title: Selemon Barega

abstract: Selemon Barega Shirtaga is an Ethiopian long-distance runner. He won the gold medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, silver for the 5,000 metres at the 2019 World Championships in Doha and bronze in the 10,000 metres at the 2023 World Championships in Budapest. Selemon is a two-time 3,000 metres World Indoor Championship medallist, taking silver in 2018, and a gold in 2022. He won gold medals at the 2016 World Under-20 Championships (5,000m), and 2017 World U18 Championships (3,000m). Selemon represented Ethiopia in the 5,000m at the 2017 World Championships in London, finishing fifth in the final.

text:
# Selemon Barega

**Selemon Barega Shirtaga** (born 20 January 2000) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner. He won the gold medal in the 10,000 metres at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, silver for the 5,000 metres at the 2019 World Championships in Doha and bronze in the 10,000 metres at the 2023 World Championships in Budapest. Selemon is a two-time 3,000 metres World Indoor Championship medallist, taking silver in 2018, and a gold in 2022.

He won gold medals at the 2016 World Under-20 Championships (5,000m), and 2017 World U18 Championships (3,000m). Selemon represented Ethiopia in the 5,000m at the 2017 World Championships in London, finishing fifth in the final.

## Career

Selemon was born in the Gurage area of Ethiopia.

He began competing internationally in 2016. On 23 July, he won the 5,000 metres at the World U20 Championships in Bydgoszcz, Poland with a time of 13:21.21.

### 2017–18

In 2017, Selemon competed in the junior race of the World Cross Country Championships, finishing fifth. He won the African U20 Championships in Tlemcen, Algeria over 5,000 m clocking 13:51.43 on 2 July.

On 6 July, Selemon clocked his first sub-13 minute 5,000 m at the Lausanne Diamond League meeting, placing second in 12:55.58. On 16 July, he won the 3,000 m at the Nairobi World U18 Championships, clocking 7:47.16. At the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, he placed fifth in the men's 5000 m final in a time of 13:35.34; the race was won by his compatriot Muktar Edris.

In 2018, Selemon placed second over the 3,000 m at the World Indoor Championships in Birmingham, United Kingdom, clocking a time of 8:15.59 on 4 March. On 25 May, he won the two mile race at the Prefontaine Classic in Eugene, Oregon. His next major championship was on 14 July at the World U20 Championships in Tampere, Finland, where he placed fourth in 13:21.16. On 31 August, Selemon set a world U20 record in the 5000 m at the Brussels Diamond League clocking a time of 12:43.02. This performance ranked him as the fifth fastest 5,000 m performer of all time, behind Joshua Cheptegei, Kenenisa Bekele, Haile Gebrselassie, and Daniel Komen.

### 2019–20

Selemon competed in the senior men's race of the World Cross Country Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. He placed fourth and was the first Ethiopian to finish in a race won by Uganda's Joshua Cheptegei. He placed second at the Shanghai Diamond League on 18 May and the Rome Diamond League on 6 June. On 13 June, Selemon won the 3,000 m at the Bislett Games in Oslo, Norway, clocking 7:32.17. On 30 June, he placed third over two miles at the Prefontaine Classic in Eugene, Oregon with a time of 8:08.69. On 5 July, he was second at the Lausanne Diamond League, clocking 13:01.99 in the 5,000 m. On 17 July, Selemon was second at the Ethiopian Trials in Hengelo, Netherlands in a personal best time of 26:49.46, finishing behind Hagos Gebrhiwet. On 29 August, he was fifth over the 5,000 m at the Zürich Diamond League. On 27 September, he won his heat of the men's 5,000 m at the 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha, Qatar. On 30 September, he finished second in the final in 12:59.70, outsprinted by compatriot Muktar Edris.

In February 2020, Selemon competed at several indoor track races in Europe. His next race was on 8 September at the Golden Spike Ostrava, where he contested the 5,000 m, placing second with a time of 12:49.08. Despite attempting to sprint past Jacob Kiplimo in the final 100 m, the Ugandan held on to win in a time of 12:48.63. Selemon next raced the 1,500 m at the Galà dei Castelli in Switzerland, placing third at 3:36.07 on 15 September. At the Doha Diamond League on 25 September, he raced 1,500 m in 3:32.97, placing second. He headed back to Ethiopia, where on 26 December, he ran 1,500 m at the Ethiopian Clubs Competition in Addis Ababa, winning in 3:38.1.

### 2021–present

In 2021, Selemon won the Olympic candidate trial competition in Addis Ababa, recording a time of 27:58.5. He competed at several indoor track races in January and February, including a 7:26.10 3000 m, clocking him second place behind compatriot Getnet Wale. He became the third fastest performer in history over the indoor 3000 m with his performance, behind Kenya's Daniel Komen, who clocked 7:24.90 on 6 February 1998, and Wale, who won the race in 7:24.98. Selemon next raced two indoor 1500 m races on the World Athletics Indoor Tour winning both, first at the Copernicus Cup in Toruń, Poland he clocked a 3:32.97 on 17 February, and then on 24 February, a 3:35.42 performance in Madrid, Spain. His performance in Toruń made him the eighth fastest performer of all time in the indoor 3000 m. Selemon's first outdoor track 5000 m race of the year came in Bergamo, Italy on 12 May, where he clocked 13:02.47, beaten by Kenya's Mark Owon Lomuket. Selemon next raced at the Ethiopian Trials in Hengelo, where he won the 10,000 m in a time of 26:49.51 holding off Yomif Kejelcha who was second, Berihu Aregawi placed third. The race was tactical, with Selemon putting in surges and then slowing down before it came down to a last lap sprint finish.

On 30 July 2021, at the age of 21, Selemon won the 10,000 m at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, outsprinting world record holder Joshua Cheptegei and World Half Marathon champion Jacob Kiplimo of Uganda to win in 27:43.22. Brutal humidity meant that the winning time of 27:43.22 was the slowest in an Olympic final since 1992, but Selemon's close was sublime as he ripped the last kilometer in 2:24.9 and last lap in 53.94. This win made him the fourth Ethiopian to win the 10,000 m title at the Olympics, the other three being Kenenisa Bekele (2004, 2008), Haile Gebrselassie (1996, 2000), and Miruts Yifter (1980).

## Achievements

### International competitions

Representing  Ethiopia
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2016 | World U20 Championships | Bydgoszcz, Poland | 1st | 5000 m | 13:21.21 |
| 2017 | African U20 Championships | Tlemcen, Algeria | 1st | 5000 m | 13:51.43 |
| | World U18 Championships | Nairobi, Kenya | 1st | 3000 m | 7:47.16 |
| | World Championships | London, United Kingdom | 5th | 5000 m | 13:35.34 |
| 2018 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham, United Kingdom | 2nd | 3000 m | 8:15.59 |
| | African Championships | Asaba, Nigeria | 4th | 5000 m | 13:52.27 |
| 2019 | World Championships | Doha, Qatar | 2nd | 5000 m | 12:59.70 |
| 2021 | Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | 1st | 10,000 m | 27:43:22 |
| 2022 | World Indoor Championships | Belgrade, Serbia | 1st | 3000 m | 7:41.38 |
| | World Championships | Eugene, OR, United States | 12th | 5000 m | 13:19.62 |
| | | 5th | 10,000 m | 27:28.39 |
| 2023 | World Cross Country Championships | Bathurst, Australia | 12th | Senior race | 30:16 |
| | | | 2nd | Team | 32 pts |
| | World Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 3rd | 10,000 m | 27:52.72 |
| 2024 | World Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 3rd | 3000 m | 7:43.64 |
| | Olympic Games | Paris, France | 7th | 10,000 m | 26:44.48 |

### Personal bests

### Circuit wins and titles, National titles

## InfoBox

Selemon Barega
| Selemon at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (2000-01-20) 20 January 2000<br>Bitana village, Gurage zone, Ethiopia |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 53 kg (117 lb) |
| Sport | |
| Country | Ethiopia |
| Sport | Athletics |
| Event | Long-distance running |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal bests |  |
| Medal record      Men's athletics  Representing  Ethiopia  Olympic Games  2020 Tokyo 10,000 m  World Championships  2019 Doha 5000 m  2023 Budapest 10,000 m  World Indoor Championships  2022 Belgrade 3000 m  2018 Birmingham 3000 m  2024 Glasgow 3000 m  Diamond League  2018 5000 m  World Junior Championships  2016 Bydgoszcz 5000 m  African Junior Championships  2017 Tlemcen 5000 m  World Youth Championships  2017 Nairobi 3000 m  World Cross Country Championships  2023 Bathurst Senior team | |


title: Ángel Antar

abstract: Ángel Antar is a retired Paraguayan association footballer.

text:
# Ángel Antar

**Ángel Antar** (born 18 February 1972 in Asunción, Paraguay) is a retired Paraguayan association footballer.

## Career

In 2000, Antar's only goal of the season came against Cerro Porteño. In 2003, he scored one goal for Deportivo Recoleta in the Division Intermedia. In the same month, Antar transferred from Recoleta to 3 de Febrero in Ciudad del Este, in the same team as Oscar Cardozo. Antar played for Galatasary for one year and a half.

## International career

Antar debuted for Paraguay against Australia in 2000. His team mates in the squad featured José Luís Chilavert.

## InfoBox

Ángel Antar
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ángel Antar | | |
| Date of birth | (1972-02-18) 18 February 1972 | | |
| Place of birth | Asunción, Paraguay | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Galatasaray |  |  |
| 1996–1998 | Sportivo San Lorenzo | 35 | (1) |
| 1998 | Libertad | 8 | (0) |
| 2000 | Sportivo San Lorenzo | 15 | (1) |
| 2000–2001 | Real Sociedad Zacatecas |  |  |
| 2001 | Sportivo San Lorenzo |  |  |
| 2003 | Deportivo Recoleta |  | (1) |
| 2003 | 3 de Febrero |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 2000 | Paraguay | 2 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Synsphyronus

abstract: Synsphyronus is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the Garypidae family. It was described in 1930 by American arachnologist Joseph Conrad Chamberlin. Its distribution is mainly in Australia, but also extends to New Zealand and New Caledonia.

text:
# Synsphyronus

***Synsphyronus*** is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the Garypidae family. It was described in 1930 by American arachnologist Joseph Conrad Chamberlin. Its distribution is mainly in Australia, but also extends to New Zealand and New Caledonia.

## Species

The genus contains the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Synsphyronus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Pseudoscorpiones |
| Family: | Garypidae |
| Genus: | *Synsphyronus*
Chamberlin, 1930 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Synsphyronus paradoxus*
Chamberlin, 1930 | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Maorigarypus* Chamberlin, 1930 * *Idiogarypus* Chamberlin, 1943 | |


title: Burkina Faso at the 2015 African Games

abstract: Burkina Faso competed at the 2015 African Games held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

text:
# Burkina Faso at the 2015 African Games

**Burkina Faso** competed at the **2015 African Games** held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

## Medal summary

### Medal table

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gold | Lætitia Bambara | Athletics | Women's hammer throw |  |
| Silver | Men's team | Football | Men's tournament |  |
| Bronze | Marthe Koala | Athletics | Women's heptathlon |  |
| Bronze | Pon-Karidjatou Traoré | Athletics | Women's 100 metres |  |
| Bronze | Blaise Debe | Wrestling | Men's freestyle 74 kg |  |

## Athletics

Burkina Faso won several medals in athletics.

Lætitia Bambara won the gold medal in the women's hammer throw event.

Marthe Koala won the bronze medal in the women's heptathlon and Pon-Karidjatou Traoré won one of the bronze medals in the women's 100 metres event.

## Football

Burkina Faso won the silver medal in the men's tournament.

## Wrestling

Two wrestlers represented Burkina Faso at the 2015 African Games. Blaise Debe won one of the bronze medals in the men's freestyle 74 kg event.

## InfoBox

| Burkina Faso at the<br>2015 African Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Burkina Faso | |
| IOC code | BUR |
| NOC | Burkinabé National Olympic and Sports Committee |
| African Games appearances | |
|  | |


title: Canton of Aubagne-Est

abstract:
The Canton of Aubagne-Est is a former canton located within the administrative department of Bouches-du-Rhône in southern France. It was created 27 February 2003 by the decree 2003-156 of that date. It had 40,778 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Elected to represent the canton in the General Council of Bouches-du-Rhône:
  - Roland Giberti

text:
# Canton of Aubagne-Est

The **Canton of Aubagne-Est** is a former canton located within the administrative department of Bouches-du-Rhône in southern France. It was created 27 February 2003 by the decree 2003-156 of that date. It had 40,778 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015.

Elected to represent the canton in the General Council of Bouches-du-Rhône:

## Area

It was composed of the eastern half of Aubagne defined by a line through chemin de Font-de-Mai, route d'Eoure, A501 autoroute, avenue Roger-Salengro, avenue de Garlaban, the railway line and the chemin de Fenestrelle. It also contained the communes of Carnoux-en-Provence, Cassis, Cuges-les-Pins, Gémenos et Roquefort-la-Bédoule.

43°17′27″N 5°34′15″E / 43.29083°N 5.57083°E / 43.29083; 5.57083

## InfoBox

| Aubagne-Est | |
| --- | --- |
| Former canton | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
| Department | Bouches-du-Rhône |
| No. of communes | 6 |
| Disbanded | 2015 |
| Seat | Aubagne |
| Population (2012) | 40,778 |


title: Pubilla Cases (Barcelona Metro)

abstract: Pubilla Cases is a station on line 5 of the Barcelona Metro. The station is located underneath Doctor Ramon Solanich in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, between Plaça Mare de Déu del Pilar and Carrer El·lipse. It was opened in 1973 and served as terminus until the extension to Sant Ildefons in 1976. The side-platform station has a ticket hall on either end, the western one with two accesses, the eastern one with one access.

text:
# Pubilla Cases (Barcelona Metro)

**Pubilla Cases** is a station on line 5 of the Barcelona Metro.

The station is located underneath Doctor Ramon Solanich in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, between Plaça Mare de Déu del Pilar and Carrer El·lipse. It was opened in 1973 and served as terminus until the extension to Sant Ildefons in 1976.

The side-platform station has a ticket hall on either end, the western one with two accesses, the eastern one (at platform level) with one access.

## Services

| Preceding station | Metro | | | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Can Vidalettowards Cornellà Centre |  | L5 |  | Ernest Lluchtowards Vall d'Hebron |

41°22′23″N 2°6′22″E / 41.37306°N 2.10611°E / 41.37306; 2.10611


title: Sherwood, Wisconsin

abstract: Sherwood is a village in Calumet County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,713 at the 2010 census. The former historical unincorporated community of High Cliff is located within present-day Sherwood. The village began as a named unincorporated community within the Town of Harrison, and is named for a Civil War veteran veteran stagecoach driver, who later operated a tavern in the area. Sherwood was incorporated as a village on June 28, 1968.

text:
# Sherwood, Wisconsin

**Sherwood** is a village in Calumet County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,713 at the 2010 census. The former historical unincorporated community of **High Cliff** is located within present-day Sherwood.

The village began as a named unincorporated community within the Town of Harrison, and is named for a Civil War veteran veteran stagecoach driver, who later operated a tavern in the area. Sherwood was incorporated as a village on June 28, 1968.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.52 square miles (9.12 km2), of which, 3.46 square miles (8.96 km2) of it is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1970 | 350 |  |  |
| 1980 | 372 |  | 6.3% |
| 1990 | 837 |  | 125.0% |
| 2000 | 1,550 |  | 85.2% |
| 2010 | 2,713 |  | 75.0% |
| 2020 | 3,270 |  | 20.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

Sherwood is located at 44°10′25″N 88°16′31″W / 44.17361°N 88.27528°W / 44.17361; -88.27528 (44.173538, -88.275256).

### 2010 census

At the 2010 census there were 2,713 people, 986 households, and 830 families living in the village. The population density was 784.1 inhabitants per square mile (302.7/km2). There were 1,027 housing units at an average density of 296.8 per square mile (114.6/km2). The racial makup of the village was 96.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5%.

Of the 986 households 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.5% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.8% were non-families. 12.2% of households were one person and 4.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the village was 40 years. 28.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.1% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 10.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

### 2000 census

At the 2000 census there were 1,550 people, 572 households, and 463 families living in the village. The population density was 531.9 people per square mile (205.7/km2). There were 593 housing units at an average density of 203.5 per square mile (78.7/km2). The racial makup of the village was 98.13% White, 0.19% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.97%.

Of the 572 households 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 13.8% of households were one person and 5.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.02.

The age distribution was 27.3% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 34.2% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median household income was $63,913 and the median family income was $67,303. Males had a median income of $46,384 versus $32,772 for females. The per capita income for the village was $27,035. About 3.9% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Images

1. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
2. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
3. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
4. Map
5. Dictionary of Wisconsin History, High Cliff (historical), Wisconsin
6. DeVries, Linda (June 23, 1993). "Blending old and new: Sherwood marks 25 years". *The Post-Crescent*. p. 72. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
7. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
8. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
9. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
10. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

## InfoBox

| Sherwood, Wisconsin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Location of Sherwood in Calumet County, Wisconsin. | |
| Coordinates: 44°10′25″N 88°16′31″W / 44.17361°N 88.27528°W / 44.17361; -88.27528 The current mayor of Sherwood Wisconsin is Ryan T Washington of Neenah. | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Wisconsin |
| County | Calumet |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.52 sq mi (9.11 km2) |
| Land | 3.46 sq mi (8.96 km2) |
| Water | 0.06 sq mi (0.15 km2) |
| Elevation | 892 ft (272 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 3,270 |
| Density | 880.38/sq mi (339.95/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Area code | 920 |
| FIPS code | 55-73525 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1574041 |
| Website | villageofsherwood.org |


title: Uppingham Community College

abstract: Uppingham Community College is a mixed secondary school located in Uppingham in the English county of Rutland. It was previously a community school administered by Rutland County Council. Uppingham Community College then briefly became a foundation school before being converted to academy status in April 2011. However the school continues to coordinate with Rutland County Council for admissions. Uppingham Community College offers GCSEs, BTECs and vocational courses as programmes of study for pupils. The school specialises in STEM, and has additional resources and programmes of study to support the specialism.

text:
# Uppingham Community College

**Uppingham Community College** is a mixed secondary school located in Uppingham in the English county of Rutland.

It was previously a community school administered by Rutland County Council. Uppingham Community College then briefly became a foundation school before being converted to academy status in April 2011. However the school continues to coordinate with Rutland County Council for admissions.

Uppingham Community College offers GCSEs, BTECs and vocational courses as programmes of study for pupils. The school specialises in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), and has additional resources and programmes of study to support the specialism.

## History

The school opened in 1920 as **Uppingham Central School**, subsequently **Uppingham Secondary Modern School**. It became a comprehensive school when Rutland went comprehensive in 1972.

## Notable former pupils

## InfoBox

| Uppingham Community College | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| London Road
Uppingham, Rutland, LE15 9TJ
England | |
| Coordinates | 52°34′48″N 0°43′20″W / 52.5801°N 0.7223°W / 52.5801; -0.7223 |
| Information | |
| Type | Academy |
| Department for Education URN | 136629 Tables |
| Ofsted | Reports |
| Principal | Ben Solly |
| Gender | Mixed |
| Age | 11 to 16 |
| Website | http://www.uppinghamcollege.org.uk/ |


title: Selen Soyder

abstract: Mükerrem Selen Soyder is a Turkish actress, activist, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss World Turkey 2007 and represented her country in the Miss World 2007 in Sanya, China.

text:
# Selen Soyder

**Mükerrem Selen Soyder** (born 26 December 1986) is a Turkish actress, activist, model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss World Turkey 2007 and represented her country in the Miss World 2007 in Sanya, China.

## Career

Soyder has appeared in several series including *Lale Devri*, *Yer Gök Aşk* and *Reaksiyon* and *Hangimiz Sevmedik*.

## Personal life

Before the Ottoman Empire collapsed, in 1900, her family is of Turkish descent who immigrated to İzmir from Ioannina (now in Greece). In 2015, she married Turkish Jewish businessman Oren Frances.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Turkey 2007 | Miss Turkey (elections, camp, diaries, grand final) | Herself - Selen Soyder | Channel: Star TV |
| China 2007 | Miss World | Herself - Selen Soyder | Representative |
| Turkey 2010 | *Yer Gök Aşk* | Toprak Karagül | Leading role, Channel: FOX TV, TV series |
| Turkey 2011–2014 | *Lale Devri* | Toprak Karagül Ilgaz | Leading role, Channel: FOX TV, TV series |
| Turkey 2014 | *Reaksiyon* | Zeynep | Leading role, Channel: Star TV, TV series |
| Turkey 2016 | *Hangimiz Sevmedik* | Itır Yeşil | Leading role, Channel: TRT 1, TV series |
| Turkey 2023 | *Kendi Düşen Ağlamaz* | Sinem Devran | Channel: TRT 1, TV series |

## Awards

| Awards | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Year | Award | Category | Work |
| 2006 | Miss Bikini of the Universe 2006 | Best National Costume |  |
| 2013 | 19th Politics Magazine Awards | Female TV Star of the Year | *Lale Devri* |
| 2013 | 4th Prestige Awards | Best Actress | |

## InfoBox

| Selen Soyder | |
| --- | --- |
| Soyder at Miss World 2007 competition | |
| Born | Mükerrem Selen Soyder
(1986-12-26) 26 December 1986
Alsancak, İzmir, Turkey |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, model, beauty queen activist |
| Height | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Spouse | Oren Frances |
| **Beauty pageant titleholder** | |
| Title | Miss Turkey 2007 |
| Hair color | Light Brown |
| Eye color | Dark Brown |
| Major
competition(s) | Miss Turkey 2007 (winner)
Miss World 2007 |
|  | |


title: Königstraße station

abstract: Königstraße is a railway station served by the rapid transit trains of Hamburg S-Bahn lines S1 and S3. The station is located on the underground City S-Bahn line in Altona's Old Town quarter in the Hamburg borough of Altona, Germany. Like all Hamburg S-Bahn stations, Königstraße station is managed by the DB Station&Service GmbH. Königstraße is located on and named after one of Altona's major roads, between Reeperbahn and Palmaille. The station was opened on 21 April 1979.

text:
# Königstraße station

**Königstraße** is a railway station served by the rapid transit trains of Hamburg S-Bahn lines S1 and S3. The station is located on the underground City S-Bahn line in Altona's Old Town quarter in the Hamburg borough of Altona, Germany. Like all Hamburg S-Bahn stations, Königstraße station is managed by the DB Station&Service GmbH.

Königstraße is located on and named after one of Altona's major roads, between Reeperbahn and Palmaille. The station was opened on 21 April 1979.

## Station layout

Königstraße station consists of an underground island platform with two tracks, two mezzanines and two exits. The station is not accessible for handicapped people, because there is no lift and no special floor layout for blind people.

## Station services

### Trains

The rapid transit trains of the lines S1 and S3 of the Hamburg S-Bahn call at the station. Direction of the trains on track 1 is Wedel (S1) and Pinneberg (S3). On track 2 the trains are traveling in the direction Poppenbüttel and Neugraben (S3) via *Hamburg Hauptbahnhof*.

### Facilities

The station is unstaffed but there are SOS and information telephones, and ticket machines. There are no parking places, no bicycle stands, and no toilets.

## InfoBox

| Königstraße | |
| --- | --- |
| Hamburg S-Bahn station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Königstraße 20
22767 Hamburg, Germany |
| Coordinates | 53°32′54″N 09°56′44″E / 53.54833°N 9.94556°E / 53.54833; 9.94556 |
| Operated by | S-Bahn Hamburg GmbH |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 1 island platform |
| Tracks | 2 |
| Connections | Bus |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Accessible | No |
| Other information | |
| Station code | ds100: AKS, DB: 3357
Type: Hp, Category: 4 |
| Fare zone | HVV: A/101 |
| History | |
| Opened | 19 April 1979 (1979-04-19) |
| Electrified | at opening |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Hamburg S-Bahn Following station  Hamburg-Altonatowards Wedel  S1  Reeperbahntowards Poppenbüttel or Hamburg Airport  Hamburg-Altonatowards Pinneberg  S3  Reeperbahntowards Hamburg-Neugraben | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  KönigstraßeLocation in HamburgKönigstraßeLocation in Schleswig-HolsteinKönigstraßeLocation in GermanyKönigstraßeLocation in Europe | |


title: Synsphyronus alisonae

abstract: Synsphyronus alisonae is a species of pseudoscorpion in the Garypidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2022 by Australian arachnologist Mark Harvey. The specific epithet alisonae honours Alison Jones.

text:
# Synsphyronus alisonae

***Synsphyronus alisonae*** is a species of pseudoscorpion in the Garypidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2022 by Australian arachnologist Mark Harvey. The specific epithet *alisonae* honours Alison Jones.

## Description

Body lengths of males are 4.90–4.99 mm; those of females 5.46–5.96 mm. Colouration is generally dark yellowish-brown.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in south-west Western Australia on granite outcrops in the Coolgardie bioregion. The type locality is Victoria Rock Nature Reserve, 76 km south of Coolgardfie, where the pseudoscorpions were found beneath exfoliating granite slabs.

## Behaviour

The pseudoscorpions are terrestrial predators.

## InfoBox

| *Synsphyronus alisonae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Pseudoscorpiones |
| Family: | Garypidae |
| Genus: | *Synsphyronus* |
| Species: | ***S. alisonae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Synsphyronus alisonae***<br>Harvey, 2022 | |
|


title: Bukovec Zelinski

abstract: Bukovec Zelinski is a village in Croatia.

text:
# Bukovec Zelinski

**Bukovec Zelinski** is a village in Croatia.

## InfoBox

| Bukovec Zelinski | |
| --- | --- |
| Settlement | |
| Bukovec ZelinskiLocation of Bukovec Zelinski within Croatia | |
| Coordinates: 45°54′N 16°11′E / 45.900°N 16.183°E / 45.900; 16.183 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Zagreb County |
| Municipality | Sveti Ivan Zelina |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.3 km2 (0.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 90 m (300 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 356 |
| Density | 150/km2 (400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 10380 Sveti Ivan Zelina |


title: Scot FM

abstract: Scot FM was a regional radio station serving Central and Southern Scotland. Broadcast from studios at Albert Quay in Leith, the station was billed as radio for Scotland's thinking classes but was unable to create a clear identity for itself, while changing its format to focus on more populist content, including less speech and more music. The station was relaunched as Real Radio Scotland in January 2002 following a buyout by GMG Radio. Real Radio has since been succeeded by Heart Scotland.

text:
# Scot FM

**Scot FM** was a regional radio station serving Central and Southern Scotland. Broadcast from studios at Albert Quay in Leith, the station was billed as radio for Scotland's thinking classes but was unable to create a clear identity for itself, while changing its format to focus on more populist content, including less speech and more music. The station was relaunched as Real Radio Scotland in January 2002 following a buyout by GMG Radio. Real Radio has since been succeeded by Heart Scotland.

## History

### Origins

In early 1993, the Radio Authority invited applicants to bid for a new regional FM licence covering Central Scotland and serving a potential audience of 3.3 million listeners. Seven groups contested the franchise:

* *Central Scotland Radio*, a speech-based station backed by Border and Grampian television companies
* *Radio Six*, led by Tony Currie with a *24-hour news and speech station*
* *Central Scotland Broadcasting Ltd* with an easy listening and information service
* A company with *Celtic/rock*
* A company with *contemporary rock*
* A company with *country music*
* A company with *Christian-based programming*

Central Scotland Radio was named as the preferred bidder on 10 December 1993. The Radio Authority argued that the station would *extend listeners choice and could demonstrate financial stability and professional qualifications appropriate to launching and maintaining the service during its eight-year licence period*. The company's founding chairman, Sir David Steel (a non-executive director of Border Television), pledged the majority of its programming would be *a unique Scottish view of Britain, the world, and Central Scotland's place in it. We will be primarily a talk station with news, travel information, and weather reports. Sport, politics, and the arts will be covered and listeners will be heavily involved through regular phone-ins*. There was some disagreement and even questioning of the decision to let two television companies already running regional ITV franchises operate the new licence.

### 1994 - 1996

Scot FM began broadcasting on Friday 16 September 1994, after two weeks of test transmissions. Problems arose even before the station went on air - none of the thirteen presenters listed in its original application schedule had remained with the company and its target of 50% quality speech output at peak times could not be achieved. The station's news service was contracted out to Reuters Radio, leading to some confusion over how a station promising *a unique Scottish view of Britain* was carrying most of its news bulletins from an agency producing syndicated bulletins in London.

Complaints about the station began to appear in the press. Meanwhile, Scot FM management went back to the Radio Authority four times to seek permission to reduce its speech obligations within the licensed format. The station itself had limited music resources with around 1000 tracks on its playout systems, leading to some members of staff reportedly visiting local music shops to buy CDs of artists who were appearing as guests on the station. The first official RAJAR figures released in early 1995 revealed that the station had a weekly audience of 8%, far short of the target 13% share, making it one of the least successful UK radio stations in terms of audience share. Within seven months of the station going on air, five different presenters had hosted Scot FM's breakfast show and a programme controller had left *owing to ill health*.

A major revamp of the station took place shortly afterwards with the entire presenting team being replaced by new signings including Alison Craig, Robin Galloway and Scottie McClue. Despite the new presenting line-up and a reported improvement in weekly listening figures to 350,000, complaints regarding format and regulatory problems led to another shake-up at management level. The station replaced its syndicated *Reuters Radio* news bulletins with an in-house service, although this had limited resources and was reportedly under-staffed with inexperienced young journalists who were even forced to travel by bus to help cut costs. In May 1995, Border Television pulled out of the company and sold its stake to Grampian, which became the sole owner of Scot FM.

In another attempt to improve its fortunes, Scot FM brought exclusive rights to carry live Scottish Football League match commentaries for £155,000 a year. This caused even further problems when Northsound (official broadcast partner with Aberdeen F.C.) complained as Scot FM did not cover the Aberdeen area.

After two years in the role, Scot FM's managing director Tom Hunter resigned, another programme controller became ill with stress, and most of the presenting line-up departed. In 1996, Scot FM reported losses of around £1 million.

### 1996 - 2000

In July 1996, Grampian sold Scot FM to the Independent Radio Group for £5.25 million,

The new owners aimed to make Scot FM profitable by 1998 and boost listening figures further by using the regional franchise to its advantage. Two months after the sale, Norman Quirk became Scot FM's managing director with Jeff Graham as programme controller.

The station lost two of its presenters in 1997 - Scottie McClue left in January when contract negotiations broke down while Robin Galloway quit in March after a fallout with Jeff Graham. Both departures and those of several staff, who disagreed with Graham over a schedule revamp, led to a drop in listening figures, with half of its audience share disappearing - Scot FM had been reaching 16% of the population in the east and 14% in the west. IRG Chief Executive Michael Connolly claimed the station's new schedule was starting to regain lost listeners, while speaking of a three-year plan to turn its fortunes around.

By the end of 1997, Jeff Graham was replaced by John Collins, prompting another programming revamp and the arrival of more new presenters, including Gary Marshall (breakfast), Dougie Jackson (mid-mornings) and Donny Hughes (drivetime). A revamp of news operations saw Glenn Campbell become Scot FM's Head of News, presenting a daily 90-minute news magazine programme *Lunchtime Live*, which went on to win a silver Sony award in 1999 and a nomination at the New York Radio Awards. Robin Galloway also returned to Scot FM in March 1999, presenting a Sunday lunchtime show from his home studio in Manchester.

Scot FM's owners IRG were brought by the Wireless Group in October 1999 for £21 million. By this time, the station was still loss making, prompting the company to sell off Scot FM. After rejecting bids from Chrysalis and Scottish Radio Holdings (SRH offered £29m but rejected due to competition commission issues), the Guardian Media Group brought the station for £25.5 million in June 2001 - a sale which, at 13 times the annual revenue of Scot FM, allowed the station to clear its debts quickly.

Analysts were surprised that TWG sold Scot FM, widely regarded as one of its best assets, rather than disposing of some of its 18 smaller stations.

John Myers, chief executive of GMG Radio said: *The problem with Scot FM is that it has changed owners faster than I've changed coats. It was badly launched. They gave an impression that they were going to do Radio 4 type speech and then they went and hired Scottie McClue. For the first time, Scot FM will have an owner that might actually give Scottish Radio Holdings a run for their money.*

Following the acquisition, GMG Radio relaunched and rebranded the station as Real Radio Scotland at 8am on Tuesday 8 January 2002. The station was latterly sold onto Global Radio in 2014, prompting a further relaunch as Heart Scotland in May 2014.

## Advertising

Scot FM broadcast separate commercial breaks on both its Glasgow and Edinburgh frequencies (100.3 FM in the West and 101.1 FM in the East).

## Presenters

### Original line up

(from September 1994 - January 1995)

### Other presenters

## InfoBox

Scot FM
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Broadcast area | Central and Southern Scotland |
| Frequency | 100.3 MHz (Glasgow)
101.1 MHz (Edinburgh) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Grampian Television (1994-96)
Border Television (1994-95)
Independent Radio Group (1996-99)
The Wireless Group (1999–2001) |
| History | |
| First air date | 16 September 1994 -
7 January 2002 |


title: Pseudoridolfia

abstract:
Pseudoridolfia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its native range is Morocco. Species:
  - Pseudoridolfia fennanei Reduron, Mathez & S.R.Downie

text:
# Pseudoridolfia

***Pseudoridolfia*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae.

Its native range is Morocco.

Species:

* *Pseudoridolfia fennanei* Reduron, Mathez & S.R.Downie

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoridolfia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Apioideae |
| Tribe: | Apieae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoridolfia*<br>Reduron, Mathez & S.R.Downie |
|


title: Tetu, Kenya

abstract: Tetu is a sub-county in Nyeri County, Kenya. It is located west of adjacent Nyeri town, the county capital. Tetu Constituency is also the name of the local electoral constituency. As of 2020, Tetu had a total population of 80,453 and a population density 378 of per km⁲. Tetu is predominantly a rural division without any major central township. Some of the shopping centers with large markets include Muthinga, Gichira, Ithekahuno and Wamagana. Tetu sub-county is served mainly by Nyeri town due to proximity. Most residents conduct business in Nyeri town as they farm and live in Tetu sub-county. Famous Kenyans from Tetu include Gakere wa Ngunju, liberation leader Dedan Kimathi and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai.

text:
# Tetu, Kenya

**Tetu** is a sub-county in Nyeri County, Kenya. It is located west of adjacent Nyeri town, the county capital. Tetu Constituency is also the name of the local electoral constituency. As of 2020, Tetu had a total population of 80,453 and a population density 378 of per km2. Tetu is predominantly a rural division without any major central township. Some of the shopping centers with large markets include Muthinga, Gichira, Ithekahuno and Wamagana.

Tetu sub-county is served mainly by Nyeri town due to proximity. Most residents conduct business in Nyeri town as they farm and live in Tetu sub-county.

Famous Kenyans from Tetu include Gakere wa Ngunju, liberation leader Dedan Kimathi and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai.

0°26′S 36°55′E / 0.433°S 36.917°E / -0.433; 36.917


title: CdmaOne

abstract: Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) was the first digital cellular technology that used code-division multiple access (CDMA). It was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995. The proprietary name for IS-95 is cdmaOne. It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data between mobile telephones and cell sites. CDMA transmits streams of bits. CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike time-division multiple access (TDMA), a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing. In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS (IS-136), a TDMA-based standard, as well as with the TDMA-based GSM. It was supplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based standard.

text:
# CdmaOne

**Interim Standard 95** (**IS-95**) was the first digital cellular technology that used code-division multiple access (CDMA). It was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995. The proprietary name for IS-95 is **cdmaOne**.

It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites. CDMA transmits streams of bits (PN codes). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike time-division multiple access (TDMA), a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS (IS-136), a TDMA-based standard, as well as with the TDMA-based GSM. It was supplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based standard.

## Protocol revisions

cdmaOne's technical history is reflective of both its birth as a Qualcomm internal project, and the world of then-unproven competing digital cellular standards under which it was developed. The **term IS-95** generically applies to the earlier set of protocol revisions, namely P\_REV's one through five.

P\_REV=1 was developed under an ANSI standards process with documentation reference *J-STD-008*. J-STD-008, published in 1995, was only defined for the then-new North American PCS band (Band Class 1, 1900 MHz). The term *IS-95* properly refers to P\_REV=1, developed under the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) standards process, for the North American cellular band (Band Class 0, 800 MHz) under roughly the same time frame. IS-95 offered interoperation (including handoff) with the analog cellular network. For digital operation, IS-95 and J-STD-008 have most technical details in common. The immature style and structure of both documents are highly reflective of the "standardizing" of Qualcomm's internal project.

P\_REV=2 is termed *Interim Standard 95A (IS-95A)*. IS-95A was developed for Band Class 0 only, as in incremental improvement over IS-95 in the TIA standards process.

P\_REV=3 is termed *Technical Services Bulletin 74 (TSB-74)*. TSB-74 was the next incremental improvement over IS-95A in the TIA standards process.

P\_REV=4 is termed *Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase I*, and P\_REV=5 is termed *Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase II*. The IS-95B standards track provided for a merging of the TIA and ANSI standards tracks under the TIA, and was the first document that provided for interoperation of IS-95 mobile handsets in both band classes (dual-band operation). P\_REV=4 was by far the most popular variant of IS-95, with P\_REV=5 only seeing minimal uptake in South Korea.

P\_REV=6 and beyond fall under the CDMA2000 umbrella. Besides technical improvements, the IS-2000 documents are much more mature in terms of layout and content. They also provide backwards-compatibility to IS-95.

## Protocol details

The IS-95 standards describe an *air interface*, a set of protocols used between mobile units and the network. IS-95 is widely described as a three-layer stack, where L1 corresponds to the physical (PHY) layer, L2 refers to the Media Access Control (MAC) and Link-Access Control (LAC) sublayers, and L3 to the call-processing state machine.

### Physical layer

IS-95 defines the transmission of signals in both the *forward* (network-to-mobile) and *reverse* (mobile-to-network) directions.

In the forward direction, radio signals are transmitted by base stations (BTS's). Every BTS is synchronized with a GPS receiver so transmissions are tightly controlled in time. All forward transmissions are QPSK with a chip rate of 1,228,800 per second. Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of length 64 and a pseudo-random noise code (PN code) of length 215, yielding a PN roll-over period of $\frac {80}{3}$ ms.

For the reverse direction, radio signals are transmitted by the mobile. Reverse link transmissions are OQPSK in order to operate in the optimal range of the mobile's power amplifier. Like the forward link, the chip rate is 1,228,800 per second and signals are spread with Walsh codes and the pseudo-random noise code, which is also known as a Short Code.

#### Forward broadcast channels

Every BTS dedicates a significant amount of output power to a *pilot channel*, which is an unmodulated PN sequence (in other words, spread with Walsh code 0). Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a PN offset in steps of 64 chips. There is no data carried on the forward pilot. With its strong autocorrelation function, the forward pilot allows mobiles to determine system timing and distinguish different BTSs for handoff.

When a mobile is "searching", it is attempting to find pilot signals on the network by tuning to particular radio frequencies and performing a cross-correlation across all possible PN phases. A strong correlation peak result indicates the proximity of a BTS.

Other forward channels, selected by their Walsh code, carry data from the network to the mobiles. Data consists of network signaling and user traffic. Generally, data to be transmitted is divided into frames of bits. A frame of bits is passed through a convolutional encoder, adding forward error correction redundancy, generating a frame of symbols. These symbols are then spread with the Walsh and PN sequences and transmitted.

BTSs transmit a *sync channel* spread with Walsh code 32. The sync channel frame is $\frac {80}{3}$ ms long, and its frame boundary is aligned to the pilot. The sync channel continually transmits a single message, the *Sync Channel Message*, which has a length and content dependent on the P\_REV. The message is transmitted 32 bits per frame, encoded to 128 symbols, yielding a rate of 1200 bit/s. The Sync Channel Message contains information about the network, including the PN offset used by the BTS sector.

Once a mobile has found a strong pilot channel, it listens to the sync channel and decodes a Sync Channel Message to develop a highly accurate synchronization to system time. At this point the mobile knows whether it is roaming, and that it is "in service".

BTSs transmit at least one, and as many as seven, *paging channel*s starting with Walsh code 1. The paging channel frame time is 20 ms, and is time aligned to the IS-95 system (i.e. GPS) 2-second roll-over. There are two possible rates used on the paging channel: 4800 bit/s or 9600 bit/s. Both rates are encoded to 19200 symbols per second.

The paging channel contains signaling messages transmitted from the network to all idle mobiles. A set of messages communicate detailed network overhead to the mobiles, circulating this information while the paging channel is free. The paging channel also carries higher-priority messages dedicated to setting up calls to and from the mobiles.

When a mobile is idle, it is mostly listening to a paging channel. Once a mobile has parsed all the network overhead information, it *registers* with the network, then optionally enters *slotted-mode*. Both of these processes are described in more detail below.

#### Forward traffic channels

The Walsh space not dedicated to broadcast channels on the BTS sector is available for *traffic channel*s. These channels carry the individual voice and data calls supported by IS-95. Like the paging channel, traffic channels have a frame time of 20ms.

Since voice and user data are intermittent, the traffic channels support variable-rate operation. Every 20 ms frame may be transmitted at a different rate, as determined by the service in use (voice or data). P\_REV=1 and P\_REV=2 supported *rate set 1*, providing a rate of 1200, 2400, 4800, or 9600 bit/s. P\_REV=3 and beyond also provided *rate set 2*, yielding rates of 1800, 3600, 7200, or 14400 bit/s.

For voice calls, the traffic channel carries frames of *vocoder* data. A number of different vocoders are defined under IS-95, the earlier of which were limited to rate set 1, and were responsible for some user complaints of poor voice quality. More sophisticated vocoders, taking advantage of modern DSPs and rate set 2, remedied the voice quality situation and are still in wide use in 2005.

The mobile receiving a variable-rate traffic frame does not know the rate at which the frame was transmitted. Typically, the frame is decoded at each possible rate, and using the quality metrics of the Viterbi decoder, the correct result is chosen.

Traffic channels may also carry circuit-switch data calls in IS-95. The variable-rate traffic frames are generated using the IS-95 *Radio Link Protocol (RLP)*. RLP provides a mechanism to improve the performance of the wireless link for data. Where voice calls might tolerate the dropping of occasional 20 ms frames, a data call would have unacceptable performance without RLP.

Under IS-95B P\_REV=5, it was possible for a user to use up to seven supplemental "code" (traffic) channels simultaneously to increase the throughput of a data call. Very few mobiles or networks ever provided this feature, which could in theory offer 115200 bit/s to a user.

#### Block Interleaver

After convolution coding and repetition, symbols are sent to a 20 ms block interleaver, which is a 24 by 16 array.

#### Capacity

IS-95 and its use of CDMA techniques, like any other communications system, have their throughput limited according to Shannon's theorem. Accordingly, capacity improves with SNR and bandwidth. IS-95 has a fixed bandwidth, but fares well in the digital world because it takes active steps to improve SNR.

With CDMA, signals that are not correlated with the channel of interest (such as other PN offsets from adjacent cellular base stations) appear as noise, and signals carried on other Walsh codes (that are properly time aligned) are essentially removed in the de-spreading process. The variable-rate nature of traffic channels provide lower-rate frames to be transmitted at lower power causing less noise for other signals still to be correctly received. These factors provide an inherently lower noise level than other cellular technologies allowing the IS-95 network to squeeze more users into the same radio spectrum.

Active (slow) power control is also used on the forward traffic channels, where during a call, the mobile sends signaling messages to the network indicating the quality of the signal. The network will control the transmitted power of the traffic channel to keep the signal quality just good enough, thereby keeping the noise level seen by all other users to a minimum.

The receiver also uses the techniques of the rake receiver to improve SNR as well as perform soft handoff.

### Layer 2

Once a call is established, a mobile is restricted to using the traffic channel. A frame format is defined in the MAC for the traffic channel that allows the regular voice (vocoder) or data (RLP) bits to be multiplexed with signaling message fragments. The signaling message fragments are pieced together in the LAC, where complete signaling messages are passed on to Layer 3.

## Deployment

cdmaOne was used in the following areas:

* North America
* Japan and South Korea (2G GSM is not available in these two countries)
* Hong Kong (by Hutchison Telecom, other operators and Hutchison Telecom itself also provides GSM)


title: Expressways of Vietnam

abstract: The Expressway network of Vietnam is a recent addition to the transport network of Vietnam. The first expressways were opened in the early-2000s, by 2020, the expressway network is expected to stretch 1,276 kilometres (793 mi) and plans are for over 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) of expressway by 2030.

text:
# Expressways of Vietnam

The **Expressway network of Vietnam** is a recent addition to the transport network of Vietnam. The first expressways were opened in the early-2000s, by 2020, the expressway network is expected to stretch 1,276 kilometres (793 mi) and plans are for over 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) of expressway by 2030.

## Development

Expressways are a rather recent addition to the Vietnamese road network, and standardization has not been fully implemented. Ownership varies by expressway, they are financed, developed, owned and operated by either state-owned or private companies on behalf of the Ministry of Transport. For example, state-owned Vietnam Expressway Corporation owns and operates four expressways, but toll collection is done by subcontracted companies. The companies operating the expressways have to report traffic numbers and toll revenue to the Ministry of Transport and the Directorate for Roads of Vietnam. This construction has been subject of fraud investigations several times, as toll revenue was falsified by the collecting companies in order to take advantage of the difference. The government has also threatened operating companies to revoke their toll collection licence after lack of maintenance caused dangerous situations on several expressways. In 2019 it was reported that the Vietnam Expressway Corporation was $3.7 billion USD in debt, and earning $137 million in revenue each year.

The total cost of the planned expressway network is estimated at $47.9 billion. Lack of funding has been an issue throughout the development of the expressway network, with both the government and private investors having difficulty in raising the required investment costs.

In 2019, the Ministry of Transport decided to exclude foreign investors from bidding on the North-South expressway, mainly to prevent Chinese companies from participating. Public backslash – due to strong anti-Chinese sentiment in the country – was feared if Chinese companies would collect toll fees, as well national security concerns playing a role in this decision. However, lack of bidders has led to low competition between the bids, and two out of five sections had not attracted any bids.

In 2020, Minister of Planning and Investment Nguyễn Chí Dũng petitioned to the National Assembly to switch development of the remaining sections of the North–South expressway to state funding instead of build-operate-transfer contracts, in order to avoid delays in raising capital and to reduce interest amount. He noted that Chinese provinces Yunnan and Guangxi built 2,000 kilometres (1,243 mi) of expressways in three years, whereas 1,300 kilometres (808 mi) of planned expressway in Vietnam should have been completed decades ago. If public funding would be approved, construction on the sections Vĩnh Hảo (vi)Phan Thiết, Mai Son (Ninh Bình)–Highway 45 (Thanh Hóa) and Phan Thiết–Dầu Giây (connection to Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway) would start in 2021.

In a 2023 directive, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính instructed the Ministry of Transport to develop expressway design standards, as some of the expressways did not adhere to standards generally followed for expressways such as number of lanes, road width, operating speed and having continuous emergency lanes.

A new draft plan is for 2,542 km (1,580 mi) of new expressways to be completed before 2025 and an additional 1,339 km (832 mi) for before 2030.

## Expressway use

Generally all cars, buses, trucks are permitted on the expressway but *công nông* (agricultural vehicles), motor tricycles, motorcycles, tractors and non-motorized vehicles are not.

A minimum speed of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph) is generally in effect, although there are sections with a minimum speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) in the middle and left lanes. The maximum speed anywhere is 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), although sections with a lower maximum speed are common.

## List of expressways

### Expressways Network planning in 2023

#### North–South Expressway

| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.01 | North–South Expressway East | 2,063 kilometres (1,282 mi) | 4–10 | Completed many expressway sections |
| CT.02 | North–South Expressway West | 1,205 kilometres (749 mi) | 4–6 | Completed many expressway sections |

#### Northern Regional Expressway

| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.03 | Hanoi–Hoa Binh–Son La–Dien Bien Expressway | 450 kilometres (280 mi) | 4–6 | Completed Hoa Lac-Hoa Binh expressway first stage
Completed Thang Long Boulevard expressway section |
| CT.04 | Hanoi–Haiphong Expressway | 105 kilometres (65 mi) | 6 | Fully opened; formerly National Route 5B |
| CT.05 | Hanoi–Lao Cai Expressway | 264 kilometres (164 mi) | 6 | Fully opened. Connects to China's G8011 by Kim Thanh International Border Gate. |
| CT.06 | Haiphong–Ha Long–Van Don–Mong Cai Expressway | 175 kilometres (109 mi) | 6 | Fully opened. Connects to China's G7511 by Bac Luan 2 Border Gate. |
| CT.07 | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen–Bac Kan–Cao Bang Expressway | 227 kilometres (141 mi) | 4–6 | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen section complete |
| CT.08 | Ninh Binh–Haiphong Expressway | 109 kilometres (68 mi) | 4 | Under construction |
| CT.09 | Noi Bai–Bac Ninh–Ha Long Expressway | 146 kilometres (91 mi) | 4 | Noi Bai–Bac Ninh section complete |
| CT.10 | Tien Yen–Lang Son–Cao Bang Expressway | 215 kilometres (134 mi) | 4 | Tan Thanh–Phúc Sen section under construction; Phúc Sen–Trà Lĩnh to begin construction after phase one is complete. Will connect to China's G69 by Tra Linh Border Gate. |
| CT.11 | Phu Ly–Nam Dinh Expressway | 50 kilometres (31 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.12 | Yen Bai–Ha Giang Expressway | 81 kilometres (50 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.13 | Bao Ha–Lai Chau Expressway | 203 kilometres (126 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.14 | Cho Ben–Yen My Expressway | 45 kilometres (28 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.15 | Tuyen Quang–Ha Giang Expressway | 165 kilometres (103 mi) | 4 | Under construction. Will connect to China's G5615 by Thanh Thuy Border Gate. |
| CT.16 | Hung Yen–Thai Binh Expressway | 70 kilometres (43 mi) | 4 | Proposed |

#### Central Regional Expressway

| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.17 | Vinh–Thanh Thuy Expressway | 85 kilometres (53 mi) | 6 | Proposed |
| CT.18 | Vung Ang–Cha Lo Expressway | 115 kilometres (71 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.19 | Cam Lo–Lao Bao Expressway | 70 kilometres (43 mi) | 4 | Funding phase
Was CT.11 before 2021 |
| CT.20 | Quy Nhon–Pleiku–Le Thanh Expressway | 230 kilometres (140 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.21 | Da Nang–Thach My–Ngoc Hoi–Bo Y Expressway | 281 kilometres (175 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.22 | Quang Nam–Quang Ngai Expressway | 100 kilometres (62 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.23 | Phu Yen–Dak Lak Expressway | 220 kilometres (140 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.24 | Khanh Hoa–Buon Ma Thuot Expressway | 130 kilometres (81 mi) | 4 | Under construction |
| CT.25 | Nha Trang–Lien Khuong Expressway | 85 kilometres (53 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.26 | Lien Khuong–Buon Ma Thuot Expressway | 115 kilometres (71 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.42 | Quang Ngai - Kon Tum Expressway | 159 kilometres (99 mi) | 4 | Planned |

#### Southern Regional Expressway

| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.27 | Dau Giay–Dalat Expressway | 220 kilometres (140 mi) | 4 | Completed between Lien Khuong and Pass Prenn (Da Lat); was CT.14 before 2021 |
| CT.28 | Bien Hoa–Vung Tau Expressway | 54 kilometres (34 mi) | 6–8 | Under construction; was CT.13 before 2021 |
| CT.29 | Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway | 55 kilometres (34 mi) | 6–10 | Fully opened |
| CT.30 | Ho Chi Minh–Chon Thanh–Hoa Lu Expressway | 130 kilometres (81 mi) | 6 | Proposed; was CT.15 before 2021 |
| CT.31 | Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway | 53.5 kilometres (33.2 mi) | 6 | Will connect to Cambodia's E1 Phnom Penh–Bavet Expressway, parallels QL 22, Funding phase; was CT.16 before 2021 |
| CT.32 | Go Dau–Xa Mat Expressway | 65 kilometres (40 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.33 | Ho Chi Minh City–Tien Giang–Ben Tre–Tra Vinh–Soc Trang Expressway | 150 kilometres (93 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.34 | Chau Doc–Can Tho–Soc Trang Expressway | 191 kilometres (119 mi) | 6 | Under construction; was CT.17 before 2021 |
| CT.35 | Ha Tien–Rach Gia–Bac Lieu Expressway | 212 kilometres (132 mi) | 4 | Proposed |
| CT.36 | Hong Ngu–Tra Vinh Expressway | 188 kilometres (117 mi) | 4 | Proposed |

#### Hanoi Ring Road

| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.37 | Hanoi Ring Road 3 | 55 kilometres (34 mi) | 6 | Fully completed; was CT.20 before 2021 |
| CT.38 | Hanoi Ring Road 4 | 102 kilometres (63 mi) | 6 | Under construction; was CT.21 before 2021 |
| CT.39 | Hanoi Ring Road 5 | 272 kilometres (169 mi) | 6 | Proposed |

#### Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road

| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.40 | Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 3 | 92 kilometres (57 mi) | 8 | Completed between Tan Van and Binh Chuan; was CT.22 before 2021 |
| CT.41 | Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 4 | 199 kilometres (124 mi) | 8 | Funding phase |

### Expressways Network planning in 2015

| Number | Name | Length | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CT.01 | North–South Expressway East | 1,811 kilometres (1,125 mi) | Completed many expressway sections |
| CT.02 | North–South Expressway West | 1,269 kilometres (789 mi) | Some sections under construction |
| CT.03 | Hanoi–Cao Bang Expressway | 143 kilometres (89 mi) | Completed Hanoi-Chi Lang (Lang Son) section
Hanoi–Chi Lang now part of the CT.01 and Tien Yen–Lang Son–Cao Bang split off to CT.10 |
| CT.04 | Hanoi–Haiphong Expressway | 106 kilometres (66 mi) | Fully opened |
| CT.05 | Hanoi–Lao Cai Expressway | 264 kilometres (164 mi) | Yen Bai-Lao Cai: phase 1 completed |
| CT.06 | Noi Bai–Ha Long–Mong Cai Expressway | 304 kilometres (189 mi) | Hanoi-Bac Ninh and Ha Long-Mong Cai sections completed
Now part of CT.09 |
| CT.07 | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen Expressway | 70 kilometres (43 mi) | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen–Cho Moi section complete; Cho Moi–Bac Kan section to begin construction in September 2022 |
| | Thai Nguyen–Bac Kan–Cao Bang Expressway | 43 kilometres (27 mi) | |
| CT.08 | Hanoi–Hoa Binh Expressway | 56 kilometres (35 mi) | Lang–Hoa Lac complete
Hoa Lac–Hoa Binh: phase 1 completed
In 2022, lengthened to Dien Bien and renumbered to CT.03 |
| CT.09 | Ninh Binh–Haiphong–Quang Ninh Expressway | 160 kilometres (99 mi) | Haiphong–Ha Long section completed
In 2022, shortened to Haiphong and renumbered to CT.08; Haiphong–Quang Ninh section split off to CT.06 |
| CT.10 | Hong Linh–Huong Son Expressway | 34 kilometres (21 mi) |  |
| CT.11 | Cam Lo–Lao Bao Expressway | 70 kilometres (43 mi) | Renumbered to CT.19 in 2022 |
| CT.12 | Quy Nhon–Pleiku Expressway | 160 kilometres (99 mi) | Now part of the CT.20 |
| CT.13 | Bien Hoa–Vung Tau Expressway | 76 kilometres (47 mi) | Under construction
Renumbered to CT.28 in 2022 |
| CT.14 | Dau Giay–Dalat Expressway | 220 kilometres (140 mi) | Lien Khuong–Pass Prenn (Dalat) complete
Dau Giay–Lien Khuong: Investing in building only 4 lanes in September 2023
Renumbered to CT.27 in 2022 |
| CT.15 | Ho Chi Minh City–Thu Dau Mot–Chon Thanh Expressway | 69 kilometres (43 mi) | Renumbered to CT.30 in 2022 |
| CT.16 | Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway | 55 kilometres (34 mi) | Renumbered to CT.31 in 2022 |
| CT.17 | Chau Doc–Can Tho–Soc Trang Expressway | 200 kilometres (120 mi) | Under construction
Renumbered to CT.34 in 2022 |
| CT.18 | Ha Tien–Rach Gia–Bac Lieu Expressway | 225 kilometres (140 mi) | Renumbered to CT.35 |
| CT.19 | Can Tho–Ca Mau Expressway | 150 kilometres (93 mi) | Under construction
Merged into the CT.01 in 2022 |
| CT.20 | Hanoi Ring Road 3 | 55 kilometres (34 mi) | Renumbered to CT.37 in 2022 |
| CT.21 | Hanoi Ring Road 4 | 125 kilometres (78 mi) | Under construction
Renumbered to CT.38 in 2022 |
| CT.22 | Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 3 | 89 kilometres (55 mi) | Under construction
Renumbered to CT.40 in 2022 |
|

1. "Vietnam to have more than 7,000km of expressways". Business. *VietnamPlus*. 12 September 2018.
2. "Da Nang - Quang Ngai Expressway". *www.roadtraffic-technology.com*.
3. Giang Dang; Low Sui Pheng (18 October 2014). *Infrastructure Investments in Developing Economies: The Case of Vietnam*. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 978-981-287-248-7.
4. "Vietnam Expressway Corporation explains about loss of expressway tolls". *VietnamPlus*. 13 February 2019.
5. "Nine investigated for toll road fraud". *vietnamnews.vn*.
6. "Expressway maintenance failing to keep up". *vietnamnews.vn*.
7. "State-owned expressway builder weighed down by debt". *VnExpress International*.
8. Bui Dinh Tuan (September 2013). "Report On Viet Nam Expressway Development Plan" (PDF). Viet Nam Expressway Operation and Maintenance Limited Liability Company.
9. "Vietnam lacks funding for new expressway: Finance Ministry". *VnExpress International*.
10. "North-South Expressway faces lack of funds". *VietNamNet*.
11. "The China factor in Vietnam's infrastructure development dilemma". *South China Morning Post*. 11 October 2019.
12. "North-South Expressway bids open only to Vietnamese investors". *VnExpress International*.
13. "Vietnam rules out foreign investors for 8 North-South Expressway sections". *VnExpress International*.
14. "No bidders for two North-South Expressway sections". *VnExpress International*.
15. "Một tỉnh Trung Quốc 3 năm làm 2.000km cao tốc, Việt Nam 35 năm hơn 400km". Tuổi Trẻ. 9 June 2020.
16. "PM urges development of technical regulations for expressways". *VietNamNet News*. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
17. "Đường cao tốc phủ khắp 80% tỉnh thành trong 10 năm tới?". *zingnews.vn*. 14 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
18. "Motorbikes entering expressways in Vietnam could be confiscated". Tuoi Tre News. 27 February 2015.
19. "DANH MỤC CÁC TUYẾN ĐƯỜNG BỘ CAO TỐC". *luatvietnam*.
20. "Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway a driving force in southeast Vietnam". *Tuoi Tre News* (in Vietnamese). 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.

## InfoBox

| Expressway network of Vietnam
(Hệ thống đường cao tốc Việt Nam) | |
| --- | --- |
| Highway shield of the North–South Expressway East and North–South Expressway West | |
|  | |
| System information | |
| Maintained by Vietnam Expressway Corp (VEC), Deo Ca Group, Son Hai Group and others | |
| Length | 9,263 km (5,756 mi) |
| Formed | 2002 |
| Highway names | |
| Expressways | Đường Cao Tốc nn (CT.nn) |
| National Roads | Quốc Lộ nn (QL.nn) |
| System links | |
|  | |


title: Sefâretnâme

abstract:
Sefāret-nāme, literally the book of embassy, was a genre in the Turkish literature which was closely related to seyahatname, but was specific to the recounting of journeys and experiences of an Ottoman ambassador in a foreign, usually European, land and capital. Sefâretnâme were edited by their authors with a view to their presentation to the Sultan, and to his high administration, thus also bearing a semi-official character, their objective being to make them "feel" the foreign country in question, as much as informing on it. For this reason, and for the literary qualities that were sought in order to attain their objective, they remain of lasting interest for the general reader. The first example of the genre is admitted to be the Kara Mehmed Çelebi sefâretnâme, relating his embassy in Vienna in 1665. Outstanding examples of the genre, mostly dating from the 18th century, are of particular value both in lasting literary terms and for the insights they provide for the Ottoman intelligentsia's perception of Western Europe at a time when that part of the world had visibly started to overtake other geographies of the world, including the Ottoman Empire, in terms of science, culture and development. Ottoman attempts to understand the reasons for the growing gap can explain the more and more frequent dispatch of ambassadors through the 18th century, who were later to have a permanent presence in European capitals, as well as the multiplication of sefâretnâme. The sense of curiosity their authors convey in regard to the Western culture they were examining was fully reciprocated by the curiosity they aroused among their Parisian and Berliner interlocutors, most of whom were getting in contact with Turks for the first time. The vivid accounts of the contacts and the respective commentaries made thereof draw the reader's curiosity to this day. Among notable sefâretname, those below can be cited;
  - Sefaretnâme of Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi, who was Turkey's first ambassador in Paris in 1720,
  - Sefaretnâme of Ahmed Resmî Efendi, who was Turkey's first ambassador in Berlin in 1763/1764,
  - Sefaretnâme of Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, on his first mission as Turkey's ambassador to Prussia in 1796. There are up to forty examples of sefâretnâme, written by Ottoman ambassadors who held office in the 18th century and early-19th century in various posts including London, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm, Russia, Poland, Italy, Spain, Iran, India, Morocco and Bukhara. Those with a reduced literary outset, presented more in the form of a professional and topical memorandum, were termed as takrir.

text:
# Sefâretnâme

**Sefāret-nāme** (سفارت نامه), literally *the book of embassy*, was a genre in the Turkish literature which was closely related to seyahatname (*the book of travels*), but was specific to the recounting of journeys and experiences of an Ottoman ambassador in a foreign, usually European, land and capital. Sefâretnâme were edited by their authors with a view to their presentation to the Sultan, and to his high administration, thus also bearing a semi-official character, their objective being to make them "feel" the foreign country in question, as much as informing on it. For this reason, and for the literary qualities that were sought in order to attain their objective, they remain of lasting interest for the general reader.

The first example of the genre is admitted to be the Kara Mehmed Çelebi sefâretnâme, relating his embassy in Vienna in 1665. Outstanding examples of the genre, mostly dating from the 18th century, are of particular value both in lasting literary terms and for the insights they provide for the Ottoman intelligentsia's perception of Western Europe at a time when that part of the world had visibly started to overtake other geographies of the world, including the Ottoman Empire, in terms of science, culture and development. Ottoman attempts to understand the reasons for the growing gap can explain the more and more frequent dispatch of ambassadors through the 18th century, who were later to have a permanent presence in European capitals, as well as the multiplication of sefâretnâme.

The sense of curiosity their authors convey in regard to the Western culture they were examining was fully reciprocated by the curiosity they aroused among their Parisian and Berliner interlocutors, most of whom were getting in contact with Turks for the first time. The vivid accounts of the contacts and the respective commentaries made thereof draw the reader's curiosity to this day.

Among notable sefâretname, those below can be cited;

There are up to forty examples of sefâretnâme, written by Ottoman ambassadors who held office in the 18th century and early-19th century in various posts including London, Paris, Berlin, Stockholm, Russia, Poland (*"Lehistan" in Ottoman terminology*), Italy, Spain, Iran, India, Morocco and Bukhara. Those with a reduced literary outset, presented more in the form of a professional and topical memorandum, were termed as *takrir*.


title: Ulrik Arneberg (footballer)

abstract: Ulrik Arneberg is a Norwegian football defender. He joined the youth team of Stabæk from Ready ahead of the 2004 season. Ahead of the 2006 season he was drafted into the first team. He got two Norwegian Premier League games in 2006. In early 2007 he was loaned out to Skeid in the Norwegian First Division. Ahead of the 2008 season he joined Asker permanently. After many years there, captaining the team since 2009, he joined Mjøndalen IF ahead of the 2014 season.

text:
# Ulrik Arneberg (footballer)

**Ulrik Arneberg** (born 22 July 1987) is a Norwegian football defender.

He joined the youth team of Stabæk from Ready ahead of the 2004 season. Ahead of the 2006 season he was drafted into the first team. He got two Norwegian Premier League games in 2006. In early 2007 he was loaned out to Skeid in the Norwegian First Division. Ahead of the 2008 season he joined Asker permanently. After many years there, captaining the team since 2009, he joined Mjøndalen IF ahead of the 2014 season.

## Career statistics

*As of 29 October 2017*

| Season | Club | Division | League | | Cup | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 2006 | Stabæk | Tippeligaen | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 2007 | Skeid | Adeccoligaen | 30 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 31 | 0 |
| 2008 | Asker | 2. divisjon | 26 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| 2009 | | | 25 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 3 |
| 2010 | | | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 2 |
| 2011 | | Adeccoligaen | 29 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 31 | 1 |
| 2012 | | 2. divisjon | 17 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 18 | 1 |
| 2013 | | 22 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| 2014 | Mjøndalen | 1. divisjon | 27 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 30 | 1 |
| 2015 | | Tippeligaen | 29 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 33 | 1 |
| 2016 | | OBOS-ligaen | 26 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 27 | 1 |
| 2017 | | 27 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 28 | 0 |
| Career Total | | | 283 | 9 | 19 | 1 | 302 | 10 |

## InfoBox

Ulrik Arneberg
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ulrik Ancher Henriksen Arneberg | | |
| Date of birth | (1987-07-22) 22 July 1987 | | |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Ready | | |
| 2004–2005 | Stabæk | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2006–2007 | Stabæk | 1 | (0) |
| 2007 | Skeid (loan) | 30 | (0) |
| 2008–2013 | Asker | 143 | (7) |
| 2014–2017 | Mjøndalen | 115 | (3) |
| 2018– | Heggedal | 8 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Köşektaş, Hacıbektaş

abstract: Köşektaş is a village in Hacıbektaş District, Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Its population is 356 (2022). The village is located on the plains at the northern foot of Cappadocia and is 17 kilometers from the Hacıbektaş and, 240 kilometers from the capital, Ankara. Köşektaş takes its name from a rock, which is located at the northwest corner of the village.

text:
# Köşektaş, Hacıbektaş

**Köşektaş** is a village in Hacıbektaş District, Nevşehir Province in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Its population is 356 (2022).

The village is located on the plains at the northern foot of Cappadocia and is 17 kilometers from the Hacıbektaş and, 240 kilometers from the capital, Ankara. Köşektaş takes its name from a rock (Köşektaş Kayası), which is located at the northwest corner of the village.

## InfoBox

| Köşektaş | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| KöşektaşLocation in TurkeyKöşektaşKöşektaş (Turkey Central Anatolia) | |
| Coordinates: 38°59′N 34°45′E / 38.983°N 34.750°E / 38.983; 34.750 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Nevşehir |
| District | Hacıbektaş |
| Elevation | 1,250 m (4,100 ft) |
| Population (2022) | 356 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0384 |
| Website | www.kosektas.net |


title: Synspermiata

abstract: Synspermiata is a clade of araneomorph spiders, comprising most of the former "haplogynes". They are united by having simpler genitalia than other araneomorph spiders, lacking a cribellum, and sharing an evolutionary history of synspermia – a particular way in which spermatozoa are grouped together when transferred to the female.

text:
# Synspermiata

**Synspermiata** is a clade of araneomorph spiders, comprising most of the former "haplogynes". They are united by having simpler genitalia than other araneomorph spiders, lacking a cribellum, and sharing an evolutionary history of synspermia – a particular way in which spermatozoa are grouped together when transferred to the female.

## Synspermia

Spermatozoa are produced in a multi-step process. A primary spermatocyte with the full diploid number of chromosomes divides to form two secondary spermatocytes which are haploid, i.e., each has half the diploid number of chromosomes. Each secondary spermatocyte then divides to produce two spermatids which undergo further development to form spermatozoa. In synspermia, two or more spermatids from the same spermatocyte fuse together and are enclosed in an envelope, forming a "capsule". This contrasts with cleistospermia, where the capsules enclose individual spermatozoa. After transfer to the female in either form, decapsulation and activation are necessary before the resulting spermatozoa can fertilize eggs.

## Phylogeny

In 2014, Peter Michalik and Martín Ramírez published a study of the morphology of the reproductive system of male spiders, including their spermatozoa. They found a clade within haplogyne spiders, Synspermatia, characterized by the absence of a cribellum and the synapomorphy (shared derived character) of synspermia. Not all members of the clade exhibit synspermia, since it has evolved into cleistospermia multiple times and Telemidae have individually encapsulated sperm cells arranged in densely packed stacks.

A much larger molecular phylogenetic study published in 2016 also found Synspermatia to be a clade, grouping with the families Hypochilidae and Filistatidae at the base of Araneomorphae:

## Families

Families placed in Synspermiata are:

### Extinct families

Eopsilodercidae

(Telemidae was not included in the analysis by Wheeler et al., but is placed in Synspermiata in other studies.

## InfoBox

| Synspermiata<br>Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Pholcus phalangioides* (Pholcidae) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| *Clade*: | Synspermiata |
|
| Families | |
| See text. | |


title: Bukit Payung–Telemung Highway

abstract: Bukit Payung–Telemung Highway is a major controlled-access highway in Terengganu, Malaysia. This highway is part of the Package 11 and 12 of the East Coast Expressway Phase 2 project. At most sections, the highway was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

text:
# Bukit Payung–Telemung Highway

**Bukit Payung–Telemung Highway** is a major controlled-access highway in Terengganu, Malaysia. This highway is part of the Package 11 and 12 of the East Coast Expressway Phase 2 project (Jabur \- Kuala Terengganu).

At most sections, the highway was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

## List of interchanges

| Km | Exit | Interchanges | To | Remarks |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  | **West**
FT 36 **Second East-West Highway**
FT 36Aring
T161Kenyir Lake
FT 8 Gua Musang
FT 8Kota Bharu
FT 8Kuala Lipis
FT 185 Lojing
FT 59 Cameron Highlands
FT 185Ipoh |  |
|  |  | **Kuala Jeneris Interchange** | **North**
FT 247 Sungai Tong
FT 3  AH18 Setiu
FT 3  AH18 Besut

**South**
FT 247 Kuala Berang
FT 106 Ajil | Junctions |
| **Bukit Payung-telemung Highway
Start/End of highway** | | | | | |
|  |  | **Sungai Telemung bridge** |  |  |
|  |  | **Telemung-ECE Interchange** | East Coast Expressway **East Coast Expressway**

**North**
Kota Bharu
Kuala Terengganu
Setiu

**South**
Kuala Lumpur
Kuantan
Ajil
Ajil Rest and Service Area | T-junctions with toll plaza |
|  |  | **Kuala Telemung Interchange** | T9 Kuala Telemung
T9 Manir
T9 Kuala Berang | Interchange |
| **Sungai Terengganu bridge
Hulu Terengganu-Kuala Terengganu district border** | | | | | |
|  |  | **Pasir Tinggi Interchange** | T101 Pasir Tinggi
T101 Serada
T101 Alor Limbat | Interchange |
|  |  | **Sungai Kepong bridge** |  |  |
|  |  | **Sungai Laca bridge** |  |  |
|  |  | **Sungai Buaya bridge** |  |  |
| **Bukit Payung-telemung Highway
Start/End of highway** | | | | | |
|  |  | **Bukit Payung Interchange** | FT 14 **Jerangau-Jabor Highway**

**North**
FT 14 Kuala Terengganu
FT 14 Bukit Payong

**South**
FT 14 Kuantan
FT 14 Bukit Besi
FT 14 Ajil
FT 106 Kuala Berang

**East**
T171 **Jalan Undang**
Undang
Marang | Junctions |

## InfoBox

| Bukit Payong-Telemung Highway | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 16.3 km (10.1 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| West end | Kuala Jeneris |
| Major intersections | FT 36 Second East-West Highway
FT 247
East Coast Expressway
FT 14 Jerangau-Jabor Highway |
| East end | Bukit Payung |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Malaysia |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |


title: Scot Free

abstract: Scot Free was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He showed promise as a two-year-old in 1883 when he won Sapling Plate. In the following spring he emerged as one of the best horses of his generation in England with emphatic victories in the Craven Stakes and the 2000 Guineas. He had never been entered in the Epsom Derby and finished unplaced when made favourite for the St Leger. He remained in training as a four-year-old in 1885 but became very difficult to manage and was eventually gelded.

text:
# Scot Free

**Scot Free** (1881  after 1887) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He showed promise as a two-year-old in 1883 when he won Sapling Plate. In the following spring he emerged as one of the best horses of his generation in England with emphatic victories in the Craven Stakes and the 2000 Guineas. He had never been entered in the Epsom Derby and finished unplaced when made favourite for the St Leger. He remained in training as a four-year-old in 1885 but became very difficult to manage and was eventually gelded.

## Background

Scot Free was a brown horse bred in England by E Etches. As a yearling he was offered for sale and bought for 250 guineas by James Foy, a professional gambler and bloodstock dealer. He was trained by Tom Chaloner at Newmarket, Suffolk. The colt was originally named Donald II.

He was probably the best horse sired by Macgregor, who won the 2000 Guineas and started odds on favourite for the Epsom Derby in 1870. Scot Free's dam Celibacy was a half-sister to Brown Bess, the female-line ancestor of Kennymore.

## Racing career

### 1883: two-year-old season

In 1883 Scot Free made three racecourse appearances. He recorded his only victory of the year when he won the Sapling Plate at Sandown Park.

### 1884: three-year-old season

Scot Free began his second season in the Craven Stakes over the Rowley Mile at Newmarket Racecourse and started the 6/1 second choice in the betting. Ridden by John Osborne he took the lead soon after the start and won "easily" by three lengths from the favourite Loch Ranza. Following the race the Duchess of Montrose attempted to buy the colt but was dissuaded by the asking price of 10,000 guineas. On 30 April Scot Free started the 3/1 favourite for the 76th running of the 2000 Guineas over the same course and distance. The veteran George Fordham was expected to partner the colt but as he was suffering from ill-health, the ride went to Bill Platt. On the eve of the race Fordham said that he was so weak that he might fall out of the saddle but asked that a bet of £5 should be placed on Scot Free on his behalf. The best fancied of his nine opponents were Royal Fern, Superba (Champagne Stakes) and St Medard. Harvester was the first horse to show in front but Scot Free took the lead before half-way. The favourite never looked in any danger of defeat thereafter and accelerated away from his rivals in the closing stages to win by five lengths from St Medard, with Harvester a head away in third. According to one account he "came bounding out of the Abingdon mile bottom \[a furlong from the finish\] like a cricket ball".

In the Payne Stakes over ten furlongs at Newmarket two weeks later Scot Free started the 8/15 favourite but was beaten a length by Harvester, to whom he was conceding seven pounds in weight. Scot Free had never been entered in the Derby Stakes and in his absence Harvester ran a dead heat for first place with St. Gatien.

At Doncaster Racecourse on 10 September, Scot Free was stepped up in distance for the St Leger over 14+12 furlongs. His preparation for the race had not been helped by the very dry conditions which led to unusually firm ground at Newmarket. Ridden by John Osborne he was made the 4/1 favourite but was never among the leaders and finished ninth behind The Lambkin.

Scot Free's winnings for the year came to £4,799.

### 1885: four-year-old season

Scot Free remained in training as a four-year-old in 1885. During a training gallop early in the year, he threw his jockey and attacked another horse, losing several teeth in the ensuing fight. He began his third season in the £2,000 Leicestershire Spring Handicap over one mile at Leicester Racecourse on 11 April for which he was assigned a weight of 120 pounds. He started at odds of 12/1 and came home fifth of the eighteen runner behind the filly Whitelock. A week later at the Craven meeting at Newmarket he finished unplaced in two handicap races, the six-furlong Crawfurd Plate and the one-mile Babraham Plate. At Royal Ascot in June Scot Free started second favourite for the Gold Cup over 2+12 miles but finished last of the four runners behind St. Gatien, Eole and The Dutchman.

### Later career

Scot Free was not raced in 1886 and was gelded sometime before the 1887 racing season. He won the Trial Plate at the Epsom Spring Meeting, beating The Tyke by a length and a half. He was sold immediately after the race for 650 guineas. Returned to J. Foy, he was last of seven runners in the Brighton High-Wright Plate in August 1887.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Scot Free (GB), brown stallion, 1881
| Sire
MacGregor (GB)
1867 | Macaroni
1860 | Sweetmeat | Gladiator |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | *Lollypop* |
| | *Jocose* | Pantaloon |
| | *Banter* |
| | *Necklace*
1860 | The Fallow Buck | Venison |
| | | *Plenary* |
| | *Bracelet* | **Touchstone*** |
| | *Manacle* |
| Dam
*Celibacy (GB)*
1869 | Lord Clifden
1860 | Newminster | **Touchstone\*** |
| | | *Beeswing* |
| | *The Slave* | Melbourne |
| | *Volley* |
| | *Cowl mare*
1851 | Cowl | Bay Middleton |
| | | *Crucifix* |
| | *Lanercost mare* | Lanercost |
| | *The Nun (Family 1-a)* |

* Scot Free is inbred 4S x 4D to the stallion Touchstone, meaning that he appears fourth generation on the sire side of his pedigree and fourth generation on the dam side of his pedigree.

## InfoBox

| Scot Free | |
| --- | --- |
| Sire | MacGregor |
| Grandsire | Macaroni |
| Dam | Celibacy |
| Damsire | Lord Clifden |
| Sex | Stallion (eventually gelded) |
| Foaled | 1881 |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Colour | Brown |
| Breeder | E Etches |
| Owner | James Foy |
| Trainer | Tom Chaloner |
| Record | 12: 4-1-0 |
| Major wins | |
| Sapling Plate (1883)
Craven Stakes (1884)
2000 Guineas (1884) | |


title: Tettsū Gikai

abstract: Tettsū Gikai (徹通義介) is the third spiritual leader of the Sōtō Zen school of Buddhism in Japan. He began his Buddhist life as a student of the Darumashū's Ekan, but later both became students of Eihei Dōgen's newly established Sōtō school. Gikai received dharma transmission from Koun Ejō, Dōgen's successor, and later became the third abbot of the school's head temple, Eihei-ji. Shortly thereafter, he became embroiled in a leadership crisis known as the sandai sōron. Other monks contended that other students, namely Jakuen, Gien or Giin, had stronger claims to the abbacy. The controversy remained unresolved at the time of his death. His abbacy was unpopular with some monks because he introduced innovative practices aimed at making Sōtō more palatable with the Japanese laity, which some claimed Dōgen would have frowned upon. However, he also had many followers, and eventually his innovations became the standard form of Sōtō Zen. His leadership marked the first geographical expansion of the Sōtō school when he moved with his followers to Kaga Province. Most notably, his disciple Keizan Jōkin became the second most famous figure in the school's history after Dōgen by generating mass appeal for Sōtō Zen and ultimately spreading the teachings to all corners of Japan.

text:
# Tettsū Gikai

**Tettsū Gikai** (徹通義介) is the third spiritual leader of the Sōtō Zen school of Buddhism in Japan. He began his Buddhist life as a student of the Darumashū's Ekan, but later both became students of Eihei Dōgen's newly established Sōtō school. Gikai received dharma transmission from Koun Ejō, Dōgen's successor, and later became the third abbot of the school's head temple, Eihei-ji. Shortly thereafter, he became embroiled in a leadership crisis known as the *sandai sōron*. Other monks contended that other students, namely Jakuen, Gien or Giin, had stronger claims to the abbacy. The controversy remained unresolved at the time of his death. His abbacy was unpopular with some monks because he introduced innovative practices aimed at making Sōtō more palatable with the Japanese laity, which some claimed Dōgen would have frowned upon. However, he also had many followers, and eventually his innovations became the standard form of Sōtō Zen. His leadership marked the first geographical expansion of the Sōtō school when he moved with his followers to Kaga Province. Most notably, his disciple Keizan Jōkin became the second most famous figure in the school's history after Dōgen by generating mass appeal for Sōtō Zen and ultimately spreading the teachings to all corners of Japan.

## Early life

Tettsū Gikai was born in 1219 in a rural area of Echizen Province called Inazu. His family was part of the powerful Fujiwara clan, specifically claiming descent from the famous General Fujiwara no Toshihito. Members of this extended family included prominent monks of the region. Others had formed bonds through marriage with the Hatano family, which was to become the primary donor to the early Sōtō school. He became a monk at the age of twelve at a Darumashū temple called *Hajaku-ji*, which was located close to the future site of Sōtō Zen's main temple, Eihei-ji. His teacher was Ekan, a student of Kakuan, in turn a student of the Darumashū's founder Nōnin. His close connections to Echizen, and particularly its Buddhist elite, played a role in his importance to the early Sōtō school.

## Joining Dōgen's Sōtō School

Shortly after becoming a monk, Gikai relocated to Mt. Hiei for an unknown period of time for training, although he remained a student of Ekan. In 1241, most of the students of the Darumashū joined Eihei Dōgen's early Sōtō school, which at that time was centered at Kōshō-ji outside of Kyoto. Thus Ekan and Gikai both became students of Dōgen, although to an extent Gikai remained a student of Ekan simultaneously. In 1243, shortly after Dōgen and his followers had moved to Echizen where Eihei-ji would be built, Gikai was assigned to the important position of tenzo, or head cook. Dōgen considered *tenzo* to be suitable only for monks of high attainment, but on a more practical level Gikai was probably also better equipped to locate donors of food in his home province. About a decade later in 1251, Ekan gave dharma transmission of his Darumashū lineage to Gikai realizing that he would soon die without a successor. However, he also urged Ekan to receive transmission of the Sōtō lineage as well. Four years later in 1255, two years after Dōgen's death, Gikai accomplished this when he received dharma transmission from his former fellow Darumashū student and Dōgen's successor, Koun Ejō.

## Abbot of Eihei-ji and Departure

In 1267 Tettsū Gikai became abbot of Eihei-ji when Koun Ejō, the previous abbot, retired due to illness. Gikai's promotion to abbot was specifically requested by the two major patrons of the temple. Keizan Jōkin, who would go on to become an extremely important leader for the school, was ordained as a monk by Gikai in 1271 when Keizan was seven. The following year Gikai retired from his role as abbot, eventually being replaced by Gien, whose life and time at Eihei-ji is poorly documented. Gikai lived for the next 20 years caring for his mother near Eihei-ji and occasionally visiting the temple for various reasons. In 1280 he cared for his predecessor Ejō in the days before his death. During this time, Ejō apparently gave Gikai his robes, which he had in turn received from Dōgen. Nine days later Ejō died, after which Gikai performed the funeral. Gikai also held yearly services to commemorate Ejō's death, and it was during this period that a conflict arose between him and the followers of Ejō's other successor Jakuen. The reason for the dispute is not clear. Jakuen himself had left Eihei-ji many years before in 1261. Whatever the grounds, Gikai ultimately permanently departed from Eihei-ji in 1287 despite personal support from the temple's major patron.

## Abbot of Daijō-ji and Death

Gikai left Eihei-ji and traveled to the neighboring province of Kaga where he became the second abbot of Daijō-ji temple in 1293. The first abbot, Chōkai, was of the esoteric Shingon school and had probably known Gikai from his early years at Hajaku-ji, which was a Shingon temple that had hosted Darumashū students for several years. Furthermore, the temple was patronized by Togashi Iehisa of the Fujiwara clan, most likely a relative of Gikai. Several students from Eihei-ji joined Gikai at his new temple, including Keizan Jōkin, Meihō Sotetsu, and Gasan Jōseki. Two years after Gikai's arrival, he gave dharma transmission to Keizan. Three years later in 1298 Gikai passed on the position of abbot to Keizan as well, though he remained at the temple for the rest of his life. By 1306 Gikai's health began to decline. During this period he ordained all of the non-monk workers at the temple at his own insistence. He died in 1309. Keizan only served as abbot for two years after Gikai's death, after which the position was transferred to Meihō Sotetsu. Shortly after, the patrons of the temple replaced Meihō with a Rinzai monk for unknown reasons. Keizan wrote that this was a betrayal of Gikai, although Meihō would go on to be reinstated as the abbot of Daijō-ji after many years.

## InfoBox

| Tettsū Gikai
 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Title | Zen Master |
| Personal | |
| Born | 18 February 1219 |
| Died | 18 October 1309 |
| Religion | Buddhism |
| School | Sōtō |
| Senior posting | |
| Teacher | Koun Ejō
Dōgen
Ekan |
| Predecessor | Koun Ejō |
| Successor | Keizan Jōkin |
| Students | |