title: Battle of Noordhorn

abstract: The Battle of Noordhorn, fought on 30 September 1581, was a pitched battle of the Dutch Revolt, fought between a Spanish army commanded by Colonel Francisco Verdugo – consisting of Walloon, German, Spanish, and Albanian soldiers – and a Dutch States rebel army under the Englishman John Norreys – comprising English, Scottish, Dutch, and Walloon troops – in the province of Groningen. In 1580, the Dutch stadtholder of Groningen, George van Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg, had shifted its allegiance from the Dutch to the Spanish side. This opened a new front at the back door of the Dutch Republic, forcing the States-General to dispatch forces to the north. That year the Dutch, under the leadership of John Norreys, succeeded in relieving the town of Steenwijk. In July 1581, Rennenberg died and was replaced by the Spaniard Francisco Verdugo, whose arrival in Groningen with reinforcements changed the situation. On 30 September Verdugo forced Norreys to give battle using a strategy of attrition. The battle was fought on a rough, marshy ground very favorable to the Spanish army. Norrey's initial assault on the Spanish right wing was successful, but the Spanish cavalry, led by Verdugo, routed the Dutch cavalry under William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and broke the States' infantry. The English left was then cut off from the rest of the States' army and destroyed. During the pursuit of the States' troops Verdugo was nearly captured, but left unharmed in the end. Both Norreys and Count William Louis were wounded, and their army suffered a heavy death toll, losing many flags and all five of its guns. Verdugo could not capitalize on his victory because of a mutiny the following day by his German regiments and heavy flooding. The military situation in Friesland, however, had reached a turning point, and in 1582 the Spanish made great advances, even taking Steenwijk on 17 November 1582.

text:
# Battle of Noordhorn

The **Battle of Noordhorn**, fought on 30 September 1581, was a pitched battle of the Dutch Revolt, fought between a Spanish army commanded by Colonel Francisco Verdugo – consisting of Walloon, German, Spanish, and Albanian soldiers – and a Dutch States rebel army under the Englishman John Norreys – comprising English, Scottish, Dutch, and Walloon troops – in the province of Groningen. In 1580, the Dutch stadtholder of Groningen, George van Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg, had shifted its allegiance from the Dutch to the Spanish side. This opened a new front at the back door of the Dutch Republic, forcing the States-General to dispatch forces to the north. That year the Dutch, under the leadership of John Norreys, succeeded in relieving the town of Steenwijk. In July 1581, Rennenberg died and was replaced by the Spaniard Francisco Verdugo, whose arrival in Groningen with reinforcements changed the situation. On 30 September Verdugo forced Norreys to give battle using a strategy of attrition.

The battle was fought on a rough, marshy ground very favorable to the Spanish army. Norrey's initial assault on the Spanish right wing was successful, but the Spanish cavalry, led by Verdugo, routed the Dutch cavalry under William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and broke the States' infantry. The English left was then cut off from the rest of the States' army and destroyed. During the pursuit of the States' troops Verdugo was nearly captured, but left unharmed in the end. Both Norreys and Count William Louis were wounded, and their army suffered a heavy death toll, losing many flags and all five of its guns. Verdugo could not capitalize on his victory because of a mutiny the following day by his German regiments and heavy flooding. The military situation in Friesland, however, had reached a turning point, and in 1582 the Spanish made great advances, even taking Steenwijk on 17 November 1582.

## Background

In 1580, during the Eighty Years' War, the Dutch stadtholder of Groningen, George van Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg, though having been appointed by the rebellious States-General, shifted his allegiance to the Spanish government, held at that time by Don Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma. In July 1581 after being defeated by John Norreys and Diederik Sonoy at Kollum, Lalaing fell ill and died in the city of Groningen. Parma sent one of his most accomplished officers, the Spaniard Francisco Verdugo, to take the place of the deceased stadtholder. Verdugo, born in Talavera but raised amongst the Flemish and married to a daughter of the later governor-general of the Netherlands, Peter Ernst von Mansfeld, began his career as a simple soldier, but rose through the ranks to become a colonel. He was considered by the historian Charles Maurice Davies "*a leader of eminent skill and ability*", and was promoted to the post over other candidates such as Colonel Maarten Schenck van Nydeggen, whom Farnese had earlier sent to relieve Rennenberg and had dealt a serious defeat to a Dutch army at the Battle of Hardenberg, on 17 June 1580.

Verdugo, having been forced by the Union of Arras – formed by the Dutch provinces loyal to Spanish King Philip II, who wanted the foreign troops out of the Netherlands – to hand over his regiment to his brother-in-law Charles von Mansfeld, recruited a regiment of 2,000 Walloon arquebusiers and made his way to Friesland. While mustering his infantry in the village of Kerpen, Verdugo learned that the Dutch rebels were leaving a company of German reiters – a type of armoured cavalry armed with pistols – in Cologne under a rittmeister called Adam von Langen. As he lacked cavalry or pikemen and it was reported by Spanish agents that von Langen was angry because he had been paid by the Dutch with false coins, Verdugo managed to convince the rittmeister to escort his arquebusiers to Groningen. Passing through Bredevoort and Coevorden, Verdugo and his regiment reached Groningen. There, Verdugo was met with a mutiny, which he ended by distributing 40,000 escudos amongst the mutineers, disbanding an undisciplined German regiment, and giving license to two companies of men-at-arms to join Farnese's army in Hainault. With the loyal troops, meanwhile, he took two Dutch forts, one at the mouth of the Emden and another near Groningen.

Verdugo's arrival quickly altered the situation in Friesland, which had until then been favourable to the Dutch. During 1580, the Dutch forces fighting Rennenberg in Friesland had failed to prevent him from taking the towns of Oldenzaal and Coevorden, but in December, under the leadership of the English Colonel John Norreys, a veteran soldier with experience in the Netherlands and Ireland, they had succeeded in relieving Steenwijk from a Spanish siege. Norreys, appointed "Master of the Camp" by the Dutch States-General, harassed the Spanish army during the winter of 1580–1581, forcing Rennenberg to lift the siege and withdrew in February. The most effective force of the Dutch army in Friesland was Norreys' English regiment. Though England was not officially at war against Spain, Queen Elizabeth I was playing a complex diplomatic role to keep the Dutch revolt alive, and this included sending troops to the Netherlands under the guise of "volunteers", but factually maintained by the English crown.

In June 1581, the States-General appointed Norreys General of all the States' troops beyond the Meuse. In August, the Dutch local council, assembled in Leeuwarden, tasked Norreys with preventing Verdugo from penetrating further into the country, for which his 30 companies of infantry were reinforced by five cavalry companies under William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg. He was expected to besiege the Spanish forts around Groningen, but he lacked the artillery to do so, having been given only four small guns. Moreover, Norreys' Dutch and Walloon soldiers were unhappy with being under the command of a foreigner. Norreys spent the summer months attempting in vain to blockade Groningen, while Verdugo, who was aware of the dissent amongst the Dutch army, patiently waited in his fortified posts despite being urged by the local authorities to confront Norreys. In early September, after a failed raid on his camp, Verdugo was sure of Norreys' intentions of giving battle, and thus he advanced his army to near Norreys' camp near the village of Noordhorn. Shortly thereafter, determined to fight, Norreys' Anglo-Dutch army was deployed over the dike of Niezijl.

## Order of battle

The Spanish army, led by Francisco Verdugo, with Lieutenant-Colonel Johann Baptista von Taxis as second in command, was deployed before the village of Noordhorn and behind broken ground with only one access point that was covered by a wide ravine and flanked on its left by a series of muddy ditches. Aiming to create a trap for Norreys' army, the Spanish had smoothed the ground on their right in order to funnel English units and draw Norrey's troops into an engagement area where a crossfire effect could be created. Verdugo himself drove two stakes into the ground to mark the point that his cavalry was to charge upon the English vanguard.

The Spanish army was organized into three infantry battalions with two cavalry companies at each wing: the right wing was taken by the Walloon mounted harquebusiers under Monsieur de Villers and Verdugo's Spanish lances under Corporal Alonso Mendo, plus a battalion formed by half of Verdugo's Walloon foot regiment. 200 arquebusiers were detached later in a house nearby. The centre was made up by one battalion formed by the German foot regiments of Rennenberg, under Lieutenant Colonel Guillaume de Monceau, and of Caspar de Robles, who was serving Farnese and had left the command to Lieutenant Colonel Johann Baptista von Taxis. The left consisted of two cavalry companies (Famiano Strada names German reiters under Wolfgang Prengier, while Alonso Vázquez mentions Albanian horse under Captain Tomas Frate and Walloons under Baron de Bievres) plus a battalion formed by the second half of Verdugo's foot regiment. Verdugo also deployed a forlorn hope of 200 musketeers and arquebusiers into a ditch covering the way, 300 steps ahead of his three foot battalions.

The Anglo-Dutch army under John Norreys and Count William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg was formed by 30 companies of foot – 11 English and Scottish flags from the regiments of Norreys and Colonel Thomas Morgan, and 19 Dutch, Frisian and Walloon flags – plus four cavalry companies under Captains Hendrik van Eck, Goor, Elleborn and Roger Williams, the latter of English cuirassiers. There existed a certain hostility between Norreys and Morgan, as Prince William of Orange favored Norreys despite Morgan's longer experience in the Netherlands, having served since 1572. When Queen Elizabeth's secretary and advisor Francis Walsingham requested Orange appoint Morgan as a colonel, he refused, and Morgan attributed this to Norreys' "hard dealings".

## Battle

| Sons, seeing how the enemy is posted and how bad had formed his squadrons, with the favor of God victory is ours and consists only in you stand firm and do not move without my order, for the first of the two armies that moves will be lost. |
| --- |
| Francisco Verdugo to his army before the battle |

Having instructed his troops to hold their positions until he ordered them to attack, Verdugo sent 200 musketeers to occupy a house on his right flank, near the Villers' position and that of his own companies of horse, to cut off the Anglo-Dutch vanguard with musketry fire as they advanced towards the Spanish positions. After that, Spanish and English armies began to skirmish. Verdugo aimed to take over a hill in the middle of both armies in order to force Norreys to order a general advance. The Englishman fired over the Spanish battalions with his five guns, but the fire was ineffective because of the broken ground: Spanish sources state that only Verdugo's drummer was killed. Seeing the ineffectiveness of the bombardment, Norreys ordered a general advance. As the way was narrow, the Dutch cavalry went in advance, flanked by the English infantry. Monsieur de Villers' harquebusiers and Verdugo's lances under Corporal Mendo ignored their general's orders, and charged against the Dutch cavalry, which drove back them "broken and disrupted". The English infantry, upon Norreys' order, charged the Spanish foot on the right, gaining more ground despite the difficult advance, and pushing back Verdugo's Walloons to Noordhorn.

On the left, on the other hand, Count William Louis of Nassau advanced with the remaining Dutch cavalry but was halted by the musketry fire of the 200 men standing on the advanced ditch. Aiming to disrupt the Dutch right, Verdugo then charged ahead of Frate's Albanian company and that of Baron de Bievres. The Dutch horse, disorganized by the musketry fire, could not resist Verdugo's rush and turned back, breaking the order, in turn, of the English foot standing behind. To capitalize on this success, Verdugo ordered his foot to follow up the victory. Unaware of the Spanish success on the other side of the field, the English infantry continued pressing back the Spanish right flank until they reached the Spanish camp. When they realized what had happened, however, the Englishmen turned back in a vain attempt to escape. The Spanish centre and left were blocking the way, and thus the English attempted to save themselves fleeing across the bogged ditches, only to be killed in large numbers.

In the meantime, Verdugo aimed to block Niezijl's dike with Frate's and Bievres' companies, but as these troops lagged behind, he found himself alone on the dike when Norreys and his officers attempted to retreat back to their camp. Alone, Verdugo fought desperately against them. Twice the Spanish commander was taken prisoner, but in the end, as he killed or wounded many of his foes, Norreys preferred to let him go free rather than risk allowing the pursuing Spanish troops to capture himself or his remaining men. Once he had recovered, Verdugo massed some cavalry and completed the Anglo-Dutch defeat by destroying an English troop which, trying to save the flags, fled across a field towards the Niezijl canal. Most of the English flags and all of their artillery were lost. As the night was falling, Verdugo collected his troops and returned to Noordhorn, where they formed into squadron formation and, kneeling down, prayed to thank God for their victory.

## Aftermath

The battle was "*a very greate overthrowe*" for the English, as noted by the affluent English trader Sir Christopher Hoddesdon in a letter written in Antwerp on 15 October. The Frenchman Gillaume Baudart noted that half of the States' infantry and a large number of cavalry were lost. Verdugo claimed between 2,000 and 3,000 casualties in Norrey's army, asserting that "*Few times is true the number of dead that in such cases is said, but the common \[number\] for those who saw it was this*". Many English and Dutch officers were killed, mostly of foot: Charles van Wijngaerden, George Robert, Schul, Wynaert van Ommeren, Rets, Gerard Entens, Corneille Loevesschen and, for the English, captains Cotton, Bishop, Fitzwilliams, and Nisbeth, who died of a wound on the head. Amongst the cavalry Hendrik van Eck and Lieutenant Bellewijn of Elleborn's company were killed. Both States' commanders were wounded: Norreys on one hand and Count William Louis in a leg. The Spanish army's exact losses are unknown. Alonso Vázquez, a contemporaneous chronicler and soldier with direct access to the Spanish, wrote that "*of the Catholics died no more than Verdugo's drummer, but there were some wounded*". Charles Maurice Davies noted that "*Scarcely any one of note fell on the side of the royalists*".

The day after the battle, the Spanish army's German regiments, induced by Captain Jean van der Cloester, mutinied again in their quarters, claiming that they had not received their monthly pay. Verdugo sent Captain Pedrosa to take news of the Spanish victory to Farnese and, having refreshed his troops, aimed to capture the Niezijl fort with his Walloon regiment, his four cavalry companies and a few volunteers from among the German mutineers. As the season changed and a furious rain started, Verdugo was forced to abandon the project of seizing the fort and returned to Noordhorn. The autumnal floods made the Frisian land impassable for the armies, and thus Verdugo moved with his troops to the dry and gritty land of Drenthe, while Norreys kept the remains of his army behind the IJssel river. A group of 400 Dutchmen in Norreys' army lodged themselves in the town of Keppel, in Gelderland. In January 1582, Verdugo destroyed them and seized Keppel and the castle of Bronckhorst, achieving great success in Gelderland.

Over the following months many English soldiers, who were unpaid and decimated by disease and disappointed by the progress of the war, amongst them Captain Roger Williams, deserted the States-General army and went to serve in Francis, Duke of Anjou's French army. By the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours, Francis had been recognized by the States-General as the sovereign of the Netherlands instead of Philip II of Spain. Even Norreys, in the end, left the States' service and put himself under Anjou's command. Thus, in command of the English infantry, he found himself at the Battle of Steenbergen in 1583, when he covered the rearguard of the defeated French army.

* Baudart, Guillaume (1616). *Les guerres de Nassau*. Amsterdam: M. Colin. OCLC 433174028.
* Cañete, Hugo A (2015). *La Guerra de Frisia*. Platea. ISBN 9788494288432.
* Nolan, John S. (1997). *Sir John Norreys and the Elizabethan Military World*. Exter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0859895483. OCLC 38572481.
* Vázquez, Alonso (1879). *Guerras de Flandes y Francia en tiempo de Alejandro Farnese*. Madrid: Ginesta. OCLC 42661016.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Noordhorn | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Eighty Years' War | |
|
The States' army in Noordhorn defeated by Verdugo, 1581. Simon Frisius, 1613–1615. | |
| Date 30 September 1581  Location Near Noordhorn, Lordship of Groningen (present-day Netherlands)  Result  Spanish victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Spain | England
Scotland
United Provinces |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Francisco Verdugo | John Norreys
William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg |
| Strength | |
| Exact number unknown:
3 infantry regiments,
4 cavalry companies,
no artillery | 3,000 infantry, 500 cavalry, 5 cannons |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | 2,000 to 3,000 killed, 5 cannons |


title: Chinkultic

abstract: Chinkultic, sometimes Chincultic, is a moderate-size archeological ruin in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. It is part of the Lagunas de Montebello National Park. This pre-Columbian city belongs to the ancient Maya civilization. The city flourished in the Maya Classic Era, from about the 3rd through the 9th century. Most of the sculptures were produced in the last 300 years of this era, with hieroglyphic inscriptions dating from 591 to 897. Post-Classic-Era occupation of the site continued until the 13th century, after which it was abandoned. The site has some step-pyramids and some 200 smaller buildings, most in undisturbed ruin. Chinkultic has carved stone stelae depicting the site's rulers. The site contains a court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, which a marker tells us was dedicated on 21 May 591. The first published account of the site was made by Edward Seler in the late 19th century. A detailed description of the site was made by Enrique Juan Palacios in 1926. The first archeological investigations of the site were conducted in 1966 under the direction of Stephan F. de Borhegyi of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Starting in 1970, some further excavations and restorations of a few buildings was conducted by Mexican government archeologists, who also dredged some artifacts from the site's cenote or natural well known as Agua Azul. The cenote gives the site its Maya language name; Chinkultic meaning "stepped-cenote". The site is open for tourism visits, although it is not one of the more commonly visited Maya sites.

text:
# Chinkultic

**Chinkultic**, sometimes *Chincultic*, is a moderate-size archeological ruin in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. It is part of the Lagunas de Montebello National Park.

This pre-Columbian city belongs to the ancient Maya civilization. The city flourished in the Maya Classic Era, from about the 3rd through the 9th century. Most of the sculptures were produced in the last 300 years of this era, with hieroglyphic inscriptions dating from 591 to 897. Post-Classic-Era occupation of the site continued until the 13th century, after which it was abandoned.

The site has some step-pyramids and some 200 smaller buildings, most in undisturbed ruin. Chinkultic has carved stone stelae depicting the site's rulers. The site contains a court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, which a marker tells us was dedicated on 21 May 591.

The first published account of the site was made by Edward Seler in the late 19th century. A detailed description of the site was made by Enrique Juan Palacios in 1926.

The first archeological investigations of the site were conducted in 1966 under the direction of Stephan F. de Borhegyi of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Starting in 1970, some further excavations and restorations of a few buildings was conducted by Mexican government archeologists, who also dredged some artifacts from the site's *cenote* or natural well known as *Agua Azul* ("Blue Water"). The cenote gives the site its Maya language name; *Chinkultic* meaning "stepped-cenote".

The site is open for tourism visits, although it is not one of the more commonly visited Maya sites.

## Further reading

* *Chinkultic, Una ciudad Maya*, by Roberto Gallegos Ruiz (in Spanish)

## InfoBox

Chinkultic
| Structure 1 (Acropolis) | |
| --- | --- |
| Location in Mexico | |
| Location | Comitán, Chiapas,  Mexico |
| Region | Chiapas |
| Coordinates | 16°7′34″N 91°47′0″W / 16.12611°N 91.78333°W / 16.12611; -91.78333 |
| History | |
| Founded | 3rd century |
| Abandoned | 13th century |
| Cultures | Maya civilization |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | Edward Seler, Enrique Juan Palacios |


title: The Dream Calls for Blood

abstract: The Dream Calls for Blood is the seventh studio album by American thrash metal band Death Angel. It was released on October 11, 2013, via Nuclear Blast. The album sold 5,400 copies in the U.S in its first week of release and reached number 72 on the Billboard 200, marking the first time in Death Angel's history that they cracked the Top 100 on the American charts.

text:
# The Dream Calls for Blood

***The Dream Calls for Blood*** is the seventh studio album by American thrash metal band Death Angel. It was released on October 11, 2013, via Nuclear Blast. The album sold 5,400 copies in the U.S in its first week of release and reached number 72 on the *Billboard* 200, marking the first time in Death Angel's history that they cracked the Top 100 on the American charts.

## Background

Guitarist Rob Cavestany described the album's title as "basically our motto" and further explained that:

> In our point of view the dream being our band and keeping the band going and making music for your life. The blood is all the sacrifice and all hard work that goes into it and that's the metaphor for that. It's not only meant for music. It's also meant for other people to relate in their own life and goals that they're trying to achieve and the sacrifices that it takes to achieve these goals. And along with that, there's also a tinge of aggression in there about other people that cut corners and don't quite go through all the steps it takes to achieve the goal the right way. So there's a little bit of a middle finger to those people that go about it that way and don't fully respect what it takes.

The album features a guest guitar solo by the album's producer, Jason Suecof.

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| About.com |  |
| AllMusic |  |
| Blabbermouth.net | 9/10 |
| *Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles* | 8.5/10 |
| *Exclaim!* | 8/10 |
| *Metal Forces* | 8.5/10 |
| *Metal Hammer* |  |
| Metal Storm | 8.5/10 |
| *Rock Hard* | 8.0/10 |

*The Dream Calls for Blood* has been well received by critics. Writing for About.com, Neil Pretorius praised the album as "another triumph for a band that clearly still has a lot of gas left in the tank" and for "throw\[ing\] down the gauntlet to the thrash scene at large". AllMusic's Fred Thomas also praised the band for remaining a "powerhouse of tight and shiny thrash metal" this late in its career, observing that Death Angel "still sound visceral and hungry decades into their work, a rare case of a band getting sharper as it goes instead of mellowing". While Greg Pratt suggested in Exclaim! that the album's length was too long, he applauded the album's "super-tight rhythm section, killer guitar work and excellent vocals". Metal Forces' Neil Arnold noted that the album is a more "straight-laced" thrash album in contrast with the band's more experimental fare, which he claimed stands as "simple proof that Death Angel rules the thrash scene".

## Track listing

All music by Rob Cavestany, all lyrics by Mark Osegueda, except "Territorial Instinct / Bloodlust" music and lyrics by Rob Cavestany.

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Left for Dead" | 5:31 |
| 2. | "Son of the Morning" | 4:02 |
| 3. | "Fallen" | 4:41 |
| 4. | "The Dream Calls for Blood" | 4:11 |
| 5. | "Succubus" | 4:27 |
| 6. | "Execution / Don't Save Me" | 4:39 |
| 7. | "Caster of Shame" | 3:37 |
| 8. | "Detonate" | 4:42 |
| 9. | "Empty" | 4:58 |
| 10. | "Territorial Instinct / Bloodlust" | 6:37 |
| Total length: | | 47:25 |

Digipak edition bonus track
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 11. | "Heaven and Hell" (Black Sabbath cover) | 6:47 |
| Total length: | | 54:12 |

## Personnel

Death Angel * Mark Osegueda – lead vocals
* Rob Cavestany – lead guitar, backing vocals, producer, additional engineering, mixing
* Ted Aguilar – rhythm guitar, co-lead guitar on track 6, backing vocals
* Damien Sisson – bass
* Will Carroll – drums

Guest musician Production * Jason Suecof – producer, engineer, mixing
* Ronn Miller – assistant engineer
* Eyal Levi – additional engineering
* Ted Jensen – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
* Brent Elliot White – cover art
* Rob Kimura – CD layout design
* Nick Koljian – band photography

## Charts

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| *Billboard* 200 | 72 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Europe | October 11, 2013 | Nuclear Blast | CD, digital |
| United Kingdom | October 14, 2013 | | |
| North America | October 15, 2013 | | |

## InfoBox

| The Dream Calls for Blood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Death Angel | |
| Released | October 11, 2013 (2013-10-11) |
| Recorded | April–May 2013 |
| Studio | Audiohammer Studios in Sanford, Florida, Spiderville Studios, Oakland, California |
| Genre | Thrash metal |
| Length | 47:25 |
| Label | Nuclear Blast |
| Producer | Jason Suecof, Rob Cavestany |
| Death Angel chronology | |
| *Relentless Retribution*
(2010) ***The Dream Calls for Blood***
(2013) *The Evil Divide*
(2016) | |


title: Bernard A. Eckhart

abstract: Bernard Albert Eckhart was a French-American miller, merchant, and politician. Raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Eckhart learned the miller's trade there as a representative for the Eagle Milling Company. He co-founded his own company in 1874 and saw it prosper. Eckhart was elected to two two-year terms in the Illinois Senate in the 1880s and was director of the Chicago Board of Trade for three years. Later in his career he was president of the Sanitary District of Chicago and an aide-de-camp to Governor Charles S. Deneen.

text:
# Bernard A. Eckhart

**Bernard Albert Eckhart** (September 4, 1848 – May 11, 1931) was a French-American miller, merchant, and politician. Raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Eckhart learned the miller's trade there as a representative for the Eagle Milling Company. He co-founded his own company in 1874 and saw it prosper. Eckhart was elected to two two-year terms in the Illinois Senate in the 1880s and was director of the Chicago Board of Trade for three years. Later in his career he was president of the Sanitary District of Chicago and an aide-de-camp to Governor Charles S. Deneen.

## Biography

Bernard Albert Eckhart was born in Alsace, France on September 4, 1848. He came with his family to the United States when he was 6 years old, and with his family, settled in Schleisingerville, Wisconsin. They later sought farmland, buying up a plat in Vernon County, WI, near DeSoto. He left his brothers on the farm and graduated from a college in Milwaukee in 1868. Two years later he took a position as the Chicago, Illinois representative of the Eagle Milling Company. In 1874, he married Katie L. Johnston. They had four children: Carlos K., Percy B., Hazel, and Dorothy. He then left Eagle to co-found Eckhart & Swan, where he served as company president. The company was later renamed the B. A. Eckhart Milling Company.

In 1886, Eckhart was elected to the Illinois Senate as a Republican, where he served two consecutive two-year terms. Eckhart served on the board of five banks: The Continental & Commercial National Bank, the Continental & Commercial Trust & Savings Bank, the Harris Trust & Savings Bank, the Chicago Title & Trust Company, and the Northwestern Trust & Savings Bank.. He was named director of the Chicago Board of Trade, serving from 1888 to 1891. Afterward, he served as a trustee of the Sanitary District of Chicago until 1900, serving at times as its president. He created this district as a senator and was instrumental in overseeing the completion of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. Eckhart successfully petitioned United States Secretary of War Russell A. Alger to allow the project to draw waters from Lake Michigan.

Eckhart presided over the Millers' National Federation from 1902 until 1904 and served as president of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association in 1903. He was president of the West Chicago Board of Park Commissioners from 1905 to 1908; Eckhart Park is named after him. William Carbys Zimmerman designed Eckhart's estate, "Pinewold", in Lake Forest, Illinois in 1908. He served as an officer in the 1st Regiment Illinois National Guard, a company he co-founded. He was named a colonel (aide-de-camp) to Governor of Illinois Charles S. Deneen from 1906 to 1913. Eckhart also served as a trustee of the Lewis Institute. Eckhart donated a large sum of money to the University of Chicago to fund a new mathematics building, Eckhart Hall, completed in 1930. Eckhart died at his home in Chicago on May 11, 1931, and was buried in Rosehill Cemetery.

## InfoBox

| Bernard A. Eckhart | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the Illinois Senate
from the 1st district | |
| **In office**
1886 (1886)–1890 (1890) | |
| Preceded by | George E. White |
| Succeeded by | Edward Thomas Noonan |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1848-09-04)September 4, 1848
Alsace, France |
| Died | May 11, 1931(1931-05-11) (aged 82)
Chicago, Illinois, US |
| Resting place | Rosehill Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican |
| Residence | Lake Forest, Illinois |
| Profession | Miller |
| Signature |  |
|  | |


title: Do Salto River (Rio de Janeiro)

abstract: The Do Salto River is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil.

text:
# Do Salto River (Rio de Janeiro)

The **Do Salto River** is a river of Rio de Janeiro state in southeastern Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Do Salto River | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Rio de Janeiro state |
|  | |
| Mouth | Paraíba do Sul |
| coordinates | 22°28′S 44°17′W / 22.467°S 44.283°W / -22.467; -44.283 |


title: Charlene P. Kammerer

abstract: Charlene P. Kammerer is an American bishop in The United Methodist Church, elected and consecrated to the Episcopacy in 1996. Born January 5, 1948, Kammerer graduated from Wesleyan College in 1970. She received a Master of Christian Education and Master of Divinity from Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. She received a Doctor of Ministry from United Theological Seminary in 1991. Kammerer is married to Leigh Kammerer. They have one son, Chris.

text:
# Charlene P. Kammerer

**Charlene P. Kammerer** is an American bishop in The United Methodist Church, elected and consecrated to the Episcopacy in 1996.

Born January 5, 1948, Kammerer graduated from Wesleyan College in 1970. She received a Master of Christian Education and Master of Divinity from Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary. She received a Doctor of Ministry from United Theological Seminary in 1991.

Kammerer is married to Leigh Kammerer. They have one son, Chris.

## Ordained ministry

* Ordained Deacon, Florida Conference, 1975
* Ordained Elder, Florida Conference, 1977
* Campus Minister, Duke University
* District Superintendent, Tallahassee District, Florida Conference
* Bishop, Western North Carolina Conference, 1996
* Bishop, Virginia Annual Conference, 2004

* The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church
* InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church.


title: Charles Badham

abstract: Reverend Charles Badham was an English classical philologist, textual critic, headmaster, and university professor, active in England and even more so in Australia.

text:
# Charles Badham

Reverend **Charles Badham** (18 July 1813 – 27 February 1884) was an English classical philologist, textual critic, headmaster, and university professor, active in England and even more so in Australia.

## Early life

Badham was born at Ludlow, Shropshire, the fourth son of Charles Badham senior, a classical scholar and regius professor of physic at Glasgow; and Margaret Campbell, a cousin of Thomas Campbell, the poet. His elder brother, Rev. Dr Charles David Badham, became a physician and popular writer.

From seven years of age, Badham was sent with his three brothers to Switzerland to study under Johann Pestalozzi. Badham afterwards attended Eton College from about 1826, and in 1830 was elected to a scholarship at Wadham College, Oxford, but only obtained a third class in Classics (1836), a failure which may have been due to the methods of study at Oxford. In 1837 Badham went to Italy, where he occupied himself in the study of ancient manuscripts, in particular those of the Vatican library. Badham afterwards spent some time in Germany, and was incorporated M.A. at Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1847.

## Career

Having taken holy orders, Badham was appointed headmaster of Louth grammar school, Lincolnshire (1851–1854), and subsequently headmaster of Edgbaston proprietary school, near Birmingham. In the interval he had taken the degree of Doctor of Divinity at Cambridge (1852). In 1860 he received the honorary degree of doctor of letters at the University of Leiden. In 1863 was made one of the examiners in classics at London university. In 1866 he was also appointed classical examiner for the Indian civil service.

In 1867 Badham left England to take up the professorship of classics and logic in Sydney University, New South Wales (Australia), arriving in April, which he held until his death. The university had been established some 15 years but had fewer than 40 students. The professor's official duties were not heavy but Badham was not content to laze in a backwater and he even went so far as to write to the leading newspapers in New South Wales offering to correct the exercises of students who might be studying Latin, Greek, French or German, in the country. Some years later he travelled over the country holding meetings and endeavouring to get the people to become interested in the university and to found bursaries for poor students. When the government of New South Wales decided to found a great public library at Sydney, Badham was nominated as a trustee and was elected as the first chairman of trustees. He took the greatest interest in the library, and his wide knowledge was invaluable in its early years. He became the representative man of the university, and his speeches at the annual commencements were eagerly awaited. He always insisted that there must be the same standard of examination for degrees at Sydney as in the leading British universities, and he spared no pains in helping his students to reach that standard.

## Late life and legacy

Badham was given a banquet at the town hall, Sydney, in August 1883 to celebrate the completion of his seventieth year, and though his health was then beginning to fail, one of the youngest of those present afterwards recorded that "Badham's speech was unforgettable". On 1 September 1883, in a letter to The Sydney Morning Herald, Badham suggested for the first time that evening lectures should be established at the university. He had been ailing all the year and in December became very ill. He died on 27 February 1884, almost his last act being the writing of a farewell letter in Latin to his old friend C. G. Cobet. He was married twice and left a widow, four sons and four daughters. A selection from his *Speeches and Lectures* was published at Sydney in 1890, and there is a bursary in his memory at the university. At his funeral the coffin was carried to the grave by former students who had received the bursaries for which he had worked so hard, it was they who subscribed for the monument over his grave, severely simple as he would have desired.

Dr Badham's classical attainments were recognised by the most famous European critics, such as C. G. Cobet, Ludwig Preller, W. Dindorf, F. W. Schneidewin, J. A. F. Meineke, A. Ritschl and Tischendorf; and in Australia, Sir James Martin, William Forster and Sir William Macleay.

Badham published editions of *Euripides*, *Helena* and *Iphigenia in Tauris* (1851), *Ion* (1851); Plato's *Philebus* (1855, 1878); *Laches* and *Eutzydemus* (1865), *Phaedrus* (1851), *Symposium* (1866) and *De Platonis Epistolis* (1866). He also contributed to classical periodicals such as *Mnemosyne*. His *Adhortatio ad Discipulos Academiae Sydniensis* (1869) contains a number of emendations of Thucydides and other classical authors. Badham also published some critiques of Shakespeare. A collected edition of his *Speeches and Lectures delivered in Australia* (Sydney, 1890) contains a memoir by Thomas Butler.

His oldest daughter with his first wife, Julia Matilda (née Smith), Edith Badham, was the founder of the Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School.

## InfoBox

| Charles Badham | |
| --- | --- |
| Charles Badham headmaster, and university professor, in England and New South Wales, Australia | |
| Born | 18 July 1813<br>Ludlow, Shropshire |
| Died | 27 February 1884 |
| Occupation(s) | Classical philologist, textual critic, headmaster, and university professor |


title: Charles Alexander Nelson

abstract: Charles Alexander Nelson was an american librarian and bibliographer.

text:
# Charles Alexander Nelson

**Charles Alexander Nelson** (April 14, 1839 - January 13, 1933) was an american librarian and bibliographer.

## Biography

His parents were Israel Potter and Jane (Capen) Nelson. He attended private schools for his early education, and entered the college class of Cambridge High School when his parents moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in December 1855. He matriculated at Harvard in 1857, graduating in 1860. He then spent a year as a Latin and Greek tutor at an academy, and studied civil engineering for a year at Lawrence Scientific School. He studied library science at the College Library in Boston, then engaged in teaching. In 1864/5 he was a civil engineer in government service at New Berne, North Carolina. He afterward engaged in business there, and was several times elected to civil offices. From 1874 until 1881, he was connected with the book trade in Boston, and was employed in literary, library, and editorial work. For six years, he was the Boston correspondent of the *American Bookseller*, and from 1876 he was on the editorial staff of *Zion's Herald*.

Nelson gave special study to library economy, and after 1881 had charge of a continuation catalog of the Astor Library. This work lasted until 1888, and the result was published in four volumes (1886-1888). On the completion of the catalog, he left the Astor Library and became the first librarian of the Howard Memorial Library of New Orleans. From 1891 to 1893 he worked on a catalog for the Newberry Library in Chicago, and until 1909 he was deputy librarian of Columbia University. From 1913 to 1926, he was on the staff of the Merchants' Association of New York, where he worked on an index-digest of its activities.

He was one of the founders, and in 1888 secretary, of the New York Library Club. He married Emma Norris, and they had two children.

In 1927 he was awarded American Library Association Honorary Membership.

## Works

* Samuel Adams Drake, compiler, *History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts*, article on “Weston” (pp. 488–505) in Volume 2 (L-W) (1880)

## InfoBox

| Charles Alexander Nelson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Born | 14 April 1839 <br>Calais |
| Died | 13 January 1933  (aged 93) |
| Alma mater |  |
| Occupation | Librarian |
| Awards |  |


title: Charles Alexander Robertson

abstract: Charles Alexander Robertson was a Canadian politician who was Liberal MPP for Huron—Bruce in the early 20th-century.

text:
# Charles Alexander Robertson

**Charles Alexander Robertson** (died March 22, 1940) was a Canadian politician who was Liberal MPP for Huron—Bruce in the early 20th-century.

## InfoBox

| Charles Alexander Robertson | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ontario Provincial Parliament
for Huron—Bruce
Huron North (1926—1934) | |
| **In office**
December 1, 1926  March 22, 1940 | |
| Preceded by | John Joynt |
| Succeeded by | John William Hanna |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | March 22, 1940 |
| Political party | Liberal |
|  | |


title: Charles Forbes-Leith

abstract: Colonel Sir Charles Rosdew Forbes-Leith, 1st Baronet, known as Charles Burn until 1923 and as Sir Charles Burn, Bt, between 1923 and 1925, was a British army officer and Conservative Party politician who was Member of Parliament for Torquay from 1910 to 1923.

text:
# Charles Forbes-Leith

Colonel **Sir Charles Rosdew Forbes-Leith, 1st Baronet** (20 February 1859 – 2 November 1930), known as **Charles Burn** until 1923 and as **Sir Charles Burn, Bt**, between 1923 and 1925, was a British army officer and Conservative Party politician who was Member of Parliament for Torquay from 1910 to 1923.

## Military

Burn served in the 8th Hussars and the 1st Dragoons, before he was transferred to the 3rd (Militia) Battalion of the Gordon Highlanders in 1899. He was seconded for service with the Imperial Yeomanry in South Africa on 31 January 1900, after the outbreak of the Second Boer War, and was in command of a battalion. He later commanded the Westminster Dragoons.

## Politics

Burn was elected to Parliament at the December 1910 general election and held his seat until it was won by the Liberal Party in 1923. As well as his work with the Conservative Party Burn also joined the British Fascisti upon its formation in 1923 and sat on the Grand Council of what was initially a group with close ties to the right of the Conservative Party. He was also a member of the National Citizens Union, a rightist pressure group.

## Baronetage and family

Burn was Aide-de-camp to King George V from 1910 to 1926 and was created a **baronet**, of Jessfield near Edinburgh in the County of Midlothian, in 1923. Burn was married to the Honourable Ethel Louise Forbes-Leith, daughter of Alexander Forbes-Leith, 1st Baron Leith of Fyvie. When Lord Leith died in 1925 without male heir, thus resulting in the extinction of the title, Burn changed his name by deed poll to Charles Forbes-Leith of Fyvie and was able to inherit the family seat of Fyvie Castle.


title: Charles Blagden

abstract: Sir Charles Brian Blagden FRS was an English physician and chemist. He served as a medical officer in the Army (1776–1780) and later held the position of Secretary of the Royal Society (1784–1797). Blagden won the Copley Medal in 1788 and was knighted in 1792. He died in Arcueil, France in 1820, and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

text:
# Charles Blagden

Sir **Charles Brian Blagden** FRS (17 April 1748 – 26 March 1820) was an English physician and chemist. He served as a medical officer in the Army (1776–1780) and later held the position of Secretary of the Royal Society (1784–1797). Blagden won the Copley Medal in 1788 and was knighted in 1792.

He died in Arcueil, France in 1820, and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

## Early life

Blagden was born in Wooten-under-Edge in Gloucestershire. He was a younger son of John Blagden (1715–1750) and Elizabeth Phelps (1716–1784). His family was part of the local textile industry. Of his youth, he stated that he "was denied the advantages of either public school or college education". Nonetheless, he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and graduated as a doctor in 1768. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1772. In 1776, he became an army surgeon. During the American War of Independence, he served on the hospital ship HMS Pigot. In 1780, he returned to a medical post in Plymouth but in late 1782 or early 1783 left for London to become an assistant and amanuensis to Henry Cavendish.

## Science

In June 1783, Blagden, then assistant to Henry Cavendish, visited Antoine Lavoisier in Paris and described how Cavendish had created water by burning "inflammable air". Lavoisier's dissatisfaction with the Cavendish's "dephlogistinization" theory led him to the concept of a chemical reaction, which he reported to the Royal Academy on 24 June 1783, effectively founding modern chemistry. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1789. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789.

Blagden experimented on human ability to withstand high temperatures. In 1775 he showed that human beings could withstand room temperatures as high as 260 degrees Fahrenheit (127 degrees Celsius). In his report to the Royal Society in 1775, he was first Western scientist to officially recognise the role of perspiration in thermoregulation.

Blagden's experiments on how dissolved substances like salt affected the freezing point of water led to the discovery that *the freezing point of a solution decreases in direct proportion to the concentration of the solution*, now called Blagden's Law.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Charles Brian Blagden | |
| --- | --- |
| Blagden Charles (late 18th/early 19th century) by Mary Dawson Turner from a sketch by Thomas Phillips. | |
| Born | 17 April 1748
Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire |
| Died | 26 March 1820 (1820-03-27) (aged 71)
Arcueil, France |
| Nationality | British |
| Known for | Studies of perspiration and the freezing point of solutions |
| Awards | Copley Medal (1788) |


title: Charles Doe

abstract: Charles Webster "Charlie" Doe Jr. was an American rugby union player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and 1924 Summer Olympics as a member of the United States national rugby union team. Doe was born in San Francisco, California, and died in Contra Costa County, California. He made four total appearances for the United States national rugby union team, winning gold medals at each of the 1920 and 1924 Olympics.

text:
# Charles Doe

**Charles Webster "Charlie" Doe Jr.** (September 4, 1898  November 19, 1995) was an American rugby union player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and 1924 Summer Olympics as a member of the United States national rugby union team. Doe was born in San Francisco, California, and died in Contra Costa County, California. He made four total appearances for the United States national rugby union team, winning gold medals at each of the 1920 and 1924 Olympics.

## InfoBox

Charlie Doe
| Doe in 1920 | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Charles Webster Doe Jr. |
| Date of birth | (1898-09-04)September 4, 1898 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California |
| Date of death | November 19, 1995(1995-11-19) (aged 97) |
| Place of death | Contra Costa County, California |
| Rugby union career | |
| International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1920–1924 United States  4  (15)  Correct as of July 25, 2018 | |
| Medal record      Men's rugby union  Representing the  United States  Olympic Games  1920 Antwerp  Team competition  1924 Paris  Team competition | |


title: Charles Doerner

abstract: Charles Doerner was a Luxembourgian chess player, eleven times Luxembourg Chess Championship winner.

text:
# Charles Doerner

**Charles Doerner** (27 February 1912 – unknown) was a Luxembourgian chess player, eleven times Luxembourg Chess Championship winner (1935, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952).

## Biography

From the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s Charles Doerner was the leading Luxembourgian chess player. He eleven times won Luxembourg Chess Championships: in 1935, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, and 1952. Charles Doerner was member of chess club *Esch Rochade*. He participated in international chess tournament in Maastricht (1946) and Zonal tournament in Hilversum (1947).

Charles Doerner played for Luxembourg in the Chess Olympiads:

Charles Doerner played for Luxembourg in the European Team Chess Championship preliminaries:

* In 1957, at first board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship preliminaries (+0, =1, -1).

## InfoBox

| Charles Doerner | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Luxembourg |
| Born | (1912-02-27)27 February 1912 |
| Died | unknown |


title: Sir Montague Cholmeley, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Montague Cholmeley, 1st Baronet was a British politician and baronet. He was the Member of Parliament for Grantham from 1820 to 1826.

text:
# Sir Montague Cholmeley, 1st Baronet

**Sir Montague Cholmeley, 1st Baronet** (20 March 1772 – 10 March 1831) was a British politician and baronet. He was the Member of Parliament for Grantham from 1820 to 1826.

## Early life and family

Montague Cholmeley was born on 20 March 1772, the eldest son of Montague Cholmeley, of Easton, and Sarah Sibthorp, daughter of Humphry Sibthorp of Canwick, Professor of botany of Oxford University and his first wife Sarah Waldo. Cholmeley was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1794. He proceeded to Master of Arts (MA) in 1808. In 1810, he was awarded a Doctor of Civil Law (DCL).

He married twice; firstly, Elizabeth Harrison, daughter of John Harrison, on 14 September 1801. They had three daughters and three sons. Elizabeth died in 1822, and Cholmeley married secondly Catherine Way, fourth daughter of Benjamin Way on 26 March 1826. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son Montague.

## Career

Cholmeley was High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 1805 and sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Grantham from 1820 until 1826, when he retired in favour of his son. In 1821, Cholmeley was Vice-President of the *London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews* (a Jewish Christian missionary society now known as the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People or CMJ). He was created a baronet, of Easton, in the County of Lincoln on 4 March 1806.

He is buried in Stoke Rochford in Lincolnshire with a monument by Robert Blore.

### Citations

### Bibliography


title: Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1629.

text:
# Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet

**Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet** (29 March 1563 – 1645) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1629.

## Biography

Sandys was the son of Edwin Sandys, Archbishop of York and his second wife Cecily Wilford, daughter of Sir Thomas Wilford, of Cranbrook, Kent.

He was admitted to Merchant Taylors' School in April 1571, with his older brothers Samuel and Edwin (all three later became MPs). He matriculated at Peterhouse, Cambridge in 1578, graduating B.A. 1580, M.A. 1583. He gained a fellowship at Peterhouse in 1581, and at Queens' College in 1585, and was Proctor at Cambridge in 1588–89. He was a prebendary at York Minster 1585–1602.

He and his brother Edwin were both knighted by King James I on 11 May 1603 at the Charterhouse. Sir Miles was created baronet of Wilberton in Cambridgeshire on 25 November 1611. From 1615 to 1616, he was High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire.

In 1614, Sandys was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge University in the Addled Parliament. He was elected MP for Huntingdon in 1621, and in 1628 MP for Cambridgeshire, and sat until 1629 when King Charles I decided to rule without parliament and did so for eleven years.

His eldest son, also called Sir Miles Sandys, succeeded him on his death.

## Family

Sandys married firstly Elizabeth Cooke, daughter of Edward Cooke of North Cray, and they had seven sons and one daughter. He married secondly Mary West, a widow, at St Mary Aldermanbury, London on 28 November 1626.


title: Sir Thomas Butler, 6th Baronet

abstract: Sir Thomas Butler, 6th Baronet was an Irish politician and baronet. He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Butler, 5th Baronet and his wife Henrietta Percy, daughter of Henry Percy. Butler sat for County Carlow in the Irish House of Commons from 1761 to 1768, the same constituency several members of his family had represented before. In 1771, Butler stood as Member of Parliament (MP) for Portarlington and also succeeded his father as baronet, however died only a year later.

text:
# Sir Thomas Butler, 6th Baronet

**Sir Thomas Butler, 6th Baronet** (1735  7 October 1772) was an Irish politician and baronet.

He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Butler, 5th Baronet and his wife Henrietta Percy, daughter of Henry Percy. Butler sat for County Carlow in the Irish House of Commons from 1761 to 1768, the same constituency several members of his family had represented before. In 1771, Butler stood as Member of Parliament (MP) for Portarlington and also succeeded his father as baronet, however died only a year later.

## Marriage and children

On 19 June 1759, Butler married Dorothea Bayly, only daughter of Very Rev. Edward Bayly, Archdeacon of Dublin. They had four daughters and four sons. His oldest son Richard succeeded to the baronetcy.


title: Charles Jundt

abstract: Charles Jundt was a New York City coiffeur who founded the Charles of the Ritz line of cosmetics products.

text:
# Charles Jundt

**Charles Jundt** (1880 in Alsace-Lorraine  1945) was a New York City coiffeur who founded the Charles of the Ritz line of cosmetics products.

## Biography

Jundt came to New York in 1916 via Paris and London and took over the beauty salon of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. He became an American citizen in 1921. By 1926, he was marketing beauty products under the name Charles of the Ritz. He had a wife, Anna, and a daughter, Ethel.

In 1932, Adeita de Beaumont Fisher, the estranged wife of cartoonist Bud Fisher, was awarded $5,000 damages after Jundt burned Fisher's ear while styling her hair.

## InfoBox

| Charles Jundt | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1880 (1880)<br>Alsace-Lorraine, German Empire |
| Died | 1945 (aged 6465) |
| Nationality | German |
| Citizenship | American |
| Occupation | Coiffeur |
| Employer | Ritz-Carlton |
| Spouse | Anna |


title: Charles Kadushin

abstract: Charles Garfiel Kadushin was an American psychologist and emeritus professor of psychology at the City University of New York. He was an expert in the field of social network analysis.

text:
# Charles Kadushin

**Charles Garfiel Kadushin** (June 5, 1932 – September 21, 2022) was an American psychologist and emeritus professor of psychology at the City University of New York. He was an expert in the field of social network analysis.

## Biography

Kadushin's parents were the Conservative rabbi Max Kadushin and the psychologist Evelyn Garfiel.

Kadushin received his A.B. from Columbia College in 1953 and Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1960. He carried out a number of large survey projects on the American intellectual elite, Vietnam veterans, and Jewish populations, especially those who partake in the Birthright Israel programs.

Kadushin was also a Visiting research professor at the department of sociology of Brandeis University and Distinguished Scholar at the Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies at Brandeis.

Kadushin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1982. He was a recipient of the 2009 Marshall Sklare Award from the Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry for his work on social networks.

Kadushin died on September 21, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Charles Kadushin | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | June 5, 1932<br>Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Died | September 21, 2022(2022-09-21) (aged 90) |
| Spouse | Ghislaine Boulanger |
| Relatives | Max Kadushin (father) |
| Awards | Marshall Sklare Award (2009) |
|  | |
| Academic background | |
| Education |  |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Psychology |
| Sub-discipline | Social network analysis |
| Institutions |  |
|  | |


title: Charles K. Sumner

abstract: Charles Kaiser Sumner (1874–1948) was an American architect, who practiced primarily in California.

text:
# Charles K. Sumner

**Charles Kaiser Sumner** (1874–1948) was an American architect, who practiced primarily in California.

## Formative years

Born as Charles Sumner Kaiser in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1874, Charles Kaiser attended the Columbia University School of Architecture. He received a traveling scholarship to Europe and the Middle East and was hired by McKim, Mead and White in New York, where he worked for Charles Follen McKim.

## Career

Kaiser, as he was still known at the beginning of the twentieth century, moved to Berkeley, California in 1906 and opened a practice there, designing houses and the Claremont Club, as well as houses and the Farmers and Merchants Bank in Sacramento. In 1916, he moved to Palo Alto and established his practice in San Francisco.

Responding to anti-German sentiment during World War I, he reversed his middle and last names in 1917, calling himself "Charles Kaiser Sumner."

Sumner designed as many as fifty houses in Palo Alto, with twenty houses on the Stanford University campus. His work was primarily residential, with occasional commercial or institutional clients. At the request and personal expense of National Park Service director Stephen T. Mather, Sumner designed the Rangers' Club in Yosemite National Park in 1928. It is now a National Historic Landmark.

## Later years and death

Sumner practiced until 1941. He died in Palo Alto on May 25, 1948.


title: Siobhan Brooks

abstract: Siobhan Brooks is an African-American lesbian feminist sociologist known for her work with African-American women sex workers. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in women's studies from San Francisco State University, and a Doctor of Philosophy in sociology from New School University in New York City. She is currently Professor of African-American studies at California State University, Fullerton.

text:
# Siobhan Brooks

**Siobhan Brooks** (born 1972) is an African-American lesbian feminist sociologist known for her work with African-American women sex workers. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in women's studies from San Francisco State University, and a Doctor of Philosophy in sociology from New School University in New York City. She is currently Professor of African-American studies at California State University, Fullerton.

## Lusty Lady labor organizing

While a student at SFSU, Brooks worked at the Lusty Lady peep-show in San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood. She observed that the club hired very few black women, and that they were restricted from working in the "private booth" section of the theater, where dancers have the opportunity to make more money. After raising her concerns to the club's manager, Brooks was reprimanded and told that "black women make the club lose money." Brooks worked with the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), Local 790, to file a racial discrimination complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Her efforts proved successful: the club hired more black women than ever before in its fourteen-year history.

The story of the unionizing efforts at the Lusty Lady are chronicled in *Live Nude Girls UNITE!*, a documentary by Julia Query. Brooks is featured in the film. Brooks also wrote *Organizing From Behind the Glass*, an account of the successful unionizing effort, for the January 1997 issue of Z Magazine. In the article, Brooks stated that at the Lusty Lady, where she had worked, "the only Black show director, Josephine, informed me that Black dancers have always done poorly in the booth, it was just a reality of the business, but she provided no evidence of this."

## Research on sex work

Brooks has gone on to interview sex workers across the country and has published several articles as a result. Her work has appeared in the anthology *Whores and Other Feminists* (ed. Jill Nagle, Routledge 1998), Z Magazine, *Feminism and Anti-Racism* (eds. France Winddance Twine and Kathleen Blee, 2000), *Revolutionary Voices* (ed. Amy Sonnie), and she interviewed Angela Y. Davis about her views on race, gender, and the sex industry in the post-Civil Rights era for the University of California Hastings Law Journal (Winter 1999). She also appeared on the cover of *ColorLines* magazine in the winter 2004 issue, "Sex, Race, Gender." Brooks is the author of the book *Unequal Desires: Race and Erotic Capital in the Stripping Industry* (SUNY Press, 2010).

## Other research and advocacy

While known as a sex worker activist, Brooks' research and advocacy expands to broader topics of gender and institutions, women of color and mental illness, queer race identities, women in the media, race and class. In October 2005 Brooks co-organized a conference on hip hop music's global impact at Lehman College, where she was an adjunct professor in the department of sociology. Brooks' second book, *Everyday Violence against Black and Latinx LGBT Communities* (Lexington Books, 2020), focuses on violence and resistance within Black and Latinx LGBT communities.


title: Reswehera

abstract: Reswehera Rajamaha Vihara is an ancient temple which was built by the king Devanampiya Tissa (307BC-267BC) situated in North Western Province in Sri Lanka. The temple is well known for its two Gautama Buddha statues, one carved in a rock and the other inside the vihara. In addition, the Bo tree which was planted from a branch of the sacred Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi illuminates the historical value of the place.

text:
# Reswehera

7°59′38″N 80°25′3″E / 7.99389°N 80.41750°E / 7.99389; 80.41750

**Reswehera Rajamaha Vihara** is an ancient temple which was built by the king Devanampiya Tissa (307BC-267BC) situated in North Western Province in Sri Lanka.

The temple is well known for its two Gautama Buddha statues, one carved in a rock and the other inside the vihara. In addition, the Bo tree which was planted from a branch of the sacred Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi illuminates the historical value of the place.


title: Resurrection (1909 film)

abstract: Resurrection is a 1909 American silent short film made by the Biograph Company. It is based on Leo Tolstoy's 1899 novel Resurrection. Adapted for the screen by Frank E. Woods, it was directed by D. W. Griffith and stars several pioneering legends of American cinema such as Arthur V. Johnson, Florence Lawrence, Marion Leonard, Owen Moore, Mack Sennett, and Linda Arvidson, who was Griffith's first wife.

text:
# Resurrection (1909 film)

***Resurrection*** is a 1909 American silent short film made by the Biograph Company. It is based on Leo Tolstoy's 1899 novel *Resurrection*. Adapted for the screen by Frank E. Woods, it was directed by D. W. Griffith and stars several pioneering legends of American cinema such as Arthur V. Johnson, Florence Lawrence, Marion Leonard, Owen Moore, Mack Sennett, and Linda Arvidson, who was Griffith's first wife.

## Cast

## Plot

The subject opens with the return home of Prince Dimitri. who meets the maid Katusha. a little peasant girl, and is instantly charmed with her beauty. Young, artless and innocent, as pretty as a rose, she unwittingly fascinates the prince. His noble bearing likewise impresses her, and his little attentions flatter her, until at length she is unable to resist his advances. The poor girl is meted the usual fate. An alliance is out of the question. The disparity of their ranks even forbids it. and soon the prince must cast her aside.

Five years later we find that the girl, who is now a loathsome sight, has learned the bitter lesson of the eternal truth, "The wages of sin is death." It is death to the soul at all events. She has gone down to the lowest depths and is arrested in a low Russian tavern. As she is carried to the tribunal she passes Prince Dimitri, who now sees the terrible result of his sins. He grows repentant and attempts to plead her cause before the jury, but they are a callous lot and pay no attention to the arguments for nor against, and by force of habit vote to send her to Siberia. She is dragged out to the pen of detention and herded with a lot of poor unfortunates, who scarcely bear any resemblance to human beings.

The repentant prince determines to give up his life to right the wrong he has done, and visits her here with a view of turning her now vicious nature, handing her a copy of the Bible. She does not recognize him at first, but when she does she flies into fury, beating his body and face with her fists and the book. He leaves her and she sits moodily on the bench with the book on her lap. Shortly she turns its pages and her eyes fall on the passage (John 11:25), "And Jesus said unto her. I am the resurrection and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead yet shall be live." In an instant her whole being changes. There is hope for her salvation, and she reads on. The guards arrive and we next see her with the poor unfortunates trudging over the snow-clad steppes toward the goal from whence few return. She becomes the ministering angel, sharing her comforts with them. The prince, meanwhile, has secured her pardon and hastens after her. Giving her the welcome notice, he begs her to return with him as his wife. However, she prefers to work out her salvation helping those poor souls to whom a kindness is an indescribable blessing, and bidding him farewell, she renounces the world for the path of duty, so we leave her kneeling on the snow at the foot of the Holy Cross.

## InfoBox

| Resurrection | |
| --- | --- |
| **PLAY** partial copy of film; runtime
00:12:11. | |
| Directed by | D. W. Griffith |
| Written by | Leo Tolstoy
Frank E. Woods |
| Produced by | Biograph Company |
| Starring | Florence Lawrence |
| Cinematography | G.W. Bitzer
Arthur Marvin |
| Distributed by | Biograph Company |
| Release date | * May 20, 1909 (1909-05-20) |
| Running time | Original length 15-16 minutes (1 reel, 999 feet) |
| Country | United States |
| Languages | Silent
English title card |


title: Siobhan Baillie

abstract: Siobhan Kathleen Baillie is a former British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, she was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stroud from the 2019 general election until 2024. Before her parliamentary career, she was a family law solicitor, a councillor, and worked for a charity.

text:
# Siobhan Baillie

**Siobhan Kathleen Baillie** (born 28 August 1981) is a former British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, she was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Stroud from the 2019 general election until 2024. Before her parliamentary career, she was a family law solicitor, a councillor, and worked for a charity.

## Early life

Baillie was born in Crawley, West Sussex, on 28 August 1981, and she moved with her family at the age of eight to Filey, North Yorkshire. She has a younger brother and sister. Her parents separated during her childhood. Baillie moved out of the family home at the age of 15 and left school two years later to work as a legal secretary in Reading, Berkshire. She attended a law school at weekends, and qualified as a family law solicitor in 2010. Baillie also worked as the head of policy and communications for the charity, OnePlusOne.

## Political career

Baillie was a councillor in the London Borough of Camden from 2014 to 2018, representing the ward of Frognal and Fitzjohns. As an opposition member she served on the Children, Schools and Families Scrutiny Committee and during the 2016–2017 civic year she chaired a review of mental health service provision for young people.

She stood for the Bermondsey and Old Southwark seat at the 2017 general election. She was third behind the Labour and Liberal Democrat candidates with 13% of the vote. She had previously unsuccessfully sought selection for the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency for the same election, and for the Barnet and Camden London Assembly seat at the 2016 election.

Baillie was selected as the Conservative candidate for Stroud on 31 July 2018. She supported the UK remaining within the EU in the 2016 UK EU membership referendum, but during her 2019 election campaign indicated that she now supported Brexit, to honour the result of the referendum. At the 2019 general election, she was elected as an MP with a majority of 3,840 (5.8%). The seat had been represented by Labour and Co-operative MP David Drew since the 2017 election. Baillie was the first woman to represent the constituency. She has been a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee since March 2020.

In July 2021, Baillie commented that she opposed the removal of the Blackboy Clock in Stroud as she felt that it was important to leave all statues to "reflect our country's journey in the 20th and 21st centuries toward equality" but supported adding "factual information" on the "origins of its imagery".

Baillie endorsed Rishi Sunak in the July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election and the subsequent October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election.

She apologised in August 2023 for wrongfully claiming that she had created the Natural History GCSE on her website and in a campaign leaflet.

Baillie lost her seat in the 2024 general election to Labour's Simon Opher.

## Personal life

Baillie married Kristian Triggle on 23 June 2018 at St Mary's Church in Swinbrook. Triggle is a managing director for the Swiss banking firm UBS. The couple have two daughters born in 2020 and 2022.

## InfoBox

| Siobhan Baillie | |
| --- | --- |
| Official portrait, 2019 | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Stroud | |
| **In office**
12 December 2019  30 May 2024 | |
| Preceded by | David Drew |
| Succeeded by | Simon Opher |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1981-08-28) 28 August 1981
Crawley, West Sussex, England |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Children | 2 |
| Website | www.siobhanbaillie.org.uk |
|  | |


title: Charles Peake

abstract: Sir Charles Brinsley Pemberton Peake was a British diplomat.

text:
# Charles Peake

**Sir Charles Brinsley Pemberton Peake** GCMG MC (2 January 1897  10 April 1958) was a British diplomat.

## Early life and career

Peake served in the Royal Leicestershire Regiment during the First World War, being commissioned into the 1/4th Battalion in 1915. He was awarded the Military Cross in June 1916. His service also included attachment to the regiment's 9th Battalion. Peake was discharged in 1918.

He joined Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service in 1922. His first appointment was in Sofia, subsequently being posted to Tokyo, Paris, Washington, D.C., and Tangier.

In 1939, Peake became head of the Foreign Office News Department and chief press adviser at the Ministry of Information. In 1941 he was posted to Washington as Acting Counsellor.

In 1946 he became Ambassador to Yugoslavia, before his appointment as Ambassador to Greece in 1951. He served in the position until 1957.

He was invested as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1956.

### Personal life

Peake married Catherine Marie Knight, with whom he had four sons.

## InfoBox

| Sir Charles PeakeGCMG MC | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| British Ambassador to Greece | |
| **In office**
1951–1957 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Clifford Norton |
| Succeeded by | Sir Roger Allen |
| British Ambassador to Yugoslavia|British Ambassador to Serbia|British Ambassador to Yugoslavia | |
| **In office**
1946–1952 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Ralph Stevenson |
| Succeeded by | Sir Ivo Mallet |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 2 January 1897 (1897-01-02)
Leicester, England |
| Died | 10 April 1958(1958-04-10) (aged 61)
London, England |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
| Awards | Military Cross |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United Kingdom |
| Branch/service | British Army |
| Years of service | 1915–1918 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Unit | Royal Leicestershire Regiment |
| Battles/wars | First World War |
|  | |


title: Charles Payot

abstract: Calixte "Charles" Payot was a French ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1924 Winter Olympics and the 1928 Winter Olympics.

text:
# Charles Payot

**Calixte "Charles" Payot** (born 21 April 1901 in Verrayes; date of death unknown) was a French ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1924 Winter Olympics and the 1928 Winter Olympics.

## InfoBox

| Charles Payot | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1901-04-21)21 April 1901<br>Verrayes, Italy | | |
| Position | Left wing | | |
| National team | France | | |
| Playing career | 19221929 | | |


abstract: Sir Richard Musgrave, 3rd Baronet was an Irish baronet and politician.

text:
# Sir Richard Musgrave, 3rd Baronet, of Tourin

**Sir Richard Musgrave, 3rd Baronet** (6 January 1790 – 7 July 1859) was an Irish baronet and politician.

## Early life

He was the eldest son of Sir Christopher Frederick Musgrave, 2nd Baronet and Jane Beere (a daughter of John Beere of Ballyboy, County Tipperary). Among his siblings was John Musgrave and Anne Musgrave.

Musgrave's uncle, and namesake, Sir Richard Musgrave had been a collector of excise for the port of Dublin and the author of an anti-Catholic *History of the Irish Rebellion of 1798*, and sat for Lismore in the Irish Parliament from 1778 to 1800. On his death in 1818, his Irish estates and baronetcy had passed to his brother, Musgrave's father.

He graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 1807.

## Career

Musgrave was High Sheriff of County Waterford in 1820 and Member of Parliament for County Waterford in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1831 to 1832 and, again, from 1835 to 1837. At the 1832 dissolution, Musgrave retired from county Waterford. He was elected unopposed as a Liberal in 1835 and stood down in 1837. Thereafter he was active in the local repeal campaign and in 1843 publicly resigned his commission of the peace in protest at the Peel administration's dismissal of magistrates who had attended repeal meetings.

He succeeded to the baronetcy, of Tourin, in September 1826, which had been created for his uncle, Sir Richard Musgrave, in 1782.

## Personal life

On 29 July 1815, Musgrave was married to Frances Newcome, daughter of William Newcome, D.D., Primate of Ireland. Together, they were the parents of five sons:

Sir Richard died at Whiting Bay, County Waterford, on 7 July 1859 and was succeeded by his eldest son Richard.

### Descendants

Through his eldest son Richard, he was a grandfather of Sir Richard John Musgrave, 5th Baronet (1850–1930).

Through his son Edward, he was a grandfather of James Musgraves, and great-grandfather of Sir Christopher Norman Musgrave, 6th Baronet (1892–1956)

## InfoBox

| Sir Richard Musgrave, Bt | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament for County Waterford | |
| **In office**
1835–1837Serving with Patrick Power, William Villiers-Stuart | |
| Preceded by | Sir Richard Keane, Bt
John Matthew Galwey |
| Succeeded by | William Villiers-Stuart
John Power |
| **In office**
1831–1832Serving with Robert Power | |
| Preceded by | Daniel O'Connell
Lord George Beresford |
| Succeeded by | Sir Richard Keane, Bt
John Matthew Galwey |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Richard Musgrave
(1790-01-06)6 January 1790 |
| Died | 7 July 1859(1859-07-07) (aged 69)
Whiting Bay, County Waterford |
| Spouse | Frances Newcome (after 1815) |
| Relations | Sir Richard Musgrave, Bt (grandson) |
| Children | 5 |
| Alma mater | Trinity College Dublin |
|  | |


title: Charles K. Prioleau

abstract: Charles Kuhn Prioleau (1827–1887) was an American cotton merchant who became the senior partner of Fraser, Trenholm & Company in Liverpool, England, a firm that functioned as the European banker of the Confederacy and was its major supplier for arms and military ware during the American Civil War. As a firm that frequently acted as the European banker of the Confederacy it often extended it credit, and was sometimes referred to as "the Confederate Embassy in England".

text:
# Charles K. Prioleau

**Charles Kuhn Prioleau** (1827–1887) was an American cotton merchant who became the senior partner of Fraser, Trenholm & Company in Liverpool, England, a firm that functioned as the European banker of the Confederacy and was its major supplier for arms and military ware during the American Civil War. As a firm that frequently acted as the European banker of the Confederacy it often extended it credit, and was sometimes referred to as "the Confederate Embassy in England".

## Early life and family

Prioleau was born in Charleston, South Carolina, the fourth of five children of Samuel Prioleau, a prominent judge in Charleston, South Carolina. He served with distinction with the U.S. Army during the Mexican War, and again in 1854 at age 27.

When in Liverpool, he married Mary-Elizabeth Hardman (née Wright), widely known as the "Belle of Liverpool". They rented the Palladian mansion Allerton Hall, previously owned by his wife's slave-trading ancestor, John Hardman. In early 1862, Prioleau hired an architect and built a large town house at 19 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, incorporating many of South Carolina's classic architectural styles.

## American Civil War

When the Civil War broke out the south had very little manufacturing potential and subsequently was in desperate need of arms, military ordnance and other supplies which it could not acquire from the industrialized north, now an enemy of the Confederate States. The Confederacy also lacked a navy in which to counter the Union blockade. Subsequently the Confederates looked to foreign sources to meet their enormous military needs, and turned to two firms in England who were already selling arms to a number of different countries.

## Supplying the Confederacy

Shortly after the war broke out, Charleston businessmen took advantage of the divided nation and appointed a four-man committee to oversee the creation of a steamship line that went from Charleston to Liverpool. Its members included Charles Gourdin, a prominent banker from Charleston, and Charles Prioleau, a prominent member of Charleston's largest shipping firm, John Fraser and Company. The company was chosen by the committee as its agents. The company was well known in Europe, and George Alfred Trenholm was among the wealthiest and most influential men in the South. The firm had offices in New York, Charleston and Liverpool, with a solid business reputation allowing him to obtain unlimited credit in Europe.

Prioleau arrived in Britain in 1854, and by 1863 had become a naturalized citizen, allowing him to remain in Britain to keep abreast of Confederacy business and its developments, while also monitoring important shipping arrivals and departures. His firm made their headquarters at 10 Rumford Place in Liverpool, England. The Confederacy deposited large amounts of funds with Prioleau's company with which the firm arranged for and financed the purchase of arms, ammunition, ships and other supplies for the Confederate war effort. Prioleau devised a plan to test the Union blockade using a blockade runner, the *Bermuda*, to run the blockade, carrying a valuable cargo of shoes, blankets, drugs, and other wares into a Confederate port and then returning with a load of cotton. He got cooperation from Confederate shipping agents who were given a share of the cargo space aboard for their own purposes, while being observed by Union agents who legally were unable to arrest the operation. On September 18, 1861, the *Bermuda* managed to run the blockade into Savannah, Georgia, and then again when it returned to England with a load of cotton. The success of the operation created great excitement, as the completed voyage suggested that the Confederacy's embargo on cotton was off and that the U.S. blockade was ineffectual, while Prioleau had made a fortune by his blockade run on the *Bermuda*. In England Prioleau worked with fellow American James Dunwoody Bulloch, a Confederate naval officer, acting as Confederate foreign agents in England. As the resident partner of Fraser, Trenholm and Company, aware of Bulloch's situation and the need for prompt action, Prioleau graciously received him and extended his trust. Though his firm had not yet received any funds on Bulloch's behalf, he nonetheless directed Bulloch to place any orders that were pressing and offered the services of his company to make financial arrangements. Prioleau also assumed the financial responsibility of a large order of arms Major Caleb Huse had made, who was also limited on existing funds. Trenholm had developed a fraternal relationship with the Confederacy, and to affirm the relationship, the Company built the gunboat, the *Alexandra*, using its own funds, and offered it as a gift to the Confederacy. George Trenholm, senior director of Trenholm, Fraser & Company, would also become Confederate Secretary of the Treasury in July, 1864, replacing Christopher Memminger.

From 1862 to 1865, he corresponded with many leading Confederates, often involving the prospect of blockade running. Prioleau soon became the master planner in the management of Confederate interests in England. His central role subsequently resulted in all the banking of the Confederacy in Europe to instead operate from Liverpool. Prioleau worked with Confederate Navy purchasing agents, while his firm also helped purchase and outfit over sixty five ships which were soon engaged in blockade running and smuggling goods to the south. While in England, Prioleau purchased a modern rifled cannon and had it directly sent to General Beauregard to be used in Charleston against Fort Sumter, on April 12, 1861.

Through private purchasing agents, Prioleau acquired three privateers that were active during the war and which became among the most notorious Confederate vessels in service: the CSS *Alabama*, CSS *Florida*, and the CSS *Shenandoah*.

## Later life

Not eligible for amnesty in the United States, Prioleau moved with his family to Belgium, and then France, where he worked as a banker. Later he returned to London and by 1871 was living at 47 Queens Gate Gardens, the census for that year describing him as "general merchant". He is listed at this address 1871-1876, but does not appear in any London directory after that, although the notice of death in The Times of 4 August, 1887, still describes him as “of 47 Queen's-gate-gardens". He died at the age of sixty at Bailey's Hotel, where he may have been resident, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. His grave was discovered in 1984 by members of the American Civil War Round Table (United Kingdom).

## Citations

1. Douglas, 2015, American Civil War Society (UK), Essay
2. Edwards, 1962, p. 86
3. 290 Foundation, Essay
4. Archives, The National. "Liverpool Record Office". *discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk*. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
5. Loy, 1997, pp. 359–360
6. Merli, 2004 \[1965\], pp. 3–6
7. Wise, 1991, p. 9
8. Loy, 1997, p. 359
9. Loy, 1997, p. 360
10. Bulloch, 1884, pp. 52–53
11. Bulloch, 1884, p. 52
12. Loy, 1997, p. 364
13. Kennedy, The Guardian (UK), 2009

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Charles K. Prioleau | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 1827 (1827)
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | 1887 (aged 5960)
London, England |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation(s) | Cotton merchant, Senior partner of Fraser, Trenholm & Company |
| Known for | Financier and supplier for the Confederacy during the American Civil War |


title: Sisyrinchium elmeri

abstract: Sisyrinchium elmeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae known by the common name Elmer's blue-eyed grass. It is endemic to California, where it is known from many of the mountain ranges from the Klamath Mountains through the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains. It grows in moist habitat types such as meadows and bogs.

text:
# Sisyrinchium elmeri

***Sisyrinchium elmeri*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae known by the common name **Elmer's blue-eyed grass**. It is endemic to California, where it is known from many of the mountain ranges from the Klamath Mountains through the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains. It grows in moist habitat types such as meadows and bogs.

## Description

*Sisyrinchium elmeri* is rhizomatous perennial herb takes a clumpy form, its narrow stems growing up to about 20 to 30 centimeters tall. It is medium green and nonwaxy, and it dries to a dark green or brownish color, but does not turn black. The flat, narrow leaves are grasslike. The flower has six tepals measuring roughly a centimeter long. They are yellow to yellow-orange with dark brown veining. The fruit is a dark brown capsule.

## InfoBox

| *Sisyrinchium elmeri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Sisyrinchium* |
| Species: | ***S. elmeri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sisyrinchium elmeri***<br>Greene | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Hydastylus elmeri* (Greene) E.P.Bicknell * *Hydastylus rivularis* E.P.Bicknell | |


title: Sisyrinchium californicum

abstract: Sisyrinchium californicum is a species of flowering plant in the iris family known by the common names golden blue-eyed grass, yellow-eyed-grass, and golden-eyed-grass. It is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to central California, where it grows in moist habitat, often in coastal areas.

text:
# Sisyrinchium californicum

***Sisyrinchium californicum*** is a species of flowering plant in the iris family known by the common names **golden blue-eyed grass**, **yellow-eyed-grass**, and **golden-eyed-grass**. It is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to central California, where it grows in moist habitat, often in coastal areas.

## Description

*Sisyrinchium californicum* is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing a pale green, nonwaxy stem which grows up to about 60 centimeters tall. The foliage turns dark brown or black as it dries. The flat, narrow leaves are grasslike. The flower has six tepals each between 1 and 2 centimeters in length. They are light to bright yellow, often with brown veining. The fruit is a dark-colored capsule.

## InfoBox

| *Sisyrinchium californicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Sisyrinchium* |
| Species: | ***S. californicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sisyrinchium californicum***<br>(Ker Gawl.) Dryand. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| List * + *Bermudiana californica* (Dryand.) Kuntze     + *Echthronema californica* (Ker Gawl.) Herb.     + *Hydastylus borealis* E.P.Bicknell     + *Hydastylus brachypus* E.P.Bicknell     + *Hydastylus californicus* (Ker Gawl.) Salisb.     + *Marica acorifolia* Ker Gawl.     + *Marica californica* Ker Gawl.     + *Olsynium luteum* Raf.     + *Sisyrinchium boreale* (E.P. Bicknell) A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr.     + *Sisyrinchium boreale* (E.P.Bicknell) J.K.Henry     + *Sisyrinchium brachypus* (E.P.Bicknell) J.K.Henry     + *Sisyrinchium brachypus* E.P. Bicknell     + *Sisyrinchium convolutum* Klatt nom. illeg.     + *Sisyrinchium flavidum* Kellogg     + *Sisyrinchium flavum* Hoffmanns. ex Steud. nom. inval.     + *Sisyrinchium lineatum* Torr. | |


title: Sisters Inside

abstract: Sisters Inside is an Australian registered charity which supports and advocates for criminalised women and girls and their children. It is based in Queensland, with offices in Brisbane and Townsville. The human rights activist and lawyer Debbie Kilroy is the founder and CEO of the organisation. Sisters Inside describes itself as a grassroots organisation run by criminalised women for the benefit of "all of us inside". In its advocacy work, it calls for decarceration and prison abolition. The daily work of the organisation focuses on providing support to incarcerated and criminalised women, with a focus on supporting First Nations women.

text:
# Sisters Inside

**Sisters Inside** is an Australian registered charity which supports and advocates for criminalised women and girls and their children. It is based in Queensland, with offices in Brisbane and Townsville.

The human rights activist and lawyer Debbie Kilroy is the founder and CEO of the organisation.

Sisters Inside describes itself as a grassroots organisation run by criminalised women for the benefit of "all of us inside". In its advocacy work, it calls for decarceration and prison abolition. The daily work of the organisation focuses on providing support to incarcerated and criminalised women, with a focus on supporting First Nations women.

## History

Sisters Inside's founder Debbie Kilroy has a long history of experience with the criminal justice system and incarceration, starting at the age of 13. She began her advocacy work in the early 1990s while incarcerated as part of a prisoners' committee. Upon her release on parole in 1992 she formed Sisters Inside with other women.

In 2019, Sisters Inside started a campaign called #FreeHer raising funds to pay fines of Aboriginal women in Western Australia who were imprisoned or at risk of imprisonment for non-payment of fines. The campaign received support from celebrities including Yael Stone and Russell Crowe. By June 2019, it had raised $400,000.

## InfoBox

Sisters Inside
| Founder | Debbie Kilroy |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Nonprofit |
| Legal status | Charity |
| Website | sistersinside.com.au |


title: Sitalcina rothi

abstract: Sitalcina rothi is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Sitalcina rothi

***Sitalcina rothi*** is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Sitalcina rothi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Opiliones |
| Family: | Phalangodidae |
| Genus: | *Sitalcina* |
| Species: | ***S. rothi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sitalcina rothi***<br>Ubick & Briggs, 2008 | |
|


title: Four Corners (album)

abstract: Four Corners is the fifth studio album of the American jazz group Yellowjackets, released in 1987. The album reached a peak position of number three on Billboard's Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart. This was the first Yellowjackets album to feature Will Kennedy on drums.

text:
# Four Corners (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Four Corners*** is the fifth studio album of the American jazz group Yellowjackets, released in 1987. The album reached a peak position of number three on *Billboard*'s Top Contemporary Jazz Albums chart. This was the first Yellowjackets album to feature Will Kennedy on drums.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Out of Town" | Russell Ferrante, Jimmy Haslip | 5:02 |
| 2. | "Wildlife" | Ferrante, Haslip, Alex Acuña | 6:03 |
| 3. | "Sightseeing" | Ferrante, Haslip | 5:52 |
| 4. | "Open Road" | Ferrante | 3:37 |
| 5. | "Mile High" | Ferrante, Haslip, Marc Russo, Will Kennedy, Bill Gable | 4:12 |
| 6. | "Past Ports" | Ferrante | 5:29 |
| 7. | "Postcards" | Ferrante, Haslip | 5:28 |
| 8. | "Room with a View" | Ferrante | 4:28 |
| 9. | "Geneva" | Haslip | 2:24 |
| 10. | "Indigo" | Ferrante, Haslip, Russo, Kennedy | 5:28 |

## Personnel

**Yellowjackets**

* Russell Ferrante – pianos, synthesizers
* Jimmy Haslip – 5-string bass, fretless bass, vocals (2)
* Will Kennedy – drums, percussion
* Marc Russo – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone

**Additional musicians**

## Production

* Yellowjackets – producers
* David Hentschel – producer, recording, mixing
* Ricky Schultz – executive producer
* Dan Garcia – second engineer
* Andy Harper – second engineer
* Jon Ingoldsby – second engineer
* Sharon Rice – second engineer
* Bart Stevens – second engineer
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering
* Kathleen Covert – art direction
* John Coulter – design
* Lou Beach – front and back cover illustrations
* Bonnie Schiffman – photography
* Gary Borman (Kragen & Company) – management

**Studios**

* Recorded at Schnee Studios, Music Grinder Studios and Producers Studio (Hollywood, CA).
* Mixed at The Complex (Los Angeles, CA).
* Mastered at Precision Lacquer (Los Angeles, CA).

## Charts

| Chart (1987) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Top Contemporary Jazz Albums (*Billboard*) | 3 |

## InfoBox

| Four Corners | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Yellowjackets | |
| Released | February 25, 1987 |
| Studio | Schnee Studios
Music Grinder Studios
Producers Studio (all in Hollywood, CA) |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 48:03 |
| Label | MCA |
| Producer | Yellowjackets, David Hentschel |
| Yellowjackets chronology | |
| *Shades*
(1986) ***Four Corners***
(1987) *Politics*
(1988) | |


title: Tillandsia confinis

abstract:
Tillandsia confinis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Venezuela, Bolivia Colombia, Peru, northern Brazil, and Ecuador. Two varieties are recognized:
  - Tillandsia confinis var. confinis – most of species range
  - Tillandsia confinis var. caudata L.B.Sm. – Colombia, Ecuador

text:
# Tillandsia confinis

***Tillandsia confinis*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Tillandsia*. This species is native to Venezuela, Bolivia Colombia, Peru, northern Brazil, and Ecuador.

Two varieties are recognized:

1. *Tillandsia confinis* var. *confinis* – most of species range
2. *Tillandsia confinis* var. *caudata* L.B.Sm. – Colombia, Ecuador

## InfoBox

| *Tillandsia confinis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Tillandsia* |
| Subgenus: | *Tillandsia* subg. *Tillandsia* |
| Species: | ***T. confinis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Tillandsia confinis***<br>L.B.Sm. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Tillandsia subtropicalis* L.B.Sm. * *Tillandsia dudleyi* L.B.Sm. * *Tillandsia abysmophila* L.B.Sm. & Steyerm. | |