title: Sixth Happiness

abstract: Sixth Happiness is a 1997 British drama film directed by Indian director Waris Hussein. It is based on the 1991 autobiography of Firdaus Kanga, entitled Trying to Grow. Kanga plays a fictionalized version of himself in the film, which involves themes about Britain, India, race and sex. Sixth Happiness also features performances from Souad Faress, Nina Wadia, Indira Varma, and Meera Syal.

text:
# Sixth Happiness

***Sixth Happiness*** is a 1997 British drama film directed by Indian director Waris Hussein. It is based on the 1991 autobiography of Firdaus Kanga, entitled *Trying to Grow*. Kanga plays a fictionalized version of himself in the film, which involves themes about Britain, India, race and sex. *Sixth Happiness* also features performances from Souad Faress, Nina Wadia, Indira Varma, and Meera Syal.

## Plot

*Sixth Happiness* is about Brit, a boy born with brittle bones who never grows taller than four feet, and his sexual awakening as family life crumbles around him. The story begins in the early 1960s in the Parsee community of Mumbai. Parsees, descendants of the Persian empire, settled in western India after escaping an Islamic invasion in Persia in the seventh century. Under the Raj, Parsees had a close relationship with the British. Brit is named by his mother after his brittle bone condition and in tribute to her love of Britain.

Brit's family is non-stereotypical: his parents are ardent Anglophiles with fond memories of the Raj and World War II. While Brit's mother accepts her son unconditionally, his father has a harder time coming to terms with his disability. As Brit matures into adulthood, he becomes aware of his attraction to other men. This is exacerbated with the visit of Cyrus, a handsome young lodger who comes to stay with the Kotwal family.

## Cast

## Critical reception

David Noh of *Film Journal International* gave a positive review, writing "What could easily have been a maudlin exercise a la TV-Movie Disease-of-the-Week is lightened throughout by a highly observant comic take on this eccentric, quick-witted family and their even more colorful neighbors." He added, "Veteran director Hussein (*The Possession of Joel Delaney*, *Quackser Fortune Has a Cousin in the Bronx*) obviously loves these characters and fully shares that love with the audience. James Welland's rich-hued photography makes the most of both interiors and gorgeous Bombay settings."

Lawrence Van Gelder of *The New York Times* wrote, "Presented without sentiment, Brit is no angel. He can be manipulative and selfish as well as perceptive and funny. And as Mr. Kanga and Mr. Hussein know, these qualities make him human and very much worth knowing." *Time Out* was also positive, writing: "This adaptation conveys the book's joie de vivre and most particularly its gloriously non-PC take on the subject. Kanga wrote the screenplay, plays the lead and also does pieces to camera commenting on the action. Astonishingly, he pulls off all three with aplomb, assisted by a strong cast – notably Souad Faress as his mother. Waris Hussein's direction uses some interesting tricks without being tricksy. A witty film: perspicacious and generous in its gaze."

In contrast, Dennis Harvey of *Variety* gave a critical review in which he said the film's mix of drama and comedy does not cohere. He wrote, "Though story sports plenty of complications, script and direction downplay melodramatic potential and pathos in favor of a quirky, humorously anecdotal approach. Unfortunately, \[the filmmakers\] seldom carry it off."

## InfoBox

| Sixth Happiness | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Waris Hussein |
| Written by | Firdaus Kanga |
| Based on | *Trying to Grow*
by Firdaus Kanga |
| Produced by | Tatiana Kennedy |
| Starring | Firdaus Kanga
Souad Faress
Khodus Wadia
Nina Wadia
Ahsen Bhatti |
| Cinematography | James Welland |
| Edited by | Laurence Méry-Clark |
| Music by | Dominique Le Gendre |
| Production
companies | Arts Council of England
BBC Films
British Film Institute
Kennedy Mellor |
| Distributed by | Regent Releasing
Dreamfactory
Mongrel Media
here! Films |
| Release dates | * 4 October 1997 (1997-10-04) (Mill Valley) * 2 October 1998 (1998-10-02) (London) |
| Running time | 97 minutes |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Bennett's Meadow Bridge

abstract: The Route 10 bridge, also known as Bennett's Meadow Bridge is a 215.5-metre (707 ft) steel stringer bridge crossing the Connecticut River in the town of Northfield, Massachusetts. The bridge carries state highway Route 10 and was built in 1969.

text:
# Bennett's Meadow Bridge

The **Route 10 bridge**, also known as **Bennett's Meadow Bridge** is a 215.5-metre (707 ft) steel stringer bridge crossing the Connecticut River in the town of Northfield, Massachusetts. The bridge carries state highway Route 10 and was built in 1969.

## History

The town of Northfield first authorized a bridge at or near the site of the current bridge in 1810. The bridge was built by a private corporation with the town holding stock. The new bridge was destroyed in a flood after only a few years. A horse boat ferry, known as Bennett's Meadow Ferry, replaced the river crossing. In 1897, the state legislature authorized Franklin County to construct a second bridge at or near the site of the ferry at a cost not to exceed $35,000. The new bridge was designed by Edward Shaw of Boston and was opened to traffic in 1899. The bridge was one of the first bridges erected by a then novel method without the use of false works that has since become standard procedure. The 1899 bridge was later demolished and a third bridge (the current bridge) was constructed just south of the former bridge, resulting also in the slight realignment of the highway.

* Bridge Inventory Record on NationalBridges.com.
* Massachusetts Historical Commission, Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth (1982). *MHC Reconnaissance Survey Town Report, Northfield* (PDF). Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

| Route 10 Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Coordinates | 42°41′00″N 72°28′18″W / 42.68333°N 72.47167°W / 42.68333; -72.47167 |
| Carries | Route 10 |
| Crosses | Connecticut River |
| Locale | Northfield, Franklin County, Massachusetts |
| Maintained by | MassHighway |
| ID number | N2200412EMHDNBI |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | Steel stringer/multi-beam or girder |
| Material | Steel (and concrete) |
| Total length | 215.5 metres (707.0 ft) |
| Width | 13.4 metres (44.0 ft) |
| No. of spans | 3 |
| Load limit | 57.5 Metric Tons |
| History | |
| Opened | 1969 |
| Statistics | |
| Daily traffic | 4,267 (2002) |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Bear River, Minnesota

abstract: Bear River is an unincorporated community in Itasca and Saint Louis counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Bear River is at the intersection of County Road 22 and County Road 916, 24 miles west of Cook and 31 miles east of Effie. It is partly in Morcom Township in Saint Louis County, and partly in Bearville Township in Itasca County. The Bear River, a tributary of the Sturgeon River, flows through the community. Saint Louis County Highway 5 and Minnesota State Highway 65 are both nearby, as are the communities of Togo, Celina, and Side Lake. Bear River is the home town of the Minnesota Twins mascot TC Bear.

text:
# Bear River, Minnesota

**Bear River** is an unincorporated community in Itasca and Saint Louis counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Bear River is at the intersection of County Road 22 and County Road 916 (Saint Louis–Itasca Judicial Road), 24 miles west of Cook and 31 miles east of Effie. It is partly in Morcom Township in Saint Louis County, and partly in Bearville Township in Itasca County.

The Bear River, a tributary of the Sturgeon River, flows through the community.

Saint Louis County Highway 5 and Minnesota State Highway 65 are both nearby, as are the communities of Togo, Celina, and Side Lake.

Bear River is the home town of the Minnesota Twins mascot TC Bear.

* Rand McNally Road Atlas – 2007 edition – Minnesota entry
* Official State of Minnesota Highway Map – 2011/2012 edition
* Mn/DOT map of Itasca County – Sheet 3 – 2011 edition
* Mn/DOT map of Saint Louis County – Sheet 3 – 2011 edition

## InfoBox

| Bear River | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Bear RiverLocation of the community of Bear River<br>within MinnesotaBear RiverBear River (the United States) | |
| Coordinates: 47°46′40″N 93°04′59″W / 47.77778°N 93.08306°W / 47.77778; -93.08306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Minnesota |
| County | Itasca and Saint Louis |
| Township | Bearville Township and Morcom Township |
| Elevation | 1,283 ft (391 m) |
| Population | |
| Total | 10 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 55723 |
| Area code | 218 |
| GNIS feature ID | 660745 |


title: Billbergia euphemiae

abstract: Billbergia euphemiae is a plant species in the genus Billbergia. This species is native to Brazil.

text:
# Billbergia euphemiae

***Billbergia euphemiae*** is a plant species in the genus *Billbergia*. This species is native to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* *Billbergia* 'Eipperii'
* *Billbergia* 'Joyous'
* *Billbergia* 'Violet Queen'

* Martinelli, Gustavo; Vieira, Cláudia Magalhães; Gonzalez, Marcos; Leitman, Paula; Piratininga, Andréa; Costa, Andrea Ferreira da; Forzza, Rafaela Campostrini (January 2008). "Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação" \[Bromeliaceae of the brazilian Atlantic Forest: checklist, distribution and conservation\]. *Rodriguésia* (in Brazilian Portuguese). **59** (1): 209–258. doi:10.1590/2175-7860200859114. JSTOR 23499386.
* BSI Cultivar Registry Retrieved 11 October 2009

## InfoBox

| *Billbergia euphemiae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Billbergia* |
| Species: | ***B. euphemiae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia euphemiae***<br>E.Morren | |
|


title: Dudley Community

abstract: Dudley Community is an alternative to Harvard College's 12 Houses. The Dudley Community serves nonresident undergraduate students, visiting undergraduate students, and undergraduates living in the Dudley Co-op. In 2019, the Dudley Community was formed, reflecting the administrative split between the undergraduate and graduate programs that were under Dudley House since 1991. Affiliated undergraduates have access to Dudley Community advisers, programs, intramural athletics, and organized social events. Dudley Community administrative offices are currently housed in two suites in 10 DeWolfe St in Cambridge after moving from Lehman Hall. Lehman Hall now houses the student center for the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science.

text:
# Dudley Community

**Dudley Community** (formerly called Dudley House) is an alternative to Harvard College's 12 Houses. The Dudley Community serves nonresident undergraduate students, visiting undergraduate students, and undergraduates living in the Dudley Co-op. In 2019, the Dudley Community was formed, reflecting the administrative split between the undergraduate and graduate programs that were under Dudley House since 1991. Affiliated undergraduates have access to Dudley Community advisers, programs, intramural athletics, and organized social events. Dudley Community administrative offices are currently housed in two suites in 10 DeWolfe St in Cambridge after moving from Lehman Hall. Lehman Hall (formerly called Dudley House) now houses the student center for the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science.

## History

A decentralized commuter center was established in 1935 called Dudley Hall, named after the former Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony Thomas Dudley. Coinciding with the founding of the Dudley Co-operative Society (Dudley Co-op)—Harvard's off-campus cooperative housing dormitory—it was renamed Dudley House and officially became part of the Harvard House system in 1958. It moved from Dunster Street to the Ambassador Hotel on Cambridge Street in 1963. Dudley House consolidated operations and moved to Lehman Hall in the southwest corner of Harvard Yard in 1967. In Fall 2019, the newly renamed Dudley Community moved to the 2nd Floor of 10 DeWolfe St.

In 1961, the Dudley House dining hall was the first at Harvard to go coeducational, which was an experiment that paved the way for the university's eventual merger with Radcliffe College.

## Lehman Hall

Lehman Hall is a Georgian-revival building by Charles Coolidge completed in 1925 as part of Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell's program to "cloister" Harvard Yard. The building occupies the site on which the second, third, and fourth meetinghouses (1650, 1706, 1752) of The First Parish in Cambridge had been built. The site became Harvard property in 1833. Named for donor Arthur Lehman (1873–1936) and his wife Adele, its exterior "is a modified example of the early New England counting house."

In keeping with its original function as the home of Harvard's Bursar's Office – for part of which time it was known as "The Counting House" – its "heroic parade of pilasters, a bit overblown admittedly, \[are\] doubtless intended to mark the principal frontispiece, as Lehman is, of Yard to \[Harvard\] Square" (as Shand-Tucci put it). Its "main chamber reaches practically the entire height of the building, is finished in delicately modeled cream plaster ... an extraordinarily light, cheerily simple room. A balcony reaches about part of its upper circumference." Bainbridge Bunting wrote that its "public function is announced by an architectural frontispiece of giant pilasters and arched windows repeated on both major elevations. The building's mass also is sufficient to announce its official role and to define the triangular open space on its east side, although the pilasters are out of scale with other buildings in the Yard." The plaza immediately in front of its Yard-facing elevation once had a sculpture by Henry Moore.

## InfoBox

| Dudley Community | |
| --- | --- |
| Nonresidential House | |
| Harvard University | |
| Dudley Co-op | |
| Shield | |
| Location | 10 DeWolfe Street, Cambridge MA |
| Established | 1935 |
| Named for | Thomas Dudley |
| Sister college | Silliman College |
| Dean | Laura Chivers |
| HoCo chairs | David Sabot |
| Website | dudley.harvard.edu |


title: Pines Theater

abstract: The Pines Theater is a historic movie theater located in Lufkin, Texas. Built in 1925, it was designed by architect Shirley Simons and/or W. P. Berry in Moderne style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The City of Lufkin purchased the theater in 2007. The City has undertaken extensive restoration efforts on the theater from 2009 to 2012.

text:
# Pines Theater

The **Pines Theater** is a historic movie theater located in Lufkin, Texas. Built in 1925, it was designed by architect Shirley Simons and/or W. P. Berry in Moderne style.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The City of Lufkin purchased the theater in 2007. The City has undertaken extensive restoration efforts on the theater from 2009 to 2012.

Media related to Pines Theatre at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pines Theater | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Pines Theatre in 2011 | |
| Pines TheatrePines Theatre | |
| Location | 113 First St., South, Lufkin, Texas |
| Coordinates | 31°20′18″N 94°43′43″W / 31.33833°N 94.72861°W / 31.33833; -94.72861 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1925 (1925) |
| Architect | W.P. Berry |
| Architectural style | Moderne |
| MPS | Angelina County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 88002767 |
| Added to NRHP | December 22, 1988 |


title: Pinesdale, Montana

abstract: Pinesdale is a town in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. The population was 805 at the 2020 census. The town was incorporated in 1980. It was settled in the early 1960s by fundamentalist Mormons, who selected its secluded location for the privacy.

text:
# Pinesdale, Montana

**Pinesdale** is a town in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. The population was 805 at the 2020 census.

The town was incorporated in 1980. It was settled in the early 1960s by fundamentalist Mormons, who selected its secluded location for the privacy.

## Geography

Pinesdale is located at 46°20′3″N 114°13′22″W / 46.33417°N 114.22278°W / 46.33417; -114.22278 (46.334272, -114.222895).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.30 square miles (3.37 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1990 | 670 |  |  |
| 2000 | 742 |  | 10.7% |
| 2010 | 917 |  | 23.6% |
| 2020 | 805 |  | −12.2% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 917 people, 178 households, and 163 families living in the town. The population density was 705.4 inhabitants per square mile (272.4/km2). There were 194 housing units at an average density of 149.2 per square mile (57.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.6% White, 0.3% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.4% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population.

There were 178 households, of which 74.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 8.4% were non-families. 8.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.15 and the average family size was 5.44.

The median age in the town was 16.1 years. 55.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 10.5% were from 45 to 64; and 4.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 742 people, 139 households, and 128 families living in the town. The population density was 567.0 inhabitants per square mile (218.9/km2). There were 149 housing units at an average density of 113.9 per square mile (44.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.71% White, 0.13% Native American, and 2.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.96% of the population.

There were 139 households, out of which 72.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 34.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 7.9% were non-families. 7.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.34 and the average family size was 5.66.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 59.7% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 15.2% from 25 to 44, 9.3% from 45 to 64, and 3.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 15 years. For every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,528, and the median income for a family was $27,361. Males had a median income of $23,333 versus $17,857 for females. The per capita income for the town was $5,051. About 31.1% of families and 35.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.8% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

## Religion

The majority of the residents of Pinesdale are members of the Apostolic United Brethren. The community once included Alex Joseph, who later became the first Libertarian mayor in the United States.

## InfoBox

| Pinesdale, Montana | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Pinesdale, Montana | |
| Coordinates: 46°20′3″N 114°13′22″W / 46.33417°N 114.22278°W / 46.33417; -114.22278 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Montana |
| County | Ravalli |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.30 sq mi (3.36 km2) |
| Land | 1.30 sq mi (3.36 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,970 ft (1,210 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 805 |
| Density | 621.14/sq mi (239.74/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-6 (MDT) |
| ZIP code | 59841 |
| Area code | 406 |
| FIPS code | 30-57700 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0794602 |


title: Drosicha corpulenta

abstract: Drosicha corpulenta is a species of giant scale insect in the family Monophlebidae, in the superfamily Coccoidea. It is native to eastern Asia where it feeds on a range of trees, shrubs and non-woody plants.

text:
# Drosicha corpulenta

***Drosicha corpulenta*** is a species of giant scale insect in the family Monophlebidae, in the superfamily Coccoidea. It is native to eastern Asia where it feeds on a range of trees, shrubs and non-woody plants.

## Description

The adult female grows to a length of about 16 mm (0.6 in) and a width of about 7 mm (0.3 in). The antennae and legs are black while the body colour is brown. The insect is covered with a white, cottony waxy substance which is densest on the underside. The male is very different in appearance; he is much smaller, has a pair of long feathery antennae, two compound eyes, no mouth and a pair of functional wings.

## Distribution

*D. corpulenta* is native to eastern Asia. Its range includes Khabarovsk Krai and Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East, the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Nei Monggol, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xingiang Uygur, Xizang, Yunnan and Zhejiang, as well as Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea and South Korea.

## Hosts

Like other scale insects, nymphs and adult females of *D. corpulenta* feed by sucking sap from the host plant. This species has been found feeding on plants in 30 genera in 22 families. These include a number of useful and ornamental trees and shrubs including *Amelanchier asiatica*, *Malus prunifolia*, *Malus pumila*, *Prunus persica*, *Pseudocydonia sinensis*, *Sorbaria sorbifolia*, *Spiraea japonica*, *Castanea sativa*, *Castanopsis cuspidata*, *Lithocarpus glaber*, *Quercus acuta*, *Quercus dentata*, *Quercus mongolica*, *Quercus serrata*, *Acer barbinerve*, *Acer mono*, *Malvaviscus arboreus*, *Ficus carica* and *Cornus officinalis*.

## Life cycle

Very few males are seen in contrast with the large numbers of females that infest the host trees. When the females are fully mature, they descend to the ground and lay their eggs in the leaf litter. In Japan there is a single generation each year, with both male and female adults emerging in April and May, and egg deposition occurring a month later.

## InfoBox

| *Drosicha corpulenta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Adult male | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Sternorrhyncha |
| Family: | Monophlebidae |
| Genus: | *Drosicha* |
| Species: | ***D. corpulenta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Drosicha corpulenta***<br>(Kuwana, 1902) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Drosicha corplenta* Shi, 1991 * *Warajicoccus corpulenta* Kuwana, 1922 * *Monophlebus corpulenta* Kuwana, 1902 * *Drosicha corpulenta* Cockerell, 1902 | |


title: Duke Tobin

abstract: Duke Tobin is the director of player personnel for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played in the Arena Football League (AFL) for the Orlando Predators in 1994 and Memphis Pharaohs in 1995. He played college football at Illinois & Colorado. Tobin was named the Bengals' director of player personnel in 1999, where he acts as the de facto general manager. His father Bill Tobin and uncle Vince Tobin have both had numerous jobs with the NFL.

text:
# Duke Tobin

**Duke Tobin** (born September 15, 1970) is the director of player personnel for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played in the Arena Football League (AFL) for the Orlando Predators in 1994 and Memphis Pharaohs in 1995. He played college football at Illinois & Colorado.

Tobin was named the Bengals' director of player personnel in 1999, where he acts as the de facto general manager. His father Bill Tobin and uncle Vince Tobin have both had numerous jobs with the NFL.

## InfoBox

Duke Tobin
| Cincinnati Bengals | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Director of player personnel |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1970-09-15) September 15, 1970 |
| Career information | |
| College: | Colorado |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
|  | |
| As an executive: | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career Arena statistics | |
| TDs–INTs: 9–7  Passing yards: 678 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **ArenaFan.com** | |
|  | |


title: Dryandra subg. Diplophragma

abstract: Dryandra subg. Diplophragma is an obsolete subgenus within the former genus Dryandra. It was first published by Robert Brown in 1830, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.

text:
# Dryandra subg. Diplophragma

***Dryandra* subg. *Diplophragma*** is an obsolete subgenus within the former genus *Dryandra* (now *Banksia* ser. *Dryandra*). It was first published by Robert Brown in 1830, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank *Dryandra* into *Banksia*.

## According to Brown

*Diplographma* was first published by Brown in his 1830 *Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae*. Brown's arrangement divided *Dryandra* into three groups according to what Brown perceived to be variations in the number of seed separators. He allowed for these groups to be treated at subgenus or section rank, but they are now treated as having been published as sections.

*D.* sect. *Diplophragma* was defined as containing a single species, *D. bipinnatifida* (now *Banksia bipinnatifida*), which Brown thought contained two seed separators. The epithet *Diplophragma* is from the Greek *diplo* ("two") and *phragma* ("barrier"). It is not clear how Brown came to believe that this species has two seed separators, as it actually has none.

The placement and circumscription of *D.* sect. *Diplophragma* in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows:

***Dryandra*** (now *B.* ser. *Dryandra*) *Dryandra verae* (18 species) ***D.* sect. *Diplophragma*** *D. bipinnatifida* (now *B. bipinnatifida*) *D.* sect. *Aphragma* (4 species) *Hemiclidia* (1 species)

## According to Meissner

In 1856, Carl Meissner published a revision of *Dryandra*. He retained all three of Brown's sections, but added bipinnatifid leaves (that is, leaves that are divided into lobes that are themselves divided) to the defining characters of *D.* sect. *Diplophragma*, and included in it the species *D. preissii* (now *Banksia acuminata*), which had been published in 1845. The placement and circumscription of *D.* sect. *Diplophragma* in Meissner's arrangement thus looks like this:

***Dryandra*** (now *Banksia* ser. *Dryandra*) *D.* sect. *Eudryandra* (8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties) ***D.* sect. *Diplophragma*** *D. bipinnatifida* (now *B. bipinnatifida*) *D. Preissii* (now *B. acuminata*) *D.* sect. *Aphragma* (4 species, 4 varieties) *Hemiclidia* (1 species)

## According to Bentham

Along with many of Meissner's infrageneric taxa, which were overly reliant on leaf characters, Bentham discarded *D.* sect. *Diplophragma* in his 1870 arrangement. Despite having seen only a few seeds, he correctly observed that the characteristics of the fruit upon which Brown based the section were not constant:

> "\[I\]n the few seeds that I have been able to examine, the separation of the integument from the nucleus when not consolidated with the corresponding integument of the other seed has not appeared to me to be at all constant. The whole question requires further investigation on the part of those who may have a sufficient supply of good fruits of the several species."

Bentham also recognised that the two species placed in *D.* sect. *Diplophragma* by Meissner are not closely related; he placed *D. bipinnatifida* in *D.* sect. *Aphragma*, and *D. preissii* in *D.* sect. *Eudryandra* ser. *Niveae*.

## According to George

When Alex George published his revision of *Dryandra* in 1996, he recognised that *D. bipinatifida* possessed a number of very distinctive characters, especially in its fruiting structure. These include unusually large follicles and seeds; seeds that are set within the seed wings rather than along the base or one side; and unusual double wings that are attached to each side of the seed. In addition, the species has extremely long involucral bracts, and floral bracts that enlarge more than any other species. Recognising the need for this species to be placed in its own subgenus, George resurrected *Diplophragma*, promoting it to subgenus rank as *D.* subg. *Diplophragma*.

The placement and circumscription of *D.* subg. *Diplophragma* in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows:

***Dryandra*** (now *Banksia* ser. *Dryandra*) *D.* ser. *Dryandra* (24 series, 91 species, 39 subspecies, 23 varieties) *D.* ser. *Hemiclidia* (2 species) ***D.* subg. *Diplophragma*** *D. bipinnatifida* (now *Banksia bipinnatifida*)

## Recent developments

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of *Banksia* with respect to *Dryandra*; that is, it seems that *Dryandra* arose from within the ranks of *Banksia*. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of *Banksia* by sinking *Dryandra* into it as *B.* ser. *Dryandra*. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of *Dryandra*; thus *D.* subg. *Diplophragma* is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of *Dryandra* is complete.


title: Pittosporum lancifolium

abstract: Pittosporum lancifolium, known as the narrow-leaved orange thorn or sticky orange thorn, is a shrub or tree growing in eastern Australia. Often found at altitudes above 500 metres above sea level; from Mallanganee National Park in New South Wales in the south to Yarraman in south east Queensland in the north. Usually found in association with the Hoop Pine on the drier types of rainforest on soils enriched by basalt. The specific epithet lancifolium refers to the lance shaped leaves.

text:
# Pittosporum lancifolium

***Pittosporum lancifolium***, known as the **narrow-leaved orange thorn** or **sticky orange thorn**, is a shrub or tree growing in eastern Australia. Often found at altitudes above 500 metres above sea level; from Mallanganee National Park in New South Wales in the south to Yarraman in south east Queensland in the north.

Usually found in association with the Hoop Pine on the drier types of rainforest on soils enriched by basalt. The specific epithet *lancifolium* refers to the lance shaped leaves.

## Description

Usually a bush in the under-storey, however larger specimens can achieve a height of 25 metres and as stem diameter of 30 cm. When large, it is a crooked tree with a wide spreading crown.

The trunk is without buttresses, usually cylindrical in shape. Bark is grey or cream, scaly and with corky protuberances. Small branches are thin, with notable leaf scars.

Leaves are alternate on the stem, thin and without teeth, lanceolate or elliptical in shape, 2 to 5 cm long and 0.5 to 2 cm wide. Hairless and showing oil dots. The leaf stalk is 2 mm long. The leaf tip may be blunt or have a short prickle.

Sweet smelling yellow-green flowers form in ones or twos on short stalks from September to October. The fruit is a purple berry, with a hooked style at the top. 9 to 14 seeds grow within the sticky pulp. The globular fruit is 5 to 7 mm in diameter and it matures from March to August. Regeneration is from cuttings or fresh seeds.

## InfoBox

| *Narrow-leaved orange thorn* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pittosporum* |
| Species: | ***P. lancifolium*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pittosporum lancifolium***<br>(F.M.Bailey) L.W.Cayzer, Crisp & I.Telford | |
|
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Pink dentex

abstract: The pink dentex is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, a family that includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the temperate and tropical waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

text:
# Pink dentex

The **pink dentex** (***Dentex gibbosus***) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, a family that includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the temperate and tropical waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Taxonomy

The pink dentex was first formally described in 1810 as *Sparus gibbosus* by the French naturalist and polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque with its type locality given as Sicily. The genus *Dentex* is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of *Fishes of the World*. Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Denticinae, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.

## Etymology

The pink dentex has the specific name *gibbosus* which means "humpbacked", a reference to the bulging foreheads of the large adults of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

The pink dentex is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Portugal in the north as far south as Angola, including Madeira, the Canary Islands and São Tomé and Príncipe. In the Mediterranean it is found throughout except for the northwestern part of the sea and the northern Adriatic Sea. It is found at depths between 20 and 220 m (66 and 722 ft) over substrates rock and rubble on the continental shelf. The juveniles occur near to the shore whereas the adults are found offshore close to the continental slope.

## Description

The pink dentex has an oval, rather elongate, laterally compressed body. In younger fish the dorsal profile of the head is smoothly convex but as the fish ages it develops an obvious hump on the front of the head. The mouth is set low and points slightly upwards and the jaws are roughly equal in length. Typical of the genus  *Dentex* there are several rows of canine-like teeth with outer row of teeth being the most robust and the 4 to 6 in the front of the jaws are the largest. The dorsal fin is supported by 12 spines and 10 or 11 soft rays, with the first 2 spines being very short with those behind them being very long and filamentous in juveniles and decreasing in height from the third spine rearwards. The anal fin is supported by 3 spines and between 7 and 9 soft rays. The first soft ray in the pelvic fins are filamentous. The overall colour is reddish with bluish silvery tints and paler on the ventral surfaces. There is a small black spot behind the rear end of the dorsal fin and a brownish black spot the origin of the pectoral fin. The upper corner of the operculum is dark and the soft rayed portion of the dorsal fin has 1 or two dark lines. The caudal fin is red, with a black margin. Larger specimens are frequently tinged darker red, with black spots on the head in males and greyish spots on the heads of females. The pink dentex has a maximum published fork length of 106 cm (42 in), although a total length of 60 cm (24 in)is more typical, and a maximum published weight of 16.4 kg (36 lb).

## Biology

The pink dentex is a predator which feeds on cephalopods, crustaceans and other fishes. This species has been reported as a rudimentary hermaphrodite, a protogynous hermaphrodite and a protandrous hermaphrodite from different areas in which it occurs. Spawning takes place between April and September.

## Fisheries

The pink dentax has very palatable flesh but is not subjected to intense commercial fisheries. It is common in fish markets in some areas such as Israel, although infrequent in markets in Sicily, Morocco and Greece. It is caught using fish traps, lines and bottom trawls. This species is also a game fish targeted by recreational anglers, the best areas for angling for pink dentex are the Balearic Islands, the Costa del Sol and the Tarifa area of Andalusia in Spain, Mediterranean France, Sardinia, Sicily and Naples in Italy, Montenegro and Morocco.

## InfoBox

| Pink dentex | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Spariformes |
| Family: | Sparidae |
| Genus: | *Dentex* |
| Species: | ***D. gibbosus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dentex gibbosus***
(Rafinesque, 1810) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sparus gibbosus*  Rafinesque, 1810 * *Dentex filosus*  Valenciennes, 1841 * *Cheimerius filosus*  (Valenciennes, 1841) | |


title: Platygyriella frahmii

abstract: Platygyriella frahmii is a species of moss from the genus Platygyriella. It was first described as Pylaisiella frahmii by W.R. Buck in 1993 and transferred to Platygyriella by T. Arikawa in 2004. It is found in Africa at an elevation of 2100 meters.

text:
# Platygyriella frahmii

***Platygyriella frahmii*** is a species of moss from the genus *Platygyriella*. It was first described as *Pylaisiella frahmii* by W.R. Buck in 1993 and transferred to *Platygyriella* by T. Arikawa in 2004. It is found in Africa at an elevation of 2100 meters.

## InfoBox

| *Platygyriella frahmii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Bryidae |
| Order: | Hypnales |
| Family: | Hypnaceae |
| Genus: | *Platygyriella* |
| Species: | ***P. frahmii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platygyriella frahmii***<br>(W.R.Buck) T.Arikawa | |
|


title: Pistol New Zealand

abstract:
Pistol New Zealand (PNZ) is the umbrella sporting federation of handgun shooting sports and clubs in New Zealand. Pistol New Zealand was formerly known as the New Zealand Pistol Association (NZPA). PNZ is affiliated with the following shooting sports:
  - Metallic silhouette under International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union
  - Practical shooting under International Practical Shooting Confederation
  - ISSF shooting events under International Shooting Sport Federation
  - Cowboy action shooting
  - Muzzle Loading under Muzzle Loaders Associations International Committee
  - Action shooting under Precision Pistol Competition The federation comprises over 80 clubs nationally.

text:
# Pistol New Zealand

**Pistol New Zealand (PNZ)** is the umbrella sporting federation of handgun shooting sports and clubs in New Zealand. Pistol New Zealand was formerly known as the New Zealand Pistol Association (NZPA). PNZ is affiliated with the following shooting sports:

The federation comprises over 80 clubs nationally.

1. "Pistol New Zealand – Pistol Clubs". *www.pistolnz.org.nz*. Archived from the original on 3 September 2003.

## InfoBox

Pistol New Zealand
|
|  |
| Formation | () |
| Parent organization | International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union, International Practical Shooting Confederation, International Shooting Sport Federation, Muzzle Loaders Associations International Committee, PPC 1500 |
| Website | pistolnz.org.nz |


abstract: Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich is a documentary of "Pistol" Pete Maravich. It first aired on CBS during the Final Four Tournament on April 1, 2001. It was produced by George Roy, written by Steven Stern, and narrated by Harry Connick, Jr. It is considered the most comprehensive documentary about Maravich ever produced.tage, plus a host of rare interviews, including Julius Erving, Les Robinson, and the camera-shy Jackie Maravich. Maravich biographer Wayne Federman is interviewed throughout and also served as a film consultant.

text:
# Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich

***Pistol Pete: The Life and Times of Pete Maravich*** is a documentary of "Pistol" Pete Maravich. It first aired on CBS during the Final Four Tournament on April 1, 2001. It was produced by George Roy, written by Steven Stern, and narrated by Harry Connick, Jr. It is considered the most comprehensive documentary about Maravich ever produced.tage, plus a host of rare interviews, including Julius Erving, Les Robinson, and the camera-shy Jackie Maravich. Maravich biographer Wayne Federman is interviewed throughout and also served as a film consultant.


title: Pisiffik

abstract: Pisiffik A/S is a chain of Greenlandic stores. The company is the largest privately owned commercial company in Greenland, and is a subsidiary jointly owned by NorgesGruppen, the Norwegian grocery wholesaling group, the Danish investment company KFI, and Greenland Venture, a state-owned investment firm.

text:
# Pisiffik

**Pisiffik A/S** is a chain of Greenlandic stores. The company is the largest privately owned commercial company in Greenland, and is a subsidiary jointly owned by NorgesGruppen, the Norwegian grocery wholesaling group, the Danish investment company KFI, and Greenland Venture, a state-owned investment firm.

## History

Pisiffik was first established in 1993 as KNI Pisiffik A/S, a subsidiary of Greenland's KNI conglomerate. Located in Greenland's larger towns, it was an experiment in running the stores without a government subsidy, while KNI Pilersuisoq continued to operate the more distant and less profitable outposts. The present Pisiffik A/S was spun off as a separate company in 2001 when Danish company Dagrofa bought Pisiffik as part of a privatization of parts of KNI. Dagrofa sold its shares to the current owners in 2015. In 2016, the headquarters were moved from Sisimiut to Nuuk.

## Operations

Pisiffik's approximately 40 stores are found in the six largest towns in Greenland: Aasiaat, Ilulissat, Maniitsoq, Nuuk, Qaqortoq, and Sisimiut.

### Brands

Pisiffik operates the following brands:

* Pisiffik - Supermarkets
* SPAR \- Grocery stores
* Akiki - Discount store
* Pisattat - Consumer electronics stores
* Torrak Fashion - Clothing stores
* JYSK \- Furniture stores
* Elgiganten \- Consumer electronics stores
* Nota Bene - Consumer electronics store in Nuuk
* ILVA \- Furniture store
* Sunset Boulevard - Fast-food restaurants
* SuKu - Home decor stores

Pisiffik also owns wholesaler KK Engros.

## InfoBox

Pisiffik A/S
|
|  |
| Company type | Aktieselskab |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | 2001 |
| Headquarters | Nuuk, Greenland |
| Area served | Greenland |
| Key people | Per Steen Larsen (CEO) |
| Revenue | DKK 925 million |
| Net income | DKK 51 million |
| Number of employees | 623650 |
| Subsidiaries | KK Engros |
| Website | pisiffik.gl |


title: Pisilus tipuliformis

abstract: Pisulus tipuliformis is a species of assassin bug in the subfamily Harpactorinae. The females of this species exhibit maternal care, and can distinguish their own eggs from other females of the same species.

text:
# Pisilus tipuliformis

***Pisulus tipuliformis*** is a species of assassin bug in the subfamily Harpactorinae. The females of this species exhibit maternal care, and can distinguish their own eggs from other females of the same species.

## Sources

* Parker, A. H. (March 1965). "The maternal behaviour of *Pisilus tipuliformis* Fabricius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)". *Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata*. **8** (1): 13–19. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1965.tb02337.x.

## InfoBox

| *Pisulus tipuliformis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Family: | Reduviidae |
| Subfamily: | Harpactorinae |
| Genus: | *Pisulus* |
| Species: | ***P. tipuliformis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pisulus tipuliformis***<br>Fabricius | |
|


title: Pisa Village

abstract: The Pisa Village was a humanitarian housing project in Italy partially completed by the American Red Cross (ARC) during World War I. The refugee situation following the Battle of Caporetto provoked an American concern of disorder and unrest. Members of the ARC commission sympathized with the Italian families who had become refugees, whilst others feared the disaster’s potential to create a "moral hazard to young girls" and the opportunity for socialism to take root. In late February 1918, B. Harvey Carroll, the U.S. consul in Venice, proposed that the ARC should construct a model village near Pisa for 15,000 Venetians. The plan was scaled down by the ARC to 2,000. The planned village included eighty concrete homes, offices, shops, a community kitchen, a church, workrooms, school, a hospital, and a concrete replica of the Piazza San Marco. The village was advertised separately to American and Italian audiences. For Italians, the ARC presented the village as a stable environment where families could support themselves through employment rather than charity. The ARC marketed the Pisa Village to Americans as a "modern American city". The designers followed contemporary notions of hygienic housing, reflecting the work of reformers of immigrant housing in the United States. Carroll and the ARC viewed the project both as a solution to the refugee crisis and as a "concrete example of what America can do when she bows her neck to it". The Pisa Village was envisioned as a testament to the ARC and United States' innovative approach to disaster relief, and as a model for Italians to follow. The sudden end of the war following the November 1918 Armistice meant the project was never fully completed despite the laudatory depictions within the IW Cross Magazine and Bulletin that implied otherwise. The village was turned over to the Italian Commission to the Ministry of War, to provide housing to wounded soldiers. Designed to venerate the United States' role in preserving Italian communities, the project was representative of the ARC and United States' increasingly international humanitarianism.

text:
# Pisa Village

The **Pisa Village** was a humanitarian housing project in Italy partially completed by the American Red Cross (ARC) during World War I.

The refugee situation following the Battle of Caporetto provoked an American concern of disorder and unrest. Members of the ARC commission sympathized with the Italian families who had become refugees, whilst others feared the disaster’s potential to create a "moral hazard to young girls" and the opportunity for socialism to take root. In late February 1918, B. Harvey Carroll, the U.S. consul in Venice, proposed that the ARC should construct a model village near Pisa for 15,000 Venetians.

The plan was scaled down by the ARC to 2,000. The planned village included eighty concrete homes, offices, shops, a community kitchen, a church, workrooms, school, a hospital, and a concrete replica of the Piazza San Marco.

The village was advertised separately to American and Italian audiences. For Italians, the ARC presented the village as a stable environment where families could support themselves through employment rather than charity. The ARC marketed the Pisa Village to Americans as a "modern American city". The designers followed contemporary notions of hygienic housing, reflecting the work of reformers of immigrant housing in the United States. Carroll and the ARC viewed the project both as a solution to the refugee crisis and as a "concrete example of what America can do when she bows her neck to it". The Pisa Village was envisioned as a testament to the ARC and United States' innovative approach to disaster relief, and as a model for Italians to follow.

The sudden end of the war following the November 1918 Armistice meant the project was never fully completed despite the laudatory depictions within the IW Cross Magazine and Bulletin that implied otherwise. The village was turned over to the Italian Commission to the Ministry of War, to provide housing to wounded soldiers. Designed to venerate the United States' role in preserving Italian communities, the project was representative of the ARC and United States' increasingly international humanitarianism.

### Footnotes

1. Irwin 2009, p. 424.
2. Irwin 2009, p. 425.
3. *Public Roads*. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1918. p. 21.
4. Irwin 2013, p. 134.
5. Irwin 2009, p. 426.

### Works cited

### Further reading

"East Oregonian (Pendleton, OR) 1888-current, September 04, 1918, DAILY EVENING EDITION, Page PAGE FOUR, Image 4 « Historic Oregon Newspapers". *oregonnews.uoregon.edu.* Retrieved 2020-07-24.


title: Place kick

abstract: The place kick is a type of kicking play commonly used in American football, association football (soccer), Canadian football, rugby league, and rugby union. It was historically used in Australian rules football, but it was phased out of the game more than 100 years ago.

text:
# Place kick

The **place kick** is a type of kicking play commonly used in American football, association football (soccer), Canadian football, rugby league, and rugby union. It was historically used in Australian rules football, but it was phased out of the game more than 100 years ago.

## Gridiron football

Place kicks are used in American football and Canadian football for kickoffs, extra points, and field goals. The place kick is one of the two most common forms of kick in gridiron-based football codes, along with the punt. The punt, however, cannot score points (except in Canadian football where it counts as a single). The place kick is the most common kick used in most indoor football games, including the former North American Arena Football League (AFL); punting was not legal in AFL play. A specialist player named the placekicker is generally the only member of the team who attempts place kicks, and is generally not used for any other role on the team. In the USA's National Football League teams, placekickers are generally able to successfully kick a field goal from at least 50 yards away, although kicks from 60 yards or beyond are rarely attempted or successful.

Place kicking typically involves placing the ball either directly on the turf, a mound of sand, a hole in the turf, or a plastic tee is sometimes used to keep the ball in position. A player called a holder is required to hold a ball upright during field goal and extra point attempts, as the ball is placed directly on the turf. When weather conditions prevent the ball from standing on its tee by itself, a holder can be used during kickoffs (although this is uncommon).

In most forms of gridiron football, a place kick during timed play that travels through the uprights is a field goal worth three points; on a free play following a touchdown, it is worth one point; most leagues (including the NFL) require the ball to be placed directly on the turf with a holder.

In a few indoor football leagues, a kickoff that travels through the uprights results in an award of one point, although this practice is becoming less common with the collapse of the AFL (formerly the largest indoor gridiron football league in the world).

In the comic strip *Peanuts*, Lucy frequently holds the football to allow Charlie Brown to place kick but invariably pulls it away at the last second, causing Charlie to fall on his back.

## Association football

Place kicks in association football are the corner kick, free kick, goal kick, kick-off and penalty kick.

## Rugby league

The place kick is commonly used in rugby league for kick offs and most kicks at goal (penalty goals and conversions).

The lack of a consistently successful place kicker in a team can be detrimental to a team. Anybody on the team can take a penalty or conversion kick although there is often a regular kicker. Sometimes teams will use different players to kick depending on what side of the field the kick is to be taken from.

### Place of kick

Kick offs are taken from the centre of the halfway line. A kick at goal from a penalty kick can be taken at any point along an imaginary line parallel to the touchline between the place the offence was marked by the referee and the kicker's goal line. Conversion attempts may be taken at any point along an imaginary line parallel to the touchline from where the try was scored.

### Placing the ball

Most kickers use some form of aid to allow them to strike a preferred part of the ball. Popular aids used include kicking tees and mounds of sand on which to place the ball. Players might also use their boot to mould the ground where the ball will be placed, making a divot behind the ball to allow greater access to the kicking foot.

Kickers attempt to position the ball in a way that allows them to kick the ball's "sweet spot". Kicking the sweet spot will result in the ball travelling further and is located about a third of the way up the ball.

### Kick

The most common kicking style is the round-the-corner kick, which tends to hook the ball to the left for a right footed kicker.

Kickers usually pace out their kick before taking it. This begins with the kicker standing over the ball with their feet in kicking positions. They then measure out a run up. When the ball is kicked, usually with the instep of the foot, the kicker will follow through with their swing.

Most of the top kickers can kick a goal from approximately 55m, or just inside their own half.

## Rugby union

In rugby union, the most common position for a goal kicker to play is fly-half as that position requires good kicking skills from hand. Slightly less commonly, the fullback will kick (another position which requires kicking from hand). If the goal kicker is neither of those two positions, the remaining three-quarter backs and scrum-half might kick. Goal kicking forwards are extremely rare, but not unknown, the most notable in recent years having been the Australian second row John Eales.

## Australian rules football

In the early decades of the sport of Australian rules football, place kicks were regularly used for taking set shots for goal after a mark or free kick, and occasionally for the purposes of kicking off after a behind. The use of a place kick in these circumstances was not required by the laws of the game, nor was it used universally, and many players preferred punts or drop kicks.

To execute with the oval ball, a divot would be created with the heel in the direction of the goal; the ball would be placed at a slight upward angle in the divot with its long axis pointed at the goal.

Place kicking was considered the longest and most accurate type of kick for a skilled practitioner, but more erratic than a punt for a player who was less adept. The laws allowed a player to place the ball for a place kick, take a run-up, and then regather the ball and play on instead of kicking it, in order to catch defenders off guard.

The use of place kicking declined rapidly from as early as the late 1910s, and it was considered a lost art by the late 1920s, partly due to the increased speed of the game and stoppages of the game to execute one. Aside from any of these time issues, another considerable factor in the eventual disappearance of the place kick was that the changes to the football's shape, design, and constituent materials  and, especially, according to ex-Melbourne player Les Rainey in the late 1930s, to a very significant reduction in the weight, the thickness of the soles, and robustness of the standard football boot. Rainey surmised that it had made the once-standard place kick, especially over longer distances, a far more difficult kick to execute.

Rarely, some players continued to use place kicks until as late as the 1950s, but the skill is entirely obsolete in serious modern football. There have been a couple of televised exceptions, but such uses were for comedic effect and are not attempted in professional football. For example, in the 1996 Centenary Legends Match, AFL Hall of Famer Don Scott performed a place kick in the general course of play; and, Patrick Cripps, playing in the pre-season 2019 AFLX Grand Final, performed a place kick from a set shot (with a holder in the gridiron football style), successfully making the goal.


title: Place identity

abstract: Place identity or place-based identity refers to a cluster of ideas about place and identity in the fields of geography, urban planning, urban design, landscape architecture, interior design, spatial design, environmental psychology, ecocriticism and urban sociology/ecological sociology. Place identity is sometimes called urban character, neighbourhood character or local character. Place identity has become a significant issue in the last 25 years in urban planning and design. Place identity concerns the meaning and significance of places for their inhabitants and users, and how these meanings contribute to individuals' conceptualizations of self. Place identity also relates to the context of modernity, history and the politics of representation. In other words, historical determinism, which intersects historical events, social spaces and groups by gender, class, ethnicity. In this way, it explores how spaces have evolved over time by exploring the social constructs through time and the development of space, place and power. To the same extent, the politics of representation is brought into context, as the making of place identity in a community also relates to the exclusion or inclusion in a community. Through this, some have argued that place identity has become an area for social change because it gives marginalized communities agency over their own spaces. In the same respect, it is argued that place identity has also been used to intervene social change and perpetuate oppression from a top-down approach by creating segregated spaces for marginalized communities.

text:
# Place identity

**Place identity** or **place-based identity** refers to a cluster of ideas about **place** and identity in the fields of geography, urban planning, urban design, landscape architecture, interior design, spatial design, environmental psychology, ecocriticism and urban sociology/ecological sociology. Place identity is sometimes called urban character, neighbourhood character or local character. Place identity has become a significant issue in the last 25 years in urban planning and design. Place identity concerns the meaning and significance of places for their inhabitants and users, and how these meanings contribute to individuals' conceptualizations of self. Place identity also relates to the context of modernity, history and the politics of representation. In other words, historical determinism, which intersects historical events, social spaces and groups by gender, class, ethnicity. In this way, it explores how spaces have evolved over time by exploring the social constructs through time and the development of space, place and power. To the same extent, the politics of representation is brought into context, as the making of place identity in a community also relates to the exclusion or inclusion in a community. Through this, some have argued that place identity has become an area for social change because it gives marginalized communities agency over their own spaces. In the same respect, it is argued that place identity has also been used to intervene social change and perpetuate oppression from a top-down approach by creating segregated spaces for marginalized communities.

## Place attachment and sense of place

In some ways it is related to the concepts of place attachment and sense of place. Place identity is largely related to the concepts of community formation because it recognizes that geographical spaces do not solely bond a community together but rather there are social bonds that account for community formation. Those social forces often are feelings of belonging and security, which involve theoretical formations of community. Theoretical formations of community, which were identified in *Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World* (Bauman, 2001) act as bonds formed by similar locality, culture, language, kinship and/or experiences. In addition, identity also conceptualizes feelings of security and freedom as one is able to self-identify and especially when it comes to being able to foster agency over community formation. In addition, the similar and shared experiences of culture, language and locality foster the sense of community. This fostering of community is largely seen as an extension of agency because when a community is able to achieve a sense of place and place attachment, this allows for individuals to reinforce their own identities and strengthen their bonds within their community.

## Methodology

Methodologies for understanding place identity primarily involve qualitative techniques, such as interviewing, participant observation, discourse analysis and mapping a range of physical elements. Some urban planners, urban designers and landscape architects use forms of deliberative planning, design charettes and participatory design with local communities as a way of working with place identity to transform existing places as well as create new ones. This kind of planning and design process is sometimes referred to as placemaking.

### Case studies

The following case studies are examples of how place identity is researched on the field.

#### Cape Cod, Massachusetts

In a study by Lee Cuba and David M. Hummon (1993), they focus on Cape Cod, Massachusetts residents and how social and environmental factors are associated with place identity. Place identity in regards to "at-homeness" was defined by existence, affiliations, and locus. Community members were asked if they feel at home in Cape Cod to measure the positive responses for existence. The open-ended responses to why community members feel at home were used to measure place affiliation. A close-ended question, "Do you associate feeling at home with living in this particular house or apartment, with living in this community, or with living on the Cape, in general?" was used to measure locus. Most respondents reported they did feel "at home".

#### Michigan and the Great Lakes

Michigan and the Great Lakes are analyzed to see the values and connections shared within the residents of Michigan. A questionnaire was given to Michigan residents to see how attached the residents are. The questionnaire consisted of statements and the statements were evaluated through the five-point Likert scale. As a result, the data revealed "Michigan's voters have developed a strong sense of place regarding the state".

These two case studies shows that place has a lot more to offer than just a physical location. Understanding how to measure a sense of place assists policy makers in decision making and in creating potential policy implementation. Policymakers will take the community's issues into consideration during the planning process earlier and more thoroughly once they understand the values of a community in relation to place identity.

## General references

* Cuba, L. & Hummon, D.M. (1993). A place to call home: Identification with dwelling, community, and region. The Sociological Quarterly, 34 (1), 111-131.
* Hague, C. and Jenkins, P. (Eds) (2005). Place identity, planning and participation, London; New York : Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-26241-0 (hard cover) 0415262429 (soft cover) 0203646754 (ebook)
* Proshansky, H. M. (1978). 'The city and self-identity', Journal of Environment and Behaviour, Vol. 10, pp. 57–83
* Nanzer, B. (2004). Measuring sense of place: A scale of Michigan. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 26 (3), 362-382.
* Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K. and Kaminoff, R. (1983). 'Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self', Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 3, pp. 57–83
* Relph, E (1976) Place and placelessness. London: Pion, 1976 (ISBN 0850860555)


title: Place for thinking

abstract: Symbolic synagogue and place for prayer in Babyn Yar - is an art object of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center, built on the territory of the National Historical Memorial Preserve "Babyn Yar" as a part of preparations to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the first massacres in Babyn Yar. «Place for thinking» is constructed as a symbolic synagogue and is situated in Babyn Yar, next to the Menorah monument. The object is set to be opened with a praying ceremony in April 2021 timed to the Holocaust Remembrance Day. The project was created by a world-renowned architect Manuel Hertz, assistant professor of architectural, urban, and territorial design at the University of Basel. He also designed a New Synagogue in Mainz, Germany. The project was initiated by the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center together with the chief rabbis of Kyiv and Ukraine, Yaakov Dov Bleich and Moshe Reuven Azman. The initiative was also supported by the Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv and All Ukraine, the head of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations and the primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU).

text:
# Place for thinking

**Symbolic synagogue and place for prayer in Babyn Yar («Place for thinking»)** \- is an art object of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center, built on the territory of the National Historical Memorial Preserve "Babyn Yar" as a part of preparations to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the first massacres in Babyn Yar.

«Place for thinking» is constructed as a symbolic synagogue and is situated in Babyn Yar, next to the Menorah monument. The object is set to be opened with a praying ceremony in April 2021 timed to the Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah). The project was created by a world-renowned architect Manuel Hertz, assistant professor of architectural, urban, and territorial design at the University of Basel. He also designed a New Synagogue in Mainz, Germany.

The project was initiated by the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center together with the chief rabbis of Kyiv and Ukraine, Yaakov Dov Bleich (A Union of the Judaical and Religious Organisations of Ukraine) and Moshe Reuven Azman (The All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress).

The initiative was also supported by the Metropolitan Epiphanius of Kyiv and All Ukraine, the head of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations and the primate of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU).

## Concept

The art object «Place for thinking» is created as a symbolic memorial synagogue, opening and closing like a book with a special mechanism developed by the team of Ukrainian engineers.

> *''I was inspired by an idea that a synagogue can be a book which we all come to read together and end up in a universe of stories uncovering the history. The point is that it is going to be constructed on the holy ground. This will be not only the commemoration of the dead but also a look into the future for the living.''* — Manuel Hertz

When closed, the building is a flat, vertical structure which is to be opened manually. It, thus, unfolds into a three-dimensional synagogue space. The process of its opening is a collective ritual performed by the members of the congregation.

## Construction

The art object is erected without a foundation, on a wooden platform on the small site right after the Menorah Monument, the place where Jews traditionally gather to commemorate their relatives, who have died in Babyn Yar.

The construction of the «Place for thinking» as a symbolic memorial synagogue is executed on the basis of the permission No. 108/6.11.1 from 22.01.2021 issued by the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine.

It is made almost completely out of century-old oak wood, sourced from all over Ukraine.

Inside, the place is decorated with symbols and texts of prayers similar to the early synagogues of the Western Ukraine which were destroyed by the Nazis in the Second World War. The ceiling is painted with a myriad of symbols referencing the interior of the historic synagogues of Ukraine from the 17th and 18th centuries.


title: Dundalk Eagle

abstract: The Dundalk Eagle is a newspaper serving Dundalk, Maryland. Founded in 1969 by Kimbel E. Oelke, it was one of the biggest family-owned weekly newspapers in Maryland before its acquisition by Adams Publishing Group in 2015.

text:
# Dundalk Eagle

The ***Dundalk Eagle*** is a newspaper serving Dundalk, Maryland. Founded in 1969 by Kimbel E. Oelke, it was one of the biggest family-owned weekly newspapers in Maryland before its acquisition by Adams Publishing Group in 2015.

## InfoBox

Dundalk Eagle
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Owner(s) | Adams Publishing Group |
| Founder(s) | Kimbel E. Oelke |
| Editor | Connor Bolinder |
| Founded | 1969 |
| Circulation | 4,204 (as of 2021)<br> |
| Website | dundalkeagle.com |


title: Dunsmore House

abstract: The Dunsmore House is a historic building in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Thomas Chadwick, a master stonemason originally from England, built this house from native rusticated limestone about 1866. It is one of the earliest extant houses, and the only house made of limestone block still extant in the Waterloo-Cedar Falls area. John F. Dunsmore, who worked for the Illinois Central Railroad, was the first occupant. The house features a symmetrical five bay facade, a brick chimney, and simple wooden cornice. A frame addition was built onto the back of the house in 1913. The wood and wrought iron porch is not original. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

text:
# Dunsmore House

The **Dunsmore House** is a historic building in Waterloo, Iowa, United States. Thomas Chadwick, a master stonemason originally from England, built this house from native rusticated limestone about 1866. It is one of the earliest extant houses, and the only house made of limestone block still extant in the Waterloo-Cedar Falls area.

John F. Dunsmore, who worked for the Illinois Central Railroad, was the first occupant. The house features a symmetrical five bay facade, a brick chimney, and simple wooden cornice. A frame addition was built onto the back of the house in 1913. The wood and wrought iron porch is not original. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dunsmore House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 902 Logan Avenue<br>Waterloo, Iowa |
| Coordinates | 42°30′47.7″N 92°20′14.5″W / 42.513250°N 92.337361°W / 42.513250; -92.337361 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1866 |
| Built by | Thomas Chadwick |
| NRHP reference No. | 77000497 |
| Added to NRHP | November 17, 1977 |


title: Pistolet automatique modèle 1935S

abstract: The Pistolet automatique modèle 1935S or Modèle (Mle.) 1935 S is a semi-automatic pistol chambered for the 7.65mm Longue cartridge. A competitor in the 1935–1937 French military trials to select a new sidearm, it initially lost to the SACM 1935A, but production was ordered nonetheless to alleviate in shortages in pistols in the runup to the Second World War.

text:
# Pistolet automatique modèle 1935S

The **Pistolet automatique modèle 1935S** (*Automatic Pistol Model 1935S*) or **Modèle (Mle.) 1935 S** is a semi-automatic pistol chambered for the 7.65mm Longue cartridge. A competitor in the 1935–1937 French military trials to select a new sidearm, it initially lost to the SACM 1935A, but production was ordered nonetheless to alleviate in shortages in pistols in the runup to the Second World War.

## Description

It was designed by *Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne* (MAS), a French government arsenal. It was a competitor in the 1935-37 French military trials to select a new sidearm, losing to the SACM 1935A. However, as France prepared for the looming war in Europe it became apparent that SACM production was inadequate to meet the military's needs. In 1938 additional contracts were given to MAS to produce the 1935S, and all production of the commercial MAB model D and MAPF "Unique" model 17 pistols was diverted to the military. MAS began initial delivery of the 1935S to the French military in early 1939, but production ceased after only about 1404 pistols were built when German forces occupied Saint-Étienne in the summer of 1940. MAS factory workers were able to hide key 1935S tooling and machinery before the Germans occupied the factory; as a result, unlike the 1935A, MAB D and Unique 17, the 1935S was not produced during the German occupation of France. Production resumed in 1944 after the end of the occupation. Since MAS was also a primary producer of French military rifles and light machine guns needed for the French colonial war in Indochina, production of the 1935S was shifted to other French arms producers in late 1944, after MAS had built of total of about 6,686 pistols. The other makers of the 1935S were M-F (*Manufacture Française d’Armes et Cycles de Saint Étienne*, aka *ManuFrance*) which built about 10,000 pistols in 1944–45; SAGEM (*Société d'Applications Générales d'Électricité et de Mécanique*), which built about 10,000 pistols in 1945–1953, and MAC (*Manufacture Nationale d’Armes de Chatellerault*), which built about 56,087 pistols in 1946–1956. MAC revised the 1935S safety to function as did the 1935A safety; this change was included in all MAC and SAGEM 1935S production starting in 1946, with the pistols marked *1935 S M1* starting in March 1947. In total, about 82,773 1935S pistols were produced between 1937 and 1956.

The 1935S directly inspired the design of the French service pistol that replaced the 1935A and 1935S, the MAC Mle 1950 in 9mm Parabellum.

* Medlin, Eugene and Colin Doane. *The French 1935 Pistols: A Concise History*. Latham, NY: Excaliber Publications, 1995.
* Medlin, Eugene and Jean Huon. *French Service Handguns 1858–2004*. St. Louis, MO: Tommy Gun Publications, 2004.

## InfoBox

| Pistolet automatique modèle 1935S | |
| --- | --- |
| Pistol model 1935 S on display at the Musée de l'Armée. | |
| Type | Semi-automatic pistol |
| Place of origin | France |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1937–1960s |
| Used by | France
Nazi Germany |
| Wars | World War II
First Indochina War
Algerian War
Vietnam War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1935 |
| Manufacturer | Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne (MAS) |
| Produced | 1937–1956 |
| No. built | 82,773 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 720 g (1.59 lb) |
| Length | 7.75 in (197 mm) |
| Barrel length | 4.29 in (109 mm) |
| Diameter | 7.65 mm |
| --- | |
| Cartridge | 7.65×20mm Longue |
| Action | Short recoil |
| Muzzle velocity | 345 metres per second (1,130 ft/s) |
| Feed system | 8-round magazine |


title: Pistoleta

abstract: Pistoleta was a Provençal troubadour. His name means "little letter (epistle)" in Occitan. He left behind eleven songs, comprising nine cansos and two tensos. Some of his pieces are assigned to an otherwise unknown Jordan de Born in the table of contents of chansonnier C, a fourteenth-century Occitan manuscript. According to his vida, he was a cantaire (singer) of Arnaut de Maruoill, which probably implies that he was a jongleur who sang Arnaut's songs or perhaps acted as a messenger to bring his songs from one place to another both orally and in writing. He may have carried Arnaut's love songs to the "Countess of Burlatz"; this would explain his nickname. If the vida be correct about Pistoleta's early career, then he was probably a jongleur from about 1195 or perhaps as early as 1185 and only began his own composing career around 1205. Five of Pistoleta's songs contain references to the King of Aragon, usually presumed to be Peter II. At some point he became a vassal of Peter's, as he writes in Ai! tan sospir mi venon noit e dia of the reis d'Arragon, de cui ai fait siengnor. From this it can be deduced that he spent some time at Peter's court, but he also addressed the king in at least one poem, Anc mais nulhs hom no fon apoderatz, from far away. He is also said to have had relations with Ebles V of Ventadorn, Thomas I of Savoy, and Blacas III of Aulps. In his youth he may have travelled into Limousin and Languedoc and met Maria de Ventadorn, Ebles' wife. He composed a tenso with the latter, which has been dated to late 1228, making it his last known work and the only known work by Maria. Sometime after October 1214 Pistoleta wrote Ses chantars fos grazitz, which was something of a planh, since it mourns the passing of Peter II and Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1213 and 1214 respectively: Sometime after composing this song, probably in Languedoc or Catalonia, where Peter and Alfonso were frequently active, Pistoleta returned east of the Rhône to Provence. Probably about this time he travelled into Savoy, where he met Thomas I. It was also during this period in Provence that he met and debated with Blacas sometime after 1220, for he mentions the emperaire (emperor) Frederick II who was crowned in 1220 and became suzerain of Provence that year. Though Pistoleta's biographer implies that "graceful melodies" were typical of his work, only one melody has survived and that in two different versions. His composing was very conservative, more so than his master, Arnaut. Though well-esteemed by "high society", he was a poor conversationalist and unpleasant in appearance. He eventually settled down in Marseille, took a wife, and became a merchant, acquiring considerable wealth which allowed him to stop his itinerant "court-hopping". Unfortunately, there is no corroborating documentation for anything contained in Pistoleta's vida. Pistoleta also wrote two tensos with two trobairitz: Bona domna, un conseill vos deman with an anonymous lady and the aforementioned piece with Maria de Ventadorn.

text:
# Pistoleta

**Pistoleta** (Occitan: \[pistuˈlɛtɔ\]; fl. 11851228) was a Provençal troubadour. His name (actually a nickname) means "little letter (epistle)" in Occitan. He left behind eleven songs, comprising nine *cansos* and two *tensos*. Some of his pieces are assigned to an otherwise unknown **Jordan de Born** in the table of contents of chansonnier *C*, a fourteenth-century Occitan manuscript.

According to his *vida*, he was a *cantaire* (singer) of Arnaut de Maruoill, which probably implies that he was a jongleur who sang Arnaut's songs or perhaps acted as a messenger to bring his songs from one place to another both orally and in writing. He may have carried Arnaut's love songs to the "Countess of Burlatz" (*comtessa de Burlats*); this would explain his nickname. If the *vida* be correct about Pistoleta's early career, then he was probably a jongleur from about 1195 or perhaps as early as 1185 and only began his own composing career around 1205.

Five of Pistoleta's songs contain references to the King of Aragon, usually presumed to be Peter II. At some point he became a vassal of Peter's, as he writes in *Ai! tan sospir mi venon noit e dia* of the *reis d'Arragon, de cui ai fait siengnor* ("King of Aragon, whom I have made \[my\] lord"). From this it can be deduced that he spent some time at Peter's court, but he also addressed the king in at least one poem, *Anc mais nulhs hom no fon apoderatz*, from far away. He is also said to have had relations with Ebles V of Ventadorn, Thomas I of Savoy, and Blacas III of Aulps. In his youth he may have travelled into Limousin and Languedoc and met Maria de Ventadorn, Ebles' wife. He composed a *tenso* with the latter, which has been dated to late 1228, making it his last known work and the only known work by Maria.

Sometime after October 1214 Pistoleta wrote *Ses chantars fos grazitz*, which was something of a *planh*, since it mourns the passing of Peter II and Alfonso VIII of Castile in 1213 and 1214 respectively:

Sometime after composing this song, probably in Languedoc or Catalonia (Pistoleta implies perhaps visiting Perpignan), where Peter and Alfonso were frequently active, Pistoleta returned east of the Rhône to Provence. Probably about this time he travelled into Savoy, where he met Thomas I. It was also during this period in Provence that he met and debated with Blacas sometime after 1220, for he mentions the *emperaire* (emperor) Frederick II who was crowned in 1220 and became suzerain of Provence that year.

Though Pistoleta's biographer implies that "graceful melodies" (*avinens sons*, lit. pleasing sounds) were typical of his work, only one melody has survived (for his popular and well-preserved *sirventes* beginning *Ar agues eu mil mars de fin argen*) and that in two different versions. His composing was very conservative, more so than his master, Arnaut. Though well-esteemed by "high society", he was a poor conversationalist and unpleasant in appearance. He eventually settled down in Marseille, took a wife, and became a merchant, acquiring considerable wealth which allowed him to stop his itinerant "court-hopping". Unfortunately, there is no corroborating documentation for anything contained in Pistoleta's *vida*.

Pistoleta also wrote two *tensos* with two trobairitz (female troubadour): *Bona domna, un conseill vos deman* ("Good lady, I beg you to advise me") with an anonymous lady and the aforementioned piece with Maria de Ventadorn.

## Sources

* Aubrey, Elizabeth. *The Music of the Troubadours*. Indiana University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-253-21389-4.
* Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. *The Vidas of the Troubadours*. New York: Garland, 1984. ISBN 0-8240-9437-9.
* Jeanroy, Alfred. *La poésie lyrique des troubadours*. Toulouse: Privat, 1934.
* Riquer, Martín de. *Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos*. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.


title: Dufferin Islands

abstract: Dufferin Islands are a group of artificial islands located 0.8 km from the Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Before being renamed by the Niagara Parks Commission, they were known as Clarke Hill Islands and Cynthia Islands. The islands are decorated annually for the Winter Festival of Lights.

text:
# Dufferin Islands

43°04′07″N 79°04′14″W / 43.068613°N 79.070685°W / 43.068613; -79.070685

**Dufferin Islands** are a group of artificial islands located 0.8 km from the Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Before being renamed by the Niagara Parks Commission, they were known as **Clarke Hill Islands** and **Cynthia Islands**. The islands are decorated annually for the Winter Festival of Lights.

## Early history

While Niagara Falls, New York, became more well known for industry development along the lower river's edge in the 1870s, this took place much earlier on the Canadian side. In 1794, permission was granted to erect a saw and grist mill at the eastern upriver end of the islands. This was followed by an iron ore mill constructed in 1796. Ownership of the properties was transferred to area Samuel Street and Thomas Clark by 1801, with the islands being named **Clark Hill Islands** in 1805. These mills were burned by American forces on July 26, 1814, following the Battle of Lundy's Lane during the War of 1812. In 1854, Thomas Clark Street took ownership of the property and renamed it as the **Cynthia Islands**. The islands were not accessible to the public until 1877, when ownership was transferred to Sutherland Macklem, Street's heir. Macklem arranged for a pair of suspension bridges to be built in order to facilitate pedestrian and carriage traffic throughout the area. The *Burning Spring*, which could then be found on the islands' shoreline, became one of the earliest tourist attractions in the city. Natural gas was present in the area, causing the burning effect.

## Under the Niagara Parks Commission

When the Parks Commission took over, they renamed the islands in honor of Canadian Governor-General Lord Dufferin, who had been instrumental in establishing parkland along the river to replace "The Front", a notoriously rowdy tourist area. The islands remained untouched until 1902, when the *Ontario Power Company* began construction on their lower river power facility, which required river water to be drawn from a point just east of the islands. The water diversion reduced the flow through the islands to an extent that the power company, through an earlier agreement with the Parks Commission, created a series of man-made islands and cascades to compensate. Initial work was completed by 1905, but the Parks Commission rejected the resulting layout, saying the arrangement was too formal and "out of place with the surroundings." Beginning in 1918, surplus dirt and stone were placed strategically around the islands, giving them a more natural look.

Except for the years of World War II when the islands were barricaded, the public has enjoyed free access. For many years, bathing and swimming areas were located here, first established in 1907 and moving to a site further west by 1962. This area remained in use until the early 2000s, when it was removed due to safety concerns brought on by swimmers diving from surrounding bridges into the shallow water, as well as maintenance issues.


title: Pizzo di Vogorno

abstract: Pizzo di Vogorno is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps of Switzerland. It is located north-east of Lago di Vogorno and Vogorno, in the canton of Ticino.

text:
# Pizzo di Vogorno

**Pizzo di Vogorno** is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps of Switzerland. It is located north-east of Lago di Vogorno and Vogorno, in the canton of Ticino.

## InfoBox

| Pizzo di Vogorno | |
| --- | --- |
| Pizzo di Vogorno (right) from Lago di Vogorno | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,442 m (8,012 ft) |
| Prominence | 227 m (745 ft) |
| Parent peak | Poncione del Vènn |
| Coordinates | 46°14′23″N 8°53′35″E / 46.23972°N 8.89306°E / 46.23972; 8.89306 |
| Geography | |
| Pizzo di VogornoLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Ticino, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Lepontine Alps |


title: Plateau Mountain (New York)

abstract:
Plateau Mountain is located in the town of Hunter in Greene County, New York, United States. It is part of the Devil's Path range of the Catskill Mountains. Plateau has a two-mile-long (3.2 km) summit ridge above 3,500 feet (1,100 m).
The highest point, at least 3,840 feet (1,170 m), is at the southeast end, facing Sugarloaf Mountain to the east across Mink Hollow Notch. It is the 12th-highest peak in the range
Devils Tombstone is located west of Plateau Mountain. The northwest end faces Hunter Mountain to the west across 1,400-foot deep (430 m) Stony Clove Notch. Plateau Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay. It feeds the Hudson by way of Esopus Creek through Stony Clove Creek from its western slopes, and through Beaver Kill from its southeast end.
Its southwest slopes drain into Warner Creek, thence into Stony Clove Creek. The northeastern slopes of Plateau drain into Schoharie Creek, thence into the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River. Plateau Mountain is within New York's Catskill State Park.
The Devil's Path hiking trail traverses the summit ridge of Plateau. A section of the Long Path, a 350-mile (560 km) long-distance hiking trail through southeastern New York, climbs up the ridge from Silver Hollow Notch to the Devil's Path midway along the ridge. The Long Path then follows the Devil's Path east to the slopes of Indian Head Mountain on the Catskill Escarpment.

text:
# Plateau Mountain (New York)

**Plateau Mountain** is located in the town of Hunter in Greene County, New York, United States. It is part of the Devil's Path range of the Catskill Mountains. Plateau has a two-mile-long (3.2 km) summit ridge above 3,500 feet (1,100 m). The highest point, at least 3,840 feet (1,170 m), is at the southeast end, facing Sugarloaf Mountain to the east across Mink Hollow Notch. It is the 12th-highest peak in the range Devils Tombstone is located west of Plateau Mountain. The northwest end faces Hunter Mountain to the west across 1,400-foot deep (430 m) Stony Clove Notch.

Plateau Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay. It feeds the Hudson by way of Esopus Creek through Stony Clove Creek from its western slopes, and through Beaver Kill from its southeast end. Its southwest slopes drain into Warner Creek, thence into Stony Clove Creek. The northeastern slopes of Plateau drain into Schoharie Creek, thence into the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.

Plateau Mountain is within New York's Catskill State Park. The Devil's Path hiking trail traverses the summit ridge of Plateau. A section of the Long Path, a 350-mile (560 km) long-distance hiking trail through southeastern New York, climbs up the ridge from Silver Hollow Notch to the Devil's Path midway along the ridge. The Long Path then follows the Devil's Path east to the slopes of Indian Head Mountain on the Catskill Escarpment.

## InfoBox

| Plateau Mountain | |
| --- | --- |
| Plateau from northeast | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3840+ feet (1170+ m) |
| Prominence | 1,760 ft (540 m) |
| Parent peak | Hunter Mountain |
| Listing | Catskill High Peaks 12th |
| Coordinates | 42°08′16″N 074°10′28″W / 42.13778°N 74.17444°W / 42.13778; -74.17444 |
| Geography | |
| Plateau MountainLocation of Plateau Mountain within New York | |
| Location | Catskill Park, Greene County, New York, U.S. |
| Parent range | Devil's Path, Catskill Mountains |
| Topo map | USGS Hunter |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Hike via Devil's Path trail |


title: Dutch Elston

abstract: Arthur Warren "Dutch" Elston was an American football center and football coach.

text:
# Dutch Elston

**Arthur Warren "Dutch" Elston** (November 19, 1918 – September 10, 1989) was an American football center and football coach.

## Biography

Elston was born in Texas in 1918 and attended Morrison R. Waite High School in Toledo, Ohio. He played college football at South Carolina. He served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.

He played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Rams in 1942 and in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the New York Yankees from 1946 to 1947. He appeared in 45 professional football games, 22 of them as a starter.

After his playing career ended, Elston coached high school football in San Francisco. He was also the head football coach at City College of San Francisco (CCSF) from 1962 to 1976. His players at CCSF included O. J. Simpson.

Elston died of cancer, in 1989, in San Francisco.

## Head coaching record

### Junior college

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **City College of San Francisco Rams** *(Golden Gate Conference)* (1962–1976) | | | | | | | | |
| 1962 | City College of San Francisco | 4–5 | 3–4 | 6th |  |
| 1963 | City College of San Francisco | 3–4 | 3–3 | 4th |  |
| 1964 | City College of San Francisco | 5–3–1 | 4–2–1 | T–3rd |  |
| 1965 | City College of San Francisco | 8–1–1 | 6–0–1 | 1st | **W** Prune Bowl |
| 1966 | City College of San Francisco | 9–1 | 7–0 | 1st | **L** Prune Bowl |
| 1967 | City College of San Francisco | 5–4 | 5–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1968 | City College of San Francisco | 7–2 | 4–2 | 3rd |  |
| 1969 | City College of San Francisco | 2–7 | 1–6 | 8th |  |
| 1970 | City College of San Francisco |  | 2–5 | T–6th |  |
| 1971 | City College of San Francisco | 2–7 | 2–5 | T–5th |  |
| 1972 | City College of San Francisco | 0–9 | 0–7 | 8th |  |
| 1973 | City College of San Francisco | 4–5 | 2–4 | 6th |  |
| 1974 | City College of San Francisco | 3–7 | 2–6 | T–7th |  |
| 1975 | City College of San Francisco | 3–7 | 2–6 | 8th |  |
| 1976 | City College of San Francisco | 6–4 | 5–3 | T–3rd |  |
| **City College of San Francisco:** | |  | 48–55–2 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | |  |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Dutch Elston
| Elston, c.1945 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 55, 21 | |
| Position: | Center |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1918-11-19)November 19, 1918
Texhoma, Texas, U.S. |
| Died: | September 10, 1989(1989-09-10) (aged 70)
San Francisco, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Waite (Toledo, Ohio) |
| College: | South Carolina |
| Career history | |
| As a player: | |
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| As a coach: | |
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