title: Split Rock, Antarctica

abstract: Split Rock is a distinctive oval-shaped rock, cleanly split in a north–south direction to the water line, lying 0.1 nautical miles (0.19 km) northwest of Janus Island, off the southwest coast of Anvers Island. The descriptive name was given by Palmer Station personnel in 1972.

text:
# Split Rock, Antarctica

**Split Rock** (64°47′S 64°3′W / 64.783°S 64.050°W / -64.783; -64.050) is a distinctive oval-shaped rock, cleanly split in a north–south direction to the water line, lying 0.1 nautical miles (0.19 km) northwest of Janus Island, off the southwest coast of Anvers Island. The descriptive name was given by Palmer Station personnel in 1972.

1. Split Rock

This article incorporates public domain material from "Split Rock, Antarctica". *Geographic Names Information System*. United States Geological Survey.

## InfoBox

| Split Rock | |
| --- | --- |
| Rock | |
| Split RockLocation on the Antarctic Peninsula | |
| Coordinates: 64°47′S 64°3′W / 64.783°S 64.050°W / -64.783; -64.050 | |
| Location | Anvers Island, Palmer Archipelago |
| Etymology | Descriptive name |


title: Clan Gordon

abstract: Clan Gordon is a Highland Scottish clan, historically one of the most powerful Scottish clans. The Gordon lands once spanned a large territory across the Highlands. Presently, Gordon is seated at Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire. The Chief of the clan is the Earl of Huntly, later the Marquess of Huntly. During the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century, the Gordons supported William Wallace in the cause of independence. In the 15th century, the chiefship of the clan passed to an heiress, who married into the Seton family and her male descendants assumed the surname Gordon and continued as chiefs of the clan. The Gordons assisted in defeating the rebellion of the Earl of Douglas also in the 15th century. In the 16th century, the Gordons as Catholics feuded with their Protestant neighbors the Clan Forbes and also defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet, the Protestant Earl of Argyll. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of the 17th century, the Gordons supported the Royalist cause. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the Clan Gordon was Jacobite. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, their chief, then the Duke of Gordon, pledged his support to the British-Hanoverian Government, but his clan remained Jacobite.

text:
# Clan Gordon

**Clan Gordon** is a Highland Scottish clan, historically one of the most powerful Scottish clans. The Gordon lands once spanned a large territory across the Highlands. Presently, Gordon is seated at Aboyne Castle, Aberdeenshire. The Chief of the clan is the Earl of Huntly, later the Marquess of Huntly.

During the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century, the Gordons supported William Wallace in the cause of independence. In the 15th century, the chiefship of the clan passed to an heiress, who married into the Seton family and her male descendants assumed the surname Gordon and continued as chiefs of the clan. The Gordons assisted in defeating the rebellion of the Earl of Douglas also in the 15th century. In the 16th century, the Gordons as Catholics feuded with their Protestant neighbors the Clan Forbes and also defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet, the Protestant Earl of Argyll. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of the 17th century, the Gordons supported the Royalist cause. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the Clan Gordon was Jacobite. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, their chief, then the Duke of Gordon, pledged his support to the British-Hanoverian Government, but his clan remained Jacobite.

## History

### Origins

The first Gordon on record is Richard of Gordon, previously of Swinton, said to have been the grandson of a famous Norman knight who slew some monstrous animal in the Merse during the time of King Malcolm III of Scotland. This Richard was Lord of the Barony of Gordon in the Merse. Richard de (of) Gordon probably died around 1200. Between 1150 and 1160 he granted from his estate a piece of land to the Monks of St. Mary at Kelso, a grant which was confirmed by his son Thomas Gordon. Other notable Gordons from this time include Bertram de Gordon who wounded King Richard of England with an arrow at Châlons.

Alicia Gordon, IV of the Gordon family was the heiress who married her cousin, Adam Gordon. Adam Gordon was a soldier who King Alexander III of Scotland sent with King Louis of France to Palestine. One tradition is that from Adam's grandson, Sir Adam, all of the Gordons in Scotland are descended. This Adam Gordon supported Sir William Wallace in 1297 to recapture the Castle of Wigtown from the English and Adam was made the Governor.

### Wars of Scottish Independence

During the Wars of Scottish Independence Sir Adam Gordon, who had supported William Wallace, renounced his subsequent acceptance of the claims of Edward I of England and became a staunch supporter of Robert the Bruce. Adam was killed leading the Clan Gordon at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 but his son Sir Alexander Gordon escaped and was the first Gordon to be designated "of Huntly".

Chief Sir John Gordon was killed leading the clan at the Battle of Otterburn where the English were defeated in 1388. His son, Chief Sir Adam Gordon, was killed leading the clan at the Battle of Homildon Hill, also known as the Battle of Humbleton Hill on 14 September 1402. The chief left his only child, a daughter named Elizabeth Gordon who married Alexander Seton, who was the son of Sir William Seton, chief of Clan Seton.

### 15th century and clan conflicts

The Battle of Arbroath was fought in 1445 where Patrick Gordon of Methlic, a cousin of the Earl of Huntly, was killed fighting the Clan Lindsay. From this Patrick Gordon the Earls of Aberdeen descend.

In 1449 Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Huntly, the eldest son of Elizabeth Gordon and Alexander Seton, Lord Gordon, changed the family name from Seton to Gordon.c.1457. His male heirs through his third wife Elizabeth Crichton continued to bear the name of Gordon and were chiefs of Clan Gordon.

The chief of Clan Lindsay, Alexander Lindsay, the 4th Earl of Crawford, was badly defeated by the Clan Gordon and Clan Ogilvy under Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly (previously Alexander Seton) at the Battle of Brechin in 1452.

The Gordons became involved in the deadly feud between the king and the Clan Douglas for power. The Gordons supported the king but when Gordon moved his forces south, the Earl of Moray who was an ally of the Douglases devastated the Gordon lands and burned Huntly Castle. However, the Gordons returned and soon defeated their enemies. Huntly Castle was rebuilt and when the Douglases were finally defeated the power of the Gordons grew unchallenged. In 1454 the Douglasses broke out in rebellion again and when confronted with the king in the south and Huntly in the north were soundly defeated, effectively ending the confederacy of the Douglasses, Rosses and Crawfords. For his notable contributions Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly was styled *Cock o' the North*, a designation which has ever since been accorded to the heads of clan Gordon.

### 16th century and clan conflicts

In 1513, during the Anglo-Scottish Wars, the Clan Gordon led by Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly fought at the Battle of Flodden.

In 1515, the title of Earl of Sutherland and chiefship of the Clan Sutherland passed by right of marriage to Adam Gordon who was a younger son of George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly.

Later during the Anglo-Scottish Wars, George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly defeated an English army at the Battle of Haddon Rig in 1542 but the Gordons were later part of the Scottish army which was defeated at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547.

Chief George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly was General of the forces on the Borders who opposed the forces of Henry VIII of England and Gordon had many victorious encounters. He was however later killed at the Battle of Corrichie in 1562 fighting against the forces of James Stuart, Earl of Moray (half-brother to Mary Queen of Scots). Gordon was killed and his son, Sir John, and other members of his family were later executed at Aberdeen.

Throughout the 16th century the Clan Gordon were involved in a long and bitter struggle against the Clan Forbes. In the 1520s there were murders by both sides, and one of the most prominent killed by the Forbeses was Seton of Meldrum who was a close connection of the Earl of Huntly, chief of Clan Gordon. The Earl of Huntly then became involved in a plot against the *Master of Forbes*, who was the son of the sixth Lord Forbes. The sixth Lord Forbes had been heavily implicated of the murder of Seton of Meldrum. The Master of Forbes was accused by the Earl of Huntly of conspiring to assassinate James V of Scotland in 1536 by shooting at him with a cannon. The Master of Forbes was tried and executed however just days later his conviction was reversed and the Forbes family was restored to favor. The Protestant Reformation added to the feud between the Clan Forbes and Clan Gordon in that the Gordons remained Catholic and the Forbeses became Protestant. The traditional enemies of the Forbses such as the Clan Leslie, Clan Irvine and Clan Seton sided with the Gordons while Protestant families such as the Clan Keith, Clan Fraser and Clan Crichton sided with the Clan Forbes. Twenty Gordons were killed at a banquet held at the Forbes's Druminnor Castle in 1571. Later in 1571 the feud climaxed with the Battle of Tillieangus, and the Battle of Craibstone, and Druminnor, then the seat of the chief of Clan Forbes was plundered. The Gordons followed this up with the massacre of twenty seven Forbeses of Towie at Corgarff Castle. It took two Acts of Parliament for the clans to put down their arms.

For two centuries from the mid-15th century the Clan Gordon and Clan Campbell controlled the north-east and west of Scotland respectively, as the magnates who straddled the divide between the Scottish Highlands and Scottish Lowlands. In 1594, Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll was granted a Royal Commission against George Gordon, 6th Earl of Huntly but was defeated at the Battle of Glenlivet.

### 17th century and Civil War

The register of the Privy Seal records that in 1615 a complaint was made from Alexander Leask of the Clan Leask that Adam Gordon, brother of the Laird of Gight, put violent hands upon him at the Yet of Leask, wounding him grievously. Later that year the Gordons again attacked the Leasks, setting upon a son of the chief for which George Gordon was outlawed. In 1616, William Leask of that Ilk was accosted by John Gordon of Ardlogy and a party of men with *pistolets and hagbuts.*

In the early 17th century Clan Gordon had a number of alliances by marriage or friendship. Among these was a strong bond to the Clan Burnett of Leys. The Gordon crest is emblazoned in plasterwork on the ceiling of the early 17th century great hall of Muchalls Castle built by Alexander Burnett.

In 1644 Alexander Bannerman of Pitmedden fought a duel with his cousin, Sir George Gordon of Haddo, and wounded him. Also in 1644 during the Civil War at the Battle of Aberdeen there were Gordons on both sides. Lord Lewis Gordon led his forces on the side of the Covenanters while Sir Nathaniel Gordon led his forces in support of the Royalists.

During the Civil War the second Marquess of Huntly was a fierce royalist and his followers have passed into history as the *Gordon Horse* and they figured very prominently in the campaigns of the great James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. Cavalry from the Clan Gordon fought in support of the royalists at the Battle of Auldearn in 1645 where they helped to defeat the Covenanters of Lord Seaforth. The Clan Gordon fought at the Battle of Alford in 1645 where they were victorious, led by George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly. The Marquess of Huntly's eldest son George Gordon fell at this battle. Also in 1645, Lewis Gordon, clan chief and 3rd Marquess of Huntly burned Brodie Castle of the Clan Brodie.

In 1682 William Gordon of Cardoness Castle, was killed in a fight with Sir Godfrey McCulloch. McCulloch fled Scotland for a time, but returned, only to be apprehended and executed in 1697.

### 18th century and Jacobite risings

#### Jacobite rising of 1715

The Gordons fought on both sides during both the Jacobite rising of 1715 and the Jacobite rising of 1745. The second Duke of Gordon followed the Jacobites in 1715 and fought at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 1,000 men.

#### Jacobite rising of 1745

Cosmo Gordon, 3rd Duke of Gordon supported the British Government during the rising of 1745. However, his brother, Lord Lewis Gordon, raised two Jacobite regiments against the Hanoverians. The Gordon Jacobites fought at the Battle of Inverurie (1745), the Battle of Falkirk (1746) and the Battle of Culloden (1746).

### British Army regiments

Two regiments named the "Gordon Highlanders" have been raised from the Clan Gordon. The first was the 81st Regiment of Foot (Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment) formed in 1777 by the Hon. Colonel William Gordon, son of the Earl of Aberdeen and was disbanded in 1783. The second was the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot raised by Alexander the 4th Duke of Gordon in 1794.

## Chief and arms

## Tartans

Clan Gordon has several recognized tartans, most of them predominantly green-blue-and-black, but also including dress patterns, some red-based ones, and some variants for specific branches of the clan.

The main Gordon tartan is based on that originally used by the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot; the clan version has thinner black bands, and thin black "guard lines" on either side of the yellow over-check. The tartan is ultimately based on the Black Watch tartan, but with the yellow over-check added, and the single black over-check of Black Watch converted into a pair, like the rest of the black over-checks in the design. The 92nd later became the Gordon Highlanders in 1881, then amalgamated into the Highlanders (Seaforth, Gordons and Camerons) in 1994, which is now the Highlanders, 4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (4 SCOTS). The modern unit (for dress) uses the Cameron of Erracht tartan, not a Gordon variant.

The main Gordon tartan has been used for many years as the troop tartan for the 10th Finchley (Scottish) Scout Group, London N3. The Scout Group was and still is unique in being the only group south of the border to wear kilts and actively maintains its links with the Gordon clan. Every four years (with a few exceptions) they camp in the grounds of Aboyne Castle and the Marquess would often attend Burns Night dinners as the guest of honour at the scout hall. The group's pipe band always plays "The Cock of the North 6/8 March" when returning to their hall following parades and every member wears a badge bearing the stag's head that forms part of the clan crest. A picture of the band outside their current scout hall shows all members wearing Gordon Tartan kilts. The ties go further, with the address of the scout hall being Gordon Hall, Huntly Drive, West Finchley, London, N3.

## Castles

Castles that have been owned by the Clan Gordon include, amongst many others:

* Gordon Castle, which once stood to the north of the village of Gordon, Scottish Borders, in Berwickshire was an old stronghold, although its exact location is not certain. The Gordons held the castle from the twelfth century, but as a result of supporting Robert the Bruce they were given lands in Strathbogie in Aberdeenshire. A mile from Strathbogie was Huntly where the Gordons also had a castle, and it was **Huntly** that gave its name to the Gordon's more famous stronghold that was originally known as Strathbogie, in Aberdeenshire.
* Huntly Castle, just to the north of Huntly in Aberdeenshire is now a ruin that consists of a large rectangular block with a substantial round tower at one end, with the remains of a courtyard and other buildings. There are the remains of decorative stone work and three oriel windows on the upper part of the building. The lands had passed from the Clan Seton to the Clan Gordon in the fourteenth century. The original castle was torched by the Clan Douglas in 1452 and was re-built. The name of the property was changed from Strathbogie to Huntly in 1506. During the Jacobite rising of 1745 the castle was garrisoned by Hanoverian soldiers but by then had been abandoned as a residence. Some of the materials from Huntly Castle were used to build what is now the Huntly Castle Hotel.
* Gordon Castle, is eight and a half miles east of Elgin, Moray, and the Gordons had a castle there since the fifteenth century. In the eighteenth century it was enlarged and remodeled for the Duke of Gordon. It was sold to the government in 1936 and became deteriorated during World War II. The castle was later bought back by the Gordon-Lennox family but most of it was demolished apart from the six story block and two separate wings.
* Abergeldie Castle, five miles west of Ballater, Aberdeenshire, dates from the sixteenth century. Abergeldie was held by the Gordons from 1482. In 1547 James Gordon of Abergeldie was killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh and in 1562 Alexander Gordon of Abergeldie took part in the earl of Huntly's rising against Mary, Queen of Scots. He was also at the Battle of Glenlivet in 1594. During the feud with the Clan Forbes over land, seven sons of Gordon of Knock were murdered by Forbes of Strathgirnock and as a result Forbes was executed by Gordon of Abergeldie. The castle was burnt by the Clan Mackenzie in 1592.
* Glenbuchat Castle, four miles west of Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, dates from 1590. It was seized by James VI of Scotland during Huntly's rising of 1594. Brigadier-General John Gordon of Glenbuchat fought for the Jacobites in both the risings of 1715 and 1745, leading the Gordons and Farquharsons at the Battle of Culloden. He escaped to Norway and died in France. The castle was a ruin by 1738 and was sold to the Duff Earl of Fife. It was then replaced with Glenbuchat House and the old castle is now in the care of Historic Scotland.
* Rothiemay Castle, at Milltown of Rothiemay, dated from the fifteenth century. It stood five miles north of Huntly. Mary, Queen of Scots may have stayed here during Huntly's rebellion of 1562. In 1618 the castle was attacked by George Gordon of Gight. In 1630 William Gordon of Rothiemay and others were burnt to death at the castle of Frendraught in suspicious circumstances. James Crichton of Frendraught had not been on good terms with Rothiemay but he was cleared of involvement. However, Lady Rothiemay employed Highlanders to attack Crichton's property and as a result she was imprisoned in 1635 but later released.
* Haddo House, ten miles north west of Ellon, Aberdeenshire, stands on the site of a stronghold that was held by the Gordons from 1429. Patrick Gordon of Haddo was killed at the Battle of Arbroath in 1446. Sir John Gordon of Haddo was made a Baronet of Nova Scotia in 1642 and actively supported James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose during the Civil War, but was captured after being besieged in the castle. Haddo House is now in the care of the National Trust for Scotland.
* Fyvie Castle, a mile north of Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was held by the Gordon Earls of Aberdeen from 1733 to 1889.
* Kenmure Castle, a mile south of New Galloway was originally held by the Balliols but passed to the Gordons of Lochinvar in about 1297. It was torched after the Gordons welcomed Mary, Queen of Scots there in 1568. In 1633 Sir John Gordon was made Viscount of Kenmure. The castle was burned again by Oliver Cromwell in 1650 after the Gordons had supported Charles I of England. William Gordon, sixth Viscount Kenmure was beheaded in the Tower of London after being captured at the Battle of Preston (1715) fighting for the Jacobites. The property and title were recovered in 1824 and the castle had been restored from a ruin. The castle was visited by Robert Burns but as a result of a fire in 1950 it was stripped of materials.
* Auchindoun Castle near Dufftown is a ruinous L-plan tower house that was originally held by the Clan Ogilvy but passed to the Gordons in 1535. Adam Gordon of Auchindoun was the leader of a party of Gordons who torched the Forbes's Corgarff Castle killing Margaret Campbell who was the wife of Forbes of Towie along with her family and retainers. Auchindoun Castle itself may have been burned in 1544 or 1671. The castle was sacked after James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray was murdered at Donibristle by Gordon, Marquess of Huntly and Sir Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun in 1592. Sir Patrick Gordon of Auchindoun was later killed at the Battle of Glenlivet in 1594. The castle is in the care of Historic Scotland.
* Gight Castle, at Gight, near Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was held by the Gordons of Gight and William Gordon of Gight was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. The sixth Gordon laird of Gight broke his sword across the head of the Laird of Leask. The seventh Gordon laird of Gight was a Tax collector who virtually plundered the town of Banff, Aberdeenshire and kept all of the money. The heiress, Catherine Gordon of Gight, married John "Mad Jack" Byron and they were the parents of the poet Lord Byron. John Byron had to sell the estate due to debts and it was acquired by the Gordon Earls of Aberdeen.
* Aboyne Castle, near Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, is the current seat of the Marquess of Huntly, chief of Clan Gordon.

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Clan Gordon | |
| --- | --- |
| *Gòrdanach* (Singular), *Na Gòrdanaich* (Collective) | |
| Crest: In a ducal coronet Or, a stag's head and neck affrontée proper, attired with ten tines Gold | |
| Motto | *Bydand* ("abiding")
*Animo non astutia*
("By courage, not by craft") |
| Slogan | *An Gòrdonach* |
| Profile | |
| Region | Highland |
| District | Aberdeenshire |
| Plant badge | Rock ivy |
| Pipe music | "The Gordon's March", "Cock o' the North" |
| Chief | |
|  | |
| The Most Hon. Granville Charles Gordon | |
| The 13th Marquess of Huntly (An Gòrdonach) | |
| Seat | Aboyne Castle |
| Historic seat | Huntly Castle |
| Septs of Clan Gordon  Ackane, Adam(son), Ad(d)i.e., Addison, Adkins, Aiken, Aitchison, Aitken, Akane, Akins, Atkin, Atkins(on), Badenoch, Barrie, Connor, Connon, Craig, Cromb(i.e.), Cullen, Culane, Darg(e), Dorward, Durward, Eadie, Ed(d)i.e., Edison, Esslemont, Fettes, Garden, Gard(i)ner, Garioch, Garr(o)ick, Geddes, Gerr(y)ie, Haddo(w), Huntl(e)y, Jessiman, Jopp, Jupp, Laurie, Lawrie, MacAdam, Mallett, Manteach, Marr, Maver, Mill, Mills, Milles, Miln(e), Milner, Meldrum, Moir, More, Morrice, Muir, Milnes, Mylne, Steel(e), Teal, Tod(d), Troup | |
| Clan branches  Gordon of Huntly (chiefs)
Gordon of Aboyne
Gordon of Aberdeen and Temair
Gordon of Kenmure
Gordon of Auchindoun
Gordon of Abergeldie
Gordon of Haddo
Gordon of Glenbuchat
Gordon of Gight
Gordon of Rothiemay
See also:
Gordon baronets
Duke of Gordon | |
| Allied clans  Clan Seton
Clan Sutherland
Clan Burnett
Clan MacDonald of Keppoch
Clan Ogilvy
Clan Grant | |
| Rival clans  Clan Lindsay
Clan Douglas
Clan Forbes
Clan Leask
Clan Campbell
Clan Maitland | |


title: Clan Fraser

abstract: Clan Fraser is a Scottish clan of the Scottish Lowlands. It is not to be confused with the Clan Fraser of Lovat who are a separate Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands. Both clans have their own separate chief, both of whom are officially recognized by the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs.

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# Clan Fraser

**Clan Fraser** is a Scottish clan of the Scottish Lowlands. It is not to be confused with the Clan Fraser of Lovat who are a separate Scottish clan of the Scottish Highlands (though with a common ancestry). Both clans have their own separate chief, both of whom are officially recognized by the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs.

## History

### Origins of the clan

The exact origins of the surname "Fraser" can not be determined with any great certainty. The Frasers are believed to have come from the County of Anjou in France somewhere in the 11th century, and some possible places of origin have been suggested throughout the years, with La Frezelière (at La Roche-Neuville) and Fréteval being the most common.

Traditionally, the surname is thought to be of French origin, but the Oxford Dictionary of Family Names (2016) notes there is no place name in France corresponding with the earliest spellings of the name "de Fresel", "de Friselle", and "de Freseliere", and suggests the possibility it represents a Gaelic name "corrupted beyond recognition by Anglo-French scribes".

The name *Fraser* may be an altered form of the French patronymic *Fresel*. The French surname *Fresel* meant "ribbon, braid" in Old French and was probably the nickname for such merchants. In fact, the surnames *Fresel* and *Frezel* are now centred on Normandy and Artois/French Flanders and not in Anjou because Fresel/Frezel were historically Plantagenet. It sounds like a derived form of *fraise* which means "strawberry" in French and such popular etymologies explain many badges and coats of arms.

The first Frasers to appear in Scottish records were the following:

* Simon Fraser (fl. 1160-1202), who held lands at Keith in East Lothian and left an only daughter and heiress named Eda, who married Hugh Lorens before 1210.
* Gilbert Fraser (fl. 1164-1182), probably a brother of the precedent. He was at William The Lion's court and witnessed various charters at Roxburgh, Coldingham and Melrose between 1164 and 1182. He married a woman named Christiana and had at least two sons named John and Bernard.
* Bernard Fraser (fl. 1186-1188), probably a brother of the precedent. He appeared in a charter at Haddington in 1179 and held lands at Drem in 1186.
* Udard Fraser (fl. 1179), probably a son of Gilbert. He married a sister of Oliver fitz Kylvert, the founder of Oliver Castle in upper Tweedsdale. They had three sons; Bernard, Gilbert and Adam.

### Wars of Scottish Independence

About five generations after the first Simon Fraser, another Simon Fraser was captured fighting for Robert the Bruce and was executed in 1306 by Edward I of England. Simon's cousin was Alexander Fraser of Cowie who was Bruce's chamberlain. He married Bruce's sister Mary. Alexander Fraser's younger brother was another Sir Simon Fraser, from whom the chiefs of the Clan Fraser of Lovat are descended. One of Simon Fraser's grandsons was Sir Alexander Fraser of Cowie and Durris. This Alexander Fraser acquired a castle now called Cairnbulg Castle and the lands of Philorth by marriage to Joanna, younger daughter and co-heiress of the Earl of Ross in 1375.

### Frasers of Philorth

In 1592, Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth received charters from James VI of Scotland for the fishing village of Faithlie which later became the town of Fraserburgh. Sir Alexander Fraser was also authorized to found a university in the town but this scheme was short-lived due to the religious troubles of the time.

The eighth Laird of Philorth built Fraserburgh Castle, which later became the Kinnaird Head lighthouse. This bankrupted him and Philorth Castle was lost from the family for over three hundred years until 1934 when it was bought back by the 19th Lord Saltoun.

### Lords Saltoun

#### 17th and 18th centuries

The ninth Laird of Philorth married the heiress of the Abernethy Lords Saltoun. Their son, Alexander Fraser, 11th Lord Saltoun, was severely wounded at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. He survived thanks to his servant, James Cardno, who rescued him from the battlefield. In 1666 the tenth Lord built Philorth House a mile from Fraserburgh which remained the family seat until it burned down in 1915.

Sir Alexander Fraser of Durris was personal physician to Charles II of England. He was educated at Aberdeen and accompanied the king on his campaign throughout 1650. After the Restoration he sat in the Scottish Parliament and he featured in the diaries of Samuel Pepys.

The Fraser family took no part in the Jacobite risings, although their distant Highland relatives in the Clan Fraser of Lovat were Jacobites.

#### 19th and 20th centuries

The sixteenth Lord Saltoun commanded the Light Companies of the First Guards at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The nineteenth Lord Saltoun was a prisoner of war during World War I in Germany. Later, in 1936 he became a member of the House of Lords and promoted the Royal National Lifeboat Institution.

**Fraser Societies**

## InfoBox

| Clan Fraser | |
| --- | --- |
| Na Frisealaich | |
| Crest: On a mount a flourish of strawberries leaved and fructed Proper | |
| Motto | All my hope is in God. |
| Profile | |
| Region | Lowlands |
| Plant badge | Yew |
| Chief | |
|  | |
| Kathatine Fraser | |
| The Rt. Hon. The Lady Saltoun | |
| Seat | Philorth Castle (Cairnbulg Castle) |
| Historic seat | Oliver Castle
Pitsligo Castle
Castle Fraser |
| Clan branches  Lord Saltoun (chiefs)
Frasers of Philorth
Frasers of Muchalls
See also:
Clan Fraser of Lovat
Frasers of Strichen
Frasers of Inverallochy | |


title: Clarissa Bowers

abstract: Clarissa Bowers is an American model and beauty pageant titleholder. In 2020 Bowers was featured in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue as a Swim Search finalist. After winning America's Miss World 2017 she represented the United States at Miss World 2017.

text:
# Clarissa Bowers

**Clarissa Bowers** (born October 27, 1997) is an American model and beauty pageant titleholder. In 2020 Bowers was featured in the *Sports Illustrated* Swimsuit Issue as a Swim Search finalist. After winning America's Miss World 2017 she represented the United States at Miss World 2017.

## Career

In 2017, Bowers transferred to Vanderbilt University where she is completing a degree in Neuroscience. In 2019, she was selected by *Sports Illustrated* to walk in their Miami Swim Week show and she made her *Sports Illustrated* Swim debut in the 2020 issue of the magazine.

### Pageantry

Bowers was crowned America's Miss World 2017 on August 13, 2017 and she competed at the Miss World 2017 pageant held on November 18, 2017 in Sanya, China and received the accolade of Judge's Choice ranking her in the Top 40.

## InfoBox

| Clarissa Bowers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Clarissa Miriam Bowers
(1997-10-27) October 27, 1997
Rochester, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Height | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Spouse | Tushar Sikand |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | America's Miss World 2017 |
| Hair color | Blonde |
| Eye color | Green |
| Major
competition(s) | America's Miss World 2017
(Winner)
Miss World 2017
(Top 40) |
|  | |


title: Square 54 Redevelopment

abstract: Square 54 Redevelopment is a complex of high-rise buildings located on the main campus of The George Washington University (GW) in Washington, D.C., United States. The new GW complex is mixed-use, with residential and office buildings and ground-level retail space along Eye Street to serve the campus and neighborhood. The complex will be completed with three buildings, Square 54 Residential I, Square 54 Residential II, and Square 54 Office. Square 54 Residential I is expected to rise 157 feet (48 m), featuring 14 floors. Square 54 Residential II is expected to rise 144 feet (44 m), featuring 12 floors. Finally, Square 54 Office, is expected to rise 148 feet (45 m), featuring 11 floors. Construction of every building will be completed in 2011. Each building will be designed by the architect, Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects and Hickok Cole Architects. The complex will replace the former George Washington University Hospital building, which was razed to make way for the construction of the Square 54 Complex.

text:
# Square 54 Redevelopment

**Square 54 Redevelopment** is a complex of high-rise buildings located on the main campus of The George Washington University (GW) in Washington, D.C., United States. The new GW complex is mixed-use, with residential and office buildings and ground-level retail space along Eye Street to serve the campus and neighborhood. The complex will be completed with three buildings, *Square 54 Residential I*, *Square 54 Residential II*, and *Square 54 Office*. Square 54 Residential I is expected to rise 157 feet (48 m), featuring 14 floors. Square 54 Residential II is expected to rise 144 feet (44 m), featuring 12 floors. Finally, *Square 54 Office*, is expected to rise 148 feet (45 m), featuring 11 floors. Construction of every building will be completed in 2011. Each building will be designed by the architect, Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects and Hickok Cole Architects. The complex will replace the former George Washington University Hospital building, which was razed to make way for the construction of the Square 54 Complex.

## InfoBox

| Square 54 Redevelopment | |
| --- | --- |
| A tower crane operating at the Square 54 site. April 2009. | |
| General information | |
| Location | The George Washington University<br>Washington, D.C., United States |
| Estimated completion | 2011 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects |


title: Square (cipher)

abstract: In cryptography, Square is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The design, published in 1997, is a forerunner to Rijndael, which has been adopted as the Advanced Encryption Standard. Square was introduced together with a new form of cryptanalysis discovered by Lars Knudsen, called the "Square attack". The structure of Square is a substitution–permutation network with eight rounds, operating on 128-bit blocks and using a 128-bit key. Square is not patented.

text:
# Square (cipher)

In cryptography, **Square** (sometimes written **SQUARE**) is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. The design, published in 1997, is a forerunner to Rijndael, which has been adopted as the Advanced Encryption Standard. Square was introduced together with a new form of cryptanalysis discovered by Lars Knudsen, called the "Square attack".

The structure of Square is a substitution–permutation network with eight rounds, operating on 128-bit blocks and using a 128-bit key.

Square is not patented.

* Joan Daemen; Lars Knudsen; Vincent Rijmen (1997). *The Block Cipher Square*. Fast Software Encryption (FSE) 1997, Volume 1267 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Haifa, Israel: Springer-Verlag. pp. 149–165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.55.6109.
* SCAN's entry for Square

## InfoBox

Square
| General | |
| --- | --- |
| Designers | Joan Daemen, Vincent Rijmen |
| First published | 1997 |
| Successors | AES, CRYPTON, Twofish, Serpent |
| Cipher detail | |
| Key sizes | 128 bits |
| Block sizes | 128 bits |
| Structure | substitution–permutation network |
| Rounds | 8 |


title: Cirripectes imitator

abstract: Cirripectes imitator, the imitator blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean. This species reaches a length of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) TL.

text:
# Cirripectes imitator

***Cirripectes imitator***, the **imitator blenny**, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific ocean. This species reaches a length of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) TL.

## InfoBox

| *Cirripectes imitator* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Genus: | *Cirripectes* |
| Species: | ***C. imitator*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cirripectes imitator***
J. T. Williams, 1985 | |
|


title: Cirripectes kuwamurai

abstract: Cirripectes kuwamurai is a species of combtooth blenny found on rocky and coral reefs in the northwest Pacific ocean off Japan. This species reaches a length of 5.5 centimetres (2.2 in) SL. The specific name honours the Japanese fish ecologist Tetsuo Kuwamura who collected the type.

text:
# Cirripectes kuwamurai

***Cirripectes kuwamurai*** is a species of combtooth blenny found on rocky and coral reefs in the northwest Pacific ocean off Japan. This species reaches a length of 5.5 centimetres (2.2 in) SL. The specific name honours the Japanese fish ecologist Tetsuo Kuwamura who collected the type.

## InfoBox

| *Cirripectes kuwamurai* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Genus: | *Cirripectes* |
| Species: | ***C. kuwamurai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cirripectes kuwamurai***
Fukao, 1984 | |
|


title: Cirripectes springeri

abstract: Cirripectes springeri, Springer's blenny or the spotted eyelash blenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific Ocean. This species reaches a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) TL. The specific name honours the American ichthyologist Victor G. Springer of the United States National Museum who has worked extensively on blennies.

text:
# Cirripectes springeri

***Cirripectes springeri***, **Springer's blenny** or the **spotted eyelash blenny**, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western Pacific Ocean. This species reaches a length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in) TL. The specific name honours the American ichthyologist Victor G. Springer of the United States National Museum who has worked extensively on blennies.

## InfoBox

| *Cirripectes springeri* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Blenniiformes |
| Family: | Blenniidae |
| Genus: | *Cirripectes* |
| Species: | ***C. springeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cirripectes springeri***
J. T. Williams, 1988 | |
|


title: Clark Atlanta Panthers

abstract: The Clark Atlanta Panthers are the athletic teams that represent Clark Atlanta University, located in Atlanta, Georgia, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Panthers compete as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for all ten varsity sports.

text:
# Clark Atlanta Panthers

The **Clark Atlanta Panthers** are the athletic teams that represent Clark Atlanta University, located in Atlanta, Georgia, in NCAA Division II intercollegiate sports. The Panthers compete as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for all ten varsity sports.

## Varsity teams

### List of teams

## InfoBox

| Clark Atlanta Panthers | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| University | Clark Atlanta University |
| Conference | SIAC (primary) |
| NCAA | Division II |
| Athletic director | Dr. Jerel Drew |
| Location | Atlanta, Georgia |
| Varsity teams | 10 (4 men's, 6 women's) |
| Football stadium | CAU Panther Stadium |
| Basketball arena | L.S. Epps Gymnasium |
| Baseball stadium | Gresham Park |
| Softball stadium | Lady Panthers Softball Field |
| Tennis venue | Clark Atlanta Tennis Center |
| Nickname | Panthers |
| Colors | Red, black, and gray<br> |
| Website | clarkatlantasports.com |


title: Clarbec

abstract: Clarbec is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

text:
# Clarbec

**Clarbec** (French pronunciation: \[klaʁbɛk\] ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 274 |  |
| 1968 | 309 | +12.8% |
| 1975 | 265 | −14.2% |
| 1982 | 251 | −5.3% |
| 1990 | 264 | +5.2% |
| 1999 | 275 | +4.2% |
| 2008 | 361 | +31.3% |

## International relations

Clarbec is twinned with Veitshöchheim, Germany since 1995.

## InfoBox

| Clarbec | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Clarbec | |
|  | |
| Location of Clarbec | |
| ClarbecClarbec | |
| Coordinates: 49°15′02″N 0°08′04″E / 49.2506°N 0.1344°E / 49.2506; 0.1344 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Normandy |
| Department | Calvados |
| Arrondissement | Lisieux |
| Canton | Pont-l'Évêque |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Nicole Lie |
| Area**1** | 9.7 km2 (3.7 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 324 |
| Density | 33/km2 (87/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 14161 /14130 |
| Elevation | 47–140 m (154–459 ft)
(avg. 90 m or 300 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Spun Sugar

abstract: Spun Sugar is an American thoroughbred mare racehorse. She is sired by multiple grade one stakes winner Awesome Again, who was United States Horse of the Year. He in turn was sired by another leading American sire in Deputy Minister. She was out of the mare Irish Cherry. Spun Sugar raced 13 times and won or placed in nine races, seven of them stakes races. She is probably best known for her wins in the Grade II $200,000 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes on May 20, 2005, and the grade one Apple Blossom Handicap.

text:
# Spun Sugar

**Spun Sugar** (foaled January 28, 2002 in Kentucky) is an American thoroughbred mare racehorse. She is sired by multiple grade one stakes winner Awesome Again, who was United States Horse of the Year. He in turn was sired by another leading American sire in Deputy Minister. She was out of the mare Irish Cherry.

Spun Sugar raced 13 times and won or placed in nine races, seven of them stakes races. She is probably best known for her wins in the Grade II $200,000 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes on May 20, 2005, and the grade one Apple Blossom Handicap.

## Three-year-old season

As a three-year-old in 2005, Stronach Stable's Spun Sugar won the $250,000 Grade 2 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes as she beat a field of six three-year-old rivals at Pimlico Race Course. At that time, Spun Sugar was three for four lifetime. The win marked her first added-money stakes score, after winning a maiden and an allowance race prior to that start. The Black-Eyed Susan Stakes is considered by many to be the de facto second leg of the "Filly Triple Crown." The Todd Pletcher trainee was sent to post as the favorite at odds of 1.20-1 odds at "Old-Hilltop" and won under jockey John Velazquez. She won going away by 3 3/4 lengths in 1:53 for the 1 1/8 mile distance over a sloppy track. R Lady Joy, a 5-1 shot, took second, while 7.50-1 shot Pleasant Chimes was another three lengths back in third. Spun Sugar paid $4.40 to win as the favorite.

Later that year, Spun Sugar placed second all three legs of New York's Triple Tiara. The three legs were all grade one stakes races that encompassed the Mother Goose at 1-1/8 miles (9 furlongs) and Coaching Club American Oaks at 1-1/4 miles (10 furlongs) at Belmont Park as well as the Alabama Stakes 1-1/4 miles (10 furlongs) at Saratoga.

## Four-year-old season

Spun Sugar won the grade one Apple Blossom Handicap in 2006 over grade one winner Happy Ticket at 8.5 furlongs at Oaklawn Park. She also captured that year's grade one Go for Wand Handicap at 1-1/8 miles (9 furlongs) at Saratoga Race Course.

## Retirement

Upon retirement, Spun Sugar was sold privately to Sheik Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Shadwell Estate. She currently resides at Shadwell Farm in Lexington, KY.

* Pedigree & Partial Stats

## InfoBox

| Spun Sugar | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | Awesome Again |
| Grandsire | Deputy Minister |
| Dam | Irish Cherry |
| Damsire | Irish Open |
| Sex | Mare |
| Foaled | 2002 |
| Country | United States |
| Colour | Dark Brown |
| Breeder | Adena Springs |
| Owner | Shadwell Estate |
| Trainer | Todd Pletcher |
| Record | 13: 6-3-1 |
| Earnings | $929,171 |
| Major wins | |
| **Black-Eyed Susan Stakes** (2005)
Apple Blossom Handicap (2006)
Go for Wand Handicap (2006) | |


title: City of Ekurhuleni elections

text:
# City of Ekurhuleni elections

The City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality council consists of 224 members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. 112 are elected by first-past-the-post voting in 112 wards, while the remaining 112 are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021, no party obtained a majority of seats on the council.

## Results

The following table shows the composition of the council after past elections.

| Event | ACDP | ANC | COPE | DA | EFF | FF+ | IFP | PAC | Other | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 election | 2 | 99 | - | 55 | - | 1 | 6 | 4 | 8 | **175** |
| 2006 election | 2 | 108 | - | 45 | - | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 | **175** |
| 2011 election | 1 | 125 | 2 | 62 | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | **202** |
| 2016 election | 1 | 109 | 1 | 77 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | **224** |
| 2021 election | 2 | 86 | 1 | 65 | 31 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 27 | **224** |
|

## December 2000 election

The following table shows the results of the 2000 election.

| Ekurhuleni local election, 5 December 2000 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | | | | Seats | | |
| | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
|  | African National Congress | 283,150 | 286,003 | 569,153 | 56.5% | 62 | 37 | 99 |
|  | Democratic Alliance | 157,875 | 156,622 | 314,497 | 31.2% | 25 | 30 | 55 |
|  | Inkatha Freedom Party | 16,751 | 15,175 | 31,926 | 3.2% | 0 | 6 | 6 |
|  | Pan Africanist Congress of Azania | 12,551 | 12,069 | 24,620 | 2.4% | 1 | 3 | 4 |
|  | African Christian Democratic Party | 4,945 | 6,064 | 11,009 | 1.1% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | East Rand Forum/Oosrand Forum | 6,165 | 4,565 | 10,730 | 1.1% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Simunye in Christ Organisation | 5,056 | 5,486 | 10,542 | 1.0% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Daveyton Community Peace Committee | 3,169 | 4,567 | 7,736 | 0.8% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Displacees Rate-Payers Association | 3,161 | 4,479 | 7,640 | 0.8% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | United Democratic Movement | 2,229 | 4,030 | 6,259 | 0.6% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Thembisa Concerned Residents Association | 1,848 | 2,214 | 4,062 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent candidates | 4,011 |  | 4,011 | 0.4% | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | Freedom Front Plus | 2,105 | 1,543 | 3,648 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Socialist Party of Azania | 333 | 702 | 1,035 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Regte Party/Right Party |  | 413 | 413 | 0.0% |  | 0 | 0 |
| **Total** | | **503,349** | **503,932** | **1,007,281** |  | **88** | **87** | **175** |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 503,349 | 503,932 | 1,007,281 | 98.4% |
| Spoilt votes | | 8,515 | 8,199 | 16,714 | 1.6% |
| **Total votes cast** | | **511,864** | **512,131** | **1,023,995** |  |
|  | | | | | |
| Voter turnout | | 513,676 |
| Registered voters | | 1,137,951 |
| Turnout percentage | | 45.1% |

## March 2006 election

The following table shows the results of the 2006 election.

| Ekurhuleni local election, 1 March 2006 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | | | | Seats | | |
| | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
|  | African National Congress | 322,691 | 320,043 | 642,734 | 61.3% | 63 | 45 | 108 |
|  | Democratic Alliance | 135,194 | 135,173 | 270,367 | 25.8% | 25 | 20 | 45 |
|  | Inkatha Freedom Party | 14,266 | 14,944 | 29,210 | 2.8% | 0 | 5 | 5 |
|  | Displacees Rate-Payers Association | 8,814 | 7,472 | 16,286 | 1.6% | 0 | 3 | 3 |
|  | Pan Africanist Congress of Azania | 7,705 | 7,336 | 15,041 | 1.4% | 0 | 3 | 3 |
|  | African Christian Democratic Party | 4,659 | 6,313 | 10,972 | 1.0% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Freedom Front Plus | 5,146 | 5,496 | 10,642 | 1.0% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Independent Democrats | 5,130 | 5,105 | 10,235 | 1.0% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | United Democratic Movement | 2,884 | 3,864 | 6,748 | 0.6% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent Ratepayers Association of SA | 2,973 | 1,831 | 4,804 | 0.5% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent candidates | 4,375 |  | 4,375 | 0.4% | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | Daveyton Community Peace Committee | 1,759 | 1,976 | 3,735 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Azanian People's Organisation | 2,052 | 1,534 | 3,586 | 0.3% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Simunye in Christ Organisation | 934 | 1,873 | 2,807 | 0.3% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Christian Democratic Party | 1,321 | 887 | 2,208 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African Renaissance Civic Movement | 995 | 1,200 | 2,195 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National Democratic Convention | 761 | 1,281 | 2,042 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | United Independent Front | 781 | 1,246 | 2,027 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Tshwaranang Civic Organisation | 863 | 861 | 1,724 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Khayalami Residents Association | 828 | 894 | 1,722 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Thembisa Concerned Residents Association | 475 | 1,102 | 1,577 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Federal Alliance | 700 | 689 | 1,389 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Regte Party/Right Party | 45 | 689 | 734 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Umhlaba Uhlangene People's United Nations | 213 | 364 | 577 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **Total** | | **525,564** | **522,173** | **1,047,737** |  | **88** | **87** | **175** |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 525,564 | 522,173 | 1,047,737 | 98.3% |
| Spoilt votes | | 7,665 | 9,955 | 17,620 | 1.7% |
| **Total votes cast** | | **533,229** | **532,128** | **1,065,357** |  |
|  | | | | | |
| Voter turnout | | 537,523 |
| Registered voters | | 1,240,348 |
| Turnout percentage | | 43.3% |

## May 2011 election

The following table shows the results of the 2011 election.

| Ekurhuleni local election, 18 May 2011 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | | | | Seats | | |
| | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
|  | African National Congress | 478,068 | 490,234 | 968,302 | 61.6% | 71 | 54 | 125 |
|  | Democratic Alliance | 238,380 | 237,605 | 475,985 | 30.3% | 30 | 32 | 62 |
|  | National Freedom Party | 9,332 | 8,938 | 18,270 | 1.2% | 0 | 3 | 3 |
|  | Inkatha Freedom Party | 8,165 | 9,174 | 17,339 | 1.1% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Congress of the People | 6,206 | 8,579 | 14,785 | 0.9% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Pan Africanist Congress of Azania | 5,873 | 4,806 | 10,679 | 0.7% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | African Christian Democratic Party | 5,226 | 4,690 | 9,916 | 0.6% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | African People's Convention | 4,241 | 5,375 | 9,616 | 0.6% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Freedom Front Plus | 4,655 | 4,011 | 8,666 | 0.6% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent Ratepayers Association of SA | 6,080 | 2,557 | 8,637 | 0.5% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | United Democratic Movement | 4,002 | 3,280 | 7,282 | 0.5% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Displacees Rate-Payers Association | 3,759 | 3,222 | 6,981 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent candidates | 2,391 |  | 2,391 | 0.2% | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | The Real Congress | 784 | 983 | 1,767 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African Christian Alliance-Afrikaner Christen Alliansie | 972 | 603 | 1,575 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Black Consciousness Party | 663 | 877 | 1,540 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Simunye in Christ Organisation | 873 | 650 | 1,523 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | People's Civic Organisation | 832 | 670 | 1,502 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Christian Democratic Party | 837 | 643 | 1,480 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | First Nation Liberation Alliance | 620 | 639 | 1,259 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National Republican Party | 572 | 379 | 951 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pan Africanist Movement | 85 | 274 | 359 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Thembisa Concerned Residents Association |  | 355 | 355 | 0.0% |  | 0 | 0 |
|  | Umhlaba Uhlangene People's United Nations | 34 |  | 34 | 0.0% | 0 |  | 0 |
| **Total** | | **782,650** | **788,544** | **1,571,194** |  | **101** | **101** | **202** |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 782,650 | 788,544 | 1,571,194 | 98.5% |
| Spoilt votes | | 14,321 | 9,922 | 24,243 | 1.5% |
| **Total votes cast** | | **796,971** | **798,466** | **1,595,437** |  |
|  | | | | | |
| Voter turnout | | 804,170 |
| Registered voters | | 1,424,392 |
| Turnout percentage | | 56.5% |

## August 2016 election

The following table shows the results of the 2016 election.

| Ekurhuleni local election, 3 August 2016 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | | | | Seats | | |
| | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
|  | African National Congress | 436,190 | 438,961 | 875,151 | 48.6% | 76 | 33 | 109 |
|  | Democratic Alliance | 307,664 | 306,709 | 614,373 | 34.1% | 35 | 42 | 77 |
|  | Economic Freedom Fighters | 102,242 | 99,770 | 202,012 | 11.2% | 1 | 24 | 25 |
|  | African Independent Congress | 14,709 | 14,810 | 29,519 | 1.6% | 0 | 4 | 4 |
|  | Inkatha Freedom Party | 8,940 | 9,345 | 18,285 | 1.0% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Freedom Front Plus | 7,991 | 8,059 | 16,050 | 0.9% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | African Christian Democratic Party | 3,908 | 3,754 | 7,662 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Pan Africanist Congress of Azania | 3,836 | 3,743 | 7,579 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Patriotic Alliance | 2,272 | 2,499 | 4,771 | 0.3% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Congress of the People | 2,209 | 2,504 | 4,713 | 0.3% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent Ratepayers Association of SA | 3,067 | 1,219 | 4,286 | 0.2% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent candidates | 3,675 |  | 3,675 | 0.2% | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | United Democratic Movement | 1,435 | 2,109 | 3,544 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African People's Convention | 566 | 2,388 | 2,954 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Ekurhuleni Community Movement | 444 | 338 | 782 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Al Jama-ah | 109 | 462 | 571 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Academic Congress Union | 261 | 250 | 511 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Palmridge Community Forum | 173 | 230 | 403 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Azanian People's Organisation | 93 | 304 | 397 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | United Residents Front | 199 | 190 | 389 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Pan African Socialist Movement of Azania | 44 | 298 | 342 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | International Revelation Congress | 35 | 252 | 287 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African People's Socialist Party | 148 | 137 | 285 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | United Front of Civics | 72 | 180 | 252 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Building a Cohesive Society | 108 | 105 | 213 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Agang South Africa | 31 | 164 | 195 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **Total** | | **900,421** | **898,780** | **1,799,201** |  | **112** | **112** | **224** |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 900,421 | 898,780 | 1,799,201 | 98.3% |
| Spoilt votes | | 16,086 | 15,783 | 31,869 | 1.7% |
| **Total votes cast** | | **916,507** | **914,563** | **1,831,070** |  |
|  | | | | | |
| Voter turnout | | 921,547 |
| Registered voters | | 1,587,116 |
| Turnout percentage | | 58.1% |

## November 2021 election

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

| Ekurhuleni local election, 1 November 2021 | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Party | | Votes | | | | Seats | | |
| | Ward | List | Total | % | Ward | List | Total |
|  | African National Congress | 254,782 | 257,186 | 511,968 | 38.2% | 78 | 8 | 86 |
|  | Democratic Alliance | 194,739 | 190,305 | 385,044 | 28.7% | 32 | 33 | 65 |
|  | Economic Freedom Fighters | 92,919 | 89,045 | 181,964 | 13.6% | 0 | 31 | 31 |
|  | ActionSA | 39,089 | 49,395 | 88,484 | 6.6% | 0 | 15 | 15 |
|  | Freedom Front Plus | 21,330 | 23,318 | 44,648 | 3.3% | 0 | 8 | 8 |
|  | Patriotic Alliance | 12,630 | 12,524 | 25,154 | 1.9% | 2 | 2 | 4 |
|  | Inkatha Freedom Party | 8,335 | 9,885 | 18,220 | 1.4% | 0 | 3 | 3 |
|  | African Independent Congress | 8,193 | 9,125 | 17,318 | 1.3% | 0 | 3 | 3 |
|  | African Christian Democratic Party | 5,524 | 5,795 | 11,319 | 0.8% | 0 | 2 | 2 |
|  | Independent candidates | 8,025 |  | 8,025 | 0.6% | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | Independent Ratepayers Association of SA | 5,242 | 2,406 | 7,648 | 0.6% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Independent Citizens Movement | 2,960 | 3,026 | 5,986 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Pan Africanist Congress of Azania | 2,089 | 2,897 | 4,986 | 0.4% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | African Transformation Movement | 2,133 | 2,204 | 4,337 | 0.3% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | National Freedom Party | 1,401 | 1,926 | 3,327 | 0.2% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | United Democratic Movement | 1,428 | 1,702 | 3,130 | 0.2% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | Congress of the People | 1,511 | 1,340 | 2,851 | 0.2% | 0 | 1 | 1 |
|  | United Independent Movement | 1,090 | 1,013 | 2,103 | 0.2% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African People's Convention | 1,006 | 706 | 1,712 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Black First Land First | 661 | 828 | 1,489 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | National People's Front | 714 | 709 | 1,423 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African People's Movement | 936 | 433 | 1,369 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | The Nationals of South Africa | 491 | 526 | 1,017 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | United Christian Democratic Party | 322 | 680 | 1,002 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Change | 544 | 316 | 860 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | African Security Congress | 165 | 606 | 771 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Africa Restoration Alliance | 529 | 209 | 738 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Independent South African National Civic Organisation | 243 | 455 | 698 | 0.1% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | The Organic Humanity Movement | 278 | 277 | 555 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Abantu Batho Congress | 126 | 401 | 527 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Democratic Union Plus | 151 | 323 | 474 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Able Leadership | 100 | 313 | 413 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | God Save Africa |  | 355 | 355 | 0.0% |  | 0 | 0 |
|  | African Freedom Revolution | 17 | 206 | 223 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Arusha Economic Coalition | 15 | 165 | 180 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Spectrum National Party | 4 | 153 | 157 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
|  | Al Jama-ah | 138 |  | 138 | 0.0% | 0 |  | 0 |
|  | Bolsheviks Party of South Africa | 37 | 68 | 105 | 0.0% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| **Total** | | **669,897** | **670,821** | **1,340,718** |  | **112** | **112** | **224** |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Valid votes | | 669,897 | 670,821 | 1,340,718 | 98.5% |
| Spoilt votes | | 9,879 | 10,113 | 19,992 | 1.5% |
| **Total votes cast** | | **679,776** | **680,934** | **1,360,710** |  |
|  | | | | | |
| Voter turnout | | 688,479 |
| Registered voters | | 1,575,840 |
| Turnout percentage | | 43.7% |

### By-elections from November 2021

The following by-elections were held to fill vacant ward seats in the period since the election in November 2021.

| Date | Ward | Party of the previous councillor | | Party of the newly elected councillor | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 24 May 2023 | 25 |  | Democratic Alliance |  | Democratic Alliance |
| 25 October 2023 | 23 |  | Democratic Alliance |  | Democratic Alliance |
| 14 February 2024 | 25 |  | Democratic Alliance |  | Democratic Alliance |


title: Edward Bennett Rosa

abstract:
Edward Bennett Rosa was an American physicist, specialising in measurement science. He received B.S. at Wesleyan University (1886) and taught physics at a school in Providence, Rhode Island before graduate studies in physics at Johns Hopkins University, obtaining a Ph.D. in 1891 on the thesis entitled The Specific Inductive Capacity of Electrolytes, advised by Henry Augustus Rowland.
After a short stay at University of Wisconsin (1890) he was professor of physics at
Wesleyan University (1891–1901) where he and Wilbur Olin Atwater developed a
respiration calorimeter which for human beings confirmed conservation of energy laws and allowed for calculation of caloric values of different foods. He also made an early
curve tracer for alternating currents. He then joined as head of the electrical research division at
National Bureau of Standards (1901) where he,
Noah Ernest Dorsey and Frederick Grover, developed a variety of measurement devices. With
George Wood Vinal he made an ammeter based on a silver voltameter.
He also headed the Safety Code division that defined the National Electrical Code. Rosa died while at work.

text:
# Edward Bennett Rosa

**Edward Bennett Rosa** (4 October 1873, Rogersville, Steuben County – 17 May 1921, Washington, D. C.) was an American physicist, specialising in measurement science.

He received B.S. at Wesleyan University (1886) and taught physics at a school in Providence, Rhode Island before graduate studies in physics at Johns Hopkins University, obtaining a Ph.D. in 1891 on the thesis entitled *The Specific Inductive Capacity of Electrolytes*, advised by Henry Augustus Rowland. After a short stay at University of Wisconsin (1890) he was professor of physics at Wesleyan University (1891–1901) where he and Wilbur Olin Atwater developed a respiration calorimeter which for human beings confirmed conservation of energy laws and allowed for calculation of caloric values of different foods. He also made an early curve tracer for alternating currents. He then joined as head of the electrical research division at National Bureau of Standards (1901) where he, Noah Ernest Dorsey and Frederick Grover, developed a variety of measurement devices. With George Wood Vinal he made an ammeter based on a silver voltameter. He also headed the Safety Code division that defined the National Electrical Code. Rosa died while at work.

## Awards


title: Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat

abstract: Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat is an Egyptian author who specialises in children's literature. She has held many writing workshops for children within Egypt and other countries. She has received several awards, both domestic and international. Samah is the daughter of the late Egyptian actor Abu Bakr Ezzat, and her mother was the late author Kawthar Hekal.

text:
# Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat

**Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat** (Arabic: سماح أبو بكر عزت) is an Egyptian author who specialises in children's literature. She has held many writing workshops for children within Egypt and other countries. She has received several awards, both domestic and international.

Samah is the daughter of the late Egyptian actor Abu Bakr Ezzat, and her mother was the late author Kawthar Hekal.

## Works

Samah wrote over 40 books in the field of children's literature, and they ranged from fiction to historical books. Her works include:

* *:"The Confused Circle"* (original title: Al-Da’era al-Ha’ira), 2020
* *"The Face of the Moon"* (original title: Wajh al-Qamar), 2020
* *"Marwa and the Friends of the Sea"* (original title: Marwa wa Asdika al-Bahr), 2020
* *"A Forest Between the Waves"* (original title: Ghabat’un Bayn al-Amwaj), 2020
* *"A Pearl in the Sky"* (original title: Lo’lo’at’un fi al-Sam’a), 2020
* *"Ali and his smart friend"* (original title: A’li wa Sadiquh al-Zaki), 2019
* *"The Secret of the Yellow Hat"* (original title: Sir al-Quba’a al-Safra’), 2019
* *"Alone in the Box"* (original title: Wahdi fi al-Sanduq), 2017
* *"Things in the Life of Scholars"* (original title: Ashya’ fi Hayat al-’Olmaa), 2017
* *“Hamada the Maker of Happiness”* (original title: Hamada San’i al-Sa’ada), 2017
* *"A Letter to my Friend Omar"* (original title: Resala ila Sadiqi ‘Omar). 2017
* *"The Story of Black and White"* (original title: Hikayet el-A’byad we el-A’swad), 2017
* *"Jamila and the Three Sisters"* (original title: Jamila wa al-Shaqiqat al-Thalath), 2016
* *"The Secret of the Blue Sea"* (original title: Sir al-Bahr al-Azraq), 2016
* *"The Amazing Game"* (original title: Al-L’oba al-Mudhisha), 2015
* *"Thirty Books and a Book"* (original title: Thlathon Kitab’an wa Kitab), 2014
* *"Orchard of Justice"* (original title: Bustan al-’Adala), 2014
* *"The Cheapest of Treasures"* (original title: A’rkhas al-Kunuz), 2014
* *"The Fox and the Sly Rabbit"* (original title: Al-Ta'lab wa al-A'rnab al-Mohtal)
* *“The Mountain’s Gift”* (original title: Hadiyat al-Jabal), 2014
* *"A Whinny of Gold"* (original title: Sahel Min Dhahab), 2014
* *"The Accused is a Mouse"* (original title: Al-Motaham Fa’r), 2014
* *"Hassan's Horse"* (original title: Hissan Hassan), 2013
* *"A Mouse in Tamer’s House"* (original title: Fa’r fi Bayt Tamer), 2013
* *"A Castle and a Temple in my Pocket"* (original title: Fi Jaybi Qal’at’un wa M’abad), 2011
* *"Once Upon a Time: The story Begins”* (original title: Tota Tota Badai’t el-Hadota), 2010
* *"Silent Giving"* (original title: Al-’Ataa al-Samit), 2007
* *"The Secret of the Red Sky"* (original title: Sir al-Sam’a al-Hamr’a)
* *“The Golden House”* (original title: Al-Bayt al-Zahabi)
* *"Spring's Crown"* (original title: Taj Al-Rabi’)
* *“The Coward’s Road”* (original title: Josor al-Jaban)
* *“Suns”* (original title: Shomos)
* *“Dream Horse”* (original title: Jawad al-Hulum)
* *“Habiba and the Bag’s Secret”* (original title: Habiba wa sir al-Haqiba)
* *“Things”* (original title: ‘Ashy’a)
* *“The Green Bird’s Journey”* (original title: Rihalt al-A’sfoor al-Akhdar)
* *“Hadeel”*

## Awards

Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat earned many Arabic and international prizes in the field of children's literature and creative writing, including:

* The Golden Award in the field of screenwriting from the Arab Creativity Festival for the TV series “Aladdin and the treasure of Grandfather Amin”
* The International Council on Books for Young People award in Switzerland for her story "The Confused Circle", 2020
* The Khalifa Educational Award for her story the "Orchard of Justice".

## InfoBox

| Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat | |
| --- | --- |
| Samah Abu Bakr Ezzat, guest of channel1eg, 4 February 2022 | |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Occupation | Author |
| Parents | * Abu Bakr Ezzat (father) * Kawthar Hekal (mother) |


title: The Brave Don't Run

abstract: The Brave Don't Run is the debut album of rock band Midnight Youth, released on April 27, 2009 through Warner Music. The album debuted at number two on the New Zealand Album Chart on May 3, 2009, The album features two gold singles in NZ, featuring "The Letter" & "All On Our Own".

text:
# The Brave Don't Run

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *New Zealand Herald* |  |
| Stuff.co.nz |  |

***The Brave Don't Run*** is the debut album of rock band Midnight Youth, released on April 27, 2009 through Warner Music. The album debuted at number two on the New Zealand Album Chart on May 3, 2009, The album features two gold singles in NZ, featuring "The Letter" & "All On Our Own".

## Background

The album was recorded in studios in New York and Auckland.

## Album artwork

*The Brave Don't Run* album artwork was illustrated by Sam Yong. The album art is inspired by different elements from the songs within the album, but mainly the title track "Cavalry". The cover is a homage to the painting of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David.

## Singles

* "The Letter": In October 2008, the first single to be lifted off the album was released. The single performed well on the radio and television and eventually reached number 20 on the New Zealand Singles Chart.
* "All On Our Own": In March 2009, the album's second single was released and debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 18. It peaked at number 6 on the chart.
* "Learning to Fall": Released in June 2009 as the third single.
* "Cavalry": Released in October 2009 as the fourth single.
* "Golden Love": The fifth single.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Cavalry" | 5:22 |
| 2. | "All On Our Own" | 3:45 |
| 3. | "Dead Flowers" | 3:53 |
| 4. | "The Letter" | 3:34 |
| 5. | "Learning to Fall" | 3:49 |
| 6. | "Benjamin" | 4:05 |
| 7. | "Tijuana" | 4:17 |
| 8. | "Golden Love" | 4:01 |
| 9. | "Lonely Homes" | 4:40 |
| 10. | "Flash" | 4:39 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *The Brave Don't Run*
| Chart (2009–2011) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 83 |
| New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) | 2 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Platinum | 15,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| The Brave Don't Run | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Midnight Youth | |
| Released | 27 April 2009 |
| Recorded | 2007–2008 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Label | Warner |
| Midnight Youth chronology | |
| ***The Brave Don't Run***
(2009) *World Comes Calling*
(2011) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *The Brave Don't Run* | |
| 1. "The Letter"
Released: 20 October 2008 2. "All On Our Own"
Released: April 2009 3. "Learning to Fall"
Released: June 2009 4. "Cavalry"
Released: 14 September 2009 5. "Golden Love"
Released: 14 December 2009 | |
|  | |


title: Erhard Brielmaier

abstract: Erhard Brielmaier was an architect in the United States and Canada from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. He designed and built more churches and hospitals than any other architect.

text:
# Erhard Brielmaier

**Erhard Brielmaier** (January 7, 1841  August 29, 1917) was an architect in the United States and Canada from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. He designed and built more churches and hospitals than any other architect.

## History

Brielmaier was born in Neufra near Rottweil, Württemberg. His mother immigrated to America with Brielmaier and his siblings in 1850 to join their father, a carpenter who had settled in White Oak, Ohio. On November 27, 1860, Brielmaier married Theresia Haag and they had 13 children. In 1873, the clan moved to Milwaukee, where Brielmaier worked his way from carpenter, sculptor, and altar-builder to that of an architect with a national reputation.

Brielmaier's sons (Bernard Anselm, Joseph Mary, and Leo Anthony) received training in architecture, and with them he formed the organization of Erhard Brielmaier & Sons Co., Architects, which constructed over a thousand Catholic churches, schools and hospitals throughout the United States and Canada. Brielmaier had architecture offices in Chicago and Milwaukee in the late 19th century and 20th century. Brielmaier and Sons focused on the architecture of churches, hospitals (such as the Mayo Clinic Hospital), and schools and university buildings (such as Marquette University).

In 1861 Brielmaier designed a Gothic chapel for the Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi of St. Francis, Wisconsin. The stained glass windows were imported from Innsbruck, Austria. Three of his granddaughters subsequently joined the congregation.

In the Milwaukee area there are about 30 buildings by Brielmaier and his sons designated with historical status. One of the most notable is the Basilica of St. Josaphat in Milwaukee, which was based on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was designed with conservation in mind by using the materials from the dismantled federal building in Chicago. The Chicago federal building's postal emblems appear as brass ornaments on the entrance doors. At the time it was constructed, St. Josaphat's has one of the largest cupola in the world. It was later designated a basilica.

Saint Anthony of Padua Catholic Church, on Ninth and Mitchell in Milwaukee, is another historical church whose interior was designed by Brielmaier. The interior of the church is still original with the high altar, four side altars, and the pulpit having been designed and crafted by Brielmaier.

Brielmaier was concerned with the education of his children who followed the Brielmaier tradition and become artists. His oldest son, John (Johannes) Erhard Brielmaier (September 4, 1861September 9, 1913), studied wood sculpturing in Stuttgart. Johannes's artwork is found throughout the United States, mostly in altars and sculptures. His artworks are known for their depth and elaborate carvings of magnificent detail.

Brielmaier's daughter, Clotilde Elizabeth Brielmaier (March 4, 1867March 29, 1915), spent several years in Munich and Rome studying art. Her artwork can be viewed in Europe as well as the United States. She is credited with being the first woman to own her own art studio in the United States and was credited as being an artist that could easily stand on her own alongside the male artists of her time. Many of Clotilde Brielmaier's paintings, especially the murals in chapels and churches, have been destroyed over the years, either because of natural disaster or through the simplification policy of the Catholic Church. Some of her large portraits can be found in historical museums in the United States.

The generation of Brielmaier artists following their grandfather, Erhard Brielmaier, include: Thomasita Fessler, who was born Majella Nicola Fessler on February 23, 1912 and died April 1, 2005. Sr. Thomasita established the art department at Cardinal Stritch College, becoming the chair of the art department and founding the Studio San Damiano based on her philosophy of "Nature is God's art and art is man's nature" as well as the Brielmaier tradition of, "A child who learns to create will not destroy."

Carl (Mary) R. Brielmaier (grandson of Erhard) continued the church painting tradition. Carl was born May 12, 1892. He left his immediate family before a teen and studied with Clothilde Brielmaier. Carl was known to use many different names within his life and work, including the name Erhard so the extent of artwork credited to him is variable. Much of the church painting he is known to have created is within the Midwestern United States, mostly in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ohio. Carl Brielmaier passed down the family's art tradition to his daughter, Rose Brielmaier.

He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is buried at Calvary Cemetery in Milwaukee, where both the historic Gothic Revival style gate house and Romanesque chapel were designed by him.


title: Eric Brevig

abstract: Eric Brevig is an American film director and visual effects supervisor known for his work in several major theatrical films and television shows. He was Visual Effects Supervisor and Second Unit Director on the 2001 Jerry Bruckheimer/Michael Bay action drama Pearl Harbor, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.

text:
# Eric Brevig

**Eric Brevig** (born 1957) is an American film director and visual effects supervisor known for his work in several major theatrical films and television shows. He was Visual Effects Supervisor and Second Unit Director on the 2001 Jerry Bruckheimer/Michael Bay action drama *Pearl Harbor*, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.

## Career

Since his film school days at UCLA, Brevig had been fascinated with the potential of 3-D for live-action movie production, and he learned everything he could about it. During the production of 1986's Captain EO short for the Disney theme parks he was substantially responsible for supervising the technical aspects of the 3D photography. After several second unit director's assignments in special effects-heavy films like Men in Black and Michael Bay's Pearl Harbor, Brevig's previous 3D experience and expertise turned out to be the factor that helped him get his first full-blown director's job when he was offered the chance to direct the 2008 film *Journey to the Center of the Earth 3-D* (a New Line Cinema release), the first narrative feature shot entirely in digital 3-D. He next directed *Yogi Bear*, another 3D movie, for Warner Bros. Following that, he was chosen to direct a 3-D Korean War drama, *17 Days of Winter*, about the 1950 Battle of Chosin Reservoir. The film, with a screenplay by Frank Pierson and a budget of US$100 million, was scheduled to begin shooting in South Korea in late 2011, with a target release date in 2013, but it did not move forward.

## Awards

Brevig shared a Special Achievement Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with Rob Bottin, Tim McGovern and Alex Funke for their work on *Total Recall*, awarded at the 1991 Oscars ceremony. He was nominated in both 1992 and 2002 for the Oscar in Best Effects, Visual Effects.

## Filmography

**Director**

**Visual Effects**

**Second Unit Director**

**Special Thanks**

## InfoBox

| Eric Brevig | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1957 (age 6667) |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Film director, visual effects supervisor |


title: Brest City Park

abstract: Brest City Park is an urban public park in Brest, Belarus. The Russian soldiers of Libava Regiment, who were stationed in this part of Brest-Litovsk, laid out the park in 1906.

text:
# Brest City Park

**Brest City Park** is an urban public park in Brest, Belarus. The Russian soldiers of Libava Regiment, who were stationed in this part of Brest-Litovsk, laid out the park in 1906.

## Overview

Initially it covered 4 ha. Today, at over 20 ha, it is the largest public park in the city. The park features dozens of tree species rare in this part of Europe, such as platanus, tamarisk, elm, and serpentine spruce (Picea Abies "Virgata").

2006 marked the park's centenary. The park underwent an all-out reconstruction that lasted two years till 2006. On October 16, 2004, the park was reopened on completion of the first stage of reconstruction. In 2006, the entire reconstruction was completed and the park hosts visitors again. As its official name is **First of May Park**, it was reopened on May 1.

In the park, visitors can find a large disco club, an open-air concert stage, an amusement park and two lovely ponds called *Upper Lake* and *Lower Lake*. These ponds are connected by a canal, with water slowly flowing from Upper Lake to Lower Lake. There are two fountains in Upper Lake, and new bridges span the canal's banks. Another bridge links the island in the centre of Upper Lake with the shore. New iron fences and railings give a fresh look to the sites around the ponds.

52°05′40″N 23°40′36″E / 52.09444°N 23.67667°E / 52.09444; 23.67667


title: Ormr Ásláksson

abstract: Ormr Ásláksson was Bishop of Hólar, Iceland's northern diocese, from 1343-56.

text:
# Ormr Ásláksson

**Ormr Ásláksson** was Bishop of Hólar, Iceland's northern diocese, from 1343-56.

## Biography

Ormr was a Norwegian, who prior to his election had been a canon of the cathedral of Stavanger from at least 1319, in which role he oversaw the collection of the papal tithe under the papal *nuncio* Pierre Gervais in c. 1333. Ormr succeeded Egill Eyjólfsson (Bishop of Hólar 1332–41) (with Einarr Hafliðason managing the empty seat in between). Ormr is noted for the tempestuous character of his episcopate, which has sometimes been thought to show Icelanders' opposition to Norwegian bishops. During his episcopate, he made an unusual four journeys to Norway, in 1345-46, 1347, 1349–51, and 1355-56. In 1347, Icelandic farmers protested about his governance to the Norwegian king, Haakon VI Magnusson via the Alþingi. However, most of the evidence for opposition to Ormr comes from one source, Einarr Hafliðason, so may not be representative.

Ormr promoted the cult of Guðmundr Arason, arranging for the second translation of his bones in 1344. It was probably under Ormr's auspices that Arngrímr Brandsson composed the D-version of *Guðmundar saga biskups*.

On his death in 1356, Ormr was succeeded by Jón skalli Eiríksson.


title: 1880 Massachusetts legislature

abstract: The 101st Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1880 during the governorship of John Davis Long. Robert R. Bishop served as president of the Senate and Charles J. Noyes served as speaker of the House.

text:
# 1880 Massachusetts legislature

Robert Bishop, Senate president.Charles Noyes, House speaker.Leaders of the Massachusetts General Court, 1880.

The **101st Massachusetts General Court**, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1880 during the governorship of John Davis Long. Robert R. Bishop served as president of the Senate and Charles J. Noyes served as speaker of the House.

## Senators

| Image | Name | Date of birth | District | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | William Abbott | 1834 | 2nd Worcester |  |
|  | Samuel N. Aldrich | February 3, 1839 | 4th Middlesex |  |
|  | Oliver Ames | February 4, 1831 | 1st Bristol |  |
|  | Stephen Francis Blaney | 1844 | 2nd Essex |  |
|  | Charles J. Brooks | July 6, 1844 | 8th Suffolk |  |
|  | Elisha S. Converse | July 28, 1820 | 1st Middlesex |  |
|  | Charles T. Crocker | March 2, 1833 | 5th Worcester |  |
|  | George Glover Crocker | December 15, 1843 | 4th Suffolk |  |
|  | Warren Currier | July 20, 1830 | 4th Essex |  |
|  | James William Dwyer | 1845 | North Berkshire |  |
|  | Anson D. Fessenden | February 18, 1839 | 5th Middlesex |  |
|  | Ebenezer T. Fogg | October 30, 1826 | 1st Plymouth |  |
|  | Jonas Harrod French | November 4, 1829 | 3rd Essex |  |
|  | Henry William Fuller | June 30, 1839 | 7th Suffolk |  |
|  | Emerson Gaylord | September 2, 1817 | 2nd Hampden |  |
|  | Harmon Hall | July 18, 1818 | 1st Essex |  |
|  | Alpheus Harding | January 12, 1818 | 4th Worcester |  |
|  | Eben Hutchinson | 1841 | 1st Suffolk |  |
|  | Marcus Perrin Knowlton | February 3, 1839 | 1st Hampden |  |
|  | Charles S. Lilley | December 13, 1851 | 7th Middlesex |  |
|  | Asa Porter Morse | 1818 | 3rd Middlesex |  |
|  | Stephen Osgood | November 16, 1826 | 5th Essex |  |
|  | John Lord Otis | 1827 | Hampshire |  |
|  | James Paine Ray | 1820 | 2nd Norfolk |  |
|  | Henry C. Rice | August 22, 1827 | 1st Worcester |  |
|  | George B. Richmond | November 9, 1821 | 3rd Bristol |  |
|  | Joseph Hubbard Root | 1823 | Franklin |  |
|  | Daniel Russell | July 16, 1824 | 6th Middlesex |  |
|  | Elizur Smith | January 5, 1812 | South Berkshire |  |
|  | Samuel Snow | 1828 | Cape |  |
|  | James W. Stockwell | December 6, 1837 | 3rd Worcester |  |
|  | Andrew C. Stone | May 16, 1839 | 6th Essex |  |
|  | William Taylor | 1831 | 3rd Suffolk |  |
|  | Nathaniel Wales | November 25, 1819 | 1st Norfolk |  |
|  | Alonzo Warren | 1827 | 5th Suffolk |  |
|  | Thomas Webb | October 24, 1819 | 2nd Bristol |  |
|  | Starkes Whiton | April 11, 1829 | 2nd Plymouth |  |
|  | Calvin M. Winch | November 26, 1832 | 6th Suffolk |  |

## Representatives

| image | Name | Date of birth | District | Party |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | John Ware Adams | 1836 |  |  |
|  | Charles Hastings Allen | 1828 |  |  |
|  | John Forrester Andrew | 1850 |  |  |
|  | Newell Sylvanus Atwood | 1834 |  |  |
|  | George Norval Bacon | 1835 |  |  |
|  | George Warren Bail | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Stephen Powers Bailey | 1818 |  |  |
|  | John Israel Baker | 1812 |  |  |
|  | Samuel Dwight Bardwell | 1819 |  |  |
|  | Samuel Augustus Bartholomew | 1824 |  |  |
|  | Philander Bates | 1842 |  |  |
|  | Ebenezer Beckford | 1833 |  |  |
|  | Lucius Beebe | 1810 |  |  |
|  | James William Bennett | 1833 |  |  |
|  | George Albert Berry | 1837 |  |  |
|  | John Frank Berry | 1840 |  |  |
|  | Abraham Orlando Bigelow | 1812 |  |  |
|  | Francis Bigelow | 1840 |  |  |
|  | John Winthrop Bigelow | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Lewis Bigelow | 1808 |  |  |
|  | William Blanchard | 1821 |  |  |
|  | George Henry Bond | 1840 |  |  |
|  | Samuel Wells Bowerman | 1830 |  |  |
|  | Benjamin Franklin Boyden | 1846 |  |  |
|  | John Quincy Adams Brackett | June 8, 1842 |  |  |
|  | Martin Luther Bradford | 1821 |  |  |
|  | Henry Harding Brigham | 1814 |  |  |
|  | George Bruce Brown | 1830 |  |  |
|  | William Austin Brown | 1820 |  |  |
|  | William Blanchard Brown | 1821 |  |  |
|  | William Wilson Brown | 1848 |  |  |
|  | James McKellar Bugbee | 1837 |  |  |
|  | Sidney Augustus Bull | 1847 |  |  |
|  | John Coburn Burley | 1837 |  |  |
|  | George Lathe Burt | 1829 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Burt | 1821 |  |  |
|  | John Haskell Butler | 1841 |  |  |
|  | Dexter Butterfield | March 15, 1842 |  |  |
|  | Hobart M. Cable |  |  |  |
|  | Peter Cannon | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Nathan Dexter Canterbury | 1837 |  |  |
|  | William Henry Carberry | February 22, 1851 |  |  |
|  | James Albert Carruth | 1839 |  |  |
|  | Lewis L. Carter | 1822 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Henry Churchill | 1820 |  |  |
|  | Frank Allen Clapp | 1849 |  |  |
|  | John Milton Cochran | 1849 |  |  |
|  | Amos Coffin |  |  |  |
|  | Lewis Coleman | 1817 |  |  |
|  | Elias Pike Collins | 1829 |  |  |
|  | Louis Atwood Cook | 1847 |  |  |
|  | John Cornell | 1830 |  |  |
|  | Isaac Newton Crosby | 1824 |  |  |
|  | Jeremiah John Crowley | 1850 |  |  |
|  | Eli Culley | 1840 |  |  |
|  | Edwin James Cushing | 1842 |  |  |
|  | Henry Putney Danforth | 1845 |  |  |
|  | Keyes Danforth | 1822 |  |  |
|  | James Franklin Davenport | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Person Davis | 1819 |  |  |
|  | Joshua Dean | 1830 |  |  |
|  | John Henry Dee | May 13, 1842 |  |  |
|  | John Delaney | 1815 |  |  |
|  | John Francis Dever | 1858 |  |  |
|  | Clinton Henry Dodge | 1835 |  |  |
|  | James Joseph Doherty | 1848 |  |  |
|  | Daniel Francis Dolan | 1847 |  |  |
|  | Elbridge Curtis Donnell | 1839 |  |  |
|  | James Thompson Drew | 1813 |  |  |
|  | George Wells Eddy | 1837 |  |  |
|  | George Dyer Eldridge | 1848 |  |  |
|  | James Madison Evans | 1837 |  |  |
|  | Walter Hamlet Faunce | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Charles Henry Ferson | 1819 |  |  |
|  | George Batchelder Fiske | 1834 |  |  |
|  | Stephen Flanders | 1835 |  |  |
|  | George Louis Flint | 1852 |  |  |
|  | William Abraham Foss | 1838 |  |  |
|  | Jesse Harding Freeman | 1826 |  |  |
|  | Edwin Gage | 1830 |  |  |
|  | William Howard Gale | 1831 |  |  |
|  | John Henry Galligan | 1851 |  |  |
|  | Francis Gardner | 1828 |  |  |
|  | Charles Frederick Gerry | 1823 |  |  |
|  | James Ellis Gifford | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Rufus Babcock Gifford | 1827 |  |  |
|  | George Dodge Glover | 1823 |  |  |
|  | Robert Goulding | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Bryan Harding | 1842 |  |  |
|  | Calvin Lyon Hartshorn | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Thomas Jones Hastings | January 24, 1835 |  |  |
|  | Thomas Bly Hathaway | December 5, 1825 |  |  |
|  | Edward Daniel Hayden | 1833 |  |  |
|  | Thomas Wentworth Higginson | December 22, 1823 |  |  |
|  | Hamilton Andrews Hill | 1827 |  |  |
|  | Henry Hobbs | 1827 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Field Holbrook | 1841 |  |  |
|  | Horace Marshall Holmes | 1830 |  |  |
|  | Edwin Jackson Horton | 1837 |  |  |
|  | Nathaniel Augustus Horton | 1830 |  |  |
|  | Russell Spaulding Horton | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Charles Henry Howland | 1826 |  |  |
|  | Andrew Jackson Huntress | 1826 |  |  |
|  | Daniel Bowman Ingalls | 1829 |  |  |
|  | William Hutchins Ingraham | 1817 |  |  |
|  | Martin Van Buren Jefferson | 1833 |  |  |
|  | James Leonard Jenney | 1833 |  |  |
|  | George William Johnson | 1827 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Prosper Johnson | 1813 |  |  |
|  | Edward Dorr Griffin Jones | 1824 |  |  |
|  | Thomas Brooks Jones | 1839 |  |  |
|  | Benjamin Adams Jourdan | July 20, 1832 |  |  |
|  | John Joyce | 1837 |  |  |
|  | Albert Keith | 1823 |  |  |
|  | Simon Kelley | 1846 |  |  |
|  | Lorrin Porter Keyes | 1838 |  |  |
|  | James Langford | 1847 |  |  |
|  | Daniel Warren Lawrence | 1830 |  |  |
|  | James Madison Lawton | 1813 |  |  |
|  | Marcus Leonard | 1846 |  |  |
|  | Arthur Lincoln | 1842 |  |  |
|  | Clark Lincoln | 1821 |  |  |
|  | George Brigham Livermore | 1836 |  |  |
|  | Henry Cabot Lodge | 1850 |  |  |
|  | Dwight B. Look | 1820 |  |  |
|  | Daniel Bolles Lord | 1821 |  |  |
|  | Marcus Morton Loud | 1839 |  |  |
|  | Pardon Macomber | February 9, 1833 |  |  |
|  | James Pollock Magee |  |  |  |
|  | Patrick Francis Mahoney | 1847 |  |  |
|  | James Thomas Mahony | 1843 |  |  |
|  | Thomas Main | 1807 |  |  |
|  | George Sampson Marshall | 1833 |  |  |
|  | Hugh Maxwell | 1836 |  |  |
|  | James William McDonald | May 15, 1857 |  |  |
|  | Patrick Francis McGaragle | 1845 |  |  |
|  | James Aloysius McGeough | 1853 |  |  |
|  | Patrick Michael McGlynn | 1853 |  |  |
|  | John McSorley | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Andrew Nelson Medbery | 1827 |  |  |
|  | Christopher Columbus Merritt | September 29, 1830 |  |  |
|  | Edwin Dickinson Metcalf | March 14, 1848 |  |  |
|  | Eben Colbraith Milliken | 1843 |  |  |
|  | Alfred Cushing Monroe | 1841 |  |  |
|  | Eugene Michael Moriarty | April 15, 1849 |  |  |
|  | Daniel Tilton Morrison | 1820 |  |  |
|  | Robert McNeil Morse | 1837 |  |  |
|  | John Dennis Mulchinock | 1855 |  |  |
|  | Jeremiah Henry Mullane | August 15, 1852 |  |  |
|  | Norman Carmi Munson | 1820 |  |  |
|  | J. Allston Newhall | 1847 |  |  |
|  | Leander Warren Newton | 1838 |  |  |
|  | Joseph John Nichols | 1850 |  |  |
|  | Erastus Nickerson | 1821 |  |  |
|  | Charles Johnson Noyes | August 7, 1841 |  |  |
|  | Increase Eldredge Noyes | 1834 |  |  |
|  | James H. Nugent | 1831 |  |  |
|  | John O'Donnell | 1853 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Henry O'Neil | March 23, 1853 |  |  |
|  | Henry Paddack | April 2, 1838 |  |  |
|  | George Winter Park | 1834 |  |  |
|  | Charles Oscar Parmenter | 1833 |  |  |
|  | John Wesley Peabody | 1837 |  |  |
|  | Edward Pease | 1838 |  |  |
|  | Walter Barber Peck | 1838 |  |  |
|  | William Gaylord Peck | 1841 |  |  |
|  | Henry Moses Phillips | 1845 |  |  |
|  | John James Pickman | January 9, 1850 |  |  |
|  | Francis Plunkett | 1840 |  |  |
|  | Edward Payson Poor | 1829 |  |  |
|  | Edwin Bartlett Pratt | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Lyman Knight Putney | 1833 |  |  |
|  | James Lawrence Quigley | 1848 |  |  |
|  | John Dennis Reed | 1827 |  |  |
|  | George Willard Rice | 1836 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Marcus Rice | 1827 |  |  |
|  | Stephen Rich | 1834 |  |  |
|  | Richard Roach | 1833 |  |  |
|  | Charles Robinson | 1829 |  |  |
|  | Horace Tyler Rockwell | 1838 |  |  |
|  | Thomas Pitkin Root | 1824 |  |  |
|  | Isaac Rosnosky | November 6, 1846 |  |  |
|  | George Thomas Sampson | 1819 |  |  |
|  | William Sanders | 1843 |  |  |
|  | William Henry Sargent | 1836 |  |  |
|  | Augustus Elwin Scott | 1838 |  |  |
|  | Charles Edwin Seagrave | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Dwight Loomis Shaw | 1822 |  |  |
|  | James Shead | 1818 |  |  |
|  | Seth Carroll Shepard | 1815 |  |  |
|  | John Henry Sherburne | 1845 |  |  |
|  | Jonathan Edward Shipman | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Henry Almy Slocum | 1825 |  |  |
|  | William Smeath | 1834 |  |  |
|  | Charles Whipple Smith | 1846 |  |  |
|  | Hinsdale Smith | 1819 |  |  |
|  | Zenas Elmer Smith | 1821 |  |  |
|  | Arthur John Clark Sowdon | 1835 |  |  |
|  | James Harvey Sparrow | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Robert Lyman Spear | 1839 |  |  |
|  | George Morrison Starbird | 1833 |  |  |
|  | Eben Francis Stone | August 3, 1822 |  |  |
|  | Augustus Whittemore Stover | 1834 |  |  |
|  | Charles Francis Swift | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Russell Taber | 1821 |  |  |
|  | Robert Tarr | 1832 |  |  |
|  | Levi Taylor | 1824 |  |  |
|  | Michael John Teahan | 1840 |  |  |
|  | John Randolph Thayer | 1845 |  |  |
|  | Samuel Proctor Thayer | 1853 |  |  |
|  | Silas Foster Thayer | 1822 |  |  |
|  | Edward Isaiah Thomas | 1833 |  |  |
|  | William Tinker | 1823 |  |  |
|  | William Ripley Tompkins | 1826 |  |  |
|  | William Eaton Topliff | 1826 |  |  |
|  | William Henry Tozer | 1835 |  |  |
|  | Edward Trask | 1843 |  |  |
|  | Arthur Webster Tufts | 1828 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Augustine Tufts | 1835 |  |  |
|  | Samuel Burns Valpey | 1829 |  |  |
|  | Merritt Van Deusen | 1820 |  |  |
|  | Leavitt R.J. Varnum | 1847 |  |  |
|  | Chester Kingsley Waite | 1825 |  |  |
|  | Jonathan Wales | 1849 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Henry Walker | 1829 |  |  |
|  | William James Wallace | 1833 |  |  |
|  | Horace Everett Ware | 1845 |  |  |
|  | John Flavel Warner |  |  |  |
|  | Lewis Henry Warner | 1845 |  |  |
|  | Nathan Warren | 1838 |  |  |
|  | William Cullen Warren | 1822 |  |  |
|  | Alonzo Carter Webber | 1827 |  |  |
|  | Edwin R. Webster | 1831 |  |  |
|  | John Gerrish Webster | 1811 |  |  |
|  | Henry Jackson Wells | 1823 |  |  |
|  | Charles Augustus Wentworth | 1830 |  |  |
|  | Howard Alphonso Wheeler | 1848 |  |  |
|  | Joseph Dudley Wilde | 1829 |  |  |
|  | Hiram Williams | 1824 |  |  |
|  | Henry Franklin Wing | 1825 |  |  |

## Further reading

* "Massachusetts". *Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1880*. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1883. (includes description of legislature)

* Massachusetts General Court, *Bills (Legislative Documents) and Journals: 1880*, hdl:2452/619069
* *Massachusetts Acts and Resolves: 1880*, hdl:2452/89616

## InfoBox

| 101st<br>Massachusetts General Court | |
| --- | --- |
| 100th 102nd | |
| Overview | |
| Legislative body | General Court |
| Election | November 4, 1879 |
| Senate | |
| Members | 40 |
| President | Robert R. Bishop |
| Party control | Republican |
| House | |
| Members | 240 |
| Speaker | Charles J. Noyes |
| Party control | Republican |
| Sessions | |
| 1st January 7, 1880 (1880-01-07) – April 24, 1880 (1880-04-24) | |


title: Ernest St. Leon

abstract: Ernest "Diamond Dick" St. Leon was a French-American law enforcement officer and a member of the Texas Rangers, known prominently during the 1880s as one of its finest undercover officers. He received the nickname "Diamond Dick" from his fellow officers due to his habit of wearing diamonds on his uniform.

text:
# Ernest St. Leon

**Ernest "Diamond Dick" St. Leon** (died August 31, 1898) was a French-American law enforcement officer and a member of the Texas Rangers, known prominently during the 1880s as one of its finest undercover officers. He received the nickname "Diamond Dick" from his fellow officers due to his habit of wearing diamonds on his uniform.

## Biography

The son of a French refugee, Ernest St. Leon was born and raised in San Antonio, Texas. While still in law school, he left to join the US Cavalry and had a distinguished career participating in the Texas-Indian Wars. According to one account, he reportedly killed three warriors single handed after one of his men had been killed and eventually rose to the rank of sergeant before his discharge from military service.

He later joined the Texas Rangers, serving in Company-D throughout the 1880s and working extensively in undercover operations. St. Leon was eventually dismissed from the force due to his drinking however he did remain in contact with John Hughes and worked with him in an unofficial capacity for a time. In 1889, hired by the Fronteriza Mining Company, he was involved in the capture of a group of silver ore thieves who were traveling with a large mule caravan en route to their hideout where they planned to hide the loot in an abandoned silver mine outside Shafter, Texas. Posing as one of the escorts, he led the robbers into an ambush as Texas Rangers John R. Hughes and Lon Oden, assisted by St. Leon, attempted to take them into custody. Antonio Carrasco and his two brothers were killed in the ensuing gunfight and were later buried next to the abandoned mine.

While living among the Mexican-American peasants along the border, he was able to obtain a list of twenty names of men involved in the murder of Captain Frank Jones who had been killed while attempting to arrest Jesus and Severino Olguin, members of a local bandit gang of thieves and murders in the El Paso-area. This information was later used as a "death list" by members of John Hughes' posse as they either gunned down or lynched between 18 and 20 members of the Olguin family and wiping out the Pirate Island-based gang.

In 1890, he was brought back to the Texas Rangers. In August, 1898, while in Socorro, Texas, he was involved in a gunfight with cowboys Bob Finley, John Collier, and John Ray. John Ray was wounded, as was St. Leon, while Dr. Oscar J. Breaux, was killed. St. Leon had called on Dr. Breaux to assist him in arresting Collier and Finley, who were recklessly discharging their firearms, with both men being wanted on charges of horse theft also. They became involved in a pursuit on horseback, which culminated in a gunbattle near the *Lamaire Ranch*. Dr. Breaux was hit early in the battle with a bullet to the head, dying immediately. This left St. Leon one facing three. St. Leon was also hit, the bullet entering his left shoulder at such an angle it entered into his lung. The three opposing gunmen then rode away, believing both St. Leon and Dr. Breaux were dead. St. Leon, however, was able to ride to a doctor in Ysleta, Texas, where he was quickly assessed as being in critical condition. Collier, Ray and Finley, with Ray being wounded in the thigh, surrendered themselves to Justice of the Peace R.J. Carr. Finley's horse had also been shot. Ranger John R. Hughes took custody of the three suspects. St. Leon died on August 31. He was buried at Concordia Cemetery in El Paso.

## InfoBox

| Ernest St. Leon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | San Antonio, Texas, United States |
| Died | (1898-08-31)August 31, 1898<br>El Paso, Texas |
| Other names | Diamond Dick |
| **Police career** | |
| Country | United States |
| Department | Texas Rangers |
| Service years | c. 1880-1890-1898 |
|  | |


title: Pérignac, Charente

abstract: Pérignac is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

text:
# Pérignac, Charente

**Pérignac** (French pronunciation: \[peʁiɲak\]) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 501 |  |
| 1975 | 467 | −1.00% |
| 1982 | 430 | −1.17% |
| 1990 | 475 | +1.25% |
| 1999 | 485 | +0.23% |
| 2009 | 519 | +0.68% |
| 2014 | 492 | −1.06% |
| 2020 | 494 | +0.07% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

The residents are called *Pérignacais* in French.

## InfoBox

| Pérignac | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Pérignac | |
| Location of Pérignac | |
| PérignacPérignac | |
| Coordinates: 45°27′55″N 0°04′42″E / 45.4653°N 0.0783°E / 45.4653; 0.0783 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Charente |
| Arrondissement | Cognac |
| Canton | Charente-Sud |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Thierry Montenon |
| Area**1** | 25.52 km2 (9.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 495 |
| Density | 19/km2 (50/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 16258 /16250 |
| Elevation | 77–189 m (253–620 ft)
(avg. 182 m or 597 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Sports Tonight (Irish TV programme)

abstract: Sports Tonight was an Irish sports information television programme. Originally broadcast from 1998 until 2009 on Virgin Media One, the show aired Monday-Friday at 11:30pm. Sports Tonight was presented by Trevor Welch, with other TV3 sports journalists also contributing. These contributors included Aidan Cooney and Joanne Cantwell. The show was axed on 23 March 2009 after broadcasting for more than a decade. This was due to budgetary cutbacks at TV3 and an emphasis being placed on live sports.

text:
# Sports Tonight (Irish TV programme)

***Sports Tonight*** was an Irish sports information television programme.

Originally broadcast from 1998 until 2009 on Virgin Media One (then known as TV3), the show aired Monday-Friday at 11:30pm. *Sports Tonight* was presented by Trevor Welch, with other TV3 sports journalists also contributing. These contributors included Aidan Cooney and Joanne Cantwell.

The show was axed on 23 March 2009 after broadcasting for more than a decade. This was due to budgetary cutbacks at TV3 and an emphasis being placed on live sports.

## InfoBox

| *Sports Tonight* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Starring | Trevor Welch |
| Opening theme | "Times Like These" by Foo Fighters |
| Country of origin | Ireland |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | TV3 (1998-2009) |
| Release | 1998 (1998) |