title: Rebecca Parrish

abstract: Sarah Rebecca Parrish known as Dr. Rebecca Parish, was an American medical missionary and physician in the Philippines. Born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, Parrish attended the Medical College of Indiana. After working as an assistant physician, she joined the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church which sent her to work in Manila, Philippines. She spent 27 years in the Philippines, becoming the first female doctor to practice in the country and greatly improving health in the area. She is widely credited for being the driving force behind the Mary Johnston Hospital, which provided maternal care and services to impoverished people and for establishing the first nurses training institute in the country.

text:
# Rebecca Parrish

**Sarah Rebecca Parrish** (November 1, 1869  August 22, 1952) known as Dr. **Rebecca Parish**, was an American medical missionary and physician in the Philippines.

Born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, Parrish attended the Medical College of Indiana. After working as an assistant physician, she joined the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church which sent her to work in Manila, Philippines. She spent 27 years in the Philippines, becoming the first female doctor to practice in the country and greatly improving health in the area. She is widely credited for being the driving force behind the Mary Johnston Hospital, which provided maternal care and services to impoverished people and for establishing the first nurses training institute in the country.

## Early life: 1869-1906

Parrish was born to Jesse Mallow Parrish and Mary Catherine Mitchell in 1869, raised as the eldest of nine children. She was raised in a small frontier cabin on a farm in Logansport, Indiana. A very religious family, The Parrishes would attend the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church. As a child she was described as "earnest, thoughtful, always solicitous and serious". She decided she wanted to be a missionary doctor at a young age after hearing stories from a missionary magazine called *The Heathen Women's Friend*. Her plans were interrupted when her parents died, and she moved her family to Indianapolis to care for her siblings while attending school at Clinton County Normal School.

After graduating she started teaching at grammar schools in order to support her eight siblings. After attending Chicago Training School for one year, she decided to enroll in medical school at the Medical College of Indiana. Despite suffering frequent illnesses due to stress and overwork she graduated fourth in her class of 47 students in 1901. After interning at Wesley Hospital for a year she applied to be a missionary physician but she was denied because of her ill health, so instead, she worked as an assistant physician at North Indiana Hospital for the Insane from 1902 to 1906. In 1906 when she was in the hospital recovering from another illness, she received a letter from the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church informing her that she was appointed to work in Manila, Philippines, to which she immediately agreed.

## Missionary career: 1906-1933

### Arrival in Manila

When Parrish arrived in Manila she encountered a country reeling from the Philippine Revolution that ended three centuries of Roman Catholic rule under Spain. She arrived immediately following the Philippine–American War, during which the United States fought from 1899-1902 to suppress the nationalist forces of Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than American occupation. During this time United States forces burned villages, tortured suspected guerrillas, and employed civilian reconstruction policies that were seen as imperialist. The conflict resulted in widespread violence, famine and disease, as well as prevalent hatred for the American government. The country was suffering from a lack of sanitation, clean drinking water, and proper nutrition. Because of the tropical climate of the Philippines, leprosy was widespread. She later described the health situation:

"Health is always a problem in the tropics; water is not safe, unless artesian wells are drilled. In the old days, with decaying fruits and vegetables, insects, especially mosquitoes, insufficient fresh milk for the babies, and the prevalence of cholera, smallpox, malaria, leprosy, dysentery, and tropical ulcers and eruptions, there was a serious health question."

Health care in the Philippines was still in the early stages of development, although was starting to improve thanks to the efforts by Taft Commission to promote development and prepare the Philippines for eventual independence. (Country Studies 29, 37) The area subsequently became a hub for religious and medical missions. However, many people were distrustful of hospitals because of local religious beliefs and practices. The Methodist Episcopal Church had sent several medical missionaries and teachers, but Parrish was the first female missionary physician, and became the first female doctor to practice in the Philippines.

### Dispensaria Betania: 1906-1908

Within two months she started seeing patients in a small free dispensary in December 1906. When it first opened, the dispensary had only "a few drugs, an enameled bowl, a pitcher with most of the enamel peeled off, and chair with one leg awry." The dispensary was located inside of the Harris Memorial Training School (now known as Memorial College) in Santa Cruz, a neighborhood in the northern part of Manila. The church had commissioned the school three years earlier to train young Filipina girls in Manila as deaconesses. She called her clinic the Dispensaria Betania or Bethany Dispensary and quickly acquired a small stock of drugs and medical tools. She operated under the rule that no patient was ever turned away. The clinic received so many patients that it was soon converted into a small hospital with the acquisition of ten cots. The Training School opened up a Nurses' Training School to accommodate her needs. Three students from the Harris Memorial Training School became her first student nurses, and the following year she was assisted by several American nurses as well. She made many house calls during her time at the clinic as an opportunity to follow up with her patients, as well as to tell them about Christianity. She started to develop sympathy for her patients, writing, "It is nonsense to say 'East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet', for 'In Christ there is no East or West, in Him no North or South.'". Death rates among children dropped as she provided medicine, treatment and milk to hundreds of mothers. Her work increased as more and more people traveled by foot, by horse and even by boat to visit the clinic. Her work was made easier in 1911 when the first class of 6 Filipina women graduated from nurse's training. She became devoted to her role as both a physician and a missionary, even writing an article asking for donations in the Michigan Christian Advocate. In it she described her trip to a village across Manila Bay during which she witnessed a communion service in which there was no place to kneel because the dirt floors had turned to mud from a rainstorm.

### Mary Johnston Hospital: 1908-present

| Mary Johnston Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| Hospital Facade | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Morga Street, Tondo, Manila, Philippines |
| Coordinates | 14°36′32″N 120°57′59″E / 14.609023°N 120.966288°E / 14.609023; 120.966288 |
| Organization | |
| Type | Non-stock, non-profit mission hospital |
| History | |
| Opened | 1908 |
| Links | |
| Website | http://www.maryjohnston.ph/ |
| Lists | Hospitals in the Philippines |

#### Establishment of the hospital

In 1908 it became clear that the Dispensaria Betania was not sufficient to meet the needs of the community. The local Filipinos in Manila raised between $5,000 and $10,000 to expand the clinic, but the efforts were greatly aided by the assistance of Daniel B.R. Johnston, an American real estate broker. Johnston was seeking to build a memorial to his recently deceased wife Mary, who had been active in promoting missionary work. The Women's Foreign Missionary Society, hearing this, sought him out told him about Parrish's work in Manila, asked him to build a hospital there as a memorial. He donated $12,500 to build the hospital, with the request that it be named after his wife. Parrish decided to build the hospital in Tondo, an impoverished district in western Manila. In 1908 the Mary Johnston Hospital for Women in Children, a two-story building with a fifty-five patient capacity was opened. The hospital included departments for medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pre-natal care, pediatrics, orthopedics and public health.

#### Hospital practices

Parrish left the clinic to work at the new hospital, which specialized in maternity and child care and stood as the only Protestant hospital in the region. It still operated under the original principle that no patient ever be turned away, often meaning that Parrish worked 20-hour days. She maintained high medical standards for the hospital and required all workers to be involved in the hospital's evangelistic program. She held daily Bible lessons at the clinic and nightly prayer services at the hospital. Despite donations, the hospital still struggled financially. It got by on local and overseas donations, many brought in by Parrish who was frequently invited to speak about her work at gatherings and events. Some donors like the Masonic Lodge donated outright gifts, like an entire ward to house crippled children. Her work became more than a hospital, but rather a fixture in the community, so much so that new generation of children came to be known as "Dr. Parrish's children". She was known to inspire former patients to return and volunteers to devote their lives to medical missionary work.

On February 25, 1911, only three years after it was erected, the hospital burned down and was closed for four months. It was able to reopen, thanks to gifts and donations. The hospital always struggled financially and often benefitted from philanthropic assistance, once receiving a donation when it was down to its last 65 cents. The famed opera singer Madame Schumann-Heink once visited and was so impressed that she gave a special performance to benefit the hospital. By 1941 her hospital had grown big enough to hold 120 patients, 60 nurses and in addition to student nurses, and continued to uphold the policy of never turning away a patient.

#### World War II

After Japan declared war on the United States in 1942, they invaded the Philippines soon after, as a U.S.-controlled territory. The Mary Johnston Hospital was quickly transformed from a women's and children's hospital into an emergency hospital where patients who were injured during air raids could be treated. Many other hospitals in the city were destroyed or taken over, so Mary Johnston experienced an influx of patients while simultaneously seeing a reduction in many of its sources of income. Many of the personnel worked without pay in order to keep it running.

The hospital was destroyed again in a fire on February 5, 1945, when the Japanese finally retreated from the Philippines. Five years later the hospital reopened, thanks to generous gifts from American donors, one individual donation was approximately $28,000. It was rebuilt yet again, this time more extensive and spacious. As years went by the hospital added a maternity ward, a clinic and a station to provide milk to malnourished infants and toddlers.

#### Later years: 1950-1958

The Filipino government expressed its gratitude for the services provided by the hospital on several occasions. A bill was passed by the Philippines Legislature giving the hospital financial assistance and extending the hospital's lease to allow it to continue operating.

In 1950, at the age of 80 Parrish was honored with a gold medal from the Civic Assembly of Women in Manila, awarded by the President Elpidio Quirino of the Republic of the Philippines, although she was unable to be in Manila at the time due to her failing health. The medal read: The blessings of health and social welfare which the Philippines enjoy today have been inspired by the pioneering effort of this sincere and determined American missionary doctor, who came a long way across the sea, bringing Christian love, healing, and enlightenment, and a better way of life.

The hospital reopened the following year on August 26, 1950, and was inaugurated by the President, who said in his speech "I wish there were more hospitals in the country that could render as much service as this hospital has rendered." This time the hospital remained a general hospital. At the time of Parrish's death the hospital was planning to open a new maternity wing in 1958 to celebrate the upcoming 50-year anniversary of the opening of the Dispensaria Betania. Upon hearing the news of her death, all activities were halted in order to hold a Thanksgiving service in her honor. When the time of the anniversary came, the maternity ward was dedicated as the "Rebecca Parrish Pavilion" with a plaque reading

*Rebecca Parrish Pavilion* In Appreciation of Her Years of Sacrificial Service for Mothers and Babies of The Philippines

#### Modern day

The Mary Johnston Hospital is credited with drastically reducing infant mortality by providing advice on proper nutrition, care and sanitation. Today the hospital still stands as one of the primary hospitals in Manila and is distinguished for its commitment to Christian care and to serving primarily impoverished patients. It stands as the only Methodist Hospital in the Philippines. On December 8, 2006, the National Historical Institute of the Philippines recognized it as a historical site.

The structure, which was once a small clinic, is now a general hospital which serves as a training center for doctors, nurses and other medical professionals. It offers free medical care for Tondo, one of Manila's poorest districts.

As part of the hospital's community outreach, it adopts neighborhood communities to focus on livelihood education, health, cleanliness and Christian education. It also provides a milk-feeding program and conducts semimonthly clinics to administer immunization shots.

## Personal life

### Beliefs

Parrish was always regarded as the leading figure guiding the Mary Johnston Hospital, combining its medical duties with her religious mission. A Born Missionary Recounts "…she saw to it that the hospital and its environs maintained a high moral standard in a district not noted for propriety. No money raised through bridge-teas, dancing, or theatricals was accepted as a contribution to the hospital. She lectured on ethics, morals and religion in local high schools and universities; taught sociology for ten years; wrote a health page and health articles for newspapers. Often she found herself being interviews by young people for advice, even marital counseling." She was also noted for her activism, campaigning against the practice of white slavery and the mistreatment of lepers. She devoted herself to women's issues in Manila as well, she recounts encountering sexism upon her initial arrival "They asked me point blank, "Can a woman know enough to be a doctor?" and I, as frankly, answered "yes". All were curious. But, thro 27 years, I was to prove it…and DID a million times." This determination led her to establish the Philippines' first Woman's Club, which later expanded to 800 clubs and was incorporated into the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

### Travels

When she would go back to the United States, she would often travel through Asia, making three complete trips around the world. She managed to learn Malayan, Chinese, Japanese and Hindi in addition to Filipino. She wrote about her travels in her memoir, *Orient Seas and Lands Afar*.

## Return to the United States

In 1933, after 27 years in the Philippines Parrish's health gave out and she was forced to return to the United States. But by the time she left, her hospital had expanded to include 500 Filipino nurses and had reduced the infant mortality rate from 66% to 8%. She continued to lecture about her mission work, as well as write articles and letters. She detailed her experiences in a memoir titled *Orient Seas and Lands Afar*. Although Parrish longed to visit the hospital once more, her anemia prevented her from traveling and in 1952 she died in her sleep before she was able to return. She died on August 23, 1952, at the age of 82 in Indianapolis, Indiana.

## InfoBox

| Sara Rebecca Parrish | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Sarah Rebecca Parrish
(1869-11-01)November 1, 1869
Crawfordsville, Indiana |
| Died | August 22, 1952(1952-08-22) (aged 82)
Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | M.D. |
| Alma mater | Medical College of Indiana |
| Occupation | Medical missionary |
| Years active | 1906-1933 |
| Employer | Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church |
| Known for | First female doctor to practice in the Philippines |
| Notable work | Establishment of the Mary Johnston Hospital in Manila |
| Parent(s) | Jesse Mallow Parrish
Mary Catherine Mitchell |


title: Rebecca Parchment

abstract: Rebecca Parchment is a Caymanian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Cayman Islands at Miss World 2007 and Miss Universe 2008.

text:
# Rebecca Parchment

**Rebecca Parchment** is a Caymanian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Cayman Islands at Miss World 2007 and Miss Universe 2008.

## Early life

Parchment graduated from the University of Central Florida with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration and also majored in Marketing.

## Pageants

Parchment is the only delegate who participated at both Miss World 2007 and Miss Universe 2008, and is one of the oldest contestants who took part in both competitions.

Parchment sang and helped assist Mandla Mandela and a children's choir from South Africa on World AIDS Day during the Miss World 2007 pageant won by Zhang Zilin.

In August 2008 she passed on her Miss Cayman Islands crown to Nicosia Lawson.

## InfoBox

| Rebecca Parchment | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Rebecca Parchment
1982 (age 4142)
George Town, Cayman Islands |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss Cayman Islands 2007 |
| Major
competition(s) | Miss World 2007
Miss Universe 2008 |
|  | |


title: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye

abstract: Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye or Recueil des Histoires de Troye (1464) is a translation by William Caxton of a French courtly romance written by Raoul Lefèvre, chaplain to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy. It was the first book printed in the English language. Recuyell simply means "collection" in English. Hence, the work in Modern English would read "A Collection of the Histories of Troy". Caxton's translations and sometimes his titles incorporated words from other European languages. Caxton, probably with the assistance of Colard Mansion and Johann Veldener, printed his translation in 1473 or 1474 in Bruges. Just 18 copies still exist, and when the Duke of Northumberland sold one in 2014, it fetched more than £1 million. A presentation copy of the first edition with a specially made engraving showing Caxton presenting the book to Margaret of York is now in the Huntington Library, California, having previously been in the collections of the Duke of Roxburghe and the Duke of Devonshire. This royal "patronage" may have been more a form of advertising than a representation of traditional medieval patronage relationships. The English translation forms the source for the late Tudor morality play Horestes (1567).

text:
# Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye

***Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye*** or ***Recueil des Histoires de Troye*** (1464) is a translation by William Caxton of a French courtly romance written by Raoul Lefèvre, chaplain to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy. It was the first book printed in the English language.

*Recuyell* (*recueil* in Modern French) simply means "collection" in English. Hence, the work in Modern English would read "A Collection of the Histories of Troy". Caxton's translations and sometimes his titles incorporated words from other European languages.

Caxton, probably with the assistance of Colard Mansion and Johann Veldener, printed his translation in 1473 or 1474 (traditionally "ca. 1475") in Bruges. Just 18 copies still exist, and when the Duke of Northumberland sold one in 2014, it fetched more than £1 million.

A presentation copy of the first edition with a specially made engraving showing Caxton presenting the book to Margaret of York is now in the Huntington Library, California, having previously been in the collections of the Duke of Roxburghe and the Duke of Devonshire. This royal "patronage" may have been more a form of advertising than a representation of traditional medieval patronage relationships.

The English translation forms the source for the late Tudor morality play *Horestes* (1567).

## Sources

* Bevington, David (1962) *From* Mankind *to Marlowe: growth of structure in the popular drama of Tudor England.* Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP ISBN 0-674-32500-1
* Farnham, Willard (1936) *The Medieval Heritage of Elizabethan Tragedy.* Berkeley: University of California Press (reissued by Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1956)
* Panzer, K., ed. *Short-title Catalogue of English Books*. 2nd ed. STC 15375


title: Rebecca Travers

abstract: Rebecca Travers was a prominent London Quaker in the earliest development period of that religious movement. Her funeral oration was delivered by William Penn.

text:
# Rebecca Travers

**Rebecca Travers** (*née* **Booth**; 1609 – 15 June 1688) was a prominent London Quaker in the earliest development period of that religious movement. Her funeral oration was delivered by William Penn.

## Biography

Rebecca Travers was born in 1609, the daughter of a Baptist named Booth, and studied the Bible from the age of six. At an early age, she married William Travers, a tobacconist at the Three Feathers, Watling Street, London. In 1654 curiosity led her to hear a dispute between James Nayler and the Baptists. Soon afterwards she met Nayler privately, became a Quaker and his friend. Her stability and discretion contrasted, according to the *Dictionary of National Biography*, with the extravagances of the handful of Quaker women who contributed to Nayler's fall. Rebecca Travers visited him in prison, and upon his release in September 1659, lodged him for a time at her house.

A fearless and powerful preacher, Travers attended St John the Evangelist's church in the same year and questioned the priest on his doctrine. He hurried away, leaving her to be jostled and abused. John Gough says she was three times in Newgate Prison in 1664, but these imprisonments are not recorded in Besse's *Sufferings*. She was early taking a prominent part among Quaker women, being trusted especially with care of the sick, poor and prisoners. She visited prisons at Ipswich and elsewhere.

In 1671, a year before the representative yearly meeting, the "six weeks' meeting" was established as a court of appeal composed of "ancient Friends" —- old in experience and Quaker standing, not age. Rebecca Travers was one of its first members. The "box meeting" for the relief of poor Friends was initiated at her house, where George Fox was a frequent visitor. She is described as the most prolific Quaker after Margaret Fell.

She was the author of ten small works, including a volume of religious verse, and prefaces to two of Nayler's books; also of *The Work of God in a Dying Maid*, London, 1677 – an account of the conversion to Quakerism and subsequent death of Susannah Whitrowe, a young lady of 15.

Rebecca Travers died on 15 June 1688, aged 79. Her funeral oration was delivered by William Penn. A son, Matthew, and at least one daughter survived her.

### Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, Charlotte Fell (1899). "Travers, Rebecca". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Recount (film)

abstract: Recount is a 2008 political drama television film about Florida's vote recount during the 2000 United States presidential election. Written by Danny Strong and directed by Jay Roach, the television film stars Kevin Spacey, Bob Balaban, Ed Begley Jr., Laura Dern, John Hurt, Denis Leary, Bruce McGill, and Tom Wilkinson. It premiered on HBO on May 25, 2008. The television film was nominated for eleven Primetime Emmy Awards, winning three for Outstanding Television Movie, Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or Movie, and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie. It was also nominated for five Golden Globe Awards and winning Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.

text:
# Recount (film)

***Recount*** is a 2008 political drama television film about Florida's vote recount during the 2000 United States presidential election. Written by Danny Strong and directed by Jay Roach, the television film stars Kevin Spacey, Bob Balaban, Ed Begley Jr., Laura Dern, John Hurt, Denis Leary, Bruce McGill, and Tom Wilkinson. It premiered on HBO on May 25, 2008. The television film was nominated for eleven Primetime Emmy Awards, winning three for Outstanding Television Movie, Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or Movie (for Roach), and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie (for Baumgarten). It was also nominated for five Golden Globe Awards and winning Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (for Dern).

## Plot

*Recount* chronicles the 2000 U.S. presidential election *Bush v. Gore* case between Governor of Texas George W. Bush and U.S. Vice President Al Gore. It begins with the election on November 7 and ends with the Supreme Court ruling, which stopped the Florida election recount on December 12.

Key points depicted include: Gore's retraction of his personal telephone concession to Bush in the early hours of November 8; the decision by the Gore campaign to sue for hand recounts in Democratic strongholds where voting irregularities were alleged, especially in light of the statistical dead heat revealed by the reported machine recount; Republican pressure on Florida's Secretary of State Katherine Harris in light of her legally mandated responsibilities; the attention focused on the hand recounts by media, parties, and the public; the two major announcements by Florida Supreme Court spokesman Craig Waters extending the deadline for returns in the initial recount (November 21, 2000) and ordering a statewide recount of votes (December 8, 2000), and later overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court; and finally the adversarial postures of the Supreme Courts of Florida and the United States, as well as the dissenting opinions among the higher court's justices.

## Cast

## Production

### Director

In April 2007, it was announced that Sydney Pollack would direct the film. By August, weeks away from the start of principal photography, Pollack withdrew from the project due to a then-undisclosed illness, and was replaced by Jay Roach. Pollack died of cancer on May 26, 2008, one day after *Recount* premiered on HBO.

### Casting

On September 24, 2007, it was announced that Kevin Spacey would star as Ron Klain.

### Filming

*Recount* was shot in Jacksonville and Tallahassee, Florida.

## Reception

### Reviews

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 78%, based on 18 reviews, and an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "*Recount* deftly brings a controversial chapter of electoral history to dramatic life with a compelling cast, although some viewers may take issue with its conclusions." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Mark Moorman of *Het Parool*, gave the film a rating of four stars on a scale of five, calling *Recount* an "amazing and funny reconstruction".

#### Response to fictionalization

Some critics have made charges of bias against the film. *Entertainment Weekly* wrote, "*Recount* may not be downright blue, but it's not as purply as it wants to appear. Despite its equal time approach, *Recount* is an underdog story, and thus a Democrat story." Film critic Roger Ebert disputed claims of bias in his review of the film, stating, "You might assume the movie is pro-Gore and anti-Bush, but you would not be quite right."

In an interview with CNN's *Reliable Sources*, director Jay Roach responded that the film, "wasn't 100 percent accurate, but it was very true to what went on. ... That's what dramatizations do: stitch together the big ideas with, sometimes, constructs that have to stand for a larger truth." Roach cited *All the President's Men* as an example. Jake Tapper, an ABC newscaster who was a consultant for the film also stated in response that the film is "a fictional version of what happened" and "tilts to the left because it's generally told from the point of view of the Democrats." *The Washington Post* further stated that Tapper noted that "while some scenes and language are manufactured, 'a lot of dialogue is not invented, a lot of dialogue is taken from my book, other books and real life.' "

Florida Supreme Court spokesman Craig Waters agreed that the script departed from the actual statements he made on live television from the courthouse steps in the fall of 2000. "But the words spoken by the actor who played me \[Alex Staggs\]," Waters said, "are accurate paraphrasis of the things I actually said or of the documents released by the court at the time."

Warren Christopher, who was sent by Gore to supervise the recount, has objected to his portrayal in the film. According to the *San Jose Mercury News*, Christopher:

> ... has not seen the film, but he read transcripts of scenes featuring his character, who is portrayed as a high-minded but naive statesman. In one scene, Christopher, played by John Hurt, suggests to former Secretary of State James Baker, who was spearheading Bush's Florida legal team, that they try to resolve the recount through 'diplomacy and compromise.' 'That's absurd,' Christopher says. 'Both Baker and I knew this would be a fight to the end that only one side could win.'

Baker agreed that the film exaggerated his rival's stance: "He's not that much of a wuss," said Matea Gold of the *San Jose Mercury News*.

Democratic strategist Michael Whouley has objected to the amount of swearing he does in the film, and was also uncomfortable with a scene involving a broken chair.

In contrast, Bush legal advisers James Baker and Benjamin Ginsberg have largely given the film good reviews; Baker even hosted his own screening of it, though he does refer to the film as a "Hollywood rendition" of what happened.

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2008 | Artios Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Movie | David Rubin, Richard Hicks, Lori S. Wyman, and
Kathleen Chopin | Won |  |
| | Online Film & Television Association Awards | Best Motion Picture | | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Kevin Spacey | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Tom Wilkinson | Won | |
| | Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Laura Dern | Nominated | |
| | Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Jay Roach | Nominated | |
| | Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Miniseries | Danny Strong | Nominated | |
| | Best Editing in a Motion Picture or Miniseries | | Nominated | |
| | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Television Movie | Paula Weinstein, Len Amato, Sydney Pollack,
Jay Roach, and Michael Hausman | Won |  |
| | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | Kevin Spacey | Nominated | |
| | Tom Wilkinson | Nominated ||
| | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie | Bob Balaban | Nominated | |
| | Denis Leary | Nominated ||
| | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie | Laura Dern | Nominated | |
| | Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or Movie | Jay Roach | Won | |
| | Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or Movie | Danny Strong | Nominated | |
| | Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie | Patti Podesta, Christopher Tandon, and Radha Mehta | | Nominated |
| | Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries or Movie | David Rubin, Richard Hicks, Lori S. Wyman, and
Kathleen Chopin | Nominated | |
| | Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie | Alan Baumgarten | Won | |
| | Satellite Awards | Best Motion Picture Made for Television | | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television | Kevin Spacey | Nominated | |
| | Tom Wilkinson | Nominated ||
| | Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television | Laura Dern | Nominated | |
| 2009 | American Cinema Editors Awards | Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Non-Commercial Television | Alan Baumgarten | Won |  |
| | American Film Institute Awards | Top 10 Television Programs | | Won |  |
| | Art Directors Guild Awards | Excellence in Production Design Award – Television Movie or Mini-series | Patti Podesta, Christopher Tandon, Kim Lincoln,
Herman McEachin, John E. Thombleson II, and
Anuradha Mehta | Nominated |  |
| | Cinema Audio Society Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries | Gary Alper, Gary C. Bourgeois, and Greg Orloff | Nominated |  |
| | Critics' Choice Awards | Best Picture Made for Television | | Nominated |  |
| | Directors Guild of America Awards | Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television or Miniseries | Jay Roach | Won |  |
| | Golden Globe Awards | Best Miniseries or Television Film | | Nominated |  |
| | Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film | Kevin Spacey | Nominated | |
| | Tom Wilkinson | Nominated ||
| | Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | Denis Leary | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film | Laura Dern | Won | |
| | Producers Guild of America Awards | David L. Wolper Award for Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television | Paula Weinstein, Len Amato, Sydney Pollack,
Jay Roach, and Michael Hausman | Nominated |  |
| | Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie | Kevin Spacey | Nominated |  |
| | Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie | Laura Dern | Nominated | |
| | Writers Guild of America Awards | Long Form – Original | Danny Strong | Won |  |

## InfoBox

| *Recount* | |
| --- | --- |
| Official poster | |
| Genre | Political drama |
| Written by | Danny Strong |
| Directed by | Jay Roach |
| Starring |  |
| Music by | Dave Grusin |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Executive producers |  |
| Producer | Michael Haussman |
| Cinematography | Jim Denault |
| Editor | Alan Baumgarten |
| Running time | 116 minutes |
| Production companies |  |
| Original release | |
| Network | HBO |
| Release | May 25, 2008 (2008-05-25) |


title: Reference Peak

abstract: Reference Peak is a roughly conical peak, 1,030 m, with a steep face to the west near its crest, lying 3 nautical miles (6 km) south of Amundsen Bay between Mounts Weller and Hollingsworth. Viewed from the north, it presents a sharp peak with smooth, clear-cut sides. It was sighted in October 1956 by an ANARE party and was so named because the peak was used as a reference point for magnetic observations at Observation Island.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Reference Peak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

text:
# Reference Peak

**Reference Peak** (67°15′S 50°29′E / 67.250°S 50.483°E / -67.250; 50.483) is a roughly conical peak, 1,030 m, with a steep face to the west near its crest, lying 3 nautical miles (6 km) south of Amundsen Bay between Mounts Weller and Hollingsworth. Viewed from the north, it presents a sharp peak with smooth, clear-cut sides. It was sighted in October 1956 by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) party and was so named because the peak was used as a reference point for magnetic observations at Observation Island.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Reference Peak". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.


title: Rebecca Garcia (computer programmer)

abstract: Rebecca Garcia is an American computer programmer from New York City, who co-founded CoderDojo NYC, a network of programming clubs for young people in Long Island, New York. Garcia worked as a developer at Do Something, a US-based non-profit youth organization for social change. She was later the chief technical officer of Greatist, a health fitness and wellness media startup, where she was an advocate for Girls Who Code and Iridescent. Garcia currently works as the program manager for Microsoft's Tech Jobs Academy, where she works to help underrepresented New Yorkers get into the information technology field. In 2013 Garcia received a White House Champion of Change award for Tech Inclusion. in 2016 she was named as Hispanicize's STEM Star.

text:
# Rebecca Garcia (computer programmer)

**Rebecca Garcia** is an American computer programmer from New York City, who co-founded CoderDojo NYC, a network of programming clubs for young people in Long Island, New York.

Garcia worked as a developer at Do Something, a US-based non-profit youth organization for social change. She was later the chief technical officer of Greatist, a health fitness and wellness media startup, where she was an advocate for Girls Who Code and Iridescent. Garcia currently works as the program manager for Microsoft's Tech Jobs Academy, where she works to help underrepresented New Yorkers get into the information technology field.

In 2013 Garcia received a White House Champion of Change award for Tech Inclusion. in 2016 she was named as Hispanicize's STEM Star.


title: Reformed Churches in Brazil

abstract: The Reformed Churches in Brazil is a federation of confessional Reformed churches in northestern Brazil, started by Canadian and Dutch missionaries in the 1970s.

text:
# Reformed Churches in Brazil

The **Reformed Churches in Brazil** (**Igrejas Reformadas do Brazil** in Portuguese) is a federation of confessional Reformed churches in northestern Brazil, started by Canadian and Dutch missionaries in the 1970s.

## Origin

The Canadian and American Reformed Churches began missionary work in the villages between Recife and Maceio in 1970. In the same year Dutch Reformed Churches began missions in Paraná. This efforts led the formation of 2 churches in Alagoas and Pernambuco. The American missionaries are supported by two Brazilian Presbyterian students. The Canadian Reformed Church in Surrey, British Columbia was responsible for this work in Brazil. A school in Maceio was organised by the Reformed Church.

Other churches joined the federation from Dutch Reformed (in Colombo), baptist (Esperanca Church was formerly baptist) and Pentecostal origin ( the church in Cabro Frio was Pentecostal). The denomination has an official theological seminary, the John Calvin Institution (Institutio Joao Calvino) and offers Bachelor of Divinity to train national pastors, elders and deacons. From its beginning from a few congregations the denomination has congregations in several Brazilian cities and states.

## Doctrine

### Creeds

### Confessions

## Churches

Congregations are in:

* Alagoas:
    + Reformed Church in Maceio
    + Reformed Church in Maragogi
* Ceará:
    + Reformed Church in Fortaleza
* Minas:
    + Reformed Church in Unai
* Paraíba:
    + Reformed Church in Esperanca
* Paraná:
    + Reformed Church in Colombo
* Pernambuco:
    + Reformed Church in San Jose
    + Reformed Church in Recife
    + Reformed Church in Caruaru
    + Reformed Church in Prazeres
    + Reformed Church in Veracruz
    + Reformed Church in Paulista
* Rio de Janeiro:
    + Reformed Church in Cabro Frio

## Interchurch organisations

Igrejas Reformadas do Brasil has a sisterchurch relationship with the Canadian and American Reformed Churches. It is also a member of the International Conference of Reformed Churches.


title: Recusancy in Ireland

abstract: The Recusancy referred to those who refused to attend services of the state-established Anglican Church of Ireland. The individuals were known as "recusants". The term, which derives ultimately from the Latin recusare, was first used in England to refer to those who remained within the Roman Catholic Church and did not attend services of the Church of England, with a 1593 statute determining the penalties against "Popish recusants". The native Irish and the "Old English", while subject to the English crown as part of the Kingdom of Ireland, were overwhelmingly opposed to the Anglican and dissenting churches, and the vast majority remained Catholic, which had tragic implications for the later history of Ireland. The Catholics of Ireland suffered the same penalties as recusants in England, which were exacerbated by impatience with the rebellious nature of the Irish, English contempt for a subject race and the desire for Irish land and property.

text:
# Recusancy in Ireland

The **Recusancy** referred to those who refused to attend services of the state-established Anglican Church of Ireland. The individuals were known as "recusants". The term, which derives ultimately from the Latin *recusare* (to refuse or make an objection), was first used in England to refer to those who remained within the Roman Catholic Church and did not attend services of the Church of England, with a 1593 statute determining the penalties against "Popish recusants".

The native Irish and the "Old English" (who had come to Ireland at the time of the Normans), while subject to the English crown as part of the Kingdom of Ireland, were overwhelmingly opposed to the Anglican and dissenting churches, and the vast majority remained Catholic, which had tragic implications for the later history of Ireland (such as the Irish Penal Laws). The Catholics of Ireland suffered the same penalties as recusants in England, which were exacerbated by impatience with the rebellious nature of the Irish, English contempt for a subject race and the desire for Irish land and property.

## History

In 1559 the Irish Parliament passed both the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity, the former prescribing to all officers the Oath of Supremacy, the latter prohibiting the Mass and commanding the public use of the Book of Common Prayer. Whoever refused the Oath of Supremacy was dismissed from office, and whoever refused to attend the Protestant service was fined 12 pence for each offence. A subsequent viceregal proclamation ordered all priests to leave Dublin and prohibited the use of images, candles, and beads. The "Recusancy Acts", which began during the reign of Elizabeth I and which were repealed in 1650, imposed a number of punishments on those who did not participate in Anglican religious activity, including fines, property confiscation, and imprisonment. The purpose of the Acts was to compel Irish Catholics and members of other churches such as the Puritans or Presbyterians to attend their local Church of Ireland church.

After 1570, when Elizabeth was excommunicated by the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, persecution increased; and the hunting down of the Gerald FitzGerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, the Desmond Rebellions and the desolation of Munster, in addition to the torture, trial before military tribunal, and hanging of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley outside the walls of Dublin. Many others who kept to the Catholic religion were treated in the same fashion.

The reign of James I (1603-25) started tolerantly, but the 1605 Gunpowder Plot confirmed an official anti-Catholic religious bias, and the recusant fines continued, but not at the higher levels imposed on English Catholics by the Popish Recusants Act 1605. Recusant fines were collected on a haphazard basis until the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649, after which all Catholic worship was banned.

From the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660 no fines or laws about recusancy persisted; state policy allowed for many different churches but preserved the official position of Anglicanism.


title: Recurvidris

abstract: Recurvidris is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. The genus is distributed in the Indomalayan realm, where the ants are found on the forest floor.

text:
# Recurvidris

***Recurvidris*** is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. The genus is distributed in the Indomalayan realm, where the ants are found on the forest floor.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Recurvidris* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Recurvidris recurvispinosa* worker | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Tribe: | Crematogastrini |
| Genus: | *Recurvidris*<br>Bolton, 1992 |
|
| Diversity | |
| 10 species | |


title: Rectiostoma

abstract: Rectiostoma is a moth genus of the family Depressariidae.

text:
# Rectiostoma

***Rectiostoma*** is a moth genus of the family Depressariidae.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Rectiostoma* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| "Rectiostoma xanthobasis" | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Subfamily: | Stenomatinae |
| Genus: | *Rectiostoma*<br>Becker, 1982 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Setiostoma* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 * *Setiostoma* Zeller, 1875 (preocc. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) | |


title: Reg Goodwin

abstract: Sir Reginald Eustace Goodwin CBE, DL was a British politician. He was Leader of the Greater London Council from 1973 to 1977. On the moderate wing of the Labour Party, he favoured public control of utilities.

text:
# Reg Goodwin

**Sir Reginald Eustace Goodwin** CBE, DL (3 July 1908 – 29 September 1986) was a British politician. He was Leader of the Greater London Council from 1973 to 1977. On the moderate wing of the Labour Party, he favoured public control of utilities.

## Family background

Goodwin was from a middle-class family of five and was born in Streatham. He went to Strand School, leaving at 16 to become a tea-buyer for a City firm. In his spare time he worked at the Oxford and Bermondsey Boys' Club, a charity set up by the University of Oxford to help underprivileged boys in Bermondsey, where he then lived. Through this work he became full-time Assistant Secretary of the National Association of Boys' Clubs when it was established in 1934. From 1945 he was its General Secretary.

## Party politics

Goodwin joined the Labour Party in 1932, and began his political career when he was elected to Bermondsey Borough Council in 1937.

His administrative ability was noticed and he became Leader of the Council in the 1940s. Meanwhile, he had been elected in Bermondsey West at the 1946 London County Council election, where Labour Leader Sir Isaac Hayward spotted his potential and gave him important committee assignments.

## GLC membership

Goodwin became a member of the Greater London Council for Southwark after its first election in 1964 and chaired the Finance Committee in the Labour administration. After the Conservatives won a landslide election victory in 1967 he was chosen as the new Labour Leader almost by default, other more dynamic personalities having been defeated. He was knighted on the recommendation of Harold Wilson in the 1968 New Year Honours and was almost always known as 'Sir Reg' thereafter.

After the second defeat in 1970 Goodwin became more aggressive in his opposition to Sir Desmond Plummer's Conservative GLC. Labour had not opposed the Conservative GLC's policy of building urban motorways in 1970 but by June 1972 Goodwin had been convinced by the strength of public opinion, and said "Labour pledges itself to abandon the disastrous plans to build two motorways which threaten the environment of Central London". He called on the GLC not to enter into contracts to build the motorways so that Londoners could have a choice at the 1973 elections.

At the 1973 elections, the Labour manifesto was drafted by Peter Walker, then Research Officer for the London Labour Party. It had a distinctly left-wing approach favouring subsidies to reduce (possibly eliminate) public transport fares and to build more council homes, but Goodwin supported these policies and gave his backing to the manifesto which was published under the title "A Socialist Strategy for London".

## GLC Leader

The Motorway Box issue and commitment to better public transport was the key to Labour's victory in the 1973 election. After the election Sir Reg appointed Peter Walker to head his private office despite protests from the Conservatives and the GLC officers. This was the first ever open political appointment in the history of British local government and soon set the template for other similar appointments.

Sir Reg then changed the whole political decision making process in the GLC, ensuring that officers left after presenting their papers to the Labour cabinet who then made a decision and Peter Walker acted as secretary conveying the decisions to the Officers after going through the Labour group. By this manner Goodwin managed to continue the distinctly green agenda set in the 1973 manifesto despite many economic problems nationally that affected the GLC's finances.

## Financial crisis

Soon after the election the increase in inflation during this period caused havoc with the GLC finances. Goodwin was forced to cut investment programmes and increase transport fares and as a result became unpopular with the left. His attempts to conciliate with them caused resignations among the right-wing Labour councillors. Goodwin's exceptionally discreet personal style meant that he was rarely targeted personally, but left him with few political friends.

He was re-elected Leader when Labour lost the 1977 GLC election but few expected him to continue in the post. He announced his resignation very suddenly by leaving 28 copies (one for every member of the Labour Group) of a resignation letter on the desk of the Chief Whip, with a note suggesting he might like to distribute them. On taking his seat on the backbenches he remarked "I'm glad to be sitting here, because fewer of my friends are behind me."

## Deselection

Goodwin's own constituency party in Bermondsey had swung to the left. Although they wished him well personally and respected his contribution, the Bermondsey left insisted on a new candidate for the 1981 election and deselected him. He let his membership of the Labour Party lapse in 1982, but was declared an honorary member on 21 February 1983.

## Personal life

Goodwin and his wife, Pen, had three children. He died at a nursing home in West Sussex on 29 September 1986, aged 78, after a long illness.

## InfoBox

| SirReg GoodwinCBE DL | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 3rd Leader of the Greater London Council | |
| **In office**
1973–1977 | |
| Preceded by | Desmond Plummer |
| Succeeded by | Horace Cutler |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1908-07-03)3 July 1908
London, England |
| Died | 29 September 1986(1986-09-29) (aged 78)
West Sussex, England |
| Political party | Labour |
| Children | 3 |
|  | |


title: Reddy Group

abstract:
The Reddy Group commenced operation as a small construction company in Suva, Fiji Islands in 1947. This opened the way for it to form a joint venture with Fletcher Construction of New Zealand.
The second eldest brother Ram Sami Reddy started Reddy Construction Company in 1947 taking up construction of residential buildings. He was later joined by his other brother Ranga Sami Reddy. Yanktesh Permal (YP) Reddy joined the Company in 1957 and this allowed Ram Sami Reddy to move to Lautoka to open the branch in the West where there was a sudden surge of growth in the building industry. In a short time, the Company had taken up some ambitious contracts and completed projects becoming one of the local building construction companies. The younger brother, YP who had also moved to Lautoka in 1957 was soon looking at diversifying and entering into other fields of commercial activities. Besides acquiring some commercial and residential properties in Suva and the West for investment, YP in 1965 launched Reddy's Enterprises Limited to invest in tourism which was showing promise of becoming an important industry for the Fijian economy. The Group acquired a prime site in the Nadi International Airport area and built a hotel which was to become the famous Tanoa Hotel. After operating a tourist hotel as the first local operator, the company soon started acquiring other hotels. RakiRaki in 1968, Skylodge in 1973 and Nadi Travelodge in 1992.
In 1987, the Tanoa Group built a new 20-room hotel in Lautoka, the Tanoa Waterfront Hotel to cater for the need of accommodation for corporate visitors to the West. The Group soon added more rooms to the Tanoa Waterfront. This was followed up with the acquisition of a hotel in central Suva which was extensively renovated and refurbished and re-opened as Tanoa Plaza which gave the Group a foothold in Suva. Reddy Construction went into joint venture with Parkinson's UK Group to undertake construction of the prestigious, Lautoka Government Hospital. Soon after that it went into joint venture with Fletcher Construction of New Zealand to take up even more ambitious construction projects amongst which were the University of the South Pacific building extensions, ANZ Bank complex in Suva, Lautoka and Suva Wharves, Sugar Mill boilers installation and the Sheraton Hotel in Denarau. After the 1987 Military Coup and the death of his two brothers, Ram Sami in 1985 and Ranga Sami in 1988, YP decided to downsize activities in the construction field and concentrate on Hotels and Real Estate investments. The Reddy Group in 1970 took up shares in Clyde Engineering Co Ltd, a NZ company which expanded its operations in Fiji to market and service heavy construction and industrial equipment in the South Pacific. In 1983, the Group acquired 100% share holding in Clyde. In its programme of diversification Clyde acquired the scaffolding hire business of Boral Acrow, an Australian Company in 2001 and Nacap Hire in 2006. Recently the Group has entered into the financial services sector in Fiji. Together with a joint venture partner from New Zealand, the Reddy Group has launched an insurance brokerage firm specializing in all types of general and commercial insurance.

text:
# Reddy Group

The **Reddy Group** commenced operation as a small construction company in Suva, Fiji Islands in 1947. This opened the way for it to form a joint venture with Fletcher Construction of New Zealand. The second eldest brother Ram Sami Reddy started Reddy Construction Company in 1947 taking up construction of residential buildings. He was later joined by his other brother Ranga Sami Reddy. Yanktesh Permal (YP) Reddy joined the Company in 1957 and this allowed Ram Sami Reddy to move to Lautoka to open the branch in the West where there was a sudden surge of growth in the building industry.

In a short time, the Company had taken up some ambitious contracts and completed projects becoming one of the local building construction companies.

The younger brother, YP who had also moved to Lautoka in 1957 was soon looking at diversifying and entering into other fields of commercial activities. Besides acquiring some commercial and residential properties in Suva and the West for investment, YP in 1965 launched Reddy's Enterprises Limited to invest in tourism which was showing promise of becoming an important industry for the Fijian economy.

The Group acquired a prime site in the Nadi International Airport area and built a hotel which was to become the famous Tanoa Hotel. After operating a tourist hotel as the first local operator, the company soon started acquiring other hotels. RakiRaki in 1968, Skylodge in 1973 and Nadi Travelodge in 1992. In 1987, the Tanoa Group built a new 20-room hotel in Lautoka, the Tanoa Waterfront Hotel to cater for the need of accommodation for corporate visitors to the West. The Group soon added more rooms to the Tanoa Waterfront. This was followed up with the acquisition of a hotel in central Suva which was extensively renovated and refurbished and re-opened as Tanoa Plaza which gave the Group a foothold in Suva.

Reddy Construction went into joint venture with Parkinson's UK Group to undertake construction of the prestigious, Lautoka Government Hospital. Soon after that it went into joint venture with Fletcher Construction of New Zealand to take up even more ambitious construction projects amongst which were the University of the South Pacific building extensions, ANZ Bank complex in Suva, Lautoka and Suva Wharves, Sugar Mill boilers installation and the Sheraton Hotel in Denarau.

After the 1987 Military Coup and the death of his two brothers, Ram Sami in 1985 and Ranga Sami in 1988, YP decided to downsize activities in the construction field and concentrate on Hotels and Real Estate investments.

The Reddy Group in 1970 took up shares in Clyde Engineering Co Ltd, a NZ company which expanded its operations in Fiji to market and service heavy construction and industrial equipment in the South Pacific. In 1983, the Group acquired 100% share holding in Clyde. In its programme of diversification Clyde acquired the scaffolding hire business of Boral Acrow, an Australian Company in 2001 and Nacap Hire in 2006.

Recently the Group has entered into the financial services sector in Fiji. Together with a joint venture partner from New Zealand, the Reddy Group has launched an insurance brokerage firm specializing in all types of general and commercial insurance.

## InfoBox

Reddy Group
|
|  |
| Founded | 1947 |
| Founder | Y P Reddy |
| Headquarters | Suva, Fiji |
| Area served | South Pacific |
| Products | Hotels, Property Development, Real Estate |
| Website | www.reddygroup.com |


title: Regulatory risk differentiation

abstract: Regulatory risk differentiation is the process used by a regulatory authority to systemically treat entities differently based on the regulator's assessment of the risks of the entity's non-compliance. Regulators can include law enforcement agencies. Entities refers to those under the authority/control of the regulator – in most cases ranging from individuals to companies to multinationals operating within the regulator's jurisdiction. The risk differentiation process requires the regulator to directly link a robust risk assessment, such as via a risk scoring model, to different regulatory responses. Regulatory risk differentiation is also referred to as the Compliance Model in some regulatory agencies. See for example the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority risk differentiation approach known as: PAIRS / SOARS. PAIRS is the Probability And Impact Rating System, while SOARS is the Supervisory Oversight And Response System.

text:
# Regulatory risk differentiation

**Regulatory risk differentiation** is the process used by a regulatory authority (the regulator - most often a tax administration) to systemically treat entities differently based on the regulator's assessment of the risks of the entity's non-compliance.

Regulators can include law enforcement agencies. Entities refers to those under the authority/control of the regulator – in most cases ranging from individuals to companies (legal entities) to multinationals operating within the regulator's jurisdiction.

The risk differentiation process requires the regulator to directly link a robust risk assessment, such as via a risk scoring model, to different regulatory responses (e.g. financial penalties, criminal imprisonment). Regulatory risk differentiation is also referred to as **the Compliance Model** in some regulatory agencies. See for example the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority risk differentiation approach known as: PAIRS / SOARS. PAIRS is the Probability And Impact Rating System, while SOARS is the Supervisory Oversight And Response System.

## Alternative Compliance Models

### Dualistic model

The simplest compliance model is a regulatory framework or model known as dualistic, where the regulator reacts to an entity's behaviours depending on whether the behaviour is seen as either right or wrong. This is also known as a black and white response, and is often used for strict liability offences in law.

### Compliance continuum

It is a significant improvement to shift to a **compliance continuum** (or spectrum), where the regulator reacts to a spectrum of compliance behaviours. The Australian Customs Office applies a compliance continuum.

### Compliance pyramid

When the reaction of the regulator is tied to the behaviour, it is known as a **responsive compliance model**. The responsive compliance model was suggested by Ian Ayres and John Braithwaite in their book *Responsive Regulation: Transcending the deregulation debate* which built on earlier work by John Scholz.

The Ayres and Braithwaite compliance model was elegantly represented as a **compliance pyramid**.

The shape of the compliance pyramid indicates:

* the number of clients that might be found at each level in the model,
* the hierarchical and escalating nature of regulatory engagement, and
* the increasing focus towards the apex on the small minority who appear to deliberately seek to contravene the system.

The choice of remedy (e.g. financial penalties, criminal imprisonment) imposed by the regulator becomes increasingly severe higher up the pyramid – with the view of creating an incentive for entities to move towards more compliant behaviours. The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) uses a compliance pyramid.

In the mid-1990s the ATO's Cash Economy Project further developed their compliance pyramid. An entity's apparent motivation for compliance or non-compliance, based on evidence (known as their motivational posture), was explicitly coupled to a suggested response.

In this version of the compliance pyramid, four broad categories of client (called archetypes) were defined by their underlying motivational postures:

* The disengaged clients who have decided not to comply,
* The resistant clients who don't want to comply,
* The captured clients who try to comply, but don't always succeed, and
* The accommodating clients who are willing to do the right thing.

This approach has been widely adopted, particularly within Australia. Several other regulators have similar approaches. It is also described as the enforcement pyramid by some regulators although enforcement is only one of the compliance strategies implicit in the model.

The strength of the model is the regulator being seen to apply the right remedy to the right situation, by taking an entity's apparent motivation (including their efforts to comply) into account. See for example Julia Black's paper: "'Chancer', 'Failure' or 'Trier'? Regulatory Conversations and the Construction of Identities" July 2008 or "The ATO Compliance Model in Action: A Case Study of Building and Construction by Neal Shover, Jenny Job and Anne Carroll" and "Reducing the risk of policy failure: challenges for regulatory compliance" The weakness of the compliance pyramid is that attitudes are generally not visible to the regulator, only behaviours. It also delivers no view of risk consequence.

In the OECD paper "Reducing the Risk to Policy Failure: Challenges for Regulatory Compliance" the regulatory responses were distilled down to ensuring that clients were **ready, willing and able** to comply. The approach is set out in 'Putting the Client First - The Emerging Copernican Revolution of Tax administration, Feb 2003 Tax Notes International

* Ready \> Clients who know what compliance is \> Knowledge constraint \> Educate and Exemplify
* Willing \> Clients who want to comply \> Attitudinal constraint \> Engage, Encourage, Enforce
* Able \> Clients who are able to comply \> Capability constraint \> Enable and Empower

A similar framework is used in the UK Pension Regulator approach.

### Risk bow-tie diagram

Another way of looking at this is as a risk **bow-tie**. See bow tie diagrams in risk management

Organisations in oil and gas, mining, aviation, industrials and finance have had success using risk bowtie approaches.

.

These compliance enhancement strategies fit into a standard structure:

* deter, (educate, exemplify, engage, encourage, enable, empower)
* detect, (using quantitative and qualitative intelligence) and
* deal with (educate, exemplify, engage, encourage, enable, empower, enforce)

## What happens when the law is uncertain?

Some commentators do not believe that the compliance pyramid applies when legitimate differences of views exist as to compliant behaviour. Regulators all need to establish their positions in this situation, but it is clear that some regulators do still apply the compliance pyramid when the law is uncertain.

## Risk matrix mapping – the risk differentiation framework

**Explicitly considering the likelihood and consequence of the risk of regulatory non-compliance**

Some regulators vary regulatory risk differentiation approaches by mapping suggested remedies to an entity's perceived risk of non-compliance. This approach has been used by the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority, the Australian Taxation Office and the UK Pension Regulator

Explicitly considering the likelihood and consequences of an entity possibly breaking a law is a requirement of the UK Statutory Code of Practice for Regulators which emerged from the 2005 Hampton Report "Reducing administrative burdens – effective inspection and enforcement". The later Macrory Review "Regulatory Justice – making sanctions effective" effectively codifies the Ayres and Braithwaite Compliance Pyramid into the UK Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008.

In these compliance models the possibility of entities breaking a law has both a likelihood of occurrence and a consequence of occurrence, known as a 'risk event'. Considering entities' likelihood of not complying and the consequences of their not complying usually provides a 'power distribution' of a few large consequence or higher likelihood clients and many more lower consequence/likelihood ones.

This can be represented as a scatter plot on a risk matrix, as shown in the adjacent diagram.

The scatterplot risk matrix to the left shows that most entities are compliant most of the time – in other words, assessed as both lower consequence and lower likelihood of their not complying with the law.

From a risk management perspective the regulator has a more significant interest in higher consequence clients or events than lower consequence. The next two diagrams build on the scatterplot diagram to the left.

In this example of the risk differentiation framework developed by Dr Stuart Hamilton in 2007, the ATO links its strategies to the likelihood and consequences of entities not complying with a law. The ATO risk differentiation framework to the left shows how the ATO divides its clients into four categories, and allocates appropriate risk management strategies to each category.

These strategies are proactive and continuous for higher consequence, reactive and periodic for lower consequence. The strategies are reviewing / auditing for taxpayers more likely to break the law, and only monitoring for those less likely.

The diagram to the left provides more detail, giving names to each category of client, providing all of the strategies - deter, detect and deal with strategies, and the strategies' associated activities.

It is important to note that the boundaries between category are able to be moved to allocate more or fewer clients to each category. Reflecting the underlying Pareto distribution, it is normal to see fewer higher likelihood and/or consequence clients rather than 50% of the population or 50% of the assessed likelihood or consequence. In other words, the boundary is shifted so there can be a strong focus on the few assessed to be higher risk.

This allows more resources to be allocated to more intensive strategies focusing on higher risk entities, providing an incentive to entities to want to be seen to be compliant. The robustness of the risk assessments, and the quality of the data on which the assessments rely, are therefore very important.

Key Clients or Key Taxpayers, due to their size, have an abnormally large impact upon the integrity of the tax system and are therefore prime targets for 'cooperative compliance' approaches. This cooperative compliance approach was originally developed by Dr Stuart Hamilton with Jim Killaly and Alice Dobes of the ATO in 1999. See ATO 2000 Cooperative Compliance. The Cooperative Compliance approach was later adopted by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration as best practice. See OECD 2013 Cooperative Compliance - a framework

The diagram below shows how end to end risk management steps (from ISO 31000) align with risk differentiation and the risk bow-tie.

## Use of the regulatory risk differentiation approach, including awards

In September 2009 the UK Pension Regulator, which uses this approach, was shortlisted for a Better Regulation Award

The above approach was discussed in the ATO Commissioners speech "Do you see what I see" given to the Australian Tax Teachers Association in January 2010. In June 2010 the ATO released its revised "Large Business and Tax Compliance" booklet that detailed its approach to risk differentiation in the Large Market

In January 2011 the risk differentiation approach was also 'highly commended' in the annual Australian Comcover Risk awards

The entire approach is mapped out in the UNSW ATAX 2012 paper 'New dimensions in regulatory compliance' and in the UNSW PhD Thesis: 'Managing Ambiguous Compliance in Highly Skewed Populations'

For a whole of taxpayer population risk differentiation framework example see FIGURE 4. Tailoring the Risk Treatments to Segments and Risk Posture in the IMF Technical Note: 'Compliance Risk Management: Developing Compliance Improvement Plans' 2022

For a simple excel based RDF worksheet using effective tax rates and turnover for views of likelihood of concern and consequence see the segment RDF calculator


title: Regner Leuhusen

abstract: Lieutenant General Friherre Regner Niels Carlsson Leuhusen was a Swedish Army officer. Leuhusen served as commander of Värmland Regiment (1951–1953), and as Commanding General of the VII Military District (1957–1959) and the V Military District (1963–1966).

text:
# Regner Leuhusen

Lieutenant General *Friherre* **Regner Niels Carlsson Leuhusen** (22 December 1900  10 March 1994) was a Swedish Army officer. Leuhusen served as commander of Värmland Regiment (1951–1953), and as Commanding General of the VII Military District (1957–1959) and the V Military District (1963–1966).

## Early life

Leuhusen was born on 22 December 1900 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of *ryttmästare*, *Friherre* Carl Leuhusen and his wife Lizinka (née Sörensen). He passed *mogenhetsexamen* on 13 May 1919. Leuhusen became an officer candidate in Svea Life Guards on 7 September 1919 and enrolled at the Military Academy Karlberg in Stockholm on 15 October 1920.

## Career

Leuhusen graduated from the Military Academy Karlberg on 17 December 1921 and was commissioned as an officer and assigned as a second lieutenant to Svea Life Guards on 31 December 1921. He was promoted to *underlöjtnant* on 31 December 1923 and to lieutenant on 28 May 1926. Leuhusen became captain in the General Staff in 1935 and he served in Norrbotten Regiment in 1939 and was major at Military Academy Karlberg in 1941. He served as a teacher of land warfare at the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College in 1941. Leuhusen was major in the General Staff Corps in 1942 and served as head of the Central Department in the Army Inspectorate (*Arméinspektionen*) from 1942.

He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1944 and served in Jönköping-Kalmar Regiment in 1945. He was promoted to colonel in 1947 and was assigned to Svea Life Guards. Leuhusen then served as commander of the Swedish Infantry Gunnery School from 1946 to 1951 and of Värmland Regiment from 1951 to 1953. He was colonel in the General Staff Corps and served as chief of Section II in the Army Staff in 1953. Leuhusen was promoted to major general in 1957 and served as Commanding General, VII Military District between 1 April 1957 and 30 September 1959. He was then Commanding General, V Military District from 1959 to 1966. He retired from active service in 1966 and was promoted to lieutenant general on the reserve list.

Besides his military career, Leuhusen was the King in Council's representative at the Central Board of the National \[Swedish\] Rifle Clubs (*Skytteförbundens överstyrelse*) from 1947. He has also been credited by Major General Claës Skoglund with inventing motorized bikejoring (*cykeltolkning*), based on skijoring, which is a way to pull military bicycles on a wire behind a motor vehicle to move large masses of light infantry faster.

## Personal life

In 1933, Leuhusen married Marie-Louise Cervell (1902–1994), the daughter of consul Gustaf Johanson and Anna (née Valentin). They had two children: Carl Herman (1934–2010) and Caroline (born 1938). Leuhusen's brother-in-law was colonel Frank Cervell.

From 1936 to 1963, Leuhusen owned a villa on Kopparbovägen 48 in Kopparbo in Kolmården. He was the owner of Boxholm's manor in Östergötland from 1962.

## Death

Leuhusen died on 10 March 1994. He was interred at Båstad's new burial ground, south of St. Mary's Church in Båstad.

## Dates of rank

## Awards and decorations

### Swedish

### Foreign

## Honours

## InfoBox

| *Friherre*
Regner Leuhusen | |
| --- | --- |
| Leuhusen as colonel | |
| Birth name | Regner Niels Carlsson Leuhusen |
| Born | (1900-12-22)22 December 1900
Stockholm, Sweden |
| Died | 10 March 1994(1994-03-10) (aged 93)
Båstad, Sweden |
| Allegiance | Sweden |
| Service/branch | Swedish Army |
| Years of service | 1921–1966 |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Commands | Infantry Gunnery School
Värmland Regiment
VII Military District
V Military District |


title: Reeling (album)

abstract: Reeling is the debut album by British alternative rock band the Mysterines, released 11 March 2022 via Fiction Records.

text:
# Reeling (album)

***Reeling*** is the debut album by British alternative rock band the Mysterines, released 11 March 2022 via Fiction Records.

## Reception

*Reeling* ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.5/10 |
| Metacritic | 81/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| *DIY* |  |
| *Dork* |  |
| *Gigwise* |  |
| *The Line of Best Fit* | 8/10 |
| *MusicOMH* |  |
| *NME* |  |

According to the review aggregator Metacritic, *Reeling* received "universal acclaim" based on a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 from 6 critic scores.

### Year-end lists

*Reeling* year-end lists
| Publication | # | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *Atwood Magazine* |  |  |
| *Louder Than War* | 47 |  |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Lia Metcalfe except where noted

*Reeling* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Life's a Bitch (But I Like It So Much)" | Callum Thompson, Lia Metcalfe | 2:50 |
| 2. | "Hung Up" | Thompson, Metcalfe | 3:24 |
| 3. | "Reeling" |  | 3:08 |
| 4. | "Old Friends / Die Hard" | Metcalfe, Nick Power | 2:18 |
| 5. | "Dangerous" | Thompson, Metcalfe | 3:31 |
| 6. | "On the Run" | Thompson, Metcalfe | 2:38 |
| 7. | "Under Your Skin" |  | 2:47 |
| 8. | "The Bad Thing" |  | 4:24 |
| 9. | "In My Head" |  | 3:54 |
| 10. | "Means to Bleed" | Thompson, Metcalfe | 2:57 |
| 11. | "All These Things" | Thompson, Metcalfe | 4:29 |
| 12. | "Still Call You Home" |  | 2:29 |
| 13. | "The Confession Song" |  | 4:32 |
| Total length: | | | 43:28 |

## Personnel

### Musicians

* Lia Metcalfe – vocals, guitar, piano (3, 13), percussion (4, 7, 13)
* Callum Thompson – guitar (1-11, 13), backing vocals (1-7, 9-11)
* George Favager – bass guitar (1-6, 8-11, 13), backing vocals (7)
* Paul Crilly – drums (1-11, 13), percussion (4-7, 10, 11, 13), guitar (4, 11), backing vocals (4, 6, 7, 11, 13)
* Ben Harper – backing vocals (11)
* Matthew Thomson – backing vocals (13)

### Technical

* Catherine Marks – producer, mixing (2-13)
* Richie Kennedy – mixing, recording engineer
* Ben Harper – assistant recording engineer
* John Davis – mastering engineer
* Alan Moulder – mixing (1)
* Tom Herbert – mixing assistant (1)
* Caesar Edmunds – mix engineer (1)

## Charts

Chart performance for *Reeling*
| Chart (2022) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 9 |
| UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC) | 2 |

## InfoBox

| Reeling | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by the Mysterines | |
| Released | 11 March 2022 |
| Genre | Grunge, garage rock |
| Length | 43:28 |
| Label | Fiction |
| Producer | Catherine Marks |
| The Mysterines chronology | |
| *Love's Not Enough*
(2020) ***Reeling***
(2022) *All These Things*
(2022) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Reeling* | |
| 1. "Love's Not Enough"
Released: 5 February 2020 2. "In My Head"
Released: 13 July 2021 3. "The Bad Thing"
Released: 3 December 2021 4. "Dangerous"
Released: 12 January 2022 | |
|  | |


title: Reginald Newton Biggs

abstract: Reginald Newton Biggs was a New Zealand station manager, soldier and magistrate. He was born in England on 16 June 1831, and was reported in New Zealand as a settler in the area around Whanganui in 1855. From 1862 he was an officer in the Hawke's Bay volunteers and was involved in a number of actions in the New Zealand Wars. Biggs led the pursuit of Te Kooti, but Te Kooti led an attack on a settlement at Matawhero that killed a number of European settlers, their families, and local Māori. Biggs, his wife, their son and their nurse were amongst those killed on 10 November 1868.

text:
# Reginald Newton Biggs

**Reginald Newton Biggs** (16 June 183110 November 1868) was a New Zealand station manager, soldier and magistrate. He was born in England on 16 June 1831, and was reported in New Zealand as a settler in the area around Whanganui in 1855. From 1862 he was an officer in the Hawke's Bay volunteers and was involved in a number of actions in the New Zealand Wars. Biggs led the pursuit of Te Kooti, but Te Kooti led an attack on a settlement at Matawhero that killed a number of European settlers, their families, and local Māori. Biggs, his wife, their son and their nurse were amongst those killed on 10 November 1868.


abstract: The Regional Museum of the National University of San Martín in Tarapoto, Peru, holds ethnographic and archaeological collections related to the Peruvian Upper Amazon. The Museum holds the famous 450-year-old Shimbillo-Chazuta mummy.

text:
# Regional Museum of the National University of San Martin

The **Regional Museum of the National University of San Martín** (Spanish: *Museo Regional de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín*) in Tarapoto, Peru, holds ethnographic and archaeological collections related to the Peruvian Upper Amazon (selva alta and selva baja). The Museum holds the famous 450-year-old Shimbillo-Chazuta mummy.

## History

The UNSM Regional Museum was founded on July 13, 1993 under an initiative led by a group of university professors and the chancellor, Alfredo Quinteros García. In 2011, Bartholomew Dean of the University of Kansas established the Division of Anthropology at the Museo Regional-UNSM. The anthropological research program of the Regional Museum-UNSM reflects the collaborative effort of members of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Kansas and faculty from the Graduate School of the Universidad Nacional de San Martin.

## Collections

The museum currently houses more than 3,700 artifacts primarily from the Amazonas Region of Peru. This collection includes a replica of the Bello Horizonte Petroglyphs (Petroglifos de Polish), Prehispanic bronze and ceramic ware, numerous contemporary and ancient spindle whorls, a diverse collection of ethnographic objects from the "Chacarero" collection, and the famous 450-year-old "Mummy of Shimbillo".

The Mummy of Shimbillo's modern blanket and sacred new clothing were made by a women's association of organic cotton weavers from the town of San Antonio del Rio Mayo, in Lamas Province. In December 2011, Warmi Awakuku in collaboration with the Anthropology Division (Museo Regional-UNSM/University of Kansas) ceremoniously re-wrapped the "Mummy of Shimbillo" in ornate woven cotton clothing (cushma), including a hood .

6°29′20″S 76°21′33″W / 6.4888°S 76.3593°W / -6.4888; -76.3593

## InfoBox

Regional Museum of the National University of San Martín
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Tarapoto, Peru |


title: Regional Museum in Szczecinek

abstract: The Regional Museum in Szczecinek Poland was founded in 1914. From the beginning of the 1970s, the museum specialization was established in three main areas: the art collection regarding the history of the city and the entire West Pomerania, hunting, and goldsmithing. Archaeological collections, regional collections, hunting sets, collection of gold artifacts. The most valuable objects are from the eighteenth century. The most known statue in the museum is a stone figure of a Slavic deity that is one of the oldest pieces on exhibition, called "Belbuk"

text:
# Regional Museum in Szczecinek

The **Regional Museum in Szczecinek** Poland was founded in 1914. From the beginning of the 1970s, the museum specialization was established in three main areas: the art collection regarding the history of the city and the entire West Pomerania, hunting, and goldsmithing. Archaeological collections (ceramics, jewelry, tools), regional collections (painting, sculpture - all related to the city and the region), hunting sets (more than 130 hunting objects: firearms and hand-to-hand combat, hunting gear, accessories and memorabilia for hunting salons), collection of gold artifacts. The most valuable objects are from the eighteenth century. The most known statue in the museum is a stone figure of a Slavic deity that is one of the oldest pieces on exhibition, called "Belbuk"

## History

The Regional Museum in Szczecinek dates to 1866 making it one of the oldest museums in Western Pomerania. The museum was created after an archaeological exhibition organized by Prussian major and cryptologist, Fryderyk Wilhelm Krasiski at the armory building (auxiliary formations of the Prussian army) located at the Kosciuszko Street. The exhibition consisted of objects found during excavations conducted by him, including the pile deposits discovered in Parsęca. Until 1881 (until Kasiski's death), the exhibition grew considerably and numbered 702 pieces. After his death the collection was sold and gave rise to the Ethnological Museum (germ. Ethnologisches Museum) in Berlin (Dahlem).

The museum was established half a century later when the historical interests were again enlivened by the ceremonial celebrations of the 600th anniversary of Szczecinek creation in 1910. In the autumn of 1913, mayor K. Sasse, established the Museum Society. The association members included well-known citizens of the city of Szczecinek: K. Tümpel, E. Wille, landrat (head of the county) Ernst von Hertzberg, and painter Paul Stubbe. Thanks to the association of the museum, the museum was established in June 1914, in the tower of St. Nicholas church (remains of the first Christian church in Szczecinek city). The pre-war collection was small but valuable. The works that were exhibited at the time documented the history of the city and of the region. The collection included, among others, the silver goblets donated by princess Ann (from 1606), and princess Jadwiga (from 1625).

The activity of the facility, however, was halted by the outbreak of World War I. Thanks to the efforts of Georg Zehm in 1935, the museum was moved to the castle (Zamek Książąt Pomorskich) in Szczecinek. At the end of World War II, in February 1945, after the city was taken over by the Soviet army, part of the collection was thrown out of the window. Some of these monuments were saved by the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. One of them, Maria Krysta, wrote the first post-war booklet devoted to the history of the city.

Restart of the museum in Szczecinek was taken on by Aleksander Stafiński and reverend Anatol Sałaga, who organized the Civic Committee of the Museum in Szczecinek and Szczecinek Land. In July 1947 the tower of St. Nicholas became a temporary headquarters of the museum

In September 1957, the Presidium of the Municipal National Council in Szczecinek established a new Organizing Committee of the Museum. The organization of the museum was also supported by the Szczecinek branch of the Polish Historical Society. On February 28, 1958, during the celebration of the anniversary of the takeover of Szczecinek by the Soviet army, the Regional Museum of Szczecinek was opened. At that moment it was supposed to be located in the church tower of St. Nicholas, but later it was scheduled to be moved to the Castle of Dukes of Pomerania (Zamek Książąt Pomorskich) in Szczecinek. Nevertheless, the exhibition remained at St. Nicholas church until 2006.

Ultimately, thanks to the former mayor of the city, Marian Tomasz Goliński, the museum was moved to the 19th-century building of the former local school. Thanks to the EU grant money, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, and the financing from the city of Szczecinek, the building had been adapted for museum purposes. The ceremonial inauguration took place in 2006. The new headquarters is several times bigger than the previous one and it is more functional. Presently a steady increase of the art collection in the museum is possible thanks to the support of mayor Jerzy Hardie-Douglas.

In the words of the Director of the Regional Museum in Szczecinek, Ireneusz Markanicz:

> "The main focus of the Regional Museum in Szczecinek is to provide more information about the city architecture and circumstances of the settlers. I believe that these people are our outstanding heroes and thus the history makers. It is also important to remember the frontier roots of those who came here after 1945, since the modern inhabitants of Szczecinek are their descendants, and it is worthwhile to bring this culture closer to the next generations"

In 2014 the Regional Museum in Szczecinek celebrated its 100th anniversary.

## Temporary exhibitions

The Regional Museum in Szczecinek reaches out to audiences gathering and presenting valuable collections of important and appreciated artists and other influential figures, among others: artist Wiesław Adamski "In Memoriam", and astronomer Adam Giedrys "Mr. Adam. Szczecinek Tailor-Astronomer." Over the years the museum displayed the art work of other artists: "Stanisław Graczyk, Great Poles"., "Szczecinek in Photography of Zbigniew Gabalis"., "Andrzej Foryś"., Maciej Gaca "Unimportant Drawings of a frivolous Guy"., and many more.

## Permanent exhibitions

The Regional Museum in Szczecinek currently holds six permanent exhibitions:

* The History of the City and the Region - painting, sculpture, blacksmith's and goldsmith's products, sacred art: silver liturgical goblets, brass baptism bowls, bell-founding, etc., city maps (from 1844, 1891), city seals, series of the paintings by famous Szczecinek painter, Paul Stubbe: "The Views of Szczecinek" Widoki Szczecinka - 19th/20th century ("The Castle Street", Ulica Zamkowa, "The Houses over Nizica River" Domy nad Niezdobna), The Crucifixion - 1600, Baroque altar candlesticks, bronze bell, all related to the history of the city from the Middle Ages to the present day
* The Noble Room - objects of material culture associated with the Pomeranian nobility: a family of Golzów from Siemczyno, Herzbergs from Lotyń, Podewils from Krąg. The collection includes, among others: 19th century Baroque furniture, a wardrobe and a book cabinet, a table, chairs and armchairs, a Dutch wardrobe, trunks, portraits of members of nobility and views of their residences from the Düncker publishing house (lithography of the Palace in Siemczyno, from the second half of the 19th century, copperplate of Henry von Podewils - after 1696, the sculptures of Roman guards), maps of West Pomerania, including famous "Lubinus map" portraying the Pomeranian Principality by Eilhardus Lubinus (from 1618), etc.
* Szczecinek Garrison \- In the Middle Ages Szczecinek was a small town, which did not even have defensive walls. It was not until 1742 that Szczecinek became a garrison town. The pre-war museum had numerous military collections, which, unfortunately, were lost. The new collection was rebuilt with difficulty. The museum has firearms and protective equipment from the 16th to the 20th century. Most of it are weapons from the nineteenth century and from the Swedish and Napoleonic wars. A large model presents the struggle for Szczecinek and its acquisition on February 27, 1945. The collection includes: Polish-Hungarian saber (16th/17th century), infantry rifle with bayonet (from 1777), helmet "Pappenheimer" (17th cent.), etc.
* The Hunting Room - the beginnings of hunting collection is connected with the establishment of the Culture of the Forest (Kultura Lasu) in Szczecinek, in 1966. Its author was the forest man, Józef Macichowski. Today hunters' collection has over 130 objects, including: firearms, hunters' accessories, powder-bags, canes, pipes, snuff boxes, equipment of old hunter's salons: furniture, paintings, graphics, handicraft items: cups, plates, beer mugs, cutlery, etc. (hunter's cupboard, Germany, 19th/20th cent., hunter's silver cup, Gebruder Dingeldein, Hanau, Germany, 19th cent.).
* European goldsmith workshops from the 18th to the 20th centuries
* The Silverware Room (The Old Silver) - The collection dates to 1959 when the local military unit donated a precious gift of a few dozen of silver pieces for the museum. Overall, more than hundred items from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century in European goldsmith workshops. A large increase in the collection took place after 1976 when it was considered one of the museum's leading specializations. In 1993, the NBP in Warsaw donated several dozens of silver pieces to the museum, including works created by masters: K.F. Malcz, T. Werner, and others. The silver collection comes mostly from Germany and Poland, but also from Russia, Austria and France (the sugar bowl Moscow, Russia, 1893, soup tureen with a cover, Berlin, Prussia, after 1888).

## Bibliography

* "100 Years of the Museum in Szczecinek - Guide to Permanent Exhibitions of the Regional Museum in Szczecinek" (100 lat muzeum w Szczecinku - Przewodnik po wystawach stałych Muzeum Regionalnego w Szczecinku), Jerzy Dudź, 2014, Szczecinek.
* "Visiting the Castle of Prince Warcisław" (Na zamku księcia Warcisława), Bogdan Urbanek, 2016, Szczecinek.
* "Szczecinek, Historical Guide (Szczecinek Przewodnik historyczny), Jerzy Dudź, 2004, Szczecinek.
* "My Town, Known - Unknown" (Moje miasto, Znane - nieznane), Jerzy Gasiul, 2011, Szczecinek.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Regional Museum in Szczecinek
| Museum entrance | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1914 (1914) |
| Location | Regional Museum in Szczecinek ul. Szkolna 1, 78-400 Szczecinek, Poland |
| Coordinates | 53°42′41″N 16°41′32″E / 53.71137°N 16.69229°E / 53.71137; 16.69229 |
| Collections | Archaeological, regional, hunting and gold cultural artifacts. |
| Director | Ireneusz Markanicz |
| Curator | Jadwiga Kowalczyk-Kontowska |
| Website | www.muzeum.szczecinek.pl |


title: Skadla

abstract: Skadla is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gnojno, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Gnojno, 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Busko-Zdrój, and 38 km (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Skadla

**Skadla** \[ˈskadla\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gnojno, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) east of Gnojno, 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Busko-Zdrój, and 38 km (24 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Skadla | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Skadla | |
| Coordinates: 50°36′N 20°54′E / 50.600°N 20.900°E / 50.600; 20.900 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Busko |
| Gmina | Gnojno |


title: Denno

abstract: Denno is a comune in Trentino, northern Italy.

text:
# Denno

**Denno** (*Dén* in local dialect) is a *comune* in Trentino, northern Italy.

## InfoBox

| Denno | |
| --- | --- |
| *Comune* | |
| Comune di Denno | |
| Location of Denno | |
| DennoLocation of Denno in ItalyDennoDenno (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) | |
| Coordinates: 46°17′N 11°3′E / 46.283°N 11.050°E / 46.283; 11.050 | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol |
| Province | Trentino (TN) |
| Area | |
| Total | 10 km2 (4 sq mi) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,103 |
| Density | 110/km2 (290/sq mi) |
| Demonym | dennesi |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 38010 |
| Dialing code | 0461 |
| Patron saint | Saints Gervasius and Protasius |
| Saint day | 19 June |
| Website | Official website |


title: Robert Saxton Taylor

abstract: Robert Saxton Taylor was an influential library scholar and information scientist who served as Dean of the Syracuse University School of Information Studies from 1972 to 1981. His research and publications focused attention on users of information systems and information services.

text:
# Robert Saxton Taylor

**Robert Saxton Taylor** (June 15, 1918 – January 1, 2009) was an influential library scholar and information scientist who served as Dean of the Syracuse University School of Information Studies from 1972 to 1981. His research and publications focused attention on users of information systems and information services.

## Biography

Born in Ithaca, New York, Taylor received a bachelor's degree in history from Cornell University before being drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942. Serving in Germany, he became a member of the Army's Counter Intelligence Corps. As a counter-intelligence officer seeking informants against French and Soviet Communists and former Nazis, he recruited former Gestapo officer Klaus Barbie, the "Butcher of Lyon", later saying that he had not been aware of Barbie's activities during the war at the time that he recruited him.

Taylor recognized Barbie's name, as Barbie had been the only S.S. officer who had escaped arrest in a recent roundup of individuals wanted for questioning. Taylor said Barbie impressed him as "an honest man, both intellectually and personally, absolutely without fear. He is strongly anti-Communist and a Nazi idealist who believes that he and his beliefs were betrayed by the Nazis in power". When the Counter Intelligence Corps headquarters learned that Barbie was being used as an informant and ordered his arrest, Taylor wrote back to request that Barbie be allowed to remain at liberty: "his value as an informant infinitely outweighs any use he may have in prison".

Taylor returned to the United States in 1947, later earning a master's degree in library science from Columbia University (1950). Taylor was named a Fulbright Lecturer in 1956; he went on to work as a librarian, professor, and director of information science at Lehigh University (1956-1967), and then a professor and director of the Library Center at Hampshire College (1967-1972). Taylor joined the faculty of Syracuse University from 1972 to 1983, serving as dean between 1972 and 1981.

At the age of 90, after a lengthy illness, he died on 1 January 2009 at the Francis House in Syracuse. His papers have been deposited in the Special Collections Division of the Syracuse University Library.

## Contributions and recognition

In 1963, Taylor argued behavioral sciences provide fundamental approach to information science, as well as logic and mathematics, linguistics, and systems analysis. Taylor suggested breaking these approaches to information science into information sciences and information technology engineering. Information technology engineering would apply to any discussion of the development, design, or operation of information systems, indexing and abstracting services, information services, etc.

Taylor served on the Executive Council of the American Society for Information Science (now ASIST) from 1959–61, and was elected President in 1968. In 1972, Taylor received the ASIS award for the Best Information Science Book, and in 1992 received the organization's Award of Merit .

At Syracuse, Taylor founded the nation's first master's degree in information management in 1980. In 1986 Taylor published *Value-Added Processes in Information Systems* (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing), where he presents his important user criteria and value-added framework, outlining six categories of value-added services in library and information systems: ease of use; noise reduction; quality; adaptability; time savings; cost savings.

An assessment of Taylor's contributions to the evolution of memory's politics is explored by Nathan Johnson in *Architects of Memory.*

## Other publications