title: Edna, California

abstract: Edna is a census-designated place in San Luis Obispo County, California. Edna is at an elevation of around 266 feet (81 m). The 2010 United States census reported Edna's population was 193. It is best known for the wine industry in the Edna Valley AVA.

text:
# Edna, California

**Edna** is a census-designated place in San Luis Obispo County, California. Edna is at an elevation of around 266 feet (81 m). The 2010 United States census reported Edna's population was 193. It is best known for the wine industry in the Edna Valley AVA.

## History

The community was founded by Dairyman Edgar Steele who purchased 58,000 acres and built a town to house his employees. In 1883 Lynford Maxwell subdivided the area and called it Maxwellton. The citizens later renamed it Edna. There was coal tar mining of bituminous rock in the 1880s and 1890s and more recently wine grape growing has become the prominent industry.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), all of it land.

The valley also includes Edna Fault, a prominent landform just south of the main community.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Census | Pop. | Note |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| U.S. Decennial Census | | | |

The 2010 United States Census reported that Edna had a population of 193. The population density was 158.3 inhabitants per square mile (61.1/km2). The racial makeup of Edna was 185 (95.9%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 3 (1.6%) Native American, 0 (0.0%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 5 (2.6%) from other races, and 0 (0.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22 persons (11.4%).

The Census reported that 193 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 69 households, out of which 22 (31.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 44 (63.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2 (2.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (2.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 6 (8.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 15 households (21.7%) were made up of individuals, and 8 (11.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80. There were 48 families (69.6% of all households); the average family size was 3.19.

The population was spread out, with 42 people (21.8%) under the age of 18, 12 people (6.2%) aged 18 to 24, 41 people (21.2%) aged 25 to 44, 68 people (35.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 30 people (15.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.3 males.

There were 71 housing units at an average density of 58.2 units per square mile (22.5 units/km2), of which 50 (72.5%) were owner-occupied, and 19 (27.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.0%. 152 people (78.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 41 people (21.2%) lived in rental housing units.

## InfoBox

| Edna | |
| --- | --- |
| census-designated place | |
| Edna Valley | |
| Location of Edna in San Luis Obispo County, California. | |
| EdnaPosition in California. | |
| Coordinates: 35°12′39″N 120°36′21″W / 35.21083°N 120.60583°W / 35.21083; -120.60583 | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | San Luis Obispo |
| Area | |
| Total | 1.219 sq mi (3.158 km2) |
| Land | 1.219 sq mi (3.158 km2) |
| Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2)  0% |
| Elevation | 266 ft (81 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| Total | 408 |
| Density | 330/sq mi (130/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP code | 93401 |
| Area code(s) | 805 and 820 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2583005 |
| U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Edna, California | |


title: Velinda lirata

abstract: Velinda lirata is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus Velinda.

text:
# Velinda lirata

***Velinda lirata*** is a species of beetle in the family Carabidae, the only species in the genus ***Velinda***.

## InfoBox

| *Velinda lirata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Adephaga |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Genus: | ***Velinda***
Andrewes, 1921 |
| Species: | ***V. lirata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Velinda lirata***
Andrewes, 1921 | |
|


title: Christian views on lying

text:
# Christian views on lying

Lying is strongly discouraged and forbidden by most interpretations of Christianity. Arguments for this are based on various biblical passages, especially "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour", one of the Ten Commandments. Christian theologians disagree as to the exact definition of "lie" and whether it is ever acceptable.

## Biblical passages

One of the Ten Commandments is "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour"; for this reason, lying is generally considered as a sin in Christianity. The story of Naboth in 1 Kings 21 provides an example where false witness leads to an unjust outcome. The exact interpretation of the commandment is disputed: "Does the commandment pertain only to court or does it prohibit lying in general? Is it only a prohibition (not to lie in court, not ever to lie) or does it imply a positive injunction (truth-telling in court, truth-telling in general)? If positive, is one enjoined only to truth-telling or to veracity and honesty also?" Other statements in the Bible express a negative view of lying, such as "You shall not steal, nor deal falsely, nor lie to one another" (Leviticus 19:11) and "Cursed is he who does the work of the Lord deceitfully" (Jeremiah 48:10).

In the Hebrew Bible, those who practice lying and deceit are seemingly rewarded for their actions, posing problems for an exegesis that upholds a categorical prohibition. Examples include the Hebrew midwives who lie after Pharaoh commands them to kill all newborn boys (Exodus 1:17–21), and Rahab (Joshua 2:1–7; cf. Hebrews 11:31), an innkeeper who lies to soldiers while hiding spies in her inn. The midwives appear to be rewarded for their actions (God "dealt well with the midwives” and "gave them families"). James 2:25 appears to praise Rahab as an example of good works: "And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way?" In the Book of Judith, Judith deceives Holofernes in order to assassinate him. Both Abraham and Isaac claimed that their wives were their sisters.

## Early Christian views

Among early Christian writers, there existed differing viewpoints regarding the ethics of deception and dishonesty in certain circumstances. Some argued that lying and dissimulation could be justified for reasons such as saving souls, convincing reluctant candidates to accept ordination, or demonstrating humility by refraining from boasting about one's virtues. Supporters of this position often referred to Paul's statement about becoming all things to all men in order to win them over as a basis for their arguments.

## Patristic views

Augustine devoted much attention to lying, which he contended was always wrong. He discussed the topic in four works (*De magistro*, *De doctrina christiana*, *De trinitate*, and *Enchiridion*) and wrote two treatises, *De mendacio* and *Contra mendacium*, specifically on the subject of lies. According to Augustine, only four types of falsehood were not lies, because there was no desire to deceive: explanation of someone else's viewpoint, repetition of memorized words, a slip of the tongue, or misspeaking. Augustine distinguished different situations of lying by blameworthiness, but argued that every lie was a sin. The consensus among scholars is that Augustine did not accept any lies as necessary or justified, even to save an innocent life.

However, there was an equally strong patristic tradition that defended lying for a worthwhile cause and considered it necessary or even righteous in some cases. Exponents of this view include Pseudo-Maximus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Hilary of Poitiers, John Cassian, John Chrysostom, Dorotheus of Gaza, Palladius of Antioch, John Climacus, and Paulinus of Nola. This second patristic tradition was summarized by Ambrose of Milan, whose argument, based on scripture, held that Judith's action was meritorious because "she undertook for religion, not love... she served religion... and the fatherland".

## Later views

Notable Christian theologians who argued that lying was never permissible for Christians include Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin. Both Augustine and Aquinas held that it was always possible to take a correct and blameless action in any circumstance. Some Waldensians weren't strongly opposed to lying if necessary for survival. Defenders of lying in some cases, such as Cassian and H. Tristram Engelhardt, tended to hold the opposite view: that sometimes true moral dilemmas arise.

Martin Luther argued that it is permissible to go as far as swearing an Oath in a lie in his commentary on Matthew. where taking an oath of any sort, even if followed through is deemed impermissible, possibly using Paul's oath (1 Cor. 9:20), or unhonored oaths from the Crusades for his reasoning.

> So that some have stretched their conscience so tightly, that one doubts whether one ought to take a solemn oath not to avenge himself when he is set free from prison, or whether we are by an oath to make peace and a treaty with the Turks... As, if it should come to pass, that we would make a treaty and concord with our enemies or the Turks.
>
> Martin Luther, Commentary on the Sermon on the Mount,

In the twentieth century, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Reinhold Niebuhr also took a non-absolutist position. In *Ethics*, Bonhoeffer discusses Kantian ethics and contests the Kantian view of lying, because "Treating truthfulness as a principle leads Kant to the grotesque conclusion that if asked by a murderer whether my friend, whom he was pursuing, had sought refuge in my house, I would have to answer honestly in the affirmative." Although he maintained that one should lie to save his friend in that situation, Bonhoeffer argued that either option incurred guilt. In a later essay, “What Does It Mean to Tell the Truth?”, Bonhoeffer argued that "Lying … is and ought to be understood as something plainly condemnable" and that it did not always incur guilt.

Professor Allen Verhey argued that lying is not always wrong, because "We live the truth not for its own sake, but for God's sake and for the neighbor's sake." The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that lying is always wrong. Different definitions of lying exist, such that Christians do not agree that all deception counts as "lying". Catholic writer and new natural law philosopher Christopher Tollefsen has also argued that lying is never permissible for Christians. In a review of Tollefsen's book, John Skalko stated that this is an unpopular and widely criticized view.

## Public opinion

According to a 2016 Pew Research Center survey, 67% of Christians in the United States, including 81% of those who defined themselves as "highly religious", agreed that "Being honest at all times" was "essential" to their Christian identity. According to the 2014 Pew Religious Landscape study in the US, the Christian group that had the highest rate of telling white lies were Black Protestants.

## Sources

## Further reading


title: Champsevraine

abstract: Champsevraine is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

text:
# Champsevraine

**Champsevraine** (French pronunciation: \[ʃɑ̃səvʁɛn\]) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

## InfoBox

| Champsevraine | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune | |
| The town hall in Champsevraine | |
| Location of Champsevraine | |
| ChampsevraineChampsevraine | |
| Coordinates: 47°44′52″N 5°33′00″E / 47.7478°N 5.55°E / 47.7478; 5.55 | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Grand Est |
| Department | Haute-Marne |
| Arrondissement | Langres |
| Canton | Chalindrey |
| Intercommunality | Savoir-Faire |
| Government | |
| Mayor (20202026) | Bernard Frison |
| Area**1** | 40.77 km2 (15.74 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | 729 |
| Density | 18/km2 (46/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 52083 /52500 |
| Elevation | 250–385 m (820–1,263 ft)
(avg. 280 m or 920 ft) |
| **1** French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers \> 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |


title: Bop (magazine)

abstract: Bop magazine was a monthly American entertainment magazine for children 10 years of age and teenagers. It began publication in the summer of 1983 and was published by Laufer Media, which also publishes Tiger Beat magazine. The headquarters of Bop was in Studio City, California. Popular features included articles, mini-mags, interviews, and the Fly Free To Hollywood contest, where readers had to correctly guess the stars, whether it was identifying their eyes, finding their names in a word search, or identifying them by their hair. A spinoff magazine, Big Bopper, later called BB, was released in the fall of 1986 and was published until 2000. Bop and Tiger Beat were very similar, as they share an editor and feature the same celebrities. Bop was sold by its founders to Primedia in 1998. Primedia sold it to Scott Laufer in 2003. Bop ceased publication in July 2014.

text:
# Bop (magazine)

***Bop*** magazine was a monthly American entertainment magazine for children 10 years of age and teenagers. It began publication in the summer of 1983 and was published by Laufer Media, which also publishes *Tiger Beat* magazine. The headquarters of *Bop* was in Studio City, California.

Popular features included articles, mini-mags, interviews, and the *Fly Free To Hollywood* contest, where readers had to correctly guess the stars, whether it was identifying their eyes, finding their names in a word search, or identifying them by their hair (the photos had the celebrities with their faces blacked out). A spinoff magazine, *Big Bopper*, later called *BB*, was released in the fall of 1986 and was published until 2000. *Bop* and *Tiger Beat* were very similar, as they share an editor and feature the same celebrities. *Bop* was sold by its founders (Julie Jenkins, Teena Naumann, Kerry Laufer and Scott Laufer) to Primedia in 1998. Primedia sold it (along with *Tiger Beat*) to Scott Laufer in 2003. *Bop* ceased publication in July 2014.

1. César G. Soriano. "Cornering the teenzine market Boy-band craze makes Primedia most popular in class". *USA Today*. p. 7D. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
2. Olson, Elizabeth (May 28, 2007). "'Tween' magazines survive, though older sisters have faded (Published 2007)". *The New York Times*. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023.
3. "Primedia Buying Teen Beat, Tiger Beat". *Associated Press News*. December 15, 1998. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
4. "Names Change, but Hearts Beat the Same". *Los Angeles Times*. July 21, 1998. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
5. Lewis, Casey (August 1, 2014). "The Tragic History of Fallen Teen Magazines". *The Hairpin*. Archived from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

## InfoBox

*Bop*
| Cover of the June 1989 issue, featuring Debbie Gibson, Corey Haim, New Kids on the Block, Alyssa Milano, Johnny Depp, and Kirk Cameron | |
| --- | --- |
| Categories | Teenage |
| Frequency | Monthly |
| First issue | 1983 |
| Final issue | July 2014 |
| Company | Laufer Media |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Christopher Packe (politician)

abstract: Sir Christopher Packe was an English merchant and politician who served as the Lord Mayor of London in 1654. Born in Northamptonshire, he subsequently moved to London and became a member of the Worshipful Company of Drapers and the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. In 1655, Packe was knighted and appointed as an commissioner of the Admiralty. A strong ally of Oliver Cromwell, he proposed on 23 February 1656 in the Second Protectorate Parliament the Humble Petition and Advice, which unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Cromwell to crown himself. After the Stuart Restoration, Packe was barred from holding public office and died in 1682.

text:
# Christopher Packe (politician)

**Sir Christopher Packe** (c.1593 – 27 May 1682) was an English merchant and politician who served as the Lord Mayor of London in 1654. Born in Northamptonshire, he subsequently moved to London and became a member of the Worshipful Company of Drapers and the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. In 1655, Packe was knighted and appointed as an commissioner of the Admiralty. A strong ally of Oliver Cromwell, he proposed on 23 February 1656 in the Second Protectorate Parliament the Humble Petition and Advice, which unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Cromwell to crown himself. After the Stuart Restoration, Packe was barred from holding public office and died in 1682.

## Early life

Christopher Packe was son of Thomas Packe of Kettering or Grafton, Northamptonshire, and Catherine his wife, was born c.1593. He seems to have been apprenticed at an early age to one John Kendrick, who died in 1624, and left him a legacy of £100. Packe married a kinswoman of his master Kendrick, set up in business in the woollen trade on his own account, and soon amassed a large fortune. He was an influential member of the Drapers' Company, of which he became a freeman, and he served the office of master in 1648. On 9 October 1646, by an ordinance of parliament, he was appointed a trustee for applying the bishops' lands to the use of the Commonwealth.

## Political career

His connection with municipal affairs began on 4 October 1647, when he was elected alderman of Cripplegate ward. On midsummer day 1649 he was chosen one of the sheriffs of London and Middlesex, and on 2 October following was elected alderman of Cornhill, but declined to desert Cripplegate ward. His wealth, ability, and zeal for the parliamentary cause soon brought him extensive public employment.

In 1649, and perhaps earlier, he was one of the commissioners of customs. He was also a prominent member, and subsequently governor, of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, and probably on this account was frequently appointed, with other aldermen, to advise the council in commercial controversies. According to Thomas Burton's 'Diary' (1828, i. 308–10), Packe fought hard at the meeting of the committee of trade on 6 January 1656 – 1657 for the monopoly of the Merchants Adventurers (of which he was then governor) in the woollen trade. The committee, however, decided against him.

In 1654 he was one of the treasurers (with Alderman Vyner) of the fund collected for the relief of the Protestants in Piedmont. This involved him in considerable trouble. The money was kept back for several years; various instructions were given him by the council for its disposal, and nearly £8,000 of the amount was lent by the treasurers to public bodies. Ultimately the matter came before the House of Commons, which resolved, on 11 May 1660, that the money should be paid to the treasurers by £2,000 monthly from the excise, the house also "declaring" detestation of any diversion of the money. Packe was also one of the city militia, and treasurer at Avar, receiving in the latter capacity threepence in the pound on all contributions received or paid by him.

Packe became Lord Mayor of London on 29 October 1654, and on 26 March 1655 the Protector, on the advice of the Council of State, thanked him and the rest of the militia commissioners of London "for their forwardness in execution of their trust". He received orders from the Council on 3 July to prevent a meeting taking place "in the new meeting-house at Paul's" at which one John Biddle was to argue against the divinity of Jesus Christ. The council also appointed him one of the committee of trade on 12 July, and he was knighted by Oliver Cromwell at Whitehall on 20 September. On 31 October he was made an admiralty commissioner. Packe was also chosen with others on 15 November 1650 to meet the committee of council appointed to consider the proposals of Manasseh Ben-Israel on behalf of the Jews. On 25 March 1656 he was appointed one of the commissioners for securing peace in the city of London. In the following August Packe was presented by the hackney coachmen with a piece of plate to support them in keeping out the parliamentary soldiers who were then seeking civil employment as coachmen among other jobs. The sum of £16,000 was still due to the state from Packe and his fellow commissioners of customs, and, after several petitions and inquiries by the treasury, Packe and two others were discharged from a share in the obligation, but Alderman Avery and Richard Bateman were not acquitted. In September 1657 Packe appears as one of the committee of Parliament for farming the customs, and on 25 March he was made, with Sir Thomas Vyner, treasurer of the fund for the relief of Protestant exiles from Poland and Bohemia. In January 1655-6 Cromwell and his council proposed to send Packe, with Whitelocke, on an extraordinary embassy to the king of Sweden, so as "to manifest the engagement of the city in this business, and in it to put an honour upon them".

Packe was a representative of the city in Cromwell's last parliament, summoned on 17 September 1656, and on 23 February 1657, although he was not the author, he brought forward his celebrated "remonstrance", afterwards called the "Humble Petition and Advice", desiring the Protector to assume the title of king, and to restore the House of Lords. Although was agreed to by the House of Commons, Cromwell turned down the offer to become king possibly due to the pressure placed upon him by republicans in the army and Parliament. Instead a modified Humble Petition and Advice was accepted with Cromwell keeping the title of Lord Protector and able to nominate his successor, the creation of a second parliamentary chamber and triennial parliaments.

Packe, with another city alderman, Robert Titchborne, was a member of the new House of Lords early in 1658. The new lords obtained no right of precedency over their brother aldermen. On 11 May Packe lent £4,000 to the state to pay the wages of the fleet lately returned into port.

On the Restoration Packe signed a declaration, 5 June 1660, together with the lord mayor, one of the sheriffs, and ten other aldermen, of "their acceptance of His Majesty's free and general pardon, engaging by God's assistance to continue His Majesty's loyal and obedient subjects". But he was included by the commons (13 June 1660) in a list of twenty persons who were to be excepted from the act of general pardon, and to suffer certain penalties, not extending to life, to be determined by a future act of parliament. This clause was thrown out by the Lords on 1 August; but on the next day they resolved that sixteen persons, among whom Packe was included, should be disqualified from holding in future any public office or employment under penalty of being excepted from the act of pardon. Packe was accordingly, with six other Commonwealth lord mayors, removed from the office of alderman, his last attendance at the court of aldermen being on 7 August 1660. His interest at court, however, nearly availed him to procure a baronetcy for Christopher, his younger son, a grant for which was issued on 29 March 1666; but, for some unknown cause, the title was not actually conferred.

Packe's city residence was in Basinghall Street, immediately adjoining Blackwell Hall, the headquarters of the woollen trade. He also had a suburban house at Mortlake. On 2 March 1649 – 1650 the lease of the manor of Prestwold in Leicestershire was assigned to him by the corporation, who held it in trust for the orphan children of John Acton. Shortly afterwards this manor, with the neighbouring one of Cotes, was assigned to him by Sir Henry Skipwith, the stepfather of these orphans.

## Later life

After his forced retirement from public office, he spent the remainder of his life at the mansion of Cotes. He also purchased on 19 January 1648 – 1649, for £8,1741. 16s. 6d., the manor of the bishops of Lincoln at Buckden in Huntingdonshire, which was for some time his occasional residence. Packe died on 27 May 1682, and was buried in Prestwold church, Leicestershire, where there is a fine monument to his memory on the north wall of the chancel. The Latin inscription states that he was about eighty-four years old at his death.

## Family

Packe married three times: first, to Jane, daughter of Thomas Newman of Newbury, merchant draper, by Ann, daughter of John Kendrick, who was mayor of Reading in 1565; secondly, to Anne, eldest daughter of Simon Edmonds, alderman of London; and thirdly, to Elizabeth (born Richards), widow of Alderman Herring. He had no issue by his first and third wives; but by his second wife, Anne, who died in 1657, he had two sons, Christopher and Simon, and three daughters, Anne, Mary, and Susanna.

Packe is an ancestor of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle on his mother's side.

The Packes bore for their arms *argent, on a chief azure, three anchors or*.

1. Lee 1903, p. 991.
2. Welch 1895, p. 28 cites: Husband, *Collection of Publicke Orders*, 1646, 922–5.
3. Welch 1895, p. 28 cites: *City Records*,'Repertory', Reynardson and Andrews, fol. 504 b)
4. Welch 1895, p. 28 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1650, p. 611.
5. Welch 1895, p. 28 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1653-1654 pp. 64–5, 1654 pp. 148, 315, 1655–6 pp. 176, 316, 523.
6. Welch 1895, p. 29.
7. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1654, passim.
8. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1659-60, p. 589).
9. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1660-1 ; cf. also *State Papers*, Dom. 1657-8 and 1659-60 passim.
10. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *Mystery of the Good Old Cause*, 1660, pp. 44–5.
11. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *Cal. State Papers*, Dom. Ser. 1655, p. 96.
12. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *Cal. State Papers*, Dom. Ser. 1655, p. 224.
13. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *Cal. State Papers*, Dom. Ser. 1655, p. 240.
14. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1655, pp. 393-4.
15. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1655. p. 402.
16. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1655-6, p. 23.
17. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: Cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1655-6, p. 238.
18. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1656-7, p. 75.
19. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1656-7, pp. 84, 253–4, 291–2, 1657–8, pp. 8–9, 106–7.
20. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, 1657-1658, p. 94.
21. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: Whitelocke, Memorials, 1682, p. 619.
22. Coward 2002, p. 87.
23. Fritze & Robinson 1996, p. 237.
24. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *Journal*, vii. pp. 496, 512.
25. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1663-1664, pp. 371–2.
26. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1658-9, pp. 17, 290.
27. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *City Records*, Repertory,' Alleyne, fol. 83.
28. Welch 1895, p. 29 cites: *Parliamentary History of England*, 1808, iv. 70-1, 91.
29. Welch 1895, p. 30 cites: *State Papers*, Dom. 1665-6, p. 322, 1666-7, p. 467.
30. Welch 1895, p. 30 cites: Stoave, *Survey of London*, 1720, bk. iii. p. 68.
31. Welch 1895, p. 30 cites: Lysons, *Environs of London*, 1796, i. 375.
32. Welch 1895, p. 30 cites: *City Records*, 'Repertory,' Foot, fol. 74.
33. Welch 1895, p. 30 cites: Nichols, *Leicestershire*, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 354.
34. Welch 1895, p. 30 notes: "figured and described in Nichols's Leicestershire, vol. iii. pt. i. p. 360, and plate 53."
35. Welch 1895, p. 30.
36. Noble 1787, p. 416.
* Coward, Barry (2002). *The Cromwellian Protectorate New frontiers in history*. Manchester University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780719043178.
* Fritze, Ronald H.; Robinson, William B. (1996). *Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689*. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-313-28391-8.
* "Christopher Packe (NPG D29013)". National Portrait Gallery.
* Noble, Mark (1787). *Memoirs of the protectoral-house of Cromwell: deduced from an early period, and continued down to the present time; ... collected chiefly from original papers and records, ... together with an appendix: ... Embellished with elegant engravings*. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). G. G. J. and J. Robinson. p. 416.

Attribution


title: Dragonslayer (board game)

abstract: Dragonslayer is a board game published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1981 that is based on the movie of the same name.

text:
# Dragonslayer (board game)

***Dragonslayer*** is a board game published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1981 that is based on the movie of the same name.

## Description

*Dragonslayer* is a game for 2–4 players in which the players are magicians competing to free the fictional land of Urland from its last dragon, Vermithrax Pejorative.

### Game components

The game contains

* 17" x 22" map of Urland
* 100 die-cut counters
* 11" x 17" Battle Display
* sheet of rules
* quick reference sheet with examples

### Setup

Each player selects a magician and an abode and places two King's men on the map. The Dragonshield and Ulrich are placed on the map, and tiles are placed facedown on the towns and hamlets.

### Gameplay

Each magician takes their turn in a particular order: Aurric, Merridyds, Old Kyvin, Galen. Each magician wants to build up their strength and their magical items before taking on the Dragon. On their turn, each magician can spend up to 3 days moving by land or sea, or by taking tiles. Each magician also can, if desired, move their two King's men.

### Victory conditions

When a magician feels they are strong enough to take on the Dragon, they move to the Dragon's Lair and engage the Dragon in combat. If the magician slays the Dragon, the game is over and that player is the winner. If the magician loses everyone in the party, that player is out of the game. Any other result is a draw; the Dragon is moved to a new location, and play continues.

## Publication history

Following the premiere of the 1981 fantasy movie *Dragonslayer*, SPI acquired the license to produce a board game. The result was *Dragonslayer*, designed by Brad Hessel and Redmond A. Simonsen, with artwork by Simonsen. It was released in 1981.

## Reception

David Ladyman reviewed *Dragonslayer* in *The Space Gamer* No. 46. Ladyman commented that "*Dragonslayer* is a simple, but imaginative game. As usual, I think the price is somewhat steep for what you get. If you've seen the movie more than twice, get the game - you'll enjoy it. It has flaws, but they can be avoided. If you like to tinker with and fine-tune the gaming systems you buy, you'll probably like *Dragonslayer* also."


title: Coast Guard Station, Two Lights, Maine

abstract: Coast Guard Station, Two Lights, Maine is a 1927 oil painting by the American Realist artist Edward Hopper. The work depicts the Cape Elizabeth Lights, a frequent subject of Hopper and wife's frequent summer visits to Cape Elizabeth, Maine. It is held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.

text:
# Coast Guard Station, Two Lights, Maine

***Coast Guard Station, Two Lights, Maine*** is a 1927 oil painting by the American Realist artist Edward Hopper. The work depicts the Cape Elizabeth Lights, a frequent subject of Hopper and wife's frequent summer visits to Cape Elizabeth, Maine. It is held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.

## InfoBox

| Coast Guard Station, Two Lights, Maine | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Artist | Edward Hopper |
| Year | 1927 (1927) |
| Movement | American Realism |
| Subject | Cape Elizabeth Lights |
| Dimensions | 13 7/8 x 19 7/8 in. (35.2 x 50.5 cm) |
| Location | Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |


title: Toceni

abstract: Toceni is a commune in Cantemir District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Toceni and Vîlcele.

text:
# Toceni

**Toceni** is a commune in Cantemir District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Toceni and Vîlcele.

## Notable people

## InfoBox

| Toceni | |
| --- | --- |
| Commune and village | |
| ToceniLocation in Moldova | |
| Coordinates: 46°22′N 28°13′E / 46.367°N 28.217°E / 46.367; 28.217 | |
| Country | Moldova |
| District | Cantemir District |
| Population (2014) | |
| Total | 1,104 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | MD-7340 |
| Area code | +373 273 |


title: Velinaj

abstract: Velinaj is a settlement in the former Ana e Malit municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Shkodër.

text:
# Velinaj

**Velinaj** is a settlement in the former Ana e Malit municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Shkodër.

## InfoBox

| Velinaj | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Velinaj | |
| Coordinates: 42°1′21″N 19°25′4″E / 42.02250°N 19.41778°E / 42.02250; 19.41778 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Shkodër |
| Municipality | Shkodër |
| Municipal unit | Ana e Malit |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Christian views on cloning

text:
# Christian views on cloning

Christians take multiple positions in the debate on the morality of human cloning. Since Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned on 5 July 1996, and the possibility of cloning humans became a reality, Christian leaders have been pressed to take an ethical stance on its morality. While many Christians tend to disagree with the practice, such as Roman Catholics and a majority of fundamentalist pastors, including Southern Baptists, the views taken by various other Christian denominations are diverse and often conflicting. It is hard to pinpoint any one, definite stance of the Christian religion, since there are so many Christian denominations and so few official statements from each of them concerning the morality of human cloning.

There are certain Protestant denominations that do not disagree with the acceptability of human cloning. Mary Seller, for example, a member of the Church of England's Board of Social Responsibility and a professor of developmental genetics, states, "Cloning, like all science, must be used responsibly. Cloning humans is not desirable. But cloning sheep has its uses." On the other hand, according to a survey of Christian fundamentalist pastors, responses indicated a "common account of human cloning as primarily reproductive in nature, proscribed by its violation of God's will and role." Many of these pastors acknowledged the reason for this violation being rooted in the religiously motivated view that human cloning is an example of scientists 'playing God.'" It is not only this that many Christians are concerned about, however; other concerns include whether the dignity of the human person is overlooked, as well as the role of the parents as co-creators. All of these things may contribute to why many fundamentalist Christian pastors see human reproductive cloning as simply "forbidden territory."

## Understanding cloning

Some scientists do argue that the plurality of views comes from the differing understandings of what exactly human cloning is. In Weasel and Jensen's survey on "Language and Values," they found that Christian pastors used a "consistent emphasis on DNA." Scientists describing the same processes used terminology such as, "insert an isolated nucleus from the donor to produce a dividing and viable embryo" into an enucleated egg" One reason why Christian fundamentalist pastors would be more apt to use terminology which includes "DNA" more prominently is that DNA is a "value-laden" term which carries religious significance. Therefore, not only is DNA often equated, in religious circles, with one's genetic identity, but also with one's singular, "God-given" identity.

### Therapeutic cloning

Another point of misunderstanding arises in the separation of human reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. While most Christians do not support reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning is a branch of cloning which has garnered slightly more support from certain denominations. Some Christian traditions, such as the United Church of Christ, believe that cloning can be conducted ethically for this purpose, in order to help treat disease and improve the public health, as they do not see the fertilized ovum as constituting a person. Courtney Campbell, director of the Program for Ethics, Science and the Environment at Oregon State University, says, "Some traditions and leading figures in conservative Protestantism who were opposed to human cloning for reproductive reasons have come to see that given the ambiguity about their own views about the status of embryonic life, and given the potential for health benefits, they could be opposed to reproductive cloning, but affirm therapeutic cloning. The main reason, she says, is the tradition of emphasizing the individual choice over central dogma.

Catholic support for therapeutic cloning is conditional on the stipulation that it does not involve any kind of infringement upon human embryos. John Paul II states, "These techniques, insofar as they involve the manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable, even when their proposed goal is good in itself." Thus, according to the Catholic ethical system, even a good that might come from therapeutic cloning would be morally unacceptable, as it would be the result of an act which, according to Catholics, is itself intrinsically immoral. This, for many Christians, is hard to abide by, for, as one Professor of Christian Ethics states, "Our society is preoccupied with death and the pursuit of health seems to justify anything."

The Church of England put out a statement on the Church's website which reads, "human reproductive cloning was made unlawful by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Few members of the Church of England would dissent from such a position. However, therapeutic cloning may be thought of as ethical, as it does not result in another human being." Thus, while reproductive cloning is again discouraged, therapeutic cloning is more acceptable.

In a statement given by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, on the other hand, therapeutic cloning was rejected as "contrary to the Word of God and our 1998 resolution". For this particular group, therapeutic cloning is assumed to involve the destruction of human embryos, and is therefore against the synod's resolution to "reaffirm and celebrate life" and "protect the sanctity of human life".

## Dignity of the human person

Christian organizations are challenged to respond to a number of concerns about the issue of the dignity of the human person, especially in relation to scientific study. Much of the debate has to do with the question of at what point the soul enters the body. Catholics believe that the soul enters the body at the moment of conception when the sperm and egg unite. Thus, Catholics and other Christian denominations that share this belief may see embryonic cloning as tantamount to live human experimentation and therefore contrary to God's will.

Most Christians believe that a person has intrinsic dignity based on his being created in the image and likeness of God and in his call to communion with God.

### Defining dignity

Many Christians that do not agree on an exact definition of *dignity*, which leads some scientists to ignore this concern, seeing it as a vague excuse that some Christians use to justify cloning bans Or, if a definition is agreed upon, it may be challenged as being too weak, so that, according to Steven Pinker, a Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, it is "hardly up to the heavyweight moral demands assigned to it".

The belief in intrinsic dignity, nonetheless, leads the Christians who hold this belief to also argue that if the soul enters the body at the moment when the sperm and the egg unite, producing cloned zygotes that are unlikely to survive is equivalent to murder. Therefore, if one believes, as Catholics do, that the zygotes have souls and are therefore human, in the words of John Paul II, "regardless of the objective for which it was done, human embryonic cloning conflicts with the international legal norms that protect human dignity." Some Christian conservatives even express concern that cloned embryos would have no soul, since it is, in their view, born outside of God's parameters, as its creation is in a laboratory setting rather than natural conception.

Certain Christians also hold that, in the act of creating a human being, his or her dignity is also upheld by the presence of a loving union between the two partners, so that "only when love exists should the creation of other persons be envisaged." Because of this, "divine creation and co-creation are similar". In the act of scientific cloning, however, the embryo is a result of the artificial union of the sperm and the egg, so that "the presence of love between the co-creators does not exist." Thus, according to this view, the dignity of the person is not upheld. Rev. Demetri Demopulos, Greek Orthodox pastor and geneticist, states, "As an Orthodox Christian, I speak out in opposition to any attempt to clone a human being because humans are supposed to be created by acts of love between two people, not through the manipulation of cells in acts that are ultimately about self-love."

### Playing God

Much of the concern related to human cloning stems from a fear of overstepping the bounds of the natural order. Through the act of creating another human being, Christians have also posed the question as to whether this would be too much like playing God. Not only this, but some Christian ethicists argue that human cloning would "create substantial issues of identity and individuality". This could be seen through the confusion of the child resulting from cloning as to who his parents are, what connection he has to his genetic duplicate, etc.

### Role of cloning in society

Despite the ethical gray area surrounding the act of cloning itself, most, if not all Christians, still hold that children who may result from the process should be loved and cared for as much as any other child, since they would be considered fully human and therefore reflect the Divine image, as defined by *Gaudium et spes*, a document of the Second Vatican Council. However, according to Richard McCormick, S.J., cloning disrupts the familial order. It "would involve removing insemination and fertilization from the marriage relationship, and it would also remove one of the partners from the entire process". According to Stephen G. Post, a Catholic journalist, "\[removal\] of the male impregnators from the procreative dyad would simply drive the nail into the coffin of fatherhood, unless one thinks that biological and social fatherhood are utterly disconnected".

## Quotes

Rev. Demetri Demopulos, Greek Orthodox pastor and geneticist:

"As an Orthodox Christian, I speak out in opposition to any attempt to clone a human being because humans are supposed to be created by acts of love between two people, not through the manipulation of cells in acts that are ultimately about self-love."

Richard McCormick, a Jesuit priest and professor of Christian ethics at the University of Notre Dame:

"I can’t think of a morally acceptable reason to clone a human being."

Mary Seller, a member of Church of England's Board of Social Responsibility and a professor of developmental genetics:

"Cloning, like all science, must be used responsibly. Cloning humans is not desirable. But cloning sheep has its uses."

Pope John Paul II:

"These techniques, insofar as they involve the manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable, even when their proposed goal is good in itself."

United Church of Christ Committee on Genetics:

"It is very likely that \[with nuclear transfer cloning\], scientists could learn a great deal about basic human developmental biology and that this knowledge might someday lead to treatments for degenerative conditions or to counteract some forms of sterility. ... Various General Synods of the United Church of Christ have regarded the human pre-embryo as due great respect \[but not\] regarded the pre-embryo as the equivalent of a person. Therefore, we ... do not object categorically to human pre-embryo research \[under certain conditions\]."

Ben Mitchellin, assistant professor of Christian ethics at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary:

"The time is right for an outright ban on the production of cloned human embryos from fertilization to birth, regardless of how the research is funded. The vast majority of the American public favors a ban on both privately funded and publicly funded research."


title: Bop Bop Baby

abstract: "Bop Bop Baby" is a song by Irish boy band Westlife and it was released on 20 May 2002 as the third and final single from their third studio album, World of Our Own (2001). The single peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart; during an interview, the band claimed this was due to the obscure choice of single, as they would have much preferred to release "Why Do I Love You", for which they had recorded a video. It is the band's 18th-best-selling single in paid-for sales and in combined sales in the United Kingdom as of January 2019. Billboard named the single one of the "Top 15 Underrated Boy Band Jams" in 2015.

text:
# Bop Bop Baby

"**Bop Bop Baby**" is a song by Irish boy band Westlife and it was released on 20 May 2002 as the third and final single from their third studio album, *World of Our Own* (2001). The single peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart; during an interview, the band claimed this was due to the obscure choice of single, as they would have much preferred to release "Why Do I Love You", for which they had recorded a video. It is the band's 18th-best-selling single in paid-for sales and in combined sales in the United Kingdom as of January 2019. *Billboard* named the single one of the "Top 15 Underrated Boy Band Jams" in 2015.

## Background

The song was written by band members Brian McFadden and Shane Filan alongside Graham Murphy and Chris O'Brien. This is their first song co-written by the band members that was released as a single. McFadden said that he got inspired to write the lyrics after watching a Beach Boys documentary. It was composed in the traditional verse–chorus form in D major, with McFadden, Filan, and Mark Feehily's vocals ranging from the chords of G3 to A5.

## Music video

The video for "Bop Bop Baby" was initially to be directed by Vaughn Arnell and was to feature the band in front of the Irish skyline. Instead, the video was directed by Max & Dania. The video was supposed to have Naomi Campbell as the leading lady, but she cancelled her participation at the last minute, and Leah Wood took over. The video was filmed at the University of Hertfordshire and took 32 hours to film. There were 25 extras on set, seven stuntmen, two horses, and Janty Yates (the costume designer for Russell Crowe's box office smash *Gladiator*).

The video is set during the Medieval times. At the start of the video, it is said that a beautiful maiden wishes to marry for love, but her father wants her to marry Duke Vincent (Vinnie Jones), the vilest man in the kingdom for money. The band members serve as Musketeers who are imprisoned in a dungeon by the Duke. McFadden attempts to approach a nearby prisoner but is scared off. The five members then break free, riding on horses, they arrive at the wedding and battle the Duke's men. At one point, Kian Egan and Feehily nearly slash each other, screaming in the process before they got attacked by the Duke. The band members then attack the Duke before fleeing the church with the maiden with the Duke in pursuit. *Billboard* called the video "unintentionally hilarious" as well as a "riotous masterpiece".

## Track listings

## Credits and personnel

Credits are lifted from the *Unbreakable – The Greatest Hits Volume 1* album booklet.

**Studios**

* Engineered at Rokstone Studios (London, England), Windmill Lane (Dublin, Ireland), and Olympic Studios (London, England)
* Mastered at Transfermation (London, England)

**Personnel**

* Brian McFadden – writing
* Shane Filan – writing
* Graham Murphy – writing
* Chris O'Brien – writing
* Paul Gendler – guitars
* Steve Pearce – bass
* Dave Arch – Hammond organ
* Steve Mac – keyboards, production, arrangement, mixing
* Chris Laws – drums, engineering, Pro Tools engineering
* Matt Howe – mix engineering
* Daniel Pursey – assistant engineering
* Quentin Guiné – assistant engineering
* Lee McCutcheon – Pro Tools engineering
* Richard Dowling – mastering

## Charts

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000 |
| Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
 | | |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref(s). |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Sweden | 20 May 2002 | CD |  |  |
| | United Kingdom | | * CD * cassette |  |
| Australia | 15 July 2002 | | CD |  |
| New Zealand | | | 5 August 2002 |  |

## InfoBox

| "Bop Bop Baby" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Westlife | |
| from the album  *World of Our Own* | |
| Released | 20 May 2002 (2002-05-20) |
| Studio | Rokstone (London, England) |
| Length | * 4:22 (LP version) * 4:30 (single remix) |
| Label | BMG, RCA, |
| Songwriter(s) | Brian McFadden, Shane Filan, Graham Murphy, Chris O'Brien |
| Producer(s) | Steve Mac |
| Westlife singles chronology | |
| "World of Our Own"
(2002) "**Bop Bop Baby**"
(2002) "Unbreakable"
(2002) | |
|  | |
| Music video | |
| "Bop Bop Baby" on YouTube | |
|  | |


title: Life No. 9

abstract: "Life #9" is a song written by Kostas and Tony Perez, and recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. It was released in January 1994 as the second single from her album The Way That I Am. The song was her fifth single release overall, and peaked at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and at number 8 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.

text:
# Life No. 9

"**Life #9**" is a song written by Kostas and Tony Perez, and recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. It was released in January 1994 as the second single from her album *The Way That I Am*. The song was her fifth single release overall, and peaked at number 6 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and at number 8 on the *RPM* Country Tracks chart in Canada.

## Content

McBride considered the song "not the kind of song, melody, attitude of whatever that I was really comfortable singing", and producer Paul Worley thought that it was "not one of \[his\] favorites" due to it sounding like a disco song.

## Music video

A music video was released for the song, directed by Steven Goldmann.

## Personnel

The following musicians perform on this track:

## Chart performance

| Chart (1994) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 8 |
| US Hot Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 6 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1994) | Position |
| --- | --- |
| Canada Country Tracks (*RPM*) | 85 |
| US Country Songs (*Billboard*) | 69 |

## InfoBox

| "Life #9" | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Single by Martina McBride | |
| from the album  *The Way That I Am* | |
| B-side | "Ashes" |
| Released | January 3, 1994 |
| Genre | Country |
| Length | 4:03 |
| Label | RCA Nashville |
| Songwriter(s) | Kostas, Tony Perez |
| Producer(s) | Paul Worley, Ed Seay, Martina McBride |
| Martina McBride singles chronology | |
| "My Baby Loves Me"
(1993) "**Life #9**"
(1994) "Independence Day"
(1994) | |


title: Chuck Smith (American football coach)

abstract: Chuck Smith is a former American football coach. Smith served as the head coach at Boyle County High School, Campbellsville High School, and Allen County Scottsville High School. Smith also served as linebackers coach at the University of Kentucky. At Boyle County, Smith won six state championships and a KHSAA record breaking five in a row from 1999 to 2003. Smith is highly regarded as one of the best football coaches in Kentucky high school football history.

text:
# Chuck Smith (American football coach)

**Chuck Smith** (born December 21, 1957) is a former American football coach. Smith served as the head coach at Boyle County High School, Campbellsville High School, and Allen County Scottsville High School. Smith also served as linebackers coach at the University of Kentucky. At Boyle County, Smith won six state championships and a KHSAA record breaking five in a row from 1999 to 2003. Smith is highly regarded as one of the best football coaches in Kentucky high school football history.

## Early life and education

Smith was born on December 21, 1957 in Louisville, Kentucky. He was an all-state linebacker at Jeffersontown High School, graduating in 1977. He was a linebacker for the University of Kentucky from 1978 to 1980.

## Coaching career

### Early coaching career

Shortly after Smith's playing career at Kentucky, Smith began his coaching career at Mercer county High School as an assistant under long-time coach Larry French. After three years with the Scotties, Smith accepted the head coaching job at Allen County Scottsville High School having a 6–5 season. After one year with the Patriots, Smith accepted the head coaching job at Campbellsville High School leading to a turnaround for the Eagles football program.

### Boyle County

After revitalizing Campbellsville's football program, Smith accepted the head coaching job at Boyle County High School. Prior to Smith's arrival at Boyle County, the Rebels had not had a winning season since 1986 when they went 7–4. Additionally, they had not had a ten win season since 1976. During the 1992 season, Smith's first Rebels team went 7–4 snapping a 6-year losing record streak. Three years later, Smith's Rebels went 10–3, their first ten win season in 19 years. Four years later Smith has the first undefeated 15–0 season in Boyle County football history and won Boyle's first state championship in school history. From 1999 to 2003, Smith's Rebels won a then state record breaking five state championships in a row, four of them being undefeated 15–0 seasons led by 2001 Kentucky Mr. Football winner Jeff Duggins and future NFL tight end Jacob Tamme.

### Kentucky

Following an incredible run at Boyle County, Smith accepted his dream job, coaching linebackers at Kentucky. Under head coaches Rich Brooks and Joker Phillips, Smith coached four first team All-SEC linebackers. Those names include Super Bowl 50 champion Danny Trevathan, Wesley Woodyard, Micah Johnson, and Sam Maxwell.

### Return to Boyle County

After leaving Kentucky, Smith had a one-year stint as defensive coordinator at Bardstown High School. In 2014, Smith accepted the head coaching job at Madison Central High School. However, that was short-lived because less than three weeks later Smith resigned. Following Smith's resignation from Madison Central, Smith returned to head coaching at Boyle County due to the departure of former Boyle head coach Larry French. During Smith's second tenure with the Rebels, he compiled a record of 69–12 with one state championship title.

## Head coaching record

Below is a year-by-year breakdown of Smith's coaching record.

| Year | Team | Overall | Bowl/playoffs | Litkenhous# | MaxPreps° |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Allen County Scottsville** *(Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA))* (1987) | | | | | | | | |
| 1987 | Allen County Scottsville | 6–5 |  |  |  |
| **Allen County Scottsville:** | | 6-5 |  |  | | | | |
| **Boyle County Rebels** *(Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA))* (1992–2004) | | | | | | | | |
| 1992 | Boyle County | 7–4 |  |  |  |
| 1993 | Boyle County | 2–8 |  |  |  |
| 1994 | Boyle County | 9–4 |  |  |  |
| 1995 | Boyle County | 10–3 |  |  |  |
| 1996 | Boyle County | 11–3 |  |  |  |
| 1997 | Boyle County | 11–1 |  |  |  |
| 1998 | Boyle County | 7–5 | **L** 2nd round of KHSAA 2A playoffs to Lexington Catholic 28–13. |  |  |
| 1999 | Boyle County | 15–0 | **W** KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  |  |
| 2000 | Boyle County | 15–0 | **W** KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  |  |
| 2001 | Boyle County | 15–0 | **W** KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  |  |
| 2002 | Boyle County | 13–2 | **W** KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  |  |
| 2003 | Boyle County | 15–0 | **W** KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  |  |
| 2004 | Boyle County | 13–2 | **L** KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  | 3 |
| **Boyle County Rebels** *(Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA))* (2014–2019) | | | | | | | | |
| 2014 | Boyle County | 11–2 | **L** 3rd round of KHSAA 4A playoffs to Lexington Catholic 40–35. |  | 36 |
| 2015 | Boyle County | 10–2 | **L** 2nd round of KHSAA 3A playoffs to Central 27–14. | 10 | 20 |
| 2016 | Boyle County | 7–5 | **L** 2nd round of KHSAA 3A playoffs to Central 37–6. |  | 52 |
| 2017 | Boyle County | 14–1 | **W** 3A KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 | Boyle County | 13–1 | **L** 3A State Semifinals 21–0 to Corbin | 9 | 13 |
| 2019 | Boyle County | 14–1 | **L** 4A KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl |  | 5 |
| **Boyle County:** | | 212–44 |  |  | | | | |
| **Total:** | | 212–44 |  | | | | | | |
| National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

## Personal life

Smith is married to Jackie Smith.

Smith has two children, Brandon and Nicole. Brandon is the head coach at South Warren High School in Bowling Green, Kentucky, where he has won two KHSAA state championships.

## Notable players coached by Chuck Smith

### Boyle County

### Kentucky

## InfoBox

Chuck Smith
| Smith Coaching at Boyle County | |
| --- | --- |
| Biographical details | |
| Born | (1957-12-21) December 21, 1957
Louisville, Kentucky |
| Education | Jeffersontown High School, University of Kentucky |
| Occupation(s) | High school and college football coach |
| Years active | 1983–2019 |
| Spouse | Jackie Smith |
| Children | 2 |
|  | |
| Playing career | |
| 1978–1980 | Kentucky |
|  | |
| Position(s) | Linebacker |
| Coaching career (HC unless noted) | |
| 1983–1986 | Mercer County High School (KY) (assistant) |
| 1987 | Allen County Scottsville HS (KY) |
| 1988–1991 | Campbellsville HS (KY) |
| 1992–2004 | Boyle County HS (KY) |
| 2005–2012 | Kentucky (LB) |
| 2013 | Bardstown HS (KY) (DC) |
| 2014–2019 | Boyle County HS (KY) |
|  | |
| Head coaching record | |
| Overall | 234–69 |
| Bowls | 6–2 |
| Accomplishments and honors | |
| Championships | |
| * 6 KHSAA state (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2017) | |
| Awards | |
| * 5x Courier-Journal Coach of the Year (1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2019) * NFHS Coach of the Year (2003) * Kentucky Football Coaches Association 4A coach of the year (2019) | |
|  | |
|  | |


title: First strike (coinage)

abstract: First strike is a marketing term used by third party coin grading services which refers to coins which were struck first by a mint. The U.S. Mint maintains that there is no widely accepted and standardized numismatic industry definition of First Strike coins. Several coin grading companies have decided that a "first strike" coin is one that shipped from the mint in the first month of the new minting.

text:
# First strike (coinage)

**First strike** is a marketing term used by third party coin grading services which refers to coins which were struck first by a mint. The U.S. Mint maintains that there is no widely accepted and standardized numismatic industry definition of **First Strike coins**. Several coin grading companies have decided that a "first strike" coin is one that shipped from the mint in the first month of the new minting.

## No U.S. Mint First Strike Program

The U.S. Mint has stated that they do not keep track of which coins were struck first. The mint has dates on the packaging for the coins, however they also state that the shipping dates do not reveal exactly when the coins were struck.

## Lawsuit

In 2006 a Miami lawyer filed a 10 million dollar lawsuit in a Miami court, alleging the "First Strike" label is deceptive. The lawsuit was filed against the two coin grading companies: Numismatic Guaranty Corp., (NGC) based in Sarasota, Fla., and Professional Coin Grading Service, (PCGS) of Newport Beach, California.

In 2007 NGC settled the lawsuit by paying money to collectors and the attorneys. They also designated 447,500 dollars for consumer education.

## Marketing

The lawsuit revealed that the designation of "First strike" is essentially a successful marketing tool. There is essentially no way to know when a coin was struck. While PCGS retains the use of the term, NGC has changed their designation from "first strike" to a more accurate description: "Early Release".


title: Dragonsong

abstract: Dragonsong is a science fantasy novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey. Released by Atheneum Books in March 1976, it was the third to appear set on the world Pern of the Dragonriders of Pern. In its time, however, Dragonsong brought the fictional planet Pern to a new publisher, editor, and target audience of young adults, and soon became the first book in the Harper Hall of Pern trilogy. The original Dragonriders of Pern trilogy with Ballantine Books was not completed until after the publication of Dragonsong and its sequel. Dragonsong and the second Pern book Dragonquest are set at the same time, seven years after the end of the seminal Dragonflight — that is, more than 2500 years after human settlement, during the "Ninth Pass" of the Red Star that periodically brings a biological menace from space. Their primary geographical settings are not distant in space yet worlds apart: Dragonsong in an isolated sea-hold and Dragonquest at the centers of Pernese society, the weyrs and major holds, especially Benden Weyr. Near the end of Dragonsong, the protagonist Menolly is rescued by a dragonrider, and the action converges with that of Dragonquest.

text:
# Dragonsong

***Dragonsong*** is a science fantasy novel by the American-Irish author Anne McCaffrey. Released by Atheneum Books in March 1976, it was the third to appear set on the world Pern of the *Dragonriders of Pern*. In its time, however, *Dragonsong* brought the fictional planet Pern to a new publisher, editor, and target audience of young adults, and soon became the first book in the *Harper Hall of Pern* trilogy. The original *Dragonriders of Pern* trilogy with Ballantine Books was not completed until after the publication of *Dragonsong* and its sequel.

*Dragonsong* and the second Pern book *Dragonquest* are set at the same time, seven years after the end of the seminal *Dragonflight* — that is, more than 2500 years after human settlement, during the "Ninth Pass" of the Red Star that periodically brings a biological menace from space. Their primary geographical settings are not distant in space yet worlds apart: *Dragonsong* in an isolated sea-hold and *Dragonquest* at the centers of Pernese society, the weyrs and major holds, especially Benden Weyr. Near the end of *Dragonsong*, the protagonist Menolly is rescued by a dragonrider, and the action converges with that of *Dragonquest*.

## Origins

McCaffrey finished *Dragonquest*, a sequel to the first Pern book, soon after her 1970 emigration to Ireland but she wrote several stories and a few books before completing the original *Dragonriders* trilogy. Writing *The White Dragon* did not really begin until 1974/75 after the New England Science Fiction Association invited her to its annual convention Boskone as Guest of Honor, which included the special publication of a small book for sale on site.

The market for young adults provided crucial opportunities while *Dragonriders* stalled. Editor Roger Elwood sought contributions of short work to anthologies and McCaffrey started the Pern story of Menolly for him, although in the end she delivered four 1973/74 stories that later became *Crystal Singer*. Editor Jean E. Karl, who had established the children's and science fiction imprints at Atheneum Books, sought to attract more female readers to science fiction and solicited "a story for young women in a different part of Pern". McCaffrey completed Menolly's story as *Dragonsong* and contracted for a sequel before it was out in 1976.

Having the arrangements with Atheneum in writing, McCaffrey was able to shop for a mortgage and buy a home, to be called 'Dragonhold' for the dragons who bought it. Twenty years later her son wrote that she "first set dragons free on Pern and then was herself freed by her dragons".

Like *Crystal Singer*, *Dragonsong* features a young woman with great musical talent. Beside fishing, its focus in Pernese society is the arts and education, in contrast to the military and political focus of the original trilogy. In this the action at Harper Hall rather than the Weyrs is akin to McCaffrey's own experience. At Radcliffe College, Harvard, she majored in Slavonic Languages and literature. From her teens through her thirties, before she turned to writing full-time, she pursued musical avocations: piano lessons, voice training and performance, and assisting in amateur production of musicals and operettas.

## Plot summary

Taking place seven years after the events of *Dragonflight*, the book opens with Menolly, youngest daughter of Masterfisher Yanus, Sea Holder of Half-Circle Seahold, in the fictional world of Pern. Menolly, a gifted young musician, has been assisting the Hold's ailing Harper Petiron in his duties to educate the Hold's children. After Petiron's death, however, a new Harper arrives as his replacement. Menolly's parents forbid her to reveal that she has been teaching the children in the interim, believing that music and particularly teaching are not a woman's place. To conceal her former role from the new Harper, Menolly is not allowed to play, sing, or compose, and her parents severely punish her for doing so. Unbeknownst to Menolly or her parents, prior to his death Petiron sent several of Menolly's original compositions to Masterharper Robinton at Harper Hall, where Robinton is now frantic to locate this mysterious new composer, though unaware that the composer is female.

Frustrated and heartbroken, Menolly chooses to leave her Hold and live Holdless, a dangerous enterprise as flesh-eating Thread fall regularly on the area. She is entirely unaware that Masterharper Robinton has directed the new harper at Half-Circle Seahold to find the composer in order to train them as a Harper. Menolly finds a safe cave near the sea and makes it her new home. She also discovers a nest of the legendary fire-lizards, smaller versions of the giant dragons that defend Pern from Thread. She assists the fire-lizard queen in relocating her clutch to safety, thereby winning the creature's trust. Menolly is present when the clutch hatches and inadvertently Impresses nine hatchlings, forming a symbiotic, psychic bond with them and making herself responsible for their care. Feeding both her fire-lizards and herself is a full-time job, but Menolly is resourceful and content. She resumes her music and is delighted when her fire-lizards learn to harmonize with her songs.

One day while gathering food for her fire-lizards, Menolly is caught on the edge of Threadfall. She attempts to race the leading edge back to the safety of her cave, lacerating the soles of her feet in the effort. A passing dragonrider rescues her at the last second and takes her to Benden Weyr, which is full of guests in preparation for a dragon hatching. Menolly is shocked to find others at the Weyr have fire-lizards and that the creatures' discovery and potential has become a point of deep interest to dragonriders. When Menolly's nine fire-lizards come looking for her, Menolly reluctantly admits that she accidentally Impressed them all, thus becoming the center of attention.

Robinton, who is present at Benden for the Hatching, is intrigued that Menolly has taught her fire-lizards to sing. On the pretense of having Menolly show him her fire-lizards' ability, Robinton tricks her into performing one of the songs written by Petiron's mysterious apprentice, thus revealing that she is the composer. Menolly is overwhelmed when Robinton invites her to Harper Hall to become his apprentice and gladly accepts the offer.

## Themes

Fixed gender roles make Menolly an outcast, as she is unskilled at tasks which are regarded as women's work on Pern and excels in the male-dominated field of music. She chooses to live alone in the dangerously unprotected world outside the Hold instead of allowing her natural talents to be suppressed.

## Awards

The American Library Association in 1999 cited the two early Pern trilogies (*Dragonriders* and *Harper Hall*), along with *The Ship Who Sang*, when McCaffrey received the annual Margaret A. Edwards Award for her "lifetime contribution in writing for teens".

## Explanatory notes

### Citations

1. Dragonriders of Pern series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
2. *Dragonholder* 1999, pp. 82–83, 95.
3. "Jean E. Karl; Children's Book Editor and Author". *Los Angeles Times*. 2000-04-04. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
Lipson, Eden Ross (2000-04-03). "Jean Karl, 72; a Publisher of Books for Children". *The New York Times*. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
Jalowitz, Alan (2006). "Jean Karl". Pennsylvania Center for the Book. The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
Palmquist, Vicki. "Birthday Bios: Jean E. Karl". Children's Literature Network. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
4. *Dragonholder* 1999, pp. 103–04.
5. *Dragonholder* 1999, pp. 104–05.
6. *Dragonholder* 1999, p. 113 (closing).
7. "Anne's Biography". *The Worlds of Anne McCaffrey*. Pern Home. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
*Dragonholder* 1999, pp. 6, 15, 27, 32, 34–37.
8. McIntire, Sarah. "The Unlikely Hero Bandwagon". *The Victorian Web*. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
9. "1999 Margaret A. Edwards Award Winners". Young Adult Library Services Association. American Library Association. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
10. The Dragondaze Portfolio at his personal website. Retrieved 2011-10-19.

### Cited works

## InfoBox

Dragonsong
| First edition | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Anne McCaffrey |
| Cover artist | Fred Marcellino (first) <br>and others |
| Language | English |
| Series |  |
| Genre |  |
| Publisher | Atheneum Books (first hardcover) |
| Publication date | March 1976 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover, paperback) |
| Pages | 202 (first edition) |
| ISBN | 978-0-689-30507-8 |
| OCLC | 2054712 |
| LC Class | PZ7.M122834 Dr3 |
| Preceded by | *Dragonquest* |
| Followed by | *Dragonsinger* |


title: Clodagh Simonds

abstract: Clodagh Simonds is an Irish musician, songwriter and singer. She was born in Banbridge, County Down, Northern Ireland and raised and educated in Killiney, County Dublin.

text:
# Clodagh Simonds

**Clodagh Simonds** (/ˈkldə/ *KLOH-də*; born 16 May 1953) is an Irish musician, songwriter and singer. She was born in Banbridge, County Down, Northern Ireland and raised and educated in Killiney, County Dublin.

## Career

At the age of eleven, in 1964 Simonds formed her first band, Mellow Candle, with two schoolfriends, Alison Bools (later Williams, later O'Donnell) and Maria White. They released their first single, "Feelin' High", on SNB Records in 1968, when she was fifteen. Three years later, initially under the management of Thin Lizzy manager Ted Carroll, and with an expanded line-up, Mellow Candle released their only album, *Swaddling Songs*, which made little or no impact beyond Ireland until around twenty-five years later. The group disbanded in 1973.

Between 1972 and 1975, she guested on Thin Lizzy's second album, *Shades of a Blue Orphanage*, and sang on the Mike Oldfield albums*Hergest Ridge*, *Ommadawn* (also helping Oldfield to coin the album title).

In 1976 Simonds and Mellow Candle drummer William Murray moved to New York, at one point playing in a band with Carter Burwell and Stephen Bray. Simonds wrote music for two theatre productions at La MaMa ETC and resumed studies of the piano and music of other cultures.

In 1989, interest in Mellow Candle reawakened in Japan, and Deram re-released the album there. The album has subsequently been re-released several times in other countries.

In 1990 she sang on Mike Oldfield's album *Amarok*.

In 1991 one of Simonds' songs, "Silversong", was covered by All About Eve.

In 1996, by which time Simonds had returned to Ireland, her mini-album *Six Elementary Songs* was produced by Tom Newman and released on the Tokyo-based label Evangel Records. That same year, the album *Virgin Prophet,* consisting mostly of recordings for Deram by a pre-drums line-up of Mellow Candle, was licensed to UK label Kissing Spell. It included two even earlier solo demos, written and recorded by Simonds at the age of 16.

In 1998 her sampled voice appeared on "Far Above the Clouds" on Mike Oldfield's *Tubular Bells III*, and her song "Poet and the Witch" was covered by Stephen Malkmus.

In 1999, she sang a version of the Syd Barrett/James Joyce song "Golden Hair" for Russell Mills' album *Pearl & Umbra*.

### Fovea Hex

Between 2005 and 2007, under the name Fovea Hex, she released 3 EPs, collectively entitled *Neither Speak Nor Remain Silent*, featuring Michael Begg, Carter Burwell, John Contreras, Roger Doyle, Brian Eno, Roger Eno, Robert Fripp, Percy Jones, Cora Venus Lunny, Dónal Lunny, Andrew M. McKenzie of The Hafler Trio, Sarah McQuaid, Colin Potter of Nurse with Wound, Lydia Sasse, Laura Sheeran, and Steven Wilson. Each EP was available in a special edition that included an additional disc, containing an extensive re-working of that EP's material by The Hafler Trio.

In 2011, Fovea Hex released the album *Here is Where we Used to Sing*, produced by Colin Potter, featuring Laura Sheeran, Michael Begg, Cora Venus Lunny, Brian Eno, Kate Ellis, Julia Kent and John Contreras.

Between 2016 and 2019, Fovea Hex released another trilogy of EPs, collectively titled *The Salt Garden*, released jointly by Die Stadt and Steven Wilson’s Headphone Dust label. In 2021, Disques Crepuscule released an album of Steven Wilson remixes, entitled *The Salt Garden (Landscaped)*.

As a performing unit, Fovea Hex comprises Simonds, Laura Sheeran, Cora Venus Lunny, Michael Begg and Colin Potter, with either Julia Kent, Kate Ellis or John Contreras on cello. In May 2007, Fovea Hex performed at the invitation of David Lynch at the Fondation Cartier in Paris, as part of his *The Air Is on Fire* retrospective exhibition. The band subsequently performed in Ireland, the UK and Europe until 2019.

## Discography

### Albums

* Mellow Candle, *Swaddling Songs* (Deram, 1971)
* Fovea Hex, *Bloom* (part 1 of *Neither Speak Nor Remain Silent*, Janet Records/Die Stadt, 2005)
* Fovea Hex, *Huge* (part 2 of *Neither Speak Nor Remain Silent*, Janet Records/Die Stadt, 2006)
* Fovea Hex, *Allure* (part 3 of *Neither Speak Nor Remain Silent*, Janet Records/Die Stadt, 2007)
* Fovea Hex, *Here Is Where We Used To Sing*, Janet Records, 2012
* Fovea Hex,*The Salt Garden 1*, Headphone Dust/Die Stadt, 9 March 2016
* Fovea Hex, *The Salt Garden 2*, Headphone Dust/Die Stadt, June 2017
* Fovea Hex, *The Salt Garden 3*, Headphone Dust/Die Stadt, November 2019
* Fovea Hex, *The Salt Garden (Landscaped)*, Disques Crepuscule, 2021

### Singles

* Mellow Candle, "Feelin High"/"Tea with the Sun" (SNB, 1968)
* Mellow Candle, "Dan The Wing"/"Silversong" (Deram, 1971)
* Fovea Hex & Andrew Liles, "Gone"/"Every Evening" (Die Stadt, 2007)

### Compilations

* “By The Glacial Lake” for *Not Alone*, a fundraiser compilation of 5 CDs for Médecins San Frontière’s work on AIDS, curated by Mark Logan and David Tibet, 2006
* ‘Idumea” on “Black Ships Ate The Sky”, David Tibet's album *Black Ships Ate the Sky*, 2006
* “Under The Water (Iridescence)” on *Heart Of The Sun* by Andria Degens/Pantaleimon, 2008
* Abul Mogard’s remix "We Dream all the Dark Away" on *And We Are Passing Through Silently*, 2019

### Selected credits

* Thin Lizzy, *Shades of a Blue Orphanage* (vocals, piano, mellotron), 1972
* Mike Oldfield, *Hergest Ridge* (vocals), 1974
* Mike Oldfield, *Ommadawn* (vocals, lyrics), 1975
* Jade Warrior, *Kites* (vocals), 1976
* Mike Oldfield, *Amarok* (vocals), 1990
* Mike Oldfield,*Tubular Bells III* (vocals), 1998
* Russell Mills, *Pearl + Umbra* (vocals, harmonium), 1999
* Tunnels with Percy Jones, *Natural Selection* (treated vocals), 2006
* Current 93, *Black Ships Ate The Sky* (vocals, zither, psaltery), 2006
* Matmos, *For Alan Turing* (vocals on "Molly Malone"), 2020
* Human Greed, *Black Hill: Midnight At the Blighted Star* (piano), 2008
* Steven Wilson, *Insurgentes*, (vocals, lyrics), 2008
* Matmos, The Ganzfeld (vocals on "Just Waves"), 2012
* Thinguma\*jigsaw, *Misery Together* (piano on track: "Folkgore / Dulce Et Decorum Est Pro Pornografica Mori"), 2012
* Brian Eno, *ForeverAndEverNoMore*, "These Small Noises" (vocals), 2022

## InfoBox

| Clodagh Simonds | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Clodagh Simonds |
| Born | (1953-05-16) 16 May 1953<br>Banbridge, County Down, Northern Ireland |
| Instrument(s) | Voice, piano, keyboard, Harmonium |
| Labels | Deram, Janet Records, Die Stadt |
|  | |
| Website | Official Website |


title: Tom Tsuchiya

abstract: Tom Tsuchiya also known as Norikazu is an American artist who creates public sculpture. He is best known for bronze sculptures for Major League Baseball and the National Football League. In 2016, Tom was commissioned by Josh Rooney, the Director of Sports & Entertainment at Matthews International to produce the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum plaque bas-reliefs for Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza.

text:
# Tom Tsuchiya

**Tom Tsuchiya** also known as **Norikazu** (born August 3, 1972) is an American artist who creates public sculpture. He is best known for bronze sculptures for Major League Baseball and the National Football League. In 2016, Tom was commissioned by Josh Rooney, the Director of Sports & Entertainment at Matthews International to produce the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum plaque bas-reliefs for Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza.

## Works

### Reds Legends of Crosley Field

Tsuchiya created four life-size bronze sculptures of Cincinnati Reds players at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.. These sculptures, depicting Crosley Field era players involved in an imaginary ballgame, represent Joe Nuxhall pitching to Frank Robinson, Ernie Lombardi catching and Ted Kluszewski on deck. All four sculptures were completed by 2004.

### Madden Most Valuable Protectors Award

In 2009, Tsuchiya was commissioned to design and sculpt the Madden Most Valuable Protectors Award to honor the NFL's best offensive line. He created this bronze trophy as a departure from the traditional award design, integrating figures of the players into the trophy's base. On February 3, 2010, the offensive line of New Orleans Saints became the inaugural winner of the trophy.

### Lux Mundi

In September 2012, Tsuchiya completed *Lux Mundi*, a 15.8 meter (52 feet) tall statue of Jesus for Solid Rock Church in Monroe, Ohio. This work replaces the statue of Jesus that was destroyed by a lightning strike in June, 2010.

### Atlas Recycled

In March 2010, Tsuchiya created *Atlas Recycled*, a sustainable art sculpture that doubles as a recycling container for aluminum cans and plastic bottles. The 2.1 meter (7 feet) tall sculpture depicts the mythical Greek Titan Atlas bearing the earth on his shoulders. In addition to being a recycling aid, *Atlas* itself is made mainly from reused materials. Pieces of 14 used atlases and road maps cover the entire surface of the sculpture. Most of the polymer and steel that form the structure were reused from the creation of some of the artist's previous sculptures. To celebrate Earth Day, *Atlas* has been exhibited in Cincinnati's Fountain Square, New York City's Grand Central Terminal and Washington D.C.'s National Mall.

### National Baseball Hall of Fame

In December 2015 artist Mindy Ellis who produced a total of 76 bas-relief likeness for the National Baseball Hall of Fame induction plaques retired her commission after 20 years of service. In February 2016 Tom Tsuchiya was commissioned by Josh Rooney, the Director of Sports and Entertainment at Matthews Internationalto produce the bas-relief likeness for Ken Griffey Jr. and Mike Piazza, and has been serving since.

### Other works

Other notable works by Tsuchiya include the sculpture to honor slain baseball coach Cleveland Parker III. This sculpture features a relief portrait of Parker, a poem and a spiraling arrangement of representations of home plate, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bases. At night, this sculpture announces its presence by emitting pulsating light created by digitally controlled LEDs located inside the sculpture's body. Tsuchiya collaborated with American poet Nikki Giovanni on this memorial who wrote a poem celebrating Cleveland Parker's life that is inscribed on the north side of the sculpture. Cleveland Parker was a Cincinnati youth baseball coach who was fatally struck by a stray bullet on July 12, 2005.

In September 17, 2011, the Cincinnati Reds unveiled Tsuchiya's statue of the great Reds catcher, Johnny Bench. Tsuchiya's fifth statue for Great American Ball Park is located near the entrance of the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame and Museum. The statue represents Bench in the act of throwing out a base runner. Johnny Bench stated that the unveiling of his statue was "his greatest moment."

Tsuchiya also made a statue of Joe Morgan that was dedicated in summer 2013.

## InfoBox

| Tom Tsuchiya | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | (1972-08-03)August 3, 1972 |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Apprentice to Richard J. Miller |
| Known for | sculpture |
| Website | www.tomtsuchiya.com |


title: Revision week

abstract: Revision week is a period in the UK and other Commonwealth countries preceding examinations in high schools, higher education institutions, and military colleges. In American colleges, this period is known as a Reading Period. Generally, this period is one week long and free of classes or assessment, permitting students to spend the period revising material, generally in preparation for final exams. With the exception of Canadian post-secondary institutions, is not often allocated for mid-semester or ongoing assessment. Each day of such a period may be referred to as a reading day. Hell week is used in many similar educational contexts, such as police or military training. The term "revision week" is chiefly used in Commonwealth countries, where it is also known as "swotvac" or "stuvac". For post-secondary institutions in anglophone Canada, it is common to have "reading week" or "mid-term break" during the third week of February, coinciding with Family Day. While in francophone Canada, "semaine d'études," "semaine d'activités libres," or "semaine de lecture," typically falls on the first or second week of March. Some Canadian post-secondary institutions have even adopted reading weeks for the fall academic term, either in October or November, typically coinciding with Thanksgiving or Remembrance Day respectively. In the US this period is generally referred to as reading period or dead week or dead days.

text:
# Revision week

**Revision week** is a period in the UK and other Commonwealth countries preceding examinations in high schools, higher education institutions, and military colleges. In American colleges, this period is known as a **Reading Period**. Generally, this period is one week long and free of classes or assessment, permitting students to spend the period revising material, generally in preparation for final exams. With the exception of Canadian post-secondary institutions, is not often allocated for mid-semester or ongoing assessment. Each day of such a period may be referred to as a **reading day**. **Hell week** is used in many similar educational contexts, such as police or military training.

The term "revision week" is chiefly used in Commonwealth countries, where it is also known as "swotvac" or "stuvac". For post-secondary institutions in anglophone Canada, it is common to have "reading week" or "mid-term break" during the third week of February, coinciding with Family Day. While in francophone Canada, "semaine d'études," "semaine d'activités libres," or "semaine de lecture," typically falls on the first or second week of March. Some Canadian post-secondary institutions have even adopted reading weeks for the fall academic term, either in October or November, typically coinciding with Thanksgiving or Remembrance Day respectively. In the US this period is generally referred to as **reading period** or (as slang) **dead week** or **dead days**.

## Swotvac

The term **swotvac** (swot vac, swotvac) is commonly used in Commonwealth countries, particularly Australia, to refer to this period. The term is a blend of the *swot* and *vac* (vacation), indicating the period free of classes. "Swot" (or less commonly *swat*) is a dialectal word (Scottish) originally meaning "to sweat", which found use as a slang word describing a student paying careful attention to his work. Swot as a verb suggests acting like a swot, studying for one's exams.

The use of the uncommon and outmoded word 'swot' has led to the backronym  ***S**tudy **W**eek **O**r **T**ake **VAC**ation* or ***S**tudy **W**ith**O**ut **T**eaching*  (or ***T**uition*)  ***VAC**ation*. There are many other different backronyms that can be derived, and the term ***stuvac** (STUdy VACation, STUdent VACation)* is also found.

Though once popular and used by universities as the official name for the week, the term seems to have fallen from favour and replaced with *study week*. As of 2014, however, it is still used by at least three of Australia's Group of 8 universities on the academic calendar.

## Dead week

**Dead week**, or **hell week**, is US slang for the week before college and university final examinations. The week is often characterized by heightened test anxiety, students working to overcome procrastinating their test preparation or writing term papers. This can lead to sleep deprivation, irritability, and vomiting. There are often all-night studying sessions, and greater use of stimulants like coffee, caffeine tablets, energy drinks, Adderall, or other prescription amphetamines.

Many campus dormitories or residence halls require near silence for most of the day during the week before finals. There may also be a moratorium on paper assignments, exams, and student organizational activities during dead week. Libraries may also be open for extended hours, or might stay available all night.

### Examples

* Iowa State University — Dead Week has become an official University-recognized event. Student organizations are not allowed to meet. There are 23/7 mandatory quiet hours in the student dormitories (the non-quiet, 24th hour is dubbed Rowdy Hour)
* Yale University — The Pundits, a nominally anonymous student group, organizes a naked run through Bass Library, where many students study for their exams. The event is usually around midnight and the runners hand out candy to the crowd.
* Stanford University — Students engage in the "primal scream" at midnight every night of Dead Week. Professors are banned from assigning additional homework and may not cover new material. The university bans all on-campus parties during dead week and finals week.
* Cornell University — Students scream as loudly as possible out of their windows at midnight the night before the first day of finals. This is known as the midnight scream.
* Columbia University — Students open their windows at midnight and scream as loudly as possible on the Sunday of finals week each semester, popularly known as the Primal Scream. The tradition helps students release their pent up stress and anxiety about exams. At midnight the eve of the first Monday of finals, students participate in a Spring Pillow Fight.
* Georgia Tech — Professors that give traditional exams may assign homework and projects during dead week, but may not assign tests, quizzes, lab reports and lab practicums. Professors that give a non traditional exam, such as a project or lab report, may give homework and the alternate exam assignment during dead week or finals week. Tests, quizzes, and additional lab reports and lab practicums are not allowed during dead week. In either case, professors cannot give any assignment besides the exam during finals week. In practice, many professors take advantage of this and assign homework and projects during dead week. On the Friday of Dead Week, freShGA (freshman leadership organization) hosts its annual One Night Stand. Starting at 10pm and going until 4am, students spend the Friday of Dead Week at the Campus Recreation Center for a night of sport competitions, relays, and tournaments with free food and amazing prizes. Also, Midnight Madness occurs every night during dead week and students scream to vent frustration at midnight. The band also “unofficially” partakes in the Midnight bud, where the band members coincidentally show up in the freshmen quad at midnight. Traditionally, “To hell with Georgia” is sung and the fight songs are played. Then, the band travels to North Avenue Apartments and repeats. The Midnight bud occurs on the final night of exams.
* Northwestern University — A tradition known as the "Primal Scream" that takes place at 9 pm on the Sunday night before finals week. The Primal Scream marks the end of reading week, a time when most classes are not in session, and the beginning of finals week.
* University of California, Berkeley — Students may choose to participate in a naked run through Moffitt Library in an effort to relieve their stress.
* University of California, Los Angeles — Operating on the quarter system, there is no 'dead week.' Instead, students engage in a 'primal scream' at midnight of every night of finals week. The Undie Run, where students run in their underwear from the intersection of Strathmore and Gayley to Royce Hall, occurs at midnight on the Wednesday of finals week.
* University of Vermont — Students get together at midnight on the last day of classes for the naked bike ride through Athletic Campus. Students can bike or run.
* Michigan State University — During the Sunday–Thursday of finals week students across campus open their windows at midnight and scream.
* Penn State University \- During the Sunday of finals week right at sunset, students gather at Mifflin Street and run naked down the hill. This is known as the Mifflin Streak.

## Timing

It is scheduled after all the regular class lectures and before final exams. In some universities, reading days in the Fall semesters are being scheduled two days before Thanksgiving holidays to extend the holiday weekend like a spring break. However, this break is followed by the last week of classes and final examination week.

## Duration

In many cases, student governments have lobbied to introduce, extend, or preserve reading days as a day exclusively for study and have run into conflict with teachers who like to use it as an additional day for lectures or exams. Another issue is that some students may prefer to take exams on reading day in order to get the semester over with.