title: St. Peter's, Nova Scotia

abstract: St. Peter's is a small incorporated village located on Cape Breton Island in Richmond County, Nova Scotia, Canada. This village is located on a narrow isthmus which separates the southern end of Bras d'Or Lake, known as St. Peter's Inlet, to the north from St. Peter's Bay on the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The isthmus is crossed by the St. Peters Canal which is almost exclusively used by pleasure boats in recent decades. It is home to Battery Provincial Park. This park is situated on a hillside overlooking St. Peter's Bay adjacent to the St. Peter's Canal National Historic Site. Its entrance is on the east side of the bridge at the canal. Battery features a small saltwater beach (unsupervised), an interpretive display, picnic area with ocean frontage, and 3 kilometres /1.8 miles of hiking trails. St. Peter's is also located on Trunk 4, one of the province's trunk or secondary highways. An expressway, Highway 104, is scheduled to be extended from its present terminus several kilometres west of St. Peter's to Sydney. When this occurs, Highway 104 will carry the Trans-Canada Highway designation on Cape Breton Island, for which Highway 105 is now designated. The Nicolas Denys Museum is located in the village, but is only open in the summer. St. Peter's used to be served by a Canadian National Railways branch line which was abandoned in the early 1980s.

text:
# St. Peter's, Nova Scotia

**St. Peter's** (Scottish Gaelic: *Baile Pheadair*; formerly known as "Santo Pedro", "Saint-Pierre", "Port Toulouse", and "St. Peters") is a small incorporated village located on Cape Breton Island in Richmond County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

This village is located on a narrow isthmus which separates the southern end of Bras d'Or Lake, known as St. Peter's Inlet, to the north from St. Peter's Bay on the Atlantic Ocean to the south. The isthmus is crossed by the St. Peters Canal which is almost exclusively used by pleasure boats in recent decades.

It is home to Battery Provincial Park. This park is situated on a hillside overlooking St. Peter's Bay adjacent to the St. Peter's Canal National Historic Site. Its entrance is on the east side of the bridge at the canal. Battery features a small saltwater beach (unsupervised), an interpretive display, picnic area with ocean frontage, and 3 kilometres /1.8 miles of hiking trails.

St. Peter's is also located on Trunk 4, one of the province's trunk or secondary highways. An expressway, Highway 104, is scheduled to be extended from its present terminus several kilometres west of St. Peter's to Sydney. When this occurs, Highway 104 will carry the Trans-Canada Highway designation on Cape Breton Island, for which Highway 105 is now designated.

The Nicolas Denys Museum is located in the village, but is only open in the summer. St. Peter's used to be served by a Canadian National Railways branch line which was abandoned in the early 1980s.

## History

### French colony (1630-1758)

St. Peter's is one of North America's oldest European establishments. Prior to the arrival of the French, it was a Portuguese trading and fishing post named Santo Pedro in the 16th century. It was abandoned by Portugal in the early 17th century, and taken over by France in the 1630s when a small fortified settlement named Saint-Pierre (again named for Saint Peter) was built by merchants from La Rochelle, France on the isthmus. In 1650, La Rochelle merchant Nicholas Denys took possession of Saint-Pierre and encouraged the fur trade with local members of the Mi'kmaq Nation who used the isthmus as a canoe portage route between the Atlantic Ocean and Bras d'Or Lake. In addition to establishing a fur trading post, Denys later used the isthmus as a "haulover road" for portaging small sailing ships from Bras d'Or Lake to the Atlantic and vice versa.

#### Raid on Saint-Pierre (1653)

In 1653, along with raiding Pentagouet (Castine, Maine), LaHave, Nova Scotia, and Nipisguit (Bathurst, New Brunswick), Emmanuel Le Borgne with 100 men also raided Saint-Pierre. Denys was taken prisoner and returned to France.

Nicolas Denys was here between 1650–1669 and then Cape Breton remained unsettled by Europeans until the establishment of Louisbourg and re-establishment of Fort Dauphin (Englishtown, Nova Scotia) and Saint Peters 1713–1758.

#### Re-established 1713

France lost possession of present-day peninsular (mainland) Nova Scotia to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. France began moving some Acadian colonists to Île Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island) to populate this remaining outpost of French Acadia. Port Toulouse—named after Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse—was created by Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville near the 17th-century location of the fortified community of Saint-Pierre as a logistics base and supply centre for the Fortress of Louisbourg. To protect Port Toulouse, Rouville built another fortification on the shore called Point Jérome. A colonial military officer of New France, Rouville is best known in North America for leading the raid on Deerfield, Province of Massachusetts Bay on 29 February 1704 and was widely reviled by the settlers of New England for his tactics of raiding poorly defended settlements.

Along with Saint-Pierre, the French also established Fort St. Anne at present-day Englishtown as the other garrison on Île Royal to support the Fortress of Louisbourg.

#### Siege of St. Peter's

During King George's War, just prior to the Siege of Louisbourg (1745), the village was attacked in the Siege of Port Toulouse.

In August 1752 during Father Le Loutre's War, the schooners *Friendship* of Halifax and *Dolphin* of New England were seized and 21 prisoners held for ransom by Mi'kmaq at St. Peter's.

During the French and Indian War, after the final Siege of Louisbourg (1758), the forts at Port Toulouse and the settlements in the area were destroyed by the British and the rest of Île Royale became a British colony.

### British colony (1758-1867)

After Louisbourg fell on 26 July 1758, French officer Boishébert withdrew, with the British in pursuit. Boishebert brought back a large number of Acadians from the region around Port Toulouse to the security of his post at Beaubears Island on the Miramichi River. (On 13 August 1758 French officer Boishebert left Miramichi, New Brunswick with 400 soldiers, including Acadians from Port Toulouse, for Fort St. George (Thomaston, Maine). His detachment reached there on 9 September but was caught in an ambush and had to withdraw. They then went on to raid Friendship, Maine, where people were killed and others taken prisoner. This was Boishébert's last Acadian expedition. From there, Boishebert and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought in the Battle of Quebec (1759).)

After the war, Britain sponsored settlers and displaced veterans from the Seven Years' War to move into the area of Port Toulouse.

France declared war on Great Britain on 1 February 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars. In response, Britain built Fort Dorchester on the summit of Mount Granville, a hill overlooking the isthmus.

The village of St. Peter's was founded early in the 1800s. Local residents rehabilitated Denys's old "haulover road", laying wood skids for portaging small sailing ships across the isthmus. The route through Bras d'Or Lake was considered a much shorter and safer voyage to Sydney than travelling around the exposed southern coast of Cape Breton Island. In 1825 a feasibility study into building a canal was undertaken. Construction of the St. Peters Canal began in 1854 and took 15 years of digging, blasting and drilling through a solid granite hill 20 m high (66 ft) to build a channel 800 m long (2,600 ft) with an average width of 30 m (100 ft). The canal opened in 1869 at the dawn of the industrial age on Cape Breton Island. There can be a tidal difference of up to 1.4 m (4.5 ft), thus a double-lock system was designed to regulate water levels. The lock is the only one of its kind in North America.

### World wars

The walls of the canal were lined with timber planking and locks were installed at each end. Modifications to the canal and lock continued until 1917 and the canal saw moderate to heavy use by small coastal steamships and barges, particularly during the First and Second World Wars when coal from the Sydney Coal Field was transported on this sheltered inland route to avoid U-boats. A marble quarry on the western shore of Bras d'Or Lake at Marble Mountain also generated some shipping traffic.

The canal was designated a National Historic Site in 1929 and the federal government took over its operation. Parks Canada is the government agency responsible for its maintenance and operation and undertook a major project to restore both entrances to the canal in 1985. During the post-war, commercial shipping has largely avoided traveling through Bras d'Or Lake and the canal is almost exclusively used by pleasure boats, particularly sailboats with the increased popularity of cruising Bras d'Or Lake in recent decades.

Parks Canada operates the canal from May to October each year. Vessels transiting the canal are limited by the size of the lock, which measures 91.44 m long (300.0 ft), 14.45 m wide (47.4 ft), and 4.88 m draught (16.0 ft). The ruins of Nicholas Denys's Fort Saint-Pierre are located on the grounds of the lockmaster's house (ca. 1876), and the ruins of Fort Dorchester are located on Mount Granville, which overlooks the Atlantic approach to the canal.

### Heritage designations

St. Peters contains two National Historic Sites:

1. St. Peters National Historic Site, covering the archaeological remains of Fort Saint-Pierre and Port-Toulouse; and
2. St. Peters Canal National Historic Site

The 1876 Lockmaster's House beside the canal is a Recognized Federal Heritage Building, while the circa 1870 MacAskill House, the birthplace of photographer Wallace MacAskill, is a Provincially Registered Property. The Fort Toulouse Archaeological Site is protected under the provincial Special Places Protection Act.

45°39′50.27″N 60°53′40.09″W / 45.6639639°N 60.8944694°W / 45.6639639; -60.8944694

## InfoBox

| St. Peter's Gaelic: *Baile Pheadair* | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
|  | |
| Nickname(s): Gateway to the Bras d'Or
The Village on the Canal
Where the Ocean meets the Inland Sea | |
| St. Peter'sLocation of St Peter'sSt. Peter'sSt. Peter's (Canada) | |
| Coordinates: 45°39′52″N 60°52′33″W / 45.664555°N 60.875744°W / 45.664555; -60.875744 | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Nova Scotia |
| Municipality | Richmond County |
| Founded | 1650 |
| Government | |
| Village Chair | Esther McDonnell |
| Village Committee | Commissioners of St. Peter's |
| Area | |
| Total | 346.8 km2 (133.9 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 38 m (125 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2001) | |
| Total | 2,634 |
| Density | 7.6/km2 (20/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |
| Postal code span | 0E 3B0 |
| Area code | 902 |
| Telephone Exchange | 535, 785 |
| Website | visitstpeters.com |


title: Chester-le-Street Hospital

abstract: Chester-le-Street Hospital is a health facility in Chester-le-Street, County Durham, England. It is managed by County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust.

text:
# Chester-le-Street Hospital

**Chester-le-Street Hospital** is a health facility in Chester-le-Street, County Durham, England. It is managed by County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust.

## History

The facility has its origins in the Chester-le-Street Union Workhouse which was designed by Matthew Thompson and opened in 1856. A new infirmary and isolation block were added to the south of the workhouse in 1898. It joined the National Health Service as Chester-le-Street Hospital in 1948. A new hospital was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 2000: it was built by Robertson Group at a cost of £12 million and completed in 2003.

## InfoBox

| Chester-le-Street Hospital | |
| --- | --- |
| County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust | |
| Chester-le-Street Hospital | |
| Shown in County Durham | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Relton Road, Chester-le-Street, County Durham, England |
| Coordinates | 54°51′04″N 1°34′30″W / 54.8510°N 1.5751°W / 54.8510; -1.5751 |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | NHS |
| Type | Community |
| History | |
| Opened | 1856 |
| Links | |
| Website | www.cddft.nhs.uk |
| Lists | Hospitals in England |


title: Vallberga

abstract: Vallberga is a locality situated in Laholm Municipality, Halland County, Sweden with 657 inhabitants in 2010.

text:
# Vallberga

**Vallberga** is a locality situated in Laholm Municipality, Halland County, Sweden with 657 inhabitants in 2010.

## InfoBox

| Vallberga | |
| --- | --- |
| VallbergaVallberga | |
| Coordinates: 56°28′N 13°01′E / 56.467°N 13.017°E / 56.467; 13.017 | |
| Country | Sweden |
| Province | Halland |
| County | Halland County |
| Municipality | Laholm Municipality |
| Area | |
| Total | 0.87 km2 (0.34 sq mi) |
| Population (31 December 2010) | |
| Total | 657 |
| Density | 758/km2 (1,960/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Docking railway station

abstract: Docking railway station was a station in Norfolk, serving the village of Docking. It closed to passengers in 1952.

text:
# Docking railway station

**Docking railway station** was a station in Norfolk, serving the village of Docking. It closed to passengers in 1952.

| Preceding station |  | Disused railways |  | Following station |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sedgeford
Line and station closed |  | Great Eastern |  | Stanhoe
Line and station closed |

52°54′30″N 0°37′30″E / 52.90831°N 0.62501°E / 52.90831; 0.62501

## InfoBox

| Docking | |
| --- | --- |
| Docking station (remains) | |
| General information | |
| Location | Docking, Norfolk
England |
| Grid reference | TF766377 |
| Platforms | 2 |
| Other information | |
| Status | Disused |
| History | |
| Original company | West Norfolk Junction Railway |
| Pre-grouping | Great Eastern Railway |
| Post-grouping | London and North Eastern Railway
Eastern Region of British Railways |
| Key dates | |
| 17 August 1866 | Opened |
| 02 June 1952 | Closed to passengers |
| 28 December 1964 | Closed to goods |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Short Brothers

abstract: Short Brothers plc, usually referred to as Shorts or Short, is an aerospace company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Shorts was founded in 1908 in London, and was the first company in the world to make production aeroplanes. It was particularly notable for its flying boat designs manufactured into the 1950s. In 1943, Shorts was nationalised and later denationalised, and in 1948 moved from its main base at Rochester, Kent to Belfast. In the 1960s, Shorts mainly produced turboprop airliners, major components for aerospace primary manufacturers, and missiles for the British Armed Forces. Shorts was primarily government-owned until being bought by Bombardier in 1989 and, in 2007, was the largest manufacturing concern in Northern Ireland. In November 2020, Bombardier sold its Belfast operations to Spirit AeroSystems. The company's products include aircraft components, engine nacelles and aircraft flight control systems for Bombardier Aerospace, Boeing, Rolls-Royce Deutschland, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney.

text:
# Short Brothers

**Short Brothers plc**, usually referred to as **Shorts** or **Short**, is an aerospace company based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Shorts was founded in 1908 in London, and was the first company in the world to make production aeroplanes. It was particularly notable for its flying boat designs manufactured into the 1950s.

In 1943, Shorts was nationalised and later denationalised, and in 1948 moved from its main base at Rochester, Kent to Belfast. In the 1960s, Shorts mainly produced turboprop airliners, major components for aerospace primary manufacturers, and missiles for the British Armed Forces.

Shorts was primarily government-owned until being bought by Bombardier in 1989 and, in 2007, was the largest manufacturing concern in Northern Ireland. In November 2020, Bombardier sold its Belfast operations to Spirit AeroSystems.

The company's products include aircraft components, engine nacelles and aircraft flight control systems for Bombardier Aerospace, Boeing, Rolls-Royce Deutschland, General Electric and Pratt & Whitney.

## History

### Early years

The Short Brothers business started in 1897 when Eustace Short (1875 – 1932) bought a second-hand coal gas filled balloon, and, with his brother Oswald, started a company to develop and manufacture balloons. In 1900, the two brothers visited the 1900 Paris Exposition ('World's Fair'), where they saw the balloons of Édouard Surcouf (of Société Astra), who had developed a method of constructing truly spherical balloons.

In 1902, the brothers started offering balloons for sale. They manufactured the balloons at Hove, Sussex, in premises above the acoustic laboratory run by a third brother, Horace (2 July 1872 – 6 April 1917). In 1903, when Horace left to work on steam turbine development with Charles Parsons, Eustace and Oswald moved their workshop to rented accommodation in London, then again to railway arches in Battersea, conveniently situated next to Battersea gas-works.

In 1905, they won a contract for three balloons for the British Indian Army. The quality of their work impressed Colonel James Templer, superintendent of the Royal Balloon Factory, who introduced the brothers to Charles Rolls. Rolls commissioned them to build him a large balloon to compete in the 1906 Gordon Bennett Cup balloon race. More orders soon followed from other members of the Aero Club of Great Britain (later Royal Aero Club).

In 1908, on hearing reports from Aero Club members who had seen the Wright brothers' demonstrations of their aircraft at Le Mans in France, Oswald Short reportedly said to Eustace, "This is the finish of ballooning: we must begin building aeroplanes at once, and we can't do that without Horace!" Oswald succeeded in persuading Horace to leave his job with Parsons, and in November 1908 they registered their partnership under the name Short Brothers. Two orders for aircraft were soon received, one from Charles Rolls, who ordered a glider, and the other from Francis McClean, a member of the Aero Club who later bought several more aircraft from Short Brothers, and also acted as an unpaid test-pilot. At the end of 1908 Horace started work on the two designs, and in early 1909 construction was started of McClean's aircraft, the Short No.1 biplane. In March 1909 it was exhibited, without its fabric covering, at the first British Aero Show held at Olympia. Meanwhile, the brothers had obtained the British rights to build copies of the Wright design.

In February 1909, Shorts started construction of a new workshop on unobstructed marshland at Leysdown, near Shellbeach on the Isle of Sheppey. This had been acquired by the Aero Club for use as a flying ground, together with Mussell Manor (now known as "Muswell Manor"), which became its clubhouse. Construction of an initial batch of six aircraft was started immediately. Short Brothers thus became the first aircraft manufacturing company in the world to undertake volume production of an aircraft design. Here the Dunne D.5, the first tailless aircraft, was also built under contract. In 1910 the Royal Aero Club and Short Brothers moved to a larger and less marshy ground at Eastchurch, about 2.5 miles (4 km) away. At this time the Royal Aero Club had offered the Admiralty the use of the flying field and Frank McClean had agreed to act as an instructor, so beginning a close association between Short Brothers and the Naval Air Service, whose first pilots were trained using Short S.27 pusher biplanes.

In 1911, Shorts built one of the world's first successful twin-engine aircraft, the Triple Twin. Construction started on a long series of naval aircraft floatplanes, starting with the Short S.26.

In 1913, Gordon Bell became Shorts' first professional test pilot: he was succeeded by Ronald Kemp in 1914. Kemp could not handle the volume of flight testing and development alone and, by 1916, other pilots were employed on a freelance basis. One of these was John Lankester Parker. In 1918 Parker succeeded Kemp as Shorts' Chief Test Pilot, a post he was to occupy for the next 27 years.

In 2013 a statue of the brothers was unveiled in memory of their contribution to early aviation, by local artist Barbara Street to stand on the site of the Aero Club clubhouse at Muswell manor.

### First World War

By the outbreak of World War I Shorts were already building a variety of aircraft. Production really started to expand during the war, for example for the Short Admiralty Type 184 (or simply "Short S.184"). On 15 August 1915, during the Battle of Gallipoli, a Short S.184 was the first aircraft to attack a ship with a live torpedo. Flying from HMS *Ben-my-Chree*, piloted by Flight Commander Charles Edmonds, it hit a Turkish supply ship in the Dardanelles. In terms of number built, the S.184 was Shorts' most successful pre-Second World War aircraft: over 900 were produced, many under licence by other manufacturers. A landplane version of the S.184 was also sold to the Royal Flying Corps as the Short Bomber.

During the First World War, Shorts were among the manufacturers of two flying boats, the F.3 and F.5, designed by John Porte at the Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe. When the war ended, some 50 of these were being built at Rochester.

#### Expansion at Rochester

Due to the company's success, and the increasing number of seaplanes being produced, larger premises with ready access to the sea were needed. At that time, seaplanes were taken by road to Queenborough, then loaded onto lighters to be taken to the RNAS seaplane station on Isle of Grain to be launched and tested. In 1913, an 8.4 acre (3.4 hectare) plot of land by the river Medway about 20 miles (32 km) away at Borstal, near Rochester, Kent, was purchased from Charles Willis (a local councillor), and the planning and construction work started. By early 1915, the first facility of what was to become known as the Seaplane Works was completed: No.1 Erecting Shop. As this and the No.2 and No.3 shops became available, the workforce moved from the Eastchurch factory. No.3 shop was completed in 1917. A long concrete slipway was constructed from the centre-line of No.3 Erecting Shop to enable aircraft of up to 20 tons weight to be launched even at low tide.

#### Airships at Cardington

In 1916, Short Brothers was awarded a contract to build two large dirigible airships for the Admiralty. As part of the contract, a loan was provided to enable the company to purchase a site near Cardington, Bedfordshire, on which to build airship construction facilities. As a result, the company concentrated on the construction of heavier-than-air aeroplanes in the Isle of Sheppey/Rochester area, and balloons and dirigibles at Cardington. A housing estate built by the company near Cardington to house its employees still bears the name Shortstown.

In 1919, the name of the company was changed to Short Brothers (Rochester and Bedford) Ltd., but nationalisation the same year ended the Short brothers' involvement with the company, which became the Royal Airship Works.

### 1920s and 1930s

During the immediate post-war years the economic climate was difficult for the aircraft industry in the United Kingdom. Shorts survived without reducing the company's workforce by diversifying into areas such as building lightweight bus and tram bodies.

During the 1920s and 1930s, flying boats were favoured for long-range civil aviation, because their operation did not rely on the existence of suitable airfields, which were not widespread at the time. Shorts took to the flying boat market, and in 1924 constructed a 350 ft (110 m) testing tank for testing hull and float designs. Shorts designed the floats used for the Supermarine S.4 and Gloster III seaplanes entered by the United Kingdom for the 1925 Schneider Trophy race. Alan Cobham's de Havilland DH.50 (G-EBFO) was also fitted with Shorts floats at Rochester. On 30 June 1926, Cobham then started a flight to Australia from the Medway. Two de Havilland Giant Moths were fitted with Shorts floats at Rochester, and the first was flown in June 1928; both were delivered to Western Canada Airlines Ltd.

In 1924, Shorts produced the first of a series of three designs known as the **Singapore**. In 1927, the Singapore I was used by Sir Alan Cobham, when he, his wife, and crew made a survey of Africa which covered about 23,000 miles.

Shorts then started design work on the Short Calcutta, based on the Singapore layout but larger and more powerful, which began service with Imperial Airways in August 1928. By April 1929 two more had been added to the fleet, and they operated passenger-preferred coastal routes from Genoa to Alexandria by way of Athens, Corfu, Naples, and Rome. Several Calcuttas were used on shorter routes, and were instrumental in permitting long-range airline services between outposts of the British Empire. Shorts followed the production of four Calcuttas with the larger Kent, following with a series of still larger aircraft designs such as the Short Empire, the first of which was launched on 2 July 1936. The Empire was commissioned off the drawing board by Imperial Airways (later BOAC), to operate the UK's Empire Airmail scheme.

A year later Shorts won a British government defence contract for the Sunderland military patrol flying boat. Sharing a similar design, but incorporating some aerodynamic and hydrodynamic advances, and a more rounded top of the fuselage that incorporated several gunner's positions. Dreaded by U-boats, it was claimed by the British propaganda people that the Germans called it "The Flying Porcupine" (*Fliegendes Stachelschwein* in German), although no evidence supports their contention.

In 1933, Shorts opened a new factory at Rochester Airport, which was becoming increasingly important for the landplanes the company was producing. The Eastchurch premises was closed in 1934, and in the same year Shorts purchased the engine manufacturer Pobjoy, which had moved to Rochester Airport to be near Shorts and had collaborated on its latest designs.

On 5 July 1937, a Short Empire was used by Imperial Airways for the first westbound transatlantic service from Foynes, Ireland to Newfoundland.

### First moves to Belfast

In 1936, the Air Ministry established a new aircraft factory at Belfast, and created a new company **Short & Harland Ltd**, owned 50% each by Harland and Wolff and Shorts. The first products of the new factory were 50 Bristol Bombays followed by 150 Handley-Page Hereford bombers.

Shorts work on seaplanes eventually culminated in the Short Sandringham and Short Seaford, both based on the Empire/Sunderland boats. These flying boats had enough range to operate as a transatlantic airliner, but largely served the post-war Empire (Commonwealth) market, in competition with 4-engined land planes such as modified Avro Lancasters, Avro Lancastrian and Avro York.

Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) operated the *Coral Route* from New Zealand to Fiji, the Cook Islands and Tahiti in the South Pacific, with Short Solent flying boats up to 1960.

### Second World War

During the Battle of Britain, the Rochester factory was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, and several Stirlings and other aircraft were destroyed, and during Easter week of 1941, Belfast and the aircraft factory were subjected to the worst single air-raid the UK had seen outside London. To prevent raids from limiting production, satellite factories near Belfast were operated at Aldergrove and Maghaberry, producing 232 Stirlings between them. A temporary Short's factory was established at White Cross Bay, Windermere, that produced 35 Sunderland Mark IIIs. Austin Motors at Longbridge, Birmingham also produced over 600 Stirlings, and Blackburn Aircraft produced 240 Sunderlands at its shadow factory in Dumbarton, Scotland.

During the Second World War, the Short Sunderland was an effective anti-submarine patrol bomber operated by RAF Coastal Command in the Battle of the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, in Asia and the south Pacific because of its availability, endurance and weapon load. It also carried out air-sea rescue operations. In the absence of sufficient Sunderlands, Australia impressed Qantas-Imperial Short Empire flying boats into military service, and used these successfully especially on reconnaissance missions in the Timor Sea area.

A much enlarged transatlantic development of the Empire, the **S.26 G-Class** was developed, but only three completed before the war resulted in further production being cancelled.

Short's work on the Sunderland also won it the contract for the **Short Stirling** four-engine bomber-transport for the RAF. This was essentially a land-based Sunderland, however its use of a now outdated thick-section, low aspect ratio wing to facilitate it going into service quickly limited climb and ceiling, and design decisions, such as the use of cells for individual bombs limited its long term usefulness as a heavy bomber when it proved incapable of carrying the newer larger bombs that didn't fit in the cells. As it was intended as a stopgap pending the delivery of the Handley Page Halifax and Avro Manchester bombers, it followed the RAF tradition of also being a transport aircraft, with a cabin useful for troops and cargo, in which role it was used once the Halifax and Avro Lancaster were available in large enough numbers. Attempts by Shorts to sell improved versions to the RAF were ignored, not least over concerns regarding Oswald's leadership and alcoholism.

In 1944, the **Short Shetland**, a high-speed, long-range, four-engined flying-boat, was built (with Saunders-Roe providing the wings and detail design work), but the project was abandoned shortly after the end of the war, however conversions and developments of the Sunderland entered service as transports, starting during the war with the **Hythe**, which was a demilitarized Sunderland with the turrets faired over, then the post-war **Sandringham**, which refined the shape to eliminate the turret mountings, and finally by the definitive **Solent**, with an enlarged tail and more powerful engines and other refinements derived from the stillborn wartime **Seaford**, which was to have been the penultimate Sunderland development.

In 1943, the Government nationalised Short's under Defence Regulation 78. Oswald Short, who had resigned as Chairman in January of that year, remained as Honorary Life President.

### Postwar

By 1947, all of Shorts other wartime factories had been closed, and operations concentrated in Belfast. In 1948, the company offices followed, and Shorts became a Belfast company in its entirety. In the meantime, in 1947, Short Brothers (Rochester and Bedford) Ltd. had merged with Short and Harland Limited to become **Short Brothers and Harland Limited**, with Oswald Short remaining as Life President.

In the 1950s, Shorts was involved in much pioneering research, including designing and building the VTOL Short SC1, the Short SB5 and the Short SB.4 Sherpa. Shorts built the Short Sperrin, a backup jet engine bomber design in case the V bomber projects failed, and the Short Seamew, a cheap-to-produce anti-submarine reconnaissance and attack aircraft intended for the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve squadrons, but the Sperrin was not needed and the RNVR squadrons disbanded. In the 1950s, Shorts also received sub-contracts to build 150 English Electric Canberras, and on 30 October 1952, the first of those made its maiden flight. Of these types, Shorts delivered 60 Canberra B.2s, 49 Canberra B.6s and 23 Canberra P.R.9s, the remaining 18 being cancelled by the Government in 1957. Further work was involved in the conversion of time-expired Canberra B.2s into unmanned radio-controlled missile target aircraft. Two prototypes and 10 production Canberra U.10s were produced, followed by six improved Canberra U.14s. These aircraft were controlled from the ground by VHF radio, and were equipped to provide feedback on their own performance, as well as that of the missiles aimed at them. As early as 1953, Shorts became involved with pioneering the development of electronic analogue computers, to assist with the design of increasingly complex aircraft.

In 1954, the Bristol Aeroplane Company became a 15.25% shareholder in Shorts, and the company used the injection of funds to set up a production line for the Bristol Britannia turbo-prop airliner, known in the press as *The Whispering Giant*. Although it was originally intended that 35 Britannias should be built by Shorts, a shortage of work at Bristol led to this number being reduced. Eventually, 15 Britannias were completed by Shorts; five sets of Britannia components were sent to Filton and used on the continued production there of Britannias.

In the 1960s, Shorts found a niche for a new short-haul freighter aircraft and responded with the Short SC.7 Skyvan. The Skyvan is most remembered for its box-like, slab-sided appearance and rectangular twin tail units, but the aircraft was well loved for its performance and loading. It served almost the same performance niche as the de Havilland Twin Otter, and the Skyvan proved more popular in the freighter market due to the large rear cargo door that allowed it to handle bulky loads with ease. Skyvans can still be found around the world today.

The heavy lift freighter Short SC.5 Belfast flew for the first time in 1964. Only 10 were built for the Royal Air Force. In the 1970s, Shorts entered the feederliner market with the Shorts 330, a stretched modification of the Skyvan, called the C-23 Sherpa in USAF service, and another stretch resulted in the more streamlined Shorts 360, in which a more conventional central fin superseded the older H-profiled twin fins.

In 1988, the proposed development was announced of a regional jet seating 44 passengers and to be called the FJX. The aircraft would have been a competitor to the Bombardier CRJ100 that was also in development at the time, but the FJX was cancelled after Short Brothers' sale to Bombardier.

### Loyalist paramilitaries

In 1987 loyalists working at Shorts erected loyalist flags and bunting to intimidate the Catholic workers. The loyalist workers went on strike after management removed the loyalist flags from the shop floor.

In April 1989, three Northern Irish men, Noel Little, Samuel Quinn and James King, were arrested in Paris and later convicted of "arms trafficking and associating with criminals involved in terrorist activities." They were accused of having stolen missile parts and documents related to Shorts' products. Also arrested were arms dealer Douglas Bernhardt and a South African diplomat.

In 1993 a Catholic sub-contractor at Shorts was shot dead and five others injured in a loyalist attack on a mini-bus full of Catholic workmen in an attack to discourage Catholics from taking jobs at Shorts.

### Belfast City Airport

In 1937, Shorts established an airfield in central Belfast, beside the factory. This became Sydenham Airport and, from 1938 to 1939, was Belfast's main civilian airport. During the Second World War, the airfield was requisitioned by the Royal Navy. Shorts continued to use the airfield until production of complete aircraft ceased, despite Nutts Corner, a former RAF base, becoming Belfast's main airport (Nutts Corner was itself superseded in 1963 by Aldergrove). In 1983, following interest from airlines and customers, the airfield was opened for commercial flights as Belfast Harbour Airport (later Belfast City Airport (BCA), now George Best Belfast City Airport). Following major capital investment, Bombardier sold BCA for £35 million in 2003.

### Bombardier

In 1977, the company changed its name back to Short Brothers, and in 1984 it became a public limited company in preparation for privatisation. The government announced the sale of Shorts to Bombardier on 7 June 1989 for £30 million. As part of the sale, the government agreed (at the insistence of then-Chancellor John Major) to write off £390 million of the company's "accumulated losses and inject another £390 million to recapitalise the group and cover current and future losses, capital investment and training." Bombardier beat a bid from General Electric Company and Fokker. Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm had withdrawn before final offers were submitted. The sale was finalised on 4 October 1989.

In 1993, with the company under the chairmanship of Sir Roy McNulty, Bombardier Shorts and Thomson-CSF formed a joint venture, Shorts Missile Systems, for the design and development of very short-range, air defence missiles for the UK Ministry of Defence and armed forces worldwide using expertise dating back to the 1950s. In 2000, Thomson-CSF bought Bombardier's 50% share to become the sole owner of Shorts Missile Systems, renaming it Thales Air Defence in 2001.

### Spirit AeroSystems

On 31 October 2019, Bombardier announced the sale of its aerostructures activities to Spirit AeroSystems. The sale closed in November 2020 following regulatory approval and a renegotiated price due to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Aircraft

Year of first flight in parentheses. Some of the early aircraft are designated using the Short sequence or constructors number which should not be confused with the similar type designations started at S.1 in 1924. Since becoming part of Bombardier Aerospace in 1989, focus is aerospace components rather than individual aircraft models, missiles or drones.

### 1900–1909

### 1910–1919

### 1920–1929

### 1930–1939

### 1940–1949

### 1950–1959

### 1960–1989

### Airships

### Missiles

Shorts' missile division, which evolved into Shorts Missile Systems (1993–2000, then sold), produced surface-to-air missiles.

Year of first use by a military in parentheses.

* Seacat – shipboard short-range surface-to-air missile (1962)
* Tigercat – land-based, trailer-mounted version of Seacat (1967)
* Blowpipesoldier portable (1975)
* Javelin – soldier portable (post-Blowpipe, pre-Starburst)
* Starburst – soldier portable (1989)
* Starstreak – soldier portable (1997)

### Rotorcraft

* Cierva C.14

### UAVs and drones

Test and trial programs from the 1960s and 1970s.

## Chief test pilots

## Armoured vehicles

* Barnes, C.H. (1989 revisions by James, Derek N.) *Shorts Aircraft since 1900*. Putnam. 1967, 1989 (revised). ISBN 0-85177-819-4
* Buttler, Tony (2017). *British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters since 1950* (2nd ed.). Manchester: Crecy Publishing. ISBN 978-1-910-80905-1.
* Jackson, A.J. *British Civil Aircraft since 1919, Volume 3*. Putnam. 1973. ISBN 0-370-10010-7
* Warner, Guy (July–August 2002). "From Bombay to Bombardier: Aircraft Production at Sydenham, Part One". *Air Enthusiast*. No. 100. pp. 13–24. ISSN 0143-5450.

## InfoBox

Short Brothers plc
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | Battersea, 1908 |
| Headquarters | Belfast, Northern Ireland |
| Key people | David Keith-Lucas |
| Revenue | £810 million (2006) |
| Operating income | £69 million (2006) |
| Net income | £48 million |
| Number of employees | 5,330 |
| Parent | Spirit Aerosystems |


title: Chiswell's Inheritance

abstract: Chiswell's Inheritance, also known as Chiswell's Manor, Chiswell's Delight and Grayhaven Manor, is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story, five-bay brick plantation house with an attached kitchen wing on the south end. Inlaid in glazed brick near the peak of the gable is the inscription "C S" with the date "1796" below. Chiswell's Inheritance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# Chiswell's Inheritance

**Chiswell's Inheritance**, also known as **Chiswell's Manor**, **Chiswell's Delight** and **Grayhaven Manor**, is a historic home located at Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a two-story, five-bay brick plantation house with an attached kitchen wing on the south end. Inlaid in glazed brick near the peak of the gable is the inscription "C S" with the date "1796" below.

Chiswell's Inheritance was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Chiswell's Inheritance | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| Chiswell's Inheritance, September 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 18200 Beallsville Road, Poolesville, Maryland |
| Coordinates | 39°9′11″N 77°25′24″W / 39.15306°N 77.42333°W / 39.15306; -77.42333 |
| Area | 135 acres (55 ha) |
| Built | 1796 (1796) |
| NRHP reference No. | 74000960 |
| Added to NRHP | September 10, 1974 |


title: Thomas Lane (17th-century MP)

abstract: Thomas Lane was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1625 and 1648.

text:
# Thomas Lane (17th-century MP)

**Thomas Lane** (1582 – 31 December 1652) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1625 and 1648.

## Career

Lane was educated at Clifford's Inn and was a bencher of the Inner Temple and lord of the manor of Greenford Parva.

In 1625 Lane was elected Member of Parliament for Wycombe and was re-elected in 1628. After an eleven-year period during which King Charles I ruled without parliaments, Lane was re-elected for Wycombe in April 1640 for the Short Parliament. He was re-elected in November 1640 to the Long Parliament and remained supporting the parliamentarian cause until ejected under Pride's Purge in 1648.

## Early life and family

Lane was born in Hughenden, Buckinghamshire and baptised there on 2 January 1583. According to Heralds visitations, he was descended from the "Lane family of Thingdon and Orlingbury" in Northamptonshire.

He married twice but had no children. His second wife was Jane Duncombe, daughter of John Duncombe of East Claydon, Buckinghamshire.

Lane died at the age of 70 and a memorial exists in the church of Greenford Parva (or Perivale). His will was proved on 10 May 1653.


title: St. Peter's Abbey, Saskatchewan

abstract: St. Peter's Abbey is in Muenster, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is the oldest Benedictine monastery in Canada. It was founded in 1903.

text:
# St. Peter's Abbey, Saskatchewan

St. Peter's Abbeyclass=notpageimage|Location of St. Peter's Abbey in Saskatchewan

**St. Peter's Abbey** is in Muenster, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is the oldest Benedictine monastery in Canada. It was founded in 1903.

## History

St. Peter's Abbey began in 1903 with the arrival of seven Benedictine monks under the obedience of Peter Engel O.S.B. the abbot of Saint John's Abbey in Collegeville, Minnesota. Many German speaking Roman Catholic immigrants had settled in the area and by 1903 they had over 700 homesteads. The monks established parishes and were able to serve their congregations in the German language.

St. Peter Abbey became independent in 1911 and Bruno Doerfler became its first abbot.

In 1921 St. Peter's Abbey became the **Territorial Abbey of Saint Peter-Muenster**. It was formed from a piece of the Diocese of Prince Albert 4,662 square kilometres (1,800 square miles) in size. It included 50 townships; townships 35 to 40, ranges 18 to 22, and townships 37 to 41, ranges 23 to 26 of the Dominion Land Survey west of the 2nd Meridian. The abbot's duties were similar to those of a bishop of a diocese. The Territorial Abbey was suppressed in 1998 to become part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saskatoon.

Today it remains an abbey, but is no longer a separate jurisdiction.

St. Peter's Cathedral was built between 1909 and 1910 and decorated by artist Berthold Imhoff in 1919. The church served as the cathedral of the territorial abbey. Located about one kilometre from the village of Muenster it was listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places in 2008.

A new church was built adjoining the abbey and St. Peter's College in 1989.

## Overview

As of February 2016, it is home to 18 Benedictine monks. This includes 8 priests, and 10 brothers. The abbot of St. Peter's is Peter Novecosky. They follow the monastic Rule of St. Benedict. St. Benedict wrote a rule for Christian life known for its balance and moderation; this life provides a balance between prayer, work and study for the monks.

## Abbots

Priors of St. Peter's Priory

* Alfred Mayer, O.S.B. (1901-1906)
* Bruno Doerfler, O.S.B. (elected 1906)

Abbots of the **Territorial Abbey of Saint Peter-Muenster**

* Bruno Doerfler, O.S.B. (1911 Appointed - 1919 Died)
* Michael Ott, O.S.B. (1919 elected - 1926 resigned)
* Severin Jacob Gertken, O.S.B. (5 Oct 1926 Confirmed - 1960 Died)
* Jerome Ferdinand Weber, O.S.B. (28 Jun 1960 Confirmed - 15 Jun 1990 Retired)
* Peter Wilfred Novecosky, O.S.B. (19 Oct 1990 Confirmed - 14 Sep 1998 Resigned)

Abbots of **St. Peter's Abbey**

* Peter Novecosky, O.S.B. (1998 - 2024 Died)

## St. Peter's Colony

The historic territory of the abbey was also referred to as **St. Peter's Colony**. 8,000 settlers had arrived in the colony by 1910 and by 1930 it was home to 18,000 Roman Catholics. Most were German Catholics.

### Parishes

The parishes of St. Peter's Colony served by the Benedictine monks of St. Peter's Abbey and their foundation dates included:

* Leofeld: St. Boniface Parish founded May 17, 1903. was the first church of St. Peter's Colony.
* Muenster: St. Peter’s May 21, 1903.
* Fulda July 18, 1903: St. Joseph
* Marysburg July 19, 1903: Marysburg Assumption Church
* Annaheim July 22, 1903: St. Ann Church
* Englefeld: Holy Guardian Angels was founded Aug. 1, 1903
* Watson May 18, 1904: Sacred Heart Church was founded in 1903
* Lake Lenore May 29, 1904: St. Anthony Church.
* Bruno July 18, 1904: St. Bruno Church was founded in 1904 In 1919 the Ursuline Sisters opened a convent and in 1922 St. Ursula's Academy.
* Humboldt 1905: St. Augustine Church was founded in 1905. St. Elizabeth Convent Cemetery in Humboldt. The first burial was in 1916 with 62 burials by 1996. The Franciscan Sisters of St. Elizabeth arrived from Austria in 1911 and founded a hospital in Humboldt.
* Burr Oct. 15, 1905: St. Scholastico Church near Burr
* Romance, Southwest of Watson Oct. 1906: St. Oswald Church. Cemetery records the first burial was in 1909.
* St. Gregor Jan. 17, 1907: St. Gregory the Great.The first church was built in 1907.
* Pilger Aug. 4,1907: Holy Trinity Church, St. Bernard (Old Pilger)
* St. Benedict 1907: St. Benedict Church
* Dana June 24, 1907: St. Maurus Church was founded in 1907.
* Carmel 1908: Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church. Located north is the Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. The work was commissioned by Abbot Serverin Gertkin of St. Peter's Abbey. An annual pilgrimage has been held on the site since 1922
* Cudworth Dec. 8, 1912: St. Michael Church
* Middle Lake 1915: Canadian Martyrs Church
* Peterson 1924: St. Agnes Church
* Naicam May 19, 1925: St. George's

52°11′32″N 104°59′53″W / 52.19222°N 104.99806°W / 52.19222; -104.99806


title: Sociodrama

abstract: A sociodrama is a dramatic play in which several individuals act out assigned roles for the purpose of studying and remedying problems in group or collective relationships. It was developed by social scientist Jacob L. Moreno to explore sociological interests using the techniques he originated in psychodrama for psychology. Sociodrama may be applied to collective trauma and current events, social problems and disintegration, prejudice, interpersonal tension and justice and rehabilitation.

text:
# Sociodrama

A **sociodrama** is a dramatic play in which several individuals act out assigned roles for the purpose of studying and remedying problems in group or collective relationships. It was developed by social scientist Jacob L. Moreno to explore sociological interests using the techniques he originated in psychodrama for psychology. Sociodrama may be applied to collective trauma and current events, social problems and disintegration, prejudice, interpersonal tension and justice and rehabilitation.


title: VR-61

abstract: Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 61 (VR-61), nicknamed Islanders, is a transport squadron of the Fleet Logistics Support Wing of the United States Navy Reserve, based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington. It is a reserve unit composed of both active duty and Selected Reserve sailors. The squadron maintains three modified Boeing Next-Generation 737-700C aircraft, designated as the C-40A Clipper. "VR-61 compiled more than 126,000 mishap-free flight hours while flying its previously assigned four C-9B aircraft. The squadron has received the Meritorious Unit Commendation, Navy Unit Commendation, two Congressman Bill Chappell awards, eight Safety "S" awards, four Battle "E" awards, four retention awards and the James M. Holcombe Maintenance Award."

text:
# VR-61

**Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 61 (VR-61)**, nicknamed **Islanders**, is a transport squadron of the Fleet Logistics Support Wing of the United States Navy Reserve, based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Washington. It is a reserve unit composed of both active duty and Selected Reserve sailors. The squadron maintains three modified Boeing Next-Generation 737-700C aircraft, designated as the C-40A Clipper.

"VR-61 compiled more than 126,000 mishap-free flight hours while flying its previously assigned four C-9B aircraft. The squadron has received the Meritorious Unit Commendation, Navy Unit Commendation, two Congressman Bill Chappell awards, eight Safety "S" awards, four Battle "E" awards, four retention awards and the James M. Holcombe Maintenance Award."

## InfoBox

| Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 61 | |
| --- | --- |
| VR-61 Insignia | |
| Active | 1 October 1982–present
(42 years) |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Navy |
| Role | Airlift |
| Part of | United States Navy Reserve |
| Garrison/HQ | Naval Air Station Whidbey Island |
| Nickname(s) | Islanders |
| Mascot(s) | Eagle |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Transport | C-9B Skytrain II (1982–2014)
C-40A Clipper (2014–present) |


title: The Mummers' Dance

abstract: "The Mummers' Dance" is a song written and performed by Canadian singer Loreena McKennitt, released as a single from her sixth studio album, The Book of Secrets (1997), in November 1997. The song refers to the seasonal mummers' play performed by groups of actors, often as house-to-house visits. Its lyrics indicate a springtime holiday. Remixed by electronic music production duo DNA for its single release, "The Mummers' Dance" reached No. 10 in Canada, No. 18 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 on the Billboard Triple-A chart. A music video was also produced for the song.

text:
# The Mummers' Dance

"**The Mummers' Dance**" is a song written and performed by Canadian singer Loreena McKennitt, released as a single from her sixth studio album, *The Book of Secrets* (1997), in November 1997. The song refers to the seasonal mummers' play performed by groups of actors, often as house-to-house visits. Its lyrics indicate a springtime holiday. Remixed by electronic music production duo DNA for its single release, "The Mummers' Dance" reached No. 10 in Canada, No. 18 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, and No. 1 on the *Billboard* Triple-A chart. A music video was also produced for the song.

## Track listings

Canadian CD single
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Mummers' Dance" (single version) | 4:00 |
| 2. | "The Mummers' Dance" (album version) | 6:08 |
| 3. | "The Mystic's Dream" | 7:40 |

CD-maxi
| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "The Mummers' Dance" (single version) | 4:00 |
| 2. | "The Mummers' Dance" | 6:08 |
| 3. | "Marrakesh Night Market" (live) | 6:44 |
| 4. | "The Dark Night of the Soul" (live) | 6:20 |

## Charts

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "The Mummers' Dance"
| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| United States | November 1997 | Adult album alternative radio |  |  |
| | December 9, 1997 | | Contemporary hit radio |  |
| | February 17, 1998 | | * CD * cassette |  |

## InfoBox

| "The Mummers' Dance" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Loreena McKennitt | |
| from the album  *The Book of Secrets* | |
| B-side | * "The Mystic's Dream" * "Marrakesh Night Market" (live) * "The Dark Night of the Soul" (live) |
| Released | November 1997 (1997-11) |
| Length | * 6:08 (album version) * 4:01 (single version) |
| Label |  |
| Songwriter(s) | Loreena McKennitt |
| Producer(s) |  |
| Loreena McKennitt singles chronology | |
| "The Bonny Swans"
(1995) "**The Mummers' Dance**"
(1997) "Marco Polo"
(1998) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "The Mummers' Dance" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Short Bridge

abstract: The Short Bridge spans the South Santiam River 12 miles (19 km) east of Sweet Home, Oregon, near the community of Cascadia. The 105-foot (32 m) Howe truss type bridge was built in 1945. It is named for Gordon Short, a long-time area resident. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text:
# Short Bridge

The **Short Bridge** spans the South Santiam River 12 miles (19 km) east of Sweet Home, Oregon, near the community of Cascadia. The 105-foot (32 m) Howe truss type bridge was built in 1945. It is named for Gordon Short, a long-time area resident. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Short Bridge | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The Short Covered Bridge spans the South Santiam River. | |
|  | |
| Location | High Deck Road, Cascadia, Oregon |
| Coordinates | 44°23′29.6″N 122°30′35.5″W / 44.391556°N 122.509861°W / 44.391556; -122.509861 |
| Built | 1945 |
| Architectural style | Howe truss |
| NRHP reference No. | 79002113 |
| Added to NRHP | November 29, 1979 |


title: Bluestack Way

abstract: The Bluestack Way is a long-distance trail through the Bluestack Mountains in County Donegal, Ireland. It is 65 kilometres long and begins in Donegal and ends in Ardara. It is typically completed in three days. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by the Bluestack Way Management Committee. The trail was first proposed by a local environmental group, the Bluestack Environmental Group, and was opened in 2000. It was partly funded by the EU Peace and Reconciliation Fund and construction was carried out by workers on a FÁS Community Employment Scheme. A review of the National Waymarked Trails in 2010 considered that the trail was suitable to be upgraded to a National Long Distance Trail, a proposed new standard of trail in Ireland intended to meet international standards for outstanding trails, and also recommended that the development of looped walks off the main route should be considered. Starting in Donegal Town, the trail heads north to reach Lough Eske before crossing the Bluestack Mountains to the village of Glenties. From Glenties, it follows the course of the Owenea River to the end of the trail at Ardara. The Bluestack Way is proposed to be included in the Irish leg of the International Appalachian Trail (IAT), an extension of the Appalachian Trail through Canada to Newfoundland, to all terrain that formed part of the Appalachian Mountains of Pangaea, including Ireland.

text:
# Bluestack Way

The **Bluestack Way** (Irish: ***Bealach na gCruach***) is a long-distance trail through the Bluestack Mountains in County Donegal, Ireland. It is 65 kilometres (40 miles) long and begins in Donegal and ends in Ardara. It is typically completed in three days. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by the Bluestack Way Management Committee.

The trail was first proposed by a local environmental group, the Bluestack Environmental Group, and was opened in 2000. It was partly funded by the EU Peace and Reconciliation Fund and construction was carried out by workers on a FÁS Community Employment Scheme. A review of the National Waymarked Trails in 2010 considered that the trail was suitable to be upgraded to a National Long Distance Trail, a proposed new standard of trail in Ireland intended to meet international standards for outstanding trails, and also recommended that the development of looped walks off the main route should be considered.

Starting in Donegal Town, the trail heads north to reach Lough Eske before crossing the Bluestack Mountains to the village of Glenties. From Glenties, it follows the course of the Owenea River to the end of the trail at Ardara.

The Bluestack Way is proposed to be included in the Irish leg of the International Appalachian Trail (IAT), an extension of the Appalachian Trail through Canada to Newfoundland, to all terrain that formed part of the Appalachian Mountains of Pangaea, including Ireland.

### Notes

### Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Bluestack Way | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Length | 65 km (40 mi) |
| Location | County Donegal, Ireland |
| Designation | National Waymarked Trail |
| Trailheads | County Donegal, Ardara |
| Use | Hiking |
| Elevation gain/loss | +1,230 m (4,035 ft) |
| Difficulty | Moderate |
| Season | Any |
| Surface | Bog roads, moorland, tarmac roads |


title: Chionodes erro

abstract: Chionodes erro is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona.

text:
# Chionodes erro

***Chionodes erro*** is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona.

## InfoBox

| *Chionodes erro* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gelechiidae |
| Genus: | *Chionodes* |
| Species: | ***C. erro*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chionodes erro***<br>Hodges, 1999 | |
|


title: 2022 Kansas elections

abstract: Kansas state elections were held in the state of Kansas on November 8, 2022. Primary elections were held on August 2, 2022. Voters elected all six executive officers, the lower house of the state legislature, and all of the state's delegations to the U.S. House.

text:
# 2022 Kansas elections

**Kansas state elections** were held in the state of Kansas on November 8, 2022. Primary elections were held on August 2, 2022.

Voters elected all six executive officers, the lower house of the state legislature, and all of the state's delegations to the U.S. House.

## United States Congress

### Senate

2022 United States Senate election in Kansas
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Jerry Moran (incumbent)** | **602,976** | **60.00%** | **−2.18%** |
|  | Democratic | Mark Holland | 372,214 | 37.04% | +4.80% |
|  | Libertarian | David Graham | 29,766 | 2.96% | −2.62% |
| Total votes | | | **1,004,956** | **100.0%** |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

### House of Representatives

Kansas elected four U.S. representatives, one for each congressional district.

| District | Republican | | Democratic | | Others | | Total | | Result |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| |  | |  | |  | |  | | |
| | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
| District 1 | 161,333 | 67.67% | 77,092 | 32.33% | 0 | 0.00% | 238,425 | 100.0% | Republican hold |
| District 2 | 134,506 | 57.64% | 98,852 | 42.36% | 0 | 0.00% | 233,358 | 100.0% | Republican hold |
| District 3 | 128,839 | 42.76% | 165,527 | 54.94% | 6,928 | 2.30% | 301,294 | 100.0% | Democratic hold |
| District 4 | 144,889 | 63.34% | 83,851 | 36.66% | 0 | 0.00% | 228,740 | 100.0% | Republican hold |
| Total | 569,567 | 56.85% | 425,322 | 42.46% | 6,928 | 0.69% | 1,001,817 | 100.0% |  |

| Popular vote   Republican  56.85%  Democratic  42.46%  Other  0.69% |
| --- |

| House seats   Republican  75.00%  Democratic  25.00% |
| --- |

## Governor and Lieutenant Governor

2022 Kansas gubernatorial election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Democratic** |  | **499,849** | **49.54%** | **+1.53%** |
|  | Republican |  | 477,591 | 47.33% | +4.35% |
|  | Independent |  | 20,452 | 2.03% | N/A |
|  | Libertarian | * Seth Cordell * Evan Laudick-Gains | 11,106 | 1.10% | −0.80% |
| Total votes | | | **1,008,998** | **100.0%** |  |
| Turnout | | |  | 47.94% |  |
|  | Democratic **hold** | | | | |

## Secretary of state

2022 Kansas Secretary of State election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Scott Schwab (incumbent)** | **580,908** | **58.36%** | **5.76** |
|  | Democratic | Jeanna Repass | 386,661 | 38.84% | 5.03 |
|  | Libertarian | Cullene Lang | 27,844 | 2.80% | 0.73 |
| Total votes | | | **995,413** | **100%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

## Attorney general

2022 Kansas Attorney General election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Kris Kobach** | **506,817** | **50.80** | **8.18** |
|  | Democratic | Chris Mann | 490,925 | 49.20 | 8.18 |
| Total votes | | | **997,742** | **100.00** |  |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

## Treasurer

2022 Kansas State Treasurer election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Steven Johnson** | **537,488** | **54.03** |
|  | Democratic | Lynn Rogers (incumbent) | 411,813 | 41.39 |
|  | Libertarian | Steve Roberts | 45,540 | 4.58 |
| Total votes | | | **994,841** | **100.00** |
|  | Republican **gain** from Democratic | | | |

## Insurance Commissioner

Incumbent Republican Vicki Schmidt won re-election. This was the only Kansas statewide election where Johnson County voted for the Republican nominee.

2022 Kansas Insurance Commissioner election
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Vicki Schmidt (incumbent)** | **618,108** | **63.01%** |
|  | Democratic | Kiel Corkran | 362,882 | 36.99% |
| Total votes | | | **980,990** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

## State Board of Education

All Kansas State Board of Education Republicans won.

2022 Kansas State Board of Education 1
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Danny Zeck** | **59,425** | **61.36%** |
|  | Democratic | Jeffery M. Howards | 37,417 | 38.64% |
| Total votes | | | **96,842** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

2022 Kansas State Board of Education 2
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Michelle Dombrosky (incumbent)** | **61,757** | **52.40%** |
|  | Democratic | Sheila Albers | 56,101 | 47.60% |
| Total votes | | | **117,858** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

2022 Kansas State Board of Education 5
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Cathy Hopkins** | **74,080** | **100.00%** |
| Total votes | | | **74,080** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

2022 Kansas State Board of Education 7
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Dennis Hershberger** | **83,029** | **100.00%** |
| Total votes | | | **83,029** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

2022 Kansas State Board of Education 9
| Party | | Candidate | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | **Republican** | **Jim Porter (incumbent)** | **85,015** | **100.00%** |
| Total votes | | | **85,015** | **100.00%** |
|  | Republican **hold** | | | | |

## State House of Representatives

The Kansas House of Representatives held elections for all 125 seats in 2022. Republicans maintained their supermajority in the chamber.

-
| Party | | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | % |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | Republican Party | 566,412 | 62.57% | **85** | -1 | 68% |
|  | Democratic Party | 334,211 | 36.92% | **40** | +1 | 32% |
|  | Libertarian Party | 4,584 | 0.50% | **0** |  | 0% |
| Total | | 905,207 | 100% | 125 |  |

## Abortion referendum

Value Them Both Amendment
| Choice | Votes | % |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **No** | **557,837** | **59.16** |
| Yes | 385,014 | 40.84 |
|
|
| **Total votes** | **942,851** | **100.00** |
|
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,929,972 | 48.85 |
| Source: Secretary of State of Kansas | | |

## InfoBox

2022 Kansas elections
| --- | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |


title: St. Anthony High School (Milwaukee)

abstract: St. Anthony School is a Roman Catholic private school located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee. Founded in 2009, the school is an extension to St. Anthony Grade School, which was founded in 1872.

text:
# St. Anthony High School (Milwaukee)

**St. Anthony School** is a Roman Catholic private school (grades K-12) located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milwaukee. Founded in 2009, the school is an extension to St. Anthony Grade School, which was founded in 1872.

## History

The high school began classes on August 31, 2009, with an enrollment of 107 students. It was the first new Catholic high school in the Milwaukee archdiocese in more than 25 years and the first Catholic high school on the south side within the boundaries of the city of Milwaukee since St. Mary's Academy closed in 1991. Previous leadership includes Father Cliff Ermatinger (Pastor) and Zeus Rodriguez (President 2012 - 2016) "reference". Retrieved 2024-08-12.

## Curriculum

St. Anthony School is an official international baccalaureate candidate school, and is expected to be certified for the 2015-16 school year.

## Athletics

In 2012, the boys soccer team won the Division III state championship in the second year of the program's existence.

## InfoBox

| St. Anthony School of Milwaukee | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| Milwaukee, (Milwaukee County), Wisconsin
United States | |
| Coordinates | 43°0′42″N 87°55′21″W / 43.01167°N 87.92250°W / 43.01167; -87.92250 |
| Information | |
| Type | Private, Coeducational, Choice Program |
| Motto | Ecce Nova Facio Omnia
(Behold, I make all things new) |
| Religious affiliation(s) | Roman Catholic |
| Patron saint(s) | Christ the King and Saint Anthony of Padua |
| Established | 1872 |
| President | Rosana Mateo |
| Principal | Rose Martin |
| Pastor | Fr. Fabian Rodas |
| Grades | 12 |
| Color(s) | Crimson and gold |
| Slogan | One Team. One Family. |
| Team name | Roman Legion |
| Communities served | South Side |
| Feeder schools | St. Anthony School |
| Website | www.stanthonymilwaukee.org |


title: Solar Saros 161

abstract: Saros cycle series 161 for solar eclipses will occur at the Moon's ascending node, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 72 eclipses, 43 of which will be umbral. The first eclipse will occur on 1 April 2174 and the last eclipse will occur on 20 May 3454. The longest totality will be 5 minutes 28 seconds on 24 September 2462 and the longest annular will be 2 minutes 6 seconds on 12 October 3093. This solar saros is linked to Lunar Saros 154.

text:
# Solar Saros 161

**Saros cycle series 161 for solar eclipses** will occur at the Moon's ascending node, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 72 eclipses, 43 of which will be umbral (35 total, 3 hybrid, 5 annular). The first eclipse will occur on 1 April 2174 and the last eclipse will occur on 20 May 3454.

The longest totality will be 5 minutes 28 seconds on 24 September 2462 and the longest annular will be 2 minutes 6 seconds on 12 October 3093. This solar saros is linked to Lunar Saros 154.

## Umbral eclipses

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 161 appears in the following table.

| Classification | Number | Percent |
| --- | --- | --- |
| All Umbral eclipses | 43 | 100.00% |
| Central (two limits) | 43 | 100.00% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Non-central (one limit) | 0 | 0.00% |

## All Eclipses

| Saros | Member | Date | Time
(Greatest)
UTC | Type | Location
Lat, Long | Gamma | Mag. | Width
(km) | Duration
(min:sec) | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 161 | 1 | April 1, 2174 | 22:39:09 | Partial | 61.2N 103.8E | 1.5107 | 0.047 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 2 | April 12, 2192 | 6:41:56 | Partial | 61.5N 25.4W | 1.4678 | 0.126 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 3 | April 24, 2210 | 14:39:19 | Partial | 61.9N 153.4W | 1.4202 | 0.2148 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 4 | May 4, 2228 | 22:28:44 | Partial | 62.4N 80.4E | 1.3659 | 0.3173 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 5 | May 16, 2246 | 6:14:10 | Partial | 63.1N 44.9W | 1.3077 | 0.4284 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 6 | May 26, 2264 | 13:52:07 | Partial | 63.9N 168.5W | 1.243 | 0.5526 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 7 | June 6, 2282 | 21:28:19 | Partial | 64.8N 68E | 1.1764 | 0.6815 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 8 | June 18, 2300 | 4:59:29 | Partial | 65.7N 54.5W | 1.1056 | 0.8189 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 9 | June 29, 2318 | 12:30:22 | Partial | 66.7N 177.3W | 1.034 | 0.9583 |  |  |  |
| 161 | 10 | July 9, 2336 | 19:58:22 | Total | 83.2N 49.4E | 0.9598 | 1.0657 | 800 | 3m 17s |  |
| 161 | 11 | July 21, 2354 | 3:28:22 | Total | 81.4N 171.7E | 0.887 | 1.0697 | 499 | 3m 51s |  |
| 161 | 12 | July 31, 2372 | 10:58:30 | Total | 71N 45.5E | 0.8144 | 1.0717 | 404 | 4m 18s |  |
| 161 | 13 | August 11, 2390 | 18:31:27 | Total | 61.3N 72.5W | 0.7441 | 1.0724 | 353 | 4m 41s |  |
| 161 | 14 | August 22, 2408 | 2:07:39 | Total | 52.3N 170E | 0.6766 | 1.072 | 317 | 5m 0s |  |
| 161 | 15 | September 2, 2426 | 9:48:47 | Total | 43.8N 51.6E | 0.6133 | 1.0709 | 291 | 5m 14s |  |
| 161 | 16 | September 12, 2444 | 17:35:35 | Total | 35.7N 67.9W | 0.5548 | 1.0688 | 268 | 5m 24s |  |
| 161 | 17 | September 24, 2462 | 1:28:08 | Total | 28.1N 171.4E | 0.5014 | 1.0662 | 249 | 5m 28s |  |
| 161 | 18 | October 4, 2480 | 9:27:58 | Total | 21.1N 49.2E | 0.4543 | 1.0631 | 231 | 5m 26s |  |
| 161 | 19 | October 15, 2498 | 17:34:44 | Total | 14.6N 74.5W | 0.4131 | 1.0597 | 215 | 5m 21s |  |
| 161 | 20 | October 27, 2516 | 1:48:46 | Total | 8.8N 160.5E | 0.3782 | 1.056 | 199 | 5m 11s |  |
| 161 | 21 | November 7, 2534 | 10:10:07 | Total | 3.9N 34E | 0.3495 | 1.0522 | 184 | 4m 58s |  |
| 161 | 22 | November 17, 2552 | 18:38:45 | Total | 0.3S 93.9W | 0.3269 | 1.0485 | 170 | 4m 42s |  |
| 161 | 23 | November 29, 2570 | 3:13:44 | Total | 3.4S 137.1E | 0.31 | 1.0449 | 158 | 4m 25s |  |
| 161 | 24 | December 9, 2588 | 11:53:28 | Total | 5.6S 7.2E | 0.2973 | 1.0416 | 146 | 4m 7s |  |
| 161 | 25 | December 21, 2606 | 20:37:56 | Total | 6.7S 123.7W | 0.2888 | 1.0387 | 135 | 3m 50s |  |
| 161 | 26 | January 1, 2625 | 5:25:27 | Total | 6.8S 104.8E | 0.2829 | 1.0361 | 126 | 3m 32s |  |
| 161 | 27 | January 12, 2643 | 14:14:06 | Total | 6S 27W | 0.2784 | 1.0341 | 119 | 3m 18s |  |
| 161 | 28 | January 22, 2661 | 23:02:23 | Total | 4.4S 158.8W | 0.274 | 1.0324 | 113 | 3m 4s |  |
| 161 | 29 | February 3, 2679 | 7:49:00 | Total | 2.1S 69.7E | 0.2685 | 1.0312 | 109 | 2m 54s |  |
| 161 | 30 | February 13, 2697 | 16:33:04 | Total | 0.7N 61.3W | 0.2612 | 1.0305 | 106 | 2m 46s |  |
| 161 | 31 | February 26, 2715 | 1:11:19 | Total | 3.7N 169.2E | 0.2495 | 1.0302 | 105 | 2m 42s |  |
| 161 | 32 | March 8, 2733 | 9:44:50 | Total | 7N 40.8E | 0.2343 | 1.0301 | 104 | 2m 39s |  |
| 161 | 33 | March 19, 2751 | 18:10:35 | Total | 10.2N 85.4W | 0.2131 | 1.0303 | 105 | 2m 38s |  |
| 161 | 34 | March 30, 2769 | 2:29:32 | Total | 13.2N 150.3E | 0.1866 | 1.0307 | 105 | 2m 40s |  |
| 161 | 35 | April 10, 2787 | 10:38:57 | Total | 15.7N 28.7E | 0.1525 | 1.031 | 106 | 2m 43s |  |
| 161 | 36 | April 20, 2805 | 18:41:09 | Total | 17.7N 90.7W | 0.1129 | 1.0313 | 106 | 2m 46s |  |
| 161 | 37 | May 2, 2823 | 2:34:05 | Total | 18.9N 152.6E | 0.0662 | 1.0314 | 106 | 2m 51s |  |
| 161 | 38 | May 12, 2841 | 10:18:35 | Total | 19.1N 38.2E | 0.0129 | 1.0312 | 105 | 2m 55s |  |
| 161 | 39 | May 23, 2859 | 17:54:35 | Total | 18.2N 74W | -0.0467 | 1.0305 | 103 | 2m 58s |  |
| 161 | 40 | June 3, 2877 | 1:23:34 | Total | 16.2N 175.3E | -0.1114 | 1.0294 | 100 | 2m 58s |  |
| 161 | 41 | June 14, 2895 | 8:45:51 | Total | 12.9N 65.9E | -0.1811 | 1.0278 | 96 | 2m 55s |  |
| 161 | 42 | June 25, 2913 | 16:01:38 | Total | 8.5N 42.4W | -0.2551 | 1.0255 | 90 | 2m 45s |  |
| 161 | 43 | July 6, 2931 | 23:13:24 | Total | 3.1N 150.5W | -0.3316 | 1.0226 | 81 | 2m 30s |  |
| 161 | 44 | July 17, 2949 | 6:21:27 | Total | 3.2S 101.6E | -0.4099 | 1.0189 | 71 | 2m 6s |  |
| 161 | 45 | July 28, 2967 | 13:27:22 | Hybrid | 10.4S 6.5W | -0.4892 | 1.0147 | 58 | 1m 37s |  |
| 161 | 46 | August 7, 2985 | 20:31:50 | Hybrid | 18.3S 115W | -0.5686 | 1.0097 | 41 | 1m 2s |  |
| 161 | 47 | August 20, 3003 | 03:37:08 | Hybrid | 26.8S 135.4E | -0.6463 | 1.0042 | 19 | 0m 26s |  |
| 161 | 48 | August 30, 3021 | 10:44:28 | Annular | 35.7S 24.4E | -0.7210 | 0.9980 | 10 | 0m 11s |  |
| 161 | 49 | September 10, 3039 | 17:53:36 | Annular | 45.2S 88.5W | -0.7932 | 0.9914 | 49 | 0m 46s |  |
| 161 | 50 | September 21, 3057 | 01:07:57 | Annular | 55.0S 155.0E | -0.8600 | 0.9842 | 109 | 1m 17s |  |
| 161 | 51 | October 2, 3075 | 08:26:38 | Annular | 65.0S 31.2E | -0.9225 | 0.9765 | 219 | 1m 44s |  |
| 161 | 52 | October 12, 3093 | 15:52:48 | Annular | 73.6S 116.7W | -0.9778 | 0.9678 | 592 | 2m 6s |  |
| 161 | 53 | October 24, 3111 | 23:23:27 | Partial | 71.4S 79.6E | -1.0286 | 0.9241 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 54 | November 4, 3129 | 07:02:38 | Partial | 70.6S 47.7W | -1.0714 | 0.8469 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 55 | November 15, 3147 | 14:47:14 | Partial | 69.7S 175.6W | -1.1090 | 0.7797 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 56 | November 25, 3165 | 22:39:30 | Partial | 68.7S 55.1E | -1.1396 | 0.7254 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 57 | December 7, 3183 | 06:36:48 | Partial | 67.6S 74.8W | -1.1654 | 0.6801 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 58 | December 17, 3201 | 14:40:49 | Partial | 66.5S 154.2E | -1.1852 | 0.6456 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 59 | December 28, 3219 | 22:48:15 | Partial | 65.4S 22.8E | -1.2013 | 0.6176 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 60 | January 8, 3238 | 06:58:53 | Partial | 64.4S 109.0W | -1.2143 | 0.5952 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 61 | January 19, 3256 | 15:10:37 | Partial | 63.5S 119.3E | -1.2257 | 0.5757 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 62 | January 29, 3274 | 23:23:20 | Partial | 62.8S 12.3W | -1.2361 | 0.5580 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 63 | February 10, 3292 | 07:33:12 | Partial | 62.1S 143.0W | -1.2482 | 0.5377 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 64 | February 21, 3310 | 15:40:24 | Partial | 61.6S 87.2E | -1.2618 | 0.5147 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 65 | March 3, 3328 | 23:42:09 | Partial | 61.3S 41.2W | -1.2795 | 0.4849 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 66 | March 15, 3346 | 07:39:13 | Partial | 61.1S 168.3W | -1.3006 | 0.4495 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 67 | March 25, 3364 | 15:26:47 | Partial | 61.1S 66.9E | -1.3287 | 0.4019 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 68 | April 5, 3382 | 23:07:52 | Partial | 61.3S 56.2W | -1.3616 | 0.3464 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 69 | April 17, 3400 | 06:38:31 | Partial | 61.7S 176.8W | -1.4020 | 0.2777 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 70 | April 28, 3418 | 14:01:32 | Partial | 62.2S 64.4E | -1.4481 | 0.1994 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 71 | May 8, 3436 | 21:13:13 | Partial | 62.8S 51.7W | -1.5026 | 0.1065 | - | - |  |
| 161 | 72 | May 20, 3454 | 04:17:52 | Partial | 63.5S 166.3W | -1.5619 | 0.0051 | - | - |  |


title: Dmytro Kaplunov

abstract: Dmytro Vitaliyovych Kaplunov is a colonel of the Security Service of Ukraine, a participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the group commander of the Special Operations Center "A" department. Hero of Ukraine.

text:
# Dmytro Kaplunov

**Dmytro Vitaliyovych Kaplunov** is a colonel of the Security Service of Ukraine, a participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the group commander of the Special Operations Center "A" department. Hero of Ukraine.

## Biography

He was born in a military family in the small town of Velyki Mosty, in the Lviv Region. He graduated from the 9th grade of Sosnivka school #13, after which he moved to Kharkiv, where he continued his studies at school #153 in the city of Kharkiv. Father and younger brother are also military personnel (father is a border guard).

In 2002, he graduated with honors from The Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Service of Ukraine. From 2002 to 2004, he served in the KNC of the DPSU in the position of deputy company commander. In 2004, he passed the test and became an employee of the CSO "A" of the SBU (canine department). He has been a participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war since the first days.

## Awards

The title of Hero of Ukraine with the award of the Golden Star Order (December 3, 2019)


title: Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We

abstract: "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We", also known as "Si We...", is a song by Snow featuring Ninjaman and Junior Reid. Recorded in Jamaica and produced by Junior Reid's One Blood production company, "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We" was released in 1994 as a 12-inch maxi-single only. It also served as the first track on Snow's second album, Murder Love. Ultimately, "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We" earned Snow a Juno nomination for Best Reggae Recording in 1996 and reached number one on the Jamaican reggae charts.

text:
# Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We

"**Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We**", also known as "**Si We... (Charged for Murder)**", is a song by Snow featuring Ninjaman and Junior Reid. Recorded in Jamaica and produced by Junior Reid's One Blood production company, "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We" was released in 1994 as a 12-inch maxi-single only. It also served as the first track on Snow's second album, *Murder Love*. Ultimately, "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We" earned Snow a Juno nomination for Best Reggae Recording in 1996 and reached number one on the Jamaican reggae charts.

## Production

After the success of "Informer", Snow began touring Jamaica and developed a friendship with dancehall legend, Ninjaman. The two began recording tracks in Jamaica and their joint efforts led to the opportunity to record a track with Junior Reid, one of Snow's musical idols.

## Lyrical analysis

"Si We Dem Nuh Know We" is performed entirely in Jamaican Patois and features a heavy base line. Like "Informer", all three artists describe a "son" falsely charged with murder. Unlike "Informer", "Si We Dem Nuh Know We" is not a biographical song. Rather, the inspiration for the song came from murder charges levied against Snow's Uncle Patty. As Snow explained, "It's about an innocent man being charged; anybody who gets falsely accused of a crime."

## Reception

Larry Flick gave the tune a positive review, writing "The 'Informer' returns in good company and familiar territory. The three masters of the mike take a jab at keeping pace with bouncy synthesizer stabs and deep bass beats. Despite the crowded bill, the sound remains bare-boned, wicked, and guilty-as-charged of a good beating."

## InfoBox

| "Si We Dem Nuh Know We" | |
| --- | --- |
| Single by Snow | |
| from the album  *Murder Love* | |
| Released | December 6, 1994 (1994-12-06) |
| Recorded | 1994 |
| Genre | Reggae |
| Length | 3:30 |
| Label | EastWest, Atlantic |
| Songwriter(s) | Desmond Balentine
Darrin O'Brien
Junior Reid |
| Producer(s) | Junior Reid |
| Snow singles chronology | |
| "Girl I've Been Hurt"
(1993) "**Si We Dem Nuh Know We**"
(1994) "Anything for You"
(1995) | |


title: Solariella susanae

abstract: Solariella susanae is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Solariellidae.

text:
# Solariella susanae

***Solariella susanae*** is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Solariellidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in New Zealand.

## InfoBox

| *Solariella susanae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Trochida |
| Superfamily: | Trochoidea |
| Family: | Solariellidae |
| Genus: | *Solariella* |
| Species: | ***S. susanae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Solariella susanae***<br>Maxwell, 1988 | |
|


title: Düsseldorf-Hamm

abstract: Hamm is an urban quarter of Düsseldorf, part of Borough 3. Hamm is located on the river Rhine, adjacent to the boroughs of Bilk, Volmerswerth, and the central harbour of Düsseldorf. It has an area of 4.10 km⁲ (1.58 sq mi), and 4,518 inhabitants (2020). To distinguish it from the Westphalian city of Hamm, locals often call it Kappes-Hamm.

text:
# Düsseldorf-Hamm

**Hamm** is an urban quarter of Düsseldorf, part of Borough 3. Hamm is located on the river Rhine, adjacent to the boroughs of Bilk, Volmerswerth, and the central harbour of Düsseldorf. It has an area of 4.10 km2 (1.58 sq mi), and 4,518 inhabitants (2020).

To distinguish it from the Westphalian city of Hamm, locals often call it Kappes-Hamm (Kappes is the word for cabbage in the local dialect).

## History

In 789 A.C. Hamm was written mentioned first time, second time 875. The earliest registrations of Hamm are from the year 1218. Hamm became a part of Düsseldorf in 1394. Since 1453 there had been a ferry line between Hamm and Neuss until the Josef Cardinal Frings-Bridge was constructed.

The gun club St. Sebastianus from 1458 is one of the oldest gun clubs in that region.

The Thirty-Year War began in 1644 in Hamm when troops of Brandenburg went into the settlement.

So the oldest churches who are still existing are the Rochus Chapel from 1709 and the Cross Chapel from 1658, gifted by the Earl of Palatine Philipp Wilhelm, both Roman Catholic. The Rochus Chapel nowadays is in use by the Greek-Orthodox Church of Düsseldorf. In 1824 a catholic elementary school opened, in 1960 the catholic kindergarten. To visit schools for higher education the students have to go to neighboring boroughs.

## Infrastructure

There is a tram line (706) connecting northern Hamm to the central and northern districts of Düsseldorf. The southern part of Hamm is connected with the tram lines 709 and during peak times with the line 704. These trams serve the central districts of Düsseldorf and Neuss.

Düsseldorf-Hamm station is served by the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn lines S 8, S 11 and S 28, running on the Mönchengladbach–Düsseldorf railway, which crosses over the Rhine on the Hamm Railway Bridge.

Two of the main roads of Düsseldorf run along the borders of Hamm.

Hamm still have an operating kindergarten and elementary school.

## InfoBox

| Düsseldorf-Hamm | |
| --- | --- |
| Stadtteil of Düsseldorf | |
| St. Blasius Church | |
| Map of Düsseldorf, showing **Hamm** (in red) within Borough 3 (in pink) | |
| Düsseldorf-Hamm Düsseldorf-Hamm | |
| Coordinates: 51°12′18″N 6°44′40″E / 51.20500°N 6.74444°E / 51.20500; 6.74444 | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | North Rhine-Westphalia |
| District | Urban district |
| City | Düsseldorf |
| Borough | Borough 3 |
| Founded | 789 |
| Area | |
| Total | 4.10 km2 (1.58 sq mi) |
| Population (2020-12-31) | |
| Total | 4,518 |
| Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |


title: Simon Williams (artist)

abstract: Simon Williams is a Welsh comic artist, based in Cardiff who has worked professionally in comics since 2003. Most recently Williams has become well known for his collaborations with David Hasselhoff and Jon Mikl Thor.

text:
# Simon Williams (artist)

**Simon Williams** is a Welsh comic artist, based in Cardiff who has worked professionally in comics since 2003. Most recently Williams has become well known for his collaborations with David Hasselhoff and Jon Mikl Thor.

## Biography

Williams started drawing comics from an early age, influenced by the artwork of Marvel Comics artists Sal Buscema, Jack Kirby and John Byrne. During his teenage years, Simon sought advice from local professional comic artists Mike Collins and David Roach.

After graduating from university, Williams started drawing comics professionally in 2003, working for Panini Comics *Transformers: Armada* and *Action Man* comics. He then went on to draw *Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures*, *The Incredible Hulk*, *Death's Head*, and *Marvel Heroes* for Panini's Marvel UK comics.

Williams has also produced artwork for various other forms of media, such as DVDs, toys and collectable merchandise. Most notably he produced covers for Clear Vision's line of Marvel Comics DVDs. He also provided covers for the UK releases of the classic Marvel cartoons, including *The Incredible Hulk* (1966, 1982 and 1996 shows), *X-Men* and *Spider-Man* (both the 1967 and 1994 shows).

Williams is also the creator of the *Discotronic Funk Commandos*, a group of superheroes from the 1970s. They are an affectionate parody of comics, music, film and TV from that era. The comic will also be featuring special guest-star appearances from David Hasselhoff and Jon Mikl Thor. He has collaborated with both in developing Hasselhoff's comic book and cartoon project, *The Hoff: Heroes of Fearless Freedom*, and also producing album artwork for Thor's upcoming *Thunderstryke 2* album.

## Bibliography

### Past works

### Current projects

## InfoBox

| Simon Williams | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 1973<br>Wales, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Occupation | Comic artist |
| Notable work | *Spectacular Spider-Man Adventures*, *The Incredible Hulk*, *Retro Tales*, *The Hoff - Heroes of Fearless Freedom* |


abstract:
Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman is a studio recording of the five-city concert tour in India of January 2012. The musical showcased over a hundred orchestral musicians as they performed live in India as part of the collaborative celebration titled Germany and India 2011-2011: Infinite Opportunities which marked celebration of 60 years of diplomatic ties between the two countries. The concert tour also coincided with the celebration of the centenary year of studio of German Film Orchestra Babelsberg. The concert made its debut in Mumbai on 20 January 2012 and subsequently traveled to Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Bengaluru.
The musical alliance between the German Film Orchestra Babelsberg and students of the KM Music Conservatory, Chennai, performed orchestral sweeps composed by A.R. Rahman for Roja, Swades, The Rising: Ballad of Mangal Pandey, Lord of the Rings, Passage, Slumdog Millionaire. Studio recordings of these pieces, performed in the concert are compiled in this album. Apart from these, scores from the film Elizabeth: The Golden Age, 127 Hours, Bombay, Warriors of Heaven and Earth were also performed at the concert.

text:
# Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman

***Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman*** is a studio recording of the five-city concert tour in India of January 2012. The musical showcased over a hundred orchestral musicians as they performed live in India as part of the collaborative celebration titled *Germany and India 2011-2011: Infinite Opportunities* which marked celebration of 60 years of diplomatic ties between the two countries.

The concert tour also coincided with the celebration of the centenary year of studio of German Film Orchestra Babelsberg. The concert made its debut in Mumbai on 20 January 2012 and subsequently traveled to Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Bengaluru. The musical alliance between the *German Film Orchestra Babelsberg* and students of the *KM Music Conservatory*, Chennai, performed orchestral sweeps composed by A.R. Rahman for Roja, Swades, The Rising: Ballad of Mangal Pandey, Lord of the Rings, Passage, Slumdog Millionaire. Studio recordings of these pieces, performed in the concert are compiled in this album. Apart from these, scores from the film Elizabeth: The Golden Age, 127 Hours, Bombay, Warriors of Heaven and Earth were also performed at the concert.

## Development

On 23 September 2011, it was announced that as a part 60 years of diplomatic relations between Germany and India there would be a collaboration between A.R. Rahman and the German Film Orchestra, Babelsberg who will perform selective compositions by A.R. Rahman live in concert. The orchestra was directed by Klaus Peter Beyer. He stated that when he had visited India in 2010, he carried back home the recordings of their first rehearsals that were few selected pieces of A.R. Rahman's music. He added that the concert would also have over a hundred members of the German film Orchestra together performing with choir members from Rahman's KM Music Conservatory, soloists along with conductor Matt Dunkley. Dunkley claimed, "I think for myself and the orchestra this tour will be a journey in more than one way. Everybody tells me that your first visit to India is a life-changing event, so I'm looking forward to experiencing all that India has to offer. It will be fascinating too to see the reaction of an Indian audience exposed, some for the first time, to the glorious sound of a full symphony orchestra and classical choir performing some of maestro Rahman's beautiful orchestral film music. I feel very honoured to be part of this historic project." The lineup of performances would have the selective classical scores from A.R. Rahman's Roja, Bombay, Swades and Enthiran. In an interview with *Times of India*, Rahman quoted, "I am sure this will be a new experience to Indian score lovers. It will give them a great opportunity to experience and see how many people are involved in creating huge scores and create a thirst among the younger generation to become orchestral musicians."

## Tour schedules

The following were the schedules of the tour.

| # | Date | City | Venue |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 20 January 2012 | Mumbai | Jamshed Bhabha Theater, The National Centre of Performing Arts |
| 2 | 22 January 2012 | New Delhi | Siri Fort Auditorium |
| 3 | 24 January 2012 | Kolkata | Science City Auditorium |
| 4 | 26 January 2012 | Chennai | Sir Mutha Venkata Subba Rao Concert Hall |
| 5 | 29 January 2012 | Bengaluru | Tripuravasini, Palace Grounds |
|

## Soundtrack

The scores for the songs that were selected to perform live were re-written. The orchestra played tunes, which were not the same as the original however the medley of songs was interwoven with the film's background score to create the orchestral impact. The concert recordings were released as an album, which features seven tracks. In July 2012, all the tracks were released on the label T-Series. They were simultaneously released on iTunes India with a bonus track "Cry of Rose" that was featured only in the iTunes version of the same album.

**Standard track listing** The track list was released on A.R. Rahman's official website in July 2012 itself. "Instrumental" in the track list depicts that the tracks are performed by the German Film Orchestra and KM Music Conservatory.

| # | Track | Original Score | Singer(s) | Length (in mm:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | The Rising: Legacy | Mangal Pandey: The Rising | Instrumental | 01:54 |
| 2 | Swades Suite | Swades | Instrumental | 05:02 |
| 3 | Lothlorien | The Lord of the Rings | Instrumental
Solo Vocals:Arun Haridas Kamath, Kavita Baliga | 04:04 |
| 4 | Moi (Aria) | Passage | Instrumental
Solo Vocals:Kavita Baliga | 05:16 |
| 5 | The Waltz (Lux Aterna) | Passage | Instrumental
Solo Vocals:Kavita Baliga | 03:20 |
| 6 | Latika's Theme | Slumdog Millionaire | Instrumental | 03:40 |
| 7 | Mausam & Escape | Slumdog Millionaire | Instrumental | 03:36 |
|

**Bonus track** (featured only in iTunes version of the album)

| # | Track | Original Score | Singer(s) | Length (in mm:ss) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8 | Cry of Rose
(Music label: Magnasound) | Roja | Instrumental
(Featuring: Navin Iyer as flautist, Asad Khan on Sitar) | 06:24 |
|

## InfoBox

| Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Live album by A.R. Rahman | |
| Released | July 2012 |
| Recorded | December 2011–June 2012
Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios, Chennai
Panchathan Hollywood Studio, Los Angeles
YRF Studios, Mumbai |
| Genre | Orchestral |
| Length | 27:06 |
| Language | English
French |
| Label | K M Musiq
T-Series
Magnasound |
| A.R. Rahman chronology | |
| *L.A. Philharmonic Orchestra (Live)*
(2011) ***Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman***
(2012) | |


title: Chi Lăng district

abstract: Chi Lăng is a rural district of Lạng Sơn province in the Northeastern region of Vietnam. It is famous for many decisive battles at Chi Lăng pass in which the Vietnamese defeated the Chinese invaders. As of 2003, the district had a population of 77,910. The district covers an area of 703 km⁲. The district capital lies at Đồng Mỏ. Chi Lăng pass was the site of many battles between feudal Vietnam and northern armies. Lý Thường Kiệt, Trần Hưng Đạo and Lê Lợi were among the army leaders that won battles in the district. Nowadays, many streets and places across Vietnam are named after the Chi Lăng pass, most notably the Chi Lăng Stadium in Da Nang.

text:
# Chi Lăng district

**Chi Lăng** is a rural district of Lạng Sơn province in the Northeastern region of Vietnam. It is famous for many decisive battles at Chi Lăng pass in which the Vietnamese defeated the Chinese invaders.

As of 2003, the district had a population of 77,910. The district covers an area of 703 km2. The district capital lies at Đồng Mỏ.

Chi Lăng pass was the site of many battles between feudal Vietnam and northern armies. Lý Thường Kiệt, Trần Hưng Đạo and Lê Lợi were among the army leaders that won battles in the district. Nowadays, many streets and places across Vietnam are named after the Chi Lăng pass, most notably the Chi Lăng Stadium in Da Nang.

## Geography

Chi Lang district is located in the south of Lạng Sơn province, 106 km from Hà Nội city, 35 km from Lạng Sơn city, with the geographical location:

* East: borders Lộc Bình district
* North: borders Cao Lộc, Văn Quan districts and Lạng Sơn city
* West: border with Văn Quan district
* Southwest: borders Hữu Lũng district
* South: borders Lục Ngạn district, Bắc Giang province.

Chi Lăng district has an area of 707.45 km2, and the population in 2019 is 75,063. The district capital is Dồng Mỏ town, located on the National Route 1.

Chi Lăng is a mountainous district, with the famous Chi Lang pass. Chi Lang topography is divided by many hills, rivers and streams, the topography gradually slopes from the northeast to the southwest, the slope is quite large, especially the communes located along the Huu Kien massif. The highest place in the east of the district is also the border between Lộc Bình district, Lạng Sơn province and Lục Ngạn district, Bắc Giang province with the highest peak of 975 m, the lowest place is in the south of the district with an altitude of 35m, in Chi Lang town.

Chi Lăng district has the main river upstream of Thương River. Thương River originates from the high mountainous Na Pha Phuoc 600 m high, belongs to Bắc Thủy commune at the top northeast of Chi Lăng district. The river flows in the northeast-southwest direction, down to Hữu Lũng district to join the Trung river. (There are documents that consider the Trung River to be the main branch of the Thuong River, originating in the mountainous southeast of Vo Nhai district, Thai Nguyen province, flowing into Hữu Lũng district, confluence with the river branch flowing from Chi Lăng district).

Chi Lăng is located in the transitional position between the wet and rainy sub-region in the west, the cold sub-region with little rainfall in the east, and is influenced by the northern mountainous climate. Average annual temperature 22.7 °C annual average rainfall is 1,379mm. In 2019, the average population of Chi Lang is 75,063 people, accounting for 9.6% of the population of the whole province, the average population density is 106 people / km2, higher than the average of the province, with many different ethnic groups. live. Nearly 74% of the population lives in rural areas and in agricultural production, urban population about 26%

## Administrative divisions

The district consists of two towns: Đồng Mỏ and Chi Lăng, and 18 communes: Bắc Thủy, Bằng Hữu, Bằng Mạc, Chi Lăng, Chiến Thắng, Gia Lộc, Hòa Bình, Hữu Kiên, Lâm Sơn, Liên Sơn, Mai Sao, Nhân Lý, Quan Sơn, Thượng Cường, Vân An, Vạn Linh, Vân Thủy and Y Tịch.

21°40′01″N 106°40′01″E / 21.667°N 106.667°E / 21.667; 106.667

## InfoBox

| Chi Lăng district Huyện Chi Lăng | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Cai Kinh mountain range and Chi Lăng fields | |
| Country | Vietnam |
| Region | Northeast |
| Province | Lạng Sơn |
| Capital | Đồng Mỏ |
| Area | |
| Total | 271 sq mi (703 km2) |
| Population (2003) | |
| Total | 77,910 |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (Indochina Time) |


title: Reeves Castle

abstract: Reeves Castle is a 14th-century tower house (castle) located in County Kildare, Ireland. On the Record of Monuments and Places it bears the codes KD015-001 (enclosure) and KD015-002.

text:
# Reeves Castle

**Reeves Castle** is a 14th-century tower house (castle) located in County Kildare, Ireland. On the Record of Monuments and Places it bears the codes *KD015-001* (enclosure) and *KD015-002* (tower house).

## Location

Reeves Castle is about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Ardclough and 4 km (2.5 mi) south-southwest of Celbridge. It is located in countryside 660 m (720 yd) south of a bend in the River Liffey. Lyons Estate is located 1.4 km (0.87 mi) to the southeast.

## History

Reeves Castle is believed to derive its name from the Anglo-Norman *rive*, "riverbank," although other sources connect it to the Old Irish *ruibh*, "rue." It was built in the 14th century as one of a range of tower houses whose purpose was to defend The Pale from Gaelic Irish raiders.

In the 16th century it was part of the manor of Donaghcumper; in 1537 the manor, along with Reeves Castle was leased to Sir John Alen; the arms of the Alen family were later affixed to Reeves Castle, and they are still to be seen there, now joined to the newer building. In 1537, *"le Rew, alias Rewes, and Prioriston"* consisted of 1 castle, 3 messuages (dwelling houses with outbuildings), 6 cottages, and 160 acres (65 ha) of land.

The tower house was burned during the Irish Rebellion of 1641, by order of Lord Justice John Borlase, but it was listed as "in good repair" in 1649. It is prominently marked in Alexander Taylor's 1783 map of Co Kildare. In the 18th and 19th centuries it was a property of the Earls of Leitrim.

Today the fortification is located on the grain farm of a Michael McBennett and is not open to the public.

## Building

Reeves Castle is four storeys high with a semi-circular stair tower. The original doorway was in the south wall; in the 18th or 19th century a stone farmhouse was built attached to the south wall of the old castle. An archway built onto the north wall may have provided access to a bawn.

## InfoBox

| Reeves Castle | |
| --- | --- |
| *Native name*
Irish: *Caisleán an Rú* | |
| Location of Reeves Castle in Ireland | |
| Type | Tower house |
| Location | Reeves, Celbridge,
County Kildare, Ireland |
| Coordinates | 53°18′25″N 6°33′49″W / 53.306864°N 6.563530°W / 53.306864; -6.563530 |
| Built | 14th century |
| Architectural style(s) | Norman |
|  | |