title: Bisbee, North Dakota

abstract: Bisbee is a city in Towner County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 110 at the 2020 census. Bisbee was founded in 1888.

text:
# Bisbee, North Dakota

**Bisbee** is a city in Towner County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 110 at the 2020 census. Bisbee was founded in 1888.

## History

The town was named after Colonel Andrew Bisbee, a native of Peru, Maine. Bisbee, a veteran of the Civil War who came to Towner County in 1885. In 1890 he was chosen by the county commissioners of Towner County to solicit drought relief and was elected to a term in the North Dakota Senate. Col. Bisbee donated a portion of the townsite of Bisbee, as well donating land for the railroads to pass through the village.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.26 square miles (0.67 km2), all land.

### Climate

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Bisbee has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

## Culture

Bisbee was featured in the September 10, 2001 edition of Newsweek, discussing the slow, painful decline of the town since (at that time) even the mayor, Bob Weltin, was preparing to forsake what was left of the town and seek a better life elsewhere. Things Bisbee had lost over the years, according to the Newsweek article, included movies at Pettsinger's Theater, root-beer floats at Brannon's Drug and Soda Fountain, and groceries at Dick's Red Owl. At the time of the article, there wasn't a doctor, lawyer, plumber or priest in Bisbee anymore. Population had dropped more than 30 percent in a decade. At the time of the article, there were only 227 "hearty souls" hanging on for dear life in Bisbee.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 444 |  |  |
| 1920 | 500 |  | 12.6% |
| 1930 | 531 |  | 6.2% |
| 1940 | 393 |  | −26.0% |
| 1950 | 365 |  | −7.1% |
| 1960 | 388 |  | 6.3% |
| 1970 | 305 |  | −21.4% |
| 1980 | 257 |  | −15.7% |
| 1990 | 227 |  | −11.7% |
| 2000 | 167 |  | −26.4% |
| 2010 | 126 |  | −24.6% |
| 2020 | 110 |  | −12.7% |
| 2022 (est.) | 102 |  | −7.3% |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 Census | | | |

### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 126 people, 63 households, and 31 families residing in the city. The population density was 484.6 inhabitants per square mile (187.1/km2). There were 97 housing units at an average density of 373.1 per square mile (144.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.0% White and 4.0% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 63 households, of which 19.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.8% were non-families. 46.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 49 years. 17.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.6% were from 25 to 44; 33.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.2% male and 46.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 167 people, 82 households, and 39 families residing in the city. The population density was 624.2 inhabitants per square mile (241.0/km2). There were 102 housing units at an average density of 381.3 per square mile (147.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.01% White, 0.60% African American, 1.20% Native American, and 1.20% from two or more races.

There were 82 households, out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.4% were non-families. 48.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 21.6% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $37,188. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $12,292 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,610. About 15.4% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 10.0% of those 65 or over.

## Education

Its school district is North Star Schools in Cando.

It was a part of the Bisbee School District until 1980, when it became part of the Bisbee-Egeland School District. In 2008 that district closed and consolidated into Cando schools.

## InfoBox

| Bisbee | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Business district of Bisbee | |
| Location of Bisbee, North Dakota | |
| Coordinates: 48°37′33″N 99°22′47″W / 48.62583°N 99.37972°W / 48.62583; -99.37972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | North Dakota |
| County | Towner |
| Founded | 1888 |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.30 sq mi (0.78 km2) |
| Land | 0.30 sq mi (0.78 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 1,595 ft (486 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 110 |
| Estimate (2022) | 102 |
| Density | 365.45/sq mi (141.31/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 58317 |
| Area code | 701 |
| FIPS code | 38-07180 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1035933 |


title: Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival

abstract: Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival is an annual Carnatic culture musical event that takes place in Solihull in UK. It is conducted by the south Asian non-profit organization ShruthiUK. The festival is named after Saint Tyagaraja, a prominent 18th-century Indian composer of Carnatic music.

text:
# Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival

**Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival** is an annual Carnatic culture musical event that takes place in Solihull in UK. It is conducted by the south Asian non-profit organization ShruthiUK. The festival is named after Saint Tyagaraja, a prominent 18th-century Indian composer of Carnatic music.

## Affiliations

## InfoBox

| Birmingham Thyagaraja Festival | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Carnatic |
| Location(s) | Solihull, England |
| Founders | ShruthiUK |
| Website | www.shruthiuk.com/birmingham-thyagaraja-festival/ |


title: Bist, Ordubad

abstract: Bist is a village and municipality in the Ordubad District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located in the near of the Ordubad-Nurgut highway, in the north-west from the district center. Its population is busy with gardening, beekeeping and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 483.

text:
# Bist, Ordubad

**Bist** is a village and municipality in the Ordubad District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located in the near of the Ordubad-Nurgut highway, in the north-west from the district center. Its population is busy with gardening, beekeeping and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 483.

## History

Historically part of the Goghtn Region of Armenia, the settlement had several Armenian churches. In the village was the Surp Astvatsatsin church – a basilica plan church with a porch, In the countryside nearby was the Surp Nishan monastery

## Bist bridge I

The historical monument of the 17th century is located on the Alahi river flowing by the west side of the Bist village. There is also information about the construction of the bridge in the period of Shah Abbas I. Width of the two-arched bridge, built with stone and brick is 3.8 m, length is 21 m and height is 10 m. Sides of the bridge which served to the trade caravans, moving with branches of the Great Silk Road, were covered with iron. Previously, sides of the bridge was reinforced with the local reddish stones.

## Bist Bridge II

The bridge of the 17th–18th centuries is located on the Nasirvaz river, in the south east of the Bist village. Width of bridge is 4 m, length is 21 m and height is 10 m. The main purpose of the monument, built stone and brick, with single arch and covered with iron sides is designed to facilitate the movement of trade caravans and passers. In the south side of the bridge, on the stone was written date "in 1868". Although the techniques of construction is similar with the first bridge, it was built in the next period. It is assumed that the bridge was repaired in 1868.

## St. Nshan Monastery

St. Nshan or Kopatap Monastery was located 1 km north of the village. The monastery was founded in the late 5th century and was destroyed at some point between 1997 and 2006.

## St. Astvatsatsin Monastery

St. Astvatsatsin Monastery was located in the central part of the village. The monastery, founded in 12th or 13th centuries, was razed to its foundations at some point between 1997 and June 15, 2006.

## New Cemetery of Bist

The New Cemetery of Bist was an Armenian cemetery located southwest of the village. It consisted of 250–260 tombstones and was destroyed by June 15, 2006.

## InfoBox

| Bist | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Bist | |
| Coordinates: 39°08′58″N 45°52′50″E / 39.14944°N 45.88056°E / 39.14944; 45.88056 | |
| Country | Azerbaijan |
| Autonomous republic | Nakhchivan |
| District | Ordubad |
| Population (2005) | |
| Total | 483 |
| Time zone | UTC+4 (AZT) |


title: Robin Fildes

abstract: Robin Fildes is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

text:
# Robin Fildes

**Robin Fildes** is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## InfoBox

| Robin Fildes | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Full name | Robin Fildes | | |
| Date of birth | (1940-11-13) 13 November 1940 | | |
| Original team(s) | Mentone Grammar | | |
| Height | 187 cm (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Weight | 85.5 kg (188 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1961–63 | Collingwood | 14 (2) |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1963. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Black Horse (legend)

abstract: The black horse builder is a traditional oral story of Quebec and the other regions of French Canada, as well as places French Canadians emigrated. It has many variants, but most often it is about a magnificent black horse, or more rarely a white horse, which helps to build a chapel, church, or cathedral.

text:
# Black Horse (legend)

The **black horse builder** is a traditional oral story of Quebec and the other regions of French Canada, as well as places French Canadians emigrated. It has many variants, but most often it is about a magnificent black horse, or more rarely a white horse, which helps to build a chapel, church, or cathedral.

## Description

Impressed by the courage of the animal, a worker removes its bridle. The construction of the building is interrupted when it is almost complete and the horse flees, suggesting that it is the devil. A stone is still missing at the top of the religious building.

This story is to be found on both sides of the Saint Lawrence River, and especially at Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Saint-Laurent-de-l'Île-d'Orléans, Trois-Pistoles, Quebec, L'Islet, Quebec and in the other regions of Quebec. It also exists in a French quarter of Saint Boniface in Manitoba. The association of the devil and a black horse is frequently found in Québécois imagery. This may be connected with the morals of the Catholic Church and the fear of a meeting with the devil.


title: Black Horse (company)

abstract: Black Horse Limited is a motor finance company based in the United Kingdom. It was formed in July 2001, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group, but its origins can be traced back to 1922. The business should not be confused with Black Horse Life Assurance Company, whose interests were amalgamated into Scottish Widows in September 2004.

text:
# Black Horse (company)

**Black Horse Limited** is a motor finance company based in the United Kingdom. It was formed in July 2001, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group, but its origins can be traced back to 1922.

The business should not be confused with Black Horse (originally Beehive and most recently Lloyds TSB) Life Assurance Company, whose interests were amalgamated into Scottish Widows in September 2004.

## History

Following the creation of Lloyds TSB Group in 1998, the businesses of Lloyds Bowmaker (formerly Lloyds and Scottish) and United Dominions Trust were combined into **Lloyds UDT**. In September 2000, Lloyds TSB acquired Chartered Trust, and, in June 2001, the business of Chartered Trust was merged into the business of Lloyds UDT, and the enlarged operation rebadged under the Black Horse name, to form the asset finance division of Lloyds TSB.

### United Dominions Trust

The origins of UDT go back to 1919, when the Continental Guaranty Corporation of New York established a branch in the City of London, which concentrated mainly on providing finance for the British motor trade. The business of the branch was transferred to a separate company in 1922, which was registered in England as the Continental Guaranty Corporation Ltd.

In 1923, the company was acquired by British interests; in 1925, it converted to a public company and the name was changed to United Dominions Trust. Having been previously associated with Barclays Bank, in 1981, it became a subsidiary of the Trustee Savings Bank.

### Lloyds Bowmaker

Bowmaker Limited was formed in 1926 and acquired by Lloyds and Scottish in 1982. Lloyds and Scottish was formed in 1958, by the acquisition of the Scottish Midland Guarantee Trust and Olds Discount Company by Lloyds Bank and the National Commercial Bank of Scotland (itself part owned by Lloyds Bank). In 1981, Lloyds Bank increased its shareholding in Lloyds and Scottish, taking full control of minority shareholdings in 1984, to form Lloyds Bowmaker.

### Chartered Trust

In 1973, Standard and Chartered Banking Group acquired the whole of the share capital of The Hodge Group Limited not already owned by The Chartered Bank for £45 million. Sir Julian Hodge's other interests were divested to The Carlyle Trust (a company he owned) in 1976, and the consumer finance operation was renamed Chartered Trust; in September 2000, it was sold by Standard Chartered to Lloyds TSB for £627 million.

## InfoBox

Black Horse Limited
|
|  |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry | Consumer finance |
| Founded | July 2001 (July 2001)<br>(1922 (1922) as UDT) |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Products | Car finance |
| Parent | Lloyds Banking Group |
| Website | www.blackhorse.co.uk |


title: Bishop's Frome Limestone

abstract: The Bishop's Frome Limestone is a rock unit within the Raglan Mudstone Formation of the Old Red Sandstone occurring in the border region between England and South Wales. This limestone is a calcrete, that is to say it originated as a soil during a break in deposition rather than being an original marine deposit. It is perhaps the most significant of all of the calcretes which occur within the uppermost Silurian and lower Devonian sequence of rocks which constitute the Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin. It defines the boundary within the basin between the Silurian and the Devonian periods. The rock was formerly known as the Psammosteus Limestone after a characteristic fossil fish recorded from it; Psammosteus anglicus. The fossil remains were subsequently shown to have been wrongly identified and belong in fact to Traquairaspis symondsi. Its modern name derives from the Herefordshire village of Bishop's Frome. Its thickness is variable ranging from 2m up to 8m.

text:
# Bishop's Frome Limestone

The **Bishop's Frome Limestone** (or **Bishops Frome Limestone**) is a rock unit within the Raglan Mudstone Formation of the Old Red Sandstone occurring in the border region between England and South Wales. This limestone is a calcrete, that is to say it originated as a soil during a break in deposition rather than being an original marine deposit. It is perhaps the most significant of all of the calcretes which occur within the uppermost Silurian and lower Devonian sequence of rocks which constitute the Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin. It defines the boundary within the basin between the Silurian and the Devonian periods. The rock was formerly known as the **Psammosteus Limestone** after a characteristic fossil fish recorded from it; *Psammosteus anglicus*. The fossil remains were subsequently shown to have been wrongly identified and belong in fact to *Traquairaspis symondsi*. Its modern name derives from the Herefordshire village of Bishop's Frome. Its thickness is variable ranging from 2m up to 8m.


title: Rochester Telephone Corporation

abstract: Rochester Telephone Corporation was a company that provided local telephone service to Rochester, New York. The company was founded in 1920 as a merger of Rochester Telephonic Exchange and Rochester Telephone Company. In 1995 the company became Frontier Corporation, trading on the NYSE under the FRO symbol. Ownership passed to Global Crossing in 1999, and then, in 2001, to Citizens Utilities Corporation, which later changed its name to Frontier Communications. Rochester Telephone Corporation was the thirteenth largest diversified American telecommunications company and the largest telephone company in New York. It provided local telephone service to customers in 14 states and operated subsidiaries in a number of related fields. The company was founded in the fledgling days of the telephone industry as an independent telephone operation, not affiliated with the nationwide Bell network. After suffering the effects of poor management in the middle years of the century, Rochester Telephone recovered and grew rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s. This strong progress allowed the company to successfully diversify in the 1980s.

text:
# Rochester Telephone Corporation

**Rochester Telephone Corporation** was a company that provided local telephone service to Rochester, New York. The company was founded in 1920 as a merger of Rochester Telephonic Exchange and Rochester Telephone Company. In 1995 the company became **Frontier Corporation**, trading on the NYSE under the FRO symbol. Ownership passed to Global Crossing in 1999, and then, in 2001, to Citizens Utilities Corporation, which later changed its name to Frontier Communications.

Rochester Telephone Corporation was the thirteenth largest diversified American telecommunications company and the largest telephone company in New York. It provided local telephone service to customers in 14 states and operated subsidiaries in a number of related fields. The company was founded in the fledgling days of the telephone industry as an independent telephone operation, not affiliated with the nationwide Bell network. After suffering the effects of poor management in the middle years of the century, Rochester Telephone recovered and grew rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s. This strong progress allowed the company to successfully diversify in the 1980s.

## History

Principal Subsidiaries: RCI Long Distance; Rotelcom, Inc.; Rochester Tel Mobile Communications; Rochester Tel Cellular Holding Corporation.

### Rochester Telephonic Exchange and Rochester Telephone Company (1877-1920)

Rochester Telephone got its start late in the nineteenth century. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1875, and the following year he patented it and exhibited his device to great acclaim at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. By July 1877, the telephone had made its way to Rochester, New York, where a line was strung between the offices of the Phillips Coal Company and its coal yards a mile and a half away. Following this precedent, in 1879, Rochester established two telephone companies, one a franchise of the American Bell Telephone Company, and one a part of the Edison company. The Bell affiliate, called the Rochester Telephonic Exchange, was a branch of the Bell Company of Buffalo.

The two telephone companies competed for less than 18 months before merging under the aegis of the Bell system. In 1880 the company had 50 phone lines, which it provided to residential customers at the rate of $24 a year; businesses paid more for the service. Within six years the number of telephone users in the city had increased exponentially, reaching 1,000. All lines were party lines, and there were no telephone numbers; calls were placed through a switchboard staffed by operators, who connected parties by name. Calls passed over lines strung along streets on poles with crossbars, which observers complained were unsightly.

In 1886 the Bell Company announced that customers would no longer be charged a flat fee, but would be charged by call for all telephone use over 500 calls a year. Outraged customers objected, and the Rochester city council revoked the company's franchise. In addition, telephone users staged a strike, removing their receivers at noon on November 20, 1886, and leaving them off the hook for 18 months while the company stood fast. Finally, Bell gave way, offering lower rates, and the strike was ended.

The telephone strike had stimulated in Rochester's citizens a desire for a locally owned telephone company. When the Bell Company's patents expired in 1893, many competing telephone enterprises sprung up. In early 1899, a group of Rochester businessmen joined this movement when they founded the Home Telephone Company. By the end of the year, the company's name had been changed to Rochester Telephone Company.

The upstart company drummed up about 1500 subscribers for its services and presented a petition to the Rochester City Council for a franchise, which was approved in April 1899. On May 13, 1900, Rochester Telephone inaugurated service to about 1,800 customers. Steady expansion took place in its early years. The company added 1,000 new lines to its switchboard, a second story to its headquarters building, and an entire second switchboard. In addition, Rochester Telephone widened its area of service to include the towns of Charlotte, Fairport, and Pittsford outside city limits. Other counties in western New York were served by company subsidiaries, the Genesee Valley Telephone Company, and the Interlake Telephone Company.

Although customers professed higher satisfaction with the service of the independent Rochester Telephone Company than they had with the Bell system, they were unable to make long-distance calls. In an effort to provide a nationwide network that would allow long-distance calling, the country's alternative telephone companies established the United States Independent Telephone Company in 1905. Two years later, however, after its failure to win entry to the key New York City market, the company failed. Rochester Telephone, which had invested heavily in the enterprise, suffered severe financial damage with its bankruptcy. This, coupled with the high costs of competition with the Bell network, prevented the company from raising any new investment capital for the next four years, and it continued to limp along throughout the 1910s.

The inconvenience of a dual telephone system, which required two sets of phones in each residence or business, and two sets of lines criss-crossing the city, brought growing pressure for consolidation of operations. In 1915, negotiations between Bell and the independents began in New York State. Two years later it was agreed that a new corporation, independent of the Bell organization, would be created to buy and operate the telephone systems of both companies.

### Rochester Telephone Corporation (1920-1995)

**Rochester Telephone Corporation** (RTC) was for most of the 20th century, the sole phone company serving Rochester and surrounding counties in upstate New York. Some telephone equipment in the Rochester area still bears the company's name. Its initial development benefited from the vision of Albrecht Vogt, an early founder of and investor in several Rochester industries, and yielded a successful company that remained independent from the Bell System up to and through the national monopoly's divestiture in 1984. As a smaller organization with a high-tech city at its core (headquarters of Eastman Kodak and Xerox) RT often led the conservative and intransigent AT&T when it came to features and customer service, delivering, for instance, Touch Tone and caller ID services well before neighborhoods serviced by Bell's regional divisions, like New York Telephone.

The newly constituted company, which had been given the name Rochester Telephone Corporation, had 1,200 employees and assets worth about $6 million. On August 1, 1921, the two halves of the new independent system began operating as one. During the ensuing decade, Rochester Telephone grew dramatically, as the nation's economy boomed in the aftermath of World War I. At the end of 1921, the company had more than 55,000 phones in service. Two years later, after a long controversy, Rochester Telephone won the right to bill its business customers by call, rather than on a flat rate. By 1926, the number of phones had grown to 84,000. Despite these gains, Rochester Telephone worked continuously to convince people that the telephone was not just a luxury or a gimmick—it was a necessity. The company ran ads in newspapers and on the fledgling medium of radio and also enlisted its employees in sales drives. In 1928, the company recorded its largest jump ever in the number of telephones on line and passed the $1 million mark in revenues.

In addition to these gains, Rochester Telephone made a decision in the 1920s that would ultimately result in a setback for the company. In that decade, dial service, which replaced the services of an operator at a switchboard with automatic routing of calls to their destination, was first introduced. After conducting a study, the company decided against undertaking the costly conversion to the new technology. In the 1930s and 1940s, while other telephone companies across the nation were implementing the new, more efficient service, Rochester Telephone, unable to raise the necessary capital for the conversion because of the effects of the Great Depression and the war effort, was forced to continue using archaic equipment.

The 1930s proved to be a difficult decade for Rochester Telephone. Strapped for cash in the midst of the Great Depression, many of the company's customers gave up their phone service, and cancellations exceeded new orders for several years in the early part of the decade. As revenues and earnings fell, Rochester Telephone began to cut its work force in an effort to keep costs down. Remaining employees were put on shortened hours, and their wages were reduced.

The company's darkest hour had passed by 1934, however, and its count of telephones in service and revenues began to creep upward that year. Three years later, the company got further relief when it received its first rate increase from the commission that regulated public utilities in its area. This boon produced over $60,000 in additional annual revenues for Rochester Telephone.

Despite the Depression, Rochester Telephone expanded its facilities during the 1930s, adding new central office space in downtown Rochester and outlying communities. By 1941, Rochester Telephone's revenues had climbed back to their highest point ever. That same year, however, the United States entered World War II, and the economy was converted to a wartime footing. Resources were diverted to the military effort, leaving widespread shortages in the civilian world.

With the gear-up for the war effort, demand for telephone services increased dramatically. The ranks of company employees to meet that demand, however, were thinned by military call-ups. Caught without dial equipment in a situation where new equipment was impossible to procure, Rochester Telephone had difficulty handling the growing volume of calls. Customers were asked to limit the duration of their calls, and tones sounded every three minutes on the line to remind them to get off the phone. On long-distance calls, operators broke in every five minutes to tell callers that others were waiting to use the lines. In addition, Rochester Telephone received many orders for the installation of new equipment which it was unable to fill. By the war's end, the company's waiting list had grown to include 8,000 names.

In 1944 Rochester Telephone sold stock to the public for the first time. Demand for telephone services continued to grow astronomically in the postwar years, and the company found itself unable to keep up with its customers' needs. Rochester Telephone struggled to raise capital to provide for expansion and conversion to more efficient dial switching, and in the meantime, urged its customers not to make nonessential calls. Rochester citizens, relatively tolerant of the company's weaknesses during the war, responded in the postwar period with frustration and criticism. Letters to local papers characterized phone service in the area as 'wretched' and 'outrageous.' Eventually, a state regulatory agency undertook an investigation of Rochester Telephone's operations.

By 1948, Rochester Telephone had a backlog of 12,000 requests for telephone installation. In that same year, the company was finally able to commence a program of conversion to dial telephone service. The costs of this program caused the company to eliminate the dividend on its stock for that year. Partial relief for the company's financial woes came when Rochester Telephone was granted two consecutive rate increases, which provided the company with $1.4 million in extra funds.

Rochester Telephone in the late 1940s faced a severe public relations problem. Open house events at its manual switching centers in 1949 helped to appease the public somewhat, but soon, tempers rose again, as consumers complained about the company's slow and unreliable service.

In the 1950s Rochester Telephone made a number of stock offerings to pay for its long overdue capital improvements. By 1954 the company was finally able to respond promptly to requests for service. Rochester's population and economic base grew rapidly during the decade, particularly in outlying suburban areas, and Rochester Telephone's operations grew along with them. By the end of the decade, the company had 290,000 phones in service, and its revenues and earnings had more than doubled.

This growth in earnings was possible, in part, as a result of rate increases that the company won in 1951 and 1954. In 1958, when Rochester Telephone petitioned the state public utilities commission for yet another rate increase, the anger of some of its customers again spilled over onto the editorial pages of newspapers. Some Rochester Telephone customers in outlying areas were still forced to rely on magneto crank telephones, and in certain suburbs customers were grouped into four- and eight-party lines. The company's preoccupation with the all-important and enormously expensive dial conversion effort had resulted in serious lapses in service in other areas. After the Public Utilities Commission publicly scolded Rochester Telephone for its inept management—calling its incompetent conduct of business 'inexcusable'--the company underwent a major reorganization, and a significant portion of its management was replaced.

The retooled Rochester Telephone entered the 1960s poised to rectify the faults of the past and seek new growth. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange for the first time, and it set out to use the capital generated by stock sales to improve service in the rapidly growing suburbs. In 1961, however, this progress was slowed by a nine-week strike of telephone workers that again resulted in a backlog of service calls.

Throughout the rest of the 1960s, the company expanded its infrastructure of cables and switching equipment while adding new lines to keep pace with Rochester's growth. In 1966 Rochester Telephone completed conversion of its entire system to dial switching and established a seven-digit phone number system. By the end of the decade, the company had added 200,000 new phones to its network.

To prepare for further growth, Rochester Telephone initiated employee training programs in the late 1960s. The first sign of that growth came in 1972, when the company made its first acquisition outside the geographical limits of its service area, purchasing the Sylvan Lake Telephone Company. This move was made in response to the slowing rate of economic growth in the company's traditional area of operation. Four years later, a second, much larger purchase was made, when Rochester Telephone acquired the Highland Telephone Company.

In the mid-1970s, Rochester Telephone experienced its first taste of the competition. Around this time, the telephone industry was rocked by a Supreme Court ruling that allowed customers to attach their own phone equipment to company lines. No longer were telephone users required to purchase equipment only from the telephone company itself. Inroads caused by this development, along with other factors, caused a drop in company revenues and earnings during this time. In 1974 the company suffered a strike by telephone workers that lasted 28 weeks, and in the following year, the company also began layoffs, which continued throughout the late 1970s as demand for its services slackened.

In 1978, rebuffed by its regulators in its attempt to form a holding company, Rochester Telephone spent $2 million forming two subsidiaries instead. Rotelcom Business Systems and Rotelcom Consulting Services provided equipment and expertise in the burgeoning telecommunications field. The next year, the business systems unit opened an office in Honolulu to serve hotels there and set up a long-distance service from Hawaii to the continental U.S. known as Call America. One year later, the company added Rotelcom Data, Inc., and a Supply and Set Refurbishment Division, which fixed up used telephones for resale. In their early years, the company's subsidiaries reported strong profits.

In 1983, as the federal government's breakup of the Bell telephone monopoly increased competition in the telecommunications industry dramatically, Rochester Telephone launched its second unregulated venture, founding the RCI Corporation. RCI installed a microwave communications network in New York State and a fiber optic hookup with Chicago. After purchasing an additional fiber optic link with Washington, D.C., the company's operations spanned 12 cities. In the mid-1980s, Rochester Telephone also entered the new radio telephone industry, when it founded Rochester Tel Mobile Communications. By the end of the decade, it managed cellular phone services in six states.

Along with its forays into unregulated industries, Rochester Telephone expanded its holdings in the local telephone exchange business dramatically during the 1980s. In 1984 it added its third New York phone system—in AuSable Valley—and in the ensuing years, the company purchased 34 other telephone operations in 15 states. The largest was located in the suburban Minneapolis, Minnesota area. This geographical expansion was designed to offset the effect of a gradual but unmistakable economic retrenchment in the company's home area, Rochester.

RTC was also nicknamed "Rochester Tel." The company also used a marketing tag line during this time, "Rochester Tel and You—The Perfect Connection". This reflected the company's commitment to marketing through a partnership with the local community. The company was one of the first in the nation to offer a caller ID service to its customers. A trial of this service in the early 1990s was one of the first in the United States. Customers located in the Perinton area with a telephone number beginning with "223" or "425" had the chance to participate in a trial of this service and other CLASS calling features which were making their debut in New York at that time.

In 1993, then Rochester Telephone Corporation, the company became the first telephone company to open its local telephone lines to competition. Time Warner and AT&T were among the leading competitors; AT&T later withdrew.

### Frontier Corporation (1995-1999)

In 1995, the company repositioned itself as a holding company and changed its name to **Frontier Corporation**. The company separated its local telephone lines in Rochester into a separate operating company also named Rochester Telephone Corporation. This company was eventually renamed in 1997 to Frontier Telephone of Rochester, Inc.

The company operated a wireless subsidiary called **Frontier Cellular**. It was a joint venture with Bell Atlantic.

### Global Crossing North America (2000-2001)

Frontier's investment in fiber long lines proved attractive in the exploding global communications market in the late 1990s when it was acquired in 1999 by Global Crossing, a Bermuda-based communications network enterprise. In 2000, the holding company adopted its current name, **Global Crossing North America, Inc.**

In 2001, Global Crossing North America's local exchange assets, including Frontier Telephone of Rochester and Frontier Subsidiary Telco, and ownership of the Frontier name were sold to **Citizens Communications Company**, which in 2008 renamed itself Frontier Communications.

## Leadership

**Chief executives**
| Name | Title | Tenure |
| --- | --- | --- |
| George R. Fuller | President | 1921–1927 |
| John P. Boylan | President | 1927–1945 |
| John W. Morrison | President | 1946–1950 |
| Donald H. Campbell | President | 1950–1959 |
| William A. Kern | President | 1959–1964 |
| George S. Beinetti | President and CEO | 1964–1975 |
| James C. Henderson | President and CEO | 1975–1984 |
| Alan C. Hasselwander | President and CEO | 1984–1992 |
| Ronald L. Bittner | President and CEO | February 1992 – June 10, 1997 |
| Ronald L. Bittner | CEO and Chairman | June 10, 1997 - August 22, 1997 |
| Ronald L. Bittner | Chairman | August 22, 1997 - September 5, 1997 |
| Joseph P. Clayton | President and COO | June 10, 1997 - August 22, 1997 |
| Joseph P. Clayton | President and CEO | August 22, 1997 - September 1999 |

## Rochester Telephone/Frontier subsidiaries

The Rochester Telephone, later Frontier Corporation, companies refer to all the local telephone companies owned by Global Crossing North America prior to the companies' sale to Citizens Communications. These companies include:

* Frontier Communications - Midland, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications - Prairie, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications - Schuyler, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications - St. Croix LLC (Wisconsin)
* Frontier Communications of Alabama LLC
* Frontier Communications of Breezewood, LLC (Pennsylvania)
* Frontier Communications of Canton, LLC (Pennsylvania; acquired in 1988)
* Frontier Communications of DePue, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications of Fairmount, LLC (Georgia)
* Frontier Communications of Georgia LLC
* Frontier Communications of Illinois, Inc.
* Frontier Communications of Indiana LLC
* Frontier Communications of Iowa, LLC
* Frontier Communications of Lakeside, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications of Lakewood, LLC (Pennsylvania)
* Frontier Communications of Lamar County LLC (Alabama)
* Frontier Communications of Michigan, Inc.
* Frontier Communications of Minnesota, Inc.
* Frontier Communications of Mississippi LLC
* Frontier Communications of Mondovi LLC (Wisconsin)
* Frontier Communications of Mt. Pulaski, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications of Orion, Inc. (Illinois)
* Frontier Communications of Oswayo River LLC (Pennsylvania)
* Frontier Communications of Pennsylvania, LLC
* Frontier Communications of the South LLC
* Frontier Communications of Thorntown LLC (Indiana)
* Frontier Communications of Viroqua LLC (Wisconsin)
* Frontier Communications of Wisconsin LLC
* Frontier Telephone of Rochester, Inc. (founded in 1994 - contains the original Rochester, NY telephone exchanges of Rochester Telephone Corporation)

### Former subsidiaries

There are a number of former subsidiaries:

* Rochester Telephone - Midway Telephone, Michigan (RTMM) -- sold during the period of 1992 through 1994
* Rochester Telephone - Ontomogan Telephone, Michigan (RTOT) -- sold during the period of 1992 through 1994
* Rochester Telephone - S & A Telephone, Kansas (RTKS) -- sold during the period of 1992 through 1994
* Frontier Communications - Lakeshore, Inc. Wisconsin, (RTLW) -- combined with FC of Wisconsin, Inc. (RTUW) in 1998
* Frontier Communications - Schuyler, Inc., Iowa (RTSO) was sold to Minburn Telecommunications in 1999

## Bibliography

* Rochester Tel: In Profile, Corporate Information, October 1992.
* Rochester Telephone Company 1991 Annual Report.
* Howe, F. L., Endless Voices: The Story of Rochester Tel, Rochester Telephone Corporation, Rochester, New York, 1992.
* International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 6. St. James Press, 1992.
* *This Great Contrivance - The First Hundred Years of the Telephone in Rochester*, Rochester Telephone Corporation, 1979

## InfoBox

Rochester Telephone Corporation
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Telecommunications |
| Founded | 1920 (1920) |
| Defunct | 1994 (1994) |
| Fate | became Frontier Telephone of Rochester |
| Headquarters | Rochester, New York, U.S. |
| Products | Local Telephone Service |


title: Piz Morteratsch

abstract:
Piz Morteratsch is a mountain in the Bernina Range in Switzerland. It is bordered on the east by the Morteratsch Glacier and on the south-west by the Tschierva Glacier. One of the easier of the higher mountains in the range to climb, the normal route follows that taken by the first ascentionists C. Brügger and P. Gensler with guides Karl Emmermann and Angelo Klaingutti on 11 September 1858. Three of its ridges present greater difficulties and are highly regarded:
  -
    - South-south-east ridge (D/D+), first ascent P. J. H. Unna with guides, 1903
    - East-north-east ridge (AD), first ascent of complete ridge, Paul Schucan and A. Pfister, 10 October 1908
    - South-west ridge, (AD), first ascent by T. H. Philpott and Mrs Philpott with guides Peter Jenny and Alexander Fleury in September 1868 The mountain is served by the Boval hut and the Tschierva Hut.

text:
# Piz Morteratsch

**Piz Morteratsch** (3,751 m) is a mountain in the Bernina Range in Switzerland. It is bordered on the east by the Morteratsch Glacier and on the south-west by the Tschierva Glacier.

One of the easier of the higher mountains in the range to climb, the normal route follows that taken by the first ascentionists C. Brügger and P. Gensler with guides Karl Emmermann and Angelo Klaingutti on 11 September 1858. Three of its ridges present greater difficulties and are highly regarded:

* South-south-east ridge (D/D+), first ascent P. J. H. Unna with guides, 1903
* East-north-east ridge (AD), first ascent of complete ridge, Paul Schucan and A. Pfister, 10 October 1908 (the upper section had been climbed by Max Schintz with guides Alois Pollinger and his son Josef Pollinger of St. Niklaus in the canton Valais in August 1892)
* South-west ridge, (AD), first ascent by T. H. Philpott and Mrs Philpott with guides Peter Jenny and Alexander Fleury in September 1868

The mountain is served by the Boval hut (2,495 m, open 15 March–15 May and 15 June–15 October) and the Tschierva Hut (2,573 m, open end of March–15 May and 15 June–15 October).

* Collomb, Robin, *Bernina Alps*, Goring: West Col Productions, 1988

## InfoBox

| Piz Morteratsch | |
| --- | --- |
| Piz Morteratsch from the south | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,751 m (12,306 ft) |
| Prominence | 324 m (1,063 ft) |
| Parent peak | Piz Bernina |
| Listing | Mountains of Switzerland <br>Alpine mountains above 3000 m |
| Coordinates | 46°24′10″N 9°54′07″E / 46.40278°N 9.90194°E / 46.40278; 9.90194 |
| Geography | |
| Piz MorteratschSwitzerland | |
| Parent range | Bernina Range |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | 11 September 1858 by C. Brügger and P. Gensler with guides Karl Emmermann and Angelo Klaingutti |
| Easiest route | North flank and ridge (F) |


title: Benda Chamber Orchestra

abstract: Benda Chamber Orchestra is a Czech amateur music ensemble in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic. It is named after the renowned Czech family of musicians and composers of the 18th century - the Bendas.

text:
# Benda Chamber Orchestra

**Benda Chamber Orchestra** is a Czech amateur music ensemble in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic. It is named after the renowned Czech family of musicians and composers of the 18th century - the Bendas (František Benda or Franz Benda, Jiří Antnonín Benda or Georg Anton Benda).

## History

The orchestra was founded in 1956 in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia. It focuses on performing (often unknown) pieces of Czech classical and baroque music.

Benda Chamber Orchestra co-operates with outstanding professional musicians. Currently it is led by Jiri Havlik, a member of the Czech Philharmonic.

## Discography

* *Benda: Sinfonias Nos 7-12* (1995)


title: The Lottery of Life

abstract: The Lottery of Life is an 1867 play by John Brougham, one of his more popular works.

text:
# The Lottery of Life

***The Lottery of Life*** is an 1867 play by John Brougham, one of his more popular works.

## Original run

The play debuted at the Howard Athenaeum in Boston in September 1867, and had a four week run at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia in November-December 1867. It also played in Washington, D.C. at the National Theatre in January 1868, played for two weeks in San Francisco, and played in Richmond, Virginia in February 1868, among other places.

By early March 1868, the play's success on the road dictated it would get a run in New York. The play had its New York debut at Wallack's Theatre on June 8, 1868, to open their "summer season," and ran for nine weeks.

Brougham played the role of Irish immigrant to New York, Terence O'Halloran, who leaves a life of crime to become an amateur detective. His nemesis is the anti-Semitic depiction of counterfeiter Mordie Solomons (played by Charles Fisher). "Coal Oil Tommy" was a popular song from the play.

## Original Broadway cast

* Terry by John Brougham
* Bob Mawley by Edward Lamb
* Sir William Downe by T.J. Hind
* Oil Tommy by Benjamin T. Ringgold
* Dodges by W.J. Leonard
* Dummy Dennis by J. Quiqley
* Duffy by E. Cashin
* Hawkeye by E. Menturn
* Sam by G. White
* Mordie Solomons by Charles Fisher
* Robert Mordaunt by C.H. Rockwell
* Frank by James McGee
* Polly by Effie Germon
* Miss Tartar by Fanny Morant
* Judy by George Holland
* Emily by Miss M. Barrett
* Marx by Mis F. Carman
* Biddy by Miss C. Carman
* Lucy by Miss E. Monell
* Jenny by Miss J. Day.

## Origin and reception

In 1877, Brougham wrote that *The Lottery of Life* had been the "most profitable" of his plays. He noted that it was "originally written as a burlesque upon the sensation of the time," where he "exaggerated the sensational parts of it, and it was something which I expected would be horrifying," yet "I found it was taken in perfect earnest." Thus, he altered the play somewhat into "a not altogether impossible, though somewhat improbable piece." He opined that the play "is not good enough to win the success it has achieved, and not bad enough to receive the animadversions of the hypercritical."

Upon receiving criticism in Philadelphia, Brougham announced from the stage before a performance that he had written the play not to please critics, but the public who was demanding plays of this type, and that his aim was to make money.

The *New York Herald* received the play positively in New York, though with no illusions: "According to the legitimate drama of the day this is a first rate plot, especially as it abounds in the latest sensations from beginning to end." It also complimented the New York scenery of the play, and quoted a departing patron as stating "this thing ought to succeed and will succeed, for it is really the legitimate drama of 1868, with all the modern improvements--pretty waiter girls, negro minstrels and all."

By August 1868, the *Philadelphia Evening Telegraph* reported that "Brougham has already made $1700 out of the piece of trash called "The Lottery of Life." " Nevertheless, Brougham also converted the play into his first novel, which commenced a run in *Fireside Companion* that same month, and netted him an additional $2,000.

The play saw performances around the United States into the 1890s.

To the extent the play gets any attention in the modern day, it is about the stereotyped Jewish villain of the play, who was also called upon to wear a "false Jewish nose."


title: Skeat

abstract: Skeat or Skeats is a common English family name. The names Skeat, Skeats, Skeates, Skett, Skitt and Skates are derived from the forename Scet or Schett, which is mentioned in Domesday Book.

text:
# Skeat

**Skeat** or **Skeats** is a common English family name. The names Skeat, Skeats, Skeates, Skett, Skitt and Skates are derived from the forename Scet or Schett, which is mentioned in Domesday Book.

## History

*Skeat* was originally a given name derived from the Old Norse *skjótr*, meaning "swift" or "fleet". Ricardus filius (son of) Schet 1166 is mentioned in the Pipe Rolls of Henry II in Norfolk. It is mentioned as a surname in the 1201 Pipe Rolls in Shropshire and in the 1275 Hundred Rolls in Norfolk again. Robert Skeet is mentioned in the Subsidy Rolls of Suffolk for 1327.

## People surnamed Skeat or Skeats


title: Riga Charter

abstract:
The Riga Charter on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage, known simply as the Riga Charter, is an international charter or a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in cultural heritage projects, which guides the conservation, restoration, maintenance, repair
and use of historic railway equipment, which can still be operated. The charter was adopted at Riga in Latvia on 23 and 24 October 2000 at the Regional Conference on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage, initiated by ICCROM The Riga Charter was composed by a scientific committee organised for that purpose during the Riga meeting.

text:
# Riga Charter

The **Riga Charter on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage**, known simply as the **Riga Charter**, is an international charter or a statement of the scope, objectives and participants in cultural heritage projects, which guides the conservation, restoration, maintenance, repair and use of **historic railway equipment**, which can still be operated.

The charter was adopted at Riga in Latvia on 23 and 24 October 2000 at the Regional Conference on Authenticity and Historical Reconstruction in Relationship to Cultural Heritage, initiated by ICCROM The Riga Charter was composed by a scientific committee organised for that purpose during the Riga meeting.

## Application

* The Riga Charter was adopted by FEDECRAIL (European Federation of Museum & Tourist Railways) at their Annual Meeting held at Anse, near Lyon on 16 April 2005

International cultural heritage documents


title: Richard Andree

abstract: Richard Andree was a German geographer and cartographer, noted for devoting himself especially to ethnographic studies. He wrote numerous books on this subject, dealing notably with the races of his own country, while an important general work was Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche.

text:
# Richard Andree

**Richard Andree** (26 February 1835 – 22 February 1912) was a German geographer and cartographer, noted for devoting himself especially to ethnographic studies. He wrote numerous books on this subject, dealing notably with the races of his own country, while an important general work was *Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche* (Stuttgart, 1878).

## Biography

Andree was born in Braunschweig, the son of geographer Karl Andree (1808–1875). He followed in the footsteps of his father, studied natural sciences at the Braunschweig Collegium Carolinum and Leipzig University, and temporarily worked in a Bohemian ironworks. As a director of the geography bureau of publisher Velhagen & Klasing in Leipzig from 1873 to 1890, he also took up cartography, having a chief share in the production of the *Physikalisch-Statistischer Atlas des Deutschen Reichs* (together with Oscar Peschel, Leipzig, 1877) and the *Allgemeiner Historischer Handatlas*, (with Gustav Droysen, son of Johann Gustav Droysen, Leipzig, 1886) as well as school atlases.

Andree's main work, however, is his *Allgemeiner Handatlas* (Leipzig, first edition 1881, final edition 1937), one of the most comprehensive world atlases of all times. The early editions of the *Times Atlas of the World* (1895-1900) are based on this atlas, as was Cassell's *Universal Atlas.* Andree became an elected member of the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1886. In 1890 he moved to Heidelberg, where he continued the editorship of the academic journal *Globus* from 1891 until 1903. Andree made important contributions to comparative ethnographic studies of countries and people, advocating Adolf Bastian's ideas of a common basic mental framework shared by all humans. His work also influenced Arnošt Muka's studies of the Sorbian culture.

In 1903, Andree married Marie Eysn who became known as Marie Andree-Eysn. Andree died aged 76 in Munich, which had been the couple's hometown since 1904.

* H. Meyer: *Velhagen & Klasing 150 Jahre 1835-1985*, Berlin, 1985
* J. Espenhorst: *Petermann's Planet*, a guide to German handatlases, Schwerte, 2003
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Andree, Karl". *Encyclopædia Britannica* (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Andree, Richard". *Encyclopædia Britannica* (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.


title: To Live and Die in L.A. (podcast)

abstract: To Live and Die in L.A. is an investigative and true crime podcast hosted by American journalist Neil Strauss, and produced by Tenderfoot TV and Cadence13. Season 1 of the podcast follows the disappearance and death of aspiring Albanian Macedonian actress Adea Shabani, who was last seen alive leaving her Hollywood apartment with her boyfriend, Chris Spotz. Strauss works alongside private investigator Jayden Brant and producer Alex Vespestad to uncover the truth. In season 2, the focus shifts to the disappearance of California native Elaine Park, who went missing in 2017. Strauss again teams up with Brant, plus Incubus guitarist Michael Einziger, concert violinist Ann Marie Simpson, and Strauss's then-wife and author Ingrid De La O, who first introduced Strauss to Park's case.

text:
# To Live and Die in L.A. (podcast)

***To Live and Die in L.A.*** is an investigative and true crime podcast hosted by American journalist Neil Strauss, and produced by Tenderfoot TV and Cadence13. Season 1 of the podcast follows the disappearance and death of aspiring Albanian Macedonian actress Adea Shabani, who was last seen alive leaving her Hollywood apartment with her boyfriend, Chris Spotz. Strauss works alongside private investigator Jayden Brant and producer Alex Vespestad to uncover the truth. In season 2, the focus shifts to the disappearance of California native Elaine Park, who went missing in 2017. Strauss again teams up with Brant, plus Incubus guitarist Michael Einziger, concert violinist Ann Marie Simpson, and Strauss's then-wife and author Ingrid De La O, who first introduced Strauss to Park's case.

## History

Days after she went missing, Shabani's family asked Strauss, a journalist for *Rolling Stone* who lives in Los Angeles, if he would write an article covering the case that could draw attention to her disappearance. Throughout his research, Strauss uncovered several suspects and determined that one story would not be enough to express the details of the case, which led him to creating the podcast. While Strauss was investigating Shabani’s case, he was also investigating Park’s disappearance, which predates the disappearance of Shabani by about a year.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Length (minutes:seconds) | Original air date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "A Different Kind of Star" | 31:03 | February 28, 2019 (2019-02-28) |
| When a 25-year-old aspiring actress and model vanishes from outside her Hollywood apartment, award-winning journalist and bestselling author Neil Strauss finds himself at the center of the investigation. What happened to Adea Shabani? | | | | |
| 2 | "The Secret Life" | 26:53 | February 28, 2019 (2019-02-28) |
| Neil chases down the first big break in Adea’s recent disappearance, but new information produces more questions than answers as several suspects emerge. A secret relationship is revealed. | | | | |
| 3 | "Three Sides to Every Story" | 34:45 | March 5, 2019 (2019-03-05) |
| Security video surfaces from the day of Adea’s disappearance. Neil and Jayden begin to pursue the suspect from state to state. | | | | |
| 4 | "Toxic Love" | 29:50 | March 7, 2019 (2019-03-07) |
| Neil finds the apartment where the main suspect is believed to be staying, and prepares for a confrontation. New information surfaces, including a very disturbing video, making it possible to reconstruct the nightmarish weeks prior to Adea’s disappearance. | | | | |
| 5 | "Holy S#%T" | 40:03 | March 14, 2019 (2019-03-14) |
| Everything changes after an unexpected turn of events. At a loss for words, only two come to mind… | | | | |
| 6 | "The Way of the Warrior" | 34:24 | March 21, 2019 (2019-03-21) |
| A new witness emerges…with a shocking accusation. | | | | |
| 7 | "Family Ties" | 38:27 | March 29, 2019 (2019-03-29) |
| Neil begins to see this case from another perspective as a new theory emerges. | | | | |
| 8 | "Adea" | 35:05 | April 5, 2019 (2019-04-05) |
| One big break is interrupted by another. The LAPD break their silence. | | | | |
| 9 | "Hello, I've Been Watching You" | 41:18 | April 18, 2019 (2019-04-18) |
| Neil travels to Fort Morgan, Colorado, to attend the funeral, and discovers skeletons (and warrants) in the closet. | | | | |
| 10 | "Blood on the Script" | 48:31 | May 2, 2019 (2019-05-02) |
| Neil and Jayden uncover inconsistencies as they examine the bullet-riddled truck. Based on Google data, they retrace what could have been Adea’s last day step by step. | | | | |
| 11 | "The Long Way Home" | 60:58 | May 10, 2019 (2019-05-10) |
| Neil and Jayden follow the trail of evidence all the way to the burial site…and a new suspect emerges. | | | | |
| 12 | "Look at the Stars - Season Finale" | 69:06 | May 17, 2019 (2019-05-17) |
| In the season finale, Neil uncovers definitive answers. After more than a year investigating Adea’s disappearance and murder, the truth will come out, but justice is in the hands of LAPD. | | | | |

| No. | Title | Length (minutes:seconds) | Original Air Date |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Meet Elaine" | 38:59 | May 27, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 2 | "I Hope I Don't Die Tonight" | 49:53 | June 3, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 3 | "Fragments of a Crime" | 36:02 | June 10, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 4 | "The Other Ex" | 33:19 | June 17, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 5 | "Die, Die, Die" | 29:52 | June 24, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 6 | "Broken Home" | 37:48 | July 2, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 7 | "Cadaver Dogs" | 37:56 | July 9, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 8 | "A Job for the Police" | 32:26 | July 16, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 9 | "Contradictions and Coincidences" | 42:10 | July 31, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| BONUS | "Origins \[Bonus 1\]" | 40:45 | August 5, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 10 | "$250,000 in Cash" | 32:06 | August 13, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 11 | "The Last 12 Hours" | 45:49 | August 27, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 12 | "Season Finale, Part 1" | 1:01:05 | September 4, 2021 |
|  | | | |
| 13 | "Season Finale, Part 2" | 55:01 | September 11, 2021 |
|  | | | |

## InfoBox

| *To Live and Die in L.A.* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Presentation | |
| Hosted by | Neil Strauss |
| Genre | * Investigative journalism * True crime |
| Language | English |
| Updates | Weekly |
| Production | |
| Production | * Cadence13 * Tenderfoot TV * Alex Vespestad * Mike Rooney |
| Theme music composed by | Makeup & Vanity Set |
| Audio format | Podcast (via streaming or downloadable MP3) |
| No. of seasons | 2 |
| No. of episodes | 20 (plus bonus episodes) |
| Publication | |
| Provider | Cadence13 |
| Related | |
| Website | livediela.com |


title: Edmund Kara

abstract: Edmund Kara was an American fashion illustrator and designer, interior designer, and sculptor on the Big Sur coast of California.

text:
# Edmund Kara

**Edmund Kara** (17 October 1925 – 25 May 2001) was an American fashion illustrator and designer, interior designer, and sculptor on the Big Sur coast of California.

## Biography

### Education and early career

Kara was born in Roselle Park, New Jersey and descended from Eastern European immigrants. His interest in art began at an early age. He attended New Jersey's Arts High School.

At the age of 18, Kara moved to New York City and started working in the display department of Macy's. He soon moved to fashion illustration for advertising agencies. He was introduced to Lena Horne, and was soon designing her performance wardrobe. Kara also designed for Peggy Lee, Sarah Churchill, Keely Smith, Miss Stella Brooks, and Mrs. Nat King Cole, Maria. Kara then designed for custom collections for Rosette Pennington and Jewel, among other custom houses in both New York and Los Angeles. He went on to create his own label.

Kara also worked in Los Angeles in the 1950's and doing theatrical wardrobe and costume design for both Universal and Paramount Studios. Moreover, he worked doing freelance interior design.

### Later years and fine arts career

Finding the business aspects of the fashion industry repetitive, stressful, and stifling, Kara yearned for a change of lifestyle that led him to take a bicycle trip in 1953 around the world for two years. Though he returned to Los Angeles, but he would soon move to Big Sur in 1962 to find his passion of sculpture and establish a simpler existence.

It was in Big Sur that he became a wood sculptor creating a body of work ranging from masks and head figures to abstract pieces. His woodwork was fashioned from wood grown in Big Sur that was found or was given to him. He almost entirely used the reductive method. "I'm a worker. I belong to the working class. I love physical labor, that's why I chose wood," he told writer Rick Deragon in 1990.

Kara focused solely on creating art for almost 40 years in the isolated setting of his coastal studio. Images of Kara in his studio can be seen in Kurt Edward Fishback's book of photographs entitled Art in Residence: West Coast Artists in their Spaces. Kara said to David J. Brown, "I thought, capitalism annihilates creativity because you start working for bucks, rather than just working to be an artist."

## Showings, commission and public collections

Though Kara focused on producing his work, he did have several notable showings and his work appeared in locations around California. In 1965, his redwood sculpture of Elizabeth Taylor was commissioned for and appeared in Taylor's film *The Sandpiper*. This film brought him exposure in Hollywood and beyond. "Elizabeth came to see it to make sure I was not doing something outrageous. She approved," Kara told Curtis. A short promotional film called Statue for the Sandpiper (an original movie promotion) features Kara in action. He was flown to the unveiling in Paris where the actors and producers viewed and commented on the piece.

In 1990, Kara held a retrospective show of his collection in Los Angeles. It was one of the only times the entire collection was shown at one time. Kara also created several large door pieces as commissions for private collectors in Florida for a 12,000 square foot home and for another 18,000 square foot home in Walnut Creek. He later created doors for the Congregation Beth Israel Temple in Carmel Valley. He also created doors for Clint Eastwood and Maggie Johnson in Pebble Beach when they were married.

Kara's work can be seen in Big Sur at the Café Keva and at the famous restaurant, Nepenthe, where the 'Phoenix Bird' statue perches above the ocean and landmark for tourist and locals alike.

Below is a list of his significant works on display in the United States:

Kara's artistry can be seen in his work ranging from religious, political, and socially significant pieces, to the mythical and esoteric. Kara's collection can still be seen online or by appointment.

Kurt Edward Fishback

## Sources

* Art in Residence: West Coast Artists in Their Space. (2000), ISBN 0-936085-59-2
* Brin M. David. "Outrageous Energy and Very Good Discipline." Edmund Kara biography, 2008. http://www.edmundkara.com/biography
* Brown, David J. Person interview. 1996, published Monterey Herald.
* Curtis, Jahn. Personal interview. 1986
* Deragon, Rick. Artist Biography for Edmund Kara Exhibition. 1990

## InfoBox

| Edmund Kara | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1925-10-17)October 17, 1925
Roselle Park, New Jersey, United States |
| Died | May 25, 2001(2001-05-25) (aged 75)
Monterey, California, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Fashion Illustration and Design, Interior Design, Sculpture |
| Website | www.edmundkara.com |


title: Edmund Keeley

abstract: Edmund Leroy "Mike" Keeley was an American novelist, translator, and essayist, a poet, and Charles Barnwell Straut Professor of English at Princeton University. He was a noted expert on the Greek poets C. P. Cavafy, George Seferis, Odysseus Elytis, and Yannis Ritsos, and on post-Second World War Greek history.

text:
# Edmund Keeley

**Edmund Leroy** "**Mike**" **Keeley** (February 5, 1928 – February 23, 2022) was an American novelist, translator, and essayist, a poet, and Charles Barnwell Straut Professor of English at Princeton University. He was a noted expert on the Greek poets C. P. Cavafy, George Seferis, Odysseus Elytis, and Yannis Ritsos, and on post-Second World War Greek history.

## Life and career

Keeley was born in Damascus, Syria, on February 5, 1928, the son of the American diplomat James Hugh Keeley, Jr. and Mathilde (Vossler) Keeley, a homemaker. His brother was the diplomat Robert V. Keeley. He spent his childhood in Canada, Greece, and Washington, D.C., before earning his BA from Princeton University in 1949. In 1952 he received a doctorate in Comparative Literature from Oxford University where he studied with a fellowship from the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation.

Keeley served twice as president of the Modern Greek Studies Association from 1970 to 1973 and 1980 to 1982, and as president of PEN American Center from 1992 to 1994. He retired from a long career of teaching English, creative writing, and Hellenic studies at Princeton University in 1994.

His fiction and non-fiction are often set in Greece, where he spent part of each year, but also in Europe and the Balkans, where he has frequently traveled, and in Thailand and Washington, D.C.. He lived with his wife Mary Stathato-Kyris (married in 1951) in Princeton, New Jersey, from 1954 until her death in 2012. Keeley died from complications of a blood clot at his home in Princeton, New Jersey on February 23, 2022, at the age of 94.

## Awards

## Books

* *The Libation*. Charles Scribner's & Sons. 1958.
* *The Gold-hatted Lover*. Little, Brown and Company. 1961.
* *The Imposter*. Doubleday. 1970.
* *Voyage to a Dark Island*. Curtis Books. 1972.
* *Problems in rendering Modern Greek*. 1975.
* *Cavafy's Alexandria: Study of a Myth in Progress*. Harvard University Press. 1976.
* *Ritsos in Parentheses*. Princeton University Press. 1979.
* *A Wilderness Called Peace*. Simon & Schuster. 1985. ISBN 0-671-47416-2.
* *The Salonika Bay Murder, Cold War Politics and the Polk Affair*. Princeton University Press. 1989. ISBN 9780691055657.
* *School for Pagan Lovers*. Rutgers University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8135-1935-7.
* *Albanian Journal, the Road to Elbasan*. White Pine Press. 1997. ISBN 1-877727-76-8.
* *On Translation: Reflections and Conversations*. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1998.
* *Inventing Paradise. The Greek Journey, 1937-47*. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1999. ISBN 9780374177171.
* *Some Wine for Remembrance*. White Pine Press. 2002. ISBN 1-893996-15-8.
* *Borderlines, A Memoir*. White Pine Press. 2005. ISBN 1-893996-33-6.
* *The Megabuilders of Queenston Park*. Wild River Books. 2014. ISBN 978-0-9839188-4-4
* *Requiem for Mary*. Greenhouse Review Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-9838094-2-5
* *The Problem of Time and Other Poems.* Greenhouse Review Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-9838094-4-9

## Editor and translator

* *Six Poets of Modern Greece* (With Philip Sherrard) Alfred A. Knopf, 1961
* *Vassilis Vassilikos, 'The Plant,' 'The Well,' 'The Angel': A Trilogy* (With Mary Keeley) Knopf, 1964.
* *Four Greek Poets* (With Philip Sherrard) Penguin Books, 1965
* *George Seferis, Collected Poems: 1924-1955* (With Philip Sherrard) Princeton University Press, 1967 - ISBN 0-691-01300-4
* *C. P. Cavafy, Passions and Ancient Days* (with George Savidis) Hogarth Press, 1972 ISBN 0-7012-0351-X
* *Modern Greek Writers: Solomos, Calvos, Matesis, Palamas, Cavafy, Kazantzakis, Seferis, Elytis* (With Peter Bien) Princeton University Press, 1972
* *C. P. Cavafy, Selected Poems* (With Philip Sherrard) Princeton University Press, 1972
* *Odysseus Elytis, The Axion Esti* (with George Savidis) Pittsburgh University Press, 1972
* *C. P. Cavafy, Three Poems of Passion* (with George Savidis) Plain Wrapper Press, 1975
* *C. P. Cavafy, Collected Poems* (With Philip Sherrard and George Savidis) Princeton University Press, 1975, revised edition, Princeton University Press, 1992. - ISBN 0-691-01537-6
* *Angelos Sikelianos, Selected Poems* (With Philip Sherrard) Princeton University Press, 1979
* *Odysseus Elytis, Selected Poems* Viking-Penguin, 1981 - ISBN 0-670-29246-X
* *The Dark Crystal: An Anthology of Modern Greek Poetry* (With Philip Sherrard) Denise Harvey & CO, 1981
* *Voices of Modern Greece: Selected Poems of C.P. Cavafy, Angelos Sikelianos, George Seferis, Odysseus Elytis, Nikos Gatsos* (With Philip Sherrard) Princeton University Press, 1981 - ISBN 0-691-01382-9
* *Yannis Ritsos, Return and Other Poems* Parallel Editions, 1983
* *C. P. Cavafy, A Selection of Poems* (with Philip Sherrard) Camberwell Press, 1985
* *Yannis Ritsos, Exile and Return: Selected Poems, 1967-74* Ecco Press, 1985
* *The Legacy of R.P. Blackmur: Essays, Memoirs, Texts* (with Edward T. Cone and Joseph Frank) Ecco Press, 1987 ISBN 0-88001-152-1
* *Yannis Ritsos: Repetitions, Testimonies, Parentheses* Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-01908-8
* *The Essential Cavafy* (With Philip Sherrard) Ecco Press, 1995 - ISBN 0-691-01491-4
* *George Seferis, Collected Poems*, (With Philip Sherrard) Princeton University Press, 1995
* *George Seferis and Edmund Keeley: Correspondence, 1951-1971* Princeton University Library, 1997 ISBN 0-87811-042-9
* *A Century of Greek Poetry 1900-2000: Bilingual Edition* (with Peter Bien, Peter Constantine, and Karen Van Dyck) Cosmos Publishing, 2004 - ISBN 1-932455-00-0
* *Selected Poems Of Odysseus Elytis* (with Philip Sherrard) Anvil Press, 2007 ISBN 0-85646-355-8
* *The Greek Poets: Homer to the Present* (co-editor) W. W. Norton, 2009
* ″Angelos Sikelianos: Selected Poems″,(with Philip Sherrard), second bilingual edition, Denise Harvey (publisher), 1996, ISBN 960-7120-12-4

## InfoBox

| Edmund Keeley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Edmund Leroy Keeley
(1928-02-05)February 5, 1928
Damascus, State of Syria |
| Died | February 23, 2022(2022-02-23) (aged 94)
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Occupation | Writer, translator, professor |
| Nationality | American |
| Education |  |
| Spouse | Mary Stathato-Kyris  (m. 1951; died 2012) |


title: Edna Moyle

abstract: Edna M. Moyle, OBE, JP OBE was a Caymanian politician who served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the district of North Side from 1992 to 2009, including a tenure the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands from May 2005 until May 2009.

text:
# Edna Moyle

Edna M. Moyle, OBE, JP OBE (19 January 1942 – 21 May 2013) was a Caymanian politician who served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for the district of North Side from 1992 to 2009, including a tenure the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands from May 2005 until May 2009.

## Life

Born 19 January 1942, in George Town to William Wilbanks Miller, a North Side builder of homes, hotels and schooners, and Celeste Miller (née Ebanks), she was the youngest of ten children. Her mother died when Edna was only seven and after attending the North Side Town Hall School at the primary level, her father sent her to Jamaica's Knox College. She also completed commercial studies in Jamaica.

Returning to the Cayman Islands, Moyle worked in the private sector until 1966 when she joined government service, holding a range of jobs including personal secretary to the then administrator, John A Cumber, as well as working as deputy clerk of the Legislative Assembly. Then in 1979, she rejoined the private sector.

Moyle first ran for public office in 1984, having been approached by voters in her district. She was elected the Member for North Side on her third attempt in 1992 and remained an MLA until May 2009.

She also served as the House Deputy Speaker for eight years, before becoming the Minister of Community Development, Sports, Women's Affairs and Youth from November 2000 – November 2001, concerns all dear to her. In May 2005, she was elected Speaker of the House, a post she retained until her retirement. She ran a tight ship, maintaining the dignity and decorum of the Legislative Assembly, even in the heat of debate, applying House rules fairly and impartially and upholding minority rights and views as a member of the majority ruling People's Progressive Movement party.

As an MLA, her accomplishments were legion. One cause she championed early in her first term in office was the call to end discrimination against women in the civil service in several respects, including the denial of maternity leave. She was also largely responsible for government establishing a women's affairs office and she was a guiding force in the launching of Cayman's Legal Befrienders Clinic, through which women in need could obtain free legal advice.

Other positive outcomes from Moyle's support of women's causes in the House included the collection of gender-based statistics; the introduction of curriculum education on sex and contraception for teens; the placement of domestic violence on Cayman's public agenda; and addressing the inadequacy of sentences that courts could impose for crimes against women. She also moved a Private Member's Motion that called for a separate family protection police unit to handle family issues with greater sensitivity. Government accepted the motion and the Family Support Unit was established away from police headquarters to handle all family-related matters. She also supported a motion that called for a safe house for battered women and their children. Facilitated by landmark domestic violence legislation, reported domestic abuse incidents had increased; government accepted the motion and Cayman's Crisis Centre was born. As a cabinet minister she had set plans in motion to establish a youth remand facility.

In North Side, Moyle worked diligently on behalf of her district's older residents and she was active in establishing the library, the health centre, the civic centre, police station and community park. She also worked to set up netball and basketball courts and to complete the Old Man Bay playing field.

In 2009 the former legislator and Speaker of the House was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Queen Elizabeth II Birthday Honours for her contributions to politics in the Cayman Islands.

## Death

Hon. Edna M. Moyle, OBE, JP, 71 died on 21 May 2013 around noon surrounded by her family and friends at the Cayman Islands Hospital.

## InfoBox

| The HonourableEdna M. Moyle, OBE, JPOBE | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands | |
| **In office**
18 May 2005  27 May 2009 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor | Bruce Dinwiddy
Stuart Jack |
| Preceded by | Linford Pierson |
| Succeeded by | Mary Lawrence |
| Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands | |
| **In office**
November 1992  27 May 2009 | |
| Constituency | North Side |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Edna Marie Miller
(1942-01-19)19 January 1942
Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands |
| Died | 21 May 2013(2013-05-21) (aged 71)
Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands |
| Political party | People's Progressive Movement |
|  | |


title: Tinerkouk District

abstract: Tinerkouk District is a district of Timimoun Province, Algeria.

text:
# Tinerkouk District

**Tinerkouk District** is a district of Timimoun Province, Algeria.

## Communes

The district is further divided into 2 communes:

1. "Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar" \[List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 01 - Adrar Province\] (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1293. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2019.

29°45′N 0°30′E / 29.750°N 0.500°E / 29.750; 0.500

## InfoBox

| Tinerkouk District دائرة تينركوك | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
|  | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Timimoun Province |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |


title: Edmundo Ribadeneira Meneses

abstract: Edmundo Ribadeneira Meneses was an Ecuadorian writer and university professor. He was awarded the Ecuadorian National Prize in Culture "Premio Eugenio Espejo" in 1988 by the President of Ecuador. He was the president of the House of Ecuadorian Culture from 1979-1988. He was a university professor and columnist for El Comercio.

text:
# Edmundo Ribadeneira Meneses

**Edmundo Ribadeneira Meneses** (Ibarra, November 2, 1920 – February 14, 2004) was an Ecuadorian writer and university professor.

He was awarded the Ecuadorian National Prize in Culture "Premio Eugenio Espejo" in 1988 by the President of Ecuador.

He was the president of the House of Ecuadorian Culture from 1979-1988. He was a university professor and columnist for *El Comercio*.

## Works

* *La moderna novela ecuatoriana* (*The Modern Ecuadorian Novel*) (1958)
* *El destierro es redondo* (*Exile is Round*)
* *La novela italiana de la segunda posguerra* (*The Italian Novel of the Second World War*) (1959)


title: Edmundo Rada

abstract: Edmundo Rada Angulo, also known as Pipo, was a Venezuelan politician who served as councilman for the Popular Will party for Petare, in the Sucre Municipality of Caracas. Rada went missing on 16 October 2019 and was found dead the following day on the side of the road out of Petare, Caracas, burned and with two coup de grâce shots in the back of his neck.

text:
# Edmundo Rada

**Edmundo Rada Angulo**, also known as **Pipo**, (died 16 October 2019) was a Venezuelan politician who served as councilman for the Popular Will party for Petare, in the Sucre Municipality of Caracas. Rada went missing on 16 October 2019 and was found dead the following day on the side of the road out of Petare, Caracas, burned and with two coup de grâce shots in the back of his neck.

## Career

Rada was known as a social leader who spearheaded the organization of community kitchens. He had been a member of Popular Will since the party was founded, according to Leopoldo López.

## Disappearance and death

His body was found on 17 October 2019 on the side of the road out of Petare, burned and with two coup de grâce shots in the back of his neck, after he was reported missing the day before. Disputed interim president and leader of the Popular Will party Juan Guaidó declared that Rada's death was "a murder \[committed by\] the dictatorship" (i.e. forces loyal to Maduro) and that "there are clear indications that the cause \[was\] political", suspecting that the crime was committed by the Special Action Forces (FAES). Guaidó noted that Rada was murdered on the same day that Venezuela was elected as member of the United Nations Human Rights Council. Rada's family gave public statements only to Colombian networks, reporting that Rada had fears of the FAES coming after him after they took photographs of him at a protest in late September.

His funeral was held in Unión de Petare, and he is interred at the Caracas East Cemetery. His body was identified and recovered from the Bello Monte morgue by his family and fellow politicians Gilber Caro and Ismael León. On Friday 18 October, the Spanish government condemned the "cruel murder" of a politician.

## InfoBox

| Edmundo Rada | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Sucre Municipality Councilman | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 17 October 2019<br>Caracas |
| Political party | Popular Will |
|  | |


title: Edmundo Pérez Yoma

abstract: Edmundo Jaime Pérez Yoma is a Chilean politician from the Christian Democrat Party of Chile. He was twice the Minister of Defense during the administration of President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, and he served as the Minister of the Interior for President Michelle Bachelet's administration. Pérez Yoma is the son of Edmundo Pérez Zujovic, the assassinated minister under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, father of President Frei Ruiz-Tagle. As a boy, he came to Santiago, the capital, with his family, enrolling in Saint George's College and then the University of Chile, where for two years he studied engineering. Later, he moved to Seattle to attend the University of Washington, from which he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1962. Pérez Yoma then returned to Chile, marrying Paz Vergara Larraín in 1965, with whom he has had six children. In the following years, while working in business, Pérez Yoma was critical of Popular Unity, the coalition of parties that brought the socialist Salvador Allende to power in 1970. In 1988, he served as national advisor for the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) and in 1989, he managed the senatorial campaign of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. In 1991, he was named president of the Defense Commission of his party. In the 1990s, he was president on the board of Petrox and Chilectra Metropolitana, oil and electricity companies, respectively. In 1993, he was executive secretary of Frei's presidential campaign. In the 2010s Pérez Yoma was fined for theft of water in Petorca.

text:
# Edmundo Pérez Yoma

**Edmundo Jaime Pérez Yoma** (born 10 January 1939 Antofagasta) is a Chilean politician from the Christian Democrat Party of Chile. He was twice the Minister of Defense during the administration of President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, and he served as the Minister of the Interior for President Michelle Bachelet's administration.

Pérez Yoma is the son of Edmundo Pérez Zujovic, the assassinated minister under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, father of President Frei Ruiz-Tagle. As a boy, he came to Santiago, the capital, with his family, enrolling in Saint George's College and then the University of Chile, where for two years he studied engineering. Later, he moved to Seattle to attend the University of Washington, from which he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1962. Pérez Yoma then returned to Chile, marrying Paz Vergara Larraín in 1965, with whom he has had six children.

In the following years, while working in business, Pérez Yoma was critical of Popular Unity, the coalition of parties that brought the socialist Salvador Allende to power in 1970. In 1988, he served as national advisor for the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) and in 1989, he managed the senatorial campaign of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle. In 1991, he was named president of the Defense Commission of his party. In the 1990s, he was president on the board of Petrox and Chilectra Metropolitana, oil and electricity companies, respectively. In 1993, he was executive secretary of Frei's presidential campaign.

In the 2010s Pérez Yoma was fined for theft of water in Petorca.

## Political career

### Frei Ruiz-Tagle administration

Due to Pérez Yoma's closeness with the army, President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle—a personal friend due to the closeness of their fathers—appointed him Minister of Defense in 1994. In this role, he had the task of managing relations with General Augusto Pinochet and preparing the transfer of command of the army from his hands. In contrast with his predecessor, Patricio Rojas Pérex Yoma maintained good personal and professional relations with Pinochet, coming to an agreement that his successor in command would be Ricardo Izurieta.

Another situation that Pérez Yoma faced was the removal from the direction of the Carabineros of General Rodolfo Stange, who refused to resign after having been accused of dereliction of duty regarding the Caso Degollados.

Within the Frei administration, Pérez Yoma was in conflict with Minister of Public Works Ricardo Lagos. Lagos refused to assent to the creation of Punta Peuca, a prison built specifically for the military convicts detained for violations of human rights, whose first occupants were General Manuel Contreras and Brigadier Pedro Espinoza for the murder of former Foreign Minister Orlando Letelier.

On January 16, 1998, Pérez Yoma left office to become the ambassador to Argentina On June 22, 1999, he returned to the administration as Minister of National Defense. In that stint, he created the *Mesa de Diálogo* (English: *Bargaining Table*), a body that sought to resolve problems concerning the violation of human rights during the military regime.

1. "El Mercurio (Santiago), November 10, 2008". Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
2. Las Últimas Noticias (Santiago), December 25, 1993, p.2
3. El Mercurio (Santiago), February 6, 1996, p.A4
4. El Mercurio (Santiago), December 25, 1993, p.C4
5. Campos, Paula (July 23, 2018). "MOP declara a Petorca como zona de escasez hídrica". *diarioUChile* (in Spanish). University of Chile. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
6. El Mercurio (Santiago), July 14, 1994, p.C1
7. La Tercera (Santiago), January 18, 1998, p.6
8. El Mercurio (Santiago), August 22, 1999, p.A1

## InfoBox

| Edmundo Jaime Pérez Yoma | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Minister of the Interior | |
| **In office**
8 March 2008  11 March 2010 | |
| Appointed by | Michelle Bachelet |
| Preceded by | Felipe Harboe Bascuñán (interim) |
| Succeeded by | Rodrigo Hinzpeter |
| Minister of National Defense | |
| **In office**
22 June 1999  11 March 2000 | |
| Appointed by | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle |
| Preceded by | José Florencio Guzmán Correa |
| Succeeded by | Mario Fernández Baeza |
| **In office**
11 March 1994  16 January 1998 | |
| Appointed by | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle |
| Preceded by | Patricio Rojas |
| Succeeded by | Raúl Troncoso Castillo |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1939-01-10) 10 January 1939
Antofagasta, Chile |
| Political party | Christian Democrat |
| Spouse | Paz Vergara Larraín |
| Children | Six |
| Residence | Santiago |
| Alma mater | University of Washington |
|  | |


title: Tobias Ide

abstract: Tobias Ide is a German strongman competitor and entrant to the World's Strongest Man competition.

text:
# Tobias Ide

**Tobias Ide** (born 1980) is a German strongman competitor and entrant to the World's Strongest Man competition.

## Biography

Ide started with training in 1995. In 2006 he competed for the first time in the final of Germany's Strongest Man where he placed seventh. A year later he would finish in fourth place. In 2008 he became the strongest man of Germany. The same year he was invited for the World's Strongest Man. He finished last in his qualifying heat and did not qualify for the final. In 2009 he finished second behind Florian Trimpl in Germany's Strongest Man.

## Strongman competition record

## InfoBox

Tobias Ide
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Tobias Ide |
| Born | 1980<br>Germany |
| Occupation | Strongman |
| Height | 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Medal record      Strongman  Representing  Germany  World's Strongest Man  Qualified 2008 World's Strongest Man   Germany's Strongest Man  1st 2008   2nd 2009 | |