title: Relative pitch

abstract: Relative pitch is the ability of a person to identify or re-create a given musical note by comparing it to a reference note and identifying the interval between those two notes. For example, if the notes Do and Fa are played on a piano, a person with relative pitch would be able to identify the second note from the first note given that they know that the first note is Do without looking.

text:
# Relative pitch

**Relative pitch** is the ability of a person to identify or re-create a given musical note by comparing it to a reference note and identifying the interval between those two notes. For example, if the notes *Do* and *Fa* are played on a piano, a person with relative pitch would be able to identify the second note from the first note given that they know that the first note is *Do* without looking.

## Detailed definition

Relative pitch implies some or all of the following abilities:

* Determine the distance of a musical note from a set point of reference, e.g. "three octaves above middle C"
* Identify the intervals between given tones, regardless of their relation to concert pitch (A = 440 Hz)
* Correctly sing a melody by following musical notation, by pitching each note in the melody according to its distance from the previous note.
* Hear a melody for the first time, then name the notes relative to a reference pitch.

This last criterion, which applies not only to singers but also to instrumentalists who rely on their own skill to determine the precise pitch of the notes played (wind instruments, fretless string instruments like violin or viola, etc.), is an essential skill for musicians in order to play successfully with others. An example, is the different concert pitches used by orchestras playing music from different styles (a baroque orchestra using period instruments might decide to use a higher-tuned pitch).

Compound intervals (intervals greater than an octave) can be more difficult to detect than simple intervals (intervals less than an octave).

Interval recognition is used to identify chords, and can be applied to accurately tune an instrument with respect to a given reference tone, even when the tone is not in concert pitch.

## Prevalence and training

Unlike absolute pitch (sometimes called "perfect pitch"), relative pitch is quite common among musicians, especially musicians who are used to playing "by ear", and a precise relative pitch is a constant characteristic among good musicians.

Unlike perfect pitch, relative pitch can be developed through ear training. Computer-aided ear training is becoming a popular tool for musicians and music students, and various software is available for improving relative pitch.

Some music teachers teach their students relative pitch by having them associate each possible interval with the first two notes of a popular song. Another method of developing relative pitch is playing melodies by ear on a musical instrument, especially one that, unlike a piano or other keyboard or fretted instrument, requires a specific manual or blown adjustment for each particular tone.

Indian musicians learn relative pitch by singing intervals over a drone, which Mathieu (1997) described in terms of occidental just intonation terminology.  Many Western ear training classes used *solfège* to teach students relative pitch, while others use numerical sight-singing.


title: Boathouse District

abstract: The Boathouse District is a row of boathouses and attractions along the Oklahoma River in Oklahoma City. The Boathouse District offers activities such as recreational and elite rowing and kayaking, fitness facilities, private event spaces and RIVERSPORT Adventures, an outdoor adventure park. The Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation, which manages the Boathouse District, has been named a U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Training Site by the U.S. Olympic Committee.

text:
# Boathouse District

The **Boathouse District** is a row of boathouses and attractions along the Oklahoma River in Oklahoma City. The Boathouse District offers activities such as recreational and elite rowing and kayaking, fitness facilities, private event spaces and RIVERSPORT Adventures, an outdoor adventure park. The Oklahoma City Boathouse Foundation, which manages the Boathouse District, has been named a U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Training Site by the U.S. Olympic Committee.

## History

The development of the Boathouse District began with the early 1990s revitalization of the seven-mile section of the North Canadian River that runs through Oklahoma City. As rowing gained popularity in Oklahoma City on Lake Overholser, Mike and Tempe Knopp, leaders of the Oklahoma Association for Rowing, discovered that the Oklahoma River would be a perfect waterway for rowing. The Oklahoma Association of Rowing, began a grassroots effort to build a boathouse along the shores of the Oklahoma River. Aubrey McClendon and Clay Bennett soon took interest in the project and helped secured funding for the multimillion-dollar boathouse.

The first boathouse in the Boathouse District, the Chesapeake Boathouse, was built in 2006. The Devon Boathouse was completed in 2010, followed by the Chesapeake Finish Line Tower in 2011. The CHK|Central Boathouse is opened in spring 2015.

## Chesapeake Boathouse

The Chesapeake Boathouse, built in 2006, was the first structure on the newly revitalized Oklahoma River. Today it anchors the Boathouse District and serves as the community boathouse on the river.

The design is the vision of Oklahoma City architect Rand Elliott with primary funding for the project provided by Chesapeake Energy Corporation.

The design of the Chesapeake Boathouse represents a sleek rowing shell with translucent polycarbonate walls offering a dramatic nighttime image of the building “floating” above the river. Sixteen columns of light representing oars highlight the reflecting pool at the “bow” of the building. Features of the $3.5 million facility include:

* Deck, lobby, and event room for receptions and meetings
* Boat bays to store up to 124 rowing shells
* A panoramic 24-ft. wall of glass overlooking the deck, river, and reflecting pool
* Event room with a 62-foot window revealing the boat bays
* Fully equipped fitness/training room overlooking the river

## Devon Boathouse

The Devon Boathouse is the home of Oklahoma City University Rowing and Canoe/Kayak and headquarters for the OKC National High Performance Center. The OKC National High Performance Center provides training opportunities for Olympic hopefuls in both rowing and canoe/kayak.

Designed for OCU by Rand Elliott, Elliott & Associates Architects, the Devon Boathouse is one in a series of iconic boathouses in the Boathouse District at the Oklahoma River in Oklahoma City. Its dramatic architecture creates a striking image against the backdrop of Oklahoma City’s downtown skyline and creates the impression of the boathouse’s “prow” breaking the river’s edge.

Soaring spaces created by glass and polycarbonate walls are flooded with natural light and include a two-story boat bay and the Ann Lacy Event Center. Expansive windows offer unobstructed views of the Oklahoma River and a second story balcony overlooks the boat bay ramps and docks. Blue LED lights accent the exterior of the boathouse at night, adding to the dramatic images of the Chesapeake Boathouse and OGE Together Lightscape on the river.

## Chesapeake Finish Line Tower

The Chesapeake Finish Line Tower was designed by Oklahoma architect Rand Elliott. The 60 foot tower is clearly visible from Interstate 35. The 7,500 square foot building has four levels. These include a welcome center, finish line jury/timing seats, commentary/media/race control and a VIP Viewing Gallery and observation deck.

The Chesapeake Finish Line Tower has the newest in race technology and meets the standards for both FISA, the international governing body for rowing, and the International Canoe Federation. The finish line for the Oklahoma River is attached to the tower itself and is graphically represented on nearby sidewalks and inside the building as a continuous red line. Outside, terraced seating is provided for spectators to have an outdoor view of the finish line.

## CHK|Central Boathouse

The CHK|Central Boathouse serves as home to the University of Central Oklahoma’s women’s rowing team. It also includes a live music venue and an art gallery, establishing it as a unique presence “where art meets the river” in the Boathouse District at the Oklahoma River. The CHK|Central Boathouse opened in April 2015 and is the newest boathouse in the Boathouse District.

## OU Boathouse

Plans for the University of Oklahoma Boathouse, home to the OU Women’s NCAA Division I program, are underway. The facility has received $2 million in funding as part of a $12.5 million donation to support OU academics and athletics from Aubrey and Kathleen McClendon.

## RIVERSPORT Rapids

RIVERSPORT Rapids is a non-profit recreational and athletic training whitewater and rafting center. The $45.6 million project is fully funded by MAPS 3, a temporary voter-approved sales tax increase.

## RIVERSPORT Adventures

RIVERSPORT Adventures is a non-profit outdoor adventure park in Oklahoma City. It is home to the SandRidge Sky Zip, Sky Trail, Slide and Rumble Drop, along with recreational kayaking, stand up paddle boarding and many other adventures.

35°27′29″N 97°30′09″W / 35.457924°N 97.502494°W / 35.457924; -97.502494


title: Filip Apelstav

abstract: Klas Filip Cheick Tidjane Apelstav is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played for IFK Norrköping and was a member of the Sweden Olympic football team that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He was also a part of the Sweden U21 team that finished second at the 1992 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

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# Filip Apelstav

**Klas Filip Cheick Tidjane Apelstav** (born 18 September 1971) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played for IFK Norrköping and was a member of the Sweden Olympic football team that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He was also a part of the Sweden U21 team that finished second at the 1992 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

## InfoBox

Filip Apelstav
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Klas Filip Cheick Tidjane Apelstav | | |
| Date of birth | (1971-09-18) 18 September 1971 | | |
| Place of birth | Frölunda, Sweden | | |
| Height | 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Defender | | |
| International career | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 1991 | Sweden U19 | 2 | (0) |
| 1990-1993 | Sweden U21/ | 21 | (0) |


title: Eagle rug

abstract: An Eagle rug is a small rug, usually round, upon which Byzantine Rite bishops stand during divine liturgy and other services. The Orlets ("Eaglet") is a small round or oval rug, whereon is represented an eagle, with a glory around his head, flying above a city. During divine service, the bishop stands on such rugs, as a reminder that he should, by his teaching and his life, rise above his flock, and be to them an example of a soul aspiring from the things of earth to those of heaven.

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# Eagle rug

An **Eagle rug** (Greek αετός, **aëtos**; Church-Slavonic орлецъ, **orlets**) is a small rug, usually round, upon which Byzantine Rite bishops stand during divine liturgy and other services.

> The Orlets ("Eaglet") is a small round or oval rug, whereon is represented an eagle, with a glory around his head, flying above a city. During divine service, the bishop stands on such rugs, as a reminder that he should, by his teaching and his life, rise above his flock, and be to them an example of a soul aspiring from the things of earth to those of heaven.

## Appearance

The eagle rug is normally woven or embroidered so as to depict an eagle soaring over a city that is surrounded by walls and towers. The walled city represents the bishop's episcopal authority over his Diocese, and his defence of the faithful in it. The eagle soaring above the city represents the bishop's uprightness of life, and his sound theological preaching of the Gospel, which should soar above all worldliness and elevate the hearts and minds of the faithful. Around the eagle's head is a halo, in imitation of the eagle used to depict St. John the Divine, and symbolizing theological attainments and the grace of the Holy Spirit. The eagle is also a reminder that, "as an eagle can see clearly over distances, so must a bishop oversee all parts of his diocese."

## Use

Any time a bishop is present in the church, or functioning at some service outdoorswhether vested and serving or whether simply wearing the mantlehe stands on an eagle rug. During the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy many eagle rugs are used, there always being one where he is seated or standing, and before he moves to a spot (such as on the Ambo) to give a blessing, an eagle rug is placed there for him to stand on as he blesses. The eagle rug placed at the bishop's cathedra is slightly larger than the others used during the services. The eagle rug is always placed so that the head of the eagle faces the direction the bishop is facing.

## Special Form

Before his consecration, a bishop-elect is led onto a very large eagle rug, used specifically for this purpose, as the consecrating bishops examine him regarding his faith.

1. Sokolof, Archpriest Dimitrii (1899), *Manual of the Orthodox Church's Divine Services*, Jordanville, New York: Holy Trinity Monastery (published 2001), p. 32, ISBN 0-88465-067-7
2. Hapgood, Isabel F. (1975). *Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church*. Englewood, NJ: Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese. pp. 606–7. ASIN: B000E0C8CY.
3. Slobodskoy, Archpriest Seraphim (1996). *The Law of God*. Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Monastery. p. 540. ISBN 0-88465-044-8.


title: Chloropaschia venantia

abstract: Chloropaschia venantia is a species of snout moth in the genus Chloropaschia. It is found in South America.

text:
# Chloropaschia venantia

***Chloropaschia venantia*** is a species of snout moth in the genus *Chloropaschia*. It is found in South America.

## InfoBox

| *Chloropaschia venantia* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Pyralidae |
| Genus: | *Chloropaschia* |
| Species: | ***C. venantia*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Chloropaschia venantia***<br>Schaus, 1925 | |
|


abstract: The Painter Otto Dix and His Wife, Martha is a black and white photograph taken by August Sander in 1925–1926. It was included in his photography book Face of Our Time (1931) and in his project People of the 20th Century, released posthumously.

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# The Painter Otto Dix and His Wife, Martha

***The Painter Otto Dix and His Wife, Martha*** is a black and white photograph taken by August Sander in 1925–1926. It was included in his photography book *Face of Our Time* (1931) and in his project *People of the 20th Century*, released posthumously.

## Description

The photograph depicts the painter Otto Dix and his wife Martha Dix seated, with a white background. The portrait of the couple shows them gazing in different directions. Otto, at the right, appears in profile, looking to his wife, with a passive expression. Martha, who wears a bob hairstyle, typical of the 1920s, also appears emotionless, but looks directly at the viewer. This kind of double portrait seems influenced by the austerity and realism of the New Objectivity portraits. The way that Otto Dix is portrayed also recalls some of his self-portraits. Sander himself was influenced by several painters of that time for the work he did back then. He stated in 1927 that his purpose was “to see things as they are and not as they should or might be... to tell the truth about our age and people.”

## Public collections

There are prints of this photograph at several public collections, including the Städel Museum, in Frankfurt am Main, the Museum of Modern Art, in New York, the International Center of Photography, in New York, The Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Contemporary Photography, in Chicago, the Princeton University Art Museum, in Princeton, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Cleveland Museum of Art.


title: Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests

abstract: The Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests are a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion of northeastern and Central Mexico, extending into the state of Texas in the United States.

text:
# Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests

The **Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests** are a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion of northeastern and Central Mexico, extending into the state of Texas in the United States.

## Setting

The Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests are found at elevations of 1,000–3,500 m (3,300–11,500 ft) above sea level in the Sierra Madre Oriental range, which runs north and south between the Gulf Coastal Plain to the east along the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mexican Plateau to the west. They are also found in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, adjacent to the southern Sierra Madre Oriental. The ecoregion covers an area of 65,600 km2 (25,300 sq mi).

The southernmost forests transition to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests in central Puebla state, near the southern end of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The forests extend almost continuously along the range through the states of Veracruz, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and northern Puebla. North of Monterrey, the forests become discontinuous, extending as a series of sky islands through the states of Nuevo León and Coahuila, and on into the Chisos and Davis mountains of the Big Bend region of western Texas.

Other sky islands can be found on the higher peaks of the mountain ranges rising from the Mexican Plateau to the west. The pine–oak forests extend along a discontinuous line of folded mountains, including the Sierra de Arteaga, Sierra de Zapalinamé, Sierra La Concordia, Sierra de Parras, and Sierra de Jimulco that reach westwards across the plateau. The Sierra del Rosario, west of Torreón, is the westernmost extent of ecoregion.

Enclaves of pine–oak forest also occur at the highest elevations of the Sierra de San Carlos and Sierra de Tamaulipas, smaller ranges which rise from the Gulf Coastal Plain east of the main line of the Sierra.

## Flora

The dominant species are many species of pine including Nelson pinyon (*Pinus nelsonii*), Mexican pinyon (*P. cembroides*), smooth-bark Mexican pine (*P. pseudostrobus*), and Arizona pine (*P. arizonica*), and the oaks *Quercus castanea* and *Q. affinis*. On the wetter slopes facing the ocean the most common trees are Mexican pinyon and *Juniperus deppeana*, while on the drier western slopes weeping pinyon (*Pinus pinceana*) is more common. The forests are home to a great variety of other flora including agave and traditional food plants.

The Sierra Madre Oriental is home to Mexico's greatest diversity of oaks. There are 55 native species, including 19 endemic species. 32 are red oaks (section *Lobatae*), of which 14 are endemic, and 23 are white oaks (section *Quercus*), with 5 endemic species. Endemic species include *Quercus ariifolia, Q. edwardsiae, Q. flocculenta, Q. furfuracea, Q. galeanensis, Q. hirtifolia, Q. hypoxantha, Q. miquihuanensis, Q. runcinatifolia, Q. rysophylla*, *Q.saltillensis*, and *Q. verde*. *Quercus canbyi* is native to the northern Sierra, with an outlier population in the Chisos Mountains of Texas. *Quercus germana* and *Q. pinnativenulosa* are endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental and the northern Sierra Madre de Oaxaca. Several species, including *Quercus laeta* and *Q. xalapensis*, reach northern limits of their ranges in the Sierra.

## Fauna

Mammals that inhabit this ecoregion include the American black bear (*Ursus americanus*), which migrate along the Rio Grande from northern Coahuila to the Chisos Mountains in Texas, mule deer (*Odocoileus hemionus*), cougar (*Puma concolor*), cliff chipmunk (*Tamias dorsalis*), collared peccary (*Pecari tajacu*), white-nosed coati (*Nasua narica*), jaguar (*Panthera onca*) and coyote (*Canis latrans*).

The maroon-fronted parrot (*Rhynchopsitta terrisi*) is endemic to this ecoregion. The Colima warbler (*Vermivora crissalis*) breeds only in the Sierra Madre Oriental. Wild turkeys (*Meleagris gallapavo*), peregrine falcons (*Falco peregrinus*) and golden eagle (*Aquila chrysaetos*) are also resident.

Pine–oak forests in Coahuila are part of the migration route of monarch butterflies (*Danaus plexippus*).

## Protected areas

32.22% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include El Chico National Park, El Potosí National Park, Cumbres de Monterrey National Park Los Mármoles National Park, Big Bend National Park, Cerro de la Silla Natural Monument, El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Sierra de Tamaulipas Biosphere Reserve, Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve, Sierra Gorda de Guanajuato Biosphere Reserve, Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve, Maderas del Carmen Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Cañón de Santa Elena Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Sierra de Álvarez Flora and Fauna Protection Area, Serranía de Zapalinamé ecological reserve, Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 026 Bajo Río San Juan, and Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 004 Don Martín.

## InfoBox

| Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests | |
| --- | --- |
| Pahuatlán del Valle, Puebla state, Mexico | |
| Location of the ecoregion | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Nearctic |
| Biome | Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests |
| Borders | List |
| Bird species | 336 |
| Mammal species | 169 |
| Geography | |
| Area | 65,600 km2 (25,300 sq mi) |
| Countries |  |
| States | List |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered |
| Global 200 | Yes |
| Habitat loss | 7.6452% |
| Protected | 32.22% |


title: St Mary's Church, Guildford

abstract: St Mary's Church is an Anglican church in Guildford in Surrey, England; the church's Anglo-Saxon tower is the oldest surviving structure in the town. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, the author Lewis Carroll, preached here and his funeral was held in the church in 1898. Coming under the Diocese of Guildford, the church has been Grade I listed since 1953.

text:
# St Mary's Church, Guildford

**St Mary's Church** is an Anglican church in Guildford in Surrey, England; the church's Anglo-Saxon tower is the oldest surviving structure in the town. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, the author Lewis Carroll, preached here and his funeral was held in the church in 1898. Coming under the Diocese of Guildford, the church has been Grade I listed since 1953.

## History

A stone Anglo-Saxon church built in about 1040 AD the tower of which still stands today, St Mary's Church is believed to stand on the same site as Guildford's first church which was probably a small timber structure built in about 600 AD. St Mary's Church tower, which is built of rough flint, is the oldest surviving piece of architecture in Guildford being at least 70 years older than the nearby Guildford Castle. As the castle was a popular royal residence in the 12th and 13th centuries and as St Mary's is very close to it, it was used occasionally for royal worship and Thomas Becket may have celebrated Mass here. In 1274, Henry, the six-year-old son of Edward I was dying at the castle, 13 widows held an all-night vigil in the church for him but in vain. After he died three masses were celebrated in St Mary's for his soul.

In about 1120 the canons of Merton Priory acquired St Mary's and rebuilt the church giving it the cross-shaped plan we see today. In the 1140s the St John's chapel was added to the south of the church. Much of the present building dates from the 1180s. The chancel had an apse until it was demolished in 1825. In the 14th century a large number of windows were inserted, while the chancel has a 15th-century east window of five cinquefoiled lights with tracery over, in a four-centred head. During the Reformation the church underwent significant changes in the way it was decorated but the corbels mainly survived including one on the South side of a carving of ravens placing food into Elijah’s mouth. Two other corbels in the north aisle, however, which had been carved to show angels still show signs of destruction from that period.

Guildford Methodist Church officially joined St Mary's on 1 September 2013, and the church is now a joint Anglican and Methodist congregation as well as being part of a joint parish with nearby Holy Trinity.

## Design

In 1825 the chancel was shortened to allow for the adjacent Quarry Street to be widened. In 1862 St Mary’s was restored by Thomas Goodchild (died 1885) when the stonework was renewed and the gallery removed. Goodchild's restoration did not eliminate the 11th- and 12th-century fabric of this ancient parish church. The whole of the exterior of the walling (excepting that of the tower and the east wall, which is of chalk) has been encased with flint, and all the buttresses are Victorian except one. The East window is by William Holland and shows The Nativity, the Baptism, the Crucifixion, the Resurrection and Ascension of our Lord. The West window of the north aisle is by the Royal Bavarian Art Institute for Stained Glass and dates from about 1850. The font is Victorian and has a square bowl of clunch with scalloped under-edge, resting on a chamfered square stem and four small stone shafts with scalloped capitals and moulded bases. The pulpit, which was added by Goodchild, is of stone and marble and replaced one from the 17th-century.

## Lewis Carroll

From the present pulpit the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ("Lewis Carroll") used to occasionally preach when staying with his family in their home, *The Chestnuts* nearby. It was also at St Mary's that his funeral was held.

## InfoBox

| St Mary's Church | |
| --- | --- |
| St Mary's Church from Quarry Street | |
| St Mary's Church, GuildfordLocation in Surrey | |
| 51°14′05″N 0°34′39″W / 51.2346°N 0.5774°W / 51.2346; -0.5774 | |
| OS grid reference | SU 99614 49344 |
| Location | Quarry Street, Guildford |
| Country | England |
| Denomination | Church of England / Methodist |
| Churchmanship | Liberal |
| History | |
| Dedication | St Mary |
| Associated people | Lewis Carroll |
| Architecture | |
| Heritage designation | Grade I |
| Designated | 1 May 1953 |
| Specifications | |
| Materials | Flint and chalk rubble |
| Bells | 6 |
| Tenor bell weight | 15 long cwt (1,700 lb or 800 kg) |
| Administration | |
| Parish | Holy Trinity and St Mary |
| Clergy | |
| Rector | Robert Cotton |
| Curate(s) | Tom Pope |
| Minister(s) | Keith Beckingham (Methodist) |


title: Singularity (Robby Krieger album)

abstract: Singularity is the sixth solo album by Robby Krieger, former guitarist for The Doors. The album was released in 2010. Singularity was nominated in the 53rd Grammy Awards for best Pop Instrumental Album.

text:
# Singularity (Robby Krieger album)

***Singularity*** is the sixth solo album by Robby Krieger, former guitarist for The Doors. The album was released in 2010. *Singularity* was nominated in the 53rd Grammy Awards for best Pop Instrumental Album.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Robby Krieger and Arthur Barrow; except where indicated

1. "Russian Caravan (Intro)" (Krieger)
2. "Russian Caravan"
3. "Southern Cross"
4. "Event Horizon (Intro)" (Krieger)
5. "Event Horizon"
6. "Coffin Dodger"
7. "Trane Running Late"
8. "Let It Slide"
9. "Solar Wind" (Krieger, Dale Alexander)
10. "House of Bees"

1. *Singularity - Robby Krieger | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic*, retrieved 2020-09-02
2. "Grammy Awards 2011: Winners and nominees for 53rd Grammy Awards - theenvelope.latimes.com". 2011-07-13. Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2020-09-02.

## InfoBox

| Singularity | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Robby Krieger | |
| Released | 14 June 2010 |
| Genre | Jazz rock |
| Length | 48:59 |
| Label | Oglio |
| Producer | Arthur Barrow, Robby Krieger |
| Robby Krieger chronology | |
| *Cinematix*
(2000) ***Singularity***
(2010) *In Session*
(2017) | |


title: Somerby (Juxta Bigby)

abstract: Somerby is a hamlet and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) east from the town of Brigg and in the ecclesiastical parish of Somerby. Somerby lies in the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, between the villages of Bigby and Searby.

text:
# Somerby (Juxta Bigby)

**Somerby** (also known as **Somerby juxta Bigby** or **Somerby by Brigg**) is a hamlet and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) east from the town of Brigg and in the ecclesiastical parish of Somerby. Somerby lies in the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, between the villages of Bigby and Searby.

## Church

The parish church, once described as a "small uninteresting edifice", is a Grade II\* listed building. It is dedicated to Saint Margaret and dates from the 13th century with later additions. It was restored in 1884-85 by H M Townsend of Peterborough. An effigy of a knight dating from the late 13th century lies on the south side of the nave. In chancel niches are two marble urns dedicated to two sons of the Weston family who died in the service of the East India Company in 1762 and 1767, respectively. Another Weston, Edward, is commemorated by a large marble wall plaque on the north wall of the chancel. He died in 1770, and was a member of the Privy Council of Ireland.

About 1834 the value of the living, based at the rectory and in the grant of the Crown, was £7. 7s. 6d. A few years earlier, in 1821, the hamlet comprised 13 houses, with a population of 76.

## Somerby Hall and Somerby Grange

Somerby Hall was for many years the home of the Weston family, and was purchased in the 1740s by Edward Weston the son of the Bishop of Exeter, the Rt. Rev. Stephen Weston. It was demolished in 1964.

Somerby Grange Farmhouse is a Grade II listed building dating from 1756 with 19th-century additions.

## The Monument

Overlooking Somerby village, there is a monument that was commissioned in 1770 by Edward Weston and built by John Carr to commemorate 29 years of marriage for Edward and Ann Weston of Somerby Hall. It is an ashlar Doric column topped by an urn. It is Grade II listed.

## Vineyard

Today, Somerby has a vineyard. The owners state that they have unearthed several medieval artefacts and Roman coins.

## Community

Today, the Ecclesiastical parish of Somerby is part of The North Wolds Group of the Deanery of Yarborough.

The nearest primary schools are in Barnetby le Wold or Grasby

## InfoBox

| Somerby | |
| --- | --- |
| St Margaret's Church, Somerby | |
| SomerbyLocation within Lincolnshire | |
| OS grid reference | TA061066 |
| London | 145 mi (233 km) |
| Civil parish | * Somerby |
| District |  |
| Shire county |  |
| Region |  |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | Barnetby |
| Postcode district | DN38 |
|  | |
| Police | Lincolnshire |
| Fire | Lincolnshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
|  | |
| UK Parliament |  |
|


abstract: Let Yourself Go, the follow-up box set to This Is the Story: The '70s Albums, Vol. 1 – 1970–1973: The Jean Terrell Years, comprises The Supremes' albums from 1974 to 1977, featuring original member Mary Wilson, longtime member Cindy Birdsong, newest member Scherrie Payne, and final Supreme Susaye Greene. Included in this set are The Supremes' final three studio albums released in their entirety on CD for the first time. Also included are several unreleased and alternate takes. After a two and a half year absence of no recordings from the Supremes, Motown finally released The Supremes in June 1975, the first of the three albums in this set. The lead single "He's My Man" went to #1 on the disco charts and peaked at #69 on the r&b chart. Mary Wilson and Scherrie Payne split the leads on this album as well as the other two LP releases High Energy released in April 1976 at which time Cindy left the group but is heard on all of the tracks and was replaced by Susaye Greene. Her lead vocal graces the lead track "High Energy" and also is featured on the single "I'm Gonna let My Heart Do the Walking" which was the last top 40 single for the Supremes and features Scherrie Payne on lead vocals. There is a bonus alternate track of this single on this cd featuring Susaye Greene who has a 5 octave range vocal. The final album released in October 1976, Mary, Scherrie, & Susaye featuring the singles "You're My Driving Wheel" hitting the lower reaches of the Billboard Pop chart, and the follow-up single "Let Yourself Go" which missed the charts altogether, features some great disco tracks such as "Love I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good". This album shares similarities with the Supremes first album, Meet The Supremes, in that they both feature all three Supremes on lead vocals and did not make the Billboard Charts.

text:
# Let Yourself Go: The '70s Albums, Vol 2 – 1974–1977: The Final Sessions

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic |  |
| BBC | (Favorable) |

***Let Yourself Go***, the follow-up box set to *This Is the Story: The '70s Albums, Vol. 1 – 1970–1973: The Jean Terrell Years*, comprises The Supremes' albums from 1974 to 1977, featuring original member Mary Wilson, longtime member Cindy Birdsong, newest member Scherrie Payne, and final Supreme Susaye Greene. Included in this set are The Supremes' final three studio albums released in their entirety on CD for the first time. Also included are several unreleased and alternate takes.

After a two and a half year absence of no recordings from the Supremes, Motown finally released *The Supremes* in June 1975, the first of the three albums in this set. The lead single "He's My Man" went to #1 on the disco charts and peaked at #69 on the r&b chart. Mary Wilson and Scherrie Payne split the leads on this album as well as the other two LP releases *High Energy* released in April 1976 at which time Cindy left the group but is heard on all of the tracks and was replaced by Susaye Greene. Her lead vocal graces the lead track "High Energy" and also is featured on the single "I'm Gonna let My Heart Do the Walking" which was the last top 40 single for the Supremes and features Scherrie Payne on lead vocals. There is a bonus alternate track of this single on this cd featuring Susaye Greene who has a 5 octave range vocal. The final album released in October 1976, *Mary, Scherrie, & Susaye* featuring the singles "You're My Driving Wheel" hitting the lower reaches of the Billboard Pop chart, and the follow-up single "Let Yourself Go" which missed the charts altogether, features some great disco tracks such as "Love I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good". This album shares similarities with the Supremes first album, *Meet The Supremes*, in that they both feature all three Supremes on lead vocals and did not make the Billboard Charts.

## Track listing

CD 1 1. "He's My Man"
2. "Early Morning Love"
3. "Where Is It I Belong"
4. "It’s All Been Said Before"
5. "This Is Why I Believe in You"
6. "You Can’t Stop a Girl in Love"
7. "Color My World Blue"
8. "Give Out, But Don’t Give Up"
9. "Where Do I Go from Here"
10. "You Turn Me Around"
11. "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)"
12. "The Sha-La Bandit \[Alternate Version 3\]"
13. "Color My World Blue \[Alternate Version\]"
14. "Mr. Boogie"
15. "Dance Fever"
16. "Seed of Love"
17. "Give Out, But Don’t Give Up \[Group Lead Version\]"
18. "You Can’t Stop a Girl in Love \[Early Version\]"
19. "Bend A Little \[Extended Version\]"
20. "I Can Never Recover"
21. "Can We Love Again"
22. "Where Do I Go from Here \[Single Remix\]"
23. "The Sha-La Bandit \[Alternate Version 1\]"
24. "He's My Man \[Extended Version\]"
    * tracks 11 - 24: ***"The Supremes Sessions and More"***
    * tracks 11 - 20: ***"Previously Unreleased"***

CD 2 1. "High Energy"
2. "I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking"
3. "Only You (Can Love Me Like You Love Me)"
4. "You Keep Me Moving On"
5. "Don’t Let My Teardrops Bother You"
6. "Till The Boat Sails Away"
7. "I Don’t Want To Lose You"
8. "You’re What’s Missing In My Life"
9. "High Energy \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
10. "I’m Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
11. "Only You (Can Love Me Like You Love Me) \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
12. "You Keep Me Moving On \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
13. "Don’t Let My Teardrops Bother You \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
14. "Till The Boat Sails Away \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
15. "I Don’t Want To Lose You \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
16. "You’re What’s Missing In My Life \[Russ Terrana Mix\]"
17. "There’s Room At The Top \[Alternate Version\]"
18. "You’re What’s Missing In My Life \[Mary Wilson Lead Version\]"
19. "I’m Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking \[Susaye Greene Lead Version\]"
    * tracks 1 - 16: ***"High Energy"*** (1976)
    * tracks 17 - 19: ***"The High Energy Sessions"***
    * tracks 11, 12 and 14 - 19: ***"Previously Unreleased"***

CD 3 1. "You're My Driving Wheel"
2. "Sweet Dream Machine"
3. "Let Yourself Go"
4. "Come Into My Life"
5. "We Should Be Closer Together"
6. "I Don’t Want To Be Tied Down"
7. "You Are The Heart Of Me"
8. "Love, I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good"
9. "Give Out, But Don’t Give Up \[Mary Wilson Lead Version\]"
10. "High Energy \[Alternate Version\]"
11. "I’m Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking \[Alternate Version\]"
12. Only You (Can Love Me Like You Love Me) \[Alternate Version\]"
13. "You’re What’s Missing In My Life \[Scherrie Payne Lead Version\]"
14. "You’re My Driving Wheel \[Alternate Version\]"
15. "Sweet Dream Machine \[Alternate Version\]"
16. "I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good \[Alternate Version\]"

## Personnel

## InfoBox

| Let Yourself Go: The '70s Albums, Vol 2 - 1974–1977: The Final Sessions | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Box set by The Supremes | |
| Released | May 17, 2011 |
| Recorded | 1974–1977 |
| Genre | Pop, R&B, disco |
| Length | 3:00:00 |
| Label | Motown, Hip-O Select |
| The Supremes chronology | |
| *Icon: Diana Ross & the Supremes*
(2010) ***Let Yourself Go: The '70s Albums, Vol 2 - 1974–1977: The Final Sessions***
(2011) *50th Anniversary: The Singles Collection 1961–1969*
(2011) | |


title: Sophronica rufobasiantennalis

abstract: Sophronica rufobasiantennalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1948. It contains the varietas Sophronica rufobasiantennalis var. ovalis.

text:
# Sophronica rufobasiantennalis

***Sophronica rufobasiantennalis*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1948. It contains the varietas *Sophronica rufobasiantennalis var. ovalis*.

## InfoBox

| *Sophronica rufobasiantennalis* | |
| --- | --- |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Cerambycidae |
| Genus: | *Sophronica* |
| Species: | ***S. rufobasiantennalis*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Sophronica rufobasiantennalis***<br>Breuning, 1948 | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Sophronica rufobasiantennalis m. exocentroides* Breuning & Teocchi | |


title: Tierra Mia Coffee

abstract: Tierra Mia Coffee Company is a specialty coffee retailer and roaster that operates 20 retail locations in California, United States. The company opened its first coffeehouse in March 2008 in the city of South Gate at the intersection of Firestone Boulevard and Atlantic Boulevard. In March 2010, Tierra Mia Coffee opened its second location in the city of Huntington Park, within the historic Pacific Boulevard commercial district. The Pacific Boulevard commercial district is the third highest grossing commercial district in the County of Los Angeles. In July 2010 the company opened its third location adjacent to city hall in the city of Santa Fe Springs. In March 2012 Tierra Mia Coffee opened its fourth store and first drive thru location in the city of Pico Rivera on Slauson Avenue, and in August 2012 opened its fifth store in Downtown Los Angeles at the intersection of Spring Street and 7th Street. Several stores opened after 2012 with the thirteenth location opening in La Habra in March 2018 on Whittier Boulevard. Two locations are in Northern California. The fourteenth location opened on Main Street in Santa Ana, California in December of 2018, and the fifteenth location opened on State College Boulevard in Anaheim, California in the first quarter of 2019. Additionally locations in West Covina, Pomona, El Monte, La Puente and a second store in Huntington Park now offer the Tierra Mia Coffee brand. The company roasts all of its coffee offering and bakes all of its pastry offering sold in its stores. Pulitzer Prize winning food critic Jonathan Gold of the LA Weekly wrote about Tierra Mia Coffee in August 2008, and described the company as a third wave of coffee concept that offered "the world's best beans". Tierra Mia Coffee has also been profiled in the Los Angeles Times, La Opinión and Al Borde, and has appeared on television newscasts of Univision and Telemundo. In September 2008, Tierra Mia Coffee held an opening event that was attended and keynoted by California State Controller John Chiang. In December 2011, in LA Weekly's Best of LA, Tierra Mia Coffee was listed as one of the "10 Best Coffee Shops in Los Angeles".

text:
# Tierra Mia Coffee

**Tierra Mia Coffee Company** is a specialty coffee retailer and roaster that operates 20 retail locations in California, United States. The company opened its first coffeehouse in March 2008 in the city of South Gate at the intersection of Firestone Boulevard and Atlantic Boulevard. In March 2010, Tierra Mia Coffee opened its second location in the city of Huntington Park, within the historic Pacific Boulevard commercial district. The Pacific Boulevard commercial district is the third highest grossing commercial district in the County of Los Angeles. In July 2010 the company opened its third location adjacent to city hall in the city of Santa Fe Springs. In March 2012 Tierra Mia Coffee opened its fourth store and first drive thru location in the city of Pico Rivera on Slauson Avenue, and in August 2012 opened its fifth store in Downtown Los Angeles at the intersection of Spring Street and 7th Street. Several stores opened after 2012 with the thirteenth location opening in La Habra in March 2018 on Whittier Boulevard. Two locations are in Northern California. The fourteenth location opened on Main Street in Santa Ana, California in December of 2018, and the fifteenth location opened on State College Boulevard in Anaheim, California in the first quarter of 2019. Additionally locations in West Covina, Pomona, El Monte, La Puente and a second store in Huntington Park now offer the Tierra Mia Coffee brand.

The company roasts all of its coffee offering and bakes all of its pastry offering sold in its stores.

Pulitzer Prize winning food critic Jonathan Gold of the *LA Weekly* wrote about Tierra Mia Coffee in August 2008, and described the company as a third wave of coffee concept that offered "the world's best beans". Tierra Mia Coffee has also been profiled in the Los Angeles Times, *La Opinión* and *Al Borde*, and has appeared on television newscasts of Univision and Telemundo. In September 2008, Tierra Mia Coffee held an opening event that was attended and keynoted by California State Controller John Chiang.

In December 2011, in LA Weekly's Best of LA, Tierra Mia Coffee was listed as one of the "10 Best Coffee Shops in Los Angeles".

## Fare

Tierra Mia Coffee makes its espresso utilizing La Marzocco and Mazzer equipment and creates beverages with latte art. All of its brewed coffee is made to order using a pour over method.

## Management

Tierra Mia Coffee was founded by Ulysses Romero and funded by a group of private investors. Ulysses Romero holds an MBA from Stanford University's Graduate School of Business and a bachelor's degree from Berkeley's Haas School of Business. He previously worked at Kean Coffee a concept started by coffee luminary Martin Diedrich, founder of Diedrich Coffee, one of the first coffeehouse chains in Orange County, California.

## InfoBox

Tierra Mia Coffee Company
| Company type | Private |
| --- | --- |
| Industry | Specialty coffee |
| Founded | 2008 |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Key people | Ulysses Romero, Founder & President |
| Products | Third wave coffee, Latin specialty beverages, latte art, pastries |
| Website | www.tierramiacoffee.com |


title: Let Yourself Be Loved

abstract: Let Yourself Be Loved is the fifth studio album by German soul singer Joy Denalane. It was released by Nesola, the label of Denalane and her husband Max Herre, in association with Vertigo Berlin and Motown Records on September 4, 2020. Produced by Roberto Di Gioia, it marked the first project by a German artist to be released by Motown as well as Denalane's third English language album following Born & Raised (2006) and the reissue of Maureen (2011). Let Yourself Be Loved debuted and peaked at number five on the German Albums Chart.

text:
# Let Yourself Be Loved

***Let Yourself Be Loved*** is the fifth studio album by German soul singer Joy Denalane. It was released by Nesola, the label of Denalane and her husband Max Herre, in association with Vertigo Berlin and Motown Records on September 4, 2020. Produced by Roberto Di Gioia, it marked the first project by a German artist to be released by Motown as well as Denalane's third English language album following *Born & Raised* (2006) and the reissue of *Maureen* (2011). *Let Yourself Be Loved* debuted and peaked at number five on the German Albums Chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings
| Review scores | |
| --- | --- |
| Source | Rating |
| Laut.de |  |
| *Musikexpress* |  |
| Pop Magazine |  |
| *Rolling Stone* |  |

Sven Kabelitz from Laut.de noted that "stories about the different facets of \[love\] connect the songs. She authentically resurrects the Motown era in all its different orientations, but incorporates enough Denalane everywhere so that it doesn't fail as a copy." Similarly, *Musikexpress* editor Thomas Winkler called *Let Yourself Be Loved* a "very monothematic album" and concluded: "A retro record, yes, but not a boring copy." *Rolling Stone* critic Markus Schneider wrote: "The best thing about these completely successful eleven songs is how artistically decisive, cohesive and self-confident they sound here."

## Chart performance

*Let Yourself Be Loved* debuted and peaked at number five on the German Albums Chart in the week of September 11, 2023. It became her highest-charting album since *Born & Raised* (2006) and marked Denalane's fifth consecutive top ten album in Germany. Elsewhere, it peaked at number 22 on the Swiss Albums Chart. *Let Yourself Be Loved* failed to chart in Austria.

## Track listing

All songs produced and arranged by Roberto Di Gioia.

*Let Yourself Be Loved* track listing
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Wounded Love" | * Sékou Neblett * Chris Soper * Jesse Singer * Joy Denalane * Nick Banns | 3:00 |
| 2. | "Be Here in the Morning" (featuring C.S. Armstrong) | * Chauncy S. Armstrong * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Sway Clarke | 4:04 |
| 3. | "I Believe" (featuring BJ the Chicago Kid) |  | 2:51 |
| 4. | "The Ride" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Roberto Di Gioia | 3:05 |
| 5. | "I Gotta Know" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns | 3:03 |
| 6. | "Hey Dreamer" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Clarke | 3:39 |
| 7. | "Stand" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns | 3:17 |
| 8. | "Love Your Love" | * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Clarke | 3:42 |
| 9. | "Top of My Love" | * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Clarke | 3:19 |
| 10. | "Let Yourself Be Loved" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Di Gioia | 3:16 |
| 11. | "Put in Work" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns | 3:41 |
| Total length: | | | 37:02 |

Deluxe edition – disc 2
| No. | Title | Writer(s) | Length |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1. | "Use Me" | Bill Withers | 3:49 |
| 2. | "Still It Ain't You" | * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Clarke | 2:51 |
| 3. | "The Show" | * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Clarke * Di Gioia | 2:43 |
| 4. | "Forever" | * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Clarke | 4:20 |
| 5. | "Give and Take" | * Neblett * Soper * Singer * Denalane * Banns * Di Gioia | 4:36 |
| Total length: | | | 55:22 |

## Charts

Chart performance for *Let Yourself Be Loved*
| Chart (2020) | Peak
position |
| --- | --- |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 5 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 22 |

## Release history

*Let Yourself Be Loved* release history
| Region | Date | Edition | Format(s) | Label | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Various | September 4, 2020 | Standard |  |  |  |
| | September 3, 2021 | | | Deluxe |  |

## InfoBox

| Let Yourself Be Loved | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| Studio album by Joy Denalane | |
| Released | September 4, 2020 (2020-09-04) |
| Length | 37:01 |
| Language | English |
| Label |  |
| Producer | Roberto Di Gioia |
| Joy Denalane chronology | |
| *Gleisdreieck*
(2017) ***Let Yourself Be Loved***
(2020) *Willpower*
(2023) | |
|  | |
| Singles from  *Let Yourself Be Loved* | |
| 1. "I Believe"
Released: July 10, 2020 | |
|  | |


title: Chimnabai Clock Tower

abstract: The Chimnabai Clock Tower, also known as the Raopura Tower, is a clock tower situated in the Raopura area of Vadodara, Gujarat, India. It was completed in 1896 and named in memory of Chimnabai I (1864–1885), a queen and the first wife of Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State. It was built in Indo-Saracenic architecture style.

text:
# Chimnabai Clock Tower

The **Chimnabai Clock Tower**, also known as the **Raopura Tower**, is a clock tower situated in the Raopura area of Vadodara, Gujarat, India. It was completed in 1896 and named in memory of Chimnabai I (1864–1885), a queen and the first wife of Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State. It was built in Indo-Saracenic architecture style.

## History

Chimnabai Clock Tower was built in 1896. The tower was named after Chimnabai I (1864–1885), a queen and the first wife of Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State. It was inaugurated by Mir Kamaluddin Hussainkhan, the last Nawab of Baroda. During the rule of Gaekwad, it was a stoppage for horse drawn trams. The clock tower was erected at the cost of 25,000 (equivalent to 9.3 million or US$110,000 in 2023). It was constructed from the funds raised by the citizens of Baroda State.

The premises of the tower were rented by the Vadodara Municipal Corporation for the last three decades. In 2017, the municipal commissioner, Vinod Rao, ordered to vacate the tower to conserve it as a heritage monument. The mechanical system of the tower clock was replaced by DC motor. The tower is lit up in the evening.

## Architecture

The tower was built in Indo-Saracenic architecture style. The five storied tower is built with red bricks. The ground floor has a narrow spiral staircase that leads to upper floors. The first three floors have cusped arched openings decorated with fine stucco work on each side. A huge clock made by John Taylor & Co was brought from London by Sayajirao and fitted to fourth floor. The clock is six feet in diameter and its minute hand is of 3 feet in length. The top floor is octagonal. It has the jharokha with jali-work on all eight sides of the parapet. A steeple stands at the top.

## Chimes

During the Gaekwad rule, the mechanical system was used to play tunes every 15 minutes, which later changed to every hour. Later, the mechanical system was replaced by an electric connection and now the chimes are muted.

## InfoBox

| Chimnabai Clock Tower | |
| --- | --- |
| Chimnabai Clock Tower | |
| Location within Gujarat | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Indo-Saracenic architecture |
| Town or city | Vadodara, Gujarat |
| Country | India |
| Coordinates | 22°18′14.3″N 73°12′02.7″E / 22.303972°N 73.200750°E / 22.303972; 73.200750 |
| Completed | 1896 |
| Cost | ₹25,000 |
| Client | Baroda State |
| Technical details | |
| Structural system | Red brick and Yellow sandstone |
| Size | 108 ft (33 m) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | unknown |


title: Relative market share

abstract: Relative market share indexes a firm's or a brand’s market share against that of its leading competitor. Market concentration, a related metric, measures the degree to which a comparatively small number of firms accounts for a large proportion of the market. These metrics are useful in comparing a firm’s or a brand’s relative position across different markets and in evaluating the type and degree of competition in those markets.

text:
# Relative market share

**Relative market share** indexes a firm's or a brand’s market share against that of its leading competitor. **Market concentration**, a related metric, measures the degree to which a comparatively small number of firms accounts for a large proportion of the market. These metrics are useful in comparing a firm’s or a brand’s relative position across different markets and in evaluating the type and degree of competition in those markets.

## Purpose

The purpose of the “relative market share metric” is to access a firm's or a brand's success and its position in the market. A firm with a market share of 25% would be a powerful leader in many markets but a distant “number two” in others. Relative market share offers a way to benchmark a firm's or a brand's share against that of its largest competitor, enabling managers to compare relative market positions across different product markets. Relative market share gains some of its significance from studies–albeit controversial ones—suggesting that major players in a market tend to be more profitable than their competitors.

## Construction

Relative Market Share (%) = 100 * Brand’s Market Share ÷ Largest competitor’s market share

Relative market share can also be calculated by dividing brand sales by largest competitor sales because the common factor of total market sales (or revenue) cancels out.


title: The Milkmaid (film)

abstract: The Milkmaid is a 2020 Nigerian drama film directed and written by Desmond Ovbiagele. It was selected as the Nigerian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. The film stars Anthonieta Kalunta, Gambo Usman Kona, and Maryam Booth.

text:
# The Milkmaid (film)

***The Milkmaid*** is a 2020 Nigerian drama film directed and written by Desmond Ovbiagele. It was selected as the Nigerian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. The film stars Anthonieta Kalunta, Gambo Usman Kona, and Maryam Booth.

## Cast

## Plot

This 2020 Nigerian movie tells the story of a Fulani milkmaid who confronted religious extremists in the remote parts of Sub-Saharan Africa in a journey to locate her missing sister but her efforts to recapture her disrupted past seemed futile.

## Reception

*The Milkmaid* was listed as one of the top 20 Nigerian movies of 2020. The film won Best film in African language and was nominated for eight awards.

## Accolades

At the 16th African Movie Academy Awards, the film was nominated for eight awards, ultimately winning Best Film, Best Film in an African Language, Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Best Makeup, and Best Nigerian Film. *The Milkmaid* also won the Narrative Feature Award at the 2021 Pan African Film Festival in Los Angeles.

### Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Recipient | Result | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2020 | Africa Movie Academy Awards | Best Film | *The Milkmaid* | Won |  |
| | | Best Film in an African Language | | Won | |
| | | Best Actress in a Supporting Role | Maryam Booth | Won | |
| | | Best Makeup | *The Milkmaid* | Won | |
| | | Best Nigerian Film | Won ||
| | | Best Director | Desmond Obviagele | Nominated | |
| | | Achievement in Cinematography | *The Milkmaid* | Nominated | |
| | | Most Promising Actor | Anthonieta Kalunta | Nominated | |
| 2021 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Best Actor in a Lead role (Hausa) | Gambo Usman Kona | Nominated |  |
| | | Best Actress in a Lead role (Hausa) | Anthonieta Kalunta | Nominated | |
| | | Most Promising Actress | Won ||
| | | Movie with the Best Sound | *The Milkmaid* | Nominated | |
| | | Movie with the Best Special Effect | Nominated ||
| | | Movie with the Best Screenplay | Nominated ||
| | | Movie with the Best Editing | Won ||
| | | Movie with the Best Cinematography | Won ||
| | | Best Use of Costume in a Movie | Nominated ||
| | | Best Use of Make up in a Movie | Nominated ||
| | | Movie of the Year | Won ||
| | | Director of the Year | Desmond Obviagele | Won | |
| | | Movie with the Best Production Design | *The Milkmaid* | Nominated | |
| | | Movie with the Best Soundtrack | Nominated ||

## InfoBox

| The Milkmaid | |
| --- | --- |
| Film poster | |
| Directed by | Desmond Ovbiagele |
| Written by | Desmond Ovbiagele |
| Produced by | Desmond Ovbiagele |
| Starring | Anthonieta Kalunta
Maryam Booth
Gambo Usman Kona
Patience Okpala
Ibrahim Jammal |
| Cinematography | Yinka Edward |
| Edited by | Chuka Ejorh |
| Production
company | Danono Media |
| Release date | * 27 November 2020 (2020-11-27) |
| Running time | 136 minutes |
| Country | Nigeria |
| Language | Hausa |


title: Ceracupes arrowi

abstract: Ceracupes arrowi is a beetle of the family Passalidae. It is found in Taiwan.

text:
# Ceracupes arrowi

***Ceracupes arrowi*** is a beetle of the family Passalidae. It is found in Taiwan.

## InfoBox

| *Ceracupes arrowi* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
| *Ceracupes arrowi*, adult | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Passalidae |
| Genus: | *Ceracupes* |
| Species: | ***C. arrowi*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Ceracupes arrowi***<br>Heller, 1911 | |
|


title: Bob Dornan

abstract: Robert Kenneth Dornan is an American actor, radio talk show host, combat veteran, and Republican politician from California. Dornan represented two Southern California districts in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983 and from 1985 to 1997, where he became known as a "leading firebrand" on the party's conservative wing. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in 1982 and for President of the United States in 1996. A former actor and television and radio talk show host, Dornan had a flair for the dramatic that drew supporters and detractors well beyond his congressional district. Though never a major power in Washington, he became one of the most well-known members of the House of Representatives as a participant in televised "special orders" speeches and was described as "one of the leading firebrands among American politicians". He has become well known for publicly outing fellow Republican U.S. Representative Steve Gunderson as gay on the House of Representatives floor in 1994.

text:
# Bob Dornan

**Robert Kenneth Dornan** (born April 3, 1933) is an American actor, radio talk show host, combat veteran, and Republican politician from California. Dornan represented two Southern California districts in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983 and from 1985 to 1997, where he became known as a "leading firebrand" on the party's conservative wing. He unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the United States Senate in 1982 and for President of the United States in 1996.

A former actor and television and radio talk show host, Dornan had a flair for the dramatic that drew supporters and detractors well beyond his congressional district. Though never a major power in Washington, he became one of the most well-known members of the House of Representatives as a participant in televised "special orders" speeches and was described as "one of the leading firebrands among American politicians". He has become well known for publicly outing fellow Republican U.S. Representative Steve Gunderson as gay on the House of Representatives floor in 1994.

## Early life

Dornan was born in New York City, the son of Gertrude (McFadden) Dornan (1900–1967) and Harry Joseph Dornan (1892–1975). In New York, Dornan's mother had been a vaudeville performer as part of an act called the McFadden Sisters and a Ziegfeld Follies showgirl, and had performed under the stage name Bara Wilkes; her sister was the wife of actor Jack Haley. Harry Dornan owned a haberdashery. After moving to California, he became a real estate entrepreneur in West Los Angeles. He was active in harness racing, a pastime in which many celebrities participated during the 1940s and 1950s. Robert Dornan took advantage of his family's entertainment industry experience and connections after he embarked on his own acting and talk show career. He used celebrity endorsements and campaign contributions to launch his political career.

Dornan attended Loyola University of Los Angeles (later renamed Loyola Marymount University) from 1950 to 1953. At age 19, Robert joined the United States Air Force. He became a fighter pilot, and during his time in the Air Force, he survived two emergency parachute ejections and two "dead stick" forced landings (including one of an F-100). He was on active duty until 1958, and attained the rank of captain. He served in the California Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve until retiring in 1975. Dornan also served as a combat journalist and photographer on several missions in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia during the Vietnam War and flew relief flights into Biafra.

## Career

### Entertainment

Dornan was involved in the entertainment industry as an actor. He starred in the film *The Starfighters*, cast as Lt. Witkowski, an Air Force pilot who was the son of a U.S. congressman. *The Starfighters* aired on *Mystery Science Theater 3000* on October 29, 1994.

In 1962, he portrayed Air Force Lieutenant Alden in the episode "Dennis at Boot Camp" of the CBS sitcom, *Dennis the Menace*, starring Jay North and Gale Gordon, with Roy Roberts in this segment as Captain Stone.

In 1966 he co-starred in and possibly co-wrote *To the Shores of Hell*.

Dornan had a frequent role as Captain Fowler on ABC's *12 O'Clock High* television series and smaller roles on ABC's *Bewitched* and NBC's *I Dream of Jeannie*. Dornan was an Emmy-award-winning television talk show host on *Tempo* and *The Robert K. Dornan Show* broadcast from Los Angeles from 1967 to 1973.

### Politics

Dornan has said he took an active role in the civil rights movement. He did attend the historic 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King Jr.; when this claim was questioned in 1994, he circulated a photo of himself in his Air Force uniform seated in the audience for King's speech. News accounts also indicate he participated in voter registration drives for African Americans in Mississippi. However, a 1998 *Washington Post* article indicated there is no corroborating information (such as news clippings from the era) to confirm this claim.

Dornan moved into politics in 1973 as national spokesman for the Citizens for Decency Through Law advocacy group. He made an unsuccessful run for mayor of Los Angeles the same year. In 1976, Dornan was elected to the House of Representatives, representing the 27th congressional district in western Los Angeles County. He was re-elected twice. He was such an unswerving advocate for the development of the B-1 bomber, that he was soon nicknamed "B-1 Bob".

In November 1977, he was an opposition speaker at the 1977 National Women's Conference with Lottie Beth Hobbs, Dr. Mildred Jefferson, Phyllis Schlafly and Nellie Gray.

After the 1980 census, California's congressional map was redrawn. Dornan's district, previously a Republican-leaning swing district, was made significantly more Democratic. Believing he had no chance of winning this new district, he opted to run for the United States Senate in 1982. He finished fourth in the Republican primary behind San Diego mayor and future Governor Pete Wilson, who won in November.

Dornan moved to Garden Grove, in the more Republican Orange County. In 1984, he was elected to Congress from the 38th district in central Orange County, defeating 10-year Democratic incumbent Jerry M. Patterson by a 53% to 45% margin amid Ronald Reagan's massive landslide that year. In 1986, he won a tough race against Democratic state Assemblyman Richard Robinson, winning by a 55% to 43% margin. He was re-elected four more times and served on the Intelligence Committee.

Dornan made headlines in March 1985 for a confrontation with Representative Thomas Downey (a Democrat from New York) on the House floor. Downey asked Dornan about comments he had made calling Downey "a draft-dodging wimp". (Downey was exempt from the Vietnam War draft because of a perforated eardrum.) According to Downey, Dornan, grabbing him by collar and tie, said, "It's good you're being protected by the sergeant-at-arms. If I saw you outside, it would be a different story" and threatened him "with some form of bodily harm". Dornan claimed he was merely straightening Downey's tie and refused to apologize for the incident or the derogatory comment. A Dornan aide said, "It will be a cold day in hell before he gets an apology from Bob Dornan".

Dornan's record was staunchly conservative. However, he did hold some positions that some might call liberal, including sponsoring animal protection acts, earning him the recognition of PETA in 1988.

In 1994, during his final successful run for Congress, it was reported that Dornan's wife, Sallie, had made multiple allegations of domestic violence against him earlier in their marriage. In 1966, Dornan had been convicted of a domestic violence offense and sentenced to jail time; however, it was unclear whether his sentence had ever been served. After the allegations were made public, Sallie Dornan retracted them, stating that she had made false claims about her husband during a period when she was struggling with prescription drug addiction. The Dornans' five children asserted that their father had not been physically abusive. During the same campaign, Dornan had signs posted at polling places that warned voters in Spanish that they should be prepared to prove their citizenship in order to vote. The signs suggested that immigration officials would be present at the polls. The success of this action was believed to have kept enough Latino voters away from the polls to eke out a victory for Dornan against Mike Farber.

In 1995, Dornan received a minor reprimand from the House for stating in a floor speech that President Bill Clinton had "given aid and comfort to the enemy" during the Vietnam War.

Dornan was a dark horse candidate for president of the United States in 1996. In a GOP debate in Iowa on January 13, Dornan called Clinton a "criminal" and a "pathological liar". Dornan later dropped out of the presidential race and ran for reelection to his seat in the House; he was defeated by Democrat Loretta Sanchez by less than 1,000 votes.

Following the narrow defeat, Dornan alleged that Sanchez's winning margin was provided by illegal voting from non-U.S. citizens. A thirteen-month House of Representatives investigation ensued, during which Sanchez was seated provisionally, pending the inquiry. A task force found 748 votes that had been cast illegally—624 from non-citizens in addition to 124 that had already been thrown out by California officials. This was not enough to overturn Sanchez's margin of victory and she was allowed to keep her seat. However, in consultation with the INS, the House committee identified 4,762 questionable registration affidavits.

In September 1997, while his 1996 bid against Sanchez was still being contested, Dornan confronted then-Representative Bob Menendez on the House floor, using profanity and calling Menendez an "anti-Catholic coward". This encounter led to Menendez filing a resolution to bar Dornan from the House floor until the election was resolved, which passed by a vote of 289–65.

#### Controversial statements

During his political career, Dornan became known for his controversial or offensive statements. Among his remarks:

* During a House debate in 1994, Dornan outed fellow Republican representative Steve Gunderson, accusing him of having a "revolving door on his closet."
* In a 1986 U.S. House speech, he called Soviet journalist Vladimir Posner a "disloyal, betraying little Jew who sits there on television claiming that he is somehow or other a newsman." This was the only statement Dornan apologized for, saying, "That's the only thing in my life I ever lost sleep over." Dornan also said that he intended "to say 'Judas', not 'Jew'," as a rebuttal to Posner's insistence that the Soviet Union was free of anti-Semitism.
* "Every lesbian spear chucker in this country is hoping I get defeated" to a Los Angeles television reporter in 1992 regarding a female challenger in the primary election.
* On a January 28, 1994, appearance on *Politically Incorrect*, Dornan declared it was "The Year of the Penis" due to recent events in the news. This was a joke in regard to the 1992 media and political reference as that election being referred to as "The Year of the Woman", when four women won election to the United States Senate.
* "You are a slimy coward. Go register in another party" to Orange County Republican Central Committee member William Dougherty after he supported Dornan's opponent in 1996.

In 1994, a 120-page book of quotations of Dornan was compiled by Nathan Callahan and William Payton and published as *Shut Up, Fag!* The quotation that gives the book the title was actually shouted by Dornan's wife, Sallie, at an AIDS activist during an Orange County town forum. Dornan claimed the book was backed by director Oliver Stone, whom Dornan labeled "a Bolshevik enemy".

Dornan's comments and behavior led his political opponents to question his mental health. Mike Kaspar of the Orange County Democratic Party said, "The primary issue is Bob Dornan, himself. I think his character and his own sanity are an issue here." At a White House Correspondents Dinner, Al Franken, who had worked once on *Politically Incorrect* with Dornan, joked "having Al D'Amato leading an ethics investigation is like getting Bob Dornan to head up a mental health task force." Michael Moore devoted an entire chapter of his book *Downsize This!* to his efforts to get Dornan involuntarily committed for psychiatric examination.

### Later career

Dornan ran against Loretta Sanchez again in 1998, but was defeated.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Dornan hosted *The Bob Dornan Show*, a radio talk show syndicated nationally by Talk Radio Network.

In 2004, Dornan challenged Congressman Dana Rohrabacher, a fellow Republican, in the primary. Dornan charged Rohrabacher with being soft on terrorism and being too close to Islamic extremists. However, he lost by 84% to 16%.

During the summer of 2005, Dornan briefly expressed interest in the 48th congressional district seat that became vacant when then U.S. Congressman Christopher Cox resigned to become chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He was interested in running as the nominee of the American Independent Party but did not, allegedly rebuffed by party officials.

## Personal life

In 1955, Dornan married Sallie Hansen. They have five children.

## Filmography

### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | *The Great Impostor* | Reporter | Uncredited |
| 1961 | *X-15* | Test Engineer | |
| 1963 | *A Gathering of Eagles* | Non-Com | |
| 1964 | *The Starfighters* | Lt. John Witkowski |  |
| 1965 | *Harlow* | Photographer | Uncredited |
| 1966 | *To the Shores of Hell* | Dr. Gary Donahue |  |
| 1967 | *Hell on Wheels* | Steve Robbins |  |
| 2005 | *Missing, Presumed Dead: The Search for America's POWs* | Himself | Documentary |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1960 | *Men into Space* | Radio Operator | Episode: "Verdict in Orbit" |
| 1962 | *Have Gun – Will Travel* | Dandy | Episode: "Darwin's Man" |
| 1962 | *Dennis the Menace* | Lt. Alden | Episode: "Dennis at Boot Camp" |
| 1965 | *Bewitched* | Policeman | Episode: "Red Light, Green Light" |
| 1965 | *I Dream of Jeannie* | Carson | Episode: "The Yacht Murder Case" |
| 1965–1967 | *12 O'Clock High* | Bob Fowler | 25 episodes |
| 1966 | *The Fugitive* | Doctor | Episode: "Shadow of the Swan" |
| 1968 | *The Rat Patrol* | German Sergeant | Episode: "The Touch and Go Raid" |
| 1971 | *Ironside* | Paul (The Body) | Episode: "If a Body See a Body" |

## InfoBox

| Bob Dornan | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|  | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from California | |
| **In office**
January 3, 1985  January 3, 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Jerry M. Patterson |
| Succeeded by | Loretta Sanchez |
| Constituency | 38th district (1985–1993)
46th district (1993–1997) |
| **In office**
January 3, 1977  January 3, 1983 | |
| Preceded by | Alphonzo E. Bell Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Mel Levine |
| Constituency | 27th district |
|  | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Kenneth Dornan
(1933-04-03) April 3, 1933
New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Sallie Hansen (m. 1955) |
| Children | 5 |
| Education | Loyola Marymount University |
|  | |


title: Clayton Tunnel rail crash

abstract: The Clayton Tunnel rail crash occurred on Sunday 25 August 1861, five miles (8 km) from Brighton on the south coast of England. At the time it was the worst accident on the British railway system. A train ran into the back of another inside the tunnel, killing 23 and injuring 176 passengers. Three north-bound trains left Brighton station within a few minutes of one another. At the southern entrance to Clayton Tunnel an automatic signal failed to return to danger after the first train passed, allowing the second train to follow it into the tunnel. The signaller at the south end of the tunnel belatedly waved a red flag in an attempt to stop the second train, but thought that it had not been seen. However the driver of the second train had briefly glimpsed the flag and stopped his train inside the tunnel. The signaller then misinterpreted a 'line clear' telegraph message from the signal box at the north end of the tunnel as referring to the second train instead of the first, and signalled the third train into the tunnel.

text:
# Clayton Tunnel rail crash

The **Clayton Tunnel rail crash** occurred on Sunday 25 August 1861, five miles (8 km) from Brighton on the south coast of England. At the time it was the worst accident on the British railway system. A train ran into the back of another inside the tunnel, killing 23 and injuring 176 passengers.

Three north-bound trains left Brighton station within a few minutes of one another. At the southern entrance to Clayton Tunnel an automatic signal failed to return to danger after the first train passed, allowing the second train to follow it into the tunnel. The signaller at the south end of the tunnel belatedly waved a red flag in an attempt to stop the second train, but thought that it had not been seen. However the driver of the second train had briefly glimpsed the flag and stopped his train inside the tunnel. The signaller then misinterpreted a 'line clear' telegraph message from the signal box at the north end of the tunnel as referring to the second train instead of the first, and signalled the third train into the tunnel.

## Circumstances

In his cabin close to the southern entrance of the tunnel, signalman Henry Killick was in charge of a signal linked to an alarm bell, and a needle telegraph. He controlled the signal using a wheel in the cabin, and the signal would normally be at "danger" unless he set it to "clear" to allow a train to enter the tunnel. When a train had passed it, the signal was designed to return automatically to "danger", but if it did not, the alarm bell would ring. The needle telegraph was linked to a signal box at the northern entrance of the tunnel. When the signalman in the southern box pressed and held down a switch, it gave a "train in tunnel" indication to the signalman in the northern box. Otherwise, the needle on the telegraph would hang vertically.

Except for the Clayton Tunnel, the line was worked on the time-interval system, which required trains on the same track to be separated by five minutes. Despite that, the three trains left Brighton within the space of seven minutes:

* Portsmouth Excursion left at 8.28 am
* Brighton Excursion left at 8.31 am
* Brighton to Victoria left at 8.35 am

At the southern entrance of the Clayton Tunnel, the first train passed the signal at "clear", but the alarm bell rang to warn Killick that the signal had not returned to "danger". He sent a "train in tunnel" message to Brown in the north cabin, but did not return his signal to "danger" in time to stop the second train from passing it and entering the tunnel. It was only three minutes behind the first, so it was possible that it would catch up with the train ahead. Because the first train was still in the tunnel, Killick rushed out of the cabin, waving his red flag to stop the second train just as it was passing. However, he could not be sure that the driver had seen his flag. He telegraphed Brown at the northern mouth of the tunnel: "Is tunnel clear?"

At that moment, the first train left the tunnel, so Brown signalled back to Killick: "Tunnel clear". Tragically, Killick thought that Brown was referring to the second train and not the first. In fact, the driver of the second train had seen the red flag. He stopped his train about half a mile (800 m) into the tunnel and began reversing back to the south end.

Meanwhile, Killick saw the third train approaching, which stopped at his signal. Thinking that the tunnel was clear, he waved his white flag to allow it to proceed. The second and third trains collided in the tunnel with great force. The second train was pushed forward, and the locomotive of the third train destroyed the guard's van of the second train before smashing into its last carriage. The locomotive of the third train rode up over the carriage roof and smashed its chimney against the tunnel roof before stopping. Many of the 23 deaths were in that last carriage, in which passengers were burnt or scalded to death by the shattered engine. The bodies of a number of the victims were stored temporarily in the cellar of The Hassocks Hotel.

A nine-day inquest into the deaths of the 23 victims was held at Brighton town hall. It concluded with the jury finding that Charles Legg, the assistant stationmaster of Brighton station, was guilty of manslaughter, because of his negligence in starting three trains so close together, against the rules of the company. The jury did not find any negligence by either signalman Killick or by Brown. Legg was committed to trial for manslaughter, but found not guilty.

## Causes

The catastrophe publicised the problem of trains travelling too close together, with signalmen having to appraise the situation too quickly for safety's sake. A simple communication mistake between the two signal boxes caused havoc that Sunday, but the telegraph was also blamed for the tragedy because it did not register without continual pressure on the switch. The signal, too, was also at fault for not returning to "danger" immediately after the train had passed. The accident encouraged the use of the block system (rather than the time interval system) for the remainder of the railway system.

One other aspect of this accident was that Signalman Killick was working a continuous 24-hour shift that day, rather than the regulation 18 hours to gain a complete day off duty. In his report on the accident Captain Tyler stated that "it was disgraceful that a man in so responsible a position as Signalman Killick should be compelled to work for twenty-four hours at a stretch in order to earn one day of rest a week."

Charles Dickens may have partly based his story "The Signal-Man" on this accident, dramatising the events (especially the bells and the telegraph needle), as well as adding other incidents. His own experience at the Staplehurst rail crash may have inspired him to write this ghost story. Readers of the story in December 1866 would likely have still remembered the Clayton accident.

## Similar accidents

Other accidents in which the signalman forgot, or got confused about, the presence of a train include:

* Rolt, L.T.C. (1998). *Red for Danger: the classic history of British railway disasters*. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2047-5.
* Lewis, Peter R. (2007). *Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847*. Tempus.

## InfoBox

| Clayton Tunnel rail crash | |
| --- | --- |
| The tunnel's north entrance | |
| Details | |
| Date | 25 August 1861 <br>~08:45 |
| Location | Clayton, West Sussex |
| Coordinates | 50°54′46″N 0°09′14″W / 50.91278°N 0.15389°W / 50.91278; -0.15389 |
| Country | England |
| Line | Brighton Main Line |
| Operator | London Brighton and South Coast Railway |
| Cause | Signaller's error |
| Statistics | |
| Trains | 2 |
| Passengers | 589 |
| Deaths | 23 |
| Injured | 176 |
| List of UK rail accidents by year | |


title: Filip Babić

abstract: Filip Babić is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender.

text:
# Filip Babić

**Filip Babić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Бабић; born 25 May 1995) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender.

## Career statistics

*As of 26 August 2017*

| Club | Season | League | | Cup | | Continental | | Total | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Sloboda Užice | 2014–15 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 2 |
| | 2015–16 | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| | Total | 49 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 2 |
| Proleter Novi Sad | 2016–17 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| | Total | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 0 |
| Vojvodina | 2016–17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 2017–18 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | Total | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | | 63 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 2 |

## InfoBox

Filip Babić
| Personal information | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Full name | Филип Бабић | | |
| Date of birth | (1995-05-27) 27 May 1995 | | |
| Place of birth | Užice, FR Yugoslavia | | |
| Height | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) | | |
| Position(s) | Centre-back | | |
| Team information | | | |
| Current team | Jedinstvo Užice | | |
| Youth career | | | |
|  | Sloboda Užice | | |
| Senior career\* | | | |
| Years | **Team** | **Apps** | **(Gls)** |
| 2014–2016 | Sloboda Užice | 49 | (2) |
| 2016 | Proleter Novi Sad | 12 | (0) |
| 2017 | Vojvodina | 2 | (0) |
| 2018–2021 | TSC | 86 | (6) |
| 2022 | Loznica | 10 | (0) |
| 2022–2023 | Mladost Lučani | 14 | (0) |
| 2024- | Jedinstvo Užice |  |  |
| \*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 31 July 2023 | | | |


title: Choke (novel)

abstract: Choke is a 2001 novel by American author Chuck Palahniuk. The story focuses on Victor, a sex addict and con man who also works at a colonial reenactment museum. The novel was later adapted for film by Clark Gregg.

text:
# Choke (novel)

***Choke*** is a 2001 novel by American author Chuck Palahniuk. The story focuses on Victor, a sex addict and con man who also works at a colonial reenactment museum. The novel was later adapted for film by Clark Gregg.

## Plot summary

*Choke* follows Victor Mancini and his friend Denny through a few months of their lives with frequent flashbacks to the days when Victor was a child. Victor had grown up moving from one foster home to another as his mother was found to be unfit to raise him. During his childhood, his mother would kidnap him from his various foster parents, though every time they would eventually be caught and he would again be remanded over to the child welfare agency.

In the present-day setting of the book, Victor has left medical school to support his feeble mother, who is now in a nursing home. In order to pay for elder care for his mother, he resorts to being a con artist. Victor goes to various restaurants and purposely causes himself to choke midway through his meal, luring a "good Samaritan" into saving his life. He keeps a detailed list of everyone who saves him and sends them frequent letters about fictional bills he is unable to pay, causing them to send him money out of sympathy.

Victor works at a re-enactment museum set in colonial times, where most of the employees are drug addicts or, in Denny's case, a fellow recovering sex addict. He spends most of his time on the job guarding Denny (who is constantly being caught with "contraband" items that do not correspond with the time period of the museum) in the stocks. The two met at a sex addiction support group and later applied together for the same job. Denny is later fired from the museum, and begins collecting stones from around the city to build his "dream home".

While growing up, Victor's mother taught him numerous conspiracy theories and obscure medical facts, which both confused and frightened him. This and his constant moves from one home to another have left Victor unable to form lasting and stable relationships with women. As a result, Victor finds himself getting sexual gratification from women on a solely superficial level. Later on, he starts talking to his mother again for the first time in years.

## Film adaptation

A film adaptation directed by Clark Gregg, starring Sam Rockwell and Anjelica Huston, was released commercially on September 26, 2008. Palahniuk makes a cameo appearance in the film.

## Editions

## Trivia

* Much of Palahniuk's research on *Choke* was conducted with total strangers at the gym and sexual addiction groups.
* A song by Scottish band Biffy Clyro is titled "Joy.Discovery.Invention" after a line in the novel.

## InfoBox

Choke
| First edition cover | |
| --- | --- |
| Author | Chuck Palahniuk |
| Cover artist | Rodrigo Corral<br>Bob Larkin |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Satire, Black comedy |
| Publisher | Doubleday |
| Publication date | May 22, 2001 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardcover) |
| Pages | 304 |
| ISBN | 0-385-50156-0 |
| OCLC | 44905122 |
| Dewey Decimal | 813/.54 21 |
| LC Class | PS3566.A4554 C47 2001 |
| Preceded by | *Invisible Monsters* |
| Followed by | *Lullaby* |


title: Tierra Linda Middle School

abstract: Tierra Linda Middle School is a middle school in San Carlos, California, United States, founded in 1953. It is one of two middle schools within the San Carlos Elementary School District, and since 2018, has served students in grades 6–8. Due to changing enrollment, the school was closed in 1982, but reopened in 2000. It shares a campus with Mariposa Upper Elementary School and San Carlos Charter Learning Center.

text:
# Tierra Linda Middle School

**Tierra Linda Middle School** is a middle school in San Carlos, California, United States, founded in 1953. It is one of two middle schools within the San Carlos Elementary School District, and since 2018, has served students in grades 6–8. Due to changing enrollment, the school was closed in 1982, but reopened in 2000. It shares a campus with Mariposa Upper Elementary School and San Carlos Charter Learning Center.

## About

Tierra Linda Middle School serves students in grades 6–8, and as of the 2019–2020 school year, is home to 500 students. Most students come from Mariposa Upper Elementary School, a bridge school for grades 4–5 that shares Tierra Linda's campus. After graduation from the San Carlos Elementary School District, most students are geographically slotted to attend Carlmont High School, although some students choose to attend other schools within the Sequoia Union High School District or a nearby private school.

## History

### Early years

The first wave of baby boomers, born after World War II, entered school in the 1950s. In San Carlos, local class sizes jumped to more than forty students; district-wide, enrollment increased from 340 students in 1940 to 2,249 students by 1949, and 3,388 in 1965. To accommodate this growth, the San Carlos School District opened several elementary schools to serve students in grades K–6. When the city's only middle school, Central Middle School, reached capacity, local School Board members studied potential locations for a second middle school. In particular, due to recent growth on the city's west side, locations near Carlmont High School in Belmont were considered.

In March 1951, the district purchased a 20-acre site at a cost of $68,750 which is the present-day site of Tierra Linda. Devonshire Boulevard, which lies east of Tierra Linda's campus, was the original western boundary of San Carlos, meaning Tierra Linda was originally located within Belmont's boundaries. The site was transferred to the City of San Carlos in October 1956, several years after the school's opening. The school was constructed in 1952 and 1953 at a cost of $441,042. It opened in the 1953–1954 school year for grades 7 and 8 and later expanded to grades K–8. From the 1960s to his retirement in 1980, Ralph Howitt served as the school's principal, following his tenure at local elementary school Brittan Acres.

Enrollment at local schools increased through the end of the 1960s, but by the late 1970s, all San Carlos schools experienced declining enrollment. In 1982, with too few students to justify the opening of the school, the district closed Tierra Linda. Elementary schools served K–6 students, and all seventh and eighth grade students in San Carlos attended Central Middle School.

By the 1990s, enrollment was predicted to increase in San Carlos schools. Elementary schools were reorganized to house students in grades K–4, and Tierra Linda officially reopened on September 5, 2000 to grades 5–8. Prior to the reopening, several new buildings were constructed on the site, including locker rooms, a gym, a music room, a library, a computer room, and the science wing. The school's office was remodeled in 2005, and a band room and art room were also built. Most classrooms were modernized in 2007, including the installation of several portable buildings to be used as classrooms.

### 2015–2018 Renovation and Restructuring

Throughout San Carlos, school enrolment was predicted to increase which required the construction of new classrooms. As most elementary schools were already nearing capacity, the San Carlos School District opted instead to bring fourth grade students, previously at elementary schools, to its two middle schools. Schools were restructured into three levels: grades K–3 elementary schools, grades 4–5 upper elementary schools, and grades 6–8 middle schools. Between 2016 and 2017, the school office was remodeled.

Construction was delayed significantly and the project cost about $5 million more than the district initially budgeted. A year after the expected completion date, Mariposa opened to fifth grade students in August 2018, and fourth and fifth grade students in August 2019.

## Statistics

### Demographics

**2019–2020, based on Tierra Linda's 2019 School Accountability Report Card****:**

* 500 students: 244 male (48.8%), 256 female (51.2%)

|  | Hispanic | White | Asian | African American | Pacific Islander | American Indian | Two or More Races | Total |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Students | 87 | 232 | 96 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 74 | 500 |
| Total % | 17.4% | 46.4% | 17.0% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 14.8% | 100% |

Among the student body:

* 5.8% of students are English language learners
* 11.4% of students receive special education services
* 0.4% of students are homeless
* 8.0% of students are eligible for free and reduced-price lunch

1. "Search for Public Schools - Tierra Linda Middle (063429008627)". *National Center for Education Statistics*. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
2. "Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Tierra Linda Middle".
3. Garvey, Linda (2000). *San Carlos Stories*. ASIN B000VPS57O.
4. "Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Tierra Linda Middle". *nces.ed.gov*. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
5. Mahany, Effie C. (1967). *Through the Years in San Carlos (A Narrative)*. San Carlos, California: San Carlos Villagers.
6. "Ralph Howitt Obituary (2002) - Walnut Creek, CA - East Bay Times". *www.legacy.com*. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
7. Yumpu.com. "Tierra Linda - San Carlos School District". *yumpu.com*. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
8. "Blach Awarded New Contracts at San Carlos School District". *Blach Construction*. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
9. staff, Austin Walsh Daily Journal. "Troubled San Carlos school construction finished — finally". *San Mateo Daily Journal*. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
10. "Tierra Linda 2019–2020 School Accountability Report Card" (PDF). August 15, 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2021.

## InfoBox

| Tierra Linda Middle School | |
| --- | --- |
| Location | |
|  | |
| 750 Dartmouth Avenue, San Carlos, California 94070 United States | |
| Coordinates | 37°30′34″N 122°17′02″W / 37.5093571°N 122.2838193°W / 37.5093571; -122.2838193 |
| Information | |
| Type | Public middle school |
| Established | September 5, 2000 (originally open from 1953–1982) |
| School district | San Carlos School District |
| Superintendent | Jennifer Frentress |
| NCES School ID | 063429008627 |
| Principal | Charu Gulati (2023 - Present) |
| Grades | 6th-8th grade |
| Age range | 11-14 |
| Number of students | 500 (2019–20) |
| Student to teacher ratio | 19.5:1 |
| Color(s) | Maroon and Silver |
| Mascot | Timberwolves |
| Rival | Central Middle School |
| Newspaper | *TL Times Newspaper* |
| Website | Official website |


title: Leucanopsis perdentata

abstract: Leucanopsis perdentata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1901. It is found in Guatemala, Mexico. and the US state of Arizona. The wingspan is about 35 mm.

text:
# Leucanopsis perdentata

***Leucanopsis perdentata*** is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1901. It is found in Guatemala, Mexico. and the US state of Arizona.

The wingspan is about 35 mm.

## InfoBox

| *Leucanopsis perdentata* | |
| --- | --- |
|  | |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Superfamily: | Noctuoidea |
| Family: | Erebidae |
| Subfamily: | Arctiinae |
| Genus: | *Leucanopsis* |
| Species: | ***L. perdentata*** |
| Binomial name | |
| ***Leucanopsis perdentata***<br>(Schaus, 1901) | |
|
| Synonyms | |
| * *Halisidota perdentata* Schaus, 1901 | |


title: Soconusco, Veracruz

abstract: Soconusco is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, about 275 kilometres (171 mi) from the state capital Xalapa. It has an area of 94.59 square kilometres (36.52 sq mi). It is located at 17°58′N 94°53′W.

text:
# Soconusco, Veracruz

**Soconusco** is a municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, about 275 kilometres (171 mi) from the state capital Xalapa. It has an area of 94.59 square kilometres (36.52 sq mi). It is located at 17°58′N 94°53′W / 17.967°N 94.883°W / 17.967; -94.883.

## Geography

The municipality of Soconusco is delimited to the north by Soteapan and Chinameca, to the east by Jaltipan de Morelos, to the south by Texistepec and Oluta and to the west by Acayucan. It is watered by a creek and tributary creeks of the Chacalapa river, tributary of the Coatzacoalcos river.

The weather in Soconusco is warm and wet all year with rains in summer and autumn.

## Agriculture

It produces principally maize, beans, rice and orange fruit.

## Celebrations

Every May in Soconusco there is a celebration in honor of Virgen de la Concepción, and in June there´s a celebration in honor of San Antonio de Padua and in July the biggest celebration is in honor of Santa Ana de mother of the virgin Mary does are the Patrons of the town, in April the 26 there´s a celebration almost like a tradition of choosing the pretties Young Lady of town a couple of them around five choose to participate in the contest to win the crown this is for La Reyna de La Sal (Queen of Pink Salt) and a couple of young males participate in the contest too for one of them to be the Ugly King (El Rey Feo) this all belongs to a tradition in the way of a small town in the outsides of Soconusco. Benito Juarez is a small town with a salt water well, the water from which is boiled to produce Pink Salt, which is rich in sodium and helps to prevent diabetes and other issues. In December there is a celebration in honor of Virgen de Guadalupe.


title: Josce of London

abstract: Josce of London was an English Jew and the Presbyter Judaeorum, or Chief Rabbi, of the Jews of England from 1217 to 1237. Josce succeeded Jacob of London as Chief Rabbi on his death in 1217. This would imply that Josce was very wealthy, as only the wealthiest of the Jews obtained this position. In 1237 Josce was succeeded by Aaron of York, the Jewish financier and probable son of Josce of York. He may have been that Josce of London who was the founder of Collège des Dix-Huit, the earliest college of the University of Paris in 1180. However, this identification is highly questionable given that the college's founder is described as mandating Christian ritual observance at the college.

text:
# Josce of London

**Josce of London** was an English Jew and the Presbyter Judaeorum, or Chief Rabbi, of the Jews of England from 1217 to 1237.

Josce succeeded Jacob of London as Chief Rabbi on his death in 1217. This would imply that Josce was very wealthy, as only the wealthiest of the Jews obtained this position. In 1237 Josce was succeeded by Aaron of York, the Jewish financier and probable son of Josce of York.

He may have been that Josce of London who was the founder of Collège des Dix-Huit, the earliest college of the University of Paris in 1180. However, this identification is highly questionable given that the college's founder is described as mandating Christian ritual observance at the college.