title: Polita Grau

abstract: Polita Grau was the First Lady of Cuba, a Cuban political prisoner, and the "godmother" of Operation Peter Pan, also known as Operación Pedro Pan, a program to help children leave Cuba. Operation Peter Pan involved the Roman Catholic Church and Monsignor Bryan O. Walsh from 1960 to 1962, which were involved in encouraging Cuban parents to send their children to live with U.S families to rescue them from Communism.

text:
# Polita Grau

**Polita Grau** (born **Maria Leopoldina Grau-Alsina** 19 November 1915–22 March 2000) was the First Lady of Cuba, a Cuban political prisoner, and the "godmother" of Operation Peter Pan, also known as Operación Pedro Pan, a program to help children leave Cuba. Operation Peter Pan involved the Roman Catholic Church and Monsignor Bryan O. Walsh from 1960 to 1962, which were involved in encouraging Cuban parents to send their children to live with U.S families to rescue them from Communism.

## Early life

Polita Grau was the daughter of Paulina Alsina and Francisco Grau San Martin, who died on November 30, 1930. Her siblings were Paulina Grau-Alsina, Francisco Grau-Alsina (a Senator of Cuba), and Ramon Grau-Alsina (a Representative of Cuba).

Polita Grau's uncle, Dr. Ramón Grau San Martin was Cuba's president from 1933 to 1934. Her uncle gave Polita the ceremonial title of the "First Lady" during his presidential term. Ramón Grau San Martín was elected as president of Cuba for his second term in the year of 1944, in which he served for four years. He was replaced by Carlos Prío Socarrás in 1948. In addition, Ramón Grau was one of many students who had organized protests going against the administration of General Gerardo Machado. Shortly after, he was sent to prison for his involvement in activities, he was released only on the condition that he would leave Cuba.

In 1959, Castro had removed former President Grau from his post at the university and had also taken all his properties away from him. Researchers are not sure why Castro changed his mind, it is likely due to his respect for Grau, his wisdom, his elderly age, or his loyalty to Cuba by not leaving, unlike many others. Castro had given Grau the opportunity to return to his university post, however, he declined the offer. As Polita sent her children to the U.S, she had also sent her husband Pepe. She sent her husband because he was a high risk for the underground activities that Polita was engaged in. Polita and her brother had seen Pepe outraged and yelled to a group of people "Go on conspiring, you are all going to end up in jail!" Later in her life, Polita retells a past moment of her life when she was walking in downtown Miami when a woman asked her, "Aren’t you Polita Grau?" She also tells her that Polita has helped her bring her son to the United States. Moments like these make Polita proud of what she has accomplished despite the consequences. Polita admits that she would do everything all over again, however, a bit more secretly. Polita Grau's brother later died in 1998.

## Education

Grau arrived in Miami from Havana for the first time during her senior year in high school. Grau completed her high school education at St. Patrick's Academy located in Miami Beach. Polita Grau attended the Teresian school in Vedado, Cuba. Polita Grau, as a college student, was involved in radical campus movements to weaken the Gerardo Machado regime. The reason Grau turned against her support of Cuba’s 1959 revolution was after Castro began to nationalize industries.

## Personal life

Polita Grau was married twice, first to Roberto Lago-Pereda and then in 1939 to Jose Aguero-Cairo. She had a total of two children, Ramon Francisco and Hilda Maria Aguero-Grau, and six grandchildren. Grau’s first husband, Roberto, had died in 1935 of appendicitis at Jackson Memorial Hospital located in Miami, Florida. Years later, in 1939, Polita married her second husband José Agüero (Pepe), with whom she had two children, a son named Ramón Fransisco also known as Monchy, and her daughter Hilda, known as Chury.

Polita Grau was commonly known as Polita, but this particular name never appeared on any official identification document. Before her post-prison arrival in the United States, Grau had the name of Maria Aguero which was taken from her second husband. After Polita became a U.S. citizen, she had adopted a new name of "Pola Grau" which was the name on her naturalization certificate.

## Four periods of exile

### First exile

In 1931, Grau San Martín and the Grau Alsina family went into exile in Miami, Florida. Once they had arrived in Miami, they joined other Cubans who opposed the Machado government. When Machado was removed from Cuba in 1933, the Grau Alsina family had gone back to Cuba, which was when Polita's uncle became president of Cuba.

### Second exile

Grau's family had gone again into exile in 1933, but this second time around was to Mexico and later on in Miami. In 1934, Polita had returned to Cuba after she had gone to exile and married Roberto (Pepe) Lago who was a leader of a student movement.

### Third exile

Polita was exiled for the third time in 1935 to Miami due to her political involvement along with her husband Roberto Lago (Pepe).

### Fourth exile

In 1952, Batista organized his ‘coup d’etat’ and established his dictatorship; Polita Grau joined the resistance to him. Polita left Cuba to join Antonio Varona, who played a significant role in the anti-Batista movement. Antonio Varona was an exiled politician and associate of her uncle in Miami. Polita Grau had stayed in Miami for five months after the dictator's overthrow as she was doubtful of the movies of Batista's successor. Polita Grau was also frightened by Castro's belief in Communism, therefore became a part of an underground movement that planned to overthrow the Cuban government. Varona had a counter-revolutionary group, that Polita had later joined famously known as "Movimiento de Rescate Revolucionario (Revolutionary Rescue Movement). This group had to find a safe place for underground operatives to attempt the assassination of Fidel Castro. Since Polita was a women’s coordinator, she was able to create a spy ring that was able to see Cuba in its entirety. When Polita Grau and her brother Ramón Grau arrived in Miami, they were received by many who admired her, particularly for assisting in bringing thousands of children out of Cuba through Operation Pedro Pan. Ramón Grau was asked by a Miami Herald journalist Sergio López about the patria potestad scare in which he confessed: “The entire thing was a propaganda test to hurt Fidel. . . The idea was to create panic \[among Cuban parents\]. . . . It was hoped that this would foster unrest and rebellion against him. Polita Grau was exiled for her last time due to her political involvement until 1959, which was when Castro rose to power. Polita's exiles did not stop her from doing what she believed was morally correct.

## Politics

Ms. Grau and her brother, Ramon Grau Alsina, were children of parents who feared for their Communist indoctrination and were involved in the anti-Castro resistance. During her adolescent years, Grau was majorly involved in politics which resulted in her spending many of her later years in exile. Dr. Ramon Grau San Martin (Polita's uncle) had given her the title of being "The First Lady of Cuba," at only seventeen years old in 1933. Throughout her life, she opposed the Machado regime and the Batista regimes. In 1952, Fulgencio Batista led another 'coup de etat,' Polita took this opportunity and became actively involved in the opposition led by Prío Socarrás. In the beginning, Polita supported the Cuban Revolution, but after obtaining more knowledge she opposed the Castro regime.

Later in her life, Polita Grau had gone to the White House more than once to be interviewed with former President George W. Bush. Ms. Grau had gone to ask for help, specifically for her brother Ramon Grau, to be able to migrate to the United States from Cuba.

## Involvement of Operation Peter Pan

Polita was engaged in attempts that were unsuccessful against the life of Fidel Castro which included Operation Peter Pan. In 1961 it was the year where Polita Grau first caught the attention of the Operation when a group of women possibly sent by Penny Powers had gone towards her brother's involvement in Operation Pedro Pan. Mongo (Polita's brother) had agreed to helping out as well as Polita who was actively handing out exit papers and airline tickets. With the use of her Rescate network, Ms. Grau was able to be successful in completing what many families wanted. Grau had her entire women's group join the efforts of the Operation which increased the number of people involved. Most of these women had already sent their children out of Cuba in hopes that the Catholic Church and the U.S government would take care of their children properly. Each woman from the Graus organization had a specific task to accomplish during this operation, such as distributing documents to children. The Grau organization began to expand and was eventually all across Cuba and even outside of Havana. Every one of these women engaged in Grau's organization had the same intention which was to save the children in Cuba from Communism. Their main goal as an organization was to save the children, as well as participating in other activities. Polita had later stated that all of these activities were being executed under the help of the CIA.

Polita and her brother had created a secret network to perform their underground activities in hopes of not getting caught. Both of them had created a public front of a "socially active family" which enabled them to hide the people that were coming in and out of their home. Polita remembered that people would come to their home in Miramar, Florida which was coincidentally right next to the office of the security police. The process of the counterfeiting operation was to first, have the people pass an interview and if they passed it, they would receive either passports, visas, or visa waivers. The people that would get a passport would receive a fake passport fabricated in concurrence with the Panamanian Embassy. People who had valid passports, but outdated visas would have the date on the visa changed by an artist who was close to Polita. Lastly, the people with valid passports and without visas were able to get one stamped with the official embassy stamp that was handed out earlier on to the Graus through their connection with the CIA. The U.S visas that were being distributed were valid for a maximum of four years.

In 1961, Grau and her brother Ramon, along with Monsignor Bryan O. Walsh of the Archdiocese of Miami, started Operation Peter Pan. From 1961 to 1965, they helped more than 14,000 children leave Cuba without their parents, and later assisted with giving out 28,000 **visas** to those children's parents. This was able to be accomplished by "secretly distributing U.S letterhead invitations" from their home in Havana, Cuba. Grau had also sent her daughter and son to Miami to stay along with her friends as she stayed in Cuba to take care of her elderly relatives. Polita Grau gave shelter to multiple anti-government activists and had also assisted them to obtain political asylum in Havana.

Due to Polita's popularity, former politicians from the provinces who were connected with her uncle's political party had asked her for the documents. She had also gotten several other requests from people she knew such as priests and nuns who wanted to help children in their schools and congregations. The Cuban Baptist Church had also held several visa waivers for her to maintain. Despite Ms. Grau being well recognized, she struggled at times in finding spaces aboard airplanes for children. However, she used her friend, Juanita Castro, Fidel Castro's sister who was against her brother, for her connections at Havana's airport. Polita and her brother's involvement had perfect timing during Operation Pedro Pan. This is because after the Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, several underground networks had fallen, and many were arrested by the government or forced to leave Cuba. Once Polita and her brother had gotten arrested in 1965, they had realized that not even their family name or the government's need to keep their uncle in Cuba could save them from being released.

Polita Grau was the President of the Cuban Chapter of the Red Cross, while also being the coordinator of the women's counter-revolutionary action organization called 'Rescate' (Rescue). As Polita was directing Rescate, the women of her network were in charge of giving the CIA information on Soviet missiles and responsible for those who were spying underground outside of the country. Rescate was engaged in a comprehensive propaganda campaign that wanted to discontent particularly the middle class from the Cuban revolution. Rescate had worked along with CIA-backed activities such as Radio Sawn, in which Rescate distributed leaflets that had anti-government writings. A consequential activity that began to cause panic among the citizens was to spread the rumor that the Cuban government was going to remove legal parental authority. This specific rumor was mentioned in 1961, and once again in the late 1960s. They had traveled across Cuba to distribute copies of the law that was not true but people were convinced it was to churches and other places. They had also used telephones as a method of spreading misinformation by calling people and explaining the law as a whole. Polita Grau and her brother Ramon Grau had distributed thousands of visa waivers right after the Bay of Pigs invasion.

## Imprisonment

In 1965, Grau and her brother Ramón were accused of being CIA spies (Polita: AMCOG-2; Ramón: AMCOG-1) because of their work of helping thousands of children to leave Cuba under Castro's regime in Operation Peter Pan. She was also accused of participating in a plan to poison Castro by giving him a milkshake, however, their plan was unsuccessful. They were both tried, and were sentenced to 30 years in prison, particularly for their connections with the CIA, espionage, and attempting to overthrow the Castro government. Despite being convicted for their role in Pedro Pan and had dealt with the Central Intelligence Agency, they had denied their connection to this.

Before being released from prison in 1978, Polita Grau was interviewed by a Cuban journalist Luis Báez, who questioned her about the supposed threat to ‘patria potestad,’ which means 'taking away legal custody of your child.' She had admitted to having "encouraged the rumor that the communist government was the absolute owner of the muchachos \[kids\] and that parents would lose their rights over their children that "they would be sent to Russia." Ms. Grau further explained that a false revolutionary government law relating to this topic was being printed out. In one of Polita's interviews, Polita Grau had mentioned that she did not believe it was entirely right but that she felt she had to do something to undermine the government. Polita believed that by doing so, the people would start their faith and hopes in the revolution. Grau was released after almost serving 14 years in prison, and her brother Ramon also known as "Mongo" Grau was released after serving 21 years. She was released during the "wider release of political prisoners in 1978 dialogue between exiles and Castro, due to Bernardo Benes influences." Bernado at that time was a Miami businessman who described Polita Grau as being a brave woman who was not afraid of anything. Ms. Grau was also freed due to the encouragement of President Jimmy Carter who had convinced Castro to release a significant number of political prisoners in Cuba. Her brother Ramon was later released in September 1986.

While Grau was in prison, she wrote a significant amount of her involvement in Operation Peter Pan. It was only from her writing that the Cuban government finally was able to realize the extent of the Operation. Grau had described Operation Peter Pan as 'child abuse' and that the Federal government of the United States's participation was inhumane. Grau referred to the U.S acting inhumanely in the 1980s where the State Department denied a request from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to assist in reuniting Cuban children with their parents.

## Life in Diaspora

After Polita had been imprisoned for 14 years, she wanted to reunite with her family but was unable to forget about the prisoners that she left behind in Cuba. Polita was determined to fight for the political prisoners. The only way that Polita can be calm is to see the political prisoners free from prison in Cuba. However, she says that it is a miracle that she is out of prison and that she feels resurrected. Polita was excited to see her husband, José Agüero, and her children that she hasn't seen for 18 years. Polita Grau had six grandchildren who she has never met before in her life. Polita's son had arrived in Miami days after his mother's arrival to attempt to obtain liberty for his mother in Cuba.

## Death and legacy

After Grau's exile in 1978, until her time of death, Grau had not given up on her political activities against Castro's regime. According to her daughter Hilda "Chury" Aguero, Grau had failing health years prior to her death. At the age of 84, Polita Grau died at the Villa Maria Nursing Center located on the grounds of Mercy Hospital in Coconut Grove, of congestive heart disease. Visitation was held at Rivero Funeral Home, 8200 Bird Road in Miami, Florida. While the mass was held at St. Dominic's Catholic Church, 5909 NW Seventh St, in Miami, Florida. There was no cemetery service for Polita Grau, as she preferred to have a cremation and have her ashes buried in Cuba.

Polita Grau was published in multiple newspapers and was highly spoken of for her accomplished work. She was viewed as a symbol of ‘decorum,’ of the highest moral rank of Cuban women. She is remembered for her ‘beauty, her sweetness, her generosity of care, her integrity.’ Grau is well respected for her political involvement, particularly in Cuba and Miami. So much that, in 2008, the City of Miami named a street after her: "Ramon and Polita Grau-Alsina Avenue," in honor of Polita and her brother's work.

* Abreu, Jean, *"¡NO TE DEJES QUITAR A TU HIJO!OPERATION PEDRO PAN AND THE CUBAN CHILDREN’S PROGRAM"* PhD diss., (Trinity College of Arts and Sciences of Duke University, 2008).
* Arocha, Zita. *"Polita Grau no puede olvidar a los todavia presos."* Miami, Florida: The Miami Herald, 1978
* Associated Press. "*Cuba’s Polita Grau; Jailed for her anti-Castro Efforts*.” Chicago, IL: Chicago Tribune, 1963.
* Bolender, Keith, and Noam Chomsky. *Voices from the Other Side an Oral History of Terrorism against Cuba*. London: Pluto Press, 2010.
* Conde, Yvonne M. *Operation Pedro Pan the Untold Exodus of 14,048 Cuban Children*. New York and London: Routledge, 2000.
* De los Angeles Torres, Maria. *The Lost Apple: Operation Pedro Pan, Cuban Children in the United States and the Promise of a Better Future.* Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2003.
* Levine, Robert M. & Asis, Moises; *Cuban Miami*, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2000, pp. 22, 24–27.
* Medrano, Humberto. *“Polita Grau: Símbolo de la Mujer Cubana.”* Miami, Florida: Diario Las Américas, 1978
* Nevins, Buddy. “THE 42,000 CHILDREN OF RAMON GRAU BECAUSE OF HIM, THEY ESCAPED FROM UNDER THE NOSES OF CASTRO'S POLICE. BUT THE PRICE HE PAID WAS HIGH: 22 YEARS OF HELL IN A CUBAN JAIL.” Sun. South Florida Sun Sentinel, October 7, 2018.
* Ojito, Mirta. *“Polita Grau va a Washington.”* Miami, Florida: El Nuevo Herald, 1989.
* *Polita Grau de Agüero Papers*, Cuban Heritage Collection, University of Miami Libraries, Coral Gables, Florida.
* *“Remarks on Cuban Independence Day.”* Remarks on Cuban Independence Day | The American Presidency Project, May 20, 1993.
* Rosenberg, Carol. *“Polita Grau, 85, dies: was first lady of Cuba.”* Miami Florida: The Miami Herald, March 23, 2000
* Saxon, Wolfgang. *Polita Grau, 84; Headed Effort On Behalf of Cuban Children*. March 25, 2000.
* Shnookal, Deborah, and JSTOR. *Operation Pedro Pan and the Exodus of Cuba's Children*. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2020

## InfoBox

| Polita Grau | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Born | Maria Leopoldina Grau-Alsina<br>(1915-11-19)November 19, 1915<br>Havana, Cuba |
| Died | March 22, 2000(2000-03-22) (aged 84)<br>Miami, U.S. |
| Years active | Circa 1944–2000 |
| Known for | First lady of Cuba |
| Notable work | Operación Pedro Pan |


title: Daruszentmiklós

abstract: Daruszentmiklós is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

text:
# Daruszentmiklós

**Daruszentmiklós** is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

46°52′06″N 18°51′45″E / 46.86841°N 18.86239°E / 46.86841; 18.86239

## InfoBox

| Daruszentmiklós | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Location of Fejér county in Hungary | |
| DaruszentmiklósLocation of Daruszentmiklós | |
| Coordinates: 46°52′22″N 18°51′25″E / 46.872837°N 18.856866°E / 46.872837; 18.856866 | |
| Country | Hungary |
| County | Fejér |
| Area | |
| Total | 19.28 km2 (7.44 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| Total | 1,469 |
| Density | 76.19/km2 (197.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 2423 |
| Area code | 25 |
| Website | www.daruszentmiklos.hu |


title: 2012 Blancpain Endurance Series

abstract: The 2012 Blancpain Endurance Series season was the second season of the Blancpain Endurance Series. The season featured six rounds lasting three hours each, starting on 14 April at Monza and ended in October at Navarra. An improved support package was added with the British Formula 3 Championship and Blancpain Revival Series was present at selected rounds and the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo was present at all events.

text:
# 2012 Blancpain Endurance Series

The **2012 Blancpain Endurance Series season** was the second season of the Blancpain Endurance Series. The season featured six rounds lasting three hours each, starting on 14 April at Monza and ended in October at Navarra. An improved support package was added with the British Formula 3 Championship and Blancpain Revival Series was present at selected rounds and the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo was present at all events.

## Calendar

On 9 December 2011, the Stéphane Ratel Organisation announced the 2012 calendar.

| Rnd | Circuit | Date |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Monza, Italy | 15 April |
| 2 | Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone, Great Britain | 3 June |
| 3 | Circuit Paul Ricard, Le Castellet, France | 1 July |
| 4 | Total 24 Hours of Spa, Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium | 29 July |
| 5 | Nürburgring, Nürburg, Germany | 23 September |
| 6 | Circuito de Navarra, Los Arcos, Spain | 14 October |

## Entry list

On 17 February, SRO released the provisional entry list for the first round at Monza. This was updated on 10 March.

| 2012 Entry List | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Team | No. | Drivers | Car | Rounds |
| Pro Cup | | | | |
| Belgian Audi Club WRT | 1 | Stéphane Ortelli | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | All |
| | | Christopher Mies | | |
| | | Christopher Haase | | |
| | 2 | Laurens Vanthoor | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | All |
| | Edward Sandström | | |
| | Marco Bonanomi | | 1, 3–6 |
| | Andrea Piccini | | 2 |
| | 6 | Frank Stippler | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 6 |
| | Filipe Albuquerque | | |
| | Oliver Jarvis | | |
| | Audi Sport Team Phoenix | Marcel Fässler | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 4 |
| | André Lotterer | | |
| | Tom Kristensen | | |
| | 16 | Andrea Piccini | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 4 |
| | René Rast | | |
| | Frank Stippler | | |
| | 13 | Harold Primat | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 5 |
| | René Rast | | |
| | Luca Ludwig | | |
| | KRK Racing | Karl Wendlinger | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | 1–2 |
| | Koen Wauters | | |
| | Anthony Kumpen | | |
| Marc VDS Racing Team | 3 | Bas Leinders | BMW Z4 GT3 | All |
| | | Maxime Martin | | |
| | | Markus Palttala | | |
| | 4 | Henri Moser | BMW Z4 GT3 | All |
| | Bert Longin | | |
| | Mike Hezemans | | 1–5 |
| | Nick Catsburg | | 6 |
| Boutsen Ginion Racing | 5 | Nico Verdonck | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | | Jack Clarke | | 1–3 |
| | | Edouard Mondron | |
| | | Seiji Ara | | 5 |
| | | Marino Franchitti | |
| | | Andy Soucek | | 6 |
| | | Zoël Amberg | |
| Hexis Racing | 7 | Frédéric Makowiecki | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 6 |
| | | Stef Dusseldorp | | |
| | | Álvaro Parente | | |
| Gulf Racing UK | 9 | Rob Bell | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 4 |
| | | Andy Meyrick | | |
| | | Michael Wainwright | | |
| | 69 | Jamie Campbell-Walter | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 4 |
| | Stuart Hall | | |
| | Roald Goethe | | |
| Black Falcon | 18 | Jeroen Bleekemolen | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | 5–6 |
| | | Franky Cheng | | |
| | | Mike Parisy | | 5 |
| | | Dominik Baumann | | 6 |
| United Autosports | 22 | David Brabham | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1–3 |
| | | Alvaro Parente | | |
| | | Matt Bell | | |
| Blancpain Reiter | 24 | Peter Kox | Lamborghini Gallardo LP600+ | 6 |
| | | Jos Menten | | |
| | | Štefan Rosina | | |
| DB Motorsport | 36 | Jeffrey van Hooydonk | BMW Z4 GT3 | 1–4 |
| | | Stéphane Lémeret | | |
| | | Jeroen den Boer | | |
| Saintéloc Racing | 40 | Filipe Albuquerque | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 4 |
| | | Grégory Guilvert | | 4–6 |
| | | Dino Lunardi | |
| | | Jonathan Hirschi | | 5 |
| Lapidus Racing | 62 | Tim Mullen | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 3 |
| | | Phil Quaife | | |
| | | Klaas Hummel | | |
| Vita4One Racing Team | 66 | Gregory Franchi | BMW Z4 GT3 | All |
| | | Frank Kechele | | |
| | | Yelmer Buurman | | 1 |
| | | Adam Carroll | | 2 |
| | | Mathias Lauda | | 3–6 |
| Kessel Racing | 71 | Davide Rigon | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | | Daniel Zampieri | | |
| | | Stefano Gattuso | | |
| Prospeed Competition | 75 | Marc Goossens | Porsche 997 GT3-R | All |
| | | Xavier Maassen | | |
| | | Marc Hennerici | | |
| Emil Frey Racing | 80 | Fredy Barth | Jaguar XK Emil Frey G3 | 2–3, 6 |
| | | Gabriele Gardel | | |
| | | Lorenz Frey | | |
| SMG Challenge | 83 | Olivier Pla | Porsche 997 GT3-R | 1, 3–5 |
| | | Eric Clément | | |
| | | Philippe Gache | | 1, 3–4 |
| | | Nicolas Armindo | | 5 |
| GPR Racing | 89 | Tim Verbergt | Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3 | 5 |
| | | Damien Dupont | | |
| | | Ronnie Latinne | | |
| Pro-Am Cup | | | | |
| Boutsen Ginion Racing | 5 | Jack Clarke | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 4 |
| | | Nico Verdonck | | |
| | | Eric van de Poele | | |
| | | Edouard Mondron | | |
| | 15 | Massimo Vagliani | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 4 |
| | Sarah Bovy | | |
| | Marlène Broggi | | |
| | Jérôme Thiry | | 4–6 |
| | Edouard Mondron | | 5–6 |
| | Fabien Thuner | | 6 |
| ARC Bratislava | 7 | Miro Konôpka | Porsche 997 GT3-R | 1–4 |
| | | Zdeno Mikulasko | | |
| | | Stefano Crotti | | |
| | | Christoff Corten | | 4 |
| Haribo Racing Team | 8 | Mike Stursberg | Porsche 997 GT3-R | 1, 3–5 |
| | | Hans Guido Riegel | | |
| | | Richard Westbrook | | 1, 5 |
| | | Christian Menzel | | 3–4 |
| | | Uwe Alzen | | 4 |
| Gulf Racing UK | 9 | Rob Bell | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | | Michael Wainwright | | |
| | 69 | Roald Goethe | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1–3, 5 |
| | Stuart Hall | | 1, 3, 5 |
| | Jamie Campbell-Walter | | 2 |
| SOFREV Auto Sport Promotion | 10 | Jérôme Policand | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | | Gabriel Balthazard | | |
| | | Mike Savary | | 1, 3 |
| | | Maurice Ricci | | 2, 5–6 |
| | | Olivier Panis | | 4 |
| | | Fabien Barthez | |
| | | Morgan Moulin Traffort | |
| | | Eric Debard | |
| | 20 | Patrice Goueslard | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | Ludovic Badey | | |
| | Jean-Luc Beaubélique | | |
| | Tristan Vautier | | 4 |
| Ruffier Racing | 11 | Jean-Claude Lagniez | Porsche 997 GT3-R | 1–3 |
| | | Xavier Pompidou | | 1–2 |
| | | Gabriel Abergel | |
| | | Mike Parisy | | 3 |
| | | Laurent Pasquali | |
| Sport Garage | | Gilles Duqueine | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 4 |
| | | | | Eric Vaissière |
| | | | | André-Alain Corbel |
| | | | | Christian Beroujon |
| | 42 | Kevin Despinasse | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | Emmet O'Brien | | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | Arno Santamato | | 1–3, 6 |
| | Lionel Comole | | 4 |
| | | | Romain Brandela |
| | | | Michaël Petit |
| | Paul Lanchere | | 5 |
| ART Grand Prix | 12 | Duncan Tappy | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | All |
| | | Grégoire Demoustier | | |
| | | Mike Parisy | | 4 |
| | | Ulric Amado | |
| KRK Racing | 14 | Raf Vanthoor | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | 1–4 |
| | | Dennis Retera | | |
| | | Marius Ritskes | | 1–2 |
| | | Koen Wauters | | 3–4 |
| | | Anthony Kumpen | | 4 |
| Insight Racing | 17 | Martin Jensen | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | | Dennis Andersen | | |
| | | Iain Dockerill | | 4 |
| Black Falcon | 18 | Bret Curtis | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | 1–4 |
| | | Steve Jans | | |
| | | Sean Edwards | | 1 |
| | | Mike Parisy | | 2 |
| | | Jeroen Bleekemolen | | 3–4 |
| | | Franky Cheng | | 4 |
| | 19 | Oliver Morley | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | All |
| | Riccardo Brutschin | | 1–3 |
| | Jérôme Thiry | | 1–2 |
| | Manuel Metzger | | 3–4 |
| | Kenneth Heyer | | 4 |
| | | | Stephan Rösler |
| | Sean Edwards | | 5–6 |
| | | | Steve Jans |
| MTECH | 21 | Matt Griffin | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 1–5 |
| | | Duncan Cameron | | |
| | | Mike Edmonds | | 2–4 |
| | | Niki Cadei | | 4 |
| United Autosports | 23 | Mark Blundell | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1–3 |
| | | Mark Patterson | | |
| | | Zak Brown | | |
| | | Mark Blundell | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 4 |
| | | | Mark Patterson |
| | | | Alain Li |
| | | | Richard Meins |
| Blancpain Reiter | 24 | Peter Kox | Lamborghini Gallardo LP600+ | 2–5 |
| | | Marc A. Hayek | | |
| | | Jos Menten | | 4 |
| | | Albert von Thurn und Taxis | |
| ROAL Motorsport | 29 | Tom Coronel | BMW Z4 GT3 | 4 |
| | | Edoardo Liberati | | |
| | | Michela Cerruti | | |
| | | Stefano Colombo | | |
| GT3 Racing | 30 | Craig Wilkins | Audi R8 LMS | All |
| | | Peter Belshaw | | 1–5 |
| | | Aaron Scott | | 1–4, 6 |
| | | Phil Keen | | 4 |
| | | Adam Christodoulou | | 5 |
| Pro GT by Alméras | 33 | Antoine Leclerc | Porsche 997 GT3-R | All |
| | | Eric Dermont | | |
| | | David Tuchbant | | |
| | | Franck Perera | | 4 |
| | 34 | Anthony Beltoise | Porsche 997 GT3-R | All |
| | Henry Hassid | | |
| | Roland Berville | | 1–4, 6 |
| | Nicolas Armindo | | 4 |
| GT Academy Team RJN | 35 | Alex Buncombe | Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3 | 1–4 |
| | | Jann Mardenborough | | |
| | | Chris Ward | | |
| | | Lucas Ordóñez | | 4 |
| DB Motorsport | 36 | Jeroen den Boer | BMW Z4 GT3 | 5–6 |
| | | Nico Bastian | | 5 |
| | | Alessandro Garofano | |
| | | Michael Mallock | | 6 |
| | | Nikolaus Mayr-Melnhof | |
| | 37 | Simon Knap | BMW Z4 GT3 | All |
| | Jochen Habets | | |
| | Andrew Danyliw | | |
| | Leon Rijnbeek | | 4 |
| Scuderia Vittoria | 38 | Alessandro Bonetti | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 1–2 |
| | | Jay Palmer | | |
| | | Michael Lyons | | 1 |
| | | David McDonald | | 2, 6 |
| | | Jody Fannin | | 6 |
| | | Danny Candia | |
| Saintéloc Racing | 40 | David Hallyday | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 1–3 |
| | | Jérôme Demay | | |
| | | Grégory Guilvert | | |
| | 43 | Dino Lunardi | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 3 |
| | Marc Sourd | | |
| | Patrice Madeleine | | |
| | 43 | Adrien Tambay | Audi R8 LMS Ultra | 6 |
| | Jérôme Demay | | |
| | Jean-Marc Quintois | | |
| Kessel Racing | 46 | Valentino Rossi | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 1, 5 |
| | | Alessio Salucci | | |
| | | Andrea Ceccato | | 5 |
| | 72 | Gino Forgione | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 1–3 |
| | Maurice Basso | | 1 |
| | | | Max Mugelli |
| | Claude-Yves Gosselin | | 2–5 |
| | Marc Rostan | | 2, 4–5 |
| | Mathias Beche | | 3 |
| | Pierre Bruneau | | 4–5 |
| | Lorenzo Bontempelli | | 4 |
| ASM Team | 47 | Karim Ojjeh | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1–2, 4 |
| | | Ricardo Bravo | | |
| | | Lourenço Beirão da Veiga | | 1 |
| | | Pedro Lamy | | 4 |
| | | Luis Silva | |
| AF Corse | 49 | Yannick Mallégol | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | | Howard Blank | | |
| | | Jean-Marc Bachelier | | |
| | | François Perrodo | | 4 |
| | 50 | Jack Gerber | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | Marco Cioci | | 1, 3–6 |
| | Raffaele Giammaria | | 2, 4 |
| | Enzo Ide | | 4–5 |
| | 51 | Giuseppe Cirò | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | Daniel Brown | | |
| | Gaetano Ardagna Perez | | |
| | Toni Vilander | | 4 |
| | 52 | Niek Hommerson | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | Louis Machiels | | |
| | Andrea Bertolini | | 1, 3–5 |
| | Maurizio Mediani | | 2 |
| | Alessandro Pier Guidi | | 4, 6 |
| Vita4One Team Italy | 57 | Giacomo Petrobelli | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | All |
| | | Eugenio Amos | | |
| | | Alessandro Bonacini | | |
| | | Jonathan Hirschi | | 4 |
| | 59 | Andrea Ceccato | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 2, 4 |
| | Michael Lyons | | |
| | Josh Wakefield | | 2 |
| | Alessandro Bonetti | | 3–4 |
| | Andrea Barlesi | | 3 |
| | | | Jay Palmer |
| | Filip Salaquarda | | 4 |
| Exagon Engineering | 58 | Vincent Radermecker | Porsche 997 GT3-R | 1 |
| | | Christian Kelders | | |
| Von Ryan Racing | 60 | Stephen Jelley | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | All |
| | | Julien Draper | | |
| | | Matthew Draper | | |
| | | Stef Dusseldorp | | 4 |
| | 88 | Rob Barff | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | All |
| | Leon Price | | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | | | Jordan Grogor |
| | Álvaro Parente | | 4 |
| | | | Chris Goodwin |
| | | | Roger Wills |
| Lapidus Racing | 62 | Tim Mullen | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 4 |
| | | Adam Christodoulou | | |
| | | Phil Quaife | | |
| | | Klaas Hummel | | |
| Black Bull Swiss Racing | 64 | Mirko Venturi | Ferrari 458 Italia GT3 | 1, 3 |
| | | Andrea Invernizzi | | |
| | | Tommaso Maino | | |
| Race Art | 70 | Roger Grouwels | BMW Z4 GT3 | 1–5 |
| | | Niels Bouwhuis | | 1, 3 |
| | | Phil Bastiaans | | 1 |
| | | Nick Catsburg | | 2–5 |
| | | Robert Nearn | | 2, 4 |
| | | Jaap van Lagen | | 4–5 |
| Prospeed Competition | 74 | Maxime Soulet | Porsche 997 GT3-R | All |
| | | Paul van Splunteren | | |
| | | Dylan Derdaele | | |
| | | Fred Bouvy | | 4 |
| Ecurie Ecosse | 79 | Ollie Millroy | BMW Z4 GT3 | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | | Joe Twyman | | |
| | | Andrew Smith | | 1, 5–6 |
| | | Marco Attard | | 2 |
| | | Oliver Bryant | | 3 |
| Emil Frey Racing | 80 | Fredy Barth | Jaguar XK Emil Frey G3 | 4 |
| | | Gabriele Gardel | | |
| | | Lorenz Frey | | |
| | | Rolf Maritz | | |
| GPR Racing | 89 | Bertrand Baguette | Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3 | 4 |
| | | Tim Verbergt | | |
| | | Damien Dupont | | |
| | | Ronnie Latinne | | |
| Preci-Spark | 90 | David Jones | Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG GT3 | 1–5 |
| | | Godfrey Jones | | |
| | | Mike Jordan | | 2–4 |
| | | Bernd Schneider | | 4 |
| JAS Motorsport | 91 | Akira Iida | McLaren MP4-12C GT3 | 1, 3 |
| | | Jun-San Chen | | |
| | | Morris Chen | | |
| Beechdean-Aston Martin Racing | 107 | Jonathan Adam | Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3 | 4 |
| | | John Gaw | | |
| | | Andrew Howard | | |
| | | Phil Dryburgh | | |
| Gentlemen Trophy | | | | |
| First Motorsport | 25 | Steve Vanbellingen | Porsche 997 GT3 Cup S | 4 |
| | | Bert Redant | | |
| | | Armand Fumal | | |
| | | Johan Vanloo | | |
| Ruffier Racing | 31 | Georges Cabannes | Lamborghini Gallardo LP520 | 1–3, 5–6 |
| | | Romain Brandela | | 1–3 |
| | | Fabien Thuner | | 1–2, 5 |
| | | Miki Monrás | | 3 |
| | | Fabien Michal | | 5–6 |
| Saintéloc Racing | 41 | Pierre Hirschi | Audi R8 LMS | All |
| | | Robert Hissom | | |
| | | Marc Sourd | | 1–2 |
| | | Philippe Marie | | 3–6 |
| | | Jérôme Demay | | 4 |
| Exagon Engineering | 58 | Christian Kelders | Porsche 997 GT3-R | 3–6 |
| | | Daniel Desbruères | | |
| | | Jean-Luc Blanchemain | | 4 |
| | | Pascal Muller | |
| Kessel Racing | 73 | Pablo Paladino | Ferrari 430 Scuderia | 1–4 |
| | | Paolo Andreasi | | |
| | | Beniamino Caccia | | |
| | | Giacomo Piccini | | 4 |
| ALFAB Racing | 81 | Erik Behrens | Audi R8 LMS | 4 |
| | | Daniel Roos | | |
| | | Patrik Skoog | | |
| | | Magnus Öhman | | |
| GCR Racing | 82 | Gaël Lesoudier | Dodge Viper CC | 1–4 |
| | | Gilles Vannelet | | |
| | | Luc Paillard | | 1–3 |
| | | Christophe Decultot | | 4 |
| | | Pierre Fontaine | |
| Racing Adventures | 85 | Benjamin Bailly | Ford Mustang | 4 |
| | | Raphaël van der Straten | | |
| | | Nicolas De Crem | | |
| | | José Close | | |
| JB Motorsport | 98 | Jan Brunstedt | Audi R8 LMS | All |
| | | Mikael Bender | | |
| | | Jocke Mangs | | 1–4 |
| | | Daniel Roos | | 4–6 |
| Cup Class | | | | |
| Pro GT by Alméras | 32 | Alain Ferté | Porsche 997 GT3 Cup | 4 |
| | | Matthieu Vaxivière | | |
| | | Jean-Louis Alloin | | |
| | | Jérémy Alloin | | |
| Race Art | 76 | Mathijs Harkema | Porsche 997 GT3 Cup | 4 |
| | | 'Brody' | | |
| | | Christophe Geoffroy | | |
| | | Phillipe Richard | | |
| RMS | 86 | Thierry Stepec | Porsche 997 GT3 Cup | 4 |
| | | Eric Mouez | | |
| | | David Loger | | |
| | | Philippe Salini | | |
| | 87 | Fabio Spirgi | Porsche 997 GT3 Cup | 4 |
| | Richard Feller | | |
| | Olivier Baron | | |
| | Manuel Nicolaïdis | | |
| Speedlover | 94 | Christophe Bigourie | Porsche 997 GT3 Cup | 4 |
| | | Raf Vleugels | | |
| | | Kevin Balthazard | | |

## Results

| Event | Circuit | Pro Cup Winner | Pro-Am Cup Winner | Gentlemen Trophy Winner |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | Monza | No. 3 Marc VDS Racing Team | No. 57 Vita4One Team Italy | No. 73 Kessel Racing |
| | Bas Leinders
Maxime Martin
Markus Palttala | Eugenio Amos
Alessandro Bonacini
Giacomo Petrobelli | Pablo Paladino
Paolo Andreasi
Beniamino Caccia |
| 2 | Silverstone | No. 3 Marc VDS Racing Team | No. 24 Blancpain Reiter | No. 98 JB Motorsport |
| | Bas Leinders
Maxime Martin
Markus Palttala | Peter Kox
Marc A. Hayek | Jan Brunstedt
Mikael Bender
Jocke Mangs |
| 3 | Paul Ricard | No. 1 Belgian Audi Club WRT | No. 52 AF Corse | No. 58 Exagon Engineering |
| | Stéphane Ortelli
Christopher Mies
Christopher Haase | Niek Hommerson
Louis Machiels
Andrea Bertolini | Daniel Desbruères
Christian Kelders |
| 4 | Spa-Francorchamps
***Report*** | No. 16 Audi Sport Team Phoenix | No. 52 AF Corse | No. 25 First Motorsport |
| | Andrea Piccini
René Rast
Frank Stippler | Niek Hommerson
Louis Machiels
Andrea Bertolini
Alessandro Pier Guidi | Steve van Bellingen
Bert Redant
Armand Fumal
Johan Van Loo |
| 5 | Nürburgring | No. 75 Prospeed Competition | No. 19 Black Falcon | No. 58 Exagon Engineering |
| | Marc Goossens
Marc Hennerici
Xavier Maassen | Sean Edwards
Steve Jans
Oliver Morley | Daniel Desbruères
Christian Kelders |
| 6 | Navarra | No. 7 Hexis Racing | No. 12 ART Grand Prix | No. 98 JB Motorsport |
| | Frédéric Makowiecki
Stef Dusseldorp
Álvaro Parente | Duncan Tappy
Grégoire Demoustier | Jan Brunstedt
Mikael Bender
Daniel Roos |

## Championship standings

### Drivers' Championships

| Pos Driver MNZ
 SIL
 LEC
 SPA
 NÜR
 NAV
 Pts  Pro Cup  1  Stéphane Ortelli
Christopher Mies
Christopher Haase 7 3 1 2 4 2 114  2  Markus Palttala
Maxime Martin
Bas Leinders 1 1 2 4 Ret 4 111  3  Marc Goossens
Xavier Maassen
Marc Hennerici 5 14 5 20 1 5 72  4  Andrea Piccini  2  1   62  5  Edward Sandström
Laurens Vanthoor 2 2 Ret 31 7 Ret 59  Pro-Am Cup  1  Niek Hommerson
Louis Machiels 17 18 4 5 Ret 16 76  2  Andrea Bertolini 17  4 5 Ret  67  3  Eugenio Amos
Alessandro Bonacini
Giacomo Petrobelli 6 6 7 37 Ret Ret 65  4  Patrice Goueslard
Ludovic Badey
Jean-Luc Beaubélique 8 8 Ret 10 12 15 64  5  Duncan Tappy
Grégoire Demoustier 16 13 13 Ret 11 9 58  Gentlemen Trophy  1  Pierre Hirschi
Robert Hissom 41 39 33 23 Ret 30 93  2  Jan Brunstedt
Mikael Bender Ret 38 30 33 Ret 38 82  3  Jocke Mangs Ret 38 30 33   57  4  Christian Kelders
Daniel Desbruères   26 36 34 Ret 54  5  Gilles Vannelet
Gaël Lesoudier 38 Ret Ret 22   51 | Colour Result  Gold Winner  Silver Second place  Bronze Third place  Green Points finish  Blue Non-points finish  Non-classified finish (NC)  Purple Retired (Ret)  Red Did not qualify (DNQ)  Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)  Black Disqualified (DSQ)  White Did not start (DNS)  Withdrew (WD)  Race cancelled (C)  Blank Did not practice (DNP)  Did not arrive (DNA)  Excluded (EX) |
| --- | --- |

### Teams' Championships

| Pos | Team | MNZ
 | SIL
 | LEC
 | SPA
 | NÜR
 | NAV
 | Pts |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Pro Cup | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Belgian Audi Club WRT | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 127 |
| 2 | Marc VDS Racing Team | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 122 |
| 3 | Prospeed Competition | 5 | 14 | 5 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 80 |
| 4 | Vita4One Racing Team | 12 | 9 | Ret | 3 | 3 | 7 | 68 |
| 5 | Kessel Racing | 4 | 11 | 3 | 34 | Ret | 6 | 50 |
| Pro-Am Cup | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | AF Corse | 17 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 25 | 14 | 94 |
| 2 | SOFREV Auto Sport Promotion | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 90 |
| 3 | Vita4One Team Italy | 6 | 6 | 7 | 37 | Ret | Ret | 67 |
| 4 | ART Grand Prix | 16 | 13 | 13 | Ret | 11 | 9 | 60 |
| 5 | Black Falcon | 43 | 15 | 10 | 19 | 6 | 13 | 59 |
| Gentlemen Trophy | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | Saintéloc Racing | 41 | 39 | 33 | 23 | Ret | 30 | 93 |
| 2 | JB Motorsport | Ret | 38 | 30 | 33 | Ret | 27 | 82 |
| 3 | Exagon Engineering |  |  | 26 | 36 | 34 | Ret | 54 |
| 4 | Kessel Racing | 37 | 44 | Ret | 56 |  |  | 49 |
| | First Motorsport |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 49 |


title: Carlos Silva (baseball)

abstract: Carlos Silva is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (2002–2003), Minnesota Twins (2004–2007), Seattle Mariners (2008–2009), and Chicago Cubs (2010).

text:
# Carlos Silva (baseball)

**Carlos Silva** (born April 23, 1979) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies (20022003), Minnesota Twins (20042007), Seattle Mariners (20082009), and Chicago Cubs (2010).

## Professional career

### Philadelphia Phillies

Silva signed with the Philadelphia Phillies as an amateur free agent in 1996. He made his Major League debut in 2002, pitching the entire season out of the bullpen. Silva appeared in 68 games for the Phillies, going 5-0 with a 3.21 ERA and 41 strikeouts. In 2003, he went 3-1 despite an ERA of 4.43 in 62 games and 1 start.

### Minnesota Twins

In December 2003, the Twins acquired Silva from Philadelphia along with Nick Punto and Bobby Korecky in exchange for Eric Milton, who had been a staple of the Minnesota rotation since 1998.

With the Twins, Silva made a successful conversion from reliever to starter, in one of the biggest surprises in the 2004 season. He posted a 14–8 mark in 203 innings pitched and finished second in the rotation behind Cy Young winner Johan Santana. In 2005, he induced more double plays (34) than any other pitcher in the majors. In 2005, he set the record for fewest walks allowed per 9 innings in the modern era with an average of .43 BB/9 innings. On May 20, 2005, Silva set a record since 1957 for the fewest pitches thrown (74) in a nine-inning complete game.

In May 2006, Silva was demoted to the bullpen after struggling through the beginning of the season. In June, he re-entered the rotation when the struggling #5 starter, Scott Baker, was demoted to the Twins' Triple-A team in Rochester. He gave up a major-league-worst 1.90 home runs per 9 innings, giving up 38—more than any other major league pitcher, and had a major-league-worst batting average against of .326. In 2006, Silva gave up 38 home runs and allowed only 32 walks. In the previous season, he gave up 25 homers and just 9 walks. These two seasons make up only 15 full all-time seasons in which a pitcher qualifies for the ERA title while giving up more home runs than walks.

Through 2006, Silva posted a 42–32 record with 306 strikeouts and a 4.35 ERA in 743 innings. In 2007, Silva started as the fifth starter behind Johan Santana, Boof Bonser, Ramón Ortiz, and Sidney Ponson. In his final season with the Twins, Silva finished 13-14 in 33 starts with a career high 89 strikeouts.

Silva allowed Frank Thomas's 500th career home run on June 28, 2007, at the Metrodome.

### Seattle Mariners

On December 20, 2007, Silva signed a four-year contract with the Seattle Mariners believed to be somewhere between $44 million and $48 million.

In his first full season as a Mariner, Silva posted the worst ERA for a full-time starter in 2008 with a 6.46 ERA in 28 starts. He also spent time on the DL with a sore elbow. He finished 4-15 as he managed to win just one game after the month of April.

Fresh off the WBC, Silva started the 2009 season slower than expected, with very little control over his pitches, and a high ERA. He sat out most of the season with a shoulder injury. Silva returned at near the end of the season for 2 appearances in relief, giving up one run in 0.2 innings to the Yankees on September 19 and one run on September 25 in Toronto in one inning.

### Chicago Cubs

On December 18, 2009, Silva was traded along with $9 million to the Chicago Cubs for outfielder Milton Bradley. Silva appeared to have turned his career around early in 2010, becoming the first Cubs starter since 1967 to begin a season with an 8–0 record. Despite fighting a stomach virus on June 7, he held the Pittsburgh Pirates to one run over seven innings, picking up his eighth win of the year in a 6–1 triumph. It was the best start by any Cub pitcher since Ken Holtzman began the 1967 season with nine straight wins. However, his success was very limited for the remainder of the season, and he was cut from the Cubs towards the end of spring training in 2011.

### New York Yankees

On April 9, 2011, the New York Yankees signed Silva to a minor league deal. He was released on July 2.

### Boston Red Sox

On January 3, 2012, Silva signed a minor league deal with the Boston Red Sox. He was released on March 17.

## Pitching style

Silva threw a low 90s sinking fastball, a slider, a changeup, and a splitter. He was known for his relatively quick pace, taking very short breaks between pitches.

## Personal life

Silva resides in Medina, Minnesota, with his wife Maria Hermann, son Justin, born June 12, 2007, and daughter Gabriella, born September 8, 2008. A Bowman rookie card of him from 2001 listed his weight at 225 pounds (102 kg). His Topps card from 10 years later listed him at 250 pounds (110 kg).

1. "From 1957 to 2007, Complete Game, sorted by smallest pitches in a single game". *Baseball-Reference.com*. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
2. "Baseball Leaderboard". *Fangraphs.com*. Retrieved August 10, 2008.
3. "Seasons Allowing More Home Runs Than Walks". *junkstats.com*. July 2, 2011. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014.
4. Sherwin, Bob (December 20, 2007). "Mariners ink Silva to four-year deal". *MLB.com*. Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
5. "Mariners' Carlos Silva on DL with sore elbow". *USA Today*. August 16, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
6. Muskat, Carrie. "Cubs trade Bradley for Silva, cash". *mlb.com*. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
7. "Carlos Silva Stats, Fantasy & News". Archived from the original on April 9, 2010.
8. "Theriot scores four runs, Silva improves to 8-0 as Cubs beat Pirates". *ESPN*. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
9. Levine, Bruce (March 27, 2011). "Cubs grant Silva release as Quade fires back". *ESPN*. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
10. "Breaking Sports News - Chicago Tribune".
11. Links, Zach. "Yankees Release Carlos Silva". *MLBTradeRumors.com*. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
12. "Red Sox release Silva". *Fox News*. March 27, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
13. Carlos Silva: Biography and Career Highlights Mariners.com
14. 2001 Bowman Draft Picks and Prospects Carlos Silva, #54
15. 2011 Topps Carlos Silva, #86

## InfoBox

| Carlos Silva | |
| --- | --- |
| Silva with the Minnesota Twins | |
| **Pitcher** | |
| **Born:**  (1979-04-23) April 23, 1979<br>Bolívar, Venezuela | |
| **Batted:** Right**Threw:** Right | |
| MLB debut | |
| April 1, 2002, for the Philadelphia Phillies | |
| Last MLB appearance | |
| September 7, 2010, for the Chicago Cubs | |
| MLB statistics | |
| Win–loss record | 70–70 |
| Earned run average | 4.68 |
| Strikeouts | 554 |
|  | |
| Teams | |
|  | |


title: 1230 Riceia

abstract: 1230 Riceia, provisional designation 1931 TX1, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after Hugh Rice, amateur astronomer of New York and director of the Museum of Natural Sciences.

text:
# 1230 Riceia

**1230 Riceia**, provisional designation 1931 TX1, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1931, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after Hugh Rice, amateur astronomer of New York and director of the Museum of Natural Sciences.

## Orbit and classification

*Riceia* is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,507 days; semi-major axis of 2.57 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11 with respect to the ecliptic.

The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 17 October 1931, or eight days after its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics

*Riceia* has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.

### Rotation period and pole

In 2016, a rotational lightcurve of *Riceia* was modeled from photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. Lightcurve analysis gave a sidereal rotation period of 6.67317 hours as well as a spin axis of (37.0°, −63.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Riceia* measures 6.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.318. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 7.46 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.0.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after American amateur astronomer Hugh Rice, director of the Museum of Natural Sciences (possibly AMNH). The naming was proposed by Irving Meyer and endorsed by German astronomer Gustav Stracke who mentioned on a postcard in February 1937, that his American college, Meyer, who himself did not discover any asteroids, requested the naming after the city of Rutherford, where a private observatory was located at the time.

The official naming citation was mentioned in *The Names of the Minor Planets* by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).

## InfoBox

1230 Riceia
| Shape model of *Riceia* from its lightcurve | |
| --- | --- |
| Discovery | |
| Discovered by | K. Reinmuth |
| Discovery site | Heidelberg Obs. |
| Discovery date | 9 October 1931 |
| Designations | |
| MPC designation | (1230) Riceia |
| Pronunciation | /ˈrsiə/ |
| Named after | Hugh Rice
(U.S. amateur astronomer) |
| Alternative designations | 1931 TX1 **·** 1964 TS
1964 UE **·** 1975 HH |
| Minor planet category | main-belt **·** (inner)
background |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 86.13 yr (31,459 days) |
| Aphelion | 3.0335 AU |
| Perihelion | 2.1104 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 2.5719 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.1795 |
| Orbital period (sidereal) | 4.12 yr (1,507 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 288.81 |
| Mean motion | 0° 14m 20.4s / day |
| Inclination | 10.515° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 200.55° |
| Argument of perihelion | 185.25° |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 6.194±0.344 km
7.46 km (calculated) |
| Synodic rotation period | 6.67317±0.00001 |
| Geometric albedo | 0.20 (assumed)
0.318±0.037 |
| Spectral type |  |
| Absolute magnitude *(H)* | 12.90 **·** 13.0 **·** 13.11±0.22 |
|  | |


abstract: Calvary Cathedral is an Episcopal cathedral in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. It is the seat of the Diocese of South Dakota.

text:
# Calvary Cathedral (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

**Calvary Cathedral** is an Episcopal cathedral in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. It is the seat of the Diocese of South Dakota.

## History

Calvary Church was established in the spring of 1872. Services in the newly built church building were held on August 11 of the same year. Built on the corner of Main Avenue and Ninth Street, it was the first church building constructed in the city of Sioux Falls. The Rev. W.H. Ross was placed in charge. The lots the church was built on were sold in the summer of 1882 and the building was moved to the corner of Spring Avenue and Tenth Street where the parish had purchased four lots. Four years later an addition was built for Sunday School and guild activities.

John Jacob Astor III contacted the Rt. Rev. William Hobart Hare of the Missionary District of South Dakota shortly after his wife died. She had made financial contributions for several church projects in South Dakota and Astor wanted to build a memorial church in her memory. Hare and Astor decided to build a new cathedral in Sioux Falls and Astor gave a gift of $21,000 for the project. He also gave two more financial gifts that totaled a further $5,000. The cornerstone for the present cathedral was laid on December 5, 1888 and the church was completed the following autumn. It was consecrated on December 18, 1889 as St. Augusta's Church after Astor's late wife, Charlotte Augusta. On September 13, 1890 the two lots on which the church was built were transferred to the Chapter of Calvary Cathedral. The church was renamed St. Augusta's Cathedral on February 28, 1890. It has subsequently reverted to the Calvary name.

## InfoBox

| Calvary Cathedral | |
| --- | --- |
| Calvary Cathedral Church | |
| Calvary Cathedral | |
|  | |
| 43°32′31.85″N 96°43′40.04″W / 43.5421806°N 96.7277889°W / 43.5421806; -96.7277889 | |
| Location | 500 S. Main Ave.<br>Sioux Falls, South Dakota |
| Country | United States |
| Denomination | Episcopal Church |
| Website | www.calvarycathedral.net |
| History | |
| Status | Cathedral |
| Founded | 1872 |
| Consecrated | December 18, 1889 |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Active |
| Style | Gothic Revival |
| Completed | 1889 |
| Administration | |
| Diocese | South Dakota |
| Clergy | |
| Bishop(s) | Jonathan H. Folts |
| Dean | Ward H. Simpson |


abstract: The 1964 UAAP men's basketball tournament was the 27th year of the men's tournament of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP)'s basketball championship. Hosted by University of the East, the UST Glowing Goldies defeated the FEU Tamaraws in the best of three finals series two games to one taking their twelfth overall UAAP men's basketball championship.

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# UAAP Season 27 men's basketball tournament

The **1964 UAAP men's basketball tournament** was the 27th year of the men's tournament of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP)'s basketball championship. Hosted by University of the East, the UST Glowing Goldies defeated the FEU Tamaraws in the best of three finals series two games to one taking their twelfth overall UAAP men's basketball championship.

## Elimination round

Tournament format: Teams play a double round robin. The winner of the first round play the winner of the second round in a best of three championship to determine the champion. Ties for round winners are broken by knockout games.

If a team wins both rounds, it is automatically declared the champion, regardless if it was a sweep or not. If a team fails to win either rounds, but ends up with a better over-all record than either of the round winners, that team will challenge the second round winner for a championship slot against the first round winner.

## Finals

| **UST Glowing Goldies** | **60**55 | FEU Tamaraws |
| --- | --- | --- |

| UST Glowing Goldies | 58**69** | **FEU Tamaraws** |
| --- | --- | --- |

| **UST Glowing Goldies** | **71**68 | FEU Tamaraws |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ***UST wins series 2–1*** | | |

UST won Game 1, 60-55, but FEU forced the decider with a 69-58 win. Ceferino dela Paz scored the marginal points as UST frustrated FEU in the winner-take-all match, 71-68. The series was dubbed as the most exhilarating UAAP conquest in the post war featuring two players who would be future champion coaches of their respective schools: Aric del Rosario of UST, and Danny Gavieres of FEU.

## InfoBox

1964 UAAP season
| Host school | University of the East |
| --- | --- |
| Men's Finals G1 G2 G3 Wins  **UST Glowing Goldies** **60** 58 **71** 2  FEU Tamaraws 55 **69** 68 1 | |
| Duration | October 1964 |
| Arena(s) | Rizal Memorial Coliseum |
| Winning coach | Carlos Loyzaga |
|


title: Super Robin Hood

abstract: Super Robin Hood is a Robin Hood-themed platform game published in November 1986 by Codemasters. The Oliver Twins developed the game for the Amstrad CPC when they were age 17; it was their first game published by Codemasters. Codemasters offered the brothers £10,000 for the game, because the company expected to sell 100,000 copies with royalties of 10p per unit sold. The twins worked on a single computer in a bedroom of their parents' house. Working in shifts, they coded for 18 to 23 hours per day; they took 30 minute breaks to allow the computer to cool. Sometimes, one brother coded on paper while the other used the computer. The game was well-received by critics, and sold well. After Codemasters asked the brothers to produce another game, they developed Ghost Hunters, which was released in January 1987. Codemasters reworked Super Robin Hood for the NES, although issues with Nintendo meant it was only released on the four-in-one NES cartridge Quattro Adventure. This reworked version was also released in 1993 for 8-bit and 16-bit home computers as Robin Hood: Legend Quest to avoid confusion with the original game.

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# Super Robin Hood

***Super Robin Hood*** is a Robin Hood-themed platform game published in November 1986 by Codemasters.

The Oliver Twins developed the game for the Amstrad CPC when they were age 17; it was their first game published by Codemasters. Codemasters offered the brothers £10,000 for the game, because the company expected to sell 100,000 copies with royalties of 10p per unit sold. The twins worked on a single computer in a bedroom of their parents' house. Working in shifts, they coded for 18 to 23 hours per day; they took 30 minute breaks to allow the computer to cool. Sometimes, one brother coded on paper while the other used the computer.

The game was well-received by critics, and sold well. After Codemasters asked the brothers to produce another game, they developed *Ghost Hunters*, which was released in January 1987.

Codemasters reworked *Super Robin Hood* for the NES, although issues with Nintendo meant it was only released on the four-in-one NES cartridge *Quattro Adventure*. This reworked version was also released in 1993 for 8-bit and 16-bit home computers as ***Robin Hood: Legend Quest*** to avoid confusion with the original game.

## Reception

## InfoBox

| Super Robin Hood | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Developer(s) | Oliver Twins |
| Publisher(s) | Codemasters |
| Composer(s) | Allister Brimble (Amiga, C64) |
| Platform(s) | Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Atari ST, Amiga, NES |
| Release | November 1986 (Super Robin Hood)<br>January 1993 (Legend Quest) |
| Genre(s) | Platform |
| Mode(s) | Single-player |


title: Brian J. Dendle

abstract: Brian John Dendle (1936–2013) was a British-born philologist and hispanist settled in the United States. He was professor of Spanish Literature of the University of Kentucky. His research focused on 19th and early 20th century literature and history, dealing with Spain but also with incursions in French and generic Spanish-language literature.

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# Brian J. Dendle

**Brian John Dendle** (1936–2013) was a British-born philologist and hispanist settled in the United States. He was professor of Spanish Literature of the University of Kentucky. His research focused on 19th and early 20th century literature and history, dealing with Spain but also with incursions in French and generic Spanish-language literature.

## Biography

Born in Oxford, England, on 30 March 1936, he graduated in Romance Languages from the University of Oxford in 1958. After a spell as lecturer in Jamaica and France he moved to the United States by 1961, and he earned a PhD from Princeton University in 1966. He joined the University of Kentucky in 1971. He was also a lecturer at Kenyon College, Princeton University, the University of Michigan and the University of Alabama. He was tenured in 1978. He retired in 2004.

He died on 3 September 2013 in Lexington, Kentucky.

## Works

* (1968). *The Spanish Novel of Religious Thesis (1876–1936)*. Castalia. (republishing of his doctoral dissertation)
* (1980). *Galdós: The Mature Thought*. The University Press of Kentucky.
* (1986). *Galdós: The Early Historical Novels*. The University of Missouri Press.
* (1987). *Galdós y Murcia: Epistolario de Benito Pérez Galdós y Alberto Sevilla Pérez*. Universidad de Murcia.
* (1990). *Galdós y "La Esfera"*. Universidad de Murcia.

Citations Bibliography

## InfoBox

| Brian John Dendle | |
| --- | --- |
| Born | 30 March 1936
Oxford, England |
| Died | 3 September 2013(2013-09-03) (aged 77)
Lexington |
| Alma mater | University of Oxford, Princeton University |


title: Poems by David Sillar

abstract: Poems is a collection of poetry and songs by David Sillar, a close friend of the poet Robert Burns who had been encouraged to go into print by the success of Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. Poems was printed by John Wilson of Kilmarnock in 1789. Sillar's interest in poetry predated his friendship with Burns, but was one of several reasons for it.

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# Poems by David Sillar

***Poems*** is a collection of poetry and songs by David Sillar, a close friend of the poet Robert Burns who had been encouraged to go into print by the success of *Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect*. *Poems* was printed by John Wilson of Kilmarnock in 1789. Sillar's interest in poetry predated his friendship with Burns, but was one of several reasons for it.

## The publication and its contents

The title page has the same attractive and impressively fleuron decorated layout as the Kilmarnock Edition of Burns's poems and of John Lapraik's poems, with a quote from the poet Ramsay. A list of the subscribers was not included and no copies, if printed, of a 'Proposals' advertisement or prospectus are known to have survived. The work was prefaced with Burns's 'Second Epistle' to his friend, put into print here by Sillar for the first time. This epistle was likely to have been written quite a few years before the book was published as . Burns's wrote the first "Epistle to Davie" in January 1785, but references his own first book as 'still forthcoming' in the summer of 1786.

The publication was a failure despite Burns's assistance and high opinion of his friend's poetic ability. The *Poems* dedication was to Hugh Montgomery Esq. of Skelmorlie, later the 12th Earl of Eglinton. Burns much appreciated the literary companionship of both David Sillar and John Lapraik and his friends influence upon his poetry therefore has considerable historical and literary significance.

In his second "Epistle to Davie. A Brother Poet and Brother Fiddler" Burns wrote:

The format was octavo on hand made paper, in half-sheets with the watermark fleuron as a classic fleur-de-lis. Measuring 21.4 x 14.1 cm the trimmed gatherings or signatures were bound originally in blue printer's paper boards. The signatures run from A to Hh4 and the first two leaves of each half-sheet are signed. The book is organised with a title-page; Registration; Dedication; Preface; Table of Contents; Text; Glossary and a blank sheet at the end.

The publication is 247 pages long with forty-five poems, nine songs, two epigrams and five epitaphs. David Sillar was assisted in the sale of his 'Poems' by Robert Burns who wrote to him on 22 January 1790, enclosing £2 4S 0d from eleven subscribers to David's poems, a letter now in the possession of the Irvine Burns Club, Indicating that the subscribers therefore paid 4s per copy. Others who gave assistance are not on record but his "...numerous subscribers" are acknowledged in the preface. It is recorded as being "Entered in Stationers Hall" of the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers and the work was effectively published by the author himself.

The eleven page glossary or 'dictionary' of Scots words was added for the benefit of those unfamiliar with this language, Burns had included one in both his *Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect* and his *Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Edinburgh Edition)* indicating that many of the Scots words were by that time unfamiliar to some readers, especially those amongst the aristocracy. Sillar also added annotations in the main text to clarify or enhance the understanding of his works such as with the "Epistle to John Lapraik".

The number of copies printed would have related to the number of subscribers and at least 342 copies were issued as a George Darsie recorded his subscriber's number in his copy which has its original boards and was later passed on to a William Darsie. It is known how many copies survive outside of major libraries. The value of the 'Poems' is enhanced by its link with Robert Burns and one was advertised by a dealer in June 1869 at 21/- or 1 guinea (see Wikimedia Commons link) whilst by way of comparison that year a good copy of the 'Kilmarnock Edition' sold for £14. Only one edition of the *Poems* was printed, however copies are readily available through print on demand websites.

### Original and holographic material

Burns's second "Epistle to Davie. A Brother Poet and Brother Fiddler" was first printed in David Sillar's *Poems*.

The Irvine Burns Club in Ayrshire possesses two original letters from Robert Burns to David Sillar, purchased by the club in 1975 from the Rev. David Sillar, Wetherby, Yorkshire, a great-great-grandson. Both letters were written from Ellisland, Dumfriesshire, and are dated 5 August 1789, and 22 January 1790. They are warm friendly letters and deal with the aforementioned act of Burns obtaining eleven subscribers for Sillar's *Poems*.

### Aftermath

Unfortunately David Sillar was "No poet." The poems were mediocre and were not well received. Makinson comments that his poetry was ponderous, lacked humour and was somewhat coarse. It has been suggested that his later failure as a grocer and subsequent bankruptcy and imprisonment in Irvine was in part related to the time he spent on composing poetry and songs.

The apparent print run of 1000 copies, an optimistic number, would have contributed substantially to the losses Sillar incurred.

In the summer of 1791 David had been forced to write and ask Burns for a loan, however the poet was not in a position to help and replied that "I am extremely sorry to hear of your misfortune, & the more so, as it is not in my power to give you any assistance - I am just five shillings rich at present .... I trust your many rich and influential friends will enable you to ger clear of that flinty-hearted scoundrel whose name I detest."

## The poems and songs in David Sillar's 1789 publication *Poems*

1. "To the critics, an Epistle"
2. "The Duel"
3. "To the Fair Sex, an Epistle, Inscribed to the Ladies of I\****e"
4. "The Souter's Prayer to King Crispin"
5. "Whisky"
6. "The Tailor and Susy, a Tale"
7. "The Petition of the Ladies of \________, to the Hon. the Magistrates of \_______, Inscribed to J. C. Esg"
8. "Epistle to R. Burns"
9. "Epistle to J.W\****n, Student of Divinity, Edinburgh"
10. "Elegy on G\***** B\***"
11. "The Recantation, by J\_______ H\______"
12. "Reply to the Recantation"
13. "The Young Lady's Soliloquy"
14. "A Receipt to make a Poet"
15. "Tuncan an' Tonnel, or the effects o'whisky, a tale"
16. "The Pursuit of Happiness, a Dream"
17. "Epistle to the Author, by J. H\*******n"
18. "Epistle to W\_______ C\________"
19. "The Mistake, a common case"
20. "The Last Speech of Johny Stock,
21. "To G\______ T\______, inclosing the Receipt to make a Poet."
22. "To J\_______ D\_______n"
23. "Richie an' Ringan, a Pastoral"
24. "To Miss A\______ H\_______, inclosing Richie an' Ringan"
25. "To J. W. Watchmaker"
26. "Satan's Complaint; or, the Vision"
27. "To R\______ D\_____n, occasioned by breach of friendship"
28. "Epistle to J\***s D\*****N"
29. "On the extent and limits of the human understanding"
30. "A Dedication, inscribed to \_______ \______"
31. "To the Reverend, on his Text, I Cor., vii, 29."
32. "Gavin an' Willie, a Pastoral"
33. "Epistle to J\___n L\______k"
34. "To the Heresy Hunters"
35. "The Vindication,'"
36. "Verses occasioned by a reply to Burns' calf, by an Unco Calf"
37. "To Myra"
38. "A character of Parnell's Poems"
39. "The Debate, a true Story"
40. "Epistle to Delia"
41. "Epistle to J\___n G\______e"
42. "The Evening Review"
43. "Soliloquy on Death"
44. "Epistle to J\___n M\_____r"
45. "An Invocation to the Muses"
46. "Songs"
47. "Epigrams"
48. "Epitaphs"
49. "Conclusion"
50. "Glossary"

Sillar used a wide variety of methods to keep the names of individuals more or less hidden, such as with a series of asterisks between a first and last letter denoting missing letters, a solid line giving no clue to the number of letters, no letters at all, etc.

## Sources

* Boyle, A. M. (1996). *The Ayrshire Book of Burns-Lore*. Alloway: Alloway Publishing. ISBN 0-907526-71-3.
* Douglas, William Scott (1938). *The Kilmarnock Edition of the Poetical Works of Robert Burns*. Glasgow: The Scottish 'Daily Express'.
* Egerer, Joel W. (1964). *A Bibliography of Robert Burns*. Southern Illinois University Press.
* Hunter, Douglas (2009). *Hunters' Illustrated History of the Family, Friends and Contemporaries of Robert Burns*. Messrs Hunter McQueen and Hunter. ISBN 978-0-9559732-0-8.
* Makinson, H. (1915). *Poet, Lover, Ploughman, and Fiddler*. A.B.C.& C.D. No.XXIV. Robert Burns World Federation.
* Westwood, Peter (2008). *Who's Who in the World of Robert Burns*. Kilmarnock: Robert Burns World Federation. ISBN 978-1-899316-98-4.
* Young, Allan (2017). *The Kilmarnock Burns: A Census*. University of South Carolina Libraries. ISBN 978-1976245107.

## InfoBox

Poems
| First edition cover, 1789. | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | David Sillar |
| Language | Scots |
| Genre | Poetry and Lyrics |
| Publisher | John Wilson of Kilmarnock |
| Publication date | 1789 |
| Publication place | Great Britain |


title: Tarek Abdelzaher

abstract: Tarek Farouk A. Abdelzaher is an Egyptian-born computer scientist. Abdelzaher earned bachelor's and master's degrees in at computer and electrical engineering at Ain Shams University, followed by a doctorate from the University of Michigan in 1999, advised by Kang G. Shin. He is the Sohaib and Sara Abbasi Professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois. Abdelzaher was chief editor of the Journal of Real-Time Systems for twenty years. In 2019, Abdelzaher was awarded fellow status by the Association for Computing Machinery. He was granted an equivalent honor by the IEEE in 2021, "for contributions to cyber-physical systems and real-time computing."

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# Tarek Abdelzaher

**Tarek Farouk A. Abdelzaher** is an Egyptian-born computer scientist.

Abdelzaher earned bachelor's and master's degrees in at computer and electrical engineering at Ain Shams University, followed by a doctorate from the University of Michigan in 1999, advised by Kang G. Shin. He is the Sohaib and Sara Abbasi Professor of Computer Science at the University of Illinois. Abdelzaher was chief editor of the *Journal of Real-Time Systems* for twenty years. In 2019, Abdelzaher was awarded fellow status by the Association for Computing Machinery. He was granted an equivalent honor by the IEEE in 2021, "for contributions to cyber-physical systems and real-time computing."


title: Serra da Boa Viagem

abstract: Serra da Boa Viagem is a mountain range in Portugal, it lies three kilometers north of Figueira da Foz. The range goes up to 261.9 m (859 ft) in altitude. Around 83% of its area is between 150 and 250 m high. In its westernmost point lies Cabo Mondego.

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# Serra da Boa Viagem

**Serra da Boa Viagem** is a mountain range in Portugal, it lies three kilometers north of Figueira da Foz. The range goes up to 261.9 m (859 ft) in altitude. Around 83% of its area is between 150 and 250 m (490 and 820 ft) high. In its westernmost point lies Cabo Mondego.

Serra da Boa Viagem and Quiaios beach

## InfoBox

| Serra da Boa Viagem | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 261.9 m (859 ft) |
| Coordinates | 40°11′27″N 8°51′50″W / 40.19083°N 8.86389°W / 40.19083; -8.86389 |
| Geography | |
| Serra da Boa Viagem | |


title: Ramnika Gupta

abstract: Ramnika Gupta was an Indian writer, activist and politician. She was the founder and President of Ramnika Foundation, member of the CPI(M), a tribal rights champion, former trade union leader, politician, writer and editor. She was the coordinator of the All India Tribal Literary forum. She was a Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from 1979–1985.

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# Ramnika Gupta

**Ramnika Gupta** (April 22, 1930 – March 26, 2019) was an Indian writer, activist and politician. She was the founder and President of Ramnika Foundation, member of the CPI(M), a tribal rights champion, former trade union leader, politician, writer and editor. She was the coordinator of the All India Tribal Literary forum. She was a Member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from 19791985.

## Life

Gupta was born in Punjab on April 22, 1930. Her father was an army officer. Her husband was a civil servant and the couple had two daughters and one son.

Gupta died in Delhi on March 26, 2019 at the age of 88.

## Works

Gupta was an activist for labour rights, women rights, Dalit and tribal rights focusing on coal mine workers of Jharkhand. Some of her published works are on these topics. Her autobiography is titled '*Haadsey aur Aaphudri*'. She published a novel called *Sita Mausi*, a collection of stories titled *Bahu Juthai*. Some of her poetry works are *Tum Kaun, Til Til Nootan, Main Azaad Hui, Aadam Se Aaadmi Tak, Vigyapan Bantey Kavi*. In prose she has written *Dalit Hastakshep, Kalam Aur Kudaal Ke Bahaane, Dalit Chetna, Assam Narsanhaar - Ek Rapat, Dakshin Vaam Ke Katgharey, Rashtriya Ekta*


title: Quercus aristata

abstract: Quercus aristata is a species of oak. It is native to western Mexico, found in Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Guerrero.

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# Quercus aristata

***Quercus aristata*** is a species of oak. It is native to western Mexico, found in Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, and Guerrero.

## Description

*Quercus aristata* is a short evergreen tree up to 12 metres (39 feet) tall with a trunk as much as 40 centimetres (16 inches) in diameter. The leaves are stiff and leathery, up to 12 cm long, often with sharp pointed teeth along the edges.

## InfoBox

| *Quercus aristata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | *Quercus* |
| Subgenus: | *Quercus subg. Quercus* |
| Section: | *Quercus sect. Lobatae* |
| Species: | ***Q. aristata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quercus aristata***
Hook. & Arn. | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Quercus productipes* Trel. | |


title: Crime in Poland

abstract: Crime in Poland refers to the incidence, deterrence, and handling of criminal activity in the Republic of Poland by Polish law enforcement agencies charged with ensuring public safety and maintaining order. Poland ranks favorably in terms of public safety, with one of the lowest homicide rates in Europe. Poland was ranked 25th in the 2022 Global Peace Index and scored 0.0 on the 2023 Global Terrorism Index.

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# Crime in Poland

**Crime in Poland** refers to the incidence, deterrence, and handling of criminal activity in the Republic of Poland by Polish law enforcement agencies charged with ensuring public safety and maintaining order. Poland ranks favorably in terms of public safety, with one of the lowest homicide rates in Europe. Poland was ranked 25th in the 2022 Global Peace Index and scored 0.0 on the 2023 Global Terrorism Index.

## Crime by type

### Murder

In 2022, Poland's homicide rate was 0.68 per 100,000, with a total of 270 murders committed. The murder rate has remained relatively stable since 2014, when it was 0.74 per 100,000, with a total of 287 murders committed. The highest recorded homicide rate in the modern history of Poland was 2.39 per 100,000 in 1994, still during the democratic consolidation period following the 1989 fall of communism, which put an end to the Polish People's Republic and started the democratic transition.

### Sexual violence

According to UNODC data, the rape rate in Poland was 1.48 per 100,000 in 2022, down from 1.70 per 100,000 in 2015. The sexual assault rate also decreased from 1.09 per 100,000 in 2015 to 0.9 per 100,000 in 2022.

### Organized crime

The Central Investigation Bureau of Police (pol. *Centralne Biuro Śledcze Policji*, *CBŚP*) is the law enforcement unit of the Polish Police responsible for fighting organized crime.

The most well-known of the Polish organized crime groups in the 1990s were the so-called *Pruszków* and *Wołomin* gangs.

Polish organized crime emerged in the 1990s when the traditional criminal underworld became better organised due to rising corruption. Organized crime groups were well known (1992) for operating sophisticated car theft-rings, as well as for their involvement in drug trafficking (the main drug being amphetamine) and weapon trafficking.

The *Pruszków mafia* was an organized criminal group that emerged from the Warsaw suburb of Pruszków at the beginning of the 1990s. The group is known for being involved in large car-theft rings, drug trafficking (including cocaine, heroin, hashish and amphetamine), kidnapping, extortion, weapon trafficking (including AK-47's) and murder. Even though law enforcement dealt a severe blow to the *Pruszków mafia*, it is alleged that Pruszków-based gangs, with or without notice from their former leaders, have regained their strength in recent years and have begun setting up their car-theft rings and connections with Colombian drug cartels again.

A similar organized crime group known as the *Wołomin mafia* from Wołomin near Warsaw, with whom they fought bloody turf wars, was crushed by the Polish police in cooperation with the German police in a spectacular raid on a highway between Konin and Poznan in September 2011.

### Corruption

According to the Corruption Perception Index for 2015, Poland was ranked as the 29th country with the least perceived corruption out of 168 countries assessed. It is the eleventh successive year in which Poland's score and ranking has improved in the Index.

The law enforcement agency responsible for combating corruption within Poland's public sector is the Central Anticorruption Bureau (pol. *Centralne Biuro Antykorupcyjne*).

## Polish cities most affected by crime

## Crime dynamics

While local organized crime in Poland existed during the interwar period, it has mostly developed since the fall of communism (late 1980s/1990s) with the introduction of free market system in Poland and the lessening of the police (milicja) power.

Crime in Poland is lower than in many countries of Europe.

Newer studies (2009) report that the crime victimisation rate in Poland is constantly decreasing, and in 2008 Poland was at a low end of 25 among the 36 European countries listed. A 2004 report on security concerns of European Union residents indicated that the Polish public (along with that of Greece) are the most afraid of crime, a finding which does not correlate with the actual crime threat.

## Further reading


title: Brian J. Frederick

abstract: Brian J. Frederick is a queer criminologist.They currently serve as an assistant professor of criminal justice at SUNY Empire State College in Brooklyn.

text:
# Brian J. Frederick

**Brian J. Frederick** is a queer criminologist.They currently serve as an assistant professor of criminal justice at SUNY Empire State College in Brooklyn.

## Education and Research Interests

In 2016, Frederick completed an Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate in Global and Cultural Criminology program at the School of Social Policy, Sociology & Social Research at the University of Kent (Canterbury, England) and the Institute für Kriminologische Sozialforschung at University of Hamburg (Hamburg, Germany).

Their research focuses on how the ongoing commercialization, commodification and gentrification of queer physical space (i.e., ‘gay ghettos’) and queer virtual space affects sexual experiences among gay, bisexual and queer men (GBQM). Their research also looks at the impact of criminal justice and public health interventions, as well as the stigmatisation, marginalisation and oppression of GBQM by contemporary gay culture.

Several areas in which Frederick is actively researching include:

Frederick's research takes a critical stance towards current criminal justice policies and public health strategies that target gay, bisexual, and queer male drug users.

## Media appearances

Frederick is a subject-matter expert on numerous episodes of *Meet, Marry, Murder*, which launched on the True Crime Network (U.S.) and the Crime & Investigation network (U.K.) in Spring 2021. He also features as a subject matter expert on *Making a Serial Killer*, a U.S. television series that profiles North American serial killers. The series launched on Amazon Prime and Apple TV in January 2022.

Additionally, Frederick has made numerous media appearances on topics such as American politics, the U.S. criminal justice system, the 'Dark Web, U.K. knife crime, psychopathy, and the Salisbury poisonings, among others.

1. Haslop, C., Hill, H., & Schmidt, R. A. (1998). The gay lifestyle-spaces for a subculture of consumption. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 16(5), 318-326.
2. Schulman, S. (2012). The gentrification of the mind: Witness to a lost imagination. University of California Pr.
3. Botnick, M. R. (2000). Part 1: HIV as ‘the line in the sand’. Journal of Homosexuality, 38(4), 39-76.
4. Frederick, B. J. (2012). The marginalization of critical perspectives in public criminal justice core curricula. Western Criminological Review, 13(3), 21-33.

## Publications

## Further reading

* Ball, M. (2013). Queer Criminology, Critique, and the "Art of Not Being Governed". *Critical Criminology*, 1–14.
* Ball, M. (2014). What's Queer About Queer Criminology?. In *Handbook of LGBT communities, crime, and justice* (pp. 531–555). Springer New York.
* Buist, C. L., & Stone, C. (2013). Transgender Victims and Offenders: Failures of the United States Criminal Justice System and the Necessity of Queer Criminology. *Critical Criminology*, 1–13.
* Panfil, V. R. (2013). Better left unsaid? The role of agency in queer criminological research. *Critical Criminology*, 1–13.
* Woods, J.B. (2013). Queer Contestations and the Future of a Critical “Queer” Criminology. *Critical Criminology*, 1–15.


title: Caesar Hawkins

abstract: Caesar Henry Hawkins FRS was a British surgeon.

text:
# Caesar Hawkins

**Caesar** (or Cæsar) **Henry Hawkins** FRS (19 September 1798 – 20 July 1884) was a British surgeon.

## Life

He was the son of the Rev. E. Hawkins and grandson of Sir Cæsar Hawkins, 1st Baronet (1711-1786), Serjeant-Surgeon to George II and George III (see Hawkins baronets); and was brother to fellow physician Francis Hawkins and to Edward Hawkins (1789-1882), Provost of Oriel, Oxford. Hawkins was born at Bisley, Gloucestershire. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, and entered St George's Hospital, London, in 1818. He was surgeon to the hospital from 1829 to 1861, and in 1862 was made sergeant-surgeon to Queen Victoria. He was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1852 and again in 1861 and delivered the Hunterian oration in 1849. He was also President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society as well as President of the Pathological Society of London in 1853.

His success in complex surgical cases gave him a great reputation. For long he was noted as the only surgeon who had succeeded in the operation of ovariotomy in a London hospital. This occurred in 1846, when anaesthetics were unknown. He did much to popularize colostomy. A successful operator, he nevertheless was attached to conservative surgery, and was always more anxious to teach his pupils how to save a limb than how to remove it.

## Works

He re-printed his contributions to the medical journals in two volumes, 1874, including papers on *Tumours*, *Excision of the Ovarium*, *Hydrophobia and Snake-bites*, *Stricture of the Colon*, and *The Relative Claims of Sir Charles Bell and Magendie to the Discovery of the Functions of the Spinal Nerves*.

**Attribution:**


title: Polyvinyl chloride acetate

abstract: Polyvinyl chloride acetate (PVCA) is a thermoplastic copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. It is used in the manufacture of electrical insulation, of protective coverings, and of credit cards and "vinyl" audio recordings.

text:
# Polyvinyl chloride acetate

**Polyvinyl chloride acetate** (PVCA) is a thermoplastic copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate. It is used in the manufacture of electrical insulation, of protective coverings (including garments), and of credit cards and "vinyl" audio recordings.

## InfoBox

Polyvinyl chloride acetate
|  | |
| --- | --- |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number |  |
| ChemSpider | * none |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.108.382 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |  |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | (C2H3Cl)n(C4H6O2)m |
| Molar mass | Variable |
| Appearance | Colorless solid |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C \[77 °F\], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?)  Infobox references | |


title: Takura Izumi

abstract:
Takura Izumi Takura Izumi is a Japanese archaeologist and writer.
He is a Professor of Archaeology at Kyoto University and Professor Emeritus of Nara University. He specializes in the archeology of prehistoric times, and has authored books on the appearance of Jōmon pottery and the early history of Japan. He is a member of the Japanese Archaeological Association, Japan Society of Scientific Studies on Cultural Properties, West Asian Archaeology Society, Japanese Society for West Asian Archeology, Japan Orient Society, and The Society For Near Eastern Studies on Japan.

text:
# Takura Izumi

**Takura Izumi** (泉 拓良, *Izumi Takura*, born 1948) is a Japanese archaeologist and writer. He is a Professor of Archaeology at Kyoto University and Professor Emeritus of Nara University. He specializes in the archeology of prehistoric times, and has authored books on the appearance of Jōmon pottery and the early history of Japan. He is a member of the Japanese Archaeological Association, Japan Society of Scientific Studies on Cultural Properties, West Asian Archaeology Society, Japanese Society for West Asian Archeology, Japan Orient Society, and The Society For Near Eastern Studies on Japan.


title: Sanicula saxatilis

abstract: Sanicula saxatilis is a rare species of flowering plant in the parsley family known by the common names devil's blacksnakeroot and rock sanicle.

text:
# Sanicula saxatilis

***Sanicula saxatilis*** is a rare species of flowering plant in the parsley family known by the common names **devil's blacksnakeroot** and **rock sanicle**.

## Distribution

It is endemic to the eastern San Francisco Bay Area of California. It is known only from Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton, both in the Diablo Range.

Its habitat is mostly rocky chaparral slopes and talus. Although it is rare, most occurrences are in remote mountainous locales that are relatively safe from disturbance.

## Description

*Sanicula saxatilis* is a perennial herb producing a thick stem 10 to 25 centimeters tall from a spherical tuber. The leaves are compound, each divided into three leaflets which are deeply cut into serrated lobes. The foliage is green to purple and sometimes waxy in texture.

The inflorescence is made up of one or more heads of bisexual and male-only flowers with tiny, curving, pale salmon pink, yellowish or straw-colored petals.

The fruits are a few millimeters wide and covered in bumps and sometimes bristles.

## InfoBox

| *Sanicula saxatilis* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Imperiled  (NatureServe) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | *Sanicula* |
| Species: | ***S. saxatilis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sanicula saxatilis***
Greene | |
|


title: Setanta Hurling Club (Donegal)

abstract: Setanta Hurling Club is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located near Killygordon, County Donegal, Ireland. The club is solely concerned with the game of hurling. As of 2024, the club competes in the Donegal SHC.

text:
# Setanta Hurling Club (Donegal)

**Setanta Hurling Club** is a Gaelic Athletic Association club located near Killygordon, County Donegal, Ireland. The club is solely concerned with the game of hurling.

As of 2024, the club competes in the Donegal SHC.

## History

Setanta won its first Donegal SHC title in 1973. Since then, it has won a total of 17 club titles, including a six-in-a-row between 1983 and 1988.

The club won its first Ulster Junior Club Hurling Championship title in 2017.

Gary McGettigan managed Setanta to the 2022 Ulster Junior Club Hurling Championship title.

The following season, Setanta won the 2023 Ulster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship, thus becoming the first team from Donegal to win the competition.

## Notable players

## Honours

## InfoBox

Setanta Hurling Club
| *Setanta Iomána* | |
| --- | --- |
| County: | Donegal |
| Colours: | Green and black |
| Grounds: | Setanta Park |
| Playing kits | |
|  | |
| Senior Club Championships | |
| All Ireland Ulster
champions Donegal
champions  Hurling:   17 | |


title: Ramnit

abstract:
Ramnit is a computer worm affecting Windows users. It was estimated that it infected 800 000 Windows PCs between September and December 2011. The Ramnit botnet was dismantled by Europol and Symantec in 2015.
At its peak in 2015, Ramnit was estimated to have infected 3,200,000 PCs. Ramnit infects removable media such as USB drives and also hides itself within the master boot record. As soon as it infects a computer, it copies itself to all attached and removable drives. It also searches and infects files with the extensions.exe,.dll,.htm and.html.

text:
# Ramnit

**Ramnit** is a computer worm affecting Windows users. It was estimated that it infected 800 000 Windows PCs between September and December 2011. The Ramnit botnet was dismantled by Europol and Symantec in 2015. At its peak in 2015, Ramnit was estimated to have infected 3,200,000 PCs. Ramnit infects removable media such as USB drives and also hides itself within the master boot record. As soon as it infects a computer, it copies itself to all attached and removable drives. It also searches and infects files with the extensions .exe, .dll, .htm and .html.


title: Camille's (Providence, Rhode Island)

abstract: Camille's is the oldest Italian restaurant in Rhode Island, located in Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island. Camille's has been open since 1914 when it was known as Marconi’s. They are known as the best Mafia restaurant in America.

text:
# Camille's (Providence, Rhode Island)

**Camille's** is the oldest Italian restaurant in Rhode Island, located in Federal Hill, Providence, Rhode Island. Camille's has been open since 1914 when it was known as Marconi’s.

They are known as the best Mafia restaurant in America.

## History

In 1914 Camille's opened for business under the name Marconi's. In 1919 The restaurant changed ownership, name and location when Pasquale Parolisi bought the restaurant. In 1952, Jack and Camille, his son and daughter-in-law, inherited the restaurant. Camille's is the second oldest family owned restaurant in the US.

The restaurant is housed in what was a former mansion. Camille's may have been the first restaurant to feature fried calamari.

## Reception

Camille's was honored with an Award of Excellence from *Wine Spectator.*

*The Phoenix* said “Camille's exudes *duende*, the rare place that's pure Rhode Island with a dash of Las Vegas, the kind of joint where Frank Sinatra would have felt right at home.”

In fact, Sinatra was supposedly a big fan of their Italian wedding soup. Other famous customers include several US Presidents including John F. Kennedy and his son, Lyndon B. Johnson, Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford; Jane Fonda, Yoko Ono as well as members of Aerosmith and Led Zeppelin.

Mafia boss Raymond L. S. Patriarca was a frequent customer.

1. "Camille's Restaurant Named 'Top Mafia Restaurant' in America". Golocal Prov. May 18, 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
2. "The Oldest Italian Restaurant In Rhode Island Is Camille's And It's Delicious". *Only in your State*. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
3. Donnis, Ian. "Closing time Camille's Roman Garden, a Providence institution, faces an uncertain future". Providence Phoenix. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
4. "Six Prohibition Speakeasies You Can Still Visit". *New England Historical Society*. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
5. Beaulieu, Linda (2014). *Providence & Rhode Island chef's table : extraordinary recipes from the Ocean State*. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. p. 18. ISBN 9781493010615. Retrieved 27 November 2022.

## InfoBox

| Camille's | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Camille's restaurant | |
|  | |
| Restaurant information | |
| Previous owner(s) | Pasquale Parolisi |
| Food type | Italian |
| Street address | 71 Bradford St |
| City | Providence |
| County | Providence County |
| State | Rhode Island |
| Postal/ZIP Code | 02903 |
| Country | US |
| Coordinates | 41°49′22″N 71°25′18″W / 41.822778°N 71.421667°W / 41.822778; -71.421667 |
| Website | Camille's website |


title: Quercus austrina

abstract: Quercus austrina, the bastard white oak or bluff oak, is an oak species that is endemic to the southeastern United States from Mississippi to the Carolinas, with a few isolated populations in Arkansas. Quercus austrina can grow to a height of 45 to 60 feet with a spread of 35 to 50 feet. Leaves are narrow, with shallow rounded lobes. It tends to grow in wet habitats, such as on river bluffs, river bottoms, and flatwoods, and generally over basic substrates, such as mafic rocks, shells, or calcareous sediment. Quercus austrina specimens have often been misidentified as either Q. sinuata or Q. nigra. Quercus austrina is tolerant to clay, sand, loam, acidic, and well-drained soils. Also, it requires a lot of sun and its drought tolerance is high.

text:
# Quercus austrina

***Quercus austrina***, the **bastard white oak** or **bluff oak**, is an oak species that is endemic to the southeastern United States from Mississippi to the Carolinas, with a few isolated populations in Arkansas.

*Quercus austrina* can grow to a height of 45 to 60 feet (13.5–18 meters) with a spread of 35 to 50 feet (10.5–15 m). Leaves are narrow, with shallow rounded lobes. It tends to grow in wet habitats, such as on river bluffs, river bottoms, and flatwoods, and generally over basic substrates, such as mafic rocks, shells, or calcareous sediment.

*Quercus austrina* specimens have often been misidentified as either *Q. sinuata* or *Q. nigra.*

Quercus austrina is tolerant to clay, sand, loam, acidic, and well-drained soils. Also, it requires a lot of sun and its drought tolerance is high.

## National champion

The largest known bluff oak in the United States appeared on the National Register of Champion Trees in 2015. Located in Wakulla, Florida, the national champion specimen of *Quercus austrina* was nominated in 2009 by George Apthorp and crowned on September 1, 2015. It was last measured in 2014. By that time, the champion tree had attained a trunk circumference of 10 ft 8 in (3.25 m), a height of 129 ft (39 m) and a crown spread of 70 feet. The American Forests formula for assigning point scores to nominated trees is trunk circumference (in inches) + height (in feet) + 14 average crown spread (in feet), resulted in an overall score of 275 points.

## InfoBox

| *Quercus austrina* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Conservation status | |
|
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| *Clade*: | Tracheophytes |
| *Clade*: | Angiosperms |
| *Clade*: | Eudicots |
| *Clade*: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | *Quercus* |
| Subgenus: | *Quercus subg. Quercus* |
| Section: | *Quercus sect. Quercus* |
| Species: | ***Q. austrina*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Quercus austrina***
Small | |
|
|  | |
| Natural range for *Quercus austrina* | |
| Synonyms | |
| * *Quercus durandii* var. *austrina* (Small) E.J.Palmer | |


title: Crossodactylodes

abstract: Crossodactylodes is a genus of leptodactylid frogs from the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil. Most Crossodactylodes are Atlantic Forest species closely associated with epiphytic bromeliads where they complete their entire life cycle, including the larval development. However, Crossodactylodes itambe inhabits rupicolous (rock-dwelling) bromeliads in open field habitats at higher altitudes.

text:
# Crossodactylodes

***Crossodactylodes*** (common name: **bromeliad frogs**) is a genus of leptodactylid frogs from the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil.

Most *Crossodactylodes* are Atlantic Forest species closely associated with epiphytic bromeliads where they complete their entire life cycle, including the larval development. However, *Crossodactylodes itambe* inhabits rupicolous (rock-dwelling) bromeliads in open field habitats at higher altitudes.

## Species

There are five species:

## InfoBox

| *Crossodactylodes* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Leptodactylidae |
| Subfamily: | Paratelmatobiinae |
| Genus: | *Crossodactylodes*
Cochran, 1938 |
|
| Type species | |
| *Crossodactylodes pintoi*
Cochran, 1938 | |
| Species | |
| 5, see text. | |