title: Dual-flashlight plot

abstract: In statistics, a dual-flashlight plot is a type of scatter-plot in which the standardized mean of a contrast variable (SMCV) is plotted against the mean of a contrast variable representing a comparison of interest. The commonly used dual-flashlight plot is for the difference between two groups in high-throughput experiments such as microarrays and high-throughput screening studies, in which we plot the SSMD versus average log fold-change on the y- and x-axes, respectively, for all genes or compounds investigated in an experiment. As a whole, the points in a dual-flashlight plot look like the beams of a flashlight with two heads, hence the name dual-flashlight plot. With the dual-flashlight plot, we can see how the genes or compounds are distributed into each category in effect sizes, as shown in the figure. Meanwhile, we can also see the average fold-change for each gene or compound. The dual-flashlight plot is similar to the volcano plot. In a volcano plot, the p-value, instead of SMCV or SSMD, is plotted against average fold-change. The advantage of using SMCV over p-value is that, if there exist any non-zero true effects for a gene or compound, the estimated SMCV goes to its population value whereas the p-value for testing no mean difference goes to zero when the sample size increases. Hence, the value of SMCV is comparable whereas the value of p-value or q-value is not comparable in experiments with different sample size, especially when many investigated genes or compounds do not have exactly zero effects. The dual-flashlight plot bears the same advantage that the SMCV has, as compared to the volcano plot.

text:
# Dual-flashlight plot

In statistics, a **dual-flashlight plot** is a type of scatter-plot in which the standardized mean of a contrast variable (SMCV) is plotted against the mean of a contrast variable representing a comparison of interest . The commonly used dual-flashlight plot is for the difference between two groups in high-throughput experiments such as microarrays and high-throughput screening studies, in which we plot the SSMD versus average log fold-change on the *y*\- and *x*-axes, respectively, for all genes or compounds (such as siRNAs or small molecules) investigated in an experiment. As a whole, the points in a dual-flashlight plot look like the beams of a flashlight with two heads, hence the name dual-flashlight plot.

With the dual-flashlight plot, we can see how the genes or compounds are distributed into each category in effect sizes, as shown in the figure. Meanwhile, we can also see the average fold-change for each gene or compound. The dual-flashlight plot is similar to the volcano plot. In a volcano plot, the p-value (or q-value), instead of SMCV or SSMD, is plotted against average fold-change . The advantage of using SMCV over p-value (or q-value) is that, if there exist any non-zero true effects for a gene or compound, the estimated SMCV goes to its population value whereas the p-value (or q-value) for testing no mean difference (or zero contrast mean) goes to zero when the sample size increases . Hence, the value of SMCV is comparable whereas the value of p-value or q-value is not comparable in experiments with different sample size, especially when many investigated genes or compounds do not have exactly zero effects. The dual-flashlight plot bears the same advantage that the SMCV has, as compared to the volcano plot.

## Further reading


title: Stenoma ptychocentra

abstract: Stenoma ptychocentra is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana. The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are light glossy grey with the costal edge ochreous whitish and with a black basal dot in the middle. The plical stigma is conspicuous and black and there is a rather thick blackish line from three-fifths of the costa to the dorsum near the tornus, hardly curved in the middle. The area beyond this is somewhat darker grey and there is a marginal row of indistinct blackish dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are dark grey.

text:
# Stenoma ptychocentra

***Stenoma ptychocentra*** is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.

The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are light glossy grey with the costal edge ochreous whitish and with a black basal dot in the middle. The plical stigma is conspicuous and black and there is a rather thick blackish line from three-fifths of the costa to the dorsum near the tornus, hardly curved in the middle. The area beyond this is somewhat darker grey and there is a marginal row of indistinct blackish dots around the apex and termen. The hindwings are dark grey.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma ptychocentra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. ptychocentra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma ptychocentra***<br>Meyrick, 1916 | |
|


abstract: Two human polls comprised the 1970 NCAA University Division football rankings. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll.

text:
# 1970 NCAA University Division football rankings

Two human polls comprised the **1970 NCAA University Division football rankings**. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches Poll.

## Legend

## AP Poll

|  | Preseason
Aug | Week 1
Sep 14 | Week 2
Sep 21 | Week 3
Sep 28 | Week 4
Oct 5 | Week 5
Oct 12 | Week 6
Oct 19 | Week 7
Oct 26 | Week 8
Nov 2 | Week 9
Nov 9 | Week 10
Nov 16 | Week 11
Nov 23 | Week 12
Nov 30 | Week 13
Dec 7 | Week 14
Jan |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | Ohio State *(19)* | Ohio State (0–0) *(24)* | Ohio State (0–0) *(14)* | Ohio State (1–0) *(25)* | Ohio State (2–0) *(27)* | Ohio State (3–0) *(20)* | Ohio State (4–0) *(19)* | Texas (5–0) *(15)* | Texas (6–0) *(20)* | Notre Dame (7–0) *(23)* | Texas (8–0) *(26)* | Texas (8–0) *(20)* | Texas (9–0) *(23)* | Texas (10–0) *(30)* | Nebraska (11–0–1) *(39)* | 1. |
| 2. | Texas *(7)* | Texas (0–0) *(6)* | Texas (1–0) *(16)* | Texas (2–0) *(14)* | Texas (3–0) *(6)* | Texas (4–0) *(13)* | Texas (4–0) *(9)* | Ohio State (5–0) *(16)* | Notre Dame (6–0) *(12)* | Texas (7–0) *(13)* | Notre Dame (8–0) *(7)* | Ohio State (9–0) *(14)* | Ohio State (9–0) *(12)* | Ohio State (9–0) *(10)* | Notre Dame (10–1) *(8)* | 2. |
| 3. | USC *(6)* | USC (1–0) *(7)* | Stanford (2–0) *(1)* | Stanford (3–0) *(1)* | Notre Dame (3–0) | Notre Dame (4–0) *(4)* | Notre Dame (5–0) *(4)* | Notre Dame (5–0) *(4)* | Ohio State (6–0) *(5)* | Ohio State (7–0) *(3)* | Nebraska (9–0–1) *(5)* | Nebraska (10–0–1) *(6)* | Nebraska (10–0–1) *(5)* | Nebraska (10–0–1) *(2)* | Texas (10–1) *(3)* | 3. |
| 4. | Arkansas *(1)* | Stanford (1–0) | Penn State (1–0) *(2)* | Notre Dame (2–0) | USC (3–0–1) *(3)* | Ole Miss (4–0) *(1)* | Nebraska (5–0–1) *(1)* | Nebraska (6–0–1) *(1)* | Nebraska (7–0–1) | Nebraska (8–0–1) *(3)* | Michigan (9–0) *(6)* | Notre Dame (9–0) *(3)* | Arkansas (9–1) | Tennessee (10–1) | Tennessee (11–1) | 4. |
| 5. | Ole Miss *(1)* | Ole Miss (0–0) *(1)* | Ole Miss (1–0) *(1)* | USC (2–0–1) *(1)* | Ole Miss (3–0) *(1)* | Nebraska (4–0–1) *(1)* | Michigan (5–0) *(1)* | Michigan (6–0) *(1)* | Michigan (7–0) *(2)* | Michigan (8–0) *(3)* | Ohio State (8–0) *(1)* | Arkansas (9–1) | Tennessee (9–1) | LSU (9–2) | Ohio State (9–1) | 5. |
| 6. | Notre Dame | Notre Dame (0–0) | Notre Dame (1–0) | Nebraska (2–0–1) | Nebraska (3–0–1) | Michigan (4–0) *(1)* | Auburn (5–0) *(1)* | Stanford (6–1) | Stanford (7–1) *(1)* | Stanford (8–1) | Arkansas (8–1) | LSU (7–2) | Notre Dame (9–1) | Notre Dame (9–1) | Arizona State (11–0) *(2)* | 6. |
| 7. | Penn State *(1)* | Penn State (0–0) *(1)* | USC (1–0–1) *(2)* | Ole Miss (2–0) | Michigan (3–0) *(1)* | Air Force (5–0) | Air Force (6–0) *(1)* | Air Force (7–0) *(1)* | Arkansas (6–1) | Arkansas (7–1) | LSU (7–1) | Tennessee (8–1) | Michigan (9–1) | Michigan (9–1) | LSU (9–3) | 7. |
| 8. | Michigan | Michigan (0–0) *(1)* | Nebraska (1–0–1) | Colorado (2–0) | Air Force (4–0) | Auburn (4–0) | Stanford (5–1) | Arkansas (5–1) | Tennessee (6–1) | Auburn (7–1) | Tennessee (7–1) | Michigan (9–1) | LSU (8–2) | Arizona State (10–0) *(2)* | Stanford (9–3) | 8. |
| 9. | Nebraska | Nebraska (1–0) | Missouri (2–0) | Michigan (2–0) *(1)* | Auburn (3–0) | Stanford (4–1) | Arkansas (4–1) | Tennessee (5–1) | Air Force (8–0) | LSU (6–1) | Arizona State (8–0) *(1)* | Arizona State (9–0) *(2)* | Arizona State (9–0) *(2)* | Arkansas (9–2) | Michigan (9–1) | 9. |
| 10. | Stanford | Missouri (1–0) | Michigan (1–0) *(1)* | Air Force (3–0) | Arkansas (3–1) | Arkansas (4–1) | USC (4–1–1) | LSU (5–1) | Auburn (6–1) | Tennessee (7–1) | Air Force (9–1) | Ole Miss (7–1) | Auburn (8–2) | Auburn (8–2) | Auburn (9–2) | 10. |
| 11. | Missouri | Arkansas (0–1) | Houston (1–0) | Arkansas (2–1) | West Virginia (4–0) | USC (3–1–1) | Tennessee (4–1) | Arizona State (6–0) | LSU (5–1) | Arizona State (7–0) *(1)* | Stanford (8–2) | Auburn (7–2) | Air Force (9–2) | Air Force (9–2) | Arkansas (9–2) | 11. |
| 12. | LSU | LSU (0–0) | Arkansas (1–1) | Auburn (2–0) | Stanford (3–1) | Arizona State (4–0) | Arizona State (5–0) | Auburn (5–1) | Arizona State (6–0) | Ole Miss (6–1) | Ole Miss (7–1) | Air Force (9–2) | Stanford (8–3) | Stanford (8–3) | Toledo (12–0) | 12. |
| 13. | Houston | Kansas State (1–0) | Florida (2–0) | UCLA (3–0) | Georgia Tech (4–0) | Colorado (3–1) | Ole Miss (4–1) | Ole Miss (5–1) | Ole Miss (5–1) | Air Force (8–1) | Auburn (7–2) | Stanford (8–3) | Georgia Tech (8–3) | Georgia Tech (8–3) | Georgia Tech (9–3) | 13. |
| 14. | Kansas State | Florida (1–0) | Oklahoma (2–0) | West Virginia (3–0) | Arizona State (3–0) | Tennessee (3–1) | LSU (4–1) | San Diego State (6–0) | San Diego State (7–0) | San Diego State (8–0) | San Diego State (9–0) | Dartmouth (9–0) | Toledo (11–0) | Dartmouth (9–0) | Dartmouth (9–0) | 14. |
| 15. | Florida | Houston (0–0) | UCLA (2–0) | Georgia Tech (3–0) | UCLA (3–1) | LSU (3–1) | Houston (3–1) | Pittsburgh (5–1) | Toledo (8–0) | Dartmouth (7–0) | Toledo (10–0) | Toledo (11–0) | Dartmouth (9–0) | Toledo (11–0) | USC (6–4–1) | 15. |
| 16. | Alabama | UCLA (1–0) | West Virginia (2–0) | Penn State (1–1) | Missouri (3–1) | Georgia Tech (4–1) | UCLA (4–2) | Oregon (5–2) | UCLA (5–3) | Toledo (9–0) | Dartmouth (8–0) | Georgia Tech (7–3) | Ole Miss (7–2) | USC (6–4–1) | Air Force (9–3) | 16. |
| 17. | South Carolina | West Virginia (1–0) | Tennessee (1–0) | Alabama (2–1) | Colorado (2–1) | Texas Tech (4–1) | San Diego State (6–0) | Missouri (4–3) | Dartmouth (6–0) | UCLA (5–3) | Georgia Tech (7–3) | Penn State (7–3) | USC (6–4–1) | Houston (8–3) | Tulane (8–4) | 17. |
| 18. | UCLA | Oklahoma (1–0) | Colorado (1–0) | Arizona State (2–0) | North Carolina (4–0) | Missouri (3–2) | Pittsburgh (4–1) | USC (4–2–1) | Houston (3–2) | USC (5–3–1) | Northwestern (5–4) | Northwestern (6–4) | Penn State (7–3) | Penn State (7–3) | Penn State (7–3) | 18. |
| 19. | Arizona State | Georgia (0–0) | Georgia Tech (2–0) | North Carolina (3–0) | LSU (2–1) | Houston (2–1) т | Colorado (3–2) т | UCLA (4–3) | Alabama (5–3) | Oregon (6–3) | Texas Tech (8–2) | Colorado (6–4) | Northwestern (6–4) | Texas Tech (8–3) | Houston (8–3) | 19. |
| 20. |  | Arizona State (0–0) | Air Force (2–0) | Missouri (2–1) | Tennessee (2–1) | UCLA (3–2) т | Toledo (6–0) т | Northwestern (3–3) | Syracuse (4–3) | Kansas State (6–3) | Penn State (6–3) | Washington (6–4) | Oklahoma (7–4) | Oklahoma (7–4) | * Oklahoma (7–4–1) т * Ole Miss (7–4) т | 20. |
|  | Preseason
Aug | Week 1
Sep 14 | Week 2
Sep 21 | Week 3
Sep 28 | Week 4
Oct 5 | Week 5
Oct 12 | Week 6
Oct 19 | Week 7
Oct 26 | Week 8
Nov 2 | Week 9
Nov 9 | Week 10
Nov 16 | Week 11
Nov 23 | Week 12
Nov 30 | Week 13
Dec 7 | Week 14
Jan |  |
|  | | **Dropped:**
* Alabama * South Carolina * Auburn | **Dropped:**
* LSU * Kansas State * Georgia * Arizona State | **Dropped:**
* Houston * Florida * Oklahoma * Tennessee | **Dropped:**
* Penn State * Alabama | **Dropped:**
* West Virginia * North Carolina | **Dropped:**
* Georgia Tech * Texas Tech * Missouri | **Dropped:**
* Houston * Colorado * Toledo | **Dropped:**
* Pittsburgh * Oregon * Missouri * USC * Northwestern | **Dropped:**
* Houston * Alabama * Syracuse | **Dropped:**
* UCLA * USC * Oregon * Kansas State | **Dropped:**
* San Diego State * Texas Tech | **Dropped:**
* Colorado * Washington | **Dropped:**
* Ole Miss * Northwestern | **Dropped:**
Texas Tech |  |

## Final Coaches Poll

The final UPI Coaches Poll was released prior to the bowl games, in early December.
Two coaches on the 35-member board did not submit votes.
Texas received 25 of the 33 first place votes; Ohio State received six and Nebraska two.

| Ranking | Team | Conference | Bowl |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Texas | Southwest | Lost Cotton, 11–24 |
| 2 | Ohio State | Big Ten | Lost Rose, 17–27 |
| 3 | Nebraska | Big Eight | **Won** Orange, 17–12 |
| 4 | Tennessee | SEC | **Won** Sugar, 34–13 |
| 5 | Notre Dame | Independent | **Won** Cotton, 24–11 |
| 6 | LSU | SEC | Lost Orange, 12–17 |
| 7 | Michigan | Big Ten | *none* |
| 8 | Arizona State | WAC | **Won** Peach, 48–26 |
| 9 | Auburn | SEC | **Won** Gator, 35–28 |
| 10 | Stanford | Pac-8 | **Won** Rose, 27–17 |
| 11 | Air Force | Independent | Lost Sugar, 13–34 |
| 12 | Arkansas | Southwest | *none* |
| 13 | Houston | Independent | |
| 14 | Dartmouth | Ivy League | |
| 15 | Oklahoma | Big Eight | Tied Bluebonnet, 24–24 |
| 16 | Colorado | Big Eight | Lost Liberty, 3–17 |
| 17 | Georgia Tech | Independent | **Won** Sun, 17–9 |
| | Toledo | MAC | **Won** Tangerine, 40–12 |
| 19 | Penn State | Independent | *none* |
| | USC | Pac-8 | |
|

* Prior to the 1975 season, the Big Ten and Pac-8 conferences allowed only one postseason participant each, for the Rose Bowl.
* The Ivy League has prohibited its members from participating in postseason football since the league was officially formed in 1954.

## InfoBox


title: Eight-ball (disambiguation)

abstract: Eight-ball is a pool game played with a numbered solids-and-stripes ball set. Eight-ball, 8-ball, or variants may also refer to:

text:
# Eight-ball (disambiguation)

**Eight-ball** is a pool game played with a numbered solids-and-stripes ball set.

**Eight-ball**, **8-ball**, or variants may also refer to:

## Games

* Eight-ball pool (British variation), also known as "eightball pool" or "blackball" depending on governing body, a primarily British and Commonwealth-countries game played with an unnumbered reds-and-yellows ball set
* 8 ball, the black ball, marked *8*, used in pool games like eight-ball and blackball
* Magic 8-Ball, a toy that resembles the pool ball and purports to predict the future

## Toys

* Magic 8-Ball, a toy that resembles the pool ball and provides advice, predictions, or answers to yes/no questions.

## Music

## Intoxicants

## Other uses


title: Spa Conference (29 September 1918)

abstract: The Spa conference of September 29, 1918 is the last important conference between the main political and military leaders of the Reich, then engaged in the First World War. Held in the last weeks of the conflict, it is intended to draw the political and military conclusions of the Bulgarian defection. Indeed, after the failures encountered by the central powers in Italy and on the Western Front, the leaders of the Reich can only acknowledge the strategic impasse in which they have found themselves since the month of August 1918. The Allied successes against the Bulgarians, followed by the withdrawal of Bulgaria and the rapid Allied rise towards the Danube, forced those responsible for the Central Powers, mainly Germans, to draw the consequences of their failures. However, kept in ignorance of the reality of the military situation, the members of the Reich government initially remained incredulous in the face of the military's declarations. During the month of September, the latter are urging the government to begin talks with a view to suspending the conflict. The conference constitutes the opportunity to announce this desire for policy change. The conference brought together in Spa, then the headquarters of the Oberste Heeresleitung, the main military leaders of the Reich, the chancellor and his vice-chancellor around Kaiser Wilhelm II. All agreed on the need to request an armistice to limit the demands of the Allies, as well as on political reforms to be implemented to democratize the Reich, which was then to be transformed into a parliamentary monarchy.

text:
# Spa Conference (29 September 1918)

The **Spa conference of September 29, 1918** is the last important conference between the main political and military leaders of the Reich, then engaged in the First World War. Held in the last weeks of the conflict, it is intended to draw the political and military conclusions of the Bulgarian defection. Indeed, after the failures encountered by the central powers in Italy and on the Western Front, the leaders of the Reich can only acknowledge the strategic impasse in which they have found themselves since the month of August 1918. The Allied successes against the Bulgarians, followed by the withdrawal of Bulgaria and the rapid Allied rise towards the Danube, forced those responsible for the Central Powers, mainly Germans, to draw the consequences of their failures. However, kept in ignorance of the reality of the military situation, the members of the Reich government initially remained incredulous in the face of the military's declarations. During the month of September, the latter are urging the government to begin talks with a view to suspending the conflict. The conference constitutes the opportunity to announce this desire for policy change. The conference brought together in Spa, then the headquarters of the *Oberste Heeresleitung* (OHL, Supreme Command of the Army), the main military leaders of the Reich, the chancellor and his vice-chancellor around Kaiser Wilhelm II. All agreed on the need to request an armistice to limit the demands of the Allies, as well as on political reforms to be implemented to democratize the Reich, which was then to be transformed into a parliamentary monarchy.

## Context

### The Bulgarian defection

Following the defeat at Doiran, the Macedonian front, held mainly by the Bulgarians, collapsed in the face of Franco-Serb units engaged in a rapid ascent towards the North through Serbia towards Belgrade, an offensive that the Central Powers were unable to effectively hinder.

Quickly, the efficiency of the Allied exploitation of the breakthrough achieved on September 15 forced Bulgaria, exhausted by three years of war, to request an armistice on September 25, by sending a delegation to negotiate its clauses. The armistice negotiations between the Bulgarians and the Allies were concluded quickly, between September 26 and 28, prompting Ludendorff to order energetic measures, however all doomed to failure.

Faced with this situation in the Balkans, the German High Command attempted to enact countermeasures intended, if not to keep Bulgaria in the conflict, at least to stop the rise of Franco-Serb troops towards the Danube: some advocated Austro-German troop operations in Bulgaria, Ludendorff proposed closely controlling King Ferdinand, or even removing him, in order to force Ferdinand to keep his country in the German alliance.

### The political and military situation of the Central Powers

Since the month of august, the central powers are increasing initiatives in order to end the conflict.

However, in the face of looming defeat, some Reich political leaders seem blind to the country's situation. So, at the beginning of the month of September 1918, Wilhelm II, influenced by his chief of staff, Friedrich Wilhelm von Berg, an extremist conservative, gave his interlocutors the image of a head of state who was generally ill-informed about the reality of the situation of the Reich and its allies.

Moreover, for months, Austro-Hungarian diplomats have been trying to carry out parallel diplomacy, until then without any tangible result other than strengthening the links between the dual monarchy and the Reich, subjecting Austria-Hungary to Reich; However, Austro-Hungarian officials managed, between spring and summer, to limit the economic consequences of this subjection. Thus, the Germans are trying to convince these officials to participate in a common initiative during the first days of the month of September: September 14, despite multiple German pressures, Stephan Burian, then Austro-Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs, published a note proposing the opening, in a neutral country, of peace negotiations between the dual monarchy and the Allies. Faced with this proposal, the Allies, perfectly informed of the seriousness of the internal situation of Austria-Hungary, rejected the Austro-Hungarian proposal without discussion. This demoralization of those responsible for the dual monarchy also finds its counterpart in the Reich. Indeed, the population appeared nervous, and the German imperial army was then undermined by desertions and manifestations of insubordination. This army, exhausted, retreated under the increasingly marked blows of the Allies; at the same time, to amplify the successes of August andSeptember 1918, the Allied military leaders then planned an offensive intended to deprive the Germans of any possibility of action on the front.

From a military point of view, Ludendorff, with no illusions about the situation of the imperial army, tried to deal with the most urgent matter, the reconstitution of a front in the Balkans. Thus, the latter has already dispatched an army there, supposed to concentrate in the Niš region; however, realizing the insufficiency of these means, he considered deploying the divisions occupying Ukraine. Made up of seven German and Austro-Hungarian units and placed under the responsibility of Austro-Hungarian Marshal Hermann Kövess, based in Niš, this new army received the mission of stopping the Allied troops in central Serbia in their ascent towards the North, without success. Indeed, the units that make up this army constitute a disparate force and lack cohesion; moreover, their concentration in the Niš region was quickly called into question by the speed of the advance of the Allied units, engaged in a vast war of movement. Parallel to this rapid rise of Allied troops in the Balkan Peninsula, since September 26, a vast Allied offensive is launched in France, coordinated by Ferdinand Foch. As the days passed, the Allied units pushed back the German troops along the entire length of the front, this offensive no longer being able to be stopped by units placed in reserve, then in insufficient numbers.

## The last major OHL conference

### Participants

While Erich Ludendorff, the main soldier stationed in Spa, suffered from a nervous breakdown the latter's new deputy, Heye, having become aware of the seriousness of the situation, pressed the Reich Minister of War, as well as Vice-Chancellor Paul von Hintze, to go to the headquarters of the Oberste Heeresleitung, the supreme command of the German army, in Spa.

Thus, on Sunday September 29, at ten o'clock in the morning, the military, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, the vice-chancellor Paul von Hintze were present at this conference; they must appear before Wilhelm II, joined by the chancellor, Georg von Hertling, at the beginning of the afternoon.

### Issues

Faced with a military situation which becomes more and more precarious as the days go by, in particular due to mass desertions, the participants in the conference propose an exit from the conflict to avoid taking responsibility for the defeat of the Reich and to mollify the allied representatives, in order to obtain more lenient conditions.

In this perspective, Ludendorff suggests requesting an armistice in order to avoid the occupation of the territory of the Reich by the Allies.

Furthermore, in an attempt to soften Allied demands, the participants attempted to initiate, before the cessation of hostilities, the democratization of the German Empire, hoping to negotiate a more favorable peace and safeguard the rights of the imperial dynasty.

## Decisions

This conference did not give rise to real debates between the main leaders of the Reich; in fact, military officials are requesting the opening of negotiations with a view to a cessation of hostilities, supported by the vice-chancellor.

### Maintaining the war aims of the Reich in September 1918

Main article: The War Aims of Imperial Germany.

Responsible for the management of the war, the participants in this conference outline a renovation of the war aims program. They are in favor of opening negotiations guaranteeing the Reich the benefits of the treaties signed with Russia, in Brest-Litovsk or in Berlin, and with Romania in Bucharest.

Emperor Wilhelm supports the proposal to camouflage the maintenance of war aims in Eastern Europe behind anti-Bolshevik propaganda: the Reich would then assert itself as the protector of the new states bordering Bolshevik Russia. In September, the Reich multiplied agreements with the dual monarchy regarding Poland, as well as with the representatives of Ukraine, then independent, while, simultaneously, the political, economic and military actors of the Reich at war worked to several texts intended to establish the terms of its return to the international concert, aiming in particular at the lifting of discriminatory clauses in commercial matters, in force since the outbreak of the conflict.

### Armistice request

On the day of the conference, Hindenburg and Ludendorff, the dioscuri, demanded from Hintze, then in charge of foreign affairs, the rapid opening of negotiations with a view to the conclusion of an armistice: in fact, they assured the latter that the Reich finds it impossible to continue the war.

Supported by representatives of heavy industry in favor of direct talks between the Reich and the United States, notably Albert Ballin, these same political and military leaders attempted to negotiate an exit from the conflict as least unfavorable as possible to the interests of the Reich, in opening direct talks with this country which then asserts itself as the arbiter of the conflict.

Furthermore, in order to make the German population, accustomed to victory announcements, accept defeat, military leaders proposed political reforms in the Reich, rejecting proposals aimed at establishing a military dictatorship.

### Democratization of the empire

In order to prevent the Reich from experiencing a revolutionary episode, the high command suggested, from the very beginning,September 28, the implementation of reforms in the empire, in particular by the establishment of a parliamentary regime, while the vice-chancellor of the Reich Paul von Hintze proposed the democratization of the empire in order to allow the continuation of the conflict, then to conclude a peace with the Western Allies guaranteeing the eastern conquests of the victorious Reich on this front.

Everyone finally agreed to entrust the new government, resulting from parliament, with the dual mission of containing popular discontent and exonerating the OHL and its leaders from the defeat of the Reich. Thus, faced with the political and military developments of September, those mainly responsible for managing the conflict imposed the establishment of a government supported by the majority of parties represented in the Reichstag.

September 29, Reich Chancellor Georg von Hertling, known for his opposition to any internal reform before the end of the conflict, accepted the conclusions of the exchanges between civilians and military and assumed the consequences: the same day, he proposed his resignation, accepted with eagerness by the emperor, while Ludendorff was urgent, wishing for the very rapid establishment of the government responsible for negotiating with the Allies. The next day, he was replaced by Max of Baden, supported by the majority of the Reichstag.

This cabinet multiplied, as soon as it took office, the measures intended to transform the authoritarian Reich, inherited from Bismarck, into a parliamentary monarchy: on October 24, an electoral reform established universal egalitarian suffrage in Prussia while October 28 a constitutional reform project is proposed, in order to transform the Reich into a parliamentary monarchy.

## Notes and references

### Notes

1. Between 1871 and 1945, the official name of the German state was Deutsches Reich.
2. At the Spa Conference the previous May, German officials had imposed on Emperor Charles a political alliance, a military convention and a commercial treaty, officially placing the two allies on an equal footing. In fact, Austria-Hungary, exhausted by nearly four years of war, had to accept German tutelage.
3. This solution would, however, deprive the central powers of access to the agricultural wealth of this country, then occupied by the Reich and the dual monarchy.
4. On October 5, 1918, the German army only had twenty-two divisions placed in the general reserve.
5. Without his knowledge, a neurologist examined him, at the request of his close collaborators.
6. These two soldiers, architects of the German conduct of the war, are sometimes referred to by this term.
7. These two soldiers, architects of the German conduct of the war, are sometimes referred to by this term.
8. Arriving in Spa on the 29th in the afternoon, he was, in fact, excluded from the discussions.
9. This majority, established from the summer of 1917, is made up of deputies who are members of the liberal, social democratic and Catholic parliamentary groups, then in favor of a compromise peace.

### References

1. Renouvin (1934, p. 600)
2. Schiavon (2014, p. 343)
3. Renouvin (1934, p. 608)
4. Renouvin (1934, p. 601)
5. Fischer (1970, p. 629)
6. Jardin (2008, p. 2)
7. Soutou (1989, p. 718)
8. Renouvin (1934, p. 602)
9. Renouvin (1934, p. 603)
10. Soutou (2008, p. 3)
11. Le Moal (2008, p. 210)
12. Le Naour (2016, p. 329)
13. Schiavon (2014, p. 346)
14. Renouvin (1934, p. 617)
15. Le Naour (2016, p. 327)
16. Jardin (2008, p. 6)
17. Renouvin (1934, p. 610)
18. Le Naour (2016, p. 330)
19. Fischer (1970, p. 630)
20. Fischer (1970, p. 632)
21. Soutou (1989, p. 739)
22. Renouvin (1934, p. 609)
23. Soutou (2008, p. 4)
24. Le Naour (2016, p. 328)
25. Fischer (1970, p. 633)
26. Jardin (2008, p. 7)
27. Le Naour (2016, p. 333)

### Bibliography

* Fischer, Fritz (1970). *Les Buts de guerre de l'Allemagne impériale (1914-1918) \[Griff nach der Weltmacht\]* (in French). Translated by Geneviève Migeon; Henri Thiès. Paris: Éditions de Trévise.
* Jardin, Pierre (2008). "La fin de la guerre en Allemagne". *Revue Historique des Armées* (in French) (251): 35–46. doi:10.3917/rha.251.0035.
* Le Moal, Frédéric (2008). *La Serbie du martyre à la victoire. 1914-1918*. Les Nations dans la Grande Guerre (in French). Paris: Éditions SOTECA, 14-18 Éditions. ISBN 978-2-916385-18-1.
* Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2016). *1918: L'étrange victoire* (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03038-4.
* Renouvin, Pierre (1934). *La Crise européenne et la Première Guerre mondiale*. Peuples et civilisations (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
* Schiavon, Max (2014). *Le front d'Orient: Du désastre des Dardanelles à la victoire finale 1915-1918* (in French). Paris: Tallandier. ISBN 979-10-210-0672-0.
* Soutou, Georges-Henri (1989). *L'or et le sang: Les Buts de guerre économiques de la Première Guerre mondiale*. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2213022151.
* Soutou, Georges-Henri (2008). "1918 : la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale ?". *Revue historique des armées* (254): 4–17. doi:10.3917/rha.251.0004.


title: Josia turgida

abstract: Josia turgida is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in Venezuela and possibly Colombia. Larvae have been reared on Passiflora capsularis and Passiflora rubra.

text:
# Josia turgida

***Josia turgida*** is a moth of the family Notodontidae. It is found in Venezuela and possibly Colombia.

Larvae have been reared on *Passiflora capsularis* and *Passiflora rubra*.

## InfoBox

| *Josia turgida* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Notodontidae |
| Genus: | *Josia* |
| Species: | ***J. turgida*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Josia turgida***<br>Warren, 1905 | |
|


title: Charles Henry Parry

abstract: Charles Henry Parry (1779–1860) was an English physician and writer.

text:
# Charles Henry Parry

**Charles Henry Parry** (1779–1860) was an English physician and writer.

## Life

The eldest son of Caleb Hillier Parry, by his wife Sarah, a sister of Edward Rigby, he was born at Bath, Somerset. He studied medicine at the University of Göttingen and in 1799 was one of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's companions in the Harz; later he travelled in Scandinavia with Clement Carlyon. He graduated M.D. at Edinburgh on 24 June 1804.

Parry was admitted licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on 22 December 1806, and elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1812. He practised for some years at Bath, where he was physician to the General Hospital from 1818 to 1822. He retired early from practice, and settled at Brighton, where he died at his residence, 5 Belgrave Place, on 21 January 1860. His remains were interred at Weston, Bath.

## Works

Parry was author of:

* *De Græcarum atque Romanarum Religionum ad Mores formandos Vi et Efficacia Commentatio*, Göttingen, 1799.
* *On Fever and its Treatment in General*, translated from the German of Gottfried Christian Reich, 1801.
* *Commentatio inauguralis de synocho tropico, vulgo febre flava dicta*, Edinburgh, 1804.
* *The Question of the Necessity of the existing Corn Laws, considered in their Relation to the Agricultural Labourer, the Tenantry, the Landholder, and the Country*, Bath, 1816.
* *Additional Experiments on the Arteries of warm-blooded Animals: with a brief examination of certain arguments which have been advanced against the doctrines maintained by the author of "An Experimental Enquiry"*, London, 1819; defence of his father Caleb Hillier Parry.
* *Introductory Essays to Collections from the unpublished Medical Writings of the late Caleb Hillier Parry, M.D.*, London, 1825.
* *Winchcombe: a poem*, in Thomas Dudley Fosbroke's *Picturesque and Topographical Account of Cheltenham and its Vicinity*, Cheltenham, 1826.
* *The Parliaments and Councils of England, chronologically arranged, from the reign of William I to the Revolution in 1688*, London, 1839.
* *A Memoir of the Rev. Joshua Parry: with some original essays and correspondence* (posthumous, edited by Sir John Eardley-Wilmot, 2nd Baronet), London, 1872.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1895). "Parry, Charles Henry". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 43. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Royce Williams

abstract: Elmer Royce Williams is a retired United States naval aviator. He is known for his solo dogfight with seven Soviet pilots during the Korean War, which, according to The San Diego Union-Tribune, has been called "one of the greatest feats in aviation history" by military experts. A retired admiral and multiple members of Congress have been campaigning for him to receive the Medal of Honor for his exploit. On January 20, 2023, he received the Navy Cross—the second highest military decoration awarded by the U.S. Navy—from Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro.

text:
# Royce Williams

**Elmer Royce Williams** (born 4 April 1925) is a retired United States naval aviator. He is known for his solo dogfight with seven Soviet pilots during the Korean War, which, according to *The San Diego Union-Tribune*, has been called "one of the greatest feats in aviation history" by military experts. A retired admiral and multiple members of Congress have been campaigning for him to receive the Medal of Honor for his exploit. On January 20, 2023, he received the Navy Cross—the second highest military decoration awarded by the U.S. Navy—from Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro.

## Early life and military career

Royce Williams grew up in Wilmot, South Dakota. He and his brother both aspired to fly, and both enlisted after the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack. Williams remained in the Navy while attending college in Minnesota, and qualified as a naval aviator at Pensacola in August 1945. He learned to fly the F9F-5 Panther jet and was assigned to active duty in the Korean War, where he flew 70 missions.

In 1952, then-Lieutenant Williams was serving with VF-781 aboard the USS *Oriskany* as part of Task Force 77. On 18 November 1952, on his second mission of the day, while on combat air patrol near Hoeryong, North Korea, his group of four pilots spotted seven MiG-15s overhead. The other three pilots had to return to the carrier and the MiGs began to fire on Williams, putting him into a one-man dogfight with seven MiG-15s that lasted 35 minutes. It is believed to be the longest dogfight in U.S. Navy history. Commanders on his carrier ordered him away, but Williams had to tell them that he was already fighting for his life. He shot down four of the MiGs and likely hit two others. By the end of the 35-minute period, only one of the MiGs was still in the air with him, and he managed to escape back to his carrier, out of ammunition and having lost his hydraulics. He was uninjured, but 263 holes were counted in his Panther jet. He never saw the plane again; reportedly, it was pushed into the sea.

The story of his battle with the Soviet-piloted MiGs led to Williams being debriefed at the time by admirals, the Secretary of Defence, and a few weeks later by newly inaugurated President Dwight D. Eisenhower. These authorities made a decision to cover up the specifics of the battle, because at that time the Soviet Union was not officially a combatant in the Korean War and it was feared that publicity about the air battle would draw the Soviets further into the conflict. The dogfight was scrubbed from U.S. Navy and National Security Agency records, and Williams was sworn to secrecy about the incident—so much so that he never told anyone about it, not even his wife nor his pilot brother, until the Korean War records were declassified in 2002. The record of the incident in Navy records said only that he shot down one enemy (not listed as "Soviet") plane and damaged another, for which he was awarded the Silver Star in 1953. However, the dogfight was recorded in Soviet archives which were released after the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. The Soviet records confirmed that of the seven MiGs, only one returned to its base. A 2014 Russian book, *Red Devils over the Yalu: A Chronicle of Soviet Aerial Operations in the Korean War 1950–53*, reported the battle and named Williams. The four MiGs were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots, with Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov being shot down. In his book *Holding the Line* about Task Force 77, Thomas McKelvey Cleaver described the fight, saying "On November 18, 1952, Royce Williams became the top-scoring carrier-based naval aviator and the top-scoring naval aviator in a Navy jet of the 'forgotten war'." He added, "In the fight of his life, Royce Williams had accomplished what no other American fighter pilot would ever accomplish: shoot down four MiG-15s in one fight."

Between 1965 and 1967, he flew 110 missions in A-4 Skyhawks and F-4 Phantoms from the aircraft carrier USS *Kitty Hawk* during the Vietnam War. Williams was the commanding officer of the command ship USS *Eldorado* between September 1969 and January 1971. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1980. In retirement, he lives in Escondido, California.

## Medal of Honor campaign

There has been a years-long campaign to award Williams the Medal of Honor for his exploit. In 2014, retired Rear Admiral Doniphan Shelton became aware of Williams's feat, and he tried unsuccessfully for years to get the Navy or Department of Defense to recommend him for the medal. He said that Williams's heroism was "unmatched either in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, or since then". On 14 July 2022, a bipartisan group of five congressmembers persuaded the House of Representatives to approve an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act which would award the medal to Williams. The amendment and bill were approved, which were then forwarded to the United States Senate. In 2021, one veteran who helped Shelton with his quest believed that there was still only a 75 percent chance of the medal being awarded; the key problem is that the dogfight is not recorded in official U.S. records.

In January 2023 Williams was awarded the Navy Cross as an upgrade of the Silver Star the Navy awarded him in 1953. The award was approved by U.S. Secretary of the Navy Carlos Del Toro, who said, "Having reviewed the findings of now numerous investigations related to the case of Capt. Royce Williams, I have determined this case to be special and extraordinary. His actions clearly distinguished himself during a high-risk mission and deserve proper recognition."

## Awards and decorations

His medals include the Navy Cross, the Silver Star, two Distinguished Flying Crosses and the Legion of Merit with Combat "V".

### Silver Star citation

Williams, Elmer R. Lieutenant, U.S. Navy Fighting Squadron 781 (VF-781), *USS Oriskany* (CVA-34) Date of Action: 18 November 1952 Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Lieutenant Elmer Royce Williams, United States Navy, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action while leading in aerial flight a division of three jet fighter planes attached to Fighter Squadron SEVEN HUNDRED EIGHTY-ONE (VF-781), embarked in the U.S.S. ORISKANY (CVA-34), in Korea, on 18 November 1952. While flying a combat patrol mission over Task Force 77 in the northeastern coastal waters of enemy-held North Korea, Lieutenant Williams demonstrated outstanding courage by placing himself and his accompanying planes between the Task Force and an attacking group of seven enemy MiG-15 aircraft, thereby protecting the Task Force from enemy attack. Having repelled the initial attack of enemy aircraft, he skillfully maneuvered his plane into position where he was able to make two firing passes on one of the enemy fighters. Breaking away after the second pass, he saw the enemy aircraft spiral into the sea. On a subsequent run he inflicted heavy damage to another enemy aircraft which was seen to smoke badly and retire immediately from action. Although his own plane was severely damaged by a direct 23-mm. hit from one enemy MiG-15 aircraft, he maneuvered to escape yet continued his direction of the engagement until he reached cloud cover in which he dodged the enemy and returned his almost uncontrollable aircraft on board the parent carrier. This skill and daring exhibited by Lieutenant Williams and his complete disregard for his own personal safety materially aided the accomplishment of the mission of the Task Force. His courageous actions were at all times in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

In 2020, a 20-minute documentary, *Actions Speak Louder Than Medals – the Royce Williams Story*, directed by John Mollison, was screened at the GI Film Festival, San Diego.

## InfoBox

| Elmer Royce Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Williams in 1973 | |
| Nickname(s) | Royce |
| Born | (1925-04-04) 4 April 1925
Wilmot, South Dakota, U.S. |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1943–1980 |
| Rank | Captain |
| Commands | USS *Eldorado* |
| Known for | Downing four Soviet MiG-15s in one engagement during the Korean War |
| Battles/wars | Korean War
Vietnam War |
| Awards |  |
| Alma mater | University of Minnesota |


title: Dual-character concept

abstract:
A dual-character concept requires two things to determine category membership: a set of concrete features, and the abstract values that these features serve to realize.
Such concepts were first defined by Joshua Knobe, Sandeep Prasada and George E Newman in 2013. The prototypical dual-character concept is "artist".
It has both a concrete dimension, and an abstract dimension. Other examples are scientist, Christian, and gangster. It has been suggested that the concepts of beauty and gender are dual-character concepts.

text:
# Dual-character concept

A **dual-character concept** requires two things to determine category membership: a set of concrete features, and the abstract values that these features serve to realize. Such concepts were first defined by Joshua Knobe, Sandeep Prasada and George E Newman in 2013.

The prototypical dual-character concept is "artist". It has both a concrete dimension (technical mastery), and an abstract dimension (aesthetic values). Other examples are scientist, Christian, and gangster.

It has been suggested that the concepts of beauty and gender are dual-character concepts.


title: Stenoma ptychobathra

abstract: Stenoma ptychobathra is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in Brazil.

text:
# Stenoma ptychobathra

***Stenoma ptychobathra*** is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Stenoma ptychobathra* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Stenoma* |
| Species: | ***S. ptychobathra*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Stenoma ptychobathra***<br>Meyrick, 1930 | |
|


abstract: A referendum on joining the European Community was held in Norway on 25 September 1972. After a long period of heated debate, the "no" side won with 53.5% of the vote. Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli, who had championed a "yes" vote, resigned as a result. This was Norway's second attempt at becoming a member, after having been vetoed by France in January 1963 and again temporarily in 1967, but the first attempt with a referendum on a set of fully negotiated accession terms.

text:
# 1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum

A **referendum on joining the European Community** was held in Norway on 25 September 1972. After a long period of heated debate, the "no" side won with 53.5% of the vote. Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli, who had championed a "yes" vote, resigned as a result. This was Norway's second attempt at becoming a member, after having been vetoed by France in January 1963 and again temporarily in 1967, but the first attempt with a referendum on a set of fully negotiated accession terms.

## Endorsement

Vote against EF  Vote in favor of EF

## Results

| Choice | | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| For | | 971,687 | 46.49 |
| Against | | 1,118,281 | 53.51 |
| Total | | 2,089,968 | 100.00 |
|  | | | |
| Valid votes | | 2,089,968 | 99.70 |
| Invalid/blank votes | | 6,388 | 0.30 |
| Total votes | | 2,096,356 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | | 2,680,907 | 78.20 |
| Source: SSB | | | |

### By constituency

| Constituency | Electorate | Spoilt votes | Total poll (%) | For (%) | Against (%) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Østfold | 152,837 | 392 | 121,498 (80) | 58,931 (49) | **62,567 (51)** |
| Akershus | 217,851 | 542 | 180,503 (83) | **102,521 (57)** | 77,982 (43) |
| Oslo | 356,153 | 619 | 291,654 (82) | **193,980 (67)** | 97,674 (33) |
| Hedmark | 124,960 | 519 | 99,508 (80) | 44,150 (44) | **55,358 (56)** |
| Oppland | 120,082 | 314 | 94,114 (79) | 37,550 (40) | **56,564 (60)** |
| Buskerud | 139,999 | 400 | 110,387 (79) | **59,532 (54)** | 50,855 (46) |
| Vestfold | 155,338 | 247 | 94,355 (79) | **53,515 (57)** | 40,840 (43) |
| Telemark | 108,485 | 211 | 84,056 (78) | 32,284 (38) | **51,772 (62)** |
| Aust-Agder | 55,276 | 138 | 40,909 (74) | 18,659 (46) | **22,250 (54)** |
| Vest-Agder | 81,707 | 177 | 64,100 (79) | 27,510 (43) | **36,590 (57)** |
| Rogaland | 174,925 | 309 | 138,601 (79) | 62,096 (45) | **76,505 (55)** |
| Hordaland | 248,675 | 511 | 198,095 (80) | 96,996 (49) | **101,099 (51)** |
| Sogn og Fjordane | 67,335 | 153 | 51,705 (77) | 15,923 (31) | **35,782 (69)** |
| Møre og Romsdal | 146,917 | 240 | 114,709 (78) | 33,504 (29) | **81,205 (71)** |
| Sør-Trøndelag | 159,730 | 248 | 122,092 (77) | 51,827 (42) | **70,265 (58)** |
| Nord-Trøndelag | 77,954 | 107 | 60,495 (78) | 19,101 (32) | **41,394 (68)** |
| Nordland | 157,183 | 549 | 120,979 (77) | 33,228 (27) | **87,751 (73)** |
| Troms | 88,174 | 385 | 66,499 (76) | 19,820 (30) | **46,679 (70)** |
| Finnmark | 47,326 | 327 | 35,709 (76) | 10,560 (30) | **25,149 (70)** |

## InfoBox

1972 Norwegian–European Communities membership referendum
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
| --- | |
| Should Norway join the European Community? | |
| Results | |
| Choice Votes  %  Yes 971,687 46.49%  No **1,118,281** **53.51%**  Valid votes 2,089,968 99.70%  Invalid or blank votes 6,388 0.30%  **Total votes** **2,096,356** **100.00%**  Registered voters/turnout 2,680,907 78.2% | |
| --- | |
| Results by county.  No-votes   Yes-votes | |


title: Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel

abstract: The Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel, also known as Eight-Foot Transonic Tunnel, was a wind tunnel located in Building 641 of NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It was a National Historic Landmark. The tunnel was completed in 1936 at a cost of $36,266,000. Because of its high speed and Bernoulli's principle, the pressure in the test section is much lower than that in the rest of the tunnel. This required a structure that could withstand an inward force due to the pressure difference. Instead of steel construction, it was built from reinforced concrete with walls up to 1 ft thick. This resulted in an "igloo-like" structure at the test section. The wind tunnel was designed as a single-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to a Mach number up to 0.75. It was powered by an 8,000 hp (6,000 kW) electric motor. It was repowered to 16,000 hp (12,000 kW) to give Mach number 1 capability in 1945. In 1947, the speed was increased to a Mach number of 1.2 with the installation of a contoured nozzle. In 1950, a slotted-throat test section was installed, and it was repowered to 25,000 hp (19,000 kW). Because it was the first continuous-flow high-speed tunnel, this tunnel was a landmark in wind tunnel design. This meant it could operate almost indefinitely to produce a high-speed airstream approaching the speed of sound. And it was large enough to accommodate large-scale models and even full-scale aircraft sections. In 1950, the tunnel was the first in the world to be modified to incorporate a slotted throat design. This revolutionary design gave researchers their first accurate data on airframe performance in the transonic range. The tunnel was deactivated in 1956, when a new 8-foot (2.4 m) tunnel was built near it. The wind tunnel was used for critical tests that validated the area rule for the design of supersonic aircraft. This said that the fuselage of the aircraft should narrow at the wings and expand at their trailing edges. This resulted in "wasp-waisted" aircraft. The tunnel was taken out of service in 1956. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985. In 2011, Building 641, which housed the tunnel, was demolished. The landmark designation was withdrawn in 2014, and it was removed from the National Register of Historic Places. There are additional photographs of the wind tunnel in the Historic American Engineering Record collection.

text:
# Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel

The **Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel**, also known as **Eight-Foot Transonic Tunnel**, was a wind tunnel located in Building 641 of NASA's Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. It was a National Historic Landmark.

The tunnel was completed in 1936 at a cost of $36,266,000. Because of its high speed and Bernoulli's principle, the pressure in the test section is much lower than that in the rest of the tunnel. This required a structure that could withstand an inward force due to the pressure difference. Instead of steel construction, it was built from reinforced concrete with walls up to 1 ft (0.3 m) thick. This resulted in an "igloo-like" structure at the test section. The wind tunnel was designed as a single-return tunnel capable of moving air at speeds up to a Mach number up to 0.75. It was powered by an 8,000 hp (6,000 kW) electric motor. It was repowered to 16,000 hp (12,000 kW) to give Mach number 1 capability in 1945. In 1947, the speed was increased to a Mach number of 1.2 with the installation of a contoured nozzle. In 1950, a slotted-throat test section was installed, and it was repowered to 25,000 hp (19,000 kW).

Because it was the first continuous-flow high-speed tunnel, this tunnel was a landmark in wind tunnel design. This meant it could operate almost indefinitely to produce a high-speed airstream approaching the speed of sound. And it was large enough to accommodate large-scale models and even full-scale aircraft sections.

In 1950, the tunnel was the first in the world to be modified to incorporate a slotted throat design. This revolutionary design gave researchers their first accurate data on airframe performance in the transonic range. The tunnel was deactivated in 1956, when a new 8-foot (2.4 m) tunnel was built near it.

The wind tunnel was used for critical tests that validated the area rule for the design of supersonic aircraft. This said that the fuselage of the aircraft should narrow at the wings and expand at their trailing edges. This resulted in "wasp-waisted" aircraft.

The tunnel was taken out of service in 1956.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985. In 2011, Building 641, which housed the tunnel, was demolished. The landmark designation was withdrawn in 2014, and it was removed from the National Register of Historic Places.

There are additional photographs of the wind tunnel in the Historic American Engineering Record collection.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Eight-Foot High Speed Tunnel | |
| Formerly listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Former U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| The turning vanes of the Eight Foot High Speed Tunnel | |
| Location | Hampton, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 37°4′49″N 76°20′29″W / 37.08028°N 76.34139°W / 37.08028; -76.34139 |
| Built | 1936 |
| NRHP reference No. | 85002798 |
| VLR No. | 114-0139 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 3, 1985 |
| Designated NHL | October 3, 1985 |
| Designated VLR | February 18, 1986 |
| Removed from NRHP | August 25, 2014 |
| Delisted NHL | August 25, 2014 |


title: Spa Conference (12 May 1918)

abstract: During World War I, a conference took place between the German emperor Wilhelm II and the Austro-Hungarian monarch Charles I in Spa on 12 May 1918. At his meeting, Charles I and his minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz were forced to accept the political and economic subjection of Austria-Hungary to the German Empire in the form of a treaty. Formally concluded on an equal footing between the signatory powers, the agreements reached at Spa in fact endorsed the pre-eminence of Germany and guaranteed its supremacy, while the Austro-Hungarians were forced into a situation of political, economic and military dependence. However, the Spa agreement, which made the dual monarchy subject to an "Austro-German Zollverein", failed to put an end to rivalries in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, or to political disagreements over the end of the conflict or the future of occupied Poland. At the meeting on May 12, German and Austro-Hungarian negotiators agreed to set up technical commissions to put into practice the economic and commercial provisions of the agreement in principle between the emperors. The subsequent Salzburg negotiations, however, fell apart in October with the imminent defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

text:
# Spa Conference (12 May 1918)

During World War I, a conference took place between the German emperor Wilhelm II and the Austro-Hungarian monarch Charles I in Spa on 12 May 1918. At his meeting, Charles I and his minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz were forced to accept the political and economic subjection of Austria-Hungary to the German Empire in the form of a treaty. Formally concluded on an equal footing between the signatory powers, the agreements reached at Spa in fact endorsed the pre-eminence of Germany and guaranteed its supremacy, while the Austro-Hungarians were forced into a situation of political, economic and military dependence. However, the Spa agreement, which made the dual monarchy subject to an "Austro-German *Zollverein*" (customs union), failed to put an end to rivalries in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, or to political disagreements over the end of the conflict or the future of occupied Poland. At the meeting on May 12, German and Austro-Hungarian negotiators agreed to set up technical commissions to put into practice the economic and commercial provisions of the agreement in principle between the emperors. The subsequent Salzburg negotiations, however, fell apart in October with the imminent defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Spa Conferences (First World War)

Spa Conference (29 September 1918)

## Bibliography

* Bled, Jean-Paul (2014). Taillandier (ed.). *L'Agonie d'une monarchie: Autriche-Hongrie 1914-1920* \[*The Agony of a Monarchy: Austria-Hungary 1914-1920*\] (in French). Paris. ISBN 979-10-210-0440-5.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Fischer, Fritz (1970). Trévise (ed.). *Les Buts de guerre de l'Allemagne impériale (1914-1918)* \[*Imperial Germany's war aims (1914-1918)*\] (in French). Paris.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Lacroix-Riz, Annie (1996). Colin, Armand (ed.). *Le Vatican, l'Europe et le Reich : De la Première Guerre mondiale à la guerre froide* \[*The Vatican, Europe and the Reich: From the First World War to the Cold War*\] (in French). Paris. ISBN 978-2-200-21641-2.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Soutou, Georges-Henri (1989). Fayard (ed.). *L'Or et le sang : les buts de guerre économiques de la Première Guerre mondiale* \[*Gold and blood: the economic aims of the First World War*\] (in French). Paris. ISBN 2-213-02215-1.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


title: 1932–33 Challenge Cup

abstract: The 1932–33 Challenge Cup was the 33rd staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.

text:
# 1932–33 Challenge Cup

The **1932–33 Challenge Cup** was the 33rd staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup.

## First round

| Date | Team one | Score one | Team two | Score two |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 Feb | Askern | 0 | Wigan | 46 |
| 11 Feb | Barrow | 19 | Bramley | 0 |
| 11 Feb | Batley | 9 | Featherstone Rovers | 6 |
| 11 Feb | Bradford Northern | 3 | St Helens | 24 |
| 11 Feb | Broughton Rangers | 5 | Wakefield Trinity | 6 |
| 11 Feb | Halifax | 42 | Uno's Dabs | 5 |
| 11 Feb | Huddersfield | 19 | Dewsbury | 7 |
| 11 Feb | Hull FC | 37 | Higginshaw | 9 |
| 11 Feb | Hull Kingston Rovers | 4 | Keighley | 4 |
| 11 Feb | Leeds | 36 | Wigan Highfield | 0 |
| 11 Feb | Oldham | 13 | Rochdale Hornets | 8 |
| 11 Feb | St Helens Recs | 5 | Hunslet | 19 |
| 11 Feb | Salford | 11 | Castleford | 0 |
| 11 Feb | Swinton | 5 | Widnes | 2 |
| 11 Feb | Warrington | 34 | Leigh | 3 |
| 11 Feb | York | 35 | Barrow Marsh | 6 |
| 14 Feb | Keighley | 23 | Hull Kingston Rovers | 7 |

## Second round

| Date | Team One | Score One | Team Two | Score Two |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 Feb | Barrow | 0 | Huddersfield | 0 |
| 01 Mar | Salford | 3 | Leeds | 4 |
| 01 Mar | Wigan | 5 | Oldham | 3 |
| 01 Mar | York | 0 | Swinton | 3 |
| 02 Mar | Halifax | 10 | Keighley | 0 |
| 02 Mar | St Helens | 14 | Hunslet | 3 |
| 06 Mar | Huddersfield | 2 | Barrow | 0 |
| 07 Mar | Batley | 10 | Warrington | 20 |
| 08 Mar | Hull FC | 9 | Wakefield Trinity | 4 |

## Quarter finals

| Date | Team One | Score One | Team Two | Score Two |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 11 Mar | Leeds | 12 | Hull FC | 0 |
| 11 Mar | St Helens | 18 | Halifax | 6 |
| 11 Mar | Swinton | 5 | Huddersfield | 12 |
| 11 Mar | Wigan | 7 | Warrington | 9 |

## Semi-finals

| Date | Team One | Score One | Team Two | Score Two |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 25 Mar | Warrington | 11 | St Helens | 5 |
| 25 Mar | Huddersfield | 30 | Leeds | 8 |

## Final

Huddersfield beat Warrington 21-17 in the final at Wembley before a crowd of 41,784. This was Huddersfield’s fourth Challenge Cup Final win in as many appearances, and they became the first team to win the trophy more than three times. This was also the fifth Challenge Cup Final defeat for Warrington.

| Huddersfield | 21–17 | Warrington |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Tries:** Brindle, Mills, Adams
**Goals:** Bowkett (6) | Report
 | **Tries:** Dingsdale, Davies (2)
**Goals** Holding (4) |

| **1** Tommy Scourfield  **2** Ernie Mills  **3** Stan Brogden  **4** Len Bowkett (c)  **5** Ray Markham  **6** Gwyn Richards  **7** Les Adams  **8** Herbert Sherwood  **9** Cyril Halliday  **10** Thomas Banks  **11** Henry Tiffany  **12** Frederick Talbot  **13** Frederick Brindle  **Coach:**  Chris Brockbank | **1** Billy Holding  **2** Tom Blinkhorn  **3** Bill Shankland (c)  **4** Billy Dingsdale  **5** Tommy Thompson  **6** Jack Oster  **7** David Davies  **8** Jack Miller  **9** Nat Bentham  **10** Sammy Hardman  **11** Candy Evans  **12** Bob Smith  **13** Charlie Seeling Jr. |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

1932–33 Challenge Cup
| Duration | 5 rounds |
| --- | --- |
| Winners | Huddersfield |
| Runners-up | Warrington |
|


title: Charles Henry Phillips

abstract: Charles Henry Phillips (1822–1888) was an English pharmacist, known for his invention Phillips' Milk of Magnesia.

text:
# Charles Henry Phillips

**Charles Henry Phillips** (1822–1888) was an English pharmacist, known for his invention *Phillips' Milk of Magnesia*.

## Early days

He moved from England to an estate at 666 Glenbrook Rd. in Glenbrook, a section of Stamford, Connecticut and established the *Phillips Camphor and Wax Company* there.

## The antacid concept

In Stamford he concocted and received a patent in 1873 for *hydrate of magnesia mixed with water* which he called *Milk of Magnesia*.

## Final days, achievements and legacy

Phillips produced milk of magnesia and other pharmaceuticals at his Glenbrook firm, which incorporated in 1885 as the *Charles H. Phillips Company*. After Phillips' death of apoplexy in New York on 29 October 1888, his four sons ran the corporation until 1923, when it was acquired by *Sterling Drug, Inc*. *Phillips' Milk of Magnesia* is still manufactured today. The final blue bottle was filled in 1976, when production at the Glenbrook plant was phased out. Sterling, and its *Phillips' Milk of Magnesia*, was purchased by Bayer in 1994.

* "Made In Stamford - A History of Stamford as a Manufacturing Center". *Made In Stamford*. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005. Retrieved 6 September 2005.


abstract: The Church of the Advent built in 1872 is a historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church located at 412 Oak Street, in Farmington, Minnesota, in the United States. On December 31, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Church of the Advent is still a functioning parish serving Dakota County, Minnesota and surrounding areas. The 1872 church building, which seats only 70 people is used as a wedding chapel, while larger worship services are held in the Michael and Lisbeth Sly Room built in 1976. The rector is the Rev. Elaine Barber.

text:
# Church of the Advent (Farmington, Minnesota)

The **Church of the Advent** built in 1872 is a historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church located at 412 Oak Street, in Farmington, Minnesota, in the United States. On December 31, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

The Church of the Advent is still a functioning parish serving Dakota County, Minnesota and surrounding areas. The 1872 church building, which seats only 70 people is used as a wedding chapel, while larger worship services are held in the Michael and Lisbeth Sly Room built in 1976. The rector is the Rev. Elaine Barber.

List of Registered Historic Places in Minnesota

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Church of the Advent | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Farmington, Minnesota |
| Coordinates | 44°38′20″N 93°8′31″W / 44.63889°N 93.14194°W / 44.63889; -93.14194 |
| Built | 1872 |
| Architect | Richard Upjohn; John H. Thurston |
| Architectural style | Carpenter Gothic |
| NRHP reference No. | 79001225 |
| Added to NRHP | December 31, 1979 |


abstract: The Bowling, Billiard and Boules Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran (BBBFIR) is the governing body in Iran of ten-pin bowling and most cue sports, up to the international level, and has some involvement in the organisation of competition in boules and related games. Founded in 2000, BBBFIR was originally known as the Iran Bowling and Billiards Federation (IBBF), later also as Iran Bowling and Cue Sports Federation (IranBCS), and Bowling, Billiard and Boules Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran (BBFIR). BBBFIR is headquartered in Tehran.

text:
# Bowling, Billiard and Boules Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The **Bowling, Billiard and Boules Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran** (BBBFIR) is the governing body in Iran of ten-pin bowling and most cue sports (including snooker and various forms of pool), up to the international level, and has some involvement in the organisation of competition in boules and related games. Founded in 2000, BBBFIR was originally known as the **Iran Bowling and Billiards Federation** (**IBBF**), later also as **Iran Bowling and Cue Sports Federation** (**IranBCS**), and **Bowling, Billiard and Boules Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran** (**BBFIR**). BBBFIR is headquartered in Tehran.

## Affiliations

BBBFIR is the national governing body for these sports under the National Olympic Committee of I.R. Iran, a member of the Olympic Council of Asia, a regional constituent of the International Olympic Committee. None of these games are currently Olympic sports, as of 2023.

For bowling, BBBFIR is the national affiliate of the Asian Bowling Federation (regional division of the International Bowling Federation, with its discipline-specific division, World Tenpin Bowling Association; its counterpart World Ninepin Bowling Association does not include BBBFIR as a federation member, probably because the sport is mostly confined to Europe).

In cue sports, BBBFIR is the national affiliate of the Asian Confederation of Billiard Sports (regional division of the World Pool-Billiard Association), International Billiards and Snooker Federation, and Asian Pocket Billiard Union BBBFIR, as member of WPA and IBSF, is also a national affiliate of the World Confederation of Billiards Sports. Carom billiards in Iran is not governed by BBBFIR but by the African and Middle East Carom Confederation of the Union Mondiale de Billard (part of WCBS).

Boules (and variants *pétanque*, *jeu provençal*, and bocce) appear not to be governed in Iran by BBBFIR in national or international competition; rather, BBBIFR as part of the Iran National Olympic Committee would be involved in efforts with other IOC members to make boules an Olympic sport. Within the ongoing competition structure of the overarching Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules, most of these games in Iran are governed by the Boules and Petanque Association of I.R. Iran a.k.a. Boules Sport Association of I.R. Iran, based in Hamedan; it is a national affiliate of the Fédération Internationale de Boules and of the Asian Boules Sport Confederation (part of Fédération Internationale de Pétanque et Jeu Provençal). Bocce in the country is governed by the Iran Bocce Committee of the Confederazione Boccistica Internazionale. As of 2023, what role if any BBBFRI plays in organising actual boules (and related) competition is unclear.


title: 526th Bombardment Squadron

abstract: The 526th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 4042d Strategic Wing at K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan, where it was inactivated on 1 February 1963 when Strategic Air Command replaced its MAJCON wings with wings that could continue a heritage. The squadron was first activated during World War II as the 526th Bombardment Squadron. After training in the United States, it moved to England, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The squadron twice was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat actions. Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Morocco, where it participated in the transportation of military personnel back to the United States until it was inactivated in June 1945. The squadron was reactivated in 1955 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber squadron. In 1960, it began converting to the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. However, Strategic Air Command was engaged in a project to disperse its B-52 wings to reduce their vulnerability to Soviet attack and the squadron moved to K.I. Sawyer in 1961.

text:
# 526th Bombardment Squadron

The **526th Bombardment Squadron** is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 4042d Strategic Wing at K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan, where it was inactivated on 1 February 1963 when Strategic Air Command replaced its MAJCON wings with wings that could continue a heritage.

The squadron was first activated during World War II as the **526th Bombardment Squadron**. After training in the United States, it moved to England, where it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The squadron twice was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for its combat actions. Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Morocco, where it participated in the transportation of military personnel back to the United States until it was inactivated in June 1945.

The squadron was reactivated in 1955 as a Boeing B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber squadron. In 1960, it began converting to the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. However, Strategic Air Command was engaged in a project to disperse its B-52 wings to reduce their vulnerability to Soviet attack and the squadron moved to K.I. Sawyer in 1961.

## History

### World War II

#### Activation and training

The squadron was first activated at Geiger Field, Washington in November 1942 as one of the four original squadrons of the 379th Bombardment Group. After initial organization, a cadre moved to Wendover Field, Utah to begin training as a heavy bomber unit with the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. Training was completed by early April 1943, and the ground echelon moved to Camp Williams, Wisconsin on 9 April, then proceeded to the port of embarkation at Camp Shanks, New York, where it boarded the RMS *Aquitania* for shipment to England in early May. The air echelon moved to Dow Field, Maine to ferry their Flying Fortresses via the North Atlantic Ferry Route, starting on 15 April.

#### Combat in the European Theater

The air echelon of the squadron arrived at RAF Bovingdon by 24 April 1943, and remained there until 20 May, when it joined the ground echelon at RAF Kimbolton, which was to be its combat station for the remainder of its time in the European Theater of Operations. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 29 May, and focused on the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. This mission was the starting point for the first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) awarded to the squadron for its sustained actions through the end of July 1944. Targets included industrial sites, oil refineries, storage plants, submarine pens, airfields and communications centers in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway and Poland. Targets included a chemical plant in Ludwigshafen, an aircraft assembly plant in Braunschweig, ball bearing plants at Schweinfurt and Leipzig, synthetic oil refineries at Merseburg and Gelsenkirchen, marshalling yards at Hamm and Reims and airfields in le Mesnil-au-Val and Berlin. The squadron received a second DUC for its attack on the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft factory at Oschersleben and the Junkers factory at Halberstadt on 11 January 1944. The programmed fighter escort encountered prohibitive weather, as did two of the three divisions making the attack. However, weather in the east was sufficiently clear that the Luftwaffe was able to assemble the largest interceptor force to oppose an attack for the preceding three months. However, the squadron flew into enemy territory without fighter escort to complete its mission.

The squadron was occasionally diverted from the strategic bombing campaign to perform close air support and interdiction missions. It supported Operation Crossbow by attacking V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket launch sites. It bombed airfields, radar stations and other installations to prepare for Operation Overlord, the Normandy invasion in June 1944. On D-Day, it bombed defended positions just ahead of the Allied landings and struck airfields, rail choke points, and gun emplacements during the campaign that followed.

During the Northern France Campaign, the squadron bombed enemy positions to assist ground troops during Operation Cobra, the breakout at Saint Lo on 24 and 25 July 1944. It attacked German communications and fortifications during the Battle of the Bulge, from December 1944 through January 1945 and bombed bridges and viaducts in France and Germany to aid the Allied assault across the Rhine, from February to March 1945. The squadron flew its last mission on 25 April 1945.

After V-E Day the squadron was detailed for the Green Project, which called for moving 50,000 American troops back to the United States each month. The squadron moved to Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco, but in June, Air Transport Command decided to use its own, more flexible organization for the project and the squadron was inactivated on 25 July 1945.

### Strategic Air Command

The squadron was reactivated at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida in November 1955 and assigned to the 379th Bombardment Wing. The unit's first few months were spent in organizing and manning as a Strategic Air Command (SAC) bomber unit. It received its Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers in April 1956 and began training for strategic bombing operations. Once the wing became combat ready, it began overseas Operation Reflex alert operations training, sending five Stratojets to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97s at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments

From 1958, SAC's B-47 wings began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. General Thomas S. Power's initial goal was to maintain one third of SAC's planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. This program was short lived for the squadron. In October 1960, it began to transfer its B-47s to other units, becoming non-operational.

The squadron moved on paper to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan in June 1961 where it was assigned to the 4042d Strategic Wing. At K.I. Sawyer, the squadron was equipped with Boeing B-52H Stratofortress heavy bombers. The 4042d wing had been established by SAC in a program to disperse its B-52 heavy bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike. SAC bases with large concentrations of bombers made attractive targets. SAC's response was to break up its wings and scatter their aircraft over a larger number of bases.

The squadron conducted worldwide strategic bombardment training missions. Its alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962. During the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, on 22 October, 1/8 of SAC's B-52s were placed on airborne alert. On 24 October SAC went to DEFCON 2, placing all aircraft on alert. As tensions eased, on 21 November SAC returned to normal airborne alert posture. went to DEFCON 3 on 24 November, and on 27 November returned to normal alert posture.

In February 1963, The 410th Bombardment Wing assumed the aircraft, personnel and equipment of the discontinued 4042d Wing. The 4042d was a Major Command controlled (MAJCON) wing, which could not carry a permanent history or lineage, and SAC wanted to replace it with a permanent unit. The 526th was inactivated and transferred its personnel and equipment to the 450th Wing's 644th Bombardment Squadron.

## Lineage

* Constituted as the **526th Bombardment Squadron** (Heavy) on 28 October 1942

Activated on 3 November 1942 Redesignated **526th Bombardment Squadron**, Heavy c. 20 August 1943 Inactivated on 25 July 1945 * Redesignated **526th Bombardment Squadron**, Medium on 12 July 1955

Activated on 1 November 1955 Redesignated **526th Bombardment Squadron**, Heavy on 9 January 1961 Discontinued and inactivated on 1 February 1963

### Assignments

* 379th Bombardment Group, 3 November 1942 – 25 July 1945
* 379th Bombardment Wing, 1 November 1955
* 19th Bombardment Wing, 9 January 1961
* 4042d Strategic Wing, 1 June 1961 – 1 February 1963

### Stations

* Geiger Field, Washington, 3 November 1942
* Wendover Field, Utah, 2 December 1942
* Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, 2 February–9 April 1943
* RAF Kimbolton (AAF-117), England, 20 May 1943 – 12 June 1945
* Casablanca Airfield, French Morocco, 17 June–25 July 1945
* Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, 1 November 1955
* K. I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Michigan, 1 June 1961 – 1 February 1963

### Aircraft

* Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
* Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1956–1961
* Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1961–1963

### Awards and campaigns

| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Distinguished Unit Citation | 29 May 1943-31 July 1944 | Continental Europe |
|  | Distinguished Unit Citation | 11 January 1944 | Germany |

| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Air Offensive, Europe | 21 May 1943 – 5 June 1944 |  |
|  | Air Combat, EAME Theater | 21 May 1943 – 11 May 1945 |  |
|  | Normandy | 6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944 |  |
|  | Northern France | 25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944 |  |
|  | Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 |  |
|  | Ardennes-Alsace | 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945 |  |
|  | Central Europe | 22 March 1945 – 21 May 1945 |  |

### Notes

Explanatory notes Citations  1. Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, p. 631
2. Watkins, pp.64–65
3. Maurer, *Combat Units*, pp. 266–267
4. Freeman, p. 253
5. Freeman, pp. 104–105
6. Heck, pp. 216–221
7. Narducci, p. 2
8. Ravenstein, *Combat Wings*, pp. 204–205
9. Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
10. "Abstract (Unclassified), Vol 1, History of Strategic Air Command, Jan–Jun 1957 (Secret)". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
11. Knaack, p. 252
12. "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
13. Kipp, *et al*., pp. 34–35
14. Kipp, *et al*., p. 35
15. Kipp, *et al*., p. 47
16. Kipp, *et al*., p. 61
17. Ravenstein, Guide to Air Force Lineage, p. 12
18. Ravenstein, *Combat Wings*, p. 222
19. Station number in Anderson.
20. Station information in Maurer, *Combat Squadrons*, p. 631, except as noted.

### Bibliography

This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

## InfoBox

| 526th Bombardment Squadron | |
| --- | --- |
| B-52H Stratofortress as flown by the squadron | |
| Active | 1942–1945; 1955–1963 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | Heavy bomber |
| Engagements | European Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation |
| Insignia | |
| 526th Bombardment Squadron emblem |  |
| World War II Fuselage code | **LF** |


title: The Very Best of The Doors (2001 album)

abstract: The Very Best of The Doors is a compilation album by the Doors, released in the US in 2001. It features the same cover art as The Best of The Doors compilation released the previous year, and a similar track listing to the single CD version of that album.

text:
# The Very Best of The Doors (2001 album)

***The Very Best of The Doors*** is a compilation album by the Doors, released in the US in 2001. It features the same cover art as *The Best of The Doors* compilation released the previous year, and a similar track listing to the single CD version of that album.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Christgau's Consumer Guide* | A |
| *The New Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |

Andy Hermann of *PopMatters* wrote in his review that with a few exceptions, *The Very Best of the Doors* is "as good an overview as any of the band's biggest hits and most important songs, all in their original album versions".

## Track listing

1. "Break On Through (To the Other Side)" – 2:29
2. "Light My Fire" – 7:08
3. "People Are Strange" – 2:12
4. "Riders on the Storm" – 7:15
5. "L.A. Woman" – 7:52
6. "Love Her Madly" – 3:20
7. "Back Door Man" – 3:34
8. "Touch Me" – 3:12
9. "Hello, I Love You" – 2:16
10. "Love Me Two Times" – 3:16
11. "Twentieth Century Fox" – 2:34
12. "The Crystal Ship" – 2:34
13. "The WASP (Texas Radio and the Big Beat)" – 4:15
14. "Peace Frog" – 3:00
15. "The End" – 11:45
16. "Roadhouse Blues" (Live) (Version found on *The Doors: Box Set* (1997) & *Essential Rarities* (1999)) – 4:32

## Personnel

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| The Very Best of The Doors | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Greatest hits album by The Doors | |
| Released | September 18, 2001 |
| Recorded | 1966–1971 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 72:16 |
| Label | Elektra |
| Producer | Paul A. Rothchild, Bruce Botnick, The Doors |
| The Doors chronology | |
| *The Best of the Doors*
(2000) ***The Very Best of The Doors***
(2001) *Legacy: The Absolute Best*
(2003) | |


title: Cochylimorpha africana

abstract: Cochylimorpha africana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests. The wingspan is 12–16 mm.

text:
# Cochylimorpha africana

***Cochylimorpha africana*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.

The wingspan is 12–16 mm.

## Etymology

The species is named after the continent where the material was collected, Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Cochylimorpha africana* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Cochylimorpha* |
| Species: | ***C. africana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cochylimorpha africana***<br>Aarvik, 2010 | |
|


title: 1972 Northern 300

abstract: The 1972 Northern 300 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on July 16, 1972, at Trenton Speedway in Trenton, New Jersey.

text:
# 1972 Northern 300

40°14′21″N 74°43′16″W / 40.23917°N 74.72111°W / 40.23917; -74.72111

The **1972 Northern 300** was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on July 16, 1972, at Trenton Speedway in Trenton, New Jersey.

## Background

The first race at the Fairgrounds was held on September 24, 1900, but there was no further racing there until 1907. Regular racing began in 1912 and continued until 1941. A new 1 mile dirt oval was opened in 1946. In 1957 the track was paved. It operated in that configuration until 1968 when the track was expanded to 1.5 miles (2.41 km) and a "kidney bean" shape with a 20° right-hand dogleg on the back stretch and a wider turn 3 & 4 complex than turns 1 & 2. The track closed in 1980 and the Fairgrounds itself closed 3 years later. The former site of the speedway is now occupied by the Grounds for Sculpture, a UPS shipping facility, and the housing development known as "Hamilton Lakes".

## Summary

Bobby Allison defeated Bobby Isaac by 1.4 seconds after two hours and fifty-seven seconds of racing. There were nine lead changes and five cautions for 21 laps. Notable crew chiefs at the race were Steve Gray, Harry Hyde, Dale Inman, Vic Ballard, Lee Gordon, and Herb Nab.

Twenty thousand people attended this live event to witness average speeds of 114.03 miles per hour (183.51 km/h). Isaac qualified for the pole position with an impressive speed of 133.126 miles per hour (214.246 km/h) on a paved oval track spanning 1.500 miles (2.414 km). A.J. Cox received the last-place finish due to overheating while Bill Shirey was disqualified for entering pit road in reverse; he was involved in the first caution of the day, having spun on John Sears' oil and went to pit lane for repairs in the opposite direction of traffic flow. The other drivers in the top ten were: Richard Petty, Fred Lorenzen, Cecil Gordon, James Hylton, Larry Smith, Benny Parsons, Raymond Williams, and Walter Ballard.

While the complete purse of this racing event was an impressive $35,675 ($259,857.04 when adjusted for inflation), the race winner actually received only $7,900 of that prize money ($57,543.68 when adjusted for inflation).

The Plymouth Superbirds and Dodge Chargers that competed in this race were equipped with special wings to demonstrate their status as muscle cars. A 1972 Chevrolet Chevelle would become the make and model to win this racing event; defeating a 1972 Dodge Charger in the process.

Bob Greenley would compete in his only NASCAR Cup Series race here along with Fred Drake.

### Qualifying

| Grid | No. | Driver | Manufacturer | Owner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 71 | Bobby Isaac | '72 Dodge | Nord Krauskopf |
| 2 | 12 | Bobby Allison | '72 Chevrolet | Richard Howard |
| 3 | 43 | Richard Petty | '72 Plymouth | Petty Enterprises |
| 4 | 72 | Benny Parsons | '71 Mercury | L.G. DeWitt |
| 5 | 2 | Dave Marcis | '70 Dodge | Dave Marcis |
| 6 | 92 | Larry Smith | '71 Ford | Harley Smith |
| 7 | 90 | Fred Lorenzen | '71 Ford | Junie Donlavey |
| 8 | 24 | Cecil Gordon | '71 Mercury | Cecil Gordon |
| 9 | 10 | Bill Champion | '71 Ford | Bill Champion |
| 10 | 4 | John Sears | '70 Plymouth | J. Marvin Mills |

## Timeline

Section reference:

* Start of race: Bobby Isaac began the event with the pole position.
* Lap 2: A.J. Cox managed to overheat his vehicle.
* Lap 8: Earle Canavan's vehicle suddenly was leaking oil onto the track.
* Lap 15: John Sears fell out with engine failure.
* Lap 19: Dave Marcis took over the lead from Bobby Isaac.
* Lap 20: Cecil Gordon took over the lead from Dave Marcis.
* Lap 22: Bobby Isaac took over the lead from Cecil Gordon.
* Lap 33: Henley Gray fell out with engine failure.
* Lap 42: Bill Shirey was disqualified for entering pit road in reverse.
* Lap 50: Ed Hessert had a terminal crash.
* Lap 73: Bobby Allison took over the lead from Bobby Isaac.
* Lap 83: Bobby Isaac took over the lead from Bobby Allison.
* Lap 93: Fred Drake fell out with engine failure.
* Lap 104: Dave Marcis had a terminal crash.
* Lap 107: Bill Champion fell out with engine failure.
* Lap 109: Richard Petty took over the lead from Bobby Isaac.
* Lap 127: David Ray Boggs' vehicle suddenly was leaking oil onto the track.
* Lap 136: Bobby Allison took over the lead from Richard Petty.
* Lap 154: Bobby Isaac took over the lead from Bobby Allison.
* Lap 176: Bobby Allison took over the lead from Bobby Isaac.
* Finish: Bobby Allison was officially declared the winner of the event.

## InfoBox

1972 Northern 300
| Race details | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Race 19 of 31 in the 1972 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season | | | |
| Trenton Speedway, featuring its "kidney bean" shape. | | | |
| Date | July 16, 1972 (1972-July-16) | | |
| Official name | Northern 300 | | |
| Location | Trenton Speedway, Trenton, New Jersey | | |
| Course | Permanent racing facility<br>1.500 mi (2.410 km) | | |
| Distance | 200 laps, 300.0 mi (482.8 km) | | |
| Weather | Hot with temperatures approaching 91 °F (33 °C); wind speeds up to 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) | | |
| Average speed | 114.03 miles per hour (183.51 km/h) | | |
| Attendance | 20,000 | | |
| Pole position | | | |
| Driver |  | Howard & Egerton Racing |
| Most laps led | | | |
| Driver | Bobby Isaac | K&K Insurance Racing |
| Laps | 117 | | |
| Winner | | | |
| No. 12 | Bobby Allison | Howard & Egerton Racing |
| Television in the United States | | | |
| Network | untelevised | | |
| Announcers | none | | |


title: Egid Kiesouw

abstract: Egid Kiesouw is a football coach. Kiesouw studied and graduated to become a physiotherapist. He made his first steps in professional football in the 1990s when he became fitness coach at Fortuna Sittard where he worked alongside Bert van Marwijk. The two, as well as assistant manager Dick Voorn became close friends and a dynamic trio. Together they brought Fortuna Sittard into the 1998 KNVB Cup final. Van Marwijk left Fortuna and moved to Feyenoord Rotterdam where he would win the UEFA Cup. After that success he went to the Bundesliga to manage the team Feyenoord beat in the UEFA Cup final, Borussia Dortmund. Van Marwijk appointed his own staff and both Kiesouw and Voorn were appointed. The financial situation at the club was tough and the trio did all they could to get the best out of the team. They succeeded, although they were unable to earn any prizes. When Van Marwijk and Dortmund split up during the 2006–07 season Voorn and Kiesouw remained at the club until the end of the season. During the summer break Van Marwijk returned to Feyenoord and technical director Peter Bosz let him appoint his own staff, which meant Voorn and Kiesouw re-joined Van Marwijk in his mission to bring Feyenoord back to the top.

text:
# Egid Kiesouw

**Egid Kiesouw** (born 7 September 1962) is a football coach.

Kiesouw studied and graduated to become a physiotherapist. He made his first steps in professional football in the 1990s when he became fitness coach at Fortuna Sittard where he worked alongside Bert van Marwijk. The two, as well as assistant manager Dick Voorn became close friends and a dynamic trio. Together they brought Fortuna Sittard into the 1998 KNVB Cup final.

Van Marwijk left Fortuna and moved to Feyenoord Rotterdam where he would win the UEFA Cup. After that success he went to the Bundesliga to manage the team Feyenoord beat in the UEFA Cup final, Borussia Dortmund. Van Marwijk appointed his own staff and both Kiesouw and Voorn were appointed. The financial situation at the club was tough and the trio did all they could to get the best out of the team. They succeeded, although they were unable to earn any prizes. When Van Marwijk and Dortmund split up during the 2006–07 season Voorn and Kiesouw remained at the club until the end of the season.

During the summer break Van Marwijk returned to Feyenoord and technical director Peter Bosz let him appoint his own staff, which meant Voorn and Kiesouw re-joined Van Marwijk in his mission to bring Feyenoord back to the top.


abstract: The Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul is an Orthodox church in Neivo-Shaitansky settlement, Sverdlovsk oblast. The building was granted the status of regional significance on 31 December 1987. The object number of cultural heritage of regional significance is 661710842370005.

text:
# Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Neivo-Shaitansky

The **Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul** is an Orthodox church in Neivo-Shaitansky settlement, Sverdlovsk oblast.

The building was granted the status of regional significance on 31 December 1987 (decision No. 535 by the executive committee of Sverdlovsk oblast Council of People's Deputies). The object number of cultural heritage of regional significance is 661710842370005.

## History

The church is located in the northern part of the village on the left bank of the Susanka River. The first wooden building of the church had been building since 1750 to 1754. The church was consecrated in the name of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. The construction of a large stone building began in 1797. The temple was built on the means of the Yakovlevs plants’ owners. The work was ended on 27 May 1812. The side-altar of the two-altar church was consecrated in the name of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple.

The third side-altar had been building since 1871 to 1878. It was consecrated in the name of the St. Alexander Nevsky. In 1880-1881 the church was painted and decorated. In the main part of the church a five-tiered iconostasis was installed. There were a lot of rare and hold sacred icons: "Pochaev's Mother of God which painted with oil paints on a wooden board in the Turinsk women's monastery and the icon of the Athonite Mother of God, painted in the Athos St. Andrew's skete on a cypress board." The clergy of a parish owned several houses in the village.

The church was closed in 1936. It had been functioning since 1947 to 1962. Than the kindergarten was located in the building. In 1990 the collegium was rebuilt and restoration work was started.

## Architecture

The composition of the main stone building includes a temple volume of a quartet with a pentahedral apse, a refectory, a bell tower, a refectory, a forward-looking porch, which is wider at the expense of the chapels. The corners of the quarter are treated with blades, and at the end of the walls - smoothly curved ledges with windows.

## Literature

## InfoBox

| Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul | |
| --- | --- |
| Церковь Петра и Павла | |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Neivo-Shaitansky |
| Coordinates | 57°44′15″N 61°15′15″E / 57.737500°N 61.254170°E / 57.737500; 61.254170 |
| Completed | the 18th century |


title: Sioux Empire Fair

abstract: The Sioux Empire Fair is a fair held annually each summer in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, at the W. H. Lyon Fairgrounds. Attendance at the 2014 fair was 280,985. The Sioux Empire Fair includes carnival rides, fair food, livestock shows, horse shows, and art competitions daily. Special themed days feature deals for senior citizens, farmers, daycares, families, and more. Among the free family entertainments are magic shows, hands-on activities, Old Mac Donald's Farm, The Pipestone Discovery Barn, music, and game vendors. Pro rodeo and local, regional, and national headline concerts are featured and are free with paid fair admission. The 84th Annual Sioux Empire Fair will be held in July–August 2024. Established in 1936, the fair was not held in 1942–1945 because of World War II and in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

text:
# Sioux Empire Fair

The **Sioux Empire Fair** is a fair held annually each summer in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, at the W. H. Lyon Fairgrounds. Attendance at the 2014 fair was 280,985.

The Sioux Empire Fair includes carnival rides, fair food, livestock shows, horse shows, and art competitions daily. Special themed days feature deals for senior citizens, farmers, daycares, families, and more. Among the free family entertainments are magic shows, hands-on activities, Old Mac Donald's Farm, The Pipestone Discovery Barn, music, and game vendors. Pro rodeo and local, regional, and national headline concerts are featured and are free with paid fair admission. The 84th Annual Sioux Empire Fair will be held in July–August 2024.

Established in 1936, the fair was not held in 1942–1945 because of World War II and in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

43°33′11″N 96°46′20″W / 43.55306°N 96.77222°W / 43.55306; -96.77222