abstract: String instruments are capable of producing a variety of extended technique sounds. These alternative playing techniques have been used extensively since the 20th century. Particularly famous examples of string instrument extended technique can be found in the music of Krzysztof Penderecki, Witold Lutosławski, George Crumb, and Helmut Lachenmann.

text:
# Bowed string instrument extended technique

String instruments are capable of producing a variety of extended technique sounds. These alternative playing techniques have been used extensively since the 20th century. Particularly famous examples of string instrument extended technique can be found in the music of Krzysztof Penderecki (particularly his *Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima*), Witold Lutosławski, George Crumb, and Helmut Lachenmann.

## Bowing techniques

### Bowing the body of the instrument

Bowing the body of a string instrument (which can include bowing the sound box, neck, tuning pegs, or scroll) produces a quiet sound whose amplitude differs according to the place bowed, bow pressure and bow speed. At most the sound is a whisper of the bow hair moving over the wood. A good example of this technique in a musical work is Helmut Lachenmann's Toccatina, a piece written in 1986 for solo violin which uses many extended techniques.

### Bowing on the bridge

Bowing on the bridge produces two different effects depending on how it is done. If it is done while the performer is in normal playing position, the sound produced is quiet, whispery and a bit squeaky. This method could more properly be called 'bowing over the bridge', since the bow hair is usually still in contact with the strings. Sul ponticello (bowing near the bridge) is a similar, more common technique.

The other method involves the performer holding the instrument in their lap, placing the bow parallel to the instrument and firmly dragging it across the side of the bridge. In this case the sound is loud, high pitched and squeaky. An example of this playing technique can be found in Gérard Grisey's Vortex Temporum (1995). Helmut Lachenmann often uses a soft version of this technique, creating a quiet, white-noise-like sound.

### Bowing on the fingerboard

Bowing on the fingerboard (sul tasto or sulla tastiera) creates a soft thin tone. The effect is a muffled and flute-like sound (the technique is often also called flautando).

### Bowing the tailpiece

Drawing the bow across the tailpiece creates a very quiet resonant sound. Because the tailpiece is large and heavy this sound is general of a quite low pitch.

### Scratch tone

A scratch tone is produced by bowing the instrument in normal playing position, but applying very hard pressure to the bow. This produces an extremely loud and grating sound.

### Bowing behind the bridge

This fairly common extended technique involves bowing the instrument on the afterlength, the short length of string behind the bridge. The tone is very high and squeaky. 3rd bridge is a term more used on electric guitars or prepared guitars, but is the same technique. Playing the instrument at a string part behind the bridge causes the opposed part of the string to resonate. The tone is louder at harmonic relations of the bridge string length. On violins the tone can be very high, even above human hearing range. Depending on the instrument the pitch of the tones may or may not be perceived (cellos and double basses are more likely to produce recognizable pitches because of the longer length of their strings). This technique is used extensively in Krzysztof Penderecki's *Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima*. Another interesting example is found in Ferde Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite where bowing behind the bridge on a violin cadenza is used in the representation of a donkey's braying.

### Col legno

This technique uses the stick of the bow, where the player flips the bow around so the bow hair is facing up. This technique produces a faint sound.

## Plucking techniques

On string instruments plucking the strings is called pizzicato.

### Buzz pizzicato

Buzz pizzicato is created by placing a left hand finger parallel to the string and plucking the string forcefully so that the plucked string buzzes against the fingerboard. An example of this can be found at the beginning of Zhou Long's Song of the Ch’in (1982).

### Snap pizzicato

Also known as Bartók pizz, snap pizzicato is used extensively in the music of Béla Bartók. (It is commonly thought that Bartók invented the technique, but Gustav Mahler already in his Seventh Symphony was the first to direct its use.) The technique consists of plucking the string away from the fingerboard with the right hand with sufficient force to cause it to snap back and strike the fingerboard creating a snapping sound in addition to the pitch itself.

### Nail pizzicato

Nail pizzicato is another technique invented and used extensively by Bartók. To perform a nail pizzicato, the performer plucks the string with only the fingernail (in standard string performance technique the player uses the pad of the finger). The resulting sound is a bit more harsh and metallic.

## Tapping techniques

### "Silent" fingering

A performer can stop the strings with their left hand in an unusually forceful maneuver and thereby produce a percussive effect. Although quiet, the name “silent” is a misnomer and refers to the fact that the bow is often not applied when performing this effect.

### Slapping the strings

The strings can be struck with the hand or with another object to produce a loud ringing or percussive sound. The performer's right hand is often used for this which leaves the left hand free to finger pitches or dampen the strings.

### Knocking the instrument

String instruments can be tapped just about anywhere. The body of a string instrument, since it is a resonant cavity, can resound quite loudly when struck with the fingers or another object.

## Miscellaneous effects

### “Chewing”

An effect sometimes used for humorous effect by string players, “chewing” is performed by loosening the bow hair and placing the bow, bow hair side up, against the back of the instrument. The bow is then rotated causing the bow stick to pop and crunch as it goes over the coarse bow hairs. This effect, which sounds remarkably like a person chewing something crunchy, is fairly quiet and could benefit from amplification.

### Bow screw glissando

The bow can be held vertically and the screw of the bow placed firmly against a string either at the location of a fingered note or at some other point. The string can then be plucked with the right hand and the screw of the bow can be simultaneously dragged up or down the string. The effect of this is to produce a quiet rising or falling ping. This effect is used in Helmut Lachenmann's Toccatina.

## Sources

## Further reading

* Blatter, Alfred (1980). *Instrumentation/Orchestration.* New York: Schirmer Books.
* Lanzilotti, Anne (2016). *Andrew Norman's The Companion Guide to Rome: Influence of Architecture and Visual Art on Composition*. Phd Diss, Manhattan School of Music.
* Lanzilotti, Anne (25 October 2016). "Cut to a Different World: Andrew Norman". *Music & Literature*. ISSN 2165-4026.
* Read, Gardner (1969). *Music Notation.* 2nd ed. Boston: Crescendo Publishing Co.
* Turetzky, Bertram (1989). *The Contemporary Contrabass*. New and revised edition (originally published in 1976). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06381-5.
* Zukofsky, Paul (1976). "On Violin Harmonics." In *Perspectives on Notation and Performance* ed. Benjamin Boretz and Edward T. Cone (New York: Norton, 1976). Essays reprinted from issues of *Perspectives of New Music*. *Perspectives of New Music* series. ISBN 978-0-393-02190-5, 978-0-393-00809-8.


title: Botley Bridge

abstract: Botley Bridge is a road bridge across Seacourt Stream, a branch of the River Thames in Oxford, England. The bridge is on the A420 arterial road at the point where the Botley Road out of Oxford becomes West Way, west of the centre of the city. It forms the boundary of the city limits of Oxford at this point. Further west are Botley and the Oxford Ring Road. Historically, this was the boundary of Berkshire and Oxfordshire before the 1974 county boundary changes. Between Botley and Oxford there are a number of road bridges crossing various branches of the Thames, including Bulstake Bridge over Bulstake Stream and Osney Bridge over the main branch of the Thames, also on Botley Road, as well as Hythe Bridge and Pacey's Bridge over the Castle Mill Stream, next to the end of the Oxford Canal. There is an Ordnance Survey surveying benchmark on one of the piers of the bridge.

text:
# Botley Bridge

**Botley Bridge** (or **Botley Road Bridge**) is a road bridge across Seacourt Stream, a branch of the River Thames in Oxford, England.

The bridge is on the A420 arterial road at the point where the Botley Road out of Oxford becomes West Way, west of the centre of the city. It forms the boundary of the city limits of Oxford at this point. Further west are Botley and the Oxford Ring Road.

Historically, this was the boundary of Berkshire and Oxfordshire before the 1974 county boundary changes. Between Botley and Oxford there are a number of road bridges crossing various branches of the Thames, including Bulstake Bridge over Bulstake Stream and Osney Bridge over the main branch of the Thames, also on Botley Road, as well as Hythe Bridge and Pacey's Bridge over the Castle Mill Stream, next to the end of the Oxford Canal.

There is an Ordnance Survey surveying benchmark on one of the piers of the bridge.

## InfoBox

| Botley Bridge | |
| --- | --- |
| Botley Bridge over the Seacourt Stream. | |
| Coordinates | 51°45′12″N 1°17′26″W / 51.753244°N 1.290658°W / 51.753244; -1.290658 |
| Carries | A420 road |
| Crosses | Seacourt Stream |
| Locale | Oxford |
| Maintained by | Oxfordshire County Council |
| Characteristics | |
| No. of spans | 2 |
| Location | |
|  | |


title: Ruixiang Hoen O2

abstract: The Ruixiang Hoen O2 is an all-electric compact hatchback produced by the Chinese manufacturer BAIC Ruixiang.

text:
# Ruixiang Hoen O2

The **Ruixiang Hoen O2** is an all-electric compact hatchback produced by the Chinese manufacturer BAIC Ruixiang.

## Overview

The Hoen O2 was originally due to be released as the **Qingcheng Shidai VC** by Qingcheng Shidai (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd. It was first unveiled during the 2021 Guangzhou Auto Show under the brand Qingcheng Shidai (轻橙时代) with a platform called EEZI STEP 1.0 developed by Qingcheng Shidai and planned to outsource hardware manufacturing from BAIC Ruixiang.

As of December 2022, patent images from BAIC Ruixiang shows a city car called Hoen O2 is in the progress of mass production which is the production version of the original Qingcheng Shidai VC.

According to Qingcheng Shidai, the original Qingcheng Shidai VC could obtain 200 km of range within 8 minutes charging time.

## Jiangnan U2

In February 2023, news about an upcoming electric microcar by Jiangnan Automobile surfaced called the Jiangnan U2. The Jiangnan U2 vehicle body is heavily based on the Ruixiang Hoen O2, while the front and rear end designs are restyled to be produced at a lower cost.

## InfoBox

| Ruixiang Hoen O2 | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | BAIC Ruixiang |
| Also called | * Qingcheng Shidai VC * (轻橙时代VC) * Jiangnan U2 * (江南U2) |
| Production | 2023–present |
| Model years | 2023–present |
| Assembly | China |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class | City car () |
| Body style | 5-door hatchback |
| Layout | Front-engine, front-wheel-drive |
| Platform | EEZI STEP 1.0 |
| Powertrain | |
| Electric motor | * Permanent Magnet Syncronus Motor * 75 hp (76 PS; 56 kW) * 109 hp (111 PS; 81 kW) |
| Transmission | Single-speed Automatic (EV) |
| Battery | LFP |
| Range | 305 or 406 km (190 or 252 mi) |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,520 mm (99.2 in) |
| Length | 3,806 mm (149.8 in) |
| Width | 1,740 mm (68.5 in) |
| Height | 1,550 mm (61.0 in) |


title: Rudiae

abstract: Rudiae was a former human settlement in late 9th or early 8th centuries BCE. It is presently an archaeological park beside the San Pietro in Lama that runs south-west from the city of Lecce. The place was identified as the former home of the poet Ennius by the Renaissance Humanist, Antonio de Ferraris.

text:
# Rudiae

**Rudiae** (*Rusce* \['Ruʃe\] in the local dialect; Ῥοδίαι in ancient Greek) was a former human settlement in late 9th or early 8th centuries BCE. It is presently an archaeological park beside the San Pietro in Lama that runs south-west from the city of Lecce. The place was identified as the former home of the poet Ennius by the Renaissance Humanist, Antonio de Ferraris.

## Etymology

The name *Rudiae* is thought to derive from a Proto-Indo-European stem *\*roudh-io-*, meaning 'red', a possible reference to the red-coloured soil of Puglia.

## History

The ancient site of the city was first settled by the Messapians. In the late sixth century BCE it developed in importance and, even after it had been partially settled by Greeks during the period of Magna Graecia, it still retained some of its native traditions. Strabo called Rudiae a "Greek city". According to Aulus Gellius, the poet Ennius referred to the linguistic and cultural heritage given him by the city in asserting that he had "three hearts", Greek, Oscan and Latin (*Quintus Ennius tria corda habere sese dicebat, quod loqui Graece et Osce et Latine sciret*).

Rudiae is identified with the archaeological remains found in the immediate outskirts of Lecce. These comprise traces of an amphitheatre, a necropolis and two city walls built of tuff. In the past the walls were towered and defended by a ditch 4 km long. Judging by the extent of these, its entire area covered some 100 hectares, twice the size of nearby Lupiae (as Lecce was then called) in the Roman period. Later the city lost importance and by the first century CE, according to Silius Italicus, was reduced to a modest village even as its neighbour was growing in size and importance.

From the archaeological standpoint, however, Rudiae seems to have played the role of stylistic and distribution centre for funerary pottery over a considerable period. It is recognised as the most important site for both quantity and quality of such vases used in the Messapian region. Almost all local discoveries are housed in the Sigismondo Castromediano Museum in Lecce.

Part of the article is translated from the Italian Wikipedia

40°20′02″N 18°08′49″E / 40.334°N 18.147°E / 40.334; 18.147


title: Rudi van Houts

abstract: Rudolphus Antonie Cornelis “Rudi” van Houts is a Dutch former professional road cyclist and mountain biker. Van Houts finished 10th overall at the Giro del Capo in Cape Town in 2007, finishing 3:54 behind the winner. He finished 12th in the 2008 UCI World Mountain Bike Championships held in Val di Sole. Later that year he also qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he finished in 34th. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished in 17th.

text:
# Rudi van Houts

**Rudolphus Antonie Cornelis “Rudi” van Houts** (born 16 January 1984 in Luyksgestel) is a Dutch former professional road cyclist and mountain biker.

Van Houts finished 10th overall at the Giro del Capo in Cape Town in 2007, finishing 3:54 behind the winner. He finished 12th in the 2008 UCI World Mountain Bike Championships held in Val di Sole. Later that year he also qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where he finished in 34th. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished in 17th.

## Major results

2005 1st  Cross-country, European Under-23 Mountain Bike Championships 2006 2nd  Cross-country, European Under-23 Mountain Bike Championships 2007 10th Overall Giro del Capo 2009 3rd  Mixed relay, European Mountain Bike Championships 2010 1st  National Cross-country Championships 2011 1st  National Cross-country Championships

## InfoBox

Rudi van Houts
| Rudi van Houts in 2012 | |
| --- | --- |
| Personal information | |
| Full name | Rudolphus Antonie Cornelis van Houts |
| Born | (1984-01-16) 16 January 1984<br>Luyksgestel, the Netherlands |
| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) |
| Weight | 64 kg (141 lb) |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline |  |
| Role | Rider |
| Rider type | Cross-country (MTB) |
| Professional teams | |
| 2007–2008 | Discovery Channel–Marco Polo |
| 2009–2014 | Multivan–Merida Team |
| 2015–2016 | Tempo Hoppenbrouwers Veldhoven |
|  | |


title: Russula subnigricans

abstract: Russula subnigricans, known as the rank russula, or Nise-Kurohatsu (Japanese), meaning "false blackening russula" is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Russula found in East Asia.

text:
# Russula subnigricans

| *Russula subnigricans*Mycological characteristics | |
| --- | --- |
|  | **Gills** on hymenium |
|  | Cap is **convex** |
|  | Hymenium is **free** |
|  | Stipe is **bare** |
|  | Spore print is **white** |
|  | Ecology is **mycorrhizal** |
|  | Edibility is **poisonous** or **deadly** |

***Russula subnigricans***, known as the **rank russula**, or **Nise-Kurohatsu** (Japanese), meaning "false blackening russula" is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus *Russula* found in East Asia.

## Description

The flesh turns pale red when cut, but doesn't turn black unlike *Russula nigricans*.

The species was named by Japanese mycologist Tsuguo Hongo in 1955.

The name was formerly applied to the North American fungus *Russula eccentrica* in California. It has been reclassified as *Russula cantharellicola*, where it grows in association with coast live oak (*Quercus agrifolia*) trees in California oak woodland habitats.

### Toxicity

*Russula subnigricans* is a poisonous mushroom, and has been responsible for mushroom poisoning in Taiwan and Japan. The effect is a serious one, rhabdomyolysis.

The toxins responsible are the very unusual cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid (a toxic molecule consisting of only 10 atoms) and Russuphelin A (a heavily chlorinated polyphenolic).

## InfoBox

| *Russula subnigricans* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | *Russula* |
| Species: | ***R. subnigricans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Russula subnigricans***<br>Hongo (1955) | |
|


title: Russula subtilis

abstract: Russula subtilis is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Russula native to North America. Its flesh smells of parsley.

text:
# Russula subtilis

***Russula subtilis*** is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus *Russula* native to North America. Its flesh smells of parsley.

## InfoBox

| *Russula subtilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | *Russula* |
| Species: | ***R. subtilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Russula subtilis***<br>Burl. | |
|


title: Russula turci

abstract: Russula turci is a common, edible, Russula mushroom, found under pines and spruces, on sandy soil and clay.

text:
# Russula turci

***Russula turci*** is a common, edible, *Russula* mushroom, found under pines and spruces, on sandy soil and clay.

## Description

The cap is flat when young, matures to be somewhat funnel shaped, dark amethyst-violet to brownish pink. The margin is paler and noticeably matt. The cap grows up to 8 cm in diameter. The gills are cream to light ochre, rather crowded and connected at the base by cross veins. The spores are ochre. The stem is white and evenly thick. The flesh is white, and the base of the stem has a distinct smell of iodine.

## Similar species

The rare *Russula azurea* also has a purple cap and grows beneath spruces. *Russula amethystina* can hardly be distinguished from this mushroom, its blue to reddish-violet cap occasionally has pale patches and also a smell of iodine in the stem base. It can be found in coniferous mountain forests, mostly under silver fir.

### Sources

* E. Garnweidner. *Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe*. Collins. 1994.

*Russula turci* in *Index Fungorum*
*Russula turci* in MycoBank.

## InfoBox

| *Russula turci* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Russulales |
| Family: | Russulaceae |
| Genus: | *Russula* |
| Species: | ***R. turci*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Russula turci***<br>Bres. 1882 | |
|


title: Ruqaiya Hasan

abstract: Ruqaiya Hasan was a professor of linguistics who held visiting positions and taught at various universities in England. Her last appointment was at Macquarie University in Sydney, from which she retired as emeritus professor in 1994. Throughout her career she researched and published widely in the areas of verbal art, culture, context and text, text and texture, lexicogrammar and semantic variation. The latter involved the devising of extensive semantic system networks for the analysis of meaning in naturally occurring dialogues.

text:
# Ruqaiya Hasan

**Ruqaiya Hasan** (3 July 1931 – 24 June 2015) was a professor of linguistics who held visiting positions and taught at various universities in England. Her last appointment was at Macquarie University in Sydney, from which she retired as emeritus professor in 1994. Throughout her career she researched and published widely in the areas of verbal art, culture, context and text, text and texture, lexicogrammar and semantic variation. The latter involved the devising of extensive semantic system networks for the analysis of meaning in naturally occurring dialogues.

## Biography

In 1964 she completed her PhD in linguistics, also at the University of Edinburgh. The title of her thesis was 'A Linguistic Study of Contrasting Features in the Style of Two Contemporary English Prose Writers'. The writers were Angus Wilson and William Golding. She drew on Halliday's early work, in particular, his "Categories of the Theory of Grammar" paper, which had been published in 1961.

## Contributions to linguistics

Hasan worked in her career of more than 50 years in linguistics around a number of central concerns, but all have set out from a basic conviction concerning the "continuity from the living of life right down to the morpheme".

Her early PhD research began a long interest in language and verbal art. In the 1960s she worked at the Sociolinguistic Research Centre with Basil Bernstein, on issues concerning the relation of language and the distribution of forms of consciousness. This engagement spawned both her later work on semantic variation, and provided the impetus and data for her early studies of what underpins text unity—in her terms, texture and text structure. in 1976, with MAK Halliday she published what remains the most comprehensive analysis of cohesion in English. In their further co-authored book, *Language Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective*, Hasan set out the interrelationships of texture and text structure (i.e. her notion of "generic structure potential", or "GSP").

She divided linguistic theories into two categories: "externalist" and "internalist". She applied the term "externalist" to those theories where language is assigned a "subsidiary role" in the creation of meaning. In such theories, language plays no role in bringing about the existence of the thing to be understood or expressed. In the externalist approach, "language is reduced to a name device: it becomes a set of 'names' that label pre-existing things, properties, events, actions, and so on. It is a condition of naming that the phenomena should exist and be recognisable as having specific identities quite independent of the 'names' that the speakers of the language choose to give them." She urged linguists to abandon the externalist view, arguing instead for a linguistic model "that is capable of doing two seemingly disparate things at once: first, we need to show that meanings are the very artefact of language and so are internal to it; and secondly, that these linguistically created meanings nonetheless pertain to our experience of the world around us and inside us".

## Studies in context

Hasan followed but extended the model of linguistic context set out by Michael Halliday going back to the 1960s, in which he proposed that linguistic context must be seen as a "semiotic construct" with three essential parameters: field, tenor and mode. Hasan argued that context is essential to resolving Saussure's dichotomy of 'langue' and 'parole'.
Hasan made a theoretical distinction between "relevant context" \[aspects of context encapsulated in the text\], and what she called in 1973 the 'material situational setting'. 'Relevant context' she defines as "that frame of consistency which is illuminated by the language of text" and "a semiotic construct". Since relevant context is a "semiotic construct", she argued that it should be "within the descriptive orbit of linguistics". Further, since systemic functional linguistics is a social semiotic theory of language, then it is incumbent on linguists in this tradition to "throw light on this construct".

Hasan critiqued the typical application of Halliday's terms "field", "tenor" and "mode" by systemic linguists, on the basis that the terms have been applied as if their meaning and place in the theory was self-evident. She argued for the application of the system network as a mechanism for the systematic description of the regularities across diverse social contexts.

## Studies in semantic variation

While working at Macquarie University in Sydney, Hasan undertook 10 years of research into the role of everyday language in the formation of children's orientation to social context. She adopted the term semantic variation to describe her findings from this research, a term first coined by Labov and Weiner. Having proposed the concept, the authors explicitly rejected the possibility of semantic variation as a sociolinguistic concept, except as possibility a function of age.

Hasan's work was an empirical investigation of semantic variation. Her findings represent linguistic correlates of Basil Bernstein's conception of "coding orientation". Hasan collected some 100 hours of naturally occurring discourse in families across distinct social locations. She used the terms higher-autonomy professional and lower-autonomy professional to distinguish social locations, the latter describing professionals who have discretion over the way their working time is organized, as distinct from those whose time is at the discretion of others higher up in a workplace hierarchy. The findings are set out in Hasan 2009, the second volume of her collected papers. Of this work on semantic variation, Jay Lemke, adjunct professor of communication at the University of California, writes:

The results of this work were at least twofold. First, it established in great detail and with high statistical significance that across social class lines there were major differences in how mothers and young children from working class vs middle class families framed questions and answers, commands and requests, and grounds and reasons in casual conversation in normal settings. And second, it showed that the usual mode of teachers’ talk with these children was if anything an exaggerated version of the typical middle-class ways of meaning. The theoretical significance goes well beyond even these important results. Educationally, and in terms of social policy, it faces us with the truth of Basil Bernstein's hypothesis of many years ago that ways of meaning differ significantly across social class positions, and that home and school, functioning as critical settings for socialization, tend to inculcate these ways of meaning and then evaluate and classify them in ways that lead to or at least significantly support the realities of social class differentiation and hierarchization in modern societies (Bernstein, 1971). Linguistically and sociologically, Hasan argues from her data, variation in meaning making must be considered an integral if not the primary factor in our understanding of the role of language in the constitution of social structure."

## Studies in verbal art

Hasan's studies of verbal art are a linguistic extension of the Prague School, and in particular the work of Jan Mukařovský. According to Hasan, of the Prague School linguists Mukařovský has produced "the most coherent view of the nature of verbal art and its relation to language". Mukařovský argued that poetic language cannot be characterised by reference to a single property of language. The aesthetic function is instead a mode of using the properties of language. From Mukařovský, Hasan took the notion of foregrounding.

The process of foregrounding, or making salient, depends on contrast: an aspect of the text's language, or a set of textual features, can only be foregrounded against a patterning which becomes the ‘background’. This is the notion of a figure and ground relationship. Foregrounding, for Hasan, is contrast with respect to the norms of the text. However the idea of contrast is not self-evident. We need to be able to specify under what conditions a pattern in language is significant such that we consider it to be foregrounded, and, therefore, can attribute to it some of the responsibilities for conveying the text's deeper meanings.

A pattern draws attention to itself, i.e. is foregrounded, when it displays consistency. There are two aspects to this consistency: consistency in terms of its "semantic drift" (Butt 1983) and consistency in terms of its textual location. Semantic drift refers to the manner in which an ensemble of features take the reader toward “the same general kind of meaning” (Hasan, 1985a: 95). Consistency of textual location refers not to any gross notion of location, such as every other paragraph or every five lines. Rather, consistency of textual location refers to “some significant point in the organisation of the text as a unity” (ibid: 96). The process of attending to the foregrounded patterns in the text is the means by which we proceed from simple statements about the language to an explication of the ‘artness’ of the text.

Ultimately, Hasan describes the patterning of language patterns as 'symbolic articulation'. 'Symbolic articulation' is the means by which a process of "second-order semiosis" emerges, that is the process by which "one order of meaning acts as metaphor for a second order of meaning”.

## Selected works

* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1996. *Ways of Saying: Ways of Meaning*. Selected Papers of Ruqaiya Hasan, eds. C. Cloran, D. Butt & G. Williams. London: Cassell.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2005. *Language, Society and Consciousness*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 1, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2009. *Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 2, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2011. *Language and Education: Learning and Teaching in Society*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 3, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2016. *Context in the System and Process of Language*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 4, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2019. *Describing Language: Form and Function*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 5, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. 2017. *Unity in Discourse: Texture and Structure*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 6, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
* Hasan, Ruqaiya. forthcoming. *Verbal Art: A Social Semiotic Perspective*. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 7, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.

1. Cahill, Justin (22 July 2015). "Professor of linguistics, Ruqaiya Hasan, leaves widely respected intellectual legacy". *The Sydney Morning Herald*. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
2. "R.I.P Ruqaiya Hasan: A life well lived". beenasarwar. 28 June 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
3. Hasan, R (1964). "Linguistic Study of Contrasting Features in the Style of Two Contemporary English Prose Writers". hdl:1842/16409. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
4. Hasan, R. 1996. Ways of Saying, Ways of Meaning. Selected Papers of Ruqaiya Hasan. Edited by Carmel Cloran, David Butt and Geoff Williams. Cassell.
5. Hasan, R. 2009. Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics. Volume Two in the Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan. Edited by Jonathan Webster. Equinox.
6. Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
7. Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. 1985/89. Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective. Deakin University Press/OUP: Geelong/Oxford.
8. Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1988. Language in the processes of socialisation: home and school. From Language and Socialisation: Home and School – Proceedings from the Working Conference on Language in Education, edited by L Gerot, J Oldenburg and T Van Leeuwen. School of English and Linguistics, Macquarie University. Reprinted in full in Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics. Vol. 2, *Hasan Collected Papers*. Ed. Jonathan Webster. London: Equinox. p. 135
9. Hasan, Ruqaiya. 1988. Language in the processes of socialisation: home and school. From Language and Socialisation: Home and School – Proceedings from the Working Conference on Language in Education, ed. L Gerot, J Oldenburg and T Van Leeuwen. School of English and Linguistics, Macquarie University. Reprinted in full in *Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and Sociolinguistics"*. Vol. 2, *Hasan Collected Papers*. Ed. Jonathan Webster. London: Equinox. p. 136
10. Halliday, M. A. K., McIntosh, A., & Stevens, P. (2007 \[1964\]) The users and uses of language. In Webster, JJ (ed.) Language and Society. Vol. 10, *Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday*. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 5–37.
11. Hasan, R. 1973. Code, register and social dialect. In Class, Codes and Control, vol II, ed. Basil Bernstein. Routledge and Kegan Paul. Reprinted in Full in Hasan, 2005. Language Society and Consciousness. Volume 1 in the Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan. Edited by JJ Webster. London: Equinox.
12. Hasan, R. 2009. The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In M.A.K. Halliday and J.J. Webster, Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. p. 177.
13. Hasan, R. 2009. The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In M.A.K. Halliday and J.J. Webster, Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. p. 177.
14. Hasan, R. 2009. The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In M.A.K. Halliday and J.J. Webster, Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 179–80.
15. Hasan, R. 2004. Analysing Discursive Variation. In L. Young and C. Harrison (eds) Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis: Studies in Social Change. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 15–52.
16. see Weiner, E.J. and Labov, W. 1983. Constraints on agent-less passive. *Australian Journal of Linguistics* 19(1): 29–58.
17. see Weiner, E.J. and Labov, W. 1983. Constraints on agent-less passive. *Australian Journal of Linguistics* 19(1): 29–58.
18. Hasan, R. 2009. "On semantic variation". In Hasan, R. *Semantic Variation: Meaning in Society and in Sociolinguistics*. London: Equinox. p. 41.
19. Lemke, J. 2011. "Review of Semantic Variation: Meaning in society and sociolinguistics". *Linguistics and the Human Sciences*. London: Equinox. pp. 1–7.
20. Lemke, J. 2011. Review of Semantic Variation: Meaning in society and sociolinguistics. Linguistics and the Human Sciences. London: Equinox. pp1-2.
21. (Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press: 122)
22. Mukařovský J., 1977. The Word and Verbal Art. New Haven: Yale University Press.
23. Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press: 94
24. Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press
25. Hasan, R. 1985. Linguistics, language and verbal art. Geelong: Deakin University Press: 100

## InfoBox

| Ruqaiya Hasan | |
| --- | --- |
| Ruqaiya Hasan | |
| Born | (1931-07-03)3 July 1931
Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, British India |
| Died | 24 June 2015 (aged 83)
Sydney |
| Known for | Semantic variation;
context in linguistic theory;
"Symbolic articulation" |
| Spouse | Michael Halliday |


title: Rudolf Marszałek

abstract: Rudolf Marszałek SChr was a Polish priest of the Roman Catholic Church and a member of the Society of Christ. He served a chaplain during World War II, serving in the Home Army and National Armed Forces. As a member of the military arm of the Polish Underground State, he was arrested in December 1946 by the Ministry of Public Security. After spending a year in Mokotów Prison, he was sentenced to death on January 17, 1948, and executed on March 10, 1948.

text:
# Rudolf Marszałek

**Rudolf Marszałek SChr** (August 29, 1911 – March 10, 1948) was a Polish priest of the Roman Catholic Church and a member of the Society of Christ. He served a chaplain during World War II, serving in the Home Army and National Armed Forces. As a member of the military arm of the Polish Underground State, he was arrested in December 1946 by the Ministry of Public Security. After spending a year in Mokotów Prison, he was sentenced to death on January 17, 1948, and executed on March 10, 1948.

## InfoBox

| Rudolf Marszałek SChr | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Nickname(s) | "Opoka" |
| Born | August 29, 1911
Komorowice, Bielsko-Biała |
| Died | March 10, 1948(1948-03-10) (aged 36)
Warsaw |
| Buried | Unknown |
| Allegiance | National Armed Forces
Home Army |
| Rank | Captain
Chaplain |
| Unit | Poznań Army |
| Battles/wars | Siege of Warsaw (1939) |


title: Bouchoir

abstract: Bouchoir is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

text:
# Bouchoir

**Bouchoir** (French pronunciation: \[buʃwaʁ\]) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Bouchoir is situated on the D329 junction with the D934 road, some 22 miles (35 km) southwest of Amiens.

## History

The village of Bouchoir passed into German hands on 27 March 1918 but was recovered by the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade on 9 August 1918. The New British Cemetery was created just after Armistice to bury the dead from villages south of Bouchoir and the battlefields around it. It contains 763 burials from the First World War and was designed by Sir Herbert Baker.

## Population

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1968 | 295 |  |
| 1975 | 195 | −5.74% |
| 1982 | 201 | +0.43% |
| 1990 | 222 | +1.25% |
| 1999 | 226 | +0.20% |
| 2007 | 268 | +2.15% |
| 2012 | 302 | +2.42% |
| 2017 | 293 | −0.60% |
| Source: INSEE | | |

## InfoBox

| Bouchoir | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| Location of Bouchoir | |
| BouchoirBouchoir | |
| Coordinates: 49°44′57″N 2°40′28″E / 49.7492°N 2.6744°E / 49.7492; 2.6744 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Department | Somme |
| Arrondissement | Péronne |
| Canton | Moreuil |
| Intercommunality | CC Terre de Picardie |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Magali Crappier |
| Area**1** | 5.88 km2 (2.27 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 255 |
| Density | 43/km2 (110/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 80116 /80910 |
| Elevation | 96–106 m (315–348 ft)
(avg. 100 m or 330 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


abstract: The men's light welterweight event at the 1986 Asian Games took place from 25 September to 4 October 1986 at Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea. A boxer may win by knockout or by points. Scoring is on the "10-point-must," with 5 judges scoring each round. The boxer with the higher score from a majority of the judges is the winner.

text:
# Boxing at the 1986 Asian Games – Men's 63.5 kg

The men's light welterweight (63.5 kilograms) event at the 1986 Asian Games took place from 25 September to 4 October 1986 at Jamsil Students' Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea.

A boxer may win by knockout or by points. Scoring is on the "10-point-must," with 5 judges scoring each round. The boxer with the higher score from a majority of the judges is the winner.

## Schedule

All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

| Date | Time | Event |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Thursday, 25 September 1986 | 15:00 | Quarterfinals |
| Wednesday, 1 October 1986 | 15:00 | Semifinals |
| Saturday, 4 October 1986 | 15:00 | Final |

## Results

Legend * **RSCH** — Won by referee stop contest head blow

|  | Quarterfinals | |  |  | Semifinals | |  |  | Final | |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | |  |  | Manoj Bahadur Shrestha (NEP) |  |  |  | | | |
|  |  | |  |  | **Kim Ki-taek (KOR)** | **RSCH** |  | |
|  |  | |  |  |  | |  |  | **Kim Ki-taek (KOR)** | **5** |  |
|  | Manat Noiprang (THA) | 2 |  |  | |  |  | Seera Jayaram (IND) | 0 |  |
|  | **Seera Jayaram (IND)** | **3** |  |  | **Seera Jayaram (IND)** | **5** |  |  |  | |  |
|  | **Yoshiaki Takahashi (JPN)** | **4** |  |  | Yoshiaki Takahashi (JPN) | 0 |  | | ||
|  | Francisco Tamana (PHI) | 1 |  |  | | | | | ||

## InfoBox

| Men's 63.5 kg <br>at the 1986 Asian Games | |
| --- | --- |
| Venue | Jamsil Students' Gymnasium |
| Date | 25 September – 4 October 1986 |
| Competitors | 6 from 6 nations |
| Medalists | |
| South Korea  India  Nepal  Japan | |
|


title: Russell Allen (footballer)

abstract: Russell Allen is an English former footballer who played as a forward for West Bromwich Albion, Tranmere Rovers, Mansfield Town, and Boston United. He was the son of England international striker Ronnie Allen.

text:
# Russell Allen (footballer)

**Russell Allen** (born 9 January 1954) is an English former footballer who played as a forward for West Bromwich Albion, Tranmere Rovers, Mansfield Town, and Boston United.

He was the son of England international striker Ronnie Allen.

## Playing career

Allen, a former Arsenal apprentice, turned professional at West Bromwich Albion in 1971. He never played a First Division game for Don Howe's side, and was allowed to join Third Division side Tranmere Rovers in 1973, then managed by Ron Yeats. Rovers were relegated in 1974–75, but promoted straight out of the Fourth Division in 1975–76, under the stewardship of John King. Allen played 156 games for Tranmere, scoring 44 goals. He also played for Chicago Sting in the NASL.

Allen joined Mansfield Town in 1978, who had suffered relegation out of the Second Division in 1977–78. Narrowly avoiding the drop in 1978–79, the "Stags" finished four points short of safety in 1979–80, and Allen left the club after spending 1980–81 in the fourth tier. He played a total of 134 games for the club, scoring 21 goals. He moved on to Boston United of the Alliance Premier League.

## Honours

with Tranmere Rovers

## InfoBox

Russell Allen
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1954-01-09) 9 January 1954 | | |
| Place of birth | Smethwick, England | | |
| Position(s) | Forward | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Arsenal | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1971–1973 | West Bromwich Albion | 0 | (0) |
| 1973–1978 | Tranmere Rovers | 156 | (44) |
| 1975 | Chicago Sting (loan) | 16 | (4) |
| 1978–1981 | Mansfield Town | 116 | (18) |
|  | Boston United |  |  |
| Total |  | **286** | **(66)** |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Boy Meets Girls

abstract: Boy Meets Girls was a UK popular music TV show which was launched in September 1959 replacing the earlier show Oh Boy!. The show was presented and produced by Jack Good. Marty Wilde was the principal resident male artist and The Vernons Girls were the female residents. Joe Brown made regular appearances. Other artists appearing included Terry Dene, Freddy Cannon, Little Tony & His Brothers, Adam Faith and Cliff Richard. The director was Rita Gillespie for ABC Weekend TV, part of the ITV network. The programme ended in 1960; all 26 episodes were subsequently wiped, and none survive in ITV's archive as of 2020.

text:
# Boy Meets Girls

***Boy Meets Girls*** was a UK popular music TV show which was launched in September 1959 replacing the earlier show *Oh Boy!*.

The show was presented and produced by Jack Good. Marty Wilde was the principal resident male artist and The Vernons Girls were the female residents. Joe Brown made regular appearances. Other artists appearing included Terry Dene, Freddy Cannon, Little Tony & His Brothers, Adam Faith and Cliff Richard.

The director was Rita Gillespie for ABC Weekend TV, part of the ITV network.

The programme ended in 1960; all 26 episodes were subsequently wiped, and none survive in ITV's archive as of 2020.

## InfoBox

| *Boy Meets Girls* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | Marty Wilde ("Boy") meets The Vernons Girls |
| Country of origin | United Kingdom |
| Original language | English |
| Production | |
| Producer | Jack Good |
| Production locations | Didsbury Studios, Manchester |
| Production company | ABC |
| Original release | |
| Network | ITV |
| Release | 12 September 1959 (1959-09-12) <br>26 February 1960 (1960-02-26) |
| Related | |
|  | |


title: Boys on Film

abstract: Boys on Film is a Peccadillo Pictures DVD series of compilations of independent LGBT-themed shorts.

text:
# Boys on Film

***Boys on Film*** is a Peccadillo Pictures DVD series of compilations of independent LGBT-themed shorts.

## Chronology DVD

* 2009: *Boys on Film 1: Hard Love*
* 2009: *Boys on Film 2: In Too Deep*
* 2009: *Boys on Film 3: American Boy*
* 2010: *Boys on Film 4: Protect Me From What I Want*
* 2010: *Boys on Film 5: Candy Boy*
* 2011: *Boys on Film 6: Pacific Rim*
* 2011: *Boys on Film: Bad Romance*
* 2012: *Boys on Film 8: Cruel Britannia*
* 2013: *Boys on Film 9: Youth in Trouble*
* 2013: *Boys on Film X*
* 2014: *Boys on Film 11: We Are Animals*
* 2014: *Boys on Film 12: Confession*
* 2015: *Boys on Film 13: Trick & Treat*
* 2016: *Boys on Film 14: Worlds Collide*
* 2016: *Boys on Film 15: Time & Tied*
* 2017: *Boys on Film 16: Possession*
* 2017: *Boys on Film 17: Love is the Drug*
* 2018: *Boys on Film 18: Heroes*
* 2019: *Boys on Film 19: No Ordinary Boy*
* 2020: *Boys on Film 20: Heaven Can Wait*
* 2021: *Boys on Film 21: Beautiful Secret*
* 2022: *Boys on Film 22: Love to Love You*
* 2023: *Boys on Film 23: Dangerous To Know*
* 2024: *Boys on Film 24: Happy Endings*

## Noteworthy films

Noteworthy films distributed as part of the series have included:


title: Ruth Elaine Younger

abstract: Ruth Elaine Younger was an Anglican nun and the founder of the Community of the Holy Spirit. She was a member of the Sisterhood of St. John the Divine from 1922 to 1952, when she founded the Community of the Holy Spirit. She held the office of Reverend Mother of the community until 1976. Mother Ruth founded St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School in 1950. She received her B.A. with honors in natural science from St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto, her M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University.

text:
# Ruth Elaine Younger

**Ruth Elaine Younger (Mother Ruth)** (October 1, 1897 - December 22, 1986) was an Anglican nun and the founder of the Community of the Holy Spirit. She was a member of the Sisterhood of St. John the Divine from 1922 to 1952, when she founded the Community of the Holy Spirit. She held the office of Reverend Mother of the community until 1976. Mother Ruth founded St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School in 1950.

She received her B.A. with honors in natural science from St. Hilda's College, University of Toronto, her M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University.

## Works

* *Religious Teaching Related to Attitudes and Conduct in Episcopal Parish Schools, Diocese of New York: A Study of the Present Curricular Practices in the Area of Religious Beliefs and Moral and Spiritual Values, in Relation to the Attitudes and Conduct of Children in Selected Episcopal Parish Day Schools in the Diocese of New York* (Teachers College, Columbia University dissertation, 1952)
* *In Wisdom Thou Hast Made Them* (Adams, Bannister and Cox, 1986)


title: Ruth Eleanor Newton

abstract: Ruth Eleanor Newton was an American illustrator and doll designer.

text:
# Ruth Eleanor Newton

**Ruth Eleanor Newton** (March 6, 1884 – May 27, 1972) was an American illustrator and doll designer.

## Early life and education

Newton was born in Erie, Pennsylvania. She began studying art as a student at Erie High School and took additional classes at the Catlin School of Art, where owner and instructor Lovisa Card-Catlin assisted her in obtaining a scholarship to the Philadelphia School of Fine Art in 1902. In 1906, while studying in Philadelphia, Newton won a prize for best illustrations leading to her first book, *The Old Schloss*, by author Margaret L. Corlies. This publication was followed by two more children's books, *The Castle of Grumpy Grouch*, by Wary Dickerson Donahey, in 1908 and *Songs of a Little Child's Day*, by Emilie Poulsson and Eleanor Smith in 1910.

## Career

Following her study in Philadelphia, Newton became a free-lance artist based in Boston, producing greeting cards for companies such as the Rust-Craft Corporation and advertisements for the Ivory Soap Company and others. After briefly returning to Erie, Newton moved to Greenwich Village in New York City, where she established her studio and spent the next thirty-eight years as an illustrator and designer.

During the 1920s, the Whitman Publishing Company offered Newton a contract to illustrate children's books. Over the next twenty years, she illustrated over 40 titles for Whitman, including *The Night Before Christmas*, *Mother Goose*, *Kittens and Puppies*, and *Peter Rabbit*. In the late 1940s, Newton began designing dolls, including one called "Amosandra", in 1949 in conjunction with the "Amos and Andy" radio show. She went on to design nearly 30 other dolls, but none which created the excitement of "Amosandra".

## Retirement and death

Newton continued producing art until her retirement in 1968 at which point she returned to Erie. After a bad fall in 1969, she required full-time nursing care and lived the remainder of her years in the Rondale Nursing Home. She died on May 27, 1972.

## InfoBox

| Ruth Eleanor Newton | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1884-03-06)March 6, 1884 |
| Died | May 25, 1972(1972-05-25) (aged 88) |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Illustration |


title: Ruth Ellen Berkeley

abstract: Ruth Ellen Berkeley was an English mycologist, collector of fungi specimens and scientific botanical illustrator. She is known for her specimen collections as well as her illustrations of British fungi particularly in Mordecai Cubitt Cooke's book Illustrations of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes). Her father, the mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley, named a fungal species Agaricus ruthae in her honour.

text:
# Ruth Ellen Berkeley

**Ruth Ellen Berkeley** (bapt. 1 October 1845 – 16 June 1914) was an English mycologist, collector of fungi specimens and scientific botanical illustrator. She is known for her specimen collections as well as her illustrations of British fungi particularly in Mordecai Cubitt Cooke's book *Illustrations of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes)*. Her father, the mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley, named a fungal species *Agaricus ruthae* (now known as *Pleurotus ruthae*) in her honour.

## InfoBox

| Ruth Ellen Berkeley | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1845
King's Cliffe, Northamptonshire |
| Died | 16 June 1914 (aged 68)
Devon, England |
| Nationality | English |
| Known for | botanical illustration |


title: Bragg City, Missouri

abstract: Bragg City is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States. The population was 72 at the 2020 census.

text:
# Bragg City, Missouri

**Bragg City** is a city in Pemiscot County, Missouri, United States. The population was 72 at the 2020 census.

## History

Bragg City was originally named Owl City, and under the latter name was laid out in 1894 when the railroad was extended to that point. Another early variant name was "Clayroot". A post office called Clayroot was established in 1911, and the name was changed to Bragg City in 1917. The present name honors W. G. Bragg, the original owner of the site.

## Geography

Bragg City is situated in western Pemiscot County, northeast of Kennett. State Route K traverses Bragg City, connecting it with Pascola to the east. State Route A runs through the northwestern part of Bragg City, connecting it with Wardell to the northeast and U.S. Route 412 to the southwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.20 square miles (0.52 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 402 |  |  |
| 1930 | 205 |  | −49.0% |
| 1940 | 318 |  | 55.1% |
| 1950 | 294 |  | −7.5% |
| 1960 | 274 |  | −6.8% |
| 1970 | 210 |  | −23.4% |
| 1980 | 200 |  | −4.8% |
| 1990 | 117 |  | −41.5% |
| 2000 | 189 |  | 61.5% |
| 2010 | 149 |  | −21.2% |
| 2020 | 72 |  | −51.7% |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

### 2010 census

At the 2010 census, there were 149 people, 53 households, and 32 families living in the city. The population density was 745.0 per square mile (287.6/km2). There were 61 housing units at an average density of 305.0 per square mile (117.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.92% White, 4.03% Black or African American, 2.01% Native American, 3.36% Asian, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67% of the population.

There were 53 households, of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.8% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.6% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.59.

The median age was 35.8 years. 32.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.0% male and 49.0% female.

### 2000 census

At the 2000 census, there were 189 people, 69 households and 56 families living in the town. The population density was 923.5 inhabitants per square mile (356.6/km2). There were 76 housing units at an average density of 371.3 per square mile (143.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.01% White, 5.29% African American, 1.06% Native American, 0.53% from other races, and 2.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.70% of the population.

There were 69 households, of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.4% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.00.

28.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 15.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

The median household income was $26,042 and the median family income was $26,042. Males had a median income of $28,750 females $17,917. The per capita income was $12,214. About 20.5% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.8% of those 65 or over.

## InfoBox

| Bragg City, Missouri | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| Bragg City | |
| Location of Bragg City, Missouri | |
| Coordinates: 36°16′05″N 89°54′41″W / 36.26806°N 89.91139°W / 36.26806; -89.91139 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Missouri |
| County | Pemiscot |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.20 sq mi (0.53 km2) |
| Land | 0.20 sq mi (0.53 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 259 ft (79 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 72 |
| Density | 352.94/sq mi (136.04/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central (CST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| ZIP code | 63827 |
| Area code | 573 |
| FIPS code | 29-07876 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2396600 |


title: Ryan Johnson (ice hockey, born 1976)

abstract: Ryan M. Johnson is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He currently works as assistant general manager for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and as the general manager for their American Hockey League (AHL) development team, the Abbotsford Canucks.

text:
# Ryan Johnson (ice hockey, born 1976)

**Ryan M. Johnson** (born June 14, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He currently works as assistant general manager for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and as the general manager for their American Hockey League (AHL) development team, the Abbotsford Canucks.

## Playing career

### Florida Panthers and Lightning (1997–2003)

Johnson was drafted by the Florida Panthers in the second round, 36th overall, of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He subsequently played two seasons of college hockey with the University of North Dakota. He scored 19 points in 21 games, splitting the 1995–96 season with the Canadian national team.

In his first three seasons with the Panthers, Johnson played with Florida's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliates, the Carolina Monarchs and the Beast of New Haven. In 1999–2000, he earned a full-time roster spot with the Panthers, but was traded during that season to the Tampa Bay Lightning with Dwayne Hay in exchange for Mike Sillinger on March 14, 2000.

Johnson spent one full season with the Lightning, scoring 21 points in 2000–01. On July 10, 2001, he was traded back to the Panthers with a sixth-round draft pick (later traded back to Tampa Bay) in 2003 in exchange for Václav Prospal. However, he missed the majority of his first season back in Florida from a head injury suffered on December 22, 2001, against the St. Louis Blues.

### St. Louis Blues (2003–2008)

Near the trade deadline of the next season, he was placed on waivers and acquired by the St. Louis Blues on February 19, 2003. Johnson spent four full seasons with the Blues, playing with the Missouri River Otters of the United Hockey League (UHL) during the 2004–05 NHL lockout. After posting 18 points and leading all forwards in the league in shot blocks with 105 in 2007–08, Johnson became an unrestricted free agent in the off-season; he signed a two-year, $2.3 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks.

### Vancouver Canucks (2008–2010)

Playing his first season in Vancouver, Johnson broke a finger on his right hand while blocking a shot in November against the Minnesota Wild. He played with the injury for two games before being pulled from the lineup. It was then revealed that Johnson had also suffered a broken bone in his left foot in the third game of the season, which he had played through for six weeks. After missing 20 games, Johnson returned to the lineup on January 9, 2009, despite still feeling considerable pain in his fractured finger. After completing his first season in Vancouver with 2 goals and 9 points in 62 games, it was revealed that off-season surgery was required for the injured finger.

Nearly a month into the 2009–10 season, Johnson was involved in a head-first collision into the end boards in a game against the Detroit Red Wings on October 27, 2009. After chipping the puck into the offensive zone, Johnson lost his balance trying to skate around Detroit defenceman Nicklas Lidström and slid heavily into the boards with his shoulder and neck. He was taken off the ice in a stretcher after laying motionless on the ice for several moments. After missing five games with a concussion, he was later sidelined for 12 games in January 2010 with a broken foot. He played through lingering injuries on both feet until suffering another broken foot while blocking a shot in early April, limiting him to 58 games.

### Chicago Blackhawks (2010–2011)

After not receiving a contract extension from the Canucks, Johnson became an unrestricted free agent. Unsigned to start the 2010–11 season, he was given a professional tryout with the Chicago Blackhawks' AHL affiliate, the Rockford Icehogs, in December 2010. He played one game for the Icehogs before signing a one-year deal with the Blackhawks. Immediately recalled after the deal, Johnson played his first game with the Blackhawks in a 4–1 win over the Detroit Red Wings on December 17, 2010. He played 34 games for the Blackhawks in 2010–11 with one goal, five assists and six points while playing on the Hawks' fourth line with Tomáš Kopecký and Viktor Stålberg. Johnson scored one goal and four assists for five points in six playoff games in the Blackhawks first round exit in seven games to Johnson's former team, the Presidents' Trophy-winning Vancouver Canucks.

## Personal life

Johnson was born to Jim and Judy Johnson in Thunder Bay, Ontario, on June 14, 1976. He has a sister, Sarah, and two older brothers: Greg, who played with the Detroit Red Wings, Pittsburgh Penguins, Chicago Blackhawks, and Nashville Predators; and Corey. After his father lost a battle with cancer on June 7, 2008, at age 63, Johnson completed a 42.2-kilometre marathon the following year on June 20, 2009, in Duluth, Minnesota, as a tribute. He finished the run in just under four hours at three hours, 59 minutes and 52 seconds.

## Career statistics

### Regular season and playoffs

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1992–93 | Thunder Bay Kings AAA | Midget | | 60 | 25 | 33 | 58 |  | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1993–94 | Thunder Bay Flyers | USHL | | 48 | 14 | 36 | 50 | 28 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1994–95 | University of North Dakota | WCHA | | 38 | 6 | 22 | 28 | 39 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1995–96 | Canadian National Team | Intl | | 28 | 5 | 12 | 17 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1995–96 | University of North Dakota | WCHA | | 21 | 2 | 17 | 19 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1996–97 | Carolina Monarchs | AHL | | 78 | 18 | 24 | 42 | 28 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1997–98 | Beast of New Haven | AHL | | 64 | 19 | 48 | 67 | 12 | | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1997–98 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 10 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | Beast of New Haven | AHL | | 37 | 8 | 19 | 27 | 18 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1998–99 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 66 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 14 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 1999–00 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 14 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2000–01 | Tampa Bay Lightning | NHL | | 80 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 44 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2001–02 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 29 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 10 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | Florida Panthers | NHL | | 58 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 26 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2002–03 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | | 6 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2003–04 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 69 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 8 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2004–05 | Missouri River Otters | UHL | | 29 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 12 | | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 |
| 2005–06 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 65 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 33 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2006–07 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 59 | 7 | 4 | 11 | 47 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2007–08 | St. Louis Blues | NHL | | 79 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 22 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2008–09 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 62 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 12 | | 10 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 2009–10 | Vancouver Canucks | NHL | | 58 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 12 | | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2010–11 | Rockford IceHogs | AHL | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2010–11 | Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | | 34 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 8 | | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| NHL totals | | | | 701 | 38 | 84 | 122 | 250 | | 29 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 12 |

## InfoBox

| Ryan Johnson | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Johnson with the Vancouver Canucks in January 2009 | | | |
| Born | (1976-06-14) June 14, 1976
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada | | |
| Height | 6 ft 1 in (185 cm) | | |
| Weight | 199 lb (90 kg; 14 st 3 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shot | Left | | |
| Played for | Florida Panthers
Tampa Bay Lightning
St. Louis Blues
Vancouver Canucks
Chicago Blackhawks | | |
| NHL draft | 36th overall, 1994
Florida Panthers | | |
| Playing career | 19962011 | | |


title: Ruth Kempe

abstract: Ruth Kempe was an American pediatrician and child psychiatrist. She spent most of her career doing clinical research on child abuse and co-founded The Kempe Center in 1972.

text:
# Ruth Kempe

**Ruth Kempe** (October 11, 1921 – July 24, 2009) was an American pediatrician and child psychiatrist. She spent most of her career doing clinical research on child abuse and co-founded The Kempe Center in 1972.

## Biography

Ruth Irene Svibergson was born on October 11, 1921, in Norwood, Massachusetts, to Emil and Aina Svibergson. She studied at Radcliffe College and Yale School of Medicine. After meeting C. Henry Kempe during her pediatrics residency at Yale New Haven Hospital, the couple married in 1948.

Kempe served on the faculty at University of Colorado School of Medicine beginning in 1961, first as an assistant clinical professor of pediatrics, and later as an assistant professor of psychiatry and pediatrics. She spent most of her career doing clinical research on child abuse and co-founded The Kempe Center in 1972.

## Published works

* *Healthy Babies, Happy Parents* (coauthor, 1958)
* *The Battered Child* (coauthor, 1968)
* *Child Abuse* (coauthor, 1978)
* *The Common Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescents* (coauthor, 1984)


title: Brageneset

abstract: Brageneset is an island at Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. It is located at the mouth of Wahlenbergfjorden. The ice cap Vestfonna has the glacier arm Bragebreen which debouches east of Brageneset, and another glacier arm, Gimlebreen debouches into Hinlopen Strait north of Brageneset. Brageneset was believed to be a headland until the summer of 2019, when the ice cap retreated far enough to reveal that it is actually an island.

text:
# Brageneset

**Brageneset** is an island at Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. It is located at the mouth of Wahlenbergfjorden. The ice cap Vestfonna has the glacier arm Bragebreen which debouches east of Brageneset, and another glacier arm, Gimlebreen debouches into Hinlopen Strait north of Brageneset.

Brageneset was believed to be a headland until the summer of 2019, when the ice cap retreated far enough to reveal that it is actually an island.

## InfoBox

Brageneset
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Geography | |
| Location | Wahlenbergfjorden |
| Coordinates | 79°42′N 18°48′E / 79.7°N 18.8°E / 79.7; 18.8 |
| Area | 10 km2 (3.9 sq mi) |
| Highest point | 52 m |
| Administration | |
| **Norway** | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 0 |


title: Ruscus hypoglossum

abstract: Ruscus hypoglossum is a small evergreen shrub with a native range from Italy north to Austria and Slovakia and east to Turkey and Crimea. Common names include spineless butcher's-broom, mouse thorn and horse tongue lily. The species name comes from two Greek words ὑπό (hypo) and γλῶσσα (glōssa) meaning under and tongue.

text:
# Ruscus hypoglossum

***Ruscus hypoglossum*** is a small evergreen shrub with a native range from Italy north to Austria and Slovakia and east to Turkey and Crimea. Common names include **spineless butcher's-broom**, **mouse thorn** and **horse tongue lily**. The species name comes from two Greek words ὑπό (*hypo*) and γλῶσσα (*glōssa*) meaning *under* and *tongue*.

## Description

The mature plant shrub will eventually reach about 46 cm (18 in) in height. It has a creeping rootstock and leaf-like phylloclades or flattened stems that are about 8 cm (3 in) long to 4 cm (1+12 in) wide tapering at both ends. True leaves are smaller green appendages around the flowers. Small yellow flowers bloom in the axil of a leaf-like bract 2.5–3.8 cm (1–1.5 in) long on upper side of phylloclade. Plants are dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Fruit is a rarely produced red globose berry 0.6 to 1.3 cm (0.25 to 0.5 in) wide.

## Etymology

*Ruscus* is derived from an old Latin name for prickly plants.

The specific epithet *hypoglossum* is derived from Greek and means 'sheathed beneath' or 'below-a-tongue'. The name is in reference to the cladodes of this species, which extend beneath the flowers.

## InfoBox

| *Ruscus hypoglossum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Asparagaceae |
| Subfamily: | Nolinoideae |
| Genus: | *Ruscus* |
| Species: | ***R. hypoglossum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ruscus hypoglossum***<br>L. | |
|


title: Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv

abstract: The Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv is the central state archive for the State (Land) of Brandenburg. It is located in Potsdam. Records cover the Land of Brandenburg and its predecessors, back to the 10th century.

text:
# Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv

The **Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv** (Brandenburgian State Main Archive; acronym BLHA) is the central state archive for the State (Land) of Brandenburg. It is located in Potsdam.

Records cover the Land of Brandenburg and its predecessors, back to the 10th century.

## History

It was founded as the Brandenburgian Provincial Archive (Brandenburgisches Provinzialarchiv) in 1883. The then Province of Brandenburg was the only Prussian province without a provincial archive, since the Prussian Privy State Archives fulfilled the task of archivation for Brandenburg, being the core province of Prussia. The provincial archive was renamed as *State Archive for the Province of Brandenburg and the Reich Capital Berlin* (Staatsarchiv für die Provinz Brandenburg und die Reichshauptstadt Berlin) in 1931, reflecting the fact, that formerly Brandenburgian Berlin formed as Greater Berlin a province-like political and territorial entity separate of Brandenburg.

On 21 June 1949 Brandenburg's minister of the interior, Bruno Lentzsch, again renamed the archive as the *State Archive of Brandenburg* (Landesarchiv Brandenburg), with divided Berlin running separate archives. The archive received its current name in 1951, however after the dissolution of the State of Brandenburg in 1952, along with all the states in East Germany, the term Brandenburg was skipped from its name to *Potsdam State Archive* (Staatsarchiv Potsdam) for the years 1965 to 1991, since being known again as the BLHA. Since the Archive's premises in the Orangery Palace were too small, the holdings were sparsed over several other places too, until they were all united in the Archive's new building in the quarter of Golm, opening on 1 March 2016 its gates to the users.

52°24′50″N 12°58′15″E / 52.4138°N 12.9707°E / 52.4138; 12.9707


abstract: The Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt or BSOF is a symphony orchestra based in Frankfurt (Oder) in Germany. It is the orchestra of the state of Brandenburg. From 2007 to 2019 its leader has been Howard Griffiths. Since 2019 the orchestra is under the leadership of Jörg-Peter Weigle.

text:
# Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt (Oder)

The **Brandenburgisches Staatsorchester Frankfurt** or *BSOF* is a symphony orchestra based in Frankfurt (Oder) in Germany. It is the orchestra of the state of Brandenburg. From 2007 to 2019 its leader has been Howard Griffiths. Since 2019 the orchestra is under the leadership of Jörg-Peter Weigle.

## History

It was founded in 1842 and gave its first public appearance on 1 November that year at the opening of the Frankfurter Stadttheater (designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and built by Emil Flaminius at 22 Wilhelmsplatz), performing Albert Lortzing's Zar und Zimmermann. In 1871 the Philharmonischer Verein was founded, organizing three concerts a year as well as choral concerts at the Singakademie, before dissolving itself in 1895.

The theatre was destroyed during the Second World War and its ensemble and the orchestra both moved to the Musiklandheim, built in 1928-1929 by Otto Bartning \- in 1952 it was renamed the Kleist-Theater. Some of the theatre's musicians founded the separate Frankfurter Kulturorchester in 1953, which was renamed the Philharmonische Orchester Frankfurt (Oder) in 1971. The orchestra made its first appearance at the Choriner Musiksommer in 1973.

## List of leaders

* 1971–1982 Wolfgang Bothe
* 1982–1986 Heinz Struve
* 1986–1989 Andreas Wilhelm
* 1990–2000 Nikos Athineos
* 2001–2007 Heribert Beissel
* 2007–present Howard Griffiths

## Recordings

## Education work


title: Bradner, Abbotsford

abstract: Bradner is a community within the City of Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, located in a rural northwest region of that city which also includes Mount Lehman. Bradner occupies a height of land above the Fraser River, immediately across which is the community of Silverdale, a part of the District of Mission, and Ruskin, on the border between Mission and Maple Ridge. On the floodplain below to the west is the Langley rural neighbourhood of Glen Valley, while on the floodplain to the east, which is called Matsqui Prairie, the nearest Abbotsford neighbourhood is Matsqui Village. Bradner was formerly part of the District of Matsqui, which in 1995 was amalgamated into the City of Abbotsford. Bradner was named after Thomas Bradner, a settler in the area who homesteaded there in 1895. A Bradner Post Office was designated in 1912 and Bradner was a station on the British Columbia Electric Railway interurban line from New Westminster to Chilliwack after the expansion in 1910. Bradner is near-totally agricultural in nature, and is noted for its annual show of blooms, as the crops in the area are largely floral, particularly daffodils, a legacy of the many farmers of Dutch extraction who helped found that area's agricultural industry. In 1928, Mr. Fenwick Fatkin, a recent settler from Vancouver, wanted other local growers to showcase their daffodils and this became the humble beginnings of the famous annual Flower Show. In the beginning, only 10 types of daffodils were displayed. Today, there are over four hundred, some of which are still of a Fatkin variety. Another notable celebration in the Bradner community is the annual May Day parade. Every year, a sixth grade student is selected to become the May Queen. In 2009, the first May King was elected. Hunter was the first May King to be elected in 2009. This raised much controversy in the community, as tradition was not being followed. Bradner also has a local, monthly newspaper. The Bradner Barker is distributed every month during the months school is in session. It often features work submitted by students at Bradner Elementary.

text:
# Bradner, Abbotsford

**Bradner** is a community within the City of Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, located in a rural northwest region of that city which also includes Mount Lehman. Bradner occupies a height of land above the Fraser River, immediately across which is the community of Silverdale, a part of the District of Mission, and Ruskin, on the border between Mission and Maple Ridge. On the floodplain below to the west is the Langley rural neighbourhood of Glen Valley, while on the floodplain to the east, which is called Matsqui Prairie, the nearest Abbotsford neighbourhood is Matsqui Village. Bradner was formerly part of the District of Matsqui, which in 1995 was amalgamated into the City of Abbotsford.

Bradner was named after Thomas Bradner, a settler in the area who homesteaded there in 1895. A Bradner Post Office was designated in 1912 and Bradner was a station on the British Columbia Electric Railway interurban line from New Westminster to Chilliwack after the expansion in 1910. Bradner is near-totally agricultural in nature, and is noted for its annual show of blooms, as the crops in the area are largely floral, particularly daffodils, a legacy of the many farmers of Dutch extraction who helped found that area's agricultural industry.

In 1928, Mr. Fenwick Fatkin, a recent settler from Vancouver, wanted other local growers to showcase their daffodils and this became the humble beginnings of the famous annual Flower Show. In the beginning, only 10 types of daffodils were displayed. Today, there are over four hundred, some of which are still of a Fatkin variety.

Another notable celebration in the Bradner community is the annual May Day parade. Every year, a sixth grade student is selected to become the May Queen. In 2009, the first May King was elected. Hunter was the first May King to be elected in 2009. This raised much controversy in the community, as tradition was not being followed.

Bradner also has a local, monthly newspaper. The Bradner Barker is distributed every month during the months school is in session. It often features work submitted by students at Bradner Elementary.

49°06′00″N 122°25′00″W / 49.10000°N 122.41667°W / 49.10000; -122.41667


title: Ruth Reid

abstract: Ruth Reid is an author of romance fiction.

text:
# Ruth Reid

**Ruth Reid** is an author of romance fiction.

## Biography

Reid grew up in Michigan and attended Ferris State University School of Pharmacy.

Reid is a *Publishers Weekly*-bestselling author. She writes Amish romance fiction. Her novel *Abiding Mercy* (Thomas Nelson, 2017) received a starred review from *Library Journal*.

Reid lives in Florida.

## Selected works

* *The Promise of an Angel*. Thomas Nelson, 2011.
* *A Woodland Miracle*. Thomas Nelson, 2017.
* *Abiding Mercy*. Thomas Nelson, 2017.
* *Steadfast Mary*. Thomas Nelson, 2020.

### With others

* *An Amish Christmas Gift: Three Novellas*. Thomas Nelson, 2015.
* *An Amish Christmas Love: Four Novellas*. Thomas Nelson, 2017.
* *An Amish Home*. Thomas Nelson, 2017.


title: Ruth Reinhardt

abstract: Ruth Reinhardt is a German conductor.

text:
# Ruth Reinhardt

**Ruth Reinhardt** (born 1988, Saarbrücken) is a German conductor.

## Biography

Born into a family of medical doctors, Reinhardt received her early education in the Altenkessel district of Saarbrücken. She studied the violin and oboe as a youth, and also sang in the children's choir of the Saarland State Theater. She played in several youth orchestras, and also played chamber music in a string quartet from age 12. At age 15, whilst in a music workshop in France as an oboist in a youth orchestra, she began to develop an interest in conducting.

At age 17, Reinhardt composed a children's opera based on the book *Das kleine Gespenst* by Otfried Preußler. Reinhardt conducted the opera at the Alte Feuerwache of the Theater Saarbrücken.

Reinhardt continued her musical education at the Zurich University of the Arts (*Zürcher Hochschule der Künste*), where her violin teachers included Rudolf Koelman. She also studied conducting with Constantin Trinks and Johannes Schlaefl. Her conducting work in Zurich included conducting the premieres of two chamber operas for children, *The Little Mermaid* by Michal Muggli and *Wassilissa* by Dennis Bäsecke. Additional music studies followed at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig. She subsequently received a scholarship to the Juilliard School, where her conducting teachers included Alan Gilbert and James Ross.

In the US, Reinhardt was a conducting fellow with the Seattle Symphony for the 2015–2016 season. She was assistant conductor of the Dallas Symphony Orchestra from 2016 to 2018. For the 2017–2018 season, she was also a Dudamel Fellow at the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

In February 2023, Reinhardt made her first guest-conducting appearance with the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra (RI Philharmonic). She returned for a second guest-conducting appearance with the RI Philharmonic in January 2024. In June 2024, the RI Philharmonic announced the appointment of Reinhardt as its next music director, effective with the 2025–2026 season. She took the title of music director-designate with immediate effect. This appointment marks Reinhardt's first leadership post. Reinhardt is the second titled female conductor in the orchestra's history, and the first female conductor to be named music director of the Rhode Island Philharmonic.


title: Bragi Boddason

abstract: Bragi Boddason, known as Bragi the Old was a Norwegian skald active in the first half of the 9th century, the earliest known skald from whom verses have survived. Portions of his Ragnarsdrápa are preserved in Snorri Sturluson's Edda.

text:
# Bragi Boddason

**Bragi Boddason**, known as **Bragi the Old** (Old Norse: *Bragi hinn gamli*) was a Norwegian skald active in the first half of the 9th century, the earliest known skald from whom verses have survived. Portions of his *Ragnarsdrápa* are preserved in Snorri Sturluson's *Edda*.

## Life and career

Bragi is known as "the Old" to distinguish him from a 12th-century skald, Bragi Hallsson. He was a member of a prominent family in southwestern Norway; according to *Landnámabók*, he married Lopthœna, the daughter of Erpr lútandi, another skald, and among their descendants was the early 11th-century skald Gunnlaugr ormstunga. *Skáldatal* lists him as a court poet to three kings, Ragnarr Loðbrók, Eysteinn Beli, and Bjǫrn at haugi, which has led to his life being dated to the 9th century, usually to the first half of that century. However, the dating of the reigns of all but King Bjǫrn in Sweden suggest a later date, and some including Guðbrandur Vigfússon have preferred dates of 835–900. *Landnámabók* also reports that when visiting Ljúfvina, the wife of king Hjǫrr of Hǫrðaland, he perceived that she had substituted the fair-skinned son of a thrall woman for her dark-skinned twin sons Geirmundr and Hámundr and persuaded her to reinstate her own sons. This story and the story of his confronting a troll-woman, are probably legends.

Bragi has the same name as the god Bragi, which has led some to doubt his historicity, but there are enough mentions of him to attest to his having lived, so that it is likely he was deified and gave his name to the god. He has been credited with inventing the *dróttkvætt* meter characteristic of skaldic poetry, possibly under the influence of Irish verse forms, but although later skalds imitated some of his kennings, the complexity of his verse makes it more probable that earlier poetry representing the development of the tradition has been lost.

## Works

In *Egils saga*, ch. 59, Bragi is said to have composed a poem to "ransom his head" after angering King Bjǫrn; Egill Skallagrímsson is persuaded to follow his example by his friend and Bragi's great-grandson Arinbjǫrn, leading him to compose his *Hǫfuðlausn* for Erik Bloodax.

Most of his verses that we have preserved appear to be part of his *Ragnarsdrápa*. This is a shield lay, composed in return for the gift of a decorated shield, according to Snorri from Ragnarr Loðbrók, but many scholars consider it more likely the poem was dedicated to a different Ragnarr. It appears to have consisted of an introductory verse followed by four sets of four verses, each describing a scene depicted on the shield: two mythological, Gefjon plowing the island of Zealand out of Sweden and Thor fishing for the World Serpent Jǫrmungandr, and two heroic, Hamðir and Sǫrli's attack on King Jǫrmunrekkr, and the never-ending battle between Heðinn and Hǫgni, and presumably a concluding verse. Parts or all of twenty verses survive; one verse attributed to Bragi in all but one manuscript of the *Edda* is probably correctly assigned to Úlfr Uggason's *Húsdrápa*, which also describes a portrayal of Thor's fishing expedition.

## InfoBox

| Bragi Boddason | |
| --- | --- |
| Drawing of Bragi by Carl Wahlbom | |
| Occupation | Skald |
| Language | Old Norse |
| Period | Viking Age |
| Literary movement | Skaldic poetry |
| Years active | Early 9th century |
| Notable works | Ragnarsdrápa |


title: Ryszard Staniek

abstract: Ryszard Staniek is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

text:
# Ryszard Staniek

**Ryszard Staniek** (born 13 March 1971) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

### Club

He played for such a clubs like Legia Warsaw, Górnik Zabrze, Odra Wodzisław Śląski and CA Osasuna. After scoring in a 3–1 win over Rosenborg on 13 September 1995, Staniek became the second player to scored for a Polish team in the group stage of UEFA Champions League.

### National team

Staniek was a member of the Poland national team at the 1992 Summer Olympics, and scored a goal in the final against Spain.

## Honours

**Legia Warsaw**

**Poland Olympic**

## InfoBox

Ryszard Staniek
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Ryszard Staniek | | |
| Date of birth | (1971-03-13) 13 March 1971 | | |
| Place of birth | Zebrzydowice, Poland | | |
| Height | 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Midfielder | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1987–1988 | Cukrownik Chybie |  |  |
| 1988–1990 | Odra Wodzisław |  |  |
| 1990–1993 | Górnik Zabrze | 89 | (16) |
| 1993–1995 | Osasuna | 55 | (3) |
| 1995–1998 | Legia Warsaw | 91 | (11) |
| 1998–2000 | Odra Wodzisław | 28 | (4) |
| 2001 | Odra Opole |  |  |
| 2001 | Piast Gliwice |  |  |
| 2002 | GKS Jastrzębie |  |  |
| 2002 | Orzeł Zabłocie |  |  |
| 2002–2005 | GKS Jastrzębie |  |  |
| 2005–2006 | Beskid Skoczów |  |  |
| International career | | | |
|  | Poland Olympic |  |  |
| 1992–1996 | Poland | 12 | (1) |
| Medal record      Representing  Poland  Men's football  Olympic Games  1992 Barcelona  Team | | | |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Brand New Second Hand

abstract: Brand New Second Hand is the debut studio album by English hip hop musician Roots Manuva. It was released on Big Dada in 1999.

text:
# Brand New Second Hand

***Brand New Second Hand*** is the debut studio album by English hip hop musician Roots Manuva. It was released on Big Dada in 1999.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| *Alternative Press* | 3/5 |
| *The Guardian* |  |
| *Melody Maker* |  |
| *NME* | 8/10 |
| *Pitchfork* | 9.5/10 |
| *The Rolling Stone Album Guide* |  |
| *Spin* | 7/10 |

Paul Cooper of *Pitchfork* gave the album a 9.5 out of 10, saying, "I find Roots Manuva's delivery addictive, compelling, and, above all, heartfelt." In 2014, Oscar Rickett of *Vice* said, "It's hard to believe it's been 15 years since this album was made. He added, "It's easier to believe that nothing as good as it has ever come out of the UK hip-hop scene."

*NME* named it the 37th best album of 1999.

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Producer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Movements" | Roots Manuva | 4:12 |
| 2. | "Dem Phonies" | IG Culture | 4:26 |
| 3. | "Juggle Tings Proper" | Roots Manuva | 5:04 |
| 4. | "Inna" | Hylton Smythe | 4:31 |
| 5. | "Soul Decay" | Wayne Bennett | 3:49 |
| 6. | "Baptism" | Roots Manuva | 4:21 |
| 7. | "Strange Behaviour" | Hylton Smythe | 3:52 |
| 8. | "Organ Skit" |  | 0:16 |
| 9. | "Big Tings Gwidarn" | Roots Manuva | 4:42 |
| 10. | "Sinking Sands" | Wayne Bennett | 4:10 |
| 11. | "Wisdom Fall" | Roots Manuva | 3:10 |
| 12. | "Roots-Fi Discotheque Skit" |  | 0:31 |
| 13. | "Clockwork" | Roots Manuva, J.T. | 3:57 |
| 14. | "Cornmeal Dumpling" | Roots Manuva, Jam El | 5:27 |
| 15. | "Fever" | V.R.S. | 4:00 |
| 16. | "Oh Yeah..." | Roots Manuva | 3:18 |
| 17. | "Motion 5000" | Roots Manuva | 5:11 |

## Credits

### Co-Vocalists

* IG Culture on "Dem Phonies"
* Wildflower on "Baptism"
* Seanie T. on "Big Tings Gwidarn"
* Sober Now on "Sinking Sands
* Thomas E on "Cornmeal Dumpling"

### Miscellaneous

Turntables on "Soul Decay" * Jodi

Guitar on "Fever" * Richard Molyneaux

String instruments on "Motion 5000" * Isabelle Dunn, and Stella Page

## Charts

| Chart | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 30 |
| UK R&B Albums (OCC) | 18 |
|

## Certifications

Certifications for *Brand New Second Hand*
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 60,000^ |
| ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## InfoBox

| Brand New Second Hand | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Roots Manuva | |
| Released | 22 March 1999 (1999-03-22) |
| Genre | Reggae, Hip hop, dub |
| Length | 65:05 |
| Label | Big Dada |
| Producer | Roots Manuva, IG Culture, Hylton Smythe, Wayne Bennett, J.T., Jam El, V.R.S. |
| Roots Manuva chronology | |
| ***Brand New Second Hand***
(1999) *Run Come Save Me*
(2001) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Brand New Second Hand* | |
| 1. "Juggle Tings Proper"
Released: 22 February 1999 2. "Motion 5000"
Released: 5 July 1999 | |
|  | |


title: Ruth Ndoumbe

abstract: Ruth Marie Ndoumbe Nvumba is a Spanish former track and field athlete specializing in the triple jump and high jump.

text:
# Ruth Ndoumbe

**Ruth Marie Ndoumbe Nvumba** (born 1 January 1987) is a Spanish former track and field athlete specializing in the triple jump and high jump.

## Early life

Ndoumbe was born in Madrid to a Cameroonian father and an Equatorial Guinean mother.

## Competition record

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Spain | | | | | |
| 2003 | World Youth Championships | Sherbrooke, Canada | 25th (q) | High jump | 1.70 m |
| 2006 | World Junior Championships | Beijing, China | 8th | Triple jump | 13.23 m (wind: +0.3 m/s) |
| 2007 | European U23 Championships | Debrecen, Hungary | 11th | Triple jump | 12.86 m |
| 2009 | European U23 Championships | Kaunas, Lithuania | 23rd (q) | High jump | 1.72 m |
| | | | 10th | Triple jump | 13.19 m |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 4th | Triple jump | 14.14 m |
| 2015 | European Indoor Championships | Prague, Czech Republic | 12th (q) | Triple jump | 13.80 m |

## Personal bests

**Outdoor**

**Indoor**

1. "Camino a Zúrich: Ruth Marie Ndoumbe - TheWangConnection". thewangconnection.com. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
2. Arribas, Carlos (16 August 2014). "A los pies de los saltarines". *El País*. Retrieved 30 December 2014.

## InfoBox

Ruth Ndoumbe
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Ruth Marie Ndoumbe Nvumba |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Born | (1987-01-01) 1 January 1987<br>Madrid, Spain |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event(s) | Triple jump, high jump |


title: Boxholms IF

abstract: Boxholms IF is a Swedish football club located in Boxholm.

text:
# Boxholms IF

**Boxholms IF** is a Swedish football club located in Boxholm.

## Background

Boxholms IF currently plays in Division 4 Östergötland Västra which is the sixth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Svartåvallen in Boxholm.

Boxholms IF are affiliated to Östergötlands Fotbollförbund.

## Season to season

In their most successful period Boxholms IF competed in the following divisions:

| Season | Level | Division | Section | Position | Movements |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1928–29 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **5th** |  |
| 1929–30 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **4th** |  |
| 1930–31 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **4th** |  |
| 1931–32 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **4th** |  |
| 1932–33 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **6th** |  |
| 1933–34 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **5th** |  |
| 1934–35 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **9th** | Relegated |
| 1935–36 | Tier 4 | **Division 4** |  |  | Promoted |
| 1936–37 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **2nd** |  |
| 1937–38 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Södra Mellansvenska | **6th** |  |
| 1938–39 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Mellansvenska | **9th** | Relegated |
| 1939–40 | Tier 4 | **Division 4** |  |  | Promoted |
| 1940–41 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Mellansvenska Norra | **6th** |  |
| 1941–42 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Mellansvenska Norra | **8th** |  |
| 1942–43 | Tier 3 | **Division 3** | Mellansvenska Norra | **10th** | Relegated |

In recent seasons Boxholms IF have competed in the following divisions:

| Season | Level | Division | Section | Position | Movements |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2006\* | Tier 7 | **Division 5** | Östergötland Västra | **2nd** | Promoted |
| 2007 | Tier 6 | **Division 4** | Östergötland Västra | **10th** |  |
| 2008 | Tier 6 | **Division 4** | Östergötland Västra | **5th** |  |
| 2009 | Tier 6 | **Division 4** | Östergötland Västra | **3rd** |  |
| 2010 | Tier 6 | **Division 4** | Östergötland Västra | **8th** |  |
| 2011 | Tier 6 | **Division 4** | Östergötland Västra | **4th** |  |
| 2012 | Tier 6 | **Division 4** | Östergötland Västra | **2nd** | Promoted |

## Footnotes

## InfoBox

Boxholms IF
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Boxholms Idrottsförening |
| Founded | 06071905 |
| Ground | Svartåvallen
Boxholm
Sweden |
| Chairman | Johan Andersson |
| League | Division 3 Nordöstra Götaland |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Pythium camurandrum

abstract: Pythium camurandrum is a plant pathogen, first isolated in Canada.

text:
# Pythium camurandrum

***Pythium camurandrum*** is a plant pathogen, first isolated in Canada.

1. Bala, K.; Robideau, G.P.; Désaulniers, N.; de Cock, A.W.A.M.; Lévesque, C.A. (2010). "Taxonomy, DNA barcoding and phylogeny of three new species of *Pythium* from Canada". *Persoonia*. **25** (1): 22–31. doi:10.3767/003158510X524754. ISSN 0031-5850. PMC 3028511. PMID 21339964.

## Further reading

* Petkowski, J. E., et al. "*Pythium* species associated with root rot complex in winter-grown parsnip and parsley crops in south eastern Australia."Australasian Plant Pathology 42.4 (2013): 403–411.

## InfoBox

| *Pythium camurandrum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Oomycota |
| Order: | Peronosporales |
| Family: | Pythiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pythium* |
| Species: | ***P. camurandrum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pythium camurandrum***<br>Bala et al., 2010 | |
|


title: Colletes

abstract: The genus Colletes is a large group of ground-nesting bees of the family Colletidae. They occur primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. They tend to be solitary, but sometimes nest close together in aggregations. Species in the genus build cells in underground nests that are lined with a cellophane-like plastic secretion, a true polyester, earning them the nickname polyester bees. As of 2012 there were about 469 described species, and an estimated total around 700. They occur throughout the world except in Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia. There are about 60 species in Europe and about 100 in North America north of Mexico.

text:
# Colletes

The genus ***Colletes*** (**plasterer bees** or **cellophane bees**) is a large group of ground-nesting bees of the family Colletidae. They occur primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. They tend to be solitary, but sometimes nest close together in aggregations. Species in the genus build cells in underground nests that are lined with a cellophane-like plastic secretion, a true polyester, earning them the nickname **polyester bees**.

As of 2012 there were about 469 described species, and an estimated total around 700. They occur throughout the world except in Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia. There are about 60 species in Europe and about 100 in North America north of Mexico.

## Species

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Colletes* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Colletes hederae* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Colletidae |
| Subfamily: | Colletinae |
| Genus: | *Colletes*<br>Latreille, 1802 |
|
| Species | |
| over 450 | |