title: Ehud Gol

abstract: Ehud Gol is an Israeli diplomat.

text:
# Ehud Gol

**Ehud Gol** (Hebrew: אהוד גול; born 1946, in Jerusalem) is an Israeli diplomat.

## Education

From 1969 until 1971, Gol studied at Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1969–1971, earning a BA in International Relations and Political Science. In 1973–1975, he studied American Studies at New York University.

## Diplomatic career

He served as ambassador to Italy (while concurrently serving to FAO, WFP & IFAD), Malta, San Marino, Spain, Andorra, Albania, Portugal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and as the Consul General to Rio de Janeiro.


title: Ekma

abstract: Ekma is a Tehsil town and Taluka of Banwari Amnour in Saran district of Bihar state, India.

text:
# Ekma

**Ekma** is a Tehsil town and Taluka of Banwari Amnour in Saran district of Bihar state, India.

## InfoBox

| Ekma | |
| --- | --- |
| town | |
| EkmaLocation in Bihar, India | |
| Coordinates: 25°57′0″N 84°32′0″E / 25.95000°N 84.53333°E / 25.95000; 84.53333 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Saran |
| Languages | |
| Official | Hindi, Bhojpuri |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 841208 |
| Telephone code | 06155 |


title: Eklutna Power Plant

abstract: The Eklutna Power Plant, also referred to as Old Eklutna Power Plant, is a historic hydroelectric power plant on the Eklutna River in Anchorage, Alaska. Located about 5 miles (8.0 km) downstream of the more modern new Eklutna Power Plant, it was built in 1928–29 to provide electrical power to the growing city, and served as its primary power source until 1956. The facilities include two dams, a tunnel and penstock, and a powerhouse. The main dam, Eklutna Dam, located at the northwestern end of Eklutna Lake, was built in 1941 to replace a series of temporary structures built after an earthen dam failed before the plant began operation. The diversion dam, a concrete arch dam, is located 7 miles (11 km) downstream from the lake, and provides facilities for diverting water into the tunnel. The tunnel is 1,900 feet (580 m) long, and is terminated in a penstock, a structure designed to raise the water pressure. The powerhouse is a concrete-and-steel structure completed in 1929. The diversion dam removal was completed in 2018 to allow for the passage of salmon. The power plant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

text:
# Eklutna Power Plant

The **Eklutna Power Plant**, also referred to as **Old Eklutna Power Plant**, is a historic hydroelectric power plant on the Eklutna River in Anchorage, Alaska. Located about 5 miles (8.0 km) downstream of the more modern new Eklutna Power Plant, it was built in 1928–29 to provide electrical power to the growing city, and served as its primary power source until 1956. The facilities include two dams, a tunnel and penstock, and a powerhouse. The main dam, Eklutna Dam, located at the northwestern end of Eklutna Lake, was built in 1941 to replace a series of temporary structures built after an earthen dam failed before the plant began operation. The diversion dam, a concrete arch dam, is located 7 miles (11 km) downstream from the lake, and provides facilities for diverting water into the tunnel. The tunnel is 1,900 feet (580 m) long, and is terminated in a penstock, a structure designed to raise the water pressure. The powerhouse is a concrete-and-steel structure completed in 1929. The diversion dam removal was completed in 2018 to allow for the passage of salmon.

The power plant was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Eklutna Power Plant | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Alaska Heritage Resources Survey | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Nearest city | Anchorage, Alaska |
| Coordinates | 61°27′30″N 149°20′24″W / 61.45833°N 149.34000°W / 61.45833; -149.34000 |
| Area | 20 acres (8.1 ha) |
| Built | 1929 (1929) |
| Built by | Jasper & Stacey Company |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000746 |
| AHRS No. | ANC-118 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | June 20, 1980 |
| Designated AHRS | October 10, 1976 |


title: El Salvador at the 1996 Summer Olympics

text:
# El Salvador at the 1996 Summer Olympics

El Salvador competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, from 19 July to 4 August 1996. This was the nation's sixth appearance at the Olympics.

Comité Olímpico de El Salvador sent a total of 8 athletes to the Games, 6 men and 2 women, to compete in 5 sports. Judoka Juan Vargas was selected to carry his nation's flag during the opening ceremony.

## Competitors

Comité Olímpico de El Salvador selected a team of 8 athletes, 6 men and 2 women, to compete in 5 sports. Judoka Juan Vargas, at age 32, was the oldest athlete of the team, while swimmer Francisco Suriano was the youngest at age 17.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games.

| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Cycling | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Judo | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Swimming | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Weightlifting | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 6 | 2 | 8 |

## Athletics

Men Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Round 1 | | Round 2 | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Rubén Benítez | 100 m | 10.74 | 6 | Did not advance | | | | | |

Women Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Round 1 | | Round 2 | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Arely Franco | 400 m | 1:01.38 | 7 | Did not advance | | | | | |

## Cycling

### Road

Women

| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maureen Kaila Vergara | Road race | DNF | |

### Track

Women

| Athlete | Event | Points | Laps | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Maureen Kaila Vergara | Points race | 11 | 0 | 5 |

## Judo

Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminary | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Rank |
| Carlos Rodolfo Ramírez | 65 kg | Pasl Lauren (FIN)
**L** | Did not advance | | | | | | | | =34 |
|
| Juan Vargas | 71 kg | BYE | Saleh al-Sharrah (KUW)
**L** | Did not advance | | | | | | | =21 |

## Swimming

Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | | Semifinal | | Final | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Francisco Suriano | 100 m breaststroke | 1:05.82 | 37 |  | | Did not advance | |
| | 200 m breaststroke | 2:25.57 | 32 |  | | Did not advance | |
|
| Rubén Ernesto Pineda | 100 m butterfly | 56.01 | 37 |  | | Did not advance | |

## Weightlifting

Men

| Athlete | Event | Snatch | | Clean & jerk | | Total | Rank |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | | |
| Francisco Cáceres | 64 kg | 115.0 | =29 | 145.0 | =29 | 260 | 31 |

## InfoBox

| El Salvador at the
1996 Summer Olympics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | ESA |
| NOC | El Salvador Olympic Committee |
| Website | www.teamesa.org (in Spanish) |
| in Atlanta | |
| Competitors | 7 (6 men and 2 women) in 5 sports |
| Flag bearer | Juan Carlos Vargas |
| Medals | Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 |
| Summer Olympics appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


abstract: The 14th Pan American Games were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic from August 1 to August 17, 2003.

text:
# El Salvador at the 2003 Pan American Games

The **14th Pan American Games** were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic from August 1 to August 17, 2003.

## Medals

### Silver

##### Archery

##### Weightlifting

### Bronze

##### Archery

## Results by event

### Athletics

| Athlete | Event | Throws | | | | | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Distance | Rank |
| Nancy Guillén | Women's Hammer | 56.82 | X | X | X | 56.30 | 57.30 | **57.30 m** | 8 |

### Boxing

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result | Opposition
Result |
| José Mario Jiménez | Flyweight | Torres (ECU)
**L** 13-28 | did not advance | | |

## InfoBox

| El Salvador at the
2003 Pan American Games | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| IOC code | ESA |
| NOC | El Salvador Olympic Committee |
| in Santo Domingo
1–17 August 2003 | |
| Flag bearer | Cristina Maida |
| Medals
Ranked 19th | Gold 0 Silver 2 Bronze 2 Total 4 |
| Pan American Games appearances (overview) | |
|  | |


title: Prospect Hill Academy Charter School

abstract: Prospect Hill Academy Charter School (PHA) is college preparatory charter public school serving grades PreK - 12 in Somerville, Massachusetts and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school was founded in 1996. PHA serves 1,000 students, 89% are people of color, nearly two-thirds are low-income, and approximately half come from homes where English is not the primary language spoken.

text:
# Prospect Hill Academy Charter School

**Prospect Hill Academy Charter School (PHA)** is college preparatory charter public school serving grades PreK - 12 in Somerville, Massachusetts and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school was founded in 1996.

PHA serves 1,000 students, 89% are people of color, nearly two-thirds are low-income, and approximately half come from homes where English is not the primary language spoken.

## Campuses

Prospect Hill Academy is located on three campuses in Somerville, Massachusetts and Cambridge, Massachusetts:

1. The ***Early Childhood Campus***, serving grades PreK-3, is located at 15 Webster Avenue, Somerville, in Union Square (Somerville).
2. The ***Upper Elementary Campus***, serving grades 4-6, is located at 17 Franklin Street, in East Somerville.
3. The ***Middle School and High School Campus***, serving grades 7-12, is located at 50-54 Essex Street, Cambridge, near Central Square (Cambridge). Grades 7-8 (Middle School) is at 50 Essex and 9-12 (High School & Collegiate Institute) is at 54 Essex.

## Extracurricular activities

### Athletics

Prospect Hill Academy is a member of the Massachusetts Charter School Athletic Organization. Sports offerings include soccer, basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball, cheerleading, cross-country running, and track.

### Clubs and publications

High School clubs have included the Art Club, Chess Club, EPICS, Gay Straight Alliance, Junior State of America, Knitting, Sign Language, Video Production, and the Yearbook as well as athletic clubs such as Dance club, Boys Fitness, and Girls Fitness. In the Fall of 2012 clubs included: Fundamentals of Art, Dance Club, 9th Grade Choir, HAIRitage, Hip Hop 101, Self Defense, Pumped Up Kicks, and Drum Line Upper Elementary clubs include: the drama club, the Improv Olympics club, the newspaper club, the dance club, the ski and snowboard club, the flag football club, and the basketball club.

42°22′01.47″N 71°06′02.46″W / 42.3670750°N 71.1006833°W / 42.3670750; -71.1006833

## InfoBox

| Prospect Hill Academy Charter School | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Address | |
|  | |
| 50 Essex Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
United States | |
| Information | |
| School type | Public, Charter school |
| Established | 1996 (1996) |
| Status | Open |
| Superintendent | Angela F. Allen |
| Head of school | Angela F. Allen |
| Staff | 173 |
| Teaching staff | 98 |
| Grades | K-12 |
| Enrollment | 1139 |
| Kindergarten | 88 |
| Grade 1 | 89 |
| Grade 2 | 89 |
| Grade 3 | 82 |
| Grade 4 | 97 |
| Grade 5 | 96 |
| Grade 6 | 99 |
| Grade 7 | 96 |
| Grade 8 | 96 |
| Grade 9 | 93 |
| Grade 10 | 83 |
| Grade 11 | 73 |
| Grade 12 | 48 |
| Classes | 407 |
| Student to teacher ratio | 11.7:1 |
| Hours in school day | 7:45am - 4:45pm |
| Song | "Busy Bee" song |
| Sports | Baseball, Basketball, Cheerleading, Cross-country, Soccer, Softball, Track, Volleyball |
| Mascot | The Wizard |
| Team name | PHA Wizards |
| Accreditation | NEASC |
| National ranking | 499 (2013 U.S. News & World Report) |
| Budget | 16000 per pupil (2013 estimate) |
| MCAS % proficient and advanced | ELA: 100
Math: 94
Science: 76 (Grade 10 Spring 2012) |
| Website | www.phacs.org |


title: Eichelbach (Weil)

abstract: Eichelbach is a small river of Hesse, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Weil in the village Rod an der Weil of Weilrod.

text:
# Eichelbach (Weil)

**Eichelbach** is a small river of Hesse, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Weil in the village Rod an der Weil of Weilrod.

## InfoBox

| Eichelbach | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Hesse |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Weil |
| coordinates | 50°20′17″N 8°22′57″E / 50.3380°N 8.3826°E / 50.3380; 8.3826 |
| Basin features | |
| Progression | WeilLahnRhineNorth Sea |


title: Prunum niciezai

abstract: Prunum niciezai is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Prunum niciezai

***Prunum niciezai*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

## Distribution

*P. niciezai* can be found in Caribbean waters, off the northwestern coast of Cuba.

## InfoBox

| *Prunum niciezai* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Genus: | *Prunum* |
| Species: | ***P. niciezai*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunum niciezai***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 1998 | |
|


title: Prunum pulidoi

abstract: Prunum pulidoi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

text:
# Prunum pulidoi

***Prunum pulidoi*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Prunum pulidoi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Marginellidae |
| Genus: | *Prunum* |
| Species: | ***P. pulidoi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunum pulidoi***<br>Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 | |
|


title: Pseudospeciation

abstract:
Pseudospeciation is a form of othering, the treatment of different human groups as if they were different biological species. It begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, etc. These cultural differences are claimed to be analogous to the formation of different biological species (speciation). In the extreme, pseudospeciation leads to dehumanization of other cultural groups (out-groups). Pseudospeciation, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, refers to the tendency of members of in-groups to consider members of out-groups to have evolved genetically into different, separate, and inferior species to their own. The term was first used by Erik Erikson in 1966, according to his biographer, Lawrence J. Friedman. Dehumanization is one possible outcome of pseudospeciation, as is ethnic discrimination or genocide. Francisco Gil-White proposed in 2001 that humans evolved in such a way that the brain perceives different ethnic groups to be equivalent to different biological 'species', thus suggesting that pseudospeciation is innate. His hypothesis has yet to receive widespread empirical support. His theory and data are found in Current Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 515–554.
Pseudospeciation is an especially virulent form of ethnocentrism. Karl Marlantes, in his book What It Is Like to Go to War, referred to pseudospeciation by American soldiers in World War II and in the Vietnam War as a coping mechanism for dealing with Japanese and Vietnamese soldiers differently from European soldiers in those wars. Since an underlying precept of pseudospeciation is the dehumanization of the enemy, it helps the soldiers rationalize barbaric or socially unacceptable behavior visited upon soldiers of a race and culture visually and contextually different from their own. One example Marlantes posits is the treatment of prisoners, or what might be characterized as the murder of soldiers attempting to surrender.

text:
# Pseudospeciation

**Pseudospeciation** is a form of othering, the treatment of different human groups as if they were different biological species. It begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, etc. These cultural differences are claimed to be analogous to the formation of different biological species (speciation). In the extreme, pseudospeciation leads to dehumanization of other cultural groups (out-groups).

Pseudospeciation, according to the *Oxford English Dictionary*, refers to the tendency of members of in-groups to consider members of out-groups to have evolved genetically into different, separate, and inferior species to their own. The term was first used by Erik Erikson in 1966, according to his biographer, Lawrence J. Friedman. Dehumanization is one possible outcome of pseudospeciation, as is ethnic discrimination or genocide.

Francisco Gil-White proposed in 2001 that humans evolved in such a way that the brain perceives different ethnic groups to be equivalent to different biological 'species', thus suggesting that pseudospeciation is innate. His hypothesis has yet to receive widespread empirical support. His theory and data are found in *Current Anthropology*, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 515–554. Pseudospeciation is an especially virulent form of ethnocentrism. Karl Marlantes, in his book *What It Is Like to Go to War* (Grove Press, 2011), referred to pseudospeciation by American soldiers in World War II and in the Vietnam War as a coping mechanism for dealing with Japanese and Vietnamese soldiers differently from European (Germans and Italians for instance) soldiers in those wars. Since an underlying precept of pseudospeciation is the dehumanization of the enemy, it helps the soldiers rationalize barbaric or socially unacceptable behavior visited upon soldiers of a race and culture visually and contextually different from their own. One example Marlantes posits is the treatment of prisoners, or what might be characterized as the murder of soldiers attempting to surrender.


title: Pseudospark switch

abstract: The pseudospark switch is a gas-filled tube capable of high speed switching. Pseudospark switches are functionally similar to triggered spark gaps. Advantages of pseudospark switches include the ability to carry reverse currents, low pulse, high lifetime, and a high current rise of about 10ⁱ⁲ A/sec. In addition, since the cathode is not heated prior to switching, the standby power is approximately one order of magnitude lower than in thyratrons. However, pseudospark switches have undesired plasma phenomena at low peak currents. Issues such as current quenching, chopping, and impedance fluctuations occur at currents less than 2–3 kA while at very high peak currents (20–30 kA) a transition to a metal vapor arc occurs which leads to erosion of the electrodes.

text:
# Pseudospark switch

The **pseudospark switch** is a gas-filled tube capable of high speed switching. Pseudospark switches are functionally similar to triggered spark gaps.

Advantages of pseudospark switches include the ability to carry reverse currents (up to 100%), low pulse, high lifetime, and a high current rise of about 1012 /sec. In addition, since the cathode is not heated prior to switching, the standby power is approximately one order of magnitude lower than in thyratrons. However, pseudospark switches have undesired plasma phenomena at low peak currents. Issues such as current quenching, chopping, and impedance fluctuations occur at currents less than 2–3 kA while at very high peak currents (20–30 kA) a transition to a metal vapor arc occurs which leads to erosion of the electrodes.

## Construction

A pseudospark switch's electrodes (cathode and anode) have central holes approximately 3 to 5 mm in diameter. Behind the cathode and anode lie a hollow cathode and hollow anode, respectively. The electrodes are separated by an insulator. A low pressure (less than 50 Pa) "working gas" (typically hydrogen) is contained between the electrodes.

While a pseudospark switch is generally fairly simple in construction, engineering a switch for higher lifetimes is more difficult. One method of extending the lifetime is to create a multichannel pseudospark switch to distribute the current and as a result, decrease the erosion. Another method is to simply use cathode materials more resistant to erosion.

Typical electrode materials include copper, nickel, tungsten/rhenium, molybdenum, tantalum, and ceramic materials. Tantalum, however, cannot be used with hydrogen due to chemical erosion affecting the lifetime adversely. Of the metals, tungsten and molybdenum are commonly used, though molybdenum electrodes show issues with reignition behavior. Several papers which compare electrode materials claim tungsten is the most suitable of the metal electrodes tested. Some ceramic materials such as silicon carbide and boron carbide have proven to be excellent electrode materials as well, with lower erosion rates than tungsten in certain cases.

## Pseudospark discharge

In a pseudospark discharge a breakdown is first triggered between the electrodes by applying a voltage. The gas then breaks down as a function of the pressure, distance, and voltage. An "ionization avalanche" then occurs producing a homogeneous discharge plasma confined to the central regions of the electrodes.

In the figure above, the various stages of the pseudospark discharge can be seen. Stage (I) is the triggering or low current phase. The discharges in both stage (II), the hollow cathode phase, and stage (III), the borehole phase, are capable of carrying currents of several hundred amps. The transition from the borehole phase to the high current phase (IV) is very fast, characterized by a sudden jump in switch impedance. The last phase (V) only occurs for currents of several 10 kA and is unwelcome as it results in high erosion rates.

## Further reading

* Bochkov, V. (2009). "Prospective Pulsed Power Applications Of Pseudospark Switches". *Proc. 17th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference*. **1**: 255–259.


title: Eitbar Hussain Bartar

text:
# Eitbar Hussain Bartar

## Life

**Eitbar Hussain Bartar** was born in Khairabad in April 1889. He was a Tehsildar of lashkar (Gwalior). He was also a philosopher, poet, and religious scholar. After the retirement of majestate he wrote many poets and nazms. His father was Muztar Khairabadi, and his brothers were Jan Nisar Akhtar and Yadgar Hussain Nashtar. His nephews are Javed Akhtar and Salman Akhtar.

His sons are :-

* **Namdar Hussain (Khanjar Khairabadi)**
* **Barkarar hussain (Sagar)**
* **Shandar Hussain (Arshi)**

His grandsons are Farhan Akhtar, **Mohammad Taheer Ahmad**, Syed Urooj Ahmad, Syed Razdar Hussain (Dilbar), Kabir Akhtar, Syed Suroor Ahmad, Syed Shaoor Ahmad, Syed Touseef Ahmad, Syed Zubair Ahmad, Musheer Ahmed and Dabeer Ahmad.

## Great-Grandsons

His great-grand sons (New Generation) are **Syed Vaqar Ahmad**, Syed Masroor Ahmad Bilal Ahmad, Tawqeer Ahmed, Naved Ahmed, Owais Ahmed, Saood Ahmad, **Mohammad Maaz Rizvi** and **Muawwaz Ahmad Rizvi**.

## InfoBox

| Eitbar Hussain Bartar | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1889
Gwalior |
| Died | 1974
Kurwai |
| Language | Urdu |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Children | Namdar Hussain, Barkarar Hussain and Shandar Hussain. |


title: Elaphropus longior

abstract: Elaphropus longior is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Burgeon in 1935.Found mostly in North America and Europe

text:
# Elaphropus longior

***Elaphropus longior*** is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Burgeon in 1935.Found mostly in North America and Europe

## InfoBox

| *Elaphropus longior* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | *Elaphropus* |
| Species: | ***E. longior*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elaphropus longior***<br>(Burgeon, 1935) | |
|


title: Pterolophia jacta

abstract: Pterolophia jacta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Newman in 1842. It is known from the Philippines.

text:
# Pterolophia jacta

***Pterolophia jacta*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Newman in 1842. It is known from the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolophia jacta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Pterolophia* |
| Species: | ***P. jacta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterolophia jacta***<br>Newman, 1842 | |
|


title: Pterolophia iringensis

abstract: Pterolophia iringensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1977.

text:
# Pterolophia iringensis

***Pterolophia iringensis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1977.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolophia iringensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Pterolophia* |
| Species: | ***P. iringensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterolophia iringensis***<br>Breuning, 1977 | |
|


title: Pterolophia japonica

abstract: Pterolophia japonica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

text:
# Pterolophia japonica

***Pterolophia japonica*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.

## InfoBox

| *Pterolophia japonica* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Tribe: | Pteropliini |
| Genus: | *Pterolophia* |
| Species: | ***P. japonica*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pterolophia japonica***<br>Breuning, 1939 | |
|


title: Puccinia kuehnii

abstract: Puccinia kuehnii is a plant pathogen that causes orange rust disease of sugarcane. Orange rust was first discovered in India in 1914, but the first case of huge economical damage in sugarcane was registered in Australia in 2001. The first case in United States was in 2007 in Florida and has so far been the only state in the United States where sugarcane has been affected by this kind of rust. In order to treat the infected sugarcane at least three rounds of fungicide must be applied to the plant, costing growers $40 million a year. Currently scientists at the Agricultural Research Service are genetically analyzing the fungus that causes orange rust in order to help combat the problem.

text:
# Puccinia kuehnii

***Puccinia kuehnii*** is a plant pathogen that causes orange rust disease of sugarcane. Orange rust was first discovered in India in 1914, but the first case of huge economical damage in sugarcane was registered in Australia in 2001. The first case in United States was in 2007 in Florida and has so far been the only state in the United States where sugarcane has been affected by this kind of rust. In order to treat the infected sugarcane at least three rounds of fungicide must be applied to the plant, costing growers $40 million a year. Currently scientists at the Agricultural Research Service are genetically analyzing the fungus that causes orange rust in order to help combat the problem.

## InfoBox

| *Puccinia kuehnii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Pucciniomycetes |
| Order: | Pucciniales |
| Family: | Pucciniaceae |
| Genus: | *Puccinia* |
| Species: | ***P. kuehnii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Puccinia kuehnii***<br>(W. Krüger) E.J.Butler, (1914) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Coeomurus kuehnii* (W. Krüger) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3(3): 450 (1898) * *Uredo kuehnii* Wakker & Went, De Ziektan van het Suikerriet op Java: 144 (1898) * *Uromyces kuehnii* W. Krüger, Ber. Versuchsstat. Zuckerrinhrin West-Java 1: 117 (1890) | |


title: Eldorado, Mato Grosso do Sul

abstract: Eldorado is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Its population was 12,400 (2020) and its area is 1,018 km⁲.

text:
# Eldorado, Mato Grosso do Sul

**Eldorado** is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Its population was 12,400 (2020) and its area is 1,018 km2.

## InfoBox

| Eldorado | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location in Mato Grosso do Sul state | |
| EldoradoLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 23°47′13″S 54°17′02″W / 23.78694°S 54.28389°W / -23.78694; -54.28389 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| Region | Central-West |
| State | Mato Grosso do Sul |
| Area | |
| Total | 1,018 km2 (393 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 12,400 |
| Density | 12/km2 (32/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (AMT) |


title: Eldorado, Misiones

abstract: Eldorado is a city in the center-northeast of the province of Misiones, Argentina. It has 54,189 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [INDEC], making it the third most populated city in the province, and is the head town of the Eldorado Department. It is located on the left-hand (eastern) banks of the Upper Paraná River, on National Route 12, about 100 km from the Iguazú Falls and 206 km from the provincial capital Posadas, on the Argentina-Paraguay border. Eldorado was founded on 29 September 1919 as a rural settlement and a port on the Paraná by German-born Adolfo Julius Schwelm, naturalised British subject, who named it as a reference to the legend of El Dorado. The town was the center of the European immigrant colonization of the area. The region's economy is based on agriculture, producing tung, oranges, grapefruit and yerba mate. Tourism also plays a part, with main activities being sailing, sports fishing, and sports hunting. Eldorado has an airport.

text:
# Eldorado, Misiones

**Eldorado** is a city in the center-northeast of the province of Misiones, Argentina. It has 54,189 inhabitants as per the 2001 census \[INDEC\], making it the third most populated city in the province, and is the head town of the Eldorado Department. It is located on the left-hand (eastern) banks of the Upper Paraná River, on National Route 12, about 100 km from the Iguazú Falls and 206 km from the provincial capital Posadas, on the Argentina-Paraguay border.

Eldorado was founded on 29 September 1919 as a rural settlement and a port on the Paraná by German-born Adolfo Julius Schwelm, naturalised British subject, who named it as a reference to the legend of El Dorado. The town was the center of the European immigrant colonization of the area (which included groups of people from Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Denmark, England, and others).

The region's economy is based on agriculture, producing tung, oranges, grapefruit and yerba mate. Tourism also plays a part, with main activities being sailing, sports fishing (golden dorado), and sports hunting (tapir, deer, wild boars). Eldorado has an airport.

## Towns and villages

## InfoBox

| Eldorado | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| EldoradoLocation of Eldorado in Misiones Province and ArgentinaEldoradoEldorado (Argentina) | |
| Coordinates: 26°24′S 54°38′W / 26.400°S 54.633°W / -26.400; -54.633 | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Misiones |
| Department | Eldorado |
| Founded | September 29, 1919 |
| Founded by | Julio Adolfo Schwelm |
| Government | |
| Intendant | Rodrigo Durán |
| Elevation | 228 m (748 ft) |
| Population (2010 census) | |
| Total | 57,323 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (ART) |
| CPA base | 3380 |
| Dialing code | +54 3751 |
| Website | Official website |


title: Elachista illectella

abstract: Elachista illectella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Tennessee, Texas and West Virginia. The habitat consists of deciduous forests. The wingspan is 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in). Adults are sexually dimorphic. The larvae feed on Poa, Agrostis, Hystrix, Elymus, Oryzopsis, Bromus and Phleum species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

text:
# Elachista illectella

***Elachista illectella*** is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Tennessee, Texas and West Virginia. The habitat consists of deciduous forests.

The wingspan is 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in). Adults are sexually dimorphic.

The larvae feed on *Poa* (including *Poa pratensis*), *Agrostis*, *Hystrix*, *Elymus*, *Oryzopsis*, *Bromus* and *Phleum* species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.

## InfoBox

| *Elachista illectella* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Elachistidae |
| Genus: | *Elachista* |
| Species: | ***E. illectella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elachista illectella***<br>(Clemens, 1860) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Cosmiotes illectella* Clemens, 1860 * *Elachista praematurella* Clemens, 1860 * *Elachista cristatella* Chambers, 1876 * *Elachista albapalpella* Chambers, 1881 | |


title: Olav Johan Sopp

abstract: Olav Johan Sopp was a Norwegian mycologist. He was a pioneer of Norwegian and international mycological research. He was the first to suggest classifying fungi as belonging to neither plantae nor animalia, but to a third kingdom. He also contributed to the development of the Norwegian dairy and brewery industry.

text:
# Olav Johan Sopp

**Olav Johan Sopp** (né Johan Oluf Olsen; 6 October 1860  14 August 1931) was a Norwegian mycologist. He was a pioneer of Norwegian and international mycological research. He was the first to suggest classifying fungi as belonging to neither plantae nor animalia, but to a third kingdom. He also contributed to the development of the Norwegian dairy and brewery industry.

## Personal life

Sopp was born in Hamar as the son of tanner Johannes Bakke Olsen and Bertha Marie Omdahl. He was married to Ingeborg Marie Finckenhagen from 1889 to 1893, and to Caroline Louise Eugenie Ihlen from 1894. From the late 1880s he used the name **Olav Johan-Olsen**, to avoid name confusion with another person. In 1907 he changed his name to Sopp (meaning "mushroom" in Norwegian). According to his own statement he had been nicknamed "Sop-Olsen" already as a young schoolboy. His daughter was married to politician Ole Colbjørnsen.

## Career

After examen artium in 1879 Olsen studied medicine at the Royal Frederick University of Kristiania, where he finished first part in 1882. He had developed a particular interest in mushrooms already as a younger boy. In 1883 he published a book on mushrooms, *Spiselig sop*, which was reissued several times until 1924. From 1882 to 1885 he worked as an assistant at the institute for pathology and anatomy. He also resided with the mycologist Oscar Brefeld in Münster. He graduated from the medical studies in 1888, and worked some years as a physician in Kristiania. In 1893 he delivered his doctoral thesis, *Om sop paa levende jordbund*. From 1887 to 1890 he managed the physiological laboratories at the brewer Ringnes in Oslo. He also managed a factory at Toten, which produced condensed milk.

In 1888 he discovered a method to produce condensed milk without sugar. He designed the items required for production, and is credited for being the founder of industrial milk conservation in Norway. The product "Viking Milk" was patented and introduced by him in 1891. The factory at Toten was taken over by the Swiss company Henri Nestlé in 1897, while Sopp continued as technical and scientific manager until he retired in 1925.

Sopp was the first to suggest classifying fungi as belonging to neither plantae nor animalia, but to a third kingdom, already in his thesis *Om sop paa levende jordbund* from 1893, and in a subsequent article in the periodical *Nyt Tidsskrift*.

He was decorated as a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1900.

## Botanist abbreviation

Because he changed his name during his career in botany, Sopp has two Brummitt & Powell author abbreviations:

The standard author abbreviations **Johan-Olsen** and **Sopp** are used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.

## InfoBox

| Olav Johan Sopp | |
| --- | --- |
| Sopp in 1922 | |
| Born | Johan Oluf Olsen
(1860-10-06)6 October 1860
Hamar, Norway |
| Died | 14 August 1931(1931-08-14) (aged 70) |
| Nationality | Norwegian |
| Occupation | mycologist |
| Awards |  |


title: Education in Greater St. Louis

abstract: Education in Greater St. Louis is provided by 132 public school districts, independent private schools, parochial schools, and several public library systems. Greater St. Louis also is home to more than thirty colleges and universities.

text:
# Education in Greater St. Louis

**Education in Greater St. Louis** is provided by 132 public school districts, independent private schools, parochial schools, and several public library systems. Greater St. Louis also is home to more than thirty colleges and universities.

## Primary and secondary education

Greater St. Louis is home to 132 public school districts. Among the largest districts by enrollment in 2010 are the St. Louis Public Schools with 25,046 students, Rockwood School District with 22,382 students, and Fort Zumwalt School District with 18,840 students. Greater St. Louis schools also are notable for their excellence in the state of Missouri; five local public high schools being ranked nationally in the United States by *Newsweek* in 2011 were from Greater St. Louis: Clayton High School in Clayton School District, Metro Academic and Classical High School in the St. Louis Public Schools, Ladue Horton Watkins High School in Ladue School District, Kirkwood High School in Kirkwood School District, and Rockwood Summit High School in Rockwood School District. However, other schools have struggled financially and academically: the St. Louis Public Schools lost its accreditation and was taken over by the Missouri Board of Education, while the East St. Louis Public Schools repeatedly have been taken over by the state of Illinois due to financial problems and corruption.

Several independent private schools operate in Greater St. Louis, including Whitfield School, Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School, Visitation Academy of St. Louis, and John Burroughs School. Both private Catholic schools and schools under the authority of the Archdiocese of St. Louis operate in Greater St. Louis, with ten Archdiocesan high schools and more than a dozen private Catholic high schools in the region.

## Colleges and universities

According to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 21.4 percent of the adult population in St. Louis holds a bachelor's degree compared with the national average of 27 percent. Almost 209,000 students are enrolled in the area's nearly 40 colleges, universities, and technical schools. In 2006 approximately 5,287 associate degrees were granted in Greater St. Louis. Approximately 10% of the St. Louis metropolitan area consists of higher education students.

## Libraries

The oldest public library system in the area, the St. Louis Public Library, serves the city of St. Louis and maintains a collection of 4.7 million items, and it operates 14 branches and a central library building. St. Louis County Library operates 20 branches and has a collection of 2.6 million items. Both libraries have a borrowing agreement allowing them to exchange materials.

The Municipal Library Consortium of St. Louis County is an association of nine independent municipal libraries, including the Brentwood Public Library, Ferguson Municipal Public Library, Kirkwood Public Library, Maplewood Public Library, Richmond Heights Memorial Library, Rock Hill Public Library, University City Public Library, Valley Park Community Library, and the Webster Groves Public Library.

Other Missouri library systems in Greater St. Louis include the St. Charles City-County Library, which serves St. Charles County, the Powell Memorial Library, serving Troy, Missouri, the Scenic Regional Library, serving Warren and Franklin counties, and the Jefferson County Library, which serves the parts of Jefferson County that are part of Fox, Windsor and Northwest school districts.

In the Metro-East, library districts include the Wood River Public Library, serving the city of Wood River, Illinois, the East Alton Public Library, serving East Alton, Illinois, the Hayner Public Library, serving Alton, Illinois, the Edwardsville Library, serving Edwardsville, Illinois, and the Mississippi Valley Library, serving Fairmont City and Collinsville, Illinois.


title: Bolbena orientalis

abstract: Bolbena orientalis is a species of praying mantis in the family Nanomantidae.

text:
# Bolbena orientalis

***Bolbena orientalis*** is a species of praying mantis in the family Nanomantidae.

## InfoBox

| *Bolbena orientalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Mantodea |
| Family: | Nanomantidae |
| Genus: | *Bolbena* |
| Species: | ***B. orientalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Bolbena orientalis***<br>Beier, 1930 | |
|


title: Chinko Ekun

abstract: Oladipo Olamide Emmanuel, known professionally as Chinko Ekun, is a Nigerian rapper and songwriter. He is a graduate of Law from the Obafemi Awolowo University.

text:
# Chinko Ekun

**Oladipo Olamide Emmanuel** (born 13 September 1993), known professionally as **Chinko Ekun**, is a Nigerian rapper and songwriter. He is a graduate of Law from the Obafemi Awolowo University.

## Early life

Chinko Ekun was born in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria, into a family of three, where he is the second child. He is a native of Ikare, Ondo State, Nigeria.

## Education

Chinko Ekun attended Blessing Nursery and Primary School, Oshodi, Lagos State and Remade Nursery and Primary School, Igando, Lagos State. He attended Baptist Model High School, Ijegun, Lagos State for his secondary education. He graduated with a degree in law from Obafemi Awolowo University. He did his National Youth Service Corps in Lagos State.

## Career

### 2011–2014: Career beginnings

At the age of 7, Chinko Ekun started developing passion for music. During his first year in the university, he picked interest in commercial and rap music. Chinko Ekun officially started his musical career in 2011, posting videos of his freestyles on Instagram. In 2013, he released "Ekun" as his first official track. In 2014, Chinko Ekun featured in Olamide's *Street OT* music album, on tracks "100 To Million", "Bang" and "Usain Bolt". He appeared on Olamide Live In Concert (OLIC) 2014, where he did freestyle performance. Chinko Ekun sings in English, Pidgin and Yoruba, focusing solely on hip hop music. One interesting thing about the biography of Chinko Ekun is his name. It is important to note that his name "Chinko Ekun" was coined from two words "Chinko" and "Ekun". "Chinko", because he was told that he looked like a Chinese during his time in the university and "Ekun", because it is his first official track.

### 2015–present: YBNL Nation and Dek-Niyor Entertainment

In 2015, Chinko Ekun joined Olamide's YBNL Nation. He released his first official singles titled "Alejo Oran" and "Emi Na Re" through YBNL Nation on 25 February 2015. Barely a year later, he exited the record label after his contract expired, alongside fellow label mates Adekunle Gold and Viktoh. In 2017, he joined Dek-Niyor Entertainment, a Dubai based record label.

On 13 September 2018, he released a song titled "Able God" featuring Zlatan and Lil Kesh. The song earned him his first Headies award as "Best Street Hop Artiste" at The Headies 2019. The song received the nomination of "Popular Song of the Year" at the 2019 City People Music Awards. It won "Street Song of the Year" at the 2019 City People Music Awards.

## Personal life

Chinko Ekun is single and revealed he is not ready for marriage yet.

## Discography

| Title | Year |
| --- | --- |
| "Ekun" | 2013 |
| "Emi na re" | 2015 |
| "Alejo Oran" | 2015 |
| "Jen le yo" | 2015 |
| "Binu" | 2016 |
| "Bless Me" | 2016 |
| "Flenjo" | 2016 |
| "Wa Lo Da" | 2017 |
| "Gbefun" | 2017 |
| "Shake It" | 2017 |
| "Shayo" | 2017 |
| "Eruku de" | 2017 |
| "Yaso" | 2018 |
| "Bodija" | 2018 |
| "Switch It Up" | 2018 |
| "Able God" ft. (Zlatan Ibile and Lil Kesh) | 2018 |
| "Calling" ft. (Johnny Drille) | 2018 |
| "Semena" ft. (Peruzzi) | 2019 |
| "Mafo" | 2019 |
| "Party Animal" | 2020 |
| "Doings" ft. (Zlatan Ibile) | 2020 |
| "Jafafa" ft. (MohBad) | 2020 |
| "Gazor Lo" ft (SIJ) | 2021 |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | Soundcity MVP Awards | Viewers' Choice | "Able God" | Nominated |  |
| 2019 | City People Music Awards | Street Song of the Year | "Able God" | Won |  |
| | | Popular Song of the Year | "Able God" | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Indigenous Artiste of the Year | | Himself | Nominated |
| | The Headies | Best Street Hop Artiste | Himself, "Able God" | Won |  |

## InfoBox

| Chinko Ekun | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Oladipo Olamide Emmanuel
(1993-09-13) 13 September 1993
Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria |
| Alma mater | Obafemi Awolowo University |
| Occupations | * Rapper * songwriter |
| **Musical career** | |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Instrument | Vocals |
| Years active | 2011present |
| Labels | TIGER MUSIC LTD |
|  | |


title: Pine Creek Gristmill

abstract: Pine Creek Gristmill is a historic building located in Wildcat Den State Park in Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

text:
# Pine Creek Gristmill

**Pine Creek Gristmill** is a historic building located in Wildcat Den State Park in Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## History

Benjamin Nye was one of the first permanent white settlers/residents to the area after it was opened to settlement in 1833. He and his cousin built their homes near the Mississippi River and named the settlement Montpelier as they were originally from Vermont. He built his first mill in 1835, but it was washed out because it was built too close to the Mississippi river. Nye built a water powered saw mill further upstream to the North on Pine Creek. Two years later he added a gristmill across the creek. He also built the county's first store and post office. As his business expanded the present mill was built by Nye in 1848 for $10,000 (then dollars) with timber he cut in his own mill. Benjamin Nye was murdered by one of his two sons-in-law (George McCoy) in 1852 and the mill passed to his other son-in-law Robert Patterson. Herman Huchendorf, a German immigrant to Muscatine County, had bought the mill by the time the Pine Mill Bridge was erected in 1876. The creek was easily crossed for most of the year, but when the water was high it was difficult for farmers to bring their grain to the mill. While this was one of numerous bridge and mill combinations across the state of Iowa it is the only one that remains in place today.

The mill essentially appears as it has since the 1920s and is a museum of the range of milling processes that were used between 1848 and 1929. Originally the mill had two sets of millstones that produced flour from wheat that was grown locally. It used a process known in the trade as the “New Process.” The mill was reequipped in 1880 when its technology became obsolete.

## Architecture

The main part of the building is three and a half stories that measures 40 feet (12 m) by 45 feet (14 m). It is attached to a two-story addition that measures 35 feet (11 m) by 45 feet (14 m). The building was built of native oak beams. It utilizes mortise and tenon joints that are connected with wooden pegs.

The mill itself was powered by a 20-horsepower water turbine from approximately 1848 to 1878, and after 1878, a 40 to 60-horsepower steam engine back-up when the water level was low. The mill has three separate plants in it. The main plant is a “three stand” double roller mill that produced wheat flour and is located on all three floors. A single stand triple roller milling plant was added to mill corn. It includes a set of 36 inches (91 cm) grindstones to produce Buckwheat flour.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Pine Creek Gristmill | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Northeast of Muscatine in Wildcat Den State Park |
| Coordinates | 41°28′03″N 90°52′03″W / 41.46750°N 90.86750°W / 41.46750; -90.86750 |
| Built | 1848 |
| NRHP reference No. | 79000919 |
| Added to NRHP | December 10, 1979 |


title: SK Union Vršovice

abstract: SK Union Vršovice is a football club located in Prague-Vršovice, Czech Republic. It currently plays in the Class 1.A, which is in the sixth tier of the Czech football system.

text:
# SK Union Vršovice

**SK Union Vršovice** is a football club located in Prague-Vršovice, Czech Republic. It currently plays in the Class 1.A (group A), which is in the sixth tier of the Czech football system.

## Historical names

* 1913 — SK Union Vršovice
* 1950 — Spartak Vršovice ALBA
* 1953 — TJ Plynárna Michle
* ? — TJ Spartak Kohinoor
* 1969 — TJ Praha Vršovice 1870
* 1991 — TJ Sokol Vršovice
* 1992 — SK Union Vršovice
* 1995 — SK Actherm Vršovice
* 2006 — SK Union Vršovice

## Honours

## InfoBox

Vršovice
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Sportovní klub Union Vršovice, z.s. |
| Founded | 1913 |
| Ground | Stadion SK Union Vršovice
Na vrších 1503/1
Prague 10 Vršovice |
| Manager | Karel Jeřábek |
| League | Class 1.A (group A) |
| 2022–23 | 5th |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: F. G. Natesa Iyer

abstract: F. G. Natesa Iyer was an Indian activist in the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. He was also one of the pioneers of modern Tamil drama and Tamil cinema. He was a talent scout who recognized merit and promoted many youngsters, who went on to become great performers in Carnatic music.

text:
# F. G. Natesa Iyer

**F. G. Natesa Iyer** (11 November 1880 – 23 January 1963) was an Indian activist in the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. He was also one of the pioneers of modern Tamil drama and Tamil cinema. He was a talent scout who recognized merit and promoted many youngsters, who went on to become great performers in Carnatic music.

## Early life and background

Natesa Iyer was born on 11 November 1880, to Janakiammaiyar Sastri (Pudukkotamma) and Gangadhara Shastri, who was the legal advisor to the then Pudukkottai state, a Princely state in the Indian subcontinent under British colonial rule. Iyer's elder brother was Rao Saheb G. Ganapati Sastriar, who went on to hold the position of Dewan of the Pudukottai state. The family claimed lineage from Appayya Dikshita. Iyer's love for music and theatre made him run away from home at the age of ten, to join the railways as a clerk in the Madura and Tinnevelly - Quilon Railways construction department.

In an article written by his grandson, it is claimed that as a child, "He took shelter with Englishmen who brought him up and converted him to Christianity. Twenty years later, dissatisfied with the ability of the priests to clarify his doubts, he met the Kanchi Shankaracharya, and, getting satisfactory answers from him, reconverted to Hinduism." The Shankaracharya referred to was Paramacharya Chandrashekarendra Saraswati. It is recorded in a conversation he had in June 1923, that based on his twenty years of experience and knowledge on the Christian religion, "the Hindu religion was our mother and it was not appropriate to abandon your mother." Iyer also is reported to have stated that he was unfortunate to have committed such a sin, but realized his folly in time and he did not like to see anyone else commit the same mistake.

## Public career

Iyer spent much of his formal career as a railway officer with the South Indian Railway Company (S. I. R). He retired as a District Traffic Superintendent in 1935, the first Indian to occupy this position. The company was incorporated in England, with the stocks and shares quoted on the London Stock Exchange. South Indian Railway had its administrative headquarters at Tiruchirappalli. Iyer built his house in Tiruchirappalli and spent much of his life in this city.

Iyer was a member of the Indian Congress Party and represented the city as a delegate to the annual Indian National Congress sessions during the years of World War I. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1914, and was a delegate at the sessions in Bombay (1915), Lucknow (1916), and Madras (1917). In the Lucknow session he was a member of the Subjects Committee and took part in the discussion on the Congress - Indian Muslim League scheme of reforms. At its Madras session in 1917, he was a delegate from Trichinopoly, an elected member of the All India Congress Committee, a member of the Subjects Committee and had the honour of moving the resolution on indentured labour at the open sessions. He was a supporter of the Indian Home Rule Movement of those years and a party to the passive resistance resolution passed at the Madras Provincial Conference following the internment of Mrs. Annie Besant, George Arundale, and B. P. Wadia.

Iyer was the district commissioner of the Boy Scouts Association in India in 1922. In this capacity he was presented to the then Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) at the World Scout Jamboree held at Madras.

Iyer has been credited as being "the first elected Indian chairman of Tiruchi Municipality." He was elected councillor of Trichnopoly Municipal Council for a number of years. A research paper on Tamil revivalism in the 1930s described Iyer as a leader of importance, who had been "an autocratic but effective chairman of the Trichnopoly municipality in the 1920s".

His notability in those years between the two world wars could perhaps be assessed by his appearance in the "Who's who in Madras Presidency" in 1937.

He continued to take some interest commenting on the Indian Congress politics in the city until the 1950s.

## Personal belief and faith

Iyer was very close to Advaita Vedanta scholars and saints such as Chandrashekarendra Saraswati. The Indian National Congress, in the decade of the 1920s, started organising the Non-Cooperation Movement, which involved getting many people to protest on the streets. F.G. Natesa Iyer, the leading Congress activist of Tiruchirappalli then, as also the elected Mayor, took this opportunity to convert the movement to also show support for the Chandrashekarendra Saraswati. He described the occasion, thus: "I was nominated by the public as the chairman of the Reception committee for arranging a reception for the Acharya of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. As the municipal chairman, it was my duty to provide a proper welcome and respect to Swamigal who was visiting after a long time. The opportunity to welcome His Holiness in a manner that was exponentially greater than receptions given to kings and viceroys, was accorded to me, along my with supporters Sri MKandaswamy Servai, lawyer Sri. R. Srinivasa Iyengar and the larger public. The procession that was seven miles long, was preceded by seven groups of nadaswaram players, three band groups, four elephants, many horses and camels, instrumental players, Bhajan singers, Seva Samitis. I had the blessing to hold the front side of the ivory palanquin where our guru for the whole world, Sri Sankaracharya Swamigal was seated. He gave darshan to numerous people lined on both sides of the roads, in every floor, irrespective of their religion, caste or creed. There was no count of arathis, Poorna kumbams, garlands, asthika goshams. The procession that started at 6 pm ended at 10 pm in front of the mutt at Thiruvanaikaval. I was enthralled in my service to Swamigal as service to Lord Shiva himself".

Iyer also appears to have had a good rapport with Ramana Maharshi and his ashram. Iyer also was an admirer of Sivananda Saraswati. His homage is printed in a publication brought out by the Divine Life Society.

It can perhaps be inferred that Iyer belonged to the Smarta Tradition of the Vadama sub-sect of the Iyer community of Tamil Brahmins, who based their personal philosophy on Advaita Vedanta. The claim of lineage from Appayya Dikshita, who was a noted expositor and practitioner of the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, with a focus on Shiva, perhaps is further evidence of Iyer's personal philosophy.

## Theatre

Iyer is credited with being the founder of an amateur theater group, Rasika Ranjana Sabha, in Tiruchirappalli in 1914. . The Rasika Ranjana Sabha has been historically classified along with the Madras-based Suguna Vilasa Sabha, the Kumbakonam-based Vani Vilas Sabha and Thanjavur-based Sudarshan Sabha for encouraging native "histrionic talent" in the Madras Presidency during the times when the British Raj ruled. There exist some records of the English plays staged by the Rasika Ranjana Sabha. In 1915 at the Trichinopoly Collector's bungalow, Sheridan's play 'Pizzaro' was acted in aid of the Ladies' War Fund. The predominantly British audience were stated to have been amazed at the excellent diction of the all-Tamil cast. In 1918, two plays were staged as part of the peace celebrations organised by the Carnatic Infantry. In 1918, "At Home" was given to Mr. Blackstone, Deputy Superintendent of Police, and the same drama troupe presented a few plays. Iyer specialised in Shakespearean roles such as Hamlet and Othello. He was also famous for his production of and acting in Tamil social and mythological plays. In a recent foundation day celebration of the RR Sabha, he was hailed the "Father of modern Tamil dramas". There is an account that he organised the first ever public concert of M. S. Subbulakshmi, when she was eleven years of age, in the 100 pillar hall inside the Rockfort Temple, Tiruchirappalli. with Mysore Chowdiah on the violin and Dakshinamurthy Pillai on the mridanga. Actors such as the TKS Brothers, M. G. Ramachandran, M. R. Radha, and M. K. Radha in the starting days of their career looked up to Iyer as their ideal and sought his help in furthering their talents and prospects. It is reported that the TKS Brothers got their first big break in the world of theatre through Natesa Iyer casting them in the roles of Lava and Kusha, in a similarly named play produced and staged by Rasika Ranjana Sabha.

Iyer had written a concept paper for an academy of dance, drama and music, presented at the All India Oriental Conference (Hyderabad session), in the pre-independence days. This seems to be one of the precursory inputs to the Sangeet Natak Akademi, The National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.

## Talent spotting

Iyer is credited with spotting the talent of the actor M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar. One story is that he heard the young boy singing at a bhajan. Impressed with his talent, Iyer offered him the role of "Lohitadasa" in his play *Harischandra*, with the permission of Thyagaraja's father. Thyagaraja, who was ten at the time, agreed, and the play was a success. Through Rasika Ranjana Sabha, he also started getting trained under the guidance of theater veterans at that time in Trichy. Some stories also credit him with spotting the talent of K. B. Sundarambal, who, as a child, earned her living through begging and singing in railway trains for alms and copper coins around Trichy. There are also stories that Iyer organised the first ever public concert of M.S. Subbulakshmi. This was apparently in 1927, when Subbulakshmi was eleven years old. The performance was arranged in the 100 pillar hall inside theRockfort Temple, Tiruchirappalli, with Mysore Chowdiah on the violin and Dakshinamurthy Pillai on the Mridangam. An article on Natesa Iyer claimed that well known Carnatic artistes such as "Marungapuri Gopalakrishna Iyer, Madurai Mani, Palghat Mani, and Semmangudi, owed much to him for their success in their early careers". Specifically, there is a reference to Natesa Iyer spotting the talent of Musiri Subramania Iyer in 1916, when Musiri was seventeen years old, at his inaugural concert in Trichy. Natesa Iyer presented Musiri with a gold medal at his inaugural concert and predicted a bright future.

### Acting career

Iyer acted in one Tamil movie *Seva Sadanam*. This movie was directed by K. Subramanyam in the year 1938. Seva Sadanam was an adaptation of Bazaar-e-Husn, a novel written by Premchand. Iyer played the lead role of "Eashwara Iyer", opposite M. S. Subbulakshmi, who starred in the movie as "Sumathi". This was M.S. Subbulakshmi's debut to the world of cinema. The film became famous for its social reform agenda. The veteran Marxist leader N. Sankaraiah described Seva Sadhanam as an "unusual film" for choosing the subject of marriages between young girls and old men (which had social sanction). According to him, the film successfully brought out the "sufferings of the girl" and the "mental agony of the aged husband". Sankariah particularly appreciated Iyer's performance in the role of the old man, which he said "was impressive".

In one sequence, Iyer is struck with remorse and throws away in sheer disgust his Yagnopaveetham; the sacred threads a Brahmin wears as an iconic symbol of his faith and community.

## Death and legacy

Iyer died at the house of his daughter Tirupurasundari at Bhopal, in January 1963. His body was cremated at Ram Ghat in the Bhopal Lake with military honours.

Iyer's role as Eashwar Iyer, the aged husband to the young Sumathi, played by M. S. Subbulakshmi in the Tamil movie Sevasadanam, has been stated to be "a turning point in the history of Tamil cinema. In the climax, the aged husband, now a totally changed man, was shown as casting aside with utter contempt his 'sacred thread', which symbolises his Brahmin superiority. It came as a stunning blow to the then Brahmin orthodoxy"(in pre independent South India, which was socially dominated by the Brahmin community).

The precocious child talent he unearthed and shaped through Rasika Ranjana Sabha, such as M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar and K. B. Sundarambal, turned out to be the first superstars of Tamil cinema. He is credited with providing the first break for public performances for well known artistes like M. S. Subbulakshmi and the TKS Brothers, when they were yet adolescents. His name has been associated with promoting concert talent in Carnatic music, of what would become some of the well-known names of the twentieth century: Marungapuri Gopalakrishna Iyer, Musiri Subramania Iyer, Madurai Mani Iyer, Palghat Mani Iyer, and Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer. Perhaps his biggest legacy would be the Rasika Ranjana Sabha, which he founded in Tiruchirappalli, and into which he poured much of his wealth. The Sabha celebrated its centenary of existence in a year long celebration across 2015-16.

### Padma Swaminathan

One of his daughters, Padma, did much to carry his legacy in the world of social service and the performing arts. Married to a young freedom fighter T.S.Swaminathan, Padma carried the spirit of Natesa Iyer to the next generation. As a political activist, Mrs. Padma Swaminathan came into her own in the Congress Seva Dal, where she was mentored by S. Ambujammal Desikachari: and managed a group of 200 volunteers in Srinivasa Gandhi Nilayam, Chennai in the 1940s. An archive photograph shows Mrs. Padma Swaminathan leading a procession of women volunteers on August 15, 1947, holding a giant national flag in Madras, with the Munroe Statue in the background. . At the age of 40, she earned her Sangeeta Vidwan degree from the Central College of Carnatic Music in Chennai, learning from stalwarts like Musiri Subramania Iyer and T. Brinda. Mrs. Padma herself was an All India Radio artiste for 40 years, and has trained innumerable students in classical music. She was also an accomplished veena player, and was closely associated with Kalakshetra Foundation. She encouraged her sons to marry promising young musicians. These daughter in laws, Dr.N. Rajam and Mrs. Vani Jairam are now considered legends in their respective fields.

## Rasika Ranjani Sabha

The Sabha got an award for the best Sabha in mofussil centre in 2011-12. This award was given by the leading social worker Sarojini Varadappan, in her capacity as Chairperson of the Mylapore Academy, for staging the maximum number of dramas in the entire state of Tamil nadu for the year 2011-12.

The Sabha organises a special function on Iyer's birth anniversary to honor well-known personalities in the field of music, dance and culture. In the foundation day ceremony of 2011 he was hailed as the "Father of modern Tamil dramas". Veteran Tamil theater actors credit Rasika Ranjani Sabha for ensuring the survival of the Tamil theater art form in the 21st century, amidst competition from television and cinema.

RR Sabha has been conducting music competitions since 1984 to encourage students learning both vocal and instrumental music. The Sabha has been conferring the coveted title "SANGEETHA SRI" to the outstanding competitor in senior age group from 1991 onwards. Some of the present frontline performers of Carnatic music would have been given this award in the starting days of their career. Mr. A. Natarajan, former Chennai station Director of Doordarshan observed in a function at the Sabha in 2008, that "RR Sabha had been supporting aspiring singers in tier II cities and providing a chance to the music-lovers of the city to attend the concerts of ace musicians."

At the inauguration of the centenary celebrations of the Rasika Ranjani Sabha, on 16 May 2015, a special function was organised to release a special postmark and special envelope by the Indian Post. The speakers paid rich tributes to Natesa Iyer for his outstanding contribution to the promotion of drama, art, and culture and recalled his efforts to provide opportunities to the young drama artists and musicians, realising the impact of fine arts on the mind and soul of the masses. Mr. G. Natarajan, Director of Postal Services (Central region), noted that Natesa Iyer had groomed great artists, including S.G. Kittappa, M.K. Thiyagaraja Bhagavathar, and T.R. Mahalingam. The late Natesa Iyer had taken a long term vision by founding the sabha. The sabha had groomed a number of artists in their early career to such an extent that they turned to be popular artists later. It was stated that the RR sabha formed part of the history of Tiruchi. The only survivor of FG Natesa Iyer's children, Mrs. Padma Swaminathan, aged 97 then, was present on the occasion.

The valedictory function of the centenary celebration, on Saturday 2 April 2016, saw more praise for the Rasika Ranjani Sabha. The role being played by Rasika Ranjani Sabha in promoting art and culture was highlighted by speakers. They said the sabha has set a new trend in conservation and promotion of art and culture among the different age groups. Chitra Visweswaran, member secretary, Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram, delivered the valedictory address. She summed up the achievements of the Rasika Ranjani Sabha thus: "Apart from honouring artistes, the sabha has been instrumental in recognising the services of institutions by presenting awards or citation to All India Radio and Tiruchi District Drama Artistes Association. The sabha had not confined itself to any particular art but has been encouraging artistes belonging to different planes such as Hari Katha discourse exponents, kaniyan koothu, Nama sangeerthanam and various dying arts. The sustained effort by the Sabha for over a century in organising concerts and encouraging artistes was its specific achievement". M. S. Mohamed Masthan, noted drama artiste, observed in this valedictory function, "The sabha has been a catalyst for the drama artistes in nurturing their talents and the annual week-long drama festival has been a gift to the artistes".

Next to Chennai, Tiruchi has (become) a prominent seat of promoting art and culture among the Tier II cities in the state.

## InfoBox

| F. G. Natesa Iyer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1880-11-11)11 November 1880
Pudukkottai, Pudukkottai State, British India |
| Died | 23 January 1963(1963-01-23) (aged 82)
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Known for | Founder of 'Rasika Ranjana Sabha' |


title: Tabaci

abstract: Tabaci is a village in the municipality of Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Tabaci

**Tabaci**  is a village in the municipality of Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 654.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Bosniaks | 633 | 96.8% |
| Serbs | 2 | 0.3% |
| other/undeclared | 19 | 2.9% |
| **Total** | **654** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Tabaci | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Tabaci | |
| Coordinates: 44°31′54″N 18°29′37″E / 44.5317°N 18.4936°E / 44.5317; 18.4936 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Tuzla |
| Municipality | Lukavac |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.05 sq mi (2.72 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 654 |
| Density | 620/sq mi (240/km2) |


title: Eliades Acosta

abstract: Eliades Acosta Matos is a Cuban politician, the former director of Cuba's Jose Marti National Library (1997–2007) and until 2003 he was head of Committee on Culture on the Cuban Communist Party’s Central Committee. Writer polítical and histórical books, articules and essays included three novels. Since 2010 living in Dominican Republic, and working for the National Archive and Juan Bosch Foundation am In 2012, International Prix Pedro Henriquez Ureña, Ateneo Dominicano. In 2016, Prix Caonabo de Oro, for the best foreigner writer in Dominican Republic this year.

text:
# Eliades Acosta

**Eliades Acosta Matos** (born January 4, 1959, in Santiago de Cuba) is a Cuban politician, the former director of Cuba's Jose Marti National Library (1997–2007) and until 2003 he was head of Committee on Culture on the Cuban Communist Party’s Central Committee. Writer polítical and histórical books, articules and essays included three novels. Since 2010 living in Dominican Republic, and working for the National Archive and Juan Bosch Foundation am

```
In 2012, International Prix Pedro Henriquez Ureña, Ateneo Dominicano. In 2016, Prix Caonabo de Oro, for the best foreigner writer in Dominican Republic this year.
```


title: Elizabeth Smith Shortt

abstract: Elizabeth Smith Shortt was one of the first three women to earn a medical degree in Canada. She was one of the women medical students expelled from Queen's University, Ontario following a hostile backlash from male staff and students at the presence of women in the medical school. Shortt went on to complete her studies at a newly established women's college and practised medicine in Hamilton, Ontario. She was a long-serving and active member of the National Council of Women of Canada and spearheaded a number of public health and women's welfare initiatives.

text:
# Elizabeth Smith Shortt

**Elizabeth Smith Shortt** (18 January 1859 – 14 January 1949) was one of the first three women to earn a medical degree in Canada. She was one of the women medical students expelled from Queen's University, Ontario following a hostile backlash from male staff and students at the presence of women in the medical school. Shortt went on to complete her studies at a newly established women's college and practised medicine in Hamilton, Ontario. She was a long-serving and active member of the National Council of Women of Canada and spearheaded a number of public health and women's welfare initiatives.

## Early life and education

Shortt was born on 18 January 1859 in the community of Winona, which is now located in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. Her parents were Sylvester Smith (died in 1885) and Damaris Isabella Smith (McGee) (1831-1913). Damaris was a school teacher, and Sylvester's family were the founders of the E.D. Smith preserves company. Shortt received her education from a governess as well as attending Winona School and Hamilton Collegiate Institute.

She also attended Ottawa Normal School in January 1880. Even though she enjoyed her time at the school, she recalls rarely being challenged. While attending she frequently received the weekly Honourable Mentions; she also attended many parliamentary sessions and frequented the House of Commons.

### Queen's University

In February 1880 Shortt read in the newspaper about prospective separate classes for women in medicine; in April of the same year, she started her training at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. She was one of the first three women to attend Queen's, accompanied by who she refers to in her personal writings as Mrs. Mae and Miss Betty. Shortt was required to be up every morning at 6:00 am and had classes until 8:00 pm; she then would continue studying until 11:00 pm. One of the first things she recalls when beginning her studies is that many found it odd for someone of her young age to be in medical school. She took physiology, histology, therapeutics, chemistry, and botany, and spent her free time reading about the physiology of hearing and sight.

The medical course Shortt and others enrolled in was, in every regard, identical to the course for men: the same degree, material and qualifications. Though men and women learned the material separately, the degree examination was taken collectively. Shortt recalls in 1882 a younger male lecturer speaking against having women students in the college, and although she did not take it personally she did state that the worst thing about it was that it would incite men in the college to be obnoxious. She also recounts unwillingly taking her obstetrics class in a connecting room beside the men's class, learning through an open door; she was also required to use a separate dissecting room from the men. These incidents were part of a larger backlash in the university against the presence of women in the medical school, and in 1883 the university expelled the women students due to the complaints of the men, who had threatened to leave if the women were permitted to continue studying.

Sympathetic staff established a women's college, named the Kingston Women's Medical College, and Shortt and her women classmates continued their studies there.

## Career

After finishing medical school in 1884, Shortt opened her own medical practice in Hamilton, Ontario. Early in her professional career, Shortt had professional mentorship from Emily Stowe and her cousin J. W. Smith, also consulting on their cases occasionally. Shortt often felt inexperienced as a physician and lacked the resources to hire a nurse, so she operated on patients alone. In order to protect her reputation as a woman practising medicine, Shortt refused to treat male patients.

In 1887 Shortt returned to Kingston and lectured at the Women's Medical College at Queen's University on medical jurisprudence and sanitary science. In 1908 she moved to Ottawa and worked in a voluntary capacity for women's and mother's organisations, as well as campaigning on public health matters.

### National Council of Women

Shortt was a highly active member of the National Council of Women of Canada, as well as the local and provincial councils. Throughout her time of being a member of these councils she worked, wrote and spoke about issues dealing with housing, inspection of markets, fly control, PXS pasteurization of milk, care of mentally deficient, child welfare, and mother's pension.

In 1911, she became the first Convener of the Public Health and Mental Hygiene Committee of the National Council of Women, which worked to combat mental health disorders. She was also Convener of the Committee on Immigration of the National Council of Women, which was active in organizing a hostel for female immigrants in Ottawa.

In 1913, after a year's study, Shortt wrote a report on behalf of the National Council of Women about the necessity of establishing mothers' allowances. This report petitioned for welfare to be given to mothers in need, ranging from widows to mothers whose husbands were unable to provide, provided there were at least two or more children in the family that were 16 years old or younger, and requiring that those between 14 and 16 years old were in school (with the exception of qualifying children above 16 if they are also incapacitated). This petition went on to become an official act passed through legislation and became known as the Mothers' Allowance Act.

Shortt also drew attention to issues surrounding the stigma of tuberculosis in the 1900s, calling it a social issue. She mentioned the topics of alcoholism, the meat and dairy supply, hereditary causes, immigration, industrial conditions and the necessity of good conditions for mothers in relation to the epidemic and how it was being handled by the public and governments. Shortt suggested that movements needed to be made in these areas in order to prevent the spread of tuberculosis and help those who already had it, rather than stigmatizing the disease. Her pamphlet *The Social Aspects of Tuberculosis* aided in the eventual founding of the Canadian Tuberculosis Society.

Shortt wrote a memorandum outlining the outbreaks of milk borne typhoid and the regulations that were put in place, in Ottawa and elsewhere, as a result. This memorandum explains the process of pasteurizing milk to kill unhealthy bacteria to non-certified milk and reports the process of inspectors sampling milk to be tested in a laboratory.

In 1914, she became the vice president of the Provincial Council of Women. In 1919, Shortt was given Life Patronship in the National Council of Women in recognition of the admiration and esteem of the Ottawa Local Council of Women. She had been the President of this council since 1911.

### Work with other community organisations

Shortt was the president of the Kingston YWCA, Kingston Musical Club, and the Queen's University Alumnae Association. In her position with the Alumnae Association, she organised a fundraising campaign for a residential hall for women to be opened on the Queen's campus. The campaign opened in 1910, and by 1919 had raised $42,000.

Shortt was also active in the Women's Canadian Club.

### Diaries

Two collections of Shortt's diaries have been published: her diaries for the years 1872–1884, which include her experiences at medical school, were published under the title *A Woman with a Purpose* (University of Toronto Press, 1980); her diaries while travelling in Europe with her husband in 1911 were published as *Travels and Identities: Elizabeth and Adam Shortt in Europe, 1911* (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2017).

## Personal life

In November 1882 Shortt met Adam Shortt, a fellow Queen's student. The couple were married on December 23, 1886; they had two daughters and one son together.

## Death

Shortt died of illness at Perley House, Ottawa, on 14 January 1949, aged 89. Her funeral was highly attended, including appearances from influential members of society.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Smith Shortt | |
| --- | --- |
| Elizabeth Smith Shortt, ca. 1910 | |
| Born | Elizabeth Smith
(1859-01-18)18 January 1859
Vinemount, Ontario, Canada |
| Died | 14 January 1949(1949-01-14) (aged 89)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| Nationality | Canadian |
| Occupation | Physician |
| Known for | One of first three women to obtain a medical degree in Canada |
| Spouse | Adam Shortt  (m. 1886; died 1931) |


title: Elizabeth Murray Bourne

abstract: Elizabeth Murray Bourne is a conservationist who was awarded an Order of Australia for services to conservation and the environment in 2024.

text:
# Elizabeth Murray Bourne

**Elizabeth Murray Bourne** OAM is a conservationist who was awarded an Order of Australia for services to conservation and the environment in 2024.

## Career

Bourne was Principal Research Officer, for the Minister for Environment and Heritage in Queensland Parliament, from 1989 to 1995.

Bourne served as Promotion and Development Officer since 2001 for Orienteering Queensland Inc. She organized the Orienteer of the Year Event in multiple years, from 2012, to 2021. Additionally, Bourne has coordinated the Queensland Long Distance Championships between 2004 and 2021.

Bourne worked on the Queensland Middle Distance Championships in 2013. Bourne worked in the marketing and publicity efforts of events like the Queensland Long Distance Championships and the Christmas Five Day Carnival in 2001, as well as the Asian and Pacific Orienteering Carnival from 1997 to 2000.

Bourne was awarded Life Membership to Orienteering Queensland in 2001.

## Awards

* 2024 – Order of Australia medal.
* 2010 - Course Setter's Award, Orienteering Queensland Inc.
* 2009 - Helen Lahey Memorial Award, Orienterring Queensland Inc.
* 2001 - President's Award, Orienteering Queensland Inc.

## InfoBox

| Elizabeth Murray Bourne | |
| --- | --- |
| Known for | Conservation and Environment |


title: Elizabeth duck

abstract: The Elizabeth duck is a breed of domestic duck, originating in Australia. They were developed as a small, fast growing meat breed in 1972 by Lance Ruting in Merrylands, New South Wales and named after his wife, Ann Elizabeth Ruting. They are presently bred in Australia and New Zealand, but are not widely available and classified as endangered by the Rare Breeds Trust of Australia. They come in only one colour and they are described as short, with a broad chest and round breast, slightly short legs and round head. Males have a glossy green head which ends at a white ring. Chest feathers claret coloured feathers and bordered in cream, off-white underbelly, charcoal grey feathers on back also ringed with white, solid black rump and dull black-brown tail. Females are fawn coloured, with brown marks in the center of each feather on the majority of the body. Off-white primaries spotted with grey, and blue-green secondary flight feathers. Both sexes have grey bills, dark brown eyes and bronze legs. Ducks of the breed are reported to be able to lay 100–150 eggs per year. According to The Backyard Duck Book, the pedigree and status of the breed are controversial, and animals of the breed are sometimes not allowed to be shown.

text:
# Elizabeth duck

The **Elizabeth duck** is a breed of domestic duck, originating in Australia. They were developed as a small, fast growing meat breed in 1972 by Lance Ruting in Merrylands, New South Wales and named after his wife, Ann Elizabeth Ruting. They are presently bred in Australia and New Zealand, but are not widely available and classified as endangered by the Rare Breeds Trust of Australia.

They come in only one colour and they are described as short, with a broad chest and round breast, slightly short legs and round head. Males have a glossy green head which ends at a white ring. Chest feathers claret coloured feathers and bordered in cream, off-white underbelly, charcoal grey feathers on back also ringed with white, solid black rump and dull black-brown tail. Females are fawn coloured, with brown marks in the center of each feather on the majority of the body. Off-white primaries spotted with grey, and blue-green secondary flight feathers. Both sexes have grey bills, dark brown eyes and bronze legs. Ducks of the breed are reported to be able to lay 100–150 eggs per year.

According to *The Backyard Duck Book*, the pedigree and status of the breed are controversial, and animals of the breed are sometimes not allowed to be shown.

## InfoBox

Elizabeth Duck
| Country of origin | Australia |
| --- | --- |
| Distribution | Australia & New Zealand |
| Classification | |


title: Qazaqstan Dauisi

abstract: The Voice of Kazakhstan is the Kazakh format of the popular television series called The Voice. It was created by the executive producer of Fear Factor, John De Mol. It was previously broadcast on the Kazakhstan channel also known as Qazaqstan TV. The language of the show was in Kazakh but due to the loss of the series to Perviy Kanal Evraziya it would later be in Russian. The judges from season 1-3 were Malina Saduaqsova, Almas Kishenbaev, Nurlan Alban and Medeu Arynbaev but then in Seasons 4 it was Ali Okapov, Eva Becher, Nurlan Abdullin and Zhanna Orynbasarova. The host of the series was Azamat Satybaldy. The revival of the show was commissioned again by Qazaqstan TV. The fifth season was aired on September 4, 2021. The show was renewed for a sixth season which premiered on September 9, 2023.

text:
# Qazaqstan Dauisi

***The Voice of Kazakhstan*** (Kazakh : Qazaqstan дауысы / Russian : **Голос Казахстана**) is the Kazakh format of the popular television series called ***The Voice*.** It was created by the executive producer of *Fear Factor*, John De Mol. It was previously broadcast on the Kazakhstan channel also known as Qazaqstan TV. The language of the show was in Kazakh but due to the loss of the series to Perviy Kanal Evraziya it would later be in Russian. The judges from season 1-3 were Malina Saduaqsova, Almas Kishenbaev, Nurlan Alban and Medeu Arynbaev but then in Seasons 4 it was Ali Okapov, Eva Becher, Nurlan Abdullin and Zhanna Orynbasarova. The host of the series was Azamat Satybaldy.

The revival of the show was commissioned again by Qazaqstan TV . The fifth season was aired on September 4, 2021. The show was renewed for a sixth season which premiered on September 9, 2023.

## Series overview

**Warning:** the following table presents a significant amount of different colors.

| Season | Aired | Winner | Runner-up | Third place | Fourth place | Winning coach | Presenters | Coaches (chairs' order) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2013 | Shaharizat Seidakhmet | Timur Omarov | Roza Mukataeva | Zhangali Abishev | Nurlan Alban | Azamat Satybaldy | Almas | Alban | Madina | Medeu |
| 2 | 2014 | Bauyrzhan Retbaev | Daniyar Ismailov | Indira Edilbayeva | Maksat Makulbekov | | | | | | Almas Kishkenbayev |
| 3 | 2015 | Murat Xayrolda | Zhannat Adilkhanovna | Yerbol Tazhibayev | Diana Ismailova | | | Nurlan Alban | | Rustem | Alban |
| 4 | 2016 | Dinmuhammed Dauletov | Alibek Almadiev | Orynbasar Abu | Kena Donya | Eva Becher | Chingiz Kapin | Ali | Abdullin | Zhanna | Eva |
|  | 2021 | Quralay Meyrambek | Erik Tulenov | Ernar Armandiq | Arujan Aydarbek | Saken Maigaziyev | G. Kenshilik, T. Musilim | Alem | Mayra | Saken | Marzhan |
| 6 | 2023 | Musa Marat | Azamat Torekhan | Narqyz Zhanuzakova | Mukhamedali Zhugunusov | Rakhym Kuandyk | J. Jeksenuly, Irina Ten | Zhanar | Kuandyk | Marzhan | Tolegen |

## Kids' Version

| *Qazaqstan Dauisi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | The Voice of Kazakhstan Kids |
| Genre | Reality television |
| Created by | John de Mol
Roel van Velzen |
| Presented by | * Chingiz Kapin (1) * Galym Kenshilik (2–) * Gulnur Orazymbetova (2–) |
| Judges |  |
| Country of origin | Kazakhstan |
| Original languages | Russian, Kazakh |
| No. of seasons | 3 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Talpa Media Group (2017)
ITV Studios (2022-present) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Perviy Kanal Evraziya |
| Release | 2 February (2017-02-02)
10 April 2017 (2017-04-10) |
| Network | Qazaqstan TV |
| Release | 26 March 2022 (2022-03-26)
present (present) |
| Related | |
| *The Voice* (franchise) | |

After the regular version was acquired by the Perviy Kanal Evraziya, it was announced to have a Kid's Version of the show, with the name "***Голос Дети Kазахстана*"**. The first had three judges, named Ali Okapov, Eva Becher and Zhanna Orynbasarova. It was won by Daniil Yun from team Ali. Participation is only for contestants between the ages of 8 and 14.

The revival of the series was announced by Qazaqstan TV, under the name "***Qazaqstan дауысы. Балалар***" after the airing of the fifth season of regular version. Contrary to the previous, this season will have four coaches named, Jubanish Jeksenuly, Dastan Orazbekov, Zhanar Dugalova and the regular version coach, Arapbayeva Marzhan.

Airing of the new season began on March 26, 2022.

**Warning:** the following table presents a significant amount of different colors.

| Season | Aired | Winner | Other finalists | | | Winning coach | Hosts | Coaches (chairs' order) | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | | 1 | 2 | | | 3 | 4 |
| 1 | 2017 | Daniil Yun | Vladislav Pampurov | Dilnura Birzhanova |  | Ali Okapov | Chingiz Kapin | Ali | Zhanna | Eva |  |
|  | 2022 | Ersultan Omar | Azat Sündetbek | Ayzat Aydosulı | Şerxan Arıstan | Zhanar Dugalova | Galym Kenshilik, Gulnur Orazymbetova | Zhanar | Dastan | Marzhan | Jubanish |
| 3 | 2023 | Nurshat Kusanova | Jasmin Tuzelova | Nurislam Tilyeukhan | Moldir Bazarbay | | Jubanish Jeksenuly | Alem | Marhaba | | Tolkyn |

## InfoBox

| *Qazaqstan Dauisi* | |
| --- | --- |
| Also known as | The Voice of Kazakhstan |
| Genre | Reality television |
| Created by | John de Mol
Roel van Velzen |
| Presented by |  |
| Judges | * Almas Kishkenbaev * Madina Saduakasova * Medeu Arynbaev * Nurlan Alban * Rustem Zacafraty * Ali Okapov * Eva Becher * Nurlan Abdullin * Zhanna Orynbasarova * Alem * Arapbayeva Marzhan * Saken Maigaziyev * Mayra Muhammad |
| Country of origin | Kazakhstan |
| Original languages | Kazakh, Russian |
| No. of seasons | 6 |
| Production | |
| Producers | Talpa Media Group (2013-2017)
ITV Studios (2021-present) |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | Qazaqstan TV |
| Release | 27 October 2013 (2013-10-27)
15 February 2015 (2015-02-15) |
| Network | Perviy Kanal Evraziya |
| Release | 1 October 2016 (2016-10-01)
13 January 2017 (2017-01-13) |
| Network | Qazaqstan TV |
| Release | 4 September 2021 (2021-09-04)
present (present) |
| Related | |
| *The Voice* (franchise) | |


title: Përmeti I Government

abstract: The Përmeti I Government was the 2nd ruling government of Albania, formed on 14 March 1914, following the arrival of Prince Wied in the country.

text:
# Përmeti I Government

The **Përmeti I Government** was the 2nd ruling government of Albania, formed on 14 March 1914, following the arrival of Prince Wied in the country.

## Overview

With Wied's arrival in Albania, Durrës was designated as the country's new capital. Here, Turhan Pasha Përmeti formed a government cabinet of eight ministers who for the most part were supporters of Italy. Political rivalry arose between the two allies of the newly formed Albanian State and this became more evident with Esad Toptani's departure from the government. The first and second governments of Turhan Pasha, which seemed to be a "race" between Italians and Austrians for supremacy, were ineffective and produced little to no results.

The Prime Minister grew tired of the long political and diplomatic disputes and did not have it with the right nerve to head governments that required energy, patience and of course international support. In both his governments, Përmeti cooperated with the two pashas, Esad Toptani and Aqif Biçakçiu. The two political opponents were in fact cousins, related by blood, yet they never found the language for co-governance and joint political action. But while Esad Toptani was politically sacrificed by the Austro-Hungarians, Aqif Biçakçiu followed the fall of the government which had become a casualty from the events of the First World War and the success of the insurgent uprising in Central Albania.

The prime minister and the prince, were placed in a position to govern and lead a country that was in turmoil and political instability. Both may have been competent leaders in other dissimilar situations to that of Albania. For this reason, the Minister of Internal Affairs was perceived as the main figure of the government. Turhan Pasha, in his speeches, made claims that his government would attach importance to the economy, industry, trade and education. He criticized the Greek policy of portraying the Orthodox Albanian population as greek. From an organizational point of view, aside from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the rest of the cabinet was dysfunctional.

## Cabinet

| **Përmeti I Government** |
| --- |
| *Initial Cabinet (17 March–20 May 1914)* | | | | | | | |
| **Turhan Pasha Përmeti** – Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| **Esad Toptani** – Minister of Internal Affairs and War |
| **Hasan Prishtina** – Minister of Post-Telegraphs |
| **Mihal Turtulli** – Minister of Education |
| **Prenk Bib Doda** – Minister of Public Works (did not serve in office) |
| **Gaqo Adhamidhi** – Minister of Finances |
| **Aziz Vrioni** – Minister of Agriculture |
| **Mufid Libohova** – Minister of Justice and Cults |
| *Cabinet Reshuffle (May 28, 1914)* | | | | | | | |
| **Aqif Pasha Elbasani** – Minister of Internal Affairs and substitutive of War |
| **Mufid Libohova** – Minister of Justice |
| **Kara Seit Pasha** – Minister of War (from August 1914) |
| **Prenk Bib Doda** – Minister of Foreign Affairs |
| **Filip Noga** – Minister of Finances |
| **Mihal Turtulli** – Minister of Education |
| **Mid'hat Frashëri** – Minister of Public Works and Post-Telegraphs |
| **Abdi Toptani** – Minister of Agriculture |
| –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– |
| 1. Ministries of Internal Affairs and War split up.
2. Ministry of Cults was dissolved in the new government reshuffle.
3. Ministries of Public Works and Post-Telegraphs were merged. |

1. Dervishi, Kastriot (2012). *Kryeministrat dhe ministrat e shtetit shqiptar në 100 vjet*. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese "55". p. 273. ISBN 978-99943-56-22-5.
2. Qafoku, Roland (2015). *Historia e 33 kryeministrave të Shqipërisë*. Tiranë: Shtëpia Botuese "Onufri". p. 350. ISBN 978-9928-186-72-0.
3. Krasniqi, Afrim (2009). *Sistemet Politike në Shqipëri 1912-2009*. Tiranë: UFO Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-99956-19-36-7.

## InfoBox

| Përmeti I Government | |
| --- | --- |
|
2nd Government of Albania | |
| 1914 | |
| Turhan Pasha with members of his government | |
| Date formed | 17 March 1914 (1914-03-17) |
| Date dissolved | 3 September 1914 (1914-09-03) |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm of Wied |
| Prime Minister | Turhan Pashë Përmeti |
| No. of ministers | 8 |
| History | |
| Election | Arrival of Prince Wied |
| Predecessor | International Control Commission |
| Successor | Toptani Government |


title: Elisolimax flavescens

abstract: Elisolimax flavescens is a species of air-breathing land snail or semislug, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae or Urocyclidae. Identified in 1866 by naturalist Wilhelm Moritz Keferstein, this species occurs primarily in southeastern Africa. It has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.

text:
# Elisolimax flavescens

***Elisolimax flavescens*** is a species of air-breathing land snail or semislug, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae or Urocyclidae.

Identified in 1866 by naturalist Wilhelm Moritz Keferstein, this species occurs primarily in southeastern Africa. It has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA.

## InfoBox

| *Elisolimax flavescens* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| (unranked): | clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura
clade Panpulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
clade Sigmurethra

clade limacoid clade |
| Superfamily: | Helicarionoidea |
| Family: | Helicarionidae |
| Genus: | *Elisolimax* |
| Species: | ***E. flavescens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Elisolimax flavescens***
 | |
|