title: Dwarkadhish Temple

abstract: The Dwarkadhish temple, also known as the Jagat Mandir and occasionally spelled Dwarakadheesh, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Krishna, who is worshiped here by the name Dwarkadhish (Dvārakādhīśa), or 'King of Dwarka'. The temple is located at Dwarka city of Gujarat, India, which is one of the destinations of Char Dham, a Hindu pilgrimage circuit. The main shrine of the five-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagat Mandir or Nija Mandir. Archaeological findings suggest the original temple was built in 200 BCE at the earliest. The temple was rebuilt and enlarged in the 15th–16th century. The original structure was destroyed by Mahmud Begada in 1473. The temple became part of the Char Dham pilgrimage considered sacred by Hindus in India. Adi Shankara, the 8th century Hindu theologian and philosopher, visited the shrine. The other three being comprising Rameswaram, Badrinath and Puri. Even today a memorial within the temple is dedicated to his visit. Dwarakadheesh is the 98th Divya Desam of Vishnu on the subcontinent, glorified in the Divya Prabandha sacred texts. The temple is at an elevation of 12.19 metres (40.0 ft) above mean sea-level. It faces west. The temple layout consists of a garbhagriha and an antarala. However, the existing temple is dated to 16th century.

text:
# Dwarkadhish Temple

The **Dwarkadhish temple**, also known as the **Jagat Mandir** and occasionally spelled **Dwarakadheesh**, is a Hindu temple dedicated to Krishna, who is worshiped here by the name *Dwarkadhish (Dvārakādhīśa)*, or 'King of Dwarka'. The temple is located at Dwarka city of Gujarat, India, which is one of the destinations of Char Dham, a Hindu pilgrimage circuit. The main shrine of the five-storied building, supported by 72 pillars, is known as Jagat Mandir or Nija Mandir. Archaeological findings suggest the original temple was built in 200 BCE at the earliest. The temple was rebuilt and enlarged in the 15th–16th century.

The original structure was destroyed by Mahmud Begada in 1473.

The temple became part of the *Char Dham* pilgrimage considered sacred by Hindus in India. Adi Shankara, the 8th century Hindu theologian and philosopher, visited the shrine. The other three being comprising Rameswaram, Badrinath and Puri. Even today a memorial within the temple is dedicated to his visit. Dwarakadheesh is the 98th Divya Desam of Vishnu on the subcontinent, glorified in the *Divya Prabandha* sacred texts. The temple is at an elevation of 12.19 metres (40.0 ft) above mean sea-level. It faces west. The temple layout consists of a garbhagriha (*Nijamandira* or *Harigraha*) and an antarala (an antechamber). However, the existing temple is dated to 16th century.

## Legend

As per Hindu legend, Dwarka was built on a piece of land by Krishna that was reclaimed from the sea. According to the *Mahabharata*, the sage Durvasa once visited Krishna and his wife Rukmini. The sage wished that the pair took him to their palace, demanding that they pull his chariot like horses. The pair agreed and started to carry the sage, even as the latter struck Rukmini when she fell. After some distance, according to local tradition, Rukmini got tired and she requested some water from Krishna. Krishna dug a hole with his powers that brought in river Ganga to the place. Durvasa was furious and cursed Rukmini to remain in the place. The temple where Rukmini's shrine is found, is believed to be the place where she stood. In the epic, finding no fault with the divine couple, Durvasa blessed Krishna with invincibility everywhere except the soles of his feet, and declared that Rukmini would be the foremost of the deity's spouses and would be his eternal companion in the next world as well.

## History

The town of Dwarka in Gujarat has a history that dates back centuries, and mentioned in the Mahabharata epic as the Dwaraka kingdom. Situated on the banks of river Gomti, the town is described in legend as the capital of Krishna. Evidence such as a stone block with script, the way the stones were dressed showing that dowels had been used, and an examination of anchors found on the site suggest that the harbour site dates only to historical times, with some of the underwater structure being late Medieval. Coastal erosion was probably the cause of the destruction of what was an ancient port.

In the fifteenth century the Raja of Dwarka was a Vadhel named Bhim who also ruled the local Vagher pirates. Once a maulana named Mahmud Samarqandi was undergoing a sea voyage when storm caused his vessel to go towards the coast of Dwarka. There the ship was attacked by Vagher pirates who plundered the ship, kidnapped his women, and left Mahmud and his sons adrift. Mahmud Samarqandi brought this matter to Sultan Mahmud at his court in Mustafabad. Thus the sultan decide to capture Dwarka and in 1473 began marching towards the city. The Raja of Dwarka Bhim and his Rajputs fled the city to the island fortress of Bet, allowing Mahmud Begada to plunder Dwarka, destroy buildings and the Dwarkadhish temple and destroy its idol. However according to a Rangarajan, citing a Gujarati article by Jayantilal Thaker, the Veghars "did their utmost to defend" the temple.

The current image of Dvārakādhīśa was installed by Aniruddhaśrama Śaṅkarācārya in 1559.

## Structure

The temple has an east–west length of 29 m and north–south width of 23 m. The temple is constructed of limestone and has intricate carvings.

It is a five storied edifice built over 72 pillars (sandstone temple with 60 pillars is also mentioned). There are two important entrances to the temple, one is the main entry door which is called the *Moksha Dvara* (meaning "Door to Salvation") and the exit door which is known as the *Svarga Dvara* (meaning: "Gate to Heaven"). Outside this doorway are 56 steps that leads to the Gomati River.

The temple spire rises to a height of 78 metres (256 ft). A flag, hoisted over the spire, shows the sun and moon, which is believed to indicate that Krishna would be there until the sun and moon exist on Earth. The flag, triangular in shape, is 50 feet (15 m) in length. This flag is changed four times a day with a new one and devotees pay a huge sum of money to hoist it by purchasing a new flag. The money received on this account is credited to the trust fund of the temple to meet the operation and maintenance expenses of the temple.

## Religious importance

Jagannath PuriRameswaramDwarkaBadrinath

Since this site is associated with the ancient city of Dvārakā and the Vedic era Krishna of Mahabharata, it is an important place of pilgrimage for Hindus. It is one of three main pilgrimage sites related to *"Krishna"* circuit, namely *48 kos parikrama of Kurukshetra* in Haryana state, Braj Parikarma in Mathura of Uttar Pradesh state and *Dwarka Parikrama* (Dwarkadish Yatra) at Dwarkadhish Temple in Gujarat state.

Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism established by Adi Shankara, who created Hindu monastic institutions across India, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer. The four monasteries are located across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadhish Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South. Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Shaivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair. The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime. Traditionally the trip starts are the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circumambulation in Hindu temples.

The temple is open from 6.00 am to 1.00 pm and 5.00 pm to 9.30 pm. The Krishna Janmashtami festival, or Gokulashtami, the birthday of Krishna was commissioned by Vallaba (1473-1531).

According to a legend, Meera Bai, the famed Rajput princess who was also a poetess-saint and a staunch devotee of Krishna, merged with the deity at this temple. It is one of the Sapta Puri, the seven holy cities of India.

The temple is near the Dvaraka Pitha, one of the four *pithas* (religious centers) established by Adi Shankara (686-717 CE) who pioneered unification of Hindu religious beliefs in the country.

## Awards

The Dwarkadhish Jagat Mandir was awarded the certificate of "World Amazing Place" on 22 March 2021 by the *World Talent Organization*, New Jersey, USA.

## Bibliography

* Bansal, Sunita Pant (1 January 2008). *Hindu Pilgrimage*. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-81-223-0997-3.
* Bandyopadhyay, Deepak (11 June 2014). *Hinduism*. Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd 2014. ISBN 978-81-291-3428-8.
* Desai, Anjali H. (2007). *India Guide Gujarat*. India Guide Publications. ISBN 978-0-9789517-0-2.
* Paramāra, Thomasa (1996). *Temples of Gujarat Built During the Mughal Period*. Thomas B. Parmar.
* UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site status, report on Indian Express newspaper website
* Underwater remains near Dwarakadheesh temple, on website of National Institute of Oceanography
* Brockman, Norbert C. (2011). *Encyclopedia of Sacred Places*. California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1-59884-655-3.
* Gwynne, Paul (2009). *World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction*. Oxford: Blackwell Publication. ISBN 978-1-4051-6702-4.

## InfoBox

| Dwarkadheesh Temple | |
| --- | --- |
| The temple shikharas with the entrance in front | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| Deity | Krishna |
| Festivals | Krishna Janmashtami |
| Location | |
| Location | Dwarka |
| State | Gujarat |
| Country | India |
| Location in Gujarat | |
| Geographic coordinates | 22°14′16.39″N 68°58′3.22″E / 22.2378861°N 68.9675611°E / 22.2378861; 68.9675611 |
| Architecture | |
| Type | Temple |
| Style | Māru-Gurjara architecture |
| Completed | 15th–16th century (present architecture) |
| Website | |
| www.dwarkadhish.org | |


title: Plasmodium youngi

abstract: Plasmodium youngi is a protozoan parasite which can cause malaria in certain primates. It is known to infect and cause severe disease in Malayan gibbons.

text:
# Plasmodium youngi

***Plasmodium youngi*** is a protozoan parasite which can cause malaria in certain primates. It is known to infect and cause severe disease in Malayan gibbons.

## History

The parasite was first identified in blood smears from a young Malayan gibbon (*Hylobates lar lar*) in Kelantan, Malaysia in 1964. It was named after the American malaria researcher Martin D. Young.

## Pathogenesis

In the Malayan gibbon, the parasite causes severe malaria. Parasitemia peaks on the 12th and 16th day of infection, with up to 130,000 parasites per milliliter of blood. Parasite load remains fairly high at greater than 10,000 parasites per milliliter of blood for several weeks, before declining. Parasites are still detectable in the blood intermittently for at least 4 months. Major signs of infection are anemia and listlessness.

## Host range

*Plasmodium youngi* can cause severe disease in the Malayan gibbon. It can also infect the Black crested gibbon (*Hylobates concolor*), although it causes only moderate parasitemia. In experimental infections, rhesus macaques could not be infected with *P. youngi*. While the mosquito vector of *P. youngi* is not known, experimental feeding of *Anopheles maculatus* showed that *P. youngi* grows poorly in *A. maculatus*, suggesting it is not the natural vector.

## InfoBox

| *Plasmodium youngi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Aconoidasida |
| Order: | Haemospororida |
| Family: | Plasmodiidae |
| Genus: | *Plasmodium* |
| Species: | ***P. youngi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plasmodium youngi***<br>Eyles, Fong, Dunn, Guinn, Warren, and Sandosham, 1964 | |
|


title: Plasmoid

abstract: A plasmoid is a coherent structure of plasma and magnetic fields. Plasmoids have been proposed to explain natural phenomena such as ball lightning, magnetic bubbles in the magnetosphere, and objects in cometary tails, in the solar wind, in the solar atmosphere, and in the heliospheric current sheet. Plasmoids produced in the laboratory include field-reversed configurations, spheromaks, and in dense plasma focuses. The word plasmoid was coined in 1956 by Winston H. Bostick (1916-1991) to mean a "plasma-magnetic entity": The plasma is emitted not as an amorphous blob, but in the form of a torus. We shall take the liberty of calling this toroidal structure a plasmoid, a word which means plasma-magnetic entity. The word plasmoid will be employed as a generic term for all plasma-magnetic entities.

text:
# Plasmoid

A **plasmoid** is a coherent structure of plasma and magnetic fields. Plasmoids have been proposed to explain natural phenomena such as ball lightning, magnetic bubbles in the magnetosphere, and objects in cometary tails, in the solar wind, in the solar atmosphere, and in the heliospheric current sheet. Plasmoids produced in the laboratory include field-reversed configurations, spheromaks, and in dense plasma focuses.

The word *plasmoid* was coined in 1956 by Winston H. Bostick (1916-1991) to mean a "plasma-magnetic entity":

> The plasma is emitted not as an amorphous blob, but in the form of a torus. We shall take the liberty of calling this toroidal structure a plasmoid, a word which means plasma-magnetic entity. The word plasmoid will be employed as a generic term for all plasma-magnetic entities.

## Plasmoid characteristics

Bostick wrote:

> Plasmoids appear to be plasma cylinders elongated in the direction of the magnetic field. Plasmoids possess a measurable magnetic moment, a measurable translational speed, a transverse electric field, and a measurable size. Plasmoids can interact with each other, seemingly by reflecting off one another. Their orbits can also be made to curve toward one another. Plasmoids can be made to spiral to a stop if projected into a gas at about 10<sup>−3</sup> mm Hg pressure. Plasmoids can also be made to smash each other into fragments. There is some scant evidence to support the hypothesis that they undergo fission and possess spin.

A plasmoid has an internal pressure stemming from both the gas pressure of the plasma and the magnetic pressure of the field. To maintain an approximately static plasmoid radius, this pressure must be balanced by an external confining pressure. In a field-free vacuum, for example, a plasmoid will rapidly expand and dissipate.

Plasmoids have been formed in discharges with local magnetic field strengths on the order of 16,000 Tesla.

## Cosmic applications

Bostick went on to apply his theory of plasmoids to astrophysics phenomena. His 1958 paper, applied plasma similarity transformations to pairs of plasmoids fired from a plasma gun (dense plasma focus device) that interact in such a way as to simulate an early model of galaxy formation.

## Footnotes

* Bostick, W. H., "Experimental Study of Plasmoids", *Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics*, Proceedings from IAU Symposium no. 6. Edited by Bo Lehnert. International Astronomical Union. Symposium no. 6, Cambridge University Press, p. 87


title: Plasmodium voltaicum

abstract: Plasmodium voltaicum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia. As in all Plasmodium species, P. voltaicum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

text:
# Plasmodium voltaicum

***Plasmodium voltaicum*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Vinckeia*. As in all *Plasmodium* species, *P. voltaicum* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

## Taxonomy

The parasite was first described by Van Der Kaay in 1964.

## Distribution

This species is found in Congo-Brazzaville and Ghana.

## Hosts

The only known host is the fruit bat *Roussettus smithi*.

## InfoBox

| *Plasmodium voltaicum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| *Clade*: | Diaphoretickes |
| *Clade*: | SAR |
| *Clade*: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Aconoidasida |
| Order: | Haemospororida |
| Family: | Plasmodiidae |
| Genus: | *Plasmodium* |
| Species: | ***P. voltaicum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plasmodium voltaicum***<br>Van Der Kaay, 1964 | |
|


title: Dugger Mountain Wilderness

abstract: Dugger Mountain Wilderness is Alabama's third and newest wilderness area. Dedicated April 2000, Dugger Mountain Wilderness covers 9,200 acres (3,700 ha) of Talladega National Forest in Calhoun County and Cleburne County in Alabama.

text:
# Dugger Mountain Wilderness

**Dugger Mountain Wilderness** is Alabama's third and newest wilderness area. Dedicated April 2000, Dugger Mountain Wilderness covers 9,200 acres (3,700 ha) of Talladega National Forest in Calhoun County and Cleburne County in Alabama.

## Geography

Dugger Mountain, the second highest peak in Alabama with an elevation of 2,140 feet (650 m), is located between Anniston and Piedmont.

The wilderness encompasses some of the most rugged and mountainous terrain in Alabama, as well as numerous endangered and threatened plant communities. It is one of the last intact roadless areas in Alabama's National Forests. Most of the mountain's 16,000 acres (6,500 ha) were too steep to profitably timber harvest.

## Features

The Pinhoti National Recreation Trail winds through the wilderness area.

## InfoBox

| Dugger Mountain Wilderness | |
| --- | --- |
| IUCN category Ib (wilderness area) | |
| View looking south from Dugger Mountain | |
| Location in AlabamaLocation in United States | |
| Location | Cleburne and Calhoun counties, Alabama, USA |
| Nearest city | Piedmont |
| Coordinates | 33°52′02″N 85°36′04″W / 33.8673239°N 85.6010716°W / 33.8673239; -85.6010716 |
| Area | 9,200 acres (37 km2) |
| Established | April 1, 2000 (2000-04-01) |
| Governing body | U.S. Forest Service |


title: PixelPaint

abstract: PixelPaint is a pixel-based image editor application by Pixel Resources, Inc., a Norcross, GA based company, and distributed by SuperMac Technology, no longer maintained, for the Macintosh series of computers. It was the first full-color paint application for the Macintosh. Jerry Harris, co-creator of PixelPaint, subsequently became an executive for Adobe Systems.

text:
# PixelPaint

**PixelPaint** is a pixel-based image editor application by Pixel Resources, Inc., a Norcross, GA based company, and distributed by SuperMac Technology, no longer maintained, for the Macintosh series of computers.

It was the first full-color paint application for the Macintosh.

Jerry Harris, co-creator of PixelPaint, subsequently became an executive for Adobe Systems.

## Reception

*BYTE* in 1989 listed PixelPaint as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that it "helped establish the Mac II ... as a tool for serious graphic art".


title: Plectopsis

abstract: Plectopsis is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

text:
# Plectopsis

***Plectopsis*** is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

## Distribution

Brazil.

## InfoBox

| *Plectopsis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Tachinidae |
| Subfamily: | Tachininae |
| Tribe: | Graphogastrini |
| Genus: | *Plectopsis*
Townsend, 1927 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Plectopsis palpalis*
Townsend, 1927 | |


title: Plectoptera

abstract: Plectoptera is a genus of American cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae and tribe Plectopterini. There are at least 2 described species in Plectoptera.

text:
# Plectoptera

***Plectoptera*** is a genus of American cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae and tribe Plectopterini. There are at least 2 described species in *Plectoptera*.

## Species

* Gutiérrez, Esteban (1995). "Annotated checklist of Cuban cockroaches". *Transactions of the American Entomological Society*, vol. 121, 65-84.
* Poole, Robert W., and Patricia Gentili, eds. (1997). "Blattodea". *Nomina Insecta Nearctica: A Check List of the Insects of North America: vol. 4: Non-Holometabolous Orders*, 31-39.

## Further reading

* Ross H. Arnett (30 July 2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0212-1.

## InfoBox

| *Plectoptera* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Plectoptera pulicaria* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Family: | Ectobiidae |
| Subfamily: | Pseudophyllodromiinae |
| Genus: | *Plectoptera*<br>Saussure, 1864 |
|


title: Plectoptera picta

abstract: Plectoptera picta, the pictured beetle cockroach, is a species of cockroach in the family Ectobiidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

text:
# Plectoptera picta

***Plectoptera picta***, the **pictured beetle cockroach**, is a species of cockroach in the family Ectobiidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

* Atkinson, Thomas H., Philip G. Koehler, and Richard S. Patterson (1991). "Catalog and Atlas of the Cockroaches of North America North of Mexico". *Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America*, no. 78, 1-85.
* Poole, Robert W., and Patricia Gentili, eds. (1997). "Blattodea". *Nomina Insecta Nearctica: A Check List of the Insects of North America: vol. 4: Non-Holometabolous Orders*, 31-39.

## Further reading

* Ross H. Arnett (30 July 2000). *American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico*. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0212-1.

## InfoBox

| *Plectoptera picta* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Family: | Ectobiidae |
| Genus: | *Plectoptera* |
| Species: | ***P. picta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Plectoptera picta***<br>Saussure & Zehntner, 1893 | |
|


title: Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area

abstract: Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area is a 1,927-acre (780 ha) state recreation area in Linn County, Iowa, United States, near the city of Palo. The recreation area is home to the 410-acre (170 ha) Pleasant Creek Lake. Both the lake and the park were formed in the 1960s to provide eastern Iowa with a large recreational lake. Pleasant Creek Lake features four boat ramps and a kayak launch, and its clear water makes it a popular site for scuba diving. The lake also has several fishing jetties; fish living in the lake include channel catfish, muskellunge, largemouth bass, and white bass. The entire recreation area is also open to hunting. The park includes eight miles (13 km) of multi-use trails used for hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, and skiing and snowmobiling in the winter. It also has three modern campsites and four camping cabins.

text:
# Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area

**Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area** is a 1,927-acre (780 ha) state recreation area in Linn County, Iowa, United States, near the city of Palo. The recreation area is home to the 410-acre (170 ha) Pleasant Creek Lake. Both the lake and the park were formed in the 1960s to provide eastern Iowa with a large recreational lake.

Pleasant Creek Lake features four boat ramps and a kayak launch, and its clear water makes it a popular site for scuba diving. The lake also has several fishing jetties; fish living in the lake include channel catfish, muskellunge, largemouth bass, and white bass. The entire recreation area is also open to hunting. The park includes eight miles (13 km) of multi-use trails used for hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, and skiing and snowmobiling in the winter. It also has three modern campsites and four camping cabins.

## InfoBox

| Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area | |
| --- | --- |
| Location of Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area in IowaPleasant Creek State Recreation Area (the United States) | |
| Location | Linn County, Iowa, United States |
| Nearest city | Palo |
| Coordinates | 42°07′09″N 91°48′21″W / 42.11917°N 91.80583°W / 42.11917; -91.80583 |
| Area | 1,927 acres (7.80 km2) |
| Governing body | Iowa Department of Natural Resources |
| Website | Pleasant Creek State Recreation Area |


title: Dwane Morrison

abstract: Dwane Morrison is a retired American college basketball player and coach. He is best known as the coach of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets from 1973 to 1981. He is also the son of former Major League pitcher Johnny "Jughandle" Morrison.

text:
# Dwane Morrison

**Dwane Morrison** is a retired American college basketball player and coach. He is best known as the coach of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets from 1973 to 1981. He is also the son of former Major League pitcher Johnny "Jughandle" Morrison.

## College

Morrison, a 6'3 guard from Owensboro, Kentucky, played basketball for two years at Campbellsville Junior College (now Campbellsville University) before transferring to the University of South Carolina. In his senior year of 1951–52, Morrison led the Gamecocks with a 19.8 scoring average and was selected second team All-Southern Conference.

## Coach

### South Carolina

After his playing days ended, Morrison turned to coaching. After coaching high school basketball for several years, he landed at his alma mater, South Carolina, as freshman coach and assistant to head coach Chuck Noe in 1963. His college coaching career accelerated when Noe resigned due to exhaustion midway through the season. Morrison was named interim head coach for the last 12 games of the season, leading the Gamecocks to a 4–8 record down the stretch. After the season, South Carolina hired future Hall of Fame coach Frank McGuire, ending Morrison's tenure as head coach of the Gamecocks.

### Georgia Tech

Morrison landed at Georgia Tech as an assistant to John "Whack" Hyder. He spent 6 years with the Yellow Jackets before getting his next shot as a head coach at Mercer University. After a successful three-year stint at Mercer (48–22), Morrison had the opportunity to succeed his former mentor Hyder as head coach at Georgia Tech. Morrison led the Yellow Jackets for eight years from 1973 to 1981, a period which saw the school move from Independent status to the new Metro Conference, back to independent status and finally led their transition to the Atlantic Coast Conference. Unfortunately, Morrison's two years in the ACC were not successful, as his teams went 1–27 in league play over the two-year span. The bottom fell out in 1980–81, when Morrison's Jackets tallied the worst record in school history at 4–23, including a winless record in ACC play. Morrison was fired and replaced by Bobby Cremins. His overall record at Georgia Tech was 91–122.

## Head coaching record

Statistics overview
| Season | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Postseason |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **South Carolina Gamecocks**  *(Atlantic Coast Conference)* (1963–1964) | | | | | | | | |
| 1963–64 | South Carolina | 4–8 | 4–6 | 4th |  |
| **South Carolina:** | | 4–8 | 4–6 |  | | | | |
| **Mercer Bears**  *(NCAA College Division independent)* (1970–1973) | | | | | | | | |
| 1970–71 | Mercer | 14–9 |  |  |  |
| 1971–72 | Mercer | 19–7 |  |  | NCAA College Division Regional semifinal |
| 1972–73 | Mercer | 15–6 |  |  |  |
| **Mercer:** | | 48–22 |  |  | | | | |
| **Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets**  *(NCAA University Division / Division I independent)* (1973–1975) | | | | | | | | |
| 1973–74 | Georgia Tech | 5–21 |  |  |  |
| 1974–75 | Georgia Tech | 11–15 |  |  |  |
| **Georgia Tech:** | | 16–36 |  |  | | | | |
| **Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets**  *(Metro Conference)* (1975–1978) | | | | | | | | |
| 1975–76 | Georgia Tech | 13–14 | 0–1 | 5th |  |
| 1976–77 | Georgia Tech | 18–10 | 3–3 | T–3rd |  |
| 1977–78 | Georgia Tech | 15–12 | 6–6 | T–4th |  |
| **Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets**  *(NCAA Division I independent)* (1978–1979) | | | | | | | | |
| 1978–79 | Georgia Tech | 17–9 |  |  |  |
| **Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets**  *(Atlantic Coast Conference)* (1979–1981) | | | | | | | | |
| 1979–80 | Georgia Tech | 8–18 | 1–13 | 8th |  |
| 1980–81 | Georgia Tech | 4–23 | 0–14 | 8th |  |
| **Georgia Tech:** | | 91–122 | 10–37 |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 143–152 |  | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

Dwane Morrison
| Morrison from the 1964 *Garnet & Black*. | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | Owensboro, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Playing career | |
| 1948–1950 | Campbellsville |
| 1950–1952 | South Carolina |
|  | |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1963–1964 | South Carolina (assistant) |
| 1964 | South Carolina |
| 1964–1970 | Georgia Tech (assistant) |
| 1970–1973 | Mercer |
| 1973–1981 | Georgia Tech |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 143–152 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Awards | |
| Metro Conference Coach of the Year (1977) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Plasticulture

abstract: Plasticulture is the practice of using plastic materials in agricultural applications. The plastic materials themselves are often and broadly referred to as "ag plastics". Plasticulture ag plastics include soil fumigation film, irrigation drip tape/tubing, plastic plant packaging cord, nursery pots and bales, but the term is most often used to describe all kinds of plastic plant/soil coverings. Such coverings range from plastic mulch film, row coverings, high and low tunnels (polytunnels), to plastic greenhouses. Plastic used in agriculture was expected to include 6.7 million tons of plastic in 2019 or 2% of global plastic production. Plastic used in agriculture is hard to recycle because of contamination by agricultural chemicals. Moreover, plastic degradation into microplastics is damaging to soil health, microorganisms and beneficial organisms like earthworms. Current science is not clear if there are negative impacts on food or once food grown in plasticulture is eaten by humans. Because of these impacts, some governments, like the European Union under the Circular Economy Action Plan, are beginning to regulate its use and plastic waste produced on farms.

text:
# Plasticulture

**Plasticulture** is the practice of using plastic materials in agricultural applications. The plastic materials themselves are often and broadly referred to as "ag plastics". Plasticulture ag plastics include soil fumigation film, irrigation drip tape/tubing, plastic plant packaging cord, nursery pots and bales, but the term is most often used to describe all kinds of plastic plant/soil coverings. Such coverings range from plastic mulch film, row coverings, high and low tunnels (polytunnels), to plastic greenhouses.

Plastic used in agriculture was expected to include 6.7 million tons of plastic in 2019 or 2% of global plastic production. Plastic used in agriculture is hard to recycle because of contamination by agricultural chemicals. Moreover, plastic degradation into microplastics is damaging to soil health, microorganisms and beneficial organisms like earthworms. Current science is not clear if there are negative impacts on food or once food grown in plasticulture is eaten by humans. Because of these impacts, some governments, like the European Union under the Circular Economy Action Plan, are beginning to regulate its use and plastic waste produced on farms.

## Types of plastics used

Polyethylene (PE) is the plastic film used by the majority of growers because of its affordability, flexibility and easy manufacturing. It comes in a variety of thicknesses, such as a low density form (LDPE) as well as a linear low density form (LLDPE). These can be modified by addition of certain elements to the plastic that give it properties beneficial to plant growth such as reduced water loss, UV stabilization to cool soil and prevent insects, elimination of photosynthetically active radiation to prevent weed growth, IR opacity, antidrip/antifog, and fluorescence.

Polypropylene (PP) is often used for agricultural plant packaging cord.

## Applications

### Greenhouses and walk-in tunnel covers

A greenhouse is a large structure in which it is possible to stand and work with automated ventilation. High tunnels are hoop houses, manually ventilated by rolling up the sides. Greenhouse and high tunnel films are usually within the parameters of 80-220μm thick and 20m wide, and have a life span between 6–45 months dependent on several factors. Monolayer polyethylene films are better suited for less extreme environmental conditions, while multilayer covers made of three layers, one EVA19 layer inserted between two low-density polyethylene layers has been shown to have a better performance under harsh conditions.

### Small tunnel covers

Small tunnel covers are about 1m wide and 1m high, and have a thinner polyethylene film than the large tunnel covers, usually below 80μm. Their lifetime is also shorter than that of the larger versions; they usually have a usable life span of 6–8 months. Use of small tunnels is less popular than both the more expensive but durable greenhouses/walk-in tunnels and the cheaper plastic mulch.

### Plastic mulch

Plastic mulching is when a thin plastic film is placed over the ground, poking holes at regular intervals for seeds to be planted in, or placing it directly over plants in the beginning stages of growth. The films remain in place for the duration of the cultivation (usually 2–4 months) and usually have a thickness of 12-80μm. The main functions of plastic mulch are to insulate and maintain a consistent temperature and humidity of the soil, preventing evaporation of moisture from the soil, minimization of seedtime and harvest, prevent weed growth, and to prevent erosion. Pigmented or colourless films can be used, each with specific advantages and disadvantages over the other.

Black films prevent weed growth, but do not transmit light to heat up the soil; clear films transmit light and heat the soil, but promote weed growth. Photosensitive films have been developed that are pigmented to prevent weed growth, but still transmit light to heat the soil. These photosensitive films are more costly than either the clear or black polyethylene sheeting. Black plastic mulch controls evaporation from the soil and improves soil water retention. Plastic mulching proved to reduce irrigation requirements in pepper by 14-29% because of elimination of soil evaporation.

Flowering time was also reduced in okra when black plastic mulch was used; the plants reached 50% flowering 3–6 days earlier than un-mulched plots. Plant height in okra was significantly increased with black plastic mulch use compared to those grown in bare soil. Evaporation from soil accounts for 25-50% of water used in irrigation, using plastic mulch prevents much of this evaporation and thus reduces the amount of water needed to grow the crop. This conservation of water makes plastic mulch favourable for farmers in dry and arid climates where water is a limited resource. As the second most used ag plastic in the world, the volume of plastic mulch used every year is estimated at 700,000t.

## Origins and development around the world

The first use of plastic film in agriculture was in an effort to make a cheaper version of a glasshouse. In 1948 Professor E.M. Emmert built the first plastic greenhouse, a wooden structure covered with cellulose acetate film. He later switched this to a more effective polyethylene film. After this introduction of plastic film to agriculture it began being used at a larger scale around the world by the early 1950s to replace paper for mulching vegetables.

By 1999 almost 30 million acres worldwide were covered in plastic mulch. Only a small percentage of this was in the United States (185 000 acres), the majority of this plastic growth was happening in economically poor areas of the world and previously unproductive desert regions, such as Almeria in southern Spain.

The largest concentrations of greenhouses around the world are mainly found in two areas, with 80% throughout the Far East (China, Japan, Korea), and 15% in the Mediterranean basin. The area of greenhouse cover is still increasing at a fast rate, during the last decade it is estimated that it has been growing by 20% every year. Areas such as the Middle East and Africa are growing in their use of plastic greenhouses by 15-20% per year, compared to the weak growth in more developed and economically stable areas such as Europe. China leads the world's growth at 30% per year, translating into a volume of plastic film reaching 1,000,000 t/year. In 2006 80% of the area covered by plastic mulch is found in China where it has a growth rate of 25% per year; this is the highest in the world.

Since its introduction in the 1950s, plastic film has been designed and developed to increase produce yield, increase produce size and shorten growth time. Developments in plastic film include durability, optical (ultraviolet, visible, near infrared, and middle infrared) properties, and the antidrip or antifog effect. Recent developments in this area include UV-blocking, NIR-blocking, fluorescent, and ultrathermic films.

### Large-scale usage in southern Spain

The use of plasticulture in agriculture is growing rapidly, perhaps nowhere more visibly than around Almería in southern Spain. The eastern approaches to Almería, north of the airport, are densely covered, as is a large area further northeast, surrounding the towns of Campohermoso, Los Pipaces and Los Grillos (close to Níjar).

The densest concentration lies about 20 km southwest of Almería, where almost the entire Campo de Dalías, a low-lying cape, is now under plastic (an estimated area of 20,000 hectares). Further west, a similar, but smaller, coastal plain around Carchuna, southeast of Motril, is similarly enveloped. The technique is not restricted to the plains; it is also applied to wide terraces on the sides of shallow valleys, as the valley north of Castell de Ferro shows.

Elsewhere along the Costa Tropical and the Costa del Sol, particularly between Almería and Málaga, fruit trees growing on terraces in steeper valleys may be covered with vast tents of plastic netting.

## Environmental aspects

As (non-biodegradable) plastics are used in agriculture, there is a risk of it ending up in the soil, thus polluting it in the process.

### Recycling

One significant component of plasticulture is the disposal of used ag plastics. Technologies exist which allow for ag plastics to be recycled into plastic resins for reuse in the plastics manufacturing industry.

Recycling of plastic mulch is difficult because the mulch is often wet or dirty. Thin mulch breaks down quickly, and can be impossible to pick up for recycling once degraded.

## Legislation on plastic use in agriculture

In the European Union, Directive 2008/98/EC on waste management is in place, of which article 8 states "each member state may introduce the ERP concept into its own legal framework in addition to deciding how to encourage manufacturers to participate in the prevention, re-use, recycling and recovery of used plastic products." In addition, in 2018, the European Commission published a communication laying out a strategy for plastics in a circular economy. It mentioned curbing plastic waste and littering, for instance by reducing single-use plastics, tackling sources of marine litter at sea, restricting the use of oxo-degradable plastics and curbing micro-plastics pollution. In 2020, the EU finally released its Circular Economy Action Plan. It included a set of measures to reduce plastic litter and address the presence of microplastics in the environment. It also expressed addressing sustainability issues by developing a policy framework on biodegradable or compostable plastics.

## Further reading


title: Dunia Dalam Berita

abstract: Dunia Dalam Berita is an Indonesian world news program broadcast by TVRI on its main channel. Aired every Monday to Friday at 21.00 WIB, the program airs since 22 December 1978. Lasting about 30 minutes, the news is filled with international news around the world, as well as international sports news and international weather forecast. The program is also one of the longest-running news program in Indonesia.

text:
# Dunia Dalam Berita

***Dunia Dalam Berita*** (*The World In News*) is an Indonesian world news program broadcast by TVRI on its main channel. Aired every Monday to Friday at 21.00 WIB (23.00 WIB in 2015 until late-2017), the program airs since 22 December 1978. Lasting about 30 minutes, the news is filled with international news around the world, as well as international sports news and international weather forecast. The program is also one of the longest-running news program in Indonesia.

## History

*Dunia dalam Berita* began itsbroadcast in December 1978, but the exact date is unclear. A TVRI source said that the program was first aired on 29 December, but sources from the former Indonesian Department of Information and Australian researcher Philip Kitley said that the program was first aired on 22 December.

During the New Order, all commercial television stations (RCTI, SCTV, TPI, ANteve and Indosiar) were required to relay the program alongside the main news program *Berita Nasional* (later *Siaran Berita TVRI*). However, the broadcast sometimes delayed by the stations due to certain reasons (live football matches, musical events, or other conditions). The "must-relay" policy was in effect from 13 November 1988 to 31 July 2000, about two years after the New Order's fall.

## Name changes

* '**Dunia Dalam Berita'** (*The World In News*) (22 December 1978 – 12 July 2001, 24 August 2003 – 31 December 2008, 1 March 2015–present)
* '**Berita Malam'** (*Nightly News*) (13 July 2001 – 23 August 2003)
* '**Warta Dunia'** (*World News*) (1 January 2009 – 31 December 2010)
* '**Warta Malam dan Warta Dunia'** (*World News and Nightly News*) (1 January 2011 – 3 June 2012)
* '**Warta Mancanegara TVRI'** (*Global News*) (4 June 2012 – 28 February 2015)

## Announcer

* Monica Khonado
* Rini Soetomo
* Meike Malaon
* Tia Mariadi
* Magdalena Daluas
* Usi Karundeng
* Nita Bonita Yunan
* Yan Partawijaya
* Yasir Denhas
* Herman Zuhdi
* Hasan Asy'ari Oramahi
* Rusjdi Saleh
* Khairul Tamimi
* Sutrimo
* Effendi Moussa
* Adi Priyatmoko
* Tengku Malinda
* Gatot Arismunandar
* Iwan Chandra Lamisi
* Dhoni Kusmanhadji
* Lenny Hadiawati
* Imam Priyono
* Tiya Diran
* Tuti Adhitama
* Sam Amir
* Sazli Rais
* Happy Goeritman
* Sesko Satrio

## InfoBox

| *Dunia Dalam Berita* | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | News program |
| Country of origin | Indonesia |
| Original language | Indonesian |
| Production | |
| Camera setup | Multi-camera |
| Running time | 30 minutes |
| Production company | LPP Televisi Republik Indonesia |
| Original release | |
| Network | TVRI |
| Release | 22 December 1978 (1978-12-22)
present |
| Related | |
| *Klik Indonesia*
*English News Service* | |


title: Duke of Schomberg

abstract: Duke of Schomberg in the Peerage of England was created in 1689. The title derives from the surname of its holder. The Duke of Schomberg was part of King William of Orange's army and camped in the Holywood hills area of Craigantlet in Northern Ireland. The area is now a farm and the house that King William himself stayed in is now formally known as "Schomberg Cottage".

text:
# Duke of Schomberg

**Duke of Schomberg** in the Peerage of England was created in 1689. The title derives from the surname of its holder (originally Schönberg).

The Duke of Schomberg was part of King William of Orange's army and camped in the Holywood hills area of Craigantlet in Northern Ireland. The area is now a farm and the house that King William himself stayed in is now formally known as "Schomberg Cottage".

## Dukes of Schomberg (1689)

*Other titles: Marquess of Harwich, Earl of Brentford and Baron Teyes (1689)* *Other titles (3rd Duke): Duke of Leinster, Earl of Bangor and Baron of Tara (En 1690)*

## Arms

Coat of arms of Duke of Schomberg
|  | CoronetCoronet of a Duke Crest1st: An Arm in armour embowed holding in the hand all proper, a Battle-axe Argent; 2nd: Out of a Ducal Coronet and between two Elephant’s Trunks Or, a Talbot sejant affrontée Sable; 3rd: Out of a Ducal Coronet Or, three Peacock Feathers proper. EscutcheonQuarterly: 1st & 4th, Argent, on an Inescutcheon Sable, an Escarbuncle of eight rays Or; 2nd & 3rd, Gules, six Escutcheons Argent, three, two and one; over all an Escutcheon of Pretence, Gules, a Cavalier in armour proper, mounted on a Horse in full course Argent, holding in his right hand a Battle-axe Argent. SupportersOn either side a Lion segreant proper. |
| --- | --- |


title: Piz Minschun

abstract: Piz Minschun is a mountain of the Silvretta Alps, overlooking Scuol in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. From the heights of Scuol, a trail lead to the summit.

text:
# Piz Minschun

**Piz Minschun** is a mountain of the Silvretta Alps, overlooking Scuol in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. From the heights of Scuol (south side), a trail lead to the summit.

## InfoBox

| Piz Minschun | |
| --- | --- |
| Piz Minschun as seen from the Futschöl pass | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,068 m (10,066 ft) |
| Prominence | 269 m (883 ft) |
| Parent peak | Fluchthorn |
| Coordinates | 46°49′53.5″N 10°14′28.3″E / 46.831528°N 10.241194°E / 46.831528; 10.241194 |
| Geography | |
| Piz MinschunLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Silvretta Alps |


title: Piz Muragl

abstract: Piz Muragl is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, overlooking Pontresina in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the range south of the Val Muragl.

text:
# Piz Muragl

**Piz Muragl** is a mountain of the Livigno Alps, overlooking Pontresina in the canton of Graubünden. It lies on the range south of the Val Muragl.

## InfoBox

| Piz Muragl | |
| --- | --- |
| View from St. Moritz (west side) | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 3,157 m (10,358 ft) |
| Prominence | 162 m (531 ft) |
| Parent peak | Piz Languard |
| Coordinates | 46°29′52″N 9°56′14″E / 46.49778°N 9.93722°E / 46.49778; 9.93722 |
| Geography | |
| Piz MuraglLocation in Switzerland | |
| Location | Graubünden, Switzerland |
| Parent range | Livigno Alps |


abstract: Berlin-Rummelsburg Betriebsbahnhof station is a former freight yard, currently used as a Betriebsbahnhof, in the suburb of Rummelsburg in the Lichtenberg district of Berlin. It is primarily used as a depot for the storage and maintenance of passenger train sets used for long-distance traffic. In particular, InterCity Express trains terminating in Berlin are stored there. Deutsche Bahn officially call the station Berlin-Rummelsburg, but it is not to be confused with the more westerly Berlin-Rummelsburg S-Bahn station. The S-Bahn section of the precinct is called S-Bahnhof Betriebsbahnhof Berlin-Rummelsburg, which is classifies as a Haltepunkt. It is served by S-Bahn line S3.

text:
# Berlin-Rummelsburg Betriebsbahnhof station

**Berlin-Rummelsburg Betriebsbahnhof station** is a former freight yard, currently used as a *Betriebsbahnhof* (“operations station”), in the suburb of Rummelsburg in the Lichtenberg district of Berlin. It is primarily used as a depot for the storage and maintenance of passenger train sets used for long-distance traffic. In particular, InterCity Express trains terminating in Berlin are stored there. Deutsche Bahn officially call the station *Berlin-Rummelsburg*, but it is not to be confused with the more westerly Berlin-Rummelsburg S-Bahn station. The S-Bahn section of the precinct is called *S-Bahnhof Betriebsbahnhof Berlin-Rummelsburg* (Berlin-Rummelsburg operations station S-Bahn station), which is classifies as a *Haltepunkt* (a “halt”, that is it has no sets of points). It is served by S-Bahn line S3.

## Location

The station is located on the Berlin-Frankfurt (Oder) railway (“Lower Silesian–Markish Railway”) between the S-Bahn Berlin-Rummelsburg station and Berlin-Karlshorst station. The northern pair of tracks is used by S-Bahn services, while the remaining tracks serve regional and mainline services and are not connected to the station. To the west of the station, the VnK Railway (which once connected to Kaulsdorf station) branches from the northeast and crosses the S-Bahn station over a long iron truss bridge. The Berlin Frankfurter Allee–Berlin-Rummelsburg railway connects to the Berlin Ringbahn in the area. In the southeast was the electrified Oberschöneweide Industrial Railway ("Bulls Railway") for freight traffic, which linked to the industrial area in Oberschoeneweide until the mid-1990s.

Betriebsbahnhof Rummelsburg S-Bahn station has a set of exit stairs to the southeast, which leads to an underpass under the tracks to Hönower Weg and to the operations station in the other direction. The latter is reserved for Deutsche Bahn employees. A Schmid peoplemover was established in June 2007 to provide barrier-free access instead of a conventional lift because of a lack of space.

## History

The freight yard was originally opened in 1867 to handle cattle. The construction of the existing yard commenced in 1875 when the Prussian state railways decided to build a marshalling yard to sort freight wagons using the new Ringbahn. It was opened on 1 September 1879 as the first railway yard of its kind in the Berlin area. For the first time sloping tracks were used for shunting. A connection was built as a two-track line running from the yard to the west to the Ringbahn.

In 1902, the Lower Silesian-Markish Railway was rebuilt with four tracks, with the northern pair reserved for suburban traffic. The marshalling yard was converted in 1914 to a depot for storing passenger carriages. There was also a station on the suburban tracks, which was initially reserved for workers at the carriage depot. Since 11 June 1928, the suburban trains have been operated electrically and since 1 December 1930, the services have been branded as the "S-Bahn".

The Welthauptstadt Germania plans of the Nazis envisaged a major expansion of the railway infrastructure in Rummelsburg to serve as a point for marshalling trains for a new *Ostbahnhof* (“East station”) to be built at Ostkreuz. However, the plans remained only on paper.

On 5 January 1948, the S-Bahn station was opened for general passenger traffic.

In the 1970s, the yard was used almost exclusively for storing passenger trains. From 1980, a storage and treatment plant was built for the transit trains that ran between West Berlin and the West Germany without stopping in East Germany, which were inaugurated on 15 December 1983. The infrastructure was co-financed by West Germany under an intra-German Transit Agreement that came into force after 1972.

The Rummelsburg Intercity Express (ICE) depot trains was opened in 1998 for the servicing of ICE trains that begin or end in Berlin to coincide with the renovation of the Berlin Stadtbahn. Together with the depot for express carriages, the site is just under two kilometres long and 400 meters wide. In 2002, the facility was extended with the addition of another five workshop tracks.

A renewal of facilities for the servicing of passenger rollingstock is planned. Thus, the central hall will be rebuilt, the engine shed and the large wagon shed will be extended and three new maintenance platforms will be built. The pedestrian bridge between the S-Bahn station and the depot is to be replaced by a new bridge. The hall for the exterior cleaning was extended in 2013, so a complete ICE 2 set can be de-iced there. It will be possible to treat six ICE trains in 24 hours.

## Passenger services

The station is served by the S-Bahn line S3.

| Service | Route (before enlongment to Spandau) |
| --- | --- |
|  | OstkreuzRummelsburg**Betriebsbahnhof Rummelsburg**KarlshorstWuhlheideKöpenickHirschgartenFriedrichshagenRahnsdorfWilhelmshagenErkner |

* Bernhard Strowitzki (2002). *S-Bahn Berlin – Geschichte(n) für unterwegs* (in German). Berlin: Verlag GVE. ISBN 3-89218-073-3.

## InfoBox

| Betriebsbahnhof Berlin-Rummelsburg | |
| --- | --- |
| Depot/S-Bahn station | |
| Facilities of the Betriebsbahnhof Berlin-Rummelsburg | |
| General information | |
| Location | Rummelsburg, Lichtenberg, Berlin
Germany |
| Coordinates | 52°29′38″N 13°29′52″E / 52.49389°N 13.49778°E / 52.49389; 13.49778 |
| Line(s) |  |
| Platforms | 2 (S-Bahn) |
| Train operators | S-Bahn Berlin |
| Connections |  |
| Other information | |
| Station code | 545 |
| DS100 code | BRGB (depot) BRB (S-Bahn)
 |
| IBNR | 8089006 |
| Category | 4 |
| Fare zone | VBB: Berlin B/5656 |
| Website | www.bahnhof.de |
| History | |
| Opened | 1879 (marshalling yard)
5 January 1948 (opening of S-Bahn station) |
| Passengers | |
|  | |
| 5,400 | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Services | |
| Preceding station Berlin S-Bahn Following station  Rummelsburgtowards Spandau  S3  Karlshorsttowards Erkner | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location  Betriebsbahnhof Berlin-RummelsburgLocation within Berlin | |


title: The Lottery in Babylon

abstract: "The Lottery in Babylon" is a fantasy short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. It first appeared in 1941 in the literary magazine Sur, and was then included in the 1941 collection The Garden of Forking Paths, which in turn became the part one of Ficciones (1944). Translated into English by John M. Fein, it was published in Prairie Schooner, Fall 1959, and in Labyrinths.

text:
# The Lottery in Babylon

"**The Lottery in Babylon**" (original Spanish: "La lotería en Babilonia", "The Babylon Lottery") is a fantasy short story by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. It first appeared in 1941 in the literary magazine *Sur*, and was then included in the 1941 collection *The Garden of Forking Paths* (*El jardín de los senderos que se bifurcan*), which in turn became the part one of *Ficciones* (1944). Translated into English by John M. Fein, it was published in Prairie Schooner, Fall 1959, and in *Labyrinths* (New Directions, 1962).

## Plot summary

The story describes a mythical Babylon in which all activities are dictated by an all-encompassing lottery, which people must live by, and has full control over many's lives, a metaphor for the role of chance in one's life. Initially, the lottery was run as a lottery would be, with tickets purchased and the winner receiving a monetary reward. Later, punishments and larger monetary rewards were introduced. Further, participation became mandatory for all but the elite. Finally, it simultaneously became so all-encompassing and so secret some whispered "the Company has never existed, and never will," and some even posited that the question of the existence of the Company was irrelevant, as Babylon "is nothing but an infinite game of chance."

## Themes

The story is about the role that chance plays in life, whether occurrences are genuinely deserved or whether all of life is merely based on luck or loss. The story references Zeno's paradox by using the lottery as a metaphor for all the possible random occurrences that could occur between any two points in time. As with fate, the Babylonians attempted to gain control of the lottery by whispering in secret places, though the lottery eventually banned this as a liability. The story may be a criticism of the tendency of humans to claim the authority of nature and capitalize on it, as the Company does with chance. The Lottery cannot be challenged, as it is based on the absolute that is chance. As with most Borges stories, there is a bit of humor in this. At one point, a slave steals a lottery ticket that calls for the bearer's tongue to be burned off, which is the same penalty as for stealing a lottery ticket. The public then fight over whether the slave should be punished because it is the penalty for stealing or because it is what the ticket decreed.

* Complete text of the story in the original Spanish:
* Complete text of the story in English translation:

## InfoBox

| "The Lottery in Babylon" | |
| --- | --- |
| Short story by Jorge Luis Borges | |
| Original title | *La lotería en Babilonia* |
| Translator | John M. Fain, Anthony Kerrigan, Norman Thomas di Giovanni, Andrew Hurley |
| Country | Argentina |
| Language | Spanish |
| Genre(s) | Fantasy, short story |
| Publication | |
| Published in | *Ficciones* |
| Media type | Print |
| Publication date | 1941 |
| Published in English | 1962 |


title: Speed, West Virginia

abstract: Speed is an unincorporated community in Roane County, West Virginia, United States. Speed is located on U.S. Route 119, south of Spencer.

text:
# Speed, West Virginia

**Speed** is an unincorporated community in Roane County, West Virginia, United States. Speed is located on U.S. Route 119, south of Spencer.

## InfoBox

| Speed, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Speed, West VirginiaSpeed, West Virginia | |
| Coordinates: 38°44′01″N 81°22′39″W / 38.73361°N 81.37750°W / 38.73361; -81.37750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Roane |
| Elevation | 807 ft (246 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| Area code(s) | 304 & 681 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1555680 |


title: Sirhulli

abstract: Sirhulli or Sirhauli is a village in the state of Bihar, India. It is in the district of and 17km away from Darbhanga. 800 families live there.

text:
# Sirhulli

**Sirhulli** or **Sirhauli** is a village in the state of Bihar, India. It is in the district of and 17km away from Darbhanga. 800 families live there.

## Description

Sihulli is one of 100 villages in the Singhwara Block of Darbhanga.

The village has two ration shops as part of India's Public Distribution System, a primary school, and a branch of a bank at Tektar. One source says that 7,000 people in ~800 families live there. Their houses are built on a flood plain and about half of them have toilets. The nearest high school is 2.5km away at Pindaruch. The village is short of drinking water, health services and local industry. Many of the inhabitants are weavers but this industry is in decline.

The village came to notice in 2020 when Jyoti Kumari cycled 750 miles home to Sirhulli on a small bike carrying her injured father during the COVID-19 lockdowns in India. Her return was reported internationally and several politicians visited her home to give presents.

The village has access to secondary school, however the entrance exams require a private tutor to prepare for the test and this is a significant expense for some families.

## Notable residents

## InfoBox

| Sirhulli Sirhauli | |
| --- | --- |
| village | |
| SirhulliLocation in Bihar, IndiaSirhulliSirhulli (India) | |
| Coordinates: 26°15′47″N 85°50′55″E / 26.2629299°N 85.8487464°E / 26.2629299; 85.8487464 | |
| Country | India |
| State | Bihar |
| District | Darbhanga |
| Government | |
| Body | Bihar state gov. |
| Population | |
| Total | 7,000−12,000 |
| Languages | |
| Official | Maithili, Hindi, Urdu |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| Coastline | 0 kilometres (0 mi) |
| Nearest city | Darbhanga |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Darbhanga |
| Civic agency | esbp |


title: Rim, Istria County

abstract: Rim is a village in Istria, Croatia.

text:
# Rim, Istria County

**Rim** (Italian: **Roma**) is a village in Istria, Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 28.

## InfoBox

| Rim Roma | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Rim | |
| Coordinates: 45°23′25″N 14°02′22″E / 45.3902454°N 14.0394062°E / 45.3902454; 14.0394062 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Istria |
| Municipality | Buzet |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2) |
| Population (2021) | |
| Total | 28 |
| Density | 66/sq mi (25/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 52420 Buzet |
| Area code | 052 |


title: Rhamphomyia nitidolineata

abstract: Rhamphomyia nitidolineata is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus Rhamphomyia.

text:
# Rhamphomyia nitidolineata

***Rhamphomyia nitidolineata*** is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae. It is included in the subgenus *Rhamphomyia*.

## InfoBox

| *Rhamphomyia nitidolineata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Empididae |
| Genus: | *Rhamphomyia* |
| Subgenus: | *Rhamphomyia* |
| Species: | ***R. nitidolineata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rhamphomyia nitidolineata***<br>Frey, 1913 | |
|


title: Kathy Caraccio

abstract: Kathleen Caraccio is a master printmaker. She learned her craft at Robert Blackburn's Printmaking Workshop. She established the K. Caraccio Etching Studios in 1977. Caraccio also maintains an extensive print collection which was the subject of the 2021 exhibition Right place, Right time: The Rest is History - Becoming a master printer and collector with Bob Blackburn. In 2019 her work was exhibited at the International Quilt Museum in a show entitled Kathy Caraccio: Quilt Series. Her work is in the Brooklyn Museum, the National Gallery of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

text:
# Kathy Caraccio

**Kathleen Caraccio** (b. 1947, Bronx, New York) is a master printmaker. She learned her craft at Robert Blackburn's Printmaking Workshop. She established the *K. Caraccio Etching Studios* in 1977. Caraccio also maintains an extensive print collection which was the subject of the 2021 exhibition *Right place, Right time: The Rest is History - Becoming a master printer and collector with Bob Blackburn*. In 2019 her work was exhibited at the International Quilt Museum in a show entitled *Kathy Caraccio: Quilt Series*.

Her work is in the Brooklyn Museum, the National Gallery of Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

## InfoBox

| Kathy Caraccio | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1947 (1947)<br>Bronx, New York |
| Other names | Kathleen Caraccio |
| Known for | Printmaker |
| Website | kcaracciocollection.com |


title: Edgewood (Farmerville, Louisiana)

abstract: Edgewood, in Union Parish, Louisiana near Farmerville is a historic house built in 1902. It is also known as Edgewood Plantation and, in 2017, is operated as a bed & breakfast inn. It is a one-story frame house raised almost a full story above the ground, located on "a grassy rise" amongst oak trees on the shore of Lake D'Arbonne. It includes Queen Anne and Eastlake architecture. The house has an L-shaped plan. Its parlor has a semi-hexagonal bay which is sheathed by a curving Eastlake gallery. Its living room has an alcove inside a thin turret which protrudes above the roof line. The roof line has seven gables, three of which are ornamented by scroll-sawn millwork.

text:
# Edgewood (Farmerville, Louisiana)

**Edgewood**, in Union Parish, Louisiana near Farmerville is a historic house built in 1902. It is also known as **Edgewood Plantation** and, in 2017, is operated as a bed & breakfast inn.

It is a one-story frame house raised almost a full story above the ground, located on "a grassy rise" amongst oak trees on the shore of Lake D'Arbonne.

It includes Queen Anne and Eastlake architecture.

The house has an L-shaped plan. Its parlor has a semi-hexagonal bay which is sheathed by a curving Eastlake gallery. Its living room has an alcove inside a thin turret which protrudes above the roof line. The roof line has seven gables, three of which are ornamented by scroll-sawn millwork.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Edgewood | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 1 mile west of Farmerville on the Bernice Highway, near Farmerville, Louisiana |
| Coordinates | 32°47′12″N 92°25′30″W / 32.78667°N 92.42500°W / 32.78667; -92.42500 |
| Area | 4 acres (1.6 ha) |
| Built | 1902 |
| Built by | Baughman, J.D. |
| Architectural style | Stick/eastlake, Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 80001765 |
| Added to NRHP | October 8, 1980 |


title: Bill Downie

abstract: William Downie was an Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Downie played as a ruckman and represented Footscray 54 times before finishing off his VFL career with a year at St Kilda. He was then picked up by Northcote in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and was a member of their 1937 premiership side. He served his country in World War II and was killed by a Japanese guard in a Prisoner of War camp.

text:
# Bill Downie

**William Downie** (4 December 1908  11 September 1943) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Downie played as a ruckman and represented Footscray 54 times before finishing off his VFL career with a year at St Kilda. He was then picked up by Northcote in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and was a member of their 1937 premiership side.

He served his country in World War II and was killed by a Japanese guard in a Prisoner of War camp.

* Main, J. & Allen, D., "Downie, Bill", pp. 236–237 in Main, J. & Allen, D., *Fallen – The Ultimate Heroes: Footballers Who Never Returned From War*, Crown Content, (Melbourne), 2002. ISBN 1-74095-010-0

## InfoBox

| Bill Downie | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Date of birth | 3 December 1909 | | |
| Place of birth | Deniliquin | | |
| Date of death | 11 September 1943(1943-09-11) (aged 34) | | |
| Place of death | Burma-Siam Railway, Burma | | |
| Original team(s) | Eaglehawk | | |
| Height | 184 cm (6 ft 0 in) | | |
| Weight | 81 kg (179 lb) | | |
| Playing career1 | | | |
| Years | **Club** | **Games (Goals)** |
| 1929–1932 | Footscray | 54 (26) |
| 1933 | St Kilda | 15 0(2) |
| Total |  | **69 (28)** |
| 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1933. | | | |
| Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com | | | |


title: Billbergia nutans

abstract: Billbergia nutans, or Queen's-tears, is an epiphytic bromeliad native to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. This plant is often used as an ornamental plant.

text:
# Billbergia nutans

***Billbergia nutans***, or **Queen's-tears**, is an epiphytic bromeliad native to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.

This plant is often used as an ornamental plant.

## Varieties

Two varieties are recognized:

1. *Billbergia nutans* var. *nutans*Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina
2. *Billbergia nutans* var. *schimperiana* (Wittm. ex Baker) MezBrazil, Paraguay

## Cultivars

* *Billbergia* 'Albertii'
* *Billbergia* 'Baraquiniano-Nutans'
* *Billbergia* 'Beadleberg'
* *Billbergia* 'Blireiana'
* *Billbergia* 'Candy'
* *Billbergia* 'Carminea'
* *Billbergia* 'Elvenia Slosson'
* *Billbergia* 'Frau Pia Roesslein'
* *Billbergia* 'Hoelscheriana'
* *Billbergia* 'Intermedia'
* *Billbergia* 'Ivey Meyer'
* *Billbergia* 'Joseph Marechal'
* *Billbergia* 'Kahibah'
* *Billbergia* 'Leodiensis'
* *Billbergia* 'Lissom'
* *Billbergia* 'Marechalii'
* *Billbergia* 'Morreniana'
* *Billbergia* 'Pioupionii'
* *Billbergia* 'Rosea'
* *Billbergia* 'Rubro-Cyanea'
* *Billbergia* 'Salmonea'
* *Billbergia* 'Theodore L. Mead'
* *Billbergia* 'Ultrajactensis'
* *Billbergia* 'Vittato-Nutans'
* *Billbergia* 'Wantenii'
* *Billbergia* 'Windii'
* *Billbergia* 'Worleana'
* × *Billmea* 'Emma Francis Stewart'
* × *Billnelia* 'Fred Eichholtz'
* × *Billnelia* 'Perringiana'
* × *Cryptbergia* 'Mead'
* × *Cryptbergia* 'Pinkie'
* × *Cryptbergia* 'Red Burst'
* × *Cryptbergia* 'Rubra'
* × *Neobergia* 'Noddy'
* × *Neobergia* 'Perneri'
* × *Nidbergia* 'Chas Hodgson'

## InfoBox

| Queen's-tears | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| *Clade*: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Bromeliaceae |
| Genus: | *Billbergia* |
| Subgenus: | *Billbergia subg. Billbergia* |
| Species: | ***B. nutans*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Billbergia nutans***<br>H.Wendl. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Billbergia linearifolia* Baker * *Billbergia minuta* Mez * *Billbergia schimperiana* Wittm. ex Baker | |


title: Roberts Park

abstract: Roberts Park is a historic public park and national historic district located at Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana. The parkland was donated to the city of Connersville in 1902. The 80-acre, rectangular site includes the contributing stone wall lined drives, stone pillars with lamps, a sundial, the Pavilion (1903), Amphitheatre (1907-1909), Horse Track (1903), Judge's Stand (1903), Horse Barns, Liberty Building (1932), Police Building, James E. Roberts Memorial Building (1936), and the Roberts Park Pool (1936). A number of park improvements were made by the Works Progress Administration. Located in the park is the Longwood Covered Bridge, a non-contributing structure formerly listed on the National Register of Historic Places from 1981 to 1989. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

text:
# Roberts Park

**Roberts Park** is a historic public park and national historic district located at Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana. The parkland was donated to the city of Connersville in 1902. The 80-acre, rectangular site includes the contributing stone wall lined drives, stone pillars with lamps, a sundial, the Pavilion (1903), Amphitheatre (1907-1909), Horse Track (1903), Judge's Stand (1903), Horse Barns (c. 1910), Liberty Building (1932), Police Building (c. 1940), James E. Roberts Memorial Building (1936), and the Roberts Park Pool (1936). A number of park improvements were made by the Works Progress Administration. Located in the park is the Longwood Covered Bridge, a non-contributing structure formerly listed on the National Register of Historic Places from 1981 to 1989.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Roberts Park | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| U.S. Historic district | |
|  | |
| Roberts Park, October 2013 | |
|  | |
| Location | Park Rd. and 30th St., Connersville, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 39°40′12″N 85°7′30″W / 39.67000°N 85.12500°W / 39.67000; -85.12500 |
| Area | 80 acres (32 ha) |
| Built | 1903 (1903) |
| Architect | Works Progress Administration |
| Architectural style | Prairie Style, Classical Revival, Parks Rustic |
| NRHP reference No. | 13001074 |
| Added to NRHP | January 15, 2014 |


title: Robinvale Storm

abstract:
Robinvale Storm Rugby League Football Club is an Australian rugby league football club based in Robinvale, Victoria, competing in the Sunraysia-Riverlands Rugby League.
The club won their first premiership in 2014 defeating the Mildura Warriors 20-6, then winning back-to-back titles in 2015 defeating the Chaffey Titans 22-16, before completing their third in a row in 2016, defeating the Mildura Tigers 28-20.

text:
# Robinvale Storm

**Robinvale Storm Rugby League Football Club** is an Australian rugby league football club based in Robinvale, Victoria, competing in the Sunraysia-Riverlands Rugby League. The club won their first premiership in 2014 defeating the Mildura Warriors 20-6, then winning back-to-back titles in 2015 defeating the Chaffey Titans 22-16, before completing their third in a row in 2016, defeating the Mildura Tigers 28-20.

## InfoBox

**Robinvale Storm**
| Club information | |
| --- | --- |
| Full name | Robinvale Storm Rugby League Football Club |
| Nickname(s) | Storms |
| Colours | Purple
White
Teal |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Current details | |
| Ground(s) |  |
| Competition | Sunraysia Rugby League |
| Records | |
| Premierships | **3** (2014, 2015, 2016) |
| Runners-up | **2** (2011,2018) |
| Wooden spoons | **1** |


title: Robinzon Díaz

abstract: Robinzon Díaz Henriquez is a Dominican former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays and Pittsburgh Pirates. He was the bullpen catcher for the Milwaukee Brewers from 2017 to 2020.

text:
# Robinzon Díaz

**Robinzon Díaz Henriquez** (born September 19, 1983) is a Dominican former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays and Pittsburgh Pirates. He was the bullpen catcher for the Milwaukee Brewers from 2017 to 2020.

## Professional career

### Toronto Blue Jays

On April 23, 2008, Díaz made his Major League debut with the Toronto Blue Jays against the Tampa Bay Rays and went 0-for-4 with a strikeout.

### Pittsburgh Pirates

On August 25, 2008, Díaz was traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates as the player to be named later to complete a trade for José Bautista and was assigned to the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians. After spending several days with Indianapolis, he was called up by the Pirates on September 2. On September 7, 2008, Díaz got his first major league hit, a single off San Francisco Giants pitcher Jonathan Sánchez.

Díaz began the 2009 season in Triple-A but was recalled to the Pirates late in April after starting catcher Ryan Doumit became sidelined with a broken wrist. He would serve mainly as backup to fellow rookie catcher Jason Jaramillo and as an occasional pinch hitter. In his 31 games with Pittsburgh, Díaz compiled a .295 batting average and drove in 18 runs. He was optioned back to Triple-A when Doumit returned from injury on July 10.

He was designated for assignment at the end of the 2009 season, and released on November 30, 2009.

### Detroit Tigers

On December 8, 2009, he was signed to a contract by the Detroit Tigers.

Díaz spent the 2010 season as a member of the Toledo Mud Hens, finishing the season batting .255 with a home run and 21 RBI in 71 games. He filed for free agency on November 6, 2010.

### Texas Rangers

On January 18, 2011, he was signed to a minor league contract by the Texas Rangers.

He also played for the Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League.

### Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

Diaz signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on December 23, 2011. He was released on August 7, 2012.

### Return to Texas

The Rangers re-signed Diaz to a minor league contract on August 12, 2012, and assigned him to the Triple-A Round Rock Express. On November 3, he was declared a minor league free agent by Major League Baseball.

### Milwaukee Brewers

On January 18, 2013, Díaz signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers. He started the 2013 season with the Brewers' Double-A affiliate Huntsville Stars. He split the season with the Stars and Triple-A Nashville, where in 108 games total, he hit .302/.335/.433 with seven home runs and 42 RBI. After joining the Sounds on June 29, 2013, Díaz closed out the year by hitting .328 (58-for-127) with four home runs and 20 RBI in 50 Pacific Coast League games.

On October 1, 2013, Díaz signed a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training with the Brewers. He returned to Nashville for the start of the 2014 season.

The Brewers signed Diaz to another minor-league deal on February 23, 2015. The same day he was assigned to Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox. On April 6, 2015 he was demoted to the Double-A Helena Brewers. On April 17, 2015, he was promoted back to Triple-A Colorado Springs. After the season, he was selected to the roster for the Dominican Republic national baseball team at the 2015 WBSC Premier12.

### Return to Toronto

On February 26, 2016, Díaz signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays.

### Olmecas de Tabasco

On May 17, 2016, Diaz signed with the Olmecas de Tabasco of the Mexican League. He was released on July 1, 2016.

## Baseball staff

Diaz became the bullpen catcher with the Milwaukee Brewers during the 2017 baseball season. He remained in the position through 2020.

Diaz was named as a coach for the DSL Brewers for the 2024 season.

## InfoBox

| Robinzon Díaz | |
| --- | --- |
| Díaz during his tenure with the Nashville Sounds | |
| **Catcher / Coach** | |
| **Born:**  (1983-09-19) September 19, 1983<br>Monte Plata, Dominican Republic | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 23, 2008, for the Toronto Blue Jays | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| July 10, 2009, for the Pittsburgh Pirates | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .281 |
| Home runs | 1 |
| Runs batted in | 20 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
| **As Player** **As Coach** | |


title: Robinwood, Maryland

abstract: Robinwood is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washington County, Maryland, United States. The population was 4,731 at the 2000 census. It is a part of the Hagerstown Metropolitan Area. Robinwood is home to Hagerstown Community College.

text:
# Robinwood, Maryland

**Robinwood** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washington County, Maryland, United States. The population was 4,731 at the 2000 census. It is a part of the Hagerstown Metropolitan Area. Robinwood is home to Hagerstown Community College.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2), all land.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | 7,397 |  |  |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,731 people, 1,918 households, and 1,294 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,254.2 inhabitants per square mile (484.2/km2). There were 1,985 housing units at an average density of 526.2 per square mile (203.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.93% White, 6.34% African American, 0.19% Native American, 2.64% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.22% of the population.

There were 1,918 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,615, and the median income for a family was $62,965. Males had a median income of $38,000 versus $30,404 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,608. About 2.6% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

1. "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
2. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Robinwood, Maryland
3. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
4. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.

## InfoBox

| Robinwood, Maryland | |
| --- | --- |
| CDP | |
|  | |
| Coordinates: 39°37′23″N 77°39′45″W / 39.62306°N 77.66250°W / 39.62306; -77.66250 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Maryland |
| County | Washington |
| Area | |
| Total | 3.81 sq mi (9.86 km2) |
| Land | 3.81 sq mi (9.86 km2) |
| Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) |
| Elevation | 587 ft (179 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 7,397 |
| Density | 1,944.02/sq mi (750.58/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| FIPS code | 24-67000 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2389763 |


title: Bilbster

abstract: Bilbster is a rural area in the Highlands region of Scotland. It is situated on the A882 road and consists of just a handful of houses spread over approximately 1 square mile (2.6 km⁲). The nearest village is Watten which is approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the north-west and the nearest town is Wick which is 5 miles (8 km) to the south-east. Bilbster is a farming area. The River Wick, which is a productive salmon river, flows to the north of the settlement. A nearby wind farm was opened in 2008, consisting of three wind turbines that together are capable of generating 3.9 megawatts of electricity. Bilbster railway station was closed in 1960.

text:
# Bilbster

**Bilbster** is a rural area in the Highlands region of Scotland. It is situated on the A882 road and consists of just a handful of houses spread over approximately 1 square mile (2.6 km2). The nearest village is Watten which is approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the north-west and the nearest town is Wick which is 5 miles (8 km) to the south-east. Bilbster is a farming area. The River Wick, which is a productive salmon river, flows to the north of the settlement. A nearby wind farm was opened in 2008, consisting of three wind turbines that together are capable of generating 3.9 megawatts of electricity.

Bilbster railway station was closed in 1960.

## InfoBox

| Bilbster | |
| --- | --- |
| BilbsterLocation within the Caithness area | |
| OS grid reference | ND279530 |
| District | * Caithness |
| Council area |  |
| Country | Scotland |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Wick |
| Dialling code | 01955 621 |
|  | |
| Police | Scotland |
| Fire | Scottish |
| Ambulance | Scottish |
|  | |
|


title: Billy Day

abstract: William Day was a former footballer who played for Middlesbrough and Newcastle United. He was part of the Boro attack which included Brian Clough and Alan Peacock. Whilst undertaking his national service in Germany, the club used to fly him home of the morning of match days and back again after matches. As an outside right, he wasn't a prolific goalscorer but he created many goals for his teammates. Following his retirement, he became a bookmaker and could be seen at racecourses in the north of England.

text:
# Billy Day

**William Day** (27 December 1936 – 21 January 2018) was a former footballer who played for Middlesbrough and Newcastle United. He was part of the Boro attack which included Brian Clough and Alan Peacock. Whilst undertaking his national service in Germany, the club used to fly him home of the morning of match days and back again after matches. As an outside right, he wasn't a prolific goalscorer but he created many goals for his teammates.

Following his retirement, he became a bookmaker and could be seen at racecourses in the north of England.

* Billy Day at Post War English & Scottish Football League A–Z Player's Transfer Database

## InfoBox

Billy Day
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1936-12-27)27 December 1936 | | |
| Place of birth | Middlesbrough, England | | |
| Date of death | 21 January 2018 (aged 81) | | |
| Place of death | Middlesbrough, England | | |
| Position(s) | Right winger | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1955–1962 | Middlesbrough | 120 | (18) |
| 1961–1963 | Newcastle United | 13 | (1) |
| 1962–1964 | Peterborough United | 18 | (2) |
|  | Cambridge United |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals | | | |


title: Bill Taylor (businessman)

abstract: William C. Taylor is co-founder and editor of Fast Company Magazine, with Alan Webber. He is a former editor of the Harvard Business Review. He is an adjunct professor at Babson College and wrote a column in the Money section of The Guardian newspaper. Taylor received his B.A. from Princeton University and his M.B.A. from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

text:
# Bill Taylor (businessman)

**William C. Taylor** is co-founder and editor of Fast Company Magazine, with Alan Webber. He is a former editor of the Harvard Business Review. He is an adjunct professor at Babson College and wrote a column in the Money section of *The Guardian* newspaper.

Taylor received his B.A. from Princeton University and his M.B.A. from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

## InfoBox

| Bill Taylor | |
| --- | --- |
| Citizenship | American |
| Alma mater | Princeton University (BA)<br>MIT Sloan School of Management (MBA) |
| Occupation(s) | Co-founder, Fast Company |


title: Robert Veljanovski

abstract: Robert Veljanovski is a Macedonian actor and former Director of the Drama Theatre in Skopje, Macedonia.

text:
# Robert Veljanovski

**Robert Veljanovski** (born 5 February 1968 in Skopje, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Macedonian actor and former Director of the Drama Theatre in Skopje, Macedonia.

## Biography

He graduated at the Faculty of Dramatic Arts at Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje and has been working at the Drama Theatre since 1997. Veljanovski has played various roles in theatre, films, television and radio projects. He has also performed in advertisements.

## Roles

### Theatre

The following is a list of selected roles played by Veljanovski:

| Year | Production | Role | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1993 | *Life is a Dream* | Servant | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1995 | *Arsenic and Old Lace* | Mortimer Brewster | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1995 | *The Government Inspector* | Abdulin | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1996 | *The Beggar's Opera* | Filch | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1996 | *The Dresser* | Oxenby | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1997 | *Oedipus at Colonus* | Creon | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1997 | *The Playboy of the Western World* | Philly Cullen | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1997 | *The Lover* | Philip Glass | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1998 | *La Ronde* | The Young Gentleman and The Husband | National Theatre of Veles |
| 1999 | *Harlequin Servant of two Masters* | Dr. Lombardi and Brighella | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1999 | *Platonov* | Sergei Pavlovich Voynitsev | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 1999 | *The Ancient Odours* | Jean-Marc | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 2000 | *Mephisto* | Klaus Mann and Sebastian | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 2001 | *Endgame* | Clov | Skopje Summer Festival |
| 2001 | *The False Bottom* | Jakov | National Theatre of Veles |
| 2002 | *Woyzeck* | Andres | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 2003 | *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* | Doctor Baugh | Drama Theatre of Skopje |
| 2004 | *Three Sisters* | Tusenbach | Drama Theatre of Skopje |

### Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1992 | *Eureka* |  | TV Serija |
| 1993 | *Svetlo sivo* | Komardzija | TV Film |
| 1994 | *Son predizvikan od letot na edna kalinka, pred da se razbudi* |  | TV Film |
| 1994 | *Prekaleni* | Avram | TV Serija |
| 1994 | *Bumbari* | Laki | TV Serija |
| 1995 | *Angeli na otpad* | Ivan Mladiot | TV Film |
| 1999 | *Glusecot* |  | TV Film |
| 2001 | *Zavedeni* |  | TV Serija |
| 2002 | *Gluzd vo vremeto* |  | TV Film |
| 2002 | *Vampirdžija* | Fidan | TV Film |
| 2002 | *Kraj na igrata* | Klou | TV Film |
| 2003 | *Volci* | Mahi | TV Film |
| 2003 | *Makedonski narodni prikazni* |  | TV Serija |
| 2007 | *Tragaci po vampiri* |  | TV Film |
| 2010 | *Pilot* |  | TV Serija |
| 2012 | *Covekot so cudna navika da me udira so cador po glava* |  | TV Film |
| 2014 | *Tvrdokorni* | Vanco Mihajlov | TV Serija |
| 2015 | *Zbor* | Kopacot | TV Film |
| 2016 | *Operacija dijamant* | Taksist | TV Serija |
| 2018 | *Ruganje so Hristos* | Jordancho | TV Film |
| 2022 | *Kino ljubov* |  | TV Film |
| 2023 | *Bistra voda* | Arsen Gavrilski | TV Serija |
| 2023 | *Crveniot poet* | Petrovic | TV Serija |


title: Rocellaria stimpsonii

abstract: Rocellaria stimpsonii, common name the Stimpson chimney clam, is a species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Gastrochaenidae. This species can be found in the Gulf of Mexico. This small species bores into calcareous surfaces, including the shells of other bivalves. The clam forms a living space which is lined with calcium carbonate and is shaped like a bottle, hence the common name "chimney clam".

text:
# Rocellaria stimpsonii

***Rocellaria stimpsonii***, common name the **Stimpson chimney clam**, is a species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Gastrochaenidae. This species can be found in the Gulf of Mexico.

This small species bores into calcareous surfaces, including the shells of other bivalves. The clam forms a living space which is lined with calcium carbonate and is shaped like a bottle, hence the common name "chimney clam".

## Description

The shell of this bivalve grows to a size of 18 mm (0.71 in). The valves are white and translucent; they are also thin and delicate with a large gape at the front end, towards the dorsal surface of the animal.

## InfoBox

| *Rocellaria stimpsonii* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Gastrochaenida |
| Superfamily: | Gastrochaenoidea |
| Family: | Gastrochaenidae |
| Genus: | *Rocellaria* |
| Species: | ***R. stimpsonii*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Rocellaria stimpsonii***<br>Tryon, 1861 | |
|


title: Billionaire Ted

abstract: Billionaire Ted is a series of comedic sketches that ran on World Wrestling Federation (WWF) programming in 1996. They were created to parody media mogul Ted Turner, who owned rival World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and several WCW wrestlers, including Hulk Hogan and "Macho Man" Randy Savage. The skits consisted of mocking Turner and WCW by referencing the age of their wrestlers as well as bringing up concerns about steroids. The skits were viewed as gradually becoming more malicious rather than parody, as they were broadcast in addition to the WWF chairman Vince McMahon complementing them with anti-Turner press advertisements outside of WWF programming. The skits were ended by USA Network president Kay Koplovitz, who felt they had moved away from parody and towards mirroring McMahon's personal opinions of Turner and WCW.

text:
# Billionaire Ted

**Billionaire Ted** is a series of comedic sketches that ran on World Wrestling Federation (WWF) programming in 1996. They were created to parody media mogul Ted Turner, who owned rival World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and several WCW wrestlers, including Hulk Hogan (parodied as "**The Huckster**") and "Macho Man" Randy Savage (parodied as "**Nacho Man**"). The skits consisted of mocking Turner and WCW by referencing the age of their wrestlers as well as bringing up concerns about steroids. The skits were viewed as gradually becoming more malicious rather than parody, as they were broadcast in addition to the WWF chairman Vince McMahon complementing them with anti-Turner press advertisements outside of WWF programming. The skits were ended by USA Network president Kay Koplovitz, who felt they had moved away from parody and towards mirroring McMahon's personal opinions of Turner and WCW.

## Background

During the 1980s, the WWF had been the top professional wrestling organization in the United States, although it had a solid challenger in Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), which Turner purchased in 1988 and renamed World Championship Wrestling (WCW). By the mid-1990s, WCW began recruiting high-profile former WWF superstars from the 1980s, such as Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage. In 1995 it directly targeted the WWF by creating its own flagship television show, *WCW Monday Nitro*. They scheduled it on TNT in the same time slot as the WWF's flagship show *WWF Monday Night Raw*, which aired on the USA Network. In response to these and other tactics, WWF chairman Vince McMahon decided to create a series of sketches lampooning Turner and WCW. Despite going against his long-time policy of not acknowledging his competition, McMahon decreed to his aides: "It's going to be the funniest thing we've ever done".

The skits parodied Turner, who was referred to as "Billionaire Ted" and portrayed as a bumbling, out-of-touch hillbilly initially trying to improve his WCW product compared with the perceived superiority of WWF programming. Also parodied alongside him in the skits were former 1980s WWF talents who had defected to WCW, namely Hulk Hogan (who became "The Huckster"), "Macho Man" Randy Savage (who became known as the "Nacho Man"), and WCW interviewer "Mean" Gene Okerlund (who was parodied as "Scheme Gene"). Hogan and Savage were portrayed as elderly and incapable wrestlers, while Okerlund was depicted as a con man who wanted to scam money from fans via premium phone lines.

## Original sketches

The first few sketches (originally promoted as "Billionaire Ted's Rasslin' Warroom") feature Billionaire Ted in his boardroom trying to copy WWF programming but his older wrestlers stating they are unable to do the more athletic moves or use original promotional tactics. McMahon made the point that the WWF promoted it as satire to protect them from any possible defamation lawsuits. Some of the skits also include allusions to WCW's in-house drug testing compared with the WWF's independent drug testing program. The WCW vice-president Eric Bischoff, who had previously called the WWF to express his support for the skits, wrote a letter (which McMahon then broadcast) defending WCW and stating they were looking into a lawsuit about the skits. In response, WCW, which had usually made comments about the WWF on their programming, limited their remarks on television as a result of the steroids skit and temporarily dropped their "Where the Big Boys Play" tagline to avoid implications that it equated to steroids.

A later sketch featured Billionaire Ted wanting to buy some WWF New Generation wrestlers to which a WWF voiceover says, "It's not for sale!", in reference to Turner buying older assets and repackaging them.

## Cancellation

Though the Billionaire Ted skits were initially popular, McMahon started moving WWF employees from other writing tasks to work on them. McMahon also ordered the WWF's lawyers to send a dossier to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) stating the proposed merger between Turner Broadcasting System and Time Warner was an attempt to drive the WWF out of business, which he also supplemented by taking out adverts in newspapers and financial magazines alleging Turner was using stockholder money to fund a "personal vendetta" against the WWF. Though most newspapers refused to print them on the grounds that the papers felt they were defamatory, *The New York Times* published an edited version which was broadcast on television. The skits eventually started moving away from WCW references and focused on targeting Turner. One of the skits had Billionaire Ted on a mock television trivia game show identifying quotes involving racial and sexual language from Turner. Another had Billionaire Ted on a parody of *Larry King Live* refusing to answer why The Huckster's salary was drawn from other more profitable Turner businesses opposed to from the loss-making WCW. This was something WCW had been doing with Hogan in reality by drawing his salary from Turner Home Entertainment instead of WCW on the grounds of Hogan's movie work.

The final skit on the USA Network features Billionaire Ted appearing in front of an FTC committee akin to *A Few Good Men* using the "you can't handle the truth" line. The USA Network president, Kay Koplovitz, felt that McMahon was under stress and that the videos were becoming malicious rather than humorous. As a result, she ordered that no more Billionaire Ted skits would appear on the USA Network. The final Billionaire Ted skit involves a wrestling match between The Huckster and The Nacho Man, with Billionaire Ted refereeing, on the WrestleMania XII free pre-show where all the characters die from heart attacks.

## Legacy

As a result of the skits being broadcast, Koplovitz insisted on all future WWF scripts being sent in advance to the network and that the network have a representative on the WWF's creative team. Due to her concerns over McMahon, she sent one of her executives to work with him on WWF programming, which they had hitherto paid little attention to until WWF Raw started pulling in low ratings and due to network opposition to some characters in the past, such as the heel Doink the Clown.

Despite the parody, Turner reportedly found the sketches amusing. When Scott Hall moved from the WWF to WCW, his debut promo on WCW Monday Nitro involved him asking to see Billionaire Ted, The Nacho Man, and Scheme Gene. When Hall, Hogan, and Kevin Nash formed the New World Order (nWo) in WCW, in his first promo since turning heel, Hogan referred to Turner as Billionaire Ted. Hall and Hogan also referred to Savage as the "Nacho Man" in late 1996. Later, former WWF wrestler Ted DiBiase was brought in as the nWo's manager and was called "Trillionaire Ted" as a play on the Billionaire Ted name.

Professional wrestling reviewers stated that they felt that, though the skits were good parody and did bring up legitimate concerns (such as about steroids), the Billionaire Ted skits were viewed as petty and not addressing the reason why WCW had been challenging the WWF. It was also viewed by Hogan as having backfired on McMahon because it led to viewers turning from the WWF to WCW to see if the parodies were actually true.


title: Roberto Miranda Moreno

abstract: Roberto Francisco Miranda Moreno is a Mexican General officer who served as the last chief of the Estado Mayor Presidencial (EMP), the institution charged with protecting and safeguarding the President of Mexico and the First Lady of Mexico. The institution was disbanded on December 1, 2018, by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

text:
# Roberto Miranda Moreno

**Roberto Francisco Miranda Moreno** (born 1955) is a Mexican General officer who served as the last chief of the Estado Mayor Presidencial (EMP), the institution charged with protecting and safeguarding the President of Mexico and the First Lady of Mexico. The institution was disbanded on December 1, 2018, by President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

## Early life and education

Miranda Moreno was born in 1955 in the state of Morelos. He has a degree in Military Administration from the *Escuela Superior de Guerra*, a Master in Public Administration from the *Instituto de Estudios Superiores en Administración Pública*, and another in National Security from the *Centro de Estudios Superiores Navales de la Marina*. He also has a master's degree in Human Rights from National Autonomous University of Mexico.

Miranda Moreno was deputy chief of the Estado Mayor Presidencial (EMP), during President Felipe Calderón's six-year term.

He joined the EMP in 1995 where he carried out intelligence and counterintelligence tasks. He was also responsible for organizing the Presidential Guards Corps.

## Honours

1. "General de Brigada Roberto Miranda Moreno" \[Brigadier general Roberto Miranda Moreno\]. *imagenradio.com.mx* (in Spanish). Imagen Radio. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
2. "Honorary British Awards to Foreign Nationals – 2015" (PDF).

## InfoBox

| Roberto Francisco Miranda Moreno | |
| --- | --- |
| Miranda Moreno with President Enrique Peña Nieto in 2015 | |
| Born | 1955 (age 6869)
Morelos, Mexico |
| Allegiance | Mexico |
| Service/branch | Mexican Army |
| Rank | General officer |
| Commands | Chief of the Estado Mayor Presidencial
Deputy chief of the Estado Mayor Presidencial |
| Awards | Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom) |