title: Forest Gate raid

abstract: The Forest Gate raid was a Metropolitan Police operation on 2 June 2006. It resulted in the arrest of two men at their east London homes in Forest Gate by police acting on what they described as "specific intelligence" that they might be terrorists in possession of a chemical bomb. One of the men was shot during the raid. No explosive devices were found during the raid, nor was there any evidence of terrorist activity. The men were released without charge. Mohammed Abdul Kahar was again cleared, after 44 indecent images of children had been found on a computer's hard drive, an external hard drive, and a mobile phone recovered during the raid. No charges were filed, as: "The prosecution was not satisfied that Mr Kahar had the necessary computer expertise to enable him... to transfer the images to the Nokia phone." Subsequent inquiries cleared the officers involved of any "criminal or disciplinary offence". Metropolitan Police apologised for the raid. The apology was welcomed by the families affected, but they demanded the investigation of the steps the police took to assess the quality of the intelligence leading to the raids. The cost of the operation exceeded £2 million.

text:
# Forest Gate raid

The **Forest Gate raid** was a Metropolitan Police operation on 2 June 2006. It resulted in the arrest of two men at their east London homes in Forest Gate by police acting on what they described as "specific intelligence" that they might be terrorists in possession of a chemical bomb. One of the men was shot during the raid. No explosive devices were found during the raid, nor was there any evidence of terrorist activity. The men were released without charge. Mohammed Abdul Kahar was again cleared, after 44 indecent images of children had been found on a computer's hard drive, an external hard drive, and a mobile phone recovered during the raid. No charges were filed, as: "The prosecution was not satisfied that Mr Kahar had the necessary computer expertise to enable him ... to transfer the images to the Nokia phone."

Subsequent inquiries cleared the officers involved of any "criminal or disciplinary offence". Metropolitan Police apologised for the raid. The apology was welcomed by the families affected, but they demanded the investigation of the steps the police took to assess the quality of the intelligence leading to the raids.

The cost of the operation exceeded £2 million.

## The raid

Early on Friday, 2 June 2006, police raided two houses on Lansdown Road, Forest Gate, London, acting on intelligence that there was a chemical weapon located at the premises. Under the authority of the Terrorism Act, they arrested brothers Mohammed Abdul Kahar, 23, and Abdul Koyair, 20. During the raid, Kahar was shot in the shoulder (some sources mention "chest" based on Kahar's comment of "There was blood coming down my chest.") by the police and was taken to the Royal London Hospital. Initial press rumours suggested that he had been shot by his brother, but the police later stated that the shot had been fired accidentally by the armed officer leading the operation. Two hundred and fifty police officers were involved in the raid.

In the same raid, an unnamed and unrelated family, renting a neighbouring terraced house from the father of the two arrested men, was also raided in conditions that have been described by their lawyer as "as lawless as the wild west."

Nearby roads were closed to the public for several days whilst investigations were carried out, and a prohibition on aircraft flying below 2,500 ft was imposed on the area. However, no chemical materials were found and the two brothers were released without charge on the evening of 9 June. After the two men gave a press conference on 13 June, the Metropolitan Police apologised for the "hurt" caused.

The Metropolitan Police revealed under freedom of information legislation that what was known as *Operation Volga* had cost £2,211,600, including £864,300 on overtime payments for the dozens of police officers involved, £90,000 on hotel bills, and £120,000 for repairs to the damage caused to the houses by the police.

It has been alleged that a British Muslim, Abu Bakr Mansha, who was jailed in January 2006 on terrorism charges and who grew up in the neighbourhood, had provided the intelligence "trigger" for the raid, although this has been denied by his lawyer.

## Protests

Protests by Muslim groups were held outside Scotland Yard on Friday 9 June and on Sunday 11 June, where a sister of those arrested said that she hoped that the protests would "highlight the fact no other innocent family should be forced to go through the same nightmare."

On 18 June 2006, approximately 5,000 people from a broad cross-section of local communities marched throughout Newham to Forest Gate Police Station in a protest against the violent nature in which the raids had taken place. The march was organised by a coalition of local groups, including the main support group to the families Newham Monitoring Project.

## Reactions

Reactions to the raid were mixed. Scotland Yard's Assistant Commissioner Andy Hayman said that they had "no choice but to act" but also apologised for the "disruption and inconvenience" the raid caused. The Muslim Council of Britain welcomed the releases, but hoped "lessons would be learned".

The then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, said that he supported the police "101%", adding that "You can only imagine if they fail to take action and something terrible happened what outcry would be then, so they are in an impossible situation." The prime minister also defended police chief Ian Blair, when several papers called on him to resign over the raid. A solicitor for the two men said that they planned to sue the Metropolitan Police, for a figure which lawyers estimated could be as high as 500,000, but at a press conference on 13 June 2006 Abdul Kahar said that suing the police was "not even in our heads", and they were more interested in an apology. As of 21 July 2006, he had not returned to the house.

## Inquiries

The shooting was referred to Independent Police Complaints Commission, who prepared a leaflet about its enquiry for distribution to homes and other locations in the area. On 10 July 2006, the IPCC confirmed that there would be a second inquiry regarding claims made by neighbours of the house raided.

On 3 August 2006, the Independent Police Complaints Commission concluded that the shooting was an "accident". They said that based on forensic evidence, "there is no evidence of intent or recklessness on the part of the firearms officer and that no offence was committed in the firing of the weapon." Scotland Yard released a statement saying it regretted that an accidental discharge had caused injury.

It also emerged on 3 August that Mohammed Abdul Kahar had been investigated by police on suspicion of knowingly possessing pornographic pictures of children, and was in custody at a London police station. He strenuously denied the allegations. On the advice of the Crown Prosecution Service, no charges were brought against him.

On 13 February 2007, the IPCC released its second inquiry. The IPCC concluded that the police had not used excessive force given the intelligence they used, but that they should have changed their response once it became clear that the situation was under control and there was no imminent threat. The IPCC upheld complaints about the treatment of suspects in custody, particularly over the withholding of medication from Mr Abdulkahar. The IPCC also concluded that the high-profile nature of the raid merited a high-profile apology, and urged the Metropolitan Police to publicly apologise to the two families involved. Families involved in the raid criticised the IPCC for failing to investigate how the police had obtained and handled the erroneous intelligence that led to the raid.

## Media representation

## Cultural references

* In the *Channel 4* Mini-series *Britz*, the Muslim British protagonist agrees to work for the MI5 and to carry out privacy-invading actions to collect evidence from suspected terrorists, but solely under the condition that the evidence supplied against them is adequate. He directly references the Forest Gate Incident as a case where it was not.

51°32′28″N 0°02′10″E / 51.5411°N 0.0360°E / 51.5411; 0.0360


title: Forest Gate North (ward)

abstract: Forest Gate North is an electoral ward in the London Borough of Newham. The ward was first used in the 2002 elections. It returns councillors to Newham London Borough Council.

text:
# Forest Gate North (ward)

**Forest Gate North** is an electoral ward in the London Borough of Newham. The ward was first used in the 2002 elections. It returns councillors to Newham London Borough Council.

## List of councillors

| Term | Councillor | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2002–2014 | Paul Brickell |  | Labour |
| 2002–2006 | John Saunders |  | Labour |
| 2002–2014 | Shama Ahmad |  | Labour |
| 2006–2010 | Michael Nicholas |  | Labour |
| 2010–2016 | Ellie Robinson |  | Labour |
| 2014–2018 | Seyi Akiwowo |  | Labour |
| 2014–present | Rachel Tripp |  | Labour |
| 2016–2022 | Anamul Islam |  | Labour |
| 2018–2024 | Sasha Das Gupta |  | Labour |
| 2024–present | Liz Cronin |  | Labour |

## Newham council elections since 2022

There was a revision of ward boundaries in Newham in 2022. The Forest Gate North ward lost territory in the west to the new ward of Maryland and the number of councillors representing Forest Gate North was reduced from three to two.

### 2024 by-election

The by-election on 4 July 2024 took place on the same day as the United Kingdom general election. It followed the resignation of Sasha Das Gupta.

2024 Forest Gate North by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Liz Cronin** | **1,757** |  |  |
|  | Independent | Zakaria Bhariwala | 1073 |  |  |
|  | Green | Zahra Kheyre | 810 |  |  |
|  | Conservative | Malcolm Madden | 251 |  |  |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Jamie Bryant | 192 |  |  |
| Turnout | | |  |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2022 election

The election took place on 5 May 2022.

2022 Newham London Borough Council election: Forest Gate North (2)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Rachel Tripp** | **1,366** | **66.1** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Sasha Das Gupta** | **1,268** | **61.4** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Green | Gary Pendlebury | 435 | 21.1 | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Michael Spracklin | 388 | 18.8 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Fokoruddin Ahmed | 284 | 13.7 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Philip Reynolds | 201 | 9.7 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Ellis Hudson | 189 | 9.2 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 2,373 | 32.7 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 7,246 |  |  |
|  | Labour **win** (new boundaries) | | | | |
|  | Labour **win** (new boundaries) | | | | |

## 2002–2022 Newham council elections

Forest Gate North ward boundaries from 2002 to 2022

### 2018 election

The election took place on 3 May 2018.

2018 Newham London Borough Council election: Forest Gate North (3)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Rachel Tripp** | **2,425** | **24.0** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Sasha Das Gupta** | **2,346** | **23.0** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Anamul Islam** | **2,070** | **20.0** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Green | Nate Higgins | 743 | 7.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Frankie-Rose Taylor | 729 | 7.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Michael Spracklin | 606 | 6.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christian Moon | 399 | 4.0 | +2.0 |
|  | Conservative | Abdul Chowdhury | 327 | 3.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Brian Maze | 314 | 3.0 | −2.0 |
|  | Conservative | Ariful Islam | 281 | 3.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 3,835 | 37.8 | −0.9 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,140 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2016 by-election

The by-election took place on 14 July 2016, following the resignation of Ellie Robinson.

2016 Forest Gate North by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Anamul Islam** | **1,150** | **53** | **−5.1** |
|  | Green | Elisabeth Whitebread | 681 | 31 | +17.2 |
|  | Conservative | John Oxley | 301 | 14 | +0.2 |
|  | Liberal Democrats | James Rumsby | 57 | 3 | −2.5 |
| Majority | | |  |  |  |
| Turnout | | | 2,189 | 21 |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2014 election

The election took place on 22 May 2014.

2014 Newham London Borough Council election: Forest Gate North (3)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Ellie Robinson** | **2,324** | **23.0** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Seyi Akiwowo** | **2,126** | **21.0** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Rachel Tripp** | **2,120** | **21.0** | ***N/A*** |
|  | Green | Alan Cooper | 562 | 6.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Jane Lithgow | 559 | 6.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Shaeb Khan | 548 | 6.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Dawn Lennon | 490 | 5.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Brian Maze | 480 | 5.0 | *N/A* |
|  | TUSC | Bob Severn | 222 | 2.0 | *N/A* |
|  | Liberal Democrats | Christian Moon | 206 | 2.0 | *N/A* |
|  | CPA | Lynn Donaldson | 174 | 2.0 | *N/A* |
|  | CPA | Christina Doyle | 146 | 1.0 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 3,866 | 38.7 | −10.6 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,981 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2010 election

The election on 6 May 2010 took place on the same day as the United Kingdom general election.

2010 Newham London Borough Council election: Forest Gate North (3)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Paul Brickell** | **3,652** | **60.2** | **+17.9** |
|  | **Labour** | **Ellie Robinson** | **3,631** |  | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Shama Ahmad** | **3,335** |  | ***N/A*** |
|  | Green | Jane Lithgow | 905 | 14.9 | −0.3 |
|  | Conservative | Brian Maze | 836 | 13.8 | +0.8 |
|  | Conservative | Charles Meaby | 730 |  | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Ulla Mahaka | 710 |  | *N/A* |
|  | CPA | Sydney Burnett | 411 | 6.8 | −3.5 |
|  | CPA | Tom Conquest | 347 |  | *N/A* |
|  | Independent | Manpreet Singh | 267 | 4.4 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 5,509 | 49.3 | +14.0 |
| Registered electors | | | 10,053 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2006 election

The election took place on 4 May 2006.

2006 Newham London Borough Council election: Forest Gate North (3)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Paul Brickell** | **1,678** | **42.3** | **+5.1** |
|  | **Labour** | **Michael Nicholas** | **1,552** |  | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Shama Ahmad** | **1,443** |  | ***N/A*** |
|  | Respect | Muhammed Ahmed | 757 | 19.1 | *N/A* |
|  | Respect | Imran Mustak | 720 |  | *N/A* |
|  | Respect | April Williams | 673 |  | *N/A* |
|  | Green | Jane Lithgow | 603 | 15.2 | −7.1 |
|  | Conservative | Jacqueline Burns | 517 | 13.0 | +0.8 |
|  | Conservative | Charles Meaby | 454 |  | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Brian Maze | 418 |  | *N/A* |
|  | CPA | Stephen Williamson | 409 | 10.3 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 3,378 | 35.3 | +8.7 |
| Registered electors | | | 9,558 |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |
|  | Labour **hold** | | Swing |  |  |

### 2002 election

The election took place on 2 May 2002.

2002 Newham London Borough Council election: Forest Gate North (3)
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Labour** | **Paul Brickell** | **1,333** | **47.4** | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **John Saunders** | **1,265** |  | ***N/A*** |
|  | **Labour** | **Shama Ahmad** | **1,253** |  | ***N/A*** |
|  | Green | Mary Forse | 628 | 22.3 | *N/A* |
|  | Conservative | Charles Meaby | 344 | 12.2 | *N/A* |
|  | Socialist Alliance | Paul Phillips | 272 | 9.7 | *N/A* |
|  | UKIP | Gerard Batten | 233 | 8.3 | *N/A* |
| Turnout | | | 2,200 | 26.6 | *N/A* |
| Registered electors | | | 8,287 |  |  |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |
|  | Labour **win** (new seat) | | | | |

1. Gbago, Abi (30 May 2024). "Notice of Election: Forest Gate North and Maryland". *Newham Council*. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
2. Heywood, Joe; Loftus, Caitlin (March 2023). "London Borough Council Elections: May 2022" (PDF). *London Datastore*. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
3. Colombeau, Joseph (October 2018). "London Borough Council Elections: 3 May 2018" (PDF). *London Datastore*. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
4. Colombeau, Joseph (September 2014). "London Borough Council Elections: 22 May 2014" (PDF). *London Datastore*. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
5. Piggott, Gareth (March 2011). "London Borough Council Elections: 6 May 2010" (PDF). *London Datastore*. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
6. Minors, Michael; Grenham, Dennis (March 2007). "London Borough Council Elections: 4 May 2006" (PDF). *London Datastore*. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
7. Minors, Michael; Grenham, Dennis (2002). "London Borough Council Elections: 2 May 2002" (PDF). *London Datastore*. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 27 May 2024.

## InfoBox

| Forest Gate North | |
| --- | --- |
| Electoral ward<br>for the Newham London Borough Council | |
| Forest Gate North ward boundaries since 2022 | |
| Borough | Newham |
| County | Greater London |
| Population | 10,987 (2021) |
| Electorate | 7,246 (2022) |
| Area | 0.8705 square kilometres (0.3361 sq mi) |
| Current electoral ward | |
| Created | 2002 |
| Councillors | * 2002–2022: 3 * 2022–present: 2 |
| GSS code | * E05000483 (2002–2022) * E05013911 (2022–present) |


title: Rivera del Bravo

abstract: Rivera del Bravo is a neighborhood in eastern Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. One of the newer neighborhoods in the city, Riviera del Bravo has many schools and strip malls. A former state governor once described Riviera del Bravo as a model for future neighborhoods. Drug violence forced many people to flee the area. By 2010 rows of abandoned and vandalized houses, with graffiti and trash, were in Riviera del Bravo. Alfredo Corchado of The Dallas Morning News referred said that around Riviera del Bravo there were "stories abound of gunfights, headless corpses and men in SUVs peering through dark tinted windows."

text:
# Rivera del Bravo

**Rivera del Bravo** is a neighborhood in eastern Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. One of the newer neighborhoods in the city, Riviera del Bravo has many schools and strip malls. A former state governor once described Riviera del Bravo as a model for future neighborhoods. Drug violence forced many people to flee the area. By 2010 rows of abandoned and vandalized houses, with graffiti and trash, were in Riviera del Bravo. Alfredo Corchado of *The Dallas Morning News* referred said that around Riviera del Bravo there were "stories abound of gunfights, headless corpses and men in SUVs peering through dark tinted windows."


title: Fontaine du Fellah

abstract: The Fontaine du Fellah, also known as the Egyptian Fountain, located at 52 rue de Sèvres in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, next to the entrance of the Vaneau metro station, was built in 1806 during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte, in the neo-Egyptian style inspired by Napoleon's Egyptian campaign. It is the work of architect François-Jean Bralle and sculptor Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet. It has been listed since 1977 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

text:
# Fontaine du Fellah

The **Fontaine du Fellah**, also known as the **Egyptian Fountain**, located at 52 rue de Sèvres in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, next to the entrance of the Vaneau metro station, was built in 1806 during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte, in the neo-Egyptian style inspired by Napoleon's Egyptian campaign. It is the work of architect François-Jean Bralle and sculptor Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet. It has been listed since 1977 as a *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture.

## History

The Fontaine du Fellah was one of fifteen fountains constructed by Napoleon to provide, from his Canal de l'Ourcq project, fresh drinking water to the population of Paris, and to commemorate his military campaigns. (See Fountains in Paris). The fountain was constructed against the wall of what was then the hospital for incurable patients. It was the work of architect François-Jean Bralle, the chief engineer of the water supply for the city of Paris, who also was responsible for reconstructing the Medici Fountain in the Luxembourg Garden and several other fountains. The sculptural decoration was by Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet, who also worked on the decoration of the column in Place Vendôme, and made busts of many revolutionary figures. The present statue is a copy made of Beauvalet's original by Jean-François Gechter.

The fountain was in working order until 2005, when it was shut down because of leakage into the nearby Vaneau Metro Station.

## Description

The title refers to an Egyptian fellah, or peasant, but statue appears to be a copy of a Roman statue of Antinous, a favorite of the Emperor Hadrian, which was discovered in the excavation of Hadrian's villa in Tivoli in 1739. The original of the statue is found in the Vatican Museum in Rome.

The figure holds two amphorae, one in each hand. Water poured from the amphorae into the semicircular basin below, then through a bronze masqueron in the form of a lion's head. The top of the fountain is decorated with an eagle, signifying Napoleon's imperial rule.

## Bibliography

* *Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours*, texts assembled by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, Délegation a l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. from the Collection *Paris et son Patrimoine*, directed by Beatrice de Andia. Paris, 1995 - (ISBN 9782905118806)
* Marie-Hélène Levadé et Hugues Marcouyeau, *Les fontaines de Paris : l'eau pour le plaisir* \- Paris, 2008 - (ISBN 9782915345056)

## Sources and citations

48°50′55.32″N 02°19′16.32″E / 48.8487000°N 2.3212000°E / 48.8487000; 2.3212000


title: Fontaine du Palmier

abstract: The Fontaine du Palmier (1806-1808) or Fontaine de la Victoire is a monumental fountain located in the Place du Châtelet, between the Théâtre du Châtelet and the Théâtre de la Ville, in the First Arrondissement of Paris. It was designed to provide fresh drinking water to the population of the neighborhood and to commemorate the victories of Napoleon Bonaparte. It is the largest fountain built during Napoleon's reign still in existence. The closest métro station is Châtelet

text:
# Fontaine du Palmier

The **Fontaine du Palmier** (1806-1808) or **Fontaine de la Victoire** is a monumental fountain located in the Place du Châtelet, between the Théâtre du Châtelet and the Théâtre de la Ville, in the First Arrondissement of Paris. It was designed to provide fresh drinking water to the population of the neighborhood and to commemorate the victories of Napoleon Bonaparte. It is the largest fountain built during Napoleon's reign still in existence. The closest métro station is Châtelet

## Design

The Fountain du Palmier was one of a series of fifteen fountains commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 to his minister of the Interior, Emmanuel Cretet. It was designed by the engineer François-Jean Bralle, who was in charge of the Paris fountains and water supply during the First Empire. It was finished in 1808.

The column, modeled after a Roman triumphal column, takes its name from the sculpted palm leaves at the top, commemorating Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign. The bands of bronze on the column pay tribute to Napoleon's victories at the siege of Danzig (1807), the Battle of Ulm (1805), the Battle of Marengo (1800), the Battle of the Pyramids (1798), and the Battle of Lodi (1796).

At the top of the column is a statue of Victory made of gilded bronze, carrying the laurels of victory. People sometimes mistake the statue of the woman representing victory for a bird. The statue is the work of the sculptor Louis-Simon Boizot. The present statue is a copy; the original is in the courtyard of the Carnavalet Museum of the history of Paris.

Around the base of the column are four statues representing Vigilance, Justice, Strength and Prudence, also made by Boizot. The lower basin of the fountain, designed by architect Gabriel Davioud, was added to the fountain in 1858 during the reign of Emperor Louis Napoleon when the Place du Châtelet was expanded and the fountain moved to its center during the renovations of Baron Haussmann. At that time the base was also decorated with statues of Egyptian sphinxes spouting streams of water, sculpted by Henri Alfred Jacquemart.

## Bibliography

* Marie-Hélène Levadé et Hugues Marcouyeau, *Les fontaines de Paris : l'eau pour le plaisir* \- Paris, 2008.
* **Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours*, texts assembled by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, Délegation a l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. from the Collection Paris et son Patrimoine, directed by Beatrice de Andia. Paris, 1995.

## InfoBox

Fountain of the Palm
| Fontaine du Palmier | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 48°51′26.99″N 2°20′50.17″E / 48.8574972°N 2.3472694°E / 48.8574972; 2.3472694 | |
| Designer | François-Jean Bralle |
| Type | fountain, victory column |
| Width | 20 feet (6.1 m) |
| Height | 59 feet (18 m) |
| Beginning date | 1806 |
| Opening date | 1808 |
| *Monument Historique* (1925) PA00085806 | |


title: 1982 Soviet Second League, Zone 6

abstract: 1982 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was the 52nd season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the Soviet Second League in Zone 6. The season started on 4 April 1982. Administratively, the Ukrainian Zone was moved again this time from Zone 5 to Zone 6. The 1982 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was won by Bukovyna Chernivtsi. Qualified for the interzonal playoffs, the team from Chernivtsi Oblast did not manage to gain promotion by placing last in its group. The "Ruby Cup" of Molod Ukrayiny newspaper was received by Bukovyna Chernivtsi.

text:
# 1982 Soviet Second League, Zone 6

**1982 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR** was the 52nd season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the Soviet Second League in Zone 6. The season started on 4 April 1982. Administratively, the Ukrainian Zone was moved again this time from Zone 5 to Zone 6.

The 1982 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was won by Bukovyna Chernivtsi. Qualified for the interzonal playoffs, the team from Chernivtsi Oblast did not manage to gain promotion by placing last in its group.

The "Ruby Cup" of *Molod Ukrayiny* newspaper (for the most scored goals) was received by Bukovyna Chernivtsi.

## Teams

### Location map

PodillyaSpartakFrunzenetsZakarpattyaNyvaAvanhardPrykarpattiaDesnaTorpedoBukovynaDniproKrystalMayakAtlantykaNovatorOkeanKryvbasZirkaKolos M.ShakhtarMetalurhStakhanovetsKolos P.Sudnobudivnykclass=notpageimage|Locations of teams in **Lower Second League, Zone 1**   * Mayak Kharkiv  Champion of the Fitness clubs competitions (KFK) *(debut)*

### Relegated teams

### Withdrawn teams

### Renamed teams

## Final standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bukovyna Chernivtsi (C, Q) | 46 | 29 | 8 | 9 | 71 | 34 | +37 | 66 | Qualified for interzonal competitions among other Zone winners |
| 2 | Desna Chernihiv | 46 | 26 | 10 | 10 | 64 | 37 | +27 | 62 |  |
| 3 | Kolos Mezhyrich | 46 | 26 | 10 | 10 | 60 | 39 | +21 | | 62 |
| 4 | Avanhard Rivne | 46 | 25 | 11 | 10 | 65 | 34 | +31 | | 61 |
| 5 | Nyva Vinnytsia | 46 | 23 | 13 | 10 | 69 | 36 | +33 | | 59 |
| 6 | Atlantyka Sevastopol | 46 | 22 | 12 | 12 | 68 | 39 | +29 | | 56 |
| 7 | Spartak Zhytomyr | 46 | 23 | 8 | 15 | 68 | 46 | +22 | | 54 |
| 8 | Dnipro Cherkasy | 46 | 21 | 12 | 13 | 54 | 42 | +12 | | 54 |
| 9 | Shakhtar Horlivka | 46 | 19 | 12 | 15 | 61 | 57 | +4 | | 50 |
| 10 | Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih | 46 | 20 | 9 | 17 | 50 | 48 | +2 | | 49 |
| 11 | Sudnobudivnyk Mykolaiv | 46 | 16 | 12 | 18 | 56 | 48 | +8 | | 44 |
| 12 | Metalurh Dniprodzerzhynsk | 46 | 17 | 9 | 20 | 47 | 47 | 0 | | 43 |
| 13 | Prykarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk | 46 | 17 | 8 | 21 | 41 | 58 | 17 | | 42 |
| 14 | Torpedo Lutsk | 46 | 16 | 9 | 21 | 49 | 60 | 11 | | 41 |
| 15 | Zirka Kirovohrad | 46 | 17 | 5 | 24 | 43 | 63 | 20 | | 39 |
| 16 | Mayak Kharkiv | 46 | 14 | 10 | 22 | 52 | 65 | 13 | | 38 |
| 17 | Zakarpattia Uzhhorod | 46 | 14 | 8 | 24 | 37 | 53 | 16 | | 36 |
| 18 | Stakhonovets Stakhanov | 46 | 13 | 10 | 23 | 40 | 54 | 14 | | 36 |
| 19 | Krystal Kherson | 46 | 12 | 12 | 22 | 41 | 64 | 23 | | 36 |
| 20 | Podillia Khmelnytskyi | 46 | 12 | 12 | 22 | 37 | 62 | 25 | | 36 |
| 21 | Frunzenets Sumy | 46 | 12 | 12 | 22 | 38 | 62 | 24 | | 36 |
| 22 | Novator Zhdanov | 46 | 13 | 9 | 24 | 44 | 60 | 16 | | 35 |
| 23 | Okean Kerch | 46 | 12 | 11 | 23 | 43 | 67 | 24 | | 35 |
| 24 | Kolos Poltava (R) | 46 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 21 | 44 | 23 | 34 | Relegated |

Source:
(C) Champions; (Q) Qualified for the phase indicated; (R) Relegated

## Top goalscorers

The following were the top ten goalscorers.

| # | Scorer | Goals<br>(Pen.) | Team |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Serhiy Shevchenko | 32 | Nyva Vinnytsia |
| 2 | Fedir Vasylchenko | 28 | Shakhtar Horlivka |
| 3 | Volodymyr Shyshkov | 25 | Spartak Zhytomyr |
| 4 | Serhiy Shmundiak | 22 | Bukovyna Chernivtsi |
| 5 | Viktor Oliynyk | 20 | Bukovyna Chernivtsi |
| 6 | Yuriy Tarasov | 18 | Mayak Kharkiv |
| | Hryhoriy Lazarko | | Frunzenets Sumy |
| | Oleksandr Novikov | | Kolos Mezhyrich |

## InfoBox

Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR
| Season | 1982 |
| --- | --- |
| Champions | Bukovyna Chernivtsi |
| Promoted | none (after playoffs) |
| Relegated | Kolos Poltava |
| Top goalscorer | 32 - Serhiy Shevchenko (Nyva) |
| 1981 1983 | |


title: 1974 WTA Tour

abstract: The 1974 WTA Tour was composed of the fourth annual Virginia Slims Circuit and Women's International Grand Prix, a tour of tennis tournaments for female tennis players, sponsored by Virginia Slims cigarettes. The WTA signed their first television broadcast contract in 1974, with the broadcasting network CBS with Brent Musburger announcing.

text:
# 1974 WTA Tour

The **1974 WTA Tour** was composed of the fourth annual Virginia Slims Circuit and Women's International Grand Prix, a tour of tennis tournaments for female tennis players, sponsored by Virginia Slims cigarettes. The WTA signed their first television broadcast contract in 1974, with the broadcasting network CBS with Brent Musburger announcing.

## Schedule

This is a calendar of all events sponsored by Virginia Slims in the year 1974, with player progression documented from the quarterfinals stage. The table also includes the Grand Slam tournaments, the 1974 Virginia Slims Championships and the 1974 Federation Cup.

Key

| Grand Slam tournaments |
| --- |
| Virginia Slims championships |
| Virginia Slims Circuit |
| Women's International Circuit |
| Non-Tour Events |
| Team events |

### December (1973)

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 24 Dec
31 Dec | Australian Open
Melbourne, Australia
Grand Slam
Grass – 56S/32D
SinglesDoubles | Evonne Goolagong
7–6(7–5), 4–6, 6–0 | Chris Evert | Julie Heldman
Kerry Melville | Janet Newberry
Lesley Hunt
Judy Dalton
Karen Krantzcke |
| | | Evonne Goolagong
Peggy Michel
7–5, 6–3 | Kerry Harris
Kerry Melville | | |

### January

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 Jan | New South Wales Open
Sydney, Australia
Women's International Circuit
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Karen Krantzcke
6–2, 6–3 | Evonne Goolagong |  |  |
| | | Ann Kiyomura
Kazuko Sawamatsu
6–3, 6–3 | Janet Fallis
Pam Whytcross | | |
| 14 Jan | Virginia Slims of San Francisco
San Francisco, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Billie Jean King
7–6(5–2), 6–2 | Chris Evert | Kerry Melville
Nancy Gunter | Laurie Fleming
Janet Newberry
Rosie Casals
Wendy Overton |
| | | Chris Evert
Billie Jean King
6–4, 6–2 | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve | | |
| 21 Jan | Virginia Slims of Mission Viejo
Mission Viejo, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–3, 6–1 | Billie Jean King | Kerry Melville
Nancy Gunter | Barbara Downs
Françoise Dürr
Rosie Casals
Kristien Kemmer |
| | | Kerry Harris
Lesley Hunt
7–5, 6–4 | Chris Evert
Billie Jean King | | |
| 28 Jan | Virginia Slims of Washington
Washington, D.C., United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Billie Jean King
6–0, 6–2 | Kerry Melville | Rosie Casals
Helen Gourlay | Kathy Kuykendall
Françoise Dürr
Peaches Bartkowicz
Mona Schallau |
| | | Billie Jean King
Betty Stöve
6–1, 6–7, 7–5 | Françoise Dürr
Kerry Harris | | |

### February

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 Feb | S&H Tennis Classic
Fort Lauderdale, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
Walkover | Kerry Melville | Rosie Casals
Nancy Gunter | Betty Stöve
Françoise Dürr
Isa Fernández
Kathy Kuykendall |
| | | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve
6–3, 6–2 | Patti Hogan
Sharon Walsh | | |
| 18 Feb | Virginia Slims of Detroit
Detroit, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Billie Jean King
6–1, 6–1 | Rosie Casals | Françoise Dürr
Virginia Wade | Lesley Hunt
Valerie Ziegenfuss
Kristien Kemmer
Marcie Louie |
| | | Rosie Casals
Billie Jean King
2–6, 6–4, 7–5 | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve | | |
| 25 Feb | Virginia Slims of Chicago
Chicago, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Virginia Wade
2–6, 6–4, 6–4 | Rosie Casals | Billie Jean King
Chris Evert | Laura duPont
Lesley Hunt
Valerie Ziegenfuss
Betty Stöve |
| | | Chris Evert
Billie Jean King
3–6, 6–4, 6–4 | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve | | |

### March

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 Mar | Maureen Connolly Brinker International
Dallas, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
7–5, 6–2 | Virginia Wade | Françoise Dürr
Nancy Gunter | Lesley Hunt
Rosie Casals
Karen Krantzcke
Janet Newberry |
| | | Isa Fernández
Martina Navratilova
6–3, 3–6, 6–3 | Virginia Wade
Karen Krantzcke | | |
| 18 Mar | Akron Open
Akron, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Billie Jean King
6–3, 7–5 | Nancy Gunter | Olga Morozova
Pam Teeguarden | Julie Heldman
Rosie Casals
Martina Navratilova
Sharon Walsh |
| | | Rosie Casals
Billie Jean King
6–2, 6–4 | Julie Heldman
Olga Morozova | | |
| 25 Mar | S&H National Indoor Championship
New York City, United States
Virginia Slims
$60,000
Draw | Billie Jean King
6–3, 3–6, 6–2 | Chris Evert | Rosie Casals
Betty Stöve | Julie Heldman
Françoise Dürr
Virginia Wade
Marcie Louie |

### April

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 Apr | First Federal of Sarasota Classic
Sarasota, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–4, 6–0 | Evonne Goolagong | Olga Morozova
Kerry Melville | Betty Stöve
Julie Heldman
Ilana Kloss
Helen Gourlay |
| | | Chris Evert
Evonne Goolagong
6–2, 6–2 | Tory Fretz
Ceci Martinez | | |
| 15 Apr | Barnett Bank Masters
St. Petersburg, United States
Virginia Slims
$45,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–0, 6–1 | Kerry Melville | Helga Masthoff
Evonne Goolagong | Karen Krantzcke
Olga Morozova
Helen Gourlay
Betty Stöve |
| | | Olga Morozova
Betty Stöve
6–4, 6–2 | Chris Evert
Evonne Goolagong | | |
| 22 Apr | Virginia Slims of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Olga Morozova
7–6(5–2), 6–1 | Billie Jean King | Virginia Wade
Rosie Casals | Janet Newberry
Glynis Coles
Kerry Melville
Helen Gourlay |
| | | Rosie Casals
Billie Jean King
6–3, 7–6 | Kerry Harris
Lesley Hunt | | |
| 29 Apr | Family Circle Cup
Hilton Head, South Carolina, United States
Women's International Circuit
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–1, 6–3 | Kerry Melville | Rosie Casals
Evonne Goolagong | Betty Stöve
Virginia Wade
Olga Morozova
Karen Krantzcke |
| | | Olga Morozova
Rosie Casals
6–2, 6–1 | Karen Krantzcke
Helen Gourlay | | |

### May

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 13 May | Federation Cup
Naples, Italy
Federation Cup
Clay – 29 teams knockout | Australia
2–1 | United States | Great Britain
West Germany | Italy
South Africa
Romania
France |
| 20 May | German Open
Hamburg, West Germany
Women's International Circuit
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Helga Masthoff
6–4, 5–7, 6–3 | Martina Navratilova | Mima Jaušovec
Kazuko Sawamatsu | Marie Neumannová
Katja Ebbinghaus
Helga Hösl
Marijke Schaar |
| | | Helga Hösl
Raquel Giscafré
6–3, 6–2 | Martina Navratilova
Renáta Tomanová | | |
| | British Hard Court Championships
Bournemouth, United Kingdom
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Virginia Wade
6–1, 3–6, 6–1 | Julie Heldman | Jackie Fayter
Dianne Fromholtz | Winnie Wooldridge
Sue Barker
Jenny Dimond
Carrie Meyer |
| | Julie Heldman
Virginia Wade
6–2, 6–2 | Patti Hogan
Sharon Walsh | | |
| 27 May | Italian Open
Rome, Italy
Women's International Circuit
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–3, 6–3 | Martina Navratilova | Pat Pretorius
Olga Morozova | Virginia Wade
Helga Masthoff
Julie Heldman
Kazuko Sawamatsu |
| | | Chris Evert
Olga Morozova
Walkover | Helga Masthoff
Heide Orth | | |

### June

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3 Jun
10 Jun | French Open
Paris, France
Grand Slam
Clay (red) – 64S/64Q/21D/23X
SinglesDoublesMixed doubles | Chris Evert
6–1, 6–2 | Olga Morozova | Raquel Giscafré
Helga Masthoff | Katja Ebbinghaus
Marie Neumannová
Martina Navratilova
Julie Heldman |
| | | Chris Evert
Olga Morozova
6–4, 2–6, 6–1 | Gail Chanfreau
Katja Ebbinghaus | | |
| | | Martina Navratilova
Iván Molina
6–3, 6–3 | Rosy Darmon
Marcelo Lara | | |
| 17 Jun | John Player Tournament
Eastbourne, United Kingdom
Non-Tour Events
Grass
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
7–5, 6–4 | Virginia Wade |  |  |
| | | Helen Gourlay
Karen Krantzcke
6–2, 6–0 | Chris Evert
Olga Morozova | | |
| 24 Jun
1 Jul | Wimbledon Championships
London, Great Britain
Grand Slam
Grass – 96S/48D/80X
SinglesDoublesMixed doubles | Chris Evert
6–0, 6–4 | Olga Morozova | Virginia Wade
Kerry Melville | Billie Jean King
Linky Boshoff
Evonne Goolagong
Helga Masthoff |
| | | Evonne Goolagong
Peggy Michel
2–6, 6–4, 6–3 | Helen Gourlay
Karen Krantzcke | | |
| | | Billie Jean King
Owen Davidson
6–3, 9–7 | Lesley Charles
Mark Farrell | | |

### July

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 Jul | Swiss Open Championships
Gstaad, Switzerland
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Helga Schultze
4–6, 6–4, 6–3 | Lea Pericoli |  |  |
| | | Helga Schultze
Lea Pericoli
6–2, 6–0 | Kayoko Fukuoka
Michelle Rodríguez | | |
| | Swedish Open Championships
Båstad, Sweden
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Sue Barker
6–1, 7–5 | Marijke Schaar |  |  |
| | Sue Barker
Glynis Coles
6–2, 6–0 | Fiorella Bonicelli
Anna-Maria Nasuelli | | |
| 15 Jul | Head Cup Austrian Championships
Kitzbühel, Austria
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Mirka Koželuhová
6–3, 6–0 | Mima Jaušovec |  |  |
| | | Beatrix Klein
Éva Szabó
6–1, 6–4 | Ana María Arias
Iris Riedel | | |

### August

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 5 Aug | US Clay Court Championships
Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Women's International Circuit
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–0, 6–0 | Gail Chanfreau | Carrie Meyer
Dianne Fromholtz | Virginia Ruzici
Michele Gurdal
Jeanne Evert
Julie Heldman |
| | | Gail Chanfreau
Julie Heldman
6–3, 6–1 | Chris Evert
Jeanne Evert | | |
| 12 Aug | Rothmans Canadian Open
Toronto, Canada
Women's International Circuit
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–0, 6–3 | Julie Heldman | Jeanne Evert
Kazuko Sawamatsu | Raquel Giscafré
Paulina Peisachov
Virginia Ruzici
Laurie Tenney |
| | | Gail Chanfreau
Julie Heldman
6–3, 6–4 | Chris Evert
Jeanne Evert | | |
| 19 Aug | Virginia Slims of Newport
Newport, United States
Virginia Slims
$30,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–4, 6–3 | Betsy Nagelsen | Julie Heldman
Virginia Wade | Janet Newberry
Lesley Charles
Mima Jaušovec
Olga Morozova |
| | | Lesley Charles
Sue Mappin
6–2, 7–5 | Gail Chanfreau
Julie Heldman | | |
| | Medi-Quik Open
South Orange, New Jersey, USA
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Pam Teeguarden
7–5, 6–3 | Dianne Fromholtz |  |  |
| | Pam Teeguarden
Ann Kiyomura
6–2, 6–0 | Kathleen Harter
Marita Redondo | | |
| 26 Aug
2 Sept | US Open
New York City, United States
Grand Slam
Clay (red) – 64S/32D/32X
SinglesDoublesMixed doubles | Billie Jean King
3–6, 6–3, 7–5 | Evonne Goolagong | Julie Heldman
Chris Evert | Rosie Casals
Nancy Gunter
Kerry Melville
Lesley Hunt |
| | | Rosie Casals
Billie Jean King
7–6, 6–7, 6–4 | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve | | |
| | | Pam Teeguarden
Geoff Masters
6–1, 7–6 | Chris Evert
Jimmy Connors | | |

### September

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 16 Sep | Barnett Bank Tennis Classic
Orlando, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Martina Navratilova
7–6(5–4), 6–4 | Julie Heldman | Billie Jean King
Françoise Dürr | Marcie Louie
Betty Stöve
Tine Zwaan
Rosie Casals |
| | | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve
6–3, 6–7(2–5), 6–4 | Rosie Casals
Billie Jean King | | |
| | Virginia Slims of Denver
Denver, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Evonne Goolagong
7–5, 3–6, 6–4 | Chris Evert | Françoise Dürr
Nancy Gunter | Valerie Ziegenfuss
Julie Heldman
Pam Teeguarden
Kathy Kuykendall |
| | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve
6–2, 7–5 | Mona Schallau
Pam Teeguarden | | |
| 30 Sep | Virginia Slims of Houston
Houston, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Chris Evert
6–3, 5–7, 6–1 | Virginia Wade | Evonne Goolagong
Pam Teeguarden | Wendy Overton
Helen Gourlay
Kate Latham
Robin Tenney |
| | | Janet Newberry
Wendy Overton
4–6, 7–5, 6–2 | Sue Stap
Virginia Wade | | |

### October

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7 Oct | Virginia Slims of Phoenix
Phoenix, United States
Virginia Slims
$50,000
SinglesDoubles | Virginia Wade
6–1, 6–2 | Helen Gourlay | Billie Jean King
Betty Stöve | Tory Fretz
Françoise Dürr
Wendy Overton
Kathy Kuykendall |
| | | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve
6–3, 5–7, 6–3 | Mona Schallau
Pam Teeguarden | | |
| | Melia Trophy
Madrid, Spain
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Helga Masthoff
7–5, 6–3 | Tine Zwaan |  |  |
| | Lesley Charles
Sue Mappin
6–2 ret. | Creydt
Helga Masthoff | | |
| | Japan Open
Tokyo, Japan
Non-Tour Events
Hard
SinglesDoubles | Maria Bueno
3–6, 6–4, 6–3 | Katja Ebbinghaus |  |  |
| | Ann Kiyomura
Kazuko Sawamatsu
4–6, 6–4, 6–0 | Kimiyo Yagawara
Janet Young | | |
| 14 Oct | Virginia Slims Championships
Los Angeles, United States
Year-end championships
$100,000
SinglesDoubles | Evonne Goolagong
6–3, 6–4 | Chris Evert | Virginia Wade
Billie Jean King | Rosie Casals
Martina Navratilova
Lesley Hunt
Helen Gourlay |
| | | Rosie Casals
Billie Jean King
6–1, 6–7(2–5), 7–5 | Françoise Dürr
Betty Stöve | | |
| | Melia Trophy
Barcelona, Spain
Non-Tour Events
Clay
Singles | Nathalie Fuchs
7–5, 8–6 | Glynis Coles |  |  |
| 21 Oct | World Invitational
Hilton Head, South Carolina, USA
Non-Tour Events
Clay
Singles | Chris Evert
6–1, 6–3 | Virginia Wade | Evonne Goolagong
Billie Jean King |  |
| 28 Oct | Dewar Cup Cardiff
Cardiff, United Kingdom
Non-Tour Events
Hard
SinglesDoubles | Julie Heldman
6–4, 6–2 | Glynis Coles |  |  |
| | | Lesley Charles
Sue Mappin
3–6, 6–2, 6–2 | Jackie Fayter
Joyce Hume | | |

### November

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 4 Nov | Dewar Cup Edinburgh
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Non-Tour Events
Hard
SinglesDoubles | Virginia Wade
6–3, 4–6, 6–2 | Julie Heldman |  |  |
| | | Mima Jaušovec
Virginia Ruzici
6–4, 4–6, 6–4 | Isa Fernández
Raquel Giscafré | | |
| 11 Nov | Dewar Cup Final
London, United Kingdom
Non-Tour Events
Hard
SinglesDoubles | Virginia Wade
7–6, 6–2 | Julie Heldman |  |  |
| | | Virginia Wade
Sharon Walsh
6–2, 6–7, 6–2 | Lesley Charles
Sue Mappin | | |
| 18 Nov | South African Open
Johannesburg, South African
Women's International Circuit
SinglesDoubles | Kerry Melville
6–3, 7–5 | Dianne Fromholtz |  |  |
| | South American Championships
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Non-Tour Events
Clay
SinglesDoubles | Raquel Giscafré
7–5, 1–6, 6–2 | Beatriz Araujo |  |  |
| | Katja Ebbinghaus
Helga Masthoff
6–0, 6–1 | Beatriz Araujo
Raquel Giscafré | | |
| 25 Nov | Queensland State Championships
Victoria, Australia
Non-Tour Events
Hard
SinglesDoubles | Evonne Goolagong
6–1, 6–2 | Cynthia Doerner | Michele Gurdal
Wendy Turnbull | Diane Eastburn
Linda Mottram
Cecilia Martinez
Peggy Michel |
| | | Evonne Goolagong
Peggy Michel
6–1, 6–2 | Vicki Lancaster
Cecilia Martinez | | |
| | Tokyo Gunze Classic
Tokyo, Japan
Non-Tour Events
Singles | Chris Evert
6–0, 6–2 | Rosie Casals |  |  |
| | Rosie Casals
Lesley Hunt
6–3, 6–4 | Julie Heldman
Kazuko Sawamatsu | | |

### December

| Week | Tournament | Champions | Runners-up | Semifinalists | Quarterfinalists |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2 Dec | South Australian Championships
Adelaide, Australia
Non-Tour Events
Singles | Olga Morozova
7–6, 2–6, 6–2 | Evonne Goolagong |  |  |
| 9 Dec | Western Australian Championships
Perth, Australia
Non-Tour Events
SinglesDoubles | Margaret Court
6–4, 7–5 | Olga Morozova |  |  |
| | | Olga Morozova
Martina Navratilova
6–1, 6–3 | Lesley Hunt
Kazuko Sawamatsu | | |
| 16 Dec | New South Wales Championships
Sydney, Australia
Non-Tour Events
SinglesDoubles | Evonne Goolagong
6–3, 7–5 | Margaret Court |  |  |
| | | Evonne Goolagong
Peggy Michel
6–7, 6–4, 6–1 | Olga Morozova
Martina Navratilova | | |

## Earnings

| Rk | Name | Virginia Slims | Total US | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Chris Evert | $113,985 | $149,985 | $261,460 |
| 2 | Billie Jean King | $94,950 | $129,950 | $173,225 |
| 3 | Evonne Goolagong | $56,580 | $73,480 | $102,506 |
| 4 | Virginia Wade | $51,413 | $55,993 | $85,389 |
| 5 | Rosemary Casals | $44,925 | $62,375 | $72,389 |
| 6 | Françoise Dürr | $35,588 | $40,008 | $41,277 |
| 7 | Betty Stöve | $33,813 | $39,233 | $40,249 |
| 8 | Kerry Melville | $26,240 | $42,940 | $56,022 |
| 9 | Martina Navratilova | $24,713 | $26,963 | $31,392 |
| 10 | Olga Morozova | $21,675 | $25,775 | $40,877 |
|

## Statistical information

These tables present the number of singles (S), doubles (D), and mixed doubles (X) titles won by each player and each nation during the 1973 Virginia Slims Circuit. They also include data for the Grand Slam tournaments and the year-end championships. The table is sorted by:

1. total number of titles (a doubles title won by two players representing the same nation counts as only one win for the nation);
2. highest amount of highest category tournaments (for example, having a single Grand Slam gives preference over any kind of combination without a Grand Slam title);
3. a singles \> doubles \> mixed doubles hierarchy;
4. alphabetical order (by family names for players).

### Key

| Grand Slam tournaments |
| --- |
| Year-end championships |
| Virginia Slims event |

### Titles won by player

| Total | Player | S | D | X | S | D | S | D | S | D | X |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **21** | Chris Evert (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **16** | **5** | **0** |
| **14** | Billie Jean King (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **6** | **7** | **1** |
| **6** | Evonne Goolagong (AUS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **3** | **3** | **0** |
| **6** | Betty Stöve (NED) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **6** | **0** |
| **5** | Rosie Casals (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **5** | **0** |
| **4** | Françoise Durr (FRA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **4** | **0** |
| **3** | Olga Morozova (URS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **1** | **2** | **0** |
| **3** | Martina Navratilova (TCH) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **1** | **1** | **1** |
| **2** | Peggy Michel (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **2** | **0** |
| **2** | Virginia Wade (GBR) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **2** | **0** | **0** |
| **1** | Pam Teeguarden (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **0** | **1** |
| **1** | Lesley Charles (GBR) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Isa Fernández (COL) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Kerry Harris (AUS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Lesley Hunt (AUS) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Sue Mappin (GBR) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Janet Newberry (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Wendy Overton (USA) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **0** | **1** | **0** |

### Titles won by nation

| Total | Nation | S | D | X | S | D | S | D | S | D | X |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **31** | United States (USA) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 9 | **15** | **14** | **2** |
| **7** | Australia (AUS) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | **3** | **4** | **0** |
| **6** | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | **0** | **6** | **0** |
| **6** | France (FRA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | **0** | **4** | **0** |
| **3** | Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | **1** | **2** | **0** |
| **3** | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | **1** | **1** | **1** |
| **3** | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | **2** | **1** | **0** |
| **1** | Colombia (COL) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | **0** | **1** | **0** |

## InfoBox

1974 WTA Tour
| Details | |
| --- | --- |
| Duration | 26 December 1973 – 23 December 1974 |
| Edition | 2nd |
| Tournaments | 51 |
| Categories | Grand Slam (4)
Virginia Slims championships
Virginia Slims Circuit (17)
Women's International Circuit (8)
Non-Tour Events (19) |
| Achievements (singles) | |
| Most tournament titles | Chris Evert (16) |
| Most tournament finals | Chris Evert (21) |
| Prize money leader | Chris Evert ($261,460) |
| 1973 1975 | |


title: Robert D. Beckel

abstract: Robert Duane Beckel is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force. He was the commander of the 15th Air Force at March Air Force Base, California. Beckel was born in Walla Walla, Washington, in 1937. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1959 as a member of its first class, and a Master of Science degree in international affairs from The George Washington University in 1971. He completed the Naval Command and Staff Course in 1971, and National War College in 1975. Upon graduation from the academy, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He received pilot wings in June 1960 at Vance Air Force Base, Okla., where he was the outstanding graduate of his class. He then completed jet fighter training at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, and Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. In August 1961 General Beckel was assigned to the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem Air Base, West Germany, where he flew F-100s and F-105s. He next became a member of the U.S. Air Force Aerial Demonstration Squadron, the Thunderbirds. From December 1965 to December 1967 he flew the solo position for the "Ambassadors in Blue" in demonstrations throughout the world. While serving as flight commander of the 614th Tactical Fighter Squadron, South Vietnam, he flew 313 combat missions in the F-100 from December 1967 until January 1969. He returned to Nellis Air Force Base and joined the 4525th Fighter Weapons Wing as an F-100 instructor. Beckel served as executive officer for the wing commander and then moved to the 66th Fighter Weapons Squadron as an operational test and evaluation officer, flying the F-105. Beckel attended the Command and Staff Course at the Naval War College from August 1970 to June 1971. He then was assigned to the Office of Legislative Liaison, Secretary of the Air Force, Washington, D.C., where he worked in the House of Representatives. In 1972 he became chief aide to Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He entered the National War College in August 1974. Upon graduation in July 1975, he served as vice commander of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, Beale Air Force Base, Calif., and flew SR-71s and T-38s. There he became commander of the 100th Combat Support Group in October 1976 and, later, the 100th Air Refueling Wing. In August 1978 Beckel transferred to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Mich., as commander of the 410th Bombardment Wing. In June 1979 he became commander of 7th Air Division, Strategic Air Command, Ramstein Air Base, West Germany. Beckel returned to the Air Force Academy in February 1981 as commandant of cadets. In June 1982 he became director of operations, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. He transferred to Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb., In September 1984 as deputy chief of staff for operations, and in October 1985 became chief of staff. Beckel was assigned to Europe in July 1987 as deputy chairman, NATO Military Committee, Headquarters North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Brussels, Belgium. He is a command pilot with more than 4,400 flying hours. His military awards and decorations include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross with four oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal and Air Medal with 15 oak leaf clusters. He was named to the Helms All-American basketball team in 1959, and was on the U.S. Air Forces in Europe and all-Air Force basketball teams in 1961. He was promoted to lieutenant general Aug. 1, 1987, with same date of rank and retired on June 1, 1992.

text:
# Robert D. Beckel

**Robert Duane Beckel** (born January 2, 1937) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force. He was the commander of the 15th Air Force at March Air Force Base, California.

Beckel was born in Walla Walla, Washington, in 1937. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1959 as a member of its first class, and a Master of Science degree in international affairs from The George Washington University in 1971. He completed the Naval Command and Staff Course in 1971, and National War College in 1975. Upon graduation from the academy, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He received pilot wings in June 1960 at Vance Air Force Base, Okla., where he was the outstanding graduate of his class. He then completed jet fighter training at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, and Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. In August 1961 General Beckel was assigned to the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem Air Base, West Germany, where he flew F-100s and F-105s.

He next became a member of the U.S. Air Force Aerial Demonstration Squadron, the Thunderbirds. From December 1965 to December 1967 he flew the solo position for the "Ambassadors in Blue" in demonstrations throughout the world. While serving as flight commander of the 614th Tactical Fighter Squadron, South Vietnam, he flew 313 combat missions in the F-100 from December 1967 until January 1969. He returned to Nellis Air Force Base and joined the 4525th Fighter Weapons Wing as an F-100 instructor. Beckel served as executive officer for the wing commander and then moved to the 66th Fighter Weapons Squadron as an operational test and evaluation officer, flying the F-105. Beckel attended the Command and Staff Course at the Naval War College from August 1970 to June 1971. He then was assigned to the Office of Legislative Liaison, Secretary of the Air Force, Washington, D.C., where he worked in the House of Representatives. In 1972 he became chief aide to Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

He entered the National War College in August 1974. Upon graduation in July 1975, he served as vice commander of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, Beale Air Force Base, Calif., and flew SR-71s and T-38s. There he became commander of the 100th Combat Support Group in October 1976 and, later, the 100th Air Refueling Wing. In August 1978 Beckel transferred to K.I. Sawyer Air Force Base, Mich., as commander of the 410th Bombardment Wing. In June 1979 he became commander of 7th Air Division, Strategic Air Command, Ramstein Air Base, West Germany.

Beckel returned to the Air Force Academy in February 1981 as commandant of cadets. In June 1982 he became director of operations, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. He transferred to Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb., In September 1984 as deputy chief of staff for operations, and in October 1985 became chief of staff. Beckel was assigned to Europe in July 1987 as deputy chairman, NATO Military Committee, Headquarters North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Brussels, Belgium.

He is a command pilot with more than 4,400 flying hours. His military awards and decorations include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross with four oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal and Air Medal with 15 oak leaf clusters. He was named to the Helms All-American basketball team in 1959, and was on the U.S. Air Forces in Europe and all-Air Force basketball teams in 1961.

He was promoted to lieutenant general Aug. 1, 1987, with same date of rank and retired on June 1, 1992.

This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force

## InfoBox

| Robert D. Beckel | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1937-01-02) January 2, 1937<br>Walla Walla, Washington, U.S. |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1959–1992 |
| Rank | Lieutenant general |


title: Forelimb

abstract: A forelimb or front limb is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the cranial (anterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. With reference to quadrupeds, the term foreleg or front leg is often used instead. In bipedal animals with an upright posture, the term upper limb is often used. A forelimb is not to be confused with a forearm, which is a distal portion of the human upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. All vertebrate forelimbs are homologous, meaning that they all evolved from the same structures. For example, the flipper of a turtle or of a dolphin, the arm of a human, the foreleg of a horse, and the wings of both bats and birds are ultimately homologous, despite the large differences between them. Specific uses of the forelimbs may be analogous if they evolved from different sub-structures of the forelimb, such as the flippers of turtles and dolphins, and the wings of birds and bats.

text:
# Forelimb

A **forelimb** or **front limb** is one of the paired articulated appendages (limbs) attached on the cranial (anterior) end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso. With reference to quadrupeds, the term **foreleg** or **front leg** is often used instead. In bipedal animals with an upright posture (e.g. humans and some primates), the term *upper limb* is often used.

A forelimb is not to be confused with a forearm, which is a distal portion of the human upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.

All vertebrate forelimbs are homologous, meaning that they all evolved from the same structures. For example, the flipper of a turtle or of a dolphin, the arm of a human, the foreleg of a horse, and the wings of both bats and birds are ultimately homologous, despite the large differences between them.

Specific uses of the forelimbs may be analogous if they evolved from different sub-structures of the forelimb, such as the flippers of turtles and dolphins, and the wings of birds and bats.

## Evolution of forelimbs

Evolution of the forelimb may be characterized by many trends. The number of digits, their characteristics, as well as the shape and alignment of radius, ulna, and humerus, have had major evolutionary implications.

Changes in body size, foot posture, habitat, and substrate are frequently found to influence one another (and to connect to broader potential drivers, such as changing climate).

### Shape

A number of factors can influence the evolution of forelimb long bone shape, such as body mass, lifestyle, predatory behavior, or relative prey size. A general pattern is for heavier species to have more robust radii, ulnas, and humeri.

Musteloid carnivorans that have an arboreal lifestyle tend to have long and slender forelimb long bones, which allow for improved movement and flexibility. Semi-fossorial and aquatic musteloid species tend to have short and robust forelimb long bones to deal with the strain from digging and swimming.

In the order Carnivora, felids, which usually ambush and grapple with their prey, have shorter and more robust limbs. Their forelimbs are used for both short sprints and grappling, which means that they need to be flexible and durable. In contrast, canids, which often pursue their prey over greater distances, have longer, more gracile limbs. Running is pretty much the only use for their forelimbs, so they do not need to be adapted for anything else and can be less flexible.

Predators hunting prey that is half their body weight or greater evolved shorter and more sturdy radii, ulnas, and humeri to decrease the likelihood of the bone breaking or fracturing while hunting. Predators hunting prey less than half their body weight tended to have longer and more slender forelimb long bones to improve energetic efficiency.

### Polydactyly

Tetrapods were initially understood to have first developed five digits as an ancestral characteristic, which were then reduced or specialized into a number of uses. Certain animals retained 'primitive' forelimbs, such as pentadactylous (five-fingered) reptiles and primates. This has mostly held true, but the earliest tetrapod or "fishapod" ancestors may have had more than five digits. This was notably challenged by Stephen Jay Gould in his 1991 essay "Eight (Or Fewer) Little Piggies".

Polydactyly in early tetrapods should be understood as having more than five digits to the finger or foot, a condition that was the natural state of affairs in the very first tetrapods. Early groups like *Acanthostega* had eight digits, while the more derived *Ichthyostega* had seven digits, the yet-more derived *Tulerpeton* had six toes.

Tetrapods evolved from animals with fins such as found in lobe-finned fishes. From this condition a new pattern of limb formation evolved, where the development axis of the limb rotated to sprout secondary axes along the lower margin, giving rise to a variable number of very stout skeletal supports for a paddle-like foot.

### Digit specialization

Digits may be specialized for different forms of locomotion. A classic example is the horse's development of a single toe (monodactyly). Other hooves, like those of even-toed and odd-toed ungulates, and even the hoof-like foot of extinct hadrosaurs, may be regarded as similar specializations.

To bear their immense weight, sauropods, the most derived being titanosaurs, developed a tubular manus (front foot) and gradually lost their digits, standing on their metacarpals. The stegosaurian forelimb has evidence for a sauropod−like metacarpal configuration This was a different evolutionary strategy than megafaunal mammals such as modern elephants.

Therapsids started evolving diverse and specialized forelimbs 270 million years ago, during the Permian.

#### Opposable thumbs

Modern humans are unique in the musculature of the forearm and hand, though opposable thumbs or structures like them have arisen in a few animals.

In dinosaurs, a primitive autonomization of the first carpometacarpal joint (CMC) may have occurred. In primates, a real differentiation appeared perhaps 70 mya, while the shape of the human thumb CMC finally appears about 5 mya.

Pandas have evolved pseudo-opposable thumbs by extension of the sesamoid bone, which is not a true digit.

### Pronation and supination

The ability to pronate the manus (hand) and forearm in therian mammals is achieved by a rounded head of the radius, which allows it to swivel across the ulna. Supination requires a dorsal glide of the distal radius and pronation a palmar glide in relation to the distal ulna.

Pronation has evolved multiple times, among mammals, chameleons, and varanids. However, the more basal condition is to be unable to pronate. Dinosaurs were not capable of more than semi-pronation of the wrist, though bipedal origins of all quadrupedal dinosaur clades could have allowed for greater disparity in forelimb posture than often considered. Monotremes have forearms that are not as dexterous as therians. Monotremes have a sprawling posture, and multiple elements in their pectoral girdles, which are ancestral traits for mammals.

In birds, the forearm muscles supinate, pronate, flex and extend the distal wing.

### Wings

All tetrapod forelimbs are homologous, evolving from the same initial structures in lobe-finned fish. However, another distinct process may be identified, convergent evolution, by which the wings of birds, bats, and extinct pterosaurs evolved the same purpose in drastically different ways. These structures have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.

Bat wings are composed largely of a thin membrane of skin supported on the five fingers, whereas bird wings are composed largely of feathers supported on much reduced fingers, with finger 2 supporting the alula and finger 4 the primary feathers of the wing; there are only distant homologies between birds and bats, with much closer homologies between any pair of bird species, or any pair of bat species.

### Flippers

Marine mammals have evolved several times. Over the course of their evolution, they develop streamlined hydrodynamic bodies. The forelimb thus develops into a flipper. The forelimbs of cetaceans, pinnipeds, and sirenians presents a classic example of convergent evolution. There is widespread convergence at the gene level. Distinct substitutions in common genes created various aquatic adaptations, most of which constitute parallel evolution because the substitutions in question are not unique to those animals.

When comparing cetaceans to pinnipeds to sirenians, 133 parallel amino acid substitutions occur. Comparing and contrasting cetaceans-pinnipeds, cetaceans-sirenians, and pinnipeds-sirenians, 2,351, 7,684, and 2,579 substitutions occur, respectively.

## Bibliography

* de Beer, Gavin (1956). *Vertebrate zoology: an introduction to the comparative anatomy, embryology, and evolution of chordate animals*. Sidgwick and Jackson.

1. "Image Gallery: Homo Sapiens. homology: homologies of the forelimb among vertebrates". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
2. "Homologies and analogies". *evolution.berkeley.edu*. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
3. McHorse, Brianna K.; Biewener, Andrew A.; Pierce, Stephanie E. (2019-09-01). "The Evolution of a Single Toe in Horses: Causes, Consequences, and the Way Forward". *Integrative and Comparative Biology*. **59** (3): 638–655. doi:10.1093/icb/icz050. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 31127281.
4. Fabre, Anne-Claire; Cornette, Raphael; Peigné, Stéphane; Goswami, Anjali (2013-05-21). "Influence of body mass on the shape of forelimb in musteloid carnivorans". *Biological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **110** (1): 91–103. doi:10.1111/bij.12103. ISSN 0024-4066.
5. Fabre, Anne-Claire; Cornette, Raphael; Goswami, Anjali; Peigné, Stéphane (2015-05-21). "Do constraints associated with the locomotor habitat drive the evolution of forelimb shape? A case study in musteloid carnivorans". *Journal of Anatomy*. **226** (6): 596–610. doi:10.1111/joa.12315. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 4450962. PMID 25994128.
6. Meachen-Samuels, Julie; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (June 2009). "Forelimb indicators of prey-size preference in the Felidae". *Journal of Morphology*. **270** (6): 729–744. doi:10.1002/jmor.10712. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 19123240. S2CID 20732642.
7. Michaud, Margot; Veron, Géraldine; Fabre, Anne-Claire (2020-11-06). "Phenotypic integration in feliform carnivores: Covariation patterns and disparity in hypercarnivores versus generalists". *Evolution*. **74** (12): 2681–2702. doi:10.1111/evo.14112. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 33085081. S2CID 224824184.
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11. Senter, Phil (2010). "Evidence for a Sauropod-Like Metacarpal Configuration in Stegosaurian Dinosaurs". *Acta Palaeontologica Polonica*. **55** (3): 427–432. doi:10.4202/app.2009.1105. ISSN 0567-7920.
12. "Mammals' unique arms started evolving before the dinosaurs existed". *ScienceDaily*. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
13. Ankel-Simons, Friderun. (2007). *Primate anatomy : an introduction* (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-046911-9. OCLC 437597677.
14. Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006-01-10). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **103** (2): 379–382. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..379S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860.
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20. Zhou, Xuming; Seim, Inge; Gladyshev, Vadim N. (2015-11-09). "Convergent evolution of marine mammals is associated with distinct substitutions in common genes". *Scientific Reports*. **5** (1): 16550. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516550Z. doi:10.1038/srep16550. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4637874. PMID 26549748.


title: Forelia

abstract:
Forelia is a genus of arachnids belonging to the family Pionidae. The genus was first described by Haller in 1882. The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America. Species:
  - Forelia liliacea
  - Forelia variegator

text:
# Forelia

***Forelia*** is a genus of arachnids belonging to the family Pionidae.

The genus was first described by Haller in 1882.

The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Forelia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Trombidiformes |
| Family: | Pionidae |
| Genus: | *Forelia*<br>Haller, 1882 |
|


title: KTJZ

abstract: KTJZ is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Tallulah, Louisiana. The station is owned by Mid South Communications Company, Inc., and airs an urban contemporary format. The station was assigned the KTJZ call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 10, 2005.

text:
# KTJZ

**KTJZ** (97.5 FM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Tallulah, Louisiana. The station is owned by Mid South Communications Company, Inc., and airs an urban contemporary format.

The station was assigned the KTJZ call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 10, 2005.

## InfoBox

KTJZ
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 97.5 MHz |
| Branding | "Praise 97.5" |
| Programming | |
| Format | Urban gospel |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Mid South Communications Company, Inc. |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 164218 |
| Class | A |
| ERP | 6,000 watts |
| HAAT | 60 metres (200 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 32°24′40″N 91°11′37″W / 32.41111°N 91.19361°W / 32.41111; -91.19361 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Webcast | Listen Live |
| Website | ktjz975.com |


title: KTKA-TV

abstract: KTKA-TV is a television station in Topeka, Kansas, United States, affiliated with ABC and The CW Plus. It is owned by Vaughan Media, LLC, which maintains joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Nexstar Media Group, owner of NBC affiliate KSNT and Fox affiliate KTMJ-CD, for the provision of certain services. The stations share studios on Northwest 25th Street, near the unincorporated community of Kiro; KTKA-TV's transmitter is located along West Union Road west of Topeka. Channel 49 began broadcasting as KLDH on June 20, 1983. It brought Topeka its first full local ABC affiliate. Owned by Mid America Broadcasting of Topeka, the station suffered two major setbacks within a year of signing on. A dispute among stockholders restricted cash and led to a filing for bankruptcy reorganization; in March 1984, one of the worst ice storms in Kansas history felled its tower, leading to major layoffs and financial difficulties as well as the cancellation of all newscasts. Larry D. Hudson, the original majority owner and namesake, acquired the station out of bankruptcy in 1985 and sold it to the Brechner family in 1986. The new owners renamed the station KTKA-TV and reinstated local news programming. The news department never rose above third place in the ratings and was discontinued in April 2002 due to low ratings and falling revenues. Free State Communications—a subsidiary of the World Company, publisher of the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper—purchased KTKA-TV from the Brechners in 2005. A new news department was started for the station, which lasted until it was sold and entered into the agreement with KSNT in 2011. KSNT's news department was combined with KTKA's to produce newscasts for both stations.

text:
# KTKA-TV

**KTKA-TV** (channel 49) is a television station in Topeka, Kansas, United States, affiliated with ABC and The CW Plus. It is owned by Vaughan Media, LLC, which maintains joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Nexstar Media Group, owner of NBC affiliate KSNT (channel 27) and Fox affiliate KTMJ-CD (channel 43), for the provision of certain services. The stations share studios on Northwest 25th Street (US 24), near the unincorporated community of Kiro (with a Topeka mailing address); KTKA-TV's transmitter is located along West Union Road west of Topeka.

Channel 49 began broadcasting as KLDH on June 20, 1983. It brought Topeka its first full local ABC affiliate. Owned by Mid America Broadcasting of Topeka, the station suffered two major setbacks within a year of signing on. A dispute among stockholders restricted cash and led to a filing for bankruptcy reorganization; in March 1984, one of the worst ice storms in Kansas history felled its tower, leading to major layoffs and financial difficulties as well as the cancellation of all newscasts. Larry D. Hudson, the original majority owner and namesake, acquired the station out of bankruptcy in 1985 and sold it to the Brechner family in 1986. The new owners renamed the station KTKA-TV and reinstated local news programming. The news department never rose above third place in the ratings and was discontinued in April 2002 due to low ratings and falling revenues.

Free State Communications—a subsidiary of the World Company, publisher of the *Lawrence Journal-World* newspaper—purchased KTKA-TV from the Brechners in 2005. A new news department was started for the station, which lasted until it was sold and entered into the agreement with KSNT in 2011. KSNT's news department was combined with KTKA's to produce newscasts for both stations.

## KLDH: Early history

### Permitting and construction

As early as the mid-1960s, several groups analyzed applying for one of Topeka's two unused UHF channels, 43 and 49. Topeka Television, Inc., had applied for channel 43 and sold a stake to Starr Broadcasting, but its application was denied by a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) hearing examiner on financial grounds in October 1967. The Kansas State Network had submitted and withdrawn earlier that year an application for channel 49. In 1976, KQTV of St. Joseph, Missouri, an ABC affiliate, filed to start a semi-satellite on channel 43 in Topeka. This application was opposed by Topeka's second station, KTSB (channel 27), who felt that Topeka was too large under FCC policy for this kind of partial-service station. The FCC moved to dismiss the application in May 1978 on the grounds that the channel 43 facility and KQTV had impermissible signal overlap.

Capcom, a limited partnership containing about 20 investors mostly from Kansas including Gale Sayers, applied in late 1979 to the FCC for channel 49. The lead investor was Gerald Paul Smeyak, whose interest had been piqued by a prior application for channel 43 and by the ability of Topeka to support a third commercial station. On May 14, 1980, a second application for channel 49 was filed at the FCC by Mid America Broadcasting of Topeka, a consortium of five Kansas investors including former state senator Cale Hudson and his brother Larry, a cable system owner.

On November 13, 1981, Capcom formally withdrew, and the FCC issued Mid America Broadcasting a construction permit. The investors made substantial progress toward constructing the station in late 1982, including obtaining industrial revenue bonds from the city of Topeka, receiving approval for their tower site in Shawnee County, and leasing a building at 1st and Monroe streets.

KLDH-TV began broadcasting June 20, 1983, as an affiliate of ABC. Select ABC programs had been split between CBS affiliate WIBW-TV (channel 13) and NBC affiliate KTSB, but WIBW had not aired any ABC sporting events since January 1982 in deference to increasing offerings from its primary network. Channel 49's launch marked the first time that many non-cable households in the region had access to the full network lineup. The station had 55 staff members and debuted with 6 and 10 p.m. local newscasts. General manager Jim Thompson hoped that, with three local outlets, viewing of Topeka stations in outer counties in the region would increase, potentially adding households to the Topeka market.

### Bankruptcy and tower collapse

Months after going on the air, a dispute among shareholders in Mid America Broadcasting of Kansas erupted. In state court in Chanute, the four minority stockholders—including Cale Hudson—sued Larry D. Hudson and the secretary-treasurer in the firm in an effort to prevent them from issuing more stock and thus diluting their interests. Because of the dispute tying up the company's liquidity, on November 18, 1983—less than five months after starting—the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization.

While this matter was pending, a second setback befell KLDH. On March 19, 1984, Topeka was hit with what was described as one of its worst ice storms in recent years; a later ranking by the National Weather Service in Wichita placed it fourth-worst all time behind three events in the 2000s. The station's 1,439-foot (439 m) mast collapsed under the weight of 2 inches (5 cm) of ice, buckling within the lower 100 feet (30 m) stretch. The station did not return to the air until April 15, when it was able to put out a reduced-power signal from a temporary tower. By then, the damage had been done. KLDH laid off half its staff, including the entire news team. Most of the news employees took new jobs at stations from Fairbanks, Alaska, to Fort Wayne, Indiana.

The loss of the tower and of revenue from broadcasting commercials was a financial blow to KLDH. By early April, Mid America Broadcasting had only $8,000 in cash reserves and had to receive approval for access to cash from the bankruptcy judge. After warnings that a liquidation may be necessary, in May, a trustee was appointed to oversee the struggling station's affairs. David Segal, a retired broadcast executive, was authorized by the bankruptcy court to take offers for KLDH and received at least five bids. Some bidders shied away from the station because of its issues. Chronicle Broadcasting, owner of KAKE-TV—the ABC affiliate in Wichita—did due diligence and passed. Ron Loewen, KAKE's general manager, believed the $6 million valuation being sought was too high given KLDH's indebtedness and competitive standing. It had to fight for viewers and advertisers against the dominant WIBW-TV and the Kansas City stations (Kansas City ABC affiliate KMBC-TV was on Topeka cable as late as 2013). Additionally, Topeka was a slower-growth area, and KLDH had few assets eligible to be written off.

The sole bidder to present an offer was none other than Larry D. Hudson, who conditioned a purchase on dismissal of the various lawsuits against the station. The bankruptcy court approved the sale to Hudson in November 1984, at the same time that construction on the replacement tower was completed. Its losses during the time it was in bankruptcy averaged $130,000 a month and totaled $1.5 million for 1984. Hudson took control of the station in February 1985.

## KTKA: Brechner ownership

Larry Hudson agreed in March 1986 to sell KLDH to Joseph Brechner, the owner of WMDT in Salisbury, Maryland, and former owner of WFTV in Orlando, Florida. Brechner saw a station that, while dealt multiple setbacks, had opportunity to grow.

The sale took effect on May 1, and Brechner wasted little time in making major changes. Citing a lack of attachment by the community to the KLDH designation, the station changed its call sign to KTKA-TV, for Topeka, on August 13, 1986. At a chamber of commerce meeting, Joseph Brechner announced the station would return to producing newscasts. Bob Totten, who had been the news director for the original news operation, returned to Topeka to helm the revived news department. *49 Eyewitness News* began airing at 10 p.m. nightly on January 5, 1987, An early newscast at 5 p.m. debuted on June 1, moving to 6 p.m. and then back to 5 p.m. in 1991. The news department was rebranded as *News Source 49* in May 1995 and expanded with a third evening newscast, at 6 p.m., in 1996.

Between 1994 and 1996, KTKA-TV served as the Topeka-market outlet for the *NFL on Fox*, as Fox lacked a local affiliate. Topeka got a Fox affiliate of its own on April 1, 1996, when KTMJ-LP affiliated with the network, taking with it the rights to Fox sports events.

Brechner expanded his Topeka media holdings by purchasing radio station KTPK (106.9 FM) from Twenty-First Century Broadcasting in 1997. By then, planning was under way for new studio facilities on 21st Street and Chelsea Drive on Topeka's southwest side; the $4.5 million building opened in 1998 and provided the station with new, digital-ready equipment. KTPK moved into the facility the next year.

### Second news department discontinuation

While KTKA-TV had slowly increased its newscast ratings since restarting local news production in 1987, the station had remained in third place behind WIBW-TV and KSNT. Revenues were strong as late as 2000, but the station operated at a loss because of its news department. In 2001, revenue declined 25 percent, and the first quarter of 2002 was lower than that. With declining advertising sales, digital equipment costs, and reduced affiliate compensation from the ABC network, the Brechner family opted to discontinue KTKA's newscasts on April 19, 2002, causing the layoffs of nine full-time and 17 part-time staffers. KTKA-TV was one of several stations, including four ABC affiliates, to cease producing local news in late 2001 and early 2002.

The station replaced its weekday morning and 10 p.m. newscasts with syndicated programming and introduced a new early evening community affairs program, *Talk of the Town*. Hosted by former WIBW-AM-FM radio host Betty Lou Pardue, *Talk of the Town* featured a mix of interviews, community events, sports, weather, and entertainment segments. This replacement rated poorly and was discontinued on July 11, 2003, resulting in the layoffs of six full-time and two part-time employees and the reassignment of two other production employees to channel 49's promotion and marketing department. Locally produced weather updates were dropped on July 31, when the contract of meteorologist Dave Relihan was not renewed.

## Free State Communications ownership and return to local news

In 2005, the Brechners sold off their Topeka media holdings. In January, JMJ Broadcasting Co. purchased KTPK for $5.7 million. That May, KTKA-TV was sold to Lawrence-based Free State Communications—an indirect subsidiary of the World Company, publisher of the *Lawrence Journal-World* and owner of Lawrence cable television provider Sunflower Broadband—for $6.2 million. Among those who considered buying KTKA included Bill Kurtis, who began his career in television journalism as a reporter for WIBW-TV in the 1960s and who at the time was considering purchasing a broadcast television outlet in Topeka; Kurtis, upon further consideration, decided against purchasing channel 49.

Free State restored KTKA-TV's news department, hiring 29 staffers and acquiring new equipment. On February 5, 2006, following ABC's telecast of Super Bowl XL and a post-game episode of *Grey's Anatomy*, KTKA debuted *49 News* with a half-hour nightly late-evening newscast at 10 p.m. The next day, KTKA debuted a 90-minute morning newscast (starting at 5:30 a.m. weekdays) titled *Good Morning Kansas* and a half-hour early-evening newscast at 6 p.m. on Monday through Saturday evenings. The newscasts also benefited from the resources of 6 News Lawrence, which the World Company owned. Free State heavily invested in weather coverage, installing a network of tower cameras in cities such as Emporia, Junction City, and Manhattan and acquiring and modifying a Hummer H2 for storm chasing.

In July 2008, Free State put KTKA-TV on the market, citing a challenging media environment. It removed the station from sale consideration in October 2008, citing a crunch in the credit markets at the onset of the Great Recession, and restructured management, dismissing the general manager. The next month, KTKA-TV canceled its weekday morning and midday newscasts as part of budget cuts that resulted in the layoffs of nine employees.

## Joint operation with KSNT and KTMJ-CA

On February 4, 2011, Free State Communications announced that it would sell KTKA to Los Angeles–based PBC Broadcasting for $1.5 million. As part of the deal, KSNT owner New Vision Television, which already maintained shared services and local marketing agreements with PBC-owned stations in Youngstown, Ohio and Savannah, Georgia, operated KTKA-TV under a local marketing agreement. Despite objections to the sale by the American Cable Association, who alleged the sale could give the virtual triopoly involving KSNT, KTKA and KTMJ-CA too much leverage in negotiations for retransmission consent agreements, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the sale on July 21, 2011.

With the agreement, KSNT took over production of KTKA's newscasts from its facilities, using existing staff from both stations. Weekday evening anchor Ben Bauman and chief meteorologist Matt Miller were among the KTKA staffers that joined the new joint operation. The station aired its final in-house newscast on July 29, 2011, with that evening's 10 p.m. newscast; KSNT started producing channel 49's newscasts the following day under the uniform branding *Kansas First News*, with the two stations initially simulcasting newscasts on weekday mornings and at 6 and 10 p.m. In 2012, LIN TV acquired the New Vision stations and their shared services agreements for $330.4 million and the assumption of $12 million in debt; simultaneously, Vaughan Media purchased the PBC stations. LIN and Vaughan also entered into a joint sales agreement to provide advertising services for KTKA. The sale of New Vision to LIN Media and KTKA's purchase by Vaughan Media received FCC approval and closed on October 12, 2012.

On March 21, 2014, Media General announced that it would purchase the LIN Media stations, including KSNT, KTMJ-CD, and the SSA/JSA with KTKA-TV, in a $1.6 billion merger. The FCC approved the merger on December 12, 2014, with the deal being consummated on December 19; as a condition of the sale's approval, Media General was originally required to terminate the joint sales agreement between KTKA-TV and KSNT within two years, due to the FCC's ban on agreements involving the sale of advertising encompassing more than 15% of a separately owned station's airtime. Media General merged with Nexstar Broadcasting Group in 2017.

## Notable former on-air staff

## Technical information

### Subchannels

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of KTKA-TV
| Channel | Res. | Aspect | Short name | Programming |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 49.1 | 720p | 16:9 | ABC | ABC |
| 49.2 | | 480i | Rewind | Rewind TV |
| 49.3 | | 720p | CW | The CW Plus |
| 49.4 | | 480i | Antenna | Antenna TV |
|

### Analog-to-digital conversion

KTKA-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 49, at 12:01 a.m. on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 48, using virtual channel 49. In mid-2010, the station relocated its digital signal to its former analog allocation on UHF channel 49.

KTKA-TV relocated its signal from channel 49 to channel 16 on July 3, 2020, as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction. A new 1,433-foot (437 m) tower for KTKA-TV and KTMJ-CA was completed in September 2020.

## InfoBox

KTKA-TV
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Channels |  |
| Branding | KTKA; *27 News*; Northeast Kansas CW (DT3) |
| Programming | |
| Affiliations |  |
| Ownership | |
| Owner |  |
| Operator | Nexstar Media Group |
| Sister stations | KSNT, KTMJ-CD |
| History | |
| First air date | June 20, 1983 (1983-06-20) |
| Former call signs | KLDH (1983–1987) |
| Former channel number(s) | * **Analog:** 49 (UHF, 1983–2009) * **Digital:** 48 (UHF, 2003–2010), 49 (UHF, 2010–2020) |
| Former affiliations | Fox (secondary, 1994–1996) |
| Call sign meaning | Kansas Topeka |
| Technical information | |
| Licensing authority | FCC |
| Facility ID | 49397 |
| ERP | 150 kW |
| HAAT | 448.2 m (1,470 ft) |
| Transmitter coordinates | 39°1′34″N 95°55′2″W / 39.02611°N 95.91722°W / 39.02611; -95.91722 |
| Links | |
| Public license information |  |
| Website | www.ksnt.com |


title: Robert Blakeney (died 1733)

abstract: Robert Blakeney was an Irish Member of Parliament. He was the son of John Blakeney of Gallogh. William Blakeney, 1st Baron Blakeney was a second cousin. He was appointed High Sheriff of County Galway for 1709 and 1729. He represented Athenry in the Irish House of Commons from 1721 to his death. He married Sarah, the daughter of Gilbert Ormsby, M.P. and had 3 sons and 4 daughters. His son John Blakeney and grandsons Robert, John, Theophilus and William Blakeney were also MPs for Athenry.

text:
# Robert Blakeney (died 1733)

**Robert Blakeney** (1679  1 May 1733) was an Irish Member of Parliament.

He was the son of John Blakeney of Gallogh. William Blakeney, 1st Baron Blakeney was a second cousin.

He was appointed High Sheriff of County Galway for 1709 and 1729. He represented Athenry in the Irish House of Commons from 1721 to his death.

He married Sarah, the daughter of Gilbert Ormsby, M.P. and had 3 sons and 4 daughters. His son John Blakeney and grandsons Robert, John, Theophilus and William Blakeney were also MPs for Athenry.