# 1992 Vuelta a España, Stage 11 to Stage 21

The 1992 Vuelta a España was the 47th edition of the Vuelta a España, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Vuelta began in Jerez de la Frontera, with an individual time trial on 27 April, and Stage 11 occurred on 7 May with a stage from Sabiñánigo. The race finished in Madrid on 17 May.

## Stage 11

**7 May 1992 — Sabiñánigo to Pamplona, 162.9 km (101.2 mi)**

| **Stage 11 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 3h 50' 41"  2  Uwe Raab (GER) PDM–Ultima–Concorde s.t.  3  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde s.t.  4  Juan Carlos González Salvador (ESP) Puertas Mavisa s.t.  5  Roberto Pagnin (ITA) Lotus–Festina s.t.  6  Jelle Nijdam (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca s.t.  7  Oleg Petrovich Chuzhda (UKR) Seur s.t.  8  Scott Sunderland (AUS) TVM–Sanyo s.t.  9  Malcolm Elliott (GBR) Seur s.t.  10  Marc Bouillon (BEL) Collstrop s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 11**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 49h 52' 27"  2  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 07"  3  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 19"  4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 34"  5  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 41"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 2' 36"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 10"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 7' 44"  9  Pello Ruiz Cabestany (ESP) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 9' 50"  10  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 10' 24" |
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## Stage 12

**8 May 1992 — Pamplona to Burgos, 200.1 km (124.3 mi)**

| **Stage 12 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Johan Bruyneel (BEL) ONCE 4h 48' 03"  2  Fabio Hernán Rodríguez (COL) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  3  Scott Sunderland (AUS) TVM–Sanyo \+ 12"  4  Jorge Manuel Silva Dos Santos (POR) Sicasal–Acral s.t.  5  Fernando Piñero (ESP) Lotus–Festina s.t.  6  Guido Bontempi (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond s.t.  7  Piotr Ugrumov (LAT) Seur s.t.  8  Luis Pérez García (ESP) Lotus–Festina s.t.  9  José Andrés Ripoll Jover (ESP) Wigarma s.t.  10  Edwig Van Hooydonck (BEL) Buckler–Colnago–Decca s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 12**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 54h 41' 25"  2  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 07"  3  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 19"  4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 34"  5  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 41"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 2' 36"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 10"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 7' 44"  9  Pello Ruiz Cabestany (ESP) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 9' 50"  10  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 10' 24" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 13

**9 May 1992 — Burgos to Santander, 178.3 km (110.8 mi)**

| **Stage 13 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Roberto Torres (ESP) Lotus–Festina 4h 25' 30"  2  Orlando Rodrigues (POR) Sicasal–Acral \+ 2' 51"  3  Nico Emonds (BEL) Mercatone Uno–Medeghini–Zucchini \+ 2' 52"  4  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) TVM–Sanyo s.t.  5  José Luis Rodríguez (ESP) Seur s.t.  6  Serafim Vieira da Araújo (POR) Sicasal–Acral s.t.  7  Nikolai Galitchanin (RUS) USSR s.t.  8  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto s.t.  9  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  10  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 13**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 59h 09' 47"  2  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 07"  3  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 25"  4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 34"  5  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 41"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 2' 36"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 16"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 7' 50"  9  Pello Ruiz Cabestany (ESP) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 9' 56"  10  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 10' 30" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 14

**10 May 1992 — Santander to Lakes of Covadonga, 213.4 km (132.6 mi)**

| **Stage 14 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto 5h 51' 50"  2  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 39"  3  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 51"  4  Fabio Hernán Rodríguez (COL) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 15"  5  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 1' 18"  6  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 1' 35"  7  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  8  José Martín Farfán (COL) Kelme–Don Cafe \+ 1' 56"  9  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 2' 05"  10  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) TVM–Sanyo \+ 2' 42" |  | **General classification after Stage 14**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 65h 02' 28"  2  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 43"  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 55"  4  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 2' 25"  5  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 20"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 3' 50"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 5' 11"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 10' 30"  9  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 10' 57"  10  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 11' 58" |
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## Stage 15

**11 May 1992 — Cangas de Onís to Alto del Naranco, 163 km (101 mi)**

| **Stage 15 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur 4h 01' 36"  2  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros s.t.  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 6"  5  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 10"  6  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 13"  7  Steven Rooks (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca s.t.  8  Fabio Hernán Rodríguez (COL) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 17"  9  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  10  Joaquim Llach Ramisa (ESP) Artiach–Royal \+ 19" |  | **General classification after Stage 15**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 69h 04' 04"  2  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 49"  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 55"  4  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 2' 42"  5  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 30"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 4' 12"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 5' 59"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 10' 43"  9  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 11' 19"  10  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 11' 58" |
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## Stage 16

**12 May 1992 — Oviedo to León, 162 km (101 mi)**

| **Stage 16 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tom Cordes (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 4h 06' 08"  ~~2~~  ~~Bernardo González (ESP)~~ ~~Kelme–Don Cafe~~ ~~s.t.~~  2  Álvaro Mejía (COL) Postobón–Manzana–Ryalcao s.t.  4  Aitor Garmendia (ESP) Banesto s.t.  5  Robert Millar (GBR) TVM–Sanyo s.t.  6  Santos Hernández (ESP) Artiach–Royal \+ 5"  7  Hernán Buenahora (COL) Kelme–Don Cafe s.t.  8  William Palacio (COL) Postobón–Manzana–Ryalcao \+ 10"  9  Oliverio Rincón (COL) Kelme–Don Cafe \+ 15"  10  Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 3' 49" |  | **General classification after Stage 16**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 73h 14' 01"  2  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 49"  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 55"  4  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 2' 42"  5  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 30"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 4' 12"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 5' 59"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 10' 43"  9  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 11' 19"  10  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 11' 58" |
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## Stage 17

**13 May 1992 — León to Salamanca, 200.6 km (124.6 mi)**

| **Stage 17 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Eric Vanderaerden (BEL) Buckler–Colnago–Decca 6h 27' 51"  2  Jelle Nijdam (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca s.t.  3  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde s.t.  4  Silvio Martinello (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Medeghini–Zucchini s.t.  5  Juan Carlos González Salvador (ESP) Puertas Mavisa s.t.  6  Uwe Raab (GER) PDM–Ultima–Concorde s.t.  7  Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond s.t.  8  Casimiro Moreda (ESP) Puertas Mavisa \+ 4"  9  Roustam Toukhvatoulin (RUS) USSR \+ 5"  10  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 17**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 79h 41' 57"  2  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 49"  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 55"  4  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 2' 42"  5  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 30"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 4' 12"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 6' 10"  8  Stephen Roche (IRL) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond \+ 10' 43"  9  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 11' 19"  10  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 11' 58" |
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## Stage 18

**14 May 1992 — Salamanca to Ávila, 218.9 km (136.0 mi)**

| **Stage 18 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Enrico Zaina (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Medeghini–Zucchini 6h 28' 02"  2  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  3  Robert Millar (GBR) TVM–Sanyo s.t.  4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 9"  5  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  6  José Martín Farfán (COL) Kelme–Don Cafe s.t.  7  Steven Rooks (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 12"  8  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros s.t.  9  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) TVM–Sanyo s.t.  10  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 18**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros 86h 10' 11"  2  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 46"  3  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 52"  4  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 2' 42"  5  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 3' 36"  6  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 4' 31"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 6' 29"  8  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 11' 19"  9  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 11' 46"  10  Robert Millar (GBR) TVM–Sanyo \+ 14' 03" |
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## Stage 19

**15 May 1992 — Fuenlabrada to Fuenlabrada, 37.9 km (23.5 mi) (ITT)**

| **Stage 19 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur 46' 18"  2  Eric Vanderaerden (BEL) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 52"  3  Erik Breukink (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 1' 08"  4  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 1' 33"  5  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 40"  6  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 41"  7  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 49"  8  Thomas Wegmüller (SUI) Lotus–Festina \+ 1' 53"  9  Artūras Kasputis (LTU) Postobón–Manzana–Ryalcao \+ 1' 59"  10  Stephen Hodge (AUS) ONCE \+ 2' 05" |  | **General classification after Stage 19**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur 86h 57' 21"  2  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 57"  3  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 35"  4  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 5' 12"  5  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 5' 27"  6  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 6' 17"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 7' 17"  8  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 12' 43"  9  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 15' 37"  10  Steven Rooks (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 18' 50" |
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## Stage 20

**16 May 1992 — Collado Villalba to Palazuelos de Eresma (Destilerías DYC), 188.3 km (117.0 mi)**

| **Stage 20 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Óscar Vargas (COL) Amaya Seguros 4h 56' 00"  2  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 32"  3  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 39"  4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto s.t.  5  Alberto Camargo (COL) Postobón–Manzana–Ryalcao s.t.  6  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) TVM–Sanyo s.t.  7  Luis Pérez García (ESP) Lotus–Festina s.t.  8  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  9  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur s.t.  10  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 20**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur 91h 53' 53"  2  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 04"  3  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 42"  4  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 5' 19"  5  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 5' 34"  6  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 6' 24"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 7' 24"  8  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 12' 50"  9  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 15' 44"  10  Steven Rooks (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 18' 57" |
| --- | --- | --- |

## Stage 21

**17 May 1992 — Palazuelos de Eresma (Destilerías DYC) to Madrid, 175 km (109 mi)**

| **Stage 21 result**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Djamolidine Abdoujaparov (UZB) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 4h 20' 57"  2  Alfonso Gutiérrez (ESP) Artiach–Royal s.t.  3  Juan Carlos González Salvador (ESP) Puertas Mavisa s.t.  4  Silvio Martinello (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Medeghini–Zucchini s.t.  5  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde s.t.  6  Stefano Zanatta (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax s.t.  7  Jelle Nijdam (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca s.t.  8  Uwe Raab (GER) PDM–Ultima–Concorde s.t.  9  Roberto Pelliconi (ITA) Mercatone Uno–Medeghini–Zucchini s.t.  10  Casimiro Moreda (ESP) Puertas Mavisa s.t. |  | **General classification after Stage 21**  Rank Rider Team Time  1  Tony Rominger (SUI) CLAS–Cajastur 96h 14' 50"  2  Jesús Montoya (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 1' 04"  3  Pedro Delgado (ESP) Banesto \+ 1' 42"  4  Marco Giovannetti (ITA) Gatorade–Chateau d'Ax \+ 5' 19"  5  Federico Echave (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 5' 34"  6  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) Amaya Seguros \+ 6' 24"  7  Fabio Parra (COL) Amaya Seguros \+ 7' 24"  8  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) PDM–Ultima–Concorde \+ 12' 50"  9  Francisco Javier Mauleón (ESP) CLAS–Cajastur \+ 15' 44"  10  Steven Rooks (NED) Buckler–Colnago–Decca \+ 18' 57" |
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title: Roland Jazz Chorus

abstract: Roland Jazz Chorus is the name given to a series of solid-state instrument amplifiers produced by the Roland Corporation in Japan since 1975. Its name comes from its built-in analog chorus effect. The Jazz Chorus series became increasingly popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s new wave and post-punk scenes because of its clean yet powerful sound, durability and relatively low cost when compared to the more commonly used tube amplifiers of the time such as Marshall or Fender. It also found favour amongst funk players in America. It also became popular to use for clean tones in heavy metal, with the most famous users being James Hetfield and Kirk Hammett from Metallica, and Wes Borland from Limp Bizkit. Most models have controls based on the JC-120's standard setup. There are two channels, one clean, the other with effects. The built-in effects include stereo chorus, vibrato, reverb, and distortion. The amplifier features high and low inputs, a bright switch as well as a three band equalizer and volume for each channel.

text:
# Roland Jazz Chorus

**Roland Jazz Chorus** is the name given to a series of solid-state instrument amplifiers produced by the Roland Corporation in Japan since 1975. Its name comes from its built-in analog chorus effect. The Jazz Chorus series became increasingly popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s new wave and post-punk scenes because of its clean yet powerful sound, durability and relatively low cost when compared to the more commonly used tube amplifiers of the time such as Marshall or Fender. It also found favour amongst funk players in America. It also became popular to use for clean tones in heavy metal, with the most famous users being James Hetfield and Kirk Hammett from Metallica, and Wes Borland from Limp Bizkit.

Most models have controls based on the JC-120's standard setup. There are two channels, one clean, the other with effects. The built-in effects include stereo chorus, vibrato, reverb, and distortion. The amplifier features high and low inputs, a bright switch as well as a three band equalizer and volume for each channel.

## Timeline

Since its inception in 1975, the Roland Jazz Chorus amplifier has undergone several design iterations.

**1975** JC-120, 120 watts, 2x12" speakers; JC-60, 60 watts, 1x12" speaker

**1976** JC-160, 120 watts, 4x10" speakers; JC-80 60 watts, 1x15" speaker

**1978** JC-200, 200W (head); JC-200S, 2x12" speakers (cabinet);

**1979** JC-50, 50 watts, 1x12" speaker

**1984** JC-120H, 120W head (“Bright” switch changed to “HI-TREBLE”); JC-77, 80 watts, 2x10" speakers

**1986** JC-55, 50 watts, 2x8" speakers

**1992** JC-20, 20 watts, 2x5" speakers

**1996** JC-85, 80 watts, 2x10" speakers

**1997** JC-90, 80 watts, 2x10" speakers (Eminence speakers)

**2015** JC-40, 40 watts, 2x10’’, (introduced stereo input); JC-22, 30 watts, 2x6.5" speakers

**2016** JC-22, 30 watts, 2x6.5" speakers

## Notable users

The Jazz Chorus is one of the most famous and successful combo amplifiers from its period and its earliest users included Albert King, Andy Summers (The Police), Chuck Hammer (Lou Reed), Larry Coryell, Robert Smith (of The Cure, although he used the rarer 160 Watt JC-160 with 4 x 10" speakers), Billy Duffy (The Cult, Theatre of Hate), Roger Hodgson of Supertramp, Joe Strummer, John Sebastian of The Lovin' Spoonful, Art Saiz, Chuck Willis, Prince, John McGeoch (Magazine, Siouxsie and the Banshees, PIL, the Armoury Show), Steve Hackett, Robert Fripp, Adrian Belew, Steve Rothery, Mdou Moctar, Neil Halstead (Slowdive) and Wayne Hussey (the Sisters of Mercy, The Mission) among others. Summers' use of the amp in turn inspired, for instance, Jeff Buckley, whose first amplifier was a Jazz Chorus.

Another notable user of the JC-120 was Johnny Marr of The Smiths who used the Roland JC-120 along with his Rickenbacker 330 and Telecaster to create the sounds present on The Smiths’ debut album. Other users include Steve Levine, producer of bands such as Culture Club, The Beach Boys and The Clash. He often combined it with effects pedals from Boss Corporation, a Roland subsidiary.


title: Roland Jennings

abstract: Sir Roland Jennings was a British chartered accountant and politician. Jennings was born in Sunderland, the son of Jane Hannah Jennings and Cornelius Jennings. He served with the Durham Light Infantry in the First World War. He was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield in County Durham at the 1931 general election, defeating the Labour Party MP John Herriotts. Jennings was defeated at the 1935 general election by Labour's John Leslie. He is the last Conservative to serve as Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency until Paul Howell in 2019 After losing the Wandsworth Central seat in a 1937 by-election, Jennings returned to the House of Commons in 1939, when he was elected as MP for Sheffield Hallam at a by-election following the death of Sir Louis William Smith. At this and each subsequent election he fought as a 'Conservative and Liberal' although he took the Conservative whip. In 1955, Jennings was caught up in a minor constitutional difficulty when shortly after the general election a political opponent highlighted the fact that he had been, since 1923, a public auditor approved by the Treasury. He had taken the post solely in order to audit the books of the Cotherstone British Legion and Village Club, but there were circumstances in which he might have been paid by the Treasury: this would make it an "office of profit under the Crown" and therefore a disqualification from being elected. The matter was referred by the House of Commons to a Select Committee which reported that Jennings was indeed disqualified under the law as it stood. The government rushed through Parliament a Bill changing the law, and another bill indemnifying Jennings from the consequences of acting as an MP while disqualified and validating his election. Several other MPs were similarly found to have been unknowingly disqualified in an ensuing investigation. Jennings retired from Parliament at the 1959 general election.

text:
# Roland Jennings

**Sir Roland Jennings** (10 November 1894 – 5 December 1968) was a British chartered accountant and politician.

Jennings was born in Sunderland, the son of Jane Hannah Jennings and Cornelius Jennings. He served with the Durham Light Infantry in the First World War. He was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield in County Durham at the 1931 general election, defeating the Labour Party MP John Herriotts. Jennings was defeated at the 1935 general election by Labour's John Leslie. He is the last Conservative to serve as Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency until Paul Howell in 2019

After losing the Wandsworth Central seat in a 1937 by-election, Jennings returned to the House of Commons in 1939, when he was elected as MP for Sheffield Hallam at a by-election following the death of Sir Louis William Smith. At this and each subsequent election he fought as a 'Conservative and Liberal' although he took the Conservative whip.

In 1955, Jennings was caught up in a minor constitutional difficulty when shortly after the general election a political opponent highlighted the fact that he had been, since 1923, a public auditor approved by the Treasury. He had taken the post solely in order to audit the books of the Cotherstone British Legion and Village Club, but there were circumstances in which he might have been paid by the Treasury: this would make it an "office of profit under the Crown" and therefore a disqualification from being elected.

The matter was referred by the House of Commons to a Select Committee which reported that Jennings was indeed disqualified under the law as it stood. The government rushed through Parliament a Bill changing the law, and another bill indemnifying Jennings from the consequences of acting as an MP while disqualified and validating his election. Several other MPs were similarly found to have been unknowingly disqualified in an ensuing investigation.

Jennings retired from Parliament at the 1959 general election.


title: Karen Gerşon Şarhon

abstract: Karen Gerşon Şarhon is a scholar of Judaeo-Spanish and the coordinator of the Ottoman-Turkish Sephardic Research Center.

text:
# Karen Gerşon Şarhon

**Karen Gerşon Şarhon** (born 1958) is a scholar of Judaeo-Spanish and the coordinator of the Ottoman-Turkish Sephardic Research Center.

## Early life and education

Gerşon was born on 25 May 1958 in Istanbul, Turkey to Suzi (Sultana) and Beni (Baruh) Gerşon, who were Ladino-speaking Sephardic Jews, whose ancestors came to the Ottoman Empire after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. Although her parents spoke Ladino at home, they had studied in the French schools of Istanbul and instead chose to speak to her in French, which caused her to initially not be fluent in her ancestral language. She first started learning Turkish in elementary school and continued her French studies through a private tutor following the third grade. The English language entered her life when she began going to the English High School for Girls in her hometown. Studying there for five years (including two preparatory years learning English), she then went to Robert College and in 1976 entered Boğaziçi University, majoring in English Philology and Linguistics.

Gerşon is currently the coordinator of the Istanbul-based Sephardic Centre of Istanbul, which was established in 2003 to promote Sephardic culture and the Ladino language in Turkey and abroad. Gerşon is also the editor-in-chief of El Amaneser, the monthly Ladino-language supplement of the Turkish Jewish newspaper Şalom. El Amaneser has been published continually since it was originally launched in 2003.

## Personal life

In 1992, she married Jozi Yusuf Şarhon and had her daughter, Selin Şarhon, in 1996.

## Works

* "Ladino in Turkey: The Situation Today as Reflected by the Ladino Database Project" European Judaism, 44: Issue 1 (2011): 62–71
* "Judeo-Spanish: Where We Are, And Where We Are Going" International Sephardic Journal 1, no. 1 (2004): 74-78
* "Culture and Music of the Jews of Turkey" Jewish Renaissance Magazine 9, no. 2 (2010)

## Discography

* *Los Pasharos Sefaradis Vol. I* (1987)
* *Los Pasharos Sefaradis Vol. II* (1987)
* *Los Pasharos Sefaradis Vol. III* (1987)
* *La Romansa de Rika Kuriel* (1988)
* *Kantikas Para Syempre* (1995)
* *Zemirot: Turkish-Sephardic Synagogue Hymns* (2002)
* *Kantikas Para Syempre, 2nd edition* (2003)
* *Las Puertas* (2005)
* *Tangos Sefaradis del Dip del Baul* (2017)


title: 1992 Baltimore Orioles season

abstract: The 1992 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing third in the American League East with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. Having played almost 40 years at Memorial Stadium, the 1992 campaign was the inaugural season for the Orioles' new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, where they play to this day.

text:
# 1992 Baltimore Orioles season

The **1992 Baltimore Orioles** season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing third in the American League East with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses.

Having played almost 40 years at Memorial Stadium, the 1992 campaign was the inaugural season for the Orioles' new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, where they play to this day.

## Offseason

## Regular season

The Orioles spent most of the first three months of the season battling with the Toronto Blue Jays for first place in the division. The lead switched back and forth between the two teams before the Jays took it for good on June 20. Baltimore remained in second place for the next two months, with the margin between themselves and Toronto fluctuating from between one and five games. However, the Birds faded during the September stretch and relinquished second place to the Milwaukee Brewers on September 19. Still, they were not mathematically eliminated from contention until September 27, finishing at a respectable 89–73.

In 1992, Mike Mussina played his first full season with the Orioles. He finished with an 18–5 record and a 2.54 ERA in 241 innings; his .783 win–loss percentage was the best in the American League, and his 1.79 BB/9 was second-best in the AL behind the Brewers' Chris Bosio. Mussina also pitched four shutouts, tying for second in the league behind Boston's Roger Clemens. He finished fourth in the American League Cy Young Award voting, and participated in the 1992 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in San Diego, pitching one perfect inning.

### Oriole Park at Camden Yards

In 1992, with grand ceremony, the Orioles began their season in a brand new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, and thus retiring Memorial Stadium in the major league baseball world. The ballpark was an instant success; however, the name of the new park had controversy. Many felt that since the Orioles' new home was so close to Babe Ruth's birthplace that the new park should have been named after Ruth instead of being indirectly named after the Earl of Camden, Charles Pratt, who was a Briton who never set foot on American soil. There was also the superficial connection to the fact that Ruth played for the Orioles early in his career, but the Orioles team that Ruth played for was in no way related to the Orioles team that moved to Baltimore from St. Louis. Camden Yards was built at the location of the old Camden Railway. It was the first of the "retro" major league ballparks constructed during the 1990s and early 2000s, and remains one of the most highly praised.

### Season standings

AL East
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Toronto Blue Jays | 96 | 66 | .593 |  | 5328 | 4338 |
| Milwaukee Brewers | 92 | 70 | .568 | 4 | 5328 | 3942 |
| Baltimore Orioles | 89 | 73 | .549 | 7 | 4338 | 4635 |
| Cleveland Indians | 76 | 86 | .469 | 20 | 4140 | 3546 |
| New York Yankees | 76 | 86 | .469 | 20 | 4140 | 3546 |
| Detroit Tigers | 75 | 87 | .463 | 21 | 3842 | 3745 |
| Boston Red Sox | 73 | 89 | .451 | 23 | 4437 | 2952 |

### Record vs. opponents

|
Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BAL | BOS | CAL | CWS | CLE | DET | KC | MIL | MIN | NYY | OAK | SEA | TEX | TOR |
| Baltimore |  | 8–5 | 8–4 | 6–6 | 7–6 | 10–3 | 8–4 | 6–7 | 6–6 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 5–8 |
| Boston | 5–8 |  | 8–4 | 6–6 | 6–7 | 4–9 | 7–5 | 5–8 | 3–9 | 7–6 | 5–7 | 6–6 | 4–8 | 7–6 |
| California | 4–8 | 4–8 |  | 3–10 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 8–5 | 5–7 | 2–11 | 7–5 | 5–8 | 7–6 | 9–4 | 5–7 |
| Chicago | 6–6 | 6–6 | 10–3 |  | 7–5 | 10–2 | 7–6 | 5–7 | 8–5 | 8–4 | 5–8 | 4–9 | 5–8 | 5–7 |
| Cleveland | 6–7 | 7–6 | 6–6 | 5–7 |  | 5–8 | 5–7 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 7–6 | 6–6 | 7–5 | 5–7 | 6–7 |
| Detroit | 3–10 | 9–4 | 5–7 | 2–10 | 8–5 |  | 7–5 | 5–8 | 3–9 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 9–3 | 8–4 | 5–8 |
| Kansas City | 4–8 | 5–7 | 5–8 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 5–7 |  | 7–5 | 6–7 | 5–7 | 4–9 | 7–6 | 6–7 | 5–7 |
| Milwaukee | 7–6 | 8–5 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 8–5 | 8–5 | 5–7 |  | 6–6 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 8–4 | 7–5 | 8–5 |
| Minnesota | 6–6 | 9–3 | 11–2 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 9–3 | 7–6 | 6–6 |  | 7–5 | 5–8 | 8–5 | 6–7 | 5–7 |
| New York | 8–5 | 6–7 | 5–7 | 4–8 | 6–7 | 8–5 | 7–5 | 7–6 | 5–7 |  | 6–6 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 2–11 |
| Oakland | 6–6 | 7–5 | 8–5 | 8–5 | 6–6 | 6–6 | 9–4 | 5–7 | 8–5 | 6–6 |  | 12–1 | 9–4 | 6–6 |
| Seattle | 5–7 | 6–6 | 6–7 | 9–4 | 5–7 | 3–9 | 6–7 | 4–8 | 5–8 | 6–6 | 1–12 |  | 4–9 | 4–8 |
| Texas | 5–7 | 8–4 | 4–9 | 8–5 | 7–5 | 4–8 | 7–6 | 5–7 | 7–6 | 6–6 | 4–9 | 9–4 |  | 3–9 |
| Toronto | 8–5 | 6–7 | 7–5 | 7–5 | 7–6 | 8–5 | 7–5 | 5–8 | 7–5 | 11–2 | 6–6 | 8–4 | 9–3 |  |

### Notable transactions

### Roster

| 1992 Baltimore Orioles | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Chris Hoiles | 96 | 310 | 85 | .274 | 20 | 40 |
| 1B | Randy Milligan | 137 | 462 | 111 | .240 | 11 | 53 |
| 2B | Billy Ripken | 111 | 330 | 76 | .230 | 4 | 36 |
| 3B | Leo Gómez | 137 | 468 | 124 | .265 | 17 | 64 |
| SS | Cal Ripken Jr. | 162 | 637 | 160 | .251 | 14 | 72 |
| LF | Brady Anderson | 159 | 623 | 169 | .271 | 21 | 80 |
| CF | Mike Devereaux | 156 | 653 | 180 | .276 | 24 | 107 |
| RF | Joe Orsulak | 117 | 391 | 113 | .289 | 4 | 39 |
| DH | Glenn Davis | 106 | 398 | 110 | .276 | 13 | 48 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. + Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mark McLemore | 101 | 228 | 56 | .246 | 0 | 27 |
| Chito Martínez | 83 | 198 | 53 | .268 | 5 | 25 |
| David Segui | 115 | 189 | 44 | .233 | 1 | 17 |
| Jeff Tackett | 65 | 179 | 43 | .240 | 5 | 24 |
| Sam Horn | 63 | 162 | 38 | .235 | 5 | 19 |
| Tim Hulett | 57 | 142 | 41 | .289 | 2 | 21 |
| Luis Mercedes | 23 | 50 | 7 | .140 | 0 | 4 |
| Mark Parent | 17 | 34 | 8 | .235 | 2 | 4 |
| Steve Scarsone | 11 | 17 | 3 | .176 | 0 | 0 |
| Rick Dempsey | 8 | 9 | 1 | .111 | 0 | 0 |
| Manny Alexander | 4 | 5 | 1 | .200 | 0 | 0 |
| Tommy Shields | 2 | 0 | 0 | ---- | 0 | 0 |
| Jack Voigt | 1 | 0 | 0 | ---- | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mike Mussina | 32 | 241.0 | 18 | 5 | 2.54 | 130 |
| Rick Sutcliffe | 36 | 237.1 | 16 | 15 | 4.47 | 109 |
| Ben McDonald | 35 | 227.0 | 13 | 13 | 4.24 | 158 |
| Bob Milacki | 23 | 115.2 | 6 | 8 | 5.84 | 51 |
| Arthur Rhodes | 15 | 94.1 | 7 | 5 | 3.63 | 77 |
| José Mesa | 13 | 67.2 | 3 | 8 | 5.19 | 22 |
| Craig Lefferts | 5 | 33.0 | 1 | 3 | 4.09 | 23 |
| Richie Lewis | 2 | 6.2 | 0 | 2 | 10.80 | 4 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gregg Olson | 60 | 1 | 5 | 36 | 2.05 | 58 |
| Todd Frohwirth | 65 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2.46 | 58 |
| Storm Davis | 48 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3.43 | 53 |
| Mike Flanagan | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.05 | 17 |
| Alan Mills | 35 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 2.61 | 60 |
| Pat Clements | 23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3.28 | 9 |
| Mark Williamson | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.96 | 14 |
| Jim Poole | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 |

## Awards and honors

## Farm system

| Level | Team | League | Manager |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| AAA | Rochester Red Wings | International League | Jerry Narron |
| AA | Hagerstown Suns | Eastern League | Don Buford |
|  | Frederick Keys | Carolina League | Bob Miscik |
|  | Kane County Cougars | Midwest League | Joel Youngblood |
| Rookie | Bluefield Orioles | Appalachian League | Mike O'Berry |
| Rookie | GCL Orioles | Gulf Coast League | Phillip Wellman |

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Bluefield

1. Jeff Robinson page at Baseball Reference
2. "Amalio Carreño". Baseball Reference. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
3. "FOX Sports on MSN - MLB - Top 10 ballparks". Archived from the original on September 15, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
4. Juan Bell page at Baseball Reference
5. Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., *The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 3rd edition*. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 2007

## InfoBox

| 1992 Baltimore Orioles | |
| --- | --- |
| League | American League |
| Division | East |
| Ballpark | Oriole Park at Camden Yards |
| City | Baltimore, Maryland |
| Record | 89–73 (.549) |
| Divisional place | 3rd |
| Owners | Eli Jacobs |
| General managers | Roland Hemond |
| Managers | Johnny Oates |
| Television | WMAR-TV
(Jon Miller, Brooks Robinson, Scott Garceau)
Home Team Sports
(Mel Proctor, John Lowenstein, Jim Palmer, Rex Barney, Tom Davis) |
| Radio | WBAL (AM)
(Chuck Thompson, Jon Miller, Joe Angel) |
|  | |


title: Karim Khan Kangarlu

abstract: Karim Khan Kangarli is the last khan of the Nakhichevan khanate, whose reign lasted intermittently from 1808 to 1827. After the abolition of the Nakhichevan khanate in 1828, Ehsan Khan was appointed the governor of Nakhichevan under the rule of the Russian Empire.

text:
# Karim Khan Kangarlu

**Karim Khan Kangarli** (Persian: *كريم خان کنگرلو,* Azerbaijani: Kərim xan Kəngərli) is the last khan of the Nakhichevan khanate, whose reign lasted intermittently from 1808 to 1827. After the abolition of the Nakhichevan khanate in 1828, Ehsan Khan was appointed the governor of Nakhichevan under the rule of the Russian Empire.

## Origin

Karim Khan was descended from the Kangarli tribe. From the end of the 18th century to the present day he is called the brother, then the nephew and sometimes the cousin of Kalb-Ali Khan. It is known from the Tiflis archive that the son of Karim Khan named Imam Qoli Khan married the granddaughter of Heydar Qoli KhanTelli-Begum. One of the khans Jafar Qoli Khan is sometimes also written as the native or cousin of Kalb-Ali Khan. From the very beginning, the customs of Kangarli confused Russian researchers, since the wife of the deceased brother was taken by another brother, who was signed as a relative or cousin. And although we do not have direct confirmation as it is written in the book “Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire”, indirect data from two sources suggest that Karim Khan was the brother of Kalb-Ali Khan.

## History

### Rule

Karim Khan named in the document for 1810 as the khan of Nakhichevan he received an order from the son of the shah Abbas Mirza to invade Karabakh and 1.000 militias were sent to Nakhichevan to help him. In the first days of June of the same year, Karim Khan's detachment was already operating in Karabakh: it covered the roads to the village of Meghri and the commander of the Russian detachment located in the Chardakhly tract (the former Ganja khanate) general Nebolsin ordered colonel Pyotr Kotlyarevsky with a battalion of the 17th jäger regiment to occupy this important point.

Then Pyotr Kotlyarevsky captured Meghri with a night attack. The commander of the garrison occupying Meghri Pir Qoli Khan fled beyond the Aras river to Karadagh khanate and Karim khan to Nakhichevan.

As a result, the unfortunate Karim Khan was sent under guard to Tehran and the Nakhichevan khanate was transferred to the control of the eldest son of the deceased Kalb-Ali Khan Nazar Ali Khan. However, politics is changeable: in 1813, Karim khan again became the ruler of Nakhichevan, in 1816 — again Kalb-Ali Khan, and after 1820 — again the first, but for two years. In 1822, Hussein Mirza became khan and a year later in 1823 Karim Khan returned to power. Abbas Mirza again replaced him with Muhammad Bagher, but on the eve of the next Russo-Persian war, since Muhammad did not justify the Shah's trust, Karim khan was returned for the last time.

### Relations with the Russian empire

In 1827, Karim Khan decided to punish his son-in-law Ehsan Khan Nakhichevansky, who helped the Russian troops. On July 17 of the same year, the Russian camp near AbbasAbad fortress received alarming news from Ehsan Khan that an attack was being prepared against him. Russian military leader Paskevich quickly responded to the request and on July 19 the Tiflis infantry regiment with a brigade of Cossacks and six horse artillery under the command of general Vadbolsky was already entering the city of Ordubad. On behalf of the Russian government, Ehsan Khan was appointed naib (deputy) of the Nakhichevan province and on July 21, the prince with his detachment set out from Ordubad back to Nakhichevan.

Not even two days had passed since the departure of the Russian detachment — Karim Khan with his armies again appeared in the vicinity of Ordubad and began to destroy the nearby villages. Ehsan Khan with 60 sarbazs (soldiers) arrived in time to help the inhabitants and Karim Khan was defeated. Failure, however, only embittered Karim Khan. Having received reinforcements from Abbas Mirza, he again appeared near Ordubad with a detachment of three thousand and this time they took the city.

Ehsan Khan locked himself in the citadel along with several relatives. They had no water and nevertheless, they decided to hold out to the end, and even managed to send a scout to general Paskevich with a request for immediate help. Finally, on August 1, the Russians approached Ordubad. Karim Khan not accepting the battle and withdrew behind the Aras river and Ehsan Khan was saved.

On August 7, near the village of Varanda, a Russian column of troops was cut off by Persian troops — two battalions of sarbazs and two thousand cavalry. Karim Khan, who led this detachment launched an offensive with his usual decisiveness and the Russians were blocked in the gorge. Fortunately, a company of the carabiniers approached from the direction of Nakhichevan. The Persians mistaking her for the vanguard of a large detachment and retreated.

After the events described, Karim Khan settled in Ordubad and continued to disturb the Russians with raids on their territory. In the end, all the estates of Karim Khan located on the territory of the Nakhichevan Khanate were confiscated to the Russian treasury. In the early 1830s, the khan tried to obtain their return from the Russian authorities; even his son came to Nakhichevan and Yerevan for this purpose, but to no avail.

However, Abbas Mirza provided Karim Khan and the Kangarli beys with him with several villages in the Maraga Khanate, where he moved after 1827.

## Family

In 1808, the families of the two brothers Kalb-Ali Khan and Karim Khan reconciled to a certain extent: the son of the Kalb-Ali Khan Ehsan Khan married the only daughter of Karim Khan Badyr-Nisah begum and the son of Karim Khan named Imam Qoli Khan married the daughter of Rahim Khan Telli-begum.

1. RƏHİMOĞLU (QULİYEV), Musa (13 April 2017). "Naxçıvan xanlığının sonuncu xanı kim olub? Tariximilə bağlı mühüm bir sual üzərindən düşüncələr — Who was the last Khan of Nakhchivan Khanate? Reflections on an important question about my history" (in Azerbaijani).
2. *Western Asia in documents. Nakhichevan handwritten documents of the 17th and 19th centuries*. 1936. pp. 73–77.
3. Əliyev F., Əliyev M. (2020-10-21). "Nakhichevan khanate (1747—1828)" (PDF). Baku. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
4. Nagdaliev, Farhad (2006). *Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire* (in Russian). Moscow: Новый Аргумент. pp. 46–47. ISBN 5-903224-01-6.
5. Nagdaliev, Farhad (2006). *Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire* (in Russian). Moscow: Новый Аргумент. pp. 61–62. ISBN 5-903224-01-6.
6. Nagdaliev, Farhad (2006). *Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire* (in Russian). Moscow: Новый Аргумент. pp. 63–64. ISBN 5-903224-01-6.
7. Korganov F. (1851). *Trip to the Armenian region in 1831 // Newspaper "Caucasus". No. 75*.
8. Nagdaliev, Farhad (2006). *Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire* (in Russian). Moscow: Новый Аргумент. pp. 330–331. ISBN 5-903224-01-6.
9. Nagdaliev, Farhad (2006). *Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire* (in Russian). Moscow: Новый Аргумент. p. 48. ISBN 5-903224-01-6.

## Sources

* Nagdaliev, Farkhad; Нагдалиев, Фархад. (2006). *Khany Nakhichevanskie v Rossiĭskoĭ Imperii*. Moskva: Novyĭ argument. ISBN 5-903224-01-6. OCLC 152052177.

## InfoBox

| Karim Khan Kangarli | |
| --- | --- |
| Khan of Nakhichevan | |
| Reign | 1808 – 1809 |
| Predecessor | Kalb-Ali Khan Kangarlu |
| Successor | Kalb-Ali Khan Kangarlu |
| Reign | 1820 – 1822 |
| Predecessor | Nazar Khan Kangarli |
| Successor | Huseyn Mirza |
| Reign | 1823 – 1826 |
| Predecessor | Huseyn Mirza |
| Successor | Muhammed Baghir Khan Kangarli |
| Reign | 1826 – 1828 |
|  | |
| Issue | Imam Qoli Khan, Telli-begum |
| Father | Murtaza Ali or Ehsan Khan |


title: Romance on Lushan Mountain

abstract: Romance on Lushan Mountain is a 1980 colour film produced in China. It was in its entirety shot at Mount Lu in Jiujiang, China and was directed by Huang Zumo (黄祖模). It is alternatively known as A Love Story at Lushan Mountain and Love on Lushan Mountain. The film sold more than 140 million tickets and grossed more than CN¥100 million in China. It holds the Guinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980.

text:
# Romance on Lushan Mountain

***Romance on Lushan Mountain*** (simplified Chinese: 庐山恋; traditional Chinese: 廬山戀; pinyin: *Lúshān Liàn*) is a 1980 colour film produced in China. It was in its entirety shot at Mount Lu in Jiujiang, China and was directed by Huang Zumo (黄祖模). It is alternatively known as ***A Love Story at Lushan Mountain*** and ***Love on Lushan Mountain***.

The film sold more than 140 million tickets and grossed more than CN¥100 million in China. It holds the Guinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980.

## Plot

In the 1970s, after the establishment of diplomat relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States, Zhou Jun, the daughter of a retired Kuomintang general, Zhou Zhenwu, who now lives in America, visits mainland China for sightseeing. In Mount Lu, she meets Geng Hua, a young man who is preparing his college entrance exams, and they fall in love. Geng's father, an officer in the Chinese Communist Party, is now under political investigation by Gang of Four. The junior Geng is accompanying his unwell mother to the mountain for rehabilitation. Due to his frequent contacts with Zhou, Geng is summoned for interrogation. Zhou returns to the States with regrets.

After the fall of Gang of Four, Zhou, still keeping her feelings for Geng in her heart, visits Mount Lu again. Geng, now a postgraduate student of Tsinghua University, happens to come to Mount Lu for academic colloquium. Fortunately, these two reunite and decide to marry each other. Geng Hua asks his father, Geng Feng, for his agreement, and shows him the photo of Miss Zhou's family. The senior Geng recognizes that the girl's father, Zhou Zhenwu, was his classmate back in Whampoa Military Academy. Because they followed different political parties, they became the rivals in the battlefield during Chinese Civil War. Thus, he immediately rejects this marriage. After some difficulties, the two seniors, both with the intention of reunification of China, meet on Mount Lu. The hostility is thawed, and they become relatives by marriage when the junior Zhou and Geng finally get together.

## World record

According to Guinness World Records, this film has the Longest First-Run of a Film in One Cinema (**Love Story in Lushan Cinema**). It premiered at the Jiangxi Movie Circulation and Screening Company in Lushan, China, on July 12, 1980, and has been shown daily up to now. Watching the film at the said cinema has become a tourist attraction.

## InfoBox

| Romance on Lushan Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Huang Zumo |
| Written by | Bi Bicheng |
| Produced by | Shanghai Film Studio |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Shan Lianguo |
| Music by | Lu Qiming |
| Release date | * 1980 (1980) |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Box office | CN¥100 million |


title: Forward Operating Base Gibraltar

abstract: FOB Gibraltar was a British-manned Forward Operating Base in Helmand Province, Afghanistan next to the Helmand River, near the town of Sangin. It was named after the port of Gibraltar, which was the lynchpin of British Naval dominance in the Mediterranean. The mission for FOB Gibraltar was to train and support Afghan soldiers and take Taliban pressure off the Sangin area, so that the soldiers and the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) could try to secure the population while improving their quality of life. Taliban fighters who attacked FOB Gibraltar during the summer of 2008 referred to the base as the 'mouth of hell' or 'devil's place'. Of the 160 men of 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment who manned the base, almost one in three were killed or wounded, a higher casualty rate than that suffered by British soldiers during the Second World War: Five killed in action, 14 seriously injured, and another 30 wounded. The Base was last occupied by C Coy 2 Rifles prior to the closure of the FOB in June 2009. C Coy 2 RIFLES moved to FOB Wishtan near Sangin.

text:
# Forward Operating Base Gibraltar

**FOB Gibraltar** was a British-manned Forward Operating Base in Helmand Province, Afghanistan next to the Helmand River, near the town of Sangin. It was named after the port of Gibraltar, which was the lynchpin of British Naval dominance in the Mediterranean.

The mission for FOB Gibraltar was to train and support Afghan soldiers and take Taliban pressure off the Sangin area, so that the soldiers and the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) could try to secure the population while improving their quality of life.

Taliban fighters who attacked FOB Gibraltar during the summer of 2008 referred to the base as the 'mouth of hell' or 'devil's place'. Of the 160 men of 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment (2 PARA) who manned the base, almost one in three were killed or wounded, a higher casualty rate than that suffered by British soldiers during the Second World War: Five killed in action, 14 seriously injured, and another 30 wounded. The Base was last occupied by C Coy 2 Rifles prior to the closure of the FOB in June 2009. C Coy 2 RIFLES moved to FOB Wishtan near Sangin.

## List of companies in FOB Gibraltar

### Citations

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| FOB Gibraltar | |
| --- | --- |
| Helmand Province in Afghanistan | |
| Type | Forward Operating Base |
| Site information | |
| Owner | International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) |
| Operator | British Army<br>Royal Marines |
| Site history | |
| Built | 2007 (2007) |
| In use | 2007-2009 (2009) |


title: Forward Operating Base Hope

abstract: Forward Operating Base Hope is the current name of Camp War Eagle which was the name of the United States Army camp located at the northeast corner of the Baghdad slum known as Sadr City. It was established in May 2003 by 1st Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment and B Company, 2nd Battalion, 37th Armor Regiment which is an element of 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division. War Eagle was located on the site of a pre-war Iraqi Army base, and as such was walled and somewhat suited for use as a forward operating base. Some of the first battles with the Mahdi Army were fought out of this camp in early 2004. Soldiers from the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division including 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment and Bravo Company 20th Engineer Battalion, were stationed at Camp War Eagle and fought against the Shia militia of Muqtada al Sadr known as the Mahdi Army during the uprising which began April 4, 2004. The troops of Task Force Lancer's and Task Force Charger's stay at War Eagle was one of the deadliest periods in the Iraq war. On April 4, 2004, this was the launch point for what was to be named "Black Sunday". During the six-hour night battle, 8 were killed and 60+ were wounded. This initial fight would go on for 10 days. It was during this time that Casey Sheehan was killed. Cindy Sheehan, his mother, would use her son's death to protest the war in Iraq. On Mothers' Day, 2004 also known as "The Day of Steel Rain", Camp War Eagle was attacked with approximately 100+ detonated mortar rounds and rockets raining down inside the camp in a 24-hour period. It was renamed FOB Hope in early 2005 by the arriving Task Force 3/15 from the 3rd Infantry division's 2nd Brigade Combat Team, who relieved Task Force Lancer and conducted operations in Sadr City until relieved in late 2005. On March 10, 2006, the camp, then known as Forward Operating Base (FOB) Hope, was transferred from Multi-National Division – Baghdad control to the Iraqi Army. Specifically, 3rd Battalion, 67th Armored Regiment, 101st Airborne Division handed over control to 3rd Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 6th Iraqi Army Division.

text:
# Forward Operating Base Hope

**Forward Operating Base Hope** is the current name of **Camp War Eagle** which was the name of the United States Army camp located at the northeast corner of the Baghdad slum known as Sadr City. It was established in May 2003 by 1st Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (known as the War Eagles) and B Company, 2nd Battalion, 37th Armor Regiment which is an element of 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division. War Eagle was located on the site of a pre-war Iraqi Army base, and as such was walled and somewhat suited for use as a forward operating base.

Some of the first battles with the Mahdi Army were fought out of this camp in early 2004.

Soldiers from the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division including 1st Battalion, 12th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment and Bravo Company 20th Engineer Battalion (United States), were stationed at Camp War Eagle and fought against the Shia militia of Muqtada al Sadr known as the Mahdi Army during the uprising which began April 4, 2004.

The troops of Task Force Lancer's (2-5 Cav, C1-82FA, and B/1-12 Cav) and Task Force Charger's (1-12 Cav, B/2-5IN, B/20E) stay at War Eagle (March '04-05') was one of the deadliest periods in the Iraq war. On April 4, 2004, this was the launch point for what was to be named "Black Sunday". During the six-hour night battle, 8 were killed and 60+ were wounded. This initial fight would go on for 10 days. It was during this time that Casey Sheehan was killed. Cindy Sheehan, his mother, would use her son's death to protest the war in Iraq.

On Mothers' Day, 2004 also known as "The Day of Steel Rain", Camp War Eagle was attacked with approximately 100+ detonated mortar rounds and rockets raining down inside the camp in a 24-hour period.

It was renamed **FOB Hope** in early 2005 by the arriving Task Force 3/15 from the 3rd Infantry division's 2nd Brigade Combat Team, who relieved Task Force Lancer and conducted operations in Sadr City until relieved in late 2005.

On March 10, 2006, the camp, then known as **Forward Operating Base (FOB) Hope**, was transferred from Multi-National Division – Baghdad control to the Iraqi Army. Specifically, 3rd Battalion, 67th Armored Regiment, 101st Airborne Division handed over control to 3rd Battalion, 2nd Brigade ("The Tiger Brigade"), 6th Iraqi Army Division.

## InfoBox

| FOB Hope | |
| --- | --- |
| Sadr City, Baghdad Governate in Iraq | |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Ministry of Defence |
| Operator | Iraqi Army |
| Site history | |
| Built | May 2003 (2003) |
| In use | 2003-current |


abstract: Karachi Co-operative Housing Societies Union (KCHSU) is a federation of housing cooperatives in Pakistan. The organization is composed of 24 cooperative housing societies with over 100,000 members. KCHSU is a member of the International Co-operative Alliance.

text:
# Karachi Co-operative Housing Societies Union

**Karachi Co-operative Housing Societies Union** (KCHSU) is a federation of housing cooperatives in Pakistan. The organization is composed of 24 cooperative housing societies with over 100,000 members. KCHSU is a member of the International Co-operative Alliance.

## History

KCHSU was established on January 25 of 1949 under the West Pakistan Co-operative Societies Act VII of 1925 to help the acquisition and lease of land from the government and other agencies. This allowed the Union to provide sub-licenses or sub-leases to their member societies. KCHSU was given 1,175 acres (4.76 km2) in 1954 by Governor-General of Pakistan Malik Ghulam Muhammad through a licence agreement. The Union proceeded to develop this land for displaced people who came to Pakistan. The Union provided and maintained many municipal services until these were taken over by local government in the 1970s. The Union is currently developing another plot of land called Taiser Town.

In 1973, KCHSU allotted some land to the Overseas Cooperative Housing Society, one of its member organisations.

## InfoBox

Karachi Co-operative Housing Societies Union
|
|  |
| Company type | Cooperative federation |
| Founded | 1949 (1949) |
| Headquarters | Karachi, Pakistan |
| Key people | Shamsuddin Uraizee,President Mohemmed Sharif Bhaiji, Managing Director |
| Members | 24 Cooperative housing societies with over 100,000 members |
| Website | http://kchsunion.coop |


title: Roldana petasitis

abstract: Roldana petasitis, also known as the velvet groundsel or Californian geranium, is a species of the genus Roldana and family Asteraceae that used to be classified in the genus Senecio. It is native to Central America.

text:
# Roldana petasitis

***Roldana petasitis***, also known as the **velvet groundsel** or **Californian geranium**, is a species of the genus *Roldana* and family Asteraceae that used to be classified in the genus *Senecio*. It is native to Central America.

## Description

It is an evergreen subshrub that thrives in constant heat and prefers sheltered gardens. Growing up to 1.8 m tall, it features weak stems, large softly hairy, venated, palmate leaves that are 20 cm long and wide at most, with seven or more broad, blunt lobes.

### Inflorescences

The 8 to 10 mm long, yellow flowerheads, like daisies, of about 6 ray ligulate petals are borne in foliaceous panicles. The plant blooms from winter to early spring.

## Varieties

'Roldana p. var. cristobalensis' is a variety of this plant which features leaves with purple undersides. 'Roldana petasitis var. oaxacana' and 'sartorii' are other varieties.

## Distribution

The plant is native to the subtropical highlands (Sierra Madre del Sur) of Oaxaca in Mexico, south to the tropics in El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua.

Climatically, it is found in the tropical savanna climates grading into the drier semi-arid or temperate wet/dry areas, where it is present from Veracruz in the north to Nicaragua in the south, in both pine-oak and mountain cloud forests between 1,000m and 2,500m. The 'cristobalensis' variety is found in Chiapas, the southernmost Mexican state, and in Guatemala between elevations 1,000m and 1,600m. It is naturalized in parts of southeastern Australia and New Zealand.

**Neotropic** **Mexico Southwest**: Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca **Mesoamerica**: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua

Media related to Roldana petasitis at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Roldana petasitis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Roldana* |
| Species: | ***R. petasitis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Roldana petasitis***
(Sims) H.Rob. & Brettell | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Senecio petasitis* (Sims) DC.
*Cineraria petasitis* Sims | |


abstract: The 1992–93 Northern Counties East Football League season was the 11th in the history of Northern Counties East Football League. The league consisted of 34 teams.

text:
# 1992–93 Northern Counties East Football League

The **1992–93 Northern Counties East Football League season** was the 11th in the history of Northern Counties East Football League. The league consisted of 34 teams.

## Premier Division

Premier Division
| Champions | Spennymoor United |
| --- | --- |
| Promoted | None |
| Relegated | None |

The division featured 20 teams, including the following new clubs:

In addition, Sutton Town changed their name to Ashfield United

### Map

Armthorpe WelfareBrigg TownDenaby UnitedEccleshill UnitedGlasshoughton WelfareHarrogate Railway AthleticLiversedgeMaltby MWNorth FerribyOssett AlbionOssett TownPickering TownPontefract CollieriesSheffieldStocksbridge Park SteelsThackleyWinterton Rangersclass=notpageimage|Location of the clubs in the 1992–93 NCEL Premier Division on a map of Yorkshire and the Humber  Ashfield UnitedBelper Townclass=notpageimage|Location of the clubs in the 1992–93 NCEL Premier Division on a map of the East Midlands  Spennymoor Unitedclass=notpageimage|Location of the clubs in the 1992–93 NCEL Premier Division on a map of North East England

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Spennymoor United (C, P) | 38 | 26 | 7 | 5 | 102 | 33 | +69 | 85 | Promotion to Northern Premier League Division One |
| 2 | Pickering Town | 38 | 27 | 4 | 7 | 90 | 48 | +42 | 85 |  |
| 3 | North Ferriby United | 38 | 23 | 7 | 8 | 90 | 40 | +50 | | 76 |
| 4 | Maltby Miners Welfare | 38 | 21 | 11 | 6 | 69 | 40 | +29 | | 74 |
| 5 | Thackley | 38 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 62 | 39 | +23 | | 67 |
| 6 | Brigg Town | 38 | 16 | 14 | 8 | 55 | 39 | +16 | | 62 |
| 7 | Denaby United | 38 | 15 | 11 | 12 | 71 | 63 | +8 | | 56 |
| 8 | Ossett Albion | 38 | 16 | 7 | 15 | 68 | 60 | +8 | | 55 |
| 9 | Eccleshill United | 38 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 65 | 65 | 0 | | 54 |
| 10 | Winterton Rangers | 38 | 14 | 7 | 17 | 61 | 72 | 11 | | 49 |
| 11 | Ashfield United | 38 | 12 | 11 | 15 | 69 | 88 | 19 | | 47 |
| 12 | Ossett Town | 38 | 13 | 7 | 18 | 69 | 71 | 2 | | 46 |
| 13 | Belper Town | 38 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 56 | 62 | 6 | | 45 |
| 14 | Liversedge | 38 | 12 | 8 | 18 | 56 | 77 | 21 | | 44 |
| 15 | Sheffield | 38 | 12 | 6 | 20 | 55 | 70 | 15 | | 42 |
| 16 | Stocksbridge Park Steels | 38 | 10 | 11 | 17 | 54 | 70 | 16 | | 41 |
| 17 | Pontefract Collieries | 38 | 11 | 8 | 19 | 62 | 88 | 26 | | 41 |
| 18 | Glasshoughton Welfare | 38 | 9 | 9 | 20 | 46 | 77 | 31 | | 36 |
| 19 | Armthorpe Welfare | 38 | 8 | 8 | 22 | 49 | 81 | 32 | | 32 |
| 20 | Harrogate Railway Athletic (R) | 38 | 3 | 9 | 26 | 49 | 115 | 66 | 18 | Relegation to NCEL Division One |

Updated to match(es) played on 1 June 1993. Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted; (R) Relegated

## Division One

Division One
| Champions | Lincoln United |
| --- | --- |
| Promoted | Lincoln United<br>Hucknall Town |
| Relegated | None |

The division featured 14 teams, including the following new clubs:

### Map

Brodsworth Miners WelfareGarforth TownHall Road RangersHallamHatfield MainImmingham TownBSC ParkgateRossington MainSelby TownTadcaster AlbionWorsbrough Bridge AthleticYorkshire Amateurclass=notpageimage|Location of the clubs in the 1992–93 NCEL Division One on a map of Yorkshire and the Humber  Hucknall TownLincoln Unitedclass=notpageimage|Location of the clubs in the 1992–93 NCEL Division One on a map of the East Midlands

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Lincoln United (C, P) | 26 | 17 | 5 | 4 | 61 | 31 | +30 | 56 | Promotion to NCEL Premier Division |
| 2 | Hucknall Town (P) | 26 | 15 | 6 | 5 | 54 | 32 | +22 | | 51 |
| 3 | Hallam | 26 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 50 | 23 | +27 | 50 |  |
| 4 | Yorkshire Amateur | 26 | 14 | 3 | 9 | 42 | 29 | +13 | | 45 |
| 5 | RES Parkgate | 26 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 39 | 38 | +1 | | 45 |
| 6 | Tadcaster Albion | 26 | 12 | 5 | 9 | 52 | 43 | +9 | | 41 |
| 7 | Rossington Main | 26 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 33 | 31 | +2 | | 34 |
| 8 | Hall Road Rangers | 26 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 48 | 43 | +5 | | 33 |
| 9 | Garforth Town | 26 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 34 | 38 | 4 | | 32 |
| 10 | Worsbrough Bridge Miners Welfare | 26 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 33 | 48 | 15 | | 29 |
| 11 | Hatfield Main | 26 | 6 | 6 | 14 | 40 | 63 | 23 | | 24 |
| 12 | Immingham Town | 26 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 38 | 51 | 13 | | 23 |
| 13 | Brodsworth Miners Welfare | 26 | 6 | 4 | 16 | 41 | 65 | 24 | | 22 |
| 14 | Selby Town | 26 | 5 | 4 | 17 | 34 | 64 | 30 | | 19 |
| 15 | Bradley Rangers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Club folded, record expunged |

Updated to match(es) played on 1 June 1993. Source:
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
(C) Champions; (P) Promoted

## InfoBox

Northern Counties East Football League
| 1991–92 1993–94 | |
| --- | --- |


title: Roger Brereton

abstract: Roger Brereton was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1604 to 1611. Brereton the third son of Owen Brereton of Borras near Gresford, Denbighshire. He sat on the bench as Justice of the Peace for Flintshire from 1582 to 1617 and for Shropshire from 1598 to at least 1604. He was appointed High Sheriff of Flintshire for 1591–92. In 1604, he was elected Member of Parliament for Flint. Brereton possibly married Katherine Fulleshurst, widow of Edward Fulleshurst and daughter of Sir William. Brereton of Brereton, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland by his second wife.

text:
# Roger Brereton

**Roger Brereton** was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1604 to 1611.

Brereton the third son of Owen Brereton of Borras near Gresford, Denbighshire.

He sat on the bench as Justice of the Peace for Flintshire from 1582 to 1617 and for Shropshire from 1598 to at least 1604. He was appointed High Sheriff of Flintshire for 1591–92.

In 1604, he was elected Member of Parliament for Flint.

Brereton possibly married Katherine Fulleshurst, widow of Edward Fulleshurst and daughter of Sir William. Brereton of Brereton, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland by his second wife.


title: Roger Brooke

abstract: Brigadier General Roger Brooke was an American surgeon and U.S. Army medical corps officer. Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas, is named after him.

text:
# Roger Brooke

Brigadier General **Roger Brooke** (June 14, 1878 in Sandy Springs, Maryland  December 18, 1940) was an American surgeon and U.S. Army medical corps officer. Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio, Texas, is named after him.

## Biography

Brooke was the son of Roger and Louisa (Thomas) Brooke in a Quaker community. He attended George School in Newton, Pennsylvania, and later entered the University of Maryland Medical School in Baltimore, where he graduated in 1900. He joined the Medical Corps, United States Army, June 29, 1901, as a First Lieutenant. After graduating from the Army Medical School in 1902, he was assigned to the Philippine Islands for a tour of duty. He married Grace Ward McConnor in 1905 and became a specialist in infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis.

Other tours of duty included Fort Bayard, New Mexico, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and Attending Surgeon in Washington, D.C. He spent the period of the World War in instruction work, serving from September 1917 to December 1918, first as Senior Instructor and later as Commanding Officer of the Medical Officers' Training Camp, Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, where 10,000 officers and 70,000 enlisted men were prepared for service with the armed forces. For this he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

Later tours of duty included the office of the Surgeon General, Washington and the Division of Medicine of the Veterans Bureau, Gorgas Hospital, Canal Zone. In 1929, Brooke assumed command of the Station Hospital, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, a position he held until 1933. He is credited with instituting the first routine chest X-ray in military medicine. In 1935 Brooke was ordered to Washington in charge of the Professional Service Division. His next tour was at Letterman General Hospital, San Francisco, where he was in command when he received his promotion to brigadier general (January 29, 1938). He was transferred to the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, where he remained on duty as commandant until his death in 1940.

## Accolades

* Cagle, Jr., Eldon (1985), *Quadrangle: The History of Fort Sam Houston* Austin: Eakin Press.
* *Military Surgeon*, February 1941.


title: Fountain Tire

abstract: Fountain Tire Holdings Ltd. is a Canadian tire dealer and automotive service provider with a total of 164 consumer service locations and 8 Distribution Centres situated in Central and Western Canada. Furthermore, the company offers tires and tire-related services to commercial truck fleets as well as off-road vehicles utilized in the fields of agriculture, oil, gas, mining, and construction. Fountain Tire adheres to a 50/50 partnership model, in which a significant portion of Fountain Tire managers possess ownership stakes in their respective stores. The company has been named one of “Canada’s Best Managed Companies” since 1994.

text:
# Fountain Tire

**Fountain Tire Holdings Ltd.** is a Canadian tire dealer and automotive service provider with a total of 164 consumer service locations and 8 Distribution Centres situated in Central and Western Canada. Furthermore, the company offers tires and tire-related services to commercial truck fleets as well as off-road vehicles utilized in the fields of agriculture, oil, gas, mining, and construction.

Fountain Tire adheres to a 50/50 partnership model, in which a significant portion of Fountain Tire managers possess ownership stakes in their respective stores. The company has been named one of “Canada’s Best Managed Companies” since 1994.

## History

Fountain Tire was founded in 1956 by Bill Fountain. The company started as a small, double-bay garage in Wainwright, Alberta, and offered in-the-field service to farmers. As it grew, Bill Fountain decided to offer local managers 50 percent equity in their stores, a practice still in use today.

In 1976, Bill Fountain was killed in a car accident, leaving behind a network of 19 stores and partners.

The 1980s included further expansion for Fountain Tire: a move to the new head office in Edmonton and a change in Fountain Tire's expansion strategy. On September 24, 1987, Fountain Tire sold 49 percent of its business to Goodyear Canada. By the end of the 1990s, 100 new Fountain Tire stores had been added across Western Canada.

In 2014, Fountain Tire relocated its corporate headquarters to a new facility in the South Edmonton, called Fountain Tire Place.

In 2016, Fountain Tire reached its 60th anniversary. The company launched a 60-day cross-country campaign paying tribute to the 1950s with a drive-in movie tour and giveaways of 60,000 AIR MILES.

Today, Fountain Tire operates 164 locations across Canada, from Victoria, B.C. to Vaughan, Ontario.

## Corporate

### Headquarters

Fountain Tire's corporate office is located in South Edmonton at **Fountain Tire Place**.

### Community Involvement

Fountain Tire supports the United Way, Junior Achievement and local charities in cities across Canada. In 2015, the company donated a 15-seat passenger van to Grow Calgary, Canada's largest urban farm, which supplies the local food bank. In 2019, Fountain Tire CEO Brent Hesje received a Northern Lights Award of Distinction by the Edmonton Chamber of Commerce in recognition of his corporate, community and industry leadership.

## Marketing

Fountain Tire's slogans have included "Home of the Tire Experts," "Winning the West," "Your Alberta Tire Store" and “Trust. Fountain Tire.”

Actor and comedian Thom Sharp became Fountain Tire's spokesperson in 1994 and was known as “The Fountain Tire Guy” for more than 20 years.

In 2018, Fountain Tire launched a new brand and tag line, “We’re on this road together,” to reflect a philosophy of partnership across the company.

## Awards

Fountain Tire is a longstanding Platinum Club member of Canada's Best Managed Companies (Deloitte), winning its first award in 1994.

Fountain Tire's “Fan Bods ” campaign won three Gold and two Silver awards at the 2019 Clio Sports awards and a Silver Digital – Apps/Mobile and Merit, PR – Community Building at the 2019 Marketing awards.

## InfoBox

Fountain Tire Holdings Ltd.
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Automotive Retail Distribution |
| Founded | 1956, Wainwright, Alberta, Canada |
| Headquarters | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
| Number of locations | 164 locations (As of July 26, 2023) |
| Key people | * Jason G. Herle , CEO |
| Products | Tires and automotive parts, sales, and service |
| Website | www.fountaintire.com |


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns

abstract: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns is located in the state of Queensland, Australia. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Brisbane. The diocese was erected as a vicariate apostolic in 1877 and was elevated to a diocese in 1941. Its territorial remit is Far North Queensland. St Monica's Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Cairns. On 6 June, 2024, it was announced that Joe Caddy, formerly Vicar general of the Archdiocese of Melbourne, has been appointed as bishop of Cairns.

text:
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns

The **Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns** is located in the state of Queensland, Australia. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Brisbane. The diocese was erected as a vicariate apostolic in 1877 and was elevated to a diocese in 1941. Its territorial remit is Far North Queensland.

St Monica's Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Bishop of Cairns. On 6 June, 2024, it was announced that Joe Caddy, formerly Vicar general of the Archdiocese of Melbourne, has been appointed as bishop of Cairns.

## History

Following the discovery of gold near Cooktown in 1872 and the establishment and growth of sugar production during the 1870s, the Bishop of Brisbane, James Quinn, visited Cooktown in 1874. The first church was opened a year later. Quinn had earlier been petitioning the Roman Curia to create a vicariate in north Queensland to minister to Catholics in the region and to evangelise the Aborigines, with the **Vicariate Apostolic of Queensland** officially created on 27 January 1877 by Pope Pius IX. The Vicariate consisted of all the land in Queensland north of the line starting at Cape Hinchinbrook and then west to the border with South Australia (now Northern Territory). The Very Reverend Adolphus Lecaille, then the Vicar-General in the Diocese of Perth in Western Australia, was appointed the first Apostolic Pro-Vicar of the Queensland vicariate with Reverend Father Tarquin Tanganelli as the rector. Lecaille was to be based in Cooktown while Tanganelli was to be based at the Hodgkinson Minerals Area to minister to the needs of the miners and establish churches there. Due to a breakdown in communication, the news of the new Vicariate does not appear to have reached Australia until the arrival of Tanganelli and two other Italian priests in November 1877 to serve in the Vicariate. Lecaille (who was then based in Geraldton in Western Australia) never took up his appointment in Queensland.

An initial attempt to install Italian priests from the Pontifical Seminary of the Apostles Saints Peter and Paul of Rome was a failure; mainly due to cultural and language issues with both the indigenous and predominantly Irish lay population. Quinn, from Ireland, appointed one of his fellow countryman, John Cani as the first Pro-Vicar who served up until Quinn's death in 1882 when Cani returned to Brisbane before being appointed as the first Bishop of Rockhampton. A short term under Monsignor Paul Fortini followed, marked by his clash with the laity in Herberton which he then placed under interdict in 1883; this meant that sacraments could not be celebrated in that town. Fortini was recalled to Rome.

A stable period followed under the pastoral care of the Augustinians. The number of parishioners grew from approximately 2,000 (in 1884) to about 4,000 (in the 1890s); and to approximately 10,000 Catholics (by 1914) spread across eight church districts with 13 priests. The growth of pastoral industries and mining in the interwar years led to the expansion of the Vicariate west across the Atherton Tablelands and the creation of an additional nine parishes; and eventual establishment as a suffragan diocese in 1941.

## Ordinaries

The following individuals have been elected as Roman Catholic Bishop of Cairns, or any of its precursor titles:

| Order | Name | Title | Date enthroned | Reign ended | Term of office | Reason for term end |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Adolphus Lecaille | Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Queensland | February 1877 | November 1877 | 10 months | Did not take possession |
| 2 | Tarquino Tanganelli | Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Queensland | May 1878 | August 1878 | 4 months |  |
| 3 | John Cani | Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Queensland | 30 January 1877 | 3 January 1882 | 4 years, 338 days | Elevated to Bishop of Rockhampton |
| 4 | Paul Fortini | Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Queensland | 12 February 1882 | 15 January 1884 | 1 year, 337 days | Recalled to Rome and appointed Vicar Apostolic Emeritus of Queensland |
| 5 | John Hutchinson, OSA | Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Queensland | 15 January 1884 | 13 May 1887 | 3 years, 118 days | Elevated to Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown |
| | | Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown | 13 May 1887 | 28 October 1897 | 10 years, 168 days | Died in office |
| 6 | James Murray, OSA † | Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown | 28 March 1898 | 13 February 1914 | 15 years, 322 days | Died in office |
| 7 | John Heavey, OSA † | Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown | 3 May 1914 | 14 July 1941 | 27 years, 72 days | Elevated to Bishop of Cairns |
| | | Bishop of Cairns | 14 July 1941 | 12 June 1948 | 6 years, 334 days | Died in office |
| 8 | Thomas Cahill | Bishop of Cairns | 11 November 1948 | 13 April 1967 | 18 years, 153 days | Elevated to Archbishop of Canberra (and Goulburn) |
| 9 | John Torpie | Bishop of Cairns | 14 September 1967 | 5 August 1985 | 17 years, 325 days | Retired and appointed Bishop Emeritus of Cairns |
| 10 | John Bathersby | Bishop of Cairns | 17 January 1986 | 3 December 1991 | 5 years, 320 days | Elevated to Archbishop of Brisbane |
| 11 | James Foley | Bishop of Cairns | 16 July 1992 | 21 August 2022 | 30 years, 36 days | Retired and Appointed Bishop Emeritus of Cairns |
| 12 | Joe Caddy | Bishop of Cairns | 22 August 2024 |  | 48 days |  |

## Parishes

The diocese is divided into three separate deaneries that administer individual parishes:

1. The Northern deanery is formed of the following parishes Cairns (St Monica's Cathedral), Edmonton (St Therese's in Bentley Park), Earlville (Our Lady Help of Christians), Gordonvale (St Michael), West Cairns (St Francis Xavier's in Manunda), Mossman & Port Douglas (St Augustine's in Mossman, and St Mary's in Port Douglas), North Cairns (Mother of Good Counsel), Northern Beaches (Holy Cross in Trinity Park, Sacred Heart in Freshwater, and St Augustine's in Stratford), and Parramatta Park (St Joseph's).
2. The Southern deanery is based on the Cassowary Coast with parishes at Babinda (St Rita's), Innisfail (Mother of Good Counsel), Mourilyan & South Johnstone (Christ the King at Mourilyan, and St Rita's at South Johnstone), Silkwood (St John's), and Tully (St Clare of Montefalco in Tully, Our Lady Star of the Sea in Cardwell, and Holy Spirit at Wongaling Beach).
3. The Western deanery extends west of the Tablelands with parishes: Atherton (St Joseph), Cooktown (St Mary), Dimbulah (St Anthony), Georgetown (St Patrick), Gulf Savannah (Our Lady Help of Christians), Herberton (St Patrick), Malanda (St James), Mareeba (St Thomas of Villanova in Mareeba, and St Christopher's in Kuranda), Millaa Millaa (St Rita), Ravenshoe (St Teresa of the Child Jesus in Ravenshoe, and Holy Rosary at Mount Garnet), Weipa (St Joseph), and Thursday Island (including Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church on Thursday Island, St Joseph's on Hammond Island, Holy Family on Horn Island, and St Stephen at Bamaga).

## InfoBox

| Diocese of Cairns
**Dioecesis Cairnensis** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Australia |
| Territory | Far North region of Queensland |
| Ecclesiastical province | Brisbane |
| Metropolitan | Brisbane |
| Coordinates | 16°55′00″S 145°46′21″E / 16.91667°S 145.77250°E / -16.91667; 145.77250 |
| Statistics | |
| Area | 377,000 km2 (146,000 sq mi) |
| Population
- Total
- Catholics | (as of 2006)
235,396
59,912 ( 25.5%%) |
| Parishes | 24 |
| Information | |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Rite | Latin Rite |
| Established | 1877 as Vicariate Apostolic of Queensland;
10 May 1887 as Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown;
8 July 1941 as Diocese of Cairns |
| Cathedral | St Monica's Cathedral, Cairns |
| Current leadership | |
| Pope | Francis |
| Bishop | Joe Caddy |
| Bishops emeritus | James Foley |
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| Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns | |


title: Frances Keegan Marquis

abstract: Frances Keegan Marquis was an American women's army captain, World War II veteran, and feminist activist. In 1943, she became the first commander of a women's expeditionary force, the 149th WAAC Post Headquarters Company, which served in General Eisenhower's North African headquarters. Before her military service, she held management posts in women's organizations; afterwards, she did volunteer work for women's groups, including serving as a United Nations observer for Altrusa International.

text:
# Frances Keegan Marquis

**Frances Keegan Marquis** (October 15, 1896 — August 4, 1984) was an American women's army captain, World War II veteran, and feminist activist. In 1943, she became the first commander of a women's expeditionary force, the 149th WAAC Post Headquarters Company, which served in General Eisenhower's North African headquarters. Before her military service, she held management posts in women's organizations; afterwards, she did volunteer work for women's groups, including serving as a United Nations observer for Altrusa International.

## Early life, education, and marriage

Frances Eleanor Keegan was born on October 15, 1896, in West Newbury, Massachusetts, the third daughter among the four children of John L. Keegan and Margaret E. Costello. Her parents were first generation Irish: the Costellos from Tipperary and the Keegans from Kildare. John Keegan had a career as superintendent of machine tool manufacturing. At age eighty, he came out of retirement to help the war effort in World War II.

Marquis graduated from high school in West Newbury in 1911. Because she was only fourteen, Simmons College would not allow her to matriculate without a one-year wait. She graduated with a BA in 1916, the youngest in her class. Her college yearbook listed Marquis among the class' Brightest, Best Student, and Most Promising. Marquis later took courses in economics at the University of Illinois and philosophy at Columbia University. In 1931 she met and married Harry Goshen Marquis, a ginger-ale salesman at the time; it was a second marriage for each of them. Articles profiling his wife called him a New York businessman and World War I veteran left home alone to carry on as she went off to war.

## Career in women's organizations

Marquis held a number of executive positions, often relating to women's issues or women's improvement. She managed Boston's Franklin Square House, a non-profit residence hotel providing housing and social services for some 700 unmarried women students and wage earners. At Franklin Square House, women in a wide range of professions from all over country lived under one roof.

From 1919 through 1933, Frances Keegan Marquis fundraised for and then was a manager at The Town Hall in New York City. The Town Hall was an offshoot of New York's women's suffrage movement, specifically the League for Political Education. This wealthy and influential group determined to construct a public forum for debate that would overcome the kind of "ignorance and prejudice" that impeded the women's vote. The Town Hall hosted not only important speakers (including birth control advocate Margaret Sanger, who was arrested when attempting to speak there in November 1921) but also many musical performances, for which Marquis served as concert manager.

Later, between 1935 and 1941, Marquis served as the assistant director in charge of education and recreation programs of the American Woman's Association. Founded by Anne Morgan and other prominent New Yorkers, the American Woman's Association was created as a place where a working woman with drive and energy could network and develop leadership skills. In Morgan's view, although no women of the time were equipped to head a large corporation, "in time there will be plenty of such women—it requires only evolution." By 1930, when it constructed its own building in New York City, the association (which was non-sectarian and was said to include every nationality) had a membership of some 4,000, representing over 150 businesses and professions. Along with a roof garden, numerous parlors, meeting rooms, and residential space, the association's building featured a premier fitness center including a swimming pool.

In 1941, Marquis became executive secretary of the Women's City Club of New York. Like The Town Hall, the club had roots in the suffrage movement and owned a series of impressive clubhouses in Manhattan, moving during Marquis' tenure to the same building that housed the all-male City Club. The club advocated for civic betterment and particularly women's issues such as women's employment, birth control, and maternity care. Its leaders included Eleanor Roosevelt. As war raged abroad during Marquis' time as executive secretary, the Women's City Club turned to women's duty to contribute to defense and the war effort.

## Military service during World War II

On July 20, 1942, Frances Keegan Marquis joined the first Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) officer training class at the Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School. Chosen from some 30,000 applicants, she was one of 440 in her class, of whom 90% had attended college and 99% had successful civilian careers. She said she joined because "for eight years ... this country had neglected its obligations and 'when there was an opportunity to do something, I felt that I who had talked so much about it, had to do it.'" Upon graduation on August 29, 1942, at age 46 Marquis entered the military and was assigned to WAAC headquarters in Washington, D.C.

### Command of first expeditionary WAACs

Over the 1942 Christmas holidays, Marquis became the first woman to command a troop train, which carried the newly-formed 149th WAAC Post Headquarters Company now under her command from the Second WAAC Training Center in Daytona, Florida, to the New York area. From there, this company of almost 200 sailed to North Africa, reporting to General Dwight Eisenhower's headquarters in Algiers on January 27, 1943. Women of the 149th, who volunteered for service abroad, comprised a hand-picked cadre of linguists and specialists who assumed secretarial, postal, switchboard, and other duties. Describing the 149th, Ernie Pyle stated, "When a WAC takes over a switchboard from a soldier, efficiency goes up about 1000 percent."

As the first to command an American women's expeditionary force, Frances Keegan Marquis became the subject of considerable attention. In the summer of 1943, she met with England's King George VI, discussing the work of the WAACs and British-American relations after the war. Nationwide news reports carried her photo; discussed her appearance (curly brown hair in a bob, twinkling blue eyes), demeanor ("dignity of assurance", "undertone of confidence", emphasis on a sense of humor), feminine attributes (nose powdering, lemon pie making); and mentioned her prior career.

Deployment abroad compounded start-up problems facing the WAACs. Upon arrival in Algiers, it was discovered that the 149th's vehicles had been issued to a male unit and items ranging from kitchen equipment to typewriters had disappeared. Army historian Mattie Treadwell stated that an obvious problem was the auxiliary system itself. It was infeasible to deny Army commanders the ability to command the women working for them and to apply differing rules for women. Army men in a war zone received such additional benefits as extra pay, government life insurance, veteran's medical care if injured. WAACs in the war theater did not. Pressing issues were incapable of resolution within a meaningful time frame. A staff member commented, "The Corps was placed in the position of a small businessman who overnight was told he must increase his business more than eight times, and to do it at once even before he knew what he was to produc\[e\], out of what materials, when or how the product was to be made, and with practically no organization to assist."

### Transition to Women's Army Corps

Although headlines asserted that Marquis was a popular commander, this was not universally so. Hoping for a familiar officer, at least some of her troops would not have chosen her: they were "quite surprised at the designation of this 'stranger.'" According to Sergeant Vida Ganoni's memoir, a little over two weeks after their arrival in Algiers, on February 11, 1943, an announcement of promotions caused an uproar. Those not promoted felt that Marquis' decisions were based on favoritism, not ability.

With the July 1, 1943 enactment of legislation converting the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps to the Women's Army Corps (WACs), the women were given the summer to decide whether to apply to join the Army upon the September 1943 changeover. During this time, changes such as more dispersed housing assignments and the unit's absorption into the 6666th or 6667th Hq Co, WAC—which applied to all women in the theater—caused significant unhappiness in the ranks that identified themselves as close-knit 149ers. The final break occurred when a popular sergeant was suddenly relieved of her duties. Some sided with the sergeant, others with the commander: the "unity of the 149th collapsed".

Treadwell's Army history attributed the situation to administrative difficulties and the lack of a WAAC staff director for the theater—a one-time mistake. When General Eisenhower learned that a large number of the 149th did not plan to continue as WACs, he requested that a highly competent senior WAAC officer be sent immediately. In view of the troops' state of mind, this officer, then-Major Westray Boyce, acted swiftly. "The previous company officers and key cadre were returned to the United States in a body, since it appeared impossible to place individual responsibility or to restore the women's lost confidence; all later proved successful in a variety of duties in the United States." Noting "the almost insurmountable difficulties attendant upon life and conditions in an active theater of war" that confronted Marquis upon arrival in North Africa, Colonel R.Q. Brown, commander of the Headquarters Special Troops, highly recommended Marquis for any future position, staff or command.

### Recruiting tour

Upon her return to the States in October 1943, Marquis was assigned to assist in the WAC recruiting drive with speeches and interviews describing her time in North Africa. Myriad problems ranging from counterproductive messaging to active obstruction from the War Manpower Commission afflicted WAC recruiting, but a slander campaign proved a largely unstoppable blow. Although many sources spawned and fed bad jokes and ugly rumors about military women, contemporaneous and historical accounts have focused on the work of syndicated columnist John O'Donnell. According to an Army history, even with its hasty retraction, O'Donnell's June 8, 1943, "Capitol Stuff" column did "incalculable damage". That column began, "Contraceptives and prophylactic equipment will be furnished to members of the WAACS, according to a super secret agreement reached by the high ranking officers of the War Department and the WAAC chieftain, Mrs. William Pettus Hobby…." This followed O'Donnell's June 7 column discussing efforts of women journalists and congresswomen to dispel "the gaudy stories of the gay and careless way in which the young ladies in uniform … disport themselves…." Of particular concern for Marquis and the 149th, that column repeated the admittedly unsubstantiated falsehood that large numbers of WACs had been sent home pregnant from North Africa.

While still abroad, Marquis participated in a counteroffensive with newspaper and radio interviews discussing her troops' life in the military, including their commitment as volunteers, qualifications and training, assignments, long work hours, supervised social life, and housing in a convent. In one of her first press conferences upon returning to New York, Marquis told fascinating stories of the WACs in North Africa and responded with a strong denial when asked "how many WACs were really sent home for disorderly conduct and pregnancy." In truth, the only pregnant 149er was married to an Army officer—she had not discovered her condition until after she arrived in the theater, at which point she returned home. Marquis was sent on a well-publicized nationwide tour, speaking to women's groups, WAC trainees, college women, and business groups about the WACs' overseas experiences.

Marquis later attended the Command and General Staff School. She was awaiting reassignment when, at the war's end, she was discharged late in 1945.

### Medals

On April 9, 1943, Colonel J.C. Gross, commandant of the 1st Regiment Zouaves ("valiant of the valiants") awarded Marquis the medal insignia of that regiment, making her an honorary member. Around the time Marquis' WAACs arrived in Algiers, Zouave forces (with roots as local North Africans in the French Army), were the first to stop the Nazi advance at Medjez-El-Bab in Tunisia. Vastly outnumbered and equipped with World War I era rifles, the Zouaves beat back German and Italian forces in a 36-hour battle. When this North African victory helped turn the tide for the French, the Americans promised them modern supplies. By November 1943, a modernized, American-equipped French Army—notably including the Zouaves—was ready to invade Europe from North Africa.

During this period, the WAACs played a part in strengthening ties with the French: in July General Henri Giraud, commander of the French forces, reviewed Marquis' troops (finding them "inspiring") and later in the summer of 1943, the WACs and their French counterparts (one of whose officers was the wife of Colonel Gross) paraded together with a 1st Regiment Zouave color guard. Along with her WAC and overseas service ribbons, Marquis' Zouave medal became part of her uniform.

On the eve of her departure from Algiers in late September 1943, the Franco-American Goodwill Society (Bonne Volontḗ Franco-Amḗricaine) held a luncheon to honor Marquis. At this event, the society's board of directors presented her with a medal honoring her contributions to French-American friendship.

## Post-war volunteer work

After leaving the military, Marquis undertook volunteer work. Having previously served Altrusa (an organization of professional women's clubs focused on community service) as president of the New York City chapter and publicity chairman of the international organization of clubs, Marquis became Altrusa International's official United Nations observer and traveled about the country giving speeches on the workings of the United Nations. She served in that role, participating with U.N. observer status, for seven years. Marquis was also active in such organizations as Camp Fire Girls, serving as the president of the Council of Greater New York and representing New York on the National Council.

## Death and legacy

Frances Keegan Marquis died on August 4, 1984, at her home in Manhattan, leaving no immediate survivors. She maintained ties to friends in her home town of West Newbury throughout her life, however. Marquis became a life member of the West Newbury Historical Society in 1960 and later donated some of her papers and medals to that organization. In 1987 the West Newbury Historical Society mounted an exhibit of her military artifacts.

### Primary sources

* Ganoni, Vida M. (1994). *The 149th WAAC POST HQ CO 1942-1943: Our Story*. Vida M. Ganoni. LCCN 94210717.

## InfoBox

| Frances Keegan Marquis | |
| --- | --- |
| Frances Keegan Marquis upon her return from service in North Africa in October 1943 | |
| Born | Frances Eleanor Keegan
(1896-10-15)October 15, 1896
West Newbury, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | August 4, 1984(1984-08-04) (aged 87)
New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Women's army captain, executive in women's organizations, U.N. observer |
| Spouses | *   Samuel Clifton Crumpton  (m. 1918; div. 1927) *   Harry Goshen Marquis  (m. 1931; d. 1974) |
| Children | none |