title: Cape robin-chat

abstract: The Cape robin-chat is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It has a disjunct range from South Sudan to South Africa. The locally familiar and confiding species has colonized and benefited from a range of man-altered habitats, including city suburbs and farmstead woodlots. It is an accomplished songster like other robin-chats, but is rather less colourful than most, and frequents either drier settings or higher altitudes. It forages in the proximity of cover, in the open or in fairly well-lit environments. Its distribution resembles that of the karoo–olive complex of thrushes, but it prefers the bracken-briar fringes of Afromontane forest, and does not enter far into forest proper. It is altitudinally segregated from the red-capped robin-chat, and is less of a skulker.

text:
# Cape robin-chat

The **Cape robin-chat** (***Dessonornis caffer***) is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It has a disjunct range from South Sudan to South Africa.

The locally familiar and confiding species has colonized and benefited from a range of man-altered habitats, including city suburbs and farmstead woodlots. It is an accomplished songster like other robin-chats, but is rather less colourful than most, and frequents either drier settings or higher altitudes. It forages in the proximity of cover, in the open or in fairly well-lit environments. Its distribution resembles that of the karooolive complex of thrushes, but it prefers the bracken-briar fringes of Afromontane forest, and does not enter far into forest proper. It is altitudinally segregated from the red-capped robin-chat, and is less of a skulker.

## Taxonomy

The Cape robin-chat was formally described in 1771 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus under the binomial name *Motacilla caffra*. He specified the type locality as the Cape of Good Hope. The specific epithet *caffra* is Modern Latin for South Africa. The Cape robin-chat was formerly assigned to the genus *Cossypha* but is now one of four species placed in the genus *Dessonornis* that was introduced in 1836 by Andrew Smith.

### Subspecies

Four geographically isolated subspecies are generally accepted, though Clancey (1980, 1981) distinguished several additional races with contiguous ranges.

Widespread in Kenya, Tanzania and east Uganda. Easterly locations include Mount Marsabit, the Taita Hills, East Usambaras and the East African montane forests, southwards to Njombe, Songea, Mbeya and Ufipa. Westerly populations are present at Mount Elgon and nearby sites, besides the Marungu highlands in the eastern DRC Ankole and Kigezi regions in south Uganda, and at Ngara, northwest Tanzania Especially in riparian vegetation of the lower Orange and Fish River regions Somewhat larger than nominate, with broader white supercilium Up to 2,200 m in Zimbabwe, where it does not breed below 1,400 m. South of the Limpopo however, it utilizes a greater range of habitats and altitudes, from sea level to 3,000 m, and is locally sympatric with red-capped and white-throated robin-chats. Compared to *D. c. iolaema* it is slightly larger, less blackish on the head, with paler upper part plumage, less intense orange on breast, and greyer plumage below. Flanks still greyer in the far south, and chest plumage yellower.

## Description

The sexes are similar. The Cape robin-chat measures 16–17 cm from bill tip to tail tip and weighs 28 g. The adult's upper parts are grey, with the mantle and secondary feathers tinged brownish olive. The blackish lores and ear coverts are separated from the crown by a prominent white supercilium. The chin, throat, central breast, rump, upper tail coverts and outer tail feathers are orange. The breast plumage moults to a deeper orange in colour for the non-breeding season. The central tail feathers are greyish-brown, and obscures the bright rufous outer tail feathers when the tail is closed. The belly is pale grey to white, and the undertail coverts buffy. The short, black bill is fairly straight, but with a slightly down-curved upper mandible. The legs and feet are black, and the eye is brown.

Juveniles have tails like the adults, but lack a supercilium. They are dark brown above and buff below, heavily marked with buff on the upper parts and grey-brown on the breast. The legs and feet are pinkish grey, and unlike other robin-chats, the soles of their feet are yellow. Immatures are like adults but retain some buff-tipped greater wing coverts.

### Calls and song

The Cape robin-chat has a harsh, low, trisyllabic alarm call, which may be rendered as *WA-dur-dra*, *WA-de-da* or *TURR-da-da*. It has given rise to several local names, including “Jan frederik”, which matches the rhythm of the call if the last syllables are run together. This call is also given year-round when arriving at, or departing from a roost.

The clear and ringing song is delivered in a series of short phrases, sometimes simultaneously by competing males. Singing peaks at dawn and dusk, and consists of passages of whistled syllables, *cherooo-weet-weet-weeeet*, followed by a pause. Each passage, consisting of 4 to 10 syllables, starts with a low, slurred whistle, which is followed by an improvised succession of whistled notes. From first light they usually sing from within, but near the top of a tree or bush, and at times uninterrupted for an hour or more. Singing may continue late into the evening, in pitch darkness. Males interrupt their singing during post-breeding moult. In the absence of her mate, females are said to sing equally well.

Anxious birds utter a plaintive, descending *peeeeeuu* note, for instance when their nestlings are threatened. Like other robin-chats, they may mimic other birds. One individual has been noted to mimic a total of 36 bird species.

## Distribution and habitat

The Cape robin-chat occurs from South Sudan (mainly Imatong Mts, above 1,600 m) southwards to Uganda, the DRC (1,800 m – 3,475 m), Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia (above 1,800 m), Malawi (where common above 1,500 m), Zimbabwe, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. It is a mainly resident breeder in eastern and southern Africa, though some adults and juveniles may migrate more than 100 km to lower, warmer regions in winter. In their winter refuges, they may coexist with several other species of robin. Some are however year-round residents even at high altitudes. A five-year tenure of a breeding territory by the same pair is commonplace, and the maximum recorded life span is over 16 years.

In southern Africa, the Cape robin-chat is a common species at Afromontane forest edges, in forest scrub and ravines, fynbos, karoo, plantations, gardens and parks. Most areas with dense cover with scattered trees or song posts are however suitable. In dry areas they are restricted to thickets that fringe water courses. In southern Africa it is found from sea level up to 3,000 m where *Leucosidea* provides cover. It is absent from arid Karoo and Kalahari.

In tropical East Africa, the Cape robin-chat likewise frequents forest edge and gardens, but is restricted to the uplands. It occurs at 1,100 m in the Ulugurus, but generally upwards of 1,500 m in Uganda and the remainder of Tanzania, and above 1,800 m in Kenya. The tropical races are also at home at the edges of bamboo, in woodland, scrub, tea and coffee plantations, or in association with giant heather beside moorland streams, up to 3,400 m in altitude.

## Behaviour

The Cape robin-chat moves about singly with a hopping gait, and often perches in prominent positions. It also roosts singly up to 3 metres aboves ground, in dense cover. The tail is regularly jerked up to an angle of 60 degrees, and upon alighting it may flick the wings and rapidly fan the tail. It bathes daily, even in tide pools.

### Food and feeding

Generally, the Cape robin-chat forages close to or on ground level, but will on occasion glean bark and foliage in tall trees. It prefers the cover of vegetation, but is not very shy. Invertebrates, small frogs and lizards are obtained in scrub or on leaf litter. In addition fruit and seeds are plucked from plants or eaten on the ground. Occasionally an insect may be hawked in the air, or invertebrates may be gleaned from leaves, branches or rocks.

### Breeding

The Cape robin-chats are monogamous and highly territorial nesters. A pair's territory usually comprises some fraction of a hectare, but its extent varies considerably depending on the habitat. The nest site is within 5 feet (regularly 0 – 2 feet) from the ground. It may be placed against a tree trunk, or on a broken stump in drift wood, and is often screened by overhanging vegetation.

The Cape robin-chat normally nests from June to November in the Western Cape and August to January elsewhere, but may nest at any time of the year. One of the pair will dowse its belly feathers and use the moisture to soften nesting material for easy shaping of the nest, while the other will bring the material to the nest. The female builds the cup-shaped nest of coarse vegetation, lined with animal hair, rootlets and other fine material. It is completed in 6 to 14 days, except when a nest is refurbished for a second clutch.

Two to three eggs are laid at one day intervals, and are incubated by the female for 14 to 19 days. The eggs measure 13 x 17 mm, and may be off-white, pinkish or pale blue, but always flecked with rusty brown, especially near the thicker end. Both parents will feed the nestlings during the subsequent 14 to 18 days, and for 5 to 7 weeks after they leave nest.

First breeding can occur at two years of age, but typically later, as potential territories are usually occupied. The Cape robin-chat is a host of the red-chested cuckoo. Predators often raid the nests, and replacement nests are common.

* Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, *SASOL Birds of Southern Africa* (Struik 2002) ISBN 1-86872-721-1

## InfoBox

| Cape robin-chat | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Pietermaritzburg, South Africa | |
|  | |
| Singing at dawn before sunrise | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Muscicapidae |
| Genus: | *Dessonornis* |
| Species: | ***D. caffer*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Dessonornis caffer***
(Linnaeus, 1771) | |
|
|  | |
| range | |


title: John Gadret

abstract: John Gadret is a French former professional racing cyclist in cyclo-cross and road racing, currently racing for the USO Bruay-la-Buissière amateur team. He became a stagiaire for Cofidis in 2003 before turning professional with the Vlaanderen–T Interim team in 2004.

text:
# John Gadret

**John Gadret** (born 22 April 1979) is a French former professional racing cyclist in cyclo-cross and road racing, currently racing for the USO Bruay-la-Buissière amateur team. He became a stagiaire for Cofidis in 2003 before turning professional with the Vlaanderen–T Interim team in 2004.

## Career

In 2004 he became national cyclo-cross champion of France for the first time. At this stage he was specialized in the cyclo-cross discipline but was beginning to perform well in stage races such as the Deutschland Tour. Gadret won again the French cyclo-cross championships. In the 2006 Giro d'Italia Gadret showed great potential in the mountains by finishing 7th, 6th and 5th on the three mountain stages. He crashed on the 18th stage and was forced to abandon with a broken collarbone. Despite these promising results on the road, Gadret was back in the 2006–2007 cyclo-cross season where he challenged the domination of Belgian Sven Nys in the Koppenbergcross and finished 8th in the UCI World Cyclo-cross Championships. Returning to the road with the aim of competing in his first Tour de France, Gadret took his first road victory at the Grand Prix of Aargau Canton. After the 2007 Tour de France Gadret won the third stage and took the leader's jersey in the Tour de l'Ain which he won the following day.

On Stage 15 of the 2010 Tour de France Gadret caused controversy when he refused to give his wheel to his team leader, Nicolas Roche, following a puncture on the final climb of the day and then began attacking the group ahead of Roche. He later finished 19th overall.

He has won a race against a horse in a charity event.

In the 2011 Giro d'Italia, Gadret finished 3rd overall with a victory on stage 11. He finished 3' 54" behind race winner Michele Scarponi.

After eight seasons with Ag2r–La Mondiale, Gadret left the squad at the end of the 2013 season, and joined the Movistar Team for 2014. He was unable to secure a professional contract after the 2015 season, and returned to the amateur ranks.

## Career achievements

### Cyclo-cross

1996–1997 3rd National Junior Championships 1998–1999 2nd National Under-23 Championships 2001–2002 3rd National Championships 2002–2003 2nd National Championships 2003–2004 1st  National Championships 2004–2005 2nd National Championships 2005–2006 1st  National Championships 2006–2007 2nd National Championships Superprestige 3rd Gavere 2007–2008 2nd National Championships 2010–2011 2nd National Championships 2012–2013 3rd National Championships 2015–2016 3rd National Championships 2016–2017 3rd National Championships

### Road

2005 3rd Grand Prix de Villers-Cotterêts 4th Tro-Bro Léon 9th Grand Prix de Wallonie 10th Trophée des Grimpeurs 2007 1st  Overall Tour de l'Ain 1st  Mountains classification 1st Stage 3 1st Grand Prix of Aargau Canton 7th Overall Volta a Catalunya 8th La Flèche Wallonne 2008 1st Stage 4 Tour de l'Ain 8th Overall Tour de Romandie 10th La Flèche Wallonne 2009 8th Overall Tour de l'Ain 2010 6th Overall Route du Sud 2011 3rd Overall Giro d'Italia 1st Stage 11 6th Tour du Doubs 7th Overall Tour de l'Ain 2013 3rd Overall Route du Sud 3rd Overall Tour de l'Ain 10th Overall Critérium International 10th Overall Tour of the Basque Country

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Giro d'Italia | DNF |  | DNF |  |  |  | 13 | **3** | 11 |  |  |
| Tour de France |  |  |  | 54 | DNF |  | 18 | DNF |  | 22 | 19 |
| / Vuelta a España |  |  |  |  | 18 | DNF |  |  | DNF |  |  |

Legend
|  | Did not compete |
| --- | --- |
| DNF | Did not finish |

## InfoBox

John Gadret
| Gadret riding in the 2011 Giro d'Italia | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | John Gadret |
| Born | (1979-04-22) 22 April 1979
Épernay, France |
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) |
| Weight | 58 kg (128 lb) |
| Team information | |
| Current team | USO Bruay-la-Buissière |
| Discipline | Road
Cyclo-cross |
| Role | Rider |
| Rider type | Climber |
| Amateur teams | |
| 1999–2003 | VC Roubaix |
| 2003 | Cofidis *(stagiaire)* |
| 2016 | Cross Team By G4 |
| 2016– | USO Bruay-la-Buissière |
|  | |
| Professional teams | |
| 2004–2005 | Vlaanderen–T Interim |
| 2006–2013 | AG2R Prévoyance |
| 2014–2015 | Movistar Team |
|  | |
| Major wins | |
| Road **Grand Tours**
**Giro d'Italia** 1 individual stage (2011) Cyclo-cross National CX Championships (2004, 2006) | |
|  | |


title: String Quartet No. 3 (Oswald)

abstract: The String Quartet No. 3, Op. 39, by Henrique Oswald was composed in 1908. It is dedicated to Antônio Francisco Braga.

text:
# String Quartet No. 3 (Oswald)

The **String Quartet No. 3**, Op. 39, by Henrique Oswald was composed in 1908. It is dedicated to Antônio Francisco Braga.

## Structure

The quartet is in 3 movements:

I. Allegro agitato II. Andante con moto III. Allegro moderato

## Recordings

* (2010/2011) Henrique Oswald: Música de câmara (Integral dos quartetos de cordas; Integral dos quartetos com piano; Quinteto com piano Op. 18; Trio com piano Op. 45; Sonata-Fantasia Op. 44; Elegia para cello e piano) – ArsBrasil (violin: Artur Roberto Huf, Samuel Lima; viola: André Rodrigues, Valdeci Merquiori; cello: Gêneses Oliveira, Mauro Brucoli, Renato Oliveira), Fernando Lopes (piano) – Ariah Cultural  (3 CDs)

## Sources

* José Eduardo Martins (1995). *Henrique Oswald: músico de uma saga romântica*. EdUSP. ISBN 978-85-314-0302-6.


title: Environmental issues in Sri Lanka

abstract: Environmental issues in Sri Lanka include large-scale logging of forests and degradation of mangroves, coral reefs and soil. Air pollution and water pollution are challenges for Sri Lanka since both cause negative health impacts. Overfishing and insufficient waste management, especially in rural areas, leads to environmental pollution. Sri Lanka is also vulnerable to climate change impacts such as extreme weather events and sea level rise. Industrialization and population growth are major drivers of these environmental issues. A lack of public awareness and governmental guidelines intensify the problems.

text:
# Environmental issues in Sri Lanka

**Environmental issues in Sri Lanka** include large-scale logging of forests and degradation of mangroves, coral reefs and soil. Air pollution and water pollution are challenges for Sri Lanka since both cause negative health impacts. Overfishing and insufficient waste management, especially in rural areas, leads to environmental pollution. Sri Lanka is also vulnerable to climate change impacts such as extreme weather events and sea level rise.

Industrialization and population growth are major drivers of these environmental issues. A lack of public awareness and governmental guidelines intensify the problems.

## Background

These environmental problems have escalated because of a high population growth and the increasing industrialization in Sri Lanka since the 1980s. The industrialization led to an increase in automobile use and energy consumption. The energy demand used to be almost covert by hydro power plants in 1988 (90%). The increased demands led to the construction of oil and coal fired thermal power plants which emit more greenhouse gases than renewable energy technologies like hydro power plants.

A lack of public awareness and participation in government policies and environmental standards has amplified the problems. However, Sri Lanka's government has undertaken several efforts to encounter environmental issues.

## Major environmental issues

### Deforestation

Sri Lanka's central and southern parts are home to montane forests, sub-montane forests and to lowland rainforests. In contrast, sparse forests, mangroves, riverine dry forests and monsoon forests are located in the dry zone. These forest covers in Sri Lanka have been greatly reduced by legal and illegal forest clearing.

Due to deforestation in Sri Lanka the size of land covered by natural forests decreased from 80% in 1820 to 43% in 1948. This was partly caused by British colonialism from 1801 to 1948 which increased the amount of tea, coffee and rubber plantations. The natural forest cover further decreased to 23% in 2000. In 2010, 29% of Sri Lanka's area was covered by forests (this number includes forest plantations). Drivers of recent forest degradation are an increase in population, road construction, timber production, agricultural development and forest cleaning by private businessmen. Even though there are conservation areas, the management is partly insufficient. The extensive deforestation leads to a rise of the average surface temperature. Deforestation is also responsible for an increase in greenhouse gas emissions because trees remove CO2 from the air. By clear cutting areas the CO2 returns to the air and thereby increases the atmospheric carbon concentration.

The government of Sri Lanka has adopted the target to increase the size of land covered by forests to 32% by 2030. In order to achieve this, the government intends to reforest degraded forests, to increase urban forests, and to improve the forest plantations.

Sri Lanka had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.83/10, ranking it 94th globally out of 172 countries.

### Mangrove degradation

Sri Lanka's mangrove forests, small trees that grow in coastal water, have been decreased by 70% since 1915. The size of mangrove ecosystems is being reduced because of the implementation of agriculture and aquaculture systems like fisheries. Shrimp aquaculture projects are one of the biggest threats. The shrimp business is growing very fast because of high demand and high profits. One of the negative impacts of shrimp farms is that mangroves are being destroyed where the farms are built.

Mangroves however are very important for people living close to the coast. The reason for this is that mangroves offer products that can be used for cooking, building houses and fodder, as well as fish, and other food items. They also offer protection against floods and pollutants. Moreover, mangroves are important for other ecosystems and host animals like fish, crab and shrimp.

In 2015, the government of Sri Lanka reached an agreement with private companies, non-governmental organizations, researchers and members of affected communities. This agreement protects all mangrove forests in Sri Lanka by law. Moreover, they agreed to launch mangrove reforestation activities and to create alternative sources of income for locals.

### Coral reef destruction

Coral reefs are threatened by human activities such as destructive fishing methods, coral-mining, pollution and unsustainable management practices. Extensive aquaculture is the biggest threat to coral reefs. Shrimp farms are especially destructive to coral reefs.

Coral reefs are very important for the coastal population. They provide food, protect the coast, and are popular destination for tourists and therefore are important for people's income. Most Sri Lankans live along the coast and the population is growing which will have greater negative consequences for the coral reefs.

### Soil degradation

Parts of the dry zone as well as the wet zone are damaged by soil degradation. Soil erosion in Sri Lanka is 14 to 33 times bigger than it would be without human influence. It has negative impacts on agriculture as well as on people's livelihood.

Soil degradation is mainly caused by unsustainable agricultural practices, high intensity rainfall and indirectly caused by population growth which results in increased consumption. Tree plantation such as tea and rubber plantation cause low rates of soil erosion. Higher rates of soil erosion are caused by crops which are harvested annually like potatoes, most vegetables and tobacco. Soil degradation in the dry zone leads to desertification. The loss of soil also is a big problem near watersheds, because a lot of hydro power plants are built in those watersheds.

### Air pollution

Air pollution is a problem in Sri Lanka's cities and it is mostly caused by vehicles. The number of motor vehicles almost tripled during the 1990s which also led to an increase in traffic jams. The use of old vehicles and poor quality gas intensify negative consequences.

Major air pollutants in Sri Lanka are oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, particulates, inorganic compounds, hydrocarbons and the secondary pollutant photochemical smog. These pollutants have negative impact on people's health as they can cause respiratory illnesses, asthma or even death. Dust falls are also an issue in areas with a high traffic density.

Besides outdoor pollution, indoor pollution also is a concern. The pollutants listed above have even worse impacts inside motor vehicles and buildings. Air pollution inside buildings is a severe problem when firewood is used for cooking. In 2000, 80% of households burned firewood for cooking which sets free many fine particles that can cause respiratory illnesses, and cancer.

### Water pollution

Domestic activities, industry and agriculture cause water pollution in Sri Lanka.

Rivers and lakes are most affected by pollutants. Pollutants that end up in lakes are sewage, vegetable waste and waste from hospitals. The pollution of lakes in Sri Lanka leads to algal blooms, which reduces the oxygen content and has negative consequences on fish populations. The Kelani river is especially polluted because it flows through industrial areas. Industrial waste is often discharged into the river, treated or untreated. Moreover, dumps that are located close to rivers have negative influences on the water quality. Large amounts of pesticides used in the agricultural sector also get into the water of rivers and lakes. Groundwater and surface water are also polluted by the heavy use of fertilizer and pesticides and by storm run-offs. Coastal and marine waters are threatened by pesticides, fertilizer, industrial waste and run-offs from waste dumps. Rivers that flow out into the sea deteriorate the sea water. Oil spills, chemicals and non-biodegradable waste such as plastic also decrease the quality of Sri Lanka's seawater. Microplastic pollution has resulted in a drastic reduction of fish stocks.

In 2000, only 25% of the households in Sri Lanka got their water through pipes. Even the water that does come through the pipe from local suppliers is not monitored efficiently. This is why a part of the population does not get clean drinking water. Sri Lanka's wastewater management requires a lot of work. Only approximately 2.5 percent of the population, primarily in the Colombo region, has access to sewers.

The French Development Agency (AFD) authorized a €75 million loan to improve sanitation services in Ratmalana and Moratuwa, two overpopulated and rapidly increasing suburbs. This initiative will provide better sanitation services to 44, 500 individuals.

### Waste management

Sri Lanka faces managerial problems in waste collection and waste disposal.

A study from 2005 revealed that only 24% of the household had waste management and the percentage of access to waste collection is even smaller in rural areas (2%). Increased waste generation is caused by high population growth, industrialization, urbanization and increased consumption.

Provinces and local authorities are over-strained by these large amounts. Collected waste is often brought to open dumps and is not treated. Moreover, some dumps are located in environmentally sensitive locations or close to residential areas. These problems are caused by a lack of governmental regulations and public commitment but also a lack of technical knowledge, low financial resources and too little suitable space for waste disposal sites. The effects of poor waste management is waste laying in the streets, waterways and swamps. These results influence the aesthetic of the landscape, decrease the biodiversity, cause health problems and have negative impacts on Sri Lanka's tourist industry. The study shows that in areas without waste collection, the majority of people dump their waste that should be going to the landfill in their backyard. Plastics and paper are often burned or also disposed in the backyard. Moreover, green waste is burned by 80% of the household in the southern provinces that do not have access to waste collection.

Sri Lanka's government aims to address these problems by implementing waste sorting systems in households, improved waste collection by municipalities and cities, composting systems and systematic treatment of hazardous waste from the industry and clinics.

### Overfishing

Sri Lanka is experiencing declines in fish populations due to overfishing.

### Climate change vulnerability

Sri Lanka's geographic location makes it vulnerable for climate change impacts. Expected impacts are an increase in temperature, more frequent extreme weather events like floods and cyclones as well as sea level rise. Sea level rise is especially critical for Sri Lanka's coastal regions. These impacts negatively influence agriculture, fisheries, tourism, people's livelihood, and the environment. The impacts on agriculture and fisheries will in turn influence food security and exports of crops and fishes. Negative consequences for the environment include biodiversity loss, ecosystem degradation and water cycle disturbances.

Sri Lanka has set goals in their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) how to implement climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in order to prevent severe climate change impacts. The government has already implemented regulations and guidelines like the National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka, the Climate Change Vulnerability Profiles and the Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Adaption and Mitigation in 2014. Moreover, steps have been taking to reduce possible impacts of climate change in Sri Lanka. These steps include but are not limited to building a more resilient infrastructure, actions to ensure human health and food security during and after climate change impacts like floods and cyclones, and the protection of the environment and the tourism sector.

## Environmental disasters

### X-Press Pearl

*X-Press Pearl* was a Singapore-registered Super Eco 2700–class container ship. The vessel entered service in February 2021 and was around 186 metres (610 ft) long. It was operated by X-Press Feeders.

On 20 May 2021, *X-Press Pearl* caught fire off the coast of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The vessel was engulfed in flames by 27 May and declared a total loss. It was still afloat, and the fire was thought to be under control by Sri Lankan firefighters by the late hours of 27 May 2021. After burning for 12 days, the vessel sank on 2 June as it was being towed to deeper waters. The incident was deemed the worst marine ecological disaster in Sri Lankan history for the chemical products that spilled.

According to X-Press Feeders, salvage operations to remove the wreck began in November 2021. All work on site is expected to be completed by April 2023. Salvage work was interrupted during the southwest monsoon from late April to November 2022.

## Further reading

* Bandara, N. J. G. J. (2003-06-01). "Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka". Water Science and Technology. 47 (12): 305–312. ISSN 0273–1223.
* Nandasena, Yatagama Lokuge S; Wickremasinghe, Ananda R; Sathiakumar, Nalini (2010-06-02). "Air pollution and health in Sri Lanka: a review of epidemiologic studies" *BMC Public Health* 10: 300.
* Rajasuriya, A., de Silva, M. W. R. N., & Oehman, M. C. (1995). Coral reefs of Sri Lanka: human disturbance and management issues. Ambio.


title: Rudy Poeschek

abstract: Rudolph Leopold "Pot Pie" Poeschek is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Winnipeg Jets, Tampa Bay Lightning, and St. Louis Blues. He played defence, shot right-handed, and was known for his toughness.

text:
# Rudy Poeschek

**Rudolph Leopold "Pot Pie" Poeschek** (born September 29, 1966) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Winnipeg Jets, Tampa Bay Lightning, and St. Louis Blues. He played defence, shot right-handed, and was known for his toughness.

## Career

Poeschek was drafted by the New York Rangers in the 12th round, 238th overall in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. He played for the Kamloops Blazers in the WHL for three years and there he established himself as a tough enforcer willing to drop his gloves with anybody. During the 1987–1988 season Poeschek finally played his first game with the Rangers. The following season he played in 52 games with the Rangers and registered a career high 199 penalty minutes.

Prior to the 1993–1994 season, the Tampa Bay Lightning picked up Poeschek and it was there that he developed his reputation as an enforcer to be reckoned with, dropping his gloves with the likes of Bob Probert and Craig Berube. Poeschek played four seasons with the Lightning before being picked up by the St. Louis Blues. He played a full year there along with parts of two other seasons and one more with the Houston Aeros of the IHL before retiring after 2000–2001 season.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1982–83 | Vernon Lakers | BCJHL | | 54 | 4 | 10 | 14 | 100 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1983–84 | Kamloops Junior Oilers | WHL | | 47 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 93 | | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 1984–85 | Kamloops Blazers | WHL | | 34 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 100 | | 15 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 56 |
| 1985–86 | Kamloops Blazers | WHL | | 32 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 92 | | 16 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 40 |
| 1986–87 | Kamloops Blazers | WHL | | 54 | 13 | 18 | 31 | 153 | | 13 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 39 |
| 1987–88 | Colorado Rangers | IHL | | 82 | 7 | 31 | 38 | 210 | | 12 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 31 |
| 1987–88 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | Denver Rangers | IHL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1988–89 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 52 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 199 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1989–90 | Flint Spirits | IHL | | 38 | 8 | 13 | 21 | 109 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 |
| 1989–90 | New York Rangers | NHL | | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | Binghamton Rangers | AHL | | 38 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 162 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1990–91 | Moncton Hawks | AHL | | 23 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 67 | | 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 41 |
| 1990–91 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1991–92 | Moncton Hawks | AHL | | 63 | 4 | 18 | 22 | 170 | | 11 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 46 |
| 1991–92 | Winnipeg Jets | NHL | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1992–93 | St. John's Maple Leafs | AHL | | 78 | 7 | 24 | 31 | 189 | | 9 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 13 |
| 1993–94 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 71 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 118 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 25 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 92 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1995–96 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 57 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 88 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 |
| 1996–97 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 60 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 120 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 50 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 64 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 1998–99 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Worcester IceCats | AHL | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Houston Aeros | IHL | | 32 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 51 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Houston Aeros | IHL | | 67 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 66 | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| NHL totals | | | | 364 | 6 | 25 | 31 | 817 | | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 |

## InfoBox

| Rudy Poeschek | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Born | (1966-09-29) September 29, 1966
Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 208 lb (94 kg; 14 st 12 lb) | | |
| Position | Defence | | |
| Shot | Right | | |
| Played for | New York Rangers
Winnipeg Jets
Tampa Bay Lightning
St. Louis Blues | | |
| NHL draft | 238th overall, 1985
New York Rangers | | |
| Playing career | 19872001 | | |


title: C.D. Arturo Fernández Vial

abstract: Corporación Club Deportivo Arturo Fernández Vial is a football club in Chile, from the Concepción area, in the Bio-Bio Region. The team was founded on June 3, 1903, and they currently play in the second level of Chilean football, the Primera B. Arturo Fernández Vial identifies itself since its beginning with the national corporation of railroad workers, and it was the most popular team in southern Chile. Its traditional rival is Deportes Concepción. Also, the team's "hinchada" are known as La Furia Guerrera.

text:
# C.D. Arturo Fernández Vial

**Corporación Club Deportivo Arturo Fernández Vial** is a football club in Chile, from the Concepción area, in the Bio-Bio Region. The team was founded on June 3, 1903, and they currently play in the second level of Chilean football, the Primera B.

Arturo Fernández Vial identifies itself since its beginning with the national corporation of railroad workers, and it was the most popular team in southern Chile. Its traditional rival is Deportes Concepción. Also, the team's "hinchada" (die-hard supporters) are known as *La Furia Guerrera*.

## History

In the year 1897, the football club **Internacional de Concepción** was founded. This predecessor institution reunited the local residents that worked for the State Railway at the time.

In May 1903, a strike was declared by the harbor workers in the city of Valparaíso which unchained violent scenes in the city, even bringing it to a state of street curfew. In the midst of the deliberations, admiral Arturo Fernández Vial, ex director of Territorio Marítimo (Maritime Territory) and survivor of the Battle of Iquique, decided to intervene before court, trying to settle the problem, and achieving such goal.

Such an act generated admiration, and because of his work, the football club Internacional decided on June 15 of 1903, change its name to **Club Deportivo Ferroviario Almirante Arturo Fernández Vial**.

The team Vial stood out since its beginning by its high degree of organization. It had its own field right next to the Bio-Bio riverbank, in the area known as Chepe. Its statutes accepted members from all nationalities, but Chileans were preferred. The membership fee was of two Chilean pesos at the time and a monthly fee of one peso. As for its clothing, it had yellow soccer cleats, black short socks, special shin guards, white pants, a sealing wax belt, a striped black and white jersey, and a cap of the same color. In the beginning, Internacional was like a miniature Colo-Colo, a great diffuser of football between the years 1897 and 1903, promoting this sport mainly in the towns near Concepción.

The first great victory for the ***máquina aurinegra*** (yellow and black locomotive) came in 1910, in a historical match that took place in the 120 stop of the old trams that went from Concepción through Talcahuano, the *vialinos* ended the regional dominance of until then undefeated Concepción United. That afternoon, the loud whistles from the steam locomotives deafened the city's downtown.

In the year 1981, Vial decides to play in the newly created *Tercera División* (Third Division) becoming champions and obtaining promotion to Chile's *Segunda Division* (Second Division). With almost the same squad, Vial repeats the deed the following season and becomes champion of the Second Division in 1982 with 56 points; this milestone helps make the southern dreams come true. After 80 years, **Club Ferroviario Almirante Arturo Fernández Vial** (the most popular institution in the southern side of Chile) makes their debut on the Chilean First Division and it is the first team in the history of the national football league to go from Third Division to First Division in two years. Up to now, no other professional football club has done such accomplishment.

Nowadays, Vial is going through hard economical issues that are affecting the team's performance. Nevertheless, with the team playing in Chile's lower levels for the last 20 years, without achieving anything important, the passion from its small but loyal fanbase hasn't perished. Its fans sustain the club, not without difficulties. The team's biggest support throughout these years of uncertainty has come from the *hinchada* (supporters).

## Uniform

* **Home Uniform**: Yellow Jersey with vertical black stripes, black shorts, black socks.
* **Away Uniform**: Black Jersey, black shorts, black socks.

## Stadium

Estadio Municipal de Concepción **Alcaldesa Ester Roa**, located in Concepción, Chile.

## Current squad

Current squad of C.D. Arturo Fernández Vial as of 24 September 2021 (edit)
Sources: ANFP Official Web Site

| No.  Position Player  1  CHI GK Diego López  2  CHI MF Eduardo Gacitúa  3  CHI DF Jeriberth Carrasco  4  CHI DF Kevin Leiva  5  CHI FW Felipe Vargas  6  CHI DF José González  7  CHI FW Felipe Pinilla  8  CHI DF Felipe Loyola  9  CHI MF Luciano Díaz  10  CHI FW Kevin Harbottle  11  CHI FW Sergio Riffo  12  CHI GK Felipe Yáñez  13  CHI FW Carlos Sepúlveda  14  CHI MF Fabián Espinoza  15  CHI MF Jeremy Silva  16  CHI FW Cristian Valenzuela  17  CHI MF Arturo Sanhueza  18  CHI DF Braulio Ávalos |  | No.  Position Player  19  CHI DF Bastián Solano  20  CHI DF Diego Sanhueza  21  CHI MF Julio Zúñiga  22  CHI GK Gustavo Merino  23  ARG FW Ángel Gillard  24  CHI MF Matías Ávila  25  CHI DF Miguel Arias  26  CHI DF Patricio Jerez  27  CHI DF Esteban Sáez  28  CHI MF Iván Muñoz  29  CHI MF Óscar Hernández  30  CHI GK Jorge Ponce  31  MEX MF Pedro Vargas  32  ARG FW Gustavo Gotti  --  CHI GK Michael Leal  --  CHI DF Mauricio Arias  --  CHI FW Franco Palma |
| --- | --- | --- |

**Manager:** Claudio Rojas

### 2021 Winter Transfers

#### In

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player  29 MF  CHI Óscar Hernández *(free)*  31 MF  MEX Pedro Vargas *(free)* | No. Pos. Nation Player  32 FW  ARG Gustavo Gotti *(from O'Higgins)*  DF  CHI Mauricio Arias *(from Atlético San Cristóbal)* |
| --- | --- |

#### Out

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

| No. Pos. Nation Player |
| --- |

## Notable players

## National honours

### League Titles

1982 1981 2013

### Cup Titles

* **Apertura Tercera División (Fourth Level): 1**

2013

## Managers

Interim coaches appear in italics.

## InfoBox

Fernández Vial
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Corporación Club Deportivo
Arturo Fernández Vial |
| Nickname(s) | *La maquina aurinegra*
*Vialinos*
*Aurinegros*
El Inmortal
Vialito |
| Founded | 3 June 1903 (1903-06-03) |
| Ground | Estadio Ester Roa Rebolledo
Concepción, Chile |
| Capacity | 30,448 |
| Chairman | Ángelo Castiglione |
| Manager | Claudio Rojas |
| League | Primera B |
| 2020 | Segunda División, 1st (promoted) |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Phinally Phamous

abstract: Phinally Phamous is the second studio album by rapper Lil Wyte. It debuted at #64 on Billboard 200 and #6 and featured Frayser Boy, Josey Scott, Three 6 Mafia, Hypnotize Camp Posse and Dirtbag. The album is Lil Wyte's only release that has been confirmed to be out of print as of 2012.

text:
# Phinally Phamous

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |

***Phinally Phamous*** is the second studio album by rapper Lil Wyte. It debuted at #64 on Billboard 200 and #6 and featured Frayser Boy, Josey Scott, Three 6 Mafia, Hypnotize Camp Posse and Dirtbag. The album is Lil Wyte's only release that has been confirmed to be out of print as of 2012.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Phinally Phamous" | 1:36 |
| 2. | "I Sho Will" | 4:42 |
| 3. | "Static Addict" | 3:07 |
| 4. | "Smoke My Dro" (featuring Dirtbag) | 3:01 |
| 5. | "Icy White Soulja’s" | 3:09 |
| 6. | "Hoods Run Down" (featuring Frayser Boy) | 3:55 |
| 7. | "By 2 Da Bad Guy" (featuring DJ Paul) | 3:16 |
| 8. | "I Did ‘Em Wrong" | 4:01 |
| 9. | "My Cutlass" | 3:49 |
| 10. | "Big Ass Guns" (featuring Frayser Boy) | 3:56 |
| 11. | "Look Like You" | 2:56 |
| 12. | "U.S. Soldier Boy" (featuring Three 6 Mafia) | 4:41 |
| 13. | "Drinking Song" | 4:50 |
| 14. | "Bay Area" | 3:45 |
| 15. | "Acid 2004/5" | 3:24 |
| 16. | "Bald Head Hoes" (featuring DJ Paul & Juicy J) | 4:08 |
| 17. | "Everybody Getting Crunk" | 3:17 |
| 18. | "Posse Song" (featuring Hypnotize Camp Posse) | 3:16 |
| 19. | "Crazy" (featuring Josey Scott) | 3:52 |
| 20. | "Outro" | 3:19 |
| Total length: | | 1:11:50 |

## InfoBox

| Phinally Phamous | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Lil Wyte | |
| Released | October 19, 2004 |
| Recorded | 2004 |
| Genre | Crunk, gangsta rap, hardcore hip hop |
| Length | 1:11:50 |
| Label | Hypnotize Minds |
| Producer | DJ Paul & Juicy J |
| Lil Wyte chronology | |
| *Doubt Me Now*
(2003) ***Phinally Phamous***
(2004) *The One and Only*
(2007) | |
|  | |
| Chopped & Screwed cover | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


abstract: Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307 is a UK company law case, concerning the concept of "control" and enemy character of a company. It is usually discussed in the context of lifting the corporate veil, however it is merely an example of where the corporate veil is not in issue as a matter of company law, since the decision turns on correct interpretation of a statute.

text:
# Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (GB) Ltd

***Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd*** \[1916\] 2 AC 307 is a UK company law case, concerning the concept of "control" and enemy character of a company. It is usually discussed in the context of lifting the corporate veil, however it is merely an example of where the corporate veil is not in issue as a matter of company law, since the decision turns on correct interpretation of a statute.

## Facts

All except one of Continental Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd's shares were held by German residents and all directors were German residents. The secretary was English. Continental Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd supplied tyres to Daimler, but Daimler was concerned that making payment might contravene a common law offence of trading with the enemy as well as a proclamation issued under s 3 (1) Trading with the Enemy Act 1914. Daimler brought the action to determine if payment could be made, given that it was the First World War.

## Judgment

At first instance, Scrutton J approved the decision of the master, that the contracts were valid, for summary judgment without proceeding to trial.

### Court of Appeal

Lord Reading CJ, Cozens-Hardy LJ, Phillimore LJ, Pickford LJ and Kennedy LJ, affirmed the decision too, holding there would be no offence. They held the company did not change its character because of the outbreak of war. They say it "remains an English company regardless of the residence of its shareholders or directors either before or after the declaration of war." Mr Gore-Browne argued, for Daimler Co Ltd, that the technicality should be swept aside in time of war. But Lord Reading CJ replied that the fact of incorporation was not just a ‘technicality’. The company, he said,

> is a living thing with a separate existence which cannot be swept aside as a technicality. It is not a mere name or mask or cloak or device to conceal the identity of persons and it is not suggested that the company was formed for any dishonest or fraudulent purpose. It is a legal body clothed with the form prescribed by the legislature…’

He relied on *Janson v Driefontein Consolidated Mines*, where Lord Macnaghten, Lord Brampton and Lord Lindley, holding that a foreign corporation does not become British because its means all are.

Buckley LJ delivered a dissenting judgment, would have held that though the company is a legal person existing apart from its corporators, that it still had enemy character.

> The artificial legal person called the corporation has no physical existence. It exists only in contemplation of law. It has neither body, parts, nor passions. It cannot wear weapons nor serve in the wars. It can be neither loyal nor disloyal. It cannot compass treason. It can be neither friend nor enemy. Apart from its corporators it can have neither thoughts, wishes, nor intentions, for it has no mind other than the minds of the corporators. These considerations seem to me essential to bear in mind in determining the present case.

### House of Lords

The House of Lords unanimously reversed the decisions below, saying the secretary was authorised to commence no action. It held the company was capable of acquiring enemy character.

Lord Parker said,

> I do not think, however, that it is a necessary corollary of this reasoning \[Salomon\] to say that the character of its corporators must be irrelevant to the character of the company; and this is crucial, for the rule against trading with the enemy depends upon enemy character.

Just like a natural person can have enemy character though born in the UK, so can a legal person.

> I think that the analogy is to be found in control, an idea which, if not very familiar in law, is of capital importance and is very well understood in commerce and finance. The acts of a company’s organs, its directors, managers, secretary, and so forth, functioning within the scope of their authority, are the company’s acts and may invest it definitely with enemy character… it must at least be prima facie relevant… Certainly I have found no authority to the contrary.

The Earl of Halsbury LC, Lord Atkinson, Viscount Mersey, Lord Kinnear and Lord Sumner concurred. Lord Shaw and Lord Parmoor concurred in the result but dissented on this point.

## Significance

Around the start of World War II the Trading with the Enemy Act 1939 section 2(1)(c) was implemented to state the position in *Daimler*, namely "so long as the body is controlled by a person who, under this section, is an enemy". In *Bermuda Cablevision Ltd v Colica Trust Co Ltd* Lord Steyn made the point that, "Expressions such as ‘control’ and ‘controlling interest’ take their colour from the context in which they appear. There is no general rule as to what the word ‘controlled’ means.... The expression must be given the meaning which the context requires."

The concept of a company's character was also seen in the ill-fated Merchant Shipping Act 1988 said that only fishing vessels registered as ‘British’ were eligible to fish for the UK quota, and a ‘British’ company had to be 75% British owned. However, in *R (Factortame) v Secretary of State for Transport (No 3)*, the European Court of Justice held that this was contrary to art 52 TEC, and the right to freedom of establishment.

* This case law has also been mentioned in the "Companies Act, 1956" of India.

*

## InfoBox

| Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Court | House of Lords |
| Citations | * \[1916\] UKHL 845 * \[1916\] 2 AC 307 * 53 SLR 845 |
| Transcript | judgment |
| Case history | |
| Prior action | \[1915\] 1 KB 893 |
| Court membership | |
| Judges sitting | Lord Parker, Earl of Halsbury LC, Lord Atkinson, Viscount Mersey, Lord Kinnear, Lord Sumner, Lord Shaw and Lord Parmoor |
| Keywords | |
| Control, enemy character, lifting the veil | |


title: 2010–11 Jordan FA Cup

abstract: The 2010–11 version of the Jordan FA Cup was the 31st edition to be played. It is the premier knockout tournament for football teams in Jordan. Team Al-Faisaly (Amman) went into this edition as the club with the most wins, at 16. Al Wahdat were the current holders and won it the Cup the second straight time. The cup winners were guaranteed a place in the 2012 AFC Cup.

text:
# 2010–11 Jordan FA Cup

The **2010–11 version of the Jordan FA Cup** was the 31st edition to be played. It is the premier knockout tournament for football teams in Jordan. Team Al-Faisaly (Amman) went into this edition as the club with the most wins, at 16. Al Wahdat were the current holders and won it the Cup the second straight time.

The cup winners were guaranteed a place in the 2012 AFC Cup.

## Round of 16

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **5 September 2010** | | |
| Shabab Al-Hussein | 0  3 | **Al Ramtha** |
| **Al-Wihdat** | 4  0 | Ayn Karem |
| **Al-Arabi** | 3  0 | That Ras |
| **6 September 2010** | | |
| Shabab Al-Ordon | 2  2
(3 - 4 p) | **Manshia Bani Hassan** |
| **Al-Jazeera** | 4  1 | Al-Jalil |
| Al Hussein Irbid | 0  1 | Al-Faisaly |
| **7 September 2010** | | |
| **Al-Yarmouk** | 1  0 | Al Ahli Amman |
| Al Buqa'a | 0  0
(4- 5 p) | **Kfarsoum** |

## Quarter-finals

8 teams play home and away matches as Knock out stage.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al Ramtha | 0-0 (2-4) | **Manshia Bani Hassan** | 0-0 | 0-0 |
| **Al-Wihdat** | 3-1 | Al-Yarmouk | 2-0 | 1-1 |
| **Al-Arabi** | () 3-3 | Al-Faisaly | 0-1 | 3-2 |
| Al-Jazeera (Amman) | 0-1 | **Kfarsoum** | 0-0 | 0-1 |

## Semi-finals

4 teams play home and away matches as Knock out stage.

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Al-Arabi | 2-2 () | **Manshia Bani Hassan** | 2-1 | 0-1 |
| **Al-Wihdat** | 4-0 | Kfarsoum | 3-0 | 1-0 |

## Final

| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Al-Wihdat** | 3-1 | Manshia Bani Hassan |


title: Cara Hilton

abstract: Cara Laura Hilton is a Scottish Labour politician, who was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Dunfermline from 2013 to 2016. She has served as a councillor for Dunfermline South since 2022.

text:
# Cara Hilton

**Cara Laura Hilton** (born 1975) is a Scottish Labour politician, who was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Dunfermline from 2013 to 2016. She has served as a councillor for Dunfermline South since 2022.

## Political career

Hilton was the Labour candidate at the Dunfermline by-election on 20 October 2013. She won by a majority of more than 2,800 votes, overturning a previous SNP majority of 590. This was the first time ever that Labour had won a parliamentary seat (in either the UK or Scottish parliaments) from the SNP at a by-election.

In her victory speech, Hilton praised the courage of preceding MSP Bill Walker's ex-wives. Walker's conviction for assault against his former wives had led to his resignation from parliament, causing the by-election. Alex Salmond accused her of running a dishonest campaign, including the circulation of a leaflet criticised by the SNP as "demonstrably untrue".

In the Scottish Parliament election of 2016, Hilton lost her seat to the SNP's Shirley-Anne Somerville, who she had previously defeated at the by-election three years earlier. Along with the loss of the neighbouring Cowdenbeath constituency, this left the Labour Party without parliamentary representation in Fife for the first time since 1910.

Hilton was the Labour Party candidate for Dumfermline and West Fife in the 2017 and 2019 general elections, but both times came second behind the incumbent SNP MP Douglas Chapman.

Hilton served as vice-chair of Scottish Labour from 2019 to 2020, and has served as chair of Scottish Labour since 2020.

## Personal life

Hilton is the daughter of former Labour MSP and Scottish Labour chair Cathy Peattie. Her husband is Simon, and she has three children.

## InfoBox

| Cara Hilton | |
| --- | --- |
| Hilton in 2015 | |
|  | |
| Member of the Scottish Parliament
for Dunfermline | |
| **In office**
25 October 2013  24 March 2016 | |
| Preceded by | Bill Walker |
| Succeeded by | Shirley-Anne Somerville |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1975 (age 4849) |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Political party | Scottish Labour |
| Other political
affiliations | Campaign for Socialism |
| Spouse | Simon |
| Relations | Cathy Peattie (mother) |
| Children | 3 |
| Residence | Dunfermline |
|  | |


title: John Gaddy

abstract: John Wilson Gaddy, nicknamed "Sheriff", was a professional baseball player who played pitcher in the Major Leagues (MLB) for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was the starting pitcher in two games for the Dodgers during the final week of the 1938 season. Gaddy pitched 4 innings in his MLB debut on September 27 debut to earn the victory, 5–1, in the second game of a doubleheader over the New York Giants at Ebbets Field. His other victory came in the final game of the season, pitching a complete game as the Dodgers defeated the Philadelphia Phillies, 7–2, at Shibe Park on October 2. Gaddy died in an automobile accident in Albemarle, North Carolina.

text:
# John Gaddy

**John Wilson Gaddy** (February 5, 1914 – May 3, 1966), nicknamed "Sheriff", was a professional baseball player who played pitcher in the Major Leagues (MLB) for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He was the starting pitcher in two games for the Dodgers during the final week of the 1938 season.

Gaddy pitched 4 innings in his MLB debut on September 27 debut to earn the victory, 5–1, in the second game of a doubleheader over the New York Giants at Ebbets Field. His other victory came in the final game of the season, pitching a complete game as the Dodgers defeated the Philadelphia Phillies, 7–2, at Shibe Park on October 2.

Gaddy died in an automobile accident in Albemarle, North Carolina.

## InfoBox

| John Gaddy | |
| --- | --- |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:** (1914-02-05)February 5, 1914
Wadesboro, North Carolina | |
| **Died:** May 3, 1966(1966-05-03) (aged 52)
Albemarle, North Carolina | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 27, 1938, for the Brooklyn Dodgers | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 2, 1938, for the Brooklyn Dodgers | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 2–0 |
| Earned run average | 0.69 |
| Strikeouts | 3 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Sanxi station

abstract: Sanxi Station, formerly Yuzhu Station (鱼珠站) during planning, is a station on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under Huangpu Avenue East (黄埔大道东) near Tangxiachong (棠下涌) in the Tianhe District. It opened on 28 December 2009.

text:
# Sanxi station

**Sanxi Station** (Chinese: 三溪站; pinyin: *Sānxī Zhàn*; Jyutping: *saam1kai1 zaam6*; lit. 'three brooks'), formerly **Yuzhu Station** (鱼珠站) during planning, is a station on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under Huangpu Avenue East (黄埔大道东) near Tangxiachong (棠下涌) in the Tianhe District. It opened on 28 December 2009.

23°06′15″N 113°24′56″E / 23.1041°N 113.4156°E / 23.1041; 113.4156

## InfoBox

| Sanxi
三溪 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Huangpu Avenue East (黄埔大道东)
Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong
China |
| Operated by | Guangzhou Metro Co. Ltd. |
| Line(s) | Line 5 |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| History | |
| Opened | 28 December 2009 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Guangzhou Metro Following station  Dongputowards Jiaokou  Line 5  Yuzhutowards Huangpu New Port | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Correa aemula

abstract: Correa aemula, commonly known as the hairy correa, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has broadly heart-shaped leaves arranged in opposite pairs, green or greyish green, pendent flowers arranged singly or in pairs and ageing to mauve-purple.

text:
# Correa aemula

***Correa aemula***, commonly known as the **hairy correa**, is a species of shrub that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has broadly heart-shaped leaves arranged in opposite pairs, green or greyish green, pendent flowers arranged singly or in pairs and ageing to mauve-purple.

## Description

*Correa aemula* is an erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and has woolly-hairy branches. The leaves are papery, broadly heart-shaped, 10–60 mm (0.39–2.36 in) long and 5–35 mm (0.20–1.38 in) wide on a petiole 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long and covered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are arranged singly, sometimes in pairs, in leaf axils or on the ends of short shoots, each on a pendent pedicel 5–30 mm (0.20–1.18 in) long. The calyx is cup-shaped with four lance-shaped lobes 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long. The petals are fused for most of their length, forming a cylindrical corolla 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in) long and green or greyish gren, fading to mauve-purple. The eight stamens extend slightly beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs in spring and summer.

## Taxonomy

The hairy correa was first formally described in 1838 by botanist John Lindley in Thomas Mitchell's book, *Three Expeditions into the interior of Eastern Australia*. Lindley gave the plant the name *Didimeria aemula*, but in 1858, Ferdinand von Mueller, changed the name to *Correa aemula* in his book *Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae*.

## Distribution and habitat

*Correa aemula* occurs on sandy or rocky soils in open forests and heathy woodlands in the Mount Lofty Ranges and Kangaroo Island in South Australia and the Grampians in Victoria. Hybrids with *Correa decumbens* and *Correa reflexa* have been recorded.

## InfoBox

| Hairy correa | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | *Correa* |
| Species: | ***C. aemula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Correa aemula***<br>(Lindl.) F.Muell. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Corraea aemula* F.Muell. nom. inval., nom. nud. * *Correa affinis* Ashby * *Correa speciosa var. hilii* A.D.Chapm. orth. var. * *Correa speciosa var. hillii* Anon. nom. inval., nom. nud. * *Correa speciosa var. hillii* Anon. * *Correa speciosa var. hillii* Guilf. * *Didimeria aemula* Lindl. * *Didymeria aemula* F.Muell. orth. var. * *Sida correoides* A.Cunn. ex T.Mitch. | |


title: Tumor Bank

abstract: A tumor bank is sometimes also referred to as a Tissue Bank, since normal tissues for research are also often collected. However, this function is distinct from a Tissue Bank which collects and harvests human cadaver tissue for medical research and education, and banks which store Biomedical tissue for organ transplantation.

text:
# Tumor Bank

A tumor bank is sometimes also referred to as a **Tissue Bank**, since normal tissues for research are also often collected. However, this function is distinct from a Tissue Bank which collects and harvests human cadaver tissue for medical research and education, and banks which store Biomedical tissue for organ transplantation.

## Cancer Samples

Most tumor banks collect their tumor samples from discarded tissues not needed for pathologic diagnosis, after patients undergo surgery to remove the tumor. The method of sample preservation is critical, and must be compatible with the downstream analysis techniques. Tissue is often snap frozen in liquid nitrogen but may also be preserved in special fixative such as RNAlater (which preserves RNA and proteins), or formalin which preserves tissue architecture. Proteins and RNA can readily be extracted and characterized from tissue preserved with either method.

Many Cancer Centers in the U.S. have a Tumor Bank to supply biomedical scientists with actual patient samples of cancer and associated adjacent normal tissue. This process is currently a high priority to support more Translational Research.

All institutional banks preserve tissue that may be used in research not necessarily related to the patient. Depending on the nationality and regulatory environment of the clinic, re-purposing of excised tissues and samples collected during the course of standard care for use in research may or may not require the consent of the patient. In some countries the patient loses control over their tissue immediately after the surgery or after some specified period of time, after which the material is classed as medical waste. In the US, samples may be collected and used with the patient's consent, or after some period of time defined by the clinic's Institutional Review Board samples may be considered exempt from consent under US 45CFR46, which governs the use of human subjects in research. Many academic and institutional biobanks will not release samples to commercial or big pharma research labs, and some will not even release samples to other academic institutions, so there is a chronic shortage of oncology samples available for research. Additionally, sample availability is governed primarily by clinical standard care, and the trend towards starting chemical treatments immediately upon diagnosis is making it especially difficult to obtain pre-treatment surgically excised tumor samples and pre-treatment blood draws for some cancer indications.

In addition to the general practices of tumor banks, the Ontario Tumor Bank (OTB), operated by the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, exemplifies a significant scale and scope in biobanking. The OTB has amassed a collection exceeding 100,000 specimens from over 20,000 patients, making it one of the largest of its kind in Canada. This extensive repository supports a wide range of cancer research studies, from molecular and genetic analysis to clinical trials. The ability to access such a large and diverse collection of samples has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of cancer and improving therapeutic strategies. This large-scale collection underscores the critical role that well-maintained and ethically governed tumor banks play in the advancement of translational cancer research.

Personalized medicine may influence clinical policies related to biobanking as treatments may increasingly use the genetic characteristics of each individual's own cancer to select or develop uniquely targeted therapies. If personal biobanking options are not available to patients in some locations, they may conceivably start looking for private tumor banks to preserve their own excised tumors for use in their own future therapies. The implications of this trend for ethical and regulatory issues related to existing institutional biobanking policies are not yet clear.

Anti-cancer vaccines of the first type (from the patient's own tumour cells) are much easier to make, which is why many patients start treatment with them. In order for specialists to be able to create such a vaccine, whether when a tumour is first diagnosed or 3-5-10 years later when relapse occurs, it is advisable to freeze some of the tumour cells. At any time, the cell culture is thawed and specially processed, after which it is used to create a personalised product. In metastatic cancer patients are often recommended a combination therapy with oncolytic viruses and drugs based on the patient's own tissue, which also requires material from the cell bank. With this treatment it is possible to simultaneously activate the immune response (by acting on T-suppressors, checkpoint inhibitors) and enhance the anti-tumour effect of the immune system, by changing the function of the T-killer.

This provides an opportunity to develop digital design to create diagnostics, create miniature organ-on-a-chip devices and, most importantly, create human 'digital twins' technology for personalised cancer therapy.

* Hidalgo DO, Entrena NR (2004). "Tumor Banks for genomic and proteomic research". *Clinical and Translational Oncology*. **6** (6): 381–390. doi:10.1007/BF02710072. S2CID 73127746.
* Isabelle M, Teodorovic I, Morente MM, et al. (December 2006). "TuBaFrost 5: multifunctional central database application for a European tumor bank". *Eur. J. Cancer*. **42** (18): 3103–9. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.04.032. PMID 17029787.

* Ontario Tumor Bank


title: Russell Taylor (musician)

abstract: Russell Taylor is an American singer and songwriter. In 2013, VH1 featured him as part of the "You Oughta Know" series. He subsequently went on to win the title of "You Oughta Know" artist for December.

text:
# Russell Taylor (musician)

**Russell Taylor** is an American singer and songwriter.

In 2013, VH1 featured him as part of the "You Oughta Know" series. He subsequently went on to win the title of "You Oughta Know" artist for December.

## Early career

Under his original stage name *Russell* he released *Fool for Love* in 2000, which peaked at number 52 on the UK singles chart, produced by The Basement Boys, with a remix by Olav Basoski. The song was featured on the Ministry of sound collection. He was a featured vocalist on *Last Dance* and *Holiday*, also by the Basement Boys and released on Basement Boys Records later in 2000., .

In 2008, two of his songs *All Said & Done* and *2b loved* were featured on the movie soundtrack for the 2007 movie Dirty Laundry.

## Discography

*Somewhere in Between* (2006) Featuring the single *2b loved*.

*Confessional* (2010)

*War of Hearts* CD Single (2013). The song was inspired by the TV show Scandal. The song was featured TV Shows Black Ink Crew Season 2, Episode 8, Degrassi: The Next Generation Episode 15 "Black and White" from Season 13, and The Fosters Episode 16 "Us Against The World" from Season 1.

*Tin Man : The Blue* (2017). Features single *Thrill*.

## InfoBox

| Russell Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Taylor in 2013 | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | United States |
| Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
|  | |
| Website | www.russelltaylor.net |


title: Béhoust

abstract: Béhoust is a commune in the Yvelines department in north-central France.

text:
# Béhoust

**Béhoust** is a commune in the Yvelines department in north-central France.

## InfoBox

| Béhoust | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Town hall | |
| Location of Béhoust | |
| BéhoustBéhoust | |
| Coordinates: 48°50′N 1°43′E / 48.83°N 1.72°E / 48.83; 1.72 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Île-de-France |
| Department | Yvelines |
| Arrondissement | Rambouillet |
| Canton | Aubergenville |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Guy Pélissier |
| Area**1** | 5.34 km2 (2.06 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 498 |
| Density | 93/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 78053 /78910 |
| Elevation | 88–171 m (289–561 ft)
(avg. 126 m or 413 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Phreatia

abstract: Phreatia, commonly known as lace orchids, is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae, native to regions bordering the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Plants in this genus are epiphytes, sometimes with pseudobulbs, in which case there are usually one or two leaves. Others lack pseudobulbs but have up to twelve leaves. A large number of small white or greenish flowers are borne on a flowering stem emerging from a leaf axil or from the base of the pseudobulb when present but the flowers do not open widely. There are about 220 species, distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Pacific.

text:
# Phreatia

***Phreatia***, commonly known as **lace orchids**, is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae, native to regions bordering the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Plants in this genus are epiphytes, sometimes with pseudobulbs, in which case there are usually one or two leaves. Others lack pseudobulbs but have up to twelve leaves. A large number of small white or greenish flowers are borne on a flowering stem emerging from a leaf axil or from the base of the pseudobulb when present but the flowers do not open widely. There are about 220 species, distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Pacific.

## Description

Orchids in the genus *Phratia* are epiphytic herbs similar to those in the genus *Thelasis* and sometimes have pseudobulbs with one or two leaves or otherwise lack pseudobulbs and have up to twelve leaves. A large number of small flowers are arranged on a flowering stem that emerges from the top of the pseudobulb when present or from a leaf axil. The flowers are resupinate, usually white or greenish and do not open widely. The sepals and petals are free from and similar to each other, but the petals are slightly smaller. The lateral sepals form a small ledge or "mentum" with the base of the column. There is sometimes a sac-like structure at the base of the labellum.

## Taxonomy and naming

The genus *Phreatia* was first formally described in 1830 by John Lindley and the description was published in his book *The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants*. The name *Phreatia* is derived from the Ancient Greek word *phreatos* meaning "a well" or "reservoir".

### Species list

The following is a list of *Phreatia* species accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at January 2019:

## Distribution

Orchids in the genus *Phreatia* are found in China, Taiwan, the Indian Subcontinent, the Andaman Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, the Maluku Islands, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Christmas Island, the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Norfolk Island, Queensland (Australia), Fiji, Niue, New Caledonia, Samoa, the Santa Cruz Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands, the Society Islands, the Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands.

* Media related to *Phreatia* at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| *Phreatia* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phreatia limenophylax* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Orchidaceae |
| Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
| Tribe: | Podochileae |
| Subtribe: | Thelasiinae |
| Genus: | *Phreatia*<br>Lindl. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Rhipidorchis* D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. * *Plexaure* Endl. | |


title: TAC (building automation)

abstract: TAC is a Swedish-based building automation company in the fields of both energy and security. It also operates in other countries including the United Kingdom and the United States. It was originally established in 1925 as Tour Agenturer in Stockholm. TAC has announced a name change to Schneider Electric, its parent company, to take place in October 2009.

text:
# TAC (building automation)

**TAC** is a Swedish-based building automation company in the fields of both energy and security. It also operates in other countries including the United Kingdom and the United States.

It was originally established in 1925 as **Tour Agenturer** in Stockholm.

TAC has announced a name change to Schneider Electric, its parent company, to take place in October 2009.

## History

### 19251995

In the beginning, the company produced a product range focusing particularly on draught regulators and radiator valves.

It continued to develop its product range introducing the first transistorized heating regulator in 1962  and a computer-based system for climate control in 1974.

Tour Agenturer became **Tour & Andersson** in 1977 following a merger with AH Andersson.

Over the following years, Tour & Andersson extended its product range to include an integrated access control system and hotel management & signal system in 1980 and 1981 respectively.

In 1987 it released Micro 7, an IBM PC-based control system with an easier user interface than previously available. It was operated with a mouse in a similar fashion to modern-day computers.

In 1994, the company "moves towards open systems architecture." The following year, Tour & Andersson was separated into two companies: TA Hydronics and TA Control.. TA Hydronics became IMI Hydronic Engineering in 2014

### 19962006

The first major development by TA Control arrived in 1996 with a programmable control system featuring graphical programming.

The following year TA Control changed its name to TAC and focused equally on its services and systems operations in addition to its international partner networks. TAC acquired Norwegian major systems integration company, Solberg Andersen in 1998 shortly before being bought by investment company EQT.

Between 1998 and 2006, several more acquisitions and mergers took place, beginning with TAC's acquisition of Danish-based Danfoss System Automatik. It then merged with CSIan American company based in Dallas, Texasin 2000 to create a new company of 2,000 employees covering three major regions: Europe, the Americas and the Pacific.

The years 2002 and 2003 brought further development for TAC Group with its acquisition of both Control Solutions and MicroSign in 2002 before TAC Group was itself acquired by French-based Schneider Electric in 2003. In 2004, the company bought Seattle-based Abacus Engineered Systems which was then merged with the Energy Solutions Division of TAC.

In the same year TAC's parent company, Schneider Electric, acquired Andover Controls which was then merged with TAC to boost its security operations in addition to expanding its building automation activities.

The company became **Tour Andover Controls** and merged with three more companies over the next two years: Satchwell Controls and the European division of Invensys Advanced Building Systems in 2005, and Invensys Building Systems (IBS) in 2006.

It became **TAC Satchwell** for a brief period between 2005 and 2007 during the integration of Satchwell Controls into the company.

### 2007 to present

The year 2007 brought TAC's most recent merger with Pelco, Dean Meyer in charge of the Pelco division. TAC now covers 7 continents and 80 countries.

## Industries

* Commercial
* Education
* Healthcare
* Data Centers
* Hotel
* Transportation
* Retail
* Industry and Technology
* Government and Military
* Residential
* Life Sciences

"TAC Corporate Brochure 2009"

1. "TAC is becoming Schneider Electric". TAC. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
2. "Milestones in TAC History". *TAC*. 26 June 2008. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
3. https://www.esmagazine.com/articles/96836-ta-hydronics-becomes-imi-hydronic-engineering
4. "Corporate Brochure" (PDF). *TAC*. 26 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-06-26.

## InfoBox

TAC AB
|
|  |
| Company type | Public, AB (Sweden) |
| Industry | Building automation |
| Founded | 1925 |
| Headquarters | Malmö, Sweden |
| Number of locations | 80 countries, including UK, United States, France, Germany, Norway and Denmark |
| Key people | Chris Curtis, CEO
Thomas Hansson, Chief Financial Officer
Dean Meyer, CEO, Pelco |
| Products | Energy solutions and security |
| Revenue | $2,000 million USD (2007) |
| Number of employees | 7,500 (2007) |
| Parent | Schneider Electric |
| Divisions | Energy Solutions
Building Solutions |


title: Koren (village)

abstract: Malevo (village) is a village in the municipality of Haskovo, in Haskovo Province, in southern Bulgaria. This village once belonged to the Hasköylü Ağalık,

text:
# Koren (village)

**Malevo (village)** is a village in the municipality of Haskovo, in Haskovo Province, in southern Bulgaria.

This village once belonged to the Hasköylü Ağalık, (Agaluk of Haskovo)

## InfoBox

| Koren (village) | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Koren (village) | |
| Coordinates: 41°49′N 25°40′E / 41.817°N 25.667°E / 41.817; 25.667 | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province | Haskovo Province |
| Municipality | Haskovo |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |


title: Sebring Regional Airport

abstract: Sebring Regional Airport is a public use airport located six nautical miles southeast of the central business district of Sebring, a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States. It is owned by the Sebring Airport Authority. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. A portion of the old runway system is now Sebring International Raceway, home to the 12 Hours of Sebring, a WeatherTech SportsCar Championship series race which has been held annually since 1952. The airport is also home to a business park and is a Department of Commerce-certified Foreign Trade Zone – FTZ No. 215. DayJet formerly flew into Sebring Regional Airport through an on-demand system, providing direct flights to approximately one dozen cities. DayJet suspended operations on September 19, 2008; there is no regularly scheduled passenger service into the airport.

text:
# Sebring Regional Airport

**Sebring Regional Airport** (IATA: **SEF**, ICAO: **KSEF**, FAA LID: **SEF**) is a public use airport located six nautical miles (7 mi, 11 km) southeast of the central business district of Sebring, a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States. It is owned by the Sebring Airport Authority. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a *general aviation* facility.

A portion of the old runway system is now Sebring International Raceway, home to the 12 Hours of Sebring, a WeatherTech SportsCar Championship series race which has been held annually since 1952. The airport is also home to a business park and is a Department of Commerce-certified Foreign Trade Zone  FTZ No. 215.

DayJet formerly flew into Sebring Regional Airport through an on-demand system, providing direct flights to approximately one dozen cities. DayJet suspended operations on September 19, 2008; there is no regularly scheduled passenger service into the airport.

## Facilities and aircraft

Sebring Regional Airport covers an area of 1,768 acres (715 ha) at an elevation of 62 feet (19 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces: 01/19 is 5,234 by 100 feet (1,595 × 30 m) and 14/32 is 4,990 by 100 feet (1,521 × 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending October 9, 2020, the airport had 72,670 aircraft operations, an average of 199 per day: 99% general aviation and \<1% military. At that time there were 97 aircraft based at this airport: 65 single-engine, 20 multi-engine, 3 jet, and 9 helicopter. The airport is also the home of the light-sport aircraft Expo held annually since 2004.

## Governing body

The governing body of the airport is the Sebring Airport Authority. It consists of a board of seven members selected by the City Council of the City of Sebring. The terms of board members is four years, and two members are selected each successive year for three years and the remaining member is selected in the fourth year.

## History

*For the World War II use of the airport, see Hendricks Army Airfield*

Sebring Regional Airport was originally constructed in 1940 as **Hendricks Field**, a B-17 Flying Fortress crew training base of the US Army Air Corps, later the US Army Air Forces.

In 1940, Sebring officials and citizens contacted their Florida congressional delegation to see about getting an Army base in the area. In the summer of 1940, and in early 1941, a group of Army Air Corps officers surveyed the area. On June 12, 1941, Congressman J. Hardin Peterson advised that an area of 9,200 acres (3,700 ha) of woodland had been approved for a basic flying school. The City of Sebring purchased the land and leased it to the government at $1 per year for 99 years. With the end of the war in 1945, the training program began to wind down during September and October, and by mid-November the order came to inactivate the base by December 31, 1945.

On February 21, 1946, the city received a permit to operate a civilian airfield on the site and on May 1, 1946, the abandoned airfield was turned over to the City of Sebring to become Sebring Air Terminal, now Sebring Regional Airport & Commerce Park.

In December 1950, the first sports car endurance race was held, and since then the world-famous 12 Hours of Sebring Grand Prix of Endurance has been held in March each year, with the race track taking the East-West ramp and the closed Runway 9/27, along with some streets of the former air base-turned commerce park.

Only the main hangar, restored in 2000, is now in use. New water and sewage systems were completed, and the military's former high water tower, a very noticeable landmark, was brought down in December 1997. The original military control tower was brought down in December 1999 and has been restored and re-erected as a historical icon, although the airport continues to operate as an uncontrolled airfield.

### Aviation Expo at Sebring Airport

Starting in 2004, Sebring became the home to the annual US Sport Aviation Expo. By 2015, the event had grown to 140 exhibitors. May 30, 2019, the Sebring airport authority announced the event permanently scrubbed.

## Incidents

On December 5, 1978, Douglas C-53 N25656 of *Caribe Air Sales* crashed shortly after take-off and was destroyed by fire. The gust locks had not been removed before flight and the aircraft was overloaded. All three people on board were killed.

## Sports car racing

Following the end of World War II, aeronautical engineer Alec Ullman, seeking sites to restore military aircraft for civilian use, saw potential in Hendricks Field's runways to stage a sports car endurance race, similar to the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Sebring's first race was held on New Year's Eve of 1950, and the first 12 Hours of Sebring was held on March 15, 1952. The latter would grow to be a major international race. In 1959, the racetrack hosted the first Formula One United States Grand Prix.

For much of Sebring's history, the track followed a 5.38 mile (8.66 km) layout. In 1983, the track was changed to allow simultaneous use of the track and one of the runways. In 1987, more changes allowed use of another runway. Further changes in 1991 accommodated expansion of the airport's facilities, and brought the track close to its current configuration. The entire track could now be used without interfering with normal airport operations.

## Other sources

## InfoBox

| Sebring Regional Airport | |
| --- | --- |
| USGS 2006 orthophoto | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | Sebring Airport Authority |
| Serves | Sebring, Florida |
| Elevation AMSL | 62 ft / 19 m |
| Coordinates | 27°27′23″N 81°20′33″W / 27.45639°N 81.34250°W / 27.45639; -81.34250 |
| Website | www.sebring-airport.com |
| Map | |
| **SEF**Location of airport in Florida**SEF****SEF** (the United States) | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  01/19 5,234 1,595 Asphalt  14/32 4,990 1,521 Asphalt | |
| Statistics (2020) | |
| Aircraft operations (year ending 10/9/2020) 72,670  Based aircraft 97 | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Eucalyptus yalatensis

abstract: Eucalyptus yalatensis, commonly known as the Yalata mallee, is a species of mallee or a shrub that is endemic to southern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the stems, smooth bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds mostly in groups of nine, creamy white or yellowish flowers and hemispherical to shortened spherical fruit.

text:
# Eucalyptus yalatensis

***Eucalyptus yalatensis***, commonly known as the **Yalata mallee**, is a species of mallee or a shrub that is endemic to southern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the stems, smooth bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds mostly in groups of nine, creamy white or yellowish flowers and hemispherical to shortened spherical fruit.

## Description

*Eucalyptus yalatensis* is a mallee that typically grows to a height of 4 metres (13 ft), or a low, sprawling shrub with a diameter up to 7 metres (23 ft), and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous to flaky brownish grey bark on part or all of the stems, smooth pale grey to brownish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull greyish green, sessile, egg-shaped leaves that are 43–80 mm (1.7–3.1 in) long and 14–40 mm (0.55–1.57 in) wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of greyish or glaucous on both sides, lance-shaped, 60–120 mm (2.4–4.7 in) long and 9–22 mm (0.35–0.87 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped to egg-shaped, 7–12 mm (0.28–0.47 in) long and 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) wide with a narrow conical operculum that is longer than the floral cup. It blooms between October and February producing creamy white or pale yellowish flowers. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical to shortened spherical capsule 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long and wide with the valves protruding. The seeds are oval, glossy grey-brown and 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Eucalyptus yalatensis* was first formally described in 1975 by Clifford Boomsma in the *South Australian Naturalist* from specimens collected by Bruce Jabez Copley (1933–1984) near Yalata in 1969. The specific epithet and common name refer to the area where the type specimens were collected.

## Distribution

Yalata mallee grows in mallee on level to slightly undulating country, sometimes on limestone cliffs but always on calcareous or sandy soil over limestone. It is found from Balladonia and Israelite Bay in the west to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, and disjunctly near Mannum.

## Conservation status

This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## InfoBox

| Yalata mallee | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Eucalyptus yalatensis* on the Nullarbor Plain in South Australia | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Myrtaceae |
| Genus: | *Eucalyptus* |
| Species: | ***E. yalatensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Eucalyptus yalatensis***<br>Boomsma | |
|


title: CZ Loko

abstract: CZ Loko is a Czech locomotive and railway vehicle repair, modernisation, and manufacturing company, based in Česká Třebová.

text:
# CZ Loko

**CZ Loko** is a Czech locomotive and railway vehicle repair, modernisation, and manufacturing company, based in Česká Třebová.

## History

The company was founded as Českomoravská komerční společnost, in 1995, based in Nymburk. In 1999, the company was renamed ČMKS holding, as.. In 2006, the company moved to Česká Třebová, and was renamed CZ Loko.

## Products

CZ Loko manufacturers several types of diesel shunting locomotives, as well as full sized diesel and electric locomotives.

### HybridShunter 400

The HybridShunter 400 is a battery-electric shunting locomotive, first produced in 2019. A two axle locomotive, mainly powered by batteries, which have an estimated life of 24 to 48 hours. The Loco is also fitted with a 44KW Caterpillar to be used as a backup.

### EFIShunter Range

The EFFIShunter range are CZ Loko's diesel shunting locomotives. The 300 is the smallest locomotive on offer, with the 600, 1000, and 1600 offering higher levels of power, giving 563KW, 895KW, and 1550KW respectively. There is also the C30-M available, a heavy duty version of the 1600 built for 1520mm gauge.

## Other services

The company is also known for its modernisation of locomotives, such as former ČD Brejlovec locomotives, ČD Class 750 and ČD Class 753, which have been refurbished for Czech, Italian, Slovakian, and Hungarian operators. The company has also modernised other former ČD locomotives, such as the ČD Class 740 and ČD Class 742.

## InfoBox

CZ LOKO a.s.
|
|  |
|
| Company type | Joint-stock company |
| ISIN | CZ0005129775 |
| Industry | Rail transport machinery |
| Founded | 25 January 1995 (1995-01-25)<br>Nymburk, Czech Republic |
| Headquarters | Česká Třebová, Czech Republic |
| Area served | Europe |
| Products | Locomotives |
| Revenue | * 2.3 billion CZK (2018) |
| Operating income | * 104.2 million CZK (2018) |
| Net income | * 72.1 million CZK (2018) |
| Total assets | * 2.1 billion CZK (2018) |
| Total equity | 852.5 million (2018) |
| Number of employees | 689 (2018) |
| Website | www.czloko.cz |


title: Cortinarius violaceorubens

abstract: Cortinarius violaceorubens is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius native Finland and Sweden in Scandinavia, south to France and Germany. It is associated with spruce (Picea). Genetically it is closely related to C. cyanites and C. boreicyanites.

text:
# Cortinarius violaceorubens

***Cortinarius violaceorubens*** is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus *Cortinarius* native Finland and Sweden in Scandinavia, south to France and Germany. It is associated with spruce (*Picea*). Genetically it is closely related to *C. cyanites* and *C. boreicyanites*.

## InfoBox

| *Cortinarius violaceorubens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Cortinariaceae |
| Genus: | *Cortinarius* |
| Species: | ***C. violaceorubens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cortinarius violaceorubens***<br>Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux, 1990 | |
|


title: Tunisian–Algerian War (1628)

abstract: The Tunisian–Algerian War of 1628 was a conflict between the regencies of Algiers and Tunis arising from territorial disputes. The casus belli involved the construction, by the Tunisians, of a military post along the river intended to demarcate the territory between the two regencies.

text:
# Tunisian–Algerian War (1628)

The **Tunisian–Algerian War of 1628** was a conflict between the regencies of Algiers and Tunis arising from territorial disputes. The casus belli involved the construction, by the Tunisians, of a military post along the river intended to demarcate the territory between the two regencies.

## Background

In 1614, an initial treaty was signed to establish the boundary between the two regencies, specifically along a river known as Oued El Serrat. Fifteen years later, the arrangement was challenged due to encroachments by neighboring tribes (Ben Chennouf) and the establishment of a military post on the river serving as the demarcation line. Hussein Bey, the Pasha of Algiers, instructed Taïb Ben Chenouf from Kef to refrain from crossing the boundaries set in 1614. However, Youssef Dey ordered that this injunction be disregarded.

The Ottomans send a mediator to de-escalate tensions between the two regencies, but the efforts are ignored. War is then declared, and several encounters occur between the armies of the two states. The Tunisian army is defeated on May 17, 1628. The concluded peace treaty is entirely dedicated to delineating the border.

## Battle

The Algerians, numbering 300 tents with nine cannons and supported by numerous Arab contingents, advance towards El Kef. Youssef Dey marches against them with 480 tents and 55 cannons, backed by the Drids, the Ouled Saïd, and other Tunisian tribes. Taïb Ben Chenouf manages to lure the Algerians into a challenging valley, where they suffer significant losses. However, due to his connections with the Harar (a faction of the Ouled Ben Chenouf), he switches sides to the Algerian camp, leading to the rout of the Tunisian army.

## Aftermath

Dey Youssef accepts the peace proposals conveyed by his officers and ratifies the treaty concluded with the Algerians for the delineation of the border.

* The military post erected by the Tunisians along the river must be dismantled.
* The border continues to be defined by the Oued Mellègue.
* A line connecting specific points is established: Djebel El Hairech, Quloub Thirân, and the summit of Djebel Hafa extending to the Mediterranean Sea.

The fourth clause of the treaty specifies that subjects of either regency who cross the border cannot be claimed by the government from which they departed. They consequently become subjects of the regency to which they have emigrated. The peace treaty dictates that Tunis must pay tribute and compensation to Algiers.

## InfoBox

| Tunisian–Algerian War | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Tunisian–Algerian War | |
| Date 1628 – 17 May 1628  Location Tunisia  Result  Algerian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Regency of Algiers | Ottoman Tunisia |


abstract: Rutland-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–12 was a constituency, or election district, for the Vermont House of Representatives. Such districts are changed every 10 years in response to population changes as determined by the United States Census. The district contained the towns of Castleton, Fair Haven, Hubbardton, and West Haven.

text:
# Rutland-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012

**Rutland-2 Vermont Representative District, 200212** was a constituency, or election district, for the Vermont House of Representatives. Such districts are changed every 10 years in response to population changes as determined by the United States Census. The district contained the towns of Castleton, Fair Haven, Hubbardton, and West Haven.

*An Act Relating to Redistricting the House of Representatives*. Vermont Legislature. May 3, 2002. Act 85.