

Gothard was later secretary and treasurer of the club. He died in Birmingham at the age of 74.

Gothard's son, Squadron Leader Edward Leigh Gothard, MBE, played first class cricket for both the Royal Air Force and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).

## InfoBox

Edward Gothard
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Edward James Gothard |
| Born | (1904-10-01)1 October 1904
Burton upon Trent, England |
| Died | 17 January 1979(1979-01-17) (aged 74)
Birmingham, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Right-arm medium |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 1947–1948 | Derbyshire |
|  | |
| FC debut | 31 May 1947 Derbyshire v Northamptonshire |
| Last FC | 18 August 1948 Derbyshire v Essex |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition First-class  Matches 45  Runs scored 543  Batting average 12.34  100s/50s 0/1  Top score 50  Balls bowled 1,136  Wickets 18  Bowling average 40.55  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling 3/84  Catches/stumpings 10/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 16 February 2010 | |


title: Eggekollene

abstract: Eggekollene or Eggekollan is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,809-metre (5,935 ft) tall mountain lies inside the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of the village of Lesjaverk. The mountain lies about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the southwest of Grønliskarstinden, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of Grøvudalstinden, about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) northwest of Høgtunga, about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) northeast of Sørhellhøi, and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of Geitåhøi.

text:
# Eggekollene

**Eggekollene** or **Eggekollan** is a mountain in Lesja Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,809-metre (5,935 ft) tall mountain lies inside the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of the village of Lesjaverk. The mountain lies about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the southwest of Grønliskarstinden, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of Grøvudalstinden, about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) northwest of Høgtunga, about 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) northeast of Sørhellhøi, and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of Geitåhøi.

## InfoBox

| Eggekollene | |
| --- | --- |
| Eggekollan | |
| EggekolleneLocation of the mountainEggekolleneEggekollene (Norway) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 1,809 m (5,935 ft) |
| Prominence | 88 m (289 ft) |
| Parent peak | Geitåhøi |
| Isolation | 3.1 km (1.9 mi) |
| Coordinates | 62°21′10″N 8°51′25″E / 62.35282°N 8.85684°E / 62.35282; 8.85684 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Innlandet, Norway |
| Parent range | Dovrefjell |


title: Tommaso Orsini

abstract:
Tommaso Orsini was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Foligno (1568–1576)
and Bishop of Strongoli (1566–1568).

text:
# Tommaso Orsini

**Tommaso Orsini** (died 25 January 1576) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Foligno (1568–1576) and Bishop of Strongoli (1566–1568).

## Biography

On 15 August 1566, Tommaso Orsini was appointed during the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII as Bishop of Strongoli. On 28 August 1566, he was consecrated bishop by Clemente d'Olera, Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli, with Antonmaria Salviati, Bishop Emeritus of Saint-Papoul, and Giulio Antonio Santorio, Archbishop of Santa Severina, serving as co-consecrators. On 23 January 1568, he was appointed Bishop of Foligno by Pope Gregory XIII. He served as Bishop of Foligno until his death on 25 January 1576.

## InfoBox

| Most Reverend
Tommaso Orsini | |
| --- | --- |
| Bishop of Foligno | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Diocese | Diocese of Foligno |
| In office | 1568–1576 |
| Predecessor | Clemente d'Olera |
| Successor | Ippolito Bosco |
| Previous post(s) | Bishop of Strongoli (1566–1568) |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 28 August 1566
by Clemente d'Olera |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 25 January 1576
Foligno, Italy |


title: Tommaso Pincio

abstract: Tommaso Pincio is the pseudonym of Marco Colapietro, an Italian author of five novels, including Love-shaped story.

text:
# Tommaso Pincio

**Tommaso Pincio** is the pseudonym of **Marco Colapietro** (born May 1, 1963), an Italian author of five novels, including *Love-shaped story*.

## Pseudonym

"Tommaso Pincio" is obviously an Italian rendering of Thomas Pynchon's name but this is not the sole reference for the pseudonym. "Pincio" is a hill in the center of Rome whose name comes from one of the families that occupied it in the 4th century AD, the Pincii. He claimed that he chose "Tommaso Pincio" as pseudonym just because it comes from his fiction (Tommaso Pincio is a minor character of his first novel); also, he claimed that the name "evokes a place (...). I stole its name because I love the sound of it".

## Biography

Even if he is not as extremely reclusive as his American namesake, very few things are known about Tommaso Pincio as a person. He was born in Rome sometime in the mid-1960s (an interview published in March 2008 describes him as a "forty-year-old Roman novelist") and graduated in Visual Arts. Apparently, he wanted to become a painter but dropped that ambition quite soon. During the 1980s he was an assistant of various artists while also working as a cartoonist. In 1991, he moved to New York City where he lived for some years. Going back to Italy, he became the director of a very well known and respected contemporary art gallery. He likely started to think about writing novels during his stay in the United States, getting in touch with the works of Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo, and Philip K. Dick who influenced him very strongly. His first novel, *M.*, was published in 1999.

At present, Tommaso Pincio is based in Rome and Bangkok. He contributes for the Italian edition of *Rolling Stone* and several leading newspapers including *La Repubblica*.

## Bibliography

* *Il dono di saper vivere*, Roma: Giulio Einaudi Editore 2018
* *Scrissi d'Arte*, Roma: L'Orma Editore 2015
* *Panorama*, Milano: NN Editore 2015
* *Acque Chete*, Ascoli Piceno: Mirror Editore 2014
* *Pulp Roma*, Milan: Il Saggiatore Editore 2012
* *Hotel a zero stelle*, literary memoir, Bari: Laterza Editore 2011
* *Cinacittà*, novel, Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore 2008
* *Gli Alieni: come e perché sono giunti fra noi*, historical essay, Rome: Fazi Editore 2006
* *La ragazza che non era lei*, novel, Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore 2005
* *Un amore dell'altro mondo*, novel, Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore 2002 (translated in English as *Love-shaped Story* by Jonathan Hunt, London (UK): HarperCollins 2004)
* *Lo spazio sfinito*, novel, Rome: Fanucci Editore, 2000 (translated in English as *Beat Space* by Acacia M. O'Connor, Rochester, NY: Open Letter 2016)
* *M.*, novel, Naples: Cronopio Editore, 1999

## Footnotes and references


title: Tomka railway station

abstract: Tomka railway station is a railway station on the East Coast Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Tomka village. Its code is TMKA. It has one platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express trains halt at Tomka railway station.

text:
# Tomka railway station

**Tomka railway station** is a railway station on the East Coast Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Tomka village. Its code is **TMKA**. It has one platforms. Passenger, MEMU, Express trains halt at Tomka railway station.

## Major trains

## InfoBox

| Tomka | |
| --- | --- |
| Indian Railways station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Tomka, Odisha<br>India |
| Coordinates | 21°06′28″N 85°58′33″E / 21.107794°N 85.975756°E / 21.107794; 85.975756 |
| Owned by | Ministry of Railways, Indian Railways |
| Line(s) | Howrah–Chennai main line |
| Platforms | 1 |
| Tracks | 1 |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Standard (on ground) |
| Parking | No |
| Other information | |
| Status | Functioning |
| Station code | TMKA |
| Zone(s) | East Coast Railway |
| Division(s) | Khurda Road |
| History | |
| Electrified | Yes |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Tomka railway stationLocation within IndiaTomka railway stationTomka railway station (Odisha) | |


title: Tom Roggeman

abstract: Tom Roggeman was an American football guard. He played for the Chicago Bears from 1956 to 1957. Roggeman played at Mishawaka High School for the varsity football team from 1946 to 1948. After graduating from high school he was accepted into Purdue University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in physical education and later masters in the same subject. After graduating from Purdue, he enlisted into the United States Marine Corps to fight in the Korean War. He would later go on to receive the rank of first lieutenant. While a Marine, Roggeman played for the football team in Quantico, VA. After completing his military service he joined the Chicago Bears in 1955 and played until 1957. After his time in the NFL ended he went on to coach the South Bend Washington High School as an assistant coach 1958. He would go on to marry Florence Junstine Kurpiewski. At Washington, Roggeman would go to on to have several undefeated seasons and won the Indiana State Champion title. After leaving South Ben Washington, he would become a coach, for the freshman and junior varsity teams, at Purdue University from 1970 to 1977. He died on August 17, 2018, in Chandler, Arizona, at age 86.

text:
# Tom Roggeman

**Tom Roggeman** (September 5, 1931 – August 17, 2018) was an American football guard. He played for the Chicago Bears from 1956 to 1957.

Roggeman played at Mishawaka High School for the varsity football team from 1946 to 1948. After graduating from high school he was accepted into Purdue University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in physical education and later masters in the same subject. After graduating from Purdue, he enlisted into the United States Marine Corps to fight in the Korean War. He would later go on to receive the rank of first lieutenant. While a Marine, Roggeman played for the football team in Quantico, VA. After completing his military service he joined the Chicago Bears in 1955 and played until 1957. After his time in the NFL ended he went on to coach the South Bend Washington High School as an assistant coach 1958. He would go on to marry Florence Junstine Kurpiewski. At Washington, Roggeman would go to on to have several undefeated seasons and won the Indiana State Champion title. After leaving South Ben Washington, he would become a coach, for the freshman and junior varsity teams, at Purdue University from 1970 to 1977. He died on August 17, 2018, in Chandler, Arizona, at age 86.

## InfoBox

Tom Roggeman
| No. 67 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Guard |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1931-09-05)September 5, 1931
Mishawaka, Indiana |
| Died: | August 17, 2018(2018-08-17) (aged 86)
Chandler, Arizona |
| Height: | 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) |
| Weight: | 235 lb (107 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Mishawaka (IN) (1946-1948) |
| College: | Purdue |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Edward K. Barsky

abstract: Edward K. "Eddie" Barsky was an American surgeon and political activist. Barsky is best remembered as the head of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, a Communist Party-sponsored organization which raised funds to aid refugees from the regime of Spanish strongman Francisco Franco in the late 1930s during the Spanish Civil War. In the 1950s Barsky became a cause célèbre as a victim of McCarthyism when he was imprisoned for refusing to provide information to the House Un-American Activities Committee.

text:
# Edward K. Barsky

**Edward K. "Eddie" Barsky** (June 6, 1895  February 11, 1975) was an American surgeon and political activist. Barsky is best remembered as the head of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, a Communist Party-sponsored organization which raised funds to aid refugees from the regime of Spanish strongman Francisco Franco in the late 1930s during the Spanish Civil War. In the 1950s Barsky became a cause célèbre as a victim of McCarthyism when he was imprisoned for refusing to provide information to the House Un-American Activities Committee.

## Background

Edward K. Barsky, known to his friends as "Eddie," was born in Manhattan, New York City, on June 6, 1895. His father and both brothers were doctors. He attended the public schools of the city, graduating from Townsend Harris High School. He was the son of a surgeon at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City. Barsky attended City College of New York and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University in 1919. He also studied medicine in Berlin, Vienna, and Paris.

## Career

In 1921, Barsky began his own internship at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City; in 1931, he was made an Associate Surgeon at Beth Israel Hospital in 1931.

### Spanish Civil War

With the outbreak civil war in Spain in 1936, Barsky left Beth El Hospital joined with a group of concerned New York physicians to establish the American Medical Bureau to Aid Spanish Democracy (AMB) -- an adjunct organization to the North America Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy, later known as the North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy. The AMB arranged for the shipment of ambulances and other medical equipment and supplies, and in January 1937 sent a fully outfitted medical team of doctors, nurses, and technicians to Spain with Barsky at the helm.

Barsky sailed for Spain on January 16, 1937, arriving early the next month with enough equipment to furnish a 50-bed hospital. There he served with the Republican Medical Service in various American Hospitals. Barsky returned to US from Spain to be appointed Surgeon General of International Sanitary Service. Supporters of his efforts included Albert Einstein, Dr. Walter B. Cannon of Harvard Medical School, and Dr. James B. Peters of Yale Medical School.

After the defeat of the Republican force, Barsky returned to the US, arriving in August 1938.

### Postwar

Barsky was called to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) on February 13, 1946, where he refused to turn over the books, ledgers, and other financial documents of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, as was demanded. As a result, Barsky was charged with Contempt of Congress and brought to trial for his willful defiance of Congressional subpoena. Ernest Hemingway tried to help him fight the conviction.

In 1952 he worked on behalf of the American Labor Party and its candidate for President of the United States for the Progressive Party in the 1952 presidential election, Vincent Hallinan. During the 1960s, Barsky was active with the Medical Committee for Human Rights, which provided emergency medical services for civil rights and peace movement workers in the South. He was also affiliated with the New York labor movement, working for many years as a security plan panel physician for District Council 65.

Barsky was a consulting surgeon at Beth Israel Hospital at time of death.

## Personal life and death

Barsky married Vita; they had a daughter.

Edward K. Barsky died age 78 on February 11, 1975, in Manhattan, New York City.

## Legacy

Barsky's papers are housed as part of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives at Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives at New York University in New York City. The Barsky material encompasses 2.5 linear feet of material, housed in five archival boxes, and is open to researchers without restriction. Included in this material is an undated manuscript of a memoir by Barsky entitled "Someone Had to Help."

## Sources

* Photo of Barsky
* Jane Pacht Brickman, "Medical McCarthyism and the Punishment of Internationalist Physicians in the United States," in Anne-Emanuelle Birn and Theodore M. Brown (eds.), *Comrades in Health: US Health Internationalists, Abroad and at Home.* New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013; pp. 82–100.
* Peter N. Carroll, *The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade: Americans in the Spanish Civil War.* Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994.
* Walter J. Lear, "American Medical Support for Spanish Democracy, 1936-1938," in Anne-Emanuelle Birn and Theodore M. Brown (eds.), *Comrades in Health: US Health Internationalists, Abroad and at Home.* New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013; pp. 65–81.
* Joseph North, "A Case for the Doctor," *New Masses,* August 19, 1947, pp. 8–9.

## InfoBox

| DoctorEdward K. Barsky | |
| --- | --- |
| Barsky in 1937 | |
| Born | (1895-06-06)June 6, 1895<br>Manhattan, New York City, United States |
| Died | February 11, 1975(1975-02-11) (aged 79) |
| Occupation | Doctor |
| Years active | 1921-1975 |
|  | |
|  | |
| National Chairman of Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Ehrhardt, South Carolina

abstract: Ehrhardt is a town in Bamberg County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 545.

text:
# Ehrhardt, South Carolina

**Ehrhardt** is a town in Bamberg County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 545.

## History

Ehrhardt was named for Conrad Ehrhardt (1832-1908), a German emigrant to South Carolina and successful saw mill operator, who was also the progenitor of a prominent local family of that name.

The Copeland House and Rivers Bridge State Park are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Ehrhardt is located in southern Bamberg County at 33°5′45″N 81°0′48″W / 33.09583°N 81.01333°W / 33.09583; -81.01333 (33.095899, -81.013226). U.S. Route 601 runs through the town, leading north 14 miles (23 km) to Bamberg, the county seat, and south 17 miles (27 km) to Hampton. South Carolina Highway 64 crosses US 601 in Ehrhardt, leading southeast 26 miles (42 km) to Walterboro and northwest 24 miles (39 km) to Barnwell.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Ehrhardt has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2), all of it land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 215 |  |  |
| 1910 | 315 |  | 46.5% |
| 1920 | 495 |  | 57.1% |
| 1930 | 432 |  | −12.7% |
| 1940 | 407 |  | −5.8% |
| 1950 | 510 |  | 25.3% |
| 1960 | 482 |  | −5.5% |
| 1970 | 478 |  | −0.8% |
| 1980 | 353 |  | −26.2% |
| 1990 | 442 |  | 25.2% |
| 2000 | 614 |  | 38.9% |
| 2010 | 545 |  | −11.2% |
| 2020 | 457 |  | −16.1% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 614 people, 253 households, and 154 families residing in the town. The population density was 193.1 inhabitants per square mile (74.6/km2). There were 317 housing units at an average density of 99.7 per square mile (38.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 40.07% White, 56.84% African American, 1.95% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population.

There were 253 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $22,813, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,874. About 17.0% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.6% of those under age 18 and 23.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Since 2022 it is a part of the Bamberg County School District. Prior to 2022, it was in the Bamberg School District One. The public high school is Bamberg-Ehrhardt High School.

Bamberg 1 formerly operated Ehrhardt Elementary School. In 2008 the Bamberg 1 district sought to close Ehrhardt Elementary. Area residents considered filing a lawsuit and attempting to convert the school into a charter school. The former elementary school became the town hall.

## Schützenfest

The Schützenfest commemorates the town's rich German heritage and their German founder, Conrad Ehrhardt, an immigrant from Weiterode, Kurhessen, Germany. The festival is held annually.

## InfoBox

| Ehrhardt, South Carolina | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
|  | |
| Location of Ehrhardt, South Carolina | |
| Coordinates: 33°5′45″N 81°0′48″W / 33.09583°N 81.01333°W / 33.09583; -81.01333 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Carolina |
| County | Bamberg |
| Chartered (town) | 1898 |
| Government | |
| Type | Mayor-Council |
| Mayor | William Stanley |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.11 sq mi (8.06 km2) |
| Land | 3.11 sq mi (8.06 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 141 ft (43 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 457 |
| Density | 146.85/sq mi (56.71/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 29081 |
| Area code(s) | 803, 839 |
| FIPS code | 45-23200 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1222249 |
| Website | ehrhardtsc.com |


title: Eichberg, Styria

abstract: Eichberg is a former municipality in the district of Hartberg-Fürstenfeld in Styria, Austria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it has been part of the municipality of Rohrbach an der Lafnitz.

text:
# Eichberg, Styria

**Eichberg** is a former municipality in the district of Hartberg-Fürstenfeld in Styria, Austria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it has been part of the municipality of Rohrbach an der Lafnitz.

## InfoBox

| Eichberg | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| Eichberg parish church | |
|  | |
| EichbergLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 47°22′53″N 15°58′24″E / 47.38139°N 15.97333°E / 47.38139; 15.97333 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Hartberg-Fürstenfeld |
| Area | |
| Total | 18.47 km2 (7.13 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 578 m (1,896 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2016) | |
| Total | 1,178 |
| Density | 64/km2 (170/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8234, 8250 |
| Area code | 03338 |
| Vehicle registration | HB |
| Website | www.eichberg.at |


title: Cinderella (Krista Siegfrids song)

abstract: "Cinderella" is a song recorded by Finnish singer Krista Siegfrids. The song was released as a digital download in Finland on 1 January 2014. The song peaked at number 46 on the Finnish Download Chart and number 79 on the Finnish Airplay Chart.

text:
# Cinderella (Krista Siegfrids song)

**"Cinderella"** is a song recorded by Finnish singer Krista Siegfrids. The song was released as a digital download in Finland on 1 January 2014. The song peaked at number 46 on the Finnish Download Chart and number 79 on the Finnish Airplay Chart.

## Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Cinderella" was first released onto YouTube on 28 February 2014 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-six seconds.

## Track listing

Digital download
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cinderella" | 3:35 |

## Chart performance

| Chart (2014) | Peak
positions |
| --- | --- |
| Finland Download (Latauslista) | 46 |
| Finland Airplay (Radiosoittolista) | 79 |
|

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Finland | 1 January 2014 | Digital download | Universal Music Finland |
|

## InfoBox

| "Cinderella" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Krista Siegfrids | |
| Released | 1 January 2014 |
| Recorded | 2013 |
| Genre | Dance-pop |
| Length | 3:35 |
| Label | Universal Music Finland |
| Krista Siegfrids singles chronology | |
| "Can You See Me?"
(2013) "**Cinderella**"
(2014) "On & Off"
(2015) | |


title: Tony Caldwell (footballer)

abstract: Anthony Caldwell is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward.

text:
# Tony Caldwell (footballer)

**Anthony Caldwell** (born 21 March 1958) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward.

## InfoBox

Tony Caldwell
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Anthony Caldwell | | |
| Date of birth | (1958-03-21) 21 March 1958 | | |
| Place of birth | Salford, England | | |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1981–1982 | Irlam Town | 40 | (29) |
| 1982–1983 | Horwich RMI | ? | (?) |
| 1983–1987 | Bolton Wanderers | 139 | (58) |
| 1987–1988 | Bristol City | 17 | (3) |
| 1987–1988 | Chester City (loan) | 4 | (0) |
| 1988 | Grimsby Town | 3 | (0) |
| 1988–1989 | Stockport County | 26 | (6) |
| 1989–1990 | Chorley | 19 | (5) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Tony Fox (Australian rules footballer)

abstract: Tony Fox is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Tony Fox (Australian rules footballer)

**Tony Fox** (born 16 July 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Tony Fox | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Tony Fox | | |
| Date of birth | (1958-07-16) 16 July 1958 | | |
| Original team(s) | Brooklyn | | |
| Height | 182 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 77 kg (170 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1978 | Footscray | 1 (0) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1978. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Edward L. Wright

abstract: Edward L. (Ned) Wright is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist. He has worked on space missions including the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) projects. Wright received his ABscl and PhD degrees in high-altitude rocket measurement of cosmic microwave background radiation from Harvard University, where he was a junior fellow. After teaching as a tenured associate professor in the MIT Physics Department for a while, Wright has been a professor at UCLA since 1981. Wright researches infrared astronomy and cosmology. He has studied fractal dust grains which are able to absorb and emit efficiently at millimeter wavelengths, and other aspects that may be important factors in understanding the cosmic microwave background. As an interdisciplinary scientist on the Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Science Working Group, Wright has worked on the SIRTF project since 1976. He was an active member of the teams working on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) since 1978. He is the principal investigator of the Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) project. Wright is also a member of the current science team on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which was launched in June 2001. WMAP followed up the COBE discovery of early fluctuations in the developing Universe. From 1994 to 1998, he served as a science editor of The Astrophysical Journal.

text:
# Edward L. Wright

**Edward L. (Ned) Wright** (born August 25, 1947 in Washington, D.C.) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist. He has worked on space missions including the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) projects.

Wright received his ABscl (Physics in 1969) and PhD (Astronomy in 1976) degrees in high-altitude rocket measurement of cosmic microwave background radiation from Harvard University, where he was a junior fellow. After teaching as a tenured associate professor in the MIT Physics Department for a while, Wright has been a professor at UCLA since 1981.

Wright researches infrared astronomy and cosmology. He has studied fractal dust grains which are able to absorb and emit efficiently at millimeter wavelengths, and other aspects that may be important factors in understanding the cosmic microwave background. As an interdisciplinary scientist on the Space InfraRed Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Science Working Group, Wright has worked on the SIRTF project (renamed the Spitzer Space Telescope) since 1976. He was an active member of the teams working on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) since 1978. He is the principal investigator of the Wide field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) project. Wright is also a member of the current science team on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which was launched in June 2001. WMAP followed up the COBE discovery of early fluctuations in the developing Universe.

From 1994 to 1998, he served as a science editor of *The Astrophysical Journal*.

## Honors and awards

1. "Ned Wright's web page at UCLA".
2. "SIRTF Profiles: Ned Wright". Archived from the original on 2006-06-23. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
3. "WISE: Mission Overview". NASA. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
4. *NASA's Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation*. National Academies Press. 2007. p. 172. doi:10.17226/12006. ISBN 978-0-309-11162-1.
5. "Edward L. Wright". *National Academy of Sciences*. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
6. "Congratulations to Charles Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David Spergel and the WMAP Science Team for winning the 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics". *science.gsfc.nasa.gov*. NASA. 3 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.


title: Riga (moped)

abstract: The Riga was a Latvian moped built in Riga between 1965 and 1992.

text:
# Riga (moped)

The **Riga** was a Latvian moped built in Riga between 1965 and 1992.

## The history of engine production

In the 1960s, the idea of providing people of the Soviet Union with an easy to use, easy to maintain, motorised transport took form. The idea was followed by action and a plan was formed at Riga Engine Factory "Sarkanā zvaigzne". Initially, the Hungarian Dongó, bicycle-mounted auxiliary engine and the Velosolex motorcycle was tested, but these vehicles did not bring the expected success, so they turned their attention toward light motorcycles as they had proved popular in the West.

## Types

In 1965 the first model, called Riga-1, was released. The frame and look was inspired by the East German Simson Suhl. The engine was an imported Czechoslovakian made Jawa Stadion S11/S22 engine. It used a two speed gearbox and foot pedals could also be used. Later production of the engine was brought in-house.

In 1967 the successor, Riga-3, was presented at the Budapest International Fair. It was not much different from its predecessor, however, some changes were done to be able to use the S-51 engine. It was a 49.8 cc, air cooled, 1.5 HP engine using carburetor, mostly of type K30 or K35. It had 19" wheels and skirted fenders.

In 1969 a more streamlined version, Riga-4, was introduced. The design of the engine had undergone numerous changes. The large-diameter, 19-inch wheels were replaced by smaller, 16-inch wheels, which remained until the end of the Riga moped production. The fuel tank was replaced. The new engine, S-52, was a 2 to 2.2 hp engine. In the last production year the all-plastic tail light cover from the previous design was replaced by metal.

In 1974 the Riga-12 was released. It had significantly changed its appearance and functioning. While the earlier models had a rounded fuel tank it was now replaced by a less flashy, rounded off, rectangular shape. It still maintained its pedal-crank functionality.

In 1979 Riga-16 was released. It essentially looked like the Riga-12. The engine was now a S-58, and pedal-cranks were not used in the design. The exhaust system had also changed; it was much longer. The seat was the long type, and more comfortable. The rear lamps were changed to a larger hexagonal-shape. It also came in metallic paint.

1981 the Riga-22 was released. At first it had a Š-62 engine, then starting from 1984 Riga-22 was equipped with a V-50 engine. First V-50 models had no external differences from the Š-62, but the internals were redesigned. It had a similar looking, but, better clutch. The only identical parts were plastic friction discs. Instead of 2 friction discs, the V-50 had 3 friction discs, and the gearbox in V-50 had ball bearings, instead of plain bearings. It had a new, and more modern electronic ignition, and the fuel tank was redesigned. The new V-50 engine was also used. Riga-22 was produced until 1989.

1986 was a turn-around year for Riga. Deteriorating quality and engine problems made the need of a new model apparent. So in 1986 the new Riga Delta was introduced. The engine in no way resembles its predecessor. The frame is completely changed. It has a new fuel tank, with only "Delta" written on it. Replaced the front and rear lamps and ignition. The Deltas were available in three colours pea-green, brick red and beige. Deltas also featured 3 gear gearbox.

In 1986 the Mini Riga was introduced. It was a mini moped using the V-50 and later V-501 engines. In the early 1990s the engine was changed to the well-known Jawa 210 Babette's two-speed, automatic transmission engine.

## Verkhovyna

The Verkhovyna made in Lwow factory did not look like the Riga, but used identical mechanics.

## Other types

"Sarkanā zvaigzne" was in its heyday in the 1970s very actively involved in motor sport. Especially the 125 cc category and built Riga-5S, 15S-Riga, Riga and Riga-19S-17S type that had significant success in the Soviet Union and the Baltic championships.


title: Rhadinaea calligaster

abstract: Rhadinaea calligaster, the thick graceful brown snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

text:
# Rhadinaea calligaster

***Rhadinaea calligaster***, the **thick graceful brown snake**, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

## InfoBox

| *Rhadinaea calligaster* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Rhadinaea* |
| Species: | ***R. calligaster*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhadinaea calligaster***
(Cope, 1875) | |
|


title: Dog on Wheels

abstract: Dog on Wheels is the debut EP by Belle & Sebastian, released in 1997 on Jeepster Records. The four recordings on the EP actually pre-date the band's début album Tigermilk, produced whilst bandmembers Stuart Murdoch and Stuart David were on the Beatbox music course at Stow College, Glasgow. Murdoch, David and Mick Cooke are the only long-term members to play on the songs, though Cooke only appears on the title track. The drums were supplied by David Campbell, whilst Brian Nugent played flute on "String Bean Jean", and Gerry Campbell, a tutor at Beatbox, provided keyboards on "The State I Am In" and "Belle & Sebastian" as well as lead guitar on "String Bean Jean". Other contributors to the E.P. include Mark McWhirter, Michael Angus and David Mackenzie, though their roles have not been confirmed. The front cover features Joanne Kenney. The EP was later re-packaged as part of the Lazy Line Painter Jane box-set and all four tracks were collected on the Push Barman to Open Old Wounds compilation. The EP reached #59 in the UK singles chart. It was named Channel 4 teletext's music magazine Planet Sound's Single Of The Year 1997.

text:
# Dog on Wheels

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Dog on Wheels*** is the debut EP by Belle & Sebastian, released in 1997 on Jeepster Records. The four recordings on the EP actually pre-date the band's début album *Tigermilk*, produced whilst bandmembers Stuart Murdoch and Stuart David were on the Beatbox music course at Stow College, Glasgow. Murdoch, David and Mick Cooke are the only long-term members to play on the songs, though Cooke only appears on the title track. The drums were supplied by David Campbell, whilst Brian Nugent played flute on "String Bean Jean", and Gerry Campbell, a tutor at Beatbox, provided keyboards on "The State I Am In" and "Belle & Sebastian" as well as lead guitar on "String Bean Jean". Other contributors to the E.P. include Mark McWhirter, Michael Angus and David Mackenzie, though their roles have not been confirmed.

The front cover features Joanne Kenney (who also appears on the cover of *Tigermilk*). The EP was later re-packaged as part of the *Lazy Line Painter Jane* box-set and all four tracks were collected on the *Push Barman to Open Old Wounds* compilation. The EP reached #59 in the UK singles chart. It was named Channel 4 teletext's music magazine *Planet Sound'*s Single Of The Year 1997.

## Track listing

(all songs written by Stuart Murdoch, credited to Belle & Sebastian)

1. "Dog on Wheels" – 3:11
2. "The State I Am In" – 4:58
3. "String Bean Jean" – 4:42
4. "Belle & Sebastian" – 4:35

## Release details

* CD (JPRCDS001)
* 12" vinyl (JPR12001)
* 7" vinyl (JPR7001)

## InfoBox

| Dog on Wheels | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| EP by Belle & Sebastian | |
| Released | 12 May 1997 |
| Recorded | 1995 at Beatbox, Glasgow |
| Genre | Indie pop |
| Length | 17:26 |
| Label | Jeepster Records |
| Producer | Belle & Sebastian |
| Belle & Sebastian chronology | |
| *If You're Feeling Sinister*
(1996) ***Dog on Wheels***
(1997) *Lazy Line Painter Jane*
(1997) | |


title: Cinderella (Deutscher)

abstract: Cinderella is an opera by Alma Deutscher. The libretto is based on the fairy tale "Cinderella", but with significant modifications of the plot. The work was first performed in Israel in 2015 in Chamber version, when Deutscher was 10. The orchestral version premiered in the following year in Vienna, on 29 December 2016.

text:
# Cinderella (Deutscher)

***Cinderella*** is an opera by Alma Deutscher. The libretto is based on the fairy tale "Cinderella", but with significant modifications of the plot. The work was first performed in Israel in 2015 in Chamber version, when Deutscher was 10. The orchestral version premiered in the following year in Vienna, on 29 December 2016.

## Roles

Roles, voice types, premiere casts
| Role | Voice type | Vienna premiere cast,
29 December 2016 Conductor: Vinicius Kattah | U.S. premiere cast,
December 16, 2017
Conductor: Jane Glover | U.S. premiere cast (revised version),
November 12, 2022
Conductor: Alma Deutscher |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cinderella, *a young and talented composer* | soprano | Theresa Krügl | Vanessa Becerra | Natalia Santaliz |
| Prince Theodore, *a young and talented poet* | tenor | Lorin Wey | Jonas Hacker | Joey Hammond-Leppek |
| King Fridolph, *his father and king of Transylvanian.* | bass | Gregor Einspieler | Nathan Stark | Ben Brady |
| The Stepmother, *an aging prima donna* | soprano | Catarina Coresi | Mary Dunleavy | Rena Harms |
| Griselda, *her daughter* | soprano | Anna Voshege | Stacey Tappan | Stacey Tappan |
| Zibaldona, *her daughter* | mezzo-soprano | Katrin Koch | Karin Mushegain | Julia Dawson |
| Emeline, *a fairy godmother* | contralto | Veronika Dünser | Claudia Chapa | Megan E. Grey |
| The Minister, *a minister to the king* | spoken | Florian Stanek | Brian James Myer | Joshua Hughes |
| *Chorus: ball guests, elves, church chorus at the royal wedding* | | | | |

## Plot

Deutscher's second opera is a full-length work based on the fairy tale of Cinderella, but with significant modifications of the plot, which in her version revolves around music. It is set in Deutscher's imaginary land, Transylvanian, in an opera house run by Cinderella's stepmother. The two step-sisters are talentless would-be divas. Cinderella is a talented composer, with "beautiful melodies springing into her head", but she is not allowed to perform and is slaved-worked as a copyist. Prince Theodore is a poet, who is mocked at court for his artistic leanings. In the first act, Cinderella chances upon a captivating love poem, which unbeknownst to her, was written by the Prince. She is inspired by the poem and sets it to music. Her beautiful melody is stolen by her step-sisters and performed at the singing competition during the royal ball, but with the wrong words. Finally, Cinderella herself sings her song to the prince with the right words, but unaware that he is the poet who wrote them. After Cinderella flees from the ball at midnight, the prince searches for her on the basis of a melody (rather than a glass slipper) – the haunting melody she sang as she fled. Eventually, the pair are united: "they find each other like lyrics find melody". Deutscher explained that it was important for her that Cinderella "is not just a pretty girl who cleans the floor and keeps quiet, she's clever and talented", and she wins the prince because of her talent as a composer.

## Releases and updates

A chamber version of the opera was premiered in Israel in 2015, when Deutscher was 10. She finished writing the overture "just a few days before the performance". In the following year, Deutscher expanded the opera and orchestrated it for an ensemble of 20 musicians, and this expanded version premiered in Vienna in 2016 (in German), with conductor Zubin Mehta as patron of the production. Deutscher performed the solo violin part in the opera as well as the solo piano. The opera was received with jubilation by the public, and reports about it appeared in newspapers all over the world, even on the front page of the China Daily newspaper. Numerous Viennese critics expressed their astonishment at the accomplishment of Deutscher's orchestral writing, and above all at the beauty of her melodies.

## Adaptations

A further elaborated version of the opera received its U.S. premiered in December 2017, in a production of Opera San José and the Packard Humanities Institute, conducted by Dame Jane Glover. As in Vienna, Deutscher performed the violin and piano solo parts herself, and she also performed an organ voluntary at the beginning of the royal wedding scene. The five original performances sold out and further performances were added. *The New Criterion* called it an "opera of astounding wit, craft, and musical beauty... The sheer amount of orchestral and vocal invention is stunning", and predicted that *Cinderella* would find its way to Broadway. The magazine *Opera Today* described it as "a young talent's sensational burst to prominence... a once-in-a-lifetime opera-going event that had audiences standing and cheering." The San Jose production was released on DVD by Sony Classical Records in 2018.

In 2018, the Vienna State Opera staged an adaptation for children, which ran for two sold-out seasons, and was released on DVD on the State Opera's own label.

In 2019 Deutscher further revised the opera for a new production at the Salzburg State Theatre which premiered in the season 2019/20 and was revived in 2020/21.

In 2022 an adaptation for children was performed in at the Wexford Festival Opera.

A revival of the 2017 Opera San Jose production, but with thoroughly revised music, was staged in November 2022, with Deutscher on the podium as musical director, making her opera conducting debut. A recording of this production was released for free streaming in July 2023.

## InfoBox

| Cinderella | |
| --- | --- |
| Opera by Alma Deutscher | |
| Librettist | Alma Deutscher |
| Language | English, German, Hebrew |
| Based on | "Cendrillon"
by Charles Perrault |
| Premiere | 29 December 2016 (2016-12-29)
Vienna |


title: Bernard 82

abstract: The Bernard 82 was a French single-engined long-range monoplane bomber designed and built by Société des Avions Bernard. Only two prototypes were built and the type did not enter production. The Bernard 82 was developed from the long-range Bernard 80 GR, which had been designed to set long-distance-flight records. The all-metal Bernard 82 was a three-seat long-range bomber, known at the time as a bombardier de représailles or reprisal bomber. It was fitted with a relatively large wing, a complex retractable landing gear mechanism, and powered by a single nose-mounted Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs inline piston engine. A total of two prototypes were produced; the first made its maiden flight in December 1933 while the second prototype followed during March 1934. Flight testing revealed the landing gear retraction system to be unreliable, forcing more than one belly landing to be performed as a result. Reliable operation was never achieved as testing was wound down following the French government’s decision to cancel the sole order for 10 aircraft that it had placed. While development continued at a much reduced pace for a time, the second prototype being reengined with the intention of participating in air races, both aircraft were eventually scrapped.

text:
# Bernard 82

The **Bernard 82** was a French single-engined long-range monoplane bomber designed and built by Société des Avions Bernard. Only two prototypes were built and the type did not enter production.

The Bernard 82 was developed from the long-range Bernard 80 GR, which had been designed to set long-distance-flight records. The all-metal Bernard 82 was a three-seat long-range bomber, known at the time as a *bombardier de représailles* or reprisal bomber. It was fitted with a relatively large wing, a complex retractable landing gear mechanism, and powered by a single nose-mounted Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs inline piston engine.

A total of two prototypes were produced; the first made its maiden flight in December 1933 while the second prototype followed during March 1934. Flight testing revealed the landing gear retraction system to be unreliable, forcing more than one belly landing to be performed as a result. Reliable operation was never achieved as testing was wound down following the French government’s decision to cancel the sole order for 10 aircraft that it had placed. While development continued at a much reduced pace for a time, the second prototype being reengined with the intention of participating in air races, both aircraft were eventually scrapped.

## Design and development

The Bernard 82 was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane bomber aircraft. It was effectively a scaled-up successor to the Bernard 80 GR, a long range aircraft built to set new endurance records. Specifically, the two aircraft were very similar in terms of their general design; however, the Bernard 82 was provisioned with a higher fuselage and different wings, the latter possessing a greater span, deeper chord, a larger area, and more thickness, the latter being beneficial to the carriage of bombs. While the wing sections belonged to the same family, those used on the Bernard 82 generated greater lift and were set at angle of incidence of four degrees instead of two.

The exterior of the aircraft featured numerous clean lines, which were well suited towards high speed and high-altitude flight, which was a recognised requirement for long-distance bombers at that time. The Bernard 82 was envisioned to evade pursuit by making use of its speed. Further self-defence measures included the provision of several machine guns; these included twin guns in the rear and above the fuselage as well as a single gun that was positioned beneath the fuselage.

The wing comprised a central section, a pair of ailerons with compensating flaps, and two detachable trailing edges. From a structural perspective, the wing design confirmed with traditional practices for the company at that time, using a combination of box spars, boxed main ribs, longitudinal longerons, and a covering composed of plywood. The arrangement of the spar flanges, which was built up from glued piles, formed a sizable manhole that roughly corresponded with the corridor within the fuselage. The fuel tanks were located within the wing, each tank having a capacity of 1,290 liters (340.8 gallons), and provisioned with a mechanism to dump fuel if required to do so.

The fuselage comprised two sections, each of which were attached to the wing via four ball joints. While the rear section was formed of four spruce longerons, frames, and false frames, the forward section comprised a pair of lateral webs and three sturdy box frames. The engine mount was attached to the fuselage at four separate points via bolts directly into the longerons, The engine bearer was composed of L.2 R alloy while the supports were made of welded chrome-molybdenum steel tubing. The aircraft was powered by a single nose-mounted Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs inline piston engine, capable of generating up to 860 hp (641 kW).

The principal armament comprised up to eight bombs weighing between 100 kg to 200 kg each. These were carried within the wing, each bomb having its own door, which was opened at the moment of release simply by the weight of the bomb; after the bomb passed through, the door would close automatically. The release mechanism was entirely electrical. The mounting of the bombs was achieved from above via openings in the upper surface of the wing.

The Bernard 82 was furnished with divided retractable landing gear, the upper ends of which were directly attached to the wing. While the retractable landing gear system incurred a slightly greater weight, the greater aerodynamic efficiency throughout a long distance flight was felt by the designers to justify the adoption of the complex mechanism.

The landing gear was retracted via the movement of stirrup at the upper end of the oleo strut which slid along an oblique rail that was mounted to the front of the forward longeron. The pilot commanded the raising and lowering of the landing gear via a push button in the cockpit that activated an electric motor, causing the door to open; upon reaching the end of its backward slide, it closed an electric contact and illuminated a signal lamp. A lever released a pair of locking cones as well as starting the oil pump and closing a valve on the jack. The plunger of the jack was depressed and engaged one of the four pulleys for the cables attached to the ends of the oleo struts and the linkages slide along the oblique rails. Upon reaching the end, the door again closed a contact and lit a lamp on the instrument panel, after which the pilot pulled the lever back again. The whole operation took roughly one minute to complete. The lowering of the landing gear also consisted of two distinct operations, the opening of the cover plate and the lowering proper.

The vertical strut carried a Messier-built shock absorber while the wheels were outfitted with differential brakes, also supplied by Messier, that were linked to the rudder bar. The tail skid was fitted with an oleo-pneumatic shock absorber as well as a steerable tail wheel.

The first prototype performed its maiden flight from Le Bourget on 11 December 1933. During March 1934, it was joined by the second prototype. Flight testing showed that the original twin lateral radiators to be inadequate; accordingly, they were replaced by a front-mounted radiator arrangement. Landing gear-related deficiencies were the most persistent difficulty encountered during this phase of development. The retraction mechanism would fail to operate fairly frequently, compelling multiple wheel-up belly landings to be conducted. The problematic system was never fully resolved; flight testing was halted in mid-1935. Around this time, the production contract for ten aircraft was cancelled.

Despite the cancellation, the aircraft continued to be worked on by the company. In August 1936, the second prototype was re-engined with a 650 hp (485 kW) CLM Lille 6As, a licence-built Jumo 205 diesel engine. The diesel-powered aircraft, redesignated *Bernard 86*, was entered into the 1936 Paris-Saigon-Paris air race. The race was held during September, but the aircraft was not ready by then, thus it did not participate as planned. There were no further flight tests and both prototypes were ultimately scrapped.

## Specifications

*Data from* The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, *National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics*

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 3
* **Length:** 17.98 m (58 ft 11.75 in)
* **Wingspan:** 27.10 m (88 ft 11 in)
* **Wing area:** 90.00 m2 (968.75 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 2,823 kg (6,224 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 5,083 kg (11,206 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs inline piston engine , 641 kW (860 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 317 km/h (197 mph, 171 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 260 km/h (162 mph, 141 kn)
* **Range:** 2,800 km (1,740 mi, 1,510 nmi)

**Armament**

* Single or twin 7.7mm (0.303in) dorsal machine-guns
* 4×200kg (441b) and 2×100kg (220lb) bombs (internal)

**Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era**

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Bernard 82 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Bernard 82-B.3 (ca 1934) | |
| Role | Long-range bomber |
| National origin | France |
| Manufacturer | Société des Avions Bernard |
| First flight | 11 December 1933 |
| Number built | 2 |
| Developed from | Bernard 80 GR |


title: Charm Offensive

abstract: Charm Offensive is the debut full-length album by American gothic rock/post-punk band Damien Done. Originally scheduled for release on February 16, 2018, by American record label Mind Over Matter Records, the digital version was pushed back to March 2, 2018, while the 12-inch vinyl version was delayed until April 26, 2018. Belgian record label Hypertension Records licensed the rights to issue the album on 12-inch vinyl for the European market, releasing its edition on August 10, 2018, to coincide with the band's European and British tour. The band released three singles from Charm Offensive: "Curious Thing" on September 8, 2017, "The Lord Fox" on January 13, 2018, and "Roof Access" on February 16, 2018. A fourth music video was also produced for the non-album Killing Joke cover "Primitive", which appeared on the b-side of "Curious Thing" and with the European edition of the album. Founding band member and principal songwriter Damien Moyal performed, engineered and produced nearly all of the material on Charm Offensive, including lead and backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, synthesizers, piano, percussion, as well as programming drums and bass guitar. The material was then sent to mixing engineer James Paul Wisner, who wound up re-recording the programmed bass guitar parts with a real instrument and also added new guitar textures. Before the album was completed, Moyal began recruiting backing members to perform live, including drummer Benjamin Moore, guitarist Andrew Dempz, and bass guitarist Laura Jane Leonard. In promotion of the release, Damien Done toured the United States, United Kingdom and Europe between July 2018 and April 2020, up until the American outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which halted the band's live performances. The band also performed at notable festivals like Ieperfest in Ypres, Belgium, No Rest Festival in Detroit, Michigan and Iron Festival in Newport, Kentucky.

text:
# Charm Offensive

***Charm Offensive*** is the debut full-length album by American gothic rock/post-punk band Damien Done. Originally scheduled for release on February 16, 2018, by American record label Mind Over Matter Records, the digital version was pushed back to March 2, 2018, while the 12-inch vinyl version was delayed until April 26, 2018. Belgian record label Hypertension Records licensed the rights to issue the album on 12-inch vinyl for the European market, releasing its edition on August 10, 2018, to coincide with the band's European and British tour.

The band released three singles from *Charm Offensive*: "Curious Thing" on September 8, 2017 (though its music video premiered beforehand on August 25, 2017), "The Lord Fox" on January 13, 2018, and "Roof Access" on February 16, 2018. A fourth music video was also produced for the non-album Killing Joke cover "Primitive", which appeared on the b-side of "Curious Thing" and with the European edition of the album.

Founding band member and principal songwriter Damien Moyal performed, engineered and produced nearly all of the material on *Charm Offensive*, including lead and backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, synthesizers, piano, percussion, as well as programming drums and bass guitar. The material was then sent to mixing engineer James Paul Wisner, who wound up re-recording the programmed bass guitar parts with a real instrument and also added new guitar textures. Before the album was completed, Moyal began recruiting backing members to perform live, including drummer Benjamin Moore, guitarist Andrew Dempz, and bass guitarist Laura Jane Leonard.

In promotion of the release, Damien Done toured the United States, United Kingdom and Europe between July 2018 and April 2020, up until the American outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which halted the band's live performances. The band also performed at notable festivals like Ieperfest in Ypres, Belgium, No Rest Festival in Detroit, Michigan and Iron Festival in Newport, Kentucky.

## Composition and recording

### Background

Damien Moyal had previously fronted such hardcore punk, metallic hardcore and melodic hardcore bands as Culture, Shai Hulud, Morning Again, Bird of Ill Omen and As Friends Rust throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. After leaving Gainesville, Florida-based As Friends Rust in February 2002, Moyal began working on solo material for what would eventually become Damien Done. The band's first release, an extended play originally titled *Love Thongs* but ultimately renamed *Stay Black*, was recorded in September 2003, but remained unreleased and stuck in limbo through Belgian record label Good Life Recordings for thirteen years.

Once interest in releasing *Stay Black* was renewed by German record label Demons Run Amok Entertainment in 2015–2016, Moyal was driven to compose and record more material for the project. The timing also coincided with some free time Moyal had in between his reformed bands, Culture and As Friends Rust, and his new band, On Bodies', touring and recording schedules.

Having relocated to Ann Arbor, Michigan in September 2006, Moyal began writing and demoing new songs for Damien Done's planned debut full-length album without any help from other musicians, nor backing from a record label. In an interview conducted during the album's early demoing stage, Moyal admitted that he was usually self-conscious about writing music alone, but was happy with the new songs and the album's progress:

> "I'm very happy with the songs for the album I'm currently writing. Right now I'm just writing and writing, and trying to figure out how to make the new album happen. At the rate that I've been writing and demoing, I'll have more songs than I need.
>
> I'm usually too self-conscious to send works-in-progress to friends for feedback, so I just keep chipping away at a song until either I finally think it's good or I'm completely sick of it. Very often both of those things happen at the same time.
>
> A lot of my parts were born from improvisation, and I try not to be too rigid about my process or sound. Some are big, full rock songs, some are acoustic, some of the newer songs are really piano-driven or use looped beats, but I think they still all somehow end up sounding like Damien Done. My process is pretty simple: I fuck around with my guitar until I have a song, or at least some parts to string together. I pick a tempo and program some drums. I record my guitars to those drums, then add bass guitar and finally vocals. Then I drive around listening to it in my car, find the things I hate, go home and fix them, repeat."

### Song development

Moyal described the new songs as more structured than those from the *Stay Black* era, defining the album as a series of vignettes themed around voyeurism, secrecy, guilt and compulsion; a cold, uncomfortable landscape with a cinematic and noir approach. Moyal explained that he enjoyed writing about the aspects of relationships that didn't typically get addressed in popular songs. Speaking on the themes of the album, he noted:

> "In most, if not all of the songs, the stories are left unresolved to enhance that sense of voyeurism. We're not getting whole, tidy stories, but walking past windows and seeing moments of threat, guilt or compulsion whose beginnings or endings we'll likely never know."

Influences during the writing of album included Glenn Danzig, Serge Gainsbourg, Iggy Pop, Billy Idol, Peter Steele, Nick Cave, Randy Newman, Pixies, Joy Division, Black Sabbath, Pulp and Black Moon.

The album's working title was *Protection*, and Moyal offered a collection of early demos, *Demos for Protection*, for free download during a limited time on the band's Bandcamp page in January 2017. One of the songs from the session, a cover of Killing Joke's "Primitive", was recorded in January 2016 and appeared on another Bandcamp-exclusive release, *Blown Covers*, on January 30, 2016. "Primitive" was partly re-recorded and re-mixed during the album's recording session.

"When You Left Home" is the oldest composition on the album, originating from the unreleased *Bits of Happy* extended play, written and recorded between 2004 and 2006. The song's demo (initially given the longer title "When You Left Your Home", but also known as "Palomita Asustada") was first included on an expanded version of *Stay Black*, made available for free download on Moyal's personal website in late 2010, and later on Damien Done's Bandcamp page on August 20, 2011. Moyal fully re-recorded the song in 2016 for *Charm Offensive*. The song's lyrics deal with someone going out into the real world, only to be consumed by self-doubt and feelings of inadequacy.

The album opener "The Freeze" was another early composition, recorded in November 2016, and first included on a limited edition USB split release with Nathaniel Shannon & The Vanishing Twin, to coincide with Damien Done's first concert at Detroit, Michigan's UFO Factory on December 21, 2016 The song was further developed and re-mixed before appearing on *Charm Offensive*. Moyal described the song as one of three pieces from the album that are piano-driven. He noted the story within the lyrics as an invitation to enter into a relationship with someone who is toxic; the context of which also serves as a false expectation for what is to come on the album, by offering a song different from the others.

"Things Are Going Great (Just You Wait)" was another song described by Moyal as piano-driven, and its lyrics warn that one should always live in constant fear of losing everything and a reminder that happiness and stability are delicate. "The Good Book" takes the narrative of an elder, narrow-minded, dying man in the rural south, who alienated his only son over religious beliefs. "Who's Gonna Believe You?" tells the story of a stranger passing through a small town, witnessing a crime, and later discovering that it is being covered up by the local officials.

"Angels Overlooking Him" was singled out by Moyal as a departure for Damien Done, experimenting with elements of doo-wop and Americana. The narrative recounts a poor boy falling in love with a rich girl from the other side of the tracks, of her father sending out goons to dissuade the boy, and of the boy ultimately finding out that the attraction was only one-sided.

The album closer, "Something on You", was described by Moyal as more subdued, minimal and experimental; the last of the three songs on the album to heavily feature piano, and a deliberate connection with the album opener, "The Freeze". The character in the lyrics is a blackmailer who is threatening to ruin another man's life, not for financial gain but for the pleasure of controlling the other individual. Moyal programmed a minimalist ticking beat to the song to give the impression that time was running out for the victim, yet deliberately left the story unresolved.

"Roof Access" was among the final batch of songs written for *Charm Offensive* in 2017. Moyal ranked it as one of his favorites from the release, breaking it down as energetic-yet-restrained, sleazy, cold and dark; all elements he wished to explore further with Damien Done. It is one of several songs on the album to delve into voyeurism, invasion and compulsion. The lyrics' plot involves a woman who becomes obsessed with man living in her apartment building, and who finds a way to sneak into his bedroom each night to watch him sleep and go through his personal belongings.

"Curious Thing" was the second-to-last song composed for the album, and explores further elements of compulsion and secrecy. The lyrics tell of a man who has partaken in an unspecified, but terrible crime and fears that his beloved wife is sure to find out. His suspecting wife begins to follow him and, at the risk of losing her, he invites her to discover what he has been up to.

"The Lord Fox" was the final song written for *Charm Offensive*. The tune came about when Moyal was nearly done mixing the release and realized that he disliked the last song left to mix, "The Taker". Not wanting to cut his album short, he quickly wrote "The Lord Fox" as a replacement, instantly recognizing that he was onto something special. In contrast to the story-line in "Curious Thing", "The Lord Fox" involves a womanizer who has completely dejected his wife. The narrative is, however, told from the wife's point of view, who sees no alternative but to poison her estranged husband in order to salvage her sanity.

Moyal performed and engineered nearly all of the material on *Charm Offensive* at his home studio in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This included lead and backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, synthesizers, piano, percussion, as well as the programming of digital drums and bass guitar. Moyal eventually re-recorded his vocal tracks for the song "Curious Thing" with producer Mike Hasty at Cloud City Studio in Garden City, Michigan (where Damien Done had previously recorded the single *He Really Tried / And Now the Rain* in February 2016). Moyal then sent the completed material for mixing to James Paul Wisner at Wisner Productions in St. Cloud, Florida, who wound up re-recording the programmed bass guitar parts with a real instrument, and also added new guitar textures. Moyal and Wisner co-produced the album together.

## Release and promotion

### Singles

With *Charm Offensive* completed in 2017, the band was signed to California-based record label Mind Over Matter Records. In August 2017, the record company announced that it would release a limited edition 7-inch single for the song "Curious Thing" on September 8, 2017, as a precursor to the album. A music video for "Curious Thing" was produced by Ann Arbor, Michigan-based film production company Three Goats Moving Pictures, which premiered on August 25, 2017, at the same time as pre-orders opened for the 7-inch vinyl single. The 7-inch record was limited and hand-numbered to 200 copies, available on a choice of black, clear or clear with black smoke colors. The 7-inch single's b-side included the Killing Joke cover "Primitive", which also had a music video (produced by Moyal), and which premiered on September 15, 2017.

*Charm Offensive*'s next single was "The Lord Fox", which was accompanied by an animated music video produced by Matthew Craft at Mammoth Colony. The music video premiered on January 13, 2018. On February 2, 2018, Mind Over Matter Records released the digital-only single "Who's Gonna Believe You?", though the band did not consider it an official single since no music video was produced. Three Goats Moving Pictures was again commissioned to produce a music video for "Roof Access", intended as a tie-in with the previously released "Curious Thing". Similar visual elements and characters were utilized in both music videos. The video for "Roof Access" premiered on February 16, 2018, which was originally planned as *Charm Offensive*'s release date, but that album was eventually delayed.

### Album delays and packaging

*Charm Offensive* was originally scheduled for release on February 16, 2018, by Mind Over Matter Records and with distribution in the United States through Deathwish Direct. However, delays at the vinyl pressing plant pushed back the physical edition of the album by more than two months. The test pressing was received on January 25, 2018, but the final order was not delivered back to the record label until April 26, 2018. The album was released digitally first, on March 2, 2018.

Mind Over Matter Records offered *Charm Offensive* in a wide variety of vinyl colors and packaging options. The album cover's photograph was taken by Nathaniel Shannon, and depicts a man wearing a ski mask, holding a bouquet of flowers, and sitting in a subway train between two women. Moyal explained the meaning behind the image as:

> In a lot of my songs, the protagonist (or antagonist... the line is often blurred) is living a double life, and often has innocent motives or intentions that are corrupted by something darker. In the case of the *Charm Offensive* cover, that idea of depravity and innocence working in unison takes the form of a love-struck stalker.

The rest of the album's design and layout was handled by Moyal, who is noted for executing his bands' album covers, while the extensive packaging options were developed between Moyal and Mind Over Matter Records' owner, Austin Kihn. The standard 12-inch vinyl was offered in a choice of two colors: purple with black splatter, or pink, white and dark blue mixed swirl. The test pressing was offered on black vinyl but with a different cover art, designed by Moyal, showing a hand creeping open blinds. A boxed edition, titled the Deluxe Creep Kit, offered the vinyl on a special clear with pink splatter color, and came packaged in a customized pizza box, with a blue tarp, a pair of black wool gloves, a black wool ski mask, a nylon chord and a Mind Over Matter Records sticker. Finally, Mind Over Matter Records also had customized Damien Done mailer boxes to ship the release, for all orders placed directly through the record label.

On May 25, 2018, Belgian record label Hypertension Records announced that it would release *Charm Offensive* on 12-inch vinyl for the European market. The Belgian edition was offered on purple-colored vinyl and included a download card with "Primitive" as a bonus track. The European version was released on August 10, 2018, to coincide with Damien Done's European tour, and was distributed by British company Shellshock. Hypertension Records also released a special tour-only edition of the album, which housed the 12-inch vinyl sleeve in a black satin bag, silkscreened by Lionel Arlen at Le 7e Oeil.

### Touring

Before *Charm Offensive* was completed, Moyal began recruiting band members to support him and enable Damien Done to play shows. Unfamiliar with the Michigan music scene (having grown up in Florida), Moyal initially had difficulty finding members. While in his past bands, Moyal usually worked as a co-songwriter with other members, he suddenly needed to find musicians who were willing to contribute strictly as a backing band, without creative input. In December 2016, Moyal finally found the members he was looking for, and Damien Done was completed with former Child Bite drummer Benjamin Moore, former Earthmover guitarist Andrew Dempz, and bass guitarist Laura Jane Leonard. Damien Done played its first show with its new line-up on December 21, 2016, at Detroit's UFO Factory.

Damien Done planned to play a record release show for *Charm Offensive* in early 2018, but it was ultimately cancelled when the vinyl kept being delayed. The band kicked off its nine-date European and British tour, which spanned August 10–18, 2018, with a performance at Ieperfest in Ypres, Belgium, followed by shows in Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria and England.

The band spent the remainder of 2018 playing shows around Michigan, in Ann Arbor (at The Blind Pig), Detroit, Ypsilanti and Hamtramck, opening for such artists as Helen Money and Street Sects and performing at the No Rest Festival, held at Trumbullplex. Further shows in promotion of the album were played in Michigan throughout 2019 and early 2020, in addition to Iron Festival in Newport, Kentucky, but things came to a halt with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Critical reception and recognition

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Casbah Records* | Positive |
| *CVLT Nation* | Positive |
| *Idioteq* | Positive |
| *Kerrang!* | Positive |
| *New Noise Magazine* | Positive |
| *No Echo* | Positive |
| *RMP Magazine* | Positive |
| *Slam Alternative Music Magazine* | Positive |

*Charm Offensive* and Damien Done received overall positive critical acclaim upon the album's release. In April 2018, *Slam Alternative Music Magazine* named it Album of the Month. Critics had difficulty categorizing the band's music into a single genre, but generally agreed with calling it dark post-punk, dark new wave, dark pop, and gothic rock. Others called it dark wave rock, doom-tinged rock 'n' roll, doom rock, gloom pop, gloom rock, dark folk rock, art rock, moody rock, decadent pop, and even cold wave.

Damien Done was compared to such acts as Billy Idol, Nick Cave, King Dude, Danzig, Iggy Pop, Tears for Fears, Echo & the Bennymen, Type O Negative, Interpol, and Grave Pleasures. The music was commonly described by the press as dark, with such accompanying adjectives as gloomy, brooding, bleak, sinister, moody, and seedy. It was also defined as bluesy, alluring, melodic, and addictive.

The production and general sound of the released was praised as lush. The songs and album were described as "voyeuristic tales", "moody fever dreams", "spooky love songs", "a thrilling ride into the unknown", "a lurching adventure", "a sensory immersive journey", and "a cohesive, well-charming collection", with "voyeuristic noir sensibility", and "a pulpy array of noir". Moyal's vocals were praised as "velvety crooning" and "haunting baritone".

## Track listing

All music and lyrics written by Moyal, except "Primitive". Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Freeze" | 3:35 |
| 2. | "Roof Access" | 4:32 |
| 3. | "When You Left Home" | 3:34 |
| 4. | "The Lord Fox" | 4:25 |
| 5. | "Curious Thing" | 3:33 |
| 6. | "Things Are Going Great (Just You Wait)" | 4:21 |
| 7. | "Angels Overlooking Him" | 3:59 |
| 8. | "Who's Gonna Believe You?" | 4:46 |
| 9. | "The Good Book" | 3:34 |
| 10. | "Something on You" | 4:56 |
| Total length: | | 41:15 |

European bonus track
| No. | Title | Music | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Primitive" |  | 3:41 |
| Total length: | | | 44:56 |

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Damien Done * Damien Moyal – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, synthesizers, piano, percussion, drum programming

Guest musicians * James Paul Wisner – bass guitar, additional guitar

Production * James Paul Wisner – recording engineer, mixer and producer at Wisner Productions
* Mike Hasty – "Curious Thing" vocals recording engineer at Cloud City Studio
* Damien Moyal – recording engineer, producer, artwork and packaging designer
* Nathaniel Shannon – photography
* Austin Kihn – design concept and packaging
* Lionel Arlen – screenprinting at Le 7e Oeil (Satin tour edition)

## Release history

Release formats for *Charm Offensive*
| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | January 25, 2018 | Mind Over Matter Records | LP (Test pressing edition) | MOM041 |
| | March 2, 2018 | | Digital | |
| | April 26, 2018 | | LP (Standard edition) | |
| | May 9, 2018 | | LP (Deluxe Creep Kit edition) | |
| Belgium | August 10, 2018 | Hypertension Records | LP (Standard edition) | HYPE032 |
| | | | LP (Satin tour edition) | |
|

## InfoBox

| Charm Offensive | |
| --- | --- |
| *Charm Offensive* standard cover art. | |
| Studio album by Damien Done | |
| Released | March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) |
| Recorded | 2016 (2016)–2017 (2017) |
| Studio | * Wisner Productions, St. Cloud, Florida * Cloud City Studio, Garden City, Michigan |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 41:15 |
| Label | Mind Over Matter |
| Producer |  |
| Damien Done chronology | |
| *Stay Black*<br>(2016) ***Charm Offensive***<br>(2018) *Baby, Don't Hearse Me*<br>(2019) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Charm Offensive* | |
| 1. "Curious Thing"<br>Released: August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) 2. "The Lord Fox"<br>Released: January 13, 2018 (2018-01-13) 3. "Roof Access"<br>Released: February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16) | |
| Test pressing cover art | |
|  | |
| *Charm Offensive* test pressing cover art. | |
|  | |
| Deluxe Creep Kit edition cover art | |
|  | |
| *Charm Offensive* Deluxe Creep Kit edition cover art. | |
|  | |
| Tour edition cover art | |
|  | |
| *Charm Offensive* satin tour edition cover art. | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Dodanduwa

abstract:
Dodanduwa is a small coastal town situated in Galle District, Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Dodanduwa is known for a Buddhist Island Hermitage where monks follow the strict Sri Lankan Forest Tradition. The town is located approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north of Galle and 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of Colombo.
Prior to the Second World War, Dodanduwa was known as the commercial centre for Salt Fish or Jaadi.

text:
# Dodanduwa

**Dodanduwa** is a small coastal town situated in Galle District, Southern Province of Sri Lanka.

Dodanduwa is known for a Buddhist Island Hermitage where monks follow the strict Sri Lankan Forest Tradition (meditation and loneliness).

The town is located approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) north of Galle and 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of Colombo. Prior to the Second World War, Dodanduwa was known as the commercial centre for Salt Fish or Jaadi.

## Transport

### Road

Located on the A2 highway (Colombo-Galle-Hambantota-Wellawaya) a part of the Colombo-Galle road.

### Rail

Dodanduwa railway station is the 45th station on the Coastal Line and is located 101.5 km (63.1 mi) from Colombo. The station, constructed in 1900, has one platform and all non-express trains running on the Coastal Line stop at the station.

## Education

The Sri Piyaratana School at Dodanduwa is the first Buddhist School in the country, and was inaugurated by Sri Piyaratana Tissa Mahanayake Thero in 1869.

## Buddhist temples

* Island Hermitage
* Shailabimbarama Maha Viharaya
* Morakola Gangarama Temple
* Kumarakanda Maha Viharaya
* Rajarama Purana Viharaya

## InfoBox

| Dodanduwa | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Forest monks's chapter hall (to Island Hermitage) | |
| DodanduwaLocation in Sri Lanka | |
| Coordinates: 6°5′48″N 80°8′44″E / 6.09667°N 80.14556°E / 6.09667; 80.14556 | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Southern Province |
| District | Galle District |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 6,200 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time) |


title: Tongue cleaner

abstract: A tongue cleaner is an oral hygiene device designed to clean the coating on the upper surface of the tongue. While there is tentative benefit from the use of a tongue cleaner it is insufficient to draw clear conclusions regarding bad breath. The large surface area and lingual papilla are anatomical features of the tongue that promote tongue coating by retaining microorganisms and oral debris consisting of food, saliva and dead epithelial cells. Tongue cleaning is done less often than tooth brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash.

text:
# Tongue cleaner

A **tongue cleaner** (also called a **tongue scraper** or **tongue brush**) is an oral hygiene device designed to clean the coating on the upper surface of the tongue. While there is tentative benefit from the use of a tongue cleaner it is insufficient to draw clear conclusions regarding bad breath.

The large surface area and lingual papilla are anatomical features of the tongue that promote tongue coating by retaining microorganisms and oral debris consisting of food, saliva and dead epithelial cells. Tongue cleaning is done less often than tooth brushing, flossing, and using mouthwash.

## Health effects

### Breath

While there is tentative benefit from the use of a tongue cleaner it is insufficient to draw clear conclusions with respect to bad breath.

Some studies have shown that it is the bacteria on the tongue which often produce malodorous compounds and fatty acids that may account for 80% to 85% of all cases of bad breath. The remaining 15% to 20% of cases originate in the stomach, from the tonsils, from decaying food stuck between the teeth, gum disease, dental caries (cavities or tooth decay) or plaque accumulated on the teeth. In addition, degradation of oral debris by microorganisms produce organosulfur compounds (volatile sulphur compounds) on the posterior (rear) of the tongue.

### Aesthetics

The tongue is normally pink in appearance. It may acquire a white or colored coating due to diet, reduced salivary flow, reduced oral hygiene or tongue anatomy. The thickness of the tongue coating can also vary. Tongue cleaning can reduce this coating to make it cleaner and to help return it to its natural pink color.

### Dental caries and periodontal disease

The tongue surface can be a reservoir for tooth pathogens and periodontal pathogens. It can contribute to the recolonization of tooth surfaces. People with periodontal disease are more likely to have a thicker tongue coating and a microbial flora that produces more volatile sulphur compounds compared to those who have healthy periodontal tissues. Tongue cleaning might help to reduce halitosis, dental caries and periodontal disease.

## Side effects

Tongue cleaning can cause discomfort. Improper use of a tongue cleaner may induce the gag reflex and/or vomiting. Aggressive use of a tongue cleaner may also cause irritation or ulcers. Some people have inappropriately used the tongue cleaner to scrape or brush the lingual tonsils (tongue tonsils).

There has been one reported case where a woman possibly had infective endocarditis from bacteremia following the use of a tongue cleaner. Individuals with previous infective endocarditis and high-risk cardiac valves may be at a higher risk from bacteremia.

## History

Ayurveda, the practice of traditional Indian medicine, recommends tongue cleaning as part of one's daily hygiene regimen, to remove the toxic debris, known as Ama. Tongue cleaning has existed in Ayurvedic practice since ancient times, using tongue scrapers made from copper, silver, gold, tin or brass. In modern time, plastic scrapers are used in India and the Far East.

Tongue hygiene has been practiced for centuries in Africa, Arabia, Europe, South America and many eastern and oriental cultures. The various materials used for tongue cleaners include thin flexible wood sections, metals, ivory, mother-of-pearl, whalebone, celluloid, tortoiseshell, and plastic.

Western civilizations placed less emphasis on tongue cleaning. Between the 15th and 19th century, tongue cleaning was primarily practiced by those who were affluent. It was recorded in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries that Romans also performed tongue cleaning. In the 20th century, a wide variety of tongue cleaning devices came on the commercial market.

## Types

The top surface of the tongue can be cleaned using a tongue cleaner, a tongue brush/scraper or a toothbrush. However, toothbrushes are not considered as effective for this purpose because they have a smaller width and are designed for brushing teeth, which have a solid structure unlike the spongy tissue of the tongue. This can reduce its ability to remove debris and microorganisms. Some toothbrush designs have projections on the back of their heads to act as a tongue cleaner.

Ergonomic tongue cleaners are shaped in accordance with the anatomy of the tongue, and are optimized to lift and trap the plaque coating and effectively clean the surface of the tongue. There are many different types of tongue cleaners. They can be plastic or metal straps, plastic and/or small brush bristles that form "rakes" or circular devices with handles. Their effectiveness varies depending on the shape, dimensions, configuration, quality of the contact surfaces and materials used. Tongue cleaners are mostly inexpensive, small, easy to clean and durable.


title: Rhadinaea decorata

abstract: Rhadinaea decorata, the adorned graceful brown snake, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is found in Central and South America.

text:
# Rhadinaea decorata

***Rhadinaea decorata***, the **adorned graceful brown snake**, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is found in Central and South America.

## InfoBox

| *Rhadinaea decorata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Rhadinaea* |
| Species: | ***R. decorata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhadinaea decorata***
(Günther, 1858) | |
|