title: Springtime in a Small Town

abstract: Springtime in a Small Town is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang. The film is a remake of director Fei Mu's 1948 film and its original screenwriter is Li Tianji, Spring in a Small Town. Though the two movies are referred to by different English titles, they share the same title in Chinese. Springtime in a Small Town marks the return of Tian Zhuangzhuang to the director's chair, following a nearly nine-year absence since his last film, The Blue Kite (1993). It was funded by several production companies from China, France, and the Netherlands. Unlike Kite, which deployed a large cast, spanned decades, and carried a political message, Springtime is a small intimate chamber-piece.

text:
# Springtime in a Small Town

***Springtime in a Small Town*** (Chinese: 小城之春; pinyin: *Xiǎochéng zhī chūn*) is a 2002 Chinese film directed by Tian Zhuangzhuang. The film is a remake of director Fei Mu's 1948 film and its original screenwriter is Li Tianji (Chinese: 李天濟; pinyin: Lǐ Tiānjì), *Spring in a Small Town*. Though the two movies are referred to by different English titles, they share the same title in Chinese.

*Springtime in a Small Town* marks the return of Tian Zhuangzhuang to the director's chair, following a nearly nine-year absence since his last film, *The Blue Kite* (1993). It was funded by several production companies from China (Beijing Film Studio, Beijing Rosart Film), France (Orly Films, Paradis Films), and the Netherlands (Fortissimo Films).

Unlike *Kite*, which deployed a large cast, spanned decades, and carried a political message, *Springtime* is a small intimate chamber-piece.

## Plot

The film follows Fei Mu's original fairly closely. **Zhang Zhichen** (Xin Baiqing), a city doctor, comes to visit his old friend from school **Dai Liyan** (Wu Jun) shortly after the war against the Japanese has ended. Dai is sickly although Zhang suspects it to be mainly a case of hypochondria. While visiting, he meets Liyan's wife, **Yuwen** (Hu Jingfan) and Liyan's teenage sister **Dai Xiu** (Lu Sisi).

Zhang and Yuwen has had a passionate love affair ten years earlier before she had been engaged. Due to her husband's sickness however, the couple has ceased to have any real physical contact. With Zhang back, he and Yuwen find themselves attracted to one another again.

As emotions run high, Dai Xiu's birthday comes up. As the drinks begin to flow, Zhang and Yuwen's mutual attraction become apparent to everyone, especially to Liyan. Too sickly in his mind to care for his wife any longer, he begs Zhang to stay. Liyan then promptly attempts suicide by overdose but is saved by his friend. Zhang then decides that it is best that he departs.

While faithful to the plot of the original, Tian's remake dropped the original's use of a voice-over narration by Yuwen.

## Cast

Unlike Tian's ensemble direction in *The Blue Kite*, the cast here is deliberately limited to only five actors, all of whom were unknowns at the time of *Springtime's* release.

* Hu Jingfan as Yuwen, the wife
* Wu Jun as Dai Liyan, her husband
* Xin Baiqing as Zhang Zhichen, Dai Liyan's childhood friend and Yuwen's former lover
* Ye Xiaokeng as Lao Huang, Dai Liyan and Yuwen's loyal servant
* Lu Sisi as Dai Xiu, Dai Liyan's young sister

## Reception

The film received positive reviews from film critics. The film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes records that 88% of film critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 35 reviews. The Metacritic aggregator recorded the film received an average score of 86/100, meaning "universal acclaim". *Variety* praised the film as a "visually rich" and "exquisitely made love story." The *Sight and Sound* states: "this is a sensual, haunting film, atmospheric and moving, full of melancholy and a subtle eroticism." J. Hoberman of *The Village Voice* describes the film as "exquisitely crafted" and "a movie of indefinable moods and subtle emotional coloration." Hoberman further writes: "Tian's first feature in the decade...is also his quietest, remaking a 1948 Chinese classic to marvelous effect." Jonathan Rosenbaum of the *Chicago Reader* writes "This erotically charged drama may not be quite as great as the original, but it's an amazing and beautiful work just the same."

## Awards and nominations

## DVD

*Springtime in a Small Town* was released in the United States on DVD on 23 November 2004 and is distributed by Palm Pictures. The DVD features subtitles in English.

## InfoBox

| Springtime in a Small Town | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Tian Zhuangzhuang |
| Written by | Li Tianji |
| Based on | *Spring in a Small Town*
by Li Tianji |
| Produced by | William Kong
Li Xiaowan
TIng Yatming |
| Starring | Hu Jingfan
Wu Jun
Xin Baiqing
Ye Xiaokeng
Lu Si Si |
| Cinematography | Pin Bing Lee |
| Edited by | Xu Jianping |
| Music by | Zhao Li |
| Distributed by | **United States:**
Palm Pictures
**United Kingdom:**
Artificial Eye |
| Release dates | * 4 September 2002 (2002-09-04) (Venice) * 13 June 2003 (2003-06-13) (United Kingdom) * 14 May 2004 (2004-05-14) (United States) |
| Running time | 116 minutes |
| Countries | China
France
The Netherlands |
| Language | Mandarin |


title: Edward I'Anson

abstract: Edward I'Anson was an English architect who was president of both the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Surveyors' Institution. He was a leading designer of commercial buildings in the City of London.

text:
# Edward I'Anson

**Edward I'Anson** (25 July 1812 – 30 January 1888) was an English architect who was president of both the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Surveyors' Institution. He was a leading designer of commercial buildings in the City of London.

## Life

Born in St. Laurence Pountney Hill in the City of London, he was the eldest son of the surveyor and architect Edward P. I'Anson (1775–1853). He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School and at the College of Henri IV in France, and articled to his father at an early age. Subsequently, he entered the office of John Wallen, principal quantity surveyor at that time in the City. At the close of his indentures I'Anson travelled for two years, extending his tour as far as Constantinople. On his return in 1837 he entered into practice, both as assistant to his father and as an independent architect.

In 1823, the I'Anson family bought 9, St Laurence Pountney Lane, the house neighbouring their own. The firm of Edward I'Anson and Sons operated from there from 1850. I'Anson made various changes to the property, including a new roof, and some Venetian-inspired windows. He also acquired the adjoining disused churchyard for use as a garden. In 1861, I'Anson and his wife, Catherine Blakeway, purchased land at Grayshott in Surrey, a village then part of Headley. The family provided a site for the National School established there in 1871, and maintained a close connection to the area. I'Anson's son Edward Blakeway made funds available for the construction of the church, and many of his family are buried and memorialised in its churchyard.

## Works

His first important building in the City was the Royal Exchange Buildings, designed for Sir Francis Graham Moon in 1837. There he made use of concrete for the internal works, an early example of this modern construction method that had previously only been used in experimental or minor projects. This brought him into repute, and obtained for him the chief practice as architect in the City.

I'Anson developed a career as a pioneering designer of purpose-built commercial buildings in the City. Those executed by him in the Italian style, such as the buildings of the British and Foreign Bible Society at 146 Queen Victoria Street (1866–8) were the most successful. His designs in the Neo-Gothic style included the school of the Merchant Taylors' Company at the Charterhouse. I'Anson was surveyor to the Merchant Taylors for many years, and also to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, for which he designed a new museum and library. He was responsible for the remodelling of Fetcham Park, Leatherhead, and the restorations of the Dutch Church in Austin Friars and of St. Mary Abchurch.

I'Anson was elected a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1840, and was chosen president in 1886. He contributed numerous papers to the *Transactions* of the institute. He was also a fellow of the Geological Society, and in 1886 became president of the Surveyors' Institution. He was a frequent traveller on the continent, and in 1867 visited Russia. In many of his numerous duties as surveyor, and in some of his architectural works, notably the new Corn Exchange in Mark Lane, he was assisted by his eldest son, Edward Blakeway I'Anson.

## Death

I'Anson died unexpectedly on 30 January 1888, and was buried at All Saints church in Headley, East Hampshire. A portrait of him will be found in the *Builder*, xxix. 1006. Edward Blakeway I'Anson continued the practice at St Lawrence Pountney Hill.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "I'Anson, Edward". *Dictionary of National Biography*. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


title: Roland Lynch

abstract: Roland Lynch was Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as the Bishop of Kilmacduagh from 1587 to 1625. A native of Galway, he was the Archdeacon of Clonfert when nominated to the bishopric of Kilmacduagh by Queen Elizabeth I on 9 January 1587. He was appointed to the see by letters patent on 14 June and consecrated to the Episcopate in August 1587. Fifteen years later, he was granted in commendam the bishopric of Clonfert on 14 February 1602. It was said that he impaired the revenues of both sees by granting improper leases. He died in office at Loughrea in December 1625.

text:
# Roland Lynch

**Roland Lynch** (died 1625) was Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of Ireland as the Bishop of Kilmacduagh from 1587 to 1625.

A native of Galway, he was the Archdeacon of Clonfert when nominated to the bishopric of Kilmacduagh by Queen Elizabeth I on 9 January 1587. He was appointed to the see by letters patent on 14 June and consecrated to the Episcopate in August 1587. Fifteen years later, he was granted *in commendam* the bishopric of Clonfert on 14 February 1602. It was said that he impaired the revenues of both sees by granting improper leases. He died in office at Loughrea in December 1625.

## Bibliography

* Cotton, Henry (1849). *The Province of Ulster*. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 3. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.
* Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). *Handbook of British Chronology* (3rd, reprinted 2003 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

## InfoBox

| Styles of<br>**Roland Lynch** | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Reference style | The Right Reverend |
| Spoken style | My Lord or Bishop |


title: El perro

abstract: El perro is a 2004 Argentine-Spanish drama film, directed by Carlos Sorín, and written by Sorín, Santiago Calori, and Salvador Roselli. The picture features Juan Villegas and Walter Donado, among others. The film was partly funded by INCAA. El perro is a neo-realist fable about a man and a dog, the titular Bombón. Set in Patagonia, an unemployed man has his luck change after being given a Dogo Argentino dog for helping a stranded woman on the highway.

text:
# El perro

***El perro*** (English: ***Bombón: El Perro*** and ***Bombón: The Dog***) is a 2004 Argentine-Spanish drama film, directed by Carlos Sorín, and written by Sorín, Santiago Calori, and Salvador Roselli. The picture features Juan Villegas and Walter Donado, among others.

The film was partly funded by INCAA.

*El perro* is a neo-realist fable about a man and a dog, the titular Bombón. Set in Patagonia, an unemployed man has his luck change after being given a Dogo Argentino dog for helping a stranded woman on the highway.

## Plot

Coco (Juan Villegas), the main character, is first seen trying to sell knives to a group of oil workers. He is a skilled craftsman, but the knives are too expensive for them. In fact, throughout the entire film, he never manages to sell a single knife, but he ends up giving two away: one to a security guard as a bribe, and one to a cabaret singer he meets on his journey.

Coco is down on his luck. He lives in a cramped apartment with his daughter and her children. As he is 52 years old, it looks increasingly unlikely that he will get another job. What he really wants is to work in a gas station, and during the first part of the film he is seen inquiring after such jobs.

Coco is a good natured man, despite his ill luck, and he is seen helping a woman on the road whose car has broken down. This good deed leads to him being given an Argentine Dogo as a gift. The dog is a pedigree and the woman supplies him with all the documents. Coco is bemused, but keeps the dog.

When he goes home, his daughter asks him to choose—her or the dog. He chooses to keep the dog. The film now becomes a road movie. Coco calls the dog "Lechien", mistakenly believing that this is his name, in fact it simply means "the dog" in French and was written on his kennel. Eventually Coco realizes the dog is called "Bombón."

From the moment he takes the dog, Coco's luck begins to change. People ask him to guard buildings with the dog; a chance meeting with the bank manager leads him to Walter, a trainer. Walter assures him that the dog is pure gold. After the dog wins third prize at a dog show an eager Walter begins to make arrangements to have him put out to stud, this promises to be lucrative for them both, but the dog is unable to perform.

Disillusioned, Walter takes the dog back to his ranch, and advises Coco to get settled somewhere and return for the dog later on.

But Coco feels lost without the dog, and returns to Walter's, only to find the dog has escaped. Upon finding the dog again, coupling with a stray female mutt, Coco sets off into a hopeful future with two young hitchhikers in tow.

## Cast

* Juan Villegas as Juan "Coco" Villegas
* Walter Donado as Walter Donado
* Gregorio as Le Chien aka Bombón
* Rosa Valsecchi as Susana
* Mariela Díaz as Coco's daughter
* Sabino Morales as Sabino, Coco's friend
* Claudina Fazzini as Claudina
* Kita Ca as Claudina's mother
* Carlos Rossi as Bank Manager
* Leda Cacho as Walter's wife
* Micol Estévez as Walter's daughter
* Diego Rozas Denis as Gelsi, Walter's friend
* Andrea Suárez as Hitchhiker
* Adrián Giampani as Galván
* Carlos Aguirre as Galván's boss

## Production

Casting

Carlos Sorín, in neo-realist fashion, used non-professional actors when he shot the film.

Filming locations

The picture was filmed in: Gaiman, Chubut; Patagonia; Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz; Trelew, Chubut Province; Tres Cerros, Patagonia; all in Argentina.

Distribution

The film was first presented at the Donostia-San Sebastián International Film Festival in September 2004. The same month the film made its North American debut at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 14, 2004.

In Argentina the film opened wide on September 23, 2004.

The picture was screened at various film festivals, including: the Nantes Festival of 3 Continents, France; the Cinémas d'Amérique Latine de Toulouse, France; the Hong Kong International Film Festival, China; the Muestra Internacional de Cine, Mexico; the Seattle International Film Festival, United States; and others.

## Reception

### Critical response

A. O. Scott, film critic for *The New York Times* liked the film and wrote, "\[the film was\] flawlessly directed by Carlos Sorin...\[Jose\] is half-seduced by dreams of glory, but the film's real concern is dignity. Juan (Juan Villegas), is as modest a hero as you are likely to encounter on a movie screen, and neither he nor Mr. Sorin—or, for that matter, Lechien—have especially grandiose aspirations. That *El perro* is so unassuming is part of what makes its humane, sympathetic story so satisfying."

Ed Gonzalez thought highly of the film, and wrote, "The jewel in the crown of The Film Society of Lincoln Center's Latin Beat program last year was Carlos Sorín's *El perro*, which grabs the warm humanist baton from the director's *Minimal Stories* and heads straight for an existential finish line. With tender understatement, Sorín catalogs the depressing embarrassments an unemployed mechanic (Juan Villegas) is subjected to when he's unable to secure work or earn money for his homemade knives."

The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 83% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on twelve reviews.

### Awards

**Wins**

## InfoBox

| El perro | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Carlos Sorín |
| Written by | Santiago Calori
Salvador Roselli
Carlos Sorín |
| Produced by | Oscar Kramer
José María Morales |
| Starring | Juan Villegas
Walter Donado |
| Cinematography | Hugo Colace |
| Edited by | Mohamed Rajid |
| Music by | Nicolás Sorín |
| Distributed by | Cinema Tropical
Guacamole Films |
| Release date | * September 23, 2004 (2004-09-23) (Argentina) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Countries | Argentina
Spain |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Born to Defence

abstract: Born to Defence is a 1988 Hong Kong action film, which marked the directorial debut of Jet Li, who also stars in the film. The film features fight choreography by Tsui Siu-Ming. The film is set in China following the end of World War II and the liberation of China. Li stars as an avid athlete who encounters conflicts with American navy sailors, primarily in the boxing ring. The film was a success in China, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of the year.

text:
# Born to Defence

***Born to Defence*** (Chinese: 中華英雄) is a 1988 Hong Kong action film, which marked the directorial debut of Jet Li, who also stars in the film. The film features fight choreography by Tsui Siu-Ming. The film is set in China following the end of World War II and the liberation of China. Li stars as an avid athlete who encounters conflicts with American navy sailors, primarily in the boxing ring. The film was a success in China, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of the year.

## Plot

Jet (Jet Li) returns to his hometown of Qingdao after the fighting the Japanese. He and his fellow soldiers discover that much has changed since the end of the war, and American soldiers are taking all the glory for the victory achieved, and they feel unappreciated. Jet eventually meets with his old friend Zhang (Zhao Erkang), a fellow soldier who saved Jet's life in battle, but was seriously injured with shrapnel. Zhao makes a living as a rickshaw driver. Jet decides to stay at Zhao's house for a while. Jet asks Zhang about his daughter. Zhang replies that she died.

One day, an American Navy Captain named Hans (Kurt Roland Petersson) is driving recklessly through Qingdao's streets, causing a mob to become angry and surround his car. Jet and Hans fight briefly, with Hans being impressed with Jet. The angry mob proceeds to burn his car, causing a riot. Jet and his fellow band of soldiers and rickshaw-drivers retreat during the chaos to a bar, which they discover now caters primarily to foreigners with a boxing ring and is frequented by prostitutes. Jet and his friends are angry at the insults hurled at them by American Navy patrons, which leads to an American soldier named Bailey (Paulo Tocha) challenging Jet to a formal boxing match.

During the match, Jet struggles with only being allowed to use his fists, and frequently breaks the rules due to his ignorance of American boxing. Frustrated, Jet attempts to leave the ring, but Bailey kicks him to prevent him from leaving. Jet continues the fight using both kung-fu and boxing techniques, and even demonstrates that he has finally adapted to boxing and shows superiority over Bailey. Jet wins the fight, along with a lot of money, and the Chinese in the crowd are proud of him.

Later, Bailey and a Chinese prostitute (Song Jia) approach Zhang for a rickshaw ride. The woman is apprehensive around Zhang, and pleads with Bailey to go home. Bailey, furious at Zhang's slow speed and at the fact that the woman keeps staring at Zhang, repeatedly kicks Zhang to make him go faster. Furious, Zhang tips over his rickshaw and insults the woman, causing her to leave in tears. Bailey assaults Zhang, leaving him severely injured. Jet takes over for Zhang's rickshaw. After one of his rickshaw trips, the American soldiers (led by Bailey) deliberately destroy his rickshaw, forcing Jet to take a job at the bar where he fought Bailey the other day. The job requires Jet to be a "sparring partner" for Bailey, where he cannot fight back and must sustain many blows. When Jet initially refuses, the soldiers threaten to beat the bar-owner. Seeing no other way, Jet reluctantly agrees to be Bailey's sparring partner. The prostitute, named Rui (or "Na"), approaches Jet and informs him that the bar-owner was actually a part of the scheme to force Jet to be a sparring partner. Captain Hans attacks Bailey for paying the bar-owner of the scheme, putting a shame to the Navy.

Jet returns to the bar the next day with the intent of fighting back against Bailey (regardless of the consequences to the bar and the bar owner). However, Jet learns that he will be fighting Captain Hans instead. Hans goads Jet into a formal fighting match. The match goes on for a long time, which eventually leads to chaos in the bar as crowds of Chinese and American soldiers fight each other until American soldiers to come and enforce order. The match basically ends in a draw, with Jet barely able to stand. Rui takes Jet to her house, removes his wet clothes to prevent him from catching pneumonia, and helps him rest and recover.

Later, Rui approaches Zhang at the hospital to inform him of what happened to Jet. When he sees that Jet is naked in the bed, he is furious and hits Rui. He reveals to Jet that Rui is his daughter and that he is ashamed of her because she's a prostitute. Jet pleads with him to change his mind about his daughter but Zhang only gets more furious, and angrily tells Jet to find another place to stay.

Later, Jet comes back to Zhang's house, and gleefully tells him that he fell in love with a girl after Zhang kicked him out. However, he asks Zhang for advice: if his new girlfriend is a prostitute, but promises to quit, should he give her a chance? Zhang tells him that he should. Jet then offers to introduce him to his girlfriend right away. The "girlfriend", it turns out, is Rui herself. Zhang is initially angry at Jet and Rui's deception, but Jet makes them reconcile, and they do. While Rui goes out to buy some food and wine, the American soldiers kidnap Rui. Jet and Zhang are informed of this by local rickshaw drivers. While looking for Rui, Jet is confronted by Hans, who wishes to continue the fight from the other night. The Navy soldiers eventually throw both Rui and Zhang off the roof, killing them both. Captain Hans appears shocked and angry at what they've done.

While in jail, Jet is severely beaten by the local police for "causing trouble," and the American soldiers are let go. Jet is furious. Later, he escapes from jail by tying a wet shirt against two loose bars. He later finds the American soldiers (with Captain Hans and Bailey) driving by a warehouse. Jet sets a trap that forces them to stop. He lights their car on fire with a molotov cocktail and lures them into the warehouse. He severely injures one of the soldiers and ties up another one to the ceiling. Jet then finds Bailey and traps him on a conveyor belt that leads to a furnace, where he burns Bailey to death. Then, he confronts Hans. Hans and Jet fight for a long time. Hans eventually gains the upper hand, but their movements cause the mechanisms of the warehouse to eventually knock a bunch of barrels into Hans. With Hans severely beaten on the ground, Jet picks up an axe, screams, and swings it downward. He chooses to spare Hans. Hans is relieved. Jet walks out of the warehouse.

## Cast

* Jet Li as Jet
* Zhao Erkang as Zhang
* Song Jia as Na
* Kurt Roland Petersson as Captain Hans
* Paulo Tocha as Bailey
* Yuen Fai as Friend of Jet
* Lam Hak-ming as Policeman
* Cho Wing as Angry Chinese Man
* Dion Lam as Angry Chinese Man
* Ng Kit-keung as Angry Chinese Man
* Mark King as GI Blue
* Dean Harrington as US Marine
* Yuen Kam-fai as Soldier
* Zhang Chun-zhong as Soldier

## Box office

In Hong Kong, the film grossed HK$11,456,731 (US$1,467,683), making it the 38th top-grossing film of the year.

The film was a success in China, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of the year. It grossed CN¥80 million (US$21 million) in box office revenue, and sold 97 million tickets in China. This adds up to US$24,468,184 grossed in China and Hong Kong in 1988.

In South Korea, the film sold 782 tickets in the capital city of Seoul.

## InfoBox

| Born to Defence | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Jet Li |
| Written by | Sze Yeung-Ping
Chit Yi-Kwo |
| Produced by | Fu Chi |
| Starring | Jet Li |
| Cinematography | Cho Him |
| Edited by | Lee Yuk-wai
Koo Chi-wai |
| Music by | Hau Tak-kin
Kui Siu-chung |
| Production
company | Sil-Metropole Organisation |
| Release date | * 16 February 1988 (1988-02-16) |
| Running time | 92 minutes (HK)
91 minutes (US) |
| Country | Hong Kong |
| Languages | Cantonese
English |
| Box office | US$24.5 million
(China & Hong Kong) |


title: Boto, Burkina Faso

abstract: Boto is a commune in the Andemtenga Department of Kouritenga Province in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso. It had a population of 1,308 in 2006.

text:
# Boto, Burkina Faso

**Boto** is a commune in the Andemtenga Department of Kouritenga Province in the Centre-Est region of Burkina Faso. It had a population of 1,308 in 2006.

## Demographics

| Year | Population |
| --- | --- |
| 1985 | 833 |
| 1996 | 1,245 |
| 2006 | 1,308 |

### Neighbourhoods

| Neighbourhood | Population (2006) |
| --- | --- |
| Balemin | 107 |
| Engankoidighin | 175 |
| Gango | 153 |
| Lilyaala | 127 |
| Natenga | 246 |
| Ouarango | 162 |
| Ouidi | 167 |
| Sembrin | 171 |

## InfoBox

| Boto | |
| --- | --- |
| BotoLocation within Burkina Faso, French West Africa | |
| Coordinates: 12°19′05″N 0°22′22″W / 12.31806°N 0.37278°W / 12.31806; -0.37278 | |
| Country | Burkina Faso |
| Province | Kouritenga |
| Department | Andemtenga |
| Elevation | 302 m (991 ft) |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 1,308 |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |


abstract: The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland (RNA) is an organisation which aims to promote and encourage the development of agricultural, industrial, manufacturing and cultural resources of Queensland, Australia. The RNA owns and operates the Brisbane Exhibition Ground, situated 1.6 kilometres from the Brisbane central business district. The RNA runs the annual Royal Queensland Show, commonly known as the Brisbane Exhibition or by the contraction Ekka, for 9 days each year in August at the RNA Showgrounds. The Ekka is the largest event in Queensland, attracting an average of 400,000 people each year to its competitions, exhibits and entertainments. The highest attendance was in 1981 with 891,232 attending. The RNA also runs the Royal Queensland Awards, a set of competitions to honour the best food and drink from Queensland. In addition to its own events, the RNA provides the showgrounds and The Royal International Convention Centre as a venue for over 150 other events each year, such as music festivals, trade shows and sporting events. In the absence of events, the showgrounds can also be used as parking.

text:
# Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland

**The Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland** (RNA) is an organisation which aims to promote and encourage the development of agricultural, industrial, manufacturing and cultural resources of Queensland, Australia. The RNA owns and operates the Brisbane Exhibition Ground, situated 1.6 kilometres from the Brisbane central business district.

The RNA runs the annual Royal Queensland Show, commonly known as the *Brisbane Exhibition* or by the contraction *Ekka*, for 9 days each year in August at the RNA Showgrounds. The Ekka is the largest event in Queensland, attracting an average of 400,000 people each year to its competitions, exhibits and entertainments. The highest attendance was in 1981 (the first year when the Show dates did not coincide with the Queensland school August vacation) with 891,232 attending.

The RNA also runs the Royal Queensland Awards, a set of competitions to honour the best food and drink from Queensland.

In addition to its own events, the RNA provides the showgrounds and The Royal International Convention Centre (Royal ICC) as a venue for over 150 other events each year, such as music festivals, trade shows and sporting events. In the absence of events, the showgrounds can also be used as parking.

## Awards

The RNA was inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame in 2012, in recognition of the Royal Queensland Show’s iconic standing and its outstanding contribution to Queensland industry and society for 136 years.

## InfoBox

Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland
|
|  |
| Formation | 1875 (1875) |
| Type | Body Corporate |
| Purpose | Promotion of agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, industrial, manufacturing and cultural activities of Queensland. |
| Headquarters | Brisbane Showgrounds |
| Region | Queensland |
| President | David Thomas |
| Website | https://www.rna.org.au |


title: Rudy Ruiz

abstract: Rudy Ruiz is an American writer, advocate, and social entrepreneur. Ruiz is known for writing The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez and Valley of Shadows, magical realism novels which received critical acclaim and literary awards. In 2014, Ruiz authored Seven for the Revolution, a book that explores the "hard lives of Latinos and the fraught relations between their native and adoptive countries." The book won Best Popular Fiction–English and Best First Book in Fiction at the 2014 International Latino Book Awards. Ruiz is also a regular special contributor to CNN and co-founder of Interlex, an advertising and marketing agency whose work is focused on "public sector, non-profit, and socially conscientious marketing for multicultural audiences." Interlex is one of the 50 largest U.S. Hispanic advertising agencies, according to AdAge.

text:
# Rudy Ruiz

**Rudy Ruiz** is an American writer, advocate, and social entrepreneur. Ruiz is known for writing *The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez* and *Valley of Shadows*, magical realism novels which received critical acclaim and literary awards. In 2014, Ruiz authored *Seven for the Revolution*, a book that explores the "hard lives of Latinos and the fraught relations between their native and adoptive countries." The book won Best Popular Fiction–English and Best First Book in Fiction at the 2014 International Latino Book Awards. Ruiz is also a regular special contributor to CNN and co-founder of Interlex, an advertising and marketing agency whose work is focused on "public sector, non-profit, and socially conscientious marketing for multicultural audiences." Interlex is one of the 50 largest U.S. Hispanic advertising agencies, according to AdAge.

## Early life

Rudy Ruiz was born in Brownsville, Texas, a bilingual and multicultural city along the border of Mexico. He is the son and grandson of Mexican immigrants. After graduating from St. Joseph Academy in 1986, Ruiz went on to Harvard University. He graduated from Harvard with a bachelor's degree in government and a master's degree in public policy from the John F. Kennedy School of Government. While at Harvard, Ruiz participated in Raza, Harvard's Chicano students organization. He was also part of Harvard's Undergraduate Council.

## Career

In 1995, Ruiz co-founded Interlex with his wife Heather in San Antonio, Texas. Interlex is an advocacy and cause-related advertising and marketing firm that has worked with clients such as the Pan American Development Foundation, Tracfone Wireless’ SafeLink brand, American Express, Texas Department of Transportation, AARP, American Heart Association and Center for Science in the Public Interest. Interlex is one of the 50 largest U.S. Hispanic advertising agencies. Ruiz is the president and chief executive officer of the firm.

Interlex acquired Californian advertising agency SenaReider in 2012. SenaReider was relocated to San Antonio and spun off from Interlex in 2013. Heather Ruiz is SenaReider's CEO.

### Literary career

Ruiz's first works were published in literary publications while he attended Harvard. His first book, *¡Adelante!*, was published in 2003 by Random House. Ruiz also wrote an essay covering stereotypes and eating disorders called "Ghost of Gordolfo Gelatino," which was published in the book *Going Hungry*. In 2014, Ruiz authored *Seven for the Revolution*, a collection of short stories about the experiences of seven characters as they immigrate to the United States. The book was named as one of "The Top Ten Fiction Books by Latino Authors for 2014," and received four prizes at the 2014 International Latino Book Awards, along with another three awards at the Latino Books into Movies Awards including first place in the Action & Adventure category. Ruiz's fiction writing has also appeared in literary journals such as the Pushcart Prize-winning *Ninth Letter*. In 2017, Ruiz was awarded the Gulf Coast Prize for fiction.

During the Fall of 2018, the Notre Dame Review published Ruiz's short story, "Vexing Gifts." Reviewed as "vivid" and "palpable," the magical realism satire is highly critical of President Trump's border and immigration policies.

In December 2018 it was announced that Blackstone Publishing signed a multi-book contract with Ruiz. His first novel, titled *The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez*, explores "not just the physical border between two countries, but borders between life and death … and past and present."

In 2019, New Texas, a Journal of Literature and Culture, published two of Ruiz's short stories, "Ports of Entry" and "The Limes." The stories are both installments in a border bildungsroman Ruiz is writing.

In 2020, Ruiz's short story, "The Limes," originally published in *New Texas*, was named a Finalist for the Texas Institute of Letters’ Kay Cattarulla Best Short Story Award. Also, his short story, "Oblivious," was selected – and published – as a Finalist for the Texas Observer Annual Short Story Award. In September 2020, his novel, *The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez*, was released by Blackstone Publishing. The novel won two Gold Medals at the 2021 International Latino Book Awards.

In 2021, Ruiz’s short story, “Allegiance,” received Honorable Mention for the Dillydoun Review’s International Fiction Prize. It was subsequently published in the Dillydoun Review International Fiction Prize Anthology.

In 2022, Ruiz’s novel, *Valley of Shadows*, was released by Blackstone Publishing. *Valley of Shadows* was selected as the winner of the 2023 Texas Institute of Letters' Jesse H. Jones Award for Best Book of Fiction. The novel went on to win Ruiz’s seventh and eighth International Latino Book Awards.

Ruiz was elected as a member of the Texas Institute of Letters in 2024.

### Advocacy

As an advocate, Ruiz has regularly contributed to CNN on issues such as comprehensive immigration reform, and tighter regulation and taxes on sugary drinks and unhealthy foods. He served on the board of directors of Center for Science in the Public Interest, a leading non-profit nutrition advocacy group based in Washington, D.C.

He was also the founding editor of RedBrownandBlue.com, a multicultural political commentary website.

In support of diverse communities and perspectives, Ruiz created the Harvard College Diversity, Equity & Inclusion Fund and is an active member of PEN America, the International Society of Latino Authors, Writer’s League of Texas, Harvardwood, and the Texas Institute of Letters.

## Bibliography

* *¡ADELANTE!: una guía personal del éxito para usted y su familia* (2003) – A guide for success for immigrants.
* *Going Hungry: writers on desire, self-denial, and overcoming anorexia* (2008) (Contributor) – A collection of essays about anorexia.
* *Seven for the Revolution* (2014) – A series of short stories that explore the lives of Latinos in America. Winner of Best Popular Fiction–English and Best First Book in Fiction at the 2014 International Latino Book Awards. Also won second place Most Inspirational Fiction Book and Honorable Mention Best Cover Design. According to Kirkus Reviews, the book contains "\[w\]ell-executed stories that offer fresh perspectives on long-standing societal problems."
* *The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez: A Novel* (2020) – A novel, largely inspired by the stories of Ruiz's father, about a son of immigrants in a border town during the 1950s. The American Library Association's Booklist named it one of the Ten Best Debut Novels of 2020. In February 2021, it was longlisted for the Reading the West Book Awards. It was also named a Finalist for the 2021 Spur Award for Best Contemporary Novel by the Western Writers of America. The novel won two Gold Medals at the 2021 International Latino Book Awards: the Rudolfo Anaya Best Latino Focused Fiction Book and Best Audiobook.
* *Valley of Shadows* (2022) – A magical realism novel set in West Texas in the 1880s. It was released in September 2022 by Blackstone Publishing. ALA’s *Booklist* gave it a starred review, and LitHub’s CrimeReads named it one of the Best Horror Novels of 2022. The novel was awarded the 2023 Jesse H. Jones Award for Best Book of Fiction by the Texas Institute of Letters. It also received two International Latino Book Awards, for Best Mystery Novel and Best Audio Book. It was named a *New York Times Book Review* Paperback Row Selection and was included in the *Los Angeles Times'* Map of Great American Novels.
* *The Border Between Us*: (2024) - A Bildungsroman set along the U.S-Mexico border and in New York City, due for release in September 2024 by Blackstone Publishing.

## InfoBox

| Rudy Ruiz | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Rodolfo Ruiz<br>Brownsville, Texas |
| Occupation | Author, entrepreneur |
| Nationality | American |
| Education |  |
| Notable works | *Adelante*, *Seven for the Revolution*, *The Resurrection of Fulgencio Ramirez*, *Valley of Shadows* |
| Notable awards | * International Latino Book Award for Best Popular Fiction * International Latino Book Award for Best First Book (Fiction) * Gulf Coast Prize in Fiction * Rudolfo Anaya Award for Best Latino Focused Fiction Book * International Latino Book Award for Best Audiobook * Texas Institute of Letters Jesse H. Jones Award for Best Book of Fiction * International Latino Book Award for Best Mystery * Member of the Texas Institute of Letters |
| Website | |
| rudyruiz.com | |


title: Boturche

abstract: Boturche is a village in the municipality of Ivaylovgrad, in Haskovo Province, in southern Bulgaria.

text:
# Boturche

**Boturche** is a village in the municipality of Ivaylovgrad, in Haskovo Province, in southern Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Boturche | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 41°23′N 25°57′E / 41.383°N 25.950°E / 41.383; 25.950 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Haskovo Province |
| Municipality | Ivaylovgrad |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Boturići, Serbia

abstract: Boturići is a village in the municipality of Aleksandrovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 263.

text:
# Boturići, Serbia

**Boturići** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ботурићи) is a village in the municipality of Aleksandrovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 263.

43°27′27″N 20°58′14″E / 43.45750°N 20.97056°E / 43.45750; 20.97056

## InfoBox

| Boturići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Šumadija |
| Municipality | Aleksandrovac |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 263 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Boturići, Montenegro

abstract: Boturići is a village in the municipality of Bijelo Polje, Montenegro.

text:
# Boturići, Montenegro

**Boturići** (Serbian Cyrillic: Ботурићи) is a village in the municipality of Bijelo Polje, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2003 census, the village had a population of 131.

According to the 2011 census, its population was 122.

Ethnicity in 2011
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 61 | 50.0% |
| Serbs | 46 | 37.7% |
| other/undeclared | 15 | 12.3% |
| **Total** | **122** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Boturići Ботурићи | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| BoturićiLocation within Montenegro | |
| Coordinates: 43°04′11″N 19°49′17″E / 43.0697°N 19.8214°E / 43.0697; 19.8214 | |
| Country | Montenegro |
| Municipality | Bijelo Polje |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 122 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Rudi Bommer

abstract: Rudolf "Rudi" Bommer is a German former footballer, who played as a midfielder, and current football manager.

text:
# Rudi Bommer

**Rudolf "Rudi" Bommer** (born 19 August 1957) is a German former footballer, who played as a midfielder, and current football manager.

## Playing career

Born in Aschaffenburg, Bommer played 417 games between 1976 and 1996 for Fortuna Düsseldorf, Bayer Uerdingen and Eintracht Frankfurt in the Bundesliga. Bommer scored 54 goals in the German top flight.

He played for West Germany at the Euro 84 in France.

## Coaching career

Bommer started his coaching career with the reserve team of Eintracht Frankfurt between July 1994 and August 1995. After stops at VfR Mannheim where he was head coach between July 1997 and April 1998. Bommer then moved on to Viktoria Aschaffenburg where he was head coach from July 1998 to June 2000. Bommer became head coach Wacker Burghausen in October 2000 and won his debut 4–3 against his former club VfR Mannheim. Bommer left and became head coach of 1860 München in July 2004. His tenure ended in December 2004; winning five of his 15 league matches in charge. Bommer's next job was as head coach of 1. FC Saarbrücken. He was there between August 2005 and May 2006. Bommer then went to MSV Duisburg between July 2006 and November 2008; finishing with a league record of 28 wins, 21 draws, and 31 losses. Bommer returned to Wacker Burghausen in July 2011 and was there until December 2011. He then joined Energie Cottbus the next month and was there until November 2013.

In October 2015 he became the new coach of Regionalliga Bayern club Viktoria Aschaffenburg, replacing the sacked Slobodan Komljenović.

## Coaching record

*As of 21 October 2015*

| Team | From | To | Record | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | G | W | D | L | Win % | Ref. |
| VfR Mannheim | 1 July 1997 | 30 April 1998 | 30 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 023.33 |  |
| Viktoria Aschaffenburg | July 1998 | June 2000 | 62 | 26 | 21 | 15 | 041.94 |  |
| Wacker Burghausen | 26 October 2000 | 30 June 2004 | 68 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 032.35 |  |
| 1860 München | 1 July 2004 | 4 December 2004 | 17 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 035.29 |  |
| 1. FC Saarbrücken | 31 August 2005 | 3 May 2006 | 30 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 033.33 |  |
| MSV Duisburg | 1 July 2006 | 9 November 2008 | 87 | 32 | 22 | 33 | 036.78 |  |
| Wacker Burghausen | 1 July 2011 | 31 December 2011 | 21 | 6 | 11 | 4 | 028.57 |  |
| Energie Cottbus | 1 January 2012 | 5 November 2013 | 65 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 027.69 |  |
| Viktoria Aschaffenburg | 19 October 2015 |  | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ! |  |
| Total | | | 380 | 127 | 121 | 132 | 033.42 |  |

## InfoBox

Rudi Bommer
| Bommer in 2022 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | (1957-08-19) 19 August 1957 | | |
| Place of birth | Aschaffenburg, West Germany | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1964–1971 | TV 1860 Aschaffenburg | | |
| 1971–1973 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | | |
| 1973–1976 | Kickers Offenbach | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1976–1985 | Fortuna Düsseldorf | 264 | (38) |
| 1985–1988 | Bayer Uerdingen | 83 | (13) |
| 1988–1992 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg |  |  |
| 1992–1997 | Eintracht Frankfurt | 84 | (4) |
| 1998 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1984 | West Germany | 6 | (0) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 1994–1995 | Eintracht Frankfurt II | | |
| 1995–1996 | Eintracht Frankfurt (assistant) | | |
| 1996 | Eintracht Frankfurt (caretaker) | | |
| 1996–1997 | Eintracht Frankfurt (assistant) | | |
| 1997–1998 | VfR Mannheim | | |
| 1998–2000 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | | |
| 2000–2004 | Wacker Burghausen | | |
| 2004 | 1860 München | | |
| 2005–2006 | 1. FC Saarbrücken | | |
| 2006–2008 | MSV Duisburg | | |
| 2011 | Wacker Burghausen | | |
| 2012–2013 | Energie Cottbus | | |
| 2015 | Viktoria Aschaffenburg | | |
| 2016–2019 | Hessen Dreieich | | |
| Medal record      Representing West Germany  Olympic Games  1988 Seoul  Team Competition | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Rudi Cerne

abstract: Rudi Cerne is a German TV presenter and former figure skater. He is the 1984 European silver medalist and a two-time West German national champion. He competed at two Winter Olympics, finishing fourth in 1984.

text:
# Rudi Cerne

**Rudi Cerne** (born 26 September 1958) is a German TV presenter and former figure skater. He is the 1984 European silver medalist and a two-time West German national champion. He competed at two Winter Olympics, finishing fourth in 1984.

## Personal life

Cerne was born on 26 September 1958 in Wanne-Eickel, West Germany. His father was a figure skater.

In 1987, Cerne married his wife Christiane, with whom he has a daughter.

## Career

### Figure skating

When he was six years old, Cerne was introduced to ice skating by his father, a former ice skater who had lost a leg in the war. His skating club was Herner EV in Herne, Germany. He was coached by Günter Zöller and was a member of West Germany's national team in the late 1970s and early 1980s. His domestic rivals included Norbert Schramm and Heiko Fischer. He was most known for his elegant style, which emulated that of John Curry, and his strong edging.

Cerne won the German Figure Skating Championships in 1978 and 1980. Then, in 1981, a younger teammate, Norbert Schramm, emerged and went on to dominate not only the German Nationals but also various international competitions. Schramm won two consecutive world silver medals in 1982 and 1983 while Cerne could barely place in the top dozen, which prompted many to conclude that Cerne's career as the top West German male skater was over.

In 1984, however, 26-year-old Cerne entered the scene with a new attitude and consistent triple jumps due to intensive training. Most notably, Cerne had mastered the triple Lutz jump, which he needed in order to be technically competitive with Schramm as well as other top skaters.

Cerne received the bronze medal at the German Championships during his final two seasons, 1982–83 and 1983–84, but won silver at the 1984 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary, behind Alexandr Fadeev of the Soviet Union. He went on to finish 4th at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, having ranked third in the compulsory figures, sixth in the short program, and fourth in the free skate. After placing fifth at the 1984 World Championships, Cerne turned professional and skated with "Holiday on Ice". He also became a figure skating coach.

### Television

After ending his figure skating career, Cerne became a TV journalist, working initially for the German public TV station ARD, presenting sport shows from 1992 onwards. In 1996, he joined ZDF, Germany's other public broadcaster. He also presents *Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst*, a show about unresolved crimes, since 2002.

## Results

### 1976–1984

| International | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 76–77 | 77–78 | 78–79 | 79–80 | 80–81 | 81–82 | 82–83 | 83–84 |
| Olympics |  |  |  | 13th |  |  |  | 4th |
| Worlds |  | 14th |  | 11th |  | 15th | 10th | 5th |
| Europeans |  | 7th |  | WD |  | 4th | 7th | 2nd |
| Skate America |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2nd |
| NHK Trophy |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6th |  |
| Nebelhorn | 3rd |  |  |  | 3rd |  |  |  |
| St. Gervais |  | 3rd |  | 1st |  |  |  |  |
| National | | | | | | | | |
| German Champ. | 4th | 1st |  | 1st | 2nd | 2nd | 3rd | 3rd |
| WD = Withdrew | | | | | | | | |

### 1969–1976

| International | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Event | 69–70 | 70–71 | 71–72 | 72–73 | 73–74 | 74–75 | 75–76 |
| Prague Skate |  |  |  |  | 9th |  |  |
| National | | | | | | | |
| German Champ. | 1st J | 1st S | 4th | 4th | 5th | 6th | 4th |
| In 1970 and 1971, the categories were juniors (J), seniors (S), and master class;
S in this case is not the highest level. | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| Rudi Cerne | |
| --- | --- |
| Cerne in 2012 | |
| Born | (1958-09-26) 26 September 1958
Wanne-Eickel, West Germany |
| Figure skating career | |
| Country | West Germany |
| Medal record      Representing  West Germany  Men's Figure skating  European Championships  1984 Budapest Men's singles | |


title: Rudolf Tobias

abstract: Rudolf Tobias was the first Estonian professional composer, as well as a professional organist. He studied at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. His compositions include among others piano works, string quartets and an oratorio, Des Jona Sendung.

text:
# Rudolf Tobias

**Rudolf Tobias** (29 May \[O.S. 17 May\] 1873 – 29 October 1918) was the first Estonian professional composer, as well as a professional organist. He studied at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. His compositions include among others piano works, string quartets and an oratorio, *Des Jona Sendung* (Jonah's Mission) (1908, revised and premiered 1909, later reconstructed by Vardo Rumessen).

## Early life

Rudolf Tobias was born in Selja, Käina Parish, on the island of Hiiumaa. He was the son of local parish clerk Johannes Tobias and his wife Emilie. Tobias received his first musical training from his father. Under his father's tutelage, he began musical training at an early age and composing his first composition exercises from 1882 when he was 9 years old. In 1885 he entered the Haapsalu school and studied piano under Catharina von Gernet, a local pianist. After he graduated, Tobias moved with his parents to Kullamaa, where his father had become the parish clerk. In 1889 Tobias entered Tallinn Nicolai High School, where he passed the tutor's exam and studied both organ and music theory with Ernst Reinicke, the Tallinn Cathedral organist.

In 1893 Tobias furthered his studies at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where he studied organ with Louis Homilius and composition with Nikolai Rimski-Korsakov. In 1897 Tobias graduated from conservatory with two special subjects, presenting as his graduate work the cantata "Johannes Damascenus". After graduation Tobias worked as organist and choir conductor of the Saint Petersburg Estonian St. John's Church from 1898 to 1904. During this time he also performed there his own compositions.

## Career

In 1904 Tobias moved to Tartu and worked as a music teacher in numerous schools and also worked as a tutor. During his time in Tartu he participated in organizing concerts, as well as performing as pianist, conductor and organist and preparing with his contemporary Aleksander Läte performances of oratorios. Tobias also began working as a musical journalist during this period and joined the literary group *Noor Eesti*.

In January 1908 Tobias briefly moved to Paris, France. Shortly after that he lived briefly in Munich and Dresden in Germany and Prague and Dubí in present-day Czech Republic. At the end of 1908 he moved to Leipzig.

In 1910 Tobias moved to Berlin, where he worked as both an organist and journalist. In 1911 he was an active member of the evaluation committee of the Consortium of German Composers (*Genossenschaft Deutscher Tonsetzer*). In 1914 he acquired German citizenship, and then full professorship at the Royal Academy of Music.

In August 1913 Tobias visited his homeland to view opening ceremonies of the new Estonia Theatre, where he also conducted his own compositions. After returning to Berlin, Tobias arranged his authorship concert where passages of his oratorio "Mission of Jonah" were performed. After the outbreak of World War I Tobias was enrolled in the German army where he worked as an interpreter. Tobias was released from service for medical reasons in 1916 and he returned to work in the Royal Academy of Music.

## Death and legacy

Tobias died of pneumonia in Berlin, Germany, on 29 October 1918. His youngest daughter, Helen, born seven months after his death, also became a composer. He was buried in the Friedhof Wilmersdorf cemetery in Berlin. After the restoration of the Republic of Estonia, Tobias's remains were reburied on 7 June 1992 in Kullamaa.

In commemoration of Rudolf Tobias' life and work, a monument was erected in Haapsalu in 1929 designed by architect Roman Haavamägi and a memorial erected in Kullamaa in 1973. In 1924 a street in Tallinn's Raua subdistrict was renamed after Tobias and in 1973 Tobias's name was given to the Children's Music School in Kärdla. On the occasion of the centennial of Tobias's birth in 1973, a memorial museum was opened in Selja, Käina Parish in the house where he was born.

Rudolf Tobias was engraved on the front side of the Estonian 50 krooni bill used between 1994 and 2010.

The Tobias String Quartet (*Tobiase keelpillikvartett*) is named after this composer.

## InfoBox

| Rudolf Tobias | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1873-05-29)29 May 1873
Selja, Hiiumaa Parish, Kreis Wiek, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire |
| Died | 29 October 1918(1918-10-29) (aged 45)
Berlin, German Empire |
| Resting place | Kullamaa |
| Occupation | Composer |
| Era | Romantic |
| Spouse | Louise Vilde (m. 1902) |
| Children |  |


title: Rudolf Trenkwitz

abstract: Rudolf Trenkwitz was an Austrian equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action in a bombing raid during World War II.

text:
# Rudolf Trenkwitz

**Rudolf Trenkwitz** (30 January 1906  2 January 1942) was an Austrian equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was killed in action in a bombing raid during World War II.

## InfoBox

Rudolf Trenkwitz
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Born | (1906-01-30)30 January 1906
Vienna, Austria |
| Died | 2 January 1942(1942-01-02) (aged 35)
Gorky, USSR |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Equestrian |


title: Boulangerite

abstract: Boulangerite or antimonbleiblende is an uncommon monoclinic orthorhombic sulfosalt mineral, lead antimony sulfide, formula Pb5Sb4S11. It was named in 1837 in honor of French mining engineer Charles Boulanger (1810–1849), and had been a valid species since pre-IMA. It was first described prior to 1959, and is now grandfathered.

text:
# Boulangerite

**Boulangerite** or *antimonbleiblende* is an uncommon monoclinic orthorhombic sulfosalt mineral, lead antimony sulfide, formula Pb5Sb4S11. It was named in 1837 in honor of French mining engineer Charles Boulanger (1810–1849), and had been a valid species since pre-IMA. It was first described prior to 1959, and is now grandfathered.

## Properties

Boulangerite was considered to be a really rare mineral until later they found numerous ore deposits of said mineral. Nowadays it is considered as an uncommon mineral, which is rather cheap, with a color of light blue to black to grey. The dust of the mineral is black. Pseudohexagonal shape is common for this mineral. It forms rings rarely. It is the homeotype of lopatkaite. The strong subcell is orthorhombic, and has a halved c. It forms small, elongated prismic or fine, needle-like crystals. Each crystal can grow up to a few centimeters, and crystals can only be told apart in either an enlarged photo or from under a microscope, as it is almost as thin and fine as hair is. One of its unique properties is the parallel fibers to the direction of the elongation, although fibrous-radial, feathery masses are not uncommon as well. In other words, it is plumose, meaning aggregates form plume-like shapes. The latter is the so-called plumosite variant of the mineral, the name derived from the aggregates being plumose, though it can occur in felt-like fibrous or in thick granular clusters as well. The luster of it is always either matte blueish-grey or metallic lead-grey. It is a really heavy, though soft mineral, which is easily breakable, though it cannot be scratched by using fingernails due to the same hardness (2.5–3). The mineral being heavy although being soft is due to its compact mass. The cleavage is generally good. In case of the fibrous type, the fibers are flexible. It is an opaque mineral. The melting point of it is really low, 1 on the Kobell fusibility-scale, which is around 525 in °C. This is the point, where the mineral is the easiest to fuse or at which temperature it melts. It is completely soluble in hydrogen chloride. During the reaction with hydrochloric acid, it creates hydrogen sulfide. In nitric acid, it is partially soluble. It has a distinct anisotropism, and shows weak pleochroic attributes. Common impurities include iron, copper, tin and zinc. It mostly consists of lead (54.88%) thus it can be used as a lead ore, but the other main components are antimony (26.44%) (which is also why the mineral typically forms in antimony deposits) and sulfur (18.68%).

## Formation

It typically forms in association of lead, zinc or antimony deposits, in a lodeic environment. It can also be found in company of metamorphic rocks as well, in the Apuan alps as well for instance. The specimens that get formed on these metamorphic rocks appear in the form of fine, crystal needles. It is also usually found with other sulfides as well, like with arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena or sphalerite, but is also can occur with siderites, dolomites and quartzes. It may occur in intergrowths with jamesonite and meneghinite, quartz or sphalerite. Usual finding places include Germany, Switzerland, Canada, the Czech republic, the old Yugoslavia, the Ural region in Russia, and from the british park city mines in Utah. The most known finding places include the Gutin mountains, more specifically Herja, Baia Mare, Baia Sprie, although it appears in greater quantities at the Slovak Ore Mountains (Spišsko-gemerské rudohorie), specifically Čučma and Zlatá Idka. A small few specimens can be found in Hungary, in the Gyöngyösoroszi ore mine, in French at Provence, and as mentioned above, in Italy, it can be found in the tuscan Apuan alps, in the Bottino mine, but it rarely occurs in carrara marble as well.

## Identification and usage

At first glance, it is hard to differentiate boulangerite from zinkenite or jamesonite, so proper equipment is crucial for the identification. In the structure, there are interconnected SbS3 groups like in zinkenite, jamesonite and robinsonite. The smaller, and beautiful needle-like crystals attract a lot of collector's glimpses. As for the economical usage of boulangerite, it can be used up as a lead ore. The usage of said mineral is only reasonable when it appears in extended enough, quarriable deposits.

## InfoBox

| Boulangerite | |
| --- | --- |
| Boulangerite, covering a block of limestone | |
| General | |
| Category | Sulfosalt minerals |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | Pb5Sb4S11 |
| IMA symbol | Bou |
| Strunz classification | 2.HC.15 |
| Crystal system | Orthorhombic |
| Crystal class | Dipyramidal (mmm)
H-M symbol:
(2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Space group | *Pnam* |
| Unit cell | 4,027.99 |
| Identification | |
| Cleavage | Good
Distinct on {100}
Indistinct on {001}
and {010} |
| Fracture | Brittle |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 2.5–3 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Streak | Reddish brown to black |
| Density | 5.9–6.2 |
| Pleochroism | Weak |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | None |
| Melting point | Around 525 °C |
| Fusibility | Around 525 °C |
| Solubility | Completely soluble in hydrochloric acid
Partially soluble in nitric acid |
| Common impurities | Cu, Zn, Sn, Fe |


title: Rudolf Wöber

abstract: Rudolf Wöber was an Austrian long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Rudolf Wöber

**Rudolf Wöber** (10 November 1911  14 February 1982) was an Austrian long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Rudolf Wöber
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Born | (1911-11-10)10 November 1911 |
| Died | 14 February 1982(1982-02-14) (aged 70) |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Long-distance running |
| Event | Marathon |


title: Rudolf Zajac

abstract: Rudolf Zajac is a former Minister of Health of Slovakia in the government of Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda, in office 2002 to 2006. He is well known for his radical and unpopular reform of health care in Slovakia. Nowadays he is in political retirement, but he has joined think-tanks mostly involved in health care issues.

text:
# Rudolf Zajac

**Rudolf Zajac** (born 9 February 1951) is a former Minister of Health of Slovakia in the government of Prime Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda, in office 2002 to 2006. He is well known for his radical and unpopular reform of health care in Slovakia. Nowadays he is in political retirement, but he has joined think-tanks mostly involved in health care issues.

## InfoBox

| Rudolf Zajac | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 7th Minister of Health of Slovakia | |
| **In office**
15 October 2002  4 July 2006 | |
| Preceded by | Roman Kováč |
| Succeeded by | Ivan Valentovič |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1951-02-09) 9 February 1951
Bratislava, Czechoslovakia |
| Political party | Civic Conservative Party |
|  | |


title: Boscastle Slate Quarries

abstract: Boscastle Slate Quarries are a series of disused coastal quarries between Willapark and Trevalga on the north coast of Cornwall, South West England.

text:
# Boscastle Slate Quarries

**Boscastle Slate Quarries** are a series of disused coastal quarries between Willapark and Trevalga on the north coast of Cornwall, South West England.

## The quarries

* California Quarry
* Welltown Quarry
* Grower Quarry
* Boscastle Quarry

### California Quarry

50°41′10″N 4°42′18″W / 50.686°N 4.705°W / 50.686; -4.705 The quarry is cut into the cliffs just south of Willapark. It is also known as Swanser Quarry. The quarry can be identified by a stone strongpoint overhanging the cliff. On this will have stood a wooden platform supporting a horse-operated whim which hoisted blocks to the top of the cliff. Various ruined buildings can be found on the cliff top including shelters and splitting sheds where thin roofing slates were produced. Old photographs show a small railway with its iron wagons, though this has since disappeared.

### Welltown Quarry

The quarry cuts a right angle into the cliffs just north of the inlet known as Grower Gut.

### Grower Quarry

The quarry hacks a deep notch into the cliffs forming an inlet known as Grower Gut. It is also called Growa Quarry. Just offshore is Grower Rock which gives the quarry its name.

### Boscastle Quarry

The quarry cuts into the cliffs just north of Trevalga. A well preserved stone horse whim can be seen on the cliffs above the quarry from the South West Coast Path

## The stone

In Boscastle, Lower Carboniferous slates sit on top of Upper Devonian. The boundary between the two is at Gower Quarry. The most valuable slates were blue and green and were found at the base of the cliffs. The stone forms part of what is known as the Barras Nose formation.

## Quarrying

Removing rock from the quarry was a hazardous occupation. Men were lowered down the cliffs by a system of cables. The men working these quarries were in constant danger, with weather their worst enemy. If stormy or frosty weather stopped them working they did not get paid.

## Trilobites

During 1961, California Quarry was extensively researched and was found to be rich in fossils. In particular, two species of trilobite were found: *Cyrtosymbole cf. drewerensis* and *Cyrtosymbole (Waribole) sp*. Below the quarry and only exposed in fallen blocks on the foreshore, a third trilobite species can be found – *Cyrtosymbole verneuill*.

## In Art and Literature

In *Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book*, 1833, Thomas Allom's picture of *Boscastle Waterfall and Quarry* (above) is accompanied by a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, in which she reflects on the noble buildings that are able to be created from the products of the quarries.


title: Runner (soldier)

abstract: A runner was a foot soldier responsible for carrying messages between units during war. Runners were very important to military communications, before telecommunications became commonplace. The Ancient Greek semi-historical character of Pheidippides is said to have been the runner bringing the news of the Greek victory over the Persians from Marathon to Athens in 490 BC.

text:
# Runner (soldier)

A **runner** was a foot soldier responsible for carrying messages between units during war. Runners were very important to military communications, before telecommunications became commonplace.

The Ancient Greek semi-historical character of Pheidippides is said to have been the runner bringing the news of the Greek victory over the Persians from Marathon to Athens in 490 BC.

## 20th century

Even though field telephones were widely used for the first time during World War I (1914–18), they relied on copper wire lines, which were often damaged or unreliable, or simply unavailable as troops advanced. Radio technology existed, but was generally regarded as too insecure for frontline use. Most armies still made extensive use of runners throughout the war.

Runners were lightly equipped with only a sidearm, canteen and a light pack.

On battlefields dominated by automatic weapons and trench warfare, as well as the first widespread use of artillery and air attacks, runners faced one of the most dangerous jobs as they had to leave the relative safety of a shelter, and carry messages to other positions. For the same reasons, officers could not be sure that their message had been delivered until a runner returned to their unit. Runners were frequently decorated for bravery. Adolf Hitler, who was a runner in the Bavarian Army during World War I, was wounded twice and received both the Iron Cross first class and second class during the war.

Media related to Dispatch runners at Wikimedia Commons


title: Rue Mouffetard, Paris (photograph)

abstract: Rue Mouffetard, Paris, is a black and white photograph taken by Henri Cartier-Bresson in a Paris street in 1954.

text:
# Rue Mouffetard, Paris (photograph)

***Rue Mouffetard, Paris***, is a black and white photograph taken by Henri Cartier-Bresson in a Paris street in 1954.

## History and description

The picture is one of the best known of the artist and is named from the street where the event was caught on camera. It was taken candidly in the Rue Mouffetard, in Paris, and it exemplifies what he described as the decisive moment. The picture is also one of the best examples of the genre of street photography, which was cultivated by the author. The atmosphere of the photograph is very light-hearted. It depicts a young smiling child, named Michel Gabriel, carrying two bottles of wine. Behind him, at the left, the blurred image shows two girls that watch him amused. Two adult women, also blurred, are seen at the bottom left, of those only one is looking at the scene.

## Public collections

There are prints of this photograph at the Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation, in Paris, the Museum of Fine Arts, in Houston, and at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York.


title: Rue Morgue Festival of Fear

abstract: Toronto, Canada's Festival of Fear is an annual multigenre fan convention that runs as part of Fan Expo Canada. It was founded as the Canadian National Horror Expo in 2004 by Rue Morgue Magazine and Hobby Star Marketing Inc. It is traditionally a three-day event typically held the weekend before Labour Day during the summer in Toronto, Canada, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. Since 2011 it has become a four-day-long event. Originally showcasing novels, fantasy, film, television and related popular arts, the convention has expanded over the years to include a larger range of pop culture elements, such as horror, anime, manga, animation, toys, collectible card games, video games and web entertainment. The convention is the largest of its kind in Canada and among the largest in world, filling the entire south building of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre with over 91,000 attendees in 2012. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with industry professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, video game companies, and evening events such as The Masquerade; a costume contest, and other social receptions. Typically there are over 175 hours of programming on all aspects of pop culture over the weekend.

text:
# Rue Morgue Festival of Fear

Toronto, Canada's **Festival of Fear** is an annual multigenre fan convention that runs as part of Fan Expo Canada. It was founded as the **Canadian National Horror Expo** in 2004 by *Rue Morgue Magazine* and Hobby Star Marketing Inc. It is traditionally a three-day event (Friday through Sunday) typically held the weekend before Labour Day during the summer in Toronto, Canada, at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre. Since 2011 it has become a four-day-long event.

Originally showcasing novels, fantasy, film, television and related popular arts, the convention has expanded over the years to include a larger range of pop culture elements, such as horror, anime, manga, animation, toys, collectible card games, video games and web entertainment. The convention is the largest of its kind in Canada and among the largest in world, filling the entire south building of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre with over 91,000 attendees in 2012.

Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with industry professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, video game companies, and evening events such as The Masquerade; a costume contest, and other social receptions.

Typically there are over 175 hours of programming on all aspects of pop culture over the weekend.

## History, locations and dates

| Dates | Location | Attendees | Notable guests | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| August 27–29, 2004 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 27,684 | George A. Romero, Tom Savini, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Doug Bradley, Julie Benz, Mercedes McNab, Brian Azzarello, Jill Thompson | Rue Morgue Festival of Fear joins the Canadian National Expo, later to be renamed Fan Expo Canada as a feature event. Retailer arrested on show floor for selling numerous illegal weapons including throwing stars, nunchaku, one handed crossbows and brass knuckles. |
| August 26–28, 2005 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 39,753 | Elijah Wood, Clive Barker, Gary Gygax, James Marsters, Kevin Sorbo, Crispin Glover, Marina Sirtis, Adam Baldwin, Margot Kidder, Elvira, Jhonen Vasquez. | Attendance reaches facility limit and Toronto Fire Marshall's office halts ticket sales on Saturday afternoon. |
| September 1–3, 2006 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 42,947 | Alice Cooper, Linda Blair, Jeffrey Combs, Karen Black, Rowdy Roddy Piper, Tony Todd, Ken Foree, Gunnar Hansen, Jeff Lieberman, Janet Tracy Keijser, Brian Keene, Athena Demos, Spehera Giron, Nancy Kilpatrick, Mike Mignola, Roman Dirge, | Canadian National Expo re-branded as Fan Expo Canada. The show outgrows the North Building of the MTCC and moves to the much larger South Building. |
| August 24–26, 2007 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 43,738 | David Prowse, Malcolm McDowell, Dario Argento, Adrienne Barbeau, Herschell Gordon Lewis, Angela Bettis, Greg Nicotero, Basil Gogos, |  |
| August 22–24, 2008 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 44,500 | Sean Astin, Kristy Swanson, Tobe Hooper, John Saxon, Wes Craven, Sid Haig, Brad Dourif, Ruggero Deodato, Tura Satana, Shawnee Smith, Bruce McDonald, Hugh Dillon, |  |
| August 28–30, 2009 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 59,000 | Leonard Nimoy, Bruce Campbell, Linda Hamilton, Thomas Dekker, Mary McDonnell, Emma Caulfield, Leslie Nielsen, Roger Corman, Udo Kier, Barbara Steele, James Duval, Max Brooks, Jack Ketchum, and surprise guest Tobin Bell (unannounced). | Attendance reaches facility limit and Toronto Fire Marshal's office halts ticket sales for two hours on Saturday afternoon. |
| August 27–29, 2010 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | 64,000+ | William Shatner, Adam West, Burt Ward, Julie Newmar, James Marsters, Stan Lee, Summer Glau, Michelle Forbes, Dean Stockwell, Daniel Cudmore, Ernest Borgnine, David Cronenberg, Lance Henriksen, Ken Russell, Bill Moseley, William Forsythe, Heather Langenkamp, El Hijo Del Santo, Sherrilyn Kenyon, Anna Silk, Charles Band, Jill Thompson, Yoshitaka Amano, Ed Greenwood, Robin D. Laws, Casts of Todd and the Book of Pure Evil, Riese, Lost Girl, Dark Rising, Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf, I Spit On Your Grave, and Durham County. | Attendance reaches facility limit and Toronto Fire Marshal's office halts ticket sales for four hours on Saturday afternoon. |
| August 25–28, 2011 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | Over 79,000 | Tom Felton, Eliza Dushku, Katee Sackhoff, John Astin, Robert Englund, Lexa Doig, Kevin Sorbo, Michael Biehn, Malcolm McDowell, John Waters, Elvira, Doug Bradley, Danielle Harris, Tom Savini, Heather Brewer, Martin Landau, Lance Henriksen, Anna Silk, Casts of Todd and the Book of Pure Evil, Lost Girl, Dark Rising, Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf, and surprise guest Guillermo del Toro (unannounced). | First year running for 4 days, with Thursday added as the new extra day. Operating hours also expanded for each day. |
| August 23–26, 2012 | Metro Toronto Convention Centre | Over 91,000 |

## InfoBox

| Rue Morgue Festival of Fear (Canadian National Horror Expo) | |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Active |
| Genre | Multi-genre |
| Venue | Metro Toronto Convention Centre |
| Location(s) | Toronto, Ontario |
| Country | Canada |
| Inaugurated | 2004 |
| Attendance | 91,000 in 2012 |
| Organized by | Rue Morgue Magazine/Hobby Star Marketing Inc. joint |
| Filing status | Corporate |
| Website | http://www.fanexpocanada.com/ |


title: Ruel, Ontario

abstract: Ruel is an unincorporated community in geographic Blewett Township in the Unorganized North Part of Sudbury District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The community is on the Opikinimika River, part of the James Bay drainage basin, just over the height of land between the latter basin and the Great Lakes Basin. Ruel station is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line and was named for Gerard Ruel, Assistant Solicitor for the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR). It has a passing siding, and is served by Via Rail Canadian trains. The next community eastbound is Lapalmes, but the next served community is Felix one more community further east; the next community westbound is Stupart, but the next served community is Westree one more community further west.

text:
# Ruel, Ontario

**Ruel** is an unincorporated community in geographic Blewett Township in the Unorganized North Part of Sudbury District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The community is on the Opikinimika River, part of the James Bay drainage basin, just over the height of land between the latter basin and the Great Lakes Basin.

**Ruel station** is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line and was named for Gerard Ruel, Assistant Solicitor for the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR). It has a passing siding, and is served by Via Rail *Canadian* trains. The next community eastbound is Lapalmes, but the next served community is Felix one more community further east; the next community westbound is Stupart, but the next served community is Westree one more community further west.

| Preceding station | Via Rail | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Westreetoward Vancouver |  | The *Canadian* |  | Felixtoward Toronto |

Other map sources:

## InfoBox

| Ruel | |
| --- | --- |
| RuelLocation in Ontario | |
| Coordinates: 47°15′40″N 81°28′11″W / 47.26111°N 81.46972°W / 47.26111; -81.46972 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Ontario |
| District | Sudbury |
| Part | Sudbury, Unorganized, North |
| Established | 1912 (1912) |
| Elevation | 412 m (1,352 ft) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern Time Zone) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (Eastern Time Zone) |
| Postal Code | P0M |
| Area code(s) | 705,249 |


title: Rudra Narayan Pany

abstract: Rudra Narayan Pany is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Odisha in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

text:
# Rudra Narayan Pany

**Rudra Narayan Pany** (born 22 April 1959) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Odisha in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament.

## InfoBox

| Rudra Narayan Pany | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
4 June 2024 | |
| Preceded by | Mahesh Sahoo |
| Constituency | Dhenkanal |
| Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha | |
| **In office**
24 June 2004  3 April 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Manmohan Samal |
| Constituency | Odisha |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1959-04-22) 22 April 1959
Bolangir, Odisha |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janta Party |
| Parents | * Muralidhar Pany (father) * Jambuvati Devi (mother) |
| Residence(s) | Dhenkanal, Odisha |
| Education | Bachelor of Arts |
| Alma mater | Utkal University |
| Profession | Trade Unionist, Politician |
|  | |


title: Russell K. Pitzer

abstract: Russell Kelly Pitzer was an American orange grower and philanthropist. He was the founder of Pitzer College in Claremont, California, an early benefactor of the Pomona Valley Community Hospital in Pomona, and a noted philanthropist of other local causes in the Pomona Valley. Russell Kelly Pitzer was born in Mills County, Iowa, the youngest of four children of Samuel Collins Pitzer and Alice Kelly Pitzer. The family moved to Brown County, Nebraska and Boulder, Colorado, before settling in Pomona, California. He attended Pomona College in Claremont, California, graduating in the class of 1900. He then attended Hastings Law School in San Francisco, a unit of the University of California, Berkeley. Upon receiving his law degree in 1903, he returned to Pomona and joined a law firm in Pomona and later serving a term as City Attorney in Claremont. In 1912 he purchased an orange grove, soon developed a successful business as the owner of many citrus groves, and reduced his activity as a lawyer. He also became a principal in the Pomona Valley Telephone and Telegraph Union and the Home Builders Savings and Loan Association. As he acquired the resources to be a public benefactor, he became active in supporting Pomona Valley Community Hospital and the Claremont Colleges, participating in the founding of Claremont Men's College and Harvey Mudd College. In 1963 he took the lead in founding Pitzer College, and accordingly, Pitzer College chose the orange tree as its symbol. In 1903 he married Flora Sanborn, and they had one child, Kenneth S. Pitzer in 1914. Flora S. Pitzer died in 1927 and he subsequently married Ina Scott.

text:
# Russell K. Pitzer

**Russell Kelly Pitzer** (September 3, 1878  July 1978) was an American orange grower and philanthropist. He was the founder of Pitzer College in Claremont, California, an early benefactor of the Pomona Valley Community Hospital (now the Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center) in Pomona, and a noted philanthropist of other local causes in the Pomona Valley.

Russell Kelly Pitzer was born in Mills County, Iowa, the youngest of four children of Samuel Collins Pitzer and Alice Kelly Pitzer. The family moved to Brown County, Nebraska and Boulder, Colorado, before settling in Pomona, California. He attended Pomona College in Claremont, California, graduating in the class of 1900. He then attended Hastings Law School in San Francisco, a unit of the University of California, Berkeley. Upon receiving his law degree in 1903, he returned to Pomona and joined a law firm in Pomona and later serving a term as City Attorney in Claremont. In 1912 he purchased an orange grove, soon developed a successful business as the owner of many citrus groves, and reduced his activity as a lawyer. He also became a principal in the Pomona Valley Telephone and Telegraph Union and the Home Builders Savings and Loan Association.

As he acquired the resources to be a public benefactor, he became active in supporting Pomona Valley Community Hospital and the Claremont Colleges, participating in the founding of Claremont Men's College (now Claremont McKenna College) and Harvey Mudd College. In 1963 he took the lead in founding Pitzer College, and accordingly, Pitzer College chose the orange tree as its symbol.

In 1903 he married Flora Sanborn, and they had one child, Kenneth S. Pitzer in 1914. Flora S. Pitzer died in 1927 and he subsequently married Ina Scott.

1. Douglass, Enid; Beatty, Carolyn, eds. (1965). *Russell K. Pitzer, Citrus Rancher-Philanthropist*. Claremont, California: Oral History Program, Claremont Graduate University.
2. Daniel, Evelyn A. (1974). "Russell K. Pitzer: A Man of Vision". *Pomona Valley Historian*. **10** (1). Historical Society of Pomona Valley: 1–26. An updated version of this article is available at the Honnold/Mudd Library of the Claremont Colleges Library


title: Royal waiting room

abstract: A royal waiting room is a space at a train station set up for use by a royal family when they travel by train. According to protocol, a monarch never has to wait. So when they arrive somewhere, everything is already ready. However, this is not feasible when traveling by train. Stations are needed for regular train services and it is therefore not possible for royal trains to be placed along platforms for a royal family in advance. That is why some stations are equipped with a waiting room with some comfort and sufficient privacy. These waiting rooms are often found in stations near royal palaces. Since royal persons started traveling by train in the second half of the 19th century, both royal private railroad cars and waiting rooms became available for them. When representative new stations were built near a palace during this period, royal waiting rooms were often built within them.

text:
# Royal waiting room

A **royal waiting room** is a space at a train station set up for use by a royal family when they travel by train. According to protocol, a monarch never has to wait. So when they arrive somewhere, everything is already ready. However, this is not feasible when traveling by train. Stations are needed for regular train services and it is therefore not possible for royal trains to be placed along platforms for a royal family in advance. That is why some stations are equipped with a waiting room with some comfort and sufficient privacy. These waiting rooms are often found in stations near royal palaces.

Since royal persons started traveling by train in the second half of the 19th century, both royal private railroad cars and waiting rooms became available for them. When representative new stations were built near a palace during this period, royal waiting rooms were often built within them.

## Belgium

Brussels-Central railway station in Belgium still has a royal waiting room. The room is rarely used by the Belgian monarchy and has transferred ownership to the National Railway Company of Belgium. Since then, the room has also been used for lectures and other socio-cultural activities. Other stations in Belgium with royal waiting rooms were Brussels-North railway station and Brussels-South railway station.

## Denmark

In Denmark, three stations have a royal waiting room:

## The Netherlands

The royal waiting rooms in the Netherlands are owned by Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways), not by the Dutch monarchy. They are part of the country's cultural heritage, so sometimes the rooms are opened for meetings, receptions or viewings. The following Dutch stations have or had a royal waiting room:

### Royal usage

In principle, the royal waiting rooms are used by members of the royal house and their guests. One of the last times Queen Beatrix used the waiting room at Den Haag HS station (Hollands Spoor) was on 31 October 2004, when she visited Breda with the Polish president to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of Breda's liberation by the Polish army. On Saturday 16 June 2007, Queen Beatrix used this waiting room when she travelled by royal train to Barendrecht station for the opening of the Betuweroute. On 31 March 2011, this room was opened to the public when the Freedom Train was christened in the presence of Prince Willem-Alexander. On 15 February 2013, the same waiting room was used by Prince Willem-Alexander and his family prior to a winter sports trip to Lech in Austria with a royal private railroad car coupled to the Alpenexpress. On 27 April 2017, the waiting room was again used by the now King Willem-Alexander and his family prior to King's Day 2017 in Tilburg, where they travelled by train.

## United Kingdom

A number of stations in the United Kingdom are equipped with royal waiting rooms. All rooms are located in or near stations located at royal residences. The following British stations had a royal waiting room:


title: Rudd Canaday

abstract: Rudd Canaday is an American computer systems engineer and a previous member of the technical staff at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, credited to co-develop the initial design of the Unix file system. In 2015 he joined a Palo Alto based tech startup, Entefy, as a Senior Architect & Engineer.

text:
# Rudd Canaday

**Rudd Canaday** is an American computer systems engineer and a previous member of the technical staff at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, credited to co-develop the initial design of the Unix file system. In 2015 he joined a Palo Alto based tech startup, Entefy, as a Senior Architect & Engineer.

## Research and career

Canaday received his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Physics from Harvard University in 1959 and received his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Computer Science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964.

In 1960s, Ken Thompson developed a game called *Space Travel* on Multics file system, which ran very slowly on the machine. This caused Thompson to design his own hierarchical file system along with Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy and Canaday. Joe Ossanna also joined Thompson, Ritchie and Canaday to program the operating system called Unics, later named Unix.

In 1973, Canaday along with Evan Ivie started developing the Programmer's Workbench (PWB/UNIX) to support a computer center for a 1000-employee Bell Labs division, which would be the largest Unix site for several years.

### Selected publications

* Canaday, Rudd H., R. D. Harrison, Evan L. Ivie, J. L. Ryder, and L. A. Wehr. "A back-end computer for data base management." Communications of the ACM 17, no. 10 (1974): 575-582.
* Canaday, Rudd H. "Two-dimensional iterative logic." In Proceedings of the November 30—December 1, 1965, fall joint computer conference, part I, pp. 343–353. 1965.

1. Anthes, Gary (27 July 2009). "Unix Turns 40". *Computerworld*. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
2. Canaday, Rudd H. (30 November 1965). "Two-dimensional iterative logic". *Proceedings of the November 30--December 1, 1965, fall joint computer conference, Part I on XX - AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I)*. AFIPS '65 (Fall, part I). Las Vegas, Nevada: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 343–353. doi:10.1145/1463891.1463931. ISBN 978-1-4503-7885-7. S2CID 31075319.
3. "Rudd Canaday, LinkedIn".
4. "Co-Inventor of UNIX, Dr. Rudd Canaday, Joins Palo Alto Tech Startup, Entefy". *Entefy Machine Intelligence & Productivity Solutions*. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
5. "Rudd Canaday". *Faces of Open Source*. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
6. Toomey, Warren (28 November 2011). "The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix". *IEEE Spectrum*. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
7. "Unix History, Who invented Unix". *LivingInternet*. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
8. Dolotta, T. A.; Mashey, J. R. (13 October 1976). "An introduction to the Programmer's Workbench". *ICSE '76: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering*. Washington DC: IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 164–168.

## InfoBox

| Rudd Canaday | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (B A., 1959)<br>Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1964) |
| Occupation(s) | Computer scientist, engineer and business executive |
|  | |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Rugby league in the Cook Islands

text:
# Rugby league in the Cook Islands

Rugby league is the most popular team sport played in the Cook Islands. Rugby league is recognised as the national sport of the country.

## Popularity

### History

Officially the club rugby league competition commenced in 1980. The first international match was played against Niue at the 1986 Pacific Cup, which was hosted in Rarotonga and also included teams from Samoa, Tonga, NZ Maori and Tokelau. In the mid 1990s rugby league received significant funding through the SuperLeague organisation. Traditionally, much of the rugby league played by Cook Islanders has been in Australia and New Zealand where there are strong Cook Island populations.

In more recent times, Cook Islands rugby league has received a major boost through the involvement of former professional rugby league players Kevin Iro and Matt Rua \- both native Cook Islanders - in the form of selector and defensive coach for the national side. Both players represented New Zealand internationally and played many NRL games.

Rugby league is the national sport and the most popular sport in the Cook Islands.

## Staff

* President, Cook Islands Rugby League: Charles Carlson
* Selectors: Kevin Iro, Charles Carlson, Ina Konito and No'ora Samuela
* RLIF Representative: Kevin Iro
* Head Coach: Tony Iro
* Defensive Coach: Matt Rua
* Attacking Coach: Kevin Iro

## Current players of Cook Islands descent

NRL

## Notable players

## Competition

The domestic Cook Islands rugby league competition begins in early February on a yearly basis. The Tournament is arguably the biggest sporting competition in the Cook Islands with hundreds attending games on the Islands of Rarotonga and Aitutaki. Grand Final weekend builds the biggest hype among supporters of every team ranging from its junior levels, reserve grade and the main A grade (Premier level).

### Men Teams

### Winners

* 1992 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1993 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1994 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1995 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1996 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1997 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1998 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 1999 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2000 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 2001 Titikaveka Bulldogs
* 2002 Titikaveka Bulldogs
* 2003 Arorangi Bears
* 2004 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2005 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2006 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2007 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2008 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2009 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2010 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2011 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2012 Titikaveka Bulldogs
* 2013 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2014 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2015 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2016 Avatiu/Nikao Eels
* 2017 Titivakeva Bulldogs
* 2018 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2019 Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles
* 2020 (Season Suspended due to COVID) Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles retain Premiership
* 2021 Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers
* 2022 (Season Suspended due to COVID in the country) Tupapa Maraerenga Panthers retain Premiership
* 2023 Arorangi Bears

### Women's Teams

### Winners

* 2021 Titikaveka Lady Bulldogs
* 2022 (Season Suspended due to COVID in the country) Titikaveka Lady Bulldogs retain Premiership
* 2023 Arorangi Lady Bears

## The National Team

### Other representative sides

In 2005 the Cook Islands Rugby League Avaiki XIII Tri Series was played between three Cook Island sides (Australian Cook Island Style, NZ Cooks and a Resident XIII). The winners of the series were the Australian Cook Islands Style team. This was used to select the national side that drew a three match series with the New Zealand Māori

#### Results

NZ Cooks v Resident XIII, 25 November 2005

Australian Cook Island Style 26 NZ Cooks 14

Australian Cook Island Style 24 Residents XIII 18, 18 November 2005 changed


title: Rugby league in the Czech Republic

abstract: Rugby league in the Czech Republic began in 2006. The Czech national team played their first game on August 5, 2006 in Prague, losing 34-28 to the Netherlands. In 2007, the Czech Republic took part in the European Shield tournament. This tournament involved two other second-tier nations, Germany and Serbia. The Czechs lost 44-22 to Germany in Prague on August 4, and 56-16 to Serbia in Belgrade on August 18, and finished third. In 2011, the Czech Rugby League Association was given affiliate membership of the Rugby League European Federation. Czech rugby league's top club competition is the 1. liga. The current 1. liga champions are Mad Squirrels Vrchlabí, who beat Krupka Dragons, 32-10, in the 2023 Grand Final.

text:
# Rugby league in the Czech Republic

**Rugby league in the Czech Republic** began in 2006. The Czech national team played their first game on August 5, 2006 in Prague, losing 34-28 to the Netherlands.

In 2007, the Czech Republic took part in the European Shield tournament. This tournament involved two other second-tier nations, Germany and Serbia. The Czechs lost 44-22 to Germany in Prague on August 4, and 56-16 to Serbia in Belgrade on August 18, and finished third.

In 2011, the Czech Rugby League Association was given affiliate membership of the Rugby League European Federation.

Czech rugby league's top club competition is the 1. liga ("1st League"). The current 1. liga champions are Mad Squirrels Vrchlabí, who beat Krupka Dragons, 32-10, in the 2023 Grand Final.


title: Bowed clavier

abstract: The bowed clavier is a keyboard instrument strung with gut strings, the tone of which is produced by a steadily revolving, well rosined cylinder powered by a foot pedal, a mechanism similar to that found in the hurdy-gurdy. The Geigenwerck was illustrated and described by Michael Praetorius in his treatise on musical instruments Syntagma Musicum II, in the section De Organograhia, published 1614-20 in Germany. It was re-invented by Joh. Hohlfeld of Berlin in 1751. This instrument and another one of his inventions, a device that recorded keyboard improvisations in real time, were mentioned in the "Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments" by C. P. E. Bach. Another version was the klawiolin, designed by the Polish musician and painter Jan Jarmusiewicz (1781-1844). It was a hump-backed piano with gut strings and a mechanism controlling small bows which could imitate a string quartet.

text:
# Bowed clavier

Bowed clavier - engraving from Syntagma Musicum by Michael Praetorius (1575)Bowed clavier (1625) by Raymundo Truchado - MIM Brussels

The **bowed clavier** (**Bogenclavier**, **Streichklavier** or **Geigenwerk** in German) is a keyboard instrument strung with gut strings, the tone of which is produced by a steadily revolving, well rosined cylinder powered by a foot pedal, a mechanism similar to that found in the hurdy-gurdy.

The **Geigenwerck** was illustrated and described by Michael Praetorius in his treatise on musical instruments *Syntagma Musicum* II, in the section *De Organograhia*, published 1614-20 in Germany.

It was re-invented by Joh. Hohlfeld of Berlin in 1751. This instrument and another one of his inventions, a device that recorded keyboard improvisations in real time, were mentioned in the "Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments" by C. P. E. Bach.

Another version was the **klawiolin**, designed by the Polish musician and painter Jan Jarmusiewicz (1781-1844). It was a hump-backed piano with gut strings and a mechanism controlling small bows which could imitate a string quartet.

"Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments", Section Two, W. W. Norton & Company (November 1948) ISBN 0-393-09716-1


abstract: Botley Wood and Everett's and Mushes Copses is a 352.7-hectare (872-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Fareham in Hampshire. Botley Wood is nationally outstanding for butterflies, with more than 30 breeding species, including pearl-bordered fritillary, white-letter hairstreak, dark green fritillary and purple emperor. Everett's and Mushes Copses have a rich flora, with over fifty species of flowering plants typical of ancient woodlands.

text:
# Botley Wood and Everett's and Mushes Copses

**Botley Wood and Everett's and Mushes Copses** is a 352.7-hectare (872-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Fareham in Hampshire.

Botley Wood is nationally outstanding for butterflies, with more than 30 breeding species, including pearl-bordered fritillary, white-letter hairstreak, dark green fritillary and purple emperor. Everett's and Mushes Copses have a rich flora, with over fifty species of flowering plants typical of ancient woodlands.

50°53′17″N 1°13′55″W / 50.888°N 1.232°W / 50.888; -1.232

## InfoBox

Botley Wood and Everett's and Mushes Copses
| Site of Special Scientific Interest | |
| --- | --- |
| Footbridge over stream in Botley Wood | |
| Location | Hampshire |
| Grid reference | SU 541 101 |
| Interest | Biological |
| Area | 352.7 hectares (872 acres) |
| Notification | 1986 |
| Location map | *Magic Map* |