title: Queen's University Faculty of Law

abstract: The Queen's University Faculty of Law is a professional faculty of Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. According to the 2013 Maclean's Magazine Law School Rankings, Queen's is tied for third among law schools in Canada. While the tradition of legal education at Queen's University heralds back nearly 150 years in 1861, the law school as it currently exists was officially established in 1957. Past and current professors at Queen's such as William Lederman, Toni Pickard, Gary Trotter, Allan Manson, Nick Bala and Don Stuart are routinely cited in Supreme Court of Canada and other appellate decisions. As consultants, advisors, and project directors, Queen's Law professors have made substantial contributions to various provincial and national law commissions, as well as national and international organizations. Queen's Law School is housed in Sir John A. Macdonald Hall. The building was inaugurated by Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker in 1960, and was completely renovated in 2003. It houses the William R. Lederman Law Library, named after the former dean and respected scholar, which contains over 150,000 legal volumes.

text:
# Queen's University Faculty of Law

The **Queen's University Faculty of Law** is a professional faculty of Queen's University at Kingston in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. According to the 2013 Maclean's Magazine Law School Rankings, Queen's is tied for third among law schools in Canada.

While the tradition of legal education at Queen's University heralds back nearly 150 years in 1861, the law school as it currently exists was officially established in 1957. Past and current professors at Queen's such as William Lederman, Toni Pickard, Gary Trotter, Allan Manson, Nick Bala and Don Stuart are routinely cited in Supreme Court of Canada and other appellate decisions. As consultants, advisors, and project directors, Queen's Law professors have made substantial contributions to various provincial and national law commissions, as well as national and international organizations.

Queen's Law School is housed in Sir John A. Macdonald Hall. The building was inaugurated by Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker in 1960, and was completely renovated in 2003. It houses the William R. Lederman Law Library, named after the former dean and respected scholar, which contains over 150,000 legal volumes.

## History

| University rankings | |
| --- | --- |
| Global rankings | |
| Canadian rankings | |

The first faculty of law at Queen's University was established in 1861, two years later awarding its first honorary Doctor of Laws degree to John A. Macdonald who would go on to serve as Canada's first Prime Minister. The first Dean of Law, Alexander Campbell, was also a "Father of Confederation". This early faculty only lasted a few years and efforts were made to revive the law school in 1880 although, again, after graduating a number of students the law school closed after a number of years largely because the Law Society of Upper Canada refused to recognize degrees awarded outside of Osgoode Hall. The modern law school was founded in 1957 with James Corry, Stuart Ryan and Daniel Soberman as the founding members of the faculty. In 1958, William Lederman, the pre-eminent constitutional law scholar of his era, became the first dean of the new law school.

Prime Minister Macdonald, a Scottish immigrant, settled in Kingston where he practiced as a lawyer. While in office, he led the Confederation effort, persuaded three provinces to join Canada, dissuaded American expansionism, and promoted unity between Canada's linguistic and religious factions. In honour of Macdonald's significant contributions to the foundation of Canada, the law building was originally named Macdonald Hall. The name was changed in 2020 amid concerns about Macdonald's role in the establishment of the Canadian Indian residential school system.

Queen's Law continues to be a unique institution within the Canadian legal academic environment by, for instance, running the only Canadian legal study abroad program at the Queen's University campus at Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, England. The funnest graduating year was 1999.

The Faculty of Law of Queen's University at Kingston's Arms were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on April 20, 2007. The crest of Queen's University's Faculty of Law consists of a sword and the scales of justice superimposed on the Cross of St. Andrew. Professor Stuart Ryan, one of the law school's founding faculty members, gave the school its motto – Soit Droit Fait. The phrase has a double meaning. It is a statement of the power and creative potential inherent in the law that was used by medieval kings when assenting to bills passed by Parliament – "let the law be made." It is also an expression of the commitment to justice and decency implicit in the ideal of legality – "let right be done."

## Academics

### Admissions

Most accepted applicants have completed a four-year university program. The preference is to accept those applicants who have an honours undergraduate degree, and many admitted students have attained graduate degrees as well. Acceptance into Queen's Law is highly competitive, with about 2,400 applicants vying for around 160 positions. The average LSAT score of accepted applicants is 163 and the average undergraduate GPA is 3.8 in the general category.

The Faculty Board and Queen's University Senate voted to change the LL.B. degree to a Juris Doctor (J.D.) designation to reflect the fact that the vast majority of Queen's Faculty of Law's graduates enter the program with at least one university degree.

### Joint degrees

The faculty of law at Queen's University currently offers a Juris Doctor program (J.D.) and a graduate program in law (LL.M.). In addition, combined degree programs include a Master of Industrial Relations (M.I.R.), Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.), Master of Arts in economics (M.A.) and a Queen's School of Business Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.). The faculty of law also has a doctoral program.

### Clinical programs

Practical experience is a major component of legal education at Queen's, with mandatory advocacy courses and a large proportion of the student body being engaged in one of the school's five pro bono legal clinics: Queen's Legal Aid, the Prison Law Clinic, the Queen's Business Law Clinic, Queen's Elder Law Clinic, and Queen's Family Law Clinic. The Clinics are located a short distance from the Queen's campus in downtown Kingston. In these programs students gain practical legal training and experience in the realm of social justice and advocacy. Queen's Law is the only university in Canada with a prison law clinic.

### International opportunities

Queen's Law also offers exchange programs, visiting scholars and guest lecturers from law schools and legal institutions around the world, and the International Law Spring Program at the International Study Centre (ISC) at Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, England.

The International Law Spring Program at Herstmonceaux Castle offers an academic program in international law taught by practitioners and academics from around the world. The international law certificate program is split into three streams: International Public Law, International Business Law and Comparative International Law, and is open to accredited law schools in Canada and the United States and international universities with which Queen's is an exchange partner.

Taking advantage of the ISC's location, the International Law Spring Program includes a number of field trips to international institutions in Europe including the World Trade Organization in Geneva, the Canadian Mission to the European Union in Brussels, the International Criminal Tribunal in the Hague, the United Nations Office in Geneva, and the OECD in Paris, among other key institutions.

## Alumni

Notable Queen's Faculty of Law alumni include:

## Faculty

* William Lederman – OC (January 6, 1916 – July 26, 1992) was a Canadian constitutional scholar and the first dean of Queen's University Faculty of Law.
* Ardi Imseis, UNSC Member of the Group of Eminent Experts on Yemen
* Noah Weisbord - Leading Scholar in International Criminal Law
* Darryl Robinson - Leading Scholar in International Criminal Law

44°13′39″N 76°29′49″W / 44.2275°N 76.49690°W / 44.2275; -76.49690

## InfoBox

Faculty of Law
| Coat of Arms of the Faculty of Law | |
| --- | --- |
| Motto | Soit Droit Fait |
| Motto in English | Let Right Be Done |
| Type | Faculty (law school) |
| Established | 1861 (1861) |
| Affiliation | Queen's University at Kingston |
| Dean | Colleen M. Flood |
| Academic staff | 82.5 |
| Students | 496 |
| Location | Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
| Website | law.queensu.ca |


title: The Apportionment of Human Diversity

abstract: "The Apportionment of Human Diversity" is a 1972 paper on racial categorisation by American evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin. In it, Lewontin presented an analysis of genetic diversity amongst people from different conventionally-defined races. His main finding, that there is more genetic variation within these populations than between them, is considered a landmark in the study of human genetic variation and contributed to the abandonment of race as a scientific concept.

text:
# The Apportionment of Human Diversity

"**The Apportionment of Human Diversity**" is a 1972 paper on racial categorisation by American evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin. In it, Lewontin presented an analysis of genetic diversity amongst people from different conventionally-defined races. His main finding, that there is more genetic variation within these populations than between them, is considered a landmark in the study of human genetic variation and contributed to the abandonment of race as a scientific concept.

## Background

By the 1960s, anthropologists such as Frank B. Livingstone had concluded that "there are no races, there are only clines" – smooth gradients of genetic variation in a species across its geographic range. Lewontin's mentor Theodosius Dobzhansky challenged this, arguing that there are human discrete populations that can be distinguished by differences in the frequency of genetic traits, which he called races. At that time the debate was largely semantic, stemming from their different ideas about what race is and how it would be manifested in humans genetics. The evidence that was available to Livingstone and Dobzhansky was mostly limited to qualitative observations of phenotypes thought to express genetic variation (e.g. skin colour). This changed over the course of the 1960s, as new techniques began to produce direct evidence for genetic variation in humans at a molecular level. By 1972, when Dobzhansky invited Lewontin to contribute to his edited volume of *Evolutionary Biology*, Lewontin felt that there was sufficient data to look at the problem anew, from a "firm quantitative basis":

> And so I thought, 'Well, we've got enough of this data, let's see what it tells us about the differences between human groups'. And so I just looked into the literature, and that literature was in books and so on. \[...\] One day I was going to give a lecture, I think it was in Carbondale, Illinois, or somewhere south. I was working in Chicago at the time. So I took a couple of these books with me and a pad of paper, and a table of logarithms which I needed for this purpose, and a little hand calculator, and I sat on this bus trip for three or four hours looking at the books, picking out the data, looking it up in the table of logarithms, doing a calculation, and writing it down in tables. And when I got back after the round trip I had all the data I needed to write the paper about how much human genetic variation there was, and so I did it.
>
> Richard Lewontin, in an interview in 2003.

Lewontin had been interested in using quantitative methods to assess taxonomic categories for some time before 1972. Over a decade earlier, palaeontologist George Gaylord Simpson had invited him to co-author a second edition of his textbook *Quantitative Zoology* (1960), and Lewontin added a chapter on the analysis of variance. In it, he illustrated how this approach could be used distinguish geographically distinct races with the example of *Drosophila persimilis*, a species of fruit fly. Though the method was similar to that he would later apply to human genetic variation, he reached the opposite conclusion: there was much greater genetic variance between geographic populations than between individual fruit flies, so there was a reasonable basis for distinguishing taxonomic races. Foreshadowing his later work on human genetic variation, he also emphasised that, because there will always be measurable differences between any two populations, it is the degree of difference compared to other axes of variation that will determine whether a grouping is biologically significant. "The Apportionment of Human Diversity" was published in an volume dedicated to Simpson, perhaps prompting Lewontin to recall this previous work.

## Findings

Lewontin performed a statistical analysis of the fixation index (*F*ST) in populations drawn from seven classically-defined "races" (Caucasian, African, Mongoloid, South Asian Aborigines, Amerinds, Oceanians, and Australian Aborigines). At that time, direct sequence data from the human genome was not sufficiently available, so he instead used 17 indirect markers, including blood group proteins. Lewontin found that the majority of the total genetic variation between humans (i.e., of the 0.1% of DNA that varies between individuals), 85.4%, is found within populations, 8.3% of the variation is found between populations within a "race", and only 6.3% was found to account for the racial classification. Numerous later studies have confirmed his findings. Based on this analysis, Lewontin concluded, "Since such racial classification is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance either, no justification can be offered for its continuance."

## Legacy

Many subsequent studies confirmed Lewontin's main finding.

The paper was not frequently cited in the years following its publication.

Fifty years after its publication, the paper was found to be frequently referenced in social media. In particular, Twitter users associated with far-right politics commonly used the term "Lewontin's fallacy" (referencing A. W. F. Edwards' 2003 critique of Lewontin, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy") as a rhetorical device to dismiss scientific arguments against biological race. Commenting on the enduring significance afforded to Lewontin's paper in far-right and white nationalist discourse, geneticists Jedidiah Carlson and Kelley Harris proposed that "rejection of Lewontin's interpretation has become a tenet of white nationalist ideology".

In 2022, a special issue of the journal *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences* was published with the theme "Celebrating 50 years since Lewontin's apportionment of human diversity", and a section of the book *Remapping Race in a Global Context* was devoted to discussing Lewontin's paper and defending it against Edwards' critique.


title: Sideridis uscripta

abstract: Sideridis uscripta is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Sideridis uscripta is 10261.

text:
# Sideridis uscripta

***Sideridis uscripta*** is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for *Sideridis uscripta* is 10261.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Sideridis uscripta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Noctuidae |
| Tribe: | Hadenini |
| Genus: | *Sideridis* |
| Species: | ***S. uscripta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sideridis uscripta***<br>(Smith, 1891) | |
|


title: Selam Dengesiz

abstract: Selam Dengesiz is the second studio album by Turkish singer Ayşe Hatun Önal. It was released on 17 February 2017 by Sony Music Entertainment and Epic Records. Following the release of her first studio album Sustuysam in 2008, Önal went on a hiatus until 2014 when she released the single "Çak Bir Selam" and changed her style from electronic music to pop. Her second studio album features a variety of pop and dance songs. The name of the album is a mixture of the title of two songs: "Çak Bir Selam" and "Dengesiz". A music video for the lead single "Olay", was released together with the album.

text:
# Selam Dengesiz

***Selam Dengesiz*** (*Salute Unbalanced*) is the second studio album by Turkish singer Ayşe Hatun Önal. It was released on 17 February 2017 by Sony Music Entertainment and Epic Records. Following the release of her first studio album *Sustuysam* in 2008, Önal went on a hiatus until 2014 when she released the single "Çak Bir Selam" and changed her style from electronic music to pop. Her second studio album features a variety of pop and dance songs.

The name of the album is a mixture of the title of two songs: "Çak Bir Selam" and "Dengesiz". A music video for the lead single "Olay", was released together with the album.

## Background

Ayşe Hatun Önal released the electro house *Sustuysam* in April 2008, together with a music video for one of its songs, after which she rejected Sony Music's offer of making a second music video and did not release any songs until 2014 when she released the single "Çak Bir Selam". She later explained the reason in an interview in 2014: "The album had made me very tired. I did not want to do anything at that moment. I said that the songs would find their way anyway, and just disappeared."

## Lyrics and composition

*Selam Dengesiz* consists of ten songs and six remixed songs. The songs were written by İsra Gülümser, Gülşah Tütüncü, Gülhan, Onur Özdemir and Alper Narman. The other six alternative versions were prepared by İskender Paydaş, Erdem Kınay, Gürsel Çelik, Kaan Gökman, Osman Çetin and Sezer Uysal. The album's first song "Dengesiz" was written by İsra Gülümser. Its lead single "Olay" was written by Gülümsere as well, and for this song Önal worked with producer Mahmut Orhan for the first time. Ayşe Hatun Önal, talked about her collaboration with Gülümsere, saying: "There are two songs written by İsra. For a year I made her write these lyrics. I sat with her for six months and told her my life story, wishing that it would be a source of inspiration". The album's fourth song "Dur Dünyam" was written and composed by Ayşe Hatun Önal. Önal later discussed the song's writing process: "I wrote it 5 years ago. When I listen to a non-verbal music, a timbre catches my attention and I start writing. In general, the story is told to the composers and they make the songs. Those whom we call fabricators have solved the mathematics of this work and do it according to mathematics. I don't want to learn that math specifically. Because then there will be no feelings in my works. ‘Kalbe Ben’ and ‘Dur Dünyam’ were the story of my life and the lyrics came out from my inside at once." The fifth song "Devran" was written by Gülhan and Gürsel Çelik. Önal later said that she "found the song not suitable for herself". The sixth song "Sirenler" was written by Onur Özdemir and released before the album as a promotional single. The seventh song "Cehennem" was also written by Onur Özdemir together with Alper Narman, and it was arranged by İskender Paydaş.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Composer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Dengesiz" | İsra Gülümser | * Amr Mostafa * Ayman Bahgat |  |
| 2. | "Beyaz Atletli" | Gülşah Tütüncü | Tütüncü | 2:57 |
| 3. | "Olay" | Gülümser | Ahmed Salah Hosny | 3:29 |
| 4. | "Dur Dünyam" | Ayşe Hatun Önal | Önal | 3:17 |
| 5. | "Devran" | Gülhan | Gürsel Çelik | 3:28 |
| 6. | "Sirenler" |  | * Özdemir * Narman | 3:26 |
| 7. | "Cehennem" | * Özdemir * Narman | * Özdemir * Narman | 3:14 |
| 8. | "Güm Güm" (feat. Onurr) | * Önal * Özdemir * Narman | * Önal * Özdemir * Narman | 3:45 |
| 9. | "Çak Bir Selam" (Gurcell Style Mix) | * Özdemir * Narman | * Özdemir * Narman | 3:31 |
| 10. | "Şeytan Tüyü" | * Önal * Özdemir * Narman | * Önal * Özdemir * Narman | 3:25 |
| 11. | "Dengesiz" (İskender Paydaş Version) | Gülümser | * Mostafa * Bahgat | 4:51 |
| 12. | "Beyaz Atletli" (Gülşah Tütüncü & Kaan Gökman Version) | Tütüncü | Tütüncü | 3:28 |
| 13. | "Olay" (Erdem Kınay Version) | Gülümser | Hosny | 3:47 |
| 14. | "Dur Dünyam" (Sezer Uysal Remix) | Önal | Önal | 5:52 |
| 15. | "Sirenler" (Aerro Version) | * Özdemir * Narman | * Özdemir * Narman | 3:40 |
| 16. | "Cehennem" (Gürsel Çelik Version) | * Özdemir * Narman | * Özdemir * Narman | 2:57 |
| Total length: | | | | 59:31 |

## Personnel

Credits adapted from *Selam Dengesiz* album booklet.

* Ayşe Hatun Önal - vocals, songwriter (4, 8, 10), composer (4, 8, 10)
* İsra Gülümser - songwriter (1, 3)
* Gülşah Tütüncü - songwriter (2), composer (2), backing vocals (2)
* Ayman Bahgat - composer (1)
* Amr Mostafa - composer (1)
* Ahmed Salah Hosny - composer (3)
* Gülhan - songwriter (5), composer (5)
* Alper Narman - songwriter (6, 7, 8, 9, 10), composer (6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
* Onur Özdemir - songwriter (6, 7, 8, 9, 10), composer (6, 7, 8, 9, 10), vocals (8), backing vocals (8, 9)
* İskender Paydaş - arrangement (1, 7), keyboard and key instruments (1, 7), mixing (1), rhythm programming (1, 7), synthesizer (1, 7)
* Gürsel Çelik - arrangement (2, 5, 8, 9, 10), entry (8), interim entry (9), songwriter (10), composer (10)
* Mahmut Orhan - arrangement (3, 4), recording (3, 4), mixing (3, 4)
* Osman Çetin - arrangement (6)
* Gündem Yaylı Grubu - string instruments (1)
* Mehmet Akatay - percussion (2, 8)
* Ali Yılmaz - stringed authentic instruments (2, 8)
* Eyüp Hamiş - wind instruments (2, 8)
* Gültekin Kaçar - guitar (2, 8, 10), acoustic guitar (9), electric guitar (9)
* Aslıhan Batur - violin (3)
* Aytaç Kart - guitar (4)
* İstanbul Strings - violin (6)
* Caner Güneysu - guitar (6)
* Aycan Teztel - trombone (7)
* Şenova Ülker - trumpet (7)
* Tevfik Kulak Band - brass instruments (9)
* Cüneyt Karayalçın - bass guitar (10)
* Su Soley - backing vocals (1)
* Pınar Çubukçu - backing vocals (5, 9, 10)
* Gaye Biçer - backing vocals (7)
* Serkan Özyurt - recording (1, 7), record editing (1), mixing (1, 7), acoustic guitar (7)
* Özgür Yurtoğlu - mixing (2, 5, 8, 9, 10)
* İlker Bayraktar - recording (5, 8, 10), recording engineer (2, 9)
* Özgün Saatçioğlu - recording (5, 10)
* Emre Kıral - mastering (6)
* Altay Ekren - mixing (6)

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkey | 17 February 2017 |  |  |  |
| | | | Worldwide |  |
| Turkey | 21 February 2017 | | CD |  |

## InfoBox

| Selam Dengesiz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Ayşe Hatun Önal | |
| Released | 17 February 2017 |
| Studio | * Ozinga Production * Stüdyo Daire |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 59:31 |
| Label |  |
| Ayşe Hatun Önal chronology | |
| *Sustuysam*
(2008) ***Selam Dengesiz***
(2017) | |


title: LOL (video game)

abstract: Archime DS LOL, known in Europe as Bakushow and in Japan as Archime DS, is a Nintendo DS video game. The game was published by Skip Ltd. in Japan, Agetec in North America, and Rising Star Games in Europe. Developed by a group of five people headed by Kenichi Nishi, LOL is a multiplayer game implemented with a PictoChat-like interface in which a host player asks a question, requiring others to write or draw their answers on the DS touchscreen. The developers refer to LOL as a "comedy-training" game with the tagline of the game being "If you think this game is boring, you are boring." LOL received largely mixed reviews by critics upon its release.

text:
# LOL (video game)

***LOL*** (full title: ***LOL: Never Party Alone!***), known in Europe as ***Bakushow*** and in Japan as ***Archime DS*** (アルキメＤＳ, *Arukime DS*), is a Nintendo DS video game. The game was published by Skip Ltd. in Japan, Agetec in North America, and Rising Star Games in Europe.

Developed by a group of five people headed by Kenichi Nishi, *LOL* is a multiplayer game implemented with a PictoChat-like interface in which a host player asks a question, requiring others to write or draw their answers on the DS touchscreen.

The developers refer to *LOL* as a "comedy-training" game with the tagline of the game being "If you think this game is boring, you are boring." *LOL* received largely mixed reviews by critics upon its release.

## Gameplay

The gameplay of *LOL* is centered around being as "imaginative, clever and amusing with your friends as possible". The game is multiplayer only, requiring between two and four players to participate. Although each player must have their own Nintendo DS, only one copy of the game is needed. In the game the host asks a question or tell the others to draw something and all the players have to write or draw that which is asked within a time limit. For example, the host may ask the players "What does M.B.E. stand for?" or "Why the heck are we playing this game?"

A copy tool can then be used by the host to begin drawing or writing something, allowing the other players to finish the partially drawn image or written word as their answers. After all players have answered, each player votes on which answer or image is the funniest. Each player has three votes and can also vote once for themselves. There is no penalty for voting for oneself.

## Development

*LOL* was developed by a group of five people at Route24. The game was designed by former Skip vice president Kenichi Nishi, best known for directing *Giftpia* and *Chibi-Robo!*, and, before these, the similarly-named (but unrelated) *L.O.L. Lack of love*. *LOL* was programmed by Fumihiro Kanaya, who worked on two of Skip's *bit Generations* titles. The game's artwork was done by hikarin and its music was composed by Hirofumi Taniguchi. The game was made under a very low budget without the staff being paid for it, apart from their regular jobs. Their goal was to make the game as simple as possible.

Nishi announced in 2004 that he and Skip were working on a game for the Nintendo DS, but shortly thereafter retracted the statement. It is unknown if *LOL* was the project. In April 2006, Nishi announced the game under the working title "LOL DS", which was officially titled *Archime DS* in Japan one year later. The Japanese title of the game comes from Archimedes, a Greek mathematician. The localized versions of the game are almost identical to the original Japanese version, with only the menu text and voices of the game's onscreen characters being changed. In North America, the game was initially sold exclusively through Agetec's website.

## Reception

Critics were polarized by the game in their reviews. It received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. *IGN* positively noted, "What *LOL* offers is very simple, but it has the potential to be very entertaining." *GamePro* also found the game enjoyable, but admitted that it became somewhat monotonous after a certain amount of time. *Official Nintendo Magazine* called it "the very definition of a cheap and cheerful game—perfect for those whose wit is as sharp as their stylus."

Other publications were very critical of the game, many of which agreed that the game offered very little despite its budget price. *Eurogamer* questioned why players would spend money on it when PictoChat exists for free. *Game Informer* exclaimed, "Congratulations, you just spent $20 on 10 minutes of gameplay!" They also claimed "This game is already available for free on any DS. It's called PictoChat." The Norwegian newspaper *Dagbladet* was so disappointed with the game that they gave it the lowest score available and threw the game cartridge into a microwave oven, destroying it.

The game was a nominee for "Best Local Multiplayer Game" by *IGN* in its 2008 video game awards.

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2. "Archime-DS: How to Play". *Skip Ltd.* Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
3. Yip, Spencer (April 10, 2008). "Let's look at LOL with Agetec". *Siliconera*. Gamurs. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
4. Alexander, Patrick (March 14, 2008). "Feature: Kenichi Nishi and Archime-DS Interview (Part One)". *Eegra*. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
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7. Kohler, Chris (April 10, 2007). "Archime-DS: New DS Game From Chibi-Robo Makers". *Wired*. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
8. Riley, Adam (May 3, 2007). "Kenichi Nishi on Archime-DS". *Cubed3*. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
9. Hatfield, Daemon (June 9, 2008). "LOL Review". *IGN*. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2024.
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11. Lyon, James (October 29, 2008). "DS Roundup (Page 3)". *Eurogamer*. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
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17. Cook, Mike (September 19, 2008). "Bakushow". *Pocket Gamer*. Steel Media Ltd. Archived from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
18. Williams, Jordan (July 19, 2008). "LOL: Never Party Alone (DS) Review". *411Mania*. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
19. Oxford, Nadia (August 2008). "Review: LOL". *GamePro*. No. 239. IDG. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
20. Fossum, Erik (September 19, 2008). "Hva skjer når du putter et spill i mikroen?". *Dagbladet* (in Norwegian). Aller Media. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
21. "Best of 2008: DS (Best Local Multiplayer Game)". *IGN*. IGN Entertainment. December 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008.

## InfoBox

| LOL: Never Party Alone! | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Route24 |
| Publisher(s) |  |
| Designer(s) | Kenichi Nishi |
| Composer(s) | Hirofumi Taniguchi |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo DS |
| Release | * JP: July 19, 2007 * NA: May 30, 2008 * EU: July 4, 2008 |
| Genre(s) | Party |
| Mode(s) | Multiplayer |


title: Eucidaris metularia

abstract: Eucidaris metularia, the ten-lined urchin, is a species of sea urchins in the family Cidaridae. It is found in shallow parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean and is characterised by its sparse covering of banded, flat-tipped spines.

text:
# Eucidaris metularia

***Eucidaris metularia***, the **ten-lined urchin**, is a species of sea urchins in the family Cidaridae. It is found in shallow parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean and is characterised by its sparse covering of banded, flat-tipped spines.

## Description

*Eucidaris metularia* is a primitive species of sea urchin and comes from an ancient lineage that has hardly changed over the past 150 million years. The test is robust and somewhat flattened and up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter. The ambulacra are almost straight and have horizontal pairs of pores. The primary spines are few in number, stout with a truncated tip and distinctively banded. The secondary spines surround the primaries and are more numerous, much smaller and flattened.

## Distribution and habitat

*Eucidaris metularia* is found in shallow parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Its range includes the Red Sea, East Africa, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Aldabra and Chagos and extends as far east as Fiji, Hawaii, Japan, and northern Australia. It is a common species among seagrasses and in rocky back-reef lagoons, usually in shallow water, but sometimes at depths of down to 500 metres (1,600 ft). It also occurs under rocks and in crevices.

## Biology

The spines of *Eucidaris metularia* help it to avoid predation and are also used for moving across the sea bed. They often have bits of seaweed adhering to them which provides camouflage. This sea urchin feeds on algae, including coralline algae, and scavenges for organic detritus which it chews up with its powerful jaws. It also feeds on sponges, bryozoans and other small invertebrates.

Sea urchins release their gametes into the sea where external fertilization takes place. The larvae are planktonic and drift with the currents. The larvae of *Eucidaris metularia* and other members of the genus *Eucidaris* have distinctive fleshy lobes which enables them to be distinguished from other echinoid larvae. At metamorphosis, which takes place after the larvae have settled on the seabed, the rearrangement of tissues is much less extensive in these primitive species than is the case in more advanced echinoids.

## Research

*Eucidaris metularia* was one of several sea urchins used in research designed to examine the feasibility of using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging technology to study internal anatomy. MRI was found to be a useful tool for comparative studies of the morphology of echinoids which extended the range of techniques available for use without destroying the specimen.

## InfoBox

| *Eucidaris metularia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Cidaroida |
| Family: | Cidaridae |
| Genus: | *Eucidaris* |
| Species: | ***E. metularia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucidaris metularia***<br>(Lamarck, 1816) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cidaris (Dorocidaris) metularia* (Lamarck, 1816) * *Cidaris (Eucidaris) metularia* (Lamarck, 1816) * *Cidaris (Gymnocidaris) metularia* (Lamarck, 1816) * *Cidaris mauri* Lambert & Thiéry, 1910 * *Cidaris metularia* (Lamarck, 1816) * *Cidarites metularia* Lamarck, 1816 * *Gymnocidaris metularia* (Lamarck, 1816) * *Gymnocidaris minor* Agassiz, 1863 | |


title: Butterfield, Illinois

abstract: Butterfield is an unincorporated community spanning Milton Township and York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, United States. Butterfield is located north of Butterfield Road, west of Finley Road, south of 22nd Street, and east of the East Branch of the DuPage River. It is nestled in between the communities of Glen Ellyn, Downers Grove, and Lombard. The Butterfield subdivision was founded in 1961 by F&S Construction Co.. Originally named “Beautiful Butterfield”, the subdivision was later informally renamed “Butterfield East” due to the creation in 1965 of the “Butterfield West” neighborhood in the eastern edge of Glen Ellyn. However, it is usually just referred to as “Butterfield”. Butterfield contains 833 homes, and has approximately 4,636 residents, based on the 2010 Census. Children attend District 44 for grade school, and District 87 for high school. Postal service is provided by the Lombard Post Office, police service is provided by the DuPage County Sheriff's Office, and fire service is provided by contract with the Lombard Fire Department. Water and sewer services are supplied by the Illinois American Water Company, who purchase Lake Michigan water from the DuPage Water Commission. As an unincorporated subdivision, Butterfield falls under DuPage County jurisdiction, but its roads, sidewalks and parkways are managed by the townships. This includes snow plowing, managing trees in the parkway, and brush pickup. Being unincorporated, Butterfield has no governmental structure, so the Butterfield Homeowners Administration serves as the “voice of the community” and as liaison to local government.

text:
# Butterfield, Illinois

**Butterfield** is an unincorporated community spanning Milton Township and York Township, DuPage County, Illinois, United States. Butterfield is located north of Butterfield Road, west of Finley Road, south (and just north) of 22nd Street, and east of the East Branch of the DuPage River. It is nestled in between the communities of Glen Ellyn, Downers Grove, and Lombard.

The Butterfield subdivision was founded in 1961 by F&S Construction Co. (later known as the Hoffman Rosner Corp., the same company that built Hoffman Estates). Originally named “Beautiful Butterfield”, the subdivision was later informally renamed “Butterfield East” due to the creation in 1965 of the “Butterfield West” neighborhood in the eastern edge of Glen Ellyn. However, it is usually just referred to as “Butterfield”.

Butterfield contains 833 homes, and has approximately 4,636 residents, based on the 2010 Census. Children attend District 44 for grade school, and District 87 for high school. Postal service is provided by the Lombard Post Office, police service is provided by the DuPage County Sheriff's Office, and fire service is provided by contract with the Lombard Fire Department. Water and sewer services are supplied by the Illinois American Water Company, who purchase Lake Michigan water from the DuPage Water Commission.

As an unincorporated subdivision, Butterfield falls under DuPage County jurisdiction, but its roads, sidewalks and parkways (that part of the lawn between the sidewalk and the street) are managed by the townships. This includes snow plowing, managing trees in the parkway, and brush pickup.

Being unincorporated, Butterfield has no governmental structure, so the Butterfield Homeowners Administration serves as the “voice of the community” and as liaison to local government.

## InfoBox

| Butterfield, Illinois | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Butterfield, IllinoisButterfield, Illinois | |
| Coordinates: 41°50′11″N 88°02′31″W / 41.83639°N 88.04194°W / 41.83639; -88.04194 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | DuPage |
| Township | Milton, York |
| Elevation | 682 ft (208 m) |
| Population | |
| Total | 4,636 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 60148 (Lombard) |
| Area code(s) | 630 & 331 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1771694 |


title: Cardiel Formation

abstract: The Cardiel Formation is a Maastrichtian geologic formation of the Austral Basin in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The formation comprises sandstones and conglomerates with abundant tuff beds. The formation is overlain by the Slogget and San Julián Formations and overlies the Divisadero and Kachaike Formations. Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

text:
# Cardiel Formation

The **Cardiel Formation** is a Maastrichtian geologic formation of the Austral Basin in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The formation comprises sandstones and conglomerates with abundant tuff beds. The formation is overlain by the Slogget and San Julián Formations and overlies the Divisadero and Kachaike Formations. Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

## Paleofauna

### Bibliography

* Pérez Panera, Juan Pablo (2010), *Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los nanofósiles calcáreos del Cretácico del sudeste de la Cuenca Austral, Santa Cruz, Argentina (PhD thesis)*, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, pp. 1–450
* Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (2004), *The Dinosauria, 2nd edition*, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1–880, ISBN 0-520-24209-2, retrieved 2019-02-21

## Further reading

* J. E. Powell. 2003. Revision of South American titanosaurid dinosaurs: palaeobiological, palaeobiogeographical and phylogenetic aspects. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston 111:1-173

## InfoBox

| Cardiel Formation | |
| --- | --- |
| Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Underlies | Slogget & San Julián Formations |
| Overlies | Divisadero & Kachaike Formations |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone, conglomerate |
| Other | Tuff |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 49°00′S 71°24′W / 49.0°S 71.4°W / -49.0; -71.4 |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 50°54′S 60°54′W / 50.9°S 60.9°W / -50.9; -60.9 |
| Region | Santa Cruz Province |
| Country | Argentina |
| Extent | Austral Basin |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Lake Cardiel |
| Named by | Russo & Flores |
| Year defined | 1971 |
| Cardiel Formation (Argentina) | |


title: Quick City, Missouri

abstract: Quick City is an unincorporated community in southwestern Johnson County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is on the north bank of Big Creek approximately three miles (4.8 km) northwest of Blairstown in adjacent Henry County.

text:
# Quick City, Missouri

**Quick City** is an unincorporated community in southwestern Johnson County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is on the north bank of Big Creek approximately three miles (4.8 km) northwest of Blairstown in adjacent Henry County.

## History

Quick City was platted in 1886 by Morris Quick, and named for him. A post office called Quick City was established in 1886, and remained in operation until 1967.

38°34′52″N 94°01′44″W / 38.58111°N 94.02889°W / 38.58111; -94.02889


title: The Art of the Heist

abstract: The Art of the Heist was an advertising campaign and an alternate reality game created to promote the Audi A3.

text:
# The Art of the Heist

**The Art of the Heist** (aka **Stolen A3** or **Art of the H3ist**) was an advertising campaign and an alternate reality game created to promote the Audi A3.

## The promotion

In order to promote the new A3 model in 2005, Audi, instead of featuring the car at a show as scheduled, in the car's place they put an announcement that it had been stolen and a request that the public report clues to their website. The car had not been stolen, but they wanted the public to participate in an elaborate nationwide game where clues were planted in public places to hint at where the "thieves" had taken the car. On their website, they posted evidence and the public was encouraged to view the website as actors followed the car over a period of time. The entire program was praised as an innovative advertising campaign.

As a game, it falls under the classification of Alternate Reality Game, or ARG. The game involved, loosely, three layers of interaction: character development and back story, file and password cracking, and live events (or, generally, the Retrievals). Players who were involved in the live events received special pins and complimentary cell phones (which, as a side note, were difficult for some winners to activate).

## The story

The story revolved around Nisha Roberts and Ian Yarbrough, and their art retrieval business, Last Resort Retrieval. The majority of the plot involved the attempts of Nisha, Ian, the players, and Nisha's video game designer friend, Virgil in trying to stop the world's greatest art heist. Ian and Nisha, specifically, were hot on the tracks of a very coordinated theft team, which was led by a person who was initially identified only as Arclight. Arclight was organizing theft timetables, commissioning forged replicas, doing reconnaissance work, and hiring all manner of unruly assistants for the big heist. Virgil seemed to be the main suspect throughout much of the game, due to his odd behaviour and lousy attitude.

Early in the game, a security camera recording was discovered which showed a shadowy villain stashing pieces of information inside 6 different Audi A3 cars. The cars, throughout the course of the game, were all tracked down, and infiltrated by the Retrievers, to get back the information hidden in them. By piecing together the whole of all data found in all cars, the full scope of the Big Art Heist was revealed.

## Major characters

### Nisha

Nisha Roberts is an art recovery expert working under the company name of Last Resort Retrieval, together with her boyfriend Ian.

### Ian

Ian is a computer hacker, and boyfriend of the often tempestuous Nisha. Their relationship is explored to the degree of him being jealous of her being the one in the spotlight. At one point in the game, he decides to boldly take on a job which Nisha would otherwise tackle, and is roundly criticised for his poor planning.

### Virgil

Virgil is a legendary game designer. He and Nisha are old friends. He was married, but his wife died some years ago, sending Virgil's life into turmoil. He has become a recluse, and had only recently (as of the time of this ARG) come out into the public eye once again, building a game based directly on Nisha Roberts, called *The Nisha Chronicles: Volume 1*. During the game, Virgil was often foreshadowed as being the villain, but in reality he was simply paranoid due to his line of work, and traumatized by the loss of his wife.

### Arclight

Arclight was the criminal mastermind behind the art theft.

### The Retrievers

Essential to the play of the game were a number of real-life players, who would be broadly dubbed "retrievers." Retrievers would be called in, on various occasions, to different places around the United States, where they would attempt to retrieve an SD Card from inside an Audi A3.

* Case Study \- A case study by McKinney, one of the creators of this Alternate Reality Game, about the Art of the Heist

*All in-game websites are now defunct.*


title: Raucaffrinoline

abstract: Raucaffrinoline is an indole alkaloid isolated from the leaves of various plants in the Rauvolfia family, such as Rauvolfia yunnanensis.

text:
# Raucaffrinoline

**Raucaffrinoline** is an indole alkaloid isolated from the leaves of various plants in the *Rauvolfia* family, such as *Rauvolfia yunnanensis*.

## InfoBox

Raucaffrinoline
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Names | |
| IUPAC name \[(1R,10S,12S,13R,14S,16S,18R)-13-(hydroxymethyl)-14-methyl-8,15-diazahexacyclo\[14.2.1.01,9.02,7.010,15.012,17\]nonadeca-2,4,6,8-tetraen-18-yl\] acetate | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| KEGG |  |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C21H24N2O3/c1-10-13(9-24)12-7-16-19-21(14-5-3-4-6-15(14)22-19)8-17(23(10)16)18(12)20(21)26-11(2)25/h3-6,10,12-13,16-18,20,24H,7-9H2,1-2H3/t10-,12-,13-,16-,17-,18?,20+,21+/m0/s1Key: XIMPCXFLDSKALH-FXRWJBKJSA-N | |
| SMILES * C\[C@H\]1\[C@@H\](\[C@@H\]2C\[C@@H\]3N1\[C@@H\]4C2\[C@H\](\[C@@\]5(C4)C3=NC6=CC=CC=C56)OC(=O)C)CO | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C21H24N2O3 |
| Molar mass | 352.434 g·mol−1 |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa).  Infobox references | |


title: Sideritis barbellata

abstract: Sideritis barbellata is a small erect shrub, laxly branched, whitish-yellow tomentose. Leaves are generally green-glabrescent above, ovate-lanceolate, the base cordiform. Inflorescences are erect, verticillasters, branched with 1–3 series of sterile bracts subtending the branches, and with slightly curved flowers.

text:
# Sideritis barbellata

***Sideritis barbellata*** is a small erect shrub, laxly branched, whitish-yellow tomentose. Leaves are generally green-glabrescent above, ovate-lanceolate, the base cordiform. Inflorescences are erect, verticillasters, branched with 1–3 series of sterile bracts subtending the branches, and with slightly curved flowers.

## Distribution

Endemic to the Canary Island of La Palma: Throughout the island, principally in pine and thermophyle forest zones 200–1500 m. Fuencaliente de La Palma, Tigalate, Mazo, Barranco del Rio, Gallegos, Izcagua, El Pinar, Barranco de las Angustias, La Cumbrecita, Bejenado etc.

* David Bramwell and Zoë Bramwell. Wild Flowers of the Canary Islands. Editorial Rueda, Madrid, España. 2001. ISBN 84-7207-129-4

## InfoBox

| *Sideritis barbellata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sideritis* |
| Species: | ***S. barbellata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sideritis barbellata***<br>Mend.-Heuer | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leucophae barbellata* (Mend.-Heuer) G.Kunkel | |


title: Sarathropezus

abstract: Sarathropezus conicipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Sarathropezus. It was described by Kolbe in 1893.

text:
# Sarathropezus

***Sarathropezus conicipennis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Sarathropezus***. It was described by Kolbe in 1893.

## InfoBox

| *Sarathropezus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Sarathropezus*** |
| Species: | ***S. conicipennis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sarathropezus conicipennis***<br>Kolbe, 1893 | |
|


title: Senegal national rugby union team

abstract: The Senegal national rugby union team represents Senegal in the sport of rugby union. They are ranked as a tier-three nation by the International Rugby Board (IRB). Senegal has thus far not qualified for a Rugby World Cup but has competed in qualifying tournaments. They also contest the annual Africa Cup.

text:
# Senegal national rugby union team

The **Senegal national rugby union team** represents Senegal in the sport of rugby union. They are ranked as a tier-three nation by the International Rugby Board (IRB). Senegal has thus far not qualified for a Rugby World Cup but has competed in qualifying tournaments. They also contest the annual Africa Cup.

## History

Senegal first played international matches against Côte d'Ivoire in 2003 and 2004.

In 2005, Senegal played in qualifying tournaments for the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. They finished first in the final standings of their pool, after defeating Cameroon and Nigeria. They advanced to the play-off, defeating Zambia to advance to Round 1b. However, they finished third in their pool in Round 1b after losing to Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe.

They also played in the 2006 Africa Cup.

## Tournament history

### Africa Cup

|
|  |
Africa Cup record
| Year | Round | P | W | D | L | PF | PA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006 | Pool Stage | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 25 | 100 |
| 2007 | Pool Stage | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 23 |
| 2008–09 | Pool Stage | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 13 |
| 2011 | Group 1C | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 18 |
| 2012 | Group 1B | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 44 | 45 |
| 2013 | Group 1B | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 53 | 40 |
| 2014 | Group 1B | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 53 |
| 2015 | Group 1B | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 82 | 48 |

## Current squad

## World Cup record

| World Cup record | | | | | | | |  | World Cup Qualification record | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Round | P | W | D | L | F | A | | P | W | D | L | F | A |
| 1987 | *did not enter* | | | | | | | | *No qualifying tournament held* | | | | | |
| 1991 | *did not enter* | | | | | | | | *did not enter* | | | | | |
| 1995 | ||
| 1999 | ||
| 2003 | ||
| 2007 | *did not qualify* | | | | | | | | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 108 | 67 |
| 2011 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 13 | |
| 2015 | | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 97 | 85 | |
| 2019 | | 8 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 174 | 252 | |
| 2023 | ||
| Total | 0/9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 19 | 9 | 0 | 10 | 389 | 417 |
||

## InfoBox

Senegal
| Union | Fédération Sénégalaise de Rugby |
| --- | --- |
| Head coach | Jean-Marc Foucras |
| Captain | Steeve Sargos |
| Top scorer | Steeve Sargos (136) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| World Rugby ranking | |
| Current | 56 (as of 16 January 2023) |
| Highest | 54 (23 November 2020) |
| First international | |
| Senegal 9–15  Ivory Coast
(1977) | |
| Biggest win | |
| Senegal 59–0  Mauritania
(7 June 2004) | |
| Biggest defeat | |
| Namibia 95–0 Senegal
(Windhoek, Namibia; 9 July 2017) | |


title: Tachyon condensation

abstract: Tachyon condensation is a process in particle physics in which a system can lower its potential energy by spontaneously producing particles. The end result is a "condensate" of particles that fills the volume of the system. Tachyon condensation is closely related to second-order phase transitions.

text:
# Tachyon condensation

**Tachyon condensation** is a process in particle physics in which a system can lower its potential energy by spontaneously producing particles. The end result is a "condensate" of particles that fills the volume of the system. Tachyon condensation is closely related to second-order phase transitions.

## Technical overview

Tachyon condensation is a process in which a tachyonic fieldusually a scalar fieldwith a complex mass acquires a vacuum expectation value and reaches the minimum of the potential energy. While the field is tachyonic and unstable near the local maximum of the potential, the field gets a non-negative squared mass and becomes stable near the minimum.

The appearance of tachyons is a potentially serious problem for any theory; examples of tachyonic fields amenable to condensation are all cases of spontaneous symmetry breaking. In condensed matter physics a notable example is ferromagnetism; in particle physics the best known example is the Higgs mechanism in the Standard Model that breaks the electroweak symmetry.

## Condensation evolution

Although the notion of a tachyonic imaginary mass might seem troubling because there is no classical interpretation of an imaginary mass, the mass is not quantized. Rather, the scalar field is; even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at spacelike separated points still commute (or anticommute), thus preserving causality. Therefore, information still does not propagate faster than light, and solutions grow exponentially, but not superluminally (there is no violation of causality).

The "imaginary mass" really means that the system becomes unstable. The zero value field is at a local maximum rather than a local minimum of its potential energy, much like a ball at the top of a hill. A very small impulse (which will always happen due to quantum fluctuations) will lead the field to roll down with exponentially increasing amplitudes toward the local minimum. In this way, tachyon condensation drives a physical system that has reached a local limit and might naively be expected to produce physical tachyons, to an alternate stable state where no physical tachyons exist. Once the tachyonic field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather are ordinary particles with a positive mass-squared, such as the Higgs boson.

## In string theory

In the late 1990s, Ashoke Sen conjectured that the tachyons carried by open strings attached to D-branes in string theory reflect the instability of the D-branes with respect to their complete annihilation. The total energy carried by these tachyons has been calculated in string field theory; it agrees with the total energy of the D-branes, and all other tests have confirmed Sen's conjecture as well. Tachyons therefore became an active area of interest in the early 2000s.

The character of closed-string tachyon condensation is more subtle, though the first steps towards our understanding of their fate have been made by Adams, Polchinski, and Silverstein, in the case of twisted closed string tachyons, and by Simeon Hellerman and Ian Swanson, in a wider array of cases. The fate of the closed string tachyon in the 26-dimensional bosonic string theory remains unknown, though recent progress has revealed interesting new developments.


title: Eucidaris thouarsii

abstract: Eucidaris thouarsii, the slate pencil urchin, is a species of cidaroid sea urchins that inhabits littoral regions of the East Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Eucidaris thouarsii

***Eucidaris thouarsii***, the **slate pencil urchin** (named after slate pencil), is a species of cidaroid sea urchins that inhabits littoral regions of the East Pacific Ocean.

## Distribution and habitat

*Eucidaris thouarsii* is found in the East Pacific at depths of 0–45 m (0–148 ft), ranging from Baja California to Panama, as well as Cocos Island, Clipperton Island and the Galápagos Islands. The Galápagos, Clipperton and Cocos populations are now often recognized as a separate species, *E. galapagensis*, instead of a subspecies of *E. thouarsii*.

## Diet

Like all urchins these are primarily herbivores, but feed on a wide range of invertebrates. This species has a high nutrient absorption efficiency when it comes to the coral Pocillopora damicornis, but would require a large intake to make nutrient requirements. Due to its high intake of coral, it reduces reef growth.

## InfoBox

| *Eucidaris thouarsii* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucidaris thouarsii* in the Gulf of California | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Echinoidea |
| Order: | Cidaroida |
| Family: | Cidaridae |
| Genus: | *Eucidaris* |
| Species: | ***E. thouarsii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucidaris thouarsii***<br>(Agassiz & Desor, 1846) | |
|


title: Buttered cat paradox

abstract:
The buttered cat paradox is a common joke based on the combination of two adages:
  - Cats always land on their feet.
  - Buttered toast always lands buttered side down. The paradox arises when one considers what would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height. The buttered cat paradox, submitted by artist John Frazee of Kingston, New York, won a 1993 Omni magazine competition about paradoxes. The basic premise, stating the conditions of the cat and bread and posed as a question, was presented in a routine by comic and juggler Michael Davis, appearing on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, July 22, 1988.

text:
# Buttered cat paradox

The **buttered cat paradox** is a common joke based on the combination of two adages:

The paradox arises when one considers what would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast (butter side up) to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height. The buttered cat paradox, submitted by artist John Frazee of Kingston, New York, won a 1993 *Omni* magazine competition about paradoxes. The basic premise, stating the conditions of the cat and bread and posed as a question, was presented in a routine by comic and juggler Michael Davis, appearing on *The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson*, July 22, 1988.

## Thought experiments

The buttered cat paradox has been highlighted as a paradigmatic example of a thought experiment. Some people jokingly maintain that the experiment produces an anti-gravity effect. They propose that as the cat falls toward the ground, it slows down and starts to rotate, eventually reaching a steady state of hovering a short distance from the ground while rotating at high speed as both the buttered side of the toast and the cat's feet attempt to land on the ground. In June 2003, Kimberly Miner won a Student Academy Award for her film *Perpetual Motion*. Miner based her film on a paper written by a high-school friend that explored the potential implications of the cat and buttered toast idea.

## In humor

The faux paradox has captured the imagination of science-oriented humorists. In May 1992, the Usenet Oracle Digest #441 included a question from a supplicant asking about the paradox. Testing the theory is the main theme in an episode of the comic book strip *Jack B. Quick*. The title character seeks to test this theory, leading to the cat hovering above the ground and the cat's wagging tail providing propulsion. The March 31, 2005, strip of the webcomic *Bunny* also explored the idea in the guise of a plan for a "Perpetual Motion MoggieToast 5k Power Generator", based on Sod's law. In *Science Askew*, Donald E. Simanek comments on this phenomenon.

Brazilian energy drink brand Flying Horse released a 2012 award-winning commercial that simulates the recreation of this phenomenon, which is then used to create perpetual energy.

## In reality

Cats possess the ability to turn themselves right side up in mid-air if they should fall upside-down, known as the cat righting reflex. This enables them to land on their feet if dropped from sufficient height.

A study at Manchester Metropolitan University involving dropping 100 slices of buttered toast under laboratory conditions established that it typically lands on the floor butter-side-down as a result of the manner in which it is typically dropped from a table, and the aerodynamic drag caused by the air pockets within the bread. The toast is typically butter-side-up when dropped. As it falls, it rotates; given the typical speed of rotation and the typical height of a table, a slice of toast that began butter-side-up on the table lands butter-side-down on the floor in 81% of cases.


title: Cardiel

abstract: Cardiel is a Skaterock band under the influence of stoner, the psychedelia and heavy dub.

text:
# Cardiel

**Cardiel** is a Skaterock band under the influence of stoner, the psychedelia and heavy dub.

## History

Natives of Valencia, Venezuela, Cardiel formed in Mexico City in the middle of 2010 by Samantha Ambrosio (drums/vocals) and Miguel Fraino (guitar/vocals). The idea behind the band was to make music for skateboarding videos, achieving the combination between the fast and aggressive to a psychedelic dub. The band has gained notoriety among the skate sub-culture. and has been featured by Thrasher magazine, being the first band from México and Venezuela to be featured with two pages article on the magazine

They have played at important events for the skate community in Mexico, like the 30 years of the Thrasher Magazine party in Mexico, Skate Rock concert tours with Thrasher magazine in Mexico, and the 50 year event of House of Vans in Mexico City.

In addition to being on tour constantly, they have played at various festivals such as Sonic Blast Festival in Portugal in 2019 and at Muddy Roots in 2023 in Tennessee. In 2015 and 2017, they played at the SXSW festival. They have also played the Hell & Heaven Metal Fest in 2018, the Festival Palafoxiano, the Doomed and Stoned Festival Latin America among many others and have been featured on media music shows and throughout Latin America, including Vice Media, Univision and Canal Once (Mexico).

Discography:

Live from Tasty Wax Records Oceanside, CA (7" Vinyl) (2024)

Live from "Vesubio Grabaciones" (2024)

Skaterock México (2023)

El Armagedón Afterparty (2022)

Aloha from Fuzz (2017)

En Vivo en Canal Once EMCO (2016)

Local Solo (2014)


title: Thamiaraea hospita

abstract: Thamiaraea hospita is a species of rove beetle native to Europe.

text:
# Thamiaraea hospita

***Thamiaraea hospita*** is a species of rove beetle native to Europe.

## InfoBox

| *Thamiaraea hospita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 3.2–3.8 mm | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Thamiaraea* |
| Species: | ***T. hospita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Thamiaraea hospita***<br>(Maerkel, 1844) | |
|


title: Qoçulu

abstract: Qoçulu is a village and municipality in the Kurdamir Rayon of Azerbaijan.

text:
# Qoçulu

40°05′19″N 48°19′54″E / 40.08861°N 48.33167°E / 40.08861; 48.33167

**Qoçulu** (also, **Kochulu**) is a village and municipality in the Kurdamir Rayon of Azerbaijan.

## InfoBox

| Qoçulu | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Qoçulu | |
| Coordinates: 40°05′19″N 48°19′54″E / 40.08861°N 48.33167°E / 40.08861; 48.33167 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Rayon | Kurdamir |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+5 (AZT) |


title: Central Park (Winnipeg)

abstract: Central Park is a large urban park located in downtown Winnipeg, and forms the heart of the neighbourhood of the same name. The area is bound by Notre Dame Avenue to the north, Ellice Avenue to the south, Donald Street to the east and Balmoral Street to the west. Everything within the neighbourhood's one-kilometre loop can be reached within 8 minutes on foot. The neighbourhood is home to the largest concentration of Black Canadians in Manitoba, mostly African immigrants and refugees. 70 percent of all refugees coming to Winnipeg live downtown, largely settling in and around the Central Park area. It is one of Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhoods with around 16,222 people per square km according to Statistics Canada's 2021 Census.

text:
# Central Park (Winnipeg)

**Central Park** is a large urban park located in downtown Winnipeg, and forms the heart of the neighbourhood of the same name.

The area is bound by Notre Dame Avenue to the north, Ellice Avenue to the south, Donald Street to the east and Balmoral Street to the west. Everything within the neighbourhood's one-kilometre loop can be reached within 8 minutes on foot. The neighbourhood is home to the largest concentration of Black Canadians in Manitoba, mostly African immigrants and refugees. 70 percent of all refugees coming to Winnipeg live downtown, largely settling in and around the Central Park area.

It is one of Winnipeg's most densely populated neighbourhoods with around 16,222 people per square km according to Statistics Canada's 2021 Census.

## Features

In addition to the Waddell Fountain, the park also features a four-season slide/toboggan facility, an interactive sand and water play area, an open area of artificial turf, and a wading pool and aquatic play pad.

### Culture and entertainment

Central Park is a highly diverse neighbourhood. There is a large Filipino, African, and Indigenous population in the neighbourhood.

Because of the growing African population, the area has been transforming in recent years, giving it a new sense of community and culture. Its Central Market for Global Families is a summer outdoor market that sells handmade and imported African clothing, beadwork, handicrafts, weavings, art, as well as organic produce.

Live entertainment fills the air in Central Park on warm Friday nights throughout the summer and are a significant aspect to the markets on Saturday. Special events attract hundreds of people to the park on World Refugee Day in June, HIV/AIDS Awareness Day in July and Central Park Revival.

## Demographics

In 2021, the population of Central Park was 3,805 people, with a population density of 16,221.9 people per square km. Central Park is a lower-income neighbourhood, with a median household income of $34,800, compared to the city's median household income of $80,000.

17.7% of Central Park residents were of Indigenous Identity, 17.2% of Indigenous Ancestry, and 66.2% were other visible minorities. The most represented of which were Black (37.7%) and Filipino (14.8%). As of 2021, 32.0% of Central Park's population were not Canadian citizens, which was above average for the City of Winnipeg as a whole, which was 13.9%. Central Park also boasted a higher percentage of recent immigrants (18.7%) than the city as a whole (6.0%).

## Crime

Central Park has a higher crime rate than the city as a whole. In 2012, there was one homicide making the rate per 100,000 residents 28.1. For other crimes, the rates per 100,000 follow as; 2025.3 for robbery, 84.4 for sexual assaults, 534.5 for break and enters and 281.3 for auto thefts.

## Architecture

Buildings around Central Park feature a diverse range of architectural styles and densities, coexisting with various shops and services. The YMCA building, Knox United Church, Calvary Temple, and a number of area schools provide a strong institutional component for families and senior citizens. Other landmark buildings are The International Centre, Welcome Place, and Edohei, considered to be Manitoba's first sushi restaurant.

## History

Central Park was one of Winnipeg's first four parks, then referred to as "ornamented squares and breathing areas." The land for it was purchased by the city from the Hudson's Bay Company for $20,000 in 1893. The land for the park was swampy in summer and had a significant amount of unusable ground. Thousands of loads of manure and soil were brought in, which caused subsequent settling, but also was responsible for lush lawns and gardens.

A bandstand and two tennis courts were added to the park in 1905, and an iron fence and drinking fountain were added in 1909. The Waddell fountain was added to the park in 1914. Playground equipment was added in 1936 and restrooms in 1959.

In 1985, the city closed off a section of Qu'Appelle Street, expanding the park to Ellice Avenue. The master plan was originally intended to link Central Park to the Manitoba Legislature grounds, but was abandoned at the development of North Portage and Portage Place mall from 1985 to 1987. This addition brought the park up to 4.8 acres in size.

The park was renovated between 2008 and 2012, with designs by the architecture firm Scatliff+Miller+Murray. The project won the 2015 Premier's Award for Design Excellence Award of Merit in Landscape Architecture.

### Waddell Fountain

The **Waddell Fountain** in Central Park is a rare example of the High Victorian Gothic style in Manitoba, and is based on the Scott Monument, an 1844 Gothic Revival monument in Edinburgh for Romantic poet Sir Walter Scott.

The fountain commemorates Emily Margaret Waddell, who died in 1908. Her will was written in 1904 but only discovered in 1911. In it, Emily Waddell stipulated, "in case of his marrying again, ten thousand dollars is to be expended for public fountain in Central park, Winnipeg." Thomas Waddell, who did remarry, raised the money in 1914 and chose the design by local architect John Manuel. Manuel also designed structures at the University of Manitoba, and would later move to Alberta in 1927 to oversee construction of Canadian Pacific Railway hotels in Banff and Lake Louise.

The fountain was completed by William Penn Stone Company of Minneapolis in 1914 for a cost of $9,722.19, and consisted of white stone on a granite base with a concrete basement to house the water pump.

In 1988, the fountain was declared a historical site. By 1992, it was falling badly into disrepair.

The fountain was dismantled and fixed offsite in 2010 to facilitate needed repairs. The 2010 restoration project won the Heritage Winnipeg Preservation Award.

49°53′46″N 97°08′55″W / 49.896°N 97.1485°W / 49.896; -97.1485

## InfoBox

| Central Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| Location of Central Park within Winnipeg | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Manitoba |
| City | Winnipeg |
| Area | |
| Land | 0.2 km2 (0.08 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 3,805 |
| Density | 16,221.9/km2 (42,015/sq mi) |
| **Locations** Type | **Location** |
| • Neighbourhood Cluster | Downtown East |
| • Community Area | Downtown |
| • Police District | District 1 |
| • City Council Ward | Daniel McIntyre |
|  | |


# Senegal national football team results (2020–present)

This article provides details of international football games played by the Senegal national football team from 2020 to present.

## Results

| Key | |
| --- | --- |
|  | Win |
|  | Draw |
|  | Defeat |

### 2020

| 13 October 2020 Friendly | **Senegal** | **Cancelled** | **Mauritania** | Thiès, Senegal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 UTC±0 |  |  |  | Stadium: Stade Lat-Dior |

### 2021

| 26 March 2021 2021 AFCONQ | **Congo** | **0–0** | **Senegal** | Brazzaville, Congo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 UTC+1 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Stade Alphonse Massemba-Débat
Referee: Mahmoud El Banna (Egypt) |

### 2022

| 14 January 2022 2021 AFCON GS | **Senegal** | **0–0** | **Guinea** | Bafoussam, Cameroon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 14:00 UTC+1 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Kouekong Stadium
Referee: Bamlak Tessema Weyesa (Ethiopia) |

| 18 January 2022 2021 AFCON GS | **Malawi** | **0–0** | **Senegal** | Bafoussam, Cameroon |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 17:00 UTC+1 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Kouekong Stadium
Referee: Blaise Yuven Ngwa (Cameroon) |

### 2023

| 21 November 2023 2026 World Cup qualification | **Togo** | **0–0** | **Senegal** | Lomé, Togo |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 UTC±0 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Stade de Kégué
Referee: Mustapha Ghorbal (Algeria) |

### 2024

| 6 June 2026 World Cup qualification | **Senegal** | **v** | **DR Congo** | Diamniadio, Senegal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 19:00 UTC±0 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Diamniadio Olympic Stadium |

| 9 June 2026 World Cup qualification | **Mauritania** | **v** | **Senegal** | Nouakchott, Mauritania |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16:00 UTC±0 |  | Report |  | Stadium: Stade Cheikha Ould Boïdiya |

1. "Senegal – Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news – Soccerway". *int.soccerway.com*. Soccerway.
2. "Senegal national team". *worldfootball.net*. World Football.
3. "World Football Elo Ratings: Senegal". *eloratings.net*. World Football Elo Ratings.
4. "CAF Organising Committee Media Statement". Confederation of African Football. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
5. "Afcon 2021: Two Douala games moved to Yaounde". *BBC Sport*. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
6. "African Cup organizers change venues for 3 knockout games". Associated Press. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.


title: Tachyoryctes

abstract:
Tachyoryctes is a genus of rodent in the family Spalacidae.
It contains the following species:
  - Ankole African mole-rat
  - Mianzini African mole-rat
  - Aberdare Mountains African mole-rat
  - Demon African mole-rat
  - Kenyan African mole-rat
  - Big-headed African mole-rat
  - Navivasha African mole-rat
  - King African mole-rat
  - Rwanda African mole-rat
  - Rudd's African mole-rat
  - Embi African mole-rat
  - Northeast African mole-rat
  - Storey's African mole-rat Some authorities place all the species in this genus except T. macrocephalus in one species, the East African mole-rat, in which case T. splendens is used for the entire group. This taxonomy is followed by the IUCN Red List.

text:
# Tachyoryctes

***Tachyoryctes*** is a genus of rodent in the family Spalacidae. It contains the following species:

Some authorities place all the species in this genus except *T. macrocephalus* in one species, the East African mole-rat, in which case *T. splendens* is used for the entire group. This taxonomy is followed by the IUCN Red List.

## InfoBox

| *Tachyoryctes*
Temporal range: Late Pliocene \- Recent | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| East African mole-rat, (*Tachyoryctes splendens*) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Spalacidae |
| Tribe: | Tachyoryctini
Miller & Gidley, 1918 |
| Genus: | *Tachyoryctes*
Rüppell, 1835 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Bathyergus splendens*
 | |
| Species | |
| *Tachyoryctes ankoliae*
*Tachyoryctes annectens*
*Tachyoryctes audax*
*Tachyoryctes daemon*
*Tachyoryctes ibeanus*
*Tachyoryctes macrocephalus*
*Tachyoryctes naivashae*
*Tachyoryctes rex*
*Tachyoryctes ruandae*
*Tachyoryctes ruddi*
*Tachyoryctes spalacinus*
*Tachyoryctes splendens*
*Tachyoryctes storeyi* | |
| Synonyms | |
| *Chrysomys* Gray, 1843 | |


title: Quirinus van Amelsfoort

abstract: Quirinus van Amelsfoort (1760–1820) was a Dutch painter.

text:
# Quirinus van Amelsfoort

**Quirinus van Amelsfoort** (1760–1820) was a Dutch painter.

## Life

Van Amelsfoort was born and died at 's-Hertogenbosch. He painted allegories, history, and portraits; in the last the likenesses were remarkable for their truth.

In 1804-5 the departmental government of Brabant commissioned a set of fifteen paintings of coats of arms from van Amelsfoort and Franciscus Johannes de Groot. They are now in the collection of the Noordbrabants Museum.


title: Central High School

abstract: Central High School may refer to any of these institutions of secondary education:

text:
# Central High School

**Central High School** may refer to any of these institutions of secondary education:

## In the United States

### Alabama

### Arizona

### Arkansas

### California

### Colorado

### Connecticut

### Delaware

### District of Columbia

### Florida

### Georgia

### Illinois

### Indiana

### Iowa

### Kentucky

### Louisiana

### Maine

### Maryland

### Massachusetts

### Michigan

### Minnesota

### Mississippi

### Missouri

### Montana

### Nebraska

### New Hampshire

### New Jersey

### New Mexico

### New York

### North Carolina

### North Dakota

### Ohio

### Oklahoma

### Oregon

### Pennsylvania

### Rhode Island

### South Carolina

### South Dakota

### Tennessee

### Texas

### Virginia

### Washington

### Wisconsin

### Wyoming

## Elsewhere


title: Quiripi language

abstract: Quiripi was an Algonquian language formerly spoken by the indigenous people of southwestern Connecticut and central Long Island, including the Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Mattabessett (Wangunk), Podunk, Tunxis, and Paugussett. It has been effectively extinct since the end of the 19th century, although Frank T. Siebert, Jr., was able to record a few Unquachog words from an elderly woman in 1932.

text:
# Quiripi language

**Quiripi** (pronounced /ˈkwɪrɪp/ *KWIH-rih-pee*, also known as **Mattabesic**, **Quiripi-Unquachog**, **Quiripi-Naugatuck**, and **Wampano**) was an Algonquian language formerly spoken by the indigenous people of southwestern Connecticut and central Long Island, including the Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Mattabessett (Wangunk), Podunk, Tunxis, and Paugussett (subgroups Naugatuck, Potatuck, Weantinock). It has been effectively extinct since the end of the 19th century, although Frank T. Siebert, Jr., was able to record a few Unquachog words from an elderly woman in 1932.

## Affiliation and dialects

Quiripi is considered to have been a member of the Eastern Algonquian branch of the Algonquian language family. It shared a number of linguistic features with the other Algonquian languages of southern New England, such as Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot, including the shifting of Proto-Eastern Algonquian */aː/ and */eː/ to /ãː/ and /aː/, respectively, and the palatalization of earlier */k/ before certain front vowels. There appear to have been two major dialects of Quiripi: an "insular" dialect spoken on Long Island by the Unquachog and a "mainland" dialect spoken by the other groups in Connecticut, principally the Quinnipiac.

## Attestation

Quiripi is very poorly attested, though some sources do exist. One of the earliest Quiripi vocabularies was a 67-page bilingual catechism compiled in 1658 by Abraham Pierson, the elder, during his ministry at Branford, Connecticut, which remains the chief source of modern conclusions about Quiripi. Unfortunately, the catechism was "poorly translated" by Pierson, containing an "unidiomatic, non-Algonquian sentence structure." It also displays signs of dialect mixture. Other sources of information on the language include a vocabulary collected by the Rev. Ezra Stiles in the late 1700s and a 202-word Unquachog vocabulary recorded by Thomas Jefferson in 1791, though the Jefferson vocabulary also shows clear signs of dialect mixture and "external influences." Additionally, three early hymns written circa 1740 at the Moravian Shekomeko mission near Kent, Connecticut, have been translated by Carl Masthay.

## Phonology

Linguist Blair Rudes attempted to reconstitute the phonology of Quiripi, using the extant documentation, comparison with related Algonquian languages, as "reconstructing forward" from Proto-Algonquian. In Rudes' analysis, Quiripi contained the following consonant phonemes:

|  | Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive | p | t |  | k |  |
| Fricative |  | s | (ʃ) |  | h |
| Nasal | m | n |  |  |  |
| Rhotic |  | r |  |  |  |
| Semivowel | w |  | j |  |  |

Quiripi's vowel system as reconstituted by Rudes was similar to that of the other Southern New England Algonquian languages. It consisted of two short vowels /a/ and /ə/, and four long vowels /aː/, /iː/, /uː/, and /ʌ̃/.

## Orthography

* a – \[ʌ\]
* â – \[aː\]
* ch – \[t͡ʃ\]
* h – \[h\]
* i – \[iː\]
* k – \[k\]
* m – \[m\]
* n – \[n\]
* o – \[uː\]
* ô – \[ʌ̃\]
* p – \[p\]
* r – \[r\]
* s – \[s\]
* sh – \[ʃ\]
* t – \[t\]
* u – \[ə\]
* w – \[w\]
* y – \[j\]

## Bibliography

* Costa, David J. (2007). "The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian." In *Papers of the 38th Algonquian Conference*, ed. H. C. Wolfart. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, pp. 81–127
* Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian Languages." In *Northeast*, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of *Handbook of North American Indians*, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 70–77
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). *The Languages of Native North America*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* "Quiripi (Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Wampano, Naugatuck, Mattabesic)." Native American Language Net
* "Quiripi language, alphabet, and pronunciation." Omniglot
* Pierson, Rev. Abraham (1980). *Some Helps for the Indians 1658 Bilingual Catechism*, reprinted in "Language and Lore of the Long Island Indians," *Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory*, Vol. IV. Stony Brook, NY: Suffolk County Archaeological Association
* Rudes, Blair A. (1997). "Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries." *Anthropological Linguistics* (39)1:1–59
* Salwen, Bert (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period." In *Northeast*, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of *Handbook of North American Indians*, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 160–176

## InfoBox

| Quiripi | |
| --- | --- |
| Wampano | |
| Native to | United States |
| Extinct | ca. 1900 |
| Language family | Algic |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | `qyp` |
| *Glottolog* | `wamp1250` |
| The location of the Paugussett, Tunxis, Podunk, Quinnipiac, Mattabesic (Wangunk), Unquachog and their neighbors, c. 1600 | |


title: Central High School, Guyana

abstract: Central High School was founded in Georgetown, Guyana, in 1927 by Joseph Clement Luck, and became the largest private educational establishment in the country, providing both primary and secondary education. In September 2019, it was announced that Central High was being merged with St. Mary's High School, to become "The New Central High School". However, this was subsequently explained as a temporary merger that was being taken because of issues connected with the condition of the school's former building, and reassurances were given by the Regional Education Officer that the school's current "A"-grade status would be retained while phasing out St Mary's High School.

text:
# Central High School, Guyana

**Central High School** was founded in Georgetown, Guyana, in 1927 by Joseph Clement Luck, and became the largest private educational establishment in the country, providing both primary and secondary education.

In September 2019, it was announced that Central High was being merged with St. Mary's High School, to become "The New Central High School". However, this was subsequently explained as a temporary merger that was being taken because of issues connected with the condition of the school's former building, and reassurances were given by the Regional Education Officer that the school's current "A"-grade status would be retained while phasing out St Mary's High School.

## Notable alumni

List of schools in Guyana

## InfoBox

| Central High School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Georgetown<br>Guyana | |
| Coordinates | 6°48′24″N 58°09′52″W / 6.80657°N 58.16447°W / 6.80657; -58.16447 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private primary and secondary school |
| Established | 1927 (1927) |
| School district | Region 4 |


title: Quirinópolis

abstract: Quirinópolis is a municipality in south Goiás state, Brazil. It is a large producer of cattle and agricultural products.

text:
# Quirinópolis

**Quirinópolis** is a municipality in south Goiás state, Brazil. It is a large producer of cattle and agricultural products.

## Location

Quirinópolis is the seat of the Quirinópolis Microregion. It forms boundaries with Gouvelândia (west), Cachoeira Alta (east) and Paranaiguara (south). It is connected to the main regions of the country by GO-164, which connects to BR-452 and GO-206, which in turn connects to BR-384. It is 290 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia and is connected by BR-060 / Abadia de Goiás / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / GO-164 / Santa Helena de Goiás. See Sepin

The Rio Preto, a tributary of the Paranaíba, flows through the city. The important reservoir of São Simão is located a short distance to the south. The reservoir forms the boundary of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais.

## Demographics

* Population density in 2007: 10.07 inhabitants/km2
* Population growth rate 1996–2007: 0.65.%
* Total population in 2007: 38,064
* Total population in 1980: 36,236
* Urban population in 2007: 33,746
* Rural population in 2007: 4,318
* Population change: the population has increased by about 1,800 inhabitants since 1980.

## The economy

The economy is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. Natural and artificial pastures make up most of the land, on which there is large-scale cattle raising for beef and milk. Quirinópolis is the third largest producer of beef in the state. There are also small industries in metallurgy, coffee processing, milk products, and soft drinks. There were 356,000 head of cattle in 2006, one of the largest in the state. Milk production is 130,000 liters a day, one of the largest in the state. See Prefeitura de Quirinópolis

* Industrial establishments: 75
* Retail commercial establishments: 413
* Bank agencies: Banco do Brasil S.A. - BRADESCO S.A. - Banco Itaú S.A. - CEF - HSBC Bank Brasil S.A.-Banco Multiplo (August 2007)
* Dairies: - - Coop. Mista de Produtos Rurais do Vale do Paranaíba Ltda. - Coop. dos Prod. Rurais de Quirinópolis e Região (22/05/2006)
* Meat packing plant: Frigosuper Comércio de Carnes Ltda (22/05/2006)
* Alcohol distillery: Usina São João

**Main agricultural products in ha.(2006)**

* rice: 200
* sugarcane: 9,000
* manioc: 60
* corn: 6,000
* soybeans: 10,000
* sorghum: 3,000

**Farm Data (2006)in ha.**

* Number of farms: 1,274
* Total area: 302,917
* Area of permanent crops: n/a
* Area of perennial crops: 31,052
* Area of natural pasture: 205,075
* Persons dependent on farming: 5,100
* Farms with tractors: 397
* Number of tractors: 620 IBGE

## Education and Health

There were 29 schools including a campus of the State University of Goiás (1,369 students in 2003). The adult literacy rate was 87.1% (2000) (national average was 86.4%). There were 04 hospitals with 126 beds (2007). The infant mortality rate was 16.8 (2000) (national average was 33.0).

## Tourism

The streets are lined with trees and there are many squares with flowers, lawns, and ornamental plants. The town has a small airfield, which is being expanded to make a regional airport. The historical space has been well preserved and there is a cultural center, the second largest in the state. In tourism Lago do Sol Poente is a lake that attracts many visitors who can practice jet ski and motocross. Cachoeira Sete Ilhas, in the Rio São Francisco, is a waterfall with seven islands that has exuberant tropical vegetation. There are many other small waterfalls, lakes, small beaches and natural swimming pools that make the region a sought-after tourist destination in the state.

## History

The written European history of Quirinópolis begins in 1832 with the arrival of João Cristóstomo de Oliveira, who was from Minas Gerais. He took over a vast area of land and tried to keep anyone else from settling down. Nevertheless, some years later in 1860 a village was established with the name Abadia do Parnaíba. In 1879 the name was changed to Nossa Senhora da Abadia, later Rio Verde, and finally Quirinópolis honoring the builder of the first chapel, José Quirino Cardoso. In 1943 it became a municipality.

## InfoBox

| Quirinópolis | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| View of Quirinópolis | |
|  | |
| Location in Goiás state | |
| QuirinópolisLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 18°26′53″S 50°26′47″W / 18.44806°S 50.44639°W / -18.44806; -50.44639 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Central-West |
| State | Goiás |
| Microregion | Quirinópolis Microregion |
| Area | |
| Total | 3,780.22002 km2 (1,459.55111 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 541 m (1,775 ft) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 50,701 |
| Density | 13/km2 (35/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| Postal code | 75860-000 |
| Website | www.quirinopolis.go.gov.br |


title: Żyliny

abstract: Żyliny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Suwałki, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Suwałki and 109 km (68 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

text:
# Żyliny

**Żyliny** \[ʐɨˈlinɨ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Suwałki, within Suwałki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) west of Suwałki and 109 km (68 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.

## InfoBox

| Żyliny | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Żyliny | |
| Coordinates: 54°4′N 22°47′E / 54.067°N 22.783°E / 54.067; 22.783 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Podlaskie |
| County | Suwałki |
| Gmina | Suwałki |


title: R. Norman Wood

abstract: Reginald Norman 'Woody' Wood was an American ice hockey player and head coach who headed the program at Princeton for six years.

text:
# R. Norman Wood

**Reginald Norman 'Woody' Wood** (?– February 19, 2015) was an American ice hockey player and head coach who headed the program at Princeton for six years.

## Career

A Massachusetts native, Wood attended Harvard in the early 1950s, playing varsity hockey for 3 years and serving as team captain in his senior season. After graduating Wood served in the military before returning to college hockey as a head coach for Princeton in 1959. Wood's first season with the Tigers was a mild success as the team compiled a winning season for the first time in four years but afterwards the club lost ground and routinely finished near the bottom of the newly created ECAC Hockey standings. He stayed with the program until 1965 before stepping down in favor of John E. Wilson.

After leaving Princeton Wood returned to Massachusetts and joined the Boston-area real estate firm of Hunneman & Company. In 1969 he was elected as president and CEO of National Realty Investors and later became president of Moors & Cabot Properties, Inc.

## Personal life

While living in Massachusetts Wood became a season ticket holder for the Boston Bruins and would regularly take his sons to games. His eldest, Randy, ended up playing in the NHL for several years and was followed by Norman's grandson Miles Wood who made his NHL debut with the New Jersey Devils in 2016.

Norman Wood died at Kaplan house on February 19, 2015, at the age of 84.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Princeton Tigers**  *Independent* (1959–1961) | | | | | | | | |
| 1959–60 | Princeton | 12–11–0 |  |  |  |
| 1960–61 | Princeton | 9–14–0 |  |  |  |
| **Princeton:** | | 21–25–0 |  |  | | | | |
| **Princeton Tigers**  *(ECAC Hockey)* (1961–1965) | | | | | | | | |
| 1961–62 | Princeton | 8–12–1 | 8–12–1 | 19th |  |
| 1962–63 | Princeton | 6–17–0 | 5–16–0 | 25th |  |
| 1963–64 | Princeton | 8–16–0 | 6–16–0 | 24th |  |
| 1964–65 | Princeton | 6–18–0 | 4–17–0 | 14th |  |
| **Princeton:** | | 28–63–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 49–88–1 |  | | | | | | |
| National champion         Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion          Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

R. Norman Wood
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Marblehead, Massachusetts |
| Died | February 19, 2015 (age 84)
Manchester, Massachusetts |
| Playing career | |
| 1951–1954 | Harvard |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1959–1965 | Princeton |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 49–88–1 |
|  | |