title: 1988–89 New York Islanders season

abstract: The 1988–89 New York Islanders season was the 17th season for the franchise in the National Hockey League (NHL). It saw the Islanders finish in last place in the Patrick Division with a record of 28 wins, 47 losses, and 5 ties for 61 points, failing to make the playoffs for the first time since 1974.

text:
# 1988–89 New York Islanders season

The **1988–89 New York Islanders season** was the 17th season for the franchise in the National Hockey League (NHL). It saw the Islanders finish in last place in the Patrick Division with a record of 28 wins, 47 losses, and 5 ties for 61 points, failing to make the playoffs for the first time since 1974.

## Regular season

### Final standings

Patrick Division
|  | GP | W | L | T | GF | GA | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Washington Capitals** | 80 | 41 | 29 | 10 | 305 | 259 | 92 |
| **Pittsburgh Penguins** | 80 | 40 | 33 | 7 | 347 | 349 | 87 |
| **New York Rangers** | 80 | 37 | 35 | 8 | 310 | 307 | 82 |
| **Philadelphia Flyers** | 80 | 36 | 36 | 8 | 307 | 285 | 80 |
| New Jersey Devils | 80 | 27 | 41 | 12 | 281 | 325 | 66 |
| New York Islanders | 80 | 28 | 47 | 5 | 265 | 325 | 61 |

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.

### Record vs. opponents

#### Vs. Wales Conference

#### Vs. Campbell Conference

## Schedule and results

| No. | R | Date | Score | Opponent | Record |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | T | October 6, 1988 | 4–4 OT | @ Calgary Flames (1988–89) | 0–0–1 |
| 2 | L | October 7, 1988 | 1–5 | @ Edmonton Oilers (1988–89) | 0–1–1 |
| 3 | L | October 9, 1988 | 5–6 OT | @ Los Angeles Kings (1988–89) | 0–2–1 |
| 4 | W | October 10, 1988 | 3–2 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1988–89) | 1–2–1 |
| 5 | W | October 15, 1988 | 2–1 | Montreal Canadiens (1988–89) | 2–2–1 |
| 6 | W | October 18, 1988 | 3–2 | Vancouver Canucks (1988–89) | 3–2–1 |
| 7 | W | October 22, 1988 | 7–3 | Quebec Nordiques (1988–89) | 4–2–1 |
| 8 | L | October 25, 1988 | 3–4 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1988–89) | 4–3–1 |
| 9 | L | October 27, 1988 | 2–5 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 4–4–1 |
| 10 | L | October 29, 1988 | 2–3 OT | @ Quebec Nordiques (1988–89) | 4–5–1 |
| 11 | L | November 1, 1988 | 1–8 | Winnipeg Jets (1988–89) | 4–6–1 |
| 12 | L | November 4, 1988 | 2–4 | @ Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 4–7–1 |
| 13 | W | November 5, 1988 | 4–3 OT | Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 5–7–1 |
| 14 | W | November 8, 1988 | 4–3 | New York Rangers (1988–89) | 6–7–1 |
| 15 | T | November 11, 1988 | 3–3 OT | @ New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 6–7–2 |
| 16 | L | November 12, 1988 | 0–3 | Buffalo Sabres (1988–89) | 6–8–2 |
| 17 | L | November 15, 1988 | 1–5 | Calgary Flames (1988–89) | 6–9–2 |
| 18 | L | November 16, 1988 | 4–5 OT | @ Montreal Canadiens (1988–89) | 6–10–2 |
| 19 | W | November 19, 1988 | 6–3 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 7–10–2 |
| 20 | L | November 22, 1988 | 2–4 | Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 7–11–2 |
| 21 | L | November 23, 1988 | 6–7 | @ Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 7–12–2 |
| 22 | L | November 26, 1988 | 4–6 | New York Rangers (1988–89) | 7–13–2 |
| 23 | L | November 27, 1988 | 3–5 | @ New York Rangers (1988–89) | 7–14–2 |
| 24 | L | November 29, 1988 | 3–5 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1988–89) | 7–15–2 |
| 25 | L | December 1, 1988 | 0–8 | @ St. Louis Blues (1988–89) | 7–16–2 |
| 26 | L | December 3, 1988 | 2–4 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 7–17–2 |
| 27 | L | December 6, 1988 | 3–4 | Boston Bruins (1988–89) | 7–18–2 |
| 28 | L | December 9, 1988 | 5–6 | @ New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 7–19–2 |
| 29 | L | December 10, 1988 | 3–4 | Los Angeles Kings (1988–89) | 7–20–2 |
| 30 | L | December 14, 1988 | 1–2 | @ New York Rangers (1988–89) | 7–21–2 |
| 31 | L | December 15, 1988 | 2–8 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 7–22–2 |
| 32 | W | December 17, 1988 | 5–2 | New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 8–22–2 |
| 33 | L | December 20, 1988 | 3–5 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 8–23–2 |
| 34 | L | December 22, 1988 | 2–4 | Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 8–24–2 |
| 35 | W | December 26, 1988 | 4–3 | @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1988–89) | 9–24–2 |
| 36 | W | December 31, 1988 | 6–4 | Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 10–24–2 |
| 37 | L | January 3, 1989 | 1–4 | Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 10–25–2 |
| 38 | W | January 5, 1989 | 5–3 | @ Boston Bruins (1988–89) | 11–25–2 |
| 39 | L | January 7, 1989 | 1–5 | New York Rangers (1988–89) | 11–26–2 |
| 40 | L | January 8, 1989 | 2–3 | @ Chicago Blackhawks (1988–89) | 11–27–2 |
| 41 | L | January 10, 1989 | 3–5 | @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 11–28–2 |
| 42 | W | January 13, 1989 | 5–3 | @ New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 12–28–2 |
| 43 | L | January 14, 1989 | 3–5 | Chicago Blackhawks (1988–89) | 12–29–2 |
| 44 | W | January 17, 1989 | 5–2 | Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 13–29–2 |
| 45 | W | January 19, 1989 | 4–2 | Los Angeles Kings (1988–89) | 14–29–2 |
| 46 | W | January 21, 1989 | 8–6 | Minnesota North Stars (1988–89) | 15–29–2 |
| 47 | T | January 24, 1989 | 2–2 OT | New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 15–29–3 |
| 48 | W | January 26, 1989 | 8–6 | Winnipeg Jets (1988–89) | 16–29–3 |
| 49 | L | January 28, 1989 | 4–7 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 16–30–3 |
| 50 | L | January 30, 1989 | 3–7 | @ New York Rangers (1988–89) | 16–31–3 |
| 51 | L | February 2, 1989 | 1–4 | Toronto Maple Leafs (1988–89) | 16–32–3 |
| 52 | W | February 4, 1989 | 5–3 | Hartford Whalers (1988–89) | 17–32–3 |
| 53 | W | February 5, 1989 | 3–2 | @ Quebec Nordiques (1988–89) | 18–32–3 |
| 54 | L | February 10, 1989 | 1–3 | @ Chicago Blackhawks (1988–89) | 18–33–3 |
| 55 | L | February 11, 1989 | 0–5 | @ St. Louis Blues (1988–89) | 18–34–3 |
| 56 | W | February 14, 1989 | 5–3 | Edmonton Oilers (1988–89) | 19–34–3 |
| 57 | W | February 16, 1989 | 7–3 | St. Louis Blues (1988–89) | 20–34–3 |
| 58 | W | February 18, 1989 | 3–2 | Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 21–34–3 |
| 59 | L | February 19, 1989 | 4–5 | @ Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 21–35–3 |
| 60 | L | February 21, 1989 | 5–6 | Detroit Red Wings (1988–89) | 21–36–3 |
| 61 | L | February 22, 1989 | 5–7 | @ Buffalo Sabres (1988–89) | 21–37–3 |
| 62 | T | February 25, 1989 | 5–5 OT | Pittsburgh Penguins (1988–89) | 21–37–4 |
| 63 | L | February 28, 1989 | 1–3 | Hartford Whalers (1988–89) | 21–38–4 |
| 64 | L | March 1, 1989 | 5–6 | @ Detroit Red Wings (1988–89) | 21–39–4 |
| 65 | L | March 4, 1989 | 3–4 | @ Minnesota North Stars (1988–89) | 21–40–4 |
| 66 | W | March 5, 1989 | 4–3 | @ Winnipeg Jets (1988–89) | 22–40–4 |
| 67 | L | March 7, 1989 | 1–2 | Boston Bruins (1988–89) | 22–41–4 |
| 68 | T | March 9, 1989 | 4–4 OT | Philadelphia Flyers (1988–89) | 22–41–5 |
| 69 | W | March 11, 1989 | 3–2 OT | New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 23–41–5 |
| 70 | W | March 13, 1989 | 5–3 | @ Montreal Canadiens (1988–89) | 24–41–5 |
| 71 | L | March 14, 1989 | 2–8 | @ Hartford Whalers (1988–89) | 24–42–5 |
| 72 | L | March 18, 1989 | 1–2 | @ Vancouver Canucks (1988–89) | 24–43–5 |
| 73 | L | March 19, 1989 | 2–3 | @ Edmonton Oilers (1988–89) | 24–44–5 |
| 74 | L | March 21, 1989 | 1–4 | @ Calgary Flames (1988–89) | 24–45–5 |
| 75 | W | March 23, 1989 | 3–1 | Minnesota North Stars (1988–89) | 25–45–5 |
| 76 | L | March 26, 1989 | 2–3 | @ Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 25–46–5 |
| 77 | W | March 28, 1989 | 5–4 | Washington Capitals (1988–89) | 26–46–5 |
| 78 | W | March 29, 1989 | 5–4 OT | @ New Jersey Devils (1988–89) | 27–46–5 |
| 79 | L | April 1, 1989 | 3–4 | Buffalo Sabres (1988–89) | 27–47–5 |
| 80 | W | April 2, 1989 | 6–4 | @ New York Rangers (1988–89) | 28–47–5 |

## Playoffs

In 1988–89, the Islanders failed to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since the 1973–74 season. This broke a streak of 14 consecutive playoff appearances for the team, which included four straight Stanley Cup championships from 1980 to 1983.

## Player statistics

### Forwards

*Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points*

| Player | GP | G | AST | PTS | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pat LaFontaine | 79 | 45 | 43 | 88 | 26 |
| Brent Sutter | 77 | 29 | 34 | 63 | 77 |
| David Volek | 77 | 25 | 34 | 59 | 24 |
| Bryan Trottier | 73 | 17 | 28 | 45 | 44 |
| Mikko Mäkelä | 76 | 17 | 28 | 45 | 22 |
| Derek King | 60 | 14 | 29 | 43 | 14 |
| Alan Kerr | 71 | 20 | 18 | 38 | 144 |
| Randy Wood | 77 | 15 | 13 | 28 | 44 |
| Patrick Flatley | 41 | 10 | 15 | 25 | 31 |
| Brad Dalgarno | 55 | 11 | 10 | 21 | 86 |
| Greg Gilbert | 55 | 8 | 13 | 21 | 45 |
| Raimo Helminen | 24 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 4 |
| Tom Fitzgerald | 23 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 |
| Richard Kromm | 20 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 4 |
| Brad Lauer | 14 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 |
| Bob Bassen | 19 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 21 |
| Mick Vukota | 48 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 237 |
| Dale Henry | 22 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 66 |
| Bill Berg | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| Mike Walsh | 13 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| Mike Stevens | 9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 14 |
| Rob DiMaio | 16 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 30 |
| Rod Dallman | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 |

### Defencemen

*Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points*

| Player | GP | G | AST | PTS | PIM |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gerald Diduck | 65 | 11 | 21 | 32 | 155 |
| Tomas Jonsson | 53 | 9 | 23 | 32 | 34 |
| Jeff Norton | 69 | 1 | 30 | 31 | 74 |
| Reed Larson | 33 | 7 | 13 | 20 | 35 |
| Marc Bergevin | 58 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 62 |
| Rich Pilon | 62 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 242 |
| Gary Nylund | 46 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 74 |
| Steve Konroyd | 21 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| Ken Morrow | 34 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 32 |
| Wayne McBean | 19 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| Dean Chynoweth | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48 |
| Chris Pryor | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
| Jeff Finley | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |

### Goaltending

*Note: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against*

| Player | GP | W | L | T | SO | GAA |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Kelly Hrudey | 50 | 18 | 24 | 3 | 0 | 3.92 |
| Jeff Hackett | 13 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3.53 |
| Mark Fitzpatrick | 11 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3.92 |
| Billy Smith | 17 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 4.44 |

## Awards and records

## Transactions

## Draft picks

New York's draft picks at the 1988 NHL Entry Draft held at the Montreal Forum in Montreal.

| Round | # | Player | Nationality | College/Junior/Club team (League) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 16 | Kevin Cheveldayoff | Canada | Brandon Wheat Kings (WHL) |
| 2 | 29 | Wayne Doucet | Canada | Hamilton Steelhawks (OHL) |
| 2 | 37 | Sean LeBrun | Canada | New Westminster Bruins (WHL) |
| 3 | 58 | Danny Lorenz | Canada | Seattle Thunderbirds (WHL) |
| 4 | 79 | Andre Brassard | Canada | Trois-Rivières Draveurs (QMJHL) |
| 5 | 100 | Paul Rutherford | Canada | Ohio State University (CCHA) |
| 6 | 111 | Pavel Gross | Czechoslovakia | Sparta Prague (Czechoslovakia) |
| 6 | 121 | Jason Rathbone | United States | Brookline High School (USHS-MA) |
| 7 | 142 | Yves Gaucher | Canada | Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL) |
| 8 | 163 | Marty McInnis | United States | Milton Academy (USHS-MA) |
| 9 | 173 | Patrick Forrest | United States | St. Cloud State University (NCAA Independent) |
| 9 | 184 | Jeff Blumer | United States | College of St. Thomas (MIAC) |
| 10 | 205 | Jeffery Kampersal | United States | St. John's Preparatory School (USHS-MA) |
| 11 | 226 | Phil Neururer | United States | Osseo Senior High School (USHS-MN) |
| 12 | 247 | Joe Capprini | United States | Babson College (NEWMAC) |
|  | 21 | Doug Melnyk | Canada | Western Michigan University (CCHA) |

## Farm teams

## InfoBox

| 1988–89 New York Islanders | |
| --- | --- |
| Division | 6th Patrick |
| Conference | 10th Wales |
| 1988–89 record | 28–47–5 |
| Goals for | 265 |
| Goals against | 325 |
| Team information | |
| General manager | Bill Torrey |
| Coach | Terry Simpson and Al Arbour |
| Captain | Brent Sutter |
| Arena | Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum |
| Team leaders | |
| Goals | Pat LaFontaine (45) |
| Assists | Pat LaFontaine (43) |
| Points | Pat LaFontaine (88) |
| Penalty minutes | Rich Pilon (242) |
| Wins | Kelly Hrudey (18) |
| Goals against average | Jeff Hackett (3.53) |
|


title: Ski jumping at the 2023 European Games

abstract: Ski jumping at the 2023 European Games took place between 27 June and 1 July 2023. A total of five events were held.

text:
# Ski jumping at the 2023 European Games

**Ski jumping at the 2023 European Games** took place between 27 June and 1 July 2023. A total of five events were held.

## Competition schedule

The following was the competition schedule for the five ski jumping events.

All times are local, CEST (UTC+2).

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 27 June | 17:30 | **Women's individual normal hill** |
| 29 June | 09:30 | **Men's individual normal hill** |
| | 17:30 | **Mixed team** |
| 30 June | 17:30 | **Women's individual large hill** |
| 1 July | 17:30 | **Men's individual large hill** |

## Medal summary

### Medal table

*   Host nation (Poland)

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Austria | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | Slovenia | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | Poland* | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 4 | Norway | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Germany | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 6 | Switzerland | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 15 |

### Medalists

| Event | Gold | | Silver | | Bronze | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Men's normal hill individual
 | Daniel Tschofenig
Austria | 270.3 | Jan Hörl
Austria | 262.7 | Gregor Deschwanden
Switzerland | 258.0 |
| Men's large hill individual
 | Dawid Kubacki
Poland | 279.1 | Jan Hörl
Austria | 273.0 | Philipp Raimund
Germany | 271.8 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Women's normal hill individual
 | Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
Austria | 262.6 | Nika Prevc
Slovenia | 262.3 | Marita Kramer
Austria | 242.6 |
| Women's large hill individual
 | Nika Križnar
Slovenia | 277.4 | Nika Prevc
Slovenia | 248.2 | Selina Freitag
Germany | 245.8 |
|  | | | | | | |
| Mixed normal hill team
 | Austria
Marita Kramer
Jan Hörl
Jacqueline Seifriedsberger
Daniel Tschofenig | 939.3 | Norway
Anna Odine Strøm
Robert Johansson
Eirin Maria Kvandal
Marius Lindvik | 876.7 | Slovenia
Nika Prevc
Timi Zajc
Nika Križnar
Anže Lanišek | 872.0 |

## Participating nations

Each nation was represented by a maximum of five athletes in an individual event and by one team in the team event.

| NOC | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Austria | 4 | 5 | **9** |
| Bulgaria | 1 |  | **1** |
| Czech Republic | 5 | 3 | **8** |
| Estonia | 4 |  | **4** |
| Finland | 4 | 1 | **5** |
| France | 5 | 3 | **8** |
| Germany | 4 | 5 | **9** |
| Norway | 5 | 4 | **9** |
| Poland | 6 | 5 | **11** |
| Romania | 4 | 3 | **7** |
| Slovakia | 1 | 1 | **2** |
| Slovenia | 5 | 5 | **10** |
| Switzerland | 2 | 2 | **4** |
| Turkey | 3 |  | **3** |
| Ukraine | 2 | 2 | **4** |
| Total: 15 NOCs | 55 | 39 | 94 |

## InfoBox

| Ski jumping
at the 2023 European Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Venue | Średnia Krokiew & Wielka Krokiew |
| Dates | 27 June – 1 July |
| Competitors | 94 from 15 nations |
|


title: Ralph Creffeild (born 1687)

abstract: Ralph Creffeild JP was a barrister and dignitary in Colchester, Essex, England, from a family of wealthy drapers and landowners. Creffeild was born in 1687, the second son of Sir Ralph Creffeild, and the only one of his children to survive into adulthood, though he did not outlive his father. Educated at the Merchant Taylor's School, in 1711 he married Sarah Webster, the daughter of John Webster of Cornhill and later Barbados. Creffeild's marriage settlement described him as being of the Inner Temple, and thus it can be surmised that he was at that time already employed as a barrister. In 1717/18 the couple moved to a new house in the centre of Colchester, Hollytrees, which had recently been constructed for Sarah's aunt. It was, at that time, known as "Esqr Creffield's [sic]". At some point he also purchased Mose Hall in Ardleigh, where his father already had a substantial estate. Creffeild soon became a justice of the peace for the county of Essex and an Alderman of Colchester. It is likely the couple also had a home in West Mersea, since two of their children were baptised there. Creffeild died on 12 December 1723 and was buried at St. James' Church in Colchester. Sarah married again after his death to Charles Gray, but, since they had no children, the estates reverted through Ralph's surviving children, Peter, Hannah, and Sarah. Eight other children had died in infancy, including two Ralphs and a Joseph.

text:
# Ralph Creffeild (born 1687)

**Ralph Creffeild** JP (often incorrectly **Creffield**; 1687  12 December 1723 in Colchester) was a barrister and dignitary in Colchester, Essex, England, from a family of wealthy drapers and landowners.

Creffeild was born in 1687, the second son of Sir Ralph Creffeild, and the only one of his children to survive into adulthood, though he did not outlive his father. Educated at the Merchant Taylor's School, in 1711 he married Sarah Webster, the daughter of John Webster of Cornhill and later Barbados. Creffeild's marriage settlement described him as being of the Inner Temple, and thus it can be surmised that he was at that time already employed as a barrister. In 1717/18 the couple moved to a new house in the centre of Colchester, Hollytrees, which had recently been constructed for Sarah's aunt. It was, at that time, known as "Esqr Creffield's  \[*sic*\]". At some point he also purchased Mose Hall in Ardleigh, where his father already had a substantial estate.

Creffeild soon became a justice of the peace for the county of Essex and an Alderman of Colchester. It is likely the couple also had a home in West Mersea, since two of their children were baptised there. Creffeild died on 12 December 1723 and was buried at St. James' Church in Colchester. Sarah married again after his death to Charles Gray, but, since they had no children, the estates reverted through Ralph's surviving children, Peter, Hannah (later married to George Wegg, another wealthy landowner at that time), and Sarah. Eight other children had died in infancy, including two Ralphs and a Joseph.


title: Diathrausta reconditalis

abstract: Diathrausta reconditalis, the recondite webworm moth, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, South Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia. The wingspan is about 18 mm. The wings are dark brown or nearly black with greenish reflections. There are three white spots on the forewings.

text:
# Diathrausta reconditalis

***Diathrausta reconditalis***, the **recondite webworm moth**, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, South Carolina, Tennessee and West Virginia.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The wings are dark brown or nearly black with greenish reflections. There are three white spots on the forewings.

## InfoBox

| *Diathrausta reconditalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Diathrausta* |
| Species: | ***D. reconditalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diathrausta reconditalis***<br>(Walker, 1859) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hymenia reconditalis* Walker, 1859 * *Diathrausta octomaculalis* Fernald, 1887 * *Ediodes minualis* Walker, \[1866\] | |


title: Best of Friends (Twennynine album)

abstract: Best of Friends is the debut album by American R&B band Twennynine, released in October 1979 on Elektra Records. It was produced by Lenny White and Larry Dunn. The album reached No. 15 on the Billboard Top R&B Albums chart.

text:
# Best of Friends (Twennynine album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |

***Best of Friends*** is the debut album by American R&B band Twennynine, released in October 1979 on Elektra Records. It was produced by Lenny White and Larry Dunn. The album reached No. 15 on the *Billboard* Top R&B Albums chart.

## Singles

The single, "Peanut Butter", reached number three on the *Billboard* Hot Soul Singles chart.

## Track listing

1. "Citi Dancin'" (Lenny White, Barry Johnson) – 4:24
2. "Take Me or Leave Me" (Eddie Martinez) – 4:00
3. "Best of Friends" (White, Danall Miller, Leslie Rene) – 3:52
4. "Peanut Butter" (Donald Blackman) – 3:37
5. "Betta" (Johnson) – 4:18
6. "Morning Sunrise" (Blackman) – 3:18
7. "Oh Sylvie" (Miller, Valmon Burke) – 3:42
8. "Tropical Nights" (White) – 5:11

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Best of Friends | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Twennynine featuring Lenny White | |
| Released | October 1979 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 32:22 |
| Label | Elektra |
| Producer |  |
| Twennynine featuring Lenny White chronology | |
| ***Best of Friends***
(1979) *Twennynine with Lenny White*
(1980) | |


title: Battle of Kōan

abstract: Battle of Kōan The Battle of Kōan, also known as the Second Battle of Hakata Bay, was the second attempt by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China to invade Japan after their failed attempt seven years earlier at the Battle of Bun'ei. In the summer of 1281, the Yuan invaded with two large armies. The Japanese defenders were aided by a major storm which sank a sizeable portion of the Yuan fleets. The invaders who reached the shore were repulsed shortly after landing. The Japanese called the opportune storm kamikaze, a name later used in the Second World War for pilots who carried out aerial suicide attacks.

text:
# Battle of Kōan

The **Battle of Kōan (弘安の役, *Kōan no eki*)**, also known as the **Second Battle of Hakata Bay**, was the second attempt by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China to invade Japan after their failed attempt seven years earlier at the Battle of Bun'ei. In the summer of 1281, the Yuan invaded with two large armies. The Japanese defenders were aided by a major storm which sank a sizeable portion of the Yuan fleets. The invaders who reached the shore were repulsed shortly after landing. The Japanese called the opportune storm *kamikaze* (lit.'divine wind'), a name later used in the Second World War for pilots who carried out aerial suicide attacks.

## Background

After the failed first invasion by the Yuan navy, the Japanese made many defense preparations, constructing numerous fortifications along the coast. Armies were kept in a state of readiness to repel a further attack.

In early 1280 Kublai Khan planned another invasion of Japan and ordered his shipbuilders to rebuild the whole fleet within a year. In the short time available many of the ships were poorly made; many were flat-bottomed river boats requisitioned by the Emperor.

## Battle

By June 1281, 900 Yuan ships were gathered in Korea; the force was called the Eastern Route Army. They were crewed by 17,000 sailors, and transported 10,000 Korean soldiers and 15,000 Mongols and Chinese. The Southern Route Army, meanwhile, was assembled just south of the Yangtze River, in China. It is said to have consisted of 100,000 men on 3,500 ships. As before, Iki and Tsushima islands fell quickly to the much larger Yuan forces.

The Eastern Route Army arrived at Hakata Bay on June 23, and decided to proceed with the invasion without waiting for the larger Southern force which had still not left China. They were a short distance to the north and east of where their force had landed in 1274, and were in fact beyond the walls and defenses constructed by the Japanese. The samurai responded quickly, assaulting the invaders with waves of defenders, denying them the beachhead.

At night small boats carried small bands of samurai into the Yuan fleet in the bay. Under cover of darkness they boarded enemy ships, killed as many as they could, and withdrew before dawn. This harassing tactic led the Yuan forces to retreat to Tsushima, where they would wait for the Southern Route Army. However, over the course of the next several weeks, 3,000 men were killed in close quarters combat in the hot weather. Yuan forces never gained a beachhead.

The first of the Southern force ships arrived on July 16, and by August 12 the two fleets were ready to attack Japan. On August 15 a major tempest struck the Tsushima Straits, lasting two full days and destroying most of the Yuan fleet. Contemporary Japanese accounts indicate that over 4,000 ships were destroyed in the storm; 80% of the Yuan soldiers either drowned or were killed by samurai on the beaches. The loss of ships was so great that "a person could walk across from one point of land to another on a mass of wreckage".

## Main battles of the Kōan Campaign

### Battle of Tsushima Island – Japanese victory

On June 8, the Mongolian Army landed on Tsushima island and invaded. They met fierce resistance there and later withdrew.

### Battle of Shika Island – Japanese victory

On June 23, the Mongolians attempted a landing on Shika Island, but were unable to make significant advances. By June 24, Mongolian forces had control of most of the island, but on the morning of June 25, the Japanese army divided their force into two and attacked along Umi no Nakamichi. The Japanese army lost 300 soldiers but defeated Hong Dagu, who nearly died in this battle, and Zhang Cheng.

On June 26, Zhang Cheng solidified the defense of his army but the Mongolian army was again defeated by the fierce Japanese attacks. After this defeat the Mongolian army escaped to Iki Island.

### Battle of Iki Island – Japanese victory

On July 16, a Japanese army of approximately 10,000, led by the Matsura clan, Ryūzōji clan and Takagi clan began an all-out attack on Iki Island. On July 18, Ryūzōji Iekiyo (龍造寺家清) landed on Setoura beach and defeated the Mongolian army. As a result, the Mongolian army abandoned Iki Island and withdrew to Hirado Island.

### Battle of Mikuriya – annihilation of Mongol navy

On August 20, Takezaki Suenaga attacked and annihilated the Mongolian Navy. After this battle, most of the commanders of the Mongolian army escaped to their own country.

### Battle of Taka Island – annihilation of Mongol army

On August 22, there were about 100,000 soldiers of the Mongol army without commanders. Upon realizing this situation, the Japanese army launched an attack. Togō Korechika (都甲惟親), Togō Koretō (都甲惟遠), Fujiwara no Sukekado (藤原資門) and Shimazu Nagahisa (島津長久) annihilated the remaining Mongolian army and took 20,000 to 30,000 prisoners in this battle. At the completion of this battle, Japan's victory was confirmed.

## Aftermath

Kublai Khan began to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but was soon distracted by events in Southeast and Central Asia, and no third attempt was ever made.

* Davis, Paul K. (1999). *100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present.* Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9; OCLC 45102987
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). *Nihon Odai Ichiran*; ou, *Annales des empereurs du Japon.* Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
* Turnbull, Stephen R. (2003). *Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests, 1190-1400.* London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96862-1
* Davis, Paul K. (2001), *100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present*, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514366-3
* Winters, Harold A.; Galloway, Gerald E. Jr.; Reynolds, William J.; David W. Rhyne (2001-03-09). *Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War*. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6648-7. Retrieved 11 August 2011.

33°37′30″N 130°19′58″E / 33.6251°N 130.3328°E / 33.6251; 130.3328

## InfoBox

| Battle of Kōan | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Mongol invasions of Japan | |
|
Japanese attack ships. *Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba* (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293. | |
| Date June 8 – August 22, 1281  Location Hakata Bay, near present-day Fukuoka, Kyūshū  Result * Japanese victory * Invasion repulsed * Destruction of the Mongol fleet | |
| Belligerents | |
| Kamakura Japan | Yuan dynasty
Goryeo |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Hōjō Sanemasa
Shōni Tsunesuke
Ōtomo Yoriyasu
Adachi Morimune
Kōno Michiari
Kikuchi Takefusa
Takezaki Suenaga
Shimazu Nagahisa | Atagai
Fan Wenhu
Hong Dagu
Ala Temür
Li T'ing
Kim Bang-gyeong |
| Strength | |
| ~40,000–60,000 | ~142,000 men
4,400 ships |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | 120,000+
~20,000–30,000 South Chinese kept as Slaves (soon released) |


title: Chinatown, Kuala Terengganu

abstract: Kampung Cina, is a Chinatown located in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Kampung Cina is located along Jalan Bandar, in Kuala Terengganu city centre at the river mouth of Terengganu River that empties into the South China Sea. Kampung Cina literally means Chinese Village; it is also called Tn̂g-lâng-pho (唐人坡) or KT's Chinatown by local people. It is one of Southeast Asia's early Chinese settlements and contains stately ancestral homes, temples, townhouses, and business establishments. The town is small but has colourful shophouses along both sides of the road that carries traditional flavour. Kuala Terengganu's Chinatown was first established by the Chinese community in the late 19th century. It was once a hub for commercial activities that helped shape Kuala Terengganu into what it is today. The Chinese built the traditionally designed shop houses according to their place of origin in China.

text:
# Chinatown, Kuala Terengganu

**Kampung Cina** (Jawi: کامڤوڠ چينا; Chinese: 唐人坡; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: *Tn̂g-lâng-pho*), is a Chinatown located in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Kampung Cina is located along Jalan Bandar (formerly known as *Jalan Kampung Cina*), in Kuala Terengganu city centre at the river mouth of Terengganu River that empties into the South China Sea. Kampung Cina literally means Chinese Village; it is also called *Tn̂g-lâng-pho* (唐人坡) or *KT's Chinatown* by local people. It is one of Southeast Asia's early Chinese settlements and contains stately ancestral homes, temples, townhouses, and business establishments. The town is small but has colourful shophouses along both sides of the road that carries traditional flavour.

Kuala Terengganu's Chinatown was first established by the Chinese community in the late 19th century. It was once a hub for commercial activities that helped shape Kuala Terengganu into what it is today. The Chinese built the traditionally designed shop houses according to their place of origin in China.

## History

Kampung Cina is the main Chinese settlement in Kuala Terengganu, situated near the heart of Kuala Terengganu city centre. In 1719, the Chinese village settlement had more than 1000 house compared from its today row of pre-war Chinese shophouses of that which only dated as far as 200-year or its earlier dated that are recorded by foreigners like Alexander Hamilton and Captain Joseph Jackson who visited the Chinese settlement while in the Kuala Terengganu town during 1719, and other like J. Newbold in 1893, Munshi Abdullah in 1836, and more. The great fire in early 1880s destroyed a large part of the area and subsequently, many of the houses were rebuilt. Sunday, 18 Sep 2022 there was also a fire accident at around 8 pm.

The exact date of the founding of Kampung Cina is not clearly known as no archaeology dig was ever made, as to preserve the Kampung Cina site which is now a part of the city. Many who live here may be descended from the first Chinese who arrive and settled here at Terengganu since the 16th century. Thus many of its occupants treat their house as an ancestral home which has much history after being handed down from generation to generation. Nowadays, preservation and modification projects are carried out on many of the old buildings.

### Evidence of the early presence of Chinese settlers in Kampung Cina

When Alexander Hamilton and Captain Joseph Jackson visited Kuala Terengganu in 1719–20 and 1764 respectively, the presence of Chinese settlers was noted down in their records. Alexander wrote:

> *Trangano ........ about one thousand houses in it, not built in regular streets, ....... The Town is above half-peopled with Chinese, who have a good trade for three to four Jonks yearly, ....... The product of the country are Pepper and Gold, which are mostly exported by the Chinese. About 300 tons are the common Export of Pepper, ........*
>
> Alexander Hamilton.

According to the Malay scholar Munshi Abdullah, who visited Kuala Terengganu in 1836, there was a large Chinese quarter with a Kapitan Cina (Chinese leader) named Lim Eng Huat (1798–1847), who was the third Kapitan of Chinatown. He probably saw the concrete bridge being built during Sultan Mohammad's period (1837–1839) because in his second visit here, Munshi wrote about the bridge in 1838.

Kuala Terengganu was also described by Thomas John Newbold in 1839:

> *... the Malay town of Tringanu in 1828 was large and populous .... The Chinese are numerous, and live principally in strong brick-built houses, which now exhibit every appearance of an old and long established colony. The Chinese population of the town is estimated at 600, that of the Malays from 15,000 to 20,000*.
>
> Thomas John Newbold, English soldier, traveller and orientalist.

Various Chinese records and annals – dated as far back as the 10th century (Song dynasty) have referred to the ports of Terengganu. Javanese records of the Kingdom of Majapahit in the 14th century also placed Kuala Terengganu on their list of trading centres. But no one really know the exact dated of the Chinese settlement in Kampung Cina. It is only certain with evidence that the Chinese settlement may started in Terengganu after Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) of China return to China between 1419 AD and 1719 AD or maybe before or around the time of Alexander Hamilton and Captain Joseph Jackson who visited Kuala Terengganu in 1719–1720.

It is believed that Admiral Cheng Ho of China – the goodwill ambassador of the Ming dynasty – led a huge fleet of about 200 vessels with approximately 28,000 marine officers and crew to the shores of Kuala Terengganu in the year of 1414 AD. This is based on evidence from a map of places visited by Cheng Ho, during his fourth trip to the west.

Right after the visit of Cheng Ho, Chinese farmers from the coast of China, especially the people from Zhangzhou District of Hokkien Province, sailed to Terengganu and first settled at Bukit Datu (Big City), and along the riverbank of Nerus River. The Chinese's forefathers in Terengganu named Nerus River as Sampokang (Cheng Ho's River) and built a temple at Kampung Jeram – Sampokong Keramat Cheng Ho.

The Chinese population of Chinatown mainly did their trade in the waterfront area. These settlers were engaged in trades through concessions from the state rulers, and among their businesses included the sale and bartering of crafts such as textiles, metalwork, and woodwork from the nearby Malay communities, and commercial trades, imports, and exports of goods (such as silks, gambir, camphor, pepper, and gold) from local or foreign places.

By the mid-1800s, with the booming of the tin mining and industries, the Chinese population of Kuala Terengganu and the whole Malaya increased tremendously as new Chinese immigrants arrived here for work. Kuala Terengganu, which is strategically located on the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia, was a natural stopping point for those who plied the trade route from China to South East Asia in the early days. Those who fall in love with this enchanted land simply stay on while the rest, sail on to fulfill their own destiny, in places like Perak and Kuala Lumpur for tin mining. Kampung Cina became the most densely populated area for the Chinese community in Kuala Terengganu.

## Architecture

Chinatown was opened about 300 years ago by the traders from Southern China and was the first area for business and trading in Kuala Terengganu, although in its current form, the oldest building (many of which are shophouses) dates back from the late 1800s. Today, there are about 270 pre-war Chinese shophouses. Many of these shophouses were originally built with brick, plaster, and timber. Currently, due to the old age of these structures, refurbishments and renovations are carried out to a number of buildings.

The early Chinese residents chose to build the shophouses near the bank of Terengganu River since the location provides a place for junks and ships to harbour. Like a typical Chinatown in other Malaysian states, the buildings incorporate various styles such as traditional Southern Chinese designs, Neoclassical, or Art Deco. The façades of these shophouses differ according to their styles. Neoclassical buildings, for instance, are rather elaborate and ornate in its decorations, while older buildings are generally bare and simple.

Each shophouse of Chinatown is not singular building. Instead, many different shophouses are connected to one another and form one long structure. A number of back alleys separate these structures. The shophouses in Chinatown are both commercial and private structures, mostly two storeys high. Families who own business establishments (such as sundry shop, light industry, or warehouse) usually will use the ground floor for the business and trade and reside on the upper floor. The common element of many of these shophouses is the covered passageway in front of the buildings known as *kaki lima* or the 'five-foot-way'. The name comes from the original prescribed width of the passageway, which is five feet, although later regulations prescribed a width of seven and a half feet.

## Culture

The culture in Chinatown has been one that is an admixture of the Malay and Chinese traditions and lifestyles. Chinese traditions and customs can be found everywhere in this place and Chinese new year is celebrated widely by the Chinese residents. The influence of local Malay culture in Terengganu also gave rise to the small Peranakan community locally known as *Mek and Awang*. This community is quite similar to their counterparts in Penang and Malacca known as Baba and Nyonya, but still retains its own uniqueness and differences. Mek and Awang community is centred in two main places, Chinatown, and Kampung Tiruk, a village about 14 km from Kuala Terengganu.

Similar to the Baba and Nyonya in Penang and Malacca, the traditional costume of the Terengganuan Peranakan women is a special type of kebaya known as *kebaya potong kot*. Ornamental broidery is typical of this kebaya.

As the name implies, the residents and business traders of Chinatown are mostly Chinese although nowadays, there are other Malay or Indian traders. Small grocery shops, butcher shops, hardware shops, *kopitiams* (traditional Chinese coffee shops), cafes, restaurants and so on can be found there. Many of the businesses have been operating here for decades and are handed down to the new generations of traders.

### Cuisine

Kampung Cina is also known for its local delicacies such as *roti paung*, a special local bread, durian cake, *pulut dipa* and the white *keropok lekor*, which is made of wolf herring or *ikan parang*. Many local Chinese dishes, along with other Malay and Indian fares, can be found in the restaurants and food courts located here. As per usual with many other cities in Malaysia, modern restaurants and cafes are also available.

The Chinese dishes (especially the Peranakan dishes) are influenced by the local East Coast culture. Among the influence is the usage of *budu)*, a fish sauce made from anchovies. Local Chinese or Peranakan dishes that can be found here include *ayam pachok*, *akok*, *rojak ceranang*, *roti paung* dan *pulut lepa*. The kopitiams, cafes and restaurants that are available here offer local delicacies, mostly Chinese, but also Malay and Indian food.

## Attractions

In the year 2004, the government declared that Kampung Cina's various historical structures and area were to be gazetted as a heritage site of Terengganu. As a significant area of the city's Chinese community, it is home to two Chinese temples, Ho Ann Kiong and Tien Hou Kong, which were built in 1801 and 1896, respectively. Ho Ann Kiong contains a statue of the goddess of the sea, Mazu. Unfortunately, a fire broke out that ultimately destroyed 60% of the temple. A restoration was carried out and now Ho Ann Kiong functions again. Another landmark is the 19th-century Low Tiey water well, erected in 1875. It was believed to have been excavated and constructed in 1875 by Low Tiey Lim Keng Hoon (1820–1882) as a public service to the community. It was built with two separate bathing chambers for men and women with a six-metre high wall. After years and years, it still supplies clean water to Chinatown's residents.

Many of the buildings here have undergone restoration or beautification programmes to make them more appealing, but without destroying the heritage value. While the shophouses still retain their distinctive characteristics, they are now brighter and livelier. One can still see repair works being carried out on several shophouses. Murals can be found in many sections of the area. The recent attractions in Kampung Cina are its back alleys, many of which are transformed into thematic lanes. For example, Turtle Alley, the narrowest back lane, has information related to various turtles and turtle-themed wall and floor mosaics. Tauke Wee Seng Hee Cultural Lane is another such thematic lane. This alley showcases an old, colonial-era telephone booth and a classic cast iron post box (still in use) painted in bright red. The walls also displays a collection of old signs from shops in Chinatown and several Han dynasty-era poems. These lanes have become tourist and photography spots.

## InfoBox

| Chinatown, Kuala Terengganu | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| The *paifang* gate of Kampung Cina on the southern end of Jalan Bandar | |
| Traditional Chinese | 唐人坡 |
|  | |
| Hokkien POJ | Tn̂g-lâng Pho |
|  | |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Tángrén Pō  Yue: Cantonese  Yale Romanization Tòhngyàhn Pо̄  Jyutping Tong4jan4 Po1  Southern Min  Hokkien POJ Tn̂g-lâng Pho | |
| Malay name | |
| Malay | Kampung Cina<br>کامڤوڠ چينا |
|  | |


title: Somebody Else's Fire (song)

abstract: "Somebody Else's Fire" is a song written by Pat Bunch, Pam Rose and Mary Ann Kennedy, and recorded by American country music artist Janie Fricke. It was released in September 1985 as the second single and title track from the album Somebody Else's Fire. The song reached #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

text:
# Somebody Else's Fire (song)

"**Somebody Else's Fire**" is a song written by Pat Bunch, Pam Rose and Mary Ann Kennedy, and recorded by American country music artist Janie Fricke. It was released in September 1985 as the second single and title track from the album *Somebody Else's Fire*. The song reached #4 on the *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1985) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 4 |
| Canadian *RPM* Country Tracks | 4 |

## InfoBox

| "Somebody Else's Fire" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Janie Fricke | |
| from the album  *Somebody Else's Fire* | |
| B-side | "My Heart's Hearin' Footsteps" |
| Released | August 1985 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 3:10 |
| Label | Columbia |
| Songwriter(s) | Pat Bunch, Pam Rose, Mary Ann Kennedy |
| Producer(s) | Bob Montgomery |
| Janie Fricke singles chronology | |
| "She's Single Again"
(1985) "**Somebody Else's Fire**"
(1985) "Easy to Please"
(1986) | |


title: Sommerkahl (Kahl)

abstract: The Sommerkahl is a small river in the northern Spessart in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Near Langenborn the Sommerkahl empties from the left into the Kahl. Together with Westerbach, Reichenbach and Geiselbach the Sommerkahl is one of the largest tributaries of the Kahl.

text:
# Sommerkahl (Kahl)

The **Sommerkahl** (in its upper course: *Speckkahl*) is a small river in the northern Spessart in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Near Langenborn the Sommerkahl empties from the left into the Kahl. Together with Westerbach, Reichenbach and Geiselbach the Sommerkahl is one of the largest tributaries of the Kahl.

## InfoBox

| Sommerkahl | |
| --- | --- |
| The Sommerkahl west of Sommerkahl | |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | near Sommerkahl |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | near Schöllkrippen-Langenborn in the Kahl |
| coordinates | 50°04′27″N 9°14′15″E / 50.074029°N 9.237594°E / 50.074029; 9.237594 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | KahlMainRhineNorth Sea |


title: Sommerhausen

abstract: Sommerhausen is a municipality and market town in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany.

text:
# Sommerhausen

**Sommerhausen** is a municipality and market town in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany.

## History

Sommerhausen has been an important municipality on the Main since the Middle Ages. It did not belong to the prince-bishop of Würzburg; The inhabitants acknowledged the Reformation, so that Sommerhausen is now a Protestant enclave in the predominantly Catholic Mainfranken. As part of the rule mediated by Bavaria, Speckfeld, the heirs of the Counts of Limpurg (Count Pückler and Rechtern), Sommerhausen belonged to the Frankish Reichskreis from 1500 onwards. In 1810, the district of Würzburg, with which it fell back to Bavaria in 1814, came to settle in the area. In the course of the administrative reforms in Bavaria, the municipal council of 1818 created the present municipality.

The place, embedded in the Valley of the Main among vineyards, has been the hanger for Frankish romanticism for decades. The medieval city wall has been preserved. All buildings in the town center in the narrow, winding streets look back on several hundred years of history. The town hall dates from the 16th century.

## InfoBox

| Sommerhausen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Castle in Sommerhausen | |
|  | |
| Location of Sommerhausen within Würzburg district | |
| Sommerhausen Sommerhausen | |
| Coordinates: 49°42′N 10°02′E / 49.700°N 10.033°E / 49.700; 10.033 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Bavaria |
| Admin. region | Unterfranken |
| District | Würzburg |
| Municipal assoc. | Eibelstadt |
| Government | |
| Mayor (202026) | Wilfried Saak |
| Area | |
| Total | 7.22 km2 (2.79 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 181 m (594 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31) | |
| Total | 1,957 |
| Density | 270/km2 (700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 97286 |
| Dialling codes | 09333 |
| Vehicle registration |  |
| Website | www.sommerhausen.de |


title: Choi Won-myeong

abstract: Choi Won-myeong is a South Korean actor and model. He is best known for his roles in dramas such as The Three Witches, Great First Wives, Wok of Love and Strong Girl Bong-soon.

text:
# Choi Won-myeong

**Choi Won-myeong** is a South Korean actor and model. He is best known for his roles in dramas such as *The Three Witches*, *Great First Wives*, *Wok of Love* and *Strong Girl Bong-soon*.

## Filmography

### Television series

| Year | Title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2015 | *Great First Wives* | Na Min-gyu |  |
| | *The Three Witches* | Kang Hoon-nam |  |
| 2017 | *Strong Girl Bong-soon* | Jang Kyung-tae |  |
| 2018 | *Wok of Love* | Yang Kang-ho |  |
| 2021 | *Peng* | Pi Jung-won |  |
| 2022 | *The Fabulous* | Lee Nam-jin |  |
| 2023 | *Between Him and Her* | Ahn Si-hoo |  |

### Web series

| Year | Title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2017 | *Between Friendship and Love 2* | Nam Sa-rang |  |
| 2018 | *A-Teen* | Choi Won-myung |  |
| 2023 | *CEO-dol Mart* | Eun Young-min |  |

### Television shows

| Year | Title | | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | English | Korean | | | |
| 2015 | *Crime Scene 2* | 크라임씬 2 | Assistant detective | Regular member |  |
| 2017 | *Modulove* | 모두의 연애 | Cast member | Regular member |  |
| 2018 | *Music Bank* | 뮤직뱅크 | Host | Episode: 933 - 985 |  |

### Music video appearances

| Year | Title | Artist | Length | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | "You Call It Romance" | K.Will | 03:49 |  |
| 2017 | "The Blue Night of Jeju Island" | Soyou | 03:49 |  |
| 2018 | "Boredom" | Mind U | 03:41 |  |
| 2019 | "Mom Arirang" | Song Ga-in | 04:23 |  |

## Theatre

| Year | Title | Korean Title | Role | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2014 | *Bachelor's Vegetable Shop* | 총각네 야채가게 | Vendor Saler |  |

## Awards and nominations

Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nomination
| Award ceremony | Year | Category | Nominee / Work | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| KBS Entertainment Awards | 2018 | Best New Actor in Talk & Show | *Music Bank* | Won |  |

## InfoBox

| Choi Won-myeong | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1994-01-06) January 6, 1994
South Korea |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, model |
| Years active | 2014–present |
| Agent | Lead |
| Known for | *Wok of Love*
*The Three Witches*
*Strong Girl Bong-soon* |


title: Song of Love (1947 film)

abstract: Song of Love is a 1947 American biopic film about the relationship between renowned 19th-century musicians Clara Wieck Schumann and Robert Schumann. The film, which also stars Robert Walker and Leo G. Carroll, was directed by Clarence Brown and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Ivan Tors, Irma von Cube, Allen Vincent, and Robert Ardrey co-authored the screenplay, which was based on a play by Bernard Schubert and Mario Silva.

text:
# Song of Love (1947 film)

***Song of Love*** is a 1947 American biopic film about the relationship between renowned 19th-century musicians Clara Wieck Schumann (Katharine Hepburn) and Robert Schumann (Paul Henreid). The film, which also stars Robert Walker and Leo G. Carroll, was directed by Clarence Brown and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Ivan Tors, Irma von Cube, Allen Vincent, and Robert Ardrey co-authored the screenplay, which was based on a play by Bernard Schubert and Mario Silva.

## Plot

In a fictionalized 19th century, musicians Clara Wieck Schumann, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms are depicted.

Clara takes a break from her thriving career as an acclaimed concert pianist to devote herself to her struggling composer husband Robert and their seven children. Johannes Brahms, Schumann's best student, takes a place in their home but falls in love with Clara and eventually realises he must move out.

Schumann works on his opera based on *Faust* but has no success in having it performed. Unable to cope with disappointment and failure, Robert has a mental breakdown while conducting a performance. He loses his sanity and eventually dies in an asylum. Brahms proposes marriage to Clara but she rejects him saying she will always love Robert. She devotes the rest of her life to preserving his music and his memory.

## Cast

## Production notes

Hepburn trained with a pianist for weeks prior to production so she could be filmed playing the piano convincingly. When Henreid is playing piano, the hands of Ervin Nyiregyházi are seen. The soundtrack for the picture was recorded by Arthur Rubinstein. Rubinstein said Hepburn played almost as well as he.

## Reception

The film earned $1,469,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $1,268,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $1,091,000.

*Variety* listed the film as earning $3.1 million in U.S. and Canadian rentals in 1947.

## InfoBox

| Song of Love | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Clarence Brown |
| Screenplay by | Ivan Tors
Irmgard von Cube
Allen Vincent
Robert Ardrey |
| Based on | *Song of Love, the Life of Robert and Clara Schumann*
play
by Bernard Schubert
Mario Silva |
| Produced by | Clarence Brown |
| Starring | Katharine Hepburn
Paul Henreid
Robert Walker |
| Cinematography | Harry Stradling Sr. |
| Edited by | Robert Kern |
| Music by | Robert Schumann
Johannes Brahms
Franz Liszt |
| Production
company | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
| Distributed by | Loew's Inc. |
| Release date | * October 9, 1947 (1947-10-09) |
| Running time | 119 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $2,696,000 |
| Box office | $2,737,000 |


title: Chlorophytum tuberosum

abstract: Chlorophytum tuberosum is a species of flowering plant in the Asparagaceae family. It is one of several species known by the common name musli. It is native to parts of Africa and India. It has historical uses in Ayurveda.

text:
# Chlorophytum tuberosum

***Chlorophytum tuberosum*** is a species of flowering plant in the Asparagaceae family. It is one of several species known by the common name **musli**. It is native to parts of Africa and India. It has historical uses in Ayurveda.

## InfoBox

| *Chlorophytum tuberosum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae |
| Genus: | *Chlorophytum* |
| Species: | ***C. tuberosum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chlorophytum tuberosum***
(Roxb.) Baker | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Acrospira lilioides* A.Chev.
*Anthericum kilimandscharicum* Poelln.
*Anthericum niveum* (Poir.) Spreng.
*Anthericum ornithogaloides* Hochst. ex A.Rich.
*Anthericum tuberosum* Roxb.
*Chlorophytum anthericoideum* Dalzell
*Chlorophytum kulsii* Cufod.
*Chlorophytum niveum* (Poir.) M.R.Almeida
*Chlorophytum russii* Chiov.
*Liliago nivea* (Poir.) C.Presl
*Liliago tuberosa* (Roxb.) C.Presl
*Phalangium niveum* Poir.
*Phalangium ornithogaloides* (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Schweinf.
*Phalangium tuberosum* (Roxb.) Kunth | |


title: Chlorophytum inornatum

abstract:
Chlorophytum inornatum is a flowering plant species in the genus Chlorophytum. It is the type species of its genus.
It is related to the commonly known houseplant Chlorophytum comosum also referred to as a "spider plant".
3-(4'-Methoxybenzyl)-7,8-methylenedioxy-chroman-4-one, a homoisoflavanone with antimycobacterial activity, can be isolated from C. inornatum.

text:
# Chlorophytum inornatum

***Chlorophytum inornatum*** is a flowering plant species in the genus *Chlorophytum*. It is the type species of its genus. It is related to the commonly known houseplant *Chlorophytum comosum* also referred to as a "spider plant". 3-(4'-Methoxybenzyl)-7,8-methylenedioxy-chroman-4-one, a homoisoflavanone with antimycobacterial activity, can be isolated from *C. inornatum*.

## InfoBox

| *Chlorophytum inornatum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Chlorophytum inornatum*, Curtis's Botanical Magazine. Volume 27, 1807, Plate 1071 | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Agavoideae |
| Genus: | *Chlorophytum* |
| Species: | ***C. inornatum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chlorophytum inornatum***<br>Ker Gawl. 1807 | |
|


title: Solicitor General of Grenada

abstract: The Solicitor-General of Grenada is a law officer of the government for Grenada, subordinate to the Attorney-General of Grenada. The office is one of the members of the government. The Solicitor General could also be a member of the General Assembly.

text:
# Solicitor General of Grenada

The **Solicitor-General of Grenada** is a law officer of the government for Grenada, subordinate to the Attorney-General of Grenada. The office is one of the members of the government. The Solicitor General could also be a member of the General Assembly.

## List of Solicitors-General of Grenada

* 1771–1781 John Stanley
* 1774–1779 Sir Ashton Warner Byam. (appointed 9 June 1774, then Attorney-General 1783–1789)
* 1774 Thomas Baker (previously Attorney General)
* 1842 William Snagg (appointed 23 February 1842, later Governor)
* 1960–1979 Nolan Jacobs
* Dwight Horsford (2013–2018)
* Dia Forrester (8 April 2019 – 2020)
* Karen Reid-Ballantyne (1 April 2021–Present)


title: Chitose No.4 Dam

abstract: (Japanese: 千歳第四ダム) Chitose No.4 Dam is a gravity dam located in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 294 km⁲. The dam impounds about 39 ha of land when full and can store 2298 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1919.

text:
# Chitose No.4 Dam

**Chitose No.4 Dam** (Japanese: 千歳第四ダム) is a gravity dam located in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 294 km2. The dam impounds about 39 ha of land when full and can store 2298 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1919.

## InfoBox

| Chitose No.4 Dam | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Chitose No.4 Dam in Japan | |
| Location | Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan |
| Coordinates | 42°48′15″N 141°33′21″E / 42.80417°N 141.55583°E / 42.80417; 141.55583 |
| Opening date | 1919 |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Height | 21.9m |
| Length | 102.4m |
| Reservoir | |
| Total capacity | 2298 thousand cubic meters |
| Catchment area | 294 sq. km |
| Surface area | 39 hectares |


title: Sonny Clay

abstract: William Rogers Campbell "Sonny" Clay was an American jazz pianist, drummer, and bandleader, who had an unusual impact on the development of Australian jazz.

text:
# Sonny Clay

**William Rogers Campbell "Sonny" Clay** (May 15, 1899, Chapel Hill, Texas – April 13, 1973, Los Angeles, California) was an American jazz pianist, drummer, and bandleader, who had an unusual impact on the development of Australian jazz.

## Biography

Clay's family moved to Phoenix when he was eight years old; he played drums and xylophone early in life. From 1915 he studied piano, playing with Charlie Green and Jelly Roll Morton in Mexico around 1920. He drummed for Reb Spikes in California in 1921, and had his first recording experience backing Camille Allen in 1922. Later that year he played with Kid Ory at the Hiawatha Dancing Academy in Los Angeles.

In 1923 he formed his own band, the Eccentric Harmony Six; this ensemble recorded on Vocalion Records as the California Poppies in 1923 and the Stompin' Six in 1925. He also performed under the band names Plantation Orchestra and Hartford Ballroom Orchestra. His band scored a regular gig broadcasting on radio stations KNX in 1925 and KFI in 1926.

In 1928 Clay took his band (billed as Sonny Clay's Colored Idea) on a tour of Australia, with Ivie Anderson (later a vocalist with Duke Ellington) as one of the singers accompanying the orchestra. The group played in Sydney and Melbourne to great success, but problems with unions and with venue changes (their initial bookings were on vaudeville stages, but additional dates in dance halls led them into race-related trouble with local authorities) resulted in their gaining some notoriety. As rumors of drug use and miscegenation between the black band members and white women flew, the group was subject to a police raid which became a national press sensation. As a result, Clay and his band were deported and the Australian government resolved to bar the entry of all black musicians into the country, a ban which kept Louis Armstrong from touring the country until 1954.

Upon Clay's return, he held a residency at the Vernon County Club in Los Angeles, then broke up this band and formed a new one called the Dixie Serenaders, which counted Teddy Buckner and Les Hite among its members. Clay played solo and led bands until 1941, at which time he led a band as a member of the Special Services Division. He retired from music in the 1940s but returned around 1960 to record solo and play in clubs.

## Additional references

* Sonny Clay at Allmusic
* Howard Rye, "Sonny Clay". *Grove Jazz* online.
* Andrew Bissett, *Black Roots, White Flowers: A History of Australian Jazz* (ABC Books, 1979)

## InfoBox

| Sonny Clay | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | William Rogers Campbell Clay |
| Born | (1899-05-15)May 15, 1899
Chapel Hill, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | (1973-04-10)April 10, 1973
Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Occupations | * Musician * bandleader |
| Instruments | * piano * drums |
| Years active | * 1921-1941 |
| Formerly of |  |


title: Sonny Clark Trio

abstract: Sonny Clark Trio is an album by the jazz pianist Sonny Clark released through Blue Note Records in May 1958. It was recorded in October 1957. The trio features rhythm section Paul Chambers and Philly Joe Jones.

text:
# Sonny Clark Trio

***Sonny Clark Trio*** is an album by the jazz pianist Sonny Clark released through Blue Note Records in May 1958. It was recorded in October 1957. The trio features rhythm section Paul Chambers and Philly Joe Jones.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* |  |

The AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos states, "Mainstream jazz lovers will find much to enjoy about this edition of Clark discography, and a very good primer for recordings of his original music to come later in his career."

## Track listing

Side 1
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Be-Bop" | Dizzy Gillespie | 9:54 |
| 2. | "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" |  | 4:22 |
| 3. | "Two Bass Hit" |  | 3:45 |

Side 2
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Tadd's Delight" | Tadd Dameron | 6:02 |
| 2. | "Softly, As in a Morning Sunrise" |  | 6:33 |
| 3. | "I'll Remember April" |  | 4:55 |

CD bonus tracks
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7. | "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" (alternate take) | * Rodgers * Hart | 4:20 |
| 8. | "Two Bass Hit" (alternate take) | * Gilespie * Lewis | 4:01 |
| 9. | "Tadd's Delight" (alternate take) | Dameron | 5:01 |

## Personnel

### Sonny Clark Trio

### Technical personnel

## Charts

Chart performance for *Sonny Clark Trio*
| Chart (2023) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 200 |

## InfoBox

| Sonny Clark Trio | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Sonny Clark | |
| Released | May 1958 (1958-05) |
| Recorded | October 13, 1957 |
| Studio | Van Gelder Studio
Hackensack, New Jersey |
| Genre | Hard bop |
| Length | 35:31 (LP)
48:53 (CD) |
| Label | Blue Note
BLP 1579 |
| Producer | Alfred Lion |
| Sonny Clark chronology | |
| *Sonny's Crib*
(1958) ***Sonny Clark Trio***
(1958) *Cool Struttin'*
(1958) | |


title: Chinjufu shōgun

abstract: chinjufu shōgun The chinjufu shōgun, also translated loosely as “commander-in-chief of the defense of the north”, was a military post in classical and feudal Japan. Under the command of the seii taishōgun, the chinjufu shōgun was primarily responsible for the pacification of the Ezo people of northern Honshū and Hokkaidō, and Japan's defense against them. The post was originally created during the Nara period. A military district, called chinjufu (鎮守府) was established as the chinjufu shōgun's area of authority. It was originally located in the fortress of Tagajō in what is now Miyagi Prefecture. However, it was moved further north in 801, after the chinjufu shōgun at the time, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro achieved a series of victories against the natives, pushing them further north. Once all of Honshū was conquered, or pacified, by the Japanese, the new base at Isawa came to be controlled by the various samurai clans of that region. The castle, along with the chinjufu military district and the position of chinjufu shōgun, was abandoned in the early 14th century.

text:
# Chinjufu shōgun

The ***chinjufu shōgun*** (鎮守府将軍, literally, “commander-in-chief of the central peacekeeping headquarters”), also translated loosely as “commander-in-chief of the defense of the north”, was a military post in classical and feudal Japan. Under the command of the *seii taishōgun*, the *chinjufu shōgun* was primarily responsible for the pacification of the Ezo people of northern Honshū and Hokkaidō, and Japan's defense against them.

The post was originally created during the Nara period. A military district, called *chinjufu* (鎮守府) was established as the *chinjufu shōgun's* area of authority. It was originally located in the fortress of Tagajō in what is now Miyagi Prefecture. However, it was moved further north in 801, after the *chinjufu shōgun* at the time, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro achieved a series of victories against the natives, pushing them further north. Once all of Honshū was conquered, or pacified, by the Japanese, the new base at Isawa came to be controlled by the various samurai clans of that region. The castle, along with the *chinjufu* military district and the position of *chinjufu shōgun*, was abandoned in the early 14th century.

## Notable *chinjufu shōgun*

* Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
* "Chinjufu" was also the name of a naval station (depot), an admiralty port. During the Meiji era, of the naval bases at Sasebo, Maizuru, and Yokosuka.
* "Chinju" or "chinju no kami" - a local (tutelary) deity, a guardian god, a tutelary god protecting a specific geographical area. "Chinju no kami" are found in imperial residences, large mansions, Buddhist temples, and in the territories and castles of aristocratic families. They have come gradually to be worshipped as "ujigami" or "ubusuna no kami"

* *Shin-meikai-kokugo-jiten*, Sanseido Co., Ltd, Tokyo 1974

## Bibliography

* Adolphson, Mikael; Edward Kamens, Stacie Matsumoto (2007). Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-3013-X.


title: Sophia Flats

abstract: Sophia Flats is a condominium on Wilkie Road in Rochor, Singapore. The building, which was completed in 1920, has been gazetted for conservation.

text:
# Sophia Flats

**Sophia Flats** is a condominium on Wilkie Road in Rochor, Singapore. The building, which was completed in 1920, has been gazetted for conservation.

## Description

The three-storey building, which was painted in yellow and made with modern reinforced concrete, as well as infill brick and plaster walls, curves along the junction of Wilkie Road and Niven Road. It features a recessed ground floor, which allows for a "continuous" five-foot way. The building also feature "large" overhangs, tall ceilings and ventilators that were placed above windows. It houses 19 residential units.

## History

The building was completed in 1920 by a Mr. Maricar, a "Mohammedan Indian", and was later acquired by Japanese company Ichigoya. The building was then purchased by F. J. DeWitt, a general manager of the Borneo Sumatra Trading Company. It was sold for $122,000 on 2 March 1948 following DeWitt's departure from the colony. It was estimated that, had the building been constructed in that year, it would have cost $300,000. Frank Benjamin, the founder of retail company FJ Benjamin, was born and lived in one of the building's units until the 1950s. In 1959, he established his first office in the building.

In August 2007, it was announced that the building's owners, which was then a "low-profile Singaporean family", had put it up for sale for $7.5 million. It then housed eight residential units and four office units. The building was later gazetted for conservation by the Urban Redevelopment Authority, who placed it within the Mount Sophia Secondary Settlement conservation area.

1°18′08″N 103°50′56″E / 1.30214°N 103.84889°E / 1.30214; 103.84889


title: Chris Doyle (American football)

abstract: Chris Doyle is an American football coach and former player. He was the head strength and conditioning coach at the University of Iowa from 1999 until 2020. Doyle was hired by the Jacksonville Jaguars, but resigned a day later following public backlash about his controversial past at Iowa. Doyle played college football on the offensive line at Boston University from 1986 to 1988.

text:
# Chris Doyle (American football)

**Chris Doyle** (born June 30, 1968) is an American football coach and former player. He was the head strength and conditioning coach at the University of Iowa from 1999 until 2020. Doyle was hired by the Jacksonville Jaguars, but resigned a day later following public backlash about his controversial past at Iowa. Doyle played college football on the offensive line at Boston University from 1986 to 1988.

## Background

Raised in Quincy, Massachusetts, Doyle attended Boston College High School, where he played football. Doyle attended college at Boston University, earning an Bachelor of Science in human movement and a Masters of Education.

## Coaching career

### Iowa Hawkeyes

Doyle served as strength and conditioning coach for Iowa Hawkeyes football from 1999 to 2020. He trained 180 student-athletes who have joined professional sports teams, as well as 19 former assistants who have become head strength and conditioning coaches.

On June 15, 2020, Iowa announced a separation agreement between the school and Doyle. Before the separation Doyle was the highest paid strength and conditioning coach in college football making $800,000. Under the agreement Doyle was paid 15 months salary which was over $1.1 million.

Doyle was the Iowa football strength coach in 2011 when 13 players developed rhabdomyolysis following gruelling offseason workouts.

#### Accusations

Multiple former Iowa players spoke out about racial disparities in the Iowa program and incidents where Doyle allegedly made racist comments and belittled players. He was subsequently placed on administrative leave.

During the 2020 racial unrest in the United States after the murder of George Floyd by police, Black former Iowa football players called for changes within the program. Former Iowa offensive lineman James Daniels tweeted "If the team collectively decides to kneel, this will bring about a cultural change for both Iowa football and the state of Iowa which I believe is long overdue!!!" Two days later, Daniels followed up with a second tweet asserting “there are too many racial disparities in the Iowa football program. Black players have been treated unfairly for far too long.” Several other Iowa players added to Daniels' claims, citing Doyle and offensive coordinator Brian Ferentz as two of the leading causes of racial disparities in Iowa football. Former Iowa defensive lineman Jaleel Johnson wrote on Twitter "Coach Doyle is the problem in that building. And so is Brian Ferentz.... things won't progress until those two fix themselves. They know they're a problem."

### Jacksonville Jaguars

Doyle was hired to be the director of sport performance for the Jacksonville Jaguars on February 11, 2021. Due to backlash over his Iowa tenure, Doyle resigned his position from the Jaguars the following day.

## InfoBox

Chris Doyle
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born: | (1968-06-30) June 30, 1968<br>Quincy, Massachusetts |
| Career information | |
| College: | Boston University |
| Career history | |
| As a coach: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Big Ten Strength Coach of the Year (1999) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Sonoma parviceps

abstract: Sonoma parviceps is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Sonoma parviceps

***Sonoma parviceps*** is a species of ant-loving beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2015). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 2: Hydrophiloidea - Staphylinoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-29685-5.

## InfoBox

| *Sonoma parviceps* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Staphylinidae |
| Genus: | *Sonoma* |
| Species: | ***S. parviceps*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sonoma parviceps***<br>(Mäklin, 1852) | |
|


title: Sonomicrometry

abstract: Sonomicrometry is a technique of measuring the distance between piezoelectric crystals based on the speed of acoustic signals through the medium they are embedded in. Typically, the crystals will be coated with an epoxy 'lens' and placed into the material facing each other. An electrical signal sent to either crystal will be transformed into sound, which passes through the medium, eventually reaching the other crystal, which converts the sound into electricity, detected by a receiver. From the time taken for sound to move between the crystals and the speed of sound in the medium, the distance between the crystals can be calculated.

text:
# Sonomicrometry

**Sonomicrometry** is a technique of measuring the distance between piezoelectric crystals based on the speed of acoustic signals through the medium they are embedded in. Typically, the crystals will be coated with an epoxy 'lens' and placed into the material facing each other. An electrical signal sent to either crystal will be transformed into sound, which passes through the medium, eventually reaching the other crystal, which converts the sound into electricity, detected by a receiver. From the time taken for sound to move between the crystals and the speed of sound in the medium, the distance between the crystals can be calculated.

## History

Sonomicrometry was originally applied in the study of cardiac function in research animals by Dean Franklin in 1956, and was quickly adopted by biologists working in biomechanics as well as other physiological organ systems and structures (gastro-intestinal, uro-genital and musculo-skeletal). Medical device companies also use sonomicrometry to assess the physical performance, durability and longevity of devices during R&D phase of development. Sonomicrometry is currently the most prevalent method for determining muscle length changes during animal locomotion, feeding, and other biomechanical functions.

When originally developed decades ago, care was taken to orient the crystals correctly to ensure satisfactory signal detection between the crystals, but more modern versions of sonomicrometer hardware (typically dating from 1995 to the present) do not require such attention to crystal orientation.

Sonomicrometer systems are used by scientists, engineers and biologists to measure the material properties of soft solids, gels, and fluids. Even though they are used to measure the mechanics and function of muscle tissue, there is no known medical or therapeutic use for these devices. Sonomicrometer devices are not used to treat or diagnose medical conditions in animals or humans.

## Mechanism

The primary criteria for making sonomicrometer measurements is that the intervening space or material between the crystals must be capable of ultrasonic sound conduction in the frequency range of 100 kHz to at least several MHz. This typically means that the crystals must operate in or on a medium composed of fluids, gels, soft solids and some hard solids, and this includes biological tissues (blood, muscle, fat, etc.). The measurement of distance between crystals becomes problematic or ceases completely if air gaps or solid objects intervene between the crystals.

Sonomicrometer measurements are only accurate when the medium surrounding the crystals or the object the crystals are measuring has a uniform speed of sound. In biological settings, almost all tissues have a speed of sound in the range of 1550 to 1600 meters per second, which is satisfactorily uniform to give accurate measurements to within 3% to 4%, and more typically to within 1%.

A sonomicrometer device measures distance by performing a timing measurement of the sound transmitted by one crystal and received by one (or more) adjacent crystals. The ability to resolve small differences in this transit-time (or "time-of-flight") directly correlates with the ability to resolve small changes in the distances between crystals. The first generation of sonomicrometer devices were analog devices that integrated the time-of-flight as a voltage ramp function. Their resolution was a function of the slope of the ramp and the electrical noise of system components. Those systems output the length measurements as an analog voltage. The second generation of sonomicrometer devices were digital—they measure time-of-flight by incrementing high-speed digital counters. Typically these are 12 to 16-bit counters operating from 32 to 128 MHz. A digital system will output length measurements in form of a digital number (the time-of-flight count value). Because of their digital nature, the resolution can be exactly specified as a function of counter clock frequency. For example, when making measurements in biological tissue at body temperature (velocity = 1,590 m/s), a digital sonomicrometer operating with a clock speed of 128 MHz will have a spatial resolution of 12 micrometres.

## Applications

Sonomicrometry is often used in studies of animal physiology where precise distances at high temporal resolution are needed, particularly when such distances are not externally measurable. Sonomicrometry crystals are most commonly implanted within skeletal or cardiac muscle tissue to track length changes during an activity (heartbeat, flapping a wing, chewing, etc.). However, they can be very useful for tracking movement of entire structures which are not visible but immersed in fluid, such as the bones in the mouth of a fish during feeding.

* Sarazan, R. Dustan; Schweitz, Karl T. R. (2009). "Standing on the shoulders of giants: Dean Franklin and his remarkable contributions to physiological measurements in animals". *Adv Physiol Educ*. **33** (3): 144–156. doi:10.1152/advan.90208.2008. PMID 19745039. S2CID 15287605.


title: Chloropaschia thermalis

abstract: Chloropaschia thermalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Chloropaschia. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in French Guiana.

text:
# Chloropaschia thermalis

***Chloropaschia thermalis*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Chloropaschia*. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in French Guiana.

## InfoBox

| *Chloropaschia thermalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Chloropaschia* |
| Species: | ***C. thermalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chloropaschia thermalis***<br>Hampson, 1906 | |
|


title: Sophronica rufescens

abstract: Sophronica rufescens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1926.

text:
# Sophronica rufescens

***Sophronica rufescens*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Maurice Pic in 1926.

## InfoBox

| *Sophronica rufescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Sophronica* |
| Species: | ***S. rufescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sophronica rufescens***<br>(Pic, 1926) | |
|


title: Choke (band)

abstract: Choke is a Canadian punk rock band from Edmonton.

text:
# Choke (band)

**Choke** is a Canadian punk rock band from Edmonton.

## History

With original members Jack Jaggard, Clay Shea, Shawn Moncrieff and Stefan Levasseur, Choke has toured in Canada and the USA.

Choke released their first two albums independently, *Lotion* in 1995 and *Give'er* in 1996, which was later released through Smallman Records, who signed the band in 1997. Choke released *Needless To Say* the following year, an album that was chosen by Exclaim! magazine as one of the top ten punk albums of the year. 1999 saw the release of *Foreword*. A departure from the skate-punk sound that defined "Needless to Say", "Foreword" was described jokingly by Shea as the "career killer". Despite this, Exclaim! magazine called the album "a tremendous accomplishment by punk standards". Foreword cemented the band's reputation as one of Canada's top punk acts, alongside Propagandhi, Painted Thin, and I Spy.

In 2002, *There's A Story To This Moral* was released, followed by 2005's *Slow Fade Or How I Learned To Question Infinity*. The latter was recorded in Vancouver, with Blair Calibaba (Gob, Propagandhi) and Paul Forgues (Slayer, Nine Inch Nails, Treble Charger), and became the fifth release through Smallman Records. The band was heralded by Exclaim! as "...one of the finest technically progressive bands on the planet."

## Breakup

In 2007, the band decided to split up after one more tour that would end in Edmonton on June 9. Band members Shawn Moncrieff and Clay Shea started a new band Passenger Action with Ryan Podlubny (ex. The Fullblast, Fordirelifesake) and Allan Harding (ex. Thirty Nights of Violence, Sleeping Girl, and Path of a Logical Liar).

In 2013, the band reunited for one final tour.

In 2022, the band began playing live shows and recorded a new song "Out of Sync".

## Band members

* Jack Jaggard – guitar, vocals
* Shawn Moncrieff – guitar, vocals
* Clay Shea – bass guitar, vocals
* Graham Churchill – drums

## Discography

* *Lotion* (1994)
* *Give'er* (1995)
* *Needless to Say* (1998)
* *Foreword* (1999)
* *Across the Water* (Split with Adhesive, Layaway Plan & Astream) (2001)
* *There's a Story to This Moral* (2002)
* *Slow Fade Or: How I Learned to Question Infinity* (2005)
* “Out of Sync “ 2022

* Choke at Smallman Records website.

## InfoBox

| Choke | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Edmonton, Canada |
| Genres | Punk rock
Melodic hardcore
Post-hardcore
Skate punk |
| Years active | 19942007 |
| Labels | Smallman Records |
|  | |
| Members | Clay Shea
Jack Jaggard
Shawn Moncrieff
Graham Churchill |
|  | |
| Past members | Stefan Levasseur |


title: Sophie von Stumm

abstract: Sophie von Stumm is a professor of psychology in education who studies the causes and consequences of individual differences in psychological and behavioural development across the life course.

text:
# Sophie von Stumm

**Sophie von Stumm** (born 1983 in Munich) is a professor of psychology in education who studies the causes and consequences of individual differences in psychological and behavioural development across the life course.

## Biography

von Stumm attended the Schadow-Gymnasium in Berlin which she graduated from with an Abitur certificate in 2002. After receiving a BSc degree at Royal Holloway University in 2006 and an MSc at the University of Edinburgh in 2007, she completed her PhD in Psychology at Goldsmiths University of London on the topic of intelligence-personality associations in 2010. Afterwards she was awarded an ESRC postdoctoral fellowship that she completed at the Department of Psychology at the University of Edinburgh. She was lecturer and senior lecturer in Psychology at Goldsmiths University of London (2012-2017) and Associate Professor at the London School of Economics (2017-2019). She is currently professor of psychology in education at the University of York.

von Stumm's work has been funded by the British Academy, Wellcome Trust, the Jacobs Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation. She has developed two research smartphone apps. She won the APS Rising Star Award in 2015 and the ISSID Early Career Award in 2013. She is recipient of a Jacobs Foundation Fellowship 2017-2019.

## Research

von Stumm studies the causes and consequences of individual differences in psychological and behavioural development across the life course. She takes an inter-disciplinary approach to observing behaviour and environments, primarily through the application of new assessment technologies that enable collecting big, high-quality data. She focuses her studies in particular on three areas: (1) the effects of early life environments on children’s language development; (2) the role of personality traits like curiosity and imagination for learning; and (3) the relationship between genome-wide polygenic scores and educational attainment.

### Representative publications

* von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). The hungry mind: Intellectual curiosity as third pillar of academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 574-588.
* Plomin, R., & von Stumm, S. (2018). The new genetics of intelligence. Nature Reviews Genetics, doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.104.
* d'Apice, K., Latham, R., & von Stumm, S. (2019). A naturalistic home observational approach to children's language, cognition, and behaviour. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1414-1427.

1. "Sophie von Stumm - Education, The University of York".
2. Sophie (2015-06-29). "moo-Q". *Hungry Mind Lab*.
3. "Association for Psychological Science: APS Rising Stars".
4. "ISSID Awards".
5. "Jacobs Foundation Research Fellowship Program".
6. "Hungry Mind Lab".


title: Sophie von Kühn

abstract:
Christiane Wilhelmine Sophie von Kühn was the love interest and eventual fiancée of the German Romantic poet and philosopher Friedrich von Hardenberg, known simply as Novalis. Her image famously appears in Novalis’ Hymns to the Night, a foundational text of the literary movement known as German Romanticism. Although Novalis's love for Sophie has assumed mythic proportions, their time together was short and uneventful. The two met on 17 November 1794 when Novalis was twenty-two and Sophie was only twelve. They became engaged on Sophie's thirteenth birthday 17 March 1795. Sophie became sick in November 1795, and her sickness continued until her death at the age of 15 in March 1797. The loss of Sophie brought about a deep period of mourning and suffering in Novalis' life. Even so, he became engaged to Julie von Charpentier in December 1798. The depth of Sophie's love for Novalis is uncertain given her young age. Some of her diary entries, found in Wm. O’Brien's Novalis: Signs of Revolution, provide some insight into her relationship with Novalis:
  - 1 March. Today Hartenberch visited again nothing happened.
  - 11 March. We were alone today and nothing at all happened.
  - 12 March. Today was like yesterday nothing at all happened.
  - 13 March. Today was repentance day and Hartenb. was here.
  - 14 March. Today Hartenber. was still here he got a letter from his brother. Sophie had a sister, Caroline von Kühn, and a stepsister, Wilhelmine von Thümmel. Ludwig Tieck's biography of Novalis describes Sophie, saying: "Even as a child, she gave an impression which--because it was so gracious and spiritually lovely--we must call superearthly or heavenly, while through this radiant and almost transparent countenance of hers we would be struck with the fear that it was too tender and delicately woven for this life, that it was death or immortality which looked at us so penetratingly from those shining eyes; and only too often a rapid withering motion turned our fear into an actual reality." von Kühn and Novalis' relationship is the focus of the 1995 novel The Blue Flower by Penelope Fitzgerald.

text:
# Sophie von Kühn

**Christiane Wilhelmine Sophie von Kühn** (17 March 1782 – 19 March 1797) was the love interest and eventual fiancée of the German Romantic poet and philosopher Friedrich von Hardenberg, known simply as Novalis. Her image famously appears in Novalis’ *Hymns to the Night*, a foundational text of the literary movement known as German Romanticism.

Although Novalis's love for Sophie has assumed mythic proportions, their time together was short and uneventful. The two met on 17 November 1794 when Novalis was twenty-two and Sophie was only twelve. They became engaged on Sophie's thirteenth birthday 17 March 1795. Sophie became sick in November 1795, and her sickness continued until her death at the age of 15 in March 1797. The loss of Sophie brought about a deep period of mourning and suffering in Novalis' life. Even so, he became engaged to Julie von Charpentier in December 1798.

The depth of Sophie's love for Novalis is uncertain given her young age. Some of her diary entries, found in Wm. O’Brien's *Novalis: Signs of Revolution*, provide some insight into her relationship with Novalis:

1 March. Today Hartenberch visited again nothing happened. 11 March. We were alone today and nothing at all happened. 12 March. Today was like yesterday nothing at all happened. 13 March. Today was repentance day and Hartenb. was here. 14 March. Today Hartenber. was still here he got a letter from his brother.

Sophie had a sister, Caroline von Kühn, and a stepsister, Wilhelmine von Thümmel.

Ludwig Tieck's biography of Novalis describes Sophie, saying: "Even as a child, she gave an impression which--because it was so gracious and spiritually lovely--we must call superearthly or heavenly, while through this radiant and almost transparent countenance of hers we would be struck with the fear that it was too tender and delicately woven for this life, that it was death or immortality which looked at us so penetratingly from those shining eyes; and only too often a rapid withering motion turned our fear into an actual reality." von Kühn and Novalis' relationship is the focus of the 1995 novel *The Blue Flower* by Penelope Fitzgerald.

* O’Brien, Wm. Arctander, Novalis: Signs of Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.
* Regula Fankhauser, Des Dichters Sophia, 1997.


title: Sossio Giametta

abstract: Sossio Arturo Giametta was an Italian philosopher, translator and journalist.

text:
# Sossio Giametta

**Sossio Arturo Giametta** (20 November 1929 – 15 January 2024) was an Italian philosopher, translator and journalist.

## Biography

After graduating in law, towards the end of the 1950s, Giametta met Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari. He worked with them for four years, between Florence and Weimar, on a seminal critical edition of Friedrich Nietzsche's works, becoming one of the greatest contributors to the dissemination of Nietzsche's thought in Italy.

He has translated all the works and most important posthumous writings of Nietzsche, of whom he is considered one of Italy's foremost experts. Additionally, he has translated nearly all of Schopenhauer's works and crucial texts by Caesar, Spinoza, Goethe, Freud, and Max Stirner.

He also wrote several novels and short stories, marked by strong philosophical and moral value. This trait led Italian writer Raffaele La Capria to describe Giametta's prose as an astonishing encounter of literature and philosophy. As a journalist and essayist, he collaborated with several Italian newspapers, including *Corriere della Sera*, *La Repubblica*, and *Il Giornale*.

Over the years, particularly since his 'Trilogy of Essentialism' (consisting of *Bue squartato*, *L'oro prezioso dell'essere*, and *Cortocircuiti*), Giametta developed his own philosophical system. He described it as follows: "Essentialism \[...\] is a new philosophy, based exclusively on nature, understood in its two aspects, both as *naturans* and as *naturata*. Essentialism describes the human condition as determined by the combination of two heterogeneous elements: the essence of all that exists, which is divine, and the conditions of existence, which are often all too diabolical. The balancing of these two elements, different in each individual, explains the eternal reasons why one believes or disbelieves, affirms or denies life, is optimistic or pessimistic."

Sossio Giametta died on January 15, 2024, at the age of 94, in Brussels, where he had moved in 1965 and worked for 30 years at the Council of Ministers of the European Union.

## Main Works

### As a translator

* F. Nietzsche, *Frammenti postumi 1887 - 1888*, Adelphi 1971, ISBN 978-88-459-0024-2.
* F. Nietzsche, *Umano, troppo umano* (Vol. 1), Adelphi 1979, ISBN 978-88-459-0390-8.
* F. Nietzsche, *Umano, troppo umano* (Vol. 2), Adelphi 1981, ISBN 978-88-459-0464-6.
* F. Nietzsche, *Scritti su Wagner*, Adelphi 1979, ISBN 978-88-459-0385-4.
* F. Nietzsche, *La nascita della tragedia*, Adelphi 1978, ISBN 978-88-459-0199-7.
* F. Nietzsche, *Sull'utilità e il danno della storia per la vita*, Adelphi 1974, ISBN 978-88-459-0165-2.
* F. Nietzsche, *Così parlò Zarathustra*, BUR 1985, ISBN 978-88-17-16534-1.
* F. Nietzsche, Schopenhauer come educatore, BUR 2004, ISBN 978-88-17-00154-0.
* F. Nietzsche, *La gaia scienza-Idilli di Messina*, BUR 2004, ISBN 978-88-17-17329-2.
* F. Nietzsche, *Verità e menzogna: La visione dionisiaca del mondo, La filosofia nell'epoca tragica dei greci, Su verità e menzogna in senso extramorale*, BUR 2006, ISBN 978-88-17-01059-7.
* A. Schopenhauer, *I due problemi fondamentali dell'etica. Testo tedesco a fronte*, Bompiani 2019, ISBN 978-88-301-0101-2.
* A. Schopenhauer, *Controstoria della filosofia*, La nave di Teseo 2023, ISBN 978-88-346-1421-1.
* B. Spinoza, *Etica*, Bollati Boringhieri 2021, ISBN 978-88-339-3956-8.
* J. W. Goethe, *Massime e riflessioni*, BUR 2013, ISBN 978-88-17-06332-6.
* S. Freud, *L'avvenire di un'illusione e Il disagio della civiltà. Ediz. integrale*, New Compton 2016, ISBN 978-88-541-9279-9.
* M. Stirner, *L'unico e la sua proprietà. Testo tedesco a fronte*, Bompiani 2018, ISBN 978-88-452-9707-6.

### As an author

1. "Morto il filosofo Sossio Giametta, uno studioso di Nietzsche che s'ispirava a Spinoza". 15 January 2024.
2. "Sossio Giametta. Il moralista e il filosofo per Nietzsche".
3. "Morto Sossio Giametta, addio al filosofo dell'essenzialismo". 15 January 2024.
4. Interview with Simone Paliaga published in *Libero* on 25 October 2014.
5. Morto il filosofo Sossio Giametta, profondo e originale interprete di Nietzsche La Repubblica

## Bibliography


title: Something Borrowed, Someone Blue

abstract: "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue" is the 23rd and 24th episode episode in season 7 of the American sitcom Frasier. The episode aired on May 18, 2000, on NBC. The hour-long episode brings to a climax the romantic character arc between Niles and Daphne, a significant running plotline for the first seven years of the show's production.

text:
# Something Borrowed, Someone Blue

"**Something Borrowed, Someone Blue**" is the 23rd and 24th episode (and final) episode in season 7 of the American sitcom *Frasier*. The episode aired on May 18, 2000, on NBC. The hour-long episode brings to a climax the romantic character arc between Niles and Daphne, a significant running plotline for the first seven years of the show's production.

## Plot

### Part I

Frasier, Daphne, Niles, Mel, and Martin return from the funeral of Morrie, the doorman of Elliott Bay Towers. Daphne in particular is very emotional, which everyone attributes to nerves before the wedding. Martin bears a final gift from Morrie; a rare bottle of wine retrieved from France following the Second World War. Simon, Daphne's boorish and obnoxious brother, arrives unexpectedly, and Martin invites him to stay in his Winnebago. Mel leaves to prepare for a mid-week retreat to celebrate her first six months with Niles, while he confesses to Frasier that he feels anxious about their relationship. After Niles denies that he still possesses lingering feelings for Daphne, Frasier urges his brother to seize the moment and move on from his habitual sense of caution.

When Martin gives Daphne the bottle of wine as a wedding gift, Daphne breaks down once more. Frasier is left to comfort Daphne.

Daphne reveals that she knows about Niles' seven-year crush on her. She has tormented herself about her own feelings towards Niles and believes that she has fallen in love with him in return. Despite her impending marriage, Frasier urges her to confront Niles and discuss this with him before her marriage. When Niles returns, however, he has exciting news: he has, on impulse, eloped with Mel and married her.

### Part II

Frasier arrives at the luxurious hotel where Daphne and Donny's wedding will take place, hoping to speak to Daphne about recent events. Daphne brushes the matter off, dismissing her feelings as just nerves, and gives Frasier the bottle of wine to thank him for all his kindness and support. They are interrupted by the arrival of Daphne's overbearing and hypercritical mother, Gertrude.

That night following the rehearsal dinner, Frasier and Martin discuss Daphne and Niles. Frasier confesses that he does not believe either Daphne or Niles when they claim to be happy, leading Martin to warn him about interfering; two marriages are at stake. Meanwhile, Niles and Daphne join each other for a dance, and Frasier watches them as they dance close together. Cornering Niles in a hotel room, Frasier reveals that Daphne knows how he feels towards her, and that there is a possibility she shares his feelings. Niles is tormented but resolves to talk to Daphne to find out. Managing to get Daphne alone, Niles confesses that Frasier has told him of her feelings towards him and tells her that he loves her. Before they can discuss anything, they are constantly interrupted, firstly by Martin, then by Donny, then Mel, and finally by Daphne's entire family. Escaping the party to the balcony, the two stand together awkwardly, until Daphne takes action, and the two share their first kiss. She then tells him that they have made too many commitments to others to back out now. Niles is left on the balcony, alone.

The next morning, as the wedding takes place, Niles sits in the front cabin of the Winnebago, unable to watch Daphne be married. Martin and Frasier join him, Frasier bringing with him the rare bottle of wine to honor Niles' bravery in at last opening his heart to Daphne. The three men prepare to enjoy a glass, only to discover that the wine is undrinkable; unfortunately, Morrie kept his wine rack in the boiler room. Frasier and Martin leave to attend the wedding, leaving Niles alone, until a knock at the door rouses him. He turns to see Daphne before him in a full wedding dress, asking him if he wants to go on a date. She has chosen him after all, and as the two prepare to flee the wedding, Daphne realizes that she can finally call him "Niles".

## Reception and nominations

The episode was nominated for multiple Emmys. It was one of the most watched episodes of the 2000s.

## InfoBox

| "**Something Borrowed, Someone Blue**" | |
| --- | --- |
| *Frasier* episodes | |
| Episode nos. | Season 7<br>Episodes 23 & 24 |
| Directed by | Pamela Fryman |
| Written by | Christopher Lloyd & Joe Keenan |
| Production code | 40571-167 & 40571-168 |
| Original air date | May 18, 2000 (2000-05-18) |
| Guest appearances | |
|  | |
|
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