title: The Troubles in Armagh

abstract: The Troubles in Armagh recounts incidents during The Troubles in Armagh City, County Armagh, Northern Ireland; the violence was substantial enough for a stretch of road on the outskirts of the city to be referred to by one RUC officer as "Murder Mile". Over the course of the Troubles, although mainly concentrated in the years from 1969 until 1994, the small city of around 15,000 people, including some outlying areas, saw 86 deaths, including those of a number of people from the city who lost their lives elsewhere in Troubles-related incidents.

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# The Troubles in Armagh

**The Troubles in Armagh** recounts incidents during The Troubles in Armagh City, County Armagh, Northern Ireland; the violence was substantial enough for a stretch of road on the outskirts of the city to be referred to by one RUC officer as "Murder Mile". Over the course of the Troubles, although mainly concentrated in the years from 1969 until 1994, the small city of around 15,000 people, including some outlying areas, saw 86 deaths, including those of a number of people from the city who lost their lives elsewhere in Troubles-related incidents.

## 1969

* 14 August 1969 – John Gallagher, a 30 year old married father of three children, became one of the first victims of the Troubles after being shot in the back by B-Specials members who opened fire on a crowd after trouble had erupted in the Shambles area of the city. Eyewitnesses have stated that Gallagher wandered into the crowd after leaving a pub under the influence of alcohol and had not been involved in any disorder. According to the Scarman tribunal set up to investigate events at the outbreak of the Troubles, the actions of the B-Specials in that incident amounted to 'grave misconduct'. in 1990, John Gallagher's daughter was injured in an IRA bomb attack which killed three Royal Ulster Constabulary members and a Catholic nun in the city.

## 1971

* 10 August – Norman Watson, a 53 year old Protestant civilian and member of the Orange Order, was shot dead by the British Army in the Irish Street area during an exchange of fire with IRA members, after serious violence had erupted across Northern Ireland when internment without trial had been introduced on the previous day. Watson was driving in his car with his wife at the time and had not been involved in any violence.

## 1972

* 29 March – Ruby Johnson, a 38 year old Protestant civilian from Ballintemple near Newtownhamilton in south Armagh, died seven weeks after suffering serious burns when the bus she was a passenger in was attacked by a gang of youths during trouble at the Ring Road area of the city. The inquest into her death heard that at least two petrol bombs were thrown through the windows of the Ulsterbus, setting her alight after the vehicle was engulfed in flames. Journalist Sean O'Hagan, who grew up in Armagh and whose father witnessed the incident, 30 years later wrote a piece on her death for the Guardian.
* 26 April – Lawrence Jubb, a 22 year old soldier with the Royal Engineers and from Doncaster, England, died when the recovery lorry he was driving overturned and trapped him and two other soldiers after it was stoned by children near the entrance to the Drumarg estate. According to the book Lost Lives, which chronicles every death in the Troubles up until the year 1999, local people were reported as attempting to rescue the trapped soldiers, including a nurse whose husband was a republican prisoner in the Long Kesh prison camp at the time.
* 7 August – In the third incident of its kind to take place within a small area of the city that year, Geoffrey Knipe, a 24 year old soldier from Bradford, England serving with the Royal Dragoon Guards was killed when youths said to be between the ages of 10 and 17 attacked his vehicle with stones at the Ring Road flyover, with one brick smashing through the front windscreen of his vehicle and hitting him on the head, killing him instantly.
* 25 October – John Michael Morrell, a 32 year old soldier from Macclesfield, England died 10 days after being injured in a Provisional IRA booby-trap explosion at a house in the heavily republican Drumarg estate which injured him and four other soldiers from the South Staffordshire Regiment. Lost Lives, the chronology which attempts to list the name of everyone who died in the Troubles, mistakenly lists his death as having occurred in south Armagh.
* 15 December – Frederick Greeves, a 40 year old member of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) was shot dead on the Moy Road by the Official IRA outside the factory that he worked in. in 1974 a man was sentenced to life in prison for his killing.
* 18 December – William Johnson, a 48 year old local elected councillor for the Ulster Unionist Party and a member of the Police Authority, is found shot dead near the border after being taken by the Provisional IRA from a house in the Drumarg estate, where he had been carrying out work. Another man who had been abducted with him but later released unharmed, told a court that the gunmen who were questioning them in a vacant house in County Monaghan searched both men and found documents relating to the Police Authority on Johnston. According to Lost Lives, which chronicles the deaths of those who died in the Troubles, this is the likely reason that Johnston was shot dead.

## 1973

* 7 April – Jake McGerrigan, a 17 year old member of the Official IRA, is shot dead in the Druid's Villas area by British troops of the Parachute Regiment, who also badly wounded fellow OIRA man John Nixon, later to take part in the 1980 republican hunger strike in the Maze Prison. The army, who had fired from the adjoining Windmill Hill, claimed that this was after they had come under fire from two positions in nearby Navan Street and that a few minutes after the reported firing they had spotted a number of armed men walking in a military-style formation and fired one shot towards them which passed through Jake McGerrigan and into John Nixon. However, civilian witnesses at the scene stated that they had seen no guns lying near the dead youth's body, and the inquest into his death heard swabs taken from his hands and those of John Nixon showed no traces of lead residue. He was given a full republican funeral at which an estimated 8000 mourners attended. Lost Lives, the chronology which attempts to list the name of everyone who died in the Troubles, mistakenly lists his death as having occurred in March.
* 9 April – Two days after the death of Jake McGerrigan, his friend and fellow Official IRA man 20-year-old Tony Hughes is shot dead in nearby Culdee by members of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. The dead man was the quartermaster for the group in north Armagh and had been moving guns into a car at the time in preparation for a retaliatory attack for the death of Jake McGerrigan. Official Republican leader Cathal Goulding gave the graveside oration at his funeral. Lost Lives, the chronology which attempts to list the name of everyone who died in the Troubles, mistakenly lists his death as having occurred in March.
* 13 August – William McIlveen, a 36 year old part-time member of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), is shot dead by the Provisional IRA at the gates of the factory on the Cathedral Road where he worked as a security guard. In 1982, the dead man's brother Wilfred, a former member of the UDR, will be killed by an IRA booby-trap bomb.
* 27 August – Kenneth Hill, a 24 year old corporal in the UDR, is shot dead in a gun battle with the Provisional IRA in the Culdee area of the city. Earlier in the day two large no-warning car bombs left by the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force had exploded in streets nearby, miraculously killing no-one, and he had been in the area helping to clear it after a car parked there was wrongly thought to have contained another bomb. The dead man came from Drumsherriff, near Loughgall.

## 1974

* 19 February - The Ulster Volunteer Force bomb the Catholic-owned Traynor's pub a few miles outside of Armagh city on the Armagh to Moy road, killing a Catholic, 46-year-old Patrick Molloy, and a Protestant member of the Orange Order, 49-year-old Jack Wylie. It is suspected that the particular UVF unit which carried out the massacre was part of what has become known as the Glenanne Gang, a particularly violent alliance of paramilitaries, policemen and soldiers within the UVF and which is thought to have been responsible for around 120 deaths, mostly of innocent Catholic civilians. In 1981 a self-confessed UVF man and neighbour of Jack Wylie was jailed for life for the bombing.
* 17 June – 34-year-old Geraldine Corrigan died two days after being shot by what is thought to have been a member of the Official IRA during a botched robbery at her family's supermarket on the Cathedral Road. According to the victim's sister-in-law, who was present at the time of the incident, two masked men entered demanding money and fired two shots into the ceiling when Corrigan refused to hand over any cash. After that a struggle ensued in which Corrigan was shot at point-blank range in the head. The gunmen then escaped in a Ford Cortina which was found abandoned a short time later in the Windmill Hill area of the city. She left behind a husband and three children.

## 1975

* 24 March – William Elliott, a-52-year old Protestant civilian from Ashley Gardens in the city is shot dead by the Provisional IRA in the village of Silverbridge in south Armagh, after being mistaken for a police officer. Elliott had gone to investigate a robbery at a post office in the village, which the RUC believed had been set up to lure police into the area, when gunmen fired about 30 shots at him and his colleague. Elliott died at the scene. He had served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War and had been head postmaster in Armagh city from 1960 until 1972.
* 15 August – Norman Kerr, a 28-year-old Protestant from Portadown was shot dead by the Provisional IRA in Market Street in the city centre bar where he worked as a DJ. The dead man was a close friend of UVF member Harris Boyle who had died in the Miami Showband Massacre the month before. The IRA claimed it was in possession of Harris Boyle's diary, which had been stolen from a swimming pool in Portadown, and that it had killed Kerr because of an alleged association with undercover British Army operative Robert Nairac.
* 22 August – The UVF's Glenanne Gang launched a gun and bomb attack on McGleenan's Bar on Upper English Street in the Shambles area of the city. One gunman opened fire while another planted the bomb. It exploded as they ran to a getaway car, causing the building to collapse. John McGleenan (45), Patrick Hughes (30) and Thomas Morris (22), all Catholic civilians, were killed. Thomas Morris died six days later on 28 August.

## 1976

* 25 January – David McDowell, a 26-year-old member of the UDR from Alexander Park in the city, is accidentally shot dead by a member of the Queen's Dragoon Guards at an army observation post near the border which had come under sustained IRA fire earlier in the day. He had stopped his bus to talk to soldiers when one of them accidentally discharged his gun, shooting McDowell dead. He had survived an IRA bid on his life three years previously.
* 9 April – 73-year-old Catholic pensioner Michael Sweeney is killed when the UVF launch a bomb attack on Lenny's Bar in the Railway Street area of the city, which also injuries 14 other people. The dead man was a World War II veteran and had taken part in the Dunkirk evacuation.
* 26 October – Joseph Wilson, a 53-year-old part-time member of the UDR is shot dead by a Provisional IRA gunman in the supermarket he worked at in the nationalist Shambles area of the city. He was married and had nine children. In 1984, his son-in-law Herbert Burrows will be killed in an IRA booby-trap explosion close to the scene of Wilson's death.

## 1977

* 18 October – 67-year-old Protestant Herbert John Anderson is shot dead by the Provisional IRA who ambushed his taxi on the Armagh to Keady road. The dead man had been in the RUC but had retired from the police two years earlier. He was from Barrack Street in the city. In 1980 a 20-year-old man from Keady was given a life sentence for Herbert's killing and those of three others.

## 1979

* 19 April – Agnes Wallace (40), a Prison Officer, was killed and three female colleagues were injured in an Irish National Liberation Army gun and grenade attack outside Armagh women's prison. They had just left the prison when a hand grenade was thrown from a passing car and shots were fired. She had joined the Northern Ireland Prison Service in January 1979 and was the first female Prison Officer to be killed in the Troubles.
* 2 June – Alan Dunne (36), an off-duty member of the RUC, and David Stinson (32), a civilian, both Protestants, were shot dead by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) while standing outside Dunne's home, Ballinahone Crescent, Armagh.
* 9 June – Peadar McElvenna, a 24-year-old Provisional IRA member from Convent Close in the city, is shot dead after an IRA attack on the RUC barracks in Keady, south Armagh. Although from Armagh city, he was a member of the IRA's South Armagh Brigade.
* 31 July – George Walsh, a 51-year-old member of the RUC, was shot dead when two INLA gunmen opened fire on the car he was sitting in outside Armagh Courthouse on the Mall. The courthouse sits on the opposite side of the Mall to Armagh's women's prison where prison officer Agnes Wallace was killed earlier in the year in an IRA attack. The courthouse was almost demolished in an IRA bomb attack in 1993 and had to be rebuilt.
* 2 August – Two British soldiers are killed in a Provisional IRA landmine explosion on the Cathedral Road. Paul Reece of the Royal Signals, and Richard Furminger of the Royal Artillery (both aged 19) died when their convoy was hit with the 400 lb culvert bomb. At least three gunmen also opened fire simultaneously with the explosion. The soldiers had been on their way back from inspecting a burnt-out car which had been used in the INLA killing of RUC man George Walsh two days previously outside Armagh Courthouse.
* 16 October – 25-year-old Tony McClelland, from the Drumarg estate in Armagh city, died during a Garda chase in County Monaghan. He was a member of the INLA and been moving rifles in the car when the Garda gave chase. The INLA confirmed that he was on active service for them at the time of his death. The driver of the car was the 'Border Fox' Dessie O'Hare.

## 1980

* 28 December – 40-year-old Catholic Territorial Army sergeant-major Hugh McGinn is shot dead by the INLA at the door of his Umgola Villas home. In 1985, two INLA men, supergrass Harry Kirkpatrick, and Gerard 'Dr Death' Steenson, who was later to be shot dead in an inter-republican feud, were convicted of killing McGinn, although Gerard Steenson's conviction was overturned the following year.

## 1981

* 2 April – 23-year-old RUC man Kenneth Acheson from Ballynahone Drive in the city dies when a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb explodes under his car as he drives home from Bessbrook police station in south Armagh. He was married and had one child.
* 23 April – 38-year-old Protestant John Robinson is shot dead by the Provisional IRA outside the Mullacreevie estate. Robinson was a former member of the UDR. He was driving his minibus when a car pulled up beside it and a gunman opened fire on him.
* 8 November – 17-year-old Protestant Trevor Forster dies in a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb explosion meant for his father, a member of the UDR. The dead youth, from the townland of Ballymoran just outside Armagh city, was learning to drive and had offered to put his father's car in the garage when the explosion happened.
* 10 November – Charles Neville, a 56-year-old Protestant and former member of the UDR, is killed in a Provisional IRA gun and grenade attack on his car at the Loughgall Road. He had left the UDR the year before.

## 1982

* 24 January – Tony Harker, a 21-year-old Catholic civilian, is shot dead by the UDR in disputed circumstances outside a supermarket on the Keady Road. He along with another man were apparently intending to break into the supermarket when Harker was shot by members of a UDR patrol. He was on bail at the time of his death charged with having petrol bombs for use in rioting, and was prominent in anti H-Block marches in the city; and in 1980 he had been mentioned in the Republican News as being the subject of ongoing alleged harassment by the police and army, leading to accusations that he was deliberately targeted by the UDR members who opened fire on him. Another local man mentioned in the same article was Roddy Carroll, who would also be shot dead by the RUC later that same year.
* 27 August – Wilfred McIlveen, a 37-year-old Protestant and former member of the UDR, is killed when a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb explodes under his car as he was leaving Milford Everton Football Club's grounds. The dead man was married to a Catholic. His brother, William McIlveen, a member of the RUC, had been shot dead by the Provisional IRA in the city in 1973.
* 7 October – Frederick Williamson, a 33-year-old member of the UDR from Orangefield Drive in the city, is killed along with 28-year-old prison officer Elizabeth Chambers from Broughshane in County Antrim when his car is hit by bullets fired in an INLA ambush on the Armagh to Moy road. Williamson's car careened out of control after being struck with the bullets and smashed head-on into Miss Chambers car, causing both their deaths. She had been on her way to work in the Armagh women's prison. A car used by the killers was later found in the Mullacreevie estate on the edge of Armagh city.
* 25 October – 47-year-old Sinn Féin election worker Peter Corrigan is shot dead while walking along the Loughgall Road from his home at Drumbreda Avenue. The killing was claimed by the Protestant Action Force (PAF) a cover name for the UVF. A UDR soldier was later convicted of the killing. Corrigan's teenage son Martin Corrigan witnessed his father being shot dead. He was himself later shot dead by the British army in 1991.
* 10 November – Charles Spence, a 44-year-old part-time UDR man, is shot dead by the Provisional IRA at the customs offices where he worked on the Monaghan Road in the city. The dead man was from Knockamell Park in Armagh city. The customs building itself was later destroyed in an IRA bomb attack in 1986.
* 27 November – 34-year-old former RUC member John Martin is shot dead by the Provisional IRA at his filling station on the Mall. Martin was from Knockamell Park in the city and was a neighbour of Charles Spence, who was had been shot dead by the IRA two weeks previously.
* 12 December 1982 – Seamus Grew (31) and Roddy Carroll (22), both members of the INLA, were shot dead while unarmed by undercover RUC members at a vehicle checkpoint at Mullacreevie Park. This became the third recent incident after which allegations were made that security forces were operating a 'shoot to kill' policy in County Armagh. Their deaths were subsequently investigated by John Stalker as part of his investigation into the Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland. Both men would later have brothers killed in the Troubles. Their deaths were featured in the 1990 film Shoot to Kill.
* 20 December – Austin Smith, a 44-year-old Catholic member of the UDR, is shot dead by the Provisional IRA as he returned to his home on the Windmill estate in a heavily nationalist part of the city. He was returning from his shift at Drumadd Barracks.

## 1983

* 21 February – 29-year-old on-duty RUC sergeant William Gordon Wilson is killed when a Provisional IRA bomb is detonated behind the door of a derelict pub in the nationalist Shambles area close to the city centre. His killing happened one day before his 30th birthday. Originally from Warrenpoint in County Down he lived in the Jubilee Park area of Armagh city.
* 9 March – James Hogg, a 23-year-old Protestant civilian and member of the Orange Order, was shot dead in what is thought to have been a sectarian revenge attack by the INLA. He was finishing work building garages at the back of the Housing Executive offices on Dobbin Street when the gunman struck. According to Lost Lives, it is assumed that he was killed in retaliation for a UVF gun attack on a Catholic man in the city earlier that day.
* 13 April – 38-year-old Territorial Army sergeant Trevor Elliott from Alexander Gardens in the city is shot dead by the Provisional IRA as he walked from his shop in Keady, south Armagh. Elliott was press officer for the Armagh branch of the Democratic Unionist Party.
* 30 July – Martin Malone, an 18-year-old unarmed Catholic civilian, is shot dead by a UDR patrol in the Callan Street area. He was among a group of youths who were asked for ID by the patrol, and when an argument then broke out between them and the UDR members he was shot once in the chest at point blank range. The patrol then immediately fled the scene, the police (once informed) took over 4 hours to respond. The UDR member who fired the fatal shot was later brought to court on manslaughter charges but was found not guilty in the non-jury trial.
* 7 September – 61-year-old Catholic RUC man John Wasson is shot dead by the INLA outside his Duke's Grove home in a nationalist area of the city. He was due to retire in five weeks.
* 8 November – Adrian Carroll, a 24-year-old hard-of-hearing Catholic civilian, is shot dead outside his home on Abbey Street by on-duty UDR man Neil Latimer. Latimer, along with three other UDR men, who became known as the UDR Four, were found guilty of his killing, with the other three later being released on appeal. The Protestant Action Force, a cover name for the UVF, claimed that it was behind the killing. The cover name had also been used by the UVF the year before to claim responsibility for the killing of Peter Corrigan in Armagh city, for which a serving UDR soldier was later convicted. Carroll's brother Roddy Carroll, an INLA member, had been shot dead in the city the year before. In the weeks leading up to his death, Adrian Carroll had reported many instances of alleged UDR harassment, including his speech being mocked and threats to kill him. Some of Carroll's brothers were involved in republican activity but he had no involvement in politics.
* 14 November – Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) chairman of Armagh District Council and part-time major in the UDR Charles Armstrong is killed in a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb explosion as he sat in his car outside the council's headquarters at the Palace Demense. Inside the council chambers that night Charles Armstrong had called for councillors to stand for a minute's silence for Adrian Carroll, who had been shot dead six days earlier in the city. This led to angry scenes as elected DUP members refused to stand. Armstrong was from St Mark's Place on the Mall. The satirist and liberal unionist commentator Newton Emerson was a nephew of the dead man and wrote about his death for the Irish Times.

## 1984

* 3 March – Herbert Burrows, a 37-year-old Protestant civilian, is killed when a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb which was attached to a door at his Alexander Road funeral parlour exploded, killing him instantly. The IRA claimed that he was a member of the UDR, something that was denied by the police and army. Burrows came from Ballinahone Avenue in the city. His father-in-law, Joseph Wilson, a member of the UDR, had been shot dead by the Provisional IRA a short distance away in 1976.
* 29 April – Thomas McGeary, a 48-year-old Catholic civilian, is killed by a booby-trap bomb planted in his car just outside Armagh city. A group calling itself 'The Irish Freedom Fighters' claimed responsibility for his death, claiming that McGeary was a 'collaborator', but the killing was widely blamed on the Provisional IRA, who were accused of using a cover name to try and deflect blame for an unpopular action. In a statement released by the IRA at the time they denied any role in it. In 2014, an article appeared in the Sinn Féin newspaper An Phoblacht condemning the killing.
* 17 December – The Officer Commanding (OC) of the Armagh city Provisional IRA, 33-year-old Sean McIlvenna, is killed by the RUC in Blackwatertown, a small village a few miles from Armagh. He had been leading an IRA unit which had just injured seven UDR soldiers, two of whom received amputations, in a 1000 lb landmine explosion when RUC officers arrived in an armoured car and opened fire on the IRA men as they escaped through a field. McIlvenna was hit by one bullet and died at the scene. He was originally from North Belfast.

## 1985

* 17 February – Catholic prison officer Patrick Kerr is shot dead by the Provisional IRA on his 37th birthday as he left 10.30 a.m Mass with his children at St Patrick's RC Cathedral in the city. Catholic Cardinal of Ireland Tomás Ó Fiaich was in his residence a short distance away and came to the scene. Kerr was from Folly Park in the city and at the time of his death had worked at the Maze Prison.
* 21 February – 30-year-old Catholic RUC member Frank Murphy is shot dead by the Provisional IRA at the gates of Drumsallen Primary School on the Battleford Road just outside Armagh city. He had just left children back to the school after they had attended a quiz the Royal School in Armagh and was driving his bus out the gates when the shooting happened. He had previously been injured in an IRA gun and grenade attack on Keady RUC barracks in 1973.

## 1986

* 1 January 1986 – James McCandless (39) and Michael Williams (24), both members of the RUC, were killed by a Provisional IRA remote controlled bomb hidden in a litter bin in Thomas Street and detonated when their foot patrol passed by at one minute into the new year. An IRA unit had taken over a house in Ogle Street and waited until the RUC foot patrol came into range of the 5 lb device. Lost Lives, the chronology which attempts to list the name of everyone who died in the Troubles, mistakenly claims that the bombing occurred in Portadown, although both officers did come from the county Armagh town.
* 16 June – Terence McKeever, a 31-year-old Armagh businessman is abducted and then shot dead by the Provisional IRA, with his body being left near the village of Cullyhanna in south Armagh. From Armagh city, although at the time living in Dublin, he had come under threat because his business, McKeever Brothers, had been carrying out work on RUC and British Army bases. He had been travelling from his home in Dublin to his place of work in Armagh city when he was abducted by the IRA somewhere near the border. A booby-trap bomb intended to kill police and soldiers was left near his body. The rifle used to kill him was found to have been used in 16 other shootings, including the killing of two senior RUC officers in what became known as the Jonesborough ambush. McKeever's sister, Karen McAnerney, alleged Garda Síochána collusion with the IRA in his death, although the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission later ruled against her. His funeral Mass took place in St Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral in Armagh city, where he had been married three months previously.

## 1987

* 5 February – Irish People's Liberation Organisation (IPLO) member Tony McCluskey is abducted by the rival INLA from his home in Mullaghmatt in Monaghan town in the Republic of Ireland and shot dead after being tortured and mutilated, with his body being left near the village of Middletown in County Armagh. He was killed as part of a bloody feud between the IPLO and the INLA, from whom the former organisation had broken away. 'Border Fox' Dessie O'Hare later admitted to the Sunday Tribune newspaper that he was responsible for McCluskey's death, saying that "We just wanted to kill him – to give him a hard death. They were a bad crowd. I had a deep hate for McCluskey and all those guys. I did not want him to die lightly." Although living in Monaghan at the time of his death, McCluskey was from Armagh city and was taken back to it for burial.
* 21 March – INLA member Kevin Barry Duffy is shot dead in the grounds of St Brigid's High School in the Nursery Road area of the city. He had been abducted by members of the rival IPLO and taken to the school where he was then shot five times. His killing was part of the same feud which had seen the death of Tony McCluskey one month earlier. The feud had started two months before on 20 January when the IPLO shot dead INLA leaders Thomas "Ta" Power and John O'Reilly in a hotel in Drogheda in County Louth and ended after Kevin Barry Duffy's death with 11 dead.

## 1988

* 25 September – 22-year-old UDR member Stephen McKinney is shot dead by the Provisional IRA on the Cabragh Road on the outskirts of Armagh. He had just finished his last shift in the regiment when he was shot outside his home. SDLP MP Seamus Mallon visited the family home to condemn the killing. A few days later in the chambers of Armagh District Council there were angry scenes when a Sinn Féin councillor disrupted a moment's silence for the dead man.

## 1989

* 17 November – David Halligan, a 57-year-old UDR member, is shot dead by the Provisional IRA on the Hamiltonsbawn Road on the outskirts of the city. He had just left Drumadd Barracks and was on his way to nearby Richhill when the gunmen struck.

## 1990

* 22 January – Derek Monteith, a 35-year-old inspector in the RUC, is shot dead by the Provisional IRA in the kitchen of his home in Kilburn Park off the Portadown Road in the city. He was the 267th RUC officer to die in the Troubles.
* 28 March – In an identical attack to the one that killed Derek Monteith, 58-year-old RUC member George Starrett is shot dead in the kitchen of his home on the Newry Road by the Provisional IRA. His younger brother, a member of the UDR, had lost both legs in an IRA attack on the Mall in 1982.
* 18 April – IPLO member Martin Corrigan from Railway Street in the city is shot dead by British Army soldiers at Kinnego, a few miles from Armagh. He had been in the garden of an RUC member's house and was getting ready to launch an attack on him when undercover soldiers shot him during a gun-battle. He was the only IPLO member to die while attacking state forces. When he was 17 he had witnessed his father Peter Corrigan, a Sinn Féin member, being shot dead by the UVF in the city.
* 24 July 1990 – Joshua Willis (35), William Hanson (37) and David Sterritt (34), all members of the RUC, and Sister Catherine Dunne, a 37-year-old Catholic nun, were killed in a Provisional IRA land mine attack on an RUC armoured patrol car at the Killylea Road on the outskirts of the city. Sr Dunne was the driver of a car coming in the opposite direction from the RUC vehicle when the explosion happened. A passenger in her car, Cathy McCann, was injured in the explosion. She was the daughter of John Gallagher, who had been shot dead by the B Specials in the city in the early days of the Troubles. David Sterritt was from Markethill, Joshua Willis was from Caledon, and William Hanson from the Killycapple Road just outside the city. The bomb contained at least 1,000 pounds of explosives and left a 20-foot crater in the road. Two men, Henry McCartney (26) and Tarlac Connolly (29), were charged with the killings. They were later given life sentences but were released in 2000 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.

## 1991

* 1 March – 24-year-old Paul Sutcliffe, who came from Lancashire in England, and 20-year-old Roger Love, from Richhill, both members of the UDR, were killed when the Provisional IRA ambushed their patrol on the Killylea Road, about half a mile from the site of an IRA bomb attack which had killed three RUC officers and a nun the previous year. Their armoured Land Rover was hit with a horizontal-firing homemade mortar bomb after it had stopped at temporary traffic lights at the bottom of the Mullacreevie housing estate. Private Love died from his injuries on 4 March. The incident became known as the Mullacreevie Ambush.
* 3 May – 56-year-old Robert Orr, an ex-member of the RUC, is killed when a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb explodes under his car as he drove along the Mall in the centre of Armagh. He was from Ashley Heights in the city and was a leading member of the Orange Order. He had left the RUC 15 years previously and the police rejected an IRA claim that he had been identified as a UDR member who had taken part in recent house searches in the city.

## 1992

* 24 February - Anne Marie Smyth, a 26-year-old Catholic mother of two from the Longstone estate in Armagh is murdered in east Belfast by the UVF after she attended what was meant to be a party in a loyalist area. She had gone to Belfast after spending some of the night drinking in Armagh, and had fallen in with a crowd of loyalist men and women who, realising that she was a Catholic from Armagh, took her to a house on Cregagh Street on the pretense of having a party. When there, Ms Smyth was followed upstairs by five men, who savagely beat and strangled her. She was then carried out of the house and taken away in the boot of a car to Ballarat Street where she had her throat slashed back to the spine. Five men, including one who was described by police in court as the UVF's East Belfast commander, and two women, were later jailed on various charges in connection with her death. One of the men who killed her, long-time UVF member Stephen Manners, was himself shot dead by loyalist paramilitaries in 2001 in what is thought to have been an internal hit.
* 18 April 1992 – Brendan McWilliams (50), a Catholic civilian employee of the British Army, was shot and killed by the IRA at his home at Nialls Crescent, off the Killylea Road.

## 1993

* 9 February – Michael Beswick (21), a member of the British Army, was killed in Cathedral Road, Armagh, when a remote-controlled bomb hidden by the Provisional IRA in a wall exploded as an army foot patrol was passing by.
* 24 February - Reginald Williamson, a 46-year-old RUC member from Armagh, is killed when a Provisional IRA booby-trap bomb explodes under his car near the village of Loughgall. His Catholic girlfriend was driving behind him in her car when the explosion happened. They had been for a night out in the County Tyrone village of Moy. In 1982, Williamson's brother Frederick Williamson had been killed along with prison officer Elizabeth Chambers in an INLA ambush on the Moy Road.

## 1994

* 28 April - Eric Smyth, a 40-year-old ex-member of the UDR, is shot dead by the Provisional IRA at the front of his home on Salter's Grange Road, on the outskirts of Armagh. The IRA wrongly claimed that he was a serving member of the Royal Irish Regiment. His widow had lost her brother, Brian McCoy, in the UVF attack on the Miami Showband in 1975.
* 18 May – Gavin McShane (17) and Shane McArdle (17), both Catholic civilians, were shot dead by the Ulster Volunteer Force, while in a taxi depot, Lower English Street, Armagh. Gavin McShane died instantly and Shane McArdle 24 hours later. A taxi driver was also injured in the attack.
* 21 May – Reginald McCollum (19), an off-duty member of the Royal Irish Regiment, was abducted and shot dead by the IRA at a field near Mullacreevie housing estate, Armagh. He had been on a stag night with friends, before being abducted, interrogated and shot nine times. He was the third member of his family to be killed in the Troubles.

## Sources


title: Cogswell's Regiment of Militia

abstract: Cogswell's Regiment of Militia also known as the 3rd Essex County Militia Regiment was called up at Ipswich, Massachusetts on April 19, 1775, during the Battles of Lexington and Concord and to guard the Massachusetts coast from July 1775 to January 1776. The regiment would also be called up on September 20, 1777, as reinforcements for the Continental Army during the Saratoga campaign. The regiment marched quickly to join the gathering forces of Gen. Horatio Gates as he faced British Gen. John Burgoyne in northern New York. The regiment served in Gen. Nixion's brigade. With the surrender of Burgoyne's Army on October 17, the regiment acted as part of the guard for the prisoners to Prospect Hill and disbanded on November 7, 1777.

text:
# Cogswell's Regiment of Militia

**Cogswell's Regiment of Militia** also known as the **3rd Essex County Militia Regiment** was called up at Ipswich, Massachusetts on April 19, 1775, during the Battles of Lexington and Concord and to guard the Massachusetts coast from July 1775 to January 1776. The regiment would also be called up on September 20, 1777, as reinforcements for the Continental Army during the Saratoga campaign. The regiment marched quickly to join the gathering forces of Gen. Horatio Gates as he faced British Gen. John Burgoyne in northern New York. The regiment served in Gen. Nixion's brigade.

With the surrender of Burgoyne's Army on October 17, the regiment acted as part of the guard for the prisoners to Prospect Hill and disbanded on November 7, 1777.

## InfoBox

| Cogswell's Regiment of Militia | |
| --- | --- |
| Active | 1775–1777 |
| Allegiance | State of Massachusetts |
| Type | Infantry |
| Part of | Massachusetts militia |
| Engagements | Bemis Heights |
| Commanders | |
| Notable<br>commanders | Jonathan Cogswell and Charles Smith |


title: Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton

abstract:
Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton was a younger son of Charles Stourton, 8th Baron Stourton and Lady Anne Stanley, daughter of Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby. His father was executed for murder in 1557. He succeeded his brother John in 1588. In 1605, in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot, Edward was imprisoned in the Tower of London due to his having received a letter from his cousin and brother-in-law, Sir Francis Tresham, telling him to be absent from Parliament. Francis was one of the leading conspirators in the plot. Nothing was proved against Edward and it emerged that several other Roman Catholic peers had received similar warnings. He was released without charge. He married his cousin, Frances Tresham, daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham and Muriel Throckmorton. Edward and Frances had six surviving children and others who died in infancy. The six who survived were:
  - Margaret, who married Sir Thomas Sulyard, Knight, of Wetherden (Suffolk)
  - Mary, who married Walter Norton, Esquire, of Sibsey
  - William Stourton, 11th Baron Stourton
  - Francis (1599–1638), who married Elizabeth Norton and had issue
  - Thomas
  - Edward

text:
# Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton

**Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton** (c. 1555 – 7 May 1633) was a younger son of Charles Stourton, 8th Baron Stourton and Lady Anne Stanley, daughter of Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby. His father was executed for murder in 1557. He succeeded his brother John in 1588.

In 1605, in the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot, Edward was imprisoned in the Tower of London due to his having received a letter from his cousin and brother-in-law, Sir Francis Tresham, telling him to be absent from Parliament. Francis was one of the leading conspirators in the plot. Nothing was proved against Edward and it emerged that several other Roman Catholic peers had received similar warnings. He was released without charge.

He married his cousin, Frances Tresham, daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham and Muriel Throckmorton. Edward and Frances had six surviving children and others who died in infancy. The six who survived were:

* Margaret, who married Sir Thomas Sulyard, Knight, of Wetherden (Suffolk)
* Mary, who married Walter Norton, Esquire, of Sibsey
* William Stourton, 11th Baron Stourton (d. 25 April 1672)
* Francis (1599–1638), who married Elizabeth Norton and had issue
* Thomas (died 1669)
* Edward

* Kidd, Charles and Williamson, David (editors). *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage* (1995 edition). London: St. Martin's Press, 1995,
* Prob. 11/163/627, testament of 4 July 1632.
* Botolph, Charles, *The History of the Noble House of Stourton, of Stourton, in the County of Wilts*, 1899.


title: Christos Demetriou

abstract: Chris Demetriou, known as Chris Dee, born in Paphos, Cyprus, is a British songwriter, musician, and record producer. A cover of a song he co-wrote with John Kongos, "He's Gonna Step On You Again", appears in Q magazine's top hundred singles of all time.

text:
# Christos Demetriou

**Chris Demetriou, known as Chris Dee,** born in Paphos, Cyprus, is a British songwriter, musician, and record producer. A cover of a song he co-wrote with John Kongos, "He's Gonna Step On You Again" (which later became "Step On" by the alternative dance band Happy Mondays), appears in  *magazine's* top hundred singles of all time.

## Music career

Demetriou began his professional music career as a teenager, playing keyboards for the Johannesburg R&B group, John E Sharpe & the Squires. He appeared on the group's most successful singles, including covers of The Kinks' "Stop Your Sobbing" and Paul Simon's "I Am A Rock", as well as their *Maybelline* album.

Demetriou left South Africa for London with fellow musician John Kongos and the pair formed the psychedelic rock group, Floribunda Rose. However, the band soon changed its name to Scrugg and recorded a number of singles on the Pye label, with producer John Schroder and new drummer, Henry Spinetti. Scrugg enjoyed limited success, with their double A-side "One Way Street" and "Linda Loves Linda" receiving significant airplay but failing to perform well in the charts. The songwriting partnership of Kongos/Demetriou proved to be more successful than the groups they were in – with two songs reaching the top five in the UK Singles Chart and another, sung by Bond girl Daliah Lavi, reaching number one in Germany and Switzerland. Some of their early work, including recordings by Floribunda Rose and Scrugg, were released on the compilation *Lavender Popcorn* in 2001. They also wrote the music for the British cult film *A Promise of Bed* directed by Derek Ford and starring John Bird, Victor Spinetti and Dennis Waterman.

Demetriou's most notable songwriting credit is for "He's Gonna Step on You Again", along with Kongos. The original version was released by Kongos and made it into the UK Singles Chart for 14 weeks – reaching No. 4 in May 1971. The song was notably covered by the Happy Mondays (retitled as "Step On") and this version was listed at number 77 in "The Top 100 Greatest Singles of All Time", published in the February 1999 edition of *Q* magazine. Demetriou again collaborated with Kongos on his follow-up single, "Great White Lady" but it did not enter the top twenty of the UK chart.

In 1970, Demetriou started to work with Tony Defries at Gem Productions and then with MainMan on David Bowie's material.

Demetriou changed direction in 1972 and became a full-time record producer. One of his first recordings was a single with the group Milkwood. After quitting the New Seekers, Laurie Heath, Chris Barrington and Sally Graham formed Milkwood and they released three singles for Warner Bros., two of which Demetriou produced.Barry Krost signed the young record producer to BKN Management and Demetriou started working with Mike d'Abo, formerly of Manfred Mann, producing *Down at Rachael's Place* and *Little MissUnderstood*. As a result of being signed to the same management company, Demetriou collaborated with Cat Stevens in the recording of the album *Buddha and the Chocolate Box*. During these early years, Demetriou produced ten albums and over a dozen singles, including five albums for A&M Records (see Discography).

By the mid-1970s, Demetriou had become an A&R manager / record producer for Decca Records, during which time he signed and recorded Robert Campbell, whose album *Living in the Shadow* was put forward by Decca for a Grammy Award nomination. Between the years 1984 and 1988, ACTS International (his South African record label, distributed by MFP), released three top five singles and one top twenty album — all of which were produced by Demetriou. In 2015, Demetriou ventured back into the music business and started a new record label, Red Letter Music.

## Discography

Production credits * "The Lady Wants More" / Hayden Wood (7" Single) NEMS 1969
* "House Beside the Mine" / Hayden Wood (7" Single) NEMS 1969
* *Down At Rachel's Place* / Mike d'Abo (12" LP) A&M Records 1972
* "About Your Love" / Milkwood (7" Single) Warner Bros 1972
* "I'm a Song (Sing Me)" / Milkwood (7" Single) Warner Bros June 1972
* *Lookin' Through* / Demick & Armstrong (12" LP) A&M Records 1972
* *Travis* / Travis (12" LP) A&M Records 1972
* *Shine On Me* / Paul Travis (12" LP) A&M Records 1973
* *Buddha and the Chocolate Box* / Cat Stevens (12" LP) Island Records 1974
* *Return Of The Native* / Paul Travis (12" LP) A&M Records 1975
* "Higher Than Heaven" / Buggati & Musker (Demo) Decca 1976
* *Living In The Shadow* / Robert Campbell (12" LP) Decca Records 1977
* *Crawler* / Crawler / (12" LP) CBS 1977
* *Straight From The Hip* / Liar (12" LP) Decca Records 1977
* "Looking Kinda Rock & Roll" / Darling (7" Single) Charisma 1978
* "Ain't No Water" / Linday Hayes (7" Single) Charisma 1978
* "I'll Be Your Rock & Roll Slave" / Lynda Hayes (7" Single) 1978
* "Fast at Seventeen" / Lee Fardon (7" Single) Arista 1978
* *Come Holy Spirit* / Vinesong (12" LP) WEA 1984
* "Champions of Love" / Tom Inglis (7" Single) ACTS 1985
* "Destined to Win" / Tom Inglis (7" Single) ACTS 1985
* "What Have We Done To The World" (7" Single) ACTS 1985
* *Jubillee Africa* / Friends First (12" LP) 1986
* "Wild World" / Pierre de Charmoy (7" Single) EMI 1987

Artist credits * *Maybelline*, John E Sharpe & the Squires (12" LP) RPM 1965
* "Stop Your Sobbing", John E Sharpe & the Squires (7" Single)
* "I Am A Rock", John E Sharpe & the Squires (7" Single) RPM Records 1965
* "I'll Explain" / "Yours For The Picking" / "Monkey Shine", Savage Sounds of Africa, Beat Records 1965
* "One Way Street"/ "Linda Loves Linda" – Floribunda Rose (7" Single) Pye Records 1967
* "Lavender Popcorn", Scrugg (7" Single) Pye Records 1968
* "Everyone Can See", Scrugg (7" Single) Pye Records 1968
* "I Wish I Was Five", Scrugg (7" Single) Pye Records 1969

Songwriting credits * "The House Beside The Mine" / Hayden Wood (7" Single) NEMS 1969
* "Deserts Of Mountains Of Men" (LP) *Confusions About A Goldfish* / John Kongos / Dawn Records 1969
* "Seat By The Window" (LP) *Confusions About A Goldfish* / John Kongos / Dawn Records 1969
* "Coming Back To You" (LP) *Confusions About A Goldfish* / John Kongos / Dawn Records 1969
* "He's Gonna Step On You Again" with John Kongos (12" Single) Fly Records 1971;
* "Gold" / Olivia Newton-John (LP track) EMI 1972;
* "Inside Your Shadow" / Espanola (Comp) Essex 1972;
* "Let The Love Grow (In Your Heart)", Daliah Lavi (Single) Polydor 1973;
* "Blaze of Glory" / "He's Gonna Step on You Again" / Exploding White Mice (7", Single B-side only) Greasy Pop Records 1987
* "He's Gonna Step on You Again", Chantoozies (Single and Album) Mushroom Records 1989
* "Pills 'N Thrills And Bellyaches" (LP) *Step On*, London Records 1990
* "Lavender Popcorn", with Floribunda Rose & Scrugg (Comp CD) 2001
* "Kongos" / John Kongos (Comp CD) Collectors' Choice Music 2001
* "(He's Gonna) Step on You" (*Have A Little Faith* – CD/Album) John Swan, Liberation Music 2007

## InfoBox

| Chris Demetriou | |
| --- | --- |
| Birth name | Christos Demetriou |
| Also known as | Chris Dee |
| Genres | * R&B * pop |
| Instrument(s) | Keyboards, piano, guitar |
| Years active | 1966–present |


title: 1906 in Brazilian football

abstract: The following article presents a summary of the 1906 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 5th season of competitive football in the country.

text:
# 1906 in Brazilian football

The following article presents a summary of the **1906 football (soccer) season in Brazil**, which was the 5th season of competitive football in the country.

## Campeonato Paulista

**Final Standings**

| Position | Team | Points | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | For | Against | Difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Germânia | 12 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 8 | 8 |
| 2 | SC Internacional de São Paulo | 8 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 13 | -1 |
| 3 | Paulistano | 3 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 21 | -13 |
| 4 | Mackenzie | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 4 | São Paulo Athletic | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |

Mackenzie abandoned the competition, its matches were canceled and the points in the remaining matches were awarded to the club's opponents. São Paulo Athletic matches were canceled, as the club abandoned the competition.

Germânia declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

## Campeonato Carioca

**Final Standings**

| Position | Team | Points | Played | Won | Drawn | Lost | For | Against | Difference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Fluminense | 18 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 52 | 6 | 46 |
| 2 | Paysandu | 14 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 26 | 12 | 14 |
| 3 | Rio Cricket | 12 | 10 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 23 | 9 | 14 |
| 4 | Botafogo | 8 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 18 | 34 | -16 |
| 5 | Bangu | 6 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 18 | -5 |
| 6 | Football & Athletic | 2 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 2 | 55 | -53 |

Fluminense declared as the Campeonato Carioca champions.

## State championship champions

| State | Champion |
| --- | --- |
| Bahia | São Salvador |
| Rio de Janeiro (DF) | Fluminense |
| São Paulo | Germânia |

## InfoBox

Football in Brazil
| Season | 1906 |
| --- | --- |
|  | |


title: Sino-Japanese War

abstract:
Sino-Japanese War most often refers to:
  - The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), between China and Japan, primarily over control of Korea
  - The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), began between China and Japan in 1937, eventually becoming part of World War II in December 1941 when China joined the Allies and officially declared war against Japan It may also refer to:
  - Baekje–Tang War (660–663), fought between Baekje and the allied forces of Tang and Silla between 660 and 663; it was in some respect a spillover of the, at the time, ongoing Goguryeo–Tang War
  - Battle of Baekgang (663), a battle between Baekje restoration forces and their ally, Yamato Japan, against the allied forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty of ancient China
  - Goguryeo–Tang War (645–668), was fought between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty. During the course of the war, the two sides allied with various other states.
  - Ningbo incident (1523)
  - Jiajing wokou raids (1542–1567), by Chinese-led international merchant-pirates on Ming dynasty China
  - Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), was a full-scale war between a Ming dynasty and Joseon coalition and the invading Japanese
  - Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1616), Japanese attempted conquest in Taiwan
  - Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874), Japanese punitive expedition against the Paiwan people
  - Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895) of the ex-Qing, Chinese-inhabited Republic of Formosa
  - Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901), where Japan was part of the Eight-Nation Alliance that invaded Qing dynasty China to crush the Boxers
  - Jinan incident (1928), between Japanese-backed warlords and the Kuomintang
  - Japanese invasion of Manchuria, in 1931
  - Pacification of Manchukuo, from 1931 to 1942
  - January 28 Incident (1932), between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan in, and around, Shanghai
  - Defense of the Great Wall (1933), of Rehe (province) and subsequent Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)
  - Burma Campaign, of World War II from 1942 to 1945, where the Chinese fought the Japanese Burma Army on the north wing of the campaign, in aid of British Empire forces

text:
# Sino-Japanese War

**Sino-Japanese War** most often refers to:

* The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), between China (Qing dynasty) and Japan (Empire of Japan), primarily over control of Korea
* The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), began between China (Republic of China) and Japan (Empire of Japan) in 1937, eventually becoming part of World War II in December 1941 when China joined the Allies and officially declared war against Japan

It may also refer to:


title: Roztoky (Rakovník District)

abstract: Roztoky is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. It is located on the Berounka River.

text:
# Roztoky (Rakovník District)

**Roztoky** is a municipality and village in Rakovník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. It is located on the Berounka River.

## Demographics

Historical population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | 782 |  |
| 1880 | 903 | +15.5% |
| 1890 | 933 | +3.3% |
| 1900 | 943 | +1.1% |
| 1910 | 864 | −8.4% |
| 1921 | 1,082 | +25.2% |
| 1930 | 1,024 | −5.4% |
| 1950 | 848 | −17.2% |
| 1961 | 873 | +2.9% |
| 1970 | 840 | −3.8% |
| 1980 | 1,100 | +31.0% |
| 1991 | 1,156 | +5.1% |
| 2001 | 1,026 | −11.2% |
| 2011 | 1,074 | +4.7% |
| 2021 | 1,013 | −5.7% |
| Source: Censuses | | |

## InfoBox

| Roztoky | |
| --- | --- |
| Municipality | |
| Aerial view | |
|  | |
| RoztokyLocation in the Czech Republic | |
| Coordinates: 50°1′36″N 13°52′5″E / 50.02667°N 13.86806°E / 50.02667; 13.86806 | |
| Country | Czech Republic |
| Region | Central Bohemian |
| District | Rakovník |
| First mentioned | 1406 |
| Area | |
| Total | 22.21 km2 (8.58 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 275 m (902 ft) |
| Population (2024-01-01) | |
| Total | 1,046 |
| Density | 47/km2 (120/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 270 23 |
| Website | www.obec-roztoky.cz |


title: Cielmów

abstract: Cielmów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuplice, within Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Tuplice, 20 km (12 mi) west of Żary, and 55 km (34 mi) south-west of Zielona Góra.

text:
# Cielmów

**Cielmów** \[ˈt͡ɕɛlmuf\] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuplice, within Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Tuplice, 20 km (12 mi) west of Żary, and 55 km (34 mi) south-west of Zielona Góra.

## InfoBox

| Cielmów | |
| --- | --- |
| Village | |
| Cielmów | |
| Coordinates: 51°40′N 14°51′E / 51.667°N 14.850°E / 51.667; 14.850 | |
| Country | Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lubusz |
| County | Żary |
| Gmina | Tuplice |
| Population | 346 |


title: Linaria bipartita

abstract: Linaria bipartita is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name clovenlip toadflax. It is native to Morocco, but it can be found elsewhere as an introduced species and it is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall with linear leaves 3 to 5 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers occupying the top of the stem. The flower is about 2 centimeters long with five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end. The flower is often reddish purple in color, but flowers of many different colors are bred for the garden. The fruit is a spherical capsule about 2 millimeters wide.

text:
# Linaria bipartita

***Linaria bipartita*** is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name **clovenlip toadflax**. It is native to Morocco, but it can be found elsewhere as an introduced species and it is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall with linear leaves 3 to 5 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers occupying the top of the stem. The flower is about 2 centimeters long with five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end. The flower is often reddish purple in color, but flowers of many different colors are bred for the garden. The fruit is a spherical capsule about 2 millimeters wide.

## InfoBox

| *Linaria bipartita* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | *Linaria* |
| Species: | ***L. bipartita*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Linaria bipartita***<br>(Vent.) Willd. | |
|


title: Justine Ward

abstract: Justine Bayard Ward was a musical educator who developed a system for teaching music to children known as the Ward Method.

text:
# Justine Ward

**Justine Bayard Ward** (née **Cutting**; Morristown, New Jersey, August 7, 1879 – Washington, D.C., November 27, 1975) was a musical educator who developed a system for teaching music to children known as the Ward Method.

## Early life

Justine Bayard Cutting was born on August 7, 1879, in Morristown, New Jersey, to William Bayard Cutting (1850–1912), a founder of the Metropolitan Opera, and Olivia Peyton Cutting (née Murray; 1855–1949). Her siblings included William Bayard Cutting Jr. (1878–1910), who married Lady Sybil Marjorie Cuffe and was the father of Iris Origo, Bronson Murray Cutting (1888–1935), a U.S. Senator from New Mexico, and Olivia Murray Cutting (1892–1963), who married Henry James (1879–1947).

Her paternal grandparents were Fulton Cutting (1816–1875) and Elise Justine Bayard (1823–1852), the poet. She was descended from the Bayard, Schuyler and Van Cortlandt families of Colonial New York, and was a direct descendant of Stephen Van Rensselaer IV, the last patroon of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, and William Bayard Jr. (1761–1826), a prominent New York City banker.

## Career

She was the first woman in the world to develop an American elementary music education method, which predates the Kodály, Orff, and Dalcroze methods, and contains all the same basic elements, with an emphasis on music literacy and aesthetic interpretation.

The Ward method of music education was created in the early part of the twentieth century to promote the use of liturgical chant by teaching children vocal music reading skills. Its author, Justine Bayard Ward, was a newcomer to the Catholic Church and to the field of education, yet her approach proved successful and spread throughout the United States, Europe and other parts of the world. The ancient tradition of choral training in the Church, Ward's upbringing, her musical training and aesthetic inclinations, and her zeal in furthering the liturgical and musical reforms of Pius X fostered the ideal environment for the creation of the Ward method.

Evidence shows that the materials and procedures were largely appropriations of pre-existing ideas. For example, the work in sight-singing was taken from the Galin-Paris-Chevé school, which flourished in nineteenth-century France, and the educational philosophy originated from her publisher, Rev. Thomas Shields. Ward's mentor, Rev. John Young, S.J., had combined bel canto vocal technique with Chevé exercises and, under Shields's guidance, Ward reshaped it. Separation of musical elements, principally rhythm and pitch, and graduated exercises were key ingredients Ward inherited from Chevé. Students learned accurate pitch discrimination through daily sight-singing drills where numbers corresponded to the sung solfège syllables in moveable "do."

Justine Ward's contributions lie in skillfully incorporating the Galin-Paris-Chevé sight-singing drills, Young's vocal training, and Shields' theories of aesthetics and childhood development to attain her goal of teaching children music of quality. The repertoire consisted of classical melodies, European folk tunes, and Gregorian chant. Another original contribution was the inclusion of the Solesmes method of rhythm, and the teaching of its rhythms through body movement; Ward had traveled to France specifically to learn from the Benedictines of Solesmes.

The Ward method spread through several avenues. Catholic Education Press began systematic publication of textbooks in the 1910s. Leaders in Catholic education were won over by demonstrations led by Justine Ward. More importantly, the Ward method spread through teacher training courses. It evolved in subsequent publications largely due to her recasting the material to reflect trends in music education. The newer rhythmic theories in Gregorian chant, which depart from the Solesmes method that Ward championed, are one of the leading reasons many still oppose using the Ward Method. This ignores the musical literacy contribution Ward made to elementary music education methods in the United States, and places all emphasis on chant. "The Ward method teaches students how to sing and read music with ease and skill. Its predecessors were Rousseau and Galin-Paris-Chevé, who developed a method of reading music in numbers for solfege, rather than beginning with the traditional staff. Ward evolved a method that incorporated staff notation so that there is no gap in learning. This method is designed with progressive education ideals in mind, such as learning through the discovery of facts in sequential steps." While the Solesmes method is quite simplistic, due to being the pioneer of modern chant revitalization, it is easy to learn and teach to children and adults, making it an ideal spring board for later learning. The Ward Method remains an outstanding method of teaching music literacy, with or without chant.

## Personal life

In 1901, she married George Cabot Ward (1876–1936). They divorced and the marriage was later annulled.

Ward died at her home, in Washington, D.C., on November 27, 1975.

### Legacy

In 1944, the Order of Malta awarded her the Croce di Benemerenza, and from Pope Pius XII, she received the Cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifica. She held honorary doctorates from the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music in Rome and Catholic University.

Located just behind the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, the School of Music building of the Catholic University of America was partially donated by and named for her.

## InfoBox

| Justine Ward | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | Justine Bayard Cutting
(1879-08-07)August 7, 1879
Morristown, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | November 27, 1975(1975-11-27) (aged 96)
Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Spouse | George Cabot Ward
(m. 1901, divorced) |
| Parent(s) | William Bayard Cutting
Olivia Peyton Murray |
| Relatives | William Bayard Cutting Jr. (brother)
Bronson Murray Cutting (brother)
Henry James (brother-in-law)
Iris Origo (niece)
Elise Justine Bayard (grandmother) |


abstract:
The Ten Commandments of Nouvelle Cuisine aim to set general guidelines for cooking nouvelle cuisine. These commandments were published by the French food journalist Henri Gault. The commandments are as follows:
  - Thou shalt not overcook.
  - Thou shalt use fresh, quality products.
  - Thou shalt lighten thy menu.
  - Thou shalt not be systematically modernist.
  - Thou shalt nevertheless seek out what the new techniques can bring you.
  - Thou shalt avoid pickles, cured game meats, fermented foods, etc.
  - Thou shalt eliminate rich sauces.
  - Thou shalt not ignore dietetics.
  - Thou shalt not doctor up thy presentations.
  - Thou shalt be inventive.

text:
# The Ten Commandments of Nouvelle Cuisine

**The Ten Commandments of Nouvelle Cuisin**e aim to set general guidelines for cooking nouvelle cuisine. These commandments were published by the French food journalist Henri Gault. The commandments are as follows:

1. *Thou shalt not overcook.*
2. *Thou shalt use fresh, quality products.*
3. *Thou shalt lighten thy menu.*
4. *Thou shalt not be systematically modernist.*
5. *Thou shalt nevertheless seek out what the new techniques can bring you.*
6. *Thou shalt avoid pickles, cured game meats, fermented foods, etc.*
7. *Thou shalt eliminate rich sauces.*
8. *Thou shalt not ignore dietetics.*
9. *Thou shalt not doctor up thy presentations.*
10. *Thou shalt be inventive.*


title: Starship Hector

abstract: Hector '87 Starship Hector, originally released as Hector '87 (ヘクター'87), is a scrolling shooter developed and published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game contains both horizontally and vertically scrolling segments. The player's starship has two modes of fire: one to tackle flying enemies and one for ground-based ones. Starship Hector is a follow-up to Hudson Soft's earlier shooter Star Soldier, itself inspired by Tecmo's Star Force, an arcade game that Hudson had ported to the Famicom in 1985. The background music of Starship Hector was reused as background music in Super Star Soldier. The theme also appears in the Wii game Kororinpa, which itself has many themes from older Hudson Soft games. The game was released in 1995 for the Super Famicom, along with Star Force and Star Soldier, in the Caravan Shooting Collection released exclusively in Japan.

text:
# Starship Hector

***Starship Hector***, originally released as ***Hector '87*** (ヘクター'87), is a scrolling shooter developed and published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game contains both horizontally and vertically scrolling segments. The player's starship has two modes of fire: one to tackle flying enemies and one for ground-based ones.

*Starship Hector* is a follow-up to Hudson Soft's earlier shooter *Star Soldier*, itself inspired by Tecmo's *Star Force*, an arcade game that Hudson had ported to the Famicom in 1985. The background music of *Starship Hector* was reused as background music in *Super Star Soldier*. The theme also appears in the Wii game *Kororinpa*, which itself has many themes from older Hudson Soft games.

The game was released in 1995 for the Super Famicom, along with *Star Force* and *Star Soldier*, in the *Caravan Shooting Collection* released exclusively in Japan.

## InfoBox

| Starship Hector | |
| --- | --- |
| North American cover art | |
| Developer(s) | Hudson Soft |
| Publisher(s) | Hudson Soft |
| Composer(s) | Takeaki Kunimoto |
| Platform(s) | Nintendo Entertainment System |
| Release |  |
| Genre(s) | Scrolling shooter |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Edward Stourton, 6th Baron Stourton

abstract: Edward Stourton, 6th Baron Stourton (1463–1535) was a younger son of William, the second Baron Stourton and Margaret Chidiock, daughter of Sir John Chidiock, sometimes called Lord FitzPayne. He succeeded his elder brother William in 1523. The sixth Baron was a justice of the peace, entrusted with the task of collecting £163,000 by poll-tax. He reached a considerable age, but was described by his son William as being "feeble and infirm" in his last years; William asked that his father be excused attendance at the House of Lords in view of his age and infirmity. He married Agnes Fauntleroy, daughter of John Fauntleroy of Dorset, and had three sons. He was succeeded by his son William in 1535.

text:
# Edward Stourton, 6th Baron Stourton

**Edward Stourton, 6th Baron Stourton** (1463–1535) was a younger son of William, the second Baron Stourton and Margaret Chidiock, daughter of Sir John Chidiock, sometimes called Lord FitzPayne.

He succeeded his elder brother William in 1523. The sixth Baron was a justice of the peace, entrusted with the task of collecting £163,000 by poll-tax.

He reached a considerable age, but was described by his son William as being "feeble and infirm" in his last years; William asked that his father be excused attendance at the House of Lords in view of his age and infirmity.

He married Agnes Fauntleroy, daughter of John Fauntleroy of Dorset, and had three sons. He was succeeded by his son William in 1535.

* Kidd, Charles and David Williamson (editors). *Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage* (1995 edition). London: St. Martin's Press, 1995.


title: Christine Bell (athlete)

abstract: Christine Bell née Perera, is a female former athlete who competed for England.

text:
# Christine Bell (athlete)

**Christine Bell** née **Perera** (born 1949), is a female former athlete who competed for England.

## Athletics career

She represented England and won a bronze medal in the 100 metres hurdles, at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland.

In 1968 she became English champion over 100 m hurdles, 1968 and 1970 over 200 m hurdles and 1969 English indoor champion over 60 m hurdles. On 3 June 1967 in Blackburn she set an unofficial world-best time over 100 m hurdles with 13.7 s. In 1969 she won bronze at the European Indoor Games in Belgrade over 50 m hurdles and competed in the 1969 European Athletics Championships.

## InfoBox

Christine Bell
| Personal information | |
| --- | --- |
| Nationality | England |
| Born | (1949-10-11) 11 October 1949 |
| Medal record      Athletics  Representing  England  Commonwealth Games  1970 Edinburgh  100m hurdles | |


title: 1906 in Afghanistan

abstract: The following lists events that happened during 1906 in Afghanistan. There are no internal disturbances and no disputes with foreign neighbours during the year. Even the usual rumours of differences and intrigues within the royal family have ceased. All its members are apparently on excellent terms.

text:
# 1906 in Afghanistan

The following lists events that happened during **1906 in Afghanistan**.

There are no internal disturbances and no disputes with foreign neighbours during the year. Even the usual rumours of differences and intrigues within the royal family have ceased. All its members are apparently on excellent terms.

## Incumbents

## Summer 1906

The *amir* makes a three months' tour of inspection through Jalalabad and the adjoining districts, and during his absence Sardar Nasrullah Khan acts as governor of Kabul with considerable success.

## September 15, 1906

The relations between the *amir* and the government of India having continued to be most friendly, the *amir* holds a great durbar at Kabul, in which he informs his chiefs of the viceroy's invitation to him to visit India, and of his acceptance of it. He explains that the visit will be purely one of friendship and courtesy, all political questions having been finally settled by the treaty of 1905. By the close of the year the *amir*, with his escort and a large following of chiefs, has reached the frontier, and his visit passes off most satisfactorily.

## InfoBox

|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Decades: |  |
| See also: | Other events of 1906<br>List of years in Afghanistan |


title: Sir Thomas Carew, 1st Baronet

abstract: Sir Thomas Carew, 1st Baronet of Haccombe, Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1674.

text:
# Sir Thomas Carew, 1st Baronet

**Sir Thomas Carew, 1st Baronet** (1632 – September 1673) of Haccombe, Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1661 to 1674.

## Early life

He was baptised on 21 June 1632 and was the eldest son and heir of Thomas Carew (d. 1656) of Haccombe by his wife, Anna Clifford (d. 1656), daughter of the Rev John Clifford of Ugbrooke.

## Career

In 1649 he was admitted at the Middle Temple. He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 12 November 1650 and was awarded BA on 11 February 1653 and MA on 28 June 1655. He succeeded to the estate at Haccombe on the death of his father on 6 December 1656.

Carew was created baronet on 2 August 1661. In 1661 he was elected Member of Parliament for Tiverton in the Cavalier Parliament and sat until his death in 1674.

## Marriages and children

Carew married firstly in or before 1653 to Elizabeth Carew, daughter of Sir Henry Carew of Bickleigh Castle, near Tiverton by his wife, Dorothy Mohun, daughter of Sir Reginald Mohun of Cornwall. They had six children. He married, secondly, by licence dated 20 June 1672, Martha Duck (d. 1674), widow of Nicholas Duck (1630–1667) of Mount Radford, Exeter and daughter and co-heiress of Arthur Duck, MP for Minehead.


title: Slavonski Brod

abstract: Slavonski Brod, commonly shortened to simply Brod, is a city in eastern Croatia, near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Being one of the principal cities in the historical regions of Slavonia and Posavina, Slavonski Brod is the 7th largest city in the country, with a population of 59,141 at the 2011 census. It is the centre of Brod-Posavina County and a major river port on the Sava river.

text:
# Slavonski Brod

**Slavonski Brod** (pronounced \[slǎʋoːnskiː brôːd\], *Slavonian Brod*), commonly shortened to simply **Brod**, is a city in eastern Croatia, near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Being one of the principal cities in the historical regions of Slavonia and Posavina, Slavonski Brod is the 7th largest city in the country, with a population of 59,141 at the 2011 census. It is the centre of Brod-Posavina County and a major river port on the Sava river.

## Names

Although *brod* means 'ship' in modern Croatian, the city's name bears witness to an older meaning - 'water crossing', 'ford'.

Among the names historically in use: *Marsonia* in the Roman Empire, *Brood* (in Slawonien) in the German speaking Austrian period, *Brod na Savi* after 1934.

The ancient name "Marsonia" probably comes from the Proto-Indo-European word \*mory (marsh), and the same root is seen in the nearby toponyms such as "Mursa" and "Mariniana".

## Geography

The city is located 197 kilometres (122 miles) southeast of Zagreb and at an elevation of 96 metres (315 feet). It developed at the strategically important crossing over the Sava river toward Bosanski Brod in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian city was called Bosanski Brod until 2009.

Slavonski Brod is an important intersection of the Posavina part of the highway and a railway junction, since it is located on the highway linking ZagrebLipovacBelgrade (E70, A3) and the ZagrebVinkovciBelgrade railway. The ship port "Brod" on the Sava river is under construction.

There is also a new modern highway under construction, on the Pan-European Corridor Vc, which will connect Northern Europe and Hungary with Croatia (through the region of Slavonia), and Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia (through the coastal region of Dalmatia). The alignment of this highway is approximately at a 19 km (12 mi) distance from the center of the town. With the completion of this route, the area of the town Slavonski Brod will become one of the major highway intersections in this part of Europe connecting directions west–east and north–south.

## Demographics

Slavonski Brod is the sixth largest city in Croatia, after Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek and Zadar.

Brod is the center of a built-up area of more than 110,000 inhabitants including Brod in Bosnia, Sibinj, Bukovlje, Brodski Stupnik, Podcrkavlje, Gornja Vrba and Klakar.

The following settlements comprise the administrative area of Slavonski Brod:

Historical population
of Slavonski Brod
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1880 | 5,872 |  |
| 1890 | 6,940 | +18.2% |
| 1900 | 9,627 | +38.7% |
| 1910 | 13,193 | +37.0% |
| 1921 | 13,729 | +4.1% |
| 1931 | 19,203 | +39.9% |
| 1948 | 20,196 | +5.2% |
| 1953 | 23,116 | +14.5% |
| 1961 | 30,093 | +30.2% |
| 1971 | 40,043 | +33.1% |
| 1981 | 49,153 | +22.8% |
| 1991 | 57,229 | +16.4% |
| 2001 | 64,612 | +12.9% |
| 2011 | 59,141 | −8.5% |
| Source: Naselja i stanovništvo Republike Hrvatske 1857–2001, DZS, Zagreb, 2005 | | |

**City of Slavonski Brod**: Population trends 1857–2021**Sources**: Croatian Bureau of Statistics publications

## History

A favorable geographical location, pleasant continental climate, fertile soil and being in the vicinity of the river Sava have all resulted with the city being inhabited since a prehistoric age.

### Prehistory

The northeastern part of the city, at Galovo, recently revealed a rich deposit of the Starčevo culture, dating in the Early Stone Age. Besides the fact that this is the largest archaeological finding in northern Croatia, it proves that the locality of Brod has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years.

### Roman period

The first historical settlement in Brod dates from Roman times, the settlement being known as *Marsonia*. It is still disputed whether Marsonia was a postal station, lodging for the night or an actual settlement.

The Peutinger map refers to Marsonia as Marsonie, while the work "Notitia Dignitatum" has Marsonia under the name of "Auxilia Ascaria Tauruno sive Marsonia". The issue of Marsonia becoming a city has been tackled by the publishers of Ptolemy's geography, dating from the 16th century. The first geographer who located the position of Marsonia at the locality of Brod was Abraham Ortelius, who, in his atlas Theatrum orbis terrarum (Antwerp 1590) published a map, the objective of which was to reconstruct and connect the antic names of Panonian and Illyric settlements with the towns of that time. It was he who placed Marsonia at today's location of Brod.

Peutinger's table clearly shows that Marsonia initially existed next to the Sava river, at the place where the Roman road crossed the river. The first Croatian expert, claiming that the Roman MARSVNNIA was located where Brod is now is Matija Petar Katančić, giving this assertion additional support.

### Before the Yugoslav breakup

The Slavs settled in the area of the city in the 6th century. The name of the town is mentioned for the first time in Bela IV of Hungary's charter, dated 1224. The Vukovac fortress was built in the 15th century, subsequently damaged by the Turks. The Ottoman Empire controlled the settlement from 1536 until 1691, when it was ceded to the Empire of Austria, as confirmed by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Until 1918, Brod (named *Brood* before 1850) remained in the Austrian monarchy (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia after the compromise of 1867), in the Slavonian Military Frontier, under the administration of the *Brooder Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment N°VII* until 1881. A huge Vauban type fortress was built east of Vukovac.

Alongside its defence role the city saw steady development of crafts and commerce. The education and culture were strongly dominated by the Franciscans. The 20th century was a period of strong economic growth of the city, with the 1920s being called "the Golden Age of Brod". The city's current name dates from 1934 when it was changed from Brod na Savi.

From 1941 to 1945 the city was part of the Independent State of Croatia. The town was heavily bombed by the Allies in 1944 and 1945. The bombing resulted in damage to 80% of the buildings in Slavonski Brod. The bombing resulted in 897 civilian deaths, 244 military deaths, 208 wounded civilians, and 28 military wounded in Slavonski Brod and Bosanski Brod. Historical Archive of Slavonski Brod was established in the city in 1959.

In 1990 democratic reforms legalised the formation of political parties other than the League of Communists of Croatia. In Slavonski Brod, the first parties formed were the Croatian Democratic Union and the Croatian Democratic Party.

### During the Yugoslav Wars

During the Yugoslav wars, Slavonski Brod came under heavy bombardment from Bosnian Serb forces, positioned across the border in Bosanska Posavina, between April and October 1992, during Operation Corridor 92. A total of 11,651 artillery shells and fourteen 9K52 Luna-M rockets were fired against the city, and 130 bombs were dropped from the air, resulting in the deaths of 116 civilians, including 27 children.

## Politics

### Minority councils

Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Roma and Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 15 members minority councils of the City of Slavonski Brod while Bosniaks of Croatia elected individual representative.

## Economy

The city's economy is based on farming, viticulture, fruit growing, metal-processing, timber (furniture wood, parquetry), textiles (ready-made), leather, foodstuffs (brewery), building material (lime), and printing industries.

Slavonski Brod is also home to some of the most important metal companies in Southeastern Europe, the Djuro Djakovic consortium, consisting of a number of factories producing very diverse products, mainly for export. The consortium is capable of producing: locomotives, tramways, wagons, bridges, industrial plants, nuclear reactors, car parts, heavily armed vehicles, armoured fighting vehicles, including main battle tanks and mine warfare vehicles, agricultural machinery, etc.

Service industries are becoming rapidly important, especially tourism. The city has an important cultural heritage, including a fortress and a Franciscan monastery with a rich library.

## Cultural heritage

The Brod Fortress from the Baroque period, was constructed during the Austro-Hungarian Empire to serve as a stronghold against the Ottoman Empire, which was situated on the other bank of the Sava river. It is in the Vauban style, named after one of the best European experts in the building of fortifications in 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of Europe's best preserved fortresses, and also one of the biggest on the former Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier. In a way, it is the continental obverse of Diocletian's Palace in Split, by its monumentality.

The city's Franciscan monastery dates from the 18th century, and is also Baroque in style, with exceptional architecture, especially of the church yard, and monastery church interior, with its beautiful altar and paintings. In 1720, a faculty of philosophy was opened here.

The most important annual cultural event in the town is the children's festival 'In the World of the Fairy Tales of Writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić', in April and May. The Brodsko kolo, an annual show of original folklore, is held in mid-June, while the Festival of Patriotic Folk Songs takes place in May. The artistic 'Sava' colony cherishes the tradition of watercolour painting.

One of the attractions of Slavonski Brod is a beautiful central town square, one of the two or three biggest in all of Croatia, Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić square, named after a popular children's writer, whose house is on the square. This square is also home to numerous cultural events and has a perfect view of the beautiful Sava river. The square is also dotted with galleries, book stores, cafes, night clubs, and shops, making it a center for entertainment. Close to the square, another attraction is the romantic promenade next to the Sava river - 'Kej' as it is called by citizens of town.

Slavonski Brod Synagogue, destroyed during World War II, was among the largest and most prestigious synagogues in Croatia.

Slavonski Brod is home to monuments to bishop Josip Stadler and Croatia's first president Franjo Tuđman. Slavonski Brod and its rail station are featured in Agatha Christie's *Murder on the Orient Express* as the place near which the Orient Express train breaks down.

## Education

Slavonski Brod has very well developed educational institutions in pre-school, primary, secondary and higher education.

The city also hosts the University of Slavonski Brod, and the Primary School Teacher Training College. Some other faculties are expected to be opened soon. In October 2006. an associate-degree college has been founded with several other faculties.

## Transportation

Slavonski Brod has a train station on M104 railway corridor - it serves as a stop for all trains on international routes which passes through the town (such as Vinkovci - Villach or Zagreb - Belgrade), also being directly connected by a large number of domestic local and limited-stop services running between the capital city of Zagreb and Vinkovci/(Tovarnik, state border with Serbia).

By regular bus lines from various companies, Slavonski Brod bus station is well connected with the surrounding villages, municipalities and cities in Slavonia, such as: Đakovo, Požega and Nova Gradiška, as well as with all major cities throughout Croatia: Pula, Rijeka, Umag, Poreč, Rovinj, Osijek, Zagreb, Karlovac, Zadar, Split, Šibenik, etc. From the international lines there are regular departures in the direction of Germany and Switzerland.

## Surroundings

In the immediate surroundings of the town there are interesting hunting grounds (Migalovci), fishponds (Jelas Polje), and a lake (Petnja). There are pleasant orchards and vineyards, Dilj mountain (or 'Dilj Gora'), and swimming opportunities.

## Climate

Slavonski Brod has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification *Dfb*).

| Climate data for Slavonski Brod (1971–2000, extremes 1963–2014) | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.4
(66.9) | 24.1
(75.4) | 27.4
(81.3) | 31.4
(88.5) | 35.2
(95.4) | 37.0
(98.6) | 39.5
(103.1) | 40.5
(104.9) | 36.5
(97.7) | 30.2
(86.4) | 26.4
(79.5) | 23.0
(73.4) | 40.5
(104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.5
(38.3) | 6.9
(44.4) | 12.5
(54.5) | 17.1
(62.8) | 22.2
(72.0) | 25.2
(77.4) | 27.4
(81.3) | 27.2
(81.0) | 23.1
(73.6) | 17.0
(62.6) | 9.5
(49.1) | 4.8
(40.6) | 16.4
(61.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2
(31.6) | 1.9
(35.4) | 6.5
(43.7) | 11.0
(51.8) | 16.1
(61.0) | 19.3
(66.7) | 21.0
(69.8) | 20.4
(68.7) | 16.1
(61.0) | 10.6
(51.1) | 5.0
(41.0) | 1.1
(34.0) | 10.7
(51.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.8
(25.2) | −2.6
(27.3) | 0.9
(33.6) | 4.9
(40.8) | 9.4
(48.9) | 12.7
(54.9) | 14.0
(57.2) | 13.7
(56.7) | 9.9
(49.8) | 5.4
(41.7) | 1.0
(33.8) | −2.4
(27.7) | 5.2
(41.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.8
(−18.0) | −25.5
(−13.9) | −14.6
(5.7) | −8.4
(16.9) | −1.7
(28.9) | 1.7
(35.1) | 6.0
(42.8) | 4.7
(40.5) | −3.1
(26.4) | −7.4
(18.7) | −13.7
(7.3) | −22
(−8) | −27.8
(−18.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.3
(1.86) | 38.5
(1.52) | 45.8
(1.80) | 55.9
(2.20) | 69.4
(2.73) | 82.4
(3.24) | 87.8
(3.46) | 67.9
(2.67) | 62.9
(2.48) | 68.3
(2.69) | 68.4
(2.69) | 53.4
(2.10) | 748.1
(29.45) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.0 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 13.4 | 12.5 | 13.8 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 11.0 | 12.4 | 13.7 | 142.2 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 11.2 | 7.3 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 7.4 | 30.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87.1 | 80.9 | 73.1 | 72.0 | 73.6 | 74.7 | 73.7 | 75.6 | 79.6 | 82.4 | 86.3 | 88.6 | 79.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.8 | 90.4 | 142.6 | 174.0 | 223.2 | 237.0 | 269.7 | 254.2 | 189.0 | 130.2 | 66.0 | 49.6 | 1,881.7 |
| Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Environment

The European Environment Agency reported in 2023 that Slavonski Brod has the poorest outdoor air quality of 372 European cities, based on average concentration levels of fine particulate matter, (or PM2.5) over the past two calendar years. The two-year average concentration of PM2.5 was reported to be 26.5μg/m3, which is considered as "very poor" in the categories laid out in Directive\_2008/50/EC.

## International relations

### Twin towns — Sister cities

Slavonski Brod is twinned with:

## Honorary citizens

### Bibliography

* Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). *Time Out Croatia* (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN 978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.

### Notes

## InfoBox

| Slavonski Brod | |
| --- | --- |
| City | |
| *Grad Slavonski Brod*
City of Slavonski Brod | |
| From Top clockwise: Main Square Korzo, Palaces in the city centre, House of Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, Waterfront of Sava river, Hotel "Savus", and Brod Fortress | |
|  | |
| Location of Slavonski Brod in Croatia | |
| Slavonski Brod | |
| Coordinates: 45°10′N 18°01′E / 45.167°N 18.017°E / 45.167; 18.017 | |
| Country | Croatia |
| County | Brod-Posavina |
| Government | |
| Mayor | Mirko Duspara (Ind.) |
| City Council | 25 members |
| Area | |
| City | 54.1 km2 (20.9 sq mi) |
| Urban | 41.7 km2 (16.1 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 92 m (302 ft) |
| Population (2021) | |
| City | 49,891 |
| Density | 920/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Urban | 45,005 |
| Urban density | 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 35000 |
| Area code | 035 |
| License plate | SB |
| Website | slavonski-brod.hr |


title: First Quest

abstract: First Quest is an accessory for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game, published in 1994.

text:
# First Quest

***First Quest*** is an accessory for the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game, published in 1994.

## Contents

*First Quest*, subtitled "The Introduction to Role-Playing Games", is a boxed set intended for players who have no experience with role-playing games, to help them learn the basics of *Advanced Dungeons & Dragons* and about role-playing generally. *First Quest* comes with an audio compact disc, complete with 60 tracks, stereo sound and a plastic case. The CD begins with a long track which introduces roleplaying as an idea, where the narrator helps a group of young gamers act out a short sample roleplaying session. The adventure text directs the Dungeon Master to play certain tracks at various points to reveal clues or enhance the atmosphere. The rules are streamlined *AD&D* rules, intended for novice players and first-time Dungeon Masters (DM). The 16-page rule book covers the basics of character creation, combat and spell-casting. The Adventure Book contains four scenarios, two of which use the CD. Symbols highlight key sections of the text; an exclamation point indicates information requiring the DM's scrutiny, a foot impaled on a spike notes the location of a trap. The DM's screen provides step-by-step directions for making saving throws and ability checks. A set of reference cards explains the differences between warriors and wizards.

## Publication history

The *First Quest* game was designed by Bruce Nesmith, L. Richard Baker III, and David "Zeb" Cook, and published by TSR, Inc.

## Reception

Rick Swan reviewed *First Quest* for *Dragon* magazine #210 (October 1994). He called the audio CD "the genuine article", further commenting: "Tastefully produced, the CD transcends gimmickry by transforming routine adventures into multimedia extravaganzas". Swan concludes that although the *First Quest* game "won't sustain the interest of experienced players—it only takes characters up to 3rd level and doesn't have enough detail to stage convincing wilderness adventures—it's a newcomer's dream. This may be the birthday present of the year".

Scott Haring reviewed *First Quest* for *Pyramid* #11 (January/February 1995). He called this "a natural first product" as an experimental application of a relatively new technology in the form of boxed sets that included audio CDs, adding that this is "the Holy Grail of RPG game design – the game that teaches itself – and *First Quest* is the closest anyone has come to it yet". Describing the introduction track, Haring states: "The kids sounds like kids – they interrupt each other, talk in the background, laugh at stupid jokes and have fun. The script writers did a good job of making this sample session sound real, not like some wooden radio play".

## Reviews

* *Dragão Brasil* (issue #4 – July 1995) (Portuguese)
* *Rollespilsmagasinet Fønix* (Danish) (issue #4 – September/October 1994)

## InfoBox

First Quest
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Genre | Role-playing games |
| Publisher | TSR |
| Publication date | 1994 |


title: Statue of Indalecio Prieto

abstract: Indalecio Prieto Tuero or, simply, the Statue of Indalecio Prieto, is an instance of public art located in Madrid, Spain. Located next the Nuevos Ministerios building complex, it consists of a bronze statue depicting Indalecio Prieto, minister of Public Works during the Second Spanish Republic and promoter of the construction of the Nuevos Ministerios.

text:
# Statue of Indalecio Prieto

***Indalecio Prieto Tuero*** or, simply, the **Statue of Indalecio Prieto** (Spanish: *Estatua de Indalecio Prieto*), is an instance of public art located in Madrid, Spain. Located next the Nuevos Ministerios building complex, it consists of a bronze statue depicting (and dedicated to) Indalecio Prieto, minister of Public Works during the Second Spanish Republic and promoter of the construction of the Nuevos Ministerios.

## History and description

The robust bronze statue, standing over 4 metre high, is a work by Pablo Serrano. The sculptor told he had found inspiration in the Spanish patriotism displayed by Prieto in his famous 1936 speech in Cuenca. It was unveiled in December 1984, during a ceremony attended, among others, by Enrique Barón, Joaquín Almunia and Julián Campo. The former minister is depicted wearing a Basque-style beret, and seemingly holds a bunch of books, reports and newspapers with his arm. It was, upon its inauguration, located steps away from an equestrian statue of dictator Francisco Franco, in opposing sides during the Spanish Civil War.

Following the removal of the nearby statue of Franco on 17 March 2005, the statue of Prieto was vandalised, with vandals painting the colours of the flag of Spain on the statue. Not long after, in July 2005, the statue was vandalised again, being tagged with a pink pigment.

Citations Bibliography

## InfoBox

*Indalecio Prieto Tuero*
|  | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| 40°26′30″N 3°41′32″W / 40.441793°N 3.69224°W / 40.441793; -3.69224 | |
| Location | Nuevos Ministerios, Madrid, Spain |
| Designer | Pablo Serrano |
| Material | Bronze |
| Height | \> 4 m |
| Opening date | December 1984 |
| Dedicated to | Indalecio Prieto |


title: Tomb Raider (soundtrack)

abstract: Tomb Raider: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the film of the same name, based on the 2013 video game of the same name by Crystal Dynamics. The music was composed and arranged by Tom Holkenborg. It was released digitally on March 9, 2018, by Sony Classical Records with the physical edition being released on March 16, 2018, followed by the vinyl being released later on August 24, 2018. The film also features "Run For Your Life" performed by K.Flay which appears in the end credits of the film.

text:
# Tomb Raider (soundtrack)

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic |  |
| Soundtrack Geek\[usurped\] |  |
| Movie Wave | No Rating |

***Tomb Raider: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack*** is the film score to the film of the same name, based on the 2013 video game of the same name by Crystal Dynamics. The music was composed and arranged by Tom Holkenborg. It was released digitally on March 9, 2018, by Sony Classical Records with the physical edition being released on March 16, 2018, followed by the vinyl being released later on August 24, 2018.

The film also features "Run For Your Life" performed by K.Flay which appears in the end credits of the film.

## Background

On June 14, 2017, Tom Holkenborg was announced as the film's composer for *Tomb Raider*. He was originally scoring Zack Snyder's *Justice League* but was replaced by Danny Elfman. Holkenborg commented that "It pains me to leave the project, but a big thanks to Zack for asking me to be part of his vision, and I wish Danny, Joss, and Warner Bros all the best with *Justice League*."

For the basis of the score, Holkenborg looked to the late Jóhann Jóhannsson's score to Sicario. But the majority of his inspiration came from the film score album, Birdy by Peter Gabriel which served as the foundation for the island scenes in the film. On creating the sound for *Tomb Raider*, Holkenborg combined a bunch of different animal sounds to create a canvas for the score and then worked on top of that. He then employed an original approach with director Roar Uthaug, with an emphasis on raw sound design and music to portray the journey of Lara, one of which was through the use of strong percussion to give that sense of grittiness and realism.

Scoring took place over two days at AIR Lyndhurst Studios in London, with the London Studio Orchestra conducted by John Ashton Thomas. Aljoscha Christenhuß and Antonio Di Iorio provided additional music.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Tom Holkenborg

| No. | Title | Length |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Return to Croft Manor" | 8:13 |
| 2. | "Seeking Endurance" | 1:09 |
| 3. | "The Bag" | 1:49 |
| 4. | "Path of Paternal Secrets" | 3:39 |
| 5. | "The Devil's Sea" | 4:11 |
| 6. | "Let Yamatai Have Her" | 13:23 |
| 7. | "Figure in the Night" | 4:15 |
| 8. | "Remember This" | 3:26 |
| 9. | "Never Give Up" | 5:36 |
| 10. | "Karakuri Wall" | 4:38 |
| 11. | "What Lies Underneath Yamatai" | 8:35 |
| 12. | "There's No Time" | 4:01 |
| 13. | "Becoming the Tomb Raider" | 7:15 |
| 14. | "The Croft Legacy" | 2:00 |
| Total length: | | 72:00 |

## Personnel

* Score Composer, Producer and mixer & Synth Programming – Tom Holkenborg
* Additional Music – Aljoscha Christenhuß & Antonio Di Iorio
* Technical Score Engineer – Alex Ruger
* Additional Programming – Emily Rice & Jacopo Trifone
* Music Editor – Simon Changer
* Additional Music Editors – Ben Smithers & Arabella Winter
* Music Consultant – Bob Badami
* Score Orchestrations and Copyist – Jonathan Beard, Edward Trybek, Henri Wilkinson & Tom Holkenborg
* Librarian – Jill Streater
* Conductor – John Ashton Thomas
* Recording Engineer and mixer – Nick Wollage
* Music Production Services – Michael Groeneveld

## InfoBox

| Tomb Raider: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Film score by Tom Holkenborg | |
| Released | March 9, 2018 (Digital)
March 16, 2018 (Physical)
August 24, 2018 (Vinyl) |
| Recorded | January 2018 |
| Studio | AIR Lyndhurst Studios, London |
| Genre | Film Score |
| Length | 72:00 |
| Label | Sony Classical Records |
| Producer | Tom Holkenborg |
| Tom Holkenborg chronology | |
| *The Dark Tower*
(2017) ***Tomb Raider: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack***
(2018) *Alita: Battle Angel*
(2018) | |
|  | |
| *Tomb Raider* chronology | |
| *Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life*
(2003) ***Tomb Raider***
(2018) | |
|  | |