title: Spodotaenia basicornis

abstract: Spodotaenia basicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Spodotaenia. It was described by Fairmaire in 1884.

text:
# Spodotaenia basicornis

***Spodotaenia basicornis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus ***Spodotaenia***. It was described by Fairmaire in 1884.

## InfoBox

| *Spodotaenia basicornis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Spodotaenia*** |
| Species: | ***S. basicornis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Spodotaenia basicornis***<br>Fairmaire, 1884 | |
|


title: Spoegrivier

abstract: Spoegrivier is a town in Namakwa District Municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Town some 13 km west-north-west of Karkams and 46 km east of Hondeklipbaai. It takes its name from the non-perennial stream which rises north of it and extends south and then west to enter the Atlantic Ocean 20 km south-east of Hondeklipbaai. Afrikaans for ‘spit river’, the name is probably translated from Khoekhoen Kanoep, referring to a disease affecting cattle.

text:
# Spoegrivier

**Spoegrivier** is a town in Namakwa District Municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

Town some 13 km west-north-west of Karkams and 46 km east of Hondeklipbaai. It takes its name from the non-perennial stream which rises north of it and extends south and then west to enter the Atlantic Ocean 20 km south-east of Hondeklipbaai. Afrikaans for ‘spit river’, the name is probably translated from Khoekhoen Kanoep, referring to a disease affecting cattle.

## InfoBox

| Spoegrivier | |
| --- | --- |
| SpoegrivierSpoegrivier | |
| Coordinates: 30°20′28″S 17°45′36″E / 30.341°S 17.760°E / -30.341; 17.760 | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Province | Northern Cape |
| District | Namakwa |
| Municipality | Kamiesberg |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.34 km2 (0.13 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 513 |
| Density | 1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi) |
| Racial makeup (2011) | |
| Black African | 4.3% |
| Coloured | 94.7% |
| Indian/Asian | 1.0% |
| First languages (2011) | |
| Afrikaans | 97.5% |
| Sign language | 1.8% |
| Other | 0.8% |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (SAST) |


title: Richmond Basin

abstract: The Richmond Basin was one of the Eastern North America Rift Basins. It lies over Swift Creek Reservoir from Interstate 64 to the Appomattox River.

text:
# Richmond Basin

The **Richmond Basin** was one of the Eastern North America Rift Basins. It lies over Swift Creek Reservoir from Interstate 64 to the Appomattox River.

## Extent

The Richmond Basin is a rift basin, making a north to south double pointed oval, with the eastern edge over the Swift Creek Reservoir, with the northern point at interstate 64, spanning the James River, with the southern point at the Appomattox River.

## Richmond Basin geology

The Richmond Basin is 205 to 245 million years old. Pangea divided and many small rifts split opened in the earth in addition to the large one that became the Atlantic Ocean. When Richmond rift opened and filled with swamps from water in the Pamunkey River, sediment filled in over the swamps and the sedimentary pressure converted organic plant material into coal. This weight is less pressure than coal deposits produced when the continents were pushing together and raising up mountains. Semi-anthracite and anthracite are often formed by such tectonic squeezing when continents push together. The Richmond Basin has Bituminous coal, formed by the sedimentary weight only.

The coal deposits were on a thin shale and sandstone layer over the granite bedrock. Oolite or small round grains of calcium carbonate was over the coal. Some coke with and without sulphur was with the coal.

To the northwest of the basin is the *Goochland Terrane*, and between them is the Boscobel complex.

## Richmond Basin mining

The Richmond Basin is located near Midlothian, Virginia, in Chesterfield County, Virginia. It was mined in the early 18th century. Coal was carried on the Chesterfield Railroad in gravity and mule-pulled carts to Manchester, Richmond, Virginia and Richmond, Virginia. Wood burning trains, such as the Clover Hill Railroad then the Brighthope Railway transported the coal found at Clover Hill in later years. The coal from Midlothian, Virginia was mainly used in Richmond, Virginia and Petersburg, Virginia. The Clover Hill Pits in Winterpock, Virginia were sold as far away as New York City from the 1840s to the 1890s. The supply was not as great and as cheap to mine as the Pocahontas coalfield, however and mining the Richmond Basin was ended around 1890. Richmond and Petersburg grew economically because of manufacturing supported by the James River and Appomattox River waterpower, more than from coal brought out of Midlothian and Clover Hill."


title: Robert Hollond

abstract: Robert Hollond (1808–1877) was an English balloonist, lawyer, and politician. He funded and then took part in establishing a distance ballooning record with Thomas Monck Mason and Charles Green. He later served as a Whig politician representing the constituency of Hastings.

text:
# Robert Hollond

**Robert Hollond** (1808–1877) was an English balloonist, lawyer, and politician. He funded and then took part in establishing a distance ballooning record with Thomas Monck Mason and Charles Green. He later served as a Whig politician representing the constituency of Hastings.

## Biography

Hollond was born in 1808 to William Hollond who was a wealthy civil servant in Bengal. Hollond studied law at Corpus Christi College in Cambridge and despite his enthusiasm for ballooning he had become a lawyer by 1834. Hollond channelled his ballooning interest into funding a record balloon attempt in 1836 by the experienced aeronaut, Charles Green. Charles Green, a professional balloonist and aeronaut planned the record attempt which set out from Vauxhall Gardens in London on 7 November 1836 at 1:30 p.m. Hollond, Green and Thomas Monck Mason travelled 500 miles in eighteen hours.

In 1836, Thomas Monck Mason wrote an *Account of the Late æronautical Expedition from London to Weilburg* which detailed the journey. This book was dedicated to Hollond.

The commemorative painting (*illustration, left*) that shows a consultation before the journey is by John Hollins who later became an Associate of the Royal Academy. The painting portrays, from left to right, Walter Prideaux a lawyer friend, John Hollins who painted the portraits, William Milbourne James (later Vice-Chancellor and Lord Justice of Appeal), Charles Green the balloonist, Thomas Monck Mason, the other passenger, and Hollond at the centre.

Besides the painting and the book, the humorous poet Thomas Hood also wrote a comic poem to celebrate the epic journey to Nassau. The *Ode to Messrs Green, Hollond and Monck on their late Balloon Adventure*, includes the following lines

Two legged high fliers
What upper stories you must have to tell
And nobody can contradict you well
Or call you liars

In 1837, Hollond served as a Whig politician representing the constituency of Hastings. According to official parliamentary records, Hollond served from 1837 until 1852, but he did not speak for nearly his first ten years in the House of Commons. Hollond bought Stanmore Hall in Middlesex in 1847. This house had previously belonged to his father-in-law, Thomas Teed, but had been resited in order that the views could be improved.

In 1840 Hollond married Ellen Julia Teed, an author and philanthropist. Ellen Hollond gave a François Boucher painting called "Pan and Syrinx" to the National Gallery. The liberals of the time attended her salon in Paris. Her portrait in the National Gallery, London, entitled "Mrs Robert Hollond", is by the French academic painter, Ary Scheffer. Ellen Julia Hollond was said to be the founder of London's first crèche.

## InfoBox

| Robert Hollond | |
| --- | --- |
| from a painting by John Hollins | |
| Born | 5 January 1808
London, England |
| Died | 1877
Paris, France |
| Resting place | Great Stanmore |
| Nationality | English |
| Education | Corpus Christi |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | Balloonist |
| Spouse | Ellen Julia Hollond |
| Parent(s) | William and Harriet Hollond |


title: Robert Berkeley (cricketer)

abstract:
Captain Robert George Wilmot Berkeley, DL, served as High Sheriff of Worcestershire (1933/34), and from 1952 as a Deputy Lieutenant for the county.
He also played first-class cricket for Worcestershire County Cricket Club. Captain Berkeley lived at Spetchley Park in Worcestershire before inheriting Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire from his 13th cousin, the 8th and last Earl of Berkeley, in 1942.

text:
# Robert Berkeley (cricketer)

Captain **Robert George Wilmot Berkeley**, DL (23 April 1898 – 28 August 1969), served as High Sheriff of Worcestershire (1933/34), and from 1952 as a Deputy Lieutenant for the county. He also played first-class cricket for Worcestershire County Cricket Club.

Captain Berkeley lived at Spetchley Park in Worcestershire before inheriting Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire from his 13th cousin, the 8th and last Earl of Berkeley, in 1942.

## Life

Educated at Downside and the Oratory School, Berkeley served with the Westminster Dragoons in Palestine and on the Western Front during the First World War; he also served in the Second World War, being promoted Captain while serving with the Royal Artillery. Appointed Deputy Master of the Berkeley Hunt in 1923, he served as its Joint Master from 1928 until his death.

## Cricket

Berkeley played four first-class matches for Worcestershire soon after the First World War, his last, against Northamptonshire in 1922, being in the County Championship.

A member of MCC, Berkeley also scored 138 in a minor game for Gentlemen of Worcestershire against Gentlemen of Suffolk in 1933.

## Family

The only son of Major Robert Berkeley (1853–1940), of Spetchley Park, descended from Sir Rowland Berkeley, he was in remainder to the Berkeley barony.

In 1927 he married the Hon. Myrtle Dormer (1907–1982), second daughter of the Charles, 14th Baron Dormer, CBE. Captain and the Hon. Mrs Berkeley had two daughters (including Rosalind, a nun) and one son:

Capain Berkeley died in 1969 at a Bristol nursing home.

## InfoBox

Robert Berkeley
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robert George Wilmot Berkeley |
| Born | (1898-04-23)23 April 1898
Warley Place, Essex, England |
| Died | 28 August 1969(1969-08-28) (aged 71)
Bristol, Gloucestershire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC  Matches 4  Runs scored 37  Batting average 5.28  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 16  Balls bowled 0  Wickets 0  Bowling average -  5 wickets in innings 0  10 wickets in match 0  Best bowling -  Catches/stumpings 0/0 | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 2 May 2009 | |


title: El Dorado Furniture

abstract: El Dorado Furniture is a chain of furniture stores based in South Florida. The company was founded by Manuel Capó in 1967 and is currently owned and operated by the Capó family. There are currently 15 El Dorado Furniture showrooms and 3 outlets throughout South Florida. In 2005, El Dorado Furniture was ranked 49th in Furniture Today's list of the top 100 furniture stores in the U.S. In 2006, it was ranked 46th. The company opened the largest showroom in the state of Florida in 2004. In 1994, El Dorado Furniture opened its first Boulevard showroom, a design concept which would eventually be implemented into all of its stores. The Boulevard is a facade of a main street surrounded by "shops" that serve as dedicated showrooms for different categories of furniture.

text:
# El Dorado Furniture

**El Dorado Furniture** is a chain of furniture stores based in South Florida. The company was founded by Manuel Capó in 1967 and is currently owned and operated by the Capó family. There are currently 15 El Dorado Furniture showrooms and 3 outlets throughout South Florida.

In 2005, El Dorado Furniture was ranked 49th in Furniture Today's list of the top 100 furniture stores in the U.S. In 2006, it was ranked 46th. The company opened the largest showroom in the state of Florida in 2004.

In 1994, El Dorado Furniture opened its first Boulevard showroom, a design concept which would eventually be implemented into all of its stores. The Boulevard is a facade of a main street surrounded by "shops" that serve as dedicated showrooms for different categories of furniture.


title: Rolf Luber

abstract: Rolf Luber is a retired East German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1960s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold and two silvers.

text:
# Rolf Luber

**Rolf Luber** is a retired East German slalom canoeist who competed in the 1960s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold (Folding K-1 team: 1963) and two silvers (Folding K-1: 1963, K-1 team: 1965).

## InfoBox

Rolf Luber
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's slalom canoeing | | |
| Representing  East Germany | | |
| World Championships | | |
|  | 1963 Spittal | Folding K-1 team |
|  | 1963 Spittal | Folding K-1 |
|  | 1965 Spittal | K-1 team |


title: The Stack

abstract: The Stack is a colloquialism used to describe the symmetrical, four-level stack interchange in Phoenix, Arizona that facilitates movements between Interstate 17/U.S. Route 60 and Interstate 10.

text:
# The Stack

**The Stack** is a colloquialism used to describe the symmetrical, four-level stack interchange in Phoenix, Arizona that facilitates movements between Interstate 17/U.S. Route 60 and Interstate 10.

## Description

In 2006, the Stack interchange saw an average of 235,000 cars pass through it daily on Interstate 10 eastbound and westbound; and an average of 120,000 cars on northbound and southbound Interstate 17. The interchange constitutes exit 200A on Interstate 17 and exits 143A and 143B on Interstate 10. Access is provided in all directions and there are no direct HOV lane connections. Interstate 17 has two frontage roads running both southbound and northbound through the interchange known as Black Canyon Highway.

US 60 runs concurrently with I-17 throughout this interchange.

## History

The stack was the Phoenix Metropolitan Area and Arizona's first four-level stack interchange upon its completion in 1990 and one of the last portions of I-10 in Arizona to be completed.

## Congestion

In a 2007 study by *Forbes*, the Stack ranked number twelve in the United States in terms of delays with 16 million hours of delays each year. This is much better than the Mini Stack, which logged 22 million hours of delays, the fourth-worst in the nation.

## InfoBox

| The Stack | |
| --- | --- |
| "The Stack", intersection of Interstate 10 and I-17. Looking north up I-17, downtown Phoenix. | |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Phoenix, Arizona | |
| Coordinates | 33°27′43″N 112°06′29″W / 33.462°N 112.108°W / 33.462; -112.108 |
| Roads at
junction | I-10 (Papago Freeway)
I-17 / US 60 (Black Canyon Freeway) |
| Construction | |
| Type | Stack interchange |
| Opened | 1990 (1990) |
| Maintained by | ADOT |


title: Checkmate (Conan Gray song)

abstract: "Checkmate" is a song by American singer Conan Gray, released as a single on June 26, 2019, through Republic Records. It was written by Gray and produced by Dan Nigro.

text:
# Checkmate (Conan Gray song)

"**Checkmate**" is a song by American singer Conan Gray, released as a single on June 26, 2019, through Republic Records. It was written by Gray and produced by Dan Nigro.

## Background and release

After breaking out with his debut extended play (EP) in November 2018, and releasing the single "The King" in March 2019, Gray would usher in a new period of his music career with the release of "Checkmate". He recalled having "ugly cried out" the song in under five minutes while alone in his bedroom. Gray mentioned this songwriting process in a tweet and stating "Dedicated to the asshole who was always playing games with my lil heart \>:( \[*sic*\]".

On June 23, only a few days before releasing the track, Gray teased "Checkmate" through a tweet that featured the song's title and a short snippet of the chorus. "Checkmate" was officially released on June 26, as the lead single to his debut studio album *Kid Krow*, which was released the following March.

## Composition and lyrics

Produced by Dan Nigro, the track features "percussive flares". The song beings slightly muffled and accompanied by guitar, as well as a crescendoing percussion. This muffled sound abruptly stops ahead of a transition to the first verse.

Written by Gray, the song was inspired by a person he was romantically interested in but was having his emotions played around with by. As such, Gray called "Checkmate" a signal of him being done with the "games" they were playing. He stated he wrote the song in the stage of grief highlighted by rage and in a moment of him feeling "pure seething anger". The song's chorus leans into the metaphor of romantically "playing games", alluding to a checkmate: "Cause I've gotten tired of the games that you play/ When you tell me you love me then you throw me away/ So cry me a river 'til you drown in a lake/ 'Cause you may think you're winning but checkmate".

## Reception

Kirsten Spruch of *Billboard* called the song's chorus "explosive" and its melody twists and "surprising". In analyzing Gray's long-term viability as a pop singer, *Billboard*'s Jason Lipshutz stated "Checkmate" has the "type of harmonic flourishes and emotional vulnerability that can be traced back to those two pop savants", referencing Taylor Swift and Lorde. Maxamillion Polo of *Ones to Watch* wrote that the track is "nothing short of euphoric, surging forward with an undeniable frenzied energy", as well as "a moment of pop-punk-tinged ecstasy".

## Music video

A hand-drawn lyric video accompanied the single's release on June 26. Later, on July 25, a music video for "Checkmate" was released on YouTube. It has accumulated over 10 million views, as of December 2023. The music video's setting evokes imagery relating to late 1990s and early 2000s nostalgia. It follows Gray continuing with vengeful themes, with him stating that he "tried to get as much of \[his\] cathartic revenge out" in the music video.

## InfoBox

| "Checkmate" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Conan Gray | |
| from the album  *Kid Krow* | |
| Released | June 26, 2019 (2019-06-26) |
| Genre | Indie pop |
| Length | 2:28 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | * Conan Gray |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Conan Gray singles chronology | |
| "The King"
(2019) "**Checkmate**"
(2019) "Comfort Crowd"
(2019) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Checkmate" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Slender-necked sea snake

abstract: The slender-necked sea snake, also known commonly as Cogger's sea snake, is a species of marine venomous snake in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. The species is native to waters around western Australia and the southern Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Slender-necked sea snake

The **slender-necked sea snake** (***Hydrophis coggeri***), also known commonly as **Cogger's sea snake**, is a species of marine venomous snake in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. The species is native to waters around western Australia and the southern Pacific Ocean.

## Etymology

The specific name, *coggeri*, is in honor of Australian herpetologist Harold Cogger.

## Geographic range

*H. coggeri* is found in marine waters around Fiji, the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, and western Australia. The type locality is in Fiji.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of *H. coggeri* are coral reefs and seagrass beds, to a depth of 45 m (148 ft).

## Diet

*H. coggeri* preys upon eels.

## Reproduction

*H. coggeri* is viviparous. A gravid female was found to contain three embryos.

## Further reading

* Cogger HG (2014). *Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition*. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
* Wilson S, Swan G (2013). *A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition*. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. ISBN 978-1921517280.
* Kharin V (1984). "\[A review of sea snakes of the group *Hydrophis sensu lato* (Serpentes, Hydrophiidae). 3. The genus *Leioselasma*\]". *Zoologicheskii Zhurnal* **63** (10): 1535–1546. (*Leioselasma coggeri*, new species, p. 1538). (in Russian).
* Rasmussen AR, Sanders KL, Guinea ML, Amey AP (2014). "Sea snakes in Australian waters (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae)—a review with an updated identification key". *Zootaxa* **3869** (4): 351–371.

## InfoBox

| slender-necked sea snake | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Genus: | *Hydrophis* |
| Species: | ***H. coggeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Hydrophis coggeri***
(Kharin, 1984) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Leioselasma coggeri*
Kharin, 1984 * *Hydrophis coggeri*
Bauer & Vindum, 1990 | |


title: Slender-spined porcupine fish

abstract: The slender-spined porcupine fish or globefish is a porcupinefish of the family Diodontidae, found in the waters of southern Australia, as far north as Port Jackson to Geraldton, Western Australia. It is most common in Port Phillip Bay and the coastal waters of Tasmania in shallow coastal waters and under manmade jetties. It is known to occur at a depth range of 1 to 70 m. Diodon nicthemerus is similar in appearance and size to the three-bar porcupinefish, with both species reaching around 40 cm in total length, although patterning and morphology can differentiate the two. It is nocturnal, occasionally forms small groups, and feeds on benthic zone invertebrates. It possesses slender yellow spines used for defence against predators and has the ability to inflate its body so its sharp spines protrude when alarmed.

text:
# Slender-spined porcupine fish

The **slender-spined porcupine fish** or **globefish** (***Diodon nicthemerus***) is a porcupinefish of the family Diodontidae, found in the waters of southern Australia, as far north as Port Jackson to Geraldton, Western Australia. It is most common in Port Phillip Bay and the coastal waters of Tasmania in shallow coastal waters and under manmade jetties. It is known to occur at a depth range of 1 to 70 m (3 to 230 ft).

*Diodon nicthemerus* is similar in appearance and size to the three-bar porcupinefish (*Dicotylichthys punctulatus*), with both species reaching around 40 cm (15.7 inches) in total length, although patterning and morphology can differentiate the two. It is nocturnal, occasionally forms small groups, and feeds on benthic zone invertebrates. It possesses slender yellow spines used for defence against predators and has the ability to inflate its body so its sharp spines protrude when alarmed.

1. "Diodon nicthemerus". *fishesofaustralia.net.au*. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
2. *Melbourne's Wildlife* (Museum Victoria, 2006), 324.
3. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2022). "*Diodon nicthemerus*". *FishBase*.

## InfoBox

| Slender-spined porcupine fish | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Tetraodontiformes |
| Family: | Diodontidae |
| Genus: | *Diodon* |
| Species: | ***D. nicthemerus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Diodon nicthemerus***<br>G. Cuvier, 1818 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Atopomycterus nichthemerus* (Cuvier, 1818) * *Diodon nycthemerus* Cuvier, 1818 | |


title: Skylark (song)

abstract: "Skylark" is an American popular song with lyrics by Johnny Mercer and music by Hoagy Carmichael, published in 1941.

text:
# Skylark (song)

"**Skylark**" is an American popular song with lyrics by Johnny Mercer and music by Hoagy Carmichael, published in 1941.

## Background

Carmichael wrote the melody, based on a Bix Beiderbecke cornet improvisation, as "Bix Licks", for a project to turn the novel *Young Man With a Horn* into a Broadway musical. After that project failed, Carmichael brought in Johnny Mercer to write lyrics for the song. Mercer said that he struggled for a year after he got the music from Carmichael before he could get the lyrics right. Mercer recalled that Carmichael initially called him several times about the lyrics but had forgotten about the song by the time Mercer finally wrote them. The yearning expressed in the lyrics was based on Mercer's longing for Judy Garland, with whom he had an affair.

Several artists recorded charting versions of the song in 1942, including the Glenn Miller Orchestra (vocal by Ray Eberle), Harry James and His Orchestra (vocal by Helen Forrest), Dinah Shore, and Bing Crosby. The Glenn Miller recording on RCA Bluebird peaked at no. 7 on the *Billboard* pop singles chart.

This song is considered a jazz standard. Additionally, it is believed to have inspired a long-running Buick car of the same name that was produced from 1953 to 1998.

## Cover versions

| Year | Performer(s) |
| --- | --- |
| 2002 | Beegie Adair*Centennial Composers Collection* |
| 1961 | Tony Bennett*Tony Sings for Two* |
| 1962 | Art Blakey with Freddie Hubbard*Caravan* |
| 1956 | Hoagy Carmichael with Art Pepper*Hoagy Sings Carmichael* |
| 2019 | Kate Ceberano and Paul Grabowsky*Tryst* |
| 2001 | Bill Charlap*Stardust* |
| 2016 | Kristin Chenoweth*The Art of Elegance* |
| 1987 | Rosemary Clooney*Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Johnny Mercer* |
| 1966 | Sonny Criss "Skylark" This is Criss Prestige Records (21Oct1966) |
| 1942 | Bing Crosby with John Scott Trotter and His Orchestra. This also charted in 1942 reaching a peak position of No.14. |
| 1961 | Bobby Darin*Love Swings* |
| 1974 | Paul Desmond*Skylark* |
| 2016 | Bob Dylan*Fallen Angels* |
| 1964 | Ella Fitzgerald*Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book* |
| 1960 | The Fleetwoods |
| 1963 | Aretha Franklin*Laughing on the Outside* |
| 1949 | Erroll Garner |
| 1977 | Dexter Gordon*Biting the Apple* |
| 2021 | Taylor Eigsti with Casey Abrams \- *Tree Falls* |
| 2003 | Steve Hass*Traveler* |
| 1942 | Earl Hines with Billy Eckstine |
| 2015 | Stevie Holland*Life Goes On* |
| 2009 | Mark Isham and Kate Ceberano*Bittersweet* |
| 1941 | Harry James with Helen Forrest. This reached No. 11 on the *Billboard* charts in 1942. |
| 1997 | k.d. lang*Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil* Soundtrack |
| 2003 | Abbey Lincoln*It's Me* |
| 2011 | Chuck Loeb, featuring Lizzy Loeb, vocals – Plain 'n' Simple |
| 1981 | Susannah McCorkle*The Songs of Johnny Mercer* |
| 1958 | Carmen McRae*Birds of a Feather* |
| 1973 | Bette Midler*Bette Midler* |
| 1942 | Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with vocals by Ray Eberle in 1942, rising to No. 7 on the charts. |
| 1962 | Matt Monro*Sings Hoagy Carmichael* |
| 2004 | Marion Montgomery*Skylark* |
| 1961 | David "Fathead" Newman*Straight Ahead* |
| 1941 | Anita O'Day with the Gene Krupa Orchestra recorded the song on November 25, 1941. |
| 2010 | Gregory Porter*Water* |
| 2010 | Sue Raney \- *Listen Here* |
| 1996 | María Rivas*Muaré* |
| 1984 | Linda Ronstadt with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra – *Lush Life*. Ronstadt's version was nominated for a Grammy Award. |
| 1977 | Jimmy Rowles and Stan Getz*The Peacocks* |
| 1942 | Dinah Shore recorded February 10, 1942 for Bluebird This reached the No. 5 spot in the *Billboard* charts. |
| 1941 | Ginny Simms with the Edgar Fairchild Orchestra (18 December 1941). |
| 1950 | Mel Tormé with Pete Rugolo and His Orchestra |
| 1995 | Cassandra Wilson*New Moon Daughter* |
| 2022 | Chano Domínguez and Antonio Lizana*Estándares* (with Spanish lyrics adapted by the singer Antonio Lizana) |
| 2008 | Rachael Price \- The Good Hours |

## InfoBox

| "Skylark" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single | |
| Released | 1942 |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Songwriter(s) | Johnny Mercer, Hoagy Carmichael |


title: Cheruvadi

abstract: Cheruvadi is a village in the Kozhikode district of Kerala. It is located 24 kilometres east of Kozhikode.

text:
# Cheruvadi

**Cheruvadi** is a village in the Kozhikode district of Kerala. It is located 24 kilometres east of Kozhikode.

## Climate

Cheruvadi has a humid and hot climate extending from March to May. The rain starts from June, lasting up to October. The North East Monsoon extends from the second half of October through November. The average annual rainfall is 3313 mm. The best weather is at the end of the year, in December and January, when the sky is clear and the air is crispy. The highest temperature recorded was 37.4 °C in March 2017. The lowest was 14 °C recorded on 26 December 1922.

## Nearby places

## Transport

Cheruvadi is well connected Road network and Bus route with near by towns Mukkam, Mavoor, Edavannapara Thamarassery, Omassery, Kunnamangalam, Areekode, and Calicut.

There is no direct railway line that connects Cheruvadi with other cities. The nearest railway station is Kozhikode Railway Station which is about 26 kilometres from Cheruvadi. People who wish to visit Cheruvadi can reach Calicut by train and then proceed by road through Mavoor and Medical College.

Calicut International Airport, situated to the 27 km southwest of Cheruvadi, is the primary airport serving the northern Kerala. People from this region mainly depend on this international airport for their domestic as well as international travel. Calicut airport ranks as the 12th busiest airport in India in terms of overall passenger traffic. People from Cheruvadi region could reach this airport via Cheruvadi -Pazamparamba-Edavannappara route and it takes less than 40 minutes.

## InfoBox

| Cheruvadi Chullikaparamb | |
| --- | --- |
| Village , | |
| Cheruvadi | |
| Coordinates: 11°17′N 76°0′E / 11.283°N 76.000°E / 11.283; 76.000 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kozhikode |
| Languages | |
| Official | Malayalam |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 673661 |
| Telephone code | 0495 |
| Vehicle registration | KL-57 |
| Climate | tropical monsoon climate |
| Temperature summer avg. | 35 °C (95 °F) |
| Temperature winter avg. | 20 °C (68 °F) |
| Parliamentary constituency | Wayanad |
| Assembly constituency | Thiruvambadi |
| Literacy | 95% |


title: Chelidonura amoena

abstract: Chelidonura amoena is a species of sea slug, or "headshield slug", a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae.

text:
# Chelidonura amoena

***Chelidonura amoena*** is a species of sea slug, or "headshield slug", a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae.

## Distribution

*Chelidonura amoena* is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the central area of Indo-Pacific region.

## InfoBox

| *Chelidonura amoena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Chelidonura amoena* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Order: | Cephalaspidea |
| Family: | Aglajidae |
| Genus: | *Chelidonura* |
| Species: | ***C. amoena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chelidonura amoena***<br>Bergh, 1905 | |
|


title: Smaragdia rangiana

abstract: Smaragdia rangiana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae.

text:
# Smaragdia rangiana

***Smaragdia rangiana*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Smaragdia rangiana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
| Order: | Cycloneritida |
| Family: | Neritidae |
| Genus: | *Smaragdia* |
| Species: | ***S. rangiana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Smaragdia rangiana***<br>(Recluz) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Neritina rangiana* Récluz, 1841 | |


title: Smaragdia viridis

abstract: Smaragdia viridis. common name the "emerald nerite" is a species of small, green sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

text:
# Smaragdia viridis

***Smaragdia viridis***. common name the "emerald nerite" is a species of small, green sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

## Distribution

The distribution of *Smaragdia viridis* is disjunct, consisting of the Mediterranean Sea and the Caribbean Sea.

## Description

The shell is oval, depressed, light green with a yellowish hue, smooth and shiny. The shell often has interrupted fine bands or lines in white and/or purple. The columellar region of the shell is greenish white, broad, convex, margin curved and with fine teeth. The maximum length of the shell is 7.5 mm. The maximum recorded shell length is 8 mm.

The visible soft parts of the animal are the same shade of green as the shell.

## Ecology

*Smaragdia viridis* is a marine littoral species. Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 20 m. It is documented to feed directly on seagrasses, rather than on their algae epiphytes, as is the case with many other seagrass-associated snails. The species it feeds on are different in the two different areas of its distribution. In the Mediterranean the species has been recorded feeding on *Posidonia oceanica*, *Zostera marina* and *Cymodocea nodosa* whereas in the Caribbean it consumes *Thalassia testudinum*, *Halodule wrightii* and *Syringodium filiforme*.

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference

* Savigny, J-.C., 1817 Description de l'Egypte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Egypte pendant l'expédition de l'Armée française, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté l'Empereur Napoléon le Grand. Histoire Naturelle, p. 339 pp
* Russell H. D. 1940. Some new Neritidae from the West Indies. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey”, 14(4): 257–262, pl. 46.
* Bouchet, P. & Danrigal, F., 1982. - Napoleon's Egyptian campaign (1798-1801) and the Savigny collection of shells. The Nautilus 96(1): 9-24
* Holzer, K. K.; Rueda, J. L.; McGlathery, K. J. (2011). Differences in the feeding ecology of two seagrass-associated snails. Estuaries and Coasts, 10 pp
* Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda.
* Rosenberg, G.; Moretzsohn, F.; García, E. F. (2009). Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas
* Fischer-Piette, E. & Vukadinovic, D. (1973). Sur les Mollusques Fluviatiles de Madagascar. Malacologia. 12: 339–378.

## InfoBox

| *Smaragdia viridis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Five views of a shell of *Smaragdia viridis* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
| Order: | Cycloneritida |
| Family: | Neritidae |
| Genus: | *Smaragdia* |
| Species: | ***S. viridis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Smaragdia viridis***<br>(Linnaeus, 1758) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Nerita matonia* Risso, 1826 · unaccepted (synonym) * *Nerita pallidula* Risso, 1826 * *Nerita viridis* Linnaeus, 1758 * *Neritina (Smaragdia) viridis* (Linnaeus, 1758) d (unaccepted combination) * *Neritina feuilleti* Audouin, 1826 (dubious synonym) * *Neritina viridis* (Linnaeus, 1758) (unaccepted combination) * *Smaragdia feuilletii* (Audouin, 1826) * *Smaragdia viridemaris* Mauri, 1917 (dubious synonym) * *Smaragdia viridis viridemaris* Maury, 1917 * *Smaragdia viridis weyssei* Russell, 1940 | |


title: Cheltenham Park Racecourse

abstract: Cheltenham Park Racecourse was a horse racing track located in the suburb of Cheltenham in Adelaide, South Australia, between around 1921 and 2009.

text:
# Cheltenham Park Racecourse

**Cheltenham Park Racecourse** was a horse racing track located in the suburb of Cheltenham in Adelaide, South Australia, between around 1921 and 2009.

## History

The Port Adelaide Racing Club began thoroughbred racing at the course and in 1921 the club bought the site on which the course stands for £25,000. Administration of the course was taken over by the South Australian Jockey Club in 1975. The racecourse was also once served by now-demolished Cheltenham Racecourse railway station on the Outer Harbor railway line.

In November 2007, the SAJC sold the racecourse land for A$85 million for a new housing development. It was proposed that the proceeds of the sale be used to help fund the Victoria Park Racecourse redevelopment. However, following the decision to abandon racing at Victoria Park, it was decided to use the money for further development at the Morphettville Racecourse.

On Saturday 21 February 2009 the last race meeting was held at the course before its official closure following the sale, and the area was redeveloped as part of the new suburb of St Clair.

## Location and description

Cheltenham Park Racecourse was situated north-west of the centre of the city and approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) from Port Adelaide. The track was 2,052 m (6,732 ft) in circumference, with a 325 m (1,066 ft) straight.

## Races

The champion horse Tulloch became the first Australian horse to pass the £100,000 stakes mark when he won the S.J.Pullman Stakes at the track in April 1961.

The Queen's Cup, a race held in different locations around the country since 1927 (originally the King's Cup), was held at Cheltenham for the first time in 1990 (incorrectly described as "a new race in Adelaide called the Queen's Cup" by *The Canberra Times*), and was subsequently held there in some years before its closure.

34°52′13″S 138°31′58″E / 34.87028°S 138.53278°E / -34.87028; 138.53278


title: Chemico-Biological Interactions

abstract: Chemico-Biological Interactions is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering toxicological aspects of interactions between chemicals and biological systems.

text:
# Chemico-Biological Interactions

***Chemico-Biological Interactions*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering toxicological aspects of interactions between chemicals and biological systems.

## InfoBox

*Chemico-Biological Interactions*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Toxicology |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Daniel R. Dietrich |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1969-present |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Impact factor | 5.192 (2020) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Chem.-Biol. Interact.* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 0009-2797 (print)
1872-7786 (web)
 |
| Links | |
|  | |


title: Chemicals React

abstract: "Chemicals React" is a song written and recorded by American pop rock duo Aly & AJ, for the deluxe edition reissue of their debut album Into the Rush (2005). The Michalka sisters co-wrote the song with Antonina Armato and Tim James of production duo Rock Mafia, who also produced the track. It was the second mainstream single from Into the Rush and seventh overall single, released to radio by Hollywood Records on June 27, 2006. "Chemicals React" served as the group's debut international release. A re-recorded version of the song was released on July 22, 2022.

text:
# Chemicals React

"**Chemicals React**" is a song written and recorded by American pop rock duo Aly & AJ, for the deluxe edition reissue of their debut album *Into the Rush* (2005). The Michalka sisters co-wrote the song with Antonina Armato and Tim James of production duo Rock Mafia, who also produced the track. It was the second mainstream single from *Into the Rush* and seventh overall single, released to radio by Hollywood Records on June 27, 2006. "Chemicals React" served as the group's debut international release. A re-recorded version of the song was released on July 22, 2022.

## Release and promotion

The song was recorded in 2006 for the reissue of the duo's debut album, *Into the Rush*, which was released in August 2006. "Chemicals React" was released June 15, 2006 as the fourth overall single from the album and first from the Deluxe Edition. Hollywood Records serviced the song to contemporary hit radio in the United States on June 27, 2006. It follows "Rush" as the album's second mainstream single. An extended play containing five tracks and three music videos was released in the United States on in September 2006. The song was released digitally in Europe in May 2007, their first international release.

Aly & AJ recorded a version in Simlish for *The Sims 2: Pets*, an expansion pack to the popular *The Sims* game franchise. The Simlish version was released for digital download in the iTunes store on October 31, 2006. A remix of the song was later included on their third studio album *Insomniatic* (2007).

Following the re-recording of "Like Whoa (A&A Version)" in May 2022, the duo released a re-recording of "Chemicals React" on July 22, 2022, also subtitled "A&A Version".

## Commercial performance

"Chemicals React" failed to chart on its first release in June 2006, but after its re-release in September 2006, the song entered the *Billboard* Hot 100 at number 70. It reached a peak position of 50 on the chart dated October 10, 2006. "Chemicals React" also charted at number 36 on the magazine's Pop 100 chart, which combines mainstream radio airplay and sales, but failed to enter the Mainstream Top 40 component chart. As of June 2007, the song had sold 175,000 downloads in the United States.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Chris Applebaum and features Aly & AJ lip synching the song live. It premiered June 29, 2006 on MTV. As of May 2017, the video on Hollywood Records's YouTube account has accumulated over 12,000,000 views. The video for "Chemicals React" is included on the duo's video album, *Fav Five - Let Me Repeat That* (2007).

A video was also produced for the Simlish version of the song, set in the *Sims* world and featuring the sisters as *Sims* characters alongside virtual replicas of their dogs, Saint and Bandit. This video is included on the *Chemicals React* EP and on the Deluxe Edition of *Into the Rush*.

## Track listings and formats

Digital download/Promo CD
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chemicals React" |  | 2:55 |

Chemicals React (Simlish Version)
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chemicals React (Simlish Version)" | * Aly Michalka * AJ Michalka * Armato * James | 2:54 |

Digital EP
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Chemicals React" | * Aly Michalka * AJ Michalka * Armato * James | 2:58 |
| 2. | "Shine" | * Aly Michalka * AJ Michalka * Armato * James * Nick Scapa | 3:24 |
| 3. | "Never Far Behind" | * Jeremy Bose * Paul Robert Evens * Matt Bronleewe | 3:20 |
| 4. | "Something More" (new version) | * Aly Michalka * AJ Michalka * Carrie Michalka | 3:36 |
| 5. | "Collapsed" (new version) | Aly Michalka | 2:54 |
| Total length: | | | 18:12 |

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US *Billboard* Hot 100 | 50 |
| US *Billboard* Pop 100 | 36 |

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Version | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | June 15, 2006 | Digital download | Original | Hollywood |  |
| | July 27, 2006 | | | Contemporary hit radio |  |
| | September 19, 2006 | | | Digital extended play |  |
| | October 31, 2006 | Digital download | | Simlish |  |
| France | | May 13, 2007 | Original | EMI |  |
| | | | Germany |  |
| | | | United Kingdom |  |
| Russia | | July 11, 2007 | Contemporary hit radio | Gala |  |
| Various | July 22, 2022 | * Digital download * Streaming | A&A Version | Aly & AJ |  |

## InfoBox

| "Chemicals React" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Aly & AJ | |
| from the album  *Into the Rush (Deluxe Edition)* | |
| Released | June 27, 2006 (2006-06-27) |
| Recorded | 2006 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 2:55 |
| Label | Hollywood |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) | Rock Mafia |
| Aly & AJ singles chronology | |
| "On the Ride"
(2006) "**Chemicals React**"
(2006) "Greatest Time of Year"
(2006) | |


title: Chemické Listy

abstract: Chemické Listy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering chemistry and published by the Czech Chemical Society as the journal of the Association of Czech Chemical Societies. Languages of publication are Czech and Slovak; English manuscripts can only be submitted upon invitation. The journal was established in 1876 by Karel Preis. The journal was initially focused on practical and technical chemistry but, after 1882, scientific contributions began to dominate. In 1922, Jaroslav Heyrovský first published in Chemické Listy the basic principle of polarography: "Electrolysis With a Dropping Mercury Cathode".

text:
# Chemické Listy

***Chemické Listy*** (literally ***Chemical Sheets***) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering chemistry and published by the Czech Chemical Society as the journal of the Association of Czech Chemical Societies. Languages of publication are Czech and Slovak; English manuscripts can only be submitted upon invitation. The journal was established in 1876 by Karel Preis (Prague Polytechnic). The journal was initially focused on practical and technical chemistry but, after 1882, scientific contributions began to dominate. In 1922, Jaroslav Heyrovský (Nobel laureate, 1959) first published in *Chemické Listy* the basic principle of polarography: *"Electrolysis With a Dropping Mercury Cathode"*.

## Editors-in-chief

The following persons are or have been editors-in-chief of the journal:

* 1876–1907 Karel Preis
* 1908–1926 Josef Hanuš
* 1927–1945 Otakar Webr
* 1946–1951 Josef Koštíř
* 1952–1954 Josef Rudinger
* 1955–1957 Blahoslav Sedláček
* 1958 Miloš Kraus
* 1959–1996 Jiří Gut
* 1996–2011 Bohumil Kratochvíl
* 2012–2015 Pavel Chuchvalec
* 2016–2020 Bohumil Kratochvíl
* 2021–present Vlastimil Vyskočil

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 0.6.

## InfoBox

*Chemické Listy*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Discipline | Chemistry, chemistry education |
| Language | Czech, English, Slovak |
| Edited by | Vlastimil Vyskočil |
| Publication details | |
| History | 1876–present |
| Publisher | Czech Chemical Society (Czech Republic) |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Impact factor | 0.6 (2022) |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Chem. Listy* |
| Indexing
 | |
| CODEN | CHLSAC |
| ISSN | 0009-2770 (print)
1213-7103 (web)
 |
| LCCN | 53032710 |
| OCLC no. | 613060406 |
| Links | |
|  | |


abstract: Slovenia competed at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics held in Helsinki, Finland, from 6-14 August 2005. The country was represented by eight athletes, four men and four women.

text:
# Slovenia at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics

**Slovenia** competed at the **2005 World Championships in Athletics** held in Helsinki, Finland, from 6-14 August 2005. The country was represented by eight athletes, four men and four women.

## Results

Key * **Q** = Qualified for the next round
* **q** = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser *or*, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* **NR** = National record
* **PB** = Personal best
* **SB** = Season's best
* **N/A** = Round not applicable for the event

### Men

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heats | | Quarterfinals | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Rank |
| Matic Osovnikar | 100m | 10.40 | 4 | 10.48 | 7 | Did not advance | | |
| Matic Osovnikar | 200m | 20.94 | 5 | Did not advance | | | | |
| Boštjan Buč | 3000m Steeplechase | N/A | | 8:40.81 | 8 | Did not advance | | |

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Jure Rovan | Pole Vault | 5.30 | 11 Group B | Did not advance | |
| Miran Vodovnik | Shot Put | 19.28 | 10 Group A | Did not advance | |

### Women

Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Quarterfinals | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Rank |
| Alenka Bikar | 100m | 11.68 | 5 q | 11.69 | 8 | Did not advance | | |
| Alenka Bikar | 200m | N/A | | 23.77 | 5 q | 23.94 | 8 | Did not advance | |
| Brigita Langerholc | 800m | N/A | | 2:03.06 | 6 | Did not advance | | |
|

Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Teja Melink | Pole Vault | 4.00 | 13 Group B | Did not advance | |
| Snežana Vukmirovič | Triple Jump | 13.88 | 7 Group B | Did not advance | |

## InfoBox

| Slovenia at the<br>2005 World Athletics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | SLO |
| National federation | Athletics Federation of Slovenia |
| Website | www.atletska-zveza.si (in Slovenian) |
| in Helsinki | |
| Competitors | 8 (4 men and 4 women) in 10 events |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Athletics Championships appearances | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Yugoslavia (1983–1991) | |
|


abstract: Slovenia was represented at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics by 12 athletes.

text:
# Slovenia at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics

**Slovenia** was represented at the **2007 World Championships in Athletics** by 12 athletes.

## Competitors

## InfoBox

| Slovenia at the<br>2007 World Championships in Athletics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| WA code | SLO |
| in Osaka | |
| Competitors | 12 |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 1 |
| World Championships in Athletics appearances | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Yugoslavia (1983–1991) | |
|


title: Slovenia at the 2002 Winter Olympics

abstract: Slovenia competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States.

text:
# Slovenia at the 2002 Winter Olympics

**Slovenia** competed at the **2002 Winter Olympics** in Salt Lake City, United States.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Bronze | Damjan Fras
Primož Peterka
Robert Kranjec
Peter Žonta | Ski Jumping | Men's Large Hill (K-120) Team Competition |

## Alpine skiing

Men

| Athlete | Event | Race 1 | Race 2 | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Time | Time | Rank |
| Jernej Koblar | Downhill |  | | 1:42.31 | 33 |
| Gregor Šparovec | |  | | 1:41.88 | 31 |
| Andrej Jerman | |  | | 1:41.85 | 28 |
| Peter Pen | |  | | 1:41.66 | 23 |
| Peter Pen | Super-G |  | | DSQ |  |
| Andrej Jerman | |  | | 1:24.35 | 21 |
| Jernej Koblar | |  | | 1:23.82 | 15 |
| Gregor Šparovec | |  | | 1:23.52 | 13 |
| Mitja Kunc | Giant Slalom | 1:14.95 | 1:13.22 | 2:28.17 | 28 |
| Jure Košir | | 1:14.10 | DNF | DNF |  |
| Uroš Pavlovčič | | 1:14.01 | DNF | DNF |  |
| Jernej Koblar | | 1:13.15 | 1:13.21 | 2:26.36 | 18 |
| Mitja Kunc | Slalom | 51.08 | DNF | DNF |  |
| Rene Mlekuž | | 50.57 | DNF | DNF |  |
| Drago Grubelnik | | 50.51 | DNF | DNF |  |
| Jure Košir | | 49.80 | 53.54 | 1:43.34 | 8 |

**Men's combined**

| Athlete | Downhill | Slalom | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Time 1 | Time 2 | Total time | Rank |
| Mitja Dragšič | DSQ |  |  | DSQ |  |
| Andrej Jerman | 1:42.42 | DNF |  | DNF |  |
| Jernej Koblar | 1:41.70 | 48.42 | 53.35 | 3:23.47 | 9 |
| Gregor Šparovec | 1:40.42 | DNF |  | DNF |  |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Race 1 | Race 2 | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Time | Time | Rank |
| Mojca Suhadolc | Downhill |  | | 1:43.10 | 28 |
| Špela Bračun | |  | | 1:42.48 | 22 |
| Špela Bračun | Super-G |  | | 1:16.35 | 24 |
| Mojca Suhadolc | |  | | 1:15.90 | 21 |
| Alenka Dovžan | Giant Slalom | DNF |  | DNF |  |
| Špela Pretnar | | 1:18.81 | 1:16.75 | 2:35.56 | 20 |
| Tina Maze | | 1:17.16 | 1:16.20 | 2:33.36 | 12 |
| Lea Dabič | Slalom | DNF |  | DNF |  |
| Alenka Dovžan | | 55.73 | 56.92 | 1:52.65 | 17 |
| Špela Pretnar | | 55.16 | 58.93 | 1:54.09 | 20 |
| Nataša Bokal | | 55.02 | 54.92 | 1:49.94 | 9 |

## Biathlon

Men

| Event | Athlete | Misses 1 | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 10 km sprint | Sašo Grajf | 2 | 27:52.6 | 59 |
| | Janez Marič | 2 | 27:28.6 | 44 |
| | Marko Dolenc | 1 | 26:47.0 | 27 |
| | Tomaž Globočnik | 1 | 26:40.0 | 23 |
| 12.5 km
pursuit 2 | Sašo Grajf | 3 | 37:38.9 | 46 |
| | Janez Marič | 5 | 36:51.4 | 38 |
| | Marko Dolenc | 4 | 36:06.1 | 29 |
| | Tomaž Globočnik | 0 | 34:42.6 | 19 |

| Event | Athlete | Time | Misses | Adjusted time 3 | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 20 km | Janez Ožbolt | 57:16.2 | 6 | 1'03:16.2 | 82 |
| | Janez Marič | 51:51.9 | 5 | 56:51.9 | 43 |
| | Tomaž Globočnik | 53:40.6 | 1 | 54:40.6 | 18 |
| | Marko Dolenc | 51:45.8 | 2 | 53:45.8 | 13 |

Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay

| Athletes | Race | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Misses 1 | Time | Rank |
| Sašo Grajf
Tomaž Globočnik
Janez Marič
Marko Dolenc | 4 | 1'28:23.6 | 10 |

Women

| Event | Athlete | Misses 1 | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 7.5 km sprint | Tadeja Brankovič | 5 | 25:14.0 | 63 |
| | Andreja Mali | 1 | 22:45.5 | 27 |
| | Lucija Larisi | 1 | 22:44.7 | 26 |
| | Andreja Grašič | 1 | 21:55.6 | 10 |
| 10 km
pursuit 4 | Andreja Mali | 3 | 34:46.3 | 32 |
| | Lucija Larisi | 4 | 34:40.2 | 29 |
| | Andreja Grašič | 1 | 32:01.9 | 8 |

| Event | Athlete | Time | Misses | Adjusted time 3 | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 15 km | Dijana Grudiček-Ravnikar | 48:50.3 | 7 | 55:50.3 | 57 |
| | Andreja Grašič | 47:06.4 | 8 | 55:06.4 | 56 |
| | Tadeja Brankovič | 49:08.9 | 4 | 53:08.9 | 41 |
| | Lucija Larisi | 49:12.1 | 2 | 51:12.1 | 25 |

Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay

| Athletes | Race | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Misses 1 | Time | Rank |
| Lucija Larisi
Andreja Grašič
Dijana Grudiček-Ravnikar
Tadeja Brankovič | 0 | 1'30:18.0 | 6 |

1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target. 2 Starting delay based on 10 km sprint results. 3 One minute added per missed target. 4 Starting delay based on 7.5 km sprint results.

## Cross-country skiing

Men

**Sprint**

| Athlete | Qualifying round | | Quarter finals | | Semi finals | | Finals | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Final rank |
| Matej Soklič | 2:53.42 | 13 **Q** | 2:57.1 | 3 | did not advance | | | |

**Pursuit**

| Athlete | 10 km C | | 10 km F pursuit1 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Rank | Time | Final rank |
| Matej Soklič | 28:20.7 | 48 **Q** | 28:05.4 | 55 |

1 Starting delay based on 10 km C. results. C = Classical style, F = Freestyle  Women

**Sprint**

| Athlete | Qualifying round | | Quarter finals | | Semi finals | | Finals | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Final rank |
| Teja Gregorin | 3:25.64 | 34 | did not advance | | | | | |
| Nataša Lačen | 3:24.90 | 32 | did not advance | | | | | |
| Andreja Mali | 3:15.75 | 7 **Q** | 3:14.8 | 1 **Q** | 3:19.8 | 4 **QB** | 3:25.9 | 7 |

**Pursuit**

| Athlete | 5 km C | | 5 km F pursuit2 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Rank | Time | Final rank |
| Teja Gregorin | 14:20.7 | 42 **Q** | 14:05.4 | 41 |
| Nataša Lačen | 14:14.7 | 36 **Q** | 13:15.9 | 23 |
| Petra Majdič | 13:06.1 | 1 **Q** | 12:18.3 | 7 |

| Event | Athlete | Race | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank |
| 10 km
C | Nataša Lačen | 30:31.3 | 30 |
| | Petra Majdič | 29:03.9 | 8 |
| 15 km
F | Nataša Lačen | 43:05.0 | 32 |
| 30 km
C | Petra Majdič | 1'35:51.8 | 12 |

2 Starting delay based on 5 km C. results. C = Classical style, F = Freestyle

**4 × 5 km relay**

| Athletes | Race | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Rank |
| Petra Majdič
Teja Gregorin
Andreja Mali
Nataša Lačen | 51:19.6 | 9 |

## Figure skating

Women

| Athlete | Points | SP | FS | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mojca Kopač | 31.5 | 19 | 22 | 22 |

## Freestyle skiing

Men

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Miha Gale | Aerials | 193.20 | 17 | did not advance | |

## Nordic combined

**Men's sprint**

Events:

* large hill ski jumping
* 7.5 km cross-country skiing (Start delay, based on ski jumping results.)

| Athlete | Ski Jumping | | Cross-country
time | Total
rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Points | Rank | | |
| Andrej Jezeršek | 100.1 | 27 | 17:52.8 | 12 |

**Men's individual**

Events:

* normal hill ski jumping
* 15 km cross-country skiing (Start delay, based on ski jumping results.)

| Athlete | Ski Jumping | | Cross-country
time | Total
rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Points | Rank | | |
| Andrej Jezeršek | 223.5 | 19 | 42:02.9 | 13 |

## Ski jumping

| Athlete | Event | Qualifying jump | | | Final jump 1 | | | Final jump 2 | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Distance | Points | Rank | Distance | Points | Rank | Distance | Points | Points | Rank |
| Damjan Fras | Normal hill | 87.5 | 108.0 | 23 **Q** | 88.5 | 110.5 | 30 **Q** | 90.5 | 114.5 | 225.0 | 28 |
| Primož Peterka | | 93.0 | 122.0 | 2 **Q** | 92.5 | 121.5 | 7 **Q** | 91.5 | 119.0 | 240.5 | 10 |
| Robert Kranjec | | 93.5 | 122.0 | 2 **Q** | 91.5 | 117.5 | 14 **Q** | 92.5 | 118.5 | 236.0 | 15 |
| Peter Žonta | | *Pre-qualified* | | | 90.0 | 114.00 | 24 **Q** | 95.0 | 125.5 | 239.5 | 13 |
| Damjan Fras | Large hill | 113.5 | 100.8 | 15 **Q** | 123.0 | 119.9 | 15 **Q** | 113.5 | 101.3 | 221.2 | 22 |
| Primož Peterka | | 116.0 | 105.3 | 9 **Q** | 123.0 | 120.9 | 13 **Q** | 119.5 | 112.1 | 233.0 | 15 |
| Robert Kranjec | | 122.0 | 119.1 | 1 **Q** | 122.0 | 118.1 | 17 **Q** | 122.5 | 119.5 | 237.6 | 11 |
| Peter Žonta | | *Pre-qualified* | | | 124.0 | 121.2 | 12 **Q** | 120.0 | 113.0 | 234.2 | 13 |

Men's team large hill

| Athletes | Result | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Points 1 | Rank |
| Damjan Fras
Primož Peterka
Robert Kranjec
Peter Žonta | 946.3 |  |

1 Four teams members performed two jumps each.

## Snowboarding

Men's parallel giant slalom

| Athlete | Qualifying | | Round one | Quarter final | Semi final | Final | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Time | Rank | | | | | |
| Tomaž Knafelj | DNF |  | did not advance | | | | |
| Dejan Košir | 36.71 | 5 **Q** | Stephen Copp **W** | Richard Richardsson **L** | did not advance | | 5 |

## InfoBox

| Slovenia at the
2002 Winter Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | SLO |
| NOC | Slovenian Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.olympic.si (in Slovene and English) |
| in Salt Lake City | |
| Competitors | 40 (24 men, 16 women) in 8 sports |
| Flag bearer | Dejan Košir (snowboarding) |
| Medals
Ranked 23rd | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 |
| Winter Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |
| Other related appearances | |
| Yugoslavia (1924–1988) | |


title: Chemometrics

abstract: Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, biology and chemical engineering. In this way, it mirrors other interdisciplinary fields, such as psychometrics and econometrics.

text:
# Chemometrics

**Chemometrics** is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, biology and chemical engineering. In this way, it mirrors other interdisciplinary fields, such as psychometrics and econometrics.

## Background

Chemometrics is applied to solve both descriptive and predictive problems in experimental natural sciences, especially in chemistry. In descriptive applications, properties of chemical systems are modeled with the intent of learning the underlying relationships and structure of the system (i.e., model understanding and identification). In predictive applications, properties of chemical systems are modeled with the intent of predicting new properties or behavior of interest. In both cases, the datasets can be small but are often large and complex, involving hundreds to thousands of variables, and hundreds to thousands of cases or observations.

Chemometric techniques are particularly heavily used in analytical chemistry and metabolomics, and the development of improved chemometric methods of analysis also continues to advance the state of the art in analytical instrumentation and methodology. It is an application-driven discipline, and thus while the standard chemometric methodologies are very widely used industrially, academic groups are dedicated to the continued development of chemometric theory, method and application development.

## Origins

Although one could argue that even the earliest analytical experiments in chemistry involved a form of chemometrics, the field is generally recognized to have emerged in the 1970s as computers became increasingly exploited for scientific investigation. The term 'chemometrics' was coined by Svante Wold in a 1971 grant application, and the International Chemometrics Society was formed shortly thereafter by Svante Wold and Bruce Kowalski, two pioneers in the field. Wold was a professor of organic chemistry at Umeå University, Sweden, and Kowalski was a professor of analytical chemistry at University of Washington, Seattle.

Many early applications involved multivariate classification, numerous quantitative predictive applications followed, and by the late 1970s and early 1980s a wide variety of data- and computer-driven chemical analyses were occurring.

Multivariate analysis was a critical facet even in the earliest applications of chemometrics. Data from infrared and UV/visible spectroscopy are often counted in thousands of measurements per sample. Mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic emission/absorption and chromatography experiments are also all by nature highly multivariate. The structure of these data was found to be conducive to using techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS), orthogonal partial least-squares (OPLS), and two-way orthogonal partial least squares (O2PLS). This is primarily because, while the datasets may be highly multivariate there is strong and often linear low-rank structure present. PCA and PLS have been shown over time very effective at empirically modeling the more chemically interesting low-rank structure, exploiting the interrelationships or 'latent variables' in the data, and providing alternative compact coordinate systems for further numerical analysis such as regression, clustering, and pattern recognition. Partial least squares in particular was heavily used in chemometric applications for many years before it began to find regular use in other fields.

Through the 1980s three dedicated journals appeared in the field: *Journal of Chemometrics*, *Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems*, and *Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling*. These journals continue to cover both fundamental and methodological research in chemometrics. At present, most routine applications of existing chemometric methods are commonly published in application-oriented journals (e.g., *Applied Spectroscopy*, *Analytical Chemistry*, *Analytica Chimica Acta*, *Talanta*). Several important books/monographs on chemometrics were also first published in the 1980s, including the first edition of Malinowski's *Factor Analysis in Chemistry*, Sharaf, Illman and Kowalski's *Chemometrics*, Massart et al. *Chemometrics: a textbook*, and *Multivariate Calibration* by Martens and Naes.

Some large chemometric application areas have gone on to represent new domains, such as molecular modeling and QSAR, cheminformatics, the '-omics' fields of genomics, proteomics, metabonomics and metabolomics, process modeling and process analytical technology.

An account of the early history of chemometrics was published as a series of interviews by Geladi and Esbensen.

## Techniques

### Multivariate calibration

Many chemical problems and applications of chemometrics involve calibration. The objective is to develop models which can be used to predict properties of interest based on measured properties of the chemical system, such as pressure, flow, temperature, infrared, Raman, NMR spectra and mass spectra. Examples include the development of multivariate models relating 1) multi-wavelength spectral response to analyte concentration, 2) molecular descriptors to biological activity, 3) multivariate process conditions/states to final product attributes. The process requires a calibration or training data set, which includes reference values for the properties of interest for prediction, and the measured attributes believed to correspond to these properties. For case 1), for example, one can assemble data from a number of samples, including concentrations for an analyte of interest for each sample (the reference) and the corresponding infrared spectrum of that sample. Multivariate calibration techniques such as partial-least squares regression, or principal component regression (and near countless other methods) are then used to construct a mathematical model that relates the multivariate response (spectrum) to the concentration of the analyte of interest, and such a model can be used to efficiently predict the concentrations of new samples.

Techniques in multivariate calibration are often broadly categorized as classical or inverse methods. The principal difference between these approaches is that in classical calibration the models are solved such that they are optimal in describing the measured analytical responses (e.g., spectra) and can therefore be considered optimal descriptors, whereas in inverse methods the models are solved to be optimal in predicting the properties of interest (e.g., concentrations, optimal predictors). Inverse methods usually require less physical knowledge of the chemical system, and at least in theory provide superior predictions in the mean-squared error sense, and hence inverse approaches tend to be more frequently applied in contemporary multivariate calibration.

The main advantages of the use of multivariate calibration techniques is that fast, cheap, or non-destructive analytical measurements (such as optical spectroscopy) can be used to estimate sample properties which would otherwise require time-consuming, expensive or destructive testing (such as LC-MS). Equally important is that multivariate calibration allows for accurate quantitative analysis in the presence of heavy interference by other analytes. The selectivity of the analytical method is provided as much by the mathematical calibration, as the analytical measurement modalities. For example, near-infrared spectra, which are extremely broad and non-selective compared to other analytical techniques (such as infrared or Raman spectra), can often be used successfully in conjunction with carefully developed multivariate calibration methods to predict concentrations of analytes in very complex matrices.

### Classification, pattern recognition, clustering

Supervised multivariate classification techniques are closely related to multivariate calibration techniques in that a calibration or training set is used to develop a mathematical model capable of classifying future samples. The techniques employed in chemometrics are similar to those used in other fields – multivariate discriminant analysis, logistic regression, neural networks, regression/classification trees. The use of rank reduction techniques in conjunction with these conventional classification methods is routine in chemometrics, for example discriminant analysis on principal components or partial least squares scores.

A family of techniques, referred to as class-modelling or one-class classifiers, are able to build models for an individual class of interest. Such methods are particularly useful in the case of quality control and authenticity verification of products.

Unsupervised classification (also termed cluster analysis) is also commonly used to discover patterns in complex data sets, and again many of the core techniques used in chemometrics are common to other fields such as machine learning and statistical learning.

### Multivariate curve resolution

In chemometric parlance, multivariate curve resolution seeks to deconstruct data sets with limited or absent reference information and system knowledge. Some of the earliest work on these techniques was done by Lawton and Sylvestre in the early 1970s. These approaches are also called self-modeling mixture analysis, blind source/signal separation, and spectral unmixing. For example, from a data set comprising fluorescence spectra from a series of samples each containing multiple fluorophores, multivariate curve resolution methods can be used to extract the fluorescence spectra of the individual fluorophores, along with their relative concentrations in each of the samples, essentially unmixing the total fluorescence spectrum into the contributions from the individual components. The problem is usually ill-determined due to rotational ambiguity (many possible solutions can equivalently represent the measured data), so the application of additional constraints is common, such as non-negativity, unimodality, or known interrelationships between the individual components (e.g., kinetic or mass-balance constraints).

### Other techniques

**Experimental design** remains a core area of study in chemometrics and several monographs are specifically devoted to experimental design in chemical applications. Sound principles of experimental design have been widely adopted within the chemometrics community, although many complex experiments are purely observational, and there can be little control over the properties and interrelationships of the samples and sample properties.

**Signal processing** is also a critical component of almost all chemometric applications, particularly the use of signal pretreatments to condition data prior to calibration or classification. The techniques employed commonly in chemometrics are often closely related to those used in related fields. Signal pre-processing may affect the way in which outcomes of the final data processing can be interpreted.

**Performance characterization, and figures of merit** Like most arenas in the physical sciences, chemometrics is quantitatively oriented, so considerable emphasis is placed on performance characterization, model selection, verification & validation, and figures of merit. The performance of quantitative models is usually specified by root mean squared error in predicting the attribute of interest, and the performance of classifiers as a true-positive rate/false-positive rate pairs (or a full ROC curve). A recent report by Olivieri et al. provides a comprehensive overview of figures of merit and uncertainty estimation in multivariate calibration, including multivariate definitions of selectivity, sensitivity, SNR and prediction interval estimation. Chemometric model selection usually involves the use of tools such as resampling (including bootstrap, permutation, cross-validation).

**Multivariate statistical process control (MSPC)**, modeling and optimization accounts for a substantial amount of historical chemometric development. Spectroscopy has been used successfully for online monitoring of manufacturing processes for 30–40 years, and this process data is highly amenable to chemometric modeling. Specifically in terms of MSPC, multiway modeling of batch and continuous processes is increasingly common in industry and remains an active area of research in chemometrics and chemical engineering. Process analytical chemistry as it was originally termed, or the newer term process analytical technology continues to draw heavily on chemometric methods and MSPC.

**Multiway methods** are heavily used in chemometric applications. These are higher-order extensions of more widely used methods. For example, while the analysis of a table (matrix, or second-order array) of data is routine in several fields, multiway methods are applied to data sets that involve 3rd, 4th, or higher-orders. Data of this type is very common in chemistry, for example a liquid-chromatography / mass spectrometry (LC-MS) system generates a large matrix of data (elution time versus m/z) for each sample analyzed. The data across multiple samples thus comprises a data cube. Batch process modeling involves data sets that have time vs. process variables vs. batch number. The multiway mathematical methods applied to these sorts of problems include PARAFAC, trilinear decomposition, and multiway PLS and PCA.

## Further reading

* Beebe, K. R.; Pell, R. J.; Seasholtz, M. B. (1998). *Chemometrics: A Practical Guide*. Wiley.
* Brereton, R. G. (2007). *Applied Chemometrics for Scientists*. Wiley.
* Brown, S. D.; Tauler, R.; Walczak, B., eds. (2009). *Comprehensive Chemometrics: Chemical and Biochemical Data Analysis*. 4 volume set. Elsevier.
* Gemperline, P. J., ed. (2006). *Practical Guide to Chemometrics* (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
* Kramer, R. (1998). *Chemometric Techniques for Quantitative Analysis*. CRC Press.
* Maeder, M.; Neuhold, Y.-M. (2007). *Practical Data Analysis in Chemistry*. Elsevier.
* Mark, H.; Workman, J. (2007). *Chemometrics in Spectroscopy*. Academic Press-Elsevier.
* Martens, H.; Naes, T. (1989). *Multivariate Calibration*. Wiley.
* Massart, D. L.; Vandeginste, B. G. M.; Deming, S. M.; Michotte, Y.; Kaufman, L. (1988). *Chemometrics: A Textbook*. Elsevier.
* Otto, M. (2007). *Chemometrics: Statistics and Computer Application in Analytical Chemistry* (2nd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
* Vandeginste, B. G. M.; Massart, D. L.; Buydens, L. M. C.; De Jong, S.; Lewi, P. J.; Smeyers-Verbeke, J. (1998). *Hand book of Chemometrics and Qualimetrics: Part A & Part B*. Elsevier.


title: Chernevtsi

abstract: Chernevtsi is a village in Gabrovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

text:
# Chernevtsi

**Chernevtsi** is a village in Gabrovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

## InfoBox

| Chernevtsi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Chernevtsi | |
| Coordinates: 42°53′N 25°25′E / 42.883°N 25.417°E / 42.883; 25.417 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Gabrovo Province |
| Municipality | Gabrovo |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Smugi, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

abstract: Smugi is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojciechowice, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Wojciechowice, 16 km (10 mi) north-east of Opatów, and 71 km (44 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

text:
# Smugi, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Smugi** \[ˈsmuɡi\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojciechowice, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north-east of Wojciechowice, 16 km (10 mi) north-east of Opatów, and 71 km (44 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

## InfoBox

| Smugi | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Smugi | |
| Coordinates: 50°52′11″N 21°37′30″E / 50.86972°N 21.62500°E / 50.86972; 21.62500 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Świętokrzyskie |
| County | Opatów |
| Gmina | Wojciechowice |
| Population | 60 |


title: Cheval tree

abstract: The cheval tree is native to North Island, part of the Agaléga Islands, a territory of Mauritius. It is unique in its properties of minor adhesivity, which attracts insects: specifically, heel walkers or Formosozoros newi. The tree was named for the glue-like secretion of its bark and the use of horse-hooves for glue in former times—the French word for "horse" is "cheval".

text:
# Cheval tree

The **cheval tree** is native to North Island, part of the Agaléga Islands, a territory of Mauritius. It is unique in its properties of minor adhesivity, which attracts insects: specifically, heel walkers (belonging to the Mantophasmatodea) or *Formosozoros newi* (belonging to the Zoraptera). The tree was named for the glue-like secretion of its bark and the use of horse-hooves for glue in former times—the French word (French is the colonizing language of Agalega) for "horse" is "cheval".

## The cheval and the Agalega day gecko

In a symbiotic relationship, the Agalega day gecko (*Phelsuma borbonica agalegae*) feeds off the insects trapped in the viscous, though thin, sap while depositing its vitamin-rich droppings at the base of the tree. Though this may seem to more resemble commensalism than not, the droppings do in fact provide a registrable gain for the cheval tree, though it is not nearly as great as the free and ample sustenance gained by the gecko. Scientists have yet to come up with a satisfactory explanation for this strange "selflessness" on the cheval's behalf, and have set up a research station in the Agalega town of Vingt-Cinq for further study.

1. "Agalega Island". Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
2. Agalega Island Day Gecko – Phelsuma borbonica agalegae Archived September 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
3. Government of Mauritius Archived 2012-09-19 at the Wayback Machine


title: Slopestyle

abstract: Slopestyle is a winter sport in which athletes ski or snowboard down a course including a variety of obstacles including rails, jumps and other terrain park features. Points are scored for amplitude, originality and quality of tricks. The discipline has its roots in action sports like skateboarding and BMX and has very successfully crossed over into the snow sports worlds of skiing and snowboarding. Skiers use Twin-tip skis for their symmetry since they often go large portions of the course backward and for their balanced weight so as to not destabilize spins. Slopestyle tricks fall mainly into four categories: spins, grinds, grabs and flips, and most tricks done in competition are a combination of these. Slopestyle is one of the freestyle disciplines, along with moguls, aerials, cross, big air and half-pipe.

text:
# Slopestyle

**Slopestyle** is a winter sport in which athletes ski or snowboard down a course including a variety of obstacles including rails, jumps and other terrain park features. Points are scored for amplitude, originality and quality of tricks. The discipline has its roots in action sports like skateboarding and BMX and has very successfully crossed over into the snow sports worlds of skiing and snowboarding. Skiers use Twin-tip skis for their symmetry since they often go large portions of the course backward (referred to as "switch") and for their balanced weight so as to not destabilize spins. Slopestyle tricks fall mainly into four categories: spins, grinds, grabs and flips, and most tricks done in competition are a combination of these.

Slopestyle is one of the freestyle disciplines, along with moguls, aerials, cross, big air and half-pipe.

## History of Slopestyle

Competitive slopestyle started in 1997.

Slopestyle became an Olympic event, in both skiing and snowboarding forms, at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia. The first Olympic champions in Slopestyle Skiing were American Joss Christensen for the men and Canadian Dara Howell for the women. The first Olympic champions for Snowboarding Slopestyle were both Americans, Sage Kotsenburg for the men and Jamie Anderson for the women.

## Competition

In competition, athletes compete for points awarded by judges on a structured basis. The scoring criteria vary from one organization to another and from each event to the next, but in general athletes are judged on these criteria:

* **Amplitude**: Height of jumps, also called air. Bigger tricks score higher.
* **Difficulty**: Degree of difficulty of the tricks.
* **Execution**: How well the athletes perform their tricks. For example, tight rotation, clean grabs, and smooth landing.
* **Variety**: The difference of the tricks within the run. Doing the same trick off all the jumps will not score highly even if it is a very difficult trick.
* **Progression**: How the trick selection progresses the sport, for example brand new tricks will score high because they push the sport forward.
* **Combinations or flow**: The way the athletes string the tricks together. Having to slow down or otherwise reset after a trick will lose points.
* **Overall**: The whole package, including the athlete's personal style.

A feature that is somewhat unique to slopestyle and similar events is that even though it is a judged sport, scores cannot be compared between events: "A run that scores 65 at one event may score 75 at another event. The score is just a tool to organize the rankings and may vary based on the range and anchor score set for the day."

## Competitive results

### Olympics

**Men's Snowboarding Slopestyle results**
| Competition | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 Olympics | Maxence Parrot | Su Yiming | Mark McMorris |
| 2018 Olympics | Red Gerard | Maxence Parrot | Mark McMorris |
| 2014 Olympics | Sage Kotsenburg | Ståle Sandbech | Mark McMorris |

**Women's Snowboarding Slopestyle results**
| Competition | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 Olympics | Zoi Sadowski-Synnott | Julia Marino | Tess Coady |
| 2018 Olympics | Jamie Anderson | Laurie Blouin | Enni Rukajärvi |
| 2014 Olympics | Jamie Anderson | Enni Rukajärvi | Jenny Jones |

**Men's Freestyle Skiing Slopestyle results**
| Competition | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 Olympics | Alex Hall | Nick Goepper | Jesper Tjäder |
| 2018 Olympics | Øystein Bråten | Nick Goepper | Alex Beaulieu-Marchand |
| 2014 Olympics | Joss Christensen | Gus Kenworthy | Nick Goepper |

**Women's Freestyle Skiing Slopestyle results**
| Competition | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 Olympics | Mathilde Gremaud | Eileen Gu | Kelly Sildaru |
| 2018 Olympics | Sarah Höfflin | Mathilde Gremaud | Isabel Atkin |
| 2014 Olympics | Dara Howell | Devin Logan | Kim Lamarre |

## InfoBox

Slopestyle
| slopestyle course. | |
| --- | --- |
| Highest governing body | International Ski Federation |
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | No |
| Team members | Single competitors |
| Mixed-sex | Yes |
| Type | Snowboarding, Freestyle skiing |
| Presence | |
| Olympic | Since 2014 |


title: Chena River

abstract: The Chena River is a 100-mile (160 km) tributary of the Tanana River in the Interior region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It flows generally west from the White Mountains to the Tanana River near the city of Fairbanks, which is built on both sides of the river. The Tanana empties into the 2,300-mile (3,700 km) long Yukon River. Named tributaries of the Chena River include the North Fork, South Fork, West Fork, Middle (East) Fork and the Little Chena River. The Chena River State Recreation Area surrounds much of the upper half of the main stem. The Chena River is used for recreational fishing and boating. During the winter months, it is also traveled by snowmachines and mushers. The Chena River Lakes Flood Control Project dam is about 40 miles (64 km) up the Chena River from Fairbanks. The dam was built in response to the 1967 Fairbanks flood, which inundated much of the city. When closed, the dam impounds water and, when the inflow is high enough, diverts it about 8 miles (13 km) to the Tanana River near North Pole, upstream of Fairbanks and the natural mouth of the Chena.

text:
# Chena River

The **Chena River** (/ˈnə/; Tanana Athabascan: Ch'eno' "river of something (game)") is a 100-mile (160 km) tributary of the Tanana River in the Interior region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It flows generally west from the White Mountains to the Tanana River near the city of Fairbanks, which is built on both sides of the river. The Tanana empties into the 2,300-mile (3,700 km) long Yukon River.

Named tributaries of the Chena River include the North Fork, South Fork, West Fork, Middle (East) Fork and the Little Chena River. The Chena River State Recreation Area surrounds much of the upper half of the main stem. The Chena River is used for recreational fishing and boating. During the winter months, it is also traveled by snowmachines and mushers (sled dogs).

The Chena River Lakes Flood Control Project dam is about 40 miles (64 km) up the Chena River from Fairbanks. The dam was built in response to the 1967 Fairbanks flood, which inundated much of the city. When closed, the dam impounds water and, when the inflow is high enough, diverts it about 8 miles (13 km) to the Tanana River near North Pole, upstream of Fairbanks and the natural mouth of the Chena.

## Fish

The Chena River supports populations of many fish species, including Arctic grayling, burbot, chum salmon, humpback whitefish, king salmon, least cisco, longnose suckers, northern pike, round whitefish, and sheefish. Easily accessible from Fairbanks, the Chena is the most popular sport-fishing river in interior Alaska.

Overfishing for grayling reduced their number in the Chena to "dangerous levels" by the mid-1980s. In the 21st century, sport fishing for grayling, which grow in length to 18 inches (46 cm) in the upper river, is limited to catch and release.

## Boating

Easy access to the river from Chena Hot Springs Road, the Chena River Recreation Area, four bridges, and elsewhere make a wide variety of float trips possible. Most of the river is rated Class I (easy) on the International Scale of River Difficulty; however, the upper reaches along the North Fork near Chena Hot Springs are "extremely swift" with few safe eddies and are rated Class II (medium). High water increases these difficulty ratings.

Dangers on the North Fork include a much narrower channel than that of the main stem, possible logjams, overhanging vegetation, and shallows, any of which may require a portage. Dangers below that include possible overhangs, logjams, and channel braiding. In the early season (June), boaters may encounter ice jams anywhere along the river.

## InfoBox

| Chena River | |
| --- | --- |
| A paddle-wheel steamer on the Chena River near Fairbanks | |
| Location of the mouth of the Chena River in Alaska | |
| Native name | *Ch'eno'* (Lower Tanana) |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Fairbanks North Star |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source | confluence of the river's north and west forks |
| location | near Chena Hot Springs |
| coordinates | 65°03′18″N 146°10′45″W / 65.05500°N 146.17917°W / 65.05500; -146.17917 |
| elevation | 1,024 ft (312 m) |
|  | |
| Mouth | Tanana River |
| location | 6.5 miles (10.5 km) west-southwest of Fairbanks |
| coordinates | 64°47′44″N 147°54′43″W / 64.79556°N 147.91194°W / 64.79556; -147.91194 |
| elevation | 423 ft (129 m) |
| Length | 100 mi (160 km) |
| Basin size | 1,980 sq mi (5,100 km2) |
|  | |
| Discharge |  |
| location | Fairbanks |
| average | 1,336 cu ft/s (37.8 m3/s) |
| minimum | 120 cu ft/s (3.4 m3/s) |
| maximum | 74,400 cu ft/s (2,110 m3/s) |
|  | |


title: Chena cultivation

abstract: Chena is the oldest cultivation method in Sri Lanka, it goes far back as more than 5,000 years. it the dry zone, the recovery of a chena plot proceeds through various stages of succession, (active chena, abandoned chena, chena re-growth, scrub with pioneer three species, scrub with secondary tree species, secondary forest, secondary forest with primary tree species and finally, the climax or steady-state forest. The smooth progress of their recovery process depends on the absence of further disturbances, such as a re-cultivation of active or abandoned chena plots, fire and human development activates such as settlements. However, in the wet zone, the process of vegetational succession and recovery take more complex routes. In moderately degraded site where the soil surface is nit servery exposed, vegetation succession can be relatively rapid with the appearance of pioneer species and then secondary species which are eventually replaced by primary species, if left intact. In contrast, highly degraded sites, (e.g:- exposed to elements of weather, the vegetation will not recover up to the level of a forest, but remain as fenlands or grasslands for a very long time. The sensitive Red-Yellow podzolic soil, on exposure, transforms into a hard laterite and becomes impoverished due to erosion of its humus layer. This edaphic transformation is least conductive to the appearance of afforest vegetation, but usually supports inly a low-stature vegetation such as fenland dominated by kekilla A new chena, created by setting fire to it, is called a Nawadeli Hena. Those Chenas are fertile. The term Nawadeli Sena has been mentioned i the Saddharma Rathnawaliya as well. In some parts of Sri Lanka, a different term has been given to the term Nawadeli Sea. It says the term Nawadeli Sena is used for the cultivation of the nine plants, namely finger millet, Kollu, Undu, Green Gram, Corn, Millet, Dill and Amu. The villagers in Anuradhapura had given the name Kanaththa to name the Chenas prepared for cultivation after giving it up for a short while.

text:
# Chena cultivation

**Chena** is the oldest cultivation method in Sri Lanka, it goes far back as more than 5,000 years. (Before the Anuradhapura Kingdom) it the dry zone, the recovery of a chena plot proceeds through various stages of succession, (active chena, abandoned chena, chena re-growth, scrub with pioneer three species, scrub with secondary tree species, secondary forest, secondary forest with primary tree species and finally, the climax or steady-state forest. The smooth progress of their recovery process depends on the absence of further disturbances, such as a re-cultivation of active or abandoned chena plots, fire and human development activates such as settlements. However, in the wet zone, the process of vegetational succession and recovery take more complex routes. In moderately degraded site where the soil surface is nit servery exposed, vegetation succession can be relatively rapid with the appearance of pioneer species and then secondary species which are eventually replaced by primary species, if left intact. In contrast, highly degraded sites, (e.g:- exposed to elements of weather, the vegetation will not recover up to the level of a forest, but remain as fenlands or grasslands for a very long time. The sensitive Red-Yellow podzolic soil, on exposure, transforms into a hard laterite and becomes impoverished due to erosion of its humus layer. This edaphic transformation is least conductive to the appearance of afforest vegetation, but usually supports inly a low-stature vegetation such as fenland dominated by kekilla (*Dicrnopteris linearis)* A new chena, created by setting fire to it, is called a Nawadeli Hena. Those Chenas are fertile. The term Nawadeli Sena has been mentioned i the Saddharma Rathnawaliya as well. In some parts of Sri Lanka, a different term has been given to the term Nawadeli Sea. It says the term Nawadeli Sena is used for the cultivation of the nine plants, namely finger millet (Kurakkan), Kollu, Undu, Green Gram (Mun), Corn (Iringu), Millet (Thanahal), Dill and Amu. The villagers in Anuradhapura had given the name Kanaththa to name the Chenas prepared for cultivation after giving it up for a short while.


title: Snipes (video game)

abstract: Snipes is a text-mode networked computer game that was created in 1983 by SuperSet Software. Snipes is officially credited as being the original inspiration for NetWars. It was one of the earliest text mode multi player games, running on Novell NetWare systems.

text:
# Snipes (video game)

***Snipes*** (diminutive for ***Snipers***) is a text-mode networked computer game that was created in 1983 by SuperSet Software. Snipes is officially credited as being the original inspiration for NetWars. It was one of the earliest text mode multi player games, running on Novell NetWare systems.

## Gameplay

The objective of the game is to control the creature by moving it around a maze to destroy snipes and their hives, and/or destroy other networked players.

The player must first specify the number of snipes, hives and difficulty before they play. Each game is different because the computer generates a random new maze.

The creature is moved using the keyboard arrow keys and shoots in different directions with the `A`, `S`, `D` and `W` keys. By combining keys, diagonal movement and shooting can be achieved. Pressing the spacebar can provide extra velocity to run away from difficult situations from the snipes.

Several level options are available. First, a letter is chosen, which controls the environment settings: what bad guys are available, their accuracy at attacking, whether or not the player's diagonal shots bounce off walls, whether running into a wall will simply block or kill the player, and whether the hives have a partial resistance to snipes' shots. The next choice is a number, which controls the maximum number of snipes that may exist, how many hives are initially created within the maze, and how many lives the player is given. There are 234 possible levels, from A1 to Z9, that the player can select in the game.

### Technical details

A requirement to play the multiplayer version of *Snipes* is that all users share a common network drive. It suggests that the various clients communicate to each other via shared file. The exact implementation details of this are not known but experiments have shown that *Snipes* can be played between Windows workstations in a Command Prompt window under Windows XP, provided that each user maps a drive to the executable location with read/write rights. This also implies that IPX is not directly used by *Snipes* to communicate between clients.

## Legacy

Seeing *Snipes* being played simultaneously on Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET persuaded Novell owner Safeguard Scientifics that SuperSoft's networking technology was valuable. Novell used the technology to develop NetWare. A newer implementation of the game was developed and shipped with NetWare Lite 1.1 in September 1991. Its NLSNIPES.EXE executable had a filesize of less than 18 KB. It was replaced by the NetWars 2.06 game, that came bundled with Personal NetWare 1.0 and Novell DOS 7 since late 1993.

In July 2016, a port of the original Snipes to the Simple Direct Media Layer became available. The port was done by reverse engineering the original code and permission was granted by Drew Major and Kyle Powell to make it public. The C++ source code is available at GitHub.

Clones were released for Linux and Android.

## InfoBox

Snipes
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Drew Major
Dale Neibaur
Mark Hurst
Kyle Powell |
|  | |
| Stable release | v1.0 / 1983 |
|  | |
| Operating system | Novell NetWare, MS-DOS |
| Type | Maze |
| Website | www.novell.com |


title: Chernetsov's Partisans

abstract: Chernetsov's Partisans was an irregular military unit of the Don Army, commissioned under the act of ataman Alexey Kaledin on November 7, 1917, in the opening stages of Russian Civil War. The 600-man regiment-size unit was formed of Don Cossack officers and students of Novocherkassk. However, many Bolsheviks considered Vasily Chernetsov and his men brutal counter-revolutionaries, who were not entitled to protection when captured, as was the case with other prisoners of war. Colonel Chernetsov's death at the hands of the Bolsheviks was explored in Mikhail Sholokhov's novel And Quiet Flows the Don. After Chernetsov's death the surviving members joined the Volunteer Army's Ice March at the end of February 1918.

text:
# Chernetsov's Partisans

**Chernetsov's Partisans** was an irregular military unit of the Don Army, commissioned under the act of ataman Alexey Kaledin on November 7, 1917, in the opening stages of Russian Civil War. The 600-man regiment-size unit was formed of Don Cossack officers and students of Novocherkassk. However, many Bolsheviks considered Vasily Chernetsov and his men brutal counter-revolutionaries, who were not entitled to protection when captured, as was the case with other prisoners of war. Colonel Chernetsov's death at the hands of the Bolsheviks was explored in Mikhail Sholokhov's novel *And Quiet Flows the Don*.

After Chernetsov's death the surviving members joined the Volunteer Army's Ice March at the end of February 1918.

## Commanders

## InfoBox

| Colonel Chernetsov's Partisan Company | |
| --- | --- |
| Don Cossacks flag | |
| Active | November 1917 - February 1918 |
| Country | Don Republic |
| Allegiance | Don Army, Volunteer Army |
| Branch | Cavalry |
| Nickname(s) | Chernetsovtsy |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Vasily Chernetsov |