title: Palmerfest

abstract: Palmer Fest is an annual block party in Athens, Ohio, usually taking place annually in May on Palmer Street near the city's eastern edge. Palmer Street is a major student neighborhood of Ohio University. The event regularly attracts regional attention and sparks controversy as tens of thousands of students from universities around the state gather on the street, and reportedly engage in binge drinking and other disruptive behavior. The origins of Palmer Fest can be traced to 1988, where the residents of 5, 6, 7 and 8 Palmer Street bought kegs and had a massive block party, culminating with a performance of an America cover band in the backyard of 7 Palmer Street. The tradition was continued and was named Palmer Fest in 1991. It was started by Lorain natives Cris Loy, Layne Songer and Mike Cioffi. The street fest's original iteration included 500 friends and neighbors of the street residents. During the first Palmer Fest, residents pooled their money together to rent a beer trailer. In 1992, individual residents hosted their own house parties with a concentration of people gathering in the backyards of 19, 21, 23 and 25 Palmer Street. After 25 years of annual parties, the attendance of the fest has grown to around 8,000 people. Substantial police presence is required each year, and the event attracted attention throughout the state as the 2009 and 2010 iterations of the party had to be shut down by riot police after "near riots" erupted with intoxicated attendees setting fires to furniture in the streets and throwing debris at police officers and fire department crews attempting to control the crowds. Subsequent backlash saw the city crack down on party ordinances, though Palmer Fest has spawned spinoff parties in town and around the state. A virtual Palmerfest was held in 2020-21.

text:
# Palmerfest

**Palmer Fest** is an annual block party in Athens, Ohio, usually taking place annually in May on Palmer Street near the city's eastern edge. Palmer Street is a major student neighborhood of Ohio University. The event regularly attracts regional attention and sparks controversy as tens of thousands of students from universities around the state gather on the street, and reportedly engage in binge drinking and other disruptive behavior.

The origins of Palmer Fest can be traced to 1988, where the residents of 5, 6, 7 and 8 Palmer Street bought kegs and had a massive block party, culminating with a performance of an America cover band in the backyard of 7 Palmer Street. The tradition was continued and was named Palmer Fest in 1991. It was started by Lorain natives Cris Loy, Layne Songer and Mike Cioffi. The street fest's original iteration included 500 friends and neighbors of the street residents. During the first Palmer Fest, residents pooled their money together to rent a beer trailer. In 1992, individual residents hosted their own house parties with a concentration of people gathering in the backyards of 19, 21, 23 and 25 Palmer Street. After 25 years of annual parties, the attendance of the fest has grown to around 8,000 people. Substantial police presence is required each year, and the event attracted attention throughout the state as the 2009 and 2010 iterations of the party had to be shut down by riot police after "near riots" erupted with intoxicated attendees setting fires to furniture in the streets and throwing debris at police officers and fire department crews attempting to control the crowds. Subsequent backlash saw the city crack down on party ordinances, though Palmer Fest has spawned spinoff parties in town and around the state.

A virtual Palmerfest was held in 2020-21.

## Palmer Fest

The event is held on Palmer Street near the central east section of the city, a street 575 feet (175 m) long composed primarily of student-rented houses from undergraduates at Ohio University; it is surrounded on three sides by streets which also consist primarily of student-rented houses, as well as the student-leased Palmer Place apartment complex to the northwest. Palmer Fest is one of the largest events in the town each spring, and publicity of the event rivals the larger Halloween celebration held in the town each October, which is a city-sanctioned event. The Palmer Fest party, however, is held entirely by residents of Palmer Street and surrounding areas, who are almost exclusively students, who often erect temporary fencing around their houses and admit friends and classmates. The string of house parties, which take place throughout the day, often involve beer pong and other drinking activities. Annually revelers build stages around the houses on the street where local bands play music throughout the day. Street vendors often set up businesses at the ends of the street, and food carts report substantially improved business the weekend of Palmer Fest.

Athens and Ohio University police maintain a large presence at the party, often mounted police patrol the street and area to prevent the event from spiraling out of control. The event often produces large amounts of trash, and police are on hand the next day to supervise cleanup and ensure the houses do not violate city trash ordinances. Consequently, cleanup of the event often falls upon the residents of the respective houses.

## History

### Origins

In the late 1980s, residents of Palmer Street began hosting a string of parties after the university removed alcohol from its annual Spring Fest and Green weekends because of changes in state liquor laws and drinking age. Spring Fest, which had been held on university grounds and featured alcohol vendors, was made alcohol-free in 1988, and attendance dropped sharply, prompting residents of Palmer Street to hold a fest of their own to replace it. While not officially advertised as Palmer Fest, the original party was organized and put on by the residents of 5 and 7 Palmer Street and held in an adjoining lot behind the properties. The term "Palmer Fest" was coined by one of the bands playing that night (18th Emergency). The original party started with 16 kegs of beer (depleted by 9:30 p.m.), a glow stick vendor, a T-Shirt vendor, a band, and it grew out of control with an open BYOB policy and a drive-thru in close proximity. The police were caught off-guard by the large number of people that attended and for that reason told organizers to contain attendees and shut it down at 11:00 p.m. or risk arrest. The next attempt in 1990 saw a lesser event due to police intervention early. Palmerfest was revived officially on April 12, 1991. The event was attended by about 500 friends of the street residents and with only 15 beer kegs. Palmerfest grew in size with each successive year as word of the party spread. In general, each Palmerfest event was described as "peaceful" with minimal police intervention. Ohio University officials have coordinated with the residents of the street to ensure the event was as safe as possible.

Historically, heavy police presence was only necessitated to break up fights or if there is property damage or disorderly behavior. Police traditionally did not need a major presence on the street. However, Ohio University, in an effort to tone down the school's party school image, cracked down on punishment for drinking. University officials noted in the years leading up to the 2009 fest, the university was seeing a measure of success in regulating student behavior and restraining drinking.

The 2008 Palmer Fest party was mostly quiet, though a lawsuit was filed by an attendee who claimed he was struck and injured by a water balloon thrown by a student resident of the street.

**1999 - 2000**

Palmerfest was organized by "The Barn" at 15 Palmer street. Mickey Mentzer, a resident at the house involved O.A.R. to headline both years.

### 2009 "near riot"

By the May 9, 2009 Palmer Fest, attendance had grown to an estimated 8,000 people, including a significant number of students from other universities around the state. The 2009 Palmer Fest attracted statewide attention after a "near riot" erupted on Palmer Street around 10 p.m. when partygoers began setting fires to furniture in the street and assaulting police officers and firefighters who attempted to put out the blaze.

Around 10:00 p.m., officers responded to the first reports of a furniture fire in the street, and riot police moved down the street escorting a fire engine. Firefighters put out the blaze, but attendees quickly became belligerent and the crowd began shouting insults at the police, who withdrew. By 10:30, several more furniture fires were started in the street, and when police and firefighters attempted to return and extinguish the blazes, the crowd turned violent, throwing bottles of beer at police. Five police horses were injured, most by thrown glass bottles, and police reported a substantial amount of debris being thrown at them. Attendees of the party were packing the rooftops and alleys in between houses, some of whom participating in throwing debris and chanting slogans with the crowds surrounding the fires. Police responded by calling in reinforcements and 40 riot police and mounted police armed with batons and pepper spray confronted revelers and pushed them from the street and surrounding yards. Attendees criticized the behavior of the police as overly violent.

The town responded with several new safety ordinances guiding party behavior for students, including an attempted ordinance banning house concerts, as local code enforcement saw them as unsafe and potentially hazardous for fires. OU Dean of Students Dean Lombardi released a statement condemning the behavior, and police used online photos and YouTube to try and identify people responsible for the riotous behavior, and OU also announced efforts to hold students involved responsible.

### 2010 and town backlash

The May 8, 2010 Palmer Fest began around 8:00 a.m. and remained relatively calm throughout the day, spurred mainly by unseasonably cooler weather. Crowds did not block traffic or behave riotously throughout the early day, though police noted at 6:00 p.m. the tone of the crowd began to shift. At 9:20 p.m. police shut down two parties on the street due to lighting of fireworks, provoking significant antagonism from the crowd. The crowd quickly began to grow more hostile, and after 11 p.m. attendees began throwing objects at the officers. Mounted police began sweeping the sidewalks and several yards, following people who had assaulted them with objects. One officer fell off his horse while attempting to control the crowd. By 11:35 p.m. 50 riot police appeared on the street and began clearing it, armed with batons and pepper spray. One officer and one police horse were injured.

A total of 82 people were arrested during the weekend, 31 by Athens Police and 51 by state liquor control agents. Most of the arrests involved alcohol, though several arrests for rioting and felonious assault on an officer were also reported. Police subsequently created a website to identify people responsible for starting fires, taking pictures of the event from Facebook pages of people who attended the event. OU President Roderick McDavis subsequently released a written statement expressing outrage at the event, promising to hold any involved students responsible and meeting with city officials to plan preventive measures to prevent future events from spinning out of control in a similar manner.

### 2011

The May 7, 2011 Palmer Fest was called "uneventful" by police, and in spite of statewide attention the event remained calm, spurred greatly by rains throughout the day. Fires and other rioting behavior were not reported. Police reported attendees were substantially less rowdy than in previous years, never blocking the street to traffic, and crowds never escalated to violent action, as they had in the two years past. Police also attributed increased officer presence at the event and the more aggressive communication campaign to success at keeping the party in order.

However, police arrested about 170 people in connection with the event, many for underage drinking. The Ohio Department of Public Safety's investigative unit reported 172 arrests in Athens between May 6 and May 8, accounting for 86 percent of its arrests statewide. Most were for underage drinking or possession of fake IDs.

### 2012

Palmer Fest moved back into April, turned 21, and had a house set on fire. A riot zone was declared by the mayor of Athens around 7:50 p.m. and the spring fest was shut down shortly after.

## Legacy

The growing popularity of Palmer Fest spawned similar events on other streets throughout the town. Other events, all of them coordinated house parties by houses along the same street, have subsequently sprung up on Oak Street (Oak fest) Mill Street (Mill fest) and High Street (High fest), among others.

Increased attention to the Athens area during the fests means the town continually leads the state for annual arrests by the Ohio Investigative Unit.

### Citations

### Sources

## InfoBox

| Palmerfest | |
| --- | --- |
| Students gather along the street at the 2011 Palmerfest | |
| Date(s) | May annually |
| Begins | ~8:30 a.m. (EST) |
| Ends | Midnight (EST) |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Location(s) | Palmer Street, Athens, Ohio United States |
| Years active | 33 |
| Inaugurated | April 20, 1991 |
| Most recent | April 21, 2022 |
| Participants | Ohio University Students |
| Attendance | ~10,000 |


title: Finström

abstract: Finström is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. The municipality has a population of 2,624 of which 90.1% speak Swedish and 2.5% Finnish as their first language. The municipality covers an area of 172.50 square kilometres (66.60 sq mi) of which 49.23 km⁲ (19.01 sq mi) is water. The population density is 21.26 inhabitants per square kilometre (55.1/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Swedish. Godby, the largest village and administrative centre of Finström, is the second biggest built-up area in Åland after Mariehamn, inhabited by around 1300 people, or one-thirds of the municipality's population. A pharmacy, banks, a post office, a swimming hall and a health center are among the amenities that can be found in Godby.

text:
# Finström

**Finström** is a municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. The municipality has a population of 2,624 (31 August 2024) of which 90.1% speak Swedish and 2.5% Finnish as their first language. The municipality covers an area of 172.50 square kilometres (66.60 sq mi) of which 49.23 km2 (19.01 sq mi) is water. The population density is 21.26 inhabitants per square kilometre (55.1/sq mi). The municipality is unilingually Swedish.

Godby, the largest village and administrative centre of Finström, is the second biggest built-up area in Åland after Mariehamn, inhabited by around 1300 people, or one-thirds of the municipality's population. A pharmacy, banks, a post office, a swimming hall and a health center are among the amenities that can be found in Godby.

## History

Finström was widely inhabited in the Viking Age. The church of St. Michael is one of the oldest in Åland with the oldest parts dating from the 12th century. Grelsby kungsgård was the place where king Gustavus Vasa stayed with his entourage of 312 people for a few days in the spring of 1556. Swedish king Gustaf IV Adolf also stayed there for six weeks in the summer of 1808 prior to the 1809 loss of Finland to Russia. During the Finnish civil war several communists were executed outside Godby, on the ice of Färjsundet.

## Geography

Finström is right in the middle of mainland Åland and is bordered by a total of five municipalities: Sund to the east, Saltvik to the northeast, Geta to the north, Hammarland to the west and Jomala to the south. The most significant main roads of Finström are Highway 2 between Mariehamn and Sund, and Highway 4 to Geta.

Långsjön, the largest lake in Åland, is located in the municipality, as is the Almskogen nature reserve. Notable bays include Kasviken and Ödkarbyviken.

## Economy

Godby is by far the center of Finström's economy. The biggest employer in the municipality is Optinova, a plastic factory with 130 employees. Tourism is also an important line of business.

Agricultural products grown especially in the northern parts of Finström include apples and various vegetables, and fishing is also a source of income for some.

## Images

Media related to Finström at Wikimedia Commons  Finström travel guide from Wikivoyage

## InfoBox

| Finström | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| *Finströms kommun* | |
| Finström | |
|  | |
| Location of Finström in Finland | |
| FinströmLocation in Åland | |
| Coordinates: 60°14′N 019°59.5′E / 60.233°N 19.9917°E / 60.233; 19.9917 | |
| Country | Finland |
| Region | Åland |
| Sub-region | Åland Countryside sub-region |
| Seat | Godby |
| Government | |
| Municipal manager | Magnus Sandberg |
| Area (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 172.50 km2 (66.60 sq mi) |
| Land | 123.43 km2 (47.66 sq mi) |
| Water | 49.23 km2 (19.01 sq mi) |
| Rank | 289th largest in Finland |
| Population (2024-08-31) | |
| Total | 2,624 |
| Rank | 228th largest in Finland |
| Density | 21.26/km2 (55.1/sq mi) |
| Population by native language | |
| Swedish | 90.1% (official) |
| Finnish | 2.5% |
| Others | 7.5% |
| Population by age | |
| 0 to 14 | 17.9% |
| 15 to 64 | 59.9% |
| 65 or older | 22.2% |
| Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
| Website | www.finstrom.ax |


title: Campbell Lutyens

abstract: Campbell Lutyens is an independent private markets advisory firm exclusively focused on primary fundraising, secondary transactions and GP capital advisory services in the private equity, private debt, infrastructure and sustainable investing markets. The firm has offices in London, New York City, Paris, Chicago, Los Angeles, Charlotte, Hong Kong and Singapore and comprises a team of over 200 professionals representing over 40 nationalities. Campbell Lutyens was founded in 1988 by John Campbell, Richard Lutyens (deceased) and Bill Dacombe. Andrew Sealey has been CEO since 2003.

text:
# Campbell Lutyens

**Campbell Lutyens** is an independent private markets advisory firm exclusively focused on primary fundraising, secondary transactions and GP capital advisory services in the private equity, private debt, infrastructure and sustainable investing markets. The firm has offices in London, New York City, Paris, Chicago, Los Angeles, Charlotte, Hong Kong and Singapore and comprises a team of over 200 professionals representing over 40 nationalities.

Campbell Lutyens was founded in 1988 by John Campbell, Richard Lutyens (deceased) and Bill Dacombe. Andrew Sealey has been CEO since 2003.

## Business Lines

The firm operates three business lines:

* Fundraising for private equity, private debt, infrastructure and sustainable investing fund managers (as a placement agent). Campbell Lutyens assists private equity firms in raising funds and advises on all stages and aspects of the fundraising process including strategy, documentation and structuring. The firm acts typically for European, US and Asian managers raising funds of between $300 million and $5 billion from institutional investors globally.
* Advisory services for limited partners and general partners with a focus on the secondary market, including the sale and restructuring of portfolios. In addition to advising institutions and asset managers on the secondary sale of portfolios of limited partnership fund interests, the firm advises general partners of private equity, private debt and infrastructure funds on the realization, refocusing or resizing of funds. Typically, advisory transaction mandates range in size from $100 million to $3 billion.
* Advisory services for general partners on investment and strategic growth decisions related to their management companies and general partner financing options, including minority GP equity investments.

## InfoBox

Campbell Lutyens
|
|  |
| Company type | Private Ownership |
| Industry | Private placement agent |
| Founded | 1988 |
| Founder | John Campbell, Richard Lutyens |
| Headquarters | London, England, UK |
| Products | Fund placement, Secondary Advisory, GP capital advisory |
| Number of employees | 200 (July 2022) |
| Website | www.campbell-lutyens.com |


title: Finspång Municipality

abstract: Finspång Municipality is a municipality in Östergötland County in Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Finspång, with some 13,000 inhabitants.

text:
# Finspång Municipality

**Finspång Municipality** (*Finspångs kommun*) is a municipality in Östergötland County in Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Finspång, with some 13,000 inhabitants.

## Nature

The municipality refers to itself as Sweden's most lake-dense municipality, with at least 170 named lakes. The municipality boasts that one can swim in a different lake each day of the year as there are 366 different ones.

## History

Finspång is a traditional industrial city. The first industries were established in 1580 when a Royal factory for cannon and cannon balls was supervised. The industry was to continue for 300 years under supervision of the Dutch-stemming family De Geer. By Louis de Geer (1622-1695), the Finspång Castle was constructed, and around it industries and an orangery developed into the city Finspång. Today the two main industrial areas are those of turbines and aluminum processing.

## Localities

## Demographics

This is a demographic table based on Finspång Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 21,862 residents, including 16,657 Swedish citizens of voting age. 48.5% voted for the left coalition and 50.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

## Elections

### Riksdag

These are the results of the Riksdag elections of Finspång Municipality since the 1972 municipality reform. The results of the Sweden Democrats were not published by SCB between 1988 and 1998 at a municipal level to the party's small nationwide size at the time. "Votes" denotes valid votes, whereas "Turnout" denotes also blank and invalid votes.

| Year | Turnout | Votes |  |  | MP |  |  | KD |  | SD | ND |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | 93.7 | 15,333 | 3.9 | 56.9 | 0.0 | 20.6 | 6.1 | 2.9 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 1976 | 94.2 | 15,981 | 3.3 | 55.8 | 0.0 | 19.5 | 8.1 | 2.5 | 10.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 1979 | 93.0 | 16,078 | 4.5 | 56.4 | 0.0 | 14.7 | 8.2 | 2.6 | 13.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 1982 | 93.4 | 16,121 | 4.3 | 59.2 | 1.4 | 13.2 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 14.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 1985 | 92.2 | 16,001 | 4.6 | 58.2 | 1.4 | 12.5 | 9.6 | 0.0 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 1988 | 88.5 | 15,190 | 5.5 | 56.1 | 4.9 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 4.1 | 10.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 1991 | 89.1 | 15,095 | 5.1 | 50.7 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 8.3 | 12.3 | 0.0 | 6.4 |
| 1994 | 89.3 | 15,081 | 7.4 | 55.1 | 4.3 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 14.1 | 0.0 | 1.2 |
| 1998 | 84.3 | 13,830 | 14.5 | 46.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 11.4 | 14.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 2002 | 83.0 | 13,253 | 9.4 | 51.6 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 8.2 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
| 2006 | 83.7 | 13,301 | 6.6 | 47.1 | 4.1 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 7.0 | 18.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 |
| 2010 | 85.2 | 13,760 | 6.1 | 43.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 22.2 | 5.3 | 0.0 |
| 2014 | 86.4 | 13,971 | 5.3 | 43.2 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 16.1 | 15.4 | 0.0 |

**Blocs**

This lists the relative strength of the socialist and centre-right blocs since 1973, but parties not elected to the Riksdag are inserted as "other", including the Sweden Democrats results from 1988 to 2006, but also the Christian Democrats pre-1991 and the Greens in 1982, 1985 and 1991. The sources are identical to the table above. The coalition or government mandate marked in bold formed the government after the election. New Democracy got elected in 1991 but are still listed as "other" due to the short lifespan of the party. "Elected" is the total number of percentage points from the municipality that went to parties who were elected to the Riksdag.

| Year | Turnout | Votes | Left | Right | SD | Other | Elected |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | 93.7 | 15,333 | **60.8** | 36.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 96.8 |
| 1976 | 94.2 | 15,981 | 59.1 | **37.9** | 0.0 | 3.0 | 97.0 |
| 1979 | 93.0 | 16,078 | 60.9 | **36.0** | 0.0 | 3.1 | 96.9 |
| 1982 | 93.4 | 16,121 | **63.5** | 32.3 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 95.8 |
| 1985 | 92.2 | 16,001 | **62.8** | 35.7 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 98.5 |
| 1988 | 88.5 | 15,190 | **66.5** | 29.2 | 0.0 | 4.3 | 95.7 |
| 1991 | 89.1 | 15,095 | 55.8 | **34.7** | 0.0 | 9.5 | 96.9 |
| 1994 | 89.3 | 15,081 | **66.8** | 31.1 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 97.9 |
| 1998 | 84.3 | 13,830 | **64.7** | 33.6 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 98.3 |
| 2002 | 83.0 | 13,253 | **65.0** | 33.1 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 98.1 |
| 2006 | 83.7 | 13,301 | 57.8 | **36.7** | 0.0 | 5.5 | 94.5 |
| 2010 | 85.2 | 13,760 | 55.8 | **38.2** | 5.3 | 0.7 | 99.3 |
| 2014 | 86.4 | 13,971 | **53.1** | 29.1 | 15.4 | 2.4 | 97.6 |

## Twin towns

Finspång Municipality has formal twin town treaties with three cities. These treaties were signed in 1967.

Today there is no contact with Stromberg or Givet, and contact was broken with Yvoir before being reestablished in 1997.

Finspång also has (informally) established cooperation with seven other cities:

(Source and more information:  Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish))

## Notable people born in Finspång

## Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Finspång Municipality:

## InfoBox

| Finspång Municipality *Finspångs kommun* | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Finspång Castle | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 58°42′N 15°48′E / 58.700°N 15.800°E / 58.700; 15.800 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| County | Östergötland County |
| Seat | Finspång |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,215.05 km2 (469.13 sq mi) |
| Land | 1,055.28 km2 (407.45 sq mi) |
| Water | 159.77 km2 (61.69 sq mi) |
|  | Area as of 1 January 2014. |
| Population (31 December 2023) | |
| Total | 21,694 |
| Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | SE |
| Province | Östergötland |
| Municipal code | 0562 |
| Website | www.finspong.se |


title: Finspångs AIK

abstract: Finspångs Allmänna Idrottsklubb, FAIK, is a multi-sport club in Finspång, Sweden, founded in 1937. The club colours are red, white and yellow. practices badminton, bandy, table tennis, boxing, amateur wrestling, track and field athletics, ice hockey and tennis, earlier also handball, soccer and figure skating. The club is most well known for its teams in association football and bandy. Bandy was played by a predecessor club, Finspongs IK, since 1919, and has been played by FAIK from the start. The Finspångs AIK men's bandy team played the 1941 season in the Swedish top division. The club has been playing in the present second level league of Swedish bandy, Allsvenskan, since its inaugural season in 2007/08 season except for the 2013/14 season, but will play there again for the 2014/15 season.

text:
# Finspångs AIK

**Finspångs Allmänna Idrottsklubb**, *FAIK*, is a multi-sport club in Finspång, Sweden, founded in 1937. The club colours are red, white and yellow. practices badminton, bandy, table tennis, boxing, amateur wrestling, track and field athletics, ice hockey and tennis, earlier also handball, soccer and figure skating.

The club is most well known for its teams in association football and bandy. Bandy was played by a predecessor club, Finspongs IK, since 1919, and has been played by FAIK from the start. The Finspångs AIK men's bandy team played the 1941 season in the Swedish top division.

The club has been playing in the present second level league of Swedish bandy, Allsvenskan, since its inaugural season in 2007/08 season except for the 2013/14 season, but will play there again for the 2014/15 season.

1. "Organiserade idrottens födelse i Finspång". Finspångs AIK. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
2. "Jimmys bandysida". Archived from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
3. "Allsvenskan (herr). Serieindelningen 2014/15". Swedish Bandy Association. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

## InfoBox

| Finspångs AIK | |
| --- | --- |
| City | Finspång, Sweden |
| League | Division 1 |
| Division | Mellersta |
| Founded | 1937 (1937) |


title: Fiske O'Hara

abstract: George Russ Clary Fiske O'Hara was an American singer and actor who was nicknamed the Irish Tenor.

text:
# Fiske O'Hara

**George Russ Clary Fiske O'Hara** (March 11, 1878, Rockland, Maine – July 12, 1945, Hollywood, California) was an American singer and actor who was nicknamed the *Irish Tenor*.

## Early career, 1898-1909

He made his professional debut in 1898 under the name George Fiske with Mr. and Mrs. Charles Manley in the rural comedy *Down on the Farm*. The following year he supported Tony Farrell in *My Colleen*, and then came a season divided between *McFee's Matrimonial Bureau* and as principal tenor with Gus Sun's Minstrels. Beginning with the season of 1901-02 and for two years, O'Hara managed and played important parts with the People's Theatre Stock Company, Chicago, IL., and during the summer of 1903 he filled a special engagement with the Ferris Stock, St. Paul, Minn., being cast for such important juvenile roles as Albert in *Monte Cristo*, Judson Langhorne in *All the Comforts of Home*, Dechelette in *Sapho*. Tom Mayne in *My Jim* and Sir Reginald Dare in *Shamus O'Brien*, in which his singing of *My Wild Irish Rose* met with most hearty approval. O'Hara divided the season of 1903-04 between the Metropolitan Stock, Duluth, Minn., with which organization he played two roles each week, gaining an invaluable amount of experience, and with The Bostonians, singing tenor roles with this company in *Robin Hood*, *The Serenade* and *The Queen of Laughter*. It was following this that he made his debut before a New York audience, at the Majestic Theatre, August 23, 1904, as Lieutenant Harold Katchall in *The Isle of Spice*, meeting with most hearty approval. O'Hara made his first appearance at the head of his own company Christmas Day, 1905 at Newark, N. J., in *Mr. Blarney from Ireland*, a piece written specially for him and in which he introduced several songs of his own composition. He devoted two seasons to this piece and then came a year and a half in an equally popular successor, *Dion O'Dare*.

In 1909, O'Hara toured the vaudeville circuit, presenting an Irish sketch, *Captain Barry*.

## Filmography

O'Hara also appeared in several films, including:

## Death

Having been blind for a year and a half and confined to bed for a year, Fiske O'Hara died on August 2, 1945. The funeral services were conducted at the Elks Lodge No. 99, his remains cremated before being sent to Valhalla, NY for interment.

## InfoBox

| Fiske O'Hara | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | George Russ Clary Fiske O'Hara
(1878-03-11)March 11, 1878
Rockland, Maine, U.S. |
| Died | July 12, 1945(1945-07-12) (aged 67)
Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Resting place | Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Singer and actor |
| Spouse | Marie Patricia O'Hara |


title: First Battle of Garua

abstract: The First Battle of Garua took place from 29 to 31 August 1914 during the Kamerun campaign of the First World War between German and invading British forces in northern Kamerun at Garua. It was the first significant action to take place in the campaign and resulted in the German repulsion of the British force.

text:
# First Battle of Garua

The **First Battle of Garua** took place from 29 to 31 August 1914 during the Kamerun campaign of the First World War between German and invading British forces in northern Kamerun at Garua. It was the first significant action to take place in the campaign and resulted in the German repulsion of the British force.

## Background

On 25 August 1914 (three weeks after war had broken out in Europe), British cavalry from the West African Frontier Force crossed the border from Nigeria and seized Tepe, a German border post to the north of Garua. The post's occupation gave British forces a foothold in northern Kamerun, from which they could attack the many German forts that protected the region, including the ones at Garua.

## German defences at Garua

The Germans had constructed five modern forts at Garua, each of which were situated to give supporting fire to another if needed. The earthworks included deep trenches and dugouts with overhead protection, ringed with barbed wire and manned by three companies of African Askaris under German officers and NCO's. Artillery would be needed to cause any significant damage to the fortifications.

## The battle

From Tepe, British forces under the command of Colonel MacLear turned southwards towards the stronghold at Garua. They arrived on 29 August and dug entrenchments around the German forts. That night the British attacked the fortifications, charging over 400 meters of open ground. After suffering heavy casualties they successfully captured one of the five forts. The following day German forces counter-attacked, pushing the British out. Nigerian troops reportedly fled, leaving British officers alone in the trenches. As the British force fled the Germans continued their counter-attack, pushing them out of Kamerun completely and pursuing them into Nigeria for days afterwards. The majority of the officers of the British units were killed, including the commanding officer, Colonel MacLear. Forty percent of the native Nigerian troops were lost. The Germans suffered relatively minor losses in comparison.

## Aftermath

The action at Garua, as well as battles in other areas along Kamerun's north-western border with Nigeria, turned out to be relatively successful for the Germans. They were able to repulse each British thrust that came at them during the opening days of the conflict, and even put themselves in position to threaten Calabar, the main port in eastern Nigeria. The victory at Garua enhanced the morale of German Askaris significantly and stalled Allied advances into northern Kamerun until mid-1915, when the Second Battle of Garua resulted in British victory.

* "Britain's Conquest of the German Cameroons." *War Illustrated Deluxe* pg 1178. Web.\<http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great\_War/SW\_Afrika/Cameroon\_01.htm\>.
* Buchan, John. *A History of the Great War. Vol. I*, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1922
* Farwell, Byron. *The Great War in Africa (1914-1918)*. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York. 1986 ISBN 0-393-30564-3
* Hilditch, A. N. *Battle Sketches 1914 - 1915*, Oxford UP, 1915.
* Reynolds, Francis J., Churchill, Allen L., and Miller, Francis T. "Chapter 77 - The Cameroons." *The Story of the Great War Vol. III* (of VIII). 1916.
* Strachan, Hew. *The First World War*. Vol. I: To Arms. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

09°18′N 13°24′E / 9.300°N 13.400°E / 9.300; 13.400

## InfoBox

| First Battle of Garua | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Kamerun campaign in World War I | |
|
A German officer fires a gun from the defences at Garua during the Kamerun Campaign | |
| Date 29–31 August 1914  Location Garua, German Kamerun and British Nigeria  Result  German victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| British Empire | Germany |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Col. C. H. P. Carter
Col. MacLear
Maj. Puckle | Cap. Kurt Freiherr von Crailsheim-Rügland |
| Strength | |
| 600 | 3 companies |
| Casualties and losses | |
| **Europeans**:
Majority of officer corps
**Nigerians**:
250 | Light |


title: First Battle of Guararapes

abstract: The First Battle of Guararapes took place during the Insurrection of Pernambuco, between Dutch and Portuguese forces in Pernambuco, in a dispute for the dominion of that part of the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

text:
# First Battle of Guararapes

The **First Battle of Guararapes** took place during the Insurrection of Pernambuco, between Dutch and Portuguese forces in Pernambuco, in a dispute for the dominion of that part of the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

## Beginnings

On 18 April 1648, around forty five hundred Dutch soldiers and five artillery pieces marched south, coming from Recife. On their way south, they eliminated a small defensive outpost at the village of Barreta. The few survivors regrouped at the village of Arraial Novo do Bom Jesus, headquarters of the Portuguese resistance, where they reported the incident.

Commanders of the resistance called for a march of 2,000 combatants towards the Jaboatão dos Guararapes ("Drums" in native language) Hills against an enemy better equipped and in superior numbers.

## Forces involved in the conflict

### Dutch Forces

Sigismund van Schoppe, the Dutch commander, experienced in Brazilian campaigns where he used to fight since he was a Captain, intended to proceed to the south, targeting initially the village of Muribeca - a key point to reach Santo Agostinho Cape. His plan was to isolate the resistance troops from reserves and supplies that might have come from the south, and then have them destroyed by his superior force.

### Portuguese Forces

Francisco Barreto de Meneses, the Portuguese commander (Mestre-de-Campo-General), had recently arrived to that region and decided to follow his subordinate's suggestions: they would go to their enemy instead, and force the Dutch troops into a decisive encounter. This was a bold move, considering they had half the numbers of their adversaries, and no artillery. At this point, information sent from the fallen Barreta outpost had come to them, and they knew exactly the size and equipment available to the Dutch forces.

## Battle

At the beginning of the fight, von Schoppe may have realized that he would have to fight a much stronger force than the one he had defeated in Barreta. Also, the opportunity to choose the proper place to meet a superior force was crucial for the Portuguese victory. The terrain was damp, mostly swamp, and did not allow for the classical in-line formation of European armies. Forced into a narrow front, the Dutch's advantages had been almost nullified.

The Portuguese forces were divided into five *terços* commanded by Barreto de Meneses, Fernandes Vieira, Filipe Camarão, and Henrique Dias. André Vidal de Negreiros was the commander of the fifth terço kept in reserve.

Barreto de Meneses concentrated his efforts on the space between the East face and the main swamp. In the center, Fernandes Vieira's terço had the mission to penetrate as deep as possible into the enemy's formation. On the right flank, Filipe Camarão would use the long experience of the natives in fighting in the swamped terrain. Henrique Dias would use the "terço dos negros" (black's terço) to keep the Dutch from advancing and then avoiding the spear head advance from being flanked.

Limited by the lack of space for maneuver, von Schoppe concentrated most of his forces on the space between the east face and the main swamp. Three of his battalions were face-to-face against the terços of Vieira and Camarão, while two other battalions of his would try to flank the advancing forces and would be contained by the terço of Dias. Two Dutch battalions would not be allowed to maneuver and would stay back, out of action.

The closed space also did not allow the use of firearms to its full potential and maximized the use of native weapons and the short sword. Diogo Lopes Santiago, a possible eye witness of that event, gives his gruesome account of that encounter: *"(...) and as they ran away, our soldiers would follow them with their swords with cuts and slashes, cutting legs, arms, heads, some killing, others wounding badly, laying on the field bodies without arms, trunks without heads (...) holding their sword in the middle of those squadrons, piles of enemies, giving spokes to some and to others death, showing the sword, tinted in blood"*.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Garcia, Rodolfo (2012). *Obras do Barão do Rio Branco VI: efemérides brasileiras* (in Portuguese). Brasília: Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. ISBN 978-85-7631-357-1.
* Marley, David (1998). *Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present*. ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6.
* Rocha, Sebastião da. History of Portuguese America. (in Portuguese)

## InfoBox

| First Battle of Guararapes | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Insurrection of Pernambuco | |
|
*Batalha dos Guararapes* by Victor Meirelles, 1875–1879 | |
| Date 19 April 1648  Location Morro dos Guararapes (present-day Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brazil)  Result  Portuguese victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| West India Company | Kingdom of Portugal |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| S. van Schoppe (WIA) | Francisco Barreto
Filipe Camarão |
| Strength | |
| 5,000
5 cannons | 2,200 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| **1,000**
1 cannon captured | **480:**
80 killed
400 wounded |


abstract: First Presbyterian Church is a historic church at 221 Court Street in Portsmouth, Ohio. The Greek Revival church building was constructed in 1849. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

text:
# First Presbyterian Church (Portsmouth, Ohio)

**First Presbyterian Church** is a historic church at 221 Court Street in Portsmouth, Ohio.

The Greek Revival church building was constructed in 1849. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| First Presbyterian Church | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district<br>Contributing property | |
|  | |
| Front of the church | |
|  | |
| Location | 221 Court St., Portsmouth, Ohio |
| Coordinates | 38°43′55″N 83°0′4″W / 38.73194°N 83.00111°W / 38.73194; -83.00111 |
| Area | Less than 1 acre (0.40 ha) |
| Built | 1849 |
| Architectural style | Greek Revival |
| Part of | Boneyfiddle Commercial District (ID79001938) |
| NRHP reference No. | 73001532 |
| Added to NRHP | November 28, 1973 |


abstract: The first photographs from the floor of the United States Senate in session were a series of two photographs by Thomas D. "Tom" McAvoy published in the June 20, 1938 issue of Life magazine. According to Life, the two images – presented in a four page photo essay showing other scenes from in and around the United States Capitol – were captured by McAvoy, one of the magazines' staff photographers, on June 2 of that year. Photography of the Senate had been informally prohibited up until that point and, in the 1950s, the prohibition was formalized through adoption of a new rule by the chamber. The publication reported that their photos were captured after McAvoy had been given special permission by United States Senator Alben W. Barkley, who was then serving as Majority Leader, to take the images. According to the publication, their photographs of the Senate were not the first captured, but "previous photographs of the Senate at work have been sneak shots taken with smuggled cameras from the gallery". In 1963, a second set of photos was permitted by National Geographic for use in a book on the United States Capitol. In the 1980s, rules were relaxed to permit limited motion filming of the Senate's proceedings, however, this video is produced by the Senate Recording Studio, a government office, and provided to news organizations and the public; private filming by the public or media remains prohibited, as does still photography.

text:
# First photographs from the floor of the United States Senate in session

The **first photographs from the floor of the United States Senate in session** were a series of two photographs by Thomas D. "Tom" McAvoy published in the June 20, 1938 issue of *Life* magazine.

According to *Life*, the two images – presented in a four page photo essay showing other scenes from in and around the United States Capitol – were captured by McAvoy, one of the magazines' staff photographers, on June 2 of that year. Photography of the Senate had been informally prohibited up until that point and, in the 1950s, the prohibition was formalized through adoption of a new rule by the chamber. The publication reported that their photos were captured after McAvoy had been given special permission by United States Senator Alben W. Barkley, who was then serving as Majority Leader, to take the images.

According to the publication, their photographs of the Senate were not the first captured, but "previous photographs of the Senate at work have been sneak shots taken with smuggled cameras from the gallery". In 1963, a second set of photos was permitted by *National Geographic* for use in a book on the United States Capitol. In the 1980s, rules were relaxed to permit limited motion filming of the Senate's proceedings, however, this video is produced by the Senate Recording Studio, a government office, and provided to news organizations and the public; private filming by the public or media remains prohibited, as does still photography.


title: Philippe Hecquet

abstract: Philippe Hecquet was a French physician and vegetarianism activist.

text:
# Philippe Hecquet

**Philippe Hecquet** (11 February 1661 – 11 April 1737) was a French physician and vegetarianism activist.

## Biography

Hecquet obtained his M.D. from Reims in 1684. In 1688, he moved to Port-Royal-des-Champs, where he succeeded Jean Hamon, as physician. He spent much time helping the poor. In 1697, he became Doctor at University of Paris and received the official hat after an examination of "rare success". The Faculty named him Docteur-Régent and he was appointed as Professor of Materia Medica. In 1712, he was named Dean of the Faculty.

Hecquet was an ascetic, Cartesian mechanist and vegetarian. He was influenced by Porphyry. Hecquet was concerned with health from a diet perspective and campaigned against the consumption of meat, stating it interfered with digestion and circulation of the blood. Hecquet noted how the rich often consumed much expensive meat, spicy sauces and strong wine which was bad for health. He argued that such a diet was difficult for the body to digest and impaired the elasticity of the fluid-bearing organs. He stated that if flesh was to be eaten it should only be fish. He believed that fruits, grains, nuts and seeds should replace meat. Hecquet was a Jansenist Catholic and promoted a "theological medicine". He argued that the Garden of Eden depicted a vegetarian regime.

Hecquet argued that all physiological processes could be reduced to simple mechanisms. He developed a digestive theory of "trituration" which emphasized the grinding action of mastication and peristalsis of muscle walls of the stomach. Hecquet believed fish and vegetables are superior to meat because their composition is easily broken down by trituration.

Hecquet has been described as "one of the first systematic proponents of vegetarianism". Historian Ken Albala credits Hecquet for making the first scientific defense of a vegetarian diet.

## Selected publications

## InfoBox

| Philippe Hecquet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 11 February 1661
Abbeville, France |
| Died | 11 April 1737 (1737-04-12) (aged 76)
Paris, France |
| Occupation(s) | Physician, writer |


title: Philip S. Alexander

abstract: Philip S. Alexander is a British Judaic scholar and Professor of Post-Biblical Jewish Literature and co-director of the Centre for Jewish Studies in the University of Manchester.

text:
# Philip S. Alexander

**Philip S. Alexander** FBA (born 10 March 1947) is a British Judaic scholar and Professor of Post-Biblical Jewish Literature and co-director of the Centre for Jewish Studies in the University of Manchester.

## Books

* *The Mystical Texts* (Companion to the Dead Sea Scrolls), T&T Clark Ltd 2005
* *The Targum of Canticles: Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes*. (The Aramaic Bible 17A), T&T Clark Ltd 2003
* *Serekh ha-Yahad and Two Related Texts*, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1998
* *Textual Sources for the Study of Judaism*, Edited and Translated by Philip Alexander, University of Chicago Press 1990

## InfoBox

| Philip S. Alexander | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1947-03-10) 10 March 1947 |
| Education | Oxford University (MA, DPhil) |
| Awards | FBA |
|  | |
| Era | 21st-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| Institutions | University of Manchester |
|  | |


title: Philip S. Corbet

abstract: Philip Steven Corbet was a British entomologist whose work focused largely on aquatic insects and dragonflies. He co-authored and authored several books on the subject, which established him as a world expert on the order Odonata. He is also noted for his interest in biological controls as a substitute for synthetic pesticides in agriculture.

text:
# Philip S. Corbet

**Philip Steven Corbet** FRSE (21 May 1929 – 13 February 2008) was a British entomologist whose work focused largely on aquatic insects and dragonflies. He co-authored and authored several books on the subject, which established him as a world expert on the order Odonata. He is also noted for his interest in biological controls as a substitute for synthetic pesticides in agriculture.

## Biography

Born in Kuala Lumpur, where his father Alexander Steven Corbet was a microbiologist at the Rubber Research Institute, Corbet was educated at Nelson College in New Zealand from 1940 to 1945 and then for a year at Dauntsey's School in Wiltshire. He went on to study zoology at the University of Reading before completing his doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge in 1953.

Corbet was employed as an entomologist and zoologist by the East African High Commission in Uganda between 1954 and 1962. Initially he worked at the East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization in Jinja and then, from 1957, at the East African Virus Research Institute at Entebbe. He then moved to Canada where he worked at the Entomology Research Institute in Ottawa, before becoming director of the Canada Department of Agriculture Research Institute at Belleville, Ontario, in 1967. Four years later he was appointed professor of biology at the University of Waterloo. In 1974 he returned to New Zealand, taking up the position of professor and director of the Joint Centre for Environmental Science at the University of Canterbury and Lincoln Agricultural College. In 1978 he became chair of the zoology department at the University of Canterbury, and two years later he was appointed professor of zoology at the University of Dundee, where he remained until his retirement in 1990.

Corbet continued to conduct entomological research at the University of Edinburgh, where he appointed an honorary professor in 1996. The same year he retired to Cornwall, where he continued writing and served on the Cornwall Wildlife Trust. He died at Truro following a heart attack in 2008.

In Canada, Corbet investigated methods of pest suppression that reduced or eliminated the need for synthetic chemical pesticides, and led the team that suppressed the populations of biting insects that threatened Expo 67 in Montreal. Corbet authored or co-authored numerous publications, including the books *Dragonflies: behaviour and ecology of Odonata* (1960, expanded and updated in 1999) and *A Biology of Dragonflies* (1962).

* *Agrion: Newsletter of the Worldwide Dragonfly Association*  Special edition in memory of Philip Steven Corbet May, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Philip Steven Corbet | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1929-05-21)21 May 1929 |
| Died | 13 February 2008(2008-02-13) (aged 78) |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | University of Cambridge |
| Children | 1 |


title: Philippine investment climate

abstract: This article describes the Philippine investment climate.

text:
# Philippine investment climate

This article describes the **Philippine investment climate**.

In an AT Kearney Survey of Investment Intentions of 1000 leading MNCs, Philippines did not figure in the top 20 locations while Singapore, Malaysia, China and Thailand did. In the years 2000-2004, %of investment compared to GDP has been declining.

The Philippines ranked 144 out of 183 economies surveyed in the World Bank’s Doing Business 2010 report, an annual survey of different economies on the ease of doing business. Of the 10 factors measured in the survey, the Philippines scored 162 in starting a business, 132 in protecting investors, 118 in enforcing contracts, 115 in employing workers, and 68 in trading across borders (the only factor that the Philippines scored below 100).

Recently, Third party assessments of the Philippine investment climate statement are included below:

According to these surveys and various other surveys, the investment climate of the Philippines is declining. Philippines are not just the second option or the third option to invest in but rather Philippines lies in the near lower end of the list. Some surveys point out that it may be due to restrictions on starting a business further more it may be due to our legal system on employment, legal contracts or the skill level of our labor force. Others also point corruption as the biggest factor of the decline of foreign investment in our country.

Investment (% of GDP) for Philippines in year 2010 is 15.62%. This makes Philippines No. 150 in world rankings according to Investment (% of GDP) in year 2010. The world's average investment (% of GDP) value is 21.70%; Philippines is 6.08 less than the average. In the previous year, 2009, Investment (% of GDP) for Philippines was 14.65% Investment (% of GDP) for Philippines in 2010 was or will be 6.65% more than it was or will be in 2009.

Balance of Payments 2000-2008 PSY 2010

Philippines is aiming to generate 400 billion pesos (US Dollar 10 billion) in investment commitments in 2013. This figure was 360 billion (US Dollar 8.8 billion) pesos in 2012. US-Philippines Society, a non-profit and independent organization is seeking to raise the profile of the Philippines in the US.

## Philippine laws on investments

### Omnibus Investments Code of 1987: Investment incentives

Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, also known as Executive Order No. 226, contains the current investment policies of the Philippines. The government encourages foreign and domestic investments.

Under the Book 1 of the EO 226, enterprises might register under the Board of Investments (BOI) to avail of fiscal investment incentives such as exemption from income taxes, exemption from custom duties and national internal revenue taxes on importation of supplies and spare parts. Moreover, there are non-fiscal incentives such as the permission to employ foreign nationals in supervisory and advisory positions as well as simplification of custom procedures for importation of equipment and exportation of processed products. Of course, investment incentives have restrictions and qualifications. These are the requirements to be qualified for investment incentives:

1. Investing in PIONEER Areas and areas of investments listed in the Investment Priorities Plan (IPP).
2. at least 50% of production is for exports, if Filipino-owned.
3. at least 70% of production is for exports, if majority foreign-owned enterprise (more than 40% foreign equity).

#### Pioneer Areas of Investment

An important legislation in Philippine investment is the classification of industries that the government deems to be in need of more investments. The government sets the following standards in order to boost these industries through the privileges aforementioned in the previous section. PIONEER activities can go up to 100% foreign ownership, subject to constitutional and/or statutory limitations. These foreign-owned enterprises should be in at least one of these industries: All these industries should involve the substantial use and processing of domestic raw materials, wherever available.

1. Innovation: Innovative industries that produce goods that are not in commercial sale in the Philippines, or industries that use new and untried systems of production or transformation of any raw material.
2. Social welfare: Agricultural, forestry and mining activities and/or services that are highly essential to the attainment of national goals such as food self-sufficiency and other social benefits.
3. Environment: Environmentally relevant industries that utilize non-conventional fuels and sources of energy in their production.

### Subic and Clark economic zones

These are the Subic and Clark Economic Zones (RA 7227) And Special Economic Zones (RA 7916). During the Ramos administration, the government tried to encourage firms to invest by converting military reservations in Clark and Subic to economic zones for developmental projects in cooperation with private sector companies. In order to incentivize participation, RA 7227 makes Subic a separate customs territory ensuring free flow or movement of goods and capital within, into and exported out of the Subic Special Economic Zone, as well as provide incentives such as tax and duty-free importations of raw materials, capital and equipment. Similarly, the government empowered the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) to determine regions and cities that could be considered ECOZONES – these are areas that have a high potential to be developed into agro-industrial, recreational, commercial and investment centers. The government provides defense and security measures, transportation, telecommunications, and other facilities needed to generate linkage with industries and employment opportunities. This aims to promote the flow of local and foreign investors given transformations of areas into developed business centers.

### Foreign Investments Act of 1991: Republic Act 7042 and Republic Act 8179

Foreign Investments Act (FIA) of 1991 stipulates that foreign ownership in industries can go up to 100%, except those specified in the Foreign Investment Negative List. Industries in the FINL require at least 60% of Filipino ownership, which means that 60% of capital stock outstanding and entitled votes is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines.

The report on Global Competitiveness for 2010-2011 showed that the evident corruption in the country followed by inefficient government bureaucracy posed to be the most problematic factors hindering business growth or further investments in the country. This was further supported by Asian Development Bank. According to ADB’s report,

> the regulatory system is cumbersome, is costly to doing business, and acts as a strong deterrent to investment and productivity growth. Customs and trade regulations are especially burdensome to firms. Customs’ clearing period is longer in the Philippines than in the PRC and Indonesia.
>
> Improving the Investment Climate in the Philippines.Asian Development Bank.http://www.adb.org/statistics/ics/pdf/PHI-Full-Report.pdf

This just shows the recurring need for better, simpler and more streamlined regulatory procedures so as to reduce the burden on the side of the investors and business sectors, and thus, further improve efficiency and attract more investors. Aside from the bureaucratic problems, the rampant corruption going on almost every level of the government system poses as the most problematic factor hindering growth in business and investments in the country. Despite several lifestyle checking done to curb corruption, ADB stated that the government needs more than just systems to curb corruption; it needs its people to have more political will and commitment to implement the needed reforms and policies for the country.

Moreover, aside from the problems mentioned, the large amount of fiscal incentives provided by the Philippine government to corporations are also seen to be a budding problem. According to a study on fiscal incentives, these large incentives hinder the government from generating revenue from annual taxes from these corporations. Findings also show that these incentives are very costly yet its efficacy on inducing investment was seen to be limited. Some believe that reduction in redundant incentives would yield the government more revenues.


title: Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle

abstract: Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle was an 18th-century French man of letters and journalist.

text:
# Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle

**Philippe-Antoine Grouvelle** (27 February 1758, Paris – 30 September 1806, Varennes, Essonne) was an 18th-century French man of letters and journalist.

## Biography

The son of a goldsmith, Grouvelle was placed with a notary, who, seeing him busier making verses than acts, dismissed him. Chamfort then took him as secretary, and when he left the job of secretary to the Prince of Condé, Chamfort arranged for Grouvelle to take his place.

Grouvelle was successful in Versailles where the Queen had his little opera *Prunes* performed which he had written with Desprez. 20 June 1788, he had a comedy entitled *l’Épreuve délicate* presented at the Théâtre-Français but it had one performance only and was not published.

When the French Revolution broke out, Grouvelle adopted its principles, was a founder of the Society of 1789 and published a policy brochure dated from the very Palais Bourbon. Therefore, he could no longer remain in service to the Prince. After he left him, he engaged into an association with Chamfort, Joseph-Antoine Cerutti and Rabaut de Saint-Étienne in order to publish *la Feuille villageoise*.

After he became Secretary of the Provisional Executive Council in August 1792, he had to bring to Louis XVI at the Prison du Temple the sentence condemning him to death. Jean-Baptiste Clery, in his memoirs, said that "Grouvelle read off with a low, trembling voice, and he came out of prison in a marked agitation".

In May 1793, Grouvelle was sent to Denmark as Minister of France, and performed his functions until 1800. He was then called to the Corps législatif, where he served until September 1802.

## Publications

* *Satire universelle, prospectus dédié à toutes les puissances de l’Europe*, Paris, 1788, in-8° ; (Pamphlet against Rivarol, composed by Grouvelle with Cerutti's help and inserted in the *Œuvres* of the latter.)
* *De l’autorité de Montesquieu dans la révolution présente*, Paris, 1789, in-8° ; (Reprinted in vol. VII of the *Bibliothèque de l’Homme public*.)
* *Adresse des habitants du ci-devant bailliage de… à M. de…, leur député à l’Assemblée nationale, sur son duel et sur le préjugé du point d’honneur*, Paris, 1796, in-8° ; (Reprinted under the title *Point de duel ou point de constitution ; Adresse des habitants du ci-devant bailliage, etc.*, 1790, in-8°)
* *Réponse à tout petit colloque entre un sénateur allemand et un républicain français, Taciturnus Memoriosas, traduit librement par un sans-culotte*, Copenhague, 1793, in-8° ;
* *Lettre en vers à ma sœur sur le roman philosophique et sentimental de Woldemar*, Copenhague, 1797, in-8° ; See *Études germaniques*
* *Mémoire historique sur les Templiers, ou éclaircissements sur leur procès, les accusations intentées contre eux et les causes secrètes de leur ruine, puisés en grande partie dans plusieurs monuments ou écrits publiés en Allemagne*, Paris, 1805, in-8°

Grouvelle also gave an edition of the *Lettres* of the marquise de Sévigné, with a notice and historical notes; 1806, 8 vol. in-8°, ou 11 vol. in-12, and the *Œuvres de Louis XIV*, 1806, 6 vol. in-8°, with Philippe Henri de Grimoar, who was in charge of the military part of this work.

## Sources


title: Philippines at the Deaflympics

text:
# Philippines at the Deaflympics

The Philippines has been competing at the Deaflympics since the 2009 edition. The country is represented by the Phil Sports Federation of the Deaf (PSFD).

Athletes representing the country in the Deaflympics has never won a medal. The Philippines has yet to participate in the Winter Deaflympic Games.

## Summary

### All-time medal tally

*Ranking is based on total gold medals earned.*

| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1924 Paris | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1928 Amsterdam | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1931 Nürnberg | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1935 London | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1939 Stockholm | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1949 Copenhagen | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1953 Brussels | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 1957 Milan | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 2009 Taipei | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | **-** | **-** |
| 2013 Sofia | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | **-** | **-** |
| 2017 Samsun | *Did not participate* | | | | | |
| 2021 Caxias do Sul | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | **-** | **-** |
| Total | | **-** | **0** | **0** | **0** | **-** |

## Participation history

### 2009 Summer Deaflympics

The PSFD decided to initially focused on bowling and sent a delegation of six bowlers at the 2009 Summer Deaflympics. This is due to the president of the organization at that time, Maria Lovella Catalan, for being known as a player in bowling both in deaf and hearing variants of the sport. Catalan herself competed.

Bowling * Maria Lovella Catalan
* Jorrelle Faytaren
* Ariscel Lobo
* Anthony Pacis
* Christopher Uy
* Maria Cecilia Villacin

### 2013 Summer Deaflympics

Two of the six debutants in the 2009 Deaflympics; Catalan and Lobo, returned to compete in the 2013 edition.

Bowling * Maria Lovella Catalan
* Ariscel Lobo

### 2017 Summer Deaflympics

The Philippines sent a lone athlete in the 2017 edition. The country competed in table tennis for the first time in the Deaflympics.

Table tennis * Abrianne Nuevo

## InfoBox

| Philippines at the<br>Deaflympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IPC code | PHI |
| National federation | Phil Sports Federation of the Deaf |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer appearances | |
|  | |


title: Phina Mugerwa

abstract: Josephine Mugerwa, is a Ugandan singer and dancer who is also hailed as "Uganda's Shakira"

text:
# Phina Mugerwa

**Josephine Mugerwa** (at times called **Phina Mugerwa** and commonly known as **Phina Masanyalaze****)**, is a Ugandan singer and dancer who is also hailed as "Uganda's Shakira"

## Early life and education

Phina Mugerwa was born the fourth of the five children to Francis Kiwanuka and Annet Komugisha in 1984 in Kawaala, neighbourhood of Kampala. She attended Namirembe Kindergarten and Namirembe Infants Primary School for primary education before joining St Andrew's Kaggwa and Daniel Secondary School and Springfield College for her O Levels (UCE) and A levels (UACE) respectively

## Music

Mugerwa started her music career in 2007 after completing her senior six. Radio presenter Kato Lubwama had announced on the radio that he was seeking dancers to join his Diamonds Ensemble Band. She auditioned with about 300 others and was among the three that were chosen. She is famous for her dancing and her singing. Her songs like *Bampassudde* and *Gyobera* have made her a household name in Uganda's music industry.

## Discography

### Songs

* *Kwepikira*
* *Gyogenda*
* *Tinkula*
* *Lwaaki Ondaza*
* *Nze wuuyo*
* *Omuferere*
* *Bampassudde*

## Awards

* PAM Award for Best New Artist, 2006

## Personal life

She has a son.

## InfoBox

| Phina Mugerwa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Josephine Mugerwa
1984 (age 3940)
Kawaala, Kampala |
| Education | Springfield College |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Children | 1 |
| Awards | PAM Award for Best New Artist, 2006 |


title: Pho4

abstract: Pho4 is a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. It is found in S. cerevisiae and other yeasts. It functions as a transcription factor to regulate phosphate responsive genes located in yeast cells. The Pho4 protein homodimer is able to do this by binding to DNA sequences containing the bHLH binding site 5'-CACGTG-3'. This sequence is found in the promoters of genes up-regulated in response to phosphate availability such as the PHO5 gene.

text:
# Pho4

**Pho4** is a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. It is found in *S. cerevisiae* and other yeasts. It functions as a transcription factor to regulate phosphate responsive genes located in yeast cells. The Pho4 protein homodimer is able to do this by binding to DNA sequences containing the bHLH binding site 5'-CACGTG-3'. This sequence is found in the promoters of genes up-regulated in response to phosphate availability such as the PHO5 gene.

## Structure

Helical regions are represented by ribbons; non-regular secondary structure elements by thin tubes. Molecules A and B are colored cyan and lime-green, respectively. Helical structure is clearly seen in the loop region. The PHO4 protein consists of 312 amino acid residues (Yoshida et al., 1989) and has four functional domains. PHO4 is one of the regulatory proteins indispensable for transcription of the PHO5, PHO81 and PHO84 genes. The DNA-binding domain of PHO4 consists of two helices, designated H1 and H2, separated by a long loop that contains a novel α-helical region. PHO4 binds to DNA as a homodimer and the two monomers fold into a parallel, left-handed four-helix bundle. PHO4 protein lacks an inner hydrogen network.

## Mechanism

Pho4 is a transcription factor that assists in regulating cell growth. When activated, Pho4 is translocated to the nucleus. Pho4 has a Nuclear Exchange factor that an importin protein is able to bind to. The importin protein will bind to its "signal" or nuclear exchange factor and aid in translocating the nuclear exchange factor tagged protein into the nucleus. Additionally, another transcription factor known as Pho2, binds to Pho4 and assists in Pho4's ability to bind tightly to its binding site on its specific target genes. This completes the addition of the binding partners that Pho4 needs in order to be capable of acting as a transcription factor by up-regulating the transcription of phosphate-responsive genes.

## Regulation

### Suppression

Down regulation of the transcription factor Pho4 is seen when the yeast cell has a phosphate rich environment. Under high phosphate concentrations, it is seen that a cyclin-dependent kinase, known as PHO80-PHO50, phosphorylates PHO4 on its serine residues (O’Neil et al. 209–212). This blocks the binding sites for the importin and Pho2 transcription factor and allows for the receptor Msn5p to assist in the removal of the Pho4 protein from the nucleus and back into the cytoplasmic space. Additionally, because the binding site of importin on the Pho4 protein is blocked from the phosphorylation that PHO4 undergoes, PHO4 is no longer able to be translocated into the nucleus.

### Up-regulation

Up-regulation of Pho4 is seen in phosphate deficient yeast cells. This occurs due to cyclin dependent kinase PHO80-PHO85 being inhibited by the cyclin dependent inhibitor PHO81. In low concentrations of phosphate the CDK inhibitor PHO80-PHO85 is able to inhibit PHO80-PHO85 from phosphorylating PHO4 at its serine residues. When this occurs, importin and PHO2 are able to bind to PHO4 and assist in the translocation and tight binding to its binding site on the gene PHO5 which will then become up-regulated.

## InfoBox

| Pho4 | |
| --- | --- |
| Crystallographic structure of yeast Pho4 homodimer (cyan and green) complexed with DNA (brown). | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | Pho4 |
| Alt. symbols | YFR034C |
| NCBI gene | 850594 |
| PDB | 1a0a |
| RefSeq | NP\_116692 |
| UniProt | P07270 |
| Search for  Structures Swiss-model  Domains InterPro | |


title: Philippe Huppé

abstract: Philippe Huppé is a French politician of La République En Marche! who served as member of the French National Assembly from 2017 to 2022, representing the department of Hérault. Huppé is a history teacher and author, having written several books, such as The Most Beautiful Legends of Occitania - The Herault of the Legends. He lost his seat in the first round of the 2022 French legislative election.

text:
# Philippe Huppé

**Philippe Huppé** (born 12 February 1968) is a French politician of La République En Marche! who served as member of the French National Assembly from 2017 to 2022, representing the department of Hérault.

Huppé is a history teacher and author, having written several books, such as *The Most Beautiful Legends of Occitania - The Herault of the Legends*.

He lost his seat in the first round of the 2022 French legislative election.

## InfoBox

| Philippe Huppé | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the National Assembly
for Hérault's 5th constituency | |
| **In office**
21 June 2017  June 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Kléber Mesquida |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1968-02-12) 12 February 1968
Mazamet, France |
| Political party | La République En Marche! |
|  | |


title: Philygria debilis

abstract:
Philygria debilis is a species of shore flies.
  - P. debilis Loew, 1861

text:
# Philygria debilis

***Philygria debilis*** is a species of shore flies (insects in the family Ephydridae).

* *P. debilis* Loew, 1861

## InfoBox

| *Philygria debilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Ephydridae |
| Genus: | *Philygria* |
| Species: | ***P. debilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Philygria debilis***<br>Loew, 1861 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cressoniella montana*  Sæther, 1970 * *Philygria fuscicornis*  Loew, 1862 | |


title: Philympia 1970

abstract: The Philympia 1970 International Stamp Exhibition was an international stamp exhibition held under Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP) patronage. It was held at the Empire Hall, Olympia, London from 18 to 26 September 1970. Special three-colour postmarks were used on each of the eight days of the exhibition. A 66 ft (20 m) octagonal tower of British stamps designed by Andrew Chadwick of Hulme Chadwick & Partners with graphics by Barry O'Dwyer, was the main feature.

text:
# Philympia 1970

The **Philympia 1970 International Stamp Exhibition** was an international stamp exhibition held under Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP) patronage. It was held at the Empire Hall, Olympia, London from 18 to 26 September 1970. Special three-colour postmarks were used on each of the eight days of the exhibition. A 66 ft (20 m) octagonal tower of British stamps designed by Andrew Chadwick of Hulme Chadwick & Partners with graphics by Barry O'Dwyer, was the main feature.

## Relevant British stamp issues

A set of three stamps were issued on 18 September to publicise the exhibition (S.G. 835/837). They were designed by David Gentleman and depicted the 1840 Penny Black (5d.), the 1847 1s. embossed (9d.) and the 1855 4d. surface-printed stamp (1/6). A 5/- stamp booklet containing 12 5d. stamps was also issued.

## Palmares

The main awards went to the following exhibits:

The Grand Prix went to Roger-Louis Loeuillet (France) for ‘France, 1849-70’.

The Grand Prix d’Honneur was shared by José G. Garcia (Portugal) for ‘Portugal and Colonies’ and Mohamed Dadkhah (Iran) for ‘Persia and Bushire, 1868-79’.

The best Great Britain exhibit prize went to Harold W. Fisher.

The best British Commonwealth exhibit prize went to Hiroyuki Kanai (Japan) for ‘Mauritius‘.

List of philatelic exhibitions (by country)


title: Phloeoxena

abstract:
Phloeoxena is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
  - Phloeoxena ashei Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena batesi Ball, 1975
  - Phloeoxena bembidioides
  - Phloeoxena biundata Steinheil, 1875
  - Phloeoxena brooksi Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena caudalis
  - Phloeoxena concolor
  - Phloeoxena costata Darlington1937
  - Phloeoxena davidsoni Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena dealata Darlington, 1937
  - Phloeoxena geniculata Chaudoir, 1869
  - Phloeoxena henryi Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena herculeana Ball, 1975
  - Phloeoxena imitatrix Darlington, 1934
  - Phloeoxena lamuralla Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena limbicollis Bates, 1884
  - Phloeoxena megalops Bates, 1883
  - Phloeoxena montana Darlington, 1935
  - Phloeoxena nevermanni Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena newtoni Ball, 1975
  - Phloeoxena nigricollis Ball, 1975
  - Phloeoxena nitida Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena obscura Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena picta Chaudoir, 1869
  - Phloeoxena plagiata Darlington, 1934
  - Phloeoxena pluto Ball, 1975
  - Phloeoxena portoricensis Darlington, 1939
  - Phloeoxena schwarzi Darlington, 1934
  - Phloeoxena signata
  - Phloeoxena totontepec Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena turnbowi Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena turrialba Shpeley & Ball, 2000
  - Phloeoxena undata Chaudoir, 1869
  - Phloeoxena viridis Shpeley & Ball, 2000

text:
# Phloeoxena

***Phloeoxena*** is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Phloeoxena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phloeoxena signata* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Adephaga |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | ***Phloeoxena***<br>Chaudoir, 1869 |
|


title: Philippines Hobie Challenge

abstract: The Philippine Hobie Challenge is a long distance race using the Hobie 16 sailing catamaran manufactured by the Hobie Cat Company. The event, organized by the Philippine Inter-island Sailing Foundation, Inc. (PHINSAF), consists of two race series: Inshore and Challenge Series. The Inshore Series consists of five short races of approximately 40 minutes each, where competitors sail around course marks anchored close inshore. In the Challenge Series, competitors will spend between five and eight hours a day sailing, all depending on their respective skills, the sea conditions and the prevailing wind, over 200 nautical miles, through the course of five daily passages along a route selected by the organizers. The team with the lowest elapsed time from the origin to the destination flies home at the end of the week with the prestigious Philippine Hobie Challenge trophy. In between the race legs, the participants take part in reaching out to the communities along the coastal villages, making donations of school supplies and basic medicines. The Philippine Hobie Challenge is a unique way of gathering sailing enthusiasts and providing them an opportunity to appreciate the beauty of the Philippine islands, thereby creating awareness on caring for the environment and supporting the communities that inhabit these areas. The Fossil Cup is an awards category founded by one of the most ardent supporters of the Challenge, and which uses a handicapping system that rewards sailors who improved the most during the week-long race, also had its share of the spotlight.

text:
# Philippines Hobie Challenge

The **Philippine Hobie Challenge** is a long distance race using the Hobie 16 sailing catamaran manufactured by the Hobie Cat Company.

The event, organized by the Philippine Inter-island Sailing Foundation, Inc. (PHINSAF), consists of two race series: Inshore and Challenge Series. The Inshore Series consists of five short races of approximately 40 minutes each, where competitors sail around course marks anchored close inshore. In the Challenge Series, competitors will spend between five and eight hours a day sailing, all depending on their respective skills, the sea conditions and the prevailing wind, over 200 nautical miles, through the course of five daily passages along a route selected by the organizers.

The team with the lowest elapsed time from the origin to the destination flies home at the end of the week with the prestigious Philippine Hobie Challenge trophy.

In between the race legs, the participants take part in reaching out to the communities along the coastal villages, making donations of school supplies and basic medicines.

The Philippine Hobie Challenge is a unique way of gathering sailing enthusiasts and providing them an opportunity to appreciate the beauty of the Philippine islands, thereby creating awareness on caring for the environment and supporting the communities that inhabit these areas.

The Fossil Cup is an awards category founded by one of the most ardent supporters of the Challenge, and which uses a handicapping system that rewards sailors who improved the most during the week-long race, also had its share of the spotlight.

## History

The First Challenge

Sometime late 1999, a small group of international Hobie 16 catamaran sailors envisioned an extreme sailing event that will take them to different islands in the Philippines; six days in the open seas and camping in rustic areas. Thus, the Philippine Hobie Challenge had its relatively modest start in March 2001 with five (5) regional teams making the 190 nautical-mile passage from Lucena, Quezon down to Boracay. Michael Scantlebury, who was in the group that conceptualized the event, eventually took the honors of winning the first Challenge.

Dreaming the Impossible

The highly successful inaugural event proved the concept of long distance racing in Hobie 16 catamarans to be workable and the Challenge had its repeat in March 2001. This time, entries had more than doubled to twelve (12), including teams flying in from Hong Kong, Australia and Europe. Using experience gained during the first event, the organizers scheduled a 5-race inshore series and the Challenge series with 5 consecutive daily passages, taking the teams 154 nautical miles from the Batangas resort of Maya-Maya down to Maricaban Bay in Northern Palawan. The team from Down Under, Andrew Keag and Naomi Angwin, bested the rest of the fleet to win the 2nd Philippine Hobie Challenge. In 2002, the Challenge went Northwest, taking fifteen (15) teams from Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur down to Subic Bay, Zambales. Blood Red, the team of Chris Steilberg, Dave Harris and Krishan George took honors in this 230 nautical mile race.

Subsequent Challenges

In 2003 the offshore Challenge series started from the whale shark capital of the Philippines, Donsol, and ended down in Cebu. Peter Davies, with David Harris, finished first, and with 1 win at Donsol and 2 in Alegre, Haswell and Heider made up for their relatively poor offshore performance by garnering a first in the Inshore series. 2004 marked the 5th Hobie Challenge one of the best challenges ever, taking the sailors from the icing sugar sands of Boracay all the way across to Palawan. This marked the largest fleet of Hobies yet - 27 teams from all over the globe. This trip included a visit to Amanpulo and even an African style safari on Calauit Island.

A great success

Now firmly cemented into the Hobie Sailing schedules, organizers of The Philippine Hobie Challenge are pointing their sails towards new and exciting routes. Set on promoting sailing as a means to see the eco and adventure tourism destination that is the Philippines, they can only promise another superb event.

Indeed, the Philippine Hobie Challenge is fast growing to be one of the most exciting and anticipated sailing events in Southeast Asia.

### Previous Challenges

| Challenge and Year | To | From |
| --- | --- | --- |
| HC1 2000 | Lucena | Boracay |
| HC2 2001 | Maya Maya | Maricaban |
| HC3 2002 | Vigan | Subic Bay |
| HC4 2003 | Donsol, Sorsogon | Maricaban |
| HC5 2004 | Vigan | Club Paradise, Palawan |
| HC6 2005 | Malapascua Island, Cebu | Panglao Island |
| HC7 2006 | San Jose | Boracay |
| HC8 2007 | Hermana Major | Club Paradise |
| HC9 2008 | Sorsogon | Surigao |
| HC10 2010 | Laiya | Boracay |
| HC11 2011 | Lucena | Boracay |
| HC12 2012 | Coron, Palawan | El Nido, Palawan |
| HC13 2013 | Dawal Resort (Candelaria, Zambales) | Anvaya Cove Resort (Morong, Bataan) |
| HC14 2014 | Malapascua\_Island, Cebu | Anhawan Resort (Oton, Iloilo) |
| HC15 2015 | La Luz resort, Laiya, Batangas | Canyon De Borocay Resort, Canyon Cove, Nasugbu |
| HC16 2016 | Mactan, Cebu | San Juan, Siquijor |

## Past winners

### Past Challenge Series Winners

PHC 1 2000 1st Mike Scantlebury (GBR) and Douglas Hansen-Luke (HKG), 2nd Tony Robinson (AUS) and Jill Novera / Carol Pablo / Gia Veloso (PHI), 3rd Mark Haswell (GBR) / Rex Puentespina (PHI) & Jill Novera (PHI) / Ranny Lavina (PHI).

PHC 2 2001 1st Andrew Keage / Naomi Angwin / Aaron Worrall (AUS), 2nd Andrew and Marijun Locke (PNG), 3rd Tony Stearns and Janet McCullough (USA).

PHC 3 2002 1st Chris Steilberg (CHN), Dave Harris (GBR) and Krishan George (ROM), 2nd Mike Scantlebury (GBR) and Peter Davies (HKG), 3rd Luigi Manzi (ITA) and Gia Veloso (PHI).

PHC 4 2003 1st Peter Davies (HKG) and Dave Harris (GBR), 2nd Tony Stearns (USA) and Janet McCullough (USA), 3rd Luigi Manzi (ITA) and Elle Singson (PHI).

PHC 5 2004 1st Andrew Keage (AUS) and Aaron Worrall (AUS), 2nd Tony Stearns and Janet McCullough (USA), 3rd Peter Manvis (NED) and Wiebe Shuitema (NED).

PHC 6 2005 1st Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Jerome Binder (AUS), 2nd David Harris (HKG) and Krishan George (ROM), 3rd Andrew Locke (PNG) and David Levinge (PHI).

PHC 7 2006 1st Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Brad Wilson / Aaron Worrall (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew (AUS) and Gerard Ryan (AUS), 3rd Tony Stearns (USA) and Janet McCullough (USA).

PHC 8 2007 1st Bob Engwirda / Aaron Worrall (AUS) and Brad Wilson (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew (AUS) and Gerard Ryan (AUS), 3rd Mark Haswell (UK) and Noelle Schifferer (PHI).

PHC 9 2008 1st Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Bradley Wilson (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew (AUS) and Debbie Muller (AUS), 3rd Aaron Worrall (AUS) and Sarah Pipes (AUS).

PHC 10 2009 1st Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Bradley Wilson (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew (AUS) and Debbie Muller (AUS), 3rd Aaron Worrall (AUS) and Sarah Pipes (AUS).

PHC 11 – 2011 1st Bob Engwirda and Brad Wilson (AUS), 2nd Andrew Locke and Marijun Locke (AUS), 3rd Bruce Tardew and Eric Tomacruz (AUS/PH).

PHC 12 – 2012 1st Mick Butler and Brad Wilson (AUS), 2nd Andrew Locke and Ramon Dala (AUS/PH), 3rd Bruce Tardrew and Sarah Turnbull (AUS).

PHC 13 – 2013 1st Luigi Manzi and Yvonne Manzi (ITA), 2nd Andrew Locke and Eric Tomacruz (AUS/PH), 3rd Monchu Garcia and Bianca Garcia (PH).

PHC 14 – 2014 1st Bob Engwirda and Brad Wilson (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew and Sarah Turnbull (AUS), 3rd Grahame Southwick and Sharon Rayner (FIJI).

PHC 15 – 2015 1st Geoff Rowdon and Rosie Phelan (AUS), 2nd Andrew and Tony Boyd (AUS), 3rd Andrew Locke and Rob Watson.

PHC 16 – 2016 1st Kerli and Ali Corlette (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew and Sarah Turnbull (AUS), 3rd Grahame Southwick and Sharon Rayner (AUS/FIJI).

### Past Inshore Series Winners

PHC 1 2000 1st Tony Robinson (AUS) and Richly Magsanay (PHI), 2nd Mark Haswell (GBR) and Jill Novera (PHI), 3rd Mike Scantlebury (GBR) and Rich Wald (GBR).

PHC 2 2001 1st Andrew Keage / Naomi Angwin / Aaron Worrall (AUS), 2nd Tong Shing (HKG) and Carina Croly (FRA), 3rd Tony Robinson (AUS) and Gia Veloso (PHI).

PHC 3 2002 1st Mike Scantlebury (GBR) and Peter Davies (HKG), 2nd Raul Bulaong (PHI) and Nestor Soriano (PHI), 3rd Mark Haswell (GBR) and Ana Katigbak (PHI).

PHC 4 2003 1st Mark Haswell (GBR) and Caroline Heider (GER), 2nd Diether Ocampo / Nestor Soriano / David Levinge (PHI), 3rd Peter Davies (HKG) and Dave Harris (GBR).

PHC 5 2004 1st Aaron Worall / Andrew Keage / Sean Seibold (Aus), 2nd Tong Shing and Evergreen Lee (HKG), 3rd Tony Stearns and Janet McCullough (USA).

PHC 6 2005 1st Andrew Locke (PNG) and David Levinge (PHI), 2nd Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Jerome Binder (AUS), 3rd Gary Baguley (AUS) and Adrian Baguley (AUS).

PHC 7 2006 1st Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Brad Wilson / Aaron Worrall (AUS), 2nd Bruce Tardrew (AUS) and Gerard Ryan /Andrew Keage (AUS), 3rd Richley Magsanay (PHI) and Rafael Buitre (PHI).

PHC 8 2007 1st Bob Engwirda (AUS) and Brad Wilson (AUS), 2nd Andrew Locke (PNG) and Stewart Brown (AUS), 3rd Bruce Tardrew (AUS) and Gerard Ryan (AUS).

PHC 9 2008 1st

PHC 10 2009 1st

PHC 11 2011 1st

PHC 12 2012 1st

PHC 13 2013 1st

PHC 14 2014 1st

PHC 15 2015 1st Andrew Locke and Rob Watson (AUS), 2nd Eric Tomacruz and Andy Aguila (PHI), 3rd Bruce Tardrew and Sarah Turnbull (AUS).

PHC 16 2016 1st Geoff Rowdon and Rosie Phelan (AUS), 2nd Grahame Southwick and Sharon Rayner (AUS/FIJI), 3rd Bruce Tradrew and Sarah Turnbull (AUS).

## Outreach Program

An important part of the Challenge is the Outreach Program, which provides an opportunity for sailors to give back to the communities that the race will pass.

The Outreach Program provides the following aid to the beneficiaries: Renewable Energy Enterprises Foundation of Oakland, California (REEF) provides SOLAR LAMPS- The remote areas where the challenge ventures rarely have electricity and the outreach program provides solar lamps that provide up to 8 hours of lighting for children to study by. Since it can eliminate the use kerosene lamps, the solar lanterns improve family's indoor air quality. The result children are less often missing school, the lanterns save family's 30 % of their income, and provide evening light for families. The solar lanterns are free to families and last five years.

EDUCATIONAL SUPPLIES- Giving children these materials will help them continue learning and reduce the cost to their parents.

MEDICAL SUPPLIES- These contributions will greatly help community health centers to provide for basic health needs and first aid treatments.

## Hobie 16

The 16 is the most popular Hobie Cat, both for recreational and racing purposes and as a one-design racer. The boat is 16'7" long, 7'11" wide, and has a mast 26'6" tall, but only weighs 320 pounds. As with the 14, it is intended to be sailed from the beach through the surf, and to be surfed back in on the waves to the beach. Instead of daggerboards or centreboards, the 16 has asymmetrical hulls which act like foils and keep the boat from *crabbing*, or slipping sideways from the force of the wind. Both jib and main sails are fully battened and total 218 square feet (20 m2). A trapeze is usually used by the crew and helmsman.

While sailing a 16-foot boat offshore may sound fool hardy the Hobie 16 is the most ideal vessel for offshore sailing because its sail plan is low tech and allows the boat to be sailed up to 30 knots of wind by a person with reasonable skills while its strong hull and no centre board allows it to sail over shallow water and contact reefs with only very minor damage.

## Other Challenges

There are racing classes all around the world for a range of Hobie Sailboats. These include the Fiji Hobie Challenge which is an annual race held over a similar format and the Tanzacat Challenge and Zanzibar Raid held in Tanzania, East Africa.

### Footnotes

### Endnotes


title: Philippines Grand Prix

abstract: The Philippines Grand Prix was an open-wheel racing car motor race, held during the 1970s. The race was first held in 1973 as Formula Atlantic expanded across the region, becoming Formula Pacific as it did so. The race was held on a 3.2 kilometers (2.0 mi) street circuit in Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila. The race attracted the stars of the time like Hong Kong racer John MacDonald and was included in the inaugural Rothmans International Grand Prix Trophy series in 1976. The 1976 Rothmans Trophy race was won by New Zealander Graeme Lawrence and the race was scheduled to take part in the 1977 series but was canceled. The race disappeared almost immediately afterward and motorsport ceased in the Philippines for almost 20 years.

text:
# Philippines Grand Prix

The **Philippines Grand Prix** was an open-wheel racing car motor race, held during the 1970s. The race was first held in 1973 as Formula Atlantic expanded across the region, becoming Formula Pacific as it did so. The race was held on a 3.2 kilometers (2.0 mi) street circuit in Greenhills, San Juan, Metro Manila. The race attracted the stars of the time like Hong Kong racer John MacDonald and was included in the inaugural Rothmans International Grand Prix Trophy series in 1976. The 1976 Rothmans Trophy race was won by New Zealander Graeme Lawrence and the race was scheduled to take part in the 1977 series but was canceled. The race disappeared almost immediately afterward and motorsport ceased in the Philippines for almost 20 years.

## Winners of the Philippines Grand Prix

| Year | Driver | Car | Location | Report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 |  |  | Greenhills | Report |
| 1974 | Graeme Lawrence | Surtees TS15 | Greenhills | Report |
| 1975 | John MacDonald | Ralt-Ford | Greenhills | Report |
| 1976 | Graeme Lawrence | March-Ford | Greenhills | Report |
|

## InfoBox

Philippines Grand Prix
| Greenhills Street Circuit | |
| --- | --- |
| Race information | |
| First held | 1973 |
| Last held | 1976 |


title: Photo-crayotype

abstract: Photo-crayotypes were an artistic process used for the hand-colouring of photographs by the application of crayons and pigments over a photographic impression.

text:
# Photo-crayotype

**Photo-crayotypes** (also known as Chromatypes and Crayon Collotypes) were an artistic process used for the hand-colouring of photographs by the application of crayons and pigments over a photographic impression.

## History

From its inception in 1839, photographers had been using pigments to hand colour photographs. The most common method used was the addition of colour to the finished daguerreotype, ambrotype or print. But by the 1850s there were two well-established processes based on using photographs as the base layer over which pigments were applied. The first involved printing a light photographic positive on salted paper using a toned or bleached negative to lower the contrast. The other, producing what is generally referred to as a “crayon enlargement”, was to use a magic lantern to project the photograph onto the rear of drawing paper or a canvas. Both of these provided a photographic image which could then be used as the base from which to colour in the features using crayons, oils or watercolours.

## England

The English photographer John Jabez Mayall took out a patent on chromotypes as early as 1852 and the process was published in the Photographic Journal in 1853.

## Australia

An early Australian proponent of this kind of work was the English painter and photographer Frederick Frith who moved to Australia around 1853. By 1855 he was advertising salt paper prints finished in oils, watercolours or crayons which he called ‘Chromatypes’. These he claimed were made using a special apparatus (perhaps an enlarging camera) manufactured expressly for him by Voigtlander and Son, of Vienna. In October 1856 Douglas Kilburn, of Melbourne, created a sensation selling life sized ‘chromotypes’ which appear to have used the same process as Frith.

The following year similar processes were being touted by Sydney photographers. On 29 August 1857, three advertisements, one following the other, promoted photographs overpainted with crayons, oils or watercolours. In the first of these the photographer William Hetzer praised the way in which this process combined the merits of photography with the softness and harmony of aquatinta prints.

In the second advertisement Freeman Brothers studio promoted their ‘Crayon Collotypes’ as combining the fidelity of photography with the brilliancy, softness, and transparency of miniatures on ivory. The last was an advertisement by Edward Dalton who was encouraging Sydney-siders to purchase his ‘Collodion Portraits’, which he believed had the delicacy and clearness of mezzotint engravings and when coloured possessed the finish and brilliancy of miniatures on ivory.

Dalton’s coloured photos must have differed in some way from the photo-crayotype he was promoting as his own discovery in 1858 but it is clear from the advertisements that the Australian photographers were using collodion plates as the basis for their images. This is significant for it means they were not using Talbot’s ‘calotype’ process which involved using paper negatives as the basis for the salt paper prints.

On 8 December 1858, Edward Dalton exhibited ‘photo-crayotypes’ which he claimed were created using a process he had invented. Just three years earlier Dalton had been drawing portraits entirely in crayons while also working as a collodion photographer. It is possible the combining these two processes seemed a natural extension of his talents which can be seen in the colouring work done on his ‘photo-crayotype’ of Mrs Frances Jones. But it is also true that Dalton’s ‘photo-crayotypes’ were similar to other processes which used photography as the base from which to overpaint with crayons, pencils, watercolours and oil paint.

In 1859 the Adelaide photographer Townsend Druyea also claimed to have also invented ‘crayon-photography’ but this was refuted in the South Australian *Advertiser* by Professor Hall. In the same article Hall pointed out that he had been using the process for the past five years and that the English photographer Mayall had taken out a patent on.

## Hungary

Chromotypes were produced in well-equipped studios in Hungary such as those of Lipót Strelisky, Ignác Schrecker, Ede Ellinger and his brother, István Goszleth, József Heller, Emil Keglovich, Károly Koller, Ferenc Kozmata, Ede Kozics, and László Naschitz.


title: Phyllotreta lewisii

abstract: Phyllotreta lewisii is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae.

text:
# Phyllotreta lewisii

***Phyllotreta lewisii*** is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Phyllotreta lewisii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Phyllotreta* |
| Species: | ***P. lewisii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllotreta lewisii***<br>(Crotch, 1873) | |
|


title: Phyllotreta armoraciae

abstract: Phyllotreta armoraciae, the horseradish flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America and Europe.

text:
# Phyllotreta armoraciae

***Phyllotreta armoraciae***, the **horseradish flea beetle**, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America and Europe.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species *Phyllotreta armoraciae*:

* *Phyllotreta armoraciae armoraciae*
* *Phyllotreta armoraciae biplagiata* Chittenden

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Phyllotreta armoraciae* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Phyllotreta* |
| Species: | ***P. armoraciae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllotreta armoraciae***<br>(Koch, 1803) | |
|