title: Finland–Norway border

abstract: The border between Norway and Finland is 736 kilometers (457 mi) long. It is a land and river border between two tripoints. The western tripoint is marked by Treriksröset, a concrete cairn where both countries border Sweden. The eastern tripoint is marked by Treriksrøysa, a stone cairn where both countries border Russia. The border was defined in a treaty from 1751, but was then a part of the border between the Kingdom of Sweden, ruling Finland, and Denmark-Norway. In the period 1738–1751 there were field investigations and negotiations on the border, although the Finnish part needed less negotiation. Cairns were erected after that with the last one in Nesseby Municipality in 1766. After Finland became the Grand Duchy of Finland, a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, and the independent Kingdom of Norway was evoked into but in personal union with Sweden under the Swedish King, a treaty was again negotiated in 1816 with Russia. Defining the easternmost part of the borderzone. Between 1920 and 1944, the Petsamo area belonged to Finland, so the Finland–Norway border extended along the present Norway–Russia border to the ocean. The 1751 treaty also granted the Sami people the right to cross the border freely, including their reindeer, as they always had done. In 1852, the border of Norway–Finland/Russia was closed, causing trouble for the Sami, who needed the Finnish forests for reindeer winter grazing. This rule is still in effect, which means that part of the border are fenced to prevent the crossing of reindeer, while there are stairs across the fence in place to allow humans to cross the border, as well as gates for ATVs to cross the border. The Finland–Norway border is open as both countries are part of the Schengen Area. It is legal to cross the border anywhere if no customs declaration or passport check is needed. A treaty gives the customs officers of one country the right to carry out clearance and checks for both countries. There is an 8-meter (26 ft) wide clear-cut zone along the land border in forest areas. Almost half of the border follows the rivers Anarjohka and Tana. A fairly large share of the western part of the border goes over treeless mountains. There are 57 original cairns north of Treriksröset from until 1766, numbered 293–342 west of Anarjohka river and 343–349 east of Tana river. Later further cairns numbered 343–353 against Finland were erected east of Nesseby, and cairns in between the originals with a letter after the number. The extreme eastern end of Norway actually reaches east of Finland, located between Finland and Russia. Since Norway uses Central European Time and Finland uses Eastern European Time, the time zone on the east side of the border is one hour behind the time zone on the west side.

text:
# Finland–Norway border

69°23′54″N 25°50′36″E / 69.39833°N 25.84333°E / 69.39833; 25.84333

The **border between Norway and Finland** is 736 kilometers (457 mi) long. It is a land and river border between two tripoints. The western tripoint is marked by Treriksröset, a concrete cairn where both countries border Sweden. The eastern tripoint is marked by Treriksrøysa, a stone cairn where both countries border Russia.

The border was defined in a treaty from 1751, but was then a part of the border between the Kingdom of Sweden, ruling Finland, and Denmark-Norway. In the period 1738–1751 there were field investigations and negotiations on the border, although the Finnish part needed less negotiation. Cairns were erected after that with the last one in Nesseby Municipality in 1766. After Finland became the Grand Duchy of Finland, a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, and the independent Kingdom of Norway was evoked into but in personal union with Sweden under the Swedish King, a treaty was again negotiated in 1816 with Russia. Defining the easternmost part of the borderzone. Between 1920 and 1944, the Petsamo area belonged to Finland, so the Finland–Norway border extended along the present Norway–Russia border to the ocean. The 1751 treaty also granted the Sami people the right to cross the border freely, including their reindeer, as they always had done. In 1852, the border of Norway–Finland/Russia was closed, causing trouble for the Sami, who needed the Finnish forests for reindeer winter grazing. This rule is still in effect, which means that part of the border are fenced to prevent the crossing of reindeer, while there are stairs across the fence in place to allow humans to cross the border, as well as gates for ATVs to cross the border.

The Finland–Norway border is open as both countries are part of the Schengen Area. It is legal to cross the border anywhere if no customs declaration or passport check is needed. A treaty gives the customs officers of one country the right to carry out clearance and checks for both countries. There is an 8-meter (26 ft) wide clear-cut zone along the land border in forest areas. Almost half of the border follows the rivers Anarjohka and Tana. A fairly large share of the western part of the border goes over treeless mountains. There are 57 original cairns north of Treriksröset from until 1766, numbered 293–342 west of Anarjohka river and 343–349 east of Tana river. Later further cairns numbered 343–353 against Finland were erected east of Nesseby, and cairns in between the originals with a letter after the number.

The extreme eastern end of Norway (containing the town of Kirkenes) actually reaches east of Finland, located between Finland and Russia. Since Norway uses Central European Time and Finland uses Eastern European Time, the time zone on the east side of the border is one hour behind the time zone on the west side.

## List of road border crossings

From east to west:

N = customs station on the Norwegian side F = customs station on the Finnish side

All road crossings on this border have customs stations.


title: Finland–North Korea relations

abstract: Finland–North Korea relations are bilateral relations between Finland and North Korea. In the 1970s, Finland made a decision to have diplomatic relations with both North and South Korea. This mirrored the contemporary policy of relations with both East and West Germany. Finland extended formal diplomatic recognition to North Korea on 13 April 1973. The countries have had formal diplomatic relations since 1 June 1973. Relations were sometimes close until the 1990s, after which correspondences have significantly diminished. North Korea had an embassy in Finland from 1978 until it closed it down in 1998 for economic reasons. North Korea maintained a fair amount of its relations with the European Union through the embassy, which made Finland one of its priorities. Kim Pyong-il, a son of the country's president, Kim Il Sung, was chosen as the last resident ambassador. This was either to highlight the importance of relations with Finland or to move him out of Pyongyang in order to prevent a power struggle with his half-brother Kim Jong Il, who succeeded Kim Il Sung. Nowadays, North Korea is represented by a non-resident ambassador in the Embassy of North Korea in Stockholm, Sweden, who is currently Kang Yong-dok. His Finnish counterpart is Eero Suominen, although he is yet to be accredited. Various diplomatic incidents have taken place over the years. In the 1970s, North Korean diplomats were found to run a smuggling ring in Finland and the other Nordic countries as part of North Korea's illicit activities to obtain foreign currencies. In 1983 the North Korean ambassador tried to bribe the Finnish prime minister Johannes Virolainen. In 2007, Finnish Customs used teargas on two North Korean diplomats who refused to cooperate. In the 1970s, North Korea purchased two paper machines from Finland for 30 million euros. The debt has never been paid back. Trade between the two countries has been "virtually non-existent" since the 2000s. There is a friendship association to promote Finnish–North Korean relations in Finland called Finland–Korea Association. Likewise, North Korea has its Korea–Finland Association. Pentecostal charity Fida International and the Finnish Red Cross operate in the country.

text:
# Finland–North Korea relations

**Finland–North Korea relations** are bilateral relations between Finland and North Korea.

In the 1970s, Finland made a decision to have diplomatic relations with both North and South Korea. This mirrored the contemporary policy of relations with both East and West Germany. Finland extended formal diplomatic recognition to North Korea on 13 April 1973. The countries have had formal diplomatic relations since 1 June 1973. Relations were sometimes close until the 1990s, after which correspondences have significantly diminished.

North Korea had an embassy in Finland from 1978 until it closed it down in 1998 for economic reasons. North Korea maintained a fair amount of its relations with the European Union through the embassy, which made Finland one of its priorities. Kim Pyong-il, a son of the country's president, Kim Il Sung, was chosen as the last resident ambassador. This was either to highlight the importance of relations with Finland or to move him out of Pyongyang in order to prevent a power struggle with his half-brother Kim Jong Il, who succeeded Kim Il Sung. Nowadays, North Korea is represented by a non-resident ambassador in the Embassy of North Korea in Stockholm, Sweden, who is currently Kang Yong-dok. His Finnish counterpart is Eero Suominen, although he is yet to be accredited.

Various diplomatic incidents have taken place over the years. In the 1970s, North Korean diplomats were found to run a smuggling ring in Finland and the other Nordic countries as part of North Korea's illicit activities to obtain foreign currencies. In 1983 the North Korean ambassador tried to bribe the Finnish prime minister Johannes Virolainen. In 2007, Finnish Customs used teargas on two North Korean diplomats who refused to cooperate.

In the 1970s, North Korea purchased two paper machines from Finland for 30 million euros. The debt has never been paid back. Trade between the two countries has been "virtually non-existent" since the 2000s.

There is a friendship association to promote Finnish–North Korean relations in Finland called Finland–Korea Association. Likewise, North Korea has its Korea–Finland Association. Pentecostal charity Fida International and the Finnish Red Cross operate in the country.

## History

> **Question:** With how many countries does the Democratic People's Republic of Korea maintain diplomatic relations? If the Republic of Finland wants to establish diplomatic relations with your country, what would be your attitude on this matter?
> **Answer:** The DPRK has established diplomatic relations with eleven socialist countries including the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and is promoting friendly cooperative relations with them. In addition, the DPRK has economic and cultural relations with a number of Asian and African nations. The DPRK, which since its very inception has consistently pursued a peace-loving foreign policy, endeavours to promote friendly relations with all countries, irrespective of their social systems, in accordance with the principles of peaceful coexistence. We are ready to establish good relations with all countries which want to form friendly relations with our country.

Kim Il Sung, 1958

North Korea pursued relations with Finland already in the late 1950s. Finland, however, could not agree to the establishment of formal relations with a divided state of the Cold War. Formation of relations culminated in Finnish diplomatic recognition of North Korea on 13 April 1973, and the establishment of formal diplomatic relations on 1 June 1973. Until the 1990s, the two had sometimes close relations. In recent times, the two countries have not had important relations. The last time that political consultations were held was in 2005. Nowadays, the two countries maintain normal diplomatic relations, but they are not particularly close. Finland has often condemned those actions of North Korea that it perceives as threats to international peace and security.

### Establishment of trade relations, recognition, and diplomatic relations

> I wish to express to you and the government of Finland my deep thanks for the support your government has given to the policy of independent and peaceful reunification of the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the struggle of the Korean people to implement it.

Kim Il Sung in a letter to Urho Kekkonen, 1973

A Christmas card sent to President Urho Kekkonen by Kim Il Sung

A bilateral trade agreement was signed on 9 October 1969, and a North Korean trade office was established in Helsinki in January 1971. In the 1970s, Finland maintained a prudent foreign policy toward any divided states. Like East and West Germany, North and South Korea fell under this policy. Consequentially, Finland had to let South Korea establish a trade office in the capital as well. It also entailed that Finland would have to establish formal diplomatic relations with both states. The impetus came in November 1972, when Finland recognized both German states. The following month, North Korean diplomats petitioned the Finnish government to pursue recognition of North Korea as well. Finland simultaneously recognized the two Korean states on 13 April 1973. Diplomatic relations with North Korea were established two months later, on 1 June and with South Korea slightly later on 24 August. Finland became the second Western European country, after Sweden, to establish relations with the North. Because of the policy, however, Finland recognized South Korea later than the other Nordic countries. The Korean question continued to be addressed at the United Nations in the 1970s. Kim Il Sung apparently considered Finland to have a role to play and petitioned him twice by personal letters in 1973. In the 1970s, Finland maintained closer ties with North than South Korea. The tide began to turn in the late 1970s because of unpaid debts and diplomatic incidents. By the mid-1980s, Finland was favoring South Korea over the North, although Kim still described the ties as "cordial" in 1985. Finland was establishing an embassy in Seoul, and let North Korea know that there would be no Finnish embassy in Pyongyang until the country cleaned up its diplomatic act and paid its debts.

### Illicit activities

In 1976, North Korean diplomats were discovered to run extensive smuggling of cigarettes, liquor, and illegal drugs in Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark as part of North Korea's illicit activities to earn currency. In Finland, this included trafficking drugs and alcohol, unauthorized selling of alcohol wares purchased at diplomatic rates and attempts to sell illegal drugs. The case culminated in a major police operation and a car chase in Helsinki. *Chargé d'affaires* Chang Dae-hi and three other diplomats were declared *persona non grata*. The incident proved not only damaging to the reputation of North Korea but also put the Finnish authorities in a difficult position because North Korea still remained a diplomatic priority.

The biggest blow to diplomatic relations took place in 1983, when the North Korean ambassador, Yu Jae-han tried to bribe the Finnish prime minister Johannes Virolainen with $5,000. The incident resulted in the diplomat being announced *persona non grata*. North Korean diplomats have also reportedly tried to sell pornography in Finland.

In 2007, North Korea issued a diplomatic note of dissatisfaction with Finland after an incident concerning two North Korean diplomats. The diplomats headed to Stockholm were aboard the train from Moscow to Helsinki when Finnish Customs officials had to use tear gas after they refused to cooperate. The men had refused to show their train tickets and their diplomatic passports lacked the appropriate annex for passing through Finland, where they had not been accredited. Only after the Finnish police had determined that there was North Korean diplomatic personnel in Finland to meet the men and escort them to Sweden was it determined that they were entitled to diplomatic immunity as passing by diplomats. The North Korean note accused Finland of human rights violations and the diplomats being bitten by canine police.

North Korea has attempted to import dual-use technology suitable for weapons of mass destruction from Finland.

## Diplomatic representation

Embassy of North Korea, StockholmEmbassy of Sweden, Pyongyang

North Korea maintained an embassy in Finland from 1978 until it closed it down in 1998. In addition to the embassy, located at Kulosaaren puistotie 32 in the Kulosaari district of Helsinki, North Korea maintained an official residence for the ambassador, in the Tammisalo district of the capital since spring 1994. The embassy was closed down "for economic reasons". The properties were sold and the embassy subsequently demolished.

The last ambassador before a temporary diplomat was Kim Il Sung's son Kim Pyong-il, who had been accredited on 18 March 1994. Kim's predecessor, Choe Sang-bom, had served for about six months, until he reportedly fell ill and left the country in December 1993. However, it could also have been that Choe was recalled for political reasons. Before the shutdown, North Korea used to run much of its relations with the European Union through its embassy in Finland, and the Finnish Foreign Ministry assessed that North Korea had "invested a lot" in its relations with Finland. Kim Pyong-il, in particular, was thought to have been chosen as ambassador in order to raise the profile of Finnish relations. On the other hand, Kim was speculated to have been placed in Finland to be out of the way of a potential power struggle following the anticipated succession of his half-brother Kim Jong Il to the country's leadership. Kim Pyong-il was called back to Pyongyang on 22 April 1994. The departure was sudden and North Korea failed to inform the Finnish Foreign Ministry. This sparked speculation that Kim Il Sung was tormented by doubts about Kim Jong Il's ability to succeed him and maintain the Kim family regime, and that he still viewed Kim Pyong-il as a potential successor. Kim Il-sung died on 9 July 1994, and Kim Pyong-il returned to Helsinki as soon as the funeral was over and told the Finnish press that Kim Jong Il was designated as the successor decades before.

In the 1990s, Finland was a strategic partner due to its traditional role in-between Western and Eastern countries following North Korea's soured relations with major powers due to its nuclear weapons program. At the time, it was reported that North Korea had also made a set of "unrealistic" commercial proposals to Finland. Since the embassy was shut down, North Korea has maintained relations with Finland through the Embassy of North Korea in Stockholm, Sweden. North Korea's ambassador to Sweden then acts as the non-resident ambassador to Finland and other Nordic countries.

Pak Kwang-cho was accredited as the ambassador to Finland on 22 January 2013. Pak, however, was called back to Pyongyang in December 2013 following the execution of his ally Jang Song-thaek. It is likely that Pak was imprisoned or executed. The current non-resident ambassador to Finland is Kang Yong-dok. In the North Korean Foreign Ministry, the person responsible for relations with Finland is the head of the Department of Northern Europe, with four staff members. As of 2017, the person is Pak Yun-sik. Finland is dealt with by the ministry's European Affairs Department 2.

Eero Suominen was appointed the ambassador to both Koreas in September 2016, but As of September 2017, he is yet to leave his letter of accreditation to the North Korean government. The ambassador is a non-resident one in the Embassy of Finland in Seoul, South Korea. Finnish nationals in North Korea may seek urgent assistance from the Embassy of North Korea, Stockholm. In the Finnish Foreign Ministry, relations with North Korea are handled by the Unit for Eastern Asia and Oceania, which is under the Department for the Americas and Asia.

### Former representatives

#### Finnish

Source:

#### North Korean

Sources:

## Inter-parliamentary relations

> My understanding is that all, not just socialist countries, want to live as independent... Finland, too, wants to live as independent and that is why we are in the same position.

Kim Il Sung, to a delegation of Finnish MPs, 1972

The first parliamentary visit to North Korea took place in 1972. The delegation that was led by Veikko J. Rytkönen (SKDL) and also included Lasse Lehtinen (SDP) and Pertti Salolainen (NCP) met with President Kim Il Sung.

In 1982 MP Sakari Knuuttila (SDP) and minister Veikko Saarto (SKDL) along with former Yleisradio director-general Eino S. Repo organized a conference for the "reunification" of Korea in Espoo, Finland prompted by North Korea. A North Korean delegation arrived to the conference but since there was no South Korean representation the conference was nothing short of a North Korean propaganda event.

In the past, a Finnish parliamentary committee, the Finnish-Korea friendship group (*Suomi-Korea-ystävyysryhmä*) was tasked with relations. The committee visited the country in 1997 to attend Day of the Sun celebrations and was heavily criticized for supporting the regime. The vice president of the committee, Matti Vähänäkki (SDP), alluded that reports of the North Korean famine were exaggerated. The trip also exceeded its budget.

Kim Il Sung was awarded the 75-year Anniversary Parliamentary Medal of Finland in 1981. In 1982, Kim's 70th birthday was attended by MP Veikko Saarto and Minister of Education Kalevi Kivistö (both SKDL) despite the government's intention to mark the occasion in a low-key fashion. Finns have gifted Kim Il Sung a reindeer pelt and a *ryijy*. A double cloth was gifted for Kim's 80th birthday in 1992. Kim's 80th birthday was attended by chairman of the Communist Workers' Party – For Peace and Socialism Timo Lahdenmäki and member of parliament Pekka Leppänen of the Left Alliance party. Gifts from Finland amount to more than the combined total of all other Northern European countries.

After the death of Kim Il-sung, within a week some 40 people had visited the North Korean embassy in Helsinki to express their condolences, including high-ranking government officials. Likewise, after the death of Kim Jong-il in 2011, Finnish member of parliament Kaj Turunen of the Finns Party motioned the parliament to observe a minute of silence "in remembrance of the Dear Leader Kim Jong-il", while his fellow party member Juho Eerola wished Kim Jong Un the providence of God. Both members of parliament were invited to a meeting with appreciative North Korean diplomats in Helsinki and were also invited to visit North Korea. In the past, North Korea sought to influence Finnish politicians a lot, but recent years have lacked enthusiasm.

## Trade relations

Bilateral trade between the countries is "virtually non-existent", especially since the 2000s, with occasional spikes. For instance, Finnish imports from North Korea increased 14,000 percent from 2010 to 2011 when trade included some 3,000 North Korean television sets assembled in the Kaesong Industrial Region along with other artifacts. In 2016 products worth of just 1,500 euros were exported from Finland to North Korea, while North Korean exports to Finland were valued at a little over 6,000 euros. Finland's main exports to North Korea have been cranes and dentistry equipment. A relatively high-value trade of 8,5 million euros worth of cranes to North Korea took place in 2013. In the 1970s, Finland imported mostly rice from North Korea.

Finland established a trade office in Pyongyang on 1 April 1974. At that time, relations were lobbied by Metex, an organization representing the interest of Finnish metal industries. It was thought that Finnish industries would get a boost from having a presence in North Korea early before Western European or other capitalist countries. The office was fully functioning in 1975. Finnish staff actively took part in social events in the capital because failure to show up could have been interpreted as protest. At the office, the staff was concerned about possible listening devices as it was known that North Koreans had personnel who knew Finnish. In 1972, North Korea had ordered paper machines and other machinery from Finland for over 30 million dollars. Providers included Rauma-Repola, Ahlström, Tampella, and Strömberg. At the time the investment was deemed safe, but it quickly ran into many troubles. The equipment was delivered but the payment was never made. Kim Il Sung also identified mining technology as a potential import.

In the 1970s, Finland sought actively for the debt to be paid and a court of arbitration in Moscow ruled in favor of the Finnish claims. North Korea still has a debt of more than 26 million dollars to the Finnish state and 6 million to Finnish enterprises. The Finnish state has for a long time expected no repayment, but in 2017 North Korea hinted that it was willing to fulfill its obligations. The trade office remains closed.

Finland enacts sanctions against North Korea because of the latter's nuclear weapons program.

## Non-governmental relations

> I should like to take this opportunity to extend my warm greetings to the Finnish communists and the working class of Finland for their active support of the righteous struggle of the Korean people to drive the US imperialist aggressors out of south Korea and reunify the country independently.

Kim Il Sung, 1969

> In the future, the young people of Korea will continue to march forward with great force in the vanguard of the struggle for the building of socialism and communism under the leadership of our Party.
> They will further strengthen the ties of friendship and solidarity with the progressive youth of the whole world, including the Finnish youth, and will always fight staunchly together with them, on the same side of the barricade in the struggle against the imperialists headed by US imperialism.

Kim Il Sung, 1969

Kim Il Sung became known in Finland by the end of the Korean War. By 1952 the Communist Party of Finland published a short biography of him in its yearbook and in 1958 Kim gave an interview to *Kansan Uutiset*. A new interview was given when a delegation of the Democratic Youth League of Finland visited North Korea in 1969. A committee of solidarity with North Korea was established in 1968. In 1970, the committee evolved into the Finnish-Korea Association.

The Finnish delegation to the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1989 in Pyongyang was greatly reduced when the National Union of University Students in Finland canceled their planned visit, citing official remarks of North Korea that supported the violent Chinese reaction to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.

There is a friendship association to promote Finnish–North Korean relations in Finland called Finland–Korea Association. Likewise, North Korea has its Korea–Finland Association.

Several Finnish organizations have been set up since the 1960s and 1970s to study *Juche*. In addition to the Finnish Society for the Study of the Juche Idea it has been studied by the Communist Party of Finland. There are plaques from Finnish *Juche* associations from Vaasa, Jyväskylä, Joensuu, and Tampere at the *Juche* Tower. In the 1970s, as much as 71 propaganda works were translated to Finnish, a language spoken by relatively few people worldwide, at great expense. These were distributed to anyone having contacts with the embassy, various leftist organizations, and even Sámi people. Some books penned by Finnish authors are prominently distributed in North Korea.

The Finnish Pentecostal charity Fida International has worked with healthcare and potato production in North Korea since 1998. The organization is what North Koreans are most likely to know about Finland. One Finnish family of expatriates working for Fida lives in North Korea. The Finnish Red Cross also operates in the country, in the field of preventing flood and drought damage.

A Finnish poll found that North Korea is the second least desirable foreign country that Finns would move to, after Russia.

Three Finnish travel agencies – Olympia, Mandala Travel, and Travel Oy – arrange tourist trips to North Korea, although the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs cautions against unnecessary travel to the country.

North Korean exchange students have sought to study in Finland, but the Finnish Foreign Ministry has refused their entry, although a small group of dentistry students has been on a study trip.

### Works cited

## Further reading

## InfoBox

Finland–North Korea relations
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  |  |
| <br>Finland | <br>North Korea |
|  | |
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Sweden, Pyongyang | Embassy of Finland, Seoul |
| Envoy | |
| Non-resident ambassador Eero Suominen (accreditation pending) | Non-resident ambassador Kang Yong-dok |


title: Carver (novel)

abstract: Carver is the fifth novel of the Samuel Carver series by English thriller writer, Tom Cain, released on 18 August 2011 through Bantam Press.

text:
# Carver (novel)

***Carver*** is the fifth novel of the *Samuel Carver* series by English thriller writer, Tom Cain, released on 18 August 2011 through Bantam Press.

## Plot

The central character, Samuel Carver, is an ex-assassin. The story focuses on an unknown group who are attempting to bring about the financial crisis of 2007–2008, after having caused the collapse of the Lehman Brothers financial institution, and Carver is hired to stop them.

## Reception

The novel was well received by online review site Crimesquad, who stated that "The prose is tightrope taut and rarely is any word either extraneous or unnecessary." and awarded the novel a score of five out of five.

## InfoBox

Carver
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Tom Cain |
| Language | English |
| Series | *Samuel Carver* series |
| Genre | Thriller |
| Publisher | Bantam Press |
| Publication date | 18 August 2011 (2011-08-18) |
| Publication place | England |
| Media type | Print |
| Pages | 400 |
| ISBN | 978-0-593-06765-9 |
| OCLC | 748235636 |
| Preceded by | *Dictator<br>*(2010) |


title: Platyceps najadum

abstract: Platyceps najadum, also known commonly as Dahl's whip snake or the slender whip snake, is a species of non-venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Eurasia. Four subspecies are recognized as being valid.

text:
# Platyceps najadum

***Platyceps najadum***, also known commonly as **Dahl's whip snake** or the **slender whip snake**, is a species of non-venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to Eurasia. Four subspecies are recognized as being valid.

## Taxonomy

*P. najadum* was first described by Karl Eichwald in 1831, as *Tyria najadum*.

## Geographic range

*P. najadum* is found in the Balkans, Aegean, Cyprus, the Mid-East, and as far as Turkmenistan and the Caucasus Mountains.

## Habitat

*P. najadum* occurs in dry and xeric environments in a wide range of habitats: in desert and rocky land, in forests, woodland scrub, and agricultural land from sea level to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) altitude. It is commonly found in fields, and seen crushed on roads.

## Description

*P. najadum* has a slim body, and is rarely over a metre (39 inches) in total length (including tail).

## Conservation status

*P. najadum* is threatened by direct persecution, forest fires and intensive agriculture, where its range interacts with human interests. The species is listed on Annex II of the Bern Convention and Annex IV of the European Union Habitats Directive. It has varying protection in some countries including Serbia, Montenegro, Russia, and Lebanon.

## Reproduction

*P. najadum* is an egg laying species. Females lay between 3 and 16 eggs in a clutch.

## Subspecies

Four subspecies are identified, including the nominotypical subspecies.

A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than *Platyceps*.

## Etymology

Both the subspecific name, *dahlii*, and the common name, Dahl's whip snake, are in honor of Austrian entomologist Georg Dahl (1769–1831) who collected the type specimen in Dalmatia in 1824.

The subspecific name, *schmidtleri*, is in honor of German herpetologist Josef Friedrich Schmidtler (born 1942).

## Indigenous names

Σαϊτα (Greek), Saita, Стрелушка (Bulgarian), šilac (Croatian), Za'aman Z'eitani (Hebrew), Ok Yılanı (Turkish).

## Further reading

* Arnold EN, Burton JA (1978). *A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe*. (Illustrated by D.W. Ovenden). London: Collins. 272 pp. + Plates 1-40. ISBN 0-00-219318-3. (*Coluber najadum*, pp. 194–195 + Plate 35, figure 4 + Map 106).
* Eichwald \[K\]E (1831). *Zoologia specialis quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimum Rossiae in universum, et Poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum, in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi* \[Volume 3\]. Vilnius: J. Zawadzki. 404 pp. + one plate. (*Tyria najadum*, new species, p. 174). (in Latin).

## InfoBox

| *Platyceps najadum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Platyceps* |
| Species: | ***P. najadum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platyceps najadum***
(Eichwald, 1831) | |
|
|  | |
| Synonyms | |
|  | |


title: Daljit Nagra

abstract: Daljit Nagra is a British poet whose debut collection, Look We Have Coming to Dover! – a title alluding to W. H. Auden's Look, Stranger!, D. H. Lawrence's Look! We Have Come Through! and by epigraph also to Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach" – was published by Faber in February 2007. Nagra's poems relate to the experience of Indians born in the UK, and often employ language that imitates the English spoken by Indian immigrants whose first language is Punjabi, which some have termed "Punglish". He currently works part-time at JFS School in Kenton, London, and visits schools, universities and festivals where he performs his work. He was appointed chair of the Royal Society of Literature in November 2020. He is a professor of creative writing at Brunel University London.

text:
# Daljit Nagra

**Daljit Nagra** MBE FRSL (born 1966) is a British poet whose debut collection, *Look We Have Coming to Dover!* – a title alluding to W. H. Auden's *Look, Stranger!*, D. H. Lawrence's *Look! We Have Come Through!* and by epigraph also to Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach" – was published by Faber in February 2007. Nagra's poems relate to the experience of Indians born in the UK (especially Indian Sikhs), and often employ language that imitates the English spoken by Indian immigrants whose first language is Punjabi, which some have termed "Punglish". He currently works part-time at JFS School in Kenton, London, and visits schools, universities and festivals where he performs his work. He was appointed chair of the Royal Society of Literature in November 2020. He is a professor of creative writing at Brunel University London.

## Early life and education

Daljit Nagra, whose Sikh Punjabi parents came to Britain from India in the late 1950s, was born and grew up in Yiewsley, near London's Heathrow Airport. The family moved to Sheffield in 1982. In 1988, Nagra went to study for a BA and MA in English at Royal Holloway, University of London. Tentatively beginning to write, he later attended poetry workshops, courses and tutorials, receiving feedback from poets including Pascale Petit, Moniza Alvi, John Stammers, Carol Ann Duffy and Jackie Kay, and from 2002, being mentored by Stephen Knights.

## Poetry career

In 2003, Nagra won the Smith/Doorstop Books Pamphlet Competition, leading to the publication of his *Oh MY Rub!*, which was the Poetry Book Society's first PBS Pamphlet Choice. In 2004, he won the Forward Poetry Prize for best single poem for "Look We Have Coming to Dover!". His debut book-length collection, which takes the same title, was published in 2007, when it received extremely positive reviews and was featured on television and radio, including the prominent BBC programme *Newsnight Review*. *Look We Have Coming to Dover!* won the 2007 Forward Poetry Prize for best first collection and the *South Bank Show* Decibel Award.

His poem "Look We Have Coming to Dover" (2007), is used in the Edexcel "Poems of the Decade" A-Level qualification.

In 2014, he won the Society of Authors Travelling Scholarship Award.

His poems have been published in the *New Yorker*, *Atlantic Review*, *The London Review of Books*, *The Times Literary Supplement*, *Poetry Review*, *Poetry London*, *Poetry International*, *The Rialto* and *The North*.

Nagra has been on the Board of the Poetry Book Society and the Poetry Archive. He has judged the 2008 Samuel Johnson Prize, the Guardian First Book Award 2008, the Foyle Young Poets of the Year Award 2008, the National Poetry Competition 2009, the 2010 Manchester Poetry Prize. and the Costa Book Award poetry category and overall winner in 2012. He has also hosted the T. S. Eliot Poetry Readings 2009. He was the Keats House Poet-In-Residence from July 2014 to June 2015, and he was an Eton College Wisdom Scholar in November 2014.

Nagra has acted as the Lead Poetry Tutor at the Faber Academy and has run workshops internationally. He is a contributor to BBC radio, and in October 2015, he became the first poet in residence for BBC Radio 4. He was succeeded in this role by Alice Oswald. Nagra has written articles for *The Financial Times*, *The Guardian*, *The Observer*, *The Times of India*. He teaches English at Brunel University.

In 2017, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

His poem "Singh Song!" was added to the AQA English Literature GCSE love and relationships poetry specification.

Nagra was appointed chair of the Royal Society of Literature in November 2020, taking over from Lisa Appignanesi, who had held the position since 2016.

Nagra was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to literature.

In 2023, Nagra wrote a spoken-word piece that was performed by actor James Nesbitt at the Coronation Concert, to mark the coronation of Charles III and Camilla.

## Personal life

Nagra married a woman he met at university, not long after they graduated. The marriage produced a daughter, but the couple divorced, at Nagra's behest. Subsequently, Nagra met and married his current wife Katherine, with whom he has two daughters. During the 2000s, they lived in Dollis Hill, north-west London, before moving to Harrow in the 2010s.

## Bibliography

* *Oh MY Rub!* – Smith/Doorstop, 2003. ISBN 978-1902382548
* *Look We Have Coming to Dover!* – Faber & Faber, 2007. ISBN 978-0571231225
* *Tippoo Sultan's Incredible White-Man-Eating Tiger Toy-Machine!!!* – Faber & Faber, 2012. ISBN 978-0571264919
* *Ramayana* – Faber & Faber, 2013. ISBN 978-0571294879 (hardback); ISBN 978-0571313846 (paperback).
* "British Museum" – Faber & Faber, 2017. ISBN 978-0571333738 (hardback)

## Interviews

* Anon. (6 October 2014). "Novelists are overrated". Writer at Work. *India Today*. **39** (40): 73.

## InfoBox

| Daljit Nagra
MBE FRSL | |
| --- | --- |
| At a poetry reading in 2007 | |
| Born | 1966 (age 5758)
Yiewsley, England |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Nationality | British |
| Notable works | *Look We Have Coming to Dover!* (2007) |
| Notable awards | Forward Poetry Prize |
| Website | |
| www.daljitnagra.com | |


title: Praxis (British philosophy journal)

abstract: Praxis is a peer-reviewed online postgraduate journal of philosophy affiliated with the University of Manchester. The journal was created in 2007. The first issue was published in April 2008. Praxis publishes papers, book reviews and interviews.

text:
# Praxis (British philosophy journal)

**Praxis** is a peer-reviewed online postgraduate journal of philosophy affiliated with the University of Manchester. The journal was created in 2007. The first issue was published in April 2008. Praxis publishes papers, book reviews and interviews.

## Notable interviews

## Editorial team

Editor

Pablo López-Silva (University of Manchester)

Book Editor

Leo Tarasov (University of Manchester)

Editorial Assistant

Aaron Wilson (University of Manchester)

## Consulting Board

* Prof Tim Bayne (University of Manchester)
* Prof Helen Beebee (University of Manchester)
* Prof Thomas Uebel (University of Manchester)
* Prof Cynthia Macdonald (University of Manchester)
* Dr Joel Smith (University of Manchester)

## Academic Board

David Chalmers (Australian National University); Peter Galison (University of Harvard); Marc Lange (University of North Carolina at Capel Hill); Jonathan Lowe (University of Durham); Daniel Nolan (Australian National University); David Papineau (King's College London); Stefano Predelli (University of Nottingham); Ronnie de Sousa (University of Toronto); Howard Wettstein (University of California Riverside); Dan Zahavi (University of Copenhagen)

## Past editors

* 2011–2012: Howard Kelly and Andy Routledge
* 2010–2011: Jean Moritz Mueller and Hichem Naar
* 2007–2009: Vasco Castela and Paula Satne Jones

1. Pablo López-Silva Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
2. Leo Tarasov Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
3. Aaron Wilson Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

*Praxis*
| Discipline | Philosophy |
| --- | --- |
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Pablo López-Silva |
| Publication details | |
| History | 2008–present |
| Publisher | University of Manchester (U.K.) |
| Frequency | Annually |
| Open access | Yes |
| Standard abbreviations
 | |
| ISO 4 | *Praxis (Manch.)* |
| Indexing
 | |
| ISSN | 1756-1019
 |


title: Patrick Quinn (Garda)

abstract: Patrick Quinn was an Irish police officer, and a recipient of the Scott Medal. A native of Mountgordon, Castlebar, County Mayo, Quinn joined the Garda Síochána on 1 June 1922. Following a report of an alleged kidnapping, he and two colleagues, Timothy Mahony and Laurence Neill, used their Chief Superintendent's car to pursue two suspicious-looking men. The arrival of the three Gardaí alarmed the two men, who reached into their pockets. A fight ensued as Gardaí Mahony and Neill strove to prevent the two men from using their weapons. As Garda Quinn came to their aid, the two men were overcome but Quinn narrowly avoided being shot as a gun went off. The apprehended men had approached Balbriggan Station in pursuit of their kidnap victim, a Mr Finnegan, with the intention of using their loaded guns to recapture him. Quinn was later transferred to the Longford/Westmeath Division, being promoted to sergeant in July 1936. He and his two colleagues were awarded their Scott Medals at the Garda Depot, Dublin, on 25 August 1935. He retired on 19 March 1967.

text:
# Patrick Quinn (Garda)

**Patrick Quinn** (20 March 19044 December 1976) was an Irish police officer (Garda 1700), and a recipient of the Scott Medal.

A native of Mountgordon, Castlebar, County Mayo, Quinn joined the Garda Síochána on 1 June 1922. Following a report of an alleged kidnapping, he and two colleagues, Timothy Mahony (Garda 2376) and Laurence Neill (Garda 5357), used their Chief Superintendent's car to pursue two suspicious-looking men. The arrival of the three Gardaí alarmed the two men, who reached into their pockets. A fight ensued as Gardaí Mahony and Neill strove to prevent the two men from using their weapons (the officers being unarmed as is the usual custom for Gardaí). As Garda Quinn came to their aid, the two men were overcome but Quinn narrowly avoided being shot as a gun went off. The apprehended men had approached Balbriggan Station in pursuit of their kidnap victim, a Mr Finnegan, with the intention of using their loaded guns to recapture him.

Quinn was later transferred to the Longford/Westmeath Division, being promoted to sergeant in July 1936. He and his two colleagues were awarded their Scott Medals at the Garda Depot, Dublin, on 25 August 1935. He retired on 19 March 1967.

* *An Garda Síochána and the Scott Medal*, pp. 4648, Gerard O'Brien, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84682-124-0


title: The Star Conquerors

abstract: The Star Conquerors is a science fiction novel by American writer Ben Bova. It was published in 1959 by the John C. Winston Company. This is one of the thirty-five juvenile novels that comprise the Winston Science Fiction set, which novels were published in the 1950s for a readership of teen-aged boys. The typical protagonist in these books was a boy in his late teens who was proficient in the art of electronics, a hobby that was easily available to the readers. In this book, though, the protagonist is a junior officer, about twenty years old, in the Star Watch, the interstellar navy of the Terran Confederation.

text:
# The Star Conquerors

***The Star Conquerors*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Ben Bova. It was published in 1959 by the John C. Winston Company.

This is one of the thirty-five juvenile novels that comprise the Winston Science Fiction set, which novels were published in the 1950s for a readership of teen-aged boys. The typical protagonist in these books was a boy in his late teens who was proficient in the art of electronics, a hobby that was easily available to the readers. In this book, though, the protagonist is a junior officer, about twenty years old, in the Star Watch, the interstellar navy of the Terran Confederation.

## Plot

For ten years the Terran Confederation has been at war with a reptilian species, called the Saurians, who are controlled by the unknown Masters. It's been a losing war for the Terrans and their allies and now the Scandian system is under attack. Geoffrey (Jeff) Knowland, a junior officer of Star Watch must lead a fighting evacuation of the planet Northolm. He succeeds, but the Frontier Coordinator, Heath Knowland, his father, reprimands him for losing men in a diversionary raid.

Needing a rest, Jeff goes to Earth to present his father's plan for defending the Confederation to the ruling Council. The war isn't going well and the prospects don't look good: the Masters’ empire extends across most of the galaxy while the Terran Confederation spans only 200 light years.

While the Council debates the plan that Jeff has presented, the Saurians attack the main Star Watch fleet and defeat it, killing Jeff's father. Shocked, the Council agrees to the Knowland Plan and also to an attack by a Terran Expeditionary Force into enemy space to knock the Saurians off balance. Heading out to Orion, the force defeats several Saurian fleets, destroying enemy ships faster than they lose their own. They conquer a vast volume of space and then seek to make allies of the subjugated people whom they find.

After a period of rest, repair, and reinforcement, the Expeditionary Force sets out again, fighting its way across thousands of light years. It then encounters a giant force controlled by the Masters. A quick and daring attack forces the Masters to flee and the human fleet scatters its attackers. In the wreckage of an enemy ship the humans find an intact set of star charts and use them to locate the Masters’ home worlds.

Using a new astrogation system, the fleet proceeds directly to the Masters’ star cluster. The Saurians there are completely unprepared and are easily defeated. Jeff then confronts one of the Masters on the Masters’ ancient home world. The Master tells Jeff that having won the war, he is now responsible for an empire comprising eighty billion star systems, and then the Master vanishes.

## Publication history

* 1959, USA, John C. Winston Company (Winston Science Fiction #33), Pub. date 2 November 1959, Hardback (215 pp)
* 1962, USA, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Pub. date November 1962, Hardback (215 pp)
* 1966, Germany, Arthur Moewig Verlag (Terra Utopische Romane, Band #443), Pub. date February 1966, Paperback Digest (66 pp), as Bezwinger der Galaxis (Conquer the Galaxy)
* 2013, USA, ReAnimus Press, Pub. date July 2013, Softcover (196 pp),

## Reviews

The reviewer at Kirkus Reviews (Kirkus Reviews Issue: 1 November 1959) had this to say about the novel:

> A fantasy which pivots about prehistoric and recorded history, is replete with obvious devices of warfare, stock characters, and awkward dialogue. Another case where the conception is in no way equalled by the characters or events.

## Sources

* Tuck, Donald H. (1974). *The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy*. Chicago: Advent. pg. 59. ISBN 0-911682-20-1.

## Listings

The book is listed at

To read the novel online go to Internet Archive.

## InfoBox

The Star Conquerors
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Ben Bova |
| Cover artist | Mel Hunter |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Science fiction |
| Published | 1959 (John C. Winston Company) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardback) |
| Pages | 215 (Hardback edition) |
| OCLC | 1238415 |
| LCCN 59--13109 | |


title: Pleospora herbarum

abstract: Pleospora herbarum is a species of fungus in the family Pleosporaceae. It is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including alfalfa, apples, asparagus, tomatoes, citruses and chickpea. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is common in temperate and subtropical regions. The fungus was first described under the name Sphaeria herbarum by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801.

text:
# Pleospora herbarum

***Pleospora herbarum*** is a species of fungus in the family Pleosporaceae. It is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including alfalfa, apples, asparagus, tomatoes, citruses and chickpea. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is common in temperate and subtropical regions. The fungus was first described under the name *Sphaeria herbarum* by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801.

## InfoBox

| *Pleospora herbarum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Dothideomycetes |
| Order: | Pleosporales |
| Family: | Pleosporaceae |
| Genus: | *Pleospora* |
| Species: | ***P. herbarum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleospora herbarum***
(Pers.) Rabenh. (1857) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| *Alternaria putrefaciens* (Fuckel) E.G.Simmons (1995)
*Clasterosporium putrefaciens* (Fuckel) Sacc. (1886)
*Clasterosporium putrefaciens var. crucipes* Speschnew (1901)
*Delacourea samarae* (Fuckel) Cooke
*Macrosporium commune* Rabenh. (1870)
*Macrosporium parasiticum* Thüm.
*Macrosporium sarcinula* Berk. (1838)
*Phoma albicans* Roberge ex Desm.
*Pleospora albicans* Fuckel
*Pleospora asparagi* Rabenh.
*Pleospora denotata* (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. (1883)
*Pleospora euonymi* Fuckel (1870)
*Pleospora frangulae* Fuckel (1870)
*Pleospora gymnocladi* Bagnis (1877)
*Pleospora herbarum var. cichorii* Cooke
*Pleospora herbarum var. glumarum* Berk. & Broome
*Pleospora herbarum var. herbarum* (Pers.) Rabenh. (1863)
*Pleospora herbarum var. iridia* Cooke
*Pleospora herbarum var. pisi* (Sowerby) Cooke
*Pleospora labiatarum* Cooke & Harkn. (1882)
*Pleospora leguminum* (Wallr.) Rabenh.
*Pleospora mali* Hesler (1927)
*Pleospora meliloti* Rabenh. (1883)
*Pleospora pisi* (Sowerby) Fuckel (1870)
*Pleospora putrefaciens* A.B.Frank
*Pleospora salsolae* Fuckel (1864)
*Pleospora samarae* Fuckel (1870)
*Pleospora typhae* Pass.
*Sphaeria asparagi* (Rabenh. ex Sacc.) Plowr.
*Sphaeria denotata* Cooke & Ellis (1877)
*Sphaeria herbarum* Pers. (1801)
*Sphaeria leguminum* Wallr. (1833)
*Sphaeria pisi* Sowerby (1803)
*Sphaeria samarae* (Fuckel) Plowr.
*Sporidesmium putrefaciens* Fuckel (1870)
*Stemphylium botryosum f.sp. lycopersici* Rotem, Y. Cohen & I.Wahl (1966)
*Stemphylium herbarum* E.G.Simmons (1986) | |


title: Daljit Singh (ophthalmologist)

abstract: Daljit Singh was an Indian ophthalmologist. He was an honorary surgeon to Giani Zail Singh, President of India.

text:
# Daljit Singh (ophthalmologist)

**Daljit Singh** (11 October 1934 – 27 December 2017) was an Indian ophthalmologist. He was an honorary surgeon to Giani Zail Singh, President of India.

## Early life and education

Daljit Singh was born on 11 October 1934 to Sahib Singh, a Sikh academic of Sikh literature. Daljit was enrolled at Khalsa School. After encouragement from a family member who was a medical doctor, he began studying to become one as well. He was pre-medical at Khalsa College, then graduated in medicine with a MBBS from the Government Medical College, Amritsar in 1956. After receiving his Bachelors of medicine and surgery, he performed a "house job" in ophthalmology and earned an ophthalmic diploma (DOMS). After working for two years, he earned a master's degree (MS) in ophthalmology in 1963, and eventually earned a Doctor of Science (DSc) qualification.

## Career

For more than two years, Dr. Singh worked as a general practitioner in the rural hinterland and also performed eye surgery. After obtaining his master's degree, Singh returned in May 1964 to Amritsar as a senior lecturer in ophthalmology. He later transferred to Government Medical College, Patiala, for five years.

Singh served as a member of faculty of the Government Medical Colleges in Amritsar and Patiala for 23 years and became an Emeritus professor of the institutions.

He did pioneering work in lens implants beginning in 1976 and the Fugo technique "plasma scalpel" for glaucoma and cataract surgeries. He was an innovator with Trans-ciliary Filtration (invented in 2001) and the Pre-Tenon Tangential Micro Track Filtration. He was the discoverer of lymphatics in the eye.

He wrote over a dozen books on ophthalmology, and also a non-technical book *Naroi Akh* (Healthy Eye) in Punjabi decades ago.

## Other endeavors

Singh was Aam Aadmi Partys unsuccessful candidate from Amritsar for the 2014 Lok Sabha election. He later joined the Congress after a rift with AAP.

He was also a poet, writing three volumes of poetry:*Dharti Tirhai*, *Sidhre Bol* and *Babre Bol*, that have been translated into Urdu, English and Hindi. He also wrote three anthologies of essays: *Sach di* *Bhal Vich* (In search of truth) *Dooja Passa* (The other side) and *Badi di Jarh* (The root of evil) to educate the rural masses about national and international issues, and the role of mass media in spreading misinformation. He has motivated thousands of young minds to challenge the ideas presented to them, and go the extra mile to seek out the truth.

## Honors and awards

The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of Padma Shri in 1987. Seven years later, he received Dr. B. C. Roy Award, the highest Indian medical award from the Medical Council of India in 1994.

## Personal life

Singh was married in 1957 to Swaran Kaur until her death in 2007. His two sons —and their wives—are also eye doctors.

After a chronic illness and being bedridden for a month, Singh died on 27 December 2017 aged 83.

## InfoBox

| Daljit Singh | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1934-10-11)11 October 1934
Amritsar, Punjab, British India |
| Died | 27 December 2017(2017-12-27) (aged 83)
Amritsar, Punjab, India |
| Occupation | Ophthalmologist |
| Years active | 1957–2017 |
| Known for | First to introduce intraocular lens in India, in 1976 |
| Spouse | Swaran Kaur (?–2007; her death) |
| Children | 2 |
| Awards | Padma Shri
Dr. B. C. Roy Award |


title: Daly detector

abstract: A Daly detector is a gas-phase ion detector that consists of a metal "doorknob", a scintillator and a photomultiplier. It was named after its inventor Norman Richard Daly. Daly detectors are typically used in mass spectrometers.

text:
# Daly detector

A **Daly detector** is a gas-phase ion detector that consists of a metal "doorknob", a scintillator (phosphor screen) and a photomultiplier. It was named after its inventor Norman Richard Daly. Daly detectors are typically used in mass spectrometers.

## Principle of operation

Ions that hit the doorknob release secondary electrons. A high voltage (about −20000 V) between the doorknob and the scintillator accelerates the electrons onto the phosphor screen, where they are converted to photons. These photons are detected by the photomultiplier.

The advantage of the Daly detector is that the photomultiplier can be separated by a window, which lets the photons through from the high vacuum of the mass spectrometer, thus preventing an otherwise possible contamination and extending life span of the detector. The Daly detector also allows a higher acceleration after the field-free region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer flight tube, which can improve the sensitivity for heavy ions.

## Norman Richard Daly

Norman Daly was awarded 6 patents in the years 1962–1973 relating to ion detection and mass spectrometers, from his work at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.

## InfoBox

Daly detector
| Schematic of a Daly detector | |
| --- | --- |
| Inventor | Norman Richard Daly |
| Related items | Microchannel plate detector<br>Electron multiplier |


title: Damal District

abstract: Damal District is a district of Ardahan Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Damal. Its area is 165 km⁲, and its population is 5,127 (2021). The district is populated by Alevi Turkmens.

text:
# Damal District

**Damal District** is a district of Ardahan Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Damal. Its area is 165 km2, and its population is 5,127 (2021).

The district is populated by Alevi Turkmens.

## Composition

There is one municipality in Damal District:

There are 7 villages in Damal District:

## InfoBox

| Damal District | |
| --- | --- |
| District | |
| Map showing Damal District in Ardahan Province | |
| Damal DistrictLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 41°21′N 42°51′E / 41.350°N 42.850°E / 41.350; 42.850 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Ardahan |
| Seat | Damal |
| Government | |
| Kaymakam | Semih Cembekli |
| Area | 165 km2 (64 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 5,127 |
| Density | 31/km2 (80/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www.damal.gov.tr |


title: Tachyon: The Fringe

abstract: Tachyon: The Fringe is a Space combat simulation video game developed and published in 2000 by Novalogic. It features the voice acting of Bruce Campbell as main character Jake Logan in a 3-D space simulator. Tachyon was developed by Randy Casey, who had previously written two other titles for Novalogic: F-22 Lightning II and F-22 Raptor.

text:
# Tachyon: The Fringe

***Tachyon: The Fringe*** is a Space combat simulation video game developed and published in 2000 by Novalogic. It features the voice acting of Bruce Campbell as main character Jake Logan in a 3-D space simulator. Tachyon was developed by Randy Casey, who had previously written two other titles for Novalogic: *F-22 Lightning II* and *F-22 Raptor*.

## Story

The story of *Tachyon: The Fringe* is set in the 26th century, where mankind has left Earth to colonize the far reaches of space, and has many characteristics of a space opera. The Sol system is a place of relative peace, which is kept by the police force called **Star Patrol**. Out on the Fringe, where Star Patrol has little presence, megacorporations, pirate clans and colonist groups clash, frequently violently.

The player takes the role of Jake Logan, a mercenary fighter pilot working comfortably in the Sol system. Early in the campaign you are framed for the terrorist bombing of a starbase and are exiled to the Fringe, barred forever from your home. The primary conflict in the Fringe is between the Galactic Spanning (GalSpan) corporation and a group of anti-sol spacer colonists, the Bora - for mining rights, space stations, and territorial control of the Fringe, and they each offer Logan a new start. The Bora want to preserve their independence in the Fringe, particularly their Bora sector, threatening GalSpan's profits in the region.

If the player sides with the Bora, they fight to stymy the "Spanners" attempts to demoralise and displace the Bora, and sabotage GalSpan operations. After many setbacks, Jake overcomes overwhelming odds to destroy the massive new Hephaestus mining station live in front of the Tachyon News Service, humiliating GalSpan and tanking their share price, forcing them to shut down their operations in the fringe and leave the Bora alone.

GalSpan meanwhile offers the chance to work for them, defending GalSpan interests and destroying Bora "terrorists". After many successes GalSpan completes their new Hephaestus station, causing the Bora to launch an all-out assault, which Jake defeats. Jake then escorts the defecting Bora leader to the GalSpan side, who urges the Bora to abandon their homes in the face of the unstoppable GalSpan to resettle further out in the frontier.

## Gameplay

*Tachyon: The Fringe* is a first-person space combat simulator. Among several features, (such as power and shield management), the game implements "sliding", where the player can maintain a constant velocity while having free control over the orientation of their spacecraft. This is intended to provide an ease-of-motion where the player can strafe, fly backwards and otherwise maintain a higher level of control over their spacecraft.

### Missions

In story mode, the player chooses missions from the Job Board. Some missions are offered by neutral parties and do not drive the main storyline (though they do occasionally affect the TNS News bulletins). Eventually, the story will reach a point where it becomes necessary for the player to ally with either the Bora Colonies or the Galactic Spanning Corporation. The Bora missions are usually higher in difficulty and less rewarding monetarily. GalSpan pays well and often has missions in tandem with other pilots, but is more morally grey. Since the two factions offer different fighters and different weapons, they encourage different play styles, as well as different storylines.

## Reception

The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Kevin Rice of *NextGen* called it "a solid space-simulation game; it just doesn't offer much in the way of anything new." Nash Werner of *GamePro* said, "Even with a Hollywood name on the box to draw attention, *Tachyon* is still more like a treat for the hardcore space flight-sim fan. I'm talking about the type of fan that has the need to fly brand new ships every six months. Those people will love *Tachyon*. Its entertaining multiplayer mode over NovaWorld is reason enough to get fanboys everywhere salivating. However, casual gamers and tourists may not be able to appreciate *Tachyon* for what it really is: a very entertaining *Privateer* clone."

According to Mark Asher of *CNET Gamecenter*, the game was a commercial flop, with sales of 20,385 units and revenues of $778,095 in the U.S. by July 2000. He cited this performance as part of a trend of falling sales for space flight simulators and the wider flight simulator genre.

The staff of *Computer Games Strategy Plus* nominated the game for their 2000 "Sci-Fi Simulation of the Year" award, whose winner remains unknown.

1. IGN staff (April 20, 2000). "News Briefs". *IGN*. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 31, 2000. Retrieved April 22, 2021. **Tachyon In Stores**: Rush to the stores and grab this one up, cause \[sic\] it's there just waiting for you to pick it up.
2. "Tachyon: The Fringe for PC". *GameRankings*. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
3. McDonald, Thomas (May 4, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *Gamecenter*. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
4. McElveen, Nick (May 26, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *Computer Games Strategy Plus*. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 25, 2003. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
5. Berg, Gordon (August 2000). "Aspiring, but not Inspired (*Tachyon: The Fringe* Review)" (PDF). *Computer Gaming World*. No. 193. Ziff Davis. p. 102. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
6. Harris, Neil (June 19, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *The Electric Playground*. Greedy Productions Ltd. Archived from the original on August 19, 2002. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
7. Ellis, Keith "DNM" (June 13, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *Eurogamer*. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on January 7, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
8. Johnny B. (May 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe Review". *GameRevolution*. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
9. Kasavin, Greg (May 5, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe Review \[date mislabeled as "May 8, 2000"\]". *GameSpot*. Fandom. Archived from the original on January 27, 2005. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
10. Hart, Rico (May 25, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *GameSpy*. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 15, 2002. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
11. Ward, Trent C. (May 5, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *IGN*. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2024.
12. Rice, Kevin (August 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *NextGen*. No. 68. Imagine Media. p. 96. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
13. Kuo, Li C. (August 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe". *PC Gamer*. Vol. 7, no. 8. Imagine Media. Archived from the original on March 15, 2006. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
14. Werner, Nash (June 20, 2000). "Tachyon: The Fringe Review for PC on GamePro.com". *GamePro*. IDG. Archived from the original on October 1, 2004. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
15. Asher, Mark (July 14, 2000). "Game Spin: Crunching Diablo II Numbers". *Gamecenter*. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000.
16. CGSP staff (February 8, 2001). "Computer Games Magazine announces nominees for annual best in computer gaming awards". *Computer Games Strategy Plus*. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on February 9, 2005.

## InfoBox

| Tachyon: The Fringe | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | NovaLogic |
| Publisher(s) | NovaLogic |
| Producer(s) | Michael S. Maza |
| Designer(s) | Randy Casey |
| Programmer(s) | Randy Casey |
| Artist(s) | Keith Rust
Timothy Higgins |
| Writer(s) | Lukas Mandrake
David Merrick
Kevin R. O'Hara
Jason Ryan |
| Composer(s) | Tom Hays |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows |
| Release | * EU: March 30, 2000 * NA: April 20, 2000 |
| Genre(s) | Space combat simulation |
| Mode(s) | Singleplayer and Multiplayer |


title: Damlaca, Refahiye

abstract: Damlaca, formerly Buğdaçar, is a village in the Refahiye District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Turks and had a population of 66 in 2022.

text:
# Damlaca, Refahiye

**Damlaca**, formerly **Buğdaçar**, is a village in the Refahiye District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Turks and had a population of 66 in 2022.

## InfoBox

| Damlaca | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| DamlacaLocation in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 39°59′31″N 38°45′50″E / 39.992°N 38.764°E / 39.992; 38.764 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Erzincan |
| District | Refahiye |
| Population (2022) | 66 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |


title: Damtjern (Ringerike)

abstract: Damtjern is a small lake in Ringerike in Buskerud county, Norway. Damtjern is situated within the Krokskogen forested area. There is a road up to Damtjern from Stubbdal, a village situated at the head of Åsa in Ringerike. Damtjern is a setting-off point for walking in the area, both during summer and winter. Between Stubbdal and Damtjern there are old tracks to the Conveyor in Asa. At the Conveyor Museum (Kjerratmuseet) it is possible to learn how the Swedish engineer Samuel Bagge (1774–1814) made it possible for Peder Anker of Bogstad to move timber to Damtjern from Steinsfjorden, before floating it down to the Sørkedalselva river in Sørkedalen.

text:
# Damtjern (Ringerike)

**Damtjern** is a small lake in Ringerike in Buskerud county, Norway. Damtjern is situated within the Krokskogen forested area.

There is a road up to Damtjern from Stubbdal, a village situated at the head of Åsa in Ringerike. Damtjern is a setting-off point for walking in the area, both during summer and winter. Between Stubbdal and Damtjern there are old tracks to the Conveyor in Asa (*Kjerraten i Åsa*). At the Conveyor Museum (*Kjerratmuseet*) it is possible to learn how the Swedish engineer Samuel Bagge (1774–1814) made it possible for Peder Anker of Bogstad to move timber to Damtjern from Steinsfjorden, before floating it down to the Sørkedalselva river in Sørkedalen.

## InfoBox

| Damtjern | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Damtjern | |
| Location | Krokskogen, Ringerike, Norway |
| Coordinates | 60°07′36″N 10°24′54″E / 60.12667°N 10.41500°E / 60.12667; 10.41500 |


title: Damu Ridas (album)

abstract: Damu Ridas is the debut album of American gangsta rap group Damu Ridas, released on September 26, 1995.

text:
# Damu Ridas (album)

***Damu Ridas*** is the debut album of American gangsta rap group Damu Ridas, released on September 26, 1995.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Featuring | Time |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | "Damu Ride" | ***Original Version*** : B-Brazy, Pimp D, Peanut 2, Lil' Hawk. ***Censored version*** : B-Brazy, O.G. Mad Eye, Tip Toe, Lil' Hawk | 4:47 |
| 2 | "Why Must I Be Like That" | Lil' Hawk | 4:01 |
| 3 | "Comin' Straight from the Brain" | B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk | 4:06 |
| 4 | "YGB's Are the Braziest" | B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk, Spyder | 3:40 |
| 5 | "Bitches Can't Ride for Free" | B-Brazy | 3:31 |
| 6 | "Kill Crabz" |  | 0:29 |
| 7 | "Give a Mad Ass Fuck" | B-Brazy, Y.G Pimp D | 2:48 |
| 8 | "Wut Dat Mafia Like" | Lil' Hawk, Spyder | 3:16 |
| 9 | "Do You Wanna Roll to Figueroa" | B-Brazy, Peanut 2 | 3:32 |
| 10 | "Skits" |  | 0:43 |
| 11 | "Nigga Can't Fuck With This" | Lil' Hawk | 3:11 |
| 12 | "We Don't Give a Fuck" | B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk, O.G. Mad Eye, Peanut 2, Pimp D, Spyder | 4:19 |
| 13 | "True Flue Killer" | B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk, Peanut 2, Pimp D, Spyder | 4:29 |
| 14 | "CK Free Style" | B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk, Peanut 2, Pimp D, Spyder, O.G. Mad Eye | 5:26 |
| 15 | "Fucc Crabz" | B-Brazy, Lil' Hawk, O.G. Mad Eye, Peanut 2, Pimp D, Spyder | 4:24 |
| 16 | "Bullets Don't Have No Names" |  | 5:08 |

## InfoBox

| Damu Ridas | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Damu Ridas | |
| Released | September 26, 1995 |
| Recorded | 1995 |
| Genre | West Coast hip hop, gangsta rap, G-Funk |
| Length | 57:50 |
| Label | Dangerous Records |
| Producer | Ron "Ronnie Ron" Phillips
Tweedy Bird Loc |
| Damu Ridas chronology | |
| *Bangin' on Wax 2... The Saga Continues*
(1994) ***Damu Ridas***
(1995) *How Deep Is Your Hood*
(1999) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Damu Ridas* | |
| 1. "Damu Ride"
Released: 1995 2. "True Flue Killer"
Released: 1995 | |
|  | |


title: Poplar Hall (Norfolk, Virginia)

abstract: Poplar Hall is a historic plantation house located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built about 1760, and is a two-story, five-bay, Georgian style brick dwelling. It is covered with a slate gable roof and has interior end chimneys. It features a central one-bay dwarf portico and a low, hipped roof topped by a three-bay cupola. Both entrances are sheltered by a dwarf portico. A one-story brick wing was added about 1860, a frame addition in 1955, and a one-story frame wing in 1985. Also on the property is a contributing dairy. The house was built for Thurmer Hoggard, a planter and ship's carpenter who developed a private shipyard on the site. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

text:
# Poplar Hall (Norfolk, Virginia)

**Poplar Hall** is a historic plantation house located at Norfolk, Virginia. It was built about 1760, and is a two-story, five-bay, Georgian style brick dwelling. It is covered with a slate gable roof and has interior end chimneys. It features a central one-bay dwarf portico and a low, hipped roof topped by a three-bay cupola. Both entrances are sheltered by a dwarf portico. A one-story brick wing was added about 1860, a frame addition in 1955, and a one-story frame wing in 1985. Also on the property is a contributing dairy. The house was built for Thurmer Hoggard, a planter and ship's carpenter who developed a private shipyard on the site.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Poplar Hall | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
| Virginia Landmarks Register | |
|  | |
| Front of the house, seen through trees | |
|  | |
| Location | 400 Stuart Cir., Norfolk, Virginia |
| Coordinates | 36°50′44″N 76°12′41″W / 36.84556°N 76.21139°W / 36.84556; -76.21139 |
| Area | 1.3 acres (0.53 ha) |
| Built | c. 1760 (1760) |
| Architectural style | Georgian |
| NRHP reference No. | 97001402 |
| VLR No. | 122-0045 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | November 7, 1997 |
| Designated VLR | March 19, 1997 |


title: Platyceps ladacensis

abstract: Platyceps ladacensis, the braid snake or Jan's cliff racer, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae. The snake is found in Asia.

text:
# Platyceps ladacensis

***Platyceps ladacensis***, the **braid snake** or **Jan's cliff racer**, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.

The snake is found in Asia.

## InfoBox

| *Platyceps ladacensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Colubridae |
| Genus: | *Platyceps* |
| Species: | ***P. ladacensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Platyceps ladacensis***<br>(Anderson, 1871) | |
|


title: Play for P.I.N.K.

abstract: Play for P.I.N.K. is a fundraising organization founded by Laura Lassman, which organizes golf tournaments to raise money for breast cancer research. The organization formed in 1990 after Lassman organized a tournament in Bergen County, New Jersey to support a friend undergoing cancer treatment. Play for P.I.N.K. donates solely to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF), and is BCRF's largest donor. Their total contributions to BCRF since 1990 were approximately $75 million, as of 2023. In 2023, it was estimated that 30,000 people took part in charity events held by Play for P.I.N.K. every year. A financial partnership with Bloomberg allows all raised funds to be donated directly to BCRF, cutting administrative costs. Other important corporate partners include Estée Lauder and Wilson Sporting Goods.

text:
# Play for P.I.N.K.

**Play for P.I.N.K.** (Prevention, Immediate diagnosis, New technology and Knowledge) is a fundraising organization founded by Laura Lassman, which organizes golf tournaments to raise money for breast cancer research. The organization formed in 1990 after Lassman organized a tournament in Bergen County, New Jersey to support a friend undergoing cancer treatment.

Play for P.I.N.K. donates solely to the Breast Cancer Research Foundation (BCRF), and is BCRF's largest donor. Their total contributions to BCRF since 1990 were approximately $75 million, as of 2023. In 2023, it was estimated that 30,000 people took part in charity events held by Play for P.I.N.K. every year.

A financial partnership with Bloomberg allows all raised funds to be donated directly to BCRF, cutting administrative costs. Other important corporate partners include Estée Lauder and Wilson Sporting Goods.


title: Play drive

abstract:
Play drive is a philosophical concept developed by Friedrich Schiller. It is a conjoining, through contradiction, of the human experience of the infinite and finite, of freedom and time, of sense and reason, and of life and form. The object of the play drive is the living form. In contemplation of the beautiful, it allows man and woman to become most human. To understand how Schiller reaches this conclusion, one must trace the origins of life and form, as a function of the two drives that the play drive mediates:
  - the form drive and
  - the sense drive. These two drives are themselves functions of a human being's person and condition, which Schiller initially describes in terms of the absolute and time.

text:
# Play drive

**Play drive** is a philosophical concept developed by Friedrich Schiller. It is a conjoining, through contradiction, of the human experience of the infinite and finite, of freedom and time, of sense and reason, and of life and form.

The object of the play drive is the living form. In contemplation of the beautiful, it allows man and woman to become most human.

To understand how Schiller reaches this conclusion, one must trace the origins of life and form, as a function of the two drives that the play drive mediates:

* the form drive and
* the sense drive.

These two drives are themselves functions of a human being's person and condition, which Schiller initially describes in terms of the absolute and time.

## Schiller's view of the human condition

### Person

In Schiller's thought, the sense and the form drive arise out of a human being's existence as a "person", which endures, and their "condition", the determining attributes that change. He describes the person as unchangeable and eternal and endures change. "We pass from rest to activity, from passion to indifference, from agreement to contradiction; but we remain, and what proceeds directly from us remains too". This personhood is grounded in itself, and not in the contradictory state of condition.

Schiller argues that because humans are finite, condition and person have to be separate, and cannot be grounded in each other. If they were, either change would persist or the person would change. "And so we would, in the first place, have the idea of absolute being grounded upon itself, that is to say freedom". Therefore, a person is grounded in itself, and this grounding is responsible for human's idea of freedom. Freedom, defined as an absolute being grounded in itself.

### Condition

While the person can be grounded in itself, Schiller's concept of condition cannot. It is already established that condition cannot be grounded in person, and must therefore proceed from something else. This "proceeding" grounds the condition in contingency, which is humanity's experience of time. "For man is not just a person situated in a particular condition. Every condition, however, every determinate existence, has its origins in time; and so man, as a phenomenal being, must also have a beginning, although the pure intelligence within him is eternal".

Humanity receives reality from the outside, as something changing within time. This changing perception is accompanied by the eternal "I" – the person – which organizes the change and variety into a unity. "The reality which the supreme intelligence creates out of itself, man has first to receive, and he does in fact receive it, by way of perception, as something existing outside of him in space, and as something changing within him in time". The perfect human being, according to Schiller, would be a constant unity amongst constant change. These seemingly contradictory forces of freedom through person and time through condition, manifest themselves in humans as the form and the sense drive. These drives, and consequently humanity's experience of freedom and time, are mediated by the play drive.

### Sense and Form Drives

#### Sense Drive

The sense drive, in Schiller's thought, is a function of man's condition. It comes from the human being's physical existence, and the whole of their phenomenal existence stems from it. In their sensuous existence, human beings are set within the limits of time, within his condition, and becomes matter. "By matter in this context we understand nothing more than change, or reality that occupies time. Consequently this drive demands that there shall be change, that time shall have content". Therefore, sensation of the sensuous drive is time occupied by content.

#### Form Drive

The form drive, in Schiller's view, is a function of the person grounded in itself. This drive is humanity's rational nature, their "absolute existence", and its goal is to give them freedom, so they can bring harmony to the variety of things in the world. Because the form drive insists on the absolute, "It wants the real to be necessary and eternal, and the eternal and necessary to be real. In other words, it insist on truth and on the right". The sense drive and the form drive are in competition, and overpower one another in the person.

#### In competition

If the sense drive overcomes the form drive, according to Schiller, it reduces human beings to matter, but leaves them without the ability to bring this matter into unity. "As long as he merely feels, merely desires and acts upon desire, he is as yet nothing but world, if by this term we understand nothing but the formless content of time" (117). In order to not be just "world", people must exercise their form drive upon matter, and "give reality the predisposition he carries within him". When the form drive overpowers, Schiller says we experience "the greatest enlargement of being", meaning that because it is a drive toward the absolute, all limitations disappear, and instead of seeing the world finitely, as he does through the sensuous drive, "man has raised himself to a unity of ideas embracing the whole realm of phenomena".

Since the sense drive places us in time, indulging in the formal drive removes us out of time, and in doing so "We are no longer individuals; we are species". While this seems like a perfected state, it is only a point on the path of a human being reaching their maximum potential.

#### In equilibrium

To maximize potential of the two drives, Schiller argues, one cannot suffocate or limit the other. The perfection of the sense drive would consist in maximizing changeability and maximizing extensity. This is the development of receptivity, through which human beings present more "surface" to phenomena of the world. "The more facets his receptivity develops, the more labile it is, and the more surface it presents to phenomena, so much more world does man apprehend, and all the more potentialities does he develop in himself".

To suppress this faculty would not achieve the perfection of the form drive, rather the opposite. The perfection of the form drive is accomplished in its ability to oppose the sense drive through its endurance to change. "The more power and depth the personality achieves, and the more freedom reason attains, so much more world does man comprehend, and all the more form does he create outside of himself". Therefore, the Form drive's autonomy and intensity are maximized as a response to the maximization of the sense drive. "Where both these aptitudes are conjoined, man will combine the greatest fullness of existence with the highest autonomy and freedom and instead of losing himself to the world, will rather draw the latter into himself in all its infinitude of phenomena, and subject it to the unity of his reason" This "conjoining" of the two faculties, are actually a mediation by the third fundamental drive, the play drive.

### Play Drive

The play drive mediates the demands of the sense and the form drive. "The sense drive demands that there shall be change and that time shall have a content; the form drive demands that time shall be annulled and that there shall be no change. That drive, therefore, in which both others work in concert is the play drive, reconciling becoming with absolute being and change with identity".

For the play drive to successfully mediate the two drives, human beings must learn passivity, to exercise their sense drive and become receptive of the world. They must also learn activity, to free their reason, as much as possible from the receptive. Accomplishing both, human beings are able to have a twofold experience simultaneously, "in which he were to be at once conscious of his freedom and sensible of his existence, were at one and the same time, to feel himself matter and come to know himself as mind".

Therefore, by maximizing the constraint of the absolute and the contingency of the material, the play drive negates the demands of both drives and sets people free both physically and morally. To exist in this paradoxical state, would mean to have a "complete intuition of his human nature". Furthermore, "the object that afforded him this vision would become for him the symbol of his accomplished destiny" and this would serve him as a finite embodiment of the infinite. Schiller names this object of the play drive 'living form'.

### Living Form

The living form comes from a mediation of the "objects" of the sense and the form drives. The object of the sense drive, Schiller calls life. This concept designates all material being and all that is immediately present to the senses. It is a function of the human condition.

The object of the form drive, Schiller simply calls form. This concept includes all the formal qualities of things and their relationship to our reason. Schiller argues for the necessity of the interplay of the two objects in creation of a sculpture from a block of marble. "As long as we merely think about his form, it is lifeless, a mere abstraction; as long as we merely feel his life, it is formless, a mere expression. Only when his form lives in our feeling and his life takes on form in our understanding, does he become a living form". This experience of the living form, as a mediation of life and form by the play drive, is what Schiller calls the experience of beauty. "Beauty results from the reciprocal action of two opposed drives and from the uniting of two opposed principles. The highest ideal of beauty, therefore, to be sought in the most perfect possible union and equilibrium of reality and form". Therefore, in contemplation of the beautiful, people are exercising the play drive, and are fully human.

## Reception

## Sources

Schiller, Friedrich (Sep 1, 1993). *Essays*. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780826407139.


title: Pleasant Valley, Elko County, Nevada

abstract: Pleasant Valley is an unincorporated community in Elko County, Nevada, United States.

text:
# Pleasant Valley, Elko County, Nevada

**Pleasant Valley** is an unincorporated community in Elko County, Nevada, United States.

## InfoBox

| Pleasant Valley, Elko County, Nevada | |
| --- | --- |
| Unincorporated community | |
| Pleasant ValleyLocation within the state of Nevada | |
| Coordinates: 40°43′05″N 115°31′03″W / 40.71806°N 115.51750°W / 40.71806; -115.51750 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Nevada |
| County | Elko |
| Elevation | 5,860 ft (1,790 m) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 857656 |


title: Podabrus cavicollis

abstract: Podabrus cavicollis is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Podabrus cavicollis

***Podabrus cavicollis*** is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species *Podabrus cavicollis*:

* *Podabrus cavicollis cavicollis*
* *Podabrus cavicollis hatchi*

## Further reading

* Lobl, I.; Smetana, A., eds. (2007). *Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 4: Elateroidea - Derodontoidea - Bostrichoidea - Lymexyloidea - Cleroidea - Cucujoidea*. Apollo Books. ISBN 978-8788757675.

## InfoBox

| *Podabrus cavicollis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cantharidae |
| Genus: | *Podabrus* |
| Species: | ***P. cavicollis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Podabrus cavicollis***<br>LeConte, 1851 | |
|


title: Pleioceras barteri

abstract: Pleioceras barteri grows as a shrub, liana or small tree up to 4 metres (13 ft) tall. Its flowers feature dark red or violet corolla lobes with yellow apex. Its habitat is forests, bush or open ground in coastal areas from sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft) altitude. Local traditional medicinal uses include as an emmenagogue, abortifacient and also in the treatment of rheumatism and malaria. Pleioceras barteri is native to tropical West Africa and Cameroon.

text:
# Pleioceras barteri

***Pleioceras barteri*** grows as a shrub, liana or small tree up to 4 metres (13 ft) tall. Its flowers feature dark red or violet corolla lobes with yellow apex. Its habitat is forests, bush or open ground in coastal areas from sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft) altitude. Local traditional medicinal uses include as an emmenagogue, abortifacient and also in the treatment of rheumatism and malaria. *Pleioceras barteri* is native to tropical West Africa and Cameroon.

## InfoBox

| *Pleioceras barteri* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Apocynaceae |
| Genus: | *Pleioceras* |
| Species: | ***P. barteri*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleioceras barteri***<br>Baill. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Wrightia parviflora* Stapf | |


title: Pleiocoryne

abstract:
Pleiocoryne is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae. Its native range is Western Tropical Africa to Northwestern Angola. Species:
  - Pleiocoryne fernandensis (Hiern) Rauschert

text:
# Pleiocoryne

***Pleiocoryne*** is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Rubiaceae.

Its native range is Western Tropical Africa to Northwestern Angola.

Species:

* *Pleiocoryne fernandensis* (Hiern) Rauschert

## InfoBox

| *Pleiocoryne* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Pleiocoryne*<br>Rauschert |
|


title: Pleorchis magniporus

abstract: Pleorchis magniporus is a species of flatworm which can parasitize Elasmobranchs, particularly the intestines of the spotted round ray.

text:
# Pleorchis magniporus

***Pleorchis magniporus*** is a species of flatworm which can parasitize Elasmobranchs, particularly the intestines of the spotted round ray.

## InfoBox

| *Pleorchis magniporus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Trematoda |
| Subclass: | Digenea |
| Order: | Plagiorchiida |
| Suborder: | Allocreadiata |
| Family: | Pleorchiidae |
| Genus: | *Pleorchis* |
| Species: | ***P. magniporus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleorchis magniporus***<br>Arai, 1962 | |
|


title: Podlesie, Dzierżoniów County

abstract: Podlesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niemcza, within Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Niemcza, 23 km (14 mi) east of Dzierżoniów, and 51 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

text:
# Podlesie, Dzierżoniów County

**Podlesie** \[pɔdˈlɛɕɛ\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niemcza, within Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south-east of Niemcza, 23 km (14 mi) east of Dzierżoniów, and 51 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Wrocław.

## InfoBox

| Podlesie | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Podlesie | |
| Coordinates: 50°41′N 16°52′E / 50.683°N 16.867°E / 50.683; 16.867 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Dzierżoniów |
| Gmina | Niemcza |
| Population | 200 |


title: Pneumatic anti-ice system

abstract: A pneumatic anti-ice system is a technology that uses air or another gas to prevent ice buildup on ships sailing in icy waters. It is housed below the waterline on the ship's hull. Pneumatic anti-ice systems use compressed air or engine exhaust as the working gas, which is vented overboard through a series of ejectors from bow to amidships. Since the ejectors are located below the waterline or near the keel, the airflow streaming from them forms a water/air curtain along the hull.

text:
# Pneumatic anti-ice system

A **pneumatic anti-ice system** is a technology that uses air or another gas to prevent ice buildup on ships sailing in icy waters. It is housed below the waterline on the ship's hull. Pneumatic anti-ice systems use compressed air or engine exhaust as the working gas, which is vented overboard through a series of ejectors from bow to amidships. Since the ejectors are located below the waterline or near the keel, the airflow streaming from them forms a water/air curtain along the hull.

## History

The concept of a ship anti-icing system in the form of a water-air boundary layer was introduced in 1966 in the USSR. Variants of a heated steam-air system in the waterline area were considered, and the prospects for its use as a thruster to increase maneuverability were studied. The modern form was proposed by Wärtsilä in 1969 and was first installed on Finnish cargo ferry Finncarrier. It was tested in the Baltic Sea in 1970. The first icebreaker on which the pneumatic anti-ice system was installed was the Yermak, built in 1974.

## Performance

The adhesion of ice to the hull has thermal and electrostatic aspects. The ongoing processes develop too quickly to warm above-the-waterline ice to the ambient water temperature, as a result of which it freezes or sticks to the hull. Air flushing reduces the contact area of the ice with the hull and increases the temperature by creating an upstream current of warmer water at greater depth, thereby solving the first problem. Another mechanism is the accumulation of an electrostatic charge in the ice when it cracks and breaks. When the state of underwater paint coating of the hull is unsatisfactory, it can become ineffective against preventing ice from sticking.

## Referencesiocde


title: Pleurobema curtum

abstract: Pleurobema curtum, the black clubshell or Curtus's mussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is endemic to the United States.

text:
# Pleurobema curtum

***Pleurobema curtum***, the **black clubshell** or **Curtus's mussel**, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

This species is endemic to the United States.

## InfoBox

| *Pleurobema curtum* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Critically endangered, possibly extinct  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Genus: | *Pleurobema* |
| Species: | ***P. curtum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pleurobema curtum***
(I. Lea, 1859) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Unio curtus* I. Lea, 1859 | |


title: Pleurobema

abstract: Pleurobema is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

text:
# Pleurobema

***Pleurobema*** is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

## Species

Species within the genus *Pleurobema* include:

## InfoBox

| *Pleurobema* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| A live individual of *Pleurobema gibberum* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Tribe: | Pleurobemini |
| Genus: | *Pleurobema*<br>Rafinesque, 1819 |
|


title: Poděšín

abstract: Poděšín is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Poděšín lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Žďár nad Sázavou, 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Jihlava, and 119 km (74 mi) south-east of Prague.

text:
# Poděšín

**Poděšín** is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.

Poděšín lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south-west of Žďár nad Sázavou, 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Jihlava, and 119 km (74 mi) south-east of Prague.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 363 |  |
| 1880 | 416 | +14.6% |
| 1890 | 397 | −4.6% |
| 1900 | 387 | −2.5% |
| 1910 | 375 | −3.1% |
| 1921 | 378 | +0.8% |
| 1930 | 370 | −2.1% |
| 1950 | 293 | −20.8% |
| 1961 | 296 | +1.0% |
| 1970 | 242 | −18.2% |
| 1980 | 208 | −14.0% |
| 1991 | 245 | +17.8% |
| 2001 | 250 | +2.0% |
| 2011 | 240 | −4.0% |
| 2021 | 253 | +5.4% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Poděšín | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| PoděšínLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 49°30′28″N 15°48′3″E / 49.50778°N 15.80083°E / 49.50778; 15.80083 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Vysočina |
| District | Žďár nad Sázavou |
| First mentioned | 1233 |
| Area | |
| Total | 6.89 km2 (2.66 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 562 m (1,844 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 264 |
| Density | 38/km2 (99/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 592 12 |
| Website | www.podesin.cz |