title: Blairism

abstract: In British politics, Blairism is the political ideology of Tony Blair, the former leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister between 1997 and 2007, and those that support him, known as Blairites. It entered the New Penguin English Dictionary in 2000. Elements of the ideology include investment in public services, expansionary efforts in education to encourage social mobility, and increased actions in terms of mass surveillance alongside a ramping up of law enforcement powers, both of these latter changes advocated in the context of fighting organized crime and terrorism. Blairites have additionally been known for their contrast with the traditional support for socialism by those believing in left-wing politics, with Blair himself and others speaking out against the nationalisation of major industries and against also heavy regulations of business operations. On foreign policy, Blairism is supportive of close relations with the United States and liberal interventionism, including advocacy for both the Iraq war and the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).

text:
# Blairism

In British politics, **Blairism** is the political ideology of Tony Blair, the former leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister between 1997 and 2007, and those that support him, known as **Blairites**. It entered the *New Penguin English Dictionary* in 2000. Elements of the ideology include investment in public services, expansionary efforts in education to encourage social mobility, and increased actions in terms of mass surveillance alongside a ramping up of law enforcement powers, both of these latter changes advocated in the context of fighting organized crime and terrorism. Blairites have additionally been known for their contrast with the traditional support for socialism by those believing in left-wing politics, with Blair himself and others speaking out against the nationalisation of major industries and against also heavy regulations of business operations. On foreign policy, Blairism is supportive of close relations with the United States and liberal interventionism, including advocacy for both the Iraq war and the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).

## Ideology

Politically, Blair has been identified with record investment into public services, an interventionist and Atlanticist foreign policy, support for stronger law enforcement powers, a large focus on surveillance as a means to address terrorism and a large focus on education as a means to encourage social mobility. In the early years (circa 1994–1997), Blairism was also associated with support for European integration and particularly British participation in the European single currency, though this waned after Labour took office.

The term is used in particular in contrast to Brownite, to identify those within the Labour Party who supported Gordon Brown rather than Blair. However, with Blair and Brown typically in agreement on most political issues (from Iraq to public sector reform), some commentators have noted that "the difference between Brownites and Blairites \[...\] is more tribal than ideological". This is believed to stem from a personal disagreement between Blair and Brown over who should run for the leadership following the death of John Smith in 1994. Though Brown was originally considered the senior of the two, he waited until after Smith's funeral to begin campaigning, by which point Blair had gathered too much momentum to be defeated. However, in his book *Whatever it Takes*, Steve Richards offered an alternate view: that there were significant disagreements between the two about relative poverty, the level of public spending and the potential for choice in public services.

In a 1999 article, *The Economist* stated:

> Mr Blair will doubtless do his duty and lavish praise on Labour's glorious past. But, in truth, Mr Blair has always displayed a marked ambivalence towards Labour history. His greatest achievement in opposition was to get the party to ditch their historic commitment to nationalisation, and to water down its traditional links with the unions. At times he has even hinted that the very foundation of the Labour Party was a mistake, since it divided "progressive" politics and led to a century dominated by the Conservatives. Mr Blair knows that all this makes many of his party faithful deeply uneasy.

Blair's tenure is known for an expansion of LGBT rights, such as the introduction of civil partnerships. Blair told the LGBT organisation Stonewall that "what has happened is that the culture of the country has changed in a definable way" and that "it's a thing that doesn't just give me a lot of pride, but it has actually brought a lot of joy". Blair has also stated that he got up off his seat and danced upon seeing the first civil partnership ceremonies on television.

## Relationship to prior administrations

*The Daily Telegraph* stated in April 2008 that Blair's programme, with its emphasis on "New Labour", accepted the free-market ideology of Thatcherism. The article cited deregulation, privatisation of key national industries, maintaining a flexible labour market, marginalising the role of trade unions and devolving government decision making to local authorities as evidence. He also sought a closer, better relationship with Europe, and considered joining the Euro currency, but Gordon Brown was not in favour.

In the BBC Four documentary film *Tory! Tory! Tory!*, Blair is described as personally admiring Margaret Thatcher deeply and making the decision that she would be the first outside person he formally invited to visit him in 10 Downing Street.

Former Conservative Prime Minister John Major, who Blair defeated in a landslide at the 1997 general election; was one of the original figures behind the Northern Ireland peace process that Blair continued and both of them campaigned together in support of the Good Friday Agreement.

Blair privately called Thatcher "unhinged", a description that later became public knowledge. Blair criticised the Thatcher government's record on poverty and made that a key issue for Labour economic policy. He made the goal to eradicate child poverty in Britain within 20 years based on the fact that one-third of British children were in poverty post-Thatcher compared to the 9% rate in 1979 (although these statistics are disputed).

In a 2001 speech to a Conservative election rally, Thatcher called New Labour 'rootless and soulless' saying at least Old Labour stood for certain principles, that respected them, and also said Blair does not truly believe in liberty. She also claimed the Labour government would give up the British pound to join the Euro.

Blair also abolished Section 28 and created more pro-European initiatives compared to Thatcher.

In his 2010 autobiography, *A Journey*, Blair remarked:

> In what caused much jarring and tutting within the party, I even decided to own up to supporting changes Margaret Thatcher had made. I knew the credibility of the whole New Labour project rested on accepting that much of what she wanted to do in the 1980s was inevitable, a consequence not of ideology but of social and economic change. The way she did it was often very ideological, sometimes unnecessarily so, but that didn't alter the basic fact: Britain needed the industrial and economic reforms of the Thatcher period.

## Relationship to later administrations

Gordon Brown succeeded Tony Blair as Prime Minister after Brown's long tenure as the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Although viewed in the media as somewhat personally close, Blair later wrote in his autobiography *A Journey* that a "maddening" Brown effectively blackmailed him while he was in 10 Downing Street. Blair accused Brown of orchestrating the investigation into the Cash-for-Honours scandal and stated that the personal animosity was so strong that it led him to frequent drinking, a big change for Blair. Blair also has told journalist Andrew Marr that as their years working together went on, co-operation became "hard going on impossible".

Blair criticised the departure from much of New Labour ideology under Gordon Brown's premiership, who blamed it for Labour's defeat in the 2010 General Election:

> Why did Labour lose the 2010 election? The answer to that, I'm afraid is obvious. Labour won when it was New Labour. It lost because it stopped being New Labour...Had he \[Brown\] pursued New Labour policy, the personal issue would still have made victory tough, but it wouldn't have been impossible. Departing from New Labour made it so. Just as the 2005 election was one we were never going to lose, 2010 was one we were never going to win – once the fatal strategic decision was taken to abandon the New Labour position.

## Impact on the Labour Party

The Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn was seen as a departure from Blairism, and a return of Old Labour, and was described as a 'return of the 1940s Labour Party' by *The Guardian*, with its emphasis on re-nationalisation of energy, water, and railways and massive public investment in housing and the NHS. Jeremy Corbyn was critical of Blair's involvement in Iraq and voted against it at the time, garnering much support particularly from the youth vote. Labour increased its vote share by over 9% in 2017, costing Theresa May her majority in Parliament, but with the party split by Brexit policy and identitarian infighting, it lost the 2019 election to Boris Johnson's Conservatives.

Since the election of Keir Starmer as Leader of the Labour Party in 2020, some in the British media  have noted the ideological shift from the left back to the centre, allowing comparisons to be drawn between the current policy platform of the Labour Party and its Shadow Ministers (some of whom served in the cabinets of Blair and Brown) and that of New Labour.

The November 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle was seen to be giving more power to Blairites in the Parliamentary Labour Party. This was criticised by former Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer John McDonnell. In May 2022, on the 25th anniversary of Labour's landslide victory in the 1997 election, Blair in a video looked back at the victory and his achievements and showed his support for Starmer.

The 2023 British shadow cabinet reshuffle was seen as giving even more power to Blairites within the Labour Party.

## Blairites

Other than Blair himself, the following prominent Labour politicians are often considered Blairites, but may not identify themselves as such:

## Footnotes


title: Rodrigo de Triano

abstract: Rodrigo de Triano was an American-bred, English-trained Thoroughbred Champion racehorse.

text:
# Rodrigo de Triano

**Rodrigo de Triano** (foaled 27 May 1989 – 5 August 2014) was an American-bred, English-trained Thoroughbred Champion racehorse.

## Background

Foaled in Kentucky, and bred and raced by leading British horseman, Robert Sangster, he was out of the mare Hot Princess and sired by El Gran Senor, a sire of fifty-five stakes race winners. He was trained by Peter Chapple-Hyam at Manton, Wiltshire.

## Racing career

Rodrigo de Triano made his debut on 4 July 1991 with a win in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Maiden Stakes at Haydock Park Racecourse. He went on to win his next four starts, capping off his undefeated season with a win in the Group 1 Middle Park Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse on 3 October.

As a three-year-old, Rodrigo de Triano made eight starts. He debuted on 11 April 1992 in the Greenham Stakes at Newbury Racecourse, finishing fourth. He then came back to win two Classics, the 2000 Guineas Stakes at Newmarket and the Irish 2,000 Guineas at the Curragh ridden by Lester Piggott. In The Derby he ran ninth to winner Dr. Devious followed by a fourth-place finish to Brief Truce in the St. James's Palace Stakes at Ascot Racecourse. Given two months off, on 18 August at York Racecourse, Rodrigo de Triano and Piggott returned to top form, defeating Dr. Devious while winning the International Stakes. He next won the Champion Stakes at Newmarket on 17 October defeating Lahib by a neck and then a week later was sold for US$6.2 million to the Japan Racing Association. His new owners sent him to the United States to compete in the US$3 million Breeders' Cup Classic on 31 October, hosted that year by Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida. Racing on dirt for the first time, and starting from post position eleven in a fourteen horse field, Rodrigo de Triano was never in contention and finished last behind winner A.P. Indy in the final race of his career. He was ridden by Walter Swinburn as Lester Piggott had been injured earlier in the afternoon in a fall from Mr Brooks in the Breeders Cup Sprint. For his 1992 performances, Rodrigo de Triano was voted the Cartier Racing Award as the European Champion Three-Year-Old Colt.

## Stud record

Rodrigo de Triano was retired to stud duty in Japan beginning in 1993 and was shuttled to New Zealand for a time beginning in 1997. In 2009 he was standing at JBBA Kyushu Stallion Station in Kagoshima. He produced several winners of Conditions races in Japan including Group One winner, Erimo Excel. Rodrigo de Triano died of pneumonia in 2014 at the age of 25.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Rodrigo de Triano
| Sire
El Gran Senor (USA)
1981 | Northern Dancer (CAN)
1961 | Nearctic | Nearco |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Lady Angela |
| | Natalma | Native Dancer |
| | Almahmoud |
| | Sex Appeal (USA)
1970 | Buckpasser | Tom Fool |
| | | Busanda |
| | Best In Show | Traffic Judge |
| | Stolen Hour |
| Dam
Hot Princess (GB)
1980 | Hot Spark (IRE)
1972 | Habitat | Sir Gaylord |
| | | Little Hut |
| | Garvey Girl | Princely Gift |
| | Tekka |
| | Aspara (USA)
1972 | Crimson Satan | Spy Song |
| | | Papila |
| | Courtside | Court Martial |
| | Omelet Souffle |

## InfoBox

| Rodrigo de Triano | |
| --- | --- |
| Racing silks of Robert Sangster | |
| Sire | El Gran Senor |
| Grandsire | Northern Dancer |
| Dam | Hot Princess |
| Damsire | Hot Spark |
| Sex | Stallion |
| Foaled | 1989 |
| Country | Great Britain |
| Colour | Chestnut |
| Breeder | Swettenham Stud |
| Owner | Robert Sangster |
| Trainer | Peter Chapple-Hyam |
| Record | 13: 9-0-0 |
| Earnings | 760,101 |
| Major wins | |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt Maiden Stakes (1991)
Rose Bowl Stakes (1991)
Washington Singer Stakes (1991)
Champagne Stakes (1991)
Middle Park Stakes (1991)
2000 Guineas Stakes (1992)
Irish 2,000 Guineas (1992)
International Stakes (1992)
Champion Stakes (1992) | |
| Awards | |
| European Champion Three-Year-Old Colt (1992)
Timeform rating: 130 | |
| Last updated on 3 November 2023 | |


title: Blast furnace gas

abstract: Blast furnace gas (BFG) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value, about 3.5 MJ/m⁳ (93 BTU/cu.ft), because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide, which are not flammable. The rest amounts to around 22 vol% carbon monoxide, which has a fairly low heating value already and 5 vol% hydrogen. Per ton of steel produced via the blast furnace route, 2.5 to 3.5 tons of blast furnace gas is produced. It is commonly used as a fuel within the steel works, but it can be used in boilers and power plants equipped to burn it. It may be combined with natural gas or coke oven gas before combustion or a flame support with richer gas or oil is provided to sustain combustion. Particulate matter is removed so that it can be burned more cleanly. Blast furnace gas is sometimes flared without generating heat or electricity. Blast furnace gas is generated at higher pressure and at about 100–150 °C (212–302 °F) in a modern blast furnace. This pressure is utilized to operate a generator, which can generate electrical energy up to 35 kWh/t of pig iron without burning any fuel. Dry type TRTs can generate more power than wet type TRTs. The auto ignition point of blast furnace gas is approximate 630–650 °C (1,166–1,202 °F) and it has a lower explosive limit (LEL) of 27% and an upper explosive limit (UEL) of 75% in an air-gas mixture at normal temperature and pressure. The high concentration of carbon monoxide makes the gas hazardous.

text:
# Blast furnace gas

**Blast furnace gas** (BFG) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value, about 3.5 MJ/m3 (93 BTU/cu.ft), because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide, which are not flammable. The rest amounts to around 22 vol% carbon monoxide, which has a fairly low heating value already and 5 vol% hydrogen. Per ton of steel produced via the blast furnace route, 2.5 to 3.5 tons of blast furnace gas is produced. It is commonly used as a fuel within the steel works, but it can be used in boilers and power plants equipped to burn it. It may be combined with natural gas or coke oven gas before combustion or a flame support with richer gas or oil is provided to sustain combustion. Particulate matter is removed so that it can be burned more cleanly. Blast furnace gas is sometimes flared without generating heat or electricity.

Blast furnace gas is generated at higher pressure and at about 100–150 °C (212–302 °F) in a modern blast furnace. This pressure is utilized to operate a generator (a top-gas-pressure recovery turbine (TRT)), which can generate electrical energy up to 35 kWh/t of pig iron without burning any fuel. Dry type TRTs can generate more power than wet type TRTs.

The auto ignition point of blast furnace gas is approximate 630–650 °C (1,166–1,202 °F) and it has a lower explosive limit (LEL) of 27% and an upper explosive limit (UEL) of 75% in an air-gas mixture at normal temperature and pressure.

The high concentration of carbon monoxide makes the gas hazardous.

## Sources


title: Roland von Hößlin

abstract: Roland-Heinrich von Hößlin, or Hösslin was a German Army officer involved in the 20 July Plot to kill Adolf Hitler.

text:
# Roland von Hößlin

**Roland-Heinrich von Hößlin**, or **Hösslin** (21 February 1915 – 13 October 1944) was a German Army officer involved in the 20 July Plot to kill Adolf Hitler.

## Career

Roland von Hößlin was born in Munich into an old family of cavalry officers. In 1933, aged 17, he joined the *Reichswehr* and became an ensign (*"Fahnenjunker"*) in Mounted Regiment 17 in Bamberg. In 1936, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1939, during the Second World War, he took part in the Invasion of Poland as a first lieutenant and adjutant in Reconnaissance Detachment 10. He later had tank training at the *Panzertruppenschule* in Krampnitz, now part of Potsdam, and from March to July 1941 was a staff officer with the Afrika Korps staff in Tripolitania under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. In August 1941, Hößlin was named chief of the 3rd Reconnaissance Detachment 33, and in February 1942 he was promoted to captain. On 12 July 1942, he was badly wounded while commanding Reconnaissance Detachment 33 in action and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

By February 1944, Hößlin was commander of Officer-Candidate Training Detachment 24 based at Insterburg, East Prussia. In April 1944, through his earlier friendship with Stauffenberg, he was let in on the 20 July Plotters' plans to overthrow Adolf Hitler. In the event of a successful coup d'état, Hößlin was to have his unit in *Wehrkreis I* (i.e., East Prussia) occupy important buildings and take other measures against the Nazi régime.

On 23 August 1944, however, Hößlin was arrested by the Gestapo, and shortly thereafter was ejected from the *Wehrmacht*. Hößlin, in connection with the 20 July plot, a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, was deprived of all honours, ranks and orders and dishonourably discharged from the army on 14 September 1944. On 13 October 1944, Hößlin was sentenced to death by the Volksgerichtshof under Roland Freisler and hanged that same afternoon at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. At Bamberg Cathedral, a plaque commemorates the five "Bamberg Troopers" – among them Roland von Hößlin – who gave their lives in the struggle against the Nazi régime.

## Awards

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) \[1986\]. *Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile* \[*The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches*\] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
* Scherzer, Veit (2007). *Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives* \[*The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives*\] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
* Williamson, Gordon; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2005). *Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves Recipients 1941-45*. Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-642-9.

## InfoBox

| Roland von Hößlin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 21 February 1915
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire |
| Died | 13 October 1944 (1944-10-14) (aged 29)
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany |
| Allegiance | Nazi Germany |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1933–44 |
| Rank | Major |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |


title: Roland of Cremona

abstract: Roland of Cremona was a Dominican theologian and an early scholastic philosopher. He was the first Dominican regent master at Paris, France (1229–1230). He was among the most enthusiastic of those who made use of the newly translated Aristotle in the early 13th century.

text:
# Roland of Cremona

**Roland of Cremona** (around 1178 – 1259) was a Dominican theologian and an early scholastic philosopher. He was the first Dominican regent master at Paris, France (1229–1230). He was among the most enthusiastic of those who made use of the newly translated Aristotle in the early 13th century.

## Composition of the soul

Roland of Cremona did not say as much about the soul as William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris. He believed that the soul was the body's perfection. He affirmed the matter-form composition of the soul, unlike William. The two men agreed that there was a single soul in man and that its nature was simple. The vegetative, sensitive, and rational faculties are all performed by this single entity. The soul is dependent on the body according to Roland of Cremona. Humans differ from angels in having souls which require bodies. They have a natural inclination and dependence on the body, seeking to be joined to it. When the soul leaves the body it is not longer a soul, but becomes a spirit. This is because it no longer has the relationship to the body by which it is deemed a soul.

Like Peter of Spain, he denied that embryos possess pre-rational souls. Roland of Cremona attributed the growth and development of the soul to the soul of the mother.

## Career

He joined the Dominican order at Bologna in 1219. He was a lecturer at the medieval University of Toulouse from its foundation in 1229, and preached against the Cathars in the city. In 1231 he led a party of friars and priests to exhume from a cemetery the body of a man rumoured to have died a heretic. This precipitate action led to protests from the consuls of Toulouse, and Roland left the city soon afterwards.


title: Romerikes Blad

abstract: Romerikes Blad is a local newspaper published in Lillestrøm, Norway. It covers the Romerike district.

text:
# Romerikes Blad

***Romerikes Blad*** is a local newspaper published in Lillestrøm, Norway. It covers the Romerike district.

## History and profile

*Romerikes Blad* was established by Martin Julius Halvorsen in 1902 in Jessheim under the name *Akershusingen*, and was affiliated with the Norwegian Labour Party. The name *Romerikes Blad* was taken in 1905.

Between 1953 and 1967 it expanded from two to five editions a week. It mainly covered Ullensaker, Nannestad and Gjerdrum, although offices at Kjeller were opened in 1974. In 1990 it merged with the larger newspaper *Akershus Arbeiderblad*, which mainly covered Skedsmo, Rælingen, Fet, Sørum and Lørenskog. The two newspapers had shared the same editor-in-chief for some time. *Romerikes Blad* had been the smaller newspaper before the merger, with a circulation of 10,694 copies in 1983 compared to *Akershus Arbeiderblad* which had 24,529 copies. Nonetheless, after an initial period under the name *Akershus/Romerikes Blad*, the name *Romerikes Blad* was used. The editor-in-chief at the time of the merger was Terje Granerud (1989-2001).

Today, *Romerikes Blad* is owned 100% by Amedia, like many former Labour-affiliated newspapers. It has a circulation of 37,653 copies of which 36,166 are subscribers.

## InfoBox

*Romerikes Blad*
| Type | Daily newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Format | Tabloid |
| Owner(s) | Amedia |
| Editor | Magne Storedal |
| Founded | 1902 |
| Political alignment | Independent |
| Headquarters | Kjeller |
| Website | www.rb.no |


title: Romerike

abstract: Romerike is a traditional district located north-east of Oslo, in what is today south-eastern Norway. It consists of the Akershus municipalities Lillestrøm, Lørenskog, Nittedal, Rælingen and Aurskog-Høland in the southern end, and Ullensaker, Gjerdrum, Nannestad, Nes, Eidsvoll and Hurdal in the northern end.

text:
# Romerike

**Romerike** is a traditional district located north-east of Oslo, in what is today south-eastern Norway. It consists of the Akershus municipalities Lillestrøm, Lørenskog, Nittedal, Rælingen and Aurskog-Høland in the southern end (Nedre Romerike), and Ullensaker, Gjerdrum, Nannestad, Nes, Eidsvoll and Hurdal in the northern end (Øvre Romerike).

## Etymology

The Old Norse form of the name was **Raumaríki**, but the name must be much older (see below). The first element is the genitive plural of **raumr** m ("person from Romerike"); the final element is **ríki** n ("realm"; cf. Ringerike, Rånrike). In the *Hversu Noregr byggdist* and in *Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar*, the name is attributed to the mythical king Raum the Old (*Raumr inn gamli*). According to the latter saga, the members of the family were big and ugly, and because of this big and ugly people were called "great Raumar".

The linguistic similarity to Romerriket is entirely coincidental.

## History

The name Romerike may be derived ultimately from *Raum elfr*, which was an old name for the Glomma river.

Before the unification of Norway by King Harald Fairhair, Romerike was a petty kingdom. It had its age of greatness between the 5th and 7th centuries. The 6th century Goth scholar Jordanes wrote in his *Getica* about a tribe located in Scandza which he named the *Raumarici* and which seems to be the same name as *Raumariki*, the old name for Romerike.

In *Beowulf* and *Widsith*, the tribe is mentioned as the warlike *Heaðo-Reamas* (i.e. *battling Reamas*, for the correspondence between *Reamas* and *Raumar* compare *Geatas* and *Gautar*).

Snorri Sturluson relates in his *Heimskringla* that it was ruled by the semi-legendary Swedish kings, Sigurd Hring and Ragnar Lodbrok during the 8th century.

In the 9th century, Halfdan the Black, the father of King Harald Fairhair, subdued the area by defeating and killing the previous ruler, Sigtryg, in battle. He then defeated Sigtryg's brother and successor Eystein in a series of battles.

After the death of Halfdan the Black, Romerike submitted to the Swedish king Erik Eymundsson. However, it was forcibly conquered by Harald Fairhair who spent a summer there, to ensure that Romerike was integrated into his newly-created kingdom of Norway.

The centre of the kingdom and the earliest settlements were at Sand, between Jessheim and Garder, where the soil was easiest to cultivate and the surrounding forests were rich in game animals.

### Kings of Raumariki

## Raknehaugen

Rakni's Mound (*Raknehaugen*) has been estimated to date to around 550 AD (possibly 552 AD). It is located in the very heart of Romerike. Raknehaugen is a burial mound (*gravhaug*) from the Old Norse word *haugr* meaning barrow or mound. It is assumed that it is named after a king with the name *Rakni*. At 77 metres in diameter and more than 15 metres high, Raknehaugen at Ullensaker is the largest barrow in Northern Europe.

## Other sources

* De Geer, Ebba Hult *Raknehaugen* (A.W. Bråggers. 1938)
* Grieg, Sigurd *Raknehaugen* (Viking 5 – Norsk Arkeologisk Selskap, Oslo. 1941)
* Skre, Dagfinn *Raknehaugen - en empirisk loftsrydning* (Viking 60 – Norsk Arkeologisk Selskap, Oslo. 1997)

## InfoBox

| Romerike | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map of Romerike including municipalities | |
| RomerikeRomerike | |
| Coordinates: 60°06′N 11°12′E / 60.1°N 11.2°E / 60.1; 11.2 | |
| Country | Norway |
| County | Akershus |
| Region | Austlandet |


title: Roger Laroque

abstract: Roger Laroque was a New Caledonian businessman and politician. He served as mayor of Nouméa from 1953 to 1985 and as a member of the Territorial Assembly from 1972 to 1984.

text:
# Roger Laroque

**Roger Laroque** (5 October 1910 – 17 November 1985) was a New Caledonian businessman and politician. He served as mayor of Nouméa from 1953 to 1985 and as a member of the Territorial Assembly from 1972 to 1984.

## Biography

Laroque was born in Nouméa in 1910, the son of Gabriel Laroque, a businessman and member of the New Caledonian General Council. He attended La Pérouse College and studied law in Bordeaux. He subsequently worked at Crédit Lyonnais in Bordeaux and then at Société Ballande, returning to New Caledonia in 1937. He joined the French Army during World War II and served in France from 1944, returning to New Caledonia in 1947 and rejoining Établissements Ballande, becoming director then director general in 1956. He also became chief executive of Chalandage, president of Forges et Chantiers de l'Océanie and a member of the board of directors of the Port Authority.

Laroque entered politics in 1947 when he was elected to Nouméa City Council on the list of mayor Henri Sautot. He became Sautot's first assistant and succeeded him as mayor following the 1953 elections. He remained mayor of the city until his death over thirty years later. A staunch opponent of independence, in 1968 he contested the New Caledonia constituency in the French National Assembly elections, losing to Rock Pidjot of the Caledonian Union.

In 1972 he was elected to the Territorial Assembly from the South constituency as leader of the Democratic and Social Agreement (EDS). When the EDS merged into the new Rally for Caledonia in 1977, he became president of the new party. He was re-elected to the Territorial Assembly later that year, and again in 1979.

Awarded the Legion of Honour, he died of a heart attack in Nouméa in November 1985 at the age of 75. He was given a state funeral, and a statue of him was erected outside Nouméa City Hall the following year.

## InfoBox

| Roger Laroque | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Territorial Assembly | |
| **In office**
1972–1984 | |
| Constituency | South |
| Mayor of Nouméa | |
| **In office**
1953–1985 | |
| Preceded by | Henri Sautot |
| Succeeded by | Jean Lèques |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 5 October 1910
Nouméa, New Caledonia |
| Died | 17 November 1985(1985-11-17) (aged 75)
Nouméa, New Caledonia |
|  | |


title: Blanca Estrada

abstract: Blanca Estrada is a Spanish retired actress and presenter best known for her roles throughout the 1970s and 1980s in 20 films classified as uncovered cinema.

text:
# Blanca Estrada

**Blanca Estrada** (born 1950) is a Spanish retired actress and presenter best known for her roles throughout the 1970s and 1980s in 20 films classified as uncovered cinema.

## Biography

Sister of the actress Gloria Estrada and cousin of Susana Estrada, Blanca became known in 1972 as the "hostess" or "secretary" of the first season of the Televisión Española contest *Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez*, along with such popular faces as *Ágata Lys* and Yolanda Ríos. The next year she went to work as a presenter of the Valerio Lazarov variety show *¡Señoras y señores!*

Her subsequent cinematic career focused on a series of films of high erotic content, among which stand out *Una vela para el diablo* (1973), *El libro de buen amor* (1975, with Patxi Andión, considered by *Ya* newspaper film critic Pascual Cebollada as "a broad sample of masculine and feminine nudity, in front and behind, and a constant tension or demonstration of eroticism illustrated with obscenities"), *Metralleta Stein* (1975), *Dios bendiga cada rincón de esta casa* (1977, with Lola Gaos, based on the novel *Cousin Bazilio* by Eça de Queirós), *El francotirador* (1977), *Historia de 'S'* (1979), and *The Cantabrians* (1980), in which the young star had frequent nude and "bed scenes", which made her one of the most celebrated actresses of the moment.

She also went "a little undressed" in many magazines such as *Play-Lady*, "where she appeared in vivid leathers," *Lib*, *Interviú*, and especially *Fotogramas*, which she was on the cover of five times in the mid-70s.

At the end of 1976, Estrada took part in the chapter of the Antonio Gala series *Paisaje con figuras* dedicated to Mariana Pineda, broadcast by Televisión Española on 13 December.

In 1982, she returned to acting under the direction of Narciso Ibáñez Serrador, this time in a new chapter of the series *Historias para no dormir* ("El fin empezó ayer"), along with Manuel Tejada, which premiered on Spanish Television on 20 September.

Separated from Luis Bastarrica, whom she married in 1970, she has had two romantic relationships, with the Radio Nacional de España broadcaster Joaquín Ocio, who died in 1994, and the journalist Alejo García, who disappeared in 2008 at age 71.

After living for a while in the United States, Estrada currently resides in Málaga, completely away from the artistic world.

## Filmography

### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1973 | *Una vela para el diablo* | Norma | Eugenio Martín |
| 1974 | *Odio mi cuerpo* | Elena | León Klimovsky |
| | *The Ghost Galleon* | Kathy | Amando de Ossorio |
| | *Open Season* | Alice Rennick | Peter Collinson |
| | *La noche de la furia* | Sue | Carlos Aured |
| 1975 | *Metralleta 'Stein'* | Ana | José Antonio de la Loma |
| | *El libro de buen amor* | Doña Endrina | Tomás Aznar |
| | *Todos los gritos del silencio* | Michelle | Ramón Barco |
| | *Sensualidad* | Lucy | Germán Lorente |
| 1976 | *Kilma, reina de las amazonas* | Kilma | Miguel Iglesias |
| | *Sábado, chica, motel… ¡qué lío aquél!* | Teresa | José Luis Merino |
| | *El taxista de señoras* |  | Sergio Bergonzelli |
| | *A mí qué me importa que explote Miami* |  | Manuel Caño |
| 1977 | *Dios bendiga cada rincón de esta casa* | Lucía | Chumy Chúmez |
| | *El francotirador* | Ángela | Carlos Puerto |
| 1978 | *Las locuras de Jane* |  | Joaquín Coll Espona |
| 1979 | *Historia de 'S'* | Psiquiatra | Francisco Lara Polop |
| | *El caminante* | Madre Elvira | Paul Naschy |
| | *Father Cami's Wedding* | Luisa González | Rafael Gil |
| | *Las siete magníficas y audaces mujeres* | Eva | Darío Herreros |
| 1980 | *Spoiled Children* | Alicia Ortega | Rafael Gil |
| | *Un cero a la izquierda* | Poli | Gabriel Iglesias |
| | *The Cantabrians* | Turenia | Paul Naschy |
| 1981 | *Misterio en la isla de los monstruos* | Dominique Blanchard | Juan Piquer Simón |

### Television

| Year | Title | Chapter | Role | Director |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1976 | *Paisaje con figuras* | "Mariana Pineda" | Mariana Pineda | Antonio Betancor |
| 1977 | *Curro Jiménez* | "El prisionero de Arcos" | Camila | Mario Camus |
| 1979 | *Estudio 1* | "El caso de la mujer asesinadita" | Raquel | Federico Ruiz |
| 1982 | *Historias para no dormir* | "El fin empezó ayer" |  | Narciso Ibáñez Serrador |

## InfoBox

| Blanca Estrada | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1950 (age 7374)<br>La Felguera, Spain |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, presenter |
| Spouse | Luis Bastarrica |
| Partners |  |


title: Blanca Fernández

abstract: Blanca Fernández de la Granja is a Spanish runner competing primarily in middle-distance events. She has represented her country at several World and European cross country championships through different age group categories.

text:
# Blanca Fernández

**Blanca Fernández de la Granja** (born 1 April 1992 in León) is a Spanish runner competing primarily in middle-distance events. She has represented her country at several World and European cross country championships through different age group categories.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Spain | | | | | |
| 2009 | World Youth Championships | Brixen, Italy | 8th (s) | 800 m | 2:14.49 |
| | European Youth Olympic Festival | Tampere, Finland | 4th (h) | 800 m | 2:11.67 |
| | Gymnasiade | Doha, Qatar | 4th | 1000 m | 2:54.50 |
| 2013 | European U23 Championships | Tampere, Finland | 8th (h) | 1500 m | 4:20.71 |
| 2014 | Mediterranean U23 Championships | Aubagne, France | 3rd | 1500 m | 4:17.89 |
| 2017 | European Indoor Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | 15th (h) | 3000 m | 9:13.38 |
| | World Cross Country Championships | Kampala, Uganda | 8th | 4 x 2 km mixed relay | 24:29 |
| 2019 | World Cross Country Championships | Aarhus, Denmark | 59th | 10 km cross | 40:14 |
| 2021 | European Indoor Championships | Toruń, Poland | 19th (h) | 3000 m | 9:11.06 |
| 2022 | European Championships | Munich, Germany | 23rd (h) | 3000 m steeplechase | 10:00.26 |
| 2024 | European Championships | Rome, Italy | 30th (h) | 3000 m steeplechase | 10:08.59 |

## InfoBox

Blanca Fernández
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Blanca Fernández de la Granja |
| Born | (1992-04-01) 1 April 1992
León, Spain |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event(s) | Middle distance
Cross Country |
| Club | F.C. Barcelona |
| Coached by | José Enrique Villacorta |


title: Blue Mass

abstract: A Blue Mass is a Mass celebrated annually throughout the United States in the Catholic Church for those employed in the "public safety field". The color blue relates to the blue-colored uniforms predominantly used by these services. Similar to the Red Mass, the service honors those who have died in the line of duty and those currently serving as first responders. The Mass is an opportunity for the community to show gratitude to first responders and their families.

text:
# Blue Mass

A **Blue Mass** is a Mass celebrated annually throughout the United States in the Catholic Church for those employed in the "public safety field" (i.e. police officers, firefighters, correctional officers, 911 operators and EMS personnel). The color blue relates to the blue-colored uniforms predominantly used by these services. Similar to the Red Mass, the service honors those who have died in the line of duty and those currently serving as first responders. The Mass is an opportunity for the community to show gratitude to first responders and their families.

## Background

In Washington, D.C., the service is held in conjunction with National Police Week. Psalm 91:11, "For He will give His angels \[especial\] charge over you to accompany and defend and preserve you in all your ways \[of obedience and service\]," are often invoked during the service. Though usually held in a Catholic church, non-Catholics are generally invited to attend.

The Blue Mass dates to September 29, 1934, when Rev. Thomas Dade started the service as part of his duties with the Catholic Police and Fireman’s Society. The first Mass was held at St. Patrick’s Catholic Church in Washington, D.C., and has grown to a nationwide celebration. The September 29 service was timed to coincide with Michaelmas, the feast of Saint Michael the Archangel, the patron military saint of police officers and military.

## InfoBox

| Blue Mass | |
| --- | --- |
| Blue Mass at St. Patrick's Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.) | |
| Observed by | Catholics, Other Christians |
| Significance | Honor veterans of the Public Safety field |
| Date | Varies by community |
| First time | 1934 |


title: Collaboratory

abstract: A collaboratory, as defined by William Wulf in 1989, is a “center without walls, in which the nation’s researchers can perform their research without regard to physical location, interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources, [and] accessing information in digital libraries”. Bly (1998) refines the definition to “a system which combines the interests of the scientific community at large with those of the computer science and engineering community to create integrated, tool-oriented computing and communication systems to support scientific collaboration”. Rosenberg (1991) considers a collaboratory as being an experimental and empirical research environment in which scientists work and communicate with each other to design systems, participate in collaborative science, and conduct experiments to evaluate and improve systems. A simplified form of these definitions would describe the collaboratory as being an environment where participants make use of computing and communication technologies to access shared instruments and data, as well as to communicate with others. However, a wide-ranging definition is provided by Cogburn (2003) who states that “a collaboratory is more than an elaborate collection of information and communications technologies; it is a new networked organizational form that also includes social processes; collaboration techniques; formal and informal communication; and agreement on norms, principles, values, and rules”. This concept has a lot in common with the notions of Interlock research, Information Routing Group and Interlock diagrams introduced in 1984.

text:
# Collaboratory

A **collaboratory**, as defined by William Wulf in 1989, is a “center without walls, in which the nation’s researchers can perform their research without regard to physical location, interacting with colleagues, accessing instrumentation, sharing data and computational resources, \[and\] accessing information in digital libraries” (Wulf, 1989).

Bly (1998) refines the definition to “a system which combines the interests of the scientific community at large with those of the computer science and engineering community to create integrated, tool-oriented computing and communication systems to support scientific collaboration” (Bly, 1998, p. 31).

Rosenberg (1991) considers a collaboratory as being an experimental and empirical research environment in which scientists work and communicate with each other to design systems, participate in collaborative science, and conduct experiments to evaluate and improve systems.

A simplified form of these definitions would describe the collaboratory as being an environment where participants make use of computing and communication technologies to access shared instruments and data, as well as to communicate with others.

However, a wide-ranging definition is provided by Cogburn (2003) who states that “a collaboratory is more than an elaborate collection of information and communications technologies; it is a new networked organizational form that also includes social processes; collaboration techniques; formal and informal communication; and agreement on norms, principles, values, and rules” (Cogburn, 2003, p. 86).

This concept has a lot in common with the notions of Interlock research, Information Routing Group and Interlock diagrams introduced in 1984.

## Other meaning

The word “collaboratory” is also used to describe an open space, creative process where a group of people work together to generate solutions to complex problems.

This meaning of the word originates from the visioning work of a large group of people – including scholars, artists, consultant, students, activists, and other professionals – who worked together on the 50+20 initiative aiming at transforming management education.

In this context, by fusing two elements, “collaboration” and “laboratory”, the word “collaboratory” suggests the construction of a space where people explore collaborative innovations. It is, as defined by Dr. Katrin Muff, “an open space for all stakeholders where action learning and action research join forces, and students, educators, and researchers work with members of all facets of society to address current dilemmas.”

The concept of the collaboratory as a creative group process and its application are further developed in the book “The Collaboratory: A co-creative stakeholder engagement process for solving complex problems”.

Examples of collaboratory events are provided on the website of the Collaboratory community as well as by Business School Lausanne\- a Swiss business school that has adopted the collaboratory method to harness collective intelligence.

## Background

Problems of geographic separation are especially present in large research projects. The time and cost for traveling, the difficulties in keeping contact with other scientists, the control of experimental apparatus, the distribution of information, and the large number of participants in a research project are just a few of the issues researchers are faced with.

Therefore, collaboratories have been put into operation in response to these concerns and restrictions. However, the development and implementation proves to be not so inexpensive. From 1992 to 2000 financial budgets for scientific research and development of collaboratories ranged from US$447,000 to US$10,890,000 and the total use ranged from 17 to 215 users per collaboratory (Sonnenwald, 2003). Particularly higher costs occurred when software packages were not available for purchase and direct integration into the collaboratory or when requirements and expectations were not met.

Chin and Lansing (2004) state that the research and development of scientific collaboratories had, thus far, a tool-centric approach. The main goal was to provide tools for shared access and manipulation of specific software systems or scientific instruments. Such an emphasis on tools was necessary in the early development years of scientific collaboratories due to the lack of basic collaboration tools (e.g. text chat, synchronous audio or videoconferencing) to support rudimentary levels of communication and interaction. Today, however, such tools are available in off-the-shelf software packages such as Microsoft NetMeeting, IBM Lotus Sametime, Mbone Videoconferencing (Chin and Lansing, 2004). Therefore, the design of collaboratories may now move beyond developing general communication mechanisms to evaluating and supporting the very nature of collaboration in the scientific context (Chin & Lansing, 2004).

### The evolution of the collaboratory

As stated in Chapter 4 of the 50+20 "Management Education for the World" book, "the term collaboratory was first introduced in the late 1980s to address problems of geographic separation in large research projects related to travel time and cost, difficulties in keeping contact with other scientists, control of experimental apparatus, distribution of information, and the large number of participants. In their first decade of use, collaboratories were seen as complex and expensive information and communication technology (ICT) solutions supporting 15 to 200 users per project, with budgets ranging from 0.5 to 10 million USD. At that time, collaboratories were designed from an ICT perspective to serve the interests of the scientific community with tool-oriented computing requirements, creating an environment that enabled systems design and participation in collaborative science and experiments.

The introduction of a user-centered approach provided a first evolutionary step in the design philosophy of the collaboratory, allowing rapid prototyping and development circles. Over the past decade the concept of the collaboratory expanded beyond that of an elaborate ICT solution, evolving into a “new networked organizational form that also includes social processes, collaboration techniques, formal and informal communication, and agreement on norms, principles, values, and rules”. The collaboratory shifted from being a tool-centric to a data-centric approach, enabling data sharing beyond a common repository for storing and retrieving shared data sets. These developments have led to the evolution of the collaboratory towards a globally distributed knowledge work that produces intangible goods and services capable of being both developed and distributed around the world using traditional ICT networks.

Initially, the collaboratory was used in scientific research projects with variable degrees of success. In recent years, collaboratory models have been applied to areas beyond scientific research and the national context. The wide acceptance of collaborative technologies in many parts of the world opens promising opportunities for international cooperation in critical areas where societal stakeholders are unable to work out solutions in isolation, providing a platform for large multidisciplinary teams to work on complex global challenges.

The emergence of open-source technology transformed the collaboratory into its next evolution. The term open-source was adopted by a group of people in the free software movement in Palo Alto in 1998 in reaction to the source code release of the Netscape Navigator browser. Beyond providing a pragmatic methodology for free distribution and access to an end product's design and implementation details, open-source represents a paradigm shift in the philosophy of collaboration. The collaboratory has proven to be a viable solution for the creation of a virtual organization. Increasingly, however, there is a need to expand this virtual space into the real world. We propose another paradigm shift, moving the collaboratory beyond its existing ICT framework to a methodology of collaboration beyond the tool- and data-centric approaches, and towards an issue-centered approach that is transdisciplinary in nature."

## Characteristics and considerations

A distinctive characteristic of collaboratories is that they focus on data collection and analysis. Hence the interest to apply collaborative technologies to support data sharing as opposed to tool sharing. Chin and Lansing (2004) explore the shift of collaboratory development from traditional tool-centric approaches to more data-centric ones, to effectively support data sharing. This means more than just providing a common repository for storing and retrieving shared data sets. Collaboration, Chin and Lansing (2004) state, is driven both by the need to share data and to share knowledge about data. Shared data is only useful if sufficient context is provided about the data such that collaborators may comprehend and effectively apply it. It is therefore imperative, according to Chin and Lansing (2004), to know and understand how data sets relate to aspects of overall data space, applications, experiments, projects, and the scientific community, identifying the critical features or properties among which we can mention:

* General data set properties (owner, creation data, size, format);
* Experimental properties (conditions of the scientific experiment that generated that data);
* Data provenance (relationship with previous versions);
* Integration (relationship of data subsets within the full data set);
* Analysis and interpretation (notes, experiences, interpretations, and knowledge produced)
* Scientific organization (scientific classification or hierarchy);
* Task (research task that generated or applies the data set);
* Experimental process (relationship of data and tasks to the overall process);
* User community (application of data set to different users).

Henline (1998) argues that communication about experimental data is another important characteristic of a collaboratory. By focusing attention on the dynamics of information exchange, the study of Zebrafish Information Network Project (Henline, 1998) concluded that the key challenges in creating a collaboratory may be social rather than technical. “A successful system must respect existing social conventions while encouraging the development of analogous mechanisms within the new electronic forum” (Henline, 1998, p. 69). Similar observations were made in the Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) case study (Cogburn, 2003). The author (Cogburn, 2003) is investigating a collaboratory established for researchers in education and other related domains from United States of America and southern Africa. The main finding was that there have been important intellectual contributions on both sides, although the context was that of a developed country working together with a developing one and there have been social as well as cultural barriers. He further develops the idea that a successful CSCL would need to draw the best lessons learned on both sides in computer-mediated communication (CMC) and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW).

Sonnenwald (2003) conducted seventeen interviews with scientists and revealed important considerations. Scientists expect a collaboratory to “support their strategic plans; facilitate management of the scientific process; have a positive or neutral impact on scientific outcomes; provide advantages and disadvantages for scientific task execution; and provide personal conveniences when collaborating across distances” (Sonnenwald, 2003, p. 68). Many scientists looked at the collaboratory as means to achieve strategic goals that were organizational and personal in nature. Other scientists anticipated that the scientific process would speed up when they had access to the collaboratory.

## Design philosophy

Finholt (1995), based on the case studies of the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC) and the Medical Collaboratory, establishes a design philosophy: a collaboratory project must be dedicated to a user-centered design (UCD) approach. This means a commitment to develop software in programming environments that allow rapid prototyping, rapid development cycles (Finholt, 1995). A consequence of the user-centered design in the collaboratory is that the system developers must be able to distinguish when a particular system or modification has positive impact on users’ work practices. An important part of obtaining this understanding is producing an accurate picture of how work is done prior to the introduction of technology. Finholt (1995) explains that behavioral scientists had the task of understanding the actual work settings for which new information technologies were developed. The goal of a user-centered design effort was to inject those observations back into the design process to provide a baseline for evaluating future changes and to illuminate productive directions for prototype development (Finholt, 1995).

A similar viewpoint is expressed by Cogburn (2003) who relates the collaboratory to a globally distributed knowledge work, stating that human-computer interaction (HCI) and user-centered design (UCD) principles are critical for organizations to take advantage of the opportunities of globalization and the emergence of an Information society. He (Cogburn, 2003) refers to distributed knowledge work as being a set of “economic activities that produce intangible goods and services \[…\], capable of being both developed and distributed around the world using the global information and communication networks” (Cogburn, 2003, p. 81). Through the use of these global information and communications networks, organizations are able to take part in globally disarticulated production, which means they can locate their research and development facilities almost anywhere in the world, and engineers can collaborate across time zones, institutions and national boundaries.

## Evaluation

Meeting expectations is a factor that influences adoption of innovations, including scientific collaboratories. Some of the collaboratories implemented thus far have not been entirely successful. The Mathematics and Computer Science Division of Argonne National Laboratory, Waterfall Glen collaboratory (Henline, 1998) is an illustrative example. This collaboratory had its shares of problems. There have been the occasional technical and social disasters, but most importantly it did not meet all of the collaboration and interaction requirements.

The vast majority of the evaluations performed thus far are concentrating mainly on the usage statistics (e.g. total number of members, hours of use, amount of data communicated) or on the immediate role in the production of traditional scientific outcomes (e.g. publications and patents). Sonnenwald (2003), however, argues that we should rather look for longer-term and intangible measures such as new and continued relationship among scientists, and subsequent, longer-term creation of new knowledge.

Regardless of the criteria used for evaluation, we must focus on understanding the expectations and requirements defined for a collaboratory. Without such understanding a collaboratory runs the risk of not being adopted.

## Success factors

Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and Cogburn (2002) ascertain some of the success factors of a collaboratory. They are: collaboration readiness, collaboration infrastructure readiness, and collaboration technology readiness.

Collaboration readiness is the most basic pre-requisite for an effective collaboratory, according to Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and Cogburn (2002). Often the critical component to collaboration readiness is based on the concept of “working together in order to achieve a science goal” (Olson, Teasley, Bietz, & Cogburn, 2002, p. 46). Incentives to collaborate, shared principles of collaboration, and experience with the elements of collaboration are also crucial. Successful interaction between users requires a certain amount of common ground. Interactions require a high degree of trust or negotiation, especially when they involve areas where there is a cultural difference. “Ethical norms tend to be culturally specific, and negotiations about ethical issues require high levels of trust” (Olson, Teasley, Bietz, & Cogburn, 2002, p. 49).

When analyzing the collaboration infrastructure readiness Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and Cogburn (2002) state that modern collaboration tools require adequate infrastructure to operate properly. Many off-the-shelf applications will run effectively only on state-of-the-art workstations. An important piece of the infrastructure is the technical support necessary to ensure version control, to get participants registered, and to recover in case of disaster. Communications cost is another element which can be critical for collaboration infrastructure readiness (Olson, Teasley, Bietz, & Cogburn, 2002). Pricing structures for network connectivity can affect the choices that users will make and therefore have an effect on the collaboratory's final design and implementation.

Collaboration technology readiness, according to Olson, Teasley, Bietz, and Cogburn (2002), refers to the fact that collaboration does not involve only technology and infrastructure, but also requires a considerable investment in training. Thus, it is essential to assess the state of technology readiness in the community to ensure success. If the level is too primitive more training is required to bring the users’ knowledge up-to-date.

## Examples

### Biological Sciences Collaboratory

A comprehensively described example of a collaboratory, the Biological Sciences Collaboratory (BSC) at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Chin & Lansing, 2004), enables the sharing and analysis of biological data through metadata capture, electronic laboratory notebooks, data organization views, data provenance tracking, analysis notes, task management, and scientific workflow management. BSC supports various data formats, has data translation capabilities, and can interact and exchange data with other sources (external databases, for example). It offers subscription capabilities (to allow certain individuals to access data) and verification of identities, establishes and manages permissions and privileges, and has data encryption capabilities (to ensure secure data transmission) as part of its security package.

BSC also provides a data provenance tool and a data organization tool. These tools allow a hierarchical tree to display the historical lineage of a data set. From this tree-view the scientist may select a particular node (or an entire branch) to access a specific version of the data set (Chin & Lansing, 2004).

The task management provided by BSC allows users to define and track tasks related to a specific experiment or project. Tasks can have deadlines assigned, levels of priority, and dependencies. Tasks can also be queried and various reports produced. Related to task management, BSC provides workflow management to capture, manage, and supply standard paths of analyses. The scientific workflow may be viewed as process templates that captures and semi-automate the steps of an analysis process and its encompassing data sets and tools (Chin & Lansing, 2004).

BSC provides project collaboration by allowing scientists to define and manage members of their group. Security and authentication mechanisms are therefore applied to limit access to project data and applications. Monitoring capability allows for members to identify other members that are online working on the project (Chin & Lansing, 2004).

BSC offers community collaboration capabilities: scientists may publish their data sets to a larger community through the data portal. Notifications are in place for scientists interested in a particular set of data - when that data changes, the scientists get notification via email (Chin & Lansing, 2004).

### Diesel Combustion Collaboratory

Pancerella, Rahn, and Yang (1999) analyzed the Diesel Combustion Collaboratory (DCC) which was a problem-solving environment for combustion research. The main goal of DCC was to make the information exchange for the combustion researchers more efficient. Researchers would collaborate over the Internet using various DCC tools. These tools included “a distributed execution management system for running combustion models on widely distributed computers (distributed computing), including supercomputers; web accessible data archiving capabilities for sharing graphical experimental or modeling data; electronic notebooks and shared workspaces for facilitating collaboration; visualization of combustion data; and videoconferencing and data conferencing among researchers at remote sites” (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999, p. 1).

The collaboratory design team defined the requirements to be (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999):

* Ability share graphical data easily;
* Ability to discuss modeling strategies and exchange model descriptions;
* Archiving collaborative information;
* Ability to run combustion models at widely separated locations;
* Ability to analyze experimental data and modeling results in a web-accessible format;
* Videoconference and group meetings capabilities.

Each of these requirements had to be done securely and efficiently across the Internet. Resources availability was a major concern because many of the chemistry simulations could run for hours or even days on high-end workstations and produce Kilobytes to Megabytes of data sets. These data sets had to be visualized using simultaneous 2-D plots of multiple variables (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999).

The deployment of the DCC was done in a phased approach. The first phase was based on iterative development, testing, and deployment of individual collaboratory tools. Once collaboratory team members had adequately tested each new tool, it was deployed to combustion researchers. The deployment of the infrastructure (videoconferencing tools, multicast routing capabilities, and data archives) was done in parallel (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999). The next phase was to implement full security in the collaboratory. The primary focus was on two-way synchronous and multi-way asynchronous collaborations (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999). The challenge was to balance the increased access to data that was needed with the security requirements. The final phase was the broadening of the target research to multiple projects including a broader range of collaborators.

The collaboratory team found that the highest impact was perceived by the geographically separated scientists that truly depended on each other to achieve their goals. One of the team's major challenges was to overcome the technological and social barriers in order to meet all of the objectives (Pancerella, Rahn, & Yang, 1999). User openness and low maintenance security collaboratories are hard to achieve, therefore user feedback and evaluation are constantly required.

### Other collaboratories

Other collaboratories that have been implemented and can be further investigated are:

* Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is an international center for research and education in biology, biomedicine and ecology.
* Biological Collaborative Research Environment (BioCoRE) developed at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign – a collaboration tool for biologists (Chin and Lansing, 2004);
* The CTQ Collaboratory, a virtual community of teacher leaders and those who value teacher leadership, run by the Center for Teaching Quality, a national education nonprofit (Berry, Byrd, & Wieder, 2013);
* HASTAC (Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory), founded in 2002 by Cathy N. Davidson, then Vice Provost for Interdisciplinary Studies at Duke University and David Theo Goldberg, Director of the University of California Humanities Research Institute (UCHRI), after contacting scholars across the humanities (including digital humanities), social sciences, media studies, the arts, and technology sectors who shared these convictions and wanted to envision a new kind of organization—an academic social network—that would allow anyone to join and would offer any member of the community to contribute. They began working with a team of developers at Stanford University to code and design a participatory, community site, originally a display website and a Wiki for open contribution and as a community-based publishing and networking platform.
* Molecular Interactive Collaborative Environment (MICE) developed at the San Diego Supercomputer Center – provides collaborative access and manipulation of complex, three-dimensional molecular models as captured in various scientific visualization programs (Chin and Lansing, 2004);
* Molecular Modeling Collaboratory (MMC) developed at University of California, San Francisco – allows remote biologists to share and interactively manipulate three-dimensional molecular models in applications such as drug design and protein engineering (Chin and Lansing, 2004);
* Collaboratory for Microscopic Digital Anatomy (CMDA) – a computational environment to provide biomedical scientists remote access to a specialized research electron microscope (Henline, 1998);
* The Collaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research at Messiah College \- an organization of Christian students, educators, and professionals affiliated with Messiah College, aspiring to fulfill Biblical mandates to foster justice, empower the poor, reconcile adversaries, and care for the earth, in the context of academic engagement.
* Waterfall Glen – a multi-user object-oriented (MOO) collaboratory at Argonne National Laboratory (Henline, 1998);
* The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) – a scientific collaboratory for the development of advanced measures of personality and other individual differences (Henline, 1998);
* TANGO – a set of collaborative applications for education and distance learning, command and control, health care, and computer steering (Henline, 1998).

Special consideration should be attributed to TANGO (Henline, 1998) because it is a step forward in implementing collaboratories, as it has distance learning and health care as main domains of operation. Henline (1998) mentions that the collaboratory has been successfully used to implement applications for distance learning, command and control center, telemedical bridge, and a remote consulting tool suite.

## Summary

To date, most collaboratories have been applied largely in scientific research projects, with various degrees of success and failure. Recently, however, collaboratory models have been applied to additional areas of scientific research in both national and international contexts. As a result, a substantial knowledge base has emerged helping us in understanding their development and application in science and industry (Cogburn, 2003). Extending the collaboratory concept to include both social and behavioral research as well as more scientists from the developing world could potentially strengthen the concept and provide opportunities of learning more about the social and technical factors that support a distributed knowledge network (Cogburn, 2003).

The use of collaborative technologies to support geographically distributed scientific research is gaining wide acceptance in many parts of the world. Such collaboratories hold great promise for international cooperation in critical areas of scientific research and not only. As the frontiers of knowledge are pushed back the problems get more and more difficult, often requiring large multidisciplinary teams to make progress. The collaboratory is emerging as a viable solution, using communication and computing technologies to relax the constraints of distance and time, creating an instance of a virtual organization. The collaboratory is both an opportunity with very useful properties, but also a challenge to human organizational practices (Olson, 2002).

## Footnotes

* Berry, B., Byrd, A., & Wieder, A. (2013). Teacherpreneurs: Innovative teachers who lead but don't leave. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
* Bly, S. (1998). Special section on collaboratories, *Interactions, 5*(3), 31, New York: ACM Press.
* Bos, N., Zimmerman, A., Olson, J., Yew, J., Yerkie, J., Dahl, E. and Olson, G. (2007), From Shared Databases to Communities of Practice: A Taxonomy of Collaboratories. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12: 652–672.
* Chin, G., Jr., & Lansing, C. S. (2004). Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory, *Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work*, 409-418, New York: ACM Press.
* Cogburn, D. L. (2003). HCI in the so-called developing world: what's in it for everyone, *Interactions, 10*(2), 80-87, New York: ACM Press.
* Cosley, D., Frankowsky, D., Kiesler, S., Terveen, L., & Riedl, J. (2005). How oversight improves member-maintained communities, *Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems*, 11-20.
* Finholt, T. A. (1995). Evaluation of electronic work: research on collaboratories at the University of Michigan, *ACM SIGOIS Bulletin, 16*(2), 49–51.
* Finholt, T.A. Collaboratories. (2002). In B. Cronin (Ed.), *Annual Review of Information Science and Technology* (pp. 74–107), 36. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Information Science.
* Finholt, T.A., & Olson, G.M. (1997). From laboratories to collaboratories: A new organizational form for scientific collaboration. *Psychological Science*, 8, 28-36.
* Henline, P. (1998). Eight collaboratory summaries, *Interactions, 5*(3), 66–72, New York: ACM Press.
* Olson, G.M. (2004). Collaboratories. In W.S. Bainbridge (Ed.), *Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction*. Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing.
* Olson, G.M., Teasley, S., Bietz, M. J., & Cogburn, D. L. (2002). Collaboratories to support distributed science: the example of international HIV/AIDS research, *Proceedings of the 2002 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on enablement through technology*, 44–51.
* Olson, G.M., Zimmerman, A., & Bos, N. (Eds.) (2008). *Scientific collaboration on the Internet*. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
* Pancerella, C.M., Rahn, L. A., Yang, C. L. (1999). The diesel combustion collaboratory: combustion researchers collaborating over the internet, *Proceedings of the 1999 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing*, New York: ACM Press.
* Rosenberg, L. C. (1991). Update on National Science Foundation funding of the “collaboratory”, *Communications of the ACM, 34*(12), 83, New York: ACM Press.
* Sonnenwald, D.H. (2003). Expectations for a scientific collaboratory: A case study, *Proceedings of the 2003 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on supporting group work*, 68–74, New York: ACM Press.
* Sonnenwald, D.H., Whitton, M.C., & Maglaughlin, K.L. (2003). Scientific collaboratories: evaluating their potential, *Interactions, 10*(4), 9–10, New York: ACM Press.
* Wulf, W. (1989, March). The national collaboratory. In *Towards a national collaboratory.* Unpublished report of a National Science Foundation invitational workshop, Rockefeller University, New York.
* Wulf, W. (1993) The collaboratory opportunity. *Science*, 261, 854-855.


title: Cornel Nistorescu

abstract: Cornel Nistorescu is a Romanian journalist, known for his editorial "Ode to America" regarding the American response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Nistorescu graduated from the University of Cluj in 1974 with a degree in Philology, Romanian and Italian Languages and Literatures. Nistorescu speaks Romanian, English, French, and Italian. Nistorescu is a former editor and founder of several publications, and was the General Manager of the  »Evenimentul zilei » daily and head of the "Expres" ltd. co. He has written three books and is a contributor to cultural publications or newspapers and weeklies in Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and the United States.

text:
# Cornel Nistorescu

**Cornel Nistorescu** (born December 15, 1948) is a Romanian journalist, known for his editorial "Ode to America" regarding the American response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

Nistorescu graduated from the University of Cluj in 1974 with a degree in Philology, Romanian and Italian Languages and Literatures. Nistorescu speaks Romanian, English, French, and Italian.

Nistorescu is a former editor and founder of several publications, and was the General Manager of the »Evenimentul zilei » daily and head of the "Expres" ltd. co. He has written three books and is a contributor to cultural publications or newspapers and weeklies in Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and the United States.

## Honours

1. "An Ode to America". Snopes.com. 2009-09-19.
2. "Casa Majestății Sale".


title: Eugênio de Castro

abstract: Eugênio de Castro is a municipality of the northern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 2,352 in an area of 419.32 km². It is located 435 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete.

text:
# Eugênio de Castro

**Eugênio de Castro** is a municipality of the northern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 2,352 (2020 est.) in an area of 419.32 km². It is located 435 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete.

## Bounding municipalities

## InfoBox

| Eugênio de Castro | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Rio Grande do Sul state | |
| Eugênio de CastroLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 28°21′30″S 54°8′56″W / 28.35833°S 54.14889°W / -28.35833; -54.14889 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio Grande do Sul |
| Micro-region | Santo Ângelo |
| Area | |
| Total | 419.32 km2 (161.90 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 2,352 |
| Density | 5.6/km2 (15/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |
| Website | www.eugeniodecastro.rs.gov.br |


title: C. C. Green

abstract: Charles C. Green was an American rancher and politician from Arizona. He served a single term in the Arizona House of Representatives during the 3rd Arizona State Legislature, followed by a single term in the Arizona State Senate during the 4th Arizona State Legislature.

text:
# C. C. Green

**Charles C. Green** was an American rancher and politician from Arizona. He served a single term in the Arizona House of Representatives during the 3rd Arizona State Legislature, followed by a single term in the Arizona State Senate during the 4th Arizona State Legislature.

## Biography

Green was born in 1868. In 1885 Green was involved in the hotel business in Cleveland, Ohio. He moved to Arizona in October 1886. Green married Nannie Barkley on October 12, 1892. The couple had five children, four daughters, Julia, Frances, Alleen, Helen, and one son, C. Baird. In 1895 Green purchased the Holstein Dairy Farm. In the early 1900s Green owned a ranch outside of Phoenix, Arizona, in the Cartwright area. In 1910, he and two partners opened up the Glendale Hay & Gray Company.

In 1911, Green ran for one of the seats on the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors. In 1915 Green was one of the charter members of the United Produce Growers' Association of Phoenix. Green helped form and served as the first president of the Maricopa Farm Improvement Association, also known as the Farmers' Union.

In 1916 he was selected to run on the Republican ticket for the Arizona House of Representatives, and was elected in November. In 1918, Green ran for the State Senate, along with the incumbent, fellow Republican H. B. Wilkinson. The pair won by a large majority in the November election. He was appointed to the Maricopa County Highway Commissioner in 1919, but forced to resign from it in 1920 due to state constitutional requirements, since he was simultaneously serving in the State Legislature. He did not run for re-election in 1920.

In 1922, Green moved his family from Glendale to Phoenix. This was followed by a move to Mesa in 1923. In 1928, Green once again ran for the State House of Representatives. While unopposed in the Republican primary, he lost in the general election to C. M. Brimhall. In 1929, Green was appointed by the Mesa City Council to the position of city farmer. The city's farm consisted of approximately 1400 acres. He remained in that position until July 1931, when he resigned. Green died in Phoenix on December 1, 1944.

## InfoBox

| C. C. Green | |
| --- | --- |
| Green, ca. 1918 | |
|  | |
| Arizona House of Representatives | |
| **In office**
January 1917  December 1918 | |
| Constituency | Maricopa County |
| Member of the Arizona Senate
from the Maricopa County district | |
| **In office**
January 1919  December 1920 | |
| Preceded by | Ernest Hall |
| Succeeded by | C. M. Stoddard |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Profession | Politician |
|  | |


title: Saddle Club, Lexington

abstract: Saddle Club is a neighborhood in northern Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are New Circle Road to the west and north, Versailles Road to the south, and Viley Road to the east. Saddle Club's development began in the early 2000s.

text:
# Saddle Club, Lexington

**Saddle Club** is a neighborhood in northern Lexington, Kentucky, United States. Its boundaries are New Circle Road to the west and north, Versailles Road to the south, and Viley Road to the east.

Saddle Club's development began in the early 2000s.

## Neighborhood statistics

* Area: 0.068 square miles (0.18 km2)
* Population: 14
* Population density: 212 people per square mile
* Median household income: $53,635

38°02′54″N 84°33′42″W / 38.04833°N 84.56167°W / 38.04833; -84.56167

## InfoBox

| Saddle Club | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighborhood of Lexington, Kentucky | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Kentucky |
| County | Fayette |
| City | Lexington |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.068 sq mi (0.18 km2) |
| Population (2000) | |
| Total | 14 |
| Density | 212/sq mi (82/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| ZIP code | 40504 |
| Area code | 859 |


title: Třebíz

abstract: Třebíz is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

text:
# Třebíz

**Třebíz** is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 303 |  |
| 1880 | 286 | −5.6% |
| 1890 | 293 | +2.4% |
| 1900 | 321 | +9.6% |
| 1910 | 349 | +8.7% |
| 1921 | 366 | +4.9% |
| 1930 | 389 | +6.3% |
| 1950 | 228 | −41.4% |
| 1961 | 236 | +3.5% |
| 1970 | 209 | −11.4% |
| 1980 | 191 | −8.6% |
| 1991 | 161 | −15.7% |
| 2001 | 173 | +7.5% |
| 2011 | 213 | +23.1% |
| 2021 | 226 | +6.1% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Třebíz | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Centre of Třebíz | |
| TřebízLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°16′11″N 13°59′27″E / 50.26972°N 13.99083°E / 50.26972; 13.99083 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Kladno |
| First mentioned | 1183 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.85 km2 (1.87 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 308 m (1,010 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 240 |
| Density | 49/km2 (130/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 273 75 |
| Website | www.trebiz.cz |


title: Brian J. Enquist

abstract: Brian Joseph Enquist is an American biologist and academic. Enquist is a professor of biology at the University of Arizona. He is also external professor at the Santa Fe Institute. He is a biologist, plant biologist and an ecologist. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2012 and the Ecological Society of America (ESA) in 2018.

text:
# Brian J. Enquist

**Brian Joseph Enquist** is an American biologist and academic. Enquist is a professor of biology at the University of Arizona. He is also external professor at the Santa Fe Institute. He is a biologist, plant biologist and an ecologist. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2012 and the Ecological Society of America (ESA) in 2018.

## Research

His lab works on developing a more integrative, quantitative, and predictive framework for biology, community ecology, and large-scale ecology. His research is notable for three areas in biology and ecology:

(1) *Scaling in Biology* – Enquist is notable in biology for his work with Geoffrey West and James H. Brown, in understanding the origin and diversity of organismal form, function, and diversity by developing general models for the origin of allometry and scaling laws in biology. This research, shows how general scaling laws underlie organismal form, function, and diversity and can be used to 'scale up' biological processes from genes to cells to ecosystems. This work is also the foundation for the Metabolic Theory of Ecology.

(2) *Functional Plant Ecology and Trait-based biology* – Enquist has worked to develop Trait Driver Theory or TDT with Van M. Savage, Jon Norberg and colleagues. TDT provides a general theory of Functional ecology in that it provides a baseline for (i) recasting the predictions of ecological theories based on species richness (see Coexistence theory) in terms of the shape of trait distributions and (ii) integrating Metabolic Scaling Theory how specific traits, including body size, and functional diversity then ‘scale up’ to influence ecosystem functioning and the dynamics of species assemblages across climate gradients. Further, TDT offers a novel framework to integrate trait, metabolic/allometric, and species-richness-based approaches and theory to better predict functional biogeography and how assemblages of species have and may respond to climate change.

## Education and honors

### Education

Enquist received a Bachelor of Artsin Biology in 1991 from Colorado College and a Ph.D. in Biology in 1998 from the University of New Mexico.

### Honors

## InfoBox

| Brian J. Enquist | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | United States |
| Citizenship | American |
| Alma mater |  |
| Known for | Metabolic Scaling Theory<br>Macroecology |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields |  |
| Institutions | University of ArizonaThe Santa Fe Institute |
| Thesis | *On the origin and consequences of allometric scaling in biology.*  (1998) |
| Doctoral advisor | James H. Brown |
|  | |


title: Brest Arena

abstract: Brest Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Brest, France. Its tenant is Brest Bretagne Handball. Inaugurated on September 13, 2014, it is designed to host major sporting competitions, team training sessions and large-scale concerts. It was designed by Hérault Arnod Architectures.

text:
# Brest Arena

48°23′N 4°31′W / 48.38°N 4.52°W / 48.38; -4.52

**Brest Arena** is a multi-purpose arena in Brest, France. Its tenant is Brest Bretagne Handball. Inaugurated on September 13, 2014, it is designed to host major sporting competitions, team training sessions and large-scale concerts. It was designed by Hérault Arnod Architectures.

## Events

## InfoBox

Brest Arena
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Brest, France |
| Owner | Brest Métropole |
| Operator | Brest'aim |
| Capacity | 4,077 (handball)
5,006 (basketball)
6,000 (concerts) |
| Field size | 110 x 70 m |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 2014 |
| Construction cost | 42 million |
| Architect | Hérault Arnod Architectes |
| Tenants | |
| Brest Bretagne Handball | |


title: C. H. Waymire Building

abstract: The C.H. Waymire Building in Boise, Idaho, is a 2-story, cement block structure designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1909. The building housed Waymire Grocery, a neighborhood market.

text:
# C. H. Waymire Building

The **C.H. Waymire Building** in Boise, Idaho, is a 2-story, cement block structure designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1909. The building housed Waymire Grocery, a neighborhood market.

## History

Clarence H. Waymire arrived in Boise in 1884 and operated a dairy under the name of Waymire & Brown. In 1892 Waymire purchased his partner's share of the business. In 1902 Waymire constructed a 2-story, wood-frame grocery store at the southwest corner of 13th and Eastman Streets, and in 1909 the building was moved to the rear of the lot and turned to face Eastman Street, enabling the store to function during construction of the C.H. Waymire Building at the corner. At the time, the *Idaho Statesman* noted that the building was the first large store in Boise to be constructed of cement blocks.

The C.H. Waymire Building included a post office and was a local polling place during elections. Waymire sold his grocery business in 1914, but he continued to make improvements to that and to other buildings, and the west side of 13th street between Alturas and Eastman Streets became known as the Waymire Block.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Waymire, C. H., Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The C.H. Waymire Building in 2019 | |
|  | |
| Location | 1521 N. 13th St., Boise, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 43°37′49″N 116°12′10″W / 43.63028°N 116.20278°W / 43.63028; -116.20278 (Waymire, C. H., Building) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1909 (1909) |
| Built by | Shaffer, Hawk, & Clark |
| Architect | Tourtellotte, John E. & Company |
| MPS | Tourtellotte and Hummel Architecture TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 82000252 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1982 |


title: Béla Uitz

abstract:
Béla Uitz was a Hungarian painter and communist activist. In 1907 he studied at the Hungarian National School of Applied Arts before moving on to the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts in 1908. He was a contributor to the anarchist-pacifist magazine A Tett, published by Lajos Kassák 1915-1916. After A Tett was suppressed by the authorities, Kassák launched MA in 1917 and Uitz joined the editorial team. He attended the "Russian Evening" organised by MA on 20 November 1920 in Vienna. This led him to rethink his political-artistic stance. In "Jegyzetek a 'Ma' orosz estélyéhez" an article published in MA he was very critical of the Russian Proletkult movement which he viewed as an obstacle to the parallel progress of the material and spiritual revolution he envisaged. Nevertheless he later developed a more sympathetic view of Proletkult,
He then joined the Communist Party of Hungary who sent him with Alfréd Kemény to attend the 3rd Congress of the Communist International. Whilst in Moscow he met Jolán Szilágyi, a Hungarian studying at VKhUTEMAS. He was the editor of Egység, a radical art journal published in Vienna and Berlin, 1922-1924. Aladár Komját was his co-editor.

text:
# Béla Uitz

**Béla Uitz** (8 March 1887, Mehála, Kingdom of Hungary (today part of Timișoara, Romania) – 26 January 1972, Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian painter and communist activist.

In 1907 he studied at the Hungarian National School of Applied Arts before moving on to the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts in 1908.

He was a contributor to the anarchist-pacifist magazine *A Tett*, published by Lajos Kassák 1915-1916. After *A Tett* was suppressed by the authorities, Kassák launched *MA* in 1917 and Uitz joined the editorial team.

He attended the "Russian Evening" organised by *MA* on 20 November 1920 in Vienna. This led him to rethink his political-artistic stance. In "Jegyzetek a 'Ma' orosz estélyéhez" (Notes on MAs Russian evening) an article published in MA he was very critical of the Russian Proletkult movement which he viewed as an obstacle to the parallel progress of the material and spiritual revolution he envisaged. Nevertheless he later developed a more sympathetic view of Proletkult, He then joined the Communist Party of Hungary who sent him with Alfréd Kemény to attend the 3rd Congress of the Communist International. Whilst in Moscow he met Jolán Szilágyi, a Hungarian studying at VKhUTEMAS.

He was the editor of *Egység*, a radical art journal published in Vienna and Berlin, 1922-1924. Aladár Komját was his co-editor.


title: Sankarapuram, Kallakurichi district

abstract: Sankarapuram is a panchayat town in Kallakurichi district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

text:
# Sankarapuram, Kallakurichi district

**Sankarapuram** is a panchayat town in Kallakurichi district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## Geography

Sankarapuram is located in the Kallakurichi district. Thirukovilur lies 35 km to the east, Kalvarayanmalai is 35 km to the west, Thiruvannamalai is situated 47 km to the north, and Kallakurichi is 18 km away.

## Structure of panchayat town

Spanning across 11.60 square kilometers, this town panchayat has 15 councilors and encompasses 41 streets. It falls within the Sankarapuram Assembly constituency and is part of the Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency.

## Demography

As of 2011 census, the town panchayat has 3,539 households and a population of 15,664. Also, the town panchayat has a literacy rate of 79.8% and a sex ratio of 1,004 females to 1,000 males. The sex ratio of children under 6 years is 935 girls per 1000 boys. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 2,304 and 87 respectively.

## InfoBox

| Sankarapuram | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| SankarapuramLocation in Tamil Nadu, IndiaSankarapuramSankarapuram (India) | |
| Coordinates: 11°53′8.7534″N 78°54′40.122″E / 11.885764833°N 78.91114500°E / 11.885764833; 78.91114500 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Tamil Nadu |
| District | Kallakurichi |
| Taluk | Sankarapuram |
| Area | |
| Total | 30.0 km2 (11.60 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 15,664 |
| Density | 520/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| Official | Tamil |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Vehicle registration | TN-15 |
| Website | www.townpanchayat.in/sankarapuram |


title: C64 Direct-to-TV

abstract: The C64 Direct-to-TV, called C64DTV for short, is a single-chip implementation of the Commodore 64 computer, contained in a joystick, with 30 built-in games. The design is similar to the Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Game. The circuitry of the C64DTV was designed by Jeri Ellsworth, a computer chip designer who had previously designed the C-One. Tulip Computers licensed the rights to Ironstone Partners, which cooperated with DC Studios and Mammoth Toys in the development and marketing of the unit. Released in late 2004, QVC purchased the entire first production run of 250,000 units and sold 70,000 of them on the first day that they were offered.

text:
# C64 Direct-to-TV

The **C64 Direct-to-TV**, called **C64DTV** for short, is a single-chip implementation of the Commodore 64 computer, contained in a joystick (modeled after the mid-1980s Competition Pro joystick), with 30 built-in games. The design is similar to the Atari Classics 10-in-1 TV Game. The circuitry of the C64DTV was designed by Jeri Ellsworth, a computer chip designer who had previously designed the C-One.

Tulip Computers (which had acquired the Commodore brand name in 1997) licensed the rights to Ironstone Partners, which cooperated with DC Studios and Mammoth Toys in the development and marketing of the unit. Released in late 2004, QVC purchased the entire first production run of 250,000 units and sold 70,000 of them on the first day that they were offered.

## Versions

There exist multiple versions of the C64DTV. DTV1 (NTSC television type) comes with 2 MB ROM. It first appeared in late 2004 for the American/Canadian market. DTV2 (called *C64D2TV* sometimes) is a revised version for the European and world markets (PAL television type) and appeared in late 2005. The ROM has been replaced by flash memory in these devices. However, the DTV2/PAL version suffers from a manufacturing fault, which results in poor colour rendering (the resistors in the R-2R ladder DACs for both the chroma and the luma have been transposed). In the DTV3, a problem with the blitter was fixed.

## Hardware specifications

* Core circuitry
* Casing/Connectors
* Graphics
    + NTSC (DTV2 and later: NTSC/PAL on chip, only PAL wired in end-market devices)
    + reprogrammable palette with 4 bits of luma and 4 bits of chroma
    + DTV2 and later: "chunky" 256 color mode, additional blitter for fast image transformation
* Sound
    + no support for SID filters
    + DTV2 and later: 8 bit digital sound, additional options for envelope generators
* Memory
* CPU
    + implementing a 6510 at 1 MHz
    + DTV2 and later: Enhanced CPU (fast/burst mode, additional registers and opcodes, support for illegal ops of the 6510)

## Built-in games

The official games for the unit are mostly a mix of Epyx and Hewson C64 games. Games unique to the NTSC or PAL versions are noted below.

| Title | Developer | Publisher | NTSC | PAL |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| *Summer Games* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Winter Games* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Pitstop* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Pitstop II* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Super Cycle* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Jumpman Junior* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Impossible Mission* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Impossible Mission II* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Championship Wrestling* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Gateway to Apshai* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *Sword of Fargoal* |  | Epyx |  |  |
| *International Karate* (*World Karate Champion*) |  | Epyx | Yes | No |
| *California Games* |  | Epyx | No | Yes |
| *Silicon Warrior* |  | Epyx | Yes | No |
| *Alleykat* |  | Hewson | No | Yes |
| *Nebulus* (*Tower Toppler*) |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Maze Mania* |  | Hewson | No | Yes |
| *Paradroid* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Eliminator* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Cyberdyne Warrior* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Cybernoid* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Cybernoid II: The Revenge* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Ranarama* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Marauder* |  | Hewson | No | Yes |
| *Head the Ball* |  | Hewson | No | Yes |
| *Mission Impossibubble* |  | Hewson | No | Yes |
| *Firelord* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Exolon* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Netherworld* |  | Hewson | No | Yes |
| *Uridium* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Zynaps* |  | Hewson |  |  |
| *Speedball* |  | Image Works |  |  |
| *Bull Riding* (from *World Games*) |  | Epyx | Yes | No |
| *Sumo* (from *World Games*) |  | Epyx | Yes | No |
| *Flying Disk* (from *California Games*) |  | Epyx | Yes | No |
| *Surfing* (from *California Games*) |  | Epyx | Yes | No |

## Hardware-modding

Since the internal circuit board has exposed solder points for floppy-drive and keyboard ports, hardware modifications of the C64DTV are relatively simple.

**Known hardware mods**

* Keyboard connector
* External joystick (Port 1 and 2)
* Floppy connector
* Power unit connector
* Fixing the palette problems of the PAL version (to some degree this is possible in software by adjusting palette entries)
* S-Video connector
* User port
* Original C64 casing and PS2 keyboard

**Additional hardware**

* Data transfer cable (Parallel port (or USB/serial port via DTV2ser) to Joystick or user port)
* SD card interface *1541-III* or *MMC2IEC*

## Limitations

The internal flash memory is accessible as device 1. However, software is not included to support write operations so high-score saving is not possible. Also, flash devices used in the DTV are specified for a very limited number of write accesses only.

When using the standard keyboard mod, the F7 key does not work. There is a workaround, the "Keyboard Twister."

## Software-modding

The DTV contains software-flashable memory. A number of tools have been released to compile programs into DTV-compatible flash images and load it onto the DTV. People made their own game compilations, adding popular (sometimes DTV-fixed) games that were not in the original DTV, added boot menus to make homebrew software development easier or enable new features, for example transfer programs like DTVtrans for transferring data from PC to DTV RAM and vice versa via the PC parallel port (or USB) and the DTV joystick port.