title: Shout About Music

abstract: Shout About Music is a music DVD trivia game created by ODVD and distributed by Hasbro, released on August 1, 2005, as a follow-up to their line of "Shout About Movies" games.

text:
# Shout About Music

**Shout About Music** is a music DVD trivia game created by ODVD and distributed by Hasbro, released on August 1, 2005, as a follow-up to their line of "Shout About Movies" games.

## Background & release

In a press release, Mark Blecher of Hasbro Games stated that "This latest portfolio of SHOUT ABOUT games - music, country music and TV - reflect today's high-energy, fast-paced gaming style, providing players with instant gratification and immediate play." Two volumes of the game were released on August 1, 2005. A Country Music edition of the game was also released, exclusively available at Wal-Mart. Hasbro promoted the game, alongside *Shout About TV*, as among its releases for the 2005 holiday season. Two volumes of the game were later released in the UK, under the titles "Chart Toppers" and "Battle of the Bands."

## Gameplay

The game consists of 8 rounds, played entirely using a TV remote.

**Round One: Name That Song**

A snippet of a song is played, and the teams must attempt to shout out the name of the song. All players play simultaneously. Each correct answer earns one point.

**Round Two: Still Crazies**

Album covers comes together piece by piece; the teams must try to shout out the name of the recording artist who released the albums. All players play simultaneously. Each correct answer earns one point.

**Round Three: Match Round**

Snippets of five music videos for songs from Round One are shown; six trivia facts appear on-screen, and the teams attempt to match the trivia facts to the corresponding music videos. Unlike the first two rounds of game play, teams must take turns in Round Three; when a team gets an answer wrong, it's the other team's turn. Each correct answer is worth two points.

**Round Four: Missing Lyric**

A song's lyrics begin appearing on screen, on blue tiles. The players must shout out what word is on the golden tile, which doesn't flip over until the end. All players play simultaneously. Each correct answer is worth two points.

**Round Five: Foto Frenzy**

Photographs of two musicians appear side-by-side, with a trivia caption beneath them. Players must identify which of the two shown musicians the trivia fact corresponds to. When two photos with golden frames are placed side-by-side, that means that a correct answer to that question is worth five points. Teams must take turns in this round; when a team gets an answer wrong, or when a team gets a golden-frame question correct, it's the other team's turn.

**Round Six: Made to Order**

A series of events, song titles, or musicians' names are displayed, and the teams must be arranged smallest to largest or chronologically. As in round three, it is the other team's turn when the answering team gives a wrong answer.

**Round Seven: Lighting Round**

Five words or phrases all referring to the same musician or band appear onscreen. Both teams try to name the musician or band the clues refer to.

**Round Eight: Final Bet**

The topic the final question will be about is displayed. Both teams then bet 5, 15, 30, or all of their points. The question appears onscreen, and the teams discreetly give their answer with the remote. If they answer the question correctly, they gain that number of points, but if their answer is incorrect, they lose that number of points.

## Critical reception

Reception for the game was mostly positive. *Kidzworld* awarded the game 4 out of 5 stars, praising the game's interactivity, on-disc scoring, and mix of new and old music, but commenting that "some of the questions about older music may be a bit difficult for some players" and noting that each game can be played only once, unlike similar games such as *Music Scene It?* Ben Wener, writing for the *Orange County Register*, praised the game overall, particularly for its not requiring a board and singled out the "Foto Frenzy" round as a favorite, but objecting to the fact that each disc contains only three games, as well as observing some minor glitches.

## Credits

Adapted from IMDb and game credits.

## InfoBox

Shout About Music
| Designers | ODVD |
| --- | --- |
| Publishers | Hasbro |
| Players | At least 4 (played in teams) |
| Setup time | none |
| Playing time | 30 to 45 minutes |
| Chance | Low |
| Age range | 13+ |
| Skills | Music knowledge |
| Each volume of the DVD game includes three prearranged games; unlike Scene It?, "Shout About" games' questions do not change every time the game is played. | |


title: Shivaji Hockey Stadium

abstract: Shivaji Hockey Stadium is a hockey stadium located in New Delhi, India. The stadium was one that was selected to host hockey matches for 2010 Commonwealth Games but stadium was not ready before the games as construction of seating facilities and one venues which was come controversies of Commonwealth Games. In 2004, the stadium was identified as home for India women's hockey team and selected venue for the practice venue for hockey and swimming but later its changed to Dhyan Chand National Stadium and SPM Swimming Pool Complex. The stadium has been a host for games of India's UBA Pro Basketball League as well.

text:
# Shivaji Hockey Stadium

**Shivaji Hockey Stadium** is a hockey stadium located in New Delhi, India. The stadium was one that was selected to host hockey matches for 2010 Commonwealth Games but stadium was not ready before the games as construction of seating facilities and one venues which was come controversies of Commonwealth Games.

In 2004, the stadium was identified as home for India women's hockey team and selected venue for the practice venue for hockey and swimming but later its changed to Dhyan Chand National Stadium and SPM Swimming Pool Complex.

The stadium has been a host for games of India's UBA Pro Basketball League as well.

## Features

* Synthetic surfaces
* Parking lot of 1500 vehicles with multi-levels
* Changing rooms, physio rooms etc.

## Transport

Shivaji Stadium metro station is just under a Km from Shivaji Hockey Stadium.

## InfoBox

Shivaji Hockey Stadium
| Shivaji Stadium | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Shivaji Hockey Stadium |
| Former names | Shivaji Stadium |
| Location | New Delhi, India |
| Owner | New Delhi Municipal Corporation |
| Operator | New Delhi Municipal Corporation |
| Capacity | 7,000 |
| Construction | |
| Built | 1964 |
| Opened | 1964 |
| Rebuilt | 2008 |
| Tenants | |
| India women's national field hockey team | |


title: Shockley diode equation

abstract:
The Shockley diode equation, or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs, models the exponential current–voltage (I–V) relationship of semiconductor diodes in moderate constant current forward bias or reverse bias:
  - I D = I S, where
  - I D is the diode current,
  - I S is the reverse-bias saturation current,
  - V D is the voltage across the diode,
  - V T is the thermal voltage, and
  - n is the ideality factor, also known as the quality factor, emission coefficient, or the material constant. The equation is called the Shockley ideal diode equation when the ideality factor n equals 1, thus n is sometimes omitted. The ideality factor typically varies from 1 to 2, depending on the fabrication process and semiconductor material. The ideality factor was added to account for imperfect junctions observed in real transistors, mainly due to carrier recombination as charge carriers cross the depletion region. The thermal voltage V T is defined as:
  - V T = k T q, where
  - k is the Boltzmann constant,
  - T is the absolute temperature of the p–n junction, and
  - q is the elementary charge. For example, it is approximately 25.852 mV at 300 K. The reverse saturation current I S is not constant for a given device, but varies with temperature; usually more significantly than V T, so that V D typically decreases as T increases. Under reverse bias, the diode equation's exponential term is near 0, so the current is near the somewhat constant − I S reverse current value. For moderate forward bias voltages the exponential becomes much larger than 1, since the thermal voltage is very small in comparison. The − 1 in the diode equation is then negligible, so the forward diode current will approximate
  - I S e V D n V T. The use of the diode equation in circuit problems is illustrated in the article on diode modeling.

text:
# Shockley diode equation

The **Shockley diode equation**, or the **diode law**, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs, models the exponential current–voltage (I–V) relationship of semiconductor diodes in moderate constant current forward bias or reverse bias:

$$I\_{\text{D}=I\_{\text{S}\left(e^{\frac {V\_{\text{D}{nV\_{\text{T}-1\right),}}}}}}}$$

where

$I\_{\text{D}}$ is the diode current, $I\_{\text{S}}$ is the reverse-bias saturation current (or scale current), $V\_{\text{D}}$ is the voltage across the diode, $V\_{\text{T}}$ is the thermal voltage, and $n$ is the *ideality factor*, also known as the *quality factor*, *emission coefficient*, or the *material constant*.

The equation is called the **Shockley ideal diode equation** when the ideality factor $n$ equals 1, thus $n$ is sometimes omitted. The ideality factor typically varies from 1 to 2 (though can in some cases be higher), depending on the fabrication process and semiconductor material. The ideality factor was added to account for imperfect junctions observed in real transistors, mainly due to carrier recombination as charge carriers cross the depletion region.

The thermal voltage $V\_{\text{T}}$ is defined as:

$$V\_{\text{T}={\frac {kT}{q},}}$$

where

$k$ is the Boltzmann constant, $T$ is the absolute temperature of the p–n junction, and $q$ is the elementary charge (the magnitude of an electron's charge).

For example, it is approximately 25.852 mV at 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F).

The reverse saturation current $I\_{\text{S}}$ is not constant for a given device, but varies with temperature; usually more significantly than $V\_{\text{T}}$, so that $V\_{\text{D}}$ typically decreases as $T$ increases.

Under *reverse bias*, the diode equation's exponential term is near 0, so the current is near the somewhat constant $-I\_{\text{S}}$ reverse current value (roughly a picoampere for silicon diodes or a microampere for germanium diodes, although this is obviously a function of size).

For moderate *forward bias* voltages the exponential becomes much larger than 1, since the thermal voltage is very small in comparison. The $-1$ in the diode equation is then negligible, so the forward diode current will approximate

$$I\_{\text{S}e^{\frac {V\_{\text{D}{nV\_{\text{T}.}}}}}}$$

The use of the diode equation in circuit problems is illustrated in the article on diode modeling.

## Limitations

Internal resistance causes "leveling off" of a real diode's I–V curve at high forward bias. The Shockley equation doesn't model this, but adding a resistance in series will.

The *reverse breakdown region* (particularly of interest for Zener diodes) is not modeled by the Shockley equation.

The Shockley equation doesn't model noise (such as Johnson–Nyquist noise from the internal resistance, or shot noise).

The Shockley equation is a constant current (steady state) relationship, and thus doesn't account for the diode's transient response, which includes the influence of its internal junction and diffusion capacitance and reverse recovery time.

## Derivation

Shockley derives an equation for the voltage across a p-n junction in a long article published in 1949. Later he gives a corresponding equation for current as a function of voltage under additional assumptions, which is the equation we call the Shockley ideal diode equation. He calls it "a theoretical rectification formula giving the maximum rectification", with a footnote referencing a paper by Carl Wagner, *Physikalische Zeitschrift* **32**, pp. 641–645 (1931).

To derive his equation for the voltage, Shockley argues that the total voltage drop can be divided into three parts:

* the drop of the quasi-Fermi level of holes from the level of the applied voltage at the p terminal to its value at the point where doping is neutral (which we may call the junction),
* the difference between the quasi-Fermi level of the holes at the junction and that of the electrons at the junction,
* the drop of the quasi-Fermi level of the electrons from the junction to the n terminal.

He shows that the first and the third of these can be expressed as a resistance times the current: $I\_{\text{D}R\_{1}.}$ As for the second, the difference between the quasi-Fermi levels at the junction, he says that we can estimate the current flowing through the diode from this difference. He points out that the current at the p terminal is all holes, whereas at the n terminal it is all electrons, and the sum of these two is the constant total current. So the total current is equal to the decrease in hole current from one side of the diode to the other. This decrease is due to an excess of recombination of electron-hole pairs over generation of electron-hole pairs. The rate of recombination is equal to the rate of generation when at equilibrium, that is, when the two quasi-Fermi levels are equal. But when the quasi-Fermi levels are not equal, then the recombination rate is $e^{(\phi \_{\text{p}-\phi \_{\text{n})/V\_{\text{T}}}}}$ times the rate of generation. We then assume that most of the excess recombination (or decrease in hole current) takes place in a layer going by one hole diffusion length $L\_{\text{p}}$ into the n material and one electron diffusion length $L\_{\text{n}}$ into the p material, and that the difference between the quasi-Fermi levels is constant in this layer at $V\_{\text{J}.}$ Then we find that the total current, or the drop in hole current, is

$$I\_{\text{D}=I\_{\text{S}\left(e^{\frac {V\_{\text{J}{V\_{\text{T}-1\right),}}}}}}}$$

where

$$I\_{\text{S}=gq(L\_{\text{p}+L\_{\text{n}),}}}$$

and $g$ is the generation rate. We can solve for $V\_{\text{J}}$ in terms of $I\_{\text{D}}$:

$$V\_{\text{J}=V\_{\text{T}\ln \left(1+{\frac {I\_{\text{D}{I\_{\text{S}\right),}}}}}}}$$

and the total voltage drop is then

$$V=I\_{\text{D}R\_{1}+V\_{\text{T}\ln \left(1+{\frac {I\_{\text{D}{I\_{\text{S}\right).}}}}}}}$$

When we assume that $R\_{1}$ is small, we obtain $V=V\_{\text{J}}$ and the Shockley ideal diode equation.

The small current that flows under high reverse bias is then the result of thermal generation of electron–hole pairs in the layer. The electrons then flow to the n terminal, and the holes to the p terminal. The concentrations of electrons and holes in the layer is so small that recombination there is negligible.

In 1950, Shockley and coworkers published a short article describing a germanium diode that closely followed the ideal equation.

In 1954, Bill Pfann and W. van Roosbroek (who were also of Bell Telephone Laboratories) reported that while Shockley's equation was applicable to certain germanium junctions, for many silicon junctions the current (under appreciable forward bias) was proportional to $e^{V\_{\text{J}/AV\_{\text{T},}}}$ with A having a value as high as 2 or 3. This is the *ideality factor* $n$ above.

Feynman gave a derivation using the Brownian ratchet in *The Feynman Lectures on Physics* I.46.

## Photovoltaic energy conversion

In 1981, Alexis de Vos and Herman Pauwels showed that a more careful analysis of the quantum mechanics of a junction, under certain assumptions, gives a current versus voltage characteristic of the form

$$I\_{\text{D}(V)=-qA\[F\_{i}-2F\_{o}(V)\],}$$

in which A is the cross-sectional area of the junction, and Fi is the number of incoming photons per unit area, per unit time, with energy over the band-gap energy, and *Fo*(*V*) is outgoing photons, given by

$$F\_{o}(V)=\int \_{g}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\exp \left({\frac {h\nu -qV}{kT\_{c}\right)-1}{\frac {2\pi \nu ^{2}{c^{2}\\,d\nu .}}}}}}$$

The factor of 2 multiplying the outgoing flux is needed because photons are emitted from both sides, but the incoming flux is assumed to come from just one side. Although the analysis was done for photovoltaic cells under illumination, it applies also when the illumination is simply background thermal radiation, provided that a factor of 2 is then used for this incoming flux as well. The analysis gives a more rigorous expression for ideal diodes in general, except that it assumes that the cell is thick enough that it can produce this flux of photons. When the illumination is just background thermal radiation, the characteristic is

$$I\_{\text{D}(V)=2q\[F\_{o}(V)-F\_{o}(0)\].}$$

Note that, in contrast to the Shockley law, the current goes to infinity as the voltage goes to the gap voltage g/q. This of course would require an infinite thickness to provide an infinite amount of recombination.

This equation was recently revised to account for the new temperature scaling in the revised current $I\_{\text{S}}$ using a recent model for 2D materials based Schottky diode.


title: Shyamsila

abstract: Shyamsila is a village development committee in Bhojpur District in the Kosi Zone of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2793.

text:
# Shyamsila

**Shyamsila** is a village development committee in Bhojpur District in the Kosi Zone of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2793.

1. "Nepal Census 2001". *Nepal's Village Development Committees*. Digital Himalaya. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2008.

300

## InfoBox

| Shyamsila श्यामसिला | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Kosi Zone |
| District | Bhojpur District |
| Population (1991) | |
| Total | 2,793 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Central Collegiate

abstract: Central Collegiate is a high school in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. It has approximately 520 students and 40 staff and is currently one of the oldest operating public schools in Saskatchewan. Central originally opened its doors in 1910. Central is a progressive and diverse school. It offers a wide variety of courses in various disciplines: business, technology, fine arts, math, sciences, applied arts, wellness, humanities, and languages. There is also an English as a second language program for many Moose Jaw residents.

text:
# Central Collegiate

**Central Collegiate** is a high school in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. It has approximately 520 students and 40 staff and is currently one of the oldest operating public schools in Saskatchewan. Central originally opened its doors in 1910.

Central is a progressive and diverse school. It offers a wide variety of courses in various disciplines: business, technology, fine arts, math, sciences, applied arts, wellness, humanities, and languages. There is also an English as a second language program for many Moose Jaw residents.

## InfoBox

| Central Collegiate | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
| 149 Oxford Street West
Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, S6H 2N4
Canada | |
| Information | |
| School type | High School |
| Founded | 1909 |
| School board | Prairie South School Division No. 210 |
| Principal | Candice Krawetz |
| Grades | 9-12 |
| Enrollment | 574 (2022) |
| Language | English, French |
| Area | Moose Jaw |
| Colour(s) | Red and Gold |
| Team name | Cyclones |
| Website | www.centralcollegiate.ca |


title: Central Colorado Regional Airport

abstract: Central Colorado Regional Airport is a public-use airport located 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Buena Vista, Colorado, United States. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA, ICAO and IATA, Central Colorado Regional Airport is assigned AEJ by the FAA and KAEJ by the ICAO but has no designation from the IATA.

text:
# Central Colorado Regional Airport

**Central Colorado Regional Airport** (ICAO: **KAEJ**, FAA LID: **AEJ**) is a public-use airport located 2 mi (3.2 km) south of Buena Vista, Colorado, United States.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA, ICAO and IATA, Central Colorado Regional Airport is assigned **AEJ** by the FAA and **KAEJ** by the ICAO but has no designation from the IATA.

## Facilities

Central Colorado Regional Airport covers an area of 235 acres (95 ha) which contains one asphalt paved runway (15/33) measuring 8,303 ft × 75 ft (2,531 m × 23 m).

1. FAA Airport Form 5010 for AEJ PDF, effective 2007-07-05
2. Great Circle Mapper: AEJ - Buena Vista, Colorado

## InfoBox

| Central Colorado Regional Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Town of Buena Vista |
| Location | Buena Vista, Colorado |
| Opened | January 5, 1964 (1964-01-05) |
| Elevation AMSL | 7,950 ft / 2,423.16 m |
| Coordinates | 38°48′52″N 106°07′14″W / 38.81444°N 106.12056°W / 38.81444; -106.12056 |
| Website | http://www.buenavistaairport.com/ |
| Map | |
| Central Colorado Regional Airport | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  15/33 8,303 2,530.7 Asphalt | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Shook-Welch-Smathers House

abstract: Shook-Welch-Smathers House is a historic home located at Clyde, Haywood County, North Carolina. It was built over three principal periods of construction in the 19th century: c. 1810–1820; c. 1840–1860; and c. 1890–1900. It is a two-story, frame dwelling sheathed in weatherboard and exhibits Georgian and Late Victorian style design elements. It features a full-facade double-tier porch. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The house is home to the Shook Museum, operated by the Haywood County Historical and Genealogical Society.

text:
# Shook-Welch-Smathers House

**Shook-Welch-Smathers House** is a historic home located at Clyde, Haywood County, North Carolina. It was built over three principal periods of construction in the 19th century: c. 1810–1820; c. 1840–1860; and c. 1890–1900. It is a two-story, frame dwelling sheathed in weatherboard and exhibits Georgian and Late Victorian style design elements. It features a full-facade double-tier porch.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

The house is home to the Shook Museum, operated by the Haywood County Historical and Genealogical Society.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Shook-Welch-Smathers House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Shook-Welch-Smathers House, January 2019 | |
|  | |
| Location | 178 Morgan St., Clyde, North Carolina |
| Coordinates | 35°31′54″N 82°55′7″W / 35.53167°N 82.91861°W / 35.53167; -82.91861 |
| Area | 2.9 acres (1.2 ha) |
| Built | c. 1810 (1810)-1820, c. 1840-1860, c. 1890-1900 |
| Architectural style | Georgian, Late Victorian |
| NRHP reference No. | 08000891 |
| Added to NRHP | September 12, 2008 |


title: Short Bomber

abstract: The Short Bomber was a British two-seat long-range reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo-carrying aircraft designed by Short Brothers as a land-based development of the very successful Short Type 184.

text:
# Short Bomber

The **Short Bomber** was a British two-seat long-range reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo-carrying aircraft designed by Short Brothers as a land-based development of the very successful Short Type 184 (of which more than 900 were built and many exported).

## Design and development

The Bomber was a three-bay biplane of wooden structure with fabric covering, originally developed from the Short 184 seaplane's fuselage combined with wings developed from those on the Short Admiralty Type 166 seaplane. The fuselage was of box section with curved upper decking mounted on the lower wing. The tailplane included a split elevator with a single fin and rudder. The undercarriage consisted of a four-wheeled assembly under the nose and a skid under the tail. The crew of two sat in tandem open cockpits behind the wing; initially the observer/gunner sat in the forward cockpit so that he could stand up to operate the machine gun mounted on the upper wing. This somewhat precarious activity was rendered unnecessary by the invention of the gun ring-mount; in production aircraft the pilot occupied the forward cockpit with the gunner behind him in the rear cockpit, which was fitted with dual controls.

It was powered by a Rolls-Royce Eagle or a Sunbeam engine mounted in the nose, driving a two-bladed propeller. Armament comprised a rear-facing Lewis Gun as well as provision for one 14 inch Whitehead torpedo or various bombs up to 920 lb.

Initial testing with the prototype by Shorts' test pilot, Ronald Kemp, revealed that it was unable to carry the required bombload of six 112-lb (50.8 kg) bombs, so the wingspan was increased by 12 ft. This provided the required lift but at the same time rendered the aircraft unstable in both pitch and yaw. The fuselage length was increased by 4 ft 5 in (1.35 m), which solved the problem. Large numbers of the Bomber had already been ordered from Shorts and a number of other light engineering companies; the latter produced aircraft to the original drawings but all 'short' Short Bombers were modified to the longer form before acceptance.

## Operational history

The Short Bomber was intended for long-range missions; the maximum flight duration was approximately six hours. The first Bomber flew in 1915 and more than 80 aircraft were built, 36 by Short Brothers, the rest being manufactured by Mann Egerton (20), Sunbeam (15), Parnall (6) and Phoenix Aircraft Ltd (7). The Short Bomber entered service in late 1916 with No. 7 Squadron RNAS, flying its first bombing raid on the night of 15 November 1916, with four Shorts, each carrying eight 65 lb (30 kg) bombs, attacking targets at Ostend in Belgium along with 18 Caudron G.4s. 7 Squadron RNAS continued bombing operations through the winter of 1916–17, but the Short Bomber was underpowered and was taken out of service in April 1917, when more powerful aircraft (notably the twin-engined Handley Page Type O/100) entered service. One of its last combat operations involved attacking the Zeebrugge Mole on four successive nights in April 1917, in preparation for the naval raid on St. George's Day (23 April).

## Operators

United Kingdom

## Specifications

*Data from* The British Bomber since 1914

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 45 ft 0 in (13.72 m)
* **Wingspan:** 84 ft 0 in (25.60 m)
* **Height:** 15 ft 0 in (4.57 m)
* **Wing area:** 870 sq ft (81 m2)
* **Empty weight:** 5,000 lb (2,268 kg)
* **Gross weight:** 6,800 lb (3,084 kg)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Rolls-Royce Eagle water-cooled V12 engine, 250 hp (190 kW)

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 77 mph (124 km/h, 67 kn) at 6,500 ft (1,980 m)
* **Endurance:** 6 hr
* **Service ceiling:** 10,600 ft (3,200 m) (absolute ceiling)
* **Time to altitude:** 45 min to 10,000 ft (3,050 m)

**Armament**

**Related development**

**Related lists**

* Barnes, C.H.; James D.N. (1989). *Shorts Aircraft since 1900*. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.
* Mason, Francis K. (1994). *The British Bomber since 1914*. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books. ISBN 0-85177-861-5.
* Thetford, Owen (1978). *British Naval Aircraft since 1912* (Fourth ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-30021-1.

Media related to Short Bomber at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Short Bomber | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Long-range reconnaissance bomber |
| Manufacturer | Short Brothers |
| Primary users | Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) Royal Flying Corps (RFC) |
| Number built | 83 |
| History | |
| Introduction date | 1916 |
| First flight | 1915 |
| Retired | April 1917 |


title: Si Wen

abstract: Si Wen is a Chinese handball player for Shanghai and the Chinese national team. She participated at the 2017 World Women's Handball Championship.

text:
# Si Wen

**Si Wen** (born 14 December 1990) is a Chinese handball player for Shanghai and the Chinese national team. She participated at the 2017 World Women's Handball Championship.

## InfoBox

| Si Wen | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1990-12-14) 14 December 1990 | | |
| Nationality | Chinese | | |
| Height | 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) | | |
| Playing position | Right wing | | |
| Club information | | | |
| Current club | Shanghai | | |
| National team | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | China | 30 | (18) |


title: Cephalotes persimplex

abstract: Cephalotes persimplex is a species of arboreal ant of the genus Cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head, and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. Giving their name also as gliding ants.

text:
# Cephalotes persimplex

***Cephalotes persimplex*** is a species of arboreal ant of the genus *Cephalotes*, characterized by an odd shaped head, and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. Giving their name also as gliding ants.

## InfoBox

| *Cephalotes persimplex* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Myrmicinae |
| Genus: | *Cephalotes* |
| Species: | ***C. persimplex*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cephalotes persimplex***<br>De Andrade, 1999 | |
|


title: Central High, Oklahoma

abstract: Central High is a town in Stephens County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,181 at the time of the 2020 Census.

text:
# Central High, Oklahoma

**Central High** is a town in Stephens County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,181 at the time of the 2020 Census.

## History

The town was named in 1921, because it was near the center of a consolidated high school district (District 34), created from four smaller districts in Stephens County: Wolf Creek, Nellie, Prairie Center, and Pleasant Hill. Until then, students living in the area only had access to eighth grade education in each of the old districts. When Central High was formed, it built a four-room junior high and a senior high school named Central High School. Lower-grade students attended elementary schools in their former districts. This arrangement lasted until the late 1930s. A fire in 1952 destroyed the original Central High School.

The town incorporated in 1995. Supporters of incorporation wanted this so Central High could prevent annexation by surrounding towns, notably Duncan, Lawton or Marlow. Incorporation would also permit Central High to apply for municipal grants.

## Geography

Central High is located 8.5 miles (13.7 km) west of Marlow and 1 mile (1.6 km) north of SH 7.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 53.8 square miles (139 km2), of which 53.6 square miles (139 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.24%) is water.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 954 |  |  |
| 2010 | 1,199 |  | 25.7% |
| 2020 | 1,181 |  | −1.5% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 954 people, 352 households, and 292 families residing in the town. The population density was 17.8 people per square mile (6.9/km2). There were 398 housing units at an average density of 7.4 per square mile (2.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 92.66% White, 0.10% African American, 3.04% Native American, 0.73% from other races, and 3.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.41% of the population.

There were 352 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.9% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.8% were non-families. 14.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,125, and the median income for a family was $40,104. Males had a median income of $34,130 versus $22,273 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,679. About 11.8% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Central High, Oklahoma | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| Location of Central High, Oklahoma | |
| Coordinates: 34°36′57″N 98°04′49″W / 34.61583°N 98.08028°W / 34.61583; -98.08028 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Oklahoma |
| County | Stephens |
| Area | |
| Total | 53.88 sq mi (139.54 km2) |
| Land | 52.90 sq mi (137.02 km2) |
| Water | 0.98 sq mi (2.53 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,171 ft (357 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 1,181 |
| Density | 22.32/sq mi (8.62/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| FIPS code | 40-13135 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2413188 |


title: Siderite

abstract: Siderite is a mineral composed of iron(II) carbonate (FeCO3). Its name comes from the Ancient Greek word σίδηρος (sídēros), meaning "iron". A valuable iron ore, it consists of 48% iron and lacks sulfur and phosphorus. Zinc, magnesium, and manganese commonly substitute for the iron, resulting in the siderite-smithsonite, siderite-magnesite, and siderite-rhodochrosite solid solution series. Siderite has Mohs hardness of 3.75 to 4.25, a specific gravity of 3.96, a white streak and a vitreous lustre or pearly luster. Siderite is antiferromagnetic below its Néel temperature of 37 K (−236 °C) which can assist in its identification. It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, and are rhombohedral in shape, typically with curved and striated faces. It also occurs in masses. Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to the presence of manganese. Siderite is commonly found in hydrothermal veins, and is associated with barite, fluorite, galena, and others. It is also a common diagenetic mineral in shales and sandstones, where it sometimes forms concretions, which can encase three-dimensionally preserved fossils. In sedimentary rocks, siderite commonly forms at shallow burial depths and its elemental composition is often related to the depositional environment of the enclosing sediments. In addition, a number of recent studies have used the oxygen isotopic composition of sphaerosiderite (a type associated with soils) as a proxy for the isotopic composition of meteoric water shortly after deposition.

text:
# Siderite

**Siderite** is a mineral composed of iron(II) carbonate (FeCO3). Its name comes from the Ancient Greek word σίδηρος (*sídēros*), meaning "iron". A valuable iron ore, it consists of 48% iron and lacks sulfur and phosphorus. Zinc, magnesium, and manganese commonly substitute for the iron, resulting in the siderite-smithsonite, siderite-magnesite, and siderite-rhodochrosite solid solution series.

Siderite has Mohs hardness of 3.75 to 4.25, a specific gravity of 3.96, a white streak and a vitreous lustre or pearly luster. Siderite is antiferromagnetic below its Néel temperature of 37 K (−236 °C) which can assist in its identification.

It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system, and are rhombohedral in shape, typically with curved and striated faces. It also occurs in masses. Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to the presence of manganese.

Siderite is commonly found in hydrothermal veins, and is associated with barite, fluorite, galena, and others. It is also a common diagenetic mineral in shales and sandstones, where it sometimes forms concretions, which can encase three-dimensionally preserved fossils. In sedimentary rocks, siderite commonly forms at shallow burial depths and its elemental composition is often related to the depositional environment of the enclosing sediments. In addition, a number of recent studies have used the oxygen isotopic composition of sphaerosiderite (a type associated with soils) as a proxy for the isotopic composition of meteoric water shortly after deposition.

## Carbonate iron ore

Although carbonate iron ores, such as siderite, have been economically important for steel production, they are far from ideal as an ore.

Their hydrothermal mineralisation tends to form them as small ore lenses, often following steeply dipping bedding planes. This makes them not amenable to opencast working, and increases the cost of working them by mining with horizontal stopes. As the individual ore bodies are small, it may also be necessary to duplicate or relocate the pit head machinery, winding engine and pumping engine, between these bodies as each is worked out. This makes mining the ore an expensive proposition compared to typical ironstone or haematite opencasts.

The recovered ore also has drawbacks. The carbonate ore is more difficult to smelt than a haematite or other oxide ore. Driving off the carbonate as carbon dioxide requires more energy and so the ore 'kills' the blast furnace if added directly. Instead the ore must be given a preliminary roasting step. Developments of specific techniques to deal with these ores began in the early 19th century, largely with the work of Sir Thomas Lethbridge in Somerset. His 'Iron Mill' of 1838 used a three-chambered concentric roasting furnace, before passing the ore to a separate reducing furnace for smelting. Details of this mill were the invention of Charles Sanderson, a steel maker of Sheffield, who held the patent for it.

These differences between spathic ore and haematite have led to the failure of a number of mining concerns, notably the Brendon Hills Iron Ore Company.

Spathic iron ores are rich in manganese and have negligible phosphorus. This led to their one major benefit, connected with the Bessemer steel-making process. Although the first demonstrations by Bessemer in 1856 were successful, others' initial attempts to replicate his method infamously failed to produce good steel. Work by the metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet showed that the reason for the discrepancy was the nature of the Swedish ores that Bessemer had innocently used; they were very low in phosphorus. Using a typical European high-phosphorus ore in Bessemer's converter gave a poor quality steel. To produce high quality steel from a high-phosphorus ore, Mushet realised that he could operate the Bessemer converter for longer, burning off all the steel's impurities including the unwanted phosphorus but also the carbon (which is an essential ingredient in steel), and then re-adding carbon, along with manganese, in the form of a previously obscure ferromanganese ore with no phosphorus, spiegeleisen. This created a sudden demand for spiegeleisen. Although it was not available in sufficient quantity as a mineral, steelworks such as that at Ebbw Vale in South Wales soon learned to make it from the spathic siderite ores. For a few decades, spathic ores were therefore in demand and this encouraged their mining. In time though, the original 'acidic' liner of the Bessemer converter, made from siliceous sandstone or ganister, was replaced by a 'basic' liner in the newer Gilchrist Thomas process. This removed the phosphorus impurities as slag produced by chemical reaction with the liner, and no longer required spiegeleisen. From the 1880s demand for the ores fell once again and many of their mines, including those of the Brendon Hills, closed soon after.

1. Warr, L. N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". *Mineralogical Magazine*. **85** (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
2. "Siderite". *Handbook of Mineralogy: Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates* (PDF). Tucson, Arizona: Mineral Data Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9780962209741. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
3. *Siderite*, Mindat.org, retrieved 2022-11-30
4. *Siderite Mineral Data*, WebMineral.com, retrieved 2022-11-30
5. Frederichs, T.; von Dobeneck, T.; Bleil, U.; Dekkers, M. J. (January 2003). "Towards the identification of siderite, rhodochrosite, and vivianite in sediments by their low-temperature magnetic properties". *Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C*. **28** (16–19): 669–679. Bibcode:2003PCE....28..669F. doi:10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00121-9.
6. Garwood, Russell; Dunlop, Jason A.; Sutton, Mark D. (2009). "High-fidelity X-ray micro-tomography reconstruction of siderite-hosted Carboniferous arachnids". *Biology Letters*. **5** (6): 841–844. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0464. PMC 2828000. PMID 19656861.
7. Mozley, P. S. (1989). "Relation between depositional environment and the elemental composition of early diagenetic siderite". *Geology*. **17**: 704–706.
8. Ludvigson, G. A.; Gonzalez, L. A.; Metzger, R. A.; Witzke, B. J.; Brenner, R. L.; Murillo, A. P.; White, T. S. (1998). "Meteoric sphaerosiderite lines and their use for paleohydrology and paleoclimatology". *Geology*. **26**: 1039–1042.
9. Sedimentary Geology, p. 304.
10. Jones (2011), p. 34–35,37.
11. Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (1996). *Sedimentary Geology*. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 300–302. ISBN 0-7167-2726-9.
12. Jones, M. H. (2011). *The Brendon Hills Iron Mines and the West Somerset Mineral Railway*. Lightmoor Press. pp. 17–22. ISBN 9781899889-5-3-2.
13. GB 7828, Charles Sanderson, "Smelting Iron Ores", issued October 1838
14. Jones (2011), p. 99.
15. Jones (2011), p. 16.
16. Jones (2011), p. 158.

## InfoBox

| Siderite | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General | |
| Category | Carbonate mineral |
| Formula
(repeating unit) | FeCO3 |
| IMA symbol | Sd |
| Strunz classification | 5.AB.05 |
| Dana classification | 14.01.01.03 |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Crystal class | Hexagonal scalenohedral (3m)
H-M symbol: (3 2/m) |
| Space group | *R*3c |
| Unit cell | *a* = 4.6916
*c* = 15.3796 \[Å\]; *Z* = 6 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Pale yellow to tan, grey, brown, green, red, black and sometimes nearly colorless |
| Crystal habit | Tabular crystals, often curved; botryoidal to massive |
| Twinning | Lamellar uncommon on{0112} |
| Cleavage | Perfect on {0111} |
| Fracture | Uneven to conchoidal |
| Tenacity | Brittle |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3.75–4.25 |
| Luster | Vitreous, may be silky to pearly |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent to subtranslucent |
| Specific gravity | 3.96 |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (−) |
| Refractive index | *n*ω = 1.875
*n*ε = 1.633 |
| Birefringence | *δ* = 0.242 |
| Dispersion | Strong |
| References |  |


title: Sideritis cypria

abstract: Sideritis cypria, the Cyprus ironwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. Erect perennial herb with a woody base, 60 cm high, with densely hairy tetragonal shoots. Leaves, opposite, simple, obscurely serrate, densely hairy, thick, oblanceolate, 3-12 x 1–5 cm. Flowers in verticillasters subtended by the cup-like bracts, zygomorphic, corolla bright yellow. Flowers from June to August. Fruit of 4 nutlets.

text:
# Sideritis cypria

***Sideritis cypria***, the **Cyprus ironwort**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. Erect perennial herb with a woody base, 60 cm high, with densely hairy tetragonal shoots. Leaves, opposite, simple, obscurely serrate, densely hairy, thick, oblanceolate, 3-12 x 1–5 cm. Flowers in verticillasters subtended by the cup-like bracts, zygomorphic, corolla bright yellow. Flowers from June to August. Fruit of 4 nutlets.

## Habitat

South-facing, dry limestone cliffs, altitude 300–900 m.

## Distribution

A very rare and vulnerable species endemic to Cyprus. Restricted to the Pentadaktylos Range: Buffavento, St. Hilarion, Halevga, Bellapais, Yaïla etc.

## InfoBox

| *Sideritis cypria* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sideritis* |
| Species: | ***S. cypria*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sideritis cypria***
Post | |
|


abstract: The Central Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing much of the central business district of Stoneham, Massachusetts. It includes the town's largest concentration of 19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, in an area that developed in importance as a commercial center after the construction of the Andover-Medford Turnpike. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text:
# Central Square Historic District (Stoneham, Massachusetts)

The **Central Square Historic District** is a historic district encompassing much of the central business district of Stoneham, Massachusetts. It includes the town's largest concentration of 19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, in an area that developed in importance as a commercial center after the construction of the Andover-Medford Turnpike (now Main Street, designated Massachusetts Route 28). The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

## Description and history

The town of Stoneham is located north of the city of Boston, and is now predominantly a commuter suburb. In the mid-19th century the town developed as a major center of shoemaking in the area, and was served by the Boston and Lowell Railroad and the turnpike heading north to Andover. The shoemaking enterprises began as small-scale enterprises, which gradually became centralized into larger operations. One factory remains from this period, the large 1858 Italianate building at 426 Main Street, which was built by John Hill and was the town's first major industrial building. The triangular junction of Main Street and Center Street became the commercial hub of the town, its character defined by three Second Empire buildings erected between 1868 and 1890: the Dow Block, the Oddfellows Building, and the Chase Block.

The southern end of the district is anchored by the Hill factory building and the 1904 Stoneham Public Library, just across Main Street. Just north of the square stand other municipal buildings, including the 1918 Central Firestation, and town hall, built in 1939 on the east side of Center Street. North of these buildings are a cluster of churches, marking the northern edge of the district at Common Street. These include the First Congregational Church (1840) and the First Unitarian Church (1869).

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Central Square Historic District | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Roughly bounded by Main, Central, Church, Winter and Common Sts., Stoneham, Massachusetts |
| Coordinates | 42°28′15″N 71°5′57″W / 42.47083°N 71.09917°W / 42.47083; -71.09917 |
| Architect | Tidd, William; Brown, Charles |
| Architectural style | Mid 19th Century Revival, Classical Revival, Late Victorian |
| MPS | Stoneham MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 89002277 |
| Added to NRHP | January 17, 1990 |


title: Centisome

abstract: A centisome is a unit of length defined as one percent of the length of a particular chromosome. This course unit of physical DNA length began to be used in the early exploration of genomes through molecular biology before the resolution of the nucleic acid sequences of chromosomes was possible. One of the main uses for this unit was for describing the locus of a gene by giving a distance in centisomes from a reference point on the chromosome. For instance, when the complete genome of the bacterium Escherichia coli was finally completed in 1997, it was presented with a scale given in centisomes. Since bacterial chromosomes are circular, the reference point cannot be an end of the DNA molecule, but must be some point that has some easily determinable unique characteristic. Often this point is the origin of replication, although for E. coli it is the origin of transfer during conjugation. Hence, the reference point for centisome positions is simply a convention established for each individual species of organism. For the most part, modern scientific literature uses "centisome" as part of a shorthand way of referring to a particular region of interest on the chromosome of particular organisms. For instance, much research has been done on the "Centisome 63" area of the chromosomes of Salmonella species.

text:
# Centisome

A **centisome** is a unit of length defined as one percent of the length of a particular chromosome. This course unit of physical DNA length began to be used in the early exploration of genomes through molecular biology before the resolution of the nucleic acid sequences of chromosomes was possible.

One of the main uses for this unit was for describing the locus of a gene by giving a distance in centisomes from a reference point on the chromosome. For instance, when the complete genome of the bacterium *Escherichia coli* was finally completed in 1997, it was presented with a scale given in centisomes (as well as one in kilobases). Since bacterial chromosomes are circular, the reference point cannot be an end of the DNA molecule, but must be some point that has some easily determinable unique characteristic. Often this point is the origin of replication, although for *E. coli* it is the origin of transfer during conjugation. Hence, the reference point for centisome positions is simply a convention established for each individual species of organism.

For the most part, modern scientific literature uses "centisome" as part of a shorthand way of referring to a particular region of interest on the chromosome of particular organisms. For instance, much research has been done on the "Centisome 63" area of the chromosomes of *Salmonella* species.

1. Peter D. Karp; Monica Riley (2009-01-11), *Representations of Metabolic Knowledge* (PDF)
2. Blattner, FR; Plunkett G, 3rd; Bloch, CA; Perna, NT; Burland, V; Riley, M; Collado-Vides, J; Glasner, JD; Rode, CK; Mayhew, GF; Gregor, J; Davis, NW; Kirkpatrick, HA; Goeden, MA; Rose, DJ; Mau, B; Shao, Y (5 September 1997). "The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12". *Science*. **277** (5331): 1453–62. doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1453. PMID 9278503.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
3. "Escherichia coli K-12 substr. MG1655 oriC". *biocyc.org*. EcoCyc. Retrieved 4 April 2021. For historical reasons, the numbering of E. coli's circular chromosome does not start at the origin of replication, but at the origin of transfer during conjugation.
4. Galán, JE (April 1996). "Molecular genetic bases of Salmonella entry into host cells". *Molecular Microbiology*. **20** (2): 263–71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02615.x. PMID 8733226. S2CID 8677354.
5. "Google Scholar search for 'Centisome 63'". *scholar.google.com*.


title: Shortis and Simpson

abstract: Shortis and Simpson are an Australian entertainment and political satire duo composed of John Damien Shortis and Moya Simpson. They are singers, composers, political satirists and cabaret artists as well as producers and writers of wide-ranging performance genres. John Shortis is a satirist, singer, songwriter, composer, social historian, and political commentator. Moya Simpson is a singer and actor, and choir director. She immigrated to Australia in 1978. Their work includes, Under the influence which was a music theatre production in 2023.

text:
# Shortis and Simpson

**Shortis and Simpson** are an Australian entertainment and political satire duo composed of **John Damien Shortis** and **Moya Simpson**. They are singers, composers, political satirists and cabaret artists as well as producers and writers of wide-ranging performance genres. John Shortis (born 1948 in Earlwood, New South Wales) is a satirist, singer, songwriter, composer, social historian, and political commentator. Moya Simpson (born 1948 in Twickenham, England) is a singer and actor (using multiple voices and accents), and choir director. She immigrated to Australia in 1978. Their work includes, Under the influence which was a music theatre production in 2023.

## Work

Shortis and Simpson make music about Australian life both past and present. They perform as cabaret singers, creating new songs and shows as the political direction of the land changes.

### Political Satire and Cabaret

In February 1991 Shortis and Simpson performed a cabaret and musical theatre production of *The Bishop and the Actresses*, which was written and directed by Shortis. Also appearing in the show at the Tilbury Hotel, Woolloomooloo, were Margret RoadKnight and Kerry Ella McAullay. This led to a series of performances at the School of Arts Café in Queanbeyan on invitation from producer Bill Stephens and sparked the development of Shortis and Simpson as a comedy cabaret act.

Shortis and Simpson develop shows to herald the annual release of cabinet papers from the National of Archives of Australia (ABC Interview). They also developed a show for the Enlighten Canberra Festival 2015.

Shortis and Simpson offer a regular series of political cabaret each year. Previous shows include *Three Nights at the Bleeding Heart,**Eleven Year Itch, The Howard Years, Political Animals, A Liberal Dose of Shortis and Simpson, On Our Election, The Singing Budget, Dismissed, A Well Hung Parliament* and *A Suppository of Wisdom.*

For the Canberra Centenary in 2013 a collaboration between Australian playwright John Romeril and composer John Shortis developed *Prime Time* a show about the Prime Ministers of Australia.

World Music, especially Eastern European influence, is heard in their choirs and shows such as *Good Evening Europe: The Untold story of Eurovision*.

### Choirs and community stories

They run a world music choir, "*Worldly Goods*", and develop community choirs in farther-flung regions of Australia, from the first *Outback Children's Spectacular* in 1988 to *Bells of Peace* at Mt Evelyn in Victoria for Anzac Day 2015.

Shortis and Simpson delivered an academic paper on musical influences, *Georgian Folk Music Meets the Beatles*, at the International Research Centre for Traditional Polyphony at Tbilisi, Georgia upon invitation by Joseph Jordania.

### Awards

*Cinderella Acappella*, an album released in 1994 written by Shortis was nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Children's Album in 1995 but lost to The Wiggles' *Big Red Car*. Shortis and Simpson performed the album at the Sydney Opera House with Blair Greenberg, Jeannie Lewis, and Margret RoadKnight. Simpson's autobiographical show, *Big Voice*, was awarded the Canberra Critics Circle Award 2009. Shortis and Simpson were awarded another Canberra Critics Circle Award in 2010 for *Tin Pan Aussie* , a tale told in the music of a young nation forging a new federal political system, finding its identity in a world coping with the pressures of the Depression and two world wars, and grappling with its acceptance of its Indigenous people. Tin Pan Aussie was also performed in Lanark Scotland .

| Year | Nominated works | Award | Result | Lost to | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1995 | *Cinderella Acappella* | Best Children's Album | Nominated | The Wiggles \- *Big Red Car* |  |

## John Shortis

**John Damien Shortis** OAM was born in 1948. During the 1960s and 70s, Shortis was a freelance composer-writer with the Australian Broadcasting Commission. Some of his songs are sung on *Play School* and appear on the *Play School* albums by ABC Kids.

He chose songs, wrote scripts, and performed as musical director for *Let's Have Music* and *Singing and Listening* radio broadcasts which formed the basis for music programs in most schools across the nation for many years. \[Shortis Interview at the National Library of Australia\]

Shortis co-wrote a musical for primary schools based on Australian history called *The Corrugated Violin Show*, a creative music series with an accompanying book. He wrote music and lyrics, and arranged a collation of songs called *Cinderella Acapella*, (see earlier links under Awards as shortlisted for the Best Children's Album ARIA Award in 1995).

In 1988, Shortis was appointed artistic director of the first *Outback Children's Spectacular* – a bicentennial project involving 3,000 children from outback areas west of Dubbo and across to the South Australia and Queensland borders. As artistic director he wrote songs with the kids in song writing workshops, hired other performers, and brought children from 50 schools together to perform on a football field in Dubbo. The show was viewed by over 25,000 people on regional TV. The success of this project supported ongoing shows in various outback locations.

Shortis composes across many genres, including theatre productions for the Nimrod Theatre Company, Tasmanian Puppet Theatre, Patch Theatre Company, and Jigsaw Theatre Company. His songs are recorded by many artists including Franciscus Henri. Shortis has also written music for opera and composed for the Sydney Youth Orchestra. The Adelaide Symphony Orchestra performed his orchestral suite *Bushlandia*, played at the Festival Theatre in 1993 and commissioned by *Come Out Festivals*.

Shortis was awarded a Harold White Fellowship at the National Library of Australia in 1998 where he would research the library's sheet music collection. This resulted in the musical productions of *Sheet Dip* in 1998, giving voice to discoveries from the collection, and an exhibition in 2001, “*Between the Sheets – The National Library’s Sheet Music Collection,*” at the National Library of Australia as well as on tour in 2003/4 and in print.

A Fellowship with the Australian Prime Ministers' Centre at the Museum of Australian Democracy in 2008 enabled Shortis to research and compose a song about each of the Prime Ministers from federation to the present day. In 2013, this developed into the stage show, *Prime Time,* performed at the Q Theatre in Queanbeyan as part of the Centenary of Canberra.

Shortis was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours for "service to the performing arts as an entertainer."

## Moya Simpson

**Moya Simpson** OAM was born in 1948 in Twickenham, England and migrated to Australia in 1978. In February 1987, she was a member of Je Ne Sais Choir, along with Mara Kiek and Jarnie Birmingham. That choir backed Margret RoadKnight on her tour of Australia, supporting Frankie Armstrong. By October 1993 Road Knight's backing group were renamed as Girls in Your Town and were touring Australia. According to *The Canberra Times*' Michael Foster, the *a cappella* quartet sang "songs of the '50s and '60s along with gospel, jazz, drinking, and barbershop songs and African chants." In April 1994, Simpson backed Road Knight's solo performances with Shortis on piano.

In July 1994, Simpson told Graham McDonald of *The Canberra Times* that she had been working on *Close Your Eyes and Think of England*, a theatre show which highlights "English women singers who have at one time or another performed in Australia. It ranges from Marie Lloyd through Gracie Fields and Vera Lynn to Celia Black... \[and\] tries to get across the spirit of those women, combining songs and anecdotes rather than simply be an impersonation."

Simpson directs choirs, leads singing workshops for all ages and abilities, and performs solo as both a singer and actor.

In 1998, Moya Simpson established two choirs: the 50-to-70 strong community choir *Worldly Goods* and a smaller, specialized Balkan and Eastern European group, *Can Belto*. Simpson directs *Worldly Goods* performances at festivals, in large community arts projects, at national institutions, conferences, and official dinners and at their own concerts. In 2002, the choir was invited to represent the ACT at the Bendigo Gospel Music Festival. Subsequently, they performed a Beatles tribute, singing out the influence of Georgian harmonies, *John, Paul, Ringo and Georgia*, at the National Multicultural Festival in Canberra and at Hobart's Festival of Voices 2007.

In 2010, Simpson toured 40 choir members through South African villages with African singer and composer, Valanga Khoza, who invited the choir to sing in his own home village. *Worldly Goods* choir sang in many of Canberra's national institutions, including the High Court of Australia.

Simpson established *Can Belto* in 1998, a small a cappella group specializing in Eastern European singing, which can be heard on their CD and through performances in *Emma Celebrazione* at the Street Theatre, Canberra's Floriade, the Australian War Memorial, the National Gallery, the National Archives, the National Museum of Australia, and multiple Weereewa Festivals of Lake George. Further afield, the choir sang at la Boite in Melbourne in 2007 and the Sydney A Cappella Festival in 2008. *Can Belto* merged with the *Worldly Goods* choir in 2009.

Simpson has sung her way through hundreds of performances around Australia for over thirty years.

Her one-woman show in 1991 and 2001 called *Close Your Eyes and Think of England* was sung in the style and accents of Cilla Black, Marie Lloyd, Gracie Fields, Petula Clark, Sandie Shaw and Vera Lynn. This show also toured parts of Australia from 1995 to 2001. Another solo show was *Yodel Lady* at the Street Theatre Canberra in 2001. Simpson won the Canberra Critics Circle Award 2009 for her autobiographical cabaret, *Big Voice*, "in which she utilised an extraordinary array of musical and performance skills to create a genuinely moving and entertaining performance work."

Simpson acted the part of a corrupt and frisky male Russian bureaucrat in 2012 in Jim McGrath's adaptation of Heart of a Dog.

She acted in *Catalogue of Dreams* in 2013, an Urban Theatre production about experiences of foster care and homelessness with particular reference to Indigenous children.

Simpson was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours for "service to the performing arts as an entertainer".

In 2024 Shortis became the 2024 national folk fellow

## InfoBox

| Shortis and Simpson | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia |
| Genres | Political satire, children's, choral |
| Years active | 1991 (1991)–present |
|  | |
| Members | John Shortis<br>Moya Simpson |


title: Shyamvarna

abstract: Shyamvarn is a mountain of the Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand India. The peak lies above the Shyamvarn Glacier. The elevation of Shyamvarn is 6,135 metres (20,128 ft) and its prominence is 250 metres (820 ft). It is 150th highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies 3.3 km east of Sudarshan Parbat 6,507 metres (21,348 ft). Saife 6,161 metres (20,213 ft) lies 2.5 km WSW and it is 3 km ESE of Shwetvarna 6,340 metres (20,801 ft). It lies 2.8 km South of Yogeshwar 6,678 metres (21,909 ft).

text:
# Shyamvarna

**Shyamvarn** is a mountain of the Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand India. The peak lies above the Shyamvarn Glacier. The elevation of Shyamvarn is 6,135 metres (20,128 ft) and its prominence is 250 metres (820 ft). It is 150th highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies 3.3 km east of Sudarshan Parbat 6,507 metres (21,348 ft). Saife 6,161 metres (20,213 ft) lies 2.5 km WSW and it is 3 km ESE of Shwetvarna 6,340 metres (20,801 ft). It lies 2.8 km South of Yogeshwar 6,678 metres (21,909 ft).

## Climbing history

The first ascent of Shyamvarn ends with a tragedy. An Indian eight member team led by climber Asit Kumar Moitra Climbed Shyamvarn on 26 September 1985. On the way back from the summit, the leader Asit Kumar Moitra slipped and fell 2000 feet to his death. The team consisted of Samir Bhattacharya, Manas Bardhan, Nabagopal Basak, Ramjan Bose, Krishna Ganguli, Asish Roy and Sanjoy Roy.

An Indian team from Bombay was led by Ramakant Mahadik. On 20 June 1989 seven member climbed Shyamvarn this is the second ascent of this peak.

## Neighboring and subsidiary peaks

Neighboring or subsidiary peaks of Shyamvarn:

## Glaciers and rivers

Swetvarn Bamak on the western side. Shyamvarn bamak on the eastern side both these Glaciers are tributaries of Raktvarn Bamak which drain itself at Gangotri Glacier. From the snout of Gangotri Glacier which was called Gomukh emerges Bhagirathi river. one of the main tributaries of river Ganga that later joins Alaknanda River the other main tributaries of river Ganga at Devprayag and became Ganga there after. the word Bamak is used for Glacier in this part of the world.

## InfoBox

| Shyamvarn | |
| --- | --- |
| ShyamvarnLocation in Uttarakhand | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 6,135 m (20,128 ft) |
| Prominence | 250 m (820 ft) |
| Coordinates | 30°58′34″N 79°07′40″E / 30.97611°N 79.12778°E / 30.97611; 79.12778 |
| Geography | |
| Location | Uttarakhand, India |
| Parent range | Garhwal Himalaya |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | on 26 September 1985 a team from west bengal, India. |


title: Sidlingu

abstract: Sidlingu is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language coming of age film starring Yogesh and Ramya in the lead roles. The film has been directed and written by Vijaya Prasad, who makes his big screen debut after directing many TV series. The film is produced by Yogesh's father, T. P. Siddaraju of Duniya fame. Anoop Seelin has composed the music. Sugnan aka Gnana Murthy who has worked for movies like Mani, Lifeu Isthene, Premism, Manasology and many more is the director of cinematography. The film was released on 13 January 2012.

text:
# Sidlingu

***Sidlingu*** is a 2012 Indian Kannada-language coming of age film starring Yogesh and Ramya in the lead roles. The film has been directed and written by Vijaya Prasad, who makes his big screen debut after directing many TV series. The film is produced by Yogesh's father, T. P. Siddaraju of *Duniya* fame. Anoop Seelin has composed the music. Sugnan aka Gnana Murthy who has worked for movies like Mani, Lifeu Isthene, Premism, Manasology and many more is the director of cinematography.

The film was released on 13 January 2012.

## Plot

Sidlingu has a passion for cars since his childhood and gets closer to a young girl and a middle-aged lecturer because of his desire to own a car. But the lecturer, who gives him lift, seduces him. Later Sidlingu moves to Srirangapatna where he finds one vintage car and wants to purchase it. There he meets schoolteacher Mangala who helps him to realise his dreams. Sidlingu even expresses his desire to marry Mangala, but she keeps mum as she feels Sidlingu is an innocent and infatuated youngster. Later tragedy strikes and robs Sidlingu off Mangala.

## Production

Actress Ramya is noted for an image makeover in this film playing the role of *Mangala*, a middle-class school teacher portraying the role of a woman who is behind the success of a man in the film.

## Cast

* Yogesh as Sidlingu
* Ramya as Mangala
* Suman Ranganathan as Aandalamma
* K. S. Sridhar as Asadullah Baig
* Girija Lokesh as Rangamma
* Achyuth Kumar as Appaji Gowda
* Chaswa as Jamaal alias biryani
* Mimicry Dayanand
* Amarnath Aaradhya
* Mimicry Gopi
* Srikanth Heblikar
* HMT Vijay
* Nagaraj Gowda
* Vatsala Mohan
* Kaddipudi Chandru
* Shankar Rao
* Kempegowda
* Shashikala
* Harshith gowda

## Reception

### Critical response

A critic from *The New Indian Express* wrote "Anup Silin has provided lilting music. It is certainly worth watching till intermission. One needs a little bit extra patience to sit through its second half". A critic from *News18 India* wrote "The rural situations look natural and real thanks to the work done by art director. 'Sidlingu' is a better presented with a good performance from young hero Yogish". Shruti I L from *DNA* wrote "Anoop Seelin’s music, especially in the song Ellelo oduva manase… is worth a mention. Sidlingu held all the possibilities of soaring high but it falls short, leaving you asking for more". A critic from Bangalore Mirror wrote "What could have been another film in the genre of Mera Naam Joker and My Autograph ends up being pathetically ordinary. But for the twist in the last 10 seconds, the audience would have felt cheated by the trailers".

## Soundtrack

The much-hyped audio of ‘Sidlingu’ was released on 29 November 2011 at Srinivasa Theatre, Gowdana Palya which was attended by Kannada film personalities such as Raghavendra Rajkumar, Prajwal Devaraj, Diganth, Jaggesh and Duniya Vijay.

All music is composed by J. Anoop Seelin

| No. | Title | Lyrics | Singer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Achachhu Beladachhu" | Arasu Anthare | Kunal Ganjawala, Sriraksha Krishnamurthy |  |
| 2. | "Barbhad Building" | Vijayaprasad | Puneeth Rajkumar |  |
| 3. | "Chombo Chombu" | Arasu Anthare | Kailash Kher, Anuradha Bhat |  |
| 4. | "Ellello Oduva Manase" | Arasu Anthare | Avinash Chebbi |  |
| 5. | "Ellello Oduva Manase" | Arasu Anthare | Anuradha Bhat |  |
| Total length: | | | | 21 |

## Awards

| Ceremony | Category | Nominee | Result | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 60th Filmfare Awards South | Best Film | T. P. Siddaraju | Nominated |  |
| | Best Director | Vijaya Prasad | Won | |
| | Best Actor | Yogesh | Nominated | |
| | Best Actress | Ramya | Nominated | |
| | Best Supporting Actress | Suman Ranganathan | Won | |
| | Best Music Director | Anoop Seelin | Nominated | |
| | Best Playback Singer - Male | Avinash Chebbi
("Ellello Oduva Manase") | Won | |
| | Best Playback Singer – Female | Anuradha Bhat
("Ellello Oduva Manase") | Nominated | |
| 2nd South Indian International Movie Awards | Best Actress | Ramya | Nominated |  |
| | Best Music Director | Anoop Seelin | Nominated | |
| | Best Female Playback Singer | Anuradha Bhat
("Ellelo Oduva") | Nominated | |
|

## InfoBox

| Sidlingu | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Vijaya Prasad |
| Written by | (Dialogues) |
| Screenplay by | Vijaya prasad |
| Story by | Vijaya prasad |
| Produced by | T. P. Siddaraju |
| Starring | Yogesh
Ramya
Suman Ranganathan |
| Cinematography | Sugnan (Gnana Murthy) |
| Edited by | Akshay P Rao |
| Music by | Anoop Seelin |
| Production
company | Samy Associates Akshaya Audio |
| Distributed by | Jayanna Films |
| Release date | * 13 January 2012 (2012-01-13) |
| Running time | 2 hours 15 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Kannada |


title: Paul Ritchie (footballer, born 1975)

abstract: Paul Simon Ritchie is a Scottish football coach and former professional player. A centre-back, he started his playing career with Heart of Midlothian, making 133 league appearances for the club and helping it win the Scottish Cup in 1998. He played for several clubs after leaving Hearts during the 1999–2000 season. Ritchie made seven appearances for the Scotland national team between 1999 and 2004, scoring one goal. Since retiring as a player he has worked as a football coach, as assistant coach with Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer and for San Diego, the LA Galaxy-affiliated youth soccer club.

text:
# Paul Ritchie (footballer, born 1975)

**Paul Simon Ritchie** (born 21 August 1975) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player. A centre-back, he started his playing career with Heart of Midlothian, making 133 league appearances for the club and helping it win the Scottish Cup in 1998. He played for several clubs after leaving *Hearts* during the 1999–2000 season. Ritchie made seven appearances for the Scotland national team between 1999 and 2004, scoring one goal. Since retiring as a player he has worked as a football coach, as assistant coach with Vancouver Whitecaps FC in Major League Soccer and for San Diego, the LA Galaxy-affiliated youth soccer club.

## Club career

Beginning his career with Heart of Midlothian (Hearts) in 1992, Ritchie quickly gained a reputation as a promising defender, gaining a regular first team place and winning Scotland under-21 caps. The highlight of his time at Hearts was undoubtedly the club's Scottish Cup win in 1998. Persistent speculation linked him with a move to Rangers, particularly with his Hearts contract due to expire in 2000. The Tynecastle club, however, were unwilling to allow him to move to a rival cheaply, and he spent time with Bolton Wanderers on a short term contract and appeared in both the FA Cup and League Cup Semi Finals before finally joining Rangers on a Bosman free transfer in June 2000.

However, Rangers manager Dick Advocaat then elected to sell Ritchie to Manchester City for a fee of £500,000 just two months later, without him ever playing a first team match for the club. Ritchie spent three years with City, but struggled throughout to earn a regular place in their team, spending time out on loan with Portsmouth and Derby County. While at Portsmouth he contributed 12 appearances in the first half of the 2002–03 season, at the end of which they won the First Division Championship and promotion to the Premier League. In August 2003 he left on a free transfer and joined Walsall, where despite suffering relegation he was at least able to play regular first team football again, forcing himself back into the international reckoning with some inspirational performances, scoring once against Rotherham United. However, whilst at Walsall he was caught up in a contract dispute with owner Jeff Bonser, indirectly leading to the dismissal of Saddler's manager Colin Lee.

After leaving Walsall, Ritchie signed a short term contract with Dundee United, despite interest from Kilmarnock, Livingston and Sheffield Utd. His contract was later extended despite injury problems limiting his appearances at first. For a while he was regularly captaining the team, but in April 2006 United manager Craig Brewster announced Ritchie was free to leave the club at the end of the season, despite having a year of his contract left to run. His departure was finally confirmed in August 2006. He then moved to Omonia Nicosia but left at the end of the season because of an injury to his cruciate ligament. Ritchie moved to Dundee as youth coach in summer 2007 but left in November.

In 2009, Ritchie signed with Carolina RailHawks of the USL First Division in the United States. In June 2009 it was announced that Ritchie had left the club, having made just one first team appearance.

## International career

Ritchie represented Scotland seven times. He made his debut in a friendly win against Germany in April 1999. His next cap against the Czech Republic saw him score his only international goal. Within a year he had taken his cap total to six, but thereafter a lack of first team football at Manchester City saw him drop out of contention. He won only one more cap, against Wales in 2004 following some fine displays for Walsall.

## Coaching career

After his playing career ended in 2009, Ritchie returned to Britain to complete his coaching badges and work for the Manchester United soccer schools. He returned to Carolina RailHawks as assistant coach in 2010 and 2011 under manager Martin Rennie. Rennie moved on to Vancouver Whitecaps FC in November 2011 and brought Ritchie with him as assistant coach for the Major League Soccer club. Ritchie was released in January 2014 after Rennie was sacked.

In 2019 he was the youth soccer coach for San Diego, the MLS-affiliated youth soccer club of LA Galaxy.

## Career statistics

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
| Club | Season | League | | | National Cup | | League Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Heart of Midlothian | 1995–96 | Scottish Premier Division | 28 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |  | | 33 | 3 |
| | 1996–97 | | 28 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 35 | 3 |
| | 1997–98 | | 34 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 0 |  | | 42 | 1 |
| | 1998–99 | Scottish Premier League | 29 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 36 | 1 |
| | | 1999–2000 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 16 | 1 |
| | Total | | 133 | 6 | 12 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 162 | 9 |
| Bolton Wanderers (loan) | 1999–2000 | Premier League | 14 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 19 | 0 |
| Manchester City | 2000–01 | Premier League | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |  | | 16 | 0 |
| | 2001–02 | Football League First Division | 8 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 11 | 0 |
| | Total | | 20 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 0 |
| Portsmouth | 2002–03 | Football League First Division | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 13 | 0 |
| Derby County | 2002–03 | Football League First Division | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | | 7 | 0 |
| Walsall | 2003–04 | Football League First Division | 33 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |  | | 35 | 1 |
| Dundee United | 2004–05 | Scottish Premier League | 24 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 |  | | 31 | 0 |
| | 2005–06 | | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 0 |
| | Total | | 45 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 54 | 0 |
| AC Omonia | 2006–07 | Cypriot First Division | 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | | | 266 | 7 | 25 | 3 | 21 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 319 | 10 |

## Honours

**Hearts**

## InfoBox

Paul Ritchie
| Ritchie in 2011 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Paul Simon Ritchie | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-08-21) 21 August 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | Kirkcaldy, Scotland | | |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1992–2000 | Heart of Midlothian | 133 | (6) |
| 1999–2000 | Bolton Wanderers (loan) | 14 | (0) |
| 2000 | Rangers | 0 | (0) |
| 2000–2003 | Manchester City | 20 | (0) |
| 2002 | Portsmouth (loan) | 12 | (0) |
| 2003 | Derby County (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2003–2004 | Walsall | 33 | (1) |
| 2004–2006 | Dundee United | 45 | (0) |
| 2006–2007 | AC Omonia | 2 | (0) |
| 2009 | Carolina RailHawks | 1 | (0) |
| Total |  | **267** | **(7)** |
| International career | | | |
| 1996–1997 | Scotland U-21 | 7 | (0) |
| 1999–2004 | Scotland | 7 | (1) |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2010–2011 | Carolina RailHawks (assistant) | | |
| 2011–2013 | Vancouver Whitecaps FC (assistant) | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Presflo

abstract: Presflo and Prestwin were the designation for two types of goods wagon designed by British Railways in the 1950s for the carriage of powdered goods. The Presflo design was specifically for carriage of powdered cement but wagons to this design were subsequently used to transport other powdered commodities. The later Prestwin wagons were designed to overcome problems encountered with using the Presflo design for certain powdered commodities. Both types of wagon were loaded by gravity but unloaded using compressed air.

text:
# Presflo

**Presflo** and **Prestwin** were the designation for two types of goods wagon designed by British Railways in the 1950s for the carriage of powdered goods. The Presflo design was specifically for carriage of powdered cement but wagons to this design were subsequently used to transport other powdered commodities. The later Prestwin wagons were designed to overcome problems encountered with using the Presflo design for certain powdered commodities. Both types of wagon were loaded by gravity but unloaded using compressed air.

## Presflo

While the Ideal Stock Committee reviewed the existing wagon designs inherited by British Railways and recommended which pre-nationalisation designs should either be continued or developed, there were also occasions where a need was identified that could not be met by an existing wagon designs such as the need for the bulk transport of cement powder, a commodity that had previously been carried bagged in vans.

**Presflo** is short for ***Pres***sure ***flo***w, and the designation came about as the design of wagon features air fluidisation, a system that pumps air into the powder under pressure to loosen it and prevent clumping, thus allowing the powder to be drained from the wagon efficiently. The distinctive external ribs were designed to strengthen the wagon to prevent it collapsing when unloading. The wagon itself was 16 feet 6 inches (5.03 m) over headstocks on a 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) wheelbase chassis. The wagon was not symmetrical, with both the access ladder and the discharge pipe only at one end. The total capacity of powder was 611 cubic feet (17,300 L).

The prototype Presflo wagon was built to BR Diagram 1/273 but all production wagons were built to diagram 1/272. A total of 1840 Presflo wagons were constructed to diagram 1/272 with the following numbers:

* B888000 built by BR Shildon in 1954
* B888001-B888110 built by BR Shildon in 1955
* B888111-B888180 built by BR Shildon in 1956
* B888181-B888280 built by Metro-Cammell in 1957
* B888281-B888550 built by Metro-Cammell in 1958
* B888551-B888580 built by Metro-Cammell in 1958 - specific for ICI salt traffic and built with 2 silos
* B888581-B888880 built by Central Wagon in 1958
* B888881-B888900 built by Butterley Iron in 1958
* B887800-B887999 built by Gloucester RCW in 1958 - constructed with screw couplings and drawbars for a planned traffic flow taking Fuller's Earth to Italy via train ferries.
* B873024-B873193 built by Gloucester RCW in 1958 - built with instanter couplings
* B873200-B873369 built by Gloucester RCW in 1961 - built with Oleo buffers and ordered for Rugby Cement traffic
* B873420-B873719 built by Gloucester RCW in 1961
* B873794-B873893 built by Central Wagon in 1961

In the mid 1960s a Presflo wagon was modified to carry fly ash. The maximum load of the wagon was reduced to 17 tons and the diagram of the modified wagon was 1/281. As a result, in 1964 a further batch of 17 Ton wagons with vacuum brakes were constructed to Diagram 1/278, and these were followed by a 21 Ton variant designated ASH21, with these being built to diagram 1/279 (vacuum brakes) and diagrams 1/ 280 and 1/ 282 (air brakes). These wagons were longer than the previous Presflos and thus had a longer wheelbase and chassis. The brake arrangement was Morton brakes on one side but on the side with the discharge equipment they were fitted with clasp brakes.

BR operation of Presflo wagons ceased in 1987.

### Traffic flows

Wagons operated by Tunnel Cement between Aberthaw and either Oakengates, Birmingham Curzon Street or Southampton.

Cement was conveyed from Westbury to both Exeter Central and Barnstaple for Blue Circle Industries.

A trial was carried out using Presflo wagons built to diagram 1/272 for use with powdered slate from Delabole slate quarry in north Cornwall, and as a result five wagons were lettered SLATE POWDER for this traffic. Further wagons that had previously been used for salt traffic were also used, some being branded BULK SLATE. Traffic was originally over the North Cornwall Railway from Delabole to Tonbridge, but when that line closed in 1967, the powder was taken by lorry to Wadebridge and the wagons loaded there.

During the 1970s cement was conveyed to Kishorn Yard with a Presflo wagon being attached to the rear of the Inverness to Kyle of Lochalsh passenger trains, this being used in the construction of oil rigs.

### Accidents

These wagons were prone to lateral oscillation, which led to a derailment at Thirsk in July 1967, with a passenger train subsequently running into the wreckage, causing 7 fatalities and the destruction of prototype locomotive DP2.

### Preservation

A Presflo wagon, originally used for cement powder traffic, has been preserved as part of the national collection. Wagon No B873368 was built in 1951 has been part of the collection of the National Railway Museum since 1986. In 2020 this wagon was on display at their Shildon location.

In addition five other Presflo wagons have been privately preserved. Examples located at the Mid-Hants Railway, Quainton Railway Society, and Llangollen Railway have been restored. A further example owned by the Darlington Railway Preservation Society was recorded as awaiting restoration in 2013, while a further example is located at the Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway. All five privately preserved Presflos were built by Butterley Iron, and the single wagon in the care of the National Railway Museum was built by Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon. No examples built by BR Shildon works, Metro-Cammell or Central Wagon have survived.

### Models

Ellis Clarke Trains have announced that they will produce several O gauge ready-to-run models of the Presflo in both bauxite and grey liveries. Also in O Gauge First Class Kits have produced a kit of one of the Presflo wagons used for fly ash, and Just Like The Real Thing have produced an O gauge kit of a diagram 1/272 Presflo.

A 00 gauge plastic kit was produced by Airfix between 1960 and 1964, and was re-released between 1975 and 1979. This kit was subsequently re-issued again by Dapol.

The first 00 gauge ready-to-run Presflo wagon was produced by Hornby Dublo. This model was subsequently sold to Wrenn and was produced by them is a variety of liveries including grey. Bachmann also produce a 00 scale model.

## Prestwin

Prestwin wagons were designed by British Railways and built by Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company to carry some types of powder traffic that were unsuited to the Presflo design. There were two designs; diagram 1/274 had a 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) wheelbase while the final 100 wagons were built to diagram 1/277 and had a longer 12 feet (3.7 m) wheelbase with larger silos although they were slightly lower as the silos were mounted between the frames rather than on top of them. The wagons were completely distinctive, with two circular powder silos. A walkway is provided to permit access to the top of the silos with a ladder on each side located between the silos.

Construction of the type started in 1960 and went on for 2 years. The wagons were numbered in four series:

The whole fleet of wagons were originally painted in bauxite although some were later repainted in a dark grey/black.

Prestwin wagons ceased to be used in the 1980s

### Traffic flows

From 1972 Prestwins were used to convey Dried Hydrate of Alumina from Burtisland to Welwyn Garden City.

Sodium tripolyphosphate from Albright and Wilson at Corkickle to Unilever facilities at both Port Sunlightt and Warrington, and to Procter & Gamble at West Thurrock.

Lime from Hindlow

Sand from Oakamoor to Port Sunlight

Soda ash from Northwich

Alumina hydrate from Rogerstone to Newport

Trials were carried out to use the Prestwin design for carrying slag, China clay, Fuller's earth, ground limestone, Ground silica, Salt, Soda ash, Starch, and Slate powder.

### Models

Between 1978 and 1982 Hornby produced a ready-to-run model of the Prestwin in bauxite. A total of 67000 were made.

Airfix produced a 00 gauge kit of the diagram 1/277 version of the Prestwin, which later passed to Dapol.

Lima produced an HO model in the 1970s which was marketed as a Prestwin. The colours were fictional and the design of the wagon itself, while bearing a general resemblance to the BR Prestwin, had several major differences, most notably the silhouette.

Bachmann were due to release a ready-to-run OO gauge model in 2019.

### Citations

1. Hendry 1999, p. 12.
2. "Kitmaster Presflo Cement Wagon Kit". Gaugemaster Controls Ltd. 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
3. Hendry 1999, p. 87.
4. "FROM THE ABSTRACT TO THE CONCRETE : GLOUCESTER'S CEMENT WAGONS". *visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/*. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
5. Hendry 1999, p. 59.
6. "Brief History". *First Class Kits mail order site*. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
7. "Presflo Wagon liveries". RMweb.co.uk. 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
8. "Kernow Model Rail Centre - Cornish Exclusive Wagons OO Gauge". RMweb.co.uk. 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
9. Wroe & Reeve 2008, p. 135.
10. "British Railways Presflo cement wagon". The Science Museum Group. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
11. "PO PF 29 Cement Hopper built 1960". *Railway Heritage Register*. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
12. "PO TC 8956 Cement Hopper built 1960". *Railway Heritage Register*. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
13. "PO TC 8953 Cement Hopper built 1960". *Railway Heritage Register*. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
14. "PO APCM 8717 Cement Wagon built 1963". *Railway Heritage Register*. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
15. "PO 5 Cement Hopper built 1960". *Railway Heritage Register*. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
16. "Ellis Clark Trains E73-1-7U Finescale O Gauge Presflo Wagon 'Un-numbered', Bauxite (Pre-order)". Ellis Clark Trains. 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
17. "FCK22 Flyash Presflo Hopper Wagon". *First Class Kits mail order site*. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
18. "1960 Presflo Cement Wagon 1.76". *The airfix tribute forum*. Tapatalk Inc. 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
19. "Hornby Dublo 4646 Presflo Cement wagon". Dublo For Sale. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
20. "Wrenn Presflo "BRITISH RAIL" 20T Cement Wagon Rolling Stock W5005X". Connoisseur Wrenn. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
21. "BR 22T 'Presflo' Cement Wagon 'Blue Circle Cement' Yellow". Bachmann Europe Plc. 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
22. "Post Nationalisation Wagon Development". *International Good Guys*. Mike Smith. 2003. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
23. "BR Wagon Numbers - Railway-owned B/DB Series - Part 1". *LTSV wagons*. 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
24. "prestwin wagons". RMweb.co.uk. 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
25. "prestwin wagons (page 2)". RMweb.co.uk. 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
26. "Prestwin wagon, used to carry sand between Oakamoor and Port Sunlight". *Science & Society Picture Library*. National Railway Museum. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
27. "Prestwin Twin Silo Wagon". Hornby Collector Guide. 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
28. "Twin Silo Cement Wagon (Prestwin)". North Western Models. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
29. "Lima British HO Wagons - Part 2". *Lima HO scale*. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
30. "Bachmann 38-292 CQV Prestwin Twin Silo Wagon BR Bauxite Weathered". Model Junction. 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

### References

* Hendry, Robert (1999). *British Railway goods wagon in colour*. Leicester: Midland publishing. ISBN 1-85780-094-X.
* Wroe, David; Reeve, George (2008). *An Illustrated History of the North Cornwall Railway* (2nd (Reprinted, updated and considerably expanded) ed.). Clophill, Bedfordshire: Irwell Press. ISBN 978-1-903266-89-2.


title: The Walt Disney World Explorer

abstract: The Walt Disney World Explorer is a point and click Windows and Macintosh application developed by Mindsai Productions and Disney Interactive, and published by the latter. The application focuses on the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. It consists of narrated virtual tours, trivia, and slideshows of the resort's parks, attractions, hotels, and other related topics. Various minigames are also built into the application, such as a quiz that allows users to test their knowledge of the resort, and a game that involves finding Hidden Mickeys. Two editions of this program were released; the first edition was released on September 24, 1996, in time for the resort's 25th anniversary a week later. An updated release, The Walt Disney World Explorer – Second Edition, was released on April 23, 1998, with updated information on new attractions such as Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, new resorts such as Disney's Coronado Springs Resort, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, which first opened the day before the Second Edition's release.

text:
# The Walt Disney World Explorer

***The Walt Disney World Explorer*** is a point and click Windows and Macintosh application developed by Mindsai Productions and Disney Interactive, and published by the latter. The application focuses on the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. It consists of narrated virtual tours, trivia, and slideshows of the resort's parks, attractions, hotels, and other related topics. Various minigames are also built into the application, such as a quiz that allows users to test their knowledge of the resort, and a game that involves finding Hidden Mickeys.

Two editions of this program were released; the first edition was released on September 24, 1996, in time for the resort's 25th anniversary a week later. An updated release, ***The Walt Disney World Explorer – Second Edition***, was released on April 23, 1998, with updated information on new attractions such as Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin, new resorts such as Disney's Coronado Springs Resort, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, which first opened the day before the *Second Edition*'s release.

## Overview

The application is mainly a slideshow viewer that features photographs and images related to the Walt Disney World Resort, accompanied by narration by Hettie Lynne Hurtes and Corey Burton.

Upon launching the application and going through or skipping the opening cutscene, the user is brought to a large, stylized map of the resort filled with clickable hotspots that are visually represented by colorful depictions of what their topics are about. The user has Tinker Bell from *Peter Pan* (1953) as their pointer. If Tinker Bell is on a clickable hotspot or element, her wand will sparkle with pixie dust. Additionally, on the map, a tooltip appearing as a scroll will appear over the hotspot for (as indicated by a yellow scroll) topics or (as indicated by a blue scroll on the main resort map only) to dive into a separate map focused on a themed land, two themed lands, or an entire theme park. The user also has access to the "Walt Disney World Compass", a compass in the shape of Mickey Mouse's head on the bottom-left corner of the screen that allows users to ask for help, exit the program, go one step back (up to the resort map), or search for a specific area of interest within the application.

All topics have a slideshow with narrated descriptions of the topic in question. Many topics, usually attractions, have additional "Backstage" and "Trivia" options; "Backstage" features an additional slideshow or video giving a "behind-the-scenes" look at the topic, while "Trivia" features another slideshow with additional trivia about the topic. A few topics also feature either a "More Stuff" option, featuring another slideshow or video relevant to the topic, or an option to view a rectilinear 360° panoramic photograph relating to the topic, also companied by narration. Furthermore, the application features a number of clickable Hidden Mickeys icons hidden in the last photographs of several topics' main slideshow for the user to find, tracked by a counter on the bottom-right of a topic's screen (as well as by a found Hidden Mickey being highlighted); finding ten Hidden Mickeys will play a brief video clip featuring Walt Disney and the song "Congratulations, Mr. Mickey Mouse" before automatically resetting the counter and "re-hiding" the Hidden Mickeys.

There are also a number of "interactivities" found throughout the program:

* The *Walt Disney World Quiz Challenge*: A quiz game in which one or two players play a fictional game show hosted by Charles Fleischer and answer multiple-choice questions based on the Trivia slideshows in the application.
* The Walt Disney World Timeline: An interactive timeline covering the growth of the resort through the years from its opening in 1971 up to the release years of the application.
* Tours of the World: Guided tours of various topics encompassing different themes with separate narration provided by actress Leslie Ryan, who appears in full-motion video within this interactivity's menu screen.
* Oceans of the World: An interactive aquarium found within The Living Seas covering the effects of overfishing and pollution on the marine ecosystem.
* Monster Sound: An interactive miniature Foley studio found within The Monster Sound Show (original version) or the ABC Sound Studio (*Second Edition*) where users can record sound effects to short clips of classic Disney films and play them back.

## Reception

In a brief November 1996 review of the application, Steve Daly of *Entertainment Weekly* gave the application a grade of C, saying at the time that the overworld map was slow to redraw, and it was too easy to click on the wrong option when using the Mickey Mouse head-shaped compass.

1. Daly, Steve (November 8, 1996). "CD-ROM Review: 'The Walt Disney World Explorer'". *Entertainment Weekly*. Retrieved March 19, 2018.

## InfoBox

| The Walt Disney World Explorer | |
| --- | --- |
| Box art of the 1998 released *Second Edition*, with Windows CD-ROM label | |
| Developer(s) |  |
| Publisher(s) | Disney Interactive |
| Platform(s) |  |
| Release | * **Original version**:      + US: September 24, 1996 * ***Second Edition***:      + US: April 23, 1998 |


title: Pulsar 590

abstract: Pulsar 590A and Pulsar 590E are bluetooth headsets. They are designed for use with bluetooth and A2DP enabled cellphones; including many Nokia, Sony, LG Group, Motorola, and Palm models; most other bluetooth enabled devices; or with the Plantronics universal adapter. Unlike most bluetooth headsets, the Pulsar 590A/E has stereo capabilities, meaning it can do two separate audio channels.

text:
# Pulsar 590

**Pulsar 590A** and **Pulsar 590E** are bluetooth headsets. They are designed for use with bluetooth and A2DP (for stereo listening) enabled cellphones; including many Nokia, Sony, LG Group, Motorola, and Palm models; most other bluetooth enabled devices; or with the Plantronics universal adapter. Unlike most bluetooth headsets, the Pulsar 590A/E has stereo capabilities, meaning it can do two separate audio channels.

## Specifications

* Battery Life: listen time of up to 10 hours, talk time of up to 12 hours, standby time of about 130 hours, each time varying by device, and a charge time of 2 hours.
* Battery type lithium ion polymer.
* Weight 3.45 ounces (97.7 grams).
* Bluetooth version 2.0.
* Headset Speakers 28 mm Neodymium.
* Speaker frequency response: Telephony 300 Hz to 3600 Hz (CVSD u-Law), Stereo Audio 20 Hz to 20 kHz (16-bit 48 kHz SBC Coding).
* Impedance 32 ± 4 ohms @ 1 kHz.
* Distortion \<5% to 19 kHz.

## Critical reception

A review in the New York Times called the Pulsar 590 headphones "routers for the ears", praising the wireless connectivity and ability for the device to handle both music and phone calls simultaneously.

CNet gave the 590A 3.5/5, praising the battery life, sound quality, and ease of use, and reporting sound quality was quite good though people could still tell you were talking on a cellphone. MobileTechReview praised its sound quality, bluetooth performance, and looks, and gave it 4.5/5. *Stuff* gave it 5/5, finding the styling a bit too "office"-like, but otherwise positive.

## InfoBox

Pulsar 590A/E
| Manufacturer | Plantronics |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Headset |
| Connectivity | Bluetooth |
| Power | Battery |