title: Brian Dawson (general)

abstract: Major General Brian Robert Dawson, is an Australian museum administrator and a retired senior officer of the Australian Army. He joined the army via the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1973 and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. He commanded the Base Administrative Support Centre (1995–96), Australian Defence Force Academy (2006–07) and Australian Defence College (2007), deployed on operations to Somalia and the Solomon Islands, and was Deputy Commander Joint Task Force 633 – Iraq from 2007 to 2008. He also served as Director General of Defence Public Affairs (2008–10) and, from 2010 to 2013, was Australia's first Military Representative to NATO and the European Union. Following his retirement from the army, Dawson joined the Australian War Memorial where he has served as Assistant Director, National Collection since December 2017.

text:
# Brian Dawson (general)

Major General **Brian Robert Dawson**, AM, CSC (born 1954) is an Australian museum administrator and a retired senior officer of the Australian Army. He joined the army via the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1973 and was commissioned into the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. He commanded the Base Administrative Support Centre (1995–96), Australian Defence Force Academy (2006–07) and Australian Defence College (2007), deployed on operations to Somalia and the Solomon Islands, and was Deputy Commander Joint Task Force 633 – Iraq from 2007 to 2008. He also served as Director General of Defence Public Affairs (2008–10) and, from 2010 to 2013, was Australia's first Military Representative to NATO and the European Union. Following his retirement from the army, Dawson joined the Australian War Memorial where he has served as Assistant Director, National Collection since December 2017.

## Early life

Dawson was born in Traralgon, Victoria, in 1954, and completed his secondary education in Rochester, Victoria.

## Military career

Dawson entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon as an Australian Army officer cadet in January 1973. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Military Studies from the affiliated University of New South Wales in December 1976 and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. Following a series of regimental and staff appointments, including as a platoon commander in the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Dawson was selected into the Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) as a troop commander in 1980. His time with the special forces included a two-year secondment as a staff officer with the Special Air Service Group in the United Kingdom. He returned to the SASR as an operations officer from 1984, before assuming command of the counter terrorist squadron in 1986.

As a lieutenant colonel, Dawson deployed to Mogadishu as Senior Staff Officer Plans on Headquarters United Nations Operation in Somalia II in October 1993. Dawson later remarked that "the United Nations probably had an impossible task there." He arrived in Somalia in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Mogadishu, at which point the United Nations "force was basically in shock". He returned to Australia in May 1994 and, in recognition of his "conspicuous service" in Somalia, was awarded the Conspicuous Service Cross in the 1995 Australia Day Honours.

Dawson commanded the Base Administrative Support Centre in North Queensland from 1995 to 1996 and was Colonel Operations in Support Command Australia (Army) from 1997 to 1999. Dawson was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 2000 Australia Day Honours in recognition of his "exceptional service to the Australian Army in the fields of Operations, Logistics and Administration". Later that year, he deployed to the Solomon Islands as commander of the Australian contingent on Operation Trek, the Australian contribution to the International Peace Monitoring Team. Following his return to Australia, Dawson served as Director General Preparedness at Australian Defence Force Headquarters from 2001 to 2002, was chief of staff at Headquarters Land Command from 2003 to 2005, and commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy from 2006 to 2007. He was then acting commander of the Australian Defence College from April to August 2007. That November, he deployed to Baghdad as Deputy Commander Joint Task Force 633 – Iraq. In this role, Dawson was responsible for Australian military operations in Iraq as part of Operation Catalyst, Australia's contribution to the Iraq War.

Dawson returned to Australia in May 2008 and was appointed Director General Defence Public Affairs. In 2010, he was promoted major general and posted to Brussels as the first Australian Military Representative to NATO and the European Union. Dawson's role was to represent Australia's interests to NATO and the European Union, specifically in respect to Australia's contribution to Afghanistan. During the three-year posting, Dawson also negotiated a logistic support agreement between Australia and NATO. He relinquished the position in 2013 and, on his return to Australia, retired from the Australian Army after 40 years of service.

## Post-military career

Following his retirement from the army Dawson was, from May to October 2013, part of a consultant project team that designed a plan for a grain harvest management scheme for the New South Wales Department of Transport. In December that year, he joined the Australian War Memorial as Executive Manager Anzac Centenary Travelling Exhibition. Dawson supervised the Spirit of Anzac Centenary Experience, a travelling exhibition designed as a major feature of the Australian government's national commemoration of the centenary of the First World War. The exhibition ended in April 2017 and, following a brief period as the Memorial's Head of Collection Services, Dawson was appointed Assistant Director, National Collection in December 2017. As head of the National Collection Branch, Dawson oversees the acquisition and conservation of material in the Memorial's National Collection.

## Personal life

Dawson is married to Jacqui and has two children. He holds a Master of Arts in Strategic Studies from La Trobe University.

## InfoBox

| Brian Dawson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1954 (age 6970)
Traralgon, Victoria |
| Allegiance | Australia |
| Service/branch | Australian Army |
| Years of service | 1973–2013 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands | Australian Defence College (2007)
Australian Defence Force Academy (2006–07)
Base Administrative Support Centre (1995–96) |
| Battles/wars | Somalia (UNOSOM II)
Operation Trek
Iraq War |
| Awards | Member of the Order of Australia
Conspicuous Service Cross |
| Other work | Assistant Director, Australian War Memorial (2017–) |


title: Brown Building (Manhattan)

abstract: The Brown Building is a ten-story building that is part of the campus of New York University (NYU), which owns it. It is located at 23–29 Washington Place, between Greene Street and Washington Square East in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, and is best known as the location of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of March 25, 1911, which killed 146 people. The Triangle Fire Memorial is now located there. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was named a National Historical Landmark in 1991. It was designated a New York City landmark on the 92nd anniversary of the fire in 2003.

text:
# Brown Building (Manhattan)

The **Brown Building** is a ten-story building that is part of the campus of New York University (NYU), which owns it. It is located at 23–29 Washington Place, between Greene Street and Washington Square East in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, and is best known as the location of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of March 25, 1911, which killed 146 people. The Triangle Fire Memorial is now located there.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was named a National Historical Landmark in 1991. It was designated a New York City landmark on the 92nd anniversary of the fire in 2003.

## History

The iron and steel building was constructed in 1900–01, and was designed by John Woolley in the neo-Renaissance style. It was named the **Asch Building** after its owner, Joseph J. Asch. During that time, the Asch Building was known for its "fireproof" rooms, which attracted many garment makers, including the **Triangle Shirtwaist Factory**, which was the site of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire that killed 146 garment workers on March 25, 1911.

The majority of the workers who occupied the Asch Building were female immigrants. The immigrants came to the United States for a better life, although they were working in terrible conditions within the factory and were underpaid. The building's top three floors were occupied by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, owned by Russian immigrants Max Blanck and Isaac Harris.

Even though the immigrants were provided a job, their work environment was not safe. Rooms were overcrowded with few working bathrooms and no ventilation, resulting in conditions ranging from sweltering heat to freezing cold. In regard to working conditions, the Asch Building at the time did not comply with several requirements that were needed to ensure the safety of the building. The rooms in the upper three floors were packed with flammable objects, including clothing products hanging from lines above workers' heads, rows of tightly spaced sewing machines, cutting tables bearing bolts of cloth, and linen and cotton cuttings littering the floors, that resulted in a massive spread of fire occurring in the matter of seconds. The building had a single fire escape that was not durable enough to hold many people, and there were no sprinklers installed in the building. The rooms on each floor were overcrowded because there was no limit at the time as to how many people could occupy one floor. The staircases did not have landings and the stairwells were poorly illuminated, resulting in unsafe, often dark conditions in the stairwells.

A survivor of this incident indicated that there had been a blue glow coming from a bin under a table where 120 layers of fabric had just been stacked prior to cutting. Fire rose from the bin, ignited the tissue paper templates hung from the ceiling, and spread across the room. Once ignited, the tissue paper floated off haphazardly from table to table, setting off fires as it went. Many people died during the fire, some from inhaling thick smoke or from being burned in the fire. Others died because they jumped out the building's windows to escape the flames – the interior stairs were blocked and the elevators stopped functioning properly because of the heat. Workers piled up at the entrance of the stairway because the stairway (which had no landing) was too dark for one to see his or her way down the steps. In the panic during the fire many people were crushed to death from behind while workers were attempting to get through the locked doors. As for the elevators, the owners and their family went into the elevator, which only could have held twelve people and escaped the building. In request of the owner, they told the elevator operator to send the elevator back up; however, by the time the elevator made its way back, the fire was fully engaged on the eighth floor and quickly spreading to the ninth. This had forced the workers to jump out the windows and jump into the elevator shaft that was nine stories down. Although there was the option of using the fire escape to get out of the burning building, few managed to escape this way. With many workers going through the fire escape, the fire escape eventually collapsed. Prior to the fire escape collapsing, people still could not make it to the ground safely, because the ladder from the fire escape did not reach the ground, nor was it close enough for people to jump down, which led to many more deaths.

The New York City Fire Department did not have the proper equipment to battle the fire, such as the ladder, which “could only reach the sixth floor, fully two floors below the level of fire". The factory owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris were charged with “criminal negligence”, and faced multiple lawsuits from the victims’ families. As a result of this fire, there were several new building and safety regulations, “such as mandatory fire drills, periodic fire inspections, working fire hoses, sprinklers, exit signs and fire alarms, doors that swung in the direction of travel and stairway size restrictions.” The fire led to wide-ranging legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. The building survived the fire and was refurbished. Three plaques on the southeast corner of the building commemorate the women and men who lost their lives in the fire.

NYU began to use the eighth floor of the building for a library and classrooms in 1916. Real estate speculator and philanthropist Frederick Brown later bought the building and subsequently donated it to the university in 1929, when it was renamed the **Brown Building**. In 2002, the building was incorporated into the Silver Center for Arts and Science.

## Current use

The Brown building is currently owned by New York University. It is internally connected to the adjacent Silver Center and Waverly buildings, and make up the "Main Block" of NYU. It now houses classrooms, study spaces, and many research labs of the NYU Chemistry and Biology Departments.

**Notes**

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Factory | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. National Historic Landmark | |
| New York State Register of Historic Places | |
| New York City Landmark | |
|  | |
| (2011) | |
|  | |
| Location | 23–29 Washington Pl, Manhattan, New York City |
| Coordinates | 40°43′48″N 73°59′43″W / 40.73000°N 73.99528°W / 40.73000; -73.99528 |
| Built | 1900–01 |
| Architect | John Woolley |
| Architectural style | Neo-Renaissance |
| NRHP reference No. | 91002050 |
| NYSRHP No. | 06101.001819 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | July 17, 1991 |
| Designated NYSRHP | July 17, 1991 |
| Designated NYCL | March 25, 2003 |


title: SableVM

abstract: SableVM was a clean room implementation of Java bytecode interpreter implementing the Java virtual machine (VM) specification, second edition. SableVM was designed to be a robust, extremely portable, efficient, and fully specifications-compliant Java Virtual Machine that would be easy to maintain and to extend. It is now no longer being maintained. The implementation was a part of the effort in the early 2000s to break the Java ecosystem free from Sun Microsystems's control.

text:
# SableVM

**SableVM** was a clean room implementation of Java bytecode interpreter implementing the Java virtual machine (VM) specification, second edition. SableVM was designed to be a robust, extremely portable, efficient, and fully specifications-compliant (JVM spec, Java Native Interface, Invocation interface, Debug interface, etc.) Java Virtual Machine that would be easy to maintain and to extend. It is now no longer being maintained.

The implementation was a part of the effort in the early 2000s to break the Java ecosystem free from Sun Microsystems's control.

## Overview

The core engine is an interpreter which used ground-breaking techniques to deliver performance that can approach that of a "naive" just-in-time (JIT) compiler, while retaining the software engineering advantages of interpreters: portability, maintainability and simplicity. This simplicity makes SableVM's source code very accessible and easy to understand for new users/programmers.

SableVM is Free Software — it is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It also makes use of GNU Classpath (copyrighted by the FSF) which is licensed under the GNU General Public License with linking exception.

SableVM is the first open-source virtual machine for Java to include the support for JVMDI (Java Virtual Machine Debugging Interface) and JDWP (Java Debug Wire Protocol). These standard Java debugging interfaces are used for example by Eclipse to provide a rich and user-friendly Java development environment.

## Java Intermediate Language

Some versions of the SableVM use Java Intermediate Language, an intermediate language (which is a subset of XML) representing the type structure of a Java program. The language was proposed by the team of SableVM in McGill University in January 2002 to aid the analysis of a Java program with the goals of scalability and good performance. The language has not been widely adopted.

Consider the following piece of Java code.

```
public MyClass implements MyInterface extends MySupperClass {
  int MyField;

  void MyMethod (double x, double y) {
    double z;
    z = x + y;
    this.MyField = z
  }
}

```

This piece can be expressed in the language, as follows:

```
<jil>
<class name="MyClass" extends="MySupperClass">
  <modifiers><modifier name="public" /></modifiers>
  <interfaces><interface name="myinterface" /></interfaces>

  <fields>
    <field name="MyField" type="int" />
  </fields>

  <methods>
    <method name="MyMethod" returntype="void">
    <parameters>
      <parameter name="x" type="double" />
      <parameter name="y" type="double" />
    </parameters>
    <locals>
      <local name="z" type="double" />
    </locals>
    <statements>
      <!-- Each statement is expressed by some intermediate format for
           code generator like three address code. In the below
           a language called baf is used. -->
      <baf>
        <![CDATA[
          $r2 = $r0 + $r1;
          this.MyField = (double) $r2;
        ]]>
        <!-- Here, we are assuming x is expressed as $r0, y $r1 and z $r2. -->
      </baf>
    </statements>
    </method>
  </methods>
</class>
</jil>

```

## InfoBox

SableVM
|
|  |
| Developer(s) | Sable Research Group at McGill University |
|  | |
| Final release | 1.13 / March 30, 2007 (2007-03-30) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Java Virtual Machine |
| License | GNU Lesser General Public License |
| Website | sablevm.org |


title: Sablatnig SF-8

abstract: The Sablatnig SF-8 was a training seaplane produced in Germany during the First World War. While Sablatnig's previous designs for the Imperial German Navy had often seen service as trainers, the SF-8 was purpose-built for this role, at Dr Sablatnig's suggestion. The SF-8 was similar to the firm's earlier designs: a conventional two-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span, with open cockpits in tandem.

text:
# Sablatnig SF-8

The **Sablatnig SF-8** was a training seaplane produced in Germany during the First World War. While Sablatnig's previous designs for the Imperial German Navy had often seen service as trainers, the SF-8 was purpose-built for this role, at Dr Sablatnig's suggestion. The SF-8 was similar to the firm's earlier designs: a conventional two-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span, with open cockpits in tandem.

## Operational history

The Navy ordered three machines for evaluation (serials 2020–2022) in 1917, which were delivered on 17 January the following year. After evaluation at Warnemünde proved favourable, the Navy ordered the type into production, placing an order for 30 machines and allocating serial numbers 6001–6030 to the batch. It is unclear how many of these were produced or delivered before the end of the war.

## Specifications

*Data from* Kroschel & Stützer 1994, p.165

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** Two, pilot and instructor
* **Length:** 10.20 m (33 ft 6 in)
* **Wingspan:** 16.00 m (52 ft 6 in)
* **Height:** 3.80 m (12 ft 6 in)
* **Empty weight:** 1,183 kg (2,603 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,574 kg (3,465 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Benz Bz.III , 110 kW (150 hp)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
* **Rate of climb:** 1.1 m/s (223 ft/min)

* Gray, Peter; Owen Thetford (1962). *German Aircraft of the First World War*. London: Putnam.
* Herris, Jack (2015). *German Seaplanes of WWI: Sablatnig, Kaiserliche Werften, Lübeck-Travemünde, LTG, & Oertz: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Seaplanes*. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 15. n.p.: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-935881-27-8.
* Kroschel, Günter; Helmut Stützer (1994). *Die Deutschen Militärflugzeuge 1910–1918*. Herford: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn.
* Nowarra, Heinz J. (1966). *Marine Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War*. Letchworth, Harts: Harleyford Publications.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). *Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation*. London: Studio Editions.

## InfoBox

| SF-8 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Role | Seaplane trainer |
| National origin | Germany |
| Manufacturer | Sablatnig |
| First flight | 1918 |
| Primary user | Imperial German Navy |
| Number built | At least 3 (out of 33 ordered) |


title: Brown earth

abstract: Brown earth is a type of soil. Brown earths are mostly located between 35° and 55° north of the Equator. The largest expanses cover western and central Europe, large areas of western and trans-Uralian Russia, the east coast of America and eastern Asia. Here, areas of brown earth soil types are found particularly in Japan, Korea, China, eastern Australia and New Zealand. Brown earths cover 45% of the land in England and Wales. They are common in lowland areas on permeable parent material. The most common vegetation types are deciduous woodland and grassland. Due to the reasonable natural fertility of brown earths, large tracts of deciduous woodland have been cut down and the land is now used for farming. They are normally located in regions with a humid temperate climate. Rainfall totals are moderate, usually below 76 cm per year, and temperatures range from 4 °C in the winter to 18 °C in the summer. They are well-drained fertile soils with a pH of between 5.0 and 6.5.

text:
# Brown earth

**Brown earth** is a type of soil. Brown earths are mostly located between 35° and 55° north of the Equator. The largest expanses cover western and central Europe, large areas of western and trans-Uralian Russia, the east coast of America and eastern Asia. Here, areas of brown earth soil types are found particularly in Japan, Korea, China, eastern Australia and New Zealand. Brown earths cover 45% of the land in England and Wales. They are common in lowland areas (below 1,000 feet) on permeable parent material. The most common vegetation types are deciduous woodland and grassland. Due to the reasonable natural fertility of brown earths, large tracts of deciduous woodland have been cut down and the land is now used for farming. They are normally located in regions with a humid temperate climate. Rainfall totals are moderate, usually below 76 cm per year, and temperatures range from 4 °C in the winter to 18 °C in the summer. They are well-drained fertile soils with a pH of between 5.0 and 6.5.

## Horizontal structure

Soils generally have three horizons: the A, B and C horizon. Horizon A is usually a brownish colour, and over 20 cm in depth. It is composed of mull humus (well decomposed alkaline organic matter) and mineral matter. It is biologically active with many soil organisms and plant roots mixing the mull humus with mineral particles. As a result, the boundary between the A and B horizons can be ill-defined in unploughed examples. Horizon B is mostly composed of mineral matter which has been weathered from the parent material, but it often contains inclusions of more organic material carried in by organisms, especially earthworms. It is lighter in colour than the A horizon, and is often weakly illuviated (enriched with material from overlying horizons). Due to limited leaching only the more soluble bases are moved down through the profile. Horizon C is made up of the parent material, which is generally permeable and non- or slightly acidic, for example clay loam.

## General relations in western Europe

Brown earths are important, because they are permeable and usually easy to work throughout the year, so they are valued for agriculture. They also support a much wider range of forest trees than can be found on wetter land. They are freely drained soils with well-developed A and B horizons. They often develop over relatively permeable bedrock of some kind, but are also found over unconsolidated parent materials like river gravels. Some soil classifications include well-drained alluvial soils in the brown earths too.

Typically the brown earths have dark brown topsoils with loamy particle size-classes and good structure – especially under grassland. The B horizon lacks the grey colours and mottles characteristic of gley soils. The rich colour is the result of iron compounds, mainly complex oxides which, like rust, have a reddish-brown colour. Some of these soils are, in fact, red. For example, in Great Britain reddish brown earths occur on the Old Red Sandstone (Devonian) and the New Red Sandstone (Permian), and are red because the rocks from which they formed are derived from strongly oxidised deposits that were laid down under desert conditions millions of years ago.

In long-cultivated soils the pH in the topsoil tends to be higher (more alkaline) than in the subsoil as a result of the addition of lime over the years. In general, the wetter the climate, the more acidic the soils. This is because rain tends to wash the "alkaline" bases out of the soil. Of course, the parent material also has an effect, and hard acidic rocks give rise to more acidic soils than do the softer sandstones. The landscapes where these lowland soils occur are typically undulating, and interesting variations in the profiles relate to the slopes where they are found. We think, perhaps of soils as static and unchanging, but in fact they are never stationary. The processes of weathering and plant growth that were responsible for the formation of soils from bare parent materials in the first place are still going on. This is most easily seen on a hill slope. The top of the hill is usually convex, and it is here that most erosion is taking place – upper slopes and summits are more exposed to wind, and rain, and gravity is slowly but surely moving the topsoil down the hill. Thus soils on the brow of the hill tend to be shallower than those in mid-slope positions, where soil is moving down, but being replaced by material from above. At the base of the slope we usually find a concave area where the eroded soil has accumulated. Here the topsoils will be significantly thicker than elsewhere.

## Soil formation factors

A brown earth soil is affected by several different factors. These include: climate, relief, soil drainage, parent material and the soil biota that live in the soil itself.

## Classification

Brown earths have a long history of being a major grouping in most soil classifications. In France they have been included with "sol brun acide", although these soils may tend to have more iron and aluminium in the B horizon, and tend to what, in the British classification, is called a brown podzolic soil. Brown earths are also classified in the German and Austrian soil taxonomy as "Braunerde." Braunerden are widespread and frequently occur on unconsolidated parent sand or loess parent materials. "Parabraunerde" is the classification for a brown earth with an eluvial horizon above a slightly argillic, clayey illuvial horizon. This gives rise to a universal division of these, generally brown and well drained soils into the weakly leached brown earths - called cambisols in the international World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB); and more leached brown podzolic soils in which there is an orange-brown B horizon, but no pale leached horizon between the A and the B horizons. These are called Umbrisols in the WRB, and are particularly common in western Europe, covering large areas in NW Spain.

Further east in Europe, in more continental climates, the soils show greater leaching of clay and other minerals, and are mapped as luvisols in the WRB. These are rather similar to brown earths, and some other classifications, including the British and French, call these soils argillic brown earths (sol brun lessive), because they have an argillic, i.e. clay-enriched horizon at some depth well below the A horizon. The argillic character is rather weakly expressed in the oceanic climate of the UK, and the differences between brown earths proper (cambic brown earths) and argillic yellow earths are not apparent to the general observer.


title: Brown envelope journalism

abstract: In media ethics, brown envelope journalism (BEJ) is a term used to describe the practice of journalists accepting monetary or other incentives in exchange for favorable news coverage or the suppression of negative information. The phenomenon undermines journalistic integrity and the independence of the media, leading to biased reporting influenced by external interests. The practice is not limited to one country, rather it is observed in other African countries, namely Tanzania, Nigeria, and in Ghana where it is called soli and in Cameroon where it is known as gombo. The practice is also reported in Gulf countries such as Kuwait. BEJ is often justified by journalists due to low salaries and inadequate compensation for work-related expenses.

text:
# Brown envelope journalism

In media ethics, **brown envelope journalism** (**BEJ**) is a term used to describe the practice of journalists accepting monetary or other incentives in exchange for favorable news coverage or the suppression of negative information. The phenomenon undermines journalistic integrity and the independence of the media, leading to biased reporting influenced by external interests. The practice is not limited to one country, rather it is observed in other African countries, namely Tanzania, Nigeria, and in Ghana where it is called *soli* and in Cameroon where it is known as *gombo*. The practice is also reported in Gulf countries such as Kuwait.

BEJ is often justified by journalists due to low salaries and inadequate compensation for work-related expenses.

## Etymology

The name is derived from cash inducements hidden in brown envelopes and given to journalists during press briefings.

## By country

### Kuwait

Brown envelope journalism is prelevant in Kuwait as well. In 2021, a study examined the practice of brown envelope journalism in Kuwait. The study revealed that the situation in Kuwait has largely remained the unchanged. The conceptualization of ethics among journalists in Kuwait has shown little evolution over the years. The journalists continue to face the same ethical dilemmas, indicating a persistent challenge in adhering to journalistic integrity. Additionally, the employment of part-time journalists, who may be more susceptible to engaging in brown envelope journalism due to financial pressures, is still a prevalent practice in the country. This highlights a systemic issue within the media industry in Kuwait, where part-time journalists are potentially more exposed to ethical compromises.

The study also found a lack of proactive measures by editors and media supervisors in Kuwait to combat this form of journalism. There is an absence of strict policies or disciplinary actions against reporters who engage in such practices. This lack of enforcement contributes to the ongoing presence of brown envelope journalism in the Kuwaiti media landscape. Moreover, many journalists in Kuwait view the acceptance or rejection of these unethical incentives as a personal choice, rather than a professional ethical breach. This perspective underscores a broader issue of individual responsibility versus institutional accountability in the field of journalism in Kuwait.

### Nigeria

Brown envelope journalism is regarded as a common practice in Nigeria. Prior to the 1990s, most news publications were government owned. The Babangida regime (1985–1993) saw a rise of media activism, opposing militarised democratization and struggle for independence. The early standing of journalism as noble resulted in a lack of law or regulations. One of the effects is that the Nigerian media has become a thriving arena for sponsored stories. Journalists in Nigeria perceive brown envelope journalism practice to be unethical, and media regulatory bodies such as the Nigerian Union of Journalist (NUJ) apply a code of ethics to discourage the practice.

While the true extent of BEJ practices worldwide is unknown, research literature has been concentrated in the South East and Asia and Eastern Europe regions, as well as Latin American and African regions in recent years. In 2010, the African Communication Research journal has received around 40 submissions of research articles centered around 10 Sub-Saharan African countries.

### Tanzania

In Tanzania, a significant proportion of journalists work on a freelance basis, earning less than the national average salary and making them more vulnerable to such unethical practices. Payments are sometimes disguised as allowances for attending events with the expectation of positive coverage. The studies conducted in Tanzania, indicate a considerable incidence of journalists admitting to accepting such bribes.

## Forms

* Public relations (PR) – The practice of brown envelope journalism is sometimes described in Nigeria as PR or public relations by those who indulge in it. PR involves paying in advance for a newsworthy event to be reported by journalists.
* Token of appreciation or for transport—this is monetary inducement given to journalists to gain undue favor under the guise that the bribe giver appreciates the time and mileage the journalist spent on a story.
* *Kola* refers to offering bribes to unethical journalists.

## Causes

A cause of brown envelope journalism may be the poor remuneration of journalists. Many journalists' salaries are not paid on time and bosses sometimes justify this non-payment by telling their employees to use the media platform to earn money. There are instances whereby magazines owe employees six months' salary, even when paid, many journalists still earn less than $3 per day and graduate journalist earn as little as $200 monthly. It may be difficult for journalist who are hungry or have families to feed to live on the salaries alone and neglect taking brown envelopes. In 2015, the Nigeria Union of Journalists demonstrated against *This Day* newspapers after salary payments were delayed for nine months. A 2013 survey study of journalists' perception on the causes of Brown Envelope Syndrome (BES) practices in Nigeria indicate that 6% of journalists interview associate poor remuneration as a cause of (BES), while 2% indicated delay in salary payments.

Another cause may be the influence of advertisers on the financial performance of media houses. Due to the revenues that accrue to media firms through advertisements, the media houses are well aware of the interest of advertisers and consider those interests in the packaging of sensitive news. Dele Olojede's *Next* newspapers stopped printing as a result of drop in revenues from advertisers. *Next*'s crusading stance on political issues and probe into the oil sector hurt its ad sales and paid salutatory praises on politicians. In some broadcast television stations, sponsored news programs can reach close to 50% of news stories.

## Criticism

Despite its widespread nature, BEJ is universally condemned by media ethicists and watchdog organizations. Critics argue that BEJ undermines journalistic integrity and the independence of the media. Despite these criticisms, the practice persists, influenced by broader economic and societal factors.


title: Safeway Stores plc v Burrell

abstract: Safeway Stores plc v Burrell [1997] ICR 523 is a UK labour law case, concerning redundancy.

text:
# Safeway Stores plc v Burrell

***Safeway Stores plc v Burrell*** \[1997\] ICR 523 is a UK labour law case, concerning redundancy.

## Facts

Safeway Stores plc (now owned by Morrisons) wanted to de-layer and reorganise its departments under its ‘Safeway 2000’ plan. Mr Burrell was a petrol station manager at the Penzance, Cornwall, supermarket. The petrol station manager post would be replaced by a petrol station controller who got paid less. The work was much the same. The former job description carried some management responsibility but Mr Burrell had not in practice performed them. Mr Burrell did not apply for the new post and got redundancy. He then claimed unfair dismissal. The Tribunal held the employers had not demonstrated Mr Burrell was redundant, because the new job involved the same work as before.

## Judgment

Peter Clark J held the Tribunal had used the wrong test for redundancy as understood from ERA 1996 section 139(1)(b). The right one is to ask (1) whether the employer’s need for employees had diminished and (2) whether the dismissal was caused by the diminution. So the case was remitted to be reheard. He noted that one should concentrate on the diminution of employees, not of work, referring to *Carry All Motors Ltd v Pennington*. Furthermore, a business reorganisation is interesting factual background, but its fact does not answer the two stage question of redundancy.

> The contract versus function test debate is predicated on a misreading of both the statute and the cases of Nelson and *Cowen v Haden Ltd*… the applicant/employee’s terms and conditions of employment are irrelevant to the questions raised by the statute.

## InfoBox

| Safeway Stores plc v Burrell | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | Court of Appeal of England and Wales |
| Citation | \[1997\] ICR 523 |
| Keywords | |
| Redundancy | |


title: Safeway Bowl

abstract: The Safeway Bowl is the name given to the North Texas–SMU football rivalry. It is a college football rivalry game between the Southern Methodist University Mustangs football team and the University of North Texas Mean Green football team, two universities in Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

text:
# Safeway Bowl

45km
30miles SMU  North TexasLocations of North Texas and SMU

The **Safeway Bowl** is the name given to the **North Texas–SMU football rivalry**. It is a college football rivalry game between the Southern Methodist University Mustangs football team and the University of North Texas Mean Green football team, two universities in Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

## History

The two teams first met in 1922, with a 66–0 win for SMU over North Texas. The match-up has geographic relevance, as North Texas and SMU are the largest public and private universities in the DFW area respectively. As bitter cross-Metroplex rivals, the two teams have met 41 times in total.

Its name is derived from a challenge from former UNT head coach Matt Simon, who after a two year break in the series, stated "I'd like to play because I think we could beat them, and my players feel the same way. If they'd like to play on a Safeway parking lot ... just give us a date and time."

SMU leads the series 36–6–1, as the series had three major hiatuses since its original start. The series has been ongoing since its renewal in 2013, and is expected to continue as North Texas joins SMU in the American Athletic Conference in 2023. However, on September 1, 2023, it was announced that SMU would be joining the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2024.

## Game results

| SMU victories | North Texas victories | Tie games |
| --- | --- | --- |

• Despite having their home games at the Cotton Bowl for 46 years, North Texas played SMU there just twice. The first 21 games of the series came before the arrival of Doak Walker to SMU, whose play attracted the large crowds that prompted the school to move its home games out of Ownby Stadium to the larger venue in Fair Park.
• Of the 39 games played between the two schools, just five of those have taken place in Denton. Ownby Stadium was seen as the far superior venue to the tiny Eagle Field that North Texas played on before 1952, which sat just 5,000 people to Ownby's 23,000. When the series resumed in the 1970s, the Cotton Bowl and Texas Stadium both held vastly more fans than Fouts Field could. Only after SMU moved its home games back on campus following the death penalty did the schools start playing games in Denton. Fouts Field hosted its first Safeway Bowl in 1990, which North Texas won to snap a six-game losing streak in the series.
• Both schools have largely had success in the series when playing on their campuses. North Texas holds a 4–3–0 record in games played at Fouts Field or Apogee Stadium, while SMU holds a remarkable 23–1–1 record in games played at Armstrong Field, Ownby Stadium, or Ford Stadium. SMU's only win on UNT's campus came on September 3, 2016, while UNT's only win on SMU's campus came on September 23, 1933. SMU leads the series 7–1–0 when the game was played at either the Cotton Bowl or Texas Stadium.
• 16 of the 40 contests have ended with a shutout (40%), including the 1932 game which ended in a scoreless tie. North Texas was on the losing end of all of those shutouts except the tie and a 7–0 win in 1933 (UNT's most recent win on SMU's campus). The first six games of the series, all won by SMU, were also shutouts.

## InfoBox

Safeway Bowl
| North Texas Mean Green   SMU Mustangs | |
| --- | --- |
| Sport | Football |
| First meeting | October 7, 1922
SMU 66, North Texas State Normal 0 |
| Latest meeting | November 10, 2023
SMU 45, North Texas 21 |
| Statistics | |
| Meetings total | 43 |
| All-time series | SMU leads 36–6–1 (.849) |
| Largest victory | SMU, 68–0 (1927) |
| Longest win streak | SMU, 11 (1934–1976) |
| Current win streak | SMU, 5 (2019–present) |


title: Sabni

abstract: Sabni was an ancient Egyptian official of the Old Kingdom under king Pepy II. He was an expedition leader undertaking enterprises to Nubia. He is mainly known from his rock cut at Qubbet el-Hawa. Sabni has a rock cut tomb in Qubbet el-Hawa. The tomb consist of two parts. Overground there is the decorated funerary chapel for the cult of the deceased. Under that there are five shafts with chambers for the burials of Sabni, but also for family members. On the facade of the tomb is carved a long biographical inscription, reporting his expeditions to Nubia, where he was collecting the body of his dead father Mekhu, who died there in an earlier expedition. However, the inscription is today largely destroyed. Behind the entrance there opens a big hall supported by 14 pillars and again carved into the rock. At the back of the hall there is the false door for Sabni. On the walls and pillars of the hall are carved panels showing Sabni, family members but also funerary priests. One bigger panel shows Sabni and his father Mekhu hunting in the marsches. His father is Mekhu who shared the tomb with Sabni. Both tombs are carved into the rock side by side, while the main halls of the cult chapels as united. Sabni hold several important titles, such as count, royal sealer, overseer of Upper Egypt, sole friend, overseer of the foreign lands and lector priest. In Sabni's tomb are depicted several family members. His wife was the sole ornamented of the king Setka. He had a son named Antef and a daughter Itety. Sabni is also known from a letter, found on Elephantine. There Sabni is accused of stealing things.

text:
# Sabni

**Sabni** was an ancient Egyptian official of the Old Kingdom under king Pepy II. He was an expedition leader undertaking enterprises to Nubia. He is mainly known from his rock cut at Qubbet el-Hawa (near modern Aswan in the South of Egypt).

Sabni has a rock cut tomb in Qubbet el-Hawa. The tomb consist of two parts. Overground there is the decorated funerary chapel for the cult of the deceased. Under that there are five shafts with chambers for the burials of Sabni, but also for family members. On the facade of the tomb is carved a long biographical inscription, reporting his expeditions to Nubia, where he was collecting the body of his dead father Mekhu, who died there in an earlier expedition. However, the inscription is today largely destroyed. Behind the entrance there opens a big hall supported by 14 pillars and again carved into the rock. At the back of the hall there is the false door for Sabni. On the walls and pillars of the hall are carved panels showing Sabni, family members but also funerary priests. One bigger panel shows Sabni and his father Mekhu hunting in the marsches. His father is Mekhu who shared the tomb with Sabni. Both tombs are carved into the rock side by side, while the main halls of the cult chapels as united. Sabni hold several important titles, such as *count, royal sealer, overseer of Upper Egypt, sole friend, overseer of the foreign lands* and *lector priest*.

In Sabni's tomb are depicted several family members. His wife was the *sole ornamented of the king* Setka. He had a son named Antef and a daughter Itety.

Sabni is also known from a letter, found on Elephantine. There Sabni is accused of stealing things.

1. Deborah Vischak: *Community and Identity in Ancient Egypt, The Old Kingdom Cemetery at Qubbet el-Hawa*, Cambridge 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-02760-2, 58-67
2. Vischak: *Community and Identity*, 245
3. Vischak: *Community and Identity*, 246
4. Paul C. Smither: *An Old Kingdom Letter concerning the Crimes of Count Sabni*, In: *The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology*, Vol. 28, (Dec., 1942), pp. 16-19


title: UFC 231

abstract: UFC 231: Holloway vs. Ortega was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship held on December 8, 2018 at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# UFC 231

***UFC 231: Holloway vs. Ortega*** was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship held on December 8, 2018 at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

## Background

A UFC Featherweight Championship bout between Max Holloway and Brian Ortega served as the event headliner. The fight was originally scheduled to take place at UFC 226, but Holloway pulled out due to "concussion like symptoms".

In the co-headlining slot, a bout for the vacant UFC Women's Flyweight Championship between former UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship challenger Valentina Shevchenko and former UFC Women's Strawweight Champion Joanna Jędrzejczyk took place. If victorious, Jędrzejczyk would become the first woman to win titles in different divisions. They met previously in amateur muay thai and kickboxing, with Shevchenko winning all three encounters. On October 2, the UFC announced that Shevchenko would face Sijara Eubanks at UFC 230 instead, as that event was in need of a headliner. The fight between Shevchenko and Jędrzejczyk was put back together a week later though, as a fight between then UFC Heavyweight and Light Heavyweight Champion Daniel Cormier and Derrick Lewis wound up filling the headlining slot at UFC 230.

A lightweight bout between Gilbert Burns and Olivier Aubin-Mercier was previously scheduled to take place in February 2018 at UFC on Fox: Emmett vs. Stephens. However, Burns was pulled from the pairing during the week leading up to the event after medical officials deemed that it was unsafe for Burns to cut the necessary weight for the 156-pound limit. The fight has been rescheduled for this event.

A middleweight bout between The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3 heavyweight winner Antônio Carlos Júnior and The Ultimate Fighter: Nations middleweight winner Elias Theodorou was initially scheduled to take place at UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Anders. However, Júnior pulled out on August 28 due to injury. The pairing was then rescheduled for this event. In turn, on September 13, it was reported that Júnior was forced to withdraw as a surgery is required to treat the injury that caused the first cancellation of this bout. On October 1, it was reported that Eryk Anders would replace him.

A light heavyweight bout between Jimi Manuwa and Thiago Santos was expected to headline UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Anders, but the bout was scrapped due to an injury suffered by Manuwa. The pairing took place at this event.

A featherweight bout between Renato Moicano and Mirsad Bektić was expected to take place at the event. However, Bektić was forced out of the bout due to an undisclosed injury on November 15. Moicano instead served as the backup fighter for the main event.

John Makdessi was expected to face Carlos Diego Ferreira at the event. However, Makdessi pulled out of the fight on November 28 and was replaced by returning veteran Jesse Ronson. However, on December 4, it was announced that Ronson was pulled from the bout after Ontario Athletics Commission officials deemed that he was too heavy to safely make the lightweight 156-pound limit. He was replaced by newcomer Kyle Nelson.

## Results

| Main Card | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Weight class |  |  |  | Method | Round | Time | Notes |
| Featherweight | Max Holloway (c) | def. | Brian Ortega | TKO (doctor stoppage) | 4 | 5:00 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Valentina Shevchenko | def. | Joanna Jędrzejczyk | Decision (unanimous) (49–46, 49–46, 49–46) | 5 | 5:00 |  |
| Welterweight | Gunnar Nelson | def. | Alex Oliveira | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 2 | 4:17 |  |
| Featherweight | Hakeem Dawodu | def. | Kyle Bochniak | Decision (split) (28–29, 30–27, 30–27) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Thiago Santos | def. | Jimi Manuwa | KO (punch) | 2 | 0:41 |  |
| Preliminary Card (Fox Sports 1) | | | | | | | |
| Women's Strawweight | Nina Ansaroff | def. | Cláudia Gadelha | Decision (unanimous) (29–28, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Lightweight | Gilbert Burns | def. | Olivier Aubin-Mercier | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 30–27, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Women's Flyweight | Jessica Eye | def. | Katlyn Chookagian | Decision (split) (29–28, 28–29, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Middleweight | Elias Theodorou | def. | Eryk Anders | Decision (split) (29–28, 28–29, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Early Preliminary Card (UFC Fight Pass) | | | | | | | |
| Bantamweight | Brad Katona | def. | Matthew Lopez | Decision (unanimous) (30–27, 29–28, 29–28) | 3 | 5:00 |  |
| Welterweight | Dhiego Lima | def. | Chad Laprise | KO (punch) | 1 | 1:37 |  |
| Lightweight | Carlos Diego Ferreira | def. | Kyle Nelson | TKO (punches) | 2 | 1:23 |  |
| Light Heavyweight | Aleksandar Rakić | def. | Devin Clark | TKO (punches) | 1 | 4:05 |  |

## Bonus awards

The following fighters were awarded $50,000 bonuses:

* **Fight of the Night: Max Holloway vs. Brian Ortega**
* **Performance of the Night: Max Holloway** and **Thiago Santos**

1. Staff (2018-12-09). "UFC 231 draws announced sellout of 19,039 for $2.4 million live gate in Toronto". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-12-09.
2. @jedigoodman (December 20, 2018). "From WON, the current estimates for..." (Tweet). Retrieved 2023-04-06  via Twitter.
3. Staff (2018-07-08). "UFC announces rest of 2018 schedule from September through end of year". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
4. Staff (2018-10-01). "Max Holloway vs. Brian Ortega title fight officially back on at UFC 231 in Toronto". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
5. Mike Bohn (2018-07-04). "Max Holloway out of UFC 226, hospitalized with concussion-like symptoms". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-07-04.
6. Brandon Wise (2018-09-20). "Joanna Jedrzejczyk vs. Valentina Shevchenko set for flyweight title fight at UFC 231". cbssports.com. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
7. Justin Park (2016-07-23). "Valentina Shevchenko has 3 wins over UFC champ Joanna Jedrzejczyk, who's now a supporter". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-09-22.
8. Staff (2018-10-02). "UFC 230 finally has main event: Valentina Shevchenko vs. Sijara Eubanks for vacant flyweight title". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
9. Brett Okamoto (2018-10-09). "Daniel Cormier-Derrick Lewis official; Valentina Shevchenko moved back to UFC 231". *espn.com*. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
10. Shaun Al-Shatti (2018-02-21). "Gilbert Burns vs. Olivier Aubin-Mercier scratched from UFC on FOX 28". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
11. Marcel Dorff (2018-08-22). "Attempt 2: Gilbert Burns vs. Olivier Aubin-Mercier at UFC 231 in Toronto" (in Dutch). mmadna.nl. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
12. Marc Raimondi (2018-08-27). "Antonio Carlos Junior out of UFC Sao Paulo fight against Elias Theodorou". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2018-08-28.
13. Gabriel Camargo (2018-08-28). "Cara de Sapato gets hurt and fights with Elias Theodorou is delayed for UFC 231" (in Portuguese). mmabrasil.com.br. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
14. Danny Segura (2018-09-14). "Antonio Carlos Junior says he's out of UFC 231 bout with Elias Theodorou". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
15. Mike Bohn (2018-10-01). "Jimi Manuwa vs. Thiago 'Marreta' Santos, Eryk Anders vs. Elias Theodorou added to UFC 231". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
16. Mookie Alexander (2018-09-16). "Jimi Manuwa injured, Eryk Anders now fights Thiago Santos in UFC Sao Paulo main event". bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
17. Mike Bohn (2018-11-15). "Mirsad Bektic out of UFC 231 bout vs. Renato Moicano due to injury". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
18. Staff (2018-11-28). "Renato Moicano named backup to Max Holloway-Brian Ortega title fight at UFC 231". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
19. Guilherme Cruz (2018-11-28). "Jesse Ronson returns to the UFC, replaces John Makdessi vs. Diego Ferreira at UFC 231". mmafighting.com. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
20. Staff (2018-12-04). "Jesse Ronson 'too heavy,' ruled out of UFC 231 bout vs. Diego Ferreira". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
21. Alexander K. Lee (2018-12-05). "Diego Ferreira draws short-notice replacement Kyle Nelson for UFC 231". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
22. "UFC 231: Holloway vs. Ortega". Ultimate Fighting Championship. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
23. Staff (2018-12-09). "UFC 231 bonuses: Max Holloway earns double after dominant title defense". mmajunkie.com. Retrieved 2018-12-09.

## InfoBox

| UFC 231: Holloway vs. Ortega | |
| --- | --- |
| The poster for UFC 231: Holloway vs. Ortega | |
| Promotion | Ultimate Fighting Championship |
| Date | December 8, 2018 (2018-12-08) |
| Venue | Scotiabank Arena |
| City | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Attendance | 19,039 |
| Total gate | $2,400,000 |
| Buyrate | 300,000 |
| Event chronology | |
| UFC Fight Night: dos Santos vs. Tuivasa UFC 231: Holloway vs. Ortega UFC on Fox: Lee vs. Iaquinta 2 | |


title: Brendan McWilliams

abstract: Brendan McWilliams was an Irish meteorologist and science writer. He was born in Dublin in 1944 but grew up in Waterville, County Kerry where his father was in charge of the Valentia Observatory. He graduated in mathematical science from University College Cork (UCC) in 1964. He joined the Irish Meteorological Service in 1965 and worked as a weather forecaster, first at Shannon Airport and later at the Central Analysis and Forecast Office in Dublin. During the 1970s he was a regular presenter of the daily weather forecast on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) television. In 1978, Brendan McWilliams became Head of the Meteorological Service at Dublin Airport, and from 1981 to 1990 he was Head of Administration at Met Éireann, the Irish Meteorological Service. In 1987 he obtained an MBA from the National University of Ireland Dublin and became deputy director of Met Éireann in 1990. He was appointed as Director of Administration of the European Meteorological Satellite Organisation based in Germany in 1998 and retired in 2004. Brendan McWilliams's daily "Weather Eye" column in The Irish Times, began in 1988 and became one of the most popular features of the newspaper. For the last year of his life he made a weekly live contribution to Today with Pat Kenny on RTÉ Radio 1. He died peacefully, after a short illness, on 22 October 2007.

text:
# Brendan McWilliams

**Brendan McWilliams** (7 August 1944  22 October 2007) was an Irish meteorologist and science writer. He was born in Dublin in 1944 but grew up in Waterville, County Kerry where his father was in charge of the Valentia Observatory. He graduated in mathematical science from University College Cork (UCC) in 1964. He joined the Irish Meteorological Service in 1965 and worked as a weather forecaster, first at Shannon Airport and later at the Central Analysis and Forecast Office in Dublin. During the 1970s he was a regular presenter of the daily weather forecast on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) television.

In 1978, Brendan McWilliams became Head of the Meteorological Service at Dublin Airport, and from 1981 to 1990 he was Head of Administration at Met Éireann, the Irish Meteorological Service. In 1987 he obtained an MBA from the National University of Ireland Dublin and became deputy director of Met Éireann in 1990. He was appointed as Director of Administration of the European Meteorological Satellite Organisation based in Germany in 1998 and retired in 2004.

Brendan McWilliams's daily "Weather Eye" column in *The Irish Times*, began in 1988 and became one of the most popular features of the newspaper. For the last year of his life he made a weekly live contribution to *Today with Pat Kenny* on RTÉ Radio 1.

He died peacefully, after a short illness, on 22 October 2007.

## InfoBox

| Brendan McWilliams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 7 August 1944
Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 22 October 2007(2007-10-22) (aged 63)
Wexford, Ireland |
| Occupation(s) | Meteorologist and writer |


title: Romanogobio elimeius

abstract: Romanogobio elimeius is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Greece and North Macedonia. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Romanogobio elimeius

***Romanogobio elimeius*** is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Greece and North Macedonia. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Romanogobio elimeius* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Cyprinidae |
| Subfamily: | Gobioninae |
| Genus: | *Romanogobio* |
| Species: | ***R. elimeius*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Romanogobio elimeius***
(Kattoulas, Stephanidis & Economidis, 1973) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gobio elimeius* Kattoulas, Stephanidis & Economidis, 1973 * *Gobio banarescui* Dimovski & Grupche, 1974 | |


title: Eudonia zophochlaena

abstract: Eudonia zophochlaena is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is endemic to New Zealand. It has been hypothesised that this species is a North Island endemic. The adults of this species are on the wing from December until February. The larvae of this species are leaf miners of the leather-leaf fern Pyrrosia eleagnifolia.

text:
# Eudonia zophochlaena

***Eudonia zophochlaena*** is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1923. It is endemic to New Zealand. It has been hypothesised that this species is a North Island endemic. The adults of this species are on the wing from December until February. The larvae of this species are leaf miners of the leather-leaf fern *Pyrrosia eleagnifolia*.

## Taxonomy

This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1923 using a specimen collected by George Hudson in Takapuna, Auckland and named *Scoparia zophochlaena*. In 1928 George Hudson described and illustrated this species under that name. In 1988 John S. Dugdale discussed this species using the epithet *zophoclaena* and placed the species in the genus *Eudonia*. This placement was accepted in 2010 in the New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity which listed the species under the name *Eudonia zophochlaena*. The male holotype is held at the Natural History Museum, London.

## Description

Meyrick described the male adult of this species as follows:

> ♂ 18 mm. Head ferruginous-ochreous, face fuscous. Palpi 2+14, light grey mixed with whitish. Antennal ciliations 14. Thorax dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-grey-whitish, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate-triangular, termen gently rounded, faintly sinuate beneath apex, somewhat oblique; light ochreous-brownish; first line double, irregular, white, from 15 of costa to 13 of dorsum, suffusedly blotched with ferruginous-ochreous above and below middle, basal area within this almost wholly black; second line fine, white, from 45 of costa to 34 of dorsum, gently excurved, indented at 14 from costa, nearly preceded by a more curved fascia of whitish suffusion broadest towards extremities, space between these blackish towards costa; space between first line and the whitish fascia forming a trapezoidal costal blotch of blackish suffusion, its anterior lower angle resting on dorsum beyond first line and posterior on middle of fascia; second line followed by a blackish transverse blotch from costa hardly reaching half across wing, and some irregular blackish marking towards dorsum; an almost terminal series of small roundish spots of blackish irroration: cilia whitish-grey, with grey subbasal shade. Hindwings ochreous-whitish, with an apical blotch of light-grey suffusion; cilia whitish, with grey subbasal line.

Meyrick regarded this species as distinctive as it has large black patches on its forewings.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to New Zealand. Brian Patrick hypothesised that this species is a North Island endemic as it has been observed in Auckland as well as in the Waikato, Hawkes Bay, Manawatū-Whanganui and Wellington regions.

## Behaviour

Adults have been recorded on wing from December until February. Adults are active at night and are attracted to light.

## Hosts

The larval host of this species is the leather-leaf fern *Pyrrosia eleagnifolia*. The larvae of this species travel from leaf to leaf via the silk tunnels they make, mining the leaves as they move. The larvae pupate within these tunnels surrounded by the silk, mined leaves, and frass.

## InfoBox

| *Eudonia zophochlaena* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Crambidae |
| Genus: | *Eudonia* |
| Species: | ***E. zophochlaena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eudonia zophochlaena***<br>(Meyrick, 1923) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scoparia zophochlaena* Meyrick, 1923 * *Scoparia zophoclaena* Meyrick, 1923 (misspelling) * *Eudonia zophoclaena* (Meyrick, 1923) | |


title: Colluli mine

abstract: The Colluli mine is a large potash mine located in southern Eritrea. Colluli represents one of the largest potash reserves in Eritrea having estimated reserves of 1.08 billion tonnes of ore grading 18% potassium chloride metal. The mine formerly hosted a railway connection to Assab, which has since been abandoned.

text:
# Colluli mine

The **Colluli mine** is a large potash mine located in southern Eritrea. Colluli represents one of the largest potash reserves in Eritrea having estimated reserves of 1.08 billion tonnes of ore grading 18% potassium chloride metal.

The mine formerly hosted a railway connection to Assab, which has since been abandoned.

## InfoBox

Colluli mine
| Location | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Eritrea |
| Production | |
| Products | Potash |


title: Cortinicara

abstract:
Cortinicara is a genus of beetles in the family Latridiidae, containing the following species:
  - Cortinicara afghana Johnson, 1977
  - Cortinicara andersoni
  - Cortinicara baronowskii Johnson, 1989
  - Cortinicara bhutanica Johnson, 1977
  - Cortinicara biloba Rücker, 1984
  - Cortinicara blatchleyi Johnson, 1989
  - Cortinicara carinifrons Johnson, 1990
  - Cortinicara conferta
  - Cortinicara corpulenta
  - Cortinicara fukiensis Johnson, 1990
  - Cortinicara gibbosa
  - Cortinicara hirtalis
  - Cortinicara luzonica Johnson, 1989
  - Cortinicara meridiana Johnson, 1975
  - Cortinicara vagepunctata

text:
# Cortinicara

***Cortinicara*** is a genus of beetles in the family Latridiidae, containing the following species:

## InfoBox

| *Cortinicara* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Cortinicara meridiana | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Latridiidae |
| Subfamily: | Corticariinae |
| Genus: | *Cortinicara*<br>Johnson, 1975 |
|


title: Sarımahmutlu, Buldan

abstract: Sarımahmutlu is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Buldan, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 252 (2022).

text:
# Sarımahmutlu, Buldan

**Sarımahmutlu** is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Buldan, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 252 (2022).

## InfoBox

| Sarımahmutlu | |
| --- | --- |
| Neighbourhood | |
| SarımahmutluLocation in TurkeySarımahmutluSarımahmutlu (Turkey Aegean) | |
| Coordinates: 38°10′N 28°48′E / 38.167°N 28.800°E / 38.167; 28.800 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Denizli |
| District | Buldan |
| Population (2022) | 252 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Cachiyacuy

abstract: Cachiyacuy is an extinct genus of caviomorph known from the Loreto of Peru. It contains two species: the type species C. contamanensis and C. kummeli.

text:
# Cachiyacuy

***Cachiyacuy*** is an extinct genus of caviomorph known from the Loreto of Peru. It contains two species: the type species *C. contamanensis* and *C. kummeli*.

## Description

All *Cachiyacuy* specimens were collected in the CTA-27 Locality (or Maquía locality), from the uppermost part of the Yahuarango Formation, dating to the latest Lutetian stage of the late Middle Eocene, about 41 million years ago. The type species *C. contamanensis* is known from the holotype MUSM 1871, a right second molar and from some referred teeth including MUSM 1870, MUSM 1872, MUSM 1873, MUSM 1874, MUSM 1875, MUSM 1876, MUSM 1877, MUSM 1878, MUSM 1879 and MUSM 1880. Its body mass estimated at 80–120 gram. The second species *Cachiyacuy kummeli* is known from the holotype MUSM 1882, a left first molar and from some referred teeth including MUSM 1881, MUSM 1883, MUSM 1885, MUSM 1886, MUSM 1887 and MUSM 1888. It was a tiny rodent, approximately 30% smaller than *C. contamanensis* as its body mass estimated at 30–40 gram. A cladistic analysis found *Cachiyacuy* to be monophyletic and one of the basalmost and the oldest known caviomorph (the other being *Canaanimys* from the same locality).

## Etymology

*Cachiyacuy* was first named by Pierre-Olivier Antoine, Laurent Marivaux, Darin A. Croft, Guillaume Billet, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Thomas Martin, Maëva J. Orliac, Julia Tejada, Ali J. Altamirano, Francis Duranthon, Grégory Fanjat, Sonia Rousse and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi in 2012 and the type species is *Cachiyacuy contamanensis*. The generic name is derived from *Cachiyacu*, name of a local River, and *cuy*, Quechua for "guinea pig". The specific name of the type species is named after the geographical provenance of the specimens, close to the city of Contamana. The specific name of *C. kummeli* honors the geologist Bernhard Kummel for describing extensively for the first time the Cachiyacu section in the 1940s.

## InfoBox

| *Cachiyacuy*
Temporal range: Middle Eocene (Divisaderan)
~ | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Parvorder: | Caviomorpha |
| Genus: | *Cachiyacuy*
Antoine *et al.* 2012 |
|
| Species | |
| * *C. contamanensis* Antoine *et al.* 2012 (type) * *C. kummeli* Antoine *et al.* 2012 | |


title: Saratoga (band)

abstract: Saratoga is a Spanish heavy metal band established in Madrid in 1992 by bassist Niko del Hierro and guitarist Jero Ramiro. Since March 2023, the band's lineup has consisted of del Hierro, Ramiro, Tete Novoa (vocals), and Arnau Martí (drums). The band experienced their biggest success during the tenure of vocalist Leo Jiménez (1999–2006). Since 2014, with the arrival of Novoa, they have seen a resurgence in popularity. Saratoga has released fourteen studio albums, five live records, and four compilations, as well as numerous singles.

text:
# Saratoga (band)

**Saratoga** is a Spanish heavy metal band established in Madrid in 1992 by bassist Niko del Hierro (Ñu, Barón Rojo) and guitarist Jero Ramiro (Santa, Ñu). Since March 2023, the band's lineup has consisted of del Hierro, Ramiro, Tete Novoa (vocals), and Arnau Martí (drums). The band experienced their biggest success during the tenure of vocalist Leo Jiménez (1999–2006). Since 2014, with the arrival of Novoa, they have seen a resurgence in popularity. Saratoga has released fourteen studio albums, five live records, and four compilations, as well as numerous singles.

## History

### Early years: *Saratoga*, *Mi Ciudad*, and *Vientos de Guerra* (1992–1999)

Saratoga was formed in Madrid in 1992 by Ñu bassist Niko Del Hierro and guitarist Jero Ramiro. They were soon joined by drummer Marcos Parra. The latter left shortly after and was replaced by Joaquín "el niño" Arellano. Vocalist Tony Dominguez joined the band but was asked to leave in 1993 as his voice was seen as not fitting the band's style. Fructuoso "Fortu" Sánchez took over his post. They signed a contract with the Madrid record company Avispa in December 1994 and a year later released their debut, self-titled album. With the same lineup, they released a covers album a year later, titled *Tributo*, which constituted a tribute to the most important Spanish hard rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s. After the album came out, Sánchez departed the group and was replaced by Gabriel Boente. In 1997, their third album, *Mi Ciudad*, came out, demonstrating a heavier sound, and garnering the band some success in European countries. In 1998, after the departure of Arellano and Boente, Saratoga hired drummer Dani Pérez and vocalist Leo Jiménez, who brought a fresh style to the band's sound. A year later, they released the album *Vientos de Guerra*, a harder-sounding record than their previous work.

### *Agotarás* and *El Clan de la Lucha* (2000–2004)

In the first year of the new millennium, Saratoga issued their first live record, a double-CD titled *Tiempos de Directo*. This was followed by their fifth studio album, *Agotarás*, in 2002. The album proved to be seminal in the band's career, bringing greater international recognition, with Latin America as a new market. In an attempt to secure English-speaking audiences, the band recorded two songs in English for the EP *Heaven's Gate* in 2003. They followed this with the live CD/DVD *A Morir* the same year.

In March 2004, Saratoga entered the studio to record their next album, *El Clan de la Lucha*. They launched a tour to promote it on 20 March, with the opportunity to open for folk metal band Mägo de Oz at Las Ventas, Madrid, in front of 10,000 spectators. This was their longest tour up to that point, lasting close to two years nonstop. The band also released the CD/DVD *Saratoga 1992–2004*, consisting of a compilation of rarities spanning their career up to that time.

### *Tierra de lobos*, lineup changes, and *The Fighting Clan* (2005–2006)

In October 2005, Saratoga began mixing their next record, with Ramiro and del Hierro on production duties. The album, titled *Tierra de lobos*, was released on 28 November. On 17 December 2005, the band revealed that Dani Pérez had left Saratoga. The drummer, who was at the time playing for three bands concurrently, including Stravaganzza and Skizoo, had decided to put his energy into his other two projects. Andres Cobos (known as Andy C), previously of Dark Moor, replaced Pérez. The Tierra de Lobos tour started on 14 January 2006 in Madrid. However, at the beginning of the summer, Leo Jiménez officially announced that Saratoga would be going on hiatus starting in October. Among the reasons cited, Jiménez mentioned that both he and Ramiro wanted to take a break from Saratoga's busy schedule, as well as in his case, spending more time with his other band, Stravaganzza.

On 2 November 2006, Saratoga announced that Jiménez and Ramiro were departing the band, with del Hierro and Andy C remaining. Before the end of the year, they reissued their 2004 album *El clan de la lucha* in English, under the name *The Fighting Clan*. This version of the album had been recorded at the same time as the Spanish one, and retained the vocals of Leo Jiménez.

### *VII, Secretos y Revelaciones* (2007–2011)

At the beginning of 2007, guitarist Tony Hernando joined Saratoga, followed by vocalist Tete Novoa. The band entered the studio to record their seventh album, aptly titled *VII*, which went on sale on 8 October 2007. The record was produced by Niko del Hierro and Tony Hernando. The band immediately went on tour to promote it, even performing in the Americas for the first time, specifically in Quito, Ecuador.

On 5 October 2009, Saratoga released their next album, *Secretos y Revelaciones*. This album was again produced by del Hierro and Hernando, and mastered by Roland Grapow. They began a tour of Spain the same month, and the following year they toured Latin America once more; for the first time in their career, the band got a chance to perform in the United States. While on this tour, they recorded the live CD/DVD *Revelaciones de una noche*, and released it on 7 June 2011. In September of that year, their record label Avispa released the collection *Si no amaneciera (Baladas)*, which compiled all the ballads the group had recorded up to that point, as well as a few rarities.

### *Némesis* and breakup (2012–2014)

On 8 May 2012, Saratoga's ninth album, *Némesis*, went on sale. Like its predecessor, it was produced by del Hierro and Hernando, and mastered by Grapow. The promotional tour for this album began in May in Valladolid, Spain, and ran until 2013; it again included a tour of Latin America. To commemorate the band's twentieth anniversary, a concert was held during the tour in Madrid, with former members of Saratoga joining the band onstage, except Jero Ramiro. With tour dates still pending, on 6 August 2013 the band published a statement from del Hierro, announcing an indefinite cessation of musical activities, citing personal fatigue after twenty-one years of existence.

### Return; *Morir en el bien, Vivir en el mal*; *Aeternus*; *XXX* (2015–present)

In October 2014, Niko del Hierro and Jero Ramiro announced Saratoga's return to performing, without announcing a full lineup. The following month, it was revealed that Tete Novoa and Dani Pérez had rejoined the band. They embarked on a tour that included stops in Latin America. Ramiro announced that the band was working on a new album, to be released in 2016. *Morir en el bien, Vivir en el mal* saw the light on 13 May 2016, and was followed by another tour.

On 27 June 2017, it was announced that the band would go on tour to celebrate their 25-year history and 15 years since the release of *Agotarás*. The tour, referred to as 25/15, began in Mallorca on 14 October 2017 and culminated in Madrid after passing through Spain and Latin America.

On 16 November 2018, the group issued their latest album, *Aeternus*. On 9 October 2020, they announced Dani Pérez's departure and his replacement, Jorge "El Estepario Siberiano" Garrido.

On 5 November 2021, Saratoga released the album *XXX*.

In March 2023, the band announced that Jorge Garrido had decided to leave the band to focus on his YouTube channel and that Arnau Martí would be replacing him on drums.

## Band members

**Current**

* Niko Del Hierro – bass
* Tete Novoa – vocals
* Jero Ramiro – guitar
* Arnau Martí – drums

**Past**

* Tony Domínguez – vocals (1993)
* Fortu Sánchez – vocals (1994–1996)
* Gabi Boente – vocals (1997–1998)
* Leo Jiménez – vocals (1999–2006)
* Tony Hernando – guitar (2007–2013)
* Marcos Parra – drums (1992)
* Joaquín Arellano (El Niño) – drums (1992–1998)
* Andy C. – drums, keyboards (2005–2013)
* Dani Pérez – drums (1998–2006, 2014–2020)
* Jorge "El Estepario Siberiano" Garrido – drums (2020–2023)

### Timeline

## Discography

**Studio albums**

* *Saratoga* (1995)
* *Tributo* (1996)
* *Mi ciudad* (1997)
* *Vientos de guerra* (1999)
* *Agotarás* (2002)
* *El clan de la lucha* (2004)
* *Tierra de lobos* (2005)
* *The Fighting Clan* (2006)
* *VII* (2007)
* *Secretos y revelaciones* (2009)
* *Némesis* (2012)
* *Morir en el bien, Vivir en el mal* (2016)
* *Aeternus* (2018)
* *XXX* (2021)

**Live albums**

* *Tiempos de directo* (2000)
* *A morir* (2003 )
* *Revelaciones de una noche* (2010)
* *El Concierto de los Cien Duros* (2014)
* *Vuelve a Morir (15 Años Después)* (2018)
* *22/10/22... La historia continúa* (2023)

**EPs**

* *En Acústico*  (1996)
* *Heaven's Gate* (2003)

**Compilations**

* *Saratoga 1992–2004* (2004)
* *Si no amaneciera (Baladas)* (2011)
* *Grandes Éxitos* (2016)
* *Cuarto de Siglo* (2017)

## InfoBox

| Saratoga | |
| --- | --- |
| Saratoga performing in 2017 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Madrid, Spain |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | * 1992–2013 * 2015–present |
| Labels |  |
|  | |
| Members | Niko Del Hierro
Tete Novoa
Jero Ramiro
Arnau Martí |
|  | |
| Past members | Marcos Parra
Joaquín Arellano
Tony Domínguez
Fortu Sánchez
Gabriel Boente
Leo Jiménez
Andy C
Tony Hernando
Dani Pérez
Jorge Garrido |
|  | |
| Website | saratoga.com.es |


title: Cahier Africain

abstract: Cahier Africain is a 2016 documentary film by Heidi Specogna, a Swiss filmmaker. Beginning in 2008, Specogna's long-term observation follows the lives of two young Central African women, Amzine and Arlette. The film was prompted by the discovery of a small exercise book, full of courageous testimonies by more than 300 victims of war crimes committed by Central African mercenaries during armed conflict between October 2002 and March 2003. Cahier Africain premiered in 2016 at the Locarno Film Festival, where it received the Zonta Club Award, and the film's UK premiere was in September 2017 at the 25th Raindance Film Festival in London. Salena Godden was the film's English-language narrator.

text:
# Cahier Africain

***Cahier Africain*** (\[kaje afʁikɛ̃\], "African Notebook") is a 2016 documentary film by Heidi Specogna, a Swiss filmmaker. Beginning in 2008, Specogna's long-term observation follows the lives of two young Central African women, Amzine and Arlette. The film was prompted by the discovery of a small exercise book, full of courageous testimonies by more than 300 victims of war crimes committed by Central African mercenaries during armed conflict between October 2002 and March 2003.

*Cahier Africain* premiered in 2016 at the Locarno Film Festival, where it received the Zonta Club Award, and the film's UK premiere was in September 2017 at the 25th Raindance Film Festival in London. Salena Godden was the film's English-language narrator.

## Content

Amzine, a young Muslim woman, gave birth to a child as a result of rape. Looking at her now 12-year-old daughter Fane is a daily reminder of the suffering she entrusted to this book.

Arlette, a Christian girl, has been in agony for years due to a gunshot to her knee that refused to heal. After successful surgery in Berlin, she holds on to hope for a pain-free existence.

But while the two young women try to master their difficult daily lives with confidence – and while, in The Hague, the legal prosecution of crimes committed during the last war is still in progress – the next war breaks out in the Central African Republic. Amzine, Fane and Arlette must once again face a maelstrom of violence, death and expulsion. At their side, the film bears witness to the collapse of order and civilization in a country torn apart by civil war and coup d'états.

## Reception

Giorgia Del Don wrote about *Cahier Africain* in Cineuropa: "Heidi Specogna's latest film literally speaks through images \[..\] about a sad and hopeless beauty. Without ever toppling over into pity, the director portrays the everyday reality of her protagonists with dashes of hope." The review particularly praises the intensity of the film: "Heidi Specogna \[...\] make\[s\] us understand to what extent life has the same value everywhere. A terrible and poetic film it takes extreme courage to watch."

## Awards

*Cahier Africain* won the Zonta Club Award at Locarno International Film Festival 2016.

At DOK Leipzig 2016, *Cahier Africain* was awarded the Silver Dove.

*Cahier Africain* received the 2016 German Human Rights Film Award (Deutscher Menschenrechts-Filmpreis)

## InfoBox

| *Cahier Africain* | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Heidi Specogna |
| Written by | Heidi Specogna |
| Produced by | Peter Spoerri, Stefan Tolz, Heidi Specogna |
| Narrated by | Salena Godden |
| Cinematography | Johann Feindt |
| Edited by | Kaya Inan |
| Music by | Peter Scherer |
| Production
companies | Filmpunkt, PS Film |
| Distributed by | Rushlake Media GmbH
Filmbringer Distribution AG |
| Release date | * August 7, 2016 (2016-08-07) (Locarno) |
| Running time | 118 minutes |
| Countries | Switzerland
Germany |
| Languages | Arabic, French, English |


title: Cahiers Octave Mirbeau

abstract: Cahiers Octave Mirbeau is a French literary journal founded in 1994 by French scholar and Octave Mirbeau specialist Pierre Michel. The journal is based in Angers, France. Its periodicity is annual. Between May 1994 and March 2016, 23 installments were released, totaling more than 8 300 pages. Volumes comprise between 304 and 440 pages and are lavishly illustrated. The circulation is 500 to 600 copies. Each volume divides into at least three major parts. The first is devoted to studies on Octave Mirbeau's literary or aesthetic and political battles. The second includes unpublished or little known documents. The third is a bibliography listing studies and articles devoted to Mirbeau. It reports on the numerous books relating to his time. Some numbers contain a fourth part devoted to contemporary testimonies.

text:
# Cahiers Octave Mirbeau

***Cahiers Octave Mirbeau*** is a French literary journal founded in 1994 by French scholar and Octave Mirbeau specialist Pierre Michel.

The journal is based in Angers, France. Its periodicity is annual. Between May 1994 and March 2016, 23 installments were released, totaling more than 8 300 pages. Volumes comprise between 304 and 440 pages and are lavishly illustrated. The circulation is 500 to 600 copies.

Each volume divides into at least three major parts. The first is devoted to studies on Octave Mirbeau's literary or aesthetic and political battles. The second includes unpublished or little known documents (unpublished articles by Mirbeau such as correspondence, judgments, testimonies, and translations). The third is a bibliography listing studies and articles devoted to Mirbeau. It reports on the numerous books relating to his time. Some numbers contain a fourth part devoted to contemporary testimonies.

## InfoBox

Cahiers Octave Mirbeau
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founder(s) | Pierre Michel |
| Editor-in-chief | Pierre Michel |
| Editor | Claude Herzfeld |
| Founded | 1994 |
| Language | French |
| Headquarters | Angers |
| Circulation | 500 |
| ISSN | 1254-6879 |
| Website | Société Octave Mirbeau |


title: Cahide Eke

abstract: Cahide Eke is a Turkish visually impaired judoka competing in the +48 kg division. She won the bronze medal at the 2024 Summer Paralympics held in Paris, France.

text:
# Cahide Eke

**Cahide Eke** (born 25 January 2000) is a Turkish visually impaired judoka (disability class B3) competing in the +48 kg division. She won the bronze medal at the 2024 Summer Paralympics held in Paris, France.

## Sport career

Eke started performing para judo at the age of 15 when she met a judo coach during the opening ceremony of her high school. After two-month training, she took part at the Turkish Championships, and became winner. She was then admitted to the national team.

She is a member of her local club Karaman GSK, and competes in the 48 kg J2 division. She has five Turkish champion titles.

In April 2018, she competed in the -48 kg division at the IBSA Judo World Cup in Antalya, Turkey, and in September, at the IBSA Judo World Cup in Atyrau, Kazakhstan. She secured 5th place in both tournaments. In December, Eke made history as the first blind Turkish judoka to face sighted opponents in a local competition in 2018.

On May 13, 2019, she participated in the -52 kg event at the IBSA Judo Grand Prix in Baku, and placed 7th. In September of the same year, she achieved 5th place in the -52 kg event at the IBSA Judo Grand Prix in Tashkent.

In July 2019, she competed in the -52 kg event at the IBSA European Judo Championships in Genova, Italy, and took the fifth place.

In 2022, Eke competed in the -48 kg event at the IBSA World Championships in Baku, finishing in 5th place. The following year, she took part in the same event at the IBSA World Championships in Birmingham, England, where she achieved 5th place once again. In 2023, she also participated in the -48 kg event at the IBSA Judo Grand Prix Baku, and placed 5th.

In February 2024, she won the bronze medal at the IBSA Judo Grand Prix Germany in Heidelberg. For the Paralympics, she exercized at the Olympics Preparation Center in Kastamonu. She competed at the 2024 Summer Paralympics held in Paris, France, and won a bronze medal in the women's 48 kg J2 event.

## Personal life

Cahide Eke was born on 25 January 2000. She lives in Karaman, Turkey.

She is visual impaired at 90% visual acuity loss, almost blind, due to congenital albinism.

## InfoBox

Cahide Eke
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (2000-01-25) 25 January 2000 |
| Home town | Karaman, Turkey |
| Occupation | Judoka |
| Sport | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Sport | Para Judo |
| Disability class | J2 |
| Weight class | −48 kg |
| Club | Karaman GSK |
| Medal record      Women's para judo  Representing  Turkey  Paralympic Games  2024 Paris −48 kg J2 | |
|  | |
| Profile at external databases | |
| JudoInside.com | 123028 |
|  | |
| Updated on 7 October 2024 | |


title: Saskatchewan Highway 307

abstract: Highway 307 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 7 to Highway 21. The highway intersects Highways 772 and 675 and passes near the communities of Smiley and Coleville. It is about 47 kilometres (29 mi) long.

text:
# Saskatchewan Highway 307

**Highway 307** is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 7 to Highway 21. The highway intersects Highways 772 and 675 and passes near the communities of Smiley and Coleville. It is about 47 kilometres (29 mi) long.

## InfoBox

| Highway 307 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Maintained by Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure | |
| Length | 47 km (29 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | Highway 7 near Flaxcombe |
| North end | Highway 21 near Coleville |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Saskatchewan |
| Rural municipalities | Kindersley, Prairiedale, Oakdale |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| Highway 306   Highway 308 | |


# 2008–2010 Montenegrin municipal elections

Montenegrin municipal elections were held in all 21 municipalities, between April 2004 and October 2006. It resulted in the decisive victory of the ruling Coalition for European Montenegro in 18 out of 21 municipalities, where he has secured a majority, on its own or in a coalition with national minority parties.

## Results

### Podgorica

| Party | Votes | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Coalition for European Podgorica | 43.372 | 28 |
| A Better Podgorica | 38.279 | 24 |
| Social Democratic Party | 8.758 | 5 |

The local government was formed after an agreement between ruling Coalition for European Podgorica (composed by Democratic Party of Socialists, the Liberal Party and Bosniak Party), which was a relative winner of the election and Social Democratic Party which ran independently. Current mayor Miomir Mugoša (DPS) has been voted a new four-year mandate.

### Herceg Novi

17,039 or 68.4% of eligible voters voted. 16,649 of the votes are valid and 390 invalid.

| Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Socialist People's Party | 5,151 | 30.94% | 12 |
| Democratic Party of Socialists | 4,540 | 27.27% | 11 |
| Serb List | 2,425 | 14.56% | 5 |
| Movement for Changes | 1,526 | 9.17% | 3 |
| Social Democratic Party | 997 | 5.99% | 2 |
| People's Party | 692 | 4.16% | 1 |
| Democratic Centre of Boka | 620 | 3.72% | 1 |
| Democratic Serb Party | 374 | 2.25% | 1 |
| Coalition Liberal Party-Civic Party | 324 | 1.95% | 0 |

### Tivat

The turnout was 65.2% or 7,062. There were 6,938 valid and 124 invalid votes.

| Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Democratic Party of Socialists | 2,209 | 31.84% | 12 |
| Coalition Serb List (SNS-NSS-SSR-DSJ) | 1,025 | 14.77% | 5 |
| Social Democratic Party | 773 | 11.14% | 4 |
| Movement for Changes | 690 | 9.94% | 3 |
| Croatian Civic Initiative | 676 | 9.74% | 3 |
| Socialist People's Party | 518 | 7.47% | 2 |
| Liberal Party | 324 | 4.67% | 1 |
| People's Party | 303 | 4.37% | 1 |
| Democratic Serb Party | 297 | 4.28% | 1 |
| Montenegrin Democratic Movement | 123 | 1.77% | 0 |

### Kotor

| Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Democratic Party of Socialists | 4,607 | 40.81% | 14 |
| Socialist People's Party | 2,159 | 19.12% | 7 |
| Coalition Serb List (SNS-SSR-NSS-DSJ-DCB-DSS) | 1,305 | 11.56% | 4 |
| Social Democratic Party | 1,083 | 9.59% | 3 |
| Liberal Party | 787 | 6.97% | 2 |
| Movement for Changes | 533 | 4.72% | 1 |
| People's Party | 439 | 3.89% | 1 |
| Croatian Civic Initiative | 375 | 3.32% | 1 |

### Results in rest of municipalities

In seventeen other municipalities ruling Coalition for European Montenegro (DPS, SDP, LP and BS) stay in power in most municipalities. It held an absolute majority in Bar, Budva, Žabljak, Bijelo Polje, Danilovgrad, Šavnik, Mojkovac, Kolašin, Plav, Rožaje, Nikšić, Cetinje, Andrijevica and Berane. The opposition won only in Plužine, where the local SNP won absolute power, and in Pljevlja where local government was formed by joint opposition list.

## InfoBox

2008-10 Montenegrin municipal elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Party DPS SNP DUA  Mayors 17 / 21 3 / 21 1 / 21  Mayors +/-  3  3 | |
| ---  Mayoral seats | |


title: Sarah B. Hart

abstract: Sarah B. Hart is a British mathematician specialising in group theory. She is a former professor of mathematics at Birkbeck, University of London where she was the Head of Mathematics and Statistics until 2022. In 2020, she was appointed to be the Gresham Professor of Geometry in Gresham College. She is the first woman to hold this position "since the chair was established in 1597". Hart is a keen expositor of mathematics: she has written about the mathematics of Moby-Dick, and her work has been featured in websites like 'Theorem of the Day'.

text:
# Sarah B. Hart

**Sarah B. Hart** is a British mathematician specialising in group theory. She is a former professor of mathematics at Birkbeck, University of London where she was the Head of Mathematics and Statistics until 2022.

In 2020, she was appointed to be the Gresham Professor of Geometry in Gresham College. She is the first woman to hold this position "since the chair was established in 1597".

Hart is a keen expositor of mathematics: she has written about the mathematics of *Moby-Dick*, and her work has been featured in websites like 'Theorem of the Day'.

## Education and career

While still in secondary school, Hart published an exploration (undertaken with her sister) into extending Euler's polyhedral formula to four dimensions.

Hart read mathematics as an undergraduate at Balliol College, Oxford, and has an MSc in Mathematics from the University of Manchester. Her doctorate, from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), addressed *Coxeter Groups: Conjugacy Classes and Relative Dominance*, under the supervision of Peter Rowley.

She remained in Manchester on an EPSRC research fellowship and then a temporary teaching position before obtaining a position as lecturer at Birkbeck in 2004. She was promoted to professor in 2013 and became head of the Department of Economics, Mathematics and Statistics in 2016.

She was also president of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 2020 to 2023.

## Bibliography

Hart, Sarah, "Once Upon a Prime: The Wondrous Connections Between Mathematics and Literature", *HarperCollins Publishers UK*, retrieved 2023-04-13 Winner of the Euler Book Prize.


title: Calandrinus grandicollis

abstract: Calandrinus grandicollis is a species of flower weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Calandrinus grandicollis

***Calandrinus grandicollis*** is a species of flower weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 7: Curculionoidea I*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-26093-1.
* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2013). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 8: Curculionoidea II*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-90-04-25916-4.

## InfoBox

| *Calandrinus grandicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Curculionidae |
| Genus: | *Calandrinus* |
| Species: | ***C. grandicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Calandrinus grandicollis***<br>LeConte, 1876 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Calandrinus angustulus*  Casey, 1920 | |


title: Cairo, Stark County, Ohio

abstract: Cairo is an unincorporated community that lies upon the border of Lake Township and Plain Township within Stark County, Ohio, United States. Its altitude is 1,145 feet (349 m). The community is part of the Canton–Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area.

text:
# Cairo, Stark County, Ohio

**Cairo** is an unincorporated community that lies upon the border of Lake Township and Plain Township within Stark County, Ohio, United States. Its altitude is 1,145 feet (349 m). The community is part of the CantonMassillon Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Cairo was not officially platted. A post office called Cairo was established in 1850, and remained in operation until 1904.

40°54′16″N 81°21′37″W / 40.90444°N 81.36028°W / 40.90444; -81.36028