title: Staal brothers

abstract: The Staal brothers are four brothers from Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, all of whom have had NHL contracts. Jordan Staal still plays in the NHL, and all but Marc played for the Carolina Hurricanes. The brothers were born to Dutch-Canadian sod farmers Henry and Linda Staal. Eric, Marc, Jordan and Jared played AAA with their hometown Thunder Bay Kings. Additionally, Eric, Jordan, and Marc are the first trio of brothers in NHL history to each record 1,000 games played.

text:
# Staal brothers

Eric Staal (above left), Marc Staal (above right), Jordan Staal (below left) and Jared Staal (below right)

The **Staal brothers** are four brothers from Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, all of whom have had NHL contracts. Jordan Staal still plays in the NHL, and all but Marc played for the Carolina Hurricanes. The brothers were born to Dutch-Canadian sod farmers Henry and Linda Staal. Eric, Marc, Jordan and Jared played AAA with their hometown Thunder Bay Kings. Additionally, Eric, Jordan, and Marc are the first trio of brothers in NHL history to each record 1,000 games played.

## Eric

Eric Staal (born October 29, 1984) is the oldest of the brothers. He played his major junior hockey for the Peterborough Petes of the OHL. Eric was selected second overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Carolina Hurricanes. He played his first season after being drafted and was a part of the YoungStars game at the 2004 NHL All-Star Game. On June 19, 2006, Eric lifted the Stanley Cup with his teammates as they defeated the Edmonton Oilers in game 7 of the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals. Eric was named captain of the Hurricanes on January 20, 2010. He became the fifth captain of the Hurricanes since their move to North Carolina from Hartford. Eric competed for Team Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics, winning an Olympic gold medal. For the 2011 NHL All-Star Game, hosted in Raleigh, Eric was chosen as one of the captains. On February 28, 2016, just before the trade deadline, Eric was traded to the New York Rangers where he joined his brother Marc. After an unsuccessful stint with the Rangers, Staal concluded his contract and as a free agent signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Wild on July 1, 2016. In 2020, he was traded to the Buffalo Sabres. In 2021, he was traded to the Montreal Canadiens. In 2022, he was the captain of Team Canada in the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. He last played in 2023 for the Florida Panthers, before retiring in 2024 after signing a one-day contract with Carolina. The Hurricanes announced that they will retire his #12 jersey on January 12, 2025 during the 2024–25 season.

## Marc

Marc Staal (born January 13, 1987) is the second-oldest and the only brother to play as a defenseman. He is also the only one to never play for the Hurricanes. Marc played his major junior hockey with the Sudbury Wolves of the OHL from 2003 to 2007. He was the team captain and lead the Wolves to their first OHL final in 30 years. He was drafted 12th overall by the New York Rangers in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft but did not start playing in the NHL until 2007. Like Eric, Marc was a part of the YoungStars game at the All-Star Game in his rookie season. In 2010, after signing a 5-year extension with the Rangers, as well as a strong training camp, Marc was named an alternate captain of the team. Marc played on his brother Eric's team at the 2011 NHL All Star Game. On February 22, 2011, Marc was checked by his brother Eric and was slow to get up. He played the remainder of the season but it was revealed before the Rangers 2011 training camp that Marc was suffering from post-concussion symptoms. He did not return until January 2, 2012, to play in the 2012 NHL Winter Classic against the Philadelphia Flyers. Marc again lost most of a season due to injury in the lockout shortened 2012–13 season, as in March he got hit by a puck in the eye playing against the Flyers. Marc returned as a regular with the Rangers in 2013–14, and helped the team get to the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals against the Los Angeles Kings, losing in 5 games. On September 26, 2020, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings. He played in 2022–23 for the Florida Panthers and the following season with the Flyers. He retired on September 5, 2024 and plans to join the Rangers organization as a player development assistant.

## Jordan

Jordan Staal (born September 10, 1988) is the third-oldest of the brothers. He played major junior for the same club as his brother Eric, the Peterborough Petes. With an almost point per game pace, Jordan helped lead the Petes to the J. Ross Robertson Cup as OHL champions in 2006. He was drafted second overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut in October 2006, a year before his older brother Marc. Jordan played in the YoungStars game at the 2007 NHL All-Star Game. He was nominated for the Calder Memorial Trophy, given to the Rookie of the Year by the NHL, but was beat out by teammate Evgeni Malkin. In 2008, the Penguins made the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals but were defeated in six games by the Detroit Red Wings. He served as an alternate captain of the Penguins in December 2008, later he was named a full-time alternate captain at the start of the 2010–11 season. On June 12, 2009, Jordan became the second of the Staal brothers to hoist the Stanley Cup after defeating the reigning champion Red Wings in seven games. Due to a series of injuries, Jordan did not make his 2010–11 season debut until January 1, 2011 at the 2011 NHL Winter Classic. At the NHL entry draft in 2012, Jordan was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes, to be re-united with older brother Eric Staal. He then signed a 10-year, $60 million contract with Carolina. As of 2024–25, Jordan is the captain for the Carolina Hurricanes. Following the retirements of both Eric and Marc after the 2023–24 season, Jordan is the last remaining Staal brother to play in the NHL.

## Jared

Jared Staal (born August 21, 1990) is the youngest and the only brother to shoot right-handed. He played major junior for the Sudbury Wolves and played with his brother Marc during the 2006–07 season. Jared was taken 49th overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, the only brother to be drafted by a Western Conference team. In 2009, Jared signed an amateur tryout contract with the Coyotes' AHL affiliate, the San Antonio Rampage. He appeared for five games with the Rampage before being sent back to the Sudbury Wolves. On May 13, 2010, the Carolina Hurricanes, the team his brothers Eric and Jordan played for, acquired his rights from the Coyotes for a 5th round draft pick. The next day, the Hurricanes signed Jared to a three-year entry-level contract. Jared began the 2010–11 season with the Hurricanes' AHL affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers. However, after 12 games, he was sent to the ECHL to play for the Florida Everblades but was later recalled. He returned to the Checkers for the 2011–12 season but was loaned to the Providence Bruins, the AHL affiliate of the Boston Bruins. On April 24, 2013, the Hurricanes recalled Jared for his only two NHL games where he played alongside brothers Eric and Jordan. He played the 2017–18 season in the EIHL for the Edinburgh Capitals.

He has since coached in the ECHL and AHL as an associate and assistant for the Checkers and the Orlando Solar Bears. On May 28, 2024, Jared was named head coach of the Savannah Ghost Pirates.

## Philanthropy

In 2012, the Staal Brothers created the Staal Family Foundation, an organization that tries “to help improve the quality of life for children with cancer and their families.”

## NHL careers statistics

|  | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Player | Years | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| Eric Staal | 2003–23 | | 1,365 | 455 | 608 | 1,063 | 854 | | 104 | 25 | 39 | 64 | 38 |
| Marc Staal | 2007–24 | | 1,136 | 53 | 181 | 234 | 537 | | 128 | 7 | 13 | 20 | 52 |
| Jordan Staal | 2006– | | 1,253 | 285 | 390 | 675 | 599 | | 147 | 36 | 34 | 70 | 64 |
| Jared Staal | 2013 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| **Combined** | **2003–** | | **3,756** | **793** | **1,179** | **1,972** | **1,992** | | **379** | **68** | **86** | **154** | **154** |


title: Bojan Filipović

abstract: Bojan Filipović is a Serbian retired footballer. He made a name for himself while playing in his homeland with Obilić from 1999 to 2003, scoring 40 league goals in 118 appearances. He then spent four years with Austrian club Sturm Graz from 2003 to 2007, making 98 league appearances and scoring 19 goals.

text:
# Bojan Filipović

**Bojan Filipović** (Serbian Cyrillic: Бојан Филиповић; born 1 January 1976) is a Serbian retired footballer.

He made a name for himself while playing in his homeland with Obilić from 1999 to 2003, scoring 40 league goals in 118 appearances. He then spent four years with Austrian club Sturm Graz from 2003 to 2007, making 98 league appearances and scoring 19 goals.

## Statistics

| Club | Season | League | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals |
| Obilić | 1999–00 | 29 | 2 |
| | 2000–01 | 32 | 18 |
| | 2001–02 | 31 | 13 |
| | 2002–03 | 26 | 7 |
| | Total | 118 | 40 |

## InfoBox

Bojan Filipović
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Bojan Filipović | | |
| Date of birth | (1976-01-01) 1 January 1976 | | |
| Place of birth | Kruševac, SFR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1994–1999 | Napredak | 82 | (12) |
| 1999–2003 | Obilić | 118 | (40) |
| 2003–2007 | Sturm Graz | 98 | (19) |
| 2007–2008 | Schwadorf | 21 | (3) |
| 2008–2009 | Spartak Subotica | 16 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Tirupati Venkata Kavulu

abstract: Tirupati Venkata Kavulu refers to the Telugu poet duo Divakarla Tirupati Sastry (1872–1919) and Chellapilla Venkata Sastry (1870–1950). These twin poets are acclaimed as the harbingers of modern poetry in Telugu. They have dramatised several of the Hindu epics into dramas and plays consisting of singable verses set to perfect meter. Several of their plays, especially pandavodyogavijayalu have been extremely popular with many drama clubs and audiences across Andhra Pradesh. Venkata Sastry has trained a large number of later age poets including Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Pingali Lakshmikantam and Veturi.

text:
# Tirupati Venkata Kavulu

**Tirupati Venkata Kavulu** (transl. Poets Tirupati & Venkata) refers to the Telugu poet duo Divakarla Tirupati Sastry (1872–1919) and Chellapilla Venkata Sastry (1870–1950). These twin poets are acclaimed as the harbingers of modern poetry in Telugu. They have dramatised several of the Hindu epics into dramas and plays consisting of singable verses set to perfect meter. Several of their plays, especially *pandavodyogavijayalu* have been extremely popular with many drama clubs and audiences across Andhra Pradesh. Venkata Sastry has trained a large number of later age poets including Viswanatha Satyanarayana, Pingali Lakshmikantam and Veturi.

## Awards

## Literary works

### Original compositions in Sanskrit

1. **Dhatu Ratnakara Campu** (1889–1893) is a campu cavya with the story of Ramayana illustrating the use of verbal forms for the roots given by Pāṇini, the Sanskrit grammarian.

2. **Sringara Sringataka** (1891) is a small playlet called Veedhi with predominantly erotic sentiment.

3. **Kali Sahasram** (1891–1894) is incomplete work (300 slokas) modelled on Lakshmi Sahasram in Sanskrit.

4. **Mula Sthaneswara Stuti** (1893–1894) was composed in Arya vrittas on Mulasthaneswara, local deity of Nellore.

5. **Ashtkas** (Kalikadi Stotra), 1889–1890

6. **Suka-Rambha Samvadam** (1893–1894) is an argumentation between Śuka, the sage and Rambha, the danseuse. Suka interprets Ananda, the Supreme Bliss, in terms of Vedantic Truth and Rambha interprets it in terms of erotic experience.

7. **Namassivaya Stotram** (1914–1915) is a devotional panegyric on Shiva.

8. **Kshampanam** (1914–1915)

9. **Pishtapeshanam** (1914–1915)

10. **Salabhalabhanam** (1914–1915)

### Translations from Sanskrit to Telugu

1. Devi Bhagavatamu, 1896
2. Siva Leelalu, 1896
3. Purana Gadhalu, 1896
4. Vrata Kathalu, 1896
5. Srinivasa Vilasamu, 1896–1897
6. Rasikanandamu, 1893–1894
7. **Suka-Rambha Samvadamu** (1893–1894) is translation into Telugu from the poets' own work of the same name in Sanskrit.
8. Buddha Caritramu, 1899–1900
9. Vairagya Sataka of Appaya Dikshita, 1899–1900
10. Bala Ramayana of Rajasekhara, 1901–1912
11. Mudra Rakshasa of Vishakhadatta, 1901–1912
12. Mrichchakatika of Shudraka, 1901–1912
13. Vikramankadeva Caritra of Bilhana, 1901–1912
14. Candraprabha Caritra of Veera Nandi, 1901–1912
15. Harsha Caritra of Bana, 1901–1912

### Translations from English to Telugu

1. Stories of Rabindranath Tagore

### Original works in Telugu poetry

1. Sravananandam (1893–1897; 1897–1898)
2. Panigrihita
3. **Lakshana Parinayamu** (1897–1901) was a mythological work which describes the marriage of Krishna and Lakshana.
4. **Ela Mahatmyamu** (1898–1900) was a work on the sanctity of River Ela.
5. **Jataka Carya** (1899–1930) and **Iteevali Carya** (1930–1950) are two unique works by Venkata Sastry. It is somewhat autobiographical work based on jyotishaphala. He has recorded his life in verse form. First work described his life from 30th to 60th year and the second work almost to the end of his life.
6. **Divakarastamayamu** (1920) is an elegy by Venkata Sastry on the demise of his lifelong partner, Tirupati Sastry.
7. **George V Pattabhisheka Padyalu** (1912) were composed on the occasion of the coronation of King George V.
8. **Bobbili Pattabhisheka Kavyamu** (1929) was a descriptive poem pertaining to the coronation of the Maharajah of Bobbili.
9. Kameswari Satakamu (1901)
10. Arogya Kameswari Stuti (1922)
11. Arogya Bhaskara Stavamu (1929–1930)
12. Mrtyunjaya Stavamu
13. Saubhagya Kameshwari Stavamu (1938–1941)
14. Sita Stavamu
15. Siva Bhakti
16. **Go-Devi** was work on dialogue between a cow and a tiger.
17. **Pativrata** was a kavya based on a folk song wherein a young woman is married to a snake.
18. **Suseela** is a work dealing with social customs like divine dispensation.
19. **Poorva Hariscandra Caritramu** is a mythological work.
20. Daiva Tantramu
21. **Satee Smriti** was an elegy by Venkata Sastry on the demise of his wife.
22. **Krishna Niryanamu** (1918) was an elegy on the demise of the Raja of Polavaram.
23. **Suryanarayana Stuti** (1920) was composed by Tirupati Sastry when he was seriously ill before his demise.
24. **Polavaram Rajah gari Sani Mahadasa** (1918) is a deprecation of someone who had brought misfortune to the Rajah of Polavaram, his benefactor.
25. **Sukha Jeevi** is a panegyric describing the qualities of Edara Venkata Rao Pantulu.

### Original works in Telugu drama

1. Panditarajamu
2. Edward Pattabhisheka Natakamu
3. Pandava Jananamu (1901–1917)
4. Pandava Pravasamu
5. Pandava Rajasuyamu
6. Pandava Udyogamu
7. Pandava Vijayamu
8. Pandava Aswamedhamu
9. Anargha Naradamu
10. Dambha Vamanamu
11. Sukanya
12. Prabhavatee-Pradyumnamu (1920–1922)
13. Gajanana Vijayamu (1901–1912)

### Original works in Telugu prose

1. Bharata Veerulu
2. Vikrama Cellapillamu
3. Shastipoorti
4. Satee Jatakamu

* Tirupati Venkata Kavulu: Makers of Indian Literature, Salva Krishnamurthy, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1985.


title: Sima Zhi

abstract: Sima Zhi, courtesy name Zihua, was a government official who served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty.

text:
# Sima Zhi

**Sima Zhi** () (fl.190s - 230s), courtesy name **Zihua**, was a government official who served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty.

## Early life

Sima Zhi was from Wen County (溫縣), Henei Commandery (河內郡), which is present-day Wen County, Henan. He was a distant cousin of Sima Lang and Sima Yi, whose descendants became the ruling family of the Jin dynasty. In his early life, when he was still a relative nobody compared to his cousins, Yang Jun (楊俊) recognised his potential and remarked, "Sima Zhi may not be as well known as Sima Lang, but he is actually more talented (than Sima Lang)."

Originally a scholar, Sima Zhi had to leave home when chaos broke out throughout China in the final decades of the Eastern Han dynasty. While en route to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in southern China, he and his fellow travellers encountered bandits in the hills near Luyang County (魯陽縣; present-day Lushan County, Henan). As the bandits approached, the other travellers abandoned their elderly and frail companions and fled. Sima Zhi remained behind to protect his mother. When the bandits brandished their weapons at him, he kowtowed and begged them to spare his mother: "My mother is old. Please help me take care of her!" The bandits said, "He's a filial son. It would be unrighteous for us to kill him." They spared him and his mother. Sima Zhi later found a cart for his mother to ride as they continued their journey towards the south.

Sima Zhi lived in Jing Province for over ten years and spent his time farming. He also strictly adhered to moral principles.

## Service under Cao Cao

### As a county chief

In 208, Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government, seized control of Jing Province after the provincial governor Liu Cong surrendered to him. Cao Cao recruited Sima Zhi into government service and appointed him as the Chief () of Jian County (菅縣; east of present-day Jiyang County, Shandong).

Around the time, as the Han Empire was in a state of disorder, there were many people who openly disregarded the laws. In Qing Province's Jinan Commandery (濟南郡), which Jian County was under, there was one Liu Jie (劉節) who served as a registrar (主簿) in the commandery office. Liu Jie came from an elite background and had over 1,000 retainers under him. Some of them were actually robbers and bandits, while others were corrupt bureaucrats.

When it was time for Wang Tong (王同) and some other retainers under Liu Jie to serve in the army, Sima Zhi's personal assistants reminded their superior that Liu Jie had never allowed anyone from his household to perform mandatory military service. Sima Zhi then wrote a letter to Liu Jie as follows: "Sir, you come from an influential family and occupy an important position in the commandery office, yet you allow your retainers to repeatedly avoid serving in the army. The people are very resentful and disappointed. Even the higher-level officials know about this. Wang Tong and the others are due to report for military service. Please send them over when it is time."

On the day the men were ordered to report for duty, Liu Jie not only refused to send Wang Tong and the others to the camp, but also secretly instructed (or bribed) a commandery-level inspector to go to Jian County and deliberately find fault with Sima Zhi's administration. Sima Zhi's subordinates felt intimidated by the inspector so they agreed to serve in the army in place of Liu Jie's retainers. When Sima Zhi found out, he wrote to Hao Guang (郝光), the Administrator of Jinan Commandery, to explain the situation and expose Liu Jie's wrongdoings. Hao Guang, who respected and trusted Sima Zhi, realised that Liu Jie was in the wrong so he ordered Liu Jie to serve in the army. Liu Jie had no choice but to follow orders. After this incident, there was a saying circulating around Qing Province: "(Sima Zhi) turned a commandery registrar into a soldier."

### Refusal to associate with Liu Xun

Sima Zhi later became the Prefect () of Guangping County (廣平縣; north of present-day Quzhou County, Hebei). At the time, Liu Xun, one of Cao Cao's generals, behaved arrogantly because he believed that, given his past acquaintance with Cao Cao, no one would dare to do anything to him. When he was in charge of guarding Henei Commandery (河內郡), Sima Zhi's home commandery, he allowed his relatives, subordinates and retainers to behave lawlessly and do as they wished.

Liu Xun once wrote a letter to Sima Zhi, without signing off, to ask him for favours. Sima Zhi ignored Liu Xun and continued to do everything by the book. Later, when Liu Xun was accused of plotting a rebellion, many people who had connections to him were implicated and arrested. Sima Zhi, who was unaffected by the incident, received praise for his wisdom in choosing to distance himself from Liu Xun.

### As a judicial officer and commandery administrator

Sima Zhi later served as a *dalizheng* (大理正; senior judicial officer) in Cao Cao's vassal kingdom of Wei () after Emperor Xian enfeoffed the warlord as a vassal king in the year 216.

During this time, Sima Zhi heard a case of theft in which a maid was accused of stealing silk from the official treasury and hiding it in the latrine. She had already been arrested and thrown into prison for interrogation.

After hearing the case, Sima Zhi wrote to Cao Cao:

> "One of the flaws of the criminal justice system lies in its severity and cruelty. In this case, the evidence was found before the suspect was brought in for questioning. When suspects succumb to torture during interrogation, they will most likely falsely admit to the crimes they are accused of, even when they are actually innocent. Confessions extracted through torture should not be taken as conclusive evidence of a suspect's guilt. It is in line with the teachings of the ancient sages to make the laws as simple as possible so that the common people can understand them. It is most vulgar and crude to assume that all suspects are guilty and go all out to make them confess just because we want to prevent those who are truly guilty from getting away. By releasing suspects, we are actually making it easier for the common people to understand the workings of the system. Is that not a better option?"

Cao Cao heeded Sima Zhi's advice.

Sima Zhi was later reassigned to be the Administrator (太守) of Ganling (甘陵; around present-day Linqing, Shandong), Pei (沛; around present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and Yangping (陽平; around present-day Handan, Hebei) commanderies. He performed well while serving in these offices.

## Service under Cao Pi

Sima Zhi continued serving in the state of Cao Wei, established by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, after the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in late 220. In the middle of Cao Pi's reign, he was appointed as the Intendant of Henan (河南尹), i.e., the administrator of the capital commandery. During his tenure, he kept elite influence in check, helped the poor, and governed in an impartial manner without showing favour to anyone. He also managed to convince Cao Pi to restore the *wuzhu* (五銖) coinage, which was previously used in the Han dynasty, as an official currency of the Cao Wei state.

On one occasion, a palace official wanted a favour from Sima Zhi but was afraid to ask him directly, so he requested Dong Zhao, an uncle of Sima Zhi's wife, to ask on his behalf. However, Dong Zhao also felt intimidated by Sima Zhi and did not ask him.

Sima Zhi once lectured his subordinates:

> "Although a ruler plays a key role in shaping the rules of his government, it isn't possible for him to always ensure that his officials won't break the rules. When the officials break the rules, it is also not possible to always ensure that the ruler won't find out. If officials still break the rules, it is the ruler's fault. If the ruler finds out that officials broke the rules, it is the officials' fault. The ruler is first and foremost the one at fault if the government fails. The officials under him are next in line to be held responsible. Shouldn't all of you strive harder to do a good job in office?"

His subordinates heeded his words and worked diligently and faithfully.

In one incident, a sentry serving under one of Sima Zhi's subordinates was arrested on suspicions of stealing a hairstick. Although his statement contradicted the evidence, the authorities still deemed him guilty and threw him into prison. When Sima Zhi heard about it, he remarked:

> "Sometimes things are so similar that it is difficult to tell them apart. If we don't make clear distinctions, people will be confused. We should look at the facts. How can anyone bear to harm a fellow human being just because of the loss of one hairstick? There's no need to pursue the matter further."

## Service under Cao Rui

In 226, after Cao Rui succeeded his father Cao Pi as the new emperor of Wei, he enfeoffed Sima Zhi as a Secondary Marquis (關內侯) to honour him for his contributions.

### Case of Princess Linfen's servant and Cao Hong's wet nurse

Shortly after, a servant of Princess Linfen and the former wet nurse of the veteran general Cao Hong were arrested and imprisoned for heresy because they worshipped a certain "deity" of Mount Wujian (無澗山) at the northeast of Luoyang.

Grand Empress Dowager Bian, Cao Rui's grandmother, sent a palace eunuch, Wu Da (吳達), to order Sima Zhi to release Cao Hong's wet nurse and Princess Linfen's servant. Sima Zhi did not inform Cao Rui about the Grand Empress Dowager's interference in the case. Instead, he instructed the officials in charge of the case to continue performing their duties accordingly.

After the case was closed, Sima Zhi wrote a memorial to Cao Rui:

> "All criminal cases involving capital offences should be sent to Your Majesty for approval before the death sentence is carried out. Previously, the imperial court issued an edict outlawing unorthodox and cult-like practices. Now, (Cao Hong's wet nurse and Princess Linfen's servant) have confessed to committing the offence of heresy. When the Grand Empress Dowager sent the palace eunuch Wu Da to relay her order to me, I did not inform Your Majesty because I was worried that someone would try to save the convicts. I would detain Wu Da if I had no other choice to prevent interference. It was my fault that the case took so long to be settled. I have violated standard protocol when I did not inform Your Majesty about the interference, and authorised the officials to settle the case on their own and execute the convicts. I am guilty and I now request to be punished by death."

Cao Rui replied: "I have read your memorial and I understand your intentions. You did the right thing when you followed the imperial edict and authorised the officials to perform their duties. As you were acting in accordance with an imperial edict, you did nothing wrong so there is no need to apologise. You do not have to inform me the next time a palace eunuch comes to see you."

### As the Intendant of Henan

Sima Zhi served as the Intendant of Henan (河南尹) for 11 years. During his tenure, he dealt with numerous complex legal cases (e.g. cases in which the law could not be applied straightforwardly) and gained a reputation in the Wei imperial court for being impartial and fair.

In 231, when the various princes came from their respective principalities to Luoyang to pay tribute to Cao Rui, some of them violated imperial protocol by privately visiting officials based in Luoyang without permission. (The princes were forbidden from contacting officials in the central government without permission from the emperor.) When these violations came to light, Sima Zhi was accused of negligence as he allowed them to happen under his watch. As a result, he was removed from office.

### As Minister of Finance

Sima Zhi was later restored to government service as Minister of Finance (大司農). Before he assumed office, the officials in charge of agricultural production had, in fact, been encouraging their subordinates and the common people to focus more on commercial rather than agricultural activities because commerce was more profitable.

Sima Zhi assessed the situation and wrote a memorial to Cao Rui:

> "When a ruler governs his state, he should promote the primary industries and discourage under-performing industries. He should make the agricultural industry a top priority and recognise the importance of agriculture. The *Book of Rites* stated: 'if there was not a surplus sufficient for three years, the state could not continue'. The *Guanzi* also mentioned that agriculture is very important. As of now, our two rival states have yet to be vanquished, and war is still ongoing. The State's top domestic priority is the accumulation of wealth and resources. Emperor Wu established the *tuntian* system for the purpose of creating a strong agricultural base. During the Jian'an era, all the granaries of the Empire were fully stocked and the people had sufficient food. Since the Huangchu era, as agricultural officials gained greater autonomy, they have been promoting their own interests. This is not beneficial to the State. Rulers see their states as their homes, hence the saying 'if the people are in want, their ruler cannot enjoy plenty alone'. The reason why there is a surplus is because people pay attention to the local climate and geography and use them to their advantage. Although merchants and traders can generate profit and wealth through commerce, their activities are not directly relevant to the State's grand plan of unifying the Empire. It is much better to open up more land for agriculture and increase production. Starting from the first month, farmers clear land, plough the fields, plant crops and mulberry trees, and end the cycle by collecting the harvest in the tenth month. In the remaining two months of the year, they build or repair granaries, roads, bridges, buildings, walls, etc. They are busy with agricultural-related activities throughout the year. The agricultural officials say: 'Those who remain behind to work in the fields replace those who go out to do commerce. We have no other choice. If we do not want to neglect agriculture, then we will need more manpower.' In my humble opinion, I think we should not allow commerce to take precedence over agriculture. We should set agriculture as our top priority and constantly remind ourselves to consider the State's long term interests. This is the best course of action."

Cao Rui heeded Sima Zhi's advice.

### Later life and death

At the time, when some officials were summoned to meet their superiors, they often consulted their superiors' personal assistants to find out what their superiors wanted. The personal assistants then advised them accordingly and taught them how to provide satisfactory answers to their superiors. Sima Zhi, in contrast, was known for being candid, outspoken and upright. When he had disagreements with his colleagues during discussions, he voiced his objections in front of them, criticised them directly and never spoke behind their backs.

Sima Zhi died in office in an unknown year. His family did not have any excess wealth at the time of his death. Throughout the Cao Wei state's existence from 220 to 265, none of the persons who served as the Intendant of Henan managed to perform better in office than Sima Zhi.

## Descendants

Sima Zhi's son, Sima Qi (司馬岐), inherited his father's peerage as a Secondary Marquis (關內侯). He initially served as an assistant official in Henan before he was reassigned to be a judicial officer. Later, he was promoted to the position of Chancellor () of Chenliu State (陳留國; around present-day Kaifeng, Henan).

During his tenure, the Wei imperial court ordered several prisoners to be transferred from Liang Commandery (梁郡; around present-day Shangqiu, Henan) to the counties in Chenliu State. All these prisoners were actually suspects being held in custody because their cases had yet to be settled in court. When the imperial edict reached Chenliu State, the county officials wrote to Sima Qi to seek permission to start building more prison cells and prepare the equipment required to hold the incoming prisoners. Sima Qi replied: "There are tens of such prisoners. They are cunning and deceptive. While they haven't confessed their guilt, they have already grown tired of being held in custody. You can tell from the way they are behaving. Why then should we continue to hold them in long-term custody?" When the prisoners were transferred over, Sima Qi interrogated them, determined their guilt, and settled all the cases within one morning. He was subsequently promoted to the position of Minister of Justice (廷尉).

When Sima Qi was Minister of Justice, the regent Cao Shuang monopolised power and controlled the Wei central government along with his supporters such as He Yan and Deng Yang. When one Gui Tai (圭泰) from Nanyang Commandery verbally defied an imperial edict, he was arrested and sent to the Ministry of Justice for interrogation. Deng Yang, who was in charge of dealing with the case, ordered Gui Tai to be severely tortured to force him to admit his guilt. When Sima Qi heard about it, he reprimanded Deng Yang: "The officials serving in the central government agencies are the pillars of our state. You are already failing to promote civil culture and morality, and you can't match the standards set by the ancients. What you are doing is exacting petty revenge on others and framing the innocent. You make the people feel panicky and fearful. Isn't this what you are doing?"

Deng Yang, feeling angry and embarrassed, gave up and backed down. Sima Qi later thought that he might have offended Cao Shuang and his supporters, and feared that they would find ways to get back at him so he claimed that he was ill and resigned. He died at the age of 35 (by East Asian age reckoning) at home. His son, Sima Zhao (司馬肇), inherited his peerage as a Secondary Marquis (關內侯). Sima Zhao served as a Master of Writing (尚書) and as the Inspector of Ji Province during the Taikang era (280–289) of the reign of Emperor Wu in the Jin dynasty.

1. de Crespigny (2007), pp. 749–750.
2. (司馬芝字子華，河內溫人也。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
3. de Crespigny (2007), p. 749.
4. (又司馬朗早有聲名，其族兄芝，衆未之知，惟俊言曰：「芝雖風望不及朗，實理但有優耳。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 23.
5. (少為書生，避亂荊州，於魯陽山遇賊，同行者皆棄老弱走，芝獨坐守老母。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
6. (賊至，以刃臨芝，芝叩頭曰：「母老，唯在諸君！」賊曰：「此孝子也，殺之不義。」遂得免害，以鹿車推載母。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
7. (居南方十餘年，躬耕守節。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
8. Sima (1084), vol. 65.
9. (太祖平荊州，以芝為菅長。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
10. (時天下草創，多不奉法。郡主簿劉節，舊族豪俠，賔客千餘家，出為盜賊，入亂吏治。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
11. (頃之，芝差節客王同等為兵，掾史據白：「節家前後未甞給繇，若至時藏匿，必為留負。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
12. (芝不聽，與節書曰：「君為大宗，加股肱郡，而賔客每不與役，旣衆庶怨望，或流聲上聞。今條同等為兵，幸時發遣。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
13. (兵已集郡，而節藏同等，因令督郵以軍興詭責縣，縣掾史窮困，乞代同行。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
14. (芝乃馳檄濟南，具陳節罪。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
15. de Crespigny (2007), pp. 306–307, 520, 749–750.
16. (太守郝光素敬信芝，即以節代同行，青州號芝「以郡主簿為兵」。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
17. (遷廣平令。征虜將軍劉勳，貴寵驕豪，又芝故郡將，賔客子弟在界數犯法。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
18. (勳與芝書，不著姓名，而多所屬託，芝不報其書，一皆如法。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
19. (後勳以不軌誅，交關者皆獲罪，而芝以見稱。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
20. de Crespigny (2007), p. 750.
21. (遷大理正。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
22. (有盜官練置都厠上者，吏疑女工，收以付獄。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
23. (芝曰：「夫刑罪之失，失在苛暴。今贓物先得而後訊其辭，若不勝掠，或至誣服。誣服之情，不可以折獄。且簡而易從，大人之化也。不失有罪，庸世之治耳。今宥所疑，以隆易從之義，不亦可乎！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
24. (太祖從其議。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
25. (歷甘陵、沛、陽平太守，所在有績。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
26. Sima (1084), vol. 69.
27. (黃初中，入為河南尹，抑彊扶弱，私請不行。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
28. (會內官欲以事託芝，不敢發言，因芝妻伯父董昭。昭猶憚芝，不為通。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
29. (芝為教與羣下曰：「蓋君能設教，不能使吏必不犯也。吏能犯教，而不能使君必不聞也。夫設教而犯，君之劣也；犯教而聞，吏之禍也。君劣於上，吏禍於下，此政事所以不理也。可不各勉之哉！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
30. (於是下吏莫不自勵。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
31. (門下循行甞疑門幹盜簪，幹辭不符，曹執為獄。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
32. (芝教曰：「凡物有相似而難分者，自非離婁，鮮能不惑。就其實然，循行何忍重惜一簪，輕傷同類乎！其寢勿問。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
33. Sima (1084), vol. 70.
34. (明帝即位，賜爵關內侯。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
35. (頃之，特進曹洪乳母當，與臨汾公主侍者共事無澗神繫獄。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
36. (臣松之案：無澗，山名，在洛陽東北。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
37. (卞太后遣黃門詣府傳令，芝不通，輙勑洛陽獄考竟， ...) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
38. (... 而上疏曰：「諸應死罪者，皆當先表須報。前制書禁絕淫祀以正風俗，今當等所犯妖刑，辭語始定，黃門吳達詣臣，傳太皇太后令。臣不敢通，懼有救護，速聞聖聽，若不得已，以垂宿留。由事不早竟，是臣之罪，是以冒犯常科，輙勑縣考竟，擅行刑戮，伏須誅罰。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
39. (帝手報曰：「省表，明卿至心，欲奉詔書，以權行事，是也。此乃卿奉詔之意，何謝之有？後黃門復往，慎勿通也。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
40. (芝居官十一年，數議科條所不便者。其在公卿間，直道而行。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
41. (八月，詔曰：「古者諸侯朝聘，所以敦睦親親協和萬國也。先帝著令，不欲使諸王在京都者，謂幼主在位，母后攝政，防微以漸，關諸盛衰也。朕惟不見諸王十有二載，悠悠之懷，能不興思！其令諸王及宗室公侯各將適子一人朝。後有少主、母后在宮者，自如先帝令，申明著于令。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 3.
42. (會諸王來朝，與京都人交通，坐免。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
43. (後為大司農。先是諸典農各部吏民，末作治生，以要利入。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
44. (芝奏曰：「王者之治，崇本抑末，務農重穀。王制：『無三年之儲，國非其國也。』管子區言以積穀為急。方今二虜未滅，師旅不息，國家之事，唯在穀帛。武皇帝特開屯田之官，專以農桑為業。建安中，天下倉廩充實，百姓殷足。自黃初以來，聽諸典農治生，各為部下之計，誠非國家大體所宜也。夫王者以海內為家，故傳曰：『百姓不足，君誰與足！』富足之田，在於不失天時而盡地力。今商旅所求，雖有加倍之顯利，然於一統之計，已有不貲之損，不如墾田益一畒之收也。夫農民之事田，自正月耕種，芸鋤條桑，耕熯種麥，穫刈築場，十月乃畢。治廩繫橋，運輸租賦，除道理梁，墐塗室屋，以是終歲，無日不為農事也。今諸典農，各言『留者為行者宗田計，課其力，勢不得不爾。不有所廢，則當素有餘力。』臣愚以為不宜復以商事雜亂，專以農桑為務，於國計為便。」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
45. (明帝從之。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
46. (每上官有所召問，常先見掾史，為斷其意故，教其所以荅塞之狀，皆如所度。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
47. (芝性亮直，不矜廉隅。與賔客談論，有不可意，便靣折其短，退無異言。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
48. (卒於官，家無餘財，自魏迄今為河南尹者莫及芝。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
49. (芝亡，子岐嗣，從河南丞轉廷尉正，遷陳留相。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
50. (梁郡有繫囚，多所連及，數歲不決。詔書徙獄於岐屬縣，縣請豫治牢具。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
51. (岐曰：「今囚有數十，旣巧詐難符，且已倦楚毒，其情易見。豈當復乆處囹圄邪！」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
52. (及囚室，詰之，皆莫敢匿詐，一朝決竟，遂超為廷尉。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
53. (是時大將軍爽專權，尚書何晏、鄧颺等為之輔翼。南陽圭泰甞以言迕指，考繫廷尉。颺訊獄，將致泰重刑。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
54. (岐數颺曰：「夫樞機大臣，王室之佐，旣不能輔化成德，齊美古人，而乃肆其私忿，枉論無辜。使百姓危心，非此焉在？」) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
55. (颺於是慙怒而退。岐終恐乆獲罪，以疾去官。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
56. (居家未朞而卒，年三十五。子肇嗣。) *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
57. (肇，晉太康中為兾州刺史、尚書，見百官志。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in *Sanguozhi* vol. 12.
* Chen, Shou (3rd century). *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*).
* de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). *A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD*. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
* Pei, Songzhi (5th century). *Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi zhu*).
* Sima, Guang (1084). *Zizhi Tongjian*.

## InfoBox

| Sima Zhi | |
| --- | --- |
| 司馬芝 | |
|  | |
| Minister of Finance (大司農) | |
| **In office**<br>c. 230s (c. 230s)–? (?) | |
| Monarch | Cao Rui |
| Intendant of Henan (河南尹) | |
| **In office**<br>c. early 220s (c. early 220s)  c. early 230s (c. early 230s) | |
| Monarch | Cao Pi / Cao Rui |
| Administrator of Yangping (陽平太守) | |
| **In office**<br>c. 210s (c. 210s)  c. early 220s (c. early 220s) | |
| Monarchs | Emperor Xian of Han (until 220) /<br>Cao Pi (from 220) |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao (until 220) |
| Administrator of Pei (沛太守) | |
| **In office**<br>c. 210s | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Administrator of Ganling (甘陵太守) | |
| **In office**<br>c. 210s | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| *Dalizheng* (大理正) | |
| **In office**<br>c. 210s | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Prefect of Guangping (廣平令) | |
| **In office**<br>c. 210s | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
| Chief of Jian (County) (菅長) | |
| **In office**<br>208 (208)  c. 210s (c. 210s) | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor | Cao Cao |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown<br>Wen County, Henan |
| Died | Unknown |
| Spouse | Dong Zhao's niece |
| Children | Sima Qi |
| Relatives |  |
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Zihua (子華) |
| Peerage | Secondary Marquis (關內侯) |
|  | |


title: René-Joseph de Tournemine

abstract: René-Joseph de Tournemine was a French Jesuit theologian and philosopher. He founded the Mémoires de Trévoux, the Jesuit learned journal published from 1701 to 1767, and assailed Nicolas Malebranche with the charges of atheism and Spinozism. His Réflexions sur l'athéisme originated as a preface to the Traité de l'existence de Dieu (1713) by Fénelon, and was an effective direct attack on Spinoza; it argued that 'Spinozism' wasn't practically tenable. A debate with Leibniz on the mind-body problem was prominent in the period. Tournemine taught the young Voltaire, and became his friend. In correspondence from 1735, however, Voltaire was critical of the Jesuit reception of Newton and Locke.

text:
# René-Joseph de Tournemine

**René-Joseph de Tournemine** (French pronunciation: \[ʁəne ʒozɛf  tuʁnəmin\]; 26 April 1661, Rennes – 16 May 1739) was a French Jesuit theologian and philosopher. He founded the *Mémoires de Trévoux*, the Jesuit learned journal published from 1701 to 1767, and assailed Nicolas Malebranche with the charges of atheism and Spinozism.

His *Réflexions sur l'athéisme* originated as a preface to the *Traité de l'existence de Dieu* (1713) by Fénelon, and was an effective direct attack on Spinoza; it argued that 'Spinozism' wasn't practically tenable.

A debate with Leibniz on the mind-body problem was prominent in the period.

Tournemine taught the young Voltaire, and became his friend. In correspondence from 1735, however, Voltaire was critical of the Jesuit reception of Newton and Locke.


title: Solomon Sebag

abstract: Solomon Sebag was an English educator and Hebrew writer.

text:
# Solomon Sebag

**Solomon Sebag** (1828 – 30 April 1892) was an English educator and Hebrew writer.

## Biography

Solomon Sebag was born in 1828 in Essouira, Morocco, the son of Rabbi Isaac Sebag. He was educated at the orphan school of the Portuguese congregation of London.

Sebag later took on the role of master at the Sha'are Tikvah School. Upon the passing of *Ḥazzan* de Sola, he temporarily assumed the position of reader at the Bevis Marks Synagogue. He turned down a permanent appointment, however, on the grounds that it would disrupt his attendance at the opera, to which he was devoted.

In 1852, Sebag wrote a Hebrew primer that served for a long time as the chief textbook for Hebrew education among Jewish children in England. He also published various Hebrew poems and odes for special occasions.

## Selected publications

* *The Hebrew Primer and Reading Book*. London. 1871 \[1852\].`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* *Lines written on the death of the late lamented Rev. Barnett Abrahams*. London: S. Meldola. 1864.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jacobs, Joseph; Lipkind, Goodman (1905). "Sebag, Solomon". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). *The Jewish Encyclopedia*. Vol. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 140.

## InfoBox

| Solomon Sebag | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1828 (1828)
Essouira, Morocco |
| Died | 30 April 1892(1892-04-30) (aged 63–64)
Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Hospital, London, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Educator, writer |


title: Sinistar: Unleashed

abstract: Sinistar: Unleashed is a 1999 action space shooter video game for Microsoft Windows. It was designed by Marc Michalik and Walter Wright and developed at GameFX, a small studio composed of former members of Looking Glass Studios. Originally titled Out of the Void, development of the project began in 1997 and had no relationship with the Sinistar franchise. After licensing the franchise from Midway Games that year, GameFX shifted the focus of the game and developed it as a sequel to the original Sinistar, which was released by Williams in 1982. Like the previous installment, Sinistar: Unleashed focuses on the destruction of the Sinistar, a large bio-mechanical machine, powered by machines called the Sporg. To achieve this goal, the player has a variety of starships, power-ups and weapons. Unlike its predecessor, the game has full three-dimensional graphics and a wider control scheme. Sinistar: Unleashed features 29 levels, five of which are hidden; each level has a Sinistar. Sinistar: Unleashed received mixed reception when released. Critics lauded its audacity, as well as the addition of new features into the game. Several journalists felt that GameFX captured all the elements that represented a Sinistar game and stayed true to the franchise by feeling familiar to fans of the original game. However, critics faulted the boss designs and the repetitiveness of the gameplay.

text:
# Sinistar: Unleashed

***Sinistar: Unleashed*** is a 1999 action space shooter video game for Microsoft Windows. It was designed by Marc Michalik and Walter Wright and developed at GameFX, a small studio composed of former members of Looking Glass Studios. Originally titled *Out of the Void*, development of the project began in 1997 and had no relationship with the *Sinistar* franchise. After licensing the franchise from Midway Games that year, GameFX shifted the focus of the game and developed it as a sequel to the original *Sinistar*, which was released by Williams in 1982.

Like the previous installment, *Sinistar: Unleashed* focuses on the destruction of the Sinistar, a large bio-mechanical machine, powered by machines called the Sporg. To achieve this goal, the player has a variety of starships, power-ups and weapons. Unlike its predecessor, the game has full three-dimensional graphics and a wider control scheme. *Sinistar: Unleashed* features 29 levels, five of which are hidden; each level has a Sinistar.

*Sinistar: Unleashed* received mixed reception when released. Critics lauded its audacity, as well as the addition of new features into the game. Several journalists felt that GameFX captured all the elements that represented a *Sinistar* game and stayed true to the franchise by feeling familiar to fans of the original game. However, critics faulted the boss designs and the repetitiveness of the gameplay.

## Gameplay

Like its predecessor, *Sinistar: Unleashed* is an action space shooter video game. While the original *Sinistar* features graphics and gameplay in a two-dimensional space, the sequel features three-dimensional graphics and gameplay, giving the player the ability to maneuver and roam freely across six different axes. *Sinistar: Unleashed* features twenty-nine levels, five of which are hidden as a bonus; each level has a Sinistar. The bonus levels are timed missions that involve destroying or protecting a particular object.

The player is given a starship, and the main mission is to fight an alien race called the Distilled Evil and their slaves, the Sporg. The Sporg are mining ships controlled by the Distilled Evil, tasked with powering the jumpgate, a portal through which the Sinistar (a bio-mechanical monster dedicated to destroying the player) appears. The jumpgate is stationed at the center of the level, and the Sporg power it with energy crystals collected from the asteroids that appear sparsely along the sector.

The player must prevent the Sporg from completely powering the jumpgate. While completing the task, the player encounters several warships that attempt to protect the jumpgate. These enemies are indicated on the radar with a dynamic set of coordinates that turn from white to red as they approach. If the player succeeds, the jumpgate breaks and the level is finished. Otherwise, the Sinistar will arrive through the activated jumpgate, and the player must defeat it to progress further. The player has six different starships to choose from, as well as eight power-ups and nine weapons to destroy the mining ships and the Sinistar. The most powerful weapon is called the Sinibomb, which is designed to defeat the Sinistar, although it can also be used to destroy the jumpgate. The player obtains Sinibombs by harvesting crystals from asteroids in the same way Sporg do.

## Development

Development of *Sinistar: Unleashed*, originally titled *Out of the Void*, began in 1997. It was handled by GameFX, a small game developer consisting of former members of Looking Glass Studios. It was initially designed to run only on a P200 with 3dfx acceleration, hardware which was beyond the reach of the average consumer at the time. Recognizing that the game could serve as a showpiece for their chip, 3dfx partnered with GameFX to support development. At first, the project had no connection, or gameplay similarities, to the *Sinistar* franchise. When the studio acquired the rights for the *Sinistar* franchise that year, it decided to refocus the development of the title to fit into the newly acquired property. It altered the game to introduce similarities to *Sinistar*, although the graphic structure remained unchanged.

THQ revealed that the game was optimized for the then-recently released Pentium III processors from Intel to allow the "lighting and geometry transformation engine to process more detail faster." In the *Computer Gamer's Bible*, Mark L. Chambers and Rob Smith noted the technical design of *Sinistar: Unleashed*, writing that "developers have added accurate collision physics, and mining the asteroid field will require precise timing and good trigger finger."

## Release

*Sinistar: Unleashed* was announced by THQ in February 1999, two years after the company licensed the *Sinistar* franchise from Midway Games. Two demos for the game were produced. The second, released in September 1999, included several gameplay and technical enhancements over the first, showcasing the initial two levels of the game.

When announcing the game, C. Noah Davis, chief technology officer of THQ and general manager of GameFX, said "What made the original a classic is that it was easy to learn, yet difficult to master." He elaborated: "We are focused on capturing that magic using many elements of the original, while showcasing the universe using our proprietary GameFX Technology." *IGN* reported on September 3, 1999 that the game had gone gold, and it was released on September 15.

## Reception

*Sinistar: Unleashed* received average reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Critics agreed that the developers stayed true to the original game and lauded the graphic enhancements as "unquestionably beautiful" and a "graphical powerhouse". Erik Wolpaw, writing for *GameSpot*, noted that the game suffered mostly from gameplay issues, such as the control design, which he called "overly complex for a mindless shooter". He added that although the developers succeeded in capturing the arcade essence of the previous game, this was "somewhat to the detriment of the final product."

*AllGame*'s reviewer was satisfied with the game's graphics but criticized how its bosses were designed, elaborating that "the Sinistars ... simply don't instill the same sense of sheer panic \[as in the previous game\]." Vincent Lopez of *IGN* noted the game's similarity to its predecessor and complimented its graphics and the addition of a wide variety of weapons as well as other technical features. However, he viewed the weapons as "more of a checklist than an actual asset." He stated that *Sinistar: Unleashed* "feels immediately familiar to fans of the original, while adding just enough new features (and a completely new graphic overhaul) to make this feel now-dated."

Nash Werner of *GamePro* shared Lopez's views, explaining that GameFX and THQ "have released a modern 3D version" of the original *Sinistar* that "sports some of the best graphics ever seen in a space shooter", although he added that it had lost "some of the soul" that the original game had. Caryn Law, writing for *Computer Games Strategy Plus*, applauded THQ for including the original game's elements and rendering them with "jazzing" graphics. She criticized the plot and gameplay design, stating that "players want games that involve more than simply blowing things up." She also contended that *Sinistar: Unleashed* "hearkens back to the days when all you needed was keen hand–eye coordination and a pocket full of quarters."

*PC Zone* praised the game, noting that "the rich, organic style lends the game a hypnotic atmosphere" and stating "with the Sinistars still taunting you as they did back in 1983, and the gameplay essentially unchanged, those who enjoyed the ageing classic will find *Sinistar: Unleashed* a worthy successor." John Lee, writing for *NextGen*, gave a somewhat mediocre review of the game, casting it as "a lot like one of those *Baywatch* babes—luscious to look at, but not much between the ears." He added that it was basically "another retro/nostalgia trip." *GameSpy*'s Law concluded that *Sinistar: Unleashed* was "simply *Sinistar* dressed up in 3D graphics" and that it offered "nothing new in the way of a challenge."

## InfoBox

| Sinistar: Unleashed | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | GameFX |
| Publisher(s) | THQ |
| Designer(s) | Marc Michalik, Walter Wright |
| Composer(s) | Mashi Hasu, Ruediger Huber, John Benshop |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * NA: September 15, 1999 |
| Genre(s) | Space shooter |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, multiplayer |


title: South African Class C 4-6-0T

abstract: The South African Railways Class C 4-6-0T of 1879 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal. Between 1879 and 1885, the Natal Government Railways placed thirty-seven 4-6-0 Ten-wheeler type tank steam locomotives in service. Of these, the first seven were built as 2-6-0T Mogul type locomotives and were subsequently modified to a 4-6-0T wheel arrangement. By 1908 they were designated Class G and in 1912, when some of the survivors were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and reclassified to Class C. These were the oldest pre-Union locomotives to be classified and renumbered onto the SAR roster.

text:
# South African Class C 4-6-0T

The **South African Railways Class C 4-6-0T** of 1879 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal.

Between 1879 and 1885, the Natal Government Railways placed thirty-seven 4-6-0 Ten-wheeler type tank steam locomotives in service. Of these, the first seven were built as 2-6-0T Mogul type locomotives and were subsequently modified to a 4-6-0T wheel arrangement. By 1908 they were designated Class G and in 1912, when some of the survivors were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and reclassified to Class C. These were the oldest pre-Union locomotives to be classified and renumbered onto the SAR roster.

## Origins

In 1875, when the Natal Government took over all the assets of the Natal Railway Company and formed the Natal Government Railways (NGR), two important decisions were made. The first was to extend the tracks inland from Durban to Pietermaritzburg to open up the line into the interior, and to Verulam on the North Coast and Isipingo on the South Coast to serve the growing farming communities up and down the coast from Durban. The second was to convert the railway from broad gauge to Cape gauge to conform to the gauge used by the Cape Government Railways. Apart from eventual compatibility with the Gape's railways, this decision to regauge was probably equally much brought about by the terrain which confronted the new railway in the Natal interior, which would demand heavy grades and tight curves.

The first Cape gauge locomotives of the NGR were seven Class K 2-6-0T engines which had been ordered from Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1877 to meet the expected traffic demands on these new lines. They were built to the same specifications as the engines *Durban* and *Pietermaritzburg*, a pair of 2-6-0T locomotives which were built by Kitson & Company for Wythes and Jackson, the contractors who built the line between Durban and Pietermaritzburg.

## Manufacturers

These locomotives of 1879 were a development of those first Cape gauge Class K 2-6-0 tank locomotives. These new locomotives were initially often referred to as the K&S Class after their builders, Kitson & Company and Robert Stephenson & Company, until a classification system was introduced by the NGR at some stage between 1904 and 1908 and they were designated the NGR Class G. Altogether 37 were built by these two manufacturers, in six batches between 1879 and 1885.

1879

The first seven of these locomotives were delivered from Kitson in 1879, with works numbers in the range from 2254 to 2258, 2269 and 2270. They were numbered in the range from 8 to 14. Like their predecessor Class K, these seven locomotives were built with a 2-6-0T Mogul type wheel arrangement. They were all soon rebuilt to a 4-6-0 Ten-wheeler type wheel arrangement, probably beginning in 1882, since mention is made in the NGR Annual Report for 1883 of five locomotives of the 1879 order having been rebuilt in this manner during the year covered in the report. In the process, the locomotive frame had to be extended forward by 24+34 inches (629 millimetres) to accommodate the four-wheeled bogie.

1880

Three more locomotives followed in 1880, also built by Kitson, with works numbers in the range from 2358 to 2360 and numbered in the range from 16 to 18. These three as well as all those which followed, were built with a 4-6-0 Ten-wheeler type wheel arrangement. In order to accommodate the bogie, these and the following locomotives were all 23 feet 10+38 inches (7,274 millimetres) long over their buffer beams, compared to the 21 feet 9+58 inches (6,645 millimetres) length of the locomotives of 1879.

1882

Twelve more followed in 1882, of which five were built by Kitson, with works numbers in the range from 2504 to 2508 and numbered in the range from 22 to 26. The rest were built by Robert Stephenson & Company, with works numbers in the range from 2484 to 2490. Their known engine numbers (see table below) indicate that they were not numbered in chronological order and that some of them were allocated numbers from earlier locomotives which may have been withdrawn or renumbered.

1883

Two locomotives were delivered in 1883, built by Stephenson with works numbers 2519 and 2520. Their known numbers also indicate renumbering and gap-filling on the locomotive numbering roster.

1884

Ten locomotives were delivered in 1884, built by Stephenson, with works numbers in the range from 2571 to 2580 and numbered in the range from 32 to 41.

1885

The last three were built by Kitson, with works numbers in the range from 2898 to 2900 and numbered in the range from 42 to 44.

## Characteristics

The locomotive was able to haul a maximum load of 90 long tons (91.4 tonnes) on 1 in 30 (3⅓%) grades with curves of 300 feet (91 metres) radius.

Two small two-axle water tenders with a 6 feet (1,829 millimetres) wheelbase for use on long runs were supplied by Kitson. Another two-axle tender with a 7 feet (2,134 millimetres) wheelbase was built in the Durban workshops in 1882, to the design of Locomotive Superintendent William Milne. In contrast to the Cape Government Railways (CGR), where tender locomotives were acquired for mainline work from the outset, the NGR persisted with side-tank locomotives on mainline work in spite of their inherent limited coal and water capacities until 1904.

## Modifications

Several modifications were done to many of these locomotives during their years in service. This led to differences between locomotives in one or more of several aspects.

* The sandbox location was either on the running boards or atop the boiler.
* The size and shape of their side-tanks.
* The size and shape of their steam chest inspection covers.
* Longer boilers, which resulted in smokeboxes being relocated further forward.
* Frame lengths, extended forward on the 1879 batch to accommodate the bogie, or extended rearward to accommodate extended footplates.
* Larger coupled wheel diameters.
* Increased operating boiler pressure and, as a result, increased tractive effort.
* Increased coal bunker capacity.

All the locomotives were delivered with Salter safety valves. Photographs show that at some stage Ramsbottom safety valves were installed in addition to the existing Salter valves.

## Rebuilding

### To 4-6-4T Baltic

Two of these locomotives were rebuilt by G.W. Reid, who was appointed as Locomotive Superintendent of the NGR on 1 July 1893. No. 21 was rebuilt to a 4-6-4T Baltic type wheel arrangement in 1896, for use on the South Coast line. At the time, there was no turning facility at the end of this line and the modification was made to enable the locomotive to run equally well in either direction. This locomotive was later renumbered 39 and designated NGR Class H.

### To 4-6-2T Pacific

In 1901, no. 25 was rebuilt to a 4-6-2T Pacific type wheel arrangement. This locomotive was later renumbered 38 and was also designated NGR Class H when a classification system was introduced on the NGR.

## Service

### Natal Government Railways

In NGR service, the Class G replaced the slightly smaller Beyer, Peacock & Company built Class K 2-6-0 tank locomotives on mainline trains out of Durban. They were occasionally used with the small four-wheeled tenders to increase their water carrying capacity when they were required to work long distances.

On Wednesday 1 December 1880 during the official opening of the line to Pietermaritzburg, a special train consisting of five carriages and a brake-van worked by Kitson 2-6-0 engine no. 12, all new stock, was run from Durban to Pietermaritzburg. The driver was Harry Hayes with guards Frazer and De Broize. The train conveyed a party of invited guests, including the Mayor of Durban, Town Councillors, several prominent citizens and government officials in addition to Mr David Hunter and other railway officers.

### South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, NGR and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways was only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.

In 1912, fifteen survivors of the Class G were designated the South African Railways (SAR) Class C and were renumbered in the range from 62 to 76. These were the oldest locomotives to be classified and renumbered onto the SAR roster. All older and several newer locomotive types which were in service at the time, were considered obsolete and were renumbered by having the numeral "0" prefixed to their existing numbers. In SAR service, the Class C locomotives were used as shunting engines until the last one was withdrawn from service in 1940.

### Electricity Supply Commission

In post-SAR service, one of the ex 2-6-0T rebuilt locomotives, Kitson works number 2269 of 1879, was sold to the Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Company soon after Union. The power company later became the Electricity Supply Commission (Eskom). While in Eskom's service, it was named *Kitty* after its builder, Kitson, and used at Eskom’s power stations and eventually at their Rosherville workshops. The locomotive remained in service with Eskom until the mid-1980s, by which time it had rendered more than 105 years of service. It was declared a heritage object in 1983. The relevant gazette of the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), no. 8682 of 29 April 1983, describes it as the oldest working steam locomotive in South Africa and the first to have completed a century of service. Initially earmarked to join the South African Railway Museum's National Collection in the 1970s, it was eventually housed in the private South African National Railway And Steam Museum (SANRASM) collection. This historic locomotive’s current fate is unknown.

## Renumbering

The early locomotive numbering practices which were followed on the NGR still remain to be deciphered. It would appear that locomotives which were taken out of mainline service were renumbered into the 500 number range. Number slots which became vacant in this manner or as a result of locomotive withdrawal, sale or scrapping were then re-used, either by being allocated to new locomotives or by wholesale renumbering. The published number lists all appear to be snapshots at a point in time and none appear to present the complete picture. The numbers as listed in the table are from two sources, those presented by D.F. Holland in his publication of 1971 and those presented by R.V. Conyngham in his booklet of 1995. The two sources are indicated in the table headings by "DFH" or "RVC" respectively, with the differences between the two sources shaded yellow.

On two of the three SAR numbers where the Holland and Conyngham lists disagree, the official *Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912* seems to prove Holland correct, as shown shaded green in the Notes column in the table. This official document shows old and new numbers, but not builder's works numbers.

On the third disagreement, historic records show two locomotives which bore the number 47. Here, Conyngham is presumed to be correct, since the locomotive *Kitty* is known to have been built by Kitson, not Stephenson.

Media related to South African Class C (4-6-0T) at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| NGR Kitson 2-6-0T
NGR Class G 4-6-0T
South African Class C 4-6-0T | |
| --- | --- |
| NGR Class G no. 26 | |
| Type and origin  ♠ - 2-6-0T configuration, as built
\- 4-6-0T configuration, modified or as built  Power type Steam  Designer Kitson & Company  Builder Kitson & Company
Robert Stephenson & Company  Serial number Kitson 2254-2258, 2269-2270, 2358-2360, 2504-2508, 2898-2900
Stephenson 2484-2490, 2519-2520, 2571-2580  Model NGR Class G  Build date 1879-1885  Total produced 37  Rebuilder Natal Government Railways  Rebuild date 1883, 1896 & 1902  Number rebuilt 1883: 7 to 4-6-0T (Ten-wheeler)
1896: 1 to 4-6-4T (Baltic)
1902: 1 to 4-6-2T (Pacific) | |
| Specifications  Configuration:
   Whyte ♠ 7 built as 2-6-0T (Mogul)
30 built as 4-6-0T (Ten-wheeler)  UIC ♠ 7 built as 1’Cn2t
30 built as 2’Cn2t  Driver 2nd coupled axle  Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge  Leading dia. ♠ 24 in (610 mm)
25+34 in (654 mm)  Coupled dia. ♠ 38 in (965 mm)
39 in (991 mm)  Wheelbase ♠ 14 ft 1 in (4,293 mm)
16 ft 8+14 in (5,086 mm)   Axle spacing
(Asymmetrical) **1-2:** 3 ft 7+12 in (1,105 mm)
**2-3:** 4 ft 1+12 in (1,257 mm)  Leading  5 ft (1,524 mm)  Coupled 7 ft 9 in (2,362 mm)  Length:
   Over couplers ♠ 24 ft (7,315 mm)
26 ft 34 in (7,944 mm)  Over beams 21 ft 9+58 in (6,645 mm)
23 ft 10+38 in (7,274 mm)  Height 11 ft 7+14 in (3,537 mm)  Frame type Plate  Axle load  8 LT 4 cwt (8,332 kg)   Leading  5 LT 18 cwt (5,995 kg)  1st coupled  7 LT 14 cwt (7,824 kg)  2nd coupled  8 LT 4 cwt (8,332 kg)  3rd coupled  7 LT 6 cwt (7,417 kg)  Adhesive weight  23 LT 4 cwt (23,570 kg)  Loco weight  29 LT 2 cwt (29,570 kg)  Fuel type Coal  Fuel capacity ♠ 1 LT 5 cwt (1.3 t)
1 LT (1.0 t)  Water cap. 700 imp gal (3,180 L)  Firebox:   Type Round-top  Grate area 11 sq ft (1.0 m2)  Boiler:
   Pitch 5 ft 7 in (1,702 mm)  Diameter 3 ft 4+34 in (1,035 mm)  Tube plates 10 ft 3+12 in (3,137 mm)  Small tubes **130:** 1+34 in (44 mm)  Boiler pressure ♠ 140 psi (965 kPa)
175 psi (1,207 kPa) reboilered  Safety valve Salter and Ramsbottom  Heating surface:   Firebox 58 sq ft (5.4 m2)  Tubes 611 sq ft (56.8 m2)  Total surface 669 sq ft (62.2 m2)  Cylinders Two  Cylinder size 14 in (356 mm) bore
21 in (533 mm) stroke  Valve gear Stephenson  Valve type Slide  Couplers Johnston link-and-pin
AAR knuckle (1930s) | |
| Performance figures  Tractive effort ♠ 11,080 lbf (49.3 kN) @ 75%
13,850 lbf (61.6 kN) @ 75% | |
| Career  Operators Natal Government Railways
South African Railways
Eskom  Class NGR Class G, SAR Class C  Number in class NGR 37, SAR 15  Numbers NGR 8-14, 16-26, 29-47
SAR 62-76  Delivered 1879-1885  First run 1879  Withdrawn 1940 | |


title: 1962 European Cup final

abstract: The 1962 European Cup final was a football match held at the Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam, on 2 May 1962, that saw Benfica play against Real Madrid. Benfica defeated their opponents 5–3, to win the European Cup for the second successive season. Ferenc Puskás became the first player to score a hat-trick in multiple European Cup finals, having also becoming the only one to ever score four goals in a European Cup final in 1960, and the first to score a hat-trick in the European Cup final but ended up on the losing side.

text:
# 1962 European Cup final

The **1962 European Cup final** was a football match held at the Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam, on 2 May 1962, that saw Benfica play against Real Madrid. Benfica defeated their opponents 53, to win the European Cup for the second successive season.

Ferenc Puskás became the first player to score a hat-trick in multiple European Cup finals, having also becoming the only one to ever score four goals in a European Cup final in 1960, and the first to score a hat-trick in the European Cup final but ended up on the losing side.

## Route to the final

| Benfica | | | | Round | Real Madrid | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |  | Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Bye | | | | Prelim. round | Vasas SC | 5–1 | 2–0 (A) | 3–1 (H) |
| Austria Wien | 6–2 | 1–1 (A) | 5–1 (H) | First round | Boldklubben 1913 | 12–0 | 3–0 (A) | 9–0 (H) |
| 1. FC Nürnberg | 7–3 | 1–3 (A) | 6–0 (H) | Quarter-finals | Juventus | 1–1<br>(Replay: 3–1) | 1–0 (A) | 0–1 (H) |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 4–3 | 3–1 (H) | 1–2 (A) | Semi-finals | Standard Liège | 6–0 | 4–0 (H) | 2–0 (A) |

## Match

### Details

| Benfica | 5–3 | Real Madrid |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | Report |  |

Olympisch Stadion, AmsterdamAttendance: 61,257Referee: Leo Horn (Netherlands)

| GK **1**  Costa Pereira  RB **2**  Mário João  CB **3**  Germano  LB **4**  Ângelo Martins  RH **5**  Domiciano Cavém  LH **6**  Fernando Cruz  OR **7**  José Augusto  IR **8**  Eusébio  CF **9**  José Águas ()  IL **10**  Mário Coluna  OL **11**  António Simões  **Manager:**  Béla Guttmann |  | GK **1**  José Araquistáin  RB **2**  Pedro Casado  CB **5**  José Santamaría  LB **3**  Vicente Miera  RH **4**  Felo  LH **6**  Pachín  OR **7**  Justo Tejada  IR **8**  Luis del Sol  CF **9**  Alfredo Di Stéfano  IL **10**  Ferenc Puskás  OL **11**  Paco Gento ()  **Manager:**  Miguel Muñoz |
| --- | --- | --- |

1. "UEFA Champions League – Statistics Handbook 2012/13" (PDF). *UEFA.com*. Union of European Football Associations. p. 129. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
2. "Los 11 jugadores nacidos fuera de España con más partidos". 5 September 2016.
3. "Los 11 jugadores nacidos fuera de España con más partidos". 5 September 2016.
4. "Alfredo di Stéfano: A god of the stadium | Inside UEFA". 7 July 2014.
5. "Football: Ferenc Puskas dies aged 79 after a long battle against pneumonia". *TheGuardian.com*. 17 November 2006.

## InfoBox

1962 European Cup final
| Match programme cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Event | 1961–62 European Cup |
|  | |
| Date | 2 May 1962 |
| Venue | Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam |
| Referee | Leo Horn (Netherlands) |
| Attendance | 61,257 |
|


title: René Weissinger

abstract: René Weissinger is a German former professional cyclist.

text:
# René Weissinger

**René Weissinger** (born 11 December 1978 in Böblingen) is a German former professional cyclist.

## Major results

2000 3rd Grand Prix Waregem 2001 1st  National Hill Climb Championships 2003 3rd National Hill Climb Championships 2004 1st Haid-Ansfelden 3rd National Hill Climb Championships 2005 1st Tour de Berne 1st Völkermarkter Radsporttage 1st GP Voralberg 2006 Tour of Qinghai Lake 1st Stages 1 & 2 2008 1st  Points classification Tour de Suisse

## InfoBox

René Weissinger
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | René Weissinger |
| Born | (1978-12-11) 11 December 1978<br>Böblingen, West Germany |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Amateur teams | |
| 2013 | Bike Sport Herpersdorf |
| 2013 | Team Marinbikes |
|  | |
| Professional teams | |
| 2002 | Team Rothaus |
| 2003 | Vermarc Sportswear |
| 2004–2005 | Volksbank–Ideal Leingrüber |
| 2006 | Skil–Shimano |
| 2007–2012 | Team Volksbank |
|  | |


title: Vasant (magazine)

abstract: Vasant was a Gujarati-language magazine founded and edited by Anandshankar Dhruv, which ran from 1902 to 1939. The magazine played a key role in the development of Gujarati prose writing, and is considered to hold a significant place in the tradition of Gujarati literary magazines.

text:
# Vasant (magazine)

***Vasant*** (pronounced \[vəsən̪t̪\]) was a Gujarati-language magazine founded and edited by Anandshankar Dhruv, which ran from 1902 to 1939. The magazine played a key role in the development of Gujarati prose writing, and is considered to hold a significant place in the tradition of Gujarati literary magazines.

## History

Anandshankar Dhruv was a close-friend and disciple of Gujarati writer and philosopher Manilal Dwivedi, and published articles in Manilal's magazine *Sudarshan*. Following Manilal's death in 1898, Dhruv assumed the editorship of *Sudarshan* for about four years. In 1902, realizing that he was unable to develop Manilal's line of thinking and mission further, and feeling himself unfit to follow *Sudarshan*'s sectarian approach, Dhruv gave up the editorship of the magazine to start his own monthly, *Vasant*.

Dhruv stated the aim of *Vasant* in its first issue:

> If we look back into the history of last fifty years, we will notice that the way we think and the way we behave/live have undergone a change. Some old problems are resolved, and some are being discussed from a different viewpoint. Some new problems have come into existence and a few more are likely to. In this situation, Gujarat needs a monthly journal which can reflect the time we live in and can also help in the progress of our life. We will satisfy if this monthly can fulfill this need. This is, in fact, the goal of this new journal.
>
> Anandshankar Dhruv, 1902

Ramanbhai Neelkanth edited the magazine from 1912 to 1924, with Dhruv resuming editorship again from 1925. Irregular publication led to *Vasant* becoming a quarterly in 1936. It was disestablished in 1939.

## Contents

*Vasant* covered a wide range of topics, including: religion, philosophy, poetry, ethics, politics, education, economics, sociology, science, research, and various aspects of literature and life. From its first issue, the magazine published a series of articles written by Uttamlal Trivedi under the title "Saraswatichandra ane Aapno Grihasansar" (*Saraswatichandra and the Web of Our Family-life*), based on Govardhanram Tripathi's novel *Saraswatichandra*. After the death of Govardhanram Tripathi in January 1907, in March 1907 Dhruv published a special volume of *Vasant* dedicated to Tripathi.

The magazine's regular contributors included: Manishankar Bhatt (Kant), Nhanalal, Narayan Hemchandra, Ramanbhai Neelkanth, Vishnuprasad Trivedi, Krishnalal Jhaveri, Balwantray Thakore, and Narsinhrao Divetia.

## Reception

*Vasant* is considered to hold a significant place in the tradition of Gujarati literary magazines, and played a key role in the development of Gujarati prose writing.

1. Mehta, Hasit, ed. (May 2012). *Sāhityika Sāmayiko : Paramparā ane Prabhāva* સાહિત્યિક સામયિકો : પરંપરા અને પ્રભાવ \[*Literary Magazines : Tradition and Influence*\] (in Gujarati) (1st ed.). Ahmedabad: Rannade Prakashan. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-93-82456-01-8. OCLC 824686453.
2. Shah, Priti (2004). "વસંત". In Thakar, Dhirubhai (ed.). *Gujarati Vishwakosh* (in Gujarati). Vol. XIX (1st ed.). Ahmedabad: Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust. pp. 566–567. OCLC 552367205.
3. Parikh, Rasiklal C.; Trivedi, Ratilal M.; Joshi, Umashankar, eds. (1946). *Acharya Dhruva Smaraka Grantha \[Acharya Dhruva Commemoration Volume\]*. Ahmedabad: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha. pp. 10–11. OCLC 769701345.

## InfoBox

*Vasant*
| Cover page of volume 1, issue 2, 1902 | |
| --- | --- |
| Editor(s) |  |
| Categories | literature, religion, philosophy, ethics, politics, education, economics, sociology, science |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| Founder | Anandshankar Dhruv |
| Founded | 1902 |
| First issue | 1902 (1902) |
| Final issue | 1939 (1939) |
| Country | British India |
| Language | Gujarati |


title: Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert

abstract: Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert is an expert system and Business rules engine owned by Computer Associates by 2000.

text:
# Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert

**Cleverpath AION Business Rules Expert** (formerly Platinum AIONDS, and before that Trinzic AIONDS, and originally Aion) is an expert system and Business rules engine owned by Computer Associates by 2000.

## History

* The product was created around 1986 as "Aion" by the Aion company. In its initial release Aion was multi-platform and continues to be deliverable to the PC, Unixs, and Mainframe computer's. In addition it ties in seamlessly with a variety of databases including Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and ODBC. Aion was founded by Harry Reinstein, Larry Cohn, Garry Hallee, Scott Grinis, and others.

From Scott Grinis's bio: Scott founded Aion, a company that developed expert systems and whose advanced inference engine and object technology were used by financial services and insurance firms to develop risk-scoring and underwriting applications. * Harry Reinstein was quoted as saying:

“Our biggest competitor was not AICorp, it was COBOL” * Trinzic owned AION by 1993. A reference in a 1993 announcement indicates that Trinzic's formation was the result of a merger (paraphased):

Trinzic set three development initiatives shortly after its formation from the merger of Aion Corp. and AICorp. The other initiatives -- adding SQL extensions to Aion/DS and evaluating the unbundling of some of that product's object-oriented programming capabilities -- are still active. Writing in 1993 Judith Hodges and Deborah Melewski give the date for the merger: Two rival artificial intelligence software vendors -- AICorp, Inc. and Aion Corp. -- merged in September 1992 to form Trinzic Corp. As part of the merger, redundant jobs were eliminated (20% of the combined work force), leaving a total work force of 245 employees worldwide. The new firm also boasted a combined installed base of more than 1,200 sites representing more than 10,000 software licenses. * Although in the merger, technically AICorp bought Aion, as AICorp was a public company and Aion was still private, the reality was that Aion's leadership and technology subsumed AICorp's. Jim Gagnard, the CEO of Aion, became CEO of Trinzic and AICorp's flagship product, KBMS, was discontinued, while the Aion Development System continued to be enhanced and KBMS customers were assisted in converting to AIONDS, under the continued technical leadership of Garry Hallee and Scott Grinis.
* On August 1, 1994 Trinzic released version 6.4 of AIONDS saying, in part:

Trinzic Corp., Palo Alto, Calif., has unveiled The Aion Development System (AionDS) Version 6.4, an upgrade to the company's development environment for building business process automation applications. Version 6.4 provides a visual development environment for Microsoft Windows or OS/2 PM applications using business rules. * Trinzic was acquired by PLATINUM Technologies in 1995 which retained at least some of Trinzic's acquisitions
* Platinum Technologies was acquired by Computer Associates in 1999. CA changed the system's name to CA Aion Business Rules Expert" on or before 2009.
* It is currently (June 2011) at Release 11 on a wide range of supported platforms.

## Applications using Aion

Aion has been used in a variety of industries including Energy, Insurance, Military, Aviation, and Banking. At one point an Aion expert system application written by Covia, LLC existed to do airport gate assignment.

Colossus, a computer program, developed by Computer Sciences Corporation is the insurance industry’s leading expert system for assisting adjusters in the evaluation of bodily injury claims (aka "pain and suffering"). Colossus helps adjusters reduce variance in payouts on similar bodily injury claims through objective use of industry standard rules.


title: Liar (Eskimo Joe song)

abstract: "Liar" is a song by Australian band, Eskimo Joe, released in March 2002 as the fourth and final single from their debut album Girl as a double A side, with the re-released single, "Who Sold Her Out". The single peaked at number 94 on the ARIA charts. The video for the "Liar" was directed by Nash Edgerton, and was nominated for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2002.

text:
# Liar (Eskimo Joe song)

"**Liar**" is a song by Australian band, Eskimo Joe, released in March 2002 as the fourth and final single from their debut album *Girl* as a double A side, with the re-released single, "Who Sold Her Out". The single peaked at number 94 on the ARIA charts.

The video for the "Liar" was directed by Nash Edgerton, and was nominated for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2002.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Eskimo Joe

CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Who Sold Her Out" | 3:13 |
| 2. | "Liar" | 3:25 |
| 3. | "Old and New" | 2:51 |

## Charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| ARIA Albums Chart | 94 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Australia | March 2002 | Modular | CD | MODCDS014 |

## InfoBox

| "Liar" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Eskimo Joe | |
| from the album  *Girl* | |
| Released | 4 March 2002 (2002-03-04) |
| Recorded | August–November 2000 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 3:26 |
| Label | Modular |
| Songwriter(s) | Stuart MacLeod
Joel Quartermain
Kavyen Temperley |
| Producer(s) | Ed Buller, Eskimo Joe |
| Eskimo Joe singles chronology | |
| "Planet Earth"
(2001) "**Liar**"
(2002) "From the Sea"
(2004) | |


title: Vasanbhai Ahir

abstract: Vasanbhai Ahir is a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Anjar constituency for 13th assembly since December 2012 and 2017. He formerly represented Bhuj constituency in 12th assembly from 2007 to 2012. He started his political career right from the grass root level of Indian democracy that is Gram Panchayat. He was elected as Sarpanch of Ratnal.

text:
# Vasanbhai Ahir

**Vasanbhai Ahir** is a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Anjar constituency for 13th assembly since December 2012 and 2017. He formerly represented Bhuj constituency in 12th assembly from 2007 to 2012.

He started his political career right from the grass root level of Indian democracy that is Gram Panchayat. He was elected as Sarpanch of Ratnal (a village between Anjar and Bhuj in Kutch district).

## InfoBox

| Vasanbhai Ahir | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Minister of State of Gujarat | |
| **In office**
2017–2021 | |
| Constituency | Anjar |
| Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
| **In office**
2012–2022 | |
| **In office**
1995–2002 | |
| Constituency | Anjar |
| **In office**
2007–2012 | |
| Constituency | Bhuj |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Political party | Bhartiya Janata Party |
|  | |


title: Chris Draft

abstract: Christopher Michael Draft is a former American football linebacker. He previously played for the Chicago Bears, San Francisco 49ers, Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, St. Louis Rams, and Buffalo Bills. Draft played college football at Stanford University.

text:
# Chris Draft

**Christopher Michael Draft** (born February 26, 1976) is a former American football linebacker. He previously played for the Chicago Bears, San Francisco 49ers, Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, St. Louis Rams, and Buffalo Bills. Draft played college football at Stanford University.

## Early life

Draft was an All-American in football and baseball at Kraemer Middle School and Valencia High School in Placentia, California. He played running back and linebacker during his prep career. He was an honors student and a member of the school's ASB Leadership organization.

## College career

He was a four-year letter winner and a three-year starter at inside linebacker for Stanford. He started his Stanford career as a true freshman playing strong safety. As a two-time Second-team All-Pacific-10 Conference selection, he totaled 316 career tackles, six sacks and two interceptions. As a senior in 1997, he earned Second-team All-Pac-10 honors and led the Cardinal with 81 tackles and contributed two sacks and two interceptions. He graduated from Stanford with a degree in economics.

## Professional career

### Chicago Bears

Draft was drafted in the sixth round (157th overall) of the 1998 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears and appeared in one game, was inactive for three contests and spent 12 games on the Bears practice squad. On 30 August 1998 he was waived by Chicago prior to the start of the regular season and signed to practice squad by the Bears on 1 September 1998 before being promoted to the active roster on 2 December.

### San Francisco 49ers

On 29 September 1999 Draft was signed to practice squad by the 49ers, where he spent six contests before being signed to the active roster on 20 November 1999. He saw action in seven games, mainly on special teams, for the San Francisco 49ers and notched seven special teams stops.

### Atlanta Falcons

Claimed off waivers by the Atlanta Falcons on 11 February 2000 after being waved by San Francisco on 10 February 2000. He played in 13 games with eight starts with the Falcons and registered 67 tackles, one sack and one special teams tackle. In 2001 Draft played in 13 games with 10 starts at weakside linebacker and made 73 tackles, one pass deflection and three special teams stops. The next season, 2002, he played 15 games with five starts and had 66 tackles and a then career-high 3.5 sacks. In 2003, he started all 16 games for the first time of career and established a career-high in tackles with 124. In 2004 Draft moved to middle linebacker from weakside linebacker as Atlanta switched to a 4-3 defense from a 3–4. He played in 14 games with 13 starts and posted 56 tackles, one forced fumble, one interception and three passes deflected.

### Carolina Panthers

Draft was signed by Carolina in early 2005. Played in all 16 games in first season in Carolina, also seeing action in all three postseason contests. In 2006, he started all 16 games for the second time of his career and he made 107 tackles and had 5.5 sacks.

### St. Louis Rams

On March 19, 2007, he signed a three-year contract with the Rams. He played in all 16 games with six starts in his first season with the Rams and registered 50 tackles (40 solo) including 1.0 sack. His 14 special teams tackles ranked fourth on team. Seven of his starts came in place of an injured Pisa Tinoisamoa. In 2008, he made 38 tackles and 2 pass deflections. He was released from the Rams on September 10, 2009.

### Buffalo Bills

On October 13, 2009, the day that the Buffalo Bills placed starting linebacker Kawika Mitchell on the IR with a knee injury, Buffalo signed Draft to a one-year contract. With Buffalo, the linebacker played in 11 games with three starts. He registered 43 tackles and 1 interception on defense and added 5 stops on special teams. He was a free agent after that season.

### Washington Redskins

On May 7, 2010, the Washington Redskins signed Draft to a one-year contract. On August 23, 2010, Draft was released.

## Career highlights

2008 Byron “Whizzer” White Award Finalist
2007 NFL Alumni "Spirit Award" 2006 Man of the Year – Carolina Panthers
2004 Byron “Whizzer” White Award Finalist
Career best 178 tackles (110 solo) in 2003
Host of his own Atlanta Metro Area television show "The Draft Report"
2002 Ed Block Courage Award
2001 Rankin Smith Award
**National Service Projects**
2007 Spokesperson: Climb California
2006 spokesperson: American Lung Association – Southeast region
2004 Hosted youth clinic for 50 children in Germany
2004 Visit with war veterans in Palo Alto, CA
Stanford University Athletic Department mentor
Orangewood (CA) Children's Home Black History Awareness
Sun Coast Big Brothers Big Sisters Annual Fundraiser participant
**Community Sports Activities**
2004 Boys and Girls Club football clinic
2004 Host of Project Fit America
2004 Prison Ministries of Atlanta football camp
2005/04 Flacons Fitness Challenge
2003/04 Co-host of Falcons “Thank the Fans” event
2003/04 Falcons Draft Day Fan Fest
**Community Service Projects**
2006 American Lung Association Asthma Walk and Camp Breathe Easy
2006 Founder of The Chris Draft Family Foundation
2005 Sponsor of the Zap Asthma summer camp
2004 Center for Disease Control “Steps for a Healthier U.S. Initiative”
2004 Atlanta Business Women's dinner
2004 Falcons Football Academy
2004 Atlanta Braves Ball Boy Mentoring Program
2004 NFL Yet Center Extra Yard partnership
2003/04 NFL Yet Center spokesperson

## Personal life

Draft met Keasha Rutledge in 2006. They were married 5 years later, on November 27, 2011. She died of lung cancer on December 27, 2011.

## InfoBox

Chris Draft
| Draft answers questions from the 380th Air Expeditionary Wing in 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| No. 96, 57, 54, 52 | |
| Position: | Linebacker |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1976-02-26) February 26, 1976<br>Anaheim, California, U.S. |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 234 lb (106 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Placentia (CA) Valencia |
| College: | Stanford |
| NFL draft: | 1998 / round: 6 / pick: 157 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
| * Offseason and/or practice squad member only | |
|  | |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Career NFL statistics | |
| Total tackles: 690  Sacks: 16.0  Forced fumbles: 7  Fumble recoveries: 7  Interceptions: 5 | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: Stalingrad (disambiguation)

abstract: Stalingrad is a former name of Volgograd, a city in Russia. Stalingrad may also refer to:

text:
# Stalingrad (disambiguation)

**Stalingrad** is a former name of Volgograd, a city in Russia.

**Stalingrad** may also refer to:

* Battle of Stalingrad, a battle in 1942–1943 widely considered the turning point in the European theatre of World War II
* Stalingrad Oblast, former name of Volgograd Oblast, an administrative division of Russia

## Arts and entertainment

### Films

*(All set in the Battle of Stalingrad)*

### Music

### Other

## Other uses


title: Van Loon's Lives

abstract: Van Loon's Lives is a book by the Dutch-American writer Hendrik Willem van Loon published in 1942. Its full title, deliberately written in a manner already archaic at the time of writing, is Van Loon's Lives: Being a true and faithful account of a number of highly interesting meetings with certain historical personages, from Confucius and Plato to Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson, about whom we had always felt a great deal of curiosity and who came to us as dinner guests in a bygone year. Loosely based on the classical Plutarch's Lives, it recounts the biographies of various famous historical characters, and like Plutarch often pairing together characters from different times and places whose life, careers or personalities seemed to Van Loon to bear a similarity to each other. In the book the author imagines he is living in his summer home in the town of Veere on the island of Walcheren in the Dutch province of Zealand. He has the ability to summon the famous great men and women of history to come to dinner. The summoning is done in the prosaic way of leaving under a specific stone a note with the names of the persons they wish to meet that weekend, who duly make their appearance. This magical aspect places the book within the category of contemporary fantasy, though the term did not yet exist at the time it was published. Chapters in the book typically start with Van Loon describing the lives of the people invited that week, with many digressions and idiosyncratic comments, opinions and comparisons with actual 20th century events - particularly with the doings of Hitler and Nazi Germany in general and the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in particular, which was clearly very much on Van Loon's mind. This is followed by these people appearing in the 1930s provincial Netherlands and their interaction with modern people, in some cases consisting of polite and intellectually stimulating conversations, in other cases leading to humorous or hilarious results. The book was written at the time when Veere, like the rest of the Netherlands, lay under Nazi occupation. Despite its light-hearted tone, the book clearly indicates the longing of the writer for his homeland whose liberation he was doomed never to see, having died in 1944. This is especially indicated in the book's dedication to the exiled Queen Juliana. Also, the book's plot is set in the late 1930s with the clouds of impending war clearly visible, and in its end the protagonists must flee the German invasion, bringing to an end their meetings with the people from the past.

text:
# Van Loon's Lives

***Van Loon's Lives*** is a book by the Dutch-American writer Hendrik Willem van Loon published in 1942. Its full title, deliberately written in a manner already archaic at the time of writing, is ***Van Loon's Lives: Being a true and faithful account of a number of highly interesting meetings with certain historical personages, from Confucius and Plato to Voltaire and Thomas Jefferson, about whom we had always felt a great deal of curiosity and who came to us as dinner guests in a bygone year***.

Loosely based on the classical *Plutarch's Lives*, it recounts the biographies of various famous historical characters, and like Plutarch often pairing together characters from different times and places whose life, careers or personalities seemed to Van Loon to bear a similarity to each other (e.g. William the Silent and George Washington who led the Wars of Independence of their respective countries; the philosophers Descartes and Emerson; Empress Theodora of Byzantium and Queen Elizabeth I of England; Torquemada and Robespierre, of both of whom Van Loon had less than a flattering view...).

In the book the author imagines he is living in his summer home in the town of Veere on the island of Walcheren in the Dutch province of Zealand. He has the ability to summon the famous (and sometimes infamous) great men and women of history to come to dinner. The summoning is done in the prosaic way of leaving under a specific stone a note with the names of the persons they wish to meet that weekend, who duly make their appearance. This magical aspect places the book within the category of contemporary fantasy, though the term did not yet exist at the time it was published.

Chapters in the book typically start with Van Loon describing the lives of the people invited that week, with many digressions and idiosyncratic comments, opinions and comparisons with actual 20th century events - particularly with the doings of Hitler and Nazi Germany in general and the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in particular, which was clearly very much on Van Loon's mind. This is followed by these people appearing in the 1930s provincial Netherlands and their interaction with modern people, in some cases consisting of polite and intellectually stimulating conversations, in other cases leading to humorous or hilarious results. (For example, the Archbishop of Bithynia and Archbishop of Cyrenaica, who were staunch theological foes during the 4th century Council of Nicea, wildly assault each other as soon as they are resurrected in the 20th century and run out into the streets of Veere, shouting abuse. A local policeman locks them up in separate cells, but by the next morning they had mysteriously disappeared...)

The book was written at the time when Veere, like the rest of the Netherlands, lay under Nazi occupation. Despite its light-hearted tone, the book clearly indicates the longing of the writer for his homeland whose liberation he was doomed never to see, having died in 1944. This is especially indicated in the book's dedication to the exiled Queen Juliana. Also, the book's plot is set in the late 1930s with the clouds of impending war clearly visible, and in its end the protagonists must flee the German invasion, bringing to an end their meetings with the people from the past.


title: Sophie Keller

abstract: Sophie Helene Henriette Keller née Rung (1850–1929) was a Danish operatic soprano, musician and singing teacher, who performed at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen from 1869. She founded both a conservatory for women and a women's concert association.

text:
# Sophie Keller

**Sophie Helene Henriette Keller** née **Rung** (1850–1929) was a Danish operatic soprano, musician and singing teacher, who performed at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen from 1869. She founded both a conservatory for women and a women's concert association.

## Biography

Born in Copenhagen on 14 November 1850, Sophie Rung was the daughter of the composer Henrik Rung (1807–71) and the opera singer Frederikke Charlotte Pauline Lichtenstein (1818–90), generally known as Pauline Rung. Raised in a musical family, she learnt to play the guitar, piano and organ. When she was 13, her father, who was singing master at the Royal Theatre, gave her singing lessons. He later sent her to Italy where she was taught by Francesco Lamperti in Milan and Pietro Romani in Florence. In 1877, she married the lawyer Emil Charles Thorvald Keller. Their son, P. S. Rung-Keller (1879–1966), was a composer.

After appearing in her father's concerts at the Cæcilia Society, she made her début at the Royal Theatre when she was 19 as Agathe in Carl Maria von Weber's *Der Freischütz*. She was complemented on following in her mother's footsteps and on her well-trained vocal competence. While her singing was highly appreciated, she was less proficient as an actress, although she improved with experience. Known primarily as a mezzo-soprano, she also sang a number of soprano parts in Mozart's operas, such as Donna Anna, Donna Elvia and Almaviva, as well as Leonora in *Il trovatore* and Beethoven's *Fidelio*. She also performed in several Wagnerian operas.

In 1888, together with Fanny Gætje, she founded *Kjøbenhavns Sang- og Musikkonservatorium for Damer* (Copenhagen's Song and Music Conservatory for Ladies). In connection with her jubilee in 1894, she was given the status of Kongelig Kammersanger (Royal Chamber Singer). On retiring from the Royal Theatre in 1895, she founded the *Privat kvindelig Koncertforening* (Private Women's Concert Society) which ran to 130 members for the orchestra and choir. She is also remembered as a teacher, with students including Elisabeth Dons, Emilie Ulrich, Ida Møller, Fanny Gætje and Ingeborg Steffensen.

Sophie Keller died in Copenhagen on 1 May 1929. She is buried in Copenhagen's Assistens Cemetery.