title: Battle of Taejon

abstract: The Battle of Taejon was an early battle of the Korean War, between U.S. and North Korean forces. Forces of the United States Army attempted to defend the headquarters of the 24th Infantry Division. The 24th Infantry Division was overwhelmed by numerically superior forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) at the major city and transportation hub of Daejon. The 24th Infantry Division's regiments were already exhausted from the previous two weeks of delaying actions to stem the advance of the KPA. The entire 24th Division gathered to make a final stand around Taejon, holding a line along the Kum River to the east of the city. Hampered by a lack of communication and equipment, and a shortage of heavy weapons to match the KPA's firepower, the outnumbered, ill-equipped and inexperienced U.S. forces were pushed back from the riverbank after several days before fighting an intense urban battle to defend the city. After a fierce three-day struggle, the U.S. withdrew. Although they could not hold the city, the 24th Infantry Division achieved a strategic victory by delaying the North Koreans, providing time for other U.S. divisions to establish a defensive perimeter around Pusan further south. The delay imposed at Taejon probably prevented a U.S. rout during the subsequent Battle of Pusan Perimeter. During the action, the KPA captured Major General William F. Dean, the commander of the 24th Infantry Division, and highest ranking U.S. prisoner during the Korean War.

text:
# Battle of Taejon

The **Battle of Taejon** (16–20 July 1950) was an early battle of the Korean War, between U.S. and North Korean forces. Forces of the United States Army attempted to defend the headquarters of the 24th Infantry Division. The 24th Infantry Division was overwhelmed by numerically superior forces of the Korean People's Army (KPA) at the major city and transportation hub of Daejon (then spelt *Taejon*). The 24th Infantry Division's regiments were already exhausted from the previous two weeks of delaying actions to stem the advance of the KPA.

The entire 24th Division gathered to make a final stand around Taejon, holding a line along the Kum River to the east of the city. Hampered by a lack of communication and equipment, and a shortage of heavy weapons to match the KPA's firepower, the outnumbered, ill-equipped and inexperienced U.S. forces were pushed back from the riverbank after several days before fighting an intense urban battle to defend the city. After a fierce three-day struggle, the U.S. withdrew.

Although they could not hold the city, the 24th Infantry Division achieved a strategic victory by delaying the North Koreans, providing time for other U.S. divisions to establish a defensive perimeter around Pusan further south. The delay imposed at Taejon probably prevented a U.S. rout during the subsequent Battle of Pusan Perimeter. During the action, the KPA captured Major General William F. Dean, the commander of the 24th Infantry Division, and highest ranking U.S. prisoner during the Korean War.

## Background

### Outbreak of war

Following the invasion of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) by its northern neighbor, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), the United Nations committed forces on behalf of South Korea. The United States subsequently sent ground forces to the Korean peninsula to contain the North Korean invasion and to prevent the collapse of the South Korean state. American forces in the Far East had steadily decreased since the end of World War II, five years earlier.

When forces were initially committed, the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army, headquartered in Japan, was the closest U.S. division. The division was under-strength, and most of its equipment dated from 1945 and earlier due to defense cutbacks enacted in the first Truman administration. Nevertheless, the division was ordered into South Korea.

The 24th Infantry Division was the first U.S. unit sent into Korea to absorb the initial North Korean advances, and disrupt the more numerous North Korean units. The 24th Division effectively delayed the North Korean advance to allow the 7th Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division, and other Eighth Army supporting units to establish a defensive line around Pusan.

Immediately preceding the Battle of Taejon, some of the Bodo League massacres took place around Taejon, where between 3,000 and 7,000 South Korean leftist political prisoners were shot and dumped into mass graves by South Korean troops, partially recorded by a U.S. Army photographer.

### Delaying action

Task Force Smith, an advance element of the 24th Infantry Division, was badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on 5 July, during the first encounter between American and North Korean forces. Task Force Smith retreated from Osan to Pyongtaek, where U.S. forces were again defeated, in the Battle of Pyongtaek. The 24th Infantry Division was repeatedly forced south by the North Korean force's superior numbers and equipment in engagements at Chochiwon, Chonan, Hadong, and Yechon. Most of the Americans were out of shape, untrained, undisciplined and had no combat experience.

On 12 July, the division's commander, Major General William F. Dean, ordered the division's three regiments, the 19th Infantry Regiment, 21st Infantry Regiment, and the 34th Infantry Regiment, to cross the Kum River, destroying all bridges behind them, and to establish defensive positions around Taejon. Taejon was a major South Korean city 100 miles (160 km) south of Seoul and 130 miles (210 km) northwest of Pusan, and was the site of the 24th Infantry Division's headquarters. Dean formed a line with the 34th Infantry and 19th Infantry facing east, and held the heavily battered 21st Infantry in reserve to the southeast.

The Kum River wrapped north and west around the city, providing a defensive line 10 to 15 miles from the outskirts of Taejon, which was surrounded to the south by the Sobaek Mountains. With major railroad junctions and numerous roads leading into the countryside in all directions, Taejon was a major transportation hub between Seoul and Taegu, giving it great strategic value for both the American and North Korean forces. The division was attempting to make a last stand at Taejon, the last place it could conduct a delaying action before the North Korean forces would converge on the unfinished Pusan Perimeter.

## Prelude

### U.S. 24th Infantry Division

The 24th Infantry Division's three infantry regiments, which had a wartime strength of 3,000 each, were already below strength on their deployment, and heavy losses in the preceding two weeks had reduced their numbers further. The 21st Infantry had 1,100 men left, having suffered 1,433 casualties. The 34th Infantry had only 2,020 men and the 19th had 2,276 men. Another 2,007 men stood in the 24th Infantry Division artillery formations. These counts placed the division's total strength at 11,400. This was severely reduced from the 15,965 men and 4,773 vehicles that had arrived in Korea at the beginning of the month.

Each of the regiments had only two battalions of infantry as opposed to the normal three. Large numbers of men had to be pulled from the lines from combat fatigue. Morale was extremely low for the soldiers, who were exhausted from days without sleep. Casualties among the division's commissioned officers were extremely high, forcing younger officers and non-commissioned officers to take leadership positions normally occupied by more experienced men.

In addition to casualties, shortages of equipment hampered the 24th Infantry Division's efforts. Losses from earlier fighting reduced artillery support to two battalions. Communications equipment, weapons, and ammunition were limited and large amounts of equipment had been lost or destroyed in previous engagements. Most of the radios available to the division did not work, and batteries, communication wire, and telephones to communicate among units were in short supply, with some company formations having only one radio for one squad.

The division had no tanks: its new M26 Pershing and older M4A3 Sherman tanks were still *en route*. One of the few weapons that could penetrate the North Korean T-34 tanks, the 3.5-inch M20 "Super Bazookas" firing M28A2 HEAT rocket ammunition, were scarce. The paucity of radios and wire hampered communication between and among the American units.

### North Korean units

North Korean planners intended for three divisions to attack Taejon from three directions, supported by tanks. The North Korean 3rd Division was ordered to attack from the north, against the flank. The North Korean 4th Division would attack across the Kum River from the east and south, to envelop Taejon and the U.S. 24th Infantry Division with it. Eventually they would also be supported by elements of the North Korean 105th Armored Division. Although the North Korean 2nd Infantry Division was ordered to attack from Chongju against the American right flank, it was slow to move and arrived too late to participate in the battle.

The North Koreans advanced on the town with the 3rd and 4th divisions supported by over 50 T-34 tanks. Each North Korean division, normally operating with 20,000 men, was at 60 to 80 percent strength, giving them nearly a two to one numerical superiority over the American forces. The morale of the two divisions was low, owing to repeated air attacks on equipment and overall exhaustion from continuous combat. Political officers promised the divisions they would be able to rest in Taejon after they took the city.

## Battles

### Battle of the Kum River (13–16 July)

#### First North Korean attack

On the morning of 14 July, American soldiers from 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, on the heights 2 miles (3.2 km) above the Kum River Line spotted T-34s across the river. The T-34s fired on the 3rd Battalion's position from across the river, to no effect. By mid-morning, North Korean infantry were spotted crossing the river by boat and mortar and artillery fire began hitting the 34th Infantry's lines. In the confusion and resulting poor communication, the North Korean infantry managed to move around the American lines. The 1st Battalion, further north, also came under heavy attack by advancing North Korean forces, and though it repulsed the attack with the help of artillery, it was forced to withdraw to safer positions.

In the early afternoon, another attacking force, an estimated 1,000 North Korean troops, crossed the river. The North Koreans captured an outpost of the 63rd Field Artillery Battalion, supporting the 34th Infantry with 105 mm howitzers. They turned a captured machine gun on the battalion's HQ battery and began to fire, taking it by surprise. Artillery fire aimed at the battery destroyed communications and vehicles, and inflicted heavy casualties.

Its survivors retreated on foot to the south. Meanwhile, only 250 yards (230 m) away, a battery of the battalion also came under attack, by 100 North Korean infantrymen, resulting in similar casualties and retreat. B Battery was attacked by 400 North Koreans, but an advance of South Korean horse cavalry spared the battery from heavy losses, allowing it to make an organized retreat. The 63rd Field Artillery lost all of its guns and 80 of its vehicles, many still intact for North Korean forces to use.

Later in the evening, 1st Battalion, 34th Infantry, counterattacked the positions but was unable to take them back in the face of machine gun and small arms fire, and was forced to withdraw by nightfall. After this failed attempt to retake the equipment, Dean ordered the positions where the captured equipment was located to be destroyed by an airstrike. With the 1st Battalion having taken heavy casualties and the 3rd Battalion forced to move to counter North Korean attacks, the northwest flank of the American line had been beaten back. The North Korean 4th Division began crossing the river, only slightly impeded by U.S. aircraft attacking its boats.

#### Second North Korean attack

Following the initial penetration, the 34th Infantry line moved south to Nonsan. The 19th Infantry moved its 2nd Battalion to fill some of the gaps left by the 34th, reinforced by Republic of Korea Army troops. The combined forces observed a large build-up of North Korean troops on the other side of the river. At 03:00 on 16 July, the North Koreans launched a massive barrage of tank, artillery and mortar fire on the 19th Infantry's positions and North Korean troops began to cross the river in boats. The North Korean forces gathered on the west bank and assaulted the positions of 1st Battalion's C and E companies, followed by a second landing against B Company.

North Korean forces pushed against the entire battalion, threatening to overwhelm it. The regimental commander ordered all support troops and officers to the line and they were able to repulse the assault. However, in the melee, North Korean forces infiltrated their rear elements, attacking the reserve forces and blocking supply lines. Stretched thin, the 19th Infantry was unable to hold the line at the Kum River and simultaneously repel the North Korean forces.

That evening, 2nd Battalion was moved to attempt to deal with the North Koreans in the rear but suffered casualties as well, and was unable to break the roadblocks. By 17 July, the 19th Infantry withdrew, and was ordered 25 miles (40 km) southwest to regroup and re-equip. Less than half of 1st Battalion returned, and only two of 2nd Battalion's companies remained intact. All three regiments of the 24th Infantry Division, having each been defeated and overwhelmed, were down to battalion-strength formations.

The division's 19th and 34th regiments had engaged the North Korean 3rd Infantry Division and the North Korean 4th Infantry Division between 13 and 16 July and suffered 650 casualties among the 3,401 men committed there. On 18 July, the Eighth Army commander, Lieutenant General Walton Walker, ordered General Dean to hold Taejon until the 20th so that the 1st Cavalry Division and 25th Infantry Division could establish defensive lines along the Naktong River, forming the Pusan Perimeter. As the North Korean push against the U.S. units forced them back, 31 U.S. troops were killed in the Chaplain-Medic Massacre.

### Taejon surrounded

The North Koreans then moved against Taejon city. On 19 July, North Korean forces entered Taejon, the site of the 24th Infantry Division's headquarters. The North Korean 3rd Division formed a roadblock between Taejon and Okchon, cutting off the 21st Infantry in its reserve positions. The 21st Infantry was subsequently unable to join the fight. However, it attempted to hold the route of escape for the rest of the division during most of the fight at Taejon.

At the same time, tanks from the North Korean 105th Armored Division began to enter the city, followed by troops of the 3rd and 4th infantry divisions. There, the North Korean forces deployed, occupying key buildings throughout the city to establish sniper positions. American attacks against these positions later set fire to many of Taejon's wooden buildings. North Korean forces prioritised and attempted to eliminate American gun emplacements, food stores, and ammunition dumps, having received information on the location of these facilities through agents operating in the city.

At Taejon, the battered 24th Infantry Division was ordered to make a stand. The 34th Infantry also moved to the city to oppose the North Korean forces, which assaulted it head-on while attempting to flank and cut off retreat from the rear. Dean began ordering elements of the division, including much of his headquarters, to retreat via train to Taegu, although he remained behind. By this time, several M24 Chaffee light tanks had been sent to reinforce the division from A Company of the 78th Tank Battalion. Regardless of the additional tanks, on 20 July, North Korean armored units pushed American forces back from Taejon Airfield, several miles northwest of Taejon, overwhelming the last American units defending the Kum River and forcing the remnants of the division into Taejon itself. At this point the city was surrounded and North Korean troops began setting roadblocks along the roads out of the city.

For two days, the 34th Infantry fought the advancing North Koreans in bitter house-to-house fighting. North Korean soldiers continued to infiltrate the city, often disguised as farmers. The remaining elements of the 24th Infantry Division were pushed back block-by-block. Without radios, and unable to communicate with the remaining elements of the division, Dean joined the men on the front lines. At one point, he personally attacked a tank with a hand grenade, destroying it.

Large columns of North Korean forces began marching on the city from the south roads, reinforcing those that had crossed the river. American forces pulled back after suffering heavy losses, allowing the North Korean 3rd and 4th divisions to move on the city freely from the north, south, and east roads. The 24th Infantry Division repeatedly attempted to establish its defensive lines, and was each time pushed back by the numerically superior North Koreans.

### Taejon falls

At the end of the day on 20 July, Dean ordered the headquarters of the 34th Infantry to withdraw. His command was reinforced by several more light tanks from the 1st Cavalry Division. As the tanks fought through a North Korean roadblock, Dean, with a small force of soldiers, followed them. At the edge of the city, the final elements of the 34th Infantry, leaving the city in 50 vehicles, were ambushed and many of their vehicles were destroyed by machine guns and mortars, forcing the Americans to retreat on foot.

In the ensuing fight, Dean's jeep made a wrong turn and was separated from the rest of the American forces. Unable to turn back, Dean and his party attempted to retreat to American lines on their own, but 35 days later, alone and lost in the hills, Dean was captured by North Korean forces. For most of his incarceration, the North Koreans were not aware of his rank. Dean repeatedly attempted to make the North Koreans kill him for fear of divulging information under torture. North Korean leaders had threatened to harm Dean if he did not cooperate but he was never actually tortured. Eventually his rank was uncovered, but they were unable to gather any intelligence from him.

When the last of the 34th Infantry's defenders left the city, the 21st Infantry, which had been protecting the road to Taegu, also withdrew, leaving Taejon in the hands of the North Korean forces.

## Aftermath

By the end of the battle, the casualties of U.S. 24th Infantry Division were counted as follows.

* 354 killed, 156 wounded, 185 missing (POW/KIA) - in and around Kum River, date 13–16
* 463 killed, 325 wounded, 295 missing (POW/KIA) - in and around Daejeon, date 16–20

Most of the casualties in and around Daejeon, from 16–20 July, were from the 34th Infantry Regiment Evidence suggests that the North Koreans executed some of the missing and captured prisoners immediately after the battle. Although badly mauled, the 24th Infantry Division accomplished its mission of delaying North Korean forces from advancing until 20 July. By that time, American forces had set up the Pusan Perimeter to the southeast.

On 22 July, the 24th Infantry Division was relieved by the 1st Cavalry Division. It was put under the command of Major General John H. Church, in the absence of Dean, whose whereabouts were unknown. After three weeks of fighting, the division had suffered almost 30 percent casualties. Historians attribute the substantial tactical losses of the 24th Infantry Division to a lack of training, equipment, and readiness, owing to extended time spent on occupation duty in Japan and without training. Another reason why the U.S. military performed poorly in the early months of the Korean War like the Battle of Taejon was because the Truman administration had severely cut the military budget and manpower after World War II, resulting in a military force in Occupied Japan equipped with obsolete equipment like old bazookas and M24 Chaffee light tanks, whose rounds harmlessly bounced off of the North Korean T-34 tanks. Truman and his officials also emphasized building heavy bombers like the B-36 Peacemaker instead of ground attack bombers, resulting in very poor ground support from the U.S. Air Force.

North Korean casualties could not be estimated because of lack of communications between units during the battle, which limited the value of American signals intelligence. North Korean armor suffered heavy losses. A total of 15–20 North Korean tanks were destroyed by anti-tank weapons and U.S. aircraft, and North Korean prisoners estimated that 15 76 mm guns, six 122 mm mortars, and 200 artillerymen were lost. Losses among North Korean infantry were heavy, especially in the NK 3rd Division. The NK 3rd division was reported between 60 and 80 percent of its strength at the beginning of the battle and was reduced to 50 percent by its end, with total casualties ranging from 1,250 to 3,300.

By the time the battle ended, the United States had moved enough forces onto the Korean Peninsula to roughly equal the number of attacking North Korean forces. For its delaying actions in and around Taejon, the 24th Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation and the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation. The division went into reserve status while it rested and rebuilt, and the first unit of the division back into action, the 19th Infantry Regiment, moved to the front lines of the Pusan Perimeter on 1 August.

The first two Medals of Honor for the Korean War were awarded for the Battle of Taejon. For his actions on the front lines, Dean was awarded the first Medal of Honor, although he remained a prisoner of the North Koreans until the end of the war (released in September 1953). A second soldier, Sergeant George D. Libby, received the Medal of Honor posthumously, for tending to wounded soldiers during the evacuation: he repeatedly passed over shelled roads to help evacuate them. He was killed while trying to evacuate more soldiers. Additionally, a chaplain, Herman G. Felhoelter, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for an incident later known as the Chaplain-Medic Massacre which took place during the battle near the Kum River.

## Sources

**Online sources**

## InfoBox

| Battle of Taejon | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the Korean War | |
| <br>South Korean forces in front of the Daejon Railway Station, July 1950 | |
| Date 16–20 July 1950  Location Daejon, South Korea36°28′29″N 127°16′22″E / 36.47472°N 127.27278°E / 36.47472; 127.27278 (Battle of Taejon\_region:KR-30\_type:event)  Result  Tactical North Korean victory<br>Strategic UN victory  Territorial<br>changes  UN forces establish the Pusan Perimeter | |
| Belligerents | |
| United Nations | North Korea |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| William F. Dean  (POW) | Lee Kwon Mu<br>Lee Yong Ho |
| Units involved | |
|  |  |
| Strength | |
| 11,400 infantry and support | 13,500–20,000 infantry<br>50 tanks |
| Casualties and losses | |
| * 354 killed * 185 missing (POW/KIA) * (in and around Kum River, 13–16 July) * 463 killed * 295 missing (POW/KIA) * (in and around Daejeon, 16–20 July) | Unknown |


title: Battle of Kār Ištar

abstract: The Battle of Kār Ištar was fought between Assyria and the Kassites of Babylon sometime during the reign of Assyrian king Adad-nirari I. Under the reign of Assyrian King Ashur-uballit I, the Assyrians destroyed Mitanni, a kingdom in northern Mesopotamia that had dominated Assyria politically since the 1450s BCE. Ashur-uballit's victory allowed Assyria to become the Middle Assyrian Empire, a major Mespotamian power. This put them on a crash course with the major city of southern Mesopotamia, Babylon, currently ruled by the Kassite Peoples. Ashur-Uballit waged war with the Babylonians, defeating them and taking much territory. However this dominance appears to have been lost as Adad-nirari I recalls how his father (Arik-den-ili) "could not rectify the calamities inflicted by the king of the Kassite Lands". When Adad-nirari took the throne he inherited this war with Babylon. He met the Babylonian King Nazi-Maruttash in battle at Kār Ištar and the Assyrians gained a decisive victory. Adad-nirari I subsequently conquered Pilasqu, Arman and Lullumu. Nazi Maruttaš' successor Kadashman-Turgu then signed a peace with Adad Nirari which would create a new Assyro-Babylonian border. After a while of peace the two states would go to war again, but Assyria now had the advantage, capturing Babylon on multiple occasions. The two states would remain at war on and off for the next 675 years, until the destruction of the last Assyrian army at the Battle of Carchemish by Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II.

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# Battle of Kār Ištar

The **Battle of Kār Ištar** was fought between Assyria and the Kassites of Babylon sometime during the reign of Assyrian king Adad-nirari I.

Under the reign of Assyrian King Ashur-uballit I, the Assyrians destroyed Mitanni, a kingdom in northern Mesopotamia that had dominated Assyria politically since the 1450s BCE. Ashur-uballit's victory allowed Assyria to become the Middle Assyrian Empire, a major Mespotamian power. This put them on a crash course with the major city of southern Mesopotamia, Babylon, currently ruled by the Kassite Peoples. Ashur-Uballit waged war with the Babylonians, defeating them and taking much territory. However this dominance appears to have been lost as Adad-nirari I recalls how his father (Arik-den-ili) "could not rectify the calamities inflicted by the king of the Kassite Lands". When Adad-nirari took the throne he inherited this war with Babylon. He met the Babylonian King Nazi-Maruttash in battle at Kār Ištar and the Assyrians gained a decisive victory. Adad-nirari I subsequently conquered Pilasqu, Arman and Lullumu. Nazi Maruttaš' successor Kadashman-Turgu then signed a peace with Adad Nirari which would create a new Assyro-Babylonian border. After a while of peace the two states would go to war again, but Assyria now had the advantage, capturing Babylon on multiple occasions. The two states would remain at war on and off for the next 675 years, until the destruction of the last Assyrian army at the Battle of Carchemish by Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II.

## InfoBox

| Battle of Kār Ištar | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of Assyrian-Kassite Wars | |
| Date c. 1280 BC  Location Kār Ištar  Result  Assyrian victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Assyria | Kassite Babylonia |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Adad-nirari I | Nazi-Maruttash |
| Strength | |
| Unknown | Unknown |
| Casualties and losses | |
| Unknown | Unknown, likely higher |


title: Battle of Kırkdilim

abstract: The Battle of Kırkdilim was fought in July 1391 or 1392 between the Ottoman Ertuğrul Çelebi son of Bayezid I, and Kadi Burhan al-Din, ruler of northeastern Anatolia. The details of the battle are debated: Burhan al-Din's court poet Ibn Ardashir presents Bayezid's campaign being ended by a major victory for his master, which temporarily halted Ottoman expansion in Anatolia, but the contemporary letters of Manuel II Palaiologos, who accompanied Bayezid on his Anatolian campaigns, contain no indications of a major clash, and point to the expedition having been an Ottoman success overall.

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# Battle of Kırkdilim

The **Battle of Kırkdilim** was fought in July 1391 or 1392 between the Ottoman Ertuğrul Çelebi son of Bayezid I, and Kadi Burhan al-Din, ruler of northeastern Anatolia. The details of the battle are debated: Burhan al-Din's court poet Ibn Ardashir presents Bayezid's campaign being ended by a major victory for his master, which temporarily halted Ottoman expansion in Anatolia, but the contemporary letters of Manuel II Palaiologos, who accompanied Bayezid on his Anatolian campaigns, contain no indications of a major clash, and point to the expedition having been an Ottoman success overall.

## Background

Kadi Burhan al-Din, a learned Islamic jurist and poet, had risen to power under the latter-day Eretnid rulers of north-eastern Anatolia, before supplanting them altogether and declaring himself sultan at Sivas in 1381/82. During the same period, the nascent Ottoman Empire, under Murad I (r.1362–1389), began its expansion from northwestern Anatolia into the central and eastern parts of the peninsula. This expansion was, in the words of historian Dimitris Kastritsis, "generally justified through marriage alliances and other diplomatic means."

Following Murad's death at the Battle of Kosovo, however, the Anatolian beyliks sensed an opportunity to restore their fortunes and formed an anti-Ottoman league under the Karamanid ruler Ala ad-Din Ali (r.1361–1398): the Karamanids advanced up to Eskişehir, the Germiyanid ruler Yakub II restored his principality, and Burhan al-Din took Kırşehir. As a result, Murad's son and successor Bayezid I (r.1389–1402) crossed the Dardanelles with his own forces, supported by the armies of the Jandarid Süleyman Pasha of Kastamonu and the Christian vassal states of the Balkans—mainly Serbia and the Byzantine Empire—and launched a campaign to "unify Anatolia under Ottoman rule". Much of the information about Bayezid's campaigns in 1390–1391 comes from the letters written by the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, who accompanied Bayezid as his vassal.

In 1390 the Ottoman sultan annexed the beyliks of western Anatolia: the beylik of Sarukhan was annexed, as were Menteshe and Aydın, whose rulers were allowed to retire to estates, while Yakub II of Germiyan was thrown in prison. Bayezid then moved to besiege the Karamanid capital of Konya. The Karamanids sent to Kadi Burhan al-Din for assistance, which induced Bayezid to abandon Konya and conclude a treaty leaving to the Karamanids the territories beyond the Çarşamba River. In the meantime, Bayezid's ally Süleyman Pasha had turned against him, fearing for his own fate, and concluded an alliance with Burhan al-Din. Bayezid quickly attacked and killed Süleyman Pasha, occupying Kastamonu shortly before 5 July 1391, while the eastern half of the Jandarid principality, around Sinop, was left free, as its ruler, İsfendiyar Bey, recognized Ottoman overlordship. This brought Bayezid in immediate contact with Burhan al-Din's domains. The ambitions of the two men now came into direct conflict: Bayezid now intended to march against Amasya, and thereby cut off Burhan al-Din's expansion to the Black Sea, while the latter had been preparing himself to capture the city by occupying various surrounding fortresses in the previous years. Amasya at the time was ruled by Ahmed, the son of the emir Hajji Shadgeldi Pasha, who had wrested it from the Eretnids.

## The Ottoman campaign and the clash with Burhan al-Din

The main source of the events surrounding the battle is the *Bazm u Razm*, written by Aziz ibn Ardashir Astarabadi, one of Burhan al-Din's courtiers. Manuel II's letters provide additional information, particularly pertaining to the chronology of the campaign; traditionally, historiography placed the campaign in 1392, but Manuel did not participate in a campaign in 1392, and the historian Elisabeth Zachariadou has shown that Bayezid was likely campaigning in the northwestern Balkans in that year (see below).

Ibn Ardashir writes that Burhan al-Din initially marched to Süleyman Pasha's aid, but was still under way when news of the fall of Kastamonu and Süleyman Pasha's death reached him. He nevertheless continued to march towards the Ottoman army, which had reached Osmancık. Ibn Ardashir maintains that Bayezid sent for negotiations, but Burhan al-Din insisted first on the Ottomans leaving Osmancık, which he claimed. Manuel II corroborates this, writing that Bayezid only intended to force the submission of a chieftain called *Peitzas*, who ruled between Sinop and Samsun, as well as of İsfendiyar of Sinop, and frighten Burhan al-Din, "the man who rules Sebasteia with the Scythians".

While Ibn Ardashir maintains that Burhan al-Din marched to confront the Ottomans, Manuel II reports that the "once marvellous Scythians" retreated before the Ottoman advance; indeed, no enemy could be seen far and wide. The Ottomans ravaged the country at will. Although many inhabitants deserted their dwellings for the forests and mountains, Manuel was horrified by the slaughter accompanying the expedition, not only by the Turks, but furthermore by Bayezid's Serbian, Bulgarian, and Albanian vassals, who were eager to "avenge" their sufferings at the hands of the Ottomans on the Muslim population of Anatolia. The Ottoman army passed by Taşköprü and advanced east with the Kızılırmak River to its right, and faced great hardships as the autumn went into winter: already after mid-October Manuel writes of scarcity of food and disease striking the camp, while in his later letters he writes of "terrible famine and cold, the fording of rivers, the crossing of mountains too barren to sustain even wild beasts".

According to Ibn Ardashir, after capturing Osmancık Bayezid was joined by Ahmed Bey of Amasya, Mahmud Çelebi and Kilic Arslan, the heirs to the Beylik of Tacettin that Burhan al-Din had occupied, the Taşanoğlu rulers of Merzifon, and other local chieftains. Even more flocked to Bayezid after the latter captured the fortress of Kırkdilim from its Kuvvaddaroğlu ruler, Saydi Mahmud. Manuel does not report these events, perhaps because the operation to capture Kırkdilim was not especially difficult. Ibn Ardashir in turn claims that Burhan al-Din took position on the plain of Çorumlu, from where he issued challenges to battle. The reinforcements he expected from the Turcoman tribes failed to materialize, and morale was low, but Burhan al-Din remained in place, and even defeated a detachment sent by Bayezid to win over the tribes. Although likely true, this victory may have been exaggerated by Ibn Ardashir, for Manuel reports that the Ottoman army continued its advance deep into the central Anatolian plateau, advancing beyond Ankara. According to Manuel, Bayezid was satisfied with his progress, and with the Byzantines' contributions, promising to reward them.

Ibn Ardashir now has the Ottomans, after their earlier defeat, retreat to the mountains and remaining passive, whereupon Burhan al-Din moved to attack them. The two sides fought over three days before the narrow pass in which Bayezid and his army were encamped. Finally, Burhan al-Din broke through after obtaining information on the local topography, forcing the Ottomans to flee. Manuel on the other hand indicates that Bayezid led an expedition across the Kızılırmak to raid the territories lying beyond the river, and then returned to Ankara after it was over. According to Elisabeth Zachariadou, "the Ottomans did not flee, but merely withdrew after the raid. The situation never became critical for them since, Manuel implies, they pillaged the regions beyond the Kızılırmak without meeting any serious resistance and then finally withdrew to Ankara."

Bayezid then withdrew his army—Manuel II was back in Constantinople by early January—whereupon Burhan al-Din raided the regions of Iskilip, Ankara, Kalecık and Sivrihisar and laid siege to Amasya. As a result Ahmed Bey surrendered the city to Bayezid, who installed his younger son Mehmed as its ruler.

## Aftermath

Bayezid planned to renew his expedition against Burhan al-Din in spring; Venetian informants reported that he planned to subdue Sinop, with Manuel II serving as the commander of the expedition's naval element. This moved the Republic to mobilize its own fleet, and attempt to form a Christian league against the Ottoman designs. In May, however, the King of Hungary, Sigismund, invaded Ottoman territories in the Balkans, and a series of isolated reports and documents suggest that Bayezid campaigned in Serbia during 1392. According to Zachariadou, this strongly suggests that Bayezid called off his Anatolian campaign of that year. In 1393, Bayezid himself visited Amasya, where he received the submission of the local Turcoman rulers: the Taşanoğlu of Merzifon, the Tacettinoğlu, and the ruler of Bafra. Following his defeat of the Crusade of Nicopolis in 1396, Bayezid turned once more to Anatolia, where he defeated and annexed Karaman in autumn 1397. In the next year he took Samsun and Canik; following Burhan al-Din's death, annexed his domains as well, and expanded across eastern Anatolia. Bayezid's conquests proved ephemeral, however: in the Battle of Ankara in 1402, he was defeated and captured by Timur, who restored the various Anatolian beyliks to their original rulers.

1. *Ahmed-i Dāʻī ve Çengnāmesi: eski Osmanlıca bir mesnevi - Page 7*.
2. Rypka 1960, pp. 1327–1328.
3. Kastritsis 2007, pp. 64–65.
4. İnalcık 1960, p. 1118.
5. Zachariadou 1980, p. 472.
6. Kastritsis 2007, p. 65.
7. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 471–472.
8. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 472–473.
9. Zachariadou 1980, p. 473.
10. Taeschner 1960, pp. 431–432.
11. Zachariadou 1980, p. 476.
12. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 471–472 (esp. note 9).
13. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 473–474.
14. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 474–475, 477.
15. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 474–475.
16. Zachariadou 1980, p. 474.
17. Zachariadou 1980, p. 477.
18. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 475, 476–478.
19. Zachariadou 1980, p. 478.
20. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 474, 478.
21. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 478–479.
22. Zachariadou 1980, pp. 479–481.
23. İnalcık 1960, p. 1119.

## Sources


# Results of the 2007 Australian federal election in Victoria

This is a list of electoral division results for the Australian 2007 federal election in the state of Victoria.

## Overall results

**Turnout 95.17% (CV) — Informal 3.26%**
| **Party** | | | **Votes** | **%** | **Swing** | **Seats** | **Change** |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | | 1,416,215 | 44.69 | +4.24 | 21 | 2 |
|  |  | Liberal | 1,206,926 | 38.09 | –5.15 | 14 | 2 |
| |  | National | 95,859 | 3.02 | –0.49 | 2 |  |
| | Liberal–National coalition | | 1,302,785 | 41.11 | −5.64 | 16 | 2 |
|  | Greens | | 258,846 | 8.17 | +0.72 |  |  |
|  | Family First | | 95,663 | 3.02 | +0.64 |  |  |
|  | Democrats | | 38,814 | 1.22 | +0.15 |  |  |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | | 8,656 | 0.27 | –0.20 |  |  |
|  | Democratic Labor | | 6,018 | 0.19 | +0.14 |  |  |
|  | Liberty and Democracy Party | | 3,280 | 0.10 | +0.10 |  |  |
|  | Socialist Alliance | | 2,290 | 0.07 | –0.05 |  |  |
|  | What Women Want | | 1,825 | 0.06 | +0.06 |  |  |
|  | Christian Democrats | | 1,211 | 0.04 | +0.02 |  |  |
|  | Socialist Equality | | 691 | 0.02 | +0.02 |  |  |
|  | One Nation | | 433 | 0.01 | –0.13 |  |  |
|  | Independents | | 31,645 | 1.00 | +0.00 |  |  |
|  | Not Affiliated | | 539 | 0.02 | –0.05 |  |  |
| **Total** | | | **3,168,899** |  |  | **37** |  |
| **Two-party-preferred vote** | | | | | | | |
|  | Labor | | 1,719,749 | 54.27 | +5.27 | 21 | 2 |
|  | Liberal/National coalition | | 1,449,150 | 45.73 | –5.27 | 16 | 2 |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | | | 106,721 | 3.26 | −0.84 |  |  |
| Registered voters/turnout | | | 3,441,822 | 95.17 |  |  |  |
| Source: Commonwealth Election 2007 | | | | | | | |

Liberal to Labor: Corangamite, Deakin.

## Results by division

### Aston

2007 Australian federal election: Aston
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Chris Pearce | 43,519 | 50.71 | −7.84 |
|  | Labor | Gerry Raleigh | 33,332 | 38.84 | +7.67 |
|  | Greens | Adam Pepper | 4,492 | 5.23 | +0.37 |
|  | Family First | Peter Lake | 2,978 | 3.47 | +0.66 |
|  | Democrats | Rachal Aza | 1,246 | 1.45 | +0.22 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Doug Mitchell | 245 | 0.29 | −0.39 |
| Total formal votes | | | 85,812 | 97.06 | +1.26 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,601 | 2.94 | −1.26 |
| Turnout | | | 88,413 | 96.35 | +0.34 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Chris Pearce | 47,243 | 55.05 | −8.10 |
|  | Labor | Gerry Raleigh | 38,569 | 44.95 | +8.10 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −8.10 |  |

### Ballarat

2007 Australian federal election: Ballarat
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Catherine King | 44,191 | 50.33 | +5.33 |
|  | Liberal | Samantha McIntosh | 33,402 | 38.04 | −6.53 |
|  | Greens | Belinda Coates | 7,008 | 7.98 | +1.25 |
|  | Family First | Dale Butterfield | 3,207 | 3.65 | +1.50 |
| Total formal votes | | | 87,808 | 97.59 | +0.93 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,170 | 2.41 | −0.93 |
| Turnout | | | 89,978 | 96.11 | +0.15 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Catherine King | 51,056 | 58.15 | +5.92 |
|  | Liberal | Samantha McIntosh | 36,752 | 41.85 | −5.92 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.92 |  |

### Batman

2007 Australian federal election: Batman
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Martin Ferguson | 45,551 | 57.18 | +1.65 |
|  | Liberal | Jonathan Peart | 16,439 | 20.64 | −5.31 |
|  | Greens | Patricia Carey | 13,674 | 17.17 | +3.24 |
|  | Family First | Peter Kerin | 2,090 | 2.62 | +1.49 |
|  | Democrats | Darren Hassan | 1,619 | 2.03 | +0.57 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Robert Barwick | 288 | 0.36 | +0.13 |
| Total formal votes | | | 79,661 | 96.18 | +2.02 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,167 | 3.82 | −2.02 |
| Turnout | | | 82,828 | 94.07 | +0.50 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Martin Ferguson | 60,503 | 75.95 | +4.63 |
|  | Liberal | Jonathan Peart | 19,158 | 24.05 | −4.63 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.63 |  |

### Bendigo

2007 Australian federal election: Bendigo
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Steve Gibbons | 42,410 | 47.14 | +3.61 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Kennedy | 34,562 | 38.42 | −7.02 |
|  | Greens | Toby Byrne | 6,521 | 7.25 | +0.32 |
|  | Family First | Terry Jarvis | 3,190 | 3.55 | −0.12 |
|  | Independent | Eril Rathjen | 1,865 | 2.07 | +2.07 |
|  | Democrats | Edward Guymer | 577 | 0.64 | +0.64 |
|  | Independent | Adam Veitch | 331 | 0.37 | +0.37 |
|  | Independent | Peter Consandine | 304 | 0.34 | +0.34 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Clinton Gale | 210 | 0.23 | +0.23 |
| Total formal votes | | | 89,970 | 96.46 | −0.67 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,305 | 3.54 | +0.67 |
| Turnout | | | 93,275 | 95.96 | −0.24 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Steve Gibbons | 50,504 | 56.13 | +5.17 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Kennedy | 39,466 | 43.87 | −5.17 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.17 |  |

### Bruce

2007 Australian federal election: Bruce
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Alan Griffin | 41,754 | 51.85 | +4.55 |
|  | Liberal | Angela Randall | 30,257 | 37.57 | −5.52 |
|  | Greens | Rob Cassidy | 4,102 | 5.09 | −0.15 |
|  | Family First | Bronwyn Rawlins | 2,295 | 2.85 | +0.22 |
|  | Democrats | Richard Grossi | 1,012 | 1.26 | −0.12 |
|  | Christian Democrats | Sandra Herrmann | 678 | 0.84 | +0.84 |
|  | One Nation | Neil Smith | 433 | 0.54 | +0.54 |
| Total formal votes | | | 80,531 | 96.29 | +0.72 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,106 | 3.71 | −0.72 |
| Turnout | | | 83,637 | 94.62 | +0.27 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Alan Griffin | 46,966 | 58.32 | +4.84 |
|  | Liberal | Angela Randall | 33,565 | 41.68 | −4.84 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.84 |  |

### Calwell

2007 Australian federal election: Calwell
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Maria Vamvakinou | 51,952 | 60.22 | +10.21 |
|  | Liberal | Dianne Livett | 22,906 | 26.55 | −10.62 |
|  | Greens | Brook Shaune | 3,761 | 4.36 | −0.90 |
|  | Family First | Arthur Buller | 3,747 | 4.34 | +1.98 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Sleiman Yohanna | 1,817 | 2.11 | −0.09 |
|  | Democrats | Vanessa Musolino | 799 | 0.93 | −0.56 |
|  | Independent | Philip Cutler | 624 | 0.72 | +0.72 |
|  | Independent | Don Hampshire | 391 | 0.45 | +0.45 |
|  | Socialist Equality | Frank Gaglioti | 273 | 0.32 | +0.32 |
| Total formal votes | | | 86,270 | 95.15 | +0.39 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,399 | 4.85 | −0.39 |
| Turnout | | | 90,669 | 94.82 | −0.53 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Maria Vamvakinou | 59,807 | 69.33 | +11.14 |
|  | Liberal | Dianne Livett | 26,463 | 30.67 | −11.14 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +11.14 |  |

### Casey

2007 Australian federal election: Casey
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Tony Smith | 41,897 | 50.15 | −6.12 |
|  | Labor | Dympna Beard | 29,949 | 35.85 | +6.17 |
|  | Greens | Salore Craig | 6,112 | 7.32 | −0.55 |
|  | Family First | Daniel Harrison | 3,501 | 4.19 | +0.14 |
|  | Democrats | Tony Inglese | 1,546 | 1.85 | +0.60 |
|  | Christian Democrats | George Moran | 533 | 0.64 | +0.64 |
| Total formal votes | | | 83,538 | 97.22 | +1.07 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,389 | 2.78 | −1.07 |
| Turnout | | | 85,927 | 96.21 | +0.44 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Tony Smith | 46,726 | 55.93 | −5.42 |
|  | Labor | Dympna Beard | 36,812 | 44.07 | +5.42 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −5.42 |  |

### Chisholm

2007 Australian federal election: Chisholm
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Anna Burke | 38,439 | 48.12 | +4.13 |
|  | Liberal | Myles King | 31,514 | 39.45 | −4.16 |
|  | Greens | Alistair McCaskill | 6,765 | 8.47 | +1.13 |
|  | Family First | Gary Ong | 1,953 | 2.45 | +0.56 |
|  | Democrats | Daniel Berk | 1,053 | 1.32 | −0.69 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Lars Thystrup | 150 | 0.19 | +0.01 |
| Total formal votes | | | 79,874 | 97.39 | +0.74 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,139 | 2.61 | −0.74 |
| Turnout | | | 82,013 | 95.22 | +0.38 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Anna Burke | 45,833 | 57.38 | +4.73 |
|  | Liberal | Myles King | 34,041 | 42.62 | −4.73 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.73 |  |

### Corangamite

2007 Australian federal election: Corangamite
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Stewart McArthur | 40,408 | 44.70 | −7.35 |
|  | Labor | Darren Cheeseman | 37,886 | 41.91 | +5.16 |
|  | Greens | Fiona Nelson | 7,202 | 7.97 | +0.46 |
|  | Family First | Jan Edwards | 3,217 | 3.56 | +0.82 |
|  | Democrats | Gabrielle Killeen | 1,512 | 1.67 | +1.67 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Sukrit Sabhlok | 169 | 0.19 | +0.19 |
| Total formal votes | | | 90,394 | 97.47 | +0.51 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,347 | 2.53 | −0.51 |
| Turnout | | | 92,741 | 96.45 | +0.39 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Darren Cheeseman | 45,968 | 50.85 | +6.17 |
|  | Liberal | Stewart McArthur | 44,426 | 49.15 | −6.17 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Liberal | | **Swing** | +6.17 |  |

### Corio

2007 Australian federal election: Corio
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Richard Marles | 37,778 | 45.49 | −1.19 |
|  | Liberal | Angelo Kakouros | 24,591 | 29.61 | −10.68 |
|  | Independent | Gavan O'Connor | 10,530 | 12.68 | +12.68 |
|  | Greens | Rob Leach | 4,910 | 5.91 | +0.00 |
|  | Family First | Gordon Alderson | 3,291 | 3.96 | +1.37 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Darrin Welden | 791 | 0.95 | +0.95 |
|  | Democrats | Erica Menheere-Thompson | 628 | 0.76 | +0.76 |
|  | Socialist Alliance | Chris Johnson | 332 | 0.40 | −0.23 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Ross Russell | 190 | 0.23 | −0.08 |
| Total formal votes | | | 83,041 | 96.27 | +0.65 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,213 | 3.73 | −0.65 |
| Turnout | | | 86,254 | 95.36 | +0.33 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Richard Marles | 48,939 | 58.93 | +3.29 |
|  | Liberal | Angelo Kakouros | 34,102 | 41.07 | −3.29 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.29 |  |

### Deakin

2007 Australian federal election: Deakin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Phil Barresi | 36,501 | 44.35 | -6.24 |
|  | Labor | Mike Symon | 34,451 | 41.86 | +5.71 |
|  | Greens | Bill Pemberton | 6,978 | 8.48 | +0.62 |
|  | Family First | Fiona Bronte | 2,589 | 3.15 | +0.81 |
|  | Democrats | Paul Nicholson | 1,205 | 1.46 | -0.51 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Nick Stevenson | 586 | 0.71 | +0.71 |
| Total formal votes | | | 82,310 | 97.91 | +0.97 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,756 | 2.09 | −0.97 |
| Turnout | | | 84,066 | 95.84 | +0.41 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mike Symon | 42,319 | 51.41 | +6.38 |
|  | Liberal | Phil Barresi | 39,991 | 48.59 | -6.38 |
|  | Labor **gain** from Liberal | | **Swing** | +6.38 |  |

### Dunkley

2007 Australian federal election: Dunkley
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Bruce Billson | 43,024 | 49.79 | −5.75 |
|  | Labor | Graham McBride | 33,055 | 38.26 | +4.69 |
|  | Greens | Neale Adams | 6,695 | 7.75 | +1.51 |
|  | Family First | Steven Ashdown | 2,235 | 2.59 | +0.24 |
|  | Democrats | Karen Bailey | 1,395 | 1.61 | +0.39 |
| Total formal votes | | | 86,404 | 97.38 | +1.29 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,328 | 2.62 | −1.29 |
| Turnout | | | 88,732 | 95.24 | +0.16 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Bruce Billson | 46,693 | 54.04 | −5.34 |
|  | Labor | Graham McBride | 39,711 | 45.96 | +5.34 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −5.34 |  |

### Flinders

2007 Australian federal election: Flinders
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Greg Hunt | 48,343 | 54.47 | -3.70 |
|  | Labor | Gary March | 30,073 | 33.88 | +2.99 |
|  | Greens | Bob Brown | 7,529 | 8.48 | +2.21 |
|  | Family First | Cameron Eastman | 1,988 | 2.24 | +0.51 |
|  | Democrats | David Batten | 822 | 0.93 | +0.07 |
| Total formal votes | | | 88,755 | 97.22 | +1.56 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,538 | 2.78 | −1.56 |
| Turnout | | | 91,293 | 95.49 | +0.19 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Greg Hunt | 51,697 | 58.25 | -2.86 |
|  | Labor | Gary March | 37,058 | 41.75 | +2.86 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -2.86 |  |

### Gellibrand

2007 Australian federal election: Gellibrand
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Nicola Roxon | 50,681 | 60.22 | +5.60 |
|  | Liberal | Wayne Tseng | 19,220 | 22.84 | −8.73 |
|  | Greens | Robert Gibson | 7,898 | 9.38 | +0.30 |
|  | Independent | Dave O'Neil | 1,950 | 2.32 | +2.32 |
|  | Family First | Mukesh Garg | 1,700 | 2.02 | +0.18 |
|  | Socialist Alliance | Ben Courtice | 1,334 | 1.59 | +0.95 |
|  | Democrats | Rachel Richards | 1,088 | 1.29 | −0.01 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Rodney Doel | 285 | 0.34 | +0.15 |
| Total formal votes | | | 84,156 | 95.78 | +2.35 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,712 | 4.22 | −2.35 |
| Turnout | | | 87,868 | 94.20 | +0.80 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Nicola Roxon | 60,134 | 71.46 | +6.51 |
|  | Liberal | Wayne Tseng | 24,022 | 28.54 | −6.51 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.51 |  |

### Gippsland

2007 Australian federal election: Gippsland
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National | Peter McGauran | 42,632 | 48.37 | -0.36 |
|  | Labor | Jane Rowe | 32,214 | 36.55 | +2.46 |
|  | Greens | Jeff Wrathall | 4,881 | 5.54 | +1.16 |
|  | Family First | Michael Rowell | 3,802 | 4.31 | +1.49 |
|  | Independent | Ben Buckley | 2,787 | 3.16 | +3.16 |
|  | What Women Want | Helen McAdam | 1,825 | 2.07 | +2.07 |
| Total formal votes | | | 88,141 | 97.02 | +1.25 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,710 | 2.98 | −1.25 |
| Turnout | | | 90,851 | 95.75 | +0.12 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | National | Peter McGauran | 49,280 | 55.91 | -1.79 |
|  | Labor | Jane Rowe | 38,861 | 44.09 | +1.79 |
|  | National **hold** | | **Swing** | -1.79 |  |

### Goldstein

2007 Australian federal election: Goldstein
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Andrew Robb | 45,141 | 52.92 | −3.06 |
|  | Labor | Julia Mason | 28,734 | 33.69 | +3.23 |
|  | Greens | Neil Pilling | 8,846 | 10.37 | +1.51 |
|  | Democrats | Michael Bailey | 1,422 | 1.67 | +0.44 |
|  | Family First | Joyce Khoo | 970 | 1.14 | −0.19 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Colin Horne | 186 | 0.22 | +0.01 |
| Total formal votes | | | 85,299 | 97.58 | +0.98 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,112 | 2.42 | −0.98 |
| Turnout | | | 87,411 | 95.00 | +0.40 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Andrew Robb | 47,811 | 56.05 | −3.98 |
|  | Labor | Julia Mason | 37,488 | 43.95 | +3.98 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −3.98 |  |

### Gorton

2007 Australian federal election: Gorton
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Brendan O'Connor | 58,732 | 61.93 | +2.56 |
|  | Liberal | Susan Jennison | 23,063 | 24.32 | −8.10 |
|  | Greens | Huong Truong | 5,775 | 6.09 | +0.99 |
|  | Family First | Scott Amberley | 3,746 | 3.95 | +1.46 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Vern Hughes | 3,516 | 3.71 | +3.71 |
| Total formal votes | | | 94,832 | 95.56 | +0.62 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,405 | 4.44 | −0.62 |
| Turnout | | | 99,237 | 95.00 | +0.96 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Brendan O'Connor | 67,535 | 71.22 | +6.32 |
|  | Liberal | Susan Jennison | 27,297 | 28.78 | −6.32 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.32 |  |

### Higgins

2007 Australian federal election: Higgins
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Peter Costello | 43,761 | 53.61 | −1.69 |
|  | Labor | Barbara Norman | 25,367 | 31.08 | +0.58 |
|  | Greens | Michael Wilbur-Ham | 8,777 | 10.75 | −0.60 |
|  | Independent | Stephen Mayne | 1,615 | 1.98 | +1.98 |
|  | Democrats | Mary Dettman | 990 | 1.21 | −0.61 |
|  | Family First | Penny Badwal | 627 | 0.77 | −0.06 |
|  | Independent | Genevieve Maria Forde | 265 | 0.32 | +0.32 |
|  | Independent | Graeme Meddings | 227 | 0.28 | +0.28 |
| Total formal votes | | | 81,629 | 97.43 | +0.19 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,150 | 2.57 | −0.19 |
| Turnout | | | 83,779 | 93.78 | +0.81 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Peter Costello | 46,559 | 57.04 | −1.72 |
|  | Labor | Barbara Norman | 35,070 | 42.96 | +1.72 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −1.72 |  |

### Holt

2007 Australian federal election: Holt
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Anthony Byrne | 51,689 | 55.65 | +9.98 |
|  | Liberal | Emanuele Cicchiello | 31,785 | 34.22 | -8.63 |
|  | Family First | Yasmin de Zilwa | 4,076 | 4.39 | +0.22 |
|  | Greens | Lynette Keleher | 3,823 | 4.12 | -0.34 |
|  | Democrats | Ken Seymour | 1,155 | 1.24 | -0.18 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Chris Morgan | 347 | 0.37 | -1.06 |
| Total formal votes | | | 92,875 | 96.44 | +0.79 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,430 | 3.56 | −0.79 |
| Turnout | | | 96,305 | 95.46 | +0.41 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Anthony Byrne | 57,237 | 61.63 | +10.12 |
|  | Liberal | Emanuele Cicchiello | 35,638 | 38.37 | -10.12 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +10.12 |  |

### Hotham

2007 Australian federal election: Hotham
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Simon Crean | 44,853 | 55.15 | +3.93 |
|  | Liberal | Vince Arborea | 27,451 | 33.75 | −5.22 |
|  | Greens | Matthew Billman | 5,572 | 6.85 | +1.46 |
|  | Family First | Peter Dorian | 1,657 | 2.04 | −0.53 |
|  | Democrats | Craig Cadby | 800 | 0.98 | −0.25 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Terry Farrell | 758 | 0.93 | +0.93 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Mike Woodward | 240 | 0.30 | +0.02 |
| Total formal votes | | | 81,331 | 96.70 | +0.94 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,772 | 3.30 | −0.94 |
| Turnout | | | 84,103 | 94.85 | +0.30 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Simon Crean | 51,240 | 63.00 | +5.60 |
|  | Liberal | Vince Arborea | 30,091 | 37.00 | −5.60 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.60 |  |

### Indi

2007 Australian federal election: Indi
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Sophie Mirabella | 46,052 | 54.38 | −8.25 |
|  | Labor | Zuvele Leschen | 27,203 | 32.12 | +5.89 |
|  | Greens | Helen Robinson | 6,416 | 7.58 | +1.15 |
|  | Family First | Jim Rainey | 3,232 | 3.82 | −0.22 |
|  | Democrats | Sarah Benson | 1,434 | 1.69 | +1.69 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Jeremy Beck | 354 | 0.42 | −0.25 |
| Total formal votes | | | 84,691 | 97.32 | +0.20 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,332 | 2.68 | −0.20 |
| Turnout | | | 87,023 | 95.77 | +0.40 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Sophie Mirabella | 50,132 | 59.19 | −7.10 |
|  | Labor | Zuvele Leschen | 34,559 | 40.81 | +7.10 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −7.10 |  |

### Isaacs

2007 Australian federal election: Isaacs
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Mark Dreyfus | 44,056 | 48.76 | +4.45 |
|  | Liberal | Ross Fox | 34,762 | 38.47 | −4.82 |
|  | Greens | Colin Long | 5,636 | 6.24 | −1.07 |
|  | Family First | Jadah Pleiter | 2,308 | 2.55 | +0.15 |
|  | Democrats | Laura Chipp | 1,970 | 2.18 | +1.15 |
|  | Independent | Gordon Ford | 1,137 | 1.26 | +0.49 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Robert Norrie | 492 | 0.54 | +0.54 |
| Total formal votes | | | 90,361 | 96.69 | +1.73 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,092 | 3.31 | −1.73 |
| Turnout | | | 93,453 | 95.18 | −0.07 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Mark Dreyfus | 52,131 | 57.69 | +6.21 |
|  | Liberal | Ross Fox | 38,230 | 42.31 | −6.21 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.21 |  |

### Jagajaga

2007 Australian federal election: Jagajaga
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Jenny Macklin | 42,154 | 48.16 | +3.38 |
|  | Liberal | Conrad D'Souza | 32,870 | 37.55 | −4.78 |
|  | Greens | Lisa Hodgson | 8,971 | 10.25 | +1.94 |
|  | Family First | Andrew Conlon | 2,065 | 2.36 | +0.07 |
|  | Democrats | Jason Graham | 979 | 1.12 | −0.03 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Stephen Lele | 496 | 0.56 | +0.38 |
| Total formal votes | | | 87,535 | 97.55 | +1.53 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,196 | 2.45 | −1.53 |
| Turnout | | | 89,731 | 95.70 | +0.21 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Jenny Macklin | 51,630 | 58.98 | +4.58 |
|  | Liberal | Conrad D'Souza | 35,905 | 41.02 | −4.58 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +4.58 |  |

### Kooyong

2007 Australian federal election: Kooyong
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Petro Georgiou | 45,172 | 55.14 | +0.48 |
|  | Labor | Ken Harvey | 24,599 | 30.03 | +1.02 |
|  | Greens | Peter Campbell | 9,686 | 11.82 | −0.72 |
|  | Family First | John Laidler | 1,261 | 1.54 | +0.16 |
|  | Democrats | David Collyer | 1,056 | 1.29 | −0.56 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Pierre Curtis | 154 | 0.19 | −0.37 |
| Total formal votes | | | 81,928 | 97.90 | +0.80 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,756 | 2.10 | −0.80 |
| Turnout | | | 83,684 | 94.75 | +0.49 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Petro Georgiou | 48,775 | 59.53 | −0.05 |
|  | Labor | Ken Harvey | 33,153 | 40.47 | +0.05 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −0.05 |  |

### La Trobe

2007 Australian federal election: La Trobe
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Jason Wood | 39,636 | 46.48 | −4.74 |
|  | Labor | Rodney Cocks | 34,448 | 40.39 | +6.62 |
|  | Greens | Bree Taylor | 7,539 | 8.84 | −0.57 |
|  | Family First | Jim Zubic | 2,423 | 2.84 | +0.49 |
|  | Democrats | Craig Beale | 1,012 | 1.19 | −0.30 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Kurt Beilharz | 140 | 0.16 | −0.01 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Surome Singh | 85 | 0.10 | +0.10 |
| Total formal votes | | | 85,283 | 96.72 | +0.74 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,896 | 3.28 | −0.74 |
| Turnout | | | 88,179 | 95.82 | +0.36 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Jason Wood | 43,077 | 50.51 | −5.32 |
|  | Labor | Rodney Cocks | 42,206 | 49.49 | +5.32 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | −5.32 |  |

### Lalor

2007 Australian federal election: Lalor
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Julia Gillard | 57,208 | 59.89 | +6.64 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Curtis | 28,435 | 29.77 | −7.68 |
|  | Family First | Steve Gleeson | 4,199 | 4.40 | +1.22 |
|  | Greens | Jay Tilley | 3,836 | 4.02 | −0.10 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Libby Krepp | 969 | 1.01 | +1.01 |
|  | Democrats | Roger Howe | 879 | 0.92 | −0.52 |
| Total formal votes | | | 95,526 | 96.51 | +1.36 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,457 | 3.49 | −1.36 |
| Turnout | | | 98,983 | 95.40 | −0.04 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Julia Gillard | 62,600 | 65.53 | +6.74 |
|  | Liberal | Peter Curtis | 32,936 | 34.47 | −6.74 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.74 |  |

### Mallee

2007 Australian federal election: Mallee
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | National | John Forrest | 53,227 | 63.94 | −4.48 |
|  | Labor | John Zigouras | 18,187 | 21.85 | +1.54 |
|  | Family First | Glenn Coulthard | 5,435 | 6.53 | +2.01 |
|  | Greens | Liam Farrelly | 3,468 | 4.17 | +0.39 |
|  | Democrats | Vikki McLeod | 2,323 | 2.79 | +1.24 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Chris Lahy | 600 | 0.72 | −0.71 |
| Total formal votes | | | 83,240 | 96.41 | −0.10 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,101 | 3.59 | +0.10 |
| Turnout | | | 86,341 | 95.82 | +0.00 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | National | John Forrest | 59,328 | 71.27 | −3.48 |
|  | Labor | John Zigouras | 23,912 | 28.73 | +3.48 |
|  | National **hold** | | **Swing** | −3.48 |  |

### Maribyrnong

2007 Australian federal election: Maribyrnong
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Bill Shorten | 45,528 | 57.57 | +6.24 |
|  | Liberal | Ian Soylemez | 23,741 | 30.02 | -7.48 |
|  | Greens | Bob Muntz | 5,396 | 6.82 | -0.04 |
|  | Family First | Ian Keeling | 2,039 | 2.58 | +0.73 |
|  | Democrats | Robert Livesay | 1,242 | 1.57 | -0.05 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Andre Kozlowski | 1,141 | 1.44 | +0.60 |
| Total formal votes | | | 79,087 | 96.02 | +0.88 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,277 | 3.98 | −0.88 |
| Turnout | | | 82,364 | 94.15 | +0.11 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Bill Shorten | 51,657 | 65.32 | +5.85 |
|  | Liberal | Ian Soylemez | 27,430 | 34.68 | -5.85 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.85 |  |

### McEwen

2007 Australian federal election: McEwen
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Fran Bailey | 44,165 | 45.76 | -5.98 |
|  | Labor | Rob Mitchell | 38,819 | 40.22 | +5.67 |
|  | Greens | Steve Meacher | 8,379 | 8.68 | +1.03 |
|  | Family First | Ian Cranson | 2,398 | 2.48 | +0.76 |
|  | Democrats | David Kane | 948 | 0.98 | +0.16 |
|  | Independent | Darren Trueman | 849 | 0.88 | +0.88 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Robert Newnham | 799 | 0.83 | +0.83 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Rod McLennan | 161 | 0.17 | -0.05 |
| Total formal votes | | | 96,518 | 95.91 | +0.57 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,982 | 4.09 | −0.57 |
| Turnout | | | 100,634 | 96.29 | +0.18 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Fran Bailey | 48,339 | 50.01 | -6.41 |
|  | Labor | Rob Mitchell | 48,308 | 49.99 | +6.41 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -6.41 |  |

Rob Mitchell (Labor) was initially announced as the winning candidate, by a mere seven votes. The first recount reduced this margin to five. The second re-count overturned the result with Fran Bailey (Liberal) instead winning by 12 votes. The Court of Disputed Returns later increased this margin to 27 votes.

### McMillan

2007 Australian federal election: McMillan
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Russell Broadbent | 40,254 | 49.93 | +7.00 |
|  | Labor | Christine Maxfield | 30,743 | 38.14 | +0.28 |
|  | Greens | Sandra Betts | 4,839 | 6.00 | +1.52 |
|  | Family First | Terry Aeschlimann | 2,370 | 2.94 | +1.23 |
|  | Democrats | Don Walters | 1,206 | 1.50 | +0.65 |
|  | Democratic Labor | Suryan Chandrasegaran | 775 | 0.96 | +0.61 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Theo Alblas | 287 | 0.36 | +0.19 |
|  | Liberty & Democracy | Ben Fiechtner | 141 | 0.17 | +0.17 |
| Total formal votes | | | 80,615 | 96.57 | +1.06 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,859 | 3.43 | −1.06 |
| Turnout | | | 83,474 | 95.85 | −0.04 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Russell Broadbent | 44,172 | 54.79 | -0.20 |
|  | Labor | Christine Maxfield | 36,443 | 45.21 | +0.20 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -0.20 |  |

### Melbourne

2007 Australian federal election: Melbourne
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Lindsay Tanner | 43,363 | 49.51 | -2.27 |
|  | Liberal | Andrea Del Ciotto | 20,577 | 23.49 | -1.60 |
|  | Greens | Adam Bandt | 19,967 | 22.80 | +3.82 |
|  | Democrats | Tim Wright | 1,255 | 1.43 | -0.20 |
|  | Family First | Georgia Pearson | 878 | 1.00 | +0.12 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Andrew Reed | 586 | 0.67 | +0.49 |
|  | Independent Socialist | Kylie McGregor | 539 | 0.62 | +0.62 |
|  | Socialist Equality | Will Marshall | 418 | 0.48 | +0.48 |
| Total formal votes | | | 87,583 | 97.20 | +0.47 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,521 | 2.80 | −0.47 |
| Turnout | | | 90,104 | 91.52 | +0.45 |
| Notional two-party-preferred count | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Lindsay Tanner | 63,299 | 72.27 | +1.13 |
|  | Liberal | Andrea Del Ciotto | 24,284 | 27.73 | −1.13 |
| Two-candidate-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Lindsay Tanner | 47,916 | 54.71 | −16.43 |
|  | Greens | Adam Bandt | 39,667 | 45.29 | +45.29 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | -16.43 |  |

### Melbourne Ports

2007 Australian federal election: Melbourne Ports
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Michael Danby | 36,556 | 42.47 | +3.22 |
|  | Liberal | Adam Held | 34,154 | 39.68 | -3.26 |
|  | Greens | Phillip Walker | 12,941 | 15.03 | +0.93 |
|  | Democrats | John Mathieson | 1,527 | 1.77 | +0.42 |
|  | Family First | Rebecca Gebbing | 731 | 0.85 | +0.31 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Aaron Isherwood | 172 | 0.20 | +0.02 |
| Total formal votes | | | 86,081 | 97.84 | +1.24 |
| Informal votes | | | 1,903 | 2.16 | −1.24 |
| Turnout | | | 87,984 | 91.71 | +0.58 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Michael Danby | 49,191 | 57.15 | +3.41 |
|  | Liberal | Adam Held | 36,890 | 42.85 | -3.41 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +3.41 |  |

### Menzies

2007 Australian federal election: Menzies
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Kevin Andrews | 43,393 | 51.60 | -5.19 |
|  | Labor | Andrew Campbell | 29,249 | 34.78 | +1.99 |
|  | Greens | David Ellis | 5,291 | 6.29 | -0.17 |
|  | Independent | Philip Nitschke | 3,297 | 3.92 | +3.92 |
|  | Family First | Ken Smithies | 2,036 | 2.42 | +0.28 |
|  | Democrats | Damian Wise | 822 | 0.98 | -0.53 |
| Total formal votes | | | 84,088 | 97.24 | +0.85 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,385 | 2.76 | −0.85 |
| Turnout | | | 86,473 | 96.12 | +0.68 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Kevin Andrews | 47,104 | 56.02 | -4.65 |
|  | Labor | Andrew Campbell | 36,984 | 43.98 | +4.65 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -4.65 |  |

### Murray

2007 Australian federal election: Murray
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | Sharman Stone | 50,021 | 62.07 | -3.46 |
|  | Labor | Bob Scates | 19,429 | 24.11 | +4.34 |
|  | Independent | Rob Bryant | 4,373 | 5.43 | -2.32 |
|  | Family First | Serena Moore | 2,674 | 3.32 | +0.94 |
|  | Greens | Ian Christoe | 2,377 | 2.95 | -0.10 |
|  | Independent | Diane Teasdale | 615 | 0.76 | -0.59 |
|  | Independent | Paul Merrigan | 484 | 0.60 | +0.60 |
|  | Democrats | Sarina Isgro | 416 | 0.52 | +0.52 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Jeff Davy | 203 | 0.25 | +0.08 |
| Total formal votes | | | 80,592 | 94.76 | −1.06 |
| Informal votes | | | 4,461 | 5.24 | +1.06 |
| Turnout | | | 85,053 | 95.68 | −0.09 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | Sharman Stone | 55,015 | 68.26 | -5.82 |
|  | Labor | Bob Scates | 25,577 | 31.74 | +5.82 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -5.82 |  |

### Scullin

2007 Australian federal election: Scullin
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Harry Jenkins | 51,680 | 63.32 | +4.30 |
|  | Liberal | Charles Williams | 19,910 | 24.39 | -6.52 |
|  | Greens | Linda Laos | 4,918 | 6.03 | +1.00 |
|  | Family First | Tania Byers | 3,859 | 4.73 | +1.34 |
|  | Democrats | Peter Hude | 868 | 1.06 | +1.06 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Simon Steer | 386 | 0.47 | -1.17 |
| Total formal votes | | | 81,621 | 95.94 | +0.69 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,452 | 4.06 | −0.69 |
| Turnout | | | 85,073 | 95.67 | +0.10 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Harry Jenkins | 57,830 | 70.85 | +6.06 |
|  | Liberal | Charles Williams | 23,791 | 29.15 | -6.06 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +6.06 |  |

### Wannon

2007 Australian federal election: Wannon
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Liberal | David Hawker | 44,834 | 52.56 | -5.27 |
|  | Labor | Antony Moore | 30,852 | 36.17 | +4.32 |
|  | Greens | Lisa Owen | 5,953 | 6.98 | +2.63 |
|  | Family First | Daniel Pech | 3,663 | 4.29 | +1.31 |
| Total formal votes | | | 85,302 | 97.41 | +0.79 |
| Informal votes | | | 2,266 | 2.59 | −0.79 |
| Turnout | | | 87,568 | 96.33 | +0.38 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Liberal | David Hawker | 49,020 | 57.47 | -4.90 |
|  | Labor | Antony Moore | 36,282 | 42.53 | +4.90 |
|  | Liberal **hold** | | **Swing** | -4.90 |  |

### Wills

2007 Australian federal election: Wills
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Labor | Kelvin Thomson | 49,050 | 56.89 | +3.07 |
|  | Liberal | Claude Tomisich | 21,166 | 24.55 | -4.15 |
|  | Greens | David Collis | 11,912 | 13.82 | +0.82 |
|  | Democrats | Edward Clarke | 2,005 | 2.33 | +0.91 |
|  | Family First | Ihab Kelada | 1,233 | 1.43 | -0.12 |
|  | Socialist Alliance | Zane Alcorn | 624 | 0.72 | -0.34 |
|  | Citizens Electoral Council | Craig Isherwood | 227 | 0.26 | -0.19 |
| Total formal votes | | | 86,217 | 95.67 | +1.17 |
| Informal votes | | | 3,902 | 4.33 | −1.17 |
| Turnout | | | 90,119 | 93.69 | +0.70 |
| Two-party-preferred result | | | | | |
|  | Labor | Kelvin Thomson | 62,432 | 72.41 | +5.51 |
|  | Liberal | Claude Tomisich | 23,785 | 27.59 | -5.51 |
|  | Labor **hold** | | **Swing** | +5.51 |  |

1. "2007 First preference votes for Victoria". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
2. "2007 Victorian division results". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
3. "2007 House of Representatives: Victoria". *Psephos Adam Carr's Election Archive*. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
4. Bennett, Scott; Kopras, Andrew; Newman, Gerrard (2005). "Commonwealth Election 2007" (PDF). *Research Paper 30 2007–08*. Parliamentary Library. ISSN 1834-9854.
5. "McEwen, VIC". *Virtual Tally Room 2007*. Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
6. *Mitchell v Bailey* \[2008\] FCA 692, (2008) 169 FCR 529, Federal Court (sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns).
7. "Recount of 643 disputed votes in McEwen completed". *Media Release*. Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007.
8. Pirani, Paul (2012), "Elections and Administrative Law", *Aial Forum* (2012) 68 Australian Institute of Administrative Law Forum 19.
9. Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters (23 June 2009). "8 Informality issues including 'saving' informal votes and the McEwen petition" (PDF). *Report on the 2007 election*. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

## InfoBox

2007 Australian federal election
(Victoria)
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| ---  All 37 Victorian seats in the Australian House of Representatives<br>and 6 seats in the Australian Senate | |
| First party Second party   Leader Kevin Rudd John Howard  Party Labor Liberal/National coalition  Last election 19 seats 18 seats  Seats won **21 seats** 16 seats  Seat change  2  2  Popular vote **1,416,215** 1,302,785  Percentage **44.69%** 41.11%  Swing  4.24  5.64  TPP **54.27%** 45.73%  TPP swing  5.27  5.27 | |
| --- | |


title: Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura

abstract: Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura is a type of pigmentation disorder of the skin. It presents with coloured freckle-like and slightly depressed flat spots arranged in a lace-like pattern on the backs of hands and feet. It tends to occur in skin folds of teenagers and in early adulthood, and darkens over time. It is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion. The condition is rare. It was first described in Japan, before recognising that is also occurs elsewhere.

text:
# Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura

**Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura** is a type of pigmentation disorder of the skin. It presents with coloured freckle-like and slightly depressed flat spots arranged in a lace-like pattern on the backs of hands and feet. It tends to occur in skin folds of teenagers and in early adulthood, and darkens over time.

It is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion.

The condition is rare. It was first described in Japan, before recognising that is also occurs elsewhere.

## Genetics

This condition is associated with mutations in the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) gene. This association was first shown in 2013.

## InfoBox

| Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura | |
| --- | --- |
| Other names | RAK |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
| Symptoms | Coloured freckle-like and slightly depressed flat spots arranged in a lace-like pattern |
| Usual onset | Teenagers and early adulthood |
| Differential diagnosis | Dowling–Degos disease |
| Frequency | Rare |


title: Battle of Ravenna (1512)

abstract: The Battle of Ravenna, fought on 11 April 1512, was a major battle of the War of the League of Cambrai. It pitted forces of the Holy League against France and their Ferrarese allies. Although the French and Ferrarese eliminated the Papal–Spanish forces as a serious threat, their triumph was overshadowed by the loss of their young general Gaston of Foix. The victory therefore did not help them secure northern Italy. The French withdrew entirely from Italy in the summer of 1512, as Swiss mercenaries hired by Pope Julius II and Imperial troops under Emperor Maximilian I arrived in Lombardy. The Sforza were restored to power in Milan.

text:
# Battle of Ravenna (1512)

The **Battle of Ravenna**, fought on 11 April 1512, was a major battle of the War of the League of Cambrai. It pitted forces of the Holy League against France and their Ferrarese allies. Although the French and Ferrarese eliminated the Papal–Spanish forces as a serious threat, their triumph was overshadowed by the loss of their young general Gaston of Foix. The victory therefore did not help them secure northern Italy. The French withdrew entirely from Italy in the summer of 1512, as Swiss mercenaries hired by Pope Julius II and Imperial troops under Emperor Maximilian I arrived in Lombardy. The Sforza were restored to power in Milan.

## Monster of Ravenna

A month before the battle, multiple sources reported a monstrous birth which became known as the Monster of Ravenna. This child's terrifying features included a horn on its forehead, wings, an eye on its knee, and a clawed foot, according to Florentine chronicler Luca Landucci. Its appearance was a cause for alarm, and news spread across Europe in the diaries of contemporary writers.

Most accounts, including that of Landucci's, associate the "monster's" appearance with the battle it preceded; its appearance was taken for a bad omen of future suffering, and the French medical professional Ambroise Paré opined that the creature's birth was a direct sign of God's wrath, brought to bear in the form of Louis XII's army. Regardless, the Monster of Ravenna acquired theological implications which evolved beyond the one battle and persisted well into the Protestant Reformation.

## Prelude

Beginning in February 1512, the French forces in Italy, newly commanded by Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours, had been engaged in capturing cities in the Romagna and the Veneto, in an attempt to deny control of those regions to the forces of the Holy League. Although he had been successful in a number of sieges, Nemours was aware that the impending invasion of France by Henry VIII of England would cause much of his army to be withdrawn, and he was determined to force the main army of the Holy League into battle before that occurred. Thus, in late March, Nemours, together with an Italian contingent under Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, marched east from Bologna. The French army reached Ravenna on April 8 and started a bombardment of the city on the following day. A general assault was launched after a breach was made, but the attack was repulsed by Papal troops who defended the city. Over the next couple of days, the French forces attempted three "fruitless assaults".

Julius II, alarmed at the prospect of losing his last stronghold in the Romagna, demanded that an army be sent to relieve the city; Ramón de Cardona had to comply, and the Spanish army set out for Ravenna with a company of Papal troops in tow. By 9 April, they had passed Forlì and were advancing north along the Ronco River towards the city, and on the next day had reached Molinaccio, only a mile south of the French positions, but still separated from them by the Ronco. Gaston of Foix, short on supplies and increasingly anxious to give battle before he was forced to withdraw from Italy, ordered that a general attack be launched. On the morning of Easter day, April 11, the French army left camp, crossed the Ronco, and approached the Spanish–Papal position.

## Battle

### Dispositions

The strengths, relative positions, and commanders of the component elements of both armies are unclear, and different arrangements are given by historians. The French army formed up in an arc to the east of Cardona's fortified camp; closest to the river were about 900 men-at-arms of the "vaward", under Jacques de La Palice and Alfonso d'Este. Next to this cavalry was the bulk of the infantry. According to Charles Oman, it consisted of three separate units: 3,500 Gascon crossbowmen, 5,000 landsknechts under Jacob Empser, and 3,000 Picards and Gascons under Thomas Bohier, the Seneschal of Normandy. Frederick Taylor groups the infantry into only two units: 9,500 landsknechts under Empser and 8,000 "Gascon archers and Picard pikemen" under the Seigneur de Molart. The men-at-arms of the "main-battle", consisting of 780 men, was commanded by either Bohier alone, or by Bohier together with the Vicomte de Lautrec, Louis d'Ars, and the Chevalier de Bayard. This cavalry occupied one of two positions: according to Oman and Thomas Arnold, it was placed in the arc to the left of the French infantry, while Taylor has it behind the cavalry of the "vaward", next to the river. Farther to the left of the French line—beyond the cavalry of the "main-battle", according to Arnold and Oman, or directly flanking the infantry, according to Taylor—was the "rearward" corps of the army, commanded by Yves d'Alégre. It consisted of about 4,000 mostly Italian infantry under Frederigo de Bozzolo, flanked, on the extreme left, by about 2,000 light cavalry under Gian Bernardo Caracciolo. The French force also included 50 "modern cannons," built and brought by Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. These cannons fired all-metal cannonballs and had a faster rate of fire compared to older guns

The arrangement of the Holy League army is similarly a matter of dispute; Oman comments that "the array of Cardona's army, though elaborately described by more than one narrator, is not very easy to make out." At the north end of the camp, near the river, was the cavalry of the "vaward", consisting of about 670 Papal men-at-arms under Fabrizio Colonna. Farther along the river were two more bodies of men-at-arms: the "main-battle", consisting of 565 men under the Marquis of La Palude, and the rearguard, consisting of 490 men under Alfonso Carvajal. Taylor divides the Holy League infantry into four blocks: three divisions of Spanish infantry, each consisting of four *colunellas* of 500–600 men each, and one formation of Papal infantry, numbering about 2,000, all under the general command of Pedro Navarro; Taylor places the formations of infantry in a deep column parallel to the river, on the far side of the cavalry, and perpendicular to the entrenchments. Oman and Arnold place the infantry in three lines running along the length of the entrenchments; no number is given for the first of these, but the second is given as consisting of 4,000 men, and the third, placed as a reserve, as including "three Spanish foot regiments" as well as the 2,000 Papal infantry. Beyond the infantry—to the far side of it from the river, according to Taylor, or at the end of its line, according to Oman and Arnold—was the light cavalry, consisting of 1,500–1,700 Spanish *ginetes* and Italian mounted arquebusiers under the command of Fernando d'Avalos, Marquis of Pescara. In his section on war wagons Arnold avers that the Spanish "had at least thirty carts mounting scythe blades, forward-projecting spears and organ guns.

### Artillery exchange

The advancing French troops halted about two hundred paces from the enemy lines. The sporadic exchange of artillery fire that had been taking place since the French had begun to cross the Ronco now developed into a full-scale artillery duel between the two armies that lasted more than two hours. A new tactic, the open-field exchange of artillery fire was "the most violent cannonade between armies in the field that the world had yet seen", according to Taylor, and "the first of its kind in the historical record", according to Bert Hall.

De Foix placed the bulk of his artillery in front of the French right wing, directing its fire into the Holy League's camp. Navarro ordered his infantry to take cover—the troops hid in the trenches, or lay prone on the slopes of the river embankments—but Colonna's men-at-arms had no shelter available, and began to take heavy casualties from the cannon fire. The Spanish artillery, meanwhile, ignored the French cavalry and concentrated its fire on the massed Gascons and landsknechts in the French center. The Spanish fire was, according to Oman, "excessively murderous", and casualties among the French infantry were substantial; as many as 2,000 men were killed, and the Gascons were so shaken by the fire that the landsknechts were forced to push them back with pikes in order to keep them in line.

Not content with bombarding the camp from one side, the French moved to enfilade it from the flanks. The Duke of Ferrara, who had apparently been acting independently of the main army since the crossing of the Ronco, had moved twenty-four of his cannon around the rear of the French position, finally bringing them up on the left flank, facing Pescara's light cavalry. From this position, d'Este's guns inflicted heavy casualties on Pescara and Carvajal's cavalry; so intense was the fire that some of it overshot the camp, inflicting casualties on the French troops on the other side. Yves d'Alègre, meanwhile, had devised a similar plan on the other flank; re-crossing the Ronco with two heavy guns, he positioned them across the river from the Spanish camp—directly to the rear of Colonna's position. The fire of these two guns inflicted massive casualties on Colonna's closely packed cavalry.

### Cavalry fight

Pressed from both sides by the fire of the French and Ferrarese artillery, the Holy League's cavalry could not hold their positions indefinitely. The first to move were the heavy cavalry of the rearguard under Carvajal, riding out from the entrenchments towards the Ferrarese guns on the French left; according to Taylor, Carvajal's advance was disorderly and possibly spontaneous. Carvajal was quickly joined by Pescara's light cavalry and by the Marquis of La Palude, both having been sent forward by Cardona; together, these bodies of cavalry advanced on the French line, Palude moving directly forwards while Pescara attempted a flanking movement. The target of the cavalry attack is inconsistently named among contemporary sources; both Oman and Taylor agree that it must have been the heavy cavalry of the French "main-battle", commanded by Foix, Lautrec, and the Seneschal of Normandy, which had apparently moved towards the French left.

Carvajal, Pescara, and Palude converged on the French cavalry, which split into two bodies and met both Spanish attacks head-on. The initial Spanish charges were unsuccessful in breaking the French line; Taylor attributes their failure to the depleted morale of the Spanish cavalry after the artillery bombardment, the effect of "ditches and vegetation" on the Spanish formations, the better tactics of the French, and the arrival of reinforcements sent by La Palice from the French vanguard. The bodies of French and Spanish cavalry then engaged in a lengthy fight along the left of the French positions.

Meanwhile, Fabrizio Colonna, having seen the other Spanish cavalry engaged, rode out between the Ronco and the Spanish trenches and charged the French line; his target is similarly the subject of disagreement among contemporary sources, but Oman and Taylor agree that he must have attacked the portion of the French vanguard under La Palice which the latter had not sent to assist Foix in the center. As Colonna and La Palice fought along the French right, d'Alègre, who had earlier been summoned by La Palice, arrived with 400 fresh heavy cavalry, as well as the infantry of the French reserve. Colonna's formation, pressed from multiple directions, began to disintegrate, with some of his men-at-arms fleeing the field and others retreating south to where the other Spanish cavalry was engaged.

D'Alègre followed the retreating Spanish troops to the center, where the remnants of the Spanish cavalry were engaged in a desperate melee against the French. Finally, when a part of the French vanguard joined the fight as well, the Spanish cavalry broke; Pescara and La Palude were taken prisoner, Colonna retreated back into the Spanish entrenchments, and Carvajal and Cardona fled south-west towards Cesena. A large part of the French cavalry pursued the retreating Spanish, while the others turned to take part in the infantry fight which had unfolded in the meantime.

### Infantry fight

As the Spanish cavalry was making its initial attack, Foix had sent orders for the French infantry to advance on the Holy League's camp. A mixed group of 2,000 Gascon crossbowmen and 1,000 Picard pikemen, gathered from Molart's and Bozollo's troops, advanced towards the camp; according to Taylor, they moved along a path between the embankment and the river, and were shielded from view by the former. The Gascons advanced to the edge of the Spanish entrenchments and began to fire onto the Spanish infantry; according to Oman, they were immediately driven back by "a blistering fire of arquebuses and swivel guns", while Taylor writes that Navarro moved the Papal infantry forward to engage them.

The main column of landsknechts had meanwhile made its way to the edge of the Spanish entrenchments, and begun to force its way into the fortified camp. Jacob Empser and his lieutenant Fabian von Schlabendorf were both killed in the initial push, but parts of the German column finally crossed the ditch and engaged the waiting Spanish infantry hand-to-hand. The Spanish swordsmen inflicted massive casualties among the landsknechts—who were unable to defend themselves with long pikes at such close quarters—and the German column recoiled back across the trenches, having suffered more than a thousand casualties.

The landsknechts and the Gascons proceeded to attack once more, with even greater casualties. Fabrizio Colonna, who had by this time returned to the camp with the remnants of his cavalry, charged into the flank of the attacking infantry; he would write that "with 200 lances he could have retrieved the fortune of the day". Two companies of Spanish infantry attacked the Gascons engaged on the riverbank, breaking their formation, killing Molart, and pursuing them back towards the French artillery positions. The remaining infantry on both sides continued meanwhile to struggle across the entrenchments.

### Endgame

At this juncture, the French cavalry—both those that had returned from the pursuit of Cardona and those that had remained on the field—descended on the Spanish infantry from all sides. Together with the German and Gascon infantry, which had reformed and now renewed its attacks, the French cavalry overwhelmed the Spanish formations, inflicting terrible casualties; Colonna and Navarro were both wounded and captured as they tried to rally the defenders. A few thousand of the Spanish infantry managed to escape, fleeing towards Cesena and Forlì; the others were "ridden over and trampled down", according to Oman.

The two Spanish companies which had earlier routed the Gascons, having found their path north barred by the French rearguard under the Bastard du Fay, had meanwhile retraced their path along the river back towards the camp. Marching south along the embankment, they were attacked by Gaston de Foix and his personal staff, numbering about fifteen; in the ensuing melee, the French knights were scattered, Foix was killed, and the Spanish proceeded to withdraw from the field. A few miles from the battlefield, the Spanish infantry encountered Bayard, returning from his pursuit of Cardona; lacking the numbers to break them, Bayard let them pass, unaware that they had just killed his commander.

## Aftermath

The battle went on for eight hours and left, by contemporary accounts, more than 10,000 dead between both sides, while 17,000 civilians were massacred. The death of Gaston de Foix was a huge blow to the French, and his men were very sad to hear of his death. The young, talented general had a very high command level and had masterminded a remarkable string of victories in Italy. He was inspiring and faithful to his men. The Italian Wars might have taken a very different course had he survived the battle.

Following the death of Gaston de Foix, command of the French army fell to La Palice, who had little interest in pursuing the retreating Spanish forces, preferring instead to return to the siege of Ravenna. The city soon fell, and the French proceeded to thoroughly sack it for 3 days. However, much of the French army was withdrawn to France following the battle, and La Palice was forced to extricate himself from Italy in August by renewed efforts on the part of the Holy League.

The Spanish forces in Italy were almost entirely destroyed at Ravenna, but Cardona would raise another army and appear in Lombardy in 1513. In the meantime, both Navarro and Colonna would see combat, Colonna in command of an Italian army and Navarro in the service of Francis I of France.

## Bibliography

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* ———. *European Warfare, 1494–1660*. Warfare and History, edited by Jeremy Black. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-27532-6.
* Bowd, Stephen D. (2018). *Renaissance Mass Murder: Civilians and Soldiers during the Italian Wars*. Oxford University Press.
* Daston, Lorraine; Park, Katharine (1998). *Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750*. New York: Zone Books, distributed by MIT Press. ISBN 0-942299-90-6.
* Guicciardini, Francesco. *The History of Italy*. Translated by Sydney Alexander. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-691-00800-0.
* Hall, Bert S. *Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8018-5531-4.
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* Paré, Ambroise (1982). *On Monsters and Marvels*. Translated by Pallister, Janis L. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-64563-0. Based on the Malgaigne edition of 1840.
* Phillips, Charles and Alan Axelrod. *Encyclopedia of Wars*. Volume 2. New York: Facts on File, 2005. ISBN 0-8160-2851-6.
* Taylor, Frederick Lewis. *The Art of War in Italy, 1494–1529*. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973. First published 1921 by Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-8371-5025-6.

44°25′N 12°12′E / 44.417°N 12.200°E / 44.417; 12.200

## InfoBox

| Battle of Ravenna | |
| --- | --- |
| Part of the War of the League of Cambrai | |
|
*Mort de Gaston de Foix à Ravenne, 11 avril 1512*, oil on canvas by Ary Scheffer, 1824, Palace of Versailles | |
| Date 11 April 1512  Location Near Ravenna, present-day Italy  Result  Franco-Ferrarese victory | |
| Belligerents | |
| Kingdom of France
Duchy of Ferrara | Spain
Papal States |
| Commanders and leaders | |
| Gaston de Foix
Jacques de La Palice
Alfonso I d'Este | Fabrizio Colonna
Ramón de Cardona
Pedro Navarro |
| Strength | |
| * 2,000 men left to hold Ravenna * 21,000 men engaged against the relief army * 54 artillery pieces | * Garrison at Ravenna: 5,000 men * Relief army: 16,000 men * 30 artillery pieces |
| Casualties and losses | |
| * 3,000–4,500 dead * 4,500 wounded | * 9,000 dead * Unknown wounded * 17,000 civilians massacred |