title: The Origin (Einhorn)

abstract: The Origin is an opera/oratorio composed by Richard Einhorn to a libretto by Richard Einhorn and Catherine Barnett based on the writings of Charles Darwin. The oratorio takes its title from Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species. The work was commissioned by the Artswego program and the Music Department of State University of New York at Oswego for the worldwide Darwin Bicentennial. The Origin had its world premiere on 6 February 2009 at the university's Waterman Theatre.

text:
# The Origin (Einhorn)

***The Origin*** is an opera/oratorio composed by Richard Einhorn to a libretto by Richard Einhorn and Catherine Barnett based on the writings of Charles Darwin. The oratorio takes its title from Darwin's 1859 *On the Origin of Species*. The work was commissioned by the Artswego program and the Music Department of State University of New York at Oswego for the worldwide Darwin Bicentennial. *The Origin* had its world premiere on 6 February 2009 at the university's Waterman Theatre.

## Premiere performance

The premiere performance of *The Origin* was conducted by Julie Pretzat and featured soprano Jacqueline Horner from the a cappella quartet, Anonymous 4; tenor Todd Graber; bass Eric Johnson; the women's vocal ensemble, Kitka; the SUNY Oswego College Choir; Oswego College-Community Orchestra; and the Oswego Festival Chorus. Of the over 200 performers, about 80 were students at SUNY Oswego. The projected video images which served as a backdrop to the performance were by filmmaker Bill Morrison.


abstract:
The women's 100m Butterfly event at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games occurred on Wednesday, Saturday 22, 2006 at the S.U. Pedro de Heredia Aquatic Complex in Cartagena, Colombia. Records at the time of the event were:
  - World Record: 56.61, Inge de Bruijn (Netherlands), Sydney, Australia, September 17, 2000.
  - Games Record: 1:03.01, Siobhan Cropper, 1998 Games in Maracaibo (Sep.12.1998).

text:
# Swimming at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games – Women's 100 metre butterfly

The **women's 100m Butterfly** event at the **2006 Central American and Caribbean Games** occurred on Wednesday, Saturday 22, 2006 at the S.U. Pedro de Heredia Aquatic Complex in Cartagena, Colombia.

Records at the time of the event were:

## Results

### Final

| Place | Swimmer | Country | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Teresa Victor Lopez | Mexico | 1:02.46 | GR |
| 2 | Maria Alejandra Rodriguez | Venezuela | 1:03.59 |  |
| 3 | Alma Paulina Arciniega Castro | Mexico | 1:03.63 |  |
| 4 | Sharntelle McLean | Trinidad and Tobago | 1:04.42 |  |
| 5 | Anay Gutierrez Solenza | Cuba | 1:04.49 |  |
| 6 | Gisela Morales | Guatemala | 1:04.69 |  |
| 7 | Andreina Rojas Jimenez | Venezuela | 1:04.84 |  |
| 8 | Vanessa de Lourdes Martinez Colomer | Puerto Rico | 1:04.93 |  |
|

### Preliminaries

| Rank | Swimmer | Country | Time | Note |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Teresa Victor Lopez | Mexico | 1:03.83 | **Q** |
| 2 | Alma Paulina Arciniega Castro | Mexico | 1:04.34 | **Q** |
| 3 | Maria Alejandra Rodriguez | Venezuela | 1:04.66 | **Q** |
| 4 | Gisela Morales | Guatemala | 1:04.96 | **Q** |
| 5 | Sharntelle McLean | Trinidad and Tobago | 1:05.01 | **Q** |
| 6 | Carolina Colorado Henao | Colombia | 1:05.56 | **Q** |
| 7 | Anay Gutierrez Solenza | Cuba | 1:05.60 | **Q** |
| 8 | Andreina Rojas Jimenez | Venezuela | 1:05.67 | **Q** |
|  | | | | |
| 9 | Vanessa de Lourdes Martinez Colomer | Puerto Rico | 1:06.01 |  |
| 10 | Heather Roffey | Cayman Islands | 1:06.15 |  |
| 11 | Sharon Paola Fajardo Sierra | Honduras | 1:06.23 |  |
| 12 | Lura Lucia Paz Chavez | Honduras | 1:06.49 |  |
| 13 | Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace | Bahamas | 1:06.50 |  |
| 14 | Ileana Ivette Murillo Argueta | El Salvador | 1:06.51 |  |
| 15 | Alia Atkinson | Jamaica | 1:06.71 |  |
| 16 | Marsha Nicole Watson | Barbados | 1:06.84 |  |
| 17 | Dalia Massiel Tórrez Zamora | Nicaragua | 1:06.87 |  |
| 18 | Marcela Martinez | Colombia | 1:09.43 |  |
| 19 | Priscilla Jannasch | Suriname | 1:10.53 |  |
| 20 | Sade Daal | Suriname | 1:10.61 |  |
| 21 | Michael-Anne Myrvang | Virgin Islands | 1:11.05 |  |
| 22 | Jodie Foster | Cayman Islands | 1:15.80 |  |
| -- | Ana Guadalupe Hernandez Duarte | El Salvador | DNS |  |
| -- | Alana Dillette | Bahamas | DNS |  |
|


title: Point FM

abstract: Point FM was a community radio station serving northern Denbighshire and eastern parts of Conwy County Borough in North Wales. Owned and operated by Radio Elwy Ltd, the station broadcast locally on 103.1 FM and online. Point FM's programming largely consisted of music and talk output alongside local news features and information, specialist music output, sports coverage and live event outside broadcasts with automated music during non-programming hours. Apart from national news bulletins produced by Sky News Radio, most of the station's output was produced and presented locally. After being awarded an FM community licence by OFCOM in 2008, the station was initially based at the Morville Hotel on Rhyl's East Parade before moving to temporary studios at Ffirth Beach in Prestatyn, and in July 2012, permanent studios and offices on Wellington Road in West Rhyl.

text:
# Point FM

**Point FM** was a community radio station serving northern Denbighshire and eastern parts of Conwy County Borough in North Wales. Owned and operated by Radio Elwy Ltd, the station broadcast locally on 103.1 FM and online.

Point FM's programming largely consisted of music and talk output alongside local news features and information, specialist music output, sports coverage and live event outside broadcasts with automated music during non-programming hours. Apart from national news bulletins produced by Sky News Radio, most of the station's output was produced and presented locally.

After being awarded an FM community licence by OFCOM in 2008, the station was initially based at the Morville Hotel on Rhyl's East Parade before moving to temporary studios at Ffirth Beach in Prestatyn, and in July 2012, permanent studios and offices on Wellington Road in West Rhyl.

## Demise

In March 2017, it was reported that Point FM was facing a winding-up petition by PPL for non-payment of licence fees to play music on-air and an unresolved small claims judgement.

In July 2017, the High Court ruled in favour of PPL and Point FM was placed into compulsory liquidation. The station ceased broadcasting shortly after the winding up order was issued. In October 2017, OFCOM announced that the station had surrendered its FM licence.

The regulator advertised a new FM community licence for the Vale of Clwyd, Kinmel Bay and Abergele areas in December 2018. Four applications were received, although only three were considered.

In December 2019, OFCOM awarded the FM licence to Sound Radio, based in Towyn. The station, which launched online during the autumn of 2017, began broadcasting on 103.1 FM at 7am on Monday 8 February 2021.

## InfoBox

Point FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Rhyl, Prestatyn, St Asaph and surrounding areas |
| Frequency | 103.1 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Community: music and talk |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Radio Elwy Point FM Ltd |
| History | |
| First air date | 27 March 2010 |
| Last air date | 14 July 2017 |


title: Philippe Hubert Preudhomme de Borre

abstract: Philippe Hubert, Chevalier de Preudhomme de Borre joined the French Army in 1740 and served in the War of the Austrian Succession. During the American Revolutionary War he traveled to America where he was presented as a military expert. Promoted to general officer, his career as a Continental Army officer was brief and undistinguished. He resigned under a cloud and returned to France in 1779. His career ended in obscurity. De Borre began his military career in the French royal army as a volunteer. He served as a cavalry officer in several campaigns during the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1745 he was seriously wounded. In 1757 he raised a unit from his home town of Liège in what is now Belgium but evidently saw no action in the Seven Years' War. When he arrived in America in 1776, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him a brigadier general. George Washington assigned de Borre to command the 2nd Maryland Brigade in John Sullivan's division. He led his troops at Staten Island and Brandywine. At the latter battle he proved incapable of handling his troops in action. Threatened with a court martial, he resigned and left America in 1779. He was promoted to brigadier general in the French army in 1780 but he was no longer physically capable of active service.

text:
# Philippe Hubert Preudhomme de Borre

**Philippe Hubert, Chevalier de Preudhomme de Borre** (17 September 1717 in Liège – 30 May 1789 in Brussels) joined the French Army in 1740 and served in the War of the Austrian Succession. During the American Revolutionary War he traveled to America where he was presented as a military expert. Promoted to general officer, his career as a Continental Army officer was brief and undistinguished. He resigned under a cloud and returned to France in 1779. His career ended in obscurity.

De Borre began his military career in the French royal army as a volunteer. He served as a cavalry officer in several campaigns during the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1745 he was seriously wounded. In 1757 he raised a unit from his home town of Liège in what is now Belgium but evidently saw no action in the Seven Years' War. When he arrived in America in 1776, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him a brigadier general. George Washington assigned de Borre to command the 2nd Maryland Brigade in John Sullivan's division. He led his troops at Staten Island and Brandywine. At the latter battle he proved incapable of handling his troops in action. Threatened with a court martial, he resigned and left America in 1779. He was promoted to brigadier general in the French army in 1780 but he was no longer physically capable of active service.

## Early career

De Borre was born on 17 September 1717 at Liège. On 1 May 1740 he joined the Regiment of *Champagne* as a volunteer. He was commissioned as a sous lieutenant on 26 July 1741 and a lieutenant on 20 April 1742. He became a captain in the *Duc de Bretagne* Dragoon Regiment on 6 August 1744. After having fought in Bavaria, Bohemia, and Flanders, de Borre was badly wounded during the passage of the Rhine River in 1745. He suffered four sword strokes to his head and one to his wrist. The latter injury crippled one of his hands for life.

While a lieutenant colonel in 1757, de Borre raised a unit from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, the *Liègeois d'Orion* Regiment. Though the bishopric was not part of France the Prince-Bishop had an agreement with the King of France provide a regiment for the royal army. On 20 June 1757 King Louis XV made him a Chevalier of the Order of Saint Louis. There is no record of him being in action during the Seven Years' War which was then raging. When his regiment was reorganized on 1 January 1762, he was sent to garrison Metz. Until 1767 his task was to prevent desertion in the area of Liège. On 14 December 1776, then a temporary artillery brigadier general, he set out with Philippe Charles Tronson de Coudray and a large group of French officers who were given the government's blessing to assist the American Revolution. However, the French vessel *Amphitrite* turned back. De Borre and a fellow officer Thomas-Antoine de Mauduit du Plessis set sail from Saint-Nazaire in the *Mercure* on 5 February 1777. The ship also carried a secret cargo of gunpowder, small arms, and material for uniforms, all bound for the American army.

## American Revolutionary War

De Borre disembarked from the *Mercure* at Portsmouth, New Hampshire on 17 March 1777. He made his way to Morristown, New Jersey where on 17 May George Washington presented him with a brigadier general's commission back-dated to 1 December 1776. That week, Washington was in the process of forming the main army into ten permanent brigades. There were four from Virginia, three from Pennsylvania, two from Maryland, and one from New Jersey. William Smallwood was appointed to lead the 1st Maryland Brigade while de Borre was given command of the 2nd Maryland Brigade. At the same time, a Frenchman of Irish heritage, Thomas Conway received command of another brigade. De Borre's brigade consisted of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, and the 2nd, 4th, and 6th Maryland Regiments.

In May 1777, de Coudray and his entourage of 18 officers and 10 sergeants reached America. At this time Americans were becoming aware of the problem of accepting foreign adventurers into their ranks. Some foreign officers proved valuable to the American cause, while others were not useful. For example, Matthias Alexis Roche de Fermoy and Frederick William, Baron de Woedtke proved to be failures as combat generals. Because de Coudray had been promised the rank of major general, Henry Knox, Nathanael Greene, and John Sullivan vowed to resign if the Frenchman was promoted over their heads. Anxious not to offend France, Congress invented the title Inspector General of Ordnance and Military Manufactories for de Coudray but made sure that he had no authority over the combat generals. The freshly-minted Inspector General promptly began quarreling with other French officers such as the capable engineer Louis Lebègue Duportail and involved himself in intrigues. One Frenchman noted that de Coudray's arrogance offended the Congress and damaged relations between the American colonies and France. De Coudray even managed to anger Gilbert Motier, marquis de La Fayette. Finally, on 16 September 1777 de Coudray stupidly rode his horse onto a Schuylkill River ferryboat and the skittish animal leaped overboard, drowning its rider.

On 22 August, Sullivan mounted an unsuccessful raid on British positions near New York City in the Battle of Staten Island. The Americans captured most of one loyalist battalion but admitted losing 20 wounded and 150 prisoners. The British claimed to have captured 260 Americans while the New Jersey loyalists lost about 140 captured. Meanwhile, the 2nd Canadian and the 2nd Maryland Regiments apparently suffered the heaviest losses on the American side. One of Sullivan's officers subsequently preferred charges against him for botching the operation. Sullivan asked de Borre, whose brigade had participated, to keep quiet until his court martial could take place. Ultimately, Sullivan was exonerated.

On 11 September, the British-Hessian army of Sir William Howe squared off against Washington's 12,000 continentals and 3,000 militiamen at the Battle of Brandywine. The American left flank at Pyle's Ford was held by John Armstrong Sr. and 2,000 Pennsylvania militia. Nathanael Greene's division of 2,500 men in two Virginia brigades and Francis Nash's 1,500-strong North Carolina brigade held the left center. Anthony Wayne's 2,000 troops in two Pennsylvania brigades defended Chadds Ford in the center. In reserve were 2,500 troops in the divisions of Adam Stephen and William Alexander, Lord Stirling. Stephen led two Virginia brigades while Stirling had a New Jersey and a Pennsylvania brigade. While the rest of the army waited on the east bank of Brandywine Creek, William Maxwell's 1,000 light infantry and some militia fought a delaying action on the west bank. See the Brandywine order of battle for details of both armies.

Sullivan's division held the right flank with the two Maryland brigades. He deployed 1,100 troops and two artillery pieces from both de Borre's and Smallwood's brigades at Brinton's Ford. The 250-man Delaware Regiment from the 1st Brigade was detached to hold Jones's Ford, the next crossing place to the north. Moses Hazen's 400-strong 2nd Canadian Regiment defended Wister's and Buffington's Fords, which were even more distant. American reconnaissance that day was woefully deficient. Howe divided his 18,000 British and Hessian troops into two wings. He sent the right wing under Wilhelm von Knyphausen to advance directly on Chadds Ford. Meanwhile, the more powerful left wing under Howe and Lord Charles Cornwallis marched north. About noon, Howe's wing crossed the Brandywine at undefended Jefferis's Ford, which was north of Buffington's. Howe's column veered to the southeast past Strode's Mill toward Osborne's Hill where the footsore troops were permitted to rest. At this location they were finally spotted by American cavalrymen and Theodorick Bland quickly notified both Washington and Sullivan of the danger.

Washington immediately instructed Stirling and Stephen to march north toward Birmingham Meeting House, a place of Quaker worship. These two divisions had time to deploy on a ridge to the southeast of Birmingham. At 2:30 PM Sullivan received orders to rendezvous with the other two divisions and take command of the right wing. Not only did he need to navigate through difficult terrain, but he had to link up with the Delaware Regiment and Hazen's men. During the maneuver, de Borre asked Sullivan if Hazen's regiment could rejoin his brigade, but the request was denied. De Borre was miffed because this left his brigade with only 350 men.

After Sullivan got his men onto a hill 400 yards (366 m) west of Birmingham he realized that his division was separated from and several hundred yards in front of the other two divisions. Sullivan rode over to confer with Stirling and Stephen. Because Smallwood was on detached duty with the Maryland militia, de Borre was left in charge of the two Maryland brigades. The Frenchman, whose command of English was rudimentary, was not popular with the officers or the rank and file. Sullivan issued orders for the Maryland division to move to the right in order to come in line with the other two divisions. To make room, Stephen and Stirling also had to shift rightward.

Stephen and Stirling moved their divisions without incident, even though their troops were coming under fire from the enemy's light troops. De Borre somehow mismanaged the shift of Sullivan's division. Instead of simply moving to the right, the Frenchman ordered the division to file off to the left and circle back to the northeast. At the end of the bizarre maneuver, the 1st Brigade was in almost the same position it started. Instead of being alongside the 1st Brigade, the 2nd Brigade was behind it. At this moment, the crack Brigade of Guards supported by two 12-pound cannons attacked. When the sound of gunfire erupted, the confused soldiers of the 2nd Brigade volleyed into the backs of the 1st Brigade. The 1st Maryland Regiment put up some resistance, suffering 26 casualties, but the entire division soon crumbled. The soldiers headed to the rear pursued by the British Guards. De Borre later stated to Samuel Smith of the 4th Maryland that a wound on his cheek was caused by the English firing fish hooks. Smith suspected that de Borre misrepresented his injury and that it was caused by riding through some briars. Since it led the column of march, Hazen's regiment apparently did not take part in de Borre's maneuver and instead joined Stirling's left flank.

Under the direction of Sullivan, the divisions of Stirling and Stephen resisted the British attack stoutly for an hour. Stirling's command was forced to retreat first, though Conway acquitted himself well. Finally, Stephen's division was overwhelmed and compelled to withdraw. Washington averted a disaster when he brought up George Weedon's brigade of Greene's division at 6:00 PM to slow the British pursuit.

De Borre reported to Congress that his division ran away without having suffered any casualties. He urged Washington to pull the entire army back into Philadelphia and call up 50,000 militia to annoy the British, but this suggestion was ignored. Charged with mismanagement and told that a court of inquiry would be convened, de Borre sent in his resignation on 14 September and Congress accepted it. The next day he explained that he had resigned because he led "nothing but bad troops" and he refused to be dishonored. Historian Mark M. Boatner III remarked that the war record of the 2nd Maryland Brigade showed that it was made up of excellent regiments. Sullivan, who was often at the center of controversy, was also blamed for the defeat. A story arose at the time that he insisted on his division being assigned to hold the post of honor on the right flank, but historian Thomas J. McGuire disproved this myth. Congress demanded that Sullivan be recalled, but Washington declined to remove him because it would have left the Maryland division leaderless.

## Later career

Leaving Charleston, South Carolina on 20 January 1779, de Borre took dispatches to Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing whose French fleet was then at Cap-François in Haiti. From there, he had an eventful voyage home to France on the frigate *Andromaque (40)*. En route, the warship sank the British privateer *Tartar* on 15 May and arrived at Brest, France on 5 July. He was promoted to brigadier general in the French royal army as of 1 March 1780, but a little over one month later the retirement process was begun due to his physical disability. He died in Brussels, in his house on the "Cantersteen" on 30 May 1789, with funeral at the Collegiale des Ss Michel et Gudule on 1 June. His unpublished manuscript, *Journal des campagnes de 1777 et 1778 au service des colonies unies de l'Amérique*, is in the French *Archives historiques de la Guerre*.

* Abbott, Tim. greensleeves.typepad.com *Sullivan's Staten Island Raid*
* Boatner, Mark M. (1994). *Encyclopedia of the American Revolution*. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1.
* Eastby, Allen G. historynet.com *Military History Magazine: Battle of Brandywine*
* Expédition Particulière xenophongroup.com *French Volunteers in the American Revolution: Preudhomme de Borre*
* McGuire, Thomas J. (2006). *The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume I*. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0178-6.
* Millar, Stephen. napoleon-series.org *French Colonels and Colonels-in-Chief (1789): Regiment Royal-Liegeois*
* Morton, Brian N.; Spinelli, Donald C. (2003). *Beaumarchais and the American Revolution*. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0468-3.
* Noailles, Amblard-Marie-Raymond-Amédée (1903). *Marins et Soldats Français en Amérique Pendant la Guerre de l'Indépendance des États-Unis (1778-1783)* (in French). Paris: Libraire académique Didier Perrin et Cie. OCLC 21226344.
* Selig, Robert A. (2003). *The Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route in the State of Delaware, 1781-1783* (PDF). Dover, Del.: State of Delaware. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06.
* Robert K. Wright Jr. (1989). *The Continental Army*. Washington, D.C.: US Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 60-4.

## InfoBox

| Philippe Hubert Chevalier Preudhomme de Borre | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 17 September 1717
Liège, Prince-Bishopric of Liège |
| Died | 30 May 1789
Brussels |
| Allegiance | France
United States |
| Service/branch | Cavalry, artillery |
| Years of service | 17401776
17761777
17791780? |
| Rank | Brigadier General, 1776
Brigadier General, 1780 |
| Battles/wars | War of the Austrian Succession
American Revolutionary War |
| Awards | Order of Saint Louis 1757 |


title: Philypnodon grandiceps

abstract: The flathead gudgeon is a species of fish in the family Eleotridae endemic to eastern Australia.

text:
# Philypnodon grandiceps

The **flathead gudgeon** (*Philypnodon grandiceps*) is a species of fish in the family Eleotridae endemic to eastern Australia.

## Taxonomy

Gerard Krefft described the flathead gudgeon in 1864 as *Eleotris grandiceps*, recording it from the Upper Hawkesbury River and its tributaries, and freshwater lagoons near Richmond, Eastern Creek, and Bronte. Alternate names include big-headed gudgeon, bull head, bull-headed gudgeon, collundera, and Yarra gudgeon.

## Description

The flathead gudgeon generally grows to about 8 cm (3.2 in) in length, though large individuals up to 11 or 12 cm (4.5 in) have been recorded. It has a large, flattened head and large mouth, which extends back past the eyes, and two short dorsal fins. The upperparts can be various shades of grey, brown, black, or yellowish, with yellowish underparts. The flathead gudgeon can be distinguished from the dwarf flathead gudgeon (*Philypnodon macrostomus*) by barred lines on its flanks, larger size (the latter species only reaching 5 cm (2 in) long), and wide gill openings.

## Distribution and habitat

The flathead gudgeon is found in estuaries and freshwater rivers from just north of the Fitzroy River in central Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria to the Gawler River in South Australia, as well as some parts of northern Tasmania.

## Feeding

Carnivorous, the flathead gudgeon preys upon small fish, tadpoles, and aquatic arthropods. It, in turn, has been recorded as prey of the yellow-billed spoonbill.

## Breeding

The female lays 500–1000 elongated eggs on a hard surface in spring, which are watched over afterwards by the male.

## InfoBox

| *Philypnodon grandiceps* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A Flathead Gudgeon, *Philypnodon grandiceps*, at Halls Gap, Grampians, Victoria | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Family: | Eleotridae |
| Genus: | *Philypnodon* |
| Species: | ***P. grandiceps*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Philypnodon grandiceps***<br>J. L. G. Krefft | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Eleotris grandiceps* Krefft, 1864 | |


title: Philippines Lacrosse Association

abstract: The Philippines Lacrosse Association (PLA), also known as Philippines Lacrosse, is the governing body of lacrosse in the Philippines and is a full member of World Lacrosse. The PLA was established in September 2012. It organizes the country's men's national team. Lacrosse was officially introduced in the Philippines in September 2013, when the PLA outreach director Justin Manjares and President Ron Garcia met with Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) and the Philippine Sports Commission (PSA) regarding the lacrosse body's agenda and talked about promoting the sport with the guidance of the POC and PSC. The Philippines Lacrosse Association became the 50th member of World Lacrosse as voted on February 17, 2014, when the international organization was still known as the Federation of International Lacrosse. It was given full World Lacrosse membership in 2021. It joined the Asia-Pacific Lacrosse Union in 2019 as an associate member.

text:
# Philippines Lacrosse Association

The **Philippines Lacrosse Association** (**PLA**), also known as **Philippines Lacrosse**, is the governing body of lacrosse in the Philippines and is a full member of World Lacrosse. The PLA was established in September 2012. It organizes the country's men's national team.

Lacrosse was officially introduced in the Philippines in September 2013, when the PLA outreach director Justin Manjares and President Ron Garcia met with Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) and the Philippine Sports Commission (PSA) regarding the lacrosse body's agenda and talked about promoting the sport with the guidance of the POC and PSC.

The Philippines Lacrosse Association became the 50th member of World Lacrosse as voted on February 17, 2014, when the international organization was still known as the Federation of International Lacrosse. It was given full World Lacrosse membership in 2021.

It joined the Asia-Pacific Lacrosse Union in 2019 as an associate member.

## InfoBox

Philippines Lacrosse Association
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Lacrosse |
| Jurisdiction | National |
| Abbreviation | PLA |
| Founded | 2012 (2012) |
| Affiliation | World Lacrosse |
| Affiliation date | 2014 |
| Headquarters | Bacolod, Philippines |
| President | Ron Garcia |
| Coach | Kirk Ventriquattro |
| Official website | |
| www.philippineslacrosse.org | |
|  | |


title: Photo-Secession

abstract: The Photo-Secession was an early 20th century movement that promoted photography as a fine art in general and photographic pictorialism in particular. A group of photographers, led by Alfred Stieglitz and F. Holland Day in the early 20th century, held the then controversial viewpoint that what was significant about a photograph was not what was in front of the camera but the manipulation of the image by the artist/photographer to achieve his or her subjective vision. The movement helped to raise standards and awareness of art photography. The group is the American counterpart to the Linked Ring, an invitation-only British group which seceded from the Royal Photographic Society.

text:
# Photo-Secession

The **Photo-Secession** was an early 20th century movement that promoted photography as a fine art in general and photographic pictorialism in particular.

A group of photographers, led by Alfred Stieglitz and F. Holland Day in the early 20th century, held the then controversial viewpoint that what was significant about a photograph was not what was in front of the camera but the manipulation of the image by the artist/photographer to achieve his or her subjective vision. The movement helped to raise standards and awareness of art photography.

The group is the American counterpart to the Linked Ring, an invitation-only British group which seceded from the Royal Photographic Society.

## Context and history

The group was formed in 1902 after Stieglitz was asked by the National Arts Club to put together an exhibition of the best in contemporary American photography. While organizing the show, Stieglitz had a disagreement with some of the more conservative members of the Club about which photographers should be included. To strengthen his position, Stieglitz rapidly formed an invitation-only group, which he called the Photo-Secession, to give the impression that his views were backed by many other prominent photographers. Although he later claimed that he had “enlisted the aid of the then newly organized and limited ‘Photo-Secession’," in fact there was no such group until he formed it on February 17, 1902, just two weeks before the show at the National Arts Club was scheduled to open.

In naming the group, Stieglitz is thought to have been influenced by the 1898 Munich Secession Exhibition (*Verlag des Vereines Bildender Künstler Münchens "Sezession"*). Stieglitz corresponded frequently with Fritz Matthies-Masuren, who wrote an essay in the catalog for the Munich exhibition, and he was captivated by the thought of photographers defining their own art form. In 1899 he wrote:

In Munich, the art-centre of Germany, the 'Secessionists', a body of artists comprising the most advanced and gifted men of their times, who (as the name indicates have broken away from the narrow rules of custom and tradition) have admitted the claims of the pictorial photograph to be judged on its merits as a work of art independently, and without considering the fact that it has been produced through the medium of the camera.

Later in his life, Stieglitz gave this account about the origins of the Photo-Secession:

National Arts Club Director Charles DeKay: "What shall we call this \[exhibition\]?" Stieglitz: "Call it *An Exhibition of American Photography arranged by the Photo-Secession*". DeKay: "What's that? Who is it?" Stieglitz: "Yours truly, for the present, and there'll be others when the show opens. The idea of Secession is hateful to Americans - they'll be thinking of the Civil War. I'm not. Photo-Secession actually means a seceding from the accepted idea of what constitutes a photograph."

Cultural historian Jay Bochner points out that it is important to look at the Photo-Secession for more than visual aesthetics:

What, then, was this secession *from?* It was not only from artwork that had gone stale through the copying of Victorian, conventional styles, but more importantly from the dictatorship of the entrenched institutions, galleries, art schools and professional art organizations that enforced or at very least sanctioned copying or imitation.

Proponents of Pictorialism, which was the underlying value of the Photo-Secession, argued that photography needed to emulate the painting and etching of the time. Pictorialists believed that, just as a painting is distinctive because of the artist’s manipulation of the materials to achieve an effect, so too should the photographer alter or manipulate the photographic image. Among the methods used were soft focus; special filters and lens coatings; burning, dodging and/or cropping in the darkroom to edit the content of the image; and alternative printing processes such as sepia toning, carbon printing, platinum printing or gum bichromate processing.

Content of the images often referred to previous work done by other artists, especially Greek and Roman art. Images often contained stylistic consistency such as dramatic lighting, perspective, geometry, use of monochrome/black and white, and high contrast.

In founding the Photo-Secession, Stieglitz asserted that it was a “rebellion against the insincere attitude of the unbeliever, of the Philistine, and largely exhibition authorities.” While this was in part true, his actions demonstrated that the creation of the Photo-Secession was also about advancing his own position in the world of photography and art.

Stieglitz’s sole role in forming and tightly controlling the Photo-Secession was made clear by two exchanges that took place at the opening of the National Arts Club show. In the first, Stieglitz implied that membership in the group was relatively open:

Gertrude Käsebier: “What’s this Photo-Secession? Am I a photo-secessionist?” Stieglitz: “Do you feel that you are?” Käsebier: “I do.” Stieglitz: “Well, that’s all there is to it.”

However, when Charles Berg asked Stieglitz if he, too, was a Photo-Secessionist, Stieglitz brusquely informed him that he was not. Stieglitz gave this response even though he was the one responsible for including three of Berg’s photos in the show.

The “membership” of the Photo-Secession varied according to Stieglitz’s interests and temperament but was centered on the core group of Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Clarence H. White, Käsebier, Frank Eugene, and later Alvin Langdon Coburn.

The photographers included in the first exhibition were C. Yarnell Abbott, Prescott Adamson, Arthur E. Becher, Charles I. Berg, Alice Boughton, John G. Bullock, Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade, F. Colburn Clarke, F. Holland Day, Mary M. Devens, William B. Dyer, Thomas M. Edmiston, Frank Eugene, Dallett Fuguet, Tom Harris, Gertrude Käsebier, Joseph T. Keily, Mary Morgan Keipp, Oscar Maurer, William B. Post, Robert S. Redfield, W. W. Renwick, Eva Watson-Schütze, T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr., Ema Spencer, Edward Steichen, Alfred Stieglitz, Edmund Stirling, Henry Troth, Mathilde Weil and Clarence H. White.

In 1905 Stieglitz established with Steichen the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, a small but highly influential gallery where he continued to exhibit some of the more well-known members of the movement. The group continued to exhibit under the Photo-Secession name until about 1910, when several photographers finally grew tired of Stieglitz’s autocratic ways and left the group.

In 1916 Käsebier, White, Coburn and others formed an organization called the Pictorial Photographers of America(PPA) to continue promotion of the pictorial style. A year later Stieglitz formally dissolved the Photo-Secession, although by that time it existed in name only.

## Stieglitz's statement

The following notice appeared in *Camera Work*, no. 3, Supplement, July 1903

**The Photo-Secession**

"So many are the enquiries as to the nature and aims of the Photo- Secession and requirements of eligibility to membership therein, that we deem it expedient to give a brief résumé of the character of this body of photographers. The object of the Photo-Secession is: to advance photography as applied to pictorial expression; to draw together those Americans practicing or otherwise interested in the art, and to hold from time to time, at varying places, exhibitions not necessarily limited to the productions of the Photo-Secession or to American work. It consists of a Council (all of whom are Fellows); Fellows chosen by the Council for meritorious photographic work or labors in behalf of pictorial photography, and Associates eligible by reason of interest in, and sympathy with, the aims of the Secession. In order to give Fellowship the value of an honor, the photographic work of a possible candidate must be individual and distinctive, and it goes without saying that the applicant must be in thorough sympathy with our aims and principles. To Associateship are attached no requirements except sincere sympathy with the aims and motives of the Secession. Yet, it must not be supposed that these qualifications will be assumed as a matter of course, as it has been found necessary to deny the application of many whose lukewarm interest in the cause with which we are so thoroughly identified gave no promise of aiding the Secession. It may be of general interest to know that quite a few, perhaps entitled by their photographic work to Fellowship, have applied in vain. Their rejection being based solely upon their avowed or notoriously active opposition or equally harmful apathy. Many whose sincerity could not be questioned were refused Fellowship because the work submitted was not equal to the required standard. Those desiring further information must address the Director of the Photo-Secession, Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, 1111 Madison Avenue, New York."

## List of members

List of Members of the Photo-Secession, found in *Camera Work*, no. 3, Supplement, July 1903

**Fellows** (Founders and Council)

The following were also listed Fellows, but not members of the Council

**Associates**

* Prescott Adamson – Philadelphia
* W. P. Agnew – New York
* A. C. Bates – Cleveland, Ohio
* Edward LaVelle Bourke – Chicago
* Annie W. Brigman – Oakland, Cal.
* Norman W. Carkhuff – Washington
* W. E. Carlin – New York
* J. Mitchell Elliot – Philadelphia
* Dr. Milton Franklin – New York
* George A. Heisey – Newark, Oh.
* Sam S. Holzman – New York
* Marshall P. Kernochan – New York
* Sarah H. Ladd – Portland, Ore.
* Chester Abbott Lawrence – New York
* Fred K. Lawrence – Chicago
* Oscar Maurer – San Francisco
* William J. Mullins – Franklin, Pa.
* Olive M. Potts – Philadelphia
* Harry B. Reid – New York
* Harry C. Rubincam – Denver
* T. O'Conor Sloane – Orange, N. J.
* Walter P. Stokes – Philadelphia
* Mrs. George A. Stanbery – Zanesville, Ohio
* Katherine Stanbery – Zanesville, Ohio
* George B. Vaux – Philadelphia
* Mary Vaux – Philadelphia
* Lily E. White – Portland, Ore.
* Myra Wiggins – Salem, Ore.
* Arthur W. Wilde – Philadelphia

Later the following photographers were listed as **Members** of the Photo-Secession. Unlike Fellows and Associates, no definition was given of what constituted a member. All categories and assignments of membership were made by Stieglitz himself.

* Charlotte C. Albright – Buffalo, N. Y.
* J. W. Alexander – New York
* John Aspinwall – Newburgh, N.Y.
* Alice Boughton – New York
* A. K. Boursault – New York
* John M. Bowles – New York
* F. E. Brown – Grand Rapids, Mich.
* Francis Bruguière – San Francisco
* Elizabeth Buehrmann – Chicago
* Charles H. Caffin – New York
* S. R. Carter -Toronto, Canada
* Mrs. F. F. Coburn – New York
* C. C. Crowther – Kobe, Japan
* S. D. Dixon – New York
* J. M. Drivet – New York
* Charles B. Duryea – New York
* Hiram Duryea – New York
* W. G. Eckstein – New York
* Frank Eugene – New York
* Herbert G. French – Cincinnati
* George Haviland – New York
* Paul Haviland – New York
* L. A. Heinsheimer – New York
* H. A. Hess – Springfield, Ill.
* J. P. Hodgins – Toronto, Canada
* L. J. R. Holst – New York
* S. S. Hornor – Concordville, Pa.
* F. W. Hunter – New York
* W. F. James – Chicago
* Frances B. Johnston – Washington
* Walter G. Jones – New York
* Edward W. Keck – Rochester, N. Y.
* Spencer, Jr. Kellogg – Buffalo, N. Y.
* J. B. Kerfoot – New York
* R. Kimbell – New York
* Louis A. Lamb – Chicago
* H. W. Lance – New York
* J. N. Laurvik – New York
* S. Brainerd Lawrence – New York
* Adelaide C.\[sic\] Leeson – Douglas, Alaska
* A. A. Lewis – New York
* Helen. Lohman – New York
* C. H. Macdowell – Chicago
* F. F. Marks – Camden, N. J.
* L. M. McCormick – Asheville, N. C.
* Arthur. Mooney – New York
* Charles Peabody – Cambridge, Massachusetts
* Jeanette B. Peabody – Cambridge, Massachusetts
* F. H. Pratt – Worcester, Mass.
* Landon Rives – Cobham, Va.
* C. W. Roepper – Philadelphia
* L. B. Schram – New York
* Sarah C. Sears – Boston
* George Seeley – Stockbridge, Mass.
* H. S. Smith – Boston
* L. F. Stephany – Pittsburgh
* Albert E. Sterner – New York
* Karl Struss – New York
* Elizabeth R. Tyson – Boston
* S. S. Webber – Trenton, N. J.
* W. E. Wilmerding – New York


title: Phyllotreta liebecki

abstract: Phyllotreta liebecki is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Phyllotreta liebecki

***Phyllotreta liebecki*** is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

## Classification

* **Kingdom Animalia:** (Animals)
* **Phylum Arthropoda**: (Arthropods)
* **Subphylum Hexapoda**: (Hexapods)
* **Class Insecta:** (Insects)
* **Order Coleoptera**: (Beetles)
* **Suborder Polyphaga:** (Water, Rove, Scarab, Long-horned, Leaf and Snout Beetles)
* **No Taxon:** (Series Cucujiformia)
* **Superfamily Chrysomeloidea:** (Longhorn and Leaf Beetles)
* **Family Chrysomelidae:** (Leaf Beetles)
* **Subfamily Galerucinae**: (Skeletonizing Leaf Beetles and Flea Beetles)
* **Tribe Alticini:** (Flea Beetles)
* **Genus:** *Phyllotreta*
* **Species *liebecki:*** (Phyllotreta liebecki)

## Size

1.75-2.5 mm (Schaeffer 1919)

## Identification

Elongate oval. Shining black with sinuate yellow vitta on each elytron, vittae broadly attaining margni at apex. Head, pronotum, and elytra closely punctate.

First 4 antennal segments of *liebecki* light brown, 5-11 dark brown; male with 5th antennal segment stouter than *striolata* but less stout than in *P. zimmermanni*.

Elytral pattern shared with *P. robusta*; in males, the shape and length of antennal segment 5 is different: only slightly shorter than 2-4, dilated apically, but not with internal process like in *P. robusta*.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Phyllotreta liebecki* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Tribe: | Alticini |
| Genus: | *Phyllotreta* |
| Species: | ***P. liebecki*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phyllotreta liebecki***<br>Schaeffer, 1919 | |
|


title: Phoenix, Louisiana

abstract: Phoenix is an unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States. Phoenix is located on the east bank of the Mississippi River on Louisiana Highway 39, on the opposite side of the River from Myrtle Grove. It is the closest town to Fort De La Boulaye Site, a National Historic Landmark.

text:
# Phoenix, Louisiana

**Phoenix** is an unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Phoenix is located on the east bank of the Mississippi River on Louisiana Highway 39, on the opposite side of the River from Myrtle Grove. It is the closest town to Fort De La Boulaye Site, a National Historic Landmark.

## Education

Plaquemines Parish School Board operates public schools. Phoenix High School in Phoenix serves grades K-12.

29°38′46″N 89°56′23″W / 29.64611°N 89.93972°W / 29.64611; -89.93972


title: Physciaceae

abstract: The Physciaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.

text:
# Physciaceae

The **Physciaceae** are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. A 2016 estimate placed 19 genera and 601 species in the family.

## Description

The Physiaceae family includes various growth forms such as foliose, fruticose, squamulose, stipitate, crustose, and even evanescent types (where certain parts, such as basal squamules, become less noticeable or disappear over time as other structures develop). Some members of this family may also be lichenicolous, meaning they grow on other lichens. These lichens can exhibit features such as lobules, isidia, and soredia, or may lack them entirely.

The upper cortex of Physiaceae lichens can be prosoplectenchymatous, paraplectenchymatous, or absent. Their photobiont, or the symbiotic algae living within the lichen, is typically a unicellular green alga from the genus *Trebouxia*, with a diameter ranging from 5 to 20 μm. The medulla can vary from poorly to well-developed or may even be absent, and it often contains lichen substances. The lower cortex can be prosoplectenchymatous, paraplectenchymatous, or absent, with the lower surface either possessing or lacking rhizines. A prothallus may be present or absent.

Physiaceae lichens produce ascomata, which can be either apothecia or mazaedia. Their apothecia can be immersed, sessile, or short-stalked, with a more or less distinct exciple. The disc, when present, is generally round and ranges from flat to convex, displaying colours from brown to dark reddish-brown or black. A thalline exciple may or may not be present, while the proper exciple can be thin and weakly pigmented or well-developed and darkly pigmented.

The epihymenium can be brown-black, brown, or green, while the hymenium is colourless or partly green, with or without oil droplets. The hypothecium can vary in colour from colourless to yellow-brown, brown, or dark brown. paraphyses are simple or sparingly branched in the uppermost part, with thickened apices often capped by a brown-pigmented layer. The asci are clavate, typically with 8 spores (but sometimes as few as 2 or as many as 16) and a well-developed amyloid tholus, a paler conical axial mass, and an ocular chamber.

Ascospores in the Physiaceae family have a single septum, olive to brown in colour, and ellipsoidal in shape, often displaying uneven wall thickenings. The conidiomata are pycnidial, either immersed or superficial. Conidia can be formed acrogenously or pleurogenously, and they can be ellipsoidal, bacilliform, fusiform, or filiform.

## Genera

This is a list of the genera contained within the Physciaceae, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification; as wel as several genera that have been circumscribed or resurrected since then. Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species:

The genus *Culbersonia*, previously classified in the Physciaceae due to its morphological features, has been shown with molecular phylogenetics to belong to the Caliciaceae.

## InfoBox

| Physciaceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Physcia aipolia* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Caliciales |
| Family: | Physciaceae
Zahlbr. (1898) |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Physcia*
(Schreb.) Michx. (1803) | |


title: Physcidia

abstract: Physcidia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1862 by American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman.

text:
# Physcidia

***Physcidia*** is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1862 by American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman.

## Species

The taxon once known as *Physcidia cylindrophora* (Taylor) Hue (1908) is now *Bacidia cylindrophora*.

## InfoBox

| *Physcidia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Ramalinaceae |
| Genus: | *Physcidia*
Tuck. (1862) |
|
| Type species | |
| *Physcidia wrightii*
Tuck. (1862) | |
| Species | |
| *P. australasica*
*P. callopis*
*P. carassensis*
*P. endococcinea*
*P. matogrossensis*
*P. neotropica*
*P. squamulosa*
*P. wrightii* | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Physcidia striata

abstract: Physcidia striata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), microfoliose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found in South America, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by lichenologists André Aptroot, Marcela Cáceres, and Einar Timdal. The type specimen was collected by the first two authors from the Estação Ecológica de Cuniã (Rondônia), where it was found growing on the smooth bark of a tree in a primary rainforest. It also occurs in Peru. The thallus of the lichen is a loose mat of squamules (scales) without a hypothallus. Its lobes are smooth, flat, branched, and greyish-green, measuring 2–7 mm long by 0.5–1.5 mm wide. The species epithet striata refers to the faint longitudinal striations that are present on the lobe undersides. Isidia occur on the thallus surface; they are the same colour as the thallus, with dimensions of 0.3–0.7 mm long by 0.1–0.2 mm wide. When they are abraded, it reveals the whitish colour of the underlying medulla. The lichen contains divaricatic acid, a lichen product that is revealed with the use of thin-layer chromatography.

text:
# Physcidia striata

***Physcidia striata*** is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), microfoliose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found in South America, it was formally described as a new species in 2014 by lichenologists André Aptroot, Marcela Cáceres, and Einar Timdal. The type specimen was collected by the first two authors from the Estação Ecológica de Cuniã (Rondônia), where it was found growing on the smooth bark of a tree in a primary rainforest. It also occurs in Peru. The thallus of the lichen is a loose mat of squamules (scales) without a hypothallus. Its lobes are smooth, flat, branched, and greyish-green, measuring 2–7 mm long by 0.5–1.5 mm wide. The species epithet *striata* refers to the faint longitudinal striations that are present on the lobe undersides. Isidia occur on the thallus surface; they are the same colour as the thallus, with dimensions of 0.3–0.7 mm long by 0.1–0.2 mm wide. When they are abraded, it reveals the whitish colour of the underlying medulla. The lichen contains divaricatic acid, a lichen product that is revealed with the use of thin-layer chromatography.

## InfoBox

| *Physcidia striata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Ramalinaceae |
| Genus: | *Physcidia* |
| Species: | ***P. striata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Physcidia striata***<br>Aptroot, M.Cáceres & Timdal (2014) | |
|


title: Piano Concerto (Copland)

abstract: The Concerto for Piano and Orchestra is a musical composition by the American composer Aaron Copland. The work was commissioned by the conductor Serge Koussevitzky who was then music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. It was first performed on January 28, 1927, by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Koussevitzky with the composer himself as the soloist. The piece is dedicated to Copland's patron Alma Morgenthau Wertheim.

text:
# Piano Concerto (Copland)

The **Concerto for Piano and Orchestra** is a musical composition by the American composer Aaron Copland. The work was commissioned by the conductor Serge Koussevitzky who was then music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. It was first performed on January 28, 1927, by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Koussevitzky with the composer himself as the soloist. The piece is dedicated to Copland's patron Alma Morgenthau Wertheim.

## Composition

### Background

Copland completed work on the piano concerto in November 1926. It is cast in two connected movements: a short, slow first movement, with a tempo marking of Andante sostenuto, and a large, fast second movement, marked as Molto moderato (molto rubato). Like George Gershwin's *Rhapsody in Blue* (composed two years prior), the piece demonstrates an early use of jazz and blues in an orchestral setting.

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for piano and a large orchestra consisting of two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, alto saxophone (doubling soprano saxophone), two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, five percussionists, celesta, and strings.

## Reception

The piano concerto was not a critical success upon its premiere and remained virtually unperformed for three decades. The piece was nevertheless admired by the conductor Leonard Bernstein, who featured it in the New York Philharmonic's Young People's Concerts and later produced the first recording of the concerto with the New York Philharmonic and Copland again performing the piano part. In 2008, the music critic Peter Dickinson of *Gramophone* reflected, "The first of its two movements is a spacious outpouring of fanfares and blues and the second is a crazy kind of supercharged ragtime that really upset the Boston audience and critics. It shows how Copland exploited the jazz age to brilliant effect."


title: Phoenicia under Babylonian rule

abstract: The land of Phoenicia was ruled by the Neo-Babylonian Empire from around 605 BC to 538 BC.

text:
# Phoenicia under Babylonian rule

The land of Phoenicia (roughly corresponding to modern Lebanon) was ruled by the Neo-Babylonian Empire from around 605 BC to 538 BC.

## Babylonian conquest

Prior to the rise of the Babylonian Empire in the late 7th century BC, Phoenicia had been a well-sought after land in the eastern Mediterranean with Hittites and then Assyrians occupying the country in the 13th - 12th centuries and 10th - 7th centuries respectively. Following the collapse of the Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia in 609 BC, Assyrian forces continued to resist their Babylonian conquerors in Upper Mesopotamia until 605 BC, when Babylon finally defeated the Assyrians at Carchemish, ending the last vestige of the Assyrian Empire. The conquest of Assyria by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, put him at odds with the Egyptian Pharaoh, whose interests lay in keeping a friendly Assyrian state in control of parts of the Levant. Consequently, the Babylonians had to fight the Egyptians in order to take control of Phoenicia and the rest of the eastern Mediterranean coast. However, the Egyptians were unable to contain the Babylonian might, and the Egyptians soon withdrew back to their homeland. The Babylonians moved into the former Assyrian provinces on the eastern Mediterranean coast, and Phoenicia became part of the new Babylonian Empire.

## The reign of Nebuchadnezzar (605 - 562 BC)

Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, ruled for around 43 years, from 605 BC to 562 BC. Nebuchadnezzar, like many other foreign rulers of Phoenicia before him, exploited Phoenicia's resources to enrich his empire. The economic benefits he gained included harvesting timber, which greatly financed his construction projects throughout Mesopotamia.

The Phoenician city-states frequently rebelled against their Babylonian overlords, which resulted in almost yearly campaigns to repress the revolts. In 586 BC, fresh from the destruction of Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar and his army laid siege to Tyre, which had revolted. After an incredible 13 years of siege, the city finally capitulated.

## Collapse of Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar's successors did him no credit and much of his gains were lost within a few decades. The rise of the Persians to the east was ignored by Babylon's incompetent rulers. Even before Babylon fell, Persia conquered Syria and seized Phoenicia from Babylonian rule. In the battle of Sardis, a smaller Persian army succeeded (with the aid of camels and spearmen) in defeating an alliance of Lydian princes and Asian Greeks. Since Nabonidus (King of Babylon from 556 BC) had sent troops to aid the Lydians and Greeks, the Persians then marched against Babylon and took the city in 539 BC, and the lands of the Babylonian Empire, including Phoenicia, passed into Persian hands.

## Sources

Georges Roux, *Ancient Iraq*


title: Physics World

abstract: Physics World is the membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, one of the largest physical societies in the world. It is an international monthly magazine covering all areas of physics, pure and applied, and is aimed at physicists in research, industry, physics outreach, and education worldwide.

text:
# Physics World

***Physics World*** is the membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, one of the largest physical societies in the world. It is an international monthly magazine covering all areas of physics, pure and applied, and is aimed at physicists in research, industry, physics outreach, and education worldwide.

## Overview

The magazine was launched in 1988 by IOP Publishing Ltd, under the founding editorship of Philip Campbell. The magazine is sent free to members of the Institute of Physics, who can access a digital edition of the magazine; selected articles can be read by anyone for free online. It was redesigned in September 2005 and has an audited circulation of just under 35000.

The current editor is Matin Durrani. Others on the team are Michael Banks (news editor) and Tushna Commissariat and Sarah Teah (features editors). Hamish Johnston, Margaret Harris and Tami Freeman are online editors.

Alongside the print and online magazine, Physics World produces films and two podcasts. The Physics World Stories podcast is hosted by Andrew Glester and is produced monthly. The Physics World Weekly podcast is hosted by James Dacey.

## Breakthrough of the Year

The magazine makes two awards each year. These are the *Physics World* Breakthrough of the Year and the *Physics World* Book of the Year, which have both been awarded annually since 2009.

Top 10 works and winners of the Breakthrough of the Year

**2009**: "to August Jonathan Home and colleagues at NIST for unveiled the first small-scale device that could be described as a complete "quantum computer"

* Top results from Tevatron
* Spins spotted in room-temperature silicon
* Graphane makes its debut
* Magnetic monopoles spotted in spin ices
* Water on the Moon
* Atoms teleport information over long distance
* Black-hole analogue traps sound
* Dark matter spotted in Minnesota
* A 2.36 TeV big bang at the LHC

**2010**: "to ALPHA and the ASACUSA group at CERN for have created new ways of controlling antihydrogen"

* Exoplanet atmosphere laid bare
* Quantum effects seen in a visible object
* Visible-light cloaking of large objects
* Hail the first sound lasers
* A Bose–Einstein condensate from light
* Relativity with a human touch
* Towards a Star Wars telepresence
* Proton is smaller than we thought
* CERN achieves landmark collisions

**2011**: Aephraim M. Steinberg and colleagues from the University of Toronto in Canada for using the technique of "weak measurement" to track the average paths of single photons passing through a Young's interference experiment.

* Measuring the wavefunction
* Cloaking in space and time
* Measuring the universe using black holes
* Turning darkness into light
* Taking the temperature of the early universe
* Catching the flavour of a neutrino oscillation
* Living laser brought to life
* Complete quantum computer made on a single chip
* Seeing pure relics from the Big Bang

**2012**: "to the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN for their joint discovery of a Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider".

* Majorana fermions
* Time-reversal violation
* Galaxy-cluster motion
* Peering through opaque materials
* Room-temperature maser
* Wiping data will cost you energy
* Entangling twisted beams
* Neutrino-based communication
* Generating and storing energy in one step

**2013**: "the IceCube Neutrino Observatory for making the first observations of high-energy cosmic neutrinos".

* Nuclear physics goes pear-shaped
* Creating 'molecules' of light
* Planck reveals 'almost perfect' universe
* Quantum microscope' peers into the hydrogen atom
* Quantum state endures for 39 minutes at room temperature
* The first carbon-nanotube computer
* B-mode polarization spotted in cosmic microwave background
* The first laser-cooled Bose–Einstein condensate
* Hofstadter's butterfly spotted in graphene

**2014**: "to the landing by the European Space Agency of the Philae (spacecraft) on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko", which was the first time a probe had been landed on a comet

* Quasar shines a bright light on cosmic web
* Neutrinos spotted from Sun's main nuclear reaction
* Laser fusion passes milestone
* Electrons' magnetic interactions isolated at long last
* Disorder sharpens optical-fibre images
* Data stored in magnetic holograms
* Lasers ignite 'supernovae' in the lab
* Quantum data are compressed for the first time
* Physicists sound-out acoustic tractor beam

**2015**: "for being the first to achieve the simultaneous quantum teleportation of two inherent properties of a fundamental particle – the photon".

* Cyclotron radiation from a single electron is measured for the first time
* Weyl fermions are spotted at long last
* Physicists claim 'loophole-free' Bell-violation experiment
* First visible light detected directly from an exoplanet
* LHCb claims discovery of two pentaquarks
* Hydrogen sulphide is warmest ever superconductor at 203 K
* Portable 'battlefield MRI' comes out of the lab
* Fermionic microscope sees first light
* Silicon quantum logic gate is a first

**2016**: "to LIGO's gravitational wave discovery".

* Schrödinger's cat lives and dies in two boxes at once
* Elusive nuclear-clock transition spotted in thorium-229
* New gravimeter-on-a-chip is tiny yet extremely sensitive
* Negative refraction of electrons spotted in graphene
* Rocky planet found in habitable zone around Sun's nearest neighbour
* Physicists take entanglement beyond identical ions
* 'Radical' new microscope lens combines high resolution with large field of view
* Quantum computer simulates fundamental particle interactions for the first time
* The single-atom engine that could

**2017**: "to First multimessenger observation of a neutron star merger".

* Physicists create first ‘topological’ laser
* Lightning makes radioactive isotopes
* Super-resolution microscope combines Nobel-winning technologies
* Particle-free quantum communication is achieved in the lab
* Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have extra-galactic origins
* ‘Time crystals’ built in the lab
* Metamaterial enhances natural cooling without power input
* Three-photon interference measured at long last
* Muons reveal hidden void in Egyptian pyramid

**2018**: "Discovery that led to the development of “twistronics”, which is a new and very promising technique for adjusting the electronic properties of graphene by rotating adjacent layers of the material."

* Multifunctional carbon fibres enable “massless” energy storage
* Compensator expands global access to advanced radiotherapy
* IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C climate change
* EXPLORER PET/CT produces first total-body scans
* Combustion-free, propeller-free plane takes flight
* Quantum mechanics defies causal order, experiment confirms
* Activating retinal stem cells restores vision in mice
* Ancient hydrogen reveals clues to dark matter’s identity
* Superconductivity spotted in a quasicrystal

**2019**: "First direct observation of a black hole and its ‘shadow’ by the Event Horizon Telescope"

* Neuroprosthetic devices translate brain activity into speech
* First detection of a “Marsquake”
* CERN physicists spot symmetry violation in charm mesons
* “Little Big Coil” creates record-breaking continuous magnetic field
* Casimir effect creates “quantum trap” for tiny objects
* Antimatter quantum interferometry makes its debut
* Quantum computer outperforms conventional supercomputer
* Trapped interferometer makes a compact gravity probe
* Wearable MEG scanner used with children for the first time

**2020**: "Silicon-based light with a direct band gap in microelectronics"

* Taking snapshots of a quantum measurement
* Quantum correlations discovered in massive mirrors
* Borexino spots solar neutrinos from elusive fusion cycle
* First observation of a ferroelectric nematic liquid crystal
* Thin-film perovskite detectors slash imaging dose
* Fundamental constants set limit on speed of sound
* Expanding twistronics to photons
* Mixed beams enhance particle therapy accuracy
* The first room-temperature superconductor

**2021**: "Quantum entanglement of two macroscopic objects"

* Restoring speech in a paralysed man
* Making 30 lasers emit as one
* Quantifying wave–particle duality
* Milestone for laser fusion
* Innovative particle cooling techniques
* Observing a black hole’s magnetic field
* Achieving coherent quantum control of nuclei
* Observing Pauli blocking in ultracold fermionic gases
* Confirming the muon’s theory-defying magnetism

**2022**: "Deflection of a near-Earth asteroid by DART satellite"

* Ushering in a new era for ultracold chemistry
* Observing the tetraneutron
* Super-efficient electricity generation
* The fastest possible optoelectronic switch
* Opening a new window on the universe by JWST
* First-in-human FLASH proton therapy
* Perfecting light transmission and absorption
* Cubic boron arsenide is a champion semiconductor
* Detecting an Aharonov–Bohm effect for gravity

**2023**: "Brain–computer interface that allowed a paralysed man to walk"

* Growing electrodes inside living tissue
* Neutrinos probe the proton’s structure
* Simulating an expanding universe in a BEC
* A double slit in time
* Building blocks for a large-scale quantum network
* First X-ray image of a single atom
* “Smoking gun” evidence of early galaxies transforming the universe
* Supersonic cracks in materials
* Antimatter does not fall up
* Fusion energy breakthrough

## Book of the Year

Top 10 books and the Book of the Year winner

A blue ribbon () appears against the winner.

**2009**: *The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Quantum Genius* by Graham Farmelo

* The Physics of Rugby – Trevor Davis (Nottingham University Press)
* First Principles: The Crazy Business of Doing Serious Science – Howard Burton (Key Porter Books)
* Oliver Heaviside: Maverick Mastermind of Electricity – Basil Mahon (Institute of Engineering and Technology)
* Atomic: The First War of Physics and the Secret History of the Atom Bomb – Jim Baggott (Icon Books)
* Lives in Science – Joseph C Hermanowicz (University of Chicago Press)
* 13 Things That Don't Make Sense – Michael Brooks (Profile Books)
* Deciphering the Cosmic Number: The Strange Friendship of Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung – Arthur I Miller (W W Norton)
* Perfect Rigor – Masha Gessen (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)
* Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in Physics Shook the Scientific World – Eugenie Samuel Reich (Palgrave Macmillan)

**2010**: *The Edge of Physics: Dispatches from the Frontiers of Cosmology* by Anil Ananthaswamy

* The Tunguska Mystery – Vladimir Rubtsov (Springer)
* Coming Climate Crisis? Consider the Past, Beware the Big Fix – Claire L Parkinson (Rowman & Littlefield)
* How It Ends – Chris Impey (W W Norton)
* Lake Views: This World and the Universe – Steven Weinberg (Harvard University Press)
* The Quants: How a New Breed of Math Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed It – Scott Patterson (Crown Business)
* Newton and the Counterfeiter – Thomas Levenson (Faber and Faber)
* Packing for Mars – Mary Roach (One World Publications/ W W Norton)
* Massive: The Hunt for the God Particle – Ian Sample (Virgin Books/Basic Books)
* How to Teach Quantum Physics to Your Dog – Chad Orzel

**2011**: *Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science* by Lawrence Krauss from Case Western Reserve University

* Engineering Animals – Mark Denny and Alan McFadzean
* Measure of the Earth: the Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped the World – Larrie Ferreiro
* The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos – Brian Greene
* Lab Coats in Hollywood: Science, Scientists and Cinema – David Kirby
* Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science – Lawrence Krauss
* Rising Force: the Magic of Magnetic Levitation – James Livingston
* Modernist Cuisine – Nathan Myhrvold, Chris Young and Maxime Bilet
* The 4% Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality – Richard Panek
* Radioactive: Marie and Pierre Curie, A Tale of Love and Fallout – Lauren Redniss
* Hindsight and Popular Astronomy – Alan Whiting

**2012**: *How the Hippies Saved Physics* by David Kaiser from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

* A Hole at the Bottom of the Sea: The Race to Kill the BP Oil Gusher – Joel Achenbach
* The Science Magpie: A Hoard of Fascinating Facts – Simon Flynn
* The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation – Jon Gertner
* Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution – John Gribbin
* The Geek Manifesto: Why Science Matters – Mark Henderson
* Life's Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos – Peter M Hoffmann
* How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture and the Quantum Revival – David Kaiser
* How to Teach Relativity to Your Dog – Chad Orzel
* Pricing the Future: Finance, Physics and the 300-Year Journey to the Black–Scholes Equation – George Szpiro
* Physics on the Fringe: Smoke Rings, Circlons, and Alternative Theories of Everything – Margaret Wertheim

**2013**: *Physics in Mind: a Quantum View of the Brain* by the biophysicist Werner Loewenstein

**2014**: *Stuff Matters: The Strange Stories of the Marvellous Materials that Shape our Man-made World* \- Mark Miodownik

**2015**: *Trespassing on Einstein’s Lawn: a Father, a Daughter, the Meaning of Nothing and the Beginning of Everything* \- Amanda Gefter

* Life on the Edge: the Coming of Age of Quantum Biology - Jim Al-Khalili and Johnjoe McFadden
* Physics on Your Feet: Ninety Minutes of Shame but a PhD for the Rest of Your Life - Dmitry Budker and Alexander Sushkov
* Half-Life: the Divided Life of Bruno Pontecorvo, Physicist or Spy - Frank Close
* Beyond: Our Future in Space - Chris Impey
* The Water Book: the Extraordinary Story of Our Most Ordinary Substance - Alok Jha
* Monsters: the Hindenburg Disaster and the Birth of Pathological Technology - Ed Regis
* Tunnel Visions: the Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider - Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson, Adrienne Kolb
* The Copernicus Complex: the Quest for our Cosmic (In)Significance - Caleb Scharf
* Atoms Under the Floorboards: the Surprising Science Hidden in Your Home - Chris Woodford

**2016**:  *Why String Theory?* \- Joseph Conlon

* The Jazz of Physics: the Secret Link Between Music and the Structure of the Universe - Stephon Alexander
* Storm in a Teacup: the Physics of Everyday Life - Helen Czerski
* Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex - Michael Hiltzik
* Strange Glow: the Story of Radiation - Timothy Jorgensen
* Cosmos: the Infographic Book of Space - Stuart Lowe and Chris North
* Spooky Action at a Distance: the Phenomenon that Reimagines Space and Time - George Musser
* Goldilocks and the Water Bears: the Search for Life in the Universe - Louisa Preston
* Reality Is Not What It Seems: the Journey to Quantum Gravity - Carlo Rovelli
* The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age - Gino Segrè and Bettina Hoerlin

**2017**:  *Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story* \- Angela Saini

* Marconi: the Man Who Networked the World by Marc Raboy
* Hidden Figures: the Untold Story of the African American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race by Margot Lee Shetterly
* The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars by Dava Sobel
* Scale: the Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, Cities and Companies by Geoffrey West
* Not A Scientist: How Politicians Mistake, Misrepresent and Utterly Mangle Science by Dave Levitan
* Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong and the New Research That’s Rewriting the Story by Angela Saini
* Mapping the Heavens: the Radical Scientific Ideas That Reveal the Cosmos by Priyamvada Natarajan
* We Have No Idea by Jorge Cham and Daniel Whiteson
* The Secret Science of Superheroes edited by Ed. Mark Lorch and Andy Miah
* The Death of Expertise: the Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters by Tom Nichols

**2018**:  *Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Physics is Different* \- Philip Ball

* Treknology: the Science of Star Trek from Tricorders to Warp Drives by Ethan Siegel
* Ad Astra: an Illustrated Guide to Leaving the Planet by Dallas Campbell
* Exact Thinking in Demented Times: the Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science by Karl Sigmund
* Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Physics is Different by Philip Ball
* The Order of Time by Carlo Rovelli
* Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray by Sabine Hossenfelder
* The Dialogues: Conversations About the Nature of the Universe by Clifford V Johnson
* When the Uncertainty Principle Goes to 11: Or How to Explain Quantum Physics with Heavy Metal by Philip Moriarty
* What is Real: the Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics by Adam Becker
* Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine by Hannah Fry

**2019**:  *The Demon in the Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information are Solving the Mystery of Life* \- Paul Davies

* The Moon: a History for the Future by Oliver Morton
* The Case Against Reality: How Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes by Donald D Hoffman
* Fire, Ice and Physics: the Science of Game of Thrones by Rebecca C Thompson
* Underland: A Deep Time Journey by Robert Macfarlane
* The Demon in the Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information are Solving the Mystery of Life by Paul Davies
* The Second Kind of Impossible: the Extraordinary Quest For A New Form of Matter by Paul J Steinhardt
* Superior: the Return of Race Science by Angela Saini
* Einstein’s Unfinished Revolution: the Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum by Lee Smolin
* The Universe Speaks in Numbers: How Modern Maths Reveals Nature’s Deepest Secrets by Graham Farmelo
* Catching Stardust: Comets, Asteroids and the Birth of the Solar System by Natalie Starkey

## Pictures of the Year

Top 10 Favourite Pictures of the Year

**2015:**

* New Horizons uncovers Pluto's icy secrets
* Lasers reveal previously unseen fossil details
* Clap your eyes on the first 'images' of thunder
* Could lasers guide and control the path of lightning?
* Gravitational lensing creates 'Einstein's cross' of distant supernova
* Revealing the secret strength of a sea sponge
* Satellite sensor unexpectedly detects waves in upper atmosphere
* Balloon bursts approach the speed of sound
* Imaging the polarity of individual chemical bonds
* Organic microflowers bloom bright

## InfoBox

*Physics World*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of May 2019 issue | |
| Editor | Matin Durrani |
| Categories | Science |
| Frequency | monthly |
| Circulation | 50,000 (2013) |
| First issue | 1988 (1988) |
| Company | IOP Publishing Ltd |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Based in | Bristol |
| Language | English |
| Website | physicsworld.com |
| ISSN | 0953-8585 |


title: Physics and Chemistry of Liquids

abstract: Physics and Chemistry of Liquids is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes experimental and theoretical research articles focused on the science of the liquid state. The editors-in-chief are N. H. March and G. G. N. Angilella. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.603.

text:
# Physics and Chemistry of Liquids

***Physics and Chemistry of Liquids*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes experimental and theoretical research articles focused on the science of the liquid state.

The editors-in-chief are N. H. March and G. G. N. Angilella. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.603.

## Scope

The journal's scope includes all types of liquids, from monatomic liquids and their mixtures, through charged liquids to molecular liquids.

## Abstracting and indexing

*Physics and Chemistry of Liquids* is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:

1. Journal Citation Reports, 2012

## InfoBox

*Physics and Chemistry of Liquids*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Chemistry, physics |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | N. H. March, G. G. N. Angilella |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1968-present |
| Publisher | Taylor & Francis |
| Frequency | Bimonthly |
| Impact factor | 0.603 (2011) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Phys. Chem. Liq.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | PCLQAC |
| ISSN | 0031-9104 (print)
1029-0451 (web)
 |
| OCLC no. | 50516984 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Physical Security Professional

abstract: A Physical Security Professional (PSP) is a Board certification process for individuals involved in the physical security of organizations. This certification process is offered by ASIS International. Certification lasts for three years, during which time ASIS requires credential holders to complete 60 Continuing Professional Education credits in order to meet recertification standards.

text:
# Physical Security Professional

A **Physical Security Professional** (**PSP**) is a Board certification process for individuals involved in the physical security of organizations. This certification process is offered by ASIS International. Certification lasts for three years, during which time ASIS requires credential holders to complete 60 *Continuing Professional Education* credits in order to meet recertification standards.

## Skill requirements

Technical experience and skills involved in this certification include:

* Design of security procedures and systems.
* Setup, operation, and maintenance of security systems.
* Responsibilities of people associated with security and response procedures.
* Performing threat surveys to evaluate the dangers present at a location or in an organization.

## Purpose of certification

The intent of this certification is to provide employers a means of knowing that an individual has a high level of knowledge pertaining to physical security. ASIS set the bar high, starting with specific eligibility requirements and continuing with recertification standards. They test applicants for knowledge and expertise in a number of areas such as threat assessment and risk analysis, an understanding of integrated physical security systems, and the ability to implement, evaluate and identify security measures and/or needs for a wide variety of protection situations. All of this is to maintain an accurate reflection of current industry skill and knowledge needs as well as to keep abreast of new technology and best practices.

## Eligibility requirements

ASIS lists the minimum requirements to take the PSP credential certification as follows:

1. High school diploma, GED equivalent, or associate degree.
2. Six years of progressive experience in the physical security field.
3. The applicant must not have been convicted of any criminal offense that would reflect negatively on the security profession, ASIS, or the certification program.

OR 1. Bachelor's degree or higher.
2. Four years of progressive experience in the physical security field.
3. The applicant must not have been convicted of any criminal offense that would reflect negatively on the security profession, ASIS, or the certification program.

## Areas of expertise

Areas of certification by PSP include:


title: Physical Tour

abstract: The Physical Tour was the fifth concert tour by Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John, in support of her 12th studio album, Physical (1981). The tour primarily visited North America the second largest by Newton-John, visiting arenas and stadiums. The show had advanced technical aspects at the time, and was divided into four segments, determined by Newton-John costume changes and a video interlude. The tour was a commercial success and received generally positive reviews, regarded as one of the most popular and most remembered shows by the singer. Footage from the tour has been broadcast on a number of channels across the world. Olivia in Concert, a concert home video of Newton-John's performance in Ogden, Utah, was released in 1983.

text:
# Physical Tour

The **Physical Tour** (also known as the **Physical Tour of North America** and **North American Tour '82**) was the fifth concert tour by Australian recording artist Olivia Newton-John, in support of her 12th studio album, *Physical* (1981). The tour primarily visited North America the second largest by Newton-John, visiting arenas and stadiums.

The show had advanced technical aspects at the time, and was divided into four segments, determined by Newton-John costume changes and a video interlude. The tour was a commercial success and received generally positive reviews, regarded as one of the most popular and most remembered shows by the singer. Footage from the tour has been broadcast on a number of channels across the world. *Olivia in Concert*, a concert home video of Newton-John's performance in Ogden, Utah, was released in 1983.

## Background and development

*Billboard* announced in July 1982 that Newton-John would embark upon a 50-date North American tour from early August, her first in four years, with a TV concert special, also was confirmed. Newton-John stated that this would be her last tour to concentrate on her film career. However, after the failure of the film *Two of a Kind* (1983), which she starred again with John Travolta, her film career went on hiatus, and she would return to touring 16 years after this tour.

The first attempts for the setlist included the songs "Come on Over", "Don't Stop Believin'", "Pony Ride" and the music video for "Stranger's Touch" (from *Olivia Physical*) as a video interlude. The jazz musician Tom Scott was the tour musical director and also played saxophone in the band. He also served as the opening act, performing songs from his album *Desire* (1982). Olivia's personal friend, Karen Carpenter, attended various tour shows, and considered the possibility of drumming during a few concerts, but dropped because of her deteriorating health. John Travolta also attended a show, and joined the stage with Newton-John.

The stage was created by Kenny Ortega, who also choreographed Newton-John music videos for "Physical" and "The Rumour". The technical features used in concert includes a glittery substance falling during "Silvery Rain", and three videos: an introduction montage about Olivia's career, the music video for "The Promise (The Dolphin Song)" as a video interlude, and screened credits for the band and crew members at the concert ending. Newton-John also jumped rope through "Physical". During a 1983 article for *People*, Newton-John declared she didn't like to tour in 1982: "Every night was like déja vu. You say to yourself, 'Haven't I just done this?'"

### Legacy

Robert Hilburn from *Los Angeles Times* compared Debbie Gibson performance on her Out of the Blue Tour with Newton-John's Physical Tour, commenting that "recalled the most triumphant moments of Olivia Newton-John's 1982 'Physical' tour" and "as the evening progressed, it became clear that Newton-John (who exhibited a similar aerobic energy, sparkling smile and even blonde bangs) was a closer parallel". British duo Goldfrapp performed a cover of "Physical" on their 2001 concert tour. Alison Goldfrapp herself said later that Newton-John is one of the duo inspirations.

## Critical response

Jon Pareles from *The New York Times* commented that "purists may be offended – particularly in country music, where she dallied awhile – but pop singers like Miss Newton-John make new styles safe for mass audiences just as they're on the way out. \[...\] Miss Newton-John has a nearly colorless voice, distinguished mainly by the break between a perky chest register and a fragile head voice. Yet it is also extremely adaptable; onstage, she summoned country's quavers, disco's melismas, pop's directness and hard rock's percussive staccato. She sounds delicate on her records, but she sang a 90-minute set with no obvious strain."

Paul Grein from *Billboard* wrote: "Newton-John first local apparition in five years – since her co-starring role in *Grease* revived and redirected her career – was a total triumph, eliciting the boisterous fan response normally seen only at rock shows. \[...\] Newton-John also sings with greater strengths and conviction, even on the older ballads. Her emphatic vocals gave an extra emotional dimension to the rueful 'Sam' and the plaintive 'Please Mr. Please'."

## Commercial reception

The tour performed in 40 cities throughout North America, with a total of 562,428 tickets sold. The Exhibition Stadium show in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, had all of the 24,789 tickets sold. Based on 13 shows, *Billboard Boxscore* reported a gross of $$2,074,051 and a total boxscore of $8,443,043. Items related to the tour that were sold include clothing, buttons and the tourbook.

## Broadcast and recordings

The tour video recording was filmed in Ogden, Utah, on 12–13 October 1982. An interesting fact is that "Physical" has caused controversy in Utah after two radio stations banned the song because "lyrics are more suggestive than most songs". The video was premiered on HBO on 23 January 1983, as *Olivia: Live in Concert* TV special. It was later released on VHS, CED and laserdisc by MCA Home Video as *Olivia in Concert*, becoming a critical and commercial success.

The video release peaked at #15 on *Billboard* Top Videodisks and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipment of 50,000 units in the United States. The video also gave for Newton-John nominations for a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video and a CableACE Award for Actress in a Variety Program. *People* wrote: "Mini-clad and punk-coiffed, Livvy rocks her way through a concert taped at Weber State College in Utah. "Xanadu" and "Heart Attack" are fetching, but "Physical" is the aerobic showstopper".

## Opening act

## Setlist

* "Video Sequence" (contains elements from "I Honestly Love You", "You're the One That I Want", "A Little More Love", "Xanadu" and "Physical")

Act 1 1. "Deeper Than the Night"
2. "Have You Never Been Mellow"
3. "Let Me Be There" / "If Not for You" / "Please Mr. Please" / "If You Love Me (Let Me Know)"
4. "Jolene"
5. "Sam"

* "Video Sequence"

Act 2 1.
2. "Xanadu"
3. "Magic"
4. "Suddenly" (performed with Dennis Tufano)
5. "A Little More Love"

* "Video Sequence" (contains elements of "The Promise (The Dolphin Song)")

Act 3 1.
2. "Silvery Rain"
3. "Falling"
4. "Heart Attack"
5. "Make a Move on Me"
6. "Hopelessly Devoted to You"
7. "You're the One That I Want" (performed with Tufano)

Encore 1.
2. "Physical"
3. "I Honestly Love You"

## Known tour dates

| Date | City | Country | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **North America** | | | |
| 9 August 1982 | Columbia | United States | Merriweather Post Pavilion |
| 10 August 1982 | | | |
| 11 August 1982 | Philadelphia | | The Spectrum |
| 13 August 1982 | New York City | | Forest Hills Stadium |
| 14 August 1982 | | |
| 15 August 1982 | | |
| 16 August 1982 | Hartford | | Hartford Civic Center |
| 18 August 1982 | Saratoga Springs | | Saratoga Performing Arts Center |
| 19 August 1982 | Portland | | Cumberland County Civic Center |
| 20 August 1982 | Providence | | Providence Civic Center |
| 22 August 1982 | Clarkston | | Pine Knob Music Theatre |
| 23 August 1982 | | |
| 25 August 1982 | Montreal | Canada | Montreal Forum |
| 26 August 1982 | Toronto | | CNE Grandstand |
| 28 August 1982 | Richfield Township | United States | The Coliseum at Richfield |
| 29 August 1982 | Hoffman Estates | | Poplar Creek Music Theater |
| 30 August 1982 | | |
| 2 September 1982 | Dallas | | Reunion Arena |
| 3 September 1982 | Houston | | The Summit |
| 4 September 1982 | Austin | | Frank Erwin Center |
| 5 September 1982 | Baton Rouge | | LSU Assembly Center |
| 8 September 1982 | Mobile | | Mobile Municipal Arena |
| 9 September 1982 | Atlanta | | Omni Coliseum |
| 10 September 1982 | | |
| 11 September 1982 | Charlotte | | Charlotte Coliseum |
| 12 September 1982 | Murfreesboro | | Murphy Center |
| 14 September 1982 | Buffalo | | Buffalo Memorial Auditorium |
| 15 September 1982 | Pittsburgh | | Civic Arena |
| 16 September 1982 | Champaign | | Assembly Hall |
| 18 September 1982 | Lexington | | Rupp Arena |
| 19 September 1982 | St. Louis | | The Checkerdome |
| 21 September 1982 | Tulsa | | Mabee Center |
| 22 September 1982 | Oklahoma City | | Myriad Convention Center Arena |
| 24 September 1982 | Kansas City | | Kemper Arena |
| 25 September 1982 | Ames | | Hilton Coliseum |
| 26 September 1982 | Saint Paul | | St. Paul Civic Center |
| 28 September 1982 | Denver | | McNichols Sports Arena |
| 1 October 1982 | Oakland | | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena |
| 2 October 1982 | Fresno | | Selland Arena |
| 3 October 1982 | Davis | | Recreation Hall |
| 5 October 1982 | Los Angeles | | Universal Amphitheatre |
| 6 October 1982 | | |
| 7 October 1982 | | |
| 8 October 1982 | | |
| 10 October 1982 | Las Vegas | | Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts |
| 11 October 1982 | | |
| 12 October 1982 | Ogden | | Dee Events Center |
| 13 October 1982 | | |
| 15 October 1982 | Tempe | | ASU Activity Center |
| 16 October 1982 | San Diego | | San Diego Sports Arena |
| 20 October 1982 | Irvine | | Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre |
| 22 October 1982 | | |
| 23 October 1982 | | |
|

### Box office score data

| Venue | City | Tickets sold / Available | Gross revenue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| The Spectrum | Philadelphia | 11,700 / 13,500 (87%) | $156,747 |
| Hartford Civic Center | Hartford | 10,433 / 16,000 (65%) | $150,627 |
| CNE Grandstand | Toronto | 24,789 / 24,789 (100%) | $327,398 |
| Reunion Arena | Dallas | 11,504 / 19,012 (61%) | $166,585 |
| Frank Erwin Center | Austin | 12,494 / 14,259 (88%) | $177,267 |
| Murphy Center | Murfreesboro | 10,103 / 12,224 (83%) | $137,857 |
| Civic Arena | Pittsburgh | 13,131 / 15,000 (88%) | $183,874 |
| Kemper Arena | Kansas City | 11,151 / 12,230 (91%) | $159,510 |
| Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena | Oakland | 11,951 / 14,500 (82%) | $174,050 |
| Selland Arena | Fresno | 6,362 / 7,348 (87%) | $96,382 |
| Recreation Hall | Davis | 6,574 / 8,397 (78%) | $99,926 |
| ASU Activity Center | Tempe | 8,592 / 14,099 (61%) | $127,950 |
| San Diego Sports Arena | San Diego | 8,060 / 11,300 (71%) | $115,878 |
| **TOTAL** | | **146,844** / **182,658** (80%) | **$2,074,051** |
|

## Personnel

Source:

* Olivia Newton-John's official website

## InfoBox

Physical Tour
| Tour by Olivia Newton-John | |
| --- | --- |
| Cover of tour programme | |
| Associated album | *Physical* |
| Start date | 9 August 1982 (1982-08-09) |
| End date | 23 October 1982 (1982-10-23) |
| Legs | 1 |
| No. of shows | 53 in North America |
| Olivia Newton-John concert chronology | |