title: Unterbilk

abstract: Unterbilk is an urban quarter in Borough 3 of the North Rhine-Westphalia state capital Düsseldorf. It is the seat of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Rheinturm tower and, together with the Düsseldorf docks is the centre of the media industry in Düsseldorf.

text:
# Unterbilk

**Unterbilk** is an urban quarter in Borough 3 of the North Rhine-Westphalia state capital Düsseldorf. It is the seat of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Rheinturm tower and, together with the Düsseldorf docks is the centre of the media industry in Düsseldorf.

## Geography

Unterbilk has an area of 1.59 km2 (0.61 sq mi), and 19,335 inhabitants (2020). It borders the urban boroughs of Hafen (docks), Bilk and Friedrichstadt within Borough 3 and Carlstadt in Borough 1, the very centre of the city.

## History

Unterbilk was originally a part of Bilk, and was first mentioned in documents in 799 AD. Düsseldorf was within the parish of Old St. Martin in Bilk until 1206. In 1384 Bilk was incorporated into Düsseldorf.

Unterbilk became a municipal district in its own right when the railway line from Neuss to Düsseldorf was constructed. The part of Bilk south of the line retained the name Bilk and that north of the tracks became Unterbilk.

The Industrial Revolution led to the rapid urbanization of Unterbilk in the 19th century. In 1876 the first horse racing track in Düsseldorf opened within Unterbilk, located on the Lausward meadows beside the Rhine. In 1890 construction began on Düsseldorf's docks, spreading over much of the Lausward meadow area and opening in 1896. The docks area later became a separate municipal district of Düsseldorf.

## Economy

The administration of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia is an important local employer, as is the engineering company Siemens. Since the 1980s the service sector has grown, especially after the transformation of much of the nearby docks area into the *Medienhafen* broadcast media, corporate office and entertainment district from the 1990s onwards.

## Buildings and monuments

In the Napoleonic era, the border between Unterbilk and its neighbouring district of Frederichstadt was delineated by Düsseldorf's fortifications. Following the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 the fortifications were demolished, and the area became public gardens with two linked ornamental ponds, the Schwanenspiegel and Kaiserteich. Overlooking the gardens is the Renaissance-style *Ständehaus* building that was completed in 1880 and housed the regional parliament until 1988, despite being gutted by fire due to a World War II bombing raid in 1943 that left just its outer shell until reconstruction was completed in 1949. Today it houses part of the region's art collection, the *Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen*.

The regional parliament moved in 1988 from the Ständehaus to buildings near Unterbilk's border with the docks area, close to the Rheinturm tower and the studios of the regional television and radio broadcaster Westdeutscher Rundfunk.

The 20 floor postmodern, parallelogram-shaped office building named the *Stadttor* (City Gate) opened in 1998 and won architectural awards. Amongst its tenants is the Chancery of the prime minister of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The *Florapark* gardens opened in 1870 featuring a festival hall and greenhouse with palm trees and exotic animals. The buildings no longer exist.

The headquarters of the Düsseldorf police are in Unterbilk in buildings constructed in the 1920s on the site of a cavalry barracks.

51°12′09″N 6°46′47″E / 51.20250°N 6.77972°E / 51.20250; 6.77972


title: Popstars (German TV series)

abstract: Popstars is a German reality television series that began its first installment on the RTL II network on 14 November 2000. Part of the international Popstars franchise, it originated from the New Zealand reality programme of the same name. The show accompanies the making of pop group whose members depend on the particular season's concept. In its 11 seasons, it spawned musical acts No Angels, Bro'Sis, Overground, Preluders, Nu Pagadi, Monrose, Room 2012, Queensberry, Some & Any, LaViVe, Melouria, and Leandah.

text:
# Popstars (German TV series)

***Popstars*** is a German reality television series that began its first installment on the RTL II network on 14 November 2000. Part of the international *Popstars* franchise, it originated from the New Zealand reality programme of the same name.

The show accompanies the making of pop group whose members depend on the particular season's concept. In its 11 seasons, it spawned musical acts No Angels, Bro'Sis, Overground, Preluders, Nu Pagadi, Monrose, Room 2012, Queensberry, Some & Any, LaViVe, Melouria, and Leandah.

## Overview

The series follows a group of aspiring singers aged 16 or older as they go through an audition process to join a pop group. The contestants, who also live together during the course of the series, are judged on their vocal and dancing ability. Outside of stage performances, the contestants experience choreography and song recording.

First-season winners No Angels (Sandy Mölling, Lucy Diakovska, Nadja Benaissa, Jessica Wahls and Vanessa Petruo) were set to be the new Spice Girls.

Second-season winners Bro'Sis (Hila Bronstein, Faiz Mangat, Ross Antony, Shaham Joyce, Giovanni Zarrella and Indira Weis) were meant to be more edgy than their predecessors. That season both sexes were allowed to participate in the competition.

Third-season winners Overground (Ahmet "Akay" Kayed, Ken Miyao, Marq Porciuncula and Meiko Reißmann) won over girl group Preluders that season after a boys vs. girls battle depending on record sales and telephone votes during a big live finale.

Fourth-season winners Nu Pagadi (Markus Grimm, Patrick Boinet, Kristina Dörfer and Doreen Steinert) were titled as the best group created by this format by the judges when they had been in the pre-making statues. However, they landed some hits, but disbanded shortly after the show due to arguments between the group members. Presented as being the last group to be created by this format, they were pushed in a glam rockrock direction in a very early statues of the show.

Fifth-season winners Monrose (Senna Gammour, Bahar Kızıl and Mandy Capristo) were created with the aim to find the new angels in addition to No Angels and to find the best voices. Consisting of only three members they were very edgy with no blond girl inside and their very strong but different characters. And maybe because of their edginess they should be along with the No Angles the most successful band to be created by this show.

Sixth-season winners Room 2012 (Cristobal Galvez Moreno, Sascha Schmitz, Julian Kasprzik and Tialda van Slogteren) were set to be the hottest live act in Germany. The group went on a tour directly after the show. This time the colour of the voice was less important than the ability to sing live in concert and get the keys. Dancers were also cast to support the final group in making a good live-show.

Seventh-season winners Queensberry (Leonore Bartsch, Victoria Ulbrich, Gabriella De Almeida Rinne and Antonella Trapani) were created with the aim to find Germany's next girl group consisting of four members. in contrast to season 5, the performance played an important rule again.

An eight season was planned for 2009 under the motto "Duo". The live semi-final on 8 December consisted of three duos. One was set to be eliminated, but the host announced that the audience could vote for their favorite duo until the final. The audience responded with heavy boos. The Final on 10 December was won by 18-year-old Vanessa Meisinger and the Brazilian-Swiss 20-year-old Leonardo (Leo) Ritzmann, later known as Some & Any.

The only judge on the show to be at least on every season is Detlef Soost, who got to fame through this show and is famous for being very strict and hard to the contestants but outside of training and judging he treats them very respectfully. He is Germany's most famous choreographer.

There are some connections to its sister show *Germany's Next Topmodel* as the winning bands from the show performed on the live finale of Heidi Klum's model show during the models running the catwalk.

## Season synopses

### Season 1 (2000): *Popstars – Du bist mein Traum*

### Season 2 (2001): *Popstars – Du bist mein Traum*

### Season 3 (2003): *Popstars – Das Duell*

### Season 4 (2004): *Popstars – Jetzt oder nie!*

### Season 5 (2006): *Popstars – Neue Engel braucht das Land*

### Season 6 (2007): *Popstars on Stage*

### Season 7 (2008): *Popstars – Just 4 Girls*

*Popstars: Just 4 Girls* is the seventh season of Popstars, in which young aspiring female singers/dancers compete in order to claim their spots to become Germany's next girl group. The grand prize is a record deal with Warner Music as well as the opportunity to join the Pussycat Dolls on their next World Tour but there are only four spots. The finale was held on 18 December, concluding with the announcement of the fourth band member of the group Queensberry.

### Season 8 (2009): *Popstars – Du & Ich*

*Popstars: Du & Ich* (You and I) is the eighth season of Popstars, in which they are looking for a duo. The final combination which genders the band will consist of was open until the finals. The candidates can apply alone or together, but if they apply together it's unsure if both will survive the elimination. The judge panel changed. Michelle Leonard and Alex Christensen, who was already a member of the jury, joined the judge panel. The Final on 10 December was won by then 18-year old Vanessa Meisinger and the Brazilian 20-year old Leonardo (Leo) Ritzmann. They are the new Popstars-Duo Some & Any.

### Season 9 (2010) : *Popstars: Girls Forever*

*Popstars: Girls forever* was the ninth season of *Popstars (Germany)*, in which young aspiring female singers/dancers compete in order to claim their spots to make it into the next girl group. The new Popstars band LaViVe consist of Katrin, Julia, Meike and Sarah.

### Season 10 (2012): *Popstars: Der Weg ist das Ziel*

After a one-year break, Popstars returned to Germany. *Popstars: Der Weg ist das Ziel* (The way is the goal) was the tenth season of *Popstars (Germany)*. Boys and girls were both allowed to participate in the competition. This season focused on the experience rather on finding a long-successful band, that failed in the past seasons. The season's finalists formed the group Melouria.

### Season 11 (2015): *Popstars 2015*

The eleventh and final season of *Popstars* premiered in 2015, all while season the original format which was only opened to female contestants. The finale aired in fall 2015 with the rise of Leandah.

## Ratings

| Season | Timeslot | Season premiere | Season finale | Year | Viewers
(in millions) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
|  | Tuesday 9:15/8:15 pm | 14 November 2000 | 6 March 2001 | 2000-01 | 1.70 |
|  | Tuesday & Sunday 8:15 pm | 11 September 2001 | 23 December 2001 | 2001 | 1.71 |
|  | Monday (& Friday) 8:15 pm | 11 August 2003 | 3 November 2003 | 2003 | 2.46 |
|  | Wednesday 8:15 pm | 15 September 2004 | 8 December 2004 | 2004 | 2.07 |
|  | Thursday 8:15 pm | 10 August 2006 | 23 November 2006 | 2006 | 3.37 |
| |  | 14 June 2007 | 6 December 2007 | 2007 | 2.06 |
| |  | 28 August 2008 | 18 December 2008 | 2008 | 2.55 |
| |  | 20 August 2009 | 10 December 2009 | 2009 | 2.13 |
| |  | 19 August 2010 | 9 December 2010 | 2010 | 2.32 |
| | 10 | 5 July 2012 | 20 September 2012 | 2012 | 1.50 |
| 11 | Monday 8:15 pm | 17 August 2015 | October 2015 | 2015 |  |
|

## Music releases by *Popstars* winners

### Albums

| Band | Studio albums | Other albums |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **No Angels** | *Elle'ments* (2001)
*Now... Us!* (2002)
*Pure* (2003)
*Destiny* (2007)
*Welcome to the Dance* (2009)
*20* (2021) | *When the Angels Swing* (2002)
*The Best of No Angels* (2003)
*Acoustic Angels* (2004)
*Very Best of No Angels* (2008)
 |
| **Bro'Sis** | *Never Forget (Where You Come From)* (2002)
*Days of our Lives* (2003)
*Showtime* (2004)
 |
| **Overground** | *It's Done* (2003)
*2. OG* (2004) |
| **Nu Pagadi** | *Your Dark Side* (2005) |
| **Monrose** | *Temptation* (2006)
*Strictly Physical* (2007)
*I Am* (2008)
*Ladylike* (2010) |
| **Room2012** | *Elevator* (2007) |
| **Queensberry** | *Volume I* (2008)
*On My Own* (2009)
*Chapter 3* (2012) |
| **Some & Any** | *First Shot* (2009) |
| **LaViVe** | *No Sleep* (2010) |
|

## Cheyenne Records

| Cheyenne Records | |
| --- | --- |
| Parent company | Cheyenne Media |
| Founded | 2000 (2000) |
| Founder | Holger Roost-Macias |
| Genre | Various |
| Country of origin | Germany |

**Cheyenne Records** was a German record label, founded in 2000 by Holger Roost-Macias. As part of the Cheyenne Media Group which produced the first nine seasons of the German adaptation of the international *Popstars* franchise, it served as the label for most *Popstars* winners from 2000 to 2010. In 2014, the label merged with Roost-Macias' second production company Tresor Entertainment GmbH. In late 2020, Bertelsmann Music Group acquired the catalog from Cheyenne Records, including more than 600 master recordings from bands and solo artists who emerged from the *Popstars* series

## InfoBox

| *Popstars* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Genre | Reality competition |
| Created by | Jonathan Dowling |
| Presented by | see below |
| Opening theme | "Pop Muzik" (season 1)
"Das Leben" (season 2)
"Leb deinen Traum" (season 3)
"Come as You Are" (season 4)
"Daylight in Your Eyes" (season 5)
"Hot Summer" (season 6)
"Strictly Physical" (season 6)
"Strike the Match" (season 7)
"Hit 'n' Run" (season 7)
"No Smoke" (season 7)
"Last Man Standing" (season 8)
"This Is Me" (season 9)
"No Time for Sleeping" (season 9)
"Sunshine (Fly So High)" (season 10) |
| Country of origin | Germany |
| No. of seasons | 11 |
| Production | |
| Production locations | **Auditions:**
Various locations
**Workshops:**
Mallorca, Spain (season 1)
Ibiza, Spain (seasons 2 and 10)
Orlando, Florida, U.S. (season 3)
Locarno, Switzerl. (season 4)
Ischgl, Austria (season 5)
Füssen, Germany (season 6)
Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt (season 7)
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. (season 8)
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. (season 9) |
| Running time | 60–100 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | RTL II (seasons 1–2)
ProSieben (seasons 3–10) |
| Release | 14 November 2000 (2000-11-14)
10 October 2015 (2015-10-10) |


title: Rozięcin

abstract: Rozięcin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojsławice, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Wojsławice, 29 km (18 mi) south of Chełm, and 81 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

text:
# Rozięcin

**Rozięcin** \[rɔˈʑɛnt͡ɕin\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojsławice, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Wojsławice, 29 km (18 mi) south of Chełm, and 81 km (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

## InfoBox

| Rozięcin | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rozięcin | |
| Coordinates: 50°54′N 23°35′E / 50.900°N 23.583°E / 50.900; 23.583 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lublin |
| County | Chełm |
| Gmina | Wojsławice |


title: Education in Goa

abstract: The smallest state in India, Goa covers an area of 3,702 km⁲. Situated on the western coast of India, Goa shares its northern boundary with Maharashtra. Karnataka covers the eastern and southern boundary of the state. Panaji is the capital city of the state of Goa. One of the major tourist destinations in India, Goa also houses some of the best educational institutes of the nation. The education system here is comparatively better than many other states. According to the 2001 census report, the state has a literacy rate of 82%, well above the national average.

text:
# Education in Goa

The smallest state in India, Goa covers an area of 3,702 km2. Situated on the western coast of India, Goa shares its northern boundary with Maharashtra. Karnataka covers the eastern and southern boundary of the state. Panaji is the capital city of the state of Goa. One of the major tourist destinations in India, Goa also houses some of the best educational institutes of the nation. The education system here is comparatively better than many other states. According to the 2001 census report, the state has a literacy rate of 82%, well above the national average.

## School education

The quality of state-run schools and the low level of corruption has added to the betterment of education in Goa. There is not much demand for private schools in Goa as people are quite happy with the performance of the government schools at all levels. There are approximately 2,153 schools in Goa which includes primary schools, middle schools, secondary schools and higher secondary schools.

2011 Census
| State/District | Literacy rate |
| --- | --- |
| Goa | 88.7% |
| North Goa | 89.57% |
| South Goa | 87.59% |

Most of the schools in Goa are affiliated with Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. However, one can also come across schools affiliated to the CBSE and ICSE board. English is the main medium of instruction at the schools in Goa. Konkani and Portuguese are also taught in several schools of the state. Navy Children School, Infant Jesus High School, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1, Anjuman High School, Bal Bharati Vidya Mandir High School, Don Bosco School, Holy Cross High School, Guardian Angel High School are some of the renowned schools in Goa. Goa is multidimensional hub for education.

## Higher education

Goa University is the premier center of higher studies in the state and most of the colleges are affiliated to it. One can also come across medical and engineering colleges in Goa. There exists both private and government engineering colleges in the state. BITS Pilani — Goa is also a renowned institute which grants admission to the students on the basis of their performance in the all India aptitude test conducted by the institute. Some of the colleges in Goa offer courses in arts, commerce, science, law, architecture, dentistry, marine engineering, hotel management, fisheries and pharmacy. The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR),Vasco-da-Gama and the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Dona Paula are scientific oceanographic laboratories located in Goa, offering training and opportunities for further studies and research in affiliation with universities like Goa University etc. Goa Institute of Management established in the year 1993 is a famous B-School of the region. Students interested in the study of the Portuguese language can pursue an undergraduate and a postgraduate degree in Portuguese from Goa University or inculcate conversational skills through short term certificate course at various centres run by the Instituto Camões and the Indo-Portuguese Society.

1. "At primary level, Goa ranks 20th on national education index | Goa News - Times of India".
2. "Best International School in Goa | Best School in Goa".


title: Petra Popluhárová

abstract: Petra Popluhárová is a Slovak handball player.

text:
# Petra Popluhárová

**Petra Popluhárová** (born 23 August 1988) is a Slovak handball player.

## Career

Petra Popluhárová was born on 23 August 1988 in Partizánske.

She started her professional career with the local team HK Slávia Partizánske. In 2006 she transferred to German club 1. FC Nürnberg Handball 2009. In 2008 she returned to Slovakia to study at the Comenius University and played two seasons with HK Slovan Duslo Šaľa.

From 2010 played again in Germany with the team Thüringer HC, where she contributed to four German championship titles. Following the title win in the 2014/2015 session, Popluhárová retired from elite handball to focus on raising her family but continued playing for the B team of Thüringer HC.

Popluhárová represented Slovakia in the European Handball Championship in 2013.

## Family

Together with her partner, the handball coach Herbert Müller, Popluhárová has two children. She missed the 2013/2014 session due to pregnancy.

## InfoBox

| Popluhárová playing for Thüringer HC B in 2023 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Born | (1988-08-23) 23 August 1988<br>Partizánske, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Nationality | Slovak | | |
| Height | 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in) | | |
| Playing position | Left Back | | |


title: Robert Porterfield (soldier)

abstract: Robert Porterfield, was a Virginia planter, politician, magistrate and military officer who served in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Augusta County for one term. He is better known for his service in the Virginia Line during the American Revolutionary War, and as Brigadier General led the Virginia militia during the War of 1812.

text:
# Robert Porterfield (soldier)

**Robert Porterfield** (February 22, 1751 – February 13, 1843), (often referred to as "General Porterfield") was a Virginia planter, politician, magistrate and military officer who served in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Augusta County for one term. He is better known for his service in the Virginia Line during the American Revolutionary War, and as Brigadier General led the Virginia militia during the War of 1812.

## Early and family life

Porterfield was born in then-vast Frederick County to Vonie Erlene Miller Porterfield, his father Charles Porterfield (1715–1778) having moved his family into the Shenandoah Valley from Pennsylvania. The family also included another son, Charles Porterfield (1750–1781) and a daughter Eleanor (1756–1835), who would marry Lt. Andrew Heth.

Robert Porterfield married twice. His first wife, Mary Heth (1750-before 1784), was the daughter of Henry Heth, an important figure in Frederick County. Following her death, Porterfield remarried, to Rebecca Farrar (1764–1798), daughter of Peter Farrar (1730–1815, who would move to South Carolina) and Margaret Chastaine Cocke (1727–1767). Rebecca bore sons Charles Porterfield (1786–1810) and John Porterfield (1793–1849) and daughters Rebecca Porterfield Kinney (1798–1880) and Mary (Polly) Porterfield Wayland (1789–1852) who survived to adulthood.

## Military career

On December 24, 1776, Porterfield accepted his first military commission, as 2nd lieutenant of the 11th Virginia, a unit of frontiersman led by then-Captain Daniel Morgan in the Virginia Line of the Continental Army. He received a promotion to 1st lieutenant on June 1, 1777, then became an Adjutant on April 19, 1778, and transferred to the 7th Virginia on September 14, 1778. Poerterfield was promoted to Captain on August 16, 1779, and taken prisoner at Charleston, South Carolina on May 12, 1780. Upon his furlough, he informed Virginia's governor that his elder brother, Lt. Col. Charles Porterfield, had died on the way to Charleston, as a result of the wound he suffered at the Battle of Camden. He also said that a British officer, Lord Rawdon, had loaned him thirty guineas and treated him with great kindness, and unsuccessfully requested two successive Virginia governors to repay the debt because of his brother's service. After reaching Richmond on parole, Porterfield was transferred to the 2nd Virginia on February 12, 1781, and served until the war's end.

Following the conflict, he moved to Augusta County and was soon named colonel in the state militia, rising to the rank of Brigadier General of Virginia state troops in 1810, despite incurring a fine in 1787 for failing to muster in Captain Thomas Turk's company in Augusta County.

Late in the War of 1812 (July 1814) as British ships raided in Chesapeake Bay, Governor Barbour called up additional troops and created five new brigades. Porterfield was placed in command of one such brigade, which consisted of the 1st Virginia Regiment under Lt. Cols. Charles Yancey and John S. Farrar of Albemarle County (commanding infantry from Albemarle (2 companies), Buckingham, Chesterfield, Fluvanna, Orange and Shenandoah Counties), the 2nd Virginia Regiment under Lt.Col. Thomas Ballowe of Buckingham County (commanding troops from Albemarle, Augusta, Buckingham, Culpeper and Fauquier (2 companies) Counties and Richmond City (2 companies)) and the !st Virginia Cavalry led by Major Henry Heth of Chesterfield County. Porterfield's brigade remained near Richmond, leaving Camp Fairfield on August 28 and re-establishing Camp Holly Springs two days later; Governor Nicholas dissolved it on February 3, 1815. By contrast, the new brigades led by Brig.Gens. Joel Leftwich and James Breckenridge were sent north, to defend Baltimore and Washington; although the new brigades led by Brig.Gens. William Chamberlayne and John H. Cocke also remained near Richmond.

Before that time, assisted by John Howe Peyton as his adjutant, Porterfield organized troops in Augusta County and sent them to the field. Peyton's younger brother, Bernard Peyton, who led U.S. troops during the War of 1812, moved to Richmond after the war and later served decades as Richmond's postmaster, as well as Adjutant General of the Virginia militia.

## Civilian career

Porterfield moved to what was then-vast Augusta County in 1783, and established a plantation near Waynesboro he called "Soldier's Retreat". In the Virginia tax census of 1787, he owned four adult slaves, four slaves between 16 and 20 years old, eight cattle, and nine horses (including a stud horse).

Augusta County voters elected Porterfield as one of their representatives to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1798, but he did not again hold that part-time position after completing the one-year term.

In 1811, Porterfield bought stock in a company which planned to build a road between Rockfish Gap and Scott's Landing on the James River, a road that had been legislatively authorized years earlier.

Porterfield served five decades years as a justice of the peace in Augusta county, after serving two terms as the county's sheriff. His son-in-law Robert Kinney, a lawyer, also served as a delegate for Augusta County and several terms as its mayor during Porterfield's lifetime.

## Death and legacy

Porterfield survived nine decades and two wives, and died at his Soldiers Rest home, near the unincorporated Augusta County community of Hermitage near Waynesboro, in 1843. A New York newspaper published an obituary for Porterfield as one of the last living Revolutionary War soldiers. He would be buried at Staunton's now historic Thornrose Cemetery, which opened several years later. In 1852, years after Porterfield's death, Virginia's legislature awarded a land grant to his heirs based on his service during the War of 1812. His daughter Rebecca Porterfield Kinney, although she became a widow, would survive the American Civil War, as would several grandchildren, including CSA Pvt. Charles Nicholas Kinney.

## InfoBox

| Robert Porterfield | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Augusta County | |
| **In office**
December 8, 1798 – December 1, 1799 | |
| Preceded by | John Tate |
| Succeeded by | Robert Doak |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 22, 1751
Frederick County, Colony of Virginia |
| Died | February 13, 1843
Soldier's Rest, Waynesboro, Virginia, US |
| Resting place | Thornrose Cemetery, Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Heth
Rebecca Farrar |
| Occupation | officer, Planter, politician |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | Continental Army
United States Army |
| Years of service | 1776–1783; 1784–1815 |
| Rank | Brigadier General (Virginia Militia) |
| Battles/wars |  |
|  | |


title: Prunus erioclada

abstract: Prunus erioclada is a species of wild almond native to Iran and Afghanistan. It is a thorny shrub 0.2 to 1.2 m tall. It is morphologically similar to Prunus lycioides, P. spinosissima, P. eburnea and P. brahuica. It can be distinguished from the similar species by having its one year old twigs densely covered by a white pubescence, termed white tomentose, and the older twigs grayish-white tomentose. A genetic and morphological analysis shows that it is a good species, with its closest relative being Prunus eburnea.

text:
# Prunus erioclada

***Prunus erioclada*** is a species of wild almond native to Iran and Afghanistan. It is a thorny shrub 0.2 to 1.2 m tall. It is morphologically similar to *Prunus lycioides*, *P. spinosissima*, *P. eburnea* and *P. brahuica*. It can be distinguished from the similar species by having its one year old twigs densely covered by a white pubescence, termed white tomentose, and the older twigs grayish-white tomentose. A genetic and morphological analysis shows that it is a good species, with its closest relative being *Prunus eburnea*.

## InfoBox

| *Prunus erioclada* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | *Prunus* |
| Species: | ***P. erioclada*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Prunus erioclada***<br>(Bornm.) Yazbek | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Amygdalus erioclada* Bornm. | |


title: Czarny Sad

abstract: Czarny Sad is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźmin Wielkopolski, within Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Koźmin Wielkopolski, 13 km (8 mi) north of Krotoszyn, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

text:
# Czarny Sad

**Czarny Sad** \[ˈt͡ʂarnɨ ˈsat\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Koźmin Wielkopolski, within Krotoszyn County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south of Koźmin Wielkopolski, 13 km (8 mi) north of Krotoszyn, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

## InfoBox

| Czarny Sad | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Czarny Sad | |
| Coordinates: 51°48′N 17°27′E / 51.800°N 17.450°E / 51.800; 17.450 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Greater Poland |
| County | Krotoszyn |
| Gmina | Koźmin Wielkopolski |


title: Unterbergla

abstract: Unterbergla is a former municipality in the district of Deutschlandsberg in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Groß Sankt Florian.

text:
# Unterbergla

**Unterbergla** is a former municipality in the district of Deutschlandsberg in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Groß Sankt Florian.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 1,425 |  |
| 1880 | 1,406 | −1.3% |
| 1890 | 1,363 | −3.1% |
| 1900 | 1,379 | +1.2% |
| 1910 | 1,400 | +1.5% |
| 1923 | 1,371 | −2.1% |
| 1934 | 1,415 | +3.2% |
| 1939 | 1,314 | −7.1% |
| 1951 | 1,406 | +7.0% |
| 1961 | 1,318 | −6.3% |
| 1971 | 1,397 | +6.0% |
| 1981 | 1,413 | +1.1% |
| 1991 | 1,425 | +0.8% |
| 2001 | 1,424 | −0.1% |
| 2011 | 1,392 | −2.2% |

## InfoBox

| Unterbergla | |
| --- | --- |
| Former municipality | |
| Chapel in Sulzhof, Unterbergla | |
|  | |
| UnterberglaLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 46°48′36″N 15°18′52″E / 46.81000°N 15.31444°E / 46.81000; 15.31444 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Styria |
| District | Deutschlandsberg |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.97 km2 (8.87 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 382 m (1,253 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2016) | |
| Total | 1,338 |
| Density | 58/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 8522 |
| Area code | 03464 |
| Vehicle registration | DL |
| Website | www.unterbergla.
steiermark.at |


title: Charles de Tolnay

abstract: Charles de Tolnay, born Károly von Tolnai, was a Hungarian art historian and an expert on Michelangelo. According to Erwin Panofsky, he was "one of the most brilliant art historians" of his time.

text:
# Charles de Tolnay

**Charles de Tolnay**, born **Károly von Tolnai** (May 27, 1899 – January 17, 1981), was a Hungarian art historian and an expert on Michelangelo. According to Erwin Panofsky, he was "one of the most brilliant art historians" of his time.

## Life and work

De Tolnay was born in Budapest. He was the son of Arnold von Tolnai, an official of the Hungarian administration. In 1918, he began studying art history and archaeology as **Karl Tolnai** in Germany, first at the University of Berlin (under Adolph Goldschmidt), then at the University of Frankfurt (under Rudolf Kautzsch).

During these early years he was also a keen traveller. Between 1921 and 1922 he made his first trip to Belgium, visiting Brussels, Antwerp, Leuven, Ghent, Bruges, and Liege. In 1923 he went to Paris, Occitania, Spain, Lisbon, Turin, Milan and Venice. In 1924 he made a hundred-day journey to Italy, visiting Florence and Rome, where he was struck by the art of Michelangelo.

He continued studying art history at the University of Vienna (under Julius von Schlosser and Max Dvořák), where he wrote a Ph.D. thesis on Hieronymus Bosch (1925).

In 1928 he became lecturer at the University of Hamburg and a friend of the young Erwin Panofsky. There Tolnay wrote his Habilitationsschrift on Michelangelo's late architecture (1929). He then moved to Rome, where he did much research at the Bibliotheca Hertziana. Between 1934 and 1939, he taught art history at the Sorbonne, Paris, where he changed his name to Charles de Tolnay. In 1939, he immigrated to the United States, where he became a citizen in 1945, working at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, for some years. According to Ernest H. Wilkins, "Of the many specialists resident at the Institute for Advanced Study, probably none is a more tireless investigator than Charles de Tolnay, Hungarian-born authority on Renaissance art." In 1953, Tolnay was appointed professor of art history at Columbia University, where he retired in 1965. In the same year, he became Director of the Casa Buonarroti in Florence, which he helped to reorganize.

He wrote fundamental studies on Flemish painting, in particular Bosch, Jan van Eyck and the Master of Flémalle, Hugo van der Goes and Peter Paul Rubens, but also on the painting of Rembrandt and Jan Vermeer. From 1943 on, his attention focused on Michelangelo, which resulted in a 5-volume study on his work, which has been called "the biggest, most learned study of Michelangelo in our generation". Also important are his writings on the court of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Croatia, and the works of Bicci di Lorenzo, Masaccio, Filippo Lippi, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Tintoretto, Pontormo, Diego Velázquez, Nicolas Poussin, Antoine Watteau, Eugène Delacroix, Paul Cézanne, and others.

Tolnay died on January 17, 1981, in Florence.

According to Erwin Panofsky, Tolnay "excels by a rare combination of constructive scientific imagination and thorough connoisseurship ... Thanks to his extraordinary energy, Dr. v. Tolnay has greatly promoted our knowledge of Bosch, Breughel, and most particularly Michelangelo."

According to Ernest Manheim, "everybody liked Tolnay because he had very interesting opinions. He was looking for a connection between art history, art analysis, and sociology".

## Select publications

* *Die Zeichnungen Pieter Bruegels*. Munich 1925.
* *Die späten architektonischen Projekte Michelangelos*. Hamburg, 1929.
* *Pierre Bruegel l'ancien*. 2 vols. Brussels, 1935.
* *Hieronymus Bosch*. Basel, 1937.
* *Le Maître de Flémalle et les freres Van Eyck*. Brussels, 1939.
* *History and Technique of Old Master Drawings: A Handbook*. New York, 1943.
* *Michelangelo*. 5 vols. Princeton, 1943-1960.
* *Hieronymus Bosch*. London, 1966.
* *Nuove osservazioni sulla Cappella medicea*. Rome, 1968.
* *Il riordinamento delle collezioni della casa Buonarroti a Firenze*. Rome, 1969.
* *L'omaggio a Michelangelo di Albrecht Dürer*. Rome, 1970.
* *L'"Ultimo" ritratto di Galileo Galilei*. Rome, 1975.
* *Corpus dei disegni di Michelangelo*. Novara, 1975-1980.

1. Ulrike Wendland, "Charles de Tolnay". In *Biographisches Handbuch deutschsprachiger Kunsthistoriker im Exil: Leben und Werk der unter dem Nationalsozialismus verfolgten und vertriebenen Wissenschaftler*. Munich: Saur, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 703-713.
2. Dictionary of Art Historians Archived 2018-03-31 at the Wayback Machine: Tolnay, Charles de
3. "Gerrit Verstraete, "Research is Drawing Upon" (2013), p. 12" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
4. Hans Sedlmayr, *Art in Crisis* (New Brunswick, 2007), p. 186, note 2.
5. Ernest H. Wilkins, "Petrarca, Valla, Ficino, Pico, Pomponazzi, Vives: *The Renaissance Philosophy of Man*. Edited by Ernst Cassirer; Paul Oskar Kristeller; John Herman Randall, Jr., in collaboration with Hans Nachod; Charles Edward Trinkhaus; Josephine L. Burroughs; Elizabeth L. Forbes; William Henry Hay II; Nancy Lenkeith. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1948". *Italica*, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1949), pp. 298-300.
6. Casa Buonarroti: Biblioteca
7. Creighton Gilbert, "Tolnay’s Michelangelo"
8. Elisabeth Welzig, *Die Bewältigung der Mitte: Ernst Manheim, Soziologe und Anthropologe*. Vienna, Cologne and Weimar: Böhlau, 1997, p. 53.
*

## Further reading

* Charles de Tolnay, "Erinnerung an Gustav Pauli und an meine Hamburger Jahre." *Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen*, vol. 19 (1974), pp. 10–12.
* Roberto Salvini, "Il metodo critico di Charles de Tolnay." In *Accademia nazionale dei Lincei*, 381 (1984), pp. 1–31 (special issue: "Charles de Tolnay: Giornata commemorativa").
* "Charles de Tolnay." *Times* (London), January 22, 1981, p. 16


title: Petra Polášková

abstract: Petra Polášková is a retired Czech football midfielder. She has played throughout her career for 1.FC Slovácko in the Czech First Division. She has been a member of the Czech national team.

text:
# Petra Polášková

**Petra Polášková** is a retired Czech football midfielder. She has played throughout her career for 1.FC Slovácko in the Czech First Division.

She has been a member of the Czech national team.

## InfoBox

Petra Polášková
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Petra Polášková | | |
| Date of birth | (1979-06-22) 22 June 1979 | | |
| Place of birth | Slavičín, Czechoslovakia | | |
| Height | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1993–2015 | Slovácko |  |  |
| International career | | | |
| 1997–2005 | Czech Republic | 29 | (0) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Dominica Westling

abstract: Dominica Erica Westling is a Swedish actress, model and nanny.

text:
# Dominica Westling

**Dominica Erica Westling** (born 2 October 1984 in Uppsala, Uppsala County) is a Swedish actress, model and nanny.

## Early life

Westling was born in Uppsala, Uppsala County in Sweden as the oldest child and only daughter of two children. She attended secondary school in Uppsala before moving to London, pursuing a career in modeling and acting. She has studied theatre and television acting, both in the UK and the US.

## Career

Westling started her modelling career in Sweden, appearing in many magazines in her home country, including Slitz and Moore. .

Nevertheless, it was when Westling moved to the UK that her career in entertainment first took off, as she appeared in many national magazines such as Maxim (UK), FHM (UK) and Nuts (UK). .

Having lived in the UK for six years, Westling moved to the US and worked for Melissa Rivers as her son's nanny, hence Westling had the opportunity of appearing as herself on the TV reality show *Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best?*, aired on WEtv. She has also been featured in Hollywood films *Three7Nine* and *Murder 101*.

Since her modeling career began, Westling has appeared in several music videos including 88-Keys ft. Kanye Wests video for 'Stay Up! (Viagra)' and Massari – Bad girl. She has also appeared in music videos for artists The Mitchell Brothers (UK) and Junior Jack (Europe).

As of March 2012, Westling was seen on Swedish comedy TV-show *Wipeout*, competing for Sweden.

## Controversy

In early 2010, it was reported that NBA player Shaquille O'Neal had an affair with Westling, whilst still married to Shaunie O'Neal. When asked about his alleged affair with Westling, Shauquille's only reply at the time was "no comment", while Westling has not commented.

## Acting

### Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2009 | *Three7Nine* | Chloe |
| 2012 | *Murder 101* | Kelly |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2011 | *Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? (TV series)* | Herself |

## InfoBox

| Dominica Westling | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Dominica Erica Westling
(1984-10-02) 2 October 1984
Uppsala, Uppsala County, Sweden |
| **Modelling information** | |
| Height | 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) |
| Hair colour | Golden blonde |
| Eye colour | Blue |
|  | |
| Website | dominicawestling.com |


title: Phenacomargarites titan

abstract: Phenacomargarites titan is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Calliostomatidae within the superfamily Trochoidea, the top snails, turban snails and their allies.

text:
# Phenacomargarites titan

***Phenacomargarites titan*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Calliostomatidae within the superfamily Trochoidea, the top snails, turban snails and their allies.

## Distribution

This species occurs in New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone.

## InfoBox

| *Phenacomargarites titan* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Calliostomatidae |
| Genus: | *Phenacomargarites* |
| Species: | ***P. titan*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phenacomargarites titan***<br>B. A. Marshall, 2016 | |
|


title: Pheasey

abstract: Pheasey is a residential area of Walsall Metropolitan Borough in the West Midlands of England, often considered to be part of Great Barr. The area was predominantly developed for housing, as the Pheasey Estate, in the 1930s, but work was not completed until after the Second World War. Barr Beacon, a hill, is a local landmark.

text:
# Pheasey

**Pheasey** is a residential area of Walsall Metropolitan Borough in the West Midlands of England, often considered to be part of Great Barr. The area was predominantly developed for housing, as the **Pheasey Estate**, in the 1930s, but work was not completed until after the Second World War. Barr Beacon, a hill, is a local landmark.

## Geography

Pheasey is situated in the east of the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall and is located adjacent to the Sutton Coldfield and Kingstanding districts of Birmingham. Being on the south-facing slopes of Barr Beacon, which separates the area from the rest of Walsall, the area is hilly.

## Government

Historically, Pheasey was in Staffordshire.

As a result of the Local Government Act 1894, from 1894 to 1966 it was part of Aldridge Urban District, and from 1966 to 1974, part of the merged Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District. Both these Urban Districts were in Staffordshire, and under the aegis of Staffordshire County Council, but in 1974 the area became part of Metropolitan Borough of Walsall, and the newly formed West Midlands county.

The local government ward for the area is 'Pheasey Park Farm'. Its population at the 2011 census was 11,010.

Pheasey is still considered to be in the Staffordshire vice-county for the purposes of biological recording.

## History

Land on the southern side of Barr Beacon was known as Barr Lea. Record show that in 1559 one Simon Veysie purchased 162 acres, plus a house, garden and orchard, from A John Reddell, for £80. Over time, the name Veysie became corrupted to Pheasey.

In the 17th century, much of Barr Lea came into the ownership of the Scott family, whose house Great Barr Hall was later built nearby. The land was largely consolidated into two farms, Pheasey Farm and Park Farm. George Smith became the Scott's tenant at Pheasey Farm in 1902. In July 1921, the Scotts put the farm up for auction, but withdrew it and made a private sale to Smith. In 1935, he sold the land to the First National Housing Trust (FNHT), a subsidiary of Henry Boot & Sons Limited, of Sheffield, for development for housing. Boots asserted that they had evidence of demand from people in Birmingham for better housing, recording 90-100 requests per week. In total they acquired 303,203 acres at Pheasey, a small part of which was on the south side of Queslett Road, and thus in the City of Birmingham. Their proposal was to build 4,225 houses, at 12 houses per acre to be available for rent chiefly to working class people moving from slums in inner-city Birmingham There were also to be shops and other amenities. The request for planning permission was refused by Aldridge Urban District Council, who wanted no more than three to six houses per acre, with 150 acres reserved as open space. The refusal was overturned on appeal, but Boots agreed to sell 68 acres to Aldridge UDC to be kept as open space "in perpetuity".

A ceremonial "first sod" was cut on 13 July 1937, by Kingsley Wood, the then Minister of Health. The FNHT's published proposals for the estate included a public square, shops, cinema and public house at the junction of Wimperis Way and Romney way. These never materialised. Shops were built on Collingwood Drive. A planned community centre on Collingwood Drive eventually opened later, and as of 2018, still operates.

At the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, around 1,700 houses were complete. During the Birmingham Blitz, demand for housing on the estate increased. Later in the war, some houses that were already constructed but not occupied were requisitioned by the War Office for use by American troops who were preparing for the relief of Europe. At the end of the war, the requisitioned houses, in a poor state of repair were sold off, to high demand.

Park Farm was sold for development in 1955.

In the early 1960s, the FNHT offered to sell houses to their tenants, and many converted their rents into mortgage payments with the Banner Building Society.

The estate is featured on one of the Silver Thread Tapestries.

## Facilities

The estate in 2017 includes two primary schools, a community centre, and library. These were all anticipated by the Trust's 1937 plan. Barr Beacon School, built to serve the estate, lies just across Beacon Road from it.

A former public house, *The Trees*, built with the estate, is now *Buffet Island*, a restaurant. Another *The Old Horns*, built in the 1960s on the site of one predating the estate, is extant.

Pheasey Evangelical Church, behind *Buffet Island*, was built by volunteer labour between 1954 and 1962, on a site once earmarked for the pub's tennis court and bowling green.

## Notable places and places of interest near Pheasey

## Public transport

The only public transport is operated by bus. These are operated by NXWM and Walsall Community Transport (service 25). Routes include:

## InfoBox

| Pheasey | |
| --- | --- |
| Urban estate | |
| Pheasey seen from Barr Beacon, with Birmingham in the background | |
| Etymology: Simon Veysie | |
| Coordinates: 52°33′38″N 1°54′07″W / 52.5605°N 1.9020°W / 52.5605; -1.9020 | |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| County | West Midlands |
| Metropolitan Borough | Walsall |


title: Pheba, Mississippi

abstract: Pheba is a census-designated place and unincorporated community located in Clay County, Mississippi, United States. Pheba is located at the intersection of Mississippi Highway 50 and Mississippi Highway 389 and is approximately 7 miles (11 km) west of Cedarbluff. Although an unincorporated community, Pheba has a post office and a zip code of 39755.

text:
# Pheba, Mississippi

**Pheba** is a census-designated place and unincorporated community located in Clay County, Mississippi, United States. Pheba is located at the intersection of Mississippi Highway 50 and Mississippi Highway 389 and is approximately 7 miles (11 km) west of Cedarbluff.

Although an unincorporated community, Pheba has a post office and a zip code of 39755.

## History

Pheba was named for Mrs. Pheba Robinson. The community is located on the former Southern Railway and was incorporated in 1890.

A post office first began operation under the name Pheba in 1890.

In 2000, Pheba was the site of the first sporting event in which an all-black team participated in a contest sanctioned by the Mississippi Private School Association (MPSA), which was founded as an organization for segregation academies that originally existed to avoid integration of whites and blacks in public schools when Hebron Christian played against the all-black Christ Missionary and Industrial College High School (CM&I). CM&I had previously not played football for decades and fielded a team of only 14 players.

It was first named as a CDP in the 2020 Census which listed a population of 160.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 160 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census
2020 | | | |

### 2020 census

**Pheba CDP, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
| Race / Ethnicity (*NH = Non-Hispanic*) | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| White alone (NH) | 98 | 61.25% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 57 | 35.63% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 4 | 2.50% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 1 | 0.63% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 0 | 0.00% |
| **Total** | **160** | **100.00%** |

## Notable person

## InfoBox

| Pheba, Mississippi | |
| --- | --- |
| Census-designated place | |
| PhebaPheba | |
| Coordinates: 33°35′03″N 88°56′59″W / 33.58417°N 88.94972°W / 33.58417; -88.94972 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Clay |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.09 sq mi (5.41 km2) |
| Land | 2.09 sq mi (5.41 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 266 ft (81 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 160 |
| Density | 76.63/sq mi (29.58/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 39755 |
| Area code | 662 |
| GNIS feature ID | 675673 |


title: Phebalium

abstract: Phebalium is a genus of thirty species of shrubs or small trees in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to Australia. The leaves are arranged alternately, simple and often warty, the flowers arranged singly or in umbels on the ends of branchlets or in leaf axils, usually with five sepals, five petals and ten stamens. There are about thirty species and they are found in all Australian states but not in the Northern Territory.

text:
# Phebalium

***Phebalium*** is a genus of thirty species of shrubs or small trees in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to Australia. The leaves are arranged alternately, simple and often warty, the flowers arranged singly or in umbels on the ends of branchlets or in leaf axils, usually with five sepals, five petals and ten stamens. There are about thirty species and they are found in all Australian states but not in the Northern Territory.

## Description

Plants in the genus *Phebalium* are shrubs or small trees that are often more or less covered with scales or shield-shaped or star-shaped hairs, at least when young. The leaves are arranged alternately along the stems, and are simple, sometimes with toothed edges. The flowers are bisexual and have five sepals, five petals and ten stamens. The sepals are fused at the base, usually with five lobes, and the stamens are free from each other. There are five carpels with the styles fused and the stigma is similar to the rest of the style. The fruit is a follicle and the seeds are released explosively.

## Taxonomy

The genus *Phebalium* was first formally described in 1805 by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in his book *Jardin de la Malmaison*. The first species described was *Phebalium squamulosum*.

### Species list

The following is a list of species and subspecies recognised by the Australian Plant Census as at June 2020:

## Distribution

Species of *Phebalium* occur in all Australian states, but not in the Northern Territory.

## InfoBox

| *Phebalium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Phebalium canaliculatum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Subfamily: | Zanthoxyloideae |
| Genus: | *Phebalium*<br>Vent. |
|
| Species | |
| See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Crowea* sect. *Phebalium* (Vent.) Baill. * *Eriostemon* sect. *Phebalium* (Vent.) F.Muell. * *Phebalium* sect. *Euphebalium* Benth. nom. inval. | |


title: Portland Anarchist Road Care

abstract: Portland Anarchist Road Care (PARC) is a road maintenance organization formed in 2017 by anarchists in Portland, Oregon, United States, with the intention of repairing potholes in that city's roads.

text:
# Portland Anarchist Road Care

**Portland Anarchist Road Care** (**PARC**) is a road maintenance organization formed in 2017 by anarchists in Portland, Oregon, United States, with the intention of repairing potholes in that city's roads.

## Background

In the winter of 2016/17 Portland saw freezing rain, graupel, ice storms, snow storms and extended periods of freezing temperatures, which damaged the city's roads. By the end of February 2017 municipal workers had identified more than 1,000 potholes. In 2017 the Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) launched a "patch-a-thon" to fast-track road repairs, but acknowledged that repairs to some roads would not be completed until summer 2017.

Other groups and initiatives with similar aims include one that began repairing potholes in Hamtramck, Michigan in 2015, and PDX Transformation, who placed traffic cones around bicycle lanes in Portland in 2016 to prevent other vehicles being driven on them.

## Beliefs and activities

The group's mission statement describes their reasoning as follows:

> Because we believe in building community solutions to the issues we face, outside of the state.
>
> Because society portrays anarchists as only breaking windows and blocking roads.
>
> Because when faced with anarchism as a political theory, statists often ask "But who will fix the roads."
>
> Because the city of Portland refuses to adequately repair roads in a timely manner.

The statement goes on to call for "community oriented direct action" and criticizes the militarization of police. A member of the group explained to *OregonLive.com*: "As anarchists, we seek to bring about a society in which coercive hierarchies, such as government and capitalism ... no longer exist. To be exceptionally clear, anarchists do not desire chaos, we desire freedom and equality." They also argued that "By creating structures to serve the same purpose as state structures, such as our organization, we have the ability to show that government is not necessary for society to function, that we can have a truly free and liberated society". In an email to a *Vice* reporter, PARC organizers said "We waited around like everyone else, for the state to come in and fix the roads ... We finally realized that the state is not going to do enough, on a timeframe that is reasonable." They also said that while it was not their primary goal, they hoped to challenge negative perceptions of anarchism, and explained: "We want people to learn about anarchy by participating in anarchist efforts, or by those efforts effecting them in the real world, not just through some media filter."

PARC said they had received criticism from the left to the effect that they "should be tearing the streets up, rather than paving them", but that they found this approach to be "ableist, classist and antisocial."

As of March 2017, PARC had patched several potholes in the southeast of the city. Photographs of their efforts, in which their faces were covered, were posted on Facebook. In March 2017 the group said they intended to continue their work as long as they had the necessary resources and time. They also said they would explore options including mobilizing people to fix roads in their neighborhoods themselves, and working to increase the visibility of potholes, and may also expand into other forms of infrastructure repair. PARC did not consult the city government before taking action, and explained: "We aren't asking permission, because these are our streets. They belong to the people of Portland, and the people of Portland will fix them."

## Response

Local residents interviewed by KGW.com expressed support for PARC. Dylan Rivera, a spokesperson for PBOT, acknowledged the city's pothole problem but said it was unsafe for citizens to fix potholes themselves, and called for patience. Rivera said that unauthorized road repairs may be illegal, or may result in PARC being legally liable. He also expressed sympathy for the group and said the Bureau viewed PARC's actions as "an extension of the community mindedness of Portlanders", and suggested PARC undertake repairs to gravel roads in the city that are not maintained by PBOT.


title: Education in Gibraltar

abstract: Education in Gibraltar generally follows the English system operating within a three tier system. Schools in Gibraltar follow the Key Stage system which teaches the National Curriculum.

text:
# Education in Gibraltar

**Education in Gibraltar** generally follows the English system operating within a three tier system. Schools in Gibraltar follow the Key Stage system which teaches the National Curriculum.

## Secondary education

At the age of 12 Gibraltarian students enter secondary school. Following a four-year course preparing for General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE), where students sit for final examinations at the age of 16. Students can take on up to 10 GCSE subjects including the core 5 (English, mathematics, science, religious studies and Spanish). Students willing to continue their studies after taking their GCSEs can move onto sixth form (in the same school) providing they have obtained a minimum requirement of 4 subject passes at grade C or higher (generally including English and mathematics). Here the student will go onto a two-year A-Level course. Gibraltarian students can take up to 4 different A-Level subjects simultaneously.

Government secondary schools are Bayside Comprehensive School and Westside School. Prior Park School Gibraltar is an independent secondary school.

## Schools

Gibraltar has fifteen state schools, one MOD school, one private school.

## Further education

## Higher education

On 31 March 2015 the government of Gibraltar announced the adoption of the University of Gibraltar Act and The University of Gibraltar, the first university of the territory, opened in September 2015.

Previously, all students must study elsewhere at degree level or equivalent and certain non-degree courses. The Government of Gibraltar operates a scholarship/grant system to provide funding for students studying in the United Kingdom. All Gibraltarian students follow the student loans in the United Kingdom, where they apply for a loan from the Student Loans Company which is then reimbursed in full by the Government of Gibraltar. In August 2010, this system was replaced by the direct payment by the government of grants and tuition fees. The overwhelming majority of Gibraltarians continue their studies at university level.

In 2008, there were 224 Gibraltarian students enrolled in British universities, the highest figure to that date.

From 2021 students are eligible for the UK Turing scheme, with the government of Gibraltar willing to contribute to costs if the placement is a requirement of the university course.

## Teaching

All teacher-training takes place in British universities and colleges, where students can opt to enrol on a teaching degree or a Post Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE). Students obtaining Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) in any constituent country of the United Kingdom and who have a registration number issued by the DfES (UK) is eligible to teach in Gibraltar.

## Early history

The Duke of Kent during his brief period as a resident Governor of Gibraltar recommended that schools be set up for the regiments. These were reorganised in 1916 by General Don into a school at Buena Vista and another on Castle Street, Gibraltar. The priority given to the schools however can be judged by their closure in 1828 when the Barrack Master was demanding the premises. This was unfortunate as examinations were in progress and the schools were open to better off civilians who could afford the dollar a week charges. Of the 180 children available, 70 had been attending.

The regrowth of the schools can be assigned to Mary Ann Rule who was the wife of William Harris Rule a newly arrived Methodist missionary in Gibraltar. They had both learnt Spanish and Mary was asked to teach one child to read. She was joined by her brother and then other Catholics and then Jewish children. Rule noted that he became unawares the founder of the first charity school in the garrison". The Jews eventually withdrew on religious grounds and Rule was involved when the Lieutenant Governor Sir William Houston set up the first official free school on Flat Bastion Road in 1832 and he sent his own children there.

The following year Rule restarted his school requiring his pupils to attend Methodist services each Sunday. In reply the Catholics arranged for two teachers from the Congregation of Christian Brothers to start the Christian Brothers School in 1835. Rules school however was popular across the faiths but this came to a head in 1839 when his school marched down Main Street on the centenary of Methodism with 400 children of all faiths and denominations waiving messages in support of Methodism.

## InfoBox

Education in Gibraltar
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Department of
Education and Training | |
|
Director of
Education and Training |
Jaqueline Mason |
| General details | |
| Primary languages | English |
| System type | National |
| Literacy (2005-06) | |
| Total | 80+ |
| Attainment | |
| Post-secondary diploma | 23% |


title: Němčice (Strakonice District)

abstract: Němčice is a municipality and village in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Němčice lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Strakonice, 56 km (35 mi) north-west of České Budějovice, and 109 km (68 mi) south-west of Prague.

text:
# Němčice (Strakonice District)

**Němčice** is a municipality and village in Strakonice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.

Němčice lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-west of Strakonice, 56 km (35 mi) north-west of České Budějovice, and 109 km (68 mi) south-west of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 301 |  |
| 1880 | 323 | +7.3% |
| 1890 | 286 | −11.5% |
| 1900 | 298 | +4.2% |
| 1910 | 329 | +10.4% |
| 1921 | 326 | −0.9% |
| 1930 | 257 | −21.2% |
| 1950 | 189 | −26.5% |
| 1961 | 224 | +18.5% |
| 1970 | 186 | −17.0% |
| 1980 | 149 | −19.9% |
| 1991 | 130 | −12.8% |
| 2001 | 106 | −18.5% |
| 2011 | 130 | +22.6% |
| 2021 | 105 | −19.2% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Němčice | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Němčický Pond in the centre of Němčice | |
| NěmčiceLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°11′34″N 13°48′0″E / 49.19278°N 13.80000°E / 49.19278; 13.80000 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Bohemian |
| District | Strakonice |
| First mentioned | 1227 |
| Area | |
| Total | 2.75 km2 (1.06 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 541 m (1,775 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 106 |
| Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 387 19 |
| Website | www.nemciceuvolyne.cz |


abstract: PCMA is a professional organization, representing management of business events, conferences and conventions. It has more than 8,400 members, and branches in 37 countries located in North America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand. PCMA was founded in 1956 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2000, PCMA relocated from Birmingham, Alabama to its current headquarters in Chicago, Illinois. The organization's Education Foundation provides scholarship and supports research. In 1986 it began printing its monthly magazine, known as Convene. PCMA's Digital Experience Institute provides live stream and digital events. PCMA has an annual conference called "Convening Leaders" and also operates smaller conferences, such as the "Education Conference" and "Knowledge Exchange".

text:
# Professional Convention Management Association

**PCMA** is a professional organization, representing management of business events, conferences and conventions. It has more than 8,400 members, and branches in 37 countries located in North America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand.

PCMA was founded in 1956 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2000, PCMA relocated from Birmingham, Alabama to its current headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.

The organization's Education Foundation provides scholarship and supports research. In 1986 it began printing its monthly magazine, known as *Convene*. PCMA's Digital Experience Institute provides live stream and digital events.

PCMA has an annual conference called "Convening Leaders" and also operates smaller conferences, such as the "Education Conference" and "Knowledge Exchange".


title: Robert Porter Keep

abstract: Robert Porter Keep was an American scholar. Keep was born in Farmington, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University in 1865, was an instructor there for two years, was United States consul at Piraeus in Greece from 1869 to 1871, taught Greek in Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, from 1876 to 1885, and was principal of Norwich Free Academy, Norwich, Connecticut from 1885 to 1903, with the school owing its prosperity as much to him as to its founders. In 1903 he took charge of Miss Porter's School for Girls at Farmington, founded in 1844 and long controlled by his aunt Sarah Porter, and died there the next year.

text:
# Robert Porter Keep

**Robert Porter Keep** (April 26, 1844  June 3, 1904) was an American scholar.

Keep was born in Farmington, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale University in 1865, was an instructor there for two years, was United States consul at Piraeus in Greece from 1869 to 1871, taught Greek in Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, from 1876 to 1885, and was principal of Norwich Free Academy, Norwich, Connecticut from 1885 to 1903, with the school owing its prosperity as much to him as to its founders. In 1903 he took charge of Miss Porter's School for Girls at Farmington, founded in 1844 and long controlled by his aunt Sarah Porter, and died there the next year.


title: Syngenic

abstract:
The word "syngenic" or "syngeneic" means genetically identical, or sufficiently identical and immunologically compatible as to allow for transplantation. For example, it may be used for something transplanted from an identical twin. When the cells are collected from the same patient on whom they will be used, a graft is called autologous. Syngeneic refers to a graft transferred between genetically identical animals or people. A syngeneic graft is known as an isograft. Related terms include:
  - autogeneic, referring to autotransplantation, also termed autograft,
  - allogeneic, referring to allotransplantation or an allograft.
  - xenogeneic, referring to xenotransplantation or a xenograft.

text:
# Syngenic

The word "syngenic" or "syngeneic" (from the Greek word for a relative) means genetically identical, or sufficiently identical and immunologically compatible as to allow for transplantation. For example, it may be used for something transplanted from an identical twin. When the cells are collected from the same patient on whom they will be used, a graft is called autologous. **Syngeneic** refers to a graft transferred between genetically identical animals or people. A syngeneic graft is known as an isograft.

Related terms include:

**autogeneic**, referring to autotransplantation, also termed autograft, (from one part of the body to another in the same person) **allogeneic**, referring to allotransplantation or an allograft (from other individual of same species). **xenogeneic**, referring to xenotransplantation or a xenograft (from other species).  1. Kenneth Murphy (2012). *Janeway's Immunobiology*. Garland Science. pp. 652–653. ISBN 978-0-8153-4243-4.
2. "Transplantation Mouse Models". EMICE. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2018.


title: Raphaels Bank

abstract: R. Raphael & Sons Limited, trading as Raphaels Bank, was a small UK-based independent bank that provided prepaid and credit card services, personal savings products, consumer credit, and a multi-currency ATM network. It was established in 1787 by Dutchman Raphael Raphael who moved to London at the start of the Napoleonic Wars. The bank was owned by the Raphaels family until 1983 and was owned by the Lenlyn Holdings plc starting in 2004. It went into liquidation in October 2020.

text:
# Raphaels Bank

**R. Raphael & Sons Limited**, trading as **Raphaels Bank**, was a small UK-based independent bank that provided prepaid and credit card services, personal savings products, consumer credit, and a multi-currency ATM network.

It was established in 1787 by Dutchman Raphael Raphael who moved to London at the start of the Napoleonic Wars. The bank was owned by the Raphaels family until 1983 and was owned by the Lenlyn Holdings plc starting in 2004. It went into liquidation in October 2020.

## History

R Raphael & Sons was founded by Dutchman Raphael Raphael, in 1787. Raphael built up a considerable wealth during the Napoleonic wars, and later diversified the business to include stockbroking, foreign banking and bullion broking.

Successive generations of the Raphael family moved into public share issues, raising loans for European governments, and transactions in American railway stocks in Europe. In 1890, Raphael's was a major contributor to the Bank of England fund to rescue Barings Bank.

The Raphael family finally severed links with the bank in 1983. Since 2004, the bank has been a subsidiary of Lenlyn Holdings. The bank is sited in Piccadilly, London and at Walton Lodge, in Walton, Aylesbury a grade II listed building, part of Walton Terrace.

In 2014 the bank had an issue with inter-company transfers that resulted in a rare fine from the UK Prudential Regulation Authority.

In early 2016, plans became public that PayPal would use Raphael Bank to offer Mobile Payment Services in Germany and in Italy, by integrating into the Vodafone Wallet. In April 2017, Vodafone Germany announced the availability of PayPal in the Vodafone Wallet, referring to R Raphael & Sons plc as the provider, and licensed by Visa.

In March 2019, it was reported in the press that Raphaels Bank would soon be closing after failing to attract a buyer. The shareholder, Lenlyn Holdings, had been trying to sell it since 2015. The book of motor loans had been sold to Paragon Bank in 2018 and the pre-paid card business had been closed down. The bank commented that while they were gradually withdrawing from other lending activities, they continued to maintain existing services.

In May 2019 the Bank of England and the UK Financial Conduct Authority fined the bank £1.89 million because it had failed to properly supervise the companies to which it outsourced large parts of its operations. This had resulted in thousands of its customers being unable to use their payment cards on Christmas Eve in 2015.

In October 2019, the bank shut down its savings account division.

On 6 July 2020 the bank gave up its banking licence from the Prudential Regulatory Authority and on 30 October it entered members' voluntary liquidation.

raphaelsbank.com

## InfoBox

R. Raphael & Sons Limited
| Company type | Private company limited |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1787 (1787) |
| Founder | Raphael Raphael |
| Defunct | 30 October 2020 |
| Fate | In liquidation |
| Headquarters | London, England, UK |
| Area served | Europe |
| Key people | J H A Quitter (Chairman) |
| Products | personal savings, multi-currency ATMs, consumer credit, prepaid cards, credit cards |
| Revenue | 91.6 million (2013) |
| Operating income | 38.2 million (2013) |
| Net income | £ 4.1 million (2013) |
| Number of employees | 84 (2013) |
| Parent | Lenlyn Holdings |
| Website | raphaelsbank.com |


title: Skotfos Avis

abstract: Skotfos Avis was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Skotfoss in Telemark county. Skotfos Avis was started on 1 October 1901, and was somewhat special in its time in that it was an apolitical newspaper, designed to be the local newspaper of Skotfoss. It was owned from 1921 on by the local company Skotfoss Bruk, which demanded this apolitical attitude. The best-known editor-in-chief was Emanuel Sørensen, who served from 1901 to 1919. The newspaper went defunct on 8 March 1930, mainly because Skotfoss became more connected to the city Skien, and Skien's larger newspapers became more widely read.

text:
# Skotfos Avis

***Skotfos Avis*** was a Norwegian newspaper, published in Skotfoss in Telemark county.

*Skotfos Avis* was started on 1 October 1901, and was somewhat special in its time in that it was an apolitical newspaper, designed to be the local newspaper of Skotfoss. It was owned from 1921 on by the local company Skotfoss Bruk, which demanded this apolitical attitude. The best-known editor-in-chief was Emanuel Sørensen, who served from 1901 to 1919. The newspaper went defunct on 8 March 1930, mainly because Skotfoss became more connected to the city Skien, and Skien's larger newspapers became more widely read.


title: Phebalium appressum

abstract: Phebalium appressum is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is more or less covered with silvery scales and has egg-shaped to heart-shaped leaves pressed against the stems, and flowers with rust-coloured scales on the pedicel. It is only known from the type specimen.

text:
# Phebalium appressum

***Phebalium appressum*** is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is more or less covered with silvery scales and has egg-shaped to heart-shaped leaves pressed against the stems, and flowers with rust-coloured scales on the pedicel. It is only known from the type specimen.

## Description

*Phebalium appressum* is a rounded shrub that typically grows to a height of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and is more or less covered with silvery scales. The leaves are sessile, crowded, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and 1.5 mm (0.059 in) wide and pressed against the branch. The flowers are white and borne singly or in pairs on the ends of branchlets. The pedicels are about 1 mm (0.039 in) long, thick and densely covered with rust-coloured scales. The sepals are about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long and joined at the base and covered with rust-coloured scales on the outside. Flowering occurs in July.

## Taxonomy and naming

*Phebalium appressum* was first formally described in 1998 by Paul Wilson in the journal *Nuytsia* from a specimen collected north of Coolgardie in 1991.

## Distribution and habitat

This phebalium grows on yellow sandplain and is only known from north of Coolgardie.

## Conservation status

*Phebalium appressum* is classified as "Priority One" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk.

## InfoBox

| *Phebalium appressum* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Priority One — Poorly Known Taxa (DEC) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | *Phebalium* |
| Species: | ***P. appressum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Phebalium appressum***
Paul G.Wilson | |
|


title: East, West, East: The Final Sprint

abstract: East, West, East: The Final Sprint is an Albanian comedy film directed by Gjergj Xhuvani. The film is about an amateur cycling team from Albania that learns while on their way to France to take part in a tournament that a revolution is underway in Albania.

text:
# East, West, East: The Final Sprint

***East, West, East: The Final Sprint*** (Albanian: *Lindje, Perëndim, Lindje*) is an Albanian comedy film directed by Gjergj Xhuvani. The film is about an amateur cycling team from Albania that learns while on their way to France to take part in a tournament that a revolution is underway in Albania.

## Awards

The film was selected as the Albanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards, but it didn't make the January shortlist.

Gjergj Xhuvani won the Best Director award at the Tirana Film Festival.

## InfoBox

| East, West, East: The Final Sprint | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | Gjergj Xhuvani |
| Written by | Gjergj Xhuvani |
| Produced by | High Point Films |
| Starring | Shkumbin Istrefi
Nela Lucic |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 100 minutes |
| Countries | Albania
Italy |
| Languages | Albanian
Italian
Slovenian
Serbian |


title: Royal Arcade, Melbourne

abstract: The Royal Arcade is a historic shopping arcade in the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Opened in 1870, it connects Bourke Street Mall to Little Collins Street, with a side offshoot to Elizabeth Street. It is the oldest surviving arcade in Australia, known for its elegant light-filled interior, and the large carved mythic figures of Gog and Magog flanking the southern entry. Along with Melbourne's other Victorian era arcade, the nearby Block Arcade, it is a tourist icon of the city, and forms part of the network of lanes and arcades in the CBD. The arcade is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, as well as by the National Trust of Australia. It also forms part of Melbourne's Golden Mile heritage walk.

text:
# Royal Arcade, Melbourne

The **Royal Arcade** is a historic shopping arcade in the central business district of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Opened in 1870, it connects Bourke Street Mall to Little Collins Street, with a side offshoot to Elizabeth Street. It is the oldest surviving arcade in Australia, known for its elegant light-filled interior, and the large carved mythic figures of Gog and Magog flanking the southern entry.

Along with Melbourne's other Victorian era arcade, the nearby Block Arcade, it is a tourist icon of the city, and forms part of the network of lanes and arcades in the CBD.

The arcade is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, as well as by the National Trust of Australia. It also forms part of Melbourne's Golden Mile heritage walk.

## History

Designed by Charles Webb, who won a competition in 1868, the arcade features a high glass roof and rows of arched windows to the storerooms above each shop. It was formally opened by the City Lord Mayor on 2 May, 1870.

The arcade's most famous features were added in 1893; at the south end, the carved mythical figures of Gog and Magog (based on those in London's Guildhall), flank the large 'Gaunt's clock', which triggers the arms of the figures to strike bells each hour, while the north end features a figure of Father Time. Gaunt was Melbourne's best known clock-maker at the time.

The arcade originally ended at the south end, with an entrance to a Turkish Bath, but this was opened up to Little Collins Street in 1902, along with the creation of the large arched niche, and in the same year an extension was added to the west side through to Elizabeth Street . The shopfronts were all changed into bow fronted windows in 1890-1894, later many altered again, various central kiosks were added, and the black and white chequered floor laid in 1934. In the 1920s, the cast iron verandah was removed, but was recreated in the 1990s.

In 2002-04 a major refurbishment and restoration included the recreation the 1894 shopfronts, bringing a consistency to the shopfronts once more. In c2010, the facade was repainted in a yellow and white colour scheme, with gilded highlights.

## Access

The arcade's main entry faces Bourke Street, and it connects south through to Little Collins Street, with an extension in the centre running west to Elizabeth Street. There is also a connection to the smaller Hub Arcade near the Little Collins Street end.

37°48′52″S 144°57′51″E / 37.8145°S 144.9641°E / -37.8145; 144.9641


title: Edward G. Coffman Jr.

abstract: Edward Grady "Ed" Coffman Jr. is a computer scientist. He began his career as a systems programmer at the System Development Corporation (SDC) during the period 1958–65. His PhD in engineering at UCLA in 1966 was followed by a series of positions at Princeton University (1966–69), The Pennsylvania State University (1970–76), Columbia University (1976–77), and the University of California, Santa Barbara (1977–79). In 1979, he joined the Mathematics Center at Bell Laboratories where he stayed until his retirement as a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff 20 years later. After a one-year stint at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, he returned to Columbia University in 2000 with appointments in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. He retired from teaching in 2008 and is now a professor emeritus still engaged in research and professional activities.

text:
# Edward G. Coffman Jr.

**Edward Grady "Ed" Coffman Jr.** is a computer scientist. He began his career as a systems programmer at the System Development Corporation (SDC) during the period 1958–65. His PhD in engineering at UCLA in 1966 was followed by a series of positions at Princeton University (1966–69), The Pennsylvania State University (1970–76), Columbia University (1976–77), and the University of California, Santa Barbara (1977–79). In 1979, he joined the Mathematics Center at Bell Laboratories where he stayed until his retirement as a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff 20 years later. After a one-year stint at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, he returned to Columbia University in 2000 with appointments in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Industrial Engineering and Operations Research. He retired from teaching in 2008 and is now a professor emeritus still engaged in research and professional activities.

## Research

Coffman is best known for his seminal research together with his international collaborations, measured in part by some 150 co-authors in his collection of publications. His work can be found in over 180 articles in technical journals devoted to original research contributions. He published 4 graduate-level text books, and papers in the proceedings of some 250 conferences and workshops, most of these being preliminary versions of journal articles. In his research, Coffman has been a generalist following many parallel paths in engineering and applied mathematics. The directions he has taken have drawn on the tools of combinatorial optimization and the theory of algorithms, along with those of applied probability and stochastic processes. The processes studied include those in the theories of scheduling, bin packing, sequential selection, graphs, and dynamic allocation, along with those in queueing, polling, reservation, moving-server, networking, and distributed local-rule systems (e.g. cellular automata). His contributions have been divided between mathematical foundations and the design and analysis of approximation algorithms providing the basis for engineering solutions to NP-hard problems. Computer and network engineering applications have been broad in scope; a partial list includes research addressing problems in the scheduling and storage allocation functions of computer operating systems, storage architectures, data structures, computer timing problems such as deadlocks and synchronization, Internet congestion, peer-to-peer file sharing networks, stream merging, self-assembly processes of molecular computing, minimalist algorithms in sensor networks, optical burst switching, and dynamic spectrum management in cognitive networks. The list expands greatly when including the myriad applications in industrial engineering and operations research of Coffman's research in scheduling and bin-packing theory in one and two dimensions. As of 11 November 2015, his works have been cited 13,597 times, and he has an h-index of 55.

Coffman has been active professionally serving on several editorial boards, dozens of technical program committees, setting research agendas in workshops of the National Research Council, co-founding the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, and the special interest groups on performance evaluation of both ACM and IFIPS.

## Selected publications

* 1964, with Jules Schwartz and Clark Weissman. "A General Purpose Time-Sharing System". Spartan Books.
* 1973, with Peter Denning. *Operating Systems Theory*. Prentice-Hall.
* 2022, with Lycee Pierre de Fermat. *Prof de NSI*. Bernard ONNO.

## InfoBox

| Edward G. Coffman Jr. | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1934-08-16) 16 August 1934
Los Angeles, US |
| Alma mater | University of California, Los Angeles |
| Known for | Mathematical modeling and analysis in computer engineering and operations research |
| Awards | ACM Outstanding Contribution Award
ACM Distinguished Service Award
ACM Sigmetrics Achievement Award
CORS Larnder Prize

Fellow ACM, IEEE |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Fields | Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Operations Research |
| Institutions | Princeton University
Pennsylvania State University
University of California, Santa Barbara
Bell Laboratories
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Columbia University |
| Thesis | *Stochastic Models of Multiple and Time-shared Computer Operations*  (1966) |
|  | |


title: Němčičky (Brno-Country District)

abstract: Němčičky is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Němčičky lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Brno and 190 km (120 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Němčičky (Brno-Country District)

**Němčičky** is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Němčičky lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Brno and 190 km (120 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 306 |  |
| 1880 | 318 | +3.9% |
| 1890 | 341 | +7.2% |
| 1900 | 312 | −8.5% |
| 1910 | 315 | +1.0% |
| 1921 | 321 | +1.9% |
| 1930 | 333 | +3.7% |
| 1950 | 259 | −22.2% |
| 1961 | 258 | −0.4% |
| 1970 | 238 | −7.8% |
| 1980 | 251 | +5.5% |
| 1991 | 251 | +0.0% |
| 2001 | 276 | +10.0% |
| 2011 | 324 | +17.4% |
| 2021 | 314 | −3.1% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Němčičky | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Chapel of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary | |
|  | |
| NěmčičkyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°3′1″N 16°30′2″E / 49.05028°N 16.50056°E / 49.05028; 16.50056 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | South Moravian |
| District | Brno-Country |
| First mentioned | 1354 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.58 km2 (1.77 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 190 m (620 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 332 |
| Density | 72/km2 (190/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 664 66 |
| Website | www.nemcickyubrna.cz |


title: Professional Coin Grading Service

abstract: Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS) is an American third-party coin grading, authentication, attribution, and encapsulation service founded in 1985. The intent of its seven founding dealers, including the firm's former president David Hall, was to standardize grading. The firm has divisions in Europe and Asia, and is owned by parent company Collectors Universe. PCGS has graded over 42.5 million coins, medals, and tokens valued at over $36 billion.

text:
# Professional Coin Grading Service

**Professional Coin Grading Service** (**PCGS**) is an American third-party coin grading, authentication, attribution, and encapsulation service founded in 1985. The intent of its seven founding dealers, including the firm's former president David Hall, was to standardize grading. The firm has divisions in Europe and Asia, and is owned by parent company Collectors Universe. PCGS has graded over 42.5 million coins, medals, and tokens valued at over $36 billion.

## History

Established in 1985 by a group of seven dealers, which included David Hall, the former president of the firm, PCGS aimed to create authoritative grading standards with a firm commitment to ensuring the accuracy of grading through guarantees. PCGS began operations on February 3, 1986. The firm has since started grading foreign coins and established divisions in Europe and Asia, and was purchased by Collectors Universe.

## Services

PCGS offers certification for a wide range of U.S. and foreign coins. This process involves grading, authenticating, attributing, and encapsulating these coins in transparent, airtight plastic holders. In addition to these services, PCGS provides specialized label programs, designations like "First Strike," high-quality photography through True View, conservation services, and tiered certification options based on coin values and turnaround times. It's important to note that coins that have been improperly cleaned, doctored, damaged, or exhibit other impairments won't receive a numerical grade from PCGS. However, upon request, they can still be authenticated and assigned verbal "details" grades.

## Coin holders

The PCGS holder, or a Coin slab which is made of clear, inert plastic and is stackable. Anti-counterfeiting measures include a hologram on the back, markings within the holder, and Near Field Communication (NFC) chip embedded in some holders. Printed on the front of the blue paper insert is the coin's type, denomination, grade, attribution, pedigree (if any), serial number, Universal Product Code (UPC), and other pertinent information. First-generation PCGS coin holders are smaller and lack the raised stackable edges of later issues. Their insert was printed on plain white paper. In some of these early holders, the coin will be loose enough to produce noise when the holder is handled, thus their "rattler" nickname.

PCGS was at one point named the official grading service of the Professional Numismatic Guild; during that time, the PNG logo was included on the holder. This design was replaced with a different one when PNG switched their affiliation to NGC.

## Population report

PCGS keeps a comprehensive record, known as a census, of all the coins they have graded since their establishment. This census provides details about the grades, varieties, and specific designations assigned to each coin issue. For instance, designations like "prooflike" for Morgan dollars or "full bands" for Mercury dimes are included. This report is accessible at no cost and is updated daily on their website. It's important to note that while this information used to be available in a printed version released monthly, that hardcopy version has been discontinued.

Through an analysis of the population reports provided by both PCGS and NGC, estimations of coin rarity have been facilitated. By examining these databases over time, certain coins previously believed to be rare have turned out to be surprisingly common, while others assumed to be common have revealed themselves to be more scarce than initially thought.

Numismatic professionals closely follow these population reports because they understand that the reported numbers can be affected by practices such as multiple submissions of the same coins. This involves removing coins from their holders and resubmitting them in the hope of achieving a higher grade. Consequently, population figures might be artificially inflated. Conversely, there can be instances where population figures appear lower than expected due to the hesitancy to submit less valuable coins for grading, especially when the cost of the service exceeds the coin's value.

## PCGS CoinFacts

PCGS maintains CoinFacts, the "single source of information on U.S. coins." The free site publishes information about all federal and most non-federal U.S. coin issues, including their rarity statistics, PCGS Price Guide values, population data, public auction performances, die varieties, and photographs.

## Price guide

PCGS offers a complimentary, partially accessible online compilation of U.S. and foreign coin values. These values pertain exclusively to coins that have received PCGS certification. The data for these values is sourced from various channels, including dealer advertisements and price lists, realized auction prices, and transactions that occur during trade shows.

## PCGS Set Registry

In 2001, PCGS introduced its Set Registry program, which is accessible at no cost. This initiative features an online leaderboard where collectors can engage in friendly competition across numerous potential sets, all comprising PCGS-graded coins. Currently, the Set Registry program hosts over 113,000 sets. Each coin in a set is given a value computed by its relative scarcity. A version of the Registry is also maintained by PCGS' main competitor, NGC.

## Dealer survey

A comprehensive survey of major coin dealers, carried out in collaboration with the Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG) and the Industry Council For Tangible Assets (ICTA), disclosed that PCGS received the dealers' top-tier "Superior" rating, which was the highest rating granted to any service. Among the other 10 grading services scrutinized in the survey, only the Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC) also attained the "Superior" rating. The survey participants, consisting of coin dealers, were invited to offer their professional assessments of 11 grading services. Their evaluations were based on 12 different criteria, each assigned a specific weight. Factors like grading accuracy and authentication were considered. Respondents were asked to rank each category on a scale of 10 points, spanning from the lowest ranking of "Unacceptable" to the highest rating of "Outstanding".

## Controversies

In 1990, the Federal Trade Commission initiated a civil action against PCGS, asserting that the company had made exaggerated claims in its advertising. A resolution was reached through a settlement in which PCGS did not officially acknowledge any wrongdoing. However, as part of the settlement terms, PCGS agreed to a five-year period during which its advertising would be subject to review and also consented to incorporating a disclaimer within its advertisements.

## InfoBox

Professional Coin Grading Service
PCGS
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|  |
| Industry | Rare coins |
| Founded | California, U.S. (1985) |
| Founders | David Hall, Silvano DiGenova, Bruce Amspacher, Gordon Wrubel, Van Simmons, John Danreuther, Steve Cyrkin |
| Headquarters | 1610 E. St. Andrew Place, Suite 150, Santa Ana, California 92705 |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Products | Coin certification services and supplies, memberships and subscriptions |
| Parent | Collectors Universe |
| Website | www.pcgs.com |