title: Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)

abstract: Protease inhibitors (PIs) are medications that act by interfering with enzymes that cleave proteins. Some of the most well known are antiviral drugs widely used to treat HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C and COVID-19. These protease inhibitors prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases and blocking proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors that are necessary for the production of infectious viral particles. Protease inhibitors that have been developed and are currently used in clinical practice include: Given the specificity of the target of these drugs there is the risk, like with antibiotics, of the development of drug-resistant mutated viruses. To reduce this risk, it is common to use several different drugs together that are each aimed at different targets. In addition to those non-human proteases listed above, inhibitors of human proteases may be used to treat cancer. See the articles matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (–mastat) and proteasome inhibitor (–zomib).

text:
# Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)

**Protease inhibitors** (**PIs**) are medications that act by interfering with enzymes that cleave proteins. Some of the most well known are antiviral drugs widely used to treat HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C and COVID-19. These protease inhibitors prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases (e.g. HIV-1 protease) and blocking proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors that are necessary for the production of infectious viral particles.

Protease inhibitors that have been developed and are currently used in clinical practice include:

Given the specificity of the target of these drugs there is the risk, like with antibiotics, of the development of drug-resistant mutated viruses. To reduce this risk, it is common to use several different drugs together that are each aimed at different targets.

In addition to those non-human proteases listed above, inhibitors of human proteases may be used to treat cancer. See the articles matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (–mastat) and proteasome inhibitor (–zomib).

## Antiretroviral protease inhibitors

Antiretroviral protease inhibitors act by binding to the catalytic site of HIV protease, preventing cleavage of viral polyprotein precursor proteins into functional viral proteins required for viral replication. Most ARPIs are peptide-like molecules which resemble the substrate of the viral protease.

Protease inhibitors were the second class of antiretroviral drugs developed. The first members of this class, saquinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir, were approved in late 1995–1996. Within 2 years, annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fell from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000 Prior to this the annual death rate had been increasing by approximately 20% each year.

| Name | Trade name | Company | Patent | FDA approval date | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Saquinavir | Invirase, Fortovase | Hoffmann–La Roche | U.S. patent 5,196,438 | December 6, 1995 | The first protease inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). |
| Ritonavir | Norvir | AbbVie | U.S. patent 5,541,206 | March 1, 1996 | AbbVie was part of Abbott Laboratories when patent was granted. As well as being a protease inhibitor in its own right, ritonavir inhibits the breakdown of other protease inhibitors. This property makes it very useful in drug combinations. |
| Indinavir | Crixivan | Merck & Co. | U.S. patent 5,413,999 | March 13, 1996 |  |
| Nelfinavir | Viracept | Hoffmann–La Roche | U.S. patent 5,484,926 | March 14, 1997 |  |
| Amprenavir | Agenerase | GlaxoSmithKline | U.S. patent 5,585,397 | April 15, 1999 | The sixteenth FDA-approved antiretroviral. It was the first protease inhibitor approved for twice-a-day dosing instead of needing to be taken every eight hours. The convenient dosing came at a price, as the dose required is 1,200 mg, delivered in 8 very large gel capsules. Production was discontinued by the manufacturer December 31, 2004, as it has been superseded by fosamprenavir. |
| Lopinavir | Kaletra | AbbVie | U.S. patent 5,914,332 | September 15, 2000 | Is only marketed as a fixed-dose combination with ritonavir (see lopinavir/ritonavir). AbbVie was part of Abbott Laboratories when patent was granted. |
| Atazanavir | Reyataz | Bristol-Myers Squibb | U.S. patent 5,849,911 | June 20, 2003 | Atazanavir was the first PI approved for once-daily dosing. It appears to be less likely to cause lipodystrophy and elevated cholesterol as side effects. It may also not be cross-resistant with other PIs. |
| Fosamprenavir | Lexiva, Telzir | GlaxoSmithKline |  | October 20, 2003 | A prodrug of amprenavir. The human body metabolizes fosamprenavir in order to form amprenavir, which is the active ingredient. That metabolization increases the duration that amprenavir is available, making fosamprenavir a slow release version of amprenavir and thus reduces the number of pills required versus standard amprenavir. |
| Tipranavir | Aptivus | Boehringer Ingelheim |  | June 22, 2005 | Also known as tipranavir disodium. |
| Darunavir | Prezista | Janssen Therapeutics | U.S. patent 6,248,775 | June 23, 2006 | As of 2016, darunavir is an OARAC recommended treatment option for treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced adults and adolescents. Several ongoing phase III trials are showing a high efficiency for the darunavir/ritonavir combination being superior to the lopinavir/ritonavir combination for first-line therapy. Darunavir is the first drug in a long time that did not come with a price increase. It leapfrogged two other approved drugs of its type, and is matching the price of a third. |
|

## Non-antiretroviral antiviral activity

A drug combination targeting SARS-CoV-2, Paxlovid, was approved in December 2021 to treat COVID-19. It is a combination of nirmatrelvir, a protease inhibitor targeted to the SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease, and ritonavir, which inhibits the metabolism of nirmatrelvir, thereby prolonging its effect.

## Side effects

Protease inhibitors can cause a syndrome of lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus type 2, and kidney stones. This lipodystrophy is colloquially known as "Crix belly", after indinavir (Crixivan).


title: Priapichthys caliensis

abstract: Priapichthys caliensis is a species of freshwater fish. It is a member of the family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. It is endemic to Colombia and primarily inhabiting brooks and streams with currents of low to high velocity. A carnivorous surface feeder, it occurs in shoals near the shoreline. This species has the terminal, upward-facing mouth typical of surface feeders, and a protruding belly. Adult specimens reach a maximum of approximately 3 cm standard length, i.e. full length of entire body, excluding caudal fin.

text:
# Priapichthys caliensis

***Priapichthys caliensis*** is a species of freshwater fish. It is a member of the family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. It is endemic to Colombia (the type locality is Cali, Colombia) and primarily inhabiting brooks and streams with currents of low to high velocity. A carnivorous surface feeder, it occurs in shoals near the shoreline.

This species has the terminal, upward-facing mouth typical of surface feeders, and a protruding belly. Adult specimens reach a maximum of approximately 3 cm standard length, i.e. full length of entire body, excluding caudal fin.

## InfoBox

| *Priapichthys caliensis* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Genus: | *Priapichthys* |
| Species: | ***P. caliensis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Priapichthys caliensis***
(Eigenmann & Henn, 1916) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Gambusia caliensis* Eigenmann & Henn, 1916 * *Alloheterandria caliensis* (Eigenmann & Henn, 1916) | |


title: Shadows in the Storm

abstract: Shadows in the Storm is a 1988 drama/thriller film directed by Terrell Tannen, and starring Mia Sara, Ned Beatty, Michael Madsen and Troy Evans.

text:
# Shadows in the Storm

***Shadows in the Storm*** is a 1988 drama/thriller film directed by Terrell Tannen, and starring Mia Sara, Ned Beatty, Michael Madsen and Troy Evans.

## Plot

Thelonious Pitt, a daydreaming businessman, goes to the Redwood Forests of California. There, he meets a beautiful woman, Melanie. She looks like the woman he has been seeing in his dreams.

At the river late at night, when Melanie's husband finds them, he attacks Thelonious until Melanie pulls out a pistol and fires three shots at her husband. His body goes into the river. That is when the nightmare begins.

## Cast

* Ned Beatty as Thelonious Pitt
* Mia Sara as Melanie
* Michael Madsen as Earl
* Donna Mitchell as Elizabeth
* James Widdoes as Victor
* Joe Dorsey as Birkenstock (Joe Dorcey)
* William Bumiller as Terwilliger
* Peter Fox as Hotel Clerk
* Troy Evans as Detective Harris
* Bob Gould as Detective Wand
* Tracy Brooks Swope as Mercy
* Ramon Angeloni as Birkenstock's Assistant
* Marta Goldstein as Terwilliger's Girlfriend

## Reception

Fred Haeseker of the *Calgary Herald* called the film, "a blunt stab at a traditional California film noir" and that it "stirs up not so much lurid menace as unrelieved tedium."

## InfoBox

| Shadows in the Storm | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Directed by | Terrell Tannen |
| Written by | Terrell Tannen |
| Produced by | A.J. Cervantes
Ronald S Altbach
Strathford Hamilton
J. Daniel Dusek |
| Starring | Ned Beatty
Mia Sara
Michael Madsen
James Widdoes
Donna Mitchell |
| Cinematography | John J. Connor |
| Edited by | Marcy Hamilton |
| Music by | Sasha Matson |
| Distributed by | Vidmark Entertainment |
| Release date |  |
| Running time | 90 minutes |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |


title: Paul Roldan

abstract: Hipolito (Paul) Roldan, is an affordable housing developer in Chicago. In 2001, he participated in a comprehensive community planning effort to manage development in Humboldt Park, Chicago, on the city's west side. The HHDC, along with two other housing development corporations—Latin United Community Housing Development (LUCHA) and Bickerdike Redevelopment Corp., received city funding and support to develop significant affordable housing programs. In 2005, the organization was ranked fifth among the nation's Latino nonprofits, by Hispanic Business magazine. He is a ULI inner-city adviser and national trustee. He serves on many committees and boards, including Boston's Housing Partnership Network, and the National Puerto Rican Coalition. He was a participant in President Bill Clinton's economic conferences held in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1992 and Columbus, Ohio, in 1995.

text:
# Paul Roldan

**Hipolito (Paul) Roldan**, (born 1944 New York City) is an affordable housing developer in Chicago.

In 2001, he participated in a comprehensive community planning effort to manage development in Humboldt Park, Chicago, on the city's west side. The HHDC, along with two other housing development corporations—Latin United Community Housing Development (LUCHA) and Bickerdike Redevelopment Corp., received city funding and support to develop significant affordable housing programs.

In 2005, the organization was ranked fifth among the nation's Latino nonprofits, by *Hispanic Business* magazine.

He is a ULI inner-city adviser and national trustee. He serves on many committees and boards, including Boston's Housing Partnership Network, and the National Puerto Rican Coalition. He was a participant in President Bill Clinton's economic conferences held in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1992 and Columbus, Ohio, in 1995.

## Awards

* 2009 Lifetime Industry Leadership Award
* 2005 Builder of the Year by *El Nuevo Constructor* magazine
* 2002 Friend of the Neighborhoods
* 1988 MacArthur Fellows Program


title: The Street Singer (1912 film)

abstract: The Street Singer is a 1912 American short silent drama film. The film starred Earle Foxe and Alice Joyce. It was Foxe's first film, aged seventeen. The film was made into a successful musical in 1924 with a libretto by Frederick Lonsdale and music by Harold Fraser-Simson, starring Phyllis Dare. It played at the Lyric Theatre for 360 performances and enjoyed successful tours.

text:
# The Street Singer (1912 film)

***The Street Singer*** is a 1912 American short silent drama film. The film starred Earle Foxe and Alice Joyce. It was Foxe's first film, aged seventeen.

The film was made into a successful musical in 1924 with a libretto by Frederick Lonsdale and music by Harold Fraser-Simson, starring Phyllis Dare. It played at the Lyric Theatre for 360 performances and enjoyed successful tours.

## Cast

## InfoBox

| The Street Singer | |
| --- | --- |
| Alice Joyce as Pepita | |
| Produced by | The Kalem Company |
| Starring | Earle Foxe<br>Alice Joyce |
| Distributed by | General Film Company |
| Release date | * September 13, 1912 (1912-09-13) |
| Running time | Short |
| Country | United States |
| Language | Silent (English intertitles) |


title: Psarolitia ambreella

abstract: Psarolitia ambreella is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Viette in 1968. It is found in Madagascar.

text:
# Psarolitia ambreella

***Psarolitia ambreella*** is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Viette in 1968. It is found in Madagascar.

## InfoBox

| *Psarolitia ambreella* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Xyloryctidae |
| Genus: | ***Psarolitia*** |
| Species: | ***P. ambreella*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psarolitia ambreella***<br>Viette, 1968 | |
|


title: Pseudobartsia

abstract: Pseudobartsia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The only species is Pseudobartsia glandulosa. Its native range is Eastern Himalaya to Southern Central China.

text:
# Pseudobartsia

***Pseudobartsia*** is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The only species is ***Pseudobartsia glandulosa***.

Its native range is Eastern Himalaya to Southern Central China.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudobartsia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | *Pseudobartsia*
D.Y.Hong |
| Species: | ***P. glandulosa*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudobartsia glandulosa***
(Benth.) W.B.Yu & D.Z.Li | |
|


title: Progresso, Rio Grande do Sul

abstract: Progresso is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

text:
# Progresso, Rio Grande do Sul

**Progresso** is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

## InfoBox

| Progresso | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
|  | |
| Location within Rio Grande do Sul | |
| ProgressoLocation in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 29°14′38″S 52°18′43″W / 29.24389°S 52.31194°W / -29.24389; -52.31194 | |
| Country | Brazil |
| State | Rio Grande do Sul |
| Population (2020 ) | |
| Total | 6,239 |
| Time zone | UTC−3 (BRT) |


title: Protorabinae

abstract:
Protorabinae is an extinct subfamily of beetles in the family Carabidae. It contains 36 species in 13 genera, all extinct.
  - Genus Aethocarabus Ren; Lu & Guo, 1995
    - Aethocarabus levigatus Ren; Lu & Guo, 1995
  - Genus Atrirabus Hong & Wang, 1990
    - Atrirabus shandongensis Hong & Wang, 1990
    - Atrirabus tuanwangensis Hong & Wang, 1990
  - Genus Cordorabus Ponomarenko, 1977
    - Cordorabus antennatus Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Cordorabus minimus Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Cordorabus notatus Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Cordorabus striatus Ponomarenko, 1986 Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
    - Cordorabus vittatus Ponomarenko, 1980 Mogotuin Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
  - Genus Cretorabus Ponomarenko, 1977
    - Cretorabus capitatus Ponomarenko, 1977 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
    - Cretorabus latus Ponomarenko, 1977 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
    - Cretorabus medius Hong & Wang, 1990
    - Cretorabus orientalis Ponomarenko, 1989 Tsagaantsav Formation, Mongolia, Valanginian
    - Cretorabus ovalis Ponomarenko, 1989 Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
    - Cretorabus rasnitsyni Wang & Zhang, 2011 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
    - Cretorabus sulcatus Ponomarenko, Coram & Jarzembowski, 2005 Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
  - Genus Denudirabus Ren; Lu & Guo, 1995
    - Denudirabus exstrius Ren; Liu & Guo, 1995
  - Genus Lirabus Hong, 1992
    - Lirabus granulatus Hong, 1992
  - Genus Lithorabus Ponomarenko, 1977
    - Lithorabus incertus Ponomarenko, 1977 Dzhil Formation, Kyrgyzstan Hettangian
  - Genus Magnirabus Hong & Wang, 1990
    - Magnirabus furvus Hong & Wang, 1990
  - Genus Mesorabus Ponomarenko, 1977
    - Mesorabus elongatus Ponomarenko, 1977
  - Genus Nebrorabus Ponomarenko, 1989
    - Nebrorabus baculum Ponomarenko, 1989
    - Nebrorabus capitatus Ponomarenko, 1989
    - Nebrorabus elongatus
    - Nebrorabus nebrioides Ponomarenko, 1989
  - Genus Ovrabites Ponomarenko, 1977
    - Ovrabites incertus Ponomarenko, 1993 Emanra Formation, Russia, Turonian
    - Ovrabites jurassicus Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Ovrabites ovalis Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
  - Genus Penecupes Ren, 1995
    - Penecupes rapax Ren, 1995 Lushangfen Formation, China, Aptian
  - Genus Protorabus Ponomarenko, 1977
    - Protorabus crassus Ponomarenko, 1989 Daya Formation, Russia, Hauterivian
    - Protorabus kobdoensis Ponomarenko, 1986 Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
    - Protorabus magnus Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Protorabus minisculus Zhang, 1997
    - Protorabus nigrimonticola Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Protorabus planus Ponomarenko, 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    - Protorabus polyphlebius Ren, 1995 Lushangfen Formation, China, Aptian
    - Protorabus tsaganensis Ponomarenko, 1989 Dzun-Bain Formation, Mongolia, Aptian

text:
# Protorabinae

**Protorabinae** is an extinct subfamily of beetles in the family Carabidae. It contains 36 species in 13 genera, all extinct.

## InfoBox

| Protorabinae
Temporal range: | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Protorabinae
Ponomarenko, 1977 |
|


title: Psednos anoderkes

abstract: Psednos anoderkes is a species of snailfish found in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

text:
# Psednos anoderkes

***Psednos anoderkes*** is a species of snailfish found in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

## Size

This species reaches a length of 2.7 cm (1.1 in).

## InfoBox

| *Psednos anoderkes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Family: | Liparidae |
| Genus: | *Psednos* |
| Species: | ***P. anoderkes*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psednos anoderkes***<br>Chernova & Stein, 2002 | |
|


title: Pseudoblabes pseudoblabia

abstract: Pseudoblabes pseudoblabia is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in the Philippines.

text:
# Pseudoblabes pseudoblabia

***Pseudoblabes pseudoblabia*** is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found in the Philippines.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudoblabes pseudoblabia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Pseudoblabes* |
| Species: | ***P. pseudoblabia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudoblabes pseudoblabia***<br>(Hampson, 1918) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Scaptesyle pseudoblabia* Hampson, 1918 | |


title: Pseudogerespa

abstract: Pseudogerespa is a genus of moths of the order Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

text:
# Pseudogerespa

***Pseudogerespa*** is a genus of moths of the order Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

## Species

## InfoBox

| *Pseudogerespa* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Calpinae |
| Genus: | ***Pseudogerespa***<br>Hampson, 1926 |
|


title: Psyrassa punctulata

abstract: Psyrassa punctulata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Psyrassa punctulata

***Psyrassa punctulata*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Psyrassa punctulata* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Psyrassa*** |
| Species: | ***P. punctulata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psyrassa punctulata***<br> | |
|


title: Psyrassa subpicea

abstract: Psyrassa subpicea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Psyrassa subpicea

***Psyrassa subpicea*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Psyrassa subpicea* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Psyrassa*** |
| Species: | ***P. subpicea*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psyrassa subpicea***<br> | |
|


title: Psyrassa proxima

abstract: Psyrassa proxima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

text:
# Psyrassa proxima

***Psyrassa proxima*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.

## InfoBox

| *Psyrassa proxima* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Polyphaga |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | ***Psyrassa*** |
| Species: | ***P. proxima*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psyrassa proxima***<br> | |
|


title: Project Kahu

abstract: Project Kahu was a major upgrade program for the A-4K Skyhawk attack aircraft operated by the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in the mid-1980s. Prior to the implementation of the upgrade, the A-4K Skyhawks, which had served with the RNZAF since 1970, had become dated compared to modern jet fighter aircraft.The project was named after the Māori-language name for the New Zealand swamp harrier.

text:
# Project Kahu

**Project *Kahu*** was a major upgrade program for the A-4K Skyhawk attack aircraft operated by the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in the mid-1980s. Prior to the implementation of the upgrade, the A-4K Skyhawks, which had served with the RNZAF since 1970, had become dated compared to modern jet fighter aircraft.The project was named after the Māori-language name for the New Zealand swamp harrier.

## Background

By 1982 it was increasing apparent that the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk fleet that equipped the Strike Wing of the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) required modernisation, particularly in respect of its navigation and weapons-delivery systems. A request for a tender to modernise the Skyhawks was opened in May that year, with a proposal from the American company Lear Siegler Inc. deemed to be the most appropriate.

In 1984, the update program was in principle approved, concurrently with the purchase of ten Skyhawks from Australia; these had been serving with the Royal Australian Navy. Meanwhile a Defence Review conducted in 1983 saw the Skyhawks take on a new role as a maritime strike force, rather than the close support role it was previously tasked with. Since this required changes in the equipment that was required for the upgrade, a new tendering process commenced, with Lear Siegler again submitting the best proposal which also covered the Skyhawks newly acquired from Australia. The New Zealand Government approved the tender, which would cost NZ$148 million, on 1 May 1985. However, it was not until March 1986 that the contract with Lear Siegler to upgrade twenty-two aircraft (ten of which being the Australian Skyhawks) was signed. The project was designated *Kahu* after the New Zealand swamp harrier. Prior to commencing the actual upgrade, personnel from the RNZAF's No. 75 Squadron, which operated the Skyhawks, went to the United States to liaise with Lear Siegler staff.

Lear Siegler was not the only company involved in the upgrade. Private companies in New Zealand were also engaged, including Pacific Aerospace in Hamilton, which worked on the wings, while Fisher & Paykel did electrical work. SAFE Air was another local company involved in the work, providing draughting services. The work was completed by RNZAF staff at the RNZAF's No. 1 Repair Depot at Woodbourne. Although the contract covered all twenty-two of the RNZAF's Skyhawks, only twenty-one were completed as one A-4K (NZ6210) was lost in 1989 before it was upgraded.

## Upgrade details

The *Kahu* upgrade called for the installation of nearly 30 individual avionic and weapons systems. One major system, and the single most expensive item, was the Westinghouse AN/APG-66 radar, which had a range of 80 nautical miles (150 km). This was as used in the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon but optimized for maritime tracking. Space constraints limited the size of the antenna that was able to be used although changes to the software was able to compensate for the resulting loss of antenna gain. Another was the Ferranti 4510 wide-angle Heads-up Display was added to the cockpit; this showed flight and weapon aiming information on a screen in the pilot's field of vision. This allowed pilots to fly without looking down at the instrumentation. The HUD also included a video recording system. Once the HUD and related paraphernalia was installed, it was discovered that the centre of gravity of the Skyhawk was affected. This was overcome with the addition of 106 pounds (48 kg) of weight to the tail of the aircraft.

A General Instrument ALR-66 radar warning receiver was installed to detect radar emissions. An ALR-39 chaff and flare dispenser, as used by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on its McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornets, was added. This compatibility was useful during training exercises in Australia since chaff and flares could be readily sourced from participating RAAF squadrons. A new control stick with Hands on Throttle and Stick, consolidating multiple switches was added. A glass cockpit with two large cathode ray tube screens, a MIL-STD 1553B databus, Litton Industries LN-93 inertial navigation system were other items of equipment included in the upgrade.

Parts of the wings were reskinned and the wiring replaced. It also received armament upgrades including the ability to fire AIM-9L Sidewinders, AGM-65 Mavericks and GBU-16 Paveway II laser-guided bombs. Using advances in miniaturization, it was possible to incorporate these additional electronics items entirely within the fuselage without requiring the use of the dorsal hump. The Kahu-modified Skyhawk could be recognized by a blade-like Instrument landing system aerial antenna on the leading edge of the vertical stabilizer.

A two-seater TA-4K Skyhawk, with the tail code NZ6254, was the first aircraft to be completed and was unveiled to the public on 2 June 1988. It subsequently undertook an extensive test programme. This was conducted by Flight Lieutenant Steve Moore, who had recently become only the second RNZAF pilot to graduate from the Empire Test Pilot School in the United Kingdom. The program was completed in June 1991 when the final aircraft, NZ6202, was returned to No. 75 Squadron.

## Outcome

Once completed, the *Kahu* upgrade was largely successful, with noticeable improvements in accuracy of gunnery and bombing exercises. As of 1995, staff at the United States Foreign Military Sales support office regarded the A-4K as the "most sophisticated Skyhawk flying...the most complete aircraft right now for ground attack and air-to-air combat missions". However, the ALR-66 radar warning system never performed satisfactorily. The receivers lacked sensitivity and it was common in training that it would not be triggered by the radar guided weapons actuated by opponents. A drawback to the project was that much of the new electronics was bespoke equipment, which subsequently caused supply and maintenance problems that was exacerbated when the Skyhawks were deployed overseas.

The updated Skyhawks served in the RNZAF until late 2001, when the Strike Wing was disbanded under a new defence policy of the New Zealand Government at the time. Put into storage, eight Skyhawks were eventually sold to Draken International, which would fly them as adversary aircraft as part of their defence training contract with the United States armed forces. The remaining aircraft were donated to museums including the Air Force Museum of New Zealand, Museum of Transport & Technology, and the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Australia.

* McClure, Margaret (2012). *Fighting Spirit: 75 Years of the RNZAF*. Auckland: Random House New Zealand. ISBN 978-1-86979-610-5.
* Simms, Don; Lee-Frampton, Nick (2011). *Skyhawks: The History of the RNZAF Skyhawk*. Christchurch: WillsonScott. ISBN 978-1-877427-36-7.


title: Psychotria congesta

abstract: Psychotria congesta is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica.

text:
# Psychotria congesta

***Psychotria congesta*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica.

## InfoBox

| *Psychotria congesta* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Data Deficient  (IUCN 2.3) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Psychotria* |
| Species: | ***P. congesta*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psychotria congesta***
Spreng. *ex* DC. | |
|


title: Psychotria crassipetala

abstract: Psychotria crassipetala is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. This species was firstly described by E. Petit in 1964 and believed endemic to Kenya for a long time, but recently found also in Tanzania.

text:
# Psychotria crassipetala

***Psychotria crassipetala*** is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. This species was firstly described by E. Petit in 1964 and believed endemic to Kenya for a long time, but recently found also in Tanzania.

* Petit, E. (1964). "Les espèces africaines du genre *Psychotria* L. (*Rubiaceae*): I (suite)". *Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'État à Bruxelles* (in French and Latin). **34** (2): 161–229. doi:10.2307/3667213. JSTOR 3667213.

## InfoBox

| *Psychotria crassipetala* | |
| --- | --- |
| Conservation status | |
|
Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | *Psychotria* |
| Species: | ***P. crassipetala*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psychotria crassipetala***
Petit | |
|


title: Psilocybe verae-crucis

abstract: Psilocybe verae-crucis is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.

text:
# Psilocybe verae-crucis

***Psilocybe verae-crucis*** is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.

## InfoBox

| *Psilocybe verae-crucis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | *Psilocybe* |
| Species: | ***P. verae-crucis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psilocybe verae-crucis***<br>Guzmán & Pérez Ortiz | |
|


title: Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum

abstract: Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. The mushroom contains the medicinal compound psilocybin. It is in the section Zapotecorum of the genus Psilocybe, other members of this section include Psilocybe muliercula, Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata, Psilocybe aucklandii, Psilocybe collybioides, Psilocybe kumaenorum, Psilocybe zapotecorum, Psilocybe kumaenorum, Psilocybe subcaerulipes, Psilocybe pintonii, Psilocybe moseri, Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea, and Psilocybe antioquiensis.

text:
# Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum

***Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum*** is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. The mushroom contains the medicinal compound psilocybin. It is in the section *Zapotecorum* of the genus *Psilocybe*, other members of this section include *Psilocybe muliercula*, *Psilocybe angustipleurocystidiata*, *Psilocybe aucklandii*, *Psilocybe collybioides*, *Psilocybe kumaenorum*, *Psilocybe zapotecorum*, *Psilocybe kumaenorum*, *Psilocybe subcaerulipes*, *Psilocybe pintonii*, *Psilocybe moseri*, *Psilocybe zapotecocaribaea*, and *Psilocybe antioquiensis*.

## InfoBox

| *Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | *Psilocybe* |
| Species: | ***P. zapotecoantillarum*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Psilocybe zapotecoantillarum***<br>Guzmán, T.J. Baroni & Lodge | |
|


title: Pseudonagoda naessigi

abstract: Pseudonagoda naessigi is a species of moth of the family Limacodidae. It is found on Sumatra.

text:
# Pseudonagoda naessigi

***Pseudonagoda naessigi*** is a species of moth of the family Limacodidae. It is found on Sumatra.

1. Alexey Solovyev (2009): *Notes on South-East Asian Limacodidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea) with one new genus and eleven new species.* Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 152: 167–183

## InfoBox

| *Pseudonagoda naessigi* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Limacodidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudonagoda* |
| Species: | ***P. naessigi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudonagoda naessigi***<br>Holloway, 1990 | |
|


title: Preben Fabricius

abstract: Preben Juul Fabricius (1931–1984) was a Danish furniture designer who worked together with Jørgen Kastholm. During the 1960s, the pair designed a wide range of pieces for the German Alfred Kill who had a furniture factory in Fellbach near Stuttgart.

text:
# Preben Fabricius

**Preben Juul Fabricius** (1931–1984) was a Danish furniture designer who worked together with Jørgen Kastholm. During the 1960s, the pair designed a wide range of pieces for the German Alfred Kill who had a furniture factory in Fellbach near Stuttgart.

## Biography

Fabricius was trained as a cabinetmaker by Niels Vodder before attending the School for Interior Design where he studied under Finn Juhl. It was there that he met the blacksmith Jørgen Kastholm. They had a common approach to furniture design, never wanting to compromise on aesthetics. In 1961, the pair set up a design studio in a Gentofte cellar without any firm arrangements with manufacturers. In 1965, they exhibited at the furniture fair in Fredericia where the German furniture manufacturer Alfred Kill noticed their work. Kill had a reputation for high quality but initially Favricius and Kastholm were not keen to design furniture for factory production. Only when Kill offered them DM 2,500 a month each, with no preconditions, did they agree to work for him. They travelled to Stuttgart with their first designs for production in Kill's factory in nearby Fellbach. Their international breakthrough came at the Cologne Fair in 1966 when they exhibited a whole series of office and home furniture leading to orders from ten large furniture concerns. Their minimalistic designs, both attractive and comfortable, were usually in steel and leather. The Tulip Chair, the Grasshopper Chair and the Scimitar Chair are among their most successful works.

The pieces of furniture they produced during their seven-year period of cooperation from 1961 to 1968 were so distinctive that many are still produced today as classics. As a result of disagreements, the pair decided to terminate their cooperation in 1968.

Fabricius and Kastholm was awarded the Illum Prize (1968) and the first German *Gute Form* prize for their FK Tulip chair (1969).

Fabricius died in March 1984 when he was only 52.


title: Qendër Libohovë

abstract: Qendër Libohovë is a former municipality in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Libohovë. The population at the 2011 census was 1,264. The municipal unit consists of the villages Labovë e Sipërme, Labovë e Poshtme, Suhë, Stegopull, Bulo, Drino and Nepravishtë. An important cultural, religious and historical monument in the municipality St. Mary's Church, Labovë e Kryqit.The church seen today is essentially a creation of the 13th century at the time of the Despots of Epirus. However, an original foundation may go back to AD 527-565 during the reign of Emperor Justinian.

text:
# Qendër Libohovë

**Qendër Libohovë** is a former municipality in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Libohovë.

The population at the 2011 census was 1,264.

The municipal unit consists of the villages Labovë e Sipërme, Labovë e Poshtme (together also referred to as Labovë e Kryqit), Suhë, Stegopull, Bulo, Drino and Nepravishtë. An important cultural, religious and historical monument in the municipality St. Mary's Church, Labovë e Kryqit.The church seen today is essentially a creation of the 13th century at the time of the Despots of Epirus. However, an original foundation may go back to AD 527-565 during the reign of Emperor Justinian.

## Notable people

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6371. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. 2011 census results Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
3. Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme Archived March 27, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
4. "Labovë e Kryqit".

## InfoBox

| Qendër Libohovë | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| Qendër Libohovë | |
| Coordinates: 40°4′N 20°16′E / 40.067°N 20.267°E / 40.067; 20.267 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Gjirokastër |
| Municipality | Libohovë |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 1,264 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Daniel H. Hughes House

abstract: The Daniel H. Hughes House, at 213 W. O'Bannon St. in Morganfield, Kentucky, is a historic house which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Its front section is a two-story, brick, Italianate-style T-plan house, which has a projecting facade with a semi-octagonal one-story bay. It has various Italianate details. This section was added onto an earlier structure, from the early 1800s, which is a one-story, Federal-style house.

text:
# Daniel H. Hughes House

The **Daniel H. Hughes House**, at 213 W. O'Bannon St. in Morganfield, Kentucky, is a historic house which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Its front section is a two-story, brick, Italianate-style T-plan house, which has a projecting facade with a semi-octagonal one-story bay. It has various Italianate details. This section was added onto an earlier structure, from the early 1800s, which is a one-story, Federal-style house.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Daniel H. Hughes House | |
| U.S. National Register of Historic Places | |
|  | |
|  | |
|  | |
| Location | 213 W. O'Bannon St., Morganfield, Kentucky |
| Coordinates | 37°41′01″N 87°55′07″W / 37.68361°N 87.91861°W / 37.68361; -87.91861 (Daniel H. Hughes House) |
| Area | less than one acre |
| Architectural style | Italianate |
| NRHP reference No. | 80001673 |
| Added to NRHP | May 27, 1980 |


title: 1966 Iowa State Cyclones football team

abstract: The 1966 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the Big Eight Conference during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season. In their ninth year under head coach Clay Stapleton, the Cyclones compiled a 2–6–2 record, finished in sixth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 211 to 160. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa. The regular starting lineup on offense consisted of ends Eppie Barney and George Maurer, tackles Dick Schafroth and Ted Tuinstra, guards Dennis Storey and Bill Brooks, center Don Stanley, quarterback Tim Van Galder, halfbacks Les Webster and Tom Busch, and fullback Willie Robinson. The regular starting lineup on defense consisted of defensive ends Sam Campbell and Don Graves, defensive tackles Willie Muldrew and Dennis Esselmann, defensive guards Bob Evans and Ted Hall, linebackers Terry Voy and Alan Staidl, cornerbacks Doug Robinson and Larry Carwell, and safety Cal Lewis. Harry Alley was the punter, and Tom Busch was the placekicker. Bob Evans and Dick Schafroth were the team captains.

text:
# 1966 Iowa State Cyclones football team

1966 Big Eight Conference football standings
|  | Conf | | | | |  |  | Overall | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | W |  | L |  | T |  |  | W |  | L |  | T |
| No. 6 Nebraska $ | 6 |  | 1 |  | 0 |  |  | 9 |  | 2 |  | 0 |
| Colorado | 5 |  | 2 |  | 0 |  |  | 7 |  | 3 |  | 0 |
| Missouri | 4 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 6 |  | 3 |  | 1 |
| Oklahoma State | 4 |  | 2 |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  | 5 |  | 1 |
| Oklahoma | 4 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  |  | 6 |  | 4 |  | 0 |
| Iowa State | 2 |  | 3 |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  | 6 |  | 2 |
| Kansas | 0 |  | 6 |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  | 7 |  | 1 |
| Kansas State | 0 |  | 6 |  | 1 |  |  | 0 |  | 9 |  | 1 |
|  | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| * $  Conference champion Rankings from AP Poll | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

The **1966 Iowa State Cyclones football team** represented Iowa State University in the Big Eight Conference during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season. In their ninth year under head coach Clay Stapleton, the Cyclones compiled a 2–6–2 record (2–3–2 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 211 to 160. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa.

The regular starting lineup on offense consisted of ends Eppie Barney and George Maurer, tackles Dick Schafroth and Ted Tuinstra, guards Dennis Storey and Bill Brooks, center Don Stanley, quarterback Tim Van Galder, halfbacks Les Webster and Tom Busch, and fullback Willie Robinson.

The regular starting lineup on defense consisted of defensive ends Sam Campbell and Don Graves, defensive tackles Willie Muldrew and Dennis Esselmann, defensive guards Bob Evans and Ted Hall, linebackers Terry Voy and Alan Staidl, cornerbacks Doug Robinson and Larry Carwell, and safety Cal Lewis.

Harry Alley was the punter, and Tom Busch was the placekicker.

Bob Evans and Dick Schafroth were the team captains.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| September 17 | 1:30 pm | at Wisconsin* |  | L 10–20 | 46,500 |  |
| September 24 | 1:30 pm | Oklahoma |  | L 11–33 | 21,467 |  |
| October 1 | 1:30 pm | No. 6 Nebraska | * Clyde Williams Field * Ames, IA | L 6–12 | 25,548 |  |
| October 8 | 1:30 pm | Kansas | * Clyde Williams Field * Ames, IA | W 24–7 | 23,015–23,105 |  |
| October 15 | 1:30 pm | Colorado | * Clyde Williams Field * Ames, IA | L 21–41 | 23,345 |  |
| October 22 | 1:30 pm | at Missouri |  | T 10–10 | 45,149 |  |
| October 29 | 2:30 pm | at Oklahoma State |  | T 14–14 | 30,310 |  |
| November 12 | 1:30 pm | at Kansas State |  | W 30–13 | 10,256 |  |
| November 19 | 9:00 pm | at Arizona* |  | L 24–27 | 23,904 |  |
| November 26 | 2:30 pm | at Colorado State* |  | L 10–34 | 9,268 |  |
| * \*Non-conference game * Homecoming * Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game * All times are in Central time | | | | | | |

## InfoBox

| 1966 Iowa State Cyclones football | |
| --- | --- |
| Conference | Big Eight Conference |
| Record | 2–6–2 (2–3–2 Big 8) |
| Head coach |  |
| Captain | Bob Evans, Dick Schafroth |
| Home stadium | Clyde Williams Field |
|


title: Castlelyons Friary

abstract: Castlelyons Friary is a former Carmelite Priory and National Monument located in County Cork, Ireland.

text:
# Castlelyons Friary

**Castlelyons Friary** is a former Carmelite Priory and National Monument located in County Cork, Ireland.

## Location

Castlelyons Friary is located 6.6 km (4.1 mi) south-southeast of Fermoy, south of the Munster Blackwater.

## History

The Carmelite friary was founded at Castlelyons c. 1307–09 by John de Barry, 4th Baron Barry, during the reign of Edward II as Lord of Ireland. He had been granted license by the king to alienate land for the Carmelites of Drogheda on 11 August 1309, but was without papal license until Pope John XXII granted one in 1324, and then the friary could be built. Later the friary was granted 20 marks (13 6 s. 8 d.) per annum to be taken from the people of the town.

The friary name has no connection to Lyon or lions; it derives from the ancient kingdom of Uí Liatháin in which it lies.

Originally the friary had just a small church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Later it was extended westwards by a nave, cloister and tower.

It was dissolved in 1541 during Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries and annexed to the crown in 1561. The land was granted to James de Barry, 4th Viscount Buttevant in 1568.

In 1638 windows were taken from Castlelyons and placed in Lismore Cathedral. Ariybd this time Castlelyons was granted to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork; he in turn gave it to his daughter Alice (1607–1667).

In 1683 Laurence Barry, 3rd Earl of Barrymore granted Castlelyons Friary to the Dominican Order.

The friary was re-established in 1737. The last prior, John O'Neil, died in 1760. It was later used as a hedge school.

When it was visited by John Windele in the mid-19th century the locals were using the nave to play handball.

Some restoration was done by the Office of Public Works in the 1930s.

## Building

The surviving buildings, mostly dating to the 15th century, are the nave, half the tower, parts of the dormitory. In the chancel there is a stone altar. In the west gable is a pointed doorway. Above it is a two-light window with ogee heads.

## InfoBox

Castlelyons Friary
| Prióireacht Chaisleán Ó Liatháin | |
| --- | --- |
| East wing | |
| Location within Ireland | |
| Monastery information | |
| Other names | Castelio, Castleyhane, Castelleaghan, Castrileonensis |
| Order | Carmelites |
| Established | 1307–09 / 1324 |
| Disestablished | 1760 |
| Diocese | Cloyne |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | John de Barry, 4th Baron Barry |
| Architecture | |
| Status | ruined |
| Style | Norman |
| Site | |
| Location | Mohera, Castlelyons, County Cork |
| Coordinates | 52°05′21″N 8°14′01″W / 52.089148°N 8.233480°W / 52.089148; -8.233480 |
| Public access | yes |
|  | |
| National monument of Ireland | |
| Official name | Castlelyons Friary |
| Reference no. | 411 |
|  | |
|  | |


title: Presidential Honor Guard (Venezuela)

abstract: The Presidential Honor Guard is the military brigade responsible for the immediate security of the president of Venezuela. The current head of the Presidential Honor Guard is Iván Hernández Dala.

text:
# Presidential Honor Guard (Venezuela)

The **Presidential Honor Guard** is the military brigade responsible for the immediate security of the president of Venezuela. The current head of the Presidential Honor Guard is Iván Hernández Dala.

## History

The Presidential Honor Guard was first created in Santa Cruz de Mompox by Simòn Bolivar. The structure was followed years later due to the need of rulers to maintain the presidency of Venezuela, as well as to safeguard the institutions of Venezuela. The beginning of the institution dates back to 10 March 1810, when the Caracas Supreme Board recommends creating an armed body for the safekeeping and custody of Congress, configuring it on 9 March 1811, when a company called National Guard was created. In July 1811, a Rural Service is also attributed to protect landowners and prevent theft and crime.

On 12 February 1812, the Presidential Honor Guard was formally created by Bolivar himself as a guard unit that would serve as his personal escort to the battlefield. Its uniforms mirror the ones used today by the current guard.

The current Presidential Honor Guard Brigade's lineage dates to 1958, during the presidency of Rómulo Betancourt, when what was then the Presidential Honor Guard Regiment was raised as part of the National Armed Forces, but reporting directly to the Presidential office in his capacity as Commander in Chief of the armed services.

It was restructured in 2015 due to increasing crime and violence alongside the Brigada Especial de de Proteccion Y Aseguramiento Presidencial and the Unidad Especial de Seguridad Y Proteccion A Personalidades De Estado.

## Organization

Currently, the Presidential Honor Guard is a unit of brigade size and has 2,000 members. The brigade is made of military personnel of the five branches of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela and specialized members of the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN), in addition to the Corps of Scientific, Criminal and Criminal Investigations (CICPC), Bolivarian National Police (CNB) and personnel of different state police department of Venezuela according to the specialty that is required to obtain the operational excellence of the Presidential Honor Guard, this unit is commanded by a general or flag grade officer according to the provisions of the President of Venezuela, who as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, appoints and relieves its commander.

## Commanders

## Operations

### Security

The Presidential Honor Guard conducts operations required for the maintenance of the internal order of the country, cooperate in the development of the military operations required to ensure the defense of the national command will exercise the activities of administrative police and criminal investigation attributed by law, as well as actively participate in national development, in the territory and other geographical areas of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

### Ceremonial

The brigade provides the honor guard to the president of Venezuela in State Arrival Ceremonies at the Miraflores Palace and to the president in every activity held in the grounds and at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Carabobo Field, Valencia Municipality, Carabobo, in honor of the organization's participation in one of the final two battles of the Venezuelan War of Independence, the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821, fought at the very grounds where the tomb is located, where a Guard Mounting ceremony is held daily in the midday hours. From 2013 onward the Presidential Honor Guard is also charged with mounting the guard at the tomb of the late President Hugo Chávez at Fort Montana in Caracas plus in Bolivar's renovated mausoleum in the National Pantheon of Venezuela, with guard mounting duties done daily, with all of them open to the public.

## InfoBox

| Presidential Honor Guard | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Active | 12 February 1812 |
| Allegiance | Venezuela |
| Type | Honor guard |
| Size | 2,000 |
| Garrison/HQ | Casa Militar |
| Commanders | |
| Current<br>commander | Iván Hernández Dala |


title: Shali, Bhutan

abstract: Khamdang, Bhutan is a town in Trashigang District in eastern Bhutan.

text:
# Shali, Bhutan

**Khamdang, Bhutan** is a town in Trashigang District in eastern Bhutan.

1. "NGA GeoName Database". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-06-08. Retrieved 2008-07-05.

## InfoBox

| Khamdang, Bhutan Khamdang | |
| --- | --- |
| Linear; scattered; clustered | |
| Khamdang, BhutanLocation in Bhutan | |
| Coordinates: 27°29′N 91°34′E / 27.483°N 91.567°E / 27.483; 91.567 | |
| Country | Bhutan |
| District | Trashi Yangtse District |
| Area | |
| Linear; scattered; clustered | 17.2 sq mi (44.5 km2) |
| Urban | 18 sq mi (45 km2) |
| Population (2010) | |
| Linear; scattered; clustered | 4,000 |
| Density | 0.5/sq mi (0.2/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+6 (BTT) |
| Area code | 08 |
| Website | http://www.trashiyangtse.gov.bt/gewogDetail.php?id=6 |


title: Paul Flowers (banker)

abstract: Paul John Flowers is an English businessman and former Methodist minister. He is a former Labour councillor in Rochdale and Bradford, and was Non-executive chairman of the Co-operative Bank. After the bank lost £700m in the first half of 2013, and a £1.5 billion hole in the bank's finances was discovered by the new chief executive Euan Sutherland in May 2013, Flowers resigned in May 2013. In November 2013, the activities of Flowers, who had occupied a variety of powerful political and business posts and had been appointed by Labour leader Ed Miliband to a senior post in 2010, were widely reported in the media. Flowers was filmed by an acquaintance in his car apparently agreeing to buy cocaine and methamphetamine, and appearing to count large sums of money while discussing his use of a range of other non-medicinal drugs. He was subsequently taken to court and convicted of possession of drugs. Soon after the film of the apparent purchase of illicit drugs was released to the media, it was revealed that, while deputy head of social services at Rochdale Council, Flowers had known about the activities of paedophiles at a residential boys' school, but had not informed parents or taken measures to close the school, was responsible for rejecting allegations of child sex abuse against the late Rochdale MP Cyril Smith, and that, in 2011, while working at Bradford Council, "inappropriate but not illegal adult content was found on a council computer handed in by Councillor Flowers for servicing. This was put to him and he resigned immediately." Several newspapers reported allegations that he communicated with male sex workers using his work email account while he was in charge of the Co-operative Bank, and was convicted of carrying out a sex act in a public toilet more than 30 years ago.

text:
# Paul Flowers (banker)

**Paul John Flowers** FRSA FRGS (born 5 June 1950) is an English businessman and former Methodist minister. He is a former Labour councillor in Rochdale and Bradford, and was Non-executive chairman of the Co-operative Bank.

After the bank lost £700m in the first half of 2013, and a £1.5 billion hole in the bank's finances was discovered by the new chief executive Euan Sutherland in May 2013, Flowers resigned in May 2013.

In November 2013, the activities of Flowers, who had occupied a variety of powerful political and business posts and had been appointed by Labour leader Ed Miliband to a senior post in 2010, were widely reported in the media. Flowers was filmed by an acquaintance in his car apparently agreeing to buy cocaine and methamphetamine, and appearing to count large sums of money while discussing his use of a range of other non-medicinal drugs. He was subsequently taken to court and convicted of possession of drugs.

Soon after the film of the apparent purchase of illicit drugs was released to the media, it was revealed that, while deputy head of social services at Rochdale Council, Flowers had known about the activities of paedophiles at a residential boys' school, but had not informed parents or taken measures to close the school, was responsible for rejecting allegations of child sex abuse against the late Rochdale MP Cyril Smith, and that, in 2011, while working at Bradford Council, "inappropriate but not illegal adult content was found on a council computer handed in by Councillor Flowers for servicing. This was put to him and he resigned immediately."

Several newspapers reported allegations that he communicated with male sex workers using his work email account while he was in charge of the Co-operative Bank, and was convicted of carrying out a sex act in a public toilet more than 30 years ago.

## Early life

Flowers was born in Portsmouth and brought up in Eastleigh, going to Barton Peveril School. From 1972 he studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree in theology, graduating from the University of Bristol in 1975. He then obtained a post-graduate diploma at the University of Geneva. Early in his career he worked for four years in banking, gaining part 1 and half of his part 2 Institute of Bankers qualification.

## Methodist minister

Flowers was a Methodist minister for over 40 years. In 1976 he was appointed to serve the church in Bradford, West Yorkshire. From 1978 to 1981 he was a minister at Hedge End's Methodist church in Eastleigh. After periods in Coventry, Rochdale and Bridlington, he returned to Bradford. Flowers was a minister at Clayton and Wibsey churches in the Bradford South Circuit near his home in Bradford. Flowers was a trustee for Methodist Church Purposes, the body which manages the church's invested funds and property. Flowers contributed regularly to the *Methodist Recorder*, including a spell as the paper's art critic, writing the Gallery Notes column. He also reported from the Methodist Conference. In 2000 he attempted to set up a trade union for clergy to protect members against false allegations of abuse. For a number of years he was a leading candidate in the race for the position of president of the Methodist Conference but withdrew after three unsuccessful attempts.

On 21 November 2013 he was suspended indefinitely by the church. In early summer 2014 he left Bradford to live in Greater Manchester. He ceased to be in 'Full Connexion' (that is, on the list of authorised ministers) with the Methodist Church of Great Britain in January 2017, following the conclusion of a disciplinary process which found him guilty of 'seriously impairing the mission, witness or integrity of the church'.

## Co-operative Group

Flowers' career progressed through the democratic structures of United Co-operatives, becoming a member of its board following election via United's Yorkshire Regional Committee. In 2008, following United's merger with The Co-operative Group in 2007, he joined the board of the Co-op Group, and was later made its deputy chairman. He resigned from the Group board and all subsidiary positions in June 2013, after his enforced resignation from Co-op Bank that month.

### Co-operative Bank

In 2009, following its merger with Britannia Building Society, Flowers was appointed non-executive chairman of the Co-operative Bank. On 26 March 2010 he was appointed non-executive chairman of Co-operative Financial Services; the holding company for both the Co-operative Bank and the Co-operative Insurance Society. During this period, he was made a fellow of the Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland; in light of the later scandal, the fellowship was withdrawn on 21 November 2013.

After the bank lost £700m in the first half of 2013, and then the discovery of a £1.5bn hole in the bank's finances by new chief executive Euan Sutherland in May 2013, Flowers resigned from the bank in June 2013, taking responsibility for the difficulties the bank experienced after acquiring Britannia. He was replaced by Richard Pym, head of UK Asset Resolution.

Flowers testified to the Treasury Select Committee in November 2013 that the Britannia merger and other deals were undertaken under pressure from senior government ministers.

In March 2018 Flowers was banned from the financial services industry by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) for having used his work email for sexually explicit messages and to discuss illegal drugs, and his work mobile phone to call premium rate chat lines. The FCA said he had "demonstrated a lack of fitness and propriety required to work in financial services" and consumers would lose faith in the industry if he was allowed to continue in it.

## Labour Party

In the 1970s Flowers was vice-chairman of Eastleigh Labour Party, and contested Bishop's Waltham in Hampshire county council elections in 1981.

Flowers unsuccessfully stood for selection in 1985 as the Labour candidate to contest the Coventry South East parliamentary seat, supported by branches of his union as a former bank worker, the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union. He described himself as "towards the centre" politically in this campaign.

In the Rochdale council election of 1988 he gained a seat in the Smallbridge and Wardleworth ward, holding it until 1992. Flowers was vice-chairman of Rochdale Council's social services committee at the time of a Satanic abuse scandal, and was responsible for rejecting allegations of child sex abuse against the late MP Cyril Smith.

He then moved to Bradford, serving for 10 years on the city council. He resigned his seat in Great Horton in September 2011, because of his "increased responsibilities as Co-op Bank's chairman." In light of the 2013 drugs scandal, Bradford City Council revealed that, in 2011, "Inappropriate but not illegal adult content was found on a council computer handed in by Councillor Flowers for servicing. This was put to him and he resigned immediately."

In 2010 he was appointed by new Labour Party leader Ed Miliband to the party's finance and industry advisory board. On 6 March 2013 as part of his membership of the group, Labour leader Ed Miliband met Flowers to discuss UK banking reform.

Flowers had told MPs on the Banking Committee that he had helped to arrange a donation to then-shadow chancellor Ed Balls's office although Balls insisted that Flowers had nothing to do with the donation. The scandal surrounding the revelations led the Conservative Party chairman, Grant Shapps to ask the Labour leadership to disclose details of any private meetings with Flowers and to return a £50,000 donation to Ed Balls's office that Flowers had backed.

## Other works

Flowers has been involved with a large number of charities, including being a trustee of both the Terrence Higgins Trust and, between 1992 and 2004, the Lifeline project, which worked in the field of alcohol and drug abuse. Following the scandal of November 2013, the Lifeline project stated that at the time of his resignation he was under investigation following alleged submission of false expenses claims, with the matter having then been referred to the Charity Commission.

In the 1980s he was vice-chairman of the West Midlands Citizens Advice Bureau. Flowers has been a member of the Advertising Standards Authority, and was vice chair of the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureau.

Flowers was also a chair of Manchester Camerata (the city's chamber orchestra) between 2012 and 2013.

He is a fellow of both the Royal Society of Arts and the Royal Geographical Society.

## Drugs scandal

A few days after his appearance before the Treasury Select Committee, Flowers was filmed by acquaintance Stuart Davies in his car apparently agreeing to buy cocaine and methamphetamine. The clip appears to show him counting out £300 in £20 notes, before sending a friend to make the deal. Whilst waiting, Flowers discusses his use of ketamine, cannabis and GHB. Davies handed over the footage to the *Mail on Sunday*, which published its article on 17 November 2013. On 21 November it emerged that Flowers had been convicted of drunk-driving in Manchester in 1990.

Flowers was immediately suspended by the Methodist Church for three weeks (later extended to indefinite suspension) pending further investigation, and suspended as a member of the Labour Party. Flowers in a statement said:

> This year has been incredibly difficult, with a death in the family and the pressures of my role with the Co-operative Bank. At the lowest point in this terrible period, I did things that were stupid and wrong. I am sorry for this, and I am seeking professional help, and apologise to all I have hurt or failed by my actions

Co-operative Group chairman Len Wardle, who had been part of the committee which had selected Flowers and was scheduled to retire in May 2014, resigned in light of the revelations. He was replaced by Ursula Lidbetter, Co-op Group's deputy chair and chief executive of the Lincolnshire Co-operative Society.

David Cameron announced in the House of Commons that he would be setting up inquiries to determine how Flowers had come to be appointed chairman of the Co-op Bank.

On 21 November 2013 Flowers was arrested by police in the Merseyside area in connection with a drugs supply investigation. He has been dubbed the "*crystal meth*odist". In April 2014 he was charged with possession of drugs, and convicted of possessing cocaine, methamphetamine and ketamine on 7 May 2014, receiving a £400 fine.

## Fraud allegations

In a further blow to Flowers already stained character and litany of criminal activity, in 2023 he was charged with fraud by Greater Manchester Police in relation to his actions as the executor of the Last Will and Testament of a Margaret Mary Jarvis. Flowers has been accused of committing £68,000 of fraud by abusing his position between June 2016 and October 2017. A trial date has been set at Manchester Crown Court for 1 September 2025, and Flowers was bailed in December 2023.

## InfoBox

| Paul Flowers | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Paul John Flowers
(1950-06-05) 5 June 1950
Portsmouth, Hampshire,
England |
| Other names | The Crystal Methodist |
| Occupation | Retired |
| Years active | 1975–present |
| Organization | The Co-operative Group |
| Title | Non-executive chairman,
The Co-operative Bank (2009–13) |


title: Pseudorimula marianae

abstract: Pseudorimula marianae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Lepetodrilidae.

text:
# Pseudorimula marianae

***Pseudorimula marianae*** is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Lepetodrilidae.

## Description

## Distribution

This species occurs in hydrothermal vents and seeps of the Snail Pit vents, Mariana Back-Arc Basin, West Pacific

* Warén, A. & Bouchet, P. (2001) *Gastropoda and Monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps; new taxa and records.* The Veliger, 44, 116–231.

## InfoBox

| *Pseudorimula marianae* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Lepetellida |
| Family: | Lepetodrilidae |
| Genus: | *Pseudorimula* |
| Species: | ***P. marianae*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Pseudorimula marianae***<br>McLean, 1989 | |
|


title: Prince Karl of Leiningen

abstract: Prince Karl of Leiningen was the second son of Karl, 6th Prince of Leiningen (1898–1946) and his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia. She was the elder daughter of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh. As such, Karl was a great-great-grandson of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Emperor Alexander II of Russia.

text:
# Prince Karl of Leiningen

**Prince Karl of Leiningen** (Karl Vladimir Ernst Heinrich; 2 January 1928 – 28 September 1990) was the second son of Karl, 6th Prince of Leiningen (1898–1946) and his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Kirillovna of Russia. She was the elder daughter of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh. As such, Karl was a great-great-grandson of both Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Emperor Alexander II of Russia (as Victoria Melita and Kirill Vladimirovich were both grandchildren of Alexander II).

## Biography

### Career

Born in Coburg, Germany, he worked mainly as a salesman in Paris as a young man. With his wife, Karl subsequently resolved to take up a business career in Toronto, Canada. Eventually, he became an executive at a brokerage firm.

### Marriage and issue

Karl met Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria in Madrid, where she was living with her mother. She was the only daughter of Boris III of Bulgaria by his wife Princess Giovanna of Italy. Karl announced his engagement to Marie Louise in December 1956. They married in a Bulgarian Orthodox Ceremony in Cannes on 19 February 1957, following a quiet civil ceremony on February 14 in Amorbach, Germany. Amorbach had been the residence of the House of Leiningen since 1803, and the town's streets were lined with hundreds of cheering spectators; Karl's family owns huge estates in South Germany, and was considered to be one of the wealthiest of Germany's noble families. As of 1957, his family's fortune was valued at $1.5 billion. The couple also married in a Greek Orthodox religious ceremony in Cannes on 20 February 1957.

After the couple's wedding, they lived in Madrid until June 1958. Karl traveled to Canada early in their marriage, and the couple decided to settle there. The marriage produced two sons:

* Prince Boris zu Leiningen (b. 17 April 1960), who married Millena Manov on 14 February 1987 and they were divorced in 1996. They have one son. Boris remarried Cheryl Riegler on 11 September 1998. They had two children.
* Prince Hermann zu Leiningen (b. 16 April 1963), who married Deborah Cully on 16 May 1987. They have three daughters.

The marriage was unhappy, and Karl and Marie Louise divorced on 4 December 1968. Later in life, Karl reminisced, "Princes are expected to marry princesses, so I married Marie-Louise, the daughter of Bulgarian ex-King Boris III". After the divorce, Marie Louise and their two sons moved to the United States, where they attended a military academy.

### Later life

Karl eventually became a naturalized Canadian citizen. He later moved to Zürich. Persuaded by some Jewish friends to visit Israel, Karl eventually found a job through the help of new-found Israeli friends. He subsequently moved there, rarely leaving except for short visits with his family. He lived in Israel until his death on 28 September 1990 in Vered Hagalil.

## Ancestry

## InfoBox

| Prince Karl | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | (1928-01-02)2 January 1928
Coburg, Germany |
| Died | 28 September 1990(1990-09-28) (aged 62)
Vered Hagalil, Israel |
| Spouse | Princess Marie Louise of Bulgaria
(m. 1957; div. 1968) |
| Issue | Prince Boris
Prince Hermann |
| Names  Karl Vladimir Ernst Heinrich | |
| House | Leiningen |
| Father | Karl, 6th Prince of Leiningen |
| Mother | Maria Kirillovna of Russia |


title: Qendër Skrapar

abstract: Qendër Skrapar is a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The municipal unit surrounds the town Çorovodë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,545.

text:
# Qendër Skrapar

**Qendër Skrapar** is a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The municipal unit surrounds the town Çorovodë. The population at the 2011 census was 2,545.

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6366. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
2. 2011 census results Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine

## InfoBox

| Qendër Skrapar | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipal unit | |
| Qendër Skrapar | |
| Coordinates: 40°31′N 20°12′E / 40.517°N 20.200°E / 40.517; 20.200 | |
| Country | Albania |
| County | Berat |
| Municipality | Skrapar |
| Population (2011) | |
| Municipal unit | 2,545 |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |


title: Takeback (disambiguation)

abstract: Takeback usually refers to when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of products at the end of their lives, and is often associated with waste collection of certain products outside municipal waste-handling. Takeback, take-back or take back can also refer to:

text:
# Takeback (disambiguation)

**Takeback** usually refers to when sellers or manufacturers accept returns of products at the end of their lives, and is often associated with waste collection of certain products outside municipal waste-handling.

**Takeback**, **take-back** or **take back** can also refer to:

## Organizations

* Electronics TakeBack Coalition (ETBC), a U.S. organization previously headed by environmental campaigner David Wood

* The Takeback, an episode of the 7th season of the Brooklyn Nine-Nine television series
* Take Back (film), a 2021 American action thriller film


title: Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet

abstract: Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF) is the title of the Indian Navy Officer who commands the Eastern Fleet, headquartered in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The FOCEF is a Two Star Officer holding the rank of Rear Admiral. The current FOCEF is Rear Admiral Susheel Menon, who assumed office on 21 August 2024.

text:
# Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet

**Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF)** is the title of the Indian Navy Officer who commands the Eastern Fleet, headquartered in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The FOCEF is a Two Star Officer holding the rank of Rear Admiral. The current FOCEF is Rear Admiral Susheel Menon, who assumed office on 21 August 2024.

## History

After the independence and the Partition of India on 15 August 1947, the ships and personnel of the Royal Indian Navy were divided between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The division of the ships was on the basis of two-thirds of the fleet to India, one third to Pakistan.

The operational ships of the remaining Royal Indian Navy, minus Pakistan, were initially placed under the command of the Commodore Commanding Indian Naval Squadron (COMINS), later the Rear-Admiral Commanding Indian Naval Squadron (RACINS), whose title was then changed to Flag Officer (Flotilla) Indian Fleet (FOFIF). These appointments were initially held by British officers: Commodore H.N.S. Brown, who was the Commanding Officer of INS *Delhi* (C74) and serving as COMINS, seemingly at the same time, and later, Commodore (later Rear Admiral) Geoffrey Barnard who became COMINS and later Rear-Admiral Commanding, INS. The Flotilla was later upgraded to the Indian Fleet under a Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet (FOCIF).

On the proclamation of a Republic in 1950, the 'Royal' title was dropped and the Navy became simply the Indian Navy. Barnard was succeeded by Rear Admiral N.V. ("Uncle Richard") Dickinson, Rear Admiral F.A. Ballance, and then the final British officer Rear Admiral St John Tyrwhitt as FOCIF. In 1956, Rear Admiral Ram Dass Katari became the first Indian flag officer, and was appointed the first Indian FOCIF on 2 October, when he took over from Rear Admiral Tyrwhitt. (title alternately given as Flag Officer (Flotilla)). In 1957, INS *Mysore* (C60) was commissioned, and the flag of Rear Admiral Katari was transferred, INS Mysore thus becoming the flagship of the Indian Fleet.

On 1 March 1968, the Eastern Naval Command was established and the Indian Fleet was renamed as the Western Fleet. In September 1971, Rear Admiral S H Sarma was summoned by the Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral S M Nanda who told him that he was to move to Visakhapatnam and take up command of the yet-to-be-formed Eastern Fleet. The *two-fleet* concept of the Navy came into force with the constitution of the Eastern Fleet on 1 November 1971. Rear Admiral Sarma took over as the founding Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF). In mid 1971, The aircraft carrier INS *Vikrant*, along with the frigates INS Brahmaputra and INS Beas were moved from the Western Fleet to the Eastern Naval Command. Thus, INS Vikrant became the flagship of the Eastern Fleet.

## Organisation

The FOCWF is assisted by the fleet staff, headed by the Fleet Operations Officer (FOO), a one-star appointment. The Fleet Communications & Electronic Warfare Officer (FCO), Fleet Gunnery Officer (FGO), Fleet Navigation Officer (FNO), Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare Officer (FASWO), Fleet Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Damage Control Officer (FNBCDO), Fleet Engineering Officer (FEO) and Fleet Electrical Officer (FLO) make up the rest of the fleet staff.

## List of commanders

| S.No. | Name | Assumed office | Left office | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Rear Admiral S H Sarma PVSM | 1 November 1971 | 1 March 1973 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 2 | Rear Admiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira AVSM | 2 March 1973 | 10 January 1975 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 3 | Rear Admiral R K S Ghandhi VrC | 28 January 1975 | 18 October 1975 | Also commanded the Western Fleet. Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 4 | Rear Admiral V. E. C. Barboza AVSM & bar | 29 October 1975 | 14 April 1976 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 5 | Rear Admiral D. S. Paintal AVSM | 16 April 1976 | 9 June 1977 |  |
| 6 | Rear Admiral Mihir K. Roy AVSM, VSM | 10 June 1977 | 27 February 1978 | Director of Naval Intelligence during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. |
| 7 | Rear Admiral Oscar Stanley Dawson AVSM | 28 February 1978 | 20 March 1979 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 8 | Rear Admiral S. L. Sethi AVSM, NM | 21 March 1979 | 4 January 1980 | Later Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 9 | Rear Admiral K. K. Nayyar AVSM | 5 January 1980 | 17 July 1981 | Later commanded the Western Fleet and served as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 10 | Rear Admiral Sukmal Jain AVSM, NM | 18 July 1981 | 14 October 1982 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 11 | Rear Admiral I. J. S. Khurana | 15 October 1982 | 28 June 1983 | Later Director General of the Indian Coast Guard. |
| 12 | Rear Admiral Laxminarayan Ramdas AVSM, VrC, VSM | 29 June 1983 | 27 March 1985 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 13 | Rear Admiral S. P. Govil AVSM | 28 March 1985 | 7 March 1986 | Later Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 14 | Rear Admiral H. Johnson AVSM | 8 March 1986 | 8 July 1987 | Later Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 15 | Rear Admiral S. W. Lakhkar AVSM, NM | 9 July 1987 | 22 August 1988 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 16 | Rear Admiral B. Guha AVSM | 23 August 1988 | 28 January 1990 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 17 | Rear Admiral P. S. Das UYSM, AVSM | 29 January 1990 | 26 October 1991 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 18 | Rear Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat AVSM | 27 October 1991 | 2 October 1992 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 19 | Rear Admiral P. J. Jacob AVSM, VSM | 3 October 1992 | 2 January 1994 | Later Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 20 | Rear Admiral Harinder Singh AVSM | 3 January 1994 | 28 April 1995 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command. |
| 21 | Rear Admiral Arun Prakash AVSM, VrC, VSM | 29 April 1995 | 26 November 1996 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 22 | Rear Admiral Om Prakash Bansal AVSM, VSM | 27 November 1996 | 14 October 1997 | Later served as Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command and as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 23 | Rear Admiral S. V. Gopalachari AVSM, VSM | 15 October 1997 | 10 November 1998 | Later Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 24 | Rear Admiral K. V. Bharathan AVSM, VSM | 11 November 1998 | 14 March 2000 | Later Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 25 | Rear Admiral Arun Kumar Singh AVSM, NM | 15 March 2000 | 7 October 2001 | Later served as Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command and as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 26 | Rear Admiral Pradeep Kaushiva UYSM, VSM | 8 October 2001 | 26 January 2003 | Later Commandant of the National Defence College. |
| 27 | Rear Admiral Raman Prem Suthan AVSM, VSM | 26 January 2003 | 29 April 2004 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 28 | Rear Admiral S. K. Damle AVSM, NM, VSM | 30 April 2004 | 23 May 2005 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command. |
| 29 | Rear Admiral Sanjeev Bhasin AVSM, VSM | 24 May 2005 | 23 March 2006 | Later Commandant of the National Defence College and Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 30 | Rear Admiral D. K. Joshi AVSM, YSM, NM, VSM | 24 March 2006 | 15 March 2007 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 31 | Rear Admiral Robin K. Dhowan AVSM, YSM | 15 March 2007 | 24 January 2008 | Later Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 32 | Rear Admiral Satish Soni | 16 February 2008 | 26 November 2008 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command and Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 33 | Rear Admiral Anurag Thapliyal AVSM, NM | 26 November 2008 | 31 August 2009 | Later served as Commandant of Indian Naval Academy and as the Director General of the Indian Coast Guard. |
| 34 | Rear Admiral P. N. Murugesan VSM | 31 August 2009 | 24 January 2011 | Later served as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 35 | Rear Admiral Harish Bisht | 24 January 2011 | 30 April 2012 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 36 | Rear Admiral Ajit Kumar P | 30 April 2012 | 15 August 2013 | Later served as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 37 | Rear Admiral Atul Kumar Jain VSM | 10 July 2013 | 7 October 2014 | Later served as Chief of Integrated Defence Staff. |
| 38 | Rear Admiral Ajendra Bahadur Singh VSM | 7 October 2014 | 6 October 2015 | Later served as Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command and Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. |
| 39 | Rear Admiral S. V. Bhokare YSM, NM | 12 October 2015 | 15 October 2016 | Later served as Inspector General Nuclear Safety. |
| 40 | Rear Admiral Biswajit Dasgupta YSM, VSM | 14 October 2016 | 15 January 2018 | Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command. |
| 41 | Rear Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi AVSM, NM | 15 January 2018 | 30 March 2019 | Current Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 42 | Rear Admiral Suraj Berry AVSM, NM, VSM | 30 March 2019 | 10 February 2020 | Current Commander-in-Chief Strategic Forces Command. |
| 43 | Rear Admiral Sanjay Vatsayan NM | 10 February 2020 | 23 February 2021 | Current Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Operations). |
| 44 | Rear Admiral Tarun Sobti VSM | 23 February 2021 | 20 December 2021 | Current Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. |
| 45 | Rear Admiral Sanjay Bhalla | 20 December 2021 | 30 November 2022 | Current Chief of Personnel. |
| 46 | Rear Admiral Gurcharan Singh | 01 December 2022 | 10 November 2023 | Current Commandant of the National Defence Academy |
| 47 | Rear Admiral Rajesh Dhankhar NM | 10 November 2023 | 21 August 2024 | Current Director General Project Seabird |
| 48 | Rear Admiral Susheel Menon VSM | 21 August 2024 | Present |  |
|

## InfoBox

| Flag Officer Commanding
Eastern Fleet
(FOCEF) | |
| --- | --- |
| Flag of the FOCEF (Rear Admiral's flag) | |
| Incumbent
Rear Admiral Susheel Menon, VSM
since 21 August 2024 | |
| Indian Navy | |
| Abbreviation | FOCEF |
| Reports to | Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command |
| Seat | Visakhapatnam |
| First holder | Rear Admiral S H Sarma, PVSM |