title: Sports in Hamilton, Ontario

abstract:
In 1930 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada was the site of the very first Commonwealth Games, then known as the British Empire Games. The Games came to Hamilton as a result of the efforts of Melville Marks Robinson, and were Canada's first major international athletic event, and bid unsuccessfully for the Commonwealth Games in 2010, losing out to New Delhi in India. On 7 November 2009, in Guadalajara, Mexico it was announced that Toronto will host the 2015 Pan Am Games after beating out two rival South American cities, Lima, Peru and Bogota, Colombia. The city of Hamilton will be co-hosting the Games with Toronto. Hamilton Mayor Fred Eisenberger said "the Pan Am Games will provide a 'unique opportunity for Hamilton to renew major sport facilities giving Hamiltonians a multi-purpose stadium, a 50-metre swimming pool, and an international-calibre velodrome to enjoy for generations to come.'" The Around the Bay Road Race circumnavigates Hamilton Harbour or Burlington Bay. Although it is not a proper marathon, it is the longest continuously held long distance foot race in North America, held in Hamilton since 1894, 3-years before the Boston Marathon. The local newspaper, Hamilton Spectator has also hosted the amateur Spectator Indoor Games. Hamilton has also produced a number of prominent runners over the years. Some of these include, Robert Kerr, (1882–1963), was an Irish-Canadian sprinter. He won the gold medal in the 200 metres and the bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 1908 Summer Olympics, Ray Lewis, (1910–2003), Track & Field, first Canadian-born Black Olympic medallist and William Sherring, (1878–1964), was a Canadian athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1906 Summer Olympics. Other noteworthy Olympians, Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games participants from Hamilton include; Lisa Buscombe, Archer, won the women's World Field archery Championship title in 1984 and in 1985 won the World Games Field Archery Title. Inducted into the Canadian Amateur Sports Hall of Fame in 1985. In 1999 coached silver Canadian medallist in Men's Archery at the Pan Am Games; Toller Cranston,, Canadian Figure skater- Bronze medal 1976 Winter Games; Bryce Davison,, Canadian figure skater, competes in the pairs event with Jessica Dubé. Member of the Hamilton Skating Club; Ray Lazdins,, a retired discus thrower from Canada, who represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics; Irene MacDonald, (1931–2002), Diving, she reigned as Canada's champion diver from 1951 to 1961. She won medals at the 1954 and 1958 Commonwealth Games and in 1956 she won Canada's first Olympic diving medal, a bronze; Joanne Malar,, Former freestyle and medley swimmer, who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics; Pat Messner,, Water skiing, 1972 Summer Olympics Bronze medal winner; Linda Thom,, Woman's shooting Gold at 1984 Summer Olympics; and Tonya Verbeek, silver medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's wrestling in the 55 kg category – Canada's first woman to medal at the Olympics in wrestling. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she won Canada's third medal overall, and third Canadian medal ever in women's wrestling, by winning a bronze in the 55kg class.
In the year 2000 Hamilton was the first city in the western hemisphere to ever host the International Children's Games. Over 2500 athletes from 35 countries and 5 continents participated in the largest sporting and cultural celebration in games history. The games opened on 1 July, Canada Birthday hosting a large cultural festival parade and opening ceremonies broadcast across Canada. The games were considered Canada's premier millennium event and the event left an international legacy where as now over 100 countries and almost a thousand cities worldwide have participated in this international sporting event recognized by the IOC.
Hamilton successfully hosted the World Cycling Championships in 2003. It was only the fourth time the World Cycling Championships was staged in North America, and the second time ever in Canada Igor Astarloa of Spain was the winner. The Hamilton Golf and Country Club has hosted the Canadian Open golf championship four times, most recently in 2003 when Bob Tway won and again in 2006 with Jim Furyk the winner. The traditional course layout, designed by famed course architect Harry Colt, proved very popular with touring pros. Florence Harvey, (1878–1968), Hamilton golfer, was the Ontario Ladies Amateur Champion 1904, 1906, 1913, and 1914 and the Canadian Ladies Champion in 1903 and 1904. She founded and served on the executive of the Canadian Ladies Golf Association and is a member of Canada's Golf Hall of Fame. Hamilton has hosted the Brier, the Canadian men's curling championship, a total of 3 times, in 1949, 1991 and the 2007 Tim Hortons Brier. Hamilton is twinned with Flint, Michigan, and its amateur athletes compete in the CANUSA Games, held alternatively there and here since 1958. Flint and Hamilton hold the distinction of having the oldest continuous sister-city relationship between a U.S. and Canadian city, since 1957. Hamilton hosted the games' 50th-anniversary in 2007. Special events included the 30th annual golf tournament at King's Forest. The tournament was dedicated to the memory of well-known Hamilton broadcaster and longtime CANUSA volunteer Bill Sturrup.

text:
# Sports in Hamilton, Ontario

In 1930 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada was the site of the very first Commonwealth Games, then known as the British Empire Games. The Games came to Hamilton as a result of the efforts of Melville Marks Robinson, and were Canada's first major international athletic event, and bid unsuccessfully for the Commonwealth Games in 2010, losing out to New Delhi in India. On 7 November 2009, in Guadalajara, Mexico it was announced that Toronto will host the 2015 Pan Am Games after beating out two rival South American cities, Lima, Peru and Bogota, Colombia. The city of Hamilton will be co-hosting the Games with Toronto. Hamilton Mayor Fred Eisenberger said "the Pan Am Games will provide a 'unique opportunity for Hamilton to renew major sport facilities giving Hamiltonians a multi-purpose stadium, a 50-metre swimming pool, and an international-calibre velodrome to enjoy for generations to come.'"

The Around the Bay Road Race circumnavigates Hamilton Harbour or Burlington Bay. Although it is not a proper marathon, it is the longest continuously held long distance foot race in North America, held in Hamilton since 1894, 3-years before the Boston Marathon. The local newspaper, *Hamilton Spectator* has also hosted the amateur Spectator Indoor Games. Hamilton has also produced a number of prominent runners over the years. Some of these include, Robert Kerr, (1882–1963), was an Irish-Canadian sprinter. He won the gold medal in the 200 metres and the bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 1908 Summer Olympics, Ray Lewis, (1910–2003), Track & Field, first Canadian-born Black Olympic medallist and William Sherring, (1878–1964), was a Canadian athlete, winner of the marathon race at the 1906 Summer Olympics.

Other noteworthy Olympians, Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games participants from Hamilton include; Lisa Buscombe, Archer, won the women's World Field archery Championship title in 1984 and in 1985 won the World Games Field Archery Title. Inducted into the Canadian Amateur Sports Hall of Fame in 1985. In 1999 coached silver Canadian medallist in Men's Archery at the Pan Am Games; Toller Cranston, (1949–2015 ), Canadian Figure skater\- Bronze medal 1976 Winter Games; Bryce Davison, (1986– ), Canadian figure skater, competes in the pairs event with Jessica Dubé. Member of the Hamilton Skating Club; Ray Lazdins, (1964– ), a retired discus thrower from Canada, who represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics; Irene MacDonald, (1931–2002), Diving, she reigned as Canada's champion diver from 1951 to 1961. She won medals at the 1954 and 1958 Commonwealth Games and in 1956 she won Canada's first Olympic diving medal, a bronze; Joanne Malar, (1975– ), Former freestyle and medley swimmer, who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics; Pat Messner, (1954– ), Water skiing, 1972 Summer Olympics Bronze medal winner; Linda Thom, (1943– ), Woman's shooting (25m Pistol) Gold at 1984 Summer Olympics; and Tonya Verbeek, silver medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's wrestling in the 55 kg category – Canada's first woman to medal at the Olympics in wrestling. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, she won Canada's third medal overall, and third Canadian medal ever in women's wrestling, by winning a bronze in the 55kg class. In the year 2000 Hamilton was the first city in the western hemisphere to ever host the International Children's Games. Over 2500 athletes from 35 countries and 5 continents participated in the largest sporting and cultural celebration in games history. The games opened on 1 July, Canada Birthday hosting a large cultural festival parade and opening ceremonies broadcast across Canada. The games were considered Canada's premier millennium event and the event left an international legacy where as now over 100 countries and almost a thousand cities worldwide have participated in this international sporting event recognized by the IOC. Hamilton successfully hosted the World Cycling Championships in 2003. It was only the fourth time the World Cycling Championships was staged in North America, and the second time ever in Canada (Montreal 1974.) Igor Astarloa of Spain was the winner.

The Hamilton Golf and Country Club has hosted the Canadian Open golf championship four times, most recently in 2003 when Bob Tway won and again in 2006 with Jim Furyk the winner. The traditional course layout, designed by famed course architect Harry Colt, proved very popular with touring pros. Florence Harvey, (1878–1968), Hamilton golfer, was the Ontario Ladies Amateur Champion 1904, 1906, 1913, and 1914 and the Canadian Ladies Champion in 1903 and 1904. She founded and served on the executive of the Canadian Ladies Golf Association and is a member of Canada's Golf Hall of Fame.

Hamilton has hosted the Brier, the Canadian men's curling championship, a total of 3 times, in 1949, 1991 and the 2007 Tim Hortons Brier.

Hamilton is twinned with Flint, Michigan, and its amateur athletes compete in the CANUSA Games, held alternatively there and here since 1958. Flint and Hamilton hold the distinction of having the oldest continuous sister-city relationship between a U.S. and Canadian city, since 1957. Hamilton hosted the games' 50th-anniversary in 2007. Special events included the 30th annual golf tournament at *King's Forest*. The tournament was dedicated to the memory of well-known Hamilton broadcaster and longtime CANUSA volunteer *Bill Sturrup*.

## Sports venues

Two new sports venues opened up in Hamilton, Ontario in 2007–08, both of which are on the McMaster University grounds. The first is the $23-million Ron Joyce Stadium, and the second is the $30-million David Braley Athletic Centre.

The 6,000-seat Ronald V. Joyce Stadium is primarily a football stadium with officials at McMaster University suggesting it may be the best soccer venue in the Golden Horseshoe after Toronto's BMO Field, and it has taken steps to try to position the stadium for extensive soccer use. Extensive renovations were also done to the gym at the Ivor Wynne Centre. Total cost of the upgrades was $54-million. University officials have also noted that previous successful Pan Am and Commonwealth Games in Winnipeg, Victoria and Edmonton have utilized university facilities. Mac officials are also aiming to make the university one of the athlete villages.

## Innovations

Ron Foxcroft is the owner of Fox 40 International who make 40,000 whistles/ day. Used by search and rescue professionals in major catastrophes like the San Francisco earthquake and Oklahoma City bombing, and collapse of the World Trade Center. Also used by Major League sports officials around the world like the NHL, NBA, NFL including the summer and winter Olympics.

*Kenesky Sports* on Barton & Wellington Streets is the site where Emil Kenesky (Emil "Pops" Kenesky) invented the hockey goalie pads in 1917. His new pads were cricket pads, modified, and widened to approximately 12 inches. The new pads caught on extremely quickly, and this style of pad was used by a majority of pro goalies right on to the 1970s. Hockey Hall of Famers like Johnny Bower, Jacques Plante and Terry Sawchuk having worn them. Kenesky's company became the best-known manufacturer of hockey equipment in Canada. Kenesky Sports also has a hockey school for goalies of all-ages. Alumni include NHL netminders Ray Emery and Dwayne Roloson.

Charlie O'Brien, a former major league baseball catcher, after getting smashed in his mask by two consecutive foul-tip balls in a game, O'Brien had the idea for a new catcher's mask (a helmet, actually) while he was watching a hockey game. He worked with *Van Velden Mask Inc.*, of Stoney Creek, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, to develop his idea. The new design, called the *All-Star MVP*, was approved in 1996 by Major League Baseball. The company is a maker of hockey goalie masks and equipment and was named after the owner of the company, Gerry Van Velden.

## Amateur, junior, professional, and semi-professional teams

Professional teams
| Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Forge FC | Canadian Premier League | Tim Hortons Field | 2017 | 4 |
| Hamilton Tiger-Cats | Canadian Football League | Tim Hortons Field | 1950 | 8 |
| Toronto Rock | National Lacrosse League | FirstOntario Centre | 1998 | 6 |
|

Semi-pro, Amateur and Junior teams
| Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chantilly Forever FC | United Premier Soccer League |  | 2013 |  |
| Dundas Blues | Provincial Junior Hockey League | J.L. Grightmire Arena | 1963 |  |
| Dundas Real McCoys | Allan Cup Hockey | Dave Andreychuk Arena | 2000 | 1 |
| Glanbrook Rangers | Provincial Junior Hockey League | Glanbrook Arena | 1975 | 3 |
| Hamilton Bengals | Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League | Dave Andreychuk Arena | 2015 |  |
| Hamilton Bulldogs | Ontario Hockey League | FirstOntario Centre | 2015 | 1 |
| Hamilton Cardinals | Intercounty Baseball League | Bernie Arbour Memorial Stadium | 1957 | 1 |
| Hamilton City SC | Canadian Soccer League | Heritage Field | 2016 | 0 |
| Hamilton Croatia | Hamilton & District Premier Soccer League's Elite Division | Croatian Sports and Community Centre of Hamilton | 1954 | 1 |
| Hamilton Hornets R.F.C. | Niagara Rugby Union | Mohawk Sports Park | 1954 | 0 |
| Hamilton Kilty B's | Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League | Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena | 2018 | 0 |
| Hamilton Steelhawks | Allan Cup Hockey | Andreychuk Mountain Arena | 2015 | 0 |
| Hamilton United | League1 Ontario | Ron Joyce Stadium | 2020 | 0 |
| Hamilton Wildcats | AFL Ontario | Mohawk Sports Park | 1997 | 0 |
| Stoney Creek Camels R.F.C. | Niagara Rugby Union | Saltfleet District High School | 1990 | 1 |
| Stoney Creek Generals | Allan Cup Hockey | Gateway Ice Centre | 2013 | 2 |

**Hamilton Select**

Hamilton Select is a fast pitch league containing teams from across the city. It is a league for the ages of 19 and under. It is a relatively unknown league to the public, but is highly scouted. It is a very competitive league that has each park trying to be regarded as Hamilton's finest team. Hamilton select consists of 28 teams in the Hamilton region but East Hamilton is where the top teams are found. The league originated in 1997. The team to win earns an entry into Regionals to play against Niagara's, Ottawa's, and Toronto's top teams. There has only been one team to win Regionals representing Hamilton: Gage Park 1999. Over the past 12 years there have only been 6 different teams to represent Hamilton: Gage Park (5), Rosedale (3), Scott Park (2), Roxborough (1), and Berrisfield (1). It is like a community within the community, although it is a highly competitive league it is a tight group of competitors.

## Canadian football

Hamilton is also home to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame museum. The museum hosts an annual induction event in a week-long celebration that includes school visits, a golf tournament, a formal induction dinner and concludes with the Hall of Fame game involving the local CFL Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Ivor Wynne Stadium.

On Wednesday, 3 November 1869, in a room above George Lee's Fruit Store, the Hamilton Football Club was formed. The club was first referred to as the Hamilton Tigers in their first game against the Toronto Argonauts in which Hamilton wore black and yellow for the first time, hence the nickname "Tigers." Hamilton Football Clubs have captured the Grey Cup in every decade of the 20th century, a feat matched by only one other franchise in the North American Major Leagues, the Rochester Red Wings. In 1908, the Tigers won the "Dominion Championship", a year before the Grey Cup was presented. The only time that football was interrupted in Hamilton as a spectator sport was during the First and Second World Wars. After World War II the Hamilton Tigers Football Team started competition once again. During WWII, a new group in the City had been formed and they became known as the Hamilton Wildcats. The competition for fan participation was so great that both teams were unable to operate on a sound financial basis. It was decided that the two Clubs should amalgamate and form one representative team for Hamilton. The present name, *Tiger-Cats*, and what is known as the modern era of football started in 1950.

Hamilton based football teams have captured the Grey Cup a total of 15-times, which is second best among Canadian cities (Toronto teams have won 21-times). The Hamilton Tiger-Cats have won eight, the Hamilton Tigers have won five and the Hamilton Flying Wildcats and the Hamilton Alerts each won once. The Hamilton Alerts were the first team from Hamilton to win the Grey Cup back in 1912 against the Toronto Argonauts in Hamilton at the old A.A.A. Grounds. The city of Hamilton has hosted the Grey Cup Finals a total of 10-times, the last one being in 1996 (84th Grey Cup) in the "Snow Bowl" where the Toronto Argonauts defeated the Edmonton Eskimos by a score of 43–37. This was also the only Grey Cup game in Hamilton that did not feature a Hamilton-based team.

Ivor Wynne Stadium is the home of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. The stadium originally known as Civic Stadium was constructed in 1930 to host the 1930 British Empire Games; Canada's first major international athletic event, held in Hamilton from 16 to 23 August 1930. Notable residents and former players include "King Kong" Angelo Mosca.

The CFL's annual Eastern Division Labour Day Classic pits the Hamilton Tiger-Cats against perennial rivals the Toronto Argonauts. This particular weekend, typically the tenth or eleventh week in the season, is known for its fixtures that do not change from year to year. Oddly, for many years before his death, Harold Ballard owned both the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Toronto Maple Leafs, the National Hockey League (NHL) franchise in rival city Toronto. The team's prowess has fallen dramatically from its glory days in the 1960s and early 1970s, when it was a powerhouse.

Hamilton and area pro football players and personalities over the years include;

## Combat sports

### Boxing

### Mixed martial arts

Hamilton has also produced a couple of noteworthy mixed martial arts fighters. One of two most noteworthy is Jeff Joslin, who has a black belt in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu under Romero "Jacare" Cavalcanti, and a 4th degree black belt in Wado Ryu Karate. He has also trained in wrestling and boxing. The other noteworthy fighter from steeltown is Samir Seif. He is a world-class Muay Thai kickboxing champion.

Hamilton is home to Canada's largest grappling tournament the annual Joslin's Canadian Open.

### Pro wrestling

Hamilton has hosted some high-profile professional wrestling events. Copps Coliseum was the venue for the World Wrestling Federation's first-ever Royal Rumble on 24 January 1988, which was broadcast live in the United States on the USA Network, and for the Breakdown: In Your House pay-per-view event on 27 September 1998. In addition, the WWF taped its syndicated television program, WWF All-Star Wrestling, which aired as Maple Leaf Wrestling in Canada, at the Hamilton Convention Centre in October 1984 (two tapings that month), November 1984, and January 1985. From 1987 to 1992, occasionally matches at Copps Coliseum would be taped and shown on WWF Prime Time Wrestling. On 1 June 1992, the WWF's flagship syndicated television program, WWF Superstars, was taped at Copps Coliseum.

Hamilton is also home to a wrestling school called *Wrestlecorps Pro Wrestling Academy* found on Kenilworth Avenue North near Barton Street and has a rich and colourful history of producing a number of well known pro wrestlers. Some of these include:

## Hockey

The Hamilton Tigers played in the NHL during the early 1920s but then the team folded after a player's strike. Tigers owner Percy Thompson of the Abso Pure Ice Company of Hamilton then sold the players rights to New York City bootleggers and the new team was then named the New York Americans and became the first pro sports team to play out of the newly built Madison Square Garden in downtown Manhattan, New York. Hockey Hall-of-Famer Joe Malone was a player/manager for the Tigers hockey club in the 1921–22 season. The team's home rink was the Barton Street Arena. After the team left, a minor-league Hamilton Tigers team was formed, eventually becoming the Syracuse Stars and Buffalo Bisons.

There are 35 ice rinks in 27 arenas in the Greater Hamilton area including FirstOntario Centre, Dave Andreychuk Mountain Arena & Skating Centre, Pat Quinn Parkdale Arena, Mohawk 4 Ice Centre, (4 rinks) at Mohawk Sports Park and Chedoke Twin Pad Arena, (2-rinks), on the West mountain.

A number of NHL hockey players have come from the Hamilton region over the years. Some of these include:

Note: Tim Horton, retired NHL hockey defenseman, opened his first Tim Hortons Doughnut Shop in Hamilton, Ontario in 1964.

### Hamilton Bulldogs

Copps Coliseum Arena was the home ice for the Hamilton Bulldogs of the American Hockey League from 1996 to 2015. When the Edmonton Oilers announced plans to suspend operations of the previous Hamilton Bulldogs franchise in 2002, local interests in conjunction with the Oilers, Montreal Canadiens and the AHL secured ownership of the Quebec Citadelles and relocated the franchise to Hamilton assuring the continuation of the Bulldogs team. The team's primary affiliates were the Edmonton Oilers from 1996 to 2003 and the Montreal Canadiens from 2002 to 2015. The Bulldogs reached the final of the Calder Cup Championship in 1997 and 2003 only to lose in the finals on both occasions and then finally winning it all, their third attempt, in 2007 defeating the Hershey Bears.

In 2015, the Montreal Canadiens repurchased the Bulldogs franchise from team owner Michael Andlauer with the intention of relocating their affiliate to become the St. John's IceCaps. In response to losing his AHL team, Andlauer purchased the Ontario Hockey League's Belleville Bulls franchise and made a new Bulldogs team, albeit in a major junior league.

### Hockey tournaments

The Victor K. Copps Coliseum was built downtown on Bay Street North. The sports and entertainment arena, named for a former mayor and father of Sheila Copps, has hosted the 1986 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship Games where the Soviets captured gold against Team Canada with a top scoring line that consisted of Sergei Fedorov, Alexander Mogilny and Pavel Bure.

Hamilton also hosted the 1987 Canada Cup, which featured dynamic duo Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux combine forces to defeat the Soviets. Hamilton also hosted the 1991 Canada Cup where Canada won the tournament once more, this time against Brett Hull and the Americans.

In 1990, Copps Coliseum hosted the Memorial Cup tournament that featured a young Eric Lindros playing on the eventual winners; Oshawa Generals. The Generals defeated the Kitchener Rangers in an All-Ontario Finals, the game went into triple overtime.

Hamilton also set attendance records at the time of hosting each one of the above-mentioned hockey tournaments.

Hamilton-based hockey teams have captured the Memorial Cup twice. The Hamilton Red Wings in 1962 which featured Pit Martin & the 1972 Summit Series hero Paul Henderson. In 1976 the Hamilton Fincups captured the trophy which featured future NHL stars Willie Huber, Al Jensen, Dale McCourt, Al Secord and Ric Seiling.

### NHL expansion

In recent decades, Hamilton has shown interest in an NHL franchise and built the Copps Coliseum (now the FirstOntario Centre) in anticipation. It has been continually disappointed, and voted against by nearby Buffalo and Toronto, who potentially could lose revenue if Hamilton had an NHL franchise. Hamilton arguably came closest to landing an NHL franchise in 1990, when 14,000 Hamilton hockey fans made Non-refundable downpayments for season's tickets in less than 24 hours. However, according to Phil Esposito, the bid was blocked by Seymour Knox III (then owner of the Buffalo Sabres) and the Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. Out of all the bids submitted, the Hamilton bid, led by Tim Horton's co-founder Ron Joyce, became the only group to meet all the necessary criteria established by the NHL. However, the NHL awarded Ottawa and Tampa the new expansion teams, as the two cities were the only applicants who could pay the full expansion fee of US$50 million dollars. Joyce could not afford to pay upfront, and instead proposed annual payments.

One of the biggest endorsements for Hamilton's quest for an NHL team came from hockey legend Wayne Gretzky, who was quoted as saying that *"Hamilton and the Southwestern Ontario region could definitely support a National Hockey League team"* and also that *"there is a lot of red tape but these kind of things have a way of working themselves out and both the corporate and commercial support would be there for a team in Hamilton"*. An NHL team based out of Copps Coliseum would make it the closest NHL rink to Wayne Gretzky's hometown of Brantford, Ontario.

## Lacrosse

On 3 February 2011, it was announced that the Toronto Nationals of Major League Lacrosse would relocate to Hamilton and be renamed the Hamilton Nationals. It was also announced that they would play their home games at Ron Joyce Stadium on the campus of McMaster University.

On 21 November 2013, the MLL announced that the team would not participate in the 2014 season, with most of the players being transferred to the expansion Florida Launch. The team is expected to attempt to rejoin the league for the 2015 season once construction of the new Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton is completed, much like the Rochester Rattlers did for the 2011 season.

On May 11, 2021, the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League announced that the Rock would relocate from Scotiabank Arena in Toronto to FirstOntario Centre in Hamilton with a 5-year arena lease with an option to extend the agreement afterwards. Their relocation will commence in time for the beginning of the 2021-22 NLL Season in December & the team name will not be changed despite the relocation to Hamilton for branding reasons.

## Racing sports

### Auto racing

Hamilton and area is also the home of two auto race tracks. The first one is the Jukasa Motor Speedway, in Hagersville, a 5/8-mile oval auto racing track which is under new ownership and currently under major renovations. The last major event there was on 2–3 September (2006); The Canadian Association for Stock Car Racing (CASCAR) Labour Day Classic which featured the Super and Sportsman series. Rogers Sportsnet televised the Super Series race. The touring CASCAR series has been staging races since 1981. Jukasa Motor Speedway was considered one of Canada's top racing venues and attracted some of racing's top drivers, including Richard Petty, Al Unser, Cale Yarborough, Dale Earnhardt, the Allisons (Bobby, Davey, Donnie and Kenny) and Benny Parsons. The second auto race track in Hamilton is the Flamboro Speedway, 1/3-mile semi banked asphalt oval auto racing track. Established in 1961 and has provided excellent grass roots stock car racing action every year since – Making it one of Canada's longest running stock car tracks.

### Horse racing

Hamilton is also home of Flamboro Downs; Canada's fastest half-mile harness horse racing track. Set on 220 acres (89 ha) on Highway No. 5 west, between highways 6 and 8, flamboro downs has grown substantially since its April 1975 opening. Races are held five days a week. A typical flamboro downs live race card will include at least 10 or 11 races, and often more. In addition to the live flamboro downs harness racing, both thoroughbred and standardbred racing from other tracks across North America are simulcast daily from 12 noon. An off-track betting network offers racing from teletheatres in Hamilton, Brantford, Burlington and Stoney Creek.

Hamilton is the birthplace of three jockeys in Thoroughbred horse racing whose success led to them being inducted in the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame and they are; Jeffrey Fell, Chris Rogers and Don Seymour.

## Soccer

Hamilton is home of the *Hamilton and District Soccer Association*. The H&DSA is one of Ontario's oldest soccer organizations. The Association represents many soccer organization from many surrounding communities such as Brantford, Glanbrook, Stoney Creek, Ancaster, Dundas and Hamilton.

Hamilton hosts the tier-1 Forge FC of the Canadian Premier League since 2019. Hamilton also hosts Hamilton United FC, the division 3 women's team in League1 Ontario. While Hamilton City SC also represents Hamilton in the Canadian Soccer League.

Hamilton is also home to 3 soccer leagues and they include; the *Hamilton & District Multi-Jurisdictional Soccer League* the *Hamilton & District Oldtimers Soccer League* and the third is the *Hamilton Senior Mens Soccer League*.

Hamilton was home of the Hamilton Steelers of the Canadian Soccer League between 1982 and 1992. They were the 1986 National Champions and played their home games at the 5,000 seat Brian Timmis Stadium. The city was previously represented in the Canadian Professional/Soccer League with the Hamilton Thunder operating from 2002 to 2005, and Hamilton Croatia in 2010.

Hamilton was previously home to the Hamilton Avalanche, a Canadian women's soccer team from the W-League. They were founded in 2006. Hamilton was also previously home to Hamilton Rage of the PDL, founded in 2011, however both teams moved to Kitchener-Waterloo following the 2012 season.

Hamilton has been home to or has produced a number of pro soccer players over the years. Some of these include:

## Other sports

Hammer City Roller Girls 2006–present (www.hammercityrollergirls.ca)


title: Spruce Grove

abstract: Spruce Grove is a city that is 11 km (6.8 mi) west of Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada. The city is adjacent to the Town of Stony Plain and is surrounded by Parkland County. With a 2021 population of 37,645, Spruce Grove is the ninth-largest city in Alberta. The mayor of Spruce Grove is Jeff Acker. Spruce Grove is home to the Horizon Stage Performing Arts Centre, a local theatre, and the TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre, a recreation facility shared with Stony Plain and Parkland County. Jennifer Heil, the freestyle skier who won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, and a silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics is from Spruce Grove, as is Carla MacLeod, a member of the 2010 Canada women's national ice hockey team, and Hockey Hall of Fame member and Stanley Cup-winning goalie Grant Fuhr. Stephanie Labbé, goalkeeper for Canada's 2020 Summer Olympic gold-medal winning women's soccer team, grew up in the Spruce Grove and Stony Plain area and played soccer at Spruce Grove Composite High School.

text:
# Spruce Grove

**Spruce Grove** is a city that is 11 km (6.8 mi) west of Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada. The city is adjacent to the Town of Stony Plain and is surrounded by Parkland County.

With a 2021 population of 37,645, Spruce Grove is the ninth-largest city in Alberta. The mayor of Spruce Grove is Jeff Acker.

Spruce Grove is home to the Horizon Stage Performing Arts Centre, a local theatre, and the TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre, a recreation facility shared with Stony Plain and Parkland County.

Jennifer Heil, the freestyle skier who won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, and a silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics is from Spruce Grove, as is Carla MacLeod, a member of the 2010 Canada women's national ice hockey team, and Hockey Hall of Fame member and Stanley Cup-winning goalie Grant Fuhr. Stephanie Labbé, goalkeeper for Canada's 2020 Summer Olympic gold-medal winning women's soccer team, grew up in the Spruce Grove and Stony Plain area and played soccer at Spruce Grove Composite High School.

## History

Centuries before European settlement, the Cree and Sarcee people occupied the land that would become Spruce Grove, moving with the seasons.

Homesteaders in the area date back to 1879. Originally the town comprised a general store, livery stables, blacksmith shop, hotel, and the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1908 the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway came through Spruce Grove and a train station was built. With the establishment of the railroad, the community became a busy grain-trading center.

Spruce Grove was incorporated as a village on March 14, 1907, but it was dissolved on August 30, 1916. Spruce Grove was re-incorporated as a village on January 1, 1955, and incorporated as a town on January 1, 1971, and as a city on March 1, 1986.

## Geography

Spruce Grove is near the province's geographical centre, at 30 kilometres (19 mi) from downtown Edmonton and 14 km (8.7 mi) from Edmonton's city limits. It is part of the Edmonton Metropolitan Region.

## Demographics

Federal census
population history
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1911 | 16 |  |
| 1916 | 23 | +43.8% |
| 1931 | 76 | +230.4% |
| 1941 | 160 | +110.5% |
| 1951 | 227 | +41.9% |
| 1956 | 309 | +36.1% |
| 1961 | 456 | +47.6% |
| 1966 | 598 | +31.1% |
| 1971 | 3,029 | +406.5% |
| 1976 | 6,907 | +128.0% |
| 1981 | 10,326 | +49.5% |
| 1986 | 11,918 | +15.4% |
| 1991 | 12,908 | +8.3% |
| 1996 | 14,271 | +10.6% |
| 2001 | 15,983 | +12.0% |
| 2006 | 19,496 | +22.0% |
| 2011 | 26,171 | +34.2% |
| 2016 | 34,066 | +30.2% |
| *Source: Statistics Canada*

 | | |

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Spruce Grove had a population of 37,645 living in 14,273 of its 14,752 total private dwellings, a change of 10.4% from its 2016 population of 34,108. With a land area of 37.52 km2 (14.49 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,003.3/km2 (2,598.6/sq mi) in 2021.

The population of the City of according to its 2017 municipal census is 34,881, a change of 3.7% from its 2016 municipal census population of 33,640.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Spruce Grove had a population of 34,066 living in 12,552 of its 13,109 total private dwellings, a change of 30.2% from its 2011 population of 26,171. With a land area of 32.2 km2 (12.4 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,058.0/km2 (2,740.1/sq mi) in 2016.

### Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the City of Spruce Grove (2001−2021)
| Panethnic group | 2021 | | 2016 | | 2011 | | 2006 | | 2001 | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| European | 30,475 | 81.33% | 29,100 | 86.2% | 23,300 | 89.62% | 18,150 | 93.65% | 14,915 | 93.51% |
| Indigenous | 3,330 | 8.89% | 2,620 | 7.76% | 1,620 | 6.23% | 790 | 4.08% | 660 | 4.14% |
| Southeast Asian | 1,495 | 3.99% | 925 | 2.74% | 285 | 1.1% | 35 | 0.18% | 60 | 0.38% |
| South Asian | 700 | 1.87% | 275 | 0.81% | 220 | 0.85% | 65 | 0.34% | 0 | 0% |
| African | 685 | 1.83% | 245 | 0.73% | 160 | 0.62% | 100 | 0.52% | 90 | 0.56% |
| East Asian | 330 | 0.88% | 180 | 0.53% | 205 | 0.79% | 100 | 0.52% | 160 | 1% |
| Latin American | 275 | 0.73% | 195 | 0.58% | 140 | 0.54% | 45 | 0.23% | 10 | 0.06% |
| Middle Eastern | 50 | 0.13% | 160 | 0.47% | 0 | 0% | 40 | 0.21% | 25 | 0.16% |
| Other/multiracial | 125 | 0.33% | 60 | 0.18% | 40 | 0.15% | 45 | 0.23% | 30 | 0.19% |
| Total responses | 37,470 | 99.54% | 33,760 | 98.98% | 26,000 | 99.35% | 19,380 | 99.41% | 15,950 | 99.79% |
| Total population | 37,645 | 100% | 34,108 | 100% | 26,171 | 100% | 19,496 | 100% | 15,983 | 100% |
| Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Arts and culture

The Spruce Grove Art Gallery is in the Melcor Cultural Centre and is operated by the Allied Arts Council of Spruce Grove. The gallery hosts ongoing shows for original art created by its members, made up of artists from mainly the Spruce Grove, Stony Plain and Parkland County area.

Horizon Stage hosts many plays and acts throughout the year, as well as a lot of community theatre. Spruce Grove also has a 7 screen theatre complex which opened in the fall of 2007.

Another cultural facility within the city is the Spruce Grove Grain Elevator Museum.

## Attractions

The TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre, opened in 2002, provides a pool, soccer fields, a gymnasium, workout gym, and ice rinks to the people of Parkland County. Spruce Grove has bike trails winding throughout the city, called the Heritage Grove Trail, where bike riders can ride for hours through lush forest. On June 7, 2008, Spruce Grove held the grand opening of the West District Park, which features two full artificial surface fields for football, soccer and other activities. The Edmonton Eskimos donated $10,000 towards the event and held practice at the facility as part of the first-day activities.

## Sports

Spruce Grove has a number of youths and adults involved in amateur sports, that run year round. Box lacrosse runs from March to July under the organization Parkland Posse, which pulls young people from the Tri communities of Spruce Grove, Stony Plain and Parkland County. Hockey runs from September to April, soccer and rugby run from May to October, football runs from July to December and baseball runs from March to October. The Spruce Grove Saints are a Junior A hockey team that play in the British Columbia Hockey League.

The **TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre** is an activity centre formed as a union between the municipalities of Parkland County, Stony Plain and Spruce Grove. It is in the west end of Spruce Grove. The centre was opened to the public by Premier Ralph Klein on September 18, 2002.

As of 2024, the Myshak Metro Ballpark is under construction. Upon completion, it will become the home stadium of the Edmonton Prospects.

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

Highways Two highways pass through Spruce Grove, Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway) and Highway 16A. Highway 16 has no traffic lights but has two exits into Spruce Grove, while Highway 16A has several traffic intersections. Travelling east on either of these highways leads to Edmonton. Travelling west on Highway 16A leads to Stony Plain, and going west on either highway leads to Edson, Hinton, and eventually Jasper. Local streets The majority of the streets in Spruce Grove use a standard naming system. Their names share a first letter with that of its subdivision. For example, all streets start with *M* in Millgrove subdivision; in Woodhaven, they all start with *W*. Only in the original subdivision of Broxton Park and the downtown core is this naming convention not utilized. Rail *The Canadian* passenger train travels through the city, however, the nearest stop is at Edmonton. Transit Edmonton Transit Service offers a commuter transit route from Spruce Grove to Edmonton, peak hours only. There is also a local transit service run by the city for transportation within the city boundaries. Air Local air travel is provided by Parkland Airport and Villeneuve Airport. However, the nearest major international airport is the Edmonton International Airport, just south of Edmonton.

### Education

Public schools

Spruce Grove is part of the Parkland School Division No. 70. The following public schools are in Spruce Grove.

* Brookwood School
* Copperhaven School
* École Broxton Park School
* Greystone Centennial Middle School
* Millgrove School
* Parkland Village School
* Spruce Grove Composite High School
* Woodhaven K-9 School
* Prescott Learning Centre

Separate schools

Spruce Grove is part of the Evergreen Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 2. The following separate schools are in Spruce Grove.

* St. Joseph's Catholic School
* St. Marguerite Catholic School
* St. Peter the Apostle Catholic High School
* St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic School

Private schools * Living Waters Christian Academy

## Media

Spruce Grove receives almost all of its print, radio, and television media from Edmonton.

However, Spruce Grove has its own weekly newspaper, the *Spruce Grove Examiner*, delivered to all homes every Friday. This newspaper holds almost exclusively local news. The area has a radio station, 88.1 The One is dedicated to Spruce Grove, Stony Plain, and area.

## Notable people

1. "Location and History Profile: City of Spruce Grove" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. June 17, 2016. p. 106. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
2. "Municipal Officials Search". Alberta Municipal Affairs. May 9, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
3. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities)". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
4. "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Retrieved October 9, 2013.
5. *2016 Municipal Affairs Population List* (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. ISBN 978-1-4601-3127-5. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
6. "Census Subdivision (Municipal) Population Estimates, July 1, 2016 to 2020, Alberta". Alberta Municipal Affairs. March 23, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
7. CraigBaird (May 12, 2021). "The History Of Spruce Grove". *Canadian History Ehx*. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
8. Lunan, Esther (1979). *As the roots grow : the history of Spruce Grove and district*. Inter-Collegiate Press. p. 16.
9. "History of Spruce Grove". May 3, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
10. The City of Spruce Grove. Location
11. "Table 4: Population in incorporated cities, towns and villages, 1901-1936". *Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1936*. Vol. I: Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1938. pp. 833–836.
12. "Table 12: Population of Canada by provinces, counties or census divisions and subdivisions, 1871-1931". *Census of Canada, 1931*. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1932. pp. 98–102.
13. *Ninth Census of Canada, 1951*. Vol. SP-7, Population: Unincorporated villages and hamlets. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. pp. 55–57.
14. "Table 6: Population by sex, for census subdivisions, 1956 and 1951". *Census of Canada, 1956*. Vol. Population, Counties and Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1957. p. 6.50–6.53.
15. "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". *1961 Census of Canada*. Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Vol. I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1963. p. 6.77-6.83.
16. "Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966". *Census of Canada, 1966*. Vol. Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1968. p. 6.50–6.53.
17. "Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". *1971 Census of Canada*. Vol. I: Population, Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1973. p. 2.102-2.111.
18. "Table 3: Population for census divisions and subdivisions, 1971 and 1976". *1976 Census of Canada*. Census Divisions and Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Vol. I: Population, Geographic Distributions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1977. p. 3.40–3.43.
19. "Table 4: Population and Total Occupied Dwellings, for Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1976 and 1981". *1981 Census of Canada*. Vol. II: Provincial series, Population, Geographic distributions (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1982. p. 4.1–4.10. ISBN 0-660-51095-2.
20. "Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986". *Census Canada 1986*. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1987. p. 2.1–2.10. ISBN 0-660-53463-0.
21. "Table 2: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 and 1991 – 100% Data". *91 Census*. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1992. pp. 100–108. ISBN 0-660-57115-3.
22. "Table 10: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) and Designated Places, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". *96 Census*. Vol. A National Overview – Population and Dwelling Counts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1997. pp. 136–146. ISBN 0-660-59283-5.
23. "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Divisions, 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
24. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. January 6, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
25. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
26. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
27. *2017 Municipal Affairs Population List* (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. ISBN 978-1-4601-3652-2. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
28. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
29. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
30. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
31. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
32. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". *www12.statcan.gc.ca*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
33. "Allied Arts Council of Spruce Grove". Alliedartscouncil.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
34. "New Magic Lantern Parkland Cinema 7 to open this week". Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
35. "Parkland Posse Lacrosse Association : Website by RAMP InterActive". *www.parklandposse.com*. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
36. "Edmonton Prospects make Spruce Grove move official". *Edmonton*. September 1, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
37. "Our Schools". Parkland School Division No. 70. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
38. "Schools". Evergreen Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 2. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
39. "Living Waters Christian Academy". Living Waters Christian Academy. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
40. nurun.com. "Spruce Grove Examiner". Spruce Grove Examiner. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
41. nurun.com (September 19, 2014). "Blackgold Broadcasting awarded licence for local radio station". Stonyplainreporter.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.

## InfoBox

| Spruce Grove | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| City of Spruce Grove | |
| Spruce Grove City Hall | |
|  | |
| City boundaries | |
| Spruce GroveLocation in AlbertaSpruce GroveLocation in CanadaSpruce GroveLocation in Parkland County | |
| Coordinates: 53°32′42″N 113°54′03″W / 53.545°N 113.9008°W / 53.545; -113.9008 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Edmonton Metropolitan Region |
| Municipal district | Parkland County |
| Incorporated |  |
| Village | March 14, 1907 |
| Dissolution | August 30, 1916 |
| Village | January 1, 1955 |
| Town | January 1, 1971 |
| City | March 1, 1986 |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Jeff Acker |
| Governing body | Spruce Grove City Council * Danielle Carter * Jan Gillett * Stuart Houston * Reid MacDonald * Dave Oldham * Erin Stevenson |
| CAO | Dean Screpnek |
| MP | Dane Lloyd |
| MLA | Searle Turton |
| Area (2021) | |
| Land | 37.52 km2 (14.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 709 m (2,326 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 37,645 |
| Density | 1,003.3/km2 (2,599/sq mi) |
| Municipal census (2016) | 33,640 |
| Estimate (2020) | 38,951 |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| Forward sortation areas | T7X - T7Y |
| Area code(s) | 780, 587, 825 |
| Highways | Highway 16, Highway 16A |
| Railways | Canadian National Railway |
| Website | sprucegrove.org |


title: Civil Affairs Police Force

abstract: The Civil Affairs Police Force (CAPF) was established to maintain peace and security in British Malaya. The force was set up by the British Military Administration which took over the administration of Malaya from the Japanese Imperial Army when the latter surrendered in August 1945. The establishment of CAPF in September 1945 was an important development in the history of the police force. It was the first time a single, centrally administered police force was set up for the entire British Malaya. Prior to the Japanese Occupation from 1942 to 1945, several police forces existed in the region. The force was led by Commissioner of Police H. B. Longworthy. As an initial step to restore the police force, all existing police officers were sent for intensive training courses at the newly built police training centre in Kuala Lumpur. By 1946, a total of 1,512 police officers from all over Malaya had completed the Refresher Courses at the training centre. In January 1946, CAPF began accepting new recruits. The first recruitment drive had to reject about 85 per cent of the applicants due to overwhelming response. In the first recruitment of 700 new officers, 500 were trained in Kuala Lumpur while the remaining 200 were trained in Johor Bahru. On 1 April 1946, in line with the establishment of the Malayan Union, the Civil Affairs Police Force was renamed to Malayan Union Police Force.

text:
# Civil Affairs Police Force

The **Civil Affairs Police Force** (CAPF) was established to maintain peace and security in British Malaya. The force was set up by the British Military Administration which took over the administration of Malaya from the Japanese Imperial Army when the latter surrendered in August 1945.

The establishment of CAPF in September 1945 was an important development in the history of the police force. It was the first time a single, centrally administered police force was set up for the entire British Malaya. Prior to the Japanese Occupation from 1942 to 1945, several police forces existed in the region.

The force was led by Commissioner of Police H. B. Longworthy.

As an initial step to restore the police force, all existing police officers were sent for intensive training courses at the newly built police training centre in Kuala Lumpur. By 1946, a total of 1,512 police officers from all over Malaya had completed the Refresher Courses at the training centre.

In January 1946, CAPF began accepting new recruits. The first recruitment drive had to reject about 85 per cent of the applicants due to overwhelming response. In the first recruitment of 700 new officers, 500 were trained in Kuala Lumpur while the remaining 200 were trained in Johor Bahru.

On 1 April 1946, in line with the establishment of the Malayan Union, the Civil Affairs Police Force was renamed to **Malayan Union Police Force**.

1. Civil Affairs Police Force (Malay language)
2. Malayan Union Police Force (Malay language)

## InfoBox

| Civil Affairs Police Force | |
| --- | --- |
| Abbreviation | CAPF |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | September 1945 |
| Preceding agencies |  |
| Dissolved | April 1946 (renamed to Malayan Union Police Force) |
| Superseding agency | Malayan Union Police Force |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Legal jurisdiction | National |
| General nature |  |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Kuala Lumpur, Malaya |
| Agency executive |  |


title: Split Rock Creek State Park

abstract: Split Rock Creek State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, located in Ihlen, or just south of Pipestone. The Works Progress Administration built a dam in 1938 to create a lake, which provided an opportunity for water recreation in an area of the state with few natural lakes. The dam was constructed of Sioux Quartzite, a hard red rock widely found in the area. A nearby bridge, Split Rock Creek Bridge, was also built by the WPA of Sioux quartzite in 1938. The bridge carries County Road 54 over the creek. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Minnesota Masonry-Arch Highway Bridges MPS.

text:
# Split Rock Creek State Park

**Split Rock Creek State Park** is a state park of Minnesota, USA, located in Ihlen, or just south of Pipestone.

The Works Progress Administration built a dam in 1938 to create a lake, which provided an opportunity for water recreation in an area of the state with few natural lakes. The dam was constructed of Sioux Quartzite, a hard red rock widely found in the area. A nearby bridge, Split Rock Creek Bridge, was also built by the WPA of Sioux quartzite in 1938. The bridge carries County Road 54 over the creek. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Minnesota Masonry-Arch Highway Bridges MPS.

## Split Rock Creek

| Split Rock Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Split Rock Creek in Split Rock Creek State Park, Minnesota | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | South Dakota, Minnesota |
| Counties | Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Pipestone County, Minnesota, Rock County, Minnesota |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Ihlen, Minnesota |
| coordinates | 43°59′27″N 96°18′22″W / 43.9908036°N 96.3061447°W / 43.9908036; -96.3061447 |
|  | |
| Mouth |  |
| location | Pipestone, South Dakota |
| coordinates | 43°32′59″N 96°35′51″W / 43.5496968°N 96.5975458°W / 43.5496968; -96.5975458 |
| Length | 55-mile-long (89 km) |
| Basin features | |
| River system | Missouri River |
| Tributaries |  |
| left | Pipestone Creek |

Split Rock Creek is a stream that flows for 55 miles from a farmers field near Ihlen, Rock County, Minnesota, to east of Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, South Dakota. The native American name for the creek was Eminija. The creek enters South Dakota east of Sherman, South Dakota. West of Sherman it flows over a cement pad on 486th Avenue. It flows around Garretson and through Devil's Gulch. The creek then flows through Palisades State Park and then through McHardy Park in Brandon. East of Sioux Falls Pt finally flows into the Big Sioux River, which flows into the Missouri River, which flows into the Mississippi River.

## InfoBox

| Split Rock Creek State Park | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Split Rock Creek State Park in MinnesotaSplit Rock Creek State Park (the United States) | |
| Location | Pipestone, Minnesota, United States |
| Coordinates | 43°53′52″N 96°21′51″W / 43.89778°N 96.36417°W / 43.89778; -96.36417 |
| Area | 1,303 acres (5.27 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,624 ft (495 m) |
| Established | 1937 |
| Governing body | Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |
| Yes | |


title: Squirrel Point Light

abstract: Squirrel Point Light is a lighthouse marking the southwestern point of Arrowsic Island on the Kennebec River. It was established in 1898, as part of a major upgrade of the river's lights — the Doubling Point Light and the separate Range Lights on the point, Perkins Island Light, and Squirrel Point Light were all built at the same time. The light station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Squirrel Point Light Station on January 21, 1988.

text:
# Squirrel Point Light

**Squirrel Point Light** is a lighthouse marking the southwestern point of Arrowsic Island on the Kennebec River. It was established in 1898, as part of a major upgrade of the river's lights  the Doubling Point Light and the separate Range Lights on the point, Perkins Island Light, and Squirrel Point Light were all built at the same time. The light station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as **Squirrel Point Light Station** on January 21, 1988.

## Description and history

Arrowsic Island is a large island on the Mid Coast of Maine, bounded by a number of tidal rivers. The main one, the Kennebec River, is on the west side of the island, flowing south from the major port and shipbuilding city of Bath to the Gulf of Maine. Squirrel Point is the southwestern tip of the island. The light station at Squirrel Point includes a tower, keeper's house, barn, boathouse, and oil house. The tower is an octagonal wood-frame structure, with the lantern house topped by a ventilator and surrounded by an iron railing and wooden bracketed gallery. A gabled sound signal chamber is attached to one side. The keeper's house is a two-story wood-frame structure with a cross-gable roof.

The United States Congress authorized improvements to the aids to navigation on the Kennebec River in 1895, and this station was built under that authorization in 1898. The oil house was added in 1906, and the station was automated in 1982.

## InfoBox

Squirrel Point Light
| U.S. Coast Guard photo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Kennebec River, Maine |
| Coordinates | 43°48′59.483″N 69°48′8.572″W / 43.81652306°N 69.80238111°W / 43.81652306; -69.80238111 |
| Tower | |
| Constructed | 1898 (1898) |
| Construction | lumber |
| Automated | 1979 |
| Height | 7.5 m (25 ft) |
| Shape | Octagonal Wood Tower |
| Markings | White |
| Heritage | National Register of Historic Places listed place |
| Fog signal | none |
|  | |
| Light | |
| Focal height | 25 feet (7.6 m) |
| Lens | 5th order Fresnel lens (original), 9.8 inches (250 mm) (current) |
| Range | White 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi)<br>Red 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) |
| Characteristic | Isophase Red 6s with W sector |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Squirrel Point Light Station | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Arrowsic, Maine |
| Area | 5 acres (2.0 ha) |
| Architect | US Army Corps of Engineers |
| MPS | Light Stations of Maine MPS |
| NRHP reference No. | 87002281 |
| Added to NRHP | January 21, 1988 |
|  | |


title: City Centre Muscat

abstract: City Centre Muscat is a shopping mall located on Sultan Qaboos Road 3 km (1.9 mi) from Muscat International Airport), Seeb, Muscat Governorate, Sultanate of Oman. The mall opened in October 2001. It was developed and is managed by Majid Al Futtaim Properties. City Centre Muscat underwent an expansion in 2007 that doubled the size of the mall introducing more than 60 new stores and increasing its retail space to 60,484 m⁲ (651,040 sq ft). In June 2013, the mall announced a second redevelopment to add 4,510 m⁲ (48,500 sq ft) of retail space dedicated to entertainment and leisure.

text:
# City Centre Muscat

**City Centre Muscat** is a shopping mall located on Sultan Qaboos Road 3 km (1.9 mi) from Muscat International Airport), Seeb, Muscat Governorate, Sultanate of Oman. The mall opened in October 2001. It was developed and is managed by Majid Al Futtaim Properties.

City Centre Muscat underwent an expansion in 2007 that doubled the size of the mall introducing more than 60 new stores and increasing its retail space to 60,484 m2 (651,040 sq ft). In June 2013, the mall announced a second redevelopment to add 4,510 m2 (48,500 sq ft) of retail space dedicated to entertainment and leisure.

## Shops / food and beverage

City Centre Muscat houses 142 international and local brands including the following anchor stores:

The mall also has 18 restaurants, cafés, and fast food outlets, with seating capacity for over a thousand people. It includes VOX Cinemas complex for film entertainment.

## InfoBox

City Centre Muscat
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | Seeb, Muscat Governorate, Oman |
| Coordinates | 23°35′58″N 58°14′52″E / 23.5994°N 58.2478°E / 23.5994; 58.2478 |
| Opening date | 2001 |
| Owner | Majid Al Futtaim Group |
| No. of stores and services | 142 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 13 |
| No. of floors | 2 |
| Website | muscatcitycentre.com |


title: Clarissa Burton Cumbo

abstract: Clarissa Wilhelmina Burton Cumbo was an American musician and arts patron, based in New York and born in the British West Indies.

text:
# Clarissa Burton Cumbo

**Clarissa Wilhelmina Burton Cumbo** (January 15, 1903 – August 20, 1988) was an American musician and arts patron, based in New York and born in the British West Indies.

## Early life

Clarissa Wilhelmina Burton was born in Roseau, Dominica, the daughter of English-born Davies Charles Burton (1855–1919) and Jane Elizabeth Pinard Burton (1872–1948). Her father was a cathedral organist and choir director. She moved to New York as a girl, with her family.

## Career

Clarissa Cumbo was trained as a pianist and singer. She toured with Josephine Baker in *The Chocolate Dandies* revue in the 1920s. In 1942, she and her husband joined a committee of "prominent citizens" of Harlem, along with Countee Cullen, Shelton Hale Bishop, and Leathe Colvert Hemachandra, to judge a competition for young singers.

In the 1940s, Cumbo helped to organize the State Orchestra, an interracial ensemble, and the Cosmopolitan Little Symphony, which performed under Everett Lee. She founded Community Friends of Music in 1950, to promote concerts by Black musicians. In the 1960s she co-organized the charity Friends of the Symphony of the New World; her husband played cello in the symphony they supported. In 1970 she and her husband founded a nonprofit organization, Triad Presentations, nurturing and supporting the work of Black composers and musicians. Triad Presentations held an annual concert at Alice Tully Hall.

Clarissa Cumbo received the Howard Jackman Memorial Award from the National Association of Negro Musicians in 1979, "in recognition of her many years of service to composers and musicians." In 1985, the Cumbos were honored by the Harlem School of the Arts for their contributions to classical arts education.

## Personal life

In 1924, Clarissa Burton married cellist Marion William Cumbo (1899–1990). They had a son, William Burton Cumbo (1926–1963), who served in the US Navy during World War II. She became an American citizen in 1943. She died in 1988, in New York, aged 85 years.

*

## InfoBox

| Clarissa Burton Cumbo | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | January 15, 1903
Roseau, Dominica, British West Indies |
| Died | August 20, 1988(1988-08-20) (aged 85)
New York City |
| Occupation(s) | Arts patron and promoter |
| Spouse | Marion Cumbo |


title: Cinema Verity

abstract: Cinema Verity was a British independent television and film production company, founded in 1985 by Verity Lambert, the television producer, who named the company after herself and as a pun on the expression 'cinéma vérité'. The company's first major venture was the 1988 feature film A Cry in the Dark, which was produced by Lambert herself and based on the infamous Azaria Chamberlain 'dingo baby' case in Australia in the early 1980s. Thereafter, the company was active mainly in television, producing two sitcoms for BBC1, May to December (1989–94) and So Haunt Me (1992–94). It also co-produced the short-lived BBC soap opera Eldorado (1992–93). Other work included the literary adaptation The Cazalets for BBC One in 2001. This programme was co-produced by actress Joanna Lumley, whose initial idea the adaptation had been. The company was voluntarily dissolved in 2011.

text:
# Cinema Verity

**Cinema Verity** was a British independent television and film production company, founded in 1985 by Verity Lambert, the television producer, who named the company after herself and as a pun on the expression 'cinéma vérité'.

The company's first major venture was the 1988 feature film *A Cry in the Dark*, which was produced by Lambert herself and based on the infamous Azaria Chamberlain 'dingo baby' case in Australia in the early 1980s.

Thereafter, the company was active mainly in television, producing two sitcoms for BBC1, *May to December* (1989–94) and *So Haunt Me* (1992–94). It also co-produced the short-lived BBC soap opera *Eldorado* (1992–93).

Other work included the literary adaptation *The Cazalets* for BBC One in 2001. This programme was co-produced by actress Joanna Lumley, whose initial idea the adaptation had been.

The company was voluntarily dissolved in 2011.


title: Square (disambiguation)

abstract: A square is a regular quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles. Square or Squares may also refer to:

text:
# Square (disambiguation)

A **square** is a regular quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right angles.

**Square** or **Squares** may also refer to:

## Mathematics and science

## Construction

* Square (area), an Imperial unit of floor area and other construction materials
* Square, a public meeting place:
    + Garden square, an open space with buildings surrounding a garden
    + Market square, an open area where market stalls are traditionally set out for trading
    + Town square, an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings
* Square (tool), an L- or T-shaped tool:
    + Combination square, a tool with a ruled blade and one or more interchangeable heads
    + Machinist square, a metalworking tool used to produce right angles
    + Steel square, also called a "framing" or "carpenter's" square, produces right angles
    + Try square, a woodworking tool for checking right angles
    + T-square, a drafting tool for handdrawing blueprints
* Quadrature (mathematics), the process of producing right angles (squaring)

## Arts, entertainment, and media

### Cinema

### Music

## Brands and enterprises

## Sports

* Square, the area in the middle of a cricket outfield on which the primary playing surfaces, known as pitches or wickets, are positioned
* Square leg, a fielding position in cricket

## Square characters and boxes

## Other uses


title: Spoed

abstract: Spoed is a Belgian action drama TV series produced in the Dutch language in Belgium since 2000. The series is also shown on both Flemish/Belgian TV and Dutch TV. The series is directed by Johan Thiels and Guy Thys. The series has produced 217 episodes to date. It may be compared to the American TV programs ER or Chicago Hope.

text:
# Spoed

***Spoed*** is a Belgian action drama TV series produced in the Dutch language in Belgium since 2000. The series is also shown on both Flemish/Belgian TV and Dutch TV. The series is directed by Johan Thiels and Guy Thys. The series has produced 217 episodes to date. It may be compared to the American TV programs *ER* or *Chicago Hope*.

## Main cast

Actress Grietje Vanderheijden has also made an appearance in the series.


title: Pressure-induced hydration

abstract: Pressure-induced hydration (PIH), also known as “super-hydration”, is a special case of pressure-induced insertion whereby water molecules are injected into the pores of microporous materials. In PIH, a microporous material is placed under pressure in the presence of water in the pressure-transmitting fluid of a diamond anvil cell. Early physical characterization and initial diffraction experiments in zeolites were followed by the first unequivocal structural characterization of PIH in the small-pore zeolite natrolite (Na16Al16Si24O80·16H2O), which in its fully super-hydrated form, Na16Al16Si24O80·32H2O, doubles the amount of water it contains in its pores. PIH has now been demonstrated in natrolites containing Li, K, Rb and Ag as monovalent cations as well as in large-pore zeolites, pyrochlores, clays and graphite oxide. Using the noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe as well as CO2 as pressure-transmitting fluids, researchers have prepared and structurally characterized the products of reversible, pressure-induced insertion of Ar Kr, and CO2 as well as the irreversible insertion of Xe and water.

text:
# Pressure-induced hydration

**Pressure-induced hydration** (**PIH**), also known as “super-hydration”, is a special case of pressure-induced insertion whereby water molecules are injected into the pores of microporous materials. In PIH, a microporous material is placed under pressure in the presence of water in the pressure-transmitting fluid of a diamond anvil cell.

Early physical characterization and initial diffraction experiments in zeolites were followed by the first unequivocal structural characterization of PIH in the small-pore zeolite natrolite (Na16Al16Si2480·162O), which in its fully super-hydrated form, Na16Al16Si24O80·32H2O, doubles the amount of water it contains in its pores.

PIH has now been demonstrated in natrolites containing Li, , Rb and Ag as monovalent cations as well as in large-pore zeolites, pyrochlores, clays and graphite oxide.

Using the noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe as well as CO2 as pressure-transmitting fluids, researchers have prepared and structurally characterized the products of reversible, pressure-induced insertion of Ar Kr, and CO2 as well as the irreversible insertion of Xe and water.


title: Rockwell City, Iowa

abstract: Rockwell City is a city and the county seat of Calhoun County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,240 in 2020.

text:
# Rockwell City, Iowa

**Rockwell City** is a city and the county seat of Calhoun County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,240 in 2020.

## History

Rockwell City was platted in 1876. It is named for its founders, John M. Rockwell, and his wife Charlotte M. Rockwell.

## Demographics

Rockwell City
historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 90 |  |
| 1890 | 516 | +473.3% |
| 1900 | 1,222 | +136.8% |
| 1910 | 1,528 | +25.0% |
| 1920 | 2,039 | +33.4% |
| 1930 | 2,108 | +3.4% |
| 1940 | 2,391 | +13.4% |
| 1950 | 2,333 | −2.4% |
| 1960 | 2,313 | −0.9% |
| 1970 | 2,396 | +3.6% |
| 1980 | 2,276 | −5.0% |
| 1990 | 1,981 | −13.0% |
| 2000 | 2,264 | +14.3% |
| 2010 | 1,709 | −24.5% |
| 2020 | 2,240 | +31.1% |
| Source: "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
Source: U.S. Decennial Census | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,709 people, 773 households, and 471 families residing in the city. The population density was 405.0 inhabitants per square mile (156.4/km2). There were 916 housing units at an average density of 217.1 per square mile (83.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.4% White, 0.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 773 households, of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.1% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the city was 47.6 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 25.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.6% male and 53.4% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,264 people, 818 households, and 503 families residing in the city. The population density was 537.5 inhabitants per square mile (207.5/km2). There were 951 housing units at an average density of 225.8 per square mile (87.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.99% White, 3.09% African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.68% of the population.

There were 818 households, out of which 25.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.79.

18.0% are under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 125.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 132.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $42,625. Males had a median income of $28,519 versus $22,929 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,671. About 6.1% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.0% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Geography

Rockwell City is located at 42°23′45″N 94°37′59″W / 42.39583°N 94.63306°W / 42.39583; -94.63306 (42.395906, 94.632946).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.21 square miles (10.90 km2), all land.

### Climate

Humid continental climate is a climatic region typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is relatively well distributed year-round in many areas with this climate. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa" (Hot Summer Continental Climate).

| Climate data for Rockwell City, Iowa, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1894–present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 70
(21) | 70
(21) | 87
(31) | 97
(36) | 106
(41) | 105
(41) | 109
(43) | 110
(43) | 102
(39) | 94
(34) | 80
(27) | 70
(21) | 110
(43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 48.5
(9.2) | 54.1
(12.3) | 71.3
(21.8) | 82.6
(28.1) | 88.5
(31.4) | 91.8
(33.2) | 93.0
(33.9) | 91.4
(33.0) | 89.3
(31.8) | 83.6
(28.7) | 68.2
(20.1) | 53.0
(11.7) | 94.8
(34.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 26.5
(−3.1) | 31.4
(−0.3) | 45.1
(7.3) | 59.2
(15.1) | 70.0
(21.1) | 79.6
(26.4) | 82.9
(28.3) | 80.7
(27.1) | 75.0
(23.9) | 62.2
(16.8) | 45.8
(7.7) | 32.0
(0.0) | 57.5
(14.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 17.4
(−8.1) | 21.8
(−5.7) | 34.7
(1.5) | 47.4
(8.6) | 59.4
(15.2) | 69.6
(20.9) | 72.9
(22.7) | 70.6
(21.4) | 63.0
(17.2) | 50.3
(10.2) | 35.6
(2.0) | 23.4
(−4.8) | 47.2
(8.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 8.4
(−13.1) | 12.3
(−10.9) | 24.4
(−4.2) | 35.6
(2.0) | 48.7
(9.3) | 59.5
(15.3) | 62.9
(17.2) | 60.5
(15.8) | 51.1
(10.6) | 38.4
(3.6) | 25.4
(−3.7) | 14.8
(−9.6) | 36.8
(2.7) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −13.1
(−25.1) | −8.3
(−22.4) | 2.8
(−16.2) | 21.4
(−5.9) | 35.0
(1.7) | 47.4
(8.6) | 52.5
(11.4) | 50.7
(10.4) | 36.7
(2.6) | 23.3
(−4.8) | 8.8
(−12.9) | −6.0
(−21.1) | −16.4
(−26.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −35
(−37) | −33
(−36) | −22
(−30) | 4
(−16) | 17
(−8) | 34
(1) | 42
(6) | 36
(2) | 20
(−7) | −3
(−19) | −16
(−27) | −32
(−36) | −35
(−37) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.76
(19) | 0.99
(25) | 1.99
(51) | 3.76
(96) | 5.02
(128) | 5.04
(128) | 3.54
(90) | 4.53
(115) | 2.95
(75) | 2.35
(60) | 1.48
(38) | 1.34
(34) | 33.75
(859) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 7.4
(19) | 7.6
(19) | 4.9
(12) | 1.9
(4.8) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.0
(0.0) | 0.6
(1.5) | 2.4
(6.1) | 7.3
(19) | 32.1
(81.4) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.3 | 5.2 | 7.0 | 9.4 | 12.4 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 94.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.9 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 15.5 |
| Source 1: NOAA | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Source 2: National Weather Service | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Education

Rockwell City is within the South Central Calhoun Community School District.

It was a part of the Rockwell City Community School District until July 1, 1993, when it merged into the Rockwell City–Lytton Community School District. That in turn merged into South Central Calhoun on July 1, 2014.

## Notable people

### Life Magazine feature

In 1958, Rockwell City resident Barry Wichmann was recognized for his IQ of 162 Wichmann's school lacked the resources to fully meet his needs, and his high intelligence led to frequent bouts of loneliness. He also suffered from dyscalculia, a learning disability similar to dyslexia. He eventually moved to Winchester, Virginia, where he finished high school and went on to obtain a PhD in clinical psychology from James Madison University.

## Arts and culture

### Annual events

Since 2009, Rockwell City has hosted the annual "Sweet Corn Daze" festival, which typically takes place on the first weekend in August and includes a parade, various events, and vendors.

Rockwell City also hosts the annual Calhoun County Expo, Calhoun County's county fair. Rockwell City was selected as the location for the county fair in a county-wide election in 1980. Prior to that time, Calhoun County had two county fairs, one in Rockwell City and one in neighboring Manson. A 1979 state law, however, required counties to select a single county fair to be the "Official State Fair" which necessitated the vote and consolidation of county fairs in Calhoun County (among other Iowa counties).

### Landmarks

*Calhoun County Courthouse.* The courthouse was constructed in 1914, with an architectural style of Neoclassical Revival and outer walls of limestone, with a red clay tile roof.

*Calhoun County Historical Museum.* Formerly the building of the Rockwell City High School, this building has been home to the Calhoun County Historical Museum since 1986. The museum traces its origins back to 1902 and seeks to preserve documents and artifacts related to the history and people of Calhoun County. As of January 2023, the museum is open on Sundays from 1-3pm from June to September or by appointment.

*Rockwell City Bridge.* One of two rainbow bridges in Calhoun County (the other being in Lake City), this bridge was built in 1915 and put into disuse with the realignment of U.S. Highway 20 in 1981. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. In 2020, the bridge and some adjacent land was turned into a local park.

## Pop culture

On the December 18, 2003, episode of Jeopardy!, the $500 answer in the category "U.S. City Nicknames" was "Rockwell City in this state calls itself the 'Golden buckle on the Corn Belt.' "

## InfoBox

| Rockwell City, Iowa | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| Motto: The Golden Buckle on the Corn Belt | |
| Location of Rockwell City, Iowa | |
| Coordinates: 42°23′45″N 94°37′59″W / 42.39583°N 94.63306°W / 42.39583; -94.63306 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Iowa |
| County | Calhoun |
| Townships | Twin Lakes Township / Center Township |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.21 sq mi (10.91 km2) |
| Land | 4.21 sq mi (10.91 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,230 ft (375 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 2,240 |
| Density | 531.69/sq mi (205.28/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 50579 |
| Area code | 712 |
| FIPS code | 19-68295 |
| GNIS feature ID | 0460754 |
| Website | www.rockwellcity.com |


title: Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson

abstract: Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson was a general practitioner. He showed that shingles was caused by reactivation of the chickenpox virus.

text:
# Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson

**Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson** (31 January 1908 – 5 July 2003) OBE FRCGP Hon FFPHM was a general practitioner. He showed that shingles was caused by reactivation of the chickenpox virus.

## Early life

Hope-Simpson was born on 31 January 1908, the fourth of five children. His father, Sir John Hope Simpson was in the Indian Civil Service, in 1916 the family returned to England to farm in Somerset. Sir John later became a diplomatic envoy. His missions included Greece (to solve the refugee problems of Turks and Greece), Palestine (he wrote The Hope-Simpson Report in 1930 which examined the economic conditions and to suggested solutions to the territorial dispute between Jews and Arabs), and Newfoundland (1934–36) before it joined Canada as the 10th province in 1949 Canada (he was a Natural Commissioner and there is an area of Newfoundland called Port Hope Simpson named after him).

Hope-Simpson went to prep school at Heddon Court in Hertfordshire (1913–1919) and then Gresham's in Norfolk (1919–1925) where he won a prize for natural history. He spent a year at the *Faculté des Sciences*, Grenoble, (1925–26) before starting his medical studies at St Thomas' Hospital. His career choice of medicine at St Thomas' Hospital disappointed his father, who wanted him to farm. He intercalated in physiology before getting his MRCS/LRCP in 1932. It was in the laboratory that he met his future wife Eleanor Dale (daughter of Sir Henry Dale).

## Working life

Hope-Simpson's first post was in the Dorset County Hospital in Dorchester in Dorset as a Resident Medical Officer. He had heard that the hospital was friendly but busy. In those days he could expect one afternoon off in an otherwise seven-day working week. He would be on call for the other 156 hours. A year later, in 1933, he answered an advertisement for "an assistant with a view" to help in Beaminster in the practice of Dr. Herbert Lake. Edgar and Eleanor settled down at Gable End on Hogshill Street in Beaminster.

Being a life-long member of The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) Hope-Simpson was a pacifist, and when World War II began in 1939, he registered as a conscientious objector, even though he was unlikely to have been called up due to his profession. During the war, he established a pioneering home nursing service amongst his rural patients, as well as outside surgeries in the Marshwood Vale, Salway Ash, Toller Porcorum, West Milton and Powerstock. He also developed a fledgling note-keeping system linking patients, where they lived and their diseases. He left Beaminster in 1945 for Cirencester where he became an elder at the Meeting House. Four years earlier his wife had given him Wensleydale general practitioner William Pickles' then new book *Epidemiology in Country Practice*, detailing the epidemiological research of common diseases which could be carried out by a general practitioner. Hope-Simpson modelled his approach on this, and he exchanged visits with Pickles. A year after starting at Cirencester, he transformed his practice (housed in an eighteenth-century cottage in the high street) into Cirencester Research Unit which was funded by the Public Health Laboratory Service 1947–1973 and the Department of Health and Social Security 1973-1981. The bulk of his interest was in infectious diseases. He was self-taught and without any formal epidemiological or research training. He started to write papers, particularly on chickenpox and herpes zoster, in the 1940s and 1950s, which were published in The Lancet and the BMJ.

## Work on chickenpox and shingles

His landmark paper, showing how immunity conferred by natural chicken-pox in childhood waned with age, published in 1965, provided the reasoning for vaccinating older adults against shingles.

Hope-Simpson studied chickenpox and shingles; the two conditions were known to be related, but the nature of the relationship was unclear. Some experts believed that two different viruses existed. Hope-Simpson increasingly believed there was only one, and took his small team of research colleagues to Yell, Shetland in 1953, where he followed up every known case in an isolated community. By 1962, new microbiological techniques enabled him to prove his point. He believed that a virus could commonly lie dormant in the human body for years or decades, and then reappear in another form. He delivered his conclusion in the Albert Wander lecture on 10 June 1964. His report became one of the most cited general practitioner publications. Later, the single virus responsible for both diseases, now known as the varicella zoster virus (VZV), was identified and isolated by Thomas Huckle Weller.

## Work on influenza

His career-long interest in the manner of transmission of the influenza virus was first stirred by the great epidemic of 1932–33, the year in which he entered general practice. It culminated in a book, published in 1992, which questioned the theory of person-to-person transmission being enough to explain the simultaneous appearance of influenza in places far apart. His initial hypothesis proposed that the cause of influenza epidemics during winter may be connected to a seasonal influence. His later research suggested that the correlation may be due in part to a lack of vitamin D during the wintertime, after documenting that influenza A epidemics in temperate latitudes peak in the month following the winter solstice. His findings were based not only on observation in his practice, but also on extensive historical research into past epidemics.

## Honours and final days

He received the Order of the British Empire, the Stuart prize from the British Medical Association, the Kuenssberg prize from the Royal College of General Practitioners, and an award from the International Society of Biometeorology. The VZV Foundation in the United States gave him its gold medal in 1999. The then-president of the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) presented him with the George Abercrombie award, for outstanding contributions to the literature. He also spent a semester as Visiting Professor in Community Health, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio in 1974. Hope-Simpson's practice was used as a model in 1994 when the RCGP introduced research practices, which later became NHS research and development general practices. His first wife, Eleanor died in 1997 after a long illness. He remarried, when over 90. He had a daughter and four grandchildren.

## InfoBox

| Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1908 |
| Died | 5 July 2003(2003-07-05) (aged 94–95) |
| Nationality | British |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Medicine<br>Epidemiology |
|  | |


title: Elgy Morales

abstract: Elgy Morales is a Costa Rican football coach. Elgy Morales is a football coach coaching the U11 team of Fraigcomar CF. He is also the player selectionist for the Puerto Rican National Football Team. Elgy is also coach of the team.

text:
# Elgy Morales

**Elgy Morales** (born on 21 September 1975) is a Costa Rican football coach. Elgy Morales is a football coach coaching the U11 team of Fraigcomar CF. He is also the player selectionist for the Puerto Rican National Football Team. Elgy is also coach of the team.

## InfoBox

Elgy Morales
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Elgy Fabricio Morales Herrera | | |
| Date of birth | (1975-09-21) 21 September 1975 | | |
| Place of birth | San José, Costa Rica | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Fraigcomar | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
|  | Puerto Rico (COACH) |  |  |
| Managerial career | | | |
| 2012-(Current) | CF Fraigcomar | | |
|  | Puerto Rico (2021-) | | |
| Puerto Rico U20 (2019-2021) | Bayamón FC (Unknown) | | |


title: Rosen Valley Railway

abstract: The Rosen Valley Railway is a mainly Austrian railway that runs from Sankt Veit an der Glan via Klagenfurt and Rosenbach to Jesenice in Slovenia. The section between Rosenbach and Jesenice through the Karawanks Tunnel is part of and international long-distance route between Salzburg and Zagreb. The railway line is operated by the ÖBB. Traffic between Weizelsdorf and Rosenbach was suspended at the commencement 2016/17 timetable change. The line was sold to the state of Carinthia. NBIK heritage trains have been running between Weizelsdorf and Feistritz since the summer of 2020.

text:
# Rosen Valley Railway

The **Rosen Valley Railway** (German: *Rosentalbahn*) is a mainly Austrian railway that runs from Sankt Veit an der Glan via Klagenfurt and Rosenbach to Jesenice in Slovenia. The section between Rosenbach and Jesenice through the Karawanks Tunnel is part of and international long-distance route between Salzburg and Zagreb. The railway line is operated by the ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways). Traffic between Weizelsdorf and Rosenbach was suspended at the commencement 2016/17 timetable change. The line was sold to the state of Carinthia. NBIK heritage trains have been running between Weizelsdorf and Feistritz since the summer of 2020.

## History

Iron was worked from the 16th century in the agricultural Rosen Valley (*Rosental*, part of the valley of the Drava), in the area of Feistritz im Rosental and there were iron works in Ferlach as well. When the Austrian Southern Railway Company (*Südbahn-Gesellschaft*) connected Carinthia to the railway network with the Carinthian Railway (*Kärntner Bahn*) in 1863, the Rosen valley was bypassed. The iron produced here still had to be transported over the Loibl Pass in horse-drawn vehicles. As early as 1896, a consortium of local business people promoted a local railway from Klagenfurt to Ferlach. However, these attempts were unsuccessful.

The pricing policy of the private Southern Railway Company, which had an effective monopoly on north–south traffic in Austria-Hungary, led the Imperial Council to make several attempts to authorise a second rail link to Trieste, all of which were unsuccessful. Only the Alpine Railway Act (*Alpenbahngesetz*), passed on 6 June 1901, enabled the construction of the so-called *Neue Alpenbahnen* (new Alpine railways). In the same year, construction began on the 7,976 m-long Karawanks Tunnel. From 1903, up to 4,500 people worked on the line from Villach (Villach–Rosenbach railway) and Klagenfurt. Overcoming the Sattnitz range and the rugged slopes of the Karawanks required the construction of several large bridges. In early May 1906, the Klagenfurt-Feistritz section was finally opened, and the rest of the line opened on September 30 of the same year. Ferlach was connected by the Ferlach Railway to the Rosen Valley Railway in the same year.

The new rail connection from the Rosen Valley led to growth in the local steel industry. In the year the railway opened, the *Krainische Industriegesellschaft* (Carniolan industrial company) took over the Feistritz works and expanded it over the next few years. The ironworks in Waidisch, Unterloibl and Ferlach combined to form the *Kärntner Eisen- und Stahlwerksgesellschaft* (Carinthian Iron and Steel Works company; KESTAG). The Rosen Valley Railway developed into an important north–south connection. In the summer of 1914, five pairs of express trains ran there every day.

After the end of the First World War and the 1920 Carinthian plebiscite, border changes led to changed traffic flows and the decline of the Rosen Valley Railway began. In October 1931, the last scheduled express train ran through the Rosen Valley, in 1933 the Krainische Industriegesellschaft closed its Feistritz works as a result of the Great Depression. During the Second World War, arms production at the Jungfer battery factory, which opened in Feistritz in 1939, led to a temporary traffic increase.

In the 1970s, the construction of the Ferlach reservoir led to initial considerations of closing the railway, because the bridge over the Drava would have been flooded at its planned capacity. Finally the bridge was raised and is now only 80 cm above the water level. With the closure of the Ferlach steelworks in the wake of the steel crisis and the closure of the Ferlach Railway in 1996, the railway lost a large part of its freight traffic. The freight loading points in Weizelsdorf and Feistritz im Rosental were closed in 2012. Since then, freight has only been loaded at Viktring goods yard.

The condition of the line between Klagenfurt and Rosenbach deteriorated increasingly. Until 2009, there were nine kilometres of low-speed track between Rosenbach and Klagenfurt, where the maximum speed was only 10 to 30 km/h. The travel time from Klagenfurt to Rosenbach was correspondingly long at over an hour. Without the speed limits, diverted long-distance passenger trains would only have needed around 25 to 30 minutes for the Klagenfurt–Rosenbach section, regional trains a good 40 minutes. In July 2009, however, this line was renovated and all 10 km/h speed limits were removed. Almost all sets of points and signals along the line were also dismantled.

From 1 August 2011 up to and including 9 December 2016, passenger traffic was limited to a single train, which only ran over the whole Rosenbach–Klagenfurt line on weekdays. The train left Rosenbach at 6:24 a.m. and arrived at Klagenfurt Hbf at 7:15 a.m.

The last remaining train on the Weizelsdorf–Rosenbach section was discontinued in December 2016. This step was justified by the low passenger traffic on the line and the need for investment to keep the line open. The closed section became the property of the state of Carinthia. The line between Weizeldorf and Feistritz was reopened for NBIK heritage trains In August 2020.

The Klagenfurt–Weizelsdorf section has been used by S-Bahn line S3 of the S-Bahn Kärnten (Carinthian S-Bahn) since the summer of 2011. Buses have been running from Weizelsdorf to Ferlach and parallel to the Rosen Valley Railway to Rosenbach or Ledenitzen (connecting to the S2) since then. For this purpose, Weizelsdorf station was modernised and a park and ride facility was built. Klagenfurt-Süd (south) station was opened and passenger traffic at Viktring station was discontinued in 2015.

## Operations

Since the 2008/09 timetable change, only Desiro (class 5022) railcars have been running on the line. The modest freight traffic was hauled by class 2068 or class 2016 locomotives.

During construction work or operational disruptions on the Villach–Rosenbach railway, the Rosen Valley Railway was also used as a diversion route at times, although rarely for international traffic. The line between St. Veit an der Glan and Klagenfurt is mainly used by passenger trains on the Vienna–Villach route.

On 9 December 2016, the last scheduled passenger train ran the entire length between Rosenbach via the Rosen Valley to Klagenfurt. Since then, all train traffic on the line between Rosenbach and Weizelsdorf has been suspended, and it is no longer included in the ÖBB rail network. In August 2020, the section between Weizelsdorf and Feistritz was reopened for tourist trains of the *Nostalgiebahnen in Kärnten* (Nostalgia Railways of Carinthia; NBIK). S-Bahn line 3 has been running on the section between Klagenfurt and Weizelsdorf every hour since 1 August 2011. Line S3 was extended to Völkermarkt-Kühnsdorf at the 2016/17 timetable change.

## Route description, freight traffic and electrification

The stations between Klagenfurt and Weizelsdorf are Mössingerstraße and Maria Rain, where all but one of the tracks were made unusable in the course of the work to adapt it for the S-Bahn line.

In the area of Feistritz im Rosental station there are industrial plants that once required a connection to the rail network. The journeys were scheduled to take place at lunchtime on weekdays (except Saturday). In addition to Feistritz station, Weizelsdorf station also played an important role for timber loading until a few years ago, when this work was taken only completely by road transport.

The overhead line electrified at 15 kV, 16.7 Hz extends from Rosenbach through the Karawanks tunnel to Jesenice station. The design of the overhead contact line in Slovenia corresponds to the Italian standard, since Italy had electrified the line when it held this part of Slovenia under the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920. The section from Klagenfurt to Rosenbach is not electrified. However, the ÖBB is planning to upgrade the Klagenfurt–Weizelsdorf line in the coming years. On 11 December 2016, at the 2016/2017 timetable change, all traffic between Rosenbach and Weizelsdorf was suspended, but the main tracks are to be retained for the time being. Tourist trains of the *Nostalgiebahnen in Kärnten* have been running between Weizelsdorf and Feistritz since August 2020.

### Footnotes

### Sources

* Entner, Brigitte; Obid, Vida (2001). *Die Drau ist eine eigene Frau: ein Fluss und seine Kulturgeschichte* (in German). Klagenfurt: Drava. ISBN 3-85435-327-8.
* Hain, Alenka; Koroschitz, Werner; Pinter, Tamara (2006). *Game over: eine Industriegeschichte: \[Katalog zur Ausstellung\]* (in German). Klagenfurt: Drava. ISBN 3-85435-496-7.
* Lischka, Martin (2017). *Die neuen Alpenbahnen: Höhepunkt und Abschluss des österreichischen Gebirgsbahnbaus : Pyhrn-, Tauern-, Karawanken- und Wocheinerbahn in ihrer Funktion als "Zweite Eisenbahnverbindung mit Triest"* (in German). Vienna: Dissertation Universität Wien.
* *Eisenbahnatlas Österreich* \[*Railway atlas of Austria*\]. Schweers + Wall. 2010. ISBN 978-3-89494-138-3.

## InfoBox

| Rosen Valley Railway | |
| --- | --- |
| Overview | |
| Native name | Rosentalbahn |
| Line number | * 413 01 Sankt Veit an der Glan–Klagenfurt Hbf * 409 01 Klagenfurt Hbf–Rosenbach * 222 02 Rosenbach–national border |
| Service | |
| Route number | * 221 (Villach Hbf–Jesenice)
 * 601 (Friesach–Spittal-Millstättersee) * 660 (Klagenfurt Hbf–Rosenbach) |
| History | |
| Opened | 1906 (1906) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 62.812 km (39.030 mi) |
| Number of tracks | St. Veit a. d. Glan–Klagenfurt and
Rosenbach–Jesenice: 2 |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Minimum radius | 266 m (873 ft) |
| Electrification | St. Veit a. d. Glan–Klagenfurt Hbf and
Rosenbach–Jesenice: 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC |
| Operating speed | 160 km/h (99 mph) (max) |
| Maximum incline | 2.6% |
| Route map | |