title: Charles Minthorn Murphy

abstract: Charles Minthorn Murphy, also known as Mile-a-Minute Murphy, was an American cycling athlete. He was the first man ever to ride a bicycle for one mile in less than a minute. He performed this feat in 1899 by drafting behind a Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) passenger car along the LIRR's Central Branch between Farmingdale and Babylon on Long Island.

text:
# Charles Minthorn Murphy

**Charles Minthorn Murphy** (October 1870  February 16, 1950), also known as **Mile-a-Minute Murphy**, was an American cycling athlete. He was the first man ever to ride a bicycle for one mile in less than a minute. He performed this feat in 1899 by drafting behind a Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) passenger car along the LIRR's Central Branch between Farmingdale and Babylon on Long Island.

## Biography

He was born in October 1870 to Eliza G. and Martin J. Murphy. On May 27, 1891, he married Elizabeth E. "Libbie" Puhl in Brooklyn. After the death of the latter in 1922, Murphy then married Catherine Kissel.

### Mile-a-Minute ride

Murphy persuaded a railway company to board in two miles of track and run a train so he could ride a mile in a minute in its slipstream. It took him 57.8 seconds. He said in the *Farmingdale Post* that the idea came to him after an argument with friends at his home in Brooklyn, New York. "I was asked to give an opinion of the quality and relative speed of various prominent riders of the time", Murphy recalled. "My answer was that there is no limit to the speed of a bicycle rider, that speed depended largely upon the bicycle, gears, tracks and pacemaker. I declared there was not a locomotive built which could get away from me. The more people laughed, the more determined I became to accomplish the feat. I figured that the fast-moving locomotive would expel the air to such an extent that I could follow in the vacuum behind."

Murphy had ridden a mile in 37 seconds on static rollers and so, with a big enough shield, he said, he could go as fast as he liked.

"By chance," he said, "I met Hal Fullerton, special agent of the Long Island Rail Road at Howes Roadhouse. I pointed out that an exhibition of that kind would prove to the world that the Long Island Railroad had just as good rolling stock, roadbeds and employees as any other road in the world." The contract was signed within 48 hours. James Edward Sullivan, secretary of the American athletics union, was referee and there were five timekeepers. The party arrived in Babylon, New York, at 5:00 pm on June 21, 1899, mounted the train and watched.

Fullerton had spread a two-mile carpet of boards from Babylon to Farmingdale and built 11-foot side-wings and a small roof to the platform on the last carriage. Murphy told Sam Booth, driver of locomotive 39, to go as fast as he could. Murphy clocked 16.4 seconds for the first quarter-mile, 33.6 for the half, 49.2 for the three-quarters and the mile in 1:08.

Fullerton was embarrassed that his locomotive failed to get to 60 mph. Its weight made the wooden track sink and rise and Murphy was forced to ride a wave. On the final, successful run, Murphy held the pacing compartment until he'd got his bicycle rolling and Fullerton told Sam Booth, the driver, to open the regulator.

"With eyes glued upon the vertical strip of white on back of the car… I experienced an entirely different feeling compared with my previous ride", Murphy recalled. "The officials knew that there was something wrong, that I was labouring under great difficulties. I could not understand the violent vibration in the track, as though I was riding over an undulation instead of level track; feeling hot missiles striking my face and body. I learned afterwards it was burning rubber from under the car.

"Within five seconds the rate of speed was terrific; I was riding in a maelstrom of swirling dust, hot cinders, paper and other particles of matter. The whipsaw feeling through a veritable storm of fire became harder every second. I could feel myself getting weaker every second I saw ridicule, contempt, disgrace and a lifetime dream gone up in smoke. I saw the agonised faces, yelling, holding out stretched hands as if they would like to get hold of or assist me somehow."

The half-mile passed in 29.4 seconds.

"Wobbling to and fro, but still gaining, the dust, the odour of burning rubber… The car was crowded with men who had been used to seeing any and all things that were dangerous, but the howling and screaming of sturdy officials and newspaper men from all over the United States that stood on the platform put all on edge. Suddenly, three-quarters was passed in 43 4/5 seconds. I expected to go off the track, travelling faster than the train, with the terrible storm of dust, pebbles, hot rubber and cinders. I looked up blankly. It was getting to a point where I could expect anything."

Finally he saw the waving Stars and Stripes that marked the finish. He was at that point 15 feet behind the train, having struggled to stay with it. By then, however, he was closing the gap and therefore riding faster than the train. Sam Booth shut off steam. Murphy crashed into the train. The bike tipped up and Murphy let go and grabbed an upright bar. Fullerton caught one arm and a man called Joseph H. Cummin the other and they pulled both bike and rider to the platform.

"I lay motionless, face down, on the platform. I was all in. I was half-carried to a cot at the end of the car; the roar of the train was challenged by hysterical yells. Grown men hugged and kissed each other. One man fainted and another went into hysterics, while I remained speechless on my back, ashen in colour and sore all over," Murphy said.

Booth, the driver, was worried. He'd seen Murphy drop back on the first ride and had looked for him to do the same on the second. Seconds after shutting off steam he reached the end of the racing track and thought Murphy had piled into unprotected ties (UK: sleepers) between the rails. Seeing him being treated for burns from flying cinders, he thought he was dead.

James Edward Sullivan, the referee, said he would never again take part in such an event. Murphy, though, carried on racing. He was among 600 touring professionals on the Grand Circuit in the mid-1890s, won the American tandem championship in 1891 and American titles from one to five miles, setting 17 national records. In 1895 he claimed 7 world, 17 American and 29 state records.

## New York Police career

He went on tour in the Keith Vaudeville Circuit, then joined New York City Police Department. He was commended four times and cited five times. He boasted of being the first policeman in the world to fly an aeroplane, and the first in New York to ride a motorcycle in uniform. As a motorcycle policeman, he had three accidents, two of them serious. His first happened in 1914, which sidelined him for a while. The second occurred on September 19, 1915, when he hit a touring car in pursuit (he was thrown off his motorcycle and the touring car passed over his legs, but he wasn't seriously hurt). The final one happened on September 3, 1916, breaking a leg in three places after a collision with an automobile on Manhattan Bridge. That last accident forced him into retirement from the New York police department on January 29, 1917.

## Death

He died of complications to diabetes in Jamaica, Queens on February 17, 1950, aged 79. One leg had been amputated in 1948 from gangrene. He is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

## Honors and awards

The *Farmingdale Post* described him as "one of the men who added a bright spot of color to Farmingdale history." He was elected to the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame in 1991.


title: Rudy Rufer

abstract: Rudolf Joseph Rufer was a professional baseball player. He played in 26 games in Major League Baseball between the 1949 and 1950 seasons for the New York Giants, primarily as a shortstop. Rufer spent two years of his four-year college baseball career playing at Dartmouth College and the other two at the University of Oklahoma. He also played for the minor league Wilmington Blue Rocks, for whom he still holds many team records. Rufer resided in Malverne, New York, and was father to seven children. For twenty five years he was a scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers.

text:
# Rudy Rufer

**Rudolf Joseph Rufer** (October 28, 1926 – October 25, 2010) was a professional baseball player. He played in 26 games in Major League Baseball between the 1949 and 1950 seasons for the New York Giants, primarily as a shortstop.

Rufer spent two years of his four-year college baseball career playing at Dartmouth College and the other two at the University of Oklahoma. He also played for the minor league Wilmington Blue Rocks, for whom he still holds many team records.

Rufer resided in Malverne, New York, and was father to seven children. For twenty five years he was a scout for the Los Angeles Dodgers.

## InfoBox

| Rudy Rufer | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| **Shortstop** | |
| **Born:** (1926-10-28)October 28, 1926
Ridgewood, New York | |
| **Died:** October 25, 2010(2010-10-25) (aged 83)
Lynbrook, New York | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| September 22, 1949, for the New York Giants | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| October 1, 1950, for the New York Giants | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Batting average | .077 |
| At bats | 26 |
| Hits | 2 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Sphenarium

abstract: Sphenarium is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Pyrgomorphidae, native to Mexico and northern Central America. During outbreaks, they can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Conversely, they have been caught for human consumption, for example as chapulines, since pre-Columbian times, a practice that also continues today.

text:
# Sphenarium

***Sphenarium*** is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Pyrgomorphidae, native to Mexico and northern Central America. During outbreaks, they can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Conversely, they have been caught for human consumption, for example as chapulines, since pre-Columbian times, a practice that also continues today.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Sphenarium* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sphenarium purpurascens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Pyrgomorphidae |
| Subfamily: | Pyrgomorphinae |
| Tribe: | Sphenariini |
| Genus: | *Sphenarium*<br>Charpentier, 1842 |
|
| Species | |
| See text | |


title: Slime City

abstract: Slime City is a 1988 American science fiction comedy horror film written and directed by Greg Lamberson. It stars Robert C. Sabin, Mary Huner, Bunny Levine and Marilyn Oran. In the film, an unmarried couple moves into a rundown apartment in New York City. The man accepts an offer of wine from his new neighbors, but the "wine" turns out to be a mysterious liquid. After drinking the "wine", the man starts shapeshifting into a slime creature.

text:
# Slime City

***Slime City*** is a 1988 American science fiction comedy horror film written and directed by Greg Lamberson. It stars Robert C. Sabin, Mary Huner, Bunny Levine and Marilyn Oran.

In the film, an unmarried couple moves into a rundown apartment in New York City. The man accepts an offer of wine from his new neighbors, but the "wine" turns out to be a mysterious liquid. After drinking the "wine", the man starts shapeshifting into a slime creature.

## Plot

Alex and his girlfriend are looking for an apartment to move into. They then move into a rundown apartment in New York City. Their neighbor seduces Alex while his girlfriend is away. His neighbors provide him with a strange drink that they call "wine" and Alex proceeds to drink it.

After the incident, Alex begins to shapeshift into a yellow killer slime creature called "Zachary". He finds that the only way he can return to normal is to commit murder. His girlfriend must learn the secret of the apartment and the brutal massacre that took place centuries ago.

## Cast

* Robert Sabin as Alex
* Mary Huner as Lori / Nicole
* Bunny Levine as Ruby
* Marilyn Oran as Selina
* Gary Stein as Mr. Swan
* Jamie Johnson as Tracy

## Production

*Slime City* was filmed in New York City, New York, on a budget of $100,000.

## Soundtrack

A soundtrack album featuring 40 minutes of instrumental music by Robert Tomaro was issued in 2008, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the film's release. It features the bonus track "The Slime City Tribute Song" by Holy Mary Motor Club.

## Release

### Theatrical

A midnight preview screening of *Slime City* was held in New York City in March 1988. The film premiered in New York City later that spring, and was originally slated for a three-week theatrical run. This three-week run was later extended, which producer Marc Makowski attributed to the film performing well at box office. Midnight screenings of the film were held at the Waverly Theater in Manhattan.

### Home media

*Slime City* was released on VHS in the United States by Camp Video in 1989. In 1993, it was released in the United Kingdom by VIPCO, under the title *The Slime*.

On October 11, 2005, *Slime City* was released on DVD by Shock-O-Rama Horror Cinema, including such bonus features as a making-of featurette, the 1999 Lamberson-directed thriller film *Naked Fear*, and audio commentaries by Lamberson and Sabin for both films. In July 2009, Shock-O-Rama re-released *Slime City* and *Naked Fear* on DVD as a triple feature with another Lamberson-directed film, *Undying Love* (1991), as "Greg Lamberson's *Slime City* Grindhouse Collection".

In 2016, *Slime City* was released on Blu-ray as a double feature with its 2009 sequel *Slime City Massacre*.

## Reception

In 2005, Bill Gibron of *DVD Talk* criticized *Slime City* for its "failure to create a believable atmosphere of dread", and wrote, "There are not many laughs (but there are quite a few groans) in this oddly moody mess." He referred to it as "a kind of cult favorite", a distinction he felt is owed to the film's lack of availability and splatter elements, and wrote of the latter: "It's not at the level of a Troma title, or something as sensational as *Evil Dead* or *The Thing*, but what we get here is still handled well, with a nice combination of nastiness and invention."

## Sequel

In 2009, Lamberson directed the sequel *Slime City Massacre*, starring Debbie Rochon.

## InfoBox

| Slime City | |
| --- | --- |
| Promotional release poster | |
| Directed by | Greg Lamberson |
| Written by | Greg Lamberson |
| Produced by | * Peter J. Clark * Marc Makowski |
| Starring | * Robert Sabin * Mary Huner * Bunny Levine * Marilyn Oran |
| Music by | Robert Tomaro |
| Distributed by | * Camp Video (VHS) * Shock-O-Rama Horror Cinema (DVD) * Media Blasters (Blu-ray) |
| Release date | * 1988 (1988) |
| Running time | 85 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $100,000 USD |


title: Justice Mukheli

abstract: Justice Mukheli is a South African filmmaker, photographer, and creative entrepreneur. He is known for creating art or film that centers on the African experience.

text:
# Justice Mukheli

**Justice Mukheli** (born in Soweto) is a South African filmmaker, photographer, and creative entrepreneur. He is known for creating art or film that centers on the African experience.

## Career

Justice shot a commercial for Ballantines in 2021 around their campaign *Stay True: There’s No Wrong Way*. Justice Mukheli was featured at the 4th edition of the Also Known As Africa contemporary art fair in Paris in 2019 as a photographer.

## InfoBox

| Justice Mukheli | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Soweto, South Africa |
| Nationality | South African |
| Known for | Visual Art, Photography, Filmmaking |


title: Drift Racing Team

abstract: Drift Racing Team is the Formula ISIE Team of NIT Jamshedpur. It is a Student-led initiative in the institute to design, manufacture and race a Formula style F3 Electric car in various Formula ISIE events across the globe. It was founded in 2009 by Automobile enthusiasts, earlier one of the first SAE teams of the institute. Its current goal is to participate in the event of ISIE 6th Formula Imperial HVC- Electric Vehicle Category in the year 2020 to be held at Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida.

text:
# Drift Racing Team

**Drift Racing Team** is the Formula ISIE Team of NIT Jamshedpur. It is a Student-led initiative in the institute to design, manufacture and race a Formula style F3 Electric car in various Formula ISIE events across the globe. It was founded in 2009 by Automobile enthusiasts, earlier one of the first SAE teams of the institute. Its current goal is to participate in the event of ISIE 6th Formula Imperial HVC- Electric Vehicle Category in the year 2020 to be held at Buddh International Circuit, Greater Noida.

## Achievements

* Formula Student India, 2018
    + Overall 35th rank among a total of 112 teams from all across India.
* Formula Student India 2016
    + 9th in cost and manufacturing event.
    + Applauded for Real Case Scenario.
    + Participated in all three static events.
* Formula Design Challenge, 2015
    + 2nd lightest car and 6th in Business Presentation.
* Formula Student United Kingdom 2011
    + 5th in Airbus Teamwork Award among 133 teams from all over the world.
* Formula SAE Australasia 2010
    + 1st in Cost Event and Presentation.
* Formula SAE India Design Challenge 2009
    + 2nd Runner up Overall.

## Racing seasons

### Season 2019-2020

| Car Name | DR820e |
| --- | --- |
| Car Type | 4-Wheel Single Cockpit Formula Style |
| Frame Construction | Mild Steel Tubular Space Frame using SAE 1040 |
| Outer Bodywork | Customized Glass-Fibre reinforced Plastic |
| Wheel base | 1700mm |
| Track width | 1300mm |
| Suspension | 4-Wheel independent Push-Rod actuated Double A-Arm |
| Weight | 225 kg |
| Transmission | Chain Drive ( Customized open Differential ) |
| Tires | JK tire ULTIMA XT Dry R13 tires |
| Motor | Highly efficient BLDC Axial Flux Motor |
| Battery | Self Assembled Accumulator Unit |

### Season 2015-2016

| Car Name | DR516 |
| --- | --- |
| Car type | 4-wheel single cockpit formula style |
| Frame construction | Mild steel tubular space using SAE 1080 |
| Outer bodywork | Self-made Aluminum bodywork |
| Wheel base | 1620mm |
| Track width | 1270mm |
| Gear system | Manual gear shifting |
| Suspension | 4-wheel independent push-rod actuated double A-arm |
| Weight | 220 kg |
| Transmission | Chain drive (open differential) |
| Steering system | Customised with Steering ratio - 6:1 |
| Tires | JK tire ULTIMA XT Dry R13 tires |
| Engine | Bajaj Pulsar 220cc engine |
| Fuel Injection | Carburetor |

### Season 2014-2015

| Car Name | DR415 |
| --- | --- |
| Car type | 4-wheel single cockpit formula style |
| Frame construction | Mild steel tubular space frame |
| Dimensions(L/W/H) | 2500mm 1545mm 1180mm |
| Wheel base | 1700mm |
| Gear system | Manual gear shifting |
| Suspension | 4-wheel independent push-rod actuated double A-arm |
| Weight | 250 kg |
| Transmission | Chain drive (open differential) |
| Steering system | Customised |
| Tires | JK tire ULTIMA XT Dry R13 tires |
| Engine | Bajaj Pulsar 220cc engine |
| Fuel Injection | Carburetor |

### Season 2010-2011

| Car Name | DR211 |
| --- | --- |
| Engine | Honda CBR 600 cc MPFI |
| Weight | 300 kg |
| Front suspension | Double A-arm Wishbone |
| Rear suspension | Double A-arm Wishbone |
| Differential | Chain Differential |
| Max power | 77 bhp @ 8500 rpm |
| Max torque | 52 Nm @ 5000 rpm |

## InfoBox

Drift Racing Team
| Drift Racing Team - Performance is passion | |
| --- | --- |
| Place | Jamshedpur, India |
| Founded | 2009 |
| Founders | Turam Purty,  Saikat Sardar |
| Faculty Advisor | Mr. Shaliendra Kumar (2009–2011)<br>Mr. Parmanand kumar (current) |
| Team Captain | Rishav Raj (Mo. :7903352032) |
| Vice Captain | Akshat Kumar Bhudolia (Mo. :6204390993) |
| Website | www.driftracingteam.in |
| Facebook | www.facebook.com/nitjsrDRT |
|  | |


title: Stavros Institute

abstract: The Gus A. Stavros Institute is an organization founded in 1989 and named after Gus Stavros. Located in Largo in Pinellas County, Florida, the institute is partnered with the Pinellas Education Foundation to run Enterprise Village and Finance Park, two economic educational programs.

text:
# Stavros Institute

The **Gus A. Stavros Institute** is an organization founded in 1989 and named after Gus Stavros. Located in Largo in Pinellas County, Florida, the institute is partnered with the Pinellas Education Foundation to run Enterprise Village and Finance Park, two economic educational programs.

## Programs

### Enterprise Village

Enterprise Village was first proposed by former associate Superintendent of Education Dr. Howard Hinesley after visiting Exchange City, an economic educational facility in the form of a simulated town in Kansas City. It was determined that state money could not be used to support a similar venture in Pinellas County, Florida, so the funds for Enterprise Village were raised by a coalition of local business leaders led by Gus A. Stavros.

Established in 1989, Enterprise Village is designed for fifth-grade students. After six weeks of in-classroom learning, fifth-grade students at participating Pinellas County schools visit Enterprise Village, an indoor facility of various artificial stores, where they learn to write checks, use debit cards, and apply for and work at mock-up versions of partnered companies like CVS Pharmacy, Home Shopping Network, McDonald's, the *Tampa Bay Times*, and Verizon. During their breaks, the students can become consumers, being able to walk around the other stores and buy items with the artificial money they received from working at their jobs. In the early 2000s, students could work at mock-ups of a Blockbuster Video and an Eckerd Drug Store, but those now-defunct sponsors have since been replaced.

In 2002, baseball outfielder Jason Tyner was optioned from the Tampa Bay Devil Rays to a Triple-A team, resulting in the cancellation of a promotional giveaway involving 10,000 bobbleheads of Tyner. After sitting in storage for some time, many of the bobbleheads were eventually donated to Enterprise Village.

### Finance Park

Finance Park is the eighth-grade equivalent of Enterprise Village, serving around 10,000 local students annually. Modeled after the success of Enterprise Village, Finance Park has a focus on mathematics and decision-making skills, with the aim of teaching students how to manage a household budget, including insurance, transportation, healthcare, entertainment, utilities, and other expenses. Students participating at Finance Park are challenged to pay all of their bills and balance their checkbooks by the end of their visit. In October 2018, a facility representing the YMCA was opened in Finance Park. David Jezek, president and CEO of the YMCA of Greater St. Petersburg, stated that "We are thrilled to partner in this manner, enhancing our impact on middle school students through financial literacy and health".

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

Stavros Institute
|
|  |
|
| Formation | 1989 (1989) |
| Purpose | Education |
| Headquarters | Largo, Florida, United States |
| Area served | Pinellas County, Florida |
| Key people | Gus Stavros, co-founder<br>Patricia Jeremiah-Pittman, director |
| Website | stavrosinstitute.org |


title: Tommy Neck

abstract: Thomas Ulric Neck was a professional American football player. He played as a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears for one game, in 1962. He was selected by the Bears in the 18th round of the 1962 NFL draft and was also selected by the Boston Patriots of the American Football League (AFL) in the 20th round of the 1962 AFL draft. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers football team. Neck was born in Marksville, Louisiana and attended Marksville High School. He died in 2017, aged 78.

text:
# Tommy Neck

**Thomas Ulric Neck** (January 10, 1939  May 5, 2017) was a professional American football player. He played as a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears for one game, in 1962. He was selected by the Bears in the 18th round of the 1962 NFL draft and was also selected by the Boston Patriots of the American Football League (AFL) in the 20th round of the 1962 AFL draft. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers football team. Neck was born in Marksville, Louisiana and attended Marksville High School. He died in 2017, aged 78.

## InfoBox

Tommy Neck
| No. 48 | |
| --- | --- |
| Position: | Defensive back |
| Personal information | |
| Born: | (1939-01-10)January 10, 1939<br>Marksville, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died: | May 5, 2017(2017-05-05) (aged 78) |
| Height: | 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) |
| Weight: | 190 lb (86 kg) |
| Career information | |
| High school: | Marksville (LA) |
| College: | LSU |
| NFL draft: | 1962 / round: 18 / pick: 245 |
| AFL draft: | 1962 / round: 20 / pick: 158 |
| Career history | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Player stats at **PFR** | |
|  | |


title: 1929 Cincinnati Reds season

abstract: The 1929 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished seventh in the National League with a record of 66–88, 33 games behind the Chicago Cubs.

text:
# 1929 Cincinnati Reds season

The **1929 Cincinnati Reds season** was a season in American baseball. The team finished seventh in the National League with a record of 66–88, 33 games behind the Chicago Cubs.

## Off-season

On December 13, 1928, the Reds traded away catcher Bubbles Hargrave to the St. Paul Saints of the American Association. Hargrave had been with the team since 1921, and he led the National League with a .353 batting average in 1926. In 766 games with the club, Hargrave batted .314 with 29 home runs and 359 RBI. The Reds received pitcher Paul Zahniser, who had a 13-10 record with a 3.57 ERA in 30 games with the Saints. Zahniser had previous experience in the American League, as he pitched with the Washington Senators from 1923-1924 and the Boston Red Sox from 1925-1926. Between the two clubs, Zahniser had a 26-47 record with a 4.62 ERA in 124 games, and he led the AL in losses with 18 in 1926.

## Regular season

Very early in the season, the Reds traded catcher Val Picinich to the Brooklyn Robins in exchange for pitcher Rube Ehrhardt and catcher Johnny Gooch. Ehrhardt had a 1-3 record with a 4.67 ERA in 28 games during the 1928 season with Brooklyn. In his five years with Brooklyn, Ehrhardt had a 21-32 record with a 4.10 ERA in 169 games, twice leading the NL in games finished in both 1926 and 1927. Gooch split the 1928 season between the Robins and Pittsburgh Pirates, batting .282 with 17 RBI in 73 games.

Following a bad start to the season with a 6-11 record in their first 17 games, the Reds won five of their next six games to improve to only one game under .500. The Reds then lost 14 of their next 15 games to fall into the NL cellar with a 12-26 record, 12.5 games out of first place.

The Reds would struggle throughout the season, batting the Philadelphia Phillies, Brooklyn Robins and Boston Braves to stay out of last place. A highlight during the season was a 21-4 victory over the Phillies in June, while the Reds shutout the pennant winning Chicago Cubs 9-0 in a late-season game.

Cincinnati finished the 1929 season in seventh place with a 66-88 record, 33 games behind the Cubs for first place. The 66 wins was the fewest by the club in a season since 1916, when they had a 60-93 record. The Reds attendance dropped by nearly 200,000 fans, as the club drew 295,040, their lowest total since 1918.

Outfielder Curt Walker led the team with a .313 batting average and in home runs with seven, while finishing second with 83 RBI in 141 games. First baseman High Pockets Kelly hit .293 with five home runs and a team best 103 RBI in 147 games. Rookie outfielder Evar Swanson hit .300 with four home runs and 43 RBI, while leading the team with 172 hits, 100 runs, and 33 stolen bases.

On the mound, Red Lucas had a breakout season, leading the Reds with a 19-12 record and a team best 3.60 ERA and 270 innings pitched in 32 games. Lucas led the National League with 28 complete games.

### Season standings

National League
| Team |  |  | Pct. | GB | Home | Road |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chicago Cubs | 98 | 54 | .645 |  | 5225 | 4629 |
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 88 | 65 | .575 | 10½ | 4531 | 4334 |
| New York Giants | 84 | 67 | .556 | 13½ | 3937 | 4530 |
| St. Louis Cardinals | 78 | 74 | .513 | 20 | 4332 | 3542 |
| Philadelphia Phillies | 71 | 82 | .464 | 27½ | 3937 | 3245 |
| Brooklyn Robins | 70 | 83 | .458 | 28½ | 4235 | 2848 |
| Cincinnati Reds | 66 | 88 | .429 | 33 | 3839 | 2849 |
| Boston Braves | 56 | 98 | .364 | 43 | 3443 | 2255 |

### Record vs. opponents

| <br>Sources: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | BOS | BR | CHC | CIN | NYG | PHI | PIT | STL |
| Boston |  | 11–11 | 7–15 | 8–14 | 9–13 | 5–17 | 8–14 | 8–14 |
| Brooklyn | 11–11 |  | 6–16 | 11–11 | 14–7 | 9–13 | 9–13 | 10–12 |
| Chicago | 15–7 | 16–6 |  | 14–8–1 | 12–10–1 | 17–5–1 | 9–13 | 15–5–1 |
| Cincinnati | 14–8 | 11–11 | 8–14–1 |  | 10–12 | 11–11 | 9–13 | 3–19 |
| New York | 13–9 | 7–14 | 10–12–1 | 12–10 |  | 16–5 | 13–8 | 13–9 |
| Philadelphia | 17–5 | 13–9 | 5–17–1 | 11–11 | 5–16 |  | 11–11 | 9–13 |
| Pittsburgh | 14–8 | 13–9 | 13–9 | 13–9 | 8–13 | 11–11 |  | 16–6–1 |
| St. Louis | 14–8 | 12–10 | 5–15–1 | 19–3 | 9–13 | 13–9 | 6–16–1 |  |

### Roster

| 1929 Cincinnati Reds | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Roster** | | | | | | | | | |
| **Pitchers** |  | **Catchers** **Infielders** |  | **Outfielders** **Other batters** |  | **Manager** **Coaches** |

## Player stats

### Batting

#### Starters by position

*Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Pos | Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| C | Johnny Gooch | 92 | 287 | 86 | .300 | 0 | 34 |
| 1B | High Pockets Kelly | 147 | 577 | 169 | .293 | 5 | 103 |
| 2B | Hughie Critz | 107 | 425 | 105 | .247 | 1 | 50 |
| SS | Hod Ford | 148 | 529 | 146 | .276 | 3 | 50 |
| 3B | Chuck Dressen | 110 | 401 | 98 | .244 | 1 | 36 |
| OF | Curt Walker | 141 | 492 | 154 | .313 | 7 | 83 |
| OF | Ethan Allen | 143 | 538 | 157 | .292 | 6 | 64 |
| OF | Evar Swanson | 148 | 574 | 172 | .300 | 4 | 43 |

#### Other batters

*Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in*

| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Clyde Sukeforth | 84 | 237 | 84 | .354 | 1 | 33 |
| Pinky Pittenger | 77 | 210 | 62 | .295 | 0 | 27 |
| Joe Stripp | 64 | 187 | 40 | .214 | 3 | 20 |
| Pid Purdy | 82 | 181 | 49 | .271 | 1 | 16 |
| Billy Zitzmann | 47 | 84 | 19 | .226 | 0 | 6 |
| Leo Dixon | 14 | 30 | 5 | .167 | 0 | 2 |
| Wally Shaner | 13 | 28 | 9 | .321 | 1 | 4 |
| Ivey Wingo | 1 | 1 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |
| Hugh McMullen | 1 | 1 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |
| Estel Crabtree | 1 | 1 | 0 | .000 | 0 | 0 |

### Pitching

#### Starting pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Red Lucas | 32 | 270.0 | 19 | 12 | 3.60 | 72 |
| Eppa Rixey | 35 | 201.0 | 10 | 13 | 4.16 | 37 |
| Jakie May | 41 | 199.0 | 10 | 14 | 4.61 | 92 |
| Pete Donohue | 32 | 177.2 | 10 | 13 | 5.42 | 30 |
| Dolf Luque | 32 | 176.0 | 5 | 16 | 4.50 | 43 |
| Benny Frey | 3 | 24.0 | 1 | 2 | 4.13 | 1 |

#### Other pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ray Kolp | 30 | 145.1 | 8 | 10 | 4.03 | 27 |
| Ken Ash | 29 | 82.0 | 1 | 5 | 4.83 | 26 |
| Marv Gudat | 7 | 26.2 | 1 | 1 | 3.38 | 0 |

#### Relief pitchers

*Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts*

| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Rube Ehrhardt | 24 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4.74 | 9 |
| Dutch Kemner | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7.63 | 10 |
| Si Johnson | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.50 | 0 |
| Paul Zahniser | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.00 | 0 |

## InfoBox

| 1929 Cincinnati Reds | |
| --- | --- |
| League | National League |
| Ballpark | Redland Field |
| City | Cincinnati, Ohio |
| Owners | C. J. McDiarmid, Sidney Weil |
| Managers | Jack Hendricks |
|  | |


title: Borys

abstract:
Borys is a name of Bulgarian origin, equivalent to the Bulgarian-derived spelling Boris. It may refer to:
  - Borys Baranets, professional Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League
  - Borys Bilash, Ukrainian poet and politician
  - Borys Buryak, Ukrainian painter
  - Borys Chambul, retired discus thrower, who represented Canada at the 1976 Summer Olympics
  - Borys Derkach, retired Soviet and Ukrainian professional football player
  - Borys Hrinchenko (1863–1910), classical Ukrainian prose writer, political activist, historian, publicist, ethnographer
  - Borys Kolesnykov, Ukrainian politician and 50th richest man in Ukraine
  - Borys Lankosz, Polish film director
  - Borys Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968), Ukrainian composer, conductor and teacher
  - Borys Miturski, Polish speedway rider who was a member of Poland U-21 national team
  - Borys Mykolaiovych Martos (1879–1977), public and political activist, pedagogue, economist
  - Borys Orlovskyi, Ukrainian football midfielder
  - Borys Paton (1918–2020), the long-term chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
  - Borys Szyc, Polish theatre and movie actor
  - Borys Tarasyuk, Ukrainian politician
  - Borys Taschy, professional Ukrainian football midfielder
  - Borys Tereshchuk (1945–2011), Ukrainian former volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1968 Summer Olympics
  - Borys Wrzesnewskyj, Canadian politician who represents the riding of Etobicoke Centre in the Canadian House of Commons

text:
# Borys

**Borys** is a name of Bulgarian origin, equivalent to the Bulgarian-derived spelling Boris.

It may refer to:

* Borys Baranets (born 1986), professional Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League
* Borys Bilash (born 1941), Ukrainian poet and politician
* Borys Buryak (born 1953), Ukrainian painter
* Borys Chambul (born 1953), retired discus thrower, who represented Canada at the 1976 Summer Olympics
* Borys Derkach (born 1964), retired Soviet and Ukrainian professional football player
* Borys Hrinchenko (1863–1910), classical Ukrainian prose writer, political activist, historian, publicist, ethnographer
* Borys Kolesnykov (born 1962), Ukrainian politician and 50th richest man in Ukraine
* Borys Lankosz (born 1973), Polish film director
* Borys Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968), Ukrainian composer, conductor and teacher
* Borys Miturski (born 1989), Polish speedway rider who was a member of Poland U-21 national team
* Borys Mykolaiovych Martos (1879–1977), public and political activist, pedagogue, economist
* Borys Orlovskyi (born 1993), Ukrainian football midfielder
* Borys Paton (1918–2020), the long-term chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
* Borys Szyc (born 1978), Polish theatre and movie actor
* Borys Tarasyuk (born 1949), Ukrainian politician
* Borys Taschy (born 1993), professional Ukrainian football midfielder
* Borys Tereshchuk (1945–2011), Ukrainian former volleyball player who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1968 Summer Olympics
* Borys Wrzesnewskyj (born 1960), Canadian politician who represents the riding of Etobicoke Centre in the Canadian House of Commons


title: Southern chestnut-tailed antbird

abstract: The southern chestnut-tailed antbird, or chestnut-tailed antbird, is a species of passerine bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

text:
# Southern chestnut-tailed antbird

The **southern chestnut-tailed antbird**, or **chestnut-tailed antbird**, (***Sciaphylax hemimelaena***) is a species of passerine bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The southern chestnut-tailed antbird has a complicated taxonomic history. It was originally described by the English zoologist Philip Sclater in 1857 and given the binomial name *Myrmeciza emimelaena*. It later acquired the English name "chestnut-tailed antbird" and its current specific epithet *hemimelaena*. By the early twentieth century it had two recognized subspecies. In 1932 a third subspecies, *M. h. castanea*, was described. That subspecies was much later recognized as the separate species *M. castanea*. Some taxonomic systems call it the "northern chestnut-tailed antbird" and the reduced *M. hemimelaena* the "southern chestnut-tailed antbird". Other systems retained "chestnut-tailed antbird" for *M. hemimelaena* and called the newly-separated *M. castanea* "Zimmer's antbird".

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2013 found that genus *Myrmeciza*, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera *M. hemimelaena* and *M. castanea* were moved to a newly erected genus *Sciaphylax*.

The southern chestnut-tailed antbird's two subspecies are the nominate *S. h. hemimelaena* (Sclater, PL, 1857) and *S. h. pallens* (Berlepsch & Hellmayr, 1905). There is some evidence that *pallens* might represent two taxa.

## Description

The southern chestnut-tailed antbird is 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 14.5 to 16.5 g (0.51 to 0.58 oz). Males of the nominate subspecies have a mostly gray head and upper mantle with black centers to the feathers. The rest of their upperparts, their tail, and their flight feathers are dark yellowish red-brown. They have a white patch between the scapulars with black spots near the tips of the feathers. Their wing coverts are black with large white to buff-white tips. Their throat and upper breast are black, the center of their belly white to gray, and the rest of their underparts yellowish red-brown. They have a black bill. Females have a brown tinge on their crown, a reddish yellow-brown throat and breast, and a pale reddish yellow-brown to white belly. Their mandible is pale. Males of subspecies *S. h. pallens* have more white on their belly than the nominate; females are overall paler than the nominate.

## Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the southern chestnut-tailed antbird is found south of the Amazon and Marañón rivers in eastern Peru, in southwestern Amazonian Brazil east to the Madeira River and south to Acre state, and in northwestern Bolivia west of the Mamoré and Grande rivers. Subspecies *S. h. pallens* is found east of the nominate, in Brazil south of the Amazon from the Madeira into Pará and south to Rondônia and northern Mato Grosso, and in eastern Santa Cruz Department in Bolivia. The species primarily inhabits the understorey and floor of *terra firme* forest and nearby mature secondary forest. In Peru it also occurs in seasonally flooded forest and the transitional forest between it and *terra firme*. In parts of Brazil it is associated with bamboo and other herbaceous plants in gaps caused by fallen trees, but in Peru tends to avoid bamboo. In Brazil it occurs from near sea level up to 900 m (3,000 ft) and in Colombia reaches 1,500 m (4,900 ft).

## Behavior

### Movement

The southern chestnut-tailed antbird is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.

### Feeding

The southern chestnut-tailed antbird feeds on a variety of insects and probably also spiders and other arthropods. Single birds, pairs, and family groups usually forage on the ground or within about 1.5 m (5 ft) of it and only rarely higher. It occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks that pass through its territory. It typically clambers among fallen branches and hops and flutter-flies from one tangle to another. It feeds from vegetation by gleaning, reaching, and making short jumps from a perch and also probes leaf litter on the ground. It occasionally attends army ant swarms but spends little time with them.

### Breeding

Two southern chestnut-tailed antbird nests are known; they were found in Bolivia in March and September. They were open cups made of palm leaves, other dead leaves, and rootlets hung in vegetation very near the ground. The clutch size appears to be two eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.

### Vocalization

The male southern chestnut-tailed antbird sings "a slow but accelerating, descending series of loud, chiming notes, usually ending with a quiet churred phrase: *TEE TEE-tee-ti-tidjrdjr*. Females sometimes answer with a "fairly even-paced, descending series of rising whistles" *WEE-wee-wee-wee-wee-djr-djr*. The species' calls are "a single, sharp *pik*, sometimes in \[a\] short series, and a quiet, descending, thin rattle".

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the southern chestnut-tailed antbird as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered fairly common to common in most of its range. Its range includes several formally protected areas and "also extensive areas of intact habitat which, although not formally protected, appear to be at little risk of development in near term".

## InfoBox

| Southern chestnut-tailed antbird | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| At Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | *Sciaphylax* |
| Species: | ***S. hemimelaena*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sciaphylax hemimelaena***
(Sclater, PL, 1857) | |
|
|  | |


title: Slobozia, Ștefan Vodă

abstract: Slobozia is a village in Ștefan Vodă District, Moldova.

text:
# Slobozia, Ștefan Vodă

**Slobozia** is a village in Ștefan Vodă District, Moldova.

## InfoBox

| Slobozia | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Slobozia | |
| Coordinates: 46°30′29″N 29°44′25″E / 46.50806°N 29.74028°E / 46.50806; 29.74028 | |
| Country | Moldova |
| District | Ștefan Vodă District |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Anatolie Zavalișca (PDM) |
| Area | |
| Total | 42.98 km2 (16.59 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 147 m (482 ft) |
| Population (2014 census) | |
| Total | 3,473 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | MD-4233 |


title: Drift Run, West Virginia

abstract: Drift Run is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States.

text:
# Drift Run, West Virginia

**Drift Run** is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States.

## InfoBox

| Drift Run, West Virginia | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Drift RunDrift Run | |
| Coordinates: 38°56′25″N 81°38′3″W / 38.94028°N 81.63417°W / 38.94028; -81.63417 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | West Virginia |
| County | Jackson |
| Elevation | 607 ft (185 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
| GNIS ID | 1549660 |


abstract: The State Flag Square and Museum of Nakhchivan is a museum and square in the city of Nakhchivan of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.

text:
# State Flag Square and Museum of Nakhchivan

**The State Flag Square and Museum of Nakhchivan** (*Naxçıvan Bayraq Meydanı Muzeyi*) is a museum and square in the city of Nakhchivan of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan.

## History

The museum was established by the decree of the Chairman of the Supreme Parliament of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic dated August 22, 2014. The museum has been open to the public since November 17, 2014.

## Architecture and design

The museum is located in the highest point of the city of Nakhchivan. The museum, designed around a flagpole, has an octagonal shape. The length of the national flag waving on the square is 20 meters, the width is 10 meters, and the height of the flagpole is 57 meters.

The museum presents a copy of the decree "On State Symbols of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic", adopted by the supreme legislative body of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic on November 17, 1990, at the initiative of Heydar Aliyev as well as photographs related to that date. Restored flags, coats of arms and administrative maps of historical states, as well as the Nakhichevan Khanate, flags issued to the cavalry units of the Nakhichevan Khanate, military uniforms, constitutions of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic adopted in different years, old banknotes, as well as coins minted in Nakhchivan are exhibited in the museum.

## Controversies

According to the investigation of Caucasus Heritage Watch, the hill on which the museum is located was an Armenian cemetery that had been destroyed at some point between 1997 and 2005.

The New Armenian Cemetery of Nakhchivan contained between 1000 and 1020 tombstones in the late Soviet period. The tombstones of the cemetery dated to the 18th to 20th centuries. Approximately 400-410 tombstones in the cemetery bore Armenian inscriptions.

39°13′18″N 45°24′04″E / 39.22155°N 45.40111°E / 39.22155; 45.40111

## InfoBox

The State Flag Square and Museum of Nakhchivan
| Naxçıvan Bayraq Meydanı Muzeyi | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | August 22, 2014 |
| Location | Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan |
| Type | flag and national iconography museum |
| Website | bayraqmuzeyi.nmr.az |


title: Tommy Nance

abstract: Thomas Andrew Nance is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Chicago Cubs and Miami Marlins.

text:
# Tommy Nance

**Thomas Andrew Nance** (born March 19, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Chicago Cubs and Miami Marlins.

## Early life and amateur career

Nance attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Long Beach, California. In high school he had a stress fracture in his lower back.

He played college baseball at Long Beach State, Cypress College, and Santa Clara.

He underwent Tommy John surgery after his senior year of college.

## Professional career

### Windy City Thunderbolts

In 2015, Nance went undrafted out of Santa Clara University, and signed with the Windy City Thunderbolts of the Frontier League. In 29 games, Nance registered a 4.74 ERA and 1–1 record with 40 strikeouts in 38 innings and a 1.421 WHIP.

### Chicago Cubs

On January 18, 2016, Nance had his contract purchased by the Chicago Cubs organization. He split the 2016 season between four Cubs affiliates, the Low-A Eugene Emeralds, the Single-A South Bend Cubs, the High-A Myrtle Beach Pelicans, and the Triple-A Iowa Cubs. He accumulated a 4–1 record and 2.58 ERA in 22 games between the four teams.

He did not play in a game in 2017 due to injury, after being diagnosed with nerve injury in his shoulder. He spent the 2018 season in Double-A with the Tennessee Smokies, where he recorded a 3.48 ERA in 15 appearances. He split 2019 between Tennessee and Myrtle Beach, pitching to a 2–5 record and 4.07 ERA with 56 strikeouts in 48.2 innings of work.

Nance did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He was assigned to Triple-A Iowa to begin the 2021 season. On May 9, Nance pitched the fourth through sixth innings of a no-hitter against the Indianapolis Indians at Principal Park in Des Moines, Iowa. Preceded on the mound by Shelby Miller, he struck out five batters over three innings before being relieved by Brad Wieck and Ryan Meisinger who completed the combined no-hit game. On May 16, after recording a 1.50 ERA in 3 games with Iowa, Nance was selected to the 40-man roster and promoted to the major leagues for the first time. Nance made his MLB debut on May 17, pitching a scoreless inning of relief. In the game, he recorded his first Major League strikeout, punching out the first batter he faced, Washington Nationals infielder Josh Harrison. On June 11, Nance earned his first MLB victory against the St. Louis Cardinals. On October 2, Nance was placed on the COVID-19 injured list.

In 2021 for the Cubs the 30-year-old was 1-1 with a 7.22 ERA. In 27 games his pitched 28.2 innings, in which he gave up 23 earned runs. On March 25, 2022, Nance was designated for assignment.

### Miami Marlins

On March 27, 2022, the Miami Marlins claimed Nance off waivers. He made 35 appearances for the Marlins in 2022, posting a 2-3 record and 4.33 ERA with 57 strikeouts in 43.2 innings pitched.

In 2023, Nance suffered a right shoulder strain in February that caused him to begin the regular season on the injured list. He was placed on the 60-day injured list on April 22 amid his recovery. On August 23, Nance was activated from the injured list. He was placed back on the 60–day injured list with an undisclosed injury on September 19, ending his season with having made an appearance for Miami. Following the season on November 6, Nance was removed from the 40–man roster and sent outright to the Triple–A Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp. He elected free agency the same day.

### San Diego Padres

On December 10, 2023, Nance signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres. In 26 appearances for the Triple–A El Paso Chihuahuas in 2024, Nance logged a 4.05 ERA with 35 strikeouts and 2 saves across 33+13 innings pitched.

### Toronto Blue Jays

On August 7, 2024, Nance was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays in exchange for cash considerations. The next day, Toronto selected his contract and added him to their active roster.

## InfoBox

| Tommy Nance | |
| --- | --- |
| Toronto Blue Jays – No. 45 | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1991-03-19) March 19, 1991
Long Beach, California, U.S. | |
| **Bats:** Right**Throws:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| May 17, 2021, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| MLB statistics
(through August 27, 2024) | |
| Win–loss record | 3–4 |
| Earned run average | 5.27 |
| Strikeouts | 96 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: Christopher Joyce (hurler)

abstract: Christopher Joyce is an Irish hurler who plays for Cork Senior Championship club Na Piarsaigh. He usually lines out as a right wing-back. Joyce is a former member of the Cork senior hurling team.

text:
# Christopher Joyce (hurler)

**Christopher Joyce** is an Irish hurler who plays for Cork Senior Championship club Na Piarsaigh. He usually lines out as a right wing-back. Joyce is a former member of the Cork senior hurling team.

## Playing career

### Na Piarsaigh

Joyce joined the Na Piarsaigh club at a young age and enjoyed some success at juvenile and underage levels, including winning a Féile na nGael title in 2006 after a 1-05 to 1-04 defeat of Athenry in the final.

On 7 December 2013, Joyce enjoyed his first success at adult level when he was at centre-back for Na Piarsaigh's 0-20 to 2-09 Cork Senior Hurling League final defeat of Sarsfields.

### Cork

#### Minor & under-21

Joyce first played for Cork as a member of the minor team. He made his first appearance on 24 June 2009 when he was introduced as a 59th-minute substitute for clubmate Patrick O'Rourke in a 5-17 apiece Munster Championship draw with Tipperary. Joyce ended his tenure at minor level following a 2-17 to 1-13 defeat by Waterford on 7 July 2010.

On 15 July 2011, Joyce made his debut in the under-21 grade in a 4-19 to 1-21 defeat of Tipperary. He was at right corner-back in the subsequent 1-27 to 4-20 Munster final defeat by Limerick.

Joyce captained the Cork under-21 team on 17 July 2013. The 5-19 to 2-13 defeat by Tipperary was his last game in the grade.

#### Senior

On 7 July 2012 Joyce made his senior championship debut in a 1-26 to 2-16 defeat of Offaly in the All-Ireland qualifiers. He became Cork's first choice centre-back for the championship the following year, lining out in his first Munster decider, however, Cork faced a 0-24 to 0-15 defeat by Limerick. On 8 September 2013 Joyce lined out against Clare in his first All-Ireland final. Three second-half goals through Conor Lehane, Anthony Nash and Pa Cronin, and a tenth point of the game from Patrick Horgan gave Cork a one-point lead as injury time came to an end. A last-gasp point from corner-back Domhnall O'Donovan earned Clare a 0-25 to 3-16 draw. The replay on 28 September was regarded as one of the best in recent years. Clare's Shane O'Donnell was a late addition to the team, and went on to score a hat-trick of goals in the first nineteen minutes of the game. Patrick Horgan top scored for Cork, however, further goals from Conor McGrath and Darach Honan secured a 5-16 to 3-16 victory for Clare.

In 2014 Joyce won his first Munster medal as goals by Séamus Harnedy and Paudie O'Sullivan gave Cork a 2-24 to 0-24 victory over Limerick in the provincial decider.

Joyce won his second Munster Championship medal on 9 July 2017 when he played at right wing-back in Cork's 1-25 to 1-20 defeat of Clare in the final.

On 1 July 2018, Joyce won a third Munster Championship medal following a 2-24 to 3-19 defeat of Clare in the final.

On 7 December 2020, it was reported in the *Irish Examiner* that Joyce would not be involved with the Cork senior hurling team for the 2021 season.

## Career statistics

| Team | Year | National League | | | Munster | | All-Ireland | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Division | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score | Apps | Score |
| Cork | 2012 | Division 1A | 0 | 0-00 | 0 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-00 |
| | 2013 | | 6 | 0-01 | 2 | 0-00 | 4 | 0-00 | 12 | 0-01 |
| | 2014 | Division 1B | 6 | 0-01 | 4 | 0-01 | 1 | 0-00 | 11 | 0-02 |
| | 2015 | Division 1A | 3 | 0-00 |  | |  | | 3 | 0-00 |
| | | 2016 | 6 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-00 | 2 | 0-00 | 9 | 0-00 |
| | | 2017 | 6 | 0-01 | 3 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-00 | 10 | 0-01 |
| | | 2018 | 6 | 0-00 | 5 | 0-01 | 1 | 0-01 | 12 | 0-02 |
| | | 2019 | 5 | 0-00 | 3 | 0-00 | 2 | 0-00 | 10 | 0-00 |
| | | 2020 | 1 | 0-00 | 1 | 0-01 | 0 | 0-00 | 2 | 0-01 |
| Career total | | | 39 | 0-03 | 19 | 0-03 | 12 | 0-01 | 70 | 0-07 |

## Honours

Na Piarsaigh Cork

## InfoBox

Christopher Joyce
| Christopher Joyce in 2016 | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Personal information | | | |
| Irish name | *Cristóir Seoighe* | | |
| Sport | Hurling | | |
| Position | Right wing-back | | |
| Height | 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Club(s) | | | |
| Years | **Club** | | |
| 2009-present | Na Piarsaigh | | |
| Club titles | | | |
| Cork titles | 0 | | |
| Inter-county(ies)\* | | | |
| Years | **County** | **Apps (scores)** |
| 2012-2020 | Cork | 31 (0-04) |
| Inter-county titles | | | |
| Munster titles | 3 | | |
| All-Irelands | 0 | | |
| NHL | 0 | | |
| All Stars | 0 | | |
| \*Inter County team apps and scores correct as of 18:52, 14 November 2020. | | | |


title: José Gurvich

abstract: José Gurvich was a Uruguayan painter, potter, musician and a key figure in the Constructivism Art movement.

text:
# José Gurvich

**José Gurvich** (January 5, 1927  June 24, 1974) was a Uruguayan painter, potter, musician and a key figure in the Constructivism Art movement.

## Life and career

Zusmanas Gurvicius was born on January 5, 1927, in Jieznas, Lithuania, to Jacob Gurvich and Jaie Galperas, Lithuanian Jews. In 1931 his father Jacob, seeking freedom from religious persecution and a better future for his family, emigrated to Montevideo, Uruguay. In 1932 Jacob sent for his wife and two children. Once they arrived they moved into Barrio Sur, a neighborhood consisting mainly of European immigrants. His father began working as a barber, and later opened many barbershops of his own throughout the city.

He was enrolled in elementary school under the name of José Gurvich, as school officials could not understand why his father's surname was Gurvich and his Gurvicius. From the beginning he displayed a love for the arts, constantly drawing for his sister and her friends. Upon finishing elementary school he started working in a factory. In 1942 he began studying painting at the National School of Fine Arts in Montevideo under the tutoring of José Cúneo. The following year he took up music and violin with professor Julber. He met Horacio Torres, who was also studying violin, and it was then that his life took a decisive turn.

In 1944, Julber got him an interview with the famous painter, Joaquín Torres García. From then on his true calling was defined. His world of shapes and colors was complete. He joined the controversial studio created by Torres García, where he worked until the Studio closed. Whilst there he taught Torres' grand-daughter, Eva Díaz Torres. In subsequent years, his work was exhibited throughout Uruguay and published in "Removedor", one of the most important publications promoting art in Latin America.

After the death of Torres García, he travelled extensively through Europe and Israel. While in Israel he stayed at the Ramot Menashe kibbutz, where his sister Myriam and his parents lived. In the kibbutz he worked as a shepherd and was asked to paint a mural for the public dining room. It was there that he came to grips with his Jewish ancestry and took part in what was the birth of the Jewish State. Living at the kibbutz he painted the world and the reality which surrounded him; Israeli pastoral and religious traditions and Yiddish folklore. In 1956 he held the first of three exhibitions at the Katz Gallery in Tel Aviv. In Spain he continued his work inspired by the Spanish masters, Goya and Velázquez; but it was the work of El Bosco and Pieter Brueghel that fuelled his thirst for diversity and learned to transform his wealth of images into his own unique vision.

He moved to New York City in 1970 with his wife and son. In New York all these diverse environments that had shaped him, from his native Montevideo, to his Jewish roots, and now the vibrant sounds of New York, helped him define his unique artistic talent which seemed to effortlessly bridge cultures and distances. He died in New York at the young age of 47 and at the height of his career. Museo Gurvich in Montevideo, Uruguay has an extensive collection of his art.


title: Charles Juhre House

abstract: The Charles Juhre House is a historic house at 406 North 4th Street in Rogers, Arkansas. It is a brick American Foursquare house, two stories in height, with a front porch extending across the full width of the building. A polygonal window projection occupies the center bay on the second floor, and there is a large gable dormer with a Palladian window projecting above it from the hip roof. The house was designed by local architect A. O. Clark, and is a fine local example of transitional Colonial and Classical Revival style. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

text:
# Charles Juhre House

The **Charles Juhre House** is a historic house at 406 North 4th Street in Rogers, Arkansas. It is a brick American Foursquare house, two stories in height, with a front porch extending across the full width of the building. A polygonal window projection occupies the center bay on the second floor, and there is a large gable dormer with a Palladian window projecting above it from the hip roof. The house was designed by local architect A. O. Clark, and is a fine local example of transitional Colonial and Classical Revival style.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Charles Juhre House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location in ArkansasLocation in United States | |
| Location | 406 N. 4th St., Rogers, Arkansas |
| Coordinates | 36°20′12″N 94°7′10″W / 36.33667°N 94.11944°W / 36.33667; -94.11944 |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Built | 1908 (1908) |
| Architect | A.O. Cllark |
| Architectural style | Classical Revival, Colonial Revival, American Foursquare |
| MPS | Benton County MRA |
| NRHP reference No. | 93000091 |
| Added to NRHP | February 25, 1993 |


title: Southward Car Museum

abstract: The Southward Car Museum is an automobile museum and event centre in Otaihanga, New Zealand. It was established by Len Southward in the 1970s to house his collection of over 450 vehicles and several aircraft and is now run by a charitable trust. The museum is just north of Paraparaumu on the Kāpiti Coast, about an hour's drive from Wellington and situated just east of the North Island Main Trunk railway and State Highway 1, on Otaihanga Road. The purpose-built building includes a 6000 square metre exhibition hall, engineering workshop, gift shop and small cafe, all set in park-like grounds. The building also incorporates the 474-seat Southward Theatre, which features the 1929 Wurlitzer Unit Orchestra theatre organ that was originally installed in the Civic Theatre in Auckland.

text:
# Southward Car Museum

The **Southward Car Museum** is an automobile museum and event centre in Otaihanga, New Zealand. It was established by Len Southward in the 1970s to house his collection of over 450 vehicles and several aircraft and is now run by a charitable trust. The museum is just north of Paraparaumu on the Kāpiti Coast, about an hour's drive from Wellington and situated just east of the North Island Main Trunk railway and State Highway 1, on Otaihanga Road.

The purpose-built building includes a 6000 square metre exhibition hall, engineering workshop, gift shop and small cafe, all set in park-like grounds. The building also incorporates the 474-seat Southward Theatre, which features the 1929 Wurlitzer Unit Orchestra theatre organ that was originally installed in the Civic Theatre in Auckland.

## History

The core car collection was the personal work of Sir Len Southward and his wife Vera. The couple began collecting cars in 1956 with a Ford Model T.

Having established the largest private car collection in Australasia, in 1976 Len purchased a 6-hectare (15-acre) site on which to establish a museum open to the public. Ground was broken on the museum site in 1971, but construction wasn't given council consent until 1977. The museum officially opened on 22 December 1979.

In 2020 a new exhibit in the museum was opened, detailing Len and Vera's lives and achievements, including new digital and material installations.

## Collection

The museum has about 450 vehicles, which include:

Media related to Southward Car Museum at Wikimedia Commons

40°53′39″S 175°01′45″E / 40.894035°S 175.029224°E / -40.894035; 175.029224

## InfoBox

Southward Car Museum
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Established | 1979 (1979) |
| Type | Car museum |
| Founder | Len Southward |
| Website | www.southwardcarmuseum.co.nz |


title: Boundary (topology)

abstract: In topology and mathematics in general, the boundary of a subset S of a topological space X is the set of points in the closure of S not belonging to the interior of S. An element of the boundary of S is called a boundary point of S. The term boundary operation refers to finding or taking the boundary of a set. Notations used for boundary of a set S include bd , fr , and ∂ S. Some authors use the term frontier instead of boundary in an attempt to avoid confusion with a different definition used in algebraic topology and the theory of manifolds. Despite widespread acceptance of the meaning of the terms boundary and frontier, they have sometimes been used to refer to other sets. For example, Metric Spaces by E. T. Copson uses the term boundary to refer to Hausdorff's border, which is defined as the intersection of a set with its boundary. Hausdorff also introduced the term residue, which is defined as the intersection of a set with the closure of the border of its complement.

text:
# Boundary (topology)

In topology and mathematics in general, the **boundary** of a subset S of a topological space X is the set of points in the closure of S not belonging to the interior of S. An element of the boundary of S is called a **boundary point** of S. The term **boundary operation** refers to finding or taking the boundary of a set. Notations used for boundary of a set S include $\operatorname {bd} (S),\operatorname {fr} (S),$ and $\partial S$.

Some authors (for example Willard, in *General Topology*) use the term **frontier** instead of boundary in an attempt to avoid confusion with a different definition used in algebraic topology and the theory of manifolds. Despite widespread acceptance of the meaning of the terms boundary and frontier, they have sometimes been used to refer to other sets. For example, *Metric Spaces* by E. T. Copson uses the term boundary to refer to Hausdorff's **border**, which is defined as the intersection of a set with its boundary. Hausdorff also introduced the term **residue**, which is defined as the intersection of a set with the closure of the border of its complement.

## Definitions

There are several equivalent definitions for the **boundary** of a subset $S\subseteq X$ of a topological space $X,$ which will be denoted by $\partial \_{X}S,$ $\operatorname {Bd} \_{X}S,$ or simply $\partial S$ if $X$ is understood:

1. It is the closure of $S$ minus the interior of $S$ in $X$: $\partial S~:=~{\overline {S}\setminus \operatorname {int} \_{X}S}$ where $\overline {S}=\operatorname {cl} \_{X}S$ denotes the closure of $S$ in $X$ and $\operatorname {int} \_{X}S$ denotes the topological interior of $S$ in $X.$
2. It is the intersection of the closure of $S$ with the closure of its complement: $\partial S~:=~{\overline {S}\cap {\overline {(X\setminus S)}}}$
3. It is the set of points $p\in X$ such that every neighborhood of $p$ contains at least one point of $S$ and at least one point not of $S$: $\partial S~:=~\\{p\in X:{\text{ for every neighborhood }O{\text{ of }p,\ O\cap S\neq \varnothing \\,{\text{ and }\\,O\cap (X\setminus S)\neq \varnothing \\}.}}}$

A **boundary point** of a set is any element of that set's boundary. The boundary $\partial \_{X}S$ defined above is sometimes called the set's **topological boundary** to distinguish it from other similarly named notions such as the boundary of a manifold with boundary or the boundary of a manifold with corners, to name just a few examples.

A connected component of the boundary of S is called a **boundary component** of S.

## Properties

The closure of a set $S$ equals the union of the set with its boundary: $\overline {S}=S\cup \partial \_{X}S$ where $\overline {S}=\operatorname {cl} \_{X}S$ denotes the closure of $S$ in $X.$ A set is closed if and only if it contains its boundary, and open if and only if it is disjoint from its boundary. The boundary of a set is closed; this follows from the formula $\partial \_{X}S~:=~{\overline {S}\cap {\overline {(X\setminus S)},}}$ which expresses $\partial \_{X}S$ as the intersection of two closed subsets of $X.$

("Trichotomy") Given any subset $S\subseteq X,$ each point of $X$ lies in exactly one of the three sets $\operatorname {int} \_{X}S,\partial \_{X}S,$ and $\operatorname {int} \_{X}(X\setminus S).$ Said differently, $X~=~\left(\operatorname {int} \_{X}S\right)\\;\cup \\;\left(\partial \_{X}S\right)\\;\cup \\;\left(\operatorname {int} \_{X}(X\setminus S)\right)$ and these three sets are pairwise disjoint. Consequently, if these set are not empty then they form a partition of $X.$

A point $p\in X$ is a boundary point of a set if and only if every neighborhood of $p$ contains at least one point in the set and at least one point not in the set. The boundary of the interior of a set as well as the boundary of the closure of a set are both contained in the boundary of the set.

*Conceptual Venn diagram showing the relationships among different points of a subset $S$ of $\mathbb {R} ^{n}.$ $A$ = set of accumulation points of $S$ (also called limit points), $B=$ set of **boundary points** of $S,$ area shaded green = set of interior points of $S,$ area shaded yellow = set of isolated points of $S,$ areas shaded black = empty sets. Every point of $S$ is either an interior point or a boundary point. Also, every point of $S$ is either an accumulation point or an isolated point. Likewise, every boundary point of $S$ is either an accumulation point or an isolated point. Isolated points are always boundary points.*

## Examples

### Characterizations and general examples

A set and its complement have the same boundary: $\partial \_{X}S=\partial \_{X}(X\setminus S).$

A set $U$ is a dense open subset of $X$ if and only if $\partial \_{X}U=X\setminus U.$

The interior of the boundary of a closed set is empty. Consequently, the interior of the boundary of the closure of a set is empty. The interior of the boundary of an open set is also empty. Consequently, the interior of the boundary of the interior of a set is empty. In particular, if $S\subseteq X$ is a closed or open subset of $X$ then there does not exist any nonempty subset $U\subseteq \partial \_{X}S$ such that $U$ is open in $X.$ This fact is important for the definition and use of nowhere dense subsets, meager subsets, and Baire spaces.

A set is the boundary of some open set if and only if it is closed and nowhere dense. The boundary of a set is empty if and only if the set is both closed and open (that is, a clopen set).

### Concrete examples

Consider the real line $\mathbb {R} $ with the usual topology (that is, the topology whose basis sets are open intervals) and $\mathbb {Q} ,$ the subset of rational numbers (whose topological interior in $\mathbb {R} $ is empty). Then

* $\partial (0,5)=\partial \[0,5)=\partial (0,5\]=\partial \[0,5\]=\\{0,5\\}$
* $\partial \varnothing =\varnothing $
* $\partial \mathbb {Q} =\mathbb {R} $
* $\partial (\mathbb {Q} \cap \[0,1\])=\[0,1\]$

These last two examples illustrate the fact that the boundary of a dense set with empty interior is its closure. They also show that it is possible for the boundary $\partial S$ of a subset $S$ to contain a non-empty open subset of $X:=\mathbb {R} $; that is, for the interior of $\partial S$ in $X$ to be non-empty. However, a *closed* subset's boundary always has an empty interior.

In the space of rational numbers with the usual topology (the subspace topology of $\mathbb {R} $), the boundary of $(-\infty ,a),$ where $a$ is irrational, is empty.

The boundary of a set is a topological notion and may change if one changes the topology. For example, given the usual topology on $\mathbb {R} ^{2},$ the boundary of a closed disk $\Omega =\left\\{(x,y):x^{2}+y^{2}\leq 1\right\\}$ is the disk's surrounding circle: $\partial \Omega =\left\\{(x,y):x^{2}+y^{2}=1\right\\}.$ If the disk is viewed as a set in $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ with its own usual topology, that is, $\Omega =\left\\{(x,y,0):x^{2}+y^{2}\leq 1\right\\},$ then the boundary of the disk is the disk itself: $\partial \Omega =\Omega .$ If the disk is viewed as its own topological space (with the subspace topology of $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$), then the boundary of the disk is empty.

### Boundary of an open ball vs. its surrounding sphere

This example demonstrates that the topological boundary of an open ball of radius $r\>0$ is *not* necessarily equal to the corresponding sphere of radius $r$ (centered at the same point); it also shows that the closure of an open ball of radius $r\>0$ is *not* necessarily equal to the closed ball of radius $r$ (again centered at the same point). Denote the usual Euclidean metric on $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ by $d((a,b),(x,y)):={\sqrt {(x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}}}$ which induces on $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ the usual Euclidean topology. Let $X\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{2}$ denote the union of the $y$-axis $Y:=\\{0\\}\times \mathbb {R} $ with the unit circle $S^{1}:=\left\\{p\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}:d(p,\mathbf {0} )=1\right\\}=\left\\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}:x^{2}+y^{2}=1\right\\}$ centered at the origin $\mathbf {0} :=(0,0)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}$; that is, $X:=Y\cup S^{1},$ which is a topological subspace of $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ whose topology is equal to that induced by the (restriction of) the metric $d.$ In particular, the sets $Y,S^{1},Y\cap S^{1}=\\{(0,\pm 1)\\},$ and $\\{0\\}\times \[-1,1\]$ are all closed subsets of $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ and thus also closed subsets of its subspace $X.$ Henceforth, unless it clearly indicated otherwise, every open ball, closed ball, and sphere should be assumed to be centered at the origin $\mathbf {0} =(0,0)$ and moreover, only the metric space $(X,d)$ will be considered (and not its superspace $(\mathbb {R} ^{2},d)$); this being a path-connected and locally path-connected complete metric space.

Denote the open ball of radius $r\>0$ in $(X,d)$ by $B\_{r}:=\left\\{p\in X:d(p,\mathbf {0} )\<r\right\\}$ so that when $r=1$ then $B\_{1}=\\{0\\}\times (-1,1)$ is the open sub-interval of the $y$-axis strictly between $y=-1$ and $y=1.$ The unit sphere in $(X,d)$ ("unit" meaning that its radius is $r=1$) is $\left\\{p\in X:d(p,\mathbf {0} )=1\right\\}=S^{1}$ while the closed unit ball in $(X,d)$ is the union of the open unit ball and the unit sphere centered at this same point: $\left\\{p\in X:d(p,\mathbf {0} )\leq 1\right\\}=S^{1}\cup \left(\\{0\\}\times \[-1,1\]\right).$

However, the topological boundary $\partial \_{X}B\_{1}$ and topological closure $\operatorname {cl} \_{X}B\_{1}$ in $X$ of the open unit ball $B\_{1}$ are: $\partial \_{X}B\_{1}=\\{(0,1),(0,-1)\\}\quad {\text{ and }\quad \operatorname {cl} \_{X}B\_{1}~=~B\_{1}\cup \partial \_{X}B\_{1}~=~B\_{1}\cup \\{(0,1),(0,-1)\\}~=~\\{0\\}\times \[-1,1\].}$ In particular, the open unit ball's topological boundary $\partial \_{X}B\_{1}=\\{(0,1),(0,-1)\\}$ is a *proper* subset of the unit sphere $\left\\{p\in X:d(p,\mathbf {0} )=1\right\\}=S^{1}$ in $(X,d).$ And the open unit ball's topological closure $\operatorname {cl} \_{X}B\_{1}=B\_{1}\cup \\{(0,1),(0,-1)\\}$ is a proper subset of the closed unit ball $\left\\{p\in X:d(p,\mathbf {0} )\leq 1\right\\}=S^{1}\cup \left(\\{0\\}\times \[-1,1\]\right)$ in $(X,d).$ The point $(1,0)\in X,$ for instance, cannot belong to $\operatorname {cl} \_{X}B\_{1}$ because there does not exist a sequence in $B\_{1}=\\{0\\}\times (-1,1)$ that converges to it; the same reasoning generalizes to also explain why no point in $X$ outside of the closed sub-interval $\\{0\\}\times \[-1,1\]$ belongs to $\operatorname {cl} \_{X}B\_{1}.$ Because the topological boundary of the set $B\_{1}$ is always a subset of $B\_{1}$'s closure, it follows that $\partial \_{X}B\_{1}$ must also be a subset of $\\{0\\}\times \[-1,1\].$

In any metric space $(M,\rho ),$ the topological boundary in $M$ of an open ball of radius $r\>0$ centered at a point $c\in M$ is always a subset of the sphere of radius $r$ centered at that same point $c$; that is, $\partial \_{M}\left(\left\\{m\in M:\rho (m,c)\<r\right\\}\right)~\subseteq ~\left\\{m\in M:\rho (m,c)=r\right\\}$ always holds.

Moreover, the unit sphere in $(X,d)$ contains $X\setminus Y=S^{1}\setminus \\{(0,\pm 1)\\},$ which is an open subset of $X.$ This shows, in particular, that the unit sphere $\left\\{p\in X:d(p,\mathbf {0} )=1\right\\}$ in $(X,d)$ contains a *non-empty open* subset of $X.$

## Boundary of a boundary

For any set $S,\partial S\supseteq \partial \partial S,$ where $\\,\supseteq \\,$ denotes the superset with equality holding if and only if the boundary of $S$ has no interior points, which will be the case for example if $S$ is either closed or open. Since the boundary of a set is closed, $\partial \partial S=\partial \partial \partial S$ for any set $S.$ The boundary operator thus satisfies a weakened kind of idempotence.

In discussing boundaries of manifolds or simplexes and their simplicial complexes, one often meets the assertion that the boundary of the boundary is always empty. Indeed, the construction of the singular homology rests critically on this fact. The explanation for the apparent incongruity is that the topological boundary (the subject of this article) is a slightly different concept from the boundary of a manifold or of a simplicial complex. For example, the boundary of an open disk viewed as a manifold is empty, as is its topological boundary viewed as a subset of itself, while its topological boundary viewed as a subset of the real plane is the circle surrounding the disk. Conversely, the boundary of a closed disk viewed as a manifold is the bounding circle, as is its topological boundary viewed as a subset of the real plane, while its topological boundary viewed as a subset of itself is empty. In particular, the topological boundary depends on the ambient space, while the boundary of a manifold is invariant.

1. Let $S$ be a closed subset of $X$ so that $\overline {S}=S$ and thus also $\partial \_{X}S:={\overline {S}\setminus \operatorname {int} \_{X}S=S\setminus \operatorname {int} \_{X}S.}$ If $U$ is an open subset of $X$ such that $U\subseteq \partial \_{X}S$ then $U\subseteq S$ (because $\partial \_{X}S\subseteq S$) so that $U\subseteq \operatorname {int} \_{X}S$ (because by definition, $\operatorname {int} \_{X}S$ is the largest open subset of $X$ contained in $S$). But $U\subseteq \partial \_{X}S=S\setminus \operatorname {int} \_{X}S$ implies that $U\cap \operatorname {int} \_{X}S=\varnothing .$ Thus $U$ is simultaneously a subset of $\operatorname {int} \_{X}S$ and disjoint from $\operatorname {int} \_{X}S,$ which is only possible if $U=\varnothing .$ Q.E.D.
2. Let $S$ be an open subset of $X$ so that $\partial \_{X}S:={\overline {S}\setminus \operatorname {int} \_{X}S={\overline {S}\setminus S.}}$ Let $U:=\operatorname {int} \_{X}\left(\partial \_{X}S\right)$ so that $U=\operatorname {int} \_{X}\left(\partial \_{X}S\right)\subseteq \partial \_{X}S={\overline {S}\setminus S,}$ which implies that $U\cap S=\varnothing .$ If $U\neq \varnothing $ then pick $u\in U,$ so that $u\in U\subseteq \partial \_{X}S\subseteq {\overline {S}.}$ Because $U$ is an open neighborhood of $u$ in $X$ and $u\in {\overline {S},}$ the definition of the topological closure $\overline {S}$ implies that $U\cap S\neq \varnothing ,$ which is a contradiction. $\blacksquare $ Alternatively, if $S$ is open in $X$ then $X\setminus S$ is closed in $X,$ so that by using the general formula $\partial \_{X}S=\partial \_{X}(X\setminus S)$ and the fact that the interior of the boundary of a closed set (such as $X\setminus S$) is empty, it follows that $\operatorname {int} \_{X}\partial \_{X}S=\operatorname {int} \_{X}\partial \_{X}(X\setminus S)=\varnothing .$ $\blacksquare $
3. The $y$-axis $Y=\\{0\\}\times \mathbb {R} $ is closed in $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ because it is a product of two closed subsets of $\mathbb {R} .$ Consequently, $\mathbb {R} ^{2}\setminus Y$ is an open subset of $\mathbb {R} ^{2}.$ Because $X$ has the subspace topology induced by $\mathbb {R} ^{2},$ the intersection $X\cap \left(\mathbb {R} ^{2}\setminus Y\right)=X\setminus Y$ is an open subset of $X.$ $\blacksquare $

## Citations

1. Hausdorff, Felix (1914). *Grundzüge der Mengenlehre*. Leipzig: Veit. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-8284-0061-9. Reprinted by Chelsea in 1949.
2. Hausdorff, Felix (1914). *Grundzüge der Mengenlehre*. Leipzig: Veit. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-8284-0061-9. Reprinted by Chelsea in 1949.
3. Mendelson, Bert (1990) \[1975\]. *Introduction to Topology* (Third ed.). Dover. p. 86. ISBN 0-486-66352-3. Corollary 4.15 For each subset $A,$ $\operatorname {Bdry} (A)$ is closed.


title: Snare River

abstract: The Snare River is a river in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is connected to Great Slave Lake via Marian Lake and Frank Channel and hosts the Snare Hydro System, four hydroelectric plants about 140 km (87 mi) northwest of Yellowknife which it powers along with the nearby communities of Behchokǫ̀ and Dettah. It is located close to the Snare River Airport, owned by the Northwest Territories Power Corporation, which serves the hydro system.

text:
# Snare River

The **Snare River** is a river in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

It is connected to Great Slave Lake via Marian Lake and Frank Channel and hosts the Snare Hydro System, four hydroelectric plants about 140 km (87 mi) northwest of Yellowknife which it powers along with the nearby communities of Behchokǫ̀ and Dettah. It is located close to the Snare River Airport, owned by the Northwest Territories Power Corporation, which serves the hydro system.

63°07′N 115°53′W / 63.117°N 115.883°W / 63.117; -115.883


title: János Gyurka

abstract: János Gyurka is a Hungarian handball former player and coach. He participated at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where the Hungarian national team placed fourth. He was a silver medalist at the 1986 World Men's Handball Championship. He is head coach for the club Mosonmagyaróvári KC SE.

text:
# János Gyurka

**János Gyurka** (born 18 March 1962 in Zirc) is a Hungarian handball former player and coach. He participated at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where the Hungarian national team placed fourth. He was a silver medalist at the 1986 World Men's Handball Championship. He is head coach for the club Mosonmagyaróvári KC SE.

## InfoBox

János Gyurka
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Representing  Hungary | | |
| Men's Handball | | |
| World Championship | | |
|  | 1986 Switzerland | Team |


title: The Walter Compton News

abstract: The Walter Compton News is an American television news series that aired from 1947 to 1948 on the DuMont Television Network Monday through Friday from 6:45 pm to 7 pm ET.

text:
# The Walter Compton News

***The Walter Compton News*** is an American television news series that aired from 1947 to 1948 on the DuMont Television Network Monday through Friday from 6:45 pm to 7 pm ET.

## Broadcast history

*The Walter Compton News* premiered on DuMont station WTTG on June 16, 1947, then on the DuMont network on August 25, 1947, but was reportedly off the air by January 1948. This show had seasoned radio broadcaster and executive Walter Compton (1912-1959) reading news from a script with the occasional use of slides. Beginning on November 17, General Electric became a sponsor of *The Walter Compton News*. In 1942, Compton had been host of *Quiz of Two Cities*, aired by Mutual Radio on WOL-AM in Washington DC, and on WFBR in Baltimore. The program is notable for having been "the first news series on a television network to originate from Washington."

Premiering in January 1948, *Camera Headlines* was a second attempt by DuMont to present a TV news program, this time using newsreel film footage. *Camera Headlines* alternated with *I.N.S. Telenews*.

It may also have been the first nightly television newscast to appear over a network, although it is possible that a television simulcast of Lowell Thomas's NBC Blue Radio Network newscast in 1940 and 1941 may have been seen, at least occasionally, on W2XB Schenectady and/or W3XE Philadelphia, but records are also quite sketchy.

## Episode status

As with many DuMont programs, no episodes of *The Walter Compton News* are known to survive. Kinescopes were not available until the fall of 1947, and were used sparingly in the early years. Little else is known about the series, even though it aired on a major United States television network.

## Bibliography

## InfoBox

| *The Walter Compton News* | |
| --- | --- |
| Starring | Walter Compton |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Production | |
| Running time | 15 minutes |
| Original release | |
| Network | DuMont |
| Release | June 16, 1947 (1947-06-16) <br>January 1948 (1948-01) |


title: Stefan Kristiansson

abstract: Major General Nils Stefan Kristiansson is a retired Swedish Army officer. He served as Director of Military Intelligence and Security from 2007 to 2012.

text:
# Stefan Kristiansson

Major General **Nils Stefan Kristiansson** (born 25 September 1951) is a retired Swedish Army officer. He served as Director of Military Intelligence and Security from 2007 to 2012.

## Early life

Kristiansson was born on 25 September 1951 in Saint John Parish (*Sankt Johannes församling*) in Malmö, Sweden. Kristiansson passed *gymnasieexamen* in 1974.

## Career

Kristiansson graduated from the Military Academy Karlberg in 1976 and was commissioned as an officer in Halland Regiment the same year as a lieutenant, where he served until 1984. He attended school for regimental officers from 1978 to 1979 and was promoted to captain in 1979. He attended the General Course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1982 to 1983 and the 1983 UN Military Observer Course and was promoted to major in 1984. From 1984 to 1986, Kristiansson was posted as a UN observer in Kashmir within the framework of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP). From 1986 to 1988, he attended the Army's senior staff course at the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College, after which he served in the Operations Section 5 of the Operations Command in the Defence Staff from 1988 to 1989. Kristiansson was posted as company commander in Halland Regiment from 1989 to 1990, office head in the Planning Section in the Army Staff from 1990 to 1994 and office head in the Coordination Section in the Army Command at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in 1994. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1993. Kristiansson then served as deputy commander of the Småland Brigade (*Smålandsbrigaden*) from 1994 to 1995 and became a *Överstelöjtnant med särskild tjänsteställning* in 1995. He attended the International Training Course in Security Policy at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva from 1995 to 1996, after which he was project manager at the Swedish Army Staff and Communication Center (*Arméns lednings- och sambandscentrum*, LSC).

In 1998 he was promoted to colonel and from 1998 to 2001 he was defence attaché at the embassy in Helsinki and in Tallinn. He was promoted to brigadier general in 2001 and was a military adviser at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs from 2001 to 2003 and head of the Coordination Department at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters from 2003 to 2004. Kristiansson served as Deputy Director of Military Intelligence and Security from May 2004 to June 2007. In 2007, he was promoted to major general and from June 2007 to 30 September 2012 he served as Director of Military Intelligence and Security and head of the Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service (MUST).

Kristiansson was chairman of the Swedish Pistol Shooting Association (*Svenska pistolskytteförbundet*) from 2012 to 2020.

## Dates of rank

## Awards and decorations

## InfoBox

| Stefan Kristiansson | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Nils Stefan Kristiansson |
| Born | (1951-09-25) 25 September 1951<br>Malmö, Sweden |
| Allegiance | Sweden |
| Service/branch | Swedish Army |
| Years of service | 1976–2012 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Commands |  |


title: Siobhan Brady

abstract: Siobhan Mary Brady is a Canadian molecular biologist who is a professor of Plant Biology at the University of California, Davis. Her research considers how plant roots experience their surrounding environment, with a focus on understanding the impact of climate change. Brady was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2023.

text:
# Siobhan Brady

**Siobhan Mary Brady** is a Canadian molecular biologist who is a professor of Plant Biology at the University of California, Davis. Her research considers how plant roots experience their surrounding environment, with a focus on understanding the impact of climate change. Brady was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2023.

## Early life and education

Brady grew up in Ontario. She has said that she was surrounded with plants from a young age. Her high school English teacher and chemistry teacher encouraged her to pursue her curiosity. She had originally intended to creative writing, but settled on science, and became interested in plant biology. She studied molecular biology at the University of Toronto. She remained there for her doctoral research, and earned her doctorate in 2005. She studied how hormonal cues are integrated in root initiation. She used suppressor screens and mutant analysis to investigate genetic relationships. Her doctoral research considered the abscisic acid insensitive3 (ABI3) gene. She moved to Duke University as a postdoctoral researcher, where she studied gene expression patterns using microarrays of cells. She studied the COBRA gene family. She was named as one of the most outstanding postdoctoral researchers at Duke University.

## Research and career

In 2009, Brady joined the University of California, Davis as an assistant professor. Her research has focussed on roots – specifically the *Arabidopsis* root – as a model for plant development.

## Awards and honours

## Selected publications

* Siobhan M Brady; David A Orlando; Ji-Young Lee; et al. (1 November 2007). "A high-resolution root spatiotemporal map reveals dominant expression patterns". *Science*. **318** (5851): 801–806. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1146265. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17975066. Wikidata Q50659214.
* Kiana Toufighi; Siobhan M Brady; Ryan Austin; Eugene Ly; Nicholas J Provart (1 July 2005). "The Botany Array Resource: e-Northerns, Expression Angling, and promoter analyses". *The Plant Journal*. **43** (1): 153–163. doi:10.1111/J.1365-313X.2005.02437.X. ISSN 0960-7412. PMID 15960624. Wikidata Q81859888.
* José R Dinneny; Terri A Long; Jean Y Wang; et al. (24 April 2008). "Cell identity mediates the response of Arabidopsis roots to abiotic stress". *Science*. **320** (5878): 942–945. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.1153795. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18436742. Wikidata Q46626793.

## InfoBox

| Siobhan Mary Brady | |
| --- | --- |
| Alma mater | University of Toronto |
| **Scientific career** | |
| Institutions | University of California, Davis |
| Thesis | *Modulators of abscisic acid insensitive3 (ABI3) : a genetic and bioinformatic approach* (2006) |
|  | |


title: Sphinx libocedrus

abstract: Sphinx libocedrus, the incense cedar sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It ranges from the western Texas to southern California and Mexico. The larvae feed on New Mexican forestiera, Forestiera angustifolia and Fraxinus gooddingii in the olive family (Oleaceae).

text:
# Sphinx libocedrus

***Sphinx libocedrus***, the **incense cedar sphinx**, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It ranges from the western Texas to southern California and Mexico.

The larvae feed on New Mexican forestiera (*Forestiera neomexicana*), *Forestiera angustifolia* and *Fraxinus gooddingii* in the olive family (Oleaceae).

## Subspecies

* *Sphinx libocedrus libocedrus* (from Texas west through New Mexico and Arizona to southern California and further south to Sonora and Baja California Sur)
* *Sphinx libocedrus achotla* Mooser, 1944 (Mexico)

## InfoBox

| Incense cedar sphinx | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Sphinx libocedrus* | |
|  | |
| *Sphinx libocedrus* ♂ △ | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Sphingidae |
| Genus: | *Sphinx* |
| Species: | ***S. libocedrus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sphinx libocedrus***<br>H. Edwards, 1881 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sphinx insolita* Lintner, 1884 | |


title: Boudin (surname)

abstract:
Boudin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: A family of American legal figures and activists
  - Louis B. Boudin (1874–1952), American Marxist intellectual and lawyer
  - Leonard Boudin (1912–1989), American civil liberties lawyer
    - Michael Boudin, American judge
    - Kathy Boudin (1943–2022), former Weather Underground member convicted of murder, and adjunct professor at Columbia University
      - Chesa Boudin, American lawyer, Former District Attorney of San Francisco others:
  - Eugène Boudin (1824–1898), French landscape painter
  - Isidore Boudin, founder of Boudin Bakery in San Francisco, California
  - Stéphane Boudin (1888–1967), French interior designer

text:
# Boudin (surname)

**Boudin** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

A family of American legal figures and activists

* Louis B. Boudin (1874–1952), American Marxist intellectual and lawyer
* Leonard Boudin (1912–1989), American civil liberties lawyer (nephew of Louis B. Boudin)
    + Michael Boudin (born 1939), American judge
    + Kathy Boudin (1943–2022), former Weather Underground member convicted of murder, and adjunct professor at Columbia University
        - Chesa Boudin (born 1980), American lawyer, Former District Attorney of San Francisco

others:


title: Slipčići

abstract: Slipčići is a village in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

text:
# Slipčići

**Slipčići** is a village in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 207.

Ethnicity in 2013
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Croats | 205 | 99.0% |
| other/undeclared | 2 | 1.0% |
| **Total** | **207** | **100%** |

## InfoBox

| Slipčići | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Slipčići | |
| Coordinates: 43°14′10″N 17°48′20″E / 43.23611°N 17.80556°E / 43.23611; 17.80556 | |
| Country | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Canton | Herzegovina-Neretva |
| Municipality | City of Mostar |
| Area | |
| Total | 5.29 sq mi (13.69 km2) |
| Population (2013) | |
| Total | 207 |
| Density | 39/sq mi (15/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 88000 (Same as Mostar) |
| Area code | (+387) 36 345 |


title: Jérémie Vespers

abstract: The term Jérémie Vespers refers to a massacre that took place in August, September and October 1964 in the Haitian town of Jérémie. It took place after a group of 13 young Haitians calling themselves "Jeune Haiti" landed on August 6, 1964, at Petite-Rivière-de-Dame-Marie with the intention of overthrowing the regime of François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier. The victims were killed one by one by the Haitian Army, until the last two survivors, Louis Drouin and Marcel Numa, were captured alive, brought back to Port-au-Prince and shot in public against a cemetery wall on November 12, 1964.

text:
# Jérémie Vespers

18°39′00″N 74°06′58″W / 18.65°N 74.116°W / 18.65; -74.116The term **Jérémie Vespers** refers to a massacre that took place in August, September and October 1964 in the Haitian town of Jérémie. It took place after a group of 13 young Haitians calling themselves "Jeune Haiti" landed on August 6, 1964, at Petite-Rivière-de-Dame-Marie with the intention of overthrowing the regime of François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.

The victims were killed one by one by the Haitian Army, until the last two survivors, Louis Drouin and Marcel Numa, were captured alive, brought back to Port-au-Prince and shot in public against a cemetery wall on November 12, 1964.

## Terminology

The massacre was called the "vespers" because many of the families killed by the regime are remembered as the families who took many aforementioned "vesper" picnic excursions.

## Victims

Several of the group were from the town of Jérémie. During two months that the army and the resistance group fought in the hills, the regime ordered the arrest and murder of Jeune Haiti's family members. 27 people were murdered, ranging in age from 85-year-old Mrs Chenier Villedrouin to 2-year-old Régine Sansaricq.

The murdered were:

* Louis Drouin Sr., father of Louis Drouin Jr.
* Louise Degraff, his wife
* Guy Drouin, brother of Louis Drouin Jr.
* Alice Drouin, sister of Louis Drouin Jr.
* Gérard Guilbaud, Alice's husband
* Mrs. Chenier Villedrouin (née Corinne Sansaricq) (85 years old), mother of Guy and Victor Villedrouin
* Victor Villedrouin
* Roseline Drouin, Guy Villedrouin's wife and sister of Louis Drouin Jr.
* Fernande Villedrouin, sister of Guy and Victor
* Guy Villedrouin, brother of Victor Villedrouin
* Adeline Chassagne, Victor Villedrouin's wife, and the aunt of Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire's Régine Chassagne
* Lisa Villedrouin (18 years old), their daughter
* Frantz Villedrouin (16 years old) their son
* Pierre Sansaricq
* Louise Laforest, Pierre's wife
* Jean-Claude Sansaricq, their son
* Graziela Sansaricq, Jean-Claude's wife
* Lily Sansaricq, sister of Pierre Sansaricq
* Fred Sansaricq, son of Pierre
* Hubert Sansaricq, son of Pierre
* Reynold Sansaricq, son of Pierre
* Marie-Catherine Sansaricq (10 years old) daughter of Pierre
* Edith Laforest, Louise Laforest's sister
* Jean-Pierre Sansaricq (6 years old), son of Jean-Claude and Graziela
* Stéphane Sansaricq (4 years old), son of Jean-Claude and Graziela
* Régine Sansaricq (2 years old), daughter of Jean-Claude and Graziela
* Pierre-Richard Sansaricq
* Alphonze Bazile, son of Pierre and Vesta Bazile


title: Drive Capital

abstract: Drive Capital is a venture capital firm headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.

text:
# Drive Capital

**Drive Capital** is a venture capital firm headquartered in Columbus, Ohio.

## History

Drive Capital was founded in 2013 by Mark Kvamme and Chris Olsen, both formerly of Sequoia Capital. The firm primarily invests in tech startups outside Silicon Valley. Drive Capital has invested in various companies based in the United States and Canada.

The firm's investments include Root Insurance Company, Duolingo, Olive, Greenlight, Civis Analytics, Udacity, Path Robotics, and Vecna Robotics. The organization's programs focus on establishing entrepreneurial ecosystems with a goal to support new businesses and solidify a base of operation in the midwestern United States, rather than refocusing financial investment opportunities outside the region.

In February 2014, the firm established its first $250 million venture capital fund, Drive Capital Fund I. In September 2016, the firm began investing from its second $300 million fund. In January 2020, the firm established its first $301 million expansion stage fund, Overdrive Fund I. The four funds bring the firms assets under management to $1.2 billion.

## InfoBox

Drive Capital
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Venture capital |
| Founded | 2013 |
| Founder | Mark Kvamme, Chris Olsen |
| Headquarters | Columbus, Ohio, US |
| Area served | United States and Canada |
| Total assets | $1.2 billion |
| Website | drivecapital.com |