title: Susquehannock

abstract: The Susquehannock, also known as the Conestoga, Minquas, and Andaste, were an Iroquoian people who lived in the lower Susquehanna River watershed in what is now Pennsylvania. Their name means “people of the muddy river.” The Susquehannock were first described by John Smith, who explored the upper reaches of Chesapeake Bay in 1608. The Susquehannocks were active in the fur trade and established close trading relationships with Virginia, New Sweden, and New Netherland. They were in conflict with Maryland until a treaty was negotiated in 1652, and were the target of intermittent attacks by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois). By the 1670s, their population had declined sharply as a result of disease and war. The Susquehannock abandoned their town on the Susquehanna River and moved south into Maryland. They erected a palisaded village on Piscataway Creek, but in September 1675, the Susquehannock were besieged by militias from Maryland and Virginia. The survivors of the siege scattered, and those who returned to the north were absorbed by the Haudenosaunee. In the late 1680s, a group of Susquehannock and Seneca established a settlement on the Conestoga River in present-day Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where they became known as the Conestoga. The population of this community gradually declined, and in 1763, the last members were massacred by the vigilante group known as the Paxton Boys. While there are a significant number of Indigenous people alive today of Susquehannock ancestry, the Susquehannock as a distinct cultural entity are considered extinct.

text:
# Susquehannock

The **Susquehannock**, also known as the **Conestoga**, **Minquas**, and **Andaste**, were an Iroquoian people who lived in the lower Susquehanna River watershed in what is now Pennsylvania. Their name means “people of the muddy river.”

The Susquehannock were first described by John Smith, who explored the upper reaches of Chesapeake Bay in 1608. The Susquehannocks were active in the fur trade and established close trading relationships with Virginia, New Sweden, and New Netherland. They were in conflict with Maryland until a treaty was negotiated in 1652, and were the target of intermittent attacks by the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois).

By the 1670s, their population had declined sharply as a result of disease and war. The Susquehannock abandoned their town on the Susquehanna River and moved south into Maryland. They erected a palisaded village on Piscataway Creek, but in September 1675, the Susquehannock were besieged by militias from Maryland and Virginia. The survivors of the siege scattered, and those who returned to the north were absorbed by the Haudenosaunee.

In the late 1680s, a group of Susquehannock and Seneca established a settlement on the Conestoga River in present-day Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where they became known as the Conestoga. The population of this community gradually declined, and in 1763, the last members were massacred by the vigilante group known as the Paxton Boys. While there are a significant number of Indigenous people alive today of Susquehannock ancestry, the Susquehannock as a distinct cultural entity are considered extinct.

## Language

The Susquehannock were an Iroquoian speaking people. Little of the language has been preserved. The chief source is the *Vocabula Mahakuassica* compiled by the Swedish missionary Johannes Campanius during the 1640s. Campanius's vocabulary contains about 100 words and is sufficient to show that Susquehannock is a Northern Iroquoian language, closely related to the languages of the Haudenosaunee and in particular that of the Onondaga. The language is considered extinct as of 1763 when the last remnant community of the Susquehannock was massacred at Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

## Names

The Europeans who colonized the Mid-Atlantic coast of North America typically adopted the names that were used by the coastal Algonquian-speaking peoples for interior tribes. The Europeans adapted and transliterated these exonyms to fit their own languages and spelling systems, and tried to capture the sounds of the names. What the Susquehannock called themselves is not known.

* The Wendat, an Iroquoian-speaking people, called these people *Andastoerrhonon*, meaning "people of the blackened ridge pole." The French adapted the Wendat term and called them *Andaste*, but later referred to them as *Gandastogues*.
* The Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking people, referred to them by an exonym, *Menkwe*, from which Dutch and Swedish colonists derived the name *Minqua*.
* The Algonquian-speaking peoples of coastal Virginia and Maryland called the tribe the *Sasquesahanough,* meaning "people of the muddy river." English settlers in Maryland and Virginia transliterated the Algonquian term, referring to the people as the *Susquehannock*.
* In the eighteenth century, British colonists in Pennsylvania called them the Conestoga, referring to the settlement established on the Conestoga River about 1690. The name may be based on the Mohawk word *tekanastoge*, possibly meaning "place of the upright pole." Conestoga may also be the anglicized form of *Gandastogue* which is possibly the closest to what the Susquehannock called themselves.

## History

### Protohistory

In the late 15th and early 16th centuries the Susquehannock lived in scattered hamlets on the North Branch of the Susquehanna River in what is now Bradford County, Pennsylvania, and Tioga County, New York. Of Northern Iroquoian ancestry, the Susquehannock became culturally and linguistically distinct before 1500.

A southward migration towards Chesapeake Bay began in the second half of the 16th century, possibly the result of conflict with the Haudenosaunee to the north. The shortening of the growing season during the Little Ice Age, and the desire to be closer to sources of trade goods may also have been factors. The Susquehannock assimilated the Shenks Ferry people in the lower Susquehanna River valley, and established a palisaded village in present-day Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. An archaeological excavation in 1931 revealed that the village (known as the Schultz Site) contained at least 26 longhouses. The Schultz site was largely abandoned c.1600 due to overcrowding and depletion of local resources. A larger fortified town was constructed near what is today Washington Boro. The town is estimated to have been 250,000 square feet in size with a population of about 1,700 people.

Several smaller Susquehannock sites have been found in the upper Potomac River valley in what is now Maryland and West Virginia that date roughly from 1590 to 1610. Archaeological evidence also exists for a palisaded settlement 30 miles upstream of Washington Boro in what is now Cumberland County that was occupied from about 1610 to 1620.

### European contact

The first recorded European contact with the Susquehannock was in 1608 when English explorer John Smith met with a group of about 60 "gyant-like" warriors and "weroances" at the mouth of the Susquehanna River, two days journey downriver from their settlement at Washington Boro. Smith wrote of the Susquehannock, "They can make neere 600 able and mighty men, and are pallisadoed \[palisaded\] in their Townes to defend them from the Massawomekes, their mortal enemies." Smith also recorded that some of the Susquehannock were in possession of hatchets, knives, and brass ornaments of French origin.

Significant Susquehannock involvement in the fur trade began in the 1620s. Because of their location on the Susquehanna River, the Susquehannock had access to English traders on the Chesapeake, as well as Dutch and Swedish traders on Delaware Bay. Furs, primarily beaver, were traded for cloth, glass beads, brass kettles, hawk bells, axes, hoes, and knives. Although many Europeans were hesitant to trade firearms for furs, the Susquehannocks began to obtain muskets in the 1630s.

In 1626, a group of Susquehannock travelled to New Amsterdam seeking to establish a trading relationship with the Dutch. Isaack de Rasière, the Secretary of New Netherland noted that the Lenape living on the Delaware River were unable to supply furs because of Susquehannock raids. The following year the Dutch established Fort Nassau on the east side of the Delaware River opposite the mouth of the Schuylkill River.

To trade with the Dutch, the Susquehannock had to pass through Lenape territory. English explorer Thomas Yonge (Yong) noted that in 1634 the "people of the river" were at war with the Minquas who had "killed many of them, destroyed their corne, and burned their houses." By 1638, however, the Lenape and the Susquehannock had reached an accommodation, with the later having been given access to trading posts on the Delaware. It is said that the Lenape became "subject and tributary" to the Susquehannock but this is disputed.

Contact with English settlers on the Chesapeake was limited until English merchant William Claiborne began trading with the Susquehannock c.1630. Claiborne established a settlement on Kent Island in 1631 to facilitate this trade, and later erected an outpost on Palmer's Island near the mouth of the Susquehanna River.

Relations with the English deteriorated following the establishment of the Province of Maryland in 1634. The new colony formed an alliance with the Piscataway, who were the frequent target of Susquehannock raids. The founding of the colony also disrupted Claiborne's trade alliance with the Susquehannock as he refused to acknowledge Maryland's authority. When a legal dispute forced Claiborne to return to England in 1637, Maryland seized Kent Island.

The focus of Susquehannock trade now turned to the newly established colony of New Sweden on Delaware Bay. Swedish settlers had built Fort Christina on the west side of the bay near the mouth of the Schuylkill River in 1638. This gave them the advantage over the Dutch in the fur trade with the Susquehannock.

Following a raid on a Jesuit mission in 1641, the Governor of Maryland declared the Susquehannock "enemies of the province." A few attempts were made to organize a military campaign against the Susquehannock, however, it was not until 1643 that an ill-fated expedition was mounted. The Susquehannock inflicted numerous casualties on the English and captured two of their cannon. 15 prisoners were taken and afterwards tortured to death.

### Alliance with Maryland, 1651–1674

Raids on Maryland and the Piscataway continued intermittently until 1652. In the winter of 1652, the Susquehannock were attacked by the Mohawk, and although the attack was repulsed, it led to the Susquehannock negotiating the Articles of Peace and Friendship with Maryland. The Susquehannock relinquished their claim to territory on either side of Chesapeake Bay, and reestablished their earlier trading relationship with the English.

In 1660, the Susquehannock used their influence to help end the First Esopus War between the Esopus and the Dutch.

An Oneida raid on the Piscataway in 1660 led Maryland to expand its treaty with the Susquehannock into an alliance. The Maryland assembly authorized armed assistance, and described the Susquehannock as "a Bullwarke and Security of the Northern Parts of this Province." 50 men were sent to help defend the Susquehannock village. Muskets, lead and powder were acquired from both Maryland and New Netherland. Despite suffering a smallpox epidemic in 1661, the Susquehannock easily withstood a siege by 800 Seneca, Cayuga and Onondaga in May 1663, and destroyed an Onondaga war party in 1666.

The Susquehannock abandoned their village on the east side of the Susquehanna c.1665 and moved across the river to the west side. Their new village appears on Augustin Herrman's 1670 map of Virginia and Maryland. The Jesuit Relations for 1671 reported that the Susquehannock had 300 warriors, and described a rout of a Seneca and Cayuga raiding party by a group of Susquehannock adolescents.

### Diaspora

By the 1670s, epidemics and years of war with the Haudenosaunee had taken their toll on the Susquehannock. In 1675, they left their village on the Susquehanna River and moved south into Maryland.

Two reasons for the move have been proposed. Most historians believe that the Haudenosaunee inflicted a major defeat on the Susquehannock c.1674 since the *Jesuit Relations* for 1675 reports that the Seneca "utterly defeated ... their ancient and redoubtable foes." Historian Francis Jennings, however, proposed that the Susquehannock were coerced by Maryland into moving. Jennings argued that the Haudenosaunee could not have mounted an attack in 1674 since a munitions shortage in New France meant that that the French were unable to supply them with muskets, lead and powder.

Although Governor Charles Calvert of Maryland wanted the Susquehannock to settle on the Potomac River above the Great Falls, the tribe instead chose to occupy a site on Piscataway Creek where they erected a palisaded fort. In July 1675, a group of Virginians chasing Doeg raiders crossed the Potomac into Maryland and mistakenly killed several Susquehannock. Subsequent raids in Virginia and Maryland were blamed on the tribe. In September 1675, a thousand-man expedition against the Susquehannock was mounted by militia from Virginia and Maryland led by John Washington and Thomas Truman. After arriving at the Susquehannock town, Truman and Washington summoned five sachems to a parley but then had them summarily executed. Sorties during the ensuing six-week siege resulted in 50 English deaths. In early November the Susquehannock escaped the siege under cover of darkness, killing ten of the militia as they slept.

Most of Susquehannock crossed the Potomac into Virginia and took refuge in the Piedmont of Virginia. Two encampments were established on the Meherrin River near the village of the Siouan-speaking Occaneechi on the Roanoke River In January 1776, the Susquehannock raided plantations on the upper Rappahannock River, killing 36 colonists, and at the falls of the James River. Nathaniel Bacon, unhappy with Governor Sir William Berkeley's response to the raids, organized a volunteer militia to hunt down the Susquehannock. Bacon persuaded the Occaneechi to attack the closest Susquehannock encampment. After the Occaneechi returned with Susquehannock prisoners, Bacon turned on his allies and indiscriminately massacred Occaneechi men, women and children.

The Susquehannock who survived the Occaneechi attack moved downriver and may have merged with the Meherrin.

Other Susquehannock refugees fled to hunting camps on the North Branch of the Potomac or took refuge with the Lenape. Some of these refugees returned to the lower Susquehanna River valley in 1676 and established a palisaded village near the site of their previous village.

In March 1677, Susquehannock refugees living among the Lenape were invited to settle with the Haudenosaunee. While 26 families chose to remain with the Lenape, the remainder merged with the Cayuga, Oneida and Onondaga, and were joined by some of the Susquehannock from the village on the Susquehanna River. Roughly three years later the village was abandoned when the remaining inhabitants also joined the Haudenosaunee.

### Conestoga Town

In the late 1680s, a group of Susquehannock and Seneca established a village near the Conestoga River in what is now Manor Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania where they became known as the Conestoga. They were later joined by a number of Oneida and Cayuga families. In 1700, William Penn, founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, visited the Conestoga and obtained from them a deed for their lands in the Susquehanna River watershed. In return, a tract of land in Manor Township was set aside for their use. This was confirmed by treaty in 1701.

For the next few decades, Conestoga Town, as it came to be known, was an important trading center, and a meeting place for negotiations between Pennsylvania and various Indigenous groups. Its importance, however, waned as the focus of the fur trade and European settlement moved west. The population declined due to out-migration, and the remaining Conestoga became increasing impoverished and dependent on the Pennsylvania government, who occasionally provided clothing and provisions. By the 1740s, Seneca had become the dominant language with only a few Conestoga still able to speak the "ancient tongue.".

The Conestoga remained neutral during the Seven Years' War and Pontiac's War. They bartered brooms and baskets, fished, and tended their gardens. By 1763, only seven men, five women and eight children lived in Conestoga Town.

In December 1763, the Paxton Boys, in response to raids by the Lenape and Shawnee during Pontiac's War attacked Conestoga Town in the mistaken belief that the inhabitants were aiding and abetting the attacks. The Paxton Boys slaughtered the six Conestoga they found there, and burned the settlement to the ground. Fourteen of the Conestoga had been absent from the village and were given shelter in the Lancaster workhouse. Two weeks later, however, the Paxton Boys broke into the workhouse and slaughtered the remaining Conestoga including women and children.

Two former two inhabitants, a couple named Michael and Mary, escaped the massacre as they were living on Christian Hershey's farm near Manheim. Their burial site is recorded in the Historical Marker Database, listed as part of Kreider Homestead.

In 1768, John Penn, the Governor of Pennsylvania paid the Haudenosaunee £200 in goods for the 500 acres of land on which Conestoga Town had stood. In 1775, Cayuga relatives of the Conestoga leader Sheehays received an additional payment of £300.

### 19th century

In 1845, six Conestoga descendants living among the Oneida in New York commissioned Peter Doxtater to obtain restitution for land that had originally belonged to their ancestors in Lancaster County. Doxtater, whose maternal grandmother had lived at Conestoga Town before the massacre, later turned over all legal negotiations to Christian Shenk, an attorney in Lancaster County.

An 1869 property deed shows that Doxtater bequeathed 200 acres in Lancaster County to Huldah Hall, who had been a missionary teacher among the Oneida. Hall advocated for the Conestoga descendants, and may have lobbied for the 1872 joint resolution of the United States Congress. The resolution was introduced by Representative Holland Duell of New York would have recognized the remaining "Conestoga Indians" and would have returned their land on the Manor Township tract. This resolution states that a remnant of Conestoga had been with the Oneida during the massacre of 1763, and that their descendants should have use of the land set aside for them in perpetuity. The resolution died in committee.

### 20th century

In 1941, a bill was introduced by Ray E. Taylor and William E. Habbyshaw of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives to provide a reservation for the Susquehannock in Dauphin County. The bill was triggered by the claims of "Chief Fireway" who said he was the "sole surviving chief" of 85–100 Susquehannock in Pennsylvania. The bill made arrangements for tribal members to lease land for a nominal fee and establish a central community in their historic homelands. Under the provisions of the bill, the tract of land would have been called "The Susquehannock Indian Reservation". While this appropriation bill for $20,000 was passed unopposed in the state legislature, it was vetoed by Governor Arthur James, who was advised by the Pennsylvania Historical Commission that the last of the Susquehannocks had died in the 1763 massacre.

### 21st century

The Conestoga-Susquehannock Tribe, an organization in Pennsylvania that self-identifies as a tribe, offers membership to those who can show documented descent from a known Susquehannock or the 1845 land claimants, for example, those descended from Skenandoa, a war leader of the Oneida during the Revolutionary War. The organization is neither a federally recognized tribe nor a state-recognized tribe.

Those with partial Susquehannock ancestry "may be included among today's Seneca–Cayuga Nation" as well as other recognized Haudenosaunee nations in Canada and the United States.

## Culture

Little ethnographic information is available about the Susquehannock due to their relative isolation from European settlement. It is widely assumed that their culture was similar to that of other Northern Iroquoian peoples: clan-based, matrilineal, semi-sedentary, and horticultural.

The Susquehannock lived in semi-permanent palisaded villages that were built on river terraces and surrounded by agricultural fields. Although John Smith named six villages on his 1612 map, archaeological evidence indicates that at any one time the Susquehannock had just one or two large settlements in the lower Susquehanna River valley. Roughly every 25 years, when soil fertility and nearby resources became depleted, they would move to a new location and begin anew. Until c.1665 these villages were located on the east side of the Susquehanna River, however, from c.1665 to 1675 the Susquehannock occupied a village on the west side of Susquehanna known as the Upper Leibhart site.

Susquehannock villages contained numerous longhouses surrounded by a double palisade. Each bark-covered shelter was up to 80 feet (24 m) in length and housed as many as 60 individuals. Multiple families related through the female family line would live in one longhouse. Sons lived within this extended family household until they married, upon which time they would move to their wife's family's longhouse.

Archaeological evidence from trash and burn pits indicates that the Susquehannock had a varied and seasonal diet. Maize, beans and squash were staple foods, with maize-based meals, usually in the form of soup, making up nearly half of their caloric intake. Deer was the most common animal protein but elk, black bear, fish, freshwater mussels, wild turkey and waterfowl were also eaten. Wild plants, fruits, and nuts supplemented their diets.

Iroquoian people called maize, beans and squash the Three Sisters. In a technique known as companion planting, maize and climbing beans were planted together in mounds, with squash planted between the mounds. Dried crops were kept in circular or bell-shaped subterranean storage pits lined with bark and dried grasses.

Susquehannock women made shell-tempered pottery of various sizes primarily for cooking. Three different pottery types, corresponding to three different phases of occupation in what is now Lancaster County, have been identified. Schultz Incised is a high-collared, cordmarked pottery type that was produced until c.1600. The collars are marked with incised lines that form geometric patterns. Schultz Incised has also been found at sites near Tioga Point. Washington Boro Incised, produced between 1600 and 1635, is similar in some respects to Schultz Incised, however, the collar is not as wide. Known as "face pots" their distinguishing feature is the presence of two to four expressionless human faces on the collars. In the mid-17th century, as European goods became more common, pot design became simpler, and many of the pots used for cooking were replaced by brass kettles. Strickler Cordmarked, produced between 1635 and 1680 lacked the collars, geometric designs and face effigies of the earlier pottery types.

While Susquehannock women cultivated crops and managed the household, the men engaged in extended periods of travel for hunting, trading, and raids against neighbouring tribes. They also constructed and tended the fishing weirs that were used to catch American shad and eels.

The Susquehannock relied on a network of footpaths to cross their territory. Of particular importance was the Great Minquas Path between the Susquehanna River and the Delaware River which the Susquehannock used to reach Dutch and Swedish trading posts. For fishing and carrying cargoes of meat, pelts and people across the Susquehanna River, dugout canoes were used.

The Susquehannock typically buried their dead in individual graves in cemeteries located outside the palisade walls. A number of multiple burials have also been found, especially at the Strickler site which was occupied from c.1645 to c.1665. These burials typically were of an adult and one or more children. Bodies were flexed and usually accompanied by a variety of grave goods such as bead or shell necklaces, pendants, tobacco pipes, combs, knives, clay pots, brass kettles, and occasionally gun parts.

Among the gifts that Smith received from the Susquehannock in 1608 were several long-stemmed clay pipes. Tobacco was an important aspect of Susquehannock culture, but its use did not become widespread until the mid-16th century. Almost all graves dating from this period, including those of women and older children, contained pipes among the grave goods. The vocabulary compiled by Campanius includes words specifically meaning "smoking tobacco", as well as a word for "pipe for smoking tobacco." Pipes were either formed from clay or carved from soapstone. The bowls were frequently decorated with geometric designs or with human or animal effigies.

Smith described the Susquehannock as "gyant-like people," however, osteoarchaeological evidence from burial sites in the lower Susquehanna River valley has not shown that the Susquehannock were exceptionally tall compared to Europeans and other Indigenous groups. A recent reevaluation of the skeletal remains in the collection of Franklin & Marshall College has provided an average height for Susquehannock adult males of 174.7 centimeters (68.8 inches), however, skeletal remains in England show a similar average height for adult males in the early 17th century. Smith's description was based on an arranged meeting he had with 60 adult males who were likely chosen because they were physically intimidating.

## Legacy

A number of locations have been named after the Susquehannock:

Barry Kent's *Jacob My Friend: His 17th Century Account of the Susquehannock Indians* is a historical novel about Dutch fur-trader and interpreter Jacob Young who married a Susquehannock woman and had several children.

A graphic novel, documentary, and teaching material, under the title *Ghost River*, a project of the Library Company of Philadelphia and supported by The Pew Center for Arts & Heritage, addresses the Paxton massacres of 1763 and provides "interpreters and new bodies of evidence to highlight the Indigenous victims and their kin."

## InfoBox

Susquehannock
| Historical distribution of the Susquehannock language | |
| --- | --- |
| Total population | |
| Estimated 2,000 in 1600; now extinct as a tribe | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland | |
| Languages | |
| Susquehannock | |
| Religion | |
| Indigenous and Roman Catholic | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), Erie, Neutral, Wendat, Wenrohronon, Petun, Tuscarora, & Cherokee | |


title: Susquehannah Turnpike

abstract: The Susquehannah Turnpike is a historic 25 mile turnpike beginning at Catskill on the Hudson River and stretching through the town of Durham in Greene County, New York. East of the Hudson River, the road was taken over by the Ancram Turnpike Company in 1804. The route was extended west by the Susquehannah and Bath Turnpike Company, and further branches reached to Buffalo and Erie, Pennsylvania; the whole route became known as the Catskill Turnpike. Part of the Susquehannah Turnpike follows the Mohican Trail and it features a number of stone arch bridges. Nine of the 25 original milestones remain. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

text:
# Susquehannah Turnpike

The **Susquehannah Turnpike** is a historic 25 mile turnpike beginning at Catskill on the Hudson River and stretching through the town of Durham in Greene County, New York. East of the Hudson River, the road was taken over by the **Ancram Turnpike** Company in 1804. The route was extended west by the **Susquehannah and Bath Turnpike Company**, and further branches reached to Buffalo and Erie, Pennsylvania; the whole route became known as the **Catskill Turnpike**. Part of the Susquehannah Turnpike follows the Mohican Trail and it features a number of stone arch bridges. Nine of the 25 original milestones remain.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

## History

An early effort to build a road to the settlements along the Susquehanna River was begun in 1790 by the state government, funded by lotteries. This effort fell through, and a private company, the Susquehanna Turnpike Company, was chartered in 1800 to build the road "from the town of Salisbury in the state of Connecticut to Wattle's Ferry, on the Susquehannah River." The construction was toilsome and long; notably, several bridges were washed out in 1804. Despite the troubles, the turnpike was opened in 1806. Before it had opened, the portion east of the Hudson River was spun off as the Ancram Turnpike in 1804.

Immediately upon the turnpike's opening, shunpikes began to pop up to avoid the tollbooths. One notable shunpike was in Meredith, now part of Davenport, on a road now called Miller Hill Road. It was eliminated by an act relocating the local toll booth nearer to the Kortright Creek, making it impossible to avoid the tollbooth; “Shunpikers, if caught, had to pay three times the toll”. To alleviate the loss of revenue from shunpikers, toll booths began to be set up at twice the interval as before, charging half the old toll at each booth.

To extend this road beyond the Susquehanna River, the Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike Company was chartered in 1804 to run "from the Susquehanna river in the town of Jerico \[now known as Bainbridge\], in Chenango County, to the town of Bath, in the County of Steuben". The company experienced similar, if not worse conditions in building the road, not even having an Iroquois trail to guide them.

Beginning in the 1820s, turnpikes began to decline across the state, due to competition from the Erie Canal and railroads. This included the companies maintaining the Catskill Turnpike. The Susquehanna Turnpike Company also had the problem of being too large to maintain, and the road was so poorly maintained there was only one tollbooth that collected tolls, as was the practice for an unmaintained road, as early as 1828. The Susquehanna Turnpike was made a public road in 1856, though the company only folded in 1901.

## Modern designations

Except for minor local variations in the 20th century, all the road is still drivable.

Ancram Turnpike:

* State Line Road
* Dutchess CR 60
* Dutchess CR 8
* NY 82
* US 9
* Church Road
* Greendale Road

Susquehanna Turnpike:

* Main Street (old NY 23)
* NY 145
* CR 20
* Durham Road
* Potter Mountain Road
* NY 990V
* Gilboa Road
* NY 23
* Turnpike Road
* Delhi–Leonta Road
* NY 357

Stagecoaches from there could connect with the Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike along what is now NY 7

Susquehanna and Bath Turnpike:

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Susquehannah Turnpike | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | Beginning at Catskill, follows the Mohican Trail (NY 145) and CR 20 and 22 NW to the Schoharie County line, Catskill, New York |
| Coordinates | 42°18′35″N 74°0′58″W / 42.30972°N 74.01611°W / 42.30972; -74.01611 |
| Area | 200 acres (81 ha) |
| Built | 1800 |
| Architect | Susquehannah Turnpike Co. |
| NRHP reference No. | 74001241 |
| Added to NRHP | January 2, 1974 |


title: Crocus kerndorffiorum

abstract: Crocus kerndorffiorum is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae. It is a cormous perennial native to southern Turkey.

text:
# Crocus kerndorffiorum

***Crocus kerndorffiorum*** is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Crocus* of the family Iridaceae. It is a cormous perennial native to southern Turkey.

## InfoBox

| *Crocus kerndorffiorum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Crocus* |
| Species: | ***C. kerndorffiorum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crocus kerndorffiorum***<br>Pasche | |
|


title: Crocus laevigatus

abstract: Crocus laevigatus, the smooth crocus, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae, endemic to Crete, Greece. Growing to 10 cm (3.9 in), it is a cormous perennial, with narrow swordlike leaves, and pale lilac or white flowers with a yellow centre, appearing in Autumn. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The Latin specific epithet laevigatus means "smooth".

text:
# Crocus laevigatus

***Crocus laevigatus***, the **smooth crocus**, is a species of flowering plant in the genus *Crocus* of the family Iridaceae, endemic to Crete, Greece.

Growing to 10 cm (3.9 in), it is a cormous perennial, with narrow swordlike leaves, and pale lilac or white flowers with a yellow centre, appearing in Autumn. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The Latin specific epithet *laevigatus* means "smooth".

## InfoBox

| *Crocus laevigatus* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | *Crocus* |
| Species: | ***C. laevigatus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Crocus laevigatus***<br>Bory & Chaub. | |
|


title: Cryptocephalus virens

abstract: Cryptocephalus virens is a cylindrical leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae. The species was first described by Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian in 1847.

text:
# Cryptocephalus virens

***Cryptocephalus virens*** is a cylindrical leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae. The species was first described by Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian in 1847.

## Description

The females are usually slightly larger than the males. The colour of the head, pronotum and elytra is metallic green in the females, while in males the elytra are usually metallic blue. Adult beetles live from May to June, feeding mainly on nectar of *Asteraceae* species.

## Distribution

These beetles can be found in southern and central Europe from the Italian Alps and Bavaria to southern Poland, Russia, Turkey, the east Palearctic realm and the Near East. They prefer hilly and mountainous regions.

## InfoBox

| *Cryptocephalus virens* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Cryptocephalus* cf. *virens* | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Cryptocephalus* |
| Species: | ***C. virens*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptocephalus virens***<br>Suffrian, 1847 | |
|


title: Cryptocephalus vapidus

abstract: Cryptocephalus vapidus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

text:
# Cryptocephalus vapidus

***Cryptocephalus vapidus*** is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

## Further reading

## InfoBox

| *Cryptocephalus vapidus* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | *Cryptocephalus* |
| Species: | ***C. vapidus*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Cryptocephalus vapidus***<br>R. White, 1968 | |
|


title: Cuckold's Haven

abstract: Cuckold's Haven; Or, An Alderman No Conjurer is a 1685 comedy play by the Irish writer Nahum Tate. It was first staged at the Dorset Garden Theatre in London by the United Company. It was a reworking of George Chapman, Ben Jonson and John Marston's Eastward Ho. The original cast included Thomas Percival as Mr Nokes, Thomas Jevon as Quicksilver, Anthony Leigh as Security, Joseph Williams as Sir Petronell Flash, Thomas Gillow as Captain Seagull, Joseph Haines as Bramble, Susanna Percival as Girtred, Katherine Corey as Mrs Touchstone and Emily Price as Security's Wife.

text:
# Cuckold's Haven

***Cuckold's Haven; Or, An Alderman No Conjurer*** is a 1685 comedy play by the Irish writer Nahum Tate. It was first staged at the Dorset Garden Theatre in London by the United Company. It was a reworking of George Chapman, Ben Jonson and John Marston's *Eastward Ho*.

The original cast included Thomas Percival as Mr Nokes, Thomas Jevon as Quicksilver, Anthony Leigh as Security, Joseph Williams as Sir Petronell Flash, Thomas Gillow as Captain Seagull, Joseph Haines as Bramble, Susanna Percival as Girtred, Katherine Corey as Mrs Touchstone and Emily Price as Security's Wife.

## Bibliography

* Canfield, J. Douglas. *Tricksters and Estates: On the Ideology of Restoration Comedy*. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.
* Orr, Bridget. *Empire on the English Stage 1660-1714*. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
* Van Lennep, W. *The London Stage, 1660-1800: Volume One, 1660-1700*. Southern Illinois University Press, 1960.

## InfoBox

| Cuckold's Haven | |
| --- | --- |
| Written by | Nahum Tate |
| Date premiered | July 1685 |
| Place premiered | Dorset Garden Theatre, London |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Restoration Comedy |


title: Rhicnopelte

abstract: Rhicnopelte is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

text:
# Rhicnopelte

***Rhicnopelte*** is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.

## InfoBox

| *Rhicnopelte* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Eulophidae |
| Subfamily: | Eulophinae |
| Genus: | *Rhicnopelte*<br>Förster, 1878 |
|
| Species | |
|  | |


title: Pilatus Aircraft

abstract: Pilatus Aircraft Ltd. is an aerospace manufacturer located in Stans, Switzerland. In June 2016, the company employed 1,905 people. The company has mostly produced aircraft for niche markets, in particular short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft as well as military training aircraft. During the 1950s and 1960s, Pilatus developed a short takeoff and landing (STOL) light civil transport aircraft, the PC-6 Porter. In 1973, it was decided to restart work on a turbine version of the piston engine trainer P-3, which entered production as the PC-7 Turbo Trainer. In 1979, Pilatus acquired Britten-Norman, manufacturer of the Britten-Norman Islander and Britten-Norman Defender aircraft. During the 1980s, it developed the PC-9, an improved derivative of the PC-7. During the 1990s, Pilatus opened up a broader civilian market with the introduction of the PC-12, a single-engine turboprop aircraft and has delivered 1,800 as of April 2021. In the 2000s, it also introduced a new member family of its military training aircraft, the turboprop-powered PC-21. During the 2010s, the company developed the PC-24, a twin-engined STOL jet aircraft capable of operating from unpaved runways.

text:
# Pilatus Aircraft

**Pilatus Aircraft Ltd.** is an aerospace manufacturer located in Stans, Switzerland. In June 2016, the company employed 1,905 people.

The company has mostly produced aircraft for niche markets, in particular short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft as well as military training aircraft. During the 1950s and 1960s, Pilatus developed a short takeoff and landing (STOL) light civil transport aircraft, the PC-6 Porter. In 1973, it was decided to restart work on a turbine version of the piston engine trainer P-3, which entered production as the PC-7 Turbo Trainer. In 1979, Pilatus acquired Britten-Norman, manufacturer of the Britten-Norman Islander and Britten-Norman Defender aircraft. During the 1980s, it developed the PC-9, an improved derivative of the PC-7.

During the 1990s, Pilatus opened up a broader civilian market with the introduction of the PC-12, a single-engine turboprop aircraft and has delivered 1,800 as of April 2021. In the 2000s, it also introduced a new member family of its military training aircraft, the turboprop-powered PC-21. During the 2010s, the company developed the PC-24, a twin-engined STOL jet aircraft capable of operating from unpaved runways.

## History

### 1939–1949

In August 1938 Vickers offered Spitfire aircraft to the Swiss *Kriegstechnische Abteilung* (KTA). Antoine Gazda, working as a sales manager for the Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon, negotiated a licence agreement with Vickers and offered swiss-built Spitfires to the Flugwaffe. On October 21, 1938, a society named «Studiengesellschaft zur Gründung einer Flugzeugfabrik AG» was founded and designated the future company to be located at Stans. However the authorities deciced to buy complete aircraft from Messerschmitt in Germany. Without the now obsolete «Studiengesellschaft», Emil Bührle and Gazda continued on the project and founded the Pilatus Flugzeugwerke AG with the help of Elektrobank on 16. Dezember 1939. Construction of a production building started in March 1940. After forming, the company obtained contracts to do maintenance and repairs for the Swiss Air Force. The first venture of the new company was the assembly of EKW C-35 reconnaissance biplanes from spare parts, along with overhaul work on other types.

The first company proposal to the Swiss Air Force was a single-seat trainer, designated the P-1, although no records exist of the work done on it and not even the name of the project was ever mentioned on the two drawings that were discovered in the federal archives. The next project was the detail construction of the SB-2 Pelican which had been designed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. The five-seat experimental aircraft first flew on 30 May 1944 and only one of the type was built - resulting in a financial loss for the company that was higher than what it was ever paid for.

In 1942, the company won a contract from the Swiss military to modify 33 EKW C-3603. Following on from the abandoned P-1 design, the company started again on the development of a two-seat trainer, designated the P-2. The P-2 first flew on 27 April 1945, and the company won an order for the Swiss Air Force.

During 1945, the company produced a prototype single-engined light transport, designated the P-4. It made its first flight on 22 March 1948, but only one P-4 was ultimately completed. During the late 1940s, the company produced a number of wooden glider designs, and also handled the production of fuselages and tail-booms for the licence-produced De Havilland Vampire and Venom.

### 1950–1959

During 1951, the company worked on the P-5, a design project for an artillery observation aircraft, but it was not built. The P-3 was put into quantity production for the Swiss Air Force, and the company also achieved its first export success with the type: an order for six P-3s by the Brazilian Navy.

During 1958, Pilatus began design work on a short takeoff and landing (STOL) light civil transport aircraft which emerged as the PC-6 Porter; this aircraft first flew on 4 May 1959. The Porter was also manufactured under license by Fairchild Hiller in the United States. Roughly 100 of these licence-produced aircraft would be completed, being mainly purchased by civil operators within the US.

### 1960–1969

The initial turbine-powered models of the PC-6 were equipped with the Astazou II powerplant, however complaints of the reliability of this engine were made. Another early turboprop powerplant that became available for the PC-6 was the Garrett Air Research TPE 331. Some operators such as Air America chose to retrofit their Astazou II-powered PC-6s with the TPE 331 engine in its place. Both the piston and turbine-engine versions of the PC-6 became quickly known for their Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) capabilities, requiring only a very short takeoff run before being ready for rotation prior to taking off.

Furthermore, during 1965, a twin-engined variant of the PC-6 was built as the PC-8 Twin Porter, although it first flew on 15 November 1967, the aircraft remained an experimental and one-off type, and development was stopped in 1972. Another project, the PC-10, a 16-passenger twin-engined transport, was also kicked off by the company; however, it was not ultimately put into production.

In 1966, a turboprop-powered variant of the P-3 was flown, and was designated the PC-7. This aircraft was lost in a crash, leading to development of the type being put on hold until the 1970s. The termination of work was reportedly driven by a lack of market interest at that time.

### 1970–1979

In a departure from the production of trainers and Porters, the company bought the rights to the all-metal B-4 glider; Pilatus re-designed the B-4 for easier production and redesignated at the B-4/PC-11. The PC-11 first flew on 5 May 1972 and the company went on to build 322.

During 1973, it was decided to restart work on the PC-7 programme; factors for its revival had included the 1973 oil crisis, the launch of the rival Beechcraft T-34C Turbo-Mentor, and the increasing age of existing trainer aircraft. In 1975, a further PC-7 prototype was flown; following further development, it entered production as the PC-7 Turbo Trainer. On 12 August 1978, the first production standard aircraft made its first flight; on 5 December of that year, Switzerland's Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) issued civil certification for the PC-7. Over time, sales of the PC-7 generated considerable profits, allowing the company to finance the development of further types of aircraft.

In 1979, Pilatus acquired Britten-Norman, constructor of the Britten-Norman Islander and Britten-Norman Defender aircraft; this move led to the business being restructured as the *Pilatus Britten-Norman company*. Shortly thereafter, production activity on the Islander/Defender family was transferred to its Bembridge. Under the new company's direction, new features were installed upon the Islander over the years, such as the fitting of silencers upon both the aircraft's engine and propellers to better facilitate operations in noise-sensitive environments.

### 1980–1989

During 1982, development of an improved variant of the PC-7 was started, it emerged as the Pilatus PC-9 in 1984. It retained the overall layout of its predecessor, but the aircraft had very little structural commonality with it. Amongst other improvements, the PC-9 features a larger cockpit with stepped ejection seats and also has a ventral airbrake. Certification was achieved in September 1985.

Development of what was to become the company's best selling type, the Pilatus PC-12, was started in 1987, a single-engined turboprop transport that could carry up to twelve passengers or freight. In October 1989, Pilatus announced the development of the PC-12 at the annual convention of the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA).

### 1990–1999

The prototype PC-12 was flown on 31 May 1991. On 30 March 1994, the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation issued the type certificate for the PC-12; The first *PC-12 Eagle* surveillance aircraft was built in 1995, further developments led to the *PC-12 Spectre*; amongst other customers, it was adopted by the United States Air Force as the *U-28A*. Since entering service, Pilatus developed a large number of improvements and options upon the original PC-12 model; changes include increases in the maximum takeoff weight, the use of increasingly powerful engines, the adoption of new avionics, noise-reduction measures, new propellers, speed and range increases, additional interiors and new inflight entertainment systems.

During 1997, *TSA Transairco SA* of Geneva was acquired by Pilatus. In 1998, *Pilatus Australia Pty Ltd* was established, while Britten-Norman was sold.

### 2000–2009

To further its family of military training aircraft, the turboprop PC-21 was developed and first flown in 2002. A key aim for the PC-21 was to allow jet aircraft pilots to perform the majority of their training using the type before converting to jet-powered types, allowing operators to make substantial savings. In order to achieve this aim, the new trainer was required to have an expanded performance envelope in terms of aerodynamics, cockpit equipment, flexibility, and ease of maintenance. In May 2002, Pilatus announced that it aimed for the PC-21 to capture 50% of the global trainer aircraft market between 2005 and 2030.

In December 2000, the owners Unaxis (previously called Oerlikon-Bührle) sold Pilatus to a consortium of Swiss investors. During July 2010, the company delivered its 1,000 PC-12.

### 2010–2019

In 2013, Pilatus created a new overseas entity, *Pilatus Aircraft Industry (China) Co., Ltd*, to manufacture both the PC-6 and PC-12 aircraft in Chongqing, China; this company was run as a joint partnership between Pilatus and Beijing Tian Xing Jian Yu Science Co., Ltd. In 2014, the majority of PC-6s delivered that year were to Chinese customers. By April 2016, around 20 PC-6s were in operation in the Chinese market; the type has often been used to replace the Antonov An-2, being reportedly cheaper to operate.

The PC-24 was designed based on feedback from PC-12 customers, who desired increased range and speed, but wanted to retain the PC-12's ability to use very short runways. The design program was first mentioned by Pilatus in its May 2011 annual report. On 21 May 2013, the PC-24 was introduced to the public at the European Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition (EBACE) in Geneva. At the event, the then Pilatus chairman Oscar Schwenk claimed the PC-24 did not fit into any existing business jet categories, and stated that the aircraft was the only one that combined "...the versatility of a turboprop with the cabin size of a medium light jet, and the performance of a light jet". The rollout of the first PC-24, *HB-VXA*, was on 1 August 2014, Switzerland's national day; the aircraft's first flight was on 11 May 2015.

During 2018, Pilatus' general aviation division delivered 128 aircraft: 80 PC-12s, 27 PC-21s, 3 PC-6s and 18 PC-24s and its revenue was 1.1 billion Swiss francs (SFr.) ($1.0 billion) while order intake for the year was $980 million, boosting the company’s backlog to $2.07 billion. That same year, the company announced the closure of the orderbook for the PC-6 during summer 2018; the last example of the type was completed during early 2019 while parts production is set to continue for at least 20 years.

At the end of 2019, Pilatus recorded revenues of Sfr1.2 billion, which was principally generated via the delivery of 134 aircraft: 40 PC-24s, 83 PC-12NGs, and 11 PC-21s. This compared with revenues of SFr1.1 billion in 2018 on deliveries of 128 aircraft: 18 PC-24s, 80 PC-12NGs, 27 PC-21s and three PC-6s. As of May 2020,the company's backlog stood at $2.1 billion.

## Aircraft

|  | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
|  | Pilatus SB-2 | 1941
STOL transporter, only 1 aircraft |
|  | Pilatus P-1 | 1941
Single-seat trainer, project only |
|  | Pilatus P-2 | 1945
Trainer |
|  | Pilatus P-3 | 1953
Trainer |
|  | Pilatus P-4 | 1948
STOL transporter, 1 prototype only |
|  | Pilatus P-5 | 1951
artillery observation aircraft, project only |
|  | Pilatus PC-6 | 1959
STOL transporter |
|  | Pilatus PC-7 | 1966
Turboprop trainer |
|  | Pilatus PC-8D | 1967
STOL transporter, only 1 prototype |
|  | Pilatus PC-9 | 1984
Turboprop trainer |
|  | Pilatus PC-10 | 1970
Twin-engined transporter, project only |
|  | Pilatus B-4 | 1972
Sailplane given Pilatus project number PC-11 |
|  | Pilatus PC-12 | 1991
Single-engined transport/business turboprop |
|  | Pilatus PC-21 | 2001
Turboprop trainer |
|  | Pilatus PC-24 | 2014
Twin-engined transport/business jet |

## Locations

Pilatus Aircraft has its headquarters, along with a production plant, on the Buochs Airport in the Swiss canton of Nidwalden. The headquarters and plant are in the municipality of Stans.

The company's wartime founding called for a location far from Switzerland's borders and right up against a ridge of Mount Pilatus. Original plans actually called for the factory to be built inside the mountain.

Besides its day-to-day role as an aircraft factory, the Stans plant is perhaps best known for its use as a location for the film *Goldfinger*, particularly the exterior shots in which James Bond crashes his DB5 and is captured.

Besides its Stans plant, the Pilatus Group has operations in Adelaide, South Australia and in Broomfield, Colorado.

## Controversies

### Violation of Swiss Arms Export Law

In 2019, the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) launched an investigation into the company for providing logistical support and maintenance services to military aircraft in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirate, both involved in the war in Yemen. Pilatus Aircraft’s support of military operations in Saudi Arabia and the UAE was deemed a breach of Swiss export laws , which prohibit aiding military activities in countries involved in ongoing conflicts. In June 2019, the FDFA ordered Pilatus to halt its operations in both countries. Pilatus Aircraft appealed the decision. In 2021, the decision of the FDFA was annulled by the Federal Administrative Court based on "incompatibility with the \[Swiss\] government's foreign policy objectives"

### Indian Bribery case

Pilatus Aircraft was implicated in a bribery scandal in India. In 2019, the Indian Central Bureau of Investigation launched an investigation into alleged corruption involving the sale of 75 PC-7 MkII trainer aircraft to the Indian Air Force. The $350 million deal, signed in 2012, was reportedly tainted by bribes paid to Indian officials to secure the contract.

Pilatus was accused of violating India’s Prevention of Corruption Act, with investigations revealing financial transfers to intermediaries and consultants allegedly involved in facilitating the deal. Indian authorities, as part of the inquiry, scrutinized the involvement of middlemen including notorious arms dealer Sanjay Bhandari, who would have received $50 million through the Dubai branch of Offset India Solutions Private Limited. Pilatus refused to comment and India scrapped a contract to purchase a further 38 aircraft from the Swiss manufacturer.

### Citations

### Bibliography

* Fricker, John. "Pilot Report: Pilatus". *Flying Magazine*, Vol. 70, No. 4. April 1962. ISSN 0015-4806. pp. 38, 100–103.
* Genêve, Alain (December 1989). "50 ans d'aviation au pied du Mont Pilatus (1)" \[50 Years of Aircraft from the Foot of Mount Pilatus, Part 1\]. *Le Fana de l'Aviation* (in French) (241): 5–12. ISSN 0757-4169.
* Moll, Nigel. "Ugly is Only Skin-Deep." *Flying Magazine*, Vol. 120, No. 2. February 1993. ISSN 0015-4806. pp. 62–68.
* Simpson, R.W. *Airlife's General Aviation*. London: Airlife Publishing, 1991, p. 190. ISBN 1-85310-194-X.
* "The Svelte Switzer ... Pilatus' Turbo Trainer". *Air International,* Vol. 16, No. 3, September 1979, pp. 111–118.
* Taylor, Michael J. H. *Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition*. London: Brassey's, 1999. ISBN 1-85753-245-7.

46°58′33″N 8°22′53″E / 46.97583°N 8.38139°E / 46.97583; 8.38139

## InfoBox

Pilatus Aircraft
|
|  |
| Industry | Aerospace |
| Founded | 10 December 1939 |
| Headquarters | Stans (Nidwalden), Switzerland |
| Key people | Markus Bucher (CEO)
Hansueli Loosli (Chairman) |
| Products | Fixed wing aircraft |
| Revenue | $1.07billion 2018 |
| Net income | $154.5 million 2018 |
| Number of employees | 1905 (June 2016) |
| Parent | Oerlikon-Bührle
(1939–2000) |
| Website | www.pilatus-aircraft.com |


title: Dau-Webbenhorst Barn

abstract: The Dau-Webbenhorst Barn, southeast of Buhl, Idaho, was built in 1913 by Henry Schick, a German-Russian immigrant to the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

text:
# Dau-Webbenhorst Barn

The **Dau-Webbenhorst Barn**, southeast of Buhl, Idaho, was built in 1913 by Henry Schick, a German-Russian immigrant to the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Dau-Webbenhorst Barn | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | SE of Buhl, Idaho |
| Coordinates | 42°34′40″N 114°44′22″W / 42.57778°N 114.73944°W / 42.57778; -114.73944 |
| Area | 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) |
| Built | 1913 |
| Built by | Schick, Henry |
| MPS | Buhl Dairy Barns TR |
| NRHP reference No. | 83000295 |
| Added to NRHP | September 7, 1983 |


abstract: Yashwantrao Chavan became the chief minister of the Bombay State on 1 November 1956. The first Chavan ministry served until 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election, and was succeeded by Chavan's second ministry.

text:
# First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)

**Yashwantrao Chavan** became the chief minister of the Bombay State on 1 November 1956. The first Chavan ministry served until 1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election, and was succeeded by Chavan's second ministry.

## Ministry

The ministry consisted of 15 cabinet ministers.

| Portfolio | Minister | Tookoffice | Leftoffice | Party | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Chief Minister
Political and Services Department
Home Affairs
Planning
Departments not allocated to any minister | Yashwantrao Chavan | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Finance | Jivraj Mehta | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Revenue | Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Public Works | Malojirao Naik Nimbalkar | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Fisheries
Local Self-government | G. D. Tapase | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Education
Law | Shantilal Shah | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Public Health | Marotrao Kannamwar | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Labour | Deendayal Gupta | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Prohibition
Village Panchayats
Cottage Industries | Ratubhai Adani | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Social Welfare
Rehabilitation | Indumati Chimanlal Sheth | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Development
Planning
Electricity
Housing | Babubhai J. Patel | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Agriculture | Mustafa Faki | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Cooperation | Vasantrao Naik | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Forests | Bhagwantrao Gadhe | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |
| Civil Supplies
Industries
Printing Presses | Vinayak Sathe | 1 November 1956 | 5 April 1957 |  | INC |

## InfoBox

| First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry | |
| --- | --- |
|
3 Ministry of Bombay State | |
| Date formed | 1 November 1956 |
| Date dissolved | 5 April 1957 |
| People and organisations | |
| Governor | Sri Prakasa |
| Chief Minister | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Total no. of members | 15 cabinet ministers |
| Member parties | INC |
| Status in legislature | Majority government |
| History | |
| Predecessor | Desai |
| Successor | Y. Chavan II |


title: Sean Mannion (boxer)

abstract: Sean Mannion is a former boxer in the light middleweight division. During his career he was based in and boxed out of Massachusetts in the United States. His most notable bout was against Mike McCallum for the vacant WBA title, which he lost over a fifteen-round unanimous decision. In January 2014, Rocky Ros Muc: Seán Ó Mainnín, a biography about Mannion's life and career, written by Rónán Mac Con Iomaire, was released. The book is written in Irish but an English version was also released. A film adaptation was released in July 2017 under the same title, produced and directed by Michael Fanning. RTÉ Documentary on One made a programme about Sean's story - Never Knocked Down - produced by Robert Mulhern which won gold in the 2015 Celtic Media Awards.

text:
# Sean Mannion (boxer)

**Sean Mannion** (born 6 October 1956 in Rosmuc, County Galway, Ireland) is a former boxer in the light middleweight division. During his career he was based in and boxed out of Massachusetts in the United States. His most notable bout was against Mike McCallum for the vacant WBA title, which he lost over a fifteen-round unanimous decision. In January 2014, *Rocky Ros Muc: Seán Ó Mainnín*, a biography about Mannion's life and career, written by Rónán Mac Con Iomaire, was released. The book is written in Irish but an English version was also released. A film adaptation was released in July 2017 under the same title, produced and directed by Michael Fanning. RTÉ Documentary on One made a programme about Sean's story - Never Knocked Down - produced by Robert Mulhern which won gold in the 2015 Celtic Media Awards.

## Professional boxing record


title: Ficus wassa

abstract: Ficus wassa is a species of fig in the family Moraceae found in Malesia.

text:
# Ficus wassa

***Ficus wassa*** is a species of fig in the family Moraceae found in Malesia.

## InfoBox

| *Ficus wassa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Moraceae |
| Genus: | *Ficus* |
| Subgenus: | *F. subg. Sycidium* |
| Species: | ***F. wassa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ficus wassa***<br>Roxb. | |
|


title: Capilla de Guadalupe

abstract: Capilla de Guadalupe is a delegation and census-designated place within the municipality of Tepatitlan, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The population was 15,640 according to the 2020 census. The population had previously been recorded as 20,601 in the 2010 census.

text:
# Capilla de Guadalupe

**Capilla de Guadalupe** is a delegation and census-designated place within the municipality of Tepatitlan, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The population was 15,640 according to the 2020 census.

The population had previously been recorded as 20,601 in the 2010 census.

## InfoBox

| Capilla de Guadalupe, Jalisco | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
|  | |
| Capilla de Guadalupe, JaliscoLocation in MexicoCapilla de Guadalupe, JaliscoCapilla de Guadalupe, Jalisco (Mexico) | |
| Coordinates: 20°39′N 102°48′W / 20.650°N 102.800°W / 20.650; -102.800 | |
| Country | Mexico |
| State | Jalisco |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 15,640 |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (Central Standard Time) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time) |


title: Scott Ottaway

abstract: Scott Ottaway is an English drummer.

text:
# Scott Ottaway

**Scott Ottaway** (born 13 May 1972) is an English drummer.

## Career

He was the drummer for veteran Merseybeat band The Searchers, replacing Eddie Rothe in February 2010, until the band retired in 2019.

Ottaway is also the drummer for The Pocket Gods, an indie band from St Albans. Their last album *100x30* is in the *Guinness Book of Records* for the most songs on an album. All 100 songs are 30 seconds in length.

## InfoBox

| Scott Ottaway | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1972-05-13) 13 May 1972 |
| Genres | Pop, rock |
| Occupation | Musician |
| Instrument(s) | Drums, percussion |
| Years active | 1988–present |
| Formerly of | The Searchers |
|  | |
| Website | scottottaway.com<br>the-searchers.co.uk |


title: Scott Otten

abstract: Scott Otten is a Welsh former rugby union player who played for Ospreys as a hooker. He also played for the Wales under-20 international side. Otten made his debut for the Ospreys in 2013 having previously played for the Ospreys academy, Aberavon RFC, Neath RFC, Swansea RFC and Waunarlwydd RFC. In May 2021, based on medical advice, he retired from professional rugby after a neck injury back in January of the same year.

text:
# Scott Otten

**Scott Otten** (born 19 July 1994) is a Welsh former rugby union player who played for Ospreys as a hooker. He also played for the Wales under-20 international side.

Otten made his debut for the Ospreys in 2013 having previously played for the Ospreys academy, Aberavon RFC, Neath RFC, Swansea RFC and Waunarlwydd RFC.

In May 2021, based on medical advice, he retired from professional rugby after a neck injury back in January of the same year.

## InfoBox

Scott Otten
| Birth name | Scott Otten |
| --- | --- |
| Date of birth | (1994-07-19) 19 July 1994 |
| Place of birth | Swansea, Wales |
| Height | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) |
| Weight | 103 kg (16 st 3 lb) |
| School | Gower College Swansea |
| Rugby union career | |
| **Position(s)**  Hooker  **Current team** Ospreys  Senior career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2013–2021 Ospreys  110  (55)  Correct as of 18 May 2021  International career  **Years** **Team** **Apps** **(Points)**  2014 Wales U20  7  (0)  Correct as of 18 May 2021 | |


title: Capitol Film

abstract: Capitol Film was a West German film production company active between 1953 and 1956 established by Arno Hauke. The company was able to utilise the assets of the former UFA company, now being held in a trust of which Hauke was an accountant and director. With the trust's funds Hauke had also acquired a distribution company Prisma Film to release Capitol's films. Allegations were made that the company had been founded as an attempt to get round restrictions of the Allied occupation authorities forbidding the revival of the old UFA. This led to an investigation by the Bundestag. However, after eleven productions Capitol had suffered heavy losses and went bankrupt. Nonetheless in 1955 the West German government approved the sale of UFA assets back into private ownership and the revival of UFA production operations. Hauke was appointed to oversee the revived company, but his productions again struggled at the box office and he was removed from his position. It was said that Hauke's failed UFA production strategy was "identical to the one at Capitol".

text:
# Capitol Film

**Capitol Film** was a West German film production company active between 1953 and 1956 established by Arno Hauke. The company was able to utilise the assets of the former UFA company, now being held in a trust of which Hauke was an accountant and director. With the trust's funds Hauke had also acquired a distribution company Prisma Film to release Capitol's films.

Allegations were made that the company had been founded as an attempt to get round restrictions of the Allied occupation authorities forbidding the revival of the old UFA. This led to an investigation by the Bundestag. However, after eleven productions Capitol had suffered heavy losses and went bankrupt.

Nonetheless in 1955 the West German government approved the sale of UFA assets back into private ownership and the revival of UFA production operations. Hauke was appointed to oversee the revived company, but his productions again struggled at the box office and he was removed from his position. It was said that Hauke's failed UFA production strategy was "identical to the one at Capitol".

## Filmography

## Bibliography

* Davidson, John & Hake, Sabine. *Framing the Fifties: Cinema in a Divided Germany*. Berghahn Books, 2008.
* Kreimeier, Klaus. *The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945*. University of California Press, 1999.


title: Scott Parsons

abstract: Scott Parsons is an American slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1994 to 2012. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he earned his best finish of sixth in the K1 event at Athens in 2004. He finished 20th in 2008 in Beijing. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he represented the United States for the third time. He finished 16th in the K1 event after being eliminated in the heats. He qualified a US K1 slalom kayak for the 2012 Summer Olympics by finishing 15th at the 2011 World Championships, and then ensured his own qualification by finishing 11th at the 2012 Cardiff World Cup event on 9 June 2012. Parsons attended St. John's Jesuit High School in Toledo, OH. His former wife Lauren Bixby was also a kayaker before she had to retire due to injury.

text:
# Scott Parsons

**Scott Parsons** (born March 27, 1979, in Toledo, Ohio) is an American slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1994 to 2012.

Competing in three Summer Olympics, he earned his best finish of sixth in the K1 event at Athens in 2004. He finished 20th in 2008 in Beijing. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, he represented the United States for the third time. He finished 16th in the K1 event after being eliminated in the heats.

He qualified a US K1 slalom kayak for the 2012 Summer Olympics by finishing 15th at the 2011 World Championships, and then ensured his own qualification by finishing 11th at the 2012 Cardiff World Cup event on 9 June 2012.

Parsons attended St. John's Jesuit High School in Toledo, OH. His former wife Lauren Bixby was also a kayaker before she had to retire due to injury.

## World Cup individual podiums

| Season | Date | Venue | Position | Event |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **2000** | 18 Jun 2000 | Ocoee | 3rd | K1 |
| **2006** | 20 Aug 2006 | Madawaska | 2nd | K1 |
| **2007** | 8 Jul 2007 | Tacen | 2nd | K1 |
| **2008** | 5 Jul 2008 | Augsburg | 3rd | K1 |

1 Pan American Championship counting for World Cup points

## InfoBox

Scott Parsons
| Medal record | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Men's canoe slalom | | |
| Representing  United States | | |
| Junior World Championships | | |
|  | 1994 Wausau | K1 team |


title: Scythris nyangensis

abstract: Scythris nyangensis is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 2014. It is found in Zimbabwe.

text:
# Scythris nyangensis

***Scythris nyangensis*** is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 2014. It is found in Zimbabwe.

## InfoBox

| *Scythris nyangensis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Scythrididae |
| Genus: | *Scythris* |
| Species: | ***S. nyangensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scythris nyangensis***<br>Bengtsson, 2014 | |
|


title: Scythris nussi

abstract: Scythris nussi is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 2014. It is found in Malawi.

text:
# Scythris nussi

***Scythris nussi*** is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 2014. It is found in Malawi.

## InfoBox

| *Scythris nussi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Scythrididae |
| Genus: | *Scythris* |
| Species: | ***S. nussi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Scythris nussi***<br>Bengtsson, 2014 | |
|


title: Capri (cigarette)

abstract: Capri is an American brand of cigarettes. It is currently owned and manufactured by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

text:
# Capri (cigarette)

**Capri** (also known as **Caprice** in Germany) is an American brand of cigarettes. It is currently owned and manufactured by the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

## History

The first American version of Capri was introduced in 1956 by *Lee Brothers Tobacco*, as *"Capri Rainbows"*, a high-end brand with different-coloured cigarette papers. At a later point, the Capri trademark was acquired by Brown & Williamson, who first made Capri as a regular-gauge menthol cigarette.

The brand was relaunched in 1987 as the world's first superslim cigarette, and to compete with other slim cigarettes which were marketed towards women at the time, such as Virginia Slims. Susan Cameron was one of the people who oversaw the re-launch of the brand at the time.

When Brown & Williamson merged with R.J. Reynolds in 2004, a new company called Reynolds American was formed, and the company manufactures the brand to this day.

The cigarette has a slim shape at 17mm in circumference and 100mm in length, specifically marketed towards women. By comparison, standard cigarettes are 25mm in circumference, and slim cigarettes are 23mm in circumference. Capri is available in regular light and menthol light varieties, as well as regular and menthol ultra-light varieties. Capri is also available in a 120mm length, which the packaging describes as "luxury length." All versions of Capri are lights or ultra-lights.

## Advertising

Before the introduction of the modern-day Capri brand, a few TV advertisements were made in the 1960s to promote a brand under the similar name. The brand was menthol-only and emphasised that, out of the smokers that were tested, Capri was preferred. Its slogan was *"Menthol, but with a soft, fresh taste."*

Various poster adverts were also made to promote the brand, especially towards young women.

Advertisements for Capri follow the logic that slimmer is better, apparently influenced by the assumption that women prefer to be physically slim, since a slender figure is often presented as more desirable in women’s fashion magazines and by models in the fashion industry. Slogans such as *"The slimmest slim in town"* (1988) and *"There is no slimmer way to smoke"* (1994) provided a not-so-subliminal message that by smoking Capri cigarettes, consumers could count on obtaining or maintaining a slimmer figure than everyone else.

In 2000, it was reported that advertising for Capri, which was managed by *"Bates Advertising"* would be transferred to Grey Global Group. Grey also managed advertising for Carlton, Pall Mall, GPC and Misty brands. Additionally, Grey would remain B&W's agency-of- record. Bates would maintain account responsibilities for Kool and Lucky Strike brands.

## Controversies

### Lawsuit from island of Capri

In May 1989, the Italian island of Capri sued Brown & Williamson for using the name on their ultra-slim cigarette brand.

A lawsuit that the island filed against the Louisville-based tobacco company went to trial in Rome on June 30, 1989. Capri officials say they do not want their paradise associated with a potentially harmful product, and Brown & Williamson has no right to market a cigarette in Italy if Capri vetoes the plan. The manufacturer has contended that the action is groundless because the company has complied with "all applicable laws in securing rights to use the Capri name in Italy and in other countries where the brand is sold," said company spokeswoman Valerie Oates. Oates said the company obtained necessary approvals from Italian trademark officials and the nationally owned cigarette distribution system.

### Nicotine levels

In 1995, there was further controversy when the former B&W vice president and chemical researcher Jeffrey Wigand defected from the company.

Wigand revealed the company’s secrets, saying that they had been adding unreported chemicals to the cigarettes. The Kool, Capri, and Viceroy cigarettes had increased nicotine levels to promote higher addiction factors, therefore promoting sales.

## Markets

Capri is mainly sold in the United States, but also once was or still is sold in Mexico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Costa Rica, Brazil, West Germany, Germany (where the brand is known as *"Caprice"* due to a trademark issue), Switzerland, Italy, Iceland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Israel, Hong Kong and Japan.

## InfoBox

Capri
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Product type | Cigarette |
| Owner | R.J. Reynolds |
| Produced by | R.J. Reynolds |
| Country | United States |
| Introduced | 1956 (1956) |
| Markets | See *Markets* |
| Previous owners | Brown & Williamson |
| Tagline | *"Menthol, but with a soft, fresh taste."*, *"The slimmest slim in town"*, *"There is no slimmer way to smoke"* |
| Carcinogenicity: IARC group 1 | |


title: Scribes (software)

abstract: Scribes is a minimalist lightweight free text editor Linux and BSD designed for the GNOME desktop licensed under the terms of the GPL-2.0-or-later license. It was created by Lateef Alabi-Oki and programmed in Python.

text:
# Scribes (software)

**Scribes** is a minimalist lightweight free text editor Linux and BSD designed for the GNOME desktop licensed under the terms of the GPL-2.0-or-later license. It was created by Lateef Alabi-Oki and programmed in Python.

## Features

Scribes supports Python plugins, remote editing with FTP, SFTP, SSH, Samba, and WebDAV, and autosave. It also supports code snippets, auto-indentation, hotkeys, bookmarks, templates, and automatic word completion or replacement. Scribes has syntax highlighting support for around 70 different programming languages, including PHP, Java XML, and HTML. Editing icons are hidden from view until a user mouses over the area.

Scribes does not support tabs, instead opening every new file in a separate window. A document switcher is provided to switch between windows by pressing F9.

The interface supports multiple different color themes.

## Reception

LinuxInsider stated that Scribes was a "revolutionary approach to working with a text editor" though noting that the interface took some time getting used to. Linux.com said that "after 30 minutes of usage, you will either love it or hate it." RedMonk.com praised the "rethink everything" approach of the editor.

## InfoBox

Scribes
|
|  |
|
| Developer(s) | Lateef Alabi-Oki |
|  | |
| Stable release | 0.3.3.3 (5 January 2008) \[±\] |
|  | |
| Written in | Python |
| Operating system | Unix-like |
| Type | Text editor |
| License | GPL-2.0-or-later |
| Website | scribes.sourceforge.net |


title: Canton of Lille-6

abstract: The canton of Lille-6 is an administrative division of the Nord department, northern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Lille. It consists of the following communes:

text:
# Canton of Lille-6

The **canton of Lille-6** is an administrative division of the Nord department, northern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Lille.

It consists of the following communes:

1. Beaucamps-Ligny
2. Englos
3. Ennetières-en-Weppes
4. Erquinghem-le-Sec
5. Escobecques
6. Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin
7. Lille (partly)
8. Loos
9. Santes
10. Sequedin

50°38′N 2°59′E / 50.64°N 2.99°E / 50.64; 2.99


title: Capt. James A. Hamilton House

abstract: The Captain James A. Hamilton House is a historic house in San Jose, California. It was built in 1882 for James A. Hamilton, his wife, née Anna Thrum, and their children. Hamilton was a sailor. The Hamilton house was designed in the Italianate and Queen Anne architectural styles. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 9, 1980. The Hamilton House has two plaques located on a brick wall in front of the house on 2295 S. Bascom Ave. The one on the left says the house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The second plaque tells the story about Captain James A. Hamilton purchasing 21 acres of orchards and that he built this house for his family.

text:
# Capt. James A. Hamilton House

The **Captain James A. Hamilton House** is a historic house in San Jose, California. It was built in 1882 for James A. Hamilton, his wife, née Anna Thrum, and their children. Hamilton was a sailor.

The Hamilton house was designed in the Italianate and Queen Anne architectural styles. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 9, 1980.

The Hamilton House has two plaques located on a brick wall in front of the house on 2295 S. Bascom Ave. The one on the left says the house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the U.S. Department of the Interior. The second plaque tells the story about Captain James A. Hamilton purchasing 21 acres of orchards and that he built this house for his family.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Capt. James A. Hamilton House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
| The house in 2012 | |
|  | |
| Location | 2295 S. Bascom Ave. |
| Nearest city | San Jose, California |
| Coordinates | 37°16′54″N 121°55′52″W / 37.28167°N 121.93111°W / 37.28167; -121.93111 (Capt. James A. Hamilton House) |
| Area | 0.3 acres (0.12 ha) |
| Built | 1882 (1882) |
| Architectural style | Italianate, Queen Anne |
| NRHP reference No. | 80000864 |
| Added to NRHP | June 9, 1980 |


title: Seaford RFC

text:
# Seaford RFC

## The first XV

**Seaford Rugby Football Club** is a community rugby club affiliated to the RFU. They play rugby in London and the SE Division: Harveys of Sussex League 1 (RFU Lv 9). They have competed at this level for over 10 seasons, with a respectable 4th place finish in the 2013-14 season. The club plays in multiple leagues within the Sussex RFU set-up. This year they got to the Southern East England final in the RFU junior vase, narrowly missing out on a place at Twickenham after a loss to Battersea Ironsides RFC. The men's 1st XV have had a positive few years never finishing lower than 6th in the last 6 years. The Ladies XV has just won the National WRFU Plate Final in only their third year in competition.

## Regular first team squad

**Replacements** 16 Matt Read 17 Piers Culshaw 18 Steve Parker 19 Kevin Lewis 20 Josh A-Price

Seaford are a Rugby Union club, currently playing in the Sussex Spitfire 1, based below sea level in the town of Seaford, East Sussex, in England. They are regarded as one of the toughest, yet welcoming teams in the south with great supporters and team spirit. The Seaford pack has been rumoured to be the most unforgiving pack around for many, many years, and there are many teams around Sussex who will second that. There is "The best" atmosphere at the club, especially on televised match days and after the game in the club house where an open invitation is offered to the public.

At the head of the club we currently have Graham Thompson in the President position, Ian Newby as Chairman, Danny Newby as first team captain, Kane Tudor as second team skipper, Peter Joy at third team captain and Lucy Ditton as our first-ever ladies' captain.

There have been many players from the Scarlets who have earned caps for Sussex in the past, including Danny MacMillian, Malcolm Cox, James Anderson, Spencer Pullinger and Steve Powney. But more recently we have current players who have picked twice this season to represent the county: Ben Cox, Steve Dann, Chris Burns, Paul Hardwick and Danny Newby who now captains the Sussex side when he plays.

Seaford has produced some of the best players in the county through the years; in this list you can expect to find Steve Powney, Trevor Matthews, Spencer Pullinger, Clive Sheppard, Danny MacMillian, Russell Dean and Ian Newby. Joe Govett now plays for national 2 side Worthing Rugby Football Club and club Captain Paul Burn is off there next season, but in the past we have had ex France A flanker Romi Debril play for, captain and coach the club.

## Location

Just a few hundred metres from the seafront of Seaford lies the Salts Recreational Grounds and the building which is owned by SRFC. This is where "The Scarlets" do battle. Seaford is a Cinque Ports town, and was famously visited by King Henry VIII in his reign. The town has also produced three Prime Ministers and a number of Victoria Cross winners.

**Life Members**

G. Blatch I. Newby D. R. Cleaton OBE E. A. Pugh Mrs. J. Goodman M. Sellars R. L. Hayes D. Stevens C. W. Hill G. Thompson D. R. Hill P. Ungoed

**Vice presidents**

J. Bird R. Debril T. Govett A. Hutchinson T. Newby J. Peerless S. Powney A. Smith J. Turner S. Twelftree S. Dann

## Youth rugby

On September 11, 2005, a youth section was created, nicknamed "Seaford Storm" and coached by members of the starting XV (over 20s). This was especially pleasing for the town, as, especially due to the World Cup victory in 2003 by England, young, would-be rugby stars were increasingly in the mood to play the game, but the nearest local side was situated in Lewes, a full fifteen miles away.

The team have been together since September 10, 2005, when the first training session was held and over 40 budding rugby players arrived (from ages of 12 through 15). Although this number has decreased on average, the number of paying members (£40 for up to two children and two parents) fluctuates week to week, along with new people attending the initially-free sessions.

The youth section has now bloomed into a bustling community with age groups ranging from 7 years old up to Colts, and there are some very exciting individuals currently playing for the Colts side with a bright seniors future ahead of them at the club.

## Club history

**1st team:**

* Sussex 2 champions (2): 1991–92, 2001–02

**2nd Team:**

## Financials

Current assets of Seaford Rugby Football Club rose when they were left around half a million by an ex member, this was to develop the club and safeguard its future and legacy, however, the money has been dwindelling away against inflation and the club is struggling with members while the bank is full. A new era is needed with leaders who say yes to good ideas.

## InfoBox

Seaford
| Full name | Seaford Rugby Football Club |
| --- | --- |
| Union | Sussex RFU |
| Nickname(s) | The Scarlets |
| Founded | 1938 |
| Location | Seaford, East Sussex, England |
| Ground(s) | Salts Recreation Ground |
| Chairman | Mr Ian Newby |
| President | Mr Graham Thompson |
| Coach(es) | John Crowley, Paul Burns |
| Captain(s) | Dan Newby |
| League(s) | Sussex 1 |
| 2013-14 | 4th/12 |
| Official website | |
| www.seafordrfc.club | |


title: Seaford School District

abstract: Seaford School District is a public school district situated in Sussex County in southern Delaware. The district encompasses a six-mile radius from the center of Seaford, and serves more than 3,200 students as of 2024. Its attendance area includes Seaford, Blades, a small portion of Bridgeville, and their outlying neighborhoods, as well as Concord, Middleford, and Woodland.

text:
# Seaford School District

**Seaford School District** is a public school district situated in Sussex County in southern Delaware. The district encompasses a six-mile radius from the center of Seaford, and serves more than 3,200 students as of 2024.

Its attendance area includes Seaford, Blades, a small portion of Bridgeville, and their outlying neighborhoods, as well as Concord, Middleford, and Woodland.

## Schools

High schools Middle schools * Seaford Middle School

Elementary schools * Blades Elementary School
* Douglass (Frederick) Elementary School
* Seaford Central Elementary School
* West Seaford Elementary School