title: Saya Saung

abstract: Saya Saung (1898–1952) was an early Burmese watercolorist who adopted the Western style of painting and became famous in Burma for his landscape works. He is less known for his portraits, about seven of which have surfaced in recent years.

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# Saya Saung

**Saya Saung** (1898–1952) was an early Burmese watercolorist who adopted the Western style of painting and became famous in Burma for his landscape works. He is less known for his portraits, about seven of which have surfaced in recent years.

## His title: Saya

Saya Saung is the only early Western-style painter who has the honorific “Saya” (meaning master) automatically attached to his name, a title generally reserved for the painters of the Traditional School in Burma. In Saya Saung's case, the honorific may have attached to him because he was from Mandalay, the capital of the fallen Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885) and the heart of the Traditional arts, where artisans trained rigorously in apprenticeship systems working themselves up gradually to the status of master, or Saya. Saya Saung did not pass through such demanding and subservient rites of passage in his acquisition of talents in Western painting, but once he was recognized as possessing master-level skills, it would have been natural in the cloistered world of Mandalay for the title “Saya” to be applied to his name.

## His Burmese teachers

The painter who is invariably mentioned as Saya Saung's teacher is Ba Zaw (1891–1942). However, Ludu Daw Amar in her book *Modern Burmese Painting* also mentions the painter Maung Maung Gyi (1890–1942) as an early instructor of Saung. As Amar was a writer, publisher, and member of an intimate Mandalay intelligentsia which included painters, she is probably right on this point.

Maung Maung Gyi ran away from home in 1906 at the age of 16, traveling as a sailor to England with the aim of studying painting there. He received painting instruction of some kind in England but from which academy or teachers is not known. When Maung Maung Gyi returned to Burma a year or two later, his adventures abroad earned him celebrity status and he began to pass on his skills as a *plein air* watercolorist in the Western style to other artists in Burma. Thus, it is possible, but not certain, that somewhere between 1909 and 1916 that Maung Maung Gyi served as Saya Saung's first teacher. The art historian Nyan Shein (who studied painting under Saya Saung) says that Saya Saung became a professional painter by the age of 18, or by about 1916.

The art scholar and painter Min Naing, biographer of Ba Nyan, documents that after Ba Zaw returned to Burma in 1930 from three years of studies at the Royal College of Art in London that he began to teach watercolor “wash” painting to Saya Saung. However, since Ba Zaw and Saya Saung were both from Mandalay and painters in Mandalay shared a sense of regional kinship, it is almost certain that Saya Saung forged a relationship with Ba Zaw before he left for London in 1927 and that Ba Zaw's influence on Saya Saung began earlier, but not, perhaps, as early as 1916.

## The J.J. Hilder factor

A well-known painter in Australia, Jesse Jewhurst Hilder (1881–1916), who never traveled to Burma or met its artists, had a large influence on the painting of both Ba Zaw and Saya Saung, and through them, many other Burmese painters. Hilder was a classic painter of the British Watercolor School Style in which the color white was not mixed with watercolor and thus the medium remained watery (“pure”) and difficult to handle. In addition, Hilder borrowed other aspects of traditional British watercolor, especially in his use of subdued colors. J.J. Hilder was a virtuoso watercolorist (deserving more credit than he has yet received) applying the British style to capture the sandy-brown landscapes of Australia. Shortly after he died in 1916, two books of his works were published: *J.J. Hilder, Watercolorist*, a catalog in 1916, and *The Art of J.J. Hilder* in 1918. One of these books, probably the latter, was on sale in Burma and fell into the hands of Ba Zaw and Saya Saung.

The Hilder influence on the works of both Ba Zaw and Saya Saung is legendary in Burma, although it is not absolutely certain whether Ba Zaw introduced Saya Saung to the works of Hilder or if Saya Saung encountered them on his own. Ba Zaw may well have been the initiator as the early art historian G. Hla Maung, in his sketches on Burmese painters, quotes Ba Zaw as telling Saya Saung that the best method for Saung to develop as a painter was to copy each of Hilder's paintings at least “hundred times”. Amar quotes Saya Saung as telling her that Ba Zaw learned painting by copying each of Hilder's paintings in the Hilder book he possessed “twenty times”, which suggests that Ba Zaw was the discoverer of Hilder's work. Ko Ko Naing, however, states that Saya Saung's encounters with Hilder's work occurred before he trained with Ba Zaw.

## Diversity of style and quality

A limited number of Saya Saung's landscape works emerged on the art market in Burma in the 1990s and sold off quickly to collectors. During this same period and into the years after 2000, many other paintings surfaced in the UK, corroborating claims that Saya Saung's work sold well to British colonials. The majority of the works which surfaced in Burma and the UK were of Upper Burma scenes—often of the old Mandalay Palace and moat, Mandalay Hill, boats on the Irrawaddy River, or village scenes. The paintings discovered in Burma were generally characterized by a heavy brownish and yellowish coloring with pinches of red in figures wearing longyi, not unlike the narrow use of color in J. J. Hilder's works. One painting, *Water Lilies*, of the Mandalay Palace moat, which was done at least three times, may be regarded as one of Saung's outstanding pieces and hints that he may also have known the works of Monet.

Not all the works found in the UK conform to the expectations of a painter influenced by J.J. Hilder nor are all of them of a consistent style or of an exceptional quality. Some of the works found in the UK possess wan coloring and indistinct mastery of composition and subject matter. Other works from the UK, however, possess masterful command of watercolor wash technique. Surprisingly, in a handful of compelling moonlit scenes of the Mandalay Palace and moat, Saung's work possesses bright contrasts in coloring, very much unlike Hilder's work. Among the latter paintings, two works, in a vivid wash of yellow, blue and touches of purple, were signed collaboratively by Saung and U Thant. Thant (1896–1982) was one of Saya Saung's prominent students in Mandalay.

It is tempting to conclude the following: one, that Saung's less cohesive works were done in the early part of his career, perhaps all the way up to 1930; two, that his more powerful paintings date from the post-1930 period when he began to avail himself of the training which Ba Zaw had acquired in London at the Royal College of Art; and three, that in late works, he began to collaborate on occasion with Thant (or did works on his own) in a vibrant, colorful style which broke from the influence of Ba Zaw and Hilder. But as Saung never signed his paintings with dates, one can only speculate on his periods. The above would not account for when Saung encountered Hilder's work and began to use it as a training tool. It seems likely that some of his strong works pre-date 1930.

## Saya Saung’s portraits

One fascinating portion of Saung's oeuvre are his little-known portraits. Approximately seven have appeared thus far, but there may be a dozen or two more. One of these works has appeared in two publications: Amar's *Modern Burmese Painting* and Ranard's *Burmese Painting: A Linear and Lateral History*. These portraits, like those of M.T. Hla (U Tun Hla) (1874–1946) and Yatanabon Maung Su (1903–65), are of ethnic minorities, in Saung's case often of the Shan.

## Comparison with M.T. Hla and Yatanabon Maung Su

It is interesting to compare Saya Saung's portraits with those of M.T. Hla, the early Burmese pioneer in Western-style painting, or of Yatanabon Maung Su. Much of M.T. Hla's work bears the stamp of his early training as a Traditional painter, with the subjects in somewhat stiff, mock postures of realism. In contrast to Hla, Yatanabon Maung Su's many ethnic portraits are polished, detailed works of formal realism, though it must be added that Maung Su often repeated his subjects. Four of the seven Saya Saung's portraits which have emerged recently differ considerably from the work of both these artists. While there is clear anthropological intent and curiosity in the work of M.T. Hla and Yatanabon Maung Su, some of Saung's portraits were executed with a freer, less restrained line, suggesting a painter whose taste, in at least some works, leaned in the direction of “art for art’s sake”.

Because Saya Saung could rapidly execute watercolor works, he earned the nickname in Burma as “Seven-Minute Saya Saung”, the time that it took for him to smoke a cigarette. But his watercolors were probably executed in the span of about 30 minutes.

## Personal life and career

Saya Saung was of royal blood, perhaps partly accounting for another nickname in Burma “The Prince of Watercolor”, a possible double-entendre which reflected both his family background and his skills as a watercolorist. As an adolescent he attended St. Peter's School in Mandalay and in adulthood served as a clerk in the Forestry Department and later taught as an art teacher at St. Paul's High School. He lived in Rangoon but also spent much of the year in Mandalay, his home. Because he lived in both Mandalay and Rangoon, he passed on his skills as a transparent watercolorist to painters in both communities. He sold as many as 100 of his watercolor paintings to foreign collectors and was fairly well-off. His outdoor painting companions were Ngwe Gaing, San Win, Ohn Lwin and Bo Let Ya (an amateur painter who was a member of the Thirty Comrades).

Saung was a notoriously heavy drinker who loved a party, described as “prodigal” by G. Hla Maung, who also mentions that he was able to paint when inebriated. His drinking habits apparently caused his death at the early age of 52 or 53, when he collapsed during a night of alcoholic revelry, dancing with fellow painters. He was married three times and apparently was not a devoted husband.

## Saung’s death

A legend has attached to his death. In 1951 or 1952, he applied for the position of principal of the State School of Fine Arts in Rangoon when it was being founded. During his interview for the position, he confessed that he appreciated oil painting but was inept at it. Nonetheless, he won the position of principal, but the news of his successful application arrived the day or just days before his death. In *Burmese Painting: A Linear and Lateral History*, Ranard quotes a conversation with Nyan Shein, the art historian and painting student of Saya Saung, who said that Saya Saung was actually celebrating the news of his appointment as principal the very night he died. Nyan Shein said he had heard this story from the painter Ohn Lwin (1907–88), who was at the party along with other artists.

## His legacy

Saya Saung's legacy, in conjunction with Ba Zaw's, was very large. The two painters together established the foundations of the Mandalay School, meaning, generally, modern Western-style painting in Mandalay. In the pre-World War II years, this school of painting focused on transparent watercolor painting, often *plein air* and often of the iconic sites of Mandalay and Upper Burma, while in Rangoon the skills of oil painting and gouache began to develop under the tutelage and legacy of Ba Nyan, who like Ba Zaw had studied in London in the 1920s at the Royal College of Art (Ba Nyan spent eight years studying in England, however, and also studied at Frank Spenlove-Spenlove's Yellow Door School). While Ba Zaw was elder to Saya Saung and his teacher, Saya Saung's legacy was deeper than Ba Zaw's because a large number of Saya Saung's watercolor paintings survived to be seen and studied, while few of Ba Zaw's have.

Countless painters in Burma studied under Saya Saung and were influenced directly by him or attempted to mimic his style from a distance. In this sense, he had pivotal influence in Burma. Some of the more well-known artists whom he influenced were Ba Thet, U Kyi, Thant, Ba Aye, Aye Maung, and M. Tin Aye, as well as Nyan Shein and G. Hla Maung who were not only documenters of Burmese painting history but avid artists themselves.

## Reaction against the Ba Zaw-Saya Saung style

Ultimately, there was a reaction in Mandalay against this “Royal Academy” style, as it is sometimes called in Burma (i.e., British Watercolor School Painting). The rebellion was initiated by Ba Thet (1903–72) who began to flout British and European conventions which Burmese painters had borrowed. Through Ba Thet and much more deeply through his close friend Kin Maung (Bank) (c. 1908–83), a modernist movement came to Mandalay in the 1960s which eschewed the old British tendency to depict heavily representational, iconic countryside scenes in transparent watercolor. This Mandalay movement began to challenge the Rangoon School, founded by Ba Nyan, and became a forefront in progressive, expressionistic painting. But the old Saya Saung style did not disappear. Even today, transparent watercolor painting, often wash style—both landscape and portrait—are still being painted in Burma by very good artists.

## Museum and Library Collections

## Bibliography

* Andrew Ranard (2009). *Burmese Painting: A Linear and Lateral History*. Silkworm Books. ISBN 9789749511763.
* G. Hla Maung (1968). *On International and Burmese Painting* (in Burmese). Sit Thi Daw Sarpay.
* Nyan Shein (1998). *On Burmese Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Vol. 1* (in Burmese). Sarpay Beikman.
* Min Naing (1974). *U Ba Nyan: His Life and His Paintings* (in Burmese). Sarpay Beikman.
* Amar, (Ludu Daw) (1997). *Modern Burmese Painting* (in Burmese). Yarbye Press and Kyibwa Press.
* Ko Ko Naing, (Yamanya) (1997). *The History of Burmese Painting* (in Burmese). Sarpay Beikman.

## InfoBox

| Saya Saung | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1898 |
| Died | 1952 (1953) (aged 54) |
| Nationality | Burmese |
| Known for | Painting |
| Movement | Mandalay School; Transparent Western-style Watercolor Painting |


title: Sangat Island

abstract: Sangat Island is a tiny island in the Philippines situated 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) off the coast of Busuanga close to Barangay Bintuan, Coron in the northern part of the Calamian Islands in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. The Calamian Islands are known for their many natural attractions and is a popular attraction for tourists and cruise lines. Tourism is the main income for the local community and a significant part of the island has been transformed into a resort with rentable cottages and exclusive villas. The island and resort is frequented by common tourists and scuba divers who seek to explore some of the many Japanese shipwrecks still in the area around the Calamian Islands since World War II.

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# Sangat Island

**Sangat Island** is a tiny island in the Philippines situated 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) off the coast of Busuanga close to Barangay Bintuan, Coron in the northern part of the Calamian Islands in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. The Calamian Islands are known for their many natural attractions and is a popular attraction for tourists and cruise lines.

Tourism is the main income for the local community and a significant part of the island has been transformed into a resort with rentable cottages and exclusive villas. The island and resort is frequented by common tourists and scuba divers who seek to explore some of the many Japanese shipwrecks still in the area around the Calamian Islands since World War II.

## InfoBox

Sangat Island
| The Sangat Island resort | |
| --- | --- |
| Sangat IslandLocation within the Philippines | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 11°58′35″N 120°4′18″E / 11.97639°N 120.07167°E / 11.97639; 120.07167 |
| Archipelago | Calamian Group of Islands |
| Adjacent to | Sulu Sea |
| Administration | |
| **Philippines** | |
| Region | Mimaropa |
| Province | Palawan |


title: Commodity form theory

abstract: Commodity form theory is a theory of jurisprudence advanced by the Soviet legal theorist Evgeny Pashukanis. The theory argues that the legal form is the parallel of the commodity form under capitalist society. All law is concerned with the process of the exchanging of commodities between subjects who act as the "guardians" of commodities and are created by law in order to enable the commodity production form of society to function. The theory can be explained as based on two premises, logical and historical.

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# Commodity form theory

**Commodity form theory** is a theory of jurisprudence advanced by the Soviet legal theorist Evgeny Pashukanis. The theory argues that the legal form is the parallel of the commodity form under capitalist society.

All law is concerned with the process of the exchanging of commodities between subjects who act as the "guardians" of commodities and are created by law in order to enable the commodity production form of society to function. The theory can be explained as based on two premises, logical and historical.

## The logical premise

"Every legal relation" proclaims Pashukanis, "is a relation between subjects". Pashukanis' conceptual account of law begins with the idea of a responsible agent - what he calls "the legal subject".

Property, says Pashukanis, is the basis of the legal form, but only capitalist property that can be disposed of in the market. The subject in law is the expression of the freedom of property, that is, the freedom to alienate property.

Thus the key to understanding law is the contradiction between commodities and subjects.

Commodities according to Karl Marx relate to each other as values, that is exchange takes place on the basis of equivalent amounts of labour-time embodied in commodities passing between buyers and sellers, indicating that there are social relations among things and material relations among people.

Contract is both logically the central legal premise on which all other aspects of law are based, and also the highest form of expression of the commodity owning subject. This is because it is the relations of contract that are crucial for commodity production society since the contract is the necessary legal expression of commodity owners' ability to use their commodities in the market. For Pashukanis, all other forms of legal relations in capitalism flow from this.

## The historical premise

The commodity form of exchange historically precedes the legal system which emerges from it. But it is not merely that the commodity form produces the legal form; it is that the commodity form exists prior to the legal form and that only with the full development of the commodity form is there the possibility of a fully developed abstract legal form at all.

## Fetishism

Commodity form theory is related to Marx's theory of commodity fetishism. Marx argued that the commodity was a fetishized form because the formal equality that the commodity form postulated was only an apparent equality. The legal form is blind to substantive human differences, just as the commodity form is blind to substantive differences in use value. Ultimately, the legal form, just as the commodity form, exists independently of the will of the individual. The illusion is produced that the law – as the universal political equivalent – has a life of its own.


title: Estonia–New Zealand relations

abstract: Estonia–New Zealand relations are the bilateral relations between Estonia and New Zealand. Estonia and New Zealand maintain warm and developing relations. Although geographically distant, the two countries share common values, systems of government, and continue to co-operate in international affairs both via NATO and bilaterally. New Zealand was a destination for Estonian refugees in the aftermath of World War II and, to this day, there are thousands of people in New Zealand with connections to Estonia. Estonian-New Zealand co-operation focuses on the areas of cyber security, education, and European Union relations. Estonia has supported New Zealand's campaigns for the United Nations Security Council and has received similar support for their own campaign. Both countries maintain mutual visa-free travel arrangements. In a 2018 meeting with Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, President Kersti Kaljulaid said "Estonia and New Zealand share similar values and are making active preparations for future challenges, ranging from digital society and artificial intellect to climate change". The 20th Governor-General of New Zealand Sir Jerry Mateparae has said that the two countries share similar commitments to innovation, rule of law, democratic governance, international security, and the development of human rights. Estonia and New Zealand worked together to help ensure peace and security in Afghanistan. According to a representative from the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2017, Estonia's relationship with New Zealand had improved in the preceding years. Estonia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. New Zealand is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.

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# Estonia–New Zealand relations

**Estonia–New Zealand relations** are the bilateral relations between Estonia and New Zealand.

Estonia and New Zealand maintain warm and developing relations. Although geographically distant, the two countries share common values, systems of government, and continue to co-operate in international affairs both via NATO and bilaterally. New Zealand was a destination for Estonian refugees in the aftermath of World War II and, to this day, there are thousands of people in New Zealand with connections to Estonia.

Estonian-New Zealand co-operation focuses on the areas of cyber security, education, and European Union relations. Estonia has supported New Zealand's campaigns for the United Nations Security Council and has received similar support for their own campaign. Both countries maintain mutual visa-free travel arrangements.

In a 2018 meeting with Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, President Kersti Kaljulaid said "Estonia and New Zealand share similar values and are making active preparations for future challenges, ranging from digital society and artificial intellect to climate change".

The 20th Governor-General of New Zealand Sir Jerry Mateparae has said that the two countries share similar commitments to innovation, rule of law, democratic governance, international security, and the development of human rights. Estonia and New Zealand worked together to help ensure peace and security in Afghanistan.

According to a representative from the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2017, Estonia's relationship with New Zealand had improved in the preceding years.

Estonia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. New Zealand is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.

## History

Bilateral relations have existed between the two countries since 1921.

New Zealand first recognised Estonia on 22 September 1921, two years after the Estonian Declaration of Independence, when Estonia joined the League of Nations. New Zealand again recognised Estonia on 28 August 1991 shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Soviet Occupation of Estonia. Diplomatic relations were then re-established on 6 January 1992.

Like Australia, New Zealand was a destination for Estonian refugees following World War II. During the aftermath of the war, people from Estonia (and other Baltic states) were preferred by the New Zealand government over displaced persons from other countries. Between 1945 and 1956, the number of Estonians increased from 45 to 240. Many Estonians became very successful in New Zealand. A notable example was chess player Estonian-New Zealander Ortvin Sarapuu "Mr. Chess" who represented New Zealand in 10 chess Olympiads.

Relations between Estonia and New Zealand improved upon the accession of Estonia to the EU. In 2004, Phil Goff was the first New Zealand Foreign Minister to visit Estonia. In 2006, the first bilateral treaty between New Zealand and Estonia, which established a working holiday scheme between the two countries, was signed. In 2009, Urmas Paet was the first Estonian Foreign Minister to visit New Zealand.

## Diaspora

As of the 2018 census, 189 Estonians were residing in New Zealand. As of the 2021 census, 28 New Zealanders were residing in Estonia.

## Areas of co-operation

Both nations are members of the Australia Group, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Joint work between New Zealand and Estonia occurs in the areas of cyber-security and European Union-Pacific affairs. Through their status as a NATO partner country, New Zealand works closely with Estonia on cyber-security issues. In 2014, New Zealand minister Amy Adams met with the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre in Tallinn.

Estonia has sought to improve European and Pacific relations. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs representative Rainer Saks attended a meeting of the Pacific Islands Forum along with New Zealand and other Pacific nations.

There have also been discussions between education ministries on what New Zealand could learn from Estonia's progress in lifting educational achievement.

## Trade

For the year ended March 2022, New Zealand exports to Estonia totalled US$5.7 million and Estonian exports to New Zealand totalled US$11.69 million. Notably, while Estonia produces a high proportion of consumed meat domestically, significant imports of lamb and mutton come from New Zealand. Trade between the two nations has grown markedly since 2015, with the sum value of imports and exports increasing over 370% from US$4.69 million in 2015 to US$17.38 million in 2022.

Trade relations between the two countries are governed by the EU's Common Commercial Policy.

## Tourism

Visitor numbers between the two countries remain modest. Travel between the two countries increased in the two decades following Estonia's EU membership.

In 2000, Statistics New Zealand recorded exactly zero visits by New Zealanders to Estonia. In 2005, one year after Estonia's EU membership, 50 visits were recorded. By 2019, this number had risen to 256 annual visits.

It is far more common for Estonians to visit New Zealand than vice-versa and the number of visits has grown. In 2000, just 30 visits were recorded. By 2005, this had increased to 253. By 2019, this had risen to 793 visits.

Out of the Baltic states, Estonia is the most popular tourism destination for New Zealanders. Similarly, the most common visitor to New Zealand from a Baltic state is an Estonian citizen.

## Agreements

In 2007, a working holiday scheme was established between Estonia and New Zealand. This allows New Zealand and Estonian citizens aged 18–30 to stay and work in the other country for up to 12 months. New Zealand issues up to 100 visas per year and there is no cap on the number of visas issued by Estonia. This agreement came into force on 5 November 2007. Three other countries (Australia, Canada, and Japan) have similar agreements with Estonia.

In the first year of the program, 34 visas were issued to Estonian citizens. Visa issuance steadily increased from 2007 to 2011 and in every year except 2020 and 2021, the maximum number of visas were issued.

## Trivia

In 2010, there was a minor controversy surrounding inappropriate minsterial expenses by Foreign Minister Winston Peters on his 2006 visit to Estonia. An Official Information Act request revealed that he had made multiple personal purchases on diplomatic trips. One such expense was at the Reval Hotel Olümpia, where Peters, an avid smoker, received a €127.82 fine for 'a bed cover being burnt by cigarette'.

The two major parties of New Zealand, the Labour Party as well as Prime Minister Christopher Luxon of the National Party, have mentioned Estonia as a model country for New Zealand.

## Official visits

Estonia-New Zealand Official Visits
| Dates | Minister/Delegate | Location | Reason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| October 2018 | President Kersti Kaljulaid | Auckland, New Zealand | To meet with Jacinda Ardern and discuss e-governance, statistics gathering, climate change, and UN Security Council issues. |
| October 2018 | Minister for Government Digital Services Megan Woods | Tallinn, Estonia | To attend the Tallinn Digital Summit |
| March 2016 | Minister for Education Hekia Parata | Tallinn, Estonia | To meet with Estonian Education and Research Minister Jürgen Ligi to learn about Estonia's progress in lifting educational achievement. |
| March 2016 | Foreign Minister Marina Kaljurand | New Zealand | A joint delegation with the Finnish foreign minister and Estonian entrepreneurs |
| July 2015 | Foreign Minister Todd McClay | Tallinn, Estonia | To discuss relations between the two countries and the ongoing situation in Ukraine. |
| April 2014 | Minister for Communications Amy Adams | Tallinn, Estonia | To visit the NATO Cyber Defense Center after the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War |
| April 2010 | Foreign Minister Murray McCully | Tallinn, Estonia | To discuss co-operation between the two countries and the impact of the 2007-2008 financial crisis |
| April 2009 | Foreign Minister Urmas Paet | Wellington, New Zealand | To open the first Estonian Honorary Consulate in New Zealand. |
| September 2006 | Foreign Minister Winston Peters | Tallinn, Estonia | To sign the *Arrangement on a Working Holiday Scheme between the Government of the Republic of Estonia and the Government of New Zealand*. |
| April 2004 | Speaker of the House Jonathan Hunt | Estonia | - |
| September 2004 | Foreign Minister Phil Goff | Estonia | To visit Estonia after their recent accession to the EU. |

## InfoBox

Estonia-New Zealand relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
|
Estonia |
New Zealand |
|  | |
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Estonian Embassy, Canberra, Australia | New Zealand Embassy, Warsaw, Poland |


title: Erwin Rohde

abstract: Erwin Rohde was one of the great German classical scholars of the 19th century. Rohde was born in Hamburg and was the son of a doctor. Outside of antiquarian circles, Rohde is known today chiefly for his friendship and correspondence with fellow philologist Friedrich Nietzsche. The two were students together in Bonn and Leipzig, where they were studying philology taught by Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl. In 1872, Rohde became a professor at the University of Kiel. He later was professor in Jena (1876), Tübingen (1878) and finally Heidelberg, where he died in 1898 after suffering from a gradual decline in health. His Psyche (1890-1894) remains a standard reference work for Greek cult practices and beliefs related to the soul. His work, Der Griechische Roman und seine Vorläufer (1876), was considered by Mikhail Bakhtin to be "the best book on the history of the ancient novel", and it is still regarded as one of the greatest "monuments of 19th century classics scholarship in Germany".

text:
# Erwin Rohde

**Erwin Rohde** (German: \[ˈʀoːdə\]; 9 October 1845  11 January 1898) was one of the great German classical scholars of the 19th century.

Rohde was born in Hamburg and was the son of a doctor. Outside of antiquarian circles, Rohde is known today chiefly for his friendship and correspondence with fellow philologist Friedrich Nietzsche. The two were students together in Bonn and Leipzig, where they were studying philology taught by Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl. In 1872, Rohde became a professor at the University of Kiel. He later was professor in Jena (1876), Tübingen (1878) and finally Heidelberg, where he died in 1898 after suffering from a gradual decline in health.

His *Psyche* (1890-1894) remains a standard reference work for Greek cult practices and beliefs related to the soul.

His work, *Der Griechische Roman und seine Vorläufer* (1876), was considered by Mikhail Bakhtin to be "the best book on the history of the ancient novel", and it is still regarded as one of the greatest "monuments of 19th century classics scholarship in Germany".

## Bibliography

* *Psyche: The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality among the Greeks*, trans. from the 8th edn. by W. B. Hillis (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1925; archive.org, reprinted by Routledge, 2000), limited preview online; full text at Project Gutenberg online.

1. Bakhtin, M. M. (1981) *The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays*. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 4


title: Erwin Rivero

abstract: Erwin Rivero Ziegler is a Bolivian biochemist, pharmacist, and politician who served as senator for Beni from 2015 to 2020. Rivero spent most of his professional career working in the pharmaceutical industry, only entering politics at the turn of the twenty-first century. He joined the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, holding minor posts at the provincial and departmental levels. With the collapse of the Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada administration in October 2003, Rivero distanced himself from the government party and was appointed prefect of Beni by Carlos Mesa. He remained in office for half a year before being ousted for his role in the military's violent dispersal of protesters near Puente San Pablo. Undeterred, Rivero formed his own party, Community Autonomy, with which he competed for the Trinidad mayoralty, attaining third place, losing the contest but attaining a seat in the city's municipal council. The following year, he campaigned to return to the prefecture, finishing third. Despite his conservative political origins, Rivero aligned himself with the ruling Movement for Socialism, with which he unsuccessfully contested the Trinidad mayoralty before finally being elected as a senator for the party.

text:
# Erwin Rivero

**Erwin Rivero Ziegler** (born 16 September 1957) is a Bolivian biochemist, pharmacist, and politician who served as senator for Beni from 2015 to 2020. Rivero spent most of his professional career working in the pharmaceutical industry, only entering politics at the turn of the twenty-first century. He joined the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement, holding minor posts at the provincial and departmental levels. With the collapse of the Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada administration in October 2003, Rivero distanced himself from the government party and was appointed prefect of Beni by Carlos Mesa. He remained in office for half a year before being ousted for his role in the military's violent dispersal of protesters near Puente San Pablo. Undeterred, Rivero formed his own party, Community Autonomy, with which he competed for the Trinidad mayoralty, attaining third place, losing the contest but attaining a seat in the city's municipal council. The following year, he campaigned to return to the prefecture, finishing third. Despite his conservative political origins, Rivero aligned himself with the ruling Movement for Socialism, with which he unsuccessfully contested the Trinidad mayoralty before finally being elected as a senator for the party.

## Early life and political career

Erwin Rivero was born on 16 September 1957 in Trinidad, Beni. He completed his secondary schooling at the American Institute in Cochabamba before traveling to Mexico to attend the Metropolitan Autonomous University in Xochimilco, where he graduated as a clinical biochemist. Returning to Bolivia, Rivero spent most of his professional career working in the pharmaceutical industry. During this time, he served as secretary of the National School of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and was president of the Association of Agroforestry Producers of Beni.

Rivero first entered the political field as a member of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), a party with a long-standing dominant presence in the Beni Department since the country's transition to democracy. Rivero held minor posts at the provincial level, being appointed to serve as departmental counselor for the Marbán Province, representing one of its municipalities in the prefecture. In 2002, he was nominated to contest a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, accompanying Manuel Suárez Ávila as his substitute. The pair sought to represent Beni's circumscription 61, encompassing the department's capital province. Though Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada handily won the district in the accompanying presidential election, Suárez and Rivero were left in second place, owing to the personal popularity of rival candidate Ernesto Suárez, the then-prefect. Despite the loss, Rivero continued to work in local government, serving as spokesman for Fernando Romero, Sánchez de Lozada's appointed prefect.

## Prefect of Beni

The collapse of the Sánchez de Lozada administration in October 2003 fractured the MNR, debilitating its presence as a national political force; many of its figures distanced themselves from the party, and although some returned, others did not. The latter was the case for Rivero, who, following the resignation of Romero amid the ongoing turmoil, was elevated to the position of prefect by Carlos Mesa, Sánchez de Lozada's successor. In contrast to his predecessor, Mesa's government sought to promote figures with academic and civil society backgrounds without strong partisan ties. Though Rivero largely met those qualifications, he stood out among the nine newly-designated prefects for his more overt links to the MNR. That acronym—near-toxic in those days—caused immediate discontent among social sectors, forcing Rivero to publicly resign his party membership within days of taking office. Nonetheless, he remained mistrusted among many sectors of Beni society, resulting in ongoing conflicts with the department's trade unions and indigenous rights groups for the duration of his term.

Discontent with Rivero's administration reached its peak in mid-2004 when the Departmental Workers' Center (COD) issued a resolution calling for his immediate dismissal. The deadline for this ultimatum expired on 1 June, leading organized labor and indigenous groups to institute a blockade along the highway near Puente San Pablo, connecting Trinidad to Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In response, Rivero deployed the Armed Forces and National Police to disperse the protest. The ensuing conflict between law enforcement and protesters made its way from the highway into the town, leaving dozens wounded as soldiers and police shot bursts of automatic weapons and raided homes. The "San Pablo affair", which ended in three deaths and multiple injuries, "overwhelmed the patience of the government", culminating in Rivero's removal less than a week later. In his presidential memoir, Mesa shifted blame away from the former prefect, lamenting that "the sad episode in San Carlos \[*sic*\] unjustly ousted Erwin Rivero, who had done a good job until then".

Rivero's deposition was not universally approved of among the department's inhabitants. Following his removal, supportive social sectors, including the Federation of Neighborhood Councils and the Local University Federation, mobilized to reject the prefect's dismissal, installing pickets outside the prefecture and holding vigils in and around Trinidad's mains square. Many of Rivero's supporters deflected blame for the violence in San Pablo onto Moisés Shriqui, the mayor of Trinidad, whom they accused of orchestrating the incident to discredit the prefect's administration. Rivero, for his part, decried his ouster as a "great injustice" against his person. In the ensuing months, he quickly shifted from governing to campaigning, forming the Community Autonomy (AVE) civic group to contest the Trinidad mayoralty later that year. Ultimately, however, Rivero failed to dislodge Shriqui from the mayor's office, though his party's fourteen percent margin was high enough to net him a seat in the Trinidad Municipal Council. The following year, Rivero sought to return to the prefecture, campaigning to become Beni's first democratically-elected prefect. He attained eighteen percent of the popular vote, finishing third at the polls.

## Later political career

In the ensuing years, Rivero initiated a progressive rapprochement with left-wing social sectors, aligning himself with the ruling Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP). Rivero's apparent turn in ideological inclination reflected the MAS's pragmatic strategy in the lowland departments, where its support was weakest. In these regions, the party turned to figures who had not historically belonged to the organization, who held experience in fronts the MAS otherwise harshly criticized, and who came from sectors even opposed to its socialist agenda. Rivero campaigned for the MAS in the 2009 general elections, for which he sought to become the party's gubernatorial candidate the following year, arguing that his support had made inroads for the government among Beni's middle class. He was among three finalist pre-candidates for the MAS's nomination, together with Carlos Navia—another former prefect—and Jessica Jordan, former Miss Bolivia 2006. In a surprise move, President Evo Morales personally selected Jordan as his party's candidate, sidelining Rivero, whose political past "weighed heavily" on the final decision. Though excluded from the gubernatorial race, Rivero was given a second opportunity to compete when César Arteaga, the MAS's Trinidad mayoral candidate, was disqualified from running. In a capital resistant to the MAS, where conservative forces retained popularity, Rivero failed in his second attempt at dislodging Shriqui from the mayoralty, attaining second place. Nonetheless, he remained affiliated with the MAS, and in 2014, he was elected on the party's list as a senator for the Beni Department.

## Electoral history

Electoral history of Erwin Rivero
| Year | Office | Party | | Alliance | | Votes | | | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Total | | % | P. || |
| 2002 | Sub. Deputy |  | Revolutionary Nationalist Movement |  | MNR-MBL | 9,940 | 30.59% | 2nd | Lost |  |
| 2004 | Mayor |  | Community Autonomy | None | | 4,555 | 14.54% | 3rd | Partial |  |
| 2005 | Prefect |  | Community Autonomy | None | | 19,755 | 18.82% | 3rd | Lost |  |
| 2010 | Mayor |  | Community Autonomy |  | Movement for Socialism | 11,763 | 24.49% | 3rd | Lost |  |
| 2014 | Senator |  | Community Autonomy |  | Movement for Socialism | 74,084 | 41.49% | 2nd | Won |  |
| **Source:** Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas | | | | | | | | | | |

### Notes

### Footnotes

1. "¿Quién es quién?: Erwin Rivero Ziegler". *El Diario* (in Spanish). La Paz. 17 August 2014. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
2. "Bioquímicos estrenan sede y nuevo directorio en su día". *La Palabra del Beni* (in Spanish). Trinidad. 4 December 2014. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022  via Issuu.
3. "Prefectos del Presidente Carlos D. Mesa" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022  via the Princeton University Library.
4. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 346
5. Peña, Christian; H., Lillo (6 June 2004). "Los sectores sociales creen que el MNR todavía gobierna en Beni". *El Deber* (in Spanish). Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Archived from the original on 5 December 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
6. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 574
7. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 575
8. Coca Suárez Arana 2018, p. 107
9. "Fernando Romero renunció a ser Prefecto de Beni". *Agencia de Noticias Fides* (in Spanish). La Paz. 20 October 2003. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
10. Mesa Gisbert 2008, p. 240
11. "Dieron la bienvenida a los prefectos". *El Diario* (in Spanish). La Paz. 25 August 2003. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
12. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 501
13. "Mesa pide a prefectos abrir escenarios de diálogo en Beni y Potosí". *Agencia de Noticias Fides* (in Spanish). La Paz. 27 October 2003. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
14. Ramos Andrade, Edgar (11 June 2004). Written at El Alto. "¿Por qué fue destituido el Prefecto del Beni?". *Bolpress*. La Paz. Archived from the original on 19 April 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
15. "Mesa presentó al nuevo prefecto del Beni". *Agencia de Noticias Fides* (in Spanish). La Paz. 9 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
16. Mesa Gisbert 2010, p. 142
17. "Toman Prefectura del Beni rechazando el relevo de Erwin Rivero". *Agencia de Noticias Fides* (in Spanish). La Paz. 8 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
18. Romero Ballivián 2018, p. 502
19. Romero Ballivián 2018, pp. 262, 585
20. "Evo impone a ex Miss Bolivia como candidata a la gobernación del Beni". *La Prensa* (in Spanish). La Paz. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022  via eju!.
21. "MAS afronta problemas en 4 regiones". *Los Tiempos* (in Spanish). Cochabamba. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
22. "Elecciones Generales 2002 | Atlas Electoral". *atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo* (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
23. "Constitución Política del Estado de 1995". *lexivox.org* (in Spanish). La Paz. 6 February 1995. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
24. "Elecciones Municipales 2004 | Atlas Electoral". *atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo* (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
25. "Elección de Prefectos 2005 | Atlas Electoral". *atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo* (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
26. "Elecciones Municipales 2010 | Atlas Electoral". *atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo* (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
27. "Elecciones Generales 2014 | Atlas Electoral". *atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo* (in Spanish). La Paz: Plurinational Electoral Organ. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Erwin Rivero | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2018 | |
|  | |
| Senator for Beni | |
| **In office**
18 January 2015  3 November 2020 | |
| Substitute | Katya Chávez
Ruth Franco |
| Preceded by | Freddy Bersatti |
| Succeeded by | Suka Nacif |
| Prefect of Beni | |
| **In office**
24 October 2003  8 June 2004 | |
| Appointed by | Carlos Mesa |
| Preceded by | Fernando Romero |
| Succeeded by | Fernando Ávila |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Erwin Rivero Ziegler
(1957-09-16) 16 September 1957
Trinidad, Bolivia |
| Political party | Community Autonomy (from 2005) |
| Other political
affiliations | Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (until 2003) |
| Alma mater | Autonomous Metropolitan University — Xochimilco |
| Occupation | * Biochemist * pharmacist * politician |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Eskiarmutluk

abstract: Eskiarmutluk is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 60 (2021).

text:
# Eskiarmutluk

**Eskiarmutluk** is a village in the Ardeşen District, Rize Province, in Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its population is 60 (2021).

## History

According to *list of villages in Laz language* book (2009), name of the village is **Ch'umayida**. Most villagers are ethnically Laz.

## Geography

The village is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) away from Ardeşen.

## InfoBox

| Eskiarmutluk Chumayida (Laz language) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| EskiarmutlukLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°07′56″N 41°09′38″E / 41.13222°N 41.16056°E / 41.13222; 41.16056 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Rize |
| District | Ardeşen |
| Elevation | 764 m (2,507 ft) |
| Population (2021) | 60 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Etheric force

abstract: Etheric force is a term Thomas Edison coined to describe a phenomenon later understood as high frequency electromagnetic waves—effectively, radio. Edison believed it was the mysterious force that some believed pervaded the ether. At the end of 1875, Edison and his assistants were experimenting with the Acoustic Telegraph when they noticed that a rapidly vibrating spark gap produced a spark in an adjacent relay. Subsequent investigation showed that the phenomenon could be made to occur at a distance of several feet without interconnecting cables. Edison, with this small amount of evidence, announced that it was "a true unknown force", since he believed that the spark transmitted electricity without carrying any charge. Edison concluded that this discovery had the potential to cheapen telegraphic communication and to allow transatlantic cables to be laid without insulation. He was also interested in finding new forces as a means for providing scientific explanations for spiritualist, occult and other allegedly supernatural phenomena following his disenchantment with Helena Blavatsky's Theosophy. Edison's apparatus consisted of a spark gap vibrating at a high frequency powered by batteries and connected to tin foil sheet about 12 by 8 inches, effectively acting as an antenna. A similar tin foil sheet, connected to ground was located at about eight feet away with two more similar, un-grounded tin foil sheets between. Sparks could be seen at the "receiver" sheets. Effectively, Edison had observed wireless transmission and was later to regret that he had not pursued it. Edison's last laboratory notebook entry on etheric force in 1875, which shows his experimental apparatus, can be seen at the Edison Papers at Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences.

text:
# Etheric force

**Etheric force** is a term Thomas Edison coined to describe a phenomenon later understood as high frequency electromagnetic waves—effectively, radio. Edison believed it was the mysterious force that some believed pervaded the ether.

At the end of 1875, Edison and his assistants were experimenting with the Acoustic Telegraph when they noticed that a rapidly vibrating spark gap produced a spark in an adjacent relay. Subsequent investigation showed that the phenomenon could be made to occur at a distance of several feet without interconnecting cables. Edison, with this small amount of evidence, announced that it was "a true unknown force", since he believed that the spark transmitted electricity without carrying any charge. Edison concluded that this discovery had the potential to cheapen telegraphic communication and to allow transatlantic cables to be laid without insulation. He was also interested in finding new forces as a means for providing scientific explanations for spiritualist, occult and other allegedly supernatural phenomena following his disenchantment with Helena Blavatsky's Theosophy.

Edison's apparatus consisted of a spark gap vibrating at a high frequency powered by batteries and connected to tin foil sheet about 12 by 8 inches, effectively acting as an antenna. A similar tin foil sheet, connected to ground was located at about eight feet away with two more similar, un-grounded tin foil sheets between. Sparks could be seen at the "receiver" sheets. Effectively, Edison had observed wireless transmission and was later to regret that he had not pursued it.

Edison's last laboratory notebook entry on etheric force in 1875, which shows his experimental apparatus, can be seen at the Edison Papers at Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences.

## Controversy

Thomas Edison announced the discovery, which he called *etheric force*, to the press and reports began to appear in Newark newspapers from November 29, 1875. While etheric force initially met with an enthusiastic reception, sceptics began to question whether it truly was a new phenomenon or merely a consequence of some already known phenomenon such as electromagnetic induction. Leaders among the doubters were James Ashley, editor of the *Telegrapher*, the inventor Elihu Thomson and Edwin Houston, a high school teacher with whom Thomson had studied. Thomson and Houston conducted a series of careful experiments where they discovered that the sparks actually carried a charge, and they announced their results, not in the popular press as Edison had done, but in a scientific journal, the *Journal of the Franklin Institute*. This prompted a reply from Edison, more experiments and more scientific papers.

Nevertheless, Edison found support from a fellow diner at Delmonico's: George Miller Beard had experimented with electrophysiology, and enthusiastically promoted Edison's new force, most significantly in the pages of Scientific American.

Scepticism is not easily explained on scientific grounds as James Clerk Maxwell had predicted such waves in 1864 (confirmed by Heinrich Hertz in 1889). The negative reception is perhaps better understood as a result of Edison's uneasy relationship with the professional scientific community.

Eventually the controversy increased to the point where Edison was pressured by his principal financial backers, Western Union, to desist from etheric force research and publicity over it, and to devote himself to what Western Union saw as more commercially viable projects. Edison abandoned work despite having been able to send signals twenty to thirty feet. He also drafted, but did not file, a patent application for an "etheric telegraph" before he abandoned etheric force.

## Later development

In 1885 Edison again took up investigation of transmission by spark while working on a railway telegraph system and was able to get transmission of five hundred feet. Edison thought it might be suitable for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, taking out a patent for the system. Edison did not develop the patent commercially but according to his former assistant Francis Jehl, sold it to Guglielmo Marconi who developed it into radio.


title: Ettinger (British company)

abstract: G Ettinger Limited is a British company, based in London, specialising in luxury leather goods. Founded in 1934 by Gerry Ettinger, the eponymous company is still 100% family-owned and run. The company designs and is an artisanal manufacturer of small luxury leather goods, cases and bags, which are sold on their website and distributed internationally, especially in Japan. The company has its own leather goods factory in Walsall, but has kept its head office in London. G Ettinger Ltd was awarded a royal warrant to Charles, Prince of Wales in 1996 and has also made gifts under licence for the Wimbledon Championships from 1992 until 2015.

text:
# Ettinger (British company)

**G Ettinger Limited** is a British company, based in London, specialising in luxury leather goods. Founded in 1934 by Gerry Ettinger, the eponymous company is still 100% family-owned and run.

The company designs and is an artisanal manufacturer of small luxury leather goods, cases and bags, which are sold on their website and distributed internationally, especially in Japan.

The company has its own leather goods factory in Walsall, but has kept its head office in London.

G Ettinger Ltd was awarded a royal warrant to Charles, Prince of Wales in 1996 and has also made gifts under licence for the Wimbledon Championships from 1992 until 2015.

## Company history

Ettinger began as a British importer of leather goods and luxury gifts from continental Europe. England then still had an important leather industry, and it was in London that the finest leather goods were made.

From the 1950s to the '80s, Ettinger gradually strengthened its manufacturing base in London and then in Walsall, still under the helm of "Gerry" Ettinger.

Robert Ettinger, Gerry's eldest son, took over in 1990. The company specialised further into small upmarket leather goods and developed the Ettinger brand, notably in Japan.

## Craftsmanship

As one of the last leather goods manufacturers in Great Britain, the company is taking an active role in promoting craftsmanship and craft tutoring in the UK.

## Partnerships and associations

Throughout the years, Ettinger has made all kinds of leather goods for many British brands, including Asprey, Harrods, Fortnum & Mason, and Bentley.

The company is a member of the following business organisations:

## InfoBox

G Ettinger Limited
|
|  |
| Founded | 1934 |
| Founder | Gerry Ettinger |
| Headquarters | London |
| Area served | Europe<br>Japan |
| Website | www.ettinger.co.uk |


title: Espen Isaksen

abstract: Espen Hugo Isaksen is a Norwegian football goalkeeper. He started his top-level career with Rosenborg BK, but did not make a single league appearance and moved to Byåsen IL, where he spent a season and then played for 2 years for amateur side Oslo Øst. In 2004, he was signed by Stabæk Fotball, but only made 1 league appearance in 2 years he joined Odd Grenland. He retired after the 2008-season and is now the keeper coach for Tromsø IL. He later served as reserve goalkeeper. Isaksen was brought in for one game for Stabæk, because they had no keeper available for the game.

text:
# Espen Isaksen

**Espen Hugo Isaksen** (born 16 January 1979) is a Norwegian football goalkeeper.

He started his top-level career with Rosenborg BK, but did not make a single league appearance and moved to Byåsen IL, where he spent a season and then played for 2 years for amateur side Oslo Øst. In 2004, he was signed by Stabæk Fotball, but only made 1 league appearance in 2 years he joined Odd Grenland. He retired after the 2008-season and is now the keeper coach for Tromsø IL. He later served as reserve goalkeeper. Isaksen was brought in for one game for Stabæk, because they had no keeper available for the game.

## Career statistics

| Season | Club | Division | League | | Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 2001 | Byåsen | Adeccoligaen | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 |
| 2002 | Manglerud Star | | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 |
| 2003 | | | 29 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 0 |
| 2004 | Stabæk | Tippeligaen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2005 | | Adeccoligaen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2006 | Odd Grenland | Tippeligaen | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 2007 | | | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| 2008 | | Adeccoligaen | 18 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| 2009 | Tromsø | Tippeligaen | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 2010 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2011 | | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2014 | Stabæk | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career Total | | | 97 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 103 | 0 |

## InfoBox

Espen Isaksen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Espen Hugo Isaksen | | |
| Date of birth | (1979-01-16) 16 January 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Narvik, Norway | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Goalkeeper | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1998–2001 | Rosenborg | 0 | (0) |
| 2001–2002 | Byåsen | 22 | (0) |
| 2002–2004 | Manglerud Star | 50 | (0) |
| 2004–2006 | Stabæk | 0 | (0) |
| 2006–2008 | Odd Grenland | 23 | (0) |
| 2009–2011 | Tromsø | 1 | (0) |
| 2014 | Stabæk | 1 | (0) |
| International career | | | |
|  | Norway U-17 | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 10 June 2014<br>‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18 June 2009 | | | |


title: Etna Comics

abstract: Etna Comics – International Festival of Comics, Games and Pop Culture is an annual convention held in Catania, Sicily at the beginning of June. The venue is The Ciminiere convention center. As its name suggests, the festival focuses on comics, cartoons, gaming and pop culture in general. The name Etna Comics refers to Mount Etna, the volcano rising behind the city of Catania. With its 100,000 visitors it is one of the largest comic festivals in Italy, especially in the South.

text:
# Etna Comics

37°30′32″N 15°06′07″E / 37.509°N 15.102°E / 37.509; 15.102

**Etna Comics – International Festival of Comics, Games and Pop Culture** (Italian: *Etna Comics – Festival Internazionale del Fumetto, del Gioco e della Cultura Pop*) is an annual convention held in Catania, Sicily at the beginning of June. The venue is *The Ciminiere* convention center (Italian: *Centro Fieristico Le Ciminiere*). As its name suggests, the festival focuses on comics, cartoons, gaming and pop culture in general. The name *Etna Comics* refers to Mount Etna, the volcano rising behind the city of Catania. With its 100,000 visitors it is one of the largest comic festivals in Italy, especially in the South.

## History

*Etna Comics* was inaugurated in 2011 aiming to create a place where fans of comic books living souther than Naples could meet. Not only this result was fully accomplished, but the festival was an immediate success, becoming almost instantly an important national and international event, attracting domestic and global stars like Rutger Hauer, Matt Dillon, Giancarlo Esposito, Dario Argento and others.

Since its first edition, the festival has kept improving and expanding in dimensions and attendance. Whereas the first and the second edition took place in just one building of *Le Ciminiere*, from 2014 on the festival expanded to the entire venue, outdoor areas included, taking place in a total area larger than 45,000 square meters (on many levels). The convention center includes two auditoriums/movie theaters (1200 and 600 seats) a conference room (220 seats) and an outdoor stage area (2,000 square meters) where concerts and shows are performed. Its location, in front of the sea yet right in the city center, is well serverd by public transport: the central railway station, the central bus station and Giovanni XXIII Metro Station of the Catania Metro are at a very small, walkable distance.

From 2017 on, a 1,500 square meters tensile structure is set up in front of the convention center, increasing the area of the festival and hosting the board games section

During the years, the festival generated extensions and spin-offs like *Etna Comics OFF* or *Etna Comics – Day Zero* (downsized, simpler conventions taking place in winter or in spring and meant to be an hors d'oeuvre for the main event coming up in the summer), or *Etna Comics in città – Fuori salone della cultura pop*. The latter one was meant to be an offshoot of the festival right in the heart of the historic center of town: installation art, shows and food stalls were arranged in *Villa Pacini*, a small historic park near Piazza Duomo, during the days of the main convention. So far, *Etna Comics in città* has taken place only in the 2019 edition of the festival. For a small period of time *Etna Comics* had its own official comic books shop and coffee shop in a small *galleria commerciale* near *Le Ciminiere*; this shop is now closed.

Skipping 2020 and 2021 due to sanitary restrictions related to the coronavirus pandemic, the festival came back in 2022. The poster of this edition pictured a phoenix over the Latin motto *Melior de cinere surgo* (I rise from my ashes in a better state than before): this refers to the phoenix sculpted in the Porta Garibaldi and it is an allegory for the city of Catania (rebuilt several times after eruptions from Mount Etna and earthquakes), for the human spirit prevailng over adversity, and for the festival coming back after a two-year stop. The 2022 edition marks the tenth anniversary of the festival. For the occasion, *Etna Comics* inaugurated a new section called *Taboocom* about adult comics and erotism in art and pop culture; the new section is meant to explore topics like freedom and sexuality, or women's rights. The tenth "comeback" edition was a striking success as the festival got over the 100,000 visitors threshold, confirming, ten years after its inception, its relevance and centrality in the national and global context.

## Structure

*Etna Comics* usually takes place at the beginning of June and lasts about five days. Day tickets or full event passes are available to buy online or at the ticket office.

The festival is organized in the following sections:

Although not covered by an official section of the event, cosplay is an important part of *Etna Comics*. Many cosplayers attend the convention, roaming around, being available for pictures, offering free hugs, etc. Several cosplay contests and shows are also organized.

## Editions

| Edition | Year | Dates | Slogan or Poster Picture | Poster by | Headliners | Attendance | Ratio Att./Days | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 2011 | September 9–11 (3 Days) | *Il protagonista sei tu* (You are the protagonist) | Lucio Parrillo | Mark Tedin, Yoshiko Watanabe, Simone Bianchi, Gualtiero Cannarsi, Fabrizio Mazzotta, Lucio Parrillo, Giorgio Vanni, Emiliano Santalucia | 25,000 (Lowest) | ~8,300 (Lowest) | The first edition of the festival received immediate success in terms of attendance and of reviews from the media, establishing from the start as one of the leading comic conventions in Italy. |
| 2 | 2012 | September 14–16 (3 Days) | *L'isola che… non c'era* | Paolo Cossi | David Lloyd, Paolo Cossi, Cristina D'Avena, Yoshisuke Suga, Giorgio Vanni, | 40,000 | ~13,300 |  |
| 3 | 2013 | June 7–9 (3 Days) | Let's pop | Giovanna Casotto | Antonio Altarriba, Kim Altarriba, Volkan Baga, Angel de la Calle, Joan Mundet, James O'Barr, Robin Wood, Giovanna Casotto, Paolo Cossi, Luca Enoch, Giorgio vanni, Silvia Ziche | 43,000 | ~14.300 | From this edition on, the festival takes place in June. |
| 4 | 2014 | June 6–8 (3 Days) | *Il meglio deve ancora venire* (The best is yet to come) | Leo Ortolani | Greg Capullo, Milo Manara, Akemi Takada, Cristina D'Avena, Giorgio Vanni, Don Alemanno, Alessandro Bilotta, Doc Manhattan, Roberto Recchioni, Leo Ortolani, Sio | 50,000 | ~16,700 | From this edition on, the festival takes place throughout the whole venue of *Le Ciminiere*, outdoor areas included. The convention center includes two auditoriums (1200 and 600 seats) a conference room (220 seats) and an outdoor stage area (2,000 square meters) where concerts and shows are performed. The total area is larger than 45,000 square meters. The previous editions took place in just one building of the venue. |
| 5 | 2015 | May 30 - June 2 (4 Days) | #backtothefantasy | Don Alemanno and Sergio Algozzino | Rutger Hauer, Claudio Castellini, Riyoko Ikeda, Peter Milligan, Masami Suda, Angelo Stano, Jill Thompson, Andrea Agresti, Immanuel Casto | 61,000 | 15,250 |  |
| 6 | 2016 | June 2–5 (4 Days) | #ecsei | Claudio Villa | Massimo Lopez, Cristina D'Avena, Zerocalcare, Simon Bisley, Esad Ribic, Midori Harada, Yumiko Igarashi, Silver, Giancarlo Berardi, Alfredo Castelli, CiccioGamer89, Ivo Milazzo, Parimpampum, Andrea Plazzi. | 73,000 | 18.250 |  |
| 7 | 2017 | June 1–4 (4 Days) | Uzeta | Alex Maleev | Dario Argento, David Lloyd, Aldo Baglio, Giorgio Cavazzano, Marco D'Amore, Cristina D'Avena, Marco Asaro, Simone Bianchi, Max Texeira, Parimpampum | 78,000 | 19,500 | From this edition on, a 1,500 square meters tensile structure is set up in front of the convention center, hosting the board games section of the festival. |
| 8 | 2018 | May 31 - June 3 (4 Days) | Heliodorus | Tanino Liberatore | Barbara Bouchet, Manuela Blanchard, Hiromi Matsushita, J. M. DeMatteis, Yanick Paquette, Goran Parlov, Kazuko Tadano, Andrea Agresti, Immanuel Casto, Raul Cremona, Stefano Caselli, Giampiero Casertano, Salvo Coniglione, Gabriele Dell'Otto, Stefano Landini, Tanino Liberatore, Giuseppe Palumbo, I Soldi Spicci, Telericordi Band, Matteo Viviani | 80,000 | 20,000 |  |
| 9 | 2019 | June 6–9 (4 Days) | Gammazita | Simone Bianchi | Giancarlo Esposito, Johnny Galecki, Goblin, Neal Adams, Dermot Power, Lelio Bonaccorso, Lorenza Di Sepio, Lorenzo Pastrovicchio, Emiliano Mammuccari, Luca Maresca, Giorgio Vanni, Casa Surace | 85,000 | 21,250 |  |
| 10 | 2022 | June 1–5 (5 Days) | The Phoenix / *Melior de cinere surgo* (I rise from my ashes in a better state than before) | Gabriele Dell'Otto | Matt Dillon, Kasia Smutniak, Danika Mori, Roberto Recchioni, Angelo Stano, Vittorio Sgarbi, Roberto Arduini, Roberto Baldazzini, Simone Bianchi, Simon Bisley, Federica Cacciola, Fabio Celoni, Jacques de Loustal, Gabriele Dell'Otto, Tito Faraci, Casey Parsons, David Mack, Toshio Maeda, Alex Maleev, Jesus Merino, Paolo Mottura, Esad Ribic, Sio, I Soldi Spicci, Emiliano Santalucia, Alessandra Valenti | 100,000(Highest) | 20,000 | This edition marks a restart, after the festival stopped for two years (2020 and 2021) due to the coronavirus pandemic and the related sanitary restrictions. This is reflected in the poster and in the slogan, which refer to the phoenix sculpted in the Porta Garibaldi. The phoenix rising from its ashes stronger and more beautiful than before is an allegory for the city of Catania which had been destroyed several times by eruptions from the Mount Etna and had always been rebuilt more beautiful than before; and, more generally, it is an allegory for the human spirit prevailng over adversity. This edition also presents a new section of the festival called "Taboocom" about adult comics and erotism in art and pop culture. |
| 11 | 2023 | June 1–4 (4 Days) | St. Agatha dressed in red and azure / #vivacatania A variant shows Eva Kant and Tex Willer in Aci Trezza, running away from Polyphemus on a boat named *Agatha*. This is a tribute to the two characters celebrating, respectively, 60 and 75 years since their first appearance in a comic. | Milo Manara / Variant by Davide Paratore | Alessandro Borghi, Caparezza, Samantha Cristoforetti, Giacomo Giorgio, Milo Manara, Ornella Muti, Federico Bertolucci, Mauro Borelli, Fabio Celoni, Kelley Jones, Rick Leonardi, Tanino Liberatore, Tiziano Menichelli, Paolo Mottura, Alessandro Pastrovicchio, Edoardo Pesci, Cecilia Randall, Serena Riglietti, John Romita Jr., Giorgio Vanni | 90,000 | 22,500 | In this edition, for the first time, *Etna Comics* hosts a CICAP stand. CICAP (*Italian Committee for the Investigation of Claims of the Pseudosciences*) is an Italian, non-profit, skeptic educational organization, founded in 1989. CICAP's main goal is to promote a scientific and critical investigation of pseudosciences, the paranormal, so-called mysteries and the unusual, with the aim of encouraging a more scientific attitude and critical thinking. |
| 12 | 2024 | June 6-9 (4 Days) | Luigi Pirandello / #1nessuno100mila | Zerocalcare | Igort, Itziar Ituño, Nino Frassica, Ross Mullan, Darick Robertson, Rocco Siffredi, Charles Vess, Zerocalcare, Spartaco Albertarelli, Roberto Arduini, Paolo Barbieri, Jordi Bernet, Stefano Biglia, Pasquale Del Vecchio, Ester Cardella, Stefano Caselli, Giampiero Casertano, Fabio Celoni, Francesco Centorame, Fabrizio Corselli, Emilio Cozzi, Edym, Tito Faraci, Stefano Mirti, Paolo Mottura, Nanowar of Steel, Flavio Parenti, Alessandro Pastrovicchio, Luca Perri, Marco Rizzo, Val Romeo, Maurizio Rosenzweig, Pasquale Ruju, Luigi Siniscalchi. | "Nearly" 100,000 | "Nearly" 25,000 (Highest) | In this edition, the Ticket Office and the Check-in stall were set up in the square right over the Giovanni XXIII Metro Station. In this way, there was room for more stalls in the open area in front of the *Le Ciminiere* facility; moreover, a designated path was set up so that the crowd flowing to the festival did not hamper the roads close to the venue. |
| 13 | 2025 | May 30 - June 2 (4 Days), announced | T.B.A. | T.B.A. | T.B.A. | The event will take place in 2025 | The event will take place in 2025 |  |

## InfoBox

| Etna Comics | |
| --- | --- |
| Cosyplayers at Etna Comics 2013 | |
| Status | active |
| Venue | Le Ciminiere Convention Center (Italian: *Centro Fieristico Le Ciminiere*) |
| Location(s) | Catania |
| Country | Italy |
| Inaugurated | 2011 |
| Most recent | 2024 |
| Attendance | 100,000 (2022) |
| Organized by | Etnacrea S.r.l. |
| Website | etnacomics.com |


title: Euastacus urospinosus

abstract: Euastacus urospinosus is a species of southern crawfish in the family Parastacidae. The IUCN conservation status of Euastacus urospinosus is "EN", endangered. The species faces a high risk of extinction in the near future. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2010.

text:
# Euastacus urospinosus

***Euastacus urospinosus*** is a species of southern crawfish in the family Parastacidae.

The IUCN conservation status of *Euastacus urospinosus* is "EN", endangered. The species faces a high risk of extinction in the near future. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2010.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Euastacus urospinosus* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Family: | Parastacidae |
| Genus: | *Euastacus* |
| Species: | ***E. urospinosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Euastacus urospinosus***
(Riek, 1956) | |
|


title: Euastrum

abstract: Euastrum is a genus of green algae of the Desmidiaceae family. It lives in acidic waters.

text:
# Euastrum

***Euastrum*** is a genus of green algae of the Desmidiaceae family. It lives in acidic waters.

## Description

It is made of two, symmetrical semicells. They are usually longer than wide and are wavy and lobed. On the ends of the semicells, there is a notch. The cell wall may have "protuberances;" however, they are hard to see.

## InfoBox

| *Euastrum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Euastrum divaricatum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| *Clade*: | Viridiplantae |
| (unranked): | Charophyta |
| Class: | Zygnematophyceae |
| Order: | Desmidiales |
| Family: | Desmidiaceae |
| Genus: | *Euastrum* |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Esporte Clube 14 de Julho

abstract: Esporte Clube 14 de Julho, commonly known as 14 de Julho, is a Brazilian football club based in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul state. The club was founded on 14 July 1902, in the Santana do Livramento-Rivera border, which separates Brazil and Uruguay. In the first decades after the club's foundation, they played several games and competitions in Uruguay. During his youth the World Cup participant of 1930 Moderato Wisintainer played for the club.

text:
# Esporte Clube 14 de Julho

**Esporte Clube 14 de Julho**, commonly known as **14 de Julho**, is a Brazilian football club based in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul state.

The club was founded on 14 July 1902, in the Santana do Livramento-Rivera border, which separates Brazil and Uruguay. In the first decades after the club's foundation, they played several games and competitions in Uruguay.

During his youth the World Cup participant of 1930 Moderato Wisintainer played for the club.

## Stadium

Esporte Clube 14 de Julho play their home games at Estádio João Martins. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 5,000 people.

## InfoBox

14 de Julho
| Full name | Esporte Clube 14 de Julho |
| --- | --- |
| Nickname(s) | *Leão da Fronteira* <br>*Rubro Negro da Fronteira* |
| Founded | July 14, 1902 |
| Ground | Estádio João Martins, Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil |
| Capacity | 5,000 |
| Website | Club website |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Esporta Health Clubs

abstract: Esporta Health & Fitness Clubs was a chain of health clubs in the United Kingdom, which also once owned clubs in Spain. The clubs offered a wide variety of different fitness facilities, including gyms, swimming pools and courts for racquet sports. In addition they offered a choice of bar food and drinks, spa treatments and live sporting coverage. On 26 April 2011, after two years of ownership, Société Générale confirmed that it had agreed to sell its Esporta health, fitness and racquets clubs to Virgin Active for £77.5m.

text:
# Esporta Health Clubs

**Esporta Health & Fitness Clubs** (usually known as just **Esporta**) was a chain of health clubs in the United Kingdom, which also once owned clubs in Spain. The clubs offered a wide variety of different fitness facilities, including gyms, swimming pools and courts for racquet sports. In addition they offered a choice of bar food and drinks, spa treatments and live sporting coverage.

On 26 April 2011, after two years of ownership, Société Générale confirmed that it had agreed to sell its Esporta health, fitness and racquets clubs to Virgin Active for £77.5m.

## History

After expanding quickly, in 2004 the firm announced their six Spanish clubs were up for sale. Selling all six in 2005, they sold seven UK locations to Virgin Active: Birmingham, Bolton, Crawley, Chelmsford, Gloucester, Medway, and Rugby. .

## Membership

Membership of the club allowed members to use other Esporta clubs for free except for certain 'Premium' clubs.

During 2009 Esporta changed this policy, adding a small one-off initial fee to use 'non-home' clubs. However, some clubs continued to offer free UK-wide usage for no extra fee.

## Controversy

The company was known for its stringent 12-month contracts and 3-month cancellation periods, which led to complaints in the media.


title: Eugene Magyar

abstract: Eugene W. Magyar was the first and only bishop of the Slovak National Catholic Church, a mission of the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) to Slovak Americans in New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and educated through high school in Hungary, Magyar was a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh, Columbia University, the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, and Savonarola Theological Seminary in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He was ordained to the priesthood on May 14, 1933 and appointed PNCC dean of Slovak parishes in 1958. He was consecrated by Prime Bishop Leon Grochowski on June 29, 1963 for a small diocese based at Most Holy Name of Jesus Slovak National Catholic Cathedral in Passaic, New Jersey. Magyar was pastor of the Passaic congregation from 1938 until his death. In addition to pastoral and ecumenical work, he was a seminary professor, liturgical printer, newspaper editor, and cellist. Bishop Magyar died in New York City at Beth Israel Hospital.

text:
# Eugene Magyar

**Eugene W. Magyar** (July 17, 1909 - October 19, 1968) was the first and only bishop of the Slovak National Catholic Church, a mission of the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) to Slovak Americans in New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and educated through high school in Hungary, Magyar was a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh, Columbia University, the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, and Savonarola Theological Seminary in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He was ordained to the priesthood on May 14, 1933 and appointed PNCC dean of Slovak parishes in 1958. He was consecrated by Prime Bishop Leon Grochowski on June 29, 1963 for a small diocese based at Most Holy Name of Jesus Slovak National Catholic Cathedral in Passaic, New Jersey. Magyar was pastor of the Passaic congregation from 1938 until his death. In addition to pastoral and ecumenical work, he was a seminary professor, liturgical printer, newspaper editor, and cellist. Bishop Magyar died in New York City at Beth Israel Hospital.

* "Bishop Eugene Magyar," *The New York Times* obituary, October 21, 1968, page 47.
* "Bishop Magyar, SNCC Prelate, Dies in Passaic," *The Tribune* (Scranton), October 21, 1968, page 10.
* "Bishop Eugene Magyar, 59," *The Record* (Hackensack), October 20, 1968, page 62.
* "Bishop Eugene Magyar Dies, Led Slovak National Church," *The News* (Paterson, New Jersey), October 21, 1968, page 43.

* Grave at East Ridgelawn Cemetery, Clifton, Passaic County, New Jersey


title: Eugene M. Travis

abstract: Eugene Mabbett Travis was an American businessman and politician from New York. He was New York State Comptroller from 1915 to 1920.

text:
# Eugene M. Travis

**Eugene Mabbett Travis** (June 10, 1863 in Brooklyn, Kings County, New York – July 25, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York City) was an American businessman and politician from New York. He was New York State Comptroller from 1915 to 1920.

## Life

In 1884, he married Fannie Bell Peck (b. 1863).

He was a Republican member of the New York State Senate (6th D.) from 1907 to 1912, sitting in the 130th, 131st, 132nd, 133rd, 134th and 135th New York State Legislatures. He was New York State Comptroller from 1915 to 1920, elected in 1914, 1916 and 1918.

In 1921, Travis, his successor James A. Wendell and bond broker Albert L. Judson were indicted on charges of grand larceny. It was charged that Travis as Comptroller and Wendell as Deputy Comptroller had bought from Judson bonds at prices above the market for the State Sinkung Fund, and so caused the loss of $230,000 for the State. The charges were later dismissed because of lack of evidence to show criminal intent.

He died at his home at 436 Grand Avenue, Brooklyn.

## Sources

* Cut off the primary ticket, in NYT on August 21, 1918
* Back on the primary ticket, in NYT on August 24, 1918
* The indictments, in NYT on December 30, 1920
* The impending prosecution, in NYT on April 7, 1921
* The trial continues, questions of jurisdiction, in NYT on June 28, 1921
* Charges dismissed, in NYT on October 7, 1921
* Obit in NYT on July 27, 1940 (subscription required)


title: Euday L. Bowman

abstract: Euday Louis Bowman was an American pianist and composer of ragtime and blues who represented the style of Texas Ragtime. He is chiefly remembered as the composer of the highly popular "Twelfth Street Rag", a ragtime composition from 1914 out of a series of rags that Bowman wrote during or after a period in which he worked as a pianist in bordellos of Kansas City. These pieces, including "Sixth Street Rag", "Tenth Street Rag", "Eleventh Street Rag" and "Twelfth Street Rag," were named after streets of Fort Worth's redlight district.

text:
# Euday L. Bowman

**Euday Louis Bowman** (November 9, 1886  May 26, 1949) was an American pianist and composer of ragtime and blues who represented the style of *Texas Ragtime*. He is chiefly remembered as the composer of the highly popular "Twelfth Street Rag", a ragtime composition from 1914 out of a series of rags that Bowman wrote during or after a period in which he worked as a pianist in bordellos of Kansas City. These pieces, including "Sixth Street Rag", "Tenth Street Rag", "Eleventh Street Rag" and "Twelfth Street Rag," were named after streets of Fort Worth's redlight district.

## Biography

Euday Bowman was the paternal descendant of an early 18th-century German immigrant named Baumann. Three of Bowman's relatives fought in the American Revolution, including two cousins and one direct ancestor. Though several books list Bowman's birth year according to a tradition as 1887, official records show his birthdate as November 9, 1886. He was born and lived in what was then a village in Tarrant County, TX. The area, originally named Bowman Springs (according to some sources Bowman Spring) after his grandfather, Isaac Gatewood Bowman (1820-1907), was renamed Webb around 1895. The origin of the Webb name is unknown. It is now a suburb in the southeast area of Arlington. Bowman's parents divorced when he was young and his mother moved the family to Fort Worth. Both his mother and sister were piano teachers.

A contemporary of Bowman, the ragtime pianist and composer Brun Campbell, published erroneous remarks about Bowman that were subsequently spread in other published narratives. Contrary to Campbell's claims, Bowman did not lose a leg and did not die without heirs. In fact, when Brun wrote that, 24 claimants were involved in a lawsuit establishing the legitimate heirs. Although many sources indicate Bowman lost a leg when he tried to hop a train, that event happened to his cousin and resulted in a lawsuit ultimately decided by the Texas Supreme Court.

In his teens and early twenties, Bowman traveled around as pianist, and was also an arranger for popular orchestras. He lived together with his sister, Miss Mary M. Bowman, who wrote a part of *Twelfth Street Rag*. Bowman sold the copyright to the song for just $100. Many years later he regained the copyright, having lost out on the royalties earned by the publisher through the many successful interpretations of that rag by artists like Louis Armstrong (1927), Bennie Moten (1927), Duke Ellington (1931), and Pee Wee Hunt (1948). Other works of his include *Petticoat Lane Rag*, *Colorado Blues*, *Kansas City Blues*, *Fort Worth Blues*, *Tipperary Blues*, *Shamrock Rag*, *White Lily Dreams*, and *Old Glory On Its Way*.

## Claim of Royalties

Euday had no children, so the royalties went to his sister. Upon her death one year later, Ed G. Max was appointed temporary administrator for her estate. His siblings, Charlotte Goldman and husband and Harry Loyd Max, filed their opposition to Mary Bowman's will, and alleged that they, with Ed G. Max, their brother, were nephews and niece of Mary M. Bowman and were all and the only heirs to her estate. An intervention was filed by Forrest Campbell and twenty-one others, asserting they were cousins of Mary M. Bowman, and children of deceased cousins of Mary M. Bowman, and were the only heirs of deceased Mary M. Bowman. The cousins ultimately prevailed.

Euday Bowman's work is not public domain. Royalties remained distributed among hundreds of descendants of the cousins until 2013, when two descendants bought out the others via private auction.

Note: Brun Campbell is often cited as an authority on Euday Bowman. He is no relation to Euday's Campbell cousins, and his account of Euday's life differs significantly from the Campbell family stories.

## InfoBox

| Euday Louis Bowman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Born | (1886-11-09)November 9, 1886
Fort Worth, Texas, U.S. |
| Died | May 26, 1949(1949-05-26) (aged 62)
New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Ragtime |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, performer |
| Instrument | Piano |


title: Eucalyptus fracta

abstract: Eucalyptus fracta is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to a small area of New South Wales. It has hard, grey to black "ironbark" on the trunk and larger branches, smooth whitish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, and cup-shaped fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus fracta

***Eucalyptus fracta*** is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to a small area of New South Wales. It has hard, grey to black "ironbark" on the trunk and larger branches, smooth whitish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, and cup-shaped fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus fracta* is a tree or mallee that typically grows to a height of 8 m (26 ft) and has hard, grey to black ironbark on the trunk and branches more than 70 mm (2.8 in) in diameter, smooth whitish bark above. Young plants have dull, bluish green, egg-shaped to more or less round leaves that are 30–60 mm (1.2–2.4 in) long and 24–35 mm (0.94–1.38 in) wide on a petiole 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long. Adult leaves are the same slightly glossy greyish green on both sides, lance shaped, 70–110 mm (2.8–4.3 in) long and 10–25 mm (0.39–0.98 in) wide on a petiole 8–18 mm (0.31–0.71 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven on a branched peduncle 6–10 mm (0.24–0.39 in) long, the individual buds on a pedicel 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped, 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) wide with a conical operculum. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped capsule 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus fracta* was first described in 1997 by Ken Hill from a specimen he collected in Charmhaven with Leonie Stanberg in 1995. The description was published in the journal *Telopea*. The specific epithet (*fracta*) is a Latin word meaning "broken", a reference to the species' distribution.

## Distribution and habitat

This eucalypt is only known from parts of the Broken Back Range near Cessnock where it grows in shallow soils on a sandstone escarpment.

## InfoBox

| *Eucalyptus fracta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. fracta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus fracta***<br>K.D.Hill | |
|


title: Eugene H. Merrill (academic)

abstract: Eugene Haines Merrill is an American Old Testament scholar who has worked as a distinguished professor of Old Testament studies at Dallas Theological Seminary and 2010 president of the Evangelical Theological Society.

text:
# Eugene H. Merrill (academic)

**Eugene Haines Merrill** (born September 12, 1934) is an American Old Testament scholar who has worked as a distinguished professor of Old Testament studies at Dallas Theological Seminary and 2010 president of the Evangelical Theological Society.

## Early life, family, and education

Merrill was born in Anson, Maine. He attended Bob Jones University, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts (1957), Master of Arts in Bible (1960), and PhD in Old Testament interpretation (1963). After moving to New York for his wife to complete her doctorate, Merrill earned an M.A. in Jewish studies at New York University (1970), and his M.Phil. (1976) and Ph.D. (1985) in Middle East languages and culture at Columbia University. He also completed post-doctoral research (1989–1990) at Tyndale House in Cambridge.

## Career

Merrill taught at Bob Jones University from 1963 until 1966, then at Berkshire Christian College from 1968 until 1975. He joined the faculty of Dallas Theological Seminary in 1975, and retired in 2013 as Distinguished Professor of Old Testament Studies (Emeritus). He has also served on the faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky, since 2005 as Distinguished Professor of Old Testament Interpretation. He is a member of the American Oriental Society, the Near East Archaeological Society, the Society of Biblical Literature, and he served as president of the Evangelical Theological Society, of which he has been a member since 1965.

## Personal life

Merrill married Janet (née Hippensteel) in December 1960.

## Selected publications

Merrill has published ten books, contributed to several other collaborative projects, served as a translator in three biblical text projects, and written nearly 200 scholarly articles, mostly for *Bibliotheca Sacra*. Significant titles include:

* *Qumran and Predestination: A Theological Study of the Thanksgiving Hymns* (1975)
* *The Accession Year and Davidic Chronology* (1986)
* *Genesis Debate* (1986)
* *1, 2 Chronicles: Bible Study Commentary* (1988)
* *Israel's Apostasy and Restoration* (1988)
* *Royal Priesthood: An Old Testament Messianic Motif* (1991)
* *An Historical Survey of the Old Testament* (1991)
* *A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament* (1991)
* *Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An Exegetical Commentary* (1994)
* *Deuteronomy* (1994)
* *The Old Testament Explorer: Discovering the Essence, Background, and Meaning of Every Book in the Old Testament* (2001)
* *Die Geschichte Israels: Ein Königreich Von Priestern* (2001)
* *The Bible Knowledge Key Word Study: Genesis--Deuteronomy* (2003)
* *Everlasting Dominion: A Theology of the Old Testament* (2006)
* *Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel* (2008)
* *The World and the Word (co-author)* (2011)
* *A Commentary on 1 & 2 Chronicles* (2015)

## InfoBox

| Eugene Merrill | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1934-09-12) September 12, 1934
Anson, Maine, U.S. |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education | Bob Jones University (BA, MA, PhD)
New York University (MA)
Columbia University (MPhil, PhD) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Theology
Biblical studies |
| Sub-discipline | Old Testament studies |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Eugene H. Belden

abstract: Eugene H. Belden was an American politician.

text:
# Eugene H. Belden

**Eugene H. Belden** (December 14, 1840  January 6, 1910) was an American politician.

## Biography

Eugene H. Belden was born in Spring Arbor, Michigan on December 14, 1840. After attending lower-level schools, he began attending Michigan Central College at age 15. At age 20, he started attending the law department of the University of Michigan. He also studied law in the office of Governor Austin Blair. Belden did not graduate from the University of Michigan, and he never practiced law, instead getting involved with farming and real estate. He had also served as justice of the peace and public notary.

In 1880, Belden was elected as a Republican to the Michigan House of Representatives, representing Jackson County's 3rd district. He served one term. In September 1884, Belden was nominated at the Jackson County Republican convention for the state senate. He was defeated when running for the 7th district seat by Michael Shoemaker.

In 1890, Belden attended the founding convention of the Industrial Party. The Industrial Party was a fusion of groups including the Greenback Party, the Knights of Labor, and the Farmers' Alliance. By this time, Belden was a member of the Farmers' Alliance. Belden was nominated for governor by the new party. He received 13,198 votes in the general election.

In August 1891, Belden was appointed by Governor Edwin B. Winans to serve on Michigan's World's Fair commission. He served as vice president of the commission.

In December 1891, Belden attended the first convention of the People's Party of Michigan. He became chairman of the state executive committee. In August 1892, he was nominated for the United States Senate by the Populists. In January 1893, Belden received five votes for U.S. senator from the Michigan Legislature. The Populists again nominated Belden for U.S. senator in July 1894.

On January 6, 1910, Belden died after six months of illness. He was a widower by the time of his death.

## InfoBox

| Eugene H. Belden | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
from the Jackson County 3rd district | |
| **In office**
1881–1882 | |
| Preceded by | Sylvester A. Strong |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1840-12-14)December 14, 1840
Spring Arbor, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | January 6, 1910(1910-01-06) (aged 69)
Jackson County, Michigan, U.S. |
| Political party | Populist |
| Other political
affiliations | Republican
Industrial (1890) |
| Alma mater | Michigan Central College |
|  | |


title: Eugnosta trimeni

abstract: Eugnosta trimeni is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Lesotho, Mozambique and South Africa.

text:
# Eugnosta trimeni

***Eugnosta trimeni*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Lesotho, Mozambique and South Africa.

## InfoBox

| *Eugnosta trimeni* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Eugnosta* |
| Species: | ***E. trimeni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eugnosta trimeni***<br>(Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Conchylis trimeni* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 * *Conchylis trimeni f. minor* Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 | |


title: Eugnosta subsynaetera

abstract: Eugnosta subsynaetera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Brazil (Goias). The wingspan is about 15 mm.

text:
# Eugnosta subsynaetera

***Eugnosta subsynaetera*** is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Brazil (Goias).

The wingspan is about 15 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Eugnosta subsynaetera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Tortricidae |
| Genus: | *Eugnosta* |
| Species: | ***E. subsynaetera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eugnosta subsynaetera***<br>Razowski & Becker, 2002 | |
|


title: Eudonia wolongensis

abstract: Eudonia wolongensis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wei-Chun Li, Hou-Hun Li and Matthias Nuss in 2012. It is found in Sichuan, China. The length of the forewings is 8–9 mm.

text:
# Eudonia wolongensis

***Eudonia wolongensis*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Wei-Chun Li, Hou-Hun Li and Matthias Nuss in 2012. It is found in Sichuan, China.

The length of the forewings is 8–9 mm.

## Etymology

The species name refers to the type locality, the Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province.

## InfoBox

| *Eudonia wolongensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eudonia* |
| Species: | ***E. wolongensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudonia wolongensis***<br>W.-C. Li, H.-H. Li & Nuss, 2012 | |
|


title: Eudonia ycarda

abstract: Eudonia ycarda is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1929. It is found in Guatemala and Orizaba, Mexico. The wingspan is 10–13 mm. The forewings are grey, with white lines. The inner line followed by a moderate black shade. The terminal area is dark, with only traces of a pale sinuate subterminal line. Adults have been recorded on wing in July and November.

text:
# Eudonia ycarda

***Eudonia ycarda*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1929. It is found in Guatemala and Orizaba, Mexico.

The wingspan is 10–13 mm. The forewings are grey, with white lines. The inner line followed by a moderate black shade. The terminal area is dark, with only traces of a pale sinuate subterminal line. Adults have been recorded on wing in July and November.

## InfoBox

| *Eudonia ycarda* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eudonia* |
| Species: | ***E. ycarda*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudonia ycarda***<br>(Dyar, 1929) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scoparia ycarda* Dyar, 1929 | |