title: Christopher Stasheff

abstract: Christopher Stasheff was an American science fiction and fantasy author whose novels include The Warlock in Spite of Himself (1969) and Her Majesty's Wizard (1986).

text:
# Christopher Stasheff

**Christopher Stasheff** (15 January 1944 – 10 June 2018) was an American science fiction and fantasy author whose novels include *The Warlock in Spite of Himself* (1969) and *Her Majesty's Wizard* (1986).

## Education

He received a bachelor's degree and a master of arts in radio-TV at the University of Michigan and a PhD in theater from the University of Nebraska.

## Career

From 1972 to 1987, he taught at Montclair State College, then moved to Champaign, Illinois, and became a full-time writer. In 2000, he resumed teaching radio and television, at Eastern New Mexico University in Portales, New Mexico. He retired in 2009 and moved back to Champaign. Chris died on June 10, 2018, from Parkinson's disease. Stasheff has been noted for his blending of science fiction and fantasy, as seen in his *Warlock* series, which placed an "'epic fantasy' in a science-fictional frame". Stasheff's writing is often seen in the moral and ethical mentor style similar to Terry Goodkind, Terry Brooks, or J. R. R. Tolkien.

## Books

### The DDT future continuity

* *Saint Vidicon to the Rescue* (2005)
* *Escape Velocity* (1983)
* *Mind Out of Time* (2003) (Short story collection)

#### Starship Troupers

* *A Company of Stars* (1991)
* *We Open on Venus* (1993)
* *A Slight Detour* (1994)
* *The Unknown Guest* (2012) (self published)

#### Warlock of Gramayre

* *The Warlock in Spite of Himself* (1969)
* *King Kobold* (1971, revised as *King Kobold Revived* (1984))
* *The Warlock Unlocked* (1982)
* *The Warlock Enraged* (1985)
* *The Warlock Wandering* (1986)
* *The Warlock Is Missing* (1986)
* *The Warlock Heretical* (1987)
* *The Warlock's Companion* (1988)
* *The Warlock Insane* (1989)
* *The Warlock Rock* (1990)
* *Warlock and Son* (1991)
* *The Warlock's Last Ride* (2004)

Ominbus editions:

* *To the Magic Born* (1986): *Escape Velocity*, *The Warlock in Spite of Himself*
* *Odd Warlock Out* (1989): *The Warlock Heretical*, *The Warlock's Companion*, *The Warlock Insane*
* *Warlock: To the Magic Born* (1990): *Escape Velocity*, *The Warlock in Spite of Himself*, *King Kobold Revived*
* *The Warlock Enlarged* (1991):*King Kobold Revived*, *The Warlock Unlocked*, *The Warlock Enraged*
* *The Warlock's Night Out* (1991): *The Warlock Wandering*, *The Warlock is Missing*

#### Rogue Wizard

* *A Wizard in Bedlam* (1979)
* *A Wizard in Absentia* (1993)
* *A Wizard in Mind* (1995)
* *A Wizard in War* (1995)
* *A Wizard in Peace* (1996)
* *A Wizard in Chaos* (1997)
* *A Wizard in Midgard* \[pre-publication title *A Wizard in Elfland*\] (1998)
* *A Wizard and a Warlord* (2000)
* *A Wizard in the Way* (2000)
* *A Wizard in a Feud* (2001)

#### The Warlock's Heirs

* *M'lady Witch* (1994)
* *Quicksilver's Knight* (1995)
* *The Spell-bound Scholar* (1999)
* *Here Be Monsters* (2001)

### A Wizard in Rhyme

* *Her Majesty's Wizard* (1986)
* *The Oathbound Wizard* (1993)
* *The Witch Doctor* (1994)
* *The Secular Wizard* (1995)
* *My Son, the Wizard* (1997)
* *The Haunted Wizard* (1999)
* *The Crusading Wizard* (2000)
* *The Feline Wizard* (2000)

### Star Stone

* *The Shaman* (1995)
* *The Sage* (1996)

### Crafters

* *The Crafters* (1991) (with Bill Fawcett)
* *Blessings and Curses* (1992)

### Harold Shea (with L. Sprague de Camp)

### Mage Knight

* *Stolen Prophecy* (2003)

### Other novels

### Standalone collections

* *The Gods of War* (1992)
* *Dragon's Eye* (1994)
* *The Day the Magic Stopped* (with Bill Fawcett) (1995)

### Anthologies

## InfoBox

| Christopher Stasheff | |
| --- | --- |
| Christopher Stasheff in 1969 | |
| Born | Christopher Boris Stasheff
(1944-01-15)January 15, 1944
Mount Vernon, New York, US |
| Died | June 10, 2018(2018-06-10) (aged 74)
Champaign, Illinois, US |
| Occupation | * Professor * novelist * short story author |
| Genre | Science fiction, science fantasy, fantasy |
| Notable works | *The Warlock in Spite of Himself*, *Her Majesty's Wizard*, *A Wizard in Bedlam* |


title: Junkers W 34

abstract: The Junkers W 34 was a German-built, single-engine, passenger and transport aircraft. Developed in the 1920s, it was taken into service in 1926. The passenger version could take a pilot and five passengers. The aircraft was developed from the Junkers W 33, noted for being a record-breaking aircraft. Further development led to the Junkers Ju 46, which was seaplane for naval use capable being catapulted.

text:
# Junkers W 34

The **Junkers W 34** was a German-built, single-engine, passenger and transport aircraft. Developed in the 1920s, it was taken into service in 1926. The passenger version could take a pilot and five passengers.

The aircraft was developed from the Junkers W 33, noted for being a record-breaking aircraft. Further development led to the Junkers Ju 46, which was seaplane for naval use capable being catapulted.

## Production and service

One Junkers W 34 be/b3e managed to break the then-current altitude record on 26 May 1929 when it reached 12,739 meters (41,795 feet). That aircraft carried the markings D-1119 and it was equipped with a Bristol Jupiter VII engine. The airplane was flown by Willi Neuenhofen.

The Junkers W 34 was manufactured in many different versions. The total production numbers for the civil market were around 1,000, a further 2,024 **hi**s and **hau**s were built under license for the RLM and *Luftwaffe*. The unit price was between RM 65,000 and 70,400.

On 31 January 1944 the *Luftwaffe* still had 618 W 34*hi'*s and 516 W 34**hau**s in service: the majority were used by flight schools; mainly as navigator and radio operator training (3 or 4 navigator or radio-operator trainees).

The Junkers K.43, nicknamed the "*Bush Bomber*", was used extensively during the Chaco War (1932–1935) fought between Bolivia and Paraguay. See external links.

The Colombian Air Force used the W 34 and K-43 in the Colombia-Peru War in 1932–3.

The Swedish Air Force operated three W 33/34 between 1933 and 1953 in the transport and air ambulance roles, initially with the military designation Trp 2 and Trp 2A, eventually changed to Tp 2 and Tp 2A. One of these is preserved today in civilian colors as SE-BYA.

In 1930 Finnish Air Force bought a single W 34 (JU-122) for maritime operations and six K 43s (JU-123 – JU-128) for use as light bombers, during Continuation war the planes were used as transports, evacuating wounded and supplying Long-Range Recon Patrols behind the enemy lines. Additional five W 34s were bought in 1944 for radio navigation training (JU-131 – 135), after the war Finnish Border Guard operated the remaining planes until 1950.

## Production

**W 34 *hi***Junkers (105 aircraft built), Henschel (430), ATG (94), Dornier Wismar (58), HFB (69) and Weser (221). **W 34 *hau***Henschel (329), Arado Brandenburg (205), ATG (105), Dornier Wismar (93), HFB (192) and MIAG Braunschweig (73).

## Variants

W 34 a331 kW Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter engine, speed: 190 km/h, wingspan: 17.75 m and length 11.10 m W 34 be375 kW Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter engine, speed: 230 km/h, wingspan: 17.75 m, length: 10.70 m W 34 be/b3e441 kW Bristol Jupiter VII engine and was used for attempts to try breaking the world altitude record W 34 ci405 kW Pratt & Whitney Hornet engine, speed: 245 km/h, equipped with cabin windows W 34 dilike the W 34 ci, the engine was license produced by BMW. W 34 f331 kW Gnome et Rhône 9A Jupiter engine, speed 190 km/h, wingspan 18.48 m, length 11.10 m, enclosed cockpit, ailerons were lengthened; the export version had a cargo door W 34 fexperimental aircraft with floats W 34 fapassenger aircraft for export W 34 fäexport aircraft W 34 foexport aircraft with a Pratt & Whitney R-1340 engine W 34 fyArmstrong Siddeley Panther engine W 34 fao397 kW Siemens-Halske Sh 20 engine, only one was produced for tests with autopilot W 34 fei441 kW Siemens-Halske Sh 20U engine, only one was produced as a maritime test aircraft W 34 fgArmstrong Siddeley Jaguar Major engine W 34 fuePratt & Whitney Hornet engine, later rebuilt as a maritime aircraft. W 34 fiPratt & Whitney or BMW built 405 kW Hornet; wingspan: 18.48 m, length 10.27 m, speed 260 km/h. The aircraft had an enclosed cockpit and low-pressure tires. W 34 gi405 kW BMW Hornet, only one machine was produced in 1933 for tests W 34 hi485 kW BMW 132A/E, the aircraft could take six passengers and was equipped with improved radio- and direction finders. This version was mostly used by Luftwaffe to train pilots and radio operators. W 34 hausimilar to *hi*, but it had a 526 kW Bramo 322 H engine. The type was mostly used by Luftwaffe to train its pilots and radio operators. K 43Military W34, available in many of the above-mentioned versions.

## Operators

Argentina  Australia  Bolivia  Brazil  Bulgaria  Canada  Chile  China  Colombia  Independent State of Croatia  Czechoslovakia  Finland  Germany  Norway  Papua New Guinea  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Spanish State  Sweden  South Africa  Venezuela

## Accidents and incidents

* 3 May 1934 (1934-05-03): a Syndicato Condor Junkers W-34, registration PP-CAR, crashed on landing at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Two crew members died. The plane was repaired and later suffered a second accident in 1944.
* 24 February 1942 (1942-02-24): a Syndicato Condor Junkers W-34, registration P-BAOA/PP-CAO, crashed while attempting an emergency landing at Riachão, Maranhão. Two crew members died.
* 16 April 1944 (1944-04-16): PP-CAR, the same Junkers W-34 involved in the 1934 accident, this time operating for Cruzeiro do Sul, crashed during an emergency landing at Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont Airport. Two crew members died.

## Specifications (W 34he landplane)

*Data from* Die Deutsche Luftrüstung 1933–1945 Vol.3 – Flugzeugtypen Henschel-Messerschmitt, Junkers aircraft and engines, 1913-1945, German aircraft of the Second World War, German Combat Aircraft

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Capacity:** 6 passengers
* **Length:** 10.27 m (33 ft 8 in)
* **Wingspan:** 18.48 m (60 ft 8 in)
* **Height:** 3.53 m (11 ft 7 in)
* **Wing area:** 44 m2 (470 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 1,700 kg (3,748 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 3,200 kg (7,055 lb)
* **Fuel capacity:** 477 L (126 US gal; 105 imp gal)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × BMW 132A 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 480 kW (650 hp) (660 PS)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed metal fixed-pitch propeller, 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) diameter

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 265 km/h (165 mph, 143 kn) at sea level
* **Cruise speed:** 233 km/h (145 mph, 126 kn)
* **Landing speed:** 116 km/h (72 mph; 63 kn)
* **Range:** 900 km (560 mi, 490 nmi)
* **Service ceiling:** 6,300 m (20,700 ft)
* **Rate of climb:** 5.25 m/s (1,033 ft/min)
* **Time to altitude:** 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 3 minute 12 seconds

**Armament**

* 2 x 7.92 mm (0.312 in) machine guns (dorsal) and 1 x 7.92 mm (0.312 in) machine gun (ventral)
* 6 x 50 kg (110 lb) bombs (300 Kg total)

## Bibliography

* Munson, Kenneth (1978). *German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour*. Poole, Dorset, UK: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0860-3.

## Further reading

* Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". *Air Enthusiast*, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7. ISSN 0143-5450
* Cicalesi, Juan Carlos; Rivas, Santiago (2009). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (ed.). *Junkers F13 / W34 / K43 / Ju52*. Serie en Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN 978-987-20557-7-6. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
* Sinnhuber, Karl (2012). *Salzburg To Stalingrad*. UK: Milton Keynes. ISBN 978-1-471-70222-8.

## InfoBox

| W 34 | |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Airways CF-ARI | |
| General information | |
| Type | Transport |
| Manufacturer | Junkers |
| Designer | Herman Pohlman |
| History | |
| Introduction date | 1926 |
| Developed from | Junkers W 33 |
| Developed into | Junkers Ju 46 |


title: The Soft Moon (album)

abstract: The Soft Moon is the debut studio album by American post-punk band the Soft Moon. It was released on November 16, 2010 by Captured Tracks. The album was recorded over the span of a year in frontman Luis Vasquez's apartment. Writing, composition, recording, production and album art are credited to Vasquez. Vasquez commented on the album in an interview with Fact: "The first LP was more spontaneous and less focused mainly because the songs were never intended to reach the public’s ears. Each song was just a different way to reach inside myself and pull out memories from the past." The album was well received upon its release.

text:
# The Soft Moon (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Pitchfork* | 8.1 |

***The Soft Moon*** is the debut studio album by American post-punk band the Soft Moon. It was released on November 16, 2010 by Captured Tracks. The album was recorded over the span of a year in frontman Luis Vasquez's apartment. Writing, composition, recording, production and album art are credited to Vasquez. Vasquez commented on the album in an interview with *Fact*: "The first LP was more spontaneous and less focused mainly because the songs were never intended to reach the public’s ears. Each song was just a different way to reach inside myself and pull out memories from the past." The album was well received upon its release.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Breathe the Fire" | 3:14 |
| 2. | "Circles" | 4:02 |
| 3. | "Out of Time" | 3:52 |
| 4. | "When It's Over" | 4:26 |
| 5. | "Dead Love" | 4:04 |
| 6. | "Parallels" | 3:09 |
| 7. | "We Are We" | 2:30 |
| 8. | "Sewer Sickness" | 2:33 |
| 9. | "Into the Depths" | 3:27 |
| 10. | "Primal Eyes" | 2:41 |
| 11. | "Tiny Spiders" | 3:50 |
| Total length: | | 37:48 |

## InfoBox

| The Soft Moon | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by The Soft Moon | |
| Released | November 16, 2010 |
| Genre | Post-punk |
| Length | 37:48 |
| Label | Captured Tracks |
| The Soft Moon chronology | |
| ***The Soft Moon***
(2010) *Total Decay*
(2011) | |


title: Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki

abstract: Major-General Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki was a Polish general. He served in the Polish Legions in World War I, then took part in the Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War. During World War II, following the German invasion of Poland, he was dispatched to United Kingdom and France, where he arrived around September 7 and where he represented the Polish military in the first weeks of the conflict. He subsequently served in the Polish Armed Forces in the West, where his duties included supervising the evacuation of the Polish Army in France to the United Kingdom following the Fall of France, and later, organization and operation of training camps for Polish Army being recreated in Scotland. He died in Edinburgh in June 1942 aged 52 and was buried at Corstorphine Hill Cemetery, Edinburgh.

text:
# Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki

Major-General **Stanisław Burhardt-Bukacki** (8 January 1890 – 6 June 1942) was a Polish general.

He served in the Polish Legions in World War I, then took part in the Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War. During World War II, following the German invasion of Poland, he was dispatched to United Kingdom and France, where he arrived around September 7 and where he represented the Polish military in the first weeks of the conflict. He subsequently served in the Polish Armed Forces in the West, where his duties included supervising the evacuation of the Polish Army in France to the United Kingdom following the Fall of France, and later, organization and operation of training camps for Polish Army being recreated in Scotland. He died in Edinburgh in June 1942 aged 52 and was buried at Corstorphine Hill Cemetery, Edinburgh.


title: Edna Mosley

abstract: Edna Mosley was one of the first female professional architects in Britain, and was known for her designs for modern, labour-saving interiors, often aimed specifically at women.

text:
# Edna Mosley

**Edna Mosley** (20 December 1899 – 19 February 1954) was one of the first female professional architects in Britain, and was known for her designs for modern, labour-saving interiors, often aimed specifically at women.

## Career

Mosley was born in 1899 in St John's Wood, London, the daughter of Robert S. Mosley and his wife. She studied at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, and became an Associate member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Mosley worked for the Electrical Association for Women (EAW), of which she was also a member. These were specifically designs for domestic spaces that sought to persuade women of the benefits of using electricity in the home. Among these were the ‘Electrical Housecraft’ kitchen, where demonstrators for then-new appliances such as cookers, irons, and toasters could be trained. Mosley designed the Kitchen Cabinet Fitment which had “a control panel with one 15 amp. and three 5 amp. plug points above the working table; the wall behind the panel is hollow, and the wiring of the panel may be seen through a glass window; in the Demonstration Kitchen, strip and spot-lighting from a beam focus the attention on the lecturer’s table. She also designed the refurbishment of the joint EAW and Women's Engineering Society headquarters which opened at 20 Regent Street, London in 1933.

### The Bachelor Girl's All-Electric Flat

In November 1930, there was an exhibition in the New Horticultural Hall, Westminster, London, entitled ‘The Bachelor Girls' Exhibition’. The EAW commissioned Mosley to design a demonstration flat that, according to the association, was the 'first public expression of a woman's idea of how the bachelor woman could live electrically'. The flat, designed as an exhibition stand but considered as a prototype for one unit of an accommodation block, was created in conjunction with the Electrical Development Association (absorbed into the Electricity Council in the 1960s).

The modernist flat comprised a small hall, a living room with a dining recess (including a fixed seat and sideboard), a kitchen, a bedroom, bathroom, toilet, and sun balcony. The flat was furnished with the most up-to-date electrical equipment, including a built-in electric fire.

### Other designs

In 1946, Mosley also designed the 'kitchen of a cottage in a mining village' for the 'Britain Can Make It' exhibition of industrial and product design at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, of 1946.

## Private life

Edna Mosley was married to Alfred Stocken Knott, and together they designed their own house at Peaslake in Surrey in 1932.


title: Renée Short

abstract: Renée Short was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament for Wolverhampton North East.

text:
# Renée Short

**Renée Short** (née **Gill**; 26 April 1919 – 18 January 2003) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament for Wolverhampton North East.

## Early life

Born in Leamington Spa, she had a Jewish mother but was brought up by her Church of England grandparents. She was educated at Nottingham County Grammar School and Manchester University. She was a journalist. Active in the Labour and Co-operative Parties, she served as a councillor on Hertfordshire County Council 1952–67 and Watford Rural District Council 1952–56.

## Parliamentary career

Short contested St. Albans at the 1955 general election and Watford in the 1959 election.

At the 1964 general election, she was elected to succeed John Baird as Member of Parliament for Wolverhampton North East. She retained her seat at six subsequent general elections until her retirement at the 1987 election. In the Conservative landslide at the 1983 general election, she had held on to her seat by just 214 votes, and after she stood down, her old seat was won by the Conservative candidate Maureen Hicks. She also served on the Labour National Executive Committee 1970–81 and 1983–88.

Short was on the left-wing of the Labour Party and often clashed with her constituency neighbour Enoch Powell. She was an early advocate of abortion reform. She was for many years national president of the Campaign for Nursery Education, and of the Nursery Schools Association; and she was vice-president of the Women's National Cancer Control Campaign. She had hopes of being appointed to the government in 1974 but believed she had suffered by openly stating her ambition on the BBC TV election results programme (she said "If Harold's any sense, he'll know what to do").

## Later life

Later in her career she received a regular credit as "Parliamentary Adviser" to the Yorkshire Television sitcom *The New Statesman*.

## Family

She married, in 1940, Dr Andrew Short; they had two daughters.

Her granddaughter is actress and singer Charlotte Devaney.

## InfoBox

| Renée Short | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of Parliament
for Wolverhampton North East | |
| **In office**
15 October 1964  18 May 1987 | |
| Preceded by | John Baird |
| Succeeded by | Maureen Hicks |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Renée Gill
(1919-04-26)26 April 1919
Leamington Spa, England |
| Died | 18 January 2003(2003-01-18) (aged 83) |
| Political party | Labour |
| Spouse | Andrew Short (m. 1940) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Charlotte Devaney (granddaughter) |
| Alma mater | University of Manchester |
| Profession | Journalism |
|  | |


title: Chris Chataway

abstract: Chris Chataway is an Australian Anglican priest and musician who has served as Dean of Perth since 1 February 2020. He previously served as Archdeacon and Dean of Ballarat from 2014 to 2020.

text:
# Chris Chataway

**Chris Chataway** (born 1960 or 1961) is an Australian Anglican priest and musician who has served as Dean of Perth since 1 February 2020. He previously served as Archdeacon and Dean of Ballarat from 2014 to 2020.

## InfoBox

| The Very Reverend
Chris Chataway | |
| --- | --- |
| Dean of Perth | |
| Church | Anglican Church of Australia |
| Province | Province of Western Australia |
| Diocese | Diocese of Perth |
| Appointed | 1 February 2020 |
| Predecessor | Richard Pengelley |
| Other post(s) | Dean of Ballarat (2014–2020) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1985 (as deacon)
1986 (as priest) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1960 or 1961 (age 63–64) |
| Nationality | Australian |
| Denomination | Anglicanism |
| Spouse | Heather |
| Children | 4 |


title: Champion Mill

abstract: Champion Mill, in Lake County, Colorado, is part of a mining complex on the eastern slope of Mount Champion on Halfmoon Creek. Established in the 1890s, it was a consistent supplier of gold and silver, as well as galena and pyrite to the smelters in Leadville, CO. The mine and mill operated until around 1919, when the price to ship the ore to Leadville became too expensive to maintain a profit. It was briefly reopened between 1937 and 1940, when it finally shut down for good. During its lifespan, the mine produced than 100,000 thousand pounds of minerals. Today numerous structures remains, including the giant mill, which is gated off, numerous tram towers leading up the mountainside to the mine, and a couple small structures at the top of the mountain.

text:
# Champion Mill

**Champion Mill**, in Lake County, Colorado, is part of a mining complex on the eastern slope of Mount Champion on Halfmoon Creek. Established in the 1890s, it was a consistent supplier of gold and silver, as well as galena and pyrite to the smelters in Leadville, CO. The mine and mill operated until around 1919, when the price to ship the ore to Leadville became too expensive to maintain a profit. It was briefly reopened between 1937 and 1940, when it finally shut down for good. During its lifespan, the mine produced than 100,000 thousand pounds of minerals.

Today numerous structures remains, including the giant mill, which is gated off, numerous tram towers leading up the mountainside to the mine, and a couple small structures at the top of the mountain.

39°08′15″N 106°30′16″W / 39.13750°N 106.50444°W / 39.13750; -106.50444


abstract: The men's coxed four competition at the 1956 Summer Olympics took place at Lake Wendouree, Ballarat, Australia. It was held from 23 to 27 November and was won by the team from Italy. There were 10 boats from 10 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event. Italy had previously won this event in 1928, tying Switzerland for second-most wins among nations. Sweden (silver) and Finland (bronze) each won their first medal in the men's coxed four. Switzerland had its three-Games silver-medal streak broken, without a Swiss crew competing.

text:
# Rowing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four

The men's coxed four competition at the 1956 Summer Olympics took place at Lake Wendouree, Ballarat, Australia. It was held from 23 to 27 November and was won by the team from Italy. There were 10 boats (50 competitors) from 10 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event. Italy had previously won this event in 1928, tying Switzerland for second-most wins among nations. Sweden (silver) and Finland (bronze) each won their first medal in the men's coxed four. Switzerland had its three-Games silver-medal streak broken, without a Swiss crew competing.

## Background

This was the 10th appearance of the event. Rowing had been on the programme in 1896 but was cancelled due to bad weather. The coxed four was one of the four initial events introduced in 1900. It was not held in 1904 or 1908, but was held at every Games from 1912 to 1992 when it (along with the men's coxed pair) was replaced with the men's lightweight double sculls and men's lightweight coxless four.

There was no clear favourite for the event. No nation had won the European Rowing Championships since the previous Olympic Games more than once. Only the Soviet Union had won a European Rowing Championship medal twice since 1952. Italy had come third at the 1956 European Rowing Championships.

No nations made their debut in the event. The United States made its eighth appearance, most among nations to that point. Notable absences included France (previously tied with the United States for most appearances at seven) and Switzerland (which had won gold or silver in each of their six appearances).

## Competition format

The coxed four event featured five-person boats, with four rowers and a coxswain. It was a sweep rowing event, with the rowers each having one oar (and thus each rowing on one side). The competition used the 2000 metres distance that became standard at the 1912 Olympics and which has been used ever since except at the 1948 Games.

The competition venue had five lanes, but the organising committee had restricted races to four teams. This allowed for changing wind conditions, where the most affected lane could be left unused. Ten teams from ten nations attended the competition. On all days, the coxed four were the first races held of the day.

The competition featured four rounds (three main rounds and a repechage).

* Quarterfinals: 3 heats, 3 or 4 boats each, top 2 in each heat (6 total) advanced to the semifinals while others (4 boats) went to the repechage.
* Repechage: 2 heats, 2 boats each, top 1 in each heat (2 total) advanced to the semifinals while all others (2 boats) were eliminated.
* Semifinals: 2 heats, 4 boats each, top 2 in each heat (4 total) advanced to the final while all others (4 boats) were eliminated.
* Final: 1 heat, 4 boats, determining medals and 4th place.

## Schedule

All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Friday, 23 November 1956 | **9:30** | **Quarterfinals** |
| Saturday, 24 November 1956 | **9:30** | **Repechage** |
| Monday, 26 November 1956 | **10:00** | **Semifinals** |
| Tuesday, 27 November 1956 | **14:30** | **Final** |

## Results

### Quarterfinals

Three heats were rowed on 23 November. Two of the heats had three teams and one had four teams, with the first two teams to qualify for the semi-final, and the remaining teams progressing to the round one repechage.

#### Quarterfinal 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Ivo Stefanoni | Italy | 7:00.0 | Q |
| 2 |  | Anatoly Fetisov | Soviet Union | 7:07.5 | Q |
| 3 |  | Colin Johnstone | New Zealand | 7:16.2 | R |

#### Quarterfinal 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Bertil Göransson | Sweden | 6:57.9 | Q |
| 2 |  | John Vilhelmsen | Denmark | 7:05.3 | Q |
| 3 |  | Matti Niemi | Finland | 7:16.2 | R |

#### Quarterfinal 3

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Edward Masterson | United States | 7:01.8 | Q |
| 2 |  | John Jenkinson | Australia | 7:01.9 | Q |
| 3 |  | Sylvio de Souza | Brazil | 7:13.9 | R |
| 4 |  | Virgilio Ara | Cuba | 7:14.3 | R |

### Repechage

Four boats competed in the one repechage on 24 November in two heats, with the winner qualifying for the semi-final.

#### Repechage heat 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Colin Johnstone | New Zealand | 7:16.6 | Q |
| 2 |  | Virgilio Ara | Cuba | 7:28.2 |  |

#### Repechage heat 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Matti Niemi | Finland | 7:09.8 | Q |
| 2 |  | Sylvio de Souza | Brazil | 7:25.7 |  |

### Semifinals

Two heats were rowed in the semi-finals on 26 November, with the top two teams qualifying for the final.

#### Semifinal 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Ivo Stefanoni | Italy | 7:54.4 | Q |
| 2 |  | John Jenkinson | Australia | 7:59.8 | Q |
| 3 |  | John Vilhelmsen | Denmark | 8:08.4 |  |
| 4 |  | Colin Johnstone | New Zealand | 8:30.7 |  |

#### Semifinal 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Bertil Göransson | Sweden | 8:01.8 | Q |
| 2 |  | Matti Niemi | Finland | 8:08.1 | Q |
| 3 |  | Anatoly Fetisov | Soviet Union | 8:14.0 |  |
| 4 |  | Edward Masterson | United States | 8:24.3 |  |

### Final

Four teams reached the final, which was decided in one race held on 27 November. The team from Italy, which had won its heat and semi-final, won the final in an unremarkable race leading from start to finish.

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Ivo Stefanoni | Italy | 7:19.4 |
|  |  | Bertil Göransson | Sweden | 7:22.4 |
|  |  | Matti Niemi | Finland | 7:30.9 |
| 4 |  | John Jenkinson | Australia | 7:31.1 |

## InfoBox

| Men's coxed four
at the Games of the XVI Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Rowing pictogram | |
| Venue | Lake Wendouree |
| Dates | 23–27 November |
| Competitors | 50 from 10 nations |
| Winning time | 7:19.4 |
| Medalists | |
| Italy
  Italy  Sweden
   Finland
 | |
|


title: 1962 in archaeology

abstract: The year 1962 in archaeology involved some significant events.

text:
# 1962 in archaeology

The **year 1962 in archaeology** involved some significant events.

## Explorations

## Excavations

## Publications

## Finds

## Awards

## Events

* March - First Conference of Western Archaeologists on Problems of Point Typology at Idaho State College Museum.

## Births

## Deaths

## InfoBox

| List of years in archaeology (table) |
| --- |
|  |
| In science 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 |
| *+...* |


title: The Squeezing Hand

abstract: The Squeezing Hand is a 1953 Argentine crime comedy film directed by Enrique Carreras. It was adapted for the screen by Domingo Di Núbila from a Julio Porter and Raúl Gurruchaga play. It stars Gogó Andreu, Tono Andreu, Alfredo Barbieri and Amelia Vargas and premiered on 21 January 1953.

text:
# The Squeezing Hand

***The Squeezing Hand*** (***La mano que aprieta***) is a 1953 Argentine crime comedy film directed by Enrique Carreras. It was adapted for the screen by Domingo Di Núbila from a Julio Porter and Raúl Gurruchaga play. It stars Gogó Andreu, Tono Andreu, Alfredo Barbieri and Amelia Vargas and premiered on 21 January 1953.

## Plot

Three relatives of a millionaire plot to kill her in order to inherit her fortune, but a quirky doctor who happens to be a detective interferes.

## Cast

## Reception

*El Heraldo del Cinematografista* stated: "It is regrettable that the intrigue, not very original but with many possibilities, suspenseful, was not given more prominence in the concern of constantly achieving realistic effects, particularly in charge of Alfredo Barbieri." On the other hand, the critic Manuel Rey (known as King) said: "It achieves...its purpose of making people laugh."

## InfoBox

| La mano que aprieta | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Enrique Carreras |
| Written by | Domingo Di Núbila based on Julio Porter and Raúl Gurruchaga play. |
| Produced by | Luis Carreras
Nicolás Carreras
Enrique Carreras |
| Starring | Gogó Andreu
Tono Andreu
Alfredo Barbieri
Amelia Vargas |
| Cinematography | Gumer Barreiros |
| Edited by | José Gallego |
| Music by | Vlady |
| Production
company | Productora General Belgrano |
| Release date | * January 21, 1953 (1953-01-21) |
| Running time | 80 minutes |
| Country | Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |


title: Cobden/Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport

abstract: Cobden/Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport is located 2.4 nautical miles southeast of Cobden, Ontario, Canada.

text:
# Cobden/Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport

**Cobden/Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport** (TC LID: **CPF4**) is located 2.4 nautical miles (4.4 km; 2.8 mi) southeast of Cobden, Ontario, Canada.

## InfoBox

| Cobden/Bruce McPhail Memorial Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Private |
| Operator | Champlain Flying Club |
| Location | Cobden, Ontario |
| Time zone | EST (UTC−05:00) |
| Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC−04:00) |
| Elevation AMSL | 500 ft / 152 m |
| Coordinates | 45°35′43″N 076°50′03″W / 45.59528°N 76.83417°W / 45.59528; -76.83417 |
| Map | |
| CPF4Location in Ontario | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  12/30 2,188 667 Turf  02/20 1,847 563 Turf | |
| Source: Canada Flight Supplement | |


title: Edna Nahshon

abstract: Edna Nahshon is professor of Jewish theater and drama at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Her interests include Yiddish and Israeli theater and drama. She is also and a senior fellow at Oxford University's Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies.

text:
# Edna Nahshon

**Edna Nahshon** is professor of Jewish theater and drama at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Her interests include Yiddish and Israeli theater and drama. She is also and a senior fellow at Oxford University's Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies.

## Books

* Wrestling with Shylock: Jewish Responses to “The Merchant of Venice.” Cambridge University Press, 2016/17.
* New York's Yiddish Theater: From the Bowery to Broadway. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016
* (editor and contributor) Jews and Theater in an Intercultural Context. Editor and contributor. Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2012.
* (editor and contributor) Jewish Theatre: A Global View. Editor and contributor. Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2009.
* Jews and Shoes. Oxford, UK: Berg, 2008.
    + From the book jacket: "Jews and Shoes takes a fresh look at the makings and meanings of shoes, cobblers, and barefootedness in Jewish experience. The book shows how shoes convey theological, social, and economic concepts, and as such are intriguing subjects for inquiry within a wide range of cultural, artistic, and historic contexts."
* From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot: Israel Zangwill's Jewish Plays. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2005.
* Yiddish Proletarian Theatre: The Art and Politics of the Artef, 1925–1940. Westwood, CT: Greenwood, 1998.
* She also contributed chapters for several books on Jewish theatre.

## Awards

* 2016 George Freedley Award Special Jury Prize "for an exemplary work in the field of live theatre or performance". for *New York’s Yiddish Theater*.
* Jordan Schnitzer Book Award Committee of the Association for Jewish Studies as a 2009 Notable Selection in the category of Jews and the Arts for *From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot*.

## Further reading


title: Sound of Kuduro

abstract: "Sound of Kuduro" is a kuduro song by Buraka Som Sistema featuring DJ Znobia, M.I.A., Saborosa and Puto Prata, from their album Black Diamond released in 2008. The song was recorded in Angola, and a video for the song was recorded in 2007. "Sound of Kuduro" also appeared on the special edition of M.I.A.'s Kala. Pitchfork Media placed the song at number 97 on their best tracks of 2008 list.

text:
# Sound of Kuduro

"**Sound of Kuduro**" is a kuduro song by Buraka Som Sistema featuring DJ Znobia, M.I.A., Saborosa and Puto Prata, from their album *Black Diamond* released in 2008. The song was recorded in Angola, and a video for the song was recorded in 2007. "Sound of Kuduro" also appeared on the special edition of M.I.A.'s *Kala*. Pitchfork Media placed the song at number 97 on their best tracks of 2008 list.

## Music video

The video for the song was recorded in Angola in 2007, and features footage of the vocalists recording for the song around the country, travelling around the city, joining street and yard parties and local dancers. The video was posted onto YouTube in March 2008, receiving attention across the blogosphere.

## InfoBox

| "Sound of Kuduro" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Buraka Som Sistema featuring DJ Znobia, M.I.A., Saborosa, and Puto Prata | |
| from the album  *Black Diamond* | |
| Released | 2 March 2009 (2009-15-02) |
| Recorded | 2008 |
| Genre | Kuduro |
| Length | 3:37 |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Buraka Som Sistema singles chronology | |
| "Wawaba (v. 1.8)"
(2007) "**Sound of Kuduro**"
(2009) "Aqui Para Vocês"
(2009) | |
|  | |
| M.I.A. singles chronology | |
| "Paper Planes"
(2008) "**Sound of Kuduro'**"
(2009) "Born Free"
(2010) | |
| Puto Prata singles chronology | |
| "**Sound of Kuduro'**"
(2009) "Sozinho"
(2013) | |
| Music video | |
| "Sound of Kuduro" on YouTube | |
|  | |


abstract: The men's eight competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics took place at Meilahti, Finland. It was held from 20 to 23 July. There were 14 boats from 14 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event. The event was won by the United States, the nation's seventh consecutive and ninth overall gold medal in the men's eight; the Americans had won every time they competed. The Soviet Union took silver in its Olympics debut; Australia's bronze was its first medal in the men's eight.

text:
# Rowing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's eight

The men's eight competition at the 1952 Summer Olympics took place at Meilahti, Finland. It was held from 20 to 23 July. There were 14 boats (126 competitors) from 14 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event. The event was won by the United States, the nation's seventh consecutive and ninth overall gold medal in the men's eight; the Americans had won every time they competed (missing 1908 and 1912). The Soviet Union took silver in its Olympics debut; Australia's bronze was its first medal in the men's eight.

## Background

This was the 11th appearance of the event. Rowing had been on the programme in 1896 but was cancelled due to bad weather. The men's eight has been held every time that rowing has been contested, beginning in 1900.

The United States was the dominant nation in the event, with the nation winning the previous six Olympic men's eight competitions (as well as the other two competitions which the United States had entered). Potential challengers included Australia (1950 British Empire champion) and Great Britain (1951 European Rowing Championships winners), but the Americans were heavily favored.

Finland, Romania, and the Soviet Union each made their debut in the event. Canada, Great Britain, and the United States each made their ninth appearance, tied for most among nations to that point.

## Competition format

The "eight" event featured nine-person boats, with eight rowers and a coxswain. It was a sweep rowing event, with the rowers each having one oar (and thus each rowing on one side). The course returned to the 2000 metres distance that became the Olympic standard in 1912 (with the exception of 1948).

The 1952 competition featured five rounds: three main rounds (quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final) as well as two repechages, after the quarterfinals and semifinals.

* The 14 boats were divided into 3 heats of 4 or 5 boats each for the quarterfinals. The winner and 2nd place boats in each heat (6 total) advanced to the semifinals, while the remaining boats (8 total) went to the repechage.
* The first repechage had 8 boats. They were placed in 3 heats, with 2 or 3 boats each. The winner of each repechage heat (a tie in one heat led to there being a total of 4 boats advancing) went to the second repechage (not the semifinals), with the other boats (4 total) eliminated.
* The semifinals placed the 6 boats in 2 heats, with 3 boats per heat. The winner of each heat (2 boats total) advanced directly to the final, while the other boats (4 total) competed in the second repechage.
* The second repechage had 8 boats, placed in 3 heats with 2 or 3 boats per heat. The winner of each heat (3 boats) qualified for the final, with all others (5 total) eliminated.
* The final round consisted of a single final for the medals and 4th and 5th places.

## Schedule

All times are Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3)

| Date | Time | Round |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Sunday, 20 July 1952 | **9:00** | **Quarterfinals** |
| Monday, 21 July 1952 | **9:00**
**16:00** | **First repechage**
**Semifinals** |
| Tuesday, 22 July 1952 | **9:00** | **Second repechage** |
| Wednesday, 23 July 1952 | **19:00** | **Final** |

## Results

### Quarterfinals

#### Quarterfinal 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Zdenko Bego | Yugoslavia | 6:06.9 | Q |
| 2 |  | Tom Chessell | Australia | 6:07.2 | Q |
| 3 |  | Ion Vlăduț | Romania | 6:23.0 | R |
| 4 |  | Norm Rowe | Canada | 6:26.5 | R |
| 5 |  | Toivo Räsänen | Finland | 6:28.5 | R |

#### Quarterfinal 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Charles Manring | United States | 6:09.0 | Q |
| 2 |  | John Hinde | Great Britain | 6:15.1 | Q |
| 3 |  | Hermann Zander | Germany | 6:18.7 | R |
| 4 |  | Sture Baatz | Sweden | 6:24.3 | R |
| 5 |  | José Pinheiro | Portugal | 6:30.8 | R |

#### Quarterfinal 3

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Igor Polyakov | Soviet Union | 6:10.2 | Q |
| 2 |  | Róbert Zimonyi | Hungary | 6:13.6 | Q |
| 3 |  | Sergio Ghiatto | Italy | 6:17.0 | R |
| 4 |  | John Vilhelmsen | Denmark | 6:17.9 | R |

### First repechage

#### First repechage heat 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | John Vilhelmsen | Denmark | 6:17.8 | Q |
| 2 |  | Ion Vlăduț | Romania | 6:20.7 |  |
| 3 |  | José Pinheiro | Portugal | 6:25.3 |  |

#### First repechage heat 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Hermann Zander | Germany | 6:15.1 | Q |
| 2 |  | Sergio Ghiatto | Italy | 6:15.8 |  |
| 3 |  | Toivo Räsänen | Finland | 6:28.4 |  |

#### First repechage heat 3

The finish between these two boats was so close that even the photo finish could not separate them. Both boats advanced.

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Norm Rowe | Canada | 6:25.9 | Q |
| |  | Sture Baatz | Sweden | 6:25.9 | Q |

### Semifinals

#### Semifinal 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | John Hinde | Great Britain | 6:32.4 | Q |
| 2 |  | Zdenko Bego | Yugoslavia | 6:33.5 | R |
| 3 |  | Róbert Zimonyi | Hungary | 6:37.4 | R |

#### Semifinal 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Charles Manring | United States | 6:32.1 | Q |
| 2 |  | Igor Polyakov | Soviet Union | 6:44.0 | R |
| 3 |  | Tom Chessell | Australia | 6:44.5 | R |

### Second repechage

#### Second repechage heat 1

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Tom Chessell | Australia | 6:09.6 | Q |
| 2 |  | Zdenko Bego | Yugoslavia | 6:12.0 |  |
| 3 |  | Sture Baatz | Sweden | 6:28.1 |  |

#### Second repechage heat 2

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Igor Polyakov | Soviet Union | 6:10.6 | Q |
| 2 |  | Róbert Zimonyi | Hungary | 6:15.4 |  |
| 3 |  | John Vilhelmsen | Denmark | 6:16.0 |  |

#### Second repechage heat 3

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 |  | Hermann Zander | Germany | 6:19.3 | Q |
| 2 |  | Norm Rowe | Canada | 6:24.8 |  |

### Final

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Nation | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Charles Manring | United States | 6:25.9 |
|  |  | Igor Polyakov | Soviet Union | 6:31.2 |
|  |  | Tom Chessell | Australia | 6:33.1 |
| 4 |  | John Hinde | Great Britain | 6:34.8 |
| 5 |  | Hermann Zander | Germany | 6:42.8 |

## Results summary

The following rowers took part:

| Rank | Rowers | Coxswain | Country |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  | Charles Manring | United States |
|  |  | Igor Polyakov | Soviet Union |
|  |  | Tom Chessell | Australia |
|  |  | John Hinde | Great Britain |
|  |  | Hermann Zander | Germany |
|  |  | Zdenko Bego | Yugoslavia |
|  |  | Róbert Zimonyi | Hungary |
|  |  | Norm Rowe | Canada |
|  |  | Sture Baatz | Sweden |
|  |  | John Vilhelmsen | Denmark |
|  |  | Ion Vlăduț | Romania |
|  |  | Sergio Ghiatto | Italy |
|  |  | José Pinheiro | Portugal |
|  |  | Toivo Räsänen | Finland |

## InfoBox

| Men's eight
at the Games of the XV Olympiad | |
| --- | --- |
| Rowing pictogram | |
| Venue | Meilahti |
| Dates | 20–23 July |
| Competitors | 126 from 14 nations |
| Winning time | 6:25.9 |
| Medalists | |
| United States
  Soviet Union
  Australia
 | |
|


title: Skip Stahley

abstract: Jacob Neil "Skip" Stahley was an American college football coach and athletic director. He served as the head coach at the University of Delaware in 1934, Brown University from 1941 to 1943, George Washington University from 1946 to 1947, the University of Toledo from 1948 to 1949, and the University of Idaho from 1954 to 1961. Stahley was the athletic director at Idaho from 1960 to 1964 and Portland State University from 1964 to 1972.

text:
# Skip Stahley

| Skip Stahley | |
| --- | --- |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1944–1946 |
| Unit | Training |
| Battles/wars | World War II |

**Jacob Neil "Skip" Stahley** (September 22, 1908 – June 27, 1992) was an American college football coach and athletic director. He served as the head coach at the University of Delaware in 1934, Brown University from 1941 to 1943, George Washington University from 1946 to 1947, the University of Toledo from 1948 to 1949, and the University of Idaho from 1954 to 1961. Stahley was the athletic director at Idaho from 1960 to 1964 and Portland State University from 1964 to 1972.

## Early years

Born in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, Stahley was an outstanding athlete at Lebanon High School and graduated in 1926. He attended Penn State in State College, where he majored in English and played football, earning honorable mention All-American honors. A three-sport letterman, Stahley also captained the basketball and lacrosse teams for the Nittany Lions. He graduated in 1931 and later earned a master's degree from Columbia University.

## Early coaching career

Stahley began his coaching career in 1931 as an assistant at Western Maryland College in Westminster under head coach Dick Harlow. In 1934, he became the head coach at the University of Delaware, and compiled a 4–3–1 record in Newark, then moved north to the Boston area and was an assistant coach at Harvard University, also under Harlow. From 1941 to 1943, Stahley was the head coach at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, with a 14–11 (.560) record.

Stahley served in the U.S. Navy in San Diego during World War II, and then coached in Washington, D.C. at George Washington University, with a 5–10–1 record in 1946 and 1947. He briefly returned to the West Coast in March 1948 as the backfield coach at the University of Washington in Seattle under new head coach Howie Odell. After two months, Stahley left for the Midwest to become the head coach at Toledo, and compiled an 11–10 record in two seasons.

Stahley returned to Seattle in 1950 as backfield coach at Washington for three seasons under Odell, where he mentored notable Huskies Hugh McElhenny and Don Heinrich. Odell was pressured to resign by the athletic director after a 7–3 season in 1952 and was replaced by John Cherberg, the coach of the freshman team.

## NFL

Stahley left the Huskies to coach in the National Football League (NFL) as the backfield coach with the Chicago Cardinals under head coach Joe Stydahar. The Cardinals ended 1953 with a win in the final game to finish at 1–10–1 (.125), the worst record in the twelve-team league.

## Idaho

Stahley quickly returned to college football in February 1954 as the head coach at Idaho at an annual salary of 9,000. The Vandals had finished the 1953 season at 1–8 under third-year head coach Babe Curfman.

Stahley compiled a 22–51–1 (.304) record in eight seasons in Moscow. While on the Palouse, he coached future NFL notables Jerry Kramer, Wayne Walker, Jim Prestel, and AFL all-star Jim Norton. The Vandals were members of the Pacific Coast Conference for Stahley's first five seasons, then played as an independent when the conference disbanded. Idaho's only conference victory under Stahley came in his first season: the winless Vandals (0–5) surprised and shut out neighbor Washington State 10–0 in Pullman in the Battle of the Palouse in 1954. It was Idaho's first victory in football over the Cougars in 29 years, and the subsequent eight-mile (13 km) march by WSC students from Pullman to Moscow was featured in *Life* magazine: The win started a four-game winning streak, Idaho's longest in 31 years, to finish at 4–5 for the 1954 season. That win at Rogers Field in his first attempt turned out to be Stahley's only triumph over the Cougars; the Vandals waited a full decade before the next.

When Idaho athletic director Bob Gibb left in 1960, Stahley took over those duties in July for four years. He handled both jobs for a year and a half, then stepped down under pressure as football coach in January 1962. The following month, he hired Dee Andros, an assistant coach at Illinois and a former guard under Bud Wilkinson at Oklahoma. As AD, Stahley was a driving force in the creation of the Big Sky Conference, which was formed in February 1963.

After a decade in Moscow, Stahley resigned as Idaho's athletic director in 1964 to become the first full-time director of athletics at Portland State College (now PSU), where he served until late 1971. Following the 1964 football season, Andros left after three years for Oregon State in Corvallis to succeed Tommy Prothro, who left the Rose Bowl team for UCLA.

Stahley's eight consecutive seasons as head coach of Idaho football was the most in program history until 2021; as a result, he led the Vandals in losses with 51 until October 2019, when passed by seventh-year head coach Paul Petrino.

### U.S. patent

Prior to his last season as head coach, Stahley was granted a US patent 2967709  for an early defensive reaction machine, issued on January 10, 1961. The "Athletic Training Apparatus" was conceived to improve the reactions of defensive linemen at the line of scrimmage.

## Halls of fame

Stahley is a member of the Idaho Sports Hall of Fame, the Western Pennsylvania Hall of Fame, and the National Association of Collegiate athletic directors Hall of Fame.

## Personal

Stahley married Mrs. Shirley Sherman Kime (c.1910–1993) in Toledo on July 1, 1950. They had two daughters, and she had two sons from a previous marriage. Following retirement from PSU in 1972, Stahley and his wife continued to reside in Portland for the next two decades; he died in 1992 at the age of 83, and she died the following year.

### Crime fighter

While an assistant coach in 1938, *The Harvard Crimson* newspaper reported that Stahley knocked out a suspected burglar with a single punch. In the early hours of a winter morning in Somerville, Massachusetts, the perpetrator was halfway through a second floor apartment window when he was discovered by its female occupant, and she let out an audible warning. Stahley also lived in the building, and he and a couple of companions were outside at the base of the fire escape to encounter him.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens** *(Independent)* (1934) | | | | | | | | |
| 1934 | Delaware | 4–3–1 |  |  |  |
| **Delaware:** | | 4–3–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **Brown Bears** *(Independent)* (1941–1943) | | | | | | | | |
| 1941 | Brown | 5–4 |  |  |  |
| 1942 | Brown | 4–4 |  |  |  |
| 1943 | Brown | 5–3 |  |  |  |
| **Brown:** | | 14–11 |  |  | | | | |
| **San Diego Naval Training Station Bluejackets** *(Independent)* (1944) | | | | | | | | |
| 1944 | San Diego NTS | 4–3–1 |  |  |  |
| **San Diego NTS:** | | 4–3–1 |  |  | | | | |
| **George Washington Colonials** *(Southern Conference)* (1946–1947) | | | | | | | | |
| 1946 | George Washington | 4–3 | 1–1 | 9th |  |
| 1947 | George Washington | 1–7–1 | 0–4 | 16th |  |
| **George Washington:** | | 5–10–1 | 1–5 |  | | | | |
| **Toledo Rockets** *(Independent)* (1948–1949) | | | | | | | | |
| 1948 | Toledo | 5–6 |  |  | **W** Glass |
| 1949 | Toledo | 6–4 |  |  | **L** Glass |
| **Toledo:** | | 11–10 |  |  | | | | |
| **Idaho Vandals** *(Pacific Coast Conference)* (1954–1958) | | | | | | | | |
| 1954 | Idaho | 4–5 | 1–2 | 7th |  |
| 1955 | Idaho | 2–7 | 0–4 | 9th |  |
| 1956 | Idaho | 4–5 | 0–4 | 9th |  |
| 1957 | Idaho | 4–4–1 | 0–3 | 9th |  |
| 1958 | Idaho | 4–5 | 0–3 | 9th |  |
| **Idaho Vandals** *(Independent)* (1959–1961) | | | | | | | | |
| 1959 | Idaho | 1–9 |  |  |  |
| 1960 | Idaho | 1–9 |  |  |  |
| 1961 | Idaho | 2–7 |  |  |  |
| **Idaho:** | | 22–51–1 | 1–16 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 60–88–4 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Skip Stahley
| Biographical details | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1908-09-22)September 22, 1908
Lebanon, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | June 27, 1992(1992-06-27) (aged 83)
Portland, Oregon, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Columbia University |
| Playing career | |
| 1928–1930 | Penn State |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Back |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1931–1933 | Western Maryland (assistant) |
| 1934 | Delaware |
| 1935–1940 | Harvard (backfield) |
| 1941–1943 | Brown |
| 1944 | San Diego NTS |
| 1946–1947 | George Washington |
| 1948–1949 | Toledo |
| 1950–1952 | Washington (backfield) |
| 1953 | Chicago Cardinals (backfield) |
| 1954–1961 | Idaho |
|  | |
| Administrative career (AD unless noted) | |
| 1960–1964 | Idaho |
| 1964–1972 | Portland State |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 60–88–4 |
| Bowls | 1–1 |
|  | |


title: Christopher Jones (cricketer)

abstract: Christopher Jones is a former English cricketer. Jones was a right-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Stamford, Lincolnshire. Jones made his debut in county cricket for his home county of Lincolnshire, where he played a single match for them in the 1998 Minor Counties Championship against Bedfordshire at London Road, Sleaford. In 1999, he joined Cambridgeshire, making his Minor Counties Championship debut for the county against Norfolk. From 1999 to 2006, he represented the county in 42 Minor Counties Championship matches, with his final appearance coming against Norfolk. Jones also represented Cambridgeshire List-A cricket, making his List-A debut against the Warwickshire Cricket Board in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. From 2001 to 2004, he represented the county in 3 List-A matches, with his final match in that format coming against Northamptonshire. In his 3 List-A matches, he scored just 49 runs at a batting average of 16.33, with a high score of 26.

text:
# Christopher Jones (cricketer)

**Christopher Jones** (born 28 September 1973) is a former English cricketer. Jones was a right-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Stamford, Lincolnshire.

Jones made his debut in county cricket for his home county of Lincolnshire, where he played a single match for them in the 1998 Minor Counties Championship against Bedfordshire at London Road, Sleaford. In 1999, he joined Cambridgeshire, making his Minor Counties Championship debut for the county against Norfolk. From 1999 to 2006, he represented the county in 42 Minor Counties Championship matches, with his final appearance coming against Norfolk.

Jones also represented Cambridgeshire List-A cricket, making his List-A debut against the Warwickshire Cricket Board in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. From 2001 to 2004, he represented the county in 3 List-A matches, with his final match in that format coming against Northamptonshire. In his 3 List-A matches, he scored just 49 runs at a batting average of 16.33, with a high score of 26.

## InfoBox

Christopher Jones
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Christopher Jones |
| Born | (1973-09-28) 28 September 1973<br>Stamford, Lincolnshire, England |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Bowling | Slow left-arm orthodox |
| Domestic team information | |
| Years | Team |
| 19992006 | Cambridgeshire |
| 1998 | Lincolnshire |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition LA  Matches 3  Runs scored 49  Batting average 16.33  100s/50s /  Top score 26  Balls bowled   Wickets   Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings / | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 21 July 2010 | |


title: Finger, Tennessee

abstract: Finger is a town in McNairy and Chester counties, Tennessee, USA. The population was 350 at the 2000 census.

text:
# Finger, Tennessee

**Finger** is a town in McNairy and Chester counties, Tennessee, USA. The population was 350 at the 2000 census.

## History

The area in and around Finger was settled in the early to mid-1820s. Originally named **McIntyre's Crossing**, after Robert Thompson McIntyre, who was an early political leader and businessman, it was not named Finger until 1895. Between its settlement and 1895, the area progressed and both education and business were important to the area's inhabitants. During the American Civil War, the area provided many soldiers to the Union cause and the area largely Unionist and Republican in its politics.

In 1895, with the need of a post office to serve its growing population, a new name was needed to satisfy federal postal authorities. Originally, the town was to be named *Cash.* However, that idea was dropped and, according to the late historian Horry Hodges, the Rev. J.J. Franklin, a resident of nearby McNairy Station, attended the meeting convened to give the town a name. According to Hodges, tempers flared and Franklin derisively and jokingly suggested the name *Finger* after witnessing several locals engaged in Finger pointing. Other sources suggest the city was named for an early resident, Andrew Jackson Finger (1815–1888). However, this is unlikely as this man was not prominent and resided in the area only a short period. Hodges' account is given more credibility because he was an active political and educational figure in 1895, the year of the events, as well as a resident of Finger. His is the only contemporary account.

From 1895 until the onset of the Great Depression in 1929–1930, the town continued to grow. At one point, it supported no less than 8 stores, 2 physicians, a funeral parlor, a hotel, 2 banks, a post office, an elementary and high school, cotton gin and numerous other smaller businesses. Its location on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad was one of the reasons for its successful development.

The town is the home of the annual Finger Barbecue, an event held largely since 1895. As of 2021, having been held for more than 110 years out of the last 126 years, it is one of the oldest and most enduring events of its kind in the state of Tennessee.

The Finger Diner was the original model for the Hard Rock Cafe chain.

The history of the town and surrounding area have been documented in a 511-page history entitled *Let's Call It Finger: A History of North McNairy County & Finger, Tennessee & Its Surrounding Communities,* written by a native and descendant of the McIntyre family, early settlers of the area.

## Geography

The city lies along State Route 199 at its junction with U.S. Route 45. Henderson lies along US 45 to the north, and Selmer lies to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 245 |  |  |
| 1990 | 279 |  | 13.9% |
| 2000 | 350 |  | 25.4% |
| 2010 | 298 |  | −14.9% |
| 2020 | 276 |  | −7.4% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 350 people, 122 households, and 96 families residing in the city. The population density was 231.1 inhabitants per square mile (89.2/km2). There were 134 housing units at an average density of 88.5 per square mile (34.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.86% White, 41.14% African American, 4.14% Native American, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.43% of the population.

There were 122 households, out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,250, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $28,250 versus $11,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,654. About 19.1% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.2% of those under age 18 and 18.2% of those age 65 or over.

## Newspapers

Finger is served by two newspapers: the *Independent Appeal* and *McNairy County News*, both of which serve all of McNairy County.

## Notable people

* Jim Clayton, an American entrepreneur who along with his brother, Joe, founded Clayton Homes (now a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway) and built it into the United States' largest producer and seller of manufactured housing, was born in Finger.
* Joe Clayton, an American entrepreneur who co-founded Clayton Homes (now a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway) along with other businesses.
* Buford Pusser, Sheriff of McNairy County, Tennessee, from 1964 to 1970, was born in Finger. Several movies and a television series were based on his life.

## InfoBox

| Finger, Tennessee | |
| --- | --- |
| Town | |
| SR 199 in Finger | |
| Location of Finger in McNairy County, Tennessee. | |
| Coordinates: 35°21′24″N 88°36′32″W / 35.35667°N 88.60889°W / 35.35667; -88.60889 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | McNairy |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.57 sq mi (4.07 km2) |
| Land | 1.57 sq mi (4.07 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 443 ft (135 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 276 |
| Density | 175.80/sq mi (67.86/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 38334 |
| Area code | 731 |
| FIPS code | 47-26160 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1284266 |


title: The Scoop (video game)

abstract: The Scoop is a mystery adventure game published by Telarium, a subsidiary of Spinnaker Software, in 1986 for Apple II and rereleased by Spinnaker Software in 1989 for DOS. The plot is based on the collaborative detective novel of the same name, written in 1931 by Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, E. C. Bentley, Anthony Berkeley, Freeman Wills Crofts, and Clemence Dane.

text:
# The Scoop (video game)

***The Scoop*** is a mystery adventure game published by Telarium, a subsidiary of Spinnaker Software, in 1986 for Apple II and rereleased by Spinnaker Software in 1989 for DOS. The plot is based on the collaborative detective novel of the same name, written in 1931 by Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, E. C. Bentley, Anthony Berkeley, Freeman Wills Crofts, and Clemence Dane.

## Gameplay

The player impersonates a journalist working for the down-on-its-luck newspaper *The Daily Courier*. He is sent to investigate two murders which may, or may not, be connected. The player has five days to solve the crimes and provide enough evidence to lead to an arrest, otherwise *The Daily Courier* will go out of business.

NPCs in the game have a set routine and go about their business in different locations, meaning the player will sometimes have to follow them and eavesdrop on their conversations in order to collect clues.

Because of the short time limit to solve the crimes, the player will often have to restart the game entirely in order to get everything done on time.

## InfoBox

| The Scoop | |
| --- | --- |
| Title screen | |
| Developer(s) | Telarium |
| Publisher(s) | Telarium
Spinnaker Software |
| Platform(s) | Apple II, DOS |
| Release | **1986:** Apple II
**1989:** DOS |
| Genre(s) | Adventure |
| Mode(s) | Single player |


title: Toast (song)

abstract: "Toast" is a song by Streetband, known for their lead singer Paul Young, released as a single from their debut album London in October 1978.

text:
# Toast (song)

**"Toast"** is a song by Streetband, known for their lead singer Paul Young, released as a single from their debut album *London* in October 1978.

## Release

The song was originally released as the B-side to Streetband's first single "Hold On" in September 1978. However, "Toast" received heavy airplay from Kenny Everett on Capital Radio and this led to the sides being flipped and "Toast" being released as the A-side a month later. Helped by the airplay, the song became successful, peaking at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart in November. The release coincided with the 1978 bakers' strike (during the Winter of Discontent), which saw people queuing for bread, and this led to increased radio airplay of the song.

## Composition and lyrics

In a 1980 issue of *Record Mirror*, Young said that "on Sunday, people go out for a gig, but they don't really act like they should be there. And 'Toast' was just something we did to turn their heads from the bar". "We were in the studio getting a single together and, due to a complete cock up, we found ourselves with three hours free studio time." Chaz Jankel "suggested that we record 'Toast' for the B-side."

However, in 2011, Young said the lyrics “were made up on the night Chaz Jankel came to see us...and he was scheduled to produce us. Believe it or not, it all came about because we had a novice road crew and not one of them could change a guitar string. When the rhythm player bust a string, he went off to do it himself (at the John Bull pub in Chiswick) and the rest of the band started busking on 'Lover', the jazz standard that I’d heard by Tony Bennett. So I wouldn’t be standing there like a plonker, I started scatting over the rhythm and arrived at the word ‘toast’ at the end of the chord sequence. It made sense, so I repeated that at the end of every chord sequence." However, the lyrics are credited to Bernard Kelly, which Young explained, "we credited it to our manager as our publishing was frozen, and never saw a penny from it!”

## Afterwards

Streetband failed to have any more success and disbanded a year later in 1979. Several of the members, including Young, then formed Q-Tips.

In 1994, the single was re-released after it was used in an advert for Gale's Pure Honey and was credited as 'Streetband featuring Paul Young'.

## Charts

| Chart (1978) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 18 |

## InfoBox

| "Toast" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Streetband | |
| from the album  *London* | |
| B-side | "Hold On" |
| Released | October 1978 (1978-10) |
| Genre | Novelty |
| Length | 4:29 |
| Label | Logo |
| Songwriter(s) | Bernard Kelly |
| Producer(s) | Chaz Jankel |
| Streetband singles chronology | |
| "Hold On"
(1978) "**Toast**"
(1978) "One More Step"
(1979) | |
|  | |
| Official audio | |
| "Toast" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Vautebis

abstract: Vautebis is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

text:
# Vautebis

**Vautebis** is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

## InfoBox

| Vautebis | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Vautebis | |
| VautebisVautebis | |
| Coordinates: 46°32′08″N 0°09′05″W / 46.5356°N 0.1514°W / 46.5356; -0.1514 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Nouvelle-Aquitaine |
| Department | Deux-Sèvres |
| Arrondissement | Parthenay |
| Canton | La Gâtine |
| Intercommunality | CC Parthenay-Gâtine |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Christian Ferjoux |
| Area**1** | 7.26 km2 (2.80 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 122 |
| Density | 17/km2 (44/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 79341 /79420 |
| Elevation | 161–211 m (528–692 ft)
(avg. 185 m or 607 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Source London

abstract: Source London is a network of electric vehicle charging points in London. Charging points are located in residential streets, public car parks, at supermarkets, shopping centres and similar places. Use of a Source London branded charging point requires registration with the network's website and the payment of an annual fee of £48 per vehicle. Users are required to pay the annual subscription along with 3.6p/min for each charging session on their modern chargers. Registered members are issued with a card that is swiped on the charging point's card reader to permit charging an unlimited number of times.

text:
# Source London

**Source London** is a network of electric vehicle charging points in London.

Charging points are located in residential streets, public car parks, at supermarkets, shopping centres and similar places. Use of a Source London branded charging point requires registration with the network's website and the payment of an annual fee of £48 per vehicle. Users are required to pay the annual subscription (also payable in monthly instalments of £4/month) along with 3.6p/min for each charging session on their modern chargers. Registered members are issued with a card that is swiped on the charging point's card reader to permit charging an unlimited number of times.

## Backing and funding

First announced in November 2010 and launched on 27 May 2011 by London Mayor Boris Johnson, it is the first citywide network in London It initially provided 150 charging points across the capital with plans to expand coverage to 1,300 charging points by 2013. In 2019, 850 charging points were available with a further 2,000 planned for installation by 2020.

Source London was originally a Transport for London-led consortium of public and private sector organizations. The IT infrastructure was developed by Siemens and the network is partly funded by Scottish and Southern Energy and National Car Parks. Other organisations involved include Heathrow Airport, Gatwick Airport, Asda, Capital Shopping Centres, Sainsbury's, IKEA, Whittington Hospital, Enterprise Rent-a-Car and London Underground. The Department for Transport provided £9.3 million 50% match funding for the development of the network's infrastructure. The subscription fee for the scheme was originally an annual flat-rate £10 per vehicle, with no per-charge fees.

Bolloré's IER subsidiary took over the management of the Source London charging network from Transport for London, since 1 September 2014. Most of the actual charge points are still owned by the boroughs and business owners, and it is still their responsibility to fix faults. In January 2021, the majority shareholder changed from Bolloré's IER subsidiary to Total UK Limited.

The expansion of the network will be achieved, in part, by integrating existing charging points previously operated independently by London Borough councils. At launch, 11 boroughs had installed or were planning to install Source London charging points, or were intending to upgrade their own charging points for integration into the network. Ten other boroughs had committed to the network.

Source London is working with the Department for Transport's Office for Low Emission Vehicles and cities in the UK with the aim of developing a national charging point network.

## Maintenance

In 2014 it was reported that Source London's network, formed by taking on operational responsibility for various borough's chargepoints, had problems with chargepoints being out of action. Source London says it has been working with individual boroughs to take full ownership and responsibility of the existing charging infrastructure, and has so far agreed with London Boroughs of Barnet, Brent, Bromley, Camden, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Hounslow, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton, Wandsworth, Westminster, and with TfL.


title: Chaptalia

abstract:
Chaptalia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Chaptalia is native primarily to Mesoamerica, South America, and the West Indies, with a few species in the United States.
  - Species

text:
# Chaptalia

***Chaptalia*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

*Chaptalia* is native primarily to Mesoamerica, South America, and the West Indies, with a few species in the United States.

Species

Media related to Chaptalia at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Chaptalia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Chaptalia nutans* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Mutisioideae |
| Tribe: | Mutisieae |
| Genus: | *Chaptalia*
Ventenat |
|
| Type species | |
| *Chaptalia tomentosa*
Vent. | |
| Synonyms | |
| Synonymy * *Thyrsanthema* Neck. * *Chaptalia* sect. *Lieberkuhna* (Cass.) Burkart * *Loxodon* Cass. * *Oxydon* Less. * *Leria* DC. * *Oxyodon* DC. * *Chaptalia* sect. *Microchaptalia* Burkart * *Lieberkuhna* Cass. | |


title: Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms

abstract:
The Libro del Conosçimiento de todos los rregnos or Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms, also known as the Book of All Kingdoms, is an anonymous 14th-century Castilian geographical and armorial manual. It is written in the form of imaginary autobiographical travelogue of a Castilian mendicant friar, as he travels through the entire world, known and fanciful, from the westernmost Atlantic islands, through Europe, Asia, Africa and the Arctic, identifying all the lands, kings, lords and their armorial devices as he passes them.
The only explicit information is that the anonymous author claims to have been born in Castile in 1305. The full title is also cited as Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras y señoríos que son por el mundo, et de las señales et armas que han cada tierra y señorío por sy y de los reyes y señores que los proueen "Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms, Lands and Lordships that are in the World, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them". The book's principal objective may have been as an armorial roll. Its choice of presenting itself in the form of an imaginary travelogue may have been whimsical, to tap into the fashionable travel literature of the era, popularized by Marco Polo and John Mandeville. Its geographical features are closely related to those of the Medici Atlas. Also near-contemporary is the Catalan Atlas. Four manuscripts of the work are known, designated "Z", "N", "R" and "S". A manuscript copy of the Libro, once owned by the 16th-century historian Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, and subsequently held by the count of San Clemente in Zaragoza, was reported lost sometime around 1680. It is believed this was the manuscript that resurfaced in London in 1978, popularly known as Manuscript "Z", currently held by the Bavarian State Library in Munich, as "Cod.hisp. 150". This manuscript, written in the late 14th century, is replete with miniature illuminations drawn by an Aragonese illustrator. A facsimile was published in 1999. In the introduction to that edition, editor Lacarra doubts the original c.1350 dating, and proposes instead that the Libro was probably composed a bit later, probably around 1385. Manuscripts "N" and "R" are kept in the British Library. A further manuscript of the Libro was discovered in 1874 and compiled and published in 1877 in Madrid, by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada.
This is the most complete of the extant copies, known as Manuscript "S", kept in the Spanish National Library. In his introduction, the editor presented the book as an authentic travelogue of a Castilian Franciscan mendicant friar written around 1350. However, immediately upon its appearance, contemporary scholars noted the travelogue was largely fantastical and imaginary, and that there was no clear indication that the author was a friar, Franciscan or otherwise.

text:
# Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms

The ***Libro del Conosçimiento de todos los rregnos*** or ***Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms***, also known as the ***Book of All Kingdoms***, is an anonymous 14th-century Castilian geographical and armorial manual (dated to c.1385). It is written in the form of imaginary autobiographical travelogue of a Castilian mendicant friar, as he travels through the entire world, known and fanciful, from the westernmost Atlantic islands, through Europe, Asia, Africa and the Arctic, identifying all the lands, kings, lords and their armorial devices as he passes them. The only explicit information is that the anonymous author claims to have been born in Castile in 1305.

The full title is also cited as *Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras y señoríos que son por el mundo, et de las señales et armas que han cada tierra y señorío por sy y de los reyes y señores que los proueen* "Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms, Lands and Lordships that are in the World, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them" (Markham 1912).

The book's principal objective may have been as an armorial roll. Its choice of presenting itself in the form of an imaginary travelogue may have been whimsical, to tap into the fashionable travel literature of the era, popularized by Marco Polo and John Mandeville. Its geographical features are closely related to those of the Medici Atlas (notionally dated 1351, but probably c.1370). Also near-contemporary is the Catalan Atlas.

Four manuscripts of the work are known, designated "Z", "N", "R" and "S".

A manuscript copy of the *Libro*, once owned by the 16th-century historian Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, and subsequently held by the count of San Clemente in Zaragoza, was reported lost sometime around 1680. It is believed this was the manuscript that resurfaced in London in 1978, popularly known as Manuscript "Z", currently held by the Bavarian State Library in Munich, as "Cod.hisp. 150". This manuscript, written in the late 14th century, is replete with miniature illuminations drawn by an Aragonese illustrator. A facsimile was published in 1999. In the introduction to that edition, editor Lacarra doubts the original c.1350 dating, and proposes instead that the *Libro* was probably composed a bit later, probably around 1385.

Manuscripts "N" and "R" are kept in the British Library.

A further manuscript of the *Libro* was discovered in 1874 and compiled and published in 1877 in Madrid, by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada. This is the most complete of the extant copies, known as Manuscript "S", kept in the Spanish National Library. In his introduction, the editor presented the book as an authentic travelogue of a Castilian Franciscan mendicant friar written around 1350. However, immediately upon its appearance, contemporary scholars (not without a touch of mockery at the editor) noted the travelogue was largely fantastical and imaginary, and that there was no clear indication that the author was a friar, Franciscan or otherwise.

* Marino, Nancy F., *El libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos = The book of knowledge of all kingdoms*, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies 198 (1999)
*
* English summary of the *Libro del Conoscimiento* in National Geographic Magazine (1917) "Heroic Flags of the Middle Ages: the geography of the earth as known in Medieval times, symbolized in 96 historic standards", *National Geographic Magazine*, vol. 32, pp. 388–399
* Riquer, Martin de (1987) "La heráldica en el Libro del Conoscimiento y el problema de su datación", *Dicenda: cuadernos de Filologia Hispanica*, No. 6, p. 313–19.
* Markham, Clements R., *Book of knowledge of all the kingdoms, lands, and lordships that are in the world, and the arms and devices of each land and lordship, or of the kings and lords who possess them* (1912)
* María Jesús Lacarra, María del Carmen Lacarra Ducay, Alberto Montaner (eds.), *«Libro del Conosçimiento de todos los Regnos et Tierras et Señorios que son por el Mundo, et de las señales et armas que han» Edición facsimilar, transcripción, estudio y notas del Manuscrito Z de la Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, de Munich \[Cod. Hisp. 150\] procedente de la «Alacena de Zurita»*, 1999, Zaragoza: Institución "Fernando el Católico" (CSIC)-Excma. Diputación Provincial.


title: Six-line wrasse

abstract: The six-line wrasse is a species of marine ray-finned fish from the family Labridae which has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. This species is associated with coral reefs and can be found in the aquarium trade.

text:
# Six-line wrasse

The **six-line wrasse** (*Pseudocheilinus hexataenia*) is a species of marine ray-finned fish from the family Labridae which has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. This species is associated with coral reefs and can be found in the aquarium trade.

## Description

The six-line wrasse is very small species of wrasse which attains a maximum total length of 10 centimetres (3.9 in). It is violet in colour and is marked with six orange stripes along the flanks. There is also a small eyespot on the dorsal part of the base of the caudal fin, a blue stripe along the base of the anal fin, and a blue streak on the pelvic fin. It has red eyes.

## Distribution

The six-line wrasse occurs from the eastern coast of Africa where it is found from the Red Sea to South Africa across the Indian Ocean and into the Western Pacific Ocean where its range extends north to Japan, south to northern Australia and east as far as Tuamotu.

## Habitat and biology

The six-line wrasse occurs among the branches of corals on seaward reef, it is also found in clear coastal waters and in areas of dense coral growth on the crests of reefs in shallow water or on the slopes. It has been recorded to depths of around 20 metres (66 ft). This is a secretive and shy species which is normally encountered in small, loose groups swimming among the branches of corals for protection. It feeds mainly on small crustaceans. They have also been recorded acting as cleaner fish removing ectoparasites such as copepods and isopods from other fishes. In the Izu Islands of Japan spawning takes place just before sunset and the paired adults undertake a very quick dash towards the surface to spawn, the speed of this dash reduces the risk of predation by other fish. This is a diurnal species which takes shelter in cavities where it creates a mucus cocoon in which to sleep during the night, it is thought that this cocoon helps protect it from nocturnal predators by masking the scent of the sleeping fish.

## Human usage

The six-line wrasse is a popular species in the aquarium\[ trade, although they have not been bred in captivity. This species collected as food by Sea Gypsies in some parts of Thailand.

## Species description and taxonomy

This species was first formally described as *Cheilinus hexataenia* in 1857 by the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker (1819-1878) with the type locality given as Ambon in the Moluccas. When Bleeker described the genus *Pseudocheilinus* in 1862 he designated *Cheilinus hexataenia* as its type species.

## InfoBox

| Six-line wrasse | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Labriformes |
| Family: | Labridae |
| Genus: | *Pseudocheilinus* |
| Species: | ***P. hexataenia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudocheilinus hexataenia***
(Bleeker, 1857) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cheilinus hexataenia* Bleeker, 1857 * *Pseudolabrus hexataenia* (Bleeker, 1857) * *Pseudocheilinus psittaculus* Kner & Steindachner, 1867 * *Cossyphus echis* Guichenot, 1869 | |


title: Chromatopterum

abstract: Chromatopterum is a genus of flies in the family Chloropidae.

text:
# Chromatopterum

***Chromatopterum*** is a genus of flies in the family Chloropidae (insects commonly known as fruit flies).

## Species

Names brought to synonymy

## InfoBox

| *Chromatopterum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Chloropidae |
| Subfamily: | Chloropinae |
| Genus: | *Chromatopterum*<br>Becker, 1910 |
|


title: Ride the Bullet

abstract: "Ride the Bullet" is a song recorded by Swedish Eurodance group Army of Lovers. It is written by group members Alexander Bard, Jean-Pierre Barda and Camilla Henemark with Emil Hellman and Anders Wollbeck, and was originally released on their debut album, Disco Extravaganza (1990). In 1991, the song was remixed and included on the group's second album, Massive Luxury Overdose (1991), and the US release of Disco Extravaganza titled Army of Lovers. A single was released both times; in 1990 and 1992. And both years, a music video was produced, directed by Fredrik Boklund. The 1990 release features vocals by La Camilla, but in the 1992 remix she was replaced by De La Cour after Camilla left the group in 1991. The 1992 remix of "Ride the Bullet" peaked at number one in Israel, number four in Austria and Finland, and number nine in Greece.

text:
# Ride the Bullet

"**Ride the Bullet**" is a song recorded by Swedish Eurodance group Army of Lovers. It is written by group members Alexander Bard, Jean-Pierre Barda and Camilla Henemark with Emil Hellman and Anders Wollbeck, and was originally released on their debut album, *Disco Extravaganza* (1990). In 1991, the song was remixed and included on the group's second album, *Massive Luxury Overdose* (1991), and the US release of *Disco Extravaganza* titled *Army of Lovers*. A single was released both times; in 1990 and 1992. And both years, a music video was produced, directed by Fredrik Boklund.

The 1990 release features vocals by La Camilla, but in the 1992 remix she was replaced by De La Cour after Camilla left the group in 1991. The 1992 remix of "Ride the Bullet" peaked at number one in Israel, number four in Austria and Finland, and number nine in Greece.

## Chart performance

"Ride the Bullet" was a major hit on the charts in Europe, entering the top 10 in Austria (4), Finland (4) and Greece (9). Additionally, the song was a top 20 hit in Belgium (12), while peaking within the top 30 in Germany (22). In the Netherlands (34), Switzerland (40) and Sweden (32), it reached the top 40, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100, where it peaked at number 40 in May 1992. On the European Dance Radio Chart, it reached number 24. In the United Kingdom, "Ride the Bullet" was a top 70 hit, peaking at number 67 in its first week at the UK Singles Chart, on April 12, 1992. Outside Europe, the song was a number-one hit for one week in Israel in May 1992.

## Critical reception

AllMusic editor Ned Raggett noted that "Ride the Bullet" "fuses Eurodisco's pulse and sheen and the all-important string swirls, as \[the track\] merrily shows". Larry Flick from *Billboard* called it a "festive disco anthem". Ken Capobianco from *The Boston Globe* felt that "its \[an\] everything-but-the-kitchen sink mix and it develops an intoxicating groove". Bevan Hannah from *The Canberra Times* declared it as "high energy" and "very catchy". Swedish *Expressen* complimented it as "great". A reviewer from *Liverpool Echo* wrote, "Not quite as camp as "Crucified", this new single concentrates on an almost straightforward dance-pop style". Paul Lester from *Melody Maker* said, "This is far less hamstrung by ham and hamped by camp than Army of Lovers' last hit, sensibly placing the emphasis on the dazzling disco dynamism of the project".

Rick Harmon from *Montgomery Advertiser* felt it is "music that sounds not only as if it was played by machine, but created by it". British magazine *Music Week* stated that the 1992 version is "sounding fashionably retro". Johnny Dee from *Smash Hits* gave it five out of five, commenting, "A Technicolor disco wonderland of a record that'll make the charts a sunnier place if it's a hit. Above all, Sweden's most excellent pop tarts are totally top because they look like cartoon characters, realise pop music's a funny old thing and want the whole world to join their "love train." Tom Maurstad from *Spartanburg Herald-Journal* said "there is a giddy extravangance to the way the group parades its sources and influences" and noted "the Donna Summer's-Last Dance-meets-the-O'Jays-Love Train pulsations".

## Music video

There were produced two different music videos for the song, one with La Camilla in 1990 and one with De La Cour in 1992. Both were directed by Swedish director Fredrik Boklund. He also directed the other videos for Army of Lovers. Version 1 and 2 were later published on YouTube in 2016, and by May 2023, they had generated more than 48,000 and 344,000 views.

## Track listing

7" single (1990)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Album Version) | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Mondo Trasho" (Album Version) | 4:25 |

12" maxi (1990)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Extended Vaganza Mix) | 9.45 |
| 2. | "Dub the Bullet" | 6:04 |
| 3. | "Love Me Like a Loaded Gun" (The 1990 Remix) | 4:57 |

CD maxi, France (1990)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Album Version) | 4:20 |
| 2. | "Ride the Bullet" (Vaganza Mix) | 9:45 |
| 3. | "Ride the Bullet" (Swemix Hip House Remix) | 5:25 |

7" single (1992)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Radio Edit) | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Love Me Like a Loaded Gun" (Radio Edit) | 3:24 |

12" maxi (1992)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Radio Edit) | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Ride the Bullet" (Tren De Amor Mix) | 6:24 |
| 3. | "Ride the Bullet" (DNA Groove Approved) | 4:53 |
| 4. | "Ride the Bullet" (David Ford & The E.G. Orchestra Re-mix) | 5:25 |

CD maxi, Germany (1992)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Radio Edit) | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Ride the Bullet" (Tren De Amor Mix) | 6:24 |
| 3. | "Ride the Bullet" (Molotov Cocktail Mix) | 4:57 |
| 4. | "Love Me Like a Loaded Gun" (Radio Edit) | 3:24 |
| 5. | "Love Me Like a Loaded Gun" (Atomic Macho Mix) | 5:51 |

CD maxi (Remixes), Germany (1992)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (The DNA Mix 7" Edit) | 3:15 |
| 2. | "Ride the Bullet" (Molotov Cocktail Mix) | 4:57 |
| 3. | "Ride the Bullet" (The DNA Mix) | 4:53 |
| 4. | "Ride the Bullet" (David Ford & The E.G. Orchestra Mix) | 5:18 |
| 5. | "Crucified" (The Mafia Mix) | 4:53 |

CD maxi, UK (1992)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (Radio Edit) | 3:27 |
| 2. | "Ride the Bullet" (Tren De Amor Mix) | 6:24 |
| 3. | "Ride the Bullet" (Molotov Cocktail Mix) | 4:57 |
| 4. | "Ride the Bullet" (DNA Groove Approved) | 4:53 |
| 5. | "Ride the Bullet" (David Ford & The E.G. Orchestra Re-mix) | 5:25 |

CD maxi, Australia (1992)
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Ride the Bullet" (The DNA Mix 7" Edit) | 3:15 |
| 2. | "Ride the Bullet" (Molotov Cocktail Mix) | 4:57 |
| 3. | "Ride the Bullet" (DNA 12" Mix) | 4:53 |
| 4. | "Ride the Bullet" (Dave Ford Remix) | 6:15 |
| 5. | "Crucified" (Crucifixion Hardcore '92 Mix) | 5:06 |

## Charts

| Chart (1992) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Australia (ARIA) | 191 |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 4 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 12 |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 40 |
| Europe (European Dance Radio) | 24 |
| Finland (IFPI) | 4 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 22 |
| Greece (Virgin) | 9 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 34 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 32 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 40 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 67 |

## InfoBox

| "Ride the Bullet" | |
| --- | --- |
| Standard artwork for the 1992 version | |
| Single by Army of Lovers | |
| from the album  *Disco Extravaganza and Massive Luxury Overdose* | |
| B-side | "Mondo Trasho, Love Me Like a Loaded Gun" |
| Released | January 1990 and 1992 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | * 4:20 (1990 version) * 3:42 (1991 remix) * 3:27 (1992 version) |
| Label | * Ton Son Ton * Ultrapop |
| Songwriter(s) |  |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Army of Lovers singles chronology | |
| "Baby's Got a Neutron Bomb"
(1989) "**Ride the Bullet**"
(1990) "My Army of Lovers"
(1990) | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Ride the Bullet" (1990) on YouTube | |
| Music video | |
| "Ride the Bullet" (1992) on YouTube | |
|  | |