title: The Antiques Ghost Show

abstract: The Antiques Ghost Show was a 'reality' show commissioned in 2003 by Living TV. Members of the public would bring self-proclaimed psychic Derek Acorah their antiques. After Acorah has made claims about the history of the item, using a method he calls psychometry, Christopher Gower and a genealogist are given 48 hours to verify the assertions. When analysing the history of an antique, Acorah will often act out events he believes has happened. The show was sold to Bravo! in Canada and other networks in Australia, where in terms of ratings, it was immensely popular. In terms of critical reception, it was met extremely poorly, with critics noting that just as much could be learnt about the history of the antiques without Acorah's readings.

text:
# The Antiques Ghost Show

***The Antiques Ghost Show*** was a 'reality' show commissioned in 2003 by Living TV. Members of the public would bring self-proclaimed psychic Derek Acorah their antiques. After Acorah has made claims about the history of the item, using a method he calls psychometry, Christopher Gower and a genealogist are given 48 hours to verify the assertions. When analysing the history of an antique, Acorah will often act out events he believes has happened.

The show was sold to Bravo! in Canada and other networks in Australia, where in terms of ratings, it was immensely popular. In terms of critical reception, it was met extremely poorly, with critics noting that just as much could be learnt about the history of the antiques without Acorah's readings.

## InfoBox

| *The Antiques Ghost Show* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | Derek Acorah
Christopher Gower |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| No. of episodes | unknown |
| Production | |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Living TV |
| Release | 2003 (2003)
present |


title: 1886 Battersea by-election

abstract: The 1886 Battersea by-election was held on 1 March 1886 after the incumbent Liberal MP, Octavius Vaughan Morgan resigned to seek re-election to pre-empt disqualification. He was returned unopposed. At the 1885 general election Morgan was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Battersea. His right to sit was questioned in 1886, as his family company Morgan Crucible held government contracts, from which he had disassociated himself before his nomination. Morgan took the Manor of Northstead to resign from Parliament until the question was settled, and was returned unopposed at the ensuing by-election in March 1886. He held the seat at the general election in July 1886, and sat for Battersea until 1892.

text:
# 1886 Battersea by-election

The **1886 Battersea by-election** was held on 1 March 1886 after the incumbent Liberal MP, Octavius Vaughan Morgan resigned to seek re-election to pre-empt disqualification. He was returned unopposed.

At the 1885 general election Morgan was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Battersea. His right to sit was questioned in 1886, as his family company Morgan Crucible held government contracts, from which he had disassociated himself before his nomination. Morgan took the Manor of Northstead to resign from Parliament until the question was settled, and was returned unopposed at the ensuing by-election in March 1886. He held the seat at the general election in July 1886, and sat for Battersea until 1892.

1886 Battersea by-election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Liberal** | **Octavius Morgan** | ***Unopposed*** | | |
| Registered electors | | | 10,019 |  |  |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | | | |


title: Car Trouble (film)

abstract:
Car Trouble is a 1986 British comedy film starring Julie Walters, Ian Charleson and Vincent Riotta.
The film has been described as a coarse British farce comedy.

text:
# Car Trouble (film)

***Car Trouble*** is a 1986 British comedy film starring Julie Walters, Ian Charleson and Vincent Riotta. The film has been described as a coarse British farce comedy.

## Plot

In the throes of a midlife crisis, a man buys a 1965 Jaguar E-Type sports car and it immediately becomes his new love. What he does not know is that his wife is as attracted to the Jaguar salesman as he is to the car. The wife and lover experience penis captivus in the car after a reckless accident.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Car Trouble | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | David Green |
| Written by | A.J. Tipping
James Whaley |
| Produced by | Greg Di Santis
Judith Goldfarb
Howard Malin |
| Starring | Julie Walters
Ian Charleson |
| Release dates | * 28 February 1986 (1986-02-28) (United Kingdom) * 18 September 1986 (1986-09-18) (West Germany) * 30 October 1986 (1986-10-30) (Australia) * 16 June 1986 (1986-06-16) (Portugal) |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |


title: Serra da Bocaina National Park

abstract: Serra da Bocaina National Park is a national park of Brazil. It is located at the border between the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in southeastern Brazil.

text:
# Serra da Bocaina National Park

**Serra da Bocaina National Park** is a national park of Brazil. It is located at the border between the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in southeastern Brazil.

## Location

Created by Federal Decree in 1971, the park comprises an area of approximately 104,000 hectares (260,000 acres) and a significant biodiversity. The park headquarters is located in São José do Barreiro, the State of São Paulo. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). It is estimated that 60% of the vegetation is composed of native Atlantic Forest, and the rest is forest regenerated (secondary) for over 30 years.

The highest point is Pico do Tira o Chapéu, which reaches 2,088 metres (6,850 ft) above sea level, one of the highest points of the State of São Paulo.

The park is part of the 221,754 hectares (547,970 acres) Bocaina Mosaic, created in 2006.

## Biota

Among the species of flora are pines, cedars, trumpet trees, palm trees and bromeliads. Among the fauna of the park are cats, sloths, deer, monkeys, snakes and birds.

A number of amphibians are only known from the park and its buffer area: *Brachycephalus vertebralis*, *Ischnocnema pusilla*, *Bokermannohyla ahenea*, *Bokermannohyla clepsydra*, *Scinax ariadne*, *Megaelosia bocainensis*, *Physalaemus barrioi*, and *Paratelmatobius gaigeae*.

## Sources

## InfoBox

| Serra da Bocaina National Park | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
| Serra da Bocaina | |
| Map of Brazil | |
| Location | southeastern Brazil |
| Coordinates | 22°57′47″S 44°40′12″W / 22.963°S 44.67°W / -22.963; -44.67 |
| Area | 104,000 ha (260,000 acres) |
| Established | 1971 |


title: 2016 Dubai Duty Free Darts Masters

abstract: The 2016 Dubai Duty Free Darts Masters was the fourth staging of the tournament organised by the Professional Darts Corporation. It was the first World Series of Darts event of 2016. The tournament featured eight of the top 10 players according to the PDC Order of Merit, competing in a knockout system. The tournament was held at the Dubai Tennis Centre in Dubai over 26–27 May 2016. Gary Anderson won the title after he beat previously undefeated three-time champion Michael van Gerwen 11–9 in the final.

text:
# 2016 Dubai Duty Free Darts Masters

The **2016 Dubai Duty Free Darts Masters** was the fourth staging of the tournament organised by the Professional Darts Corporation. It was the first World Series of Darts event of 2016. The tournament featured eight of the top 10 players according to the PDC Order of Merit, competing in a knockout system. The tournament was held at the Dubai Tennis Centre in Dubai over 26–27 May 2016.

Gary Anderson won the title after he beat previously undefeated three-time champion Michael van Gerwen 11–9 in the final.

## Prize money

The total prize fund was AED750,000.

| Position (no. of players) | | Prize money
(Total: AED750,000) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Winner** | (1) | AED220,000 |
| **Runner-up** | (1) | AED110,000 |
| **Semi-finalists** | (2) | AED85,000 |
| **Quarter-finalists** | (4) | AED62,500 |

## Qualifiers

The eight players who qualified for this tournament are the same as last year's tournament, with the exception of Dave Chisnall replacing Stephen Bunting. These were:

Seeded players:

1. Michael van Gerwen *(runner-up)*
2. **Gary Anderson (winner)**
3. Phil Taylor *(semi-finals)*
4. Adrian Lewis *(quarter-finals)*

The next four seeded PDC players were (drawn at random against the higher seeds):

## Draw

|  | **Quarter-finals**
*(best of 19 legs)*
26 May | | |  |  | **Semi-finals**
*(best of 21 legs)*
27 May | | |  |  | **Final**
*(best of 21 legs)*
27 May | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 1 | **Michael van Gerwen** 107.65 | **10** |  |  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | ||
|  |  | Peter Wright 106.55 | 7 |  | ||
|  | | | | |  | 1 | **Michael van Gerwen** 105.09 | **11** |  | |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  | |
|  | |  |  |  | Dave Chisnall 97.35 | 7 |  ||
|  | 4 | | | | | | Adrian Lewis 79.46 | 1 |  | |
|  | | | | |  | | | | | |
|  | |  | **Dave Chisnall** 90.18 | **10** |  ||
|  | | | | |  | 1 | Michael van Gerwen 100.95 | 9 |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 2 | **Gary Anderson** 97.98 | **11** |  |
|  | 2 | | | | | | **Gary Anderson** 98.36 | **10** |  |  | | | | |
|  | | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | |  | Raymond van Barneveld 94.25 | 8 | |  |
|  | | | | |  | 2 | **Gary Anderson** 97.29 | **11** |  |
|  | | | | | |  | | |  |
|  | |  |  | 3 | Phil Taylor 101.65 | 7 |  |
|  | | | | | | | 3 | **Phil Taylor** 93.11 | **10** |  |
|  | | | | |  | | | | |
|  | |  | James Wade 87.07 | 2 |  |

## Broadcasting

The tournament was available in the following territories on these channels.

| Country | Channel |
| --- | --- |
| United Kingdom | ITV4 (delayed coverage) |
| Republic of Ireland | Setanta Sports |
| Dubai | Dubai Sports TV |
| Middle East and North Africa | OSN |
| Australia | Fox Sports |
| New Zealand | Sky Sport (New Zealand) |
| Netherlands | RTL7 |
| Asia | Fox Sports |
| Czech Republic | TV Nova |

## InfoBox

| 2016 Dubai Duty Free Darts Masters | |
| --- | --- |
| Tournament information | |
| Dates | 26–27 May 2016 |
| Venue | Dubai Tennis Centre |
| Location | Dubai |
| Country | United Arab Emirates |
| Organisation(s) | PDC |
| Format | Legs
Final – best of 21 legs |
| Prize fund | AED750,000 |
| Winner's share | AED220,000 |
| High checkout | **170**  Phil Taylor |
| Champion(s) | |
| **Gary Anderson** | |
| «2015 2017» | |


title: R J Balson & Son

abstract: R J Balson & Son is a high-street butcher in the market town of Bridport, Dorset. According to the Institute for Family Business, it is the oldest continually trading family business in the United Kingdom. It has been in the Balson family since 1515 when Robert Balson rented a market stall on Bridport Shambles. Since 1892 its butcher's shop has been located at 9 West Allington, Bridport, not far from its original location. It was featured in the BBC Four television programme Hidden Histories: Britain’s Oldest Family Businesses, broadcast on 15 January 2014.

text:
# R J Balson & Son

**R J Balson & Son** is a high-street butcher in the market town of Bridport, Dorset. According to the Institute for Family Business, it is the oldest continually trading family business in the United Kingdom. It has been in the Balson family since 1515 when Robert Balson rented a market stall on Bridport Shambles.

Since 1892 its butcher's shop has been located at 9 West Allington, Bridport, not far from its original location.

It was featured in the BBC Four television programme *Hidden Histories: Britain’s Oldest Family Businesses*, broadcast on 15 January 2014.

50°44′03″N 2°45′49″W / 50.73427°N 2.76348°W / 50.73427; -2.76348


title: Eugenia acutissima

abstract: Eugenia acutissima is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Cuba. It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Eugenia acutissima

***Eugenia acutissima*** is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Cuba. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Eugenia acutissima* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eugenia* |
| Species: | ***E. acutissima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eugenia acutissima***
Urb. & Ekman | |
|


title: San Bernardino kangaroo rat

abstract: The San Bernardino kangaroo rat is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is one of 19 recognized subspecies of Merriam's kangaroo rat that are spread throughout the arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like Dipodomys merriami, the San Bernardino kangaroo rat has the diagnostic trait of having four toes on its hind legs. Additionally, because of its geographic isolation, it has become the most highly differentiated subspecies of D. merriami.

text:
# San Bernardino kangaroo rat

The **San Bernardino kangaroo rat** (*Dipodomys merriami parvus*) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is one of 19 recognized subspecies of Merriam's kangaroo rat (*Dipodomys merriami*) that are spread throughout the arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico.

Like *Dipodomys merriami*, the San Bernardino kangaroo rat has the diagnostic trait of having four toes on its hind legs. Additionally, because of its geographic isolation, it has become the most highly differentiated subspecies of *D. merriami*.

## Description

The San Bernardino kangaroo rat follows the same body plan as *Dipodomys merriami* and other kangaroo rat species: large hind feet for jumping, long tail for balance while jumping, cheek pouches for foraging, and so on. Its body is about 95 millimeters (3.7 inches) long, with a total length of 230–235 mm (9.1–9.3 in). Its body color is weakly yellow with a heavy overwash of dusky brown. The tail stripes are medium to dark brown, with dark brown tail hairs and foot pads. Its flanks and cheeks are dusky.

*D. m. parvus* is substantially darker and smaller than the other two *D. merriami* subspecies that live in Southern California (*Dipodomys merriami merriami* and *Dipodomys merriami collinus*). This marked adaptation to its habitat has led Lidicker to say that "it seems likely to have achieved nearly species rank." (Lidicker 1960)

## Habitat

In most heteromyids, soil texture is a primary factor in determining species distributions. (Brown and Harney, 1993) The range of *D. m. parvus* is isolated from members of *D. m. merriami* at the northernmost extent of their range by 8–13 kilometers (5.0–8.1 miles) of unsuitable habitat, indicating possible past intergradation of the two subspecies.

San Bernardino kangaroo rats inhabit places with sandy loam substrates, characteristic of alluvial fans and flood plains, where they are able to dig small, simple burrows. Plant life in such areas is typically dominated by chaparral and coastal sage scrub (soft chaparral). These alluvial scrub habitats can be classified as pioneer, intermediate, and mature, in order of decreased frequency of flooding and increased density of plants. Of these subsections of this particular habitat, *D. m. parvus* is most populous in intermediate alluvial scrub.

### Distribution

*Dipodomys merriami parvus* is found unequally distributed between seven isolated locations. The four smallest remnant populations reside near City Creek, Etiwanda, Reche Canyon, and South Bloomington. The largest populations with the most area of suitable habitat are located near the Santa Ana River, Lytle and Cajon Creek, and the San Jacinto River.

The historical range of *D. m. parvus* encompassed roughly 320,000 acres (130,000 hectares). By the 1930s its range had been reduced to roughly 28,000 acres (11,000 hectares). In 1998, its range was approximated at only 3,247 acres (1,314 hectares).

## Human-caused threats

According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, *D. m. parvus* is threatened by "habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation by sand and gravel mining, flood control projects, urban development, vandalism, and inadequate regulatory mechanisms."

While sand and gravel mining and urban development have direct impact upon the habitat, flood control projects such as dams, levees, and berms indirectly change the habitat by preventing flooding. Curtailed flooding in these habitats will cause succession of the preferred *intermediate* alluvial scrub habitat to *mature* habitat, as removal and deposition of sand that would normally come with flooding has ceased. Furthermore, in areas with sufficient soil moisture, shrub densities will exceed the sparse to moderate densities where this subspecies lives. (Hanes et al. 1989, McKernan 1997)

Areas that are affected include the Santa Ana River, Lytle and Cajon Creek, and the San Jacinto River.

Urban development, in addition to directly destroying habitat, brings with it domesticated cats, a documented predator of the San Bernardino kangaroo rat. The likelihood of predation increases as the interface between natural and urban habitats is increased.

In addition to predation, the isolated ranges and small populations of *D. m. parvus* makes increased mortality rates more likely. Reduction in habitat size and species isolation leads to population loss "greater than expected from habitat loss alone," and this trend is well documented for rodents and other vertebrates. (Soule´ et al. 1992, Andren 1994, Bolger et al. 1997)

Isolated populations, being restricted to relatively small local areas, are more subject to extirpation from natural or human caused events, such as floods or drought. Due to their small population, they may also lose genetic variability and experience inbreeding depression. Isolation of groups is increased by the construction of railroad tracks, roads, and flood control channels.

Extirpation from flooding is becoming more likely as urban development pushes the remaining populations to the active flood plain. Due to the engineering of these allotted flood areas, the frequency and severity of flooding makes them uninhabitable. Likewise, in the areas where flooding has been diverted, the canopy density of the brush has increased beyond suitable levels for *D. m. parvus*.

### Failed government regulation

The Fish and Wildlife Service notes several points of inadequate regulation at the time of publication (1998):

1. Lead agencies made choices detrimental to *D. m. parvus* under California Environmental Quality Act and National Environmental Policy Act,
2. California Environmental Quality Act rulings are subject to overriding social or economic decisions,
3. California's Natural Community Conservation Planning program, which is responsible for conserving alluvial scrub, is a voluntary program which San Bernardino and Riverside counties had not joined,
4. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires that the parts of the *D. m. parvus* range used for mining undergo land rehabilitation; however, this will not likely have a beneficial effect on the species due to the changed topology and hydrology,
5. The Bureau of Land Management set aside three areas along the Santa Ana River for preservation of federally listed species such as *D. m. parvus*, the Santa Ana River woolly star (*Eriastrum densifolium* ssp. *sanctorum*), the slender-horned spineflower, and the California gnatcatcher. However, these areas are also allotted for potential water conservation projects such as percolation basins, and the areas allotted for the federally listed species seldom overlap with the range of *D. m. parvus*.
6. Finally, the Clean Water Act does not provide for conservation of threatened animals, and while projects executed under that act require a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, that agency has "allowed projects to proceed without their overview" within their jurisdiction.

## InfoBox

| *Dipodomys merriami parvus*
San Bernardino kangaroo rat | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered (ESA) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Heteromyidae |
| Genus: | *Dipodomys* |
| Species: | *D. merriami* |
| Subspecies: | ***D. m. parvus*** |
| Trinomial name | |
| ***Dipodomys merriami parvus***
Elliot, 1901 | |


title: Damisi

abstract: Damisi is an album recorded by American saxophonist Harold Land in 1972 for the Mainstream label. In Swahili damisi means "cheerful".

text:
# Damisi

***Damisi*** is an album recorded by American saxophonist Harold Land in 1972 for the Mainstream label. In Swahili *damisi* means "cheerful".

## Reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Tom Hull | B+ |

AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars stating "The modal music, which clearly shows the influences of early fusion and funk, is interesting but very much of its period".

## Track listing

*All compositions by Harold Land except as indicated*

1. "Step Right Up to the Bottom" - 4:40
2. "In the Back, in the Corner, in the Dark" - 5:48
3. "Pakistan" - 7:58
4. "Chocolate Mess" (Ndugu Chancler) - 7:31
5. "Damisi" - 9:08
6. "Dark Mood" - 8:48 Bonus track on CD reissue, taken from *Choma (Burn)*
7. "Up and Down" - 10:49 Bonus track on CD reissue, taken from the Mainstream LP *Jazz*, a sampler featuring various artists

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Damisi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Harold Land | |
| Released | 1972 |
| Recorded | 1972
Los Angeles, CA |
| Genre | Jazz |
| Length | 54:42 |
| Label | Mainstream
MRL 367 |
| Producer | Bob Shad |
| Harold Land chronology | |
| *Choma (Burn)*
(1971) ***Damisi***
(1972) *Mapenzi*
(1977) | |


title: Ceradocus

abstract: Ceradocus is a genus of amphipods in the family, Maeridae, and was first described in 1853 by Achille Costa. The type species is Ceradocus orchestiipes.

text:
# Ceradocus

***Ceradocus*** is a genus of amphipods in the family, Maeridae, and was first described in 1853 by Achille Costa. The type species is *Ceradocus orchestiipes*.

## Species

Species accepted by WoRMS
in the subgenus Ceradocus:

in the subgenus Ceradocus (Denticeradocus) Sheard, 1939

Species not allocated to a subgenus:

## InfoBox

| *Ceradocus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ceradocus sellickensis* (male) | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Amphipoda |
| Family: | Maeridae |
| Genus: | *Ceradocus*
Costa, 1853 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Ceradocus orchestiipes*
Costa, 1853 | |


title: The Big Blue

abstract: The Big Blue is a 1988 drama film in the French Cinéma du look visual style, made by French director Luc Besson. It is a heavily fictionalized and dramatized story of the friendship and sporting rivalry between two leading contemporary champion free divers in the 20th century: Jacques Mayol and Enzo Maiorca, and Mayol's fictionalized relationship with his girlfriend Johana Baker. The film became one of France's most commercially successful films. French President Jacques Chirac referred to the film in describing Mayol, after his death in 2001, as an enduring symbol for the "Big Blue" generation. The story was heavily adapted for cinema. In real life, Mayol lived from 1927 to 2001 and Maiorca retired from diving to politics in the 1980s. Both set no-limits-category deep diving records below 100 metres, and Mayol was indeed involved in scientific research into human aquatic potential, but neither reached 400 feet as portrayed in the film, and they were not direct competitors. Mayol himself was a screenwriter for the film, and Mayol's search for love, family, "wholeness" and the meaning of life and death, and the conflict and tension between his yearning for the deep and his relationship with his girlfriend are also major elements of the latter part of the film.

text:
# The Big Blue

***The Big Blue*** (released in some countries under the French title ***Le Grand Bleu***) is a 1988 drama film in the French *Cinéma du look* visual style, made by French director Luc Besson. It is a heavily fictionalized and dramatized story of the friendship and sporting rivalry between two leading contemporary champion free divers in the 20th century: Jacques Mayol (played by Jean-Marc Barr) and Enzo Maiorca (renamed "Enzo Molinari" and played by Jean Reno), and Mayol's fictionalized relationship with his girlfriend Johana Baker (played by Rosanna Arquette).

The film became one of France's most commercially successful films (although an adaptation for US release was a commercial failure in that country). French President Jacques Chirac referred to the film in describing Mayol, after his death in 2001, as an enduring symbol for the "Big Blue" generation.

The story was heavily adapted for cinema. In real life, Mayol lived from 1927 to 2001 and Maiorca retired from diving to politics in the 1980s. Both set no-limits-category deep diving records below 100 metres, and Mayol was indeed involved in scientific research into human aquatic potential, but neither reached 400 feet (120 metres) as portrayed in the film, and they were not direct competitors. Mayol himself was a screenwriter for the film, and Mayol's search for love, family, "wholeness" and the meaning of life and death, and the conflict and tension between his yearning for the deep and his relationship with his girlfriend are also major elements of the latter part of the film.

## Plot

Two children, Jacques Mayol and Enzo Molinari, grow up on the Greek island of Amorgos in the 1960s. Enzo challenges Jacques to collect a coin on the sea floor but Jacques refuses. Jacques' father—who harvests shellfish from the seabed using a pump-supplied air hose and helmet—goes diving. His breathing apparatus and rope gets caught and punctured by rocks, and weighed down by water, he drowns in front of Jacques and Enzo.

By the 1980s, both are well known freedivers. In Sicily, Enzo rescues a trapped diver from a shipwreck. He is a world champion freediver and now wishes to find Jacques and persuade him to return to no-limits freediving in order to prove he is still the better of the two. Jacques works as a human research subject with dolphins and is participating in research into human physiology in the lakes of the Peruvian Andes, where his bodily responses to cold water immersion are being recorded. Insurance broker Johana Baker visits the station and is introduced to Jacques. After hearing that Jacques will be at the World Diving Championships in Taormina, Sicily, she fabricates an insurance problem that requires her presence there, in order to meet him again. The two start dating. However, none of them realize the extent of Jacques' allurement with the depths. Jacques beats Enzo by 1 metre, and Enzo offers him a crystal dolphin as a gift, and a tape measure to show the small difference between their respective records. Johana goes back home to New York but is fired after her deception is discovered; she leaves New York and begins to live with Jacques. She hears the story that mermaids appear to the ones who truly love the sea and lead them to an enchanted place.

At the next World Diving Championships, Enzo beats Jacques' record. The depths at which the divers compete enter new territory, and the dive doctor suggests they should stop, to no avail. Jacques is asked to look at a dolphinarium where a new dolphin has been placed, and where the dolphins are no longer performing; surmising that the new dolphin is homesick, the three of them break in at night to liberate and return her to the sea. Back at the competition, other divers attempt to break Enzo's world record, but each fails. Jacques succeeds, reaching 400 feet (120 m). Angered by this, Enzo prepares to break Jacques' record. The doctor warns that the competitors must not go deeper, as the pressure becomes lethal at those depths. Enzo dismisses the doctor and attempts the dive anyway but is unable to return to the surface. Jacques dives to rescue him. Enzo, dying, tells Jacques that he was right and that it is better down there. He begs Jacques to help him back down to the depths, where he belongs. Distraught, Jacques refuses, and Enzo dies in his arms. To honor his dying wish, Jacques takes Enzo's body back down to a depth where the human body becomes negatively buoyant, and lets his friend sink into the depths. Jacques—himself suffering from cardiac arrest after the dive—is rescued by supervising scuba divers and requires his heart to be restarted with a defibrillator before being placed in medical quarters to recover.

Jacques appears to be recovering from the diving accident but later experiences a hallucinatory dream in which the ceiling collapses and the room fills with water, and he finds himself in the ocean depths with dolphins. After discovering she is pregnant, Johana returns to check up on Jacques but finds him lying unresponsive in his bed with bloody ears and a bloody nose. Johana attempts to help him, but Jacques gets up and walks to the diving boat and gets suited up for one final dive. Desperately, Johana begs Jacques not to go, saying she is alive but whatever has happened at the depths is not, but he says he has to. She announces she is pregnant and begs Jacques to stay. However, she eventually lets him go. The two embrace and Johana breaks down crying. Jacques then places the release cord for the dive ballast in her hand, and—still sobbing—she pulls it, sending him down to the depths. Jacques descends and floats for a moment, staring into the darkness. A dolphin then appears, and Jacques lets go of his harness, swimming away with it into the darkness.

### Original and alternate (US) endings

The original ending was intentionally ambiguous, though considering the depth Jacques has swum to, it would seem he is unlikely to regain the surface alive. In the American adaptation, the ending is extended with an additional scene: after swimming away with the dolphin, Jacques is returned to the surface.

## Cast

## Comparison with real life

The film was heavily fictionalized. In real life, Jacques Mayol and Enzo Maiorca were indeed champions and contemporaries. However, they did not directly compete, neither reached 400 feet, and neither died while diving.

Mayol was indeed involved in scientific research into human aquatic potential, and was fascinated by dolphins, and was recorded as having a heartbeat that slowed from 60 to 27 beats per minute when diving. He held numerous world records, including dives to below 100 metres. After a bout of depression, he killed himself in 2001, long after the film's release.

Maiorca (renamed as "Enzo Molinari" in the film) also set numerous depth records from 1960 to 1988, despite involuntarily retiring from the sport for over a decade between 1974 and 1986 after an outburst on TV cost him a competition ban. He entered politics in the 1990s, and became a member of the Italian Senate for a time. For many years, he resisted public showing of the film in Italy, as he considered it to caricature him poorly; after Mayol's death in 2001, he relented and accepted the showing of the film.

## Production

Besson was initially unsure of whom to cast in the main role of Mayol. He initially offered the role to Christopher Lambert and Mickey Rourke and even considered himself for the role until someone suggested Jean-Marc Barr. Besson has a cameo appearance as one of the divers in the film. *The Big Blue* was the most financially successful French film of the 1980s, selling 9,193,873 tickets in France alone, and played in French theaters for a year.

With its extensive underwater scenes and languid score (as with nearly all of Besson's films, the soundtrack was composed by Éric Serra), the film has been both praised as beautiful and serene, and in equal measure criticized as being too drawn out, overly reflective and introspective. While popular in Europe, the film was a commercial failure in North America. The American version was recut to include a simplified "happy" ending, and Serra's score was replaced with a soundtrack composed by Bill Conti. This version was only available on VHS and LaserDisc in the United States (both with 4×3 pan-and-scan transfers) and is currently out of print. The director later released a longer director's cut on DVD, featuring the original ending and an extended version of the Serra score.

Much of the film was shot on the Greek island of Amorgos, where Agia Anna and the monastery of Panagia Hozoviotissa can be seen. The film was dedicated to his daughter Juliette Besson, who required surgery after becoming ill during filming.

### Filming locations

## Reception

The film was met with positive reviews in Europe, where it was described as "one of the most significant cult movies of the 1980s" by French Cinema historian Rémi Lanzoni, who described it as "ooz\[ing\] with a sensuous beauty unlike any other film at the time".

The film was slightly edited for US release to have a new, positive ending and the original score was also replaced.

The US release was met with above average reviews. The film aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes gave it 62%, based on 21 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Though this movie features beautiful cinematography, it drags on, being way too overblown and melodramatic."

Kevin Thomas of the *Los Angeles Times*, praised its cinematography, but warned viewers to "be prepared to want to come up for air only minutes into \[the film\]", referring to the film's pointless plot.

The film sold only 97,817 tickets in its opening week in and around Paris but went on to become one of the most popular French films of all-time in France with admissions of 9.2 million.

## Awards

*The Big Blue* was nominated for several César Awards and won César Award for Best Music Written for a Film (Éric Serra) and Best Sound in 1989. The film also won France's National Academy of Cinema's Academy Award in 1989.

The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival.

Andrzej Malinowski's film poster for *The Big Blue* received a César Award nomination in 1989 from the French Academy of Arts and Film Techniques.

## Home media

The film was released on DVD on 21 July 2009.

A Blu-ray version containing both the extended and theatrical versions was released on September 14, 2009, in the United Kingdom, but this contains French-dubbed versions of both cuts, rather than the original English language. This was later corrected and the second release contained a LPCM 2.0 English soundtrack and a DTS 2.0 French dub. The French Blu-ray release contains only the Director's Cut of the film but with a French DTS-MA 5.1 soundtrack and is supplemented with Besson's *Atlantis* documentary on Blu-ray as well.

A poster for the film can be seen in the photo studio in the 1992 South Korean film *The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream*.

In 1993, the Israeli singer Sharon Lifshitz released the song "Ha'ish Me'hayam" (האיש מהים - The Man From The Sea) which was written by Tzruya Lahav and was based on the film.

In the 2009 Japanese anime series *Eden of the East*, Akira plays the film in his villa's cinema for Saki, who was a big fan. The title of the episode, "On the Night of the Late Show", is a reference to this scene.

## InfoBox

| The Big Blue
Le Grand Bleu | |
| --- | --- |
| Theatrical poster | |
| Directed by | Luc Besson |
| Screenplay by |  |
| Story by | Luc Besson |
| Produced by | Patrice Ledoux |
| Starring |  |
| Cinematography | Carlo Varini |
| Edited by | Olivier Mauffroy |
| Music by |  |
| Production
company | Gaumont |
| Distributed by | Gaumont
(France)
Weintraub Entertainment Group
Columbia Pictures
(United States)
Filmauro
(Italy) |
| Release dates | * 11 May 1988 (1988-05-11) (France) * 19 August 1988 (1988-08-19) (United States) |
| Running time | 168 minutes |
| Countries | France
United States
Italy |
| Languages | English
Italian
French |
| Budget | FRF 80 million
(*est.* US$13.5 million) |
| Box office | 9.2 million admissions (France)
$3.6 million (USA) |


title: Serra da Barriga

abstract: Serra da Barriga is a mountain range located in the municipality of União dos Palmares, in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. It is best known for being the location of a fortified settlement known as Cerca do Macaco under the control of the Palmares, an established group of fugitives and escaped slaves. At the time of the Palmares, it was a part of the state of Pernambuco. The final assault on the mountain occurred in January 1694, and was led by the Portuguese Bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho. The mountain was listed in the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1986. The Serra da Barriga is part of the Southern Borborema Plateau, a geomorphological unit with a hot and humid climate. The area occupied by the Serra da Barriga is the starting point of the Açucena creek, a tributary which flows to the Mundaú valley. It flows to the north of the mountain, and reaches 8.6 km in length.

text:
# Serra da Barriga

9°10′12″S 36°5′17″W / 9.17000°S 36.08806°W / -9.17000; -36.08806

**Serra da Barriga** is a mountain range located in the municipality of União dos Palmares, in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. It is best known for being the location of a fortified settlement known as Cerca do Macaco under the control of the Palmares, an established group of fugitives and escaped slaves. At the time of the Palmares, it was a part of the state of Pernambuco. The final assault on the mountain occurred in January 1694, and was led by the Portuguese Bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho. The mountain was listed in the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1986.

The Serra da Barriga is part of the Southern Borborema Plateau, a geomorphological unit with a hot and humid climate. The area occupied by the Serra da Barriga is the starting point of the Açucena creek, a tributary which flows to the Mundaú valley. It flows to the north of the mountain, and reaches 8.6 km in length.


title: Eugenia acutisepala

abstract: Eugenia acutisepala is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica.

text:
# Eugenia acutisepala

***Eugenia acutisepala*** is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica.

## InfoBox

| *Eugenia acutisepala* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eugenia* |
| Species: | ***E. acutisepala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eugenia acutisepala***
Proctor | |
|


title: Béhuard

abstract: Béhuard is a commune and island in a contiguous river in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.

text:
# Béhuard

**Béhuard** (French pronunciation: \[be'ɥaʁ\] ) is a commune and island in a contiguous river in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 85 |  |
| 1975 | 100 | +2.35% |
| 1982 | 93 | −1.03% |
| 1990 | 94 | +0.13% |
| 1999 | 110 | +1.76% |
| 2007 | 130 | +2.11% |
| 2012 | 124 | −0.94% |
| 2017 | 125 | +0.16% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Béhuard | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The church in Béhuard | |
|  | |
| Location of Béhuard | |
| BéhuardBéhuard | |
| Coordinates: 47°22′48″N 0°38′34″W / 47.38°N 0.6428°W / 47.38; -0.6428 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Pays de la Loire |
| Department | Maine-et-Loire |
| Arrondissement | Angers |
| Canton | Angers-3 |
| Intercommunality | CU Angers Loire Métropole |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Bruno Richou |
| Area**1** | 2.21 km2 (0.85 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 122 |
| Density | 55/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 49028 /49170 |
| Elevation | 12–16 m (39–52 ft)
(avg. 17 m or 56 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: R Fornacis

abstract: R Fornacis is a Mira variable and carbon star located in the constellation Fornax. It is around 1,800 light years away based on parallax measurements. R Fornacis is a carbon star, a star on the asymptotic giant branch with an excess of carbon over oxygen in its atmosphere due to fusion products being dredged up to the surface from deep inside the star. It is also a Mira variable, a type of pulsating giant star which varies by several apparent magnitudes with a period of a few hundred days. R Fornacis has a period of 389 days and varies between extremes of magnitude 7.5 and 13.0, although average maximum and minimum magnitudes are 8.9 and 12.2 respectively. R Fornacis was discovered to be variable in 1896 after it had been observed with a different brightness to that shown in the Cordoba Durchmusterung. In 1983, an unusually deep minimum was observed, and later correlated with an asymmetric shell of material ejected from the surface of the star. Unconfirmed visual estimates of the unusual minimum give a magnitude of 14.0, while infrared observations confirm the unusual variation.

text:
# R Fornacis

**R Fornacis** is a Mira variable and carbon star located in the constellation Fornax. It is around 1,800 light years away based on parallax measurements.

R Fornacis is a carbon star, a star on the asymptotic giant branch with an excess of carbon over oxygen in its atmosphere due to fusion products being dredged up to the surface from deep inside the star. It is also a Mira variable, a type of pulsating giant star which varies by several apparent magnitudes with a period of a few hundred days. R Fornacis has a period of 389 days and varies between extremes of magnitude 7.5 and 13.0, although average maximum and minimum magnitudes are 8.9 and 12.2 respectively.

R Fornacis was discovered to be variable in 1896 after it had been observed with a different brightness to that shown in the Cordoba Durchmusterung. In 1983, an unusually deep minimum was observed, and later correlated with an asymmetric shell of material ejected from the surface of the star. Unconfirmed visual estimates of the unusual minimum give a magnitude of 14.0, while infrared observations confirm the unusual variation.

## Possible planetary system

A study led by C. Paladini, using near-infrared interferometry at the Very Large Telescope, detected a photocenter shift between R Fornacis and an object on its circumstellar envelope. This might be caused by a dust blob that moves around the circumstellar dust, or by a Jovian-mass companion (~1 MJ), with an orbital period around R Fornacis of 185 years.

1. "Download Data". *aavso.org*. AAVSO. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
2. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "*Gaia* Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **649**: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e).  Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
3. Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". *VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S*. **1**: B/gcvs. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
4. Paladini, C.; Sacuto, S.; Klotz, D.; Ohnaka, K.; Wittkowski, M.; Nowotny, W.; Jorissen, A.; Hron, J. (2012). "Detection of an asymmetry in the envelope of the carbon Mira R Fornacis using VLTI/MIDI". *Astronomy & Astrophysics*. **544**: L5. arXiv:1207.3910. Bibcode:2012A&A...544L...5P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219831. S2CID 54598068.
5. Yamashita, Y. (1975). "The C-classification of spectra of carbon stars. II". *Tokyo*. **15**: 47. Bibcode:1975AnTok..15...47Y.
6. Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". *CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues*. **2237**. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D.
7. Anders, F.; Khalatyan, A.; Chiappini, C.; Queiroz, A. B.; Santiago, B. X.; Jordi, C.; Girardi, L.; Brown, A. G. A.; Matijevič, G.; Monari, G.; Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Weiler, M.; Khan, S.; Miglio, A.; Carrillo, I.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Minchev, I.; De Jong, R. S.; Antoja, T.; Ramos, P.; Steinmetz, M.; Enke, H. (2019). "Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia DR2 stars brighter than G = 18". *Astronomy and Astrophysics*. **628**: A94. arXiv:1904.11302. Bibcode:2019A&A...628A..94A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935765. S2CID 131780028.
8. Siderud, Emelie (2020). *Dust emission modelling of AGB stars*.
9. Feast, M. W.; Whitelock, P. A.; Catchpole, R. M.; Roberts, G.; Overbeek, M. D. (1984). "Variable circumstellar obscuration of the carbon star R Fornacis". *Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society*. **211** (2): 331–337. doi:10.1093/mnras/211.2.331.
10. Pickering, E. C.; Leland, E. F. (1896). "Harvard College Observatory, circular no. 10. Six new variable stars". *The Astrophysical Journal*. **4**: 234. Bibcode:1896ApJ.....4..234P. doi:10.1086/140271.

## InfoBox

R Fornacis
|
The visual band light curve of R Fornacis, from AAVSO data | |
| --- | --- |
| Observation data
Epoch J2000.0      Equinox J2000.0 | |
| Constellation | Fornax |
|
| Right ascension | 02h 29m 15.308s |
| Declination | −26° 05 55.65 |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 7.5 - 13.0 |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | AGB |
| Spectral type | C4,3e |
|
| Apparent magnitude (J) | 3.82 |
| Apparent magnitude (K) | 1.06 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable type | Mira |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astrometry | |
|  | |
| **Proper motion (μ)** | RA: 8.551 mas/yr
Dec.: −3.957 mas/yr |
| **Parallax (π)** | 1.8069 ± 0.0358 mas |
| **Distance** | 1,810 ± 40 ly
(550 ± 10 pc) |
|  | |
| Details | |
|  | |
| **Mass** | 1.05 |
| **Radius** | 575 |
| **Luminosity** | 5,800 |
| **Surface gravity (log *g*)** | 0.12 cgs |
| **Temperature** | 2,100 |
| **Metallicity** \[Fe/H\] | 0.21 dex |
|  | |
| Other designations | |
| For, CD−26°892, IRAS 02270-2619, 2MASS J02291531-2605559 | |
| Database references | |
| **SIMBAD** | data |


title: Dan Craven

abstract: Dan Craven is a Namibian racing cyclist, who last rode for Namibian amateur team NCCS Cycling Team. He is the grandson of Danie Craven, the South African rugby union icon. Craven started cycling seriously when he studied at Stellenbosch University. After graduating with a degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics he moved to Switzerland in 2005 in order to pursue a cycling career. A strong time trialist, Craven was a runner up in the 2006 African Championships, and boasts a 7th place in the time trial at the 2007 B World Championships in Cape Town. Craven joined the Rapha Condor team for the 2009 season. Craven was the 2008 African Road Race champion, having taken the crown in Casablanca in November just two days after he had picked up a Bronze in the African Time Trial Championships. He joined Team IG–Sigma Sport for the 2012 season. He spent 2013 riding for Synergy Baku before joining the German-based Bike Aid–Ride for Help squad for 2014. In May 2014 it was announced that Craven had been signed to UCI World Tour team, Team Europcar, with effect from July. His first major goal was the last grand tour of 2014, the Vuelta a España. In 2015 he won the Namibian National Road Race Championships for the fourth time.

text:
# Dan Craven

**Dan Craven** (born 1 February 1983) is a Namibian racing cyclist, who last rode for Namibian amateur team NCCS Cycling Team. He is the grandson of Danie Craven, the South African rugby union icon.

Craven started cycling seriously when he studied at Stellenbosch University. After graduating with a degree in Politics, Philosophy and Economics he moved to Switzerland in 2005 in order to pursue a cycling career.

A strong time trialist, Craven was a runner up in the 2006 African Championships, and boasts a 7th place in the time trial at the 2007 B World Championships in Cape Town.

Craven joined the Rapha Condor team for the 2009 season. Craven was the 2008 African Road Race champion, having taken the crown in Casablanca in November just two days after he had picked up a Bronze in the African Time Trial Championships. He joined Team IG–Sigma Sport for the 2012 season. He spent 2013 riding for Synergy Baku before joining the German-based Bike Aid–Ride for Help squad for 2014. In May 2014 it was announced that Craven had been signed to UCI World Tour team, Team Europcar, with effect from July. His first major goal was the last grand tour of 2014, the Vuelta a España.

In 2015 he won the Namibian National Road Race Championships for the fourth time.

## Major results

2005 1st  Road race, National Road Championships 2006 1st  Road race, National Road Championships 2nd  Time trial, African Road Championships 2nd GP Demy–Cars 2007 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships 2nd Giro delle Valli Aretine 3rd GP Folignano 7th Time trial, UCI B World Championships 2008 African Road Championships 1st  Road race 3rd  Time trial 1st  Road race, National Road Championships 1st Grand Prix Cristal Energie 2nd Trofeo Salvatore Morucci 3rd Giro del Cigno 3rd GP Inda–Trofeo Aras Frattini 5th GP Folignano 6th Coppa della Pace 2009 1st UCI Africa Tour 1st Chas Messenger Road Race 1st Shay Elliott Memorial Race 1st Stage 4 Tour of Rwanda 1st Clayton Velo Spring Classic 2nd Shay Elliott Memorial Race 2010 1st Clayton Velo Spring Classic 1st Stage 4 Tour of Rwanda 2nd East Midlands Classic African Road Championships 3rd  Road race 5th Time trial 3rd Overall Rás Tailteann 1st Stage 1 2011 4th Jock Wadley Memorial 5th Overall Vuelta Ciclista a León 1st Stage 3 5th East Yorkshire Classic 7th Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo 1st Mountains classification 8th Overall Ronde de l'Oise 8th Ryedale Grand Prix 2012 National Road Championships 2nd Time trial 2nd Road race 7th Lincoln Grand Prix 2013 African Road Championships 2nd  Road race 6th Individual time trial 2014 1st  Overall Tour du Cameroun 1st Mountains classification 5th Overall Tour du Maroc 9th Road race, Commonwealth Games 2015 1st  Road race, National Road Championships 4th Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo 9th Time trial, African Games 2016 National Road Championships 1st  Road race 2nd Time trial 2017 2nd Road race, National Road Championships 2018 1st  Overall Tour du Sénégal 1st Stage 6 3rd Road race, National Road Championships 2019 2nd Road race, National Road Championships 7th Overall Tour of Good Hope 9th Road race, African Road Championships 2020 1st  Road race, National Road Championships

## InfoBox

Dan Craven
| Craven at the 2015 Le Samyn wearing his Namibian national champions jersey. | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Dan Craven |
| Born | (1983-02-01) 1 February 1983
Otjiwarongo, South West Africa |
| Team information | |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Rider type | All-rounder |
| Amateur teams | |
| 2005–2008 | Team Fidibc.com |
| 2018–2019 | Embrace the World |
| 2019 | Cycling Team Bochum |
| 2019 | NCCS Cycling Team |
|  | |
| Professional teams | |
| 2009–2011 | Rapha Condor |
| 2012 | Team IG–Sigma Sport |
| 2013 | Synergy Baku |
| 2014 | Bike Aid–Ride for Help |
| 2014–2015 | Team Europcar |
| 2016–2017 | Cycling Academy |
|  | |
| Major wins | |
| **One-day Races and Classics** National Road Race Championships
(2005, 2006, 2008, 2015, 2016, 2020) | |
|  | |
| Medal record      Men's road cycling  Representing  Namibia  CAC Road African Championships  2013 Sharm El Sheikh Road Race | |


title: Cerconota capnosphaera

abstract: Cerconota capnosphaera is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana. The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are light brownish-ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with light grey and with a small grey spot on the base of the dorsum and with a roundish dark slaty-grey blotch resting on the costa about one-fifth and reaching half across the wing, followed by two small grey spots. There is a very dark brown trapezoidal blotch extending on the dorsum from two-fifths to three-fourths, reaching half across the wing, narrowed upwards. A very dark brown transverse-oval blotch is found towards the termen, the area between this and the dorsal blotch dark slaty grey, forming an irregular patch extending upwards in front of the subterminal blotch nearly to the costa. There are two or three small irregular dark grey marks towards the costa on the posterior half and a dark slaty-grey pre-terminal streak, only narrowly separated from the preceding blotch above and touching it beneath. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

text:
# Cerconota capnosphaera

***Cerconota capnosphaera*** is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.

The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are light brownish-ochreous, somewhat sprinkled with light grey and with a small grey spot on the base of the dorsum and with a roundish dark slaty-grey blotch resting on the costa about one-fifth and reaching half across the wing, followed by two small grey spots. There is a very dark brown trapezoidal blotch extending on the dorsum from two-fifths to three-fourths, reaching half across the wing, narrowed upwards. A very dark brown transverse-oval blotch is found towards the termen, the area between this and the dorsal blotch dark slaty grey, forming an irregular patch extending upwards in front of the subterminal blotch nearly to the costa. There are two or three small irregular dark grey marks towards the costa on the posterior half and a dark slaty-grey pre-terminal streak, only narrowly separated from the preceding blotch above and touching it beneath. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

## InfoBox

| *Cerconota capnosphaera* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Depressariidae |
| Genus: | *Cerconota* |
| Species: | ***C. capnosphaera*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cerconota capnosphaera***<br>(Meyrick, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Stenoma capnosphaera* Meyrick, 1916 | |


title: The Accuser (album)

abstract: The Accuser is the fourth album by American black metal band Abigail Williams. It was released on October 30, 2015, via Candlelight Records, and features a one-time lineup that includes guitarist Jeff Wilson, drummer Charlie Fell, and bassist Will Lindsay, along with additional vocals by Neill Jameson. Cover art was made by Stevie Floyd.

text:
# The Accuser (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Louder Sound |  |
| Maximum Volume Music | 8.5/10 |

***The Accuser*** is the fourth album by American black metal band Abigail Williams. It was released on October 30, 2015, via Candlelight Records, and features a one-time lineup that includes guitarist Jeff Wilson, drummer Charlie Fell, and bassist Will Lindsay, along with additional vocals by Neill Jameson. Cover art was made by Stevie Floyd.

## Critical reception

The album was met with highly positive reviews. A reviewer in Metal Injection stated, "If you’ve had issue with Abigail Williams in the past (albeit their generic Dimmu Borgir worship or their deathcore days) don’t let that stop you from listening to what is actually a fantastically composed album. The Accuser stands as my favorite incarnation of the band’s material. The old school mentality gives the band a serious edge, though their still not without modern influence in the post metal world (we’re “post” everything these days, aren't we?). Those that love Gorgoroth and Emperor, but can stand to see flashes of bands like Pelican in their black metal take note and get on this one."

Andy Synn of No Clean Singing explained in his review, "Where Becoming built up slowly, rising towards the point of eruption, The Accuser burns hard right from the start, but burns itself down to the bone in the process. It’s a simple but effective shift in approach, but one that was definitely the right move to make, simultaneously sidestepping accusations of trend-chasing whilst also refusing to be boxed in or stagnate in one place, and right now I’m struggling to decide between Becoming and The Accuser as to which is the better album..."

Joseph Collins of CVLT Nation concluded his review by saying "that Ken Sorceron and his new compatriots have achieved the vision they were going for when they united under the banner of Abigail Williams. The days of metal-core breakdowns and dark tributes to symphonic Black Metal are gone. The Accuser sounds like a totally different project, one that has been forged and tempered in isolation and suffocating despair. While admittingly, it does borrow a bit from the sound of more bench-marked projects, it still has the balls and chops to stand up alongside other projects within the extreme metal scene, particularly the always “tolerant and open-minded” American and European Black Metal scene."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Path of Broken Glass" | 5:33 |
| 2. | "The Cold Lines" | 3:48 |
| 3. | "Of the Outer Darkness" | 7:12 |
| 4. | "Will, Wish and Desire" | 5:58 |
| 5. | "Godhead" | 7:12 |
| 6. | "Forever Kingdom of Dirt" | 6:42 |
| 7. | "Lost Communion" | 4:04 |
| 8. | "Nuummite" | 5:08 |
| Total length: | | 45:37 |

## Personnel

### Abigail Williams

* Ken Sorceron – vocals, guitars, drums, keyboards
* Jeff Wilson – guitars, keyboards
* Will Lindsay – bass
* Charlie Fell – drums, bass, vocals

### Guest musicians

* Neill Jameson – additional vocals

### Production

* Ken Sorceron – producer
* Stevie Floyd – cover art

## InfoBox

| The Accuser | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Abigail Williams | |
| Released | October 30, 2015 (2015-10-30) |
| Genre | Black metal |
| Length | 45:37 |
| Label | Candlelight |
| Producer | Ken Sorceron |
| Abigail Williams chronology | |
| *Becoming*
(2012) ***The Accuser***
(2015) *Walk Beyond the Dark*
(2019) | |


title: Α-Ketobutyric acid

abstract: α-Ketobutyric acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2C(O)CO2H. It is a colorless solid that melts just above room temperature. Its conjugate base α-ketobutyrate is the predominant form found in nature (near neutral pH). It results from the lysis of cystathionine. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine, produced by the catabolism of the amino acid by threonine dehydratase. It is also produced by the degradation of homocysteine and the metabolism of methionine. α-Ketobutyrate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is converted to propionyl-CoA by branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Further mitochondrial reactions produce succinyl-CoA. This is first through the enzyme mitochondria propionyl-CoA carboxylase with biotin as a cofactor to produce (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA. This is subsequently converted to (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA by mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. Finally, mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase with cofactor adenosylcobalamin produces succinyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle.

text:
# Α-Ketobutyric acid

**α-Ketobutyric acid** is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2C(O)CO2H. It is a colorless solid that melts just above room temperature. Its conjugate base **α-ketobutyrate** is the predominant form found in nature (near neutral pH). It results from the lysis of cystathionine. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine, produced by the catabolism of the amino acid by threonine dehydratase. It is also produced by the degradation of homocysteine and the metabolism of methionine.

α-Ketobutyrate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is converted to propionyl-CoA by branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Further mitochondrial reactions produce succinyl-CoA. This is first through the enzyme mitochondria propionyl-CoA carboxylase with biotin as a cofactor to produce (*S*)-methylmalonyl-CoA. This is subsequently converted to (*R*)-methylmalonyl-CoA by mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase. Finally, mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase with cofactor adenosylcobalamin produces succinyl-CoA which enters the citric acid cycle.

## Conversion in sotolon in French *vin jaune*

*Vin jaune* is marked by the formation of sotolon from alpha-ketobutyric acid.

## InfoBox

α-Ketobutyric acid
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name 2-Oxobutanoic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| 3D model (JSmol) |  |
| ChEBI |  |
| ChEMBL |  |
| ChemSpider |  |
| DrugBank |  |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.009.080 |
| EC Number | * 209-986-9 |
| KEGG |  |
| MeSH | Alpha-ketobutyric+acid |
| PubChem CID |  |
| UNII |  |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| InChI * InChI=1S/C4H6O3/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7/h2H2,1H3,(H,6,7) YKey: TYEYBOSBBBHJIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y * InChI=1/C4H6O3/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7/h2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)Key: TYEYBOSBBBHJIV-UHFFFAOYAT | |
| SMILES * O=C(C(=O)O)CC | |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H6O3 |
| Molar mass | 102.089 g/mol |
| Appearance | colorless solid |
| Melting point | 33 °C (91 °F; 306 K) |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Self-Portrait Aged 71

abstract: Self-Portrait Aged 71 is an 1862 oil-on-canvas painting by the Italian artist Francesco Hayez. The Uffizi had been requesting a self-portrait from him since 1858 via Andrea Appiani's daughter-in-law Giuseppina Appiani Strigelli and it finally arrived in 1863. It is still in the Uffizi's Vasari Corridor. At this period Hayez emphasised Risorgimento themes and became a symbol of the new unified Italy. The work is still in its original 19th-century frame, gilded with pure gold leaf. It is signed and dated "Francesco Hayez Venezia 1862" at bottom left. It was included in the 1975 Milan exhibition Mostra dei Maestri di Brera: (1776–1859).

text:
# Self-Portrait Aged 71

***Self-Portrait Aged 71*** is an 1862 oil-on-canvas painting by the Italian artist Francesco Hayez. The Uffizi had been requesting a self-portrait from him since 1858 via Andrea Appiani's daughter-in-law Giuseppina Appiani Strigelli and it finally arrived in 1863. It is still in the Uffizi's Vasari Corridor.

At this period Hayez emphasised Risorgimento themes and became a symbol of the new unified Italy. The work is still in its original 19th-century frame, gilded with pure gold leaf. It is signed and dated "Francesco Hayez Venezia 1862" at bottom left. It was included in the 1975 Milan exhibition *Mostra dei Maestri di Brera: (1776–1859)*.

1. (in Italian) *Mostra dei Maestri di Brera: (1776-1859): Palazzo della Permanente, Milano, febbraio 1975-aprile 1975*, Milano, Società per le Belle Arti ed Esposizione Permanente; Comune di Milano, Ripartizione Cultura, SBN IT\ICCU\RAV\0038217.

## Bibliography (in Italian)

* Giorgio Nicodemi (ed.), *Francesco Hayez*, Milano, Ceschina, SBN IT\ICCU\LIA\0128630.
* Sergio Coradeschi, *L'opera completa di Hayez*, Milano, Rizzoli, 1971, SBN IT\ICCU\RAV\0053262.
* Gallerie degli Uffizi, *Gli Uffizi: Catalogo generale*, Firenze, Centro Di, 1980, p. 895 \[1979\], SBN IT\ICCU\RAV\0060995.
* Fernando Mazzocca, *Francesco Hayez: catalogo ragionato*, Milano, F. Motta, 1994, SBN IT\ICCU\MIL\0236634.
* Fernando Mazzocca (ed.), *Francesco Hayez*, Cinisello Balsamo-Torino, Silvana-Intesa Sanpaolo, 2015, SBN IT\ICCU\MOD\1652209. Catalogo della Mostra tenuta a Milano nel 2015-2016

## InfoBox

| Self-Portrait Aged 71 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Francesco Hayez |
| Year | 1862 |
| Medium | oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 125.5 cm × 101.5 cm (49.4 in × 40.0 in) |
| Location | Uffizi, Florence |


title: Setanta Sports Asia

abstract: Setanta Sports Philippines Limited is a pay television sports channel and over-the-top streaming service operating in the Philippines owned by Eurasian Broadcasting Enterprise Ltd. Originally broadcasting as Setanta Sports Asia, an Asian pay television sports channel operating in the Asia Pacific region owned by Discovery Communications. It primarily airs the sports of rugby union and rugby league. The channel was available on TV platforms in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia/Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, and Taiwan. As of 2024, Setanta Sports is only available in the Philippines after the latter's owners relaunched the platform in 2022 to sole exclusive broadcast rights for the Premier League.

text:
# Setanta Sports Asia

**Setanta Sports Philippines Limited** is a pay television sports channel and over-the-top streaming service operating in the Philippines owned by Eurasian Broadcasting Enterprise Ltd.

Originally broadcasting as **Setanta Sports Asia**, an Asian pay television sports channel operating in the Asia Pacific region owned by Discovery Communications. It primarily airs the sports of rugby union and rugby league. The channel was available on TV platforms in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia/Brunei, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, and Taiwan.

As of 2024, Setanta Sports is only available in the Philippines after the latter's owners (including founder Michael O’Rouke and Georgia-based Adjara Group) relaunched the platform in 2022 to sole exclusive broadcast rights for the Premier League.

## History

In February 2011, Setanta Sports Asia launched in Hong Kong on Now TV, and in Malaysia and Brunei on Astro. In June 2015, Setanta Sports in Dublin confirmed it has sold its Asian operations to Discovery Communications.

From 29 January 2020, Setanta Sports Asia has been replaced by the new dedicated rugby channel, Rugby Pass TV which launched its OTT service first, since February 2016. Rugby Pass was later shut down due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, and Premier Sports Asia took over the acquisition of all Rugby Pass subscribers in 2021.

In November 2022, Setanta Sports founder Michael O'Rouke and Georgia-based Adjara Group jointly relaunched the brand as a linear channel and OTT platform in the Philippines after it obtained its broadcast exclusivity rights to the Premier League for the said country after the league's contract with local broadcaster TAP Digital Media Ventures Corporation was expired.

## Availability

Prior to its relaunch in the Philippines in 2022, the channel was available on the following platforms throughout Asia:

* In Hong Kong via Now TV
* In Indonesia via First Media, Big TV, and MNC Play
* In Malaysia and Brunei on Astro
* In Mongolia via Univision and Sky Media
* In the Philippines on SkyCable
* In Thailand via TrueVisions
* In Singapore via Toggle
* In Sri Lanka via LBN, Dialog and SLT Peo TV
* In Taiwan via bbTV

Since 2022, Setanta Sports Philippines is available both as a linear channel and through video on demand on its official website and mobile application on a monthly subscription basis. In February 2024, Setanta Sports becomes available on local streaming service Blast TV.

## Coverage

### Current

Setanta Sports (Philippines) has broadcast rights to international sporting leagues, including:

Football Basketball Combat sports

### Past coverage

Setanta was the leading broadcaster of rugby in Asia, covering a variety of competitions from the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Setanta's former Rugby rights were:

#### Rugby league

#### Rugby union

#### GAA

Setanta provided coverage of the Gaelic Athletic Association football and hurling championships.

## InfoBox

Setanta Sports Asia
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Country | Singapore
Philippines |
| Broadcast area | Philippines
**Previous:** Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, and Taiwan |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | English |
| Picture format | 1080i HDTV
(downscaled to 16:9 480i/576i for the SDTV feed) |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Eurasian Broadcasting Enterprise Ltd. |
| Parent | **Philippines:** Setanta Sports Philippines Ltd. |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 February 2011
3 November 2022 (Philippines; relaunch) |
| Closed | 29 January 2020 (8 years, 11 months and 4 weeks) |
| Replaced by | Rugby Pass TV (2020)
Premier Sports Asia (2021) |
| Links | |
| Website | setantasports.com |
| Availability | |
|  | |
| Streaming media | |
| YouTube | Watch Live (Philippines only; selected events only) |
| Blast TV (Philippines) | Watch Live (user membership and subscription required) |
|  | |


title: Édouard Jeanselme

abstract: Antoine Édouard Jeanselme was a French dermatologist, known for his research of syphilis and leprosy. He was the author of numerous works with history of medicine themes. In 1883 he began work as a hospital intern, receiving his medical doctorate in 1888. In 1898–1900 he conducted research of leprosy in French Indo-China, during which time, he also conducted studies of beriberi, framboesia, syphilis and variola. In 1901 he became an associate professor, and in 1919 attained the chair of chair of dermatology and syphilology at the faculty of medicine in Paris. He was instrumental in the founding of the Pavillon de Malte at the Hôpital Saint-Louis (1918). In 1919 he became a member of the Académie de médecine, and in 1919–21, he served as president of the Société française d'histoire de la médecine. In 1923 he served as the first president of the Ligue nationale française contre le péril vénérien. He is credited with performing the first clinical and histological studies of juxta-articular nodes; structures associated with syphilis and yaws that are sometimes referred to as "Jeanselme's nodules". or as "Lutz-Jeanselme nodules", named in conjunction with Brazilian physician Adolfo Lutz. As a treatment for leprosy, he advocated a mixture of chaulmoogra oil, camphor and guaiacol.

text:
# Édouard Jeanselme

**Antoine Édouard Jeanselme** (French pronunciation: \[ɑ̃twan edwaʁ ʒɑ̃sɛlm\]; 14 June 1858, Paris  9 April 1935, Paris) was a French dermatologist, known for his research of syphilis and leprosy. He was the author of numerous works with history of medicine themes (medicine of the Byzantine Empire, leprosy in medieval France, et al).

In 1883 he began work as a hospital intern, receiving his medical doctorate in 1888. In 1898–1900 he conducted research of leprosy in French Indo-China, during which time, he also conducted studies of beriberi, framboesia, syphilis and variola. In 1901 he became an associate professor, and in 1919 attained the chair of chair of dermatology and syphilology at the faculty of medicine in Paris.

He was instrumental in the founding of the Pavillon de Malte at the Hôpital Saint-Louis (1918). In 1919 he became a member of the Académie de médecine (section on medical pathology), and in 1919–21, he served as president of the *Société française d'histoire de la médecine*. In 1923 he served as the first president of the *Ligue nationale française contre le péril vénérien*.

He is credited with performing the first clinical and histological studies of juxta-articular nodes; structures associated with syphilis and yaws that are sometimes referred to as "Jeanselme's nodules". or as "Lutz-Jeanselme nodules", named in conjunction with Brazilian physician Adolfo Lutz. As a treatment for leprosy, he advocated a mixture of chaulmoogra oil, camphor and guaiacol.

## Selected works

* *Étude sur la lèpre dans la péninsule indo-chinoise et dans le Yunnan*, 1900.
* *Cours de dermatologie exotique* (with A Trémolières), 1904.
* *Nodosités juxtaarticulaires*. Cong Colonial Paris, Sect Med Hyg Colon, 1904. p 15.
* *Le béribéri*, 1906.
* *Précis de pathologie exotique* (with Édouard Rist), 1909.
* *La question de l'opium en Extrême-Orient à l'époque contemporaine*, 1910.
* *La lèpre*, 1911.
* *Les oeuvres d'assistance et les hôpitaux byzantins au siècle des Comnènes*, 1921.
* *Le règime alimentaire des anachorétes et des moines byzantins*, 1922.
* *La syphilis : son aspect pathologique et social*, 1925.
* *La lèpre en France au Moyen Age et à l'époque contemporaine*, 1925.
* *Histoire pathologique de la dynastie d'Héraclius*, 1927.
* *Traité de la syphilis* (multi-volume, with other authors, 1931).


title: Sandy Glacier Caves

abstract: The Sandy Glacier Caves are a system of glacier caves within the ice of Sandy Glacier on Mount Hood, Oregon. They are thought to be the largest glacier caves in the lower 48 states of the United States. Surveys done in 2011 and 2012 have measured the system at over 1 mile in length or about 7,000 feet. The caves formed from internal glacial melting at what are the headwaters of the Muddy Fork river. As melting continues, the caves grow larger with their entrances melting their way up the glacier's slope. Eventually it is predicted the caves will be completely gone within 7 to 10 years once the interior melting has reached the surface of the glacier. During early summer, all three surveyed caves within the glacier are connected through perennial ice and are called the Snow Dragon Glacier Cave System. By late summer, the perennial ice melts away leaving only the disconnected glacier caves that have been individually named Snow Dragon, Pure Imagination, and Frozen Minotaur Caves. In 2013, a fourth glacier cave was discovered on the Sandy Glacier, but so far it has not been explored.

text:
# Sandy Glacier Caves

The **Sandy Glacier Caves** are a system of glacier caves within the ice of Sandy Glacier on Mount Hood, Oregon. They are thought to be the largest glacier caves in the lower 48 states of the United States. Surveys done in 2011 and 2012 have measured the system at over 1 mile in length or about 7,000 feet. The caves formed from internal glacial melting at what are the headwaters of the Muddy Fork river. As melting continues, the caves grow larger with their entrances melting their way up the glacier's slope. Eventually it is predicted the caves will be completely gone within 7 to 10 years once the interior melting has reached the surface of the glacier.

During early summer, all three surveyed caves within the glacier are connected through perennial ice and are called the Snow Dragon Glacier Cave System. By late summer, the perennial ice melts away leaving only the disconnected glacier caves that have been individually named Snow Dragon, Pure Imagination, and Frozen Minotaur Caves. In 2013, a fourth glacier cave was discovered on the Sandy Glacier, but so far it has not been explored.

## Exploration

The caves were first brought to the attention of Brent McGregor and Eddy Cartaya, both members of the Oregon High Desert Grotto, when a video was posted on YouTube showing individuals at the entrance to a new glacier cave. Being ill-equipped, no exploration was done until McGregor and Cartaya explored the cave shortly thereafter with Scott Linn, and then returning to survey the cave which they coined Snow Dragon. Return trips led to the discovery of Pure Imagination Cave and then Frozen Minotaur. In 2012, the Oregon High Desert Grotto and other NSS members surveyed the entire system. In 2013, after numerous trips to the cave, OPB's Oregon Field Guide lead their most complex shoot to document the caves being studied by the grotto and scientists. As of October 2013, McGregor and Cartaya spent more than 300 hours mapping more than a mile of caves within the glacier. In 2016 it was reported that since 2014, McGregor's team the *Glacier Cave Explorers* has completed three expeditions to the glacier to map, photograph, and record environmental data. Their work in the caves discovered fir tree seedlings, duck feathers, and extremophiles. The team has brought glaciologists with them including Andrew Fountain, Jason Gulley and Gunnar Johnson.

## History and science

The Sandy Glacier has lost about 40%, or almost half, of its ice between 1907 and 2004. The expeditions led by Cartaya and McGregor included Andrew Fountain to determine how much ice the glacier was losing per year by placing stakes on the surface. Internal temperatures in Snow Dragon Cave were measured at above 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Andrew Fountain believed the melting of the glacier is a sign that it was dying and in 5 to 10 years the caves would be entirely gone. In 2015 it was observed that a major portion of Snow Dragon had collapsed. The collapse of the caves continued with the majority of the caves being reported as entirely gone in 2016. The initial reason for their demise was reported as climate change, however other factors seemed to be contributing such as geothermal activity.

45°23′06″N 121°43′05″W / 45.385°N 121.718°W / 45.385; -121.718

## InfoBox

| Sandy Glacier Caves | |
| --- | --- |
| An aerial view of the collapsed "Snow Dragon" and the nearby "Pure Imagination" ice caves taken August 29, 2016. | |
| Location | Clackamas County, Oregon, U.S. |
| Length | \>1 mile |
| Geology | cavern in glacial ice |
| Difficulty | Difficult |
| Hazards | Exposure, hypothermia, structure collapse |
| Access | Public |


title: La Semaine Africaine

abstract: La Semaine Africaine is a French-language weekly newspaper published in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, and serving Central Africa. La Semaine is owned by the Roman Catholic Episcopal Conference of the Congo, but maintains editorial independence. Founded in 1952 as La Semaine de l'AEF, it received its present title in 1960, when the Republic of the Congo gained independence from France. Between 1963 and 1990, it was the only media outlet in the Republic of the Congo not controlled by the state. In 1970, its circulation was greater than 10,000. Contributing writers have included Sylvain Bemba, Emmanuel Damongo-Dadet, and Jean Clotaire Hymboud.

text:
# La Semaine Africaine

***La Semaine Africaine*** is a French-language weekly newspaper published in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, and serving Central Africa. *La Semaine* is owned by the Roman Catholic Episcopal Conference of the Congo, but maintains editorial independence. Founded in 1952 as ***La Semaine de l'AEF***, it received its present title in 1960, when the Republic of the Congo gained independence from France. Between 1963 and 1990, it was the only media outlet in the Republic of the Congo not controlled by the state. In 1970, its circulation was greater than 10,000. Contributing writers have included Sylvain Bemba, Emmanuel Damongo-Dadet, and Jean Clotaire Hymboud.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

La Semaine Africaine
| Type | Weekly newspaper |
| --- | --- |
| Founded | 1952 (1952) |
| Language | French |
| City | Brazzaville |
| Country | Republic of the Congo |
| ISSN | 0488-2024 |
| Website | lasemaineafricaine.info |
|  | |


title: RC 't Gooi

abstract: Rugby Club 't Gooi is a Dutch Rugby Union club located in the town of Naarden. Founded in 1933, it is one of the historical clubs of rugby in the Netherlands. The team currently competes in the Ereklasse, the highest tier of Rugby Nederland. Rugby Club 't Gooi plays at Sportpark Naarden, and their clubhouse, known as "de Poort," serves as a central hub for the team. The club has a distinguished history, having won the Dutch Championship in the 1951/1952, 2008/2009, 2012/2013, 2017/2018 seasons and are the current Dutch champions having won the 2023/2024 season. With more than 350 members, the club's youth program is especially growing very fast.

text:
# RC 't Gooi

**Rugby Club 't Gooi** (pronounced \[ˈt xɔi\]) is a Dutch Rugby Union club located in the town of Naarden. Founded in 1933, it is one of the historical clubs of rugby in the Netherlands. The team currently competes in the Ereklasse, the highest tier of Rugby Nederland. Rugby Club 't Gooi plays at Sportpark Naarden, and their clubhouse, known as "de Poort," serves as a central hub for the team.

The club has a distinguished history, having won the Dutch Championship in the 1951/1952, 2008/2009, 2012/2013, 2017/2018 seasons and are the current Dutch champions having won the 2023/2024 season. With more than 350 members, the club's youth program is especially growing very fast.

## History

### Early history

Henk Kruissink and André Talboo, two young men from Bussum, marked a turning point in the history of rugby in the Netherlands when, in December 1932, they came back excited after watching a film about rugby union at the Tuschinski cinema in Amsterdam.

Although it is not known for sure which film it was, it is likely that they saw a summary of a match between the Springboks vs. England at Twickenham in 1932, which ended with a score of 7-0. Inspired by this film, they decided to create a rugby union team, leading to the foundation of Rugby Club 't Gooi.

## Players currently in Netherlands squad

* Hugo Langelaan
* Daniel Workel
* Huey van Vliet
* Jim Boelrijk
* Arno Macken
* Norbecio Mambo

## InfoBox

Rugby Club 't Gooi
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Rugby Club 't Gooi |
| Union | Dutch Rugby Union |
| Founded | 1933 |
| Location | Naarden, the Netherlands |
| Ground(s) | Sportpark Naarden, Naarden (Capacity: 1,000) |
| Chairman | Erik Bosman |
| Coach(es) | Gareth Gilbert |
| League(s) | Ereklasse |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Official website | |
| www.rugbyclub-gooi.nl | |


title: Siege of Mainz (1814)

abstract: The siege of Mainz saw an Imperial French corps under Charles Antoine Morand besieged in Mainz Fortress by an Imperial Russian corps led by Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron. When the Russians left in February 1814, they were replaced by the V German Corps, led by Duke Ernest of Saxe-Coburg and made up of the soldiers from the County of Nassau, the Duchy of Berg and several other minor German states. The French were far too strong for the Allies to directly attack the fortress. However, an outbreak of typhus ravaged the city. Despite the epidemic, Morand did not surrender the city until the news of Napoleon's abdication arrived.

text:
# Siege of Mainz (1814)

The **siege of Mainz** (3 January – 4 May 1814) saw an Imperial French corps under Charles Antoine Morand besieged in Mainz Fortress by an Imperial Russian corps led by Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron. When the Russians left in February 1814, they were replaced by the V German Corps, led by Duke Ernest of Saxe-Coburg and made up of the soldiers from the County of Nassau, the Duchy of Berg and several other minor German states. The French were far too strong for the Allies to directly attack the fortress. However, an outbreak of typhus ravaged the city. Despite the epidemic, Morand did not surrender the city until the news of Napoleon's abdication arrived.

## Garrison

At the beginning of January 1814, Morand's IV Corps consisted of the 1st Division led by François Étienne Damas, the 13th Division commanded by Armand Charles Guilleminot and the 51st Division directed by Jean-Baptiste Pierre de Semellé. Damas' division counted 169 officers and 1,748 men in the brigades of Schweitzer and Jean-Baptiste Estève de Latour. Guilleminot's division included 187 officers and 2,438 men in the brigades of Antoine Gruyer, Jean-Marie Vergez and Annet Morio de L'Isle. Semellé's division numbered 246 officers and 3,837 men in the brigades of Antoine Aymard and Henri-Jacques-Martin Lagarde. The artillery reserve was under Albert Louis Valentin Taviel who had charge of six 12-pound cannons, twenty-eight 6-pound cannons and twelve 24-pound howitzers. There were elements of seven cavalry regiments but the main mounted strength was 1,033 men of the 2nd Honor Guards Regiment.

## Aftermath

Of the original garrison of 31,000 men, only 12,000 men survived. Most of the deaths were from typhus.

* Nafziger, George (2015). *The End of Empire: Napoleon's 1814 Campaign*. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1-909982-96-3.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| Siege of Mainz (1814) | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the German campaign of the Sixth Coalition | |
|
French soldiers fell ill with typhus. | |
| Date 3 January – 4 May 1814  Location Mainz, French Empire50°00′00″N 8°16′00″E / 50.00000°N 8.26667°E / 50.00000; 8.26667  Result  Inconclusive, see Aftermath | |
| Belligerents | |
| France | Russia
Berg
Nassau |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Charles Morand
Armand Charles Guilleminot
Jean-Baptiste Pierre de Semellé | Louis Alexandre de Langeron
Ernest III |
| Strength | |
| 31,000
46 guns | 30,000 |
| Casualties and losses | |
| 19,000 | Unknown |
| class=notpageimage|Location within Europe | |


title: Dennis Stapleton

abstract: Dennis Stapleton is a former representative of the Ohio House of Representatives and former Delaware County Commissioner in Delaware County, Ohio. His district encompassed all of Adams, Fayette, Highland and Pike Counties. He served from 1996-2003 when he was succeeded by David T. Daniels.

text:
# Dennis Stapleton

**Dennis Stapleton** is a former representative of the Ohio House of Representatives and former Delaware County Commissioner in Delaware County, Ohio. His district encompassed all of Adams, Fayette, Highland and Pike Counties. He served from 1996-2003 when he was succeeded by David T. Daniels.

## Early life

Dennis R. Stapleton was born 23 July 1950 in Wilmington, Oh.

Dennis Stapleton entered the insurance industry as in May 1979 in Washington Court House, Fayette County, Ohio. While working in the insurance industry he earned a bachelor's degree in communications from the University of Dayton in 1986 graduating magna cum laude. In 1988 he became the owner/operator of Buckeye Theatre's Inc. in Chillicothe, Ohio and Middletown, Ohio. The theatre's were sold in 1998. He would retire as President of the Stapleton-Pool Insurance Agency in January 2000.

## Later career

Stapleton was appointed to the Ohio House for the 88th District on April 16, 1996 filling the seat previous occupied by Doug White who had been appointed to the Ohio Senate. During his tenure in the Ohio House of Representatives Stapleton served as chairman of the Ohio House Insurance Committee, Chairman of the Finance Sub-Committee for Agriculture and Economic Development and as a member of committees for Education, Financial Institutions, Agriculture, Natural Resources, Local Government, and Economic & Workforce Development. Stapleton left the House in 2003 due to term limits and was succeeded by David T. Daniels.

Following the end of his term in the Ohio House, Stapleton was appointed the Assistant Director for Life, Health, Managed Care and Annuities at the Ohio Department of Insurance by then Governor Bob Taft. He would serve as Assistant Director until June 2004 when he became the Director of Government Relations for the Ohio Consumer's Council.

Stapleton left government service in August 2008 joining CPM Government Relations, Ltd. as their Director of Government Relations. While at CPM he became a county commissioner in Delaware County, Ohio in November 2010. He would serve as commissioner until December 2014 when he chose not to run for re-election. In January 2013, during his term in the commissioner's office he would leave CPM Government Relations, Ltd. In September 2014 he became the Vice-President of Commercial Insurance for Huntington Insurance a division of Huntington Bancshares.

In addition to his roles in government and private enterprise, Stapleton also served as a financial advisor for H. D. Vest Financial Services from May 2005 until his retirement in May 2018.

## Education

Stapleton earned his B.A. degree in Communications from the University of Dayton in 1986 with an emphasis in Broadcast Communications. While there he was a member of Alpha Epsilon Rho National Honorary Fraternity. He also attended Capital University Law School and the Ohio State University

## Personal life

Stapleton married the former Katie Jamison on 3 July 1974. The couple have two children.

Stapleton was a member of the Fayette County Chamber of Commerece and served as President of the Washington Court House Rotary Club.

## InfoBox

| Dennis Stapleton | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives
from the 88th district | |
| **In office**
April 16, 1996-December 31, 2002 | |
| Preceded by | Doug White |
| Succeeded by | David T. Daniels |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: Sefyu

abstract: Youssef Soukouna, better known by his stage name Sefyu, is a French rapper of Senegalese descent. He comes from Aulnay-sous-Bois, a city in the French department of Seine-Saint-Denis of which is located within the northern suburbs of Paris. Sefyu originally aspired to become a professional soccer player, but his dream was derailed after he sustained an injury whilst playing for English club Arsenal. He emerged upon the hip-hop scene in the early 2000s to commercial and critical acclaim.

text:
# Sefyu

**Youssef Soukouna** (born 20 April 1981 in Goutte d'Or, Paris), better known by his stage name **Sefyu** (French pronunciation: \[sɛfju\], his first name in *verlan*), is a French rapper of Senegalese descent. He comes from Aulnay-sous-Bois, a city in the French department of Seine-Saint-Denis of which is located within the northern suburbs of Paris. Sefyu originally aspired to become a professional soccer player, but his dream was derailed after he sustained an injury whilst playing for English club Arsenal. He emerged upon the hip-hop scene in the early 2000s to commercial and critical acclaim.

## Biography

Born in Paris, Sefyu played football for a great deal of time in the role of a left-winger. He went on to England to feature for London club Arsenal where he got an injury which eventually ended his playing days. As so he then changed his focus towards a career in hip hop.

A member of the crews “NCC” (Natural Court Circuit –“ Natural Short Circuit”) and “G-Huit”, he started his ascent to fame by rapping with Rohff on his album La Fierté des nôtres, released in June 2004.

He has worked with a vast array of French rappers, including Moystaff du Bengale, Nemesis, Ritmo, La K-Bine crew, Passi, Sniper and Daddy Lord C. He performed publicly in 2001 at the Francofolies de la Rochelle.

In 2005, he released an EP entitled Molotov 4, which was produced by Kore et Skalp. In April 2006, Sefyu released his first album, titled *Qui suis-je ?*. Sefyu's style of rap is characterised by a few features: a deep, husky voice, and a range of unique phrases. These include Crrr!, an onomatopoeia imitating the sound of a gun being cocked and Crouille, French slang for riffraff or undercover. Some of his songs belong to the hardcore hip-hop genre such as “La vie qui va avec”, whereas others are inspired by R’n’B music like that of “Un point c’est tout”.

His 2007 song “”Lettre du Front” was released on R&B singer Kenza Farah's album Authentik. Authentik was released in the same year and as well garnered gold status.

On May 12, 2008, Sefyu released his second album, Suis-je le gardien de mon frère? Prior to its release, Sefyu made public the acclaimed singles “Mon Public”, “Molotov 4” and “Au pays du zahef” which contributed to the album's commercial success. According to Planète Rap Magazine, 106,453 copies of Sefyu's second LP were sold in France in 2008. Suis-je le gardien de mon frère? was eventually certified gold. On March 1, 2009, Sefyu went on to win the Victoire de la Musique Award, in the category “Revelation of the year”.

Sefyu seldom shows his face, and often hides it by wearing a hoody or covering it with his fist, a ski mask, or his fitted hat. The reason for this is twofold, firstly out of respect for those struggling to be noticed within the music industry as well so that persons would comprehend that one's image is of little note within such altogether.

## Discography

### Albums

* *Qui suis-je?* (2006)
* *Suis-je le gardien de mon frère?* (2008)
* *Oui je le suis* (2011)
* *Yusef* (2019)

### Collaborations

* 2001

Sefyu - "La lutte libère" on "Sachons dire NON Vol.1" La K-Bine Feat Sefyu - "Des hommes en kolère" on "Le Rap est mort" (By La K-Bine)

* 2002

Gentlemen Feat Sefyu - "Vision 200" on The Gentlemen's album, "Mortelle Saint-Valentin"

* 2003

Sefyu Feat Rohff, Zesau & Dry - "Baiser" on "Talents fâchés Vol.1" La K-Bine Feat Sefyu - "Crimes impunis" on La K-Bine's album, "Rapport de force"

* 2004

Rohff Feat Sefyu, Alibi Montana & Kamel L'ancien - "Code 187" on Rohff's album, "La fierté des nôtres" Sefyu - "Flow du Malawi" on "Talents fâchés Vol.2"

* 2005

Ol' Kainry & Dany Dan Feat Sefyu, Alibi Montana & Nubi - "Crie mon nom Remix" on the street CD of the same name K.ommando Toxic Feat Sefyu - "Pucc fiction Remix" on K.ommando Toxic' album, "Retour vers le futur" Seth Gueko Feat Sefyu - "Patate de forain" on Seth Gueko's street CD, "Barillet plein" Sefyu - "Interlude explicit" on "De la poudre au Rap" Samat Feat Sefyu, Larsen & Alibi Montana - "Ghetto guerrier" on Samat's mixtape, "Samat Feat Hip Hop de rue" Mic Fury Feat Sefyu & Alonzo - "Street zoologie" on Mic Fury's album, "Au bout du tunnel" Sefyu Feat Kuamen - "On vit comme on peut" on "Patrimoine du ghetto" Gentlemen Feat NCC - "Sourire de la haine" on The Gentlemen's mixtape, "Cobra"

* 2006

Sefyu Feat RR & A.P. - "On va te douiller" on "Illegal radio Alibi "

* 2007

Aketo Feat Sefyu, Tunisiano & Six Coups Mc - "Style certifié" on Aketo's street CD, "Cracheur 2 venin" Rim'K Feat Sefyu - "Parloir fantôme" on Rim'K's album, "Famille nombreuse" Kenzah Farah Feat Sefyu - "Lettre du front" on Kenza's album, "Authentik" Alibi Montana Feat Sefyu&LIM - "Honneur aux ghettos"

* 2008

Participated in *Urban Peace 2*, a hip-hop concert in 2008

* 2009

La Fouine Feat Sefyu & Soprano - "Ça fait mal Remix" Sefyu Feat RR - "L'œil du ghetto" on "Les yeux dans la banlieue Vol.2"

## Awards

* 2009 : Artiste ou révélation du public aux Victoires de la musique avec son album « Suis-je le gardien de mon frère ? ».

## InfoBox

| Sefyu | |
| --- | --- |
| Sefyu in 2014 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Youssef Soukouna |
| Born | (1981-04-20) 20 April 1981<br>Paris, France |
| Genres | Hip hop |


title: Carly Verheul

abstract: Carly Merd Sofie Verheul is a former Dutch international cricketer whose career for the Dutch national side spanned from 1999 to 2002. She played in ten One Day International (ODI) matches, including at the 2000 World Cup. Her club cricket was played for Rood en Wit. Born in Heemstede, North Holland, Verheul made her Dutch senior debut at the age of 19, when she was included in the squad for its March 1999 tour of Sri Lanka. She went on to play in the third and fourth ODIs of the series. Verheul's next appearance for the national side came at the 1999 1999 European Championship, when she played against Denmark. She made 17 runs from seventh in the batting order, which was her team's equal highest score as they were bowled out for 88. At the 2000 World Cup in New Zealand, Verheul was one of her team's youngest players, and played in four of a possible seven matches. Her best innings, 46 not out from balls, came against India, and was the second-best by a Dutch player. Verheul's next internationals came at the 2001 European Championship in England. Against Ireland, she was at the crease for 35 balls, but scored only two runs, for a strike rate of only 5.71. Verheul played one final ODI in June 2002, against the touring New Zealand team. She finished with a career batting average of 9.25.

text:
# Carly Verheul

**Carly Merd Sofie Verheul** (born 12 January 1980) is a former Dutch international cricketer whose career for the Dutch national side spanned from 1999 to 2002. She played in ten One Day International (ODI) matches, including at the 2000 World Cup. Her club cricket was played for Rood en Wit.

Born in Heemstede, North Holland, Verheul made her Dutch senior debut at the age of 19, when she was included in the squad for its March 1999 tour of Sri Lanka. She went on to play in the third and fourth ODIs of the series. Verheul's next appearance for the national side came at the 1999 1999 European Championship, when she played against Denmark. She made 17 runs from seventh in the batting order, which was her team's equal highest score (with Pauline te Beest) as they were bowled out for 88. At the 2000 World Cup in New Zealand, Verheul was one of her team's youngest players, and played in four of a possible seven matches. Her best innings, 46 not out from balls, came against India, and was the second-best by a Dutch player (after Rowan Milburn's 71). Verheul's next internationals came at the 2001 European Championship in England. Against Ireland, she was at the crease for 35 balls, but scored only two runs, for a strike rate of only 5.71. Verheul played one final ODI in June 2002, against the touring New Zealand team. She finished with a career batting average of 9.25.

## InfoBox

Carly Verheul
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1980-01-12) 12 January 1980<br>Heemstede, Netherlands |
| Batting | Right-handed |
| Role | Batter |
| Relations | Carly Merd Sofie Verheul |
| International information | |
| National side |  |
| ODI debut (cap 51) | 25 March 1999 v Sri Lanka |
| Last ODI | 28 June 2002 v New Zealand |
|  | |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition WODI  Matches 10  Runs scored 74  Batting average 9.25  100s/50s 0/0  Top score 46\*  Balls bowled 18  Wickets 0  Bowling average   5 wickets in innings   10 wickets in match   Best bowling   Catches/stumpings 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: CricketArchive, 18 October 2015 | |