title: Quarter (unit)

abstract: The quarter was used as the name of several distinct English units based on ¼ sizes of some base unit. The "quarter of London" mentioned by Magna Carta as the national standard measure for wine, ale, and grain was ¼ ton or tun. It continued to be used, e.g. to regulate the prices of bread. This quarter was a unit of 8 bushels of 8 gallons each, understood at the time as a measure of both weight and volume: the grain gallon or half-peck was composed of 76,800 (Tower) grains weight; the ale gallon was composed of the ale filling an equivalent container; and the wine gallon was composed of the wine weighing an equivalent amount to a full gallon of grain.

text:
# Quarter (unit)

The **quarter** (lit. "one-fourth") was used as the name of several distinct English units based on ¼ sizes of some base unit.

The "**quarter of London**" mentioned by *Magna Carta* as the national standard measure for wine, ale, and grain was ¼ ton or tun. It continued to be used, e.g. to regulate the prices of bread. This quarter was a unit of 8 bushels of 8 gallons each, understood at the time as a measure of both weight and volume: the grain gallon or half-peck was composed of 76,800 (Tower) grains weight; the ale gallon was composed of the ale filling an equivalent container; and the wine gallon was composed of the wine weighing an equivalent amount to a full gallon of grain.

## Length

In measures of length, the quarter (**qr.**) was ¼ of a yard, formerly an important measure in the cloth trade. 3 qr. was a Flemish ell, 4 quarters were a yard, 5 qr. was an (English) ell, and 6 qr. was an aune or French ell. Each quarter was made up of 4 nails. Its metric equivalent was formerly reckoned as about 0.228596 , but the International Yard and Pound Agreement set it as 0.2286 exactly in 1959.

## Weight

The modern statutory definition of Imperial units, the Weights and Measures Act 1985 as amended by The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994, defines the quarter as a unit of mass equal to 28 pounds.

In measures of weight and mass at the time of *Magna Carta*, the quarter was 14 ton or (originally 500 pounds). By the time of the Norman French copies of the c.1300 Assize of Weights and Measures, the quarter had changed to 512 lbs. These copies describe the "London quarter" as notionally derived from eight "London bushels" of eight wine gallons of eight pounds of 15 ounces of 20 pennyweights of 32 grains of wheat, taken whole from the middle of an ear; the published Latin edition omits the quarter and describes corn gallons instead.

The quarter (**qr. av.** or **quartier**) came to mean 14 of a hundredweight: 2 stone or 28 avoirdupois pounds (about 12.7 kg): this is its (only) statutory definition since 1993.

## Volume

The Weights and Measures Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 74) declared that, for measures of liquids and unheaped dry volume, a 'quarter' equals eight bushels (64 gallons, where a gallon is defined as a volume of water weight ten troy pounds). The term *pail* is also used for this unit of dry volume. The 1824 Act delegitimised all previous definitions. (The Weights and Measures Act 1985 (as amended) no longer shows the quarter as a unit of volume: an 1825 quarter of wheat would weigh about 494 lb, substantially more than the 1985 definition.)

In measures of liquid volume at the time of *Magna Carta*, the quarter of wine was (originally) ¼ tun: 8 London bushels or 64 wine gallons. The tun was subsequently defined down 4 gallons to 252 and the quarter was effectively ¼ pipe or butt. The quarter of wine was a gallon larger than a hogshead. As 231 cubic inches were considered to make up a wine gallon, the measure was about 242,25 litres.

The ale gallon was 282 cubic inches, meaning the quarter of ale was 295.75 litres.

Cardarelli also says it can vary from 17 to 30 imperial gallons for liquor.

### Citations

1. 9 Henry III c. 25 (1225).
2. 51 Hen. III st. 1. (1266)
3. Stockton (1823), p. 26.
4. Wormell (1868), p. 68.
5. Rutter (1866), p. 12.
6. "The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994". *legislation.gov.uk*. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
7. Reynardson (1756), p. 1361.
8. "Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris", *Sizes.com*, retrieved 25 September 2014.
9. Adams, John Quincy (1821), *Report upon Weights and Measures: Prepared in Obedience to a Resolution of the Senate of the Third March, 1817*, Washington: Gales & Seaton.
10. Ruffhead, Owen, ed. (1763a), *The Statutes at Large*, vol.  I: From Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. To which is prefixed, A Table of the Titles of all the Publick and Private Statutes during that Time, London: Mark Basket for the Crown, pp. 148–149. (in English) & (in Latin) & (in Norman)
11. Cardarelli (2003), p. 34 & 37.
12. "An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures (17 June 1824)" (PDF). *legislation.gov.uk*. 17 June 1824. p. 639,640. Retrieved 19 January 2020. Two such Gallons shall be a Peck, and Eight such Gallons shall be a Bushel, and Eight such Bushels a Quarter of Corn or other dry Goods, not measured by Heaped Measure.. (The date of coming into effect was 1 May 1825).
13. "Volume measures".
14. "Bulk densities of some common food products". *engineeringtoolbox.com*. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
15. Reynardson (1756), p. 1356.
16. Cardarelli (2003), p. 34.
17. Reynardson (1756), p. 1357–1358.
18. QR (1827), p. 141.
19. Cardarelli (2003), p. 46.

### Bibliography


title: Quarter-pixel motion

abstract: Quarter-pixel motion (also known as Q-pel motion or Qpel motion) refers to using a quarter of the distance between pixels as the motion vector precision for motion estimation and motion compensation in video compression schemes. It is used in many modern video coding formats such as MPEG-4 ASP and H.264/AVC. Though higher precision motion vectors take more bits to encode, they can sometimes result in more efficient compression overall, by increasing the quality of the prediction signal.

text:
# Quarter-pixel motion

**Quarter-pixel motion** *(also known as **Q-pel motion** or **Qpel motion**)* refers to using a quarter of the distance between pixels (or luma sample positions) as the motion vector precision for motion estimation and motion compensation in video compression schemes. It is used in many modern video coding formats such as MPEG-4 ASP and H.264/AVC. Though higher precision motion vectors take more bits to encode, they can sometimes result in more efficient compression overall, by increasing the quality of the prediction signal.

## Operation

Video encoding software products such as Xvid, 3ivx, and DivX Pro Codec, which are based upon the MPEG-4 specification, use motion estimation algorithms to significantly improve video compression. The default level of resolution for motion estimation for most MPEG-4 ASP implementations is half a pixel, although quarter pixel is specified under the standard. H.264 decoders always support quarter-pixel motion. Quarter-pixel resolution can improve the quality of the video prediction signal as compared to half-pixel resolution, although the improvement may not always be enough to offset the increased bit cost of the quarter-pixel-precision motion vector; additional techniques such as rate-distortion optimization, which takes both quality and bit cost into account, are used to significantly improve the effectiveness of quarter-pel motion estimation.

## Interpolation methods

Quarter-pixel motion compensation, much like half-pixel, is achieved through interpolation. Different specific schemes are used in different designs:

* VC-1 uses bicubic interpolation.
* H.264/AVC uses a 6-tap filter for half-pixel interpolation and then simple linear interpolation to achieve quarter-pixel precision from the half-pixel data.
* HEVC uses separable 7-tap or 8-tap filtering.

## Hardware compatibility in MPEG-4 ASP

Videos encoded with quarter-pixel precision motion vectors require up to twice as much processing power to encode, and 30-60% more processing power to decode. As a result, to enable wider hardware compatibility, Qpel is disabled in the default DivX encoding profiles. However, with newer stand-alone players supporting more complex formats such as VC-1 and H.264, Qpel support in MPEG-4 ASP has become more common.

## Video formats that support quarter-pixel motion compensation

1. Gupta, P. S.; Korada, Ramkishor (2004-01-01). "Novel algorithm to reduce the complexity of quarter-pixel motion estimation". In Panchanathan, Sethuraman; Vasudev, Bhaskaran (eds.). *Visual Communications and Image Processing 2004*. Vol. 5308. pp. 31–36. Bibcode:2004SPIE.5308...31G. doi:10.1117/12.532336. `{{cite book}}`: `|journal=` ignored (help)


title: Qazsport

abstract: Qazsport is the first Kazakh national sports TV channel. The channel launched on 1 July 2013, as KAZsport and is based in Astana, Kazakhstan. Qazsport broadcasts the Kazakh championships alongside live broadcasts of major international sporting events, which account for 70% of broadcasting. The commentators are well-known Kazakh sports journalists, who commentate in Kazakh and Russian. The channel also broadcasts news, own productions and sports documentaries in their programme schedule.

text:
# Qazsport

**Qazsport** is the first Kazakh national sports TV channel. The channel launched on 1 July 2013, as **KAZsport** and is based in Astana, Kazakhstan.

Qazsport broadcasts the Kazakh championships alongside live broadcasts of major international sporting events, which account for 70% of broadcasting. The commentators are well-known Kazakh sports journalists, who commentate in Kazakh and Russian. The channel also broadcasts news, own productions and sports documentaries in their programme schedule.

## History

### Foundation

In 2012, the then President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in his article "Қазақстанның әлеуметтік жаңғыртылуы: Жалпыға ортақ Еңбек қоғамына қарай 20 қадам (Social modernization of Kazakhstan: 20 steps towards a universal labour society)" tasked the Agency for Sports and Physical Education and the Ministry of Culture and information to jointly open a specialized sports channel. In a short period of time, relevant work was done, and on July 1 2013, the new tv channel "KAZSport" began broadcasting.

70% of the total broadcasts on "QAZSport" are live and original broadcasts, mainly of domestic championships and prestigious international competitions that are popular in Kazakhstan in both the Kazakh and Russian language.

The opening ceremony for the new channel was held at Kazmedia Center in Astana.

## InfoBox

Qazsport
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Broadcast area | Kazakhstan |
| Network | Qazaqstan Radio and Television Corporation |
| Headquarters | QazMedia Ortalgy, Astana |
| Programming | |
| Language(s) | Kazakh |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Qazaqstan Radio and Television Corporation |
| Sister channels | Qazaqstan (TV channel) |
| History | |
| Launched | 1 July 2013 (1 July 2013) |
| Former names | KAZsport |
| Links | |
| Website | www.qazsporttv.kz |


title: Queen of the Land Festival

abstract: The Queen of the Land Festival is an annual festival in County Offaly, Ireland, hosted by Offaly Macra na Feirme in which young women compete for the title "Queen of the Land" based on their "appearance, personality, energy, confidence, dress sense, rural knowledge and elocution". The festival, which is currently sponsored by WR Shaw, was initiated by the Irish Farmers Journal in 1964 as part of the Kilkenny beer festival. The competition was then taken over by Offaly Macra three years later. County Meath lives up to the claim of being the "Royal County" by having had six Queens crowned over the years. Laois and Kilkenny come second with four titles each. The only year the contest had to be postponed was 2001; this was owing to the foot-and-mouth disease crisis that hit Ireland that year. It had the effect of giving Anita Meagher the distinction of being the only Queen to rule for two years. The host county has only tasted victory twice in the competition; Michelle Cody won in 1994 and Sinead Mulcahy in 2009, both from the Shinrone Macra Club. 2005 was the 40th anniversary of the festival. As part of the big celebrations, all former Queens were invited back to Tullamore to join in the festivities for the weekend. The festival is celebrating 54 years in 2017.

text:
# Queen of the Land Festival

The **Queen of the Land Festival** is an annual festival in County Offaly, Ireland, hosted by Offaly Macra na Feirme in which young women compete for the title "Queen of the Land" based on their "appearance, personality, energy, confidence, dress sense, rural knowledge and elocution".

The festival, which is currently sponsored by WR Shaw, was initiated by the *Irish Farmers Journal* in 1964 as part of the Kilkenny beer festival. The competition was then taken over by Offaly Macra three years later.

County Meath lives up to the claim of being the "Royal County" by having had six Queens crowned over the years. Laois and Kilkenny come second with four titles each.

The only year the contest had to be postponed was 2001; this was owing to the foot-and-mouth disease crisis that hit Ireland that year. It had the effect of giving Anita Meagher the distinction of being the only Queen to rule for two years.

The host county has only tasted victory twice in the competition; Michelle Cody won in 1994 and Sinead Mulcahy in 2009, both from the Shinrone Macra Club.

2005 was the 40th anniversary of the festival. As part of the big celebrations, all former Queens were invited back to Tullamore to join in the festivities for the weekend. The festival is celebrating 54 years in 2017.

## Previous winners

### 1960s winners

* 1964 – Phyllis Finnegan (*née* Ward) – County Meath
* 1965 – Marie Grey (*née* Curtis) – County Meath
* 1966 – Joan Caulfield – County Roscommon
* 1967 – Breda Keneavy – County Westmeath
* 1968 – Ann Kelly (*née* Minahan) – County Clare
* 1969 – Elleen Cloney – County Wexford

### 1970s winners

* 1970 – Jennifer McKenna (*née* Redpath) – County Meath
* 1971 – Moira Miller (*née* Hardgrove) – County Laois
* 1972 – Shelia Motherway (*née* Hallahan) – County Waterford
* 1973 – Elizabeth Sharkey (*née* Kelly) – County Wicklow
* 1974 – Joan O’Keeffe (*née* Bergin) – County Kilkenny
* 1975 – Mary O’Connor – County Cork
* 1976 – Philomena Byrne (*née* Collins) – County Meath
* 1977 – Mary Monaghan (*née* Harte) – County Kildare
* 1978 – Rosaleen Gallagher (*née* Gilsenan) – County Meath
* 1979 – Catherine Gorman (*née* Coffey) – County Kilkenny

### 1980s winners

* 1980 – Aine Kent – County Wicklow
* 1981 – Ornagh Darcy (*née* O’Mahoney) – County Wexford
* 1982 – Ann Dempsey (*née* Ryan) – County Wicklow
* 1983 – Ann Kavanagh (*née* Alrey) – County Waterford
* 1984 – Kathleen Murphy (*née* Sinnott) – County Laois
* 1985 – Helena Connolly (*née* McElvaney) – County Monaghan
* 1986 – Margaret McPaddan (*née* Quinn) – County Donegal
* 1987 – Eillsh Rahill (*née* Kirk) – County Louth
* 1988 – Clare Dillon – County Galway
* 1989 – Ann Marie McHugh – County Kildare

### 1990s winners

* 1990 – Chris Clifford – County Limerick
* 1991 – Alice Lynch – County Sligo
* 1992 – Marie Vines – County Cork
* 1993 – Michelle Sheerin – County Sligo
* 1994 – Michelle Cody – County Offaly
* 1995 – Josephine Rodgers – County Roscommon
* 1996 – Audrey Salley – County Kildare
* 1997 – Caroline Glancy – County Roscommon
* 1998 – Lorraine Morrissey – County Tipperary
* 1999 – Mairead McEvoy – County Kilkenny

### 2000s winners

* 2000 – Anita Meagher – County Waterford
* 2002 – Eimear O’Brien – County Wicklow
* 2003 – Caroline Tuite – County Meath
* 2004 – Catherine McCollum – County Cavan
* 2005 – Elaine Murphy – County Kilkenny
* 2006 – Breda Goulding – County Laois
* 2007 – Yvonne Daly – County Cork
* 2008 – Kate Harrison – County Dublin
* 2009 – Sinead Mulcahy – County Offaly

### 2010s winners

* 2010 – Sherine Prendergast – County Tipperary, South
* 2011 – Bernie Woods – County Kilkenny
* 2012 – Teresa Brennan – County Laois
* 2013 – Geraldine Barrett – Carbury Region, County Cork
* 2015 - Christine Buckley - County Kerry
* 2014 – Orla Murphy – County Galway
* 2017 - Emma Birchall - County Kildare
* 2018 – Louise Crowley – County Limerick


title: Queen of the Lot

abstract: Queen of the Lot is a 2010 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Henry Jaglom and starring Tanna Frederick and Noah Wyle. It is the sequel to Jaglom's 2006 film Hollywood Dreams.

text:
# Queen of the Lot

***Queen of the Lot*** is a 2010 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Henry Jaglom and starring Tanna Frederick and Noah Wyle. It is the sequel to Jaglom's 2006 film *Hollywood Dreams*.

## Cast

## Release

The film was released in theaters in Southern California on November 19, 2010.

## Reception

The film has a 36% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Andrew Schenker of *Slant Magazine* awarded the film one and a half stars out of four. Colin Covert of the *Star Tribune* awarded it two stars out of four. Wesley Morris of *The Boston Globe* gave the film two and a half stars out of four.

Andrew Barker of *Variety* gave the film a negative review and wrote that "this meandering, talky film-industry satire never manages to rouse itself from a near-comatose level of self-satisfaction."

Kirk Honeycutt of *The Hollywood Reporter* also gave the film a negative review and wrote, "Henry Jaglom again tries to mix comedy with melodrama with decidedly mixed results."

*The New York Times* gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Juggling love story, jewel heist, suicide and a hilarious 12-step meeting, Jaglom displays his usual loosey-goosey style and insider wit."

## InfoBox

| Queen of the Lot | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Henry Jaglom |
| Written by | Henry Jaglom |
| Produced by | Rosemary Marks |
| Starring | Tanna Frederick<br>Noah Wyle |
| Cinematography | Hanania Baer |
| Edited by | Ron Vignone |
| Music by | Harriet Schock |
| Distributed by | Rainbow Releasing |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 120 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Queen of the Mississippi (2015 ship)

abstract:
Queen of the Mississippi, now named American Heritage, is an overnight riverboat owned and operated by American Cruise Lines, currently operating on the Mississippi River. She entered service in spring 2015 and was built by Chesapeake Shipbuilding in Salisbury, Maryland for overnight river cruising within the continental United States. The vessel accommodates 150 passengers in her 84 staterooms.
The vessel is a sister ship to American Pride, which originally carried the Queen of the Mississippi name from 2012 to 2015. There are some differences between the riverboats, like internal arrangement and cabins on the 5th deck. However, both riverboats feature all outward-facing accommodations with private baths, and many cabins also have private furnished balconies. Both Paddlewheels were completely revovated in 2022. The ship deck plans:
  - 1st Deck - double- and single-occupancy staterooms; dining room
  - 2nd Deck - double- and single-occupancy staterooms, all with private balconies; three lounges
  - 3rd Deck - owners suites, double- and single-occupancy staterooms, all with sliding doors to private balconies; library
  - 4th Deck - owners suites, double- and single-occupancy staterooms, all with sliding doors to private balconies; two lounges
  - 5th Deck - Pilot house, double- and single-occupancy staterooms, promenade, shaded public area, sundeck, putting green Her stern-mounted paddlewheel is driven by a hydraulic motor, powered by diesel engines. This is augmented by two Z-drive units to provide a higher cruising speed and better maneuverability.

text:
# Queen of the Mississippi (2015 ship)

***Queen of the Mississippi***, now named ***American Heritage***, is an overnight riverboat owned and operated by American Cruise Lines, currently operating on the Mississippi River. She entered service in spring 2015 and was built by Chesapeake Shipbuilding in Salisbury, Maryland for overnight river cruising within the continental United States. The vessel accommodates 150 passengers in her 84 staterooms. The vessel is a sister ship to *American Pride*, which originally carried the *Queen of the Mississippi* name from 2012 to 2015 (before it was repositioned to the Columbia & Snake Rivers). There are some differences between the riverboats, like internal arrangement and cabins on the 5th deck. However, both riverboats feature all outward-facing accommodations with private baths, and many cabins also have private furnished balconies. Both Paddlewheels (*Queen of the Mississippi* now ***American Heritage***, and *American Pride*) were completely revovated in 2022.

The ship deck plans:

* 1st Deck - double- and single-occupancy staterooms; dining room
* 2nd Deck - double- and single-occupancy staterooms, all with private balconies; three lounges
* 3rd Deck - owners suites, double- and single-occupancy staterooms, all with sliding doors to private balconies; library
* 4th Deck - owners suites, double- and single-occupancy staterooms, all with sliding doors to private balconies; two lounges
* 5th Deck - Pilot house, double- and single-occupancy staterooms, promenade, shaded public area, sundeck, putting green

Her stern-mounted paddlewheel is driven by a hydraulic motor, powered by diesel engines. This is augmented by two Z-drive units to provide a higher cruising speed and better maneuverability.

## InfoBox

| Queen of the Mississippi at the Port of Dubuque | |
| --- | --- |
| History | |
| United States | |
| Name | * *Queen of the Mississippi* (2016-2021) * *American Heritage* (2022-present) |
| Owner | American Cruise Lines |
| Builder |  |
| In service | April 2015 |
| Homeport | New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Identification |  |
| Status | In service |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Overnight riverboat |
| Tonnage | 2,700 GT |
| Length | 90 m (300 ft) |
| Beam | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Draft | 2.3 m (7.5 ft) |
| Propulsion | * 2 × Caterpillar * ACERT Diesel * 3 × Caterpillar * C-18 Diesel (Aux) |
| Speed | 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Capacity | 150 passengers |


title: Queen of the Mob

abstract: Queen of the Mob is a 1940 American film, directed by James P. Hogan. The source material here was a book attributed to Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover entitled Persons in Hiding. The events are loosely based on the kidnapping of Edward Bremer by the Barker-Karpis gang, which Hoover believed to have been led by Ma Barker. The names of the persons involved and other details of events were changed at the request of the FBI.

text:
# Queen of the Mob

***Queen of the Mob*** is a 1940 American film (also known as *The Woman from Hell*), directed by James P. Hogan.

The source material here was a book attributed to Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover entitled *Persons in Hiding*. The events are loosely based on the kidnapping of Edward Bremer by the Barker-Karpis gang, which Hoover believed to have been led by Ma Barker. The names of the persons involved and other details of events were changed at the request of the FBI.

## Plot

Infamous Ma Webster rules her clan of mobsters  mainly consisting of her three more or less criminally inclined sons  with an iron hand and without mercy. She is the terror of Centre City. She refuses to let anyone else handle the planning of all the clan's robberies, much to George Frost's dismay. George is the only clan member who isn't related to Ma Webster. George protests and makes a fuss about this, but to no avail. Ma and her sons Eddie, Charlie and Tom team up with George on Christmas Eve itself to rob the Centre City bank. They are warned, however, by Bert, Ma's more lawful son, who studies law and disdains the criminal behaviour of the rest of his family. Bert urges his mother and his brothers to get out of town to prevent them from being arrested for previous crimes the police and the FBI have found evidence of.

Ma listens to Bert and takes the gang on a crime spree across several states. This tour gives the gang a heap of cash, including $300,000 in ransom for a kidnapping, as well as cash from various robberies. Since Ma and the gang are well aware that the cash they have received had been tagged by the FBI, and that the serial numbers of the bills are probably registered, they meet up with a shady character called Pan to make an exchange for unmarked ones. They get $100,000 in cash for the bounty, but the temptation of keeping their bounty is to strong, and they kill Pan and leave. What they don't know is that the FBI has a list of all the bills in Pan's possession, found in his coat pocket. Soon the Feds are in the gang's tracks again.

Two federal agents are assigned to the case: Scott Langham and Ross Waring. These two agents track the gang down to a small town in the south of the United States, where they have taken refuge and Ma is posing as a socialite. When the agents come to town, Ma and the gang flee, and are forced to hide in cheap hotels around the country. The following Christmas holiday Ma returns to Centre City to visit her son Bert and his newborn baby. When she is away from the rest of the gang, they decide to do another robbery on their own. They hold up a store, but fail, with the result that Charlie is shot and killed and Tom is arrested.

When Tom's trial comes up, Bert represents him, and convinces him to plead guilty and agree to return on his own free will to the city where they committed the kidnapping. The gang is split because of difference in opinion, and when George tries to leave to go his own way, Ma and Eddie kill him. They also contract another gang leader, Stitch Torey, and his men to help Tom escape from his incarceration. Stitch's gang fails in the attempt to free Tom, and most of the gang members are killed.

Ma and Eddie are the only ones left of the original gang, and they have adopted a low profile. Eddie works in a cannery to support them both and Ma has become quite neighborly. But Eddie grows restless and careless. He sets up a hideout for some thugs he is hoping to join in a new robbery. He steals some cans from the workplace and gives them to the thugs. They in turn manage to crash their car on the way back with the cans, and the police get involved. When the police find Eddie's fingerprints on the cans they know he is nearby. On Christmas Eve Federal agents storm Ma and Eddie's home. A shoot-out ensues, in which Eddie is killed. Ma eventually surrenders herself to the police.

## Cast

Uncredited players include: Neil Hamilton, Leona Roberts, Mary Treen, Paul Fix, Edward Gargan and Robert Ryan (in his second film).

## InfoBox

| Queen of the Mob | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | James P. Hogan |
| Written by | Horace McCoy
William R. Lipman |
| Produced by | William LeBaron
Edward T. Lowe Jr. |
| Starring | Ralph Bellamy
Blanche Yurka
Jeanne Cagney
William Henry
Hedda Hopper |
| Cinematography | Theodor Sparkuhl |
| Edited by | Arthur P. Schmidt |
| Music by | Friedrich Hollaender (uncredited) |
| Production
company | Paramount Pictures |
| Distributed by | Paramount Pictures |
| Release date | * June 28, 1940 (1940-06-28) |
| Running time | 61 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


abstract: Qipanshan International Scenery and Tourism Development Zone, often referred to as Qipanshan Tourism Development Zone, is a development zone for scenery and tourism, located in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang, the capital city of Liaoning, China. Under the jurisdiction of Shenyang's Hunnan District. Qipanshan Tourism Development Zone has an administrative area of 190 square kilometers and consists of three parts: the Forest Park Scenic Area, the Lake Xiu Scenic Area, and the Shenyang Botanical Garden. It has three townships under its jurisdiction, and a total population of 51,000. The main tourist attractions in the area are Mount Qipan (棋盘山), Lake Xiu (秀湖), Shenyang National Forest Park, Shenyang Botanical Garden, Fuling Mausoleum, Shenyang Forest Safari Park, Shenjing Golf Club, etc. In 2000, the Development Zone was included in the first batch of China's AAAA-rated scenic areas.

text:
# Qipanshan International Scenery and Tourism Development Zone

**Qipanshan International Scenery and Tourism Development Zone** (Chinese: 棋盘山国际风景旅游开发区), often referred to as **Qipanshan Tourism Development Zone**, is a development zone for scenery and tourism, located in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang, the capital city of Liaoning, China.

Under the jurisdiction of Shenyang's Hunnan District. Qipanshan Tourism Development Zone has an administrative area of 190 square kilometers and consists of three parts: the Forest Park Scenic Area, the Lake Xiu Scenic Area, and the Shenyang Botanical Garden (the former site of International Horticultural Expo 2006). It has three townships under its jurisdiction, and a total population of 51,000.

The main tourist attractions in the area are Mount Qipan (棋盘山), Lake Xiu (秀湖), Shenyang National Forest Park, Shenyang Botanical Garden, Fuling Mausoleum, Shenyang Forest Safari Park, Shenjing Golf Club, etc.

In 2000, the Development Zone was included in the first batch of China's AAAA-rated scenic areas.

41°56′31″N 123°40′13″E / 41.94194°N 123.67028°E / 41.94194; 123.67028


title: Quiero (Selena song)

abstract: Quiero was released as a promotional single for the band Selena y Los Dinos in 1988. "Quiero" was the second out of four released singles from the album Preciosa. A.B. Quintanilla wrote "Quiero". "Quiero" is one of 12 favorite songs from Selena in 1991 at the time.

text:
# Quiero (Selena song)

***Quiero*** (Spanish for *I Want*) was released as a promotional single for the band Selena y Los Dinos in 1988. "Quiero" was the second out of four released singles from the album *Preciosa*. A.B. Quintanilla wrote "Quiero". "Quiero" is one of 12 favorite songs from Selena in 1991 at the time.

## Versions and album appearances

* *Preciosa*: Contained the original version of "Quiero". From this album "Quiero" was released as a promotional single in 1988 of that same year *Preciosa* was released.
* *Mis Primeros Éxitos*: Contained the new updated version of "Quiero". This album was released in 1990 from EMI.
* *Personal Best*: Contained the original version of "Quiero". This album was released in 1991. At the time "Quiero" was considered one of Selena's favorite song.
* *Selena* (Cema Records): Contained the updated version of "Quiero". From this point on the updated "Quiero" got more adopted in future Selena albums. This album was released in 1994.
* *Mis Primeros Éxitos*: This album was re-released in 2002. This album contained the original version of "Quiero".
* *Selena Y Sus Inicios Vol. 3*: This album contained the updated version of "Quiero". This album was released in 2004.
* *Classic Series, Vol. 4*: This album contained the original version of "Quiero". This album was released in 2007.

## In Concert

## InfoBox

| "Quiero" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Selena y Los Dinos | |
| from the album  *Preciosa* | |
| Released | March 30, 1988 |
| Recorded | 1988 |
| Genre | Latin |
| Label | Manny Labels |
| Selena y Los Dinos singles chronology | |
| "Terco Corazon"
(1988) "**Quiero**"
(1988) "Contigo Quiero Estar"
(1988) | |


title: Quasirhabdochaeta

abstract:
Quasirhabdochaeta is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.There are only one species from this genus are:
  - Quasirhabdochaeta singularis Hardy, 1986

text:
# Quasirhabdochaeta

**Quasirhabdochaeta** is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.There are only one species from this genus are:

## InfoBox

| *Quasirhabdochaeta* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Section: | Schizophora |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Tephritoidea |
| Family: | Tephritidae |
| Subfamily: | Phytalmiinae |
| Genus: | ***Quasirhabdochaeta*** |
|


title: Queen's Arcade, Belfast

abstract: Queen's Arcade is a Grade B1 listed shopping arcade in the centre of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It runs from 29 to 33 Donegall Place to 32 Fountain Street.

text:
# Queen's Arcade, Belfast

**Queen's Arcade** is a Grade B1 listed shopping arcade in the centre of Belfast, Northern Ireland. It runs from 29 to 33 Donegall Place to 32 Fountain Street.

## History

The arcade and the building above it were designed by James McKinnon in 1880, for developer George Fisher.

In 1919 it was acquired by Frederick W. Henry, who operated the adjacent Carlton Cafe & Restaurant at 25-27 Donegall Place.

In the 1930s, Hobart & Heron Architects carried out alterations for then resident Austin Reed Ltd. The monogram "AR", in reference to the company, is still visible today on the third floor of the Donegall Place façade. The same architects carried out further works in 1937, following fire damage. The architectural firm still exists today as Hobart Heron.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the arcade was owned by Prudential Portfolio Managers Ltd. In 1987 they refurbished the building façades and installed canopies over the Donegall Place and Fountain Street entrances. They carried out further refurbishment works during 1994.

The building gained Grade B1 listed status in June 1993.

In August 2002, John H. Lunn (Jewellers) Ltd, trading as Lunn's Jewellers acquired Queen's Arcade and the adjacent building at 25-27 Donegall Place. The company had been started in the arcade nearly 50 years beforehand.

In September 2024, Lunn's announced that they would be expanding into the building that formerly housed Carlton Cafe and most recently Oasis.

## InfoBox

| Queen's Arcade, Belfast | |
| --- | --- |
| Queen's Arcade in December 2009. | |
| Location in Belfast. | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Type | Shopping arcade |
| Address | Royal Avenue |
| Town or city | Belfast |
| Country | Northern Ireland |
| Coordinates | 54°35′53″N 5°55′52″W / 54.598166°N 5.930985°W / 54.598166; -5.930985 |
| Completed | 1880 |
| Owner | John H Lunn (Jewellers) Ltd |
| Technical details | |
| Floor count | 4 |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | James McKinnon |
| Developer | George Fisher |
| Website | |
| www.queensarcadebelfast.com | |
| References | |
|  | |


title: R. Neil Walter

abstract: R. Neil Walter is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the 74th district of the Utah House of Representatives.

text:
# R. Neil Walter

**R. Neil Walter** is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member for the 74th district of the Utah House of Representatives.

## InfoBox

| R. Neil Walter | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Member of the Utah House of Representatives
from the 74th district | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
January 1, 2023 | |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | Republican |
|  | |


title: R. Alan King

abstract: R. Alan King is an American soldier and award-winning author. He is a retired colonel, U.S. Army Reserve. He was awarded two Bronze Star Medals with Valor device and under his command, the 422 Civil Affairs Battion received the Presidential Unit Citation during "Operation Iraqi Freedom."

text:
# R. Alan King

**R. Alan King** (Born May 8, 1963) is an American soldier and award-winning author. He is a retired colonel, U.S. Army Reserve. He was awarded two Bronze Star Medals with Valor device and under his command, the 422 Civil Affairs Battion received the Presidential Unit Citation during "Operation Iraqi Freedom."

## Early life

Born on May 8, 1963, in Arlington, Virginia, King grew up in northern Virginia. As a child, he moved with his family to Woodbridge, Virginia, and in 1981 he graduated from Woodbridge High School (Virginia) in Woodbridge, Virginia.

## Academics, honors and awards

King graduated from East Tennessee State University with a BS in criminal justice in 1987 and from Webster University with a Master of Arts in international relations and management in 1997. King graduated from the U.S. Air Force Air War College in 2002. He is pursuing a doctorate from the University of Southern Mississippi in International Development.

He authored the book *Twice Armed: An American Soldier's Battle for Hearts and Minds in Iraq*, Zenith Press 2006, that won the 2008 William E. Colby Award for significant contributions to international relations and intelligence operations.

King was recognized by Oklahoma State University for outstanding contributions to the political issues in Iraq and designated an honorary Henery G. Bennett Distinguished Fellow in 2007.

On September 11, 2006, King testified before the House of Representatives, Subcommittee for National Security on the security situation in Iraq.

## Military career

King enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard as an infantryman in 1983. He was commissioned Infantry in the Army Reserve in 1985 and then into the Regular Army in the Adjutant General Corps in 1987. He served with the XVIII Airborne Corps and later in the 7th Special Forces Group (Abn) deploying in support of "Operation Just Because". King transferred into the Army Reserve in 1991 and branch transferred into Civil Affairs. He served as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel, United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (Abn) from 1992 to 1997. King then attended the Psychological Operations Officers Course and commanded the 310th PSYOP Company in Georgia. He assumed command of the 422d Civil Affairs Battalion in July 2001. King served as the senior civil-military advisor to the 3rd Infantry Division during "Operation Iraqi Freedom" and received two Bronze Star Medals for Valor and two Bronze Star Medals for achievement (2003–2004). He and the 422d Civil Affairs Battalion were credited with capturing three individuals from the infamous "Deck of Cards," and almost a dozen of the top 200 most wanted, including "Baghdad Bob" and the Chairman of Atomic Energy. While under his command, the 422d Civil Affairs Battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for Operation Iraqi Freedom. Several Civil Affairs teams from the battalion were under the tactical control of maneuver units from the 3rd Infantry Division.

## InfoBox

| R. Alan King | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1963-05-08) May 8, 1963
Arlington, Virginia |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/branch | United States Army Reserve |
| Years of service | 1983-2011 |
| Rank | Colonel |
| Battles/wars | Iraqi Freedom Iraq (2003–2004)
Just Cause Panama (1989) |
| Awards | Bronze Star Medal w/ Valor Device (2 Awards)
Bronze Star Medal (2 Awards) |
| Other work | CEO and President, Consequence Management, Inc. |


title: R519 (South Africa)

abstract: The R519 is a Regional Route in South Africa.

text:
# R519 (South Africa)

The **R519** is a Regional Route in South Africa.

## Route

Its western terminus is Mookgophong (Naboomspruit), where it takes origin from the R101. It heads south-east crossing the N1, until it meets the northern end of the R516. Thereafter it continues east to Roedtan where it crosses the N11 at a staggered junction. It then takes on a north-easterly direction, crossing the R518 near Zebediela. It ends its journey by joining the R101 just outside Polokwane (Pietersburg).

## InfoBox

| Regional route R519 | |
| --- | --- |
| Route information | |
| Length | 128 km (80 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| South end | R101 in Mookgophong |
| Major intersections | N1 near Mookgophong
R516
N11 in Roedtan
R518 near Mathibela |
| North end | R101 near Polokwane |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | South Africa |
| Major cities | Mookgophong, Roedtan, Polokwane |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| R518   R520 | |


title: RER A

abstract: RER A is one of the five lines in the Réseau Express Régional, a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving the city and suburbs of Paris, France. The 108.5-kilometre (67.4 mi) line crosses the region from east to west, with all trains serving a group of stations in central Paris, before branching out towards the ends of the line. The initial portion of the line was built in stages between December 1969 and December 1977 by connecting two existing suburban commuter rail lines with a new tunnel under Paris: the line between Vincennes and Boissy-Saint-Léger in the east, and the line between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Nanterre in the west. The viaduct between Vincennes and the former Gare de la Bastille terminus was redeveloped into the Promenade plantée elevated park in 1993. Since its opening, three additional branches have been added: one in the east serving Marne-la-Vallée and Disneyland Paris, and two to the west serving Poissy and Cergy. The RER A has had a significant social impact on Paris and the surrounding region by speeding up trips across central Paris and by bringing far-flung suburbs within easy reach of the city centre. The line has far exceeded all traffic expectations, currently serving over 1.2 million passengers per day, on about 300 million journeys per year. It is one of the busiest rapid transit lines in Europe.

text:
# RER A

**RER A** is one of the five lines in the Réseau Express Régional (English: Regional Express Network), a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving the city and suburbs of Paris, France. The 108.5-kilometre (67.4 mi) line crosses the region from east to west, with all trains serving a group of stations in central Paris, before branching out towards the ends of the line.

The initial portion of the line was built in stages between December 1969 and December 1977 by connecting two existing suburban commuter rail lines with a new tunnel under Paris: the line between Vincennes and Boissy-Saint-Léger in the east (which formerly terminated at the now-closed Gare de la Bastille), and the line between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Nanterre in the west (which formerly used a surface alignment to the Gare Saint-Lazare that is still in use as Transilien L). The viaduct between Vincennes and the former Gare de la Bastille terminus was redeveloped into the Promenade plantée elevated park in 1993.

Since its opening, three additional branches have been added: one in the east serving Marne-la-Vallée and Disneyland Paris, and two to the west serving Poissy and Cergy.

The RER A has had a significant social impact on Paris and the surrounding region by speeding up trips across central Paris (by making far fewer stops than the Paris Métro) and by bringing far-flung suburbs within easy reach of the city centre. The line has far exceeded all traffic expectations, currently serving over 1.2 million passengers per day, on about 300 million journeys per year. It is one of the busiest rapid transit lines in Europe.

The line has far exceeded all traffic expectations, currently serving over 1.2 million passengers per day, on about 300 million journeys per year. It has been argued that this makes the RER A the busiest single rail line outside of East Asia. Ever-increasing traffic volume and the need to ward off imminent saturation have been major factors in RATP and SNCF's planning since the inauguration of the line.

Several major capital investments have been made to relieve overcrowding on the line:

* The line's traditional signalling block system, which allowed only one train to occupy a "block" of track, was replaced in September 1989 with a dynamic traffic control system. The Système d'aide à la conduite, à l'exploitation et à la maintenance or SACEM (English: Driver Assistance, Operation, and Maintenance System) enables extremely short spacing between trains, increasing capacity on the line. The SACEM system is scheduled to be replaced in the mid-to-late 2020s with an even more advanced communications-based train control system.
* Paris Métro Line 14, which opened on 15 October 1998, was built on a route that would relieve congestion on the segment of RER A that passes through central Paris.
* RER E, which opened on 14 July 1999, was built on a route that would also serve the eastern suburbs of Paris, and an 8 km (5.0 mi) tunnel has been built under central Paris that connects the RER E to La Défense. The extension will continue past La Défense to allow the RER E to take over the branch of the RER A to Poissy. The project is expected to reduce the load on the central section of the RER A by 10-15%.
* Double-deck trains (MI 2N series) entered service in 1998 to increase the passenger-carrying capacity on each run of the RER A. The 43 double-deck trains can carry up to 2,600 people per train, compared to 1,887 people on the older single-deck MS 61 trains. The double-deck trains proved so successful and popular that RATP placed an order for 140 MI 09 double-deck trains that entered service in 2011, and has replaced all the remaining single-deck trains on the RER A.

## Chronology

* **6 July 1961**: The first planning begins for a tunnel under Paris to connect Étoile to the new La Défense business district. These plans would go on to become the much more ambitious RER A.
* **14 December 1969**: The first *Regional Metro* segment begins service after RATP purchases the Ligne de Vincennes between Bastille and Boissy-Saint-Léger from SNCF and connects it to a new 2.5 km (1.6 mi) tunnel under Paris between Vincennes and Nation, which replaces Bastille as the terminus. This creates a 17.5 km (10.9 mi) eastern line between Nation and Boissy-Saint-Léger.
* **19 January 1970**: A 4 km (2.5 mi) tunnel opens between Étoile and La Défense. Since this tunnel is isolated from the other section, it is operated as a *navette* (shuttle) service.
* **23 November 1971**: The tunnel is extended 2 km (1.2 mi) east to Auber. The shuttle service is extended to operate between La Défense and Auber.
* **1 October 1972**: The second *Regional Metro* segment opens as RATP purchases the Ligne de Saint-Germain between Nanterre-Université and Saint-Germain-en-Laye from SNCF and connects it to a new 2 km (1.2 mi) tunnel to La Défense. This creates a 13 km (8.1 mi) western line between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Auber.
* **1 October 1973**: The new infill underground Nanterre–Préfecture station opens.
* **8 December 1977**: The *Regional Metro* becomes RER A as the final 6 km (3.7 mi) segment under Paris is completed, adding two new underground stations: Gare de Lyon and Châtelet–Les Halles. A portion of this new tunnel is shared with the Ligne de Sceaux, which becomes RER B. The newly linked segments create a 42.5 km (26.4 mi) line between Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Boissy-Saint-Léger. At the same time, the first segment of the Ligne nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée (English: New line of Marne-la-Vallée) opens. This new 8.5 km (5.3 mi) branch extends the line east to Noisy-le-Grand-Mont d’Est.
* **19 December 1980**: The Ligne nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée is extended 9 km (5.6 mi) to Torcy.
* **29 May 1988**: An "Interconnexion Ouest" (English: West Interconnection) branch is added, extending trains 15.5 km (9.6 mi) northwest on SNCF tracks from Nanterre-Préfecture to Cergy-Saint-Christophe.
* **29 May 1989**: A 8.5 km (5.3 mi) branch is added off the "Interconnexion Ouest" connecting Maisons-Laffitte and Poissy.
* **1 April 1992**: The Ligne nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée is completed with a 11 km (6.8 mi) extension to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, creating a link to Disneyland Paris – which opens on 12 April 1992.
* **29 August 1994**: The line is extended 2.5 km (1.6 mi) west to Cergy-le-Haut, new Neuville-Université station opens.
* **10 June 2001**: The new Val d'Europe station opens.

## List of RER A stations

## Operation

### Branches

Line A provides two groups of services:

* St Germain branch – common trunk line – Marne-la-Vallée branch
* Cergy or Poissy branches – common trunk line – Boissy-saint-léger branch.

During off-peak hours, the Poissy – Noisy services operate every 20 minutes plus a La Défense – Noisy service every 20 minutes, and the St-Germain – Boissy and Cergy – Chessy services operate every 10 minutes.

Operations are very complex during peak periods, with an average of one train every 2 minutes (30 trains / hour) on the common trunk line in the busier direction (east to west in the morning, west to east in the evening), and one train every 2 min 30 sec in the other direction (24 trains / hour). The Marne la Vallée branch has the most intensive service.

### Names of services

RER trains display a "nom de mission" or "name of service", not the name of the destination station. These are invented names designating (and distinguishing) individual services ("runs"), and are accompanied by a two-digit number, for example *ZARA59* or *DJIB72*.

The first letter corresponds to the destination *(gare d'arrivée)*:

| Letter | To | Examples of names of services |
| --- | --- | --- |
| B | La Défense | BYLL, BORA, BTON |
| D | Noisy-le-Grand – Mont d'Est | DYNO, DJIN, DOMI |
| N | Boissy-St-Léger | NELY, NAGA |
| O | Torcy | OKEY, ORKA, OFRE |
| Q | Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy | QUDO, QIKY, QBIK, QAHA |
| R | La Varenne-Chennevières | RHIN, RUDI |
| T | Poissy | TERI, TJAC, TIKY |
| U | Cergy-le-Haut | UPAL, UDON, UXOL |
| W | (empty train) | WQWZ |
| X | Le Vésinet – Le Pecq | XUTI, XOUD |
| Y | Rueil-Malmaison | YCAR, YVAN |
| Z | Saint-Germain-en-Laye | ZARA, ZEUS, ZINC |

The second letter corresponds to the stations served and the origin station: a letter can have different meanings, depending on the destination. For instance, second letter "E" indicates:

The third and fourth letters are used to form a pronounceable name, changed when the service number (odd 01–99 eastward, even 02–98 westward) reaches the maximum. For example, successive trains to Boissy-St-Léger are called NEGE96, NEGE98, then NELY02, NELY04, etc. Each service is uniquely identifiable, as there cannot be two "NEGE" services with the same number in the same day.

Services with the same first two letters serve the same stations, e.g. ZEBU, ZEUS and ZEMA (to Saint-Germain-en-Laye), or NEGE, NELY and NEMO (to Boissy-Saint-Léger). The letters ZZ generally indicate that the established service pattern was changed for an unspecified reason, generally a technical problem which disrupted operations.

### Morning Peak

Every 10 minutes:

* Boissy – Le Vésinet-Le Pecq, all stations except Nanterre-Ville.
* La Varenne – St-Germain, all stations except Chatou-Croissy and Le Vésinet-Centre.
* Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy – Cergy-le-Haut, all stations except Lognes, Noisiel, Bry-sur-Marne, Houilles and Maisons-Laffitte.
* Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy – Poissy, all stations except Val d'Europe, Bussy-St-Georges, Lognes, Noisy-Champs and Sartrouville.
* Torcy – Rueil-Malmaison, all stations except Bry, Neuilly-Plaisance and Nanterre-Préfecture.
* Cergy – Torcy, all stations except Maisons-Laffitte, Houilles, Noisiel and Lognes.
* Poissy – Chessy, all stations except Neuilly-Plaisance and Bry.
* St-Germain – Boissy, all stations except Le Vésinet-Centre and Chatou-Croissy.
* Le Vésinet-Le Pecq – La Varenne, all stations except Nanterre-Préfecture, Vincennes and Fontenay.

### Evening Peak

Every 10 minutes:

* Cergy – Noisy-le-Grand, all stations except Maisons-Laffitte and Houilles.
* Poissy – Chessy, all stations except Sartrouville, Bry, Noisiel and Lognes.
* St-Germain – Boissy, all stations except Nanterre-Ville and Nanterre-Préfecture.
* Le Vésinet-Le Pecq – La Varenne, all stations except Vésinet-Centre and Chatou-Croissy.
* La Défense – Torcy, all stations except Neuilly-Plaisance and Bry.
* Chessy – Poissy, all stations except Bry and Neuilly-Plaisance.
* Boissy – Le Vésinet-Le Pecq, all stations.
* Noisy – Cergy-le-Haut, all stations except Houilles and Maisons-Laffitte.
* La Varenne – St-Germain, all stations except Fontenay, Vincennes, Nanterre-Préfecture, Chatou-Croissy and Le Vésinet-Centre.

### Off Peak

In both directions every 10 minutes:

* St-Germain-en-Laye – Boissy-St-Léger.
* Cergy-le-Haut – Marne la Vallée-Chessy.

In both directions every 20 minutes:

* Poissy – Noisy-le-Grand – Mont d'Est.
* La Défense – Noisy-le-Grand – Mont d'Est.

Off-peak, a train is scheduled every 3 minutes 20 seconds between La Défense and Vincennes in both directions.

1. Campbell, Robert (12 March 2002). "Viaduc des Arts and Promenade Plantée: A Paris match?". *Boston.com*. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
2. (in French) LCI.fr: RER A – "10 secondes de retard, 15.000 voyageurs affectés !" Archived 12 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
3. RATP. "Schéma directeur du RER A" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
4. Gerondeau, Christian (2003). *La Saga du RER et le maillon manquant*. Presse de l'École nationale des ponts et chaussées. ISBN 2-85978-368-7.
5. "MI 09 tout neuf" \[MI 09 Brand New\] (in French). France: MetroPole. 5 December 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012.
* Media related to RER A at Wikimedia Commons

## InfoBox

| RER A | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| RER A train at the underground La Défense station | |
| Overview | |
| Termini |  |
| Connecting lines | *  *  *  * |
| Stations | 46 |
| Service | |
| Type | Rapid transit/commuter rail |
| System | Réseau Express Régional |
| Operator(s) | RATP/SNCF |
| Rolling stock | MI 2N, MI 09 |
| Ridership | 300 million journeys per year |
| History | |
| Opened | 8 December 1977<br>(last extension in 1994) |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 108.5 km (67.4 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) standard gauge |
| Electrification |  |
| Route map | |


title: Raab-Katzenstein RK-26

abstract: Raab-Katzenstein RK-26 Tigerschwalbe, also known as the Fieseler F 1 Tigerschwalbe, was a German twin-seat biplane trainer aircraft designed by Gerhard Fieseler by the end of the 1920s.

text:
# Raab-Katzenstein RK-26

**Raab-Katzenstein RK-26 Tigerschwalbe**, also known as the **Fieseler F 1 Tigerschwalbe**, was a German twin-seat biplane trainer aircraft designed by Gerhard Fieseler by the end of the 1920s.

## Design and development

In December 1930, Fieseler was invited by the Swedish Air Force (*Flygvapnet*) to present his aircraft for the Swedish aircraft manufacturing company ASJA. *Flygvapnet* was in need for a new trainer, and the RK-26 was an interesting aircraft. Fieseler had recently won a world aerobatics championship with an RK-26. ASJA then decided to buy one aircraft. It was tested with different engine configurations by *Flygvapnet*, who later ordered 25 aircraft from ASJA.

## Operational history

The trainer was given the designation **Sk 10** by *Flygvapnet*. It was used between 1932 and 1945, but was quite controversial during its active life. This was partly due to changes in the design, which made the aircraft 200 kg heavier than the original, and this changed its flight characteristics drastically. The aircraft was involved in many accidents. Of the 25 delivered aircraft, 18 were written off.

One aircraft, the SE-ADK was purchased in 1934 by a civilian, L. Hemmeringer. When the Winter War began, Hemmeninger donated the aircraft to Finland. The aircraft ended up being used by the Swedish Voluntary Air Force from 9 February 1940. The aircraft was painted in Finnish colors, but was used quite sparingly, due to lack of spares and the bad condition of its engine. Most of the time it was standing at the air force base in Veitsiluoto.

## Surviving craft

One Sk 10, the only remaining *Tigerschwalbe*, is preserved at the *Flygvapenmuseum*.

## Operators

Austria  Finland  Sweden

## Specifications

*Data from* Thulinista Hornetiin

**General characteristics**

* **Crew:** 2
* **Length:** 6.55 m (21 ft 6 in)
* **Wingspan:** 8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)
* **Height:** 2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
* **Wing area:** 20.2 m2 (217 sq ft)
* **Empty weight:** 782 kg (1,724 lb)
* **Gross weight:** 1,136 kg (2,504 lb)
* **Max takeoff weight:** 1,100 kg (2,425 lb)
* **Powerplant:** 1 × Armstrong Siddeley Lynx 7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 149–160 kW (200–215 hp)
* **Propellers:** 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

**Performance**

* **Maximum speed:** 190 km/h (120 mph, 100 kn)
* **Cruise speed:** 160 km/h (99 mph, 86 kn)
* **Service ceiling:** 5,000 m (16,000 ft)

**Related lists**

## InfoBox

| RK-26 Tigerschwalbe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Type | Training aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Raab-Katzenstein
ASJA |
| Designer | Gerhard Fieseler |
| Status | retired |
| Primary users | Swedish Air Force Finnish Air Force |
| Number built | Raab-Katzenstein: 2
ASJA: 25 |
| History | |
| First flight | By the end of the 1920s |


title: Raab, Austria

abstract: Raab is a market town (Marktgemeinde) in the district of Schärding in Upper Austria in Austria.

text:
# Raab, Austria

**Raab** is a market town (*Marktgemeinde*) in the district of Schärding in Upper Austria in Austria.

## History

The village historically belonged to the Duchy of Bavaria until the Treaty of Teschen transferred the area to Austria in 1780. During the Napoleonic Wars it was restored to Bavaria until 1814.

Ernst Kaltenbrunner spent several formative years growing up in this town before World War I. After the annexation of Austria into the Third Reich on 13 March 1938, the entire region was incorporated into the Gau *Oberdonau* (Upper Danube) under SS Standartenführer August Eigruber until 1945.

Joseph Plowman (1857–1929), Titular Archbishop, Auxiliary Bishop and Vicar General in Vienna, and Alois Jungwirth (1884–1946), Member of Parliament, were both born here.

## InfoBox

| Raab | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| RaabLocation within Austria | |
| Coordinates: 48°21′00″N 13°39′00″E / 48.35000°N 13.65000°E / 48.35000; 13.65000 | |
| Country | Austria |
| State | Upper Austria |
| District | Schärding |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Agnes Reiter (/) |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.46 km2 (8.67 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 381 m (1,250 ft) |
| Population (2018-01-01) | |
| Total | 2,270 |
| Density | 100/km2 (260/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 4760 |
| Area code | 07762 |
| Vehicle registration | SD |
| Website | www.raab.ooe.gv.at |


title: Quiddler

abstract: Quiddler is a card game and word game created by Set Enterprises. Players compete by spelling English words from cards in hands of increasing size, each card worth various points. The game combines aspects of Scrabble and gin rummy. The word "Quiddler" is a trademark.

text:
# Quiddler

***Quiddler*** is a card game and word game created by Set Enterprises. Players compete by spelling English words from cards in hands of increasing size, each card worth various points. The game combines aspects of *Scrabble* and gin rummy. The word "Quiddler" is a trademark.

## Play and scoring

### Game play

Before play begins, all the cards are shuffled. A game of *Quiddler* consists of eight rounds; the first round has a three-card hand, the second round has a four-card hand, and so on until the game ends with a ten-card hand. While there is a single-player variation, the regular game requires at least two players.

In the first round, the dealer deals out three cards to each player. The remaining cards form a draw pile. The top card is turned over to start a discard pile. The player to the dealer's left goes first. The player may choose the top card from either the draw pile (card is face down) or the discard pile (card is face up). The player adds this card to their hand. The player ends their turn by discarding one card from their hand so that the player ends up with the same number of cards as were dealt. A player may not use a dictionary during their turn, but the other players may. Turns are taken in the same manner in a clockwise rotation among the players. The round continues until one player can go out.

A player can go out if they can use all the cards in their hand to spell one or more allowable words. After a player goes out, every other player then has one more turn. On the last turn, each remaining player uses as many cards as possible to spell one or more allowable words.

After the round is finished, points on the cards used to spell words are counted toward the player's score. If the player had unused cards, the points on those remaining cards are subtracted. Ten-point bonuses are added to the score of the player with the longest word and to the player with the most words (if there are only two players, they should decide between them to limit the bonus to either the longest word or the most words).

The subsequent rounds follow in the same manner, with the hands increasing in size by one card each round. Thus, in the second round each player is dealt four cards, the third round five cards, and so forth. Points are added at the end of each round. The game continues until the end of the eighth round (ten cards in the hand). Depending on the number of players, the discard pile may need to be shuffled to resupply the draw pile.

The player with the most points at the end of the full eight rounds wins.

### Allowable words

Players should decide on an English dictionary to be used during the game. An allowable word must appear as an entry in that dictionary or as one of the listed inflected forms of an entry word. Words must also use at least two cards. The makers of *Quiddler* have established several restrictions on the words used in a game. No proper nouns may be used. Capitalized adjectives, such as *Iraqi* and *Scottish*, may be used. Prefixes and suffixes by themselves are not allowable words. Words requiring a hyphen for proper spelling, such as *ex-wife* and *twenty-two* are also not allowed. The *Quiddler* rules disallow abbreviations, but do not differentiate between various forms. Players need to decide for themselves (or follow the example of the game dictionary) if they will allow acronym-derived words such as *laser* and *NATO*. The rules contain no restrictions on English words with accented letters, such as née, though the deck contains no such letters. Players must also decide for themselves if they will allow shortened word forms such as *ad* (for *advertisement*) and *math*.

A player may challenge any other player if they feel that the latter has used a word that is not an allowable word. If the word is an allowable word, the challenging player must subtract from their score the number of points in the word. If it is not, the challenged player must subtract from their score the number of points in the word. The challenged player may not re-arrange their cards to form other words.

## Deck

The card deck consists of 118 cards with individual letters from the English alphabet or common two-letter combinations. These include QU, IN, ER, TH, and CL. Each card has a point value reflecting its use in English words. The colorful and stylistic designs on the cards are based on illuminated letters found in Celtic manuscripts written over 1000 years ago. These source inspirations include the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow. Quiddler deck contents with point value of each letter and number of each letter (and combo) in the deck:

Deck distribution
| Letter | Point value | Quantity |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **A** | 2 | 10 |
| **B** | 8 | 2 |
| **C** | 8 | 2 |
| **D** | 5 | 4 |
| **E** | 2 | 12 |
| **F** | 6 | 2 |
| **G** | 6 | 4 |
| **H** | 7 | 2 |
| **I** | 2 | 8 |
| **J** | 13 | 2 |
| **K** | 8 | 2 |
| **L** | 3 | 4 |
| **M** | 5 | 2 |
| **N** | 5 | 6 |
| **O** | 2 | 8 |
| **P** | 6 | 2 |
| **Q** | 15 | 2 |
| **R** | 5 | 6 |
| **S** | 3 | 4 |
| **T** | 3 | 6 |
| **U** | 4 | 6 |
| **V** | 11 | 2 |
| **W** | 10 | 2 |
| **X** | 12 | 2 |
| **Y** | 4 | 4 |
| **Z** | 14 | 2 |
| **ER** | 7 | 2 |
| **CL** | 10 | 2 |
| **IN** | 7 | 2 |
| **TH** | 9 | 2 |
| **QU** | 9 | 2 |

## Awards

Quiddler has won the following Best Game Awards:

* 2008 Monthly Top-10 Most Wanted Card Games
* 2008 TDmonthly Classic Toy Award
* 2008 Creative Child's Seal of Excellence Award
* 2007 Creative Child's Seal of Excellence Award
* 2005 Creative Child's Preferred Choice Award
* 2004 Newsweek - Perfect Present
* 2004 ASTRA Hot Toys
* 2002 First Choice by The Detroit News
* 2001 Educational Clearinghouse A+ Award
* 2001 3 Stars by The San Francisco Chronicle
* 1999 Parents' Choice Award
* 1999 MENSA Select Award
* 1999 Games Magazine 'Games 100' Award
* 1999 Dr. Toy's Best Vacation Winner
* 1999 Parents’ Council Award
* 1998 The Freedom Editions Award
* 1998 Best American Game - Tiger Award

## Degrees of competition

In a similar vein to *Scrabble*, groups can play *Quiddler* with varying degrees of competition. Players in highly competitive games may consider memorizing lists of two- and three-letter words. It is also a good idea to know whether the game dictionary includes colloquial and contemporary words.

1. "Quiddler® Instructions" (PDF). Setgame.com. Retrieved 2015-05-03.

## InfoBox

*Quiddler*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Players | 1–8 |
| Setup time | \< 1 minute |
| Playing time | 20–30 minutes |
| Chance | Medium |
| Age range | 8 + |
| Skills | Counting, Strategy, Bluffing, Anagramming, Vocabulary, Spelling |


abstract: R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders Number 2 is the second 33⅓ rpm album by the retro string band R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders and its subtitle was "Persian Rug, Crying My Blues Away, Moana March and Other Favorites". The album was later retitled Chasin' Rainbows in re-release on CD from Shanachie Records. The band's personnel includes Robert Crumb on lead vocal and banjo, Allan Dodge on mandolin, violin, ukulele and vocals, Robert Armstrong on guitars, accordion, banjo, musical saw and vocals, Terry Zwigoff, who later produced the documentary Crumb, on cello. Originally released on Blue Goose Records in 1976, this record became a collectible not only for the whimsical string band renditions of and reminiscent of the early 20th century music, but for the cover art drawn by the band's frontman and well-known comics artist Robert Crumb.

text:
# R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders No. 2

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| *Christgau's Record Guide* | C+ |

***R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders Number 2*** is the second 33⅓ rpm album by the retro string band R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders and its subtitle was "Persian Rug, Crying My Blues Away, Moana March and Other Favorites". The album was later retitled ***Chasin' Rainbows*** in re-release on CD (Shanachie 6002, 1993 - ASIN: B000000DSO) from Shanachie Records. The band's personnel includes Robert Crumb on lead vocal and banjo, Allan Dodge on mandolin, violin, ukulele and vocals, Robert Armstrong on guitars, accordion, banjo, musical saw and vocals, Terry Zwigoff, who later produced the documentary *Crumb*, on cello. Originally released on Blue Goose Records in 1976, this record became a collectible not only for the whimsical string band renditions of and reminiscent of the early 20th century music, but for the cover art drawn by the band's frontman and well-known comics artist Robert Crumb.

## Track listing

### Side A

1. "Alabama Jubilee" (George L. Cobb, Jack Yellen)
2. "Chasin' Rainbows" (Dallas String Band)
3. "Fine Artiste Blues" (Watts, Robert Armstrong, Allan Dodge)
4. "Hula Medley" (traditional)
5. "I Want A Little Girl" (Murray Mencher, Billy Moll)
6. "Persian Rug" (Moret, Kahn)

### Side B

1. "Mysterious Mose" (Walter Doyle)
2. "Crying My Blues Away" (Albert Wynn, Punch Miller)
3. "She Lived Down By The Firehouse" (Pie Plant Pete real name Claude W. Moye.)
4. "Diane" (Rapee, Pollack)
5. "Make My Cot Where The Cot-Cot-Cotton Grows" (Jack LeSoir, Ray Doll, Robert Klein)
6. "Moana March" (Mosiello)

All arrangements by R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders, copyright by Yellow Bee Music (BMI) - 1976.

## The band

### Special guest appearances

Produced for Blue Goose Records, A division of Yellow Bee Productions by Nick Perls, founder of Blue Goose Records and Yazoo Records.

## InfoBox

| R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders No. 2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders | |
| Released | 1976 |
| Genre | String band, old-timey |
| Length | 40:42 |
| Label | Blue Goose Records, Shanachie Records |
| Producer | Nick Perls |
| R. Crumb & His Cheap Suit Serenaders chronology | |
| *R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders*
(1974) ***R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders No. 2***
(1976) *R. Crumb and his Cheap Suit Serenaders No. 3 \[a.k.a. Singing In the Bathtub\]*
(1978) | |


title: Quách Phẩm Bắc

abstract: Quách Phẩm Bắc is a commune (xã) and village in Đầm Dơi district, Cà Mau province, in Vietnam.

text:
# Quách Phẩm Bắc

**Quách Phẩm Bắc** is a commune (xã) and village in Đầm Dơi district, Cà Mau province, in Vietnam.

8°53′57″N 105°06′07″E / 8.8992°N 105.1019°E / 8.8992; 105.1019

## InfoBox

| Quách Phẩm Bắc | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Province | Cà Mau |
| District | Đầm Dơi |
| Time zone | UTC+07:00 |


title: Rack 'n Roll

abstract: Rack 'n Roll was the game for the 2007 FIRST Robotics Competition season, announced on January 6, 2007. In it, two alliances of three teams each competed to arrange ring-shaped game pieces on a central arena element known as 'The Rack'.

text:
# Rack 'n Roll

**Rack 'n Roll** was the game for the 2007 FIRST Robotics Competition season, announced on January 6, 2007. In it, two alliances of three teams each competed to arrange ring-shaped game pieces on a central arena element known as 'The Rack'.

## Robots

### Classes

Robots fall under three different classes restricting their maximum weight and height. These classes are:

| Class | I | II | III |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Height | 48 in (1,219 mm) | 60 in (1,524 mm) | 72 in (1,829 mm) |
| Weight | 120 lb (54 kg) | 110 lb (50 kg) | 100 lb (45 kg) |

### Other restrictions

Robots also must have a maximum starting footprint of 28" x 38" regardless of class. Robots may expand once the match has begun. The game manual includes other rules restricting various aspects of the construction of the robot that have been put in place for the purpose of safety and fairness.

## Field

The Rack 'n Roll field is dominated by 'The Rack', a large metal contraption with three levels of hanging metal bars, with each level having 8 arms evenly spaced in an octagonal manner. Each arm (known as a 'spider leg') has space for two game pieces. Any more pieces placed on a spider leg beyond the first two are ignored for scoring purposes. At the beginning of the match, the rack is arbitrarily translated or rotated within three feet of the center of the field in order to give some randomness and to encourage autonomous modes that do not depend on dead-reckoning. At the top of the Rack are four green-colored lights above the 1, 3, 5, and 7 legs to aid in autonomous-mode tracking.

## Game pieces

The game pieces in Rack 'n Roll are inflatable toroidal pool toys. There are 3 styles: Keepers, Ringers, and Spoilers. Keepers are tubes with lettering that are placed only during autonomous mode and, once placed, override any pieces placed later for scoring purposes. Ringers are undecorated tubes that are delivered onto the field either by human players via chutes, or are picked from the floor. Nine ringers of each color start on the field in the opposing team's start area (so the 9 blue ringers are in the red alliance's end zone, and vice versa). The other nine start behind the end wall, to be given out by human players. Spoilers are colored black, and cause the spider arm holding them to be ignored for scoring purposes. Spoilers can be removed or repositioned on the rack by robots multiple times. Each alliance starts with two spoilers, accessible by their human players.

## Game play

Each match of Rack 'n Roll is 2 minutes 15 seconds long, divided into three segments. The first segment is a 15 second autonomous period, where robots may attempt to place keepers onto the rack without human input. Once autonomous mode is complete, any keepers not already on the rack are no longer valid for scoring. The second segment, the teleoperated mode, is 2 minutes long, during which robots are operated by the drivers and may roam anywhere on the field. In the final 15 seconds, the end game, robots may not enter their opponent's end zone, but all other rules remain the same from the teleoperated period. Though the head referee may pause the game between the autonomous period and the teleoperated period, the end game follows directly after the teleoperated period.

## Scoring

### Rack scoring

The primary method of scoring in Rack 'n Roll is by making rows and columns of tubes on the rack. A row or column of *n* tubes is worth 2n points to a maximum of n=8. Note that this includes rows or columns of length 1, so a single tube on the rack that does not form a row or column is worth 2 points. Teams have access to 21 scorable keepers and ringers. This means that the maximum possible score from the rack should be 596 . That is, two rows of 8 ringers, a row of 5 (2 ringers plus 3 keepers), 5 vertical columns of length 3, then 3 vertical columns of length 2.

### Robot scoring

As is usual in a FIRST game, robot positions at the end of the match are worth bonus points. In Rack n' Roll, each robot in its alliance end zone that is not touching any field element and has its lowest part 4 or more inches off the ground will score 15 bonus points. A robot that is not touching any field element and has its lowest part 12 or more inches off the ground will score 30 bonus points. Since robots may not be touching any field element, this means that in order to score bonus points, teams will have to depend on their alliance partners to provide mechanisms to lift their robots or will have to have mechanisms to lift their alliance partner's robots. Since at least one robot must be touching the ground in order to lift the other two alliance robots off the ground, the maximum conceivable bonus points an alliance can score is 60 points.

## Kit of parts

The kit of parts included a few new items, including a new battery and the new EasyC Pro. One substantial rule change is that batteries from previous competitions are not legal, a change that can be easily enforced since the 2007 batteries are visually different from earlier batteries.

## Notable events

In the first week of regionals, a bug in the match scheduling system caused many teams to face one other team in all or almost all of their matches.

## Competition season

### Regional events

The following regional events were held in 2007:

* Arizona Regional - Phoenix
* BAE Systems Granite State Regional - Manchester, NH
* Bayou Regional - New Orleans
* Boilermaker Regional - West Lafayette, IN
* Boston Regional - Boston
* Brazil Pilot - Porto Alegre, Brazil (pilot)
* Buckeye Regional - Cleveland, OH
* Chesapeake Regional - Annapolis, MD
* Colorado Regional - Denver
* Davis Sacramento Regional - Davis, CA
* Detroit Regional - Detroit
* Finger Lakes Regional - Rochester, NY
* Florida Regional - Orlando
* GM/Technion Israel Regional - Tel Aviv, Israel
* Great Lakes Regional - Ypsilanti, MI
* Greater Kansas City Regional - Kansas City, MO
* Greater Toronto Regional - Mississauga, ON
* Las Vegas Regional - Las Vegas
* Lone Star Regional - Houston
* Midwest Regional - Chicago
* NASA/VCU Regional - Richmond, VA
* New Jersey Regional - Trenton, NJ
* New York City Regional - New York City
* Pacific Northwest Regional - Portland
* Palmetto Regional - Columbia, SC
* Peachtree Regional - Duluth, GA
* Philadelphia Regional - Philadelphia
* Pittsburgh Regional - Pittsburgh
* St. Louis Regional - St. Charles, MO
* San Diego Regional - San Diego
* SBPLI Long Island Regional - Hempstead, NY
* Silicon Valley Regional - San Jose, CA
* Southern California Regional - Los Angeles
* UTC Connecticut Regional - Hartford, CT
* Waterloo Regional - Waterloo, ON
* West Michigan Regional - Allendale, MI
* Wisconsin Regional - Milwaukee

### Final round on Einstein

The championship was held in the Georgia Dome, Atlanta.

|  | Semifinals | | | | |  |  | Finals | | | | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | **179 - 233 - 71** | \- | **88** | N/P | **2W** |  |  | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | 910 - 1270 - 330 | DQ | 74 | N/P | 0W |  | |
|  | | | | | | |  | 179 - 233 - 71 | **50** | 58 | 54 | 1W |  |
|  | | | | | | | |  | | | | |  |
|  | |  |  | **190 - 987 - 177** | 34 | **72** | **59** | **2W** |  |
|  | 1902 - 173 - 1319 | | | | | | | | **54** | 34 | 32 | 1W |  |
|  | | | | | | |  | | | | | | |
|  | | **190 - 987 - 177** | 32 | **48** | **44** | **2W** |  |

Source:

## InfoBox

Rack 'n Roll
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Year | 2007 |
| Season Information | |
| Number of teams | 1305 |
| Number of regionals | 36; 1 pilot |
| Championship location | Georgia Dome, Atlanta, Georgia |
| FIRST Championship Awards | |
| Chairman's Award winner | Team 365 - "MOE" |
| Woodie Flowers Award winner | Dan Green - Team 111 |
| Founder's Award winner | General Motors |
| Champions | Team 190 - "Gompei and the Herd"
Team 987 - "High Rollers"
Team 177 - "BobCat Robotics" |
| Aim High FIRST Overdrive | |


title: Racopilum

abstract: Racopilum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Racopilaceae. The species of this genus are found in Southern Hemisphere. The genus name of Racopilum refers to the combination of two Greek words; rhakos meaning rag or remnant, and also pilos meaning felt cap, which alludes to basally torn calyptra of some taxa.

text:
# Racopilum

***Racopilum*** is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Racopilaceae.

The species of this genus are found in Southern Hemisphere.

The genus name of *Racopilum* refers to the combination of two Greek words; *rhakos* meaning rag or remnant, and also *pilos* meaning felt cap, which alludes to basally torn calyptra (cap-like structure) of some taxa.

## Species

As accepted by GBIF;

## InfoBox

| *Racopilum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Racopilum strumiferum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Dicranidae |
| Order: | Dicranales |
| Family: | Racopilaceae |
| Genus: | *Racopilum*<br>P.Beauv. |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Rhacopilum* Palisot de Beauvois, 1805 | |


abstract: The racial classification of Indian Americans has varied over the years and across institutions. Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indian immigrants in the United States. Early Indian Americans were often denied their civil rights, leading to close affiliations with African Americans. For most of America's early history, the government only recognized two racial classifications, white or colored. Due to immigration laws of the time, those deemed colored were often denied the ability to become citizens. For these reasons, various South Asians in America took the government to court to try to be considered white instead of colored. After advocacy from the Indian American community, the racial category of Asian Indian was finally introduced in the 1980 U.S. census.

text:
# Racial classification of Indian Americans

The **racial classification of Indian Americans** has varied over the years and across institutions. Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indian immigrants in the United States. Early Indian Americans were often denied their civil rights, leading to close affiliations with African Americans. For most of America's early history, the government only recognized two racial classifications, *white* or *colored*. Due to immigration laws of the time, those deemed *colored* were often denied the ability to become citizens. For these reasons, various South Asians in America took the government to court to try to be considered *white* instead of *colored*. After advocacy from the Indian American community, the racial category of *Asian Indian* was finally introduced in the 1980 U.S. census.

## Initial perceptions

One of the first recorded Indians in America was a mixed-race girl born to an Indian father and an Irish American mother in 1680 in Maryland. Due to her Indian American father being classified as "Negro", she was classified as a mulatto and later sold into slavery. Court records from the 1700s indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware. Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into the free African American population \- considered mulattoes within the African American community. Three brothers from modern day "India or Pakistan" received their freedom in 1710 and married into a Native American tribe in Virginia. The present-day Nansemond people trace their lineage to this intermarriage.

The earliest Indian immigrants into the United States were called "Hindus" even though the majority of them were Sikhs. Court clerks classified these early immigrants from the Punjab region as being "black", "white", or "brown" based on their skin color for the purpose of marriage licenses. In addition to being racialized by their color, they were also racialized as being "foreigners".

The perception of Indian Americans as foreigners sometimes helped provide for better treatment, especially in states where de jure segregation was in place. As opposed to being seen as black, in some states Indians were seen as outside of the traditional American racial spectrum, and consequently freed from the encumbrances which that system entailed.

By the mid-1950s, those who remained settled in the then vibrant black neighborhoods of Tremé in New Orleans, Black Bottom in Detroit, West Baltimore, and Harlem in New York. Many started families with Creoles, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans. An example is Indian-born Hucheshwar Gurusidha Mudgal, who became a prominent journalist in Harlem's African American community. Punjabi Sikhs in California found a closer camaraderie with Mexicans, resulting in a unique mixed-race community in the Yuba City area - the Punjabi Mexican Americans.

## Identity

### Self-identification

Indian independence movement fighter Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay wrote of the Indian racial identity in America as being "black". After spending years studying and living with African American families, Chattopadhyay wrote Indians in America should form ties with African Americans, believing they share a common ancestry and a common struggle for independence. Following the George Floyd protests of the 2020s, some segments of the American-born South Asian community have renewed calls for camaraderie with African Americans.

However, South Asians often try to distance themselves from African Americans and Hispanics. Even though South Asians "insist on being called 'brown', the plea of Indian immigrants not to be called black is what is most audible". This is due to considerable anti-blackness and anti-Hispanic prejudice in some segments of the South Asian population. This prejudice is often accompanied by a fear of being mistaken for black or Hispanic, described as "an almost paranoid response to even being thought of as black".

Some South Asian Americans have identified themselves as being "Brown Asians" or "Brown South Asians", while others, like Nikki Haley, a former governor of South Carolina and of Indian descent, identified as "white" on her voter registration card in 2001. Dick Harpootlian, chairman of the South Carolina Democrats, stated "Haley has been appearing on television interviews where she calls herself a minority—when it suits her... When she registers to vote she says she is white. She has developed a pattern of saying whatever is beneficial to her at the moment." While some Asian Americans (including South Asian descendants) may not identify with the "Asian American" label at all, due to the terms association with East Asian Americans. As such, the "Brown Asian" label sees some usage to further differentiate South and Southeast Asian Americans from those of East Asian descent.

The official classification of South Asian as part of the "Asian American" racial category represents an agreement of convenience for South Asians on where they fit on the black-white racial spectrum in the United States, as American society is largely dominated by only a "white" and "black" racial and skin color classification system. Depending on the social and legal context, some Indian Americans may identify as either "white" or "black". South Asian Americans and other types of Asian Americans mutually feel that there exists "profound racial difference" between themselves and the other Asian ethnic group. Furthermore, "Working-class or state school-educated second generation Indian Americans do not see a natural alliance or unity with other Asian American groups." Many South Asian Americans have noted that their perceived differences in cultural, religious, and racial/physical appearance with other Asian American ethnic groups has often lead them to being excluded in Asian American studies, narratives and media representations.

### Identification by others

Early Indian travelers to America, including philosopher and author Swami Vivekananda, were identified as black by both African Americans and White Americans. The racial prejudice associated with this identification created strong anti-racist sentiments in authors such as Vivekananda, which in turn influenced the philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois.

In 1989, the East–West Center published a research paper about Indian Americans that said that Americans find identifying South Asians by race and color to be difficult. The paper said that a 1978 survey of Americans asked the question, "Would you classify most people from India as being white, black, or something else?" The paper said that 38% of respondents classified most people from India as "other", 23% classified them as "brown", 15% classified them as "black", 13% did not know how to classify them, and 11% classified them as "white".

In 2000, a series of interviews of second-generation Asian American college student leaders found that most of the interviewees who did not include Indian Americans as Asian Americans did not express a clear reason that was more than perceived difference in physical appearance and culture.

Indian Americans have often been misidentified as being of Arabs or Middle Eastern origin, particularly after the September 11 attacks. Assaults against turban-wearing Sikhs have become common since 9/11, due to Sikh turbans resembling the turban that Osama Bin Laden often wore in pictures. After her win in 2013, Miss America winner Nina Davuluri was taunted online and called an "Arab" and a "terrorist" due to this misconception among the American public.

In 2015, Sureshbhai Patel was described by a suspicious caller as a "skinny black guy" before he was beaten and severely injured by Alabama police officers.

The 2017 book, Indians In America, stated that Indians and other South Asians are a part of Asian Americans, yet apart from Asian Americans. While they are admitted among Asian Americans, they are not acknowledged among Asian Americans. According to this book, other Asian Americans characterize Indians and other South Asians to be "ambiguously nonwhite."

Some have attributed the general exclusion of South Asian Americans from the Asian American label due to the term being synonymous with people of East Asian origin. In 2019, it was noted that there were several presidential candidates of Asian American or Pacific Islander origin, including Andrew Yang and Kamala Harris, who are of Taiwanese and Indian descent respectively. Frequently described by the media and campaigning himself as 'the' Asian American candidate, Yang stated that his "Asian-ness \[is\] kind of obvious in a way that might not be true of Kamala or even Tulsi... That's not a choice. It's just a fairly evident reality."

## U.S. courts

Throughout much of the early 20th century, it was necessary for immigrants to be considered white in order to receive U.S. citizenship. U.S. courts classified Indians as both white and non-white through a number of cases.

In 1909, Bhicaji Balsara became the first Indian to gain U.S. citizenship. As a Parsi, he was ruled to be "the purest of Aryan type" and "as distinct from Hindus as are the English who dwell in India". Thirty years later, the same Circuit Court to accept Balsara ruled that Rustom Dadabhoy Wadia, another Parsi from Bombay, was colored and therefore not eligible to receive U.S. citizenship.

### *Thind* case and attempted revocations of citizenship

In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in *United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind* that while Indians were classified as Caucasians by anthropologists, people of Indian descent were not white by common American definition, and thus not eligible to citizenship. The court conceded that, while Thind was a high caste Hindu born in the northern Punjab region and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, he was not "white" since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not necessarily with physical characteristics" and since "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and White Americans. The court also clarified that the decision did not reflect or imply anything related to racial superiority or inferiority, but merely an observable difference.

At the time, this decision began the process of retroactively stripping Indians of citizenship and land rights. The ruling also placated the Asiatic Exclusion League demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Hindoo Invasion alongside the pre-existing outrage at the Yellow Peril. As they became classified as colored, Indian Americans were not only denied American citizenship, but also banned by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans in the states of Arizona, Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Following the *Thind* case, the Bureau of Naturalization began action to strip Thind and other Indian-Americans of their citizenship, arguing it had been "illegally procured". However, these efforts were forced to end by the government's loss in court in the case against Thind's own lawyer, a Californian named Sakharam Ganesh Pandit. By the time Pandit's case came to trial in 1926, forty-two of sixty-nine citizenships granted to Indians had been revoked. Pandit, a skilled lawyer, argued that under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, he would be irreversibly harmed by the revocation of his American citizenship, which he had reasonably relied upon - he would become stateless, lose his property and law license, and his wife would lose her citizenship as well.

Judge Paul McCormick, the initial trial judge, ruled in Pandit's favor, accepting his arguments wholeheartedly. In 1927, the Ninth Circuit upheld McCormick's ruling under the doctrine of res judicata. As a result of Pandit's case, the US government subsequently dropped its other denaturalization cases against Indian Americans.

In 1935, Thind relied on his status as a veteran of the United States military during World War I to petition for naturalization through the State of New York under the Nye-Lea Act, which made World War I veterans eligible for naturalization regardless of race. The government objected his latest petition, but Thind was finally granted American citizenship; yet the Government attempted to revoke it after nearly two decades from his first petition for naturalization.

### After World War II

In 1946, Congress, beginning to recognize that India would soon be independent, passed a new law that allowed Indians to become citizens, while also establishing an immigration quota.

As David E. Bernstein explains in the book *Classified, The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America*, by the early 1970s most federal agencies identified Indian Americans as part of the white group, partly because they were deemed to be a "successful" immigrant group not in need of minority status. When the Office of Management and Budget announced proposed official racial classifications in 1976, Asian Indians were put into the white category. However, a small Indian American group based in New York City got wind of this, and successfully lobbied the government to put South Asians into the Asian American/Pacific Islander classification. Not all Indian Americans agreed with this change, but no other organized group found out about it until the classification was final and official.

In 1993, Dale Sandhu, an Asian Indian whose origin is from the Punjab, took his former employer, Lockheed, to court on grounds of wrongful dismissal due to racial grounds. Lockheed attempted to counter Sandhu's claims by stating he is Caucasian, so he cannot allege discrimination based on race. In 1993, the California Superior Court Judge overseeing the case initially accepted Lockheed's view. However in 1994, the California Sixth District Court of Appeals reversed the 1993 decision for Dale Sandhu. Lockheed argued that the "common popular understanding that there are three major human races — Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid." The Court of Appeals denied this 19th century classification of race, stating that Indian people are a distinct ethnic group of their own. According to United States Census, "Asian Indian" is considered one of the distinct 15 races. The Court of Appeals affirmed that Sandhu was subject to discriminatory hostility, based on being a member of a distinct racial group. The Court of Appeals said that Sandhu could make a claim of racial discrimination under FEHA within the jurisdiction of the Court.

In 2015, in *Dhar v. New York City Department of Transportation,* Dhar, a former employee and a Christian Bangladeshi, alleged a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, based on his race, religion, and national origin. He alleged that his former supervisor, a Hindu Gujarati, illegally favored other Hindu Indian/Gujarati employees. The court dismissed the claim.

## U.S. census

### Official classification

The U.S. Census Bureau has changed over the years its own classification of Indians. In the 1930 and 1940 censuses, "Hindu" was listed as a racial category. Following India's independence in 1947, the U.S. census categorized individuals with Indian heritage, including Sikhs, as belonging to the "Other Race" category in both the 1950 and 1960 censuses, designating them as either "Asiatic Indian" or "Hindu." In 1975, the Ad Hoc Committee on Racial and Ethnic Definitions of the Federal Interagency Committee on Education made a report. The report describes how, as it was deliberating on how to classify groups for the 1970 U.S. census, South Asians presented a problem for the Ad Hoc Committee. The report presented the classification problem as how to classify South Asians, as there had been little discussion surrounding their unique ethnic identity. While some anthropologists classified them as Caucasian, they were non-white, from Asia and could be subject to some discrimination in the United States. Unsure of their status, the Ad Hoc Committee failed to designate South Asians as a minority category, and any respondents were classified as White Americans in the 1970 U.S. census.

Upon learning of the Ad Hoc Committee's decision, the Association of Indians in America (AIA) mobilized to seek better representation. Indian American groups, through their own petitioning, successfully changed their racial classification to Asian in the 1970s to have themselves included in the state and federal Asian racial category. Specifically, starting in the mid-1970s, the AIA made the argument that since Indian Americans were minorities and thus entitled to the benefits of affirmative action, Indian Americans should have "minority" group status. Without their request to be designated as minorities, Indian Americans may not have been recognized as a unique ethnic group by the U.S government.

In 1977, the Office of Management and Budget accepted the AIA's petition to have the "Asian Indian" category included in the census Due to the efforts of the AIA leaders, a new census category, "Asian Indian," was introduced for the 1980 U.S. census. In 1977, there were so few Indian Americans that the misplaced grouping of Asian Indians with European-descent Americans attracted little attention.

In 1989, the East–West Center published a research paper about Indian Americans that said that the term, "Asian Indian", one of the fourteen "races" in the 1980 U.S. census, is an "artificial census category and not a meaningful racial, ethnic, or ancestral designation" due the vast diversity of cultures, genotypes, and phenotypes found within India.

### Self-identification

In the U.S. census, Indians display the highest likelihood of selecting the "African American or black" category, while Sri Lankans followed by Pakistanis are most likely to describe themselves as "white". The 1990 U.S. census classified write-in responses of "Aryan" as white even though write-in responses of "Indo-Aryan" were counted as Asian, and it also classified write-in responses of "*Parsi*" under Iranian American, who are classified as "White" along with Arab Americans and other Middle Eastern Americans. The Asian American Institute proposed that the 2000 U.S. census make a new *Middle Easterner* racial category and the Punjabi from Pakistan wanted Pakistani Americans to be included in it.

Some Indian Americans who were unfamiliar with the ethnonymic conventions used in the United States, mistakenly indicated that they were "American Indian" as their race in the 1990 U.S. census, apparently unaware that this term is used in the United States to refer to Native Americans (Amerindians).