abstract: The development and implementation of the Special Assistance Program in Victorian Primary Schools during the period 1979 - 1982 constituted the most significant innovation in the provision of special education services to children experiencing learning difficulties and in addressing declining literacy and numeracy standards. Up until the political directive to initiate this program was given, there had been no policy within the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development directing Principals of Primary Schools to develop special programs for pupils at risk of illiteracy and innumeracy.

text:
# Special Assistance Program (Australian education)

The development and implementation of the **Special Assistance Program** in Victorian Primary Schools during the period 1979 - 1982 constituted the most significant innovation in the provision of special education services to children experiencing learning difficulties and in addressing declining literacy and numeracy standards. Up until the political directive to initiate this program was given, there had been no policy within the *Department of Education and Early Childhood Development* directing Principals of Primary Schools to develop special programs for pupils at risk of illiteracy and innumeracy.

## Declining literacy and numeracy skills

From the early 1960s, the Education Department of Victoria (Australia), had developed an extensive range of programs in primary schools that sought to develop the individual ability of each pupil. Also, the ratio of pupils to teachers in schools had been significantly reduced over time and schools had become much more independent in the development of school based remedial programs.

In spite of this, there existed large numbers of children in Victorian primary and secondary schools urgently in need of special assistance in the essential skills of literacy and numeracy. This situation was reflected in the Australian Parliament's House of Representatives Select Committee on Specific Learning Difficulties in 1976. The committee had commissioned research by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) that found that 15% to 20% of children completing their primary education had not achieved a functional level of literacy.

## Government intervention

In late May 1979, within a month of being reelected, the Hamer Liberal Government announced Victoria's first major review of its educational policies for more than 50 years.

Anticipating the new direction, in July 1979, the Assistant Minister of Education, Norman Lacy established a *Ministerial Committee on Special Assistance Programs*. The committee consisted of people drawn from school staffs, special education facilities, teacher training institutions and the Education Department administration. The committee's report was the basis upon which the *Special Assistance Program* was established.

The process for the establishment of the *Special Assistance Program* in Victorian Primary Schools was outlined in a speech Mr Lacy delivered to *Special Assistance Resource Teachers* (SARTs) at a seminar held at Hawthorn State College (Victoria, Australia) on 15 December 1980. In it he announced the most significant development in remedial education in Victoria with a strategic plan for addressing falling literacy and numeracy standards. The totally new component of the *Special Assistance Program* was the provision of 1000 SARTs for "the delivery of services to children with special needs." These designated teachers were given "a major on-site school responsibility for facilitating a productive relationship between parents and pupils and teachers." The program involved the training of these primary teachers as SARTs and their placement in schools. Their role was the early detection and remediation of children at risk of illiteracy and innumeracy.

## Special Assistance Resource Teachers

The core element of this substantial change in the delivery of special educational services to children was the new role of the school based *Special Assistance Resource Teacher* (SART) which was the focus of this world-first breakthrough in class room integration of pupils experiencing learning difficulties. The role incorporated all the elements of the service previously performed by external consultants visiting schools.

As a result, from the beginning of the 1981 school year SARTs were designated by their schools and appointed to the 575 primary schools with enrolments of greater than 300 pupils. They were mandated to establish the *Special Assistance Program* in their schools. The Education Department's Special Services Division and the Primary Division monitored the progress of the implementation and produced a number of evaluative reports that were presented to the Minister.

From the beginning of the 1982 school year, schools with an enrolment of between 150 and 300 pupils designated and appointed a SART to carry out the role on a half-time basis. This resulted in and additional 302 primary schools in Victoria having a school based resource teacher, bringing the total to 877 schools. It was not planned to designate a SART at schools with less than 150 pupils. At such schools it was planned that the Principal or an appointed staff member would access services from the Special Assistance Resource Centres for children at these schools in need of such services.

## In-service training courses for SARTs

A major component of stage one was the in-service education component for the SARTs designated by their schools for the new role. A survey of the qualifications and experience of the 575 designated SARTs was undertaken to assess their training requirements. The responses indicated that 200 of the designated teachers had already completed special education training courses. Of these 102 were also experienced in special education teaching. As well 28 of the 375 remaining designated teachers were experienced special education teachers. AREA shared a concern that teachers undertaking SART duties were not qualified in special education, but their proposals to the course committee were rejected.

## Special Assistance Resource Centres

The Report of the Victorian Ministerial Committee on Special Assistance Programs (1980), in one of its major recommendations, identified the need to reorganise and integrate the range of specialist professional services available (external to the school) into a single co-ordinated service. To implement this recommendation, Norman Lacy established a Working Party within the Victorian Education Department to examine and report on the means to achieve this objective.

Early in 1981, work began on planning for the reorganisation all the relevant special education services provided by the Education Department into a single co-ordinated service delivery system under the *Special Assistance Program*.

As a result, a reorganised multi-disciplinary service was created on a "one stop" referral basis through 50 statewide *Special Assistance Resource Centres* allocated one to each Primary Education Inspectoral District throughout Victoria. the professional disciplines offered at each centre included: educational psychology, social work, speech therapy and special education. The availability of these services to primary schools was accessed and co-ordinated by the designated SART within each school and in schools with less than 150 pupils by the Principal.

## Demise

In April 1982, the Cain Labor Government was elected with commitments to the VTU including the reduction of class sizes in primary schools by redeploying SARTs back to class teaching roles.

AREA reported that "the SART concept would eventually give way to new policies under the Department of Education integration program. By 1982 SAR teachers were no longer being appointed to primary schools, leaving individual schools to decide whether to appoint a SAR teacher from their staffing allocation. There was no indication of what curriculum and in-service support would be provided for schools conducting a special assistance program..."


title: Spalding Building

abstract: The Spalding Building, formerly the Oregon Bank Building, is a historic office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States on the northwest corner of SW 3rd Avenue and Washington streets. Since 1982, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places. Architect Cass Gilbert worked on the American Renaissance-style Spalding building while also working on the Woolworth Building in New York City. Completed in 1911, it was considered a skyscraper. The 103,824-square-foot (9,645.6 m⁲) building contains 12 above-ground floors, and its construction mimics a classical column: A base, a shaft, and a capital. In spring 2016, Squarespace, a website-design company based in New York City, moved its Portland office to the Spalding Building, in newly renovated space used by around 150 employees.

text:
# Spalding Building

The **Spalding Building**, formerly the **Oregon Bank Building**, is a historic office building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States on the northwest corner of SW 3rd Avenue and Washington streets. Since 1982, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places.

Architect Cass Gilbert worked on the American Renaissance-style Spalding building while also working on the Woolworth Building in New York City. Completed in 1911, it was considered a skyscraper.

The 103,824-square-foot (9,645.6 m2) building contains 12 above-ground floors, and its construction mimics a classical column: A base, a shaft, and a capital.

In spring 2016, Squarespace, a website-design company based in New York City, moved its Portland office to the Spalding Building, in newly renovated space used by around 150 employees.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Spalding Building | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Portland Historic Landmark | |
|  | |
| The Spalding Building in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Location | 319 SW Washington Street
Portland, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 45°31′11″N 122°40′30″W / 45.519837°N 122.674976°W / 45.519837; -122.674976 |
| Built | 1911 |
| Architect | Cass Gilbert |
| NRHP reference No. | 82001513 |
| Added to NRHP | October 7, 1982 |


title: Spalding Catholic School

abstract: Spalding Catholic School is a private, Roman Catholic elementary school in Alton, Iowa. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City. The school formerly was a K-12 school system under the name Spalding Catholic Schools, headquartered in Granville, that included Spalding Catholic High School. The high closed at the end of the 2013 school year and with its component unified into Gehlen Catholic High School in LeMars. Middle school closed in 2017, and accordingly Spalding Catholic School is now a PreK through 6th grade system. Students came from Granville, Alton, and Hospers.

text:
# Spalding Catholic School

**Spalding Catholic School** is a private, Roman Catholic elementary school in Alton, Iowa. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City. The school formerly was a K-12 school system under the name **Spalding Catholic Schools**, headquartered in Granville, that included **Spalding Catholic High School**.

The high closed at the end of the 2013 school year and with its component unified into Gehlen Catholic High School in LeMars. Middle school closed in 2017, and accordingly Spalding Catholic School is now a PreK through 6th grade system.

Students came from Granville, Alton, and Hospers.

## History

Spalding High School was opened in 1962. It replaced several smaller high schools run by parishes in and around Granville, including St. Mary's (Alton), St. Anthony's (Hospers), and St. Joseph's (Granville).

In the early 2010s its secondary schools were in Granville while Alton and Hospers housed primary school centers.

Spalding Catholic High School merged with Gehlen Catholic High School for the 2013–14 school year. Spalding Catholic School was now a K-8 school with grades PreK through 2 in Alton and 3 through 8 in Granville. The Hospers campus also closed in 2013.

The Granville upper elementary-middle school campus closed in 2017, and middle school students are now attending Gehlen Catholic School in LeMars. The only remaining component of Spalding Catholic is the elementary school in Alton. The Granville middle school building is now used as St. Joseph's Parish Center.

## Athletics

Spalding Catholic was a member of the Iowa High School Athletic Association. They won the following IHSAA State Championships:

* Boys Baseball \- 1974, 1975, 1989, 2000, 2001 (Runner-Up - 1992, 2003, 2005)
* Boys Baseball (Fall League) - 1971, 1976 (Runner-Up - 1965, 1973, 1974)

John Quinlan of the *Sioux City Journal* wrote that the school's 1972 surprise victory against Des Moines Roosevelt High School in basketball formed a "tradition that still lasts" in 2002.

## Notable alumni

## Notes and references

## InfoBox

| Spalding Catholic School | |
| --- | --- |
| Address | |
|  | |
| Current K-6 building: 908 6th Ave, Alton, Iowa 51003
Former Granville secondary: 521 Broad Street, Granville, Iowa 51022
Former Hospers building: 505 Cedar St. Hospers, Iowa 51238
United States | |
| Coordinates | 42°59′18″N 96°00′53″W / 42.988210°N 96.014860°W / 42.988210; -96.014860 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private, Coeducational |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic |
| Established | 1962 |
| Status | K-6 only: high school closed 2013, middle school closed 2017 |
| Grades | K-6 (formerly up to 12) |
| Color(s) | Black and Gold |
| Athletics conference | War Eagle |
| Team name | Spartans |
| Rival | St. Mary's High School (Remsen, Iowa) |
| Website | http://www.spaldingcatholic.org |


title: Chuck Patterson

abstract: Chuck Patterson was an American actor and director, whose career spanned more than three decades.

text:
# Chuck Patterson

**Chuck Patterson** (February 11, 1945  December 23, 2013) was an American actor and director, whose career spanned more than three decades.

## Early life

Born in Memphis, Tennessee.

## Career

Patterson began his acting career in 1972 and appeared in film, television and stage roles. He is best known for his role in the 1991 film *The Five Heartbeats* and other roles.

## Personal life

Patterson was married twice. His second wife was playwright Cori Thomas. He had a stepdaughter, author Natasha Díaz, who is the daughter of Thomas.

He died December 23, 2013, aged 68, of sudden heart failure. He lived in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, New York, at the time of his death.

## InfoBox

| Chuck Patterson | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1945-02-11)February 11, 1945
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Died | December 23, 2013(2013-12-23) (aged 68)
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Actor, director |
| Years active | 1972–2006 |
| Spouse | Cori Thomas |


title: Cielito del Mundo

abstract: Cielito del Mundo, also known as Mahal, was a Filipina singer, actress, civic leader, politician and television host. She was one of the original hosts of Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko, the longest running public service television program in the country, in 1975. She was also the host of Mahal, a similar public service program aired on Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC-13), while acting as the chairman of her own foundation, the Mahal Foundation. Mahal also entered the politics when she was elected as councilor of Quezon City's 4th District.

text:
# Cielito del Mundo

**Cielito del Mundo** (July 4, 1935 – January 9, 2016), also known as *Mahal*, was a Filipina singer, actress, civic leader, politician and television host. She was one of the original hosts of *Kapwa Ko Mahal Ko*, the longest running public service television program in the country (which aired on GMA Network), in 1975. She was also the host of *Mahal*, a similar public service program aired on Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC-13), while acting as the chairman of her own foundation, the Mahal Foundation. Mahal also entered the politics when she was elected as councilor of Quezon City's 4th District.

## Death

Del Mundo died on January 9, 2016, while in coma in a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona after she suffered massive stroke and brain tumor.

## Filmography

### Television

### Films

* *Langit Pa Rin Kita* (1967)
* *Basta Bisaya* (1970)
* *Mga Ibong Pipit* (1984)

## InfoBox

| Cielito del Mundo | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of Quezon City Council from the 4th District | |
| **In office**
February 2, 1988  June 30, 1992 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Cielito del Mundo
(1935-07-04)4 July 1935
Manila, Philippine Islands |
| Died | 9 January 2016(2016-01-09) (aged 80)
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. |
| Occupation | Television host, actress, singer |
|  | |


title: Speargrass, Alberta

abstract: Speargrass is an unincorporated place in the Canadian province of Alberta within Wheatland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is approximately 50 km (31 mi) southeast of downtown Calgary and 20 km (12 mi) south of Strathmore.

text:
# Speargrass, Alberta

**Speargrass** is an unincorporated place in the Canadian province of Alberta within Wheatland County that is recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada. It is approximately 50 km (31 mi) southeast of downtown Calgary and 20 km (12 mi) south of Strathmore.

## History

The community of Speargrass was approved for development by Wheatland County on December 12, 1997 through its adoption of the Speargrass Area Structure Plan (ASP). The first residential subdivision was registered in 2003.

## Geography

Speargrass is on the north side of the Bow River at the intersection of Highway 24 and Highway 817.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Speargrass had a population of 275 living in 114 of its 117 total private dwellings, a change of 2.2% from its 2016 population of 269. With a land area of 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi), it had a population density of 357.1/km2 (925.0/sq mi) in 2021.

## Attractions

The community of Speargrass is surrounded by the Speargrass Golf Course. The 18-hole golf course opened in 2003. The Wyndham-Carseland Provincial Park is to the south of Speargrass across the Bow River.

## InfoBox

| Speargrass | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Location of SpeargrassSpeargrass, Alberta (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 50°50′20″N 113°25′44″W / 50.839°N 113.429°W / 50.839; -113.429 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Census division | No. 5 |
| Municipal district | Wheatland County |
| Government | |
| Type | Unincorporated |
| Governing body | Wheatland County Council |
| Area (2021) | |
| Land | 0.77 km2 (0.30 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 275 |
| Density | 355.7/km2 (921/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−7 (MST) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−6 (MDT) |
| Area code(s) | 403, 587, 825 |
| Highways | 24 and 817 |
| Waterways | Bow River |


title: Speex

abstract: Speex is an audio compression codec specifically tuned for the reproduction of human speech and also a free software speech codec that may be used on voice over IP applications and podcasts. It is based on the code excited linear prediction speech coding algorithm. Its creators claim Speex to be free of any patent restrictions and it is licensed under the revised (3-clause) BSD license. It may be used with the Ogg container format or directly transmitted over UDP/RTP. It may also be used with the FLV container format. The Speex designers see their project as complementary to the Vorbis general-purpose audio compression project. Speex is a lossy format, i.e. quality is permanently degraded to reduce file size. The Speex project was created on February 13, 2002. The first development versions of Speex were released under LGPL license, but as of version 1.0 beta 1, Speex is released under Xiph's version of the (revised) BSD license. Speex 1.0 was announced on March 24, 2003, after a year of development. The last stable version of Speex encoder and decoder is 1.2.1. Xiph.Org now considers Speex obsolete; its successor is the more modern Opus codec, which uses the SILK format under license from Microsoft and surpasses its performance in most areas except at the lowest sample rates.

text:
# Speex

libspeex
| Developer(s) | Xiph.Org Foundation, Jean-Marc Valin |
| --- | --- |
| Initial release | 1.0 / March 2003 |
|  | |
| Stable release | 1.2.1 / June 16, 2022 (2022-06-16) |
|  | |
| Repository |  |
| Operating system | Cross-platform |
| Type | Audio codec, reference implementation |
| License | BSD-style license |
| Website | Xiph.org downloads |

**Speex** is an audio compression codec specifically tuned for the reproduction of human speech and also a free software speech codec that may be used on voice over IP applications and podcasts. It is based on the code excited linear prediction speech coding algorithm. Its creators claim Speex to be free of any patent restrictions and it is licensed under the revised (3-clause) BSD license. It may be used with the Ogg container format or directly transmitted over UDP/RTP. It may also be used with the FLV container format.

The Speex designers see their project as complementary to the Vorbis general-purpose audio compression project.

Speex is a lossy format, *i.e.* quality is permanently degraded to reduce file size.

The Speex project was created on February 13, 2002. The first development versions of Speex were released under LGPL license, but as of version 1.0 beta 1, Speex is released under Xiph's version of the (revised) BSD license. Speex 1.0 was announced on March 24, 2003, after a year of development. The last stable version of Speex encoder and decoder is 1.2.1.

Xiph.Org now considers Speex obsolete; its successor is the more modern Opus codec, which uses the SILK format under license from Microsoft and surpasses its performance in most areas except at the lowest sample rates.

## Description

Speex is targeted at voice over IP (VoIP) and file-based compression. The design goals have been to make a codec that would be optimized for high quality speech and low bit rate. To achieve this the codec uses multiple bit rates, and supports ultra-wideband (32 kHz sampling rate), wideband (16 kHz sampling rate) and narrowband (telephone quality, 8 kHz sampling rate). Since Speex was designed for VoIP instead of cell phone use, the codec must be robust to lost packets, but not to corrupted ones. All this led to the choice of code excited linear prediction (CELP) as the encoding technique to use for Speex. One of the main reasons is that CELP has long proven that it could do the job and scale well to both low bit rates (as evidenced by DoD CELP @ 4.8 kbit/s) and high bit rates (as with G.728 @ 16 kbit/s). The main characteristics can be summarized as follows:

### Features

Sampling rateSpeex is mainly designed for three different sampling rates: 8 kHz (the same sampling rate to transmit telephone calls), 16 kHz, and 32 kHz. These are respectively referred to as narrowband, wideband and ultra-wideband. QualitySpeex encoding is controlled most of the time by a quality parameter that ranges from 0 to 10. In constant bit-rate (CBR) operation, the quality parameter is an integer, while for variable bit-rate (VBR), the parameter is a real (floating point) number. Complexity (variable)With Speex, it is possible to vary the complexity allowed for the encoder. This is done by controlling how the search is performed with an integer ranging from 1 to 10 in a way similar to the -1 to -9 options to gzip compression utilities. For normal use, the noise level at complexity 1 is between 1 and 2 dB higher than at complexity 10, but the CPU requirements for complexity 10 is about five times higher than for complexity 1. In practice, the best trade-off is between complexity 2 and 4, though higher settings are often useful when encoding non-speech sounds like DTMF tones, or if encoding is not in real-time. Variable bit-rate (VBR)Variable bit-rate (VBR) allows a codec to change its bit rate dynamically to adapt to the "difficulty" of the audio being encoded. In the example of Speex, sounds like vowels and high-energy transients require a higher bit rate to achieve good quality, while fricatives (e.g. s and f sounds) can be coded adequately with fewer bits. For this reason, VBR can achieve lower bit rate for the same quality, or a better quality for a certain bit rate. Despite its advantages, VBR has three main drawbacks: first, by only specifying quality, there is no guarantee about the final average bit-rate. Second, for some real-time applications like voice over IP (VoIP), what counts is the maximum bit-rate, which must be low enough for the communication channel. Third, encryption of VBR-encoded speech may not ensure complete privacy, as phrases can still be identified, at least in a controlled setting with a small dictionary of phrases, by analysing the pattern of variation of the bit rate. Average bit-rate (ABR)Average bit-rate solves one of the problems of VBR, as it dynamically adjusts VBR quality in order to meet a specific target bit-rate. Because the quality/bit-rate is adjusted in real-time (open-loop), the global quality will be slightly lower than that obtained by encoding in VBR with exactly the right quality setting to meet the target average bitrate. Voice Activity Detection (VAD)When enabled, voice activity detection detects whether the audio being encoded is speech or silence/background noise. VAD is always implicitly activated when encoding in VBR, so the option is only useful in non-VBR operation. In this case, Speex detects non-speech periods and encodes them with just enough bits to reproduce the background noise. This is called "comfort noise generation" (CNG). Last version VAD was working fine is 1.1.12, since v 1.2 it has been replaced with simple Any Activity Detection. Discontinuous transmission (DTX)Discontinuous transmission is an addition to VAD/VBR operation which allows ceasing transmitting completely when the background noise is stationary. In a file, 5 bits are used for each missing frame (corresponding to 250 bit/s). Perceptual enhancementPerceptual enhancement is a part of the decoder which, when turned on, tries to reduce (the perception of) the noise produced by the coding/decoding process. In most cases, perceptual enhancement makes the sound further from the original objectively (signal-to-noise ratio), but in the end it still sounds better (subjective improvement). Algorithmic delayEvery codec introduces a delay in the transmission. For Speex, this delay is equal to the frame size, plus some amount of "look-ahead" required to process each frame. In narrowband operation (8 kHz), the delay is 30 ms, while for wideband (16 kHz), the delay is 34 ms. These values do not account for the CPU time it takes to encode or decode the frames.

## Applications

There are a large base of applications supporting the Speex codec. Examples include:

Most of these are based on the DirectShow filter or OpenACM codec (e.g. Microsoft NetMeeting) on Microsoft Windows, or Xiph.org's reference implementation, libvorbis, on Linux (e.g. Ekiga). There are also plugins for many audio players. See the plugin and software page on the speex.org site for more details.

The media type for Speex is audio/ogg while contained by Ogg, and audio/speex (previously audio/x-speex) when transported through RTP or without container.

The United States Army's Land Warrior system, designed by General Dynamics, also uses Speex for VoIP on an EPLRS radio designed by Raytheon.

The Ear Bible is a single-ear headphone with a built-in Speex player with 1 GB of flash memory, preloaded with a recording of the New American Standard Bible.

ASL Safety & Security's Linux based VIPA OS software which is used in long line public address systems and voice alarm systems at major international air transport hubs and rail networks.

The Rockbox project uses Speex for its voice interface. It can also play Speex files on supported players, such as the Apple iPod or the iRiver H10.

The Vernier LabQuest handheld data acquisition device for science education uses Speex for voice annotations created by students and teachers using either the built-in or an external microphone.

The Google Mobile App for iPhone currently incorporates Speex. It has also been suggested that the new Google voice search iPhone app is using Speex to transmit voice to Google servers for interpretation.

Adobe Flash Player supports Speex starting with Flash Player 10.0.12.36, released in October 2008. Because of some bugs in Flash Player, the first recommended version for Speex support is 10.0.22.87 and later. Speex in Flash Player can be used for both kind of communication, through Flash Media Server or P2P. Speex can be decoded or converted to any format unlike Nellymoser audio, which was the only speech format in previous versions of Flash Player. Speex can be also used in the Flash Video container format (.flv), starting with version 10 of Video File Format Specification (published in November 2008).

The JavaSonics ListenUp voice recorder uses Speex to compress voice messages that are recorded in a browser and then uploaded to a web server. Primary applications are language training, transcription and social networking.

Speex is used as the voice compression algorithm in the Siri voice assistance on the iPhone 4S. Since text-to-speech occurs on Apple's servers, the Speex codec is used to minimize network bandwidth.

## Sources

*This article uses material from the Speex Codec Manual which is copyright © Jean-Marc Valin and licensed under the terms of the GFDL.*

## InfoBox

Speex
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Filename extension | .spx |
| Internet media type | audio/x-speex, audio/speex, audio/ogg |
| Developed by | Xiph.Org Foundation, Jean-Marc Valin |
| Type of format | Lossy audio |
| Contained by | Ogg |
| Standard | RFC 5574 |
| Open format? | Yes |
| Website | www.speex.org |


title: Cigaritis elima

abstract: Cigaritis elima, the scarce shot silverline, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in Sri Lanka and India. The species was first described by Frederic Moore in 1877.

text:
# Cigaritis elima

***Cigaritis elima***, the **scarce shot silverline**, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in Sri Lanka and India. The species was first described by Frederic Moore in 1877.

## Description

> Wings acute at apex; anal lobe prominently distended.
>
> **Male**: Upperside brown, posterior half of fore wing and middle of hind wing glossed with smalt-blue; fore wing with a not very prominent subapical reddish patch, in which are two brown spots; abdominal margin pale testaceous; anal lobe reddish testaceous.
> **Female**: Brown; fore wing with large triangular maculated red patch; hind wing with reddish discal streak and anal lobe. Underside dull pale testaceous; transverse spots and bands very pale, being defined only by outer margins, each traversed by a silver streak; no marginal row of dots.
>
> Most nearly allied to *Cigaritis ictis*, from which it may be known by the less prominent apical red patch, the difference in colour and less apparent markings of the underside.
>
> Frederic Moore, *Descriptions of Asiatic Diurnal Lepidoptera*

## Subspecies

Subspecies of *Cigaritis elima*:-

* *Cigaritis elima elima* Moore, 1877 – India
* *Cigaritis elima uniformis* Moore, 1882 – Kashmir
* *Cigaritis elima fairliei*
* *Cigaritis elima ictina*

## InfoBox

| Scarce shot silverline | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Cigaritis* |
| Species: | ***C. elima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cigaritis elima***<br>(Moore, 1877) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Aphnaeus elima* Moore, 1877 * *Aphnaeus lunulifera* Moore, 1879 * *Aphnaeus trifurcata* Moore, 1882 * *Aphnaeus khurdanus* Moore, 1884 * *Spindasis elima* (Moore); Winter-Blyth, 1982 | |


title: Cigaritis cynica

abstract: Cigaritis cynica is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba) and Zambia.

text:
# Cigaritis cynica

***Cigaritis cynica*** is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Shaba) and Zambia.

## InfoBox

| *Cigaritis cynica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Lycaenidae |
| Genus: | *Cigaritis* |
| Species: | ***C. cynica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cigaritis cynica***<br>(Riley, 1921) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Spindasis cynica* Riley, 1921 | |


title: Sphinx formosana

abstract: Sphinx formosana is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from the northern central mountains of Taiwan.

text:
# Sphinx formosana

***Sphinx formosana*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from the northern central mountains of Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Sphinx formosana* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Male dorsal | |
|  | |
| Male ventral | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphinx* |
| Species: | ***S. formosana*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphinx formosana***<br>Riotte, 1970 | |
|


title: Sphinx leucophaeata

abstract: Sphinx leucophaeata is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

text:
# Sphinx leucophaeata

***Sphinx leucophaeata*** is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

## Distribution

It is known from north-western Mexico with an occasional stray into Texas.

## Description

The length of the forewings is 62–75 mm.

## Biology

There is probably one generation per year with adults on wing from late June to early August.

## InfoBox

| *Sphinx leucophaeata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sphinx leucophaeata* | |
|  | |
| *Sphinx leucophaeata* ♂ △ | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphinx* |
| Species: | ***S. leucophaeata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphinx leucophaeata***<br>Clemens, 1859 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sphinx lanceolata* Boisduval, 1870 * *Sphinx aequinoctialis* Boisduval, 1870 | |


title: Spiegel & Grau

abstract: Spiegel & Grau was originally a publishing imprint of Penguin Random House founded by Celina Spiegel and Julie Grau in 2005. On January 25, 2019, Penguin Random House announced that the imprint was being shut down and the two founders were leaving. While commercially successful, the imprint "became yet another casualty of corporate restructuring," according to the New York Times. In 2020, founders Celina Spiegel and Julie Grau resurrected their publishing house under the name Spiegel & Grau. They said the independent publisher will produce 15 to 20 books a year, as well as original audiobooks and podcasts. In 2021, Spiegel & Grau's first release as an independent entity, Fox and I: An Uncommon Friendship by Catherine Raven, became an instant New York Times bestseller.

text:
# Spiegel & Grau

**Spiegel & Grau** was originally a publishing imprint of Penguin Random House founded by Celina Spiegel and Julie Grau in 2005.

On January 25, 2019, Penguin Random House announced that the imprint was being shut down and the two founders were leaving. While commercially successful, the imprint "became yet another casualty of corporate restructuring," according to the *New York Times*.

In 2020, founders Celina Spiegel and Julie Grau resurrected their publishing house under the name Spiegel & Grau. They said the independent publisher will produce 15 to 20 books a year, as well as original audiobooks and podcasts.

In 2021, Spiegel & Grau's first release as an independent entity, *Fox and I: An Uncommon Friendship* by Catherine Raven, became an instant *New York Times* bestseller.

## Authors

Writers whose work has been published by Spiegel & Grau include the following:

1. Wyatt, Edward. "2 Editors, Successful at Penguin, to Start a Book Division at Doubleday". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
2. Alter, Alexandra. "Penguin Random House Closes the Prestigious Imprint Spiegel & Grau". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
3. Deahl, Rachel. "PRH Closing Spiegel & Grau Imprint". *Publishers Weekly*. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
4. Alter, Alexandra (January 25, 2019). "Penguin Random House Closes the Prestigious Imprint Spiegel & Grau". *The New York Times*.
5. Alter, Alexandra (December 18, 2020) "Their Publishing Imprint Closed. Now They’re Bringing It Back." *New York Times.* (Retrieved December 19, 2020.)
6. "Our Authors". Spiegel & Grau, Random House. Retrieved 2013-05-07.

## InfoBox

Spiegel & Grau
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 2005 (2005) |
| Founder | Celina Spiegel, Julie Grau |
| Country of origin | USA |
| Headquarters location | New York City |
| Nonfiction topics | Memoirs, Journalism, Self-help, History |
| Fiction genres | *(various)* |
| Official website | Spiegel & Grau |


title: Spiegel (US retailer)

abstract: Spiegel was an American direct marketing retailer founded in 1865 by Joseph Spiegel. Spiegel published a catalog, like its competitors Sears, Aldens, and Montgomery Ward, which advertised various brands of apparel, accessories, and footwear, as well as housewares, toys, tools, firearms, and electronics. Their company brands included Newport News, Shape FX, and Old Kraftsman, among others. They also operated brick-and-mortar stores. Spiegel delivered its first mail order catalog in 1905 and by 1925, the retailer had 10 million customers. Spiegel's buyers, who went to Paris fashion shows, introduced American women to European fashion trends. After encountering financial difficulty in the early 2000s, the company was purchased by Patriarch Partners and focused on women's style and fashion products. The catalog was eventually discontinued in favor of digital marketing. In 2019, the company website was removed without notice and the company ceased to operate.

text:
# Spiegel (US retailer)

**Spiegel** was an American direct marketing retailer founded in 1865 by Joseph Spiegel. Spiegel published a catalog, like its competitors Sears, Aldens, and Montgomery Ward, which advertised various brands of apparel, accessories, and footwear, as well as housewares, toys, tools, firearms, and electronics. Their company brands included Newport News, Shape FX, and Old Kraftsman, among others. They also operated brick-and-mortar stores.

Spiegel delivered its first mail order catalog in 1905 and by 1925, the retailer had 10 million customers. Spiegel's buyers, who went to Paris fashion shows, introduced American women to European fashion trends.

After encountering financial difficulty in the early 2000s, the company was purchased by Patriarch Partners and focused on women's style and fashion products. The catalog was eventually discontinued in favor of digital marketing. In 2019, the company website was removed without notice and the company ceased to operate.

## History

### Early years

For the first 100 years of its history, Spiegel was primarily a family business. The company was founded in 1865 by German-Jewish entrepreneur Joseph Spiegel, the son of a German rabbi and younger brother of Union Army Colonel Marcus M. Spiegel. After spending the final few months of the Civil War in a Confederate prison camp, Joseph Spiegel settled in Chicago, where his brother-in-law, Henry Liebenstein, ran a furniture business. With Liebenstein's assistance, Joseph Spiegel opened J. Spiegel and Company, a small home furnishings retail operation located on Wabash Avenue in Chicago's loop.

In 1871, however, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed most of the area's business district, including the Spiegel store. After the fire, Joseph Spiegel and a partner named Jacob Cahn rebuilt the business, and by 1874 the company was prospering again under the leadership of the two men. Cahn retired from the business in 1879. In 1885 Spiegel began running regular advertisements in several Chicago newspapers, and the following year the company moved to a larger building on State Street. Joseph Spiegel's two oldest sons, Modie Spiegel and Sidney Spiegel, were brought into the business during this time.

Spiegel issued its first catalogs in 1888. The catalogs were made available to potential customers who lived outside the city. Because a mail order system did not yet exist, the catalogs served instead to lure people into the downtown store. By 1892, however, the business had taken a turn for the worse, as many customers were slow to pay for their purchases. With debts mounting, the company went bankrupt. At Modie Spiegel's urging, the company reinvented itself as Spiegel House Furnishings Company of Chicago in 1893. The principal difference was that the new company, like many others in the furniture business, sold on credit. The decision to offer installment plans, and the timing of the decision, made possible Spiegel's expansion over the next several decades.

### Expansion in the early 1900s

The new Spiegel was more successful, and in 1898 a branch store was opened on Chicago's South Side. Another South Side branch went into operation three years later. The company's slogan"We Trust the People!"reflected its emphasis on credit merchandising. In 1903, Joseph Spiegel's third son, Arthur, entered the business with a plan to develop mail-order operations for Spiegel. After a couple of years of lobbying, Arthur convinced the company hierarchy to open a mail-order department, and in 1905, Spiegel became the first company to offer credit through the mail. The new service was reflected by the addition of a word to the company motto, which began to read: "We Trust the PeopleEverywhere!" This and the fact they did not charge interest on extended credit helped increase their business substantially.

In 1906, Spiegel's mail-order sales were near $1 million. To handle the success of the mail order operation, a new companySpiegel, May, Stern, and Companywas formed, allowing the Spiegel House Furnishings Company to devote its limited resources to conventional retailing, rather than assume the debts associated with building up the mail order segment. Arthur was named president of the new company. In 1909, Spiegel introduced the teddy bear to the American consumer, for the first time nationwide, by offering it in its mail-order catalog. The Ideal Toy Company partnered with Spiegel to launch this successful toy venture, and Spiegel for many years gifted its employees teddy bears to mark the company's anniversary.

Spiegel began to diversify its line of products after 1910, offering apparel for the first time in 1912. After a couple of unsuccessful partnerships with independent clothing manufacturers, Spiegel, May, Stern and Company began offering its own line of women's apparel. The "Martha Lane Adams" line—named after its fictional designer—was so successful that it quickly became a wholly owned subsidiary of Spiegel, May, Stern, and Company and earned its own catalog. Martha Lane Adams' sales grew to nearly $2 million by 1916. That same year, Arthur Spiegel died of pneumonia at age 32.

In 1926, company executive Ed Swikard introduced a promotional idea involving Congoleum floor covering. Swikard engineered a mailing to more than nine million residences, offering a pre-cut Congoleum package at a low cost. Customer response was such that company sales reached a record $16 million for the year, with a net profit of $4 million. In 1928, Spiegel, May, Stern and Company went public, and although the Spiegel family retained a controlling interest, Spiegel stock prices reached $118 per share in 1928.

### Great Depression

The Great Depression hurt Spiegel's business. In 1930, Spiegel's stock dropped to seven cents per share. The following year, the Spiegel family began gradually liquidating their retail furniture business. By 1932, the last Spiegel furniture store in Chicago closed its doors.

After experiencing considerable economic losses in the early years of the Depression, Spiegel entered a period of growth and profits beginning in 1933. During this time, M. J. Spiegel, son of Modie, took over the leadership of the company. Spurred again by the company's aggressive marketing of their "easy credit without interest" policy, sales rose from $7.1 million in 1932 to more than $56 million by 1937. Furthermore, a $300,000 net loss was transformed into $2.5 million in profits. When sales began to plateau in 1938, Spiegel shifted attention to consumers in a higher income bracket. The company began adding popular brand names with national reputations to its catalog.

### World War II and 1950s

The onset of World War II was financially disastrous for Spiegel. As much domestic manufacturing had shifted to wartime production, many of their popular catalog products were no longer available in significant quantities. A labor shortage also affected the company's operations, and when the U.S. government discouraged buying on credit, Spiegel management had to discard its popular "No Charge for Credit" policy. In 1942 and 1943 combined, the company lost $3.8 million. In 1944, in hopes of reversing the trend, Spiegel began to open retail outlets once again, hoping to mimic the success of Sears, Roebuck & Co., and Montgomery Ward. The same year, Spiegel also acquired 46 Sally dress shops in Illinois and several other regional chains were purchased over the next few years. By 1948, Spiegel was operating 168 retail stores featuring a wide range of merchandise, including clothing, furniture, electronics, housewares, and auto supplies.

After initial success in brick-and-mortar retail, the costs of retail operations began to outweigh the benefits. By the mid-1950s, Spiegel was again focusing on mail-order sales on credit. Although nearly all of the company's retail outlets were sold off by 1954, several catalog shopping centers were retained so that customers could ask questions and place orders in person with company representatives. The following year, Spiegel unveiled its Budget Power Plan, a liberal policy under which customers were offered a line of credit sometimes as high as $1,000, with very low monthly payments. The idea was to add as many names as possible to the Spiegel customer list. The company also widely expanded its range of products offered in the catalogs, including outdoor power equipment such as mowers and tillers, personal watercraft under the name Brooklure, and musical instruments using the Old Kraftsman name.

### 1960s and 1970s

By 1960, sales greater than $200 million and nearly two million people held Spiegel credit accounts. In addition, Spiegel began selling pets. In 1965, after a century of operation as a family business, Spiegel was purchased by Beneficial Finance Company. Spiegel stockholders received shares of Beneficial stock, and Spiegel became a wholly owned subsidiary of Beneficial.

Spiegel benefited from television exposure and advertising in the form of prizes given away on several game shows, most notably *The Hollywood Squares*, *The Price Is Right*, and *Let's Make a Deal*. Announcers emphasized Spiegel's large catalog offerings in on-air promotional announcements and included Spiegel's Chicago zip code, 60609. Often these programs would award contestants gift certificates of a certain dollar amount toward catalog items, giving winners the flexibility to choose their own prize.

During the early 1970s, several charges were leveled against Spiegel by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission regarding some of the company's marketing tactics. In 1971, the FTC accused Spiegel of failing to adequately disclose credit terms in some of its statements and catalog ads. The company also was cited for its handling of credit life insurance policies, as well as for offering free home trials without informing customers that credit approval was required before a product would be shipped. Moreover, in 1974, the FTC charged that Spiegel's debt collection policies treated customers unfairly. Most of the complaints brought by the FTC during this period were settled by changes in company practices, and serious action by the government was generally avoided.

Rising interest rates in the mid-1970s made financing credit accounts costly. Also during that time, Spiegel began encountering significant competition from discount stores such as Kmart, which were rapidly establishing a national presence. In 1976, to help turn the company around, Beneficial hired Henry "Hank" Johnson, a veteran of the mail order operations of Montgomery Ward and Avon. One of Johnson's first moves was to streamline company management. Dozens of executives were fired, and overall employment numbers were reduced by half over the next five years, from 7,000 in 1976 to 3,500 in 1981. Johnson also closed Spiegel's remaining catalog stores.

Johnson changed Spiegel's image to that of a "fine department store in print." Accordingly, the Spiegel catalog was completely revamped; low-budget items were replaced by upscale apparel and accessories for career women. Merchandise bearing designer labels began appearing in 1980, when the company introduced a line of Gloria Vanderbilt products.

### New direction in the 1980s

Catalog sales in general boomed during the early 1980s. Spiegel's sales began to grow 25 to 30 percent a year. Although Spiegel still ranked fourth in catalog sales during this time, trailing Sears, JCPenney, and Montgomery Ward, the company's strategies were being followed closely by its larger competitors.

In 1982, Beneficial sold Spiegel to Otto-Versand GmbH, a large, private West German company prominent in catalog sales. Between 1982 and 1983, Spiegel's revenue increased from $394 million to $513 million, and the company's pre-tax profits more than doubled, reaching $22.5 million in 1983. The following year, control of Spiegel was transferred from Otto-Versand itself to members of its controlling family, the Ottos. Under new ownership, Spiegel's transformation into an outlet for higher-end products continued.

In 1984, Spiegel began distributing specialty catalogs in addition to its four primary catalogs; 25 of these specialty catalogs were in circulation by 1986, featuring Italian imports, plus-sized clothing, and other specialty items. That year, Spiegel mailed a total of 130 million catalogs, for $100 million, and company sales surpassed the $1 billion mark for the first time.

In 1987, six million shares of nonvoting stock were sold to the public, marking the first time since 1965 that Spiegel was not completely privately held. In 1988, Spiegel acquired Eddie Bauer, Inc., a retail chain specializing in sportswear and outdoor equipment from General Mills. Eddie Bauer, which also maintained a catalog operation, had annual sales of $260 million. In the first year following the acquisition, the chain was expanded from 60 to 99 stores.

By 1989, Spiegel had become the number three catalog retailer in the United States, with a total circulation of about 200 million catalogs, including 60 different specialty catalogs, and an active customer base of five million.

### New additions in the early 1990s

In 1990, Spiegel acquired **First Consumers National Bank** (FCNB), which began issuing credit cards and statements to Spiegel and Eddie Bauer customers. That year, the company engaged in an aggressive advertising campaign for career women featuring actress Candice Bergen, who portrayed a career woman on the popular situation comedy "Murphy Brown." The campaign also featured a specialty catalog promoted by Bergen, emphasizing the inconvenience of department store shopping and the relative ease of shopping by catalog.

The company began to expand its retail outlet operations based on lines from its catalogs. Spiegel stores included "For You From Spiegel," which offered plus-sized women's apparel, and Crayola Kids, providing a line of children's apparel first launched in 1991. Despite these innovations, the company's growth stagnated due to the national economic recession, and earnings declined sharply in 1991. Slight gains were realized the following year as Spiegel's revenue topped $2 billion. Eddie Bauer performed particularly well, having grown to 265 stores.

In August 1993, Spiegel announced its purchase of Newport News (formerly Avon Fashions), a catalog company specializing in moderately-priced women's clothing. Later that year, Spiegel published a new specialty catalog, E Style, a partnership between Spiegel and Ebony magazine featuring a clothing line aimed at African-American women. The same year, Sears discontinued its catalog sales operation and Spiegel and other specialty catalog retailers moved quickly to assume the leadership role and increase their share of the market.

Spiegel reported total revenues of $2.6 billion in 1993. Sales at Eddie Bauer stores reached $1 billion that year, bolstered by 30 new locations. Between Spiegel and Eddie Bauer, 81 different catalogs, with a total circulation of more than 313 million, were distributed in 1993. The company's specialty retail stores also performed well in 1993, generating $840 million in sales.

### Innovations in the mid-1990s

In 1994, Spiegel formed a joint venture with Time Warner Entertainment to create two home shopping services for cable television. One of the services was named "Catalog 1," and was planned as a one-channel showcase for a roster of numerous upscale catalog retailers, each of which would sell its goods using innovative entertainment-style shows. Participants in Catalog 1 in 1994, besides Spiegel and Eddie Bauer were The Bombay Company, Crate & Barrel, The Nature Company, Neiman Marcus, The Sharper Image, Viewer's Edge, and Williams Sonoma. The channel was tested in five markets that year: Rochester, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Nashua, New Hampshire; Columbus, Ohio; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Spiegel also teamed up with Lillian Vernon, Lands' End, and other catalogers in 1994 to create a CD-ROM catalog. The company formed a partnership with MCI Communications Corporation that was aimed at increasing both companies' customer bases. MCI began offering a $35 Spiegel gift certificate to any customer who changed their long-distance telephone service to MCI. MCI also offered an additional $20 certificate to any customer who remained an MCI user for at least six months. Around this time, Spiegel considered entering the electronic shopping market through an online service such as America Online. This was realized in 1995 but at the expense of the year-old Catalog 1 venture. By this time, Catalog 1 had begun airing in three more test markets, raising its total presence to eight cities. Time Warner and Spiegel decided, however, there was a greater potential gain in launching a website for Catalog 1 and capitalizing on the increasing popularity of the Internet. Accordingly, they scaled back their cable television operation and began working on a home page through Time Warner's popular Pathfinder site.

Spiegel also initiated an entrance into the Canadian market in 1995 and planned to distribute its catalog there by the spring of 1996. Previous strong Eddie Bauer business in Canada aided the company's decision to move in on a larger scale, as did the company's good distribution agreements in Canada. Eddie Bauer was also performing well in Japan, where the company had built many retail stores throughout the previous few years.

The year 1996 marked the most profitable year in Eddie Bauer's history, and Spiegel's revenues benefited. Eddie Bauer's merchandise was popular enough that the company encountered issues with out-of-stock merchandise occurrencesa direct result of high consumer demand. Eddie Bauer also made headlines in 1996 when it introduced "Balance Day" to its employees, which was an extra day off per year. The addition demonstrated the company's commitment to providing innovative benefits to its workers, and employees began referring to it as "call in well day." The company made an effort to find ways to offer its single workers benefits that were equal to those offered to its workers with families.

### Late 1990s

Spiegel achieved $3.06 billion in 1997 revenue, with approximately $1.8 billion of that stemming from its Eddie Bauer operations. Regardless of Eddie Bauer's contribution to its parent company, however, the subsidiary had a difficult fiscal year. Following the increase in demand for its products in 1996, the company overproduced and overstocked in 1997. In addition, the newer Eddie Bauer merchandise offerings were not as popular as the prior year's; thus the company was left with an oversupply of merchandise. In the August 17, 1998, issue of the Puget Sound Business Journal, Eddie Bauer's president and CEO, Rick Fersch, commented on the company's problems: "We were overplanned, overstocked, overstyled, overcoloredand it was over warm (last winter) and that meant trouble."

The year 1998, brought additional challenges for Eddie Bauer and, subsequently, for Bauer's parent company. Warmer than usual winter weather, brought about by a highly publicized weather phenomenon known as El Nino, once again hurt Bauer's sales figures. Spiegel's overall revenues for the year dropped to $2.94 billion as a result.

Spiegel set out to halt its downward spiral and achieve profitability again. The company redesigned its main catalog, which in prior years had become something of an amalgam of differingand often conflictingitems and images. The company created a catalog solely to target the working woman and organized its main catalog so as not to place $1,000 designer outfits adjacent to $20 casual shirts, for example. Eddie Bauer also launched efforts to get itself back on track.

By the end of the year, Spiegel announced they had improved earnings. Although its revenue decreased during 1998, the company turned a profit and achieved positive cash flow, according to a fiscal year-end document released by Spiegel in early 1999. Eddie Bauer's performance disappointed again during the year, but Spiegel's other subsidiary catalog, Newport News, posted solid results.

### 20002019

After years of shrinking economic fortunes, the company suffered large financial losses and changed ownership three times within the early 2000s. In 2003, Spiegel filed for bankruptcy and reorganization under the bankruptcy code. This included closing 60 Eddie Bauer stores. The following year, a group headed by Golden Gate Capital Partners and Pangea Holdings Ltd., purchased the Spiegel and Newport News catalog businesses. At the same time, the existing, reorganizing company retained its Eddie Bauer unit and eventually assumed the subsidiary name as the company name. From 2004, the Spiegel catalog and the women's fashion catalog Newport News operated under the name Spiegel Brands, Inc.

In 2008, Spiegel was sold again to an investment group led by Granite Creek Partners. In June 2009, Spiegel was sold again to private equity fund Patriarch Partners, LLC, and then operated under the name Spiegel LLC, having done business from 2009 to 2012 as Signature Styles, LLC and Artemiss LLC respectively. Spiegel's headquarters were then moved to New York City from Chicago. In 2012, the leadership at Spiegel was replaced when the company discontinued its print catalog in favor of digital marketing.

In 2016, Spiegel announced it would become the first American fashion digital catalog to feature a transgender model on its cover when Arisce Wanzer was selected. At the same time, some other Patriarch Partner companies had begun abruptly shutting down without notice. Several lawsuits were ultimately filed against Patriarch and civil-fraud allegations were leveled by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Ultimately, during the winter of 20192020, Spiegel's website was removed and the company abruptly ceased operations.

## InfoBox

Spiegel
|
|  |
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Clothing, home accessories |
| Founded | 1865 (1865) |
| Founder | Joseph Spiegel |
| Defunct | 2019 |
| Headquarters | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. 60609 |
| Area served | International |
| Key people | Henery Johnson, Richard Lowe |
| Brands | Spiegel, Brooklure, Newport News, Shape FX, Old Kraftsman, Eddie Bauer |
| Owner | Patriarch Partners, LLC |


title: Speudotettix

abstract:
Speudotettix is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Cicadellidae. The species of this genus are found in Europe. Species:
  - Speudotettix minor Emeljanov, 1962
  - Speudotettix montanus Gebicki & Szwedo, 1991

text:
# Speudotettix

***Speudotettix*** is a genus of true bugs belonging to the family Cicadellidae.

The species of this genus are found in Europe.

Species:

## InfoBox

| *Speudotettix* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Auchenorrhyncha |
| Family: | Cicadellidae |
| Genus: | *Speudotettix*<br>Ribaut, 1942 |
|


title: Spewer

abstract: Spewer is a 2009 browser-based puzzle-platform game. It uses liquid physics through regurgitation as its core mechanic. Taking the role of a mysterious test subject, code named "Spewer", the player must vomit their way through over 60 levels while learning new abilities, changing forms and piecing together their purpose in the game. It is also a part of The Basement Collection.

text:
# Spewer

***Spewer*** is a 2009 browser-based puzzle-platform game. It uses liquid physics through regurgitation as its core mechanic. Taking the role of a mysterious test subject, code named "Spewer", the player must vomit their way through over 60 levels while learning new abilities, changing forms and piecing together their purpose in the game. It is also a part of *The Basement Collection*.

## Gameplay

The player navigates through five chapters and a bonus chapter as Spewer, a small creature that navigates through single-screen levels by utilizing its own vomit as a platform. Spewer can also walk, jump, and swim. The amount of vomit available to the player is represented by a meter, which can be replaced by Spewer eating food or its own vomit. There are four types of vomit in addition to normal vomit which are accessed by eating pills: white vomit that floats, allowing the player to swim in mid air, red vomit that pushes the player off objects at a faster speed with more power, black vomit hardens to become platforms, and yellow vomit that melts and burns objects. A level editor is included, allowing players to create their own custom levels.

## Development

*Spewer* was developed by Edmund McMillen and Eli Piilonen and released on Newgrounds on May 4, 2009. A group of four people developed *Spewer*: Edmund McMillen created the art assets for the game, and Eli Piilonen was the programmer. These two also handled game design elements together. In addition, Jordan Fehr worked on the sound effects and Daniel Baranowsky provided the music.

## Reception

Macintosh gaming magazine *MacLife*'s Arvind Srinivasan described the game as "incredibly addictive", stating that the game managed to hold his attention during the full 60 levels, *Spewer* was awarded the magazine's Editors' Choice award. Independent video game developer Derek Yu stated the game is the most mature title which McMillen has developed in terms of design.

## InfoBox

| Spewer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Edmund McMillen<br>Eli Piilonen |
| Publisher(s) | Newgrounds |
| Composer(s) | Danny Baranowsky |
| Platform(s) | Browser |
| Release | May 4, 2009 |
| Genre(s) | Puzzle-platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


abstract: The Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Averham is a parish church in the Church of England in Averham, Nottinghamshire. The church is Grade I listed by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.

text:
# Church of St Michael and All Angels, Averham

The **Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Averham** is a parish church in the Church of England in Averham, Nottinghamshire.

The church is Grade I listed by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport as a building of outstanding architectural or historic interest.

## Parish structure

The Church of St. Michael and All Angels is part of a joint parish which includes the churches of St. Wilfrid's Church, Kelham, St. Wilfrid's Church, North Muskham and St. Wilfrid's Church, South Muskham.

## Description

The style of masonry in parts of the tower, nave and chancel prove that the structure is of Norman date though the tower arch is later. Also added later were the buttresses and pinnacles of the tower and the south porch (containing letters and shields referring to Sir Thomas Sutton, died 1525, and his wife). There is a fine east window in the chancel and the screen is simple early Perpendicular.

The north window contains some fragments of glass found in Kelham Hall and put together by Frederick Heathcote Sutton, rector of St. Helen's Church, Brant Broughton in Lincolnshire. Additionally, there is some late Victorian stained glass by Heaton, Butler and Bayne.

There is a wall monument to Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton who died in 1668. There are also two medieval memorials, a foliated cross and an effigy of a layman (poorly preserved).

The church was the site of inspiration for the fourth movement of T.S Eliot's poem Burnt Norton, part of his Four Quartets.

### Sources

## InfoBox

| St. Michael and All Angels, Averham | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| 53°04′52″N 00°51′44″W / 53.08111°N 0.86222°W / 53.08111; -0.86222 | |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Churchmanship | Broad Church |
| Website | www.riversideparishes.co.uk |
| History | |
| Dedication | St Michael and All Angels |
| Administration | |
| Province | York |
| Diocese | Southwell and Nottingham |
| Parish | Averham |
| Clergy | |
| Vicar(s) | Revd Myra Shackley |


abstract: The Church of St Michael and All Angels, Beckwithshaw, North Yorkshire, England, also known as Beckwithshaw Church, is an Anglican church built and furnished between 1886 and 1887 by William Swinden Barber in the Gothic Revival style as part of the Arts and Crafts movement. The stained glass windows in the same style were added in 1892. The church is listed as a Grade II historic structure; it is a pristine and unchanged example of an Arts and Crafts church retaining all its original furnishings, apart from one missing statue. However, in 2018 the church officers gained planning permission for changes which included removing all of the original pews. The first vicar of this church, from 1887 to 1894, was Charles Farrar Forster.

text:
# Church of St Michael and All Angels, Beckwithshaw

The **Church of St Michael and All Angels**, Beckwithshaw, North Yorkshire, England, also known as **Beckwithshaw Church**, is an Anglican church built and furnished between 1886 and 1887 by William Swinden Barber in the Gothic Revival style as part of the Arts and Crafts movement. The stained glass windows in the same style were added in 1892. The church is listed as a Grade II historic structure; it is a pristine and unchanged example of an Arts and Crafts church retaining all its original furnishings, apart from one missing statue. However, in 2018 the church officers gained planning permission for changes which included removing all of the original pews. The first vicar of this church, from 1887 to 1894, was Charles Farrar Forster.

## Location

When the church was built in the late 19th century, Beckwithshaw was a little hamlet, about two and a half miles from Harrogate, and its ecclesiastical district had to be carved from Pannal parish. In 1886 the view was described thus:

> "In the immense sweep of country which meets the view from the higher grounds lying between Harrogate and Otley and which, beautiful as it is, conveys an idea of loneliness to the mind from the very few habitations that are seen, the eye rests with a sense of relief upon the newly-erected edifice at Beckwithshaw."*The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer*, 1886

However, in January and February 1885 there had been an outbreak of scarlet fever, and the school was closed for at least six weeks. As of 2014 Beckwithshaw is a small village.

## Funding, design and construction

### Donors

Dr Henry Williams and his wife lived at Moor Park House, built in 1859 in Beckwithshaw, and acquired by them in 1882. The household and estate, expanded in 1882, employed many local people until the late 1970s when Harrison Developments of Leeds bought the buildings and converted them into flats. The church was built "entirely at their own expense." They funded the building at £8,000, with an endowment of £5,000.

Mrs Williams insisted that there should be no graveyard at the church site, and a contemporary local tendency to fear of the subject may have some bearing on this decision. Arabella Elizabeth Tetley, a Beckwithshaw schoolmaster's wife, died of puerperal fever at age 23 years and was buried at Woodhouse Cemetery on Friday 17 April 1888. However gravedigger Fred Posey thought he saw "an upheaval of the earth which he had placed upon the coffin and heard a creak which led him to believe that the buried woman was alive and trying to wrench the lid away." He raised the alarm, saying that he had heard "rattling" in the coffin, and a "knocking such as I never heard afore in a grave" in 42 years of gravedigging. There was an exhumation and an inquest which ruled that there had been no disturbance within the coffin, so that the verdict was "natural causes."

### Architect

The architect was William Swinden Barber, FRIBA (fl.1855–1898) of Halifax. His listed works include at least fifteen other buildings, mostly Anglican, Neo-Gothic, Arts and Crafts churches within West Yorkshire. Barber designed and commissioned all interior decoration and furnishings for his buildings.

### Builder

The contractor for the work was James Simpson (1825–1891) of Harrogate. In 1881 he was aged 56 and living at 22 Parliament Terrace, Harrogate, near Bettys, with his wife Ellen aged 53, and his son David aged 21, a stonemason. He and his son were born in Harrogate; his wife was born at Burniston near Scarborough. He was an Alderman whose daughter died in 1890 by falling from a railway carriage at Starbeck, and Simpson won £100 damages for negligence from the North Eastern Railway Company.

## History

Before this church was built, the congregation had to travel to the Church of All Saints, Harlow Hill, and then to a local school room for services. The foundation stone for this church was laid on 29 September 1884. The day was the feast day of St Michael and Mrs Williams' birthday.

### Consecration in 1886

The church was completed in 1886 and it was dedicated and consecrated by Mrs Williams' uncle, The Bishop of Ripon, at Michaelmas, Thursday 29 September. (On the afternoon of the same day, the bishop consecrated another church also dedicated to St Michael and All Angels at Cottingley, near Bingley.) The church was filled, although Beckwithshaw was at that time just a hamlet with a few surrounding farmhouses. There was a grand procession into the church, headed by the robed choir. Behind them came the churchwardens, one of which was Henry Williams the donor, then the Bishop of Ripon in full vestments. Behind them followed many robed clergymen, including Samuel Owen Madden the Dean of Cork, Henry Stewart the Dean of Dromore, Rev. Canon William Winter Gibbon, MA, vicar of Christ Church, High Harrogate, Rev. Dr A. Buck of St Mary's Church, Stainburn, Rev. Mark Rowntree, MA, of St Robert's Church, Pannal, Rev. G.O. Brownrigg, MA, vicar of St Mary's Harrogate, Rev. R.G. Brownrigg of St Mary's, Harrogate, Rev. A. Robinson of St John the Evangelist Church, Bilton, Rev. T.F. Buckton of Christ Church, High Harrogate, and Rev. H. Kershaw of St Mary's Church, Greenhow Hill. Gibbon, Rowntree and Buck conducted the service, because the church did not yet have its own vicar. The organ was not yet installed, so a Miss Burnley played a harmonium, which may at that time have been placed within the organ arch. The choir was made up of local residents who had been trained by the new choirmaster, Mr Halliwell. The bishop preached the sermon, after which there was a collection amounting to £11 13s., for the Wakefield Bishopric Fund.

### Jubilee in 1936

The jubilee of the church's consecration was celebrated on the evening of 30 September 1936, with a special service conducted by the Rev. H.R. Stott who had served as vicar of the parish for the preceding forty-two years. The Bishop of Ripon gave the sermon. By this time Mr and Mrs Henry Williams of Moor Park had died, but in the intervening years since funding the building and endowing the vicar's living, they had given a vicarage, the church furnishings, and the village institute. Since their deaths, their relatives had made more "substantial gifts" to the church and increased the value of the benefice. In the same year the church fabric and the organ were renovated at a total cost of £360.

## Building

This structure is fairly similar to its medieval parish church, St Robert's Church, Pannal, with a few exceptions: the tower is attached to the south-west side of the church, and it has a purpose-built organ chamber and vestry which St Robert's does not. It is built of local sandstone from Killinghall quarry. It was described by the *York Herald* as a "substantial structure, well furnished in the interior, and in every respect suitable as a parish church." However the donors did not want an elaborate building in this countryside location, but settled on a "neat, plain and substantial structure." The building is in pristine condition and remains exactly as it was built and furnished on the day of its consecration in 1886, except for a missing statue described as a "group of St Michael overcoming the Dragon, placed between the west windows of the nave."

### Tower

The exterior shape of the tower is similar to the 15th to 16th century tower of St Robert's Church, Pannal, except that this one has an exterior staircase to the ringer's chamber and belfry. The main western entrance to the church is through the tower, so the ground floor doubles as entrance lobby. There is no public access to the tower.

#### Bells

There is no public access to the bellringers' chamber, the belfry or the tower roof. In the tower's bell chamber there are six bells, variously described as "nicely-toned" and "richly-toned," which have been hung for full circle ringing. They were cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1886. The name of the company, Mears and Stainbank, is cast into the bells, along with the names of Henry and Ellen Williams the donors, and their children. The diameters of the bells, from smallest to tenor, are: (1) Joshua 28.25in., (2) John 30.75in., (3) Annie 33.25in., (4) Mary 34.75in., (5) Ellen 37in. and (6) Henry 42.75in. The round is D#, C#, B, A#, G#, F#. The tenor bell weighs 13 long cwt 15 lb (1,471 lb or 667 kg). In the bell chamber is a wooden frame consisting of two tiers of three bells each. 1, 3 and 5 hang above 2, 4 and 6, such that 1 is above 2; 3 is above 4; 5 is above 6, putting the heavier bells upon one side, that is, the west side. They are hung thus: "each bell hangs from its original wooden headstock though a restoration has seen the fitting of independent crown staples and ball bearings. The third has an SG clapper whilst those of the others are wrought iron. Traditional stays and sliders."

The reality in the bell-chamber is a very small and roughly-finished room, only partially protected from gales by louvred, unglazed windows on all sides. A massive and braced hardwood frame fills the room completely from west to east. The frame is over 6 feet (1.8 m) high and is smooth and polished to the touch. On the south and north sides there are narrow squeeze spaces of about 1 foot (0.30 m) between the frame and the wall. There is no aid to access to the top of the frame. The wheels of the top tier of bells project above the frame. The frame exactly fits the room, and the bells exactly fit the frame, but only because their wheels are arranged in different directions to allow fit. Access to the roof would require a slim and agile climber who would then climb a ladder, and from the ladder lift and slide with one hand a very heavy insulated trapdoor. The trapdoor is weatherproofed by being shaped to overhang the lips on which it is seated. The survival of the frame and consequently the safety of the bells depends on the condition of this trapdoor and the roof. It is likely that the tower's floors were installed after hanging the bells: the frame could then be built in place, the bells winched from the floor of the tower, and the floors would then be put in. Winching the bells up through the tower would require a massive beam across the tower roof to support the pulley; no such beam exists now.

There is a bell-ringing group which practises on Mondays at 6.30 pm; Ann McGeogh is tower bell captain.

The interior of the building is lined with dressed local stone, and was designed for a congregation of 120 to 150. The pulpit and font were carved by William Pashley in 1886 in Caen stone. At the time of consecration in 1886, there was a carved statue "placed between the west windows of the nave," described as a "group of St Michael overcoming the Dragon." This statue is now missing. To be able to stand between the west windows it would have to be at least 6 feet (1.8 m) on a 3 feet (0.91 m) pedestal, because the windows are 9 feet (2.7 m) from the floor. The name of the artist is unknown, but it may have been carved by William Pashley of Harrogate and Leeds, who also carved some roundels in Leeds Minster.

### Chancel

There is a Caen stone reredos by William Pashley, with "sculptured panels under moulded and crocketted canopies, the walls on either side being enriched with traceried panels. The subjects being presented on the reredos, which is a beautiful work of art, are *Bearing the Cross*, the *Crucifixion*, and *The Resurrection*." "The choir stalls and nave seats are of oak and have sunk traceried panels and foliated ends. The altar-rail, gas standards and rich scroll-work supporting the pulpit rail are of wrought brass. The aisles and chancel floors are paved with tiles in simple patterns."

#### Organ

On Tuesday 20 December 1887, just over a year after the church's dedication, a new organ built by Father Willis of Messrs Willis and Sons of London was installed as a further gift by Mrs Williams. The organ was not an afterthought. It is housed in a lean-to structure against the north wall of the chancel, and its manuals and pipes peer through a specially-cut arch in that same north wall; all this was part of the original design. The lean-to is comfortably blended into the exterior design, and the organ fits neatly into the arch, flush with the wall and sitting close enough to the choir stalls to be used by the choirmaster in rehearsals. It was described as a "very fine instrument . . . contained in a handsome oak case with spotted metal pipes." It has two manuals from CC to G with 56 notes, and 2.5 octaves of concave and radiating pedals from CCC to F: 30 notes. The stops are the original ones, as follows:

> "Great Organ: 1 open diapason 8ft; 2 dulcians 8ft; 3 claribel flute 8ft; 4 flute harmonique 4ft; 5 principal 4ft; 6 fifteenth 2ft; 7 corno-de-bassetto 8ft; Swell: 8 open diapason 8ft; 9 lieblich gedackt 8ft; 10 salicional 8ft; 11 vox angelica 8ft; 12 gemshorn 4ft; 13 flageolet 2ft; 14 cornopean 8ft. Pedals: 15 soubasse 16ft; 16 bourdon 16ft. Couplers: 17 swell to great; 18 swell to pedals; 19 great to pedals. Three composition pedals to great organ."*York Herald*, 24 December 1887

The Bishop of Ripon returned for the organ's opening day, along with the church's vicar Rev. Charles Farrar Forster and Rev. Mark Rowntree, vicar of Pannal, who read the lesson. As of 2014 the organist was Nigel Duce, who gives regular recitals at Halifax Minster.

#### Windows and carvings

When the window tracery and the carving of the reredos, pulpit and font were created in 1889, they were intended to imitate the style of the mid 14th century in keeping with the Gothic Revival movement.

The east window, installed in 1886, depicts St Michael and all Angels, the Nativity and the Adoration of the Magi in stained glass, drawn and painted by Charles Eamer Kempe. The two lights of the west window, also installed in 1886, show archangels Gabriel, Uriel, Michael and Raphael.

On Sunday 26 June 1892, five new stained glass windows, also by Kempe, were dedicated at a special service with a choir and large congregation. The vicar of Luddenden gave the sermon, the Rev. C.F. Forster, vicar of St Michael's, read the prayers, and Mr G.H. Wood was organist. The windows had been presented by Henry Williams of Moor Park, John Dugdale and Master J. Appleyard-Williams. the subject for the images is taken from *Revelations*: St John's visions in the Isle of Patmos.

> "The south-east window represents St John viewing the great city, holy Jerusalem, which is depicted in the distance, with the river flowing from the Throne of God, and on either side of the river is the Tree of Life. Standing opposite to St John is an angel with a golden reed with which to measure the city and the gates and the walls thereof. In the other window on the south side St John is represented as falling at the feet of the angel on the bank of the River of Life, the tree being in the midst. He is in the attitude of prayer, but the angel with the uplifted hand is repelling any worship or reverence to himself . . . Each window has two lights and on the north side each light has a separate subject. The first light of the north-west window portrays the angel with his right foot on the sea and the left on the earth. In his hand is a little book containing the message he was about to deliver. The second light depicts the angel with the key of the Bottomless Pit in one hand and a great chain in the other. Laid at his feet is the Dragon whom he has subdued and whom he is about to cast into the Bottomless Pit. The subjects of the two lights of the north-east window are borrowed from *Revelations* XIV.19 and XVIII.21. The first delineates the angel standing outside the city wall and with a sickle cutting a cluster of grapes to cast into the winepress of the Wrath of God. The second illustrates the angel holding in his hand the great millstone which he is about to cast into the sea . . . The first light of the centre window is an illustration of *Revelations* VIII.13 which describes the Apostle's vision of an angel flying through the midst of heaven, uttering a solemn proclamation of coming woes. The second light represents another angel standing before the Golden Altar upon which he is offering incense. Suspended above is a golden censer to which a long chain is attached and held by the angel."*Pannal Parish Magazine*, August 1892

## Vicars of Beckwithshaw

Past clergy are listed on a memorial board at the back of the church.

### First vicar

The first vicar who served from 1887 to 1894 was Rev. Charles Farrar Forster (1848–1894), a man fragile of body who had suffered heart disease and excruciating pain for some years, and who had transferred his service from the busy St Andrew's in Huddersfield to this quiet parish in the hope of improving his failing health. He was said to be "a most assiduous and energetic parish worker, and . . . an able and interesting preacher." He was concerned with the welfare of the church, he was a member of the Pannal School Board, and was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. His funeral, interment and memorial services were well-attended by crowds of family, friends and his congregation. He is buried at Harlow Hill Cemetery, in Section A. When new, his grave would have been very noticeable; its cross, pedestal and surrounds being made of strongly-figured black and white marble. Weathering has now hidden the marble pattern, except for the unweathered section on the pedestal, where the cross has been removed by the council for safety reasons.

### Subsequent vicars

Rev. Herbert R. Stott followed, serving from 1894 to 1945. His wife was Mrs C.F. Stott. Their son Philip Harle Stott had a promising future, having been a prefect and head boy of St. Bees School, and an exhibitioner of Merton College, Oxford, but was killed in World War I on 25 April 1918. He was a second lieutenant of the 4th Battalion, attached to the 1st and 5th Battalions of the West Yorkshire Regiment. He is named on the Tyne Cot and Beckwithshaw memorials.

After Stott came Rev. John Akam from 1945 to 1951, and Rev. Arthur Moss from 1952 to 1958. From 1958 to 1964 it was Rev. Basil Skinner, and from 1964 to 1970, Rev. Idwal Jenkins. Rev. Bernard Brown held the post from 1970 to 1979.

### Vicars of Pannal and Beckwithshaw

In 1978, John T. Scott became vicar of Pannal, and from 13 November 1980 to the end of his tenure in 1989 Pannal and Beckwithshaw shared Scott as vicar in a joint benefice. The same arrangement has continued to the present day. Rev. Mark Beresford-Peirse was in office from 1990 to 2002. Nigel Sinclair was vicar from 2002 to 2013, followed by Rev. John Smith who was installed on 20 January 2014.

## Events

### Services and regular events

There are four regular Sunday services per month, conducted by the vicar of both Pannal and Beckwithshaw: Rev. John Smith as of 2014. Three are morning services; one is evensong. There is a junior church for children during the morning services during school term time. There is a pram service on the 4th Thursday of each month.

## Reordering

In May 2018, the church officers gained planning permission to restyle the church building with a modern annexe against the north wall, containing a kitchen and toilet. The permission includes the removal of all the pews, which were designed by the architect William Swinden Barber. The ultimate destination of the pews is not known.

## InfoBox

| Church of St Michael and All Angels, Beckwithshaw | |
| --- | --- |
| Beckwithshaw Church, 2014 | |
| Church of St Michael and All Angels, BeckwithshawLocation in North Yorkshire | |
| 53°58′25″N 1°35′36″W / 53.97361°N 1.59333°W / 53.97361; -1.59333 | |
| OS grid reference | SE267625 |
| Location | Church Row, Beckwithshaw,
North Yorkshire, HG3 1QW |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England |
| Churchmanship | Central |
| Website | stmichaelsbeckwithshaw.org |
| History | |
| Status | Parish church |
| Founded | 1886 |
| Dedication | St Michael and All Angels |
| Dedicated | 1886 |
| Consecrated | 1886 |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Heritage designation | Grade II listed |
| Architect(s) | W. Swinden Barber, FRIBA
Contractor: James Simpson |
| Architectural type | Church of England parish church |
| Style | Arts and Crafts movement
Gothic Revival |
| Specifications | |
| Bells | 6 (D#, C#, B, A#, G#, F#) |
| Tenor bell weight | 13 long cwt 15 lb (1,471 lb or 667 kg) |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | Leeds |
| Episcopal area | Ripon |
| Archdeaconry | Richmond (301) |
| Deanery | Harrogate (30104) |
| Parish | Ecclesiastical parish of St Robert of Knaresborough, Pannal (300230 30/230) |
| Clergy | |
| Vicar(s) | The Revd John Smith
(with Pannal) |
| Curate(s) | The Revd Nick Murray (with Pannal) |
| Laity | |
| Churchwarden(s) | Mr Jon Bryant;
Mrs Kathleen Newbould |
| Verger | Mrs Christine Ward-campbell (with Pannal) |
| Parish administrator | Mr Tim White
(with Pannal) |


title: Cinderella (Filipino band)

abstract: Cinderella is a Filipino pop group that rose to prominence in the 1970s. The group recorded for Sunshine Records, and together with contemporaries Hotdog, formed the impetus of what would be the Manila sound movement. Cinderella's most recognized single is "T.L. Ako Sa'yo". Other stand-out songs include such eventual classics as "Bato sa Buhangin", "Sa Aking Pag-iisa" and "Superstar ng Buhay Ko".

text:
# Cinderella (Filipino band)

**Cinderella** is a Filipino pop group that rose to prominence in the 1970s. The group recorded for Sunshine Records, and together with contemporaries Hotdog, formed the impetus of what would be the Manila sound movement. Cinderella's most recognized single is "T.L. Ako Sa'yo" (loosely translated to "*You're My True Love*", where T.L. is an acronym for "True Love"). Other stand-out songs include such eventual classics as "Bato sa Buhangin" ("*Pebbles in the Sand*"), "Sa Aking Pag-iisa" ("*In My Solitude*") and "Superstar ng Buhay Ko" ("*Superstar of My Life*").

## Background

Cinderella's initial line-up consisted of Snaffu Rigor (vocals and drums), Sunny Ilacad (keyboard), Bob Guzman (guitars and vocal back-up), Celso Llarina (rhythm guitar and vocal back-up), Gig Ilacad (bass guitar), Cecile Colayco (lead vocals), and Violy Estrellado (back-up vocals). After the release of their eponymous debut album, Colayco and Estrellado left the group. With the role of lead vocalist having been vacated, University of Santo Tomas student Yolly Samson successfully auditioned for Sunshine and was hired as Colayco's permanent replacement; subsequently becoming the face of Cinderella. Comedians Vic Sotto and Joey de Leon, affiliates of Sunshine and good friends of the group, also contributed songs, the most notable being the hit single "Ang Boyfriend Kong Baduy". With the increase of their popularity; Rigor was commissioned to collaborate with film composer Ernani Cruz and pen the lyrics for the theme song of the Fernando Poe Jr. and Vilma Santos vehicle *Bato sa Buhangin (1976)*, to be recorded by the group. The song gained a sudden resurgence after being covered by Glaiza de Castro for the historical drama picture *Goyo (2018)*.

On November 21, 1997, Yolly Samson died from complications of brain cancer, aged 41. On August 4, 2016, Snaffu Rigor died of lung cancer.

## Language

The band wrote their songs in Taglish (code-switching between Tagalog and English) and street jargon that was popular in urban areas during the 1970s.

For example, in the song "T.L. Ako Sa'yo", Cinderella used the word "dehins", formed from *hindi* ("no"). It is Tagalog street jargon which reverses the word, thereby making it sound like it is English. Also as previously mentioned, the acronym "T.L." stands for "True Love".

The title of the song "Ang Boyfriend Kong Baduy" is also in Taglish, as are its lyrics:

* *...but when we go out dating na, kulay ng polo niya'y pula...* ("but when we already go out dating, the colour of his shirt is red")
* *...but when the guests go dancing na, lagi pa syang nauuna...* ("but when the guests already go dancing, he's always first")
* *...'di ko ma-take ang gusto. Siya ay in-na-in, ngunit out pa rin...* ("I can't stand his tastes. He's so in but still so out")

In the song "Ang Boypren Ko", the word "*boypren*" is an alteration of the English "boyfriend"; the title literally means "*My Boyfriend*".

The song "Sana'y Maging Steady Mo" translates to "*I Wish I Could Be Your Boyfriend/Girlfriend*". In this context, the word "steady" is used as a noun that refers to one's boyfriend or girlfriend.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Cinderella* (1975)
* *Ang Boyfriend Kong Baduy* (1975)
* *Cinderella 2* (1976)

### Songs

The band is famous for its soft romantic ballads. Listed below are some of their more prominent hit songs:

* "First Kiss"
* "Love Letters"
* "Tayo'y Mag-Boogie" ("*Let's Boogie*")
* "First and Last Love"
* "Sana'y Maging Steady Mo"
* "T.L. Ako Sa'yo" (also covered by Jolina Magdangal-Escueta feat. Marvin Agustin in 1997; also covered by Kitchie Nadal in 2007)
* "Sa Aking Pag-iisa"
* "Ikaw ang Idol Ko"
* "Ang Boyfriend Kong Baduy" (also covered by Prettier Than Pink in 1999)
* "Ang Boypren Ko"
* "Tulak ng Bibig, Kabig ng Dibdib"
* "Paano Pa kita Malilimutan"
* "Ang Pag-ibig Mo"
* "Superstar Ng Buhay Ko" (also covered by Nora Aunor in 1975; also covered by Pilita Corrales in 1977: also covered by Pinoy Gregorian in 2008 & Swissy in 2009)
* "Pag-ibig ko'y Ibang-iba"
* "May Crush Ako Sa'yo"
* "Ligaw Tingin" (also covered by Leah Navarro in 1979)
* "Nakikining ang Buong Pilipinas"
* "Bato sa Buhangin" (also covered by Juan Pablo Dream in 2009; also covered by Ogie Alcasid in 2012)
* "Love of My Life"

## Covers

## InfoBox

| Cinderella | |
| --- | --- |
| Origin | Philippines |
| Genres |  |
| Years active | 1970s–present |
|  | |
| Members | Cecile Colayco
Violy Estrellado
Sunny Ilacad
Bob Guzman
Celso Llarina
Gig Ilacad |
|  | |
| Past members | Yolly Samson
Snaffu Rigor |


title: Sphingobacterium

abstract: Sphingobacterium is a genus in the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The genus Sphingobacterium is characterized by the high concentrations of sphingophospholipids as lipid components.

text:
# Sphingobacterium

*Sphingobacterium* is a genus in the family Sphingobacteriaceae. The genus *Sphingobacterium* is characterized by the high concentrations of sphingophospholipids as lipid components.

## Species

*S. alimentarium*
*S. anhuiense*
*S. arenae*
*S. bambusae*
*S. caeni*
*S. canadense*
*S. changzhouense*
*S. chuzhouense*
*S. cibi*
*S. cladoniae*
*S. composti*
*S. daejeonense*
*S. detergens*
*S. faecium*
*S. ginsenosidimutans*
*S. gobiense*
*S. griseoflavum*
*S. hotanense*
*S. jejuense*
*S. kitahiroshimense*
*S. kyonggiense*
*S. lactis*
*S. mizutaii*
*S. mucilaginosum*
*S. multivorum*
*S. nematocida*
*S. olei*
*S. pakistanense*
*S. paludis*
*S. populi*
*S. psychroaquaticum*
*S. shayense*
*S. siyangense*
*S. spiritivorum*
*S. suaedae*
*S. thalpophilum*
*S. thermophilum*
*S. wenxiniae*
*S. yanglingense*
*S. zeae*

## InfoBox

| *Sphingobacterium* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Sphingobacteriia |
| Order: | Sphingobacteriales |
| Family: | Sphingobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Sphingobacterium*<br>Yabuuchi *et al*. 1983 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Sphingobacterium anhuiense

abstract: Sphingobacterium anhuiense is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from forest soil in the Anhui province in China.

text:
# Sphingobacterium anhuiense

***Sphingobacterium anhuiense*** is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from forest soil in the Anhui province in China.

## InfoBox

| *Sphingobacterium anhuiense* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Bacteroidota |
| Class: | Sphingobacteriia |
| Order: | Sphingobacteriales |
| Family: | Sphingobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | *Sphingobacterium* |
| Species: | ***S. anhuiense*** |
| Binomial name | |
| *****Sphingobacterium anhuiense*****<br>Wei et al. 2008 | |
|
| Type strain | |
| CCTCC AB 207197, CW 186, KCTC 22209, LMG 24450 | |
| Synonyms | |
| Sphingobacterium anhuiensis | |


title: Châu Can

abstract: Châu Can is an archaeological site in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. It was located in Hà Sơn Bình province when it was excavated in 1974, but in 1975 was reorganized into Hà Tây province. Excavations there yielded a number of coffins containing relics of the Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture.

text:
# Châu Can

**Châu Can** (Hà Tây) is an archaeological site in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. It was located in Hà Sơn Bình province when it was excavated in 1974, but in 1975 was reorganized into Hà Tây province. Excavations there yielded a number of coffins containing relics of the Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture (literally "East Mountain" culture).

## Discovery

Eight coffins were recovered, made from logs. Three of these were incomplete while two others were described by the archaeologists as being in a poor condition. The coffins were aligned in a row with the head oriented towards the south or southeast direction. This provides a contrast with the graves at Việt Khê, although radiocarbon dating estimated the artefacts to date to a period between 197 BCE and 530 BCE which is from a common time period to the site at Viet Khe.

The burials at Châu Can are less prolific numerically, compared to the Việt Khê artefacts, with a smaller number of buried goods. However, they exhibit an unusually high number of wooden artefacts. On the other hand, no bronze bells, drums or vessels were found intact. The artefacts were generally less decorated and the pots were more regular in shape, with less variation from the basic circular shape. The burials were also placed in smaller coffins, and the lack of bronze vessels and musical artefacts, leading to speculation by scholars that the settlement at Chau Can had fewer metallurgical tradesmen than were present at Việt Khê.

Burial 3 contained the remains of a human, believed to be female, who was buried alongside a spearhead in the coffin. The spearhead was placed at the right upper arm. A pediform bronze axe was mounted on its haft beside her right leg, while a wooden implement was placed beside her head and a wooden haft from a spear was placed next to the left leg. The remains of a material, believed to be the deceased's clothing, was found scattered on the torso.

Burial 4 contained the skeleton of a male, with a set of objects that were placed in the coffin on and around the ankle. These consisted of a wooden ladle, a pottery vessel and a clay tray and another bamboo object whose method of use was not clear to archaeologists.

Burial 6 had only a small amount of human bones, but a difference emerged in that the burial goods were placed at the end of the feet with fabric remains found over the vicinity of the head. In this coffin, a gourd ladle, wooden tray and a spherical pot were found.

Burial 7 was different again, with fabric remnants covering the chest and further pieces beyond the end of the legs. This time a spherical pot and a wooden tray were placed on the deceased's ankles.

Burial 8 contained a fragment of a wooden tray and a two piece wooden object. One of the pieces slotted into the other, leading archaeologists to speculate that the two pieced object was some kind of hafting device. In this case, human remains lay under a fabric shroud.

* Higham, Charles (1996). *The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia*. Cambridge World Archaeology. ISBN 0-521-56505-7.