title: Sabli

abstract: Sabli is a village situated in the Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, India, with a population of about 12,000 and noted for a 'Shiva' temple situated in it. It is 17 kilometres (11 mi) from the city Dungarpur.

text:
# Sabli

**Sabli** is a village situated in the Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, India, with a population of about 12,000 and noted for a 'Shiva' temple situated in it. It is 17 kilometres (11 mi) from the city Dungarpur.

## Culture

Sabli is a Thikana Of Mr. Jaipal singh Sabli Dungarpur.

According to Indian Mythology, Shiva is praised by a Statue/Sculpture called 'Shivling'. In 'Sabli', there is a Shiva temple which is believed to have previously been a farm where a 'Shivling' was found in the ground during harvesting by the farmer. People come here and pray for their bright fortune on every Monday (The Day Of Lord Shiva according to Indian Mythology). It is believed that the 'Shivling' rises a bit upwards, every year. People here also believe that the wishes they ask in the temple for, by the true heart, are fulfilled by the Shiva.

23°52′00″N 73°34′21″E / 23.8668°N 73.5726°E / 23.8668; 73.5726


title: Tsai Pi-ru

abstract: Tsai Pi-ru is a Taiwanese politician. She was a nurse and colleague of Ko Wen-je at National Taiwan University Hospital. After Ko was elected Mayor of Taipei in 2014, Tsai began her political career as Ko's chief of staff. In 2019, she became a founding member of the Taiwan People's Party led by Ko, and was elected to the 10th Legislative Yuan via party list proportional representation in 2020. Tsai resigned her legislative seat in 2022, and was replaced by Cynthia Wu.

text:
# Tsai Pi-ru

**Tsai Pi-ru** (Chinese: 蔡壁如; pinyin: *Cài Bìrú*; born 11 March 1964) is a Taiwanese politician. She was a nurse and colleague of Ko Wen-je at National Taiwan University Hospital. After Ko was elected Mayor of Taipei in 2014, Tsai began her political career as Ko's chief of staff. In 2019, she became a founding member of the Taiwan People's Party led by Ko, and was elected to the 10th Legislative Yuan via party list proportional representation in 2020. Tsai resigned her legislative seat in 2022, and was replaced by Cynthia Wu.

## Early life, education, and career

Tsai was born on 11 March 1964 in Pingtung County. She graduated from Meiho University with a degree in midwifery. Tsai also attended Tamkang University's Management Information System Department on a part-time basis, completing a master's degree in 2019. Tamkang revoked Tsai's degree in 2022. Before pursuing politics, Tsai worked as a nurse at National Taiwan University Hospital, including over twenty years alongside surgeon Ko Wen-je.

## Political career

After Ko Wen-je was elected mayor of Taipei, Tsai joined his administration as chief of staff. She became an adviser to the Taipei City Government in 2018. Tsai is a founding member of the Taiwan People's Party, established in August 2019. During the 2020 Taiwanese legislative election cycle, Tsai commented on the TPP party list, but did not confirm her own placement on it. Eventually, Tsai ranked fifth on the party list and was seated to the 10th Legislative Yuan. In August 2022, Wang Hao-yu accused Tsai of plagiarizing her master's thesis. Tamkang University concluded an investigation into the allegations in October and revoked her degree. She posted a resignation letter to Facebook on 14 October 2022, and vacated her legislative seat on 17 October.

Tsai was nominated by the Taiwan People's Party for the Taichung City Constituency I seat held by Tsai Chi-chang in the 2024 legislative election. Her legislative campaign was also supported by the Kuomintang. Tsai Pi-ru lost the election.

## InfoBox

| Tsai Pi-ruMLY | |
| --- | --- |
| 蔡壁如 | |
| Official portrait, 2020 | |
|  | |
| Government Consultant of Taichung | |
| **Incumbent** | |
| **Assumed office**
15 February 2024 | |
| Mayor | Lu Shiow-yen |
| Member of the Legislative Yuan | |
| **In office**
1 February 2020  17 October 2022 | |
| Succeeded by | Cynthia Wu |
| Constituency | Party-list |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1964-03-11) 11 March 1964
Pingtung County, Taiwan |
| Political party | Taiwan People's Party |
| Education | Meiho University (BA)
Tamkang University (MA, rescinded) |
|  | |


title: Tropical Depression Twelve-E (2011)

abstract: Tropical Depression Twelve-E was a short-lived but deadly tropical cyclone that dropped heavy rainfall across large portions of Central America in October 2011. It formed from a tropical disturbance roughly hundred miles south of Mexico, which fluctuated in organization for several days. By October 12, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) deemed the associated low pressure-area well defined enough for it to be considered a tropical depression. After attaining peak wind speeds of 35 mph (55 km/h), the depression moved ashore between Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, and Arriaga, Chiapas. It caused significant flooding and at least 30 fatalities in the region.

text:
# Tropical Depression Twelve-E (2011)

**Tropical Depression Twelve-E** was a short-lived but deadly tropical cyclone that dropped heavy rainfall across large portions of Central America in October 2011. It formed from a tropical disturbance roughly hundred miles south of Mexico, which fluctuated in organization for several days. By October 12, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) deemed the associated low pressure-area well defined enough for it to be considered a tropical depression. After attaining peak wind speeds of 35 mph (55 km/h), the depression moved ashore between Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, and Arriaga, Chiapas. It caused significant flooding and at least 30 fatalities in the region.

## Meteorological history

Late on October 6, a low pressure area formed several hundred miles south of the Mexican coast. The disturbance quickly became more organized and two days later, the National Hurricane Center remarked that the low would likely strengthen into a tropical depression. However, thunderstorm activity diminished greatly near the center of circulation, with what little shower activity there was left displaced to the east due to high wind shear. On October 12, the system was finally declared a tropical depression.

Although the depression was initially forecast to briefly reach tropical storm status, this did not occur; instead, it remained a large monsoon-like system with the strongest winds well removed from the center. Shortly thereafter, the depression moved ashore between Salina Cruz and Arriaga. Deep convection decreased after landfall and it dissipated within 24 hours after formation, early on October 13. But the storm's remnants continued to effect Central America, until late on October 13, when the remnants of Twelve-E were completely absorbed by a monsoon trough, directly to the remnant's east. The monsoon then developed into a strong upper-level low, and left Central America, and the storm began moving northeastward, while slowly strengthening.

## Preparations and impact

Upon the formation of a tropical cyclone, a tropical storm warning was issued for areas from Barra De Tonala to the Guatemala-Mexico border. The depression dropped intense precipitation over large parts of Central America, with many areas still receiving heavy rains. In 24 hours, rainfall totals of more than 12 in (305 mm) were recorded in Guatemala. Extensive flooding and multiple landslides caused heavy damage to roads, cutting them off to traffic. The profuse rainwater filled up rivers, causing them to overflow and exacerbating the flooding. It affected at least 81 of the country's 333 municipalities, and about 340 homes sustained damage. Authorities confirmed the deaths of at least twenty three people, and there were up to 30,000 storm victims in the country.

According to preliminary reports, heavy downpours caused extensive infrastructural damage and the collapse of six bridges in Nicaragua. Several telephone and electricity poles were downed, disrupting service to customers. Storm-related incidents caused the deaths of at least five people and affected around 3,000 others to some degree. Similar impact was reported in El Salvador, where over 15.7 in (400 mm) of rain fell in several locations. At the risk of flooding, The maximum precipitation was in Huizucar, with 1513 mm, this being the highest cumulative rainfall for the country, up to 4,300 residents sought shelter in schools, churches and public centers. At least 21 rivers burst their banks due to the flooding rains, while numerous mudslides inflicted damage to roads. Heavy damage also occurred to crop, particularly in coffee, beans, and maize plantains. Overall, at least 24 people were killed when the storm damaged their residences. Elsewhere in Costa Rica, landslides and flooding damaged property and roads, but there were no fatalities in the country. In Honduras at least 9 people were killed and thousands evacuated.

## InfoBox

Tropical Depression Twelve-E
| Twelve-E just off the coast of Mexico. | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | October 12, 2011 |
| Dissipated | October 12, 2011 |
| Tropical depression | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 35 mph (55 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 1004 mbar (hPa); 29.65 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 36 confirmed |
| Damage | Unknown |
| Areas affected | Southwestern Mexico, Central America |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **2011 Pacific hurricane season** | |


title: Truly, Truly

abstract: "Truly, Truly" is a song by American rock band Grant Lee Buffalo. It was released in May 1998 as the lead single from their fourth album, Jubilee. Written by Grant-Lee Phillips and produced by Paul Fox, the single peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.

text:
# Truly, Truly

"**Truly, Truly**" is a song by American rock band Grant Lee Buffalo. It was released in May 1998 as the lead single from their fourth album, *Jubilee*. Written by Grant-Lee Phillips and produced by Paul Fox, the single peaked at number 11 on the *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart.

## Composition and recording

According to Grant Lee Buffalo drummer Joey Peters, he and Grant-Lee Phillips began work on "Truly, Truly" in 1996 while touring with The Smashing Pumpkins. As Phillips and Peters began demoing tracks for what would become the *Jubilee* album, bassist and producer Paul Kimble did not participate because, Peters recalled, "it was kind of obvious he was in a different space, musically and creatively". Kimble left the group the following year.

Phillips explained in a 1998 *Musician* magazine article that "Truly, Truly" began with a bass part. "And then it was a matter of setting that to a metronome and then filling in the chords around it — finding you could set majors or minors to whatever melody is being played in the bass."

The song's tone changes, Phillips said, have to do with running through different amplifiers, including a Marshall JCM900 and a Vox AC30. Phillips added, "The guitar part was played straight through, but we recorded all the amps on separate tracks, giving us up to four very distinct sounds to manipulate during the mix."

## Release

"Truly, Truly" was sent to modern rock, mainstream rock, and triple-A radio stations in May 1998. The song features on a promotional four-track extended play (EP) titled *Yours Truly* which Warner Bros. Records sent to commercial and college radio and press. The EP was also packaged with an issue of *Alternative Press* magazine. A three-track cassette tape featuring "Truly, Truly" was made available during a club tour prior to the album release.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes and Discogs.

**Locations**

* Recorded at A&M Studios in Hollywood, California
* Mixed at South Beach Studios in Miami Beach, Florida
* Mastering at Precision Mastering in Los Angeles, California

**Personnel**

* Grant Lee Phillips – vocals, guitar
* Joey Peters – drums, tambourine, shaker
* Dan Rothchild – bass
* Rami Jaffee – organ
* Andrew Williams – additional vocals

## Chart positions

| Chart (1998) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| US Alternative Airplay (*Billboard*) | 11 |
|

## InfoBox

| "Truly, Truly" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Grant Lee Buffalo | |
| from the album  *Jubilee* | |
| Released | May 18, 1998 |
| Genre |  |
| Length | 3:58 |
| Label | Slash/Warner Bros. |
| Songwriter(s) | Grant-Lee Phillips |
| Producer(s) | Paul Fox |
| Grant Lee Buffalo singles chronology | |
| "Mr. Know It All"
(1996) "**Truly, Truly**"
(1998) "Testimony"
(1998) | |


title: Enceliopsis argophylla

abstract: Enceliopsis argophylla, commonly known as the silverleaf sunray, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Other common names include nakedstem sunray and naked-stemmed daisy. It is native to the southwestern United States: Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, and can be seen a short distance east of Las Vegas, Nevada.

text:
# Enceliopsis argophylla

***Enceliopsis argophylla***, commonly known as the **silverleaf sunray**, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Other common names include **nakedstem sunray** and **naked-stemmed daisy**. It is native to the southwestern United States: Arizona (Mohave County), Nevada (Clark County), and Utah (Washington County), and can be seen a short distance east of Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Description

*Enceliopsis argophylla* is a perennial herb up to 80 cm (2.6 ft) tall, appearing silvery because of many small hairs pressed against the leaves. Leaf blades are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long, with wings running along the sides of the petioles. Appearing in April and May, the flower heads are yellow, at the ends of long peduncles, each head with as many as 35 ray florets and up to 500 tiny disc florets. The achene is strongly flattened, covered with small hairs, and sometimes with a pappus of 2 awns up to 2 mm long (unlike some of the related species).

American botanist Daniel Cady Eaton described the silverleaf sunray as *Tithonia argophylla* in 1871.

## Distribution and habitat

Found in Clark and Mohave Counties in the vicinity of the artificial reservoir Lake Mead, it grows on stony barren slopes at 1,000 to 1,500 m (3,300 to 4,900 ft) altitude. It often grows alongside the rare golden bear-claw poppy or Las Vegas bear-poppy *Arctomecon californica*. Both plants grow in a fragile gypsum crust on the soil, which when damaged facilitates the spread of invasive plants. Its habitat is threatened by the reservoir as well as off-road recreational vehicle use.

## InfoBox

| *Enceliopsis argophylla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| In Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | *Enceliopsis* |
| Species: | ***E. argophylla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Enceliopsis argophylla***<br>(D.C.Eaton) A.Nelson | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Encelia argophylla* (D.C.Eaton) A.Gray * *Helianthella argophylla* (D.C.Eaton) A.Gray * *Tithonia argophylla* D.C.Eaton | |


title: Enceliopsis

abstract:
Enceliopsis is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are sometimes called sunrays. They are similar to the daisylike plants in the related genus Encelia. These three shrubs are native to the western United States and Canada.
  - Species
  - Enceliopsis argophylla - silverleaf sunray - Arizona, Nevada, Utah
  - Enceliopsis covillei - Panamint daisy - Inyo County in California
  - Enceliopsis nudicaulis - nakedstem sunray - California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Idaho

text:
# Enceliopsis

***Enceliopsis*** is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. They are sometimes called **sunrays**. They are similar to the daisylike plants in the related genus *Encelia*. These three shrubs are native to the western United States and Canada.

Species

## InfoBox

| *Enceliopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Enceliopsis argophylla* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Asteroideae |
| Tribe: | Heliantheae |
| Subtribe: | Enceliinae |
| Genus: | *Enceliopsis*<br>(A. Gray) A. Nelson, 1909 |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Helianthella* section *Enceliopsis* A. Gray | |


title: Tropical Storm Bret (1993)

abstract: Tropical Storm Bret was the deadliest natural disaster in Venezuela since the 1967 Caracas earthquake. The third tropical cyclone of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Bret formed on August 4 from a westward-moving, African tropical wave. Bret would later peak as a 60 mph (97 km/h) tropical storm as it neared Trinidad. It took an extremely southerly course through the Caribbean, passing over the coasts of Venezuela and Colombia. High terrain in the northern parts of those countries severely disrupted the circulation of the storm, and Bret had weakened to a tropical depression before emerging over the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea. There, it restrengthened to a tropical storm and made landfall in Nicaragua on August 10, dissipating soon after. Bret's remnants reached the Pacific Ocean, where they would later regenerate into Hurricane Greg. Though Bret was only a weak tropical storm at landfall, it caused extreme flooding and nearly 200 deaths as it moved through South America, mostly in Venezuela. The first tropical storm to strike the country in 100 years, Bret deluged northern regions with 13.35 in (339 mm) of rainfall. The capital, Caracas, received 4.72 in (120 mm) of rain over seven hours, resulting in widespread mudslides in the hills around the city that buried houses and carried away cars. There were 173 deaths in the country, and damage was estimated at US$25 million (1993 USD). Volunteers and firefighters helped storm victims cope with the damage, while workers cleared roads to restore transportation. Outside of Venezuela, Bret first affected Trinidad and Tobago, causing minor flooding and power outages. It passed just south of Curaçao, where the storm damaged the coral reef and the roofs of 17 homes. The storm later brushed northern Colombia, killing one person there, before hitting Central America. In Nicaragua, Bret killed 31 people and left US$3 million in damage, with many coastal towns isolated by floods. There was one death in neighboring Costa Rica and seven in Honduras, all due to flooding. In Central America, damage would be compounded by Hurricane Gert as it traversed the region in early September.

text:
# Tropical Storm Bret (1993)

**Tropical Storm Bret** was the deadliest natural disaster in Venezuela since the 1967 Caracas earthquake. The third tropical cyclone of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season, Bret formed on August 4 from a westward-moving, African tropical wave. Bret would later peak as a 60 mph (97 km/h) tropical storm as it neared Trinidad. It took an extremely southerly course through the Caribbean, passing over the coasts of Venezuela and Colombia. High terrain in the northern parts of those countries severely disrupted the circulation of the storm, and Bret had weakened to a tropical depression before emerging over the extreme southwestern Caribbean Sea. There, it restrengthened to a tropical storm and made landfall in Nicaragua on August 10, dissipating soon after. Bret's remnants reached the Pacific Ocean, where they would later regenerate into Hurricane Greg.

Though Bret was only a weak tropical storm at landfall, it caused extreme flooding and nearly 200 deaths as it moved through South America, mostly in Venezuela. The first tropical storm to strike the country in 100 years, Bret deluged northern regions with 13.35 in (339 mm) of rainfall. The capital, Caracas, received 4.72 in (120 mm) of rain over seven hours, resulting in widespread mudslides in the hills around the city that buried houses and carried away cars. There were 173 deaths in the country, and damage was estimated at US$25 million (1993 USD). Volunteers and firefighters helped storm victims cope with the damage, while workers cleared roads to restore transportation.

Outside of Venezuela, Bret first affected Trinidad and Tobago, causing minor flooding and power outages. It passed just south of Curaçao, where the storm damaged the coral reef and the roofs of 17 homes. The storm later brushed northern Colombia, killing one person there, before hitting Central America. In Nicaragua, Bret killed 31 people and left US$3 million in damage, with many coastal towns isolated by floods. There was one death in neighboring Costa Rica and seven in Honduras, all due to flooding. In Central America, damage would be compounded by Hurricane Gert as it traversed the region in early September.

## Meteorological history

Tropical Storm Bret originated from a tropical wave—a westward-tracking low-pressure area—that crossed the coast of Africa on August 1, 1993. Throughout its journey across the open Atlantic, the wave retained an impressive cloud structure with an area of deep convection. By August 4, the associated thunderstorm activity consolidated and organized into curved rainbands. The National Hurricane Center (NHC), noting the improving structure and sufficient support from Dvorak intensity estimates, reassessed the wave as a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC that day, the third such system of the annual hurricane season. At the time of its classification, it was located along the 10th parallel north over the central Atlantic, about 1,150 mi (1,850 km) west-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.

With a very resilient high-pressure area to its north, the depression continued moving due west at an unusually low latitude for most of its existence. The system gradually organized due to low wind shear. After the outflow increased and the circulation became better established, the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Bret early on August 5. Initially, the agency expected the storm would attain hurricane status while moving west-northwestward through the Caribbean Sea, although the storm would maintain its westward track. Early on August 6, Bret attained peak winds of 60 mph (97 km/h), fueled by warm waters and increased banding around a central dense overcast. The circulation became exposed late on August 6, but the thunderstorms soon refired over the center. At 07:00 UTC on the next day, Bret struck the island of Trinidad near Galera Point. The storm moved across the northern portion of the island, and later made landfall in northeastern Venezuela near Macuro.

After hitting northeastern Venezuela, Bret continued westward through the extreme northern portion of the country. Around 20:00 UTC on August 7, the circulation emerged into the southeastern Caribbean Sea. The circulation weakened and became poorly-defined, although the storm maintained stronger winds to the north. Despite the southerly inflow being disrupted by the mountainous terrain, Bret maintained its circulation while continuing westward, passing just north of Venezuela's capital Caracas. Around 08:00 UTC on August 8, the storm moved back onshore Venezuela near Morrocoy National Park in Falcón state. Later that day, the NHC noted that there was "little if any circulation left to this system", although the agency continued issuing advisory due to the storm's heavy rainfall. However, a circulation emerged into the Gulf of Venezuela, which soon crossed into northeastern Colombia. There, the circulation neared the Pico Cristóbal Colón, the tallest mountain in Colombia with a peak of 18,947 ft (5,775 m). This caused the structure to deteriorate, and on August 9 Bret weakened to tropical depression status with the circulation "practically dissipated", according to the NHC. The Hurricane Hunters had difficulty finding a closed circulation, prompting the NHC to discontinue advisories at 15:00 UTC on August 9.

After moving through the southwestern Caribbean Sea, Bret began to re-develop convection as upper-level conditions became more favorable. By early on August 10, surface observations confirmed the presence of a low-level circulation, and the NHC re-issued advisories on the system. The convection continued to organize, prompting the NHC to upgrade Bret again to a tropical storm. The storm strengthened slightly further to a secondary peak of 45 mph (72 km/h). Around 17:00 UTC on August 10, Bret made its final landfall in southern Nicaragua near Bahia Punta Gorda. The circulation moved through the country and turned more to the west-northwest. Operationally, it was believed that Bret survived after crossing Central America and entered the eastern Pacific, as the NHC designated it Tropical Depression Eight-E. Post-storm analysis determined otherwise that Bret dissipated over western Nicaragua, near the Pacific coast on August 11. The remnants continued to the west-northwest, eventually developing into a tropical depression on August 15 off the west coast of Mexico. The system eventually became Hurricane Greg with peak winds of 130 mph (210 km/h), which lasted until August 28.

## Preparations

In general, Bret was forecast to track farther north than it ultimately did. About 24 hours in advance of the storm, tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for the southern Lesser Antilles and Venezuela. The first tropical storm watch was posted late on August 5 from Dominica southward to Trinidad. On the next day, this was upgraded to a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch from Saint Lucia to Trinidad. Tropical storm warnings spread westward through Venezuela along the storm's path, as well as the ABC islands and northern Colombia along the Guajira Peninsula. Later when Bret began reorganizing in the southwestern Caribbean, portions of Nicaragua were under a tropical storm warning only nine hours before the storm struck. The warning covered from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua through the entirety of the Costa Rican coastline, as well as San Andrés island offshore.

In Trinidad and Tobago, the government set up shelters and sent home non-essential oil workers. Officials canceled flights and shut the ports as a precaution. Stores and business closed early after locals had stocked up on life supplies. Army troops were deployed in Port of Spain to avert looting. The threat of the storm caused a rise in unleaded oil prices. In Venezuela, boats were ordered to remain at port, while flights were canceled to Isla Margarita and Puerto la Cruz. Rescue workers were mobilized in the capital city of Caracas to prepare in the event of landslides. Ahead of the storm, the head of Sucre state declared a state of emergency, and later Caracas was placed under the same state once the rains began. According to the governor of Venezuela's capital district, local weather media expected the storm to only brush Caracas and surrounding areas; as a result, not all precautions were made. On August 7, weather officials stated that the brunt of the storm had passed and that the storm was weakening; this was before the onslaught of the flooding rains. In neighboring Colombia, officials issued a wind and heavy rain warning in response to the storm. Towns shut off electricity along the coast and canceled flights. Later, about 1,000 people evacuated from eastern Costa Rica, and another 40,000 evacuated from portions of Nicaragua, Flights in the country were canceled due to the storm.

## Impact

|
|  |
Death tolls by country
| Country | Deaths |
| --- | --- |
| Venezuela | 173 |
| Nicaragua | 31 |
| Honduras | 7 |
| Colombia | 1 |
| Costa Rica | 1 |
| Total | 213 |

### Southern Caribbean

The storm first struck northern Trinidad, producing peak wind gusts of 27 mph (44 km/h) and 4.4 in (111 mm) of rainfall. The winds knocked down trees while the rains caused flooding, resulting in power outages, which affected 35,000 people. The power cable connecting Trinidad with Tobago was cut during the storm, leaving the latter island briefly without power. Ten soldiers were burned while attempting to move a downed wire in Tobago. The storm damaged houses on southern Trinidad and central Tobago. Meanwhile, flood waters devastated local crops, resulting in losses of more than TT$4 million (US$730,000). Infrastructure damage due to inaccessible roads and bridges totaled TT$979,000 (US$179,000). On nearby Grenada, a weather station reported sustained winds of 37 mph (60 km/h), with gusts to 45 mph (72 km/h). A ship known as the *Lady Elaine*, reported winds of 45 mph (72 km/h), while anchored at Hog Island on the south coast of Grenada.

Passing 70 mi (110 km) to the south, Bret brushed Curaçao with tropical-storm-force winds and light precipitation. A peak wind of 48 mph (77 km/h) was recorded at a local weather station, though strong onshore breeze averaged 30 to 35 mph (48 to 56 km/h). The storm damaged the roofs of 17 homes and caused power outages to the island. Rough surf, with wave heights of 4.9 ft (1.5 m), severely disrupted the coral reef along the south shore, breaking off 25–50% of the reef's branches. In particular, elkhorn (*Acropora palmata*) and fire coral (*Millepora complanata*) received extensive damage to their structures. Of the coral reefs, those in shallow waters were worst affected; considerable damage also occurred to pillar coral (*Dendrogyra cylindrus*), which typically grow at depths of less than 16 ft (4.9 m) below water. The animals and plants there were affected as well. In addition, nearby Bonaire experienced gusts to gale force during the passage of the storm.

As a minimal tropical storm, Bret moved through northern Colombia. The storm downed a power line onto a house in the city of Maicao, killing one person and injuring another. An oil tanker rode out the storm at Coveñas port, with no effects to it or the nation's oil industry.

### Venezuela

Striking eastern Venezuela, Bret produced wind gusts of 44 mph (71 km/h) in Guiria, near where the storm moved ashore. Isla Margarita offshore reported wind gusts of 53 mph (85 km/h), as well as high waves 66 ft (20 m) in height. The capital city Caracas recorded wind gusts of around 31 to 37 mph (50 to 60 km/h); according to news reports, Bret was the first tropical storm to affect Caracas in 100 years. However, the storm's rainfall was more significant. Guanare in western Venezuela reported 13.35 in (339 mm) of rainfall in just 10 hours. Quebrada Seca in Barinas state recorded 11.23 in (285 mm) of rainfall over 24 hours, and in the capital Caracas, 4.72 in (120 mm) of rainfall occurred over just seven hours. The capital ultimately was affected by 10 hours of heavy rainfall. One station in the country recorded 5 in (130 mm) of precipitation in seven hours, setting a nationwide record for the 20th century for the heaviest rainfall over that duration.

The heavy rainfall was the most destructive aspect of Tropical Storm Bret in Venezuela. On the offshore Isla Margaria, the rains flooded the primary hospital, and rivers overflowed, although damage was minimal. On the mainland, heavy rainfall caused damaging mudslides and flooding, and entire houses buried in the middle of the night with little notice. Flooded rivers washed away cars and homes in the hills of Caracas, mostly along the flooded La Guarre River. Floodwaters mixed with raw sewage from damaged water lines across the region. Residents returned to damaged homes despite warnings. Damage was worst in Petare, La Vega, and El Valle, all surrounding Caracas on insecure mountainsides. One home was wrecked in Petare, killing four family members. At least 19 people perished in Miranda state, and another three deaths were reported in Aragua due to landslides. Residents requested assistance from the local fire company, although disrupted telephone service created an atmosphere of confusion. Strong winds also destroyed the roofs of other houses, and areas were left without power. Portions of the Pan-American Highway and a coastal road were disrupted by landslides, and the state of Barinas was largely isolated due to road blockages. Most roads west of Caracas were likewise blocked.

Overall, Tropical Storm Bret left over 11,000 people homeless, including 6,000 in Barinas state, and 3,500 in Caracas. Bret left US$25 million in damage and caused 173 deaths in the country, while at least 500 were injured. Most of the deceased were living in poorly built homes around Caracas, where at least 120 people were killed, mainly children. The storm was the deadliest natural disaster in Venezuela since the 1967 Caracas earthquake.

### Central America

Upon making landfall in Nicaragua, Bret caused severe flooding along the coast that left 25 villages isolated. Rains continued following the storm, preventing areas from being reached, and Tropical Storm Gert brought additional rainfall to the area in early September. Throughout Nicaragua, Bret destroyed 12 bridges and disrupted the drainage systems along the regional road network. Heavy rainfall also caused rivers to overflow, causing heavy damage in adjacent fields that affected rice, cassava, and bananas; about 1,800 hectares (4,400 acres) of rice fields were destroyed. Two villages of the Miskito people were washed away, leaving 500 residents homeless. The storm damaged at least 1,500 houses and destroyed another 850, leaving around 60,000 people temporarily homeless. Bret also destroyed ten churches and ten schools, as well as 25 medical centers. The storm killed nine people offshore when a boat sank in the Corn Islands, and there were 31 deaths overall in the country. The preliminary damage total was around US$3 million, although it did not include crop or infrastructure damage.

The storm brought heavy rainfall and high seas to the east coast of Costa Rica, as well as gusty winds. One death occurred in the country, as well as US$7.7 million in damage. Similarly heavy rain fell in the Mosquitia region of Honduras. Floodwaters reached 7 ft (2.1 m) deep, isolating coastal towns. Overflown rivers and flooding forced about 1,700 people to evacuate by canoe, while some residents rode out the storm on the roofs of their homes. About 16,000 people were left homeless. The storm destroyed over 2,000 hectares (4,900 acres) of various crops, and there were seven deaths in the country. In El Salvador, light winds were also experienced, with moderate rainfall reaching 4.1 in (104 mm) in La Palma, Chalatenango. The storm knocked down trees near the capital San Salvador, temporarily leaving the city without power.

## Aftermath

Venezuela's then-president Ramón José Velásquez held an emergency meeting to respond to the Bret's heavy damage. The president conveyed three days of national mourning due to the storm. About 1,400 workers and volunteers helped in rescue efforts after the mudslides struck Caracas and surrounding areas, assisted by Red Cross volunteers and 800 firefighters. Volunteers provided water and medicine to the affected, while workers emptied residual pools of water to mitigate the spread of disease. Storm victims were temporarily housed at the Fuerte Tiuna army base. Roads were quickly cleared of debris and mud, although many were not reopened initially due to the threat for additional mudslides. Within a week of the storm's passage, telephone service was largely repaired in Caracas and airline travel was restored. After the storm, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided US$50,000 in emergency spending, and UNICEF sent US$15,000 to buy oral rehydration salts. A Venezuelan radio station held a marathon to collect relief items, such as food or clothing.

After the storm, the Nicaraguan government declared a state of disaster in the North and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Regions, as well as Tisma in the Masaya Department. The government sheltered those made homeless in Bluefields along the Atlantic coast. Relief efforts were coordinated by the Comité Nacional de Emergencia to provide aid to the affected storm victims. Officials sent medical crews to the hardest hit areas. This was due to an increased potential for the spread of water-born diseases, the result of ongoing floods and damaged sanitation facilities. Meanwhile, planes flew overhead to determine the extent of damage. On August 18, the government requested international assistance to cope from the disaster. In response, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the UNDP sent US$70,000 in emergency aid, some of which to be used for fuel to transport medicine and food. The World Food Programme sent 72 tons of food and milk. The countries of Japan and the United States were the first to respond; the former provided $100,000, and the latter sent a Lockheed C-130 Hercules to distribute food. Switzerland later sent US$81,000 as a cash donation, while the European Economic Community sent US$227,000 worth of food and medicine. After Tropical Storm Gert struck in early September, various other countries sent additional money, food, medicine, and other goods.

The government of Honduras used one helicopter to deliver relief goods to stranded residents on roofs. Persistent rainfall following Bret caused additional flooding and damage, and the damage total between Bret and subsequent Tropical Storm Gert totaled US$60 million in Honduras.

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27. "Storm kills 20 in Venezuela". Agence France-Presse. August 8, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
28. "Una tormenta tropical causa la muerte a 100 personas en Venezuela". *El Pais* (in Spanish). August 9, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
29. John Wade (August 9, 1993). "At Least 100 are Killed as Bret Slams Venezuela". *Miami Herald*. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
30. "Storm leaves 20 dead, 150 missing". Agence France-Presse. August 8, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
31. "100 Killed as a Tropical Storm Batters Venezuela". *New York Times*. August 9, 1993. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
32. "Preliminary Data from Bret" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. August 12, 1993. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
33. "Deadly storm Bret breaks up". *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*. Reuters. August 13, 1993. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
34. "Bret Leaves 4 Dead on Caribbean Coast". *Miami Herald*. August 12, 1993. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
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38. "Tropical Storm Douses Trinidad". *Victoria Advocate*. Associated Press. August 8, 1993. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
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40. "Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba" (PDF). Meteorological Service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
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43. Meyer, David L.; Bries, Jill M.; Greenstein, Benjamin J.; Debrot, Adolphe O. (2003-09-12). "Preservation of *in situ* reef framework in regions of low hurricane frequency: Pleistocene of Curaçao and Bonaire, southern Caribbean" (PDF). *Lethaia*. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
44. Mayfield, Max (1993-08-08). "Tropical Storm Bret Advisory Number Sixteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
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48. "99 killed as tropical storm Bret hits Venezuela Mudslides caused by heavy rains, strong winds destroy homes in Caracas slums". *The Globe and Mail*. Reuters. August 9, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
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50. "Tropical storm Bret leaves 86 dead in Venezuela". Agence France-Presse. August 8, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
51. Venezuela Tropical Storm Aug 1993 UNDHA Information Reports 1 – 2. *United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs* (Report). ReliefWeb. August 1993. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
52. "Tropical storm kills 68 in venezuela". Xinhua. August 8, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
53. Ben Barber (August 11, 1993). "Blame for Venezuelan Mudslides Is Laid More to Terrain Than 'Bret'". *Christian Science Monitor*. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
54. Nicaragua Tropical Storm Aug 1993 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 – 8. *United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs* (Report). ReliefWeb. 1993. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
55. "Nicaragua Bret Causa Daños". *El Tiempo* (in Spanish). August 11, 1993. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
56. Oswaldo Bonilla (August 11, 1993). "Four dead and 40,000 left homeless by floods in Nicaragua". United Press International.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
57. Oswaldo Bonilla (August 10, 1993). "Thousands washed out by rain in Nicaragua". United Press International.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
58. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (September 1993). Honduras Floods Sep 1993 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 – 4 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
59. "Gert killed 21 in Honduras". Agence France-Presse. September 21, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
60. "Boletín de extensión cultural de Ceprode" (PDF) (in Spanish). **1**. Centro de Protección para Desastres. September 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2003. Retrieved August 12, 2015. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
61. Alberto Garnica (August 8, 1993). "Bret leaves at least 70 dead in Venezuela". United Press International.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
62. "Death winds storm slums". *Herald Sun*. August 10, 1993.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
63. Vivian Sequera (August 9, 1993). "Rains Over, Fear of Mudslides Remains; Cholera, Dengue Alert". Associated Press.  via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
64. Maria Morales (August 12, 1993). "Radio Marathon Helps Venezuela Victims of Tropical Storm". *Miami Herald*. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
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## InfoBox

Tropical Storm Bret
| Tropical Storm Bret shortly after peak intensity on August 6 | |
| --- | --- |
| Meteorological history | |
| Formed | August 4, 1993 |
| Dissipated | August 11, 1993 |
| Tropical storm | |
| *1-minute sustained* (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 60 mph (95 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 1002 mbar (hPa); 29.59 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 213 total |
| Damage | $35.7 million (1993 USD) |
| Areas affected | Windward Islands, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua |
| IBTrACS | |
| ---  Part of the **1993 Atlantic hurricane season** | |


title: Enemies Like This

abstract: Enemies Like This is the fourth LP by the New York City dance-punk band Radio 4. It was released on May 16, 2006.

text:
# Enemies Like This

***Enemies Like This*** is the fourth LP by the New York City dance-punk band Radio 4. It was released on May 16, 2006.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Aggregate scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 55/100 |
| Review scores | |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| *DIY* |  |
| *Drowned in Sound* | 3/10 |
| *Gigwise* |  |
| *MusicOMH* |  |
| Pitchfork | 3.6/10 |

*Enemies Like This* was met with "mixed or average" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 55 based on 16 reviews.

Writing for AllMusic, Rob Theakston wrote: "While there are glimpses of this progression on *Enemies Like This*, they're all too few and far between to merit this album as anything but stagnant." At *Drowned in Sound*, Rob Webb gave the album a three out of ten, explaining "Radio 4's latest LP would have been welcomed with open arms by those in search of a quick 'n' dirty punk-funk fix. But now, with the genre oversaturated beyond belief, bands need to produce something special and original to stand out from the crowd. Radio 4 fail to do that."

## Track listing

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Enemies Like This" | 4:21 |
| 2. | "Packing Things Up on the Scene" | 4:15 |
| 3. | "Too Much To Ask For" | 3:12 |
| 4. | "Grass Is Greener" | 3:56 |
| 5. | "Everything's In Question" | 4:21 |
| 6. | "This Is Not A Test" | 4:58 |
| 7. | "Ascension Street" | 3:32 |
| 8. | "(Always A) Target" | 3:43 |
| 9. | "All In Control" | 4:28 |
| 10. | "As Far As The Eye Can See" | 4:57 |

## InfoBox

| Enemies Like This | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Radio 4 | |
| Released | May 16, 2006 |
| Recorded | New York City, 2006 |
| Genre | Dance-punk, post-punk revival |
| Length | 41:43 |
| Label | Astralwerks Records |
| Radio 4 chronology | |
| *Stealing of a Nation*
(2004) ***Enemies Like This***
(2006) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Enemies Like This* | |
| 1. "Enemies Like This"
Released: May 2006 2. "Packing Things up on the Scene"
Released: October 2006 3. "As Far As the Eye Can See"
Released: 2006 / 2007 | |
|  | |


title: Emma S. Fitzhugh House

abstract: The Emma S. Fitzhugh House is a historic mansion in Washington D.C., United States. It serves as the official residence of the Philippine ambassador to the United States.

text:
# Emma S. Fitzhugh House

The **Emma S. Fitzhugh House** is a historic mansion in Washington D.C., United States. It serves as the official residence of the Philippine ambassador to the United States.

## History

The house was built in 1904 by William Lipscombs & Co. for Charles L. Fitzhugh and his wife Emma S. Fitzhugh and was designed by Waddy B. Wood under the firm, Wood, Donn and Dunning. In 1913, then Resident Commissioner (and later President of the Philippine Commonwealth) Manuel L. Quezon visited the house.

The Fitzhugh house also had Clarence M. Wooley, Sherman Flint and the Czechoslovak Legation as its tenants. In 1931, Republican Illinois 9th district Representative Frederick Britten and his wife took residence in the house. The Brittens continued living in the house even after Congressman Britten's retirement from politics. The Brittens bought the house on June 19, 1941 from Emma S. Fitzhugh.

The house was acquired by Joaquin Elizalde, the first Philippine ambassador to the United States, on October 14, 1946. Three years later, on August 30, the Philippine government bought the house from the Elizalde family and made the building the official residence of Philippine ambassador to the United States succeeding Elizalde.

## Heritage designation

In June 2021, the historical markers for the house from the National Historical Commission of the Philippines was unveiled marking the 75th anniversary of the formal establishment of the Philippines–United States relations. The English marker was officially installed on the residence's facade on June 13, 2022.

## InfoBox

| Emma S. Fitzhugh House | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| General information | |
| Status | Completed |
| Architectural style | Spanish RenaissanceBaroque / Mediterranean Revival |
| Address | 2253 R Street Northwest |
| Town or city | Washington D.C. |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 38°54′46.1″N 77°03′02.7″W / 38.912806°N 77.050750°W / 38.912806; -77.050750 |
| Current tenants | Philippine ambassador to the United States |
| Completed | 1904 |
| Owner | Fitzhugh family (1904–1941)
Britten family (1941–1946)
Elizalde family (1946–1949)
Philippine government (1949–) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Waddy B. Wood |
| Architecture firm | Wood, Donn and Dunning |
| Developer | William Lipscombs & Co. |
|  | |
| National Historical Landmarks | |
| Official name | Philippine Ambassador’s Residence In The United States |
| Type | Buildings/Structures |
| Designated | June 13, 2022 (June 13, 2022) |
| Database | NHCP website |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Tufton, Hampshire

abstract: Tufton is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Hurstbourne Priors, in the Basingstoke and Deane district, in the county of Hampshire, England, on the River Test. St Mary's Church dates from the 13th century and contains a large early 15th-century painting of Saint Christopher on the north wall of nave. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 1 mile north from the village. In 1931 the parish had a population of 108. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Hurstbourne Priors.

text:
# Tufton, Hampshire

**Tufton** is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Hurstbourne Priors, in the Basingstoke and Deane district, in the county of Hampshire, England, on the River Test. St Mary's Church dates from the 13th century and contains a large early 15th-century painting of Saint Christopher on the north wall of nave. Its nearest town is Whitchurch, which lies approximately 1 mile north from the village. In 1931 the parish had a population of 108. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Hurstbourne Priors.

## InfoBox

| Tufton | |
| --- | --- |
| St Marys Church, Tufton | |
| TuftonLocation within Hampshire | |
| OS grid reference | SU4572246808 |
| Civil parish |  |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | BASINGSTOKE |
| Postcode district | RG25 2 |
| Dialling code | 01256 |
|  | |
| Police | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
| Ambulance | South Central |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


title: Trowbridge Archeological Site

abstract: The Trowbridge Archaeological Site is located in the vicinity of North 61st Street and Leavenworth Road in Kansas City, Kansas. Discovered in 1939 by amateur archaeologist Harry Trowbridge in his backyard, it was inhabited c. AD 200–600 by the Kansas City Hopewell culture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1971, and placed on the Register of Historic Kansas Places on July 1, 1977.

text:
# Trowbridge Archeological Site

The **Trowbridge Archaeological Site** is located in the vicinity of North 61st Street and Leavenworth Road in Kansas City, Kansas. Discovered in 1939 by amateur archaeologist Harry Trowbridge in his backyard, it was inhabited c.AD 200–600 by the Kansas City Hopewell culture.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1971, and placed on the Register of Historic Kansas Places on July 1, 1977.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Trowbridge Archeological Site | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Between 61st and 63rd Sts., north of May Ln. and Leavenworth Rd., Kansas City, Kansas |
| Coordinates | 39°8′40″N 94°43′20″W / 39.14444°N 94.72222°W / 39.14444; -94.72222 |
| Area | 3.5 acres (1.4 ha) |
| NRHP reference No. | 71000337 |
| Added to NRHP | February 24, 1971 |


title: Energy operator

abstract: In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator, acting on the wave function of the system as a consequence of time translation symmetry.

text:
# Energy operator

In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the **energy operator**, acting on the wave function of the system as a consequence of time translation symmetry.

## Definition

It is given by: $\hat {E}=i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}$

It acts on the wave function (the probability amplitude for different configurations of the system) $\Psi \left(\mathbf {r} ,t\right)$

## Application

The energy operator corresponds to the full energy of a system. The Schrödinger equation describes the space- and time-dependence of the slow changing (non-relativistic) wave function of a quantum system. The solution of the Schrödinger equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept of quanta.

### Schrödinger equation

Using the energy operator in the Schrödinger equation: $i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,\\,t)={\hat {H}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)}}$ one obtains: $\hat {E}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)={\hat {H}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)}$

where *i* is the imaginary unit, *ħ* is the reduced Planck constant, and $\hat {H}$ is the Hamiltonian operator expressed as:

$\hat {H}=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}{2m}\nabla ^{2}+V(x).}}$

From the equation, the equality can be made: $\textstyle \langle E\rangle =\langle {\hat {H}\rangle }$, where $\textstyle \langle E\rangle $ is the expectation value of energy.

#### Properties

It can be shown that the expectation value of energy will always be greater than or equal to the minimum potential of the system.

Consider computing the expectation value of kinetic energy:

$\begin{aligned}KE&=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}{2m}\int \_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\psi ^{\*}\left({\frac {d^{2}\psi }{dx^{2}\right)\\,dx\\\&=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}{2m}\left({\left\[\psi '(x)\psi ^{\*}(x)\right\]\_{-\infty }^{+\infty }-\int \_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\left({\frac {d\psi }{dx}\right)\left({\frac {d\psi }{dx}\right)^{\*}\\,dx\right)\\\&={\frac {\hbar ^{2}{2m}\int \_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\left|{\frac {d\psi }{dx}\right|^{2}\\,dx\geq 0\end{aligned}}}}}}}}}}}}}$

Hence the expectation value of kinetic energy is always non-negative. This result can be used with the linearity condition to calculate the expectation value of the total energy which is given for a normalized wavefunction as:

$E=KE+\langle V(x)\rangle =KE+\int \_{-\infty }^{+\infty }V(x)|\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx\geq V\_{\text{min}(x)\int \_{-\infty }^{+\infty }|\psi (x)|^{2}\\,dx\geq V\_{\text{min}(x)}}$

which complete the proof. Similarly, the same condition can be generalized to any higher dimensions.

#### Constant energy

Working from the definition, a partial solution for a wavefunction of a particle with a constant energy can be constructed. If the wavefunction is assumed to be separable, then the time dependence can be stated as $e^{-iEt/\hbar }$, where *E* is the constant energy. In full, $\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\psi (\mathbf {r} )e^{-iEt/\hbar }$ where $\psi (\mathbf {r} )$ is the partial solution of the wavefunction dependent on position. Applying the energy operator, we have $\hat {E}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}\psi (\mathbf {r} )e^{-iEt/\hbar }=i\hbar \left({\frac {-iE}{\hbar }\right)\psi (\mathbf {r} )e^{-iEt/\hbar }=E\psi (\mathbf {r} )e^{-iEt/\hbar }=E\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t).}}$ This is also known as the stationary state, and can be used to analyse the time-independent Schrödinger equation: $E\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)={\hat {H}\Psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)}$ where *E* is an eigenvalue of energy.

### Klein–Gordon equation

The relativistic mass-energy relation: $E^{2}=(pc)^{2}+(mc^{2})^{2}$ where again *E* = total energy, *p* = total 3-momentum of the particle, *m* = invariant mass, and *c* = speed of light, can similarly yield the Klein–Gordon equation: $\begin{aligned}&{\hat {E}^{2}=c^{2}{\hat {p}^{2}+(mc^{2})^{2}\\\&{\hat {E}^{2}\Psi =c^{2}{\hat {p}^{2}\Psi +(mc^{2})^{2}\Psi \\\end{aligned}}}}}$ where $\hat {p}$ is the momentum operator. That is: $\frac {\partial ^{2}\Psi }{\partial t^{2}=c^{2}\nabla ^{2}\Psi -\left({\frac {mc^{2}{\hbar }\right)^{2}\Psi }}}$

## Derivation

The energy operator is easily derived from using the free particle wave function (plane wave solution to Schrödinger's equation). Starting in one dimension the wave function is $\Psi =e^{i(kx-\omega t)}$

The time derivative of Ψ is $\frac {\partial \Psi }{\partial t}=-i\omega e^{i(kx-\omega t)}=-i\omega \Psi .$

By the De Broglie relation: $E=\hbar \omega ,$ we have $\frac {\partial \Psi }{\partial t}=-i{\frac {E}{\hbar }\Psi .}$

Re-arranging the equation leads to $E\Psi =i\hbar {\frac {\partial \Psi }{\partial t},}$ where the energy factor *E* is a scalar value, the energy the particle has and the value that is measured. The partial derivative is a linear operator so this expression *is* the operator for energy: $\hat {E}=i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}.}$

It can be concluded that the scalar *E* is the eigenvalue of the operator, while $\hat {E}$ is the operator. Summarizing these results: $\hat {E}\Psi =i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}\Psi =E\Psi }$

For a 3-d plane wave $\Psi =e^{i(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)}$ the derivation is exactly identical, as no change is made to the term including time and therefore the time derivative. Since the operator is linear, they are valid for any linear combination of plane waves, and so they can act on any wave function without affecting the properties of the wave function or operators. Hence this must be true for any wave function. It turns out to work even in relativistic quantum mechanics, such as the Klein–Gordon equation above.


title: Tumbling Down (Cockney Rebel song)

abstract: "Tumbling Down" is a song by the British rock band Cockney Rebel, fronted by Steve Harley. It was released in 1975 as the third and final single from the band's second studio album The Psychomodo (1974). The song was written by Harley, and produced by Harley and Alan Parsons.

text:
# Tumbling Down (Cockney Rebel song)

"**Tumbling Down**" is a song by the British rock band Cockney Rebel, fronted by Steve Harley. It was released in 1975 as the third and final single from the band's second studio album *The Psychomodo* (1974). The song was written by Harley, and produced by Harley and Alan Parsons.

## Background

"Tumbling Down" was written and first performed by Harley during his days of busking in the early 1970s, before Cockney Rebel were formed in late 1972. The song references Ernest Hemingway, who had a big influence on Harley, and mentions the *Titanic* sailing into Brighton. Harley believes it was at Brighton, aged three, when he contracted polio. The song's closing refrain ("Oh dear, look what they've done to the blues, blues, blues") has been described as a "put-down of the denim-clad virtuosos that overpopulated 1970s music".

The song was recorded by Cockney Rebel during the February–March 1974 sessions for their second studio album *The Psychomodo* in 1974, with Andrew Powell providing the orchestral and brass arrangements on the track. The song was mastered at Abbey Road Studios.

When EMI released *The Psychomodo* in the United States in January 1975, half a year after its release elsewhere, "Tumbling Down" was issued as a promotional single. By this time, the original Cockney Rebel line-up had disbanded owing to internal tensions and disagreements. As a result, the US releases of "Tumbling Down" and *The Psychomodo* would be credited to the name of the band's new line-up as Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel. As a promotional single, "Tumbling Down" was not eligible to make a chart appearance. Although it was not a single in the UK or Europe, the song remains one of Harley's most popular songs.

## Release

"Tumbling Down" was released by EMI Records as a 7-inch promotional single in the United States only. For its release as a single, the six-minute album version of "Tumbling Down" was cut down to almost half the duration. Following its release on *The Psychomodo* and as a single, the song has also appeared on various Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel compilations, including *A Closer Look* (1975), *The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel* (1980), *Greatest Hits* (1987), *The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel* (1999) and *The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology* (2006).

## Critical reception

In a review of *The Psychomodo*, *Record Mirror* described "Tumbling Down" as "grand and orchestrated." In the US, Rick Atkinson of *The Record* praised "Tumbling Down" as an "excellent track with FM-radio potential". Jon Marlowe of *The Miami News*, in his 1976 review of *Love's a Prima Donna*, referred to "Tumbling Down" as one of the "two all-time classic songs" Harley had written, alongside "Cavaliers". He added, "...to hear Harley lead the audience in a rousing sing-along of 'Oh dear look what they've done to the blues' is nothing short of a musical miracle."

Dave Thompson of AllMusic retrospectively said that "Tumbling Down," along with the preceding track on *The Psychomodo*, "Sling It", "encompasses ten of the most heart-stoppingly breathless, and emotionally draining minutes in '70s rock". He continued, "though \["Tumbling Down"\]'s final refrain was reduced to pitifully parodic singalong the moment it got out on-stage, on record it retains both its potency and its purpose." Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic referred to the song as a "dramatic opus that gradually builds from quiet piano chords to an orchestral blowout as Harley vocalizes a pained but elegantly crafted tale of facing a grim destiny".

In 2012, Jim Wirth of *Uncut* wrote, "Harley signs off in style on 'Tumbling Down', with the John Cale-ish screams in the big pay-off line 'Oh dear, look what they've done to the blues', a barbed combination of anti-Ten Years After harangue and self-reverential gloating."

## Live performances

At the time of its release, "Tumbling Down" became Harley's regular concert closer, with the well-known closing refrain ("Oh dear, look what they've done to the blues, blues, blues") allowing the audience to participate by chanting the line with Harley. As a result of its regular airing during the band's concerts, various live versions have been recorded for official releases. On 14 April 1975, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel performed the song as part of their set at the Hammersmith Odeon, which was filmed and released as a film titled *Between the Lines*. The song has also been included on *Face to Face: A Live Recording* (1977), *Live from London* (1985) and *Birmingham (Live with Orchestra & Choir)* (2013). Two acoustic versions have also appeared on Harley's live albums *Stripped to the Bare Bones* (1999) and *Acoustic and Pure: Live* (2003).

During the band's UK summer tour in 1990, "Tumbling Down" was not included in the set-list. On stage at Frankfurt's Music-Hall in February 1992, Harley expressed how he had become tired of performing the song since its release in 1974. He stated, "Sometimes you think you've sung a song once too often. I stopped singing this song for a long time and I kept meeting people outside stage doors who would say things like, 'Steve, where is 'Tumbling Down'?' And I'd say 'I'm bored with it, tired of it, it's an old song and there's so many new songs'." After the tour, Harley and his brother Ian Nice, who at the time played keyboards in Cockney Rebel, looked at returning the song to the set-list. Harley revealed, "I went back to the drawing board, and brother Ian and I decided that there's nothing wrong with the song. \[We\] just \[had\] to try it another way, come at it from another direction." The decision was made to strip back the song for future performances by removing guitar, bass and drums, and making it piano and keyboard-focused. The addition of harmonica was intended to make it more like how Harley played it in his busking days in the early 1970s.

After the addition of the harmonica, the arrangement of the song would remain largely unchanged for the next three decades, with Harley's acoustic formats (from 1998) and rock band formats keeping the same basic arrangement that was established in 1992. The only two exceptions to this was firstly when the keyboards were substituted for acoustic guitar during keyboard-free acoustic tours, a format which would occasionally carry over into the same given year's rock band tour. The second was when the guitar-only format was used consistently during Harley's 3-man acoustic tours between 2010 and 2019. The arrangement of the song would, however, be significantly altered for Harley's December 2022 rock band tour, which merged Harley's 4-man acoustic format with the rock band, and celebrated the 50th anniversary of Harley's career. This arrangement was much more violin-heavy than previous versions, harkening back to early performances of the song in 1973 and 1974, and had almost no keyboard in it compared to the 1992 arrangement. Harley's harmonica playing remained in this arrangement. This new version would carry over into Harley's 2023 acoustic tour. It was also around this time that the song's position in the set-list was changed so that it was consistently the song before "Sebastian", usually the antepenultimate song of the night. Harley never revealed why he altered the arrangement of the song for the December 2022 tour (Harley's acoustic band format would play an all-guitar version similar to that done between 1998 and 2005 as late as May 2022).

## Track listing

**7-inch single**

1. "Tumbling Down" (Stereo) – 3:23
2. "Tumbling Down" (Mono) – 3:23

## Personnel

**Cockney Rebel**

**Additional personnel**

**Production**

* Steve Harley, Alan Parsons – producers
* Chris Blair – mastering

## Cover versions

### Yvonne Keeley version

| "Tumbling Down" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Yvonne Keeley | |
| B-side | "Loretta's Tale" |
| Released | 23 August 1974 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | 4:25 |
| Label | EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Steve Harley |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Yvonne Keeley singles chronology | |
| "**Tumbling Down**"
(1974) "Concrete and Clay"
(1975) | |

In 1974, Dutch singer Yvonne Keeley released her own version of the song as her debut single. Like Cockney Rebel's original, Keeley's version was produced by Harley and Parsons.

Keeley recorded "Tumbling Down" shortly after the split of the original Cockney Rebel line-up in July of that year. Keeley and Harley were already in a relationship and started working in the studio together, with Keeley recording "Tumbling Down" and another Cockney Rebel song, "Loretta's Tale", which was originally recorded for their 1973 debut album *The Human Menagerie*. EMI rush-released Keeley's version of "Tumbling Down" as a single on 23 August 1974 to coincide with Cockney Rebel's appearance at the Reading Festival on 25 August. Keeley would go on to provide backing vocals on future Cockney Rebel albums and Harley also produced her second single "Concrete and Clay", which was released in June 1975.

Scottish musician Ian Bairnson recorded the guitar part on "Tumbling Down" with a Les Paul. It was one of the guitarists earliest sessions and the one which had the most impact on his career. At the time, Bairnson had moved from Edinburgh to London to make it in the music business with the Scottish rock band Pilot, who had yet to gain a hit single. After being impressed by his playing on the song, Harley asked Bairnson to join Cockney Rebel, at a time when Harley was in the process of forming a new Cockney Rebel line-up. Faced with this dilemma, Bairnson ended up choosing to stay with his band, who gained their first hit with "Magic" later in November that year.

### Velvet Goldmine

"Tumbling Down" was featured in the 1998 British-American drama film *Velvet Goldmine*, directed and co-written by Todd Haynes. The fictional band who covered the song for the film soundtrack were Venus in Furs and lead vocals were handled by Jonathan Rhys Meyers. Meyers would also cover Cockney Rebel's "Sebastian" for the film, while the Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel recording of "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)" was featured over the ending credits. Meyers' version of "Tumbling Down" was made available on the *Velvet Goldmine* original motion picture soundtrack release.

Speaking to the Swedish web publication *Bomben* in 2000, Harley said of the version:

> "I was never much of a part of all that \[glam rock\]. More theatrical for one album, I suppose. But it ended there. When my friends and I first saw *Velvet Goldmine*, we thought, "straight to video." i.e.: not much of a film, really. My opinion was not improved after seeing it a second time, I'm afraid. I was only caught up at all when the Bowie character "recorded his video" for his "new single" "Tumbling Down". I thought there was magic about the shoot. But in all it isn't the best portrayal of a hedonistic time, simply because it was made by an American who really never was part of it all."

Later in 2010, Harley told *independent.ie* website:

> "*Velvet Goldmine*... actually, I saw that in the cinema. I'm one of the few! It didn't run for very long. We were invited to the opening in Edinburgh. When it finished my tour manager stood up and said, 'straight to video'. I understand Bowie refused to let them use his music. I agreed they could use mine. Thank you David (hah!). God bless you mate. It's always flattering that people would do one of your songs."

## InfoBox

| "Tumbling Down" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Cockney Rebel | |
| from the album  *The Psychomodo* | |
| Released | January 1975 |
| Recorded | 1974 |
| Genre | Rock |
| Length | * 5:55 (album version) * 3:23 (single version) |
| Label | EMI |
| Songwriter(s) | Steve Harley |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Cockney Rebel singles chronology | |
| "Mr. Soft"
(1974) "**Tumbling Down**"
(1975) "Big Big Deal"
(1974) | |


title: Engina mundula

abstract: Engina mundula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pisaniidae. This is a species inquirenda.

text:
# Engina mundula

***Engina mundula*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pisaniidae.

This is a *species inquirenda*.

## Description

## Distribution

## InfoBox

| *Engina mundula* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Caenogastropoda |
| Order: | Neogastropoda |
| Family: | Pisaniidae |
| Genus: | *Engina* |
| Species: | ***E. mundula*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Engina mundula***<br>Melvill & Standen | |
|


title: Empress Tudan (Digunai's wife)

abstract: Empress Tudan was the empress of the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty, Digunai. After his murder, she was demoted to commoner status. She was one of three Jin empresses from the Tudan clan.

text:
# Empress Tudan (Digunai's wife)

| Empress Tudan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Traditional Chinese | 徒單皇后 |
| Simplified Chinese | 徒单皇后 |
| Transcriptions  Standard Mandarin  Hanyu Pinyin Túdān huánghòu | |
|  | |

**Empress Tudan** (d. 1170) was the empress of the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty, Digunai. After his murder, she was demoted to commoner status. She was one of three Jin empresses from the Tudan clan.

## Biography

Tudan was the daughter of Xieye, a prominent official of the Jin Dynasty. She initially entered Digunai's harem with the title Consort of Qi State (Chinese: 岐國妃). She was promoted and received the title Consort Hui (Chinese: 惠妃) in 1150, before being elevated to empress later that year when her son Alubu was born. After this, the number of women in Digunai's harem increased, and the Empress fell out of favour. At one point, two officials' wives were sent to serve the Empress, and the debts of one of them were cancelled in return.

Empress Tudan's family used her position to extort property and wealth from other officials. When a minor wife of her father, Huta (忽撻), clashed with his main wife, Wulu (兀魯), investigators did not dare contradict Huta, who enjoyed Empress Tudan's particular favour. Wulu was thus killed, and even when Digunai found that she had been unfairly treated, Xieye's punishment did not stick, and he was quickly reinstated and promoted.

In 1161, Empress Tudan and her son, the crown prince, accompanied Digunai to Nanjing near modern Kaifeng, from where he launched attacks against the Song. Empress Tudan remained in Nanjing, but when Digunai was killed, her son was murdered, and she fled to her mother-in-law's home in Zhongdu. Digunai's successor, Emperor Shizong, reportedly took pity on her and allowed her to return to her parents' home in Shangjing, bestowing a yearly allowance of 2,000 strings of cash on her and specifying that all grain for her servants be provided from official stores. Empress Tudan died in 1170.

## Family

* Father: Xieye (? – 1154) (斜也), sinicised name Tudan Gong (徒單恭)
* Husband: Digunai, Prince of Hailing (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161)
    + Son: Alubu (1150 – 1161) (阿魯補), sinicised name Wanyan Guangying (完顏光英)

## InfoBox

| Empress Tudan
徒單皇后 | |
| --- | --- |
| Empress consort of the Jin dynasty | |
| Tenure | 1150 – 1161 |
| Predecessor | Empress Daoping |
| Successor | Empress Mingde |
|  | |
| Died | 1170
Shangjing |
| Husband | Dignunai, Prince of Hailing |
| Issue | Alubu |
| Posthumous name  None | |
| Clan | Tudan (by birth)
Wanyan (by marriage) |
| Dynasty | Jin |
| Father | Xieye |


title: Tunis, Ontario

abstract: Tunis is a community in the Cochrane District of Ontario. It is considered part of Cochrane, Unorganized, North Part in Canadian census data. Tunis is located next to Ontario Highway 11. In 1996, Atlantic Power Corporation began commercial operation of the Tunis Project, a 43 MW gas-fired enhanced combined-cycle generating facility located adjacent to the TransCanada gas mainline.

text:
# Tunis, Ontario

Tunisclass=notpageimage|Location of Tunis in Ontario

**Tunis** is a community in the Cochrane District of Ontario. It is considered part of Cochrane, Unorganized, North Part in Canadian census data.

Tunis is located next to Ontario Highway 11.

In 1996, Atlantic Power Corporation began commercial operation of the Tunis Project, a 43 MW gas-fired enhanced combined-cycle generating facility located adjacent to the TransCanada gas mainline.

48°50′17″N 80°50′34″W / 48.8379725°N 80.842788°W / 48.8379725; -80.842788


title: Tuningen

abstract: Tuningen is a Gemeinde (municipality) located in the Schwarzwald-Baar district in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The municipality belongs to the administrative authority (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Villingen-Schwenningen.

text:
# Tuningen

**Tuningen** is a Gemeinde (municipality) located in the Schwarzwald-Baar district in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The municipality belongs to the administrative authority (*Verwaltungsgemeinschaft*) of Villingen-Schwenningen.

## Geography

Tuningen is located at the east border of the Black Forest about 14 km south-east of the district town Villingen-Schwenningen, 6 km east of Bad Dürrheim and 5 km south-west of Trossingen.

## History

The first explicit reference to Tuningen dates to 797, in a deed of donation by the cloister St. Gallen.

## Twin towns

## InfoBox

| Tuningen | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location of Tuningen within Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis district | |
| Tuningen Tuningen | |
| Coordinates: 48°01′36″N 8°36′07″E / 48.0268°N 08.6019°E / 48.0268; 08.6019 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Baden-Württemberg |
| Admin. region | Freiburg |
| District | Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis |
| Municipal assoc. | Villingen-Schwenningen |
| Government | |
| Mayor (201927) | Ralf Pahlow |
| Area | |
| Total | 15.59 km2 (6.02 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 743 m (2,438 ft) |
| Population (2022-12-31) | |
| Total | 3,255 |
| Density | 210/km2 (540/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| Postal codes | 78609 |
| Dialling codes | 07464 |
| Vehicle registration | VS |
| Website | www.tuningen.de |


title: Tunis, Faiyum Governorate

abstract: Tunis is a modern-village in the Egyptian oasis of Faiyum Governorate known for its pottery workshops and small art galleries.

text:
# Tunis, Faiyum Governorate

**Tunis** is a modern-village in the Egyptian oasis of Faiyum Governorate known for its pottery workshops and small art galleries.

## History

The village is considered new as it was created in the 1960s by two famous Egyptian poets. In the 1980s, Evelyne Porret, a Swiss tourist and later potter fell in love with Egypt and the touristic village, and established a pottery school in it that played a large role in preserving Fayoum's Ancient Egyptian pottery culture. The pottery school still exists today.

## Institutions

### Fayoum Art Center

Mohamed Abla, an Egyptian artist, founded Fayoum Art Center in 2006. It is a non-profit organization which was inspired by the International Summer Academy in Salzburg. The Center is dedicated to all the artists around the world. It helps artists by giving them studio spaces they need, besides providing them with art libraries and living areas. Additionally, the first Caricature Museum in the Middle East was built in the center. The museum includes a variety of collection of caricature.

### Ibis Cooking School and Restaurant

Not only the village is limited to the art of pottery, but also it combines both the art of pottery with the cooking. There is Ibis Cooking School and Restaurant that is located at Mahmoud Youssef Pottery Atelier.

## Events

### Tunis Village Annual Handicrafts Festival

There is a festival held in Fayoum Village annually; it takes place every autumn. The purpose of the festival is to bring artists-potters from Tunis, Cairo, other parts of Egypt and also artists from around the world. The festival focuses on giving the chance to the participants to explore the value of potter, exchange knowledge, share interests and also discuss their challenges.

## Climate

The climate of the village is warm (22-28 degrees Celsius) between the months of October and April. However, the weather can be very warm from May to October.

26°37′N 31°41′E / 26.617°N 31.683°E / 26.617; 31.683


title: Tunis, Sohag Governorate

abstract: Tunis is a village in Sohag Governorate, Egypt located in the Sohag Markaz. In 2006 it was inhabited by 19 495 people.

text:
# Tunis, Sohag Governorate

**Tunis** is a village in Sohag Governorate, Egypt located in the Sohag Markaz. In 2006 it was inhabited by 19 495 people.

1. "Sohag Governorate Official Website". *sohag.gov.eg* (in Arabic).
2. ""تونس" سوهاج تتحول إلى قرية أشباح بعد مصرع وإصابة 7 فى مشاجرة". *elwatannews.com* (in Arabic).
3. "2006 census". *msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg* (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2020-05-11. Retrieved 2021-06-05.

## InfoBox

| Tunis تونس | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| TunisLocation in Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 26°37′00″N 31°40′58″E / 26.61667°N 31.68278°E / 26.61667; 31.68278 | |
| Country | Egypt |
| Governorate | Sohag |
| Markaz | Sohag Markaz |
| Population (2006) | |
| Total | 19 495 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |


title: Enterocutaneous fistula

abstract: An enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is an abnormal communication between the small or large bowel and the skin that allows the contents of the stomach or intestines to leak through an opening in the skin.

text:
# Enterocutaneous fistula

An **enterocutaneous fistula** (**ECF**) is an abnormal communication between the small or large bowel and the skin that allows the contents of the stomach or intestines to leak through an opening in the skin.

## Causes

The mnemonic **HIS FRIENDS** can be used to memorize characteristics which impede the closure of ECF.

H: high output I: IBD S:short tract

## Diagnosis

### Classification

Congenital types: tracheoesophageal, vitellointestinal duct, patent urachus, rectovaginal

Acquired: trauma (postoperative), radiation, malignancy, infection

### Two categories

Low-output fistula: \< 500 mL/day

High-output fistula: \> 500 mL/day

### Three categories

Low-output fistula: \< 200 mL/day

Moderate-output fistula: 200–500 mL/day

High-output fistula: \> 500 mL/day

## Treatment

The majority will close spontaneously within approximately 6 weeks. If it has not closed by 12 weeks, it is unlikely to do so and definitive surgery should be planned. The median time to definitive repair from fistula onset was 6 months (range 1 day to 28 months). The 6-month time course is commonly utilized by groups with significant experience treating fistulas, owing to the trend in encountering a less hostile abdomen than in the early phases. Some evidence also suggests that somatostatin can be an effective treatment with respect to reducing closure time and improving the spontaneous closure rate of enterocutaneous fistulas.


title: Enterocystidae

abstract: The Enterocystidae are a family of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

text:
# Enterocystidae

The **Enterocystidae** are a family of parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

## Taxonomy

There is one genus in this family - *Enterocystis*

## History

This family was created by Codreanu in 1940.

## Description

These organisms have a spherical nucleus and can have a deep brown cytoplasm. They are found in the gut of insect hosts; such hosts include *Psocoptera*, and Ephemeroptera

## InfoBox

| Enterocystidae | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| (unranked): | Sar |
| (unranked): | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Conoidasida |
| Subclass: | Gregarinasina |
| Order: | Eugregarinorida |
| Suborder: | Aseptatorina |
| Family: | **Enterocystidae** |
|
| Genera | |
| *Enterocystis* | |


title: Enteroenteric circulation

abstract:
In medicine Enteroenteric circulation is the secretion back into the intestines of substances previously taken up from it. It occurs when there is a negative relative concentration of substance in the
intestines, making it passively diffuse from the mesenteric circulation into the intestinal lumen and is trapped. Examples of toxins that exhibit enteroenteric circulation include theophylline, phenobarbital, and phenytoin. Administration of activated charcoal inhibits the enteroenteric circulation of such substances, and is therefore useful in overdose or intoxication.

text:
# Enteroenteric circulation

In medicine **Enteroenteric circulation** is the secretion back into the intestines of substances previously taken up from it. It occurs when there is a negative relative concentration of substance in the intestines, making it passively diffuse from the mesenteric circulation into the intestinal lumen and is trapped.

Examples of toxins that exhibit enteroenteric circulation include theophylline, phenobarbital, and phenytoin. Administration of activated charcoal inhibits the enteroenteric circulation of such substances, and is therefore useful in overdose or intoxication.


title: Stanislav Kozubek

abstract: Stanislav Kozubek is a former Czech cyclist.

text:
# Stanislav Kozubek

**Stanislav Kozubek** (born 9 June 1980 in Prague) is a former Czech cyclist.

## Palmares

1999 3rd Junior World Team Pursuit Championships 2001 1st Team pursuit European Track Championships 2005 3rd National Road Race Championships 3rd Grand Prix Cycliste de Gemenc  National Scratch Champion  National Team Pursuit Champion 2006  National Road Race Champion 1st stage 4b Okolo Slovenska 2007  National Time Trial Champion 1st Prague-Karlovy Vary-Prague 2008 3rd National Road Race Championships 2009 2nd National Time Trial Championships 3rd National Road Race Championships 2010 2nd Oberösterreich-Rundfahrt 2nd National Road Race Championships 3rd Raiffeisen Grand Prix 2011 1st Czech Cycling Tour

## InfoBox

Stanislav Kozubek
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1980-06-09) 9 June 1980<br>Prague |
| Team information | |
| Current team | Retired |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Professional teams | |
| 2003 | ASC Dukla Praha |
| 2005 | ASC Dukla Praha |
| 2006-2013 | PSK Whirlpool-Author |
|  | |


title: Coprosma perpusilla

abstract: Coprosma perpusilla, commonly known as creeping coprosma, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Australia, New Zealand and on some subantarctic islands. The specific epithet comes from the Latin per (very) and pusillus, referring to the growth habit.

text:
# Coprosma perpusilla

***Coprosma perpusilla***, commonly known as **creeping coprosma**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in Australia, New Zealand and on some subantarctic islands. The specific epithet comes from the Latin *per* (very) and *pusillus* (very small), referring to the growth habit.

## Taxonomy

When the *Coprosma pumila* complex was revised by Orchard in 1986, he resurrected *C. perpusilla* Colenso from synonymy with *C. pumila*, recognising two subspecies – the nominate for the plants of New Zealand and Australia, with *C. perpusilla* ssp. *subantarctica* erected for the plants on the subantarctic islands.

## Description

Creeping coprosma is a prostrate subshrub, with mat-forming stems 300–400 mm long, glabrous, and rooting at the nodes. The small lanceolate to ovate leaves are 4.5–7 mm long and 2–3.5 mm wide, crowded on short shoots. The sessile flowers occur in summer on erect branchlets, and range in colour from greenish white to orange-yellow with red flecks. The fruit is an ovoid drupe 4–6 mm long and yellow-orange to orange-red in colour.

## Distribution and habitat

The plant occurs in New Zealand, in Australia where it is native to the states of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, and to the subantarctic islands of Macquarie, Campbell, the Aucklands and the Antipodes. It grows in various habitats in alpine and subalpine regions. On Macquarie Island it has been adversely affected by rabbit grazing.

### Notes

### Sources

* James, T.A. "Coprosma perpusilla Colenso". *PlantNET: New South Wales Flora Online*. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust: Sydney. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
* Orchard, A.E. (1986). "A revision of the *Coprosma pumila* (Rubiaceae) complex in Australia, New Zealand and the Subantarctic Islands". *Brunonia*. **9** (2): 119–138. doi:10.1071/BRU9860119.
* "*Coprosma perpusilla* subsp. *subantarctica* Orchard". *Flora of Australia Online*. ABRS. 1993. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

## InfoBox

| *Coprosma perpusilla* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Coprosma perpusilla* subsp. *perpusilla* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Coprosma* |
| Species: | ***C. perpusilla*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Coprosma perpusilla***<br>Colenso, 1890 | |
|
| Subspecies | |
| * *C. p. pusilla* Colenso * *C. p. subantarctica* Orchard | |


title: Romerike Ravens

abstract: Romerike Ravens is the women's handball team based in Rælingen, Romerike. The team plays in REMA 1000-ligaen, the top division in the country, since its promotion in 2020. Since 2021 the women's elite handball team was renamed Romerike Ravens from the previous club name Rælingen HK.

text:
# Romerike Ravens

**Romerike Ravens** is the women's handball team based in Rælingen, Romerike. The team plays in REMA 1000-ligaen, the top division in the country, since its promotion in 2020.

Since 2021 the women's elite handball team was renamed *Romerike Ravens* from the previous club name *Rælingen HK*.

## Team

### Current squad

*Squad for the 2023–24 season*

### 2024-2025 Transfers

### Technical staff

* **Head coach:** Ane Mällberg
* **Assistant coach:** Michael O’Sullivan

### Notable former National Team players

### Notable former club players

* Åse Karin Johannessen (2002–2010)
* Tonje Rue Barkenes
* Andrea Ohrvik
* Ida Doornbos
* Sara Blankevoort
* Marie Lindvik Jørstad
* Leila Laksiri
* Kathrine Hjelmeland
* Silje Arnesen
* Kine Sundby
* Lene Petterson Heiberg
* Andrea Hanssen
* Julie Bøe Jacobsen
* Rikke Skiri Østigård
* Marte Juuhl Svensson
* Emma Holtet
* Ida Ringlund Hansen
* Frida Haug Hoel
* Maja Muri
* Kristin Dorthea Eskerud
* Vilde Johansen
* Zaynap Elmrani
* Bibi Aandewiel
* Merlinda Qorraj
* Astrid Mjøen Holstad
* Caroline Martins
* Sisse Marie Bøge Fahlberg
* Isabella Jacobsen
* Rikke Thorngaard
* Hanna Örtorp
* Linnea Säreborn

## InfoBox

| Romerike Ravens | |
| --- | --- |
| Short name | Romerike Ravens |
| Founded | 1977 (as Rælingen HK) |
| Arena | Marikollhallen, Rælingen |
| Capacity | 175 |
| President | Hæge Fagerhus Asak |
| Head coach | Bente Lunke Nurum |
| League | REMA 1000-ligaen |
| 2023–24 | 12th |
| Club colours |  |
| **Website** <br>Official site | |


title: Billy Curley

abstract: William Curley is an English former footballer who made 29 appearances in the Football League playing as a full back for Darlington in the 1960s. He played for Durham Schools' under-15 team in the 1960–61 season, and was the first player to be taken on by Darlington as an apprentice professional under the scheme introduced in 1960.

text:
# Billy Curley

**William Curley** (born 20 November 1945) is an English former footballer who made 29 appearances in the Football League playing as a full back for Darlington in the 1960s. He played for Durham Schools' under-15 team in the 1960–61 season, and was the first player to be taken on by Darlington as an apprentice professional under the scheme introduced in 1960.

## InfoBox

Billy Curley
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1945-11-20) 20 November 1945 | | |
| Place of birth | Trimdon, England | | |
| Position(s) | Full back | | |
| Youth career | | | |
| 1961–1962 | Darlington | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1962–1965 | Darlington | 29 | (1) |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Emil Pettersson

abstract: Emil Pettersson is a Swedish professional ice hockey player for Timrå IK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Pettersson was selected by the Nashville Predators in the 6th round of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. Emil's brother Elias was drafted fifth overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft.

text:
# Emil Pettersson

**Emil Pettersson** (born 14 January 1994) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player for Timrå IK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Pettersson was selected by the Nashville Predators in the 6th round (155th overall) of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. Emil's brother Elias was drafted fifth overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft.

## Playing career

Pettersson made his Elitserien (now the SHL) debut playing with Timrå IK during the 2012–13 Elitserien season.

In the 2016–17 season, having signed with Skellefteå AIK, Pettersson played in 24 games before he was transferred mid-season to join his fourth SHL club in the Växjö Lakers, on 7 December 2016. Pettersson quickly adapted with the Lakers, completing the season with 26 points in 27 games.

On 9 May 2017, Pettersson agreed to a two-year, entry-level contract with the Nashville Predators. He joined the Predators American Hockey League affiliate, the Milwaukee Admirals for the 2017–18 season. During the season, Pettersson and teammate Anders Lindbäck were named to the 2018 AHL All-Star Classic. In playing the full year with the Admirals, Pettersson led the team in scoring with 33 assists and 46 points in 72 regular season games.

In the following 2018–19 season, Pettersson continued to lead the Admirals offence, compiling 33 points in 49 games before he was traded by the Predators to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for Laurent Dauphin and Adam Helewka on 8 February 2019. He was immediately assigned to continue in the AHL with Coyotes affiliate, the Tucson Roadrunners.

Having completed his contract in North America, and playing exclusively in the AHL, Pettersson left as an impending restricted free agent from the Coyotes. On 13 June 2019, he agreed to a two-year contract to return to Sweden with former club, the Växjö Lakers of the SHL.

In helping the Lakers claim the Le Mat Trophy in his final season under contract in 2020–21, Pettersson embarked on a new challenge in securing a one-year contract with Russian-based, HC Spartak Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), on 13 July 2021. In his lone season with Spartak, Pettersson contributed with 13 goals and 24 points through 42 regular season games. In helping Spartak qualify for the post-season, he collected an assist in 5 playoff appearances.

As a free agent, Pettersson opted to return to the SHL and sign a five-year contract with original club, Timrå IK, on 8 April 2022.

## Personal life

Pettersson is of Finnish descent through his paternal grandfather, born Toivo Jokelainen, who was sent to Sweden in 1941 as a Finnish war child.

## Career statistics

|  | | |  | Regular season | | | | |  | Playoffs | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Season | Team | League | | GP |  |  | Pts | PIM | | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2011–12 | Timrå IK | J20 | | 17 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 10 | | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 2012–13 | Timrå IK | J20 | | 44 | 13 | 31 | 44 | 38 | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2012–13 | Timrå IK | SEL | | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2013–14 | Timrå IK | J20 | | 12 | 10 | 9 | 19 | 12 | | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| 2013–14 | Timrå IK | Allsv | | 44 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 12 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Timrå IK | Allsv | | 52 | 12 | 23 | 35 | 16 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2014–15 | Modo Hockey | SHL | | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2015–16 | Modo Hockey | SHL | | 52 | 12 | 14 | 26 | 8 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Skellefteå AIK | SHL | | 24 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2016–17 | Växjö Lakers | SHL | | 27 | 9 | 17 | 26 | 8 | | 6 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 |
| 2017–18 | Milwaukee Admirals | AHL | | 72 | 13 | 33 | 46 | 32 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Milwaukee Admirals | AHL | | 49 | 11 | 22 | 33 | 24 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2018–19 | Tucson Roadrunners | AHL | | 12 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 4 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2019–20 | Växjö Lakers | SHL | | 52 | 10 | 15 | 25 | 28 | |  |  |  |  |  |
| 2020–21 | Växjö Lakers | SHL | | 52 | 22 | 26 | 48 | 20 | | 14 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 6 |
| 2021–22 | Spartak Moscow | KHL | | 42 | 13 | 11 | 24 | 16 | | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| SHL totals | | | | 211 | 60 | 78 | 138 | 90 | | 20 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 10 |

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| AHL | | |
| All-Star Game | 2018 |  |
| SHL | | |
| Le Mat Trophy (Växjö Lakers) | 2021 |  |

## InfoBox

| Emil Pettersson | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pettersson at the 2018 AHL All-Star Game | | | |
| Born | (1994-01-14) 14 January 1994
Sundsvall, Sweden | | |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) | | |
| Weight | 176 lb (80 kg; 12 st 8 lb) | | |
| Position | Centre | | |
| Shoots | Left | | |
| SHL team
Former teams | *Timrå IK*
Modo Hockey
Skellefteå AIK
Växjö Lakers
Spartak Moscow | | |
| NHL draft | 155th overall, 2013
Nashville Predators | | |
| Playing career | 2013present | | |