title: Eight-ball pool (British variation)

abstract: The English-originating version of eight-ball pool, also known as English pool, English eight-ball, blackball, or simply reds and yellows, is a pool game played with sixteen balls on a small pool table with six pockets. It originated in the United Kingdom and is played in the Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply "pool". The English version of eight-ball has two main sets of playing rules used in professional play; those of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), known as "blackball rules", and the code of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF), known as "international rules".

text:
# Eight-ball pool (British variation)

The English-originating version of **eight-ball pool**, also known as **English pool**, **English eight-ball*,* blackball**, or simply **reds and yellows**, is a pool game played with sixteen balls (a cue ball and fifteen usually unnumbered object balls) on a small pool table with six pockets. It originated in the United Kingdom and is played in the Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply "pool".

The English version of eight-ball has two main sets of playing rules used in professional play; those of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), known as "blackball rules", and the code of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF), known as "international rules".

## History

American-style eight-ball arose around 1900, derived from basic pyramid pool. In 1925, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company began offering ball sets specifically for the game using unnumbered yellow and red balls (in contrast to the numbered solids and stripes found in most pool ball sets), a black eight ball, and the white cue ball. These were introduced to make it easier for spectators to identify the two sets in early professional games held in casinos, and became known as "casino-style" sets. In the years following World War II, playing eight-ball on small coin-operated pool tables became a common pub game in American bars, a pastime which spread to Britain by the early 1960s. In the years following, the British game diverged from the American in equipment (including the use of casino-style balls, which had died out in the US) and rules.

## Equipment

The game uses unnumbered, solid-coloured object balls, typically red and yellow, with one black ball. The black ball typically bears a number "8", though numberless variants are not unknown. They are usually 2 inches (51 mm) or 2+116 inches (52 mm) in diameter – the latter being the same size as the balls used in snooker and English billiards – often with a slightly smaller cue ball, e.g. 1+78 inches (47.6 mm) for a 2-inch set, a convention originally created for the ball return mechanisms in coin-operated tables.

British pool tables come in 6 × 3 foot (1.8 × 0.9 m) or 7 × 3.5 ft (2.12 × 1.06 m) varieties, with 7 feet being the regulation size for league play. The table has pockets just larger than the balls and rounded, as in the game of snooker, whereas the international-style (or "American-style") table has pockets significantly wider, with pointed knuckles.

Tournament rules may require the presence of more than one type of rest (mechanical bridge), as in snooker.

## Rules

There are currently two competing standards bodies that have issued standardised rules.

The English Pool Association (EPA) uses the rules of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF). Since 2022 the EPA and WEPF have adopted a ruleset known as "International Rules", which are used in all events organised by the Ultimate Pool Group. Prior to 2022 these organisations used a different set of rules known as "World Rules".

The English Blackball Pool Federation (EBPF) uses the rules of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) under the game name "Blackball" to better distinguish it from the American-style game (for which the WPA also promulgates the world-standardised rules). Since 2013 these rules are used in all events organised by the International Professional Pool Association (IPPA).

### Basic rules

Despite various differences between the competing rulesets, the basic objectives and rules of the game are mostly the same.

The balls are racked with the black (the 8 ball) on the foot spot (or "black spot"), in contrast with US-style eight-ball, nine-ball and most other pool games, in which the apex ball is placed on the foot spot.

One player begins the game with a "break shot", which involves shooting the cue ball from the baulk area towards the object balls and "splitting the pack".

The aim of the game is to pot all the balls of a certain colour (either reds or yellows), followed by the black eight-ball. The winner is usually the player who legally pots the black first, although it is possible to win the game by the opponent committing a sufficiently serious foul, such as potting the black eight-ball and the cue ball in the same shot.

A foul can be committed in numerous ways, such as potting the cue ball, potting the black eight-ball before the last colour in the set, hitting the wrong colour ball first or touching any ball with anything apart from the tip of the cue. After a foul, there is a penalty awarded to the other player. This penalty varies by ruleset, but could be winning the frame, gaining an extra shot or visit, being able to hit any ball on the table, or being able to move the cue ball to another location.

### BAPTO/UKPF rules (1976–2004)

In 1976, the British Association of Pool Table Operators (BAPTO) published a standardised set of pool rules for use in their national events. With some minor changes, these rules were adopted by the newly formed UK Pool Federation (UKPF) in 1992 and known as "Federation rules". These rules were used until the UKPF adopted Blackball rules in 2004.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to hit a cushion. Later versions of this rule were amended to state that at least 2 balls must pass the halfway line of the table if a ball is not potted. The breaker must nominate which colour they choose following the break shot. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player, and a "free shot", whereby any ball can be played or potted on the first shot of the visit, with the exception of the black if it is not "on". The player awarded the penalty also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the "D". Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is no requirement to hit a cushion with each shot, meaning "rolling up" to a ball is a legal shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot.

### EPA rules (1978–1998)

In 1978, the English Pool Association (EPA) published a standardised set of pool rules which they used in their county pool structure through the 1980s and 1990s. These rules were used until 1998, when the EPA adopted World rules in line with the WEPF.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to hit a cushion. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player, and a "free shot" on the first shot. The incoming player also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the baulk area. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is no requirement to hit a cushion with each shot. Potting an opponent's ball is a foul except in the case of a "free shot".

Despite no longer being played at the professional level, these rules are still in use in some amateur leagues, and are referred to as "Old EPA rules" to distinguish them from later versions.

### EPA/WEPF world rules (1998–2022)

In 1998, the EPA adopted "World Rules", as published by the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF). These rules were used at all levels in EPA and WEPF tournaments until 2022, when both organisations adopted "International Rules".

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 4 object balls to hit a cushion. If the breaker pots a ball on the break from one group, they must nominate a colour. If they nominate a colour which was potted on the break, then that group become theirs, while if the group chosen did not have any balls potted on the break, the table remains open until a ball is legally potted. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player. There is no "free shot" rule. The cue ball cannot be moved, unless the incoming player has been left in a foul snooker, in which case they may nominate a free ball or move the cue ball to baulk. Unlike most other rulesets, deliberate fouls do not result in loss of frame, and are treated as a standard foul. Jump shots are illegal. Push shots are allowed provided no double contact or sustained push can be seen clearly by the referee. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot, meaning it is illegal to "roll up" to a ball. Potting an opponent's ball is a foul.

Despite no longer being played at the professional level, these rules remain popular as amateur league rules in the UK, Ireland, Australia, some other Commonwealth countries, and a few European nations.

### WPA blackball rules (2004–present)

In 2004, the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) sanctioned a variant of eight-ball pool called "blackball". The UKPF adopted these rules, and renamed themselves the European Blackball Association (EBA). These rules are now used at all levels in WPA tournaments and by the professional International Pool Association.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to cross the halfway point of the table. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 1 "free shot" for the incoming player, followed by one visit to the table. The incoming player also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the baulk area following a foul. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot.

### EPA/WEPF international rules (2022–present)

In 2022, the EPA and the WEPF adopted the "International Rules" which are now used at all levels in EPA and WEPF tournaments, and by the Ultimate Pool Group.

In these rules, for a fair break the player must score 3 points, where a point is scored for each ball pocketed and for each ball which passes the halfway point of the table. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 1 visit to the table for the incoming player. There is no "free shot" rule, but the cue ball can be moved anywhere on the table following a foul. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot, but this will result in loss of turn.

## World championships

The World Eightball Pool Federation has held a World Championships since 1993, and the World Pool-Billiard Association since 2006.

### WEPF World Eightball Championship

The following is a list of **WEPF world eightball champions**, sanctioned by the WEPF (World Eightball Pool Federation).

| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Killarney, Ireland | Ronan McCarthy | Northern Ireland | Chris Day | England |
| | | Barbara Taylor (2) | England | Sarah Coxon | Wales |
| 2019 | Blackpool, England | Mick Hill (6) | England | Dom Cooney | England |
| | | Amy Beauchamp (3) | England | Sharon James | England |
| 2018 | | Mick Hill (5) | England | Phil Harrison | England |
| | | Barbara Taylor | England | Sharon James | England |
| 2017 | | Mick Hill (4) | England | Phil Harrison | England |
| | | Amy Beauchamp (2) | England | Kerry Griffiths | England |
| 2016 | | Shaun Chipperfield | England | Karl Sutton | England |
| | | Sabrilla Brunet | France | Amy Beauchamp | England |
| 2015 | | Mick Hill (3) | England | Nigel Clarke | England |
| | | Amy Beauchamp | England | Emma Wilkinson | England |
| 2014 | | Tom Cousins (2) | Wales | Giuseppe d'Imperio | England |
| | | Kirsty Lee Davis | Wales | Amy Beauchamp | England |
| 2013 | | Tom Cousins | Wales | Craig Waddingham | England |
| | | Emma Cunningham (3) | Northern Ireland | Barbara Taylor | England |
| 2012 | | John Roe | England | Lee Kendall | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (11) | Scotland | Sharon Wright | England |
| 2011 | | Adam Davis | England | Phil Harrison | England |
| | | Emma Cunningham (2) | Northern Ireland | Renata Delahunty | Australia |
| 2010 | | Mick Hill (2) | England | Gareth Potts | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (10) | Scotland | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland |
| 2009 | | Phil Harrison | England | Mick Hill | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (9) | Scotland | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland |
| 2008 | | Gareth Potts (3) | England | Jason Twist | England |
| | | Lynette Horsburgh | Scotland | Barbara Taylor | England |
| 2007 | | Gareth Potts (2) | England | Mick Hill | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (8) | Scotland | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland |
| 2006 | | Mark Selby | England | Darren Appleton | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (7) | Scotland | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland |
| 2005 | | Gareth Potts | England | Chris Melling | England |
| | | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland | Sue Thompson | Scotland |
| 2004 | | Mick Hill | England | Darren Appleton | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (6) | Scotland | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland |
| 2003 | | Chris Melling (2) | England | Jason Twist | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (5) | Scotland | Lisa Quick | England |
| 2002 | | Jason Twist (2) | England | Yannick Beaufils | France |
| | | Sue Thompson (4) | Scotland | Lisa Quick | England |
| 2001 | | Chris Melling | England | Rob McKenna | Wales |
| | | Lisa Quick (2) | England | Linda Leadbetter | England |
| 2000 | | Jason Twist | England | Carl Morris | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (3) | Scotland | Linda Leadbitter | England |
| 1999 | | Quinten Hann | Australia | Terry Hunt | England |
| | | Lisa Quick | England | Linda Leadbitter | England |
| 1998 | | Carl Morris | England | Keith Brewer | England |
| | | Linda Leadbitter (3) | England | Sue Thompson | Scotland |
| 1997 | Manchester, England | Rob McKenna (2) | Wales | Lee Kendall | England |
| | | Sue Thompson (2) | Scotland | Linda Leadbitter | England |
| 1996 | | Greg Farren | Ireland | Tony Holgate | Ireland |
| | | Sue Thompson | Scotland | Rosalia Diliberto | France |
| 1995 | Chorley, England | Daz Ward | England | Jason Twist | England |
| | | Linda Leadbitter (2) | England | Sue Thompson | Scotland |
| 1994 | Manchester, England | Rob McKenna | Wales | Greg Farren | Ireland |
| | | Linda Leadbitter | England | Sue Thompson | Scotland |
| 1993 | | Kevin Wright | England | Nigel Davis | Wales |
| | | Linda Moffat | England | Natalie Froling | Australia |
|

### WPA World Blackball Championship

The following is a list of **WPA world blackball champions**, sanctioned by the WPA (World Pool-Billiard Association).

| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Tangier, Morocco | Senzo Gumede | South Africa | Wade Morley | England |
| | | Beatrice Monyake | South Africa | Yoursa Baomar | Morocco |
| 2018 | Bridlington, England | Scott Gillespie | Scotland | Dean Shields | England |
| | | Ashley Marie Bird | England | Emma Reeves | England |
| 2016 | Killarney, Ireland | Liam Dunster | Scotland | Jon McAllister | England |
| | | Sabrilla Brunet (3) | France | Sandra Bryan | Ireland |
| 2014 | Perth, Scotland | Claudio Cassar | Malta | Paul Vincent Bennett | South Africa |
| | | Sabrilla Brunet (2) | France | Aspra Panchoo | South Africa |
| 2012 | Blackpool, England | Gavin Phillips | Scotland | Jimmy Carney | England |
| | | Sabrilla Brunet | France | Claire Dempster | Scotland |
| 2010 | Limoges, France | Jayson Shaw | Scotland | Sébastien Ramier | France |
| | | Claire Dempster | Scotland | Emillie Gilberto | France |
| 2008 | Mbabane, Eswatini | Wetsi Morake | South Africa | Yulan Govender | South Africa |
| | | Apsra Panchoo | South Africa | Amanda Watson | England |
| 2006 | Cork, Ireland | Andy Lucas | England | Simon Ward | Wales |
| | | Amanda Watson | England | Shona Lucas | Scotland |

### IPA World Blackball Championship

The following is a list of **IPA world blackball champions**, sanctioned by the IPA (International Professional Pool Association)

| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2022 | Bradford, England | Liam Dunster | Scotland | Gareth Hibbott | England |
| | | Harriet Haynes | England | Deb Burchell | England |
| 2020 | | Jon McAllister | England | Aaron Davies | England |
| | | Amy Beauchamp | England | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland |
| 2019 | | Marc Farnsworth | England | Tom Cousins | Wales |
| | | Emma Cunningham | Northern Ireland | Kerry Griffiths | England |
| 2018 | | Ben Davies | Wales | Simon Ward | Wales |
| | | Michelle Roonay | Northern Ireland | Collette Henriksen | Northern Ireland |
| 2017 | | Craig Marsh | Wales | Simon Fitzsimmons | England |
| | | Collette Henriksen | Northern Ireland | Leanne Evans | Wales |
| 2016 | | Gareth Hibbott | England | Craig Marsh | Wales |
| | | Deb Burchell (2) | England | Shona Lucas | Scotland |
| 2015 | | Jack Whelan | England | Jason Twist | England |
| | | Deb Burchell | England | Shona Lucas | Scotland |
| 2014 | | Gareth Potts | England | Clint I'Anson | England |

### PPPO World Eightball Championship

The following is a list of **PPPO world eightball champions**, sanctioned by the PPPO (Professional Pool Players Organisation).

| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2005 | Bridlington, England | Ben Davies | Wales | Derek Murphy | Scotland |
| 2004 | | Andy Lucas (2) | England | Rob Hill | England |
| 2003 | | Rob Hill | England | Antz Morrison | Scotland |
| 2002 | Lerwick, Scotland | Steve Sanders | England | Andy Lucas | England |
| 2001 | Morecambe, England | Ross McInnes (4) | Scotland | Rob Chambers | England |
| 2000 | Bridlington, England | Ross McInnes (3) | Scotland | Steve Sanders | England |
| 1999 | Morecambe, England | Andy Lucas | Scotland | Ronan McCarthy | Northern Ireland |
| 1998 | | Ross McInnes (2) | Scotland | Steve Sanders | England |
| 1997 | | Kevin Treanor | Scotland | Ronan McCarthy | Northern Ireland |
| 1996 | | Ross McInnes | Scotland | Mark White | England |

For more information see: List of world eight-ball champions § British-style.

## Further reading


title: Tomahawk School District

abstract: The Tomahawk School District serves the city of Tomahawk, Wisconsin. The present superintendent is Terry Reynolds.

text:
# Tomahawk School District

The **Tomahawk School District** serves the city of Tomahawk, Wisconsin. The present superintendent is Terry Reynolds .

## History

The first school (a kindergarten) opened in Tomahawk in 1888, while the first high school, Whittier High School, did not open until 1894. In 2000 the Tomahawk society members converted the first Tomahawk School into a museum holding many different historic items from the town's history.

## Schools

Tomahawk School District comprises three public schools:

* Tomahawk Elementary School.
* Tomahawk Middle School

## Spirit

All schools in the district compete athletically under the name "The Tomahawk Hatchets". The school colors are blue and gold.


title: Tomahawk Lake (Wisconsin)

abstract: Tomahawk Lake is a lake in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The lake covers an area of 3,392 acres (1,373 ha) and has a maximum depth of 84 feet (26 m). The community of Lake Tomahawk is located on the eastern edge of the lake. Tomahawk Lake was so named from the fact its outline resembles a tomahawk. Tomahawk Lake is the source of the Tomahawk River. Historically Tomahawk Lake was part of travel route for traders and Indians who portaged to and from the Wisconsin River at the east end of the lake.

text:
# Tomahawk Lake (Wisconsin)

**Tomahawk Lake** is a lake in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The lake covers an area of 3,392 acres (1,373 ha) and has a maximum depth of 84 feet (26 m). The community of Lake Tomahawk is located on the eastern edge of the lake. Tomahawk Lake was so named from the fact its outline resembles a tomahawk.

Tomahawk Lake is the source of the Tomahawk River. Historically Tomahawk Lake was part of travel route for traders and Indians who portaged to and from the Wisconsin River at the east end of the lake.

## InfoBox

| Tomahawk Lake | |
| --- | --- |
| Tomahawk LakeTomahawk Lake | |
| Location | Oneida County, Wisconsin |
| Coordinates | 45°49′37″N 89°39′10″W / 45.826898°N 89.652644°W / 45.826898; -89.652644 |
| Primary outflows | Tomahawk River |
| Basin countries | United States |
|  | |
| Surface area | 3,392 acres (1,373 ha) |
| Max. depth | 84 ft (26 m) |
| Water volume | 111,956 acre⋅ft (138,096,000 m3) |
| Shore length1 | 30.2 mi (48.6 km) |
| Surface elevation | 1,585 ft (483 m) |
|  | |
| Settlements | Lake Tomahawk, Wisconsin |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |


title: Egi Station

abstract: Egi Station is a passenger railway station in the city of Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Jōmō Electric Railway Company.

text:
# Egi Station

**Egi Station** (江木駅, *Egi-eki*) is a passenger railway station in the city of Maebashi, Gunma Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Jōmō Electric Railway Company.

## Lines

Egi Station is a station on the Jōmō Line, and is located 6.2 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Chūō-Maebashi.

## Station layout

The station consists of a single side platform serving traffic in both directions.

## Adjacent stations

| « | | Service | » | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jōmō Line | | | | |
| Shinzō-Kekkan Center | | - | Ōgo | |

## History

Egi Station was opened on November 10, 1928.

## Surrounding area

* Maebashi Egi Post Office

Media related to Egi Station at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| Egi Station
江木駅 | |
| --- | --- |
| Egi Station in February 2004 | |
| General information | |
| Location | Egimachi 1223-4, Maebashi-shi, Gunma-ken 371-0002
Japan |
| Coordinates | 36°24′25″N 139°08′00″E / 36.4070°N 139.1332°E / 36.4070; 139.1332 |
| Operated by | Jōmō Electric Railway Company |
| Line(s) | Jōmō Line |
| Distance | 6.2 km from Chūō-Maebashi |
| Platforms | 1 side platform |
| History | |
| Opened | November 10, 1928 |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| FY2015 | 277 |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Egi StationLocation within Gunma PrefectureEgi StationEgi Station (Japan) | |


# Egypt at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships

Egypt competed at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 18 June to 3 July.

## Artistic swimming

Women

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Nadine Barsoum
Nehal Saafan | Duet technical routine | 75.3417 | 20 | did not advance | |
| Farida Abdelbary
Hana Hiekal | Duet free routine | 76.1333 | 21 | did not advance | |
| Farida Abdelbary
Nadine Barsoum
Amina Elfeky
Hana Hiekal
Maryam Maghraby
Sondos Mohamed
Farida Radwan
Nehal Saafan | Team technical routine | 75.5103 | 15 | did not advance | |
| Amina Elfeky
Hana Hiekal
Maryam Maghraby
Sondos Mohamed
Laila Mohsen
Farida Radwan
Nehal Saafan
Malak Toson | Team free routine | 77.4333 | 15 | did not advance | |

## Diving

**Men**

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Mohamed Farouk | 1 m springboard | 314.95 | 29 |  | | did not advance | |
| | 10 m platform | 307.55 | 30 | did not advance | | | |
| Mohab Ishak | 3 m springboard | 329.25 | 34 | did not advance | | | |
| Mostafa Reyad | 3 m springboard | 238.70 | 53 | did not advance | | | |
| Ramez Sobhy | 10 m platform | 255.05 | 39 | did not advance | | | |

**Women**

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | | Semifinals | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Maha Eissa | 1 m springboard | 217.40 | 26 |  | | did not advance | |
| | 3 m springboard | 255.30 | 17 | 230.20 | 18 | did not advance | |
| Maha Gouda | 1 m springboard | 221.30 | 24 |  | | did not advance | |
| | 10 m platform | 228.15 | 28 | did not advance | | | |
| Farida Moussa | 10 m platform | 174.70 | 31 | did not advance | | | |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Marwan Elkamash | 200 m freestyle | 1:48.48 | 28 | did not advance | | | |
| | 400 m freestyle | 3:47.21 | 13 |  | did not advance | |
| | 800 m freestyle | 7:52.08 | 13 |  | did not advance | |
| | 1500 m freestyle | 15:10.80 | 15 |  | did not advance | |
| Youssef Elkamash | 50 m breaststroke | 27.92 | 23 | did not advance | | | |
| | 100 m breaststroke | 1:02.04 | 31 | did not advance | | | |
| Mohamed Mohamady | 200 m backstroke | 2:03.84 | 26 | did not advance | | | |
| Youssef Ramadan | 100 m butterfly | 52.42 | 20 | did not advance | | | |
| Abdelrahman Sameh | 50 m freestyle | 22.95 | 50 | did not advance | | | |
| | 50 m butterfly | 23.64 | 23 | did not advance | | | |
| Mohamed Samy | 100 m freestyle | DNS | | | | | |
| | 50 m backstroke | DNS | | | | | |
| | 100 m backstroke | 54.67 | 20 | did not advance | | | |
| Marwan Elkamash
Youssef Ramadan
Abdelrahman Sameh
Mohamed Samy | 4 × 100 m freestyle relay | 3:19.46 | 15 |  | did not advance | |

Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Farida Osman | 50 m freestyle | DNS | | | | | |
| | 50 m butterfly | 25.95 | 7 **Q** | 25.46 | 4 **Q** | 25.38 **AF** | 4 |
| | 100 m butterfly | 57.76 | 6 **Q** | 57.91 | 8 **Q** | 57.66 **AF** | 7 |

## InfoBox

| Egypt at the
2022 World Aquatics Championships | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of Egypt | |
| FINA code | EGY |
| National federation | Egyptian Swimming Federation |
| in Budapest, Hungary | |
| Competitors | 24 in 3 sports |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| World Aquatics Championships appearances | |
|  | |


title: Edward Scott (sportsman)

abstract: Edward Keith Scott was an English sportsman who played first-class cricket and represented the England national rugby union team.

text:
# Edward Scott (sportsman)

**Edward Keith Scott** (14 June 1918 – 3 June 1995) was an English sportsman who played first-class cricket and represented the England national rugby union team.

## Early life

Keith Scott was born in Truro, Cornwall and attended Clifton College, near to Clifton where his grandfather the politician Edward Scott had settled on returning to England from Australia to practise medicine. Scott's father, Frank Sholl Scott, practised medicine in Cornwall, just as Scott's grandfather had done. Thus it was that Edward Keith Scott followed in this tradition and after attending Clifton went on to Lincoln College, Oxford, to read medicine and then continued his training at St Mary's Hospital, London.

## Rugby career

Scott played rugby at Clifton RFC and went on to represent both Oxford University and St Mary's Hospital RFC, both leading rugby sides of that time. In 1947 he returned to Cornwall and joined Redruth RFC. His father, Frank Sholl Scott, had represented England at rugby union in 1907 and Edward was to follow in his father's footsteps. He was first capped during the 1947 Five Nations Championship, in a win over Wales. A year later he made his captaincy debut when he led England in a Test against Australia at Twickenham, which the tourists won the 11 points. The Cornish centre got another three caps in the 1948 Five Nations but lost the two which he captained.

## Cricket career

Scott, a leg-break bowler, took 12 wickets at 37.00 in his nine first-class matches. He was in the Clifton College XI for 5 years from 1933 to 1937 and took 244 wickets, a record that still stands today. He played Minor Counties cricket for Cornwall from 1936 to 1954. He appeared a couple of times in first-class matches for Gloucestershire in 1937 but had only one scalp to show for it, the Worcestershire batsman Sidney Martin being out hit wicket. Scott then played five matches with Oxford University in 1938, taking eight wickets. He made two further first-class cricket appearances once his international rugby career was over: his efforts at Cornwall got him selected in a match for the Minor Counties in 1949 and he also played for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Canada in 1951.

## InfoBox

E.K. Scott
| Birth name | Edward Keith Scott |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | 14 June 1918 |
| Place of birth | Truro, Cornwall, England |
| Date of death | 3 June 1995(1995-06-03) (aged 76) |
| Place of death | Truro |
| School | Clifton College |
| University | Lincoln College, Oxford<br>St Mary's Hospital Medical School |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)** Centre  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  Oxford University   ()  St Mary's Hospital RFC|Redruth RFC   ()  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  1947-1948 England  5  (0) | |


title: Eighteen Mile Creek (Erie County)

abstract: Eighteen Mile Creek is a tributary of Lake Erie located in southern Erie County, New York, United States. The creek is the second largest tributary of Lake Erie in New York State. The name is derived from the creek's distance south of the Niagara River in Buffalo. The creek was named Koughquaugu Creek by the Seneca Nation.

text:
# Eighteen Mile Creek (Erie County)

**Eighteen Mile Creek** (also known as **Eighteenmile Creek**) is a tributary of Lake Erie located in southern Erie County, New York, United States. The creek is the second largest tributary of Lake Erie in New York State.

The name is derived from the creek's distance south of the Niagara River in Buffalo. The creek was named *Koughquaugu Creek* by the Seneca Nation.

## Course

From its source in the town of Concord, Eighteen Mile Creek flows north and then west before entering Lake Erie at the community of Highland-on-the-Lake in the town of Evans. It has one major tributary, the **South Branch Eighteen Mile Creek**, which joins the main branch within Eighteen Mile Creek Park in the town of Hamburg. The creek drains an approximately 120-square-mile (310 km2) watershed.

## Geology

The lower section of Eighteen Mile Creek has been known for its abundance of fossils since the 19th century. The faces of the creek's gorges expose bands of shale overlain by limestone which yield numerous fossils dating from the middle to late Devonian Period. These include corals such as *Heliophyllum* and *Favosites* in addition to various species of crinoids, brachiopods, bryozoans, bivalves, and trilobites.

Portions of the creek and surrounding area in the town of Hamburg have been designated as a "Critical Environmental Area" due to its abundance of fossils.

## Public use

### Sportfishing

Eighteen Mile Creek is utilized by anglers seeking Lake Erie steelhead during their annual spawning runs that take place from mid-October to early May. Brown trout are also sought year-round. Fishing access is facilitated by 1.4 miles (2.3 km) of "public fishing rights" conservation easements secured along the creek and its major tributary, the creek's South Branch. An additional 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of stream access is available within Eighteen Mile Creek County Park; the portion located along the main stem within the park is a catch and release area where only artificial lures are permitted.

Eighteen Mile Creek is stocked annually by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. In 2014, 20,000 steelhead and 660 brown trout were stocked in the stream, and an additional 20,000 steelhead were stocked in the creek's South Branch.

### Parks and forests

Eighteen Mile Creek Park, a 464-acre (1.88 km2) county park, is located at the confluence of Eighteen Mile Creek's main stem and its South Branch in the town of Hamburg. The park is largely undeveloped with the exception of hiking trails and a small parking area. It is managed by the Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry and includes a 60-foot (18 m) gorge along the creek. A small parking lot on South Creek Road provides access to five miles (8.0 km) of hiking trails, as well as access for fishing along the creek.

In November 2015, the Erie County Parks Department announced that a 225-acre (0.91 km2) forested parcel at the headwaters of Eighteen Mile Creek had been purchased by the county in order to prevent commercial development. The acquisition took place in collaboration with The Nature Conservancy and the Buffalo Niagara Riverkeeper, who together with the county aimed to raise $320,000 for the purchase. The newly purchased forest in the town of Concord joins other county lands protecting the creek's headwaters, helping to provide habitat for fish and wildlife in addition to improving drinking water quality within the region. Over 1,000 acres (4.0 km2; 1.6 sq mi) of land near the creek's headwaters are protected by the county, and are accessible to the public for passive recreation such as hiking.

## InfoBox

| Eighteen Mile Creek | |
| --- | --- |
| Eighteen Mile Creek in Hamburg, New York. | |
| Location of the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek in New York State.Eighteen Mile Creek (Erie County) (the United States) | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | New York |
| Region | Western New York |
| County | Erie County |
| Physical characteristics | |
|  | |
| Source |  |
| location | Concord |
| coordinates | 42°33′23″N 78°41′28″W / 42.55639°N 78.69111°W / 42.55639; -78.69111 |
|  | |
|  | |
| 2nd source | South Branch Eighteen Mile Cr. |
| location | North Collins |
| coordinates | 42°32′17″N 78°45′51″W / 42.53806°N 78.76417°W / 42.53806; -78.76417 |
|  | |
|  | |
| Source confluence |  |
| location | Hamburg |
| coordinates | 42°41′58″N 78°54′12″W / 42.69944°N 78.90333°W / 42.69944; -78.90333 |
|  | |
| Mouth | Lake Erie |
| location | Highland-on-the-Lake |
| coordinates | 42°43′05″N 78°58′09″W / 42.71806°N 78.96917°W / 42.71806; -78.96917 |
| Basin size | 310 km2 (120 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries |  |
| right | South Branch Eighteen Mile Cr. |


title: Eiko Ikegami

abstract: Eiko Ikegami (池上英子) is a Japanese academic, author and the Walter A. Eberstadt Professor of Sociology and History at the New School of Social Research in New York. In 2006, she won the Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book in Cultural Sociology and the Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award in Political Sociology both from the American Sociological Association.

text:
# Eiko Ikegami

**Eiko Ikegami** (池上英子) is a Japanese academic, author and the Walter A. Eberstadt Professor of Sociology and History at the New School of Social Research in New York. In 2006, she won the Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book in Cultural Sociology and the Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award in Political Sociology both from the American Sociological Association.

## Education and career

Ikegami attended Ochanomizu University in Tokyo, Japan from 1972 to 1976, receiving a B.A. in Japanese Literature. She was then a full-time journalist for the Japan Economic Journal until 1980, and then a researcher for CASA, Inc.

She then attended the Graduate School of Tsukuba, finishing with an M.A. in Area Studies. She received another M.A. from Harvard University in 1986 and a Ph.D. in 1989, both in sociology. She then joined Yale University as an assistant professor in Sociology, and then an associate professor from 1994 to 1998. In 1999, Ikegami she joined the Graduate Faculty at the New School for Social Research as a full professor of Sociology. From 1999 to 2003, she was also the director of the Center for Studies of Social Change. Ikegami is currently the chair and Walter A. Eberstadt Professor of Sociology and History at the New School of Social Research in New York.

She is associated in a Tokyo Foundation research project as a fellow of the Virtual Center for Advanced Studies in Institution (VCASI, pronounced “vee-kasi”).

## Major contributions

Her 2006 work *"Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture"* won the Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book in Cultural Sociology, the Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award in Political Sociology, and an honorable mention for the Barrington Moore Award in Comparative and Historical Sociology, all from the American Sociological Association, as well as the Mirra Komarovsky Book Prize from the Eastern Sociological Association. In 2007 the same publication won the John W. Hall Book Prize from the Association for Asian Studies. *Bonds of Civility* was published in a series on Structural Sociology edited by Mark Granovetter. Rewritten for the Japanese audience as *Bi to Reisetsu no Kizuna*, the book was listed as the one of 15 most recommended books of the year by the Japan Economic Journal.

In 1997, her publication *"The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan"* won the Best Book Award On Asia from the American Sociological Association.

## Selected works

In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Eiko Ikegami, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 7 works in 10+ publications in 2 languages and 1,000+ library holdings.

* *自閉症という知性* (Autistic Intelligence) NHK Publishing(2019)
* *ハイパーワールド* (Hyper-World), NTT Publishing(2017)
* *Disciplining the Japanese: the Reconstruction of Social Control in Tokugawa Japan* (1989)
* *The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Modern Japan* (1995); Japanese translation: *Meiyo to junnō: samurai seishin no rekishi shakaigaku* (名誉と順応: サムライ精神の歴史社会学) (2000)
* *Bonds of Civility: Aesthetic Networks and Political Origins of Japanese Culture* (2005); Japanese translation: *Bi to reisetsu no kizuna : Nihon ni okeru kōsai bunka no seijiteki kigen* (美と礼節の絆: 日本における交際文化の政治的起源) (2005)


title: Tony Tompkins

abstract: Tony Tompkins is a former Canadian Football League wide receiver and special teams player. Standing at only 5'8", Tompkins is just one of many diminutive kick return specialists to have found success in the CFL. After attending Stephen F. Austin University, Tompkins signed with the Edmonton Eskimos as the replacement for former kick returner Winston October. As a rookie in 2005, Tompkins participated in the 93rd Grey Cup in Vancouver, where he set a record for the longest kickoff return in a Grey Cup game by taking the ball 96 yards for a key touchdown, helping the Eskimos take victory. After the Grey Cup, Tompkins believed that he was entering his option year, and as such that he would have a chance to try and sign with a National Football League team. Tompkins, who did not have an agent when he signed his first contract, in fact signed a two-year contract with a club option, thus requiring him to report to the Eskimos for one more season than he expected. Tompkins's agent Alex Balic attempted to persuade the Eskimos to release Tompkins but they refused. Tompkins and Balic briefly considered legal action, but in the end Tompkins agreed to return to the Eskimos for the 2006 CFL season. Tompkins made $40,000 CAD with the Eskimos in 2006, well below the NFL league minimum and returned 75 punts for 501 yards, 57 kickoffs for 1,145 yards, and ten missed field goal returns for 209 yards, finishing with the Eskimos’ most all-purpose yards with 1,855. In the 2007 CFL season, Tompkins led the Eskimos in punt return yardage, kickoff returns, and missed field goal return yards and finished the year second on the team in all-purpose yards. In February 2008, Tompkins signed as a free-agent with the Alouettes. He was released by the Alouettes in June 2008.

text:
# Tony Tompkins

**Tony Tompkins** (born November 21, 1982) is a former Canadian Football League wide receiver and special teams player.

Standing at only 5'8", Tompkins is just one of many diminutive kick return specialists to have found success in the CFL. After attending Stephen F. Austin University, Tompkins signed with the Edmonton Eskimos as the replacement for former kick returner Winston October. As a rookie in 2005, Tompkins participated in the 93rd Grey Cup in Vancouver, where he set a record for the longest kickoff return in a Grey Cup game by taking the ball 96 yards for a key touchdown, helping the Eskimos take victory.

After the Grey Cup, Tompkins believed that he was entering his option year, and as such that he would have a chance to try and sign with a National Football League team. Tompkins, who did not have an agent when he signed his first contract, in fact signed a *two*-year contract with a club option, thus requiring him to report to the Eskimos for one more season than he expected. Tompkins's agent Alex Balic attempted to persuade the Eskimos to release Tompkins but they refused. Tompkins and Balic briefly considered legal action, but in the end Tompkins agreed to return to the Eskimos for the 2006 CFL season. Tompkins made $40,000 CAD with the Eskimos in 2006, well below the NFL league minimum and returned 75 punts for 501 yards, 57 kickoffs for 1,145 yards, and ten missed field goal returns for 209 yards, finishing with the Eskimos’ most all-purpose yards with 1,855. In the 2007 CFL season, Tompkins led the Eskimos in punt return yardage, kickoff returns, and missed field goal return yards and finished the year second on the team in all-purpose yards.

In February 2008, Tompkins signed as a free-agent with the Alouettes. He was released by the Alouettes in June 2008.

## InfoBox

Tony Tompkins
| No. 14 | |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1982-11-21) November 21, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Port Arthur, Texas |
| Career information | |
| CFL status | International |
| Position(s) | WR/KR |
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (175 cm) |
| Weight | 170 lb (77 kg) |
| US college | Stephen F. Austin |
| Career history | |
| As player | |
| 20052007 | Edmonton Eskimos |
| 2008 | Montreal Alouettes* |
| \*Offseason or practice roster only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
| * Grey Cup champion (2005) | |
| Honours | Eskimos' Most Outstanding Rookie (2005)<br>Eskimos' Most Outstanding Special Teams Player (2005) |
| Records | Eskimos Record * Most Kickoff Returns – Season (57) - 2006 |
| Career stats | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tony Tonks

abstract: Antony Tonks is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Dewsbury Rams in the Kingstone Press Championship.

text:
# Tony Tonks

**Antony Tonks** (born 27 April 1985) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Dewsbury Rams in the Kingstone Press Championship.

## Background

He was born in Normanton, West Yorkshire, England.

## Playing career

He began his career playing for the Wakefield Trinity Academy team before signing for Bradford Bulls. Tonks spent a season at Oldham, before signing for Featherstone Rovers after the National League Two Grand Final of 2008.

He has also represented Yorkshire Under-18s.

In October 2012, Tonks joined Huddersfield Giants on a one-year deal for the 2012 season, but missed the start of the season through suspension and then made only one appearance for the club before being injured in a reserve match. In July 2012, Tonks signed for Halifax in the Championship. In February 2014, during which time Tonks was at Halifax, players at the club had Electrocardiography (ECG) screening and Tonks became involved with Heartbeat of Sport; a charity that campaigned for ECG to be made compulsory throughout the sport. In October 2014, Tonks signed for Sheffield Eagles. In March 2015, following the death of Danny Jones, Tonks stated that he had "been trying to stress the need for screening, defibrillators and CPR training throughout the rugby league community and all sporting clubs". Tonks was offered a full-time contract at Sheffield but instead signed for Dewsbury Rams for the 2016 season. In 2017, Tonks suffered a shoulder injury that ended his playing career, though he stated that it had been his intention to retire at the end of the season.

## InfoBox

Tony Tonks
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Antony Tonks |
| Born | (1985-04-27) 27 April 1985<br>Normanton, England |
| Playing information | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) |
| Weight | 17 st 6 lb (111 kg) |
| Position | Prop |
| Club  Years Team Pld T G FG P  2005–07 Bradford Bulls       2007 Oldham 20 3 0 0 12  2009–11 Featherstone Rovers 78 13 0 0 52  2012 Huddersfield Giants 1 0 0 0 0  2012–14 Halifax 63 6 0 0 24  2015 Sheffield Eagles 24 2 0 0 8  2016–17 Dewsbury Rams 31 4 0 0 0  Total 217 28 0 0 96 | |
| Source: | |


title: Eino Hanski

abstract: Eino Hanski was a Swedish-Finnish-Russian-Karelian author, dramatist and sculptor. Born in Leningrad in the Soviet Union, Eino Hanski's father was Finnish and his mother Karelian; Russian became his main language growing up, but most of his books were written in Swedish. Hanski came to Sweden in 1942 with his mother as a refuge from the war. His father died in the war. Hanski lived in Gothenburg but returned to the Soviet Union many times; and it is also the subject of many of his writings.

text:
# Eino Hanski

**Eino Hanski** (17 July 1928  2000) was a Swedish-Finnish-Russian-Karelian author, dramatist and sculptor.

Born in Leningrad in the Soviet Union, Eino Hanski's father was Finnish and his mother Karelian; Russian became his main language growing up, but most of his books were written in Swedish. Hanski came to Sweden in 1942 with his mother as a refuge from the war. His father died in the war.

Hanski lived in Gothenburg but returned to the Soviet Union many times; and it is also the subject of many of his writings.

## InfoBox

| Eino Hanski | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | 17 July 1928 <br>Leningrad |
| Died | 2000 |


title: Ego (2013 film)

abstract: Ego is a 2013 Tamil romantic comedy film directed by S. Sakthivel and produced by V. Periyasamy Ravichandran. The film features debutant Velu and Anaswara Kumar in the lead roles, with Bala Saravanan in a supporting role. Ego was released on 6 December 2013. The film's title is based of the characters Easwaran and Gomathi.

text:
# Ego (2013 film)

***Ego*** is a 2013 Tamil romantic comedy film directed by S. Sakthivel and produced by V. Periyasamy Ravichandran. The film features debutant Velu and Anaswara Kumar in the lead roles, with Bala Saravanan in a supporting role. *Ego* was released on 6 December 2013. The film's title is based of the characters Easwaran and Gomathi.

## Cast

* Velu as Easwaran
* Anaswara Kumar as Gomathi
* Bala Saravanan as Bala
* Rathnavelu as Andipatti Vellaipandi
* Revathi as Paati
* Devika as Anni
* Nikhita Jain as Padma
* Jack Prabhu as Shanmugapandi
* Lingeswaran as Sandhanapandi
* Elizabeth as Meenakshi
* Pradeep as Kishore
* Sandhya as Abi

## Production

Sakthivel planned the project as his second directorial venture after *Kandhakottai* (2009). Velu, an electrical engineering graduate, was selected to make his acting debut through the film. Anaswara Kumar was approached by Sakthivel via Facebook, before successfully clearing an audition. Bala Saravanan, who garnered acclaim for his role in *Kana Kaanum Kaalangal Kalloriyin Kadhai*, also played a supporting role in the film. Produced by Singapore-based P. Ravichandran, the film has music by Malaysian artist Kash Villanz and dialogues by Cable Sankar. Dhina composed the background score for the film.

The first schedule of the film was shot in Coimbatore, Pollachi and Udumalpet and the second in Chennai and Hyderabad. The songs were filmed in New Zealand.

## Release

Post-release, a critic from Sify.com, noted "contrived and unimaginative, this film is worth a skip", adding that "it is cheerfully dumb and doesn't aspire for anything more than cheap laughs" and that "the film's first half is dreadfully dull, and the second only marginally better." In comparison, the *New Indian Express* praised some aspects of the film, saying "the film comes with no expectations, and at it’s \[sic\] best is an average entertainer". The film took a poor opening at the Chennai box office.

## InfoBox

| Ego | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | S. Sakthivel |
| Written by | S. Sakthivel
Cable Sankar |
| Produced by | V. Periyasamy Ravichandran |
| Starring | Velu
Anaswara Kumar
Bala Saravanan |
| Cinematography | A. V. Vasanth |
| Edited by | M. Bala |
| Music by | Kash Villainz
Dhina (score) |
| Production
company | V. P. Stillz |
| Distributed by | Vendhar Movies |
| Release date | * 6 December 2013 (2013-12-06) |
| Running time | 116 minutes |
| Country | India |
| Language | Tamil |


title: Eileen Wani Wingfield

abstract: Eileen Wani Wingfield is an Aboriginal elder from Australia. She was jointly awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2003 with Eileen Kampakuta Brown, for efforts to stop the plans for nuclear waste dump in Australia's wild desert land, and for protection of their land and culture. Wingfield formed the Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta, Coober Pedy Women's Council, in 1995.

text:
# Eileen Wani Wingfield

**Eileen Wani Wingfield** is an Aboriginal elder from Australia. She was jointly awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2003 with Eileen Kampakuta Brown, for efforts to stop the plans for nuclear waste dump in Australia's wild desert land, and for protection of their land and culture.

Wingfield (with other elder women) formed the *Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta*, Coober Pedy Women's Council, in 1995.

## Early life

As a young woman Eileen Wani Wingfield mustered cattle and sheep with her father and sister. During this time she had to hide from the authorities, who were removing biracial children from their families and sending them to institutions to be trained for a life of servitude. She married and had her own children, but they were found and taken by the authorities.

## Protest against Nuclear Tests

In the 1950s and 1960s, a dozen full-scale nuclear tests were conducted in the southern Australian deserts by the British military. The Aboriginal inhabitants were told nothing of these tests in the aftermath of which many old people died prematurely, many people went blind, suffered radiation sickness or developed cancer. It was not until decades later that the true cause of the illnesses was understood.

In the early 1990s the Australian government suggested building a radioactive waste dump near Woomera in South Australia, to store waste from the Lucas Heights nuclear reactor in Sydney and from nuclear facilities around the world. Aboriginal communities feared further poisoning of their land, water and health. When she moved to Cooper Pedy, Eileen Wani Wingfield joined Eileen Kampakuta Brown in the Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta or the Cooper Pedy Women's Council, with five other senior women. Eileen Wani Wingfield was honored along with Eileen Kampakuta Brown for her efforts in April, 2003.

## Mission

They travel round Australia speaking against the project and working at keeping their culture alive. The group's declaration of opposition makes the following comments: 'It's from our grandmothers and our grandfathers that we've learned about the land. This learning isn't written on paper as the whitefellas knowledge is. We carry it in our heads and we're talking from our hearts, for the land.'

In 2000 she and Eileen Kampakuta Brown published *Down the Hole,* a children's book based on their own childhood experiences of hiding from the authorities.

1. Goldman Environmental Prize: *Eileen Wani Wingfield* Archived 4 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 2 December 2007)
2. Kristine Moruzi; Michelle J Smith; Elizabeth Bullen, eds. (2018). *Affect, emotion, and children's literature representation and socialisation in texts for children and young adults*. ISBN 9781138244672. OCLC 1015755274.
3. *Australia's Nuclear Waste Still in Limbo*, Environment News Service, 12 August 2004, retrieved 4 September 2009
4. *Environmental Awards Celebrate Grassroots Action*, Environment News Service, 14 April 2003, retrieved 4 September 2009
5. *Eileen Wani Wingfield and Eileen Kampakuta Brown (1930s-)*, 8 March 2005, retrieved 4 September 2009
6. Edna Tantjingu Williams (2000). *Down the hole, up the tree, across the sandhills-- : -- running from the state and Daisy Bates*. Jukurrpa Books. ISBN 1864650249. OCLC 49345730.

## InfoBox

| Eileen Wani Wingfield | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Organization | Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta |
| Awards | Goldman Environmental Prize (2003) |


title: Eileen Weir

abstract: Eileen Weir is a Canadian former backstroke swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

text:
# Eileen Weir

**Eileen Weir** (born 29 January 1946) is a Canadian former backstroke swimmer. She competed in two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

## InfoBox

Eileen Weir
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1946-01-29) 29 January 1946 |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Swimming |
| Medal record      Representing  Canada  Pan American Games  1963 Sao Paulo 4x100m freestyle relay  1963 Sao Paulo 100m backstroke | |


title: Edward Solly (chemist)

abstract: Edward Solly (1819–1886) was an English chemist and antiquary.

text:
# Edward Solly (chemist)

**Edward Solly** (1819–1886) was an English chemist and antiquary.

## Life

He was born in London on 11 October 1819, the son of Edward Solly the merchant and collector. The Sollys were a nonconformist family, and the philosopher Thomas Solly was a cousin. He studied chemistry in Berlin.

in 1838 Solly was appointed chemist to the Royal Asiatic Society. In the same year he was elected a member of the Society of Arts. He was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Institution in 1841, where he associated with Michael Faraday, and he was elected an honorary member of the Royal Agricultural Society in 1842. On 19 January 1843 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1845 he became professor of chemistry at Addiscombe College.

In 1845 and 1846, as honorary professor to the Horticultural Society, Solly conducted a series of experiments on the supposed influence of electricity on vegetable growth. From 1849 he was associated with the Gresham Life Assurance Society, of which he remained a director until his death. He was one of the promoters of the Great Exhibition of 1851, and acted as a juror; and from 9 June 1852 to 4 May 1853 he was secretary to the Society of Arts.

Solly died at his residence, Camden House, Sutton, Surrey, on 2 April 1886.

## Works

In 1836, at the age of 17, Solly published a paper *On the conducting power of iodine, &c., for electricity*. He went on to publish numerous papers on the chemistry of plants and on agriculture, and a book on *Rural Chemistry* (1843; 3rd ed. 1850). A syllabus of his lectures on chemistry appeared in 1849.

As a genealogical and literary scholar Solly published in *Notes and Queries*, *The Bibliographer*, *The Antiquary*, and other periodicals. In 1879 he edited *Hereditary Titles of Honour* for the Index Society, of which he was treasurer.

## Legacy

Solly collected a large library, which was rich in eighteenth-century literature; it was sold at Sotheby's, London, in November 1886. He presented to the National Gallery, London an anonymous picture called *A Venetian Painter*.

## Family

Solly married Alice Sarah Wayland on 13 September 1851, and left five daughters.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1898). "Solly, Edward". *Dictionary of National Biography*. Vol. 53. London: Smith, Elder & Co.


title: Tony Tenser

abstract: Samuel Anthony Tenser was an English-born film producer of Lithuanian-Jewish descent. He began as the producer of low budget exploitation films before moving into mainstream productions.

text:
# Tony Tenser

**Samuel Anthony Tenser** (10 August 1920 – 5 December 2007) was an English-born film producer of Lithuanian-Jewish descent. He began as the producer of low budget exploitation films before moving into mainstream productions.

## Life and career

Raised in a tenement in Shoreditch, with the family doing piecework for local tailors, Tenser was one of seven children. After war service as a technician in the Royal Air Force, he became a trainee manager for the ABC Cinemas circuit. Working as head of publicity for Miracle Films, Tenser coined the term "sex kitten" for the French movie star Brigitte Bardot when *The Light Across the Street* (*La lumière d'en face*, 1955) was released in the UK.

In 1960, with business partner Michael Klinger, he opened the Compton Cinema Club, a private members club. Initially the distributors of foreign films, they diversified into production in partnership with the owners of the Cameo chain of cinema, and founded Compton Cameo Films. The first film of the new company was *Naked as Nature Intended* (1961), a nudist film.

Tenser and Klinger established the Compton Group as a vehicle for their film-making ambitious, and amongst their early productions were *Repulsion* (1965) and *Cul-de-sac* (1966), the first two films in English made by the Polish director Roman Polanski. Tenser left the Group in 1966 and founded his own production company Tigon British Film Productions in 1966, which made other mainstream films such as Michael Reeves' two features *The Sorcerers* (1966) and *Witchfinder General* (1967), as well as other horror films. After production of *The Creeping Flesh* (1973) concluded, Tenser resigned from Tigon. Following his last film as executive producer, *Frightmare* (1974), he retired from the film industry.

With his much younger third wife, he settled in Southport in 1978; the couple later separated, and Tenser spent his last years in a care home opposite the house he had shared with his wife.

Tenser's career as a film producer was extensively documented in the book *Beasts in the Cellar: The Exploitation Film Career of Tony Tenser* published by Fab Press in 2005 and well received by reviewers in *The New York Times* and *The Independent*. The book was written by film critic John Hamilton, who conducted over 18 hours of taped conversations with Tenser, as well as exclusive interviews with many of the actors and craftsmen he employed, including: the directors Michael Armstrong, Peter Sasdy, Freddie Francis and Vernon Sewell; and actors Christopher Lee, Spike Milligan, Julie Ege and Norman Wisdom. Hamilton also had access to original production files and correspondence.

## Select Credits

## Further reading

* *Beasts in the Cellar : The Exploitation film career of Tony Tenser.* by John Hamilton, Fab Press, 2005.
* *Tigon: Blood on a Budget.* John Hamilton, Hemlock Books 2015.
* *Naked as Nature Intended: The Epic Tale of a Nudist Picture*. Suffolk & Watt, 2013, ISBN 9780954598594.

## InfoBox

| Tony Tenser | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Samuel Anthony Tenser<br>(1920-08-10)10 August 1920 |
| Died | 5 December 2007(2007-12-05) (aged 87) |
| Nationality | British |
| Years active | 1961–2007 |


title: Einsatzstab Fähre Ost

abstract: The Einsatzstab Fähre Ost, referred to as EFO, was a German naval detachment operated by the Luftwaffe during the Second World War. It saw action on Lake Ladoga supporting other Axis units in the Siege of Leningrad.

text:
# Einsatzstab Fähre Ost

The ***Einsatzstab Fähre Ost*** (lit.'Ferry Operations Staff East'), referred to as EFO, was a German naval detachment operated by the *Luftwaffe* during the Second World War. It saw action on Lake Ladoga supporting other Axis units in the Siege of Leningrad.

## Background

Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the commencement of hostilities between Finland and the USSR (the Continuation War), Lake Ladoga became a battleground when the city of Leningrad came under siege. To operate against Soviet forces around the lake, and against the city's only supply line, the Road of Life, the Finns formed their Ladoga Flotilla, joined in the summer of 1942 by the international Naval Detachment K.

## Formation

Between 13 June and 15 August 1942, the Ladoga flotilla was strengthened by the arrival of two German naval contingents: *Luftwaffen-Fährenflotillen* II and III. These units had been formed in May 1942 at the Belgian port of Antwerp and redesignated *Einsatzstab Fähre Ost* (EFO) for duty on Lake Ladoga. The battlegroups acted independently but maintained close operational ties with Naval Detachment K. They were made up of twenty-three Siebel ferries (seven heavy artillery types mounting two to four 88 mm guns each; six light artillery types mounting smaller-caliber flak pieces; six transport, six repair, one hospital and one HQ) as well as nine *I-Transporters* or infantry boats (each capable of carrying 50 fully equipped soldiers). Four of these boats were outfitted as minesweepers; three were kept as transports; one was rigged as a hospital ship and one as an HQ. In addition, one heavy *Sturmboot* acted as headquarters ship.

The Siebel ferries were originated by aircraft designer Fritz Siebel and intended for use in Germany's planned 1940 invasion of England, *Operation Sea Lion*. They consisted of two heavy Army bridging pontoons braced together with iron cross-beams and covered by a sturdy wooden deck. The ferries initially had a pair of Ford V-8 truck engines in each aft pontoon end, connected to standard water screws. Further power came from three 600 hp surplus aircraft engines mounted on an elevated scaffolding spanning the rear deck. The aircraft engines, however, were later dispensed with as they consumed considerable fuel and required excessive maintenance. Siebel ferries displaced approximately 140–170 tons, depending on type, and could travel up to 570 km (350 mi) at 8 knots (9.2 mph; 15 km/h). With their low freeboard and wide flat deck, they were easily configured for a variety of purposes.

In all, *Oberstleutnant* Siebel had a total of 30 vessels with 2400 personnel under his command.

## Operations

The EFO suffered losses during a raid to destroy Soviet radio station, lighthouse and coastal artillery emplacement on the strategically important island of Sukho (*Suhosaari* in Finnish) 37 km from the Southern coast of Ladoga, at the main supply route to Leningrad. The idea of the operation was presented to the Germans by the Finnish Lieutenant General Paavo Talvela. The German-run operation, codenamed Operation Brazil began on 22 October 1942. Though the radio station and the lighthouse were torched and the coastal artillery on the island was destroyed, the landing was eventually repulsed and, in a running battle, the flotilla was harassed by Soviet aircraft, torpedo-boats, and gunboats all the way back to its base along the northern shore of Lake Ladoga. When approaching Sukho island, one light ferry (SF 12) run aground and several other ferries went to assist it. However one of the light ferries (SF 22) was hit by Soviet coastal artillery fire and one heavy (SF 13) and one light ferry (SF 26) that had gone to assist the grounded ferry (SF12) also became grounded despite the efforts to get them loose. Ultimately, all three had to be abandoned. During the return voyage one heavy ferry (SF 21) had to be scuttled when it started to take in water so badly that they would not have made it back to the base. Infantry boat (I 6) assigned to the ferry was also lost. Losses suffered by the EFO during the raid were heavy. Artillery ferries SF 13 (grounded) and SF 21 (damaged, later scuttled), light artillery ferries SF 12 (grounded) and SF 26 (grounded) and infantry boat I 6—casualties for the naval and landing forces were 18 men dead, 57 wounded, and 4 missing. One of the lost ferries was taken over by the Russians.

## Analysis

The operations of the international flotilla were a failure. The Siebel ferries of EFO had good armament but they were far too slow and had too short a range for effective operations. They were almost "sitting ducks" to the Soviet patrol boats, gunboats and bombers. As their personnel came from the Luftwaffe, with no sea-going experience, operations in the often harsh weather conditions were extremely difficult.


title: Einselection

abstract:
In quantum mechanics, einselections, short for "environment-induced superselection", is a name coined by Wojciech H. Zurek
for a process which is claimed to explain the appearance of wavefunction collapse and the emergence of classical descriptions of reality from quantum descriptions. In this approach, classicality is described as an emergent property induced in open quantum systems by their environments. Due to the interaction with the environment, the vast majority of states in the Hilbert space of a quantum open system become highly unstable due to entangling interaction with the environment, which in effect monitors selected observables of the system. After a decoherence time, which for macroscopic objects is typically many orders of magnitude shorter than any other dynamical timescale, a generic quantum state decays into an uncertain state which can be expressed as a mixture of simple pointer states. In this way the environment induces effective superselection rules. Thus, einselection precludes stable existence of pure superpositions of pointer states. These 'pointer states' are stable despite environmental interaction. The einselected states lack coherence, and therefore do not exhibit the quantum behaviours of entanglement and superposition. Advocates of this approach argue that since only quasi-local, essentially classical states survive the decoherence process, einselection can in many ways explain the emergence of a (seemingly) classical reality in a fundamentally quantum universe. However, the basic program has been criticized as relying on a circular argument. So the question of whether the 'einselection' account can really explain the phenomenon of wave function collapse remains unsettled.

text:
# Einselection

In quantum mechanics, **einselections**, short for "environment-induced superselection", is a name coined by Wojciech H. Zurek for a process which is claimed to explain the appearance of wavefunction collapse and the emergence of classical descriptions of reality from quantum descriptions. In this approach, classicality is described as an emergent property induced in open quantum systems by their environments. Due to the interaction with the environment, the vast majority of states in the Hilbert space of a quantum open system become highly unstable due to entangling interaction with the environment, which in effect monitors selected observables of the system. After a decoherence time, which for macroscopic objects is typically many orders of magnitude shorter than any other dynamical timescale, a generic quantum state decays into an uncertain state which can be expressed as a mixture of simple pointer states. In this way the environment induces effective superselection rules. Thus, einselection precludes stable existence of pure superpositions of pointer states. These 'pointer states' are stable despite environmental interaction. The einselected states lack coherence, and therefore do not exhibit the quantum behaviours of entanglement and superposition.

Advocates of this approach argue that since only quasi-local, essentially classical states survive the decoherence process, einselection can in many ways explain the emergence of a (seemingly) classical reality in a fundamentally quantum universe (at least to local observers). However, the basic program has been criticized as relying on a circular argument (e.g. by Ruth Kastner). So the question of whether the 'einselection' account can really explain the phenomenon of wave function collapse remains unsettled.

## Definition

Zurek has defined einselection as follows: "Decoherence leads to einselection when the states of the environment $|\epsilon \_{i}\rangle $ corresponding to different pointer states become orthogonal: $\langle \epsilon \_{i}|\epsilon \_{j}\rangle =\delta \_{ij}$",

## Details

Einselected pointer states are distinguished by their ability to persist in spite of the environmental monitoring and therefore are the ones in which quantum open systems are observed. Understanding the nature of these states and the process of their dynamical selection is of fundamental importance. This process has been studied first in a measurement situation: When the system is an apparatus whose intrinsic dynamics can be neglected, pointer states turn out to be eigenstates of the interaction Hamiltonian between the apparatus and its environment. In more general situations, when the system's dynamics is relevant, einselection is more complicated. Pointer states result from the interplay between self-evolution and environmental monitoring.

To study einselection, an operational definition of pointer states has been introduced. This is the "predictability sieve" criterion, based on an intuitive idea: *Pointer states* can be defined as the ones which become minimally entangled with the environment in the course of their evolution. The predictability sieve criterion is a way to quantify this idea by using the following algorithmic procedure: For every initial pure state $|\psi \rangle $, one measures the entanglement generated dynamically between the system and the environment by computing the entropy:

$$\mathcal {H}\_{\Psi }(t)=-\operatorname {Tr} \left(\rho \_{\Psi }(t)\log \rho \_{\Psi }(t)\right)$$

or some other measure of predictability from the reduced density matrix of the system $\rho \_{\Psi }\left(t\right)$ (which is initially $\rho \_{\Psi }(0)=|\Psi \rangle \langle \Psi |$). The entropy is a function of time and a functional of the initial state $\left|\Psi \right\rangle $. Pointer states are obtained by minimizing $\mathcal {H}\_{\Psi }\\,$ over $\left|\Psi \right\rangle $ and demanding that the answer be robust when varying the time $t\ $.

The nature of pointer states has been investigated using the predictability sieve criterion only for a limited number of examples. Apart from the already mentioned case of the measurement situation (where pointer states are simply eigenstates of the interaction Hamiltonian) the most notable example is that of a quantum Brownian particle coupled through its position with a bath of independent harmonic oscillators. In such case pointer states are localized in phase space, even though the interaction Hamiltonian involves the position of the particle. Pointer states are the result of the interplay between self-evolution and interaction with the environment and turn out to be coherent states.

There is also a quantum limit of decoherence: When the spacing between energy levels of the system is large compared to the frequencies present in the environment, energy eigenstates are einselected nearly independently of the nature of the system-environment coupling.

## Collisional decoherence

There has been significant work on correctly identifying the pointer states in the case of a massive particle decohered by collisions with a fluid environment, often known as *collisional decoherence*. In particular, Busse and Hornberger have identified certain solitonic wavepackets as being unusually stable in the presence of such decoherence.

Mott problem


title: Tone Schwarzott

abstract: Tone Schwarzott is a Norwegian actress and poet.

text:
# Tone Schwarzott

**Tone Schwarzott** (born 9 January 1941) is a Norwegian actress and poet.

## Biography

Born in Porsgrunn, Schwarzott made her stage debut at Nationaltheatret in 1963, and was assigned with this theatre until 2002. She has also performed for Fjernsynsteatret and Radioteatret. Among films she participated in are *3* from 1971, *Marikens bryllup* from 1972, and *Hard Asphalt* from 1986. She made her literary debut in 1965 with the poetry collection *Veien til mitt hus*, and published eight more collections during the 1970s.

## InfoBox

| Tone Schwarzott | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1941-01-09) 9 January 1941<br>Porsgrunn, Norway |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation(s) | poet and actress |


title: Tone Seliškar

abstract: Anton "Tone" Seliškar was a Slovene writer, poet, journalist and teacher. He published poetry, short stories and novels and is also known for his young adult fiction. Together with Mile Klopčič, he is considered the foremost representative of Slovene social realist poetry of the 1930s and 1940s. Seliškar was born in Ljubljana in what was then Austria-Hungary in 1900 as the youngest child in a family of seven children. He became a teacher and worked in Dramlje, Trbovlje and Ljubljana. At the encouragement of Prežihov Voranc Seliškar became an activist in the Slovene Liberation Front in 1942 and in 1943 joined the partisans. He used the motif of life in the partisans in many of his later works. After the war he worked as a journalist and editor. In 1947 he won the Prešeren Award for his story Tovariši (Comrades). The public library in Trbovlje is named after Seliškar. Slovene composer Breda Šček set Seliškar’s works to music.

text:
# Tone Seliškar

**Anton "Tone" Seliškar** (1 April 1900 – 10 August 1969) was a Slovene writer, poet, journalist and teacher. He published poetry, short stories and novels and is also known for his young adult fiction. Together with Mile Klopčič, he is considered the foremost representative of Slovene social realist poetry of the 1930s and 1940s.

Seliškar was born in Ljubljana in what was then Austria-Hungary in 1900 as the youngest child in a family of seven children. He became a teacher and worked in Dramlje, Trbovlje and Ljubljana. At the encouragement of Prežihov Voranc Seliškar became an activist in the Slovene Liberation Front in 1942 and in 1943 joined the partisans. He used the motif of life in the partisans in many of his later works. After the war he worked as a journalist and editor.

In 1947 he won the Prešeren Award for his story *Tovariši* (Comrades).

The public library in Trbovlje is named after Seliškar.

Slovene composer Breda Šček set Seliškar’s works to music.

## Youth literature

## InfoBox

| Tone Seliškar | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1900-04-01)1 April 1900
Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia) |
| Died | 10 August 1969(1969-08-10) (aged 69)
Ljubljana |
| Occupation | * Writer * poet * teacher * journalist |
| Notable works | Bratovščina Sinjega galeba, Mule |
| Notable awards | Prešeren Award
1947 *for the story 'Tovariši'*
 |


title: Torkild Rieber

abstract: Torkild Rieber was a Norwegian immigrant to the United States who became chairman of the Texas Company (Texaco). Born in a small town in Norway, Rieber became a seaman at the age of 15. By 1904, he was the master of an oil tanker, which was bought the next year by the newly founded Texas Company, or Texaco. He rose steadily through the ranks to become chairman in 1935. The next year he arranged for Texaco to buy the Barco oil concession in Colombia. Over the next three years he oversaw the major engineering feat of opening the remote oilfield and building a pipeline through rugged and jungle-covered terrain to the Caribbean coast. Rieber was sympathetic to the fascist regimes in Europe in the 1930s and illegally supplied oil on credit to Franco's forces during the Spanish Civil War. He also purchased tankers from Germany in exchange for oil. The last tanker was delivered from Hamburg after the outbreak of World War II. For a while, Texaco continued to ship oil to Germany via South America. When Rieber's ties to the Nazis were revealed in August 1940 by British agents in the United States, there was a scandal and he was forced to resign. Rieber continued in the oil industry. Iran nationalized British oil holdings in 1951, but following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état that restored the Shah to power, Rieber negotiated an end to the dispute.

text:
# Torkild Rieber

**Torkild Rieber** (March 13, 1882 – August 10, 1968) was a Norwegian immigrant to the United States who became chairman of the Texas Company (Texaco).

Born in a small town in Norway, Rieber became a seaman at the age of 15. By 1904, he was the master of an oil tanker, which was bought the next year by the newly founded Texas Company, or Texaco. He rose steadily through the ranks to become chairman in 1935. The next year he arranged for Texaco to buy the Barco oil concession in Colombia. Over the next three years he oversaw the major engineering feat of opening the remote oilfield and building a pipeline through rugged and jungle-covered terrain to the Caribbean coast.

Rieber was sympathetic to the fascist regimes in Europe in the 1930s and illegally supplied oil on credit to Franco's forces during the Spanish Civil War. He also purchased tankers from Germany in exchange for oil. The last tanker was delivered from Hamburg after the outbreak of World War II. For a while, Texaco continued to ship oil to Germany via South America. When Rieber's ties to the Nazis were revealed in August 1940 by British agents in the United States, there was a scandal and he was forced to resign. Rieber continued in the oil industry. Iran nationalized British oil holdings in 1951, but following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état that restored the Shah to power, Rieber negotiated an end to the dispute.

## Early years

Rieber was born in Voss, Norway, on March 13, 1882, son of the owner of a dye works in a small town about 60 miles (97 km) from Bergen. His family was Lutheran, and he was brought up in an environment where alcohol, dancing and gambling were strictly forbidden. At the age of 15 Rieber left home and joined the full-rigged sailing ship *Hiawatha* on a six-month voyage around Cape Horn to San Francisco. On return to Norway he attended a school for sailors, and then found work for two years as quartermaster on a barkentine ferrying indentured Indian laborers from Calcutta to British sugar plantations in the West Indies. In 1901, aged 18, he was in command of a French sailing tanker when he was injured in a shipboard fight while docked in Delaware Bay. He was hospitalized and lost his command.

After recovering, Rieber found a position as mate on a Texan oil tanker, the first to leave Texaco's Spindletop facility in Texas. In 1904 he became master of the vessel. Rieber's tanker was bought by the three-year-old Texaco in 1905. After three more years at sea, he was given the job of building a terminal for Texaco at Bayonne, New Jersey. The terminal came into operation before it was complete, and the wooden buildings twice burned down. Rieber arranged for them to be quickly rebuilt. Rieber was then assigned to the company's head office. Rieber married Miriam Marbe in 1909. They had two children, a girl and a boy. Miriam died in 1938. During World War I (1914–1918) he was superintendent of terminals and assistant superintendent of the oil refinery at Port Arthur, Texas.

The first boss of Texaco, Joseph Stephen Cullinan, fell out with Texaco's directors in 1913 and left to form another oil company, American Republics Corporation. After World War I ended, Rieber left Texaco and became a vice-president at Cullinan's new company. The company struggled to get organized, and in 1927 Rieber accepted an offer to return to Texaco as vice president in charge of exports and marine transportation. He acquired a fleet of new tankers and opened up markets around the world for Texaco. In 1929 and 1930 he tried unsuccessfully to reach an agreement with Heath Eves of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later to become British Petroleum) for the two companies to cooperate in Europe or other markets where BP did not have a partner. In 1935 he was appointed chairman of Texaco, with William Starling Sullivant Rodgers as president. Rieber featured on the cover of *Time magazine* on 4 May 1936.

## Barco oil concession

In the 1930s Texaco was the fourth largest oil company in the United States, after Standard Oil of New Jersey, Socony-Vacuum and Standard Oil of Indiana, but relied completely on domestic oil fields. Rieber wanted other sources of supply in case the United States banned exports to one or all of Texaco's foreign customers. In 1936 Rieber bought the Barco oil concession in Colombia from Gulf Oil for $14,550,000, and sold a half interest to Socony-Vacuum, now Mobil. The crude oil had to be pumped over the Cordillera Oriental across a 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) pass. From there the line ran west through the low-lying Magdalena River valley, in three places running under the river or one of its tributaries. The 421 kilometres (262 mi) pipeline terminated at the Caribbean port of Coveñas in the Sucre department. The 300 millimetres (12 in) pipe was designed to be able to carry 28,000 barrels per day from the La Petrólea and Tibú fields.

Most of the equipment and supplies were carried by air, a total of 5,000,000 kilograms (11,000,000 lb), landed on airstrips hacked out of the jungle. This included a suspension bridge 76 metres (249 ft) long as well as vehicles, power plants, plumbing and food. At its peak, 5,000 local workers were employed, supervised by 400 Americans. Eight employees of the oil companies were killed by Motilone Indians defending their territory. 62 wells were operational when the pipeline was opened in 1939. The crude was gold-green in color and yielded 49% gasoline on straight-run refining, a very high value. The last weld in the pipeline was made by Gladys Crosby Whitney, wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney. Total costs to develop the field and the pipeline were $40,000,000.

## Ties to Spanish and German fascists

Standard Oil of California had acquired the rights to the Bahrain oilfield in the Persian Gulf and was seeking a partner with market presence in the far east. Rieber made an agreement for joint production with the new California-Texas Oil Company, which also took over Texaco's far eastern market. In 1939, the jointly owned subsidiary returned a total of $12 million to its parents.

In common with many other business leaders, Rieber admired the efficiency of the fascist movements in Europe. The Spanish Civil War erupted in July 1936. Under the January 1937 Neutrality Act, it was illegal to provide credit to either side; Rieber met General Francisco Franco in August 1936 and agreed to supply the Nationalists with oil on credit until the war ended. Neither was it legal for American ships to transport cargo to Spain; yet Texaco ships ostensibly bound for Antwerp, Rotterdam, or Amsterdam were given sealed orders, which diverted them to Spain. The oil was still priced as though Francoist Spain had transported it. Customs agents discovered the scheme, causing a political scandal. In June 1937, President Roosevelt met Rieber and threatened to embargo future shipments. Texaco was fined $22,000. However, Rieber continued the shipments. He directed his associate at the Paris Texaco office, William M. Brewster, to relay to the Nationalists intelligence on the Spanish Loyalists, such as fuel amounts, cost, and type. In total, Texaco delivered to the Nationalists 3.5 million tons of oil for a total of $20 million. For his service, Rieber was given the title of Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by Franco.

In 1936, Rieber commissioned several oil tankers from the *Deutsche Werft* shipyard in Hamburg, Germany, in return for oil. The *Skandinavia* tanker was not complete before the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. Although the United States was neutral, the Germans did not want to release a tanker that could be used to supply their enemies. Rieber flew to Berlin to negotiate with the German naval officials. He was successful, and Admiral Erich Raeder allowed the tanker to sail under the flag of Panama to ship oil to neutral countries. In December 1939, Rieber and Hermann Goering made a tour of factories in Germany. They were flown by Pete Clausen, a Pan American Airlines pilot. Rieber continued to ship Colombian oil to Germany, despite the British embargo. According to a German secret service report, Rieber was "absolutely pro-German ... a sincere admirer of the Führer."

Rieber met Field Marshal Hermann Göring in 1940 and was given a message from Hitler to President Roosevelt, inviting him to support Berlin's plan for a European Union, led by Germany, which would open its doors to the United States. Roosevelt rejected the offer. Rieber also talked with the German agent Gerhardt Alois Westrick, who was gathering information about American armaments and intentions concerning the European war. After the fall of France, Westrick threw a celebratory party at the Manhattan Waldorf Astoria hotel on 26 June 1940, attended by senior executives of IT&T, General Motors and Ford as well as by Rieber. Westrick posed as a trade official and made much of the huge trade potential with the new German empire once Britain had been defeated, which would soon be accomplished. Westrick also met with Rieber at his head office in the Chrysler Building. The British secret service disclosed this to the American press, causing an uproar.

Publicity about Captain Rieber's pro-Nazi views began to threaten Texaco's sales. After a stormy meeting in August 1940, the Texaco board of directors forced Rieber to resign. In July 1940, *Life Magazine* had published a lengthy profile of Rieber. Reporting his resignation in the 26 August 1940 issue, *Life* portrayed him as an innocent victim whose only errors had been to dine with Westrick and lend him a Texas Co. car.

## Later career

Rieber became president of the independent Barber Oil Company after he left Texaco. In March 1951 the Iranian parliament voted to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), triggering the Abadan Crisis. The APOC withdrew its employees, and under pressure from Britain other countries embargoed Iranian oil. The Iranians asked for help from the World Bank to resolve the dispute, and the idea was floated that the bank might run the Iranian oil industry in the interim. The World Bank assigned Rieber to assist Hector Prud'homme in examining the oil installations in Iran. The two men arrived in Iran on 31 December 1951 and met prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh the next day, giving him a message from Robert Garner of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development before going on to inspect the facilities at Abadan.

In February 1952 Rieber was part of a larger World Bank mission sent to negotiate an arrangement for restarting oil production pending agreement with the British over ownership of the assets. One sticking point was that the Iranians would not allow British oil technicians to return, and it would not be practical to find sufficient technicians from other countries. The main obstacle was the British demand for revenue sharing. In 1953 the British and Americans sponsored a coup that restored the western-oriented but autocratic Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in place of the elected government. Rieber became adviser to the new Iranian government, and assisted them in their negotiations in 1954 with a consortium of Standard Oil of New Jersey, Royal Dutch Shell and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. His influence may be seen in the eventual settlement.

In 1963 Rieber attended a fortieth anniversary celebration of *Time magazine* hosted by the publisher Henry Luce at the Waldorf Astoria, attended by many of the people that had been featured on the magazine's cover over the years. He died in Manhattan on August 10, 1968, aged 86.

**Citations**

**Sources**

## InfoBox

| Torkild Rieber | |
| --- | --- |
| Time magazine cover, 4 May 1936 | |
| Born | (1882-03-13)March 13, 1882
Voss, Norway |
| Died | August 10, 1968(1968-08-10) (aged 86)
Manhattan, New York, United States |
| Nationality | Norwegian, American |
| Occupations | * Sailor * businessman |
| Known for | Chairman of Texaco |
| Spouse | Miriam Marbe (m.1909-1938) (her death) |
| Children | Ruth, Harold |


title: Tor Egil Førland

abstract: Tor Egil Førland is professor of history at the University of Oslo.

text:
# Tor Egil Førland

**Tor Egil Førland** (born 5 May 1959) is professor of history at the University of Oslo.

## Career

Between 2003 and 2004 Førland was Subdean of education at the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oslo, responsible for implementing the Quality Reform at the faculty. Førland was Head of education and Deputy head of Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History (IAKH) during 2009–2012. Førland has been Head of Department since 2013.

As a historian, Førland has specialized in the radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s and in contemporary international history. He has published books and articles on the history of the EU, European integration, the Cold War and the 1968 protests.

Førland has also contributed to the debate on objectivity and values in historiography, taking a stance against the postmodern relativization of truth. He has applied the philosopher Peter Railton’s concept of the “ideal explanatory text” to argue that the ideal of objectivity in historiography is attainable.

## Select bibliography

* “Cutting the Sixties Down to Size: Conceptualizing, Historicizing, Explaining”. *Journal for the Study of Radicalism* 9/2 (2015), pp. 125–148
* “Brought Up to Rebel in the Sixties: Birth Order Irrelevant, Parental Worldview Decisive”. With Trine Rogg Korsvik and Knut-Andreas Christophersen. *Political Psychology* 33/6 (2012), pp. 825–838
* *Cold Economic Warfare: CoCom and the Forging of Export Controls, 1948-1954*. Dordrecht: Republic of Letters Publishing, 2009
* “Historiography without God: A Reply to Gregory”. *History and Theory* 47/4 (2008), pp. 520–532
* “Acts of God? Miracles and Scientific Explanation”. *History and Theory* 47/4 (2008), pp. 483–494
* “The Ideal Explanatory Text in History: A Plea for Ecumenism”. *History and Theory* 43/3 (2004), pp. 321–340
* “Far Out: International History in Norway”. *Scandinavian Journal of History* 20/3 (1995), pp. 167–183
* “Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist”. *Journal of American Studies* 26/3 (1992), pp. 337–355
* “‘Selling Firearms to the Indians’: Eisenhower’s Export Control Policy, 1953-54”. *Diplomatic History* 15/2 (1991), pp. 221–244
* “‘Economic Warfare’ and ‘Strategic Goods’: A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing COCOM”. *Journal of Peace Research* 28/2 (1991), pp. 191–204
* “An Act of Economic Warfare? The Dispute over NATO's Embargo Resolution, 1950-1951”. *The International History Review* 12/3 (1990), pp. 490–513