title: Kamehime

abstract: Kamehime was the eldest daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, with his first wife, Lady Tsukiyama. She was the wife of Okudaira Nobumasa. She is primarily recognized as the eldest offspring of Ieyasu, notable for her active participation in the Siege of Nagashino and her significant role in the events leading to the downfall of Honda Masazumi.

text:
# Kamehime

**Kamehime** (亀姫, 27 July 1560 – 1 August 1625) was the eldest daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, with his first wife, Lady Tsukiyama. She was the wife of Okudaira Nobumasa. She is primarily recognized as the eldest offspring of Ieyasu, notable for her active participation in the Siege of Nagashino and her significant role in the events leading to the downfall of Honda Masazumi.

## Biography

### Early life and family

Kamehime was a prominent lady of the Sengoku period, born in the year 1560 in Sunpu. She held a significant position in the tumultuous times of feudal Japan. Kamehime was the eldest daughter of Matsudaira Motoyasu, who later became famous as Tokugawa Ieyasu, and his formal wife, Lady Tsukiyama.

### Marriage, Siege of Nagashino and Family Life

In the year 1573, during a period marked by political maneuvering and alliances, Ieyasu sought to engage the Okudaira clan to counter the influence of the Takeda clan in Okumikawa, a mountainous region in the northeast part of Mikawa Province. This endeavor led to the proposal of Kamehime's marriage to Okudaira Nobumasa, the lord of Shinshiro Castle, as part of a larger alliance orchestrated by Oda Nobunaga.

Kamehime married Okudaira Nobumasa in 1576. The marriage was arranged as a reward for Nobumasa, who had proven himself as the guardian of Nagashino Castle. It is said that her dowry included one of the twenty-one prized writing boxes crafted by Koami masters. She is known to have acted actively in the siege of Nagashino. Kamehime helped her husband and send Torii Suneemon on the mission to cross the enemy army to request aid to her father, Ieyasu in Okazaki and defended the Nagashino castle.

### Battle of Sekigahara and the foundation of Tokugawa Shogunate

Kamehime's father intentions in the Battle of Sekigahara were shaped by his desire to consolidate power, secure his position in a fractured Japan, and lay the foundation for the Tokugawa shogunate. His strategic vision and diplomatic finesse were instrumental in achieving these objectives. The Sekigahara campaign was triggered by the passing of the imperial regent, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Following his demise, two opposing factions emerged vying for supremacy: the Western army under the leadership of Ishida Mitsunari and the Eastern army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Kamehime's husband aligned with the Eastern army to lend his support to his father-in-law's cause.

After the Eastern Army's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1601, Nobumasa was granted a fief of 100,000 koku in Kanō, Mino Province. Kamehime moved to Kanō with her third son, Tadamasa, and adopted the titles Kanō-gozen or Kanō-no-kata.

However, tragedy struck Kamehime's family with the successive deaths of her sons Tadamasa and Iemasa, followed by the passing of her husband, Nobumasa, in 1615. Subsequently, Kamehime decided to become a Buddhist nun, undergoing the rites of tonsure and adopting the name Seitokuin. She then took on the role of guardian for her grandson, Okudaira Tadataka, who succeeded Tadamasa.

### Suspended Ceiling Incident at Utsunomiya Castle

In the year 1614, Kamehime's eldest son, Okudaira Iemasa, died due to illness. He was succeeded by his young son, Okudaira Tadamasa, who was only seven years old at the time. In 1619, at the age of twelve, Tadamasa was transferred to the Koga domain in Shimōsa Province, while Honda Masazumi was assigned as his replacement in the Utsunomiya domain.

Kamehime harbored ill feelings towards Masazumi due to his involvement in the demotion of Ōkubo Tadachika, a hereditary daimyō, who had close ties to the Okudaira clan. She believed that Masazumi and his father, Honda Masanobu, had conspired to bring about Tadachika's downfall. Kamehime was also puzzled by the transfer of her grandson Tadamasa to another province, as it happened after he had turned twelve, rather than when he was initially appointed at the age of seven. She questioned the increase in the Okudaira family's fief in Utsunomiya from 100,000 koku to 150,000 koku under Masazumi's rule.

During a visit by Tokugawa Hidetada, her younger brother from a different mother and the second shōgun of the Edo bakufu, to Nikkō to pay homage at a shrine, he stayed in Utsunomiya Castle. It was during this visit that Kamehime was suspected of revealing a plot by Masazumi to assassinate Hidetada via a suspended ceiling in the bathing room. Despite the absence of an actual suspended ceiling, Masazumi was banished, and Tadamasa was reinstated in the Utsunomiya domain.

### Later Years and Death

Kamehime died in 1625 at the age of sixty-six. Her final resting places are located at the Kōkoku Temple in the city of Gifu, Gifu Prefecture, the Hōzō Temple in the city of Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture, and the Daizen Temple in the city of Shinshiro, Aichi Prefecture. She outlived all of her four younger sisters.

## Anecdotes

One intriguing anecdote relates to the relocation of the Okudaira family from Utsunomiya in Shimotsuke to Koga in Shimōsa. According to the story, when transferring residences, the prevailing laws required occupants to leave behind fixtures and items for the incoming families. In a remarkable turn of events, the Okudaira clan removed sliding screens, sliding doors, tatami mats, and even bamboo trees from their previous premises. Retainers of Masazumi pursued the Okudaira party and managed to stop them at the border, resulting in the return of the items. However, the veracity of this story remains unconfirmed.

## Family

## Legacy

Since April 2008, Kamehime has been characterized as a navigator for a municipal administration program produced in Shinshiro City, Aichi Prefecture. The street in front of Kokoku-ji Temple, where her grave is located, has been maintained as "Kamehime-dori" following the redevelopment work in front of Shinshiro Station.

## InfoBox

| Kamehime (亀姫) | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | July 27, 1560
Sunpu |
| Died | August 1, 1625 |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Spouse | Okudaira Nobumasa |
| Children | Okudaira Iemasa (1577–1614) of Utsunomiya DomainM
Matsudaira Ieharu (1579–1592)
Matsudaira Tadaaki
Okudaira Tadamasa
Daughter married Okubo Tadatsune of Kisai Domain |
| Parent(s) |
Father: Tokugawa Ieyasu
Mother: Lady Tsukiyama |
| Military service | |
| Battles/wars | Siege of Nagashino
Suspended Ceiling Incident at Utsunomiya Castle |
|  | |


title: Throw Down (album)

abstract: Throw Down is the debut studio album by Canadian country music artist Tim Hicks. It was released on August 27, 2013 via RGK Entertainment Group/Open Road Recordings. It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for the week of September 14, 2013. Throw Down was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2014 Juno Awards.

text:
# Throw Down (album)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Top Country |  |

***Throw Down*** is the debut studio album by Canadian country music artist Tim Hicks. It was released on August 27, 2013 via RGK Entertainment Group/Open Road Recordings. It debuted at number 16 on the *Billboard* Canadian Albums Chart for the week of September 14, 2013.

*Throw Down* was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2014 Juno Awards.

## Critical reception

Kayla Tinson of *Top Country* gave the album four stars out of five, writing that it is "aptly named, packed full of fun-inducing party songs you’ll want to listen to again and again."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Hell Raisin' Good Time" | Jeff Coplan, Tim Hicks, Casey Marshall, Neil Sanderson | 3:04 |
| 2. | "Get By" | Shawn Hamm, Hicks, Tyler Hubbard, Brian Kelley, Marshall, Sanderson | 3:12 |
| 3. | "Just Add Water" | Coplan, Hicks | 3:12 |
| 4. | "Buzz, Buzz, Buzzing" | Jaron Boyer, Ben Stennis | 3:17 |
| 5. | "Got a Feeling" (featuring Blackjack Billy) | Noll Billings, Coplan, Hicks | 3:16 |
| 6. | "Long Way Jose" | Larry Haack, Hicks | 3:16 |
| 7. | "Stronger Beer" | Coplan, Hicks | 3:03 |
| 8. | "Sure Ain't Tough Tonight" | Coplan, Hicks | 3:22 |
| 9. | "Nothing On You and Me" | Coplan, Hicks, Marshall, Sanderson | 3:10 |
| 10. | "Greasy John Deere Cap" | Rob Harris, Greg Johnson | 2:45 |
| 11. | "Can't Get Enough" | Hicks, Jason Matthews, Steve Pasch | 3:18 |
| 12. | "Cheers to You" | Jason Blaine, Coplan, Hicks | 3:41 |
| Total length: | | | 38:36 |

## Chart performance

### Album

| Chart (2013) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canadian Albums (*Billboard*) | 16 |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart
positions | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | CAN Country
 | CAN
 |
| 2012 | "Get By" | 9 | 57 |
| 2013 | "Hell Raisin' Good Time" | 9 | 59 |
| | "Buzz, Buzz, Buzzing" | 8 | 94 |
| 2014 | "Got a Feeling" | 14 | 62 |
|

## InfoBox

| Throw Down | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Tim Hicks | |
| Released | August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27) |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 38:36 |
| Label | RGK/Open Road |
| Producer | Jeff Coplan |
| Tim Hicks chronology | |
| ***Throw Down***
(2013) *5:01*
(2014) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Throw Down* | |
| 1. "Get By"
Released: December 2012 2. "Hell Raisin' Good Time"
Released: May 2013 3. "Buzz, Buzz, Buzzing"
Released: September 2013 4. "Got a Feeling"
Released: January 2014 | |
|  | |


title: Rachel Allen (architect)

abstract: Rachel Allen is an American architect based in Los Angeles, California. She is the principal and president of RADAR, Inc. founded in 2002. Examples of the firm’s wide range of clients include Grand Central Market, Califia Farms, California State Parks, and Supreme.

text:
# Rachel Allen (architect)

**Rachel Allen** (born 1970) is an American architect based in Los Angeles, California. She is the principal and president of RADAR, Inc. (previously Rachel Allen Architecture) founded in 2002. Examples of the firm’s wide range of clients include Grand Central Market, Califia Farms, California State Parks, and Supreme.

## Early life

Allen was born and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area. She attended high school at the Convent of the Sacred Heart located in the original Flood Mansion, a fact she has cited as influencing her early interest in architecture.

## Career

Allen began her architectural career in San Francisco at the age of 16, hired on the basis of handmade drawings from classes taken at the De Young Museum of Art. She went on to graduate summa cum laude from Princeton (A.B. and M. Arch. degrees) and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. She was hired out of school by Gehry Partners where she worked for five years and is a winner of the American Academy’s prestigious Rome Prize in Architecture.

Allen has taught architecture at UCLA, SCI-Arc, Woodbury University School of Architecture in Burbank, California, and the University of Southern California (USC). She is a member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the Urban Land Institute, and a graduate of Goldman Sachs 10K Small Businesses Program.

Allen’s firm has designed single and multi-family residential projects in Carpinteria, Echo Park, Highland Park, Eagle Rock, and Riverside. RADAR has also designed commercial and institutional projects in Berkeley, Los Angeles, Miami, and Mexico. In 2019 her firm was awarded the Southern California Development Forum (SCDF) award for Urban Innovation for Libros Schmibros, a free lending library in Boyle Heights.

## Personal life

Allen is married to Chicago-born conceptual artist Guerino (Gary) Cannone and has one daughter.

1. "How should L.A. be redesigned for coronavirus? Are doorknobs out? We asked the experts". *Los Angeles Times*. 2020-05-29. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
2. "Grand Central Market: Sticky Rice and DTLA Cheese | Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation". *bwaf.org*. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
3. McQuade, Lauren. "Architect Rachel Allen Is Shaping the Future of Downtown Los Angeles". *Hunker.com*.
4. "Interview with Rachel Allen – XX|LA Episode 021 – XX|LA Architects Podcast". Retrieved 2022-05-02.
5. Barragan, Bianca (2017-08-25). "This hillside house broke Echo Park's sales record". *Curbed LA*. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
6. "Libros Schmibros receives colorful makeover for Los Angeles's Boyle Heights space". *The Architect’s Newspaper*. 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

## InfoBox

| Rachel Allen | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1970<br>San Francisco, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Princeton University |
| Occupation | Architect |
|  | |
| Practice | RADAR, Inc. |
|  | |
| Website | radarinc.net |


title: Chevak Airport

abstract: Chevak Airport is a publicly owned airport located one mile (1.6 km) north of the central business district of Chevak, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is owned by the state.

text:
# Chevak Airport

**Chevak Airport** (IATA: **VAK**, ICAO: **PAVA**, FAA LID: **VAK**) is a publicly owned airport located one mile (1.6 km) north of the central business district of Chevak, a city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is owned by the state.

## Facilities

Chevak Airport has one runway and one seaplane landing area:

* Runway 14/32: 2,680 x 50 ft. (817 x 15 m), surface: gravel
* Runway 18W/36W: 2,000 x 400 ft. (610 x 122 m), surface: water

| Dimension: | 3200 x 75 ft / 975.4 x 22.9 m |
| --- | --- |
| Surface: | GRVL, Fair Condition RY USED AS ROAD. FIRST 200 FT OF RY02 ROUGH. |
| Edge Lights: | Medium |

|  | Runway 02 | Runway 20 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Longitude: | 165-36-21.2000W | 165-35-45.2212W |
| Latitude: | 61-32-13.8312N | 61-32-40.2536N |
| Elevation: | 35.00 ft | 47.00 ft |
| Alignment: | 33 | 127 |
| Traffic Pattern: | Left | Left |
| Crossing Height: | 25.00 ft | 25.00 ft |
| VASI: | 4-light PAPI on left side | 4-light PAPI on left side |
| Visual Glide Angle: | 3.00° | 3.00° |
| Runway End Identifier: | Yes | Yes |

### Runway 18W/36W

| Dimension: | 2000 x 400 ft / 609.6 x 121.9 m |
| --- | --- |
| Surface: | WATER, RY USED AS ROAD. FIRST 200 FT OF RY02 ROUGH. |

|  | Runway 18W | Runway 36W |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Traffic Pattern: | Left | Left |

## Radio Navigation Aids

| ID | Type | Name | Ch | Freq | Var | Dist |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CZF | NDB/DME | Cape Romanzof | 114Y | 275.00 | 13E | 18.3 nm |
| HPB | VOR/DME | Hooper Bay | 099X | 115.20 | 13E | 15.4 nm |

*

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| --- | --- |
| Grant Aviation | Bethel |
| Ryan Air | Bethel, Hooper Bay, Scammon Bay |

Prior to its bankruptcy and cessation of all operations, Ravn Alaska served the airport from multiple locations.

### Statistics

Carrier shares: January – December 2015
| Carrier | Passengers (arriving and departing) |
| --- | --- |
| Hageland | 8,140(67.22%) |
| Grant | 3,970(32.78%) |

Top domestic destinations: January – December 2015

### Top destinations

| Rank | City | Airport | Passengers | Carriers |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Bethel, AK | Bethel Airport | 4,870 | Grant, Hageland |
| 2 | Hooper Bay, AK | Hooper Bay Airport | 780 | Grant |
| 3 | Scammon Bay, AK | Scammon Bay Airport | 190 |  |
| 4 | Newtok, AK | Newtok Airport | 70 |  |
| 5 | St. Mary's, AK | St. Mary's Airport | 50 |  |
| 6 | Chefornak, AK | Chefornak Airport | 10 |  |
|  | Platinum, AK | Platinum Airport | 10 |  |
|  | Emmonak, AK | Emmonak Airport | 10 |  |
|  | Unalakleet, AK | Unalakleet Airport | 10 |  |
|  | Eek, AK | Eek Airport | 10 |  |

## InfoBox

| Chevak Airport | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Summary | |
| Airport type | Public |
| Owner | State of Alaska DOT&PF - Central Region |
| Location | Chevak, Alaska |
| Elevation AMSL | 75 ft / 23 m |
| Coordinates | 61°32′27″N 165°36′03″W / 61.54083°N 165.60083°W / 61.54083; -165.60083 |
| Map | |
| **VAK**Location of airport in Alaska | |
| Runways | |
| Direction Length Surface  ft m  2/20 3,220 981 Gravel | |
| Statistics (2015) | |
| Based aircraft 0  Passengers 12,115  Freight 1,912,000 lbs | |
| Source: Federal Aviation Administration | |


title: Sobibór Landscape Park

abstract: Sobibór Landscape Park is a protected area created in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland in 1983. It takes its name from the village of Sobibór. The Park lies on an area of 11,165.78 hectares (43.1113 sq mi), within the Włodawa County and three different gminas: the Gmina Włodawa as well as Gmina Hańsk and Gmina Wola Uhruska. It is meant to protect and preserve the natural and ecological resources of the Polesie National Park extending westward. The dominant form of land cover are forests, which constitute 75% of the park's area. Other forms of land use include: meadows — 10%, marsh — 5%, agricultural land — 2%, water — 2%. 6 nature reserves: Brudzieniec, Żółwiowe Błota, Małozence, Lake Orchowe, Magazyn, Trzy Jezior. Their total area is 1670.62 ha, which is 16.7% of the park area. Planned biosphere reserve, included in ECONET-POLSKA.

text:
# Sobibór Landscape Park

**Sobibór Landscape Park** (*Sobiborski Park Krajobrazowy*) is a protected area (Landscape Park) created in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland in 1983. It takes its name from the village of Sobibór.

The Park lies on an area of 11,165.78 hectares (43.1113 sq mi), within the Włodawa County and three different gminas: the Gmina Włodawa as well as Gmina Hańsk and Gmina Wola Uhruska. It is meant to protect and preserve the natural and ecological resources of the Polesie National Park (*Pojezierze Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie*) extending westward. The dominant form of land cover are forests, which constitute 75% of the park's area. Other forms of land use include: meadows — 10%, marsh — 5%, agricultural land — 2%, water — 2%.

6 nature reserves: Brudzieniec, Żółwiowe Błota, Małozence, Lake Orchowe, Magazyn, Trzy Jezior. Their total area is 1670.62 ha, which is 16.7% of the park area. Planned biosphere reserve, included in ECONET-POLSKA.

## Notes and references

51°25′36″N 23°34′39″E / 51.4267°N 23.5774°E / 51.4267; 23.5774

## InfoBox

| Sobibór Landscape Park | |
| --- | --- |
| Sobiborski Park Krajobrazowy | |
| IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
| *Żółwiowe Błota* nature reserve | |
| Location | Lublin Voivodeship |
| Area | 10000 ha |
| Established | 1983 |


title: Chełmonie

abstract: Chełmonie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowalewo Pomorskie, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kowalewo Pomorskie, 10 km (6 mi) west of Golub-Dobrzyń, and 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Toruń.

text:
# Chełmonie

**Chełmonie** \[xɛu̯ˈmɔɲɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowalewo Pomorskie, within Golub-Dobrzyń County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Kowalewo Pomorskie, 10 km (6 mi) west of Golub-Dobrzyń, and 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Toruń.

## InfoBox

| Chełmonie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Chełmonie | |
| Coordinates: 53°7′N 18°55′E / 53.117°N 18.917°E / 53.117; 18.917 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
| County | Golub-Dobrzyń |
| Gmina | Kowalewo Pomorskie |


title: Chiara Lauvergnac

abstract: Chiara Lauvergnac is an Italian activist based in London. She describes herself as a "freelance troublemaker" and is a campaigner for the rights of migrants and asylum seekers.

text:
# Chiara Lauvergnac

**Chiara Lauvergnac** (born 1961) is an Italian activist based in London. She describes herself as a "freelance troublemaker" and is a campaigner for the rights of migrants and asylum seekers.

## Background

Chiara Lauvergnac was born in Trieste, Italy, in 1961. She is related to the jazz singer, Anna Lauvergnac. She lived in Galway, Ireland, and moved to London in 2006 to study anthropology at the University of East London.

## Activism

Lauvergnac is a campaigner for the rights of migrants and asylum seekers. In 2006, she protested outside the Haslar detention centre in Hampshire. In 2009, she was part of a group that protested at Tinsley House Immigration Removal Centre at Gatwick against the use of charter flights to deport failed asylum seekers and others to Kurdistan in Iraq. She was arrested and convicted of aggravated trespass and given a conditional discharge.

In 2015, she was again involved in protests against the deportation of refugees from the United Kingdom at Gatwick Airport during which she was arrested and subsequently fined. She is a leading figure in the London No Borders anarchist group, part of the No Border network. Her photographs of the camp featured in the exhibition *Art, Refuge and Resistance* at the Brighton & Hove Sanctuary on Sea in partnership with the University of Brighton.

## InfoBox

| Chiara Lauvergnac | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1961<br>Trieste, Italy |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Education | University of East London |
| Occupation | Activist |
| Known for | Campaigning for the rights of migrants and asylum seekers |


title: Chiasmocleis hudsoni

abstract: Chiasmocleis hudsoni, also known as Hudson's humming frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Guianan Venezuela, Colombia (Amazonas), and Amazonian Brazil. Chiasmocleis jimi has been included in this species but the most recent genetic analyses support its recognition as a distinct species; both species might include further distinct lineages that warrant recognition as species.

text:
# Chiasmocleis hudsoni

***Chiasmocleis hudsoni***, also known as **Hudson's humming frog**, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Guianan Venezuela, Colombia (Amazonas), and Amazonian Brazil.

*Chiasmocleis jimi* has been included in this species but the most recent genetic analyses support its recognition as a distinct species; both species might include further distinct lineages that warrant recognition as species.

## Etymology

The specific name *hudsoni* honours C. A. Hudson, the collector of the holotype and a collector for the Natural History Museum, London.

## Description

Adult males measure 14–23 mm (0.6–0.9 in) and adult females 17–28 mm (0.7–1.1 in) in snout–vent length. The body is robust and ovoid. The head is much narrower than the body; the snout is rounded. All but the first finger are fringed; no webbing is present. The finger tips are rounded and fingers 2–3 are swollen and may present discs. The toes are slightly fringed but have no webbing. Toes 2–4 have terminal discs. The dorsum is purple brown with variable lighter markings. The snout can be white.

Males may possess few but large dermal spines on the chin. The male advertisement call is a repetitive series of multi-pulsed notes.

## Habitat and conservation

*Chiasmocleis hudsoni* is a common species living in tropical rainforests at elevations below 300 m (980 ft). It is a nocturnal, fossorial frog, usually hiding in holes or in the leaf litter. It is an "explosive breeder" using temporary pools for breeding. It is locally threatened by habitat loss caused by clear-cutting. However, it is not threatened overall, and it is present in several protected areas.

## InfoBox

| *Chiasmocleis hudsoni* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Amapá, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Chiasmocleis* |
| Species: | ***C. hudsoni*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chiasmocleis hudsoni***
Parker, 1940 | |
|
|  | |
| Range as known in 2004. The species is now known to occur in Colombia and more widely in Brazil. | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Syncope hudsoni* (Parker, 1940) | |


title: Chiasmocleis leucosticta

abstract:
Chiasmocleis leucosticta is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae.
It is endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

text:
# Chiasmocleis leucosticta

***Chiasmocleis leucosticta*** is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## InfoBox

| *Chiasmocleis leucosticta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Microhylidae |
| Genus: | *Chiasmocleis* |
| Species: | ***C. leucosticta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chiasmocleis leucosticta***
(Boulenger, 1888) | |
|


abstract:
Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural is a scientific and professional organization for researching natural language processing. Its namesake conference has been held each summer since 1983 in Spanish locations where computational linguistics research is carried out. It was founded in 1983, and its purpose is to promote and divulge every kind of activity related to teaching, research and development in the natural language processing field, on both a national and international level.
The first SEPLN president was Felisa Verdejo, when she was a professor at the University of the Basque Country in San Sebastián.

text:
# Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural

**Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural** (**SEPLN**, in English: *Spanish association for Natural Language Processing*) is a scientific and professional organization for researching natural language processing. Its namesake conference has been held each summer since 1983 in Spanish locations where computational linguistics research is carried out.

It was founded in 1983, and its purpose is to promote and divulge every kind of activity related to teaching, research and development in the natural language processing field, on both a national and international level. The first SEPLN president was Felisa Verdejo, when she was a professor at the University of the Basque Country in San Sebastián.

## Activities

Among the main activities of the SEPLN are the organization of an annual congress, which is attended by the research groups working in the natural language processing field, especially for Spanish, Catalan, Basque or Galician languages; the edition of the academic journal *Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural* supported by a committee who guarantee some established criteria of quality and periodicity; a web server with information about issues related to natural language processing and an email service which inform about the current issues and is used as an open forum.

The journal is published every six months, so two issues per year are published (March and September) with the last advances in NLP. The Journal has the quality seal of the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT), which certifies it as a magazine of excellence, and therefore included in the Spanish Scientific Journals Repository (RECyT, Spanish Repository of Science and technology). The Journal received the seal of quality (ISO9001) in 2012, from the Spanish Federation of Science and Technology (FECYT). The Journal was indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) in 2016. The ESCI is the new edition of Web of Science, and Thonson Reuters is assessing the quality of the journals of ESCI in order to add those ones with a 'high scientific quality' in the Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index.

## NLP community

The SEPLN society has built an academic community around natural language processing, coordinating more than thirty research groups working especially with any of these four languages: Spanish, Basque, Catalan and Galician. This community is a reference in Latin America and worldwide, especially because it has created models for the successful processing of Spanish and three minority languages.

The coordinated development of technology for Spanish, Basque, Catalan and Galician by this community has benefited the four languages as a whole. The Asturian and Aragonese languages have also been studied. This positive influence of SEPLN's activity can be seen in the ELE report that analysed the situation of European languages in language technology by 2022. Spanish was one of the four best resourced among the official languages, behind English, on a par with German and French; Catalan, Basque and Galician were the best placed among the non-official languages, along with Welsh, and were in a better position than some of the official or national languages (better than Irish Gaelic and Maltese).

European Language Grid (ELG, 2023-09-14)
Language Resources Catalogue
| Language | \# Products | Reference (ELG search) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| English | 6,192 |  |
| Spanish | 2,540 |  |
| German | 2,382 |  |
| French | 2,120 |  |
| Catalan | 641 |  |
| Basque | 353 |  |
| Galician | 262 |  |
| Aragonese | 30 |  |
| Asturian | 21 |  |

## Locations

This is the timeline of cities with a NLP group that organized SEPLN conferences:

* Coruña (2022)
* Málaga (2021)
* Virtual (2020)
* Bilbao (2019)
* Sevilla (2018)
* Murcia (2017)
* Salamanca (2016)
* Alicante (2015)
* Gerona (2014)
* Madrid (2013)
* Castellón (2012)
* Huelva (2011)
* Valencia (2010)
* San Sebastián (2009)
* Madrid (2008)
* Sevilla (2007)
* Zaragoza (2006)
* Granada (2005)
* Barcelona (2004)
* Alcalá de Henares (2003)
* Valladolid (2002)
* Jaén (2001)
* Vigo (2000)
* Lleida (1999)
* Alicante (1998)
* Madrid (1997)
* Sevilla (1996)
* Bilbao (1995)
* Córdoba (1994)
* Santiago de Compostela (1993)
* Granada (1992)
* Valencia (1991)
* San Sebastián (1990)
* Barcelona (1989)
* Madrid (1988)
* Barcelona (1987)

## Presidents

The presidents who have governed this society since its creation have been the following:

| Years | Name |
| --- | --- |
| 2007–2023 | L. Alfonso Ureña |
| 1996–2007 | Manuel Palomar |
| 1990–1996 | Maria Antònia Martí |
| 1984–1990 | Felisa Verdejo |
| 1983–1984 | Luis Sopeña |
|

## InfoBox

Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural
|
|  |
| Founded | 1983 |
| Type | Professional organization |
| Focus | Computational linguistics and natural language processing |
| Area served | Worldwide, specially Spain and Latin America |
| Method | Conferences, publications |
| Key people | Felisa Verdejo Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza Sánchez |
| Website | www.sepln.org |


title: Children's Hospital of Michigan

abstract: Children's Hospital of Michigan (CHM) is a for-profit, pediatric acute care hospital located in Detroit, Michigan. The hospital has 227 beds and is affiliated with both the Wayne State University School of Medicine and the Michigan State University Medical School. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–21 throughout eastern Michigan and the Detroit area and is a part of the Detroit Medical Center. The hospital features the only freestanding pediatric Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center in the Detroit region, 1 of 3 in the state. It is an international provider of pediatric neurology, neurosurgery, cardiology, oncology and diagnostic services including Positron Emission Tomography and MRI.

text:
# Children's Hospital of Michigan

**Children's Hospital of Michigan (CHM)** is a for-profit, pediatric acute care hospital located in Detroit, Michigan. The hospital has 227 beds and is affiliated with both the Wayne State University School of Medicine and the Michigan State University Medical School. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–21 throughout eastern Michigan and the Detroit area and is a part of the Detroit Medical Center. The hospital features the only freestanding pediatric Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center in the Detroit region, 1 of 3 in the state. It is an international provider of pediatric neurology, neurosurgery, cardiology, oncology and diagnostic services including Positron Emission Tomography and MRI.

## History

Children's Hospital of Michigan was founded in 1886 with a financial gift from whisky entrepreneur Hiram Walker. It was further endowed in the 1930s with a one million dollar gift from U.S. Senator James Couzens.

## Clinical specialties

The hospital offers a wide variety of clinical specialties, including: Autism, Burn Care, Cardiac Services, Cleft Palate/ Craniofacial Surgery, Communication Disorders, Critical Care, Dentistry/Oral Surgery, Dermatology, Ear, Nose and Throat, Emergency Care, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Genetic Disorders, Hematology and Oncology, Imaging Services, Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Infectious Disease, Intensive Care, Myelomeningocele Care, Neonatal/ Perinatal Medicine, Nephrology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Pediatric Surgery, Pharmacology/ Toxicology, Physical Medicine/ Rehabilitation, Reconstructive Surgery, Poison Control Center, Psychiatry/Psychology and Pulmonary Medicine.

Children's is one of 10 centers nationally testing new drugs to treat spinal muscular atrophy, a rare degenerative problem that affects the spinal cord and nerves, resulting in muscle wasting and weakness. It houses the first pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory of its kind in North America. Doctors at Children's Hospital performed the first successful advanced computer-assisted robot-enhanced surgical procedure at a children's hospital in the U.S. CHM cardiovascular surgeons performed the first pediatric heart transplant in Southeast Michigan. CHM is the only pediatric institution in the world with its own Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Center. Positron Emission Tomography is a type of nuclear medicine procedure that measures metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues. Children's Hospital performed the first successful pediatric bone marrow transplant in Michigan.

## Controversy

In late 2019, the physician group, University Pediatrics announced that they were separating from the Wayne State University School of Medicine and instead joining the Central Michigan University. In retaliation, Wayne State announced that they were creating their own physician group, Wayne Pediatrics and gave doctors who taught medicine at the university 30 days to switch over their affiliation to Wayne Pediatrics or lose their teaching privileges. The group University Pediatrics has had an exclusive contract with the Detroit Medical Center and DMC's owner, Tenet Healthcare decided that doctors from Wayne Pediatrics would lose their affiliation with the hospital and doctors with Wayne Pediatrics would not be able to treat or admit patients at the hospital. In April, 2020 Wayne State officials announced that they were taking up legal action against Tenet Healthcare. The judge later sided with Tenet' ability to control what physicians practice at their hospitals, and subsequent appeals by Wayne State failed. In November 2020, DMC C.E.O. sent out letters to Wayne State pediatricians informing them that they no longer had admitting privileges at the Children's Hospital of Michigan, but these pediatricians would be allowed to practice at DMC's adult hospitals.

## Awards

Children's Hospital of Michigan in, 2008 received, American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) MAGNET Recognition designated for nursing excellence. Children's Hospital is the only children's hospital in Michigan with this award.

Children's is in the Leapfrog Group's 2008 Top Hospital list for patient quality and safety. The Leapfrog Group rankings are based on a survey conducted at 1,220 hospitals across the U.S.

As of the 2020-21 rankings, Children's Hospital of Michigan has placed nationally in 6 ranked pediatric specialties on U.S. News & World Report. The hospital was also ranked as #3 children's hospital in Michigan behind C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital.

U.S. News & World Report Rankings for Children's Hospital of Michigan
| Specialty | Rank (In the U.S.) | Score (Out of 100) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Pediatric Cardiology & Heart Surgery | #47 | 65.6 |
| Pediatric Gastroenterology & GI Surgery | #27 | 78.9 |
| Pediatric Nephrology | #45 | 65.4 |
| Pediatric Neurology & Neurosurgery | #43 | 72.3 |
| Pediatric Orthopedics | #42 | 66.3 |
| Pediatric Urology | #32 | 57.4 |

## InfoBox

| Children's Hospital of Michigan | |
| --- | --- |
| Detroit Medical Center | |
|  | |
| Emergency Room entrance. | |
|  | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Coordinates | 42°21′06″N 83°03′17″W / 42.35174°N 83.05471°W / 42.35174; -83.05471 |
| Organization | |
| Funding | For-profit hospital |
| Type | Specialist |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center |
| Beds | 227 |
| Speciality | Pediatric |
| History | |
| Opened | 1886 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.childrensdmc.org |
| Lists | Hospitals in Michigan |


title: Children's Hospital station

abstract: Children's Hospital is a metro station of Zhengzhou Metro Line 5. The station was opened on 20 May 2019.

text:
# Children's Hospital station

**Children's Hospital** (Chinese: 儿童医院) is a metro station of Zhengzhou Metro Line 5.

The station was opened on 20 May 2019.

## Station layout

The station has two levels underground, The B1 level is for the concourse and the B2 level is for the single island platform of Line 5.

| **G** | - | Exits |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **B1** | Concourse
 | Customer Service, vending machines |
| **B2
Platforms** |  | Line 5 inner loop (Zhacheng) |
| | Island platform, doors will open on the left | |
| |  | Line 5 outer loop (Central Business District) |

## Exits

The station currently has 2 exits.

| Exit | | | | Sign | Destinations | Bus connections |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | | | | Nongyedong Lu (W) | Zhengzhou Yihe Hospital | 48, 166, S131 |
| D | | | | Nongyedong Lu (E) | Henan Children's Hospital | 205, S131 |
|

## InfoBox

| Children's Hospital
儿童医院 | |
| --- | --- |
| Zhengzhou Metro rapid transit station | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Location | Nongye E. Road × Ping'an Avenue
Jinshui, Zhengzhou
China |
| Coordinates | 34°46′37″N 113°44′43″E / 34.7769°N 113.7452°E / 34.7769; 113.7452 |
| Operated by | Zhengzhou Metro |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 (1 island platform) |
| Connections | * Bus |
| Construction | |
| Structure type | Underground |
| Other information | |
| Status | Operational |
| Station code | 510 |
| History | |
| Opened | 20 May 2019 |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station  Zhengzhou Metro Following station  Zhachenginner loop  Line 5  Central Business Districtouter loop | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Children's HospitalLocation of the station in Zhengzhou | |


title: Solar traffic light

abstract: Solar traffic lights are signalling devices powered by solar panels positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control the flows of traffic. They assign the right of way to road users by the use of lights in standard colors, using a universal color code.

text:
# Solar traffic light

**Solar traffic lights** are signalling devices powered by solar panels positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control the flows of traffic. They assign the right of way to road users by the use of lights in standard colors (red - amber/yellow - green), using a universal color code.

## Features

Most solar traffic lights use LED lamps as they are more reliable and have more advantages over other lighting devices like CFL lamps as they are more energy efficient, have a longer life span and turn on and turn off quickly. Solar traffic lights contain enclosures which house the batteries and the control panel circuitry. Existing traffic lights can also be upgraded with an auxiliary power source using solar panels for use during power failures. The other parts in a solar traffic light include a charge controller to control the charging and discharging of the battery and a countdown timer which displays the amount of time left before the battery discharges fully.

## As an auxiliary system

Auxiliary solar traffic lights, in addition to the existing street lights, can be attached near the primary street lights. They are useful in regulating traffic when the primary system fails. The control system in the auxiliary traffic light monitors the primary system and when the primary system fails, it switches to the auxiliary system. Switching from primary system to the auxiliary system and vice versa can also be achieved using a hand-held transmitter unit.

## During natural disasters

Solar traffic lights can also be used during periods following natural disasters, when the existing street lights may not function due to power outages and the traffic is uncontrollable. Street lights used in such scenarios are designed to be portable enough to be carried and operated by police and relief workers wherever traffic needs to be regulated.

## Advantages

* Solar traffic lights are self-sufficient as they do not require external power sources.
* They are easy to set up and operate.
* They require very little to no maintenance as they have no moving parts.

## Disadvantage

* Risk of theft is higher as equipment costs are comparatively higher.
* Snow or dust, combined with moisture can accumulate on horizontal PV-panels and reduce or even stop energy production.
* Rechargeable batteries will need to be replaced several times over the lifetime of the fixtures adding to the total lifetime cost of the light. The charge and discharge cycles of the battery are important considering the overall cost of the project.


title: Chikulamayembe dynasty

text:
# Chikulamayembe dynasty

The Chikulamayembe are a dynasty of kings established among the Tumbuka people in the Nkhamanga-Henga area of Northern Malawi. The Chikulamayembe originally ruled from around 1805, becoming weaker from the 1830s and losing power by the 1870s and their dynasty was re-established in 1907.

## The origin of the Chikulamayembe

### The Tumbuka people

The Tumbuka people probably entered the area between the Luangwa valley and northern Lake Malawi in the 15th century. At the start of the 18th century, they formed a number of groups, most of which lived in homesteads growing Finger millet and herding goats and sheep. These were thinly scattered over the plateau between the Luangwa valley and Lake Malawi, in small, independent communities with limited central organisation. One group, the Henga, occupied the Henga Valley north of Rumphi; another, the Phoka lived south of the Nyika Plateau. In the 18th century, the Luangwa valley, the plains south of the Nyika Plateau and the Henga valley had significant elephant populations and the Henga, and Phoka people of these areas had local chiefs with status but limited authority.

### The arrival of Mlowoka

In the 18th century, increasing demand for ivory in Europe led to the expansion of the ivory trade in East and Central Africa, financed by merchants based in Kilwa Kisiwani and Zanzibar. By the mid-18th century, traders dressed as Arabs although coming from the Unyamwezi region of what is now Tanzania were involved in trading for ivory as far inland as the Luangwa valley. One such group, consisting of traders and possibly elephant hunters under a leader named Mlowoka, meaning "one who crossed (the lake)", arrived looking for ivory among people for whom ivory had little value. Mlowoka was traditionally supposed to have landed at Chilumba on the lakeshore and moved inland to an area west of the Nyika Plateau. It is not certain whether these traders intended to settle, but their control of the trade goods exchanged for ivory gave them economic power. They formed marriage alliances with local Henga chiefs and, to secure a monopoly over local ivory trading, Mlowoka established his leading followers at strategic points on the routes from the elephant-rich areas among the Henga and Phoka to the shore of Lake Malawi. Today the Mlowoka have blended with the Tumbuka such that they are indistinguishable as a separate tribe, however clan names from the original Mlowoka have survived such as 'Gondwe'. Among those to cross with Mlowoka on the same 'plank' were, Katumbi, Kabunduli, Mwahenga, Kyungu, Chipofya and Mwamlowe.

### The 19th century dynasty

A son of Mlowoka, named Gonapamuhanya/Khalapamuhanya who was also (on his mother's side) the nephew of a leading Tumbuka clan head, is said to have become a paramount chief or king of the areas west and south of the Nyika Plateau around 1805 and founded the Chikulamayembe dynasty. This, however, only had a loose control over a federation of small subordinate chiefdoms and what it controlled was less a territorial state than a trade route for ivory. Even the chiefdoms established by Mlowoka's followers from Unyamwezi were practically independent. By the 1830s, this Chikulamayembe dynasty was in decline as Swahili traders in slaves and ivory entered the area and took over its trading system, reducing it to a state of political disorganisation, and its existence was ended by the Ngoni invasions in the 1860s and 1870s on. When the Chikulamayembe state ceased to exist, its people either fled or remained as unfree agricultural workers or enrolled in Ngoni regiments.

## Revival

### Choosing a Themba

The Northern Ngoni finally accepted British rule in 1904 and the Tumbuka people ceased to be their vassals or returned from where they had taken refuge. European missionaries found the Tumbuka ready to accept Western education and supported their wish to have a paramount chief of their own. The Chikulamayembe claim to chieftainship over a wide area was supported by a history of the Tumbuka written in 1909 by Saulos Nyirenda and translated in 1931 by a missionary, which greatly exaggerated the power of the Chikulamayembe in the 19th century. This version of Tumbuka history was accepted by the colonial authorities.

There were several candidates wishing to become paramount chief, all descendants of Gonapamuhanya, but the colonial administration chose Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe, who was westernised, and gave him the title Themba (chief) Chikulamayembe in 1907. This made him paramount chief of the Tumbuka people, and other chiefs in the area were subordinated to him.

### The Themba’s powers

At first, the role of the Themba Chikulamayembe was largely ceremonial, but in 1913 he was given a role in assisting the local district commissioner. However, in the 1920s the colonial administration favoured the introduction of indirect rule and proposed that the north of Malawi should be divided into three districts, each with one predominant ethnic group, each one having a paramount chief. When the Native Authority Ordinance was passed in 1933, the Themba Chikulamayembe was made native authority over all Tumbukaland, with his own budget. Native courts were also introduced following the passing of the Native Courts Ordinance, 1933, giving the Themba appellate jurisdiction over cases from his sub-chiefs.

The first Themba died in 1931, being succeeded by his son Ziwange, generally known as John Hardy Gondwe, who ruled from 1932 until his death in 1977, when he was succeeded by his son Walter Gondwe. In late November 2018 Walter Gondwe died after a two-week illness and has been succeeded as Themba by his son.

## List of rulers of the Nkhamanga kingdom of the Tumbuka

| Term | Incumbent | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *c.*1795 | *Foundation of Nkamanga state* |
| *?* to *?* | **Gonapamuhanya (a.k.a. Nkhalapamuhanya)**, Chikulamayembe |
| *?* to *?* | **Kampungu**, Chikulamayembe |
| *?* to *?* | **Pitamkusa**, Chikulamayembe |
| *?* to *?* | **Bwati I**, Chikulamayembe | Originally *Cayeka* |
| *?* to *?* | **Bwati II**, Chikulamayembe |
| *?* to *?* | **Bamantha**, Chikulamayembe |
| 18?? to 1855 | **Mkuwayira**, Chikulamayembe |
| 1855 to 18?? | *Interregnum* |
| 18?? To 1880 | **Mujuma**, Chikulamayembe |
| 1880 to 1907 | *Interregnum* |
| 1907 to 1931 | **Chilongozi (Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe)** | Themba la mathemba, paramount chief for the whole Tumbukaland. He was the first colonial Chikulamayembe after the restoration of the dynasty. Witnesses of the coronation were Mayelele Gondwe, Hunga Bongololo Gondwe, Magomero Chaula, Chitupila Gondwe and Juwaunini Gondwe and the District Commissioner for Koronga. |
| 1932 to 1977 | **Ziwange (John Hardy Gondwe)** |
| 1977 to 2019 | **Walter Gondwe** |
| 2019 to 2021 | Mtima Gondwe | Acting. Claims should be the legitimate successor to Walter Gondwe. |
| 2022 to present | Joseph Bongololo Gondwe | Official reign may have started earlier in 2019 |

## Sources

* S. B. Chirembo, (1993). Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904 – 1953, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 1–14.
* Y. A. Chondoka and F. T. Bota, (2015). The History of the Tumbuka 1400 – 1900, Bloomington, XLibris Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4990-9627-9.
* M. Douglas (1950). *Peoples of the Lake Nyasa Region: East Central Africa, Part 1*, London International African Institute.
* J. McCracken, (2012). *A History of Malawi, 1859–1966*, Woodbridge, James Currey. ISBN 978-1-84701-050-6.
* B. Morris, (2006). The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi, the Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 6–23.
* T. J. Thompson, (1981). The Origins, Migration and Settlement of The Northern Ngoni, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 6–35
* H. L. Vail, (1972). Suggestions Towards a Re-Interpreted Tumbuka History. In B. Pachai (ed). The Early History of Malawi. London: Longman

## InfoBox

| Chikulamayembe, King of kings of the Tumbuka | |
| --- | --- |
| *Chikulamayembe, Themba la mathemba la ŵaTumbuka*
*Saŵila* | |
| Provincial | |
| Incumbent | |
| **Joseph Bongololo Gondwe**
since 30 April 2022 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Details | |
| Style | his Majesty |
| Heir apparent | To be nominated from the House of Chikulamasinda upon the Incumbent's death. |
| First monarch | Khalapamuhanya |
| Formation | 1805 |
| Residence | Bolero, Rumphi |
| Website | N/A |


title: Chikukutu

abstract: Chikukutu is a ward in Bikita District of Masvingo Province in south-eastern Zimbabwe.

text:
# Chikukutu

**Chikukutu**  is a ward in Bikita District of Masvingo Province in south-eastern Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| Chikukutu | |
| --- | --- |
| Ward | |
| ChikukutuLocation in Zimbabwe | |
| Coordinates: 19°57′S 31°34′E / 19.950°S 31.567°E / -19.950; 31.567 | |
| Country | Zimbabwe |
| Province | Masvingo Province |
| District | Bikita District |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (Central Africa Time) |


title: Chikuhō Main Line

abstract: Chikuhō Main Line The Chikuhō Main Line is a railway line in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by Kyushu Railway Company. It connects Wakamatsu Station in Kitakyushu with Haruda Station in Chikushino. Between Orio Station and Haruda Station, as well as from Keisen Station via the Sasaguri Line to Yoshizuka Station, the line functions as an alternate route to the Kagoshima Main Line.

text:
# Chikuhō Main Line

The **Chikuhō Main Line** (筑豊本線, *Chikuhō-honsen*) is a railway line in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). It connects Wakamatsu Station in Kitakyushu with Haruda Station in Chikushino. Between Orio Station and Haruda Station, as well as from Keisen Station via the Sasaguri Line to Yoshizuka Station, the line functions as an alternate route to the Kagoshima Main Line.

## Line data

As of 2021, the Chikuho Main Line is the third shortest of all Japan Railways Group lines named Main (or trunk) Line (not counting the JR Shikoku main lines, which were stripped of their designation after JR Shikoku started operating). For comparison, the shortest is Hidaka Main Line (30.5 km), after the closure of 116.0 km due to storm damage in 2015.

The line is divided into three sections. Each section has an alias.

Wakamatsu LineWakamatsu–Orio, 10.8 km Fukuhoku Yutaka LineOrio–Keisen, 34.5 km Haruda LineKeisen–Haruda, 20.8 km

## Stations

### Wakamatsu–Orio (Wakamatsu Line)

| No. | Station | | Distance
(km) | Transfers | Location | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| JE  06 | Wakamatsu | 若松 | 0.0 |  | Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū | Fukuoka Prefecture |
| JE  05 | Fujinoki | 藤ノ木 | 2.9 |  | | |
| JE  04 | Oku-Dōkai | 奥洞海 | 4.6 |  | | |
| JE  03 | Futajima | 二島 | 6.3 |  | | |
| JE  02 | Honjō | 本城 | 9.3 |  | Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū | |
| JE  01 | Orio | 折尾 | 10.8 | Kagoshima Main Line | | |
|

### Orio–Keisen (Fukuhoku Yutaka Line)

Some rapid trains pass the stations marked "X".

| No. | Station | | Distance
(km) |  | Transfers | Location | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| JC  26 | Orio | 折尾 | 0.0 |  | Kagoshima Main Line | Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyūshū | Fukuoka Prefecture |
| JC  25 | Higashi Mizumaki | 東水巻 | 2.7 |  |  | Mizumaki, Onga District | |
| JC  24 | Nakama | 中間 | 4.1 |  |  | Nakama | |
| JC  23 | Chikuzen Habu | 筑前垣生 | 5.6 |  |  | | |
| JC  22 | Kurate | 鞍手 | 7.9 |  |  | Kurate, Kurate District | |
| JC  21 | Chikuzen Ueki | 筑前植木 | 10.4 |  |  | Nōgata | |
| JC  20 | Shinnyū | 新入 | 12.0 |  |  | | |
| JC  19 | Nōgata | 直方 | 14.0 |  | Heisei Chikuho Railway Ita Line | | |
| JC  18 | Katsuno | 勝野 | 16.7 | X |  | Kotake, Kurate District | |
| JC  17 | Kotake | 小竹 | 20.5 |  |  | | |
| JC  16 | Namazuta | 鯰田 | 23.9 | X |  | Iizuka | |
| JC  15 | Urata | 浦田 | 25.4 | X |  | | |
| JC  14 | Shin Iizuka | 新飯塚 | 26.8 |  | Gotōji Line | | |
| JC  13 | Iizuka | 飯塚 | 28.6 |  |  | | |
| JC  12 | Tentō | 天道 | 31.5 |  |  | | |
| JC  11 | Keisen | 桂川 | 34.5 |  | Sasaguri Line | Keisen, Kaho District | |
|

### Keisen–Haruda (Haruda Line)

| No. | Station | | Distance
(km) | Transfers | Location | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| JG  01 | Keisen | 桂川 | 0.0 | Sasaguri Line | Keisen,
Kaho District | Fukuoka
Prefecture |
| JG  02 | Kami Honami | 上穂波 | 2.8 |  | Iizuka | |
| JG  03 | Chikuzen Uchino | 筑前内野 | 5.9 |  | | |
| JG  04 | Chikuzen Yamae | 筑前山家 | 16.1 |  | Chikushino | |
| JG  05 | Haruda | 原田 | 20.8 | Kagoshima Main Line | | |
|

## Rolling stock

A pre-series two-car BEC819 series AC battery electric multiple unit (BEMU) was tested on the line from April 2016, and entered revenue service on 19 October 2016. This will be followed by six more trainsets, entering service in spring 2017.

## History

The 39 km Wakamatsu to Iizuka section was built by the Chikuho Kogyo Railway, opening between 1891 and 1893, with the 12 km extension to Chikuzen Uchino opening in 1895. The company was nationalised in 1907, with the 15 km Chikuzen Uchino to Harada section opening in 1929.

The 25 km section from Wakamatsu to Nogata was double-tracked between 1893 and 1896, with the 4 km Nogata to Kotake section double-tracked between 1904 and 1906. The 8 km Kotake to Iizuka section was double-tracked between 1942 and 1944.

The 35 km Orio to Keisen section was electrified in 2001.

### Former connecting/transfer lines

* Orio Station: the Nishitetsu Kitakyushu Line, a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+12 in) gauge line electrified at 600 V DC was opened from Orio - Moji (29 km) between 1911 and 1914. It connected to a 10 km loop line opened between 1912 and 1929, and closed in 1985. The Moji - Sunatsu section closed in 1985, the Sunatsu - Kurosaki section closed in 1992, and the remainder (except for the 1 km Kurosaki - Kumanishi section, which is part of the Chikuho Electric Railway line) closed in 2000.
* Nakama Station: the 3.5 km Katsuki Line opened in 1908, with passenger services being introduced in 1912. Freight services ceased in 1974, and the line closed in 1985. A 3.8 km line from Katsuki hauled coal from 1915 until the mine closed in 1954.
* Nogata Station: A 14 km 3 ft (914 mm) gauge line to Fukumaru operated from 1914 until 1938.
* Katsuno Station: the 5 km Miyata Line opened in 1902. Freight services ceased in 1982, and the line closed in 1989. A 2 km branch to Sugamuta served the Kajima coal mine from 1904 until 1977.
* Kotake Station: the 8 km Kōbukuro Line to Futase opened in 1894 as a horse-drawn line servicing the Tetsuji mine. Steam locomotion was introduced in 1912, and passenger services in 1913. The line closed in 1969.

* Iizuka Station: the 26 km Kamiyamada Line opened to Shimoyamada in 1898, extended to Kamiyamada in 1929, and to Buzenkawasaki (as a passenger-only section) in 1966. Freight services ceased in 1980, and the line closed in 1988. A 2 km 3 ft (914 mm) gauge line from Okuma - Okumamachi operated from 1924 until 1933.

## InfoBox

| Chikuhō Main Line | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Owner | JR Kyushu |
| Locale | Kitakyushu |
| Termini |  |
| Stations | 25 |
| Service | |
| Type | Regional rail |
| History | |
| Opened | 1891 |
| Technical | |
| Line length | 66.1 km (41.1 mi) |
| Number of tracks | 2 (Wakamatsu–Orio, Orio–Iizuka) |
| Track gauge | 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) |
| Electrification | 20 kV AC, 60 HZ (Orio–Keisen) |
| Route map | |


title: China National Highway 227

abstract: China National Highway 227 (227国道) runs from Zhangye, Gansu to Pu'er, Yunnan. It is 3,745 kilometres in length and runs south from Zhangye towards Menglian County of Pu'er.

text:
# China National Highway 227

**China National Highway 227** (227国道) runs from Zhangye, Gansu to Pu'er, Yunnan. It is 3,745 kilometres in length and runs south from Zhangye towards Menglian County of Pu'er.

## Route and distance

| **Route and distance** |
| --- |
| City Distance (km)  Zhangye, Gansu 0  Minle, Gansu 65  Datong, Qinghai 295  Xining, Qinghai 325  Huangzhong, Qinghai 350  Hainan, Qinghai 420  Maqên, Qinghai 740  Gadê, Qinghai 830  Darlag, Qinghai 880  Banma, Qinghai 1040  Zamthang, Sichuan 1200  Luhuo, Sichuan 1350  Garzê, Sichuan 1450  Xinlong, Sichuan 1530  Litang, Sichuan 1680  Daocheng, Sichuan   Muli, Sichuan   Yanyuan, Sichuan 2350  Miyi, Sichuan 2480  Yanbian, Sichuan 2540  Panzhihua, Sichuan 2570  Yongren, Yunnan 2650  Dayao, Yunnan 2710  Yao'an, Yunnan 2740  Mouding, Yunnan   Chuxiong, Yunnan 2810  Shuangbai, Yunnan 2870  Mojiang, Yunnan 3100  Jiangcheng, Yunnan 3260  Pu'er, Yunnan 3410  Lancang, Yunnan 3590  Menglian, Yunnan 3640 |

## InfoBox

| National Highway 227 | |
| --- | --- |
| 227国道 | |
|  | |
| Route information | |
| Length | 3,745 km (2,327 mi) |
| Major junctions | |
| From | Zhangye, Gansu |
| To | Pu'er, Yunnan |
|  | |
| Location | |
| Country | China |
|  | |
| Highway system | |
|  | |
| G225   G228 | |


title: Chimnebas

abstract: Chinnebas is a village development committee in Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4,753 people living in 1,059 individual households.

text:
# Chimnebas

**Chinnebas**  is a village development committee in Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4,753 people living in 1,059 individual households.

1. "Syangja VDC Level Report" (PDF). *Central Bureau of Statistics*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26.

27°57′56″N 83°54′01″E / 27.9656°N 83.9003°E / 27.9656; 83.9003

## InfoBox

| Chinnebas चिन्नेबास | |
| --- | --- |
| Village development committee | |
| Country | Nepal |
| Zone | Gandaki Zone |
| District | Syangja District |
| Population (2011) | |
| Total | 4,753 |
| Time zone | UTC+5:45 (Nepal Time) |


title: Chilli veinal mottle virus

abstract: Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae.

text:
# Chilli veinal mottle virus

**Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV)** is a plant pathogenic virus of the family *Potyviridae*.

## InfoBox

| *Chilli veinal mottle virus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| *Realm*: | *Riboviria* |
| Kingdom: | *Orthornavirae* |
| Phylum: | *Pisuviricota* |
| Class: | *Stelpaviricetes* |
| Order: | *Patatavirales* |
| Family: | *Potyviridae* |
| Genus: | *Potyvirus* |
| Species: | ***Chilli veinal mottle virus*** |
|


title: Chinakkathoor Temple

abstract: Chinakkathoor Bhagavathi Temple is a Hindu temple located at Palappuram near Ottapalam in Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The temple is well-known for the Chinakkathoor pooram held annually in the Malayalam month of Kumbham. There are two shrines, Thazhekavu and Melakavu. Melakavu is believed to be older than Thazekavu. The priests of the upper shrine traditionally come from the Kulangara Nair family of Palappuram. Namboothiri priests do the poojas in the lower shrine and in the ten days of pooram. They are in charge of the upper shrine as well. There is a shrine dedicated to Lord Ganapathy who is believed to be in his divine "Vidya Ganapati" form, adjoining the temple complex near the iconic banyan tree.

text:
# Chinakkathoor Temple

**Chinakkathoor Bhagavathi Temple** is a Hindu temple located at Palappuram near Ottapalam in Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The temple is well-known for the Chinakkathoor pooram held annually in the Malayalam month of *Kumbham*.

There are two shrines, *Thazhekavu* (lower shrine) and *Melakavu* (upper shrine). Melakavu is believed to be older than Thazekavu. The priests of the upper shrine traditionally come from the Kulangara Nair family of Palappuram. Namboothiri priests do the poojas in the lower shrine and in the ten days of pooram. They are in charge of the upper shrine as well. There is a shrine dedicated to Lord Ganapathy who is believed to be in his divine "Vidya Ganapati" form, adjoining the temple complex near the iconic banyan tree*.*

## Chinakkathoor Pooram

Chinakkathoor pooram is celebrated every year during February and March (makam naal of Kumbham). The highlight of the evening festivities is a procession of 28 tuskers. Traditional performances of the Panchavadyam or the temple orchestra and various other art forms like Vellattu, Theyyam, Poothanum thirayum, Kaalavela, Kuthiravela, Aandi Vedan, Karivela, and so on are shown. The Tholppavakkoothu, a ritualistic shadow puppet show, is performed at the temple premises every evening for the 17 days preceding the concluding festival. The festival starts with Kuthirakali game and ends next day with Theru (Ratham), a decoration by Mudaliar tamils of Palappuram, and the procession of 16 models of the kuthira (horse) and the kaala (bull) brought ceremoniously to the temple by devotees. Unlike other Ratham in Tamil Nadu or Kalpathy, this is not pulled by Vatam (coir) and runs on wooden wheel.

## Getting there

**Nearest railway station**: Ottappalam, about 5 km (3.1 mi) from the shrine.

**Nearest airport**: Coimbatore in neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu, about 85 km (53 mi).

## InfoBox

| Sree Chinakkathoor Bhagavathi Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| ശ്രീ ചിനക്കത്തൂർ ഭഗവതി ക്ഷേത്രം | |
| Chinakkathoor temple | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Palakkad |
| Deity | Bhagavathi |
| Festival | Chinakkathoor Pooram |
| Governing body | Chinakkathoor Bhagavathy Devaswom |
| Location | |
| Location | Palappuram |
| State | Kerala |
| Country | India |
| Chinakkathoor Bhagavathy Temple, Palappuram, Palakkad, (Kerala)Chinakkathoor Temple (India) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 10°46′14″N 76°25′07″E / 10.770623°N 76.418588°E / 10.770623; 76.418588 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Dravidian architecture |
| Style | Traditional Kerala style |
| Specifications | |
| Direction of façade | South |
| Temple(s) | One |
| Elevation | 84.34 m (277 ft) |


title: Sodrásban

abstract: Sodrásban is a 1964 Hungarian drama film directed by István Gaál. The film was chosen to be part of the Budapest Twelve, a list of Hungarian films considered the best in 1968.

text:
# Sodrásban

***Sodrásban*** is a 1964 Hungarian drama film directed by István Gaál. The film was chosen to be part of the Budapest Twelve, a list of Hungarian films considered the best in 1968.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| Sodrásban | |
| --- | --- |
| Directed by | István Gaál |
| Starring | Andrea Drahota
Marianna Moór |
| Production
company | Hunnia Filmgyár |
| Release date | * 2 April 1964 (1964-04-02) |
| Running time | 1h 21min |
| Country | Hungary |
| Language | Hungarian |


title: Chinatowns in Africa

abstract: This article discusses Chinatowns in Africa. There are at least three major Chinatowns in Africa. As former colonies of Europe, the coastal African nations of Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa were the main receiving points of Chinese immigrants from the 1890s to the early part of the 20th century. The early Chinese arrived to labour in the Transvaal gold mines of South Africa and on the Tananrive Tamatave railway of Madagascar. Many of these Chinese immigrants were exploited. Today, South Africa remains the top African destination for first-generation Chinese-speaking immigrants.

text:
# Chinatowns in Africa

This article discusses **Chinatowns in Africa**. There are at least three major Chinatowns in Africa.

As former colonies of Europe, the coastal African nations of Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa were the main receiving points of Chinese immigrants from the 1890s to the early part of the 20th century. The early Chinese arrived to labour in the Transvaal gold mines of South Africa and on the Tananrive Tamatave railway of Madagascar. Many of these Chinese immigrants were exploited.

Today, South Africa remains the top African destination for first-generation Chinese-speaking immigrants.

## Kenya

In the capital Nairobi, there is a small pocket of Chinese businesses along Argwings Kodhek Road in the Kilimani district, near the Chaka Place shopping center. There is a newer Chinatown with a larger collection of businesses on the former campus of Baraton University's Nairobi extension campus.

## Madagascar

Madagascar has received some Chinese immigrants. In Madagascar, there are about 30,000 Chinese, the majority of them came from the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong. A Chinatown, called *Quartier chinois*, is located in Antananarivo.

## Mauritius

The Chinatown or *Quartier chinois* is in the city of Port Louis on *rue Royale*. The Hakka Chinese are the dominant group among the Chinese in Mauritius. The Chinatown of Port Louis is one of the oldest in Africa. In the 1780s, thousands of Chinese migrated to Mauritius and quickly formed a small Chinatown, the "Camp des chinois", in Port Louis. The Chinatown of Port Louis hosts a very popular "Chinese Food and Cultural Festival" every year, which is appreciated by Mauritians of all communities.

## Namibia

There is a small Chinese district, supermarket, and arch in Windhoek.

## Nigeria

China Town, a Chinese-dominated business arena in the Ojota area of Lagos. The giant shopping centre, which sits on an expanse of land measuring 20,000 square metres, will no longer be for only economic activities. It will also help facilitate robust bilateral relationships between Nigerians and the Chinese people.

## South Africa

Inner-city Johannesburg has a Chinatown on Commissioner Street, but a newer Chinatown can be found on Derrick Avenue in the hilly suburb of Cyrildene. Most of the inhabitants of the Cyrildene Chinatown are recent immigrants from mainland China. A Chinatown also exists in the city of Port Elizabeth with the first settlement located in the South End district of the city until the Apartheid government forcibly removed the Chinese from the district. The Chinese were later removed to Kabega Park area.

In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s immigrants from Taiwan settled extensively in South Africa. South Africa's first Taiwan-born legislator was elected in the 1980s. After South Africa recognised the People's Republic of China in 1998 large numbers of mainland Chinese immigrated to the country. South African Chinese are dispersed throughout South African cities. During the Apartheid regime (1948–93) Chinese South Africans were classified as "Coloureds" or "Asian South Africans", while certain East Asian nationals (such as Japan and Taiwan) in South Africa were declared *honorary whites* and thus avoided most forms of official discriminatory laws (they could live in reserved *white* neighborhoods unlike native/black, and *Asian*-Indian South Africans), since Apartheid created a strict racial segregation system for non-white/European persons (esp. the black majority) in South Africa.

## "Africatowns" in China

## InfoBox

| Chinatown | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Port Louis Chinatown | |
| Chinese | 唐人街 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Tángrénjiē | |
| Alternative Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 中國城 |
| Simplified Chinese | 中国城 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguóchéng | |
| Second alternative Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese | 華埠 |
| Simplified Chinese | 华埠 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Huábù | |
|  | |


title: Solidarity Youth Movement

abstract: Solidarity Youth Movement Kerala is the youth wing of the Islamic organisation Jamaat-e-Islami Hind in the state of Kerala in India. The movement's stated objective is to "liberate the generation of youths from moral bankruptcy and debauchery and to transform them into a radical vanguard fighting for the betterment of society". It, along with its parent organisation Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, has shared common ground with India's left-wing parties on issues related to Indo-US relations and globalisation. The organisation has brought to mainstream the issues concerned with the marginalized communities. Solidarity Youth Movement have also initiated legal battles against controversial legislations like NIA.

text:
# Solidarity Youth Movement

**Solidarity Youth Movement** **Kerala** is the youth wing of the Islamic organisation Jamaat-e-Islami Hind in the state of Kerala in India. The movement's stated objective is to "liberate the generation of youths from moral bankruptcy and debauchery and to transform them into a radical vanguard fighting for the betterment of society". It, along with its parent organisation Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, has shared common ground with India's left-wing parties on issues related to Indo-US relations and globalisation. The organisation has brought to mainstream the issues concerned with the marginalized communities. Solidarity Youth Movement have also initiated legal battles against controversial legislations like NIA.

## History

The Students Islamic Organisation of India is the youth and student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind all across India. In 2002, the Kerala chapter of the organisation decided to transform SIO into a completely student organisation in Kerala and launch a new wing for the youth. Solidarity Youth Movement, Kerala was thus formed on 13 May 2003 at Muthalakulam Grounds, Calicut. Dr Koottil Mohammed Ali was elected as its first state president and Hameed Vaniyambalam its General Secretary. It held its first state conference at Palakkad on 23 April 2005. The organisational structure today includes 14 district committees, 110 area committees and more than 1000 individual units across the state of Kerala.

## Activities

International Islamophobia Conference

Solidarity Youth Movement Kerala organizes International Islamophobia Conference Kerala, which will be held on 16–18 December 2016 at Kozhikode in Kerala, India.

Malabar Nivarthana Prakshobham New Kerala Development Forum (2011)

Solidarity organized New Kerala Development Forum to discuss development issues of Kerala in March 2011

Agitations

The movement played an influential role in bringing into public attention the grassroots struggle against the Coca-Cola factory at Plachimada, Palakkad and campaigned to boycott Coca-Cola in areas where it commands considerable influence. It led the agitation against a proposed Express Highway by the Kerala Government and views privatisation of roads as a "system which denies it for the underprivileged by levying tolls on the roads ". It also opposes the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) system of road development, and recommends an "all inclusive development of railway and waterway supported by good roads" as the solution for developing the transportation infrastructure of Kerala. Solidarity also lent support to tribal struggles for land reforms to distribute land to the adivasi groups at Chengara, Mukkaal Cent Colony in Kollam district, and Elamkulam colony. It played role in bringing these issues into the attention of the general public and the government of Kerala. It also vehemently opposes the corporatisation of retail sector, fearing that it would seriously impact farmers, traders and the cultural basis of the society.

Large scale projects

Solidarity involves itself in humanitarian services, mostly in tribal and backward regions of Kerala. The organisation completed a Rs 5,000,000 project for relief efforts to the victims of the harmful pesticide Endosulphan in villages in Kasargode district, north Kerala. A total of 17 new houses were built and another 17 were repaired as part of the project. More than 100 patients were given regular treatment and 244 families were provided daily food ration. 100 students were given educational aid 10 families were supported with employment schemes.

Solidarity has also constructed around 500 houses for the poor across Kerala and recently launched an initiative to provide drinking water to 50 villages in Kerala.

Noted social activists as C. Radhakrishnan, Medha Patkar, Ajit Sahi, Arundhati Roy, Sandeep Pandey, Ram Puniyani, Yvonne Ridley, Claude Alvares and Kuldip Nayar have addressed its gatherings.

## Leadership

| S.No | Period | President | General Secretary |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ( 2003–2005 ) | Dr Koottil Mohammed Ali | Abdul Hameed Vaniambalam |
| 2 | ( 2005–2007 ) | Abdul Hameed Vaniambalam | Mujeeb Rahman P |
| 3 | ( 2007–2009 ) | Mujeeb Rahman P | K A Shafeeque |
| 4 | ( 2009–2011 ) | Mujeeb Rahman P | M Sajid(09–10), P.I.Noushad(10– 11) |
| 5 | ( 2011–2013 ) | P.I. Noushad | T. Muhammed Velom |
| 6 | ( 2013 – 2015 ) | T. Muhammed Velom | Kalathil Farooq |
| 6 | ( 2015– 2017 ) | T. Shakir Velom | Sadiq Uliyil |
| 7 | (2017–2019) | P.M. Salih | Umer Alathur |
| 8 | (2019–2020) | Nahas Mala | Umer Alathur |
| 9 | (2021–2022) | Nahas Mala | Jumail P P | 10 | (2023 - ) | Suhaib C.T | Thoufeekh K.P |

## InfoBox

Solidarity Youth Movement Kerala
|
|  |
| Formation | May 13, 2003 (2003-05-13) |
| Headquarters | Hira Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala |
| President | Suhaib C T |
| General Secretary | Thoufeekh Mampad |
| Parent organisation | Jamaat-e-Islami Hind |
| Website | solidarityym.org |


title: Chima

abstract: Chima may refer to:

text:
# Chima

**Chima** may refer to:

## Entertainment

## People

### Given name

### Surname

## Places

* Chima, Santander, a town in Santander Department, Colombia
* Chimá, a town and municipality in Córdoba Department, Colombia
* Chima, Iran, or Chimeh, a village in Isfahan Province, Iran

## Other uses

* Chima (clothing), a type of traditional Korean skirt
    + Chima jeogori, a women's outfit consisting of a chima skirt and jeogori top
* Ugali, or chima, a type of corn meal in several African countries


title: Soligor

abstract: Soligor was originally the trade mark for the American Allied Impex Corporation, used from 1956 for lenses and later cameras imported from Japan. It imported cameras from Japan and also took control of companies in Japan. Among the first products was Miranda T camera and Soligor lenses. Soligor GmbH is a German manufacturer of photographic equipment, optics, video surveillance equipment, and personal electronics. Founded in Stuttgart in 1968 as A.I.C. Phototechnik GmbH by Allied Impex Corporation (USA), the company changed its official name in 1993 to match the brand name used on its optical products. Most commonly encountered products were manufactured in Japan under the Soligor brand, as well as Miranda. The company also seems to have had an association with Vivitar. The company is currently located in Leinfelden-Echterdingen, just outside Stuttgart, in Baden-Württemberg.

text:
# Soligor

**Soligor** was originally the trade mark for the American Allied Impex Corporation, used from 1956 for lenses and later cameras imported from Japan. It imported cameras from Japan and also took control of companies in Japan. Among the first products was Miranda T camera and Soligor lenses.

**Soligor GmbH** is a German manufacturer of photographic equipment, optics, video surveillance equipment, and personal electronics. Founded in Stuttgart in 1968 as **A.I.C. Phototechnik GmbH** by Allied Impex Corporation (USA), the company changed its official name in 1993 to match the brand name used on its optical products.

Most commonly encountered products were manufactured in Japan (to quite a reasonable standard-many by Tokina) under the Soligor brand, as well as Miranda (which was acquired by Allied Impex in the 1960s). The company also seems to have had an association with Vivitar (the T4 interchangeable mount, for instance).

The company is currently located in Leinfelden-Echterdingen, just outside Stuttgart, in Baden-Württemberg.

## T4 interchangeable mount

Most famously associated with Soligor, designed in the 1960s (apparently by Tokina), the T4 mount was intended to compete with Tamron's T-thread, and the later Adapt-A-Matic mounts. The idea behind these mounts was 'one lens, any mount'. A retailer, for instance, only had to keep one lens model and a few, cheap mounts, rather than many lenses in every different lens mount. It allowed automatic aperture, aperture indexing/metering facilities.

Mounts were offered in almost all popular fittings. It was superseded by the TX system, sold by Vivitar (though the T4 mount was compatible with TX lenses.) Vivitar as a brand name was owned by Ponder & Best at this time (T4 for Two).

## InfoBox

Soligor GmbH
|
|  |
|
| Formerly | A.I.C. Phototechnik GmbH (until 1993) |
| Founded | 1968 (1968) |
| Headquarters | Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
| Parent | Allied Impex Corporation (USA) |


title: Soligny-les-Étangs

abstract: Soligny-les-Étangs is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

text:
# Soligny-les-Étangs

**Soligny-les-Étangs** (French pronunciation: \[sɔliɲi le.z‿etɑ̃\]) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1962 | 160 |  |
| 1968 | 196 | +22.5% |
| 1975 | 151 | −23.0% |
| 1982 | 133 | −11.9% |
| 1990 | 146 | +9.8% |
| 1999 | 180 | +23.3% |
| 2008 | 220 | +22.2% |

## InfoBox

| Soligny-les-Étangs | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Menhir | |
| Location of Soligny-les-Étangs | |
| Soligny-les-ÉtangsSoligny-les-Étangs | |
| Coordinates: 48°24′29″N 3°30′38″E / 48.4081°N 3.5106°E / 48.4081; 3.5106 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Aube |
| Arrondissement | Nogent-sur-Seine |
| Canton | Nogent-sur-Seine |
| Intercommunality | Nogentais |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Raphaële Lanthiez |
| Area**1** | 15.94 km2 (6.15 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 251 |
| Density | 16/km2 (41/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 10370 /10400 |
| Elevation | 75 m (246 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Diversity FM

abstract:
Diversity FM was a community radio station based in Lancaster, north Lancashire, which covered the Lancaster and Morecambe district. It broadcast a mixture of live and pre-recorded shows and music 24/7 on 103.5FM and via the Internet. It launched at 11am on 9 October 2007 with the first song 'I'm on my Way' from the musical 'Paint Your Wagon'. At the start of September 2011 Diversity FM launched a new website and started to play announcements on air that a change was happening on 3 October 2011 ahead of a brief re-brand and relaunch before its eventual closure. In early March it was reported that Diversity FM was to close down at the end of the month due to problems with funding. At midnight on 31 March 2012, Diversity FM was to cease its live broadcasting. The presenters were unable to decide what to play as the last 'official' song and the broadcast was extended due to the presenters not wanting to end. Eventually, the last song was chosen and played at twenty nine minutes past midnight (00:29) on 1 April 2012, the song 'September' by Earth Wind and Fire marked the end of the station's live broadcasting and the station went into automation.
On 27 April 2012 the transmitter was turned off. The last song was followed by the last piece of audio heard on 103.5FM: a clip of Edmund Blackadder and Queen Elizabeth from the popular TV show 'Blackadder' reciting the end of a ransom note that read "hope you're not too miffed... byeeeeee". This was followed by the last post and a final jingle.

text:
# Diversity FM

**Diversity FM** was a community radio station based in Lancaster, north Lancashire, which covered the Lancaster and Morecambe district. It broadcast a mixture of live and pre-recorded shows and music 24/7 on 103.5FM and via the Internet.

It launched at 11am on 9 October 2007 with the first song 'I'm on my Way' from the musical 'Paint Your Wagon'.

At the start of September 2011 Diversity FM launched a new website and started to play announcements on air that a change was happening on 3 October 2011 ahead of a brief re-brand and relaunch before its eventual closure.

In early March it was reported that Diversity FM was to close down at the end of the month due to problems with funding. At midnight on 31 March 2012, Diversity FM was to cease its live broadcasting. The presenters (a large group of the volunteers involved with the station at the time and some previous members) were unable to decide what to play as the last 'official' song and the broadcast was extended due to the presenters not wanting to end. Eventually, the last song was chosen and played at twenty nine minutes past midnight (00:29) on 1 April 2012, the song 'September' by Earth Wind and Fire marked the end of the station's live broadcasting and the station went into automation (or 'Non-Stop Diversity' as it was branded). On 27 April 2012 the transmitter was turned off. The last song (which just happened to be 'I Try' by Macy Gray) was followed by the last piece of audio heard on 103.5FM: a clip of Edmund Blackadder and Queen Elizabeth from the popular TV show 'Blackadder' reciting the end of a ransom note that read "hope you're not too miffed... byeeeeee". This was followed by the last post and a final jingle.

## InfoBox

Diversity FM
| Broadcast area | Lancaster |
| --- | --- |
| Frequency | 103.5 MHz |
| Programming | |
| Format | Community |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | YMCA |
| History | |
| First air date | 9 October 2007 |
| Last air date | 27 April 2012 |
| Links | |
| Website | No longer active |


title: Rađevo Selo

abstract: Rađevo Selo is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 929 people.

text:
# Rađevo Selo

**Rađevo Selo** is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 929 people.

44°17′N 19°51′E / 44.283°N 19.850°E / 44.283; 19.850

## InfoBox

| Rađevo Selo | |
| --- | --- |
| Village (Selo) | |
| Rađevo Selo | |
| Coordinates: 44°17′N 19°51′E / 44.283°N 19.850°E / 44.283; 19.850 | |
| Country | Serbia |
| District | Kolubara District |
| Municipality | Valjevo |
| Population (2002) | |
| Total | 929 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Restiturm

abstract: The Restiturm, or Burgruine Resti, is a ruined castle in the municipality of Meiringen in the Swiss canton of Bern. The original castle was built in the 13th century and has been rebuilt several times. The castle is situated at the foot of the Hasliberges. The best preserved part of the castle is its tower, which still stands to this day. An examination of the castle interior reveals that the castle was constructed inside out, with the core's construction beginning in 1250. It took another 50 years before the iconic tower was completed. The castle was the seat of the Knights of Resti, vassals of the Habsburgs. The first construction was in 1250 by Peter von Resti. It overlooks the Haslital and served to control and protect the valley and the trade routes across the Grimsel Pass, Joch Pass, Susten Pass, Grosse Scheidegg and Brünig Pass. In the 16th century, the castle was abandoned and fell into disrepair. It was restored in 1914 and again in 2004. During this latter renovation, information boards, steel ladders and a terrace were added. Today, only the tower remains. It is owned by the nonprofit association Meiringen and is a listed building.

text:
# Restiturm

The **Restiturm**, or **Burgruine Resti**, is a ruined castle in the municipality of Meiringen in the Swiss canton of Bern. The original castle was built in the 13th century and has been rebuilt several times. The castle is situated at the foot of the Hasliberges. The best preserved part of the castle is its tower, which still stands to this day. An examination of the castle interior reveals that the castle was constructed inside out, with the core's construction beginning in 1250. It took another 50 years before the iconic tower was completed.

The castle was the seat of the Knights of Resti, vassals of the Habsburgs. The first construction was in 1250 by Peter von Resti. It overlooks the Haslital and served to control and protect the valley and the trade routes across the Grimsel Pass, Joch Pass, Susten Pass, Grosse Scheidegg and Brünig Pass.

In the 16th century, the castle was abandoned and fell into disrepair. It was restored in 1914 and again in 2004. During this latter renovation, information boards, steel ladders and a terrace were added. Today, only the tower remains. It is owned by the nonprofit association Meiringen and is a listed building.

## InfoBox

| Restiturm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location | Meiringen |
| Coordinates | 46°43′36.49″N 8°11′46.39″E / 46.7268028°N 8.1962194°E / 46.7268028; 8.1962194 |
| Built | 13th century |
| Governing body | Nonprofit Association |
|  | |
| Location of Restiturm in Switzerland | |


title: Desron Maloney

abstract: Desron Maloney is a West Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut on 7 November 2019, for the Windward Islands in the 2019–20 Regional Super50 tournament. He made his first-class debut on 9 January 2020, for the Windward Islands in the 2019–20 West Indies Championship.

text:
# Desron Maloney

**Desron Maloney** (born 5 May 1991) is a West Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut on 7 November 2019, for the Windward Islands in the 2019–20 Regional Super50 tournament. He made his first-class debut on 9 January 2020, for the Windward Islands in the 2019–20 West Indies Championship.

## InfoBox

Desron Maloney
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Desron Maloney |
| Born | (1991-05-05) 5 May 1991<br>Saint Vincent |
| Career statistics | |
| Competition FC LA  Matches 5 9  Runs scored 178 207  Batting average 25.42 23.00  100s/50s 0/1 0/1  Top score 83 56  Balls bowled - -  Wickets - -  Bowling average - -  5 wickets in innings - -  10 wickets in match - -  Best bowling -/- -/-  Catches/stumpings 4/– 2/– | |
|  | |
| Source: Cricinfo, 10 October 2021 | |