title: Beatrice of England

abstract: Beatrice of England was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the daughter of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence.

text:
# Beatrice of England

**Beatrice of England** (25 June 1242 – 24 March 1275) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the daughter of Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence.

## Childhood

Born 25 June 1242, Beatrice was the second-eldest daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence. Beatrice's childhood was plagued by tragedy, and by the stresses of her father's reign coupled with her mother's unpopularity with the English people.

Her oldest brother Edward became dangerously ill when she was very young, though he recovered. However, their youngest sister Katherine, who possibly had a degenerative disease which caused her to become deaf, died at the age of three, leaving Beatrice's parents grief-stricken.

The English were unhappy with King Henry III owing to the influence that Eleanor and her Savoyard kinsmen exercised on the monarchy, and the barons demanded more power. In 1263, Eleanor was sailing on a barge that was attacked by London citizens. This harsh, bitter dislike created several problems for Henry III and his family. On the other hand, Eleanor and Henry enjoyed a happy marriage, and Beatrice grew up in a loving environment, close to her siblings.

## Marriage and issue

At one point, Henry conducted negotiations for Beatrice to marry the king of France and also rejected a proposal that she should wed the son of the king of Norway. On 22 January 1260, when she was seventeen, she married John de Dreux, heir to the duchy of Brittany, at Saint-Denis. She and John II had six children:

## Death

Beatrice died on 24 March 1275 in London, England. John II honoured his wife with a chantry, an institutional chapel on private land or within a greater church, which was to be finished when he died, so that he and Beatrice would be together again. Beatrice was buried at Grey Friars Church in Greenwich, London. Beatrice died before her husband succeeded to the duchy, therefore she was never styled Duchess of Brittany.

## Historical overview

Though little information is available concerning Beatrice's activities, she was an important part of English history. Her marriage to John II helped forge an alliance with France, thus placing the Earldom of Richmond under the so-called shield of England.

During Henry's reign, there was much opposition to him in England. At a time when Simon de Montfort wanted to strip the king of some of his power to give more say to the barons, it was necessary for Henry to strengthen his rule via family marriages to useful people. His first daughter had married the king of Scotland, and Beatrice's marriage to John II, who controlled the Earldom of Richmond, gave Henry an additional source of power. Moreover, a substantial number of French nobles came to England and could be appointed to political positions.

When Henry was crowned, very few areas within the Angevin Empire (comprising Gascony, Béarn, Angoulême, Saintonge and Agenais), remained loyal to Henry.

The marriage of Beatrice and John II would prove to be useful for Henry III, if only to help Henry recover Poitou. Now Henry had English security and influence on the northern border, and the instance on English overlordship. Though Henry was planning on regaining Poitou, he was defeated after his campaign. Because he could not regain Poitou, his domains were small compared to the Angevin Empire. With his various strategies, Henry III reigned over England for 56 years until his death in 1272.

## Ancestry

1. Howell 1992, p. 57.
2. Vincent 2001, p. 170.
3. Armstrong 2018, p. 441.
4. Waugh 1988, p. 179.
5. Golden 2002, p. 73.
6. Kingsford 1915, p. 134-139.

## Bibliography

* Armstrong, A. S. (2018). "'Sisters in cahoots: female agency in the marriage of Beatrice of England and John of Brittany'". *Journal of Medieval History* (44): (441) 439–456.
* Golden, Judith K. (2002). "Instructional Images and the Life of St. Eustace". In Hourihane, Colum (ed.). *Insights and Interpretations*. Princeton University Press.
* Howell, Margaret (1992). "The Children of King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence". In Coss, Peter R.; Lloyd, S.D. (eds.). *Thirteenth Century England IV: Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne*. The Boydell Press.
* Kingsford, C L (1915). "Register of the Grey Friars of London: Index of those buried in the church and cloister (A-K)', in The Grey Friars of London (Aberdeen, 1915)". pp. 134–139.
* Vincent, Nicholas (2001). *The Holy Blood: King Henry III and the Westminster Blood Relic*. Cambridge University Press.
* Waugh, Scott L. (1988). *The Lordship of England: Royal Wardships and Marriages in English Society and Politics, 1217–1327*. Princeton University Press.

## InfoBox

| Beatrice of England | |
| --- | --- |
| *Countess of Richmond* | |
|  | |
| Born | 25 June 1242
Bordeaux, France |
| Died | 24 March 1275 (aged 32)
London, England |
| Burial | Grey Friars Church, London |
| Spouse | John II, Duke of Brittany  (m. 1260) |
| Issue | Arthur II, Duke of Brittany
John, 1st Earl of Richmond
Marie, Countess of Saint Pol
Peter, Viscount of Leon
Blanche, Countess of Artois
Eleanor of Brittany, Abbess of Fontevrault |
| House | Plantagenet |
| Father | Henry III, King of England |
| Mother | Eleanor of Provence |


title: Rhys Richards

abstract: Rhys Morgan Richards is a former New Zealand diplomat and a current historian and ethnographer. He has written extensively on maritime history and Pacific artifacts and art. He has also spoken on these subjects on New Zealand radio and at many conferences and seminars around the world.

text:
# Rhys Richards

**Rhys Morgan Richards** is a former New Zealand diplomat and a current historian and ethnographer. He has written extensively on maritime history and Pacific artifacts and art. He has also spoken on these subjects on New Zealand radio and at many conferences and seminars around the world.

## Early life

He attended the University of Canterbury in Christchurch where he completed a Master of Arts degree. The title of his MA thesis is, *An historical geography of Chatham Island* (1962).

## Diplomat

After graduating from university he worked as a career diplomat in the New Zealand Foreign Service. His diplomatic postings included New York, Hong Kong, Manila, Geneva, Apia, and Honiara .

He was responsible for overseeing New Zealand government aid to Melanesia.

From 1996 to 1999 he was the New Zealand High Commissioner to the Solomon Islands.

He was a programme editor, writer and presenter for Radio New Zealand International. He has served as chairman of the Pacific Conservation and Development Trust.

In retirement he and his wife Margaret live in Wellington, New Zealand. They have three children.

## Historian

He has written many books, journal articles, chapters in books, book reviews and articles in newspapers. He has also contributed content to online resources, such as *The Encyclopedia of New Zealand* and the *British Southern Whale Fishery* website.

Richards served on the committee of the Friends of the Turnbull Library (2000-2016).

In the year 2000, he was presented with the 16th annual L. Byrne Waterman Award for his "outstanding contribution to maritime history," in a ceremony at The Kendall Whaling Museum, Massachusetts.

In 2002, he held a Visiting Research Fellowship for Pacific Arts at the Sainsbury Research Unit at the University of East Anglia.

In 2008, he was awarded a Tasmanian Research Fellowship by the State Library of Tasmania.

He describes his research as, “strongly committed to testing prevailing generalities through quantitive research drawing on primary materials.”

## Select bibliography

* *Whaling and sealing at the Chatham Islands* (1982), Canberra, Roebuck, ISBN 0-909434-12-3
* *Which Pakeha ate the last Moa*, (1986) Wellington, Paremata Press.
* (editor), *Frederick Hunt of Pitt Island*, (1990), Petone, New Zealand, Lithographic Services, ISBN 047301128X
* (with R. A. Pierce), *Captain Simeon Metcalfe: Pioneer fur trader in the Pacific Northwest, Hawaii and China, 1787-1794*, (1991) Kingston, Ontario, Limestone Press, ISBN 0919642373
* (with Jocelyn Chisholm) *Bay of Islands shipping arrivals and departures 1803-1840* (1992) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 0-473-01601X
* *Samoa's forgotten whaling heritage; American whaling in Samoan waters 1824-1848* (1992) Apia, Western Samoa Historical and Cultural Trust, ISBN 0-473-01607-9
* (editor) David Holmes, *My 70 years on the Chatham Islands; reminiscences*, (1993), Christchurch, Shoal Bay Press, ISBN 0908704178
* *Into the South Seas: The Southern whale fishery comes of age on the Brazil Banks, 1765 to 1812; A review of the whaling activities of American, British, French, Spanish and Portuguese whalemen off Brazil and Patagonia before 1812*, (1993) Wellington, Paremata Press & IWC, Brazil, ISBN 0473023873
* *United States trade with China 1784-1814*, (1994) Salem, Massachusetts, Special Supplement to Vol 54 of *The American Neptune*, ISSN 0003-0155
* *The Foveaux yarns of Yankee Jack; Burr Osborn's adventures in southern New Zealand in 1845*, (1995), Dunedin, Otago Heritage Press, ISBN 0908774125
* *Murihiku re-viewed: a revised history of southern New Zealand from 1804 to 1844*, (1995), Wellington, Lithographic Services, ISBN 0473028379
* (editor, with translation by Lene Knight) *Jorgen Jorgenson's Observations on Pacific trade; and sealing and whaling in Australian waters before 1805* (1996) Wellington, The Paremata Press, ISBN 0-473-03971-0
* *Honolulu centre of trans-Pacific trade; shipping arrivals and departures 1820 to 1840*, (2000), Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau and the Hawaiian Historical Society, ISBN 0-7315-5210-5
* *How many whales were killed in Pacific Forum EEZ's: a short review for Pacific Forum States*, (2000), Wellington, R. Richards, ISBN 0473068257
* (with Margaret Richards) *Pacific artifacts brought home by American whalemen; a report by Rhys and Margaret Richards for the New Bedford Whaling Museum; Pacific Islands curiosities, objects, artifacts and art in museums in New England and Long Island*, (2000), Wellington, Paremata Press & The New Bedford Whaling Museum, ISBN 0473073773
* (editor) *The Moriori language of the ancestors on the Chatham Islands: Reo Moriori o nga karapuna o Rekohu* (2001), Wellington, Te Taa Haeretahi, the Hand in Hand Press, for the Paremata Press, ISBN 0958201315
* *Pakeha around Porirua before 1840: sealers, whalers, flax traders and Pakeha visitors before the arrival of the New Zealand Company settlers at Port Nicholson in 1840*, (2002) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 0958201323
* (with Kenneth Roga) *Not quite extinct: Melanesian bark cloth ('tapa') from western Solomon Islands; with interpretations by Reuben Lilo; and illustrations by Jackie Frizelle and Virginia Bond Korda*, (February 2005, revised & reprinted October 2005), Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 0958201323
* *Manu Moriori: Human and bird carvings on live Kopi trees on the Chatham Islands*, (2007), Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 0958201374
* *Tahiti and the Society Islands; shipping arrivals and departures 1767 to 1852*, (2008) Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau and Jean-Louis Boglio Maritime Books, ISBN 9780980665307
* *Easter Island 1793 to 1861: observations by early visitors before slave raids* (2008), Los Osos, California, The Easter Island Foundation, ISBN 9781880636282
* (with Bill Carter) *A decade of disasters; the Chatham Islands from 1866 to 1875*, (2009), Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473154714
* *Sperm whaling on the Solanders Ground and in Fiordland; a maritime historian's perspective; NIWA Information Series No.76*, (2010), Wellington, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, ISSN 1174-264X
* *Sealing in the southern oceans, 1788-1833*, (2011), Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473164805
* *The Austral Islands; history, art and art history*, (2012), Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473188863
* *Headhunters black and white: three collectors in the western Solomon Islands, 1893 to 1914*, (2012) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473226794
* *Captain Charles Bayley, whaling master, 1813-1875*, (2014) Hobart, Navarine Publishing/Roebuck, ISBN 978-0-9923660-2-5
* *Foreign visitors to the Cook Islands 1773 to 1840*, (2014) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 978-0-9582013-9-1
* *Tracking travelling Taonga: A narrative review of how Maori artifacts got to London from 1798, to Salem in 1802, 1807 and 1812, and elsewhere globally up to 1840*, (2015) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473331993
* *Bold captains: trans-Pacific exploration and trade 1780-1830*, Vol 1 & 2, (2017) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 978-0-473-40518-2
* *Moriori: origins, lifestyles and language*, (2018) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473442026
* *Kuphus polythalamia: alive or dead in the Western Solomon Islands?*, (2019), Wellington, Paremate Press, ISBN 9780473469290
* (editor with Graeme Broxam), *The last of the sail whalers: whaling off Tasmania and southern New Zealand / by Captain William McKillop (1865-1938)*, (2019) Hobart, Navarine Publishing. ISBN 9780992366070
* *The First Pakehas around Wellington and Cook Strait: 1803 to 1839*, (2020) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473516499
* *Maori who went sperm whaling before 1840*, (2021) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473587482
* *Nga Tohora: The Right Whales of New Zealand and the Southern Oceans*, (2023) Wellington, Paremata Press, ISBN 9780473680626

1. Rhys Richards, *United States trade with China 1784-1814*, (1994) Special supplement to *The American Neptune* (Vol 54) p.4.
2. Richards, Rhys Morgan, 1939- , National Library of New Zealand web site, accessed 21 March 2021.
3. New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs, press release 15 May 2003
4. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
5. British Southern Whale Fishery database
6. *Turnbull Library Record*, Vol 33, 1 January 2000, p.111
7. *Turnbull Library Record*, Vol 48, 1 January 2016, p.114
8. *The KWM Newsletter*, 18 (3) Summer-Fall 2000, p.1.
9. "Notes on contributors". *The Great Circle*. **42** (1): iv. 2020.
10. Richards, Rhys (2004). "Sir William Crowther's Hobart whaling collection in context". *The Great Circle*. **31** (1): 63. JSTOR 41563284. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
11. Richards, Rhys (1994). "Forward - United States trade with China 1784-1814". *The American Neptune*. **54** (Special Supplement): 4.

## InfoBox

| Rhys Richards | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | New Zealand |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
| Years active | 1980s to the present |
| Known for | Historian |
| Notable work | *Whaling and sealing at the Chatham Islands* (1982) |


title: Rhys Pugsley

abstract: Rhys Pugsley was a Welsh former professional rugby league footballer. Born in Newport, Pugsley attended Caerleon Comprehensive School, and started playing rugby league for local amateur club Newport Titans. In 2011, he joined the academy at Wigan. In 2012, he made his international début for Wales against France on his 18th birthday. In 2014, he received a two-year ban after testing positive for anabolic steroids. In 2016, he failed a second drugs test after testing positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone, resulting in a further eight-year ban from all sport.

text:
# Rhys Pugsley

**Rhys Pugsley** (born 20 October 1994) was a Welsh former professional rugby league footballer.

Born in Newport, Pugsley attended Caerleon Comprehensive School, and started playing rugby league for local amateur club Newport Titans. In 2011, he joined the academy at Wigan. In 2012, he made his international début for Wales against France on his 18th birthday.

In 2014, he received a two-year ban after testing positive for anabolic steroids. In 2016, he failed a second drugs test after testing positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone, resulting in a further eight-year ban from all sport.

## InfoBox

Rhys Pugsley
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1994-10-20) 20 October 1994<br>Newport, Wales |
| Playing information | |
| Position | Prop, Second-row |
| Representative  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2012 Wales 1 0 0 0 0 | |
| Source: As of 7 September 2014 | |


title: Rhyton (band)

abstract: Rhyton is an American experimental psychedelic rock band from Brooklyn, New York.

text:
# Rhyton (band)

**Rhyton** is an American experimental psychedelic rock band from Brooklyn, New York.

## History

Rhyton was formed as an improvisational outfit by Dave Shuford, Jimy Seitang, and Spencer Herbst; Shuford had been a member of No Neck Blues Band and Seitang had played with Psychic Ills. The group recorded its debut album in a span of only three days, later issuing it as a self-titled effort on the label Thrill Jockey. Drummer Rob Smith, who was also a member of Pigeons, began touring with the band across the US and Europe, and subsequently replaced Herbst when he left. Rhyton began incorporating more Greek and Southern-American song forms with their improvisations, and has since released two further full-lengths on Thrill Jockey as well as two limited-edition LPs on other labels.

## Discography


title: Rhytismataceae

abstract: The Rhytismataceae are a family of fungi in the Rhytismatales order. It contains 55 genera and 728 species.

text:
# Rhytismataceae

The **Rhytismataceae** are a family of fungi in the Rhytismatales order. It contains 55 genera and 728 species.

## Genera

According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, the following genera are in the Rhytismataceae. The placement of the genus *Nymanomyces* is uncertain.

*Bifusella**Bifusepta**Bivallium**Canavirgella**Ceratophacidium**Cerion**Coccomyces**Colpoma**Criella**Davisomycella**Discocainia**Duplicaria**Duplicariella**Elytroderma**Hypoderma**Hypodermella**Hypohelion**Isthmiella**Lirula**Lophodermella**Lophodermium**Lophomerum**Marthamyces**Meloderma**Moutoniella**Myriophacidium**Nematococcomyces**Neococcomyces**Nothorhytisma**Nymanomyces**Parvacoccum**Ploioderma**Propolis**Pureke**Rhytisma**Soleella**Sporomega**Terriera**Therrya**Triblidiopsis**Virgella**Vladracula**Xyloschizon**Zeus*

## InfoBox

| Rhytismataceae | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhytisma acerinum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Rhytismatales |
| Family: | Rhytismataceae
Chevall. (1826) |
|
| Type genus | |
| *Rhytisma*
Fr. | |


title: Rhytismatales

abstract: The Rhytismatales are an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota.

text:
# Rhytismatales

The **Rhytismatales** are an order of the class Leotiomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota.

## Genera *incertae sedis*

The following genera within the Rhytismatales have not been placed with any certainty into a family (*incertae sedis*). For those genera with a question mark preceding the name, their placement in this order is tentative.

## InfoBox

| Rhytismatales | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Rhytisma acerinum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Leotiomycetes |
| Order: | Rhytismatales
M.E. Barr ex Minter |
|
| Families | |
| Ascodichaenaceae
Cryptomycetaceae
Cudoniaceae
Rhytismataceae | |


title: Richard Jarecki

abstract: Richard Wilhelm Jarecki was a German-born American physician who won more than $1 million from a string of European casinos after cracking a pattern in roulette wheels.

text:
# Richard Jarecki

**Richard Wilhelm Jarecki** (December 1, 1931 – July 25, 2018) was a German-born American physician who won more than $1 million from a string of European casinos after cracking a pattern in roulette wheels.

## Early life and education

Jarecki was born on December 1, 1931, in Stettin, Germany, now the city of Szczecin in Poland, the son of Gerda (Kunstmann) and Dr. Max Jarecki, a dermatologist. He escaped Nazi Germany with his Jewish family and emigrated to the United States in the late 1930s. He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey and attended Asbury Park High School. He attended Duke University and earned a medical degree at Heidelberg University in his native Germany. He married Carol Fuhse, a nursing student at Jersey Shore Medical Center, while he was completing his residency there. The couple moved to Germany where he continued his studies at the University of Heidelberg and began gambling at casinos.

## Gambling

In the 1960s and 1970s, Jarecki started visiting casinos across Europe and began working with his wife Carol and others to keep track of tens of thousands of spins of roulette wheels, often over the course of a month. After analyzing the results, Jarecki was able to determine that some wheels had a subtle bias that made it more likely to land on certain numbers due to imperfections and wear, though he created a cover story that he had used a computer at the University of London to crack the games. He preferred to target European casinos, as they used wheels with 37 numbers (unlike the 38-slot wheels prevalent in the United States) and the casinos there were less likely than their American counterparts to cut off a gambler on a winning streak. On occasion, casinos attempted to ban Jarecki from gambling on their premises. After several profitable streaks at the Sanremo Casino in the late 1960s, its managing director described him as "a menace to every casino in Europe" and hoped that Jarecki "never returned to my casino". Even when wheels were changed, Jarecki was able to recognize the unique characteristics of each wheel by sight. The casinos finally caught on to Jarecki's methods and began switching roulette wheels more frequently and worked with manufacturers to make wheels with finer tolerances that were less likely to have the types of imperfections that could lead to exploitable circumstances for Jarecki.

## Later life and death

After winning more than $1.2 million using his technique, he returned to the United States in the mid-1970s to become a commodities trader trading in gold and silver, as well as dabbling in blackjack and roulette in casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey and Las Vegas. A resident of Manila, Philippines, for more than 20 years, Jarecki died there of pneumonia at the age of 86 on July 25, 2018. He was survived by his wife, as well as by two daughters, a son and six grandchildren. His brother, Henry Jarecki, was a physician who became a billionaire trading commodities.


title: Ricardo Fernandes (badminton)

abstract: Ricardo Fernandes is a retired male badminton player from Portugal. He also was the main inspiration for the naming of XquaX FC, a football/futsal team created in Madeira Island in March 2018.

text:
# Ricardo Fernandes (badminton)

**Ricardo Fernandes** (born 12 November 1972 in Funchal) is a retired male badminton player from Portugal. He also was the main inspiration for the naming of XquaX FC, a football/futsal team created in Madeira Island in March 2018.

## Career

In 1990, Fernandes won the Gibraltar International after defeating teammate Antonio Lopes in the final. He also finished as runner-up in men's doubles at the Gibraltar International. Fernandes competed in badminton at the 1992 Summer Olympics in men's singles. He lost in the first round to Robert Liljequist, of Finland, 15-3, 15-11. He also competed in men's doubles with Fernando Silva but lost to Benny Lee and Thomas Reidy of the United States in the first round.

In 1994, Fernandes won the men's doubles title along with Fernando Silva at the Slovenian International. In 2002, he partnered with Marco Vasconcelos and reached the final of the Italian International but lost to Nicolás Escartín and Arturo Ruiz López of Spain. In 2007, he lost the final of the Ecuador International to Brice Leverdez.

## Achievements

### BWF / IBF International

*Men's singles*

| Year | Tournament | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | Gibraltar International | Antonio Lopes | 15–7, 15–5 | **Winner** |
| 1995 | Spanish International | David Serrano | 8–15, 15–11, 15–11 | **Winner** |
| 1997 | Spanish International | Niels Christian Kaldau | 3–15, 9–15 | **Runner-up** |
| 2007 | Ecuador International | Brice Leverdez | 17–21, 16–21 | **Runner-up** |

*Men's doubles*

| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | Gibraltar International | Jose Sim | Russell Hogg
Ian Teasdale | 2–15, 5–15 | **Runner-up** |
| 1990 | Israel International | Marco Vasconcelos |  |  | **Winner** |
| 1991 | Spanish International | Fernando Silva | Andy Goode
Chris Hunt | 4–15, 3–15 | **Runner-up** |
| 1994 | Portugal International | Fernando Silva | Thomas Damgaard
Jan Jorgensen | 7–15, 10–15 | **Runner-up** |
| 1994 | Slovenian International | Fernando Silva | Lawrence Chew
Jorge Rodriguez | 16–17, 17–14, 15–4 | **Winner** |
| 2002 | Italian International | Marco Vasconcelos | Nicolás Escartín
Arturo Ruiz López | 11–15, 4–15 | **Runner-up** |

## InfoBox

| Ricardo Fernandes | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Country | Portugal |
| Born | (1972-11-12) 12 November 1972
Funchal, Portugal |
| Height | 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 73 kg (161 lb) |
| Handedness | Right |
| Medal record      Men's badminton  Representing  Portugal  Helvetia Cup  1997 Strasbourg  Mixed team  2001 Most  Mixed team  1999 Lisburn  Mixed team | |
| BWF profile | |


title: Beauvilliers, Loir-et-Cher

abstract: Beauvilliers is a former commune in the Loir-et-Cher department in central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Oucques la Nouvelle.

text:
# Beauvilliers, Loir-et-Cher

**Beauvilliers** (French pronunciation: \[bovilje\]) is a former commune in the Loir-et-Cher department in central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Oucques la Nouvelle.

## Population

Historical population
| Year Pop. ±%  1793  105       1800  119 +13.3%  1806  132 +10.9%  1821  103 −22.0%  1831  134 +30.1%  1836  161 +20.1%  1841  158 −1.9%  1846  173 +9.5%  1851  180 +4.0%  1856  200 +11.1%  1861  201 +0.5%  1866  198 −1.5%  1872  169 −14.6%  1876  186 +10.1%  1881  163 −12.4%  1886  142 −12.9%  1891  165 +16.2%  1896  144 −12.7% | Year Pop. ±%  1901  140 −2.8%  1906  145 +3.6%  1911  133 −8.3%  1921  103 −22.6%  1926  123 +19.4%  1931  117 −4.9%  1936  90 −23.1%  1946  90 +0.0%  1954  97 +7.8%  1962  81 −16.5%  1968  85 +4.9%  1975  64 −24.7%  1982  52 −18.8%  1990  44 −15.4%  1999  37 −15.9%  2006  53 +43.2%  2009  60 +13.2% |
| --- | --- |

## InfoBox

| Beauvilliers | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Oucques la Nouvelle | |
| Location of Beauvilliers | |
| BeauvilliersBeauvilliers | |
| Coordinates: 47°50′20″N 1°15′18″E / 47.839°N 1.255°E / 47.839; 1.255 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Centre-Val de Loire |
| Department | Loir-et-Cher |
| Arrondissement | Blois |
| Canton | La Beauce |
| Commune | Oucques la Nouvelle |
| Area**1** | 8 km2 (3 sq mi) |
| Population (2019) | 61 |
| Density | 7.6/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 41290 |
| Elevation | 120–144 m (394–472 ft)
(avg. 135 m or 443 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Richard Lincoln

abstract: Richard Lincoln (1707–1763) was an Irish Roman Catholic bishop. Born in Dublin, Lincoln studied in the Irish College in Salamanca. Lincoln was ordained priest in 1730. Lincoln was appointed co-adjutator to Bishop Linegar, and was appointed Archbishop of Dublin in 1757. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity (DD). He died in post on 18 June 1763, at Smithfield, Dublin, and was buried in St. James graveyard.

text:
# Richard Lincoln

**Richard Lincoln** (1707–1763) was an Irish Roman Catholic bishop.

Born in Dublin, Lincoln studied in the Irish College in Salamanca. Lincoln was ordained priest in 1730. Lincoln was appointed co-adjutator to Bishop Linegar, and was appointed Archbishop of Dublin in 1757. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity (DD). He died in post on 18 June 1763, at Smithfield, Dublin, and was buried in St. James graveyard.


title: Rhonda Paisley

abstract: Rhonda Paisley is a Northern Irish author and former unionist politician. She is the second daughter of the former Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) leader and Northern Ireland's former First Minister Ian Paisley and lives with her mother in the family home. She attended Bob Jones University in the United States, where she was awarded a BA in Fine Art.

text:
# Rhonda Paisley

**Rhonda Paisley** (born 1960) is a Northern Irish author and former unionist politician. She is the second daughter of the former Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) leader and Northern Ireland's former First Minister Ian Paisley and lives with her mother in the family home. She attended Bob Jones University in the United States (the same institution from which her father received his honorary degree), where she was awarded a BA in Fine Art.

## Political career

Paisley served as a Belfast City councillor for the DUP. Sammy Wilson named her as Lady Mayoress during his tenure as first DUP Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1986/87. She served eight years as a councillor before leaving politics, later claiming that "the game plan of politics frustrated me".

## Media career

Paisley once guest-presented *Saturday Live*, a TV chat-show on the Republic of Ireland's RTÉ One channel. Her father was one of her guests.

## Controversy

The day after a series of Ulster Freedom Fighters incendiary bombings on shops in the Republic of Ireland during July 1991, Paisley said the bombings had been "perfectly understandable" given the "betrayal" of Northern Ireland by the British government. A serving DUP councillor at the time, Paisley was widely condemned in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Paisley took a case to a Fair Employment Tribunal in 1998. The case was against the Arts Council of Northern Ireland, in which she alleged religious discrimination. She was awarded £24,249. It was ruled that she had been discriminated against on account of her religious beliefs and political opinions when applying for the post of an arts co-operation officer in 1995. She is a long-standing member of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, which her father established.

In March 2005 Paisley took a legal action alleging gender discrimination against the DUP, which named her father, Ian Paisley, after she failed in her application for a post in the policy and communications unit in the DUP. The case was settled out of court, and Paisley received an apology from the party.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableRhonda Paisley | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Belfast City Council | |
| **In office**
15 May 1985  19 May 1993 | |
| Preceded by | *District created* |
| Succeeded by | Peter O'Reilly |
| Constituency | Laganbank |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1960
Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Political party | DUP |
|  | |


title: Rhonda M. Williams

abstract: Rhonda Michèle Williams was an American professor, activist and political economist whose work combined economics with multiple other social fields including race and gender analysis, law, politics, public policy and cultural studies. She aimed to show how the examination of the roles of race and gender in economics benefitted from an inclusive approach rather than a separate and fragmented analysis in order to ensure that issues of economic inequality and discrimination were aptly addressed. Williams was also noted as being consistent in aligning her own ethics with economic analysis resulting in a legacy in the political economy of race and gender. She worked in Economics and Afro- American Studies departments at the University of Texas at Austin, Yale University, the New School for Social Research and University of Maryland, College Park while also giving lectures at several other universities. Williams is credited for having authored and co-authored twenty-five journal articles. Popularly, she edited Race, Markets and Social outcomes with Patrick L Mason, another notable scholar and acting Director of African American Studies at Florida State University. She died of lung cancer on November 7, 2000.

text:
# Rhonda M. Williams

**Rhonda Michèle Williams** (January 1, 1957 – November 7, 2000) was an American professor, activist and political economist whose work combined economics with multiple other social fields including race and gender analysis, law, politics, public policy and cultural studies. She aimed to show how the examination of the roles of race and gender in economics benefitted from an inclusive approach rather than a separate and fragmented analysis in order to ensure that issues of economic inequality and discrimination were aptly addressed. Williams was also noted as being consistent in aligning her own ethics with economic analysis resulting in a legacy in the political economy of race and gender.

She worked in Economics and Afro- American Studies departments at the University of Texas at Austin, Yale University, the New School for Social Research and University of Maryland, College Park while also giving lectures at several other universities. Williams is credited for having authored and co-authored twenty-five journal articles. Popularly, she edited *Race, Markets and Social outcomes* with Patrick L Mason, another notable scholar and acting Director of African American Studies at Florida State University.

She died of lung cancer on November 7, 2000.

## Education

Williams received a B.A in economics from Harvard University in 1978 and her Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983 with a focus in labour economics.

## Career

Williams' roles throughout her career highlighted an amalgamation of economics, Afro-American studies and women's studies. Her roles related to this included, being a professor in Afro-American Studies at the University of Texas Austin (1983–1987), assistant professor for Afro-American studies, women's studies and economics at Yale University (1987–1989) and a joint appointment in economics and Afro-American studies at the University of Maryland, College Park, where she was eventually an associate professor and director for the Afro-American Studies Program at the time of her death (2000). She was also able to lecture at some of the United States' top-ranking higher education institutions (according to the Times Higher Education World Rankings and *U.S. News & World Report*) such as Harvard's, Radcliffe Public Policy Centre, Duke University and Mount Holyoke College, one of the schools in the Seven Sisters Alliance. While teaching, she also worked as a consultant for the public-school system for 9 years in Prince George's County Maryland under the county's Multicultural Teacher Education Training Institute.

## Research and academic work

Williams, through her work, attempted to bring clarity on how economic analysis and evaluations geared toward policy reform needed to incorporate gender and race if they were to adequately address inequity and discrimination in the labour market as this provided a broader picture, shaping understanding of these issues. Her research and recommendations aimed to redress racial injustices, making connections between labor markets and competition within themes of capitalist competition and wealth accumulation and the effect on disadvantaged social groups.

## Selected scholarship

**"The Changing Contours of Discrimination: Race, Gender, and Structural Economic Change" (1994)**

This chapter was written in conjunction with fellow female economist M.V Lee Badgett, whereby Williams and Badgett aimed to look at the impacts of rising inequality across the genders and the races to see specifically where the benefits, or lack thereof, accrue. This was achieved through a look at the labour markets prior to 1970 followed by a data analysis of the shifts in the labour market in the 1970s and 1980s, looking at numerical values for unemployment, low wage employment and high wage employment of black men and white men and black women and white women (insufficient data prevented them from analyzing other groups such as Hispanic, Asian American and Native American). They found that men and white individuals had bigger shares of high wage employment, women collectively increased their share of high wage employment and black individuals showed modest growth but increased their share of serious unemployment. From their analysis it was seen that, for example, individuals with weekly incomes below the workforce median or unemployment for longer than 11 weeks were more highly represented in black communities than white communities across the sample years 1973, 1979 and 1987 and there was a 16% to 20% difference between white and black individuals that earned weekly incomes above the median wage.

Their findings were that restructuring of the manufacturing sector increased competition for employment opportunities with white workers and also had the effect of reducing the cost of employment discrimination against black men. This meant that black workers accessed employment at a lower rate. Furthermore, although growth in female high wage employment was observed, this was primarily to the benefit of white women rather than their black counterparts leading to a convergence of white women with white men in the labor markets. According to Williams and Badgett this was likely because of white women's perceived 'kinship' and proximity to likeness in appearance making them more palatable in the workforce, a social behaviour with economic effects, and also due to white women's increased share of the labour force which disincentivized their discrimination due to increasing costs of discrimination. As a conclusion, Williams and Badgett noted that black individuals are unable to replicate the labour market attributes of their white counterparts and because of this then competition alone cannot combat discrimination in the labor market. As such, governments would need to adopt policies that help combat employment discrimination if inequality along racial divides was to decline.

**"Race, Markets, and Social Outcomes" (1997)**

A collaborative editorial effort between Williams and colleague Patrick Mason, this book was edited by the pair, where they also wrote the introduction, as a means to bring more scholarly work on the role that race plays the political economy of the United States. In their introduction they put forward the belief that although many scholars were willing to accept that race was an important factor in the determination of economic and social outcomes, the analysis of this was partisan and its construction janus-faced. According to them, in pejorative discussions race was factored in but in discussions of more positive matters such as economic productivity then race seized to matter in the literature available. They put forward that this was fuelled by the market power hypothesis that economists seem to agree to where an inverse relationship is observed between market competition and racial discrimination. The collection of papers in the book aimed to challenge this hypothesis by looking at the role of race in markets plausibly affected by racial discrimination such as labour, health, crime and housing and credit

**"How Does It Feel to Be Free?: Reflections on Racial Economic Inequality in the Era of 'Color Blind' Law" (1999)**

Williams co-authored this article with William Spriggs (also commonly known for being the Assistant Secretary for Policy at the Department of Labor during the Obama Administration). This article was a discussion on black-white inequality in relation to human capital theory and colour-blind jurisprudence, believing that the two came together to further white economic supremacy with economists and jurists further institutionalizing black-white economic inequality. They argued that the aforementioned internalized a hegemonic understanding of race in their evaluations and processes and their reluctance to altering this, despite many scholars presenting gaps in their hypothesis and putting forward alternatives, had an effect in shaping what is viewed as normal in popularized opinions, political conversations and prevailing conditions and treatment. Furthermore, Williams and Spriggs asserted that this colour-blindness, by making laws and markets 'raceless' took away from the visibility that white privilege and its benefits had on its beneficiaries and this was inculcated into the shaping of legal doctrine and human capital accumulation and ultimately had an effect on labor market outcomes.

## Selected works

* Williams, Rhonda M. (1987). "Capital, Competition, and Discrimination: A Reconsideration of Racial Earnings Inequality". *Review of Radical Political Economics*. **19** (2): 1–15. doi:10.1177/048661348701900201. ISSN 0486-6134. S2CID 154906930.
* Williams, Rhonda M.; Smith, Peggie R. (1990). "What Else do Unions do?: Race and Gender in Local 35". *The Review of Black Political Economy*. **18** (3): 59–74. doi:10.1007/BF02717875. ISSN 0034-6446. S2CID 154923467.
* Spriggs, William E.; Williams, Rhonda M. (1996). "A Logit Decomposition Analysis of Occupational Segregation: Results for the 1970s and 1980s". *The Review of Economics and Statistics*. **78** (2): 348. doi:10.2307/2109939. JSTOR 2109939.
* Williams, Rhonda M. (1988). "Beyond Human Capital: Black Women, Work and Wages". *Wellesley Centers for Women* (Working Paper).
* Harley, Sharon; Black Women and Work Collective, Black Women and Work Collective, eds. (2002). "Getting Paid: Black Women Economists Reflect on Women and Work". *Sister Circle: Black Women Represent Work*. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813530611.

## Leadership positions and committees

## Prizes and awards in her honor

* International Association for Feminist Economics, IAFFE established the Rhonda Williams Prize in her honor, a $1000 award that provides scholars from underrepresented groups with partial funding to travel and present papers at the IAFFE's annual conference as well as a registration fee waiver.
* University of Maryland has the Rhonda M Williams Graduate Fellowship fund, a fund that is intended to provide financial support to students in the final year of their Bachelor of Arts or Masters of Public Policy programs at the university.
* The National Economic Association established The Rhonda M. Williams Doctoral Dissertation Award, an annual award given to doctoral candidates of color in recognition of outstanding dissertations in alignment with the NEA's mission of promoting economic growth among peoples of color by creating and distributing knowledge on the economic issues they face.

## InfoBox

| Rhonda M. Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1957-01-01)January 1, 1957 |
| Died | November 7, 2000(2000-11-07) (aged 43) |
|  | |
| Academic career | |
| Field | political economy, gender analysis, cultural studies |
| Alma mater | * Harvard University * Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
|  | |


title: Bed & Breakfast (2010 film)

abstract: Bed & Breakfast is a 2010 romantic comedy directed by Márcio Garcia and written by Leland Douglas. Produced by B.B. Film Productions and F.J. Productions, the movie was shot in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in Los Angeles. The film stars Dean Cain, Juliana Paes, Eric Roberts, John Savage, Bill Engvall, Marcos Pasquim, Rodrigo Lombardi and more. The story is about Ana Vilanova, a saleswoman from a large department store in Rio who discovers she has inherited property in the wine county of California. She could never expect what she would find in Webster, a small country town.

text:
# Bed & Breakfast (2010 film)

***Bed & Breakfast*** is a 2010 romantic comedy directed by Márcio Garcia and written by Leland Douglas. Produced by B.B. Film Productions and F.J. Productions, the movie was shot in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in Los Angeles. The film stars Dean Cain, Juliana Paes, Eric Roberts, John Savage, Bill Engvall, Marcos Pasquim, Rodrigo Lombardi and more.

The story is about Ana Vilanova (Juliana Paes), a saleswoman from a large department store in Rio who discovers she has inherited property in the wine county of California. She could never expect what she would find in Webster, a small country town.

## Synopsis

Jake Sullivan (Dean Cain) is the almost-ex-husband of movie star Amanda Cox (Kimberly Quinn). He owns a little bed and breakfast in the wine county. Ana Vilanova (Juliana Paes) is a Brazilian woman in love with a beach playboy (Marcos Pasquim) and whose brother (Daniel Ávila) is in trouble with the mob. Convinced that she owns the same piece of property on which Jake's B&B is located, Ana heads to California, intent on evicting him, selling the property and helping her brother, but soon realizes that she likes Jake quite a bit more than she likes her beach bum boyfriend.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Bed & Breakfast | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional poster | |
| Directed by | Márcio Garcia |
| Written by | Leland Douglas |
| Produced by | Fabio Golombek
Theodore Melfi
Uri Singer
Márcio Garcia |
| Starring | Juliana Paes
Dean Cain
Bill Engvall
Julian Stone
John Savage
Julia Duffy
Eric Roberts
Rodrigo Lombardi
Marcos Pasquim |
| Cinematography | Craig Kief |
| Production
companies | BB Film Productions
FJ Productions |
| Release date | * December 10, 2010 (2010-12-10) (Brazil) |
| Running time | 93 minutes |
| Countries | United States
Brazil |
| Languages | English and Portuguese |


title: Beck v. Eiland-Hall

abstract: Beck v. Eiland-Hall was a case filed in 2009 before the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a United Nations agency. It was filed by political commentator Glenn Beck against Isaac Eiland-Hall, concerning the website "GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990.com". Eiland-Hall created the site as a parody to express the view that Beck's commentary style challenged his guests to prove a negative. The site's name was based on a joke first used by comedian Gilbert Gottfried at the 2008 Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget, in which Gottfried jokingly implored listeners to disregard the (non-existent) rumor that Saget had raped and murdered a girl in 1990. Online posters began an Internet meme comparing Gottfried's joke with Beck's style of debate, by requesting Beck disprove he had committed the act in question. Eiland-Hall launched his website on September 1, 2009. Beck filed a complaint to the WIPO under the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), arguing the domain name of the website was defamatory and asserted trademark infringement in its use of his name. Eiland-Hall filed a response brief to WIPO which cited the U.S. Supreme Court case Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, asserting the website's domain name was a form of free speech and satirical political humor. Beck made a supplemental filing in the case arguing the domain name was misleading and might lead individuals to believe it contained factual information. Eiland-Hall filed a surreply and stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts. On October 29, 2009, WIPO ruled against Beck, concluding that Eiland-Hall was making a political statement through parody in a justified usage of the Glenn Beck mark. Commentators noted Beck's actions led to a Streisand effect; his suit against the website drew increased attention to it. Representatives of Public Citizen, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Citizen Media Law Project were all of the opinion that Beck's trademark argument in his complaint against the website was ridiculous. The assistant director of the Citizen Media Law Project applauded WIPO's decision, saying, "It's good to see that this WIPO arbitrator had no interest in allowing Beck to circumvent the guarantees of the U.S. Constitution." Beck's representative declined comment to PC Magazine about the conclusion of the case. Lawyers for Beck did not respond to a request from National Public Radio for a comment about the WIPO ruling.

text:
# Beck v. Eiland-Hall

***Beck v. Eiland-Hall*** was a case filed in 2009 before the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a United Nations agency. It was filed by political commentator Glenn Beck against Isaac Eiland-Hall, concerning the website "GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990.com". Eiland-Hall created the site as a parody to express the view that Beck's commentary style challenged his guests to prove a negative. The site's name was based on a joke first used by comedian Gilbert Gottfried at the 2008 Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget, in which Gottfried jokingly implored listeners to disregard the (non-existent) rumor that Saget had raped and murdered a girl in 1990. Online posters began an Internet meme comparing Gottfried's joke with Beck's style of debate, by requesting Beck disprove he had committed the act in question. Eiland-Hall launched his website on September 1, 2009.

Beck filed a complaint to the WIPO under the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), arguing the domain name of the website was defamatory and asserted trademark infringement in its use of his name. Eiland-Hall filed a response brief to WIPO which cited the U.S. Supreme Court case *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell*, asserting the website's domain name was a form of free speech and satirical political humor.

Beck made a supplemental filing in the case arguing the domain name was misleading and might lead individuals to believe it contained factual information. Eiland-Hall filed a surreply and stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts. On October 29, 2009, WIPO ruled against Beck, concluding that Eiland-Hall was making a political statement through parody in a justified usage of the Glenn Beck mark.

Commentators noted Beck's actions led to a Streisand effect; his suit against the website drew increased attention to it. Representatives of Public Citizen, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Citizen Media Law Project were all of the opinion that Beck's trademark argument in his complaint against the website was ridiculous. The assistant director of the Citizen Media Law Project applauded WIPO's decision, saying, "It's good to see that this WIPO arbitrator had no interest in allowing Beck to circumvent the guarantees of the U.S. Constitution." Beck's representative declined comment to *PC Magazine* about the conclusion of the case. Lawyers for Beck did not respond to a request from National Public Radio for a comment about the WIPO ruling.

## History

### Background

#### Gilbert Gottfried joke

Gilbert Gottfried was a featured comedian at the *Comedy Central Roast* of Bob Saget which first aired on August 16, 2008. At Saget's roast, Gottfried jokingly begged listeners to disregard the (nonexistent) rumor that his fellow comedian "raped and killed a girl in 1990". Gottfried repeatedly warned the audience at the roast not to spread the rumor, which did not exist before the comedian's speech. The audience in attendance at the *Comedy Central Roast* were both shocked and amused by the preposterous nature of Gottfried's joke which seemed more ludicrous each time he repeated it.

#### Internet meme

On August 31, 2009, a post on the Internet discussion community Fark applied Gottfried's joke to Glenn Beck. Online posters compared the Internet meme to Beck's style of arguing, requesting that Beck disprove that he had committed the act in question. The meme spread to social-media websites, including Encyclopedia Dramatica, Reddit, Yahoo!, Answers.com, YouTube, Twitter and Digg.com. A variation of the Googlebomb technique was used, in which Google provided "Glenn Beck murder" as a search suggestion in a query for "Glenn Beck".

Isaac Eiland-Hall, a 34-year-old computer science student in Panama City, Florida, saw the discussion on Fark using the Gottfried joke on Beck and created a website, GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990.com, intending it as a parody of Beck's style of political commentary. He chose not to identify with the WHOIS service and decided to remain anonymous. Eiland-Hall used the domain name registrar Namecheap for his site. It was launched on September 1, 2009, and received over 120,000 page views during its first 24 hours. The website asserted that it did not believe the charges were true. Eiland-Hall wrote on the site that those furthering the meme were asserting that Beck used a similar strategy to promote his opinions and increase his viewership.

The webpage originally displayed a small text disclaimer at the bottom, stating that the site was satirical. Eiland-Hall later placed two prominent disclaimers at the top of the page, which identified it as parody. The disclaimer at the top of the website's main page stated its entire contents was parody, and included a link to a larger disclaimer at the bottom of the page. The site criticized Beck's tactic of challenging those he opposes to prove a negative. Eiland-Hall told *Politics Daily* that after reading the initial thread at Fark which started the meme, he came to the conclusion that for those involved online participation in its propagation was a form of catharsis. He explained in an interview with *Ars Technica* that it was a means of utilizing Beck's strategies to criticize him and a way to focus exasperation around Beck's style of commentary into action. Eiland-Hall's website inspired copycat parodies.

### Litigation

By September 3, 2009, attorneys representing Mercury Radio Arts, Glenn Beck's media company, had requested that the domain registrar of Eiland-Hall's website delete the site. Beck's lawyers characterized the site's location as libelous. They demanded that the domain registrar revoke the WhoisGuard privacy-protection service for the website, and turn over contact information for the then-anonymous Eiland-Hall. The registrar, NameCheap, refused. On September 4, 2009, Beck's lawyers sent another letter to the domain registrar, repeating their requests and noting that they had read the website's contents and were therefore aware from statements posted to the site that its operator had been notified by the registrar.

Their second letter to NameCheap observed that the site was still operational on September 4, 2009, in spite of their prior requests on behalf of Beck. The domain registrar changed the name server of the website without telling Eiland-Hall; after contacting the registrar, he was permitted to return to his original name server. In an interview with *Gawker* on September 9, 2009, Eiland-Hall remarked that Beck's attorneys contacted the registrar of the domain, his hosting provider, as well as the company which housed the servers for his website. He noted that the hosting provider informed him they would not cooperate with the requests from Beck's lawyers unless they received a court order.

#### WIPO complaint

In September 2009, lawyers for Beck and Mercury Radio Arts filed a complaint with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) under the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) against the privacy service for Eiland-Hall's website. WIPO is a Switzerland-based agency of the United Nations. The rules of WIPO's Arbitration and Mediation Center were created by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The privacy service for the website revealed the identity of the site's owner in response to Beck's complaint.

The complaint stated that Eiland-Hall was trying to distort perceptions about the purpose and derivation of the site. Beck argued that the domain name of the website could be confused with his trademark, "Glenn Beck". The complaint described the website's domain name as libelous claiming that it encroached upon Beck's legally registered claim of his name. Beck did not claim libel or defamation in the complaint, focusing on the legal issue of trademark. The complaint asserted that the website itself contained factually inaccurate information, was unauthorized and defamatory, and that it was highly probable it would create uncertainty among Beck's potential customers.

Beck's complaint asserted that the domain name of the website was an example of bad-faith registration. It argued that Eiland-Hall had no legitimate interest in, or right to, the website's domain name. As of September 2009 Beck was in the process of trademarking the use of his name for "goods and services", including the usage of "Glenn Beck" on merchandise.

#### Eiland-Hall response

Eiland-Hall retained First Amendment rights lawyer Marc Randazza to represent him. According to Randazza, Eiland-Hall sought legal representation after he was contacted with legal requests from lawyers representing Beck. On September 28, 2009, Randazza filed a 17-page response brief on behalf of his client, asserting that the website's domain name was a form of protected political speech and satirical political humor. According to Randazza, the website was used for satirical purposes and its owner was not attempting to profit from it. Randazza wrote that an individual would have to be a pathetic idiot to come under the impression that his client's website was directly affiliated with Beck, contending that the website's domain name could not be confused with the "Glenn Beck" trademark except to "a moron in a hurry".

Randazza asserted that Beck had insufficiently demonstrated trademark rights to his name, "Glenn Beck", and claimed that Beck was actually trying to have the website taken down because he did not appreciate the criticism through satire which parodied Beck's own techniques. He argued that Eiland-Hall had legitimate rights to his website's domain name because of its use to criticize Beck using political satire and as part of the Internet meme which had begun on the Fark website.

The brief gave a short history of Internet phenomena, including video parodies of the German film *Downfall*, memes based on the film *300*, "Hitler Hates Kanye West", "All your base are belong to us", "Mr. Spock Ate My Balls", and the gerbil story involving Richard Gere.

Randazza traced the website's origin, explaining the internet meme's roots in Gilbert Gottfried's joke. He then spelled out the root comedic intent of Eiland-Hall's website, in an explanation he termed the *humor equation*:

(Outrageous Accusation) + (Celebrity) + (Question Why the Celebrity Does Not Deny the Accusation) = (Confirmation of the Falsity of the Accusation + Laughter)

The Eiland-Hall response brief cited a clip of Beck interviewing United States Congressman Keith Ellison, a Muslim from Minnesota. Beck had stated to U.S. Representative Ellison, "No offense and I know Muslims, I like Muslims, I've been to mosques, I really don't think Islam is a religion of evil. I think it's being hijacked, quite frankly. With that being said, you are a Democrat. You are saying let's cut and run. And I have to tell you, I have been nervous about this interview because what I feel like saying is, sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies. And I know you’re not. I’m not accusing you of being an enemy. But that’s the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way." It was argued that this was an example of Beck's interview style in which he challenged his guests to prove a negative. Randazza concluded Beck's rhetorical style was similar to Gottfried's, simply devoid of comedic intent.

Randazza's argument compared the case to the Supreme Court of the United States case *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell*. Randazza wrote that Beck was attempting to evade the First Amendment to the United States Constitution by filing the legal process with an agency of the United Nations instead of in a U.S. court. In the legal brief, Randazza pointed out that Beck's action of going to the WIPO in an attempt to get the website taken down was in contradiction to his prior statements saying he preferred United States law over international law.

On September 29, 2009, Randazza requested that Beck voluntarily ask that the First Amendment be applied to the arbitration case, despite its international setting. Randazza made this request because Beck's political commentary favored the United States Constitution over international law. Randazza's September 29, 2009 letter to Beck's attorneys cited statements by Beck in which he indicated he preferred United States law over international law. Beck had said, "Once we sign our rights over to international law, the Constitution is officially dead." Randazza's letter concluded: "I am certain that neither party wishes to see First Amendment rights subordinated to international trademark principles, thus unwittingly proving Mr. Beck's point. Lest this case become an example of international law causing damage to the constitutional rights that both of our clients hold dear, I respectfully request that your client agree to stipulate to the application of American constitutional law to this case."

On October 8, 2009, Randazza was interviewed about the case on the WPRR radio program, *Declaring Independence*. He explained why Beck did not file a libel lawsuit in the United States. He pointed out that because Beck was a public figure he had to prove a legal standard referred to as actual malice, and show that Eiland-Hall knew his assertions were inaccurate. He explained that this did not apply to Eiland-Hall's website even if it was knowingly inaccurate, because the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in *Hustler Magazine v. Falwell* that no proof is needed for an absurd statement made in the context of satire.

#### Supplemental filing and surreply

Beck submitted a supplemental filing in the case on October 13, 2009. In the supplemental filing, his attorneys argued that the joke of the Eiland-Hall website was not obvious; therefore, the website's domain name was misleading. The filing asserted: "While there is absolutely nothing humorous or amusing about the statement made by Respondent in his domain name that 'Glenn Beck Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990,' the average Internet user finding the domain name GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlin1990.com ("Disputed Domain Name") in a search would have no reason not to believe that they will be directed to a website providing factual information (as opposed to protected criticism or similar protected speech) about Mr. Beck."

On October 20, 2009, Eiland-Hall filed a surreply in response to Beck's supplemental filing. Eiland-Hall asserted in the surreply that Beck was the butt of a viral joke which was protected speech even if it was not perceived as comedic in nature by the subject. He stated Beck had depreciated the value of the First Amendment by attempting to evade its reach in a legal proceeding outside U.S. courts.

#### WIPO ruling

On October 29, 2009, the WIPO ruled against Glenn Beck in the case. For Beck to have prevailed in the case, the WIPO court would have had to have ruled in Beck's favor on three issues: that the domain name could be mistaken for the mark "Glenn Beck"; that Eiland-Hall did not have a justifiable stake in the name, and that the domain name was "bad faith". On the first point, WIPO arbitrator Frederick M. Abbott ruled that the domain name could be confused with the "Glenn Beck" mark. On the issue of profit from Beck's mark WIPO ruled that there had not been substantial commercial activity to warrant this particular claim. Abbott was the sole arbitrator on the WIPO panel.

Abbott concluded that Eiland-Hall had legitimate interests in the website's name for purposes of political satire in the form of comedic parody. Abbott did not draw a conclusion on the third point, noting that it was unlikely that Beck would have prevailed on the "bad faith" issue. Abbott wrote that the determination of whether the website is defamatory would not be an issue for WIPO. Instead, the WIPO limited the case's scope to a determination of whether the website registrant had engaged in "abusive domain name registration and use".

### Eiland-Hall gives domain to Beck

On November 6, 2009, Eiland-Hall wrote to Beck, giving him control of the domain free of charge, and providing Beck with its username and password. Eiland-Hall wrote that he had made his point, and the act of filing the complaint exacerbated the situation for the complainant. Eiland-Hall explained his rationale for giving away the domain name, citing his desire to protect the applicability of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution had been satisfied.

*Techdirt* reported on November 6, 2009, that GlennBeckRapedAndMurderedAYoungGirlIn1990.com was a dead site; by November 10 the domain name was registered to Beck's company, Mercury Radio Arts. In a notice posted to one of his other websites, Eiland-Hall wished Beck (then suffering from appendicitis) well, and characterized the conclusion of the case as a success. In a post on his blog, Eiland-Hall's lawyer Marc Randazza described the case as a victory for freedom of speech.

Beck did not respond to Eiland-Hall's letter, and Beck's representative declined comment to *PC Magazine* about the conclusion of the case. Lawyers for Beck did not respond to a request for comment about the WIPO ruling from *National Public Radio*.

## Commentary

### Complaint and response

Electronic Frontier Foundation attorney Corynne McSherry and Paul Levy of Public Citizen commented on the case to *Ars Technica*, calling Beck's trademark claim before the WIPO ridiculous. The Citizen Media Law Project agreed with this assessment. Levy noted that domain names, in and of themselves, could be seen as defamatory; however, the statement in the domain name would have to be deemed both false and malicious. Levy and McSherry thought that the filing may have been to ascertain Eiland-Hall's identity, which was anonymous prior to the complaint. McSherry couldn't recall a prior case where an individual asserted a domain name was libelous. Jack Bremer of *The First Post* wrote that the attempt by Beck's lawyers arguing the domain name of the website was itself defamatory had likely never occurred before in the field of information technology law.

Media commentators, including Paul Schmelzer of the *Minnesota Independent*, Andy Carvin of National Public Radio, and Andrew Allemann of *Domain Name Wire*, considered Randazza's legal brief entertainingly written. Writing for *Bostonist*, Rick Sawyer called Randazza's legal brief very funny and considered him among the uproariously amusing wordsmiths in North Shore, Massachusetts. Eriq Gardner of *Adweek* noted that the case had strategic import for the field of politics, referring to Beck's style of commentary as exemplified in the interview with Congressman Keith Ellison. Chris Matyszczyk of *CNET News* commented on the legal issues of the case; he asked whether it should hold to U.S. law as it involved two citizens, and additionally wondered if Beck was asserting trademark over his full name or his individual first and last names as well. Ed Brayton of *ScienceBlogs* called Randazza's request that Beck stipulate to United States law intellectually creative. *Daily Kos* pointed out the inherent hypocrisy in Beck's legal position of seeking redress in an international agency when compared to his prior statements criticizing foreign law in favor of U.S. law.

### Streisand effect

Commentators analyzed Beck's actions with respect to the "Streisand effect". Jim Emerson of the *Chicago Sun-Times* commented that the website's disclaimer was not enough to dissuade attorneys representing Beck from attempting to have the site removed, which triggered the Streisand effect and backfired against their client. Jeffrey Weiss of *Politics Daily* wrote that by taking legal action, Beck achieved the one impact he did not desire, namely garnering more attention for Eiland-Hall's website. John Cook of *Gawker* noted Beck's attempts to remove the site from the Internet helped assure it would become noteworthy because of his actions.

Mike Masnick wrote about the case on *Techdirt*, commenting on the effect of Beck's actions on the meme's spread. He observed in retrospect it would have been advantageous for Beck to have simply done nothing rather than encourage the meme as a byproduct of his attempts to remove it from the Internet. Masnick pointed out that Beck's actions provided legitimacy to the meme's noteworthiness. Steffen Schmidt wrote of Beck's predicament in a *Des Moines Register* article: "Mr. Beck has quite a task ahead of him. Shutting down one web site is like trying to eradicate *Pueraria lobata* the dreaded Kudzu vine that is eating the South." Citizen Media Law Project observed Beck had exacerbated the situation by intimating legal tactics against Eiland-Hall, which served to increase the popularity of the meme and coverage of it among blogs.

## Impact

At the conclusion of the WIPO case Glynnis MacNicol of *Mediaite* commented that those afforded freedom of speech guaranteed by the First Amendment — including Glenn Beck — must allow for an Internet environment with the same rights given to everyone. Brayton of *ScienceBlogs* pointed out that Beck and his lawyers never replied to Randazza's request for all parties to stipulate to the U.S. Constitution and the First Amendment in the case. Brayton observed that this was irrelevant as Beck's case was weak even when examined under the standards of the UN agency. Of Eiland-Hall's decision to turn the domain over to Beck after the conclusion of the case he commented that this was a wise strategic move. Monica Hesse of *The Washington Post* remarked upon the conclusion of the case that the division between what is considered libel and satire was murky, and asked whether this determination was more difficult to make on the Internet where speech can be amplified by others.

Wendy Davis of *Online Media Daily* commented on the potential impact of the case, and observed it was a victory for proponents of Internet rights. Davis pointed out a judgment for Beck would have enabled additional WIPO cases from individuals who were the focus of satire on the web, as a way for those people to avoid judgment in U.S. courts which adhere to First Amendment case law. John Cook of *Gawker* called Eiland-Hall's decision to turn the domain name over to Beck an optimal end to the affair which emphasized the ridiculousness of Beck's actions. Citizen Media Law Project assistant director Sam Bayard applauded WIPO's decision, noting, "It's good to see that this WIPO arbitrator had no interest in allowing Beck to circumvent the guarantees of the U.S. Constitution."

*The Washington Post* columnist Dana Milbank wrote in his 2010 book *Tears of a Clown*, that Beck had been baited by Eiland-Hall to confirm the importance of the United Nations. Alexander Zaitchik came to a similar conclusion in his 2010 book *Common Nonsense*, and pointed out the discrepancy between Beck's criticism of the United Nations as part of a New World Order with Beck's subsequent reliance upon the WIPO where he chose to file the case. The case was cited by Jude A. Thomas in a 2011 article published in the *John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law*. In a discussion of the conflicts between freedom of speech and trademark, Thomas noted that panels of the UDRP have concluded website operators had fair use over domain names even in cases where the name in question was exactly the same as that trademarked by the individual filing the complaint to the WIPO.

## Footnotes

1. Bayard, Sam (November 6, 2009). "Glenn Beck's UDRP Complaint Gets The Smack Down". *Citizen Media Law Project*. www.citmedialaw.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
2. Gottfried, Gilbert (August 16, 2008). "Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget". *Comedy Central*. Viacom.
3. Weiss, Jeffrey (September 17, 2009). "The 'Glenn Beck as Murderer' Meme: Vaccine or Infection?". *Politics Daily*. AOL News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
4. Hesslam, Jessica (October 2, 2009). "Bay State lawyer takes on FOX yakker". *Boston Herald*. Boston Herald and Herald Media. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
5. Manes, Billy; Bob Whitby (October 7, 2009). "Happytown". *Orlando Weekly*. www.orlandoweekly.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
6. Carvin, Andy (October 2, 2009). "Glenn Beck Internet Meme Gets Ugly". *National Public Radio*. www.npr.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
7. Anderson, Nate (September 9, 2009). "Can a mere domain name be defamation? Glenn Beck says yes". *Ars Technica*. Condé Nast Publications. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
8. Davis, Wendy (September 30, 2009). "Glenn Beck Urges Parody Site Be Shut Down". *MediaPost News: Online Media Daily*. MediaPost Communications. Archived from the original on 2009-10-04. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
9. Emerson, Jim (October 2, 2009). "All Your Beck Are Belong To Us". *Scanners*. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
10. Quigley, Robert (September 3, 2009). "Anti-Beck Backlash Hits Nauseating Extreme with "Murder and Rape" Meme (UPDATED THRICE)". Mediaite. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
11. Ogino, Christopher (November 10, 2009). "Useless government?". *The State Press*. Arizona State University. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
12. Gardner, Eriq (September 29, 2009). "Glenn Beck Satire Site Fights Back". *Adweek*. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
13. Citizen Media Law Project staff (September 11, 2009). "Will Glenn Beck Sue a Defamatory Website in 2009?". *Citizen Media Law Project*. www.citmedialaw.org. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
14. Sarlin, Benjamin (November 12, 2009). "The Man Who Beat Glenn Beck". *The Daily Beast*. RTST, INC. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
15. Citizen Media Law Project staff (September 28, 2009). "Beck v. Eiland-Hall". *Citizen Media Law Project*. www.citmedialaw.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
16. Anderson, Nate (September 30, 2009). "Memes strike back: Gerbils, gay blood elves, and Glenn Beck". *Ars Technica*. Condé Nast Publications. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
17. Matyszczyk, Chris (October 24, 2009). "Glenn Beck's legal action against site that parodies, um, Glenn Beck". *CNET News*. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
18. Emerson, Jim (September 11, 2009). "Teaching the controversy". *Scanners*. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2009-09-15. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
19. Bremer, Jack (September 11, 2009). "Fox's Glenn Beck fights 'rape and murder' website". *The First Post*. Dennis Publishing. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
20. Webster, Stephen C. (November 10, 2009). "Glenn Beck publicly shamed by satirist after losing domain battle". *The Raw Story*. rawstory.com. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
21. Cook, John (September 9, 2009). "Glenn Beck, PR Genius, Spreads the False Rumor He Raped and Murdered a Young Girl in 1990". *Gawker*. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
22. Schmidt, Steffen (October 5, 2009). "Media Meme's and Glenn Beck – Truth or Lies?". *Des Moines Register*. The Des Moines Register. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
23. Hamilton, David (September 9, 2009). "TV Host Glenn Beck to Take Legal Action Against Nasty Domain". *Web Host Industry Review*. www.thewhir.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
24. Schmelzer, Paul (October 7, 2009). "Glenn Beck appeals to international body to shut down satirical site". *Minnesota Independent*. Center for Independent Media. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
25. Allemann, Andrew (October 1, 2009). "Hot off Press: Domain Owner Responds to Glenn Beck". *Domain Name Wire*. domainnamewire.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
26. MacQueen, Hector L.; Charlotte Waelde; Graeme T. Laurie (2007). *Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy*. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 742. ISBN 978-0-19-926339-4.
27. Sawyer, Rick (September 30, 2009). "Gloucester Lawyer Defends Satirical Glenn Beck Website". *Bostonist*. Gothamist. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
28. Brayton, Ed (October 5, 2009). "Beck Tries to Kill Parody Website". *ScienceBlogs*. Seed Media Group. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
29. Brayton, Ed (October 6, 2009). "Brilliant Response to Beck Case". *ScienceBlogs*. Seed Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
30. Sawyer, Rick (October 1, 2009). "Today in Randazza's Zings: Glenn Beck, Why Do You Hate America?". *Bostonist*. Gothamist. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
31. Brayton, Ed (October 8, 2009). "Radio Show Preview 10-8-09". *ScienceBlogs*. Seed Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
32. Brayton, Ed (October 8, 2009). "Interview with Marc Randazza". *Declaring Independence*. Grand Rapids, Michigan: WPRR.
33. Hamilton, David (October 21, 2009). "Glenn Beck Accuses Nasty Domain Of Misleading Visitors". *Web Host Industry Review*. www.thewhir.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
34. Sawyer, Rick (October 21, 2009). "Randazza Strikes Again: Glenn Beck is "the Butt"". *Bostonist*. Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
35. World Intellectual Property Organization (October 29, 2009). "Administrative Panel Decision; Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland-Hall; Case No. D2009-1182" (PDF). *Citizen Media Law Project*. www.citmedialaw.org. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
36. Albanesius, Chloe (November 6, 2009). "WIPO Rules in Favor of Glenn Beck Parody Site". *PC Magazine*. www.pcmag.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
37. Allemann, Andrew (November 6, 2009). "Glenn Beck Loses Domain Dispute Over Meme Site". *Domain Name Wire*. domainnamewire.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
38. Kuznia, Rob (November 10, 2009). "Glenn Beck Loses Suit Over Controversial Domain Name". *HispanicBusiness.com*. Hispanic Business Inc. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
39. Techdirt staff (November 6, 2009). "Glenn Beck Not Allowed To Rape And Murder An Internet Meme". *Techdirt*. www.techdirt.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
40. Allemann, Andrew (November 6, 2009). "After Winning Case, Man Hands Domain Name to Glenn Beck". *Domain Name Wire*. domainnamewire.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
41. Carvin, Andy (November 10, 2009). "Glenn Beck Loses Domain Name Dispute". *National Public Radio*. www.npr.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
42. Hudson, John (November 10, 2009). "Glenn Beck vs. The Internet". *The Atlantic Wire*. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
43. Anderson, Nate (November 9, 2009). "Glenn Beck loses domain dispute, still ends up with domain". *Techdirt*. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
44. Randazza, Marc (November 6, 2009). "Glenn Beck's Attempt to Rape and Murder Free Speech in 2009 — Thwarted". *The Legal Satyricon*. Archived from the original on 9 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
45. Pardon, Rhett (November 7, 2009). "Domain Owner Says He'll Give URL to Glenn Beck". *XBIZ*. www.xbiznewswire.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
46. "Beck Destroyed after efforts to get rid of site parodying him". *Daily Kos*. Kos Media, LLC. October 6, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
47. Masnick, Michael (September 8, 2009). "Glenn Beck Didn't Rape And Murder Anyone... But He Doesn't Want Websites Discussing It". *Techdirt*. www.techdirt.com. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
48. "Glenn Beck Introduced to the Streisand Effect". FoxNewsBoycott.com. September 10, 2009. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
49. Eadie, William F. (2009). *21st Century Communication: A Reference Handbook*. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4129-5030-5.
50. MacNicol, Glynnis (November 10, 2009). "Glenn Beck Loses Lawsuit Over 'Murder And Rape' Website". *Mediaite*. www.mediaite.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
51. Brayton, Ed (November 9, 2009). "Beck Loses Domain Dispute — But Gets Web Site". *ScienceBlogs*. Seed Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-11-11. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
52. Hesse, Monica (November 11, 2009). "The Web Hostess: Site wins case against Glenn Beck". *The Washington Post*. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
53. Davis, Wendy (November 6, 2009). "Arguing With An Idiot: Glenn Beck's Lawsuit Against Parody Site Rejected". *Online Media Daily*. MediaPost Publications. Archived from the original on 2009-11-12. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
54. Cook, John (November 9, 2009). "Glenn Beck Meets Internet, Loses". *Gawker*. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
55. Milbank, Dana (2010). *Tears of a Clown*. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53388-1. OCLC 502029796. Having made his point — and, as a bonus, having lured Beck into acknowledging the authority of the United Nations — the satirist let Beck have the domain name.
56. Zaitchik, Alexander (2010). *Common Nonsense*. Wiley. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-470-55739-6. He describes the United Nations as part of the New World Order threat to American sovereignty, but when Beck wanted a satirical Web site banished from the Internet, he immediately ran squealing to the UN's World Intellectual Property Organization, knowing he would lose in a U.S. Court committed to the First Amendment.
57. Thomas, Jude A. (Fall 2011). "Fifteen Years of Fame: The Declining Relevance of Domain Names in the Enduring Conflict Between Trademark and Free Speech Rights". *John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law*. **11** (1). Chicago, Illinois: John Marshall Law School (Chicago). Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland-Hall, WIPO Case No. D2009-1182 (Oct. 29. 2009) (finding fair use of the domain name \<glennbeckrapedandmurderedayounggirlin1990.com\> because Respondent's domain name used Complainant's trademark "in a manner that does not use more of the mark than is necessary and does not create confusion as to Complainant's sponsorship of Respondent's activities") ...

## InfoBox

| Beck v. Eiland-Hall | |
| --- | --- |
| WIPO headquarters in Geneva | |
| Court | World Intellectual Property Organization |
| Full case name | *Mercury Radio Arts, Inc. and Glenn Beck v. Isaac Eiland-Hall* |
| Decided | October 29, 2009 |
| Citation | WIPO Case No. D2009-1182 |
| Transcript | Beck v. Eiland-Hall |
| Court membership | |
| Judge sitting | Frederick M. Abbott (arbitrator) |
| Case opinions | |
| Complaint denied. | |
| Keywords | |
| Defamation, Freedom of speech, Parody, Political satire, Satire, Trademark | |


title: Ricardo Macías Picavea

abstract: Ricardo Macías Picavea was a writer and reformer.

text:
# Ricardo Macías Picavea

**Ricardo Macías Picavea** (June 17, 1847 – May 11, 1899) was a writer and reformer.

## Life

Ricardo Macías Picavea was born in Santoña, Cantabria, Spain on June 17, 1847. He received a Bachelor of Arts in 1863 in Valladolid. He then went on to study law and philosophy at the Universities of Madrid and Valladolid, but stopped due to disagreements with the universities. In 1874, Macías Picavea became an institute professor in Latin and geography, and received his Ph.D. in 1876. He resided in Valladolid for the rest of his life, and died there on May 11, 1899.

## Works

In addition to the works below, Macías Picavea wrote many newspaper articles to support democratic ideals.

* *La instrucción pública en España y sus reformas* (Public Education in Spain and Its Reform; 1882)
* *El problema nacional: hechos, causas y remedios* (The National Problem: Events, Causes and Solutions; 1891)
* *Tierra de campos* (Land of Fields; 1892 novel)

* "Macías Picavea, Ricardo" by Eugene Del Vecchio in *Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula*


title: Rhythm, Salt and Pepper

abstract: Rhythm, Salt and Pepper is a 1951 Argentine musical comedy film directed by Carlos Torres Ríos and starring Lolita Torres, Ricardo Passano and María Esther Gamas.

text:
# Rhythm, Salt and Pepper

**Rhythm, Salt and Pepper** (Spanish:***Ritmo, sal y pimienta***) is a 1951 Argentine musical comedy film directed by Carlos Torres Ríos and starring Lolita Torres, Ricardo Passano and María Esther Gamas.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Rhythm, Salt and Pepper | |
| --- | --- |
| Ricardo Passano and Lolita Torres | |
| Directed by | Carlos Torres Ríos |
| Written by | Ricardo Lorenzo
Julio Porter |
| Produced by | Enrique Carreras |
| Starring | Lolita Torres
Ricardo Passano
María Esther Gamas |
| Cinematography | Julio C. Lavera |
| Edited by | José Cardella |
| Music by | Ramón Zarzoso |
| Production
company | General Belgrano |
| Release date | * 7 February 1951 (1951-02-07) |
| Running time | 88 minutes |
| Country | Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Beautiful (Taylor Dayne song)

abstract: "Beautiful" is a single released by Taylor Dayne in late 2007 as the lead single from her 5th studio album Satisfied. In the spring of 2008 the single reached number 1 on the US Dance chart becoming her third song to reach the peak position. The song is written by Taylor Dayne and Hitesh Ceon of production team Element, and produced by Hitesh Ceon and Richie Jones.

text:
# Beautiful (Taylor Dayne song)

***"Beautiful"*** is a single released by Taylor Dayne in late 2007 as the lead single from her 5th studio album Satisfied. In the spring of 2008 the single reached number 1 on the US Dance chart becoming her third song to reach the peak position. The song is written by Taylor Dayne and Hitesh Ceon of production team Element, and produced by Hitesh Ceon and Richie Jones.

## Charts

### Weekly charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*) | 1 |
| US Adult Contemporary (*Billboard*) | 23 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2008) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| US Dance Club Songs (*Billboard*) | 46 |

## InfoBox

| "Beautiful" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Taylor Dayne | |
| from the album  *Satisfied* | |
| B-side | "Tell It to My Heart (2008 version) |
| Released | December 11, 2007 |
| Genre | Soul |
| Length | 3:49 |
| Label | Adrenaline |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Taylor Dayne singles chronology | |
| "Naked Without You"
(1999) "**Beautiful**"
(2007) "My Heart Can't Change"
(2008) | |
|  | |
| Audio video | |
| "Beautiful" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Behind the Shadows

abstract: Behind the Shadows is the second studio album by Moravian (Czech) folk metal band Silent Stream of Godless Elegy, released on 22 April 1998 by Redblack. The songs on the album are sung in English.

text:
# Behind the Shadows

***Behind the Shadows*** is the second studio album by Moravian (Czech) folk metal band Silent Stream of Godless Elegy, released on 22 April 1998 by Redblack. The songs on the album are sung in English.

## Track listing

1. "Wizard" – 4:13
2. "Garden" – 4:40
3. "The Last Place" – 4:53
4. "Old Women's Dance" – 3:15
5. "When Sun Rises for the Last Time" – 2:29
6. "Summoning of the Muse" – 5:00 (originally performed by Dead Can Dance)
7. "Ghost" – 4:41
8. "Embrace Beyond" – 2:00
9. "Black Tunnel" – 5:12
10. "Shadow" – 4:43
11. "Cantara" – 5:41 (originally performed by Dead Can Dance)
12. "I Come and Stand at Every Door" – 3:34 (bonus track, performed by This Mortal Coil with lyrics from a poem by Nazım Hikmet))

## InfoBox

| Behind the Shadows | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Silent Stream of Godless Elegy | |
| Released | 22 April 1998 |
| Recorded | January–February 1998 |
| Genre | Folk metal
Doom metal |
| Length | 51:24 |
| Label | Redblack |
| Producer | Petr "Blackie" Hošek & Silent Stream of Godless Elegy |
| Silent Stream of Godless Elegy chronology | |
| *Iron*
(1996) ***Behind the Shadows***
(1998) *Themes*
(2000) | |


title: Behind the Screen

abstract: Behind the Screen is a 1916 American silent short comedy film written by, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin, and also starring Eric Campbell and Edna Purviance. The film is in the public domain.

text:
# Behind the Screen

***Behind the Screen*** is a 1916 American silent short comedy film written by, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin, and also starring Eric Campbell and Edna Purviance. The film is in the public domain.

## Plot

The film takes place in a silent movie studio. Charlie Chaplin plays stagehand named David who has an enormous supervisor named Goliath (Eric Campbell). David is overworked but is still labelled as a loafer by the lazy Goliath and his supervisor. A country girl (Edna Purviance) arrives at the studio in hopes of becoming an actress, but is quickly turned away by Goliath. Most of the other stagehands go on wildcat strike to protest their sleep being interrupted during their lunch break. Only David and Goliath remain on the job. The girl returns and stealthily dresses in one of the striking stagehand's work clothes. Disguised as a man, she gets a job as a stagehand too. David discovers that the new stagehand is actually a female. When he gives her a series of quick kisses, the action is seen by Goliath who makes effeminate gestures at David. Edna overhears the strikers' plans to blow up the studio with dynamite and helps thwart their villainous plot.

Much of the film is slapstick comedy involving Chaplin manhandling large props, mishandling the control to a trap door, and engaging in a raucous pie-throwing fight which spills over into another studio where a period drama is being shot. In one scene Chaplin deftly carries 11 chairs over his back in his left hand and lifts a piano in his right hand.

## Cast

## Production

*Behind the Screen* was the last of Chaplin's comedies to use a movie studio as a backdrop. Earlier Chaplin films, such as *A Film Johnnie*, *His New Job*, and *The Masquerader* had also been set, at least partly, in a silent movie studio. In *Behind the Screen*, Chaplin pokes gentle fun at Keystone Studios where he broke into the movies in 1914 and worked under contract for Mack Sennett for a year. The pie-throwing sequence is an obvious allusion to the Keystone style of slapstick comedies where such skirmishes were overly common. One intertitle humorously refers to the pie-throwing gimmick as "a new idea."

## References in documentaries

The 1983 documentary series *Unknown Chaplin* revealed previously unseen footage from this movie, including an alternate take where Purviance's character is shown playing a harp; an outtake in which Edna, playing the guitar, starts laughing (the documentary supports the belief that Purviance and Chaplin were romantically involved at the time); and several takes of a sequence in which Chaplin's character narrowly misses having his feet chopped off by an axe (accomplished by filming the scene backwards) - this sequence was never used in the final film.

The 1995 documentary *The Celluloid Closet* draws attention to the scene where Chaplin's character - after learning that Purviance's character is really a woman - kisses her while on the set; at this point, a male stagehand enters and, thinking that Chaplin has kissed a man, starts acting in an overtly effeminate way until Chaplin kicks him.

## Review

A reviewer for *Variety* penned, "The latest Charlie Chaplin release is a two-reeler that is to be classed with one of the best laugh-producers that the world's champion high-priced film comic has done for Mutual. Most of the stunts might be classed with the earlier and most successful type of work pulled by Chaplin. Yet not once does he have possession of the bamboo cane nor does he wear that humpty-dumpty derby. The action, which in no case drags, takes place presumably on the floor of a film studio with a large chance for fun with the numerous props."

By contrast, The Moving Picture World gave a less-than-enthusiastic review: " While this Chaplin effort will doubtless evoke much laughter from a certain class of audience, it is not one to be strongly recommended. There is throughout a distinct vein of vulgarity which is unnecessary, even in slapstick comedy. A great deal of comedy is intended to be extracted from a pie slinging episode which occurs during the rehearsal of a couple of scenes in a moving picture studio. The funniest part of the comedy occurs during the manipulation of a trap door in one of the scenes by Chaplin. All of the action takes place in a moving picture studio."

## Sound version

In 1932, Amedee Van Beuren of Van Beuren Studios, purchased Chaplin's Mutual comedies for $10,000 each, added music by Gene Rodemich and Winston Sharples and sound effects, and re-released them through RKO Radio Pictures. Chaplin had no legal recourse to stop the RKO release.

1. *The Celluloid Closet*, DVD documentary (1995); Kenneth S. Lynn, *Chaplin: His Life and Times* (2003).
2. New York, Chalmers Publishing Company (December 1916). *Moving Picture World (Oct-Dec 1916)*. Media History Digital Library. New York, Chalmers Publishing Company.
3. SilentComedians entry Archived 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Behind the Screen | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster to *Behind the Screen* | |
| Directed by | Charlie Chaplin
Edward Brewer (technical director) |
| Written by | Charlie Chaplin
Vincent Bryan
Maverick Terrell |
| Produced by | Henry P. Caulfield |
| Starring | Charlie Chaplin
Edna Purviance
Eric Campbell |
| Cinematography | Roland Totheroh
George C. Zalibra |
| Edited by | Charlie Chaplin |
| Distributed by | Mutual Film Corporation |
| Release date | * November 13, 1916 (1916-11-13) |
| Running time | 23 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Richard Gildart

abstract: Richard Gildart was an English merchant from Liverpool who was engaged in the slave trade. He was Mayor of Liverpool three times, 1714, 1731, 1736 and Member of Parliament for Liverpool from 1734 to 1754. Richard was the son of James Geldart and Elizabeth Sweeting of Middleham, Yorkshire. He moved to Liverpool in the 1690s, becoming a freeman of Liverpool Corporation on November 2, 1697. About 1707 he married Ann Johnson, daughter of Thomas Johnson (1664-1729), a prominent Liverpool businessman involved in the tobacco trade. He was a founding member of the African Company of Merchants in 1752, and also was elected to their executive committee in 1758.

text:
# Richard Gildart

**Richard Gildart** (1673– 25 January 1770) was an English merchant from Liverpool who was engaged in the slave trade. He was Mayor of Liverpool three times, 1714, 1731, 1736 and Member of Parliament for Liverpool from 1734 to 1754.

Richard was the son of James Geldart and Elizabeth Sweeting of Middleham, Yorkshire. He moved to Liverpool in the 1690s, becoming a freeman of Liverpool Corporation on November 2, 1697. About 1707 he married Ann Johnson, daughter of Thomas Johnson (1664-1729), a prominent Liverpool businessman involved in the tobacco trade.

He was a founding member of the African Company of Merchants in 1752, and also was elected to their executive committee in 1758.


title: Riccal Rural District

abstract:
Riccal was a rural district in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England from 1894 to 1935. It was formed in 1894 from that part of the Selby rural sanitary district which was in the East Riding. The rural district contained eight civil parishes:
  - Barlby
  - Cliffe cum Lund
  - Kelfield
  - North Duffield
  - Osgodby
  - Riccall
  - South Duffield
  - Skipwith In 1935, under a County Review Order made under the Local Government Act 1929, it was abolished, and mostly became part of a new Derwent Rural District, with a small part going to Howden Rural District.

text:
# Riccal Rural District

**Riccal** was a rural district in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England from 1894 to 1935.

It was formed in 1894 from that part of the Selby rural sanitary district which was in the East Riding (the rest in the West Riding, going on to form Selby Rural District).

The rural district contained eight civil parishes:

In 1935, under a County Review Order made under the Local Government Act 1929, it was abolished, and mostly became part of a new Derwent Rural District, with a small part going to Howden Rural District.

53°50′13″N 1°03′04″W / 53.837°N 1.051°W / 53.837; -1.051


title: Belkonak, Kaş

abstract: Belkonak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kaş, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 42 (2022).

text:
# Belkonak, Kaş

**Belkonak** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kaş, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 42 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Belkonak | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| BelkonakLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 36°18′N 29°47′E / 36.300°N 29.783°E / 36.300; 29.783 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Antalya |
| District | Kaş |
| Population (2022) | 42 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |